bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of 3 versus 6 years of Zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: A randomized extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT)
Authors: Black Dennis M , Reid Ian R , Boonen Steven , Bucci-Rechtweg Christina , Cauley Jane A , Cosman Felicia , Cummings Steven R , Hue Trisha F , Lippuner Kurt , Lakatos Peter , Leung Ping Chung , Man Zulema , Martinez Ruvie Lou Maria , Tan Monique , Ruzycky Mary Ellen , Su Guoqin , Eastell Richard
Published: December 2011

Zoledronic acid 5 mg (ZOL) annually for 3 years reduces fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. To investigate long-term effects of ZOL on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk, the Health Outcomes and Reduced Incidence with Zoledronic acid Once Yearly–Pivotal Fracture Trial (HORIZON-PFT) was extended to 6 years. In this international, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial, 1233 postmenopausal women who received ZOL for 3 years in the core study were randomized to 3 additional years of ZOL (Z6, n = 616) or placebo (Z3P3, n = 617). The primary endpoint was femoral neck (FN) BMD percentage change from year 3 to 6 in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Secondary endpoints included other BMD sites, fractures, biochemical bone turnover markers, and safety. In years 3 to 6, FN-BMD remained constant in Z6 and dropped slightly in Z3P3 (between-treatment difference = 1.04%; 95% confidence interval 0.4 to 1.7; p = 0.0009) but remained above pretreatment levels. Other BMD sites showed similar differences. Biochemical markers remained constant in Z6 but rose slightly in Z3P3, remaining well below pretreatment levels in both. New morphometric vertebral fractures were lower in the Z6 (n = 14) versus Z3P3 (n = 30) group (odds ratio = 0.51; p = 0.035), whereas other fractures were not different. Significantly more Z6 patients had a transient increase in serum creatinine >0.5 mg/dL (0.65% versus 2.94% in Z3P3). Nonsignificant increases in Z6 of atrial fibrillation serious adverse events (2.0% versus 1.1% in Z3P3; p = 0.26) and stroke (3.1% versus 1.5% in Z3P3; p = 0.06) were seen. Postdose symptoms were similar in both groups. Reports of hypertension were significantly lower in Z6 versus Z3P3 (7.8% versus 15.1%, p < 0.001). Small differences in bone density and markers in those who continued versus those who stopped treatment suggest residual effects, and therefore, after 3 years of annual ZOL, many patients may discontinue therapy up to 3 years. However, vertebral fracture reductions suggest that those at high fracture risk, particularly vertebral fracture, may benefit by continued treatment. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00145327). © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Mourning dove reporting probabilities for web‐address versus toll‐free bands
Authors: Sanders Todd A. , Otis David L.
Published: December 2011

Federal migratory bird bands have been inscribed with a postal address and toll‐free telephone number (toll‐free bands) since 1995 for their reporting, but in 2007 the postal mail address was replaced with an internet address (web‐address bands). The reporting rate of web‐address bands is unknown, and knowledge of band reporting probabilities is an integral part of bird band‐recovery studies designed to obtain unbiased estimates of harvest rates and recovery rates if use of band types differs across space and time. We estimated web‐address band reporting probabilities for mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) in the United States by comparing the relative recovery rate (ratio) of web‐address to toll‐free bands and applying this as an adjustment factor to the known reporting probabilities of toll‐free bands. Cooperators banded 132,386 doves representing 57,982 (44%) web‐address and 74,404 (56%) toll‐free bands in July and August during 2008–2010 across 34 states, 12 regions, and 3 management units. Of the birds banded, 4,642 (3.5%) were direct recoveries, as a result of being shot, and all but 3 were reported via telephone or internet. Nationally, internet reporting accounted for 16.3% of toll‐free bands and 42.9% of web‐address bands recovered. Web‐address bands had a greater recovery rate than toll‐free bands (ratio = 1.081, SE = 0.027). We found some evidence of spatial variation in ratio estimates at management unit and regional scales, but the variation was primarily at the regional level where it was not great (range = 1.015–1.213) and statistical support for this variation was not particularly strong (SE = 0.129). Nationally, the web‐address band reporting probability was 0.535 (SE = 0.021), an absolute increase of 0.040 compared to the reporting probability of toll‐free bands. The additional reporting probability of web‐address bands relative to toll‐free bands must be accounted for in band‐recovery studies used to obtain estimates of harvest rates and recovery rates if use of band types differs across space and time for mourning doves and possibly other species. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Variations in elk aggregation patterns across a range of elk population sizes at Wall Creek, Montana
Authors: Proffitt Kelly M. , Gude Justin A. , Shamhart Julee , King Fred
Published: December 2011

In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, growing concern over increasing rates of brucellosis seroprevalence in wildlife has challenged wildlife managers to develop strategies for minimizing the potential for pathogen exchange within and between wildlife populations. Recent evidence suggests that increases in elk seroprevalence may be associated with increasing elk densities and/or increasing size of elk aggregations. However, the interactions between elk population density, landscape factors, and elk aggregation patterns are not well‐understood, making appropriate management responses challenging. Using a unique, long‐term elk aggregation dataset collected across a wide range of elk population sizes, we investigated relationships between elk population size, landscape factors, and elk aggregation responses (group size and group density) with goals of clarifying how changes in elk population size may affect elk aggregation patterns. Overall, landscape attributes and weather had a stronger influence on elk aggregation patterns than factors such as elk population size that are within management control. We found little evidence that elk population size affected mean elk group sizes, but we did find evidence that the size and density of the largest elk aggregations increased as elk population size increased. We also found some evidence that group densities increased following the establishment of wolves. However, across the relatively wide range of elk population sizes observed in this study, only modest changes in elk group density were observed, suggesting that dramatic reductions in population sizes would be necessary to produce measureable reductions in elk group density to affect frequency‐dependent transmission. Management actions designed to lower disease transmission are likely to negatively affect other objectives related to elk management and conservation. We therefore suggest that a first step in managing disease transmission risk is agreement among stakeholders interested in elk management of all objectives related to elk management, including acknowledgment that disease transmission is undesirable. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Identification of a novel biomarker gene set with sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing between allograft rejection and tolerance#*
Authors: Xie Lin , Ichimaru Naotsugu , Morita Miwa , Chen Jiajie , Zhu Ping , Wang Jihong , Urbanellis Peter , Shalev Itay , Nagao Shizuko , Sugioka Atsushi , Zhong Liang , Nonomura Norio , Takahara Shiro , Levy Gary A. , Li Xiao-Kang
Published: December 2011

Here we examined whether the expression of a novel immunoregulatory gene set could be used to predict outcomes in murine models of rapamycin-induced cardiac tolerance, spontaneous hepatic tolerance, and cardiac rejection. The expression of the immunoregulatory gene set was assessed with the GeXP multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis system, and it was correlated to the pathological and biochemical parameters of the allografts. In rejecting cardiac grafts, the increased expression of an inflammatory set of genes, which included CD45, CD4, CD25, suppressor of cytokine signaling 2, cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA4), selectin lymphocyte, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), programmed cell death 1 (Pdcd1), and granzyme B (Gzmb), was seen 8 days after transplantation along with histological evidence of severe allograft rejection. In tolerant cardiac allografts, the expression of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2), Pdcd1, killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (Klrg1), CTLA4, and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 was associated with tolerance. In a model of liver allograft tolerance, the increased expression of lectin galactose-binding soluble 1, Fgl2, CD39, phosphodiesterase 3B, Klrg1, forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and transforming growth factor β as well as the inflammatory set of genes was observed 8 to 14 days after transplantation (ie, when there was severe inflammatory injury). At a later time when the liver allografts had been fully accepted and were histologically normal, the expression of the inflammatory set of genes returned to the baseline, but the expression of the tolerogenic set of genes was still increased. Genes that were expressed in tolerant cardiac and liver allografts included Fgl2, Klrg1, and Foxp3, whereas genes associated with rejection included CD25, Gzmb, and IFN-γ. Our data indicate that monitoring the graft expression of a novel biomarker gene set with the GeXP multiplex RT-PCR analysis system may allow differentiation between rejection and tolerance. Liver Transpl 18:444–454, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Milder phenotype of congenital muscular dystrophy in a novel POMT1 mutation
Authors: Al‐Zaidy Samiah A. , Baskin Berivan , Hawkins Cynthia , Yoon Grace , Ray Peter N. , Vajsar Jiri
Published: December 2011

Introduction: Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) with hypoglycosylated α‐dystroglycan due to POMT1 mutations are associated with clinical phenotypes that vary in severity.Methods: We describe a patient with congenital hypotonia, generalized weakness, elevated creatine kinase (CK), and normal brain imaging. Results: Histochemical analysis of the index case's muscle showed deficiency of glycosylated α‐dystroglycan and secondary merosin deficiency. Genetic testing revealed a novel mutation in exon 20 of the POMT1 gene. Conclusions: Our patient's milder form of CMD adds to the emerging evidence of an expanding phenotype caused by POMT1 mutations. The histopathological findings of the muscle biopsy in this case support the need for careful clinical, genetic, and histochemical diagnostic interpretation. Muscle Nerve 45: 752–755, 2012
Case study teaching
Authors: Herreid Clyde Freeman
Published: December 2011

This chapter describes the history of case study teaching, types of cases, and experimental data supporting their effectiveness. It also describes a model for comparing the efficacy of the various case study methods.
Synthesis of Bis[N,N′‐(alkylamideethyl)ethyl] Triethylenediamine Bromide Surfactants and Their Oilfield Application Investigation
Authors: Zhou Ming , Zhao Jinzhou , Hu Xingqi
Published: December 2011

Bis[N,N′‐(alkylamideethyl)ethyl] triethylenediamine surfactants are quaternary ammonium salt Gemini surfactants with amide, which are synthesized from fatty acid (dodecanoic, hexadecanoic, tetradecanoic and octadecanoic) methyl esters, triethylene tetramine and ethyl bromide. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra, melting point and Krafft point. Several properties of the synthesized surfactants were studied including surface tension, critical micelle concentration, interfacial tension, emulsification power, salt effect, corrosion inhibition efficiency and biological activity. The results show that the surface activity, critical micelle concentration and interfacial activity are correlated to their chemical structures. The emulsification power measurements of these surfactants show their low emulsifying tendency towards Tazhong's crude oil from Tarim Oilfield. The synthesized surfactants also exhibit high biocidal activity towards Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and fungi. This activity increases with the increase of alkyl chain length. The corrosion measurement of these surfactants in acidic media with a weight loss technique show good protection of mild steel alloys against acidic environments. These properties suggest that the synthesized compounds have potential for application in the oilfield area.
Early Paleozoic tectonics and geodynamics of Central Asia: role of mantle plumes
Authors: Dobretsov N.L.
Published: December 2011

There were two key stages in the history of Paleozoids that formed in the place of the Paleoasian ocean, one in the Cambrian–Ordovician and the other in the Permian–Triassic. Both time spans were characterized by a combination of similar geodynamic, magmatic, and geomagnetic events: closure and opening of oceanic basins, intense plume magmatism associated with Earth’s core cooling, and absence of geomagnetic reversals (superchrons). Three superchrons about 490–460, 260–300, and 124–86 Ma correlate with major events of plume magmatism. Plume reconstructions have to be updated for the period 490–460 Ma, which corresponded to the third superchron and was marked by ocean opening. The previous superplume, about 800–740 Ma, requires further justification but fits the global periodicity with 240 Ma major cycles and smaller ones of 120 (or also 30) Ma.

In the Late Cambrian–Ordovician, large-scale accretion and collision events acted, in similar tectonic settings, upon the vast territory that currently extends from the Polar Urals to Lake Baikal (and was times larger in the past). As a result, Gondwanian microcontinents (Kokchetav, Altai–Mongolia, Tuva–Mongolia, etc.) and island arcs joined into the Kazakhstan–Tuva–Mongolia system. The formation of the Late Cambrian–Ordovician orogen in Central Asia was synchronous with opening of the Ural, Ob–Zaisan, Turkestan, and Paleotethys oceans. The plume pulses (520–500 and 490–460 Ma) may have been responsible for opening of new oceans, accelerated amalgamation of terranes, and synchronicity in geodynamic events from the Urals to Transbaikalia.
Problems of geodynamics, tectonics, and metallogeny of orogens
Authors: Dobretsov N.L. , Buslov M.M.
Published: December 2011

This is an overview of papers published in the present volume of Russian Geology and Geophysics (Geologiya i Geofizika), a special issue that covers presentations at the International Conference “Geodynamic Evolution, Tectonics, and Metallogeny of Orogens”, held on 28–30 June 2010 in Novosibirsk (http://altay2010.igm.nsc.ru). The workshop concerned the general evolution of the Central Asian orogenic system, with a special focus on continental growth, history of oceans and continental margins, and role of plumes in accretionary-collisional tectonics and metallogeny. The discussed papers are grouped in three sections: 1. General issues of geodynamics and geodynamic evolution; 2. Role of mantle plumes in tectonics, magmatism, and metallogeny; 3. Regional tectonic and geodynamic problems of Asia.

The synthesis of data reported at the workshop demonstrates critical importance of mantle plumes for the evolution of the Paleoasian ocean and for orogenic processes in Central Asia.

In addition to three large pulses of continental growth at about 2900–2700, 1900–1700, and 900–700 Ma, three orogenic stages have been distinguished in the geological history of Eurasia: Late Cambrian–Ordovician (510–470 Ma), Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous (380–320 Ma), and Permian–Triassic (285–230 Ma). In the evolution of the Central Asian orogen, these stages were associated with events of ultramafic-mafic and bimodal plume magmatism which promoted translithospheric strike-slip faulting. Plume magmatism was an active agent in ocean opening when the Paleotethys, Ural, Ob–Zaisan, and Turkestan basins appeared while the Late Cambrian–Ordovician orogen was forming in Central Asia (North Kazakhstan, Altai–Sayan, Tuva, and Baikal areas). Closure of the Ob–Zaisan ocean and collision of the Kazakhstan–Baikal continent with Siberia in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous was coeval with the maximum opening of the Turkestan ocean, possibly, as a consequence of plume activity. The Tarim (285–275 Ma) and Siberian (250–230 Ma) superplume events corresponded in time to closure of the Ural ocean and opening of the Meso- and Neotethys, as well as to major metallogenic events.
Frequency and intensity of high-altitude floods over the last 3.5 ka in northwestern French Alps (Lake Anterne)
Authors: Giguet-Covex Charline , Arnaud Fabien , Enters Dirk , Poulenard Jérôme , Millet Laurent , Francus Pierre , David Fernand , Rey Pierre-Jérôme , Wilhelm Bruno , Delannoy Jean-Jacques
Published: December 2011

In central Western Europe, several studies have shown that colder Holocene periods, such as the Little Ice Age, also correspond to wet periods. However, in mountain areas which are highly sensitive to erosion processes and where precipitation events can be localized, past evolution of hydrological activity might be more complicated. To assess these past hydrological changes, a paleolimnological approach was applied on a 13.4-m-long sediment core taken in alpine Lake Anterne (2063 m asl) and representing the last 3.5 ka. Lake sedimentation is mainly composed of flood deposits triggered by precipitation events. Sedimentological and geochemical analyses show that floods were more frequent during cold periods while high-intensity flood events occurred preferentially during warmer periods. In mild temperature conditions, both flood patterns are present. This underlines the complex relationship between flood hazards and climatic change in mountain areas. During the warmer and/or dryer times of the end of Iron Age and the Roman Period, both the frequency and intensity of floods increased. This is interpreted as an effect of human-induced clearing for grazing activities and reveals that anthropogenic interferences must be taken into account when reconstructing climatic signals from natural archives.
Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5
Authors: Krueger R. F. , Derringer J. , Markon K. E. , Watson D. , Skodol A. E.
Published: December 2011

Background

DSM-IV-TR suggests that clinicians should assess clinically relevant personality traits that do not necessarily constitute a formal personality disorder (PD), and should note these traits on Axis II, but DSM-IV-TR does not provide a trait model to guide the clinician. Our goal was to provide a provisional trait model and a preliminary corresponding assessment instrument, in our roles as members of the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup and workgroup advisors.

Method

An initial list of specific traits and domains (broader groups of traits) was derived from DSM-5 literature reviews and workgroup deliberations, with a focus on capturing maladaptive personality characteristics deemed clinically salient, including those related to the criteria for DSM-IV-TR PDs. The model and instrument were then developed iteratively using data from community samples of treatment-seeking participants. The analytic approach relied on tools of modern psychometrics (e.g. item response theory models).

Results

A total of 25 reliably measured core elements of personality description emerged that, together, delineate five broad domains of maladaptive personality variation: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism.

Conclusions

We developed a maladaptive personality trait model and corresponding instrument as a step on the path toward helping users of DSM-5 assess traits that may or may not constitute a formal PD. The inventory we developed is reprinted in its entirety in the Supplementary online material, with the goal of encouraging additional refinement and development by other investigators prior to the finalization of DSM-5. Continuing discussion should focus on various options for integrating personality traits into DSM-5.
Effective dispersal of large seeds by Baird's tapir: a large-scale field experiment
Authors: O'Farrill Georgina , Calmé Sophie , Sengupta Raja , Gonzalez Andrew
Published: December 2011

Even though the full process of seed dispersal is the combination of movement mode and distance, deposition, successful germination and survival (Nathan 2006, Westcott et al. 2005), relatively few studies have documented the role of mammals as facilitators of germination and survival (Paine & Harms 2009). In particular, the effectiveness of large terrestrial mammals (>50 kg) as effective dispersers of large seeds is poorly known, but has been linked to the treatment of the seeds in their digestive system, the deposition of viable seeds in nutrient-rich environments (faeces) and favourable sites. Other aspects related to long-distance movements, defecation patterns and home-range size are frequently cited as factors that favour the deposition of seeds far from parent trees, which is expected to reduce predation and intraspecific competition, and enhance fitness (Schupp et al. 2002). We addressed these issues through a large-scale field experiment.
Fruits of Melastomataceae: phenology in Andean forest and role as a food resource for birds
Authors: Kessler-Rios Margarita M. , Kattan Gustavo H.
Published: December 2011

The fruits of Melastomataceae are consumed by many Neotropical frugivorous birds. Several studies have reported segregated fruiting seasons of melastomes, but this pattern is not widespread. The segregated fruiting phenologies of congeneric sympatric species may be an evolutionary response to reduce competition for seed dispersers. Alternatively, aggregated fruiting phenologies may be favoured if local fruit abundance attracts more frugivores, thus enhancing seed dispersal. We monitored melastome fruiting in transects over a 2-y period at a cloud-forest site in the Colombian Andes. Fruiting periods of nine melastome species were aggregated and fruiting peaks coincided with rainy seasons. In a separate 6-mo study, observations at focal plants revealed that 47 of 61 bird species fed on 10 species of melastome, representing 37.4% of feeding events observed. Melastomes were consumed by birds in a higher proportion than expected from their availability and peak melastome fruit abundance coincided with the breeding season of the frugivore community, when melastomes constituted 54% of feeding records. Melastomes interact with a large number of bird species throughout their annual cycles, and seem to constitute pivotal elements that sustain the frugivore community in montane forests.
The Hardy space H1 on non-homogeneous metric spaces
Authors: HYTÖNEN TUOMAS , YANG DACHUN , YANG DONGYONG
Published: December 2011

Let (, d, μ) be a metric measure space and satisfy the so-called upper doubling condition and the geometrical doubling condition. We introduce the atomic Hardy space H1(μ) and prove that its dual space is the known space RBMO(μ) in this context. Using this duality, we establish a criterion for the boundedness of linear operators from H1(μ) to any Banach space. As an application of this criterion, we obtain the boundedness of Calderón–Zygmund operators from H1(μ) to L1(μ).
Revolution, Reform and Dialectic
Authors: Edgley Roy
Published: December 2011

Marxism is the tradition of thought and practice founded by Marx. To be
identifiable as Marxism any phase of this tradition must have important
resemblances to Marx's own work, and those resemblances must be conscious
and acknowledged. Anti-Marxists tend to interpret this relation according to
a derogatory religious model. Marxists, they suppose, treat Marx as an
authority and follow their leader wherever he leads, instead of following
the argument wherever it leads. On this view Marxism has an essentially
scholarly relation to Marx and a polemical relation to everything else: it
seeks to identify exactly what Marx said and thought, to preserve the
master's teaching in all its original purity, and to appeal to it for
correct answers to the substantive questions that we face. In other words,
Marxism is that tradition which treats the works of Marx as a bible and
imagines that it can clinch substantive arguments with the words ‘Marx has
said it’.
Historical Materialism
Authors: Atkinson R. F.
Published: December 2011

Historical materialism I take to be the view expressed in the well-known
Preface to the Critique of Political Economy
(1859) and exemplified in Capital and in many
other writings by Marx and by Marxists. I shall begin with a few
introductory remarks, next sketch in the theory, and finally contend that,
despite real attractions, it too far limits the scope of legitimate
historical enquiry to be ultimately acceptable.
Marx, Engels and Russian Marxism
Authors: Rees W. J.
Published: December 2011

Russian Marxism is the outcome of two distinct traditions, namely,
nineteenth-century Russian radicalism and Western European Marxism. In this
paper I shall briefly trace its descent from these traditions and try to
distinguish those features of it which differentiate it both from the older
radicalism and from the Marxism of Marx and Engels. I shall deal in turn
with three main topics, the nineteenth-century radical tradition, early
Russian Marxism, and finally, Leninism.
The Marxist Theory of the State
Authors: Duncan Graeme
Published: December 2011

Marx did not approach the state in answer to some such broad and
abstract philosophical question as: What is the state? Nor did he offer a
full sociological or historical or analytic account of state institutions
and functions, and there are hence clear and substantial dangers in
extrapolating to all or most conditions an account which is, in large part,
specific to bourgeois society. Failing a comprehensive and formal treatise
on politics and the state, Marx's own discussion consists of a number of
scattered and not altogether consistent general observations and some
detailed investigation of the role and character of the state in particular
historical situations. It seems sensible, then, to begin an elucidation of
his account of the state with a comment on the nature of his interest in the
subject. Why did he need a theory of the state? At what points does it
become important to his explanatory and his revolutionary
doctrines?
Habermas on Truth and Justice
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: December 2011

The problem which motivates this paper bears on the relationship between Marxism and morality. It is not the well-established question of whether the Marxist's commitments undermine an attachment to ethical standards, but the more neglected query as to whether they allow the espousal of political ideals. The study and assessment of political ideals is pursued nowadays under the title of theory of justice, the aim of such theory being to provide a criterion for distinguishing just patterns of social organization from unjust ones. The main rivals in the field represent justice respectively as legitimacy, welfare and fairness. Marxism does not put forward a distinctive conception of justice itself and the question is whether the Marxist is free to choose as he thinks fit among the candidates on offer
Purchases of ready-to-eat cereals vary across US household sociodemographic categories according to nutritional value and advertising targets
Authors: Castetbon Katia , Harris Jennifer L , Schwartz Marlene B
Published: December 2011

Objective

To describe ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal purchases in 2008 in the USA according to cereal nutritional quality and marketing strategy and household sociodemographic characteristics.

Design

Cross-sectional study of purchases in one year. Each type of cereal was assigned to one of four nutrition quality categories (based on Nutrient Profile Index, NPI) and one of four advertising categories based on television exposure and analysis of packaging (child-targeted, family-targeted, adult-targeted and no television advertising). Medians and distributions of purchase indicators were calculated for the cereal categories and the distributions were compared across sociodemographic groups.

Setting

RTE cereals (n 249) with complete label and nutritional content.

Subjects

RTE cereal purchases according to household sociodemographic characteristics obtained from Nielsen Homescan, a nationally representative panel of households.

Results

Purchases of RTE cereals were highest in households with one or more child and lowest in African-American and Asian households, as well as those earning <$US 30 000 per annum. The lowest-quality products were purchased by four times as many households as the highest-quality cereals, but loyalty to these products was lower. Purchases of cereals by households with children and in African-American and Hispanic households increased as cereal nutritional quality declined. Compared with non-advertised products, advertised child-targeted cereals were purchased thirteen times more frequently; family-targeted brand purchases were ten times higher; and adult-targeted cereals were purchased four times more frequently.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that improving the nutritional quality of RTE cereals with advertising targeted to children could also lead to increased consumption of healthier products by young people.
Household food insecurity and hunger among households in Sidama district, southern Ethiopia
Authors: Regassa Nigatu , Stoecker Barbara J
Published: December 2011

Objective

To examine household food insecurity and hunger in Sidama Zone, one of the most populous zones in southern Ethiopia.

Design

Cross-sectional survey administered individually by trained interviewers. Food insecurity was calculated with both the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Household Hunger Scale (HHS), developed by the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project.

Setting

Rural households from ten kebeles (the smallest administrative district) selected from two agro-climatic zones in Sidama, southern Ethiopia, from December 2010 to January 2011.

Subjects

Men and women respondents from 1094 rural households were selected using multistage sampling techniques.

Results

Using the HFIAS, 17·7 % of households were food secure. The percentage of households that were mildly, moderately and severely food insecure was 6·8 %, 27·7 % and 47·8 %, respectively. Using the HHS, 29·0 % and 5·6 % of households fell into the moderate and severe household hunger categories. Using multivariate statistical techniques, five variables were significant predictors of both food insecurity and hunger. These variables were migration of a household member, agro-climatic zone, and younger age, less education and lower radio access for the woman. Being eligible for safety-net credit programmes also was a predictor of hunger, while limited animal ownership and household wealth as well as alcohol use by the household head added to the prediction of food insecurity.

Conclusions

The study documented that food insecurity is a major concern of smallholder farming households in the study area. A substantial majority of the households were facing mild to severe food insecurity and hunger for an extended period of time.
Reinventing Democracy in Latin America
Authors: Fung Archon
Published: December 2011

From time to time, a region of the world captures the attention of social scientists because people there achieve some important human value to an extent greater than the rest of us have managed to do. In the 1970s, the Scandinavian and Northern European social democracies earned the world's envy for their remarkable accomplishments in equality, solidarity, and welfare. Accordingly, many social scientists sought to understand the political and economic keys to their success.
Response to Philip N. Howard's review of The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom
Authors: Morozov Evgeny
Published: December 2011

I'm grateful to Professor Howard for writing a thoughtful review of my book. I agree with some of his charges but find the policy agenda that follows from his critique to be somewhat naïve.
Thermohaline structure in the California Current System: Observations and modeling of spice variance
Authors: Todd Robert E. , Rudnick Daniel L. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Cornuelle Bruce D. , Davis Russ E.
Published: December 2011

Upper ocean thermohaline structure in the California Current System is investigated using sustained observations from autonomous underwater gliders and a numerical state estimate. Both observations and the state estimate show layers distinguished by the temperature and salinity variability along isopycnals (i.e., spice variance). Mesoscale and submesoscale spice variance is largest in the remnant mixed layer, decreases to a minimum below the pycnocline near 26.3 kg m−3, and then increases again near 26.6 kg m−3. Layers of high (low) meso‐ and submesoscale spice variance are found on isopycnals where large‐scale spice gradients are large (small), consistent with stirring of large‐scale gradients to produce smaller scale thermohaline structure. Passive tracer adjoint calculations in the state estimate are used to investigate possible mechanisms for the formation of the layers of spice variance. Layers of high spice variance are found to have distinct origins and to be associated with named water masses; high spice variance water in the remnant mixed layer has northerly origin and is identified as Pacific Subarctic water, while the water in the deeper high spice variance layer has southerly origin and is identified as Equatorial Pacific water. The layer of low spice variance near 26.3 kg m−3 lies between the named water masses and does not have a clear origin. Both effective horizontal diffusivity, κh, and effective diapycnal diffusivity, κv, are elevated relative to the diffusion coefficients set in the numerical simulation, but changes in κh and κv with depth are not sufficient to explain the observed layering of thermohaline structure.
Linear relation between convective cloud drop number concentration and depth for rain initiation
Authors: Freud E. , Rosenfeld D.
Published: December 2011

Coalescence of cloud droplets is essential for the production of small raindrops at a given vertical distance above the cloud base (Dp). The rate of droplet coalescence is determined mainly by droplet size, spectrum width and concentrations. The droplet condensational growth is determined by the number of activated CCN (Na) and height above cloud base. Here we show that when the droplet mean volume radius, rv, exceeds ∼13 μm, or when droplet effective radius (re) exceeds ∼14 μm, considerable precipitation mass (>0.03 g kg−1) is likely to be present in growing convective clouds. This is because the rate of droplet coalescence is proportional to ∼rv5 which practically implies the existence of a threshold rv above which efficient warm rain formation can occur, and also because the vertical profile of rv, even in diluted clouds, nearly follows the theoretical adiabatic condensational growth curve. The small observed deviations are mainly caused by deviations from purely inhomogeneous mixing which cause partial droplet evaporation. Consequently, Dp must theoretically change nearly linearly with Na. This is confirmed here observationally, where increasing Na by 100 per milligram (≈cm3 at cloud base) of air, resulted in an increase of ∼280 m in Dpfor both Israeli and Indian deep convective clouds. This means that in highly polluted clouds or where strong cloud‐base updrafts occur, clouds have to grow well above the freezing level, even in tropical atmosphere, before precipitation forms either by warm or by mixed‐phase processes.
Forest harvesting effects on the magnitude and frequency of peak flows can increase with return period
Authors: Kuraś Piotr K. , Alila Younes , Weiler Markus
Published: December 2011

Paired watershed studies have limited researchers wishing to disentangle road and harvesting effects on peak flows or to study management schemes other than the existing scenario. The outcomes of many paired watershed studies examining peak flows have also recently been challenged since only an approach that pairs peak flows by frequency can adequately evaluate the effects of harvesting on peak flows. This study takes advantage of a model that has been developed and extensively tested at a site containing a rich set of internal catchment process observations to examine the isolated and combined effects of roads and harvesting on the peak flow regime of a snow‐dominated catchment for return periods of up to 100 years. Contrary to the prevailing perception in forest hydrology, the effects of harvesting are found to increase with return period, which is attributable to the uniqueness of peak flow runoff generation processes in snow‐dominated catchments. Planned harvesting (50% harvest area) is found to have a significant effect (9%–25% over control) on peak flows with recurrence intervals ranging 10–100 years. Peak flow frequency increases after harvesting increase with return period, with the largest events (100 year) becoming 5–6.7 times more frequent, and medium‐sized events (10 year) becoming 1.7–2 times more frequent. Such changes may have substantial ecological, hydrological, and geomorphological consequences within the watershed and farther downstream. Study findings suggest that peak flow regimes are fairly tolerant to the current level of harvesting in this particular watershed but that further harvesting may affect this element significantly.
High-throughput isotopic analysis of RNA microarrays to quantify microbial resource use
Authors: Mayali Xavier , Weber Peter K , Brodie Eoin L , Mabery Shalini , Hoeprich Paul D , Pett-Ridge Jennifer
Published: December 2011

Most microorganisms remain uncultivated, and typically their ecological roles must be inferred from diversity and genomic studies. To directly measure functional roles of uncultivated microbes, we developed Chip-stable isotope probing (SIP), a high-sensitivity, high-throughput SIP method performed on a phylogenetic microarray (chip). This approach consists of microbial community incubations with isotopically labeled substrates, hybridization of the extracted community rRNA to a microarray and measurement of isotope incorporation—and therefore substrate use—by secondary ion mass spectrometer imaging (NanoSIMS). Laboratory experiments demonstrated that Chip-SIP can detect isotopic enrichment of 0.5 atom % 13C and 0.1 atom % 15N, thus permitting experiments with short incubation times and low substrate concentrations. We applied Chip-SIP analysis to a natural estuarine community and quantified amino acid, nucleic acid or fatty acid incorporation by 81 distinct microbial taxa, thus demonstrating that resource partitioning occurs with relatively simple organic substrates. The Chip-SIP approach expands the repertoire of stable isotope-enabled methods available to microbial ecologists and provides a means to test genomics-generated hypotheses about biogeochemical function in any natural environment.
Inertial, barotropic, and baroclinic instabilities of the Bickley jet in two-layer rotating shallow water model
Authors: Bouchut François , Ribstein Bruno , Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: December 2011

We undertake a detailed study of inertial instability of the barotropic Bickley jet and its nonlinear saturation in the 2 layer rotating shallow water (RSW) model on the f-plane and compare it with the classical barotropic and baroclinic instabilities. We start with analytical and numerical investigation of the linear stability problem under hypothesis of strict homogeneity in the along-flow direction (“symmetric instability”). The unstable modes are identified and their parameters are determined. The dependence of the instability on Rossby and Burger numbers of the jet is investigated. The nonlinear development of the instability is then studied with the help of high-resolution well-balanced finite-volume numerical code recently developed for multi-layer RSW, which is initialized with the most unstable mode found from the linear stability analysis. It is shown that symmetric inertial instability is saturated by reorganization of the mean flow, without full homogenization of the anticyclonic region, where the unstable modes reside. We then study along the same lines the fully two-dimensional (2D) problem and compare the results with the one-dimensional analysis. The barotropic instability competes with inertial instability in this case. We show that, for sufficiently strong anticyclonic shears, the inertial instability still has the dominant growth rate in the long-wave sector. The “symmetric” one-dimensional inertial instability turns to be a liming case of the ageostrophic baroclinic instability. Yet, the “asymmetric” inertial instability at small but non-zero wavenumbers has the higher growth rate. We study again the nonlinear development of the most unstable inertial mode and show that homogenization of the region of strong anticyclonic shear of the flow takes place on average. The reorganization of the flow reveals a high degree of complexity, with coherent structure formation and inertia-gravity wave emission, both giving rise to the substantial enhancement of ageostrophic motions. We compare these processes for inertial baroclinic and barotropic instabilities.
Variable dual-frequency electrostatic wave launcher for plasma applications
Authors: Jorns Benjamin , Sorenson Robert , Choueiri Edgar
Published: December 2011

A variable tuning system is presented for launching two electrostatic waves concurrently in a magnetized plasma. The purpose of this system is to satisfy the wave launching requirements for plasma applications where maximal power must be coupled into two carefully tuned electrostatic waves while minimizing erosion to the launching antenna. Two parallel LC traps with fixed inductors and variable capacitors are used to provide an impedance match between a two-wave source and a loop antenna placed outside the plasma. Equivalent circuit analysis is then employed to derive an analytical expression for the normalized, average magnetic flux density produced by the antenna in this system as a function of capacitance and frequency. It is found with this metric that the wave launcher can couple to electrostatic modes at two variable frequencies concurrently while attenuating noise from the source signal at undesired frequencies. An example based on an experiment for plasma heating with two electrostatic waves is used to demonstrate a procedure for tailoring the wave launcher to accommodate the frequency range and flux densities of a specific two-wave application. This example is also used to illustrate a method based on averaging over wave frequencies for evaluating the overall efficacy of the system. The wave launcher is shown to be particularly effective for the illustrative example—generating magnetic flux densities in excess of 50% of the ideal case at two variable frequencies concurrently—with a high adaptability to a number of plasma dynamics and heating applications.
Multiple scattering theory of quasiparticles on a topological insulator surface
Authors: Fu Zhen-Guo , Zhang Ping , Wang Zhigang , Li Shu-Shen
Published: December 2011

We develop a general multiple-scattering partial-wave theory for topological insulator (TI) surfaces and derive cross sections (CSs) for single- and two-centered scattering. We show that on gapped TI surfaces the symmetry of the differential CS is reduced, and that backscattering occurs. A sharp resonance peak in the total CS Λtot of heights 30–55 nm is found at the band edge ∼50 meV, which could be useful in determining energy gaps on TI surfaces. Interference effects are obvious in CSs from quasiparticle scattering off two scattering centers, and additional resonance peaks are introduced in Λtot around ∼233 meV associated with higher-order partial-waves.
Influence of lattice parameters on the dielectric constant of tetragonal ZrO2 and La-doped ZrO2 crystals in thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition on Ge(001)
Authors: Wiemer C. , Debernardi A. , Lamperti A. , Molle A. , Salicio O. , Lamagna L. , Fanciulli M.
Published: December 2011

In ZrO2 crystals, the highest dielectric constant (k) is ascribed to the tetragonal phase. By the use of density functional theory and synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction, we show how the a and c lattice parameters of the tetragonal phase influence the resulting k. Highest k values are obtained at increasing both a and c, while k is reduced for compressive strained cells. The determination of a and c on La-doped ZrO2 and ZrO2 thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition on Ge (001) allowed us to elucidate the influence of La doping and Ge diffusion on the k value.
PolyPEGylation of Protein using Semitelechelic and Mid-functional Poly(PEGMA)s synthesized by RAFT polymerization
Authors: Liu Yingkai , Li Mei , Wang Dengxu , Yao Jinshui , Shen Jianxing , Liu Weiliang , Feng Shengyu , Tao Lei , Davis Thomas P.
Published: December 2011

A series of well defined semitelechelic and mid-functionalized poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)s (poly(PEGMA)s) were synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using thiazolidine-2-thione-functionalized chain transfer agents (CTAs). The thiazolidine-2-thione group was located either at the end or in the middle of polymer chains depending on the different structural CTAs. All polymers were fully analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and GPC, confirming their well-defined structures, such as predesigned molecular weights, narrow polydispersity indices, and high yield chain-end or chain-middle functionalization. The thiazolidine-2-thione functionality located at the end of or at the middle of the polymer chains can react with amine residues on protein surfaces, forming protein-polymer conjugates via amide linkages. The bioactivity of protein conjugates were subsequently tested using micrococcus lysodeikticus cell as substitute. The protein conjugations from the mid-functionalized polymer remained much more protein bioactivity comparing to their semitelechelic counterpart with similar molecular weights, indicating the steric hindrance of the mid-functionalized poly(PEGMA)s lead to the better selective conjugation to protein. The number of polymer chains on the protein surface was additionally evaluated by TNBS analysis, exhibiting that there are less mid-functionalized poly(PEGMA)s linked on the protein surface than the semitelechelic polymers, also supporting the hypothesis that the steric hindrance from branch-structural polymers results in the better reaction selectivity. This synthetic methodology is suitable for universal proteins, seeking a balance between the protein bioactivity and the protein protection by the covalent linkage with polymer, and exhibits promising potential for pharmaceutical protein conjugation.