bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteogenesis Imperfecta in Holstein‐Friesian Calves
Authors: Agerholm J. S. , Lund A. M. , Bloch B. , Reibel J. , Basse A. , Arnbjerg J.
Published: May 2010

Eight calves with osteogenesis imperfecta were born in a Danish Holstein‐Friesian herd during a two‐year period. In total 92 calves were born (84 normal), and all were sired by a clinically normal Holstein‐Friesian bull. The defect was probably due to a de novo dominant mutation present as a gonadal mosaicism in the bull. Affected calves were characterised by multiple fractures, congenital bone deformations, general joint laxity, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and light blue sclerae. The skin seemed normal. Electron microscopical studies revealed slightly decreased average diameter of cutaneous collagen fibrils, while the diameter of collagen fibrils in tendons and ligaments was severely reduced. Abnormalities of collagen type I from skin and compact bone were not detected by biochemical analyses.
Congenital generalized epidermolysis bullosa in a calf
Authors: Agerholm J. S.
Published: May 2010

Epidermolysis bullosa is reported in a newborn calf. The disorder was lethal due to the large extension and severity of the skin lesions. Histopathologically, the defect was characterized by suprabasilar clefts located in stratum spinosum. In large areas, most epidermal layers were lost exposing stratum basale or even dermis. The basal membrane seemed normal. The disorder shared features with previous reported cases of both epidermolysis bullosa and familial acantholysis. The aetiology was not determined.
Jugular Vein Wall Repair after Intravenous Injection in Equids
Authors: Muylle S. , Simoens P. , Lauwers H.
Published: May 2010

The evolution of the healing process of venous puncture wounds was studied macroscopically and lightmicroscopically in order to determine the time of venipuncture. Seven small equids of various ages, all in normal healthy condition, were experimentally injected in the external jugular vein with a physiological Hartmann solution at different times before euthanasia. Two types of needle diameters i. e. 16.5 G and 19 G, were used. A fairly good uniformity in the healing process was seen in the 7 animals. In most cases the lesions induced within 5 weeks before death were macroscopically visible, whereas older perforation sites became indistinct. Lightmicroscopic study enabled determination of the time lapse after intravenous injection. The needle diameter seemed hereby relatively unimportant. Points of reference were endothelium repair, presence of a fibrin plug containing red and white bloodcells, neovascularization and healing of the connective tissue fibers.
Motor‐Modifying Properties of 5‐HT3and 5‐HT4Receptor Agonists on Ovine, Abomasum
Authors: Brikas P.
Published: May 2010

The effects and sites of action of 5‐HT3and 5‐HT4receptor agonists and antagonists on the abomasal myoelectric activity were examined in conscious sheep, chronically fitted with intravenous (IV) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas and intraparietal electrodes on the gastric body and antrum. The 5‐HT3receptor agonist 2‐methylserotonin, injected either IV (150 μg/kg) or ICV (5 μg/kg), induced an inhibition of the spiking activity in both the gastric body and antrum. This inhibition was abolished when the 5‐HT3antagonist granisetron was preinjected either IV (150 μg/kg) or ICV (15 μg/kg). The IV injection of 5‐HT4agonist 5‐methoxytryptamine (200 μg/kg) initially provoked stimulation and thereafter inhibition of abomasal activity, while its ICV administration (10 μg/kg) resulted in only inhibition of the gastric body activity. BIMU 1, another 5‐HT4agonistic substance, injected IV (300–1000 μg/kg), mimicked only the stimulatory actions of 5‐methoxytryptamine, while its ICV administration (10–50 μg/kg) had no effect on the abomasal activity. The IV (2000 μg/kg), but not the ICV (100 μg/kg), pre‐injection of the 5‐HT4antagonist DAU 6285 blocked the stimulation of the abomasal spiking activity resulting from the IV injection of either 5‐methoxytryptamine or BIMU 1. These results suggest that, in sheep, inhibitory 5‐HT3and excitatory 5‐HT4receptors, located at brain and peripheral levels respectively, participate in the control of the abomasal contractions.
Hematological, Blood Biochemical, and Cytological Bronchoalveolar Lavage Studies in Prepubertal Gilts after Endotoxin Inhalation and Ingestion
Authors: Holst H. , Edqvist L.‐E. , Kindahl H. , Rylander R.
Published: May 2010

The effect of oral intake of endotoxin (ET) combined with inhalation of ET‐contaminated feed‐dust was studied in 6 prepubertal gilts. The animals were given 100 mg of ET each in their ordinary feed ration and meanwhile stayed for 4 h in a continuous flow exposure chamber where the endotoxin concentration was approximately 9 μg/m3. Blood samples were collected during the exposure and for 8 h afterwards. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 24–26 h after the exposure. Six additional animals received ordinary feed and were exposed to feed‐dust without added ET. Blood samples were analysed for total white blood cell count (B‐WBC) and differential count: polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN); total red blood cell count (B‐RBC); platelets (B‐PLT); total serum bile acids (S‐BA); glutamate dehydrogenase (S‐GLDH); and a blood plasma prostaglandin F2α metabolite (15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α; P‐PG). The major findings were decreased numbers of MN, PMN and B‐RBC 3 to 6 h after the start of the ET exposure and increased numbers of neutrophilic granulocytes in the BAL fluid of the ET‐exposed animals. It is concluded that a combined oral and airborne ET challenge induces hematological and cytological changes that may contribute to the development of respiratory disorders.
Occurrence of Prochymosin Variants in the Abomasum of Bovine Foetuses and Calves
Authors: Wiśliński M. , Popielarz M.
Published: May 2010

Prochymosin variants were analysed in single abomasa from 67 foetuses (3–9 months of gestation) and 33 calves (about 6 weeks old) of Black‐and‐White cattle collected in a slaughter house. The method of agarose gel electrophoresis followed by detection of proteolytic activity was used. Three distinct prochymosins A, B and C that occurred singly or in pairs (with equal proteolytic activities of both components) were found. Chymosin A, B and C obtained after conversion of corresponding prochymosins, demonstrated similar electrophoretical mobilities like the three chymosin fractions contained in commercial rennin (Sigma, USA). Our chymosin B showed identical mobility as the amidated form of recombined chymosin B contained in Chymogen (Chr. Hansen's Lab., Danmark A/S).

Prochymosin A, B and C in the examined animals were precursors of corresponding chymosins and were controlled by three separate codominant alleles.

The following prochymosin phenotypes were found: AA (30), AB (32), AC (4), BB (29), BC (4) and CC (1). Chi‐square analysis demonstrated significant differences between the observed and expected numbers of phenotypes. The gene frequencies of prochymosin A, B and C were 0.48, 0.47 and 0.05, respectively.
Spinal Dysmyelination in Cross‐Bred Brown Swiss Calves
Authors: Agerholm J. S. , Hafner A. , Olsen S. , Dahme E.
Published: May 2010

The occurrence of a congenital neurological disorder “spinal dysmyelination” in cross‐bred calves in Denmark is reported. A total of 36 affected calves of the Red Danish Dairy breed X American Brown Swiss were detected. The calves occurred in a clear familiar pattern consistent with an autosomal recessively inherited trait, and the parents could be traced to a common ancestor. Clinically the disease was characterized by congenital lateral recumbency, opisthotonos, extension of the limbs, normal to increased reflexes, and normal alertness. At histological examination dysmyelination occurred constantly in specific spinal tracts.
ComparativeIn VitroPhagocytosis and F‐Actin Polymerization of Bovine Neonatal Neutrophils*
Authors: Moiola F. , Spycher M. , Wyder‐Walther M. , Zwahlen R. D.
Published: May 2010

Analysis of neonatal neutrophil (PMN) functions should help to reveal factors which could contribute to the impaired host defense system of neonates. We analysed functional parameters of PMN from newborn calves (N‐PMN) and adult bovines (A‐PMN): cellular volume and F‐actin content upon stimulation with complement factors, by cytofluorometry and phagocytosis ofE. coli 78:80Bwith a colorimetric assay.

Polymerization of F‐actin was rapid in both N‐ and A‐PMN, but reached higher levels in N‐PMN. N‐PMN are significantly smaller than A‐PMN throughout the whole activation time. Percentage of phagocytosing PMN, the rate of phagocytosis, and the rate of killing are similar between A‐ and N‐PMN after opsonization of bacteria with adult serum (AS). Opsonization with newborn serum (NS) reduced all three examined parameters: in A‐PMN more (P < 0.001) than in N‐PMN (P < 0.05). However, when phagocytosis was compared following age‐matched opsonization (N‐PMN and NS; A‐PMN and AS), N‐PMN phagocytosed less (P < 0.001) bacteria per PMN than A‐PMN. Additionally, steroidal (dexamethasone) and non‐steroidal (phenylbutazone) anti‐inflammatory drugs inhibited phagocytosis by N‐PMN less than by A‐PMN.

Higher relative F‐actin content of N‐PMN can be correlated with the documented functional hyperactivity of bovine N‐PMN. However, the exaggerated impairment of phagocytosis in calves observed after age‐matched opsonization of bacteria could potentially indicate a specific host defence defect.
Distemper Skin Lesions in a Dog
Authors: Maeda H. , Ozaki K. , Takagi Y. , Sawashima K. , Narama I.
Published: May 2010

Skin lesions were studied in a 3‐year‐old male Maltese dog with distemper. Hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis with vesicles and pustule formation were the outstanding features of the skin lesions around the eye, nose, and mouth. Multinucleated syncytial giant cells together with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing viral particles and viral antigen were scattered in the epidermis, and epidermal appendages. These findings suggest a direct viral attack on the skin.
Diagnostische und pathophysiologische Aspekte der Nierenfunktionsbestimmung bei Tieren
Authors: Reder S. , Hartmann H.
Published: May 2010

Diagnostic and Pathophysiologic Aspects in the Assessment of Animal Renal Function

Early diagnosis of loss in renal function (<60–70 %) is not possible either by resorting to the parameters of plasma urea and creatinine concentrations (responsive to functional loss by >75 % or by reference to urine concentration capacity (urine density: sensitive to concentrations >60%). However, clearance techniques for determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have proved suitable for quantitative assessment of renal function. Endogenous creatinine clearance is one of the most common clinical approaches in GFR determination. Criticism of results obtainable from endogenous creatinine clearance appears to be justified by pharmacokinetic aspects of creatinine as an indicator, as well as by some of its analytical peculiarities. The tediousness of the procedure is another counterproductive aspect pertaining to large‐scale use of endogenous creatinine clearance in veterinary medicine. Total blood‐plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine (T‐Clexo. Creatinine) would provide vets with an accurate (diagnostic validity) and practical method for carrying out clinical kidney‐function diagnostics. However, more research on a number of related issues will be required before the general introduction of the procedure.

Die frühzeitige Diagnostik einer verminderten glomerulären Filtrationsrate (GFR) μ < za. 60–70 % gelingt weder mit Hilfe der Parameter Plasma‐Harnstoff‐ und ‐Kreatinin‐Konzentration (sensitiv ab za. 75 % Funktionsverlust) noch über die Erfassung des Harnkonzentrationsvermögens (Harndichte: sensitiv ab za. 60 %). Dagegen sind für die quantitative Beurteilung der Ultrafiltration Clearance‐Verfahren geeignet. Als eine der gebräuchlichsten Methoden zur Bestimmung der GFR in der klinischen Veterinärmedizin steht die Kreatinin‐Clearance (endogene) zur Verfügung. Anlaß zur kritischen Bewertung der Ergebnisse der endogenen Kreatinin‐Clearance geben sowohl pharmakokinetische Aspekte als auch analytische Besonderheiten des Indikators Kreatinin. Desweiteren stehen der breiten Anwendung der endogenen Kreatinin‐Clearance in der Tiermedizin das aufwendige Procedere des Verfahrens entgegen. Mit der Einführung der totalen Blutplasma‐Clearance von exogenem Kreatinin (T‐Clexo. Kreatinin) stünde der Veterinärmedizin eine genaue (diagnostische Validität) und einfach anwendbare Methode zur klinischen Nierenfunktionsdiagnostik zur Verfügung. Für die Einführung des Verfahrens ist allerdings noch eine wissenschaftliche Bearbeitung verschiedener Fragestellungen erforderlich.
Metabolic, Endocrine and Haematological Changes in 1‐Week‐Old Calves after Milk Intake, in Response to Fasting and during Total Parenteral Nutrition*
Authors: Kinsbergen M. , Sallmann H.‐P. , Blum J. W.
Published: May 2010

Responses to twice daily milk feeding, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and fasting (saline infusion) were studied for 24 h in 1‐week‐old calves. Following milk intake glucose (G) and insulin (I) concentrations increased, whereas free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) levels and glutamate oxalacetatate transaminase (GOT) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities decreased, while heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, white blood cell number (WBC), serum iron (SFe), total protein (TP), albumin, aminoacids, urea, cholesterol, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (Pin), insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), growth hormone (GH), cortisol and 3, 5, 3′‐triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity did not change significantly. During saline infusion, Ca, G, TG, PL, I, IGF‐I and T3concentrations and AP and GGT activities decreased, while Na, FFA and urea concentrations increased. In response to TPN, G, urea, Na, tryptophane and I concentrations increased, while SFe, Ca, Pin, TG, FFA, serine, phospholipids (PL), cholesterol and T3 concentrations and AP, GOT and GGT activities decreased. Typical metabolic and endocrine changes were thus seen in response to milk intake and fasting. Changes during TPN remained within physiological limits.
Ovine Lentiviral Infection (Maedi/Visna) in Morocco: A Serologic and Postmortem Survey
Authors: Bouljihad M. , Leipold H. W.
Published: May 2010

In an attempt to estimate the importance of maedi/visna virus infection in Moroccan sheep and to assess the relationship, if any, between seroreactivity and pulmonary lesions, an abattoirbased serologic survey was undertaken over a period of 2 years. A total of 1000 blood samples and related lungs were collected from sheep of different breeds and ages slaughtered at three major municipal abattoirs in Morocco (Casablanca, Kénitra and Rabat). The agar gel immunodiffusion test showed that the seropositivity for all samples was 24.8%.

At post‐mortem examination, 107 out of the 248 (43.1%) sheep scored seropositive had gross lesions of maedi; typical microscopic lesions were observed in 125 (50.4%) seropositive sheep, including the 107 with gross lesions. Of the 752 seronegative animals, only 13 (1.7%) sheep had macroscopic maedi‐like lesions. Seventeen (2.2%) of these seronegative cases, including those with gross lesions, had histologic pulmonary changes consistent with maedi. No other maedi/visna‐associated lesions were found during this study; however, coexisting secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia was frequently encountered. The association between serologic and pathologic findings is reported and discussed.

Infection au Lentivirus Ovin (Visna‐maedi) au Maroc: Une Enquête Sérologique completée par Etude Anatomo‐pathologique

Afin d'apprecier l'importance de l'infection Visna‐maedi du mouton au Maroc et d'étudier d'éventuels rapports existant entre les résultats sérologiques et les lésions pulmonaires, une enquête séro‐pathologique basée sur des visites aux abattoirs a été menée durant une période de deux ans. Les prélèvements de sang déstinés au sondage sérologiques ainsi que les poumons respectifs ont été effectués sur 1000 ovins, d'âge et de race différents, abattus au niveau de trois principaux abattoirs municipaux du Maroc (Casablanca, Kénitra, Rabat). La méthode sérologique d'immunodiffusion sur gélose (I.D.G) a révélé un pourcentage de positivité de 24,8% sur l'ensemble des échantillons testés. Quant à l'étude anatomo‐pathologique, elle a montré que 107 sur 248 (43, 1 %) animaux réagissants présentaient des lésions macroscopiques alors que 125 cas (50, 4 %) positifs, parmi lesquels figuraient les 107 ayant les lésions macroscopiques, avaient des lésions microscopiques typiques du maedi. Sur les 752 animaux séronegatifs, 13 (1, 7%) ovins seulement présentaient des lésions macroscopiques comparables à celles du maedi. Histologiquement, 17 cas séronégatifs, y compris ceux avec des lésions macroscopiques, avaient des lésions caractéristiques du maedi. Aucune autre lésion associée au complexe Visna‐maedi n'a été décelée, parcontre, des lésions de bronchopneumonie dûes à des surinfections bactériennes ont été communément rencontrées. Il convient donc de retenir une corrélation supposant une relation étiologique entre les constatations sérologiques et anatomo‐pathologiques.
Computer Based Instruction is Effective to Teach Dairy Reproductive Management
Authors: Heuwieser W. , Oltenacu P. A. , Mansfeld R. , Johnson P. J.
Published: May 2010

This paper describes a classroom experiment in a German College of Veterinary Medicine (Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover) using an instructional software package designed to increase dairy reproductive problem‐solving skills. A pre‐test/post‐test experimental design demonstrated that learning occurred in an enjoyable environment when 21 4th year veterinary students used the program. Students' perception in respect to content, design, and usability criteria of the program were excellent to good.
Growth Performance, Haematogical Traits, Meat Variables, and Effects of Treadmill and Transport Stress in Veal Calves Supplied Different Amounts of Iron*
Authors: Lindt F. , Blum J. W.
Published: May 2010

Effects on serum iron (Fe), haematological variables and on blood lactate levels before and after treadmill exercise or transport to the slaughterhouse, on meat traits, and on growth performance of feeding milk replacer (MR), planned to contain 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 80 mg Fe/kg, were studied in veal calves. If supplied less than 50 mg Fe/kg MR, calves developed hypoferraemia and anaemia, the degree of which was dependent on Fe intake. Serum Fe concentration, saturation of transferrin with Fe and the degree of anaemia in calves fed 20 or 10 mg Fe/kg MR were nearly identical. Serum Fe concentration and haematological traits barely changed in calves fed 50 mg Fe/kg MR during the growth trial, but serum Fe concentration increased when MR contained 80 mg Fe/kg in calves fed 50 or more Fe/kg MR. Growth performance was smaller in calves fed 10 mg Fe/kg MR than in those fed greater amounts of Fe/kg MR. Carcass taxation was inversely related to Fe intake. In conclusion, MR containing only 10 mg Fe/kg caused marked anaemia and reduced growth performance. Feeding MR with only 20 mg Fe/kg is not necessarily sufficient to prevent development of severe anaemia. Feeding MR with 50 mg Fe/kg would seem to be physiologically the most appropriate amount of Fe for veal calves, but was too high for acceptable carcass taxation.
Iron Status, Erythropoiesis, Meat Colour, Health Status and Growth Performance of Veal Calves Held on and Fed Straw
Authors: Moser M. , Bruckmaier R. M. , Blum J. W.
Published: May 2010

Two experiments were designed to study the iron (Fe) status in veal calves (62 intact males) fed and held on straw. In experiment 1, two groups were fed 20 mg Fe/kg milk replacer (MR) and held unattached on rye or barley straw litter. In experiment 2, groups were fed 20 mg Fe/kg MR and held unattached on rye straw litter or on sawdust or attached on wooden slatted floors without straw litter or were fed 50 mg Fe/kg MR and held unattached on sawdust. Fe concentrations in tested straw sorts (rye, barley, wheat, triticale) were similar and ranged from 15 to 85 mg Fe/kg dry matter. Growth performance and health status were not significantly influenced by Fe intake through MR or straw. Straw intake in the group fed straw was greater (P < 0.01) at the end than at the start of the growth period, but intake of different straw sorts was similar. Calves fed 20, but not those fed 50 mg Fe/kg MR, developed marked hypoferraemia, but only moderate anaemia. Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was significantly (P < 0.05) and transferrin (Tf) concentration was numerically higher in calves fed 20 than in those fed 50 mg Fe/kg MR on slaughter day. TIBC and Tf were positively correlated (r = 0.63). Haemin concentration and lightness of m. rectus abdominis were significantly (P < 0.01), whereas myoglobin concentration was numerically greater in calves fed 50 than in those fed 20 mg Fe/kg MR. In conclusion, haematological and blood chemical parameters and meat colour were influenced only by high Fe intake through MR, but not if calves were held on straw litter or were fed straw.
Evaluation of Halothane as an Anaesthetic in Camels
Authors: Singh R. , Peshin P. K. , Patil D. B. , Sharda R. , Singh J. , Singh A. P. , Sharifi D.
Published: May 2010

Halothane as an anaesthetic was evaluated in 12 adult camels, thiopentone being used as an induction agent. In six camels, clinical signs and haematological and blood biochemical changes were investigated while in other six haemodynamic, acid base and blood gas changes were monitored. The dose of thiopentone required to ensure intubation for halothane anaesthesia was 7.25 ± 0.33 mg/kg. A modified technique of tracheal intubation was found to be safe and quick. During halothane administration all anaesthetic effects were predictable. Complete recovery occurred in 39.5 ± 9.8 min after discontinuation of halothane administration. Halothane moderated the thiopentone‐induced tachycardia. The mean arterial pressure decreased significantly. There was an increase in the arterial carbon dioxide and venous oxygen tension during halothane anaesthesia and development of hypoxaemia after its discontinuation. The alanine aminotransferase values increased during recovery, while plasma sodium, potassium and calcium decreased. Halothane appears to be safe for camels. However, to avoid hypoxaemia in the immediate post‐anaesthetic period, oxygen administration should be continued.
Radiological Aspects on the Course of Development of Porcine Epiphyseal Osteochondrosis (OCD) From 42 up to 147 Days of Age
Authors: Bittegeko S. B. P. , Arnbjerg J.
Published: May 2010

The articular‐epiphyseal (A‐E) cartilage complex of the distal humeral and femoral epiphyseal condyles of eight intact pigs (4♂ & 4♀) of the same age were radiologically examined every 3 weeks, beginning at 42 days up to 147 days of age; to determine the age of onset, the course and trend of development of osteochondrosis (OCD). The earliest Dyschondroplasia (Osteochondrotic) lesions were demonstrated radiologically in the A‐E complexes of the humeral condyles of 42‐day‐old pigs and in the femoral condyles at 63 days of age. Thus the radiographic examination of live animals to demonstrate subcondral radiolucency typical for OCD lesions in the condylar A‐E complexes of pigs is not of limited value until the animals were >100 days old as indicated in earlier reports. Also the course of further development of OCD lesions associated with A‐E complexes was followed. The radiolucency was seen to develop to a certain extent, and then either to regress, and stabilize or even to progress as the animal grows. Some lesions regressed completely. Also some of the regressed lesions may become active again and become progressive. However, the course of development of femoral condyle A‐E complexes OCD lesions was seen to be progressive continuously, or progressive then stable and then progressive again. The regressive course and trend of osteochondrotic lesions was not observed in the femoral condyle A‐E complexes up to day 147 of age. Therefore, the course and trend of development of the A‐E complexes OCD is not constantly the same.
The Sequelae of Distal Ulna Physeal Dyschondroplasia (Osteochondrosis) Lesions in Breeding Swine—A Radiological Investigation in Danish Landrace Pigs
Authors: Bittegeko S. B. P. , Arnbjerg J.
Published: May 2010

A radiological follow‐up study of osteochondrotic lesions in the distal ulna was carried out in 58 Danish Landrace breeding sows for a period of 15 months (October 1992 to December 1993). This was part of a major project involving the radiological investigation of articularepiphyseal and physeal development to investigate osteochondrotic lesions in pigs. The radiological lesions were graded from 1 to 5 with increasing severity. It was observed that not all pigs passed through all grades. Only 21% of the pigs had no radiological osteochondrotic lesions (grade 1) during the first radiography series. After 5–7 months, the number of pigs without osteochondrotic radiological lesions were observed to have increased dramatically (21–69%), but the converse was true for grades 2 (mild), 3 (moderate), 4 (severe) and 5 (very severe): (33–17%), (21–9%), (19–5%) and (7–0%) respectively. This was observed with increasing age and weight.

The 3rd radiography series indicated that the percentage of pigs without osteochondrotic lesions increased up to 82%, and that grades 2, 3, and 4 had fallen to 14%, 2% and 2% respectively, while grade five remained at 0%. This indicated that the distal ulna osteochondrotic lesions can be important in breeding pigs during the period of growth before first pregnancy. During the first pregnancy the osteochondral ossification fault can be corrected, and the lesions heal. The ulna growth plates were not closed at the second, but mostly closing during the third radiography series.
A study on the Efficacy of a Phospholipid Solution in Dogs with Aspirin‐Induced Thrombocytopathy
Authors: Nolte I. , Heyde P. , Mischke R. , Müller‐Berghaus G.
Published: May 2010

The aim of the present study was to test the haemostyptic properties of a phospholipid complex with platelet factor‐3 (PF‐3) activity in platelet‐dependent haemostatic disorders. The substance was investigated in an animal model comprising six investigational groups (five dogs each). A thrombocytopathy was created in the dogs belonging to groups 1–5 by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Two hours later a human albumin solution (5%) (control group) or a phospholipid complex with PF‐3 activity was injected or infused intravenously in different dosages. In dogs pre‐treated with ASA, injection of 2 ml/kg BW of the phospholipid complex shortened capillary bleeding time, which was prolonged as a consequence of ASA‐treatment. This effect lasted for 4 h at least.

The capability of the platelets to aggregate increased 5 min after intravenous injection of the phospholipid without differences in the respective groups. At the same time platelet counts dropped to approximately 50%, but increased again distinctly after 30 min. When the phospholipid complex was administered to clinically healthy dogs who had not been treated with ASA, this resulted in prolongation of the capillary bleeding time as well as a significant platelet drop in the peripheral blood. Although these were only short‐term effects after administration of the phospholipid complex, a disadvantageous effect cannot be excluded in patients suffering from haemorrhagic diathesis. For this reason, a phospholipid complex with PF‐3 activity cannot be recommended as a therapeutic agent for platelet‐dependent coagulation disorders in the dog.
Polioencephalomalacia Induced with Amprolium in Buffalo Calves—Clinicopathologic Findings
Authors: Tanwar R. K. , Malik K. S. , Gahlot A. K.
Published: May 2010

Polioencephalomalacia was induced in eight buffalo calves, 6–12 months old, by drenching amprolium (300 mg/kg body weight per day) for 29–55 days. Four buffalo calves of the same age group were drenched with tap water only and served as control. Blood samples were collected at different intervals during amprolium administration until the onset of clinical signs. Cerebrospinal fluid was also collected prior to amprolium administration and at the onset of clinical signs.

A significant progressive decrease in erythrocyte transketolase (TK) activity and an increase in the percent of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) effect were observed in amprolium‐fed calves during amprolium administration until the onset of clinical signs. There was a significant increase in blood lactate and blood pyruvate concentrations and a significant decrease in lactate/pyruvate ratio at the onset of clinical signs. Serum electrolyte (Na, Ca, P, Mg) concentrations showed no significant changes. However, the serum potassium concentration had decreased significantly at the onset of signs.

The cerebrospinal fluid analyses revealed a significant increase in lactate and pyruvate concentrations and lactate/pyruvate ratio in amprolium fed calves. The electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, P and Mg) of cerebrospinal fluid did not show any change.

It is concluded that oral administration of amprolium (300 mg/kg body weight daily) for 4–6 weeks produces biochemical changes characteristic of polioencephalomalacia in buffalo calves.
The Development Changes and Correlations of Some Blood Hormone Levels and Immune Indexes during the Postnatal Period in Neonatal Calves
Authors: Mao X.‐Z. , Li S.‐Z. , Zhu Z.‐K. , Qin W.‐L.
Published: May 2010

The developmental changes and correlations of some hormone levels and immune parameters in six spontaneously delivered Holstein calves with a birth weight of 40–50 kg were studied for a postnatal period of 1–15 days after birth. The mean levels of insulin (I), glucagon (Gc), cortisol (C) and growth hormone (GH) before feeding on day 1 were 9.68 ± 3.27 μu/ml, 685.39 ± 95.42 pg/ml, 14.27 ± 5.58 μg/dl and 0.85 ± 0.10 ng/ml respectively. I and GH increased on day 2 and then decreased to a steady level. Gc and C fell fluctuently within week 1 and remained at a stable level after then. WBC, neutrophil percentage, B‐lymphocyte percentage, albumin percentage decreased with day of age in 1st week and lymphocyte percentage, T‐lymphocyte percentage, T‐G (total globulin) percentage and γ‐G percentage increased with day of age in 1st week and then reached a steady level. The correlations between some hormone levels and immune parameters indicated that C and Gc have significantly negative correlations with γ‐G (%), T‐G (%) and T‐lymphocyte (%) respectively. WBC is positively correlated to C and Gc significantly. The correlations of I and GH with some immune parameters have no significance.
Blood Serum Transferrin Concentration in Cattle in Various Physiological States, in Veal Calves Fed Different Amounts of Iron, and in Cattle Affected by Infectious and Non‐Infectious Diseases
Authors: Moser M. , Pfister H. , Bruckmaier R. M. , Rehage J. , Blum J. W.
Published: May 2010

Transferrin (Tf) concentrations were determined in cattle in various physiological states, in energy‐deficient (ketotic) cows, in situations of several acute and chronic infections, after endotoxin administration and in animals with bovine leucocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). Tf concentrations varied between 1.5 and 8.5 g/l and in healthy animals were in the range of 2.0 and 6.6 g/l. Tf concentrations in adult animals were smaller than in young animals and increased in veal calves with iron deficiency above 8 g/l, resulting in a negative correlation between Hb and Tf. In veal calves total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and Tf concentration were rather closely correlated (r = 0.63). Chronic infectious diseases (such as paratuberculosis) were characterized by relatively low Tf levels (below 2 g/l), while during acute infections, after endotoxin‐administration and during ketosis Tf concentrations were not changed.
Changes in Osmotic Fragility of Nucleated Erythrocytes Resulting From Blood Storage
Authors: Oyewale J. O.
Published: May 2010

The storage of blood for 24 h at 10°C caused significant changes in osmotic fragility of nucleated erythrocytes of pigeons, peafowls, domestic fowls, lizards and toads. Significant decreases in fragility were seen with pigeon and peafowl erythrocytes. However, the osmotic fragility of domestic fowl, lizard and toad erythrocytes increased significantly.
Serum Fructosamine as a Screening Test for Diabetes Mellitus in Non‐Healthy Middle‐Aged to Older Dogs
Authors: Jensen A. L.
Published: May 2010

Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder among non‐healthy middle‐aged to older dogs. Previous studies have shown that serum fructosamine can be used to detect the chronic unregulated hyperglycaemia in Diabetes mellitus. The present study was therefore conducted to assess the value of serum fructosamine as a screening test for Diabetes mellitus among non‐healthy middle‐aged to older dogs in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values.

A total of 99 non‐healthy dogs (16 dogs with Diabetes mellitus and 83 dogs with other diseases) with an age ranging from 6 to 15 years were included in the study. Using the upper reference limit for serum fructosamine (343.8 μmol/I), sensitivity and specificity were 0.88 and 0.99, respectively and assuming the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus to be 0.05, the positive and negative predictive values were 0.82 and 0.99, respectively. Apparently, serum fructosamine could also be used to distinguish hyperglycaemia non‐diabetic dogs from hyperglycaemic diabetic dogs. Thus, the present study showed that serum fructosamine is a reliable screening test for Diabetes mellitus among non‐healthy middle‐aged to older dogs.
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of a Minor Salivary Gland in a Cat
Authors: Burek K. A. , Munn R. J. , Madewell B. R.
Published: May 2010

Neoplasms derived from salivary glands are uncommon in domestic animals and descriptions of neoplasms derived from minor salivary glands are quite rare. A primary neoplasm derived from a minor salivary gland is described in a 13‐year‐old domestic shorthair cat. The oral neoplasm was locally invasive, and had metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and hilus of the lungs.
Fremdstoffmetabolisierung beim Pferd mit Hinweisen auf andere Tierarten
Authors: Schmid A. , Schmid H.
Published: May 2010

Xenobiotic Metabolism in the Horse with Reference to Other Species

In this paper, the metabolism of xenobiotics in the horse, including differences to other species, is discussed. The most important metabolic reactions of phase I (oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis of substrates), as well as of phase II (conjugation of substrates with glucuronic acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid, alkyl groups, amino acids, amino acid derivatives, glutathione etc.), are discussed and enzymes involved in the metabolic reactions are considered.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über die Fremdstoffmetabolisierung des Pferdes einschließlich bekannt gewordener Unterschiede zu anderen Tierarten referiert. Dabei werden die wichtigsten Metabolisierungsreaktionen der Phase I (Substratoxidation, ‐reduktion und ‐hydrolyse) und der Phase II (Substratkonjugation mit Glucuronsäure, Schwefelsäure, Essigsäure, Alkylresten, Aminosäuren, Aminosäurederivaten, Glutathion usw.) sowie die am Fremdstoffwechsel beteiligten Enzyme berücksichtigt.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Plasma Volume of Dogs Suffering from Heart Failure or Dehydration
Authors: Vollmar A. M. , Montag C. , Preusser U. , Kraft W. , Schulz R.
Published: May 2010

Studies in humans and experimental animal models suggest that volume overload increases and volume underload decreases release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone intimately linked to water and electrolyte homeostasis. This relationship was examined in dogs suffering from heart failure or dehydration and the data presented here are in support of this general concept. Plasma ANP concentration in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) was elevated with the severity of the disease (NYHA classification, class II: 21.4 ± 9.2 fmol ANP/ml; class III: 65.5 ± 72.6; class IV: 119.7 ± 87.1; healthy dogs: 13.9 ± 7.5). The increment in plasma ANP concentration in cardiac patients was also positively correlated with the plasma volume. The blood volume of dogs with moderate and severe CHF was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated and a normotonic blood pressure prevailed. In contrast, dehydrated dogs tend to display reduced ANP plasma concentration (7.7 ± 5.6 fmol/ml) as well as significantly lower plasma volume and reduced blood pressure (P < 0.05). In dogs with severe CHF, ANP precursor material is present in the blood, which is normally undetectable. These data further support the concept of a regulatory function of ANP in volume homeostasis of dogs.
Phagocytic Activity of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Lavaged from the Lungs of Horses with Clinically Diagnosed Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Klucinski W. , Winnicka A. , Olszewski M. , Sikora J. , Sitarska E. , Niemialtowski M. , Muzylak M. , Bylinka G. , Wyszynski M.
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to compare phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) from the bronchoalveolar lavage of clinically healthy horses and those with severe chronic bronchiolitis. Research was carried out on 28 horses. Chronic inflammation of the lower airways was diagnosed in nine horses. Cells from the respiratory tract were lavaged according to accepted methods. For comparison, PMNs were isolated from peripheral blood of all investigated horses. The phagocytic activity of PMNs was determined in relation to two standard strains ofStaphylococcus aureus, Staph. aureusSmith which was phagocytized after previous opsonization, andStaph. aureus305, phagocytized without opsonization. From the investigations, it is shown that the PMNs present in the terminal airways of horses with severe chronic bronchiolitis are characterized by decreased phagocytic activity in relation to opsonizedStaphylococcus aureusSmith and increased activity in relation to non‐opsonizedStaphylococcus aureus305, as compared to the PMNs lavaged from the terminal airways of clinically healthy horses. No changes in the phagocytic activity of the peripheral blood PMNs were observed between clinically diseased horses and healthy horses.
Increased Airway Pressure in Response to Xylazine is Inhibited by both Atipamezole and Atropine in Sheep
Authors: Papazoglou L. , Raptopoulos D. , Kokolis N.
Published: May 2010

The effect on airway pressure of xylazine alone or following the administration of atipamezole or atropine was studied in 31 halothane‐anaesthetized sheep. Xylazine produced a significant increase in airway pressure which lasted for at least 30 min. This effect was inhibited by both atipamezole and atropine. The results suggest that the xylazine‐induced increase in airway pressure in sheep is α2‐adrenergically mediated. Moreover, activation of central α2‐adrenoceptors leading to vagal stimulation may be involved.
Messung der Fibrinogenkonzentration beim gesunden Hund: Standardisierung, Methodenvergleich und Referenzwerte
Authors: Mischke R. , Menzel D.
Published: May 2010

Measuring Fibrinogen Concentrations in Healthy Dogs: Standardization, Comparison of Methods and Reference Values

Plasma fibrinogen concentration was measured in 67 healthy, adult dogs using five different methods (gravimetry, methods described by Jacobsson(1955) Ratnoffand Menzie(1951), and Clauss(1957), and functional photometric assay). Apart from using linear regression and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) in order to characterize the relation between different methods, reference ranges (2.5–97.5%‐fractile) were calculated for all methods. For calibration of the Claussmethod (1957) and the photometric assay, dog plasma with a defined fibrinogen concentration was used. Measurements of commercial human fibrinogen standards yielded a good conformity with the concentrations specified by the manufacturer (values approximately 3% too low). These standards appear, therefore, to be also suited to the calibration of measurements of dog fibrinogen. The reference range for the gravimetry was 1.08–2.88 g fibrinogen per litre of plasma. A considerable conformity and close correlation was seen between the fibrinogen concentration measured by gravimetry and by using methods described by Jacobsson(1955; y = 1.088 × −0.142, r = 0.967) or Clauss(1957; y = 0.999 × −0.004, r = 0.973), respectively. Between the reference‐method gravimetry and the photometric method and Ratnoff‐Menzie(1951) method, respectively, a less close correlation, as well as a minor conformity, was found.

Im Plasma von 67 gesunden, adulten Hunden wurde die Fibrinogenkonzentration mit fünf verschiedenen Methoden (Gravimetrie, Methoden nach Jacobsson(1955), Ratnoffund Menzie(1951) und nach Clauss(1957), Kinetischer Trübungstest) gemessen. Neben der linearen Regressionsbeziehung und dem Korrelationskoeffizienten nach Pearson (r) zur Beschreibung der Abhängigkeit zwischen verschiedenen Methoden wurden für alle Verfahren Referenzbereiche (2,5–97,5%‐Quantil) ermittelt. Die Eichung der Clauss‐Methode und der kinetischen Bestimmung erfolgte über ein Hundeplasma mit definiertem Fibrinogengehalt. Die Messung kommerzieller Humanfibrinogenstandards ergab eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den vom Hersteller angegebenen Konzentrationen (jeweils ca. 3% zu niedrige Werte), so daß sie auch zur Eichung der Messung von Hundefibrinogen geeignet erscheinen. Der Referenzbereich für die Gravimetrie war 1,08–2,88 g Fibrinogen/l. Eine gute Übereinstimmung und enge Abhängigkeit zeigte sich zwischen der gravimetrisch und der mit der Jacobsson‐Methode (y = 1.088x — 0,142; r = 0,967) bzw. der Clauss‐Methode (y = 0,999x — 0,004; r = 0,973) gemessenen Fibrinogenkonzentration.

Eine weniger enge Abhängigkeit und geringere Übereinstimmung ergab sich zwischen Gravimetrie und dem kinetisch bzw. nach Ratnoff‐Menzie gemessenen Fibrinogen.
Histological and Immunohistological Classification of Canine Glomerular Disease
Authors: Vilafranca M. , Wohlsein P. , Trautwein G. , Leopold‐Temmler B. , Nolte I.
Published: May 2010

A histological and immunohistological study of the kidneys of 115 dogs, with and without clinical signs of spontaneous renal disease, was performed to prove the applicability of the WHO criteria for the classification of human glomerulopathy. Aside from the morphological investigation of paraffin and resin semithin sections, deposits of immunoglobulins, the complement component C3, and fibrinogen were observed immunoenzymatically in paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens. From this, eight different types of glomerular lesions with various frequencies were identified: minor glomerular abnormalities (28 cases), focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis (12 cases), focal glomerulonephritis (GN; 18 cases), diffuse membranous GN (nine cases), diffuse mesangial proliferative GN (2 cases), diffuse endocapillary proliferative GN (five cases), diffuse mesangiocapillary GN (25 cases), diffuse sclerosing GN (11 cases) und unclassified GN (two cases). In one case, renal dysplasia was diagnosed and two dogs did not present glomerular alterations. The results are discussed with regard to human glomerular diseases and pathogenic mechanisms.

Eine histologische und immunhistologische Untersuchung wurde an Nieren von 115 Hunden mit und ohne klinisch manifestierte Nierenerkrankung durchgeführt, um die Anwendbarkeit der WHO‐Kriterien zur Einteilung humaner Glomerulopathien zu überprüfen. Außer einer morphologischen Untersuchung von Paraffin‐ und semidünnen Kunststoffschnitten wurden Ablagerungen von Immunglobulinen, der Komplementkomponente C3 und Fibrinogen in paraffineingebetteten Gewebeproben immunenzymhistochemisch dargestellt. Acht verschiedene Formen glomerulärer Veränderungen wurden nachgewiesen: minimale glomeruläre Veränderungen (28 Fälle), fokale und segmentale Hyalinose und Sklerose (12 Fälle), fokale Glomerulonephritis (GN; 18 Fälle), diffuse membranöse GN (neun Fälle), diffuse mesangialproliferative GN (zwei Fälle), diffuse endokapillär‐proliferative GN (fünf Fälle), diffuse mesangiokapilläre GN (25 Fälle), diffuse sklerosierende GN (11 Fälle) und zwei nicht‐klassifizierbare Glomerulopathien. In einem Fall wurde eine renale Dysplasie festgestellt, und zwei Hunde wiesen keine glomerulären Alterationen auf. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Berücksichtigung der beim Menschen vorkommenden Glomerulopathien und ihrer Pathomechanismen diskutiert.
Effect of Protein and Fat Content in Feed on Plasma Alanine‐Aminotransferase and Hepatic Fatty Infiltration in Mink
Authors: Damgaard B. M. , Clausen T. N. , Henriksen P.
Published: May 2010

The effect of the content of protein and fat in the feed on the development of fatty infiltration of the liver in the period from weaning until pelting was measured in two groups of male scanblack mink (Mustela vison) fed 20% and 45%, respectively, of metabolizable energy (ME) from protein. Furthermore, plasma activity of alanine‐aminotransferase and the content of specifically chosen clinical‐chemical variables in the blood were measured. At pelting time in December, the liver weights were absolutely and relatively heavier to body weight and had a considerably higher fat content at 20% of ME from protein than at 45% of ME from protein. From August to pelting time, the activity of alanine‐aminotransferase in plasma was higher at a low protein level than at a higher protein level in the feed. It is concluded that the content of protein and fat in the feed affects the incidence of hepatic fatty infiltration in mink. In the growth period, it is possible, based on plasma activity of alanine‐aminotransferase, to select animals with histological fatty infiltration of the liver.
Blood Levels of the Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite during the Postpartum Period in Bos indicus Cows in the Humid Tropics
Authors: Toribio R. E. , Molina J. R. , Bolaños J. M. , Kindahl H.
Published: May 2010

Plasma levels of the prostaglandin F2α metabolite (15‐ketodihydroprostaglandin F2α) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 26 postpartum multiparous Brahman cows. Variation in the concentrations of the metabolite was high among animals. 15‐Ketodihydro‐PGF2α concentrations on day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 postpartum ranged from 402 to ≥1000, from 251 to ≥1000, from 237 to ≥1000, from 75 to 608 and from 75 to 267 pmol l−1, respectively. The prostaglandin metabolite levels were elevated at parturition and remained elevated thereafter for periods varying up to 10 to 23 days postpartum (16.7 ± 0.7 days, mean ± SEM). Uterine involution (UI) was completed by 28.0 ± 0.8 days (ranging from 20 to 36 days). A markedly linear decrease of 15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α levels (P < 0.001) occurred from parturition until Day 23 postpartum. A significant correlation between the duration of the elevated PGF2α metabolite and the time required for completion of UI was observed (r = −0.50, P < 0.01).

The effect of parity (PT) on 15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α levels was not significant, however the relationship between UI and PT was affected (r = −0.59, P < 0.001). Both PGF2α release and PT had effects on the variability of UI (R2 = 0.62, P < 0.001). No significant relationship was found between elevated levels of 15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α, UI and PT with postpartum anoestrous interval (PPAI).