bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Xanthogranulomatous reaction to a ruptured galactocele
Authors: Adams Erin G. , Kemp Jean D. , Holcomb Katherine Z. , Sperling Leonard C.
Published: February 2010

We describe a case of a 34‐year‐old, healthy, lactating female with a 2‐month history of breast pain and an enlarging, tender mass on her right nipple. Her right breast was firm and mildly engorged without mass, warmth or erythema. A tender, yellow nodule was located on the superior aspect of the nipple, obstructing the flow of milk from this portion of the nipple. A biopsy showed epidermal erosion, sheets of cells with massively distended, foamy cytoplasm in the dermis, and a hypertrophied and occluded glandular duct, consistent with reactive squamous metaplasia. Immunostaining for CD68 confirmed the foamy cells were macrophages, and anti‐human milk fat globulin‐1 (HMFG1) labeled the substance within the macrophages consistent with human breast milk. Therefore, the lesion could be identified as a xanthogranulomatous reaction to a ruptured galactocele.

Adams EG, Kemp JD, Holcomb KZ, Sperling LC. Xanthogranulomatous reaction to a ruptured galactocele.
Unusual CNS infection from a subtorcular dermal sinus
Authors: Kanev PM , Salazar JC
Published: February 2010

A 14‐month‐old toddler with a previously unrecognized dermal sinus tract presented with hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure. CT and MRI revealed a large posterior fossa dermoid mass. Cultures obtained from CSF and posterior fossa subdural empyema were positive for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. To the authors’s knowledge, this is the first such report.

Conclusion:  This case suggests that children who present with CNS infections with unusual pathogens should be carefully evaluated for the presence of anatomic abnormalities including dermal sinus tracts.
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia caused by anti‐HLA‐A24 alloantibodies
Authors: Starcevic M , Tomicic M , Malenica M , Zah‐Matakovic V
Published: February 2010

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) occurs as a result of maternal alloimmunization against paternally inherited antigens on foetal platelets. Platelets express platelet specific antigens (HPA) along with human leucocyte antigens (HLA) class I. Although anti‐HLA class I antibodies are often detectable in pregnant women, their role in NAIT is considered controversial. We report a case of NAIT where the most sensitive serological analysis and molecular methods could not detect platelet specific antibodies. Only HLA incompatibility and presence of anti‐HLA‐A24 antibodies in both the mother’s and the newborn’s serum were proven.

Conclusion:  This case supports the idea that some anti‐HLA class I antibodies could cause NAIT.
Diagnostic performance of urine dipstick testing in children with suspected UTI: a systematic review of relationship with age and comparison with microscopy
Authors: Mori R , Yonemoto N , Fitzgerald A , Tullus K , Verrier‐Jones K , Lakhanpaul M
Published: February 2010

Background:  Prompt diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is needed to initiate treatment but is difficult to establish without urine testing, and reliance on culture leads to delay. Urine dipsticks are often used as an alternative to microscopy, although the diagnostic performance of dipsticks at different ages has not been established systematically.

Method:  Studies comparing urine dipstick testing in infants versus older children and urine dipstick versus microscopy were systematically searched and reviewed. Meta‐analysis of available studies was conducted.

Results:  Six studies addressed these questions. The results of meta‐analysis showed that the performance of urine dipstick testing was significantly less in the younger children when compared with older children (p < 0.01). Positive likelihood ratio (LR) of both nitrite and leucocyte positive 38.54 [95% confidence interval (CI) 22.49–65.31], negative LR for both negative 0.13 (95% CI 0.07–0.25) are reasonably good, and those for young infants are less reliable [positive LR 7.62 (95% CI 0.95–51.85) and negative LR 0.34 (95% CI 0.66–0.15)]. Comparing microscopy and urine dipstick testing, using bacterial colony count on urine culture showed no significant difference between the two methods.

Conclusion:  Urine dipstick testing is more effective for diagnosis of UTI in children over 2 years than for younger children.
Skin and soft tissue infections caused by community‐associated methicillin‐resistant staphylococcus aureus among children in China
Authors: Geng W , Yang Y , Wang C , Deng L , Zheng Y , Shen X
Published: February 2010

Aim:  To investigate the characteristic of community‐associated methicillin‐resistant staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) among children in China.

Methods:  Forty‐seven children with CA‐MRSA SSTIs were enrolled in this study. Clinical information was collected and analysed. The strains from the children were analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and spa typing. The Panton‐Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene was also detected.

Results:  The majority of the 47 cases were impetigo (20; 42.6%) and abscesses (14; 29.8%). The rest was cellulites, infected wounds, omphalitis, paronychia and conjunctivitis combined folliculitis. Thirty‐two of the isolates (68.1%) were PVL‐positive, and the abscesses infected with PVL‐positive strains usually required incision and drainage (87.5% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.026). Most of the isolates belonged to ST type 59, which accounted for 46.8%, followed by ST1 (7/47, 14.9%) and ST910 (5/47, 10.6%). The clone of ST59‐MRSA‐IV with t437 was the most prevalent one. The multiresistant rate of these strains was 93.6%.

Conclusion:  The most common disease of CA‐MRSA SSTIs was impetigo, and PVL‐positive abscess was associated with incision and drainage. ST59‐MRSA‐IV with t437 was the most prevalent clone, and the multiresistant rate was high in Chinese children.
Do centimetres matter? Self‐reported versus estimated height measurements in parents
Authors: Gozzi T , Flück CE , L’Allemand D , Dattani MT , Hindmarsh PC , Mullis PE
Published: February 2010

Aim:  An impressive discrepancy between reported and measured parental height is often observed. The aims of this study were: (a) to assess whether there is a significant difference between the reported and measured parental height; (b) to focus on the reported and, thereafter, measured height of the partner; (c) to analyse its impact on the calculated target height range.

Methods/Results:  A total of 1542 individual parents were enrolled. The parents were subdivided into three groups: normal height (3–97th Centile), short (<3%) and tall (>97%) stature. Overall, compared with men, women were far better in estimating their own height (p < 0.001). Where both partners were of normal, short or tall stature, the estimated heights of their partner were quite accurate. Women of normal stature underestimated the short partner and overestimated the tall partner, whereas male partners of normal stature overestimated both their short as well as tall partners. Women of tall stature estimated the heights of their short partners correctly, whereas heights of normal statured men were underestimated. On the other hand, tall men overestimated the heights of their female partners who are of normal and short stature. Furthermore, women of short stature estimated the partners of normal stature adequately, and the heights of their tall partners were overestimated. Interestingly, the short men significantly underestimated the normal, but overestimated tall female partners.

Conclusion:  Only measured heights should be used to perform accurate evaluations of height, particularly when diagnostic tests or treatment interventions are contemplated. For clinical trails, we suggest that only quality measured parental heights are acceptable, as the errors incurred in estimates may enhance/conceal true treatment effects.
Management of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: an evidence‐based approach
Authors: Gandhi RS , Fernandez‐Alvarez JR , Rabe H
Published: February 2010

Despite cytomegalovirus being the most common congenital infection leading to psychomotor impairment and sensori‐neural hearing loss, little is known about early identification and management of congenitally infected neonates. This article reviews the literature and devises an algorithm for identification and management of these neonates.

Conclusion:  Application of the current knowledge in the management of congenital cytomegalovirus infected neonates could be beneficial, until further evidence is available.
Efficacy and tolerability of EPs 7630 in patients (aged 6–18 years old) with acute bronchitis
Authors: Kamin W , Maydannik VG , Malek FA , Kieser M
Published: February 2010

Aim:  For EPs‐7630, a herbal drug preparation from Pelargonium sidoides roots, therapeutic effects in respiratory tract infections outside the strict indication for antibiotics have already been demonstrated in adults. Now, a dose‐finding study for EPs‐7630 was performed in children and adolescents.

Methods:  A total of 400 patients (aged 6–18 years) were randomized to receive either 30 mg, 60 mg or 90 mg EPs‐7630 or placebo daily. Primary outcome criterion was the change in the Bronchitis Severity Score (BSS) from day 0 to day 7.

Results:  After 7 days of treatment, the change in the BSS total score was significantly better in the 60 mg and 90 mg groups compared with placebo that of the without relevant differences between these two dosages. Especially ‘coughing’, ‘sputum’ and ‘rales at auscultation’ improved under EPs‐7630. Onset of effect was faster, time of bed rest shorter and treatment outcome and satisfaction with treatment were rated better. Tolerability was comparable with placebo in all treatment groups.

Conclusion:  EPs‐7630 is effective in acute bronchitis outside the strict indication for antibiotics in 6–18 years old patients, with a dose of 60 mg or 90 mg daily offering the best benefit/risk ratio. EPs‐7630 significantly reduces the severity of symptoms, leads to a more favourable course of the disease and a faster recovery from acute bronchitis compared with the placebo, and is well tolerated.
Approach to seizures in the neonatal period: a European perspective
Authors: Vento M , De Vries LS , Alberola A , Blennow M , Steggerda S , Greisen G , Boronat N
Published: February 2010

In the neonatal period, seizures rank among the most common neurological symptoms, often indicating an underlying serious neurological condition. It is remarkable that although new tools have been incorporated into the diagnosis of neonatal seizures, there is no consensus about the therapeutic approach among different doctors and institutions. Hence, although phenobarbital is still considered the initial drug of choice, the protocols reported in the literature show a great variability in the approach to treatment of refractory seizures. We used a questionnaire to gain information regarding the treatment of seizures in the neonatal period in different European institutions.

Conclusion:  We conclude that phenobarbital is still the initial drug of choice followed by benzodiazepines, except in preterm infants with a birth weight below 1800 g. In refractory seizures, the use of continuous lidocaine infusion is most common. Of note, clinical studies with newer drugs have been mostly performed in the United States but not in Europe.
Factors determining HIV viral testing of infants in the context of mother‐to‐child transmission
Authors: Peltzer K , Mlambo G
Published: February 2010

Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate factors determining HIV viral testing of infants in the context of Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT).

Methods:  Post‐delivery HIV infected mothers 18 years and above with babies aged 3–6 months were interviewed on HIV viral testing of infants and factors associated with it.

Results:  Among 311 HIV infected women 61.7% had their infant tested for HIV between 4 and 8 weeks. Bivariate analyses found that older age of the mothers, lower depression scores, higher PMTCT knowledge, low PMTCT risk behaviour (maternal and infant nevirapine adherence, health facility delivery and exclusive formula feeding), HIV status disclosure and attending a support group were associated with PCR test participation. In multivariate analyses higher PMTCT knowledge, infant nevirapine adherence, and not exclusive breast feeding were associated with polymerase chain reaction test participation.

Conclusion:  Various determinants of acceptance of participation in HIV viral testing of infants in the context of PMTCT were identified that can guide infant testing and diagnosis counselling and support services of PMTCT programmes.
Effects of dietary corn oil and vitamin E supplementation on fatty acid profiles and expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase gene in Hu sheep
Authors: CHEN Xue‐jun , MAO Hui‐lin , MA Xiao‐mei , LIU Jian‐xin
Published: February 2010

This study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary corn oil and vitamin E supplementation on fatty acid (FA) profiles and abundances of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) and Δ9 stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) mRNA of Hu sheep. Animals were allocated to three dietary treatments: basal and supplemented with 3% corn oil (CNO), or CNO plus 500 mg/kg vitamin E (COE). The experiment lasted for 10 weeks. No differences were observed in growth performance and carcass qualities among the three treatments (P > 0.05). Feeding CNO and COE diets increased polyunsaturated FAs including cis 9 trans 11 conjugated linoleic acid, and decreased saturated FA in longissimus muscle (P < 0.05). The mRNA abundances of ACC and SCD as detected by real‐time PCR were reduced (P < 0.05) in liver and subcutaneous fat by supplementary oil, while the SCD mRNA level in longissimus muscle was also reduced (P < 0.05). Inclusion of vitamin E did not have further effects on mRNA abundances of these two enzymes. It is suggested that dietary corn oil supplementation may reduce FA biosynthesis and influence FA profiles in Hu sheep through decreased expression of both ACC and SCD genes.
Testosterone Levels in Males with Type 2 Diabetes and Their Relationship with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Hernández-Mijares Antonio , García-Malpartida Katherine , Solá-Izquierdo Eva , Bañuls Celia , Rocha Milagros , Gómez-Martínez Manuel Jesús , Mármol Rosario , Víctor Víctor Manuel
Published: February 2010

Introduction

One of the factors involved in type 2 diabetes in males is a reduction in levels of testosterone, which has been shown to predict resistance to insulin and the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Aim

To assess the levels of testosterone in patients with type 2 diabetes and to evaluate their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and silent myocardial ischemia (SMI).

Methods

Total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin were measured and free and bioavailable testosterones were calculated using Vermeulen’s formula. Levels of total testosterone ≥12 nmol/L or free testosterone >225 pmol/L were considered normal. PAD was evaluated using the ankle-brachial index. SMI was assessed using a baseline ECG, Doppler echocardiogram, 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) Holter, exercise stress testing (EST), nuclear stress (if EST inconclusive), and if the result was positive, a coronary angiography.

Main Outcome Measures

PAD, SMI, testosterone, erectile dysfunction, 24-hour blood pressure Holter, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study cardiovascular risk score, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy.

Results

The study population was composed of 192 diabetic males with a mean age of 56.1 ± 7.8 years and without a history of vascular disease. Twenty-three percent presented total testosterone below normal and 21.8% presented low free testosterone. BMI, waist circumference, neuropathy, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR were found to be significantly incremented with respect to subjects with normal testosterone. There was a negative correlation of HOMA-IR with total testosterone. PAD was detected in 12% and SMI in 10.9% of subjects, and differences were not related to testosterone levels.

Conclusions

We have verified the prevalence of low testosterone levels in male patients with type 2 diabetes and have related them to variations in BMI, waist circumference, neuropathy, triglycerides, CRP, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, but not with an increase of SMI or PAD.
Effect of a Local Delivery of Triiodothyronine (T3) Within Neuroregenerative Guide on Recovery of Erectile Function in a Rat-Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury
Authors: Bessede Thomas , Alsaid Bayan , Ferretti Ludovic , Pierre Michel , Bernabé Jacques , Giuliano François , Karam Ibrahim , Benoît Gérard , Droupy Stéphane
Published: February 2010

Introduction

A promoting effect of thyroid hormones has been established on the maturation of central and peripheral nervous systems. However, effects on autonomic nerves have never been experimentally investigated.

Aim

To assess the effect of a local treatment combining silicone guides and local administration of Triiodothyronine (T3) on the erectile function and the histological neuroregeneration of crushed cavernous nerves (CNs) in rats.

Methods

Forty-five rats were divided into five equal groups: SHAM surgery, guide without crush, crush, crush+guide, crush+guide+T3. All surgical procedures were bilateral. CNs were crushed with microvascular bulldog clamp of 100 g/cm2. A silicone guide was placed around the nerves. The guides were filled with T3 neuroregenerative solution.

Main Outcome Measures

Erectile function was assessed 10 weeks post-operatively. Intra-cavernous pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored during electrical stimulation of CNs at various frequencies. The main outcome was hardness of erection defined as ΔICP/MAP. Fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis of CNs was performed to assess regeneration of nerves morphologically.

Results

Electrophysiological data showed increased recovery of erectile function in the group with guide+T3 neuroregenerative solution compared with the empty guide. Immunohistochemical analysis of cavernous nerves demonstrated in morphology that regenerated axons were straighter in nerves with guide and more regular if guides had been filled with T3.

Conclusion

The use of guides prevented axonal sprouting, facilitated functional neuroregeneration and enabled a local delivery of thyroid hormones. Triiodothyronine improved neuroregeneration and recovery of erectile function after a nerve-sparing–like injury in a rat model.
CASE REPORT: Postorgasm Illness Syndrome—A Spectrum of Illnesses
Authors: Ashby Jane , Goldmeier David
Published: February 2010

Introduction

We describe two men with marked symptoms following orgasm. In each case, the symptoms were consistent with those found in postorgasm illness syndrome (POIS).

Aim

Further elucidation of the cause of the patients’ symptoms.

Methods

Both cases were investigated for causes of POIS with biochemical, hormonal, neurological, autonomic, cardiological, and psychological workup.

Results

Extensive investigation did not reveal a major organic cause for these patients’ symptoms. Detailed history revealed likely differing etiologies in each case. In one case, the symptom picture suggested cytokine release, and, in fact, the patient subjectively improved by 80% on taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs just prior to and for a day or two after orgasm. The other case appeared to have an ethnic/cultural etiology that was associated with the “Dhat” syndrome.

Conclusion

The apparent differing etiologies/clinical associations of these cases highlight the need for careful history, examination, and investigations in patients presenting with POIS. We recommend that each case needs individual consideration and investigation, and treatment needs to be tailored to the likely cause. It seems likely that POIS represents a spectrum of syndromes of differing etiologies. Further research into the neurobiochemical sequelae of orgasm will be useful in understanding the pathological processes in these cases.
Nebivolol Dilates Human Penile Arteries and Reverses Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats through Enhancement of Nitric Oxide Signaling
Authors: Angulo Javier , Wright Harold M. , Cuevas Pedro , González-Corrochano Rocío , Fernández Argentina , Cuevas Begoña , La Fuente José M. , Gupta Sandeep , Sáenz de Tejada Iñigo
Published: February 2010

Introduction

Traditional beta-blockers have sometimes been associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). Nebivolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist that promotes vasodilation through a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanism.

Aim

We evaluated the effects of nebivolol on the NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway, on erectile function and dysfunction, and in human penile vascular tissues.

Methods

Erectile response to cavernosal nerve electrical stimulation in control and diabetes-induced ED rats were evaluated, along with serum nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentration and plasma/tissue cGMP levels. Endothelium-dependent and sildenafil-induced relaxation of isolated human corpus cavernosum (HCC) and human penile resistance arteries (HPRA) were also determined.

Main Outcome Measures

The effects of nebivolol on erectile function and dysfunction and on NO/cGMP-mediated responses.

Results

Treatment with nebivolol significantly potentiated erectile response in control rats, regardless of its effects on blood pressure. Nebivolol increased NOx and plasma cGMP by 3-fold and 2.75-fold, respectively, and significantly augmented the elevation of plasma cGMP produced by sildenafil. Nebivolol enhanced endothelium-dependent and sildenafil-induced relaxations of HCC tissue, and produced endothelium-dependent vasodilation of HPRA. Nebivolol, but not atenolol, significantly improved erectile response in diabetic rats (51.6%, 53.2%, and 87.1% of response at 3 Hz in nondiabetic rats, for vehicle-treated, atenolol-treated, and nebivolol-treated diabetic rats, respectively); after sildenafil administration, ED was completely reversed in nebivolol-treated diabetic rats (69.6% and 112% for diabetic rats treated with sildenafil and nebivolol plus sildenafil, respectively). Accordingly, nebivolol restored systemic NOx levels and cGMP content in penile tissue from these animals.

Conclusions

Nebivolol in vivo activated the NO/cGMP pathway, enhanced erectile response and reversed ED in diabetic rats. Moreover, nebivolol in vitro potentiated NO/cGMP-mediated relaxation of human erectile tissues. These effects may account for the low incidence of ED in nebivolol-treated hypertensive patients. Nebivolol therefore may have utility in the treatment of ED, particularly ED associated with diabetes.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH—ED PHARMACOTHERAPY: Efficacy and Tolerability of Lodenafil Carbonate for Oral Therapy of Erectile Dysfunction: A Phase III Clinical Trial
Authors: Glina Sidney , Fonseca Gilvan N. , Bertero Eduardo B. , Damião Ronaldo , Rocha Luíz C.A. , Jardim Carlos R.F. , Cairoli Carlos E. , Teloken Cláudio , Torres Luiz O. , Faria Geraldo E. , Da Silva Marcelo B. , Pagani Eduardo
Published: February 2010

Introduction

This is a phase III, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on lodenafil carbonate (LC), a novel phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor developed in Brazil.

Aim

Expanding information on LC efficacy and safety.

Main Outcome Measures

International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) erectile domain, positive answers to the sexual encounter profile (SEP)-2 and SEP-3 questions and incidence of adverse events (AEs).

Methods

A total of 350 men with erectile dysfunction (ED) of all degrees were randomized to placebo, LC 40 mg or LC 80 mg and followed for 4 weeks. They completed the IIEF and answered the SEP questions 2 and 3 after each intercourse without and with the use of LC.

Results

IIEF Erectile Domain scores without and with the use of medication were the following (mean [M] ± standard deviation [SD]): placebo=13.9 ± 5.2 and 14.8 ± 7.8; LC 40 mg=13.6 ± 5.3 and 18.6 ± 8.0; LC 80 mg=13.4 ± 4.9 and 20.6 ± 7.7 (analysis of variance [anova]P <0.01). Positive answers to SEP-2 without and with the use of medication were the following (M ± SD): placebo=55.3 ± 43.2% and 52.1 ± 41.4%; LC 40 mg=46.4 ± 44.3% and 63.5 ± 42.0%; LC 80 mg=50.2 ± 40.9% and 80.8 ± 32.3% (anovaP <0.01). Positive answers to SEP-3 were the following: placebo=20.2 ± 32.3% and 29.7 ± 38.1%; LC 40 mg=19.6 ± 34.3% and 50.8 ± 44.4%; LC 80 mg=20.8 ± 33.2% and 66.0 ± 39.3% (anovaP <0.01). The patients with at least one AE were placebo=28.7%, LC 40 mg=40.9%, and LC 80 mg=49.5%. AEs whose incidence was significantly higher with LC than with placebo included rhinitis, headache, flushing, visual disorder, and dizziness.

Conclusions

LC showed a satisfactory efficacy–safety profile for oral therapy of ED.
Identification and Gene Mapping of a Novel Mutant supernumerary lodicules (snl) in Rice
Authors: Wang Nan , Sang Xian‐Chun , Li Yun‐Feng , Yang Zheng‐Lin , Zhao Fang‐Ming , Ling Ying‐Hua , Zhang Zheng‐Sheng , He Guang‐Hua
Published: February 2010

In order to gain a better understanding of rice flower development, a rice flower mutant supernumerary lodicules (snl), which was identified from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)‐treated Jinhui10 (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) was used in the present study. In the snl mutant, the palea obtained lemma identity, additional glume‐like organs formed, lodicules increased and elongated, stamens decreased, and a few aberrant carpels formed. These phenotypes suggest that SNL is involved in the entire rice flower development. SNL was mapped between two simple sequence repeat markers RM3512 and RM1342 on chromosome 2, an approximate 800 kb region, and it co‐segregated with SSR215. We conclude that SNL is a novel gene involved in flower development in rice. The present study will be useful for further cloning of the SNL gene, which will contribute to the elucidation of rice flower development.
NORMALIZATION AND LEGITIMATION: MODELING STIGMATIZING ATTITUDES TOWARD EX‐OFFENDERS*
Authors: HIRSCHFIELD PAUL J. , PIQUERO ALEX R.
Published: February 2010

Successful community reentry and the criminological impact of incarceration may depend in part on the attitudes (and consequent reactions) that prisoners encounter after release. Theories of social stigma suggest that such attitudes depend, in turn, on the levels of familiarity with the stigmatized group (the normalization thesis) as well as on the credibility and trust they accord to sanctioning agents (the legitimation thesis). To assess these two hypotheses, we present the first multivariate analysis of public attitudes toward ex‐offenders. Data from a four‐state, random‐digit telephone survey of more than 2,000 individuals indicate that, net of controls, personal familiarity with ex‐offenders may soften attitudes, whereas confidence in the courts may harden them. As expected, non‐Hispanic Whites, conservatives, and southern residents hold more negative views of ex‐offenders. Our findings lend indirect support to concerns that incarceration is becoming “normalized”, and we suggest strategies for reducing the stigma of incarceration.
PROACTIVE POLICING AND ROBBERY RATES ACROSS U.S. CITIES*
Authors: KUBRIN CHARIS E. , MESSNER STEVEN F. , DEANE GLENN , MCGEEVER KELLY , STUCKY THOMAS D.
Published: February 2010

In recent years, criminologists, as well as journalists, have devoted considerable attention to the potential deterrent effect of what is sometimes referred to as “proactive” policing. This policing style entails the vigorous enforcement of laws against relatively minor offenses to prevent more serious crime. The current study examines the effect of proactive policing on robbery rates for a sample of large U.S. cities using an innovative measure developed by Sampson and Cohen (1988). We replicate their cross‐sectional analyses using data from 2000 to 2003, which is a period that proactive policing is likely to have become more common than that of the original study—the early 1980s. We also extend their analyses by estimating a more comprehensive regression model that incorporates additional theoretically relevant predictors. Finally, we advance previous research in this area by using panel data, The cross‐sectional analyses replicate prior findings of a negative relationship between proactive policing and robbery rates. In addition, our dynamic models suggest that proactive policing is endogenous to changes in robbery rates. When this feedback between robbery and proactive policing is eliminated, we find more evidence to support our finding that proactive policing reduces robbery rates.
INFLUENCE AND SELECTION PROCESSES IN WEAPON CARRYING DURING ADOLESCENCE: THE ROLES OF STATUS, AGGRESSION, AND VULNERABILITY*
Authors: DIJKSTRA JAN KORNELIS , LINDENBERG SIEGWART , VEENSTRA RENÉ , STEGLICH CHRISTIAN , ISAACS JENNY , CARD NOEL A. , HODGES ERNEST V. E.
Published: February 2010

The role of peers in weapon carrying (guns, knives, and other weapons) inside and outside the school was examined in this study. Data stem from a longitudinal study of a high‐risk sample of male students (7th to 10th grade; N = 167) from predominantly Hispanic low‐socio‐economic‐status schools in the United States. Longitudinal social‐network models were used to test whether similarity in weapon carrying among friends results from peer influence or selection. From a goal‐framing approach, we argue that weapon carrying might function as a status symbol in friendship networks and, consequently, be subject to peer influence. The findings indicate that weapon carrying is indeed a result of peer influence. The role of status effects was supported by findings that weapon carrying increased the number of friendship nominations received by peers and reduced the number of given nominations. In addition, peer‐reported aggressiveness predicted weapon carrying 1 year later. These findings suggest that adolescent weapon carrying emerges from a complex interplay between the attraction of weapon carriers for affiliation, peer influence in friendship networks, and individual aggression.
MOTHERHOOD AND CRIMINAL DESISTANCE IN DISADVANTAGED NEIGHBORHOODS*
Authors: KREAGER DEREK A. , MATSUEDA ROSS L. , EROSHEVA ELENA A.
Published: February 2010

Evidence from several qualitative studies has suggested that the transition to motherhood has strong inhibitory effects on the delinquency and drug use trajectories of poor women. Quantitative studies, however, typically have failed to find significant parenthood or motherhood effects. We argue that the latter research typically has not examined motherhood in disadvantaged settings or applied the appropriate statistical method. Focusing on within‐individual change, we test the motherhood hypothesis using data from a 10‐year longitudinal study of more than 500 women living in disadvantaged Denver communities. We find that the transition to motherhood is associated significantly with reductions in delinquency, marijuana, and alcohol behaviors. Moreover, we find that the effect of motherhood is larger than that of marriage for all outcomes. These results support the qualitative findings and suggest that the transition to motherhood—and not marriage—is the primary turning point for disadvantaged women to exit delinquent and drug‐using trajectories.
DISTINGUISHING FACTS AND ARTIFACTS IN GROUP‐BASED MODELING*
Authors: SKARDHAMAR TORBJØRN
Published: February 2010

Group‐based methodology (SPGM) has been presented as suitable to test for the existence of subpopulations not directly observable. Several criminological studies have used this methodology, and it is fair to say that typological theorizing has been spurred by its development. In particular, much of the empirical support for Moffitt's taxonomy (1993, 2006) is from studies using SPGM. In a small simulation experiment, I investigate whether SPGM is suitable for such tests, and I examine the extent to which similar trajectories might equally well result from mechanisms suggested by general theories. I conclude that, as it is usually applied, SPGM cannot provide evidence either for or against a taxonomy and that the usual findings can be explained by competing theories. I argue that this result is not only because of the methodology characteristics but also because of the modeling strategy applied.
DOES VIOLENCE INVOLVING WOMEN AND INTIMATE PARTNERS HAVE A SPECIAL ETIOLOGY?*
Authors: FELSON RICHARD B. , LANE KELSEA JO
Published: February 2010

We used data from a survey of inmates who have committed homicide or assault to examine whether men and women who have killed or assaulted their intimate partners are different from other violent offenders. A “gender perspective” implies that intimate partner violence and violence between the sexes have different etiologies than other types of violence, whereas a “violence perspective” implies that they have similar etiologies. Our evidence supports a violence perspective. In general, offenders who attack their partners are similar to other offenders in terms of their prior records, alcohol and drug use, and experiences of abuse. We observed some differences between men who attack women (including their female partners) and other male offenders, but the differences were opposite those predicted by a gender perspective. For example, men who attacked their partners were particularly likely to have been abused by their partners. In addition, men who attacked women were particularly likely to have experienced sexual abuse during childhood and to have been intoxicated at the time of the incident. These results suggest that some well‐known predictors of violence are particularly strong predictors of male violence against women and female partners.
A simplified estimator of two and four gene relationship coefficients
Authors: THOMAS STUART C.
Published: February 2010

Molecular marker data provide a means of circumventing the problem of not knowing the population structure of a natural population, as observed similarities between a pair’s genotypes provide information on their genetic relationship. Numerous method‐of‐moment (MOM) estimators have been developed for estimating relationship coefficients using this information. Here, I present a simplified form of Wang’s 2002 relationship estimator that is not dependent upon a previously required weighting scheme, thus improving the efficiency of the estimator when used with genuinely related pairs. The new estimator is compared against other estimators under a range of conditions, including situations where the parameter estimates are truncated to lie within the legitimate parameter space. The advantages of the new estimator are most notable for the two‐gene coefficient of relatedness. Truncating the MOM estimators results in parameter estimates whose properties are similar to maximum likelihood estimates, with them having generally lower sampling variances, but being biased.
Scientific exploration of near‐Earth objects via the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle
Authors: Abell Paul A. , Korsmeyer David J. , Landis Rob R. , Jones Thomas D. , Adamo Daniel R. , Morrison David D. , Lemke Lawrence G. , Gonzales Andrew A. , Gershman Robert , Sweetser Theodore H. , Johnson Lindley L. , Lu Ed
Published: February 2010

Abstract— A study in late 2006 was sponsored by the Advanced Projects Office within NASA's Constellation Program to examine the feasibility of sending the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) to a near‐Earth object (NEO). The ideal mission profile would involve two or three astronauts on a 90 to 180 day flight, which would include a 7 to 14 day stay for proximity operations at the target NEO. This mission would be the first human expedition to an interplanetary body beyond the Earth‐Moon system and would prove useful for testing technologies required for human missions to Mars and other solar system destinations. Piloted missions to NEOs using the CEV would undoubtedly provide a great deal of technical and engineering data on spacecraft operations for future human space exploration while conducting in‐depth scientific investigations of these primitive objects. The main scientific advantage of sending piloted missions to NEOs would be the flexibility of the crew to perform tasks and to adapt to situations in real time. A crewed vehicle would be able to test several different sample collection techniques and target specific areas of interest via extra‐vehicular activities (EVAs) more efficiently than robotic spacecraft. Such capabilities greatly enhance the scientific return from these missions to NEOs, destinations vital to understanding the evolution and thermal histories of primitive bodies during the formation of the early solar system. Data collected from these missions would help constrain the suite of materials possibly delivered to the early Earth, and would identify potential source regions from which NEOs originate. In addition, the resulting scientific investigations would refine designs for future extraterrestrial resource extraction and utilization, and assist in the development of hazard mitigation techniques for planetary defense.
Dynamical constraints on the origin of Main Belt comets
Authors: Haghighipour N.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— In an effort to understand the origin of Main Belt comets (MBCs) 7968 Elst‐Pizzaro, 118401, and P/2005 U1, the dynamics of these three icy asteroids and a large number of hypothetical MBCs were studied. Results of extensive numerical integrations of these objects suggest that they were formed in place through the collisional breakup of a larger precursor body. Simulations point specifically to the Themis family of asteroids as the origin of these objects and rule out the possibility of a cometary origin (i.e., inward scattering of comets from outer solar system and their primordial capture in the asteroid belt). Results also indicate that while 7968 Elst‐Pizzaro and 118401 maintain their orbits for 1 Gyr, P/2005 U1 diffuses chaotically in eccentricity and becomes unstable in ˜20 Myr. The latter suggest that this MBC used to be a member of the Themis family and is now escaping away. Numerical integrations of the orbits of hypothetical MBCs in the vicinity of the Themis family show a clustering of stable orbits (with eccentricities smaller than 0.2 and inclinations less than 25°) suggesting that many more MBCs may exist in the vicinity of this family (although they might have not been activated yet). The details of the results of simulations and the constraints on the models of the formation and origins of MBCs are presented and their implications for the detection of more of these objects are discussed.
Estimating the number of impact flashes visible on the Moon from an orbiting camera
Authors: Koschny Detlef , Mcauliffe Jonathan
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Using a dust flux model and experimental data on the efficiency of light emission upon impact, the number of impact flashes visible on the Moon by a camera on a lunar orbiter is estimated.
KLENOT Project 2002–2008 contribution to NEO astrometric follow‐up
Authors: Ticha Jana , Tichy Milos , Kocer Michal , Honkova Michaela
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Near‐Earth object (NEO) research plays an increasingly important role not only in solar system science but also in protecting our planetary environment as well as human society from the asteroid and comet hazard. Consequently, interest in detecting, tracking, cataloguing, and the physical characterizing of these bodies has steadily grown. The discovery rate of current NEO surveys reflects progressive improvement in a number of technical areas. An integral part of NEO discovery is astrometric follow‐up crucial for precise orbit computation and for the reasonable judging of future close encounters with the Earth, including possible impact solutions. The KLENOT Project of the Klet Observatory (South Bohemia, Czech Republic) is aimed especially at the confirmation, early follow‐up, long‐arc follow‐up, and recovery of near‐Earth objects. It ranks among the world's most prolific professional NEO follow‐up programs. The 1.06 m KLENOT telescope, put into regular operation in 2002, is the largest telescope in Europe used exclusively for observations of minor planets and comets, and full observing time is dedicated to the KLENOT team. In this paper, we present the equipment, technology, software, observing strategy, and results of the KLENOT Project obtained during its first phase from March 2002 to September 2008. The results consist of thousands of precise astrometric measurements of NEOs and also three newly discovered near‐Earth asteroids. Finally, we also discuss future plans reflecting also the role of astrometric follow‐up in connection with the modus operandi of the next generation surveys.
Asteroid orbital ranging using Markov‐Chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Oszkiewicz Dagmara , Muinonen Karri , Virtanen Jenni , Granvik Mikael
Published: February 2010

Abstract— We present a novel Markov‐Chain Monte‐Carlo orbital ranging method (MCMC) for poorly observed single‐apparition asteroids with two or more observations. We examine the Bayesian a posteriori probability density of the orbital elements using methods that map a volume of orbits in the orbital‐element phase space. In particular, we use the MCMC method to sample the phase space in an unbiased way. We study the speed of convergence and also the efficiency of the new method for the initial orbit computation problem. We present the results of the MCMC ranging method applied to three objects from different dynamical groups. We conclude that the method is applicable to initial orbit computation for near‐Earth, main‐belt, and transneptunian objects.
From KBOs to Centaurs: The thermal connection
Authors: Sarid Gal , Prialnik Dina
Published: February 2010

Abstract— We present results of thermal evolution calculations for objects originating in the Kuiper belt and transferring inwards, to the region of the outer planets. Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) are considered to be part of a reservoir that supplies the flux of small icy bodies, mainly Centaurs and Jupiter‐family comets, to regions interior to the orbit of Neptune. We study the internal thermal evolution, for ˜108 yr, of three typical KBOs and use the end state of the simulation as initial conditions for evolutionary calculations of two typical Centaurs. Some evolutionary trends can be identified for the KBOs, depending on key physical parameters, such as size and composition. The subsequent evolution in the Centaur region results in both specific features for each modeled object (mainly surface and sub‐surface composition) and common characteristics of thermally evolved Centaurs.
Composition of 298 Baptistina: Implications for the K/T impactor link
Authors: Reddy Vishnu , Emery Joshua P. , Gaffey Michael J. , Bottke William F. , Cramer Abigail , Kelley Michael S.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— Bottke et al. (2007) suggested that the breakup of the Baptistina asteroid family (BAF) 160+30/‐20 Myr ago produced an “asteroid shower” that increased by a factor of 2–3 the impact flux of kilometer‐sized and larger asteroids striking the Earth over the last ˜120 Myr. This result led them to propose that the impactor that produced the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) mass extinction event 65 Myr ago also may have come from the BAF. This putative link was based both on collisional/dynamical modeling work and on physical evidence. For the latter, the available broadband color and spectroscopic data on BAF members indicate many are likely to be dark, low albedo asteroids. This is consistent with the carbonaceous chondrite‐like nature of a 65 Myr old fossil meteorite (Kyte 1998) and with chromium from K/T boundary sediments with an isotopic signature similar to that from CM2 carbonaceous chondrites. To test elements of this scenario, we obtained near‐IR and thermal IR spectroscopic data of asteroid 298 Baptistina using the NASA IRTF in order to determine surface mineralogy and estimate its albedo. We found that the asteroid has moderately strong absorption features due to the presence of olivine and pyroxene, and a moderately high albedo (˜20%). These combined properties strongly suggest that the asteroid is more like an S‐type rather than Xc‐type (Mothé‐Diniz et al. 2005). This weakens the case for 298 Baptistina being a CM2 carbonaceous chondrite and its link to the K/T impactor. We also observed several bright (V Mag. ≤16.8) BAF members to determine their composition.
Experimental study on the collisional disruption of porous gypsum spheres
Authors: Okamoto Chisato , Arakawa Masahiko
Published: February 2010

Abstract— In order to study the catastrophic disruption of porous bodies such as asteroids and planetesimals, we conducted several impact experiments using porous gypsum spheres (porosity: 50%). We investigated the fragment mass and velocity of disrupted gypsum spheres over a wide range of specific energies from 3 times 103 J/kg to 5 times 104 J/kg. We compared the largest fragment mass (m1/Mt) and the antipodal velocity (Va) of gypsum with those of non‐porous materials such as basalt and ice. The results showed that the impact strength of gypsum was notably higher than that of the non‐porous bodies; however, the fragment velocity of gypsum was slower than that of the non‐porous bodies. This was because the micro‐pores dispersed in the gypsum spheres caused a rapid attenuation of shock pressure in them. From these results, we expect that the collisional disruption of porous bodies could be significantly different from that of non‐porous bodies.
Simultaneous spectroscopic and photometric observations of binary asteroids
Authors: Polishook D. , Brosch N. , Prialnik D. , Kaspi S.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— We present results of visible wavelengths spectroscopic measurements (0.45 to 0.72 microns) of two binary asteroids, obtained with the 1‐m telescope at the Wise Observatory on January 2008. The asteroids 90 Antiope and 1509 Esclangona were observed to search for spectroscopic variations correlated with their rotation while presenting different regions of their surface to the viewer. Simultaneous photometric observations were performed with the Wise Observatory's 0.46 m telescope, to investigate the rotational phase behavior and possible eclipse events.

90 Antiope displayed an eclipse event during our observations. We could not measure any slope change of the spectroscopic albedo within the error range of 3%, except for a steady decrease in the total light flux while the eclipse took place. We conclude that the surface compositions of the two components do not differ dramatically, implying a common origin and history.

1509 Esclangona did not show an eclipse, but rather a unique lightcurve with three peaks and a wide and flat minimum, repeating with a period of 3.2524 hours. Careful measurements of the spectral albedo slopes reveal a color variation of 7 to 10 percent on the surface of 1509 Esclangona, which correlates with a specific region in the photometric lightcurve. This result suggests that the different features on the lightcurve are at least partially produced by color variations and could perhaps be explained by the existence of an exposed fresh surface on 1509 Esclangona.