bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Characteristics and Mortality of Female Giant Grenadiers in the Northern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Rodgveller C. J. , Clausen D. M. , Nagler J. J. , Hutchinson C.
Published: April 2010

Giant grenadiers Albatrossia pectoralis are caught as bycatch in deep-sea commercial fisheries in relatively large numbers. The population appears to be stable, although there is no directed fishery, catch limits, or reporting requirements. The purpose of our study was to describe and quantify the reproductive life history characteristics and natural mortality of female giant grenadiers. During the summers of 2004 and 2006, a total of 338 specimens were collected from the Gulf of Alaska. Every phase of reproductive development was found, suggesting a protracted annual spawning season. An ovarian wall thickness technique was used to successfully place 31% (n = 24) of the fish with an unknown maturity status into a known category. Female age at 50% maturity was 22.9 years, and preanal fin length at 50% maturity was 26 cm. Total fecundity ranged from 35,000 to 231,000 oocytes (mean = 106,761), with a mean mature oocyte diameter of 1.26 mm. We developed a new technique for preparing otoliths for age determination by grinding off the distal surface to elucidate the growth zones; age ranged from 14 to 58 years. Estimates of natural female mortality ranged from 0.052 to 0.079 and estimates of total female mortality from 0.061 to 0.149. This life history information will be essential for future management of giant grenadier populations in the North Pacific Ocean.
A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized‐Controlled 5‐Year Study of Hybrid and Fully Etched Implants for the Incidence of Peri‐Implantitis
Authors: Zetterqvist Lars , Feldman Sylvan , Rotter Bruce , Vincenzi Giampaolo , Wennström Jan L. , Chierico Andrea , Stach Renée M. , Kenealy James N.
Published: April 2010

Background: The dual acid‐etched (DAE) implant was commercially introduced in 1996 with a hybrid design incorporating a machined surface in the coronal region from approximately the third thread to the seating surface. This design was intended to reduce the risks of peri‐implantitis and other related soft tissue complications that were reported for implants with surface roughness in the coronal region. The objective of this prospective, randomized‐controlled clinical trial was to determine the incidence of peri‐implantitis for a fully etched implant with the DAE surface extending to the implant platform.

Methods: Patients had implant sites randomly assigned to receive one hybrid control implant and at least one fully etched test implant in support of a short‐span fixed restoration to ensure that variables (e.g., demographics, jaw locations, and bone density) were consistent between groups. Prostheses were inserted 2 months after implant placement with follow‐up evaluations scheduled annually for 5 years to assess mucosal health based on bleeding on probing, suppuration, and probing depths. Evaluations also included radiographic and mobility assessments.

Results: One hundred twelve patients who were enrolled at seven centers received 139 control and 165 test implants (total: 304 implants). With >5 years of postloading evaluations, there was one declaration of peri‐implantitis associated with a control implant that was successfully treated later. Clinical probing and radiographic assessments did not reveal differences between groups in mucosal health outcomes or other signs of peri‐implantitis.

Conclusion: Five‐year results of this randomized‐controlled study showed no increased risk of peri‐implantitis for fully etched implants compared to hybrid‐designed implants.
Periodontal Disease and Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Survivors of Myocardial Infarction (MI): The Western New York Acute MI Study
Authors: Dorn Joan M. , Genco Robert J. , Grossi Sara G. , Falkner Karen L. , Hovey Kathleen M. , Iacoviello Licia , Trevisan Maurizio
Published: April 2010

Background: Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been the focus of much research, but little is known about their roles in the recurrent event risk in patients with CVD. This study investigates whether periodontal disease is related to recurrent CVD events and mortality in survivors of incident myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods: Participants (668 males and 216 females; mean age: 54 ± 8.5 years) were recruited (1997 through 2004) from two western New York county hospitals and completed an interviewer‐administered questionnaire regarding lifestyle habits, clinical measurements, and a comprehensive dental examination. The periodontal disease status was measured by the mean clinical attachment loss (AL). Follow‐up surveys assessed hospitalizations or medical procedures; cardiovascular events were validated by medical records. A National Death Index (NDI) Plus search was conducted. The outcome was recurrent fatal and non‐fatal cardiovascular events (International Classification of Diseases codes 390 to 450).

Results: After an average follow‐up of 2.9 years, 154 events were reported. Among never‐smokers, the adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for the mean clinical AL (millimeters) was 1.43 (1.09 to 1.89). No associations were found in ever‐smokers (clinical AL by smoking interaction: P <0.05).

Conclusion: These findings indicate that periodontal disease may be an important factor in determining recurrent cardiovascular events in MI patients and not merely a marker for the effects of cigarette smoking.
Osseointegration of Dental Implants in Patients Undergoing Bisphosphonate Treatment: A Literature Review
Authors: Javed Fawad , Almas Khalid
Published: April 2010

Background: Bisphosphonates (BPs) are an important group of drugs used for the treatment of metabolic and oncologic pathologies involving the skeletal system. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a complication observed in patients using oral or intravenous (IV) BPs. It was suggested that all patients undergoing BP therapy who are expected to receive dental implants should be informed of the possible risks of development of ONJ. The aim of this literature review is to assess the osseointegration of dental implants in patients undergoing BP therapy.

Methods: The MEDLINE–PubMed databases of The National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, were searched for articles addressing the focused question: Can dental implants osseointegrate and remain functionally stable in patients undergoing oral and IV BP therapy? Databases were searched from 1995 up to and including February 2010 using the following terms in different combinations: bisphosphonate, dental implant, immediate‐loading, implant survival rate, intravenous, oral, osseointegration, and osteonecrosis.

Results: The initial search yielded 89 articles. Scrutiny of the titles and abstracts reduced the number of articles to 12 (seven case reports and five retrospective studies). In 10 studies, the patients were using oral BPs, and in two studies, patients were using IV BPs. Six case reports showed that the placement of implants in patients using BPs could yield a successful osseointegration and function. Four retrospective studies demonstrated that BPs did not have a negative influence on implant success. Two studies showed a negative impact of BPs on implant success.

Conclusion: Dental implants can osseointegrate and remain functionally stable in patients using BPs.
Tissue Biotype and Its Relation to the Underlying Bone Morphology
Authors: Fu Jia‐Hui , Yeh Chu‐Yuan , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Tatarakis Nikolaos , Leong Daylene J.M. , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: April 2010

Background: Tissue biotypes have been linked to the outcomes of periodontal and implant therapy. The purpose of this study is to determine the dimensions of the gingiva and underlying alveolar bone in the maxillary anterior region and to establish their association.

Methods: Tissue biotypes of 22 fresh cadaver heads were assessed clinically and radiographically with cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Maxillary anterior teeth were atraumatically extracted. The thickness of both soft tissue and bone were measured using a caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm by two calibrated examiners. Probing depths and gingival recession were measured at two points (mid‐labial and mid‐palatal). Clinical and CBCT measurements of both soft tissue and bone thickness were subsequently compared and correlated.

Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the clinical and CBCT measurements of both soft tissue and bone thickness except the palatal soft tissue measurements. The labial gingival thickness was moderately associated with the underlying bone thickness measured with CBCT (R = 0.429; P <0.05). Gingival recession was not associated with the thickness of both labial gingiva and bone.

Conclusions: CBCT measurements were an accurate representation of the clinical thickness of both labial gingiva and bone. In addition, the thickness of the labial gingiva had a moderate association with the underlying bone radiographically.
Validation of an Algorithm for Chronic Periodontitis Risk Assessment and Prognostication: Risk Predictors, Explanatory Values, Measures of Quality, and Clinical Use
Authors: Lindskog Sven , Blomlöf Johan , Persson Inger , Niklason Anders , Hedin Anders , Ericsson Leif , Ericsson Mats , Järncrantz Bo , Palo Ulf , Tellefsen Georg , Zetterström Olle , Blomlöf Leif
Published: April 2010

Background: The American Academy of Periodontology has recently stated that, “[risk assessment will become] increasingly important in periodontal treatment planning and should be part of every comprehensive dental and periodontal evaluation.” (J Periodontol 2006;77:1608). Unaided risk assessment and prognostication show significant variability because chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. This report summarizes the clinical validation of an algorithm for chronic periodontitis risk assessment and prognostication. The algorithm is a Web‐based analytic tool that integrates some 20 risk predictors and calculates scores indicating levels of risk for chronic periodontitis for the dentition (Level I) and, if an elevated risk is found, prognosticates disease progression tooth by tooth (Level II).

Methods: An independent clinical validation sample was generated in an open, prospective clinical trial and analyzed in a predetermined validation plan.

Results: The analyses identified two threshold scores above which significant progression of periodontitis was found. Based on these scores, sufficiently high explanatory values with significant and increasing parameter estimates for increasing risk were established in Level I, justifying detailed analysis tooth by tooth in Level II. Subsequent prognostication of chronic periodontitis in Level II was found to be accompanied by clinically relevant measures of quality in relation to rates of disease progression. Three score intervals representing increasing levels of periodontitis progression were identified corresponding to increasing levels of significant annual marginal bone loss.

Conclusions: The predictors included in the algorithm reflect a relevant selection for periodontitis risk assessment. Risk assessment and prognostication with the algorithm provides the clinician with a validated, reliable, consistent, and objective tool supporting treatment planning.
A Cohort Study on the Association Between Periodontal Disease and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Morita Toyoko , Yamazaki Yoji , Mita Ayae , Takada Koji , Seto Misae , Nishinoue Norihide , Sasaki Yoshiyuki , Motohashi Masafumi , Maeno Masao
Published: April 2010

Background: An association between periodontal disease and metabolic syndrome based on cross‐sectional and case‐control studies was recently reported, but their causal relationship has not been fully clarified. The objective of this cohort study is to investigate the association between periodontal disease and changes in metabolic‐syndrome components to accumulate evidence of the causal relationship between the two conditions.

Methods: The study subjects consisted of 1,023 adult employees (727 males and 296 females; mean age: 37.3 years) who underwent medical and dental checkups between 2002 and 2006 and in whom all metabolic‐syndrome components were within the standard values in 2002. The association between the presence of periodontal pockets and the positive conversion of metabolic‐syndrome components was investigated using multiple logistic‐regression analysis, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: The presence of periodontal pockets was associated with a positive conversion of one or more metabolic components during the 4‐year observation period (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.2). The ORs for a positive conversion of one component and two or more components were 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0 to 2.1) and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.1 to 4.1), respectively, and the difference was significant for two or more positive components. Of the metabolic‐syndrome components, positive conversions of blood pressure and the blood‐lipid index were significantly associated with the presence of periodontal pockets.

Conclusion: The presence of periodontal pockets was associated with a positive conversion of metabolic‐syndrome components, suggesting that preventing periodontal disease may prevent metabolic syndrome.
Prognostic factors in patients who have survived myocardial infarction
Authors: Aleksić Emina , Stamenković Radmila , Đorđević Dragan , Lazarević Gordana , Vulić Duško , Tasić Ivan
Published: April 2010

Patients who have survived myocardial infarction (MI), compared to the general population, have an increased risk of reinfarction, myocardial revascularization, and death. In this study we investigated the prognostic significance of the predictors of the risk for adverse coronary events in 118 patients, both male and female, with a confirmed diagnosis of MI in the last 3 years. The predictors of reinfarction, revascularization and death in patients who survived MI were: poor adherence to hypolipemics (hazard ratio [HR] 3.06, p=0.006), physical inactivity (HR 2.22, p=0.056), the number of variable risk factors (HR 1.29, p=0.025), and age (HR 1.06, p=0.007). After the inclusion of the invariable risk factors in the model of multivariant analysis, the following factors were singled out as significant predictors of the risk: gender (HR 3.86, p=0.0015), physical inactivity (HR 2.38, p=0.007), change in the level of triglycerides (HR 1.49, p=0.040), change in the number of variable risk factors (HR 1.41, p=0.0007), and age (HR 1.05, p=0.009). A 3-year follow-up of the patients who survived the first MI and who were enrolled in this study of secondary prevention demonstrated that physical inactivity, the number of variable risk factors and age significantly contributed to an increased risk of reinfarction, revascularization, and death.
An Empirical Categorization of Psychosocial Factors for Clinical Case Formulation and Treatment Planning
Authors: Restifo Sam
Published: April 2010

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to assemble a basic, empirically derived set of psychosocial ‘linchpin’ factors for use in case formulation and treatment planning.

Method: Observations are drawn from clinical work and the psychiatric literature.

Conclusion: A generic set of psychosocial factors can be useful in providing reference points for case formulation and treatment planning. Such a categorization of factors might be useful for trainees and could help promote discourse toward a ‘common language’ in psychotherapeutic formulation.
Grass Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with Clethodim and Selected Broadleaf Herbicide Combinations1
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Besler B. A. , Brewer K. D. , Baughman T. A.
Published: April 2010

Field studies were conducted to evaluate broadleaf signalgrass and southern crabgrass control and effect on peanut yield of clethodim alone and sequential applications with six broadleaf herbicides. When rated 9 wk after treatment (WAT), broadleaf signalgrass control with clethodim followed by (fb) acifluorfen, imazapic, or 2,4-DB 24 hr later did not differ from clethodim alone. When acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazethapyr, imazapic, and lactofen were applied in a tank-mix with clethodim, broadleaf signalgrass control was less than 65%. Clethodim alone or clethodim plus 2,4-DB controlled 86 and 73% broadleaf signalgrass, respectively. When acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, or imazethapyr was fb clethodim, signalgrass control was less than 72%. Southern crabgrass control was reduced in 2 of 3 yr from clethodim alone when acifluorfen was tank-mixed with clethodim. When other broadleaf herbicides were tank-mixed with clethodim, reduced crabgrass control was noted in only 1 of 3 yr. Where no POST herbicides were used, peanut yield was < 1600 kg/ha, while all plots which received a POST herbicide yielded over 2200 kg/ha.
Effects of Shell and Low Moisture Content on Peanut Seed Longevity
Authors: Rao N. Kameswara , Sastry D. V. S. S. R. , Bramel P. J.
Published: April 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm accessions in ICRISAT genebank are conserved as pods under medium-term conditions (4 C and 30% RH). Pod storage requires far greater space than seed storage and is more likely to be expensive, especially in a controlled environment. With the objective to evolve cost effective strategies for conservation, the survival of in-shell and shelled seeds of two peanut cultivars, ICGS 76 (virginia bunch) and JL24 (spanish), was studied under three different storage conditions— ambient (20-40 C and 30-80% RH), short term (23-25 C and 40-50% RH), and medium term (4 C and 30% RH). In-shell seeds had marginally greater longevity than shelled seed in all storage conditions. The differences in time for regeneration of in-shell and shelled seeds stored under medium term conditions were estimated to be less than 4 mo for both the cultivars. Because of the much reduced volume required for storage and the insignificant differences in regeneration interval, conservation of shelled seeds would be highly cost-effective under the controlled environmental conditions, as compared to in-shell seeds. Since storage at very low moisture contents was suggested as a simple and low cost option for conservation of seed lots required for short-term use, the longevity of peanut seeds (cv. ICGS 76) hermetically sealed with 3.6% moisture content was studied in comparison with seeds held at 5.8% moisture. The studies showed that peanut seeds hermetically stored at room temperature (23-25 C) with low moisture content (below 4%) could retain high germination (> 85%) for up to 8 yr.
Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Interface in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Mullinix Benjamin G.
Published: April 2010

Studies were conducted from 1997 to 1999 at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA to measure the full-season interference of yellow nutsedge in peanut using a response prediction experiment with a natural infestation of yellow nutsedge. Seeds of cultivar Georgia Green were planted in May each year, and plots were established immediately after crop emergence. Plots were 1.8 m by 1.8 m. with six replications. Yellow nutsedge plants were counted 28 d after crop emergence in each plot, and six weed-free plots were randomly established. Parameters measured were peanut yield and yellow nutsedge tuber contamination in harvested peanut. Yellow nutsedge densities ranged from 0 to 169 plants/m2. Regression analysis indicated a 25% reduction in peanut yield with a yellow nutsedge infestation of approximately 68 plants/m2. Each yellow nutsedge plant/m2 reduced peanut yield by 13 kg/ha. There was a positive linear response between yellow nutsedge density and number of tubers contaminating harvested peanut. Tuber contamination increased by 5190 tubers/ha for every yellow nutsedge plant/m2. The results indicated that yellow nutsedge is a poor competitor with peanut. However, tuber contamination in harvested peanuts should be considered when using these results in developing treatment thresholds.
Peanut Response to Ethalfluralin, Pendimethalin, and Trifluralin Preplant Incorporated1
Authors: Dotray P. A. , Keeling J. W. , Grichar W. J. , Prostko E. P. , Lemon R. G. , Everrit J. D.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted at Yoakum (south Texas) in 1996 and 1997, Comanche (central Texas) in 1998, and Lamesa (west Texas) in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate peanut tolerance to dinitroaniline herbicides. At Lamesa, ethalfluralin at 0.63 or 0.84 kg/ha, pendimethalin at 0.56 or 0.84 kg/ha, and trifluralin at 0.56 or 0.71 kg/ha were applied preplant incorporated (PPI), and at Yoakum and Comanche, ethalfluralin and pendimethalin were applied PPI at 0.67, 0.84, 1.12, and 1.68 kg/ha. There were no differences in stand establishment or yield for any treatment at Lamesa, Comanche, or Yoakum. Similarly, canopy stature was not affected at Lamesa nor was grade affected at Comanche or Yoakum. At Lamesa, yields by herbicide averaged across rates, incorporation methods, and years ranged from 4530 to 4920 kg/ha; by rate averaged across herbicides, incorporation methods, and years was 4600 to 4750 kg/ha; and by incorporation method averaged across herbicides, rates, and years was 4580 to 4770 kg/ha. At Yoakum and Comanche, yields by herbicide were 2640 and 2950 kg/ha, respectively, when averaged across rates; and by rate they ranged from 2630 to 2990 kg/ha when averaged across herbicides. These data indicate peanut has tolerance (safety) to ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin applied PPI in Texas.
Laboratory Bioassay Evaluating Peanut Seedlings for Resistance to the Southern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Scott J. H. , Brandenburg R. L. , Kennedy G. G. , Isleib T. G.
Published: April 2010

The objective of this study was to develop a laboratory bioassay that consistently distinguishes peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) based on their potential susceptibility or resistance to the southern corn root-worm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, a major soil insect pest of peanut in North Carolina, Virginia, and other states. The susceptibility or resistance of a peanut genotype to the SCR was characterized by the survival, development, and mean weight of the pest after feeding for 14 d on seedlings of different peanut genotypes. An initial 14 d seedling bioassay demonstrated the ability of the technique to separate a susceptible cultivar (NC 7) from a resistant cultivar (NC 6) based on the percentage of SCR that survived after 14 d, the percentages and mean weight of surviving SCR in larvae, prepupae, and pupae. Subsequently, two 14 d seedling bioassays evaluated five additional peanut genotypes that were believed to have some resistance to the SCR (N97059N, N92069L, VA 861101, VT 9506114–1, NC-GP WS 9) along with the susceptible (NC 7) and resistant (NC 6) controls. The final two bioassays were modified to test the differences in the percentages of SCR adults that emerged and the time required for adult emergence after feeding as larvae on the susceptible (NC 7) and resistant (NC 6) peanut seedlings. The 14 d seedling bioassay represents an improvement over earlier seedling bioassays because of its consistent ability to distinguish susceptible and resistant peanut genotypes, and because of the diversity of parameters measured. It consistently separated the susceptible (NC 7) and resistant (NC 6) controls, with one or more of the parameters measured. The breeding line N92069L and the germplasm line NC-GP WS 9 were shown to result in significantly lower survival of SCR and to delay development relative to the susceptible control NC 6. A seedling bioassay where eggs were allowed to develop to the adult stage repeatedly separated NC 7 from NC 6 based on the percentages of adults that emerged. Results indicate the seedling bioassay should be a reliable method for screening large numbers of peanut genotypes before committing the time, space, and labor required for field evaluations. In addition, future peanut breeding programs should consider attempting to introduce the resistance expressed in NC-GP WS 9, N92069L, and N97059N into lines with desirable agronomic characteristics.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dargavel John , Finch Jonathan , Hunter Richard , Lambert Robert , Satya Laxman D.
Published: April 2010

Thaddeus Sunseri, Wielding the Ax: State Forestry and Social Conflict in Tanzania, 1820-2000 (John Dargavel)
Oliver H. Creighton, Designs upon the Land: Elite Landscapes of the Middle Ages (Jonathan Finch)
Christopher T. Fisher, J. Brett Hill and Gary M. Feinman, eds., The Archaeology of Environmental Change: Socionatural Legacies of Degradation and Resilience (Richard Hunter)
Libby Robin, Robert Heinsohn and Leo Joseph, eds., Boom and Bust: Bird Stories for a Dry Country (Robert Lambert)
Sanjam Ahluwalia, Reproductive Restraints: Birth Control in India, 1877-1947 (Laxman D. Satya)
The Rhizosphere of Coffea Arabica in Its Native Highland Forests of Ethiopia Provides a Niche for a Distinguished Diversity of Trichoderma
Authors: Belayneh Mulaw Temesgen , Kubicek Christian , Druzhinina Irina
Published: April 2010

The southwestern highlands forests of Ethiopia are the origin of the coffee plant Coffea arabica. The production of coffee in this area is affected by tracheomycosis caused by a soil-born fungus Gibberella xylarioides. The use of endemic antagonistic strains of mycoparasitic Trichoderma species would be a nature conserving means to combat this disease. We have used molecular methods to reveal that the community of Trichoderma in the rhizosphere of C. arabica in its native forests is highly diverse and includes many putatively endemic species. Among others, the putative new species were particularly efficient to inhibit growth of G. xylarioides.
Ethanol and Cognition: Indirect Effects, Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection: A Review
Authors: Brust John
Published: April 2010

Ethanol affects cognition in a number of ways. Indirect effects include intoxication, withdrawal, brain trauma, central nervous system infection, hypoglycemia, hepatic failure, and Marchiafava-Bignami disease. Nutritional deficiency can cause pellagra and Wernicke-Korsakoff disorder. Additionally, ethanol is a direct neurotoxin and in sufficient dosage can cause lasting dementia. However, ethanol also has neuroprotectant properties and in low-to-moderate dosage reduces the risk of dementia, including Alzheimer type. In fetuses ethanol is teratogenic, and whether there exists a safe dose during pregnancy is uncertain and controversial.
Titanium Immobilized with an Antimicrobial Peptide Derived from Histatin Accelerates the Differentiation of Osteoblastic Cell Line, MC3T3-E1
Authors: Makihira Seicho , Shuto Takahiro , Nikawa Hiroki , Okamoto Keishi , Mine Yuichi , Takamoto Yuko , Ohara Masaru , Tsuji Koichiro
Published: April 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of titanium immobilized with a cationic antimicrobial peptide (JH8194) derived from histatin on the biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and differentiation of osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1). The titanium specimens (Ti) were immobilized with JH8194, according to the method previously described. The colonization of P. gingivalis on JH8194-Ti was significantly lower than that on control- and blocking-Ti. JH8194-Ti enhanced the mRNA expressions of Runx2 and OPN, and ALPase activity in the MC3T3-E1, as compared with those of control- and blocking-Ti. These results, taken together, suggested the possibility that JH8194-Ti may be a potential aid to shorten the period of acquiring osseointegration.
Bacteriocin as Weapons in the Marine Animal-Associated Bacteria Warfare: Inventory and Potential Applications as an Aquaculture Probiotic
Authors: Desriac Florie , Defer Diane , Bourgougnon Nathalie , Brillet Benjamin , Le Chevalier Patrick , Fleury Yannick
Published: April 2010

As the association of marine animals with bacteria has become more commonly recognized, researchers have increasingly questioned whether these animals actually produce many of the bioactive compounds originally isolated from them. Bacteriocins, ribosomally synthesized antibiotic peptides, constitute one of the most potent weapons to fight against pathogen infections. Indeed, bacteriocinogenic bacteria may prevent pathogen dissemination by occupying the same ecological niche. Bacteriocinogenic strains associated with marine animals are a relevant source for isolation of probiotics. This review draws up an inventory of the marine bacteriocinogenic strains isolated from animal-associated microbial communities, known to date. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) and fully-characterized bacteriocins are described. Finally, their applications as probiotics in aquaculture are discussed.
Recent Applications of Ionic Liquids in Separation Technology
Authors: Han Dandan , Row Kyung Ho
Published: April 2010

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been applied in different areas of separation, such as ionic liquid supported membranes, as mobile phase additives and surface-bonded stationary phases in chromatography separations and as the extraction solvent in sample preparations, because they can be composed from various cations and anions that change the properties and phase behavior of liquids. Although the applications of ILs in separations are still in their early stages, the academic interest in ILs is increasing. An overview of the principle applications of ILs in separation technology is present in this work. Furthermore, the prospects of the ILs in separation techniques are discussed.
A FDR Sensor for Measuring Complex Soil Dielectric Permittivity in the 10–500 MHz Frequency Range
Authors: Skierucha Wojciech , Wilczek Andrzej
Published: April 2010

Mechanical details as well as electrical models of FDR (frequency domain reflectometry) sensors for the measurement of the complex dielectric permittivity of porous materials are presented. The sensors are formed from two stainless steel parallel waveguides of various lengths. Using the data from VNA (vector network analyzer) with the connected FDR sensor and selected models of the applied sensor it was possible obtain the frequency spectrum of dielectric permittivity from 10 to 500 MHz of reference liquids and soil samples of various moisture and salinity. The performance of the analyzed sensors were compared with TDR (time domain reflectometry) ones of similar mechanical construction.
Water Footprinting: How to Address Water Use in Life Cycle Assessment?
Authors: Berger Markus , Finkbeiner Matthias
Published: April 2010

As freshwater is a vital yet often scarce resource, the life cycle assessment community has put great efforts in method development to properly address water use. The International Organization for Standardization has recently even launched a project aiming at creating an international standard for ‘water footprinting’. This paper provides an overview of a broad range of methods developed to enable accounting and impact assessment of water use. The critical review revealed that methodological scopes differ regarding types of water use accounted for, inclusion of local water scarcity, as well as differentiation between watercourses and quality aspects. As the application of the most advanced methods requires high resolution inventory data, the trade-off between ‘precision’ and ‘applicability’ needs to be addressed in future studies and in the new international standard.
Biological Profile of Erucin: A New Promising Anticancer Agent from Cruciferous Vegetables
Authors: Melchini Antonietta , Traka Maria
Published: April 2010

Consumption of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk in the development of various types of cancer. This has been attributed to the bioactive hydrolysis products that are derived from these vegetables, namely isothiocyanates. Erucin is one such product derived from rocket salads, which is structurally related to sulforaphane, a well-studied broccoli-derived isothiocyanate. In this review, we present current knowledge on mechanisms of action of erucin in chemoprevention obtained from cell and animal models and relate it to other isothiocyanates. These mechanisms include modulation of phase I, II and III detoxification, regulation of cell growth by induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, induction of ROS-mechanisms and regulation androgen receptor pathways.
Biosynthesis and Toxicological Effects of Patulin
Authors: Puel Olivier , Galtier Pierre , Oswald Isabelle
Published: April 2010

Patulin is a toxic chemical contaminant produced by several species of mold, especially within Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys. It is the most common mycotoxin found in apples and apple-derived products such as juice, cider, compotes and other food intended for young children. Exposure to this mycotoxin is associated with immunological, neurological and gastrointestinal outcomes. Assessment of the health risks due to patulin consumption by humans has led many countries to regulate the quantity in food. A full understanding of the molecular genetics of patulin biosynthesis is incomplete, unlike other regulated mycotoxins (aflatoxins, trichothecenes and fumonisins), although the chemical structures of patulin precursors are now known. The biosynthetic pathway consists of approximately 10 steps, as suggested by biochemical studies. Recently, a cluster of 15 genes involved in patulin biosynthesis was reported, containing characterized enzymes, a regulation factor and transporter genes. This review includes information on the current understanding of the mechanisms of patulin toxinogenesis and summarizes its toxicological effects.
The Hispanic View of E-mail, Popup, and Banner Advertising
Authors: Korgaonkar Pradeep K. , Silverblatt Ronnie , Becerra Enrique P.
Published: April 2010

In this paper, the authors broadly investigate Hispanic consumer attitudes and their sociological behaviors toward online advertising. The study documents the correlation between Hispanic attitudes, behaviors, and three types of online advertising that have an effect on cultural distinctions. Additionally, the study compares the group’s attitudes toward TV advertising vis-à-vis the three types of online advertising to compare the two medium’s similarities and differences. Notably, Hispanics favor e-mail advertising and banner advertising over popup advertising, while Hispanics continue to enjoy advertising on television more than any of the three types of Web advertising that this paper will discuss.
Analysis of γδ T Cell Functions in the Mouse
Authors: Born Willi K. , Yin Zhinan , Hahn Youn-Soo , Sun Deming , O’Brien Rebecca L.
Published: April 2010

Mouse models of disease and injury have been invaluable in investigations of the functional role of γδ T cells. They show that γδ T cells engage in immune responses both early and late, that they can function both polyclonally and as peripherally selected clones, and that they can be effector cells and immune regulators. They also suggest that functional development of γδ T cells occurs stepwise in thymus and periphery, and that it is governed by γδ TCR-signaling and other signals. Finally, they indicate that γδ T cell functions often segregate with TCR-defined subsets, in contrast to conventional T cells. From the functional studies in mice and other animal models, γδ T cells emerge as a distinct lymphocyte population with a unique and broad functional repertoire, and with important roles in Ab responses, inflammation and tissue repair. They also are revealed as a potentially useful target for immune intervention.
Isolation of Proteins by Heat‐Induced Extraction from Formalin‐Fixed, Paraffin‐Embedded Tissue and Preparation of Tryptic Peptides for Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Authors: Tian Yuan , Zhang Hui
Published: April 2010

This unit describes a method of isolating of proteins from formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue for mass spectrometry analysis. Heat‐induced antigen retrieval is the basis of the protein extraction strategy presented in this protocol. This protocol may be used to identify nuclear, cytosolic, and membrane proteins from FFPE tissues extracted from tissue blocks or slides. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 90:10.26.1‐10.26.7. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Installation of Site‐Specific Methylation into Histones Using Methyl Lysine Analogs
Authors: Simon Matthew D.
Published: April 2010

Chromatin structure is influenced by post‐translational modifications on histones, the principal basic protein component of chromatin. In order to study one of these modifications, lysine methylation, in the context of reconstituted chromatin, this unit describes the installation of analogs of methyl lysine residues into recombinant histones. The modification site is specified by mutating the lysine of interest to cysteine. The mutant histones are expressed and purified, and the cysteine residue alkylated to produce N‐methyl aminoethylcysteine, an isosteric analog of methyl lysine. Using different alkylating reagents, it is possible to install analogs of mono‐, di‐, or trimethyl lysine. While these analogs are not identical to methyl lysine residues, they show similar biochemical properties to their natural counterparts. The ease of synthesis of methyl lysine analog (MLA) histones, especially on a large scale, makes them particularly useful reagents for studying the effects of histone lysine methylation on chromatin structure, biophysics and biochemistry. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 90:21.18.1‐21.18.10. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Yeast Cell Cycle Analysis: Combining DNA Staining with Cell and Nuclear Morphology
Authors: Calvert Meredith E.K. , Lannigan Joanne
Published: April 2010

In studies of eukaryotic cell cycle regulation, the budding yeastSaccharoymyces cerevisiaeoffers many advantages as a model system. Due to its simple growth requirements and genetic tractability, this organism is a powerful tool for investigating the molecular regulation of cell cycle control. One earlier disadvantage to performing cell cycle analyses in yeast was that existing methods were restricted to either visual analysis or flow cytometry, both of which present limitations in the scope and accuracy of the data obtained. This unit demonstrates the combined use of DNA content measurements and bright‐field image analysis using multispectral imaging flow cytometry (MIFC) to provide a more precise quantitation of yeast cell cycle distribution. The advantage of this method is the ability to analyze large numbers of cells using multiple cell cycle indicators in a relatively short amount of time.Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 52:9.32.1‐9.32.16. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of a new salphen‐type titanium complex and its application in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization
Authors: Wen Xiaojing , Dong Jin‐Yong
Published: April 2010

TiCl2[salphen(di‐tBu)] was synthesized, characterized and employed as pre‐catalyst in ethylene homo‐ and copolymerization with propylene, 1‐octene and 10‐undecen‐1‐ol. X‐ray diffraction study on the titanium complex revealed a distorted octahedral coordination of the central metal with a trans‐Cl, cis‐O, cis‐N arrangement. The complex combined with MAO afforded moderate catalytic activities in ethylene polymerization. Furthermore the catalyst not only copolymerized ethylene with apolar monomer (propylene and 1‐octene), but also possessed significant capability of incorporation with polar monomer (10‐undecen‐1‐ol). Only single insertion of 1‐octene unit in ethylene‐co‐1‐octene polymer was detected by 13C NMR spectrum. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of polythiourethane/ZnS nanocomposites with high refractive index
Authors: Liu Li , Zheng Zhen , Wang Xinling
Published: April 2010

The inorganic–organic crosslinking polythiourethane/ZnS (PTU/ZnS) nanocomposites with high refractive index and transmittance were successfully prepared. The thiol‐capped ZnS nanoparticles with a diameter of about 5 nm were fabricated into the molecular chains of PTU via the formed covalent bonds between the capped ZnS and the matrix. The investigations demonstrated the ZnS nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the PTU matrix even at high contents. The optical studies showed the refractive index of the highly transparent nanocomposite films linearly increased from 1.643 to 1.792 with the increase of the ZnS content. The structure, morphology, and other properties were also characterized by FTIR, NMR, AFM, XRD, DSC, TGA, etc. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Spinning and characterizations of polypropylene/alkylphosphonic acid treated montmorillonite nanocomposite fiber
Authors: Thanomchat Sarit , Limpanart Sarintorn , Srikulkit Kawee
Published: April 2010

Fine and well‐dispersed clay was prepared via the in situ conversion of the dodecylamine intercalant inside the clay gallery to dodecylamino dimethylene diphosphonic acid (DDD), using a Mannich reaction, so as to create a repulsive force that delaminated the clay platelets. The clay structure and morphology were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, which revealed changes in the multilayer stacks. XRD analysis showed that the interlayer spacing was largely expanded by the presence of DDD. SEM and TEM images revealed that DDD containing clay (PMMT), but not that without DDD, exhibited transparency, indicating the extremely fine and well‐dispersed clay. Polypropylene/PMMT nanocomposites containing 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt % PMMT were prepared by melt extrusion. The obtained compounds were each spun into a monofilament fiber using a small scale spinning machine and then characterized by XRD, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), plus the sonic modulus was evaluated. The XRD results revealed an increase in the β crystallinity peak in fibers loaded with 2–10 wt % PMMT, indicating that PMMT particles were capable of acting as a β‐form nucleating agent. However, only minimal changes in the thermal behavior (Tc) were observed due to the tested samples containing insufficient PMMT content. The mechanical properties, in terms of the tensile strength and sonic modulus value (E), of the polypropylene nanocomposite fibers were higher than those of virgin PP fibers, presumably due to the reinforcement effect of the filled PMMT nanoparticles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of PVC/PS composite cation exchange fibers and their adsorption properties on aniline
Authors: Ding Zhi‐Jia , Qi Lu , Ye Jian‐Zhong
Published: April 2010

Based on the composite fibers made from polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS), the composite fibers obtained were further crosslinked and sulphonated with 50% oleum to produce the acidic cation ion exchange fibers. The optimal technology of the fibers obtained were discussed, the structures of the fibers thus obtained were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, thermogravimetry analysis (TG), differential thermogravimetry analysis (DTG), and scaning electron microscope (SEM) etc. Their properties were measured using chemical titration, filament mightiness instrument, etc. The absorption kinetics and the main factors affecting absorption capacity on aniline were studied, and their regenerating properties were probed. The results indicated that the cation exchange fibers with better mechanical property and higher exchange capability were obtained. The fibers had bigger hydrophilicity, better ability of acid, and alkali corrosion resistance, so they had better practical application value. This type of ion exchange fibers had faster absorption property and better working stability to aniline and could be used repeatedly, so they were applied for treatment of waste water containing aniline with a promising prospect. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The flocculating properties of chitosan‐graft‐polyacrylamide flocculants (II)—Test in pilot scale
Authors: Zhang Wenxuan , Shang Yabo , Yuan Bo , Jiang Yuxiang , Lu Yaobo , Qin Zuqun , Chen Aimin , Qian Xiaozhi , Yang Hu , Cheng Rongshi
Published: April 2010

In this study, the flocculating properties of chitosan‐graft‐polyacrylamide (PAM) copolymer flocculants have been investigated in pilot scale, and the raw water from Zhenjiang part of Yangtse river in China was used as simulated waste water. The influences of dose, mechanical mixing rate, and sedimentation time to the flocculating effects have been investigated in different seasons: summer and winter, respectively. The optimal experimental conditions have been studied by orthogonal test. In addition, the structure effects of the flocculants: the grafting ratio, on the flocculating properties have been also investigated in pilot scale, which results were fully consistent to those from the beaker experiment in laboratory scale using kaolin suspension as simulated waste water. Compared to poly ferric sulfate, current used flocculants in Jinxi Water Factory, chitosan‐g‐PAM copolymer flocculants showed better flocculating properties, which was ascribed to the cooperative effects of the charge neutralization and bridging flocculating mechanisms of polymer flocculants. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of water soluble sulfonated polyaniline and determination of crystal structure
Authors: Bhadra Sambhu , Kim Nam Hoon , Lee Joong Hee
Published: April 2010

A polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by the oxidative polymerization using ammonium persulfate as an oxidizing agent. The PANI was then stirred with excess fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature for 6 h to obtain water soluble sulfonated polyaniline (SPANI). The degree of sulfonation was found to be 93–94% from the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and elemental analysis. The solubility of the SPANI in water was 1.25 g/L at room temperature and appeared as a green color solution. Conductivity of the PANI was decreased after sulfonation. A proliferation of hydrophilic nature of the PANI after sulfonation was observed from the water contact angle measurement. From the UV analysis, it was revealed that the energies required for the π–π* and bipolaron/polaron transitions are less and the intensity of these transitions are lower in SPANI compared to those of PANI. A detailed study on the crystal structures of PANI and SPANI were accomplished from the powder X‐ray diffraction analysis. The SPANI exhibited a more ordered structure having a higher degree of crystallinity and crystallite sizes with an increased unit cell volume compared to the PANI. After sulfonation the morphology of PANI was transformed from a rod‐like shape to a flat‐plate shape. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Strikingly fast microtubule sliding in bundles formed by Chlamydomonas axonemal dynein
Authors: Aoyama Susumu , Kamiya Ritsu
Published: April 2010

Chlamydomonas axonemal extracts containing outer‐arm dynein bundle microtubules when added in the absence of ATP. The bundles dissociate after addition of ATP (Haimo et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:5759–5768, 1979). In the present study, we investigated the ATP‐induced bundle dissociation process using caged ATP. Application of ∼0.5 mM ATP induced microtubule sliding at ∼30 μm·s−1, which was 1.5 times faster than the microtubule sliding observed in protease‐treated axonemes and five times faster than microtubule gliding on glass surfaces coated with outer‐arm dynein. Bundles formed by mutant dynein molecules that lack one of the three heavy chains (HCs) displayed similar high‐speed intermicrotubule sliding. These results suggest that Chlamydomonas outer‐arm dynein molecules, when aligned, can translocate microtubules at high speed and that the high‐speed sliding under load‐free conditions does not require the complete set of the three HCs. It is likely that each of the three HCs has the ability to produce high‐speed sliding, which should be an important property for their cooperation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.