bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybridization and range expansion in tamarisk beetles (Diorhabda spp.) introduced to North America for classical biological control
Authors: Stahlke Amanda R. , Bitume Ellyn V. , Özsoy Zeynep A. , Bean Dan W. , Veillet Anne , Clark Meaghan I. , Clark Eliza I. , Moran Patrick , Hufbauer Ruth A. , Hohenlohe Paul A.
Published: November 2021

With the global rise of human‐mediated translocations and invasions, it is critical to understand the genomic consequences of hybridization and mechanisms of range expansion. Conventional wisdom is that high genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity due to repeated founder effects will constrain introduced species. However, reduced genetic variation can be countered by behavioral aspects and admixture with other distinct populations. As planned invasions, classical biological control (biocontrol) agents present important opportunities to understand the mechanisms of establishment and spread in a novel environment. The ability of biocontrol agents to spread and adapt, and their effects on local ecosystems, depends on genomic variation and the consequences of admixture in novel environments. Here, we use a biocontrol system to examine the genome‐wide outcomes of introduction, spread, and hybridization in four cryptic species of a biocontrol agent, the tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda carinata, D. carinulata, D. elongata, and D. sublineata), introduced from six localities across Eurasia to control the invasive shrub tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) in western North America. We assembled a de novo draft reference genome and applied RADseq to over 500 individuals across laboratory cultures, the native ranges, and the introduced range. Despite evidence of a substantial genetic bottleneck among D. carinulata in N. America, populations continue to establish and spread, possibly due to aggregation behavior. We found that D. carinata, D. elongata, and D. sublineata hybridize in the field to varying extents, with D. carinata × D. sublineata hybrids being the most abundant. Genetic diversity was greater at sites with hybrids, highlighting potential for increased ability to adapt and expand. Our results demonstrate the complex patterns of genomic variation that can result from introduction of multiple ecotypes or species for biocontrol, and the importance of understanding them to predict and manage the effects of biocontrol agents in novel ecosystems.
“Show us what you’ve got”: From experiences of undoing to mobilizing agentic vulnerability in research
Authors: Plester Barbara , Kim Heesun , Sayers Janet , Carroll Brigid
Published: November 2021

This inquiry both builds on and extends exploration into gendered research through a focus on researcher vulnerability and its associated ethics. We discuss six critical vignettes across Western and Eastern contexts in which female researchers are “undone” and subsequently “redone” during their research endeavors. We draw upon Butler's work on gender and vulnerability, theorized as a subset of precarity. Attention is drawn to attempts to reframe, understand, and mobilize vulnerability differently, as a form of resistance, research activism, and emancipatory enactment. We propose agentic vulnerability as speaking to felt moments of vulnerability experienced in field research. We extend this contribution into a theorization of the researcher as activist, outlining practical applications of this concept. Ultimately, we seek to reposition agentic vulnerability in institutional research as a source of new ethics, research practices, and activism.
Technological functionality of composite flours from sorghum, tapioca and cowpea
Authors: Marchini Mia , Marti Alessandra , Tuccio Maria Grazia , Bocchi Elena , Carini Eleonora
Published: November 2021

Composite flours from accessible raw materials may interest developing countries, cutting wheat import costs, bolstering domestic agriculture and boosting nutrition. Technological functionality (WHC and OHC, pasting, swelling and thermal properties) of composite tapioca, sprouted sorghum, cowpea and wheat flours (at 50%, 33% and 25% (w/w) flour basis) was evaluated. PCA revealed that, in a 50% w/w blend, sprouted sorghum and tapioca were technologically similar to wheat, and thus of interest when gluten's viscoelastic properties are not required (e.g. flatbread). Since cowpea flour can enhance nutrients, a flour from sprouted sorghum, tapioca and cowpea is preferable nutritionally and technologically, and potentially sustainable, its raw materials being available locally. Furthermore, PCA showed that composites of sprouted sorghum, tapioca, cowpea and wheat flours at 25% w/w offer a good compromise between technological and nutritional qualities, while reducing wheat imports and cassava post‐harvest losses. These results may herald technologically satisfactory, nutritional, sustainable bakery products.
Baseline prevalence of high blood pressure and its predictors in a rural adult population of Bangladesh: Outcome from the application of WHO PEN interventions
Authors: Barua Lingkan , Faruque Mithila , Rakhshanda Shagoofa , Banik Palash Chandra , Shawon Riffat Ara , Mashreky Saidur Rahman
Published: November 2021

This cross‐sectional study estimated the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and examined its predictors at baseline following protocol 1 (actions 1 and 2) of World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease (PEN) Interventions in a selected rural area of Bangladesh. A total of 11 145 adults (both sex and age ≥ 18 years) completed both the questionnaire and clinical measurements at the household and community clinics, respectively. We defined high BP as systolic BP ≥ 120 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg, prehypertension (pre‐HTN) as systolic BP 120–139 mmHg or diastolic BP 80–89 mmHg, and hypertension (HTN) as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg and/or anti‐hypertensive drug intake for the raised BP. The prevalence of high BP was 51.2% (pre‐HTN, 25.3%; HTN, 25.9%). Among them, the proportion of pre‐HTN was higher among men (28.7%) while HTN was higher among women (27.4%). Other than fast food intake (pre‐HTN, OR: 1.110, P = .063) and women sex (HTN, OR: 1.236, P < .001), the pre‐HTN and HTN had higher odds for having same predictors as follows: age ≥ 40 years, family history of HTN, physical inactivity, central obesity, generalized obesity, and diabetes. In conclusion, the application of WHO PEN protocol 1 detected one‐fourth of the rural adult population had pre‐HTN and HTN respectively, and the common significant predictors of those were the age, family history of HTN, physical inactivity, generalized obesity, and diabetes.
External gap progression after cyclic fatigue of adhesive overlays and crowns made with high translucency zirconia or lithium silicate
Authors: Baldi Andrea , Comba Allegra , Ferrero Giorgio , Italia Edoardo , Michelotto Tempesta Riccardo , Paolone Gaetano , Mazzoni Annalisa , Breschi Lorenzo , Scotti Nicola
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To evaluate three‐dimensional external gap progression after chewing simulation of high translucency zirconia (HTZ) and zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) applied on endodontically treated teeth with different preparation designs.

Materials and Method

Endodontically treated molars were prepared with low‐retentive (adhesive overlay) and high‐retentive (full crown) designs above cementum‐enamel junction and restored with HTZ and ZLS. Micro‐computed tomography analysis was assessed before and after chewing simulation to evaluate three‐dimensionally the external gap progression. Results were statistically analyzed with two‐way ANOVA and post‐hoc Tukey test.

Results

High‐retentive preparation design had a significantly inferior gap progression compared to the overlay preparation (p < 0.01); ZLS exhibited a significant inferior gap progression compared to HTZ (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

High‐retentive preparations restored with ZLS seem to better perform in maintaining the sealing of the external margin after cyclic fatigue.

Clinical significance

The clinician should pay attention to the proper combination of preparation designs and ceramic material selection for an endodontically treated molar restoration. HTZ seems to perform worse than lithium silicate in terms of marginal sealing, still showing lacks in resistance to cyclic fatigue when adhesive preparations are performed.
Helping couples achieve relationship success: A decade of progress in couple relationship education research and practice, 2010–2019
Authors: Markman Howard J. , Hawkins Alan J. , Stanley Scott M. , Halford W. Kim , Rhoades Galena
Published: November 2021

This article systematically reviewed 34 rigorous evaluation studies of couple relationship education (CRE) programs from 2010 to 2019 that met the criteria for Level 1 well‐established interventions. Significant advances include reaching more diverse and disadvantaged target populations with positive intervention effects on a wider range of outcomes beyond relationship quality, including physical and mental health, coparenting, and even child well‐being, and evidence that high‐risk couples often benefit the most. In addition, considerable progress has been made delivering effective online CRE, increasing services to individuals rather than to couples, and giving greater attention to youth and young adults to teach them principles and skills that may help them form healthy relationships. Ongoing challenges include expanding our understanding of program moderators and change mechanisms, attending to emerging everyday issues facing couples (e.g., healthy breaking ups, long‐distance relationships) and gaining increased institutional support for CRE.
Interleukin 38 serum level is increased in patients with vitiligo, correlated with disease severity, and associated with signs of disease activity
Authors: Mahmoud Marie Radwa El‐ Sayed , Adel Al‐ Zahraa Mohamed , Abd El‐ Fadeal Noha M. , Eyada Moustafa Mohamad Kamel
Published: November 2021

Background

Vitiligo is an acquired cutaneous depigmenting disease caused by a T helper (Th) 1–cytotoxic T cells driven autoimmune attack against melanocytes, in which Th17 is also involved. Interleukin (IL)‐38 belongs to the IL‐1 family of cytokines and suppresses Th1 and Th17 activation. IL‐38 protein and mRNA levels have been found to be elevated in various autoimmune disorders and correlated with disease severity and activity, including psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atopic dermatitis. No previous studies have been performed to investigate the expression of IL‐38 in patients with vitiligo.

Aim

To evaluate IL‐38 serum level in patients with vitiligo compared to healthy controls (Hcs) and examine the association between IL‐38 level and severity and activity of vitiligo.

Patients and Methods

The study comprised 21 patients with vitiligo and 21 Hcs. Vitiligo severity and activity were evaluated via Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) and Vitiligo Disease Activity (VIDA) Score, respectively. IL‐38 serum level was evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Vitiligo patients had significantly higher serum level of IL‐38 than Hcs (p < 0.001). This level was significantly higher among patients with signs of vitiligo activity (p = 0.048), correlated positively with VES (p < 0.001), and correlated negatively with the age of patients (p = 0.001) and the age of disease onset (p = 0.022).

Conclusion

IL‐38 serum level was higher in patients with vitiligo than in Hcs and was related to vitiligo severity and signs of activity.
Re‐animation: multimodal discourse around text
Authors: Bryer Theodora , Coles Jane
Published: November 2021

This article offers a multimodal analysis of spontaneous, improvisatory interactions between pre‐service teachers as they engage with a range of material resources connected to, or generated by, a literary text (in this case, the Old English poem Beowulf). We draw on an understanding of role as a form of frame, offering students a particular perspective on the material that they engage with and a heightened awareness of the signs that they make, and we consider the function of role in supporting learning. Using video evidence collected across a 2‐day workshop, we select two key episodes for close analysis to illustrate the complex ways in which learners' spoken words, gestures and bodies combine in the processes of shared meaning‐making, aspects of learning that tend to be ignored in official accounts of classroom literacy. In particular, we identify fleeting yet generative moments of role play that learners adopt while engaged in collaborative activities around images and a touchscreen, a form of embodied response we term ‘re‐animation’.
The role of fear in the relationship between vicarious violence at work and work ability in nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Pacheco Emelda , Bártolo Ana , Pereira Anabela , Duarte João Carvalho , Silva Carlos F.
Published: November 2021

Fear is a powerful emotion that can influence future behavior. This study investigated how fear influences the relationship between vicarious violence at work and employees' work ability. This is a quantitative cross‐sectional study. Self‐report data were collected from 154 Portuguese nurses who completed an online survey. Statistical significance of the indirect effect was based on bias‐corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. The results support the mediation model. Those who observe/hear of others being beaten or threatened experience strong affective reactions, such as fear, which in turn has a negative impact on the assessment of their work ability. We suggest that occupational safety and health programs designed to prevent violence at work take into account those who experience violence at work vicariously and include strategies and interventions focused on affective reactions to minimize the negative effects of vicarious violence at work, with benefits in employees' improved ability to work.
Modularity and selection of nectar traits in the evolution of the selfing syndrome in Ipomoea lacunosa (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Liao Irene T. , Rifkin Joanna L. , Cao Gongyuan , Rausher Mark D.
Published: November 2021

Although the evolution of the selfing syndrome often involves reductions in floral size, pollen and nectar, few studies of selfing syndrome divergence have examined nectar. We investigate whether nectar traits have evolved independently of other floral size traits in the selfing syndrome, whether nectar traits diverged due to drift or selection, and the extent to which quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses predict genetic correlations.

We use F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from a cross between Ipomoea cordatotriloba and Ipomoea lacunosa. We calculate genetic correlations to identify evolutionary modules, test whether trait divergence was due to selection, identify QTLs and perform correlation analyses to evaluate how well QTL properties reflect genetic correlations.

Nectar and floral size traits form separate evolutionary modules. Selection has acted to reduce nectar traits in the selfing I. lacunosa. Genetic correlations predicted from QTL properties are consistent with observed genetic correlations.

Changes in floral traits associated with the selfing syndrome reflect independent evolution of at least two evolutionary modules: nectar and floral size traits. We also demonstrate directional selection on nectar traits, which is likely to be independent of selection on floral size traits. Our study also supports the expected mechanistic link between QTL properties and genetic correlations.
How does ethnic diversity shape the design of intergovernmental fiscal relations? Evidence from China
Authors: Liu Yongzheng , Qiao Mo , Wei Hailun
Published: November 2021

This study examines how ethnic diversity shapes the design of intergovernmental fiscal relations in regimes such as China, where local accountability and resident mobility are largely absent. We argue that in these regimes, ethnic diversity largely captures potential social conflicts and instability, consequently requiring a higher level of fiscal centralization and regional equalization from upper‐level governments to preserve social stability. Using provincial and sub‐provincial level panel data from China for 1995–2019, we find strong supporting evidence that an increase in a province's ethnic diversity significantly increases fiscal centralization and the provincial government's fiscal equalization efforts. We also show that these effects tend to be stronger in provinces whose leaders have closer ties with the central authority and where local capture is less serious. Our study contributes to a better understanding of ethnic diversity's consequences on the policy choices governments make.
Blood eosinophils in managing preschool wheeze: Lessons learnt from a proof‐of‐concept trial
Authors: Saglani Sejal , Bingham Yvonne , Balfour‐Lynn Ian , Goldring Stephen , Gupta Atul , Banya Winston , Moreiras John , Fleming Louise , Bush Andrew , Rosenthal Mark
Published: November 2021

Background

Management of preschool wheeze is based predominantly on symptom patterns.

Objective

To determine whether personalizing therapy using blood eosinophils or airway bacterial infection results in fewer attacks compared with standard care.

Methods

A proof‐of‐concept, randomized trial to investigate whether the prescription of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) guided by blood eosinophils, or targeted antibiotics for airway bacterial infection, results in fewer unscheduled healthcare visits (UHCVs) compared with standard care. Children aged 1–5 years with ≥2 wheeze attacks in the previous year were categorized as episodic viral wheeze (EVW) or multiple trigger wheeze (MTW). The intervention group was prescribed ICS if blood eosinophils ≥3%, or targeted antibiotics if there is positive culture on induced sputum/cough swab. The control group received standard care. The primary outcome was UHCV at 4 months.

Results

60 children, with a median age of 36.5 (range 14–61) months, were randomized. Median blood eosinophils were 5.2 (range 0–21)%, 27 of 60 (45%) children were atopic, and 8 of 60 (13%) had airway bacterial infection. There was no relationship between EVW, MTW and either blood eosinophils, atopic status or infection. 67% in each group were prescribed ICS. 15 of 30 control subjects and 16 of 30 patients in the intervention group had UHCV over 4 months (p = .8). The time to first UHCV was similar. 50% returned adherence monitors; in those, median ICS adherence was 67%. There were no differences in any parameter between those who did and did not have an UHCV.

Conclusion

Clinical phenotype was unrelated to allergen sensitization or blood eosinophils. ICS treatment determined by blood eosinophils did not impact UHCV, but ICS adherence was poor.
The respiratory metabolism of overwintering paper wasp gynes (Polistes dominula and Polistes gallicus)
Authors: Kovac Helmut , Käfer Helmut , Petrocelli Iacopo , Stabentheiner Anton
Published: November 2021

Winter in climatic regions with low temperatures is a challenge for overwintering insects. They are exposed to temperature extremes, which directly cause mortality or lead to energy depletion. The winter hibernaculum of paper wasp gynes protects from predators and rain, but only poorly from ambient temperature. In order to detect physiological adaptations to differing climates, we compared the respiratory metabolism of overwintering gynes of two polistine species from the Mediterranean climate in Italy (Polistes dominula and Polistes gallicus), and of one species from the temperate climate in Austria (Polistes dominula). The wasps' CO2 emission was measured with stop‐flow respirometry in a temperature range from 2.5 to 20 °C. The mass‐specific standard (resting) metabolic rate, the main type of metabolism of the dormant insects during overwintering, increased exponentially with ambient temperature but was suppressed in comparison to individuals measured in the summer, which conserves the energy stores. In addition, it was lower in the Mediterranean species (P. dominula and P. gallicus) in comparison to the temperate species (P. dominula), especially at higher temperatures. The active metabolic rate was suppressed to a similar amount. The suppressed metabolism of the overwintering Mediterranean gynes could be an adaptation to the higher winter temperatures to prevent a premature depletion of the energy resources.
Knowledge, Social Influences, Perceived Risks and Benefits, and Cultural Values Explain the Public's Decisions Related to Prudent Antibiotic Use
Authors: Visschers Vivianne H. M. , Feck Vanessa , Herrmann Anne
Published: November 2021

People should use antibiotics (AB) prudently to mitigate antibiotic resistance (ABR). Previous studies—and, subsequently, interventions—on ABR have focused mainly on improving public awareness and knowledge. We investigated a comprehensive theory‐based explanatory model to understand the public's decision making regarding prudent AB use, based on, among others, the theory of planned behavior. In a cross‐sectional online survey, the psychological determinants of people's decisions about prudent AB use were examined in a sample of 1,228 Swiss adults. The questionnaire assessed respondents’ demand for AB, willingness to adopt measures that prevent the need for AB, perceived risks of ABR, perceived benefits of AB, attitudes and social influences regarding AB, knowledge of AB and ABR, and cultural values. Mokken scale analysis revealed three types of knowledge: knowledge of the functioning of AB, of ABR, and of preventive measures. Structural equation modeling indicated that respondents’ demand for AB was mostly predicted by social influences, perceived benefits of AB, and knowledge of AB functioning. Willingness to prevent AB use was mainly related to conservative values, perceived risks of ABR, negative attitudes toward AB, and knowledge of preventive measures. Our study suggests that the provision of information about AB and preventive measures is a first step toward changing people's decisions related to prudent AB use. Future interventions that additionally utilize cultural values to convey important messages and target additional factors, such as social influences, the risks of ABR, and the benefits of cautious AB use, can be more successful in promoting prudent AB use.
On the spatiotemporal generalization of machine learning and ensemble models for simulating built‐up land expansion
Authors: Shafizadeh‐Moghadam Hossein , Valavi Roozbeh , Asghari Ali , Minaei Masoud , Murayama Yuji
Published: November 2021

This study evaluates the spatiotemporal generalization of statistical and machine learning models to simulate built‐up land expansion and compare it to ensemble approaches. Integrated with cellular automata, six individual models—artificial neural networks, support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF), boosted regression trees, the generalized additive model, the lasso, and two ensemble approaches called ensemble median and ensemble weighted area under the curve—were implemented. Each model was calibrated based on data from 1975–1990, and their extrapolation power was evaluated for 1990–1996, 1996–2000, 2000–2011, and 2011–2017. Total operating characteristics revealed that the RF model achieved the highest calibration accuracy and the highest performance loss during the validation period. The lowest calibration accuracy was related to the SVM model, yet its performance during the validation period increased. In the third time interval (1996–2002), the highest accuracy was again related to the SVM model. A sharp drop in simulation accuracy was seen in all models during the fourth (2002–2011) and fifth intervals (2011–2017). None of the ensemble models appeared to be superior to the individual models. Further, the accuracy of built‐up land expansion models drops noticeably for long‐term simulations.
RELIGIOUS NATURALISM AND CREATION: A COSMOLOGICAL AND THEOLOGICAL READING ON THE ORIGIN/BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE
Authors: Mantini Alessandro
Published: November 2021

According to the reconceptualization of science that emerged in the twentieth century, our approach to nature is changing. There is a calling for an enlarged rationality and for a multilevel analysis of the Cosmos around us, because the reality itself shows new depths and complexities, while new methodologies in the scientific research, such as cross‐disciplinary and multi‐messenger, are necessary. In this epistemological change of paradigm, escaping from empiricism, mechanistic determinism, reductionism, and relativism, appears “natural” the reference to metaphysics and to theology exactly because we need to get outside and to “open the system” to obtain better and more complete descriptions. Theology, referring to the Revealed Personal God as Trinity and Unity and in particular Christology, mostly with Incarnation, adds the conditions for a “natural” landing in a profound and rich cross‐disciplinary study concerning the beginning and origin of the Universe. We will explore these passages for an integrated and encompassing reading of the Universe.
Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants for the Removal of Antibiotics, Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: a Review of the Current Literature
Authors: Zapata Zúñiga Maria Camila , Parra-Pérez Miguel Angel , Álvarez-Berrio Johan Alexander , Molina-Gómez Nidia Isabel
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of technologies for removing antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes, and the countries where they have been developed. For this purpose, was conducted a systematic review to identify the tertiary treatments to remove the above-mentioned pollutants. The ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were used as sources of information, taking into account only experimental research from 2006 to 2019 and technologies with removal rates higher than 70% to the information analyses. From the analysis of 9 technologies evaluated, in a set of 47 investigations, photo-Fenton, and electrochemical treatments were found to be the most efficient in the removal of antibiotics; gamma radiation and photocatalysis with TiO2 and UV revealed better results in the removal of resistant microbial agents and their resistance genes, with efficiencies of 99.9%. As one of the largest producers and consumers of antibiotics, China appears to be the country with the most scientific research on the area. The importance of innovation in wastewater treatment processes to achieve better results in the remotion of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and their resistance genes is highlighted, given the effects on the aquatic ecosystems and public health.
Evolution equation for nonlinear Lucassen waves, with application to a threshold phenomenon
Authors: Simon Blake E. , Cormack John M. , Hamilton Mark F.
Published: November 2021

A nonlinear, fractional, surface wave equation with a spatial derivative of second order was developed by Kappler, Shrivastava, Schneider, and Netz [Phys. Rev. Fluids 2, 114804 (2017)] for propagation along an elastic interface coupled to a viscous incompressible liquid. Linear theory for the attenuation and dispersion was developed originally by Lucassen [Trans. Faraday Soc. 64, 2221 (1968)]. Kappler et al. introduced a fractional time derivative to account for the Lucassen wave attenuation and dispersion, and they included quadratic and cubic nonlinearity associated with compression of the elastic interface. Presented here is an integrated form of their time domain equation for progressive waves that is first order in the spatial derivative. Solutions of this evolution equation capture the main features of waveforms predicted by the full model equation of Kappler et al., especially the formation and propagation of shocks, while the evolution equation can be solved numerically with substantially less computational cost. Approximate analytical expressions obtained from the evolution equation for the nonlinear propagation speed and attenuation of a compression pulse reveal that a threshold phenomenon discussed by Kappler et al. is due to competition between quadratic and cubic nonlinearity associated with a lipid monolayer interface.
The relation of velopharyngeal coupling area to the identification of stop versus nasal consonants in North American English based on speech generated by acoustically driven vocal tract modulations
Authors: Story Brad H. , Bunton Kate
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the threshold of velopharyngeal coupling area at which listeners switch from identifying a consonant as a stop to a nasal in North American English, based on V1CV2 stimuli generated with a speech production model that encodes phonetic segments as relative acoustic targets. Each V1CV2 was synthesized with a set of velopharyngeal coupling functions whose area ranged from 0 to 0.1 cm2. Results show that consonants were identified by listeners as a stop when the coupling area was less than 0.035–0.057 cm2, depending on place of articulation and final vowel. The smallest coupling area (0.035 cm2) at which the stop-to-nasal switch occurred was found for an alveolar consonant in the /ɑCi/ context, whereas the largest (0.057 cm2) was for a bilabial in /ɑCɑ/. For each stimulus, the balance of oral versus nasal acoustic energy was characterized by the peak nasalance during the consonant. Stimuli with peak nasalance below 40% were mostly identified by listeners as stops, whereas those above 40% were identified as nasals. This study was intended to be a precursor to further investigations using the same model but scaled to represent the developing speech production system of male and female talkers.
Sex-Related Differences in the Association of Fundamental Movement Skills and Health and Behavioral Outcomes in Children
Authors: Hill Phillip J. , McNarry Melitta A. , Lester Leanne , Foweather Lawrence , Boddy Lynne M. , Fairclough Stuart J. , Mackintosh Kelly A.
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to assess whether sex moderates the association of fundamental movement skills and health and behavioral outcomes. In 170 children (10.6 ±0.3 years; 98 girls), path analysis was used to assess the associations of fundamental movement skills (Get Skilled, Get Active) with perceived sports competence (Children and Youth—Physical Self-Perception Profile), time spent in vigorous-intensity physical activity, sedentary time, and body mass index z score. For boys, object control skill competence had a direct association with perceived sports competence (β = 0.39; 95% confidence interval, CI [0.21, 0.57]) and an indirect association with sedentary time, through perceived sports competence (β = −0.19; 95% CI [−0.09, −0.32]). No significant association was observed between fundamental movement skills and perceived sports competence for girls, although locomotor skills were found to predict vigorous-intensity physical activity (β = 0.18; 95% CI [0.08, 0.27]). Perceived sports competence was associated with sedentary time, with this being stronger for boys (β = −0.48; 95% CI [−0.64, −0.31]) than girls (β = −0.29; 95% CI [−0.39, −0.19]). The study supports a holistic approach to health-related interventions and highlights a key association of perceived sports competence and the time children spend sedentary.
An Exploration of Sport Psychology Professional Quality of Life in British Neophyte Practitioners
Authors: Martin Daniel R.F. , Quartiroli Alessandro , Wagstaff Christopher R.D.
Published: November 2021

Scholars have noted the importance of helping professionals’ work experiences through the exploration of Professional Quality of Life. Due to the unique experiences of sport psychology professionals, a sport psychology specific equivalent of the construct, the Sport Psychology Professional Quality of Life (SP-PQL), has recently been developed based on the experience of senior and experienced sport psychology professionals, yet researchers have not accounted for the experiences of neophytes. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 neophyte sport psychology professionals with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of how they conceptualize, experience, and manage their SP-PQL. The data offer novel insights regarding neophyte’s conceptualizations of SP-PQL as well as the barriers and facilitators toward their SP-PQL. We conclude that greater emphasis on SP-PQL is required within British sport psychology development pathways, outlining considerations for educators, such as the provision of educational resources and curricula to better inform and support future neophyte’s SP-PQL.
The Intersection of the Staphylococcus aureus Rex and SrrAB Regulons: an Example of Metabolic Evolution That Maximizes Resistance to Immune Radicals
Authors: Dmitriev Aidan , Chen Xingru , Paluscio Elyse , Stephens Amelia C. , Banerjee Srijon K. , Vitko Nicholas P. , Richardson Anthony R.
Published: November 2021

Pathogens must evolve virulence potential to improve transmission to new hosts as well as evolve metabolically to thrive within their current host.
Staphylococcus aureus
has achieved both of these, and here, we show that one such metabolic adaptation was the expansion of the Rex regulon. First, it affords
S. aureus
with efficient respiration-independent growth critical to surviving the inflammatory environment replete with respiration-inhibiting immune radicals.
The Epstein-Barr Virus Oncogene EBNA1 Suppresses Natural Killer Cell Responses and Apoptosis Early after Infection of Peripheral B Cells
Authors: Westhoff Smith Danielle , Chakravorty Adityarup , Hayes Mitch , Hammerschmidt Wolfgang , Sugden Bill
Published: November 2021

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, infecting up to 95% of the world’s adult population. Initial infection with EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis.
YhdP, TamB, and YdbH Are Redundant but Essential for Growth and Lipid Homeostasis of the Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
Authors: Ruiz Natividad , Davis Rebecca M. , Kumar Sujeet
Published: November 2021

Gram-negative bacteria like
Escherichia coli
are characterized by having two membranes. Systems required for the biogenesis of the Gram-negative outer membrane have been identified except for that required for the transport of newly synthesized phospholipids from the inner to the outer membrane.
Wnt-β-Catenin Signaling in Human Dendritic Cells Mediates Regulatory T-Cell Responses to Fungi via the PD-L1 Pathway
Authors: Karnam Anupama , Bonam Srinivasa Reddy , Rambabu Naresh , Wong Sarah Sze Wah , Aimanianda Vishukumar , Bayry Jagadeesh
Published: November 2021

The balance between effector CD4
+
T-cell and immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell (Treg) responses determines the outcome of an infectious disease. The signaling pathways that regulate human CD4
+
T-effector versus Treg responses to the fungi are not completely understood.
Cross-Neutralization of Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern by Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes on Spike
Authors: Changrob Siriruk , Fu Yanbin , Guthmiller Jenna J. , Halfmann Peter J. , Li Lei , Stamper Christopher T. , Dugan Haley L. , Accola Molly , Rehrauer William , Zheng Nai-Ying , Huang Min , Wang Jiaolong , Erickson Steven A. , Utset Henry A. , Graves Hortencia M. , Amanat Fatima , Sather D. Noah , Krammer Florian , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Wilson Patrick C.
Published: November 2021

We describe the binding and neutralization properties of a new set of human monoclonal antibodies derived from memory B cells of 10 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent donors in the first pandemic wave of prototype SARS-CoV-2. There were 12 antibodies targeting distinct epitopes on spike, including two sites on the RBD and one on the N-terminal domain (NTD), that displayed cross-neutralization of VOCs, for which distinct antibody targets could neutralize discrete variants.
Unexpected Mechanism of Biodegradation and Defluorination of 2,2-Difluoro-1,3-Benzodioxole by Pseudomonas putida F1
Authors: Bygd Madison D. , Aukema Kelly G. , Richman Jack E. , Wackett Lawrence P.
Published: November 2021

There are more than 9,000 polyfluorinated compounds developed for commercial use, some negatively impacting human health, and they are generally considered to be resistant to biodegradation. Only a limited number of studies have identified microbes with enzymes sufficiently reactive to defluorinate difluoromethylene carbon groups.
The Heterotrimeric Transcription Factor CCAAT-Binding Complex and Ca
2+
-CrzA Signaling Reversely Regulate the Transition between Fungal Hyphal Growth and Asexual Reproduction
Authors: Ren Yiran , Zhang Chi , Chen Ziqing , Lu Ling
Published: November 2021

A precisely timed switch between vegetative hyphal growth and asexual development is a crucial process for the filamentous fungal long-term survival, dissemination, biomass production, and virulence. However, under the submerged culture condition, filamentous fungi would undergo constant vegetative growth whereas asexual conidiation rarely occurs.
Prescribed footwear and orthoses are not prophylactic in preventing lower extremity injuries in military tactical athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Paradise Scott L , Beer J R , Cruz C A , Fechner K M , MacGregor A J , Fraser J J
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Military members are exposed to high cumulative physical loads that frequently lead to injury. Prescribed footwear and orthoses have been used to prevent injury. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to assess if prescribed prophylactic footwear or foot orthoses reduced the risk of lower extremity injury in military tactical athletes.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, SportDiscus, and Defense Technical Information Center databases were searched for randomised controlled trials published at any time that compared foot orthoses or prescribed footwear (to include shock-absorbing insoles and socks) with a placebo intervention or a no-treatment control. Methodological quality was assessed and the number of injuries, population at risk and duration of the study epoch were extracted and relative risk (RR) calculated. An omnibus meta-analysis was performed assessing all prescribed footwear and orthoses intervention studies, with subgroup analyses conducted on studies with similar interventions (ie, basketball athletic shoes, athletic shoes (prescribed by foot type), foot orthoses, shock-absorbing insoles, socks, tropical combat boots).

Results

Of 1673 studies identified, 22 were included. Three of eight studies that employed orthoses demonstrated significantly reduced overuse injuries compared with no-treatment controls (RR range: 0.34–0.68); one study showed neoprene insoles significantly decreased overuse injuries (RR: 0.75). There were no other significant effects in the individual studies and no protective effects observed in the omnibus meta-analysis or in the component subanalyses.

Conclusions

Prescribed footwear and orthoses do not appear to have a prophylactic effect on lower quarter musculoskeletal injuries in military members and cannot be recommended at this time.
Invasive versus medically managed acute coronary syndromes with prior bypass (CABG-ACS): insights into the registry versus randomised trial populations
Authors: Lee Matthew M Y , Petrie Mark C , Rocchiccioli Paul , Simpson Joanne , Jackson Colette E , Corcoran David S , Mangion Kenneth , Brown Ammani , Cialdella Pio , Sidik Novalia P , McEntegart Margaret B , Shaukat Aadil , Rae Alan P , Hood Stuart H M , Peat Eileen E , Findlay Iain N , Murphy Clare L , Cormack Alistair J , Bukov Nikolay B , Balachandran Kanarath P , Ford Ian , Wu Olivia , McConnachie Alex , Barry Sarah J E , Berry Colin
Published: November 2021

Background

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients are under-represented in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) trials. We compared characteristics and outcomes for patients who did and did not participate in a randomised trial of invasive versus non-invasive management (CABG-ACS).

Methods

ACS patients with prior CABG in four hospitals were randomised to invasive or non-invasive management. Non-randomised patients entered a registry. Primary efficacy (composite of all-cause mortality, rehospitalisation for refractory ischaemia/angina, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure) and safety outcomes (composite of bleeding, stroke, procedure-related MI, worsening renal function) were independently adjudicated.

Results

Of 217 patients screened, 84 (39%) screenfailed, of whom 24 (29%) did not consent and 60 (71%) were ineligible. Of 133 (61%) eligible, 60 (mean±SD age, 71±9 years, 72% male) entered the trial and 73 (age, 72±10 years, 73% male) entered a registry (preferences: physician (79%), patient (38%), both (21%)).

Compared with trial participants, registry patients had more valve disease, lower haemoglobin, worse New York Heart Association class and higher frailty.

At baseline, invasive management was performed in 52% and 49% trial and registry patients, respectively, of whom 32% and 36% had percutaneous coronary intervention at baseline, respectively (p=0.800). After 2 years follow-up (694 (median, IQR 558–841) days), primary efficacy (43% trial vs 49% registry (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.89)) and safety outcomes (28% trial vs 22% registry (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.46)) were similar. EuroQol was lower in registry patients at 1 year.

Conclusions

Compared with trial participants, registry participants had excess morbidity, but longer-term outcomes were similar.

Trial registration number

NCT01895751.
OpenSAFELY: impact of national guidance on switching anticoagulant therapy during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors:   The OpenSAFELY Collaborative, Curtis Helen J , MacKenna Brian , Walker Alex J , Croker Richard , Mehrkar Amir , Morton Caroline , Bacon Seb , Hickman George , Inglesby Peter , Bates Chris , Evans David , Ward Tom , Cockburn Jonathan , Davy Simon , Bhaskaran Krishnan , Schultze Anna , Rentsch Christopher T , Williamson Elizabeth , Hulme William , Tomlinson Laurie , Mathur Rohini , Drysdale Henry , Eggo Rosalind M , Wong Angel Yun , Forbes Harriet , Parry John , Hester Frank , Harper Sam , Douglas Ian , Smeeth Liam , Goldacre Ben
Published: November 2021

Background

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Health Service (NHS) recommended that appropriate patients anticoagulated with warfarin should be switched to direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), requiring less frequent blood testing. Subsequently, a national safety alert was issued regarding patients being inappropriately coprescribed two anticoagulants following a medication change and associated monitoring.

Objective

To describe which people were switched from warfarin to DOACs; identify potentially unsafe coprescribing of anticoagulants; and assess whether abnormal clotting results have become more frequent during the pandemic.

Methods

With the approval of NHS England, we conducted a cohort study using routine clinical data from 24 million NHS patients in England.

Results

20 000 of 164 000 warfarin patients (12.2%) switched to DOACs between March and May 2020, most commonly to edoxaban and apixaban. Factors associated with switching included: older age, recent renal function test, higher number of recent INR tests recorded, atrial fibrillation diagnosis and care home residency. There was a sharp rise in coprescribing of warfarin and DOACs from typically 50–100 per month to 246 in April 2020, 0.06% of all people receiving a DOAC or warfarin. International normalised ratio (INR) testing fell by 14% to 506.8 patients tested per 1000 warfarin patients each month. We observed a very small increase in elevated INRs (n=470) during April compared with January (n=420).

Conclusions

Increased switching of anticoagulants from warfarin to DOACs was observed at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic in England following national guidance. There was a small but substantial number of people coprescribed warfarin and DOACs during this period. Despite a national safety alert on the issue, a widespread rise in elevated INR test results was not found. Primary care has responded rapidly to changes in patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Digital Platform as Digital Innovation: A Study from the Perspective of Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Okano Marcelo Tsuguio , Santos Henry de Castro Lobo dos , Ursini Edson Luiz
Published: November 2021

The objective of this study is to examine how digital platforms digitally innovate companies and organizations, using the business model for dynamic capacity in three Brazilian companies. To achieve the proposed objective, a case study research method was used, with theoretical models of digital platforms, digital innovation and dynamic capabilities. The empirical research results proved that the three companies have a digital platform for business transactions as their main component, and that this model connects customers and suppliers through services.
Metabolic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Hsieh Yun-Chiao , Yang Po-Kai , Chen Mei-Jou
Published: November 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. Although its essential clinical manifestation includes a plethora of symptoms and signs, which largely reflects the underlying hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology, PCOS may also be associated with many metabolic derangements. These metabolic derangements happen to overlap with many of the core constituents of the metabolic syndrome (MBS)—increased insulin resistance, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. The two disorders also display similarly increased risks for certain metabolic and vascular diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Due to the many similarities between metabolic syndrome and PCOS, this review aims to examine the evidence concerning the overlapping features, the risks for comorbidities, possible shared mechanisms, and treatment strategies in patients with coexisting PCOS and MBS.
Integrated Study of the Thiocyanate Anion Electrooxidation by Electroanalytical and Computational Methods
Authors: Kozyrev Yuriy N. , Mendkovich Andrey S. , Kokorekin Vladimir A. , Luzhkov Victor B. , Rusakov Alexander I.
Published: November 2021

The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of thiocyanate anion in acetonitrile was studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrolysis, digital simulations and quantum chemical calculations. The experimental data indicated complex character of the reaction mechanism, which includes reactions of thiocyanate anion with the products of its oxidation, thiocyanate radical and thiocyanogen. It was proposed that the last reaction takes place in the reduction of thiocyanogen as well. The DFT PCM-SMD M06–2X/aug-CC-pVQZ calculations show that the reaction of thiocyanate anion with thiocyanate radical and disproportionation of thiocyanogen anion radical are thermodynamically favorable. The effects of the mentioned reactions on the shape of the curves of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry as well as that of the mass transfer regime are discussed.