bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitotic Division in Pancreatic Beta Cells
Authors: Like Arthur A. , Chick William L.
Published: October 2006

Successful expansion of the islet cell mass occurs in genetically diabetic mice (C57 Bl/Ks-dbdb) following a period of dietary restriction, in the absence of a population of precursor cells. Differentiated cells that synthesize insulin retain the capability of undergoing mitotic division.
Rapid Loss of Tolerance Induced in Weanling NZB and B/ W F
1
Mice
Authors: Staples Parker J. , Talal Norman
Published: October 2006

Young adult mice (30 to 43 days old) of autoimmune NZB and B/W F
1
strains failed to develop immunologic tolerance when treated with ultracentrifuged bovine gamma globulin and then challenged 12 days later. By contrast, weanling NZB and B/W F
1
mice (18 to 25 days) as well as weanling C3H mice (16 to 19 days) became tolerant and had no serum antibody 12 days after challenge. The C3H mice remained unresponsive, but NZB and B/W F
1
mice produced antibody between days 27 and 41. The rapid loss of previously established tolerance to foreign antigens could have its parallel in the loss of tolerance to autoantigens with subsequent development of lupus nephritis and Coombs' positive hemolytic anemia in these animals.
Lipids of
Drosophila
: A Newly Detected Lipid in the Male
Authors: Butterworth F. M.
Published: October 2006

A thin-layer chromatographic analysis of
Drosophila melanogaster
revealed a lipid to be found almost exclusively in the adult male. The compound or class of compounds having an
R

F

close to that of methyl oleate is present in substantial amounts and is located predominantly in the ejaculatory bulb. It appears from genetic studies that the formulation of the lipid is not mediated by the Y chromosome.
Transforming Growth Factor-β in Leishmanial Infection: a Parasite Escape Mechanism
Authors: Barral-Netto Manoel , Barral Aldina , Brownell Cari E. , Skeiky Yasir A. W. , Ellingsworth Larry R. , Twardzik Daniel R. , Reed Steven G.
Published: October 2006

The course of infection with the protozoan parasite
Leishmania
is determined in part by their early replication in macrophages, the exclusive host cells for these organisms. Although factors contributing to the survival of
Leishmania
are not well understood, cytokines influence the course of infection. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multipotential cytokine with diverse effects on cells of the immune system, including down-regulation of certain macrophage functions. Leishmanial infection induced the production of active TGF-β, both in vitro and in vivo. TGF-β was important for determining in vivo susceptibility to experimental leishmanial infection.
White Blood Cell Cultures in Genetic Studies on the Human Mucopolysaccharidoses
Authors: Foley Kathleen M. , Danes B. Shannon , Bearn Alexander G.
Published: October 2006

Cultures of white cells derived from peripheral blood of individuals homozygous and heterozygous for the inherited mucopolysaccharidoses revealed a distinct intracellular metachromatic staining with toluidine blue O. These short-term cultures circumvent the technical problems of skin fibroblast cultures and provide a simple screening procedure to detect the heterozygous state for the mucopolysaccharidoses, as well as offering an opportunity to study the heterozygous state of various inherited storage diseases.
Auditory Sequence: Confusion of Patterns Other Than Speech or Music
Authors: Warren Richard M. , Obusek Charles J. , Farmer Richard M. , Warren Roslyn P.
Published: October 2006

Accurate perception of temporal order is essential for many auditory tasks. Yet the temporal pattern of four successive sounds (for example, hisses, buzzes, and tones) could not be recognized even when the duration of each sound was considerably longer than either the average phoneme in normal discourse or the notes of melodies. Although each of the stimuli was perceived, their order remained frustratingly elusive.
X-ray Pulsar in the Crab Nebula
Authors: Fritz G. , Henry R. C. , Meekins J. F. , Chubb T. A. , Friedman H.
Published: October 2006

X-ray pulsations have been observed in the Crab Nebula at a frequency closely matching the radio and optical pulsations. About 5 percent of the total x-ray power of the nebula appears in the pulsed component. The x-ray pulsations have the form of a main pulse and an interpulse separated by about 12 milliseconds.
Sterile Soil from Antarctica: Organic Analysis
Authors: Horowitz N. H. , Bauman A. J. , Cameron R. E. , Geiger P. J. , Hubbard J. S. , Shulman G. P. , Simmonds P. G. , Westberg K.
Published: October 2006

Soils from the dry-valley region of Antarctica can be sterile by the usual microbiological criteria and yet contain significant amounts of organic carbon. Examination of one such soil shows that the organic material is finely divided anthracite coal. These findings have significant implications for the biological exploration of Mars.
Sex Pheromone of the Queen Butterfly: Electroantennogram Responses
Authors: Schneider D. , Seibt Uta
Published: October 2006

Olfactory receptor responses (electroantennograms) were recorded from antennae of danaid butterflies. Antennae of male and female queen butterflies (
Danaus gilippus berenice
) respond equally strongly to the hairpencil of queen males, to its crude extract, and to one of its two identified secretory components (the ketone). Responses to the second component (the diol) are weak. Hairpencils of a related species,
Lycorea ceres
, which also contain the ketone, are equally effective in eliciting electroantennograms from both sexes of the queen. Antennae of another related species, the monarch (
Danaus plexippus
), respond to the same stimuli as does the queen. Monarch hairpencils, which lack the ketone, do not elicit electroantennograms in monarch or queen antennae.
Western Pine Beetle: Field Response to Its Sex Pheromone and a Synergistic Host Terpene, Myrcene
Authors: Bedard William D. , Tilden Paul E. , Wood David L. , Silverstein Robert M. , Brownlee Robert G. , Rodin J. Otto
Published: October 2006

In the field, both sexes of the western pine beetle,
Dendroctonus brevicomis
, are attracted by the female-produced bicyclic ketal
exo
-brevicomin; this response is enhanced by myrcene (a constituent of the beetle's host, ponderosa pine), which is not an attractant by itself. This synergism may be part of the phenomenon of the mass attack on its host.
Temnochila virescens chlorodia
, one of the principal insectan predators of this beetle, is attracted by
exo
-brevicomin alone.
Larval Trematodes: Double Infections in Common Mud-Flat Snail
Authors: Vernberg Winona B. , Vernberg F. John , Beckerdite Fred W.
Published: October 2006

Larvae of the trematode
Zoogonus lasius
are involved in most double infections of
Nassarius obsoleta
. The two most common trematode parasites of this snail do not occur together in double infections. Double infections were found in 14 of 340 infected snails in a total sample of 5025 snails.
Queuing Behavior of Spiny Lobsters
Authors: Herrnkind William
Published: October 2006

Autumnal mass migrations of spiny lobsters,
Panulirus argus
, involve diurnal movements of thousands of individuals in single-file queues. Initiation, posture, and alignment of a queue can be effected entirely by tactile cues received through antennular inner rami, pereiopods, and antennae. Since spiny lobsters queue when deprived of shelter, this behavior may serve a defensive function. Specimens captured while migrating maintain the queue indoors for up to several weeks, whereas at other times the queue lasts only a few hours. Hence, the migratory behavior probably depends in part upon environmentally induced neurohormonal changes.
Forebrain Temperature Activates Behavioral Thermoregulatory Response in Arctic Sculpins
Authors: Hammel H. T. , Strømme S. B. , Myhre K.
Published: October 2006

Arctic sculpins of the genus
Myoxocephalus
adapted to water at 5°C escaped from warm water at 20°, 16°, and 12°C when their deep-body temperatures increased from an initial 5°C to about 8°C. Heating parts of the forebrain with water at 25°C circulating through a pair of thermodes astraddle rostral parts of the forebrain shortened the time spent in the warm water and lessened the increase in deep-body temperature before exit from the warm water. Cooling the forebrain to about -1°C caused a large increase in the body temperature and sometimes suppressed the escape from the warm water.
Neuroglia Electrically Coupled to Neurons
Authors: Walker Franklin D. , Hild Walther J.
Published: October 2006

Applied electric current is transmitted between mammalian glial cells grown in tissue culture. A similar electrical coupling exists between certain neurons as well as between neuroglia and neurons. Although this phenomenon may be a peculiarity of mammalian neural cells maintained in culture, it may, on the other hand, represent a phenomenon with greater neurophysiological significance, a process whereby neurons can become silent.
Red Sea Floor Origin: Rare-Earth Evidence
Authors: Schilling Jean-Guy
Published: October 2006

Abundance patterns of rare earths of submarine tholeiitic basalts from the axial trough of the Red Sea resemble those of basalts from mid-ocean ridges but are distinct from shield or plateau basalts of tholeiitic composition. These results imply that a similar magmatic process, related to spreading of sea floors, operates beneath the axial trough of the Red Sea and the crest of mid-ocean ridges.
Visual Stimuli and Evoked Responses in the Rat
Authors: Fields Craig
Published: October 2006

Rats were presented with a series of visual stimuli, each described by shape, size, and position. Cortical recordings were made in medial and lateral positions of rat visual cortex. Average responses were calculated and correlated. This analysis revealed that information regarding size was contained in electrical activity from medial areas, and information regarding shape in electrical activity from lateral areas.
Mutations of Chromosome 5q21 Genes in FAP and Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Nishisho Isamu , Nakamura Yusuke , Miyoshi Yasuo , Miki Yoshio , Ando Hiroshi , Horii Akira , Koyama Kumiko , Utsunomiya Joji , Baba Shozo , Hedge Philip , Markham Alex , Krush Anne J. , Petersen Gloria , Hamilton Stanley R. , Nilbert Mef C. , Levy Daniel B. , Bryan Tracy M. , Preisinger Antonette C. , Smith Kelly J. , Su Li-Kuo , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert
Published: October 2006

Previous studies suggested that one or more genes on chromosome 5q21 are responsible for the inheritance of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Gardner's syndrome (GS), and contribute to tumor development in patients with noninherited forms of colorectal cancer. Two genes on 5q21 that are tightly linked to FAP (MCC and APC) were found to be somatically altered in tumors from sporadic colorectal cancer patients. One of the genes (APC) was also found to be altered by point mutation in the germ line of FAP and GS patients. These data suggest that more than one gene on chromosome 5q21 may contribute to colorectal neoplasia, and that mutations of the APC gene can cause both FAP and GS. The identification of these genes should aid in understanding the pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia and in the diagnosis and counseling of patients with inherited predispositions to colorectal cancer.
Attention Shifts in a Maintained Discrimination
Authors: Blough Donald S.
Published: October 2006

Pigeons received lights of varying wavelengths paired with sounds of varying frequencies; pecking was reinforced only at one stimulus combination. Then either the light or the sound was held constant at its reinforced value, while the other stimulus continued to vary. Subsequent tests showed that the constant stimulus had lost much of its control over the birds' responses.
Macquarie Island and the Cause of Oceanic Linear Magnetic Anomalies
Authors: Varne Richard , Gee R. Dennis , Quilty Patrick G. J.
Published: October 2006

Macquarie Island is formed of probably Pliocene oceanic crust. Intruded into pillow lavas is a belt of harzburgite and layered gabbro masses cut by dike swarms. Similar belt-like structures may cause the linear magnetic anomalies of the ocean.
Allergenic Component of a Liverwort: A Sesquiterpene Lactone
Authors: Knoche H. , Ourisson G. , Perold G. W. , Foussereau J. , Maleville J.
Published: October 2006

Frullania
spp. (Hepaticae, Jungermanniales) are agents of allergies. Extraction and fractionation of
Frullania tamarisci
has given, as the only allergenic component isolated, a levorotatory crystalline substance, the structure of which is demonstrated. It is a sesquiterpene lactone. The racemic (±) form is isolated from a mixed sample of
Frullania tamarisci
and
Frullania dilatata
; the dextrorotatory form, from
Frullania dilatata
. The observed allergenic properties are shared by some other sesquiterpene lactones.
Axonal Outgrowth and Cell Migration in vitro from Nervous System of Cockroach Embryos
Authors: Chen John S. , Levi-Montalcini Rita
Published: October 2006

Brain and ganglia of embryonic
Periplaneta americana
were grown for 2 to 3 weeks in a chemically defined medium. Nerve fibers sprouted vigorously from intact brains and ganglia, interconnecting nerve cultures, and adjacent cultures of the digestive tract, Glia, tracheal, and nerve cells were present in large numbers in the migratory zone surrounding the explants.
Apollo Lunar Module Engine Exhaust Products
Authors: Simoneit B. R. , Burlingame A. L. , Flory D. A. , Smith I. D.
Published: October 2006

Organic combustion products generated by the lunar module descent engine, which burns a 1:1 mixture of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer, have been analyzed. The major gaseous combustion products found were ammonia, water, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide. The minor products were acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, ethylene, formaldehyde, propadiene, ketene, cyanous acid, hydrazoic acid, various methylamines, acetaldehyde, methyl nitrite, formic acid, nitrous acid, butadiyne, nitrilohydrazines, nitromethane, and nitrosohydrazines with other oxidized derivatives of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine. The ion intensities of the various species in all mass spectra were estimated as the following concentrations: the gases (NH
3
, H
2
O, CO, NO, O
2
, CO
2
, and NO
2
), 87.7 percent; compounds of C, H, and O, 6.0 percent; and compounds of C, H, and N (with traces of O), 5.8 percent.
Graywacke Matrix Minerals: Hydrothermal Reactions with Columbia River Sediments
Authors: Hawkins James W. , Whetten John T.
Published: October 2006

Experiments with sands chemically similar to graywackes produced "matrix" minerals at 250°C and a water pressure of 1 kilobar. Starting materials were moderately well sorted sands containing abundant volcanic rock fragments and no detectable clay minerals. The results support the concept that graywacke matrix may form diagenetically by hydration and recrystallization of unstable clasts. Matrix need not be a recrystallized detrial fine fraction. Texture, therefore, is not a reliable criterion for sandstone classification. For graywackes, chemical composition may be more significant.
Hageman Factor (Factor XII) Deficiency in Marine Mammals
Authors: Robinson A. Jean , Kropatkin Mona , Aggeler Paul M.
Published: October 2006

Hematologic and coagulation studies were conducted on Atlantic bottlenose dolphins and killer whales. Hematologic values were similar to those in man. These animals differed from other mammals in that the Hageman factor (factor XII) was absent and this absence caused marked prolongation of coagulation. Levels of factors VIII and V were high and those of VII and X were low compared with levels in man.
Enterobius vermicularis
: 10,000-Year-Old Human Infection
Authors: Fry Gary F. , Moore John G.
Published: October 2006

Eggs of
Enterobius vermicularis
(human pinworm) were found in human coprolites from Hopug and Danger Caves, western Utah. The caves were inhabitated by man from 10,000 B.C. to A.D. 1400. The oldest coprolite containing
E. vermicularis
was radio-carbon dated at 7837 B.C. This represents the earliest known association between man add this exclusively human parasite.
Photoperiodic Induction and Termination of Diapause in an Insect: Response to Changing Day Lengths
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: October 2006

Chrysopa carnea
diapaused after experiencing a decrease in day length above the critical photoperiod. Animals experiencing increasing day lengths less than the critical photoperiod did not diapause, and those in diapause began to reproduce. These experiments are the first to demonstrate that insects respond to the direction of change in photoperiods (both increasing and decreasing) which do not encroach on the critical photoperiod.
White Pine Blister Rust: Simply Inherited Resistance in Sugar Pine
Authors: Kinloch Bohun B. , Parks Gaylord K. , Fowler Carl W.
Published: October 2006

Segregation ratios of offspring from disease-free sugar pines suggest that resistance to the white pine blister rust fungus is under major gene control and simply inherited.
Silicon: A Possible Factor in Bone Calcification
Authors: Carlisle Edith M.
Published: October 2006

Silicon, a relatively unknown trace element in nutritional research, has been uniquely localized in active calcification sites in young bone. Silicon increases directly with calcium at relatively low calcium concentrations and falls below the detection limit at compositions approaching hydroxyapatite. It is suggested that silicon is associated with calcium in an early stage of calcification.
"Psychogenic" Death: A Reappraisal
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Franke Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Social, economic, and medical variables correlated with "psychogenic" death rates across about 30 countries. However, McClelland's psychological motives of achievement, affiliation, and power, determined for each country by content analysis of children's stories, did not. Status integration correlated positively with homicide and negatively with deaths from suicide and ulcers. Low life expectancy, wealth, economic growth, wine consumption, and zinc (cadmium) consumption correlated with deaths from homicide, suicide, ulcers, cirrhosis, and hypertension, respectively.
Apollo 11 Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector: Initial Measurements from the McDonald Observatory
Authors: Alley C. O. , Chang R. F. , Curri D. G. , Mullendore J. , Poultney S. K. , Rayner J. D. , Silverberg E. C. , Steggerda C. A. , Plotkin H. H. , Williams W. , Warner B. , Richardson H. , Bopp B.
Published: October 2006

Acquisition measurements of the round-trip travel time of light, from the McDonald Observatory to the Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector deployed on the moon by the Apollo 11 astronauts, were made on 20 August and on 3, 4, and 22 September 1969. The uncertainty in the round-trip travel time was ± 15 nanoseconds, with the pulsed ruby laser and timing system used for the acquisition. The uncertainty in later measurements of a planned long-term sequence from this observatory is expected to be an order of magnitude smaller. The successful performance of the retro-reflector at several angles of solar illumination, as well as during and after a lunar night, confirms the prediction of thermal design analyses.
Lunar Anorthosites
Authors: Wood John A. , Dickey John S. , Marvin Ursula B. , Powell Benjamin N.
Published: October 2006

Sixty-one of 1676 lunar rock fragments examined were found to be anorthosites, markedly different in composition, color, and specific gravity from mare basalts and soil breccias. Compositional similarity to Tycho ejecta analyzed by Surveyor 7 suggests that the anorthosites are samples of highlands material, thrown to Tranquillity Base by cratering events. A lunar structural model is proposed in which a 25-kilometer anorthosite crust, produced by magmatic fractionation, floats on denser gabbro. Where early major impacts punched through the crust, basaltic lava welled up to equilibrium surface levels and solidified (maria). Mascons are discussed in this context.
Opaque Minerals of the Lunar Rocks and Dust from Mare Tranquillitatis
Authors: Ramdohr Paul , El Goresey Ahmed
Published: October 2006

The opaque minerals in the lunar rocks 10047, 10050, 10057, 10059, 10068 and in the dust were studied. Rock 10047 contains ilmenite as a main component besides Al-bearing chromian ulvöspinel, a new Ti, Fe, Zr, Y, Ca silicate, troilite, cobaltian α Fe, minor hafnian baddeleyite and dysanalyte. Dysanalyte contains Ca, Ti, and Fe as major elements and shows concentrations (rare earth elements together ≈ 10 percent) of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Hf, Y, and Zr plus traces of Nb, Ba, and Na. The chemistry of ilmenite in the igneous rocks shows no appreciable variations. A new mineral of the solid solution series MgTi
2
O
5
-FeTi
2
O
5
has also been encountered in the polymict breccias. The microbreccias and the fines contain meteorite debris indicating an impact origin.
Harderian Gland: An Extraretinal Photoreceptor Influencing the Pineal Gland in Neonatal Rats?
Authors: Wetterberg Lennart , Geller Edward , Yuwiler Arthur
Published: October 2006

The circadian rhythm of pineal serotonin and the influence of light on that rhythm have been confirmed. Removal of the Harderian gland abolishes the response to light in blinded animals, which suggests that this gland may act as the extraretinal transducer involved in the persistence of the pineal rhythm in blinded suckling rats.
Cretinism in Rats: Enduring Behavioral Deficit Induced by Tricyanoaminopropene
Authors: Davenport John W.
Published: October 2006

Rats reared on diets containing tricyanoaminopropene, the antithyroid compound that stimulates RNA synthesis, showed a deficit in performance on automated closed-field maze tests many weeks after discontinuation of the drug. The rats were also tested while still receiving the drug, and performance deficits were indicated in tests of Y-maze reversal and manual closed-field maze performance; rats treated with the drug and with thiouracil behaved in a highly similar fashion on several tasks. No evidence of facilitation by tricyanoaminopropene appeared in any of the eight learning situations used. Exposure to tricyanoaminopropene before and after birth, at doses sufficient to produce anatomical cretinism, apparently induces an enduring behavioral deficit which is similar to that of neonatal thyroidectomy-induced cretinism in rats and which parallels the mental retardation associated with human cretinism.
The Ocean: A Natural Source of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Swinnerton J. W. , Linnenbom V. J. , Lamontagne R. A.
Published: October 2006

The surface waters of the western Atlantic are supersaturated with respect to the partial pressure of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Under these conditions, the net transport of carbon monoxide across the air-sea interface must be from the sea into the atmosphere. Thus, the ocean appears to act as a source of carbon monoxide. The ocean may be the largest known natural source of this gas, contributing possibly as much as 5 percent of the amount generated by burning of fuels by man.
Acidic Mine Drainage: The Rate-Determining Step
Authors: Singer Philip C. , Stumm Werner
Published: October 2006

The rate-determining step in the oxidation of iron pyrite and the formation of acidity in streams associated with coal and copper mines is the oxidation of ferrous iron. Effective pollution abatement necessitates controlling this reaction.
Bladder Tumors in Rats Fed Cyclohexylamine or High Doses of a Mixture of Cyclamate and Saccharin
Authors: Price J. M. , Biava C. G. , Oser B. L. , Vogin E. E. , Steinfeld J. , Ley H. L.
Published: October 2006

Papillary transitional cell tumors were found in the urinary bladders in 8 rats out of 80 that received 2600 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day of a mixture of sodium cyclamate and sodium saccharin (10:1) for up to 105 weeks. From week 79 on, several of these rats received cyclohexylamine hydrochloride (125 milligrams per kilogram per day, the molecular equivalent of the conversion of about 10 percent of the cyclamate dosage to cyclohexylamine) in addition to the sodium cyclamate and sodium saccharin. In another study in which 50 rats were fed daily 15 milligrams of cyclohexylamine sulfate per kilogram of body weight for 2 years, eight males and nine females survived. One of the eight males had a tumor of the urinary bladder. In neither study were bladder tumors found in the control rats or in rats treated with lower doses of the compounds.
Neuroglia: Biophysical Properties and Physiologic Function
Authors: Trachtenberg Michael C. , Pollen Daniel A.
Published: October 2006

The membrane time constant of neocortical glial cells is about 385 microseconds, less than one-twentieth the known value for the Betz cell. Glial membrane specific resistance is low (approximately 200 to 500 ohm centimeters squared). Neuroglial cells are ideally suited to buffer the immediate extraneuronal space at areas of synaptic contact against the increases in external potassium ion concentration that accompany postsynaptic and spike activity and to minimize the spread of potassium ions to other pre- and postsynaptic regions.
Fabry's Disease: Alpha-Galactosidase Deficiency
Authors: Kint J. A.
Published: October 2006

The leukocytes of male patients with Fabry's disease are deficient in α-galactosidase. The α-galactosidase activity in the leukocytes of female carriers of the disease is 15 to 40 percent of the amount present in normal leukocytes. The activities of β-galactosidase, β-acetylgalactosaminidase, and β-acetylglucosaminidase in the leukocytes of affected individuals are normal.
Rats' Preference for Earned in Comparison with Free Food
Authors: Carder Brooks , Berkowitz Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Rats were trained to eat free food from a dish, then trained to press a lever for similar food. The free food was then presented while subjects were pressing on several reinforcement schedules. Subjects continued to press for reinforcement when one or two presses were required for reinforcement, and ate little free food. When ten presses were required for reinforcement, rats preferred free food and pressed little or not at all. It was concluded that, when work demands are not too high, rats prefer earned food to free food.
Supersaturation of Gases in Water: Absence of Cavitation on Decompression from High Pressures
Authors: Hemmingsen E. A.
Published: October 2006

Very high supersaturations ranging from 140 atmospheres for oxygen to more than 270 atmospheres for helium, were produced without cavitation of the water at atmospheric pressure. Thus, the lower limits for
de novo
bubble formation are increased substantially over those previously obtained.
Alkaloids from Catecholamines in Adrenal Tissue: Possible Role in Alcoholism
Authors: Cohen Gerald , Collins Michael
Published: October 2006

Epinephrine and norepinephrine condensed with acetaldehyde or with formaldehyde in dilute aqueous solution at neutral
p
H and room temperature to form 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. Similar condensation reactions occurred in cow adrenal glands perfused with dilute aldehyde solutions at 37°C. Biosynthesis of these alkaloids in vivo could play a role in altering an individual's behavior during and after the ingestion of alcohol.
Altered Synaptic Plasticity in
Drosophila
Memory Mutants with a Defective Cyclic AMP Cascade
Authors: Zhong Yi , Wu Chun-Fang
Published: October 2006

Synaptic transmission was examined in
Drosophila
mutants deficient in memory function. These mutants,
dunce
and
rutabaga
, are defective in different steps of the cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) cascade. In both
dunce
and
rutabaga
larvae, voltage-clamp analysis of neuromuscular transmission revealed impaired synaptic facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation as well as abnormal responses to direct application of dibutyryl cAMP. In addition, the calcium dependence of transmitter release was shifted in
dunce
. The results suggest that the cAMP cascade plays a role in synaptic facilitation and potentiation and indicate that synaptic plasticity is altered in
Drosophila
memory mutants.
Subtle Cerebellar Phenotype in Mice Homozygous for a Targeted Deletion of the
En-2
Homeobox
Authors: Joyner A. L. , Herrup K. , Auerbach B. A. , Davis C. A. , Rossant J.
Published: October 2006

The two mouse genes,
En-1
and
En-2
, that are homologs of the
Drosophila
segmentation gene
engrailed
, show overlapping spatially restricted patterns of expression in the neural tube during embryogenesis, suggestive of a role in regional specification. Mice homozygous for a targeted mutation that deletes the homeobox were viable and showed no obvious defects in embryonic development. This may be due to functional redundancy of
En-2
and the related
En-1
gene product during embryogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, the mutant mice showed abnormal foliation in the adult cerebellum, where
En-2
, and not
En-1
, is normally expressed.
Hyperphenylalaninemia: Disaggregation of Brain Polyribosomes in Young Rats
Authors: Aoki Kikumaro , Siegel Frank L.
Published: October 2006

A single injection of L-phenylalanine in 7-day-old rats produced disaggregation of brain polyribosomes and inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis in cell-free systems prepared from brain. Liver polyribosomes and in vitro protein synthesis in hepatic systems were not affected. In 4-week-old rats these effects on brain protein synthesis did not occur.
Number Coding in Association Cortex of the Cat
Authors: Thompson Richard F. , Mayers Kathleen S. , Robertson Richard T. , Patterson Charlotte J.
Published: October 2006

In electrophysiological investigations of single neurons in cortical association response areas of the cat, cells have been encountered that appear to code the property of number. In a sequence of stimulus presentations, these cells characteristically discharge to a particular numbered stimulus in the series. This effect is independent of stimulus modality, intensity, and interstimulus interval; thus, the cells seem to be responding to the number of stimulus presentations.
Ionic Radon Solutions
Authors: Stein Lawrence
Published: October 2006

Radon is oxidized between -195° and 25°C by chlorine fluorides, bromine fluorides, iodine heptafluoride, and NiF
6
2-
ion in hydrogen fluoride with the formation of stable solutions of radon fluoride. Electromigration studies show that the radon is present as a cation, possibly Rn
2+
or RnF
+
, in several conducting solutions.
Regulation of Oxygen Consumption and Body Temperature during Torpor in a Hummingbird,
Eulampis jugularis
Authors: Hainsworth F. Reed , Wolf Larry L.
Published: October 2006

The West Indian hummingbird,
Eulampis jugularis
, maintained its body temperature in torpor at 18° to 20°C over an ambient temperature range of 2.5° to 18°C. At ambient temperatures below 18°C oxygen consumption during torpor increased linearly with decreasing temperature. Thermal conductances were the same for resting and torpid
Eulampis
regulating their body temperatures at 40° and 18°C, respectively.
Paleomagnetism and Gondwanaland
Authors: McElhinny M. W. , Luck G. R.
Published: October 2006

Lower Paleozoic data now available for all the southern continents enable a unique reconstruction of Gondwanaland to be determined from paleomagnetic measurements alone. This reconstruction is corroborated by the computerized fit of the continental shelves and the matching of geological age provinces.
Hydrocephalus in Mice Inoculated Neonatally by the Oronasal Route with Reovirus Type 1
Authors: Phillips P. A. , Alpers M. P. , Stanley N. F.
Published: October 2006

Mice inoculated neonatally by the oronasal route with reovirus type 1 or 2 developed typical acute disease. Fifteen percent of the mice recovered from the acute infection. No further disease was noted in mice infected with reovirus 2, but 9 percent of the survivors of reovirus 1 infections developed hydrocephalus at a mean time of 109 days after inoculation. Infectious virus could not be isolated from hydrocephalic mice.
Visual Experience Modifies Distribution of Horizontally and Vertically Oriented Receptive Fields in Cats
Authors: Hirsch Helmut V. B. , Spinelli D. N.
Published: October 2006

Cats were raised from birth with one eye viewing horizontal lines and one eye viewing vertical lines. Elongated receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex were horizontally or vertically oriented—no oblique fields were found. Units with horizontal fields were activated only by the eye exposed to horizontal lines; units with vertical fields only by the eye exposed to vertical lines.
Nest Parasitism, Productivity, and Clutch Size in Purple Martins
Authors: Moss W. Wayne , Camin Joseph H.
Published: October 2006

Mean maximum nestling weight of purple martins decreased with increase in brood size from three to five. Martins in the absence of acarine nest parasites produced young heavier than parasitized young of the same brood size; in addition, unparasitized nestlings tended to reach a maximum weight equivalent to that of young in parasitized broods of one less member. Modal brood size for parasitized and unparasitized martins was four, but there was a significant trend toward production of broods of five by mite-free birds, and of broods of three by parasitized parents. This suggests a potentially important role for nest parasitism in the determination of clutch size in martins and other birds.
Shear Dependence of Effective Cell Volume as a Determinant of Blood Viscosity
Authors: Chien Shu
Published: October 2006

The viscosity of suspensions of human erythrocytes (normal cells in plasma, normal cells in Ringer's solution containing albumin, and hardened cells in Ringer's solution containing albumin) was measured over a wide range of shear rates, and the macrorheological data were correlated with the microrheological behavior of erythrocytes and rigid particles. The formation of rouleaux increases the effective volume of erythrocytes as a result of (i) the increase in axial ratio and (ii) the limitation of deformation of individual erythrocytes. The effective cell volume is the fundamental determinant of blood viscosity.
Melatonin Synthesis: Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and Norepinephrine Stimulate
N
-Acetyltransferase
Authors: Klein David C. , Berg Gerald R. , Weller Joan
Published: October 2006

Treatment of cultured rat pineal glands with norepinephrine or dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate causes a six- to tenfold stimulation of
N
-acetyltransferase. This enzyme converts serotonin to
N
-acetylserotonin, the immediate precursor of melatonin. The increased synthesis of melatonin caused by norepinephrine treatment appears to be the result of stimulation of
N
-acetyltransferase by an adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate mechanism.
Myxovirus Antibody Increases in Human Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: Phillips Paul E. , Christian Charles L.
Published: October 2006

Antibodies to measles and parainfluenza type 1 viruses were significantly increased in systemic lupus erythematosus and Reiter's syndrome. Of the individuals with highest titers of measles antibody, 75 percent had neurologic illness. Persistent virus infection may be a factor in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Insulin Release from Isolated Human Fetal Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Espinosa de Los Monteros A. , Driscoll S. G. , Steinke J.
Published: October 2006

Pancreases were obtained from five human fetuses 12 to 16 weeks old. The islets of Langerhans were isolated with collagenase, and then incubated with buffer, glucose, tolbutamide, or glucagon added to the medium. The insulin released into the medium was measured by immunoassay. Glucagon produced the only significant increase above base line; glucose and tolbutamide failed to enhance secretion of insulin. The data suggest that isolated human fetal islets of this gestational age develop responsiveness to glucagon earlier than to glucose or tolbutamide.
Visibility of Single Atoms
Authors: Crewe A. V. , Wall J. , Langmore J.
Published: October 2006

Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that, with a high-resolution scanning electron microscope, it is now possible to obtain pictures of a single heavy atom resting on a thin carbon substrate.
Cones of Living Amphibian Eye: Selective Staining
Authors: Laties Alan M. , Liebman Paul A.
Published: October 2006

The outer segments of cones are selectively stained by the chlortriazinyl dye Procion Yellow injected into the vitreous humor. Since the dye does not cross nerve cell membranes, the selective staining of cones is further evidence for structural differences between rod and cone outer segments. Specifically, it is believed that cone saccules are open to extracellular space whereas rod saccules are not.
Atmospheric Oxygen in 1967 to 1970
Authors: Machta L. , Hughes E.
Published: October 2006

Observations of atmospheric oxygen in clean air between 50°N and 60°S, mainly over the oceans, yield an almost constant value of 20.946 percent by volume in dry air. Since 1910 changes with time over the globe appear to be either zero or smaller than the uncertainty in the measurements.
Forgetting: Trace Erosion or Retrieval Failure?
Authors: Shiffrin Richard M.
Published: October 2006

A series of lists of random words was presented. Following each list, the subject attempted to recall the words of the list prior to the list just presented. Recall probability for a given word depended on the length of the list in which it was embedded, not on the length of the list intervening between presentation and test. These results indicate that forgetting is a failure in the memory search during retrieval rather than a degradation of the memory trace occurring between presentation and test.
Molecular Cloning of an Invertebrate Glutamate Receptor Subunit Expressed in
Drosophila
Muscle
Authors: Schuster Christoph M. , Ultsch Andreas , Schloss Patrick , Cox Jane A. , Schmitt Bertram , Betz Heinrich
Published: October 2006

Insects and other invertebrates use glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction. A complementary DNA from
Drosophila melanogaster
, designated DGluR-II, has been isolated that encodes a distant homolog of the cloned mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family and is expressed in somatic muscle tissue of
Drosophila
embryos. Electrophysiological recordings made in
Xenopus
oocytes that express DGluR-II revealed depolarizing responses to L-glutamate and L-aspartate but low sensitivity to quisqualate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA), and kainate. The DGluR-II protein may represent a distinct glutamate receptor subtype, which shares its structural design with other members of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family.
Survival of Adult Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons After Loss of Target Neurons
Authors: Sofroniew Michael V. , Galletly Neil P. , Isacson Ole , Svendsen Clive N.
Published: October 2006

Target cells are thought to regulate the survival of afferent neurons during development by supplying limiting amounts of neurotrophic factors, but the degree to which afferent neurons remain dependent on target-derived support in the adult is uncertain. In this study, uninjured basal forebrain cholinergic neurons did not die after excitotoxic ablation of their target neurons in young adult rats, indicating that they are either not dependent on neurotrophic factors for survival or can obtain trophic support from other sources after target neurons are lost. This finding suggests that cholinergic cell death in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease is not due solely to a loss of target neurons or factors provided by them.
Chromosome Pairing: Effect of Colchicine on an Isochromosome
Authors: Driscoll C. J. , Darvey N. L.
Published: October 2006

Two separable stages in the process of chromosome pairing have been demonstrated. The first results in a close spatial relationship of homologs, and the second results in synapsis and formation of chiasmata. Colchicine reduces chiasma formation in conventional bivalents but not in an isochromosome. Thus, colchicine affects only the first stage of pairing.
Reinforcement of Competing Behavior during Extinction
Authors: Leitenberg Harold , Rawson Richard A. , Bath Kent
Published: October 2006

Conditioned behavior declines in frequency when reinforcement is discontinued. In two experiments this extinction process was facilitated when competing behavior was reinforced as the original response was extinguished. When reinforcement for competing behavior was withdrawn, however, rats resumed their original behavior and there were no overall savings in total responses to extinction.
Aboriginal Drained-Field Cultivation in the Americas
Authors: Denevan William M.
Published: October 2006

The three main types of land reclamation in aboriginal America were irrigation, terracing, and drainage. Of these, drainage techniques have received the least attention, probably because they are no longer important and because the remnants are not conspicuous. Nevertheless, drained-field cultivation was widespread and was practiced in varied environments, including high-land basins, tropical savannas, and temperate flood plains. Sites ranged from seasonally waterlogged or flooded areas to permanent lakes. Ridging, mounding, and ditching were emphasized, rather than diking. Tools were simple, crops varied, and fertilization was accomplished mainly by mulching.

The presence of drainage agriculture probably indicates that populations exceeded the carrying capacity of the more easily cultivated land. When populations declined, following the conquest by Europeans, the drained fields were probably given up because of the large amount of labor required to cultivate them. Most of these lands are now used only for cattle, but could undoubtedly be reclaimed again for agriculture. However, the cost of such reclamation might be prohibitive where populations are sparse, transportation is poor, and distances to markets are long. The
chinampas
of Mexico are an exception, since there is a major urban market close at hand.

The aboriginal cultures responsible for drainage ranged from the seminomadic Guato, to farm villages and chiefdoms, to the high civilizations. The ridged-field farmers of the savannas were capable people but certainly not comparable to the farmers of the efficient and sophisticated states of the Andes and Mexico. Most of the drained-field systems could have been constructed and managed through small-scale family and community cooperation, as in New Guinea, rather than through central political control. On the other hand, there does seem to be a frequent relationship between degree of agricultural intensification, population size, and complexity of social organization. Unfortunately, not much is known yet about the intensification process for drained-field cultivation or for other reclamation systems.
Microwave Detection of Thioformaldehyde
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Powell Francis X.
Published: October 2006

Thioformaldehyde (H
2
CS) has been detected and characterized from its microwave spectrum. Preliminary analysis of rotational transitions for the sulfur-32-containing form of H
2
CS shows this new species to have

C
2ν

symmetry with rotational constants (in megahertz) of
A
= 292,729,
B
= 17,698, and
C
= 16,652. The possibility of detection of thioformaldehyde in the interstellar medium is discussed, and a table of transitions expected to be of importance for that detection is presented.
Fitness of an
Escherichia coli
Mutator Gene
Authors: Gibson Thomas C. , Scheppe Mary L. , Cox Edward C.
Published: October 2006

Competition experiments between
Escherichia coli mutT1
and

mut
+

populations show that the mutator gene confers selective advantage on the strain that carries it. The observed increase in fitness varies, with an average increase in mutator growth rate of 1.4 percent when mutator and wild-type strains are grown together in chemostats.
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Preventive Control by Prenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Boyle J. A. , Raivio K. O. , Astrin K. H. , Schulman J. D. , Graf M. L. , Seegmiller J. E. , Jacobsen C. B.
Published: October 2006

The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome was detected in a fetus at a time sufficiently early to allow termination of the pregnancy. The feasibility of a preventive program for control of a severe sex-linked neurological disease through prenatal diagnosis is thus demonstrated.
A Theory of the Origin of the State
Authors: Carneiro Robert L.
Published: October 2006

In summary, then, the circumscription theory in its elaborated form goes far toward accounting for the origin of the state. It explains why states arose where they did, and why they failed to arise elsewhere. It shows the state to be a predictable response to certain specific cultural, demographic, and ecological conditions. Thus, it helps to elucidate what was undoubtedly the most important single step ever taken in the political evolution of mankind.
Low-Velocity Zone of the Earth's Mantle: Incipient Melting Caused by Water
Authors: Lambert Ian B. , Wyllie Peter J.
Published: October 2006

Experimental phase diagrams for the systems gabbro-water and peridotite-water indicate that, if there is any water in the upper mantle, then traces of hydrous interstitial silicate magma will be produced at depths corresponding to the beginning of the low-velocity zone. This explanation for the zone is more satisfactory than others proposed.
Discussion Effects on Racial Attitudes
Authors: Myers David G. , Bishop George D.
Published: October 2006

We predicted that discussion would enhance dominant group values, leading to increased polarization between homogeneously composed groups of high-, medium-, and low-prejudice high school subjects. In an experimental condition, group members made individual attitude judgments, discussed them, and remade judgments. Control groups discussed irrelevant materials before responding again to the attitude items. As predicted, discussion of the racial attitude items with others having similar attitudes significantly increased the gap between high- and low-prejudice groups.
Roadrunners: Activity of Captive Individuals
Authors: Kavanau J. Lee , Ramos J.
Published: October 2006

Two roadrunners,
Geococcyx californianus
, readily accepted an activity wheel as an outlet for locomotor activity. The birds were strictly diurnal and tended to be most active per unit of time in the predusk hours. There was less activity on partly overcast days than on clear days. Dim light and darkness were strongly inhibitory, even during daytime hours; bright light was stimulatory, even during nighttime hours. These findings appear to open the way for quantitative comparative studies of the influences of environmental factors on the activity of cursorial birds.
Rubidium-Strontium Date of Possibly 3 Billion Years for a Granitic Rock from Antarctica
Authors: Halpern Martin
Published: October 2006

A single total rock sample of biotite granite from Jule Peaks, Antarctica, has been dated by the rubidium-strontium method at about 3 billion years. The juxtaposition of this sector of Antarctica with Africa in the Dietz and Sproll continental drift reconstruction results in a possible geochronologic fit of the Princess Martha Coast of Antarctica with a covered possible notheastern extension of the African Swaziland Shield, which contains granitic rocks that are also 3 billion years old.
Fungal Attack on Rock: Solubilization and Altered Infrared Spectra
Authors: Silverman Melvin P. , Munoz Elaine F.
Published: October 2006

Penicillium simplicissimum
, isolated from weathering basalt, produced citric acid when grown in a glucose-mineral salts medium with basalt, granite, granodiorite, rhyolite, andesite, peridotite, dunite, or quartzite. After 7 days' growth as much as 31 percent of the silicon, 11 percent of the aluminum, 64 percent of the iron, and 59 percent of the magnesium in some of the rocks were solubilized, and a number of rocks showed altered infrared absorption in the silicon-oxygen vibration region.