bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum analysis by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy: a new tool for distinguishing neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis
Authors: Moussallieh F-M , Elbayed K , Chanson JB , Rudolf G , Piotto M , De Seze J , Namer IJ
Published: October 2013

Background:

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS), two inflammatory demyelinating diseases, are characterized by different therapeutic strategies. Currently, the only biological diagnostic tool available to distinguish NMO from MS is the specific serum autoantibody that targets aquaporin 4, but its sensitivity is low.

Objective:

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of metabolomic biomarker profiles in these two neurological conditions, compared to control patients.

Methods:

We acquired serum spectra (47 MS, 44 NMO and 42 controls) using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. We used multivariate pattern recognition analysis to identify disease-specific metabolic profiles.

Results:

The 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis evidenced two metabolites, originating probably from astrocytes, scyllo-inositol and acetate, as promising serum biomarkers of MS and NMO, respectively. In 87.8% of MS patients, scyllo-inositol increased 0.15 to 3-fold, compared to controls and in 74.3% of NMO patients, acetate increased 0.4 to 7-fold, compared to controls. Using these two metabolites simultaneously, we can discriminate MS versus NMO patients (sensitivity, 94.3%; specificity, 90.2%).

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates the potential of 1H-NMR spectroscopy of serum as a novel, promising analytical tool to discriminate populations of patients affected by NMO or MS.
Investigating methods for measuring face recognition under lamps of different spectral power distribution
Authors: Lin Y , Fotios S
Published: October 2013

Face recognition is one of the interpersonal judgements carried out by pedestrians. Road lighting should enhance the visual component of such judgements after dark. This paper presents experiments carried out using two different procedures, identification and perceived recognition, to investigate why earlier studies have led to inconsistent conclusions about the influence of spectral power distribution (SPD) on face recognition. For the identification procedure, two observation durations were employed (1 s and 3 s). The two procedures led to similar conclusions regarding recognition ability at different distances. Review of these and past results suggests that an effect of lamp (SPD) is more likely to be found when the task is difficult, i.e. small size, brief observation and correctly naming the target rather than simply picking a face from a sample.
The Heterogeneity of Southern White Distinctiveness
Authors: White Steven
Published: October 2013

This article documents and assesses subregional variation among white southerners in presidential voting behavior and a variety of issue attitudes. I demonstrate that whites in the South remain consistently distinct from those in the rest of the nation, but heterogeneously so: whites in the Deep South are generally far more conservative than their Peripheral South neighbors. I also assess how the region’s disproportionate concentration of born-again Christians can confound assessments of regional and state coefficients when properly accounted for in regression models. By demonstrating the continuing distinctiveness of the white South, the significant variation present within the region, and the interrelationship of region and religion, these results have theoretical and methodological implications for the study of American politics.
“How” Narratology Narrows the Organizational Theory–Practice Gap
Authors: Glibkowski Brian C. , McGinnis Lee , Gillespie James , Schommer Abby
Published: October 2013

In this conceptual piece, we take a narrative approach to explicating the gap between organizational theory and practice. The narrative pentad ( what, why, how, who, and when/ where) represents six narrative questions metaphorically mapped to the five fingers of the hand. The narrative pentad has successfully served both narrative scholars and practitioners, and we believe that the narrative pentad holds similar promise as a theoretical framework for HRD scholars and practitioners. At the finger tips, spaces between fingers represent gaps between questions. In the organizational domain, the theory–practice gap is attributable primarily to a scholarly focus on the universal and abstract what and why questions (story in narrative terms) and a practitioner focus on the particular or embodied how question (discourse in narrative terms). Framed as similarities, we propose that all HRD questions are interrelated at the palm of the hand. In narrative terms, effective organizational theory must include both story and discourse, thereby addressing all questions. This article emphasizes the how question—important to practitioners—but often marginalized by postpositive organizational scholars. We propose the how question represents aesthetic knowledge, and this form of knowledge should be central to organizational theory. We explore related ontological and epistemological considerations. Three recognized causes of the theory–practice gap are examined in light of a narrative approach to organizational theory: (a) the knowledge divide (divergence of emphasis on forms of knowledge between scholars and practitioners); (b) the knowledge transfer problem (lack of information sharing between scholars and practitioners); (c) and the knowledge production problem (associated with an absence of collaboration between scholars and practitioners).
Feedback-Seeking and Social Networking Behaviors During Job Search
Authors: Yamkovenko Bogdan , Hatala John Paul
Published: October 2013

This paper combines research on self-regulation, social resource theory, and weak tie theory to propose a conceptual model for why some people network more than others when searching for a job. This article explores the hypothetical relationship between social networking behaviors and self-regulatory mechanisms. Specifically, the focus is on explaining the differences in the job seeker’s feedback-seeking and networking behaviors and how they vary depending on state and trait goal orientation, motives for feedback seeking, and types of ties the job seekers connect with. A conceptual model of self-regulation and social networking behaviors presents a set of testable relationships that can be explored using correlational and experimental methods. The article also proposes specific research directions for testing the model and discusses the practical implications of the relationships.
Human Resource Development in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-1979
Authors: Procknow Greg
Published: October 2013

I deconstruct the body of literature that frames education and learning in Democratic Kampuchea (DK), 1975-1979. This historical analysis posits that new alternative interpretations can arise when viewing learning under Pol Pot’s DK through a human resource development (HRD) lens. The paucity of research or the lack of HRD perspectives on genocidal situations is concerning. An HRD focus as this paper demonstrates will reveal insightful information on the whys and hows the Khmer Rouge (KR) learned. Learning designs contrived for Khmer learners connote an employee-work relationship (forced labor); hence, why the need for an HRD interpretation of these learning events. Many DK scholars assert that education under the KR was unorganized, inconsistent, and without planning. My deconstruction of the DK historical record will call these views into question. When reviewing the historical record through an HRD lens, KR educational initiatives made sense within the context of the madness they perpetrated.
West Meets East? Identifying the Gap in Current Cross-Cultural Training Research
Authors: Nam Kyoung-Ah , Cho Yonjoo , Lee Mimi
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this article was to examine current cross-cultural training (CCT) research, using the lens of “East Meets West.” The two research questions guiding our inquiry are (a) What are the major themes discussed in the existing CCT literature? and (b) What are the emerging issues that need to be addressed? Using the integrative literature review method, we first identified four themes: theories/conceptual frameworks, expatriate adjustment, CCT methods, and the effectiveness of CCT. We found that previous CCT research lacks the “East Meets West” perspective. Four issues need to be incorporated into future CCT research, namely, family factors, cross-cultural assessment, domestic versus international assignments, and trainer quality. This article purports to make three major contributions to the existing literature: (a) identify gaps in the literature, (b) expand the perspectives of CCT research from the lens of “East Meets West,” and (c) generate implications for research and practice.
Aviation Fatigue
Authors: Weiland Monica , Nesthus Thomas , Compatore Carlos , Popkin Stephen , Mangie Jim , Thomas Lisa C , Flynn-Evans Erin
Published: October 2013

Researchers and operations professionals convened on November 9, 2012, to discuss an agenda for research in aviation fatigue. While the working groups had different specific issues related to fatigue, there was common ground in the work surrounding fatigue and the technologies that are being developed. The discussion highlighted the following issues, which are recommended for further research: Strategies for changing the culture for fatigue self-report and self -monitoring. Policy shifts to account for consecutive nights worked and the effects of circadian rhythms. Tools for self-fatigue assessment, particularly based on objective measures. Tools for minimizing fatigue in scheduled operations and on-demand operations planning. Fatigue models that account for individual differences and account for the dynamic nature of fatigue in different operational contexts. Benchmarking and validation of proposed fatigue risk management systems in operational settings.

This panel is intended to expand this discussion of the human factors-related issues in fatigue of specific concern to the aviation community, in particular recommendations 3, 4, 5, and 6, to a wider Human Factors and Ergonomics Society audience.
Effects of Modern Primary Flight Display Clutter
Authors: Moacdieh Nadine M. , Prinet Julie C. , Sarter Nadine B.
Published: October 2013

Many complex domains, including aviation, experience a continued increase in the amount of information that is needed and available to operators. One example of this trend is modern primary flight displays (PFD), some of which now include weather, terrain, and navigation data. The addition of information to already busy displays has raised concerns about clutter. In this experiment, our goal was to investigate the performance and attentional costs associated with PFD clutter during a simulated flight and to determine to what extent pilots are aware of clutter and its effects. Low-, medium-, and high-clutter PFDs were created, and pilots flew a simulated flight scenario containing periods of high and low workload using one of the three PFDs. Pilots were asked to detect various visual alerts and notifications that appeared on the PFD throughout the flight. Performance, eye tracking, and subjective measures were recorded. Clutter significantly increased the response time to alerts, and high workload resulted in more alerts being missed. The eye tracking data provided insight into pilots’ monitoring strategies and efficiency in the different clutter conditions. Spatial density and the number of transitions were found to be larger in the case of higher clutter, whereas the number of fixations on flight mode annunciators was higher in the low-clutter condition. Importantly, pilots rated clutter as being relatively low even in the high-clutter condition. In combination, these results suggest that pilots may benefit from real-time clutter detection and reduction techniques that are based on eye tracking metrics.
Human Factors in Commercial Human Space Operations
Authors: Cuevas Haydee M. , Zgorski Rebecca A. , Kring Jason P. , Caldwell Barrett S. , Null Cynthia H. , Henwood Brienna L. , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: October 2013

What was unthinkable as little as five years ago now seems to be on the brink of becoming a reality in the foreseeable future – a world in which commercial space travel is as commonplace as commercial aviation travel is today. The scientific research community will play a vital role in achieving this reality while supporting the safety of both passengers and crews. This will require the application of sound human factors theories, principles, and practices to develop effective training programs and countermeasures as well as to design viable habitats on board commercial space vehicles for these new space travelers. Accordingly, the objective of this multidisciplinary discussion panel will be to identify and discuss the human factors issues that warrant investigation to support the safe and efficient advance of commercial human space operations.
Adaptable Automation Interface for Multi-Unmanned Aerial Systems Control
Authors: Calhoun Gloria , Draper Mark , Miller Christopher , Ruff Heath , Breeden Chad , Hamell Joshua
Published: October 2013

With advances in automation technologies, systems are now being considered wherein a single operator supervises multiple unmanned aerial vehicles. Supervisory control of highly autonomous systems will require a new interface design. The present effort extends a delegation control concept to enable a pilot to flexibly change the role of automation during the course of a mission, seamlessly transitioning between four different control modes ranging from manual (pilot controls the vehicle’s flight with stick and throttle control) to high level “plays” (pilot’s command initiates a series of automated tasks). This novel concept was instantiated into a dynamic laptop simulation to support a usability evaluation in which participants employed the multi-level control architecture during ninety minute sessions. Data include comments recorded with a think-aloud paradigm and questionnaire responses. Results indicated that this adaptable pilot-automation interface for multi-unmanned systems control is promising. The findings include perspectives from both pilot and gamer participants that will help advance design of multi-level control for future aviation systems.
Human Factors Hazards of IPADS In General Aviation Cockpits
Authors: Joslin Robert E.
Published: October 2013

The rapid proliferation and application of portable iPads in General Aviation (GA) aircraft has outpaced the human factors hazard analyses that is normally associated with the introduction of new cockpit technology. Insights into human factors hazards associated with iPad cockpit technology were derived from an information synthesis of archival publically available narratives of anomalous events that were voluntarily and anonymously self-reported by pilots through the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS). The most prevalent type of anomalous event category in which pilots reported iPad use as the primary problem were airspace/procedural violations with situational awareness and human-machine-interface as the most common human factors causal categories. A narrative analysis revealed issues with improper use of zooming/panning, data selection/reading/entry errors, database currency, and workload due to unfamiliarity with the iPad. These specific themes that informed the human factors causal categories should be considered in hazard mitigation strategies for iPad use in GA cockpits.
Conflict-Resolution Heuristics for En Route Air Traffic Management
Authors: Fothergill Selina , Neal Andrew
Published: October 2013

This paper describes the first study in a PhD program examining the effect of mental workload on conflict resolution decisions in Air Traffic Control. This study focussed on the heuristics controllers use when resolving potential conflicts between aircraft and highlighted contextual factors that affect perceived workload. Using static maps of novel scenarios, controllers were interviewed about how they would resolve potential conflicts and what factors contributed to their workload. Controllers reported that they scanned in a clockwise and top-bottom pattern; grouped aircraft with similar characteristics and used a range of different lateral and vertical conflict resolution heuristics. This research expands on previous conflict resolution heuristics and identifies the sources of complexity, which influence decision choices.
Understanding the Human Component of Area Navigation Procedures Across the National Airspace System
Authors: Berry Katherine A. , Sawyer Michael W.
Published: October 2013

The FAA intends to considerably increase the usage of area navigation (RNAV) approach and departure procedures in order to achieve the proposed NextGen goals for improved efficiency and capacity. RNAV procedures enable aircraft to have better access and flexibility for point-to-point operations. In an effort to better understand the potential impact of increased RNAV usage, a human factors safety assessment was conducted to identify the key human factors issues present in current RNAV operations. An analysis of 100 RNAV narrative-based safety reports from the Air Traffic Safety Action Program (ATSAP) and 68 narrative-based safety reports from the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) was conducted to identify key causal factors. The analysis found several key causal factors related to RNAV procedure design, controller-pilot communication, automation systems, and track deviations. Specific human performance concerns and mitigation strategies for each causal factor were developed. These results should drive future requirements associated with the implementation of future RNAV procedures.
In-Cockpit NEXRAD Products
Authors: Vincent Michael , Blickensderfer Elizabeth , Thomas Robert , Smith MaryJo , Lanicci John
Published: October 2013

Recent developments in avionics have allowed pilots of General Aviation (GA) aircraft to access more in-flight information than ever before, among them being data link weather services. However data link resources, namely next generation radar (NEXRAD), possess discrete limitations which can lead pilots into dangerous situations if they do not interpret the information correctly. The present study evaluated a training module designed to help pilots interpret and use data link NEXRAD weather information. GA pilots in the Midwest and Northeastern U.S. completed a face-to-face lecture course which covered the capabilities and limitations of NEXRAD based weather products and included paper based scenarios to give course participants practice using NEXRAD as a tool for decision making. A comparison of Pre- vs. post- test performance indicated that pilots had significant increases in radar knowledge, performance on application scenarios, and self-efficacy after completing the training.
Age-Related Differences in Positional Dispersion of Fixations in a Multitask Environment
Authors: Miller William D. , Boehm-Davis Deborah A.
Published: October 2013

The present study focused on identifying eye-tracking measures that can provide insight into the nature of age-related differences in multitasking abilities. While participating in a multitask paradigm, participants’ eye-movements, performance data, and subjective information were collected. An investigation of the nature of eye movements between younger (18-25 years of age) and older (50-65 years of age) adults revealed that while no differences between fixation counts or fixation durations were observed, the dispersion of fixations was significantly different. Specifically, the fixations of younger adults were more diffuse than those of older adults, whose fixations were significantly more concentrated on the screen. In addition, performance differences between the two age groups were observed, with younger adults performing significantly better than older adults. These results demonstrate that unobtrusive psychophysiological measures can be observed in conjunction with the age-related performance differences observed in multitask environments, which may provide insight as to the exact nature of these performance differences.
Designing an Adaptive Approach for the Real-Time Assessment and Augmentation of Performance of Cyber Analyst Teams
Authors: Bracken Bethany , Romero Victoria , Guarino Sean , Pfautz Jonathan
Published: October 2013

Full-spectrum cyber operations, including both Cyber Network Attack and Cyber Network Defense, place enormous cognitive demands on operators and teams. When demands are too high or tasks are not properly allocated, performance degrades, and missions may fail. A thorough, real-time evaluation of the state of the individual and the team would be an effective approach to avoiding operator overload. We describe an approach that supports the real-time assessment and augmentation of team performance. First, the physiological and affective state and the behavioral performance of individual operators is measured by fusing data from individual sensors. Signals from individual operators are then fused to enable a comprehensive and holistic characterization of team performance. Advanced modeling techniques are then implemented to compare current team performance with optimal levels of performance. Finally, augmentation strategies are recommended to optimize performance of cyber teams.
Towards the Development of Quantitative Descriptions of the Neurodynamic Rhythms and Organizations of Teams
Authors: Stevens Ronald , Galloway Trysha
Published: October 2013

The goal was to begin developing quantitative approaches for modeling the neurodynamic rhythms and organizations of teams. Raw EEG signals from team members were first transformed into es-timates of cognitive workload and transformed again into neurodynamics symbols showing the second-by-second workload of each individual as well as the team. Periods of increased or decreased symbol organiza-tion in the data streams were hypothesized to reflect periods of increased or decreased organization around the cognitive construct of workload. These segments were identified by a moving average smoothing of the Shannon entropy over the length of the performance and then related to team speech, actions and team responses to endogeneous and exogeneous task changes. Two-person teams in an unscripted map naviga-tion task developed a common, dominant coordination dynamic for workload whose rhythm was disrupted by exogeneous changes to the task. The entropy fluctuations during these disruptions differed in magnitude and duration within and across performances and were associated with qualitative and quantitative changes in team organization. Similar results were obtained with three and six person teams on other complex tasks. These results indicate that neurodynamic measures may be reliable, sensitive and valid indicators of the changing neurodynamics of teams around which standardized quantitative models can be developed.
Do Interruptions Affect the Quality of Work?
Authors: Foroughi Cyrus K. , Werner Nicole E. , Nelson Erik T. , Boehm-Davis Deborah A.
Published: October 2013

In today’s modern-day world where people are constantly being interrupted by cell phone calls, emails, instant messages, and co-workers, it is apparent that interruptions have become a common occurrence. Further, given the growth of technology in the workplace, that is unlikely to dissipate. Although much research has been conducted on interruptions and their impact on performance, little of that work has focuses on the overall quality of performance on the primary task. The current study investigates the role interruptions have on overall quality of work in a creative, complex task. Interruptions were found to reliably reduce quality of work when introduced at different phases of the task.
A Picture is Worth a Thousand Alerts
Authors: Giacobe Nicklaus A.
Published: October 2013

Situation awareness (SA) in cyber-security is difficult to measure, yet new tools from research and industry promise improved cyber SA. This paper describes a human-subjects experiment using a high task fidelity cyber-security simulator. Participants from two groups (novice and experienced) were recruited and assigned to one of two interfaces (text and visual analytic), in a 2x2 between-subjects experimental design. The underlying cyber-security data presented to participants was the same for each interface, and included intrusion detection, firewall and vulnerability scan reports spanning the same time period. The participant’s situation awareness was measured using different techniques including a freeze-probe, post-trial assessments of perceived workload and perceived SA as well as a measure of task effectiveness. Comparison of the results indicate that this multi-method approach of cognitive assessment may be useful in understanding a phenomenon like SA, especially where tasks are complex and virtual such as is common in cyber-security.
Measuring Group Situation Awareness in a Multiactor Gaming Simulation
Authors: Lo Julia C. , Meijer Sebastiaan A.
Published: October 2013

This paper provides initial results for the gaming simulation design and measurement of group situation awareness (SA) through a low-tech multi-actor board gaming simulation for the Dutch railway operation. Group situation awareness is measured in this study, as railway operations consist of many dyadic teams and predominantly unique roles. Gaming simulations are herein defined as a simulation of a system using gaming methods, in which humans take part. This particular type of gaming simulation provides a relative fast and low-cost alternative to measure situation awareness in a multi-actor environment compared to the traditional human-in-the-loop-like simulator environment for SA measurements. However, due to variations in their abstraction level, exploration is needed on the validity for measurements of situation awareness in these environments. Thus, the main aim in this study is to determine whether, and if so, how, group SA can be measured in gaming simulations up to a quality that provides significant data for research. The results show potential for SA measurements in low-tech board gaming simulations, although improvement is needed with regards to the different validity types for gaming simulation. This may be achieved through the explicit use of gaming simulation design principles for SA. Future work should focus on further validation and research on the theoretical implications of group situation awareness.
Blue Force Tracking
Authors: Ho Geoffrey , Hollands Justin G. , Tombu Michael , Ueno Ken , Lamb Matt
Published: October 2013

Blue force tracking (BFT) is a military technology that provides positional awareness of friendly forces on a digital map through global positioning system (GPS) technology. For dismounted soldiers, having readily available information on the location of friendly forces can be critical for mission success. However, GPS can report positions that are spatially inaccurate. The present study required 36 military participants to lead a team through a simulated mission in a virtual environment. The mission required the participant to find and support friendly forces engaged in a firefight with enemy forces. Participants had a digital map, an unreliable BFT device, or a perfectly reliable BFT device. The results indicated that participants using BFT engaged enemy forces more quickly, used their BFT to gain a wider scope of their environment, and had lower workload. For most measures, there were no significant differences between reliable and unreliable BFT, suggesting that even an unreliable BFT can provide benefits to soldier performance.
Validation of the System Usability Scale (SUS)
Authors: Peres S. Camille , Pham Tri , Phillips Ronald
Published: October 2013

For almost 20 years, practitioners and researchers have been using the System Usability Scale (SUS) as a “quick and dirty” method of evaluating the usability of different websites, software, and other human-machine systems. The characteristics of the SUS (e.g., reliability, number of scales, etc.) have been widely discussed in the literature but there have been little written about how the results of the SUS relate to traditional usability results (likely due primarily to these results being proprietary). In this study, eight different usability studies were used to make a direct comparison between the SUS and usability results. A significant but small relation was found between these two scores suggesting that the SUS may be a valid measure to ordinally compare two or more systems.
Distinguishing Three Accounts of Situation Awareness based on their Domains of Origin
Authors: Lau Nathan , Jamieson Greg A. , Skraaning Gyrd
Published: October 2013

Review of the literature reveals that different treatments and applications of situation awareness (SA) theories and measures often include reference to, or verification from, specific domains. This leads to the postulate that the application domain from which a conceptualization of SA arises plays a fundamental role in that conceptualization. To test this postulate, we compare SA accounts originating from three different domains -aviation, military command and control, and process control. The comparison of the three SA accounts illustrates that the domain of origin can have significant influence on the fundamental characterization of SA. In particular, the choices for the research paradigm in psychology, cognitive components (e.g., metacognition), orientation of time, and scaling of time can be partly traced back to properties or operator challenges specific to the domains of origin. Our comparison demonstrates that domain properties must be carefully examined for conceptualization and application of the SA notion.
Safety related rule violations investigated experimentally
Authors: von der Heyde Ananda , Brandhorst Sebastian , Kluge Annette
Published: October 2013

Previous research in Human Factors has shown that improving safety in organizations requires the investigation of the interplay between organizational and person-related factors affecting rule violations. Two prestudies were conducted to test the validity of a newly designed experimental setting for investigating the influence of safety audits (organizational factors) on operators’ rule compliance behaviour in a simulated process control environment. The simulation environment simulates a production year of a waste water purification plant ( WaTrSim-Annual). The process requires the operator to decide in every simulated week (48 in total) whether to start-up the plant using the mandatory safe start-up procedure or to use an illegitimate start-up procedure, which leads to a higher individual income. Two notable observations were made. Astonishingly, in the first prestudy (N = 5), participants used the illegitimate start-up procedure i.e. 76% of all cases (27 of 36 possible violations), despite the fact there was a fine if participants’ violations were uncovered by the safety audit. To reduce the use of the illegitimate procedure, in the second prestudy (N=10), the training of the procedures was revised and the fine was raised. These modifications led to a less frequent use of the illegitimate procedure, but simultaneously led to more "soft violations" in terms of "fine-tuning" the mandatory procedure to scrape the safety limits. As a preliminary conclusion, the prevention of violations should include a just in time on the job training for refreshing the skills required to follow the rules.
Investigating and Improving Network Visualizations’ Effectiveness at Supporting Human Sensemaking Tasks
Authors: Jenkins Michael P. , Bisantz Ann , Llinas James , Nagi Rakesh
Published: October 2013

Network visualizations are being used to display relationships in a variety of domains. This is due to their almost universally applicable intended purpose of helping viewers to understand components, attributes, and interconnections of virtually any type of system or environment. Despite their growing use however, there is little empirical research on what types of tasks these visualizations can support and how to design them to support most effectively these tasks. This paper presents findings from an empirical study focused on determining if and how network visualizations can be designed to support information foraging tasks. Results showed foraging performance increased when supported by a network visualization integrating visual cues representing attributes of represented entities and relationships. The largest improvements were in situations where searches involved multiple relevant information categories. There was almost no improvement in performance and in some cases a decrease, compared to a text-only condition, when a basic network display without attribute specific information was used.
The Artificial Attention Model and Algorithm
Authors: Roberts Daniel , Morison Alexander
Published: October 2013

Computational models of attention can be used to mitigate data overload especially when multiple sensors provide feeds to a human observer who is not present in the same environment as the network of sensors. Computational models of attention use a variety of functional components to find a balance between reorienting to new events and stimuli and focusing on currently active and relevant events by guiding one or more sampling processes. This research reports the results from tests of the performance of several functional components of one computational attention model that has been designed to address overload from multiple sensor feeds. The functional components tested include parallel center and surround sampling processes, exploratory drive, and temporal dependencies. The tests map algorithm sampling behavior over its parameter space independent of environmental input – establishing baseline performance prior to testing performance when multiple objects move and new events occur.
Best of Both Worlds
Authors: de Visser Ewart , Kidwell Brian , Payne John , Lu Li , Parker James , Brooks Nathan , Chabuk Timur , Spriggs Sarah , Freedy Amos , Scerri Paul , Parasuraman Raja
Published: October 2013

The proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in civil and military domains has spurred increasingly complex automation design for augmenting operator abilities, reducing workload, and increasing mission effectiveness. We describe the Adaptive Interface Management System (AIMS), an intelligent adaptive delegation interface for controlling and monitoring multiple unmanned vehicles, with a mixed-initiative team model language. A study was conducted to assess understanding of this model language and whether participants exhibited calibrated trust in the intelligent automation. Results showed that operators had accurate memory for role responsibility and were well calibrated to the automation. Adaptive automation design approaches like the one described in this paper can be useful to create mixedinitiative human-robot teams.
Influence of Resource Allocation on Teamwork and Team Performance Within Self-Organizing Teams
Authors: Won James C. , Hannon Daniel J.
Published: October 2013

A critical challenge to our nation’s Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) community is the complex task of identifying clandestine networks in cultural “clutter” for counter-terror / counter- insurgency operations. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed an ISR “Red/Blue” exercise in which teams work to uncover a complex “Red” network within a simulated urban environment. Teams use wide-area persistent surveillance data and decision support tools to trace relationships between individuals, events, and sites. This exercise was used to investigate the influence of resources on teamwork and performance, modeling the activity as a two-stage decision process, and using Signal Detection Theory (SDT) as a framework to describe performance at each stage and derive metrics to describe teamwork. Team performance and teamwork were investigated within the naturalistic behavior of self-organizing teams, comprising of different organization structures, teamwork behaviors, and communication interactions that were promoted by resource allocation. The affordances provided by available resources drove the mechanisms for communication and collaboration that distinguished the different team types. The research was executed in two phases. Phase 1 involved 46 teams, of varying team size (1, 3, 4, 6, 8) and number of computers per team (1, 2, 3, 4, 6). Results from Phase 1 showed that increasing resources (people and computers) had the potential to improve performance, but once team size grew beyond an optimal size, it caused degradation in performance. Phase 1 also showed that balanced communication interactions amongst team members were indicative of better teamwork. This phase also demonstrated that the exercise, as a two-stage process, could be decomposed into taskwork and teamwork components. Phase 2 extended the study by focusing on the teamwork component of the process within 3-person teams. By holding the team size variable constant, the investigation specifically studied the effect of resource allocation (1, 2, or 3 computers) on teamwork, organization, and performance. Phase 2 results showed that providing each team member his/her own information source (computer), which provided each person the direct ability to produce and process information, resulted in improved teamwork and performance. The indication, then, in designing high performing teams, would be to facilitate each person’s ability to acquire, generate, process, and share their own information as active contributors to the team process and performance.
The Role of Trust as a Mediator between Signaling System Reliability and Response Behaviors
Authors: Chancey Eric T. , Proaps Alexandra , Bliss James P.
Published: October 2013

Alarm researchers have frequently operationally defined operator trust as response rate and reaction time to agree with the signaling system. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of subjective estimates of trust in the relationship between signaling system reliability and response behaviors. Method: Using a sample of 56 college students, we tested the effects of reliability (20% and 40%) on response frequency, alarm reaction time, and subjective trust, using an alarm-based task. Results: Supporting expectations, we found that the more reliable system led to higher response frequency and higher ratings of trust. We did not find, however, that trust mediated the relationship between reliability and response rate. Considering these findings, the minimally trained participants we tested may not have relied on trust. Alternatively, our trust assessments may have lacked specificity for the experimental task. Replication efforts should focus on task experts and refined trust assessment techniques.
Testing the Conditions for Acquiring Intuitive Expertise in Judgment
Authors: Deloatch Robert , Marmarchi Amir , Kirlik Alex
Published: October 2013

Evidence from psychological studies of both novice and expert forecasters often show that people are overconﬁdent in their ability to make accurate judgmental predictions about future events. In contrast, evidence from much cognitive engineering research appears to show that experienced performers are reasonably well adapted to their task environments and do not display many of the cognitive biases, such as overconﬁdence, evident in the psychological literature. We present the results of a study providing evidence for both views, and more importantly, for the conditions under which experienced forecasters will exhibit high levels of calibration (little overconﬁdence) versus poorer calibration and thus overconﬁdence. In short, good calibration resulted when forecasters were required to draw solely upon high validity base-rate information gained through many years of repetitive exposures to a prediction task, yet displayed overconﬁdence when they were also provided case-speciﬁc information with high salience and interest but little or no predictive validity.
Investigating Perceptual Anticipation in a Naturalistic Task using a Temporal Occlusion Paradigm
Authors: Suss Joel , Ward Paul
Published: October 2013

Perceptual anticipation has often been investigated using a video-based, temporal occlusion paradigm, especially in sport. In this paradigm, the participants’ task is to predict the outcome of the situation based only on the information prior to the occlusion. The occlusion point(s) has typically been based on objective, physically-deterministic events (e.g., the point of foot-ball contact in a soccer penalty kick). However, in other dynamic domains (e.g., law enforcement), such events are often less informative with regards to the ultimate outcome of any given action. In this paper, we describe a series of studies that employed a temporal occlusion paradigm in law enforcement. Using a series of converging methods of analysis, the purpose was to identify scenarios that discriminated between experienced and less-experienced law enforcement officers’ ability to accurately anticipate the immediate future state of the situation, and then identify the occlusion point in each discriminating scenario that maximized the experience-based difference. This method can be applied to investigations of perceptual anticipation in other dynamic and complex domains.
Exploring Communication in Remote Teams
Authors: Fischer Ute , Mosier Kathleen , Orasanu Judith , Fischer Ute , Morrow Daniel , Miller Chris , Mosier Kathleen , Veinott Beth , Orasanu Judith
Published: October 2013

Teamwork in many operational settings, such as air traffic control or telemedicine, involves members who are at different locations and, as in space exploration missions, may communicate under time-delayed conditions. Collaboration and coordination in distributed teams differ from face-to-face interactions in a number of important respects (Brennan & Lockridge, 2006). Remote communication eliminates visual cues and thus requires more effort to establish common ground. Unlike co-present partners, distributed team members cannot rely on gestures and facial expressions to direct the other’s attention and provide feedback on their understanding. Voice communication between remote partners maintains the meaning nuances of face-to-face interactions that is lacking in text-based conversations. On the other hand, writing enables partners to re-read and thus to remember past communications, and to review and revise their messages prior to sharing them with others. These resources are not available in spoken discourse where participants have to rely on their memory or external aids (e.g., note pads) to keep track of the flow of the conversation and to compose their contributions. Transmission delays between partners’ contributions further complicate grounding (Olson, G., & Olson, J., 2000). The timing of turns is challenging, and individual contributions may be out of sequence, making it difficult for team members to follow the thread of a conversation and thus to develop shared situation models. Moreover, distributed teams frequently consist of individuals with different expertise and different goals, differences that may hamper mutual understanding and collaboration (Bearman, Paletz, Orasanu, & Thomas, 2010).

This panel brings together researchers who have examined team communication in a variety of domains: healthcare (Morrow), aviation (Mosier), Navy (Miller), disaster response (Veinott), and space missions (Fischer, Miller). Panelists will be asked to characterize the constraints faced by conversational partners in these domains, to present analytic tools for studying remote communication and to discuss procedural or technological solutions to facilitate collaboration and coordination in distributed teams.
Bridging the Gap between Cognitive Systems Engineering Analysis, Design and Practice
Authors: Bisantz Ann M. , Lee John D. , Pfautz Jonathan , Burns Catherine , Elm William C. , Pennathur Priyadarshini R.
Published: October 2013

Cognitive Systems Engineering principles and methods guide analysis and understanding of complex work domains. Taking the CSE analytic findings to the next step, design, is often not clearly specified in process form. Some reasons for a weakly specified and documented CSE analysis-to-design translation process are: (1) variations in work domain, making generalizations difficult; (2) the value of the analyses in relation to the scope of the study – analyses from better funded studies create more value propositions for a client; and (3) practical resource considerations. The panelists share their insights on tackling challenges in translating results from CSE analysis into impactful and practicable designs, and offer solutions and strategies for making effective CSE recommendations for practice.
Human-Machine Trust, Bias and Automated Decision Aid Acceptance
Authors: McBride Maranda , Carter Lemuria , Ntuen Celestine
Published: October 2013

Technological advancements have had a monumental impact on business processes in diverse environments. This study investigates the role of trust and bias on technology acceptance in the medical environment via a two-phase study. In phase one, we assess the impact of user experience on levels of human-machine trust and bias towards automated decision aids (ADAs). In phase two, we explore the impact of human-machine trust and bias towards automation on actual ADA usage. The results indicate that experienced nurses have higher levels of trust and positive bias towards automation; yet, novice nurses are more likely to accept information from an ADA.
Predicted Failure Alerting in a Supervisory Control Task Does Not Always Enhance Performance
Authors: Gutzwiller Robert S. , Clegg Benjamin A. , Smith C.A.P. , Lewis Joanna E. , Patterson John D.
Published: October 2013

Many emerging technologies mandate supervisory control of automation, with operators monitoring and intervening within systems that change dynamically over time. Providing decision aiding to these operators at critical moments has the potential to improve performance. The current study employed a supervisory control task to examine the effects of supplying a secondary aid (an alert to a predicted automation failure) to task performance. The aid signified potential anomalies in automated planning, and was either present throughout training, or only after some task experience was obtained. The aid occasionally changed operator decision-making, but did not consistently improve task performance. Crucially, the presence of the aid did not improve operators’ abilities to reject bad automated plans. Overall these results highlight a critical issue for the development of detection systems to effectively support future supervisory control activities, and the implications are discussed.
Right Hemisphere Prefrontal Cortical Involvement in Text-Speak Processing
Authors: Head James , Wilson Kyle M. , Helton William S. , Neumann Ewald , Russell Paul N. , Shears Connie
Published: October 2013

As text-based communication increases in the civilian and military workplace (Finomore, Popik, Castle, & Dallman, 2010), so does the potential to encounter text-speak. It has been proposed that processing text-speak (I wll tlk 2 u l8tr, I will talk to you later) comes at a cognitive cost (Head, Helton, Russell, & Neumann, 2012). To the authors’ knowledge, there have been no studies investigating the potential physiological cost of processing text-speak. In the current study we investigate the cognitive cost of processing text-speak by measuring performance on a dual-task while also measuring cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex. Sixty-four university students completed a dualtask which included a conscious priming task and a vigilance task. They also completed a text-speak questionnaire (Head, Helton, Russell, Neumann, & Shears, 2011). The behavioral results failed to show any significant difference in performance between text-speak and correctly spelled text. However, the physiological measurements revealed that the right prefrontal cortex has significantly greater activation when text-speak is shown, thus suggesting a RH compensatory effect. A significant correlation between the text-speak questionnaire and right-hemisphere activation suggests that the right-hemisphere contains the cognitive tools for overriding potential difficulties in processing textspeak.