bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Just War Theory: What's the Use?
Authors: Johnson James T.
Published: September 2018

Anyone seriously interested in applying traditional just war theory to current international affairs finds it difficult even to begin. Part of the problem is that the theory itself is badly misunderstood. Some people—proponents and detractors alike—think it is first and foremost a product of Christian theological wisdom and a repository of Christian principles having relevance to relations between states. A Catholic who points to recent popes, to John Courtney Murray, or to the tradition of Thomas Aquinas when evoking just war categories adds weight to this conception of just war theory. So too does a Protestant who goes to Martin Luther or Paul Ramsey for information about just war. It is true that just war doctrine was advanced and preserved by Christian theologians and canon lawyers. But these were not the only contributors to the tradition of just war thought, nor have they been the only important preservers of whatever wisdom it contains for limiting war.
Microelectronics in the World Economy
Authors: Norman Colin
Published: September 2018

Fear of massive unemployment have greeted technological changes ever since the Industrial Revolution. Far from destroying jobs, however, rapid technological advance generally has created many new ones. In the quarter-century following World War II, for example, the industrial economies were flooded with new technologies, while unemployment shrank to exceptionally low levels Yet there is good reason to take seriously the recent outpouring of concern that microelectronic technologies will have a fundamental impact on both the numbers and types of jobs in the industrial world in the coming decades.

Central to this concern is the pervasiveness of microelectronics The microelectronic revolution could affect employment in enterprises ranging from steelworks to banks since no technology in history has had such a broad range of potential applications in the workplace. For another thing, goods that incorporate microelectronic devices generally require significantly less labor to produce than the goods they replace, a fact that extends the employment implications of the technology well beyond its direct impacts on automation. And a third cause of apprehension is the speed with which the technology is advancing. Although microelectronic controls will not sweep through the industrial world overnight, most experts expect them to be firmly established in production processes, products, and daily activities over the next two decades.
Tunisia's Prime Minister, Hedi Nouira
Authors: Bruzonsky Mark
Published: September 2018

When Tunisian Prime Minister Hedi Nouira visits Washington in the final days of November, issues of human rights, American aid, and evolution toward a multiparty democracy are sure to arise.

Both constitutionally and politically Nouira is Tunisia's crown prince—the designated successor of ailing Habib Bourguiba, "president for life" of this Mediterranean country of six million.

But the events of last January, which saw more than a hundred deaths and brought the imprisonment of Tunisia's powerful trade union movement leadership, have left a certain tension in their wake. Unemployment, rising expectations, and a growing alienation from the single-party regime—the Parti Socialiste Destourien (PSD)—are contributing to destabilization in Tunisia.
Nuclear Energy for the Poor
Authors: Akhund Iqbal
Published: September 2018

The subject of nuclear energy, arousing hope and anxiety in almost equal degree, is of interest to all mankind. Of late, however, attention has focused on the implications of the spread of nuclear power and technology to Third World countries, and in that context the views of Pakistan—a developing country with similar economic compulsions—may be of some general interest.

Thirty years after Hiroshima-Nagasaki one sees nuclear energy being used beneficently all over the world in research institutions and hospitals, in farms and factories. But a number of recent developments have reawakened the fear and moral doubt concerning man's capacity to make wise use of the terrible power his intelligence has unleashed: the explosion by India of a nuclear device in 1974; disclosures about the real risks of accidents in power reactors; and the fear that terrorists, political or’ criminal, may obtain recourse to nuclear bombs to further their ends.
Enough of a Souvenir
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: September 2018

In six years of conducting research on America's poor Jews I have met no one more delightful than the seventy-year-old man I will call Yankel Kanter. As the sort of research I do is based on speaking with people over a long period of time, it is only natural that I would be especially attracted to such a man as Yankel. If the purpose of my work is to allow people to describe in their own words how their lives are being led, then Yankel, eager to talk, was the perfect person to participate in the research.

Over the years of our friendship Yankel has talked about a great many things, although never once about the death of his wife and children in a death camp in Poland. He is in his way, although he would never say this, a scholarly and learned gentleman whose immediate response to almost any question of mine was: “Oh you know, just the other night I was reading a book on that very subject.“
Czechoslovakia 1968 Remembering the Resistance
Authors: Menges Constantine C.
Published: September 2018

Ten years have passed since those brief, happy months in the sunshine of the Prague spring. Alexander Dubcek and the new leadership tried to move toward greater personal freedom and create “socialism with a human face,” but these buoyant expectations of a better future for the fifteen million people of Czechoslovakia were shattered by the massive surprise attack launched by the Soviet Union in August, 1968. During the last forty years Czechoslovakia has been a victim and a symbol of the aggressive power of the twin totalitarian scourges of this century — fascism and communism. In 1938 the divided and fearful democracies tried to appease Hitler by going back on their commitments to defend little Czechoslovakia. That action cost them the support of a brave nation and its fifty well-armed divisions. It also set the stage for a devastating world war that began less than one year later.
The Rise & Fall of a Democracy
Authors: Barbieri Leyda
Published: September 2018

Until July, 1979, when Nicaragua's Sandinista revolution sent shock waves through Central America, Honduras was unknown territory. Today all that has changed. Honduras has become the nerve center of U.S. military operations in the convulsive Central American region. The appeal of its strategic location is clear. Honduras occupies the heart of the Central American isthmus, with a long Caribbean shoreline. To the south it commands the Gulf of Fonseca, which U.S. officials have long charged is a primary route of arms transfers from Nicaragua to the FMLN guerrillas in El Salvador.
Hunger in China: The "Norm of Truth"
Authors: London Miriam , London Ivan D.
Published: September 2018

New York Times, December 31, 1978: Craig Claiborne, marveling over his recent gourmet experiences in the People's Republic of China, writes that he asked "an acquaintance long associated with so-called left-wing causes" "how to account for the excellence of Chinese cuisine in the present socialist atmosphere?" She replied: "In a proud socialist country such as China and Vietnam, food is as crucial and emotional a part of the culture as is their ancient art or their imperial palaces. To invite people to share their cuisine...and to serve it to them correctly, is to teach foreigners much about the Chinese soul."
Izzy and the Other Zionism
Authors: Bruzonsky Mark
Published: September 2018

Shortly after Camp David, The New York Review of Books blessed the Egyptian- Israeli deal Jimmy Carter had stumbled on. I.F. (Izzy) Stone's by-line heralding Camp David as "The Hope" neutralized legions of skeptics. "This is the beginning of peace between Israel and the Arabs and that is a prime event of history," Izzy proclaimed.

That issue of NYRB arrived just as I was leaving for London, and I took it along on the flight. I was impressed, though not fully convinced, by Izzy's enlightened prophecy. I had just written for Worldview my own rather restrained judgment that "At best the Carter-inspired formula is an uneasy, unstable beginning to what might eventually become a firmer Middle East accommodation.
Religion and Economics
Authors: Finn James
Published: September 2018

It is imperative in our times to review and reconsider the relationships between religion and economics. On both the popular and the scholarly level, our understanding lags behind our perception of the significance of religion in a socially, politically, and economically complex world, and of changes in the relationship between religion and economics.
Crisis Control & The U.N.
Authors: Boudreau Thomas E.
Published: September 2018

During the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, Acting U.N. Secretary-General U Thant sent a letter to Soviet Premier Khrushchev asking that he halt the Soviet ships then headed for Cuba in defiance of a U.S. quarantine. U Thant's request gave Khrushchev a plausible—and honorable— explanation for preventing an impending clash, and he accepted it. As Richard Walton states in his Cold War and Counterrevolution: The Foreign Policy of John F. Kennedy: "The Acting Secretary General [was] responsible for the breathing space that avoided confrontation at sea—and possible escalation into nuclear war."
Economic Self-Help: How and Why
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

In recent years much has been said and written about the economics of small units and the virtues of individual or cooperative self-help. This trend has been spurred by several factors. The soaring cost of oil underscored the need to conserve energy and eliminate waste by every conceivable srneans. The spiraling cost of food, even in America; has made kitchen gardening more rewarding. The outbreak of double-digit inflation has forced many families to undertake more do-it-yourself jobs. The persistence of economic stagnation in industrial societies with stubbornly high rates of unemployment has impelled more people to create work for themselves. And there is the appalling case of poor nations, burdened with burgeoning populations, where the search for food and jobs has become a matter of life and death.
Security, Stability, and the Philippines
Authors: Manglapus Raul S.
Published: September 2018

Martial law in the Philippines was “lifted” on January 17. Some prisoners were released, other rituals performed But there was no dancing in the streets, and any private rejoicing must have been dampened when President and Prime Minister Ferdinand Marcos signed an order retaining the absolute powers vested in him under his 1973 constitution and 1976 amendments, both submitted to mock referenda. The writ of habeas corpus remains suspended under the catchall “crimes against security” and labor strikes are still banned under another catchall category, “vital industries.” The army will not be returning to the barracks.

The ceremonial lifting was timed for greatest effect, anticipating Ronald Reagan’s inauguration on January 20 and Pope John Paul lis visit to the island in February an ecstatic event for the 40 million Filipino Catholics who make up 86 per cent of the population. The pope was hardly deceived, and, in any case, he certainly does not give his benediction to government repression. The Reagan administration has issued no official statements on the Philippines, but the new secretary of state has made provocative generalizations about how matters of human rights will be met in U.S. foreign policy.
The Great Gulf War
Authors: Pope Sterett
Published: September 2018

For almost forty-five months now, Iran and Iraq have been locked in a tragic and bloody war. Though die number of deaths is estimated in the hundreds of thousands and the number of wounded and dislocated said to exceed the million mark, the conflict shows few signs of resolution or even abatement. Great powers and die small nations in the region monitor developments with growing consternation, but no outside party seems able to put a stop to the fighting.
A German Detente
Authors: Kielinger Thomas
Published: September 2018

Amidst the sound and the fury that attended last year's missile controversy came an astonishing development in relations between the two Germanies, one which seemed to go against the prevailing winds of East-West tensions. While Moscow and its stalwart ally East Berlin were threatening hellfire if Bonn went ahead with NATO plans to station Pershing II missiles, exchanges on all levels between East and West Germany were never more relaxed. And (touch wood) 1984 continues on the same promising note on which 1983 left off.
The Earthly Career of Al-Hallaj
Authors: Ryan Patrick J.
Published: September 2018

On the 24th of Dhu-al-Qa'da in the Islamic year 309, the 26th of March in the Christian year 922, a man was executed for religious crimes in the city of Baghdad in Iraq. Baghdad at that time had been the seat of Muhammad's political successors, the caliphs, since the middle of the eighth century and was the capital of much of die Islamic community. As a political institution, the caliphate was sunni, modeled on the surma, or path, of Muhammad— at least in theory.
Christians and China
Authors: Lazzarotto Angelo S.
Published: September 2018

At the Christmas day, 1979, dinner held in Chengdu,- the capital of Sichuan province, to honor visiting delegates of the Italian-Chinese Institute for Economic and Cultural Relations there were two Chinese Catholic bishops present. One was Li Hsiting, whose name does not appear in the official Annuario Pontificio, Bishop Li was elected to the Chengdu post in 1958 by the Catholic Patriotic Association without approval of the Holy See. The other bishop was Mathew Tuan In-min of Wanxian, a city along the Yangtze River some three hundred miles from Chengdu. Tuan, appointed by Pius XII, has been a bishop for thirty years now. At seventy-two he is the only surviving legitimate bishop in Sichuan province.
John Paul II: Touching the Heart of Black Africa
Authors: Conway James F.
Published: September 2018

Pope John Paul II explored the African continent this May with all the stamina, exuberance, and gusto of the nineteenth-century missionary-explorers Stanley and Livingston. He had to call on his talents as linguist, diplomat, humanist, and intellectual to deal with the complex problems he faced —and continues to face. For examples: How should Rome react to the continuing Africanization of the evangelization of the Church? What is the position of Christianity vis-à-vis the proliferation of Marxist/socialist experiments in Africa? Can Christianity coexist peacefully with Islam in a continent where the latter is growing at a rate of 3 1/2 million adherents per year?
Stalemate in Geneva
Authors: Einhorn Robert
Published: September 2018

The Soviet Government has advanced several arguments to justify walking out of the Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) negotiations on November 23 of last year and proceeding with its so-called “counterdeployments.” Each is misleading and self-serving and requires a response.

One such argument is that the introduction of the Pershing IIs and Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCMs) had the effect of upsetting an existing parity in Europe and, in fact, is the first step toward the establishment of U.S. superiority.
Sorting Out Lebanon
Authors: Khalilzad Zalmay
Published: September 2018

Much of the recent commentary on Lebanon has focused on its internal conflicts, giving the impression that these are primarily responsible for the current state of affairs and that only by dealing with them can the Lebanon crisis be resolved. One detects particularly in the media, but also in the statements of many analysts, the notion that Lebanon and the Lebanese are metaphysically or psychologically destined to chaos and disintegration. The implication, in other words, is that Lebanon is by its very nature a problem state.
Chile: Ten Years of Pinochet
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

On September 11, 1973, the Chilean military, led by General Augusto Pinochet, overthrew the Marxist-dominated government of Salvador Allende in a bloody coup. This summer, exactly a decade later, onlookers had a sense of deja vu. Once again Chile was on the front pages of the world press, and once again Santiago's hotels were filled with foreign correspondents waiting for the government to topple.
Chile: Market Fascism or Utopian Libertarianism?
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

Except for an occasional report that President Pinochet has expelled politicians or labor leaders from the country (as he did immediately following the August visit of leane Kirkpatrick, the apologist for “quiet diplomacy” in promoting human rights) or the announcement that another of the Carter administration sanctions against Chile has been lifted, Chile has not figured prominently in the world news in recent months.
A Revolution in Our Own Backyard
Authors: Bono Agostino
Published: September 2018

When the Sandinista Liberation Front triumphantly marched into Managua, Nicaragua, on July 19, 1979, the air was filled with joy, youthful enthusiasm, and vigor. Accompanying the Sandinistas in the victory march were conservative businessmen, Catholic priests, peasants, urban workers, and leftist intellectuals. All were part of the pluralistic alliance that defeated Anastasio Somoza and his hated National Guard, the country's only security force under the forty-five-year dictatorship of the Somoza family.
Things Aren't Going Better With Coke
Authors: Galon Pedro Paramo
Published: September 2018

Employees at a Coca-Cola subsidiary in Guatemala are the victims of a terrorist campaign specifically designed to prevent them from organizing a recognized trade union, raising grave questions about the extent to which U.S. companies should be held accountable for their actions and policies abroad.
Hanoi and Its Uneasy Neighbors
Authors: Sopiee Noordin
Published: September 2018

Leon Trotsky said that those who yearned for the quiet life had no right to be born in the twentieth century. The lover of the quiet life certainly had no right to be in Southeast Asia in the past year. The speed of events, many of them unexpected and “irrational,” has left a trail littered with hasty analyses and wrong predictions (to which this article will no doubt contribute its fair share). It is plain enough, however, that the dust has not yet settled; neither the Kampuchean question nor the recent thrust of Sino-Vietnamese relations have run their course. It is also undeniable that too little is known about the internal dynamics of decisionmaking that resulted in the first and second open inter-Communist wars in history.

The Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea demonstrated the role and value of conventional warfare—a point to remember in an age when war by conventional means appears to many as a thing of the past. It is natural for regimes fighting guerrilla wars to be mesmerized by those struggles, but it is worth noting how few governments have been toppled by guerrilla wars and how many have been overturned by other means. Even in the military theorizing of the Communists, the guerrilla's place is at the beginning of revolutionary wars; the end game is still reserved for conventional military means.
1 USSR Under Andropov: Hard Choices for Moscow & Washington
Authors: Magstadt Thomas
Published: September 2018

In The Hero in History Sidney Hook argues that, with one possible exception, no great leader has managed singlehandedly to change the course of history. The one exception: Lenin. The Russian Revolution "was triumphant," writes Hook, "because of the directing leadership of Lenin …without him it would have been lost." Stalin, Lenin's sanguinary successor and founder of the "cult of personality," did manage, however, to place his own terrible stamp upon the Soviet system. Perhaps this double legacy is what accounts for the lingering perception in the West that Soviet behavior (and with it the destiny of the world) is dictated by the man at the top.
2 Mexico and the U.S.: Discord Among Neighbors
Authors: Goulet Denis
Published: September 2018

Mexico's two thousand-mile border with the United States is unarmed, but it remains the locus of sharp conflicts. Last October, House Speaker "Tip" O'Neill, bowing to pressure from the Hispanic Caucus, withdrew the Simpson- Mazzoli bill on immigration reform over White House objections that "it is in the best interests of all Americans to have the nation regain control of its borders." Jorge Bustamante, director of Mexico's Center for Border Studies, argues, however, that such a bill would "leave all migrant workers, whether documented or not, in a state of virtual slavery, since they will have no access to the courts to plead for justice."
3 U.S. Security and World Peace: Allies, Arms & Diplomacy
Authors: Leader Stefan H.
Published: September 2018

The last two years must surely qualify as among the most difficult in NATO history. It seems as though one can't pick up a magazine or journal these days without finding an article about the problems, if not the imminent demise, of the Western alliance. The titles alone are revealing: "What's Wrong With NATO?" "Can NATO Survive?" "Challenge to NATO's Cooperation," "Europe and America: The Politics of Resentment."
6 Jordan and Saudi Arabia: Monarchies at the Crossroads?
Authors: Gubser Peter , Peck Malcolm C.
Published: September 2018

Monarchies would appear to be a dying breed of political system, and those in which royal heads of state rule as well as reign are rarer still. As to the Middle East, the fall of the shah of Iran in 1979 was widely regarded as betokening the imminent demise of other dynastic regimes in that part of the world. Yet a closer look at Jordan and Saudi Arabia—both critically important to U.S. interests in the area—indicates that their governments seem to enjoy a considerable degree of legitimacy and, despite major problems, are likely to survive for some time to come. They do, however, face significant challenges in a period of rapid and unrelenting change. and
7 China and the U.S.: Five Years After Normalization
Authors: Feinerman James V.
Published: September 2018

The Chinese have sayings to fit many situations, and there is even one that describes the state of relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China today: Anything pushed to an extreme must bounce back. After the euphoria that followed the normalization of relations in 1978, which deepened into mutual infatuation and the belief mat all previous animosities had been obliterated, there came an increasing awareness that all was not quite so rosy, followed by backing away by both sides.
What the U.S. Needs to Know About Iran
Authors: Armajani Yahya
Published: September 2018

The recent uprisings in Iran took the world in general and the United States in particular completely by surprise. Indeed, the shah himself and his government were caught off guard. He had stated repeatedly in his frequent interviews with foreign reporters that there was a close bond between him and the people of Iran, that he was like a father to them, and that he loved them and they loved him.

If he actually believed this, then he must have been shocked to witness a grass roots revolt, the like of which had not been seen in the history of Iran.
The Hitler Youth: We Too Were Victims
Authors: Heck Alfons
Published: September 2018

A little over thirty-three years ago, when I was just under seventeen, I was a highranking, dedicated member of the Hitler Youth and one of Germany's youngest pilots. Although the Hitler Youth was far larger than the Nazi party itself in membership, I don't hold myself responsible for the rise of Hitler, the outbreak of the Second World War, or the persecution of Jews and other so-called "sub-humans." I dearly wish, though, that it had never happened. It must never be whitewashed or forgotten.

It is impossible for any fair-minded German to deny the genocide of the Jews or to explain how it could have happened without sounding like a pious hypocrite or simple-minded apologist.
The Law and Human Rights in Argentina
Authors: Freund M. L.
Published: September 2018

The September 25, 1978, issue of the Wall Street Journal carried a four-page advertisement on Argentina that reveals the expertise of a public relations firm. Propaganda pieces entitled "Politic? for Investment in Argentine Industries" and "Argentina: an Economic Overview" in the form of "articles" are interspersed with regular ads, giving the reader the impression of four pages of ordinary copy. While the advertisement itself is relatively trivial, it acquires significance because the arguments it advances are obviously those that the present regime would like to present to the U.S. and other countries. It is the item called "On the Question of Human Rights" that draws the special attention of Amnesty International and others well informed on this subject in today's Argentina.
Choosing Our Ambassadors
Authors: Spain James W.
Published: September 2018

The diplomatic business is a competitive one. Most countries set lofty standards for their representatives. In various capitals colleagues of the corps respect or sneer at each other's professionalskills, are attracted or repelled by each other's graces and accomplishments, and sometimes selfishly cheer a rival's ineptitude. Good diplomats serve national interests cheaply and effectively. Bad ones do a great deal of harm.
Western Strategy for the Middle East
Authors: Yariv Aharon
Published: September 2018

For several decades the West has tended to view Mideast dynamics mainly through the prism of the Arab- Israeli conflict. While the conflict has definitely played a role, it would be dangerous to minimize the importance of other destabilizing factors that are preponderant— especially as far as Western access to Middle East oil is concerned. As demonstrated recently in Iran, these factors do endanger Western interests and are likely to affect them increasingly in the future.
"Pioneering" on the West Bank
Authors: Halsell Grace
Published: September 2018

The United States has maintained consistently since the Arablsraeli war of 1967 that Jewish settlements on lands inhabited by Palestinian Arabs are illegal, and in June, 1980, legislation was proposed that would deduct a portion of American aid that goes to pay for such illegal settlements.
P.D. 59: The Better Way
Authors: Gessert Robert A.
Published: September 2018

Within days after Presidential Directive No. 59 was leaked to the New York Times (August 6, 1980) and reported as "a new strategy for nuclear war," it was under attack by dedicated arms controllers. Among these were Jeremy J. Stone of the Federation of American Scientists, Herbert Scoville of the Arms Control Association, and Bernard T. Feld of MIT. All three lamented the apparent shift away from making population centers the primary targets of nuclear weapons on both sides—the dogma of mutual assured destruction (MAD)—that had appeared to ensure stability by making nuclear war unthinkable.
Bolivia at the Heart of Darkness
Authors: "Anton"
Published: September 2018

For there to be a day like July 17, 1980, a nation's citizens have to fail completely in their duty to their country. It was, in fact, the only possible end for Bolivia after fourteen years of military dictatorship and three years of childish civilians' games that were so grandly called "the road back to democracy." It may look as if the military, who returned to power in a two-day battle that claimed three thousand lives, should bear all the blame. But I believe that civilian politicians hold greatest responsibility for the tragedy.
A Christian Maoist in Southern Africa?
Authors: Hope Marjorie , Young James
Published: September 2018

At a White House dinner in his honor last April the President of Zambia tossed traditional protocol to the winds and discomfited his hosts with a toast calling on the United States to cease giving “psychological comfort to the forces of evil.”

Speaking in sorrow rather than anger, Kenneth Kaunda expressed “dismay at the fact that America has not fulfilled our expectations” and cautioned that black freedom fighters and the white minority governments of Rhodesia and South Africa are “poised for a dangerous armed conflict.'’ Could America stand and be counted in implementing the Dar-es-Salaam Declaration strategy adopted by the Organization of African Unity? he asked. In that resolution Africa had affirmed its commitment to a peaceful solution.
Military Necessities & Political Uncertainties
Authors: Vlahos Michael
Published: September 2018

Overseas bases go against the American grain. Associated in popular imagination with the emanations of nineteenth-century imperialism, their retention today seems anachronistic, their expansion sinister. Yet this nation has held a global grid of bases since the 1940s; and though shrunk from 150 major naval and air bases in its cold war heyday to a mere 30 today, it remains the underpinning of U.S. global strategy. However reluctantly, the United States has assumed a global commitment, and it has fashioned a strategy of containment to sustain it. American bases abroad are the physical manifestations as well as the emotive symbols of that historic strategy. As such, they help not only to identify America's place in a changing world but also to determine whether such change warrants a reorientation of strategy.
Standoff in the Sahara
Authors: Fernandez J. W.
Published: September 2018

The Western Sahara is an unlikely place for a war. A former Spanish colony, this area—about the size of Colorado— is classic desert country, almost totally barren as far as the eye can see. In the afternoon the winds sweep in and sand seeps through a cotton turban and into the throat, making every word a chore. At this time, life in the settlements slows down and people seek shelter from the heat and the sand until well past four o'clock.

But a war there is, and it is one in which the United States is playing a pivotal role. The war pits Morocco against the Polisario Front—acronym for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro— the guerrilla group that recently entered its second decade of fighting in the Western Sahara.
On Sundays the Peasants Go Native
Authors: Belden Sharon E.
Published: September 2018

On my first Rumanian Sunday I sat on the toilet in a third-rate Bucharest hotel peering through the window at an open-air movie featuring John Wayne as cop. On my last Rumanian Sunday I sat in a country inn watching a television western featuring Clint Eastwood as good tough guy.

In between I saw little of such capitalist decadence. While Bucharest is a fashionable metropolis, the northeastern province of Moldavia, just a night train ride away, is another world.
Religious Colonialism & Ethnic Awakening
Authors: Idinopulos Thomas A.
Published: September 2018

In the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, traditional site of Jesus’ tomb, Greek Archbishop Diodoros was installed in March, 1981, as the new Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem. Jerusalem, one of the five ancient Orthodox patriarchates, is headquarters for a church whose domain is Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian West Bank and whose flock consists almost entirely of Arabs—some 120,000 in Jordan and 40,000 in Israel and the West Bank.

Many of Jerusalem's Christian, Jewish, and Arab leaders attended the installation ceremony at the twelfth-century Romanesque-Gothic church, as did representatives of the more than fifty local Orthodox. Catholic, Uniate, Monophysite and Protestant communities.
On the Road from Apocalypse
Authors: Beres Louis René
Published: September 2018

The United States is currently laboring for national security by wedding its nuclear strategy to an incomprehensibly futile set of policies. Among the separate elements of this set, none is more dangerous and misconceived than the “relocation option,” also called Crisis Relocation Planning (CRP). What exactly is this option? According to an official statement, Protection in the Nuclear Age (Department of Defense, 1977):

Your Federal Government and many State and local governments are currently planning for the orderly relocation of people in time of an international crisis. These plans call for (1) allocating people from high-risk areas to go to appropriate low-risk host areas for reception and care, and for (2) developing and improvising fallout protection in the host areas.
The U.S. Ambassador & The Modern Age
Authors: Spain James W.
Published: September 2018

For the past half-dozen years I made my living as an ambassador. People have not stopped asking, “Just what does an ambassador do?” The question is something of an improvement on the one encountered by former ambassador to Great Britain, Kingman Brewster, as reported in Newsweek a year ago: “Do you think ambassadors matter any more?” Perhaps my acquaintences are simply kinder—or less sophisticated— than Brewster's.

Most of the classic books on diplomacy try to answer such questions by describing ambassadors as analysts, reporters, and negotiators. The American public favors another, simpler response. So do many top administrators in Washington—especially when they are new to office. They conclude that in this age of jet aircraft, instant communication, summits, and special envoys, ambassadors are mere post office boxes and innkeepers.
Of Virtue & Foreign Policy
Authors: Commager Henry Steele
Published: September 2018

Once a great nation commits itself, it must prevail. It will acquire no kudos for transmitting its inner doubts into hesitation.

—Henry Kissinger

The search for virtue in the Western world had its origins in ancient Greece and Rome, where-lhe terms arete and virtu embodied valor, courage, chivalry, manliness, fortitude, loyalty, rectitude and excellence. Perhaps our word magnanimity comes closer than any other to these connotations. Virtue was, for the most part, secular, not religious; its implications were public rather than private. It applied to those who, in the words of Pericles’ Funeral Oration, “knew that the secret of happiness was freedom, and the secret of freedom a brave heart, and who did not stand aside from the onset of the enemy.”
Vietnam: Thoughts on War & Death
Authors: Rand Richard A.
Published: September 2018

Do not, gentle reader, recoil—do not turn away from the box that adjoins this essay! It is nothing more than a list, a random and partial list of some things that have come our way during the great ten-year retrospective on Vietnam. The shelf has no rigorous rule of selection: Some titles turned up in bookstores, some at a local newsstand, to be bought on an impulse of idle curiosity. No expert intends to hold forth here, no scholar intends to grade these (too numerous) titles. Others have already done so, most notably James Chace and David Fromkin in a truly thoughtful survey (“The Lessons of Vietnam?”) which appeared in the Spring issue of Foreign-Affairs. For us, it is enough to glance at the things on the shelf and to share a few modest observations.
Mending Fences: Mexico & the U.S.
Authors: Smith Peter H.
Published: September 2018

Americans have long been ignorant of Mexico. For years the U.S. public has tended to view our southern neighbor as a sunlit collage of glitzy tourist havens and sleepy retirement communities. We have seen Mexico not as an emerging middle-range power but as a playground—a land of never-ending mananas and fun-loving mariachis. The stereotype has its darker side as well. Concern over debts and narcotics has aroused U.S. fears that Mexico has fallen prey to chaos and corruption. Mexico's people have thus been reduced to a hodgepodge of dozing peasants, fawning tourist guides, and scheming politicians. Our ignorance is pervasive, profound, and dangerous.
The Other China Hunger: Part I
Authors: London Miriam , London Ivan D.
Published: September 2018

Beyond the bland facade- of China's great open cities and the green abundance of its showplace communes lies a vast country in obscuro —a China through the looking glass. In this, some say imaginary, country, people do not converse in People's Daily platitudes, but use a distractingly earthy language, enriched with sly puns and ancient proverbs; young men sing melancholy songs and brood over lovers and lost illusions; sons and daughters esteem their families above the Party; there are thieves, pickpockets, and prostitutes; vilage cadres keep “one eye open and one eye shut” to sideline business activities; women quarrel hysterically over their woks in communal kitchens; speculators slip in and out of towns buying and selling ration coupons; underground factories operate; farmers lavish care on their private plots while neglecting the collective lands; and massive numbers of the Chinese peasantry, immemorially patient and industrious, labor daily under hardship and deprivation for three meals of rice gruel and sweet potatoes a day.
The Radical Reformation and Revolutionary Tradition
Authors: Foster Claude R.
Published: September 2018

Faust tells his servant, Wagner, "The past, my friend, is a book with seven seals. What you call the spirit of the ages is in reality the spirit of the men in which the times are reflected." What is happening to Reformation historiography today in the light of new ideological commitments illustrates Faust's point.

The historical interpretation of the Protestant Reformation was, up until the nineteenth century, ordinarily based upon what has been called classical Protestant and Catholic scholarship. Roman Catholic scholarship regarded the Reformation as a great misfortune that destroyed Catholic civilization and ruptured European unity. Luther was a rebel who opened the door to the violent revolutions patterned after his own rebellious and irresponsible conduct.
Is NATO Necessary?
Authors: Novak Jeremiah
Published: September 2018

Imagine the scene. A river running through a green valley. Under the trees, the river looks like a black-green stream. Pontoons are stretched across the surface, while long lines of tanks wait to cross—sixty-ton behemoths, with the menacing barrels of their 105 mm guns pointing at the opposite shore.
U.S. & Soviet Agriculture: The Shifting Balance of Power
Authors: Brown Lester R.
Published: September 2018

Analyses of the U.S.-Soviet balance of power usually focus on relative military strength—the number of tanks, planes, nuclear warheads, and other items in the so-called strategic balance. But many other factors determine a country's overall power and influence. Among the most basic is a country's capacity to feed its people. By this measure the Soviet Union appears to be in deep trouble.

This year the USSR will try to import 46 million tons of grain, more than any country in history (source, here and elsewhere: U.S. Department of Agriculture). Nearly a fourth of all Soviet grain for feeding both people and livestock will come from the North American breadbasket, most of it from the United States.
Duarte's Challenge
Authors: Fazlollah Mark
Published: September 2018

For Ines de Jesus Castellanos, a forty-two-year-old northern dirt farmer, there was one underlying reason to vote in El Salvador's March 31 legislative and municipal elections. According to Castellanos, it was essential to have a government stamp on his voter registration card just in case soldiers swept through his hometown of Jutiapa and demanded that residents of the rebel-dominated northern zone demonstrate their support for the regime.
The Human Rights of Foreign Labor
Authors: Charnovitz Steven
Published: September 2018

Little noticed by the press. United States trade policy is undergoing significant changes aimed at promoting the rights of workers in foreign countries—changes achieved through the use of both a carrot and a stick. The carrot, now being offered to the less-developed world, is dutyfree access to the U.S. market for qualifying products exported by countries that meet certain new criteria on bbor. The stick is a ban on imports made by forced labor— something the Reagan administration is under increasing pressure to invoke against the Soviet Union. While it is too early to gauge the success of such attempts at exercising economic leverage, they may yet become a milestone in the march of human rights.
Is NATO Necessary?
Authors: Novak Jeremiah
Published: September 2018

Back in 1979 talk began about stationing Pershing missiles in Europe as a way of renewing Washington's time-worn pledge to its NATO allies and of preventing the U.S. from “decoupling” in Europe. This had the effect of opening a lively debate in foreign policy circles about the missiles per se as well as about the three-decade-old North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Congress took a serious interest, as did the peace movement in Europe. Yet not long ago, when the USSR shot down a Korean civilian airliner, the debate stopped. Such underlying issues as whether NATO should continue in its present form or indeed should exist at all never reached public consciousness.
The Perils of Intervention
Authors: Berry Nicholas O.
Published: September 2018

It is a truth, if not universally acknowledged at least widely accepted, that the United States Government would like its Third World allies and client states to be stable, progressive, democratic, and domestically popular. While the U.S. feels it must protect these allies and clients from direct Soviet aggression, ideally they would manage their internal problems themselves.

Unfortunately, the ideal is the exception in the Third World. Many of America's allies and clients face a disloyal opposition at home, and often one that seeks or attracts assistance from the Soviet Union or its surrogates. With few exceptions, these governments are neither democratic nor want to be: For every Costa Rica there is an El Salvador or a Guatemala; for every Singapore there is a South Korea or a Philippines.
Exchanging Messages With South Africa
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: September 2018

An abiding criticism of the Reagan administration in the first six months of its life was that it had no foreign policy. In a global sense this criticism was certainly well taken: Nothing resembling Kissinger's detente policy or Carter's human rights doctrine seemed even in the works. Yet without the essential dimensions of a universal foreign policy, regional policies were taking shape.

Shortly after Reagan's election and well before his inauguration, those who saw themselves as both the authors and legatees of the Reagan landslide made a move to dismantle the Carter African policy and to ensure that its like would not soon emerge. Reagan's conservative allies in Congress—most notably Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina—put the new administration on notice that henceforth South Africa would be dropped from this country's enemies list and that the United States no longer would be counted in the ranks of Pretoria's antagonists at the United Nations.
The “New Right” in Poland
Authors: Ost David
Published: September 2018

In our collective fascination with contemporary Poland we have focused almost exclusively on the democratic or, more properly, anarchistic workers movement. But while Solidarity may be the soul of contemporary Poland, it is far from being its arm. A year after Gdansk it remains without institutionalized assurances of constructive input at the level of policy formation, having to rely on strike threats and other forms of “coercive” action. Moreover, its registration as a legal, independent organization has sparked the creation of numerous other groups, some of which appear intent on beating back the popular movement of which they themselves are a product.
Battleground of the Alliance
Authors: Hollick Julian Crandall
Published: September 2018

“Be afraid. Nuclear death threatens us all!” So read the banners unfurled at this June's biennial assembly of the German Protestant Churches in Hamburg. In Frankfurt a businessman was adamant. “The best days are behind us. Now the Americans will drag us into a nuclear war. And all for what?”

Fear is abroad in West Germany, fear of what may happen if American medium-range rockets are installed on West German soil to counter the threat from the Soviet SS-20, Opposition to the proposed deployment has emerged as the one issue that may crystallize the disparate strands of unease and discontent within the country into something much more powerful-something that could, if unchecked, not only hasten the collapse of the ruling coalition of Social and Free Democrats, but rock the foundations of the Atlantic Alliance until it collapses.
Politics and Poets: Denise Levertov on Kim Chi Ha
Authors: Groos Arthur
Published: September 2018

Kim Chi Ha, the South Korean poet long imprisoned for opposition to his government, was released from jail on December 11. His precarious health and the fear that he might be rearrested at any time (as happened after his “pardon” in 1974) temper one’s relief at this good news. It will be important for international public opinion to maintain vigilance on his behalf.

I have written elsewhere about Kim Chi Ha's poet ry,* which is a powerful contribution to world literature,- and readers might remember that Muriel Rukeyser wrote of him, in the prefatory note to her last major work, The Gates. “The poet has written his stinging work—like that of Burns or Brecht— and it has got under the skin of the highest officials.” (In 1975, as president of American PEN, Rukeyser undertook a journey to Seoul in the hope of securing Kim Chi Has release by personally appealing to various officials, including cabinet ministers and the cardinal The attempt failed.) With The Middle Hour and The Gold Crowned Jesus and Other Writings** Kim Chi Has validity as a poet is well established. What I'd like to speak of here is his politics.
U.S. & Soviet Agriculture
Authors: Brown Lester R.
Published: September 2018

Each day two 20,000-ton freighters loaded with grain leave the United States for the Soviet Union. This flow of grain between two major adversaries is influenced by economic considerations such as the size of the Soviet grain deficit, the U.S. capacity to supply, and the Soviet ability to pay. Political considerations include the risk to both trading partners of such a heavy interdependence, whether as supplier or market.

Never before has a country dominated the world grain trade as the United States does today. Its 55 per cent share of world grain exports in 1981 easily overshadows Saudi Arabia's 24 per cent share of world oil exports in 1978. And while the amount of oil traded internationally has been falling since 1979, grain shipments are continuing to grow.
Rabbi in Nairobi
Authors: Wolf Arnold Jacob
Published: September 2018

I am the only Jew ever invited by the World Council of Churches to an Assembly. With that invitation I attended the latest Assembly, which was held in Nairobi at the end of 1975. For three long weeks I listened, talked to hundreds of delegates, was interviewed on television, lobbied shyly and cautiously for my people, and ate only vegetables and fruit. I found some Christians who had risked their very lives for Jews and open anti-Semites in priestly garb, learned churchmen and ignorant bigots. The Third World was the Assembly's scene and furnished many of its principal actors, but the script could have been as well produced in New Haven or Chicago. There were passionate (and demagogic) speeches aplenty, but the voting was always moderate and the Assembly usually acquiescent. I myself was surrounded by friends and supporters, but I felt very much alone.