bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and Quantification of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity, and Bile Acid‐Binding Capacity of Garnet Stem Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Authors: Gomez Maricella K. , Singh Jashbir , Acharya Pratibha , Jayaprakasha G. K. , Patil Bhimanagouda S.
Published: May 2018

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) var. Garnet Stem was harvested from Texas and New Jersey for identification, quantification of phytochemicals, measurement of free radical scavenging activity, and bile acid binding capacity. The red midrib and petioles were extracted with methanol or ethanol and with or without water in combination with four different acids such as formic, hydrochloric, acetic, and citric acid. LC‐ESI‐HR‐QTOF‐MS was used to identify four anthocyanins including cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3‐(6‐malonyl)‐glucoside (A‐1), cyanidin‐3‐(6‐malonyl)‐glucoside (A‐2), and peonidin‐3‐(malonyl)‐glucoside for the 1st time. In New Jersey samples, vitamin C and β‐carotene were highest in the leaf blades versus whole leaf and petioles. Samples from Texas had highest amount of lutein, violaxanthin, and chlorophyll a and b in leaf blades versus whole leaf and petioles. Maximum DPPH free scavenging activity was found in MeOH: water: acid (80:19:1) and the combination of FA with EtOH: water: acid (80:19:1) demonstrated the higher level of total phenolic. Among six bile acids, sodium chenodeoxycholate was bound maximum in both Texas and New Jersey samples. This is the first report of anthocyanin identification from the midvein and petiole of Garnet Stem dandelion and results suggested that the phytochemicals and nutrients are highest in the leaf but may vary the amount depending on harvest location.

Practical Application

Four anthocyanins in the red midrib and petioles of Garnet Stem could be a potential source for antioxidants and can be used as a source of natural food color.
Progress on the Antimicrobial Activity Research of Clove Oil and Eugenol in the Food Antisepsis Field
Authors: Hu Qiao , Zhou Meifang , wei Shuyong
Published: May 2018

As potential and valuable antiseptics in the food industry, clove oil and its main effective composition eugenol show beneficial advantages on antibacterial and antifungal activity, aromaticity, and safety. Researches find that both clove oil and eugenol express significantly inhibitory effects on numerous kinds of food source microorganisms, and the mechanisms are associated with reducing the migratory and adhesion and inhibiting the synthesis of biofilm and various virulence factors of these microorganisms. Clove oil and eugenol are generally regarded as safe in vivo experiments. However, they may express certain cytotoxicity on fibroblasts and other cells in vitro. Studies on the quality and additive standard of clove oil and eugenol should be strengthened to promote the antiseptic effects of them in the food antiseptic field.
Effect of Emulsification Method and Particle Size on the Rate of in vivo Oral Bioavailability of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed Oil
Authors: Cheong Ai Mun , Tan Chin Ping , Nyam Kar Lin
Published: May 2018

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions stabilized by complexation of beta‐cyclodextrin with sodium caseinate and Tween 20 have been shown to have higher bioaccessibility of vitamin E and total phenolic content than nonemulsified kenaf seed oil in the previous in vitro gastrointestinal digestion study. However, its oral bioavailability was unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of in vivo oral bioavailability of kenaf seed oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions in comparison with nonemulsified kenaf seed oil and kenaf seed oil macroemulsions during the 180 min of gastrointestinal digestion. Kenaf seed oil macroemulsions were produced by using conventional method. Kenaf seed oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions had shown improvement in the rate of absorption. At 180 min of digestion time, the total α‐tocopherol bioavailability of kenaf seed oil nanoemulsions was increased by 1.7‐ and 1.4‐fold, compared to kenaf seed oil and macroemulsion, respectively. Kenaf seed oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions were stable in considerably wide range of pH (>5 and <3), suggesting that it can be fortified into beverages within this pH range

Practical Application

The production of kenaf seed oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions had provided a delivery system to encapsulate the kenaf seed oil, as well as enhanced the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of kenaf seed oil. Therefore, kenaf seed oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions exhibit a great potential application in nutraceutical fields.
Towards robust and repeatable sampling methods in eDNA‐based studies
Authors: Dickie Ian A. , Boyer Stephane , Buckley Hannah L. , Duncan Richard P. , Gardner Paul P. , Hogg Ian D. , Holdaway Robert J. , Lear Gavin , Makiola Andreas , Morales Sergio E. , Powell Jeff R. , Weaver Louise
Published: May 2018

DNA‐based techniques are increasingly used for measuring the biodiversity (species presence, identity, abundance and community composition) of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. While there are numerous reviews of molecular methods and bioinformatic steps, there has been little consideration of the methods used to collect samples upon which these later steps are based. This represents a critical knowledge gap, as methodologically sound field sampling is the foundation for subsequent analyses. We reviewed field sampling methods used for metabarcoding studies of both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystem biodiversity over a nearly three‐year period (n = 75). We found that 95% (n = 71) of these studies used subjective sampling methods and inappropriate field methods and/or failed to provide critical methodological information. It would be possible for researchers to replicate only 5% of the metabarcoding studies in our sample, a poorer level of reproducibility than for ecological studies in general. Our findings suggest greater attention to field sampling methods, and reporting is necessary in eDNA‐based studies of biodiversity to ensure robust outcomes and future reproducibility. Methods must be fully and accurately reported, and protocols developed that minimize subjectivity. Standardization of sampling protocols would be one way to help to improve reproducibility and have additional benefits in allowing compilation and comparison of data from across studies.
Risk factors for cardiopulmonary resuscitation‐related injuries sustained during out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests
Authors: Setälä P. , Hellevuo H. , Huhtala H. , Kämäräinen A. , Tirkkonen J. , Hoppu S.
Published: May 2018

Background

We aimed to determine the incidence of and associated risk factors for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)‐related injuries in non‐survivors of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) in an emergency medical service (EMS) system in which all CPR procedures are performed on scene and patients are not routinely transported to the hospital with ongoing CPR.

Material and methods

We conducted this prospective observational study between 1 June 2013, and 31 May 2014. Data were collected from EMS datasheets and forensic autopsy records. The exclusion criteria were OHCAs due to trauma in the thoracic or abdominal area. EMS adhered to the European Resuscitation Council Resuscitation Guidelines (2010) during the resuscitation attempts.

Results

Emergency medical service provided CPR in 280 attended OHCAs with 207 cases terminated on scene. A total of 149 patients underwent a forensic autopsy and 47% had a CPR‐related injury. The most common injuries were multiple rib fractures (43%), with 22% of patients having more than eight fractured ribs. Abdominal visceral injuries or injuries related to airway management were rare. The injuries were associated with older age, male gender, initial shockable rhythm and public location of the cardiac arrest (P < .05 respectively). In the multivariable regression analysis, older age, male gender, and public location were independent predictors for injuries. There were no differences in the durations of the CPR attempt between the injured and non‐injured groups.

Conclusion

Older age, male gender, and public location were independently associated with CPR‐related injuries. The duration of the resuscitation attempts did not affect the incident of injuries.
Implementation of an Opioid Detoxification Management Pathway Reduces Emergency Department Length of Stay
Authors: Bellew Shawna D. , Collins Sean P. , Barrett Tyler W. , Russ Stephan E. , Jones Ian D. , Slovis Corey M. , Self Wesley H.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

With the rise of opioid use in the United States, the increasing demand for treatment for opioid use disorders presents both a challenge and an opportunity to develop new care pathways for emergency department (ED) patients seeking opioid detoxification. We set out to improve the care of patients presenting to our ED seeking opioid detoxification by implementing a standardized management pathway and to measure the effects of this intervention.

Methods

We conducted a before–after study of the effects of an opioid detoxification management pathway on ED length of stay (EDLOS), use of resources (social worker consultation, laboratory tests obtained), and return visits to the same ED within 30 days of discharge. All data were collected retrospectively by review of the electronic health record.

Results

Ultimately, 107 patients presented to the ED that met criteria, 52 in the intervention period and 55 in the preintervention period. Median EDLOS in the intervention period was 152 (interquartile range [IQR] = 93–237) minutes compared to 312 (IQR = 187–468) minutes in the preintervention period (p < 0.001). Patients in the intervention period less frequently had a social work consultation (32.7% vs. 83.6%, p < 0.001) or had laboratory tests obtained (32.7% vs 74.5%, p < 0.001) and more frequently were prescribed a medication for withdrawal symptoms (57.7% vs. 29.1%, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

Implementation of an opioid detoxification management pathway reduced EDLOS, reduced utilization of resources, and increased the proportion of patients prescribed medications for symptom relief.
Outcome of extremely preterm infants after iatrogenic or spontaneous birth
Authors: Fritz Tomas , Källén Karin , Maršál Karel , Jacobsson Bo
Published: May 2018

Introduction

The risks of preterm birth are known. We investigated the perinatal and infant mortality and morbidity after iatrogenic or spontaneous onset of extremely preterm birth.

Material and methods

The present study used data from the population‐based EXPRESS study comprising all infants delivered before 27+0 gestational weeks in Sweden between 2004 and 2007. All fetuses alive at admission and with known mode of onset of delivery were included (682 live‐born infants; 65 intrapartum deaths). Four multivariate regression models were applied with adjustments for gestational age, fetal gender, multiple pregnancy, and birthweight.

Results

After adjustment for gestational age, no significant differences were found between iatrogenic and spontaneous onsets of birth regarding intrapartum death, early neonatal death (0‐6 d), or death within 364 days. In the group with iatrogenic onset of delivery, there was an increased risk for severe morbidity (odds ratio [OR] 1.86, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.15‐3.02), severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.10‐3.26), and retinopathy of prematurity (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.21‐3.27) after adjustment for gestational age, fetal gender, and multiple pregnancy. After additional adjustment for weight z‐scores at 36 gestational weeks, the associations were not significant. Within the group with spontaneous onset of delivery, fetuses with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes had increased mortality risk.

Conclusions

No evidence was found for mode of onset of delivery (iatrogenic vs spontaneous) having an impact on neonatal or infant mortality or morbidity in extremely preterm infants. Instead, gestational age and growth deviation at birth seem to be associated with the outcome.
Cutaneous pH landscape as a facilitator of melanoma initiation and progression
Authors: Koch A. , Schwab A.
Published: May 2018

Melanoma incidence is on the rise and currently causes the majority of skin cancer‐related deaths. Yet, therapies for metastatic melanoma are still insufficient so that new concepts are essential. Malignant transformation of melanocytes and melanoma progression are intimately linked to the cutaneous pH landscape and its dysregulation in tumour lesions. The pH landscape of normal skin is characterized by a large pH gradient of up to 3 pH units between surface and dermis. The Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 is one of the major contributors of acidity in superficial skin layers. It is also activated by the most frequent mutation in melanoma, BRAFV600E, thereby causing pH dysregulation during melanoma initiation. Melanoma progression is supported by an extracellular acidification and/or NHE1 activity which promote the escape of single melanoma cells from the primary tumour, migration and metastatic spreading. We propose that viewing melanoma against the background of the acid‐base physiology of the skin provides a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease and allows the development of novel therapeutic concepts.
The interplay among stress, frustration tolerance, mindfulness, and social support in Internet gaming disorder symptoms among Chinese working adults
Authors: Yu Shu , Mao Sijie , Wu Anise M.S.
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a growing mental health threat across age groups, but existing literature regarding IGD mainly focuses on student populations. Empirical investigation of the risk and protective factors in adult populations is warranted. This study aimed to fill the research gap by examining whether stress and 3 positive psychology factors (ie, frustration tolerance, mindfulness, and social support) are associated with IGD symptoms in working adults. It was also the first attempt to test the buffering effects of these positive psychology factors on the relationship between stress and IGD vulnerability.

Method

This cross‐sectional study was conducted in Shenzhen, China. We recruited 327 full‐time working Chinese adults (mean age = 31.93 years), who had online gaming experience and voluntarily completed an anonymous questionnaire with DSM‐5 criteria to measure their IGD symptoms.

Results

Internet gaming disorder symptoms were positively correlated with stress and negatively correlated with the 3 positive psychology factors, among which mindfulness emerged as the most salient protective factor. Moreover, mindfulness, but not frustration tolerance and social support, was found to significantly alleviate the relationship between stress and IGD.

Discussion

Our findings provide supportive evidence for the protective and moderating roles of positive psychology variables against IGD among Chinese working adults. Workplace‐based prevention programs may take the identified factors into account to help promote individuals' personal resources to mitigate development of IGD.
The Preservation and Interpretation of δ34S Values in Charred Archaeobotanical Remains
Authors: Nitsch E. K. , Lamb A. L. , Heaton T. H. E. , Vaiglova P. , Fraser R. , Hartman G. , Moreno‐Jiménez E. , López‐Piñeiro A. , Peña‐Abades D. , Fairbairn A. , Eriksen J. , Bogaard A.
Published: May 2018

The measurement of sulphur isotope (δ34S) values in charred plant remains has the potential to inform understanding of the spatial configuration and ecology of crop production. We investigated the effects of charring, manuring, oxidation and anaerobic soil conditions on modern cereal grain/pulse seed δ34S values, and assessed the effect of chemical pre‐treatment on charred modern and archaeobotanical grain/seed δ34S values. We used these results to interpret δ34S values in archaeobotanical material from Neolithic Çatalhöyük. Our results suggest that δ34S values can be reliably preserved in charred grain/seeds but are subject to influence by anaerobic soil conditions, the effect depending on the timing of flooding in relation to S assimilation.
Exploring perceptions of mental health clients and professionals about Buddhism‐based therapies at mental health hospitals in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Huong
Published: May 2018

With 80% of Vietnamese people holding key Buddhist beliefs, Buddhism has great impact on the thoughts, emotions, and behavior of Vietnamese people. However, almost no Buddhism‐based psychosocial interventions are offered at formal psychiatric hospitals across Vietnam, nor is there any plan to incorporate these interventions into mental health care. This exploratory study examines the perceptions of mental health clients and staff regarding the effectiveness of Buddhism‐based therapies (BBTs) in mental health treatment in Vietnam, using ethnographic observation and in‐depth interviews with 24 patients and eight professionals at the only psychiatric hospital employing BBT. Participants strongly believed in the positive impact of BBT to help clients manage or improve their symptoms. However, clients and staff advised that BBT should not be used alone; rather it should be used in combination with medication and was best employed for stress‐related disorders. They unanimously supported incorporating BBT into the formal mental health system, especially if the therapies were well developed through collaboration between Buddhist monastics and mental health professionals. Results of the paper suggest that Vietnam should think strategically about developing and incorporating BBT into the formal mental health care system.
Firm Characteristics, Shareholder Sophistication and the Incidence of a ‘First Strike’ Under the ‘Two Strikes’ Rule in Australia
Authors: Faghani Mahdi , Gyapong Ernest
Published: May 2018

To restrain ‘excessive’ executive pay, Australia introduced new legislation in 2011, commonly known as the ‘two strikes’ rule. This rule has predictable consequences for publicly listed firms and their directors. In this study, we investigate which firm characteristics are associated with the incidence of a ‘first strike’ under the two strikes rule. We find that the incidence of a first strike is positively associated with higher levels of CEO pay, lower ownership concentration, smaller firm size, higher level of institutional ownership and CEO duality. Additional analysis suggests that shareholders fail to differentiate between CEO pay, which is related to the economic characteristics of a firm, and the pay that is not related to firm characteristics. This finding suggests that, unlike US shareholders, Australian shareholders do not appear to have a sophisticated understanding of CEO pay structure.
Renal function changes after percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with renal calculi with a solitary kidney compared to bilateral kidneys
Authors: Shi Xiaolei , Peng Yonghan , Li Ling , Li Xiao , Wang Qi , Zhang Wei , Dong Hao , Shen Rong , Lu Chaoyue , Liu Min , Gao Xiaofeng , Sun Yinghao
Published: May 2018

Objective

To evaluate renal function changes and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with renal calculi with a solitary kidney (SK) or normal bilateral kidneys (BKs).

Patients and Methods

Between 2012 and 2016, 859 patients undergoing PCNL were retrospectively reviewed at Changhai Hospital. In all, 53 patients with a SK were paired with 53 patients with normal BKs via a propensity score‐matched analysis. Data for the following variables were collected: age, sex, body mass index, stone size, distribution, operation time, perioperative outcomes, and complications. The complications were graded according to the modified Clavien–Dindo system. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate risk factors for predicting AKI.

Results

The SK and BKs groups were comparable in terms of age, sex ratio, stone size, stone location distribution, comorbidities, and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification. The initial and final stone‐free rates were comparable between the SK and BKs groups (initial: 52.83% vs 58.49%, P = 0.696; final: 84.91% vs 92.45%, P = 0.359). There was no difference between the two groups for complications, according to the Clavien–Dindo grades. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased dramatically after the stone burden was immediately relieved, and during the 6‐month follow‐up eGFR was lower in the SK group compared with the BKs group. We found a modest improvement in renal function immediately after PCNL in the BKs group, and renal function gain was delayed in the SK group. Through logistic regression analysis, we discovered that a SK, preoperative creatinine and diabetes were independent risk factors for predicting AKI after PCNL.

Conclusion

Considering the overall complication rates, PCNL is generally a safe procedure for treating renal calculi amongst patients with a SK or normal BKs. Follow‐up renal function analysis showed a modest improvement in patients of both groups. Compared to patients with normal BKs, patients with a SK were more likely to develop AKI after PCNL.
Effects of pathological upstaging or upgrading on metastasis and cancer‐specific mortality in men with clinical low‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Kovac Evan , Vertosick Emily A. , Sjoberg Daniel D. , Vickers Andrew J. , Stephenson Andrew J.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

To determine if the presence of adverse pathological features in patients eligible for active surveillance (AS) are prognostic of poor oncological outcomes, independent of pretreatment risk.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) at two institutions (Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center) between 1987 and 2008, and who had subsequent follow‐up. Rates of biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death from prostate cancer were compared amongst patients with adverse pathological features (Gleason score ≥7, ≥pT3, or lymph node invasion) based on D'Amico clinical risk (low vs intermediate/high). We also compared survival outcomes between patients with and without pathological upgrading/upstaging amongst D'Amico low‐risk patients. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression models were used to assess the association between clinical risk, pathological reclassification, and oncological outcomes.

Results

We identified 16 341 patients who underwent RP, of whom 6 371 were clinically low‐risk. Adverse outcomes in men with adverse pathological features were significantly lower in those with low clinical risk, with an ~50% and ~70% reduction in the risk of metastasis and death, respectively. Only pathological upgrading/upstaging to Gleason score ≥8, seminal vesicle invasion, and lymph node invasion from clinical low‐risk disease, were associated with adverse outcomes. However, these types of reclassification were rare.

Conclusion

Clinical low‐risk patients with pathological upgrading/upstaging have substantially lower rates of important oncological outcomes compared to those with higher pretreatment risk and not substantially different than low‐risk patients without pathological upgrading/upstaging. These results call into question the use of this endpoint to counsel patients about the merits and risks of AS.
Ocular surface status in glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients with existing corneal disorders switched from latanoprost 0.005% to tafluprost 0.0015%: comparison of two prostaglandin analogues with different concentrations of benzalkonium chloride
Authors: Wong Tina T , Aung Tin , Ho Ching Lin
Published: May 2018

Importance

Glaucoma treatment has often been associated with adverse side‐effects from preservatives that are included in the used eye drops.

Background

To evaluate changes in the ocular surface and the presence of prostaglandin‐induced corneal disorders after being switched from latanoprost 0.005% to low preservative tafluprost 0.0015% ophthalmic solution.

Design

Single centre, prospective study.

Participants

Patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension that had received treatment with once daily latanoprost 0.005% ophthalmic solution for control of intraocular pressure (IOP) for 3 months, with a score of above 1 on the National Eye Institute (NEI) ocular surface staining scale.

Methods

Following the ≥3 month latanoprost treatment period, patients were switched to once daily low preservative tafluprost 0.0015% ophthalmic solution. Patients were followed for a minimum of 3 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Ocular surface changes were assessed by fluorescein staining score (NEI scale). Additional evaluations included tear break‐up time, hyperaemia score, subjective symptoms, changes in intraocular pressure and presence of adverse reactions.

Results

Out of 59 patients enrolled, 51 were included in the final analysis. Fluorescein staining scores at baseline, prior to treatment switch, were 6.9 ± 3.1 and 3.3 ± 2.7 at the end of the study period (change in scores was −3.6 ± 2.2 [P < 0.001]). At last follow‐up, significant improvements were observed in tear break‐up time, hyperaemia score and subjective symptoms (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions and Relevance

The clinical signs of ocular surface disease and subjective symptoms of dry eyes improved following the switch to low preservative tafluprost and demonstrated comparable IOP lowering effectiveness.
Association between a common missense variant in LOXL3 gene and the risk of non‐syndromic cleft palate
Authors: Khan Mohammad Faisal J. , Little Julian , Mossey Peter A. , Steegers‐Theunissen Régine P.M. , Bonsi Martina , Bassi Andreasi Rita , Rubini Michele
Published: May 2018

To investigate possible association between functional common variants in the lysyl oxidase like 3 gene and non‐syndromic cleft palate we selected a common missense variant p.Ile615Phe (rs17010021), which was predicted to have a probably damaging effect on the lysyl oxidase like 3 enzyme. We genotyped 258 non‐syndromic cleft palate case‐parent triads of European origin and tested genetic association using the transmission disequilibrium test and log‐linear regression analyses of genotypic relative risks and of parent‐of‐origin effects. The observed genotype frequency in parents was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Compared with wild‐type Ile/Ile homozygotes, the relative risks for Phe/Phe homozygote infants was 6.87 (P value 3.0 × 10−3), while that for Ile/Phe heterozygotes was not significant. Assuming an autosomal recessive model, the relative risks for Phe/Phe genotype resulted 10.54 (P value 2.9 × 10−5), with a 3.6% population attributable risk. No parent‐of‐origin effect was observed. The identification in lysyl oxidase like 3 of a missense variant which under a recessive model associates with 10‐fold increased risk of non‐syndromic cleft palate supports the hypothesis that the genetic etiology of this congenital anomaly includes relatively uncommon recessive variants with moderate penetrance and located in genes which are also involved in syndromes that include cleft palate as part of the phenotype. Our findings require functional validation and replication in a larger independent genetic association study.
Effects of loss of lateral hydrological connectivity on fish functional diversity
Authors: Liu Xueqin , Wang Hongzhu
Published: May 2018

Loss of lateral hydrological connectivity (LHC) is a major cause of biodiversity decline in river floodplains, yet little is known about its effects on aquatic functional diversity in these ecosystems. We quantified functional alpha and beta diversity of fish assemblages in Yangtze River floodplain lakes and explored their responses to loss of LHC with generalized linear mixed models. Functional richness was much lower in lakes that were not connected to the Yangtze River (i.e., disconnected lakes), where functional evenness and divergence were higher. LHC was the most important factor shaping fish diversity patterns in this region. Predicted reductions in functional richness and taxonomic richness due to LHC loss were higher for functional richness (0.47–0.82) than taxonomic richness (0.32) for all species assemblages except nonmigratory species. The distribution of functional strategies of migratory and nonmigratory fishes was highly uneven throughout the floodplain. Taxonomic beta diversity was much higher than functional beta diversity. The former was due mainly to spatial turnover (73.6–83.8%), which suggested that dissimilarity of diversity among fish assemblages was largely induced by species replacement. The latter was induced by the nestedness‐resultant component of overall beta diversity (70.7–86.0%), which indicated a high degree of function loss without replacement. Both taxonomic and functional beta diversity were higher in disconnected lakes, where they were significantly correlated with fishing activity and water quality, than in river‐connected lakes. We showed for the first time the effects of loss of LHC on fish functional diversity in large river floodplains. We found a serious decline of fish functional richness in the Yangtze floodplain, and functional diversity remained highly vulnerable to loss of LHC even though this is a species‐rich ecosystem.
Crowdfunding biodiversity conservation
Authors: Gallo‐Cajiao Eduardo , Archibald Carla , Friedman Rachel , Steven Rochelle , Fuller Richard A. , Game Edward T. , Morrison Tiffany H. , Ritchie Euan G.
Published: May 2018

Raising funds is critical for conserving biodiversity and hence so is scrutinizing emerging financial mechanisms that may help achieve this goal. Anecdotal evidence indicates crowdfunding is being used to support activities needed for biodiversity conservation, yet its magnitude and allocation remain largely unknown. To help address this knowledge gap, we conducted a global analysis based on conservation‐focused projects extracted from crowdfunding platforms. For each project, we determined the funds raised, date, country of implementation, proponent characteristics, activity type, biodiversity realm, and target taxa. We identified 72 relevant platforms and 577 conservation‐focused projects that raised $4,790,634 since 2009. Although proponents were based in 38 countries, projects were delivered across 80 countries, indicating a potential mechanism of resource mobilization. Proponents were affiliated with nongovernmental organizations (35%) or universities (30%) or were freelancers (26%). Most projects were for research (40%), persuasion (31%), and on‐the‐ground actions (21%). Projects were more focused on species (57.7%) and terrestrial ecosystems (20.3%), and less focused on marine (8.8%) and freshwater ecosystems (3.6%). Projects focused on 208 species, including a disproportionate number of threatened birds and mammals. Crowdfunding for biodiversity conservation is a global phenomenon and there is potential for expansion, despite possible pitfalls (e.g., uncertainty about effectiveness). Opportunities to advance conservation through crowdfunding arise from its capacity to mobilize funds spatially and increase steadily over time, inclusion of overlooked species, adoption by multiple actors, and funding of activities beyond research. Our findings pave the way for further research on key questions, such as campaign success rates, effectiveness of conservation actions, and drivers of crowdfunding adoption. Even though crowdfunding capital raised has been modest relative to other conservation‐finance mechanisms, its contribution goes beyond funding research and providing capital. Embraced with due care, crowdfunding could become an important financial mechanism for biodiversity conservation.
Found in Translation: Late Bilinguals Do Automatically Activate Their Native Language When They Are Not Using It
Authors: Oppenheim Gary , Wu Yan Jing , Thierry Guillaume
Published: May 2018

In their paper “Do Bilinguals Automatically Activate Their Native Language When They Are Not Using it?”, Costa, Pannunzi, Deco, and Pickering (Cognitive Science, 2017) proposed a reinterpretation of Thierry and Wu's (2004, 2007) finding of native language‐based (Chinese, L1) ERP effects when they tested Chinese–English late bilinguals exclusively in their second language (English, L2). Using simulations in a six‐node Hebbian learning model (three L1 nodes, three L2 nodes), Costa et al. suggested that form overlaps in L1 between otherwise unrelated words create a persistent relationship between their L2 translations. In this scenario, words in the nascent L2 lexicon overlapping in their L1 translations would become linked during learning because of the form overlap in L1; once the L2 words are learned, the direct link between them would be sufficient to generate robust, apparently “L1‐mediated” priming without requiring any activation of L1 translations. Costa et al. contend that links between L2 words remain beyond the learning phase, even after links to L1 representations have been severed, and thus that their model affords an alternative account to (but not a rebuttal of) Thierry and Wu's claim of language non‐selective activation—or automatic activation of translation equivalents—in late bilinguals. In this response, we build on Costa et al.'s original simulation code, showing that it can only reproduce L1‐independent priming when implementing the L1 disconnection in their particular way. By contrast, when severing inter‐language connections bidirectionally, their model fails to retain any sizeable influence of L1 form overlap on L2 activations. The model is not the theory, however, and we discuss several issues that would need to be addressed in further attempts to model language non‐selective activation in late bilinguals.
Eruptive poromatosis in a patient with breast cancer
Authors: Lim Tien Ming , Weir Justin , Fearfield Louise
Published: May 2018

Poromas are a group of benign growths of poroid differentiation derived from cells of the terminal sweat duct and connected to the epidermis, normally presenting as solitary papules, plaques or nodules. Rarely they can be eruptive in nature and as such are described as poromatosis. We report an unusual case of widespread poromatosis occurring in a woman with metastatic breast cancer who had recently completed chemo‐radiotherapy.
Pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A and mortality in haemodialysis
Authors: Nilsson Erik , Rudholm Tobias , Stenvinkel Peter , Ärnlöv Johan
Published: May 2018

Background

Elevated pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) levels are associated with increased risk of death in ischaemic heart disease as well as in haemodialysis patients. Previous research indicates that the prognostic value of PAPP‐A may be stronger in patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus or signs of inflammation. We studied the association between PAPP‐A and outcomes in prevalent haemodialysis patients and hypothesized that diabetes mellitus and inflammation status act as effect modifiers.

Materials and Methods

Circulating PAPP‐A levels were quantified using ELISA. Cox proportional hazards and quantile regression models were used for associations between PAPP‐A and mortality. PAPP‐A levels were log‐transformed for Normality.

Results

During 60‐month follow‐up, 37 (40%) of the 92 participants died. Higher PAPP‐A was associated with increased risk of mortality in unadjusted analysis (HR per SD = 1.4, 95% CI = 1‐1.9, P = .03) and when adjusted for confounders and cardiovascular risk factors (HR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.18‐2.73, P = .006). An interaction between PAPP‐A levels and diabetes mellitus on mortality was found (HR for the multiplicative interaction term = 2.74 95% CI = 1.02‐7.37, P = .05). In a quantile regression adjusted for age and sex, one SD increase in PAPP‐A was associated with 22 months shorter estimated time until 25% of the patients died (95% CI −35 to −9.1 months).

Conclusions

Increased PAPP‐A levels are associated with higher all‐cause mortality in prevalent haemodialysis patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus.
Basolateral amygdala, nicotinic cholinergic receptors, and nicotine: Pharmacological effects and addiction in animal models and humans
Authors: Sharp Burt M.
Published: May 2018

The amygdala is involved in processing incoming information about rewarding stimuli and emotions that denote danger such as anxiety and fear. Bi‐directional neural connections between basolateral amygdala (BLA) and brain regions such as nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and hindbrain regions regulate motivation, cognition, and responses to stress. Altered local regulation ofBLAexcitability is pivotal to the behavioral disturbances characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder, and relapse to drug use induced by stress. Herein, we review the physiological regulation ofBLAby cholinergic inputs, emphasizing the role ofBLAnicotinic receptors. We reviewBLA‐dependent effects of nicotine on cognition, motivated behaviors, and emotional states, including memory, taking and seeking drugs, and anxiety and fear in humans and animal models. The alterations inBLAactivity observed in animal studies inform human behavioral and brain imaging research by enabling a more exact understanding of alteredBLAfunction. Converging evidence indicates that cholinergic signaling from basal forebrain projections to local nicotinic receptors is an important physiological regulator ofBLAand that nicotine altersBLAfunction. In essence,BLAis necessary for behavioral responses to stimuli that evoke anxiety and fear; reinstatement of cue‐induced drug seeking; responding to second‐order cues conditioned to abused drugs; reacquisition of amplified nicotine self‐administration due to chronic stress during abstinence; and to promote responding for natural reward.
Timing of repetition suppression of event‐related potentials to unattended objects
Authors: Stefanics Gabor , Heinzle Jakob , Czigler István , Valentini Elia , Stephan Klaas E.
Published: May 2018

Current theories of object perception emphasize the automatic nature of perceptual inference. Repetition suppression (RS), the successive decrease of brain responses to repeated stimuli, is thought to reflect the optimization of perceptual inference through neural plasticity. While functional imaging studies revealed brain regions that show suppressed responses to the repeated presentation of an object, little is known about the intra‐trial time course of repetition effects to everyday objects. Here, we used event‐related potentials (ERPs) to task‐irrelevant line‐drawn objects, while participants engaged in a distractor task. We quantified changes in ERPs over repetitions using three general linear models that modeled RS by an exponential, linear, or categorical “change detection” function in each subject. Our aim was to select the model with highest evidence and determine the within‐trial time‐course and scalp distribution of repetition effects using that model. Model comparison revealed the superiority of the exponential model indicating that repetition effects are observable for trials beyond the first repetition. Model parameter estimates revealed a sequence of RS effects in three time windows (86–140, 322–360, and 400–446 ms) and with occipital, temporoparietal, and frontotemporal distribution, respectively. An interval of repetition enhancement (RE) was also observed (320–340 ms) over occipitotemporal sensors. Our results show that automatic processing of task‐irrelevant objects involves multiple intervals of RS with distinct scalp topographies. These sequential intervals of RS and RE might reflect the short‐term plasticity required for optimization of perceptual inference and the associated changes in prediction errors and predictions, respectively, over stimulus repetitions during automatic object processing.
Transcending data gaps: a framework to reduce inferential errors in ecological analyses
Authors: Kim Sun W. , Blomberg Simon P. , Pandolfi John M.
Published: May 2018

The analysis of functional diversity (FD) has gained increasing importance due to its generality and utility in ecology. In particular, patterns in the spatial distribution and temporal change of FD are being used to predict locations and functional groups that are immediately vulnerable to global changes. A major impediment to the accurate measurement of FD is the pervasiveness of missing data in trait datasets. While such prevalent data gaps can engender misleading inferences in FD analyses, we currently lack any practical guide to handle missing data in trait datasets. Here, we identify significant mismatches between true FD and values derived from datasets that contain missing data. We demonstrate that imputing missing data with a phylogeny‐informed approach reduces the risk of misinterpretation of FD patterns, and provides baseline information against which central questions in ecology can be evaluated.
Reliability and main findings of the flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing‐Tensilon test in patients with myasthenia gravis and dysphagia
Authors: Im S. , Suntrup‐Krueger S. , Colbow S. , Sauer S. , Claus I. , Meuth S. G. , Dziewas R. , Warnecke T.
Published: May 2018

Background and purpose

Diagnosis of pharyngeal dysphagia caused by myasthenia gravis (MG) based on clinical examination alone is often challenging. Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) combined with Tensilon (edrophonium) application, referred to as the FEES‐Tensilon test, was developed to improve diagnostic accuracy and to detect the main symptoms of pharyngeal dysphagia in MG. Here we investigated inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability of the FEES‐Tensilon test and analyzed the main endoscopic findings.

Methods

Four experienced raters reviewed a total of 20 FEES‐Tensilon test videos in randomized order. Residue severity was graded at four different pharyngeal spaces before and after Tensilon administration. All interpretations were performed twice per rater, 4 weeks apart (a total of 160 scorings). Intra‐rater test–retest reliability and inter‐rater reliability levels were calculated.

Results

The most frequent FEES findings in patients with MG before Tensilon application were prominent residues of semi‐solids spread all over the hypopharynx in varying locations. The reliability level of the interpretation of the FEES‐Tensilon test was excellent regardless of the rater's profession or years of experience with FEES. All four raters showed high inter‐ and intra‐reliability levels in interpreting the FEES‐Tensilon test based on residue clearance (kappa = 0.922, 0.981). The degree of residue normalization in the vallecular space after Tensilon application showed the highest inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability level (kappa = 0.863, 0.957) followed by the epiglottis (kappa = 0.813, 0.946) and pyriform sinuses (kappa = 0.836, 0.929).

Conclusion

Interpretation of the FEES‐Tensilon test based on residue severity and degree of Tensilon clearance, especially in the vallecular space, is consistent and reliable.
Validation of a short cognitive battery to screen for fitness‐to‐drive of people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Akinwuntan A. E. , Backus D. , Grayson J. , Devos H.
Published: May 2018

Background and purpose

Some symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) affect driving. In a recent study, performance on five cognitive tests predicted the on‐road test performance of individuals with relapsing‐remitting MS with 91% accuracy, 70% sensitivity and 97% specificity. However, the accuracy with which the battery will predict the driving performance of a different cohort that includes all types of MS is unknown.

Methods

Participants (n = 118; 48 ± 9 years of age; 97 females) performed a comprehensive off‐road evaluation that lasted about 3 h and a standardized on‐road test that lasted approximately 45 min over a 2‐day period within the same week. Performance on the five cognitive tests was used to predict participants’ performance on the standardized on‐road test.

Results

Performance on the five tests together predicted outcome of the on‐road test with 82% accuracy, 42% sensitivity and 90% specificity.

Conclusions

The accuracy of predicting the on‐road performance of a new MS cohort using performance on the battery of five cognitive tests remained very high (82%). The battery, which was administrable in <45 min and cost ~$150, was better at identifying those who actually passed the on‐road test (90% specificity). The sensitivity (42%) of the battery indicated that it should not be used as the sole determinant of poor driving‐related cognitive skills. A fail performance on the battery should only imply that more comprehensive testing is warranted.
Associations between periodic social events and status epilepticus—An 11‐year cohort study
Authors: Hollinger Alexa , Semmlack Saskia , De Marchis Gian Marco , Spiegel Rainer , Hunziker Sabina , Rüegg Stephan , Marsch Stephan , Sutter Raoul
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Periodic social events may influence the incidence and course of status epilepticus (SE), likely explained by patients’ behavioral changes regarding alcohol intake, sleep, and compliance with antiseizure medication. However, data regarding the association between such events and SE are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify associations between periodic social events and the incidence, etiology, and outcome of SE.

Methods

Adult patients who were admitted to a tertiary academic medical care center with SE from 2005 to 2015 were included. Associations between periodic social events (including birthday, Christmas, New Year's Eve, carnival, national holiday) and the number and etiologies of SE over time were calculated using linear and Poisson regression. Logistic regression was applied to identify associations between time from social events and outcome.

Results

Four hundred nine patients with a median age of 66 years (interquartile range 52‐76) were analyzed. The number of total SE events and SE in patients with known epilepsy peaked within 2 weeks following social events and then decreased with each additional day (incidence rate ratio [IRR]per day 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98‐0.99; P < .001 and IRRper day 0.99, 95% CI 0.98‐0.99; P < .001, respectively) and week (IRRper week 0.94, 95% CI 0.93‐0.95; P < .001 and IRRper week 0.94, 95% CI 0.92‐0.96; P < .001, respectively). The highest proportion of epilepsy patients not taking antiseizure medication was seen closest to social events and decreased thereafter (IRRper day 0.99, 95% CI 0.98‐0.99; P = .003). There was no association between time from social events and outcome.

Significance

Our findings support the hypothesis that periodic social events in adults may be associated with an increase in SE and should heighten awareness for SE in this context. Clinicians are urged to inform epilepsy patients regarding this association and to instruct them on preventive measures around such events.
Equine external beam radiation therapy: Techniques and challenges
Authors: Desai N. C. , Green E. M.
Published: May 2018

Radiation therapy is becoming increasingly more available and in demand for small animal veterinary cases. Although there is a demand for radiation therapy in large animal cases, there are certain limitations of external beam radiation therapy for horses that restrict treatment options. Currently, there are only five veterinary teaching hospitals in the United States where external beam radiation therapy can be performed on horses and other large animals. This is in contrast to the roughly 80 facilities, both academic and private, available for small animals. The goal of this commentary is to give a brief overview of external beam radiation therapy and highlight the steps involved, and the technical difficulties faced, while treating horses with external beam radiation therapy.