bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Names of Accents and Diacritical Punctuation Signs in Poems by North African Jewish Poets
Authors: Mashiah Rachel
Published: August 2010

En varias ediciones impresas sefardíes del Pentateuco hay una lista de treinta y cuatro nombres de acentos y de signos diacríticos de puntuación. Esta lista se denomina la Lista de Zarca, por el nombre del primer acento que se menciona. He hallado cuatro poemas basados en esta lista: פלאד קיוויחי, escrito por el poeta tunecino Fradji Shawat (siglo XVI); וי כי חזקה האמה, escrito por el poeta marroquí Shumu'el Elbaz (siglo XIX);קודר הילכחי, probablemente escrito por el poeta marroquí Amram Bar-Yehuda Ezbaz (siglo XIX); y אהה עלי כי נקף, cuyo autor es el poeta marroquí Rafael Aaron Monsoñego (siglo XIX). En los cuatro poemas se atribuyen significados literarios y figurados a los nombres de los signos. Los tres primeros poemas siguen casi exactamente la Lista de Zarca, y en ellos la «forma» es un elemento importante, ya que parece ser que su propósito es ayudar a memorizar la Lista. Respecto a אהה עלי כי נקף, la libertad poética que caracteriza el orden de los nombres de los signos (y, en cierta medida, la interpretación contextual) se traduce en un poema más equilibrado en cuanto a la relación entre «forma» y «contenido».
Incident in Messina: Letters of Ferdinand the Catholic concerning Portuguese converses caught on their way to Constantinople
Authors: Zeldes Nadia
Published: August 2010

Las cartas escritas por el rey Fernando el Católico durante su estancia en el reino de Nápoles arrojan luz sobre aspectos poco conocidos de su política religiosa: los esfuerzos dedicados a prevenir la huida de conversos al Imperio Otomano, donde podrían volver al judaísmo, y el papel asignado a la Inquisición en Sicilia como guardiana del Estrecho de Mesina. Así mismo, las cartas revelan que cientos de conversos escaparon de Portugal inmediatamente después de la masacre de Lisboa, antes incluso del edicto real de marzo de 1507, que les permitía dejar el país. Su arresto en Mesina, así como los incidentes posteriores que implicaron a conversos de la Península Ibérica que se dirigían a Levante, muestran que habría que prestar más atención a Sicilia como país de paso y frontera de la Cristiandad en el Mediterráneo.
Tarsis en la Estela de Nora: ¿un topónimo de Occidente?
Authors: Del Castillo Arcadio
Published: August 2010

El objeto de este trabajo es analizar las diferentes interpretaciones dadas a la inscripción de la Estela de Nora, la más antigua de las inscripciones fenicias de Occidente. Una crítica exhaustiva de las interpretaciones que han mantenido la existencia de una referencia a Tarsis y su ubicación en Occidente nos ha llevado a concluir que el texto de la Estela de Nora no es definitivo para resolver el problema de la ubicación de la Tarsis bíblica, y desde luego que todo se opone a que pueda ser identificada con Tartessos. Así pues, dado que sabemos que los fenicios, al llegar a un lugar, construían un altar para sacrificar y rendir culto a los dioses de la metrópoli, del mar y del viaje, una interpretación referida a la construcción de un templo parece lo más coherente.
El espíritu burlón de los masoretas
Authors: Fernández Tejero Emilia
Published: August 2010

En este artículo la autora trata de interesar en los estudios masoréticos a los especialistas en la crítica textual del texto bíblico que trabajan en campos afines. Intenta minimizar el carácter habitualmente atribuido a los estudios masoréticos de difíciles y aburridos, demostrando que los masoretas, además de magníficos estudiosos del texto hebreo, usaron métodos repletos de humor para transmitir informaciones textuales de todo tipo.
La movilidad de los judíos a ambos lados de la frontera entre las coronas de Castilla y Aragón durante el siglo XIV
Authors: Diago Hernando Máximo
Published: August 2010

A pesar de que los judíos fueron considerados formalmente como un elemento más del patrimonio regio en los reinos hispanos medievales, por lo que no tenían reconocida plena libertad de movimientos, en la práctica se constata que cambiaron de residencia de unos reinos a otros con notable facilidad. Los propios reyes trataron de potenciar estos cambios, mediante la concesión de privilegios a algunos de ellos, cuando deseaban que pasasen a residir a su reino. Para profundizar en el conocimiento de esta realidad, el autor analiza en este artículo los cambios de residencia protagonizados por judíos entre los territorios de las Coronas de Aragón y Castilla, y sus consecuencias. Así mismo, demuestra que la frontera entre estos dos reinos no representó obstáculo para muchos judíos que practicaron el comercio y el préstamo al otro lado de la misma. Por último, en el artículo se analizan algunas de las consecuencias que sobre las condiciones de vida de los judíos tuvieron los conflictos bélicos entre ambas monarquías durante el siglo XIV.
Una canción inédita de Salomón Usque
Authors: Canals Piñas Jordi
Published: August 2010

Salomón Usque era hijo de judíos portugueses que la diáspora llevó a Ferrara. Fue tal vez hijo de Abraham Usque, tipógrafo de la Biblia de Ferrara en ladino (1553). Documentamos su paso por Venecia entre 1560 y 1567, alternando con estancias en Constantinopla, la capital otomana en la que probablemente murió. En 1567, el tipógrafo Nicolò Bevilacqua publicó en Venecia su traducción al castellano de la primera parte del Canzoniere de Petrarca. Fue autor de la tragedia L’Ester, refundida por Leone Modena en 1619. Compuso asimismo poesías en lengua italiana. Entre estas últimas registramos una canción encomiástica dirigida a Guidobaldo II Montefeltro (1514-1574), duque de Urbino, incluida en el códice manuscrito N.A. 5 de la Biblioteca Ariostea de Ferrara y que se edita aquí por vez primera. La distribución de la materia enciclopédica remite al modelo remoto de San Isidoro, pero hay analogías con el poema Las siete edades del mundo del converso Pablo de Santa María (h. 1350-1435).
Judíos y arrianos: el mito de un acercamiento inexistente
Authors: González Salinero Raúl
Published: August 2010

Según el autor de este artículo, no existen pruebas objetivas para sostener la teoría del filojudaísmo arriano, teoría que con el tiempo se convirtió en un mito. Ningún emperador o rey de profesión arriana favoreció especialmente al judaismo. La asociación del arrianismo con la religión judía nació de la polémica antiarriana de los autores católicos de los siglos IV y V. La falsedad del mito se confirma con la constatación de la controversia antijudía en la literatura arriana que ha llegado hasta nosotros.
Un apéndice ornamental a Reyes en el ms. M1 de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Authors: De Azcárraga M. J.
Published: August 2010

El estudio detallado de la masora ornamental del folio 158a del manuscrito M1 me ha permitido corregir y puntualizar la descripción que hace de este folio Ch. D. Ginsburg en la Introducción a su Biblia. Por una parte, estamos de acuerdo en que se trata de un apéndice masorético a los libros de Reyes, pero no lo estamos en lo que se refiere al sitio donde comienza, ni al contenido total del mismo. Ginsburg sólo describe una lista de las cuatro que contiene, la de las diferencias entre los textos orientales y occidentales; las otras tres son: sedarîm, paseqîm y palabras vocalizadas con patah, que constituyen una excepción por estar en pausa.
Una nueva copla de Šabu‘ot: Los judíos en el Sinaí
Authors: Ceballos Viro Ignacio
Published: August 2010

En este artículo se da cuenta de una copla sefardí recientemente aparecida: Los judíos en el Sinai. Tanto el texto de la copla como la publicación en la que se integra (de Salónica 1786) eran desconocidas hasta hoy, por lo que su aparición obliga a reconsiderar y a reformular parcialmente el corpus de las diez coplas de Šabu‘ot. Además de la descripción material de la publicación y de la consideración de la autoría, se presenta la edición crítica de la copla, acompañada de un comentario lineal de las fuentes tanto bíblicas como rabínicas en que el texto se basa. El artículo concluye con un análisis métrico y otro lingüístico de la copla.
Catorce canciones en romance como modelos de poemas hebreos del siglo XV
Authors: Seroussi Edwin
Published: August 2010

Por falta de documentación, los comienzos de la lírica judeoespañola en la Península siempre han quedado en la oscuridad. Gracias a dos colecciones manuscritas de poemas hebreos religiosos (piyutim) de la biblioteca Bodleiana de Oxford, se vislumbran ahora algunos de los procesos de formación del cancionero lírico hispanojudío anterior a la expulsión de los judíos de España y Portugal. Mediante atentas lecturas de los primeros versos (íncipits) de poemas en castellano y catalán que aparecen como idicaciones melódicas de piyutim en ambos manuscritos, se pueden entrever algunos aspectos de la lírica en lenguas romances que conocían los poetas y cantores judíos antes de 1492.
Echi omerici nel libro di Tobia ?
Authors: Toloni Giancarlo
Published: August 2010

El viaje de vuelta a casa de Tobías evoca el novstoı de Odiseo a Ítaca marcado igualmente por peligros y aventuras y por asuntos de amor y familia. Este libro bíblico es una novela históricoreligiosa, pero, en su origen se encuentra el género literario de cuento popular, enriquecido con elementos didácticos, edificantes y proféticos. Esta estructura narrativa elemental podría remontarse a la Odisea –arquetipo de la novela moderna– y particularmente al cuento popular de Odiseo. El hagiógrafo, por tanto, pudo haber reelaborado con perspectiva teológica esta antigua historia de Tobit y Tobías, recogida de la tradición bíblica y parabíblica, para responder a los problemas del Israel de su tiempo. Las numerosas analogías entre los temas (el viaje de Oriente, los peligros, los sentimientos familiares…) y los elementos narrativos (la relación padre-hijo, el perro, los intermediarios, la medicina…) confirman que el autor debió de conocer el novstoı de Odiseo. Se basaba en el conocimiento que sus lectores tenían de él para delinear la historia de Tobías sobre el esquema de viaje del héroe griego. Más que de una dependencia literaria o de una emulación, se trata de un intento inteligente de explotar la fama del relato homérico para poner un sello autoritativo a su historia. En ese sentido, parte del relato popular de Odiseo para revivir las expectativas de la comunidad judía hacia una diáspora oriental, sometida e incierta sobre su destino, previendo la vuelta de la deportación como Tobías, que volvió a Nínive desde Rages, feliz de haberse casado con Sara.
Spanish Marranism Re-examined
Authors: Salomon Herman P.
Published: August 2010

No disponible
Las traducciones en la antigüedad
Authors: Fernández Marcos Natalio
Published: August 2010

Gran parte del legado cultural de Occidente se nos ha transmitido en traducciones. El autor analiza el fenómeno de la traducción en la Antigüedad, deteniéndose en la primera traducción de la Biblia hebrea al griego en la Alejandría ptolemaica. Esta traducción es el mayor corpus de litert ratura traducido al griego en la Antigüedad y, tal vez, el más importante por el impacto que tuvo en Occidente al ser adoptada la Biblia griega como Biblia oficial del cristianismo. Describe tambt bién el contexto en el que se llevó a cabo la traducción, los modelos utilizados en el Pentateuco, la recepción y los efectos de la misma en otras traducciones. Señala por fin otros procesos de trasvase cultural mediante la traducción en la Antigüedad tardía.
Una carta de pésame en arameo de Samuel ha-Naguid
Authors: Alba Cecilia Amparo , Alarcón Sainz Juan José
Published: August 2010

En el presente artículo ofrecemos la traducción y el estudio de la carta de pésame enviada por Samuel ha-Naguid a R. Ḥananel b. Ḥušiel por la muerte de R. Ḥušiel b. Elḥanán, su padre.
Cent trenta-nou volums de llibres d’un jueu mercader i talmudista: Mossé Almaterí (1362)
Authors: Riera i Sans Jaume
Published: August 2010

[es] Ciento treinta y nueve volúmenes de libros de un judío mercader y talmudista: Mossé Almaterí (1362).- Se publica un inventario parcial de bienes y libros que pertenecieron a Mossé Almaterí (Játiva ca. 1310 – Mallorca 1362). Se aportan documentos, publicados e inéditos, sobre sus actividades en Játiva, Valencia y Mallorca, que dibujan una personalidad con perfil de prestamista, mercader y estudioso de la ciencia religiosa del judaísmo. De posición económica desahogada, discreto como hombre público, fiel seguidor de Maimónides, Mossé Almaterí parece haber cifrado su anhelo vital en el acopio de libros bíblicos y talmúdicos.
El criptojudaísmo castellano reexaminado
Authors: Salomon Herman P.
Published: August 2010

Los estudios de I. S. Révah y C. Amiel han tratado la intensa persecución inquisitorial entre 1588 y 1600 de un núcleo judaizante constituido por una familia castellana autóctona asentada en Quintanar de la Orden y Alcázar de San Juan (bajo la jurisdicción de los tribunales de Cuenca y Toledo). Debido a la fecha y al número de víctimas, el episodio constituye una anomalía en los anales de los tribunales inquisitoriales de Castilla. Basándose en el análisis de los procesos, ambos historiadores han concluido la realidad de un criptojudaísmo en ambas localidades y que, por lo tanto, la esencia religiosa de un documento inquisitorial es una fuente histórica fidedigna. En mi estudio someto el «criptojudaísmo» de Quintanar y Alcázar de fines del siglo XVI –tal como lo presentan dichos autores– a una evaluación crítica. La relectura de todas los 64 procesos que conciernen a este episodio me han permitido llegar a conclusiones mucho más matizadas que las de mis predecesores.
Os judeus da Beira interior: a comuna de Trancoso e a entrada da Inquisição (Final)
Authors: Ferro Tavares Maria José
Published: August 2010

No disponible
Judíos y redes personales en Tierra de Campos durante la segunda mitad del siglo XV: un Cuaderno de Minutas de Avecindamientos de Villalón
Authors: Castaño Javier , Del Rey Granell Susana
Published: August 2010

En las décadas centrales del siglo XV algunos judíos fueron inscritos por las autoridades concejiles como vecinos en distintas localidades castellanas. Tradicionalmente, la vecindad se había caracterizado como una categoría de pertenencia a una comunidad política local, cuya participación estaría vetada a los judíos al considerarlos como una casta religiosa. Partiendo del estudio de documentación inédita relativa a la localidad castellana de Villalón –en un momento de auge de sus ferias impulsadas por el IV conde de Benavente– en Tierra de Campos, durante los años de desorden político general del reino, se propone una interpretación del avecindamiento de judíos que privilegia las relaciones de subordinación de la aljama respecto del concejo. Con ayuda de otras fuentes documentales, se ofrece un esbozo de las redes personales de judíos, subrayando el protagonismo de los médicos.
Estampas de la vida judía y sus particularidades: Huesca, siglo XV
Authors: Benedicto Gracia Eugenio
Published: August 2010

Se presentan en este artículo varias escenas singulares de la vida cotidiana de los judíos de Huesca y de su aljama a lo largo del siglo XV ilustradas a través de documentos extraídos de protocolos notariales y que hacen referencia a aspectos relativos a las relaciones familiares, la vida social y la condición femenina.
B7-H1–Dependent Sex-Related Differences in Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy Responses
Authors: Lin Pei-Yi , Sun Lishi , Thibodeaux Suzanne R. , Ludwig Sara M. , Vadlamudi Ratna K. , Hurez Vincent J. , Bahar Rumana , Kious Mark J. , Livi Carolina B. , Wall Shawna R. , Chen Lieping , Zhang Bin , Shin Tahiro , Curiel Tyler J.
Published: August 2010

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunopathogenic in cancers by impeding tumor-specific immunity. B7-homologue 1 (B7-H1) (CD274) is a cosignaling molecule with pleiotropic effects, including hindering antitumor immunity. In this study, we demonstrate sex-dependent, B7-H1–dependent differences in tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy in a hormone-independent cancer, murine B16 melanoma. Antitumor immunity was better in B7-H1−/− females versus males as a result of reduced regulatory T cell function in the B7-H1−/− females, and clinical response following B7-H1 blockade as tumor immunotherapy was significantly better in wild-type females than in males, owing to greater B7-H1 blockade-mediated reduction of Treg function in females. Wild-type female Tregs expressed significantly lower B7-H1 versus males but were insensitive to estrogen in vitro. Female B7-H1−/− Tregs were exquisitely sensitive to estrogen-mediated functional reduction in vitro, suggesting that B7-H1 effects occur before terminal Treg differentiation. Immune differences were independent of known B7-H1 ligands. Sex-dependent immune differences are seldom considered in designing immune therapy or interpreting immunotherapy treatment results. Our data demonstrate that sex is an important variable in tumor immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy responses through differential Treg function and B7-H1 signaling.
Reciprocal Functional Modulation of the Activation of T Lymphocytes and Fibroblasts Derived from Human Solid Tumors
Authors: Barnas Jennifer L. , Simpson-Abelson Michelle R. , Brooks Stephen P. , Kelleher Raymond J. , Bankert Richard B.
Published: August 2010

Fibroblasts are a dominant cell type in most human solid tumors. The possibility that fibroblasts have the capacity to interact with and modulate the function of tumor-associated T lymphocytes makes them a potential therapeutic target. To address this question, primary cultures of fibroblasts derived from human lung tumors were established and cultured with T cells derived from the same tumor. The tumor fibroblasts significantly enhance the production of IFN-γ and IL-17A by the tumor-associated T cells following a CD3/CD28-induced activation of the T cells. This enhancement was fibroblast cell dose-dependent and did not require direct contact between the two cell types. Tumor-associated fibroblast-conditioned media similarly enhanced both IFN-γ and IL-17A in activated T cells, and this enhancement was significantly reduced by Abs to IL-6. Conditioned media derived from activated lymphocyte cultures significantly enhanced IL-6 production by tumor fibroblasts. A similar enhancement of IFN-γ and IL-17A was observed when activated T cells from a normal donor were cultivated with skin fibroblasts derived from the same donor. These results establish that fibroblasts and autologous lymphocytes, whether derived from the tumor microenvironment or from nonmalignant tissues, have the capacity to reciprocally interact and modulate function. In contrast to other reports, fibroblasts are shown to have an immunostimulatory effect upon activated T lymphocytes. The ability of fibroblasts to enhance two T cell cytokines known to have an impact upon tumor progression suggests that fibroblasts play an important role in tumor pathogenesis that could be exploited therapeutically.
Efficacy of Tuohy Needle in Oocytes Collection from Excised Mare Ovaries
Authors: Cremonesi F. , Anderson K. , Lange-Consiglio A.
Published: August 2010

Two methods have been described to recover oocytes from equine follicles in excised ovaries: aspiration and scraping. Aim of this work was to develop an effective method for collecting equine oocytes using Tuohy needle and comparing this technique to aspiration and scraping, with or without tunica albuginea removal. This hollow hypodermic needle, usually employed for inserting epidural catheters, is designed with a slightly curved tip, shaped similar to a small curette. In unpeeled ovaries, the recovery rates of Tuohy needle group was higher () than in the 16 g needle aspiration and in the scraped ovaries (57% versus 36% and 47%) while the rate of cumulus-intact oocytes was higher than aspiration (46.9% versus 39.36%) but lower than scraping (46.97%) (). In unpeeled ovaries there was significant difference in maturation rate of oocytes recovered by Tuohy needle in respect to peeled ovaries (58.54% versus 50.17%, resp.). Combination of aspiration and scraping by Tuohy needle allows a faster and reliable collection of oocytes suitable for horse IVM.
Case study documenting the diagnosis of idiopathic CD4+ Lymphocytopenia in a patient with atypical fungal infection (disseminated blastomycosis) by FNA of adrenal mass
Authors: Siderits Richard H , Ouattara Osman , Marcus Alan , Gao Hong Guang , Deng Hong Bing , Godyn Janusz
Published: August 2010

Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia, described in 1992 by the Centers for Disease Control, is characterized by persistent CD4+ lymphocytopenia (less than 300 cells per micro-liter) in nonimmunosuppressed, HIV negative individuals, who present with atypical infections. This rare though likely undiagnosed entity is associated with chronic disseminated forms of either fungal or bacterial infections in otherwise healthy adults. We report a case of a 59-year-old male with ring-enhancing brain lesions, bilateral adrenal masses, lung and vocal cord nodules, where the diagnosis of exclusion was metastatic malignancy. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the adrenal mass and a subsequent vocal cord biopsy confirmed chronic widely disseminated blastomycosis. Flow cytometric evaluation of peripheral blood documented persistent selective CD4+ lymphocytopenia with T8 (suppressor) T-Lymphocyte count within normal range. We believe that idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia is an important etiologic factor to be considered for patients who present with mass lesions and are diagnosed by FNA with atypical fungal infections. We relate the diagnostic criteria for idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia and the importance of providing on-site triage for FNA samples for fungal studies and correlation for flow cytometry.
Pituitary carcinoma diagnosed on fine needle aspiration: Report of a case and review of pathogenesis
Authors: Yakoushina Tatiana V. , Lavi Ehud , Hoda R. S.
Published: August 2010

Pituitary carcinoma (PC) is a very rare entity (0.2% of all pituitary tumors), with only about 140 cases reported in English literature. There are no reliable histological, immunohistochemical or ultrastructural features distinguishing pituitary adenoma (PA) from PC. By definition, a diagnosis of PC is made after a patient with PA develops non-contiguous central nervous system (CNS) or systemic metastases. To date, only three cases of PC have been reportedly diagnosed on fine needle aspiration (FNA). Two of the reported cases were diagnosed on FNA of the cervical lymph nodes and one on FNA of the vertebral bone lesion. Herein, we present a case of PC, diagnosed on FNA of the liver lesion. In this case, we describe cytologic features of PC and compare them to histologic features of the tumor in the pituitary. Clinical behavior of tumor, pathogenesis of metastasis and immunochemical and prognostic markers will also be described.
Evaluation of atypical squamous cells on conventional cytology smears: An experience from a screening program practiced in limited resource settings
Authors: Rekhi Bharat , Ajit Dulhan , Joseph Santhosh K , Gawas Sonali , Deodhar Kedar K
Published: August 2010

Background:

The Bethesda system (TBS) 2001 has subdivided the category of atypical squamous cells (ASC) into: ASC-US (undetermined significance) and ASC-H (cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)). The present study is an analysis of ASC-US and ASC-H cases diagnosed in a screening program practiced in limited resource settings.

Methods:

During the period January 2005 to December 2008, a total of 9190 smears were received, of which 568 were unsatisfactory. Cases initially diagnosed as ASC-US (n=74) and ASC-H (n=29) on conventional cytology smears were reviewed. Biopsy and human papilloma virus (HPV) results were available in limited cases.

Results:

On review, diagnosis of ASC-US was retained in 49 (66.2%) of the 74 initially diagnosed ASC-US cases. Remaining 12 cases were re-labeled as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), nine as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), three as ASC-H and one case as squamous carcinoma (SCC). Similarly, on review, diagnosis of ASC-H cases was retained in 17 of the 29 initially diagnosed ASC-H cases. Seven cases were re-labeled as NILM, three as HSIL and one case each as ASC-US and SCC. Overall, 8622 cases (96.6%) were diagnosed as NILM, 72 (0.83%) as LSIL, 121 (1.40%) as HSIL, 23 (0.26%) as SCC, 50 (0.57%) as ASC-US cases, 20 (0.23%) as ASC-H, five (0.05%) as atypical glandular cells (AGC) and two cases as adenocarcinomas. Out of 50 ASC-US cases, biopsy in 23 cases showed presence of CIN 1 in 16 cases (69.5%) and CIN 2 in one case (4.34%), while the remaining six cases were negative for CIN/malignancy. The remaining 20 cases with unavailable biopsy results were HPV-positive. Out of 20 ASC-H cases, biopsy in 15 revealed CIN 2 and above in 11 cases (73.3%). Three cases (20%) revealed CIN 1.

Conclusions:

Critical review is helpful in further reducing the number of ASC cases. The percentage of cases with CIN 2 and above is higher with ASC-H cases. The reason for relative increase in HSILs in the present study included referral bias in the screening program.
Pathways to Pathological Gambling: Identifying Typologies
Authors: Blaszczynski Alex
Published: August 2010

The majority of explanatory models of pathological gambling fail to differentiate specific typologies of gamblers despite recognition of the multi-factorial causal pathways to its development. All models inherently assume that gamblers are a homogenous population; therefore theoretically derived treatments can be effectively applied to all pathological gamblers. This article describes a comprehensive and alternative conceptual-pathway model that identifies three main subgroups: "normal," emotionally vulnerable and biologically based impulsive pathological gamblers. All three groups are exposed to common influences related to ecological factors, cognitive processes and contingencies of reinforcement. However, predisposing emotional stresses and affective disturbances for one group, and biological impulsivity for another, are additional risk factors of aetiological significance in identifying separate subtypes. The implications for treatment are discussed with particular reference to the need to match client subtype with specific treatment interventions.
Is Gambling an Addiction Like Drug and Alcohol Addiction?: Developing Realistic and Useful Conceptions of Compulsive Gambling
Authors: Peele Stanton
Published: August 2010

As compulsive gambling and problem gamblers attract continued and increasing attention - due to state reliance on gambling for revenues and government and private marketing of the gambling experience - conceptions of compulsive, or addictive, gambling have evolved. The disease model of alcoholism and drug addiction, which predominates in the U.S. and North America, has generally been widely adopted for purposes of understanding and addressing gambling problems. However, this model fails to explain the most fundamental aspects of compulsive drinking and drug taking, so it can hardly do better with gambling. For example, people regularly outgrow addictions - often without ever labelling themselves as addicts. Indeed, gambling provides a vivid and comprehensible example of an experiential model of addiction. Elements of an addiction model that gambling helps to elucidate are the cycle of excitement and escape followed by loss and depression, reliance on magical thinking, failure to value or practice functional problem solving and manipulative orientation towards others.
Casino Gambling in Switzerland -The Legal Situation, Politics and Prospects for Prevention and Harm Reduction
Authors: Dombrowski Daniela , Uchtenhagen Ambros , Rehm Jürgen
Published: August 2010

In April 2000, a new law came into effect in Switzerland that permits casino gambling with unlimited stakes for the first time since 1921. Casinos can now be run only with a concession granted by a newly established federal agency. In addition to economic and administrative information, each casino applying for a concession has to submit a fully developed "social concept" that includes detailed prevention measures for dealing with people with gambling problems, staff training and evaluation research, which an independent advisory board will control. In the fall of 2001, the first casino concessions will be granted based on the quality of each applicant's overall proposal. The new legislation is creating a unique situation in Switzerland. To reduce the potential harm for gamblers that is associated with new forms of gambling, the legislation should be standardized and continuously optimized. These new measures require evaluation and government control.
Gambling-Induced Analgesia: A Single Case Report
Authors: Blaszczynski Alexander , Maccallum Fiona
Published: August 2010

This paper describes a single case study of analgesia induced by gambling. The subject is a 48-year-old male diagnosed with pathological gambling problems, suffering chronic back pain resulting from a road trauma. The reported intensity of arousal associated with slot machines and roulette produced a state of dissociation or distraction that temporarily reduced levels of pain. Consistent with an operant conditioning model, this reduction in pain was a negative reinforcer that acted to elicit further gambling whenever the pain reached a certain level of discomfort. In the absence of any effective analgesic medication, he used gambling as his predominant strategy to manage pain. He began to enjoy gambling, and within a relatively short period, lost more than he intended and commenced chasing losses. Pain levels decreased following chiropractic interventions, but his gambling continued. The additional, positive reinforcing effects of the excitement generated by the slot machines and roulette gaming became sufficient to maintain persistence in gambling independent of pain experienced. This case highlights the possibility that psychological factors involved in establishing a gambling habit may differ from those involved in maintaining persistence.
Examining Gambling Issues From a Public Health Perspective
Authors: Korn David A.
Published: August 2010

Public health has a tradition of addressing emerging and complex health matters that affect the whole population as well as specific groups. AIDS, environmental tobacco smoke and violence are examples of contemporary health concerns that have benefited from public health analysis and involvement. This article encourages the adoption of a public health perspective on gambling issues. Gambling has been studied from a number of perspectives, including economic, moral, addiction and mental health. The value of a public health viewpoint is that it examines the broad impact of gambling rather than focusing solely on problem and pathological gambling behavior in individuals. It takes into consideration the wider health, social and economic costs and benefits; it gives priority to the needs of vulnerable and disadvantaged people; and it emphasizes prevention and harm reduction. This paper looks at the public health foundations of epidemiology, disease control and healthy public policy, and applies them to gambling. Major public health issues are analyzed within a North American context, including problem gambling trends amongst the general adult population and youth, and their impact on other specific populations. There is significant opportunity for public health to contribute its skills, methodologies and experience to the range of gambling issues. By understanding gambling and its potential impacts on the public's health, policy makers, health practitioners and community leaders can minimize gambling's negative impacts and optimize its benefits.
The Biopsychosocial Approach to Gambling: Contextual Factors in Research and Clinical Interventions
Authors: Griffiths Mark , Delfabbro Paul
Published: August 2010

Objective This paper argues that adherence to a single, specialised theory of gambling is largely untenable. It highlights limitations of existing theories of gambling at three increasingly specific levels of analysis; namely, the social, psychological and biological. Method An overview of each level of analysis (social, psychological and biological) is provided by critically evaluating the contemporary literature on gambling. This is followed by discussions of the limitations and interdependence of each theoretical approach and the implications for research and clinical interventions. Results While several recent critiques of gambling research have provided considerable insight into the methodological limitations of many gambling studies, another problem is seldom acknowledged - the inadequacy and insular nature of many research paradigms. It is argued that gambling is a multifaceted behaviour, strongly influenced by contextual factors that cannot be encompassed by any single theoretical perspective. Such contextual factors include variations in gambling involvement and motivation across different demographic groups, the structural characteristics of activities and the developmental or temporal nature of gambling behaviour. Conclusion This paper suggests that research and clinical interventions are best served by a biopsychosocial approach that incorporates the best strands of contemporary psychology, biology and sociology.
Understanding the school culture: Guidelines for conducting gambling research in secondary schools
Authors: McPhee Jennifer L. , Canham Robert S.
Published: August 2010

This article provides an overview of the importance of youth gambling research, the methodological issues faced when conducting research in secondary schools, and recommendations for conducting effective youth gambling research that benefits academia, the community, staff, students and parents within the school systems. Based on our recent experience, we advocate a research approach that integrates the findings of youth gambling research into school curriculum, community youth agencies and the development, evaluation and enhancement of program and policy interventions. By doing so, we find that we are able to foster strong, respectful relationships with the community and encourage collaboration, co-operation and multidisciplinary alliances. If researchers follow these guidelines, they can ensure that youth gambling research goes beyond scholarly publishing and is transferred and applied within the community to reduce youth gambling problems.
Problem-solving skills in male and female problem gamblers
Authors: Borsoi Diane , Toneatto Tony
Published: August 2010

The current study was designed to compare the self-reported problem-solving skills of male and female gamblers. In total, 148 females and 112 males (mean age = 43.6 years, SD = 12.0), responding to an advertisement for people concerned about their gambling, completed the Problem Solving Inventory (Heppner, 1988). The PSI consists of three factors related to self-perception of problem-solving: confidence, personal control and approach-avoidance style. Gamblers were categorized into three subgroups according to their DSM-IV scores: Asymptomatic, Problem, and Pathological. Results from a series of analyses of co-variance (co-varying for the confounding effects of current emotional distress) revealed that gender had no significant effect, but problem severity on appraisal of problem-solving confidence and sense of personal control had a significant effect. Pathological gamblers were less confident and felt less in control than the other subgroups while engaging in problem-solving activities. Problem gamblers tended to have more negative appraisals of control than Asymptomatic gamblers. Problem-solving skills were also a significant predictor of DSM-IV scores for pathological gambling (i.e., negative appraisals were associated with higher DSM-IV scores). The results suggest that problem-solving skills are deficient in pathological gamblers and problem gamblers, but are not related to gender.
Meta-analysis: A 12-step program
Authors: David L. Streiner
Published: August 2010

Meta-analysis is a technique for combining the results of many studies in a rigorous and systematic manner, to allow us to better assess prevalence rates for different types of gambling and determine which interventions have the best evidence regarding their effectiveness and efficacy. Meta-analysis consists of (a) a comprehensive search for all available evidence; (b) the use of applying explicit criteria for determining which articles to include; (c) determination of an effect size for each study; and (d) the pooling of effect sizes across studies to end up with a global estimate of the prevalence or the effectiveness of a treatment. This paper begins with a discussion of why meta-analyses are useful, followed by a 12-step program for conducting a meta-analysis. This program can be used both by people planning to do such an analysis, as well as by readers of a meta-analysis, to evaluate how well it was carried out.
Quitting again: Motivations and strategies for terminating gambling relapses
Authors: Thygesen Kylie L. , Hodgins David C.
Published: August 2010

This study provides a descriptive exploration of the reason(s) why individuals who experienced a gambling relapse terminated the relapse episode and how they did so. Thirty-eight males and 22 females were administered the Relapse Experience Interview (Marlatt & Gordon, 1989). Participants (N = 60) cited a mean of 1.5 reasons for terminating relapse, with monetary factors, affective factors, reappraisal and external constraints emerging as central factors in relapse termination. Participants reported using a mean of 1.7 strategies for stopping a gambling episode. The strategies used were identified as either cognitive or behavioural and were classified according to the processes of change model (Prochaska, DiClemente & Norcross, 1992). Stimulus control, self-liberation, counterconditioning and helping relationships were the main strategies used to terminate gambling relapse. Participants showed a preference for using either cognitive or behavioural strategies rather than both.
Gamblers Anonymous: A critical review of the literature
Authors: Ferentzy Peter , Skinner Wayne
Published: August 2010

This study surveys existing literature on Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and issues that help to contextualise our understanding of this mutual aid association. While GA has been the subject of investigation by social scientists, it is still understudied, with a notable shortage of research on issues facing women and ethnic minorities. A need exists for large-scale assessments of GA's effectiveness, more detailed accounts of GA beliefs and practices, increased knowledge of the ways in which GA attendance interacts with both formal treatment and attendance at other mutual aid organisations, and a better understanding of the profiles of gamblers best (and least) suited to GA, along with a clearer grasp of what GA was able to offer those gamblers that it seems to have helped. This assessment of the current state of knowledge underscores the embryonic state of our collective inquiry into the nature of GA, and the authors emphasise that significant advances have been made. Notably, important targets for study are being identified.
Blackjack playing strategies and beliefs: A view from the field
Authors: Bennis Will
Published: August 2010

A great deal of research on the psychology of gambling has been conducted that has looked at non-experienced gamblers in laboratory or classroom settings. Yet there has been comparatively little research examining the practices and beliefs of actual gamblers within their natural gambling context. The current research contributes to the naturalistic study of casino gamblers. It reports the results of 10 weeks of ethnographic participant observation conducted in 1999 in two Indiana riverboat casinos located about 1/2 hour from Chicago. The research examines blackjack players' strategies for and beliefs about winning as explained and understood by the gamblers themselves. It uses blackjack's basic strategy and card counting as organizing principles around which to discuss and assess these strategies and beliefs.
Chasing -It's not just about the money: Clinical reflections
Authors: Rugle Loreen
Published: August 2010

Henry Lesieur's book, The Chase: Career of the Compulsive Gambler (1984), focuses on the financial aspects of pathological gamblers' increasingly desperate need to win or get even. This essay suggests that the concept of "chasing" can be extended to explore how gamblers chase in their attempt to meet emotional and spiritual needs. Clinical case examples are presented and implications for treatment are discussed.
Prevention of gambling among youth: Increasing knowledge and modifying attitudes toward gambling
Authors: Lavoie Marie-Pier , Ladouceur Robert
Published: August 2010

Research shows that gambling is a popular activity among youth. The more young people become involved in these activities, the more likely they are to develop irrational thoughts and habits related to gambling. In this study, 273 French-speaking students in grades 5 and 6 helped to test a video designed to (a) increase knowledge about gambling and (b) correct inaccurate knowledge. The effectiveness of the video was evaluated using two experimental conditions and one control condition. Analysis indicated that the video significantly increased gambling knowledge and decreased errors in attitudes toward gambling. The implications of these results for the prevention of gambling problems are discussed.
Change and continuity in a help-seeking problem gambling population: A five-year record*
Authors: Jackson Alun C. , Thomas Shane A. , Holt Tangerine A. , Thomason Neil
Published: August 2010

This paper provides an overview of some trends among problem gamblers seeking help through the BreakEven/Gambler's Help problem gambling counselling services in Victoria, Australia, between July 1995 and June 2000. Data presented are drawn from details collected on clients at registration, assessment, and all other client contacts to form a Problem Gambling Services minimum data set (MDS). Analysis of the MDS shows a number of noteworthy trends towards continuity or change. A major element of continuity is the ability of the service to attract women, who constitute around 50% of the clients for the period. Major changes include the increasing trend towards presentation of clients at an earlier stage in their "career" as problem gamblers. Also identified is persistence or change in client characteristics, such as gender differences in gambling activity and problem type and level. In addition, a range of other factors are explored, such as level of debt and its associated characteristics, the characteristics of people committing crimes to finance their gambling, and the differences between people presenting for counselling and problem gamblers in the community.
Australia's gambling policy: Motivations, implications, and options*
Authors: Bostock William W.
Published: August 2010

The paper will discuss current gambling policy in Australia. The attraction of the use of gambling as a method of "painless taxation" is recognised, but its potentiality for damaging individuals and society will be considered. Five policy options are identified. Much evidence will be drawn from the three-volume report Australia's Gambling Industries, and there will be an evaluation of the Australian Interactive Gambling Act, 2001. The assessment of the least damaging form of gambling policy, when all aspects of gambling are taken into account, is the ultimate aim of this paper.
The experience of living with a problem gambler: Spouses and partners speak out
Authors: Dickson-Swift V. A. , James E. L. , Kippen S.
Published: August 2010

Whilst gambling provides a source of enjoyment and entertainment for many people, it can be a source of hardship for others. The problems associated with gambling have been extensively studied with gamblers; however very few studies have been specifically undertaken to identify the impact that gambling has on spouses, partners, and family members. This qualitative study provided an opportunity for some partners and spouses of people affected by problem gambling to identify the outcomes that gambling had on their lives. It identified that excessive gambling has a number of significant effects on financial security, family relationships, and physical and emotional health. Problem gambling is a major social health problem that is negatively impacting the lives of many people in our community. Interventions that are designed to deal with problem gambling need to go beyond the gambler and consider those other people in their lives who are often overlooked.
The psychology of music in gambling environments: An observational research note
Authors: Griffiths Mark , Parke Jonathan
Published: August 2010

Effects of the listening context on responses to music largely have been neglected despite the prevalence of music in our everyday lives. Furthermore, there has been no research on the role of music in gambling environments (e.g., casinos, amusement arcades) despite gambling's increased popularity as a leisure pursuit. An exploratory observational study in gambling arcades was carried out to investigate (i) how music is used as background music in amusement arcades, and (ii) how slot machines utilize music in their design. Results indicated that arcades often have music that caters for their customer demographics and that this may influence gambling behaviour. Furthermore, music from the slot machine itself appears to produce important impression formations about the machine (i.e., quality of the machine, familiarity, distinctiveness, and the sound of winning). It is suggested that music (whether it is in the gambling environment or in the activity itself) has the potential to be important in the acquisition, development, and maintenance of gambling behaviour. Some preliminary ideas and hypotheses to be tested are offered.
Gambling problems in youth: Theoretical and applied perspectives
Authors: Ohtsuka Keis
Published: August 2010

This collection of specialist papers on the current state of youth gambling research summarises the progress in youth problem gambling research in recent years. Theories on youth problem gambling have evolved to a point where research evidence once perceived as contradictory and subject to debate can be reconciled within a more general theoretical framework. Growing consensus makes possible a synthesis that can inform public policy.
Faro: A 19th-century gambling craze
Authors: Turner Nigel E. , Howard Mark , Spence Warren
Published: August 2010

We examine an extinct game of chance known as faro for clues that might help us understand modern gambling. By all accounts, faro has gone from being the most common game of chance and the most common casino gambling game in the United States during the 19th century to being almost nonexistent and nearly forgotten. It is so much forgotten, in fact, that films about the Old West usually show cowboys or miners playing poker. Only recently have images of faro made their way back into movies. We examine why the game was popular, as well as the role of cheats, who likely contributed to its demise. Through a combination of historical records and computer simulations, we evaluate mistaken beliefs about the profitability of the game and find that if played honestly, faro can yield a profit for the casino comparable to other table games. We also explore what lessons we can draw from this game. Of particular interest are the parallels between faro and our modern experience with electronic gambling machines.