bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular, intravenous, and intramuscular administration of triamcinolone acetonide and its effect on endogenous plasma hydrocortisone and cortisone concentrations in horses
Authors: Soma Lawrence R. , Uboh Cornelius E. , You Yowen , Guan Fuyu , Boston Raymond C.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To compare pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) following IV, intra-articular (IA), and IM administration and determine its effect on plasma concentrations of hydrocortisone and cortisone.

Animals—6 Thoroughbreds.

Procedures—TA (0.04 mg/kg) was administered IV, IM, or IA, and plasma TA, hydrocortisone, and cortisone concentrations were determined.

Results—IV administration of TA was fitted to a 2-compartment model. Median distribution half-life was 0.50 hours (range, 0.24 to 0.67 hours); elimination half-life was 6.1 hours (range, 5.0 to 6.4 hours). Transfer half-life of TA from joint to plasma was 5.2 hours (range, 0.49 to 73 hours); elimination half-life was 23.8 hours (range, 18.9 to 32.2 hours). Maximum plasma concentration following IA administration was 2.0 ng/mL (range, 0.94 to 2.5 ng/mL), and was attained at 10 hours (range, 8 to 12 hours). Maximum plasma concentration following IM administration was 0.34 ng/mL (range, 0.20 to 0.48 ng/mL) and was attained at 13.0 hours (range, 12 to 16 hours); concentration was still quantifiable at 360 hours. Hydrocortisone plasma concentrations were significantly different from baseline within 0.75, 2, and 1 hours after IV, IA, and IM administration, respectively, and remained significantly different from baseline at 96 and 264 hours for IV and IA administration. Following IM administration of TA, plasma concentrations of hydrocortisone did not recover to baseline concentrations by 360 hours.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pharmacokinetics of TA and related changes in hydrocortisone were described following IV, IA, and IM administration. A single administration of TA has profound effects on secretion of endogenous hydrocortisone.
Evaluation of the in vitro activity of gallium nitrate against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Authors: Fecteau Marie-Eve , Fyock Terry L. , McAdams Susan C. , Boston Raymond C. , Whitlock Robert H. , Sweeney Raymond W.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of various field isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) to gallium nitrate.

Sample—10 isolates of MAP, including 4 isolated from cattle, 2 isolated from bison, 1 isolated from an alpaca, and 3 isolated from humans.

Procedures—The in vitro susceptibility to gallium nitrate was tested by use of broth culture with detection of MAP growth by means of a nonradiometric automated detection method. For each MAP isolate, a series of 7 dilutions of gallium nitrate (concentrations ranging from 200 to 1,000μM) were tested. Gallium nitrate was considered to have caused 90% and 99% inhibition of the MAP growth when the time to detection for culture of the MAP stock solution and a specific concentration of gallium nitrate was delayed and was similar to that obtained for culture of the MAP stock solution (without the addition of gallium nitrate) diluted 1:10 and 1:100, respectively.

Results—Gallium nitrate inhibited MAP growth in all 10 isolates. The susceptibility to gallium nitrate was variable among isolates, and all isolates of MAP were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the concentration that resulted in 90% inhibition ranged from < 200μM for the most susceptible isolates to 743μM for the least susceptible isolates.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Gallium nitrate had activity against all 10 isolates of MAP tested in vitro and could potentially be used as a prophylactic agent to aid in the control of MAP infections during the neonatal period.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of postprandial heart variation in juvenile Paraguay anacondas (Eunectes notaeus)
Authors: Zerbe Philipp , Glaus Tony , Clauss Marcus , Hatt Jean-Michel , Steinmetz Hanspeter W.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To noninvasively evaluate physiologic postprandial adaptations of the heart in snakes.

Animals—6 juvenile Paraguay anacondas (Eunectes notaeus).

Procedures—The heart of each anaconda was echocardiographically evaluated after food was withheld for 28 days as well as 3 and 10 days after feeding. Physical measurements included body length, weight, and circumference at the level of the heart. Echocardiographic measurements included heart rate and 2-D total and internal ventricular area. From these measurements, total ventricular volume as well as the myocardial area as a surrogate of myocardial mass was calculated.

Results—No significant changes in body length, weight, and circumference were found. Significant increases in heart rate (from 45 to 58 beats/min), total ventricular volume (from 4.63 to 5.54 mL), and myocardial area (from 0.7 to 0.81 cm2) were detected 10 days after feeding, compared with results obtained prior to feeding after food had been withheld for 28 days. No pericardial effusion was detected at any time point.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Echocardiographic evaluation of the heart of anacondas was performed, and feeding resulted in concentric cardiac hypertrophy. Physiologic fluctuation of cardiac dimensions should be considered when cardiac imaging is performed in snakes.
Extralabel use of cabergoline in the treatment of a pituitary adenoma in a rat
Authors: Mayer Jörg , Sato Amy , Kiupel Matti , DeCubellis Julie , Donnelly Thomas
Published: September 2011

Case Description—A 0.65-kg (1.43-lb) 24-month-old sexually intact male albino pet rat was examined because of a 3-week history of hypodipsia, apparent blindness, and sudden change in behavior.

Clinical Findings—The rat was able to move around its cage but appeared unaware of its surroundings, was visually unresponsive, and seemed unusually aggressive. The rat's hind limbs appeared mildly paretic, and it had sporadic difficulty placing its hind limbs on a flat surface. Given the rat's age, history, and physical examination findings, the primary differential diagnosis was a pituitary tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the rat's brain was performed and revealed a large pituitary mass, which was indicative of a tumor.

Treatment and Outcome—Cabergoline (0.6 mg/kg [0.27 mg/lb], PO, q 72 h) was administered. On follow-up MRI 2 months later, the pituitary mass had substantially decreased in size. For 6 months following the second MRI study, the rat continued to receive the same dosage of cabergoline and had no clinical signs of disease or unusual behavior. However, at 8.5 months after the start of the treatment, the rat was in poor condition and had clinical signs similar to those initially. A third MRI study was performed and revealed substantial regrowth of the mass. The rat was euthanized and a necropsy was performed; a histopathologic diagnosis of pituitary adenoma was made.

Clinical Relevance—Pituitary adenomas have long been recognized as a common finding in geriatric rats (> 18 months old). Affected rats may respond favorably to oral administration of cabergoline.
Proximal Figure Effects on Visual Acuity
Authors: Craig Eugene A.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the influence of the presence and orientation of figures proximal to an acuity measurement line. Each of 16 Ss served under four conditions: acuity line alone, acuity line with proximal figures parallel with it, acuity line with 45° proximal figures, and acuity line with 90° proximal figures. All proximal figures tested resulted in decreased efficiency of acuity processes. Orientation of the proximal figure was an important factor with greater influence for 45° and 90° than for the parallel line situation. These results support the Fry-Bartley principle that contour processes interfere with each other and indicate that the influence is directional in character.
Discrimination Learning: Squirrels vs Raccoons
Authors: Hitchcock Lloyd , Michels Kenneth M. , Brown Donald R.
Published: September 2011

Squirrels and raccoons were compared in terms of their discrimination performance with respect to such form parameters as sidedness, axial rotation, and areal asymmetry. Sixteen two-choice discrimination problems were used; two problems from each of the eight classes representing the possible combinations of the presence and absence of differences in each of these three stimulus characteristics. When all three characteristics were equated between the two figures comprising a problem, the number of correct responses did not exceed chance. Differences between the members of a problem in terms of these three dimensions resulted in discrimination performance significantly above chance. Rotation was the most significant single cue, and rotation with sidedness the most effective combination for both animals. For the squirrels, performance was comparable for all problems containing differences in asymmetry, though the more efficient cues of rotation and rotation and sidedness in combination were also present. The performance of the raccoons was also reduced in the presence of asymmetry cues, though these animals, unlike the squirrels, did appear capable of using the cue of rotation when asymmetry cues were also available. These data are seen as confirming the value of a quantitative approach to the comparative study of the discrimination behavior of the sub-primates, particularly since the squirrels and raccoons appear to utilize information differently.
Effect of Varying Delays in Auditory Feedback on Key-Tapping of Children
Authors: Rapin Isabelle , Costa Louis D. , Mandel Irwin J. , Fromowitz Arthur J.
Published: September 2011

A total of 24 children between the ages of 6½ and 11½ yr. tapped on a key in groups of 3 taps, each tap triggering a click 80 db above the threshold of normal hearing. The design of the experiment permitted the click to be heard synchronously with the tap or with a delay which varied from 0 to 1,000 msec., in 100-msec. steps. The effects of delay on the force of taps, the total time for 30 taps, the time during which the finger actually rested on the key, and grouping errors were computed for the synchronous timing and for each of the delay times. Delay had significant disruptive effects on all four parameters. The disruptive effect on total time, time on the key, and grouping errors increased as a function of length of delay, the 1,000-msec. delay being more disruptive than any below 700 msec. The increase in force was significant at all delay times, regardless of the length of delay. Age did not affect sensitivity to delay. The results of our study are surprising in view of the well-established fact that in normal adults speech is most effectively disrupted by a delay time of 160 to 200 msec. The reasons for the difference in findings are as yet conjectural.
Novel Surround and Locomotion in Turtle
Authors: Spigel Irwin M.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examined the effects of specific aspects of antecedent confinement on locomotor activity in turtles, and the influence of surround change on activity level. Confinement of 4 Ss under varying conditions of isolation and restriction resulted in maximal activity when measurements were taken under conditions of greatest total change in the environment from confinement to measuring situation. The second experiment, using 4 additional turtles, confirmed the importance of surround change as an underlying factor in activity level, with highest locomotion scores obtained following changes in the wall-pattern from the first to second hour in the measuring apparatus.
Tracking the Neutralization of Seen Rotary Movement
Authors: Taylor Maurice M.
Published: September 2011

Ss controlled a rotating disc for 10 min., with instructions to keep the speed of the disc constant. Ss actually increased the physical speed of the disc as the trial continued. The logarithmic increase in speed was proportional to the square root of the inspection time and was less for high initial speeds than for low. It was proportional to the Weber ratio. Most Ss showed less neutralization on the later trials.
Tactual Discrimination of Textures
Authors: Culbert Sidney S. , Stellwagen William T.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the experiment was to determine the relative discriminability of 40 tactual patterns prepared by a special embossage technique. The method of paired comparisons was used, with 150 Ss, making 200 discrimination judgments each. Marked differences in discriminability were found, with each of at least 11 patterns discriminable enough from all others to be useful in the preparation of material such as maps for the blind.
Heterogeneity and Skewness in Analysis of Variance
Authors: Young Robert K. , Veldman Donald J.
Published: September 2011

Several power functions were computed to determine the influence of violations of assumptions on the analysis of variance. For each analysis two groups of 10 scores each were randomly selected from a normally distributed population of 10,000 cases. In all cases each of the several points on the power curves was determined by the percentage of rejected null hypotheses in 5,000 analyses with alpha set at .05. The CDC 1604 computer was used.
Research Cooperation in Older Institutionalized Males
Authors: Bortner Rayman W.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of IES Test scores for 17 patients who showed up for a research appointment and 17 who did not yielded differences which deserve further study.
Studies in Intercultural Testing
Authors: Porteus S. D. , Gregor A. James
Published: September 2011

Comparative intellectual and social adjustment data for males and females of various primitive groups are described.
Cumulative Distortion of Judgment
Authors: Livant William Paul
Published: September 2011

A method is proposed for investigating in the laboratory the development of progressively biased judgments over time. If each successive judgment applies a bias to the results of previously biased judgments, cumulative judgmental distortions of extreme magnitude result. Two-person groups judge the lengths of a set of recurring lines, and they are corrected after each judgment. Each correction contains a bias applied to Ss' previous judgment of the same line. After 30 test trials, Ss were overestimating lines by 300%. The importance of cumulative distortion in natural settings is discussed. It is further shown how different mechanisms for internalizing judgmental bias proposed by Kelman may be studied by the present method.
Influence of Peripheral Visual Distraction on Perceptual Motor Performance
Authors: Vogel-Sprott M.
Published: September 2011

Twelve students of the University of Waterloo served as Ss in a psychomotor study of the influence of extraneous stimuli in the peripheral visual field. Individual differences in task performance also were examined in relation to the personality characteristics of extraversion and neuroticism. The presentation of irrelevant stimuli beyond the center of attention or visual focus was found to retard response to irregular signals for action but accuracy in responding to predictable signals was unaltered. Repeated testing under different interpolated rest schedules did not alter psychomotor performance. The stability of performance indicated that learning on the task was minimal. Since many drug and other treatment effects are best assessed by repeated testing of the same individual, it was suggested that this task could be a valuable device in such research, to evaluate treatment effects independent of learning. The evidence relating individual differences in performance to extraversion and to neuroticism was not conclusive, and some further research was suggested to clarify the questions raised by this study.
Correlational Methods in Research on Human Learning: An Amplification
Authors: Bechtoldt Harold P.
Published: September 2011

This paper considers two recommendations regarding the use of correlational methods in research on problems of human learning. These suggestions are that residual gain scores are especially appropriate for defining gains in such studies and that the results of factor analyses of gain scores are relevant to substantive problems of learning. It is concluded, first, that no acceptable logical or empirical grounds were presented for preferring residual scores to other linearly defined gain scores for use with correlational techniques; instead, the residual scores were shown to have several serious weaknesses. The second conclusion is that a factor analysis of gain scores is inappropriate for substantive problems of human learning; however, properly designed and correctly analyzed factor studies may supplement other techniques for such problems. Some weaknesses of a single-group design for a study of learning effects were also noted.
Effect of Sunglasses on Visual Detection under Conditions of Glare and No Glare
Authors: Raphelson Alfred C. , Kirchner Landon C.
Published: September 2011

This experiment tested the effect of sunglass usage on visual detection efficiency under conditions of glare and no glare. Ss were given the task of determining the presence of a spot on a field of moderate illumination in a dark room and in the same room with the addition of glare produced by two flood lights. Measurements were taken in both conditions with and without the use of sunglasses. The results indicated that in both conditions the use of sunglasses decreased the detection efficiency.
Hypnosis and Movement Re-Education in Partially Paralysed Subjects
Authors: Yensen Roy
Published: September 2011

In this preliminary study 3 partially paralysed individuals were subjected to certain hypnotic and other attention diverting procedures in an endeavour to gain improvements in their voluntary motor functioning. Marked improvements in some, but not all of the movements investigated were gained with each S. Possible mechanisms underlying the improvements are discussed, and ways of testing some of these hypotheses are indicated. While the over-all results suggest that hypnosis may be a useful tool in movement re-education programmes with some partially paralysed individuals, more direct methods may be equally advantageous. Finally, it is suggested that the significance of the study lies in the demonstration that psychological manipulation led to motor performance well beyond Ss' range of normal voluntary capacity.
Relation of Auditory-Visual Shifting to Reading Achievement
Authors: Katz Phyllis A. , Deutsch Martin
Published: September 2011

One perceptual skill which may underlie reading behavior is the ability to process sequentially presented auditory and visual information. The present study investigated the hypothesis that retarded and potentially retarded readers would exhibit difficulty in rapidly shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli. Possible age differences in this behavior were also examined. Reaction times to a series of lights and sounds were obtained from normal and retarded readers at three grade levels. The findings indicated that at all ages poor and good readers differed significantly in the ease with which attention was shifted from one modality to another.
Height of Christmas Tree Drawings as a Function of Time
Authors: Craddick Ray A.
Published: September 2011

Thirty male and 30 female students in Grade 6 of a local public school were asked to draw Christmas Trees on October 31, November 28, December 19, January 13, February 13, and March 13. Analysis of the height (cm.) of these drawings indicated that Christmas Trees drawn in November and December were significantly larger than those at other times ( p < .01). There were no over-all sex differences. Sex × Trial interactions indicated that the main trial effect was due to the girls drawing the largest Christmas Tree in December and the boys, the largest in November. A control group drawing only trees other than Christmas Trees, showed no differences in size of drawings as a function of time or sex. Similarly, the experimental groups drawing trees other than Christmas Trees in October and March exhibited no statistically significant differences in size of drawing as a function of either sex or time. Therefore, the hypothesis that the time-object relationship evident in previous studies was effective in this type of task was supported. An interesting finding suggested that the size of Christmas Tree drawings was reduced by boys and increased by girls (both at a statistically significant level) as a function of Valentine's Day.
Differences between Prisoners and Trade School Students on the Picture Identification Test
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R. , Chambers Jay L.
Published: September 2011

The Picture Identification Test (PIT) was administered to 50 male prisoners and 50 male vocational school students. PIT profiles of Ss were compared by computing the absolute differences between pairs of Ss for each of the 67 PIT scores and then summing the differences (Sum D score). The hypothesis that similarities in PIT profiles would occur more frequently between members of the same group was supported by the results ( p < .01). A significant number ( p < .01) of 44 new prisoners and 44 new students were correctly classified as prisoner or student on the basis of similarities to averaged cluster profiles extracted from the original groups.
Pattern Complexity and Affective Arousal
Authors: Terwilliger Robert F.
Published: September 2011

A method for quantifying the complexity of a class of patterns is presented which is based on considerations of (1) the proportional areas of the parts of the pattern, (2) the number of different parts, and (3) the number of symmetrical axes in the pattern. An attempt was made to relate pattern complexity as so defined to judgments of the pleasantness of the patterns. The obtained relationship required the assumption that (1) pleasantness decreases as the absolute magnitude of stimulus complexity increases and (2) pleasantness increases and then decreases as complexity becomes increasingly different from the adaptation level complexity of all patterns being judged.
Reversibility of the Necker Cube: I. An Examination of the Concept of “Satiation of Orientation”
Authors: Orbach J. , Ehrlich Dan , Heath Helen A.
Published: September 2011

A central fatigue factor (satiation of orientation) is proposed to account for reversals of the Necker cube. During viewing, the figure process mediating one orientation becomes satiated, a threshold level is reached and a reversal is reported. The conception places no special importance on retinal locus of the figure since it is not any one part of the central process that satiates but rather the process mediating one particular orientation. To support this analysis, the cube was presented tachistoscopically so that growth of satiation would be interrupted before threshold was reached. When presented repetitively, the satiation summated with residual satiation generated by preceding exposures until the threshold was reached and a reversal was reported. When, however, the interval between successive exposures of the cube was lengthened to permit the satiative processes to decay to a minimal value after each exposure, then no summation took place, the threshold was never reached and reversals were never reported.
Reduction of Word-Recognition Threshold under Hypnosis
Authors: Scharf Bertram , Zamansky Harold S.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments with 24 Ss each, the recognition threshold for common English words was reduced under hypnosis. Thresholds were also reduced, however, after waking suggestions and, in one of the experiments, after a prolonged rest period. In all these cases, the amount of the threshold reduction was highly correlated with the initial threshold level. Since these initial thresholds were apparently inflated by S's expectancy for hypnosis, the subsequent threshold reduction may reflect merely the termination of this expectancy and not the direct influence of the treatment variables. The effect of hypnosis upon thresholds uninflated by the expectancy for hypnosis remains to be tested.
Effect of Phenothiazines on the Thinking of Acute Schizophrenics
Authors: Downing Robert W. , Ebert John N. , Shubrooks Samuel J.
Published: September 2011

Thirty-seven acute schizophrenic patients were given a test measuring the extent to which associatively linked distractors intruded themselves inappropriately into the generation of concepts. This test was given both upon admission to the hospital and after 6 wk. of treatment with Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine, Thioridazine or placebo. Fluphenazine and Thioridazine produced a decrement in distractor-produced errors greater than that resulting from placebo. Changes produced by Chlorpromazine did not differ significantly from those of the placebo condition. There was a trend for Fluphenazine to be somewhat more effective than was Chlorpromazine. It was pointed out that, while both Fluphenazine and Thioridazine differ in chemical structure from Chlorpromazine, they differ markedly from each other. Some factors possibly accounting for the effectiveness of Fluphenazine were discussed, but such explanations could not be reconciled with the effectiveness of Thioridazine.
Apparent Rate of Flicker at Various Retinal Loci and Number of Perceived Flashes per Unit Time: A Paradox
Authors: Lichtenstein M. , White C. T. , Siegfried J. B. , Harter M. R.
Published: September 2011

Short trains of 25 flashes per second were presented at various retinal eccentricities. Although the count rate, or number of flashes perceived and counted per unit of real time remains relatively constant regardless of retinal locus upon which the flashes fall, the rate at which the perceived flashes appear to occur does not remain constant but, paradoxically, decreases markedly with retinal displacement. To resolve the paradox, it was postulated that subjective flash rate is a resultant of the perceived flashes divided by perceived time between them where perceived time under conditions of this experiment is not constant, but increases with stimulus eccentricity. The implications of this postulate in terms of visual “scanning” mechanisms was discussed. The idea was introduced that several function-specific “scan” rates, rather than a single generalized one, are operant in the visual system. In a secondary phase of the study, it was shown that, although slope decreased with retinal displacement, the psychophysical function relating physical to subjective flash rates for sub-fusional frequencies has a form which is similar at four peripheral observation loci to that at the fovea.
Perception Bibliography: IX. Psychological Index, No. 6, 1899
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

110 references to articles, books, and theses concerning some aspect of perception.
Intertrial Interval, Delay of Knowledge of Results, and Motor Performance
Authors: Becker Paul W. , Mussina Carolyn M. , Persons Roy W.
Published: September 2011

Forty-eight Ss were instructed to draw 3-in. lines while blindfolded. Knowledge of results was the verbal response “correct, too long, too short” plus mild electric shock for incorrect responses. The design allowed for comparison of group performances based upon (a) three knowledge of results conditions (immediate, delayed, and none), (b) two intertrial intervals (15 sec. and 35 sec.), and (c) two post-knowledge-of-results feedback intervals (5 sec. and 25 sec.). The data suggest that the only significant variable in operation, with reference to this simple performance task, was that of knowledge of results itself.
Reversibility of the Necker Cube: III. Effects of Interpolation on Reversal Rate of the Cube Presented Repetitively
Authors: Orbach J. , Ehrlich Dan , Vainstein Ella
Published: September 2011

The neuropsychological concept of satiation of orientation proposed to account for Necker cube reversals was examined. Under passive viewing, experiments were conducted (1) to compare reversal rates of the Necker cube presented to various parts of one or both retinas at a number of repetition rates, (2) to determine the effects of interpolating various related figures between successive exposures of the Necker cube, (3) to determine whether reversal rate of the Maltese cross, a figure-ground reversible figure, is similarly affected by varying repetition rate. The results indicated the following. (1) Reversal rates of Necker cube and Maltese cross were profoundly affected by varying repetition rate. This effect was independent of retinal locus. More reversals were mediated by the right than by the left hemisphere. (2) The interpolation Necker cube with axis of orientation similar to that of the test Necker cube had the effect of shifting the reversal rates toward that of continuous viewing even when there was no coincidence of the two cubes on the retina. The cube with axis of orientation opposite that of the test cube was ineffective. (3) Ipsilateral interpolation was more effective than contralateral interpolation in shifting the reversal rate toward that of the continuous case. (4) Since interpolation was quite effective when test cube was presented to one eye and interpolation cube to the contralateral eye, an explanation of reversals based upon retinal fatigue or related peripheral mechanisms is ruled out.
Pain Sensitivity as a Measure of Perceptual Deprivation Tolerance
Authors: Zubek John P.
Published: September 2011

The pain sensitivity of 24 Ss who successfully endured a week of perceptual deprivation was not significantly different from that of 12 Ss who terminated isolation after only a few days. Findings were discussed in terms of prior evidence.
Duration as a Measure of the Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Freud Sheldon L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to study the reliability of duration as a measure of the spiral aftereffect. The results for 10 Ss indicate that duration is a highly reliable measure and that duration is a simple monotonic function of exposure-time.
Effect of Increasing Signal Load on Detection Performance in a Vigilance Task
Authors: Ware J. Roger , Baker Robert A. , Sheldon Richard W.
Published: September 2011

Four independent groups of 20 Ss each monitored under four conditions of signal load, 1 light, 4 lights, 16 lights, and 1 light in a 16-light matrix. Significant differences in signal detection performance were found between the single-load conditions and multiple-load conditions, but not between multiple-load conditions. A significant performance decrement, however, was noted in all conditions.
Nonrepresentational Shapes and Eye Movements
Authors: Zusne Leonard , Michels Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

Eye movements of 13 Ss in response to a structured sample of 42 polygons were recorded, using the Brandt Eye Camera, to find out “how people look at nonrepresentational shapes.” The ultimate purpose was to define the criteria for drawing a basic reference axis (dominant direction) for computing various physical parameters of random shapes used in form perception experiments. An experiment consisting of four parts was performed. In Part I Ss were given 8 sec. to judge the degree of symmetry of the stimuli. In Part II the instructions were simply to explore the stimuli for 8 sec. In Parts III and IV stimuli were presented tachistoscopically for .2 sec. (which eliminated eye movements) and Ss' eye movements were recorded for 6 sec. during the post-exposure period. The task was the rating of the degree of symmetry of single stimuli in Part III and the comparative judgment of symmetry of pairs of stimuli in Part IV. The results of Parts I and II did not differ: in simple shapes Ss simply scanned the outlines of the stimuli and in complex figures fixations concentrated at the outlines and/or intricate or significant portions of the shapes. In Parts III and IV judgments were almost instantaneous and the post-exposure eye movements could not be correlated with any configurational properties of the shapes.
What and Where are the Primary Affects? Some Evidence for a Theory
Authors: Tomkins Silvan S. , McCarter Robert
Published: September 2011

A set of 69 facial photographs of models simulating affective neutrality and the eight primary affects of interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, fear, shame, contempt, and anger were presented to a group of 24 firemen whose task it was to identify the affect in the photograph. The hypotheses, tested and confirmed were that (a) all Ss would identify primary affects in the photographs with above chance accuracy, (b) groups of Ss would confuse some affects with others in a systematic fashion, and (c) some Ss would show individual biases in their judgments.
Space Perception in Chronic Schizophrenia and Brain-Damage
Authors: Daston Paul G.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that chronic schizophrenia may be a form of organic brain damage was tested, using a reliable spatial perceptual test with two groups: chronic schizophrenics and organic brain-damaged Ss. Contrary to expectation and contrary to the findings of others, chronic schizophrenics performed significantly more poorly. Brain-damaged Ss were all recent admissions to a general medical hospital, whereas the schizophrenics averaged more than 13 yr. institutionalization. It was suggested this environmental factor was responsible for the obtained differences.
Visual Constancy during Movement: 2. Size Constancy Using One or Both Eyes or Proprioceptive Information
Authors: Gregory R. L. , Ross Helen E.
Published: September 2011

A method for estimating constancy during motion, described in a previous paper, is used to find the effect of proprioceptive information of O's movement on visual size constancy. Os were carried in darkness backward and forward on a swing, while their constancy was estimated. It was found that constancy was improved when Os received proprioceptive information of their movement. Constancy was greater for binocular than monocular viewing of the self-luminous display; and constancy was greater for forward than backward movement.
Qualification of Judgment: A Learned Cognitive Style
Authors: Long Barbara H. , Ziller Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Response preferences related to the qualification of judgment were studied by offering Ss a choice of scales to be used in responding to an opinion questionnaire. The results suggested that sex norms, developmental changes, and the educational process affect these response tendencies.
Effect of Patterned Auditory Stimulation on Autokinetic Motion
Authors: Dunnell Gill , Owens Katherine , Miller Arnold
Published: September 2011

In an autokinetic situation Ss reported significantly more changes in direction of movement when viewing was paired with more rather than less highly patterned auditory stimulation. This intermodal effect diminished on Trial 2.
Duration of Spiral Aftereffect as a Function of Retinal Size, Retinal Place, and Hemiretinal Transfer
Authors: Freud Sheldon L.
Published: September 2011

This experiment has shown that, although both rods and cones mediate the spiral aftereffect, cone areas give a larger response. Increasing size of the retinal image results in longer durations of SAE but rods are more affected by this increase than are cones. There is a general weakening in aftereffect resulting from “transfer” from one hemiretina to another with cone areas showing greater loss than rod areas. Size of retinal image has been shown to be a potent variable and, in fact, under some small size conditions, normal Ss fail to observe any effect whatsoever. In view of these findings, it is apparent that size of retinal image is a variable which must be carefully controlled if comparable results are to be obtained. Review of the clinical literature, however, reveals that distance from S to spiral and objective spiral size often vary from experiment to experiment. This variation could well account for some of the differences in results of clinical studies. It is proposed that a standard spiral size and testing distance be introduced for clinical use.
Perceptual Speed and Behavioral Proficiency
Authors: Dinnerstein A. J. , Blitz B. , Lowenthal M.
Published: September 2011

Perceptual speed in specific sensory modalities should lead to efficiency in behaviors governed by these modalities. To test this hypothesis, correlations were computed between measures of perceptual speed and scores on a modified Stroop test. Those correlations relevant to the hypothesis were all significant and in the expected direction. The pattern of results is thus reasonably consonant with the hypothesis. Reserpine, which might be expected to affect the above relationships, was ineffective.
Some Task-Related Determinants of Transfer in Perceptual Learning
Authors: Vanderplas James M. , Sanderson William A. , Vanderplas Janet N.
Published: September 2011

The direction and amount of transfer of training in either observing, discriminating, or labeling random shapes to tasks of either discriminating, recognizing, identifying, or switch-pressing, was assessed. A factorial design was used for assignment of 184 Ss to the treatments, which included different levels of stimulus complexity as well as association value in addition to the main training conditions. The direction of the transfer was in all cases positive; the amount of transfer was dependent on the kind of relation between the training task and the criterion task. All three types of training transferred about equally to the discrimination and the recognition tasks. Differential transfer in favor of prior labeling practice occurred on the identification task but not on the switch-pressing task. The transfer was also partly dependent on the complexity and association value of the stimuli.
Influence of Methodology on Olfactory Response
Authors: Pangborn R. M. , Berg H. W. , Roessler E. B. , Webb A. D.
Published: September 2011

The odor of 2-heptanone was delivered by a precision olfactometer to five Ss using five methods of single-sample presentation of concentrations: (1) randomized, (2) sequential-down, (3) sequential-up, (4) constant stimulus—10 samples, and (5) constant stimulus—100 samples. Lowest thresholds were obtained with method (3) and the highest threshold resulted from method (2). Large variations in individual sensitivities between Ss were observed, precluding averaging of data in the constant stimulus methods. The latter were not suitable for measuring thresholds. No decrease in sensitivity due to fatigue or adaptation was noted in the 100-sample presentation; however, significant differences were found between the statistical errors of the first and second kind. When two odorous samples were presented concurrently within a series, a larger number of correct responses were obtained than when an air blank preceded the presentation of the odor, suggesting physical and/or psychological carry-over of stimulus. Specific modifications of the constant-stimulus method are discussed.
Motor Skills Bibliography: Xli. Psychological Abstracts, 1962, Volume 36, Second Half
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

102 references to work on motor skills are listed in alphabetical order.
Stereoscopic Facilitation of Signal Detection
Authors: Robinson Daniel
Published: September 2011

A small depth enhancement in tracking high acceleration targets (0.6 g) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.0 db was observed for increased intensity disparity between the eyes. Parametric study is needed.
Reversibility of the Necker Cube: V. Effect of Movement of the Figure on the Perception of Reversals
Authors: Orbach J. , Zucker Ellen
Published: September 2011

It has been proposed that growth of “satiation” to a critical value is responsible for the reversals of perspective seen in the Necker cube; when the satiation process is somehow prevented from reaching the critical value, the “preferred orientation” is invariably reported. In the present experiment, the rate of reversal was markedly attenuated when the Necker cube was rotated or oscillated about the central axis. To explain these data, it is assumed that angular movement (and the resultant inconstancy of the axis of orientation of the cube) prevented “satiation” from reaching the critical value necessary to produce reversals. However, the reports did not conform to “preferred orientation.” Instead, the initial percept became “locked-in” for the period of the trial.
Relationship between Reading Improvement and Ten Selected Variables
Authors: Krippner Stanley
Published: September 2011

In 1962 30 children were administered Form W of the California Reading Test during their first day at a reading clinic. Form X was administered on the final day of the clinic. Ten additional variables were correlated with the improvement noted. Significant relationships were noted between reading improvement and total percentile on the Mental Health Analysis ( r = .46, p = .01) and WISC Verbal IQ ( r = .44, p = .05). With these results in mind, a greater emphasis was placed on utilizing non-verbal abilities and upon improving mental health in the 1963 clinic. This time the only significant variable was WISC Performance IQ ( r = .33, p = .05).
Measurement of Attentive Motor Performance after Alcohol
Authors: Forney Robert B. , Hughes Francis W. , Greatbatch William H.
Published: September 2011

Tracking apparatus is described in which attention and motor manipulation are required. Twenty-three Ss were tested prior to and after receiving alcohol. A mean decrease in performance, i.e., increase in error score, was noted in four tests, two of which reached statistically significant levels with blood alcohol concentrations measured at less than 50 mgm. per 100 ml. of blood.
Apparatus for Measuring Interest Patterns by Electro-Oculographic Indices
Authors: Trehub Arnold , Ramsey Richard , Moore Thomas
Published: September 2011

An apparatus has been described which presents pairs of visual stimuli, each member of which competes for the fixation of S in a discrete trial format. An efficient electro-oculographic method to be used in conjunction with the stimulus device for recording and analyzing the visual choice behavior is also described. Two illustrative records are presented to indicate the kind of information which may be obtained by the apparatus.
Perception Bibliography: XIV. Psychological Index, No. 11, 1904
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

Alphabetical listing of 76 references to work in perception in the Psychological Index, No. 11, 1904.
An Opposed Plunger Esthesiometer
Authors: Weidenbacker Rheta A. , Weidenbacker Robert D. , Sandry Martin
Published: September 2011

This paper presents the design of an esthesiometer and suggests some applications. The unique feature of the design is that both ends of the instrument hold plungers which depress a common spring. This feature enables the tester easily to apply contrasting stimuli with identical force. The plungers are threaded to hold accessories so that different stimuli can be applied with the same instrument. The esthesiometer has been used in a study of tactile sensitivity on two groups of children.
Simultaneous and Successive Presentation of Elements of the Mueller-Lyer Figure and Chronological Age
Authors: Pollack Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Optico-geometrical illusions may be dichotomized into those whose magnitudes decrease with an increase in chronological age (Type I) and those whose magnitudes increase with chronological age (Type II). The former illusions appear to be determined largely by stimulus variables and the state of the receptor system, and not at all by intellectual functions. The latter appear to depend upon the comparison of visual stimuli separated by space or time, such comparisons seeming to necessitate intellectual functioning. In this experiment the method of presentation of a Type I illusion was altered so that its parts were presented in succession rather than simultaneously. It was predicted that such alteration would reverse the direction of illusion, reverse its developmental pattern, and would produce a correlation with measured intellectual capacity, all of which would be characteristic of a Type II illusion. Ss were school children in Grades 2 to 5. All predictions were confirmed. The implications of the results for an overview of perception in general were discussed.
Spatial Stimulus Generalization Gradients and ID, EGO, and Superego Strength
Authors: Canestrari Robert E.
Published: September 2011

To test the relation of operationally derived measures of Id, Ego, and Superego strength and the form of spatial stimulus generalization gradients, 45 adult males were tested and equally divided into three groups on the basis of their scores on the Arrow Dot subtest of the IES test (Dombrose & Slobin, 1958). Generalization gradients were obtained utilizing the technique developed by Brown, Clarke, and Stein (1958). The data revealed significant differences among groups. Ss who were classified as High I and High S exhibited broad generalization gradients while Ss who were High E exhibited little generalization.
Judgmental Bias in Perception as a Function of Learned Relationships between Attributes
Authors: Stayton Samuel E.
Published: September 2011

An hypothesis was tested which is relevant to judgmental bias in the perception of valued objects as well as to other multi-attribute objects: when one attribute is more easily discriminable than another attribute, and the magnitudes of both attributes have previously covaried in an object series, then the judgments of a magnitude of a less discriminable attribute are biased in the direction of a more easily discriminable attribute of an object. When size was the more easily discriminable attribute, the bias was found in two of the three brightness judgments. The hypothesis was not supported when brightness was the more easily discriminable attribute. The discrepancy between predictions and results is accounted for by (1) the inadequate learning of covariation of size and brightness because of the low correlation of the values, and (2) the fact that only size was closely related to a numerical scale, a relationship that may be a determinant of the amount of bias of one attribute scale upon the judgments of another attribute of an object series. A formulation by Wiener accurately predicts that bias is greatest in the judgments of one attribute when it occurs with extreme magnitudes of another attribute. The paradigm of this experiment, with certain modifications, can be extended to account for a number of other psychophysical and social-psychological judgments, such as coin-size estimation effects and halo effects.
Correlations of Wechsler-Bellevue Rank Orders of Subtest Means in Lateralized and Non-Lateralized Brain-Damaged Groups
Authors: Matthews Charles G. , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

Rank difference coefficients of correlation were computed between Wechsler-Bellevue (Form I) rank orders of subtest means in 20 groups of adult Ss with verified brain damage. Six groups with right hemisphere damage, 6 groups with left hemisphere damage, and 8 groups with non-lateralized brain damage were included, with the groups composed according to a variety of lateralizing criteria including independent conclusions drawn from neurological, neurosurgical and neuropathological findings, EEG lateralization, visual field defects, suppression phenomena, dysphasia and difficulty in copying spatial configurations. Consistencies in rank orders of subtest means far beyond chance expectancies were demonstrated within the lateralized brain-damaged categories, while highly significant differences in subtest rank orders were shown between the right and left hemisphere groups. The results suggested that lateralization of brain lesions has a striking effect upon the rank order of Wechsler-Bellevue subtests and that consistent relationships obtain across a wide range of structural, electrophysiological and behavioral criteria of lateralized brain dysfunction.