bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RENEWAL AND REPLACEMENT OF THE STYLETS OF SUCKING INSECTS DURING EACH STADIUM, AND THE METHOD OF PENETRATION
Authors: Heriot A. D.
Published: April 2011

In a study of the mouth parts of the scale and aphis, certain conclusions corresponding to those of Hermann Weber were independently drawn. While several phases of the subject need clarifying, it is definitely established that the retort-shaped organs at the bases of the stylets are masses of hypodermal cells constituting deep invaginations of the integument. Within these invaginations, which lengthen out in a circular manner during each stadium, new stylets are built up for each successive instar. In those members of the Hemiptera in which the head is deflected, the four stylets are separately coiled in the cephalic region and at a definite stage during each ecdysis the new stylets pass down to take the place of the old which are discarded at the moult.The manner of this renewal and replacement of the stylets appears to be, in many respects, unique. But, inasmuch as the stylets are simple hollow chitinous structures, they may be said histologically to bear a closer resemblance to other cuticular processes than they do to the more complex organs arising from imaginal buds during metamorphosis. An analogy to the renewal of the stylets is presented in the development of the spines and hairs of the body. The methods whereby the coiled stylets are expelled from the head are discussed.The action of the protractor muscles in the aphis and scale is altogether inadequate to explain the means of penetration into the compact tissues of woody growths. More especially is this the case where the stylets are much longer than the labium, and are, moreover, looped within the body and thus neutralize the effect of muscular action at the base. New facts are advanced to supplement those already known, and it is submitted that the stylets are propelled forward by successive short holds contrived by the joint action of the labrum and labium. In the aphis the main function of the stylet muscles is directional control of the tips, enabling a short stylet to explore a large area. The absence of this control in the scale is compensated for by the provision of longer stylets. Directional control permits of selective feeding, giving rise to a sense of taste. This is manifest in specific types of injury to the host plant and also by a modification in the insect of accessory structures of the mouth.
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION OF AVENA SATIVA WITH A. FATUA AND ITS RELATION TO THE ORIGIN OF FATUOIDS
Authors: Aamodt O. S. , Johnson L. P. V. , Manson J. M.
Published: April 2011

The common fatuoid or false wild oat is an aberrant grain type which occurs frequently in cultivated oats. Three theories have been advanced in explanation of the origin of fatuoids, namely, chromosome aberration, gene mutation, and natural hybridization. The third theory has been much criticized in recent years. Observations in Alberta, Canada, indicated the possibility of natural hybridization between Avena fatua and A. sativa being an important factor in the origin of fatuoids. Genetic studies were made of both artificial and natural crosses between A. fatua and A. sativa which indicate the probability that the common fatuoid is a normal Mendelian segregate from the crosses in question. It is believed that more or less complete selective elimination of non-fatuoid segregates can be explained. While the authors believe that natural hybridization is the usual means by which fatuoids originate, they, nevertheless, entertain the possibilities of origin by chromosome aberration or by gene mutation.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON APPALACHIAN UPLAND PODSOL SOILS: II. ORGANIC MATTER-ACIDITY RELATIONS
Authors: Atkinson H. J. , McKibbin R. R.
Published: April 2011

When leached with distilled water, the raw humus of the A1 horizon of Quebec virgin podsols gave percolates of gradually increasing pH values over periods of 14 weeks, beginning in two instances at 4.3 and rising to 5.4, and in a third at 3.8, rising to 4.8. When concentrated by evaporation to from one-tenth to one-twentieth of the original volume the percolates retained 83.5 to 99% of their total acidity. The concentrates were fractionated by dialysis through cellophane. From 46 to 91% of the acidity dialyzed. In the dialyzates from five soils, 47.5 to 56.4% of whose acidity dialyzed, total sulphuric acid was found in amounts varying from 30 to 52% of the total acidity. The free (alcohol-soluble) sulphuric acid amounted to 9.5 to 23% of the total acidity of the percolate. Phosphoric acid was present in mere traces in some samples, but in one instance the total phosphoric acid content was sufficient to account for 28% of the total acidity, if it was present in the free state.
THE EXCITATION OF BAND SPECTRA—ROTATIONAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Langstroth G. O.
Published: April 2011

An examination of the intensity contours of three second positive nitrogen bands excited by electrons of 14, 15, 16 and 18 electron volts energy, indicates that the contours change in shape as the energy of the exciting electrons is varied. These results and their relation to those of other investigators can be understood if there is a definite probability that an impinging electron will excite the electronic configuration of a molecule and then interact with the rotation before escaping from the molecular field. As might be expected, this probability is appreciable only when the energy of the exciting electron is nearly equal to the excitation energy.
THE MOLECULAR DIAMETER OF DEUTERIUM AS DETERMINED BY VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Cleave A. B. Van , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The viscosities of deuterium over the range 23 to −183 °C. have been measured. The viscosities of the two-component system deuterium-hydrogen have been measured over the whole concentration range at 22 °C. The results show that the deuterium molecule has the same diameter as the hydrogen molecule. The interest attached to the viscosity results for the two-component system are pointed out. The difference between the molecular volume of liquid deuterium oxide and that of liquid water is attributed by the authors to a difference in equilibrium between associated and non-associated molecules in the respective systems.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FRACTIONS OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS: II. COMPLEMENT FIXATION AND INTRADERMAL TESTS WITH ALCOHOLIC PRECIPITATE
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald
Published: April 2011

Alcoholic precipitates of Brucella abortus showed high antigenic qualities in the complement fixation test. Dialysis and filtration did not lower this activity. The precipitates gave rise to reactions in infected guinea pigs, in dilutions which produced no change in normal animals. Filtration did not modify the results. In two out of three samples dialysis did not lower the activity of the suspensions as skin test antigens. The addition of formol did not modify the skin reactions.
ACTIA DIFFIDENS CURRAN, A PARASITE OF PERONEA VARIANA (FERNALD) IN CAPE BRETON, NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Prebble M. L.
Published: April 2011

The immature stages of Actia diffidens, a tachinid parasite of the black-headed budworm, are described in detail, together with observations on the secondary integumental funnel, an ingrowth of the host body wall, within which the parasite maggots live in the later stages. In all cases observed, the integumental funnel was attached to a restricted area on either side of the mesothorax of the host larva. As the funnel is secondarily developed, its location can hardly be determined by the oviposition habits of the parent fly. Unfortunately, very little is known of the adult stage, and nothing of its mode of oviposition.
THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF DEUTERIUM
Authors: Cleave A. B. Van , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The thermal conductivities of deuterium and some mixtures of deuterium and hydrogen have been measured by a relative, "hot wire" method. The results are consistent with the authors' original conclusion that the deuterium molecule has the same molecular diameter as the hydrogen molecule. It follows also that the molecular heats of the hydrogen isotopes are the same.
CYTOLOGY OF THE BLOOD OF NORMAL MINK AND RACCOON: III. MORPHOLOGY AND NUMBERS OF THE BLOOD ELEMENTS IN RACCOON
Authors: Kennedy Arnold H.
Published: April 2011

Maximum, minimum and average values for numbers and dimensions of the elements in the blood of normal raccoon are given. Normoblasts are rare and anisocytosis was found only in animals from one to three months old. Lymphocytes could not be classified into size groups as they completely cover a wide range from small to large. In the monocytes the nuclei are prominent and boldly outlined but vary in shape. In the neutrophiles the nuclei have from two to seven segments, five being most common. The eosinophiles are large and contain oval, S-shaped, or lobed nuclei. The nuclei of the basophiles are usually bar- or S-shaped, seldom lobed. Two types of basophilic cells may be distinguished. One contains 8–40 prominent granules while the other contains a mass of granular material with occasionally a few large granules. In addition to descriptions of these elements, data are supplied on haemoglobin content and color index of raccoon blood.
ANEMOUSITE IN ESSEXITE
Authors: Osborne F. Fitz
Published: April 2011

Anemousite has been found in some Monteregian essexites. This raises some questions regarding the distribution of anemousite and the nomenclature of essexite. The name essexite may well be retained despite the occurrence of anemousite in the rock.
A GRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE BLOOD OF NORMAL FOXES
Authors: Kennedy Arnold H.
Published: April 2011

The fluctuations and trends of various cellular elements of normal fox blood are presented in graphical form. The graphs have been prepared from data obtained from a number of foxes of various ages and show the minimum, maximum and mean numbers of blood elements occurring in both males and females in each age group.The red blood cells, haemoglobin, and to a lesser extent the neutrophiles, on the one hand, have trends of a similar nature and appear to be related. On the other hand the total white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and basophiles also appear to be closely related. A comprehensive picture of the field tends to divide the numbers of blood elements composing the blood of foxes into these two divisions.The trends and fluctuations, for the same age groups, of the total white blood cells and lymphocytes are almost identical. The monocytes and basophiles also show close similarity. A close similarity in general trend, with less marked fluctuations, exists in the four groups, total white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and basophiles.
AN X-RAY METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF "BOUND WATER" IN HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Barnes W. H. , Hampton W. F.
Published: April 2011

A new method for the study of hydrophilic colloids by the application of X-ray methods of analysis to the frozen gels is described. The possibilities of the method and its limitations are shown by a qualitative study of the amount, and variation with temperature, of the so-called "bound" water in gelatin gels over the temperature range − 3° to − 50 °C.
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE DE LA POLYMÉRISATION : I. FORMATION, PROPRIÉTÉS ET CONSTITUTION DES POLYINDÈNES, EN PARTICULIER DU "TRIINDÈNE"
Authors: Risi J. , Gauvin D.
Published: April 2011

not available
SOME CONSTITUENTS OF THE SAP OF THE SUGAR MAPLE (ACER SACCHARUM, MARSH.)
Authors: Findlay G. H. , Snell J. F.
Published: April 2011

Skazin's observation that maple flavor is not present as such in sugar maple sap but develops at boiling temperatures (100–104 °C.) has been confirmed. Levorotatory glucosides cannot be detected in sap concentrated to 1/150 its volume, and are therefore probably not present in amounts exceeding 1 gm. (calculated as coniferin) per 50 litres. In maple wood, pyrocatechol tannins were detected but no alcohol-soluble glucosides. The sap contains succinic acid, a glucosidase, an unsaponifiable oil, a water-soluble substance melting at 191.5 °C. and having the composition C11H21O9, and an acetone-soluble substance giving lignin-like color tests. Maple flavor could not be developed in any individual constituent of the sap.
A COMPARATIVE COLOR TEST FOR COUMARIN AND MELILOTIC ACID IN MELILOTUS SPECIES
Authors: Clayton J. S. , Larmour R. K.
Published: April 2011

The coupling reaction between phenolic bodies and diazotized p-nitraniline in alkaline solution is shown to be of value in the detection and estimation of the coumarin and melilotic acid content of small quantities of sweet clover. The intensity of crimson color developed on treatment of pure coumarin solutions is shown to be proportional to the concentration of coumarin and to be adaptable to colorimetric measurements. For practical purposes it is shown that this reaction can be used for estimation of coumarin and melilotic acid together.It is possible to obtain the crimson color directly with plant extracts containing coumarin or melilotic acid, and a tentative method enabling comparisons to be made among small amounts of plant material is outlined. A comparison between results obtained by the colorimetric method outlined and by that of Obermayer shows that the latter method is open to several serious errors m the estimation of coumarin.
DECOMPOSITION AND MOVEMENT OF HERBICIDES IN SOILS, AND EFFECTS ON SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND SUBSEQUENT CROP GROWTH. PART II
Authors: Newton J. D. , Paul A. D.
Published: April 2011

Further experiments at Edmonton to determine the effects on soils and on subsequent crop growth of copper sulphate, sodium chlorate, and sodium dichromate, are reported, together with new experiments with ammonium thiocyanate. The field plot experiments were limited to Edmonton black soil, but three typical Alberta soils, including Edmonton soil, were used in the laboratory experiments. Copper sulphate applied to a series of fallow plots in 1931 did not affect the yields of wheat on these plots significantly in 1932, or the yields of wheat, oats, rye and flax on these plots in 1933. The soil was not appreciably injured, even temporarily, by the copper sulphate. Sodium chlorate was applied to one series of fallow plots in 1930, and to another series in 1931. The effect of the heaviest applications (1300 lb. per acre) lasted for three years in one series, but serious injury to crops from such heavy applications did not last for more than two years in either series. Sodium dichromate was applied to a series of fallow plots and a series of wheat plots in 1932. It reduced the wheat yields very much in 1932, but did not reduce crop yields the following year in either series, as it decomposed and lost its toxicity in the soil rather quickly. Ammonium thiocyanate was applied to a series of fallow plots and a series of wheat plots in 1932, and it reduced the wheat yields even more than sodium dichromate in 1932. It retarded nitrification and did not decompose and lose its toxicity completely during the season of application, but even in the cases of the heavier applications (650 and 1300 lb. per acre) the toxic effect disappeared early in the following season. The total and straw yields of crops sown on these plots were generally increased by the lighter applications (160 and 325 lb. per acre) in 1933, but the grain yields were generally reduced by the heavier applications (650 and 1300 lb. per acre). Growth of certain annual weeds was considerably stimulated by this nitrogenous weed killer in 1933 and 1934, in the plots to which the heavier applications had been made. Laboratory experiments showed that the thiocyanate may be leached out of a soil with water; that it decomposes fairly rapidly in soils under favorable conditions of moisture and temperature and more rapidly in fertile soil rich in organic matter than in poorer soil; and that nitrification in soils is depressed for a time by the ammonium thiocyanate.
SUPERIORITY OF SILVER NITRATE OVER MERCURIC CHLORIDE FOR SURFACE STERILIZATION IN THE ISOLATION OF OPHIOBOLUS GRAMINIS SACC.
Authors: Davies F. R.
Published: April 2011

It has been difficult to isolate Ophiobolus graminis from plant parts previously surface sterilized by the commonly used mercuric chloride method, although Helminthosporium sativum and Fusarium spp. are readily isolated following its use. When a silver nitrate method of surface sterilization was substituted, O. graminis was isolated with considerably more success than had previously been obtained. These results can be explained by the difference in reaction of the above-mentioned fungi to these chemicals. When similar concentrations of these chemicals were added to nutrient agar, silver nitrate proved less toxic to O. graminis than mercuric chloride, whereas the reverse was true for H. sativum.
EFFECT OF FROST ON WHEAT AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY: III. MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY
Authors: Newton R. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

The yield of flour from unfrozen samples of wheat cut at progressive stages of maturity increased until the dry matter of the grain at the time of cutting reached 58%, and thereafter remained constant. Frost exposure reduced the flour yield at all stages of maturity, the reduction being roughly proportional to the immaturity of the sample and the severity of the exposure. The yield from mature, frozen samples was slightly but definitely lower than that from comparable unfrozen checks.The baking quality of the unfrozen checks was relatively high, even when the wheat was cut while immature. Frost exposure reduced the quality of immature samples in proportion to the immaturity of the grain and the severity of the exposure, but had little if any effect on mature samples. Flour from immature, frozen samples deteriorated in storage more rapidly than did that from the unfrozen checks.Reduction in flour yield was proportional to reduction in grade but reduction in baking quality was, on the average, less than anticipated from the grading results.The earlier conclusion is confirmed that 58% dry matter represents a critical stage in the development of wheat, and that all samples harvested after this stage can be considered mature.
SOME PREDATORS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PARATETRANYCHUS PILOSUS C. & F., IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Gilliatt F. C.
Published: April 2011

Predators are the most important natural enemies of the European red mite. Notes are given on the life history and habits of the following predaceous enemies of this mite, Seiulus pomi Parrott; Diaphnidia pellucida Uhl.; Diaphnidia capitata Van D.; Hyaliodes vitripennis Say; Stethorus punctum Leconte; Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl.; Camptobrochis nebulosus Uhl.; Anystis agilis Banks; Campylomma verbasci Mey., and an unidentified species of Syrphidae.
THE SCOTOSCOPIC EFFECT IN VISION
Authors: Allen Frank , Oretzki M. J.
Published: April 2011

When an illuminated wall of a room is observed by the two eyes, before one of which a tube with opaque sides is held, the patch of the wall seen through the tube appears brighter and nearer to the eye than the rest of the surface appears to the other eye. This may be termed the photoscopic effect.If the side of the tube is translucent and brightly illuminated, the patch of the wall will appear darker than the remainder of the surface. When a sectored disc is rotated at a certain critical speed in front of the tube, the patch of the wall seen through it appears intensely black. This appearance of blackness is called the scotoscopic effect.The critical speed of rotation of the disc at which the scotoscopic effect appears, differs for the fovea, macula and periphery of the retina. The respective areas of those regions are quite sharply distinguished from one another.
THE HYPERFINE STRUCTURE SEPARATIONS OF SOME TERMS IN THE THALLIUM II SPECTRUM
Authors: Smith Stanley , Convey J.
Published: April 2011

The hyperfine structure separations of about 25 terms of T1 II have been measured by means of two quartz and two glass Lummer plates used in conjunction with a Hilger E1 spectrograph. The light source was a hollow cathode discharge in helium. Large isotope displacements have been found in some of the terms of the 5d96s26p configuration, also in the 6p2 3P2 and 6p2 1D2 terms. The results have been used to calculate g(I) and to examine the validity of the application of the summation rules to the separation factors for the 6snd and 6snf configurations. The spacing of the system of levels arising from the 6s6f configuration has been examined.
THE ALKALOIDS OF SENECIO SPECIES: II. SOME MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Some miscellaneous observations on the alkaloids of Senecio species are brought together. Of the nine species here reported upon, only four, namely: S. mikanioides, S. aureus, S. solidago and S. cineraria, yielded tractable amounts of alkaloids. The first gave amorphous mikanoidine, C21H29O6N, which on hydrolysis yielded a base, mikanecine, C8H15O2N and mikanecic acid, C13H16O5. S. aureus yielded aureine, C18H25O5N, which is distinguished by its high melting point (238 °C.) from known alkaloids of this genus. All species so far examined yielded fumaric acid. Some observations which may aid in elucidating the structure of retronecine are recorded.
THE BACTERIAL REDUCTION OF SULPHATES
Authors: Young J. W.
Published: April 2011

The presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria in waters of the Coutts area, as indicated by chemical analyses, has been proved, and they have been shown to be absent from deep wells of the Turner Valley area. A limited number of tests indicates that they are absent from deep wells in the Wainwright area. They have been found in Idaho soils and in sewage.A procedure for proving their presence is described; pure cultures have been prepared, and some of their biochemical characteristics have been noted.The significance of the presence of these organisms in deep wells, soils and sewage is discussed, and some problems for further study are indicated.
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE DE LA POLYMÉRISATION : II. PROPRIÉTÉS, MÉCANISME DE FORMATION ET CONSTITUTION DES DISTYRÈNES ET DES POLYSTYRÈNES
Authors: Risi J. , Gauvin D.
Published: April 2011

not available
CHEESE-RIPENING STUDIES: THE INFLUENCE OF YEAST EXTRACT ON THE TYPES OF STREPTOCOCCI FOUND IN STARTERS
Authors: Eagles Blythe Alfred , Okulitch Olga , Campbell Alexander Graham
Published: April 2011

The influence of yeast extract on the bacterial flora of commercial cheese starters has been studied.The addition of yeast extract to the starter milk appears to favor the development of a larger proportion of slow acid-producing strains of streptococci with the ability to ferment the more complex carbon sources.New strains of lactic acid streptococci are described.
THE VISCOSITY OF CORN STARCH PASTES
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Bell Adam C.
Published: April 2011

Several series of modified corn starches covering a wide range of fluidities were prepared from corn starch treated with varying dilutions of hydrochloric acid at 50 °C. The fluidities were measured by means of a standard fluidity funnel, and the effect of acid concentration on the speed of modification was noted. The viscosities of the pastes were measured in the MacMichael viscosimeter and the flow-pressure relations noted. It is shown that the viscosity is dependent on the rate of shear and that the experimental data are well expressed by the exponential relation F = KPn, where F is the flow, P is the pressure, K and n are constants. For pastes of the same concentration, there is a rapid decrease m the value of n with increasing degree of modification. Transitions from one type of flow to another are shown in the same viscosity measurement at different driving pressures. Microscopic examination shows that the dispersed phase of ordinary starch pastes consists of swollen starch granules. The viscosity of a starch paste which has undergone no severe pretreatment depends on the deformability of the swollen granules and on the volume relation between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON THE VISCOSITY OF STARCH PASTES AND OF LYOPHILIC SOLS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred
Published: April 2011

The critical concentration of a starch paste is the limiting concentration above which structural flow is apparent. The inverse of the critical concentration, termed the effective volume, is the minimum volume of solution per gram of starch below which structural flow is apparent. The critical concentrations and effective volumes have been measured for series of pastes of acid-modified corn and potato starches, and the effective volume has been shown to decrease with increasing degree of modification. The specific viscosities per unit concentration of these pastes, at concentrations below the critical, increases linearly with the effective volume, and the proportionality constants found are compared with those derived from the equations of Einstein and of Hatschek. The effects of phase-volume ratio and ease of deformation of the dispersed phase on the viscosity of a system are discussed, and previous relations applied to experimental data obtained in the present instance. Residual structure below the critical concentration is discussed. Above the critical concentration, the viscosity is dependent on the rate of shear, and the equation F = KPn expresses the experimental data well, where F is the flow, P is the pressure, K and n are constants. For two starches investigated, within the range of concentrations used n has been found to increase linearly with the concentration c, dn/dc being dependent on the elasticity or deformability of the granules.The form of lyophilic colloids in solution is discussed and agreement is expressed with the conception of Haller that the long-chain molecules, owing primarily to the free rotatability of the valence linkages, are irregularly bent and tangled in solution, as opposed to Staudinger's conception of straight rigid chains. These molecules occupy on the average a form approximating to the spherical, and solvation is due chiefly to immobilization. A dextrin in solution was found to have a [Formula: see text] ratio close to that of a pasted starch, and the forms of the two are probably similar. A lyophilic sol is considered heterogeneous and similar in many respects to an emulsion, with a very highly deformable discontinuous phase. The viscosity of such a system is due to phase-volume relations, modified by the ease of deformation of the dispersed phase, and the particular characteristics of these important sols admit of explanation on this basis.
A MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF INFECTION OF THE ROOTS OF STRAWBERRY AND TOBACCO SEEDLINGS BY MICRO-ORGANISMS OF THE SOIL
Authors: Hildebrand A. A. , Koch L. W.
Published: April 2011

Similarity of organisms encountered in studies of black root of strawberry and of tobacco, respectively, carried out contemporaneously but independently, suggested the co-operative investigation, the results of which are embodied in this paper. Strawberry and tobacco seedlings growing (i) in seed-bed muck heavily infested with Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk.) Ferraris, and other organisms known to be pathogenic on tobacco, (ii) in soil from a commercial plantation where strawberry root rot had occurred in severe and typical form, and (iii) in greenhouse compost soil, were examined microscopically daily, commencing a few hours after germination and continuing throughout a period of four weeks. Organisms observed definitely within root tissues of both hosts included the "phycomycetous mycorrhizal" fungus, T. basicola (observed in plants grown in muck only), Rhizoctonia (Solani and endophytic orchid types), forms of Pythium, Asterocystis (Olpidiaster), certain unidentified fungi, a minute filamentous alga and nematodes. Organisms observed on the surface of roots included representatives of the genera Cylindrocarpon (Ramularia), Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Sphaeropsis, and Cephalothecium. The sequence of appearance, percentage occurrence, and parasitic capabilities of certain of the organisms varied in roots grown in the different soils. Because of early infection by, and ultimate almost universal occurrence of, the phycomycetous mycorrhizal fungus this organism received especial attention. Evidence based on certain morphological differences suggests the occurrence of strains of this organism. Of interest, too, is an alga invading living root tissue.From observations not limited alone to the examination of diseased roots of strawberry and tobacco, the authors are led to conclude, (1) that a root rot as it occurs in nature is extremely complex even in cases where a primary causal agent is recognized, and (2) that fungi representative of comparatively few groups or genera are "common factors" in root-rot complexes of different host plants.The technique described offers distinct advantages in that it permits a study of the sequence and severity of infection by the organisms involved in a root-rot complex; it reveals the occurrence of obligate parasites the presence of which would never be detected by the soil-plating, the Cholodny, or the tissue-isolation methods; and it is readily adaptable to the study of other root-rot complexes.
CAMBIAL ACTIVITY IN POPLAR WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO POLARITY PHENOMENA
Authors: Brown A. B.
Published: April 2011

Ringing experiments with the aspen poplar, Populus tremuloides Michx., lead to the conclusion that cambial activity is definitely not rigidly or unconditionally polar in its development in the root. A much greater development of cambial activity in the morphologically upward direction was obtained in these experiments than has hitherto been observed. It is suggested that the concept of polarity, applied to cambial activity as a process, must be defined in terms of a tendency to develop in the morphologically downward direction, rather than in the morphologically upward direction, in roots and stems. Polarity in relation to cambial activity in general is discussed briefly.
FRACTIONATION STUDY OF BARLEY AND MALT PROTEINS
Authors: Rose Robert C. , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

The protein of O.A.C. 21 barley and of the malt produced from it were fractionated by means of various solvents and the fractions were analyzed. The results of the solubility studies and of the analyses support the use of 5% potassium sulphate for the quantitative separation of the albumin and globulin from the less soluble proteins. Fractions of the protein undissolved by potassium sulphate solution decreased in amide nitrogen and increased in arginine nitrogen with decreasing solubility. The results suggest that the protein is a complex, only part of which is soluble in 70% alcohol, and that the selection of this solution for separating it into two fractions is entirely arbitrary.The grains of barley and malt were separated into hulls, germs and "kernels." The total weight and nitrogen content of these fractions, and the distribution of the proteins amongst them was determined. Malting causes no appreciable changes in the hulls. In the "kernel" there is a general breaking down of protein to simpler forms. In the acrospire there is an increase in non-protein nitrogen, salt-soluble protein and glutelin, but no appreciable increase in hordein. The glutelin of the acrospire differs from that of the malt "kernel" both in amide- and argenine-nitrogen content and must be regarded as a distinct protein.
HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON: I. CROSSING RESULTS AND DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST GENERATION HYBRIDS
Authors: Armstrong J. M.
Published: April 2011

Two species of tetraploid (2n = 28) and three varieties of hexaploid (2n = 42) wheat were crossed with A. glaucum (2n = 42), and A. elongatum (2n = 70), with an average crossing success of 18%. The seed obtained from tetraploid wheat × A. glaucum was slightly plumper and germinated better than that obtained from tetraploid wheat × A. elongatum. On the other hand, hexaploid wheat × A. elongatum gave decidedly plumper and better germinating seed than hexaploid × A. glaucum.Grown under greenhouse conditions the F1 hybrids proved to be self-sterile and perennial in habit, with hybrid vigor strongly marked. The hybrids were, in general, intermediate in morphological characters, but with somewhat more resemblance to Agropyron than to wheat. This dominance, whole or partial, was more noticeable in the A. elongatum than in the A. glaucum crosses. Dominance phenomena are discussed in relation to current theories.
INHERITANCE STUDIES OF SEVERAL QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN SPRING WHEAT CROSSES BETWEEN VARIETIES RELATIVELY SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT TO DROUGHT
Authors: Torrie J. H.
Published: April 2011

Genetic studies were made in the F2 and F3 generations of the crosses, Selection I-28-60 × Milturum, Reward × Caesium, and Caesium × Marquis. It was found that the character glume color was controlled by either one or two factor pairs in the cross Selection I-28-60 × Milturum, and by two factor pairs in the crosses Reward × Caesium and Caesium × Marquis. The characters, awning, straw color, glume pubescence and spike regularity were each governed by one factor pair, while three factor pairs were operative in the inheritance of seed color.Polymeric factors apparently control the inheritance of the quantitative characters straw strength, plant height, earliness and grain yield. A partial dominance of strong straw and earliness was found in the crosses Reward × Caesium and Caesium × Marquis. Tallness and low grain yield were partially dominant in the cross Reward × Caesium. Evidence for transgressive segregation of earliness was obtained in the cross between Caesium and Marquis.The characters glume color, awning, straw color, glume pubescence and spike regularity were inherited independently. White straw color and earliness were definitely associated in the crosses Reward × Caesium and Caesium × Marquis. The characters straw color and plant height were loosely linked in the Caesium × Marquis cross. Grain yield was not significantly correlated with straw strength, plant height or earliness in the cross between Reward and Caesium. Small but significant relationships were found among the characters straw strength, plant height and earliness in the crosses Reward × Caesium and Caesium × Marquis. The relation between heading and maturity was studied only in the F4 of Reward × Caesium, in which case a strong positive correlation was obtained.
VITAMIN A REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING CHICKS: I. PRELIMINARY STUDIES WITH "REFERENCE" COD LIVER OIL
Authors: Biely Jacob , Chalmers William
Published: April 2011

In experiments conducted to determine the requirements of chicks for vitamin A up to eight weeks of age, vitamin A was supplied, in addition to the basal ration, by oral administration of Reference Cod Liver Oil at the rate of 25, 50, 75 and 100 International units per day. It was found that chicks receiving 75 units of vitamin A per day grew at a normal rate and did not show any signs of vitamin A deficiency. The chicks that received the basal ration only, showed symptoms of avitaminosis A at three weeks of age, while the group receiving 25 international units per day at eight weeks clearly had not received a sufficient supply of the growth factor.
FURTHER STUDIES ON FASCIOLOIDES MAGNA (BASSI, 1875) WARD, 1917, AS A PARASITE OF RUMINANTS
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

Comparative studies have been made on the tissue reactions in fascioloidiasis magna in Bos taurus, Bison bison, B. taurus × B. bison, Cervus canadensis, Odocoileus virginianus and Ovis aries. Data have been obtained that support the hypothesis that the Cervidae are normal hosts in the trematode's life-cycle, that the large Bovidae do not act in this capacity and that Ovis aries may act as a definitive host but is severely injured by even light infestations. The cellular bases of the defence reactions in the above ruminants are recorded.
THE BLACKFLIES OF EASTERN CANADA (SIMULIIDAE, DIPTERA). PART I.
Authors: Twinn C. R.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-three species and one variety belonging to three subgenera of the family Simuliidae are recorded and described. Of these, twelve species and the variety are new to science. Only two of the remaining eleven species of other authors have been previously recorded in Eastern Canada; two others, originally described in Europe, are recorded in North America for the first time, and the hitherto unknown male of a fifth species is described. The adult forms and the pupae and cocoons of these species are described, and the genitalia of both sexes of flies are figured. In addition, notes on the habitats, distribution, species associations, and similar information of value in identifying the species are given. Keys to the subgenera and species, including both sexes of adults and the pupae are an important feature.
SORPTION OF WATER AND ALCOHOL VAPORS BY CELLULOSE
Authors: Russell J. K. , Maass O. , Campbell W. Boyd
Published: April 2011

Measurements were made of the amount of water vapor sorbed by beaten and unbeaten samples of kraft, unbleached sulphite and bleached sulphite wood pulps at relative vapor pressures ranging from 0 to 100%. Beating of the pulp made practically no difference to the degree of sorption at any relative vapor pressure. This indicated that beating caused no change in the hydration of the cellulose. Measurements were made of the sorption of methyl alcohol vapor by bleached sulphite, kraft and groundwood, and of the sorption of propyl alcohol vapor by bleached sulphite and cotton, all previously wetted with water and then dried. After sorption of alcohol, evacuation at room temperatures did not completely remove the alcohol. Measurements were also made of sorption of propyl alcohol by bleached sulphite and by cotton which had been dewatered by washing with propyl alcohol. The shape of the sorption curve was different for these samples, and the residual alcohol after evacuation was less. After a sample of cotton had been dried over phosphorus pentoxide in vacuo for a long period it was found to hold 0.35% of water by weight which could be removed by heating the cellulose to 100 °C. This was regained from the pentoxide on cooling the cellulose.The data are explained on the hypothesis that the crystalline submicroscopic elements of the cellulose structure are drawn together by internal tensile forces during the evaporation of the sorbed liquid, and that bonding between these elements may take place by the growing together of the crystal elements, leaving the structure internally stressed. On absorption, dissolution of these bondings takes place and the stresses are relieved as liquid enters the structure.
THE DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR IN WOOL
Authors: Larose P. , Tweedie A. S.
Published: April 2011

A modification of Pregl's micromethod for the determination of sulphur in organic compounds has been found to be satisfactory and convenient when applied on a macro scale to wool.The investigation of various methods of cleaning the samples shows that the best results are obtained when the wool wax is extracted with a solvent before washing with water. It is shown that a treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid is not necessary in preparing the sample.Three different procedures have been followed in determining the dry weight of the sample and the differences in the results are discussed. Results obtained by the new method are compared with those obtained by other recognized methods, and the agreement with the results of the Benedict-Denis-Barritt method is shown to be very good.
EQUILIBRIA IN LIQUID SYSTEMS CONTAINING FURFURAL
Authors: Lloyd B. A. , Thompson S. O. , Ferguson J. B.
Published: April 2011

The solubility curves and tie-lines at 25 °C. were determined for the systems acetone-water-furfural, water-furfural-ethyl acetate and water-furfural-isoamyl acetate.
THE VARIATION OF THE SULPHUR CONTENT OF WOOL
Authors: Larose P. , Tweedie A. S.
Published: April 2011

The results obtained by other investigators which have a bearing on the variability of the sulphur content of wool are reviewed briefly. The variability of the sulphur content is discussed on the basis of the various factors that might affect it.The effect of light is appreciable and is a very important one. Any sulphuric acid formed by the action of light, or present owing to some other cause, is difficult to remove by ordinary washing. The effect of boiling water is small. Kempy fibres contain less sulphur than non-kempy fibres of the same wool. The root portions of fibres have a higher sulphur content than the tip portions, while middle portions have intermediate values.The writers' results and those of other investigators which are reproduced do not allow of any definite relation being drawn between sulphur content and fineness.
A STUDY OF CUPRENE FORMATION
Authors: Calhoun J. M.
Published: April 2011

The copper oxide catalyzed polymerization of acetylene to cuprene has been studied between 230° and 330 °C. by the flow method. The reaction shows an initial induction period at the lower temperatures followed by a rapid rise to a maximum rate and a more gradual decrease. With increase in temperature the induction period becomes shorter, and the maximum rate attained becomes greater. If commenced at 330 °C. the reaction is explosive. Analysis of the exit gas shows considerable ethylene and some free hydrogen, the amounts increasing with the temperature of the reaction. This indicates that the hydrogen split off in cuprene formation does not bear a constant ratio to the amount of cuprene formed. The yield of cuprene based on acetylene reacting is about 85% of theory, which is 4 to 10% lower than values based on a volume contraction of acetylene alone.An exponential equation has been derived which expresses the rate of absorption of acetylene at 290 °C. over a period of 72 hr. under the conditions of the experiment. The equation is integrated to give the quantity of acetylene absorbed at any time. This makes a prediction of yields possible. The heat of polymerization was calculated from the determined heat of combustion of cuprene. Various theories regarding the mechanism of formation and structure of cuprene are discussed, and the photochemical evidence of a chain reaction is supported.
WATER SOLUBLE ACID SUBSTANCES IN THE RAW HUMUS OF PODSOL SOILS
Authors: Sallans H. R. , Snell J. M. , Mackinney H. W. , McKibbin R. R.
Published: April 2011

Aqueous extracts of "raw humus" from a typical Quebec podsol soil have been studied by means of two methods of fractionation. The presence of free acetic acid and mannitol has been established, and evidence of the presence of formic acid has been obtained. Data are presented which show that a number of organic acids are present in small quantities.
DENSITY-PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF THE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE-PROPYLENE SYSTEM IN THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE REGION. REACTION VELOCITY NEAR THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Holder C. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The relation between the density, pressure, and temperature of a 2:1 and of a 1:1 mixture of hydrogen chloride and propylene has been determined over the temperature range 78° to 115 °C. and up to pressures of 115 atm. These determinations are of interest in connection with the investigation of the influence of a "structure" of the liquid state on reaction velocity. Some preliminary measurements of reaction velocity in the critical temperature-pressure region have been made.
THE PREPARATION OF PURE METHANE FROM NATURAL GAS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Johnson C. A. , Thomas V.
Published: April 2011

A method of removal of all hydrocarbons in natural gas other than methane is described. Pyrolysis of the higher hydrocarbons under such conditions of temperature and rate of flow that methane is not affected is used. The products of pyrolysis are easily removed by common chemical methods.
EQUILIBRIA IN TWO-PHASE, GAS-LIQUID HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS: I. METHODS AND APPARATUS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Johnson C. A. , Argue G. H.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus was devised by means of which a gas and a liquid could be brought into equilibrium at any desired pressure up to 370 atm. and temperatures from 25 °C. to above 100 °C. Provision was made for the taking of samples of known volume from the liquid and gas phases in equilibrium. Analytical methods were developed to yield phase densities and compositions.
THE OXIDATION OF METHANE AT HIGH PRESSURES: I. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Broughton J. W.
Published: April 2011

Mixtures of oxygen and methane at pressures from 100 to 180 atm. were passed at various temperatures between 300° and 350 °C. over some catalysts. Simple apparatus was used and analytical technique developed. The production of methanol as an important product of oxidation, together with small quantities of formaldehyde and formic acid, was shown. Yields of these three products as high as 37% of the carbon oxidized were obtained.
THE OXIDATION OF METHANE AT HIGH PRESSURES: II. EXPERIMENTS WITH VARIOUS MIXTURES OF VIKING NATURAL GAS AND AIR
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Thomas Victor
Published: April 2011

Mixtures of a natural gas, substantially methane, and air in various proportions were passed over catalysts, and the effects of the variables, composition of mixture, pressure, temperature, and space velocity, were determined. Similar experiments were made with mixtures of methane and air. Mixtures containing from less than 3% to more than 13% of oxygen as air were used. The temperature range was 350° to 500 °C. and the pressure range 140 to 230 atm. Methanol was the principal product, and yields as high as 74% on the basis of carbon oxidized were obtained. Copper was the principal catalyst used. Traces of sulphur poisoned the catalyst very effectively.
THE OXIDATION OF METHANE AT HIGH PRESSURES: III. EXPERIMENTS USING PURE METHANE AND PRINCIPALLY COPPER AS CATALYST
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Thomas V.
Published: April 2011

Mixtures of methane containing some nitrogen and oxygen were passed over copper and silver catalysts. The effects of the variables, composition of mixture pressure, and temperature were determined. From 3 to 7% of oxygen was used in various experiments at pressures from 140 to 220 atm. at a temperature of 475 °C. The effect on yields of additions of carbon dioxide to the mixture was determined.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: LIII. STRUCTURE OF THE DEXTRAN SYNTHESIZED BY THE ACTION OF LEUCONOSTOC MESENTERIOIDES ON SUCROSE
Authors: Fowler Frances L. , Buckland Irene K. , Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The dextran synthesized from sucrose by the action of one strain of Leuconostoc mesenterioides has been subjected to chemical investigation. The polysaccharide has been hydrolyzed to glucose. The triacetate, tribenzoate, and trimethyl derivative (all calculated on a glucose anhydride unit) have been prepared. Hydrolysis of trimethyl dextran by the action of methanol-hydrochloric acid yielded dimethyl, trimethyl, and tetramethyl methyl glucosides in the ratio of 1: 3: 1. The products of hydrolysis have been identified as 2,3-dimethyl methyl glucoside, 2,3,4-trimethyl methyl glucoside, and 2,3,4,6-tetramethyl methyl glucoside.The results indicate that dextran is a polymer of a pentaglucopyranose anhydride. One of the glucopyranose units is attached as a side chain, the remaining four being most probably connected in linear chain union. Three of the linkages between building units are of the 1,6 type, while the remaining two are either 1,4 or 1,6.The antigenic properties shown by dextran are probably a result of the presence of the glucose side chains.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XXIX. A STUDY OF THE ACIDIC HYDROXYL GROUPS IN SPRUCE LIGNIN
Authors: Moore R. G. D. , Wright George F. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

A demethylated spruce lignin suitable for further study has been obtained by treating methylated methanol lignin with hydriodic acid. This treatment removes the aliphatic hydroxyl, and leaves 6.9 aromatic and 0.6 carboxylic hydroxyl groups per kg. On the basis of the phenolic content it is estimated that the maximum aromatic content of spruce lignin is about 40 to 45%.