bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strength demand of dual‐purpose outrigger system for reducing lateral displacement and differential axial shortening in a tall building
Authors: Kim Han‐Soo , Lim You‐Jin , Lee Hye‐Lym
Published: December 2019

Certain maximum lateral displacement (LAT) and differential axial shortening (DAS) values can lead to the deterioration of the serviceability of a structure. Previous studies indicated that an outrigger system can be used to control both the DAS and the LAT in a tall building. In order to enhance the applicability of the dual‐purpose outrigger system, the amount of stress developed on the outrigger due to the reductions of the LAT and DAS should be determined. Therefore, in this study, the stresses due to the LAT and DAS were analyzed in terms of the reduction ratio of the LAT and DAS, and the absolute sum of stresses, which was the strength demand of the outrigger, was evaluated as well. To identify the parameters affecting the additional stress of the outrigger, analytic equations were proposed to predict the additional shear force acting on the outrigger due to DAS reduction. A finite‐element analysis was performed to quantitatively identify the reduction ratio of the LAT and DAS as well as the resulting stress by changing four parameters: the stiffness, location, number, and connection time of outriggers. The results demonstrated that the stress of the dual‐purpose outrigger can be minimized by adjusting the design parameters.
Measurement of corona characteristics of conductor bundles under negative damped oscillation impulses
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing
Published: December 2019

The corona characteristics of the single and bundle conductors are investigated experimentally under negative damped oscillation impulses. The experimental setup consisting of a modified impulse generator, corona cage and digital measurement system is built for measuring the charge–voltage (q‐u) curves. An exploratory experiment is described with special attention to the effect of the number of bundle conductors on the feature of q‐u curves. The behavior of the minor loops on the q‐u curves is examined from a single‐conductor to four‐conductor bundle. In terms of the measured corona inception voltage, the corona inception field strength is evaluated at a critical distance from the inner electrode. The capacitance increase coefficient and energy dissipated by corona are extracted from the measured q‐u curves. Then, a discussion is also presented on these characteristic indices according to the gas discharge mechanism. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tower shadow induced blade loads for an extreme‐scale downwind turbine
Authors: Noyes Carlos , Qin Chao , Loth Eric
Published: December 2019

The downwind rotor configuration provides a structural advantage compared with an upwind design. However, tower shadow has long been a concern for downwind systems. The tower shadow negatively affects the blade by introducing a load impulse during the wake passage. An aerodynamic fairing could shroud the tower reducing the wake. However, there is no clear consensus on the importance of a tower shadow for utility‐scale wind turbines. Simulations were conducted in FAST to determine the general parameters that influence the importance of the tower shadow effect for the differently sized wind turbines. The lock number of the blade was a significant driving quantity. Lower lock numbers (typical of small‐scale wind turbines) lead to greater relative fatigue damage from tower shadow effects. It was determined that a fairing is very helpful for small‐scale wind turbines operating in a low‐turbulence environment (such as a subscale wind tunnel test). However, the tower shadow increased the damage equivalent loading on an extreme scale blade by less than 5% in a turbulent environment. These results indicate that the cost of a tower fairing is likely unnecessary for utility‐scale wind turbines in operation.
A finite horizon optimal switching problem with memory and application to controlled SDDEs
Authors: Perninge Magnus
Published: December 2019

We consider an optimal switching problem where the terminal reward depends on the entire control trajectory. We show existence of an optimal control by applying a probabilistic technique based on the concept of Snell envelopes. We then apply this result to solve an impulse control problem for stochastic delay differential equations driven by a Brownian motion and an independent compound Poisson process. Furthermore, we show that the studied problem arises naturally when maximizing the revenue from operation of a group of hydro-power plants with hydrological coupling.
Spruce sugars and poultry hydrolysate as growth medium in repeated fed-batch fermentation processes for production of yeast biomass
Authors: Lapeña David , Olsen Pernille M. , Arntzen Magnus Ø. , Kosa Gergely , Passoth Volkmar , Eijsink Vincent G. H. , Horn Svein J.
Published: December 2019

The production of microbial protein in the form of yeast grown on lignocellulosic sugars and nitrogen-rich industrial residues is an attractive approach for reducing dependency on animal and plant protein. Growth media composed of enzymatically saccharified sulfite-pulped spruce wood, enzymatic hydrolysates of poultry by-products and urea were used for the production of single-cell protein. Strains of three different yeast species,Cyberlindnera jadinii,Wickerhamomyces anomalusandBlastobotrys adeninivorans,were cultivated aerobically using repeated fed-batch fermentation up to 25 L scale.Wickerhamomyces anomaluswas the most efficient yeast with yields of 0.6 g of cell dry weight and 0.3 g of protein per gram of glucose, with cell and protein productivities of 3.92 g/L/h and 1.87 g/L/h, respectively. Using the conditions developed here for producingW. anomalus, it would take 25 industrial (200 m3) continuously operated fermenters to replace 10% of the fish feed protein used in Norway.
Regionalization of potential evapotranspiration using a modified region of influence
Authors: Hasanzadeh Saray Marzieh , Eslamian Seyed Saeid , Klöve Björn , Gohari Alireza
Published: December 2019

This study examined the effect of different attributes on regionalization of potential evapotranspiration (ETp) in Urmia Lake Basin (ULB), Iran, using the region of influence (RoI) framework. Data for the period 1997–2016 from 30 weather stations were selected for the analysis. To achieve similarity between stations, climate, geographical, and statistical attributes were selected. To determine the effect of each attribute, the Shannon entropy weighting method was used. The results showed that attribute weighting had a significant impact on ETp clustering. Among the groups studied, the most significant effect of weighting was observed in the statistical attributes category. Among all attributes, skewness coefficient (CS) was the most useful in determining similarity between stations. Based on the results, ULB can be divided into three homogeneous regions. Proximity of weather stations did not always indicate similarity between them, but by weighting the stations in addition to weighting the attributes, more accurate estimates of ETp in the basin were obtained. Overall, the results demonstrate potential for application of the RoI approach in regionalization of ETp, by assigning a weight to weather stations and to influencing attributes.
Kinetics of Reaction on a Single Catalytic Particle in a Fluidic Nanochannel
Authors: Zhdanov Vladimir P.
Published: December 2019

One of the frontiers in heterogeneous catalysis is focused on reactions occurring on single catalytic nanoparticles. In this context, a reaction taking place on a single nanoparticle in a fluidic nanochannel is herein described by using the equation similar to that employed for a plug-flow reactor with dispersion. In the literature, one can find various boundary conditions for this equation. In the practically interesting case of a relatively long channel, the Dirichlet boundary conditions are shown to be valid. The corresponding analytical and numerical results illustrate the specifics of the profiles of the reactant concentration along the channel and the dependence of the reaction rate on the parameters. For comparison, the Danckwerts boundary conditions were used as well.

Graphic Abstract
When climate change is not blamed: the politics of disaster attribution in international perspective
Authors: Lahsen Myanna , Couto Gabriela de Azevedo , Lorenzoni Irene
Published: December 2019

Analyzing the politics and policy implications in Brazil of attributing extreme weather events to climate change, we argue for greater place-based sensitivity in recommendations for how to frame extreme weather events relative to climate change. Identifying geographical limits of current recommendations to emphasize the climate role in such events, we explore Brazilian framings of the two tragic national disasters, as apparent in newspaper coverage of climate change. We find that a variety of contextual factors compel environmental leaders and scientists in Brazil to avoid and discourage highlighting the role of climate change in national extreme events. Against analysts’ general deficit-finding assumptions, we argue that the Brazilian framing tendency reflects sound strategic, socio-environmental reasoning, and discuss circumstances in which attributing such events to climate change—and, by extension, attribution science—can be ineffective for policy action on climate change and other socio-environmental issues in need of public pressure and preventive action. The case study has implications beyond Brazil by begging greater attention to policies and politics in particular places before assuming that attribution science and discursive emphasis on the climate role in extreme events are the most strategic means of achieving climate mitigation and disaster preparedness. Factors at play in Brazil might also structure extreme events attribution politics in other countries, not least some other countries of the global South.
Carbon and nitrogen recycling during cyanoHABs in dreissenid-invaded and non-invaded US midwestern lakes and reservoirs
Authors: Hamilton Trinity L. , Corman Jessica R. , Havig Jeff R.
Published: December 2019

Lakes and reservoirs play key roles in global carbon cycling, especially as a carbon sink. Enrichment of nutrients in lakes and reservoirs (eutrophication) and rising global temperatures favors the proliferation of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Harmful blooms of cyanobacteria (cyanoHABs) alter carbon and nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems. Some evidence suggests the introduction or establishment of invasive mussel species (i.e., Dreissena spp.) also favor cyanoHAB formation through selective filter feeding, a process through which they may also impact biogeochemical processes including carbon cycling and sequestration. However, few studies have considered the combined effects of invasive mussels and cyanoHABs on carbon and nitrogen cycling in freshwater ecosystems. Here, we examined microbial community composition and biogeochemical attributes (including carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes) in eutrophic lakes, reservoirs, and rivers in western Ohio, eastern Indiana, and northern Kentucky during the cyanobacterial bloom period of the summer of 2015. Our samples include both sites impacted by invasive mussels and those where invasive mussels have not yet been observed. Based on 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we found that cyanobacterial and algal communities varied across sites and were most closely related to habitat (sediment or water column sample) and site, regardless of the presence of invasive mussels or other environmental factors. However, we did find evidence that invasive mussels may influence both carbon and nitrogen cycling. While the results are based on a single time point sampling, they highlight the interactions of multiple environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems and the critical need for more temporally intensive studies of carbon and nutrient cycling in bloom- and mussel-impacted waters.
Socioeconomic factors affect treatment delivery for patients with low grade glioma: a Swedish population-based study
Authors: Carstam Louise , Rydén Isabelle , Gulati Sasha , Rydenhag Bertil , Henriksson Roger , Salvesen Øyvind , Smits Anja , Jakola Asgeir Store
Published: December 2019

Background

Despite aspirations to achieve equality in healthcare we know that socioeconomic differences exist and may affect treatment and patient outcome, also in serious diseases such as cancer. We investigated disparities in neurosurgical care and outcome for patients with low-grade glioma (LGG).

Methods

In this nationwide registry-based study, patients who had undergone surgery for LGG during 2005–2015 were identified (n = 547) through the Swedish Brain Tumor Registry. We linked data to multiple national registries with individual level data on income, education and comorbidity and analyzed the association of disease characteristics, surgical management and outcome, with levels of income, education and sex.

Results

Patients with either low income, low education or female gender showed worse pre-operative performance status. Patients with low income or education also had more comorbidities and those with low education endured longer waiting times for surgery. Median time from radiological imaging to surgery was 51 days (Q1–3 27–191) for patients with low education, compared to 32 days (Q1–3 20–80) for patients with high education (p = 0.006). Differences in waiting time over educational levels remained significant after stratification for age, comorbidity, preoperative performance status, and tumor size. Overall survival was better for patients with high income or high education, but income- and education-related survival differences were not significant after adjustment for age and comorbidity. The type of surgical procedure or complications did not differ over socioeconomic groups or sex.

Conclusion

The neurosurgical care for LGG in Sweden, a society with universal healthcare, displays differences that can be related to socioeconomic factors.
Adult soft tissue myoepithelial carcinoma: treatment outcomes and efficacy of chemotherapy
Authors: Chamberlain Florence , Cojocaru Elena , Scaranti Mariana , Noujaim Jonathan , Constantinou Anastasia , Thway Khin , Fisher Cyril , Messiou Christina , Strauss Dirk C. , Miah Aisha , Zaidi Shane , Benson Charlotte , Gennatas Spyridon , Jones Robin L.
Published: December 2019

Soft tissue myoepithelial carcinomas are a rare, malignant subgroup of myoepithelial tumours mostly arising in the extremities with equal predilection for women and men. The mainstay of management of localised disease is complete surgical resection. Despite optimal treatment, 40–45% of tumours recur. Data regarding the efficacy of systemic therapy for advanced and metastatic disease are lacking. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of all patients with soft tissue myoepithelial carcinoma treated at a single referral centre. The secondary aim was to establish the efficacy of systemic therapies in patients with advanced disease. A retrospective review of the prospectively maintained Royal Marsden Sarcoma Unit database was performed to identify soft tissue myoepithelial carcinoma patients treated between 1996 and 2019. Patient baseline characteristics and treatment history were recorded. Response to systemic therapy was evaluated using RECIST 1.1. We identified 24 patients treated at our institution between 1996 and 2019,12 males and 12 females. Median age at presentation was 49.6 years [interquartile range (IQR) 40.5–63.3 years]. Twenty-two out of 24 patients (91.7%) underwent primary surgical resection. Nine patients (37.5%) received systemic treatment. A partial response was documented in one patient treated with doxorubicin. The median progression-free survival for first-line chemotherapy was 9.3 months. Myoepithelial carcinoma frequently recurs after complete surgical resection. Conventional chemotherapy demonstrated some activity in myoepithelial carcinoma, however, more effective systemic therapies are required and enrolment in clinical trial should be encouraged.
Comparative study on pyrolysis and combustion behavior of untreated Matooke biomass wastes in East Africa via TGA, SEM, and EDXS
Authors: Yusuf Abdulfatah Abdu , Inambao Freddie L. , Hassan Abdurrahman S. , Nura Sharif S. , Karthickeyan V.
Published: December 2019

Biomass has several benefits due to its novel behavior among energy sources. This study aims to characterize a unique form of biomass from two varieties of Matooke peel, namely, untreated Mbwazirume waste peel (UM-WP) and untreated Nakyinyika waste peel (UN-WP). The analysis of the characteristics of these biomasses was carried out using TGA, SEM, and EDXS. TG and DTG analysis showed an almost identical trend between UM-WP and UN-WP. The UM-WP exhibited a high VC 69.988 wt%, MC 13.125 wt%, O 48.02 wt%, and HHV 15.52 MJ-kg−1 with a low ash content 5.957 wt%, sulfur 0.64 wt%, and N 1.13 wt% compared to UN-WP. As compared to pretreated biomass, it was found that the smaller particle sizes had only minor intra-particle gradients and the bigger particle sizes had more of a linear pattern variation. The pyrolysis behavior obtained revealed three distinct regions at elevated temperatures related to the elimination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. During carbonization, high fluidity and bubbles were produced due to the release of a large amount of volatile matter and forms porous structure which flowed through the fluid mass and produced a non-homogeneous vacuolated structure. These might cause the oxygen to easily disperse inside the particles during combustion. In addition, white spots were observed which are elements from different categories. The findings of this study indicate that UM-WP biomass could be an ideal material source for the production of biofuel and photovoltaic.
Impact of prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and operative exposure time on the incidence of surgical site infections in patients undergoing open heart surgery: Single center case series
Authors: Jamil Diyar Dlshad , Baram Aram , Saqat Bashar Hana
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are either superficial or deep and may involve the organ. The reported incidence of SSIs in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery ranges from 0.3% to 8%. While the incidence of superficial wound infection is 3–5% and deep sternal wound infection is 0,5-5%. Objectives of the current study is to determine the relation of prolonged CPB time and rate of SSI in patients underwent open heart surgery.

Methods:

prospective observational study included all patients underwent open heart surgery in our center, The patients followed-up within 2–3 month of their periodical visits. The data collection was performed from January 1st 2018 to January 1st 2019. Relevant data were entered into a database created using Microsoft Access 2007 program & then analyzed via specific queries.

Results:

The mean age of the patients were 55.32 (SD: 22.82 years) ranged from 30 to 81 years. Most of the patients were male 69.7%). The mean exposure time of the operation and cardiopulmonary bypass time (CBPT) were 4.30 (SD: 1.0 h) and 140.38 (SD: 56.03 min), respectively. The mean duration of the patients in ICU was 21.34 (SD: 7.58 h).In this study, 17 patients (4.5%) developed SSIs. The incidence of prolonged surgery was 37.8%. The study showed that those patients developed infection had a greater operation exposure time (4.88 vs. 4.27hrs.), and CBPT (161.59 vs. 56.53 min).

Conclusion:

The operation exposure and CBP times were directly related to the occurrence of surgical site infection.

Highlights:
High altitude accumulation and preserved climate information in the western Pamir, observations from the Fedchenko Glacier accumulation basin
Authors: Lambrecht Astrid , Mayer Christoph , Bohleber Pascal , Aizen Vladimir
Published: December 2019

The accumulation region of Fedchenko Glacier represents an extensive snow reservoir in the Pamir Mountains feeding the longest glacier in Central Asia. Observed elevation changes indicate a continuous ice loss in the ablation region of Fedchenko Glacier since 1928, while the mass balance of the accumulation region is largely unknown. In this study, we show that accumulation varies considerably in the main accumulation basin, with accumulation rates up to 2400 mm w.e. a−1in the West, decreasing to <1000 mm w.e. a−1in the center, although the elevation difference is <200 m. The combination of snow/firn samples and ground-penetrating radar profiles suggests that this accumulation pattern is persistent during the recent past. The recent accumulation history is reconstructed from internal radar reflectors using a firn densification model and shows strong interannual variations, but near constant mean values since 2002. Modeling of trajectories, based on accumulation and glacier geometry, results in an estimate of the depth/age relation close to the main divide. This region provides one of the most suitable locations for retrieving climate information with temporal high resolution for the last millennium, with a potential to cover most of the Holocene in less detail.
A new tetraradial olivooid (Medusozoa) from the lower Cambrian (Stage 2) Yanjiahe Formation, South China
Authors: Guo Junfeng , Han Jian , Van Iten Heyo , Song Zuchen , Qiang Yaqin , Wang Wenzhe , Zhang Zhifei , Li Guoxiang , Sun Yifei , Sun Jie
Published: December 2019

Octapyrgites elongatusn. gen. n. sp., a relatively rare, tetraradial olivooid (Cnidaria, Medusozoa), is described from Bed 5 of the Yanjiahe Formation (Cambrian Stage 2) near Yichang, China. Although similar toOlivooidesandQuadrapyrgitesfrom the Fortunian Stage in consisting of a partially corrugated (longitudinal) periderm with a quadrate (transverse) apical portion and V-shaped apertural lobes,O.elongatusis substantially larger than other olivooids. The elongate apical region ofO.elongatusis similar to four-sidedAnaconularia anomala(Barrande, 1867), though with a flat tip that may have been an adaption for a sessile mode of life. As in other olivooids, embryonic development inO.elongatusmay have been direct. Last, the paucity of olivooids and the absence of pentaradial cnidarians and carinachitids in Cambrian Stage 2 indicate a marked decline in the disparity of cnidarians near the Fortunian–Cambrian Age 2 boundary, when by contrast bilaterians underwent rapid diversification.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/60acc2f9-44f8-4a97-9449-960ad76f8fff
Ion-pair Ionization in CO2-fed Cesium Sputter Sources
Authors: Vogel John S , Stolz Alexander M
Published: December 2019

A collision-radiation model of the solid sample cesium sputter ion source led to the rediscovery of anion production by ion-pair production. The model revealed physical processes that may produce high current outputs from such sources and suggested new ways of obtaining high outputs at lower heat and conductive stress to the source. Primary among these solutions is the electron excitation of primary Cs0 recycled from the sample to provide states that efficiently create chosen anions. Here we look at how the processes might apply to gas-fed ion sources.
The work of the British School at Athens, 2018–2019
Authors: Bennet John
Published: December 2019

This article, based on an oral presentation by the author at its Annual General Meeting in February 2019, summarizes the activities of the British School at Athens with a focus on the calendar year 2018. It describes – selectively and concisely – research by award holders, BSA-sponsored fieldwork and study in 2018 at four locations (Olynthos, Koutroulou Magoula, Dhaskalio-Keros and Knossos), research and events associated with the Fitch Laboratory and the Knossos Research Centre, plus other activities of the BSA in Greece and the UK, including seminars, conferences and workshops.
Recent developments in the study of Early Bronze Age Crete (Early Minoan period)
Authors: Legarra Herrero Borja
Published: December 2019

The production and publication of new research on the Cretan Early Bronze has accelerated tremendously in recent decades. This article aims to present the highlights and main trends of the last 15 years: the sites, excavations, research projects and main publications. Moreover, it explores how the new data interlink with the extremely large body of information available from more than 100 years of archaeological studies on Crete. The aim of such a review is to identify patterns of research, popular themes and the strengths and weaknesses of the data recovered, and to consider the place of Early Bronze Crete in current trends in the fields of Mediterranean Prehistory and archaeology more broadly.
The Militarization of Law Enforcement: Evidence from Latin America
Authors: Flores-Macías Gustavo A. , Zarkin Jessica
Published: December 2019

What are the political consequences of militarizing law enforcement? Across the world, law enforcement has become increasingly militarized over the last three decades, with civilian police operating more like armed forces and soldiers replacing civilian police in law enforcement tasks. Scholarly, policy, and journalistic attention has mostly focused on the first type, but has neglected the study of three main areas toward which we seek to contribute: 1) the constabularization of the military—i.e., when the armed forces take on the responsibilities of civilian law enforcement agencies, 2) the extent to which this process has taken place outside of the United States, and 3) its political consequences. Toward this end, we unpack the concept of militarized law enforcement, develop theoretical expectations about its political consequences, take stock of militarization in Latin America, and evaluate whether expectations have played out in the region. We show that the distinction between civilian and military law enforcement typical of democratic regimes has been severely blurred in the region. Further, we argue that the constabularization of the military has had important consequences for the quality of democracy in the region by undermining citizen security, human rights, police reform, and the legal order.
Ion‐Neutral Collision Frequencies for Calculating Ionospheric Conductivity
Authors: Ieda A.
Published: December 2019

Molecular oxygen collides with its first positive ion in the Earth's ionosphere. The collision frequency of this particle pair is used to calculate the electric conductivity of the ionosphere. However, for this parental pair there are two collision types, resonant and nonresonant, and the selection of the collision type has differed among previous studies in calculation of conductivity. In the present study, we clarify that the nonresonant collision is physically essential for this pair because the relevant temperatures are low. That is, the peak of the ionospheric conductivity occurs at altitudes between 100 and 130 km, where the temperatures of ions and neutral particles are usually lower than 600 K, and for these temperatures nonresonant collisions are dominant. The collision frequency would be underestimated by 30% if the resonant collision was assumed at an altitude of 110 km (where the temperature is 240 K). The impact of this difference on the conductivity is estimated to be small (3%), primarily because molecular nitrogen is much more abundant than molecular oxygen. Although we have confirmed that the nonresonant collision is essential, we also include the resonant type, primarily in case of possible elevated temperature events. A set of ion‐neutral collision frequency coefficients for calculating the conductivity is summarized, including other particle pairs, in the Appendices. Small corrections to the traditional coefficients are made.
Proton Acceleration by Io's Alfvénic Interaction
Authors: Szalay J. R. , Bagenal F. , Allegrini F. , Bonfond B. , Clark G. , Connerney J. E. P. , Crary F. , Ebert R. W. , Ergun R. E. , Gershman D. J. , Hinton P. C. , Imai M. , Janser S. , McComas D. J. , Paranicas C. , Saur J. , Sulaiman A. H. , Thomsen M. F. , Wilson R. J. , Bolton S. , Levin S. M.
Published: December 2019

The Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment aboard Juno observed accelerated proton populations connected to Io's footprint tail aurora. While accelerated electron populations have been previously linked with Io's auroral footprint tail aurora, we present new evidence for proton acceleration due to Io's Alfvénic interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere. Separate populations were accelerated above the Io torus and at high latitudes near Jupiter. The timing suggests the acceleration is due to Alfvén waves associated with Io's Main Alfvén Wing. The inferred high‐latitude proton acceleration region spans 0.9–2.5 Jovian radii in altitude, comparable to the expected location for electron acceleration, and suggests the associated Alfvén waves are able to accelerate electrons and protons in similar locations. The proton populations magnetically connected to Io's orbit are recently perturbed, equilibrating with the nominal torus plasma population on a timescale smaller than Io's System III orbital period of ~13 h, likely due to wave‐particle interactions. The tail populations are split into a wake‐like structure with distinct inner and outer regions, where the inner region maps to an equatorial width nearly identical to the diameter of Io. The approximately symmetric surrounding outer regions are each slightly smaller than the central region and may be related to Io's atmospheric extent. The nominal, corotational torus proton population exhibits energization throughout all regions, peaking at the anti‐Jovian flank of the inner core region mapping to Io's diameter. These proton observations suggest Alfvén waves are capable of accelerating protons in multiple locations and provide further evidence that Io's Alfvénic interaction is bifurcated.
Mars' Ionospheric Interaction With Comet C/2013 A1 Siding Spring's Coma at Their Closest Approach as Seen by Mars Express
Authors: Sánchez–Cano Beatriz , Lester Mark , Witasse Olivier , Morgan David D. , Opgenoorth Hermann , Andrews David J. , Blelly Pierre‐Louis , Cowley Stanley W. H. , Kopf Andrew J. , Leblanc François , Espley Jared R. , Cardesín‐Moinelo Alejandro
Published: December 2019

On 19 October 2014, Mars experienced a close encounter with Comet C/2013 A1 Siding Spring. Using data from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) on board Mars Express (MEX), we assess the interaction of the Martian ionosphere with the comet's coma and possibly magnetic tail during the orbit of their closest approach. The topside ionospheric electron density profile is evaluated from the altitude of the peak density of the ionosphere up to the MEX altitude. We find complex and rapid variability in the ionospheric profile along the MEX orbit, not seen even after the impact of a large coronal mass ejection. Before closest approach, large electron density reductions predominate, which could be caused either by comet water damping or comet magnetic field interactions. After closest approach, a substantial electron density rise predominates. Moreover, several extra topside layers are visible along the whole orbit at different altitudes, which could be related to different processes as we discuss.
Early Time Evolution of Turbulence in the Space Environment by Neutral Beam Injection
Authors: Fletcher Alex C. , Crabtree Chris , Huba Joseph , Ganguli Gurudas , Siefring Carl
Published: December 2019

The Space Measurement of A Rocket‐released Turbulence mission will demonstrate the production and evolution of turbulence in the space environment via a cascade of plasma physics processes. A sounding rocket will inject neutral barium atoms into the upper ionosphere at high speed across the magnetic field. The barium atoms photoionize, and the magnetic field confines them, leading to an ion ring distribution in velocity space that is unstable to electrostatic lower hybrid waves. Nonlinear induced scattering of lower hybrid waves produces electromagnetic magnetosonic and whistler waves that rapidly escape the source region and propagate into the radiation belts. In this paper, we present models and simulations of early time parts of this cascade until the lower hybrid waves are generated. We study the neutral atom injection, expansion, and ionization analytically and computationally. In a realistic scenario, the velocity distribution function is found to be nongyrotropic instead of a perfect ring in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. Using these results, we examine a representative region of the barium cloud and perform particle‐in‐cell simulations of the excitation of the lower hybrid waves. Of particular interest is the energy extracted from the kinetic energy of the barium ions, as this will ultimately affect the amplitude of the electromagnetic waves in the radiation belts. We find that for velocity distribution functions that deviate from an ideal ring distribution, the energy extracted from the fast barium ions increases.
A New Volcanic Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Forcing Emulator (EVA_H): Comparison With Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Models
Authors: Aubry Thomas J. , Toohey Matthew , Marshall Lauren , Schmidt Anja , Jellinek A. Mark
Published: December 2019

Idealized models or emulators of volcanic aerosol forcing have been widely used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of past volcanic forcing. However, existing models, including the most recently developed Easy Volcanic Aerosol (EVA; Toohey et al., doi: 10.5194/gmd‐2016‐83), (i) do not account for the height of injection of volcanic SO
; (ii) prescribe a vertical structure for the forcing; and (iii) are often calibrated against a single eruption. We present a new idealized model, EVA_H, that addresses these limitations. Compared to EVA, EVA_H makes predictions of the global mean stratospheric aerosol optical depth that are (i) similar for the 1979–1998 period characterized by the large and high‐altitude tropical SO
injections of El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991); (ii) significantly improved for the 1998–2015 period characterized by smaller eruptions with a large variety of injection latitudes and heights. Compared to EVA, the sensitivity of volcanic forcing to injection latitude and height in EVA_H is much more consistent with results from climate models that include interactive aerosol chemistry and microphysics, even though EVA_H remains less sensitive to eruption latitude than the latter models. We apply EVA_H to investigate potential biases and uncertainties in EVA‐based volcanic forcing data sets from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). EVA and EVA_H forcing reconstructions do not significantly differ for tropical high‐altitude volcanic injections. However, for high‐latitude or low‐altitude injections, our reconstructed forcing is significantly lower. This suggests that volcanic forcing in CMIP6 last millenium experiments may be overestimated for such eruptions.
Entangling three qubits without ever touching
Authors: Blasiak Pawel , Markiewicz Marcin
Published: December 2019

All identical particles are inherently correlated from the outset, regardless of how far apart their creation took place. In this paper, this fact is used for extraction of entanglement from independent particles unaffected by any interactions. Specifically, we are concerned with operational schemes for generation of all tripartite entangled states, essentially the GHZ state and the W state, which prevent the particles from touching one another over the entire evolution. The protocols discussed in the paper require only three particles in linear optical setups with equal efficiency for boson, fermion or anyon statistics. Within this framework indistinguishability of particles presents itself as a useful resource of entanglement accessible for practical applications.
Defect processes in F and Cl doped anatase TiO2
Authors: Filippatos Petros-Panagis , Kelaidis Nikolaos , Vasilopoulou Maria , Davazoglou Dimitris , Lathiotakis Nektarios N. , Chroneos Alexander
Published: December 2019

Titanium dioxide represents one of the most widely studied transition metal oxides due to its high chemical stability, non-toxicity, abundance, electron transport capability in many classes of optoelectronic devices and excellent photocatalytic properties. Nevertheless, the wide bang gap of pristine oxide reduces its electron transport ability and photocatalytic activity. Doping with halides and other elements has been proven an efficient defect engineering strategy in order to reduce the band gap and maximize the photocatalytic activity. In the present study, we apply Density Functional Theory to investigate the influence of fluorine and chlorine doping on the electronic properties of TiO2. Furthermore, we present a complete investigation of spin polarized density functional theory of the (001) surface doped with F and Cl in order to elaborate changes in the electronic structure and compare them with the bulk TiO2.
Cost-effective detection of genome-wide signatures for 2,4-D herbicide resistance adaptation in red clover
Authors: Benevenuto Juliana , Bhakta Mehul , Lohr Daniel A. , Ferrão Luís Felipe V. , Resende Marcio F. R. , Kirst Matias , Quesenberry Kenneth , Munoz Patricio
Published: December 2019

Herbicide resistance is a recurrent evolutionary event that has been reported across many species and for all major herbicide modes of action. The synthetic auxinic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used since the 1940s, however the genetic variation underlying naturally evolving resistance remains largely unknown. In this study, we used populations of the forage legume crop red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) that were recurrently selected for 2,4-D resistance to detect genome-wide signatures of adaptation. Four susceptible and six derived resistant populations were sequenced using a less costly approach by combining targeted sequencing (Capture-Seq) with pooled individuals (Pool-Seq). Genomic signatures of selection were identified using: (i) pairwise allele frequency differences; (ii) genome scan for overly differentiated loci; and (iii) genome‐wide association. Fifty significant SNPs were consistently detected, most located in a single chromosome, which can be useful for marker assisted selection. Additionally, we searched for candidate genes at these genomic regions to gain insights into potential molecular mechanisms underlying 2,4-D resistance. Among the predicted functions of candidate genes, we found some related to the auxin metabolism, response to oxidative stress, and detoxification, which are also promising for further functional validation studies.
Time-course relationship between environmental factors and microbial diversity in tobacco soil
Authors: Wang Zhaobao , Yang Yan , Xia Yuzhen , Wu Tao , Zhu Jie , Yang Jianming , Li Zhengfeng
Published: December 2019

Soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity both play equally important roles in tobacco cultivation. However, the relationship between these factors remains unclear. In this study, we investigated their correlations through the whole tobacco growth period, including the pretransplanting (YX-p), root extending (R), flourishing (F), and mature (M) stages in the Yuxi region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau by measuring physicochemical properties and conducting 16S/18S rRNA analysis. The analysis demonstrated that the microbial community richness and diversity continuously changed along with the growth course of the tobacco. Multiple environmental factors showed a certain correlation with the diversity of microbial communities. Some bacteria could accumulate nitrogen during the growth stages, and the diversity of the bacterial community also increased when the content of organic matter rose. In addition, the water content and available K also influenced the diversity of the microbial community. The dynamic changes in soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities gave rise to differences in the microbial community composition and structure, all of which affected the growth of tobacco. This study revealed the time-course relationship between environmental factors and microbial diversity in tobacco soil. An understanding of this relationship provides guidance for research on the interaction system of plants, soil and microbes and on improving plant yield and quality.
Molecular Dynamics model of peptide-protein conjugation: case study of covalent complex between Sos1 peptide and N-terminal SH3 domain from Grb2
Authors: Luzik Dmitrii A. , Rogacheva Olga N. , Izmailov Sergei A. , Indeykina Maria I. , Kononikhin Alexei S. , Skrynnikov Nikolai R.
Published: December 2019

We have investigated covalent conjugation of VPPPVPPRRRX′ peptide (where X′ denotes Nε-chloroacetyl lysine) to N-terminal SH3 domain from adapter protein Grb2. Our experimental results confirmed that the peptide first binds to the SH3 domain noncovalently before establishing a covalent linkage through reaction of X′ with the target cysteine residue C32. We have also confirmed that this reaction involves a thiolate-anion form of C32 and follows the SN2 mechanism. For this system, we have developed a new MD-based protocol to model the formation of covalent conjugate. The simulation starts with the known coordinates of the noncovalent complex. When two reactive groups come into contact during the course of the simulation, the reaction is initiated. The reaction is modeled via gradual interpolation between the two sets of force field parameters that are representative of the noncovalent and covalent complexes. The simulation proceeds smoothly, with no appreciable perturbations to temperature, pressure or volume, and results in a high-quality MD model of the covalent complex. The validity of this model is confirmed using the experimental chemical shift data. The new MD-based approach offers a valuable tool to explore the mechanics of protein-peptide conjugation and build accurate models of covalent complexes.
Accumulation, morpho-physiological and oxidative stress induction by single and binary treatments of fluoride and low molecular weight phthalates in Spirodela polyrhiza L. Schleiden
Authors: Sharma Ritika , Kumari Arpna , Rajput Sneh , Nishu  , Arora Saroj , Rampal Rajkumar , Kaur Rajinder
Published: December 2019

The present study examined the interactive effects of fluoride and phthalates on their uptake, generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of antioxidative defence responses inSpirodela polyrhizaL. Schleiden. A hydroponic study was conducted in whichS. polyrhizacultured in Hoagland’s nutrient medium, was exposed to fluoride (50 ppm) and different concentrations viz., 75, 150 300 ppm of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and diallyl phthalate (DAP) individually as well as in combination for the time period of 24, 72, 120 and 168 h respectively. A significant decline in fresh weight, dry to fresh weight ratio, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content and increased anthocyanin content was observed. Fluoride and phthalates was found to be readily accumulated byS. polyrhizain all the exposure periods. Interestingly, when binary treatments were given in nutrient medium, uptake of both fluoride and phthalate was found to be influenced by each other. In combined treatments, DEP stimulated fluoride uptake, while its own uptake was restricted by fluoride. In contrary to this, fluoride stimulated DAP uptake. Moreover, combined stress further caused significant decrement in carbohydrate, protein content and increment in MDA levels, phenolic content and electrolyte leakage. Nevertheless, phthalates showed more pronounced oxidative stress and growth inhibition compared to fluoride. To cope up with the oxidative damage, enhanced level of antioxidant enzymatic activities was observed inS. polyrhizaunder both fluoride and phthalate stress as compared to control. Scanning electron microscope imaging of leaf stomata revealed that combined stress of fluoride with phthalates caused distortion in the shape of guard cells. Confocal micrographs confirmed the generation of reactive oxygen species, cell damage, disruption in membrane integrity, and enhanced levels of glutathione in plant cells. This study focussed on ecotoxicological and interactive significance of fluoride led phthalate uptake or vice versa which was also assumed to confer tolerance attributes.
c-Cbl targets PD-1 in immune cells for proteasomal degradation and modulates colorectal tumor growth
Authors: Lyle Chimera , Richards Sean , Yasuda Kei , Napoleon Marc Arthur , Walker Joshua , Arinze Nkiruka , Belghasem Mostafa , Vellard Irva , Yin Wenqing , Ravid Jonathan D. , Zavaro Elias , Amraei Razie , Francis Jean , Phatak Uma , Rifkin Ian R. , Rahimi Nader , Chitalia Vipul C.
Published: December 2019

Casitas B lymphoma (c-Cbl) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a negative regulator of colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite its high expression in immune cells, the effect of c-Cbl on the tumor microenvironment remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that c-Cbl alters the tumor microenvironment and suppresses Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) protein, an immune checkpoint receptor. Using syngeneic CRC xenografts, we observed significantly higher growth of xenografts and infiltrating immune cells in c-Cbl+/− compared to c-Cbl+/+ mice. Tumor-associated CD8+ T-lymphocytes and macrophages of c-Cbl+/− mice showed 2–3-fold higher levels of PD-1. Functionally, macrophages from c-Cbl+/− mice showed a 4–5-fold reduction in tumor phagocytosis, which was restored with an anti-PD-1 neutralizing antibody suggesting regulation of PD-1 by c-Cbl. Further mechanistic probing revealed that C-terminus of c-Cbl interacted with the cytoplasmic tail of PD-1. c-Cbl destabilized PD-1 through ubiquitination- proteasomal degradation depending on c-Cbl’s RING finger function. This data demonstrates c-Cbl as an E3 ligase of PD-1 and a regulator of tumor microenvironment, both of which were unrecognized components of its tumor suppressive activity. Advancing immune checkpoint and c-Cbl biology, our study prompts for probing of PD-1 regulation by c-Cbl in conditions driven by immune checkpoint abnormalities such as cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Symmetry selected quantum dynamics of few electrons in nanopillar transistors
Authors: Wan Yue-Min , Lin Heng-Tien
Published: December 2019

Study on single electron tunnel using current-voltage characteristics in nanopillar transistors at 298 K show that the mapping between the Nth electron excited in the central box ∼8.5 × 8.5 × 3 nm3 and the Nth tunnel peak is not in the one-to-one correspondence to suggest that the total number N of electrons is not the best quantum number for characterizing the quality of single electron tunnel in a three-dimensional quantum box transistor. Instead, we find that the best number is the sub-quantum number nz of the conduction z channel. When the number of electrons in nz is charged to be even and the number of electrons excited in the nx and ny are also even at two, the adding of the third electron into the easy nx/ny channels creates a weak symmetry breaking in the parity conserved x-y plane to assist the indirect tunnel of electrons. A comprehensive model that incorporates the interactions of electron-electron, spin-spin, electron-phonon, and electron-hole is proposed to explain how the excited even electrons can be stabilized in the electric-field driving channel. Quantum selection rules with hierarchy for the ni (i = x, y, z) and N = Σni are tabulated to prove the superiority of nz over N.