bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: May 2021

The conclusion suggests a more rounded perception of Bristow. Letters he wrote to his daughter (1898) and condolence letters to his widow suggest a quirky sense of humor, love for his daughter, and utter devotion to his grandson. Obituaries mostly focus on his professional accomplishments, but several describe him as a lovable, genuine, considerate individual who was “modest and unassuming to a fault” and a man who despised self-promotion. These themes are echoed in condolence letters, where he is described as a warm and genial gentleman and someone who was always quick to discover the good in others. It is fitting to end the book with these observations.
Seeds of a New Sectionalism
Authors: Wood Betsy
Published: May 2021

In the age of industrialization and American imperialism, the child labor issue was remade into a symbol of the collapse of the prevailing racial order in the South when the region’s textile industry increasingly employed poor white children. Led by Southern Progressive reformer Edgar Gardner Murphy, reformers redefined the child labor issue as a crisis of white racial deterioration and founded the National Child Labor Committee in 1904. On the basis of saving the South’s poor white children, Northern reformers justified expanded federal authority in the market, but Southern reformers rejected this approach, calling instead for local control of the issue. A split in the movement left in its wake a growing opposition to national child labor reform in the South.
Introduction
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

The Introduction presents the book’s main argument that Madam C.J. Walker was not simply a charitable entrepreneur, but rather a great African American and American philanthropist who practiced a distinctive racialized and gendered approach to giving that simultaneously relieved immediately felt needs in her community and thwarted the systemic oppression of the Jim Crow system. The chapter begins by articulating Walker’s embodied philosophy of philanthropy as a “gospel of giving” that started in her twenties when she was a poor, suffering migrant in St. Louis and expanded as she gradually acquired wealth and other resources over time. Her model of giving contrasted greatly with prevailing contemporary approaches by elite white male and female philanthropists who waited until late in their lives to give after accumulating or acquiring wealth. The chapter explores reasons for the absence of Walker and African American donors from major historical fields that have examined philanthropic giving in America. It uses black women’s history to overcome this omission by situating Walker within the larger context of the activism, community work, and fundraising of nineteenth- and twentieth-century black clubwomen, churchwomen, and educators. The chapter constructs generosity as a framework for naming and reclaiming black women as philanthropists. It concludes by noting how Walker, as an example of black women’s giving, challenged core assumptions about the relationship between philanthropy and wealth, women, African Americans, and business. The result is a presentation of black women’s generosity as a long-standing, deeply rooted historical tradition of philanthropy that is alive and well today.
Material Resources
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 presents the range of material resources that Walker gifted to black individuals and organizations as an expression of her gospel of giving. Administered by her legal adviser, Freeman B. Ransom, these gifts reflected Walker’s philanthropic motivations during a period of significant financial growth for her company in the early 1910s. Drawing insights from the types of gifts given and the kinds and locations of recipients supported, the chapter demonstrates how black women’s philanthropy moved through black communities around the country. As a result, social needs were met, and a national infrastructure of organizations and networks was gradually constructed to navigate the debilitating effects of Jim Crow, and, eventually, dismantle the institution. The chapter presents four categories of giving by Walker: monetary, tangible nonmonetary items, employment, and institution building. It considers organizations she funded such as the colored branch of the YMCA and black schools and social services agencies, which were typically run by black women. Walker also engaged in criminal justice advocacy by funding attainment of pardons for black men jailed for murder. The geography of Walker’s giving emphasizes the importance of the cities of St. Louis, Missouri, and Indianapolis, Indiana, in her life story, as she maintained philanthropic commitments in those cities throughout her lifetime and afterward through her estate. The chapter examines Walker’s affinity for those cities and contrasts her gospel of giving, which emphasized the joy experienced in giving, with the larger scientific philanthropy movement of the era, which promoted rationalism over emotions in giving.
Workers in Transition
Authors: Rogers Donald W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that change in the U.S. labor movement from American Federation of Labor (AFL) craft unionism to Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) industrial unionism largely lay behind Jersey City’s opposition to the CIO in 1937, not just Mayor Hague’s supposed antilabor inclinations. Hague aligned with AFL unions, but Depression and New Deal labor laws weakened them, while boosting CIO industrial unionism and its appeal to suffering Jersey manufacturing workers, including women and African Americans. Moreover, the CIO’s class-conscious culture of “working-class Americanism” clashed with Hague’s ethnicity-based rhetoric of “Patriotic Americanism.” Meanwhile, interwar anticommunism intensified Jersey City’s opposition to CIO organizers, who themselves drew on Popular Front rhetoric of antifascism to oppose “dictatorial” regimes like Hague’s. This polarization complicated Jersey City’s reception of the CIO.
The U.S. Supreme Court Decisions
Authors: Rogers Donald W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces Hague’s appeal through the Third Circuit Court of Appeals into the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, showing how the Hughes court’s inner dynamics explain affirmation of the district court injunction. Observing flux in court personnel and law, the chapter shows that both courts embraced the contemporaneous civil liberties revolution by defending worker speech and assembly rights, but it reveals the Supreme Court as divided over constitutional logic. Justice Owen Roberts’s plurality opinion upheld speech and assembly rights under the Fourteenth Amendment privileges and immunities clause, Justice Harlan Fiske Stone’s concurrence incorporated the First Amendment into the Fourteenth Amendment due-process clause, and dissenters rejected federal jurisdiction. The ruling reflected the contentious evolution of civil liberties jurisprudence, not antiboss or labor law politics.
Domesticity and Social Life
Authors: Graff Rebecca S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers domesticity and social life within two “houses”: the fair’s Ohio Building and the Charnley House. It begins with an overview of American ideologies of domesticity and domestic spaces through historical and archaeological accounts. Next discussion moves to the Ohio Building, a small structure from the fair that operated as a sort of clubhouse for tourists. Many conceived of the fair’s quasi-domestic state buildings as domestic because of their non-monumental scale, their intended use as spaces for informal social life, and the cutting-edge sanitary infrastructure, such as toilets, that tourists could experience within them. The chapter turns to a detailed residential history of the Astor Street home, to reveal further interconnections and entanglements of elite social networks in Chicago. Adding to these experiences, a look at the limited documentary record of servants from the Charnley House and the Ohio Building expands upon domestic life, architecturally, materially, and socially.
Conclusion
Authors: Graff Rebecca S.
Published: May 2021

The final chapter concludes by deliberately returning to present day, presentist concerns—ones explicitly engaged through the archaeology of the contemporary. Here, Jackson Park’s current reappearance on the world stage as the future home of the Obama Presidential Center is reckoned with, along with the Charnley House and related contemporary archaeological and architectural preservation efforts. By looking at these “strangely familiar” experiences of time, domesticity, consumption, and disposal of the recent past through the frame of contemporary archaeology, the chapter argues that these historical trends that impact the present are, in fact, of the present itself.
Identity and Alterity
Authors: Phelpstead Carl
Published: May 2021

A brief conclusion draws together the preceding chapters by emphasizing how they have presented the sagas of Icelanders as narrative explorations of identity and alterity which reflect, but also helped to construct, medieval Icelandic beliefs about the past and how the present came to be. The narratives illuminate beliefs surrounding the ways humans relate to animals, to their physical environment, and to the supernatural. Some saga characters exemplify ideals to which men and women could aspire. But in also describing characters who fail or deliberately refuse to meet society’s expectations, the sagas also offered opportunities for readers to imagine different possibilities and alternative identities.
An Anthropologist Orders a Beer
Authors: Snow K. Mitchell
Published: May 2021

The extended turmoil associated with the decade-long armed portion of the Mexican Revolution provoked widespread concern about how the country would remake itself once the violence ended. Establishing a national esthetic as a means of unification played a significant role in this discussion, which began before hostilities ended. Some of the early manifestations of what might be regarded as Mexican nationalism arose from an appreciation of the land’s indigenous heritage while it was still under Spanish control. Although the willingness to fully embrace the indigenous components of its culture was largely a twentieth century phenomenon, by the late nineteenth century Mexican intellectuals did understand the nation to be essentially mestizo, or mixed race. It was from these premises that the discussion departed.
The Precursors of Mexicanism
Authors: Snow K. Mitchell
Published: May 2021

Charlot and Siqueiros’s condemnation of the effects of Anna Pavlova and Tórtola Valencia on Mexico’s nascent image of itself provided a strong statement on the power these painters ascribed to theatrical dance in the early twentieth century. It also emphasized the role that foreign dancers played from the very beginning in shaping that image and the ongoing tensions over who decided what was “authentically” Mexican. While in Mexico both women took regional folk dances into their repertoires—Pavlova the jarabe tapatío from Jalisco and Valencia the sandunga from Oaxaca—and nurtured the widespread desire to see Mexican dances performed beyond the nation’s borders. The Secretaría de Educación Pública ensured that Mexicans themselves would see these regional dances as representative of the nation as a whole by incorporating them into its school curriculum, teaching generations of Mexicans to perform them as an expression of shared nationality.
The Golden Age of Mexican Modern Dance
Authors: Snow K. Mitchell
Published: May 2021

To help him shape the dance component of the new Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA), Carlos Chávez invited the leading exponents of Mexico’s opposing camps of modern dancers to assist him, along with an array of painters, composers, and writers. As part of INBA’s charge to create a universal culture attractive to international audiences, and at a time the U.S. was promoting modern dance as part of its WWII propaganda efforts in the Americas, Chávez’s team created a modern-dance focused Academy of Mexican Dance. Chávez would soon appoint polymath artist Miguel Covarrubias to lead INBA’s dance department, ushering in a “golden age” for Mexican modern dance. INBA underwrote lavish productions by internationally recognized choreographer José Limón, it also extended similar support to its novice choreographers who mounted productions with scores by its leading composers and scenic designs by its most famous artists.
The Model A-7LB Space Suit
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

This chapter outlines the features of the advanced model A-7LB space suit (or Omega suit) and discusses the various Apollo missions this model suit was flown aboard.
“Woman Proved Herself Man’s Helpmate”
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the DAR’s gendered interpretations of patriotism and its efforts to commemorate the American Revolution. In addition, it explores the organization’s turn toward antiradicalism in the post-World War I era and analyzes its impact on their remembrance of colonial and Revolutionary America in the interwar period. The chapter shows that although the Daughters countered male-centered accounts of the War of Independence, insisting that Revolutionary women had been as heroic as men, they generally affirmed traditional gender dichotomies and used memory to defend gender hierarchies in the present. To the Daughters, preserving the memory of early female patriots remained crucial to safeguarding the American nation because its stability depended on the same gendered principles that had governed colonial America.
Tampa
Authors: Gálvez y Delmonte Wenceslao
Published: May 2021

Gálvez discusses many aspects of Tampa, with short descriptions titled Franklin Street, The First National Bank, Electric Streetcars, The City Hall, The Barroom, The Police, The Black Race, The Fruit Stand, Coffins, The Tampa Bay Hotel, Ballast Point, His Majesty the Milkman, Palmetto, The Mailman, The Oxen, and a Baptism in Hillsborough. Scattered among these are several entries referring to the emigrant community: Dr. Rafael Echeverría, My Flag, Benito Aranguren, and The Emigrants.
Ybor City
Authors: Gálvez y Delmonte Wenceslao
Published: May 2021

Gálvez dedicates this section of the book largely to descriptions of the emigrant community in Ybor City, with entries on outstanding personalities and their activities in support of the Cuban War of Independence. He also includes a discussion of the Italian community in Tampa. Most notable in this section are accounts of Gálvez’s employments: his audition and work as a lector (reader) in a cigar factory that illuminates many aspects of this legendary practice; and an account of his travails as a door-to-door salesman. Entries in this section include: Pachata, My Valise, The Mockingbirds, Bonifacio Byrne, Suna Echemendía, La Estrella Solitaria, The Volunteers, The Railroad Station, His Shadow, Barber Shop, Liceo Cubano, The Sanchez Sisters, Federico de la Torre Club, An Audition for Lector, Ramón Rivero, Ice, Cherokee Club, Carolina la Patriota, From the Countryside, Juan Arnao, Carbonell’s Bookstore, Carriages, The Reading, and The Café.
“Be Somebody”
Authors: Adkins Mary E.
Published: May 2021

By the early 1960s Chesterfield Smith was becoming a leader in the Florida Bar, and in 1964 he became president. Shortly after his term as president ended, the governor named Smith hair of a new Constitution Revision Commission. This group succeeded, where others had failed, in drafting a wholly new constitution for Florida and getting the legislature to place it on the ballot, where a majority of Florida’s citizens approved it. As the Constitution Revision Commission finished its work, Smith merged his growing law firm with one based in Tampa. The resulting firm, Holland & Knight, continued to expand and to open more offices.
Growth and Transition
Authors: Adkins Mary E.
Published: May 2021

As Chesterfield Smith’s firm mushroomed, it advocated hiring women and minorities. This effort did not always go smoothly; many partners were old-guard southerners who dismissed the need to diversify. Smith often had to champion his hires, and began a pattern of having a junior associate, usually a woman, work closely with him for a year or two to assist, learn, and gain contacts and experience. Two of these “Chesterfield girls” were Martha Barnett, the firm’s first woman lawyer, who would go on to become president of the American Bar Association, and Marilyn Holifield, who would become the firm’s first black woman partner. Smith decided to relinquish management of the firm in his sixties, and a period of several years of bumpy leadership models and conflict among partners ensued. Smith did not keep his hands off but often dipped back in to settle disputes or to stir the pot. Smith, still active in the ABA, began a close friendship with then-professor Ruth Bader Ginsburg through ABA activities.
Quartet’s Modernist Muddles
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: May 2021

The triangulation of masochistic desire that takes center stage in Jean Rhys’s Quartet attests to the self-aware participation of all parties involved, an overt acknowledgement of a developing collective consciousness suddenly more informed by psychoanalysis and sexology. The popularity of sexology and psychoanalysis during the 1920s allows readers to understand that seemingly helpless Marya and apparently predatory duo, the Heidlers, are all aware of masochistic possibilities and the consequences of their sexual and romantic decisions. Given narrative authority to ascribe thoughts and emotions to other characters, Marya takes such as opportunities to abuse and humiliate herself, hiding her active power under the projected opinions of others. Marya is complicit in the crafting and unfolding of her masochistic fantasies, however hurtful and upsetting they may be, ultimately exposing the surprising but telling amount of personal and narrative agency ascribed to her.
Paleoindians
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how bioarchaeologists understand humans’ past activities, biology, health, diseases, and culture. It focuses on the study of human remains from the Paleoindian period, including Kennewick Man, Browns Valley Man, the Buhl Burial, and others.
NAGPRA and Beyond
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

Weiss and Springer provide historical summary with specific case examples of American Indian legislation and court decisions. The most important of these for the study of human remains is NAGPRA, which was enacted in 1990.
Oral Tradition as Evidence for Repatriation
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

Weiss and Springer discuss the types of evidence accepted by NAGPRA, arguing that oral tradition evidence is different from traditional scientific evidence.
From Small Histories to Big History on the Woodland Period Gulf Coast
Authors: Pluckhahn Thomas J. , Wallis Neill J. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2021

The “historical turn” in the archaeology of the Woodland period Gulf Coast of the Southeastern United States began several decades ago, as archaeologists began to move beyond relatively static regional cultural histories to develop detailed chronologies of several of the region’s most prominent sites, demonstrating in fine detail the manner in which communities were dynamically transformed over short intervals. However, these local chronologies have remained largely disconnected from each other—more akin to biography than history. We draw these accumulated biographies together to illustrate how they are beginning to reveal a series of concordant changes across the region, including a sudden restructuring of communities in the sixth and seventh centuries. Although some details remain unclear, we are beginning to understand this “Weeden Islandization” as “big history” that involved the migration of people, materials, ideas, and practices across large areas.
Becoming and Descending
Authors: Cook Robert A.
Published: May 2021

Over the course of the discipline, archaeological investigations have toggled between history and process, with the current emphasis being increasingly placed on historical aspects. Rather than seeing this as a choice to make, Cook agrees with those that see both as being necessary to understand the full dimensions of the human problems we investigate. Cook presents a Fort Ancient/Mississippian culture case study that explores various dimensions of this research philosophy. This is followed by a discussion that explores the theoretical toggling that seems to occur more so as studies that emphasize one extreme end of the historical-processual continuum seem to be exhausted.
Continuing the Historical Turn in Southeastern Archaeology
Authors: Sassaman Kenneth E. , Pauketat Timothy R.
Published: May 2021

Two prominent archaeologists utilizing history in their archaeology offer thoughts on the essays and on the historical turn in Southeastern archaeology considering especially the themes of historical process, historical consciousness, and historical ontology
The Golden Age
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Period: 1976–1986. The most radiant period in Spanish- language television ensues when SIN’s satellite links provide the U.S. vast international programming. SIN is chief affiliate of Azcárraga Milmo’s multinational network he names “Univision.” Ignoring Fouce’s lawsuit, Anselmo consolidates control. Without competition, turning profits, and freed of Azcárraga’s grip, he pushes numerous initiatives, many unorthodox. His hunger strike in New York obtains a prized World Trade Center transmitting site. Using names of fictitious characters, his letters to the FCC win needed satellite relays. He launches the first Spanish-language network news. Headed by Gustavo Godoy, the newscast excels until Televisa, and its head Jacobo Zabludovsky, attempt its takeover. In the largest-ever mutiny in a U.S. newsroom, Godoy and dozens of news personnel resign. They force Televisa’s retreat. However, a ten-year “golden age” ends with the removal of Anselmo, Azcárraga, and others, and the demise of Spanish International.
The Perenchio Era
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Period: 1993–1999. Perenchio’s tenure at Univision begins contentiously. Capitalizing on the PLA and ignoring discord, Perenchio has President Ray Rodriguez quickly reinstate Televisa’s popular content. As U.S. programs are replaced, Univision personnel lose their jobs. At Telemundo, Blaya briefly succeeds before Telemundo declares bankruptcy. Steinberg yields ownership of Telemundo to another Wall Street “raider,” Leon Black. Univision soars in the early Nielsen ratings. Upon broadcasting Televisa’s blockbuster María la del Barrio, Univision reaches 80 percent of Latino viewers. Telemundo falls to 20 percent. Its audiences equaling those of ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox, Univision issues public stock. It becomes a multibillion dollar firm. Acquired by Sony, Telemundo’s attempt at domestic production alienates Latinos and brings record low ratings. While Telemundo’s reach shrinks to 7 percent of the Latino audience, Univision’s reach enlarges to 93 percent. Univision’s reaches 98 percent with its millennium telecast. It is the highest rating Nielsen ever reports. However, upon Azcárraga Milmo’s death, Televisa passes to his son and heir, Emilio Azcárraga Jean, who demands that Perenchio renegotiate the PLA. Perenchio refuses. Azcárraga Jean sabotages a novela Univision is to show. Warfare awaits.
The City of Opportunity?
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores working-class residents’ daily lives, standards of living, and challenges in São Paulo between 1891 and 1918. Examining this understudied period underscores the dramatic changes World War I wrought in the city. Wartime shortages disrupted the natural ebb and flow of migration, job opportunities, and urbanization, making a difficult reality more challenging for much of the city’s working class. Some scholars have argued that the war incentivized textile production and encouraged growth, but evidence from immigrant letters and prices demonstrates increased costs for low-quality textiles. The war also cut short job opportunities and educational advancements, saw a slowdown in most standard-of-living measures, and institutionalized the family wage and informality. While city officials founded weekly food markets to assist with rising food costs, these efforts were insufficient. By 1917, the situation had deteriorated enough to provide the necessary conditions for workers, both women and men, to mobilize a general strike.
Discrimination in the Paulistano Labor Market
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates the degree of gender, racial, and national discrimination facing Paulistanos using firm-level employment records and complementary education and job evidence. By distinguishing between national groups, standard linear regressions and logit analyses demonstrate three groups faced substantial formal labor market discrimination, albeit to differing degrees and through different mechanisms. Portuguese workers were disproportionately hired into unskilled positions, Afro-Brazilians faced substantial hiring discrimination, and women faced both hiring and wage discrimination. Employers expected Portuguese workers to be unskilled and women to leave the labor market upon marriage, but Afro-Brazilians faced substantial prejudice. Hiring discrimination was consistent across the textile, commercial, railroad, and the urban transportation sectors. Prior to the war, periods of rapid growth and scarce labor supply could lessen racial prejudice and help explain the language of hope drawing Afro-Brazilians to São Paulo, but the postwar period brought a substantial contraction, making Afro-Brazilian women the most consistently excluded. Lifetime consequences of labor market discrimination were substantial, but the period saw minimal organization in opposition. One probable hypothesis explaining why more substantial mobilization did not occur was the class wage discrepancies that paled gendered, racial, and national differences.
Reconstructing the Origin, Evolution, and History of Leprosy
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter synthesizes the skeletal evidence for leprosy documented in the previous chapter to explore the origin, evolution, and spread of leprosy. The relevance of the three epidemiological transitions to the frequency of leprosy since the transition to agriculture is also discussed. This is in tandem with extant modern and ancient leprosy genomic data. Ancient DNA evidence for the strains of the bacterium that affected people in the past is also furthering knowledge of the spread of leprosy. More work in this area is recommended, in concert with stable isotope analysis, providing information on the mobility and dietary histories of people in the past, and mitochondrial DNA to document ancestry. The historical evidence suggests that leprosy declined in the fourteenth century, but at the moment archaeological evidence is lacking to support such a hypothesis. Many reasons for this have been suggested (for example the plague, and improved diet and living conditions), but cross-immunity created by exposure to tuberculosis remains the strongest possibility. The two diseases have many characteristics in common, and tuberculosis and leprosy have been found together in skeletons in a number of instances. Co-infection with tuberculosis may be another hypothesis to consider as an explanation for leprosy’s decline.
A Collective ‘I’ and Its Contending Readings
Authors: Meng Jing
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 investigates the television serial drama Sent-Down Youth to discover how personal memories are used to provide pedagogical lessons and to build up a collective imagination of the past. The television drama is presented as a critique of the Cultural Revolution against the backdrop of the rising fever for the ‘Red Culture’ campaign in Chongqing, but it also exalts the idealism and altruism of the Cultural Revolution generation and criticizes materialism in contemporary society. Socialism here is associated with idealism, collectivism, and passion. However, the audience may also apply their understandings of the political context and personal memories to decode the representation, producing diversified and contested readings of the television drama. Television—being state owned and the mouthpiece of the party-state—both limits and enables the proliferation of multiple personal memories and discourses about the past and the present.
Hou Xiaoxian as Ambassador
Authors: Lo Dennis
Published: May 2021

This chapter closely traces the evolution of Hou Xiaoxian's contentious modes of place making while he shot on-location in China for the “Taiwan Trilogy," where Southern Chinese locales sometimes substituted for Taiwan’s historical settings.
Location shooting in China for City of Sadness presented Hou with his first opportunity to perform a role as a cultural ambassador in an unprecedented period of cross-strait geopolitical thaw. After cross-strait relations became more normalized, Hou widely publicized his intentions of location shooting in Fujian for The Puppetmaster (1993). During this shoot, Hou articulated his theory of “authenticating life,” or the reenactment of lived experience. To authenticate the life of famed Taiwanese puppeteer Li Tianlu, whom he believed to be a living embodiment of Chinese-ness, Hou re-staged live budaixi shows in Fujian, hoping the environmental aura of present-day China would conjure for Li memories of colonial-era Taiwan. Assistant director Chen Huaien, however, counters that it was Taiwanese culture which required salvaging, not China’s. “Authenticating life,” Chen implied, relied on inauthentic means of reenactment to produce what only felt superficially authentic.
The final section explores this contradiction as it is manifested in Good Men, Good Women (1995) – Hou’s first, and final film to feature present-day Chinese settings. I demonstrate that the filmmakers were unable to experience their production environments in Guangdong as anything more than through a “tourist gaze.” Hou finally experienced the constraints of “authenticating life,” and more broadly, the complexities of salvaging cultural Chinese heritage in an increasingly volatile period of cross-strait relations.
Conclusion
Authors: Lo Dennis
Published: May 2021

This chapter interrogates the geopolitical implications of a contemporary development in the region’s media industries — the institutionalization of location shooting into modes of nation branding that commoditize cultural signs in line with the states’ soft power objectives. Drawing from examples of recent location-shot film and media, including En Chen’s Island Etude, Chi Po-lin’s Beyond Beauty, and Zhejiang TV's Keep Running, I demonstrate how location shooting since Taiwan’s membership in the WTO has been institutionalized within the discursive contours of the “Love Taiwan” movement, a process which can be compared with the PRC’s marketing of the “Chinese Dream” to domestic tourists via convergent and place-based film and televisual media. While the resulting national brands could not appear more different, these discourses operate on the shared assumption that for place identities to be readily consumable and exportable, they must be coherent within a global “experience economy” that circulates images of distinctive yet fixed cultural identities. This reduction of place into readily consumable cultural signs can be contrasted with the enigmatic representation of Shanghai found in Jia Zhangke's I Wish I Knew, which fashions on-screen Doreen Massey’s notion of the “progressive place,” a poststructuralist reinterpretation of place that focuses on conflicting sociocultural processes that imbue spaces with richly layered meanings. Building on Massey's concept of the progressive place, this chapter argues that location-shot film and media in China and Taiwan, more than offering diversely themed experiences, have untapped potential in cultivating alternative public cultures through reflexive, minor, and performative modes of place making.
Molecular Characteristics of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates Producing blaVIM, blaNDM, and blaIMP in Clinical Centers in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Alizadeh Houri , Khodavandi Alireza , Alizadeh Fahimeh , Bahador Nima
Published: May 2021

Background: The emergence and spread of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae are growing global public health concerns. One of the most common mechanisms of carbapenem resistance is the production of MBLs, including Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM), New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) and imipenemase (IMP). Objectives: This study aimed to investigate MBLs production among K. pneumoniae isolates. Methods: In this study, 240 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from clinical samples in three clinical centers of Isfahan, Iran, during February 2017 and November 2018. All isolates were identified using biochemical, microbiological, and molecular methods, and then antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed to find MBL-producing isolates via phenotypic and genotypic detection methods. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics against MBL-positive strains was determined by E-test. Eventually, the clonal relatedness of the MBL-positive strains was analyzed using both multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and rep-PCR. Results: Overall, 33.7% (81/240) of the isolates were resistant to carbapenems, among which 25 (30.8%) were considered MBL-positive. Among 81 strains resistant to carbapenems, genes encoding FimH, rmpA, and mrkD were detected in 87.6% (71/81), 11.1% (9/81), and 67.9% (55/81) of the isolates, respectively. Besides, TEM and SHV as antibiotic resistance genes were detected in 49.3% (40/81) and 80.2% (65/81) of the isolates. But, magA was not detected in any of the tested isolates. The PCR results revealed that blaVIM-1 was the most prevalent gene (13.6%; 11/81), while both blaIMP-1 and blaNDM-1 were only detected in two isolates. Multilocus sequence typing demonstrated that 15 MBL producers belonged to three sequence types (ST): 11 to ST23, two to ST1147, and two to ST15. Finally, rep-PCR typing showed similar fingerprints with MLST, except for ST23, such that ST23 was discriminated in two clonal groups, suggesting the greater discriminatory power of rep-PCR. Conclusions: Here, we reported the emergence of MBL-producing K. pneumoniae in clinical centers of Isfahan, Iran. The findings are alarming and represent the urgent need for the application of infection control programs.
Life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children: A Single-center Case Series
Authors: Rafiei Tabatabaei Sedigheh , Karimi Abdollah , Armin Shahnaz , Fahimzad Seyed Alireza , Mansour Ghanaie Roxana , Sadr Saeed , Khalili Mitra , Hosseini Amirhossein , Derakhshanfar Hojjat , Alibeik Mina , Yasaei Mehrdad
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known as the most recent pandemic condition declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is widely believed that this infection is less frequent and severe in children, but few mortality reports are available in this age group population. Case Presentation: We described nine pediatric patients with probable or confirmed COVID-19 who died due to disease complications. Their age ranged between seven months and 14 years. All had underlying diseases, and three of them had been hospitalized before the COVID-19 diagnosis due to their previous medical conditions. Cough and respiratory symptoms were the most common symptoms observed in these patients. Bilateral ground-glass opacities were common radiologic findings. Conclusions: Although COVID-19 is less common in the pediatric group, all ages are vulnerable to this infection, and mortality may occur, especially in patients with underlying diseases. We emphasize that children with underlying diseases and COVID-19 should be hospitalized and monitored tightly during treatment.
Contamination Assessment for Cancer Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Li Yvonne Y. , Schmidt Ryan J. , Manning Danielle K. , Jia Yonghui , Dong Fei
Published: May 2021

Context.—

The presence of allogeneic contamination impacts clinical reporting in cancer next-generation sequencing specimens. Although consensus guidelines recommend the identification of contaminating DNA as a part of quality control, implementation of contamination assessment methods in clinical molecular diagnostic laboratories has not been reported in the literature.

Objective.—

To develop and implement a method to assess allogeneic contamination in clinical cancer next-generation sequencing specimens.

Design.—

We describe a method to detect contamination based on the evaluation of single-nucleotide polymorphic sites from tumor-only specimens. We validate this method and apply it to a large cohort of cancer sequencing specimens.

Results.—

Identification of specimen contamination was validated via in silico and in vitro mixtures, and reference range and reproducibility were established in a panel of normal specimens. The algorithm accurately detects an episode of systemic contamination due to reagent impurity. We prospectively applied this algorithm across 7571 clinical cancer specimens from a targeted next-generation sequencing panel, in which 262 specimens (3.5%) were predicted to be affected by greater than 5% contamination.

Conclusions.—

Allogeneic contamination can be inferred from intrinsic cancer next-generation sequencing data without paired normal sequencing. The adoption of this approach can be useful as a quality control measure for laboratories performing clinical next-generation sequencing.
Feminism and Social Critique in Syrian Contemporary Art
Authors: Bank Charlotte
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines artworks by young Syrian artists produced during the first decade of the twenty–first–century. Seeking to distance themselves from what they perceived as outdated aesthetics, seen in the work of their teachers in the art school and the work exhibited at the official, state–sponsored artistic events, the young generation of artists began experimenting with artistic techniques and media that were new to the country, also searching for new ways to interact with society and advocate for social and eventually political change in the country. They addressed a wide range of issues related to the contemporary Syrian society and made a critique of the social and political status quo. Critical examinations of gender norms presented an important aspect of their critical art production, as they regarded the issues of gender as an important part of their wider project of re–thinking art as a means for social and political change.
Vulnerable Civilians: Coalition Checkpoints and the Perception of Hostile Intent
Authors: Gregory Thomas
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines civilian casualties at coalition checkpoints in Afghanistan and Iraq, focusing on the decision to use lethal force against individuals considered to be hostile. Drawing on the testimony of American soldiers, this chapter argues that the decision to use lethal force can be seen as an affective judgement, with soldiers often resorting to ‘muscle memory’ as they sought to identify potential threats amidst the chaos and confusion of war. It will argue that these affective judgements do not occur within a cultural vacuum but are animated and informed by a set of background assumptions that mark certain populations as dangerous, threatening and hostile before they even arrive on the scene. To understand what made civilians so vulnerable to death and injury at coalition checkpoints, it will be necessary to inquire into the affective schemes of intelligibility that render certain lives disposable and certain bodies profoundly injurable in war.
The Politics of Care: From Biomedical Transformation to Narrative Vulnerability
Authors: Scully Jackie Leach
Published: May 2021

The fact that illness creates vulnerability is taken for granted. In this chapter, however, I consider whether a biomedical intervention that ‘rescues’ a person from illness or disability necessarily reduces vulnerability. Biomedical intervention transforms a life story and so renders an ongoing identity narrative (temporarily) unusable; in doing so it generates forms of narrative vulnerability. This can be particularly damaging in situations when a new identity narrative is not readily available – if the intervention is very novel, for example. When biomedical interventions transform the lives of chronically ill or disabled people they alter identities as well as health status, and against the more tangible vulnerabilities of illness and impairment, narrative vulnerability is easily overlooked. Working from a personal example of dramatic and persisting narrative vulnerability following catastrophic organ failure and transplantation, I explore some of the consequences for patients and providers of care.
‘Communism Is a Religion That Is Inspired, Directed and Motivated by the Devil Himself’: Billy Graham’s Apologetics and the Cold War West
Authors: Balbier Uta Andrea
Published: May 2021

Anti-Communism constituted a core feature of Billy Graham’s preaching in the 1950s. In Graham’s sermons Communism did not just stand for the anti-religious thread of an atheistic ideology, as it was traditionally used in Protestant Fundamentalist circles, but also for its opposition to American freedom and Free Market Capitalism. This article argues that the term Communism took on significantly new meaning in the evangelical milieu after the Second World War, indicating the new evangelicals’ ambition to restore, defend, and strengthen Christianity by linking it into the discourse on American Cold War patriotism.
This article will contrast the anti-Communist rhetoric of Billy Graham and other leading evangelical figures of the 1950s, such as Harold Ockenga, with the anti-Communist rhetoric used by early Fundamentalists in the 1910s and 1920s. Back then, Communism was predominantly interpreted as a genuine threat to Christianity. The term also made appearances in eschatological interpretations regarding the imminent end-times. The more secular interpretation of Communism as a political and economic counter-offer by evangelical preachers such as Billy Graham will be discussed as an important indicator of the politicization and implied secularization of the evangelical milieu after the Second World War.
Recognising Secularisation: The Church of England and Its Struggle for a Political Role (1960–90)
Authors: Itzen Peter
Published: May 2021

For leaders of the Church of England, secularisation was such an obvious fact that it virtually became a self-fulfilling prophecy as it informed political and theological debates within the Church. This article shows how by adjusting to secularisation the Church demonstrated a remarkable degree of resilience and managed to remain an important national voice – at least until the end of the Thatcher era. Three factors were of particular relevance in this development: First, the use of old networks which gave the Church of England privileged access to the political establishment. Second, the professionalisation of its political structure that equipped the Church with expertise. Third, complex changes within the Anglican theological strands that were opened up for political and social issues. These elements enabled the Church to develop new political agendas that were able to substitute political and moral positions that had become obsolete in the era of secularisation.
Housing Inequalities, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System: The Shifting Context in England and Wales since the 1980s
Authors: Gray Emily , Jones Phil Mike , Farrall Stephen
Published: May 2021

One of the first steps Margaret Thatcher’s government took following their election in 1979 was to introduce legislation that enabled sitting council tenants to buy their council homes. This chapter assesses the legacy of this policy on the experiences of homelessness and contact with the criminal justice system of two cohorts of UK citizens. Using longitudinal studies of people born in 1958 and 1970, the authors explore how policies intended to turn council tenants into property owners, may have also increased the risks of homelessness, and contact with the criminal justice system for others as well as subsequent generations. The authors assess how legislative changes can shape the lives of citizens, and highlight some of the unintended consequences of the ‘right to buy’ policy. Our chapter, therefore is essentially about the investigation of the outcomes of radical system deregulation. Our chapter draws upon concepts derived from life-course studies and historical institutionalist thinking in order to understand in-depth how radical policy changes may shape and alter the lives of ordinary citizens.
Making Peace on Paper Only
Authors: James Wendy
Published: May 2021

Why did Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 leave a situation of intensifying conflict, rather than peace along the new international border between Sudan and South Sudan, following South Sudan’s independence in 2011? This chapter tries to answer that question by examining how different understandings of peace affected what was actually done in the CPA negotiations and implementation with reference to border communities, specifically those in Blue Nile State, one of the ‘Three Areas’ treated separately in the peace negotiations and in the final draft of the CPA. I argue that the CPA failed to acknowledge the international dimensions of the Sudanese civil war from 1983 onwards, specifically the politics of shifting relations with Ethiopia. The process of peace-making took place mainly at the elite level of local and international leaders, speaking in very general terms of the Sudanese ‘north’ as a whole, distinct from ‘the south’. The discourse promoted by IGAD itself rested on the assumption that the problem lay between these two entities. The professional peace-makers did not take sufficiently seriously the issues affecting local communities in the transitional zones, especially those who had endured twenty years of living on the shifting front lines of military conflict.
Abyei, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the War in Sudan’s New South
Authors: Johnson Douglas H.
Published: May 2021

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement succeeded in resolving Sudan’s oldest political question regarding the future of South Sudan, but its most obvious failure was the immediate resumption of war inside Sudan’s ‘New South’ along its border with South Sudan before the latter’s formal independence in July 2011. By focusing on resolving ‘the Southern Problem’ only, the international mediators failed to recognize the common political, economic, and cultural issues of marginalisation that linked large parts of the border region to the wider war. Conflict in Abyei preceded the outbreak of the second civil war in 1983, but the Abyei Protocol was largely an afterthought that inadequately addressed the main issues confronting the peoples of the area. The CPA as a whole failed to include robust monitoring instruments to enforce compliance, enabling Khartoum to refuse to accept any resolution to the Abyei conflict on anything but its own terms.