bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correction: A molecular dynamics study of the ionic liquid, choline acetate
Authors: Willcox Jon A. L. , Kim Hyunjin , Kim Hyung J.
Published: April 2017

Correction for ‘A molecular dynamics study of the ionic liquid, choline acetate’ by Jon A. L. Willcox et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 14850–14858.
Synthesis of β-Nitro Ketones by Chemoselective Reduction of β-Nitro Enones under Solid Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Palmieri Alessandro , Gabrielli Serena , Chiurchiù Elena , Sampaolesi Susanna , Ballini Roberto
Published: April 2017

A new, simple and efficient chemoselective reduction of β-nitro enones to provide substituted β-nitro ketones, a strategic class of compounds, under solid heterogeneous palladium catalysis and in the presence of triethylsilane is presented.
Massive Penetrating Craniofacial Trauma due to Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe
Authors: Srinivas Somashekhar , Agrawal Amit , Sandeep Yashawant , Shrikhande Ninad
Published: April 2017

Penetrating craniofacial trauma can lead to massive injury to the facial tissue and craniofacial skeleton with retained bone as well as foreign body. We present a case of 45-year-old man who sustained massive penetrating craniofacial injuries due to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. CT scan with bone window of the brain and craniofacial region showed in driven fragment of PVC pipe into the nasal cavity with multiple fractures and soft tissue swelling. CT brain showed compound and comminuted depressed fracture of the right frontal bone with underlying contusion of the brain and specks of pneumocephalus. However, detailed examination of the CT scan showed that there was no breach in the anterior cranial fossa and that both the injuries were caused by separate pipe fragments. The wound was debrided; all loose bone fragments, necrotic brain matter, and broken pipe fragments were removed. The patient recovered well after surgical procedure. The approach is aimed to protect the airway, maintain vital parameters followed by remove all the foreign body and necrotic tissue, and restore the functioning and aesthetics. A careful evaluation of the CT scan is mandatory to rule out breach in the skull base, and if the skull base is intact, a limited craniotomy will save the time and associated morbidity.
Recurrent Cerebral Astroblastoma with Aggressive Histology: An Uncommon Case
Authors: Bansal Sumit , Patra Susama , Mishra Pritinanda , Mahapatra Ashok
Published: April 2017

Astroblastomas are uncommon tumors of uncertain histogenesis. Recently tanycyte is postulated to be the cell of origin. These occur predominantly in the cerebral hemisphere of young adults and children. Astroblastoma constitutes approximately 0.45 to 2.8% of all neuroglial tumors. We are reporting a case of 28-year-old woman who presented with headache and double vision. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed well-demarcated, ring-enhancing solid cystic mass in right temporoparietal lobe with significant mass effect. The patient underwent gross total resection of the lesion through right temporoparietal craniotomy. The histopathologic diagnosis was suggestive of astroblastoma. She was advised for postoperative radiotherapy, but she lost to follow-up and again presented 1 year later with recurrent tumor in the same location along with another lesion in infratentorial location. She was reoperated and gross total excision of supra- and infratentorial tumor was done. She also received radiotherapy. We are reporting this uncommon case of astroblastoma and also reviewing the existing literature.
On formation of electromagnetic clot of high energy in plasma
Authors: Alanakyan Yu. R.
Published: April 2017

It is known that an oscillating electromagnetic field can be localized inside a self-sustaining resonator formed in plasma. In this paper, it is shown that the Maxwell tension of the electromagnetic field can reduce the resonator volume, thereby increasing the energy density of the field considered. This results in the formation of a quasi-stationary structure of high electromagnetic energy density. A similar mechanism explains the ball lightning phenomenon.
Enhanced broadband near-IR luminescence and gain spectra of bismuth/erbium co-doped fiber by 830 and 980 nm dual pumping
Authors: Zhao Qiancheng , Luo Yanhua , Wang Wenyu , Canning John , Peng Gang-Ding
Published: April 2017

A dual 830 and 980 nm pumping scheme is proposed aiming at broadening and flattening the spectral performance of bismuth/erbium codoped multicomponent fiber (BEDF). The spectral properties of distinct Bi active centers (BACs) associated with germanium (BAC-Ge), aluminium (BAC-Al), phosphorus (BAC-P) and silicon (BAC-Si) are characterized under single pumping of 830 and 980 nm, respectively. Based on the emission slope efficiencies of BAC-Al (∼1100 nm) and BAC-Si (∼1430 nm) under single pumping of 830 and 980 nm, the dual pumping scheme with the optimal pump power ratio of 25 (980 nm VS 830 nm) is determined to achieve flat, ultrabroadband luminescence spectra covering the wavelength range 950-1600 nm. The dual pumping scheme is further demonstrated on the on-off gain performance of BEDF. It is found under the pump power ratio of ∼8 (980 VS 830 nm), The gain spectrum has been flattened and broadened over 300 nm (1300-1600 nm) with an average gain coefficient of ∼1.5 dBm-1. The spectral coverage is approximately 1.5 and 3 times wider compared to single pumping of 830 and 980 nm pumping, respectively. The energy level diagrams of 830 and 980 nm are also constructed separately in view of the optical characteristic, which further clarifies the advantage for dual pumping. The proposed dual 830 and 980 nm pumping scheme with the multicomponent BEDF shows great potential in various broadband optical applications such as uniform ASE source, broadband amplifier and tuneable laser in NIR band.
Transfer of training in simple addition
Authors: Chen Yalin , Campbell Jamie I D
Published: April 2017

In recent years, several researchers have proposed that skilled adults may solve single-digit addition problems (e.g., 3 + 1 = 4, 4 + 3 = 7) using a fast counting procedure. Practicing a procedure often leads to transfer of learning and faster performance of unpracticed items. Such transfer has been demonstrated using a counting-based alphabet arithmetic task (e.g., B + 4 = C D E F) that indicated robust generalization of practice (i.e., response time [RT] gains) when untrained transfer problems at test had been implicitly practiced (e.g., practice B + 3, test B + 2 or B + 1). Here, we constructed analogous simple addition problems (practice 4 + 3, test 4 + 2 or 4 + 1). In each of three experiments (total n = 108), participants received six practice blocks followed by two test blocks of new problems to examine generalization effects. Practice of addition identity rule problems (i.e., 0 +  N =  N) showed complete transfer of RT gains made during practice to unpracticed items at test. In contrast, the addition ties (2 + 2, 3 + 3, etc.) presented large RT costs for unpracticed problems at test, but sped up substantially in the second test block. This pattern is consistent with item-specific strengthening of associative memory. The critical items were small non-tie additions (sum ≤ 10) for which the test problems would be implicitly practiced if counting was employed during practice. In all three experiments (and collectively), there was no evidence of generalization for these items in the first test block, but there was robust speed up when the items were repeated in the second test block. Thus, there was no evidence of the generalization of practice that would be expected if counting procedures mediated our participants’ performance on small non-tie addition problems.
Education in the Waiting Room
Authors: Reid Sarah , Neto Gina , Tse Sandy , Farion Ken J. , Marvizi Ariyan , Smith Lauren , Clarkin Chantalle , Rohde Kristina , Moreau Katherine
Published: April 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to understand parents’ awareness of and reactions to a slide presentation based waiting-room educational initiative.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study at a Canadian tertiary-care pediatric emergency department (ED) with an annual census of 68,000 visits. An anonymous parental survey was developed de novo, and parents were asked to complete the survey during their low-acuity ED visit over a 2-week study period. Descriptive statistics were used to describe responses and themes.

Results

Parents completed 520 surveys (733 approached, 70.9% response rate). Eighty-three percent of respondents had previously sought care in the ED. Most parents (68.9%) were aware of the slide presentation, but only 33.7% were able to watch it in its entirety (20 minutes’ duration). Of those who watched the whole presentation, 62.9% understood that lower-acuity cases are assessed in the ambulatory zone of the ED, and sicker children are assessed in the acute zone (89.4%), 79.9% felt the presentation helped them to understand how the ambulatory zone functions, and 83.2% appreciated the current wait-time information. General questions about common health concerns were answered correctly in 58.3% (fever), 56.0% (gastroenteritis), 50.5% (abdominal pain/constipation), 35.7% (earache), and 17.0% (head injury).

Conclusions

The majority of parents were aware of this waiting-room educational initiative, but there was variable uptake of information. Parents watching the entire presentation appreciated the information provided, especially wait-time information, and felt it improved their experience. Knowledge of common health conditions was low; novel methods of knowledge transfer must be utilized and evaluated.
Crystal structure of the mixed-metal trisulfide BaCu1/3Ta2/3S3
Authors: Bu Kejun , He Jianqiao , Wang Dong , Zheng Chong , Huang Fuqiang
Published: April 2017

The mixed-metal title compound, BaCu1/3Ta2/3S3 [barium copper(II) tantalum(V) trisulfide], was prepared through solid-state reactions. The crystal structure adopts the BaTaS3 structure type and consists of face-sharing [MS6] (M = Ta,Cu) octahedra (point-group symmetry -3m.) that are condensed into infinite chains along [001]. Adjacent chains are linked through the barium cations (site symmetry -6m2), which exhibit a coordination number of twelve. The M site is occupied by 2/3 of TaV and 1/3 of CuII, whereby the average M—S distances are slightly longer than those of ordered BaTaS3. The classical charge balance of the title compound can be represented by [Ba2+] [(Ta/Cu)4+] [S2−]3.
μ3-Chlorido-μ2-chlorido-(μ3-pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioato-κ4S:S,S′:S′)tris[(triethylphosphane-κP)copper(I)]: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis
Authors: Tan Yi Jiun , Yeo Chien Ing , Halcovitch Nathan R. , Jotani Mukesh M. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: April 2017

The title trinuclear compound, [Cu3(C5H8NS2)Cl2(C6H15P)3], has the dithiocarbamate ligand symmetrically chelating one CuIatom and each of the S atoms bridging to another CuIatom. Both chloride ligands are bridging, one being μ3- and the other μ2-bridging. Each Et3P ligand occupies a terminal position. Two of the CuIatoms exist within Cl2PS donor sets and the third is based on a ClPS2donor set, with each coordination geometry based on a distorted tetrahedron. The constituents defining the core of the molecule,i.e.Cu3Cl2S2, occupy seven corners of a distorted cube. In the crystal, linear supramolecular chains along thecaxis are formedviaphosphane–methylene-C—H...Cl and pyrrolidine–methylene-C—H...π(chelate) interactions, and these chains pack without directional interactions between them. An analysis of the Hirshfeld surface points to the predominance of H atoms at the surface,i.e.contributing 86.6% to the surface, and also highlights the presence of C—H...π(chelate) interactions.
2-(3-Methylphenyl)-1,2-benzoselenazol-3(2H)-one
Authors: Wang Liyun , Xu Ying , Guo Zhiqiang , Wei Xuehong
Published: April 2017

In the title ebselen derivative, C14H11NOSe, the nine-membered benzisoselenazolyl ring system is approximately planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.021 Å). The dihedral angle between its mean plane and that of the 3-methylphenyl ring is 5.37 (11)°. The five-membered isoselenazolyl ring is severely strained at the Se atom: Se—N = 1.889 (2) Å, Se—Car= 1.882 (3) Å and N—Se—Car= 83.30 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and short intermolecular Se...O contacts of 2.6917 (19) Å, forming chains along thec-axis direction. Neighbouring molecules are linked by offset π–π interactions [intercentroid distance = 3.535 (2) Å]. The chains are also linked by C—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional structure.
Evaluating the relationship between social exclusion and participation in the informal sector in the European Union
Authors: Williams Colin C. , Horodnic Ioana A.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate who engages in informal work. The intention in doing so is to analyse whether important causal factors of social exclusion such as age, education, gender and employment status influence participation in informal work in the European Union.

Design/methodology/approach

To do this, a 2013 Eurobarometer survey of who participates in undeclared work in 28 European member states is reported.

Findings

Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, the finding is that although some marginalised groups (the unemployed, those having difficulties paying their household bills, the working class and younger age groups) are significantly more likely to participate in the informal sector, others are not (those with less formal education and living in rural areas) and yet others (women and people in deprived European regions) are significantly less likely to participate.

Research limitations/implications

The outcome is a call for a nuanced and variegated understanding of the relationship between participation in the informal sector and social exclusion.

Practical implications

These results display the specific populations that need targeting when seeking to tackle informal work, revealing for example that the current the allocation of European funds for tackling informal work in poorer EU regions is mistaken, but that the targeting of the unemployed is not and current policy initiatives such as smoothing the transition from unemployment to self-employment worthwhile.

Originality/value

This is the first extensive evaluation of the relationship between participation in the informal sector and social exclusion at the level of the European Union
The effects of (different types of) immigrants on labor market outcomes of (different groups of) natives
Authors: Asali Muhammad
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of different types of immigrants on the labor market outcomes of different native groups.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses a quasi-experimental approach, utilizing the border closures policy as well as political instability and economic conditions in the major countries of origin as exogenous sources of variation in the number of immigrants, to measure the effect of an immigrant-induced labor supply shock of each immigrant type (Palestinians and foreign guest workers) on the wage and employment of native workers (Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews).

Findings

The effects of immigrants on local labor market outcomes vary with their origin. The different native groups, moreover, are affected differently by each type of immigrants. Specifically, a foreign-worker-induced increase in the labor supply negatively affects only the least-skilled Jewish workers. In contrast, a 10 percent Palestinian-induced increase in the labor supply increases the wage of Israeli Arabs by 3.4 percent, suggesting a net complementarity effect. Short-term slight employment adjustments occur at the intensive rather than the extensive margin.

Originality/value

The paper studies heterogeneous effects of immigrants by their type; also it studies heterogeneous effects experienced by different native groups. This paper informs the policy discussion about immigration and its effects on native workers.
Gender wage gap and education: a stochastic frontier approach
Authors: Garcia-Prieto Carmen , Gómez-Costilla Patricia
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to get deeper insight into the measurement of gender wage gap. A proper method to identify which part of gender wage differences is due to discrimination against women is provided, and the relationship between wage differences and education is studied.

Design/methodology/approach

The stochastic frontier approach is employed to measure wage discrimination against women by using Spanish data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Mentioned technique allows the authors to split the gender wage gap of workers displaying the same characteristics into two components: the first measures inefficiency in the job search process caused by imperfect information or gender differences concerning preferences regarding working conditions, where as the second takes account of discrimination.

Findings

A significant level of discrimination is found in the Spanish labour market at all educational levels, but this problem is quantitatively more important when low-educated workers are studied, and gender discrimination is lower for highly educated women.

Originality/value

In this paper, workers’ potential wage is estimated, and gender discrimination is measured by the gender potential wage gap, since it is not dependent on other wage determinants such as diverse preferences, unmeasured working abilities or imperfect information.
Linking relationship marketing to social embeddedness in a rural bilingual context
Authors: Parry Sara , Westhead Paul
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the evolution of relationship marketing (RM) in a new technology-based firm (NTBF) and to illustrate how social embeddednesss benefits can be achieved by engaging in RM in a rural resource-constrained bilingual context.

Design/methodology/approach

A single in-depth case study of a NTBF operating in a rural bilingual context was explored over a five-year period. As part of the case study, participant observation was carried out and interviews with the novice entrepreneur, the firm’s employees and its customers were conducted.

Findings

Developing mutually beneficial relationships with customers and key partners can enable a novice entrepreneur with no prior business ownership and limited marketing experience to accumulate and mobilise resources in order to achieve credibility and business growth. By analysing information from the NTBF’s entrepreneur, customers and other actors, the authors build theory and present propositions relating to the RM process.

Practical implications

This case illustrates that RM can enhance the legitimacy of an inexperienced entrepreneur, and can enable a firm to address the liabilities of newness in a rural resource-constrained context. Entrepreneurs need to focus on relevant and specialised partnership and alliance relationships that can provide strategic resources for firm development. The bilingual influence has also been shown to aid the development of new relationships and thus ensuring social embeddedness.

Originality/value

The theoretical contribution of this study is to integrate insights from both RM and social embeddedness theories, and illustrate the extent to which a NTBF demonstrates social embeddedness benefits relating to customer retention and accumulation of strategic resources due to RM.
Cu/SnAgCu/Cu TLP with different thicknesses for 3D IC
Authors: Zhang Liang , Liu Zhi-quan , Yang Fan , Zhong Su-juan
Published: April 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate Cu/SnAgCu/Cu transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding with different thicknesses for three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuit (IC).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper includes experiments and finite element simulation.

Findings

The growth rate of the intermetallic compound layer during TLP soldering was calculated to be 0.6 μm/s, and the small scallop-type morphology Cu6Sn5grains can be observed. With the decrease in thickness in solder joint, the thickness of intermetallic compounds represents the same size and morphology, but the size of eutectic particles (Ag3Sn, Cu6Sn5) in the matrix microstructure decrease obviously. It is found that with the increase in thickness, the tensile strength drops obviously. Based on finite element simulation, the smaller value of von Mises demonstrated that the more reliability of lead-free solder joints in 3D IC.

Originality/value

The Cu/SnAgCu/CuTLPbondingwithdifferentthicknessesfor3D IC was investigated.
Measurement Issues: The measurement of obsessive compulsive disorder in children and young people in clinical practice
Authors: Bennett Sophie D. , Coughtrey Anna E. , Shafran Roz , Heyman Isobel
Published: April 2017

Background

If left untreated, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can cause significant distress and impact on functioning throughout the lifespan. Despite the severity of the disorder, there is often a significant delay between the onset of symptoms and successful treatment. This is in part due to delays in recognising OCD symptoms in young people, particularly if the symptom forms are less common. Once OCD is accurately diagnosed, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is known to be an efficacious treatment, sometimes in combination with medication, producing good long‐term prognosis. It is therefore important to accurately detect OCD in children and young people so that they can be offered timely intervention. Use of the best tools in clinical and research settings improves detection and diagnosis, as well as enabling the tracking of progress through treatment. The aim of this current paper was to review measurement tools for OCD in young people with a focus on the practicalities of using tools in busy child mental health clinical settings.

Method

To discover what measurement tools are available for OCD in young people, we conducted a pragmatic literature of measurement tools for OCD in young people. We searched PsycINFO, Med‐Line and the Cochrane databases for reports relating to the measurement of OCD. Additionally, we sought information from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance, the Child Outcomes Research Consortium (CORC) website and the Children and Young People's Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (CYP IAPT) Programme. We also reviewed large trials and meta‐analyses of the treatment of OCD in young people and communicated with relevant researchers/clinicians.

Results

Seventeen questionnaire measurement tools, with variable psychometric properties, and four commonly used semistructured clinician administered interview measures were identified.

Conclusions

There are several measurement tools with good psychometric properties that are useful for initial screening/identification of OCD, as well as formal diagnosis, symptom tracking and treatment evaluation. With the availability of brief screens, as well as online diagnostic measures, such tools should not be a burden on clinical practice, but rather a helpful aid to support clinicians' assessment and treatment of OCD.
Editorial: Pharmacotherapy and adolescent depression – an important treatment option
Authors: Dubicka Bernadka , Brent David
Published: April 2017

Over the past decade, rates of depression and of suicide in adolescents have been increasing (Collishaw, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 2015, 370; Bor et al., The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 2014, 606). At the same time, there is some evidence that rates of diagnosis and, in the US at least, referral for depression in adolescents has been declining (Libby et al., Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 2009, 633; John et al., Psychological Medicine, 46, 2016, 3315). These worrying statistics highlight the importance of disseminating accurate information about the risks and benefits of treatments for adolescent depression, in order to combat therapeutic nihilism. Extant controversy about the best ways to treat adolescent depression, and in particular with regards to the use of antidepressants, may have contributed to these trends. More specifically, we believe that some recent, high profile publications have incorrectly interpreted the benefit to risk ratio for the use of antidepressants in adolescent depression as unfavourable (e.g. Cipriani et al., The Lancet, 388, 2016, 881). In this editorial, we review clinical trial and pharmaco‐epidemiological data that supports the retention of the use of antidepressants in the management of depressed adolescents.
Validation of PAGE‐B model in Asian chronic hepatitis B patients receiving entecavir or tenofovir
Authors: Kim Mi Na , Hwang Seong Gyu , Rim Kyu Sung , Kim Beom Kyung , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Kim Seung Up
Published: April 2017

Background & Aims

A new hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction model, PAGE‐B, which includes age, gender and platelet count as constituent variables, has recently been proposed in Caucasian chronic hepatitis B patients. We validated PAGE‐B model and compared its accuracy with that of conventional risk prediction models in Asian chronic hepatitis B patients.

Methods

Chronic hepatitis B patients treated with entecavir or tenofovir were consecutively recruited. The performance of PAGE‐B and three conventional risk prediction models (CU‐HCC, GAG‐HCC and REACH‐B) were analysed.

Results

A total of 1092 chronic hepatitis B patients (668 men, 61.2%) were selected between August 2006 and January 2015. The mean age was 48 years. During the follow‐up period (median, 43.6 months), 36 (3.3%) patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma. Older age (hazard ratio [HR]=1.077), male gender (HR=3.676) and lower platelet count (HR=0.984) were independent predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma development. The PAGE‐B showed similar area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) to GAG‐HCC and CU‐HCC at 3 years (0.777 vs 0.793 and 0.743, respectively; all P>.05) and 5 years (0.799 vs 0.803 and 0.744, respectively; all P>.05), whereas the AUROCs of PAGE‐B were significantly higher than those of the REACH‐B (0.602 at 3 years and 0.572 at 5 years, P<.05).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that PAGE‐B is applicable to Asian chronic hepatitis B patients receiving ETV or TDF therapy. The PAGE‐B showed similar predictive performance to GAG‐HCC and CU‐HCC.
3D gravimetric investigation of the Cerro do Jarau structure, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Giacomini Bruno B. , Leite Emilson P. , Crósta Alvaro P.
Published: April 2017

The Cerro do Jarau structure is possibly the third Brazilian basaltic crater formed in continental flood basalt of the Serra Geral Formation, Paraná Basin, a large igneous province (LIP) in southern Brazil. It is a nearly circular landform with a diameter of approximately 13 km that rises 200 m above the plains of the “pampas” in southern Brazil. In this work, Bouguer anomalies were calculated from gravity accelerations measured on the area of this structure. The residual Bouguer map shows a strong positive anomaly trending NE‐SW, located in the northeastern part of the structure, a feature not commonly associated with impact structures. However, the negative anomaly present in its center and the circular positive anomaly surrounding the central portion are typical of impact structures. The residual Bouguer anomaly varies from −2 mGal to 8 mGal. The positive circular anomaly is not spatially coincident with the rim of the structure. Based on the interpretation of our gravimetric data, the estimated diameter of the structure is 12 km and the central portion has a diameter of approximately 5 km, both slightly smaller than previously suggested. The Bouguer anomaly map was inverted into a 3D density model using a constrained inversion method with a maximum density contrast of 0.5 g cm−3. This model was interpreted to associate densities with rock types, resulting in a geological model. This geological model is in accordance with the meteorite impact nature of Cerro do Jarau.
The promise of transferable fishing concessions on EU fisheries
Authors: Kanik Zafer , Kucuksenel Serkan
Published: April 2017

Two of the main proposals for the reform of the European Union (EU) Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in 2011 were related to maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and transferable fishing concessions (TFCs). The European Commission (EC) proposed the goal of achieving MSY for all European fisheries. The EC also proposed implementation of TFCs under some major principles including reserving a part of total quotas for small‐scale fishermen in order to prevent the disappearance of small‐scale fishing communities in coastal regions. Even though TFCs have not been a major part of the last reform in 2013, we theoretically study what the potential effects of TFCs would be on the achievement process of MSY harvesting conditions under the major principles defined by the EC. We find that the level of reserved quotas for small‐scale fishermen does matter since reserving more quotas for small‐scale fishermen, using more selective fishing techniques than large‐scale fishermen, reduces the time needed to achieve MSY.
Cross‐Country Income Differences Revisited: Accounting for the Role of Intangible Capital
Authors: Chen Wen
Published: April 2017

This paper develops a new intangible investment database that is consistent and internationally comparable for a set of 60 economies over the period 1995–2011. I find that over time a growing share of total investment consists of intangible assets, rather than investment in tangible assets, like machinery and buildings. Across countries, the level of economic development of a country is positively associated with its investment intensity in intangibles. By including intangible capital as an additional production factor, this paper finds that we can account for substantially more of the variation in cross‐country income levels. Depending on the assumptions regarding the output elasticities of factor inputs, the observed differences in intangible capital can account for up to 16 percentage points of the cross‐country income variation.
The Standard for Radiation Protection of the IAEC as a Model for a Revision of the Legal Framework for Radiation Safety in Israel
Authors: Koch Jean
Published: April 2017

In Israel, a single regulatory body for radiation protection does not exist. Instead, its responsibilities and functions are shared between five government ministries and agencies. Accordingly, the existing legal framework for radiation safety is of a very heterogeneous nature. It is made of laws, acts, orders, and regulations enacted during different periods, according to different principles. Moreover, some of the provisions of those legal instruments are obsolete or quote obsolete documents. The Standard for Radiation Protection (SRP) of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC) was recently updated on the basis of the latest version of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Basic Safety Standards (BSS). It is proposed that the SRP of the IAEC serves as a model for a comprehensive framework law that would be structured in a similar manner, i.e., a division into three parts according to the three different types of exposure situation (planned, emergency, existing) defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and a subdivision of each part according to relevant exposure categories (occupational, public, medical). The adoption of such a structure would ensure that no aspect of radiation protection is left untreated.
The key role of Oersted's and Ampère's 1820 electromagnetic experiments in the construction of the concept of electric current
Authors: Blondel Christine , Benseghir Abdelmadjid
Published: April 2017

We show that the concept of electric current was elaborated only after the discovery by Oersted in 1820 of a connection between electricity and magnetism, and thanks to the subsequent work of Ampère. In his study of the interaction between a compass and an electric circuit, Ampère set up a crucial experiment when he put a compass above his Voltaic pile, and another one above the connecting wire. Indeed, this experiment supported his creation of a new physical quantity, independent of the nature of physical phenomena, identical in the pile and in the wire, and only characterized by its direction and its intensity. To the experimental definition of this physical quantity—the electric current—by the oriented deviation of a magnetic needle, Ampère added in his manuscripts the substance of the two present theoretical definitions of the intensity of the current, namely, the ratio of charge to time q/t, and the ratio of electromotive force to the conducting wire's resistance E/R.
The Coulomb potential in quantum mechanics revisited
Authors: Othman A. A. , de Montigny M. , Marsiglio F.
Published: April 2017

The procedure commonly used in textbooks for determining the eigenvalues and eigenstates for a particle in an attractive Coulomb potential is not symmetric in the way the boundary conditions at r = 0 and r → ∞ are considered. We highlight this fact by solving a model for the Coulomb potential with a cutoff (representing the finite extent of the nucleus). In the limit that the cutoff is reduced to zero, we recover the standard result, albeit in a non-standard way. This example is used to emphasize that a more consistent approach to solving the Coulomb problem in quantum mechanics requires an examination of the non-standard solution. The end result is, of course, the same.
Lazy Days: An Active Way to Put Newton’s First Law into Motion (or Rest)
Authors: Roemmele Christopher , Sederberg David
Published: April 2017

Students are better able to understand Newton’s first law when they build from their own personal experiences of bicycling, skateboarding, or riding in a car. Most have experienced a tumble when their skateboard or bicycle comes to an abrupt stop. Alternately in a car, your body continues moving when the brakes are applied and you feel the force of the seatbelt holding you in place. Start moving again and you feel your body pushed forward by the seat against your back. These common experiences provide good opportunities to learn about the concept of inertia (and to obey the law and wear seatbelts!). The state of motion of the rider does not change until an outside force is applied. We like to tell students to look at inertia as nature’s way of “being lazy.” This is how the name of this lab exercise, Lazy Days, is derived.
In Vivo
Efficacy of Liposomal Amphotericin B against Wild-Type and Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Isolates in Two Different Immunosuppression Models of Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Seyedmousavi Seyedmojtaba , Mouton Johan W. , Melchers Willem J. G. , Verweij Paul E.
Published: April 2017

Using an immunocompetent murine model of invasive aspergillosis (IA), we previously reported that the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) (Ambisome) is not hampered by the presence of azole resistance mutations in
Aspergillus fumigatus
(S. Seyedmousavi, W. J. G. Melchers, J. W. Mouton, and P. E. Verweij, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:1866–1871, 2013,
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02226-12
). We here investigated the role of immune suppression, i.e., neutropenia and steroid treatment, in L-AmB efficacy in mice infected with wild-type (WT)
A. fumigatus
and with azole-resistant
A. fumigatus
harboring a TR
34
/L98H mutation in the
cyp-51A
gene. Survival of treated animals at day 14 in both immunosuppressed models was significantly better than that of nontreated controls. A dose-response relationship was observed that was independent of the azole-resistant mechanism and the immunosuppression method used. In the neutropenic model, 100% survival was reached at an L-AmB dose of 16 mg/kg of body weight for the WT strain and the TR
34
/L98H isolate. In the steroid-treated group, 90.9% survival and 100% survival were achieved for the WT isolate and the TR
34
/L98H isolate with an L-AmB dose of 16 mg/kg, respectively. The 50% effective dose (ED
50
) was 1.40 mg/kg (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 3.00 mg/kg) for the WT isolate and 1.92 mg/kg (95% CI, 0.60 to 6.17 mg/kg) for the TR
34
/L98H isolate in the neutropenic model and was 2.40 mg/kg (95% CI, 1.93 to 2.97 mg/kg) for the WT isolate and 2.56 mg/kg (95% CI, 1.43 to 4.56 mg/kg) for the TR
34
/L98H isolate in the steroid-treated group. Overall, there were no significant differences between the two different immunosuppressed conditions in the efficacy of L-AmB against the wild-type and azole-resistant isolates (
P
> 0.9). However, the required L-AmB exposure was significantly higher than that seen in the immunocompetent model.
Periodic momentum and thermal boundary layer mixed convection flow around the surface of a sphere in the presence of viscous dissipation
Authors: Ashraf Muhammad , Fatima Almas , Gorla R.S.R.
Published: April 2017

Numerical solutions for the periodic laminar boundary layer mixed convection flow around the surface of a heated sphere in the presence of viscous dissipation have been obtained by solving the governing equations using an implicit finite difference numerical technique. The fluid under consideration is assumed to be viscous and incompressible. Periodic momentum and thermal boundary layer profiles for different positions of x around the surface of the sphere are evaluated. The features of the obtained results for different values of mixed convection parameter λ, Prandtl number Pr, viscous dissipation parameter N, and frequency parameter ω are shown graphically. The obtained results confirm significant effect of all these mentioned parameters on periodic momentum and thermal boundary layer mixed convection flow around different positions of the sphere.
LIGO’s “GW150914 signal” reproduced under YARK theory of gravity
Authors: Yarman T. , Kholmetskii A.L. , Yarman O. , Marchal C.B. , Arik M.
Published: April 2017

The widely publicized “GW150914 event” that was recently detected by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration is given as confirmation of gravitational waves (GWs) predicted by Albert Einstein in his general theory of relativity (GTR), although the extremely weak intensity of this signal does not allow confirmation of all of the specific properties of GWs predicted in GTR. In the present contribution, we provide an alternative explanation of the LIGO signal without GWs under the framework of Yarman–Arik–Kholmetskii (YARK) gravitation theory, which has garnered considerable success during the past years in accounting for landmark astrophysical observations so far thought to confirm GTR, as well as recent laboratory-scale experiments that were shown to be at odds with GTR. According to YARK, the coalescence of super-massive bodies in a distant binary system would induce a related alteration of the wavelength of the laser beam used in the LIGO Michelson–Morley interferometer, as well as the emergence of mechanical stresses in the suspended mirrors. We show that the latter effect turns out to be negligible, and thus, the variation of the phase alone of the laser beam in the output of the Michelson–Morley interferometer suffices to describe the amplitude and the shape of the observed LIGO signal. In addition, the binary merger necessitates a rest mass decrease in YARK (which we calculated to be about 3.1 solar masses on the whole) that we predict should be released via electromagnetic radiation emission according to our theory. We point out that electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same kind is in fact responsible, instead of GWs, for the energy loss in the Hulse–Taylor binary system. Our numerical results thus well match the GW150914 interference pattern without involving any GWs hypothesis.
Cognitive Function Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease with Sleep Disorders
Authors: Huang Jing , Zhuo Wenyan , Zhang Yuhu , Sun Hongchun , Chen Huan , Zhu Peipei , Pan Xiaobo , Yang Jianhao , Wang Lijuan
Published: April 2017

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive function characteristics of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with sleep disorders. Methods. Consecutive patients with PD (n=96), patients with primary sleep disorders (n=76), and healthy control subjects (n=66) were assessed. The patients with PD were classified into sleep disorder (PD-SD) and non-sleep disorder (PD-NSD) groups. Results. Among 96 patients with PD, 69 were diagnosed with a sleep disorder. There were 38 sleep disorder cases, 31 RBD cases, and 27 NSD cases. On the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and MoCA subtests, patients in the PD-SD, primary sleep disorder, and PD-NSD groups exhibited lower scores than those in the control group. Moreover, the PD-SD patients exhibited more significant cognitive impairment than was observed in the primary sleep disorder patients. In the PD-SD subgroup, the attention scores on the MoCA and on MoCA subtests were lower in the PD with RBD group than in the PD with insomnia group. Conclusion. PD with sleep disorders may exacerbate cognitive dysfunction in patients. PD associated with different types of sleep disorders differentially affects cognitive functions, and patients with PD with RBD exhibited poorer cognitive function than was seen in patients with PD with insomnia.
Mitochondrial Dynamics: In Cell Reprogramming as It Is in Cancer
Authors: Prieto Javier , Torres Josema
Published: April 2017

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent cellular state similar to that of embryonic stem cells. Given the significant physiological differences between the somatic and pluripotent cells, cell reprogramming is associated with a profound reorganization of the somatic phenotype at all levels. The remodeling of mitochondrial morphology is one of these dramatic changes that somatic cells have to undertake during cell reprogramming. Somatic cells transform their tubular and interconnected mitochondrial network to the fragmented and isolated organelles found in pluripotent stem cells early during cell reprogramming. Accordingly, mitochondrial fission, the process whereby the mitochondria divide, plays an important role in the cell reprogramming process. Here, we present an overview of the importance of mitochondrial fission in both cell reprogramming and cellular transformation.
Glycyrrhizin Protects Rats from Sepsis by Blocking HMGB1 Signaling
Authors: Zhao Feng , Fang Yong , Deng Shuixiang , Li Xiantao , Zhou Yun , Gong Ye , Zhu Hechen , Wang Wei
Published: April 2017

Background. HMGB1 acts as an important inflammatory mediator and is a potential therapeutic target for sepsis. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a natural triterpene glycoside derived from licorice, has been demonstrated to inhibit HMGB1 activity. The aim of this study is to explore how GL affects the HMGB1 signaling in sepsis. Methods. We used a CLP model of sepsis and in vitro LPS or HMGB1-treated NR8383 cells to examine the effects of GL on expression of HMGB1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we explored the effect of GL on interactions between HMGB1 and RAGE or TLR4 and the activations of NF-κB and MAPKs. Results. GL significantly decreased mortality and reduced serum levels of HMGB1 in vivo. GL also attenuated the release and expression of HMGB1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Direct stimulation by HMGB1 elevated the release of proinflammatory cytokines faster than LPS did and it was also inhibited by GL. Furthermore, GL blocked the interaction of HMGB1 with RAGE and TLR4 and suppressed the downstream MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion. GL may protect rats against sepsis by blocking the interaction of HMGB1 with cell surface receptors and HMGB1-mediated inflammatory responses.
Chronic Hypernatremia Increases the Expression of Vasopressin and Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels in the Rat Choroid Plexus
Authors: Szmydynger-Chodobska Joanna , Chung Insung , Chodobski Adam
Published: April 2017

The choroid plexus (CP) epithelium is one of the extrahypothalamic sources of arginine vasopressin (AVP). However, it is unclear whether the regulation of choroidal AVP synthesis in response to pathophysiological stimuli, such as hyperosmotic stress, is similar to that observed in the hypothalamus. In the present study, rats chronically implanted with cisterna magna cannulas, enabling the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in freely moving animals, were subjected to salt loading. CSF osmolality increased from the baseline normonatremic levels ranging between 292 ± 0.5 and 295 ± 2 to 309 ± 4 mosm/kg H2O at 2 days of hypernatremia. This elevated CSF osmolality was maintained at a relatively stable level until the end of a 10-day observation period. Changes in choroidal and hypothalamic AVP expression in response to hyperosmotic stress were assessed by semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. An increase in hypothalamic AVP expression was accompanied by augmented AVP synthesis in the CP. Compared to normonatremia, choroidal levels of AVP mRNA increased 5- and 10-fold at 2 and 5 days of salt loading, respectively. Salt loading also resulted in increased hypothalamic expression of the α-II, β1, and β2 subunits of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Similarly, the choroidal mRNA levels for the α-II and β1 subunits increased ∼2-fold after 5 days of salt loading; however, no changes in the β2 subunit expression were found in the CPs of hypernatremic rats. These experiments support the hypothesis that the regulation of choroidal AVP synthesis is similar to that observed in the hypothalamus. It is also suggested that the increased expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels found in the hypothalamus and CP after salt loading may play a role in the adaptation of AVP-producing cells to chronic hypernatremia.
Humeral Head Shape as an Indicator of Locomotor Behavior in Extant Strepsirhines and Eocene Adapids
Authors: Schmitt Daniel
Published: April 2017

Postcranial material from Notharctus, Smilodectes and Cantius is abundant and well studied, but debate continues over whether the locomotor repertoire of these animals included a substantial component of vertical leaping. Here, the shape of the humeral head of 11 genera of extant strepsirhines, Notharctus, Smilodectes and Cantius was quantified using serial mediolateral and proximodistal contours. Univariate and multivariate analyses of these data show that vertically leaping strepsirhines have a distally relatively high narrow humeral head compared to arboreal quadrupeds and it places Notharctus and Smilodectes in a group with Hapalemur griseus, while Cantius is grouped with Eulemur macaco, suggesting that a quadrupedal form preceded the appearance of vertical leaping.