bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Site-Specific Integrated Col2.3GFP Reporter Identifies Osteoblasts Within Mineralized Tissue Formed In Vivo by Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Xin Xiaonan , Jiang Xi , Wang Liping , Stover Mary Louise , Zhan Shuning , Huang Jianping , Goldberg A. Jon , Liu Yongxing , Kuhn Liisa , Reichenberger Ernst J. , Rowe David W. , Lichtler Alexander C.
Published: August 2014

The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for study and treatment of bone diseases or traumatic bone injuries requires efficient protocols to differentiate hESCs/iPSCs into cells with osteogenic potential and the ability to isolate differentiated osteoblasts for analysis. We have used zinc finger nuclease technology to deliver a construct containing the Col2.3 promoter driving GFPemerald to the AAVS1 site (referred to as a “safe harbor” site), in human embryonic stem cells (H9Zn2.3GFP), with the goal of marking the cells that have become differentiated osteoblasts. In teratomas formed using these cells, we identified green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells specifically associated with in vivo bone formation. We also differentiated the cells into a mesenchymal stem cell population with osteogenic potential and implanted them into a mouse calvarial defect model. We observed GFP-positive cells associated with alizarin complexone-labeled newly formed bone surfaces. The cells were alkaline phosphatase-positive, and immunohistochemistry with human specific bone sialoprotein (BSP) antibody indicates that the GFP-positive cells are also associated with the human BSP-containing matrix, demonstrating that the Col2.3GFP construct marks cells in the osteoblast lineage. Single-cell cloning generated a 100% Col2.3GFP-positive cell population, as demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a GFP probe. The karyotype was normal, and pluripotency was demonstrated by Tra1-60 immunostaining, pluripotent low density reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction array and embryoid body formation. These cells will be useful to develop optimal osteogenic differentiation protocols and to isolate osteoblasts from normal and diseased iPSCs for analysis.
Cost-Effective Master Cell Bank Validation of Multiple Clinical-Grade Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines From a Single Donor
Authors: Devito Liani , Petrova Anastasia , Miere Cristian , Codognotto Stefano , Blakely Nicola , Lovatt Archie , Ogilvie Caroline , Khalaf Yacoub , Ilic Dusko
Published: August 2014

Standardization guidelines for human pluripotent stem cells are still very broadly defined, despite ongoing clinical trials in the U.S., U.K., and Japan. The requirements for validation of human embryonic (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in general follow the regulations for other clinically compliant biologics already in place but without addressing key differences between cell types or final products. In order to realize the full potential of stem cell therapy, validation criteria, methodology, and, most importantly, strategy, should address the shortfalls and efficiency of current approaches; without this, hESC- and, especially, iPSC-based therapy will not be able to compete with other technologies in a cost-efficient way. We addressed the protocols for testing cell lines for human viral pathogens and propose a novel strategy that would significantly reduce costs. It is highly unlikely that the multiple cell lines derived in parallel from a tissue sample taken from one donor would have different profiles of endogenous viral pathogens; we therefore argue that samples from the Master Cell Banks of sibling lines could be safely pooled for validation. We illustrate this approach with tiered validation of two sibling clinical-grade hESC lines, KCL033 and KCL034 (stage 1, sterility; stage 2, specific human pathogens; and stage 3, nonspecific human pathogens). The results of all tests were negative. This cost-effective strategy could also be applied for validation of Master Cell Banks of multiple clinical-grade iPSC lines derived from a single donor.
Le botaniste et la guérisseuse : figures de l’imaginaire végétal dans La Quarantaine de Le Clézio
Authors: Bouvet Rachel
Published: August 2014

À travers le « Journal du botaniste » inséré dans La Quarantaine, Le Clézio révèle un pan de l’imaginaire scientifique propre aux découvertes : c’est en effet la figure de l’explorateur qui se dessine à travers ce personnage pétri de connaissances sur les plantes exotiques, parcourant l’île dans ses moindres recoins, collectant à la manière des anciens herboristes divers spécimens. En plus de dresser par ce biais une description riche et variée de la végétation de l’île Plate, le récit rappelle l’importance des voyages à la fois dans l’histoire de la circulation des plantes et dans la constitution de l’imaginaire scientifique lui-même. Pourtant, ce n’est pas John Metcalfe, le botaniste, mais bien Ananta, la guérisseuse et servante des bûchers d’origine indienne, qui détient le savoir nécessaire au traitement des malades atteints de la variole, un savoir populaire qu’elle transmet à sa fille, Surya. En plus de posséder des vertus salvatrices, le végétal se trouve à la base de l’alimentation des coolies, qui cultivent de petits jardins, alors que les Blancs ne comptent que sur la nourriture apportée par les bateaux. Le Clézio rappelle dans ce roman les liens étroits entre le végétal et l’humain, des liens qui semblent s’être distendus en raison de la spécialisation des savoirs, alors que dans l’imaginaire les plantes restent intimement liées à la vie humaine: « Ce sont les plantes qui sauvent les hommes » (268).
Les improvisateurs du quotidien : enquête autour des chefs de projet en aménagement du Conseil Général de l’Essonne. Formes et processus de l’échange au service de territoires de projets
Authors: Lévy Lisa
Published: August 2014

Face à une crise de la planification avérée depuis plusieurs décennies, l’aménagement peine à relever le défi de l’agir dans un monde incertain. Toutefois, impulsés par des formes de gouvernance inédites, des objets territoriaux non identifiés apparaissent, ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles modalités d’action. En suivant, pendant quatre ans, les projets d’aménagement conduits par un Conseil général, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle central qu’y tiennent les interactions et les échanges entre acteurs. Ceux-ci dessinent une dynamique proche de celle de l’improvisation. Souvent considérée péjorativement, l’improvisation pourrait représenter un modèle d’action efficace pour construire des identités partagées et garantir la coordination de leurs actions. L’analyse des pratiques des chefs de projet a conduit à accorder une attention particulière à des qualités et valeurs telles que l’écoute, la confiance, l’engagement, dans une logique de don et de croyance, au coeur des échanges avec les partenaires et de l’engagement réciproque au service du projet.
Some Varieties of Utopian Method
Authors: Levitas Ruth
Published: August 2014

This article opens with H.G. Wells's assertion that utopia is the distinctive and proper method of sociology. It outlines four ways of thinking about utopia which imply different methods, distinguishing a hermeneutic method from the imaginary reconstitution of society. The author finds common ground with Wright in exploring and endorsing the role of utopia, utopias and utopianism in transforming capitalism into something better. But this article focuses on two areas of difference: Wright's reliance on extrapolation from prefigurative practices, and the state–economy–civil society model that underpins Wright's work. It argues that we should take imagination and the imaginary reconstitution of society more seriously as tools in the struggle for social transformation.
Transforming Capitalism through Real Utopias: A Critical Engagement
Authors: McCabe Conor
Published: August 2014

This article argues that Wright's work poorly understands the frameworks and organisational structures necessary to confront class power. Taking Wright's symbiotic strategies, it makes the point that if those strategies start to make gains, capital will react – and with force – but that Wright fails to build this into his argument. This leaves unaddressed the changes in class power in the past forty years and the implications of these for viable counter-capitalist strategies, avoiding any mention of trade unions or political parties. It states that the missing element in Wright's proposals is class power. Identifying financialisation as being at the heart of the changes in class power, it sees the state and state services as a crucial battleground as any democratic gains here are losses for finance capital. As the drive to dismantle the welfare state places more pressure on women, the article ends by focusing attention on the importance of women's struggles against cutbacks and privatisation of state provision.
Transforming Capitalism: The Triple Crisis
Authors: Kirby Peadar
Published: August 2014

This article identifies a triple crisis of capitalism based on the three fictitious commodities as identified by Karl Polanyi: labour, money and land. This framework is used to integrate the environmental crisis into the wider crisis of capitalism. It argues that international actions required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are going to present major challenges for capitalism with implications for the current dominance of market power and the subservience of state and social power. The article critically examines the potential of climate capitalism to achieve a low-carbon society by 2050 and introduces the need to face the challenges of degrowth.
Translating Degrowth into Contemporary Policy Challenges: A Symbiotic Social Transformation Strategy
Authors: Murphy Mary P.
Published: August 2014

Wright poses us the challenge of building a world of equality while working in the world of today. This article addresses the challenge of transitioning to a degrowth economy and eco-socialism which focuses on distribution over production and which requires a strong ethic of equality at the heart of society. Degrowth aims to address over-consumption by addressing real need, reducing wants, ensuring greater distributive equality and ultimately by suppressing production. However, the detailed mechanisms of how a steady-state economics can provide a quality of life and employment, eliminate poverty and promote an egalitarian society require immense work to flesh out. This article points in the desired direction of travel and outlines some initial steps. It fleshes out two key obstacles to degrowth, the issue of employment and the impact for revenue and expenditure arising from a move towards degrowth. It points to the relevance of degrowth arguments for feminist and democratic movements and how the degrowth strategy offers potential for new political coalitions. It concludes by reflecting on the limitations of symbiotic transformative strategies and the need for a language capable of imagining and articulating real utopias.
Basic Income: An Instrument for Transformation in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Healy Seán , Murphy Michelle , Reynolds Brigid
Published: August 2014

This paper argues a basic income system could transform the means of income redistribution and social empowerment in society, and move us decisively towards the egalitarian principle of giving everyone equal access to the conditions to live a flourishing life. Basic income is a universal non-conditional payment, paid at the same level to everyone regardless of income or wealth. The paper considers basic income as a transformative strategy from a number of perspectives: economic, social, cultural and environmental, and then considers basic income as an alternative and transformative idea for Ireland. It presents three potential pathways in which it could be implemented and elaborates and provides full costings on how one such proposal could be funded and concludes it is affordable, feasible and politically viable in Ireland today.
Cargo Loading and Unloading Efficiency Analysis in Multimodal Transport
Authors: Burdzik Rafał , Cieśla Maria , Sładkowski Aleksander
Published: August 2014

The paper presents assessment of the impact of the processes handling efficiency on the transport process based on research done in the real object, using same technologies and material handling equipment. The aim of the paper was to confirm importance of loading and unloading processes of palletized cargo as an initial and final link of multimodal transport by developing methods’ proposal for monitoring and assessing the effectiveness of cargo operations as well as development of measures and comparison estimators. The analysis of the manipulation operations’ duration throughout the transport process is based on the percentile rates of manipulation and carriage in total transport process duration and the percentage of manipulating time in the duration of the carriage. These indicators and examined loading and unloading times, are the basis for the development of scheduling algorithms for optimizing transport processes on the scale of the whole transport chain. This data is also a helpful input to support strategic decisions on the allocation of financial resources for the development of infrastructure and terminal equipment, warehouses and other facilities.
CD4 trajectory adjusting for dropout among HIV‐positive patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in an East African HIV care centre
Authors: Kiragga Agnes N , Lok Judith J , Musick Beverly S , Bosch Ronald J , Mwangi Ann , Wools‐Kaloustian Kara K , Yiannoutsos Constantin T ,   for the East Africa IeDEA Regional Consortium
Published: August 2014

Objective

Estimates of CD4 response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) obtained by averaging data from patients in care, overestimate population CD4 response and treatment program effectiveness because they do not consider data from patients who are deceased or not in care. We use mathematical methods to assess and adjust for this bias based on patient characteristics.

Design

We examined data from 25,261 HIV‐positive patients from the East Africa IeDEA Consortium.

Methods

We used inverse probability of censoring weighting (IPCW) to represent patients not in care by patients in care with similar characteristics. We address two questions: What would the median CD4 be “had everyone starting ART remained on observation?” and “were everyone starting ART maintained on treatment?”

Results

Routine CD4 count estimates were higher than adjusted estimates even under the best‐case scenario of maintaining all patients on treatment. Two years after starting ART, differences between estimates diverged from 30 cells/µL, assuming similar mortality and treatment access among dropouts as patients in care, to over 100 cells/µL assuming 20% lower survival and 50% lower treatment access among dropouts. When considering only patients in care, the proportion of patients with CD4 above 350 cells/µL was 50% adjusted to below 30% when accounting for patients not in care. One‐year mortality diverged 6–14% from the naïve estimates depending on assumptions about access to care among lost patients.

Conclusions

Ignoring mortality and loss to care results in over‐estimation of ART response for patients starting treatment and exaggerates the efficacy of treatment programs administering it.
Considerations when investigating lncRNA function in vivo
Authors: Bassett Andrew R , Akhtar Asifa , Barlow Denise P , Bird Adrian P , Brockdorff Neil , Duboule Denis , Ephrussi Anne , Ferguson-Smith Anne C , Gingeras Thomas R , Haerty Wilfried , Higgs Douglas R , Miska Eric A , Ponting Chris P
Published: August 2014

Although a small number of the vast array of animal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have known effects on cellular processes examined in vitro, the extent of their contributions to normal cell processes throughout development, differentiation and disease for the most part remains less clear. Phenotypes arising from deletion of an entire genomic locus cannot be unequivocally attributed either to the loss of the lncRNA per se or to the associated loss of other overlapping DNA regulatory elements. The distinction between cis- or trans-effects is also often problematic. We discuss the advantages and challenges associated with the current techniques for studying the in vivo function of lncRNAs in the light of different models of lncRNA molecular mechanism, and reflect on the design of experiments to mutate lncRNA loci. These considerations should assist in the further investigation of these transcriptional products of the genome.
A reexamination of long‐duration radial IMF events
Authors: Pi Gilbert , Shue Jih‐Hong , Chao Jih‐Kwin , Němeček Zdenek , Šafránková Jana , Lin Chia‐Hsien
Published: August 2014

The radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is one of the special solar wind conditions when the orientation of the IMF is aligned with the solar wind velocity. In this study, we reexamine the solar wind condition during the long‐duration radial IMF (>4 h) using the OMNI solar wind data. During the events, the IMF magnitude, solar wind speed, density, and especially its temperature are depressed in comparison with their yearly averages. In contrast to previous studies, we have found that the total time of the radial IMF per year does not change with solar activity. MHD simulation models failed to predict the location of the magnetopause under the radial IMF condition. A part of the inaccuracy is due to the use of assumed solar wind parameters in the simulations. Here we provide MHD modelers with the real solar wind parameters for simulations of the radial IMF.
Scaling and stochastic cascade properties of NEMO oceanic simulations and their potential value for GCM evaluation and downscaling
Authors: Verrier Sébastien , Crépon Michel , Thiria Sylvie
Published: August 2014

Spectral scaling properties have already been evidenced on oceanic numerical simulations and have been subject to several interpretations. They can be used to evaluate classical turbulence theories that predict scaling with specific exponents and to evaluate the quality of GCM outputs from a statistical and multiscale point of view. However, a more complete framework based on multifractal cascades is able to generalize the classical but restrictive second‐order spectral framework to other moment orders, providing an accurate description of probability distributions of the fields at multiple scales. The predictions of this formalism still needed systematic verification in oceanic GCM while they have been confirmed recently for their atmospheric counterparts by several papers. The present paper is devoted to a systematic analysis of several oceanic fields produced by the NEMO oceanic GCM. Attention is focused to regional, idealized configurations that permit to evaluate the NEMO engine core from a scaling point of view regardless of limitations involved by land masks. Based on classical multifractal analysis tools, multifractal properties were evidenced for several oceanic state variables (sea surface temperature and salinity, velocity components, etc.). While first‐order structure functions estimated a different nonconservativity parameter H in two scaling ranges, the multiorder statistics of turbulent fluxes were scaling over almost the whole available scaling range. This multifractal scaling was then parameterized with the help of the universal multifractal framework, providing parameters that are coherent with existing empirical literature. Finally, we argue that the knowledge of these properties may be useful for oceanographers. The framework seems very well suited for the statistical evaluation of OGCM outputs. Moreover, it also provides practical solutions to simulate subpixel variability stochastically for GCM downscaling purposes. As an independent perspective, the existence of multifractal properties in oceanic flows seems also interesting for investigating scale dependencies in remote sensing inversion algorithms.
Spring carbonate chemistry dynamics of surface waters in the northern East China Sea: Water mixing, biological uptake of CO2, and chemical buffering capacity
Authors: Zhai Wei‐Dong , Chen Jian‐Fang , Jin Hai‐Yan , Li Hong‐Liang , Liu Jin‐Wen , He Xian‐Qiang , Bai Yan
Published: August 2014

We investigated sea surface total alkalinity (TAlk), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and satellite‐derived chlorophyll‐a in the connection between the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea (ECS) during April to early May 2007. In spring, Changjiang dilution water (CDW), ECS offshore water, and together with Yellow Sea water (YSW) occupied the northern ECS. Using 16 day composite satellite‐derived chlorophyll‐a images, several algal blooms were identified in the CDW and ECS offshore water. Correspondingly, biological DIC drawdown of 73 ± 20 μmol kg−1, oversaturated DO of 10–110 μmol O2 kg−1, and low fugacity of CO2 of 181–304 μatm were revealed in these two waters. YSW also showed CO2 uptake in spring, due to the very low temperature. However, its intrusion virtually counteracted CO2 uptake in the northern ECS. In the CDW and the ECS offshore water, Revelle factor was 9.3–11.7 and 8.9–10.6, respectively, while relatively high Revelle factor values of 11.4–13.0 were revealed in YSW. In the ECS offshore water, the observed relationship between DIC drawdown and oversaturated DO departed from the Redfield ratio, indicating an effect of chemical buffering capacity on the carbonate system during air‐sea reequilibration. Given the fact that the chemical buffering capacity slows down the air‐sea reequilibration of CO2, the early spring DIC drawdown may have durative effects on the sea surface carbonate system until early summer. Although our study is subject to limited temporal and spatial coverage of sampling, these insights are fundamental to understanding sea surface carbonate chemistry dynamics in this important ocean margin.
Advancing Towards Polyurethane‐Based Magnetorheological Composites
Authors: Dohmen Eike , Boisly Martin , Borin Dmitry , Kästner Markus , Ulbricht Volker , Gude Maik , Hufenbach Werner , Heinrich Gert , Odenbach Stefan
Published: August 2014

When compared with other hybrid materials, magnetically active composites represent highly promising candidates for the solving of advanced engineering challenges by the remote‐controlled adaption of their physical properties. The synergetic combination of substances with different magnetic and mechanical characteristics enables the manufacture of tailored magnetoactive elastic materials. This paper focuses on novel polyurethane‐based magnetorheological composites. In particular, it presents a manufacturing process, the magnetomechanical properties of the developed composite and a theoretical prediction of the material's behavior.
Micro‐Patterning of Metallic Film Structures Through Direct‐Write Dewetting
Authors: Ferrer Anthony J. , Halajko Anna , Amatucci Glenn G.
Published: August 2014

A new method of patterning metallic thin films is described. Through the use of a focused laser deflected by a high‐speed, galvanometer scanning system, a variety of fine metal patterns are realized on inorganic and organic substrates. This method exploits the metastable wetting characteristics of metallic thin films as deposited by physical vapor deposition upon non‐metallic substrates. Differences in surface energy and intermolecular forces between the target and the substrate provide a driving force for retraction of the thin film, while the laser provides the energy needed to overcome the kinetic barrier to dewetting. Electronically isolated feature sizes in the range of the tens of microns are fabricated. During formation, material is displaced rather than ablated allowing controlled accumulation of the target material. This results in a user‐determined increase of the metal feature thickness. Evidence of accurate and reproducible periodic and complex structures made feasible by virtue of the scan system, are presented. This technique provides an alternative to current thin film patterning techniques and introduces a new way of building out‐of‐plane structures from metallic thin films. Application fields may include flexible sensors, electrochemical devices, and especially microfluidic devices, as the technique allows formation of conductive micro‐channels with user‐defined height.
TiO2 Hollow Spheres Composed of Highly Crystalline Nanocrystals Exhibit Superior Lithium Storage Properties
Authors: Zhang Genqiang , Wu Hao Bin , Song Taeseup , Paik Ungyu , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: August 2014

While the synthesis of TiO2 hollow structures is well‐established, in most cases it is particularly difficult to control the crystallization of TiO2 in solution or by calcination. As a result, TiO2 hollow structures do not really exhibit enhanced lithium storage properties. Herein, we report a simple and cost‐effective template‐assisted method to synthesize anatase TiO2 hollow spheres composed of highly crystalline nanocrystals, in which carbonaceous (C) spheres are chosen as the removable template. The release of gaseous species from the combustion of C spheres may inhibit the growth of TiO2 crystallites so that instead small TiO2 nanocrystals are generated. The small size and high crystallinity of primary TiO2 nanoparticles and the high structural integrity of the hollow spheres gives rise to significant improvements in the cycling stability and rate performance of the TiO2 hollow spheres.
Phenolic‐epoxy matrix curable by click chemistry—synthesis, curing, and syntactic foam composite properties
Authors: Sunitha Kayyurkarathi , Mathew Dona , Reghunadhan Nair Chethrappilly Padmanabhan
Published: August 2014

Alkyne functional phenolic resin was cured by azide functional epoxy resins making use of alkyne‐azide click reaction. For this, propargylated novolac (PN) was reacted with bisphenol A bisazide (BABA) and azido hydroxy propyloxy novolac (AHPN) leading to triazole‐linked phenolic‐epoxy networks. The click cure reaction was initiated at 40–65°C in presence of Cu2I2. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured networks varied from 70°C to 75°C in the case of BABA‐PN and 75°C to 80°C in the case of AHPN‐PN. DSC and rheological studies revealed a single stage curing pattern for both the systems. The cured BABA‐PN and AHPN‐PN blends showed mass loss above 300°C because of decomposition of the triazole rings and the novolac backbone. Silica fiber‐reinforced syntactic foam composites derived from these resins possessed comparable mechanical properties and superior impact resistance vis‐a‐vis their phenolic resin analogues. The mechanical properties could be tuned by regulating the reactant stoichiometry. These low temperature addition curable resins are suited for light weight polymer composite for related applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41254.
Comonomer effects in copolymerization of ethylene and 1‐hexene with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts: New evidences from active center concentration and molecular weight distribution
Authors: Yang Hongrui , Zhang Letian , Fu Zhisheng , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: August 2014

In this article, comonomer effects in copolymerization of ethylene and 1‐hexene with four MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts using either ethylene or 1‐hexene as the main monomer were investigated. It was found that no matter which monomer was used as the main monomer, the polymerization activity was significantly enhanced by introducing small amount of comonomer. In copolymerization with ethylene as the main monomer, the strength of comonomer effects was much stronger in active centers producing low‐molecular‐weight polymer than those producing high‐molecular‐weight polymer. In copolymerization with 1‐hexene as the main monomer, the number of active centers ([C*]/[Ti]) was determined, and the propagation rate constants (kp) were calculated. Deconvolution of the polymer molecular weight distribution into Flory components were made to study the active center distribution. Introduction of small amount of ethylene caused marked increase in the number of active centers and decrease in average chain propagation rate constant. Introducing internal electron donor in the catalyst enhanced not only the number of active centers but also the chain propagation rate constant. In copolymerization of 1‐hexene with small amount of ethylene, the internal donor weakened the comonomer effects to some extent and changed the distribution of comonomer effects among different types of active centers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41264.
The conservation status of decapod crustaceans in the Western Ghats of India: an exceptional region of freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Raghavan Rajeev , Dahanukar Neelesh , Philip Siby , Iyer Priyanka , Kumar Brawin , Daniel Bexel , Molur Sanjay
Published: August 2014

Freshwater invertebrates receive relatively little publicity and conservation attention, in spite of their key role in aquatic food webs and ecosystem functioning.

Decapod crustaceans such as caridean shrimps and gecarcinucid freshwater crabs comprise some of the most poorly known aquatic taxa, even in exceptional regions of freshwater biodiversity and endemism, such as the Western Ghats mountains of peninsular India.

An analysis was carried out to understand distribution patterns and identify priority areas for decapod crustacean conservation in the Western Ghats region based on conservation status data retrieved from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The Western Ghats region is home to 49 species and six sub‐species of caridean shrimps (69% endemism) in four genera and two families, and 39 species of gecarcinucid crabs (92% endemism) in 14 genera. This diversity is probably an underestimate given the lack of biotic surveys and taxonomic research carried out on these groups.

Three species (3%) of decapod crustaceans from the Western Ghats region are threatened with extinction, while more than half (51%; 48 species) are Data Deficient. The uncertainty regarding the true extinction risk of such a high number of Data Deficient species could hamper conservation efforts as well as policy development and implementation.

Forty sites in the Western Ghats region are priorities for the conservation of decapod crustaceans, of which only seven lie within the existing network of protected areas.

The specialized natural history and point endemic nature of many species of freshwater decapods, together with escalating human impacts on their aquatic ecosystems in the Western Ghats, makes conservation and management of these threatened and poorly‐known species an immediate and urgent challenge.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of Myotilin During Chicken Development
Authors: Dube Dipak k. , Wang Jushuo , Pellenz Christopher , Fan Yingli , Dube Syamalima , Han Mingda , Linask Kersti , Sanger Jean M. , Sanger Joseph W.
Published: August 2014

Several missense mutations in the Z‐band protein, myotilin, have been implicated in human muscle diseases such as myofibrillar myopathy, spheroid body myopathy, and distal myopathy. Recently, we have reported the cloning of chicken myotilin cDNA. In this study, we have investigated the expression of myotilin in cross‐striated muscles from developing chicken by qRT‐PCR and in situ hybridizations. In situ hybridization of embryonic stages shows myotilin gene expression in heart, somites, neural tissue, eyes and otocysts. RT‐PCR and qRT‐PCR data, together with in situ hybridization results point to a biphasic transcriptional pattern for MYOT gene during early heart development with maximum expression level in the adult. In skeletal muscle, the expression level starts decreasing after embryonic day 20 and declines in the adult skeletal muscles. Western blot assays of myotilin in adult skeletal muscle reveal a decrease in myotilin protein compared with levels in embryonic skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that MYOT gene may undergo transcriptional activation and repression that varies between tissues in developing chicken. We believe this is the first report of the developmental regulation on myotilin expression in non‐mammalian species. Anat Rec, 297:1596–1603, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myosin VI Localization and Expression in Striated Muscle Pathology
Authors: Karolczak Justyna , Weis Serge , Ehler Elisabeth , Kierdaszuk Biruta , Berdyński Mariusz , Żekanowski Cezary , Kamińska Anna M. , Rędowicz Maria Jolanta
Published: August 2014

Myosin VI (MVI) is a unique unconventional myosin translocating, unlike other myosins, towards the minus end of actin filaments. It is involved in numerous cellular processes such as endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, cell migration, and transcription. In mammalian skeletal muscles it localizes mainly to sarcoplasmic reticulum and is also present within the muscle nuclei and at the neuromuscular junction (Karolczak et al. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 23:219‐228). We have also shown that in denervated rat hindlimb muscle the MVI expression level is significantly increased and its localization is changed, indicating an important role of MVI in striated muscle pathology. Here, we addressed this problem by examining the distribution and expression levels of myosin VI in biopsies of skeletal muscles from patients with different myopathies. We found that, particularly in myopathies associated with fiber atrophy, the amount of MVI was enhanced and its localization in affected fibers was changed. Also, since a mutation within the human MVI gene was shown to be associated with cardiomyopathy, we assessed MVI localization and expression level in cardiac muscle using wild type and MLP(−/−) mice, a dilated cardiomyopathy model. No significant difference in MVI expression level was observed for both types of animals. MVI was found at intercalated discs and also at the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the knockout mice, it was also present in ring‐like structures surrounding the nuclei. The data indicate that in striated muscle MVI could be engaged in sarcoplasmic reticulum maintenance and/or functioning, vesicular transport, signal transmission and possibly in gene transcription. Anat Rec, 297:1706–1713, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein Arginylation, a Global Biological Regulator that Targets Actin Cytoskeleton and the Muscle
Authors: Kashina Anna
Published: August 2014

Posttranslational addition of Arg to proteins, mediated by arginyltransferase ATE1 has been first observed in 1963 and remained poorly understood for decades since its original discovery. Recent work demonstrated the global nature of arginylation and its essential role in multiple physiological pathways during embryogenesis and adulthood and identified over a hundred of proteins arginylated in vivo. Among these proteins, the prominent role belongs to the actin cytoskeleton and the muscle, and follow up studies strongly suggests that arginylation constitutes a novel biological regulator of contractility. This review presents an overview of the studies of protein arginylation that led to the discovery of its major role in the muscle. Anat Rec, 297:1630–1636, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Smooth Muscle‐Protein Translocation and Tissue Function
Authors: Eddinger Thomas J.
Published: August 2014

Smooth muscle (SM) tissue is a complex organization of multiple cell types and is regulated by numerous signaling molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, etc.). SM contractile function can be regulated via expression and distribution of the contractile and cytoskeletal proteins, and activation of any of the second messenger pathways that regulate them. Spatial‐temporal changes in the contractile, cytoskeletal or regulatory components of SM cells (SMCs) have been proposed to alter SM contractile activity. Ca2+ sensitization/desensitization can occur as a result of changes at any of these levels, and specific pathways have been identified at all of these levels. Understanding when and how proteins can translocate within the cytoplasm, or to‐and‐from the plasmalemma and the cytoplasm to alter contractile activity is critical. Numerous studies have reported translocation of proteins associated with the adherens junction and G protein‐coupled receptor activation pathways in isolated SMC systems. Specific examples of translocation of vinculin to and from the adherens junction and protein kinase C (PKC) and 17 kDa PKC‐potentiated inhibitor of myosin light chain phosphatase (CPI‐17) to and from the plasmalemma in isolated SMC systems but not in intact SM tissues are discussed. Using both isolated SMC systems and SM tissues in parallel to pursue these studies will advance our understanding of both the role and mechanism of these pathways as well as their possible significance for Ca2+ sensitization in intact SM tissues and organ systems. Anat Rec, 297:1734–1746, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microanatomy of the Medial Collateral Ligament Enthesis in the Bovine Knee
Authors: Thambyah Ashvin , Lei Zhao , Broom Neil
Published: August 2014

This study applied transmission and differential interference contrast light microscopy imaging methodologies to revisit the microanatomy of the ligament‐bone junction of the medial collateral ligament, with the aim of providing new insights into the mechanostructural significance of the enthesis. The data show that the microscale structural features of the enthesis are more complex than the conventional description of “direct versus indirect,” or “fibrous versus nonfibrous” insertions. From a materials perspective the enthesis may be viewed as a specialised functionally graded structural continuum whose unique microlevel structural adaptation contributes to maintaining both the local tissue micromechanical environment and joint function at the macrolevel. Anat Rec, 297:2254–2261, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and Ontogeny of a Novel Hemodynamic Organ in Zebrafish
Authors: Binelli Erica A. , Luna Alejandra N. , LeClair Elizabeth E.
Published: August 2014

The zebrafish maxillary barbel can protract and retract in response to stimuli, and appears connected to a prominent blood sinus on the lateral aspect of the maxillary bone. However, the mechanism of barbel movement is not described. Using whole‐mount phalloidin staining of the sinus region, we observed long filamentous actin cables, suggesting highly organized vascular smooth muscle cells, surrounding an endothelial chamber. Although the chamber is variably filled by erythrocytes in vivo, cardiac injection of fluorescent dextrans shows that it consistently contains plasma. Full‐thickness confocal imaging of dextran‐injected adults containing EGFP+ endothelial cells revealed a vascular complex with three compartments, here named the distal bulb, central chamber, and accessory chamber. The early ontogeny of all three compartments was confirmed in a whole‐mount series of Tg(fli1a:EGFP) juveniles. In wild type adults, the fine structure of each chamber was studied using paraffin‐ and plastic‐section histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The distal bulb and central chamber have smooth muscle coats with luminally‐elongated septa, forming semi‐detached blood‐filled lacunae. The central chamber walls and septa are extensively innervated by small, unmyelinated axons, as confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of acetylated tubulin, a component of axonal cytoplasm. The accessory chamber appears neither innervated nor muscularized, but is an endothelial cul‐de‐sac with a thickened elastic adventitia, suggesting an extensible fluid reservoir. We propose that we have identified a new organ in zebrafish, the maxillary barbel blood sinus, whose neurovascular specializations may contribute to zebrafish sensory biology and appendage control. Anat Rec, 297:2299–2317, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carboxylated Pillar[5]arene‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles with Chemical Stability and Enzyme‐like Activity
Authors: Park Chiyoung , Jeong Eun Sun , Lee Kyung Joo , Moon Hoi Ri , Kim Kyoung Taek
Published: August 2014

A facile synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) covered with a multidentate macrocycle, carboxylated pillar[5]arene (CP), via a one‐pot hydrothermal process is reported. The resulting AuNPs are highly stable against salts and pH variations, while their traditional counterparts are not stable at the same conditions. For the stabilization, multiple carboxylate groups of CP might contribute to electrostatic or steric stabilization. In addition, we found that CP‐coated AuNPs exhibit greater peroxidase‐like activity than citrate‐stabilized AuNPs in the presence of silver cations. The system presented herein would provide a new scheme to fabricate unique sensory systems in combination with enzymes, which can bind to the pocket of CP.
The impact of genetic heterogeneity on biomarker development in kidney cancer assessed by multiregional sampling
Authors: Sankin Alexander , Hakimi Abraham A. , Mikkilineni Nina , Ostrovnaya Irina , Silk Mikhail T. , Liang Yupu , Mano Roy , Chevinsky Michael , Motzer Robert J. , Solomon Stephen B. , Cheng Emily H. , Durack Jeremy C. , Coleman Jonathan A. , Russo Paul , Hsieh James J.
Published: August 2014

Primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) genetic heterogeneity may lead to an underestimation of the mutational burden detected from a single site evaluation. We sought to characterize the extent of clonal branching involving key tumor suppressor mutations in primary ccRCC and determine if genetic heterogeneity could limit the mutation profiling from a single region assessment. Ex vivo core needle biopsies were obtained from three to five different regions of resected renal tumors at a single institution from 2012 to 2013. DNA was extracted and targeted sequencing was performed on five genes associated with ccRCC (von‐Hippel Lindau [VHL], PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, and KDM5C). We constructed phylogenetic trees by inferring clonal evolution based on the mutations present within each core and estimated the predictive power of detecting a mutation for each successive tumor region sampled. We obtained 47 ex vivo biopsy cores from 14 primary ccRCC's (median tumor size 4.5 cm, IQR 4.0–5.9 cm). Branching patterns of various complexities were observed in tumors with three or more mutations. A VHL mutation was detected in nine tumors (64%), each time being present ubiquitously throughout the tumor. Other genes had various degrees of regional mutational variation. Based on the mutations' prevalence we estimated that three different tumor regions should be sampled to detect mutations in PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, and/or KDM5C with 90% certainty. The mutational burden of renal tumors varies by region sampled. Single site assessment of key tumor suppressor mutations in primary ccRCC may not adequately capture the genetic predictors of tumor behavior.
Poly (ADP) ribose polymerase enzyme inhibitor, veliparib, potentiates chemotherapy and radiation in vitro and in vivo in small cell lung cancer
Authors: Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Zhang Guojing , Deng Xingming , Rossi Michael R. , Switchenko Jeffrey M. , Doho Gregory H. , Chen Zhengjia , Kim Sungjin , Strychor Sandy , Christner Susan M. , Beumer Jan , Li Chunyang , Yue Ping , Chen Alice , Sica Gabriel L. , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Kowalski Jeanne , Khuri Fadlo R. , Sun Shi‐Yong
Published: August 2014

Poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) plays a key role in DNA repair and is highly expressed in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We investigated the therapeutic impact of PARP inhibition in SCLC. In vitro cytotoxicity of veliparib, cisplatin, carboplatin, and etoposide singly and combined was determined by MTS in 9 SCLC cell lines (H69, H128, H146, H526, H187, H209, DMS53, DMS153, and DMS114). Subcutaneous xenografts in athymic nu/nu mice of H146 and H128 cells with relatively high and low platinum sensitivity, respectively, were employed for in vivo testing. Mechanisms of differential sensitivity of SCLC cell lines to PARP inhibition were investigated by comparing protein and gene expression profiles of the platinum sensitive and the less sensitive cell lines. Veliparib showed limited single‐agent cytotoxicity but selectively potentiated (≥50% reduction in IC50) cisplatin, carboplatin, and etoposide in vitro in five of nine SCLC cell lines. Veliparib with cisplatin or etoposide or with both cisplatin and etoposide showed greater delay in tumor growth than chemotherapy alone in H146 but not H128 xenografts. The potentiating effect of veliparib was associated with in vitro cell line sensitivity to cisplatin (CC = 0.672; P = 0.048) and DNA‐PKcs protein modulation. Gene expression profiling identified differential expression of a 5‐gene panel (GLS, UBEC2, HACL1, MSI2, and LOC100129585) in cell lines with relatively greater sensitivity to platinum and veliparib combination. Veliparib potentiates standard cytotoxic agents against SCLC in a cell‐specific manner. This potentiation correlates with platinum sensitivity, DNA‐PKcs expression and a 5‐gene expression profile.
Functional Chromatography Reveals Three Natural Products that Target the Same Protein with Distinct Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Kang Min Jin , Wu Tongde , Wijeratne E. M. Kithsiri , Lau Eric C. , Mason Damian J. , Mesa Celestina , Tillotson Joseph , Zhang Donna D. , Gunatilaka A. A. Leslie , La Clair James J. , Chapman Eli
Published: August 2014

Access to lead compounds with defined molecular targets continues to be a barrier to the translation of natural product resources. As a solution, we developed a system that uses discrete, recombinant proteins as the vehicles for natural product isolation. Here, we describe the use of this functional chromatographic method to identify natural products that bind to the AAA+ chaperone, p97, a promising cancer target. Application of this method to a panel of fungal and plant extracts identified rheoemodin, 1‐hydroxydehydroherbarin, and phomapyrrolidone A as distinct p97 modulators. Excitingly, each of these molecules displayed a unique mechanism of p97 modulation. This discovery provides strong support for the application of functional chromatography to the discovery of protein modulators that would likely escape traditional high‐throughput or phenotypic screening platforms.
High‐Performance Titanosilicate Catalyst Obtained through Combination of Liquid‐Phase and Solid‐Phase Transformation Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Jingui , Zhao Yanli , Yokoi Toshiyuki , Kondo Junko N. , Tatsumi Takashi
Published: August 2014

A novel strategy for the synthesis of microporous crystalline titanosilicate catalyst (TS‐1) was developed based on the combination of liquid‐phase and solid‐phase transformation mechanisms. The core concept of this strategy was to crystallize the mixed precursors composed of both liquid‐phase and solid‐phase precursors. The anionic polyelectrolyte poly(acrylic acid) was used as a unique gelating agent to prepare the solid/liquid mixture, which can partly convert the liquid‐phase precursor to the solid‐phase precursor. Active framework Ti was formed by in situ conversion of the Ti species from the solid‐phase precursor during the crystallization stage, as well as by the transfer of Ti species from the liquid‐phase precursor to the solid crystal after the crystallization. In this way, the content of active Ti in TS‐1 was significantly increased. The obtained product displayed high activity for the oxidation reaction ofn‐hexane and 1‐hexene.