bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new device for measuring oral mucosal surface friction ‐ reference values
Authors: OLSSON HÅKAN , HENRICSSON VINCENT , AXÉLL TONY
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Sialometry and dryness measurements performed with a sliding friction instrument were carried out in healthy subjects and patients with oral dryness due to salivary gland diseases. The salivary flow rates were within normal reference values. The mean friction value in the healthy population was 1.73 ± 0.37 in the lip mucosa and 1.25 ± 0.32 in the buccal mucosa and did not show any age or sex differences. In the group of patients with salivary gland diseases, none produced measurable amounts of resting saliva but a few of them did produce small amounts of paraffin wax chewing‐stimulated saliva. The friction instrument, proved to register lubrication produced even by these very small amounts of saliva.
An intracrevicular washing method for collection of crevicular contents
Authors: SALONEN JUKKA I. , PAUNIO KEIJO U.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Gingival crevicular contents provide a potential source of markers of the destruction of periodontal structures and the disease activity. This communication introduces a new device designed for efficient collection of samples from the critical area of initial tissue break‐up at the bottom of a sulcus or a periodontal pocket. The instrument is characterized by two injection needles fitted one within the other so that during sampling the thinner “ejection needle” is at the bottom of the pocket and the “collection needle” at the gingival margin. The washing solution is manually ejected into the crevice and immediately drained through the collection needle into a sample tube by continuous suction. The technique developed provides an easy and useful method for studies of qualitative differences in the crevicular cells and in the chemical components of the crevicular fluid in various clinical situations. Furthermore, the use of the technique can be extended for localized lavage of acute periodontal pockets with appropriate therapeutic solutions.
Protein composition of crevicular fluid before and after treatment
Authors: MÄKELÄ M. , SÖDERLING E. , PAUNIO K. , TALONPOIKA J. , HYYPPÄ T.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Crevicular fluid (CF) analysis is a potential tool for site‐specific diagnosis of periodonlal disease activity. In this study, CF was collected using a novel washing method from 91 sites in 18 adult periodontitis patients both before and after conventional periodontal treatment. The sites studied were classified according to their clinical status and the number of polymorpho‐nuclear leukocytes (PMN's) in CF samples. CF proteins were analyzed from individual sites with gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Furthermore, both the cell‐bound and soluble neutral proteolytic activities of the samples were determined. Albumin was the main protein both in healthy and slightly inflamed sites. The most severely inflamed sites were characterized by high levels of low molecular weight (LMW) proteins (mol. weight ca. 12000) and strong cell‐bound neutral proteolytic activity. Scaling and root planing reduced both the LMW proteins and neutral proteolytic activity markedly in pockets responding well to treatment. The levels of the LMW proteins in CF correlated with the cell‐bound neutral proteolytic activity, which reflected the number of PMN's in the sample. The present results suggest that the appearance of the LMW proteins in CF is associated with the periodontal inflammatory status of the site.
Amino acid composition of acquired enamel pellicle collected in vivo after 2 hours and after 24 hours
Authors: RYKKE MORTEN , SÖNJU TORLEIF
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The adsorption of salivary proteins to dental enamel during pellicle formation has been shown to be a specific process and dependent on the chemical composition of the surfaces. Most studies on the amino acid composition of the acquired enamel pellicle have, however, been performed on the “2‐h‐pellicle”under controlled experimental conditions. This may have eliminated some natural factors involved in pellicle formation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of extended time of formation and diet on the pellicle formation. Pellicle material was collected from the same subject after 2 and after 24 h when food and beverages were avoided, and after 24 h with the intake of a normal diet. The collected pellicle materials were hydrolyzed and amino acid analyzed. The results showed that pellicle material collected after 24 h and fasting had a chemical composition similar to the “2‐h‐pellicle”, whereas pellicle material collected after 24 h and a normal diet was different, indicating a dietary contribution to pellicle formation or a bacterial degradation of the pellicle.
Neuropeptides in temporomandibular joints with rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical study
Authors: APPELGREN ANNA , APPELGREN BJØRN , ERIKSSON STEFAN , KOPP SIGVARD , LUNDEBERG THOMAS , NYLANDER MICHAEL , THEODORSSON ELVAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract— There is evidence that neuropeptides play a role in the development of arthritis. Synovial fluid from arthritic temporomandibular joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was therefore investigated for presence of the neuropeptides calcitonin gene‐related peptide, substance P, neurokinin A and neuropeptide Y. All four peptides were found in the synovial fluid above plasma level, but calcitonin gene‐related peptide showed the highest concentration and substance P the lowest.
Conceptions of dental amalgam and oral health aspects during pregnancy in Finnish women
Authors: MURTOMAA HEIKKI , HOLTTINEN TIINA , MEURMAN JUKKA H.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— All 277 pregnant women (mean age 28.4 yr, SD 4.6) living at the Lohja municipal health center area in Southern Finland participated in a survey during the first 6 months in 1990. The women's own opinions of the effect of pregnancy on their oral health were questioned during their first trimester of gestation. A special emphasis was put on the attitudes of dental restorative materials. The results showed that 57% of the subjects would have accepted the use of any restorative material during pregnancy while 43% were against one or more materials. 77 (65%) were opposing dental amalgam. 129 women (47%) were of the opinion that pregnancy as such is detrimental to their dental health. This opinion was significantly more frequent among women who were pregnant for third or more times than those having their first gestation. 70 (26%) thought dental treatment to have an effect on their gestation. Also 70 subjects (26%) thought that dental treatment may affect normal development of the fetus. The results showed that in spite of the long tradition in maternity counseling in Finland, the conceptions among pregnant women are often erroneous from the dental point of view.
Parathyroid hormone and enamel formation in rat maxillary incisors
Authors: RANGGARD LOTTA , NORÉN JÖRGEN G. , ENGSTRÖM CHRISTER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays an important role in regulating calcium in serum. It is also known to affect bone and dentin formation. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate enamel formation in normal rats receiving added PTH. It is in two parts: a pilot study where a known method was tested, followed by the main study where the rats were given different doses of PTH. The enamel was examined in both studies and in the main study the ameloblasts were also investigated. Contradictory results were seen. In the pilot study, severe enamel aberrations occurred, while no divergence from normal amelogenesis was noted in the main study. A factor causing the disparate results was the use of a hard tissue marker (oxytetracycline) in the pilot study. It can be concluded that injections of PTH in doses that affect bone and dentin did not cause any changes in normal enamel formation.
Deposition of alkali‐soluble fluoride on enamel surface with or without pellicle
Authors: CRUZ ROBERVAL , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Deposition of alkali‐soluble fluoride on enamel in the presence and absence of an acquired pellicle was studied in vitro during a single topical application of a 2% sodium fluoride solution at neutral pH. Five experimental groups of repeated measures design were established. The amount of alkali‐soluble fluoride formed on enamel (i.e., calcium fluoride) was measured by chemical assessments and by SEM. The results showed that there were no differences among the groups demonstrating the incapacity of pellicle to interfere with deposition of alkali‐soluble fluoride on enamel. The fluoride ions are thus able to reach the enamel in spite of the presence of the pellicle.
Dental caries in 16‐ and 18‐year‐old adolescents in Northern Sweden
Authors: KÄLLESTÅL CARINA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – An epidemiologic study on the prevalence and distribution of dental caries in 16‐and 18‐yr‐olds was carried out in 1987 in the county of Vasterbotten, northern Sweden. The subjects had participated in the Public Dental Health Service, including prophylactic programs, since early childhood. The results showed the mean DFS‐value to be 5.7 for the 16‐yr‐olds and 8.1 for the 18‐yr‐olds. The DFT and DFS‐values were higher in the urban than in the rural areas for both age groups, mainly due to more occlusal surfaces being filled in the urban area. Earlier studies have shown a higher prevalence of caries in rural compared to urban areas, explained by a lower socioeconomic level in the rural areas. Although the socioeconomic differences between urban and rural areas persist, the difference in caries prevalence seems to have been eradicated. Both age groups included small subgroups with a high number of DF‐surfaces, requiring individualized preventive programs.
Fluoride release and uptake by glass ionomers
Authors: FORSTEN LENNART
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The aim was to study the fluoride release 1) from 7 and 15‐month‐old glass ionomer specimens after treating them with fluoride; 2) from fresh compared with matured material; and 3) from specimens stored for 29 months in running water. Glass ionomer test specimens which had been in running water for first 7 then 15 months were treated with a 50 ppm fluoride solution after which the specimens were again exposed to running water for first 24 h and then 1 wk. The fluoride release was measured after each of the two periods of time. The fluoride treated specimens released more fluoride than the nontreated ones. This effect was not observed with composite resin specimens which were studied for comparison. Fluoride release from fresh glass ionomer specimens was observed to be 3–10 fold compared to specimens that had matured for 3 days. The release of fluoride from specimens that had been in running water for 29 months was measured and the results were compared with those of earlier measurements. It was found that the release reached a constant level for all tested glass ionomers during the second year.
Immunolocalization of β1 integrins in human gingival epithelium and cultured keratinocytes
Authors: Larjava Hannu , Zhou Chun , Larjava Llona , Rahemtulla Firoz
Published: October 2007

Beta 1 integrins are cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix binding. We have recently shown that these receptors may also play a role in cell‐cell binding of human epidermal keratinocytes. In this study we used immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy to localize beta 1 integrins in frozen sections of human gingiva and cultures of human gingival keratinocytes. The results show that beta 1 integrin polypeptides, localized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, were detected mainly in the basal layer of the keratinized epithelium. There was also scattered staining in connective tissue fibroblasts, nerves, and blood vessel walls. In the basal layer, the integrins were found around the entire periphery of the basal keratinocytes. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that most of the staining was in fact localized in dot‐like structures at the lateral cell membranes of neighboring basal cells. In cultured human gingival keratinocytes maintained in low calcium (0.15 mM) conditions β1 integrins were localized in several different structures: trails which were left behind when the cells moved in culture, dots underneath the cells, around the nucleus, and in cell‐cell contacts. The trails were also found to contain fibronectin and type IV collagen but not laminin. Switching the keratinocytes to high calcium (1.2 mM) conditions induced the formation of cell‐cell contacts which were strongly positive for β1 integrins. No fibronectin or type IV collagen was found in cell‐cell contact sites. The results indicate that β1 integrins are localized to cell‐cell junctions of human gingival keratinocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Cultured cells also express these receptors in cell‐matrix contacts indicating a dual role for β1 integrins in cell‐matrix and cell‐cell contacts of human gingival keratinocytes.
Short term bone healing in calcium deficiency osteopenia and disuse osteopenia: experimental studies in adult rats
Authors: Lundgren S. , Rosenquist J. B.
Published: October 2007

Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats (average weight 530–540 g) were studied in two different series. In series I, studying disuse osteopenia, the experimental rats had all maxillary molars extracted on one side. After 16 wk they had their mandibular first molar of the corresponding side extracted and were followed for another 4 wk. In series II, studying calcium deficiency osteopenia, the experimental rats were given a low calcium diet for 16 wk and at this time had their mandibular first molars extracted. Both disuse and calcium deficiency caused osteopenia, which did not seem to impair the healing process after tooth extraction in the short term. One puzzling finding in the disuse series (I) was that the alveolar height at the extraction site was higher in the experimental than in the control group 4 wk after extraction.
Alveolar ridge augmentation by osteoinductive materials in goats
Authors: Pinholt Else Marie , Haanaes Hans Reidar , Roervik Magnus , Donath Karl , Bang Gisle
Published: October 2007

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether alveolar ridge augmentation could be induced in goats. In 12 male goats allogenic, demineralized, and lyophilized dentin or bone was implanted subperiosteally on the buccal sides of the natural edentulous regions of the alveolar process of the mandible. Light microscopic evaluation revealed fibrous encapsulation, a few multinuclear giant cells, little inflammatory reaction, and no osteoinduction. It was concluded that no osteoinduction took place in goats.
Acquisition of alkali‐soluble fluoride by enamel through treatment with NaF‐containing toothpastes in vitro
Authors: Cruz Roberval , Ögaard Björn , Rölla Gunnar
Published: October 2007

The first aim of the present study was to examine if alkali‐soluble fluoride (calcium fluoride‐like material and adsorbed fluoride) forms when a NaF‐containing toothpaste is applied on human enamel surface in vitro. The centrifuged supernatants of toothpastes dissolved in distilled water were used and four different commercial NaF‐containing toothpastes were tested. The second aim was to investigate if pyrophosphate would interfere with the deposition of alkali soluble fluoride. The formation of alkali‐soluble fluoride was determined by chemical analysis and visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was ascertained that all tested toothpastes contained free fluoride according to the manufacturers' specifications. It was shown that they promoted deposition of alkali soluble fluoride on the enamel surface. The amount of deposited material increased with the time of exposure. The clinical effect of a NaF‐containing toothpaste may thus well depend on an initial formation of alkali‐soluble fluoride. Fluoride from this reservoir may adsorb onto the enamel crystals and inhibit further demineralization or increase the rate of remineralization during cariogenic challenges. It was also demonstrated that pyrophosphate did not interfere with the deposition of alkali soluble fluoride.
Influence of dietary sucrose on plaque extension rate in man
Authors: Bergström Jan , Airila‐Månsson Stella
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the plaque extension rate following both a sucrose restricted and a sucrose supplemented diet. Eighteen female students, 19–32 yr of age, volunteered to participate in the study. The experiment comprised two periods, with each consisting of five consecutive days of no oral hygiene. The diet during one experimental period was composed of typical Swedish food with no addition of sucrose. The diet during the other experimental period was identical except for the daily addition of 100 g sucrose. Plaque was assessed after 24 h, 72 h, and 120 h with the aid of photographs which were evaluated photogrammetrically. The results showed a mean plaque extension rate of 0.32% per hour during the period with no additional sucrose and 0.36% per hour with sucrose addition. The difference was not statistically significant. The results suggest that moderate amounts of sucrose added to normal diet do not influence the plaque extension rate.
Retention of streptococci to defined solid surfaces in the presence of saliva secretions
Authors: Christersson Cecilia E. , Glantz Per‐Olof J.
Published: October 2007

The initial surface retention of Streptococcus sanguis (G9B and ATCC 10556) and Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC 9758 and ATCC 13419) was examined using a well defined flow cell system. The microorganisms, known to be recovered from hard vs. soft tissue surfaces, respectively, were suspended in either Ringer solution, human parotid saliva (HPS), human submandibular and sublingual saliva (HSMSL), or mixed saliva. Microbial retention was evaluated on germanium prisms of low (20–25 mNm−1) and medium (30–35 mNm−1) critical surface tensions following distilled water rinse at 1 ml/min for 15 min. When suspended in only Ringer solution, the tested microorganisms showed patterns of generally high retention, that reflected the influence of both bacterial and substratum surface properties. However, in the saliva suspensions an overall reduction of retention was found with preferential retention to surfaces of medium critical surface tension for all bacteria. When comparing HPS and HSMSL as the suspending medium, a statistically significant observation was that smaller numbers of retained bacteria were recorded in the presence of HSMSL. The most frequently observed relationship between the tested salivas and numbers of retained cells was HSMSL < MIXED < HPS.
Collagen III aminoterminal propeptide in gingival crevicular fluid before and after periodontal treatment
Authors: Talonpoika J. T. , Hämäläinen M. M.
Published: October 2007

The amount of procollagen III aminoterminal propeptide (PIIINP) in crevicular fluid (CF) was measured from three periodontitis patients before treatment (scaling, root planing, and curettage) and 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 days after treatment. CF was collected by placing two paper strips in each pocket for 5 s, after which the amount of fluid was measured. Control samples were collected from three subjects with minimal gingival inflammation. PIIINP was extracted into saline solution and determined by a radioimmunological method. Plaque Index, Papilla Bleeding Index, and pocket depth were recorded before and 40 days after treatment. Forty days after treatment clinical parameters indicated healing. The CF PIIINP mean concentration was 162 μg/1 (range 0–430) in the pretreatment samples. Ten days after treatment, PIIINP mean concentration was 1400 μg/1 (range 1000–9000). After this, the concentration gradually decreased, reaching the pretreatment level 40 days after treatment. Most of the control samples showed undetectable amounts of PIIINP. It was suggested that elevated PIIINP concentrations in CF after periodontal treatment reflected increased type III collagen synthesis in gingiva. PIIINP concentrations before treatment reflected the rate of type III collagen turnover in inflamed periodontal tissues. It was further suggested that CF PIIINP has clinical value as an indicator of the healing process of inflamed gingiva.
Selected variables in bonding to dentin
Authors: Uno Shigeru , Asmussen Erik
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three variables on the shear bond strength between a composite resin and dentin treated with a simplified Gluma system. Thickness of material (2 or 3 mm), distance between light guide and the surface of composite resin (0, 1, 3, or 5 mm) and irradiation time (10, 20, 40, or 60 s) were selected as variables. Thickness of material and distance between light guide and composite resin affected bond strength, but there was little influence of irradiation time under the conditions of the study. It is suggested that bond strength depends on the amount of light transmitted through the composite.
Improvement of oral hygiene in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Risheim Helge , Kjærheim Vibeke , Arneberg Pål
Published: October 2007

Programs in power toothbrushing, manual toothbrushing with conventional fluoride toothpaste and with a chlorhexidine/fluoride gel has been evaluated for plaque removal in an observer blind cross‐over clinical trial on 14 rheumatoid arthritis patients. All three regimes lead to considerable improvement in oral hygiene. The use of an electric toothbrush was slightly more effective than a manual brush. Brushing with a chlorhexidine/fluoride gel gave the best results, but its clinical use is limited by unacceptable taste, discoloration and possibly adverse soft tissue effects.
Effect of procedure on diametral tensile strength of composite resin
Authors: Peutzfeldt Anne , Junggreen Lotte
Published: October 2007

The sensitivity of the test for diametral tensile strength to variations in testing procedure was investigated. Composite resin specimens of four different surface roughnesses at both ends of the specimens were loaded at one of three crosshead speeds. The diametral tensile strength values varied between 43.9 and 65.7 MPa. Diametral tensile strength was found to decrease with increasing loading rate, with decreasing roughness of the specimens, and with increasing length of the cylindrical specimens. The significant influence of the surface roughness is suggested to be a result of the correlation between roughness and length of specimens, and not the expression of a true influence on diametral tensile strength of surface roughness of the specimens' ends.
Force‐distance relation and properties of repelling Sm‐Co5 magnets in orthodontic clinical use: an experimental model
Authors: Bondemark Lars , Kurol Jüri
Published: October 2007

In recent years, magnets and magnetic forces have been suggested as an alternative to traditional orthodontic devices such as elastics, springs and wires. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reliability and the Output of forces for prefabricated orthodontic repelling Sm‐Co5 magnets and the force conditions for the magnets after 5 months of maximal loading. The test‐machine consisted of a jig where the tested pair of repelling magnets was mounted close to the clinical situation. With a cylindrical strain gauge transducer, a micrometer screw, a bridge‐amplifier, and a Mingograph jet recorder, force‐distance diagrams were constructed. The force‐distance diagrams showed that the force–distance curve was hyperbolic and that the mean force when the magnetic pole faces were almost in contact with each other was 214. 9 g, SD 13. 42 g. The Variation of magnetic force between different Sm‐Co5 magnets was 6–9%. The difference in force before and after 5 months of maximal loading of the magnets was not significant. The test results indicate that with proper handling of the forces according to the new force diagrams, the system is reliable for orthodontic use.
Epithelial adherence to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material
Authors: Grevstad Hans Jacob , Leknes Knut Norvald
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to examine adherence/attachment of gingival cellular elements to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material with special reference to epithelial cells. Six Gore‐Tex membranes used for guided tissue regeneration in patients with severe periodontal disease were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Upon retrieval, after 30 days of healing, the membranes were immediately immersed in formaldehyde‐glutaraldehyde, divided in segments (2 × 4 mm) and embedded in Epon. The majority of segments were devoid of any adhering tissue other than erythrocytes and polymorphonuclear cells. Epithelial cell adherence was mediated by a 2‐μm‐thick acellular layer containing membraneous profiles with diameter 370 nm or less. Adhering epithelial cells exhibited characteristics of cellular degeneration as evidenced by tonofilamen‐tous and cytoplasmic condensation, vacuolization and loss of structural details. An uneven basement lamina with hemidesmosomal contacts was present at the epithelium‐connective tissue interface. It is concluded that epithelial cells adhere to PTFE material without formation of attachment complexes.
Molecular biology in oral research
Authors: Dabelsteen Erik , Clausen Henrik
Published: October 2007

Molecular biology is a study of molecules that are associated with living organisms. In recent years major advances in molecular biology have had a strong impact on medical and dental science. The new knowledge has led to a change in strategies for controlling dental diseases. In the present review we give a short introduction to some major advances in dental research which are based on molecular biology methods. This includes studies of dental hard tissue formations, mucosal immunity, tissue degradation by proteolytic enzymes, and intercellular communication by surface carbohydrate structures.
The oral mucosa as a mirror of general health or disease
Authors: Axéll Tony
Published: October 2007

There is a close relationship between general health/disease and oral mucosal reactions. Many diseases show unspecific or specific changes which may evolve throughout the course of the disease but the mucosal reaction may also constitute the initial clinical sign of the disease. Among the broad spectrum of conditions/diseases, three have been selected for this review ‐ HIV/AIDS, Sjögren's syndrome and lichen planus. They illustrate how general disease may be mirrored in the oral mucosa. An attempt has been made to describe the scientific frontiers and to select pertinent key or review articles or books from among the huge amount of literature published in recent years.
Salivary flow rate, buffer effect, sodium, and amylase in adolescents: a longitudinal study
Authors: Söderling Eva , Pienihäkkinen Kaisu , Alanen Maija‐Liisa , Hietaoja Marja , Alanen Pentti
Published: October 2007

The study aimed to provide information on salivary secretion rate, buffer effect, sodium, total protein, and amylase in adolescence. Paraffin‐wax‐stimulated saliva was collected annually in 69 initially 10‐yr‐olds and in 98 initially 15‐yr‐olds. During the 5‐yr follow‐up, the rate of flow increased in both sexes in the younger age group. In the older age group there was only a slight increase in the flow within the 2‐yr follow‐up. In both age groups, girls tended to have lower secretion than boys. In cross‐sectional analyses, the rate of flow correlated positively with buffer effect and sodium, and negatively with proteins. These findings are in line with earlier observations. However, with age, the buffer effect did not parallel the flow. At the base‐line examination the buffer effect was lower in the 15‐yr‐old than in the younger age group. In line with that, a decrease was found at the final examination in the initially 10‐yr‐olds. This decrease was stronger in girls than in boys. The observed change in the buffer effect was not related to a parallel change in the flow rate or total protein and amylase content of saliva. In girls the change was, however, associated with a small, but statistically significant drop in the salivary sodium level. The variation in the buffer effect increased from the age of 12 to 15, especially in girls. This effect could not be demonstrated for the other flow‐rate‐associated variables used to monitor the functioning of the salivary glands.
Specific antibodies against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in serum and saliva of patients with advanced periodontitis
Authors: Nieminen Anja , Kari Kirsti , Saxén Leena
Published: October 2007

The aim of the present study was to discover any possible correlation between specific antibodies against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) in serum and saliva. The test group consisted of 38 patients aged 31–68 yr (mean 49) with advanced periodontitis. Twenty‐nine subjects aged 23–67 yr, without periodontal destruction, formed a control group with a reference level of specific salivary antibodies against A.a. A subgingival plaque sample for culturing A.a., a specimen of stimulated whole saliva, and a sample of venous blood were taken from each subject of the test group. Specific IgG and IgA antibodies against A.a. were determined from serum and stimulated whole saliva by means of the ELISA test. Fifteen of the patients (39%) had cultivable A.a. Six of the 15 A.a. culture‐positive patients and one of the 29 reference subjects exhibited very high antibody titers against A.a. in saliva. Specific IgG and IgA antibodies in saliva correlated highly significantly with the corresponding antibody values in serum among the patients in the test group. It was concluded that among patients with severe adult periodontitis, the less invasive saliva sample has a diagnostic value equal to that of the serum sample concerning specific antibodies against A.a.
Protein composition, adhesion, and agglutination properties of saliva in burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Tammiala‐Salonen Tuulikki , Söderling Eva
Published: October 2007

Resting and stimulated whole saliva and parotid saliva of men and pre‐ and post‐menopausal women with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and their matched controls were studied. Women with BMS had slightly, but not significantly, higher flow rates than their controls. The total protsein concentration in stimulated saliva of women with BMS was significantly lower than that of controls. This difference was not associated with the flow rate. The proportional amount of sialic acid, used as an indicator of mucin concentration, was higher in subjects with BMS than in their controls. SDS‐PAGE showed no consistent differences in the protein profiles of saliva, nor were any differences observed in the adhesion or agglutination assays between subjects with BMS and their matched controls. Thus, the present results indicate that BMS is not associated with a decrease in the protecting and lubricating properties of saliva.
Effect of subperiosteally implanted polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material on alveolar bone in the rat
Authors: Grevstad Hans Jacob
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the effect on osteocytes after subperiosteal implantation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material in the rat maxilla. In four young conventional albino rats, mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated by sulcular incision, and segments (1±4 mm) of PTFE material were implanted between bone and flap tissue. After a healing period of 14 days, specimens containing implants and adjacent bone were processed for transmission electron microscopy. The specimens were stepwise reduced to obtain a total of 16 levels for thin sectioning. Osteocytes (n= 640) in alveolar bone underlying implanted material (region 1) and adjacent bone (region 2) were studied to determine the ratio of intact to degenerated cells. In alveolar bone covered by implanted material (region 1) and adjacent bone (region 2), 56% and 16% of the osteocytes, respectively, showed distinct signs of necrocytosis. This study has shown that subperiosteal placement of PTFE material results in partial necrosis of superficial alveolar bone.
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of different serotypes of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Pajukanta Riitta , Asikainen Sirkka , Saarela Maria , Alaluusua Satu , Jousimies‐Somer Hannele
Published: October 2007

In vitro susceptibility of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) serotypes to selected antimicrobial agents was investigated by the agar dilution method on supplemented Mueller‐Hinton test medium. Eighty‐three A.a. strains, 80 recent isolates from 40 periodontally healthy or diseased subjects, and three type strains were included in the study. Serotype a represented 20, serotype b 32, serotype c 17, and serotype e 7 and nontypable 4 of the tested strains. The most effective drugs against all A.a. serotypes in vitro were cefaclor, cefuroxime, tetracycline hydrochloride, doxycycline, trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole), and ciprofloxacin, which inhibited 100% of the strains at 4.0 μg/ ml, 4.0 μg/ml, 1.0 μg/ml, 2.0 μg/ml, 0.06 μg/ml, and 0.015 μg/ml, respectively. Serotypes a and e were more susceptible to cafaclor and cefuroxime than were serotypes b and c; 100% of the first two groups were inhibited at 2.0 μg/ml and 1.0 μg/ml. Ampicillin inhibited 92% of the tested strains at 1.0 μg/ml. Serotype b was always susceptible to ampicillin. Metronidazole exhibited the best activity against serotype a strains. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentration values for benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and metronidazole were encountered among serotype b isolates. The results of the present study indicate minor differences in the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of different A.a. serotypes, except to metronidazole. Also, the new oral cephalosporins and cotrimoxazole, rare antimicrobial agents in periodontology, showed promising efficacy against all A.a. strains.
Mandibular condyle lesions related to age at onset and subtypes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in 15‐year‐old children
Authors: Karhulahti Teija , Ylijoki Heikki , Rönning Olli
Published: October 2007

The severity of lesions in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) area and their association with age at onset, the various forms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and certain serologic tests for rheumatoid factor (RF), antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B27 were determined in 15‐yr‐old children. The series comprised 121 JRA children, 78 girls and 43 boys, in whom an analysis had recently been made of the relation of TMJ lesions to jaw movement and occlusal status. The mean age at onset was 7.3 yr, the girls contracting JRA earlier than the boys. Also, the girls with lesions in the TMJ area were significantly younger than those with no lesions. TMJ abnormalities were found in 50% of cases with a pauciarticular or systemic onset, but in 72% of those representing the polyarticular subtype. Flattened condyles and grave lesions were equally represented in all subgroups and in both sexes. A crossover from onset type to present diagnosis was found in 30% of the cases, mostly from pauciarticular to polyarthritis, which also increased the risk of TMJ lesions from 50 to 60%. RF, ANA, or HLA‐B27 alone did not seem to be associated with a risk of TMJ abnormalities. Maximal opening capacity is more restricted in patients with early onset or a polyarticular mode of JRA. Since the TMJ is affected in more than half of JRA children, regular measurements of maximal movements of the mandible or roentgenologic examinations of the TMJ are essential for their optimal treatment.
Normal histologic features of domestic ferret periodontium
Authors: Fischer Ricardo Guimarães , Klinge Björn , Attström Rolf
Published: October 2007

The normal histologic features of the periodontal tissues in 17 domestic ferrets (10 male and 7 female) are described. The following teeth were histologically evaluated: canines, the maxillary third premolar (P3), the mandibular fourth premolar (P4), the carnassial teeth (P4 in the maxilla and the first molar, M1, in the mandible) and the next molar after the carnassials (M1 in the maxilla and M2 in the mandible). After histologic preparation for light microscopy, the sections were analyzed at magnifications of × 20 and × 100. The histometric measurements performed were 1) distance between the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the alveolar bone crest, 2) distance between CEJ and the most coronal connective tissue, 3) root length, 4) width of the periodontal ligament at three different locations along the root surface, and 5) cementum layer thickness at the most apical portion of the root. The number of sections exhibiting root resorption was counted. The results gave the normal values of some common periodontal variables and suggested a possible future use of the domestic ferret as an alternative experimental animal in periodontology.
Covariation of some factors associated with occlusal tooth wear in a selected high‐wear sample
Authors: Johansson Anders , Kiliaridis Stavros , Haraldson Torgny , Omar Ridwaan , Carlsson Gunnar E.
Published: October 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate the significance of some factors associated with occlusal tooth wear in a selected high‐wear Swedish sample. The material comprised 59 subjects having a mean age of 35 yr within the range 16–70 yr, the criteria for selection being a full or nearly full complement of natural teeth, and the presence of definite clinical signs of occlusal wear. A dentition wear index was derived from a tooth‐by‐tooth evaluation of casts. The results showed that men had significantly greater wear than women. Other factors which were found to correlate significantly with increased occlusal wear were: age, increased bite force, decreased occlusal tactile sensitivity, increased endurance time, and reduced tendency for crowding in the dental arches. In the salivary analysis, it was found that low buffer capacity and low rate of secretion were significantly correlated with high wear. Cephalometric variables shown to be correlated with increased wear were retroclination and position of maxillary incisors, and greater interincisal angle. The results from this study also suggest that the associations of attrition with certain dentoalveolar morphologic features are similar in the present contemporary sample and various noncontemporary populations.
Effect of LongoVital treatment on development of periodontal disease in rats
Authors: Klausen Bjarne , Apostolopoulos Antouanetta , Stoltze Kaj , Nörgaard Flemming
Published: October 2007

LongoVital is a herbal tablet with documented immunostimulatory effects in man. In the present study the effect of LongoVital on development of periodontal disease was investigated in a rat model. Fifty‐four conventional rats, 5 wk old, were distributed into the following groups: A) untreated, uninfected; B) untreated, infected with Actinomyces viscosus and Porphyromonas gingivalis wk 8; C) treated with LongoVital 80 mg × 3/wk, wk 5–14, uninfected; D) treated with LongoVital 80 mg × 3/wk, wk 5–14, infected with A. viscosus and P. gingivalis wk 8; E) treated with LongoVital 200 mg × 1 in wk 8 and 80 mg wk 9–14, uninfected; F) infected with A. viscosus and P. gingivalis wk 8, subsequently treated with LongoVital 200 mg × 1 in wk 8 and 80 mg wk 9–14. All animals were killed when they were 15 wk old, and periodontal bone support was assessed radiographically. Statistically significant bone loss was found in untreated, infected rats, as compared with untreated, uninfected rats. In LongoVital‐treated animals, no significant difference was seen in bone level between infected and uninfected rats. These results indicate that LongoVital‐treated rats were protected against periodontal bone loss caused by infection with A. viscosus and P. gingivalis. Furthermore, the protection seemed effective both when LongoVital was administered prophylactically and after exposure to periodontal pathogens. The active components of LongoVital, as well as the mechanisms responsible for the protection, remain obscure.
Oral mucosal friction and subjective perception of dry mouth in relation to salivary secretion
Authors: Nederfors Tommy , Henricsson Vincent , Dahlöf Carl , Axéll Tony
Published: October 2007

Assessment of oral mucosal friction and subjective perception of dry mouth was performed during treatment with the thiazide diuretic bendroflumethiazide (2.5 mg o.d.) or placebo in a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over study (2 × 2 wk) in 34 healthy volunteers. Treatment with bendroflumethiazide was associated with a 10% reduction in the stimulated whole saliva secretion rate and a 15% reduction in the salivary sodium concentration, as compared with placebo. Oral mucosal friction was concomitantly measured on the buccal mucosa and on the mucosa of the lower lip by means of a newly developed sliding friction device. In addition, a questionnaire was used to evaluate how the treatment was subjectively perceived with regard to symptoms of dry mouth. Mucosal friction of the lower lip increased significantly during treatment with bendroflumethiazide, as compared with placebo. When the test subjects, regardless of pharmacologic treatment, were divided into groups according to subjective perception of dry mouth, the dry mouth group showed significantly lower resting and stimulated flow rate and higher mucosal friction in comparison to the nondry group. When, in addition, pharmacologic treatment was also considered, the differences between the dry and the nondry group were restricted to resting whole saliva flow rate and mucosal friction during bendroflumethiazide treatment. It is concluded that resting whole saliva flow rate is the best predictive factor for evaluating subjectively perceived dry mouth. However, the sensitivity of the developed sliding friction device is capable of detecting minor changes in salivary secretion rate. In addition, measurements of oral mucosal friction may serve as an easily available method to complement sialometry when evaluating, for example, drug‐induced dryness of the mouth.
Contact allergy to Duraphat
Authors: Isaksson Marléne , Bruze Magnus , Björkner Bert , Niklasson Bo
Published: October 2007

Skin‐sensitizing rosin is present in Duraphat, a fluoride varnish used all over the world. Two cases of hypersensitivity to Duraphat are presented: a dental nurse with dermatitis of the hand and a patient with allergic contact stomatitis.
A novel bite force recorder and maximal isometric bite force values for healthy young adults
Authors: Waltimo Antti , Könönen Mauno
Published: October 2007

Human bite forces have been studied with several types of equipment, and the maximal values reported have varied greatly. In the present study, a new bite force recorder was developed to measure human bite forces. When measuring maximal bite force, the mandible is, laterally and sagittally, almost in the intercuspal position, while the vertical opening of the jaws in the molar region is about 14 mm. Several teeth bite upon the housing. A quartz force transducer serves as a sensory unit. A microprocessor produces a numeric result, shown on a liquid crystal display (LCD). In order to adapt the sensor to be a part of a bite force recorder, we designed a unilateral housing of nonhardened tool steel. In laboratory calibration tests, a series of loads from 112.8 to 1691.5 N was used. The maximal bite forces of healthy undergraduate dental students, 15 men and 15 women, were investigated. The results for both genders remarkably exceeded the values previously reported for unilateral housings. The mean maximal bite force value in the molar region was 847 N for men and 597 N for women. The finding that pain or lack of muscular strength most often limited the clenching suggests that the actual masticatory potential was registered.
Description of persons with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity or visual display units—oral aspects
Authors: Bergdahl Jan , Anneroth Göran , Stenman Evert
Published: October 2007

A questionnaire containing 20 questions was sent to 127 members of the Association for Those Injured by Electricity and Visual Display Units in northern Sweden, of whom 103 (81%) answered. The questionnaire consisted of questions about age, sex, and place of work. Furthermore, the members were asked to state: 1) their general and oral symptoms; 2) whether they thought that dental amalgam and other types of dental filling materials had affected their symptoms; 3) whether they were replacing or had replaced their amalgam fillings and, if so, what effect it had had on their symptoms; 4) whether they had been medically examined; and 5) whether they were or had been sick‐listed for their complaints. Of those who answered the questionnaire, 79% were women (mean age 45 yr) and 21% men (mean age 42 yr). Sixty percent worked in offices. In 82%, the symptoms had started at work. The mean duration of the symptoms was 5.2 yr. The symptoms were aggravated mostly in “electric environment in general” and in “office with computers”. Skin complaints, fatigue, and eye symptoms were the most common general symptoms. Sixty‐five percent mentioned that they had oral symptoms. Gustatory disturbances, burning mouth, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction were the most common oral symptoms. Fifty‐six percent considered that dental amalgam and 24% that other dental materials affected the symptoms. Twenty‐one percent were in the process of replacing the amalgam fillings; 40% had already done so. After replacement, 37% had noticed a decrease of symptoms. Most had been medically examined for their complaints, and 81% had been sick‐listed. Forty‐two percent had received “alternative care”. Finally, a treatment protocol for the examination and treatment of patients with symptoms caused by electricity or visual display units (VDUs) is recommended.
Factors associated with salivary buffering capacity in young adults in Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: Wikner Sune , Söder Per‐östen
Published: October 2007

The buffering capacity and flow rate of stimulated whole saliva were assessed in 150 persons, 20–24 yr of age. The associations were assessed between the buffer value and the flow rate, some dietary factors, tobacco habits, use of oral contraceptives, and some demographic variables. The results demonstrate that a low flow rate may predict a low buffer value but not a high value. Flow rate accounted for the largest part of the buffering variation but morning and afternoon saliva sampling, female gender, food consumption between meals, and smoking seem to have‐contributed to low buffering values. Snuff‐taking habits, oral contraceptives, and protein consumption between meals were not associated with the buffering capacity.
Mineral density in the mandibles of partially and totally edentate postmenopausal women
Authors: Klemetti Esa , Vainio Pauli , Lassila Veijo
Published: October 2007

Mineral density of the cortical bone in four regions and the spongiosa distal from the mental foramen of the mandible was determined by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) for 77 postmenopausal, 48–56‐yr‐old women. Of these women, 42 were totally edentulous and 35 had teeth in region d35‐d45. The bone mineral densities of different regions of these two groups were compared. Mineral density of the cortical bone on lingual and buccal sides, distal from the mental foramen, was significantly higher among those who had been edentate 12–23.yr than among dentate subjects. No differences were found between those who had been edentate less than 12 or over 23 yr and the dentate group. This study indicates that muscular activity during different phases of edentulousness regulates the density of bone in regions where muscles are attached.
Pantomography in assessment of the osteoporosis risk group
Authors: Klemetti Esa , Kolmakov Sergei , Kröger Heikki
Published: October 2007

The diagnostic efficacies of three panoramic‐based indices were compared with classification of bone mineral density by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. The panoramic indices were 1) cortical bone height, 2) an ordinal classification, and 3) the Panoramic Mandibular Index. The results indicate that panoramic dental radiographs should not be used to assess the patient's status regarding osteoporosis, although the means of the variables in different mineral density groups of skeleton may differ significantly.