bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Models for Leaf Area Estimates of Guava
Authors: Vitória Edney L. da , Freitas Ismael L. de J. , Locatelli Tamara , Lacerda Elcio das G. , Valle Juliana M. , Pereira Raphaela C. , Almeida Paloma F. P. de , Vitória Rafael Z. da , Simon Carla da P. , Fernandes Adriano A.
Published: November 2018

The aim of this work was to compare methods of determining the leaf area of guava (leaf discs and scanned images) and to model leaf area as a function of linear dimensions. Four areas of guava ‘Paluma’ were selected (12, 15, 20 and 24 months of age) for the experiment in the municipality of Pedro Canário, ES, Brazil. We randomly collected samples from 15 plants in each area. Ten leaves were chosen among the lower, middle and upper thirds of each plant to ensure that leaves of all sizes were collected, for a total of 600 leaves. Subsequently, we determined the leaf area by the methods of digital imaging and leaf discs. Linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were used to compare the methods. Linear, quadratic and power models of leaf area, as a function of the length or width and/or the product of length and width were adjusted. The methods of leaf discs and scanned images are discordant. The method of digitised images was a better fit to the width of the leaf, while the method of leaf discs was a better fit for length.
Landscape Structure at Different Altitudes in Dry Areas
Authors: Cunha Jéssica S. A. , Feliciano Ana Lícia P. , Silva Emanuel A. , Marangon Luiz Carlos
Published: November 2018

The objective was to analyze the forest landscape structure of fragments at different altitudes in dry region. In order to do so, RapidEye images acquired in the year of 2014 were segmented, identified the Forest and Other uses classes and classified. Categorical maps were made and inserted in raster format in the Fragstats software, and text files were generated for calculations of class-level metrics and landscape-wide and then analyzed. The results of the parameters determined that the most affected and fragmented environments are those with lower altitudes, because of the forest cover of these environments is under strong pressure, since they are surrounded mainly by the Agropecuarian class, providing more susceptibility to fragmentation and external influences. Therefore, using the metrics together it was verified that there is a high shredding and this shredding has relation with the altitudinal gradient, since the lower the altitude, the lower the connectivity and thus the lower forest cover.
Chitosan Elicitation for Enhancing of Vincristine and Vinblastine Accumulation in Cell Culture of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don
Authors: Pliankong Pawnpirun , Suksa-Ard Padungsak , Wannakrairoj Surawit
Published: November 2018

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is an important herbal plant. There are two important alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, use in anti-cancer drugs. In this study production of the two alkaloids was enhanced in C. roseus cell cultures, in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L kinetin and 30 g/L sucrose, by adding 0, 50, 100, 250 or 500 mg/L medium molecular weight chitosan or chitosan derived from shrimp shell. After 14 days of culture, the cell suspension at stationary phase in the 100 mg/L medium molecular weight chitosan could produce the highest amounts of vinblastine and vincristine at 4.15 and 5.48 µg/mg cell dry weight, respectively. At the same time, the controls (0 mg/L chitosan) produced the two alkaloids at only 2.43 and 2.49 µg/mg cell dry weight, respectively. For chitosan from shrimp shell, it was found that 100 mg/L chitosan could lead to the highest quantity of 4.09 µg vinblastine/mg cell dry weight. The highest amount of 5.47 µg vincristine/mg cell dry weight was obtained when 250 mg/L chitosan was added.
Yield of Cowpea Genotypes Inoculated With Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum brasilense in Association With Phosphate Fertilization in Amazonian Soil
Authors: Araújo E. O. , Mauad M. , Tadeu H. C. , Lima Filho H. A.
Published: November 2018

The use of inoculants containing N2-fixing bacteria increases every year in cowpea crop in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. and Azospirillum brasilense in association with phosphate fertilization on the vegetative development, nodulation and yield of cowpea genotypes grown in Southern Rondônia state, Brazil. The experiment was conducted from February to May 2018, in the municipality of Colorado do Oeste, RO. The experimental design was randomized blocks in 4 × 3 × 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to four dose of phosphorus (0, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of P2O5); absence, inoculation and co-inoculation with rhizobacteria; two cowpea genotypes (White and Butter), with three replicates. Cowpea seeds were inoculated with the commercial inoculant TotalNitro Cowpea with strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Semia 6462 and Semia 6463); co-inoculation was performed using the commercial product, containing a combination of strains of Azospirillum brasilense, both in liquid formulation. Co-inoculation (Bradyrhizobium sp.+ Azospirillum brasilense) did not influence the production components of cowpea plants. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. associated with phosphate fertilization of 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5 was sufficient to promote maximum growth and development of cowpea plants in Amazonian soil. The genotype White had higher capacity of nodulation, dry matter production and grain yield. Inoculation of Bradyrhizobium sp. increased N and P contents in the leaves. The genotype Butter was superior to the genotype White with respect to the accumulation of P, K, Ca and Mg in the leaves.
Physical Attributes of the Soil and Maize Productivity Under an Intercrop System
Authors: Santos Paulo Ricardo Alves dos , Chioderoli Carlos Alessandro , Silva Alexsandro Oliveira da , Nicolau Francisca Edcarla de Araújo , Lopes José Evanaldo Lima , Amorim Marcelo Queiroz , Mendonça Clice de Araújo
Published: November 2018

The intensive use of agricultural areas for farming, together with inadequate management, can cause soil degradation and promote a low-quality environment for crops; An intercrop system of maize and forage can therefore be an alternative to existing production systems. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of intercropping maize with forage on the physical attributes of the soil and on productivity in maize, as a function of the sowing season and different forages, in the northeastern region of Brazil. A trial intercrop of maize with three forages (Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum ‘Mombasa’, and Crotalaria spectabilis a.) was planted at two different times: phase 1-forage sown between the rows of maize, mixed with the basal dressing; and phase 2-forage sown between the rows, at the V4 stage in maize; in addition to maize with no intercrop (control). The trial was carried out in a randomised block design, with four replications. Forage Mombasa inserted in phase 1 (1) and phase (2) of sowing favored higher values of macroporosity in the layers 0.0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m respectively. For the mass of 1000 grains and grain yield, there were no significant differences between the treatments when compared to the exclusive corn. It was concluded that the maize-forage intercrop promotes changes in the physical attributes of the soil (macroporosity, total porosity and density), and that maize productivity is not affected by the intercrop system.
Growth and Development of Bananas (Musa sp.) Cultivated in Agroecological Systems in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Paula José Aluisio de Araújo , Cardoso Eudes de Almeida , Assis Janilson Pinheiro de , Santos Elizângela Cabral , Sousa Roberto Pequeno de , Linhares Paulo César Ferreira , Melo Stefeson Bezerra De
Published: November 2018

The banana is the most eaten tropical fruit and the second most harvested in the world, losing only to the orange. In this research, we aimed to evaluate the growth and development of different banana cultivars in response to the use of different types of seedlings and management methods used for plant propagation in agro-ecological systems. An experiment under randomized block design was applied in a factorial scheme of 2 × 2 × 2, with four blocks and two replicates in each block. The treatments comprised all combinations of the following sources of variation: cultivar—‘Pacovan’ and ‘Prata-anã’; seedlings weight—between 0.5 to 1.0 kg and above 1.0 kg; and method of propagation by rhizomes—with and without the acclimatization technique called “ceva”. The efficiency of each treatment was measured as the number of days to occur the following events: first sprouting, flowering, final harvest and the interval between flowering and harvest. No source of variation affected the day of flowering. Therefore, we fixed the value of flowering days as 260, independently of the cultivar or method of propagation. The analysis of the coordinate factors revealed that the variables that best explained the studied events were period of final harvest (92%), followed by interval between flowering and harvest (75%) and period of initial sprouting (71%). The propagation of ‘Prata-anã’ without “ceva” had the greatest efficiency, where as the propagation of ‘Pacovan’ without “ceva” had the worse efficiency. The propagations with “ceva” obtained intermediate values.
Hydrochemical Characterization of Water Resources From Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants
Authors: Antas Francisco Pio de Souza , Dias Nildo da Silva , Oliveira André Moreira de , Neto Osvaldo Nogueira de Sousa , Fernandes Cleyton dos Santos , Miranda Neyton de Oliveira , Gurgel Gabriela Cemirames de Sousa , Sousa Junior Francisco Souto de , Lima Alexandre de Oliveira , Neto Miguel Ferreira
Published: November 2018

The desalination of the brackish waters is a technology of coexistence with the semi-arid and its adoption implies in determining the environmental impacts due to the reject brine generated. Therefore, this work evaluated the hydrochemical characteristics of well water (feed water), drinking water (purified) and reject brine from reverse osmosis desalination plants in Western Meso-region, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. During the periods between October 2013 and November 2014, four water samples were taken at seven inland desalination plants in communities and rural settlements. The hydrochemical characteristics of the waters were evaluated using multivariate statistical analysis. The following physico-chemical parameters of water collected were evaluated: electrical conductivity (ECw), pH, concentrations of cations (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) and anions (chloride, carbonate and bicarbonate), Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Langelier Saturation Index, Stability Index of Ryznar, and the Calcium/Magnesium ratio. Well water and reject brine were classified into six groups, while purified water was classified into seven groups with different levels of risk of salinization, sodification and ions toxicity.
Evaluation of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Use in Rural Areas
Authors: Ponte Rosemar Cristiane Dal , Ponte Enerdan Fernando Dal , Nogueira Carlos Eduardo Camargo , Siqueira Jair Antonio Cruz , Christ Divair
Published: November 2018

With the constant increase in the need for electricity, the use of wind energy emerges as an alternative that is capable of meeting these demands. Considering that several regions in Brazil have a great potential for wind power, it is necessary to develop technologies and investments to ensure the growth of this energy source. The purpose of this project was to study the technical and economic feasibility of a vertical axis wind turbine, which employed a washing machine motor, a servomotor and an alternator for electricity generation, in order to verify which generation system presents better efficiency. Additionally, the unit costs of the energy produced in each generation system were determined and compared to the value of the electricity tariff charged by the concessionaire for rural consumers. Based on the collected data relating to voltages and electric currents, the power and the wind-mechanical, mechanical-electrical and wind-electrical efficiencies of each generator system were calculated, allowing a comparison between these values. The alternator presented the best wind-mechanical efficiency (5.02%) and the best wind-electrical efficiency (0.47%). The washing machine motor showed the best mechanical-electrical efficiency (11.33%). The results showed that the systems have little efficiency in the generation of electricity, and the cost of energy generated indicates values much higher than those practiced by the local electricity concessionaire.
Carbon and Nitrogen Stock Under Different Types of Land Use in a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest
Authors: Valbrun W. , Andrade E. M. de , Almeida A. M. M. de , Almeida E. L. de
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study, was to analyse the effect of cover vegetation change on stocks of Total Organic Carbon (ST.TOC) and Total Nitrogen (ST.TN) in soils of a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The study was carried out on three farms located on a typical Orthic Chromic Luvisol in an SDTF. Soil samples were collected from trenches, 70 × 70 cm in size, in the 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm layers, under four types of land use: dense Caatinga (DC), open Caatinga (OC), agriculture (AG) and pasture (PA). The following attributes were evaluated: bulk density, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (TN), ST.TOC and ST.TN. The data were compared using the Mann-Whitney test (p ≤ 0.05). Hierarchical Grouping Analysis (HGA) was used to understand the behaviour of the attributes evaluated between cover vegetation types. Using HGA resulted in the formation of three distinct groups for the types of land use under investigation. The highest mean values for ST.TOC (11.29 Mg ha-1) and ST.TN (3.36 Mg ha-1) were found in CD and CA. The changes in land use in the SDTF had an effect on ST.TOC and ST.TN. It is therefore necessary to adopt strategies and strengthen conservation practices in areas of agricultural and pasture, and reduce the process of degradation and further the process of recovery in these areas. Such action will reduce the loss of C and N, and increase the levels and stocks of TOC and TN.
Assessment of Seed Vigor Tests for Crambe abyssinica
Authors: Soares Tássia Fernanda Santos Neri , Freitas Bruno Antônio Lemos de , Filho José Geraldo de Araújo Ferreira , Dias Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos , Fialho Camila Andrade , Medeiros André Dantas de , Oliveira Rafael Macedo de , Silveira Alice de Souza
Published: November 2018

Vigor tests are important mainly to identify differences associated to lots performance in field conditions. The objective of this study was to define the most appropriate tests to evaluate the crambe (Crambe abyssinica) seeds vigor. Seven seed lots of crambe were subjected to the standard germination (on the first and last count), germination speed index (GSI), primary root protrusion speed index (PRPSI), seedling length dry and weight seedling, water stress test using PEG 6000 at -0.2 MPa, electrical conductivity and cold test without soil. Crambe lots studied had germination percentages varying from 54 to 80.5%. The GSI, on the first count of water stress and electrical conductivity test ranked lots between two vigor classes The PRPSI, seedling length, seedling dry weight and last count of water stress tests were less sensitive to evaluate vigor for crambe seed. The cold test without soil and the first count of standard germination test were capable to dishtinguish lots more efficiently than the standard germination test on last count by ranking four of the seven seed lots studied.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 10, No. 12
Authors: Brown Anne
Published: November 2018

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 10, No. 12, 2018.
PRESCRIÇÃO DE ANTIBIÓTICOS DE USO HUMANO PARA FINS DE TERAPIA ANIMAL
Authors: Eduarda Canôa Bertão Maria , Andrade da Silva Daniel , Marinho Dourado Coelho Willian
Published: November 2018

The objective of this study was to quantify human antibacterial prescriptions for animal therapy. It
began on April 1, 2017 to September 30, 2017, in the cities of Andradina-SP, Castilho-SP,
Inocência-MS, Nova Independência-SP and Três Lagoas-MS, with the cooperation of fourteen
drugstores in the respective cities , which contributed to the completion of a form composed of
data from the establishment and antibiotics prescribed by Veterinary Doctors, were collected once
a month (Fig. 1), listed in active principles, accounting for Doxycycline 23.7%, Cephalexin 16.2%
Rifamycin 14.4%, Sufamethoxazole + Trimetropim 9.27%, Tobramycin 7.9%, Metronidazole 6.9%,
Chloramphenicol 4.8%, Neomycin 3.86%, Ciprofloxacin 3.6%, Amoxicillin 2.31%, Gentamicin 2.0%,
Gatilfloxacin 1.3%, Ampicillin, Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Norfloxacin 0.51%, Bacitracin, Cefadroxil,
Moxifloxacin, Nitrofural, Ofloxacin and Terramycin 0.25% (Tab.1). It is concluded that the
knowledge of the general principles of antibiotics without therapeutic follow-up and irrational use
of antibiotics is unsatisfactory.
Minimizing and addressing microaggressions in the workplace: Be proactive, part 2
Authors: Dalton Shamika , Villagran Michele
Published: November 2018

Our nation’s history plays a huge role in the way we perceive underrepresented groups. From slavery to segregation, to the inequality in compensation for women and people of color, to the refusal to wed same sex couples, discrimination and opposition has plagued the United States for decades. Since the Civil Rights Movement, discrimination towards underrepresented groups has shifted from overt acts to subtle and semiconscious manifestations called microaggressions. These manifestations reside in well-intentioned individuals who are often unaware of their biased beliefs, attitudes, and actions. They can lead to inequities within our relationships and affect our work productivity.
Academic library assessment: Barriers and enablers for global development and implementation
Authors: Kyrillidou Martha
Published: November 2018

Academic library assessment has grown as a field over the last 20 years. The pressures of increased competition over scarce resources and rapid technological changes have put pressures on academic libraries as they have on their parent institutions. In the midst of all the pressures and transformations lies a strong desire to be user-focused and responsive to the changing needs of faculty and students.
Philanthropic partnership at the University of Iowa: Providing complimentary ACRL membership to LIS students
Authors: Culshaw John P. , Rettig Mary L.
Published: November 2018

The strength of ACRL comes from its membership. Nevertheless, ACRL and other membership-based professional organizations face many challenges in terms of recruiting and retaining members. Of course, membership and involvement in ACRL contributes to an individual’s career success. But academic and research libraries also benefit when their employees are engaged in their professional associations. Membership and participation in professional associations provides valuable mentoring and professional development opportunities. This is true at every stage of one’s career, but it is particularly critical to help new professionals understand the value of these activities. Many would agree that graduate school is the perfect time to introduce students to their future professional associations, yet membership often remains out of reach financially for many students.
People in the News
Authors: Galloway Ann-Christe
Published: November 2018

Gale S. EtschmaierCarl GrantNeelam BhartiAlaina BullDelaney BullingerWilliam ClaspyKristina ClementSuzanna ConradSamantha CookJohn T. FurlongAlexandrea GlennMichelle GreenTyler MartindaleMarisa PetrichD. J. ReeceKevin SeeberCody TaylorRobert TaylorJen WallerPatricia Senn Breivik
Increased Maternal Education and Knowledge of Nutrition and Reductions in Poverty are Associated with Dietary Diversity and Meal Frequency in an Observational Study of Indonesian Children
Authors: T. Crookston Benjamin , Bennett Cudjoe , Hall P. Cougar , Hasan Muhamad , Linehan Mary , Syafiq Ahmad , Torres Scott , West Joshua H. , Dearden Kirk A.
Published: November 2018

Background: Optimal infant and young child feeding during the first two years of life is essential to optimum child development and health. While the link between feeding practices and child health outcomes is well documented, little is known about the determinants of these feeding practices in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to better understand factors associated with appropriate child feeding among Indonesian children 6–23 months of age.
Methods: Interviewers conducted interviews with 1498 mothers of children 6–23 months of age to identify practices. Measures of feeding practices included dietary diversity, meal frequency, and minimum acceptable diet. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with dietary diversity and separately with meal frequency.
Results: After adjusting for covariates, increased maternal education was associated with improved dietary diversity. Age of child [OR=1.11], knowledge of stunting [OR=1.80], and having ever received nutrition information [OR=1.89] were also associated with greater dietary diversity. Wealth [OR=0.86] and age of child [OR=0.92] were inversely associated with meal frequency. Maternal education, age of child, being a male child, knowledge of stunting, and having received nutrition information increased the odds of the child consuming a minimum acceptable diet.
Conclusion: Increasing maternal education, knowledge of stunting, and knowledge of nutrition may improve dietary diversity while poverty alleviation has the potential to improve minimum meal frequency. These findings corroborate similar studies and confirm the importance of government efforts that help girls stay in school, improve families’ understanding of nutrition, and reduce poverty
Infant Feeding Perceptions and Barriers to Exclusive Breastfeeding in Urban and Rural Cameroon
Authors: Ngongalah Lem , Rawlings Ngwa Niba , Emerson Wepngong , Titilope Oluwaniyi , Sharon Mumah
Published: November 2018

Background: Child malnutrition is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 45% of children in Cameroon die each year from malnutrition-related causes, most of which are preventable. Exclusive breastfeeding is a well-acknowledged and cost-effective intervention against malnutrition-related illnesses in children. However, the practice remains low in Cameroon. This study explored perceptions of mothers, care givers and key informants on infant feeding in Cameroon, and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding.
Methods: A qualitative methodology was used, comprising key informant interviews and focus group discussions with nursing mothers, grandmothers and health workers; in one urban and one rural area in Cameroon. Participants were selected using convenience, purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.
Results: Cameroonian mothers were supportive of breastfeeding. However, knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding and its benefits was poor. Mothers expressed doubts about its feasibility and showed concerns about satisfying their babies’ feeding and health needs. Barriers included factors which either affected women’s abilities to breastfeed or their babies’ satisfaction, family influences, other responsibilities, cultural and societal factors, and lack of support from the healthcare system.
Conclusions: This study highlighted a sizeable gap between mothers’ lived experiences and infant feeding recommendations. Living in rural areas was an added disadvantage. Developing effective strategies to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates requires that mothers’ needs be understood and that influencing factors be addressed. Supportive environments are also required to promote and protect the rights and abilities of mothers to breastfeed exclusively.
Evaluating the Impact of the Revised Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Fruit Juice Allotment on Fruit Intake, Dietary Quality, and Energy/Nutrient Intakes among Children 1-4 Years of Age
Authors: Nicklas T.A. , O’Neil C.E. , III V.L. Fulgoni
Published: November 2018

Objective: The goals of this study were to assess the impact of recent changes in the WIC allotment on fruit intake, dietary quality/adequacy, energy/nutrient intakes, and potential impact of the complete removal of 100% fruit juice (FJ) from the package.
Methods: 24-hour recalls from children 1-4 years who were WIC participants or income-eligible nonparticipants in the NHANES 2007-2008 and 2011-2014 (before and after WIC package changes) were analyzed.
Results: There were no differences in the Healthy Eating Index-2015 total score; subcomponent scores for “greens and beans” and for “fatty acid ratio” were higher in 2011-2014 than in 2007-2008 in children participating in WIC; scores for “sodium” were higher in 2011-2014 than in 2007-2008 in children not participating in WIC but income-eligible. In WIC participants mean intakes of riboflavin, vitamins B12 and C, and zinc were significantly (p<0.01) lower, and intake of vitamin E was significantly (p<0.01) higher in 2011-2014 compared to 2007-2008. One significant difference in nutrient adequacy in children was that of a lower (p<0.01) percentage of inadequacy for WIC participants for vitamin E and a higher (p<0.01) percentage of inadequacy for WIC participants for vitamin A in 2011-2014 as compared to those in 2007-2008. The elimination of FJ from the WIC food packages resulted in a 38-50% lower total fruit intake and a 4-5% reduction in total HEI-2015 score.
Conclusion: Changes in the WIC program resulted in potential adverse effects on mean intakes of some nutrients but not on the nutrient adequacy or overall diet quality. Confirmatory studies are needed.
Feeding Sensitivity at 3-Months Predicts Parental Feeding Style at 3-Years
Authors: Worobey John
Published: November 2018

Objective: To examine the association between maternal responsive feeding in infancy and later parental feeding style in childhood, with a secondary aim of linking parenting style to child weight status
Design: Short-term, longitudinal study
Subjects: 65 mother-infant pairs, followed from 3-months to 3-years
Methods: Mother-child dyads were seen at enrollment, observed at home when the infant was 3-months-old, and at home again when the infant turned 2-years of age. When the child reached 3-years, mothers self-reported their feeding style.
Results: Responsive maternal feeding at 3-months predicted an authoritative feeding style at 3-years, and the authoritative feeding style was associated with a healthier weight status.
Conclusion: Responsive feeding in infancy may serve as the foundation for responsive feeding in childhood and may serve to help in reducing obesity risk
Breastfeeding Practices and Dietary Diversity among Infants and Young Children in Rural and Urban-Slum Populations in India: An Observational Study
Authors: Deshmukh Urmila , Thomas Tinku , Swaminathan Sumathi , Kurpad Anura
Published: November 2018

Background: Nutritional exposures and growth in early life are linked to immediate and also to long term health outcomes.
Objective: To assess infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices using WHO-UNICEF defined indicators in rural and urban-slum populations in India.
Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in mothers and infants up to age 24 months. Data on socio-demographics, birth history, feeding practices (WHO-UNICEF IYCF indicators), maternal weight, height, and infant’s weight, length, mid-arm, and head circumferences were collected.
Results: Five hundred and two (252 rural and 250 urban-slum) mother-infant dyads were studied. Proportions of IYCF indicators in rural and urban-slum infants were: Early initiation of breastfeeding 71 and 64%; Exclusive breastfeeding under six months, 59 and 25%; Minimum acceptable diet 11 and 27% respectively. Consumption of animal-source food (other than dairy products) and vitamin-A rich fruits and vegetables was below 15%. Cesarean section [aOR, 95% CI: 2.94 (1.53, 5.65)], hospitalization of newborn [aOR, 95% CI: 6.21 (2.95, 13.16)], pre-lacteal feeding [aOR, 95% CI: 3.38 (1.77, 6.45)], needing help in breastfeeding [aOR, 95% CI: 2.15 (1.04, 4.17)], and male gender [aOR, 95% CI: 2.13 (1.15, 4.25); p<0.05 for all] were associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding, whereas lower monthly household income [aOR, 95% CI: 2.62 (1.10, 6.25)], and younger age [aOR, 95% CI: 1.24 (1.11, 1.38); p<0.05 for both] were associated with poor dietary diversity.
Conclusions: Education of optimum IYCF practices, targeting early initiation of breastfeeding, increasing meal frequency and intake of vitamin-A rich and animal-source foods need urgent attention.
Regulation of Tip60‐dependent p53 acetylation in cell fate decision
Authors: Wang Ping , Bao Han , Zhang Xiao‐Peng , Liu Feng , Wang Wei
Published: November 2018

The acetylation of p53 plays an essential role in regulating its transcriptional activity. Nevertheless, how p53 acetylation is modulated in cell fate decision is less understood. We developed a network model to reveal how Tip60‐dependent p53 acetylation is regulated to modulate cellular outcome. We proposed that p53 is progressively activated and exhibits distinct dynamics depending on the severity of DNA damage. For mild damage, p53 is primarily activated to trigger cell cycle arrest by transactivating p21, with its concentration showing pulses. For severe damage, p53 is acetylated at Lysine 120 (K120) by Tip60 to trigger apoptosis by inducing PUMA, and its concentration increases to high levels. Several p53‐centered feedback loops coordinate to regulate its acetylation status, ensuring a robust decision on cell fate.
A Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Michael Addition/Cyclization Sequence for the Diastereoselective Assembly of Chroman‐Bridged Polycyclic Isoindolinones
Authors: Jin Shaojing , Guo Jia , Fang Dongmei , Huang Yongwei , Wang Qilin , Bu Zhanwei
Published: November 2018

The first p‐TSA‐catalyzed highly diastereoselective Michael addition/cyclization of 3‐carboxylate‐substituted isoindolinones and ortho‐hydroxychalcones was developed to access a wide range of chroman‐bridged polycyclic isoindolinones. This reaction represents a novel and efficient method for the construction of complex bridged polycyclic isoindolinones. Moreover, several derivatizations were carried out to further highlight the synthetic value of this protocol.

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A Low‐Cost Metal‐Free Photocatalyst Based on Black Phosphorus
Authors: Wen Min , Wang Jiahong , Tong Ruifeng , Liu Danni , Huang Hao , Yu Ying , Zhou Zhang‐Kai , Chu Paul K. , Yu Xue‐Feng
Published: November 2018

An efficient metal‐free photocatalyst composed of black phosphorus (BP) and graphitic carbon nitride (CN) is prepared on a large scale by ball milling. Using economical urea and red phosphorus (RP) as the raw materials, the estimated materials cost of BP/CN is 0.235 Euro per gram. The BP/CN heterostructure shows efficient charge separation and possesses abundant active sites, giving rise to excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution and rhodamine B (RhB) degradation efficiency. Without using a co‐catalyst, the metal‐free BP/CN emits H2 consistently at a rate as large as 786 µmol h−1 g−1 and RhB is decomposed in merely 25 min during visible‐light irradiation. The corresponding electron/hole transfer and catalytic mechanisms are analyzed and described. The efficient metal‐free catalyst is promising in visible‐light photocatalysis and the simple ball‐milling synthetic method can be readily scaled up.
Talking About Professionalism Through the Lens of Professional Identity
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: November 2018

Professionalism is one of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's (ACGME) Core Competencies, but the breadth of its content often makes this a difficult topic, both in remedial counseling and when presenting the topic to medical trainees and practicing clinicians. Physician professionalism encompasses both clinical competence and the virtues that comprise the physician's social contract. This difficult subject may best be approached tangentially, through the lens of professional identity. Professional identity describes clinicians’ affinity for, acculturation into, and identification with the practice of medicine. One method to highlight the benefits that individuals accrue by adopting professionalism's elements is to pose questions that optimize listeners’ self‐reflection about their lives and aspirations—in essence, their professional identity. Discussing professionalism this way often yields in‐depth discussions of how trainees believe their professional identity was formed and will impact their long‐term goals. Both in teaching and in counseling, educators can frame their discussions using professionalism and professional identity's overlapping and reinforcing elements to show listeners how to advance their personal and professional goals and avoid the short‐ and long‐term consequences of unprofessional behavior. To engage the audience, educators and supervisors can emphasize how adhering to the elements of professionalism may determine their career opportunities, the professional respect they receive, and their career fulfillment and, ultimately, longevity. In this way, educators can better guide trainees and clinicians to understand their personal reasons for acting professionally, that is, doing the right thing, at the right time, in the right way, and for the right reason.
Diastereomeric salt crystallization of chiral moleculesvia sequential coupled‐Batch operation
Authors: Simon Melba , Wood Barbara , Ferguson Steven , Glennon Brian , Jones Roderick C.
Published: November 2018

A novel process, sequential coupled‐batch diastereomeric crystallization is presented for the resolution of racemic mixtures. This strategy utilized a preferential crystallization of diastereomeric salt followed by sequential coupled diastereomeric salt resolution of racemic ibuprofen with the resolving agent (S)‐lysine utilizing a novel small scale pneumatic liquid exchange design to couple two batch crystallizers. Results were compared to conventional sequential resolution via seeded isothermal batch crystallization. Diastereomeric salt resolution was developed using the ternary phase diagram of the isolated (R)‐ibuprofen‐(S)‐lysine and (S)‐ibuprofen‐(S)‐lysine salts and optimized empirically with the aid of process analytical technology. Sequential coupled‐batch crystallization was found to be capable of increasing the yield of both salts while maintaining purity. This gave an increase in both the productivity and yield (20.5% for (S)‐ibuprofen‐(S)‐lysine) compared to the equivalent sequential batch (17.7% for (S)‐ibuprofen‐(S)‐lysine) crystallization methodology. Single crystals of the (S)‐ibuprofen‐(S)‐lysine were isolated, and its single crystal structure determined. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 65: 604–616, 2019
Nitrogen‐doped Carbon–CoOx Nanohybrids: A Precious Metal Free Cathode that Exceeds 1.0 W cm−2 Peak Power and 100 h Life in Anion‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Peng Xiong , Omasta Travis J. , Magliocca Emanuele , Wang Lianqin , Varcoe John R. , Mustain William E.
Published: November 2018

Efficient and durable nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction (ORR) are highly desirable for several electrochemical devices, including anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here, a 2D planar electrocatalyst with CoOx embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon (N‐C‐CoOx) was created through the direct pyrolysis of a metal–organic complex with a NaCl template. The N‐C‐CoOx catalyst showed high ORR activity, indicated by excellent half‐wave (0.84 V vs. RHE) and onset (1.01 V vs. RHE) potentials. This high intrinsic activity was also observed in operating AEMFCs where the kinetic current was 100 mA cm−2 at 0.85 V. When paired with a radiation‐grafted ETFE powder ionomer, the N‐C‐CoOx AEMFC cathode was able to achieve extremely high peak power density (1.05 W cm−2) and mass transport limited current (3 A cm−2) for a precious metal free electrode. The N‐C‐CoOx cathode also showed good stability over 100 hours of operation with a voltage decay of only 15 % at 600 mA cm−2 under H2/air (CO2‐free) reacting gas feeds. The N‐C‐CoOx cathode catalyst was also paired with a very low loading PtRu/C anode catalyst, to create AEMFCs with a total PGM loading of only 0.10 mgPt‐Ru cm−2 capable of achieving 7.4 W mg−1PGM as well as supporting a current of 0.7 A cm−2 at 0.6 V with H2/air (CO2 free)—creating a cell that was able to meet the 2019 U.S. Department of Energy initial performance target of 0.6 V at 0.6 A cm−2 under H2/air with a PGM loading <0.125 mg cm−2 with AEMFCs for the first time.
Analysis of phenolic compounds obtained from bamboo microwave liquefaction for fast‐curing phenol‐formaldehyde resin preparation
Authors: Yang Sheng , Fan Dong‐Bin , Li Gai‐Yun
Published: November 2018

Three wastes originated from outer surface, shallow surface, and inner surface of bamboo during bamboo‐mat preparation were liquefied using microwave energy in a binary solvent (glycerol/methanol). The properties (yield, molecular structure, and molecular weight distribution) of the lignin fractions in the obtained phenolic compounds were contrastively analyzed with proto‐lignin in the materials. Results showed that >58% of the lignin in the bamboo cell walls could be degraded and moved to the phenolic compounds via the cleavage of β‐O‐4′ aryl ether bonds during the microwave liquefaction process. Some polysaccharides still connected with the lignin fraction in the phenolic compounds through covalent bonds. The phenolic compounds displayed well solubility in common organic solvents (ethanol/water cosolvent, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4‐dioxane, and dimethyl sulfoxide). A fast‐curing phenol‐formaldehyde resin was successfully synthesized with the phenolic compounds under the presence of MgO, and a 23.23% curing time reduction was achieved. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 46952.
Microsatellite markers for Corybas (Orchidaceae) species in New Zealand
Authors: Van Etten Megan L. , Lehnebach Carlos A. , Pearson Sofie M. , Robertson Alastair W. , Tate Jennifer A.
Published: November 2018

Premise of the Study

Microsatellite markers were developed for New Zealand species of Corybas (Orchidaceae) to investigate population genetics and species delimitation.

Methods and Results

From sequencing a total genomic DNA library (using Illumina MiSeq), we developed 22 microsatellite markers for C. obscurus. The di‐ and trinucleotide repeat loci were initially trialed on individuals representing seven Corybas taxa (C. “rimutaka,” C. confusus, C. hypogaeus, C. macranthus, C. obscurus, C. trilobus, and C. walliae) and had one to eight alleles per locus. Twelve polymorphic markers were further tested on six Corybas populations from three of the seven taxa (C. obscurus, C. “rimutaka,” and C. trilobus). Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0–1 and 0–0.859, respectively. The utility of these 12 loci was further validated in five related Corybas species (C. hypogaeus, C. obscurus, C. vitreus, C. walliae, and C. “rimutaka”; 38 individuals) representing populations from across the North and South Islands. The average value for genetic diversity among populations (FST) of 0.439 shows differentiation among species.

Conclusions

These markers will be useful for future studies aimed at delimiting species boundaries and examining the genetic diversity of the New Zealand Corybas species.
Active Learning of the Floor of Mouth Anatomy with Ultrasound
Authors: Bell Floyd E. , Neuffer Francis H. , Haddad T. Robert , Epps James C. , Kozik Michael E. , Warren Brandon C.
Published: November 2018

More emphasis is now being placed on active learning in medical education. Ultrasound is an active learning tool that can be used to supplement didactic instruction. This study describes a self‐guided activity for learning floor of mouth ultrasound. Thirty‐three first year medical students learned floor of mouth scan technique and ultrasound anatomy through a brief PowerPoint module. They subsequently performed the scan on a standardized patient. Each student was asked to label the floor of mouth muscles on the image he or she acquired. After the activity, the students were given a quiz on anatomic relationships of the floor of mouth. Perceptions about the activity were collected through a survey. All 33 students obtained a floor of mouth image within a three minute time limit. Twenty‐four (73%) students were able to completely and accurately label the image in time. The mean score on the muscle relationships quiz was 93%. Overall perceptions were very positive with most students expressing a “high” or “very high” level of interest in incorporating similar self‐guided activities within the curriculum. This study showed that it is feasible for students to learn scan technique and recognize relevant ultrasound anatomy in an independent fashion through a brief active learning module. Furthermore, the students found the activity enjoyable. The implication is that similar activities could be developed which would provide additional ways to incorporate active learning strategies.
Assessing the ability of human endothelial cells derived from induced‐pluripotent stem cells to form functional microvasculature in vivo
Authors: Bezenah Jonathan R. , Rioja Ana Y. , Juliar Benjamin , Friend Nicole , Putnam Andrew J.
Published: November 2018

Forming functional blood vessel networks is a major clinical challenge in the fields of tissue engineering and therapeutic angiogenesis. Cell‐based strategies to promote neovascularization have been widely explored, but cell sourcing remains a significant limitation. Induced‐pluripotent stem cell‐derived endothelial cells (iPSC‐ECs) are a promising, potentially autologous, alternative cell source. However, it is unclear whether iPSC‐ECs form the same robust microvasculature in vivo documented for other EC sources. In this study, we utilized a well‐established in vivo model, in which ECs (iPSC‐EC or human umbilical vein endothelial cells [HUVEC]) were coinjected with normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) and a fibrin matrix into the dorsal flank of severe combined immunodeficiency mice to assess their ability to form functional microvasculature. Qualitatively, iPSC‐ECs were capable of vessel formation and perfusion and demonstrated similar vessel morphologies to HUVECs. However, quantitatively, iPSC‐ECs exhibited a two‐fold reduction in vessel density and a three‐fold reduction in the number of perfused vessels compared with HUVECs. Further analysis revealed the presence of collagen‐IV and α‐smooth muscle actin were significantly lower around iPSC‐EC/NHLF vasculature than in HUVEC/NHLF implants, suggesting reduced vessel maturity. Collectively, these results demonstrate the need for increased iPSC‐EC maturation for clinical translation to be realized.
Growth kinetics and mathematical modeling of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under flashing light
Authors: Straka Levi , Rittmann Bruce E.
Published: November 2018

In photobioreactors and natural systems, microalgae are subjected to rapidly changing light intensities (LI) due to light attenuation and mixing. A controlled way to study the effect of rapidly changing LI is to subject cultures to flashing light. In this study, series of flashing‐light experiments were conducted using Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 with constant overall average LI of approximately 84 μmol·m−2·s−1 and relative times in the light and dark varied. The results were also compared with simulated results using a mathematical model including an absorbed pool of light energy, photoacclimation, and photoinhibition. With equal time in light and dark, the specific growth rate (μ) systematically decreased with increasing light duration, and µ decreased further when the ratio of light to dark was decreased. The model captured both trends with the mechanistic explanation that when the light duration was very short the changes in the pool of absorbed LI were smoothed out across the light and dark periods, whereas longer durations caused the biomass to experience discrete light and dark conditions that lead to reduced light absorption, more energy loss to nonphotochemical quenching, and more photodamage. These growth effects were accentuated as the ratio of light to dark decreased.
Misconceptions and persistence: resources for targeting student alternative conceptions in biotechnology
Authors: Wisch Julie K. , Farrell Emma , Siegel Marcelle , Freyermuth Sharyn
Published: November 2018

Conceptual understanding and reasoning of nonscience major students enrolled in a course on biotechnology were evaluated before and after instruction. The instrument for analysis of student understanding was the Biotechnology Instrument for Knowledge Elicitation (BIKE). The BIKE targets 11 key concepts, as determined by experts in the field. A statistically significant score improvement was observed in each of the 11 concept areas after completion of the course, Biotechnology in Society (N = 117). Student responses to both the pretest and posttest were highly informative and revealed several common misconceptions that could have been overlooked in a closed form testing scenario. These alternative conceptions and recommended clarifications have been presented here. Our goal in documenting and distributing these is to better equip educators in biology and biochemistry to anticipate student preconceptions, design targeted interventions, and improve student conceptual reasoning in topics pertaining to biology and biotechnology. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(6):602–611, 2018.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of bisabolangelone from Angelicae Pubescentis Radix in rat using LC–MS/MS
Authors: Ge Yuanyuan , Li Zhen , Zhang Lu , Li Jin , He Jun , Hao Jia , Gao Xiu‐mei , Chang Yan‐xu
Published: November 2018

A sensitive and accurate LC–MS/MS method was established for quantifying bisabolangelone in rat plasma and tissues. Bisabolangelone was isolated and purified from Angelicae Pubescentis Radix. The pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of bisabolangelone after administration to rat was performed by LC–MS/MS. Separation was carried out on a C8 (4.6 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) column. The MS/MS transitions of bisabolangelone and tussilagone (internal standard) were set at m/z 249.1 → 109.1 and m/z 391.4 → 217.4, respectively. The lower limit of quantification in plasma and other tissues ranged from 1 to 4 ng/mL. The biosamples were prepared using protein precipitation method with acetonitrile. The recovery was >92%. The results showed that values of maximum concentrations and area under the curve depended linearly on the studied doses (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight). The other ingredients in Angelicae Pubescentis Radix extract possibly reduce the absorption of bisabolangelone in rat. Tissue distribution revealed that bisabolangelone was widely distributed in vivo. The highest and lowest concentrations of bisabolangelone were found in the stomach and in the brain, respectively. It was concluded that the newly established HPLC–MS/MS method was suitable to describe the pharmacokinetic characteristics of bisabolangelone in rat after administration.