bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the quintic equation of the state based model for the calculations of different thermodynamic properties
Authors: Kozioł Antoni , Wiśniewski Radosław
Published: May 2008

Optimization of the quintic equation of the state based model for the calculations of different thermodynamic properties

Different thermodynamic properties (the vapour density, the liquid density and the saturation pressure) were calculated by the model based on the Nakamura-Breedveld-Prausnitz equation of state (NBP EOS). Since the original form of the NBP EOS often generates inaccurate results for liquids, it was modified to describe this phase better. The calculations were realized in the subcritical region. So far, the temperature-dependent NBP EOS parameters have been obtained by special correlations. Their constants were fitted to a lot of experimental data. In this paper the equation of state temperature-dependent parameters were obtained by a new method which was based at piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomials (PCHIPs). In the proposed method some experimental data (called the key ones) were used, thus reducing the experimental effort. Seven substances were chosen for the test calculations. Each of them is common in industry. The calculation results were compared with the experimental data. The new method has made an accurate description of vapour-liquid equilibrium for the considered pure substances over a wide temperature range possible.
Kinetic approach and balancing of aerobic stabilization of solid wastes in lysimeters
Authors: Krzystek Liliana , Slezak Radosław , Zieleniewska-Jastrzebska Anna , Ledakowicz Stanisław
Published: May 2008

Kinetic approach and balancing of aerobic stabilization of solid wastes in lysimeters

Forced aeration of old landfills by an in situ method causes enhanced reduction of leachate indices organic load, a decrease of greenhouse gases emitted to the atmosphere and waste stabilization. The aim of the research was an experimental simulation of aerobic stabilization on landfills carried out under different conditions of leachate recirculation in lysimeters. The results were used in balancing and the kinetic analysis of the organic substance degradation.
Purification of the used palm oil by adsorption
Authors: Buczek Bronisław , Chwiałkowski Wojciech
Published: May 2008

Purification of the used palm oil by adsorption

The components of fresh vegetable oils are mainly non-polar. During frying of food, complex and multistage reactions occur in the oil, which produce various polar compounds. Active carbons are characterized by small contents of polar functional groups, which are responsible for adsorbing such polar compounds. Effective purification of the used frying oils must involve the removal of the polar substances. To improve the quality of the used palm oil, an active carbon oxidized by a hydrogen peroxide treatment was used. Such a carbonaceous adsorbent improves the quality of the oil used for frying food by purifying it from colour substances, lipid hydrolysis products, oxidation products and total polar compounds.
Two-phase CFD simulation of the monodyspersed suspension hydraulic behaviour in the tank apparatus from a circulatory pipe
Authors: Plewik Roch , Synowiec Piotr , Wójcik Janusz
Published: May 2008

Two-phase CFD simulation of the monodyspersed suspension hydraulic behaviour in the tank apparatus from a circulatory pipe

The hydrodynamics in fluidized-bed crystallizers is studied by CFD method. The simulations were performed by a commercial packet of computational fluid dynamics Fluent 6.x. For the one-phase modelling (15), a standard k-ε model was applied. In the case of the two-phase flows the Eulerian multi-phase model with a standard k-ε method, aided by the k-ε dispersed model for viscosity, has been used respectively. The collected data put a new light on the suspension flow behaviour in the annular zone of the fluidised bed crystallizer. From the presented here CFD simulations, it clearly issues that the real hydraulic conditions in the fluidised bed crystallizers are far from the ideal ones.
The effect of pH on the sorption of copper ions by alginates
Authors: Kwiatkowska-Marks Sylwia , Miłek Justyna , Wójcik Marek
Published: May 2008

The effect of pH on the sorption of copper ions by alginates

The effect of pH on copper ions sorption by alginates has been investigated. The granules of the sorbent obtained from sodium alginate (type DMF, manufactured by KELCO) have been applied. By using a new method of gelation a biosorbent containing from 11.3 to 20.3% mas. of alginate has been produced. Investigations have been carried out at a constant temperature of 25°C and the pH values ranging from 3 to 5. The obtained experimental results have been described by the Langmuir equation. It has been found that with the increasing pH of the solution the maximum biosorbent sorption capacity increased.
Removal of organic solvents for the purpose of manufacturing of solvent-free pressure-sensitive adhesives
Authors: Czech Zbigniew , Milker Roland , Butwin Agnieszka , Herko Ewa
Published: May 2008

Removal of organic solvents for the purpose of manufacturing of solvent-free pressure-sensitive adhesives

The present report reports on the process of the removal of organic solvents in the polymerisation reactor, thin-layer evaporator, and twin-screw extruder for the production of the solvent-free acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA). New applications and technical specifications stimulate the continuous development of new methods of manufacturing of non-solvent self-adhesives. The new synthesis of 100% acrylic systems includes solvent polymerisation and finally a removal of volatile organic compounds in a special extruder, polymerisation vessel or an industrial evaporator. The removal process requires controlling such relevant parameters as temperature, pressure and volatile organic compounds concentration.
Modelling of a batch anaerobic digestion
Authors: Szewczyk Krzysztof , Bukowski Jerzy
Published: May 2008

Modelling of a batch anaerobic digestion

The Anaerobic Digestion Model no 1 (ADM1) has been implemented to simulate batch fermentation. The pH changes and inhibition of the fermentation have been studied. The model has been used to investigate the effects of substrate composition and concentration as well as the composition of the microorganism population on the course of fermentation. The overload of a reactor has been discussed.
Modeling of the influence of the modifier concentration on the retention process in NP-HPLC
Authors: Zapała Wojciech
Published: May 2008

Modeling of the influence of the modifier concentration on the retention process in NP-HPLC

The adsorption model for an accurate prediction of the analyte retention in the normal - phase liquid chromatography with a binary mobile phase has been proposed. This model was derived using a thermody-namically consistent modified competitive Langmuir isotherm. The performance of the proposed equation was compared with two retention models reported in literature. All models were verified for different NP-LC systems by use of three criteria: the sum of squared differences between the experimental and theoretical data, approximation of the standard deviation and the Fisher test.
Removal of carbonaceous matters over alumina supported chromium and platinum chromium catalysts
Authors: Sarbak Zenon , Surma Krzysztof , Wieczorek Kinga
Published: May 2008

Removal of carbonaceous matters over alumina supported chromium and platinum chromium catalysts

Platinum, both alone and with a low and high amount of chromium as an additive supported on alumina, was studied as a catalyst. These catalysts were examined in the removal of the carbonizate as a model material. It was found that the 2Cr/Al2O3 catalyst showed a significant increase in the catalytic activity as compared to 20Cr/Al2O3. An addition of platinum was found to cause a decrease of activity.
Size-dependent growth kinetics of vitamin C crystals in water solutions of L(+)-ascorbic acid with the addition of methanol and ethanol
Authors: Wierzbowska Bogusława , Piotrowski Krzysztof , Koralewska Joanna , Matynia Andrzej
Published: May 2008

Size-dependent growth kinetics of vitamin C crystals in water solutions of L(+)-ascorbic acid with the addition of methanol and ethanol

Growth kinetics of vitamin C crystals during the batch mass crystallization process in L(+)-ascorbic acid - methanol - ethanol - water system was determined. The linear growth rate values were estimated on the basis of the product crystal size distributions. The kinetic model of the continuous process in a MSMPR crystallizer was adopted for the batch mode description according to Nyvlt's conception, taking the sizedependent growth (SDG) rate effects into consideration. The kinetic parameter values were determined with a Rojkowski hyperbolic SDG model. A good compatibility between the experimental product crystal population density distributions and the SDG model predictions was observed. The interpretation of the kinetic data was presented and discussed.
Investigation of aerosol dispersion in fibrous filters
Authors: Jackiewicz Anna , Bałazy Anna , Podgórski Albert
Published: May 2008

Investigation of aerosol dispersion in fibrous filters

Fractional penetration through four fibrous filters was determined experimentally at various air velocities. To describe the data obtained for multilayer sets of filters composed of up to nine layers of the same filter, the axial dispersion model was applied. This model predicts a non-exponential decrease of aerosol penetration with a filter thickness increase. The dispersion model contains two parameters, λ and Dx
, which were evaluated on the basis of the experimental data. For the first time ever the axial dispersion coefficients, Dx
, in fibrous filters were determined.
Extraction of organic impurities using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6]
Authors: Koźlecki Tomasz , Sawiński Wojciech , Sokołowski Adam , Ludwig Wojciech , Polowczyk Izabela
Published: May 2008

Extraction of organic impurities using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6]

Extraction of several chloro compounds from water has been examined. As the extracting liquid the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6], which is common hydrophobic ionic liquid, was used. Additionally, extraction of selected chlorinated compounds from tert-butylmethylether (MTBE) was investigated. The obtained results show the usefulness of [BMIM][PF6] to remove the organic impurities from water, particularly at the concentration range inappropriate for biological purification plants.
New Grassland Association Triseto-Centaureetum Macroptili ASS. Nova in Slovenia
Authors: Zelnik Igor
Published: May 2008

New Grassland AssociationTriseto-Centaureetum MacroptiliASS. Nova in Slovenia

The work describes the community of improved meadows that thrives on the elevated parts of alluvia and sometimes marshes, on the sites above the flooded areas. These stands were found and recorded in the sub-Pannonian and pre-Dinaric areas of Slovenia. The relevés were compared with other similar communities from the allianceArrhenatherionKoch 1926 as well as some of the ecological characteristics. A new association namedTriseto-Centaureetum macroptiliass. nova is here proposed. It was classified into allianceArrhenatherionand orderArrhenatheretaliaR. Tx 1931. The characters of the orderMolinietaliaKoch 1926 are also common, which reflects the transitional environmental conditions of those sites. The association thrives on deposits, predominantly on levees, where the soil is permeable for water. The material from these meadows, which are mown once to twice a year, is used for fodder and not for litter, which confirms their classification.
Palynologic and Lithostratigraphic Research of Lacustrine, Marsh and Fluvial Quaternary Deposits in Rašica Dolina and Mišja Dolina, and on Radensko Polje
Authors: Culiberg Metka , Dozet Stevo
Published: May 2008

Palynologic and Lithostratigraphic Research of Lacustrine, Marsh and Fluvial Quaternary Deposits in Rašica Dolina and Mišja Dolina, and on Radensko Polje

The article deals with the results of palynological and stratigraphical research of lacustrine, marsh and fluvial Quaternary deposits in the Rašica dolina and Mišja dolina, and on Radensko polje. Correlation with equivalent Quaternary deposits and their palynoflora from the Grosuplje polje area was also performed. In the study area, Mesozoic, predominantly carbonate rocks are transgressively covered by Quaternary deposits which are in general composed of five lithostratigraphic units (from bottom to top): 1. gravel, 2. grey lacustrine clay, 3. reddish brown loam, 4. light grey marly clay and 5. alluvial marsh deposits. On the basis of pollen analysis the Quaternary sediments of the study area are chronostratigraphically classified to the Late or Middle Pleistocene and Holocene.
The Association Erysimo - Trifolietum Micev. 1977 in Bulgaria and Some Remarks on its Mediterranean Character
Authors: Sopotlieva Desislava , Apostolova Iva
Published: May 2008

The AssociationErysimo - TrifolietumMicev. 1977 in Bulgaria and Some Remarks on its Mediterranean Character

We endeavor to enlarge the knowledge about Bulgarian vegetation diversity. Data on seminatural grasslands containing 344 relevés, collected in Southeast Bulgaria were analyzed by the combine method, using TWIN-SPAN and the Cocktail method. TheErysimo diffusii-Trifolietum angustifoliiassociation and the allianceTrifolion cherleriwere established for the first time in Bulgaria. So far the presence of this association was known for Macedonia. The aims of our study are to present more data about theErysimo-Trifolietumin Bulgaria and to make some comments about its affiliation toHelianthemetea guttati.The association is characterized ecologically and floristically. Analysis of the floristic elements shows that the most numerous are sub-Mediterranean species. Analysis of the life forms shows that these communities are hemicryptophyte-therophytic. A review of syntaxonomical systems and association assignment to higher syntaxa were made. According to current European vege-tation surveys the association should be related to classHelianthemetea guttati.Our results reveal an intermediate character of the studied vegetation - closed dry grasslands, with distinct presence ofFestuco-Brometeaspecies with a high percent of therophytes and Mediterranean floristic elements related toHelianthemetea guttatias well.
Illyrian Pre-Alpine Fir and beech Forests - The Association Homogyno Sylvestris-Fagetum Marinček et al. 1993
Authors: MarinČek Lojze , Čarni Andraž
Published: May 2008

Illyrian Pre-Alpine Fir and beech Forests - The AssociationHomogyno Sylvestris-FagetumMarinček et al. 1993

The work deals with the associationHomogyno sylvestris-Fagetumin the pre-Alpine region of Slovenia. The communitis were classified into a geographical racetypicaand divided into six subassociations:typicumsubass. nova,mercurialetosum perennissubass. nova,festucetosum altissimaesubass. nova,calamagrostietosum variaesubass. nova,luzuletosum sylvaticaesubass. nova andvaccinietosum myrtillisubass. nova. The results are shown in the analytical table, as well as in two diagrams.
The Association Hyperico-Euphorbietum Glabriflorae Rexhepi 1978 in the Serpentine Terrains of Drenica Mountain
Authors: Krasniqi Elez , Millaku Fadil
Published: May 2008

The AssociationHyperico-Euphorbietum GlabrifloraeRexhepi 1978 in the Serpentine Terrains of Drenica Mountain

In the territory of Kosovo there are many serpentine mountain massifs. The largest complexes are found in the valley of the Ibër River, and the same are continued in a discontinuous chain through Koznica and Golesh to the southwest of the territory of Kosovo. Vegetation on the serpentine bedrock is rich in rare species and communities, which cannot be found in the Balkans and Europe. The communities appearing on the serpentine bedrock are characteristic and important for science. They are endemic due to the presence of endemic species in their species composition. Drenica Mountain (1051 m) is part of the Central Kosovo Mountains. These terrains are situated in the central part of Kosovo, between Çiçavica, Kosovo plain (Golesh), Llapusha, the Carraleva Mountains and the Anadrini region. A considerable part of these areas consists of serpentine bedrock, which is covered by interesting flora and vegetation. In the vegetation of Drenica Mountain 10 communities have been identified. Two of them are found on serpentine bedrock: ass.Hyperico-Euphorbietum glabrifloraeand ass.Potentillo-Fumanetum bonapartei. These communities belong to the open space, and are also located in other parts of Kosovo, but only on serpentine bedrock. On Drenica Mountain there are two localities where these two communities appear. In this paper we focus in particular on ass.Hyperico-Euphorbietum glabriflorae
Subalpine Beech Forest with Hairy Alpenrose (Polysticho Lonchitis-Fagetum Rhododendretosum Hirsuti Subass. Nova) on Mt. Snežnik (Liburnian Karst, Dinaric Mts)
Authors: Surina Boštjan , Rakaj Marash
Published: May 2008

Subalpine Beech Forest with Hairy Alpenrose (Polysticho Lonchitis-Fagetum Rhododendretosum HirsutiSubass. Nova) on Mt. Snežnik (Liburnian Karst, Dinaric Mts)

Subalpine beech stands with Hairy Alpenrose (Rhododendron hirsutum) were phytosociologically studied on Mt. Snežnik (Dinaric Mts). They thrived on stony and steep slopes of northern exposure. Comparisons with other subalpine Beech stands (Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetums. lat.), Dinaric Fir-Beech stands with Hairy Alpen-rose (Omphalodo-Fagetums. lat.rhododendretosum hirsuti), and prealpine fir-beech stands with Hairy Alpenrose (Homogyno sylvestris-Fagetums. lat.rhododendretosum hirsuti), stands of Hairy Alpenrose and Beech (Rhododendro hirsuti-Fagetums. lat.), as well as Austrian subalpine beech stands (Saxifrago rotundifoliae-Fagetums. lat.) showed their unique floristical composition due to ecological conditions, and thus distinct syntaxonomical position within the associationPolysticho-Fagetum. Therefore, a new subassociationPolysticho-Fagetum rhododendretosum hirsutisubass. nova was described, and - as differential species for the subassociation -Rhododendron hirsutum, Rubus saxatilis, Rosa pendulina, andClematis alpinawere chosen.
Business Demography - the Analysis of Firm Population in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship as Compared to the Polish and European Market
Authors: Markowicz Iwona
Published: May 2008

Business Demography - the Analysis of Firm Population in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship as Compared to the Polish and European Market

Business demography is a new developing field of research. Problems in scientific research occur due to methodological inaccuracies. Differences in defining terms and indicators, and differences and changes in business registration standards make it difficult to analyse data in time or to conduct a comparative study of various countries. Many problems still remain to be solved; however, there is a need to study the population of firms and to analyse processes occurring in these populations. This article shows the data on birth rates and death rates of European business entities registered by the Eurostat. It also presents firm set-up indicators and firm liquidation indicators in the Zachodniopomorskie voivodship as compared to the Polish market.
Estimation of Approximate Values of the Optimum Points on Efficient Portfolios Curve
Authors: Kowgier Henryk
Published: May 2008

Estimation of Approximate Values of the Optimum Points on Efficient Portfolios Curve

In the paper a method is found for estimating approximate optimum points on efficient portfolios curve (risk-profit) that are connected with exponential utility functions being very frequently preferred in practice by investors.
Econometric Models of Propensities
Authors: Hozer Józef , Doszyń Mariusz
Published: May 2008

Econometric Models of Propensities

Human being is one of the most important sources of causative forces of events that assemble economical processes. Working out the effective tools that enable measurement of the impact of people on socio-economic processes is necessary in analyzing, troubleshooting and forecasting. In the article the issues of calculating propensities by means of properly specified econometrics models were presented. The definition of propensity was introduced. Questions connected with topic of propensities were presented in context of concepts promoted by Szczecin school of econometrics (pentagon of sources of causative forces, types of relationships in economics, geometric interpretation of personality, broom of events). Econometric models, useful in analyzing propensities, were classified on primary models, econometrics models of average propensities and econometrics models of marginal propensities. Connections between the models were described. Settlement of analytical shapes of characterized models was mentioned. In an empirical example the presented methods were used to analyze average and marginal propensity to consumption of alcoholic beverages and tobacco in the households of employees in manual labour positions in Poland in years 1993-2005.
Technology and Space in Innovation Performance of Polish Regions
Authors: Świadek Arkadiusz
Published: May 2008

Technology and Space in Innovation Performance of Polish Regions

Space and technology are key determinant of innovation performance in industry not only in Poland, but also in developed economies. This research proved that space, time, technology and size of industrial enterprises are important elements of every regional innovation system. For this reason, those factors should be given appropriate attention while developing innovation strategies.
A Statistical Analysis of Dividend in Chosen Companies Listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Authors: Łuniewska Małgorzata
Published: May 2008

A Statistical Analysis of Dividend in Chosen Companies Listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

The capital market appeared in Poland relatively not far ago, so it is the young market and is not shaped well. Although, the development rate does not satisfy all the believers of the capital market, it should be emphasized that this market is functioning and is developing. Market indicators are a significant element of the market analysis performed by means of fundamental analysis. The aim of this article is to study the statistic regularity in the scope of indicators connected with a dividend. In Poland dividend is not discussed often and indicators connected with dividend are practically not used in stock analysis. This study will show the usefulness of these measures in the analysis connected with investment on the stock exchange market. The analyses are conducted for some dividend variables on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (dividend rate of return and pay indicators, stopping and re-investment). The analyses concern data in the period of 2000÷2006. Some statistical parameters to detect statistical regularity for dividend rate of return and pay indicators, stopping and re-investment on the Warsaw Stock Exchange are used in the paper. The author tried to analyse the relation between selected variables too. The study should make it possible to decide if measures such as dividend rate of return and pay indicators, stopping and re-investment are unquestionably important and useful in stock analysis. It is particularly important from the point of view of long-term investment, as well as the fundamental analysis. They should be included in the group of market indicators in case of statistically significant influence of measures connected with a dividend on investment profitability. This leads to the possibility of significant growth of an investment that can turn out profitable on the capital market.
Similarities Between Quality and Health Promoting Compounds as a Result to Stress
Authors: Tijskens L. , Simčič M. , Schouten R.
Published: May 2008

Similarities Between Quality and Health Promoting Compounds as a Result to Stress

Antioxidants are produce by plants as a defence mechanism against stress. It is not unlikely that quality related properties are related to that stress induced production system (secondary metabolites). Based on purely theoretical considerations and on scarce information from literature and experts, a highly speculative model was developed to investigate the possible importance of stress levels on the production of health promoting compounds and quality related properties. Simulations with that model, using completely arbitrary parameter values showed that a relation exist between applied stress and production of these beneficiary compounds.
Influence of Flat Covers and Sowing Density on Yield and Chemical Composition of Garlic Cultivated for Bundle-Harvest
Authors: Rekowska Ewa , Skupień Katarzyna
Published: May 2008

Influence of Flat Covers and Sowing Density on Yield and Chemical Composition of Garlic Cultivated for Bundle-Harvest

In 2003-2005 years the experiment of influence of flat covers usage (non-woven polypropylene and perforated polyethylene film) and clove sowing rate (20x2, 20x4, 20x6, 20x8 cm) on quantity and quality of garlic yield cultivated for bundle-harvest was carried out.

Covering with non-woven polypropylene and perforated film was found to increase the yield of spring garlic cv ‘Jarus’ by 24.5% in comparison to open-field cultivation (control). Nevertheless the film type covered plants were higher, produced more leaves and longer leaves what resulted in higher weight per plant.

On the other hand the leaves of garlic grown in open field contained significantly higher amount of dry matter and vitamin C compared to covered ones.

Marketable yield of garlic was also considerably dependent of clove sowing rate. The highest yield was observed while 20x2 cm density was applied. However, significantly longest leaves and highest weight per plant were obtained at 20x4 cm sowing rate.
Influence of Plant Covering on Some Organic Compound Content and Pungency of Shallot Grown for Bunching Harvest
Authors: Jadczak Dorota , Wójcik-stopczyńska Barbara
Published: May 2008

Influence of Plant Covering on Some Organic Compound Content and Pungency of Shallot Grown for Bunching Harvest

Quantity and quality of yield of shallot grown for bunching harvest with the use of covers was examined. There were two types of covers used: perforated polyethylene film (0.03 mm thick; with 100 holes per 1 m2) and polypropylene non-woven fabric. The control plants were shallots grown without cover. After harvest the content of dry matter, L-ascorbic acid, total and reducing sugars, saccharose and pyruvic acid was determined. The results of the study showed that there was no significant effect of covering plants with perforated polyethylene film or polypropylene non-woven fabric on the dry matter, sugars and L-ascorbic acid content in the shallots grown for bunching harvest. Also, covers used in the experiment did not have an influence on the level of pungency of shallots. However, the weather conditions of each year of the study had a significant effect on the content of the analysed compounds. Plants grown in 2004 had five times more L-ascorbic acid than plants grown in 2003. Inversely, total sugars content in 2003 was twice higher than in 2004.

Moreover it was proved that, the correlation between total sugars content and pungency of shallot grown for bunching harvest was significant (r= -0.9097).
Effect of Storage Duration and Temperature on Sets Loss and Bolting of Onion
Authors: Krawiec Marcela
Published: May 2008

Effect of Storage Duration and Temperature on Sets Loss and Bolting of Onion

Onion sets of two cultivars - Rawska and Jetset F1 were calibrated into three grades depending on the diameter of onion (11-15, 16-20 and 21-25 mm). From October to March, sets were kept in the following conditions: I - 24 weeks at 0-1°C, II - 15 weeks at 0-1°C, then 9 weeks at 18-20°C, III - 11 weeks at 0-1°C, then 13 weeks at 18-20°C, IV - 24 weeks at 18-20°C. The storage loss caused by complete drying up, sprouting into leaves and occurrence of disease symptoms were determined. The sets left over after evaluation of storage loss were planted in the field in order to determine bolting of onion. Cold storage (0-1°C) for 24 weeks reduced loss but stimulated bolting. In the case of Jetset F1, warm storage (18-20°C) for the last 9 weeks of the 24 weeks' experimental storage period practically eliminated bolting. The sets of Rawska required longer exposures of 18-20°C at the end of storage for suppressing of inflorescence development than Jetset F1. The smaller onion sets were kept the shorter the duration of warm storage required to reduce bolting. The longer onion sets were stored at 18-20°C the greater storage loss were noted.
The Effect of the Method of Leaves Removing on Storage Ability of Hamburg Parsley
Authors: Gruszecki Robert
Published: May 2008

The Effect of the Method of Leaves Removing on Storage Ability of Hamburg Parsley

In the experiment carried out in the seasons of 2002-2006 the effect of method of leaves removing on storage life of Hamburg parsley was examined. The leaves of parsley roots were removed by three methods: twisting off, complete cutting the leaves off and also leaving 2 cm sections of petioles. No effect of the method of leaves removing on the share of marketable roots (healthy and healthy with leaves) after the storage was found. However, the method of leaves removing influenced the share of healthy roots without leaves significantly. The highest share of such roots was found when the leaves were completely cut out (78.2%). The share of rotten roots was not influenced by the method of leaves removing. The method of leaves removing affected the weight loss. The highest weight loss were found after the storage of roots with 2 cm sections of petioles (5.5%).
The Effect of Blanching, Freezing and Freeze-Storage on Changes of Some Chemical Compounds Content in New Zealand Spinach
Authors: Grzeszczuk Monika , Jadczak Dorota , Podsiadło Cezary
Published: May 2008

The Effect of Blanching, Freezing and Freeze-Storage on Changes of Some Chemical Compounds Content in New Zealand Spinach

The aim of the work conducted in 2003-2004 was the estimation of the effect of blanching, freezing and freeze-storage on the content of chosen chemical compounds in plants of New Zealand spinach grown from seedlings. The determinations included dry matter, total protein, L-ascorbic acid, titrable acidity, total sugars, crude fibre, total ash, pH, nitrates, nitrites and chlorophyll content in the experimental material (fresh, blanched, frozen and stored shoots with leaves of New Zealand spinach). Used in the experiment procedures had a significant effect on changes of dry matter, total protein, L-ascorbic acid, titrable acidity, total sugars, crude fibre, total ash content and pH. After blanching their losses reached respectively: 34.9, 6.7, 70.2, 45.0, 56.3, 19.3, 52.9%, in relation to the raw material. However, the value of pH increased to 6.75. After freezing the losses, in relation to the blanched material, were: 21.7% for total protein, 21.4% - L-ascorbic acid, 27.3% - titrable acidity, 42.9% - total sugars, 4.5% - crude fibre, 2.5% - total ash, and pH decreased to 6.45. Frozen material was stored for 3, 6 and 9 months in a freezing chamber at -25 ÷ -27°C. The period of storage did not have statistically significant effect on the preservation of determined chemical components.
Chemical Composition and Quality of Cultivated and Natural Blueberry Fruit in Estonia
Authors: Starast Marge , Karp Kadri , Vool Ele , Moor Ulvi , Tonutare Tonu , Paal Taimi
Published: May 2008

Chemical Composition and Quality of Cultivated and Natural Blueberry Fruit in Estonia

Nutrition studies suggest that blueberries help keep us healthy and these possible health benefits may be due to the antioxidant capacity as well as other natural compounds in blueberry fruit. Different taxa of Vaccinium species (Bilberry - Vaccinium myrtillus L.; lowbush blueberry - Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.; half-highbush blueberry - Vaccinium corymbosum x Vaccinium angustifolium ‘Northblue’ and ‘Northcountry’) were analyzed for surface color, size, sugars, titratable acidity, soluble solids, fat, protein, vitamins and anthocyanin content. The blueberry fruit were harvested from three commercial blueberry plantations and from one natural habitat in 2003. The fruit of V. angustifolium were collected from two different areas: one plantation was located on mineral soil and the other on peat soil (abandoned peat pits). The anthocyanin content ranged from 125 to 405 mg·100 g-1 of fresh berry in different species and cultivars. Half-highbush blueberry ‘Northblue’ had the largest berry size but ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents were low. V. myrtillus had the lowest total energy value, but the highest anthocyanin content. Glucose and fructose content was higher in fruit of V. angustifolium compared with the other species. The soil type (mineral or peat soil) did not affect anthocyanin and ascorbic acid content of V. angustifolium fruit but titratable acids and moisture content was higher in fruit of V. angustifolium grown on peat soil, compared with mineral soil.
Firmness and Antioxidant Capacity of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Grown on Three Types of Organic Bed
Authors: Grajkowski Józef , Ochman Ireneusz , Muliński Zbigniew
Published: May 2008

Firmness and Antioxidant Capacity of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Grown on Three Types of Organic Bed

An experiment was carried out in 2004-2005 to study the influence of bed and storage on fruit quality of highbush blueberry ‘Patriot’. The bushes were grown on three different types of organic bed irrigated with acidified water (pH 2.4-3.7). Measurements were made of firmness, size and antioxidant capacity (nmol Trolox·g-1). The measurements were carried out at harvest and then at one and two weeks of cold storage. Firmness measurements were taken on the fruit equatorial (diameter) axis. Fruit from bushes growing on peat had the highest firmness values while fruit from bushes growing on Cocoa husk had the lowest. Comparisons were made of firmness using either the equatorial or polar (stem-calyx) axis of the blueberry. It was found that the polar axis measurements were over two times higher than the equatorial axis. Storing highbush blueberries in a cold room is essential in maintaining firmness. The average fruit size of ‘Patriot’ was between 11.2 mm and 13.4 mm in height and 17.7 mm to 21.1 mm in diameter.

Fruit harvested from bushes planted on peat had the highest antioxidant capacity with the lowest coming from bushes planted on Cocoa husk (nmol Trolox·g-1). There was no significant difference in antioxidant activity from harvest to the end of the storage period.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Apple Fruit Maturity on the Tree
Authors: Geyer Martin , Herold Bernd , Zude Manuela , Truppel Ingo
Published: May 2008

Non-Destructive Evaluation of Apple Fruit Maturity on the Tree

The evaluation of apple fruit maturity (Malus domestica Borkh.) is based on destructive analyses, analysing starch conversion, fruit flesh firmness and Brix value. Specific threshold values exist for each cultivar and according to post-harvest treatment and storage. A rapid non-destructive method to evaluate the fruit maturity could be very important to obtain more reliable results. Since miniaturised spectrometer modules were available, visible/near infrared spectroscopy has been used to build up portable spectrometer equipment.

Measurements were carried in weekly intervals on three cultivars in a commercial orchard in 2003 to 2005 during the period from August to October. The fruit maturity stage was described by two non-destructive spectral indices i) the chlorophyll decrease and ii) the anthocyanins increase. Both indices demonstrated the high variability of fruit maturity stage in orchard. The characteristics of several apple cultivars could be used to evaluate the actual differences in maturity stage. The spectral indices pointed out the influence of fruit yield and of temperature on the fruit maturity.
The Effect of Rootstocks on the Fruit Characteristic Attributes of ‘Jonica’ Apples
Authors: Skrzyński Jan , Gąstoł Maciej
Published: May 2008

The Effect of Rootstocks on the Fruit Characteristic Attributes of ‘Jonica’ Apples

Apples of ‘Jonica’ originated from mature trees grown on various vegetative rootstocks (M.9, M.26, P22, P 59 and P 60) were subjected to quality evaluations at harvest, after storage and after simulated shelf-life. Fruits were picked at optimum harvest date and stored accordingly to recommended in Poland for that cultivar conditions. At harvest, fruit with the highest flesh firmness were obtained from trees on P59, P22 and P60. The same effects of those rootstocks on providing higher firmness of fruits were observed after storage and additional shelf life period. Lower firmness values were noted in the case of fruit from trees on rootstocks M.9 and M.26, respectively. Total soluble contents of fruit from trees on P59, P22 were significantly higher than in the case of other rootstocks under study. Titratable acidity of fruits from trees on P59 and M.26 was higher than in fruits from other rootstocks.

Dry matter of fruit from trees grown on rootstock P59 were the highest, followed by fruit from P22 and M.9 respectively. Physiological disorders (bitter pit and breakdown) were noted during post-storage phase if only M.9 and M.26 rootstocks were used. Weight loses during storage due to transpiration and respiration did not show the effect of rootstocks. The lowest shares of sound fruit after storage and after simulated shelf life period were observed for fruit from trees grafted on rootstock M.9.
Changes of Acceptability of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gala’ Apples During Storage in Normal Atmosphere
Authors: Konopacka Dorota , Rutkowski Krzysztof , Płocharski Witold
Published: May 2008

Changes of Acceptability of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gala’ Apples During Storage in Normal Atmosphere

Proper development of storage marketing strategy for apples for fresh fruit market requires not only detailed information on dynamics of changes of objective quality indices during storage but also on their impact on consumer acceptability. The experiment was aimed at determination of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gala’ apple quality in relation to length of cold storage.

Apples were harvested at optimal stage of ripeness and their quality was estimated monthly starting from the day when fruit were picked up to 6 months of storage. Tests were made after cold storage at 0°C and after 7 days shelf-life at 18°C. Beside measurement of the most important parameters such as firmness, soluble solids, and acidity the studies covered measurements of changes of weight of single fruit, instrumental measurement of juiciness and sensory acceptability of texture and flavour made concurrently on laboratory scale and in semi-consumer tests (in a group of 40 respondents).

The largest decreases of firmness and juiciness were observed in the first and second month of storage. Changes of acidity and weight losses were proportional to storage period, while soluble solids changes were rather small and the direction depended on storage length. It was proved that the highest score for sensory acceptability received apples stored in cold room for one month. Slightly lower score obtained fruits tested directly after picking and after 2 months of storage. With extension of storage of fruit in the cold room sensory acceptability of both cultivars decreased when judged either by expert panel or by consumers.

According to the present fruit growers custom fruits of both cultivars after storage in normal atmosphere would be directed to retailers not earlier that at the end of December or beginning of January (i.e. after at least 3 months of storage), when their quality evidently decreases, and average consumer purchasing fruits in a store or at local market has no chance to esteem potential values of such popular cultivars as ‘Gala’ and ‘Jonagold’.
The Influence of Storage Conditions and 1-MCP Treatment on Ethylene Evolution and Fruit Quality in ‘Gala’ Apples
Authors: Wawrzyńczak Anna , Jóźwiak Zbigniew , Rutkowski Krzysztof
Published: May 2008

The Influence of Storage Conditions and 1-MCP Treatment on Ethylene Evolution and Fruit Quality in ‘Gala’ Apples

The effect of storage conditions and 1-MCP treatment on ethylene production and quality of ‘Gala’ apples stored in normal and controlled atmosphere conditions was evaluated during two successive seasons, 2001/2002 and 2002/2003. Apples were harvested in a commercial stage and cooled down to a temperature of 1°C. After that there were treated with 1-MCP in a concentration of 0.625 μl·L-1 for 24 hours. Treated and untreated (control) apples were stored for 120 and 180 days in the cold storage rooms at 2±0.5°C under normal atmosphere (NA) conditions or controlled atmosphere (CA) with 2% O2 and 2% CO2. Directly after storage and after shelf life (additionally 7 days at 18°C) internal ethylene concentration (IEC) and activity of ACC oxidase were determined. The following quality parameters were recorded as well: flesh firmness (FF), total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA).

Application of 1-MCP after harvest strongly inhibited ACC oxidase in apples following storage in air or controlled atmosphere for 120 and 180 days. This inhibition was also noted after 7 days of shelf life. There was no reduction in ACC oxidase activity of CA stored apples in comparison to NA stored, but the IEC directly after storage was lower for fruits stored in CA conditions than for fruits stored in NA. Internal ethylene concentration was significantly lower for the 1-MCP treated fruits, both directly after storage in NA or CA and after shelf life. The application of 1-MCP delayed softening and loss of titratable acidity in ‘Gala’ apples stored in NA and CA conditions. There was no clear effect of 1-MCP treatment on total soluble solids content in stored ‘Gala’ apples
Effects of Postharvest Curing Treatment on Quality of Citrus Fruit
Authors: Nunes Carla , García José , Manso Teresa , Torres Rosário , Olmo Manolo , Usall Josep
Published: May 2008

Effects of Postharvest Curing Treatment on Quality of Citrus Fruit

In this study we evaluated the effect of temperature and time on oranges decay development of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, the most postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. The assays carried out in inoculated ‘Valencia late’ oranges showed in both seasons an excellent control of both pathogens, when fruits were exposed to treatments at 40°C for 18 h, and stores for 5 days at 5°C plus 7 days at 20°C. Concerning quality changes slightly effects were observed on fruits submitted to curing treatment. These results suggest that this treatment could be an environmental friendly alternative to chemical fungicides in oranges packinghouses.
Regeneration and Evaluation of Androgenetic Plants of Head Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Var. Capitata L.)
Authors: Górecka Krystyna , Krzyżanowska Dorota , Kowalska Urszula
Published: May 2008

Regeneration and Evaluation of Androgenetic Plants of Head Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Var. Capitata L.)

Plant regeneration from head cabbage embryos obtained in anther culture, the way of colchicine using for doubling number of chromosomes in haploid plants and estimation of the double haploid plants with regard to vigour, typicality of leaves and fertility were worked out. The best medium for plant regeneration from androgenetic embryos was B5 medium, enriched with sucrose 20 g.L-1 and kinetin 20 mg.L-1. On this medium, the highest number of embryos formed shoots, usually several from 1 embryo, particularly in subsequent passages. The most effective method of doubling the number of chromosomes was soaking the roots of young plants, when they had 5-6 leaves in a 0.1% hydrous solution of colchicine with 4.0% DMSO and 25 ppm GA3, for 20 hrs. The tested cultivars of head cabbage differed considerably with regard to the vigour of the plants obtained from anther culture. The highest number of plants characterized by strong vigour was observed in the cultivar Langendijker. About 90% of head cabbage plants obtained from androgenetic embryos had typical leaves and the differences between the cultivars in this aspect were insignificant. The highest number of androgenetic androfertile plants was found in the cultivar Sława z Enkhuizen.

The genotype was the factor which had an impact in the processes examined: ability to shoot proliferation, rooting, the sensitivity to colchicine treatment, vigour of produced doubled haploid plants and their fertility.
Self-Compatibility Inheritance in Tomatillo (Physalis Ixocarpa Brot.)
Authors: Mulato-Brito Juan , Peña-Lomelí Aureliano , Sahagún-Castellanos Jaime , Villanueva-Verduzco Clemente , de Jesús López-Reynoso José
Published: May 2008

Self-Compatibility Inheritance in Tomatillo (Physalis Ixocarpa Brot.)

One of the main limiting factors to improve tomatillo is the presence of self-incompatibility which has been reported to be gametophytic. In an early research, a self-compatible plant was found in the Rendidora landrace and this allowed us to investigate the inheritance of self-compatibility gene (s) in tomatillo. The following crosses were performed: self-compatible x self-incompatible, self-compatible x self-compatible and self-incompatible x self-incompatible and their respective reciprocal crosses. Segregation ratios on self-compatibility versus self-incompatibility in their offspring indicate that self-compatibility is not inherited via cytoplasm, so the responsible gene is located in chromosomes. The inheritance of self-compatibility is due to a single dominant gene (Sc) which is a mutation at the S locus. Self-compatible individuals are strictly heterozygous (Sc,4) and finally, the self-compatibility allele (Sc), in the male side (Sc,4), seems to be non functional when self-pollinating the Sc,4 stigma. A single gene controlling stem pubescence was also found.
Effect of Drip Irrigation, N-Fertigation and Cultivation Methods on the Yield and Quality of Carrot
Authors: Dyśko Jacek , Kaniszewski Stanisław
Published: May 2008

Effect of Drip Irrigation, N-Fertigation and Cultivation Methods on the Yield and Quality of Carrot

In the years of 2004-2006 research on influence of surface and subsurface drip irrigation on yield and quality of carrot grown on ridges and on the flat ground was investigated. Irrigation was started at soil water potential of 30-40 kPa. Nitrogen fertilizers (100 kg.ha-1) were applied in two rates. The first rate was preplant applied, the second was used by fertigation. In the control treatment without irrigation, the second rate of nitrogen was applied by broadcasting. Surface and subsurface drip irrigation significantly increased the yield of carrot. In cultivation on ridges higher yield of the carrot was obtained when surface drip irrigation was applied as compare to subsurface method. Carrot cultivated on ridges produced significantly longer roots than cultivated on flat ground. Generally the surface and subsurface drip irrigation decreased dry matter content and total N content in carrot roots. Drip irrigation at both cultivation methods increased pH and decreased the salt concentration of the soil.