bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lives and Deaths of Jobs: Technical Interdependence and Survival in a Job Structure
Authors: Ferguson John-Paul , Koning Rembrand , Hasan Sharique
Published: July 2018

Prior work has considered the properties of individual jobs that make themmore or less likely to survive in organizations. Yet little researchexamines how a job's position within a larger job structure affects itslife chances and thus the evolution of the larger job structure over time.In this article, we explore the impact of technical interdependence on thedynamics of job structures. We argue that jobs that are more enmeshed in ajob structure through these interdependencies are more likely to survive.We test our theory on a quarter-century of personnel and job-descriptiondata for the non-academic staff of one of America’s largest publicuniversities. Our results provide support for our key hypotheses: jobsthat are more enmeshed in clusters of technical interdependence are lesslikely to die. At the same time, being part of such a cluster means that ajob is more vulnerable if its neighbors disappear. And the "protection" oftechnical interdependence is contingent: it does not hold in the face ofstrategic change or other organizational restructurings. Weoffer implications of our analyses for research in organizationalperformance, careers, and labor markets.
A Proposal for a Defensive Patent License
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *This is a draft op-ed for Wired, for purposes of discussion at Santa Clara University's November 16, 2012 conference,“Solutions to the Software Patent Problem.”It is a very brief discussion of the argument presented in my paper with Jason Schultz, “Protecting Open Innovation: A New Approach to Patent Threats, Transaction Costs, and Tactical Disarmament,” forthcoming 26 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology __ (2012), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2040945.vailable at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2176398
Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age: 2016 - Chapters 1 and 2
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Rapid advances in digital and life sciences technology continue to spur theevolution of intellectual property law. As professors and practitioners inthis field know all too well, Congress and the courts continue to developintellectual property law and jurisprudence at a rapid pace. For thatreason, we have significantly augmented and revised "Intellectual Propertyin the New Technological Age.The 2016 Edition reflects the following principal developments:● Trade Secrets: Congress passed the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, oneof the most momentous changes in the history of trade secret protection. Thenew law opens up the federal courts to trade secret cases, provides for exparte seizures of misappropriated trade secrets in “extraordinarycircumstances,” and establishes immunity for whistleblowers.● Patents: The past several years have witnessed some of the mostsignificant developments in U.S. patent history — from the establishment ofthe new administrative review proceedings at the Patent Office to importantshifts in patent-eligibility, claim indefiniteness, and enhanced damages atthe Supreme Court and means-plus-function claim interpretation andinfringement doctrine at the Federal Circuit. We have restructured thepatent chapter to illuminate these areas. We have also significantlyexpanded coverage of design patents in response to the growing importanceof this form of protection.● Copyrights: The Supreme Court issued important decisions addressing thepublic performance right and the first sale doctrine. The past few yearsalso witnessed important developments in the Online Service Provider safeharbor, fair use, and state protection for pre-1972 sound recordings. Wehave also integrated the digital copyright materials into a unifiedtreatment of copyright law and substantially revamped the fair use sectionto reflect the broadening landscape of this important doctrine.● Trademarks: We have integrated important cases on federal registrabilityof disparaging marks, merchandising rights, likelihood of confusion on theInternet, and remedies.● Other State Protections: We have updated material on the right ofpublicity, an active and growing area. We have also reorganized the chapterand focused it on IP regimes.
Differences in STI knowledge accuracy and STI/HIV testing among a random sample of college students: A secondary survey analysis
Authors: James Tyler Glenn , Ryan Sadie Jane
Published: July 2018

Objective: This study aimed to describe STI knowledge accuracy and STI/HIV testing service use in college students. Participants: A random sample of 991 university students aged 18-24, enrolled at a major public university, participated in this study in February 2009. Methods: Students took a survey designed by researchers in college health promotion and sexual health. Survey responses were examined for differences in STI knowledge accuracy, and demographic and behavioral predispositions to getting an STI or HIV test. Results: STI knowledge and testing service use differed significantly by gender, race, sexual orientation, STI/HIV testing history, and being sexually active in the past year. Conclusions: These findings can inform health communication campaigns of specific populations to target by providing identifiable sub-groups lacking STI knowledge and not using testing services.
A experiência de observador militar da ONU no Saara Ocidental
Authors: Ferreira Sylvio de Souza , Migon Eduardo Xavier Ferreira Glaser
Published: July 2018

A questão do Saara Ocidental constitui o caso de descolonização mais recente, duradouro e não-resolvido do continente africano, em pleno século XXI. Trata-se de um território não-governado, localizado na porção noroeste da África Saariana e encontra-se sob custódia da ONU desde 1991, quando da implantação da MINURSO. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo tem como principal motivação comunicar a experiência no exercício da função de observador militar da ONU, sublinhando aspectos peculiares e práticos, bem como percepções no desempenho dessa função. É uma visão interna da realidade de uma Operação de Paz, do indivíduo e do profissional da Organização. Para tanto, o artigo utiliza abordagem qualitativa na metodologia empregada e aspectos da observação participante e do estudo de caso descritivo. É composto por uma introdução, que visa ambientar o leitor à questão, uma caracterização da área, uma revisão histórica do caso, uma seção de exposição da metodologia e a experiência de um dos autores como observador militar da ONU no Saara Ocidental propriamente dita. Por fim, são realizadas considerações finais na conclusão.
Should Property or Liability Rules Govern Information?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

This Article focuses on an unappreciated and significant aspect of thedebate over property rules in the technology law context. In particular, itargues that the classic justification for legal entitlements protected by aproperty rule - i.e., a right to injunctive relief - depends on the abilityto define and enforce property rights effectively. In the case of manytechnology markets, the inability to tailor injunctive relief so that itprotects only the underlying right rather than also enjoining noninfringingconduct provides a powerful basis for using a liability rule (i.e.,awarding the relevant damages to the plaintiff) instead of a property rule.Notably, where injunctive relief cannot be confined to protecting theunderlying right, the availability of such relief can give rise to a"holdup strategy," whereby a firm threatens or uses litigation to obtain asettlement significantly in excess of any harm it suffers. Such strategies,as the Article explains, arise in a variety of technology law contexts,including patent law, digital copyright cases, and spectrum regulation.Depending on the particulars of the context, either courts or agenciesshould superintend the relevant liability regime and, in some cases, theadministrative challenges may undermine the case for a liability rule atall. Unfortunately, legal scholars have generally focused on thesubstantive debate as to the proper scope of property rights - oftenarguing for an all or nothing solution - at the expense of evaluating theinstitutional considerations as to whether and when courts or agencies cansuperintend a liability regime in lieu of a property right.
Are the U.S. Patent Priority Rules Really Necessary?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The United States is the only country in the world that awards patents tothe first person to invent something, rather than the first to file apatent application. In order to determine who is first to invent, theUnited States has created an elaborate set of "interference" proceedingsand legal standards to define invention and decide how it may be proven.Supporters of this system claim that it is necessary to protect smallinventors, who may not have the resources to file patent applicationsquickly, and may therefore lose a patent race to large companies whoinvented after they did. Advocates of global patent harmonization havesuggested, however, that the first inventor is usually also the first tofile, and that the first-to-invent standard is unnecessary and wasteful.In this Article, we study U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO")interference proceedings and court cases in which the parties dispute whois first to invent. We find that the first person to file is usually, butby no means always, also the first to invent. In over 40% of the cases, thefirst to invent is last to file. We also find that the long-standing rulethat discriminated against foreign inventors by requiring proof ofinventive activity in the U.S. had surprisingly little effect on outcomes;that a large number of priority disputes involve near-simultaneousinvention; and that the vast majority of such disputes could be resolvedwithout reliance on much of the evidence the law permits. Finally, we studythe role of small inventors to see whether they are disproportionately thebeneficiaries of the first to invent system. While the evidence is mixed,it does not appear that small inventors particularly benefit from the firstto invent system.Part I describes the legal background for the international debate over howto determine patent priority. Part II describes our studies and discussesour results in detail. Finally, Part III draws conclusions forpolicy-makers from the data. There is some truth to the arguments of bothsides in this debate. The first to invent system does produce significantlydifferent results in individual cases than a first to file system would.But it is not clear that those different results are particularly fairer,or that they are worth the cost. We suggest some possible ways to modifythe U.S. system to take account of these facts without changing entirely toa first-to-file system.
Estimations of Flood Waste from Rural Dumpsites Located on Floodplains from Neamţ County, Romania
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Waste dumping is a serious environmental threat to major rivers from extra-Carpathian Region of Neamţ county in the proximity of villages because thelack of waste collection services. In this context, floodplains arefrequently susceptible to such bad practices, these areas being alsoexposed to stronger floods.The paper aims to calculate the potential wastetaken from these areas in order to assess a quantitative impact of thesebad practices.
The Hunt for Red Flags: Human Resource Perspectives on Internet-based Job Candidate Screening
Authors: McDonald Steve
Published: July 2018

This study uses qualitative interviews with 31 human resource professionals to examine how they weigh the usefulness as well as the discriminatory potential of evaluating job candidates based on information obtained from the Internet. Results show that most HR professionals value social media and online search data, though some question its accuracy and usefulness. The majority recognize that because online information emphasizes personal and ascribed traits, it can potentially result in hiring discrimination. They use four strategies to cope with this discriminatory potential. Two strategies downplay the importance of online information by constructing it as the responsibility of individual job candidates and its role in hiring as marginal. Two other tactics involve guarding against discrimination, but in individualized and rather passive and post-hoc ways. Findings contribute to our knowledge of the organizational and labor market dynamics that contribute to inequality in the face of exogenous technological change and field-level uncertainty.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - READING KEYNES AT THE ZERO LOWER BOUND: THE GREAT DEPRESSION, THE LIQUIDITY TRAP, AND UNCONVENTIONAL POLICY
Authors: Sutch Richard
Published: July 2018

John Maynard Keynes’s analysis of the Great Depression has strong parallels to recent theorizing about the post-2008 Great Recession. There are also remarkable similarities between the two historical episodes: the collapse of demand for new fixed investment, the role of the zero-lower-bound liquidity trap in hampering conventional monetary policy, the multi-year period of near-zero short-term rates, and the protracted period of subnormal prosperity. A major difference between then and now that monetary authorities in the recent situation actively pursued an unconventional policy with massive purchases of long-term securities. Keynes couldn’t convince authorities of his era to pursue such a plan, but it was precisely the monetary policy he advocated for a depressed economy stuck at the zero lower bound of nominal interest rates.
Biology vs. Moral Objectivity
Authors: Nikkhah Shirazi Armin
Published: July 2018

In 1986, Wilson and Ruse argued that with a better understanding of evolutionary biology, one can apply principles of biology to the study of moral philosophy, and that there are no "extrasomatic moral truths". This paper attempts a defense of moral objectivity based on three analogies between mathematics and ethics. An objection to this defense based on dissimilarities between the two fields is examined and found wanting, but a more powerful objection based on denying the independent existence of mathematics forces a direct examination of Wilson and Ruse's argument. It is found that their conclusion is too sweeping to follow from the arguments they present, but that the possibility it might be correct still exists.
Book Review: “Theater in a Crowded Fire: Ritual and Spirituality at Burning Man”
Authors: Oman-Reagan Michael P.
Published: July 2018

Book Review of "Theater in a Crowded Fire: Ritual and Spirituality at Burning Man." Lee Gilmore. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2010. xiii + 237 pp. + DVD (30 minutes). Paperback, $24.95 USD, £16.95 GBP. ISBN: 978-0-520-26088-7.Keywords:Ethnography, Spirituality, Ritual, Ritual Theory, Book Review, Burning Man FestivalPlease cite as:Oman-Reagan, Michael Paul. 2010. “Theater in a Crowded Fire: Ritual and Spirituality at Burning Man by Lee Gilmore.” Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 1 (2): 163–67.
Human capital or signaling? Differences in skills distributions and the labor market disadvantage of less-educated adults across 21 countries
Authors: Heisig Jan Paul , Gesthuizen Maurice , Solga Heike
Published: July 2018

Less-educated adults bear the highest risk of labor market marginalization in all advanced economies, but the extent of their disadvantage differs considerably across countries. Exploiting unique data on the actual skills of adults from PIAAC 2011/12, we examine two prominent explanations for this cross-country variation. Human capital theory suggests that the marginalization of less-educated individuals reflects a lack of skills. The signaling explanation emphasizes the role of educational credentials as easy-to-observe proxies for skills and productivity. It suggests that the skills distribution of educational groups can affect their labor market position beyond any individual-level effect of skills by influencing the signaling value or “skills transparency” of educational credentials. Applying a two-step regression approach to a sample of 48,033 adults in 21 countries, we find support for both explanations. Consistent with human capital theory, literacy and numeracy skills are positively related to occupational status at the individual level and partly account for cross-national differences in the labor market disadvantage of less-educated adults. Yet, cross-country variation remains considerable even after controlling for skills and further key observables. Consistent with the signaling account, country-level regressions show that the remaining variation is related to two direct measures of skills transparency: the aggregate skills differential between less- and intermediate-educated adults and the internal homogeneity of these groups. We also find that the labor market disadvantage of less-educated adults increases with the vocational orientation of secondary education, presumably reflecting individual- and aggregate-level effects of occupation-specific skills, which were not assessed in PIAAC.
Bowling with Veterans: The Impact of Military Service on Subsequent Civic Engagement
Authors: Bourg Chris
Published: July 2018

From Tocqueville to Putnam, scholars have argued that civic engagement is not only the key to a healthy democracy, but also that civic engagement begats more civic engagement. In this paper I examine the effects of military service on subsequent civic engagement. The key finding is that men who served in the US military prior to the advent of All-Volunteer Force (AVF) in 1973 are actually less civically engaged than those who never served. Military service has no significant effect on civic attitudes. These findings represent an especially powerful challenge to the notion that civic participation begets more civic participation. The fact that serving the citizenry through military duty actually decreases one’s subsequent civic involvement indicates that we cannot assume that all forms of civic activity are equally effective at inculcating their participants with civic values and habits. In fact, these findings indicate a need for a more refined conceptualization of the relationships between civic activity and future civic involvement.
A prospective analysis of labour market status and self-rated health in the United Kingdom and Russia
Authors: Platts Loretta G.
Published: July 2018

Comparing prospective data from the United Kingdom and Russia, this paper analyses whether the association of labour market status, and particularly unemployment, with subsequent health varies by the level of state protection provided to the unemployed. While the UK’s unemployment welfare regime is classified as providing minimal protection, the Russian regime is sub-protective. Employing Cox duration analysis upon data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey and the British Household Panel Survey for the period 2000–2007, this study finds that labour market status and economic circumstances independently predicted individual-level declines in self-rated health and, contrary to expectations, the associations of unemployment with health decline were similarly sized in the two countries.
The Effect of L2 Exposure Environment on Nnests’ Teaching Skills and Beliefs about EFL Learning Beyond the Class
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Susilo Susilo , Suhatmady Bibit , Sunggingwati Dyah , Farisa Hany , Ilmi Syaripa Nurul
Published: July 2018

The study aims at investigating the effect of second language (L2) exposure environment on NNESTs’ teaching skills and beliefs about EFL learning beyond the classroom. This is a survey for non-native English speaking teachers (NNESTs) of Indonesian Senior High Schools ( or in Indonesian terms ‘SMA’) from different L2 environments, namely: 1) urban-region exposure environment schools (n=40), and 2) rural-region exposure environment schools (n=40). There were two instruments used in the present study, i.e. 1) observation scaling checklist, and 2) questionnaire. The observation scaling checklist was used for assessing the respondents’ performance when they were teaching in class. Meanwhile, the questionnaire using a four-point Likert scale was used to elicit data. The researchers used a series of independent t-test to analyze the data. The result reveals that: 1) there is a significant difference between teaching skills of NNESTs from the urban region schools and those of NNESTs from rural region schools, t (78)= 19.499, p=0.000; and 2) there is a significant difference between beliefs about English as a foreign language (EFL learning beyond the classroom of the NNESTs from urban region schools and those of NNESTs from rural region schools, t (78)= - 4.925, p=0.000
How Federal Circuit Judges Vote in Patent Validity Cases
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We recently studied the outcomes of every final written patent validitydecision at both the district court and Federal Circuit levels between 1989and 1996. The study produced a variety of interesting statistics on patentvalidity questions. Using the dataset from that study, and matching it withthe panels serving on each case, we describe in this paper how individualFederal Circuit judges voted in patent validity cases during that period.The results may surprise many patent litigators. While there are someinteresting differences in voting patterns, our overall conclusion is thatthe votes of Federal Circuit judges during this period defied easydescription. Judges do not fit easily into "pro-patent" or "anti-patent"categories, or into "affirmers" and "reversers." We think this is a goodthing for the court system. Still, there are some interesting facts to befound in the data.
Regeneration of BUET Campus: Vision 2035
Authors: Nahar Nasrin
Published: July 2018

The aim of the study was to analyze the basic information and characteristics of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), review the design principles for a universal university campus, set the vision and policies to evaluate the criteria for BUET campus regeneration and finally prepare a design proposal for BUET campus.
Policies, Skills and Earnings: How Educational Inequality Affects Earnings Inequality
Authors: Checchi Daniele , van de Werfhorst Herman Gerbert
Published: July 2018

We study the impact of dispersions in education (both in student test scores and final educational attainment) on earnings inequality, in a country-cohort design. Neo-classical economic theory would predict a positive association between skill inequality (as measured in student test scores) and earnings inequality, while educational attainment inequality adds little on top of skills inequality. A sociological theory of social closure, however, argues that inequality in educational attainment is more important than skills inequality in the prediction of earnings inequality. Using educational policies as instruments, we find causal effects of skills inequality and educational attainment inequality, suggesting that a simple human capital model is insufficient to explain rising earnings inequalities. Nevertheless, skills inequality appeared a more important predictor of earnings inequality than educational attainment inequality. Some educational policy reforms (like public preschool provision or introducing standardised tests) led to reduced educational dispersions, and thereby reduced earnings inequality in adulthood.
FrankenMedicine: The Inhumanity of For-Profit Healthcare
Authors: McGettigan Timothy
Published: July 2018

While conducting field research on poverty in Winston-Salem, North Carolina the author acquired alarming insights about the horrors of profit-motivated healthcare. The author witnessed a homeless man dislocate his knee while playing softball. Rather than receiving humane medical attention the homeless man was subjected to hospital treatment that would be better described as medieval torture. The more money that the USA spends on healthcare the more inhumane US healthcare becomes. Although many people believe that money is the key to happiness, in this paper I will argue that the USA’s “profits over people” medical philosophy tends to inspire dreadful forms of inhumanity in the delivery of healthcare.
Positive Returns and Equilibrium: Simultaneous Feedback Between Public Opinion and Social Policy
Authors: Breznau Nate
Published: July 2018

This paper pushes forward political research from across disciplines seeking to understand the linkages between public opinion and social policy in democracies. It considers the thermostatic and the increasing returns perspectives as pointing toward a potentially stable set of effects running between opinion and policy. Both theoretical perspectives argue that opinion and policy are reciprocally causal, feeding back on one another. This is a general argument found in opinion-policy literatures. However, much empirical research claims to model “feedback” effects when actually using separate unidirectional models of opinion and policy. Only a small body of research addresses opinion-policy endogeneity directly. In this paper I consider an opinion-policy system with simultaneous feedback and without lags. I argue that there is a theoretical equilibrium in the relationship of opinion and policy underlying the otherwise cyclical processes that link them. Given that available cross-national data are cross-sectional and provide limited degrees of freedom, an ideal theoretical model must be somewhat constrained in order to arrive at empirically meaningful results. In this challenging and exploratory undertaking I hope to open up the possibility of a general system of effects between public opinion and social policy and how to model them in future research. I focus on social welfare policy as it is highly salient to public interests and a costly area of government budgets, making it an area of contentious policymaking. Social policy is also a major part of the thermostatic model of opinion and policy, which was recently extended to the cross-national comparative context (Wlezien & Soroka, 2012) providing a critical predecessor to this paper because identification of equilibrium between public opinion and social policy in any given society is greatly enhanced through comparison with other societies. This counterfactual approach helps to identify opinion-policy patterns that may not change much within societies, but can be seen as taking on discrete trajectories between societies.
From the Trenches: A Global Survey of Anti-TIP NGOs and their Views of US Efforts
Authors: Heiss Andrew , Kelley Judith G.
Published: July 2018

Amid the academic and policy critiques of the United States’ 15-year push to eliminate human trafficking, the perspective of the nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working with anti-trafficking advocacy and services has been largely ignored. This article presents the results of a global survey of nearly 500 anti-trafficking NGOs in working in 133 countries, and is the first NGO-focused survey of its kind. Based on the results of the survey, we provide an overview of the anti-trafficking NGO sector as a whole, detail the relationship between anti-trafficking NGOs and the US, and account for some of the variation in NGO opinions of US efforts. Notably, we find that NGOs are remarkably satisfied with US-led efforts—despite their acknowledged flaws—and that NGOs believe that American anti-TIP policies are important and, on balance, helpful. These results also provide a warning for the future of the United States’ anti-trafficking advocacy, suggesting that the US avoid politicizing its annual Trafficking in Persons Report.
The Fiscal Impacts of Urban Sprawl: Evidence from U.S. County Areas
Authors: Goodman Christopher B
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the fiscal impacts of urban development patterns in the United States. Previous studies have indicated that low-density, spatially expansive development patterns are costly to provide public services leading to higher per capita expenditures. However, theory would suggest alternate outcomes. These two possibilities are examined empirically using a panel dataset of U.S. county areas from 1982 to 2012 and a specification allowing for a potential non-linearity between development patterns and per capita expenditures. Estimates indicate that the spatial extent of urban development is the most important, suggesting that more compact development is less costly to provide public services. Increased density increases per capita expenditures suggesting "urban harshness"; however, the effects are quantitatively small.
Information flows in the context of the EU Common Fisheries Policy reform - A network perspective
Authors: Patz Ronny
Published: July 2018

The interest to uncover informal governance in political systems such as the European Union directs our view to networks of private and public actors - individuals or organisations - and their relations within or across policy fields. Independent of where they occur, the mechanisms of informal governance are expected to be largely defined by the overlapping formal and informal relational structures of these networks. This network theoretic approach yields the hypothesis that timely access to resources such as relevant information and the ability to influence key players within networks should depend on structural positions of actors; their role in the policy process should be constrained and enabled by the structural role they occupy in relation to their direct and indirect contacts. These assumptions will be tested for the case of the ongoing reform of the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The central question is whether the structure of the network of European, national and sub-national interest representatives involved in the CFP and the positions of these actors may be used to explain the flow of information during the policy process and the access of actors to these information when they are not yet available to a wider public. In this paper, methods to identify the respective actor population and to measure the relations between these actors as well as ways to uncover information flows will be discussed. First results of the empirical research on network structures in the CFP allowing some predictions on expected information flows will be presented.
Did Einstein really say that? Testing content versus context in the cultural selection of quotations
Authors: Acerbi Alberto , Tehrani Jamshid J.
Published: July 2018

We experimentally investigated the influence of context-based biases, such as prestige and popularity, on the preferences for quotations. Participants were presented with random quotes associated to famous or unknown authors (experiment one), or with random quotes presented as popular, i.e. chosen by many previous participants, or unpopular (experiment two). To exclude effects related to the content of the quotations, all participants were subsequently presented with the same quotations, again associated to famous and unknown authors (experiment three), or presented as popular or unpopular (experiment four). Overall, our results showed the context-based biases had no (in case of prestige and conformity), or limited (in case of popularity), effect in determining participants’ choices. Quotations preferred for their content were preferred in general, despite the contextual cues to which they were associated. We conclude discussing how our results fit with the well-known phenomenon of the spread and success (especially digital) of misattributed quotations, and we draw some more general implications for cultural evolution research.
Economic calculative techniques in electricity system regulations.
Authors: Karlstrøm Henrik , Silvast Antti , Throndsen William
Published: July 2018

Since the 1990s, most European countries have undergone some degree of liberalization of their electricity infrastructures. This has meant exposing parts of the energy sector, such as power generation, to competitive entry, while keeping its other parts, such as electricity grids, intact as regional monopolies operating alongside liberalised energy markets. Inspired by earlier studies on economization and valuative regimes, this paper investigates the calculative framings of such transitions, using the Norwegian case as an example. We argue that it constitutes an interesting example of economization, but in a non-traditional sense. Because vital parts of the grid sector remained publicly regulated monopolies, we find the transition included a shift in governing logic from one soundly rooted in engineering and controlled by elected politicians to one influenced chiefly by economics and controlled by complex calculative regimes in which elected officials are studiously hands-off. This economization has had significant implications for the degree of democratic control over vital societal infrastructure. Thus, we argue that processes of economization that operate outside of straightforward privatization should be further studied in order to grasp clearer their implication in modern, liberal societies.
Usage of Specialized Service Delivery: Evidence from Contiguous Counties
Authors: Goodman Christopher B
Published: July 2018

This study exploits exogenous policy discontinuities along state borders to estimate the influence of differences in local autonomy on the usage of special districts in U.S. counties. Using forty years of data, this analysis compares counties on either side of state borders where local autonomy differs and finds little to no evidence that negative changes in local autonomy leads to increased utilization of special districts. This study suggests that some prior literature may overstate the importance of local autonomy in local service delivery.
ELK: An Online, Role-Playing Game to Better Elicit Learner Knowledge
Authors: Wong Tiffany
Published: July 2018

Teachers that elicit learner knowledge at the beginning of new units are more aware of student preconceptions and reasoning. Teachers who understand student preconcep-tions are able better to anticipate misconceptions and help students assimilate new knowledge. However, many pre-service and in-service teachers neither collect student ideas nor know how to do so. For my thesis, I have designed and implemented Eliciting Learner Knowledge (ELK), an online, role-playing game for pre-service teachers. While playing ELK, users experiment and learn skills and strategies for gathering students ideas. The game has been iteratively user tested during Teaching System Lab’s Dine and Play sessions and implemented in MIT’s 11.125 Introduction to Education class.
Grave Monuments from Jiyeh (Porphyreon) and the Sepulchral Art of Sidon's Chora
Authors: Gwiazda Mariusz
Published: July 2018

Hellenistic steles and Roman cippi and sarcophagi discovered in the course of salvage excavations in Jiyeh (ancient Porphyreon) opened the way to the discussion of the artictic culture of Sidon and the northern part of its hinterland. The form and decoration of these grave monuments find no parallels outside the Sidonian cemeteries, pointing to very strong artistic ties between the metropolis and the villages in its chora. Compared to the output of other Syro-Palestinian sculptural centers, the products from Sidonian territory demonstrate exceptional originality, foremost in the choice of decorative motifs, but also concerning the stone material: local sandstone conglomerate and limestone. The steles, cippi and sarcophagi from Jiyeh enable us to date more precisely the locality's northern necropolis that functioned, in the light of the presented evidence, from the Hellenistic to the early Byzantine period. Moreover; the dating of the monuments leads to the assumption that the early phase of the cemetery coincided with the operation of nearby pottery workshops.
Smart urbanism and smart citizenship: The neoliberal logic of ‘citizen-focused’ smart cities in Europe
Authors: Cardullo Paolo , Kitchin Rob
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the neoliberal ideals that underpin participation and citizenship in the smart city and their replication mechanisms at European level. We examine self-proclaimed ‘citizen-focus’ projects funded by or aligned to the European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities (EIP-SCC) by way of analysing policy documents and interviews with key stakeholders of smart city initiatives at European level and the Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona (SCEWC 2017). We suggest that smart cities as currently conceived enact a blueprint of neoliberal urbanism and promote a form of neoliberal citizenship. Supra-national institutions like the EIP-SCC act at a multi-scalar level, connecting diverse forms of neoliberal urbanism while promoting policy agendas and projects that perform neoliberal citizenship in the spaces of the everyday. Despite attempts to recast the smart city as ‘citizen-focused’, smart urbanism remains rooted in pragmatic, instrumental and paternalistic discourses and practices rather than those of social rights, political citizenship, and the common good. In our view, if smart cities are to become truly ‘citizen-focused’ an alternative conception of smart citizenship needs to be deployed, one that enables an effective shift of power and is rooted in rights, entitlements, community, participation, commons, and ideals beyond the market.
MPEDS: Automating the Generation of Protest Event Data
Authors: Hanna Alex
Published: July 2018

Large-scale research of social movements has required more detailed, recent, and specific data about protest events. Analyses of these data allow for new insights into movement emergence, consequences, and tactical innovation and adaptation. One of the issues with this kind of analysis, however, is that the generation of event data is incredibly costly. Human coders must pore through news sources, looking for instances of protest and coding many variables by hand. Because of the high labor costs, projects are typically limited to one or two newspapers per country. This, in turn, exacerbates issues of selection and description biases.This article aims to address this issue with the development, validation, and application of a system for automating the generation of protest event data. This system, called the Machine-Learning Protest Event Data System (MPEDS), is the first of its kind coming from within the social movement community. MPEDS uses recent innovations from machine learning and natural language processing to generate protest event data with little to no human intervention. The system aims to have the effect of increasing the speed and reducing the labor costs associated with identifying and coding collective action events in news sources, thus increasing the timeliness of protest data and reducing biases due to excessive reliance on too few news sources. Work on MPEDS is ongoing, and to that end, the system will also be open, available for replication, and extendable by future social movement researchers, and social and computational scientists.
Ser parte de. Los cuadros sindicales de la Federación Socialista de Córdoba en los años treinta / Being part of. The union cadres of the Socialist Federation in Córdoba in the thirties
Authors: Izquierdas Revista
Published: July 2018

El artículo se propone contribuir al conocimiento de los vínculos identitarios entre el Partido Socialista (PS) en Córdoba y los dirigentes de extracción sindical del partido, durante los llamados años treinta. Para la reconstrucción de estas relaciones, primero se analizarán los ámbitos institucionales del gremialismo en la estructura partidaria, fundamentales para explicarnos el espacio que la problemática obrera tenía en los temas de agenda del PS de Córdoba y la consideración que tenía el partido de los trabajadores. Por último, se indagará en el grado de inserción sindical del socialismo. Se considera que las redes construidas y posiciones gravitantes que los dirigentes sindicales tenían entre los cuadros partidarios, son relevantes para explicar la fidelidad de los sindicalistas socialistas al partido y el repudio a los intentos cooptativos del gobierno militar de 1943-1946 y del peronismo.AbstractThis article intends to contribute to the knowledge of the identity links between the Socialist Party (PS) in Córdoba and the leaders of union extraction during the thirties. In order to reconstruct these relationships first it will be analyzed the institutional areas of the guild in the party structure; which are fundamental to explain the space that the union problematic had in the topics that PS of Córdoba discussed and the consideration that the workers' party received. Lastly, it will be inquired the degree of syndical insertion of socialism.It is considered that the networks built and the gravitating positions that the syndical leaders had between the union cadres are relevant to explain the fidelity of the socialist supporters to the party and the repudiation to the co-opt intents of the military government of 1943-1946 and the Peronism.
Super-diversity as a Methodological Lens: Re-centering Power and Inequality
Authors: Aptekar Sofya
Published: July 2018

Super-diversity as a methodological lens calls for a study of dynamics of new and diversified social groups that moves away from more traditional approaches focused on ethnicity. In examining the potential of super-diversity as a methodological lens, I identify a risk of downplaying the effect of “old” categories of difference that are likely to continue to shape social structures as well as space. I propose a re-centering of power and inequality in the study of super-diversity by situating its study within an urban culturalist approach, with sociological tools borrowed from ethnomethodology and symbolic interactionism. This proposal is illustrated through the analysis of two public spaces in a super-diverse New York neighborhood. I conclude by raising questions about the use of super-diversity discourse in the public and policy spheres.
Education and Poverty as Factors in White and Black Rural and Urban Prison Admission Rates
Authors: Oliver Pamela Elaine
Published: July 2018

The rise in White imprisonment in rural areas has gone almost completely unnoticed and undiscussed until very recently. Using data newly analyzed from the National Corrections Reporting Program restricted files for 2000-2013, this report documents the higher rates of prison admissions for Whites in rural areas and shows that these higher rates are tied to the higher rates of White poverty and lower White educational levels in rural areas. Further, places with less educated White people showed more growth in White imprisonment. Poverty and education explain the urban-rural difference in a statistical sense, but this does not mean that there is no rural-urban difference. Rather, the analysis points to the high concentration of White disadvantage in rural areas and smaller cities. The Black patterns are different: although rates of poverty and high school dropouts are higher in rural areas for Blacks, the correlations are weaker than for Whites and rural areas have lower Black imprisonment rates both before and after controls for education and poverty. Looking at changes in imprisonment rates between 2000-6 and 2007-11, both Black and White imprisonment rose in areas with higher high school dropout rates and lower Black percentages, but the effects of poverty and college graduation rates and percent Hispanic varied by race in multivariate models. Overall, the findings point to the importance both of disaggregating Black and White imprisonment rates and of recognizing that overall national trends obscure marked differences in the trends between places. They also point to concentrated White disadvantage in White rural areas as linked to rising White imprisonment rates. Further research is necessary to understand these trends.
Poetry as a means of revolt against the tribe: The experience of poet Suhaym as a model
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Esa Abdul Khaliq , Jabali Oqab Mahmoud , Yaseen Kamel
Published: July 2018

This study traces and identifies the psychological crisis of the veteran, old hand poet, Suhaym, the slave of Bani Al-Hashaas as exposed through his poems. This personality disorder results basically from the poet's inability to socialize and merge into his local society which denies him both his masculinity and recognition as a poet. The study also deals with the repercussions of the poet's psychosis which reduces him to sadism, narcissism, and perversion. As a result, the poet is resolved to get revenge on the tribe through tarnishing the chastity of its women and depicting sexual savagery towards them in his poems. The study results find that these poems are nothing but mere delusions and Suhaym has to pay the price eventually by being burned to death.
The Decline and Persistence of the Old Boy: Private Schools and Elite Recruitment 1897 to 2016
Authors: Reeves Aaron
Published: July 2018

We draw on 120 years of biographical data (N = 120,764) contained within Who’s Who—a unique catalogue of the British elite—to explore the changing relationship between elite schools and elite recruitment. We find that the propulsive power of Britain’s public schools has diminished significantly over time. This is driven in part by the wane of military and religious elites, and the rise of women in the labor force. However, the most dramatic declines followed key educational reforms that increased access to the credentials needed to access elite trajectories, while also standardizing and differentiating them. Notwithstanding these changes, public schools remain extraordinarily powerful channels of elite formation. Even today, the alumni of the nine Clarendon schools are 94 times more likely to reach the British elite than are those who attended any other school. Alumni of elite schools also retain a striking capacity to enter the elite even without passing through other prestigious institutions, such as Oxford, Cambridge, or private members clubs. Our analysis not only points to the dogged persistence of the “old boy,” but also underlines the theoretical importance of reviving and refining the study of elite recruitment.
Fine-tuning the IP Approaches for Fostering Open Science: Some Insights from India
Authors: Scaria Arul George , Rangarajan Rishika
Published: July 2018

Draft version. Comments and suggestions welcome.
Starting Off on the Wrong Foot: Elite Influences in Multi-Ethnic Democratization Settings
Authors: Krebs Lutz F.
Published: July 2018

Abstract:Elite manipulation theories, particularly the idea of diversionary war, have played a substantial role in the analysis of ethnic civil wars. Some, as  Gagnon (2004), argue that political elites have shaped the perceptions of their population to create the illusion of a threatening outside world. This, driven to the extreme, would then give rise to an ethnic security dilemma and potentially, civil war. Even if violence does not break out, divisive elite manipulation increases the likelihood of self-perpetuating injustices between members of ethnic groups. Snyder (2000) argues that democratizing multi-ethnic states face an extraordinarily high risk of such conflict.During and shortly after democratization processes, when political leaders are most in need of popular backing, the temptation to seek the support of a fairly well defined ethnic group rather than that of the multi-ethnic demos that existed so far may be strong. Especially if group identities have been reified through institutionalization – as is frequently the case in multi-ethnic societies – ready-made social cleavages may be available for politicians to exploit. However, Brubaker (1998) convincingly argues that political leaders rarely have both the ability and ideal environment to manipulate identities for their own personal need that the theory of diversionary war suggests.This paper provides an initial analysis of the first in a series of democratization cases in ethnically heterogeneous settings: the Burundian democratization process of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Based on news agency and local newspaper reports, this paper attempts to assess to what degree elites stimulate ethnic hostilities in their bid for political power and to what extend they react to credible already present in the population.