bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FREE-CHOICE FEEDING OF TROLENE FOR REDUCTION OF CATTLE WARBLE INFESTATIONS (OESTRIDAE: DIPTERA)
Authors: Rich G. B.
Published: March 2010

The systemic insecticide Trolene reduced the numbers of cattle grubs by 83 to 95 per cent when total doses of 180 and 250 mg. per kg. of animal weight were fed to calves in supplementary feed at daily doses of 10 and 15 mg. per kg. These reductions were significantly greater than those produced by lower daily or total doses including Trolene boluses at 105 mg. per kg. However, very high grub infestations survived in individual animals in all test groups except the two highest dosage groups. This is attributed to variation in feeding behaviour that resulted in the slower feeding animals receiving low doses of insecticide. This factor is apparently an inherent flaw in treatments based on free-choice feeding.Grubs were not eradicated by any of the test treatments and only the 250 mg. per kg. total dosage reduced them below the level of infestation annually observed in two semi-isolated, untreated herds. Studies of the significance of this level of survival in the perpetuation of the treated infestations are necessary.Transitory toxicity-symptoms were observed in the bolus-treated calves but not in the feed-treated calves.
THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF RAPESEED OIL MEAL FOR LAMB AND WOOL PRODUCTION IN MATURE RANGE EWES
Authors: Bezeau L. M. , Slen S. B. , Whiting F.
Published: March 2010

During a 2-year period mature range ewes were fed rations containing 10, 20, and 30 per cent rapeseed oil meal. These rations were compared with a control ration, to 10 and 20 per cent linseed oil meal rations, and to one consisting entirely of alfalfa hay.Data were collected on body weight of ewes and lambs, weight or clean wool produced, length of wool fibre, and diameter of the fibre.In the majority of criteria that were used to assess the value of these rations, the control, alfalfa hay, and 30 per cent rapeseed oil meal rations were inferior to the 10 and 20 per cent linseed oil meal and the 10 and 20 per cent rapeseed oil meal rations.Because the 30 per cent rapeseed meal ration lacked palatabuity, the average daily feed intake was lowest in this group. The ewes receiving this ration lost weight during pregnancy, their lambs were lighter (P <.05) at birth and at 6 weeks of age, and their wool production was less than any of the other groups.No enlarged thyroids were observed in any of the ewes as a result of feeding rapeseed oil meal.
THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF INCREASED LEVELS OF PROTEIN RESULTING FROM NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF BARLEY
Authors: McBeath D. K. , Bentley C. F. , Lynch D. L. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Samples of barley having low, medium, and high protein contents were obtained from field fertilizer experiments conducted during 1957 and 1958. The nutritive values of these grains were compared in a feeding trial employing rats as the test animal, and by a semi-quantitative chromatographic estimation of 13 amino acids in the grains. For the feeding experiment all diets were supplemented with minerals and vitamins. Each grain sample was fed with and without added lysine. Animal growth and food efficiency improved with increase in protein levels and with addition of lysine. The 13 amino acids determined accounted for approximately two-thirds and four-fifths of the total protein in the 1957 and 1958 grains respectively. Possible causes of these differences are discussed. The analytical data revealed that percentages of 9 essential amino acids in barley protein were approximately double the amounts reported by other analytical procedures. Compared to previously reported data, there were some noteworthy variations for individual amino acids. There may be practical applications of the procedure used for amino acid determinations in evaluating the protein quality of feed grains. The availability of such a technique could be very helpful to plant breeders concerned with the production of feed grain varieties. The feeding experiment established the nutritive importance for rats, and presumably for swine, of grain protein increases resulting from nitrogen fertilization.
INGREDIENT AND PROCESSING INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN SWINE FEEDS: I. EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS, PROTEIN SOURCE AND WHEAT BRAN ON THE RESPONSES TO PELLETED FEED
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L. , Bell J. M. , Williams C. M.
Published: March 2010

A swine feeding trial, of 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, involving 64 pigs (32 gilts and 32 barrows) weighing initially 50 ± 2 pounds and fed to a final weight of 110 ± 2 pounds was carried out. The dietary variables were meal vs. pellets, 0 vs. 10 per cent wheat bran, mixed animal-plant vs. all-plant origin protein supplement and 0 vs. 33 p.p.m. of an antibiotic mixture (penicillin, streptomycin and chlortetracycline). Weight gains and feed intakes were recorded bi-weekly and a Cr2O3-marker digestion trial was imposed on 32 pigs during the feeding test.The results revealed distinct interrelationships among all four experimental variables that prevailed through to the highest order statistical interaction. Consequently discussion in this paper was restricted to those factors affecting the responses to pelleting.On the whole there was no advantage due to pelleting. However, in the absence of bran and antibiotics, and particularly when no animal protein was involved, pigs fed pelleted feed gained faster and had better feed efficiency. Pelleting was found to increase dry matter and energy digestibility when no bran or antibiotics were included in the diet. Conversely, the inclusion of either bran or antibiotics was as effective as pelleting. It is postulated that bran and antibiotics were effective by reason of their effects on the physical nature of the ingesta and on the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract.
EFFECTS OF HIGH FIBRE, AND PELLETED AND NON-PELLETED HIGH FIBRE-HIGH FAT RATIONS ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BACON PIGS
Authors: Cameron C. D. T.
Published: March 2010

A study involving 96 individually-fed growing-finishing pigs was conducted to determine the effects of high fibre, and pelleted and non-pelleted high fibre-high fat rations, on the performance and carcass characteristics of bacon type pigs.Rate of liveweight gain, and gains adjusted to equal feed intakes, decreased when the fibre level was increased by substituting ground mixed timothy-red clover hay for part of the barley in the control rations. Rate of gain increased in the finishing period with the introduction of 5 per cent of stabilized tallow into the high fibre rations.Pelleting the high fibre-high fat rations had little effect on the performance of the pigs in the growing period, while rate of gain increased in the finishing period as a result of the pelleting process. This increase in rate of gain was associated with increased feed intake.High fibre rations resulted in lower dressing percentage and loin fat thickness, and increased Advanced Registry belly and total scores. The addition of 5 per cent of stabilized tallow to the high fibre rations resulted in increased shoulder and loin fat thickness. Pelleting of the high fibre-high fat rations had no significant effect on carcass measurements, although the pigs fed pelleted rations consumed more feed per day and made more rapid gains in the finishing period than those fed the same rations non-pelleted.
THE EFFECT OF YELLOW PINE (PINUS PONDEROSA LAWS) NEEDLES ON THE REPRODUCTIVITY OF THE LABORATORY FEMALE MOUSE
Authors: (Pearcey) Allen Marilyn R. , Kitts W. D.
Published: March 2010

The present study shows that a specially prepared aqueous fraction of yellow pine needles contains a factor(s) that depresses the uterine weight of immature mice while the prepared ether fraction contains a compound (s) that is toxic to such mice. This toxicity varies from month to month throughout the year; the greatest degree of toxicity is noticeable in those needles collected during the winter. Both the aqueous and ether extracts caused a depression of the metabolism of weanling mice. The block in metabolism was removed, however, within 8 hours after the last administration of the extracts. Both extracts contributed to embryonic mortality in the mouse and both reduced fœtus weight. In addition, the parent liquor appeared to be responsible for a decrease of the uptake of I131 by the thyroid gland of the weanling mice.
FURTHER STUDIES ON RAISING DAIRY CALVES WITH LIMITED AMOUNTS OF MILK
Authors: Clark R. D. , Whiting F.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-four Holstein heifer calves were used in five experiments to study the effects of different rates and methods of feeding whole milk on body growth rate.Calves fed whole milk at a rate of 8 pounds per head daily until 4 weeks old and none thereafter made as rapid growth to 16 and 52 weeks of age as those fed milk at a rate of 10 per cent of body weight. Calves weaned from milk abruptly when 4 weeks old grew as fast thereafter as calves receiving the same total quantity of milk but weaned gradually. Inoculation of calves with cuds at frequent intervals did not increase rate of body gain.Calves that received 6 pounds of whole milk daily until 4 weeks old and none thereafter gained as well as those that received 8 pounds of whole milk until 4 weeks old or those that received 6 pounds of whole milk daily until 8 weeks old. The inclusion of 10 per cent skim milk powder in place of linseed oilmeal in the starter did not improve gains.
THE HERITABILITY OF VARIOUS TYPE COMPONENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRODUCTION IN CANADIAN JERSEY CATTLE
Authors: Curtis R. J. , Rennie J. C.
Published: March 2010

The official type records of Canadian Jersey cows classified from 1946 to 1954 (inclusive) were analysed to determine the heritability of final or over-all type rating and ten of its components as listed on the Canadian Jersey Cattle Club type breakdown form. Records of all classified cows with official Record of Performance production were analysed to determine the relationship between type rating and production in the lactation nearest to date of classification.The results of this study indicate that the within sire, within herd, heritabilities of type characteristics in Canadian Jerseys are relatively low ranging from.07 for "rear udder" to.30 for "legs, pasterns and feet with over-all type having a heritability of.24. There is a small, positive phenotypic correlation between type and milk production and between type and butterfat production in the Jersey breed in Canada. The correlations range from.08 to.23 between various type components and production with over-all type having a correlation of.16 to milk production and.20 to butterfat production. There is no significant correlation between type and butterfat test in this population of dairy cows.
THE EFFECTS OF SEX AND AGE OF MALE AT CASTRATION ON GROWTH AND CARCASS QUALITY OF YORKSHIRE SWINE
Authors: Charette L. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of sex and age of castration of males on growth rate, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in bacon type swine were measured using 16 pigs each as gilts, entire boars, and boars castrated at birth, 6, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age. Castration at 20 weeks was too late since some pigs reached 200 pounds live weight before that age. Boars consumed less feed daily than barrows and gilts, were thinner in loin fat, and yielded a higher percentage of shoulder than gilts. The carcasses of boars and gilts were longer, had less fat covering over the shoulder and back, a larger area of loin, and a higher iodine number than those castrated late. Acceptability tests showed that sex or age of castration did not affect the flavour, odour, or tenderness of the meat.Purebred breeders can delay castration for better selection of boars without any serious effect on growth, physical carcass characteristics, and feed requirements. Although the market discriminates against boars, it appears questionable whether castration is necessary when boars are slaughtered at 200 pounds before they reach the age of 150 days.
SILICA UROLITHIASIS IN BEEF CATTLE.: IV. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE pH AND BUFFERING CAPACITY OF THE ASH OF CERTAIN FEEDS, pH OF THE URINE, AND UROLITHIASIS
Authors: Bezeau L. M. , Bailey C. B. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were carried out to determine the relationship existing between the pH and buffering capacity of the ash of feeds and the urine pH, and the incidence of silica urolithiasis.In the first experiment the pH and buffering capacity were determined on the ash of 51 feeds of plant origin. No statistical relationship between the pH of the ash and its buffering capacity was found. Twenty-one of these feeds and four chemical compounds were fed to Holstein steer calves and the urine pH recorded. Twelve of the twenty-one feeds produced an acid urine.In the second experiment, four Holstein steer calves were fed for 6 months on rations designed to produce either an acid or alkaline urine. All calves produced silicerous urinary calculi. Urine pH per se did not seem to be a factor in the incidence of silica urolithiasis.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS IN THE USE OF A SUSTAINED RELEASE PELLET FOR ADMINISTRATION OF CHROMIC OXIDE TO SHEEP IN DIGESTIBILITY STUDIES
Authors: Troelsen J. E.
Published: March 2010

Sustained release pellets of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) were administered to sheep every second day for 112 days, to serve as an external indicator in digestibility determinations of mixed rations. The pellets were made from a mixture of Cr2O3 and dental plaster in the ratio of 2:1. A pressure of 10,000 p.s.i. produced a pellet with a specific gravity of 2.8.Digestibility coefficients obtained by the Cr2O3 ratio method differed markedly from those obtained in a conventional digestibility trial and the apparent recovery of Cr2O3 from feces samples showed a coefficient of variation of 27 per cent. Recovery of pellets from the alimentary tracts of the slaughtered sheep showed that the disintegration time of the pellets was correlated with the proportions of alfalfa (r = −0.83), wheat straw (r = 0.36), and oat grain (r = 0.80) in the rations. Indications were that some pellets were lost by passing into the abomasum where immediate disintegration occurred, or by regurgitation, although the latter had not been noticed in this experiment.
WOOL AND BODY GROWTH IN LAMBS DURING THE FIRST 14 MONTHS OF LIFE
Authors: Slen S. B. , Banky E. C.
Published: March 2010

Data from 290 grade Corriedale sheep, ranging from 1 to 428 days of age, were used to study the relationships between age and the following characteristics: body weight, staple length, fibre thickness, and clean fleece weight. The difference between means and regressions for sex and type of birth also were evaluated.Body weights increased during the growth period from 50 to 428 days of age but, after 300 days, approached constancy asymptotically. The body weights of single lambs were greater (p <.01) than those of twins; also, wethers were heavier than females at all ages. The average daily rate of gain was higher, though not significantly, for singles and wethers than for twins and females, respectively. However, in the single lambs, the difference in rate of gain between wethers and ewes was significant (p <.05).Staple lengths snowed a declining growth rate with progressing age whereas fibre cross-sectional area showed a linear increase.The increase in clean fleece weight with age was expressed by a quadratic function. The difference in fleece weights between sexes were negligible and the rates of increase were essentially the same. However, there were significant differences (p <.01) in means and regressions between singles and twins.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMNELET SHEEP
Authors: Peters H. F. , Slen S. B. , Hargrave H. J.
Published: March 2010

In 1935 the Canada Department of Agriculture undertook the development of a new breed of sheep at the Experimental Farm, Manyberries, Alberta. The foundation stock consisted of 15 Romney Marsh rams and 520 Rambouillet ewes, with introductions of 1 Targhee ram in 1942 and 6 Romeldale rams in 1944. Two of the Romeldale rams were used again in 1945. The flock has been closed to outside introductions since 1945 and the breed which resulted has been named "Romnelet".Following the first cross, the F1 animals were inter-mated and no back-crosses were made. A genealogical study up to, and including, 1955 showed the average annual size of the breeding flock to be 10 rams and 338 ewes and the average generation interval 3.5 years. On the average, there were 13 rams and 301 ewes selected per generation. The mean inbreeding coefficient of the 1955 lambs was 8 per cent.Romnelets are polled, open-faced, free from skin wrinkles, with white face and legs and a fleece of [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] staple wool. Means and standard deviations of performance traits in the new breed under range conditions are reported.
HERITABILITIES OF WEANING WEIGHT, YEARLING WEIGHT, AND CLEAN FLEECE WEIGHT IN RANGE ROMNELET SHEEP
Authors: Vesely J. A. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Heritabilities of weaning weight, yearling weight and clean fleece weight for range Romnelet sheep were estimated by the intra-sire regression of daughter on dam from data adjusted for year effects, age of dam, type of birth and rearing and age of lamb or yearling ewe. The data from which each estimate was calculated were collected over a 12-year period.The estimate for weaning weight based on 694 daughter-dam pairs (26 sire groups) was 0.28 ±.09. For yearling weight an estimate of 0.37 ±.11 was obtained from 394 daughter-dam pairs (34 sire groups). Five hundred and thirty-seven daughter-dam pairs (27 sire groups) provided an estimate of 0.48 ±.08 for clean fleece weight.
GENETIC TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE OF THE ROMNELET SHEEP DURING THE PERIOD OF BREED DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Peters H. F. , Slen S. B. , Hargrave H. J.
Published: March 2010

Performance records on the Romnelet sheep, developed from the Romney X Rambouillet cross [with introductions of Targhee and Romeldale in the early years], were analysed to determine genetic trends in birth weight, weaning weight, 18-month weight of ewes and yearling clean fleece weight from the F1 to the F7 generation.There were statistically significant (P < 0.01) reductions of 1.3 pounds in birth weight, 7.5 pounds in weaning weight at an average age of 136 days, 7.0 pounds in 18-month weight of ewes and 0.6 pound in yearling clean fleece weight from the first-cross to the F2 generation. There was a further significant (P < 0.05) decline of 0.6 pound in birth weight and a significant (P < 0.01) decline of 0.5 pound in clean fleece weight after the F2 generation, but no further significant change occurred in 18-month weight of ewes. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase of 7.8 pounds in weaning weight in the later generations.
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF CITRIC ACID AND OF SODIUM CITRATE UPON THE CONSUMPTION OF PELLETED HAY BY STEERS AND UPON RATE OF PELLETING
Authors: Heaney D. P. , Pritchard G. I. , Sylvestre P. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE EFFECT OF LEVELS OF SODIUM SALTS IN THE FEED AND DRINKING WATER ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ASCITES AND EDEMA IN TURKEY POULTS
Authors: Robblee A. R. , Clandinin D. R.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of levels of sodium salts in the feed and drinking water on the occurrence of ascites and edema in turkey poults. Poults were fed rations containing four levels of added sodium chloride: 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 per cent in combination with six levels of a 3:2:1 mixture of Na2SO4; NaCl and NaHCO3 added to the drinking water; 0, 750, 1500, 3000, 4500 and 6000 parts per million.Rate of mortality and incidence of ascites and edema were influenced by the amount of salt added to the feed as well as by the concentration of salts in the drinking water. With higher levels of salt in the feed lower levels of salts in the water were toxic, while with low levels of salt in the feed poults were able to tolerate higher levels of salts in the drinking water.Mortality and incidence of ascites and edema increased sharply at 3 days of age, reached a peak at 6 days of age and declined and stopped after 12 days on treatment.
RUMEN GAS ANALYSIS BY GAS-SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: McArthur J. M. , Miltimore J. E.
Published: March 2010

Methods are described for sampling and analysing rumen gases. The analysis requires less than 15 minutes for the determination of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide, i.e., for all gases occurring in the rumen. The method is sensitive and requires only a small quantity of sample, and the sample volume need not be known. The presence of water or other vapours in the sample does not influence the results. Relative thermal detector responses have been determined for gases which occur in the rumen. These eliminate the necessity for the calibration of gas chromatographs using thermal detection. The first complete analysis of rumen gas is presented.
METHOXYL ANALYSIS OF FEEDS AND FECES: A COMPARISON OF METHODS
Authors: Shearer D. A.
Published: March 2010

The Zeisel and hydrolytic methods for the determination of methoxyl were compared both for pure compounds and for forages together with the related feces collected during digestibility trials.The methods, which were both modified in some respects, showed comparable precision. On pure compounds the hydrolytic method gave results only 1 per cent lower than the Zeisel method but on feeds and feces it gave results 10–15 per cent lower. This discrepancy was shown to be due, in part, to the interference of N- and S-methyl groups.Highly significant correlations were obtained between the two methods and also between the dry-matter digestibilities and the methoxyl values obtained by either method. Reasons are given why the hydrolytic method is preferred when methoxyl is used as an indicator of digestibility.
AN APPRAISAL OF SELECTION IN THE ROMNELET SHEEP
Authors: Peters H. F. , Slen S. B. , Hargrave H. J.
Published: March 2010

The amounts of selection for birth weight, weaning weight, post-weaning gain up to about 1 year of age and yearling clean fleece weight in the development of the Romnelet breed of sheep are reported.The selection differentials for weaning weight only were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for both sexes. Analyses of regression of mean differential on time showed an upward trend in the differentials for birth weight and weaning weight, but there was no evidence of significant yearly trend in the differentials for post-weaning traits. Trends in selection pressure were consistent with the reported genetic trends in performance after the initial decline in performance from F1 to F2.Weaning weight received more attention in selection than any other trait studied, and the most genetic improvement was made in this trait. The large reduction in numbers of animals available for selection from birth to one year of age, due mainly to heavy culling of lambs at weaning, brought about a reduction in selection intensity from 22 per cent to 10 per cent for post-weaning gain and from 42.5 to 22 per cent for clean fleece weight.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN B12 AND REPRODUCTION IN SWINE
Authors: Frederick G. L. , Brisson G. J.
Published: March 2010

Six female swine were maintained during one or more gestations on a vitamin B12-deficient diet. Two that had been fed the deficient diet for more than 2 years prior to their first gestation aborted. Four that received the deficient diet for 7 months prior to their first gestation farrowed a total of 8 litters containing 68 live piglets; 27 died within 3 days. All piglets fed a synthetic milk diet, deficient in vitamin B12, died within 14 days.Five adult females fed the deficient diet supplemented with 400 μg. of vitamin B12 per animal per day farrowed a total of 8 litters containing 83 live piglets; none died within 3 days. Of 14 piglets fed a vitamin B12-deficient synthetic milk diet, 2 died within 14 days.The different dietary vitamin B12 intakes of the adults influenced the serum vitamin B12 levels of the adults and of their offspring.Piglets fed vitamin B12 gained more, but feed conversion was not influenced by the vitamin B12 dietary intake of the piglets or by the intake of their dams during gestation.It is concluded that vitamin B12 influences swine reproduction and neonatal survival.
EFFECTS OF PORCINE IMMUNE GLOBULIN ADMINISTRATION ON THE SURVIVAL AND SERUM PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM-DEPRIVED PIGS REARED IN A NON-ISOLATED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Owen B. D. , Bell J. M. , Williams C. M. , Oakes R. G.
Published: March 2010

Five experiments involving 90 newborn colostrum-deprived pigs were conducted in an attempt to develop a method of rearing applicable in a non-isolated environment. Immune globulins, prepared by ammonium sulphate fractionation of porcine serum, and comprised of a mixture of approximately 75 per cent γ-globulin and 25 per cent β-globulin, were administered orally or parenterally in varying amounts and for varying periods of time. In two experiments porcine albumin, in serum or in a semi-purified solution, was provided in addition to the immune globulins. The distribution of serum proteins in the pigs was studied from birth to 12 weeks of age by paper strip electrophoresis.Parenteral administration of immune globulins did not provide an effective passive immunity, nor did oral administration for 1 day post-partum. A marked improvement in survival occurred when oral administration was continued for 5 days, and it was further found that this treatment provided apparently complete protection against infection during the 5-day period of administration. Albumin appeared to further improve survival.These results, together with the relatively poor survival obtained with positive control pigs (nursed 24 hours) suggested a continuing need for a supply of immune globulins in the lumen of the intestinal tract. Presumably these globulins were active as coproantibodies.The percentage survival in pigs weighing 3 pounds or more at birth was substantially higher than in smaller pigs. Mortality in these experiments was usually attributable to colibacillosis.Serum immune globulin levels at 2 days of age in the artificially reared pigs were elevated in proportion to the amount of globulins given. The effect of albumin was to create a serum protein pattern resembling that of suckled pigs. A marked decline in γ-globulin levels from 2 days to approximately 6 weeks was observed.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY VITAMIN A ON THE WEIGHT INCREASE, FOOD UTILIZATION AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF THE RAT
Authors: Sibbald I. R. , Hutcheson Lilian M.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments designed to study the influence of dietary vitamin A on the weight gains, food consumption, food digestibility, energy digestibility, nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention of growing rats were conducted. Both experiments employed purified diets to which vitamin A was added in the form of an alcoholic solution. The first experiment involved levels of 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 100 and 1,000 I.U. vitamin A per gram of food. Each of the above-mentioned criteria was measured weekly for 3 consecutive weeks. No variations associated with dietary vitamin A were detected. The second experiment was similar to the first but in addition included vitamin A at 10,000 I.U./gram feed and was continued for 7 consecutive weeks. The highest level of vitamin A was toxic, the rats dying within 10 days, but did not appear to affect food utilization. No other major effects attributable to vitamin A were observed. It was apparent that the growing rat can tolerate a wide range of concentrations of vitamin A in the food.
EFFECTS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DRINKING WATER ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SHEEP
Authors: Bailey C. B. , Hironaka R. , Slen S. B
Published: March 2010

Temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues of four sheep receiving [Formula: see text] pounds of alfalfa hay per day were recorded at environmental temperatures of 15 °C. and −12 °C. The temperature of the drinking water was 20 °C. when the environmental temperature was 15 °C. and variously 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30 °C. during four different periods when the environmental temperature was −12 °C. At both environmental temperatures, the temperature in the rumen was higher than that in the rectum which, in turn, was higher than that in the subcutaneous tissues. The consumption of feed caused a transient increase in the temperature in the rumen and rectum while the consumption of water caused a transient decrease in the temperature in the rumen. A reduction in environmental temperature from 15 °C. to −12 °C. caused decreases in the temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues, and reduced water intake from about 1600 to about 800 milliliters/day. At an environmental temperature of −12 °C., the temperature of the drinking water did not influence the amount of water consumed. It did, however, have an effect on body temperature because the average temperature in the rectum was slightly higher when the drinking water was 0 °C. than when it was 30 °C.
SOME CHANGES IN THE URINE OF SHEEP FED A HAY HIGH IN SILICA
Authors: Forman S. A. , Sauer F.
Published: March 2010

Sheep were fed grass hay (mainly Festuca scabrella) obtained from a ranch in Western Canada where considerable losses had occurred from obstructive urolithiasis in beef cattle. This hay contained much more silica than second-cut red clover from Eastern Canada but less sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The sheep fed the western hay excreted significantly less urine, which had an extremely low pH (ca. 5.5). These and other observations (e.g., specific gravity, water consumption) indicated that a hay low in alkali and relatively high in silica may be important in the etiology of silica urolithiasis. The urine changes caused by the feeding of the western hay were overcome by adding an appropriate salt mixture to the diet.
SUPPLEMENTAL FAT AS AN ENERGY SOURCE IN THE DIETS OF SWINE AND RATS: I. FOOD AND ENERGY UTILIZATION
Authors: Kuryvial M. S. , Bowland J. P. , Berg R. T.
Published: March 2010

Experiments with castrate male Landrace × Lacombe – Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Lacombe – Yorkshire pigs, weighing 15 to 195 pounds, and with weanling male rats, were designed to study the value of stabilized tallow as an energy source. A 3 × 3 factorial design was used with rations containing 0, 15 and 30 per cent supplemental fat (gross energy levels of 4.0, 4.8 and 5.4 kcal./gm. of ration) and 14, 18 and 22 per cent protein.The addition of 15 or 30 per cent supplemental fat to the rations of pigs decreased feed consumption, increased average daily gain, and improved efficiency of digestible energy and feed utilization. Generally the higher levels of protein in the ration resulted in increased feed consumption, increased rate of gain, and improved efficiency of digestible energy and feed utilization as compared to the lower level of protein. The results from the rat experiment were similar, except that fat levels in the rations did not influence rate of gain or efficiency of digestible energy utilization.Carcasses of pigs receiving supplemental fat in their rations had an increased thickness of backfat and higher dressing percentage. As protein levels in the rations increased, average backfat thickness decreased and area of loin muscle increased. Several significant interactions occurred which were associated with breeding or with replicate differences.
SUPPLEMENTAL FAT AS AN ENERGY SOURCE IN THE DIETS OF SWINE AND RATS: II. ENERGY AND NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY, NITROGEN RETENTION AND CARCASS FAT COMPOSITION
Authors: Kuryvial M. S. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Apparent energy and nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention of diets containing 0, 15 or 30 per cent supplemental stabilized tallow and 14, 18 or 22 per cent protein were determined with pigs at average weights of 7 and 45 kilograms and with 4- to 5-week-old weanling rats. Fat levels in the diets did not influence apparent digestible energy coefficients or nitrogen retention. Apparent nitrogen digestibility was increased when supplemental fat was added to rat diets but was not significantly influenced by fat levels in pig rations. Increased protein levels decreased energy digestibility in rats, but improved nitrogen digestibility in 45-kilogram pigs and nitrogen retention in 7-kilogram pigs. In 45-kilogram pigs, nitrogen retention decreased as protein levels of the rations increased.The degree of unsaturation, as measured by Iodine Absorption Number, was greater for backfat than for leaflard. The unsaturation of the carcass fat was increased when pigs were fed supplemental fat but the increase was not uniform between rations varying in protein level. Saponification Number of the backfat and leaflard in pigs was not influenced by fat levels in the diet but was increased by increasing protein levels.
RATES OF DIGESTION OF SWALLOWED AND UNSWALLOWED DRIED GRASS IN THE RUMEN
Authors: Bailey C. B.
Published: March 2010

Nylon bags containing samples of dried grass and of the same grass which had been chewed and impregnated with saliva were placed in the ventral rumen sacs of two steers. The rates of digestion of the dry matter, crude fiber, crude protein, and ash were measured by removing individual bags at various time intervals up to 72 hours. The amounts of dry matter, protein, and ash digested during the first hour were much greater than the amounts digested in any subsequent 1-hour period. This was attributed to an initial rapid leaching of soluble material. The digestion of the dry matter, protein, and ash in the swallowed grass during the first hour was considerably greater than in the unswallowed grass, and differences were still present 13 hours later. The digestion of the insoluble fiber was negligible until the fourth hour after the samples were placed in the rumen. Between the fourth and the fourteenth hours the digestion of the fiber in the swallowed grass was more rapid than that in the unswallowed grass. It was concluded that the crushing and ensalivation which occurs during the eating of dried grass increases its subsequent rate of digestion in the rumen.
INGREDIENT AND PROCESSING INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN SWINE FEEDS: IV. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS AND KINDS OF FIBROUS DILUENTS IN FINISHER RATIONS, FED AS MEAL OR PELLETS, ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS QUALITY OF SWINE
Authors: Troelsen J. E. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

A feeding experiment, of 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 factorial design (two sexes, pellets versus meal, three levels of fiber and five sources of fiber) involving 60 gilts and 60 barrows, weighing initially 100 ± 5 pounds, and individually fed to 200 ± 5 pounds, was carried out. The basal ration was composed of equal parts wheat and barley with soybean oil meal and meat meal as the protein supplement. This ration was diluted with three levels each of oat hulls, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, cellulose and ground corn cobs so as to obtain estimated T.D.N. levels in the ration of 62, 65 and 68 per cent. All rations were supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Each ration was fed as meal and as 3/16-inch pellets. Feed was allowed during two 1-hour periods daily and was, therefore, partially restricted.A Cr2O3-marker digestibility study was carried out in mid-test and the carcasses were assessed following slaughter.Daily feed intakes varied, depending on the diluent used, thus revealing that factors other than T.D.N. levels per se influence feed consumption by pigs self-fed rations balanced in other respects. The net effect on digestible energy intake was interpreted for each type of diluent in relation to the attainment of desirable rates of gain and carcass quality of Yorkshire pigs. Digestible energy intakes per day decreased by 43, 43, 36, 56 and 92 kcal. for each 1 per cent increase in the amount of oat hulls, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, cellulose or corn cobs, respectively.Pelleting was found to increase digestible energy intakes by 10 to 15 per cent, mainly as a result of improved digestibility of energy components.
THE INTERIOR QUALITY DECLINE OF SPRAY-OILED VERSUS UNOILED EGGS, STORED AT 70°F., AMONG THREE STRAINS OF LEGHORNS
Authors: Proudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

A total of 3,600 eggs were collected from three Leghorn strains for use in this experiment. Two of the strains were commercial strains and the third was the Ottawa control strain. Each of the commercial strains was obtained as hatching eggs from nine supply flocks through three franchised hatcheries.Haugh-unit values, the criteria of internal quality, were determined for fresh and stored eggs. Comparable lots of oil-treated and unoiled eggs were stored at 70°F. for 4, 8, 12 and 16 days.The decline of internal quality of unoiled eggs was markedly more rapid when compared with oiled eggs. A low magnitude strain × storage-time interaction was evident with oiled eggs but was due to the Ottawa control strain.No parent supply flock or hatchery effects were demonstrated.
NOTE ON A RE-ENTRANT FISTULA FOR DIGESTION STUDIES WITH PIGS
Authors: Cunningham H. M. , Friend D. W. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON PHOTOGRAPHY AS AN AID IN CARCASS EVALUATION
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Jarmoluk Leon
Published: March 2010

not available
THE ESTROGEN-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN LEGUMES AND GRASSES: THE EFFECT OF ESTROGENIC PLANT EXTRACTS ON THYROID UPTAKE OF I131 IN THE LABORATORY RAT
Authors: Ostrovsky D. , Kitts W. D.
Published: March 2010

Increased thyroid uptake of P131 was observed is intact, and ovariectomized female rats receiving daily small oral doses of red clover extract. No such consistent effect was elicited by timothy grass extracts. With the ovariectomized rats a total of 0.168 microgram of diethylstilbestrol (D.E.S.) per rat daily in two oral doses resulted in a more pronounced increase of I131 uptake than either lower or higher D.E.S. levels. A comparison of thyroid activity data and uterine weight data of the animals consuming the plant extracts or D.E.S. suggests that the estrogenic substances of forages have a milder over-all physiological effect than an equivalent weight of D.E.S. No significant thyroid stimulation was evident in the treated hypophysectomized rats although uterine enlargement was pronounced.
TRITICALE AS A POTENTIAL COMPONENT OF CHICK RATIONS
Authors: Sell J. L. , Hodgson G. C. , Shebeski L. H.
Published: March 2010

A new grain, Triticale, (a synthesized hexaploid species combining the genomes of Triticum durum and Secale cereale) was tested as the principal ingredient in a chick starter ration. On a pound-for-pound basis Triticale was approximately equal to hard spring wheat in nutritive value for chicks as judged by growth, efficiency of feed utilization and ration metabohzable energy. Supplementation of a 17.5 per cent protein, Triticale ration with glycine, DL-methionine and/or L-lysine showed lysine to be the most limiting amino acid for chicks. A similar study with a 21 per cent protein ration showed that both L-lysine and DL-methionine were limiting for chick growth. The results bring to the fore the potential importance of new, synthesized plant species to animal production and, simultaneously, present an evaluation of a grain from one of these new species as a feed ingredient for chickens.
ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION OF GROWING AND FINISHING RATIONS FOR PIGS TO MEET U.S. N.R.C. (1959) NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS WITH AND WITHOUT A MARGIN OF SAFETY
Authors: Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four castrate male pigs from four breeding groups were individually fed from 50 pounds to market weight of 195 pounds. From 50 to 110 pounds, comparison was made between linear programmed, least cost rations meeting minimum nutrient requirements and those with a 15 per cent margin of safety for protein, lysine, methionine, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamins B12, A and D. From 110 to 195 pounds, each group was subdivided to compare rations meeting minimum nutrient requirements with those containing 16 per cent protein and corresponding increases in lysine and methionine.Feed intake was not influenced by ration or breeding. Rate of gain, nitrogen digestibility, and efficiency of feed and digestible energy utilization were improved by the margin of safety in nutrients during the growing period and by the higher protein level in the finishing period. Pigs previously receiving the ration with a margin of safety gained more slowly on the 16 per cent protein finisher than those previously receiving the minimum standard ration. Carcass measurements were not significantly changed by ration although area of longissimus dorsi muscle and total R.O.P. score tended to be increased for pigs finished on the 16 per cent protein ration. Breeding groups varied in rate of gain, energy digestibility, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass measurements. For rate of gain during the growing period there was an interaction between ration and breeding group.
EQUATIONS FOR RECIPROCAL CONVERSIONS OF STARCH EQUIVALENT AND TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENT VALUES
Authors: Kielanowski J. , Ziolecka Aleksandra , Osińska Zofia
Published: March 2010

In order to facilitate reciprocal conversions of Starch Equivalents (SE) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) values of feeds, multiple regression equations were computed for three different groups of feeds (concentrates, green roughages and silages, and dry roughages. These equations are: for concentrates, green roughages and silages, and dry roughages, respectively.[Formula: see text]Where Y = percentage TDN, X1 = percentage SE, and X2 = percentage crude fiber and[Formula: see text]Where Y = percentage SE; X1 = percentage TDN, and X2 = percentage crude fiber.The addition of the crude fiber content as the second independent variable in each equation resulted in a slight but marked gain in accuracy, especially for green and dry roughages, when compared with simple regressions of TDN on SE or vice versa.
EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION ON THE UTILIZATION OF WHEAT STRAW BY RUMEN MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Pritchard G. I. , Pigden W. J. , Minson D. J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 upon the feeding value of wheat straw were determined by in vitro fermentations with rumen microorganisms. Exposure of the straw to dosages of 1 × 107 rads caused a slight increase in dry matter digestion whereas exposures of 1 × 108 rads or more caused a marked increase. The solubility of straw was also increased with dosages of 1 × 108 rads or more. However, increases in the volatile acid production from the fermentations were found only up to dosages of 2.5 × 108 rads, suggesting that above this level of radiation the carbohydrates are disintegrated to such a degree that they are no longer suitable substrates for rumen microorganisms. These findings confirm the presence of nutrients entrapped in wheat straw which can be made available to the rumen microorganisms, but the levels of gamma irradiation necessary for their release are well above what is practical for commercial operations.
GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS FROM BIRTH TO 240 DAYS OF AGE AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH FEED EFFICIENCYIN DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Bernard C. , Dufour L. , Lemay J. P.
Published: March 2010

Weights at birth, 180 days, and 240 days of age as well as the gains and live weights from birth to 180 days and from 180 to 240 days on Jersey, Ayrshire and Holstein heifer calves were utilized in an attempt to predict pounds of TDN required per pound of gain during the interval 180 to 240 days. The variable most highly associated with feed efficiency was the gain from 180 to 240 days, and the simple regression indicated that 60 to 75 per cent of the variation in feed efficiency could thus be accounted for. The regression coefficient was of the order of −0.05 for the Jersey and the Holstein, and −0.06 for the Ayrshire. The other variables considered did not increase the accuracy of the simple regression equation in the prediction of feed efficiency.
THE RELATION OF COVARIANCE ANALYSIS TO EXPERIMENTAL PRECISION AND CONCLUSIONS IN CHICK FEEDING TRIALS
Authors: Ashton G. C. , Slinger S. J. , Summers J. D.
Published: March 2010

A covariance analysis was performed on the data for live weight changes and feed intakes of chicks started on test at 1 day of age and kept on test for 4 weeks in each of eight experiments.Variation in feed intake accounted for 38 to 72 per cent of the total variability in weight gains as measured by the experimental errors of the eight trials. The relative precision of the experiments after covariance analysis ranged from 139 to 322 per cent.Some conclusions regarding ration effects on weight gains were changed considerably after covariance adjustment of the mean gains to equal teed intakes.
RIB AND VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SWINE.: I. VARIATION OBSERVED IN A LARGE POPULATION
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Newman J. A.
Published: March 2010

In a population of 10,683 pigs of two breeds and their crosses the number of rib pairs ranged from 13.5 to 17.0 and the number of pre-sacral vertebrae (excluding cervical) from 20 to 23. The breeds and crosses studied overlapped completely in range of variability but differed in relative frequency of the various rib and vertical classes. The average regression or rib number on vertebral number ranged from.62 for Lacombe females to.77 for Yorkshire females. Bilateral asymmety in rib number was observed in 6.5 per cent of all pigs and 41 per cent of the 1,147 litters, examined contained asymmetrical pigs. Within-litter variation in rib and vertebral number (thoracic and lumbar) was frequent with a maximum observed range of 2.5 ribs and 3 vertebrae. Complete uniformity of littermates in rib number, in vertebral number, and in both traits was observed in 23, 31 and 13 per cent respectively of all litters. Males and females were essentially identical in average rib and vertebral number and in frequency of asymmetry. Variation in these skeletal traits was not associated with viability.
RIB AND VERTEBRAL NUMBERS IN SWINE: II. GENETIC ASPECTS
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Newman J. A.
Published: March 2010

Genetic parameters for rib and vertebral number in swine were estimated from data for 4,219 pigs produced by 78 sires and 359 dams of the Lacombe breed. Regressions of offspring on mid-parent were.599 ±.017 for vertebral number and.734 ±.020 for rib number and the corresponding full sib correlations estimated from the analysis of variance were.591 ±.071 and.591 ±.060. The genetic correlation between these two skeletal traits was estimated as.813 ±.022 by the regression of offspring on mid-parent and.792 ±.016 by the analysis of components of covariance.Continuous genetic variation for both traits was demonstrated. The modal phenotype (i.e., 16 pairs of ribs and 22 vertebrae) produced progeny more uniform for both traits than did parents of non-modal phenotypes. Bilateral asymmetry (within-pig variance) was also least among progeny of "modal" parents.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATIOS OF GRASS SILAGE TO CONCENTRATE ON MILK YIELD, MILK COMPOSITION AND BODY WEIGHT
Authors: Logan V. S. , Miles Vern
Published: March 2010

Four rations were fed in two experiments to 28 Holstein and Ayrshire cows past peak production, using change-over and continuous feeding designs.The control ration consisted of silage fed at 3 pounds, and hay in excess of 1 pound per 100 pounds body weight with grain concentrate (14 per cent protein) fed at 1 pound for each 4 pounds milk yield daily. The other three rations contained grass silage to provide one-third, one-half or two-thirds of daily energy requirement, and a grain concentrate (10 per cent protein) to meet the remaining energy required by each cow. Feed energy was evaluated in terms of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and as estimated net energy (ENE).Influence of rations on milk yield or body weight was not significant (P = 0.05). With the change-over design, body weight and yields of FCM appeared to increase as more concentrate was fed and, in the continuous feeding design, milk yield of higher producing cows appeared to be depressed when larger amounts of roughage were fed. The relationship of energy intake to milk yield did not differ significantly whether evaluated as TDN or ENE. Percentages of protein, fat and solids-not-fat as indicators of milk composition were not significantly affected by the types of rations used in these experiments.