bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNESCO and the Book in the Developing World
Authors: Brouillette Sarah
Published: August 2014

This article establishes the importance of UNESCO’s role within the global history of the book. Its focus is the research on the book in the developing world that UNESCO sponsored in the 1960s and 1970s, and how that research supported claims that government should intervene in book and media industries in order to shift the disastrous imbalance in the global media system. It shows how these claims were undermined by the interests of the developed world and sidelined by the emerging discipline of book history.
International Perspectives: Current Status and Needs of Perinatal Health-Care in India
Authors: Pejaver Ranjan Kumar
Published: August 2014

India is often referred to as a subcontinent with a wide variety of cultural, religious, and traditional populations. India has a multitude of health-care delivery systems through the public sector, private hospitals, and herbal and traditional health-care systems. Though India is growing significantly, especially with regard to information technology and the knowledge industry, its health indices can still be improved considerably. India is unlikely to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. There are many government sponsored health programs currently operating to improve the perinatal health of the people. Coordinating all these activities, developing a sustainable private–public partnership, and developing affordable health insurance schemes that are available and affordable to all cross sections of the society seem to be the way forward.
Effects of dam operation on downstream river morphology: the case of the middle Zambezi River
Authors: Khan Omar , Mwelwa-Mutekenya Elenestina , Crosato Alessandra , Zhou Yangxiao
Published: August 2014

The sand-bed middle Zambezi River flows between two large dams: the Kariba in Zambia and Zimbabwe upstream and the Cahora Bassa in Mozambique downstream. Since the construction of Kariba for hydropower production in 1959, the river discharge has been regulated according to two different strategies. This makes the middle Zambezi a unique case for studying the effects of different dam operations on the long-term morphological trends of the river. To analyse these effects, this work focused on the interaction between the river morphological changes and the groundwater flow. The comprehensive approach, combining numerical modelling, analysis of field and historical data, as well as theoretical considerations, led to the conclusion that the morphological response of the middle Zambezi to damming has been mainly affected by the sudden closure of the dam flood-gates, originating seepage forces causing bank instability and river widening as a result. The local climatic oscillation, comprising dry and wet periods having a duration of tens of years, was found to have played a major role in the flow regulation, which resulted in a constant discharge in the period between 1982 and 2000.
Effects of Seasonal Nitrogen on Binary Mixtures of Tall Fescue and Bermudagrass
Authors: Read John J. , Lang David J. , Adeli Ardeshir
Published: August 2014

Using poultry litter responsibly in cool‐season/bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] production systems may require supplemental N fertilization. This study determined if productivity in binary mixtures of tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort] and bermudagrass could be improved through applying litter and fertilizer N to coincide with seasonal growth activities. The effects of N timing on dry matter (DM) yield, forage N and P contents, and fescue percent stand were investigated in binary mixtures that comprised two tall fescue cultivars, Flecha MaxQ (summer‐dormant) and Jesup MaxQ (summer‐active) drill‐seeded in 2007 into swards of Russell and Tifton 44 bermudagrass. Three seasonal N treatments were each comprised of 8.6 Mg litter ha−1 (as‐is moisture basis) split into two applications per season with additional 168 kg N ha−1 split into three applications. Based on two spring harvests (April and May), forage DM yield was greater (P < 0.01) for October/January treatment that applied N before April than January/March treatment that applied N in January–July (7.0 vs. 3.0 Mg ha−1, 2 yr averages). Tall fescue stand count in May was greatest in October/January treatment and was greater in Jesup–Tifton 44 than Flecha–Tifton 44 in 2010 (79 vs. 59%). Based on five annual harvests, October/January treatment had the greatest cumulative N uptake of 189 and 182 kg ha−1 in 2009 and 2010, respectively, and uptake was generally least in Flecha–bermudagrass associations. Results suggest N application timing to favor tall fescue increased the utilization of applied N and P.
Cuencas transfronterizas y gestión del agua: Estados y actores sociales, entre conflictos y cooperación. Guest Editors: Edith Kauffer and Lucile Medina
Authors: Kauffer Edith
Published: August 2014

This article explores the apparent paradox of the simultaneity of conflicts and cooperation in transboundary rivers basins in Central America and Southern Mexico. It documents diverse relationships among a plurality of local and national actors as well as reciprocal influences within decision-making processes in the context of events that have taken place in the Lempa and Usumacinta watersheds since 2010. A key point of this reflection is the passage from separate views of conflict and cooperation to the redefinition of a non-linear continuum based on different experiences in the field.

Spanish
Este artículo explora la aparente paradoja entre la simultaneidad de los conflictos y la cooperación en las cuencas transfronterizas de América Central y del sur de México, para acciones posteriores al año 2010 a partir de los casos de los Ríos Lempa y Usumacinta. El texto documenta las diversas relaciones existentes entre una pluralidad de actores locales y nacionales, así como la presencia de influencias recíprocas dentro de los procesos de toma de decisiones. Uno de los elementos más importantes que permite esta reflexión es el tránsito de una visión separada sobre los conflictos y la cooperación a la redefinición de un continuum no linear fundamentado en las diversas experiencias de campo.

French
Cet article propose d'explorer l'apparent paradoxe de la simultanéité des conflits et de la coopération dans les bassins d'Amérique Centrale et du sud du Mexique. Le texte documente les diverses relations entre une pluralité d'acteurs locaux et nationaux, ainsi que les influences réciproques existant dans les processus de prise de décision. La période considère des actions postérieures à 2010, à partir des cas des fleuves Lempa et Usumacinta. Un des éléments clés de cette réflexion est l'évolution d'une analyse qui a débuté dans une vision séparée des conflits et de la coopération à la redéfinition d'un continuum non linéaire basée sur diverses expériences de terrain.
Gestion des bassins hydrographiques transfrontaliers et institutionnalisation
Authors: Medina Lucile
Published: August 2014

The Grupo Gestor Binacional de la Cuenca del Río Goascorán (GGBCG) was created in 2007 as an original initiative managing a shared basin in the Eastern part of El Salvador-Honduras boundary. In less than twenty years, the issue of confrontation in this border area has led to a logical approach to reconciliation and cooperation through shared management of the Río Goascorán basin. This article analyzes the ways in which the actors involved understand this cooperation. The initiative that is studied is part of a regional context that is of interest for the management of transboundary river basins. Several elements relevant to the analyzed case are addressed, including the difficulty of cross-border action and shared management, the turnover of the actors involved, and the forms of institutionalization on which the management of transboundary watersheds can be based.

Spanish
Este artículo se interesa en la conformación del Grupo de Gestión Binacional de la Cuenca del Río Goascorán (GGBCG) en el año 2007, como una iniciativa original de gestión de una cuenca compartida en la parte oriental de la frontera Honduras-El Salvador. El artículo muestra cómo en menos de veinte años, la problemática de enfrentamiento en este sector fronterizo dio lugar a una lógica de acercamiento y de cooperación por medio de la gestión compartida de la cuenca del Río Goascorán. También se analizan las formas en que los actores involucrados conciben la cooperación alrededor de la cuenca. El presente artículo resalta varios elementos de reflexión a través del caso analizado: la dificultad de la acción transfronteriza y de la gestión compartida; la renovación de los actores involucrados; así como las formas de institucionalización sobre las cuales puede basarse la gestión de cuencas transfronterizas que invitan a interrogarse sobre la conformación del GGBCG.

French
Cet article s'intéresse à la constitution depuis 2007 d'un Grupo Gestor Binacional de la Cuenca del Río Goascorán (GGBCG) comme initiative originale de gestion d'un bassin partagé sur la partie orientale de la frontière Honduras-El Salvador. L'article montre comment, en moins de vingt ans, la problématique d'affrontement sur ce secteur frontalier longtemps en litige a laissé la place à une logique de rapprochement et de coopération par le biais de la gestion partagée du bassin du Río Goascorán. Il analyse également les formes sous lesquelles les acteurs impliqués conçoivent la coopération autour du bassin. L'initiative étudiée s'inscrit dans un contexte régional d'intérêt pour la gestion des bassins hydrographiques transfrontaliers. Cet article met en lumière plusieurs éléments de réflexion à travers le cas analysé : la difficulté de l'action transfrontalière et de la gestion partagée ; le renouvellement des acteurs mobilisés ; les formes d'institutionnalisation sur lesquelles peut reposer la gestion de bassins transfrontaliers, que la création du GGBCG invite à interroger.
El agua entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq
Authors: Conde Gilberto
Published: August 2014

This article revisits conflicts and the evolution of relationships between Turkey, Syria and Iraq, integrating the role of the Kurds in conflict over water resources, and addresses the causal role water played in the establishment of hydro-hegemonies amongst these riparian countries. The argument developed in this article is that water by itself, even though it is an ingredient of conflict and war, is not the only objective of water rivalries (or processes of cooperation) between co-riparian countries. More often, hydro-hegemonic relations form around this vital resource. Water is not the only cause of hydro-conflicts and even though it is part of basin conflicts, it contributes to a complex system of power relations between States and other actors involved in affairs that affect it.

Spanish
Tomando como referencia el conflicto entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq e integrando el papel de los kurdos en los conflictos por el agua, el objetivo principal de este artículo es determinar ¿qué indica la evolución de las relaciones entre Turquía, Siria e Iraq y los kurdos en cuanto al papel del agua como causal de conflicto en el establecimiento de hidrohegemonías entre países ribereños? Principalmente se encuentra que el agua per se, pese a ser ingrediente de conflictos y guerras, no es siempre el único objetivo de la rivalidad entre estados corribereños en torno del agua (como no lo es tampoco en los procesos de cooperación). Lo que sí ocurre con mayor frecuencia es el establecimiento de relaciones hegemónicas en torno del líquido vital. Es decir, el agua no es la única causa de los conflictos hídricos y, aunque es parte de los conflictos en las cuencas, entra a formar parte de un sistema complejo de relaciones de poder entre los Estados y otros actores involucrados en los asuntos que las afectan.

French
Cet article fait le point sur le conflit entre la Turquie, la Syrie et l'Irak, en intégrant le rôle des Kurdes dans les conflits pour l'eau, et tente de répondre à la question : qu'indique l'évolution des relations entre la Turquie, la Syrie et l'Irak relativement au rôle de l'eau comme causalité de conflit dans l'établissement d'hydrohégémonies entre pays riverains ? L'argument développé est que l'eau en soi, même si elle est ingrédient de conflits et de guerres, n'est pas toujours l'unique objet de la rivalité entre États riverains en matière d'eau (comme elle ne l'est pas non plus dans les processus de coopération). Ce qui se produit plus fréquemment est l'établissement de relations hégémoniques autour du liquide vital. L'eau n'est pas l'unique cause des conflits hydriques et, même si elle fait partie des conflits dans les bassins, elle participe d'un système complexe de relations de pouvoir entre les États et d'autres acteurs impliqués dans les sujets qui les affectent.
Novel hydrogel application in minimally invasive surgical approaches to spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: Chai Casey M. , Banu Matei A. , Cobb William , Mehta Neel , Heier Linda , Boockvar John A.
Published: August 2014

The authors report 2 cases of orthostatic headaches associated with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) secondary to CSF leaks that were successfully treated with an alternative dural repair technique in which a tubular retractor system and a hydrogel dural sealant were used. The 2 patients, a 63-year-old man and a 45-year-old woman, presented with orthostatic headache associated with SIH secondary to suspected lumbar and lower cervical CSF leaks, respectively, as indicated by bony defects or epidural fluid collection. Epidural blood patch repair failed in both cases, but both were successfully treated with the minimally invasive application of a hydrogel dural sealant as a novel adjunct to traditional dural repair techniques. Both patients tolerated the procedure well. Moreover, SIH symptoms and MRI signs were completely resolved at 1-month follow-up in both patients.

The minimally invasive dural repair procedure with hydrogel dural sealant described here offers a viable alternative in patients in whom epidural blood patches have failed, with obscure recalcitrant CSF leaks at the cervical as well as lumbar spinal level. The authors demonstrate that the adjuvant use of sealant is a safe and efficient repair method regardless of dural defect location.
Globale Prozesse verlangen nach regionalen Lösungen (Essay)
Authors: Steffen Konrad , Rigling Andreas
Published: August 2014

Global processes ask for regional solutions (essay)

In this essay we discuss the impact of important global processes on the Swiss forests, such as 1) climate change, 2) the nuclear reactor disaster of Fukushima with the consequence of a pull-out from nuclear energy, 3) the globalization of the international commodity trading and the resulting increase of introduced pests, 4) the deforestation of the tropical rainforests and 5) the increasing demand on further forest services in addition to wood production. Even if the Swiss forests are increasingly impacted and steered by global processes one should be aware that solutions and management concepts need to be effective on a local scale. Hence, an important task of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL is to engage in international networks, to observe international trends in the state of the environment and research, to bring in the Swiss particularities and to contribute to the development of regional problem solving.
Revision of an Undergraduate Older Adult Health Care Nursing Education Course
Authors: Tenhunen Monica L. , Fitzgerald Anita
Published: August 2014

As the number of older adults continues to increase worldwide, nursing education needs to focus on this population. A revision of an undergraduate nursing course focusing on the care of older adults was completed. Content for the revised course was based on the recommendations of major nursing education organizations. Seventeen topic areas were identified, and objectives for each topic were written. Based on the objectives, classroom and clinical assignments were developed. Assignments were varied to address multiple learning styles using evolving standards of education for nursing students. The revision was piloted with one group of approximately 45 second-semester nursing students. Survey results from the students showed an increase in their comfort level with older adults. Further studies could evaluate the activities after they have been implemented longer to make further adjustments as needed to ensure the best learning for students. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2014;53(9, Suppl.):S110–S113.]
Cartografiando la vida espiritual: un enfoque espacial de la espiritualidad bajomedieval
Authors: Corbellini Sabrina
Published: August 2014

Esta contribución tiene como objetivo investigar el uso de los conceptos de lugar, espacio y (restricción de) movimiento en la educación espiritual de las mujeres religiosas que vivían en comunidades de la Tercera Orden en la diócesis de Utrecht (Países Bajos). A través del estudio de las fuentes institucionales, en particular los estatutos de la Orden Tercera, y los textos literarios escritos y utilizados en los conventos de la Tercera Orden (la Informieringheboeck de Jan de Wael y el Jhesus Collacien), el artículo discutirá las supuestas oposiciones binarias “dentro/ fuera” y “seguridad de los conventos/ peligros del mundo” que impregnan el texto de los estatutos y forman la columna vertebral de la enseñanza espiritual de las mujeres enclaustradas.
Leonor de Sicilia y Santa Clara de Teruel: la fundación reginal de un convento de clarisas y su primer desarrollo
Authors: Roebert Sebastian
Published: August 2014

La historia del monasterio de las clarisas de Teruel, conocido tanto por el nombre de Santa Catalina como por el de Santa Clara de Teruel, nos resulta hasta el día de hoy prácticamente desconocida. Seguramente, este hecho se debe en buena medida a la destrucción completa del archivo conventual durante la Guerra Civil. El presente estudio pretende reconstruir el proceso fundacional y analizar el primer desarrollo del monasterio, desde su creación en el año 1367 hasta el primer cuarto del siglo XV, a través de la documentación que se conserva en otros archivos y que permanece, en su mayor parte, inédita y sin estudiar. Además, se investigará el papel preponderante que desempeñó la fundadora y principal promotora del convento, Leonor de Sicilia (1349-1375), reina de la Corona de Aragón.
El convento de Jericó en Bruselas y su red literaria
Authors: Stoop Patricia
Published: August 2014

El convento de las agustinas Jericó en Bruselas fue uno de los centros más importantes de la cultura textual, literaria, y espiritual en los Países Bajos durante la Baja Edad Media. Además de la amplia colección de manuscritos que las canonesas escribieron para sí mismas, produjeron varios libros para personas e instituciones externas al convento. Las religiosas no solo eran receptoras importantes, sino también signifi cativas productoras de textos. El artículo se concentra en la cuestión de la proveniencia de los textos y libros que servían para crear su biblioteca. Se prestará asimismo atención a los destinatarios externos a los que se dirigieron las copistas de Jericó con el fin de arrojar luz sobre la hasta ahora poco estudiada dinámica de intercambio de textos y libros entre conventos (de mujeres) y el exterior y las redes literarias en el marco de las cuales esas instituciones religiosas funcionaron.
El linaje de Cristo a la luz del “giro genealógico” del siglo XV. La respuesta de Juana de la Cruz (1481-1534)
Authors: Muñoz Fernández Ángela
Published: August 2014

Este trabajo se articula en torno al sermón de Santa Ana de El Conhorte de Juana de la Cruz. Su temática incide en imágenes de vida y generación y defiende el peso de las genealogías maternas. A partir de esta evidencia, se plantea su estudio como exponente del desarrollo en el mundo de los conventos femeninos de corrientes de opinión relacionadas con la Querella de las Mujeres que interactuaron con los principales focos del debate social y cultural de su época, debates que guardaron relación con el llamado “giro genealógico” que experimentaron las sociedades ibéricas en el siglo XV.
Vitoria-Gasteiz: la transformación de una capital autonómica (1980-2010)
Authors: Juaristi Linacero Joseba
Published: August 2014

Vitoria-Gasteiz ha sido la ciudad vasca que ha experimentado un mayor crecimiento urbano durante el período autonómico analizado (años 1980 a 2010). Este crecimiento no ha sido meramente un incremento cuantitativo, demográfico o físico, sino que ha conllevado una transformación de la imagen de la ciudad, de la estructura del empleo y de las funciones urbanas.
Entre los factores de esta transformación destacan la designación de la ciudad como sede de las instituciones autonómicas por parte del Parlamento Vasco, pero también ha influido de forma decisiva el papel de políticas autonómicas concretas, tanto de localización de establecimientos de instituciones comunes (Academia de la Policía Autónoma, Universidad), como políticas económicas de innovación y promoción industrial.
El resultado de ambos efectos ha sido un cambio radical respecto al modelo de ciudad anterior.

[fr] Vitoria-Gasteiz a été la ville basque qui a connu la plus forte croissance urbaine au cours de la période analysée régional (années 1980-2010). Cette croissance n’a pas été simplement une augmentation quantitative, démographique ou physique, mais a conduit à une transformation de l’image de la ville, la structure de l’emploi et des fonctions urbaines.
Parmi les facteurs de cette transformation inclure la désignation de la ville comme siège des institutions autonomes par le Parlement basque, mais aussi une influence décisive sur le rôle des politiques régionales spécifiques, les deux établissements localisation des institutions communes (Académie Autonome de police, Université), l’innovation et les politiques économiques de promotion industrielle. Le résultat de ces deux effets a été un changement radical par rapport au modèle de la ville précédente.
El ascenso de los judeoconversos al amparo de la alta nobleza en Castilla después de 1492: el caso de Almazán
Authors: Diago Hernando Máximo
Published: August 2014

Contribución al análisis del proceso de integración social de los judíos convertidos al cristianismo en la Corona de Castilla después de 1492, a partir del estudio de un caso local concreto, el de la villa de Almazán, señorío de los condes de Monteagudo. Se centra el análisis en unas pocas familias que destacaron por su elevada posición económica, derivada de su intensa dedicación al comercio y las finanzas, y por la estrecha relación de servicio que mantuvieron con los condes, señores de la villa.
Breast Cancer Diagnosis System Based on Wavelet Analysis and Neural Networks
Authors: Taifi K. , Safi S. , Fakir M. , Elbalaoui A.
Published: August 2014

The high incidence of breast cancer has increased significantly in the recent years. The most familiar breast tumors types are mass and microcalcifications (Mcs). Mammogram is considered the most reliable method in early detection of breast cancer. Computer-aided diagnosis system can be very helpful for radiologist in detection and diagnosing abnormalities earlier and faster than traditional screening programs. Several techniques can be used to accomplish this task. In this work, the authors present a preprocessing method, based on homomorphic filtering and wavelet, to extract the abnormal Mcs in mammographic images. The authors use four different methods of feature extraction for classification of normal and abnormal patterns in mammogram. Four different feature extraction methods are used here are Wavelet, Gist, Gabor and Tamura. A classification system based on neural network and nearest neighbor classification is used.
Cloud-Based Identity and Identity Meta-Data
Authors: Spyra Grzegorz , Buchanan William J , Cruickshank Peter , Ekonomou Elias
Published: August 2014

This paper proposes a new identity, and its underlying meta-data, model. The approach enables secure spanning of identity meta-data across many boundaries such as health-care, financial and educational institutions, including all others that store and process sensitive personal data. It introduces the new concepts of Compound Personal Record (CPR) and Compound Identifiable Data (CID) ontology, which aim to move toward own your own data model. The CID model ensures authenticity of identity meta-data; high availability via unified Cloud-hosted XML data structure; and privacy through encryption, obfuscation and anonymity applied to Ontology-based XML distributed content. Additionally CID via XML ontologies is enabled for identity federation. The paper also suggests that access over sensitive data should be strictly governed through an access control model with granular policy enforcement on the service side. This includes the involvement of relevant access control model entities, which are enabled to authorize an ad-hoc break-glass data access, which should give high accountability for data access attempts.
Estado peruano, liberalismo y tierras indígenas en la precordillera de Arica (1854-1880)
Authors: Ruz Rodrigo
Published: August 2014

El proyecto político liberal impulsado por el Estado peruano a partir de su independencia, pasó por vaivenes que retrasaron su implementación hacia la segunda mitad del sigloXIX, momento en el cual las políticas liberales se desplegaron en diversas aristas. De ellas se estudian las medidas conducentes al establecimiento de la propiedad privada en el ex sur peruano (actual norte grande chileno). Estas afectaron antiguos pactos, protocolos, concepciones territoriales y prácticas jurídicas acuñadas en momentos previos por parte de la población indígena regional. Esta investigación analiza dicho marco, tomando como estudio de caso el proceso de presión, reacción y litigio por tierras indígenas en la precordillera de Arica.
The impact of alcohol on HIV prevention and treatment for South Africans in primary healthcare
Authors: Schneider Michelle , Chersich Matthew , Temmerman Marleen , Degomme Olivier , Parry Charles D.
Published: August 2014

Background: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has substantially reduced morbidity and mortality for HIV patients. In South Africa, with the largest ART programme globally, attention is needed not only on the further expansion of ART coverage, but also on factors which undermine its effectiveness, such as alcohol use.Objective: Given the decentralised approach of nurse-initiated and -sustained ART in the South African primary health sector, it is important to document key aspects of alcohol use to be conveyed to HIV-positive individuals and those at risk for HIV.Method: This study comprised a narrative review of relevant literature.Results: Alcohol acts through both behavioural and physiological pathways to impact on the acquisition, further transmission and then progression of HIV disease. Besides links to risky sex, alcohol undermines the immune system, raising susceptibility to contracting and then countering HIV and other infections. There are important drug interactions between alcohol and ART, or therapies for opportunistic infections and other co-morbidities. Moreover, alcohol undermines adherence to the medication which is essential for effective ART.Conclusion: Primary healthcare clinic attendees need evidence-based information on the detrimental effects of alcohol consumption on HIV infection, which ensue throughout the clinical course of HIV. This spans the role of alcohol consumption as a risk factor for HIV infection, HIV replication in infected individuals, a person’s response to HIV infection and HIV treatment. Primary healthcare workers, especially nurses and HIV counsellors, require training in order to screen for and provide appropriate interventions for HIV-positive patients, those on treatment and treatment-naïve patients, who will benefit from reduced alcohol consumption or the cessation thereof.
Community participation in malaria control strategy of intersect oral collaboration in Ghana: Myth or reality?
Authors: Owusu Nicodemus O.
Published: August 2014

Background: For many years, malaria has been one of the main health concerns of the government of Ghana. The government has recently implemented a control strategy which will ensure the inclusion of the community members who were previously excluded from the process. Until now, however, scientific study on this strategy has been scanty.Objectives: The objectives were to investigate the level at which communities have been allowed to participate and to understand whether the idea of community participation in malaria control strategy is a myth or a reality.Methods: Data were collected in the rural district of Ahafo-Ano South in the Ashanti region of Ghana. An exploratory qualitative approach was employed in order to ascertain the opinions of the local health officials and community members. The level of participation was measured using the framework of Arnstein’s ‘ladder’ of participation, as developed in 1969.Results: Evidence showed that the level of community participation was only tokenistic. Communities were only informed and/or consulted after decisions had been made, but the real engagement and negotiations were absent. Communities thus had limited opportunities to air their views in the planning process.Conclusion: This article has revealed that the government’s vision of ensuring community participation in the malaria control policy-making process can be said to be a myth rather than a reality.
A stand-alone tree demography and landscape structure module for Earth system models: integration with inventory data from temperate and boreal forests
Authors: Haverd V. , Smith B. , Nieradzik L. P. , Briggs P. R.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Poorly constrained rates of biomass turnover are a key limitation of Earth system models (ESMs). In light of this, we recently proposed a new approach encoded in a model called Populations-Order-Physiology (POP), for the simulation of woody ecosystem stand dynamics, demography and disturbance-mediated heterogeneity. POP is suitable for continental to global applications and designed for coupling to the terrestrial ecosystem component of any ESM. POP bridges the gap between first-generation dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) with simple large-area parameterisations of woody biomass (typically used in current ESMs) and complex second-generation DVMs that explicitly simulate demographic processes and landscape heterogeneity of forests. The key simplification in the POP approach, compared with second-generation DVMs, is to compute physiological processes such as assimilation at grid-scale (with CABLE (Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange) or a similar land surface model), but to partition the grid-scale biomass increment among age classes defined at sub-grid-scale, each subject to its own dynamics. POP was successfully demonstrated along a savanna transect in northern Australia, replicating the effects of strong rainfall and fire disturbance gradients on observed stand productivity and structure. Here, we extend the application of POP to wide-ranging temporal and boreal forests, employing paired observations of stem biomass and density from forest inventory data to calibrate model parameters governing stand demography and biomass evolution. The calibrated POP model is then coupled to the CABLE land surface model, and the combined model (CABLE-POP) is evaluated against leaf–stem allometry observations from forest stands ranging in age from 3 to 200 year. Results indicate that simulated biomass pools conform well with observed allometry. We conclude that POP represents an ecologically plausible and efficient alternative to large-area parameterisations of woody biomass turnover, typically used in current ESMs.
Strong sensitivity of Southern Ocean carbon uptake and nutrient cycling to wind stirring
Authors: Rodgers K. B. , Aumont O. , Mikaloff Fletcher S. E. , Plancherel Y. , Bopp L. , de Boyer Montégut C. , Iudicone D. , Keeling R. F. , Madec G. , Wanninkhof R.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Here we test the hypothesis that winds have an important role in determining the rate of exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean through wind stirring over the Southern Ocean. This is tested with a sensitivity study using an ad hoc parameterization of wind stirring in an ocean carbon cycle model, where the objective is to identify the way in which perturbations to the vertical density structure of the planetary boundary in the ocean impacts the carbon cycle and ocean biogeochemistry. Wind stirring leads to reduced uptake of CO2 by the Southern Ocean over the period 2000–2006, with a relative reduction with wind stirring on the order of 0.9 Pg C yr−1 over the region south of 45° S. This impacts not only the mean carbon uptake, but also the phasing of the seasonal cycle of carbon and other ocean biogeochemical tracers. Enhanced wind stirring delays the seasonal onset of stratification, and this has large impacts on both entrainment and the biological pump. It is also found that there is a strong reduction on the order of 25–30% in the concentrations of NO3 exported in Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) to wind stirring. This finds expression not only locally over the Southern Ocean, but also over larger scales through the impact on advected nutrients. In summary, the large sensitivity identified with the ad hoc wind stirring parameterization offers support for the importance of wind stirring for global ocean biogeochemistry through its impact over the Southern Ocean.
Mismatch repair deficiency endows tumors with a unique mutation signature and sensitivity to DNA double-strand breaks
Authors: Zhao Hui , Thienpont Bernard , Yesilyurt Betül Tuba , Moisse Matthieu , Reumers Joke , Coenegrachts Lieve , Sagaert Xavier , Schrauwen Stefanie , Smeets Dominiek , Matthijs Gert , Aerts Stein , Cools Jan , Metcalf Alex , Spurdle Amanda ,   ANECS, Amant Frederic , Lambrechts Diether
Published: August 2014

DNA replication errors that persist as mismatch mutations make up the molecular fingerprint of mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient tumors and convey them with resistance to standard therapy. Using whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing, we here confirm an MMR-deficient mutation signature that is distinct from other tumor genomes, but surprisingly similar to germ-line DNA, indicating that a substantial fraction of human genetic variation arises through mutations escaping MMR. Moreover, we identify a large set of recurrent indels that may serve to detect microsatellite instability (MSI). Indeed, using endometrial tumors with immunohistochemically proven MMR deficiency, we optimize a novel marker set capable of detecting MSI and show it to have greater specificity and selectivity than standard MSI tests. Additionally, we show that recurrent indels are enriched for the ‘DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination’ pathway. Consequently, DSB repair is reduced in MMR-deficient tumors, triggering a dose-dependent sensitivity of MMR-deficient tumor cultures to DSB inducers.
Tetra Detector Analysis of Membrane Proteins
Authors: Miercke Larry J.W. , Robbins Rebecca A. , Stroud Robert M.
Published: August 2014

Well‐characterized membrane protein detergent complexes (PDC) that are pure, homogenous, and stable, with minimized excess detergent micelles, are essential for functional assays and crystallization studies. Procedural steps to measure the mass, size, shape, homogeneity, and molecular composition of PDCs and their host detergent micelles using size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) with a Viscotek Tetra Detector Array (TDA; absorbance, refractive index, light scattering, and viscosity detectors) are presented in this unit. The value of starting with a quality PDC sample, the precision and accuracy of the results, and the use of a digital benchtop refractometer are emphasized. An alternate and simplified purification and characterization approach using SEC with dual absorbance and refractive index detectors to optimize detergent and lipid concentration while measuring the PDC homogeneity is also described. Applications relative to purification and characterization goals are illustrated as well. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 77:29.10.1‐29.10.30. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Understanding the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and the deep chlorophyll maximum in oligotrophic environments: A Bio‐Argo float investigation
Authors: Mignot Alexandre , Claustre Hervé , Uitz Julia , Poteau Antoine , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Xing Xiaogang
Published: August 2014

We deployed four Bio‐Argo profiling floats in various oligotrophic locations of the Pacific subtropical gyres and Mediterranean Sea to address the seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the euphotic layer and explore its dependence on light regime dynamics. Results show that there is a similar phytoplankton biomass seasonal pattern in the four observed oceanic regions. In the lower part of the euphotic layer, the seasonal displacement of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is light driven. During winter, the chlorophyll a concentration ([Chl a]) always increases in the upper euphotic mixed layer. This increase always results from a photoacclimation to the reduced irradiance. Depending on the location, however, the concentration can also be associated with an actual increase in biomass. The winter increase in [Chl a] results in an increase in irradiance attenuation that impacts the position of the isolume (level where the daily integrated photon flux is constant) and DCM, which becomes shallower. In summer when the [Chl a] in the upper layer decreases along with light attenuation, the DCM deepens and becomes closer to (and sometimes reaches) the nitracline, which enhances the phytoplankton biomass at the DCM. The bio‐optical mechanisms and their relationship to light regimes that are revealed by the time series appear to be generic and potentially characteristic of all of the areas where a DCM forms, which is 50% of the open ocean.
Permeability tensor of three‐dimensional fractured porous rock and a comparison to trace map predictions
Authors: Lang P. S. , Paluszny A. , Zimmerman R. W.
Published: August 2014

The reduction from three‐ to two‐dimensional analysis of the permeability of a fractured rock mass introduces errors in both the magnitude and direction of principal permeabilities. This error is numerically quantified for porous rock by comparing the equivalent permeability of three‐dimensional fracture networks with the values computed on arbitrarily extracted planar trace maps. A method to compute the full permeability tensor of three‐dimensional discrete fracture and matrix models is described. The method is based on the element‐wise averaging of pressure and flux, obtained from a finite element solution to the Laplace problem, and is validated against analytical expressions for periodic anisotropic porous media. For isotropic networks of power law size‐distributed fractures with length‐correlated aperture, two‐dimensional cut planes are shown to underestimate the magnitude of permeability by up to 3 orders of magnitude near the percolation threshold, approaching an average factor of deviation of 3 with increasing fracture density. At low‐fracture densities, percolation may occur in three dimensions but not in any of the two‐dimensional cut planes. Anisotropy of the equivalent permeability tensor varies accordingly and is more pronounced in two‐dimensional extractions. These results confirm that two‐dimensional analysis cannot be directly used as an approximation of three‐dimensional equivalent permeability. However, an alternative expression of the excluded area relates trace map fracture density to an equivalent three‐dimensional fracture density, yielding comparable minimum and maximum permeability. This formulation can be used to approximate three‐dimensional flow properties in cases where only two‐dimensional analysis is available.
Effect of gradients in biomass burning aerosol on shallow cumulus convective circulations
Authors: Lee Seoung Soo , Feingold Graham , McComiskey Allison , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Koren Ilan , Vanderlei Martins J. , Yu Hongbin
Published: August 2014

This study examines the effect of spatial gradients in biomass burning (BB) aerosol on mesoscale circulations and clouds in the Amazon through high‐resolution numerical modeling over areas of 30 km to 60 km. Inhomogeneous horizontal distribution of BB aerosol results in differential surface heat fluxes and radiative heating of the air, which generates circulation patterns that strongly influence cloud formation. The influence on air circulation and cumulus cloud formation depends on the BB aerosol loading, its vertical location, and the width of the plume. Plumes that reside at higher altitudes (~1.5 km altitude) produce monotonic responses to aerosol loading whereas the response to plumes close to the surface changes nonmonotonically with plume width and aerosol loading. Sensitivity tests highlight the importance of interactive calculations of surface latent and heat fluxes with a coupled land surface model. In the case of the plume residing at higher altitude, failure to use interactive fluxes results in a reversal of the circulation whereas for the plume residing nearer the surface, the interactive surface model weakens the circulation. The influence of the BB aerosol on heating patterns, circulations, surface fluxes, and resultant cloud amount prevails over the BB aerosol‐cloud microphysical influences.
Rotation and offset of the Gondwana convergent margin in the New Zealand region following Cretaceous jamming of Hikurangi Plateau large igneous province subduction
Authors: Davy Bryan
Published: August 2014

Jamming of the Hikurangi Plateau (large igneous province) subduction, within the Chatham Rise convergent margin of Gondwana at circa 105 Ma, led to offset and rotation of the convergent margin before subduction ceased in the New Zealand region at circa 100 Ma. The southern limit of the plateau, following leading slab break off, is highlighted by a lineament of prominent horst blocks in the southern Bounty Trough. Subduction jamming of the Gondwana margin, and accompanying compression of the onshore margin and/or extension of the offshore margin, has led to two 60 km left‐lateral SSE offsets of the Chatham Rise convergent margin at the coast and in inland Canterbury. Recognition of the onshore Chatham Rise using the gravity data also highlights the correlation of the inland Chatham Rise and central South Island seismicity. In a similar manner to the rotation of Cretaceous spreading‐ridge and transform‐fault fabric adjacent to the Osbourn Trough spreading ridge, the convergence direction at the Gondwana margin was rotated anticlockwise to N‐S between 105 and 100 Ma. Most of this rotation has been accommodated by offshore extension and margin offset. The divergence between the anticlockwise rotation of offshore crustal structure and the jammed onshore margin led to the development of the Great South Basin at 105–100 Ma. Further offshore in the Bounty Trough, extensional zones, formed between crustal blocks rotated to adjust to a changed Cretaceous direction of subduction, are evident in gravity and seismic profiles.
Deriving Functional Hepatocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Szkolnicka Dagmara , Farnworth Sarah L. , Lucendo‐Villarin Baltasar , Hay David C.
Published: August 2014

Despite major progress in the management of human liver disease, the only cure for a critically failing organ is liver transplantation. While a highly successful approach, the use of cadaveric organs as a routine treatment option is severely limited by organ availability. Therefore, the use of cell‐based therapies has been explored to provide support for the failing liver. In addition to developing new treatments, there is also an imperative to develop better human models ‘in a dish’. Such approaches will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of the disease process, offering new treatment or preventative strategies. With both approaches in mind, we have developed robust hepatocyte differentiation methodologies for use with pluripotent stem cells. Importantly, our procedure is highly efficient (∼90%) and delivers active, drug‐inducible, and predictive human hepatocyte populations. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 30:1G.5.1‐1G.5.12. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Cell Envelopes and Naturally Released Membrane Vesicles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Zielke Ryszard A. , Sikora Aleksandra E.
Published: August 2014

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) is a strict human pathogen and the agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. Gonococcal infections have been successfully treated with antibiotics; however, GC has repeatedly developed resistance to each new antibiotic used. Currently, third‐generation cephalosporins are recommended, and resistance to these antimicrobials is emerging worldwide. Additionally, no vaccine is available to prevent GC infections. With the dire possibility of untreatable gonorrhea, there is a critical need to identify new therapeutic targets. Cell envelope and membrane vesicle proteins are key factors in pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and general bacterial fitness. Here we describe methods for isolation and purification of GC cell envelopes and spontaneously released membrane vesicles. The isolated proteome fractions can be used in multiple downstream applications, including gel‐based and gel‐free quantitative proteomics, studies focused on subcellular localization of proteins, transmission electron microscopy, or strain characterization. Presented methods may be easily adapted to other bacterial species. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 34:4A.3.1‐4A.3.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional Surface Layers on Stainless Steels Generated by Means of EB Cladding and Nitrocarburizing
Authors: Dalke Anke , Jung Anne , Spies Heinz‐Joachim , Zenker Rolf , Lerche Joachim
Published: August 2014

The combined treatment of electron beam (EB) cladding and subsequent nitrocarburizing of duplex stainless steels aims at enhancing the wear behavior and simultaneously maintaining their outstanding corrosion resistance. By means of electron beam cladding using a Co‐based wire surface coatings are generated that exhibit enhanced surface hardnesses up to 500 HK0.01 as well as improved corrosion properties. The nitrocarburizing of these coatings results in surface layers with hardness values above 1100 HK0.01 and a thickness of about 10 μm. For treatment temperatures of up to 420 °C these layers consist of, among other phases, expanded austenite and are free of chromium precipitations. The wear coefficient is significantly reduced and the corrosion resistance is maintained. The functional effectiveness of such surface matrix compounds is based on the combination of high surface hardness and good corrosion resistance, which are maintained, even if layer defects occur within the nitrocarburized layer, due to the improved corrosion behavior of the EB coating underneath.
1,2,4‐ and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Synthesis by Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Assembly of Aryl Bromides with Amidoximes or Hydrazides
Authors: Andersen Thomas L. , Caneschi Wiliam , Ayoub Ali , Lindhardt Anders T. , Couri Mara R. C. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: August 2014

Aryl bromides were successfully transformed into their corresponding N,N′‐diacylhydrazines via a Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling with acylhydrazines. These reactions employed near‐stoichiometric amounts of carbon monoxide generated ex situ from a non‐gaseous precursor. A range of di(hetero)aryl diacylhydrazines was isolated in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, dehydration conditions were identified that could be used in a compatible one‐pot synthesis of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. The applicability of this method towards 13C‐isotope labeling was also demonstrated, with the production of symmetrical and non‐symmetrical doubly isotopically labeled 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles. Finally, experimental conditions were identified for the carbonylative coupling of aryl bromides with amidoximes and CO producing 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles after spontaneous dehydration.

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