bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Large-Dose Gentamicin Regimens in Elderly Men
Authors: Segarra-Newnham Marisel
Published: January 2018

The use of large-dose aminoglycosides (LDAs), also called “once-daily” aminoglycosides, has been increasing. We have used LDA regimens in almost all patients needing aminoglycosides since 1995. However, some concerns exist about the use of these regimens in elderly patients. At our institution, a retrospective, 2-year review was conducted to assess changes in serum creatinine, duration of therapy, and drug concentrations in patients older than 65 years of age. A total of 111 patients (all men) were evaluated. Of these, six had documented increases in serum creatinine of Ž 0.5mg/dL. All patients had risk factors (eg, prolonged duration of therapy) for changes in renal function. Most patients tolerated their LDA regimens; the median duration of therapy was 4.5 days. LDA regimens may be used in elderly men with a low incidence of nephrotoxicity provided that the dosing interval is adjusted empirically based on estimates of renal function and that the duration of therapy is minimized.
Celecoxib
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E.
Published: January 2018

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The May 1999 Formulary monographs are on pantoprazole, denileukin diftitox, nesiritide, sirolimus, and sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose. The DUE is on sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose.
Pyridoxine for Hand–Foot Syndrome
Authors: Patel Jalpa S.
Published: January 2018

Practicing clinicians come across uses of pharmacologic agents that may not always be listed in the usual references For example, glycerin injection for nerve block, H2 antagonists in colorectal cancer, or colchicine for systemic sclerosis may represent novel, hard-to-find clinical applications. If you have encountered a new and/or unusual use of a drug, submit the information to this Hospital Pharmacy feature. Send three copies, double-spaced, 1,000 word or less, to: Thomas G. Burnakis, PharmD, Baptist Medical Center, 800 Prudential Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32207. Please include a list of “key words” that an individual might logically look for in an index when searching for this information.
Liver Failure Associated with Flutamide and Nefazodone Liver Toxicity with Metformin and Acarbose Hypomanic Episode with St. John's Wort
Authors: Shuster Joel
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), to discuss methods of prevention, and to promote reporting of ADRs to the FDA's medWatch program (1-800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting preventable ADR to medWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
Identification of Factors Leading to Excessive Waiting Times in an Ambulatory Pharmacy
Authors: Lin Alex C. , Jang Raymond , Lobas Nancy , Heaton Pamela , Ivey Marianne , Nam Bo
Published: January 2018

A quality improvement approach incorporating the techniques of workflow analysis and time study was used in a study of excessive patient waiting time in a hospital's outpatient pharmacy. Investigators identified factors contributing to long waits by observing and timing pharmacy dispensing procedures. The results of the time study indicated that two-thirds of an average 2-hour wait occurred before filling prescriptions (49.2 minutes) and before data entry (35.8 minutes). Improvement strategies should therefore focus on improving the methods of, and the capacity for, order filling and data entry. The use of an automated dispensing system and additional data-entry terminals or a faster computer system were recommended. The approach used is a practical and accurate method for diagnosing system problems and lays a solid foundation for improvement strategies.
Are Vaccines Safe? Risk Communication Applied to Vaccination
Authors: Grabenstein John D. , Wilson James P.
Published: January 2018

With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immunopro-phylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to help you ensure proper immunologic drug use in your practice.
Lyme Disease Vaccine
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri , Baker Danial E.
Published: January 2018

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The June 1999 Formulary monographs are on levalbuterol inhalation solution, itraconazole injection, amprenavir, pioglitazone, and cytarabine liposome injection. The DUE is on itraconazole injection.
Clinical Management of the Adult Home Nutrition Support Patient
Authors: Brown Rex O. , Dickerson Roland N.
Published: January 2018

Nutrition Support Consultant features issues pertinent to the clinical aspects of pharmacy nutritional support practice. The column is edited by Roland N. Dickerson, PharmD, BCNSP, CNS, FACN, Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis.
Anesthesia Cart Requirements Monthly Site Inspections Documentation of Patient Self-Assessment and Patient Education Collection of MD Recredentialling Data Automated Dispensing Devices and Narcotic Control Nonformulary Medication Samples Infusion Rate Labeling Television Monitors and Patient Confidentiality
Authors: Rich Darryl S.
Published: January 2018

This column addresses questions from readers about any issue, process, standard, or future direction of the Joint Commission, whether it relates to home care, the hospital, or other practice environment. The objective is to give you a better insight into the Joint Commission accreditation process in your own practice site. Any question is fair game.
Measuring Pediatric Iron Products Safely; Tricky Fingers the Check Please!; Considering Error Potential When Adding Drugs to Your Formulary
Authors: Cohen Michael R.
Published: January 2018

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program, which is presented in cooperation with the Institute of Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 1-800-233-7767 (1-800-23-ERROR).

Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writer's names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA; New Dosage Forms and Indications; Agents Pending FDA Approval; Market Withdrawals; Major Labeling Changes
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: January 2018

This monthly feature is designed to help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications and dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Each month, new information will be added to the table (shown as shaded areas) and older information will be removed. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information; however, if there are any questions, please let us know at hospitalpharmacy@drug-facts.com .
Nitroglycerin Ointment for Anal Fissures
Authors: Burnakis Thomas G.
Published: January 2018

Practicing clinicians come across uses of pharmacologic agents that may not always be listed in the usual references. For example, glycerin injection for nerve block, H2 antagonists in colorectal cancer, or colchicine for systemic sclerosis may represent novel, hard-to-find clinical applications. If you have encountered a new and/or unusual use of a drug, submit the information to this Hospital Pharmacy feature. Send three copies, double-spaced, 1,000 word or less, to: Thomas G. Burnakis, PharmD, Baptist Medical Center, 800 Prudential Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32207. Please include a list of “key words” that an individual might logically look for in an index when searching for this information.
Understanding the Impact of Health Care System Trends on Pharmacy (Part 1 of 2)
Authors: Vogenberg F. Randy
Published: January 2018

Managed health care has changed the way health services are provided and paid for. It is still evolving. Many pharmacists have already felt the impact of these changes. This continuing feature illuminates the many facets of managed care with special emphasis placed on how these changes may affect pharmacists working in health systems. The expertise provided by pharmacists will be needed to fulfill the potential of affordable, comprehensive, and quality health care as promised by managed care. Pharmacists must understand what is happening, why it is happening, and what is likely to happen in the future. To be an active and effective player, you must understand what is happening on the field.
AC Regimen
Authors: Waddell J. Aubrey , Solimando Dominic A.
Published: January 2018

The increasing complexity of cancer chemotherapy makes it mandatory that pharmacists be familiar with these highly toxic agents. This column reviews various issues related to the preparation, dispensing, and administration of cancer chemotherapy, both commercially available and investigational.
Felt-Tipped Pens; 1999 Recipients of the Pinnacle Award; Outmoded Apothecary System Still Causing Medication Errors; Medication Error Prevention “Toolbox”
Authors: Cohen Michael R.
Published: January 2018

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program, which is presented in cooperation with the Institute of Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 1-800-233-7767 (1-800-23-ERROR).

Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writer's names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.
A Review of the Safety of Intravenous Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Schneider Philip J.
Published: January 2018

This review was prepared for a Consensus Development Conference on the Safety of Intravenous Drug Delivery Systems that will be held at the Royal Palms Hotel and Castitas in Phoenix, Arizona on September 27 and 28, 1999. The purpose of this conference is to evaluate the relative safety of the currently available nonelectronic intravenous infusion systems that are used for medication administration. The following systems will be reviewed: IV push, augmented IV push (syringe pumps), point-of-care activated systems (Minibag Plus, ADDVantage), pharmacy-based IV admixture, and manufacturer prepared (premixed, frozen, outsourced). An independent panel of experts will hear presentations about the efficiency, safety, and cost of these systems and prepare a preliminary statement about their relative safety. The faculty and audience will provide the panel comments on their preliminary report and produce a final report by the end of the one and one-half day confer-
Expiration Dating; Documenting Narcotic Patch Waste; Clinic Refrigeration Logs
Authors: Rich Darryl S.
Published: January 2018

This column addresses questions from readers about any issue, process, standard, or future direction of the Joint Commission, whether it relates to home care, the hospital, or other practice environment. The objective is to give you a better insight into the Joint Commission accreditation process in your own practice site.
Problems with Olanzapine Acute Dystonia Caused by H2 Blocker Post-transplant Diabetes and Immunosuppressive Drugs Hepatitis Associated with Hydroxyurea Ototoxicity and Cisplatin
Authors: Shuster Joel
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), to discuss methods of prevention, and to promote reporting of ADRs to the FDA's medWatch program (1-800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting preventable ADR to medWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA New Dosage Forms and Indications Agents Pending FDA Approval Major Labeling Changes
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: January 2018

This monthly feature is designed to help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications and dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Each month, new information will be added to the table (shown in bold type) and older information will be removed. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information; however, if there are any questions, please let us know at hospitalpharma-cy@drugfacts.com .
Sodium Warfarin Products: Are They Interchangeable?
Authors: Hopefl Alan
Published: January 2018

Hospital Pharmacy welcomes contributions to this column. Articles originally published in pharmacy department newsletters are reprinted here. Material is selected because of its educational value to pharmacists or because it demonstrates the type of information of interest to newsletter readers. If you wish to have your newsletter material considered for publication in this column, mail a copy—along with a computer disk containing the document—to Neil M. Davis, Editor-in-Chief, Hospital Pharmacy, 1143 Wright Drive, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006-2721.
Hespan and Heparin Mix-Ups near Fatal Pediatric Accident Related to Common Cost-Cutting Measure Negative List of Medical Abbreviations: The Best Policy
Authors: Cohen Michael R.
Published: January 2018

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program, which is presented in cooperation with the Institute of Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 1-800-233-7767 (1-800-23-ERROR).

Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writer's names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.
Cisplatin Ototoxicity Hepatitis Associated with Fluoxetine Interstitial Nephritis and Omeprazole Acute Renal Failure Related to Intravenous Immune Globulin CNS Disturbances with Clarithromycin
Authors: Shuster Joel
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), to discuss methods of prevention, and to promote reporting of ADRs to the FDA's medWatch program (1-800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting preventable ADR to medWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
Rosiglitazone
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Levien Terri
Published: January 2018

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The November 1999 Formulary monographs are on rapacuronium, rabeprazole, zaleplon, alosetron, and ganirelix acetate. The DUE is on zaleplon.
A Remarkable ‘Hedgehog-Ship’ from Tell Ibrahim Awad
Authors: Van Haarlem Willem M.
Published: January 2018

Publication of a recently discovered ‘hedgehog-ship’ model from Tell Ibrahim Awad in the Eastern Delta.
The Ulu Burun Glass Ingots, Cylindrical Vessels and Egyptian Glass
Authors: Nicholson Paul T. , Jackson Caroline M. , Trott Katharine M.
Published: January 2018

This paper examines a possible Egyptian origin for the glass ingots discovered in the Ulu Burun shipwreck off the Turkish coast and seeks to relate them to cylindrical vessels believed to be ingot moulds from Tell el-Amarna. A preliminary distinction between types of Ulu Burun ingot is also suggested and a comparison made between the ingot moulds from Amarna and those from Qantir.
Eine Grabüubernahme in Der 30. Dynastie
Authors: Jansen-Winkeln Von Karl
Published: January 2018

Translation of the texts on the door-jambs Cambridge Fitzwilliam E.5.1909 and Brooklyn 56.152. They come from a tomb of the Saite Period reused in the Thirtieth Dynasty. The new user, a secretary of Nectanebo I, addresses the old owner, a palace official under Amasis, and claims to have done him a great favour by restoring and reusing his tomb. In his response, the old owner declares himself to have acted as a mediator and assures his ‘benefactor’, and the king who allowed the transfer, of the goodwill of the gods. Particularly remarkable is the presence of a type of personal ‘guardian angels’ (špswt) in the texts and decoration.
A Ghost-Name of a

h

rd n kȝp
Authors: Depauw Mark
Published: January 2018

The name Nn-dw-r.f, supposedly borne by a hrd n kȝp, should be read Nn-tȝ-wȝ-r.f. The name was misread in a later report on excavations in the Theban necropolis at the beginning of this century. Subsequently the stelephorous statue involved was published, but because of the misinterpretation, the link with the excavations was not made. The discarding of this ghost-name thus shows us exactly where some of the objects belonging to the funerary equipment of this well-known official of the Eighteenth Dynasty were found.
Virtually home: Feasibility study and pilot randomised controlled trial of a virtual reality intervention to support patient discharge after stroke
Authors: Threapleton Kate , Newberry Karen , Sutton Greg , Worthington Esme , Drummond Avril
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Virtual reality has the potential to assist occupational therapists in preparing patients for discharge by facilitating discussions and providing education about relevant practical issues and safety concerns. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of using a virtual reality intervention to support patient discharge after stroke and pilot its use.

Method

Practical aspects of delivering a virtual reality intervention prior to discharge were explored by means of a non-randomised feasibility study and a subsequent pilot randomised controlled trial. Factors considered included eligibility, recruitment, intervention delivery, attrition and suitability of outcome measures. Outcome measures included standardised assessments of stroke severity, mobility, health-related quality of life, functional ability, satisfaction with services and concerns about falling.

Results

Thirty-three participants were recruited in total: 17 to the feasibility study and 16 to the pilot trial. At 1-month follow-up, 14 participants (82%) were re-assessed in the feasibility study and 12 (75%) in the pilot trial. The main difficulties encountered related to recruitment, particularly regarding post-stroke cognitive impairments, the presence of mild deficits or illness.

Conclusion

It was feasible to recruit and retain participants, deliver the intervention and collect outcome measures, despite slow recruitment rates. These findings could inform the design of a definitive trial.
Is Current Validation Valid? Some Intriguing Problems with Traditional Validation Designs for General (Value) Surveys
Authors: Waege Hans
Published: January 2018

In most methodology textbooks, it is argued that both content and criterion-related validity are very limited, if not impossible validation strategies for the social sciences. Construct validity, based on the ideas of Cronbach and Meehl, is proposed as an acceptable alternative. The first part of this article elaborates on the relation between causal models as a means of validation (the nomological network) and social theory. The second part of the article evaluates different aspects of the nomological network. In the third part, triangulation, as a way of validating survey-empirical research, is discussed. We argue towards the conclusion that construct validity remains limited as well. We contend that, to a large extent, the superiority of construct validity over other kinds of validation is overestimated. Validity. Construct Validity. Survey Methodology. Measurement Theory.
The Quality of the Quantity: Information Technology and the Evaluation of Data
Authors: Yamashita Robert C. , Besser Howard , Duster Troy , Piazza Thomas , Hout Michael
Published: January 2018

One of the problems with survey data is the need to impute an interpretive frame for the data. Generally this frame is developed ad hoc (in the design of the instrument) and modified post hoc (in explaining findings, apparent contractions, and variances from ad hoc expectations). While statistical methods provide measures of data consistency and validity, they cannot interpret the understandings of respondents. This paper offers an outline for using information technologies to aid researchers in the interpretation of respondent data. One method of re-capturing the interpretive context of subjects is to analyze the natural “talk” that necessarily occurs when subjects respond to survey questions. The new information technologies provide mechanisms for doing this. For example. with surveys that use Computer Assisted Telephone Interview systems, with modifications to the underlying computer technologies and the background database, voice and text records of respondents can be captured and stored. These records can then be used in conjunction with the statistical record. While there are physical limits (i.e. disk space; time, etc.) to such exercises, the basic information derived from text and audio sources can provide important contextual material for the evaluation of numeric data. Simple technological processes can be used to help gain a proxy understanding of the interpretive context (especially in conjunction with statistical evaluation). The data can also be used to further refine the survey instrument and evaluate the performance of the interviewers. A two stage development trajectory is offered. The first consists of a relatively simple modifications to the existing technology using text records, and the second looks to more expensive and complicated development of the core technologies. Other possible applications of these technologies are then discussed, and the significance of the Impact of these efforts are reviewed. Textual, Conversational & Numerical Data, Information Technologies. Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis.
Novice, Portfolio, and Serial Founders in Rural and Urban Areas
Authors: Westhead Paul , Wright Mike
Published: January 2018

To encourage economic development policy makers and practitioners need to understand the backgrounds and objectives of entrepreneurs who own businesses in rural as well as urban areas. In this study rural firms owned by novice, portfolio, and serial founders were compared. In addition, urban firms owned by novice, portfolio, and serial founders were compared. At the founder level of analysis, similarities as well as differences in the personal background, work experiences, reasons leading to the start-up of businesses, and personal attitudes to entrepreneurship of these three types of founders were explored. At the organizational level of analysis, finance, employment and performance differences between the businesses owned by the three types of founders were analyzed. Implications for policy makers and researchers studying entrepreneurial careers and independent businesses over time are discussed.
The Business Gestation Process of Novice, Serial, and Parallel Business Founders
Authors: Alsos Gry Agnete , Kolvereid Lars
Published: January 2018

This article explores the new business gestation process among three types of entrepreneurs: novice founders, serial founders (i.e., those individuals who have previously owned a business but sold it or closed it down), and parallel founders (i.e., those individuals who own at least one business while trying to start another). Founders were identified from a random sample of 9,533 Norwegian adults. Data were collected during 1996. One hundred and sixty respondents were classified as nascent entrepreneurs (i.e., those individuals starting a new business from scratch). One year later, information was collected from this group of nascent entrepreneurs surrounding their current activities. Detailed analysis revealed several differences with regard to the activities carried out during the gestation process among the three types of founders. Most notably, parallel entrepreneurs where found to have a higher probability of venture implementation than novice and serial founders.
The Determinants of New Venture Performance: An Extended Model
Authors: Chrisman James J. , Bauerschmidt Alan , Hofer Charles W.
Published: January 2018

This article argues that new venture formation is a special case of strategic management theory. Thus, Sandberg & Hofer's (1987) model of new venture performance, which states that new venture performance is a function of industry structure, venture strategy, and the founding entrepreneur, must be extended to include the resources and the organizational structure, processes, and systems developed by the venture to implement its strategy and achieve its objectives. The key assumptions underlying this model are presented, and specific propositions concerning how resources and organizational structure, processes, and systems affect new venture performance are developed.
Family Firm Research: The Need for a Methodological Rethink
Authors: Westhead Paul , Cowling Marc
Published: January 2018

The scale of family company activity in the United Kingdom was measured with regard to several family firm definitions. This study confirms that family companies are a numerically important group of businesses. Policy makers and practitioners must, however, be aware that the scale of family firm activity in any developed economy is highly sensitive to the family firm definition selected. Within a bivariate as well as multivariate statistical framework, marked demographic differences were identified between family and non-family companies with regard to several family firm definitions. We suggest that bivariate studies comparing the management practices and performance of family and non-family firms may have identified ‘demographic sample’ differences rather than ‘real’ differences. Implications for future research exploring the management and performance of family and non-family firms are discussed.
Knowledge Creation and Social Networks in Corporate Entrepreneurship: The Renewal of Organizational Capability
Authors: Floyd Steven W. , Wooldridge Bill
Published: January 2018

This paper extends current theory by analyzing the knowledge dynamics and social structure of the internal selection-retention environment. On the knowledge side, our view is that entrepreneurial ideas are subjected progressively to subjectivist, empiricist, and pragmatic criteria in the process of knowledge creation. This argument helps to explain how individual knowledge enters an organizational process and how individual knowledge becomes shared within the group. For social structures, we argue that actor centrality, structural equivalence, and bridging relationships account for an individual's ability to acquire novel information and to achieve a position of influence. Combining these assertions, the paper offers an integrative model that explains how organizations overcome inertia in the capability development process. A series of propositions are deduced as a basis for conducting future empirical research, and the paper closes with a discussion of the model's implications for theory and practice.
A Historical Perspective on Small Firm Development
Authors: Vinnell Reuben , Hamilton R. T.
Published: January 2018

This paper presents a case study of the process of small firm growth, stability, and decline using historical method. The objective is to develop understanding of why growth is pursued when it is and hence advance understanding of the lack of persistence in growth over extended periods. Most empirical studies of small firm development have used cross-sectional designs and quantitative methods (usually multiple regression) to explain single episodes of growth measured over short intervals of time. These have generally yielded fairly weak explanations and are unable to say anything at all about why growth was embarked upon and what happens within the firm before, during, and after the growth phase. This study, in contrast, relates phases of growth, stability, and decline to a set of forces, external and internal, acting on and within the firm over time. Small firm development is revealed to be complex, the result of an idiosyncratic and unstable process involving the interplay of the local environment and features internal to the firm.
The Microfoundations of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Minniti Maria , Bygrave William
Published: January 2018

Throughout the market process, economic incentives exist for individuals to exploit opportunities and earn profits. Individuals respond to such incentives, but their ability to recognize opportunities and redistribute resources in new and creative ways varies. Only those individuals with superior alertness toward possible changes and who are able to cope with disequilibrium move to reallocate resources and become entrepreneurs. Thus, the role of the entrepreneur is to discover and seize market opportunities by reorganizing economic resources in new and innovative ways. Yet, it remains to be explained how entrepreneurs choose whether or not to act upon a perceived profit opportunity. The goal of this paper is to provide a model describing the decision process followed by potential entrepreneurs who are faced with such opportunities. In other words, we build a model describing the decisional algorithm that causes some individuals to act upon the profit opportunities they perceive and others to discard them. Our claim is that individuals act rationally, process all available information, and decide to exploit or not to exploit a potential opportunity by comparing the subjective returns to becoming an entrepreneur with the subjective returns of performing any alternative income-producing activity. Individuals become entrepreneurs if, and only if, their subjective relative return to entrepreneurship is positive. In addition, we argue, subjective relative returns to entrepreneurship are influenced by the existing rate of entrepreneurial activity in the individual's vicinity.
Resource Configuration, Competitive Strategies, and Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Examination of Small Firms
Authors: Borch Odd Jarl , Huse Morten , Senneseth Knut
Published: January 2018

Relationships between firm resources and strategic orientations in small firms were explored in a study of 660 small firms. By using a resource-based view of the firm, we considered entrepreneurship and small business management as firm behavior—in contrast to focusing only on decisions and characteristics of the small business manager. “Managerial firms” were analyzers and used market strategies. “Technological firms” were prospectors and used product and growth strategies. “Traditional firms” avoided growth or risk-taking strategies. Firms having few resources lacked strategic orientation and were stuck in the middle.
Perception of Internal Factors for Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Comparison of Canadian and U.S. Managers
Authors: Hornsby Jeffrey S. , Kuratko Donald F. , Montagno Ray V.
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this study was to expand on the previous research conducted by Kuratko, Montagno, and Hornsby (1990) and Hornsby, Montagno, and Kuratko (1992), which was limited to two American samples. The main hypothesis is that, due to the cultural differences that exist between the U.S. and Canada, there will be differences in responses of U.S. and Canadian managers to factors perceived to be part of an organizational culture that fosters entrepreneurial behavior. The findings suggest the following: U.S. and Canadian managers perceive the workplace similarly in terms of entrepreneurial climate; levels of intrinsic satisfaction of Canadian managers are lower than in the U.S.; overall levels of entrepreneurial behaviors are similar between the U.S. and Canada; but for Americans, entrepreneurial behavior is significantly related to the existence of particular organizational factors.
Loosely Coupled Systems for Corporate Entrepreneurship : Imagining and Managing the Innovation Project/Host Organization Interface
Authors: Heller Trudy
Published: January 2018

This paper explores the concept of loosely coupled systems as an image representing the interface between innovation projects (emerging organizations) and their host corporations (existing organizations). The model calls attention to ways in which management's actions create more or less independence between innovation and host organization systems. Analyzing interviews from 13 innovation projects in two Fortune 500 corporations, everyday actions that loosen and couple innovation and management systems are identified. Findings offer new ways of conceptualizing and managing this important interface.
Alkoholkonsumtionens mörkertal i Sverige 1960–1994
Authors: Norström Thor
Published: January 2018

The aim of the study was to estimate the trend in unregistered alcohol consumption in Sweden during the period 1960–1994. The estimation was based on the discrepancy between the observed trend in alcohol related harms (alcohol-related mortality, assault, homicide, and drunk driving) and the trend expected from registered alcohol sales. The impact of alcohol sales on these indicators were estimated by means of ARIMA-analyses, and then the error term series was calculated for each indicator, meaning the difference between the observed and the expected trends in harm rates. A factor analysis of the four error-term series yielded one single factor which was interpreted as the unregistered alcohol consumption. According to the outcome this would have increased linearly by about 80% during the study period. Some comparisons are made with other data; for example it is noted that the trend in travelling abroad reasonably matches the trend in estimated unregistered consumption.
The finnish drinking habits during the 1990s
Authors: Metso Leena , Simpura Jussi
Published: January 2018

Three nationwide surveys from the years 1992, 1993, and 1996 were used to study whether basic features of Finnish drinking habits changed in the 1990s. Two factors that might have produced changes are the deep economic depression since 1991 and Finland's EU membership since 1995. The effects of the depression were visible in a decline in overall alcohol consumption after 1991, which recovered to the earlier level by 1996. The effects of EU membership involved, among many other things, certain administrative structures of the Finnish alcohol monopoly system. However, basic features of drinking patterns, like abstinence, drinking frequency, frequency of binge drinking, and the distribution of alcohol consumption, have remained untouched by those external changes. This can be taken as further evidence that drinking patterns typically change very slowly.
About the Effects of Treatment Provided for Convicted Drug Addicts
Authors: Ødegård Einar , Amundsen Arvid
Published: January 2018

Section 12 of the Norwegian Prisons Act provides for convicted persons to be transferred to a treatment institution as part of the serving of their sentence. In recent years with a growing drugs problem this provision of section 12 of the Prisons Act has been applied to an ever greater extent in the case of inmates with a drug abuse problem. One purpose of transferring inmates to a treatment institution has been to prevent recidivism. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of serving under section 12 with respect to criminal relapse. We find no preventive effect from serving under section 12 with respect to recidivism.
Cannabis use in Finland in the 1990s: An Overview of Adult Populations Survey Results
Authors: Partanen Juha , Metso Leena
Published: January 2018

Since 1992 six surveys have been carried out in Finland on the use of drugs by the general adult population. The samples of these studies have been drawn from the central population register, excluding people in institutions or without a permanent address. They seem to be fairly representative, but the methods of data collection have varied. Four of the studies used questionnaires, but telephone and face-to-face interviews have also been used. The response rates vary, partly because of the method of data collection. Therefore the results of these studies are not directly comparable.

The article summarizes the results of these studies concerning lifetime prevalence of cannabis use among men, women, and young adults (18–29 years). Using a simple mathematical model, it answers the following questions: 1) has the use of cannabis become more common? 2) To what extent have the differences in data collection methods and response rates affected the results?

The results of the analysis indicate that 1) in 1992–1996 the annual relative increase in the prevalence of cannabis use has been 9 per cent for men, 4 per cent for women, and 11 per cent for young adults; 2) in comparison with the results of mail surveys, telephone and face-to-face interviews yield considerably lower figures, especially among women; and 3) an increase of one percentage point in the response rate raises the prevalence figure by 3 per cent. Although these results are based on fairly large samples and are consistent with previous studies, it should be noted that the estimates are essentially based on the results of one particular study. Therefore some doubts remain about their generalizability.
Liberalisation of Finnish Alcohol Legislation in the Reform of 1994
Authors: Alavaikko Mika
Published: January 2018

The article looks at the preparation of the new Alcohol Act as well as the parliamentary proceedings. The attention is focused on the internal dynamics of the process and on the way it was subordinate to other political considerations. Even though the preparation of the legislation was begun in 1991 to alleviate growing internal pressure in the country, it became a part of the government's tug-of-war even before parliamentary proceedings. The preparation of the new Act and the parliamentary proceedings also became intermingled with Finland's EU membership negotiations and the pressures arising from the EEA agreement, effective from the beginning of 1994.

The focal point is whether or not the decisions made can be traced back to the interests of commerce and industry. It is argued that the Parliament, and particularly the Social Affairs and Health Committee, assumed an active role in the process, and that the decisions cannot fully be traced back to the interests of commerce and industry. In the Parliament, the new legislation became remarkably more liberal than the government's proposal would have entailed. In this respect, the central issues were the sanctioning of retail sale of viticulturists' products and table beer, partial removal of restrictions to alcohol advertising and equating all alcoholic beverages, with an alcoholic strength by volume of less than 4.7 per cent, with beer in retail.

With the decision made in the Parliament, the Alcohol Act begins to take on ideological qualities. In particular, the interests of commerce and industry alone simply cannot explain the sanctioning of retail sale of viticulturists' products or table beer. The decision on alcohol advertising also involves ideological considerations. In the light of all the above, the alcohol legislation has taken a huge step towards liberalisation. The interests of commerce and industry also strengthened their position in the field.
Self-Help in a Tradition of Popular Movements - the Swedish Link Movement
Authors: Kurube Noriko
Published: January 2018

The first Link Society was set up in 1945 in response to the intensive development of institutional care in Sweden. The Society was based on the working-class ideology of self-help as opposed to social engineering: the argument was that the only people who really understood alcohol abuse and who could resolve the problems of alcohol abuse were alcoholics themselves, not the scientists behind the social engineering or the temperance people. At the time that it was being formed the Link movement was very much influenced by the so-called Oxford group movement. As the movement's ideology took shape in subsequent years, the AA movement was a major influence. The Link movement's seven-point programme closely follows the AA's Twelve Steps, but the spiritual element has been replaced by the kind of profane solidarity that is typical of Swedish popular movements. The Link movement has thus extended the principle of solidarity from classical popular movements to a category of individual deviance.

Primarily for reasons that had to do with securing adequate funding, the Link Society decided from the outset to follow the same principles of organization as govern Swedish associations in general: it has formal criteria for membership and the right to vote, detailed rules for decision-making and it adheres firmly to the majority rule for internal democracy. As a consequence of this the movement has undergone several organizational conflicts and breakups. Today, the movement is divided into several rival organizations, but it seems that all of them have remained viable. Over the years half of the associations involved in the Link movement have become more and more bureaucratic and evolved into interest organizations that are now incorporated into the political decision-making apparatus. The other half of the movement has opted to remain independent of the state, underlining its role as a self-help group with relatively loose organizational structures of grassroots democracy.
Merchant, priest and humble engineer: Observations from Rotterdam's drug scenes
Authors: Partanen Juha
Published: January 2018

The object of the study is the drug scene and the administration of drug-related services in Rotterdam. The focus is on the relationship between drug users and the drug control system. The study draws upon observations and documents, and numerous interviews with civil servants, treatment staff, and drug users.

The Dutch view on the nature of the problem and appropriate ways to treat drug users is different from what is common elsewhere.

No legal sanctions relate to smoking of cannabis or to possession of small amounts, whereas large-scale trade, smuggling, and commercial cultivation are criminal activities. Neither is the use of hard drugs or possession for personal use criminalized. The core of the drug problem is seen to be on one hand the nuisance caused by those addicted hard drug users, and on the other hand the threat to the economy and politics of the country created by criminal drug organizations.

In dealing with drug-related nuisance the aim is harm reduction. The central idea is the normalization of the drug problem. This means that efforts are made to keep drug users in contact with society, instead of pushing them outside by pursuing repressive policies. The threshold to health and social services and to treatment is kept as low as possible. At the same time addicts are held responsible for their behavior, and they are required to follow the regulations of the institutions providing support and treatment.

Two remarkable aspects of the administration of drug-related affairs are a close co-operation between health authorities and the police, and an emphasis on Japanese-style neighborhood policing. The support and treatment services for drug users are run by private foundations that are fully financed by the government and the city. The extensive system of municipal services is supplemented by voluntary aid mainly provided by the churches and religious organizations.

The Dutch way of dealing with the drug problem derives from the traditions of governance and political culture in Dutch society. These are crystallized in three character masks: those of the pragmatic and prudent merchant, more concerned with practical problems than lofty ideals, the charitable and paternalistic priest, and the humble engineer who in his age-long fight against floods has learned that nature can be controlled but never fully tamed.
National Health Care Expenditures Remain Constant
Authors: Wilson C. Nick
Published: January 2018

Managed health care has changed the way health services are provided and paid for. It is still evolving. Many pharmacists have already felt the impact of these changes. This continuing feature illuminates the many facets of managed care with special emphasis placed on how these changes may affect pharmacists working in health systems. The expertise provided by pharmacists will be needed to fulfill the potential of affordable, comprehensive, and quality health care as promised by managed care. Pharmacists must understand what is happening, why it is happening, and what is likely to happen in the future. To be an active and effective player, you must understand what is happening on the field.