bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon Thin Film Wrapped around a Three‐Dimensional Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Scaffold for Superior‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Xu Lingling , Yin Dandan , Zhao Hongyang , Li Na , Chen Suhua , Xia Jiale , Lu Bingan , Du Yaping
Published: May 2017

A carbon thin film/carbon foam core/sheath structure was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on carbonized melamine foam. It has a specific capacitance of 310 F g−1at a current density of 1 A g−1and shows outstanding electrochemical performance in both aqueous and water‐in‐salt electrolytes. Electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge testing revealed a large capacitive contribution up to more than 90 % of its total capacitance. The core/sheath structure has advantages in ion transport and a high degree of utilization of the electrode surface, and the synthetic process provides a way to coat carbon thin film on any substrate by nickel‐catalyzed CVD.
Dehydroacetic Acid Derivatives Bearing Amide or Urea Moieties as Effective Anion Receptors
Authors: Bregović Nikola , Cindro Nikola , Bertoša Branimir , Barišić Dajana , Frkanec Leo , Užarević Krunoslav , Tomišić Vladislav
Published: May 2017

Derivatives of dehydroacetic acid comprising amide or urea subunits have been synthesized and their anion‐binding properties investigated. Among a series of halides and oxyanions, the studied compounds selectively bind acetate and dihydrogen phosphate in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide. The corresponding complexation processes were characterized by means of 1H NMR titrations, which revealed a 1:1 complex stoichiometry in most cases, with the exception of dihydrogen phosphate, which formed 2:1 (anion/ligand) complexes in acetonitrile. The complex stability constants were determined and are discussed with respect to the structural properties of the receptors, the hydrogen‐bond‐forming potential of the anions, and the characteristics of the solvents used. Based on the spectroscopic data and results of Monte Carlo simulations, the amide or urea groups were affirmed as the primary binding sites in all cases. The results of the computational methods indicate that an array of both inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen bonds can form in the studied systems, and these were shown to play an important role in defining the overall stability of the complexes. Solubility measurements were carried out in both solvents and the thermodynamics of transfer from acetonitrile to dimethyl sulfoxide were characterized on a quantitative level. This has afforded a detailed insight into the impact of the medium on the complexation reactions.
Phase inversion of a solid‐stabilized emulsion: Effect of particle concentration
Authors: Wan Bing , Fradette Louis
Published: May 2017

Tiny water droplets in oil emulsions are commonly encountered in the petroleum industry. The high viscosity of the oil hampers the physical separation of the water droplets from the oil.1 Phase inversion could be a potential workaround for this problem by making water, a much less viscous phase, the continuous medium. In the present work, we focused on triggering phase inversion of a solid‐stabilized emulsion. We induced a catastrophic phase inversion by the continuous addition of a dispersed phase. The evolution of droplet morphology during the phase inversion process was observed and was measured in‐line using a particle vision microscope, which proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring this rapid, unstable process. A linear relationship between the droplet size and the dispersed phase volume fraction before the phase inversion was observed, indicating that a higher dispersed phase volume fraction was needed for the phase inversion to occur with higher particle concentrations. The phase inversion conditions were applied in a regime where the particles were insufficient to fully cover the interface. Our findings indicated that the number of particles per surface area appears to be a crucial parameter in triggering phase inversion, regardless of the particle concentration. The phase inversion mechanism of our solid‐stabilized emulsion can be explained by the relationship between the initial particle coverage of the interface and the coalescence rate of the system.
Clinical trial enrollment of adolescents and young adults with sarcoma
Authors: Davis Lara E. , Janeway Katherine A. , Weiss Aaron R. , Chen Yen‐Lin E. , Scharschmidt Thomas J. , Krailo Mark , Glade Bender Julia L. , Kopp Lisa M. , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Schwartz Gary K. , Horvath L. Elise , Hawkins Douglas S. , Chuk Meredith K. , Reinke Denise K. , Gorlick Richard G. , Randall R. Lor
Published: May 2017

More than half of all sarcomas occur in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 15 to 39 years. After the publication of the AYA series in the April 1, 2016 issue of Cancer, several leaders in the field of sarcoma across disciplines gathered to discuss the status of sarcoma clinical research in AYAs. They determined that a focused effort to include the underrepresented and understudied AYA population in current and future sarcoma clinical trials is overdue. Trial enrichment for AYA‐aged sarcoma patients will produce more meaningful results that better represent the disease's biology, epidemiology, and treatment environment. To address the current deficit, this commentary outlines changes believed to be necessary to expediently achieve an increase in the enrollment of AYAs in sarcoma clinical trials. Cancer 2017;123:3434‐40. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Verbal and Non‐verbal Fluency in Adults with Developmental Dyslexia: Phonological Processing or Executive Control Problems?
Authors: Smith‐Spark James H. , Henry Lucy A. , Messer David J. , Zięcik Adam P.
Published: May 2017

The executive function of fluency describes the ability to generate items according to specific rules. Production of words beginning with a certain letter (phonemic fluency) is impaired in dyslexia, while generation of words belonging to a certain semantic category (semantic fluency) is typically unimpaired. However, in dyslexia, verbal fluency has generally been studied only in terms of overall words produced. Furthermore, performance of adults with dyslexia on non‐verbal design fluency tasks has not been explored but would indicate whether deficits could be explained by executive control, rather than phonological processing, difficulties. Phonemic, semantic and design fluency tasks were presented to adults with dyslexia and without dyslexia, using fine‐grained performance measures and controlling for IQ. Hierarchical regressions indicated that dyslexia predicted lower phonemic fluency, but not semantic or design fluency. At the fine‐grained level, dyslexia predicted a smaller number of switches between subcategories on phonemic fluency, while dyslexia did not predict the size of phonemically related clusters of items. Overall, the results suggested that phonological processing problems were at the root of dyslexia‐related fluency deficits; however, executive control difficulties could not be completely ruled out as an alternative explanation. Developments in research methodology, equating executive demands across fluency tasks, may resolve this issue. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic losses of fire‐dependent endemic herbs revealed by a 65‐year chronosequence of dispersal‐limited woody plant encroachment
Authors: Brewer John Stephen
Published: May 2017

The factors responsible for maintaining diverse groundcover plant communities of high conservation value in frequently burned wet pine savannas are poorly understood. While most management involves manipulating extrinsic factors important in maintaining species diversity (e.g., fire regimes), most ecological theory (e.g., niche theory and neutral theory) examines how traits exhibited by the species promote species coexistence. Furthermore, although many ecologists focus on processes that maintain local species diversity, conservation biologists have argued that other indices (e.g., phylogenetic diversity) are better for evaluating assemblages in terms of their conservation value. I used a null model that employed beta‐diversity calculations based on Raup–Crick distances to test for deterministic herbaceous species losses associated with a 65‐year chronosequence of woody species encroachment within each of three localities. I quantified conservation value of assemblages by measuring taxonomic distinctness, endemism, and floristic quality of plots with and without woody encroachment. Reductions in herb species richness per plot attributable to woody encroachment were largely stochastic, as indicated by a lack of change in the mean or variance in beta‐diversity caused by woody encroachment in the savannas studied here. Taxonomic distinctness, endemism, and floristic quality (when summed across all species) were all greater in areas that had not experienced woody encroachment. However, when corrected for local species richness, only average endemism and floristic quality of assemblages inclusive of herbs and woody plants were greater in areas that had not experienced woody encroachment, due to the more restricted ranges and habitat requirements of herbs. Results suggest that frequent fires maintain diverse assemblages of fire‐dependent herb species endemic to the region. The stochastic loss of plant species, irrespective of their taxonomic distinctness, to woody encroachment suggests that the relevance of niche partitioning or phylogenetic diversity to the management of biodiversity in wet pine savannas is minimal.
Expectancies mediate the relationship between perceived injustice and return to work following whiplash injury: A 1‐year prospective study
Authors: Carriere J.S. , Thibault P. , Adams H. , Milioto M. , Ditto B. , Sullivan M.J.L.
Published: May 2017

Background

Emerging evidence suggests that perceived injustice is a risk factor for work disability in individuals with whiplash injury. At present, however, little is known about the processes by which perceived injustice impacts on return to work. The purpose of this study was to examine whether expectancies mediated the relationship between perceived injustice and return to work in patients with whiplash injury.

Method

One hundred and fifty‐two individuals (81 men, 71 women) with a primary diagnosis of whiplash injury completed self‐report measures of pain intensity, perceived injustice and return‐to‐work expectancies following admission to a rehabilitation programme. Work status was assessed 1 year after discharge.

Results

Consistent with previous research, high scores on a measure of perceived injustice were associated with prolonged work disability. Results indicated that high perceptions of injustice were associated with low return‐to‐work expectancies. Causal mediation analyses revealed that expectancies fully mediated the relationship between perceived injustice and return to work.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that intervention techniques designed to target expectancies could improve return‐to‐work outcomes in patients with whiplash injury. Discussion addresses the processes by which expectancies might impact on return‐to‐work outcomes and the manner in which negative return‐to‐work expectancies might be modified through intervention.

Significance

The study confirms that expectancies are the mechanism through which perceived injustice impacts return to work following whiplash injury. The findings suggest that interventions designed to specifically target return‐to‐work expectancies might improve rehabilitation outcomes in patients with whiplash injury.
Pain in knee osteoarthritis is associated with variation in the neurokinin 1/substance P receptor (TACR1) gene
Authors: Warner S.C. , Walsh D.A. , Laslett L.L. , Maciewicz R.A. , Soni A. , Hart D.J. , Zhang W. , Muir K.R. , Dennison E.M. , Leaverton P. , Rampersaud E. , Cooper C. , Spector T.D. , Cicuttini F.M. , Arden N.K. , Jones G. , Doherty M. , Valdes A.M.
Published: May 2017

Background

Substance P (SP) is a pain‐ and inflammation‐related neuropeptide which preferentially binds to the neurokinin receptor 1 (NK1). SP and NK1 receptors have been implicated in joint pain, inflammation and damage in animal models and human studies of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to test if genetic variation at the neurokinin 1 receptor gene (TACR1) is associated with pain in individuals with radiographic knee OA.

Methods

Participants from the Genetics of OA and Lifestyle study were used for the discovery group (n = 1615). Genotype data for six SNPs selected to cover most variation in the TACR1 gene were used to test for an association with symptomatic OA. Replication analysis was performed using data from the Chingford 1000 Women Study, Hertfordshire Cohort Study, Tasmanian Older Adult Cohort Study and the Clearwater OA Study. In total, n = 1715 symptomatic OA and n = 735 asymptomatic OA individuals were analysed.

Results

Out of six SNPs tested in the TACR1 gene, one (rs11688000) showed a nominally significant association with a decreased risk of symptomatic OA in the discovery cohort. This was then replicated in four additional cohorts. After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index and radiographic severity, the G (minor) allele at rs11688000 was associated with a decreased risk of symptomatic OA compared to asymptomatic OA cases (p = 9.90 × 10−4, OR = 0.79 95% 0.68–0.90 after meta‐analysis).

Conclusions

This study supports a contribution from the TACR1 gene in human OA pain, supporting further investigation of this gene's function in OA.

Significance

This study contributes to the knowledge of the genetics of painful osteoarthritis, a condition which affects millions of individuals worldwide. Specifically, a contribution from the TACR1 gene to modulating pain sensitivity in osteoarthritis is suggested.
Technical Progress and the Prospect of Low‐Rank Coal Pyrolysis in China
Authors: Xue Fengfeng , Li Dong , Guo Yuting , Liu Xu , Zhang Xiangping , Zhou Qiucheng , Ma Baoqi
Published: May 2017

China possesses an amazing variety of low‐rank coal (LRC) resources. The developed strategies for the large‐scale use of coal resources in China suggest that achieving the grading effective conversion and utilization of LRC by mid–low‐temperature coal‐pyrolysis technologies can maximize LRC resources. On the basis of investigations on and the analysis of coal‐pyrolysis technologies, a comprehensive overview of the LRC pyrolysis technologies in recent years is described in this review. The technologies include square‐retort pyrolysis technology, upgraded square‐retort pyrolysis technology, solid‐heat‐carrier pyrolysis technology, belt‐type‐furnace pyrolysis technology, and rotary‐kiln pyrolysis technology. Focusing on the technical characteristics with analysis and comparison of different LRC pyrolysis technologies, we summarize the main problems in the development of pyrolysis processes, namely, dust separation of coal tar, wastewater treatment, and incomplete pyrolysis reaction mechanisms. Moreover, suitable methods for the rational and efficient utilization of LRC resources are discussed to achieve the sustainable development of pyrolysis technologies based on optimizing pyrolysis reactors and developing deep‐processing multigeneration technologies.
Seasonality of odonate-mediated methylmercury flux from permanent and semipermanent ponds and potential risk to red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)
Authors: Williams Edward B. , Chumchal Matthew M. , Drenner Ray W. , Kennedy James H.
Published: May 2017

Methylmercury (MeHg) is an aquatic contaminant that can be transferred to terrestrial predators by emergent aquatic insects such as odonates (damselflies and dragonflies). We assessed the effects of month and pond permanence on odonate-mediated MeHg flux (calculated as emergent odonate biomass × MeHg concentration) in 10 experimental ponds and the potential risk to nestling red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) posed by consuming MeHg-contaminated odonates. Emergent odonates were collected weekly from permanent ponds with bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus; n = 5) and semipermanent ponds without fish (n = 5) over an 8-mo period (January–August 2015). The MeHg flux from damselflies, aeshnid dragonflies, and libellulid dragonflies began in March and peaked in April, May, and June, respectively, and then declined throughout the rest of the summer. Odonate-mediated MeHg flux from semipermanent ponds without fish was greater than that from permanent ponds with fish. Nesting of red-winged blackbirds overlapped with peak odonate emergence and odonate-mediated MeHg flux. Because their diet can be dominated by damselflies and dragonflies, we tested the hypothesis that MeHg-contaminated odonates may pose a health risk to nestling red-winged blackbirds. Concentrations of MeHg in odonates exceeded wildlife values (the minimum odonate MeHg concentrations causing physiologically significant doses in consumers) for nestlings, suggesting that MeHg-contaminated odonates can pose a health risk to nestling red-winged blackbirds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2833–2837. © 2017 SETAC
First report on free and covalently bound microcystins in fish and bivalves from Vietnam: Assessment of risks to humans
Authors: Pham Thanh-Luu , Shimizu Kazuya , Dao Thanh-Son , Motoo Utsumi
Published: May 2017

The free and covalently bound microcystins (MCs) in 3 fish and 2 bivalves from the Dau Tieng Reservoir in Vietnam were investigated for the first time in the present study. The results showed that all species were contaminated with MCs. Our findings indicate that eating the muscle of fish from the Dau Tieng Reservoir is safe but that eating the bivalves is not safe during toxic cyanobacterial bloom episodes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2953–2957. © 2017 SETAC
Imaging sonographic findings of in a case of proliferating trichilemmal tumor of a finger: A case report
Authors: Kwon Ki Eon , Kim Seon‐Jeong , Kim Joo Hak , Jung Yoon Yang , Park Noh Hyuck , Park Ji Yeon , Kang Kyung A , Baek Soo Heui
Published: May 2017

Proliferating trichilemmal tumor (PTT) is a rare tumor that originates from the outer root sheath of a hair follicle. About 90% of PTTs occur on the scalp. The sonographic findings of PTT in the subungual region have not been reported previously. In our case, sonography showed a heterogeneous mass containing echogenic foci with no detectable intratumoral vascularity. These echogenic foci probably represent keratin and cholesterol. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46:215–217, 2018
Real‐time MRI guidance of cardiac interventions
Authors: Campbell‐Washburn Adrienne E. , Tavallaei Mohammad A. , Pop Mihaela , Grant Elena K. , Chubb Henry , Rhode Kawal , Wright Graham A.
Published: May 2017

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is appealing to guide complex cardiac procedures because it is ionizing radiation‐free and offers flexible soft‐tissue contrast. Interventional cardiac MR promises to improve existing procedures and enable new ones for complex arrhythmias, as well as congenital and structural heart disease. Guiding invasive procedures demands faster image acquisition, reconstruction and analysis, as well as intuitive intraprocedural display of imaging data. Standard cardiac MR techniques such as 3D anatomical imaging, cardiac function and flow, parameter mapping, and late‐gadolinium enhancement can be used to gather valuable clinical data at various procedural stages. Rapid intraprocedural image analysis can extract and highlight critical information about interventional targets and outcomes. In some cases, real‐time interactive imaging is used to provide a continuous stream of images displayed to interventionalists for dynamic device navigation. Alternatively, devices are navigated relative to a roadmap of major cardiac structures generated through fast segmentation and registration. Interventional devices can be visualized and tracked throughout a procedure with specialized imaging methods. In a clinical setting, advanced imaging must be integrated with other clinical tools and patient data. In order to perform these complex procedures, interventional cardiac MR relies on customized equipment, such as interactive imaging environments, in‐room image display, audio communication, hemodynamic monitoring and recording systems, and electroanatomical mapping and ablation systems. Operating in this sophisticated environment requires coordination and planning. This review provides an overview of the imaging technology used in MRI‐guided cardiac interventions. Specifically, this review outlines clinical targets, standard image acquisition and analysis tools, and the integration of these tools into clinical workflow.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 5

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:935–950.
Exploring the potential for pharmacist prescribing in the management of hypertension in primary care: an Australian survey
Authors: Bajorek Beata , Krass Ines
Published: May 2017

Background

The management of hypertension, particularly medicines use, remains suboptimal and pharmacist‐delivered models of care may assist clinicians in this regard.

Aim

The primary objective of this study was to explore the potential for pharmacists to make treatment recommendations and prescribing decisions for patients with hypertension.

Method

Accredited (medicines review) pharmacists working in the primary care setting within the Sydney metropolitan area (NSW, Australia) were recruited. Pharmacists completed a scenario‐based survey that asked them to demonstrate a simulated prescribing function in the management of 6 patient scenarios. The management of the scenarios was assessed from the pharmacists’ perspective (i.e. usefulness of prescribing, confidence in prescribing) and by an expert clinical panel (i.e. clinical appropriateness).

Results

Thirty pharmacists (27.4 ± 10.7 years in practice) participated. Most pharmacists indicated that a prescribing function would be useful within their scope of practice and that they would be confident in executing this as an intervention. The expert clinical panel rated the vast majority of recommendations by pharmacists to be appropriate. Ratings for usefulness of, confidence in and appropriateness of the prescribing recommendations were lowest for the 2 scenarios depicting more complex cases; here the level of agreement among the expert panel was also poor (κ ≤ 0.15). Recommendations relating to processes for assessing patients were rated relatively lower, particularly for the complex scenarios.

Conclusion

Accredited pharmacists have the capacity and potential for a prescribing function to help optimise hypertension management. Simulated prescribing interventions undertaken by accredited pharmacists were assessed as clinically appropriate by medical clinicians.
Phenol metabolism and preservation of fresh in‐hull walnut stored in modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Wang Jin , Li Pan , Gong Bi , Li Shuying , Ma Huiling
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

The effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on phenol metabolism and preservation of fresh in‐hull walnuts have been investigated. Fruit was packaged under MAP1 (film thickness, 30 μm), MAP2 (45 μm) and MAP3 (50 μm) and stored at −0.5 to 1.0 °C for up to 60 days.

RESULTS

Firmness, soluble solid concentration, total phenols, total flavonoids and total antioxidant activity of the green hull were maintained at higher levels under the MAP conditions, whereas decay incidence was lower compared to the control during storage. Green hull of fruit under MAP conditions contained lower polyphenol oxidase activity than the control and the peroxidase activity was at a similar level to the control after 18 days. Phenylalanine ammonialyase activity was enhanced by MAP conditions, with two peaks on days 18 and 36. Until day 60, the peroxide value and acid value of kernel oils under MAP conditions were lower than that of the control.

CONCLUSION

The MAP3 treatment was most effective for maintaining kernel quality. The protective role of MAP conditions on phenolic contents in green hull may contribute to the mitigation of decay and the maintenance of kernel quality. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of heat stress and probiotic supplementation on protein functionality and oxidative stability of ground chicken leg meat during display storage
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Wook , Kim Ji‐Han , Yan Feifei , Cheng Heng‐wei , Brad Kim Yuan H
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat stress and probiotic supplementation on protein functionality and oxidative stability of ground chicken leg during display storage. Two hundred and forty, 1‐day‐old male chicks (5 birds per pen) were subjected to four treatments in a 2 (thermoneutral condition at 21 °C and cyclic heat stress at 32–21–32 °C for 10 h day–1) × 2 (regular diet with 0 or 0.25 g kg–1 Bacillus subtilis) factorial design. Chickens were harvested at day 46, and pairs of whole legs were collected at 1 day postmortem. The chicken legs were deboned, ground, tray‐packaged with oxygen‐permeable film, and displayed for 3 days.

RESULTS

Heat stress and probiotic supplementation had no impact on pH, water‐holding capacity, color, protein functionality, lipid lipolysis and lipid/protein oxidation stability (P > 0.05). Display storage increased the pH and lipid oxidation of ground chicken legs (P < 0.05). In addition, protein oxidation occurred during display storage, as determined via an increased carbonyl group (P = 0.0109) and reduced thiol group (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study indicate that chronic heat stress and probiotic supplementation had no practical adverse impact on protein functionality and oxidative stability of ground chicken leg meat. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling Soil Detachment of Different Management Practices in the Red Soil Region of China
Authors: Wang Yi , Cao Longxi , Fan Jianbo , Lu Huizhong , Zhu Yayun , Gu Yalan , Sun Bo , Liang Yin
Published: May 2017

Soil erosion from cropland is a primary cause of soil degradation in the hilly red soil region of China. Soil characteristics and the resistance of soil to erosion agents can be improved with appropriate management practices. In this study, hydraulic flume experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of five management practices [manure fertilizer (PM), straw mulch cover (PC), peanut–orange intercropping (PO), peanut–radish rotation (PR) and traditional farrow peanut (PF)] on soil detachment. Based on the results, three conservation management practices (PC, PM and PO) increased the resistance of soil to concentrated flow erosion. The rill erodibility of different treatments was ranked as follows: PC (0·001 s m−1) < PM (0·004 s m−1) < PO (0·007 s m−1) < PF (0·01 s m−1) < PR (0·027 s m−1). The rill erodibility was affected by soil organic content, aggregate stability and bulk density. The soil detachment rate was closely correlated with the flow discharge and slope gradient, and power functions for these two factors were developed to evaluate soil detachment rates. Additionally, the shear stress, stream power and unit stream power were compared when estimating the soil detachment rate. The power functions of stream power and shear stress were equivalent, and both are recommended to predict detachment rates. Local soil conservation can benefit from the results of this study with improved predictions of erosion on croplands in the red soil region of China. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BODIPY‐Based Porous Organic Polymers: How the Monomeric Methyl Substituents and Isomerization Affect the Porosity and Singlet Oxygen Generation
Authors: Wang De‐Gao , Li Qian , Zhu Yunlong , Tang Hui , Song Min , Kuang Gui‐Chao
Published: May 2017

Facile Friedel–Crafts coupling reaction prepared porous organic polymers BDP‐POP‐n (n = 1, 3, and 4) are reported. The influences of methyl substituents and single monomer isomerization on corresponding BDP‐POPs' porosity and singlet oxygen generation properties have been investigated. The obtained BDP‐POPs are thoroughly characterized by a combination of techniques such as Fourier transform infrared, solid 13C NMR, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, these porous polymers' singlet oxygen generation capacities under visible green light (480–510 nm) irradiation are compared. Results show that BDP‐POP‐1, whose pyrrolyl ring bears methyl substituents and the two 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BDP) units are at para‐position of the phenyl ring, possesses the largest Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and the best singlet oxygen generation ability. Control experiment reveals that the BDP‐POP‐1 shows superiority in generating singlet oxygen than that of model polymer CMPBDP. It is believed that this work may pave a road to design more effective porous materials for photocatalysis.

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First‐trimester ultrasound screening for trisomy 21 based on maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency, and different methods of ductus venosus assessment
Authors: Wagner Philipp , Sonek Jiri , Klein Jessika , Hoopmann Markus , Abele Harald , Kagan Karl Oliver
Published: May 2017

Objective

To examine whether combining the dichotomous assessment of the a‐wave and the ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility index for veins (PIV) measurement improves first‐trimester screening performance.

Methods

Retrospective study performed at the University Hospital of Tuebingen based on singleton pregnancies that underwent first‐trimester screening including DV flow assessment. In each case, the risk of trisomy 21 was calculated based on maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency, and DV flow either as dichotomous classification of the a‐wave, as measurement of the DV PIV, or both.

Results

There were 5280 euploid fetuses and 127 fetuses with trisomy 21. The DV a‐wave was reversed in 2.3% and 66.1% in the euploid and trisomy 21 cases, respectively. The DV PIV measurements were above the 95th percentile in 8.3% and 77.2% the euploid and trisomy 21 cases, respectively. For a false positive rate of 3%, the detection rate for trisomy 21 based on maternal age, fetal NT, and DV flow is about 87% irrespective of whether DV is examined as a continuous or dichotomous variable. The combination of both resulted in a small decrease at 3% false positive rate.

Conclusion

Assessment of the DV a‐wave and the DV PIV result in similar DRs. Combining these two approaches does not appear to improve their individual screening performance. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ring opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene and tetracyclododecene with cyclooctene by using (arylimido)vanadium(V)–alkylidene catalyst
Authors: Chaimongkolkunasin Sapanna , Hou Xiaohua , Nomura Kotohiro
Published: May 2017

Ring opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE), tetracyclododecene (TCD) in the presence of cis‐cyclooctene (COE) using vanadium‐alkylidene catalyst, V(CHSiMe3)(N‐2,6‐Cl2C6H3)(OC6F5)(PMe3)2 (1), were explored. The polymerizations with TCD afforded high‐molecular‐weight polymers (Mn = 19,500–47,400) with low PDI (Mw/Mn) values (1.18–1.38) which possess microstructure of repeated ring‐opened TCD and certain methylene units by incorporation of ring‐opened COE on the basis of microstructure analysis by NMR spectra and DSC thermograms; hydrogenated copolymer possessed melting temperature at 294 °C. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3067–3074
Recent progress on the synthesis of cyclic polymers via ring‐expansion strategies
Authors: Chang Young A. , Waymouth Robert M.
Published: May 2017

Cyclic polymers are the simplest topological isomers of linear macromolecules, but exhibit properties that differ from linear chains in ways that remain imperfectly understood. The difficulty of synthesizing appropriately pure and high molecular weight cyclic samples has hindered experimental studies. Ring‐closure methods, while versatile, are inherently limited in the range of molecular weights that can be achieved. Ring‐expansion methods are a much more promising strategy toward obtaining high molecular weight cyclic polymers. The current review focuses on recent developments in ring‐expansion polymerization strategies toward the synthesis of high molecular weight cyclic polymers. Significant progress in the last decade has made the synthesis of cyclic polymers possible by a variety of methods, such as ruthenium‐ and tungsten‐catalyzed ring‐expansion metathesis polymerization, organocatalytic and Lewis acid‐catalyzed zwitterionic polymerization, RAFT and nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization, among many others. While the study of cyclic polymers has long been hampered by synthetic challenges, the recent resurgence of interest in this field presents an exciting opportunity for chemists. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2892–2902
Polymeric spatial resolution test patterns for mass spectrometry imaging using nano‐thermal analysis with atomic force microscopy
Authors: Tai Tamin , Kertesz Vilmos , Lin Ming‐Wei , Srijanto Bernadeta R. , Hensley Dale K. , Xiao Kai , Van Berkel Gary J.
Published: May 2017

Rationale

As the spatial resolution of mass spectrometry imaging technologies has begun to reach into the nanometer regime, finding readily available or easily made resolution reference materials has become particularly challenging for molecular imaging purposes. This paper describes the fabrication, characterization and use of vertical line array polymeric spatial resolution test patterns for nano‐thermal analysis/atomic force microscopy/mass spectrometry chemical imaging.

Methods

Test patterns of varied line width (0.7 or 1.0 μm) and spacing (0.7 or 1.0 μm) were created in an ~1‐μm‐thick poly(methyl methacrylate) thin film using electron beam lithography. The patterns were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy topography and nano‐thermal analysis/mass spectrometry imaging.

Results

The efficacy of these polymeric test patterns for the advancement of chemical imaging techniques was illustrated by their use to judge the spatial resolution improvement achieved by heating the ionization interface of the current instrument platform. The spatial resolution of the mass spectral chemical images was estimated to be 1.4 μm, based on the ability to statistically distinguish 0.7‐μm‐wide lines separated by 0.7‐μm‐wide spacings in those images when the interface cross was heated to 200°C.

Conclusions

This work illustrates that e‐beam lithography is a viable method to create spatial resolution test patterns in a thin film of high molecular weight polymer to allow unbiased judgment of intra‐laboratory advancement and/or inter‐laboratory comparison of instrument advances in nano‐thermal analysis/atomic force microscopy/mass spectrometry chemical imaging. Published in 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Retracted: Market research is dead
Authors: Souda Preriit
Published: May 2017

Retraction: ‘Market research is dead’ by P. Souda. The above article from Research World, published online on 11 May 2017 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) and in Volume 64, p. 47, has been withdrawn by agreement between the author, the journal Editor, Angela Canin, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The withdrawal has been agreed due to confirmation having been received that permission was not given to publish this article.

Reference

Souda, P. (2017). Market research is dead. Research World, 64, 47. doi:10.1002/rwm3.20522
Unusual pitted Ordovician brachiopods from the East Baltic: the significance of coarsely pitted ornamentations in linguliforms
Authors: Holmer Lars E. , Popov Leonid E. , Ghobadi Pour Mansoureh , Zhang Zhiliang , Zhang Zhifei
Published: May 2017

A characteristic coarsely pitted ornamentation (with pits larger than 0.015 mm across) can be found on some very enigmatic and rare Lower Ordovician phosphatic‐shelled linguliform brachiopods, including the paterinid Lacunites balaschovae Gorjansky and the obolid Foveola maarduensis Gorjansky. Both of these species are poorly understood and known from only a few specimens from the Floian of the East Baltic. Here we describe the Ordovician species Lacunites ivantsovi sp. nov. from the lower Darriwilian of the St Petersburg region and Foveola ivari sp. nov. from the Sandbian of Estonia, representing the last known survivors of these genera in the area. The new Darriwilian species of Lacunites is also one of the last members of the Class Paterinata, which most importantly includes some of the earliest known brachiopods from the early Cambrian. The coarsely pitted ornamentation of Foveola ivari is associated with the formation of asymmetrical so‐called terrace lines in the umbonal area. The latter may indicate a burrowing life style. The pits in Lacunites and Foveola are directly comparable to the more or less identical coarse pits in the discinoid Trematis. Unlike the microscopic pits found in many fossil linguliforms, it is most likely that the coarse pits were empty in life; the minute surface ornamentation of irregular wrinkles in the outer primary layer continues across the bottom of the depressions in Foveola and Trematis; in the latter the cementing attachment discs of an attached phosphatic tubular Byronia‐like organism also extend down into the pits.
Purification and biochemical characterization of a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans CHB1
Authors: Jia Xianbo , Ye Xuejun , Chen Jichen , Lin Xinjian , Vasseur Liette , You Minsheng
Published: May 2017

A strain named Geobacillus thermoglucosidans CHB1 was isolated from stockpiled hen dung compost. The cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from the fermentation broth of this microorganism was purified 350.50‐fold at a yield of 9.33% through ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE‐Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography, Sephadex G‐100 chromatography, and preparative electrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) revealed that the molecular mass of the purified enzyme was approximately 70 kDa. The CGTase maintained more than 50% cyclization activity between 50 and 80°C and optimal activity at 65–70°C and remained stable at 50°C. Its optimal pH was 5.5, and its activity showed stability between pH 5.5 and 9.5. The activity of the enzyme was significantly enhanced by LiCl, NiCl2, and MgSO4 but inhibited by AlCl3, CoCl2, FeCl3, HgCl2, BaCl2, SDS, and ZnSO4. The Km and Vmax of the reaction of this enzyme with soluble starch as the substrate were 12.5 mg/mL and 23.7 μmol/min, respectively. This enzyme produced α‐cyclodextrin (CD), β‐CD, and γ‐CD at a ratio of 0.57:1:0.21 from soluble starch as the substrate, and the conversion rate reached 60.3% from 3% soluble starch within 21 h. This CGTase also produced CDs from maltodextrin and potato starch as the substrate. To the best of our knowledge, this manuscript constitutes the first report of a CGTase purified from G. thermoglucosidans, and the results show that this enzyme might have potential for use in industrial production processes requiring stable thermal conditions, but further work is required to optimize its affinity and activation conditions.
Oral contraceptive pill use and the susceptibility to markers of exercise-induced muscle damage
Authors: Hicks K. M. , Onambélé-Pearson G. , Winwood K. , Morse C. I.
Published: May 2017

Purpose

Firstly, to establish whether oral contraceptive pill (OCP) users are more susceptible to muscle damage compared to non-users, and secondly, to establish whether differences can be attributed to differences in patella tendon properties.

Methods

Nine female OCP users and 9 female non-users participated in the investigation. Combining dynamometry, electromyography and ultrasonography, patella tendon properties and vastus lateralis architectural properties were measured pre and during the first of 6 sets of 12 maximal voluntary eccentric knee extensions. Serum oestrogen levels were measured on the 7th day of the pill cycle and the 14th day of menstrual cycle in OCP users and non-users, respectively. Maximal voluntary isometric knee extension torque loss, creatine kinase and muscle soreness were measured 48 h pre-damage, post-damage, and 48, 96 and 168 h post-damage.

Results

Oestrogen levels were significantly lower in OCP users compared to non-users (209 ± 115 and 433 ± 147 pg/ml, respectively,p = 0.004). Proposed determinants of muscle damage, patella tendon stiffness and maximal eccentric torque did not differ between OCP users and non-users. The change in creatine kinase from pre to peak was significantly higher in OCP users compared to non-users (962 ± 968 and 386 ± 474 Ul, respectively,p = 0.016). There were no other differences in markers of muscle damage.

Conclusion

Although our findings suggest that, when compared to non-users, the OCP may augment the creatine kinase response following eccentric exercise, it does not increase the susceptibility to any other markers of muscle damage.
Including parameter uncertainty in forward projections of computationally intensive statistical population dynamic models
Authors: Maunder Mark N. , Harley Shelton J. , Hampton John
Published: May 2017

The increased computational demands of modern statistical stock assessment models have made the standard methods to provide uncertainty estimates for forward projections impractical for timely results in many applications. However, forward projections and their associated estimates of uncertainty are an important and popular piece of management advice. We describe a less computationally intense method to estimate uncertainty in forward projections that includes both parameter uncertainty and future demographic stochastic uncertainty. This frequentist method uses penalized likelihood as an approximation to mixed effects and can be viewed as treating the future projection period as part of the estimation model rather than performing stochastic projections. This allows confidence intervals to be calculated using normal approximation based on the delta method. The method is tested using simulation analysis and compared with Bayesian analysis and with projections based on point estimates of the parameters. The method is applied to yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Modelling an exploited marine fish community with 15 parameters – results from a simple size-based model
Authors: Pope John G. , Rice Jake C. , Daan Niels , Jennings Simon , Gislason Henrik
Published: May 2017

To measure and predict the response of fish communities to exploitation, it is necessary to understand how the direct and indirect effects of fishing interact. Because fishing and predation are size-selective processes, the potential response can be explored with size-based models. We use a simulation approach to describe the relationship between size spectrum slope and overall fishing mortality and to try to understand how a linear spectrum might be maintained. The model uses 15 parameters to describe a 13-“species” fish community, where species are defined by their maximum body size and the general relationship between size and life-history characteristics. The simulations allow us to assess the role of changes in the strength and type of density dependence in controlling the response to fishing, and to investigate the trade-off between catches and stock status of the different species. The outputs showed that the linear slope of the size spectrum was a function of community exploitation rate. Density-dependent controls, specifically predation mortality and the extent of compensation in the stock-recruit relationship, were key mechanisms in maintaining a linear spectrum. A linear spectrum emerged independent of the rate of compensation in the stock-recruit relationship. When this rate was low, the effects of changes in fishing mortality on predator abundance dominated those on spawning-stock biomass, whereas the dominance was reversed when the compensation rate in the stock-recruit relationship was high. The approach allows us to explore the effects of different fishing mortality schedules on properties of the fish community, to assess how fishing affects species with different life histories in mixed fisheries, and to assess the effects of selectively fishing different size classes. The simulations indicate that the size classes to be included when developing and interpreting size-based metrics must be carefully considered in relation to the trophic structure and likely strength of predatory interactions in the community. Runs with different fishing mortality by size suggest that the dynamics of predation cannot compensate fully for changing rates and patterns of exploitation, implying that the effects of selectively fishing different size classes should be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis diagnosed due to dermatological perianal lesion
Authors: Scolaro Bruno Lorenzo , Pereira Gustavo Becker , Ogata Daniel Cury , da Cunha Fernanda Souto Padrón Figueiredo Vieira , Effting Ana Cristina Martins , Guanabara Rafael Oselame
Published: May 2017

Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis is a rare disease characterized by proliferation of Langerhans cells in the body. It affects mainly males, predominantly in childhood. Ulcerated plaques are one of the cutaneous forms of presentation. Diagnostic confirmation is done through immunohistochemistry. As therapeutic options, topical corticosteroids and chemotherapy are good choices. The case is reported of a male patient, aged 14, with perianal ulceration. He consulted a coloproctologist, who performed a biopsy of the region and started local triamcinolone applications. Immunohistochemistry diagnosed Langerhans’ cells histiocytosis. Further investigation revealed diabetes insipidus, osteolytic lesions in the skull and lower limbs, enlarged liver, and encephalic alterations. Chemotherapy was started with Vinblastine, with significant improvement of the lesions.
The Wonders of Language
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: May 2017

Ian Roberts offers a stimulating introduction to our greatest gift as a species: our capacity for articulate language. We are mostly as blissfully unaware of the intricacies of the structure of language as fish are of the water they swim in. We live in a mental ocean of nouns, verbs, quantifiers, morphemes, vowels and other rich, strange and deeply fascinating linguistic objects. This book introduces the reader to this amazing world. Offering a thought-provoking and accessible introduction to the main discoveries and theories about language, the book is aimed at general readers and undergraduates who are curious about linguistics and language. Written in a lively and direct style, technical terms are carefully introduced and explained and the book includes a full glossary. The book covers all the central areas of linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, as well as historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics.