bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interference effects of three consecutive wall-mounted cubes placed in deep turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Lim Hee Chang , Ohba Masaaki
Published: September 2014

In this study we undertook various calculations of the turbulent flow around a building in close proximity to neighbouring obstacles, with the aim of gaining an understanding of the velocity and the surface-pressure variations with respect to the azimuth angle of wind direction and the gap distance between the obstacles. This paper presents the effects of flow interference among consecutive cubes for azimuth angles of $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\theta = 0$, 15, 30, and $45^{\circ }$ and gap distances of $G = 0.5{h}, 1.0{h}, 1.5{h}$, and $\infty $ (i.e. a single cube), where $h$ is the cube height, placed in a turbulent boundary layer. A transient detached eddy simulation (DES) was carried out to calculate the highly complicated flow domain around the three wall-mounted cubes to observe the fluctuating pressure, which substantially contributes to the suction pressure when there is separation and reattachment around the leading and trailing edges of the cubes. In addition, the results indicate that an increasing azimuth angle increases the pressure variation on the centre cube of the three parallel-aligned cubes. The mean pressure variation can even change from negative to positive on the side face. Owing to interference effects, the mean pressure coefficient of the centre cube of the three parallel-aligned cubes was generally lower than the coefficient of the single cube and tended to increase depending on the gap distance. Furthermore, when the three consecutive cubes are in a tandem arrangement, the gap distance has little influence on the first cube but results in significant interference effects on the second and third cubes.
Flow structure on a simultaneously pitching and rotating wing
Authors: Bross M. , Rockwell D.
Published: September 2014

A technique of particle image velocimetry is employed to characterize the three-dimensional flow structure on a wing subjected to simultaneous pitch-up and rotational motions. Distinctive vortical structures arise, relative to the well-known patterns on a wing undergoing either pure pitch-up or pure rotation. The features associated with these simultaneous motions include: stabilization of the large-scale vortex generated at the leading edge, which, for pure pitch-up motion, rapidly departs from the leading-edge region; preservation of the coherent vortex system involving both the tip vortex and the leading-edge vortex (LEV), which is severely degraded for pure rotational motion; and rapid relaxation of the flow structure upon termination of the pitch-up component, whereby the relaxed flow converges to a similar state irrespective of the pitch rate. Three-dimensional surfaces of iso-$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{Q}$and helicity are employed in conjunction with sectional representations of spanwise vorticity, velocity and vorticity flux to interpret the flow physics.
Wave turbulence in the two-layer ocean model
Authors: Harper Katie L. , Nazarenko Sergey V. , Medvedev Sergey B. , Connaughton Colm
Published: September 2014

This paper looks at the two-layer ocean model from a wave-turbulence (WT) perspective. A symmetric form of the two-layer kinetic equation for Rossby waves is derived using canonical variables, allowing the turbulent cascade of energy between the barotropic and baroclinic modes to be studied. It is already well known that in two-layers, energy is transferred via triad interactions from the large-scale baroclinic modes to the baroclinic and barotropic modes at the Rossby deformation scale, where barotropization takes place, and from there to the large-scale barotropic modes via an inverse transfer. However, by applying WT theory, we find that energy is transferred via dominant$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\{+--\}$triads with one barotropic component and two baroclinic components, and that the direct transfer of energy is local and the inverse energy transfer is non-local. We study this non-locality using scale separation and obtain a system of coupled equations for the small-scale baroclinic component and the large-scale barotropic component. Since the total energy of the small-scale component is not conserved, but the total barotropic plus baroclinic energy is conserved, the baroclinic energy loss at small scales will be compensated by the growth of the barotropic energy at large scales. Using the frequency resonance condition, we show that in the presence of the beta-effect this transfer is mostly anisotropic and mostly to the zonal component.
Turbulence structure behind the shock in canonical shock–vortical turbulence interaction
Authors: Ryu Jaiyoung , Livescu Daniel
Published: September 2014

The interaction between vortical isotropic turbulence (IT) and a normal shock wave is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) and linear interaction analysis (LIA). In previous studies, agreement between the simulation results and the LIA predictions has been limited and, thus, the significance of LIA has been underestimated. In this paper, we present high-resolution simulations which accurately solve all flow scales (including the shock-wave structure) and extensively cover the parameter space (the shock Mach number, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}M_s$, ranges from 1.1 to 2.2 and the Taylor Reynolds number, ${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda }$, ranges from 10 to 45). The results show, for the first time, that the turbulence quantities from DNS converge to the LIA solutions as the turbulent Mach number, $M_t$, becomes small, even at low upstream Reynolds numbers. The classical LIA formulae are extended to compute the complete post-shock flow fields using an IT database. The solutions, consistent with the DNS results, show that the shock wave significantly changes the topology of the turbulent structures, with a symmetrization of the third invariant of the velocity gradient tensor and ($M_s$-mediated) of the probability density function (PDF) of the longitudinal velocity derivatives, and an $M_s$-dependent increase in the correlation between strain and rotation.
Remembering tropical psychology's departed friend: Charles D. Spielberger
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: September 2014

It has been a year now since we lost Professor Spielberger. He was no stranger to congresses, higher education and research in tropical regions: Australia, India, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Spain and Turkey to name a few. This international psychologist, so familiar to most of us, certainly deserves our review for his scientific and professional contributions. A master of diplomacy, and a wise mentor, we can now begin to see the full scope of his influence.
Electro-acoustic shock structures in dusty plasmas
Authors: Mamun A. A.
Published: September 2014

Two types of electro-acoustic shock structures, namely dust-ion-acoustic (DIA) and dust-acoustic (DA) shock structures, formed in two different kind of dusty plasma systems have been theoretically investigated. The sources of dissipation, which are responsible for the formation of DIA and DA shock structures in these dusty plasma systems, are identified. The conditions for the formation of these shock structures and their new basic features are pinpointed. The implications of the results in experimental observations are also discussed.
Citizenship, Super-inclusion and Consumer Credit Policy in Kuwait
Authors: BURTON DAWN
Published: September 2014

This paper focuses on policies of credit inclusion in Kuwait as a way of unravelling the complex relationship between citizenship, social policy, and credit. Kuwaiti citizens enjoy the status of super-inclusion but expatriates suffer from exclusion. Super-inclusion for Kuwaiti citizens reaches beyond access to credit and includes its distribution, methods of dealing with default and the repayment of debt. In the post-Arab Spring period, the gap has widened between these two groups within the population as citizens attempt to secure a greater share of the country's financial resources in exchange for social peace.
Pilot randomized trial demonstrating reversal of obesity-related abnormalities in reward system responsivity to food cues with a behavioral intervention
Authors: Deckersbach T , Das S K , Urban L E , Salinardi T , Batra P , Rodman A M , Arulpragasam A R , Dougherty D D , Roberts S B
Published: September 2014

Objectives:

Obesity is associated with hyperactivation of the reward system for high-calorie (HC) versus low-calorie (LC) food cues, which encourages unhealthy food selection and overeating. However, the extent to which this hyperactivation can be reversed is uncertain, and to date there has been no demonstration of changes by behavioral intervention.

Subjects and methods:

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure changes in activation of the striatum for food images at baseline and 6 months in a pilot study of 13 overweight or obese adults randomized to a control group or a novel weight-loss intervention.

Results:

Compared to controls, intervention participants achieved significant weight loss (−6.3±1.0 kg versus +2.1±1.1 kg, P<0.001) and had increased activation for LC food images with a composition consistent with that recommended in the behavioral intervention at 6 months versus baseline in the right ventral putamen (P=0.04), decreased activation for HC images of typically consumed foods in the left dorsal putamen (P=0.01). There was also a large significant shift in relative activation favoring LC versus HC foods in both regions (P<0.04).

Conclusions:

This study provides the first demonstration of a positive shift in activation of the reward system toward healthy versus unhealthy food cues in a behavioral intervention, suggesting new avenues to enhance behavioral treatments of obesity.
Arginine-directed glycation and decreased HDL plasma concentration and functionality
Authors: Godfrey L , Yamada-Fowler N , Smith J , Thornalley P J , Rabbani N
Published: September 2014

Background/Objectives:

Decreased plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a risk factor linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Decreased anti-atherogenic properties of HDL are also implicated in increased CVD risk. The cause is unknown but has been linked to impaired glucose tolerance. The aim of this study was to quantify the modification of HDL by methylglyoxal and related dicarbonyls in healthy people and patients with type 2 diabetes characterise structural, functional and physiological consequences of the modification and predict the importance in high CVD risk groups.

Subjects/Methods:

Major fractions of HDL, HDL2 and HDL3 were isolated from healthy human subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes and fractions modified by methylglyoxal and related dicarbonyl metabolites quantified. HDL2 and HDL3 were glycated by methylglyoxal to minimum extent in vitro and molecular, functional and physiological characteristics were determined. A one-compartment model of HDL plasma clearance was produced including formation and clearance of dicarbonyl-modified HDL.

Results:

HDL modified by methylglyoxal and related dicarbonyl metabolites accounted for 2.6% HDL and increased to 4.5% in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). HDL2 and HDL3 were modified by methylglyoxal to similar extents in vitro. Methylglyoxal modification induced re-structuring of the HDL particles, decreasing stability and plasma half-life in vivo. It occurred at sites of apolipoprotein A-1 in HDL linked to membrane fusion, intramolecular bonding and ligand binding. Kinetic modelling of methylglyoxal modification of HDL predicted a negative correlation of plasma HDL-C with methylglyoxal-modified HDL. This was validated clinically. It also predicted that dicarbonyl modification produces 2–6% decrease in total plasma HDL and 5–13% decrease in functional HDL clinically.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that methylglyoxal modification of HDL accelerates its degradation and impairs its functionality in vivo, likely contributing to increased risk of CVD—particularly in high CVD risk groups.
Expansion of stochastic expression repertoire by tandem duplication in mouse Protocadherin-α cluster
Authors: Kaneko Ryosuke , Abe Manabu , Hirabayashi Takahiro , Uchimura Arikuni , Sakimura Kenji , Yanagawa Yuchio , Yagi Takeshi
Published: September 2014

Tandem duplications are concentrated within the Pcdh cluster throughout vertebrate evolution and as copy number variations (CNVs) in human populations, but the effects of tandem duplication in the Pcdh cluster remain elusive. To investigate the effects of tandem duplication in the Pcdh cluster, here we generated and analyzed a new line of the Pcdh cluster mutant mice. In the mutant allele, a 218-kb region containing the Pcdh-α2 to Pcdh-αc2 variable exons with their promoters was duplicated and the individual duplicated Pcdh isoforms can be disctinguished. The individual duplicated Pcdh-α isoforms showed diverse expression level with stochastic expression manner, even though those have an identical promoter sequence. Interestingly, the 5′-located duplicated Pcdh-αc2, which is constitutively expressed in the wild-type brain, shifted to stochastic expression accompanied by increased DNA methylation. These results demonstrate that tandem duplication in the Pcdh cluster expands the stochastic expression repertoire irrespective of sequence divergence.
Electrochemical detection of glycan and protein epitopes of glycoproteins in serum
Authors: Shah Alok K. , Hill Michelle M. , Shiddiky Muhammad J. A. , Trau Matt
Published: September 2014

We report electrochemical interrogation of glycan and protein epitopes of the glycoprotein chicken ovalbumin spiked in diluted serum using SNA lectin and anti-ovalbumin antibody.
A new algorithm for identification of components in a mixture: application to Raman spectra of solid amino acids
Authors: Gawinkowski Sylwester , Kamińska Agnieszka , Roliński Tomasz , Waluk Jacek
Published: September 2014

Identification by spectral analysis using Canberra distance as a novel metric for the comparison of spectra.
An efficient technique for the reduction of wavelength noise in resonance-based integrated photonic sensors
Authors: Ghasemi Farshid , Chamanzar Maysamreza , Eftekhar Ali A. , Adibi Ali
Published: September 2014

A systematic study of the limit of detection (LOD) in resonance-based silicon photonic lab-on-chip sensors is presented.
Highly efficient and robust molecular water oxidation catalysts based on ruthenium complexes
Authors: Wang Lei , Duan Lele , Wang Ying , Ahlquist Mårten S. G. , Sun Licheng
Published: September 2014

The molecular catalyst Ru(bda)L2 (H2bda = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid, L = 6-bromophthalazine) shows excellent catalytic activity for water oxidation. By using Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6 as an oxidant, the catalyst reached a high turnover number TON = 100 000 in 3 hours.
Hydride transfer from NADH analogues to a nonheme manganese(iv)–oxo complex via rate-determining electron transfer
Authors: Yoon Heejung , Lee Yong-Min , Nam Wonwoo , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: September 2014

Hydride transfer from NADH analogues to a nonheme Mn(iv)–oxo complex, [(Bn-TPEN)MnIV(O)]2+, proceeds via a rate-determining electron transfer step with no deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE = 1.0 ± 0.1) and via charge-transfer complexes formed in the reactions of Mn(iv)–oxo and NADH analogues.
Enantioselective iodolactonization of allenoic acids
Authors: Murai Kenichi , Shimizu Nozomi , Fujioka Hiromichi
Published: September 2014

An enantioselective iodolactonization reaction of allenoic acids has been developed using a trisimidazoline catalyst and I2.
Metal–organic frameworks based on 4-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2,4,4-terpyridine: structures, topologies and electrocatalytic behaviors in sodium laurylsulfonate aqueous solution
Authors: Gong Yun , Zhang Miao Miao , Zhang Pan , Shi Hui Fang , Jiang Peng Gang , Lin Jian Hua
Published: September 2014

Two isostructural MOFs show better solubilities in SDS solution than water, and they show different electrocatalytic behaviors for the HER in SDS solution.
Enhanced-fluorescence correlation spectroscopy at micro-molar dye concentration around a single gold nanorod
Authors: Khatua Saumyakanti , Yuan Haifeng , Orrit Michel
Published: September 2014

Field enhancement by a single gold nanorod enables μM dye solution FCS (red). The solution itself gives no signal (green).
Self-assembly of tri-pyrazolate linked cages with di-palladium coordination motifs
Authors: Jiang Xuan-Feng , Deng Wei , Jin Rui , Qin Lin , Yu Shu-Yan
Published: September 2014

A series of novel tripyrazolate linked metallomacrocycles and cages possessing different shapes were constructed by dimetal-coordination motifs in aqueous solution.
A little spin on the side: solvent and temperature dependent paramagnetism in [RuII(bpy)2(phendione)]2+
Authors: Schmidt Robert D. , Kent Caleb A. , Concepcion Javier J. , Lin Wenbin , Meyer Thomas J. , Forbes Malcolm D. E.
Published: September 2014

Magnetometry, 1H-NMR, EPR and substituent effects are used to explain solvent and temperature dependent paramagnetism in [RuII(bpy)2(phendione)](PF6)2.
Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Sarcandra glabra polysaccharide in type 2 diabetic mice
Authors: Liu Wei , Zheng Ying , Zhang Zhenzhen , Yao Wenbing , Gao Xiangdong
Published: September 2014

Sarcandra glabra(Thunb.) Nakai is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine and dietary supplement used for treating several diseases.
Open-access optical microcavities for lab-on-a-chip refractive index sensing
Authors: Trichet A. A. P. , Foster J. , Omori N. E. , James D. , Dolan P. R. , Hughes G. M. , Vallance C. , Smith J. M.
Published: September 2014

This article presents the open-access optical microcavities as a novel label-free optofluidic refractive index sensor with femtoliter detection volume.
Luminescent bi-metallic fluoroborate derivatives of bulky salen ligands
Authors: Guieu Samuel , Cardona Francisco , Rocha João , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: September 2014

Decorating the periphery of dimeric boranils with phenyl substituents enhanced their emission efficiency, even if the substituents are not conjugated with the boron centers.
A catalyst-free approach to a novel imidazo [4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline ligand and its corresponding ruthenium(ii) complex: insights into their applications in colorimetric anion sensing
Authors: Khanmohammadi Hamid , Rezaeian Khatereh
Published: September 2014

Novel imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand and its corresponding Ru(ii) complex are synthesized from green protocol for colorimetric detection of anions in water.
The structure and UV spectroscopy of benzene-water (Bz-W6) clusters using time-dependent density functional theory
Authors: Sharma Divya , Paterson Martin J.
Published: September 2014

DFT and MP2 calculations are performed to obtain optimized ground state geometries and binding energies of the cage and the prism conformers of water W6 clusters and Bz-W6 clusters using the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The cage conformer of Bz-W6 system is found to be more stable than prism conformer for all range of DFT functionals and MP2. Time dependent-DFT is then used to study UV spectroscopy of Bz, water W6 clusters and Bz-W6 clusters at both the MP2 and wB97XD optimized ground state geometries using the B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP and M06-2X functionals with 6-31++G(d,p) and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. Our results predict minor differences in the UV spectroscopy of cage and prism conformers W6 and Bz-W6 clusters that may be observable with high-resolution spectroscopy. The M06-2X and CAM-B3LYP functionals perform consistently with each other. Benzene-mediated excitations of the water W6 cluster towards longer wavelengths above 170 nm are noticed in both the cage and prism geometries of Bz-W6 Benzene is found to be influenced after interacting with the cage and prism W6 geometries, and is seen to undergo a red shift in the main π-π* electronic transition, in which the degeneracy is slightly broken Charge transfer (CT) states and diffuse Rydberg-type states are also found to play an important role in the spectroscopy of such systems.
Controllable mono-/di-alkenylation of aryl alkyl thioethers tuned by oxidants via Pd-catalysis
Authors: Zhang Xi-Sha , Zhang Yun-Fei , Chen Kang , Shi Zhang-Jie
Published: September 2014

Oxidant controlled selective C–H bond mono-alkenylation and di-alkenylation of biphenylthioethers to synthesize sulfoxide-olefin ligands with thioether as the directing group.
The effects of carbon nanotubes on nitrogen and phosphorus removal from real wastewater in the activated sludge system
Authors: Zheng Xiong , Su Yinglong , Chen Yinguang , Wei Yuanyuan , Li Mu , Huang Haining
Published: September 2014

Potential effects of CNTs on activated sludge and performances of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from real wastewater.
Facile synthesis of nickel hydroxide–graphene nanocomposites for insulin detection with enhanced electro-oxidation properties
Authors: Lin Yuqing , Hu Lianglu , Li Linbo , Wang Keqing
Published: September 2014

This study describes a facile and effective one-pot route to synthesize structurally uniform and electrochemically active nickel hydroxide–graphene nanocomposites (Ni(OH)2–GN) and investigates the electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of insulin.
One-pot synthesis of functionalized β-amino sulfides/β-amino selenides via ring opening of cyclic sulfamidates
Authors: Venkateswarlu Cheerladinne , Datta Bandita , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan
Published: September 2014

Ring opening of cyclic sulfamidates has been achieved using dichalcogenides in the presence of rongalite to furnish functionalized β-amino chalcogenides.
Hydrothermal synthesis of Fe3O4/RGO composites and investigation of electrochemical performances for energy storage applications
Authors: Saha Sanjit , Jana Milan , Samanta Pranab , Chandra Murmu Naresh , Kim Nam Hoon , Kuila Tapas , Lee Joong Hee
Published: September 2014

Highly porous nano-structured Fe3O4 particles were successfully prepared on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets through a one-step hydrothermal method.
Specific methionine oxidation of cytochrome c in complexes with zwitterionic lipids by hydrogen peroxide: potential implications for apoptosis
Authors: Capdevila Daiana A. , Marmisollé Waldemar A. , Tomasina Florencia , Demicheli Verónica , Portela Magdalena , Radi Rafael , Murgida Daniel H.
Published: September 2014

The rise of H2O2concentration that characterizes the initiation of apoptosis can specifically oxidize Met80 in cytochrome c bound to zwitterionic phospholipids, yielding a stable peroxidase.
Efficient planar-heterojunction perovskite solar cells achieved via interfacial modification of a sol–gel ZnO electron collection layer
Authors: Kim Junghwan , Kim Geunjin , Kim Tae Kyun , Kwon Sooncheol , Back Hyungcheol , Lee Jinho , Lee Seoung Ho , Kang Hongkyu , Lee Kwanghee
Published: September 2014

The importance of interfacial engineering as a new strategy for improving the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of planar-heterojunction (PHJ) perovskite solar cells is highlighted by incorporating sol–gel ZnO modified with PCBM.
Recombinant silk fibroin incorporated cell-adhesive sequences produced by transgenic silkworm as a possible candidate for use in vascular graft
Authors: Asakura Tetsuo , Isozaki Makoto , Saotome Toshiki , Tatematsu Ken-ichiro , Sezutsu Hideki , Kuwabara Nobuo , Nakazawa Yasumoto
Published: September 2014

Transgenic silk fibroins that incorporated the laminin sequence were prepared. The adhesive activities tend to increase in the TG silk fibroins relative to WT silk fibroins.
DECO: DIMM controller efficient for ECC operations
Authors: Jang Wooyoung
Published: September 2014

An error‐correcting code (ECC) immune to bit errors can make memory performance severely degraded since incomplete‐word ECC write requests lead to inefficient operations on a dual in‐line memory module (DIMM). A DIMM controller efficient for such ECC operations is proposed. The key idea is that read‐to‐write and write‐to‐read operations caused by incomplete‐word ECC write requests are split into independent read and write operations, and then the read and write operations are individually scheduled under data coherence constraints. Experimental results show that the proposed DIMM controller achieves 11% shorter memory latency, and 9.3% higher memory utilisation, on average, than the latest conventional DIMM controller in industrial multimedia applications. Moreover, it achieves up to 2.1 times higher memory performance on synthetic benchmarks.
Ku‐band GaN HPA MMIC with high‐power and high‐PAE performances
Authors: Noh Youn Sub , Choi Yun Ho , Yom In‐Bok
Published: September 2014

A Ku‐band high‐power and high‐power‐added efficiency (PAE) high‐power amplifier (HPA) monolithic microwave‐integrated circuit (MMIC) is demonstrated with a 0.25 μm gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor technology on a silicon carbide substrate. Measured continuous‐wave performances for the two‐stage HPA in‐fixture exhibit 17.5–18.3 W of output power (POUT) and 36.4–39.5% of PAE over the frequency range of 13.5–14.5 GHz. The fabricated two‐stage HPA MMIC with all matching networks is as small as 3.3 × 3.5 mm, generating an output power density of 1522 mW/mm2.
Theoretical model and experimental verification of thermal strain distribution in quadrupolar fibre coil
Authors: Gao Zhongxing , Zhang Yonggang , Gao Wei
Published: September 2014

A theoretical model is established to reveal the change of thermal strain distribution due to temperature variation in a quadrupolar fibre coil without a spool. In the proposed model, the change of fibre coil thermal strain is calculated by considering both the thermal expansion of the fibre itself and the expansion of the curing glue adhered. Moreover, four experiments are performed which measure the fibre coil strain by a stress analyser in 0, 25, 40 and 50°C. Experimental results show excellent agreement with theoretical values, which verifies the proposed model.
Electrochemical macroporous silicon etching with current compensation
Authors: Hwang Yongha , Paydar O.H. , Ho M. , Rosenzweig J.B. , Candler R.N.
Published: September 2014

The depth‐dependent changes of macroporous etching in aqueous hydrofluoric (HF) solutions are addressed. Macroporous etching of n‐type silicon in HF acid produces high aspect ratio structures. However, an irregular etch profile can emerge as the pore depth increases, in particular branched regions emerging from vertical pores. The root cause of this non‐ideal etch profile is investigated, focusing on the dark current component of electrochemical etching. The dark current during etch progression was simulated, and it was found that increased dark current resulted from increasing the interfacial contact between the electrolyte and silicon surface. A software‐mediated photocurrent compensation method is developed that periodically samples the dark current component of the etch and adjusts the overall etch current, achieving stable pore formation.
Error‐free 46 Gbit/s operation of oxide‐confined 980 nm VCSELs at 85°C
Authors: Moser P. , Lott J.A. , Wolf P. , Larisch G. , Li H. , Bimberg D.
Published: September 2014

A new design of oxide‐confined 980 nm vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs) particularly well‐suited for very‐short‐reach (∼2 m and shorter) optical interconnects is presented. A new record for temperature‐stable high bit rate VCSELs is achieved. Error‐free data transmission at 46 Gbit/s is achieved up to a record‐high temperature of 85°C. The maximum bit rate and −3 dB bandwidth at room temperature are 50 Gbit/s and 24.7 GHz, respectively.
Low‐temperature cofired ceramic planar helical filter with single‐sided transmission zeros
Authors: Wu Yafen , Che Wenquan , Chin Kuo‐Sheng , Chang Kuang‐Ching , Feng Wenjie
Published: September 2014

A planar low‐temperature cofired ceramic helical bandpass filter with a compact size is presented. The proposed filter is constructed from short‐circuited λg/4 helical resonators, while the size is reduced significantly by winding resonators vertically. Two single‐sided transmission zeros can be created by the proposed mixed electric and magnetic coupling structure. A prototype with size of 6.2 × 4 mm2 (0.049 × 0.032λg2) has been fabricated for demonstration. The measured fractional bandwidth is 5.9% at 0.845 GHz, and two transmission zeros are observed at 0.90 and 1.07 GHz.
Active contours with prior corner detection to extract discontinuous boundaries of anatomical structures in X‐ray images
Authors: Niroshika Aruni U.A. , Meegama Ravinda G.N. , Lokupitiya Ravindra S. , Kannangara Donna K.S.
Published: September 2014

Active contours are a form of curves that deforms according to an energy minimising function and are widely used in computer vision and image processing applications to extract features of interests from raw images acquired using an image capturing device. One of the major limitations in active contours is its inability to converge accurately when the object of interest exhibits sharp corners. In this study, a new technique of active contour model to extract boundaries of objects having sharp corners is presented. By incorporating a priori knowledge of significant corners of the object into the deforming contour, the proposed active contour is able to deform towards the boundaries of the object without surpassing the corners. The ability of the new technique to accurately extract features of interest of anatomical structures in medical X‐ray images having sharp corners is demonstrated.
Natural dye‐doped poly(methyl methacrylate) microparticles for nonlinear optics
Authors: Sujith Athiyanathil , Shebi Aleplakkotte , Sudheesh Palengara , Sunil Kumar Madathil , Chandrasekharan Keloth
Published: September 2014

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microparticles doped with natural dyes such as paprika and chlorophyll have been prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. A mixture of paprika and chlorophyll in different ratios was also doped with microparticles. The distribution of the diameter of particles spreads in the range of 3–7 μm. UV–visible spectroscopic studies have shown that the absorption wavelength is shifted to a longer wavelength region when the paprika content increases in the dopant mixture. The nonlinear optical properties of the samples were investigated. It is found that the coloured particles have remarkable optical nonlinearities in the nanosecond regime because of the interaction of double bonds in PMMA with the delocalised π‐electron system of dyes.
Preparation and characterisation of a soy lecithin‐based self‐microemulsifying drug delivery system of resveratrol
Authors: Guoqing Liu , Huafeng Zhou , Jing Zhang , Zemin Yan , Mingxing Duan , Yingfang Long , Qiang Xia
Published: September 2014

The aim of this reported work was to develop and characterise a soy lecithin‐based self‐microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of resveratrol to enhance its oral delivery. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography, the solubility of resveratrol in various materials was determined. The effects and the ratios of the oil, surfactant and co‐surfactant on forming an efficient and stable SMEDDS were investigated using pseudo‐tertiary phase diagrams. The oil content, soy lecithin content and drug loading were optimised. The optimal formulation was composed of greoil gtcc, Cremophor EL, 1,2‐propanediol, soy lecithin and resveratrol (16.1/46/23/6.9/8, %w/w). The final SMEDDS was characterised by particle size, zeta potential and by transmission electron microscopy. The dilution volume in various aqueous media had some effect on the particle size. An in‐vitro release test showed a complete release of resveratrol from the SMEDDS in approximately 180 min. The stability investigation results indicated that the formulation was stable for 12 weeks.
Experimental investigation of sound generation by a protuberance in a laminar boundary layer
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Asai M. , Inasawa A.
Published: September 2014

Sound radiation from a two-dimensional protuberance glued on the wall in a laminar boundary layer was investigated experimentally at low Mach numbers. When the protuberance was as high as the boundary-layer thickness, a feedback-loop mechanism set in between protuberance-generated sound and Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) waves generated by the leading-edge receptivity to the upstream-propagating sound. Although occurrence of a separation bubble immediately upstream of the protuberance played important roles in the evolution of instability waves into vortices interacting with the protuberance, the frequency of tonal vortex sound was determined by the selective amplification of T-S waves in the linear instability stage upstream of the separation bubble and was not affected by the instability of the separation bubble.
Effect of structural phase transitions on the exciton absorption spectrum of thin CsPbCl3 films
Authors: Yunakova O. N. , Miloslavsky V. K. , Kovalenko E. N. , Kovalenko V. V.
Published: September 2014

The absorption spectrum of thin film CsPbCl3 in the 2–6 eV range is studied at temperatures of 90–500 K. Sudden changes show up in the temperature dependences of the parameters of the long-wavelength exciton band (spectral position Em(T), half width Γ(T), and oscillator strength f(T)) at the first order phase transitions at 310 and 320. No phase transitions in Em(T), Γ(T), and f(T) are detected at low temperatures. The exciton excitations in CsPbCl3 are found to have a three-dimensional character.
InGaAs/GaAsP strain balanced multi-quantum wires grown on misoriented GaAs substrates for high efficiency solar cells
Authors: Alonso-Álvarez D. , Thomas T. , Führer M. , Hylton N. P. , Ekins-Daukes N. J. , Lackner D. , Philipps S. P. , Bett A. W. , Sodabanlu H. , Fujii H. , Watanabe K. , Sugiyama M. , Nasi L. , Campanini M.
Published: September 2014

Quantum wires (QWRs) form naturally when growing strain balanced InGaAs/GaAsP multi-quantum wells (MQW) on GaAs [100] 6° misoriented substrates under the usual growth conditions. The presence of wires instead of wells could have several unexpected consequences for the performance of the MQW solar cells, both positive and negative, that need to be assessed to achieve high conversion efficiencies. In this letter, we study QWR properties from the point of view of their performance as solar cells by means of transmission electron microscopy, time resolved photoluminescence and external quantum efficiency (EQE) using polarised light. We find that these QWRs have longer lifetimes than nominally identical QWs grown on exact [100] GaAs substrates, of up to 1 μs, at any level of illumination. We attribute this effect to an asymmetric carrier escape from the nanostructures leading to a strong 1D-photo-charging, keeping electrons confined along the wire and holes in the barriers. In principle, these extended lifetimes could be exploited to enhance carrier collection and reduce dark current losses. Light absorption by these QWRs is 1.6 times weaker than QWs, as revealed by EQE measurements, which emphasises the need for more layers of nanostructures or the use light trapping techniques. Contrary to what we expected, QWR show very low absorption anisotropy, only 3.5%, which was the main drawback a priori of this nanostructure. We attribute this to a reduced lateral confinement inside the wires. These results encourage further study and optimization of QWRs for high efficiency solar cells.
Local Shape of Pictorial Relief
Authors: Koenderink Jan , van Doorn Andrea , Wagemans Johan
Published: September 2014

How is pictorial relief represented in visual awareness? Certainly not as a “depth map,” but perhaps as a map of local surface attitudes (Koenderink & van Doorn, 1995). Here we consider the possibility that observers might instead, or concurrently, represent local surface shape, a geometrical invariant with respect to motions. Observers judge local surface shape, in a picture of a piece of sculpture, on a five-point categorical scale. Categories are cap–ridge–saddle–rut–cup–flat, where “flat” denotes the absence of shape. We find that observers readily perform such a task, with full resolution of a shape index scale (cap–ridge–saddle–rut–cup), and with excellent self-consistency over days. There exist remarkable inter-observer differences. Over a group of 10 naive observers we find that the dispersion of judgments peaks at the saddle category. There may be a relation of this finding to the history of the topic—Alberti's (1827) omission of the saddle category in his purportedly exhaustive catalog of local surface shapes.
The potential of diverse pastures to reduce nitrogen leaching on New Zealand dairy farms
Authors: Beukes P. C. , Gregorini P. , Romera A. J. , Woodward S. L. , Khaembah E. N. , Chapman D. F. , Nobilly F. , Bryant R. H. , Edwards G. R. , Clark D. A.
Published: September 2014

The largest contributor to nitrogen (N) leaching from ryegrass-clover pasture based dairy farms is the surplus feed N excreted as urinary N (UN) onto pastures. Pastures consisting of mixtures of ryegrass, herbs and legumes (diverse pastures) have shown potential to yield similar DM, but with a lower N content and a higher water soluble carbohydrate : crude protein ratio compared with standard ryegrass–clover pastures. These diverse pastures have shown the potential to lower the UN excreted by dairy cows in short-term, late-lactation studies. This modelling study was designed to scale the results from component studies up to farm and over a full season to evaluate the potential of diverse pastures to become a suitable strategy for reducing N leaching on New Zealand dairy farms. The Molly cow model was tested against observed data from one indoor and one outdoor study where feeding diverse pasture resulted in UN (N excreted in urine g/day) reductions of 50% and 17%, respectively. The model predicted UN reductions of 23% and 17%. Farm-scale model scenarios, where 20% or 50% of the farm was sown with diverse pastures, resulted in 2% and 6% reductions in UN deposited onto paddocks. This reduction was smaller than expected with some system interactions related to seasonal feed supply, diet composition and total N intake being likely to play a role. The reduction in UN onto paddocks, together with a dilution effect from larger urine volumes per cow per day as a result of lower DM% of diverse pastures, resulted in N leaching reductions of 11% and 19% for the two scenarios, respectively. This potential to reduce N leaching needs to be evaluated further in the context of farm profitability when other aspects of diverse pastures such as yield, persistency, drought resistance and ability to extract N from the soil becomes part of the farm-system analysis.
Mathematical model and sensor development for measuring energy transfer from wildland fires
Authors: Sullivan Erik A. , McDonald André G.
Published: September 2014

Current practices for measuring high heat flux in scenarios such as wildland forest fires use expensive, thermopile-based sensors, coupled with mathematical models based on a semi-infinite-length scale. Although these sensors are acceptable for experimental testing in laboratories, high error rates or the need for water cooling limits their applications in field experiments. Therefore, a one-dimensional, finite-length scale, transient-heat conduction model was developed and combined with an inexpensive, thermocouple-based rectangular sensor, to create a rapidly deployable, non-cooled sensor for testing in field environments. The proposed model was developed using concepts from heat conduction and with transient temperature boundary conditions, to avoid complicated radiation and convection conditions. Constant heat flux and tree-burning tests were respectively conducted using a mass loss cone calorimeter and a propane-fired radiant panel to validate the proposed analytical model and sensor as well as test the sensor in a simulated forest fire setting. The sensor was mounted directly beside a commercial Schmidt–Boelter gauge to provide data for comparison. The proposed heat flux measurement method provided results similar to those obtained from the commercial heat flux gauge to within one standard deviation. This suggests that the use of a finite-length scale model, coupled with an inexpensive thermocouple-based sensor, is effective in estimating the intense heat loads from wildland fires.
Investigating the representation of migrants in the UK and Italian press
Authors: Taylor Charlotte
Published: September 2014

This paper is a cross-linguistic corpus-assisted discourse study of the representation of migrants in the Italian and UK press and it adopts a two-stage methodological approach. In the first phase, the number of references to nationalities which collocate withrefugees,asylum seekers,immigrants,migrants(and Italian equivalents) are calculated and this information is subsequently used to identify any ‘mismatch’ between the amount of attention that migrants from a given country receive in the media and the official population estimates. In the second, and most extensive stage, the representations of the foregrounded nationalities are analysed through the moral panic framework. Results show an extensive negative representation of some groups, but there is no evidence of a fully iterated moral panic relating to any of the nationalities investigated.
Making Google Books n-grams useful for a wide range of research on language change
Authors: Davies Mark
Published: September 2014

The “standard” Google Books n-grams were released by Google in 2010, and they include more than 155 billion words of data for the American English data alone. Unfortunately, the standard interface is far too simplistic to allow many types of useful research on this massive dataset. In this paper, I discuss an alternative “advanced” architecture and interface for these datasets, which is freely available at googlebooks.byu.edu. This resource allows for a wide range of research on lexical, phraseological, syntactic, and semantic changes in English, in ways that would not be possible with the standard interface. With this new resource, researchers now have access to hundreds of billions of words of data, and can map out changes in English in ways that were not previously possible.
Techniques to aid the management of genetic diversity in genebanks including the role of molecular markers.
Authors: Haq N.
Published: September 2014

There are number of methods applied to assess accessions in genebanks ranging from scoring morphological traits to biochemical and molecular analyses. In most cases, the methods are complementary to each other and they aim at different results. Characterization data including biochemical methods often show low levels of polymorphisms and are difficult to interpret. However, evaluation of data produced using molecular techniques is playing an increasingly important role in analysing specific genes, generating genetic maps and understanding genetic diversity, phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. Many reviewers have highlighted the advantages and limitations of basic molecular techniques. However, recent developments in marker techniques, in combination with advantageous characteristics of several basic techniques, provide a better sensitivity and resolution to detect genetic distinctiveness. These new-generation molecular markers use newer classes of DNA elements which detect genetic variation through increased genome coverage. This paper attempts to summarize the uses of molecular markers to aid the management of genetic diversity in genebanks. Traditional agro-morphological traits, the selection of core collections to enhance utilization and other complementarities are highlighted.
Omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance‐trained athletes
Authors: Żebrowska Aleksandra , Mizia‐Stec Katarzyna , Mizia Magda , Gąsior Zbigniew , Poprzęcki Stanisław
Published: September 2014

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3‐week n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) supplementation on serum nitric oxide (NO), asymmetric dimethyloarginine (ADMA), ultrasound indices of endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake () of elite cyclists. The effects of dietary supplementation (n‐3 PUFA at a dose of 1.3 g twice daily for 3 weeks) and placebo administration on flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD), pulse wave velocity, serum markers (NO, ADMA), lipid profile, and were analysed in 13 cyclists both before and after dietary protocols. Significant differences between pre‐ and post‐intervention baseline NO levels were observed after n‐3 PUFA dietary protocol (13.9 ± 4.2 vs. 23.5 ± 3.6 µmol·l−1; P < 0.001). Higher post‐intervention baseline NO level was observed after n‐3 PUFA diet compared with placebo (23.5 ± 3.6 vs. 15.3 ± 3.0 µmol·l −1; P < 0.01, respectively). The n‐3 PUFA increased baseline NO concentration (ΔNO) by 6.7 ± 3.8 µmol·l−1 and placebo by 1.6 ± 4.4 µmol·l−1. The positive correlation was observed between baseline post‐intervention NO concentration and maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.72; P < 0.01) and also between ΔNO and (r = 0.54; P < 0.05) in response to omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation. There was an association between a 5.25% higher FMD (P < 0.05) and higher (P < 0.001) after n‐3 PUFA diet compared with lower values of placebo (r = 0.68; P < 0.05). These findings suggest that an increase in NO release in response to n‐3 PUFA supplementation may play a central role in cardiovascular adaptive mechanisms and enhanced exercise performance in cyclists.
Global Catastrophes: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: McGuire Bill
Published: September 2014

Life on Earth will come to an end. It is just a matter of when. Global Catastrophes: A Very Short Introduction focuses on the many potential catastrophes facing our planet and our species in the future, and looks at both the probability of these events happening and our chances of survival. Coverage extends from discussion of the likely consequences of current global warming to the inevitable destruction of the earth in the far future, when it is enveloped by our giant, bloated Sun. In between, other ‘end of the world scenarios’ will be examined, including the New Ice Age, asteroid and comet impact, supervolcanoes, and mega-tsunamis.