bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperation in Christ’s Kingdom
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

In the middle of the 19th century, British Christian Socialists, with strong financial support from E. V. Neale, established a number of cooperative workshops. The group’s understanding of social psychology builds off the theology of their leader, F. D. Maurice, who preached that the sin of selfishness results in a bleak separation from God. Human psychology reflects the personal struggle between a rebellious selfishness and a deep desire to join in a fellowship with others and with God. The Christian Socialists’ economic theoretician, John Ludlow, weaves such a social psychology into a coherent defense of cooperation. Insightfully, he argues that a wide range of activities in businesses and government offices already work through “concert” and not competition. With proper organization, a reliance on concert can be extended to the economy as a whole. Maurice, however, balks at Ludlow’s reliance on “system,” leading to a definitive falling out.
The Women’s Cooperative Guild
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

The Women’s Cooperative Guild emerged in late 19th-century Britain as an activist organization devoted to advancing women’s influence and concerns within the context of the broader British consumer co-operative movement. Led by Margaret Llewelyn Davies, the Guild advanced an empirical methodology, designed to engage their members in purposeful reform. The guildswomen directly addressed the realities of gender inequality across the sectors of household, formal production, and retail. Their writings also offer gender equal visions to guide sectoral reform. While they received much credit for their campaign strategies, the Guild also made noteworthy contributions to debates over the minimum wage for cooperatively employed women, the problems of credit, and the importance of profit sharing. Ultimately, their thought points toward a feminist theory of cooperative transition supportive of human development for women as well as men.
Guild Socialism
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

In the early 20th century, the Guild Socialist G. D. H. Cole elaborated a sweeping blueprint of a new cooperative world. Building on the full urban complexity of the modern industrial economy, he theorizes the replacement of labor markets, consumer markets, and investment markets with a broad new approach to bargaining among self-managed cooperative producers, democratically controlled cooperative consumers, and community service institutions. Cole takes from Owen, Thompson, and Morris the key insight that, in a world of abundance, motivation can and should be intrinsic. He goes on to explore questions of multiple jobs, worker agency, equality of pay, the redesign of technology, just prices, and investment mechanisms. Cole’s Guild Socialism is nothing less than an apotheosis of the British cooperative movement; its theoretical structure is elaborate and impressive addressing many of the weak points of earlier efforts. By the mid-1920s Guild Socialism is little more than a memory.
Reflections from Left, Right, and Center
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

Early on, Malthus predictably argues that cooperatives must run aground of population problems. Classical economists, Robert Torrens, hold that Owen’s approach amounts to an inefficient return to autarchy. Later, socialists like Karl Marx assert that cooperation is at best an element of the transition from capitalism to socialism. Beatrice Potter Webb of the Fabian Socialists points toward the numerous failures among producer cooperatives, and constructively critiques consumer cooperation. Marshall, although more constructive, fears cooperation expects too much of people. On the right, Ludwig von Mises insists that cooperatives must end up with the state in virtually complete control. Throughout, critics refuse to take seriously the cooperative theorists’ propositions concerning the interaction of an enlarged self-interest and cooperative institutions. And hence they largely ignore the logic of stabilizing feedback mechanisms.
Emulation and Exploitation in Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the degree to which China adopted the upstart approach in its attempts to build political and diplomatic power and influence. Case studies show that China chose to emulate in the domain of foreign policy—namely, through mediation diplomacy and seeking leadership in international institutions—when such behavior was believed to reassure the United States, when it was felt that doing so would improve China’s image, and when the US approach was thought to be successful. With mediation diplomacy, the benefits of emulation were minimal, but so too were the costs. China also emulated in pursuing soft power, but the approach largely failed because China lacked competitive advantages. In other cases, where US strategy was seen as effective but not all-encompassing in its reach, China adopted an exploitative approach, such as in arms sales and its diplomatic reach.
Entrepreneurship in Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

This chapter captures cases of the entrepreneurial approach in which China built political power in distinctive ways to best leverage its competitive advantages. Specifically, China avoided US strategies of alliance formation, including being the external security partner of choice, and pushing others to adopt its governance model. Instead, Beijing focused on building strategic partnerships, becoming the internal security partner of choice, and observing regime neutrality while simultaneously leveraging political interference to blunt any efforts to shape China’s system of governance. These entrepreneurial approaches are part of the reason China was able to build power without substantially alienating any strategic grouping of states or sparking the emergence of a countervailing coalition during the most vulnerable part of its rise.
Entrepreneurship in Chinese Military Strategy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

The chapter begins by laying out how the United States leverages its military power to protect its interests, including through foreign military intervention and global power projection. Contrary to concerned voices within the US defense establishment, however, China has not pursued similar strategies. Instead, this chapter shows that China was able to avoid a strong US military response by pursuing entrepreneurial approaches to its rise. First, Beijing initially delaying military modernization. Second, China has built and exercised military power—namely, through gray zone activities, a distinct nuclear strategy, and unique ways of protecting overseas interests that do not rely on overseas bases or military intervention. By doing things differently, China has been able to navigate its way through the period when it was most vulnerable to US military coercion and has built a military capable of taking on the United States in regional contingencies.
Entrepreneurship in Chinese Economic Policy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

This chapter demonstrates examples of entrepreneurship in China’s ability to gain and exercise economic power. While emulation of the United States in some domains provided China with the veneer of a cooperative and responsible actor, China pursued an entrepreneurial strategy in other areas by leveraging its competitive advantage as a capitalist authoritarian state that could direct massive economic resources toward strategic objectives. These entrepreneurial tendencies came to the fore in two major Chinese initiatives. The first is China’s approach to foreign development assistance, including the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The second is China’s industrial policy, which includes a push to become a technological superpower.
Interlude
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

The final interlude talks about the one thing we aren’t supposed to talk about—Bruno. Following the Disney + release of Encanto in December 2021, the film’s soundtrack became TikTok’s latest sonic playground. The soundtrack’s signature song, “We Don’t Talk About Bruno,” was able to ride TikTok popularity to the coveted spot on the Billboard Hot 100. The popularity of “We Don’t Talk About Bruno” on TikTok crystalizes many of the themes explored throughout TikTok Broadways. That is, “We Don’t Talk About Bruno” became a critical site for musical fans to engage in a variety of digital practices that cemented their fannish identities, facilitated Encanto’s commercial success, and expanded how musicals can be a source of creativity.
Conclusion
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

The book’s conclusion explores how the musical KPOP engaged with TikTok, as the musical became one of the biggest commercial flops of the twenty-first century (despite its artistic merit). Although KPOP began its TikTok journey with limited buzz, the production shifted gears, even as the show was struggling to sell tickets. Under the direction of Brandon Powers, KPOP’s TikTok account began to create authentic TikTok content that highlighted many of the styles, aesthetics, and genres explored throughout TikTok Broadway. As KPOP leaned into TikTok trends, dance challenges, digital stage doors, DIY aesthetics, behind-the-scenes development footage, and the like, the show began to amass a digital following. KPOP ended its run with a TikTok Boom—the musical live streamed the show’s final fifteen minutes on TikTok. KPOP’s TikTok live stream ignited industry conversations about the potential of social media live streaming to bring musical theatre directly to its fans’ cell phones.
Introduction
Authors: Sarti Laury
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the monograph’s topic and research questions, the methodology, relevant history of research, and its structure. It lays the groundwork for the subsequent exploration of the Frankish world’s relationship with the Roman past and Byzantine present. The chapter challenges the notion of Frankish imitation of Rome to emphasize the significance of focusing on early medieval perceptions to study Carolingian concepts such as imperium and Romanness. It explains that the study aims to avoid modern biases and anachronistic interpretations and therefore concentrates on the medieval perspective when examining written and material evidence. Additionally, the chapter introduces the reader to its multidisciplinary approach, which encompasses methods related to historical research, archaeology, linguistics, and cultural studies.
Clinical Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 reviews the criteria that are used by health professionals to arrive at a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI is a clinical diagnosis, meaning it is diagnosed by asking a person what changes or problems they are having. There are four general criteria that are used to diagnose MCI. These include a subjective sense of cognitive decline, objective impairment on cognitive testing, independence in doing one’s normal day-to-day activities, and an absence of dementia. The main difference between MCI and normal aging is the degree of cognitive decline. People with MCI score lower on cognitive tests than the average person their age.
How Memory Changes in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5 reviews the memory changes that are part of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Common memory changes noticed by people with MCI are remembering names, where they put something, what they intended to do, and things that happened recently. On memory tests, people with MCI have difficulty with encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. The types of memory that are most impaired are recent memory, associative memory, and prospective memory. There are fewer problems with immediate memory and procedural memory. Many of these memory changes are not unique to MCI—they can happen to anyone. People with MCI tend to make memory mistakes more often than people without MCI.
Risk Factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia That Are Not Under Your Control
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 12 discusses the various risk factors for MCI and dementia that are out of our control. The first is age, where the older we are, the more likely we are to develop either condition—yet it is emphasized that age itself does not cause MCI or dementia, but rather advanced age is associated with other conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol that increase risk for these conditions. Sex differences in MCI prevalence are then discussed, with more men than women diagnosed with MCI. This section also describes sex differences in the risk factors for MCI. The third nonmodifiable risk factor discussed is genetics. This section describes the genetics of Alzheimer’s disease (both its familial and sporadic variants), vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia due to Parkinson’s or Lewy body disease. Brain injury, whether due to trauma or stroke, is the fourth risk factor discussed. Years of formal education obtained in young life is also included in this chapter, as one of the strongest predictors of MCI or dementia is early life education. How higher education might protect people from MCI and dementia is discussed. The last risk factor for MCI or dementia discussed is knowing more than one language for most of our lives, given the evidence of bi- or multilingualism on reducing the risk of MCI and dementia.
Memory Intervention Programs
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 22 discusses psycho-educational memory intervention programs, using our own Learning the Ropes for Living with MCI program as an example. The content of the program is described, including information about mild cognitive impairment and the effects of lifestyle factors on cognition, and the introduction and practice of practical everyday memory strategies. Family members receive support and strategies to cope with living with someone with mild cognitive impairment. The chapter provides a table of all known similar programs running worldwide as a valuable resource to readers. Next, the effectiveness of these types of programs is discussed. They have shown increased knowledge about different kinds of memory strategies and when to use them, and some studies have shown benefits on memory performance.
Involvement in Research Studies
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 is a brief chapter about participating in research studies. It starts out with tips about where to find out about ongoing research studies, including many universities, hospitals, and drug companies. The links to websites listing clinical trials are also provided. The next section describes the research ethics oversight process, so that readers understand all the checks and balances that are in place to protect the safety of research volunteers. The key aspects that research ethics boards look for, such as the proper balance of risks and benefits in the study, the lack of coercion and the appropriate level of compensation, as well as whether the informed consent process are properly in place.
How Diet Affects Health
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 34 points out that diet refers to what you eat, not being on a diet or dieting. The purpose of the chapter is to educate readers about why healthy eating is a way to control risk factors that can lead to heart disease, diabetes, and dementia. The link between healthy diet and physical health benefits such as improved management of blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugars is explained. A healthy diet helps brain functioning by promoting brain cell development, repair, and communication. The components of a healthy diet include lots of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, eating fish, and reducing saturated fats. Evidence is reviewed linking a healthy diet to better learning and memory skills and to a reduced rate of cognitive decline among people with MCI. Fortunately, research shows it is never too late to get the benefits of a healthy diet.
Types of Exercise and Physical Activity
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 40 describes different types of exercise, including aerobic, resistance, stretching, and balance exercise, and gives examples of each. It also offers several ideas for how to add fitness into everyday life, from parking at the far end of the parking lot, to getting off the bus a stop or two before your destination and walking from there. It ends by reinforcing the importance of exercise for brain health, and the fact that whenever someone asks us, “If I were to do only one thing for my brain health, what should it be?” our first reply is always “Exercise.”
Repeat, Repeat, . . . Repeat
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 51 reviews a technique for learning new information called retrieval practice. As the name implies, retrieval practice involves practicing the act of retrieval. This is done by calling to mind the information you are trying to learn, and doing this over and over again. Retrieval practice takes the natural strategy of repeating things to yourself a bit further. It involves adding more repetitions over a longer period of time. In other words, the repetitions are spaced out, rather than back-to-back. The chapter describes how the strategy works and when to use it. The strategy can be used to learn new names, numbers, and other kinds of information that you want to memorize.
Anarchism and social work?
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers an expanded rationale for the application of anarchist thought to social work practice and provides an outline or basic summary of the content of each chapter that follows. It begins by reflecting on the paradox of social work—it’s very function the product of systems that produce social problems in the first place. Anarchism is introduced as a theory or framework of analysis of social problems. Ideas of anarchism that extend the analysis as to the ills of all systems of hierarchy, in that they are the root of oppression and misery, are reviewed. The suggestion is offered to consider how social work can subvert and influence within a system, not to redeem it, but to contribute to its ending.
Wither social work?
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter will review the main ideas of each chapter in this book and encourage the reader to reflect on how this could shape their idea of social work practice. Following the lead of the introduction chapter, the idea is returned that to be consistent in anarchist thought, one needs to approach the content of this book as ideas to reflect on, rather than treat as the authority on a given subject. Taking this idea further, this chapter briefly touches on further topics that may be worth exploring for social work and anarchism. The reader is encouraged to think of areas of practice and approach that they could apply this content toward. Finally, the question is raised how social work ought to make itself obsolete.
Introduction
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter serves as an introduction to the book. It first identifies the main features of the book’s account of reason-giving uses of argument: inference claims, argumentative intentions, and reasons for belief. Second, it explains the significance of the account to both a scholarly audience and a more general audience. This involves discussing the sorry state of the argument culture in the United States and elsewhere. Third, it discusses the influence of Dewey and Toulmin on the book’s general approach to reason-giving uses of argument. This general approach informs the account developed in the book. Finally, this introduction gives a chapter-by-chapter summary of Chapters 2–8 to help set expectations.
Inference Claims
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

From Chapter 2, if you argue by giving reasons for or against something, then you use an argument in a reason-giving way and thereby claim that the premises are reasons for believing the conclusion. This is called an “inference claim,” borrowing from Hitchcock. This chapter takes an inference claim to say, in effect, that the premises of the associated argument are collectively reasons for believing the conclusion, i.e., for believing that it is true. The aim of the chapter is to deepen understanding of how an inference claim matters to a reason-giving use of argument. Toward this end, it defends two theses. A reason-giving use of argument isn’t successful unless the corresponding inference claim is true. An inference claim is conveyed by one’s statement of an argument by means of assertion as opposed to being merely implied or implicated.
Reflective Inferences
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

A theoretical inference is reflective only if the inferer performs the inference because they believe that the premises are reasons for believing the conclusion in one of the senses discussed in Chapter 3. An essential feature of reflective inferences is that they are accompanied by a linking belief, i.e., the belief that the inference’s premises are reasons of some sort for believing the conclusion. Reflective inferences are connected to reason-giving uses of arguments in the following two ways. If you perform a reflective inference, then you use the corresponding argument in a reason-giving way. If you use an argument in a reason-giving way, then you have performed a reflective inference from its premises to conclusion. Chapter 4 identifies distinguishing features of reflective inferences in order to ground these theses so as to account for why reflective inferences are necessarily accompanied by a linking belief.
Sacrifice and Feast: Social Values and the Distribution of Meat by Lot
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

In contrast to the death of a warrior or a victory with booty to distribute, occasional and unpredictable occasions for sacrifice and feast were frequent and ubiquitous. Distributing equal portions of meat to those sharing expressed an egalitarian, “horizontal” mindset. The vocabulary of drawing lots and distribution by lot of equal portions appears consistently as a norm. Sometimes even the sacrificial animal was chosen by lot. Whether at the banquet or the sacrifice, we observe the same principles: striving to distribute some “whole” into equal portions to a predefined group while reserving choice portions to a king or a priest. Participants are acknowledged as equal “sharers,” which may also be a concrete expression of citizenship. Literary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence is presented for weights and measuring portions. The conventions of sacrifice and distribution cut across the entire society. Feasting and meat distributions were expressions of egalitarian civic solidarity and the spirit of isonomia.
Beyond Irrigation Systems and Physical Infrastructure
Authors: Pokharel Atul
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the implications, limits, and possibilities of this fairness-centered understanding of sustained cooperation. It emphasizes the core insight of this book: that cooperation and fairness are not the same thing. It gives a restatement of the key claim that perceived fairness affects the quality of cooperation, which then renders the institutions of cooperation more or less robust to changes. It illustrates how perceived fairness is a key to a better understanding of why some of the irrigation systems continue while others have declined, even though all of them exhibited the institutional prerequisites for solving collective action problems. It reiterates that fairness problems lie beyond collective action problems. It ends by summarizing the argument with examples for how and why the search for fairness must be central to our understanding of sustained cooperation in physical and digital spaces.
How Partisan Think Tanks Set Their Agenda
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

The Heritage Foundation’s founding legend tells an agenda-setting story, in which two staffers were upset with the American Enterprise Institute for releasing a report criticizing a federal spending program shortly after it was voted on. They decided to found a think tank that would respond quickly to changes in the policy agenda. This chapter tests that story using a data set of partisan think tank white papers and votes in Congress. It finds that while Heritage aggressively adjusts the reports it releases to meet the congressional agenda. Other partisan think tanks adopted a different strategy, maintaining more stable, long-term agenda on their party’s core issue priorities.
Sadr City, the Mahdi Army, and the Sectarian Cleansing of Baghdad
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter explains the resource base, strategies, and resiliency of the Sadrist movement. The chapter addresses the development of the Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM) militia, the Sadrist use of social organizations to move individuals into positions of support, the Sadrist capture of local police stations, and the restrained harassment of US military forces. The chapter also details JAM militia tactics used to systematically cleanse Sunnis from their homes, as well as the failure of US clear, hold, build (CHB) strategies to stop Sadrist gains.
“God, Himself, Was the Author of Segregation”
Authors: Giggie John M.
Published: May 2024

Chapter Two recounts the rise and tenure of Robert “Boddy” Shelton as Imperial Wizard of the United Klans of America, and his efforts to police racial boundaries across the South. It studies his embrace of racial violence to uphold segregation, both across the South and within his home state of Alabama. It studies Shelton’s and the Klan’s response to the integration of the University of Alabama in 1956 and the Freedom Riders efforts to desegregate buses in 1961. His ties to Governor John Patterson and Governor George Wallace are highlighted, as is his control and influence over Tuscaloosa and Alabama. The chapter also looks at Shelton’s reaction to the integration of the University of Mississippi.
“The Publicity Is What Creates the Mayhem”
Authors: Giggie John M.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 explores how Reverend Rogers gradually gained support among the Black population from his association with Martin Luther King, Jr., who announced upcoming and ongoing protests in Tuscaloosa, similar to the campaigns in Montgomery and Birmingham. It also examines the rise to power of Tuscaloosa Police Chief William Marable, the concurrent development of police power in the city and state, and the development of the Tuscaloosa Citizens for Action Committee. It shows how the Tuscaloosa City Commission passed ordinances over sixty years to create a deeply segregated community, enhance police power, and restrict Black protest. Reverend Rogers and his backers, and Marable and his officers, had a violent encounter when Rogers led a march protesting the inclusion of segregated sections in the newly built courthouse.
“No End to the Floggings and Murders”
Authors: Giggie John M.
Published: May 2024

Chapter Four provides an overview of the growth of Black civil rights protest in Tuscaloosa, as well as the ensuing violent response by law enforcement and white citizens to the call for rights for Black citizens. The increasing role of Black women, in particular, in leadership is discussed, as is the rising involvement of students from Druid City High School and Stillman College. The ongoing tensions within members of the Black community over the proper nature of activism is covered, including the rejection of the more aggressive protest practices of Reverend Rogers and Tuscaloosa Citizens for Action Committee by some community members. The ongoing development of police power in Tuscaloosa and the state is examined, including the Alabama Legislative Committee to Preserve the Peace and the Alabama Sovereignty Commission, Finally, this chapter documents connections between Tuscaloosa Citizens for Action Committee and the Southern Christian Leadership Committee.
“How Could There Be a God and Allow This to Happen?”
Authors: Giggie John M.
Published: May 2024

Chapter Seven studies the growing radicalization of Black protest, and the concomitant stiffening of white resistance, in the wake of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act empowered Black activists to broaden their campaign of sit-ins and boycotts around the city, in the hopes of ending segregation practices rendered illegal by the Act. These renewed protests, however, in turn sparked violent efforts by the Ku Klux Klan and white citizens to maintain segregation, regardless of federal legislation. This chapter also illuminates Black efforts to engage the Klan in a gun battle, the ongoing legal efforts intended to force local eateries to serve Black customers, and the eventual intervention of US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.
Epilogue
Authors: Giggie John M.
Published: May 2024

The Epilogue recounts the last days of Reverend Linton, who died in 2020, during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The author recalls Reverend Linton telling him about a white man, many years earlier, who told Linton, “Just give us fifty years and we’ll take it all back.” Toward the end of his life, Linton worried that too many people were forgetting, or had already forgotten, Bloody Tuesday, and the many civil rights struggles of the past more generally. He warned that gains in racial justice are eroding and must be protected, and that the events of Bloody Tuesday, and the lasting trauma from that day, needed to be publicly acknowledged. Despite recent pushback back against “critical race theory” and a push to sanitize some aspects of US history as taught in public schools, some institutions, such as the University of Alabama, have taken steps to confront and challenge Southern history, including the removal of the names of Confederate figures from university buildings. The City of Tuscaloosa has also taken steps to preserve its racial past, including purchasing Rev. Linton’s barbershop and promising to convert it into a civil rights learning center.
Understanding Maritime Security
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy
Published: May 2024

What is maritime security? Why does it matter? Chapter 1 starts by showing why maritime security is important as a body of thought and political problem, before outlining its various dimensions and characteristics. The aim is to give the reader an initial understanding of what is at stake in maritime security. Three core dimensions of maritime security—inter-state conflict, maritime terrorism and blue crime—are briefly introduced and characteristics of security in the maritime domain discussed. The authors argue that maritime security is not just about meeting threats and risks at sea, but also opens opportunities to foster and safeguard sustainable development and ocean health. The final section of the chapter provides a guide to the book, explaining its overall rationale, pointing to its limits, and outlining the scope and content of each chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Benson Jonathan
Published: May 2024

This introduction provides an overview of what this book calls ‘the new democratic scepticism’. This new scepticism refers to a growing number of philosophers, economists, and political scientists who argue that democracy is inevitably flawed and that we should look to restrict or even remove it as a result. They therefore advocate for such things as restricting voting rights to the more knowledgeable, selecting political leaders based on experience and examinations, or giving more power to markets, private companies, and NGOs. While they endorse different alternatives, these critics are shown to be united by a concern for what they see as the epistemic problems of democracy and therefore for its limited intelligence. It is the intelligence of democracy which the rest of the book will aim to defend and the introduction ends by providing an overview of the argument to come and the systemic approach used to develop it.
Democracy and the Division of Knowledge
Authors: Benson Jonathan
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 engages with the central epistemic challenge pro-market sceptics level at the intelligence of democracy. According to Friedrich von Hayek and his followers, knowledge does not exist in any coherent whole ready to be utilized by a democratic authority but is rather fragmented and dispersed throughout society. While this division of knowledge appears insurmountable on a unitary view of democracy, it can be solved once a systemic perspective is taken. The chapter argues that formal democratic institutions are not cut off from societal knowledge but are instead connected to a broader public sphere which gathers and communicates information. It explores the divisions of labour within this public sphere and shows how these divisions depend on its democratic character. The chapter then ends by returning to Hayek’s free-market prescriptions and argues democratic systems can overcome the division of knowledge even more effectively than the market.
Elections and Elite Rule
Authors: Benson Jonathan
Published: May 2024

Chapter 7 considers the role of elections within a wider democratic system and compares them to elite forms of rule. It argues that while the limits of voter knowledge stop elections from effectively motivating representatives towards the best policies, elections can still contribute to democracy’s intelligence as effective guards against the worst uses and abuses of power. The chapter then compares democratic elections to two elite alternatives: political meritocracy and a restricted franchise epistocracy. It argues that by removing inclusive elections, both these regimes leave themselves vulnerable to abuses of power, and that these abuses are likely to include manipulations of the procedures they use to select meritocratic leaders and competent voters. Such a vulnerability therefore undermines the claimed epistemic advantages which come from empowering the more knowledgeable. Although democratic elections are highly imperfect, they still produce a more intelligent system than those based on elite rule.
The Sortition Branch
Authors: Benson Jonathan
Published: May 2024

Chapter 8 argues that the epistemic value of democracy can be improved by combining elections with sortition. While voters struggle to motivate representatives towards the best decisions due to their limited knowledge, random selection offers the possibility for more informed citizen accountability and scrutiny of public policy. Popular proposals for combining elections with sortition, such as deliberative mini-publics and randomly selected legislatures, are found to face significant problems, however. The chapter therefore offers a new proposal for a sortition branch of a deliberative system which involves the formation of many short-term and randomly selected assemblies with the power to veto legislation. The sortition branch is argued to institutionalize random selection in a way which can balance substantive powers with reasonable burdens on citizen members, while also guarding against different forms of elite capture. It is therefore able to improve the intelligence of democracy in a way previous proposals cannot.
Trump’s Senate: A Bicameral Perspective
Authors: Evans C. Lawrence
Published: May 2024

During the Trump era, long-term structural differences between the Senate and House continued to shape lawmaking on Capitol Hill. Although critics regularly claimed that Senate malapportionment advantaged Republicans and tilted legislation toward rural interests, the main effects appear to have been at the extremes, with outlier constituencies more prevalent in the House than in the Senate. Bipartisanship on roll calls was also more common in the Senate, especially after controlling for variance in chamber agendas. Moreover, the content of bills emerging from the Senate and House often diverged because of structural incongruities grounded in apportionment and chamber procedure. The bicameral battles over tax reform in 2017 provide an important illustration. In the end, Trump disrupted American politics, but the legislative process during these years reflected the enduring consequences of bicameralism and Senate-House difference.
Presidents, Congress, and the Politics of Unilateral Action
Authors: Howell William G. , Moe Terry M.
Published: May 2024

The rules, structures, practices, and political dynamics of Congress inform more than just how legislators go about their work. These factors also weigh upon presidents when they decide whether to advance a policy agenda through legislative or administrative channels. Impediments to lawmaking, a rich body of scholarship demonstrates, routinely encourage presidents to bypass Congress and instead issue executive orders, proclamations, memoranda, and other unilateral directives. This chapter inventories the many unilateral actions taken by Donald Trump in the face of congressional disinterest, dysfunction, and even opposition. Coupled with a brief case study of Barack Obama’s exercise of unilateral powers in education policy, this history has important implications for our understandings of presidential-congressional dynamics, the shifting locus of policy decision-making in the federal government, and the changing balance of power between the first two branches of government.
Afterword
Authors: Theriault Sean M.
Published: May 2024

As Joe Biden entered the White House after serving 36 years in the Senate and 8 years as the president of the Senate, he brought a different strategy that seemed to pay off as his cabinet members received more votes in favor of their confirmation than did Trump’s nominees. His cabinet members would also stay around longer. Although Trump left the White House (admittedly, a bit grudgingly), he has not left the political scene. His presence is still very much felt in the Senate, and Republican senators are still responding to the news that he seems to create every day.
Aristotle and Xunzi on Shame, Moral Education, and the Good Life
Authors: Zhao Jingyi Jenny
Published: May 2024

Aristotle and Xunzi on Shame, Moral Education, and the Good Life is the first major work that takes two philosophers from the ancient Greek and early Chinese traditions to stimulate discussion of an interdisciplinary nature on the rich and complex topic of the emotions, in particular, shame. It features sophisticated comparative analysis of the Greek and Chinese texts while bringing the ancient materials to bear on modern controversies such as the role of shame in moral education and social cohesion. Despite fundamental differences in their social-historical and intellectual backgrounds, Aristotle and Xunzi bear striking similarities in several respects: their concept of humans as essentially members of communities, as having a unique set of characteristics that set them apart from other living things, and as beings in need of moral training to fulfil their potential and become integrated into a well-ordered society. The two philosophers’ discourses on shame reveal important insights into their ideals of human nature, moral education and the good life. This book tackles directly the methodological problems that are relevant to anyone interested in cross-cultural comparisons and organises discussion of the ancient sources in such a way as to facilitate a thorough integration of perspectives from the cultural traditions concerned. This approach provides sufficient focus to allow for detailed textual analysis while giving scope for making constant connections to the broader comparative questions at issue.
Mapping the Vocabulary of ‘Shame’
Authors: Zhao Jingyi Jenny
Published: May 2024

This chapter lays out conceptual maps of shame-related ideas in Aristotle and Xunzi. It illustrates how these ideas were conceived by each philosopher and the contexts in which they were employed. The chapter is therefore philological in nature, paying close attention to how particular terms and phrases were used and laying the foundation for the later chapters that are more philosophically focused. It first examines pathos and qing 情, both of which have been rendered as emotions, feelings, or affections in English, although each has a wide semantic range. It then moves onto the use and connotations of aidōs and aischunē in Aristotle’s works, including the important question of the interchangeability of the two terms, and xiu, chi, ru, and their related binomes in Xunzi. In both cases, shame-related vocabulary is employed in the context of upholding standards of behaviour and maintaining interpersonal relationships, though differences can be identified in their usage.
Making and Shaping the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Sivakumaran Sandesh , Burne Christian R.
Published: May 2024

This introduction explains the importance of the topic and situates this volume against the existing literature. It introduces the chapters and identifies certain themes which run through the work. The themes include the role of States in the making of the law of armed conflict; the role of actors other than States in the shaping of the law of armed conflict; the dynamic and interactive nature of law-making and shaping; and the multiple lives of norms.
Where Vienna and Geneva Meet
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the application of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to the interpretation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. The Vienna Convention offers a coherent legal framework for treaty interpretation, including international humanitarian law treaties. Because the adoption of new Geneva Conventions does not seem to be realistic in the near future, the interpretation of the existing Conventions remains of crucial importance. The chapter sets out the Vienna Convention’s framework for treaty interpretation and examines it from the perspective of the Geneva Conventions. It looks in more detail at the requirements of good faith and reliance on the ordinary meaning of the text, in light of the treaty’s object and purpose. It further examines the requirement that subsequent developments in law and practice be taken into account, particularly relevant for older treaties such as the Geneva Conventions. The chapter then looks at supplementary means of interpretation.
The Development of the Law of Armed Conflict by International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Bradley Martha M.
Published: May 2024

This chapter demonstrates how judicial decisions of international courts and tribunals have shaped international humanitarian law. Judicial decisions, specifically those of the ICTY and ICTR, have facilitated clearer comprehension of the law of non-international armed conflict. The discussion celebrates positive developments such as Tadić (ICTY), which defined “non-international armed conflict,” and Akayesu (ICTR), where “rape” is defined. However, this contribution cautions against judicial activism when interpreting war crimes because the resultant confusion frustrates those who deploy international humanitarian law during armed conflict. The International Criminal Court’s Ntaganda decision illustrates the delicate balance sustaining the relationship between international humanitarian law and international criminal law and is a reminder of the importance of the principle that war crimes vest in prohibitive rules under international humanitarian law. International humanitarian law is the starting point in interpretation, and a reversal of the correct order results in a dilution of international humanitarian law rules.
Applying and Interpreting the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Khan Yousuf Syed
Published: May 2024

Over the past twenty-two years, the United Nations has relied on a series of mandated mechanisms to investigate and respond to periods of uprising, conflict, and post-conflict contexts (“atrocity inquiries”). These mechanisms regularly consider questions of law, including by publicly applying and interpreting the law of armed conflict (LOAC). Sometimes they are the first international bodies to consider certain issues. The Syria Commission of Inquiry, for example, was the first UN-mandated mechanism to consider (1) the forced displacement of unsympathetic populations as a warring strategy after prolonged siege warfare; and (2) unlawful internment through battlefield detention perpetrated by a non-State armed group under the guise of camps for internally displaced persons. Similarly, the South Sudan Commission was the first mechanism to dedicate a comprehensive report to starvation as a method of warfare in the context of a non-international armed conflict. Beyond simply applying and interpreting the LOAC publicly, when UN Human Rights Council mechanisms share their underlying information with courts in particular, the information “shows their work” and can serve as a rubric for how the mechanism had viewed the elements of crimes and therefore how it viewed the application of the LOAC. Upon receiving this underlying information and evidence, especially the interviews conducted, judicial verdicts may later be reached relying on them. Through judicial decisions and their status as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law, it is by sharing their underlying work that atrocity inquires have the more concrete potential to shape and influence the LOAC.
Uncertain Vote-Counting in the Founding Era
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

Even before the Constitution was drafted, the new nation struggled to adjudicate fairly a dispute over the outcome of a close and important election. In 1781, Pennsylvania had an election for a seat on its Supreme Executive Council, which exercised the state’s executive authority before it had a governor. The election was mired over allegations of polling place improprieties, including claims that military authorities used coercion to affect the casting of ballots. The council itself divided along partisan lines on how to resolve the dispute, including the question whether election laws must be followed strictly or only substantially—and how to determine whether the breach of a rule affected which candidate won. After the Constitution was adopted, the new Congress confronted similar difficulties.
The Progressive Era
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

In 1891, New York suffered an episode so outrageous that it caused the state’s bar to condemn a leading lawyer and sparked calls for systemic reform. The “Stolen Senate” occurred when the state’s deputy attorney general deceitfully disobeyed the decree of the state’s highest court. Three years later, the state’s new constitution included a provision aimed at reducing partisanship in election administration of elections, although the provision could have been stronger. When New York City’s mayoral election of 1905 became mired in allegations of fraud, the state’s progressive governor Charles Evans Hughes promised an honest count. The state’s courts, however, did not comply with this promise, floundering on procedural technicalities. Hughes again is a principal player in the presidential election of 1916, which almost became disputed over the close outcome in California, but campaign attorneys found no evidence of improprieties and Hughes conceded to his Progressive Era counterpart, Woodrow Wilson.