bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

It took Estefano Benites little time and less effort to find the constables currently on duty; and as soon as he had done so he went with them to the hut of lsidro Champi, who was taking leave of his family to go to the belltower and toll the Angelus, which is done at nightfall with the great bell. Isidro Champi, known by the nickname Tapara, was a tall and powerful agile man of forty, married and the father of seven children, five boys and two girls. That afternoon he was wearing his only suit of clothes, consisting of black trousers with red stripes, scarlet shirt and vest, and a light green jacket. His thick long hair fell on his back in a braid tied with vicufia ribbons, and his head was covered with the jaunty Andalusian cap that the Conquistadors brought to Peru and that the Indians, with their love of picturesque and brightly colored dress, continue to wear.
12
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

After bidding his mother good-night, Manuel went to his room, where, sleepless and plunged in thought, he awaited the arrival of the new day. At a suitable time he took his hat and went to Don Fer nando’s house. He entered the parlor, where he found Margarita alone, reading the tales of Thumbkin in an illustrated booklet. Happy to see her, he told himself, “What a good chance to probe her heart and declare my feelings!” and coming up to the girl and embracing her, he said, “All by yourself, and so beautiful!” “How are you, Manuel?” the girl answered, setting the booklet on the table. “My pretty Margarita! This is going to be the first time I talk to you alone. We may only have a few minutes, because I’ve come to see Don Fernando, and so I ask you to listen to me, my Margarita,” Manuel said, through her veins; her cheeks were tinged with scarlet, and she ran from the parlor, saying, “I’ll call my godfather.” As she headed for Lucia’s rooms, instinctively she paused in the hallway to regain her composure. Manuel remained in that ecstasy of the soul that has nothing in common with the sleep of the body, and only the calm words of Don Fernando jarred him out of it.
13
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

Once she knew of her husband’s decision and found herself alone with Margarita, Lucia gave vent to her pleasure at the idea of the journey and said to her godchild, “Margarita, you’re going to be very happy with the news I have for you.” “Godmother... ?” the girl interrupted, looking Lucia in the face. “You and Rosalia won’t travel to Lima alone.” “Who else is coming? Are you?” the orphan asked eagerly, while the myriad butterflies of anxiety, enthusiasm, and curiosity fluttered in her mind. “I am, and so is your godfather-the whole family,” Lucia answered, nodding her head as she registered the tally on her fingers.
18
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

When we were speaking of events in her town, we already had occasion to describe Teodora in the flower of her youth. Her hair was so long and abundant that had she not worn it braided it would have covered her back like a broad mantle of undulating vapor. With that sweet expression that conquered every heart, her appearance was so pleasing and attractive that in his mind Don Fernando could find something like an excuse for the subprefect. He asked the newcomers to sit down and called through the doorway, “Lucia, Lucia!”, at the same time throwing out the stub of the cigarette he had been smoking. Meanwhile Dona Petronila said to her son, in a low voice and smiling slyly, “I’ve caught you, you rascal; I see where you’ve been spending your time.” “Mama!” Manuel brought out like a child making excuses. Don Fernando asked Teodora, “Have you just arrived?”
29
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner
Published: November 2023

The first to jump onto the ground, sinking into mud up to his knees, was Mr. Smith, who at the top of his lungs and in his broken Spanish shouted, “Don’t anybody move, all right? Everybody just stay put!” Numerous heads immediately peered out of the carriage’s windows, now bereft of all glass. The collision that had caused the derailment had also produced some fortunately slight wounds. “What a scare! Enough to make our hearts stand still! Were you very frightened, my love?” Don Fernando said to Lucia. “Terrified, darling! It’s a miracle we’re alive.” “You’re very pale. I wonder whether the bottle of coca broke,” said Marin, looking for a small bag. “Good Lord!” Lucia exclaimed again, peering through the window to see what sort of place they were in and paying no attention to the cries of Margarita, who was holding a Rosalia drenched in blood, nor to the commentaries of the other passengers.
Honeyguides
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

The honeyguides are a predominately African family, with a center of species diversity in tropical West Africa and in the headwater region of the Congo River (Fig. 18). Snow (1968) stated that all of the four honeyguide genera are associated with evergreen forest in Africa and that the evergreen forest species appear to be morphologically primitive. In his view the family may have evolved as evergreen forest forms, which subsequently became adapted to more arid habitats. Friedmann (1955) stated that, of the 11 species he recognized, 6 are to adapted forests, 3 are associated with open habitats, and 2 occur in both habitat types. Although several species are not yet proven to be brood parasites, there is no evidence to support the possibility that they are not.
American Ground Cuckoos
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

The ground cuckoos of the New World are a relatively small assemblage of mostly tropical species, of which 11 species in five genera have been accepted by Sibley and Monroe (1990). Among these, only the greater roadrunner has been studied in any great detail, and this is also the only species of the group with a range extending north of Mexico. Five of the other species are limited to South America, three species occur both in Middle and South America, and the remaining two are limited to Middle America.
The Virtues of the Vicious
Authors: Andal Keith G
Published: November 2023

In this compelling work, Keith Gandal reveals how the slum in nineteenth-century America, long a topic for sober moral analysis, became in the 1890s an unprecedented source of spectacle, captured in novels, newspapers, documentary accounts, and photographs. Reflecting a change in the middle-class vision of the poor, the slum no longer drew attention simply as a problem of social conditions and vice but emerged as a subject for aesthetic, ethnographic, and psychological description. From this period dates the fascination with the “colorful” alternative customs and ethics of slum residents, and an emphasis on nurturing their self-esteem. Middle-class portrayals of slum life as “strange and dangerous” formed part of a broad turn-of-the-century quest for masculinity, Gandal argues, a response to a sentimental Victorian respectability perceived as stifling. These changes in middle-class styles for representing the urban poor signalled a transformation in middle-class ethics and a reconception of subjectivity. Developing a broad cultural context for the 1890s interest in the poor, Gandal also offers close, groundbreaking analysis of two of the period’s crucial texts. Looking at Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives (1890), Gandal documents how Riis’s use of ethnographic and psychological details challenged traditional moralist accounts and helped to invent a spectacular style of documentation that still frames our approach as well as our solutions to urban problems. Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) pushed ethnographic and psychological analysis even farther, representing a human interiority centered around self-image as opposed to character and exploring not only different customs but a radically different ethics in New York’s Bowery—what we would call today a “culture of poverty.” Gandal meanwhile demonstrates how both Riis’s innovative “touristic” approach and Crane’s “bohemianism” bespeak a romanticization of slum life and an emerging middle-class unease with its own values and virility. With framing discussion that relates slum representations of the 1890s to those of today, and featuring a new account of the Progressive Era response to slum life, The Virtues of the Vicious makes fresh, provocative reading for Americanists and those interested in the 1890s, issues of urban representation and reform, and the history of New York City.
Psychological Moralities of the Slum
Authors: Andal Keith G
Published: November 2023

At this point one is perhaps tempted to conclude that Riis and Crane reject harsh moralism and bring moral conceptions about the poor in line with psychological facts. This is how we often view these writers, and this is how we normally imagine psychology: as an amoral knowledge that allows us to lower our ethical demands to a realistic level. But in fact, psychology ceases to be amoral the moment it becomes either normative or prescriptive, and Riis and Crane do not simply lower or discard traditional moral expectations in light of psychology. Crane’s psychology is normative, and Riis’s is both normative and prescriptive: they both assert new ethical objectives. Riis finds in the tough the “hopeful symptom” of pride and imagines social programs built around its cultivation. Crane faults the Bowery for its “cowardice” and praises “inward confidence.” And one does not have to have read Crane’s letters to conclude that the characters in Maggie are too willing to “be knocked flat and accept the licking”: the novel strongly implies that something is wrong with Maggie’s extreme self-doubt, just as it indicates that Jimmie’s and Pete’s relentless self-promotion has something unseemly about it.
The East German Church and
the End of Communism
Authors: Burgees John P
Published: November 2023

Burgess addresses the role of religion in the massive political changes that took place in Eastern Europe in 1989, focusing particularly on the role played by the East German Church in that country’s bloodless revolution.
Archaeal Portraits
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

Archaea include some of the most bizarre cells in the entire living world. Some of them have the form of isosceles triangles, while others are extended threads, one hundred times as long as they are thick. Still others are precise squares and resemble postage stamps. And quite a few are knobby, irregularly covered with small lobes. On the other hand, many Archaea appear quite unremarkable, taking the form of nondescript rods or spheres, just like the majority of Eubacteria. But, in all cases, the detailed cellular architecture of Archaea is unique. For example, most Archaea have cell walls with chemical compositions unlike any other cell walls in the living world. Likewise, their cytoplasm contains ribosomes that differ in shape and composition from all others. And they all are enclosed by membranes with unique chemical composition and overall appearance, quite unlike those belonging to any other organism that we know about.
From a Historical Perspective
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

The names Archaea and the earlier Archaebacteria were obviously intended to denote “archaic,” both having been coined at a time when it was believed that these organisms might be of more ancient lineage than any others. Now that view has been modified somewhat, and we reckon that the archaeal and eubacterial lineages are of equal (and great) age, so that the most important landmark in early evolution becomes the point at which the two prokaryotic groups branched and became distinct. The current view is that this happened about 3.5 billion years ago. The thermophilic members of both groups do appear to be the most slowly evolving—the most ancient in these two very old domains. So especially among these thermophiles, eubacterial and archaeal, one may reasonably expect to find clues about early life and the environment that shaped it.
Making a Living (Obtaining Energy)
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

Just as one sometimes identifies people by their means of livelihood, one can group microorganisms according to the way in which they manage their energy supply. Thus, photosynthetic bacteria obtain energy from sunlight, whereas most aerobic microbes obtain it from respiration. But, just as classification of people according to how they make a living may ignore their most important human attributes, so does grouping organisms according to energy source omit much of significance. For one thing, it says almost nothing about evolutionary relationships: usually, evolutionary classification (e.g., via RNA base sequences) and grouping according to energetics have very little connection.
From Entertainment to Art and Back to Ritual
Authors: Sutton R Anderson
Published: November 2023

Many parts of the world during the twentieth century have seen the commodification of musical and dance forms once rooted in ritual practice. As these forms are secularized and restructured to conform with commercial expectations and packaged for diverse (and often uninformed) paying audiences, local practitioners often despair at the disempowerment of locally rooted traditions, and in response may adopt various oppositional tactics. In this chapter I would like to address a set of responses spearheaded by a small group of artist-intellectuals in Makassar, who have been attempting—often in ways that startle the local population—to revitalize local performance through its re-ritualization. In the process, I will also address the notion of a “work of art,” the presentation of mock ceremony as “art,” and the creative and performing “artist” in lowland South Sulawesi as these concepts have developed in recent decades.
Mentors: The Young Person’s Friend
Authors: Bryan Charles S
Published: November 2023

Osler attributed his success not only to hard work and career planning but also to a rich net­ work of interpersonal relationships. He recognized that what makes or breaks our luck more often than not is the quality of our bonds with fellow humans. In his formative years, he sought out older people who could offer knowledge, skills, and insights. In his maturity, he sought out younger people who could magnify his effectiveness and ensure his legacy. Such relationships are now taught as mentoring, today’s buzzword for an ancient concept.

Mentor in Greek legend was the faithful servant and advisor to Ulysses, king of Ithaca. Embarking for the Trojan war, Ulysses left his wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus, under Mentor’s care.
ADHD: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Authors: Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

Paul Wender is a pioneer researcher and clinician who was one of the first to identify and treat children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and later to notice the same pattern of symptoms in the parents of these children. He has now thoroughly revised and updated his classic handbook on the subject, adding more case histories, expanding the section on adults, and outlining the new drug treatments that have appeared since the last edition. Reviewing what is known about ADHD, its symptoms, its life course, its etiology, the usefulness of various treatments, and the value to the patient of education about the disorder, Wender brings together a wealth of information not available in any other volume. A clinician who has treated patients with ADHD for many years, he offers compelling firsthand accounts from men and women who offer dramatic insight into what it feels like to have ADHD and how it responds to medical treatment. Combining the insights of his clinical practice with his innovative research on pharmacological treatments of psychiatric disorders, Wender offers a wealth of practical information on where to seek help, the kinds and reliability of diagnostic tests, and the different approaches to treatment. He also identifies the drug treatments that can dramatically reduce symptoms and, when necessary, render patients more amenable to treatment for any residual psychological symptoms. The classic work on this ailment, ADHD is an indispensable source of help, hope, and understanding for parents and adults who suspect that they or someone they care about may suffer from this much misunderstood disorder.
Russell: Loftily Earthy and Earthily Lofty
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

This first full-scale, sedulously researched and copiously documented biography of Russell conducts us unhurriedly from his childhood at Pembroke Lodge, Richmond, up through his early Cambridge years. Thence we are led to his first marriage and its pathetic demise, his opposition to World War I, via his passionate and enduring attachments to Lady Ottoline Morrell and Lady Constance Malleson (Colette), to his later marriages, American sojourns, and steady emergence into the public eye, culminating in his efforts to secure a safe nuclear arms policy. En route we are treated to a chronicle of British intellectual and political life from 1872 to 1970, with illuminating sidelights on such notables as D. H. Lawrence, Wittgenstein, and the Webbs. The result is a thoroughly workmanlike and well-rounded portrait of Russell.

Mr. Clark succeeds in conveying, amid the welter of detail, a strong sense of the man: compounded of a dominating (of others as well as himself) and aristocratic intellect, a passionate and romantic nature, tempered (one might almost say civilized) by ironic humor and a fair measure of ordinary human kindness. The style and stance adopted by Mr Clark are greatly unobtrusive, the story unfolded with a minimum of psychological probing and authorial judgment. Particularly revealing are the contemporary letters and journal entries, which suggest an immediacy of feeling sometimes lacking in the retrospections of Russell’s own Autobiography.
Russell: The Machine in the Ghost
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Reading a biography is always at the same time an act of autobiography-an act of self-reflection and self-evaluation. As one absorbs the life of the subject, one is forced to go over the events and themes of one’s own life, making comparisons and drawing lessons. This can be an uncomfortable experience. In the case of Bertrand Russell and me there is a special edginess to the process. Although I never met him, I read Russell with great fervor and fire at around the age of twenty, devouring as many of his books as I could. His autobiography was a particularly potent influence upon me, with its mixture of extreme intellectualism and emotional idealism. I let myself be thoroughly Russellized. He has been a voice in my head ever since. (How many others have been indelibly marked by the Russell persona?) I admit that I idolized the man.

It is not that this callow worshipfulness has remained constant. There has been the small matter of my own life to live, and reading (and reviewing) two earlier biographies of Russell-by Ronald Clark and Caroline Moorehead-did much to dampen my idolatry. But ploughing through Ray Monk’s massive, thorough, and probing first volume has been an especially chastening experience, as it will be for all Russell worshippers. This is not because, as might be expected, I find my admiration for Russell seriously dented-though it is certainly qualified; rather, it is the sheer unhappiness of the man that is so disturbing.
Peirce: Logic and Sadness
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

The view of truth and reality that he proposed in that sentence, and in his many writings, inverts the conception that has some claim to be regarded as standard: that inquiry indeed aims at discovering truth, and hence at uncovering reality, but that there is always a logical gap, capable of provoking skepticism, between the beliefs that inquiry yields and the facts that it aims to represent. No matter how hard you try to be right, you might always be wrong, however plural “you” are. The truth of a belief can never consist in its being believed, even when it is arrived at by the utmost diligence. But Peirce closes this ominous gap between belief and truth by defining truth in terms of the eschatology of inquiry: truth simply is that which competent inquirers will eventually come to agree it is. It follows that when doubt and disagreement cease, truth will be the inevitable result.
Penrose: Past Computation
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Consciousness has recently come to be cast as the fairground coconut of contemporary thought: everyone wants a crack at knocking it from its pedestal and then splitting it open to reveal the secret inner gleam. Book upon book, theory upon theory, has been hurled at the tough bristly nut of consciousness, with the hope of at least grazing the big prize-the missiles invariably falling limply at the thrower’s feet or splashing wildly into some nearby goldfish bowl. The target has proved exasperatingly elusive. There hasbeen much gleeful jeering at the form of other contestants and manly displays of theoretical bravado. Some fret pessimistically over whether the balls supplied are even capable of the appropriate trajectory. But there is always someone out there who believes that he hasjust the right arm for the job. And think of the glory!
Lycan et al.: Imagining an Orgasm
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

The more philosophically interesting a science, the less secure or transparent are apt to be its theoretical foundations, given that philosophy thrives on perplexity. It is some time since chemistry produced much of a reaction in philosophers, but biology can still get their juices flowing, though not so freely as in the days of the Bergsonian elan vital. Quantum physics is a contemporary focus of philosophical attention—despite the suspicion of some that it is only a dispensable antirealism that generates the putative puzzles. Mathematics induces periodic bouts of fascination, even of deep distrust—as with Brouwer and Wittgenstein—but its rigor and finality tend to keep the perplexities at bay. In the case of psychology, however, philosophical interest reaches its highest pitch, and never more so than at present: perhaps to the chagrin of practicing psychologists, philosophers are now very interested in what they are doing—or at any rate in what they ought to be doing.
Fodor: Using Common Sense
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

What is the scientific status of commonsense psychology? Should it be taken as a sound basis from which to build a psychological science—needing to be deepened and extended, certainly, but right in essentials? Or should it be discarded wholesale as so much outworn superstition, fit only to be replaced by some quite new kind of theoretical structure? The latter attitude prevailed during much of the infancy and adolescence of scientific psychology, but the former attitude seems to be gaining ground in the (relatively) mature period we know as cognitive science.
Davidson: Cooling It
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Donald Davidson is perhaps the most distinguished philosopher in history never to have written a book. Indeed, he did not get round to writing articles until he was into his forties (he is now seventy-six). Yet those articles—short, intense, allusive, hard—have changed the shape of contemporary analytical philosophy. They were in mid spate when I was a graduate student at Oxford in the early seventies, and they acted as a kind of philosophical IQ test for the young philosophers of my generation. I well remember poring with tormented excitement over “Truth and Meaning” and “Mental Events,” two of the most influential (and contested) articles of recent times. These cryptic texts gave the impression of well-honed conjuring tricks, in which the deepest of problems were given tantalizingly rigorous and ingenious solutions. In those days you were either a “Davidsonian” or you weren’t; you certainly had to find out where you stood. But it wasn’t easy, because each Davidson article presupposed the others, and they assumed you were good at logic. It became clear that Davidson had a system, but it needed to be pieced together by the reader, as best he or she could. Puzzlement about a particular Davidson piece would be met with a knowing look from the initiated and the query “But have you read ‘In Defence of Convention T’?” The very plainness of his name (often transmuted to David Donaldson) lent an aura of mystique to the plosive economy of the Davidson corpus.
Kripke: Naming and Necessity
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Saul Kripke’s brilliant and very influential article, “Naming and Necessity,” appeared in 1972 in Semantics of Natural Language (edited by Davidson and Harman), having been transcribed from a series of unscripted lectures delivered at Princeton University in 1970. Now we have the record of those lectures in book form, accompanied by a new preface, in which the author dates the origin of his ideas from 1963-64.

As Kripke anticipates, those acquainted with the original article will be disappointed by the present publication, for the text is virtually unaltered and the preface is mainly given over to repeating points already contained in the earlier work for the benefit of readers for whom they were not crystal clear. It is not that Kripke thinks there are no genuine objections to take uphe admits to certain “substantive problems with the monograph”-but we are not told what these problems are, nor which passages he would (if he could) revise or expand. Indeed, he invites readers to judge for themselves which criticisms of his views are frivolous and which serious. It would have been interesting to know Kripke’s own assessment of some of the many queries that have been raised over the past decade.
Pluhar: Born Free
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Strange to say, not all human institutions owe their existence to sound moral reasoning-not even those that have proved themselves most durable. Monarchy, slavery, patriarchy, dictatorship, child labor: these practices were sustained by power and advantage, not by their invulnerability to moral criticism. Spurious moral defenses, often bizarrely ingenious, have grown up around these practices, enabling their beneficiaries to soothe their consciences or to ward off their critics, but few would now pretend that these exercises of power enjoy any defensible ethical rationale. The suggestion that slaves were made to be exploited, by God or nature, would not now be received as anything other than self-serving delusion. Enslaved persons have their inherent moral rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and the institution of slavery violates these rights. This may not have been obvious then, but it is a platitude now.

In recent decades, we have grown used to hearing a comparable claim made on behalf of animals. It is said that they, too, are the victims of unjust exploitation. We humans use them as means to our ends, without regard for their inalienable rights. We treat animals in ways that are contrary to their interests-as when we eat them, confine them, experiment on them, hunt them, wear their skins-and this is a plain violation of moral principle. We are, in effect, discriminating against animals on the basis of their species.
A Revolutionary Formation
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

The publication of Leaves of Grasson or about July 4, 1855, was an act of revolution, an assault on the institutions of old-world culture that was as experimental and far-reaching in the artistic sphere as the American revolt against England had been in the political sphere. Everything about the book, including its date of publication, was revolutionary. Designed by Whitman and printed at his own expense, the volume was quarto sized, with clusters of leaves embossed on its dark green cover; the title, which was printed in gold, sprouted lush roots and leaves, suggesting the motifs of growth, fertility, luxuriance, and regeneration that figure throughout the poems. With its visual iconography of roots taking shape as Leaves of Grassand its verbal pun on leaves as pages and pages as grass, the title challenged traditional notions of poetic taste by suggesting the common, local, and democratic ground out of which American literature emerged. The title page bears no author’s name, only the title Leaves of Grassand the date and place of publication: Brooklyn, New York: 1855. Whit-man inscribed his authorial signature not in a name but in an engraved frontispiece of himself dressed as a day labourer in workingman’s trousers, a shirt unbuttoned to reveal his undershirt, and a hat cocked jauntily on his head (Figure I).
The Poet of Slaves and the Masters of Slaves
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

For Whitman, as for the American people, it was the issue of slavery more than any other that tested the nation’s moral and political bounds. As editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle,he faced for the first time the central paradox of the American republic: the contradiction between republican ideology and the reality of an economy of masters and slaves. This contra-diction had roots in the foundation of the republic itself. In a letter to his friend John Holmes, Jefferson commented on his own and the national dilemma over slavery: “We have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go.”1 Divided between his fears for the Union, property, and the safety of the race and a revolutionary ideology that committed him to the liberation of all slaves, Jefferson in his wolf image aptly reflected the dilemma of the American republic. As a journalist and political activist during the 1840s and then as a poet, Whitman took Jefferson’s and the nation’s wolf by the ears. Like the controversy over slavery in the political sphere, Whitman’s response to the issue of slavery in the 1840s and 1850s triggered a crisis of democratic faith. As he attempted to resolve the paradox of slavery in the American republic by drawing on revolutionary ideology, he adopted increasingly radical postures. Inscribed with the contradictions of an entire culture, slavery is in many ways the original text of America, and it was in response to this text, in the heat of the slavery controversy, that Whitman made the final passage from party journalist to political poet.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

In early 1949 the New York Times’s veteran correspondent in Athens, Anne O’Hare McCormick, observed that the Truman Doctrine had involved the United States in “a new kind of war” against communist-led guerrillas in Greece. The conflict was dark and murky, a war in the shadows characterized by enemies difficult to define or even to see, and by a search for victory not measurable in territorial terms or human and material loss. The enemy rarely wore uniforms, often fought with confiscated weapons, usually relied upon non-conventional warfare, and nearly always received supplies and shelter from neighboring communist countries. Battlefronts seldom existed, for the guerrillas preferred the terrorist tactics of raiding, pillaging, sniping, and abducting villagers and townspeople into their small but effective force. Communist propagandists kept the atmosphere tense by attacking America for pursuing imperial interests and opposing the popular will. In the United Nations and other public forums, the United States sought to defend its actions while attributing a large measure of the turmoil in Greece to outside communist forces.
Dénouement
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

By the summer of 1949, the war was clearly turning in the government’s favor. Yugoslavia’s reductions in aid to the guerrillas were having a serious impact on their war effort. The Greek army was severely restricting the guerrillas’ contact with the rural population, leading to a sharp decline in abductions and to larger and more rapid withdrawals to the north. Aid from Albania and Bulgaria continued, although not on the scale formerly provided by the Yugoslavs. The key to peace was a normalization of relations between Greece and Yugoslavia, which would result in a complete cessation of Yugoslav assistance to the guerrillas.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

These are welcome words to a convicted felon, for they begin an Executive Grant of Clemency. Presidential and gubernatorial acts of clemency-grants of pardon, commutations, and r-eprieves-are granted for a wide variety of reasons, some good and some not. These four cases provide a sample:
Legalistic Retributivism
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

The roots of the views that I have chosen to group under the title ‘legalistic retributivism’ go back beyond Kant at least to St. Thomas Aquinas. In the twentieth century, a tentative version of legalistic retributivitism appeared in H. L. A. Hart’s The Concept of Law. In its most recent form, legalistic retributivism is a combination of several ideas of Kant, filtered through the rational contractarian views of John Rawls, and given various forms by Herbert Morris, Jeffrie Murphy, John Finnis, and Michael Davis, among others.
Deserving Punishment and Deserving Pardon
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

According to the retributivist theories outlined in the preceding chapters, punishment is justified because people sometimes deserve punishment and because it is just to give people what they deserve. This is a particularly unhelpful formula. Unhelpful, that is, unless there is some way to know when people deserve punishment-to know what kinds of facts about people, their acts, and/or their circumstances have the moral credentials to justify punishment.
How Presidential Pardoning Practices Should Be Changed
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

The questions asked so far have been hypothetical: If retributivist principles of justice were adopted, what would pardoning practices be like? What would ‘pardon’ mean? When could pardons be granted? The answers have sketched a version of pardon as a duty of justice: Pardons would be granted only to people who deserved to be pardoned, for no reasons other than that they deserved to be pardoned and that it is just to give people what they deserve.
self-Deception, Rationalization, and the Ethics of Belief
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

Self-deception is a philosophically challenging subject. It interests psychologists as well as philosophers, and it raises important ethical questions about the scope of moral responsibility and the ethics of belief. There is, however, continuing disagreement over whether self-deception is to be explained, or explained away. Construed literally, the notion suggests that self-deceivers both believe and disbelieve the same proposition: believing it as victims of deception, disbelieving it as perpetrators. Literalists often seek to show how believing and disbelieving the same proposition is possible; other literalists contend that this is irreducibly paradoxical and self-deception thus impossible; still others have argued that taking the term literally does not entail a complete analogy with other-person deception.
Appraisability, Autonomy, and Control
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

Ancient wisdom counsels that appraisability requires control. I have proposed that the relevant type of control is volitional control; an agent’s action must be under the control of her practical reasoning if she is to be morally appraisable for it. If this is so, then there is a forthright explanation of why Bond is not blame worthy for killing Smernof in Secret Agent, one of the cases with which we began. Recall, in Secret Agent, Bond is the puppet of Xenia. By electronically controlling his brain, Xenia implants in Bond a powerful near-irresistible desire to kill Smernof, together with the beliefs that the desire is irresistible and that it is Bond’s moral (and professional) duty to kill Smernof.
Wrapping Up: Some Final Thoughts
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

In some of the past chapters, I have attempted to uncover conditions that are necessary and sufficient for moral appraisability for intentional actions. The conditions are recorded in principle Appraisability, which has three central constituents: a control constituent, which says that the sort of control required for moral appraisability is volitional control; an epistemic one, which-stripped down to its core-says that in order for an agent to be morally appraisable for an action, the agent must believe she is doing something wrong or morally amiss, or she is either executing her moral duty or at least doing what is morally permissible by performing that action; and finally, an authenticity constituent, which says that the agent’s action for which she is appraisable must issue from actional springs that are “truly her own.”
Special Circu1nstances and the Bad Sa1naritan Exception
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

Jane Austen characterized obligation as a fat friend who breaks his leg on your I front walk after tea, obliging you to care for him through months of convalescence. Some obligations are not acquired by consent. In liberal theory, affirmative obligations are almost exclusively focused in terms of individual consent (or contract). Yet, actual obligations in liberal societies appear to derive from many sources: from being a citizen, from owning property, from engaging in certain activities, from living in a particular place, from being related to someone, perhaps even simply from being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Obligations appear to come attached, like price tags, to other things we value. There might be any number of grounds for justifying them apart from or in addition to consent or contract.
Evolution
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

THE sciences h2ve developed in an order the reverse of what might have been expected. What was most remote from ourselves was first brought under the domain of law, and then, gradually, what was nearer : first the heavens, next the earth, then animal and vegetable life, then the human body, and last of all (as yet very imperfectly) the human mind. In this there is nothing inexplicable. Familiarity with detail makes it difficult to see broad patterns ; the outlines of Roman roads are more easily traced from aeroplanes than from the ground. A man’s friends know what he is likely to do better than he does himself ; at a certain turn in the conversation, they foresee the dreadful inevitability of one of his favourite anecdotes, whereas to himself he seems to be acting on a spontaneous impulse by no means subject to law. The detailed acquaintance derived from intimate expenence is not the easiest source for the generalized kind of knowledge which science seeks. Not only the discovery of simple natural laws, but also the doctrine of the gradual development of the world as we know it, began in astronomy ; but the latter, unlike the former, found its most notable application in connection with the growth of life on our planet. The doctrine of evolution, which we are now to consider, though it began in astronomy, was of more scientific importance in geology and biology, where, also, it had to contend with more obstinate theological prejudices than were brought to bear against astronomy after the victory of the Copernican system.
Demonology And Medicine
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

THE scientific study of the human body and its diseases has had to contend-and to some extent still has to contend-with a mass of superstition, largely pre-Christian in origin, but supported, until quite modern times, by the whole weight of ecclesiastical authority. Disease was sometimes a divine visitation in punishment of sin, but more often the work of demons. It could be cured by the intervention of saints, either in person or through their holy relics ; by prayer and pilgrimages ; or (when due to demons) by exorcism and by treatment which the demons (and the patient) found disgusting. For much of this, support could be found in the gospels ; the rest of the theory was developed by the Fathers, or grew naturally out of their doctrines. St. Augustine maintained that “ all diseases of Christians are to be ascribed to these demons; chiefly do they torment fresh-baptized Christians, yea, even the guiltless new-born infants.” It must be understood that, in the writings of the Fathers, “ demons “ mean heathen deities, who were supposed to be enraged by the progress of Christianity. The early Christians by no means denied the existence of the Olympian gods, but supposed them servants of Satan-a view which Milton adopted in “Paradise Lost.” Gregory Nazianzen maintained that medicine is useless, but the laying on of consecrated hands is often effective ; and similar views were expressed by other Fathers.
Soul And Body
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

OF all the more important departments of scientific knowledge, the least advanced is psychology. According to its derivation, “ psychology “ should mean “ the theory of the soul,” but the soul, though familiar to theologians, can hardly be regarded as a scientific concept. No psychologist would say that the subject-matter of his study is the soul, but when asked to say what it is he would not find it easy to give an answer. Some would say that psychology is concerned with mental phenomena, but they would be puzzled if they were required to state in what respect, if any, “mental “ phenomena differ from those which provide the data of physics. Fundamental psychological questions quickly take us into regions of philosophical uncertainty, and it is more difficult than in other sciences to avoid fundamental questions, because of the paucity of exact experimental knowledge. Nevertheless, some thing has been achieved, and much ancient error has been discarded. Much of this ancient error was associated with theology, either as cause or as effect. But the connection was not, as in the matters we have hitherto discussed, with particular texts or Biblical errors as to matters of fact ; it was rather with metaphysical doctrines which, for one reason or another, had come to be thought essential to the body of orthodox dogma.
Cosmic Purpose
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

MODERN men of science, if they are not hostile or indifferent to religion, cling to one belief which, they think, can survive amid the wreck of former dogmas-the belief, namely, in Cosmic Purpose. Liberal theologians, equally, make this the central article of their creed. The doctrine has several forms, but all have in common the conception of Evolution as having a direction towards something ethically valuable, which, in some sense, gives the reason for the whole long process. Sir J. Arthur Thomson, as we saw, maintained that science is incomplete because it cannot answer the question why ? Religion, he thought, can answer it. Why were stars formed ? Why did the sun give birth to planets ? Why did the earth cool, and at last give rise to life ? Because, in the end, something admirable was going to result-I am not quite sure what, but I believe it was scientific theologians and religiously-minded scientists. The doctrine has three forms-theistic, pantheistic, and what may be called “emergent.” The first, which is the simplest and most orthodox, holds that God created the world and decreed the laws of nature because He foresaw that in time some good would be evolved. In this view the purpose exists consciously in the mind of the Creator, who remains external to His creation.
The “No Propositional Functions” Theory
Authors: Landini Gregory
Published: November 2023

By merging the calculus of substitution with the theory of definite descriptions the substitutional theory generates a proxy for a type stratified calculus which employs predicate variables (bound and free) in both subject and predicate positions. We must take care not to be misled. The plan of the theory was not to deny that there are properties and relations in intension. Russell is certainly committed to the subsistence of properties and relations in intension. He holds that we are immediately acquainted with many, not the least of which is ‘implication’ itself. Moreover, he maintains steadfastly that properties and relations have both an individual and a predicable nature their predicable nature accounting for the unity of propositions. The substitutional theory simply endeavors to show how logicism can proceed without the blanket assumption that every open wff stands for a single entity with both a predicable and an individual nature. The blanket assumption leads to contradiction.
I Believe
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

The book that you are holding purports to give a description of the physical world. Why do you believe what I tell you? Because I am a professor of physical chemistry and have canvased your vote? On an overcast autumn afternoon in 1976, I wandered down a nondescript side street off Charing Cross Road in London and strayed into a dingy second hand bookshop that could have been the film set for a whimsical tale of a kindly old bookseller.
Belief and Action
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

Do our beliefs affect our work? To what extent do metaphysical reflections, religious faith, or scientiflc dogma influence the science, as distinct from the weekend thoughts, of scientists? It would be nice to think that nothing would influence a scientist’s search but the objective facts. Reality often says otherwise. Scientists are part of the society in which they live, and it is natural to look for the part their environment plays in their professional lives, and the effect it has on their motivations and the way in which they see nature. At one time that environment included philosophy.
Aumann’s “No Agreement” Theorem Generalized
Authors: Hild Matthias , Jeffrey, Richard , Risse Mathias
Published: November 2023

In “Agreeing to Disagree,” Robert Aumann (1976) proves that a group of agents who once agreed about the probability of some proposition for which their current probabilities are common knowledge must still agree, even if those probabilities reflect disparate observations. Perhaps one saw that a card was red and another saw that it was a heart, so that, as far as that goes, their common prior probability of 1/52 for its being the Queen of hearts would change in the one case to 1/26, and in the other to 1/13. But if those are indeed their current probabilities, it cannot be the case that both know them, and both know that both know them, and so on.
Symmetry Arguments for Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Authors: Bicchieri Cristina , Green Mitchell S
Published: November 2023

A variety of philosophers, decision theorists, and game theorists have advanced arguments according to which rational agents who play a one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) should choose to cooperate if they know either that they are in identical circumstances, or are in some sense identical twins (Brams 1975; Lewis 1979; Davis 1985). The reasoning in favor of the cooperative solution raises the question whether the PD with the appropriate “ldenticality” assumption is inconsistent, since there is a separate argument employing dominance reasoning that favors noncooperation. We argue here that the question can only be answered relative to a clarification of the Identicality assumption. There turns out to be only one interpretation of the Identicality assumption that justifies cooperation, but this interpretation may be controversial. On another interpretation of this assumption the description of the PD game is indeed inconsistent, while on the remaining interpretations of that assumption the argument for the cooperative solution is unsound. Seeing the inconsistency teaches us a lesson concerning the kinds of postulates that can be added to the description of a game. Seeing the unsoundness will motivate a more careful treatment of the relation of modal concepts to the notion of rational choice, and will help us to illuminate the relevance to game theory of technical tools developed by logicians.