bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Mechanical Circulatory Support in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Sandica Eugen , Blanz Ute , Mime Lotfi Ben , Schultz‐Kaizler Ursula , Kececioglu Deniz , Haas Nikolaus , Kirchner Guenther , zu Knyphausen Edzard , Lauenroth Volker , Morshuis Michiel
Published: September 2015

This retrospective study reviews our results regarding the long‐term support in pediatric patients using two ventricular assist systems between January 2008 and April 2014. We implanted the Berlin Heart EXCOR in 29 patients (median age 3.4 years [interquartile range (IQR) 0.2–16.5], median weight 13 kg [IQR 4.2–67.2]). Twenty‐two patients (75.8%) received a left ventricular assist device. Three patients (10.3%) had single‐ventricle physiology. One patient (3.4%) had mechanical mitral valve prosthesis. The HeartWare System was implanted in nine patients. The median age was 15.6 years (IQR 12.2–17.9), and the median weight was 54.9 kg (IQR 27.7–66). In the Berlin Heart group, the median support time was 65 days (IQR 4–619), with 3647 days of cardiac support. Nineteen patients (65.5%) were transplanted, six patients (20.7%) recovered, one patient (3.4%) is on support, and three patients (10.3%) died on support. Survival rate was 89.7%. Fourteen blood pumps had been exchanged. Four patients (13.8%) had local signs of infection, and three patients (10.3%) had neurological complications. In the HeartWare group, the median support time was 180 days (IQR 1–1124), with 2839 days of cardiac support. Four patients (44.4%) had local signs of infection, and three (33.3%) had neurological complications. Eight patients (88.9%) have been transplanted, and one patient (11.1%) died on support. Survival rate was 88.9%. Excellent survival is possible after long‐term mechanical circulatory support in patients with two‐ and single‐ventricle physiology with a low rate of adverse events.
Hemolysis Related to Turbulent Eddy Size Distributions Using Comparisons of Experiments to Computations
Authors: Ozturk Mesude , O'Rear Edgar A. , Papavassiliou Dimitrios V.
Published: September 2015

Turbulent blood flow in medical devices contributes to blood trauma, yet the exact mechanism(s) have not been fully elucidated. Local turbulent stresses, viscous stresses, and the rate of dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy have been proffered as hypotheses to describe and predict blood damage. In this work, simulations of experiments in a Couette flow viscometer and a capillary tube were used to examine extensive properties of the turbulent flow field and to investigate contributing factors for red blood cell hemoglobin release in turbulence by eddy analysis. It was found that hemolysis occurred when dissipative eddies were comparable in size to the red blood cells. The Kolmogorov length scale was used to quantify the size of smaller turbulent eddies, indicating correspondence of hemolysis with number and surface area of eddies smaller than about 10 μm when a k‐ε turbulence model is adopted.
Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography findings of Dyke‐Davidoff‐Masson‐like syndrome in a cat
Authors: Song RB , Glass EN , Kent M , Castro FA , de Lahunta A
Published: September 2015

Case report

A 3.5‐year‐old spayed female Domestic Shorthair cat was evaluated for new onset seizures and lateralising signs indicative of a lesion in the right prosencephalon. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the head revealed hypoplasia of the right cerebral hemisphere and changes in the overlying cranium, including hyperostosis and expansion of the diploic space, resulting in an increased pneumatisation of the rostral bones of the cranium. A congenital injury to the cerebral hemisphere and secondary changes of the cranium in response to the decreased brain parenchyma was presumed. Similar changes have been previously recognised in human patients with unilateral anomalies of the cerebral hemispheres, termed Dyke‐Davidoff‐Masson syndrome (DDMS).

Conclusion

The case presented is the first clinical and imaging description of a cat with a syndrome that closely resembles DDMS in humans. The description of the syndrome allows recognition of an additional differential for seizures in a young patient and informs the clinician of the imaging characteristics of the cranium seen with early loss of brain parenchyma.
Trait perfectionism strengthens the negative effects of moral stressors occurring in veterinary practice
Authors: Crane MF , Phillips JK , Karin E
Published: September 2015

Objective

Moral challenges are a unique class of workplace stressor where behaviours violate one's personal moral beliefs regarding how things should be done or one's perceived obligations. Morally challenging stressors exist in many workplaces and at times can transform into marked emotional distress, referred to as moral distress. In this study we investigated the degree to which morally significant stressors are related to psychological distress and resilience in a sample of Australian veterinarians. Further, we explored the role of trait perfectionism in strengthening the relationship between exposure to morally significant stressors and psychological distress. Trait perfectionism is the tendency to have very high and rigid standards for the self and/or others and is often implicated in the experience of psychological distress.

Methods

A cross‐sectional online survey sampled 540 Australian‐registered veterinarians (64.2% female), ranging in age from 23 to 74 years.

Results

Although morally significant stressors were related to increases in milder expressions of distress, they did not appear to be associated with more severe decrements in psychological wellbeing. Rather, it was the combination of these triggering stressor events and trait perfectionism that appeared to create the vulnerability to moral stressors.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that trait perfectionism is an individual difference that enhances vulnerability to the risk of greater distress in response to morally challenging events in veterinary practice. The implications of these findings and directions for further research are discussed.
Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation for body wall reconstruction using an artificial mesh in a Dachshund
Authors: Nolff MC , Layer A , Meyer‐Lindenberg A
Published: September 2015

Case report

A 4‐year‐old spayed female Dachshund was presented in shock, displaying multiple haematomas and puncture wounds along the left abdominal wall and ventral aspect of the abdomen after being attacked by another dog. A defect of the left lateral body wall was palpated. Surgery revealed a massive body wall defect and concurrent injury of the intestines. Surgical debridement was performed and the injured portion of the jejunum was resected. The abdominal wall was reconstructed using a polypropylene mesh. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) with instillation of 0.04% polyhexanide (−125 mmHg, instillation interval of 2 h, duration 20 min) was started. Microbial culture after reconstruction of the defect and before application of the NPWTi dressing revealed multiresistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The NPWT dressing was changed on days 2, 5 and 7. Microbial cultures obtained at the first two dressing changes were negative. Therapy was well tolerated and the mesh was completely covered by granulation tissue after 10 days, when the wound was surgically closed.

Conclusion

Bite wounds frequently result in massive, contaminated defects with impaired perfusion, and reconstruction using foreign material carries the risk of biofilm formation and infection. Instillation therapy may provide an alternative for bacterial clearance and fast integration of the mesh.
A critical review of low‐carbohydrate diets in people with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: van Wyk H. J. , Davis R. E. , Davies J. S.
Published: September 2015

Aims

The efficacy of low‐carbohydrate diets (LCD) in people with Type 2 diabetes has divided the nutrition community. This review seeks to re‐examine the available data to clarify understanding.

Methods

A comprehensive search of databases was used to identify meta‐analyses of LCD in Type 2 diabetes. To improve the quality of the studies analysed, the following inclusion criteria were applied: randomized control trials ≥ 4 weeks in people aged > 18 years with Type 2 diabetes; a carbohydrate intake ≤ 45% of total energy intake per day; and a dietary intake assessment at the end of the study. The resulting studies were subjected to a thematic analysis.

Results

Nine meta‐analyses were identified containing 153 studies. Twelve studies met our amended inclusion criteria. There were no significant differences in metabolic markers, including glycaemic control, between the two diets, although weight loss with a LCD was greater in one study. Carbohydrate intake at 1 year in very LCD (< 50 g of carbohydrates) ranged from 132 to 162 g. In some studies, the difference between diets was as little as 8 g/day of carbohydrates.

Conclusion

Total energy intake remains the dietary predictor of body weight. A LCD appears no different from a high‐carbohydrate diet in terms of metabolic markers and glycaemic control. Very LCDs may not be sustainable over a medium to longer term as carbohydrate intake in diets within studies often converged toward a more moderate level. The variable quality of studies included in earlier meta‐analyses likely explains the previous inconsistent findings between meta‐analyses.
Societal costs of diabetes mellitus in Denmark
Authors: Sortsø C. , Green A. , Jensen P. B. , Emneus M.
Published: September 2015

Aim

To provide comprehensive real‐world evidence on societal diabetes‐attributable costs in Denmark.

Methods

National register data are linked on an individual level through unique central personal registration numbers in Denmark. All patients in the Danish National Diabetes Register in 2011 (N= 318 729) were included in this study. Complication status was defined according to data from the Danish National Hospital Register. Diabetes‐attributable costs were calculated as the difference between costs of patients with diabetes and the expected costs given the annual resource consumption of the diabetes‐free population.

Results

Societal costs attributable to diabetes were estimated to be at least 4.27 billionEURin 2011, corresponding to 14,349EURper patient‐year. A twofold higher healthcare resource usage was found for patients with diabetes as compared with the diabetes‐free population.Attributable costs, grouped according to different components, were 732 millionEURfor primary and secondary care services, 153 millionEURfor pharmaceutical drugs, 851 millionEURfor nursing services, 1.77 billionEURin lost productivity and 761 millionEURfor additional costs. A steep increase in diabetes‐attributable costs was found for patients with major complications compared with patients without complications across all cost components. For attributable healthcare costs this increase was estimated to be 6,992EURper person‐year after controlling for potential confounders.

Conclusions

Nearly half of the total costs of patients with diabetes can be attributed directly to their diabetes. The majority of costs are incurred among patients with major complications pointing to the importance of secondary preventive efforts among patients with diabetes.
Alveolar process fractures in the permanent dentition. Part 1. Etiology and clinical characteristics. A retrospective analysis of 299 cases involving 815 teeth
Authors: Andreasen Jens Ove , Lauridsen Eva
Published: September 2015

Aim

To describe the etiology and clinical characteristics of alveolar process fractures treated in a regional trauma clinic.

Material and method

The study is a retrospective descriptive analysis of 299 patients (180 males, 119 females; 815 permanent teeth) diagnosed with fractures of the alveolar process.

Results

Violence was the overall most frequent cause of injury in men (44%), whereas the three most common causes of this type of injury in women were violence (33%), falls (32%), or traffic injuries (26%). Fracture of the alveolar process occurred most frequently in the maxilla (74%) and less frequently in the mandible (26%). The majority of the fractures involved only two teeth (57%) but occasionally involved up to seven teeth. The age at fracture ranged from 5 to 90 years; alveolar process fractures occurred most frequently between 15 and 25 years of age (43%). Concomitant soft tissue injuries were present in 73%. The most frequent location of the mandibular fracture line was along the periodontal ligament of the canine and in the sagittal suture between the two central maxillary incisors. This pattern appears to correlate with weak zones in the jaws.

Conclusion

In conclusion, alveolar process fractures are rare. They occur most frequently in young males and are often associated with violence. Concomitant soft tissue injuries are frequent. This type of injury accordingly appears to result from a frontal impact transmitted through a soft tissue shield (the lips) where the zone of least resistance gives in, namely the periodontal ligament and areas where the alveolar bone is thin.
Dietary and phylogenetic correlates of digestive trypsin activity in insect pests
Authors: Lazarević Jelica , Janković‐Tomanić Milena
Published: September 2015

Because food proteins are crucial for insect survival, growth, and fecundity, enzymes involved in their digestion have attracted the attention of fundamental entomologists studying the mechanisms and patterns of dietary specialization, and applied entomologists searching for more efficient modes of pest control. Most insects digest proteins using trypsin, an endopeptidase that cleaves polypeptide chains on the carboxyl side of arginine and lysine, two basic amino acids. As the most ancestral proteinase, trypsin is wide‐spread in the digestive tract of insects from various orders and with various feeding habits. The present review focuses on biochemical and molecular characteristics, mechanisms of regulation, and adaptive/non‐adaptive changes of trypsin activity in response to heterogeneous food environments in a phylogenetic context. Within‐ and among‐species variations in trypsin structure and regulation that contribute to better matching with specific food types are emphasized. We also discuss the relevance of these data for choosing an appropriate strategy for control of insect pests. Pest control strategies to reduce trypsin activity by interfering with substrate binding or trypsin synthesis and secretion have been suggested. Successful application of these procedures requires a multidisciplinary approach and knowledge about digestive physiology of the pest, as well as the structural characteristics of trypsins that determine their interaction with proteinaceous inhibitors and other food compounds, about patterns of developmental changes in trypsin gene expression, adaptive responses of insects to food composition, and various environmental effects on trypsin activity.
The selectivity of responses to red‐green colour and achromatic contrast in the human visual cortex: an fMRI adaptation study
Authors: Mullen Kathy T. , Chang Dorita H. F. , Hess Robert F.
Published: September 2015

There is controversy as to how responses to colour in the human brain are organized within the visual pathways. A key issue is whether there are modular pathways that respond selectively to colour or whether there are common neural substrates for both colour and achromatic (Ach) contrast. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation to investigate the responses of early and extrastriate visual areas to colour and Ach contrast. High‐contrast red–green (RG) and Ach sinewave rings (0.5 cycles/degree, 2 Hz) were used as both adapting stimuli and test stimuli in a block design. We found robust adaptation to RG or Ach contrast in all visual areas. Cross‐adaptation between RG and Ach contrast occurred in all areas indicating the presence of integrated, colour and Ach responses. Notably, we revealed contrasting trends for the two test stimuli. For the RG test, unselective processing (robust adaptation to both RG and Ach contrast) was most evident in the early visual areas (V1 and V2), but selective responses, revealed as greater adaptation between the same stimuli than cross‐adaptation between different stimuli, emerged in the ventral cortex, in V4 and VO in particular. For the Ach test, unselective responses were again most evident in early visual areas but Ach selectivity emerged in the dorsal cortex (V3a and hMT+). Our findings support a strong presence of integrated mechanisms for colour and Ach contrast across the visual hierarchy, with a progression towards selective processing in extrastriate visual areas.
Intra‐operative application of chlorhexidine gel reduces bacterial counts in internal implant cavity
Authors: Ghannad Farzan , Alkadi Lubna T. , Wiebe Colin B. , Shen Ya , Haapasalo Markus , Larjava Hannu S.
Published: September 2015

A prospective clinical trial was conducted to assess the bacterial‐inhibitory potential of 1% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel in the internal cavity of implant screw holes, when utilized at the time of implant placement. A total of 40 Straumann (S) and Nobel Biocare (N) implants were divided into test (ST or NT; implant + CHX gel) and control (SC or NC; implant only) groups. Total numbers of colony‐forming units (CFUs ml−1) were assessed at a minimum of 3 months postsurgery by aerobic and anaerobic culture. A set of specimens was stained with Gram stain. The mean sample‐collection time was 110 d for the test population and 98 d for the controls. The use of 1% CHX gel significantly reduced bacterial counts in both the ST and NT samples by over three logs compared with controls. No statistical differences in the numbers of CFUs ml−1 were evident between aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Differences in the numbers of CFUs ml−1 between ST and NT groups were not statistically significant. Microscopic analysis showed mainly Gram‐positive coccoid species in most samples.
Discoveries and controversies in BCL‐2 protein‐mediated apoptosis
Authors: Zheng Janet H. , Viacava Follis Ariele , Kriwacki Richard W. , Moldoveanu Tudor
Published: September 2015

B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2) family proteins mediate mitochondrial apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the activation of the downstream caspase cascade to execute apoptosis. The pro‐apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic BCL‐2 proteins function through protein‐protein interactions in soluble and membrane‐associated states. How soluble BCL‐2 proteins interact is well understood. Anti‐apoptotic proteins, such as BCL‐2 and BCL‐xL, and the pro‐apoptotic effectors of MOMP, including BAK and BAX, interact with pro‐apoptotic BCL‐2 homology 3 (BH3)‐only proteins similarly. Whereas anti‐apoptotic BCL‐2 proteins tightly bind all the BH3‐only proteins to block apoptosis initiation, the effector BCL‐2 proteins are potently triggered by specific BH3‐only proteins to undergo conformational changes, membrane association and insertion, oligomerization, and pore formation. The anti‐apoptotic BCL‐2 proteins also inhibit the activated effectors. p53 is a direct BAX activator inhibited by BCL‐xL, defining a prototype non‐canonical modulator of BCL‐2 proteins‐mediated MOMP. How BCL‐2 proteins cooperate in the presence of membranes remains poorly understood, impeding our understanding of MOMP and apoptosis. Here, we highlight the latest structural views of MOMP by BCL‐2 proteins.
The HIV glycan shield as a target for broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Doores Katie J.
Published: September 2015

The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV Env is one of the most heavily glycosylated proteins known, with approximately half of its mass consisting of host‐derived N‐linked glycans. The high density of glycans creates a shield that impedes antibody recognition but, critically, some of the most potent and broadly active bnAbs have evolved to recognize epitopes formed by these glycans. Although the virus hijacks the host protein synthesis and glycosylation machinery to generate glycosylated HIV Env, studies have shown that HIV Env glycosylation diverges from that typically observed on host‐derived glycoproteins. In particular, the high density of glycans leads to a nonself motif of underprocessed oligomannose‐type glycans that forms the target of some of the most broad and potent HIV bnAbs. This review discusses the changing perception of the HIV glycan shield, and summarizes the protein‐directed and cell‐directed factors controlling HIV Env glycosylation that impact on HIV bnAb recognition and HIV vaccine design strategies.
The protein activator of protein kinase R, PACT/RAX, negatively regulates protein kinase R during mouse anterior pituitary development
Authors: Dickerman Benjamin K. , White Christine L. , Kessler Patricia M. , Sadler Anthony J. , Williams Bryan R. G. , Sen Ganes C.
Published: September 2015

The murine double‐stranded RNA‐binding protein termed protein kinase R (PKR)‐associated protein X (RAX) and the human homolog, protein activator of PKR (PACT), were originally characterized as activators of PKR. Mice deficient in RAX show reproductive and developmental defects, including reduced body size, craniofacial defects and anterior pituitary hypoplasia. As these defects are not observed in PKR‐deficient mice, the phenotype has been attributed to PKR‐independent activities of RAX. Here we further investigated the involvement of PKR in the physiological function of RAX, by generating rax−/− mice deficient in PKR, or carrying a kinase‐inactive mutant of PKR (K271R) or an unphosphorylatable mutant of the PKR substrate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α subunit (eIF2α) (S51A). Ablating PKR expression rescued the developmental and reproductive deficiencies in rax−/− mice. Generating rax−/− mice with a kinase‐inactive mutant of PKR resulted in similar rescue, confirming that the rax−/− defects are PKR dependent; specifically that the kinase activity of PKR was required for these defects. Moreover, generating rax−/− mice that were heterozygous for an unphosphorylatable mutant eIF2α provides partial rescue of the rax−/− defect, consistent with mutation of one copy of the Eif2s1 gene. These observations were further investigated in vitro by reducing RAX expression in anterior pituitary cells, resulting in increased PKR activity and induction of the PKR‐regulated cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1. These results demonstrate that PKR kinase activity is required for onset of the rax−/− phenotype, implying an unexpected function for RAX as a negative regulator of PKR in the context of postnatal anterior pituitary tissue, and identify a critical role for the regulation of PKR activity for normal development.
Elevated carbon dioxide accelerates the spatial turnover of soil microbial communities
Authors: Deng Ye , He Zhili , Xiong Jinbo , Yu Hao , Xu Meiying , Hobbie Sarah E. , Reich Peter B. , Schadt Christopher W. , Kent Angela , Pendall Elise , Wallenstein Matthew , Zhou Jizhong
Published: September 2015

Although elevated CO2 (eCO2) significantly affects the α‐diversity, composition, function, interaction and dynamics of soil microbial communities at the local scale, little is known about eCO2 impacts on the geographic distribution of micro‐organisms regionally or globally. Here, we examined the β‐diversity of 110 soil microbial communities across six free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experimental sites using a high‐throughput functional gene array. The β‐diversity of soil microbial communities was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with geographic distance under both CO2 conditions, but declined significantly (P < 0.05) faster at eCO2 with a slope of −0.0250 than at ambient CO2 (aCO2) with a slope of −0.0231 although it varied within each individual site, indicating that the spatial turnover rate of soil microbial communities was accelerated under eCO2 at a larger geographic scale (e.g. regionally). Both distance and soil properties significantly (P < 0.05) contributed to the observed microbial β‐diversity. This study provides new hypotheses for further understanding their assembly mechanisms that may be especially important as global CO2 continues to increase.
A study comparing public and medical librarians’ perceptions of the role and duties of health information‐providing librarians
Authors: Noh Younghee
Published: September 2015

Objective

This study proposed to define the role and duties of librarians who provide health information service in public and medical libraries. Appropriate education, career experience and starting salary for this position are also presented.

Method

This study analysed previous research and job advertisements to understand the current needs for this position. Almost all job advertisements studied were eventually retrieved from Salary.com (US job posting site). Public libraries seeking to fill health informationist positions were even more difficult to find in any of the above locations. Therefore, the researcher attempted to find cases using various search engines, including Google, and noticed that public libraries usually post job advertisements on their website. Finally, 32 job postings were selected as suitable. Fifty‐four public and medical librarians were surveyed to validate the results in Korea.

Results

Public librarians chose ‘health information librarian' as the most appropriate title for this position, while medical librarians answered ‘medical librarian'. Therefore, librarians providing health information service in public libraries should be called ‘health information librarians’, while the position in medical libraries should be called ‘medical librarian'. Accordingly, job postings and academic articles will be easily accessible. Both groups marked that the position should require a bachelor's degree in both LIS and a health science field, 2 years library experience and health‐related user training. Other requirements included knowledge of health resources and medical terminology, search capabilities and a focus on user‐centric service. For required duties, public librarians chose accessing information resources, while medical librarians selected collection management.

Conclusion

Health information librarians will play a vital role in the future and must therefore be educated accordingly.
Reunion Patterns in the Still‐Face Paradigm as Predicted by Maternal Sensitivity and Dyadic Coordination
Authors: Coppola Gabrielle , Aureli Tiziana , Grazia Annalisa , Ponzetti Silvia
Published: September 2015

Previous studies have suggested that the reunion episode of the still‐face procedure has the potential to reveal the regulatory resources of the mother–infant dyad that appear to be predictive of future adaptation. Nevertheless, differences across dyads with respect to these resources have received little attention, as also have the factors that are responsible for such differences. This study addresses this gap in the literature by testing whether the dyad reunion patterns can be predicted by the mothers' sensitivity assessed 3 months earlier, and by the contingent degree of the matched states in the play episode. Three dyadic patterns were identified through cluster analysis, which were characterized by playful, neutrally matched, and disrupted interactions. Multinomial logistic regression shows that the mothers' sensitivity predicts membership to the playful group, and the matched states in the play episode predict membership to the neutrally matched and disrupted groups. These findings show that the vulnerability to disrupt an ongoing interaction after a temporary perturbation is seen for only some dyads; moreover, they support the view of early regulatory development as a multidetermined achievement. Overall, these findings have important theoretical implications related to the identification of early regulatory difficulties as precursors of later developmental outcomes.
Retracted: differential expression of microRNAs in myometrium and leiomyomas and regulation by ovarian steroids
Authors: Pan Qun , Luo Xiaoping , Chegini Nasser
Published: September 2015

The above article, published online on 20 December 2007 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Professor L Popescu and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. The retraction has been requested by the University of Florida, Office of Research, in response to their investigation which concluded fabrication of data in Figures 2, 3 and 4.

Reference

Pan Q, Luo X, Chegini N. Retracted: differential expression of microRNAs in myometrium and leiomyomas and regulation by ovarian steroids. J Cell Mol Med 12: 227–240. Doi: 10.1111/j.1582‐4934.2007.00207.x
The effect of frequency‐dependent selection on resistance and tolerance to herbivory
Authors: Garrido E. , Llamas‐Guzmán L. P. , Fornoni J.
Published: September 2015

Negative frequency‐dependent selection (FDS), where rare genotypes are favoured by selection, is commonly invoked as a mechanism explaining the maintenance of genetic variation in plant defences. However, empirical tests of FDS in plant–herbivore interactions are lacking. We evaluated whether the oviposition preference of the specialist herbivore Lema daturaphila is a mechanism through which this herbivore can exert FDS on its host plant Datura stramonium. The frequency of contrasting resistance–tolerance strategies was manipulated within experimental plots, and the plants were exposed to a similar initial density of their natural herbivore. Herbivore oviposition preference and final density, as well as plant damage and seed production, were estimated. Overall, we found that the high‐resistant–low‐tolerant genotypes produced four times more seeds when common than when rare, whereas the high‐tolerant–low‐resistant genotypes achieved twice its fitness when rare than when common. This pattern was the result of differential oviposition preferences. In addition, when the high‐resistant–low‐tolerant genotypes were common, there was a three‐fold decreased in herbivore final density which led to a decrease in damage level by 10%. Thus, in our experiment positive FDS seems to favour resistance over tolerance. We discuss how this result would change if the extent of herbivore local adaptation and damage modify the pattern of positive FDS acting on resistance and the optimal allocation to tolerance.
Differences in growth and survival between cod Gadus morhua and herring Clupea harengus early stages co‐reared at variable prey concentrations
Authors: Folkvord A. , Vollset K. W. , Catalán I. A.
Published: September 2015

It was hypothesized that the survival and growth strategies of herring Clupea harengus, displaying a flexible reproductive activity, are adapted to coping with longer periods of prey deprivation (i.e. more variable prey availability), in contrast to cod Gadus morhua, which are adapted to match growth and survival at high prey concentrations. Experimental larval growth and survival data for the two naturally co‐occurring species reared either in separate tanks or in combination are presented to test this hypothesis. Natural zooplankton was supplied either ad libitum or in a periodically restricted manner to mimic natural suboptimal conditions. Periodically restricted feeding significantly reduced initial growth of G. morhua larvae co‐reared with C. harengus, while no such initial effect was seen for co‐reared C. harengus. Overall survival of G. morhua was higher when reared together with C. harengus (32 v. 24%), while C. harengus had higher survival without the presence of G. morhua (59 v. 44%), indicating that both species were affected by higher densities of G. morhua larvae. Furthermore, the final survival in G. morhua was inversely related to average final size, while in C. harengus an opposite trend was observed. How potential behavioural interactions may drive the present results are discussed and contended that a better insight into field vital rates may be gained from further exploration of co‐rearing experiments.
Pathogenesis of spring viremia of carp virus in emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque, fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque and white sucker Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede)
Authors: Misk E , Garver K , Nagy E , Isaac S , Tubbs L , Huber P , Al‐Hussinee L , Lumsden J S
Published: September 2015

Spring viremia of carp (SVC) is a reportable disease to the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) as it is known to cause significant international economic impact. In Canada, the first and only isolation of SVC virus (SVCV) was in 2006, from common carp Cyprinus carpio L., at Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario. The susceptibility of fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque and white sucker Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede) to intraperitoneal injection of the Canadian isolate (HHOcarp06) was evaluated using experimental infection, virus isolation, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Emerald shiner and fathead minnow were most susceptible with 43 and 53% cumulative mortality, respectively, compared with koi at 33%. Quantitative RT‐PCR demonstrated that koi had high viral loads throughout the experiment. At 34 days post‐infection, SVCV was detected from sampled emerald shiner and white sucker in very low titre and was not detected from fathead minnow. Koi, fathead minnow and emerald shiner had gross lesions typical of SVC disease. The histopathological picture was mostly dominated by necrotic changes in kidney, spleen, liver, pancreas and intestine. IHC further confirmed SVCV infection, and staining was largely correlated with histological lesions.
On the Complexity of Life Cycle Inventory Networks: Role of Life Cycle Processes with Network Analysis
Authors: Navarrete‐Gutiérrez Tomás , Rugani Benedetto , Pigné Yoann , Marvuglia Antonino , Benetto Enrico
Published: September 2015

Determining the relevance and importance of a technosphere process or a cluster of processes in relation to the rest of the industrial network can provide insights into the sustainability of supply chains: those that need to be optimized or controlled/safeguarded. Network analysis (NA) can offer a broad framework of indicators to tackle this problem. In this article, we present a detailed analysis of a life cycle inventory (LCI) model from an NA perspective. Specifically, the network is represented as a directed graph and the “emergy” numeraire is used as the weight associated with the arcs of the network. The case study of a technological system for drinking water production is presented. We investigate the topological and structural characteristics of the network representation of this system and compare properties of its weighted and unweighted network, as well as the importance of nodes (i.e., life cycle unit processes). By identifying a number of advantages and limitations linked to the modeling complexity of such emergy‐LCI networks, we classify the LCI technosphere network of our case study as a complex network belonging to the scale‐free network family. The salient feature of this network family is represented by the presence of “hubs”: nodes that connect with many other nodes. Hub failures may imply relevant changes, decreases, or even breaks in the connectedness with other smaller hubs and nodes of the network. Hence, by identifying node centralities, we can rank and interpret the relevance of each node for its special role in the life cycle network.
What Drives Austrian Raw Material Consumption?: A Structural Decomposition Analysis for the Years 1995 to 2007
Authors: Wenzlik Manuel , Eisenmenger Nina , Schaffartzik Anke
Published: September 2015

The growth in Austria's raw material consumption (RMC) or material footprint is driven by changes in consumption and production. In using the tool of structural decomposition analysis and applying it to Austrian RMC between 1995 and 2007, three specific drivers (technology, composition, and volume of final demand) are identified and quantified. The overall growth of Austrian RMC across the period of time under investigation shows that neither improved production or consumption efficiency nor reduction of consumption alone can lead to absolute material savings. The “rebound effect” has been used to describe how efficiency gains can be offset by growth in overall consumption, putting “degrowth” on the agenda of sustainability sciences and political movements. Absolute decoupling, that is, simultaneous growth in gross domestic product (GDP) and reduction of RMC, can only be achieved if reductions in final demand volume as a driver of material use are not offset by increases as a result of the changing final demand mix and/or technology effect (and vice versa). The Austrian case study provides very little evidence for such developments having occurred simultaneously during the period of time under investigation. In order for economic degrowth to contribute to lower material use and thus greater environmental protection, it must occur not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively in production and consumption structures.
Walking speed as an aging biomarker in baboons (Papio hamadryas)
Authors: Huber Hillary F. , Gerow Kenneth G. , Nathanielsz Peter W.
Published: September 2015

Background

Walking speed is an important human aging biomarker. Baboons are valuable translational models for aging studies. Establishing whether walking speed is a good aging biomarker has value. We hypothesized there would be characteristic age‐related decline in baboon walking speed.

Methods

We studied 33 female baboons aged 5–21 years. Walking speed was calculated by the time to walk between landmarks separated by known distances. A regression model was developed to describe the relationship between speed, age, and body weight.

Results

Speed negatively associated with age, a relationship enhanced by increased weight (P < 0.0005). For 16‐kg animals, speed declined approximately 0.6 cm/s yearly. For each additional kilogram of weight, speed declined an additional 0.3 cm/s yearly.

Conclusions

Baboon walking speed declines with age, an effect modulated by weight. Ease of measurement and strong age association make walking speed a valuable biomarker for aging research with this important experimental species.
Identifying patterns of obesity risk behavior to improve pediatric primary care
Authors: Schmiege Sarah J. , Gance‐Cleveland Bonnie , Gilbert Lynn , Aldrich Heather , Gilbert Kevin C. , Barton Amy
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To develop profiles of obesity risk behaviors for children and adolescents.

Design and Methods

Risk assessments were obtained from patients (n = 971) at a school‐based health center. Latent class analysis was used to create subgroups based on seven indicators measuring diet, activity, and screen time.

Results

Four classes emerged, with 44% classified as the “Healthiest,” 8% as the “Least Healthy,” 37% as “Mixed Diet/Low Activity/Low Screen Time,” and 11% as “Mixed Diet/High Activity/High Screen Time.” Several demographic predictors distinguished the classes.

Practice Implications

Obesity risk factor profiles may help providers identify strengths and risks, tailor counseling, and plan interventions with families.
Chronic disease and lifestyle factors associated with change in sleep duration among older adults in the Singapore Chinese Health Study
Authors: Smagula Stephen F. , Koh Woon‐Puay , Wang Renwei , Yuan Jian‐Min
Published: September 2015

Identifying risk factors for future change in sleep duration can clarify whether, and if so how, sleep and morbidity are bidirectionally related. To date, only limited longitudinal evidence exists characterizing changes to sleep duration among older adults. This study aimed to identify factors associated with change in sleep duration in a large sample of older adults (≥ 60 years) residing in Singapore (n = 10 335). These adults were monitored as part of the Singapore Chinese Health Study, which collected information regarding daily sleep duration at baseline (assessed in 1993–1998) and at a follow‐up wave conducted over a mean of 12.7 years later (assessed in 2006–2010). Among adults sleeping 6–8 h at baseline (n = 8265), most participants (55.6%) remained 6–8 h sleepers at follow‐up, while 8.4% became short (< 6 h) and 36.0% became long (> 8 h) sleepers. A history of stroke, diabetes, cancer, hip fracture and greater age all independently increased the odds of having long sleep duration at follow‐up, while greater educational attainment and weekly physical activity were both associated with reduced odds of becoming a long sleeper. Other than greater baseline age, the only factor related to higher odds of becoming a short sleeper was concurrent stomach/duodenal ulcer at follow‐up. Long sleep duration among older adults may therefore reflect longstanding disease processes, whereas the aetiology of short sleep may predominately involve factors other than those examined. Future research is needed to distinguish if/when long sleep duration serves the disease recovery process, and when long sleep duration complicates disease and requires sleep medicine interventions.
Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) following intramuscular administration
Authors: Sinphithakkul P. , Klangkaew N. , Sanyathitiseree P. , Giorgi M. , Kumagai S. , Poapolathep A. , Poapolathep S.
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of amoxicillin (AMX) trihydrate in male Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, following intramuscular administration at two dosages of 5.5 and 11 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected from 0.5 up to 72 h. The concentration of AMX in elephant plasma was measured using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. AMX was measurable up to 24 h after administration at two dosages. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1.20 ± 0.39 μg/mL after i.m. administration at a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg b.w., whereas it was 3.40 ± 0.63 μg/mL at a dosage of 11 mg/kg b.w. A noncompartment model was developed to describe the disposition of AMX in Asian elephants. Based on the preliminary findings found in this research, the dosage of 5.5 and 11 mg/kg b.w. produced drug plasma concentrations higher than 0.25 mg/mL for 24 h after i.m. administration. Thereafter, i.m. administration with AMX at a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg b.w. appeared a more suitable dose than 11 mg/kg b.w. However, more studies are needed to determine AMX clinical effectiveness in elephants.
Household Preferences and Joint Decisions on Employer‐Provided Health Insurance Access
Authors: Shiu Ji‐Liang , Tang Meng‐Chi
Published: September 2015

This paper examines how spousal access to employer‐provided health insurance (EPHI) affects preferences to acquire the same access at both the individual and household level. Regarding household decision process as a cooperative, simultaneous game between husband and wife, the empirical results show that spousal access to EPHI is negatively related to own EPHI access, indicating that household members as a unit prefer single EPHI access to dual access. Using family income share as a proxy for individual indirect utility, this study shows that the husband's incremental disutility of having spousal EPHI access is greater than that of the wife.
The impact of selection, gene flow and demographic history on heterogeneous genomic divergence: three‐spine sticklebacks in divergent environments
Authors: Ferchaud Anne‐Laure , Hansen Michael M.
Published: September 2015

Heterogeneous genomic divergence between populations may reflect selection, but should also be seen in conjunction with gene flow and drift, particularly population bottlenecks. Marine and freshwater three‐spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations often exhibit different lateral armour plate morphs. Moreover, strikingly parallel genomic footprints across different marine–freshwater population pairs are interpreted as parallel evolution and gene reuse. Nevertheless, in some geographic regions like the North Sea and Baltic Sea, different patterns are observed. Freshwater populations in coastal regions are often dominated by marine morphs, suggesting that gene flow overwhelms selection, and genomic parallelism may also be less pronounced. We used RAD sequencing for analysing 28 888 SNPs in two marine and seven freshwater populations in Denmark, Europe. Freshwater populations represented a variety of environments: river populations accessible to gene flow from marine sticklebacks and large and small isolated lakes with and without fish predators. Sticklebacks in an accessible river environment showed minimal morphological and genomewide divergence from marine populations, supporting the hypothesis of gene flow overriding selection. Allele frequency spectra suggested bottlenecks in all freshwater populations, and particularly two small lake populations. However, genomic footprints ascribed to selection could nevertheless be identified. No genomic regions were consistent freshwater–marine outliers, and parallelism was much lower than in other comparable studies. Two genomic regions previously described to be under divergent selection in freshwater and marine populations were outliers between different freshwater populations. We ascribe these patterns to stronger environmental heterogeneity among freshwater populations in our study as compared to most other studies, although the demographic history involving bottlenecks should also be considered in the interpretation of results.
FlhG employs diverse intrinsic domains and influences FlhF GTPase activity to numerically regulate polar flagellar biogenesis in Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Gulbronson Connor J. , Ribardo Deborah A. , Balaban Murat , Knauer Carina , Bange Gert , Hendrixson David R.
Published: September 2015

Flagellation in polar flagellates is one of the rare biosynthetic processes known to be numerically regulated in bacteria. Polar flagellates must spatially and numerically regulate flagellar biogenesis to create flagellation patterns for each species that are ideal for motility. FlhG ATPases numerically regulate polar flagellar biogenesis, yet FlhG orthologs are diverse in motif composition. We discovered that Campylobacter jejuni FlhG is at the center of a multipartite mechanism that likely influences a flagellar biosynthetic step to control flagellar number for amphitrichous flagellation, rather than suppressing activators of flagellar gene transcription as in Vibrio and Pseudomonas species. Unlike other FlhG orthologs, the FlhG ATPase domain was not required to regulate flagellar number in C. jejuni. Instead, two regions of C. jejuni FlhG that are absent or significantly altered in FlhG orthologs are involved in numerical regulation of flagellar biogenesis. Additionally, we found that C. jejuni FlhG influences FlhF GTPase activity, which may mechanistically contribute to flagellar number regulation. Our work suggests that FlhG ATPases divergently evolved in each polarly flagellated species to employ different intrinsic domains and extrinsic effectors to ultimately mediate a common output – precise numerical control of polar flagellar biogenesis required to create species‐specific flagellation patterns optimal for motility.