bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHRONIC SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Jacobsen J. Ramsøe , ANDERSEN E. D. , Sandøe E. , VIDEBÆK J. , WENNEVOLD A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Jacobsen, J. R., Andersen, E. D., Sandøe, E., Videbeek, J. and Wennevold, A. (Medical Department B and Department of Paediatrics, Rigshospitalet, Queen Louise's Hospital for Children, Copenhagen, and Departments of Cardiology and Paediatrics, århus Kommunehospital, århus, Denmark). Chronic supraventricular tachycardia in infancy and childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:597, 1975.–The results of a one to 19 year follow‐up study of 9 children with supraventricular tachycardia of more than one month's duration are reported. The ECG diagnosis of tachycardia was made before birth in one patient and between the ages of 8 months and 12 years in 8. Four had sustained and 4 had repetitive tachycardia, while one patient had both patterns at different times. Reciprocal rhythm was diagnosed in 3 patients and exit block in 2. Severe symptoms had occurred in 2 patients, but as a rule symptoms were mild or absent. No treatment abolished the arrhythmias but digitalis reduced the overall ventricular rate in 6 patients. After a duration of 1–7 years, 3 patients still had tachycardia at the follow‐up. In the remaining 6 patients the tachycardia had subsided 7 months to 10 years after the onset.
ANTITHROMBIN IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: TEGER‐NILSSON ANN‐CATRINE
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Teger‐Nilsson, A‐C. (Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Blood Coagulation Research, Karolinska sjukhuset, Stockholm). Antithrombin in infancy and childhood. Acta Pediatr Scand, 64:624, 1975.–Anti‐thrombin III was measured immunologically, and antithrombin activity was measured with aid of a new synthetic tripeptide substrate for serine proteases in plasma of healthy infants and children, 0–14 years of age. Both methods gave decreased values in the youngest infants as compared with adults. The antithrombin increased with age and reached adult values about 6 months of age. In infants up to one month of age, antithrombin III measured immunologically was significantly lower than antithrombin activity, whereas there was no difference between the antithrombin methods in the higher ages. Antithrombin III concentration and antithrombin activity as measured were poorly correlated.
NUTRITION IN LOW‐BIRTH‐WEIGHT INFANTS
Authors: OLEGARD RAGNAR , GUSTAFSON ANDERS , KJELLMER INGEMAR , VICTORIN LARS
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Olegård, R., Gustafson, A., Kjellmer, I. and Victorin, L. (Department of Paediatrics I, University of Göeborg, Göteborg, Sweden). Nutrition in low‐birth‐weight infants. III. Lipolysis and free fatty acid elimination after intravenous adminstration of fat emulsion. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64: 745, 1975.–Triglyceride linoleic acid in a fat emulsion for intravenous administration (Intralipid) was used as a marker in an evaluation of fat metabolism in newborn low‐birth‐weight (LBW) infants. Qualitative data on fatty acids as well as quantification of triglycerides and free fatty acids were obtained by gas‐liquid chromatography. Influences on these parameters after a single and after repeated injections of Intralipid revealed differences between low‐birth‐weight infants appropriate‐for‐date (AFD) (n =8) and those light‐for‐date (LFD) (n=5). The LFD exhibited in comparison with the AFD infants an impaired lipolysis of injected triglycerides and a retarded elimination from plasma of released free fatty acids. In LFD, in general, this resulted in triglyceride accumulation and low free fatty acid levels. Heparin facilitated plasma triglyceride lipolysis and free fatty acid elimination from the blood stream.
DEFECTIVE NEUTROPHIL MOTILITY IN HYPOVITAMINOSIS D RICKETS
Authors: LORENTE F. , FONTAN G. , JARA P. , CASAS C. , GARCIA‐RODRIGUEZ M. C. , OJEDA J. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The chemotactic activity and random motility of neutrophils, was studied in 38 patients with hypovitaminosis D rickets, and compared with 29 healthy controls of matched age. The chemotactic activity derived from the activated rickets serum as well as the amounts of the complement components C4, C3 and CS was normal, but the cell motility was clearly defective (p<0.001). A possible relationship between defective neutrophil movement and the recurrent infections seen in these patients is suggested. The possible mechanisms responsible for the defect could be the alteration in Ca/P metabolism or a defective action of the vitamin D on the neutrophils.
NEONATAL CONGENITAL LACTIC ACIDOSIS WITH PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY IN TWO SIBLINGS
Authors: SAUDUBRAY J. M. , MARSAC C. , CHARPENTIER C. , CATHELINEAU L. , LEAUD M. BESSON , LEROUX J. P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The authors report 2 familial cases of neonatal congenital lactic acidosis with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in the liver. In both cases, disorders started immediately after birth and were characterized by major neurological symptoms, acute metabolic acidosis with hyperketonemia and hyperammonemia. Course was rapidly fatal despite intensive care, bicarbonate therapy and several therapeutic attempts with biotin and thiamine. Hyperlactacidemia was associated with dramatic increase in lactate/pyruvate ratio, without anoxia, in contrast with decreased β hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio. This unusual metabolic pattern may be assumed to result from decreased oxaloacetate synthesis as a result of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, and impairment of oxaloacetate dependent mitochondrial redox shuttles. Post mortem enzymatic study of the liver and kidney showed biotin unresponsive total deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase. Other gluconeogenic enzyme activities were normal.
ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF PITUITARY CONADAL AXIS IN THALASSEMIA MAJOR
Authors: ANOUSSAKIS CH. , ALEXIOU D. , ABATZIS D. , BECHRAKIS G.
Published: January 2008

AbstractA study of the pituitary gonadal axis was undertaken in 18 male patients with thalassemia major and 41 normal males, in order to define the cause of the sexual infantilism frequently seen in children affected by this illness. The plasma testosterone level was measured before as well as after stimulation by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Serum gonadotropin level was also determined during prepubertal, pubertal and postpuberal age. Significant findings were an insufficient secretion of gonadotropins as well as low testosterone level in patients of pubertal and post‐pubertal age. A normal response of testes to HCG stimulation was also observed.
CONCENTRATION OF THYROGLOBULIN, IODINE CONTENTS OF THYROGLOBULIN AND OF IODOAMINOACIDS IN HUMAN NEONATES THYROID GLANDS
Authors: ETLING NICOLE
Published: January 2008

Abstract The iodine and protein concentrations, the iodoamino acids content of thyroglobulin (TG) were determined in 17 thyroid tissues from human neonates who died from 3 hours to 47 days after birth. Total iodine concentration of neonate tissues increased with life duration. TG concentration was related to the survival duration of the neonates. Increase of the iodine content was associated to the increase of the TG content: mean value was 0.16 μg 125I/100 μg TG in neonates who died within the first 20 hours after birth, 0.25 μg in neonates who survived 26 to 72 hours and 0.43 μg in neonates living more than 10 days. Expressed as iodine content to total iodine ratio, iodoamino acid percentages were not related to the iodine concentration of the tissue. When the iodoamino acids were expressed in residues per molecule of TG, iodotyrosines, thyroxine and triiodothyronine increased with duration of survival. These variations in iodine content and concentration of thyroglobulin could be related to acute hormonal changes in serum observed in early neonatal period.
ATOPIC DISEASE IN SEVEN‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN Incidence in Relation to Family History
Authors: KJELLMAN N.‐I. MAX
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The incidence of atopic disease and its relation to the family history was studied by questionnaire in 1325 children, 7 years of age. A higher incidence of bronchial asthma (2.7%) was found than in a previous Swedish study. The total incidence of atopic disease in the children was 15.1% with a higher level when there was a double parental history of such disease (42.9%) as compared with a single such history (19.8%). When both parents had an identical type of atopic disease, i.e. respiratory or skin, the incidence of atopic disease was higher (72.2%) than when non‐identical types occurred in the parents (20.8%). The findings support theories of a polygenic transmission of atopic disease as well as a genetic influence on symptom specificity in such disease and may be of value in genetic counselling.
IRON ABSORPTION FROM INFANT MILK FORMULA AND THE OPTIMAL LEVEL OF IRON SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: SAARINEN U. M. , SIIMES M. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Thirty healthy infants, aged 11–13 months, were studied with regard to the iron absorption from proprietary milk formula. The infants were divided into three groups (I‐III) depending on the concentration of iron in the formula: 0.8 (I), 6.8 (II), and 12.8 (III) mg/1, respectively. The calculated amount of iron absorbed per test dose of SO ml of milk averaged 5 μg (I), 32 μg (II), and 43 μg (III). Group I differed significantly from groups II and III. No correlation was found between iron absorption and hemoglobin, MCV, serum transferrin saturation or serum ferritin within the range of normal values. Our findings suggest that at least 7 mg of iron as ferrous sulphate per litre of formula is required to prevent iron deficiency.
NON‐SPECIFIC IMMUNITY IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Authors: YETGIN SEVGI , GUR AYFER , SAATCI UMIT
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Yetgin, S., Gur, A. and Saatci, U. (Department of Paediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey). Non‐specific immunity in nephrotic syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:21, 1980.—In order to explain susceptibility to bacterial infection in patients with nephrotic syndrome, bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and serum opsonic activity were studied. The groups consisted of 29 patients and 29 controls. Bactericidal capacity was found to be statistically significant defective in the patient group when compared with controls for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Serum opsinic activity was found to be defective in up to 50% of the patients, but it was not statistically significant for either bacteria. There is no correlation between the impairment of bactericidal capacity and serum total protein, albumin, globulin, total lipid, cholesterol, age of patients and the duration of the illness. When bactericidal capacity was examined in five patients in remission it had returned to the normal level. The results of this study suggest that bactericidal capacity and possibly serum opsonic activity are influenced by the nephrotic syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF SUCROSE TOLERANCE TEST IN CHILDREN EVALUATED BY BREATH HYDROGEN MEASUREMENT
Authors: DOMES A. C. , FERNANDES J. , JONGBLOED A. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Douwes, A. C., Fernandes, J., Jongbloed, A. A. (Sophia Children's Hospital and Neonatal Unit, Academic Hospital of the Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands). Diagnostic value of sucrose tolerance test in children, evaluated by breath hydrogen measurement. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:79, 1980.—An oral sucrose tolerance test was performed in a group of 103 children, aged between 3 months and 15 years because of episodic diarrhea and/or abdominal pains. Sucrose malabsorption defined as an abnormal increase in expired hydrogen, was found in only 3 children who suffered from congenital sucrase‐isomaltase deficiency. This 1% incidence of sucrose malabsorption was lower than the incidence of lactose malabsorption found in this group (33 %). Mean rise in blood glucose during the sucrose test was higher (3.4 ± 1.4 vs. 2.4 ± 1.2 mmol/l, p < 0.0001) and the occurrence of false flat blood glucose curves was lower (3% vs. 12.8%, p < 0.05) than during the lactose test. These findings are consistent with the higher sucrase activity in the small bowel mucosa compared to lactase. In contrast to the lactose tolerance test, sucrose tolerance test should not be used as a screening procedure for secondary disaccharidase deficiency in children
PROLONGED EXERCISE IN ADOLESCENT BOYS WITH JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS1:Circulatory and Metabolic Responses in Relation to Perceived Exertion
Authors: PERSSON BENGT , THORÉN CLAES
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Persson, B. and Thorén, C. (Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, St. Göran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Prolonged exercise in adolescent boys with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Circulatory and metabolic response in relation to perceived exertion. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 62, 1980.—Seven well‐trained adolescent boys with juvenile diabetes mellitus were studied. They were non‐ketotic and performed a 60 min exercise in the afternoon at an average intensity of 58 % of maximal working capacity. Blood glucose, blood lactate, plasma levels of insulin, C‐peptide and 3‐hydroxybutyrate, oxygen uptake and respiratory quotient were determined. The perception of exertion was scored as rate of perceived exertion. Healthy athletes of the same age were controls. Blood glucose, monitored continuously, decreased successively after 10–15 min of exercise with a significant correlation to the pre‐exercise glucose value. Blood glucose decreased during exercise to the same level or below that of controls. Despite hypoglycemia with values of 2–3 mmol/l, the exercise continued. Plasma insulin was unchanged. The 3‐hydroxybutyrate level was significantly higher in the diabetics, increased somewhat during exercise and still more during the recovery period. The diabetic subjects had significantly higher systolic blood pressure and heart rate during exercise despite a relatively equal work intensity and lower absolute workload. The rate of perceived exertion increased normally during exercise without interference of decreasing blood glucose.
SCORING OF URINARY FINDINGS AS AN AID IN DIAGNOSIS FOR CHILDHOOD URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Authors: PYLKKÅNEN J. , VILSKA J. , KOSKIMIES O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Pylkkänen, J., Vilska, J. and Koskimies, O. (The Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland). Scoring of urinary findings as an aid in diagnosis for childhood urinary tract infection. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 875, 1981.‐To improve diagnostic accuracy of urinary tract infection in infants and children a simple score is described. 213 patients with suspect urinary tract infection underwent a diagnostic work‐up including 2 consecutive clean‐voided urine samples, and a suprapubic bladder aspirate as a diagnostic reference. The uncentrifuged clean‐voided urine specimens were scored separately for microscopic leucocyte and bacterial count as well as for quantitative bacterial culture. The scores obtained were added together and a diagnostic scheme was created. After this scheme had been tested in 50 consecutive symptomatic urinary tract infections, it was possible to start therapy in 48 patients following the microscopic examination of 2 consecutive clean‐voided urine samples from each. Likewise, 44 of 50 asymptomatic urinary tract infections were diagnosed by this scheme, after the urine cultures had been obtained. The scheme may be a useful aid in diagnosing urinary tract infection in infants and children, in case of equivocal urinary findings in particular.
DIABETES MELLITUS AND ADDISON'S DISEASE IN AN ADOLESCENT FEMALE
Authors: MATSANIOTIS N. , TZORTZATOU‐STATHOPOULOU F. , THOMAIDIS TH. , KARAKATSANI‐KERASIOT Z. , THEODORIDIS CH. , DACOU‐VOUTETAKIS C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Matsaniotis, N., Tzortzatou‐Stathopoulou, F., Thomaidis, Th., Karakatsani‐Kerasioti, Z., Theodoridis, Ch. and Dacou‐Voutetakis, C. (First Department of Paediatrics of Athens University, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece). Diabetes mellitus and Addison's disease in an adolescent female. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 949, 1981.‐This short report describes a 16‐year‐old female who presented with Addison's disease 6 years after diabetes mellitus had been diagnosed. The possibility of both conditions being present should be borne in mind whenever an unexplained reduction of insulin requirements is noted, especially if this is accompanied by cutaneous pigmentation. The metabolic interrelationships of the two conditions are briefly discussed.
FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF PHOTOTREATED FULLTERM NEWBORNS
Authors: VALKEAKARI TAPIO , ANTTOLAINEN ILKKA , AUREKOSKI HEIKKI , BJÖRKQVIST STIG‐ERIK
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Valkeakari, T., Anttolainen, I., Aurekoski, H. and Bjbrkqvist, S.‐E. (Departments of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, and Central Hospital, Lahti, and Department of Ophthalmology, Middle Ostrobothnian Central Hospital, Kokkola, Finland). Follow‐up study of phototreated fullterm newborns. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:21, 1981. A follow‐up study including examinations made by a paediatrician, an ophthalmologist and a psychologist and complemented with EEG‐recordings and a number of laboratory determinations was performed at the age of 3 years on 41 children who had received phototherapy during the first week of life and on 42 control children of the same age. No differences were found in growth, development, social maturity, neurological or ophthalmologic disorders, EEG‐recordings or laboratory determinations between both groups. It seems unlikely that phototherapy causes any harmful longterm effects provided that the eyes are shielded.
LOW RESERVE ALBUMIN FOR BINDING OF BILIRUBIN IN NEONATES WITH DEFICIENCY OF BILIRUBIN EXCRETION AND BRONZE BABY SYNDROME
Authors: EBBESEN F.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The plasma reserve albumin concentration for binding of bilirubin was found to be low in four newborn infants with deficiency of bilirubin excretion, of whom two had the bronze baby syndrome. Thus, the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy was increased. Also the ratio of binding fraction of albumin, i. e. unconjugated bilirubin plus reserve albumin, to total albumin was low. Possible causes of the low reserve albumin concentration and the ratio are discussed.
PANCREATIC ISLET CELL FUNCTION AND METABOLIC CONTROL IN AN INFANT WITH PERMANENT NEONATAL DIABETES
Authors: KNIP M. , KOIVISTO MAILA , KÄÄR MARJA‐LIISA , PUUKKA RAIJA , KOUVALAINEN K.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A girl with typical clinical manifestations of neonatal diabetes was observed for 16 months with consecutive evaluations of pancreatic beta and alpha‐cell function and metabolic control. At the diagnosis both the plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and C‐peptide concentrations were inappropriate for the contemporaneous hyperglycemia. During the follow‐up, the C‐peptide fell twice below the detection limit but the beta‐cell function recovered partially on both occasions. Based on 24‐hour urinary C‐peptide excretion, the endogenous insulin secretion was less than 10% of that in non‐diabetic infants. When diagnosed the patient had plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and glucagon‐like immunoreactivity (GLI) concentrations below the reference range for normal neonates. The IRG normalised within the first month, while the GLI increased to a level exceeding the reference range. Hemoglobin A1 had already risen at the time of diagnosis and subsequently rose to a level indicating poor metabolic control. The findings indicate an immature function of both beta‐ and alpha‐cells at the diagnosis with the alpha‐cells maturing within the first month. The recovery of the beta‐cell function, after two failures in this patient with permanent neonatal diabetes, suggests that the beta‐cell damage was at least partially reversible.
Food Intake and Growth of Infants between Six and Twenty‐six Weeks of Age on Breast Milk, Cow's Milk Formula, or Soy Formula
Authors: KÖHLER LENNART , MEEUWISSE GUNNAR , MORTENSSON WIGHER
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In 59 normal infants attending well‐baby clinics, food consumption was registered until 26 and growth until 52 weeks of age. They were either breast‐fed or formula‐fed with a cow's milk product or a soy protein product. The average consumption of breastmilk was 746, 796, 722 and 689 g/day at 6, 14, 22 and 26 weeks respectively. Bottle‐fed infants received larger volumes, and at 6 and 14 weeks were the calculated total energy intakes significantly higher than in breast‐fed infants. No differences were seen between the feeding groups with respect to length and the sum of four skin folds. The soy formula‐fed children, who happened to be 200 g heavier at birth, had lower weight gains during the first 6 weeks than the other two groups. Thereafter, the average weights of the soy formula group did not differ from the other groups. At 3 months, the soy formula‐fed children displayed a slower mineralisation and maturation of bone, but the difference was no longer significant when re‐examined at 6 months. Formulas based on soy protein isolates seem to be acceptable as substitutes for cow's milk formulas in feeding normal infants.
Males with Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Examined at 18 Years of Age
Authors: NILSEN STEIN TORE , FINNE PER H , BERGSJØ PER , STAMNES OLA
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. An 18 years follow‐up study of 55 males with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia born in 1962/63 was done at the military draft board examinations in 1981. The medical and psychological tests were compared to the tests of the total cohort of Norwegian conscripts. Of those examined at 18 years of age 7.3 % was unfit for military service, compared to 6.2 % in the total cohort. Ten organ systems were clinically examined with no significantly increased frequency of unfitness among the index cases. Intelligence testing was done on 39 of the studied subjects, the mean score being the same as in the total cohort of Norwegian conscripts. However, the seven infants with a positive Coombs' test and hyperbilirubinemia for 5 days or more had a significantly lower mean intelligence score than the national average.
Early Neonatal Sudden Infant Death and Near Death of Fullterm Infants in Maternity Wards
Authors: POLBERGER S. , SVENNINGSEN N. W.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In a large Swedish 2 1/2‐year population of fullterm infants the incidence of early neonatal sudden death (ENSD) was 0.12 per 1000 newborn infants considered healthy at birth but presenting with sudden cardiovascular collapse between 6 and 100 hours after birth. In the total neonatal mortality the rate of ENSD was 11 %. Well‐known risk infants, e.g. prematurity, perinatal asphyxia, difficult delivery or congenital malformations were not included. In an inborn population of 20123 fullterm newborns the rate of ENSD was 0.15 per 1000. In the same population near‐missed ENSD occurred in 0.35 per 1000 liveborn infants. Possible causative factors were infections in 4 and anaemia in 2 cases. But in 7 of 13 infants thorough epidemiological examinations and postmortem sterile autopsies did not reveal the cause of death or near death. These are probably cases of sudden infant death syndrome hitherto unrecognized in the first days of life.
A 14‐Year Follow‐Up of Children with Normal and Abnormal Birth Weight for Their Gestational Age
Authors: RANTAKALLIO PAULA
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Mortality, major neurological handicaps‐including mental retardation, cerebral palsy and epilepsy‐educational subnormality and height at 14 years of age were studied by birth weight percentiles in a birth cohort of 12000 children from northern Finland. Infant mortality was significantly higher below the mean ‐2 SD, 10th and 25th percentiles, than in the median class, from 25th to 75th percentiles, but mortality from one to 14 years only in the lowest weight class. Educational subnormality, including mental retardation ± some other handicap, was highly significantly more frequent in all the percentile classes lower than the median class but showed no significant tendency to be less frequent in the percentiles over the median. It was also highly significantly more frequent among the preterm than the term infant. The number of children with a major neurological handicap but normal school performance did not vary significantly by birth weight percentiles or by gestational age. Height at 14 years increased significantly by birth weight percentiles. The height of the boys with birth weight mean ‐ and +2 SD was nevertheless within the 25th‐75th percentiles for height at 14 years in general, while the height of the girls came close to these percentile limits. The preterm infants were significantly shorter than the term infants at 14 years.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease Associated with Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Authors: FRIFELT J. J. , SCHØNHEYDER H. , VALERIUS N. H. , STRATE M. , STARKLINT H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) developed glomerulonephritis at the age of 12 years. The glomerulonephritis progressed to terminal uraemia at age 15 when maintenance haemodialysis was started. The clinical course was complicated by pulmonary aspergillosis and Pseudomonas septicaemia from which he eventually died. The glomerulonephritis was of unknown origin, and a possible relationship between CGD and glomerulonephritis is discussed.
Evaluation of a Transcutaneous Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitor in a Neonatal Intensive Care Department
Authors: WIMBERLEY PETER D. , FREDERIKSEN PETER S. , WITT‐HANSEN JESS , MELBERG STEEN G. , FRIIS‐HANSEN BENT
Published: January 2008

Transcutaneous‐Po2; (tc‐Po2 (tc‐Pco2) at 44oC and transcutaneous‐Pco2) at 38, 42, 43 and 44oC were measured with a currently available monitoring system (TCM222, Radiometer, Copenhagen) in 64 newborn infants with severe respiratory insufficiency during the first five days of life. Tc‐Pco2 at all four temperatures correlated better with arterial blood‐Pco2 (aB‐Pco2)> than tc‐Po2 with aB‐Po2. However, the sensitivity and specificity of tc‐Po2 and tc‐Pco2 were similar with regard to maintaining aB‐Po2, and aB‐Pco2 within specified limits. Tc‐Pco2 increased relatively with increasing electrode temperature by a factor which was similar to the anaerobic temperature coefficient of Po2, in blood. The coefficient of variation of duplicate measurements was 10 % for tc‐Po2 and 5 % for tc‐Pco2. Electrode drift after an average of 3 hours patient monitoring was 2%±6% (1SD) for tc‐Pco2, and ‐3 %±6 % for tc‐Pco2‐ We conclude that tc‐Po2 and tc‐Pco2 are a valuable supplement to arterial blood gas measurements, but the variable correlation with arterial blood gas values and the electrode drifts which may occur, mean that they cannot fully replace arterial sampling.
Exchange Transfusion with Fresh Heparinized Blood is a Safe Procedure
Authors: HOVI L. , SIIMES M. A.
Published: January 2008

1069 newborns were subjected to exchange transfusion with fresh heparinized blood in the years 1968, 1971, 1974, 1977 and 1981. There were 258 infants with Rh disease, 328 with hyperbilirubinemia with ABO incompatibility, 436 with hyperbilirubinemia without ABO incompatibility and 47 infants without hyperbilirubinemia or evidence of hemolytic disease. The total annual number of infants decreased gradually from 279 in 1968 to 130 in 1981. A total of 48 infants of the 1069 newborns died during neonatal period but the death was possibly related to exchange transfusion in four of them. There were serious complications in 14 infants during and in only five infants after the procedure. Morbidity related to exchange transfusion was the highest among newborns with serious basic disease. Using the presented bilirubin nomograms and fresh heparinized blood we have not found that the hazards of exchange transfusion would have overgone the risks of hyperbilirubinemia.
Outbreak of Kawasaki Syndrome in Finland
Authors: SALO E. , PELKONEN P. , PETTAY O.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During a ten‐month period from June 1981 to March 1982 83 patients with Kawasaki syndrome were diagnosed in Finland. The attack rate was 26/100000 children under five years of age, corresponding to an annual attack rate of 31/100000 children under five years. The course of the outbreak suggested geographic spreading. 20 % of the patients had clinical and ECG evidence of carditis, and ECG abnormalities were found in 59 % of the patients. One patient died from a ruptured coronary aneurysm. Neurologic manifestations were seen in 10 % of the patients. This is the first reported outbreak of Kawasaki syndrome outside Japan, Korea and the United States of America.
Epidermal Growth Factor in Cow's Milk and Milk Formulas
Authors: YAGI HIDEKI , SUZUKI SHIGEYOSHI , NOJI TAKASHI , NAGASHIMA KANJI , KUROUME TAKAYOSHI
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human milk, cow's milk and 10 different milk formulas was measured by radioreceptor assay (RRA) using human placental membrane as an EGF receptor. The raw and pasteurized cow's milk contained 324.2 ng/ml and 155.0 ng/ml of RRA‐EGF, respectively. These values were almost the same as that found in human milk, when the concentration was expressed as the proportion of protein contents in the samples. On the other hand, no trace of RRA‐EGF was detected in 9 different milk formulas, and only one contained a very small amount of it.
Riboflavin Responsive Multiple Acyl‐CoA Dehydrogenation Deficiency
Authors: GREGERSEN N. , CHRISTENSEN M. FJORD , CHRISTENSEN E. , KØLVRAA S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A boy with riboflavin‐responsive β‐oxidation deficiency (multiple acyl‐CoA dehydrogenation deficiency) was assessed clinically and biochemically after 3 years of continuous riboflavin medication. He was diagnosed at the age of three years after an attack of a Reye's syndromelike disease. During the 3 years of assessment he has experienced no serious disease; although short episodes of fatigue and loss of appetite have been noted. His mental and physical development has been normal. Biochemically the abnormal excretion of organic acid metabolites, characteristic of the acyl‐Co A dehydrogenation deficiency, has been continuously present. Quantitatively there has been a trend to a more simple picture with ethyl‐malonic acid as the predominant metabolite. However, because of the large within‐day variation in the excretion of all the metabolites, changes following diet and riboflavin trials must be interpreted with caution in these patients.
Physical Activity in Relation to Energy Intake and Body Fat in 8‐ and 13‐Year‐Old Children in Sweden
Authors: SUNNEGARDH J. , BRATTEBY L.‐E. , HAGMAN U. , SAMUELSON G. , SJOLIN S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A random sample of 682 8‐ and 13‐year‐old children resident in Sweden was studied with regard to physical activity, energy intake, height, weight and skinfold thickness. A reduction of physical activity over the years was indicated by a tendency towards a higher body fat content in spite of a lower mean energy intake as compared with such values obtained 10‐15 years ago in Swedish children of equal ages. Children characterized by high habitual physical activity tended to have a lower body fat content, despite a higher energy intake, than less active children. Children, especially girls, of parents with a low educational level showed a tendency towards higher body fat content as compared with those of parents with higher education.
Intestinal Permeability in Small Children during and after Rotavirus Diarrhoea Assessed with Different‐Size Polyethyleneglycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1000)
Authors: STINTZING G. , JOHANSEN K. , MAGNUSSON K. E. , SVENSSON L. , SUNDQVIST T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The permeability properties of the small intestinal mucosa was investigated in nine previously healthy children with acute diarrhoea due to rotavirus. The investigation was performed after intake of a mixture in water of polyethyleneglycol molecules (PEG 400 and 1000) ranging from 282 to 1250 dalton in molecular weight. The 6‐h urinary recovery of the PEGs was determined with high performance liquid chromatography and used to assess the permeability characteristics of the intestine. The patients served as their own controls and were investigated in the same manner after recovery 3‐5 weeks later. A significantly lower urinary recovery of PEG was noted for all molecular sizes (326‐1206 dalton) during acute diarrhoea in comparison with the results obtained after recovery (p<0.001‐0.1). There was also a relatively lesser change in the urinary recovery of larger PEG molecules during infection, as reflected by a higher recovery ratio between 1074 and 370 dalton PEGs. The results indicate profound changes in the permeability characteristics of the intestine during acute rotavirus diarrhoea.
The Weanling's dilemma: Are we making progress?
Authors: ROWLAND MICHAEL G. M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In many developing countries the weanling child (the breastfed child who is regularly receiving additional food) still suffers a high level of morbidity and mortality from diarrhoeal disease. The initiation of weaning is a critical event. No clear strategy exists for substantially enhancing the breast milk output of demand feeding mothers in underprivileged communities. Remarkably little progress has been made in our ability to advise mothers, either on a collective or an individual basis, as to when they should supplement the diet of their breastfed offspring, one continuing problem being the failure to adopt appropriate growth standards for infants. Furthermore there has been little attempt to improve traditional weaning foods in terms of consistency, shelf life and bioavailability of nutrients. Increasing insights into the normal growth pattern of breastfed infants and knowledge of localised appropriate traditional food technology remain grossly underexploited.
The Vibratory Innocent Heart Murmur Studied by Echo‐Doppler
Authors: OORT A. VAN , DAM I. VAN , HERINGA A. , ALSTERS J. , HOPMAN J. , DANIELS O.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.So‐called innocent heart murmurs are thought to be originated by a possible physiologic narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract, accentuated by a higher contractibility of the myocardium in some children. The aim of our studies was to evaluate this theory with pulsed Doppler echocardiography in order to detect possible local bloodstream disturbances. In a study of 20 children, with or without a vibratory innocent heart murmur no statistical difference was found in either peak‐velocity, acceleration or width of the Doppler spectra, read out in an objective computed digital way. The hypothetic location of the origin of the vibratory innocent heart murmur in the lefl ventricular outflow tract has not yet been confirmed with Doppler echocardiography.
Elevated Levels of Immunoreactive Prostacyclin Metabolite in Babies Who Develop Intraventricular Haemorrhage
Authors: RENNIE J. M. , DOYLE J. , COOKE R. W. I.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Measurement of 6‐ketoprostaglandin F1‐alpha by radioimmunoassay was made during the first three days of life in a group of 48 preterm neonates at risk of intraventricular haemorrhage. The babies who developed haemorrhage had significantly higher levels than those who did not, and failed to show the falling levels seen over the first three days of life in the non‐haemorrhage group. It is suggested that high levels of prostacyclin in low birthweight babies may be one factor which contributes to the alterations of cerebral blood flow and capillary bleeding time which predispose to intraventricular haemorrhage.
Lactose Malabsorption and Giardiasis in Basotho School Children
Authors: TOLBOOM J. J. M. , KABIR H. , MOLATSELI P. , ANDERSON J. , ARENS T. , FERNANDES J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The prevalence of primary, adult‐type, lactose malabsorption was assessed by means of the hydrogen breath test after intake of 360 ml of full cream milk (∼18 g lactose) in 96 randomly selected Basotho school children, aged 5–15 years. Of 86 children who did not have diarrhoea in the previous week 82 (85 %) were lactose malabsorbers, while 4 (5 %) could not be classified because of undetectable hydrogen excretion. Milk intolerance presenting as diarrhoea was significantly (p<0.01) more common in children who associated previous abdominal complaints with milk intake and/or did not like milk. A negative hydrogen breath test was significantly (p<0.05) more often observed in children who had diarrhoea in the previous week. Giardia was present in 18 (19 %) of 93 children. The incidence of giardiasis did not correlate with the presence of lactose malabsorption in children without diarrhoea in the previous week. However, milk intolerance presenting as diarrhoea was significantly (p<0.05) more common in children with giardiasis. The findings support the use of physiological quantities of milk in Basotho school children.
Four‐Year Follow‐up of Psychological Reactions to False Positive Screening Tests for Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: FYRÖ K. , BODEGÅRD G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Thirty‐two families were investigated four years after a false alarm in the neonatal screening of their newborns. Sixteen of the families showed signs of persistent anxiety 6–12 months after the screening. Thirteen of them still show anxiety after 4 years. Of the 16 without anxiety at 6–12 months, 6 show signs of anxiety now. This persistent anxiety may be related to the initial psychological trauma of the false positive screening result. Thus, 19 of the 32 families have not completely integrated their experience. Twenty‐four children were psychologically evaluated. Eight families refused to have their children examined. Twelve of the children showed disturbed behavior, 10 of these have parents who show unsatisfactory integration. Medical measures have psychological side‐effects, which may be interpreted as iatrogenic. However, the effects of an external stress depend on the individual's susceptibility to it and abilities to cope with it and use external support available. Key words: neonatal screening, false positivity, congenital hypothyroidism, parental reactions, psychological side‐effects, psychological development in 4‐year children.
Hyperlipidemia in School Children with Family Histories of Premature Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: SVEGER T. , FEX G. , BORGFORS N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Children starting their schooling were given a questionnaire asking about the occurrence of premature (before 50 years of age in men, 55 years in women) coronary heart disease (CHD) in first degree relatives. 1920 of 2069 questionnaires were answered, 140 of the 7‐year‐old children were reported to have a first degree relative with premature CHD. 84 of these 140 families agreed to participate in our study. In 79 of the 84 families both the child and the parent at ‘high risk’ were tested. In the initial test 19 of 84 children had total cholesterol (TC) levels above the 95th percentile (>5.35 mmol/l). In the repeat test 12 of the 19 TC tests remained abnormal and all 12 also had LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels above the 95th percentile (>3.40 mmol/l). None had abnormal HDL‐cbolesterol or triglyceride levels. Among the high risk parents, 12 of 79 had abnormal initial blood lipid tests. In the repeat test 10 parents had both TC and LDL‐C levels above the 95th percentile. In five families both the child and the parent had abnormal TC and LDL‐C levels. In conclusion, a considerable proportion of children and parents with family histories of premature CHD have TC and LDL‐C concentrations above the 95th percentile (in the present study, about 40 individuals in 140 high‐risk families, if the parent and child considered at high risk all had agreed to participate). Prevention of heart disease should begin in childhood when patterns of life‐style are developed. Identification by obtained family histories as in the current study may be a method of choice.
Somatic Manifestations in Children Suspected of Having Been Maltreated
Authors: OLESEN T. , EGEBLAD M. , DIGE‐PETERSEN H. , AHLGREN P. , NIELSEN A.‐M. , VESTERDAL J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The present study revealed an incidence of maltreatment of 26.8 in 100 000 children under 15 years of age, higher than previously assumed. The sample comprises 41 children suspected of having been maltreated. A systematic examination included radiography and isotope scintigraphy of the skeletal system. In 9 cases the diagnosis was not confirmed, in 23 confirmed, and in 9 children it seemed likely. The most common form of maltreatment was physical violence with bruises. A total of 6 fractures were demonstrated. Three children had been exposed to sexual abuse. Intracranial haematoma, of long standing, was found in one child. Thirteen of the children (40%) were of short stature, their height and weight below the 25th percentile. Among 27 children examined by X‐rays 16 (59%) had delayed skeletal maturation. Disturbances of growth, as well as behavioural abnormalities, were particularly striking in this group of patients. The findings suggest that even the slightest suspicion of maltreatment should lead to a general medical evaluation without delay.
Does Control Affect Growth in Diabetes Mellitus?
Authors: HERBER S. M. , DUNSMORE I. R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Factors affecting the growth of 67 diabetic children were analysed retrospectively. The effects of age, sex, three year average glycosylated haemoglobin (Hb A1) levels, time since diagnosis and age at diagnosis were assessed on the change in the child's height standard deviation score (SDS) over three years, as well as the change in height SDS from diagnosis. No correlation between these factors was noted over a three year period; however, there was a strong correlation (p<0.001) in the change in height SDS from diagnosis with the age of the child and time from diagnosis. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the younger the child at original diagnosis, the less the height SDS loss, and also that in younger children the age of the child and not the time from diagnosis was the more important variable in deciding the loss in height SDS. No correlation existed between HbA1 levels and either the short or long term growth of patients in this study.
THE IMPACT OF MOTHER'S DEPRESSION ON HER NURSING EXPERIENCES AND ATTITUDES DURING BREASTFEEDING
Authors: TAMMINEN TUULA
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Mother's depression during postpartum is rather common and it has an impact on the mother‐child relationship. As breast‐feeding is an important situation for the early mother—child interaction, the impact of mother's depression on her breast‐feeding and nursing attitudes and experiences was decided to be studied. In this pilot study 119 healthy prim Para mothers filled in Beck's Depression Inventory, breast‐feeding and childrearing attitude scales and other questionnaires. The prevalence of depression was 8%. The depressed mothers had more difficulties during breast‐feeding than other mothers. The attitudes of the depressed mothers were more positive during pregnancy, but more negative during breastfeeding than those of the non‐depressed mothers. The results might be clinically meaningful, although we need more detailed information about the correlations between depression and breast‐feeding experiences.
Acute Gastroenteritis Changing Pattern of Clinical Features and Management
Authors: ISOLAURI E. , JALONEN T. , MÄKI M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During seven epidemics of rotavirus from 1978 to 1987, 575 children younger than 3 years were admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis. The management before and during hospitalization, the status on admission and the outcome are reviewed. The mean age of the patients rose significantly during the study period, with the proportion younger than 12 months decreasing from 50 to 26%. Mild to moderate iso‐osmolal dehydration was found in most cases, both hypematraemia and hyponatremia were rare. The home management had usually consisted of fasting except for “clear fluids”. Oral rehydration and rapid feeding in hospital according to modem principles accelerated weight gain, shortened the duration of diarrhoea and the hospital stay and reduced the requirement for intravenous fluid therapy. This experience, together with the current rarity of acute gastroenteritis in young infants and of delay in recovery, suggests that oral rehydration and realimentation should be more extensively used in general practice.
Oxygen Affinity of Haemoglobin Modulates Cerebral Blood Flow in Premature Infants A Study with the Non‐invasive Xenon‐133 Method
Authors: LIPP‐ZWAHLEN ANNA E. , MÜLLER ANITA , TUCHSCHMID PETER , DUC GABRIEL
Published: January 2008

Iipp‐Zwahlen, A. E., Müller, A., Tuchschmid, P. and Duc, G. (Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland). Oxygen affinity of haemoglobin modulates cerebral blood flow in premature infants: a study with the non‐invasive Xe‐133 method. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 360: 26, 1989.

Low cerebral blood flow (CBF) is thought to cause ischaemic brain lesions in premature infants, but a normal outcome has also been observed. Low oxygen affinity of haemoglobin and high arterial oxygen content, independently, reduce CBF under normal, physiological conditions. Transfusions lower the amount of fetal haemoglobin [HbF] and therefore the oxygen affinity of premature babies. In 47 premature babies (range of gestational age 25–34 weeks, birthweight 740–1370 g), CBF was measured with the i.v. Xenon 133 method on days 1, 3 and 7. The relative amount of fetal haemoglobin [HbFj was used as a marker of oxygen affinity of haemoglobin and the haematocrit as representing the arterial oxygen content. A significant influence of [HbF] on CBF was found on days I, 3 and 7 in ultrasonographically normal babies (n = 13). In babies with subependymal and/or intraventricular haemorrhage (n = 15), this correlation was signficant only on day 3 and in those with abnormal intraparen‐chymal echodensities (n = 19) only on day 7. The correlation between haemoglobin concentration and CBF was not significant. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant influence of [HbF] on CBF independent of haematocrit, pCO2 and blood pressure. It appears that, after blood transfusion, normal babies, and to a lesser extent those with haemorrhages are able to lower their CBF according to the actual oxygen affinity of blood. However, low CBF (<10 ml/100 g/min) in non‐transfused babies was often associated with later development of cystic periventricular leukomalacia.
Deposition of Bilirubin Acid in the Central Nervous System–A Hypothesis for the Development of Kernicterus
Authors: BRODERSEN R. , STERN L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. On the basis of the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin and available albumin for the binding of bilirubin it is possible to calculate the level of unbound bilirubin in a serum sample. The solubility of bilirubin can further be calculated when the pH is known. In cases of threatened kernicterus the free bilirubin concentration in serum samples from newborn infants surpasses the solubility by a factor close to one hundred. It is hypothesized that deposition of bilirubin in tissues takes place as an ongoing event, the deposited pigment being eliminated by bilirubin oxidase in healthy infants. Kernicterus results when the rate of deposition becomes overwhelming as a result of high bilirubin concentration, low albumin reserve, low pH, after administration of a displacing drug, or if the bilirubin oxidase system has been compromised by preceding birth asphyxia or other forms of central nervous system injury.
Clinical Application of Transcutaneous Bilirubin Measurement
Authors: YAMAUCHI YOSHITADA , YAMANOUCHI ITSURO
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether hyperbilirubinemia (15 mg/dl) could be predicted by TcB readings at birth or change of TcB readings during the first 24 hours of life. Both the TcB at 24 hours and the ratio of increase of TcB during the first 24 hours per kg birthweight were useful in predicting the development of hyperbilirubinemia (15 mg/dl). The test could be used as a noninvasive screening procedure to detect infants at risk for significant hyperbilirubinemia on the first day of life.