bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrohydrodynamics of deflated vesicles: budding, rheology and pairwise interactions
Authors: Wu B. , Veerapaneni S.
Published: March 2019

We develop a new boundary integral method for solving the coupled electro- and hydrodynamics of vesicle suspensions in Stokes flow. This relies on a well-conditioned boundary integral equation formulation for the leaky-dielectric model describing the electric response of the vesicles and an efficient numerical solver capable of handling highly deflated vesicles. Our method is applied to explore vesicle electrohydrodynamics in three cases. First, we study the classical prolate–oblate–prolate transition dynamics observed upon application of a uniform DC electric field. We discover that, in contrast to the squaring previously found with nearly spherical vesicles, highly deflated vesicles tend to form buds. Second, we illustrate the capabilities of the method by quantifying the electrorheology of a dilute vesicle suspension. Finally, we investigate the pairwise interactions of vesicles and find three different responses when the key parameters are varied: (i) chain formation, where they self-assemble to form a chain that is aligned along the field direction; (ii) circulatory motion, where they rotate about each other; (iii) oscillatory motion, where they form a chain but oscillate about each other. The last two are unique to vesicles and are not observed in the case of other soft particle suspensions such as drops.
Finite-amplitude steady-state wave groups with multiple near-resonances in finite water depth
Authors: Liu Z. , Xie D.
Published: March 2019

Finite-amplitude wave groups with multiple near-resonances are investigated to extend the existing results due to Liu et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 835, 2018, pp. 624–653) from steady-state wave groups in deep water to steady-state wave groups in finite water depth. The slow convergence rate of the series solution in the homotopy analysis method and extra unpredictable high-frequency components in finite water depth make it hard to obtain finite-amplitude wave groups accurately. To overcome these difficulties, a solution procedure that combines the homotopy analysis method-based analytical approach and Galerkin method-based numerical approaches has been used. For weakly nonlinear wave groups, the continuum of steady-state resonance from deep water to finite water depth is established. As nonlinearity increases, the frequency bands broaden and more steady-state wave groups are obtained. Finite-amplitude wave groups with steepness no less than $0.20$ are obtained and the resonant sets configuration of steady-state wave groups are analysed in different water depths. For waves in deep water, the majority of non-trivial components appear around the primary ones due to four-wave, six-wave, eight-wave or even ten-wave resonant interactions. The dominant role of four-wave resonant interactions for steady-state wave groups in deep water is demonstrated. For waves in finite water depth, additional non-trivial high-frequency components appear in the spectra due to three-wave, four-wave, five-wave or even six-wave resonant interactions with the components around the primary ones. The amplitude of these high-frequency components increases further as the water depth decreases. Resonances composed by components only around the primary ones are suppressed while resonances composed by components around the primary ones and from the high-frequency domain are enhanced. The spectrum of steady-state resonant wave groups changes with the water depth and the significant role of three-wave resonant interactions in finite water depth is demonstrated.
Compressible unsteady Görtler vortices subject to free-stream vortical disturbances
Authors: Viaro Samuele , Ricco Pierre
Published: March 2019

The perturbations triggered by free-stream vortical disturbances in compressible boundary layers developing over concave walls are studied numerically and through asymptotic methods. We employ an asymptotic framework based on the limit of high Görtler number, the scaled parameter defining the centrifugal effects; we use an eigenvalue formulation where the free-stream forcing is neglected; and we solve the receptivity problem by integrating the compressible boundary-region equations complemented by appropriate initial and boundary conditions that synthesize the influence of the free-stream vortical flow. Near the leading edge, the boundary-layer perturbations develop as thermal Klebanoff modes and, when centrifugal effects become influential, these modes turn into thermal Görtler vortices, i.e. streamwise rolls characterized by intense velocity and temperature perturbations. The high-Görtler-number asymptotic analysis reveals the condition for which the Görtler vortices start to grow. The Mach number is destabilizing when the spanwise diffusion is negligible and stabilizing when the boundary-layer thickness is comparable with the spanwise wavelength of the vortices. When the Görtler number is large, the theoretical analysis also shows that the vortices move towards the wall as the Mach number increases. These results are confirmed by the receptivity analysis, which additionally clarifies that the temperature perturbations respond to this reversed behaviour further downstream than the velocity perturbations. A matched-asymptotic composite profile, found by combining the inviscid core solution and the near-wall viscous solution, agrees well with the receptivity profile sufficiently downstream and at high Görtler number. The Görtler vortices tend to move towards the boundary-layer core when the flow is more stable, i.e. as the frequency or the Mach number increase, or when the curvature decreases. As a consequence, a region of unperturbed flow is generated near the wall. We also find that the streamwise length scale of the boundary-layer perturbations is always smaller than the free-stream streamwise wavelength. During the initial development of the vortices, only the receptivity calculations are accurate. At streamwise locations where the free-stream disturbances have fully decayed, the growth rate and wavelength are computed with sufficient accuracy by the eigenvalue analysis, although the correct amplitude and evolution of the Görtler vortices can only be determined by the receptivity calculations. It is further proved that the eigenvalue predictions of the growth rate and wavenumber worsen as the Mach number increases as these quantities show a dependence on the wall-normal direction. We conclude by qualitatively comparing our results with the direct numerical simulations available in the literature.
Phylogenetic signal in leaf-cutting ant diet in the fragmented Atlantic rain forest
Authors: Gerhold Pille , Ribeiro Elâine M. S. , Santos Bráulio A. , Sarapuu Joosep , Tabarelli Marcelo , Wirth Rainer , Leal Inara R.
Published: March 2019

Leaf-cutting ants are dominant herbivores in Neotropical rain forests, and their colony densities increase in disturbed habitats such as forest edges. However, while it is well-established that leaf-cutting ants profit from changes to the food-plant community, the phylogenetic dimension of this ant–plant interaction remains poorly understood in fragmented forests. We studied diet composition of Atta cephalotes in the edge and interior of Atlantic forest in north-east Brazil (8°30′S, 35°50′W). We applied phylogenetic signal analysis to investigate the diet across plant lineages and performed phylogenetic generalized linear models to analyse the diet in both habitats. We found a phylogenetic signal in diet and in leaf mechanical resistance, which means that A. cephalotes selects closely related food plants with less resistant leaves. Most preferred species belong to Malpighiales, Rubiaceae and Melastomataceae. We also found that irrespective of phylogeny, ants select food plants with less resistant leaves, both in edge and interior. However, ants choose more abundant plants only in edges. High abundance of optimal diet facilitates foraging in forest edges and explains why colony densities increase in disturbed habitats. Finally, by favouring or disfavouring specific clades, leaf-cutting ants contribute to changes in the phylogenetic structure of tropical rain forests, e.g. phylogenetic impoverishment.
Domains of commutative C*-subalgebras
Authors: Heunen Chris , Lindenhovius Bert
Published: March 2019

A C*-algebra is determined to a great extent by the partial order of its commutative C*-subalgebras. We study order-theoretic properties of this directed-complete partially ordered (dcpo). Many properties coincide: the dcpo is, equivalently, algebraic, continuous, meet-continuous, atomistic, quasi-algebraic or quasi-continuous, if and only if the C*-algebra is scattered. For C*-algebras with enough projections, these properties are equivalent to finite-dimensionality. Approximately finite-dimensional elements of the dcpo correspond to Boolean subalgebras of the projections of the C*-algebra. Scattered C*-algebras are finitedimensional if and only if their dcpo is Lawson-scattered. General C*-algebras are finite-dimensional if and only if their dcpo is order-scattered.
Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of dialectical behaviour therapy skills groups for Veterans with suicidal ideation: pilot
Authors: Decker Suzanne E. , Adams Lynette , Watkins Laura E. , Sippel Lauren M. , Presnall-Shvorin Jennifer , Sofuoglu Mehmet , Martino Steve
Published: March 2019

Background:

Veterans are at high risk for suicide; emotion dysregulation may confer additional risk. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a well-supported intervention for suicide attempt reduction in individuals with emotion dysregulation, but is complex and multi-component. The skills group component of DBT (DBT-SG) has been associated with reduced suicidal ideation and emotion dysregulation. DBT-SG for Veterans at risk for suicide has not been studied.

Aims:

This study sought to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of DBT-SG in Veterans and to gather preliminary evidence for its efficacy in reducing suicidal ideation and emotion dysregulation and increasing coping skills.

Method:

Veterans with suicidal ideation and emotion dysregulation (N = 17) enrolled in an uncontrolled pilot study of a 26-week DBT-SG as an adjunct to mental health care-as-usual.

Results:

Veterans attended an average 66% of DBT-SG sessions. Both Veterans and their primary mental health providers believed DBT-SG promoted Veterans’ use of coping skills to reduce suicide risk, and they were satisfied with the treatment. Paired sample t-tests comparing baseline scores with later scores indicated suicidal ideation and emotion dysregulation decreased at post-treatment (d = 1.88, 2.75, respectively) and stayed reduced at 3-month follow-up (d = 2.08, 2.59, respectively). Likewise, skillful coping increased at post-treatment (d = 0.85) and was maintained at follow-up (d = 0.91).

Conclusions:

An uncontrolled pilot study indicated DBT-SG was feasible, acceptable, and demonstrated potential efficacy in reducing suicidal ideation and emotion dysregulation among Veterans. A randomized controlled study of DBT-SG with Veterans at risk for suicide is warranted.
Adapting CBT to treat depression in Armed Forces Veterans: qualitative study
Authors: Farrand Paul , Mullan Eugene , Rayson Kat , Engelbrecht Alberta , Mead Karen , Greenberg Neil
Published: March 2019

Background:

The principles of the Armed Forces Covenant state that Armed Forces Veterans should be at no disadvantage resulting from their service compared with a general adult population. However, despite being at increased risk of experiencing common mental health difficulties, evidence indicates that 82% of Armed Forces Veterans receive no treatment, compared with 63% of the general adult population.

Aim:

To gain a better appreciation of factors that inform the type of adaptations to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for depression and mainstream service promotion materials to enhance acceptability for Armed Forces Veterans.

Method:

This is a qualitative study employing a focus group of 12 participants to examine the main impacts of depression on Armed Forces Veterans alongside attitudes towards terminology and visual imagery. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and sub-themes with rigour established through two researchers independently developing thematic maps to inform a final agreed thematic map.

Results:

A behavioural activation intervention supporting re-engagement with activities to overcome depression had good levels of acceptability when adapted to reflect an Armed Forces culture. Preferences regarding terminology commonly used within CBT adapted for Armed Forces Veterans were identified. Concerns were expressed with respect to using imagery that emphasized physical rather than mental health difficulties.

Conclusions:

There is the need to consider the Armed Forces community as a specific institutional culture when developing CBT approaches with potential to enhance engagement, completion and recovery rates. Results have potential to inform the practice of CBT with Armed Forces Veterans and future research.
Association of abnormal serum electrolyte levels with hypertension in a population with high salt intake
Authors: Wu Di , Chen Yintao , Guan Haixia , Sun Yingxian
Published: March 2019

Objective

The present epidemiological study aimed to evaluate the association of serum electrolyte levels with hypertension in a population with a high-salt diet.

Design

Secondary analysis of epidemiology data from the Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study conducted in 2012–2013. Blood pressure and hypertension status were analysed for association with serum sodium, potassium, chloride, total calcium, phosphate and magnesium levels using regression models.

Setting

High-salt diet, rural China.

Participants

Adult residents in Liaoning, China.

Results

In total 10 555 participants were included, of whom 3287 had incident hypertension (IH) and 1655 had previously diagnosed hypertension (PDH). Fifty-six per cent of participants had electrolyte disturbance. Sixty-two per cent of hypercalcaemic participants had hypertension, followed by hypokalaemia (56 %) and hypernatraemia (54 %). Only hypercalcaemia showed significant associations with both IH (OR=1·70) and PDH (OR=2·25). Highest serum calcium quartile had higher odds of IH (OR=1·58) and PDH (OR=1·64) than the lowest quartile. Serum sodium had no significant correlation with hypertension. Serum potassium had a U-shaped trend with PDH. Highest chloride quartile had lower odds of PDH than the lowest chloride quartile (OR=0·65). Highest phosphate quartile was only associated with lower odds of IH (OR=0·75), and the higher magnesium group had significantly lower odds of IH (OR=0·86) and PDH (OR=0·77).

Conclusions

We have shown the association of serum calcium, magnesium and chloride levels with IH and/or PDH. In the clinical setting, patients with IH may have concurrent electrolyte disturbances, such as hypercalcaemia, that may indicate other underlying aetiologies.
Interest Groups on the Inside: The Governance of Public Pension Funds
Authors: Anzia Sarah F. , Moe Terry M.
Published: March 2019

New scholarship in American politics argues that interest groups should be brought back to the center of the field. We attempt to further that agenda by exploring an aspect of group influence that has been little studied: the role interest groups play on the inside of government as official participants in bureaucratic decision-making. The challenges for research are formidable, but a fuller understanding of group influence in American politics requires that they be taken on. Here we carry out an exploratory analysis that focuses on the bureaucratic boards that govern public pensions. These are governance structures of enormous financial consequence for state governments, public workers, and taxpayers. They also make decisions that are quantitative (and comparable) in nature, and they usually grant official policymaking authority to a key interest group: public employees and their unions. Our analysis suggests that these “interest groups on the inside” do have influence—in ways that weaken effective government. Going forward, scholars should devote greater attention to how insider roles vary across agencies and groups, how groups exercise influence in these ways, how different governance structures shape their policy effects, and what it all means for our understanding of interest groups in American politics.
ASEAN asWayang Kulit: A Critique of the Constitutional, Extra-constitutional, and Practical Fetters of ASEAN
Authors: BAGULAYA Jose Duke
Published: March 2019

International organizations have been described metaphorically as the Frankenstein of international law. They are created by states and yet more often than not they assume powers that humble their creators. This paper presents a different metaphor to describe the Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN]. Created in 2007, ASEAN, it is argued, resembles the fetteredwayang kulitin Indonesian theatre. It is an international organization which is controlled by its Member States in various ways. This paper analyzes three forms of ASEAN's fetters: constitutional, extra-constitutional, and practical. Constitutional fetters refer to the structural control embedded in the ASEAN Charter. Extra-constitutional fetters refer to rules of procedure that close the openness of the constitutional text. Finally, practical fetters refer to the ways the Member States limit ASEAN's legal personality in practice. Through these control mechanisms, ASEAN has so far acted on the stage of world politics according to the narrative of its puppet masters.
Cover crop effects on horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) density and size inequality at the time of herbicide exposure
Authors: Wallace John M. , Curran William S. , Mortensen David A.
Published: March 2019

Proactive integrated weed management (IWM) is critically needed in no-till production to reduce the intensity of selection pressure for herbicide-resistant weeds. Reducing the density of emerged weed populations and the number of larger individuals within the population at the time of herbicide application are two practical management objectives when integrating cover crops as a complementary tactic in herbicide-based production systems. We examined the following demographic questions related to the effects of alternative cover-cropping tactics following small grain harvest on preplant, burndown management of horseweed (Erigeron canadensisL.) in no-till commodity-grain production: (1) Do cover crops differentially affectE. canadensisdensity and size inequality at the time of herbicide exposure? (2) Which cover crop response traits are drivers ofE. canadensissuppression at time of herbicide exposure? Interannual variation in growing conditions (study year) and intra-annual variation in soil fertility (low vs. high nitrogen) were the primary drivers of cover crop response traits and significantly affectedE. canadensisdensity at the time of herbicide exposure. In comparison to the fallow control, cover crop treatments reducedE. canadensisdensity 52% to 86% at the time of a preplant, burndown application. Cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) alone or in combination with forage radish (Raphanus sativusL.) provided the most consistentE. canadensissuppression. Fall and spring cover crop biomass production was negatively correlated withE. canadensisdensity at the preplant burndown application timing. Our results also show that winter-hardy cover crops reduce the size inequality ofE. canadensispopulations at the time of herbicide exposure by reducing the number of large individuals within the population. Finally, we advocate for advancement in our understanding of complementarity between cover crop– and herbicide-based management tactics in no-till systems to facilitate development of proactive, herbicide-resistant management strategies.
Spätfolgen von Kindheitstraumata
Authors: Petermann Franz , Brähler Elmar
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Kindheitstraumata beziehen sich auf belastende Ereignisse, die vor dem Eintritt der Volljährigkeit stattgefunden haben. In den Studien werden in der Regel erinnerte Kindheitsbelastungen untersucht, die eine Vielzahl von Langzeitfolgen aufweisen. Besonders häufig treten Erscheinungsformen einer emotionalen Dysregulation und problematische Selbstregulation auf (z.B. aggressiv-dissoziales Verhalten, gestörtes Essverhalten, Substanzmissbrauch). Das Thema häusliche Gewalt erfordert eine besondere Beachtung, da die Auswirkungen auf die Familie insgesamt und über die Generationsfolge enorm ausfallen. Die Beschäftigung mit diesem Thema erfolgt seit mehr als 20 Jahren in den USA und seit einem Jahrzehnt im deutschsprachigen Raum.
Wie beeinflussen Misshandlungserfahrungen im Kindesalter das Erleben von chronischen Schmerzen im Erwachsenenalter? – Eine Metaanalyse
Authors: Savluk Lidia , Petermann Franz , Vasileva Mira
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Viele Menschen mit chronischen Schmerzen berichten über traumatische oder belastende Erfahrungen wie körperliche Misshandlung und sexuellen Missbrauch. In dieser Metaanalyse wurde die Häufigkeit von Misshandlungserfahrungen in der Kindheit bei Erwachsenen mit chronischen Schmerzzuständen untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde das relative Risiko für das Auftreten chronischer Schmerzen unter Personen, die über Misshandlungserfahrungen in der Kindheit berichteten, eingeschätzt. Es wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche der Beiträge von 2001 bis 2018 und Metaanalysen unter Berücksichtigung von Geschlecht und der Misshandlungsform als Moderatoren durchgeführt. Identifiziert wurden insgesamt zwölf Studien mit N = 77533 Personen. Durchschnittlich 30.85% (95% CI [21.99%–41.39%]) der Personen mit chronischen Schmerzen berichteten über Misshandlungserfahrungen in der Kindheit, am häufigsten über körperliche Misshandlung. Frauen teilten häufiger Misshandlungserfahrungen als Männer mit. Es lag ein erhöhtes relatives Risiko für chronische Schmerzen unter Personen mit Misshandlungserfahrungen in der Kindheit im Vergleich zu Personen ohne solche Erfahrungen vor ( RR = 1.18, 95% CI [1.14, 1.23]). Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Misshandlungserfahrungen in der Kindheit mit der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von chronischen Schmerzen in Zusammenhang stehen können. Unbearbeitete traumatische Erfahrungen sollten daher bei der Diagnostik und Betreuung von Menschen mit chronischen Schmerzen berücksichtigt werden.
Kindheitsbelastungen und gestörtes Essverhalten – Die Rolle von Selbstregulation
Authors: Werner Antonia M. , Beutel Manfred E. , Ernst Mareike , Brähler Elmar , Berger Uwe , Strauß Bernhard , Tibubos Ana N.
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die verschiedenen Formen der Kindesmisshandlung (körperlicher, sexueller oder emotionaler Missbrauch sowie emotionale und körperliche Vernachlässigung) gelten sowohl für die Entwicklung von Essstörungen als auch für einzelne Symptome pathologischen Essverhaltens (Essanfälle, Adipositas) als Risikofaktoren. Darüber hinaus ist bekannt, dass sich selbstregulatorische Fähigkeiten durch die Erfahrung von Kindesmisshandlung defizitär entwickeln können. Aus diesem Grund soll die Rolle von Selbstregulation für den Zusammenhang von erinnerter Kindheitsbelastung und Essverhalten eruiert werden, um Ansatzpunkte für Prävention und Behandlung von gestörtem Essverhalten zu erhalten. Eine hinsichtlich Geschlecht, Alter und Bildung bevölkerungsrepräsentative Stichprobe von 2508 Personen (1174 Männer und 1334 Frauen) im Alter von 14–92 Jahren ( M = 49.67, SD = 18.32) wurde im Rahmen eines umfassenden Gesundheits-Surveys zu Essverhalten, erinnerter Kindheitsbelastung und selbstregulatorischen Fähigkeiten befragt. Neben umfangreichen deskriptiven Analysen zu Essverhalten und Kindheitsbelastung wurde die Interaktion von Selbstregulation und Kindheitsbelastung unter Berücksichtigung von Geschlechtsunterschieden auf die Ausprägungen des Essverhaltens mittels einer moderierten Regressionsanalyse überprüft. Die Prävalenzraten für auffälliges Essverhalten liegen für Frauen höher als für Männer (14.7% vs. 6.5%). Frauen berichteten ebenfalls häufiger, dass sie eine Form der Kindesmisshandlung erlebt haben. Bei Betrachtung der einzelnen Formen von Kindesmisshandlung unterscheiden sich Männer und Frauen nur in der Häufigkeit von sexuellem Missbrauch, den Frauen häufiger berichteten. Die Interaktion aus höherer Kindheitsbelastung und Selbstregulationsdefiziten stellte sich lediglich für Männer als Risikofaktor für gestörtes Essverhalten heraus, nicht bei Frauen. Männer und Frauen zeigen unterschiedliche Risikoprofile, die weiter untersucht werden sollten. Bessere Kenntnisse geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede dienen der Prävention und Behandlung von Essstörungen sowie Adipositas.
Dimensions of Adolescent Narcissism
Authors: Barry Christopher T. , Anderson Alexandra C. , Charles Nora E.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Research with adolescents has noted that narcissism dimensions (e.g., non-pathological, grandiose, vulnerable) are often interrelated but have differential associations with indicators of adjustment. The aim of the present study was to investigate both variable-centered and person-centered analyses of commonly used narcissism scales in adolescents. Participants were 282 at-risk male adolescents ages 16–19 attending a voluntary residential program. Variable-centered analyses revealed correlations for the narcissism dimensions that were consistent with prior research. Person-centered analyses resulted in three subgroups (i.e., high pathological narcissism; moderate pathological narcissism; low narcissism). Individuals in the high pathological narcissism subgroup reported lower self-esteem, higher anxiety, and higher aggression than the other groups. However, the utility of a person-centered approach in adolescents is questionable in that the subgroups simply differed incrementally based on pathological grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
Writing Before Speaking Modifies Speech Production
Authors: Oliveira Ophélie De Sousa , Olive Thierry , Lambert Eric
Published: March 2019

Abstract. We investigated whether orthographic information influences speech production. We used a non-color-word version of the Stroop task in which participants had to ignore the presented words but name their ink color instead. In two experiments, we manipulated the phonological and orthographic relationships between the words and their ink color and the tasks’ context by preactivating or not orthographic information. The relation between the first letter of the prime word and the first phoneme of the color name was phonological or orthographic and phonological or unrelated. In Experiment 1, only phonological information carried out by the prime word affected spoken naming; orthographic information did not help. In Experiment 2, speech production was influenced by orthographic information only after an initial writing task. This confirms that orthographic information can support speaking and that speech is sensitive to properties of the task’s context, suggesting that orthographic information is coactivated online with phonological information.
BayGEN: A Bayesian Space‐Time Stochastic Weather Generator
Authors: Verdin Andrew , Rajagopalan Balaji , Kleiber William , Podestá Guillermo , Bert Federico
Published: March 2019

We present a Bayesian hierarchical space‐time stochastic weather generator (BayGEN) to generate daily precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures. BayGEN employs a hierarchical framework with data, process, and parameter layers. In the data layer, precipitation occurrence at each site is modeled using probit regression using a spatially distributed latent Gaussian process; precipitation amounts are modeled as gamma random variables; and minimum and maximum temperatures are modeled as realizations from Gaussian processes. The latent Gaussian process that drives the precipitation occurrence process is modeled in the process layer. In the parameter layer, the model parameters of the data and process layers are modeled as spatially distributed Gaussian processes, consequently enabling the simulation of daily weather at arbitrary (unobserved) locations or on a regular grid. All model parameters are endowed with weakly informative prior distributions. The No‐U Turn sampler, an adaptive form of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, is used to maximize the model likelihood function and obtain posterior samples of each parameter. Posterior samples of the model parameters propagate uncertainty to the weather simulations, an important feature that makes BayGEN unique compared to traditional weather generators. We demonstrate the utility of BayGEN with application to daily weather generation in a basin of the Argentine Pampas. Furthermore, we evaluate the implications of crop yield by driving a crop simulation model with weather simulations from BayGEN and an equivalent non‐Bayesian weather generator.
A Cautionary Tale of Topography and Tilt from Kīlauea Caldera
Authors: Johnson Jessica H. , Poland Michael P. , Anderson Kyle R. , Biggs Juliet
Published: March 2019

We conduct finite element analysis to investigate the effect of sharp topography on surface ground deformation caused by pressure changes in a magma reservoir. Tilt data express the horizontal gradient of vertical displacement and therefore can emphasize small variations in deformation that go unnoticed using other methods. We find that the vertical displacement profile at a surface with a cliff can be thought of as the superposition of the deformation from shallow and deeper sources. This combination can create a small peak in vertical displacement that acts as a pseudo‐source, creating a reversal of the deformation gradient and therefore anomalous tilt magnitude and a rotation of up to 180°. We apply these models to Kīlauea Caldera and find that surface geometry creates a tilt rotation of ∼10°, partially explaining anomalous tilt that has been observed. Our analysis highlights the importance of considering topography when assessing tilt measurements at active volcanoes.
The 3‐D Distribution of Artificial Aurora Induced by HF Radio Waves in the Ionosphere
Authors: Kvammen A. , Gustavsson B. , Sergienko T. , Brändström U. , Rietveld M. , Rexer T. , Vierinen J.
Published: March 2019

We present 3‐D excitation rate estimates of artificial aurora in the ionosphericFlayer, induced by high‐frequency radio waves from the European Incoherent Scatter heating facility. Simultaneous imaging of the artificial aurora was done with four separate Auroral Large Imaging System stations, permitting tomography‐like 3‐D auroral reconstruction of the enhanced atomic oxygen emissions at 6,300, 5,577, and 8,446 Å. Inspection of the 3‐D reconstructions suggests that the distribution of energized electrons is less extended in altitude than predicted by transport calculations of electrons accelerated to 2–100 eV. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that high‐frequency pumping might induce an anisotropic distribution of energized electrons.
Fluid‐Induced Swarms and Coseismic Stress Transfer: A Dual Process Highlighted in the Aftershock Sequence of the 7 April 2014 Earthquake (Ml 4.8, Ubaye, France)
Authors: De Barros Louis , Baques Marion , Godano Maxime , Helmstetter Agnès , Deschamps Anne , Larroque Christophe , Courboulex Francoise
Published: March 2019

The upper part of the Ubaye Valley (French Alps) is characterized by alternating mainshock‐aftershock sequences and swarms. Particularly, during the 2012–2015 crisis, four mainshocks with Ml > 3.5 occurred. We here focus on the aftershocks of the largest one (Ml = 4.8, 7 April 2014), in order to better understand the involved processes behind this peculiar seismic behavior. We use template matching detection, waveform classification, and double‐difference relocations to analyze this seismicity, on average and at the scale of the clusters that compose it. Most event sources are aligned along a plane consistent with the mainshock fault (N165, 65°W), but occurred on conjugate structures. A few clusters of seismicity are also observed far from the mainshock source. Our analysis shows that distinct, spatially separated processes are at play. While coseismic stress transfer explains the seismicity close to the mainshock source, fluid‐pressure diffusion and distant stress triggering are required to generate events farther away. The overall distributions in time and magnitude followed a slow Omori's decay and a Gutenberg‐Richter relationship, respectively. However, these classical responses arise from the superposition of very different behaviors, associated with different processes at depth.
The Interaction Between Boundary Layer and Convection Schemes in a WRF Simulation of Post Cold Frontal Clouds Over the ARM East North Atlantic Site
Authors: Lamraoui Fayçal , Booth James F. , Naud Catherine M. , Jensen Michael P. , Johnson Karen L.
Published: March 2019

The correct representation of low‐level midlatitude clouds found in the wake of cold fronts strongly relies on the representation of planetary boundary layer (PBL) and convection processes, which are typically parameterized separately in numerical models. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), this study investigates how distinct pairs of PBL and convection parameterization schemes represent cloud fraction in the post cold frontal region. The simulations focus on the region of the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Eastern North Atlantic observation site in the Azores Islands in the wake of a cold front that passed on 25 December 2015. Different PBL and convection schemes are combined to create 12 distinct configurations. The main differences between the selected physical parameterizations are the strength of vertical mixing and the entrainment. The simulations produce a wide range of cloud fractions, where some configurations significantly underestimate while others clearly overestimate satellite and surface‐based estimates of cloud fraction. A skill score is used to quantitatively assess the performance of each configuration with respect to ground‐based radar data. The key processes that are found to significantly impact the cloud fraction distribution are the strength of the PBL decoupling, the vertical wind shear, entrainment and detrainment rates in shallow convection, and the occurrence of drizzle. This indicates that to successfully simulate post cold frontal clouds, modeled physics must balance strong internal vertical mixing and weak exchange with the free troposphere. For this case study, cloud fraction was more sensitive to the choice of convection scheme than PBL scheme.
Complementary‐Relationship‐Based Modeling of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Across China During 1982–2012: Validations and Spatiotemporal Analyses
Authors: Ma Ning , Szilagyi Jozsef , Zhang Yinsheng , Liu Wenbin
Published: March 2019

Having recognized the limitations in spatial representativeness and/or temporal coverage of (i) current ground ETa observations and (ii) land surface model‐ and remote sensing‐based ETa estimates due to uncertainties in soil and vegetation parameters, a calibration‐free nonlinear complementary relationship (CR) model is employed with inputs of air and dew‐point temperature, wind speed, and net radiation to estimate 0.1°, monthly ETa over China during 1982–2012. The modeled ETa rates were first validated against 13 eddy‐covariance measurements, producing Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values in the range of 0.72–0.94. On the basin scale, the modeled ETa values yielded a relative bias of 6%, and a Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency value of 0.80 in comparison with water‐balance‐derived evapotranspiration rates across 10 major river basins in China, indicating the CR‐simulated ETa rates reliable over China. Further evaluations suggest that the CR‐based ETa product is more accurate than seven other mainstream ETa products. The 31‐year mean annual ETa value decreases from the southeast to the northwest in China, resulting in a country average of 406 ± 15 mm/year. The country‐representative annual ETa rates slightly decreased with a rate of −0.5 mm/year (p = 0.86) during 1982–2012. Annual ETa increased significantly over most parts of western and northeastern China but decreased significantly in many regions of the North China Plain as well as in the eastern and southern coastal regions. The present CR‐based method, with its calibration‐free nature and minimal data requirement, could help future calibrations/verifications of the more complex and more data‐intensive land surface model‐ and remote sensing‐based models.
Deciphering the Variability in Mg/Ca and Stable Oxygen Isotopes of Individual Foraminifera
Authors: Groeneveld Jeroen , Ho Sze Ling , Mackensen Andreas , Mohtadi Mahyar , Laepple Thomas
Published: March 2019

Foraminifera are commonly used in paleoclimate reconstructions as they occur throughout the world's oceans and are often abundantly preserved in the sediments. Traditionally, foraminifera‐based proxies like δ18O and Mg/Ca are analyzed on pooled specimens of a single species. Analysis of single specimens of foraminifera allows reconstructing climate variability on timescales related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation or seasonality. However, quantitative calibrations between the statistics of individual foraminifera analyses (IFA) and climate variability are still missing. We performed Mg/Ca and δ18O measurements on single specimens from core top sediments from different settings to better understand the signal recorded by individual foraminifera. We used three species of planktic foraminifera (Globigerinoidesruber(s.s.),T.sacculifer, andN.dutertrei) from the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool and one species (G.ruber(pink)) from the Gulf of Mexico. Mean values for the different species of Mg/Ca versus calculated δ18O temperatures agree with published calibration equations. IFA statistics (both mean and standard deviation) of Mg/Ca and δ18O between the different sites show a strong relationship indicating that both proxies are influenced by a common factor, most likely temperature variations during calcification. This strongly supports the use of IFA to reconstruct climate variability. However, our combined IFA data for the different species only show a weak relationship to seasonal and interannual temperature changes, especially when seasonal variability increases at a location. This suggests that the season and depth habitat of the foraminifera strongly affect IFA variability, such that ecology needs to be considered when reconstructing past climate variability.
Can Improved Flow Partitioning in Hydrologic Models Increase Biogeochemical Predictability?
Authors: Shafii Mahyar , Craig James R. , Macrae Merrin L. , English Michael C. , Schiff Sherry L. , Van Cappellen Philippe , Basu Nandita B.
Published: March 2019

Hydrologic models partition flows into surface and subsurface pathways, but their calibration is typically conducted only against streamflow. Here we argue that unless model outcomes are constrained using flow pathway data, multiple partitioning schemes can lead to the same streamflow. This point becomes critical for biogeochemical modeling as individual flow paths may yield unique chemical signatures. We show how information on flow pathways can be used to constrain hydrologic flow partitioning and how improved partitioning can lead to better water quality predictions. As a case study, an agricultural basin in Ontario is used to demonstrate that using tile discharge data could increase the performance of both the hydrology and the nitrogen transport models. Watershed‐scale tile discharge was estimated based on sparse tile data collected at some tiles using a novel regression‐based approach. Through a series of calibration experiments, we show that utilizing tile flow signatures as calibration criteria improves model performance in the prediction of nitrate loads in both the calibration and validation periods. Predictability of nitrate loads is improved even with no tile flow data and by model calibration only against an approximate understanding of annual tile flow percent. However, despite high values of goodness‐of‐fit metrics in this case, temporal dynamics of predictions are inconsistent with reality. For instance, the model predicts significant tile discharge in summer with no tile flow occurrence in the field. Hence, the proposed tile flow upscaling approach and the partitioning‐constrained model calibration are vital steps toward improving the predictability of biogeochemical models in tiled landscapes.
Monitoring Ecosystem Health in India's Food Basket
Authors: Gupta Surya , Karumanchi Sri , Dash Saroj , Adla Soham , Tripathi Shivam , Sinha Rajiv , Paul Debajyoti , Sen Indra
Published: March 2019

A new critical zone observatory in India's Ganga Basin helps researchers and farmers understand and improve the ways that human activities shape environmental processes.
When the River Meets the Sea: Estuary Sediments and Hypoxia
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: March 2019

Scientists know that low-oxygen dead zones are growing worldwide. New research sheds light on what that will mean for estuary systems if trends continue.
Dimitri Komatitsch (1970–2019)
Authors: Tromp Jeroen , Chevrot Sebastien
Published: March 2019

Dimitri Komatitsch had a profound impact on computational seismology and embodied the notion of open-source, collaborative research.
Atmospheric Tides at High Latitudes in the Martian Upper Atmosphere Observed by MAVEN and MRO
Authors: England Scott L. , Liu Guiping , Kumar Aishwarya , Mahaffy Paul R. , Elrod Meredith , Benna Mehdi , Jain Sonal , Deighan Justin , Schneider Nicholas M. , McClintock William E. , Evans J. Scott
Published: March 2019

Global‐scale waves have been seen throughout the Martian atmosphere and can achieve significant amplitude at higher altitudes. Previous observations of the upper atmosphere have also revealed wavenumber‐3 signatures with significant amplitudes that have been interpreted as signatures of diurnal and semidiurnal tides or stationary planetary waves. This study focuses on two intervals during which concurrent observations of the upper thermosphere made in situ, the middle thermosphere made remotely, and the middle atmosphere made remotely provide observations of the atmospheric tides between 50‐ and 200‐km altitude. Focusing on high latitudes, these observations are able to identify strong wavenumber‐3 signatures in the thermosphere that propagate eastward with increasing local time, consistent with an eastward propagating tide. A complementary analysis of the data from the middle atmosphere reveals wavenumber‐3 signatures that move eastward and upward. During the first interval, these analyses reveal a combination of the diurnal tide DE2 and the semidiurnal tide SE1 to be present, while during the second only the semidiurnal SE1 is seen. During both intervals, the observations provide a consistent picture of these waves being present from the middle atmosphere to the upper thermosphere, consistent with the theory that such waves are generated in the lower atmosphere and propagate upward throughout the entire atmosphere.
Breaking the permeability–selectivity trade-off in thin-film composite polyamide membranes with a PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG block copolymer ultrafiltration membrane support through post-annealing treatment
Authors: An Xiaochan , Hu Yunxia , Wang Ning , Wang Tao , Liu Zhongyun
Published: March 2019

In this work, amphiphilic polyethylene glycol-block-polysulfone-block-polyethylene glycol (PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG) was used as a membrane support to fabricate a high-performance thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane. A facile post-annealing approach was developed to simultaneously improve the water permeability and antifouling property of the TFC membrane having the PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG support without sacrificing its selectivity. The experimental results illustrate that a highly crosslinked polyamide with low reverse salt flux could be formed on the PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG support, and the post-annealing treatment could tailor the membrane structure and properties of the PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG support to decrease its structure parameter without affecting the polyamide. The annealed TFC membrane exhibited excellent permeability–selectivity, with a high A/B ratio of 19.6 bar−1 (water permeability coefficient A of 1.76 LMH·bar−1 and NaCl permeability coefficient B of 0.09 LMH). The static and dynamic antifouling performances of the annealed TFC membrane were also demonstrated, finding that little bovine serum albumin (BSA) was adsorbed on the PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG support surface, and a reduced water flux decline and a high water recovery were achieved compared with those of the control sample. Our work demonstrates that the amphiphilic PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG membrane can work as an ideal TFC support to break the permeability–selectivity trade-off of the TFC FO membrane and to improve its antifouling properties through post-annealing treatment.
Ultrathin wide-angle large-area digital 3D holographic display using a non-periodic photon sieve
Authors: Park Jongchan , Lee KyeoReh , Park YongKeun
Published: March 2019

Holographic displays can provide a 3D visual experience to multiple users without requiring special glasses. By precisely tailoring light fields, holographic displays could resemble realistic 3D scenes with full motion parallax and continuous depth cues. However, available holographic displays are unable to generate such scenes given practical limitations in wavefront modulation. In fact, the limited diffraction angle and small number of pixels of current wavefront modulators derive into a 3D scene with small size and narrow viewing angle. We propose a flat-panel wavefront modulator capable of displaying large dynamic holographic images with wide viewing angle. Specifically, an ultrahigh-capacity non-periodic photon sieve, which diffracts light at wide angles, is combined with an off-the-shelf liquid crystal display panel to generate holographic images. Besides wide viewing angle and large screen size, the wavefront modulator provides multi-colour projection and a small form factor, which suggests the possible implementation of holographic displays on thin devices.
A serum microRNA classifier for the diagnosis of sarcomas of various histological subtypes
Authors: Asano Naofumi , Matsuzaki Juntaro , Ichikawa Makiko , Kawauchi Junpei , Takizawa Satoko , Aoki Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Hiromi , Yoshida Akihiko , Kobayashi Eisuke , Tanzawa Yoshikazu , Nakayama Robert , Morioka Hideo , Matsumoto Morio , Nakamura Masaya , Kondo Tadashi , Kato Ken , Tsuchiya Naoto , Kawai Akira , Ochiya Takahiro
Published: March 2019

Due to their rarity and diversity, sarcomas are difficult to diagnose. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for a novel diagnostic test for these cancers. In this study, we investigated serum miRNA profiles from 1002 patients with bone and soft tissue tumors representing more than 43 histological subtypes, including sarcomas, intermediate tumors, and benign tumors, to determine whether serum miRNA profiles could be used to specifically detect sarcomas. Circulating serum miRNA profiles in sarcoma patients were clearly distinct from those in patients with other types of tumors. Using the serum levels of seven miRNAs, we developed a molecular detector, Index VI, that could distinguish sarcoma patients from benign and healthy controls with remarkably high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (95%), regardless of histological subtype. Index VI provides an approach to the early and precise detection of sarcomas, potentially leading to curative treatment and longer survival.