bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deposition and Analysis of Al‐Rich c‐AlxTi1−xN Coating with Preferred Orientation
Authors: Paseuth Anongsack , Yamagata Kazuo , Miura Akira , Higuchi Mikio , Tadanaga Kiyoharu
Published: October 2016

Metastable c‐AlxT1−xN is an important and well‐established hard coating in the tool industry. To improve the mechanical and thermal properties, Al‐rich c‐AlxTi1−xN coatings with controllable preferred crystal orientations were fabricated via low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP‐CVD) in an industrial plant, using an AlCl3–TiCl4–NH3–Ar–H2 precursor system. The c‐AlxTi1−xN coatings with (100)‐ and (111)‐preferred orientations and average x values of 0.82 and 0.73, respectively, comprised c‐Al(Ti)N/c‐Ti(Al)N nanolamellae with average compositions of c‐Al0.9Ti0.1N/c‐Al0.6Ti0.4N and c‐Al0.80Ti0.20N/c‐Al0.50Ti0.50N; the average lamellar periods were 7.7 and 4.5 nm, respectively. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated that the c‐Al(Ti)N/c‐Ti(Al)N nanolamellae were modulated along the <100> direction, implying coherent spinodal decomposition of c‐AlxTi1−xN in the as‐deposited state. The hardness of the c‐AlxTi1−xN coatings varied from 33 to 36 GPa, depending on the (100)‐ or (111)‐preferred orientation. Residual stress measurements in the as‐deposited state showed tensile stress values of 1.8 and 4.6 GPa for the (100)‐ and (111)‐oriented c‐AlxT1−xN coatings, respectively. This stress may be generated by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient of the c‐AlxT1−xN coating and the carbide substrate and by coherency stress in the c‐Al(Ti)N/c‐Ti(Al)N nanolamellae. In situ high‐temperature X‐Ray diffraction results revealed high thermal stability up to 1000°C.
Synthesis of Al2O3/SiO2 nano‐nano composite ceramics under high pressure and its inverse Hall–Petch behavior
Authors: Gaida Nico A. , Nishiyama Norimasa , Masuno Atsunobu , Holzheid Astrid , Ohfuji Hiroaki , Schürmann Ulrich , Szillus Christin , Kulik Eleonora , Bednarcik Jozef , Beermann Oliver , Giehl Christopher , Kienle Lorenz
Published: October 2016

We report the synthesis of alumina/stishovite nano‐nano composite ceramics through a pressure‐induced dissociation in Al2SiO5 at a pressure of 15.6 GPa and temperatures of 1300°C‐1900°C. Stishovite is a high‐pressure polymorph of silica and the hardest known oxide at ambient conditions. The grain size of the composites increases with synthesis temperature from ~15 to ~750 nm. The composite is harder than alumina and the hardness increases with reducing grain size down to ~80 nm following a Hall–Petch relation. The maximum hardness with grain size of 81 nm is 23 ± 1 GPa. A softening with reducing grain size was observed below this grain size down to ~15 nm, which is known as inverse Hall–Petch behavior. The grain size dependence of the hardness might be explained by a composite model with a softer grain‐boundary phase.
Surface Diffusion of Oxygen Transport Membrane Materials Studied by Grain‐Boundary Grooving
Authors: Sahini Mtabazi G. , Einarsrud Mari‐Ann , Grande Tor
Published: October 2016

Mass transport mechanism responsible for grain‐boundary grooving during thermal annealing of polished ceramics of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ (BSCF) and La2NiO4+δ (LN) was revealed by atomic force microscopy. Surface diffusion mechanism was confirmed for both materials by the evolution of the grain‐boundary width (w) with annealing time (t), and the surface diffusion coefficient was determined from the slope of w versus t1/4 following the theory by Mullins. An Arrhenius temperature dependence of the surface diffusion was observed, and the activation energy was determined to be 220 ± 30 and 450 ± 30 kJ/mol, respectively, for BSCF and LN. The surface diffusion data are discussed with respect to similar data for other oxide materials and cation and oxygen anion diffusion in BSCF and LN. Finally, the dihedral angle for both LN and BSCF was determined, and these are typical in the range reported for other oxide materials.
Nanoscale Phase Separation in Lithium Niobium Silicate Glass by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation
Authors: Cao Jing , Poumellec Bertrand , Mazerolles Léo , Brisset François , Helbert Anne‐Laure , Surble Suzy , He Xuan , Lancry Matthieu
Published: October 2016

Understanding the phase transformation in glass and the morphology of related nanostructure after femtosecond laser irradiation is of great importance for fabricating functional optics, in which glass crystallization is involved to obtain nonlinear optical properties. We report on the crystallization inside lithium niobium silicate glass induced by fs laser irradiation. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy coupled to scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM/EDS) and transmission electron microscopy confirm a nanoscale phase separation whereby LiNbO3 crystals are embedded in lamella‐shaped frames of amorphous SiO2. The obtained nanostructure may have applications in fabricating second‐order nonlinear optical devices.
Influence of type D personality on job stress and job satisfaction in clinical nurses: the mediating effects of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction
Authors: Kim Yeon Hee , Kim Sung Reul , Kim Yeo Ok , Kim Ji Young , Kim Hyun Kyung , Kim Hye Young
Published: October 2016

Aims

To test a hypothetical path model evaluating the influence of type D personality on job stress and job satisfaction and to identify the mediating effects of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among clinical nurses in South Korea.

Background

Personalities susceptible to stress, compassion fatigue, and burnout in clinical nurses have negative effects on the job stress and job satisfaction.

Design

A correlational, cross‐sectional design was used.

Methods

A convenience sample of 875 clinical nurses was recruited between December 2014 ‐ February 2015. The structured questionnaires included the Type D personality scale‐14, Professional Quality of Life, job stress, job satisfaction, and general characteristics. To test the hypothetical path model, we performed a path analysis by using the AMOS 18·0 program.

Findings

Based on the path model, type D personality was significantly associated with compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in our study subjects. Type D personality was significantly associated with job stress and job satisfaction via the effect of burnout, compassion satisfaction, and job stress.

Conclusion

Since type D personality is associated with job stress and job satisfaction, identifying personalities vulnerable to stress would help to address job stress and to enhance job satisfaction when nurses have a high level of compassion fatigue and burnout and a low level of compassion satisfaction. The development of interventions that can reduce negative affect and social inhibition of nurses with type D personality and investigation of methods to decrease their compassion fatigue and burnout and to increase compassion satisfaction should be encouraged.
HYDAMTIQ, a selective PARP‐1 inhibitor, improves bleomycin‐induced lung fibrosis by dampening the TGF‐β/SMAD signalling pathway
Authors: Lucarini Laura , Durante Mariaconcetta , Lanzi Cecilia , Pini Alessandro , Boccalini Giulia , Calosi Laura , Moroni Flavio , Masini Emanuela , Mannaioni Guido
Published: October 2016

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a severe disease characterized by excessive myofibroblast proliferation, extracellular matrix and fibrils deposition, remodelling of lung parenchyma and pulmonary insufficiency. Drugs able to reduce disease progression are available, but therapeutic results are unsatisfactory; new and safe treatments are urgently needed. Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerases‐1 (PARP‐1) is an abundant nuclear enzyme involved in key biological processes: DNA repair, gene expression control, and cell survival or death. In liver and heart, PARP‐1 activity facilitates oxidative damage, collagen deposition and fibrosis development. In this study, we investigated the effects of HYDAMTIQ, a potent PARP‐1 inhibitor, in a murine model of lung fibrosis. We evaluated the role of PARP on transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) expression and TGF‐β/SMAD signalling pathway in lungs. Mice were intratracheally injected with bleomycin and then treated with either vehicle or different doses of HYDAMTIQ for 21 days. Airway resistance to inflation and lung static compliance, markers of lung stiffness, were assayed. Histochemical and biochemical parameters to evaluate TGF‐β/SMAD signalling pathway with alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) deposition and the levels of a number of inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, iNOS and COX‐2) were performed. Bleomycin administration increased lung stiffness. It also increased lung PARP activity, TGF‐β levels, pSMAD3 expression, αSMA deposition and content of inflammatory markers. HYDAMTIQ attenuated all the above‐mentioned physiological, biochemical and histopathological markers. Our findings support the proposal that PARP inhibitors could have a therapeutic potential in reducing the progression of signs and symptoms of the disease by decreasing TGF‐β expression and the TGF‐β/SMAD transduction pathway.
Periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding in relation to Nordic diet – results from a population‐based survey
Authors: Jauhiainen Leena , Suominen Anna Liisa , Kanerva Noora , Männistö Satu , Knuuttila Matti , Ylöstalo Pekka
Published: October 2016

Aim

To examine whether a Nordic diet measured by the Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) and the Recommended Finnish Diet Score (RFDS) is associated with periodontal condition.

Material and Methods

The study population consisted of non‐smoking, non‐diabetic and non‐rheumatoid individuals in the Health 2000 Survey in Finland. Analyses were made in two age groups (30–49 years (n = 1210) and 50–79 years (n = 977)) and subsequently in two oral hygiene groups (good oral hygiene and poor oral hygiene). The number of sextants with gingival bleeding and the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets were used as outcome variables. Dietary data were collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire.

Results

Both the BSDS and the RFDS were weakly, although statistically significantly associated with less gingival bleeding in the younger age group (p = 0.019, p < 0.001). In the older age group, the RFDS or the BSDS associated inversely, although inconsistently, with gingival bleeding. RFDS and BSDS associated with both gingival bleeding and deepened periodontal pockets among those with poor oral hygiene.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the Nordic diet in some cases has a favourable effect on periodontal health. These findings warrant further studies on the role of diet in periodontal diseases.
Propranolol enhances bone healing and implant osseointegration in rats tibiae
Authors: Al‐Subaie Ahmed E. , Laurenti Marco , Abdallah Mohamed‐Nur , Tamimi Iskandar , Yaghoubi Farid , Eimar Hazem , Makhoul Nicholas , Tamimi Faleh
Published: October 2016

Background

Propranolol, a non‐selective β‐blocker widely used to treat cardiovascular conditions, favours bone accrual. Accordingly, we hypothesized that propranolol could be useful for improving bone healing and osseointegration. This in vivo study was designed to investigate the effect of propranolol on bone healing and osseointegration in rats' tibiae.

Methods

On 24 Sprague–Dawley rats, a unicortical defect was created in the right tibial metaphysis of each rat and a custom‐made titanium implant was placed in the left tibia. Animals were then assigned into two groups (n = 12, each group) and treated daily with either propranolol (5 mg/kg: subcutaneous) or saline, for 2 weeks. Then, after killing, the volume of the cortical defects (mm3) and the percentages of newly formed bone in the defects, were assessed with microcomputed tomography; bone‐implant contact percentage and peri‐implant bone volume/tissue volume were assessed by histomorphometry.

Result

Propranolol‐treated rats presented smaller cortical defects (1.56 ± 0.28 mm3 versus 2.04 ± 0.29 mm3, p < 0.001) with more bone volume/tissue volume (60.6 ± 7.9% versus 41.1 ± 10.2%, p < 0.001) compared to saline‐treated rats. Propranolol also enhanced osseointegration as propranolol‐treated rats presented higher bone‐implant‐contact (65.0 ± 13.1% versus 42.5 ± 8.8%, p < 0.001) and peri‐implant bone volume/Tissue volume (73.8 ± 10.1% versus 56.9 ± 5.7%, p = 0.007) than saline‐treated rats.

Conclusion

Propranolol enhanced bone healing and implant osseointegration.
Exploring Canadian surgeons' decisions about postoperative weight bearing for their hip fracture patients
Authors: Carlin Leslie , Sibley Kathryn , Jenkinson Richard , Kontos Pia , McGlasson Rhona , Kreder Hans J. , Jaglal Susan
Published: October 2016

For older adults with osteoporosis, a fall resulting in hip fracture is a life‐changing event from which only one‐third fully recover. Current best evidence argues strongly for elderly patients to bear weight on their repaired hip fracture immediately after their surgery to maximize their chances of full or nearly full recovery. Patient stakeholders in Canada have argued that some surgeons fail to issue “weight‐bearing‐as‐tolerated” (WBAT) orders in all eligible cases, protecting their bony repair but contributing to increased mortality and long‐term disability rates. In collaboration with a national stakeholder organization, Bone and Joint Canada, we interviewed 20 orthopedic surgeons across Canada who perform hip fracture repair surgery, with the aim of understanding their attitudes and behavior toward patient management regarding weight bearing. Qualitative content analysis, in which themes are identified and agreed by multiple coders, suggested that both patient characteristics and surgeon factors influence surgeons' postoperative weight‐bearing orders. While almost all respondents agreed that weight bearing as tolerated is indeed therapeutic for most hip fracture repair or replacement patients, surgeons also described certain patient characteristics that would diminish the value of immediate weight bearing, including poor bone quality and certain types of fracture pattern. Surgeon factors that affect postoperative mobilization orders include choice of construct, previous experience of construct failure, and lack of local audit data regarding past weight‐bearing decisions and patient outcomes. Thus, although familiar with best practice guidelines, surgeons also have “rules to break the rules.” In an era when “good” medicine leans toward science rather than art, the role of individual experience in decision making with regard to hip fracture care continues to be important and would benefit from being discussed openly.
Cost‐optimal design of river dikes using probabilistic methods
Authors: Bischiniotis K. , Kanning W. , Jonkman S.N. , Kok M.
Published: October 2016

Given the large investments in dike construction and reinforcements, optimisation of these interventions could contribute to significant cost savings. In this study, a probabilistic method is developed for obtaining the geometry of a river dike cross‐section that fulfils a specified target reliability at a minimal cost. The method takes into account multiple relevant failure mechanisms and various geometric parameters of the dike. Large numbers of cross‐sections are generated and the reliability for each section is computed using FORM, Monte Carlo sampling, and numerical integration. The method is applied to several cases representing typical river dike profiles that are found in the Netherlands. Results show that for the optimal geometry the largest fraction of the target failure probability is assigned to those mechanisms with a relatively high cost of reinforcement. Also, comparison with the current semi‐probabilistic design guidelines shows that a decrease in costs of up to 15% could be reached with the new optimisation method.
Weekend days are not required to accurately measure oral intake in hospitalised patients
Authors: Chapple L. S. , Deane A. M. , Lange K. , Kranz A. J. , Williams L. T. , Chapman M. J.
Published: October 2016

Background

Nutrition studies in patients admitted to hospital frequently disregard oral intake because measurement is time‐intensive and logistically challenging. In free‐living populations, weighed food records (WFR) are the gold‐standard and are conducted on weekend and weekdays to capture variations in intake, although this may not translate during hospitalisation. The present study aimed to determine whether oral intake differs between weekends and weekdays in hospitalised patients.

Methods

For adult patients initially admitted to the intensive therapy unit with a moderate‐severe head injury over a 12‐month period, WFR were conducted each week on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday throughout hospitalisation. Meal components were weighed before and after consumption, and energy and protein intakes were calculated using specialised software. Data are reported as the mean (SD). Differences were assessed using paired t‐tests and agreement using Bland–Altman plots.

Results

Thirty‐two patients had WFR collected on 220 days, 68% (n = 149) on weekdays and 32% (n = 71) on weekends. Overall, daily intakes were 5.72 (3.67) MJ [1367 (877) kcal] and 62 (40) g protein. There were no differences in intake across all days (P = 0.937 energy, P = 0.797 protein), nor between weekdays and weekends, in weeks 1–3 of oral intake (all P > 0.1). Limits of agreement between mean intakes across days were wide for energy [range −11.20 to 9.55 MJ (−2680 to 2283 kcal)] and protein (range −125 to 110 g).

Conclusions

Grouped energy and protein intakes from WFR in hospitalised patients are similar on weekdays and weekends, although large intra‐patient variations occur. Future quantification of oral intake during hospitalisation should include as many days as feasible, although not necessarily weekend days, to reflect true intake.
The Dyadic Effects of Supportive Coparenting and Parental Stress on Relationship Quality Across the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Durtschi Jared A. , Soloski Kristy L. , Kimmes Jonathan
Published: October 2016

The transition to first‐time parenthood can be challenging for couples. Using a sample of 848 ethnically diverse couples from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study across the first 3 years of parenthood, we investigated the longitudinal and dyadic associations of each parents’ parental stress, supportive coparenting, and relationship quality. Results from an actor–partner interdependence model indicated that supportive coparenting significantly predicted higher relationship quality for both mothers and fathers. Fathers’ supportive coparenting significantly buffered the effects of mothers’ parental stress on relationship quality. Also, the unique dyadic contexts of each parents’ supportive coparenting, and also both partners’ parental stress were significantly associated with relationship quality. Clinical implications from these findings are discussed through commonly used clinical theories.
Myocardial infarction, patient decision delay and help‐seeking behaviour: a thematic analysis
Authors: Coventry Linda L , van Schalkwyk Johanna W , Thompson Peter L , Hawkins Scott A , Hegney Desley G
Published: October 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore patient decision delay, the symptom experience and factors that motivated the patient experiencing myocardial infarction to go to the emergency department.

Background

Reperfusion for myocardial infarction is more effective if performed as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms. Multiple studies show that prehospital delay is long and can average several hours.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design using semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

All consecutive myocardial infarction patients who between July 2013–January 2014 at a single‐centre metropolitan tertiary hospital in Western Australia were included. Patient responses to an open‐ended question were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using Braun & Clarke (Qual Res Psychol, 3, 2006, 77–101) thematic analysis method.

Results

Of the 367 eligible, 255 provided consent. Three themes emerged from the qualitative analyses: (1) onset and response to symptoms, and this included three subthemes: context of the event, diversity of symptom interpretation and response to symptoms; (2) help‐seeking behaviour, and this included the patient seeking help from various lay and professional sources; and (3) help‐seeking outcomes, which include calling the emergency ambulance, going to emergency department, seeing a general practitioner, seeing a general practitioner who advised them to go home.

Conclusion

The context of the event, their symptomatology and the layperson who was the first point of contact influenced the decision for the patient to go to the emergency department. Many patients used private transport or contacted their general practitioner. New knowledge from this study emphasises the importance of the layperson understanding the appropriate response is to seek prompt care through immediate emergency transport by ambulance to emergency department.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study highlights the need to educate both the patient and the wider public, not only to seek prompt care but to also to call the emergency ambulance to arrange transport to the emergency department.
Paediatric lymphoedema: A retrospective chart review of 86 cases
Authors: Watt Hilary , Singh-Grewal Davinder , Wargon Orli , Adams Susan
Published: October 2016

Aim

To define the clinical characteristics, investigations, management and outcomes of lymphoedema in a paediatric cohort.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of children with lymphoedema seen at two tertiary paediatric hospitals since 1998. Telephone interviews with parents were performed when information was missing. Information recorded included demographic data, features of diagnosis and clinical presentation, symptoms, complications and treatment.

Results

A total of 86 patients with lymphoedema were identified. Eighty cases (93%) were primary and six cases (7%) were secondary. Most were female (60%). Location of swelling was most commonly the lower limbs (94%). There were 13 cases (15%) of genital involvement. Swelling presented in the first 12 months of life in 60% of primary lymphoedema patients. Complications of lymphoedema occurred in 73% of patients. Lymphoscintigraphy was the most common investigation used (65%), followed by ultrasound (57%) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (35%). Eight of the 48 (17%) lymphoscintigraphs produced a false negative result or were inconclusive with a correct diagnosis subsequently made clinically and using MRI. Average time to diagnosis was 9 months. Lymphoedema was managed with compression garments (99%), manual lymph drainage (97%) and multilayered bandaging (68%). Eight patients had an operative procedure as a part of management.

Conclusions

Primary lymphoedema is more common than secondary lymphoedema in children. Onset tends to be during infancy for both males and females, and the lower limb is typically involved. Causes of secondary lymphoedema are diverse and rare. Diagnosis in children is often delayed but is possible based on history and physical examination alone and when further investigation is necessary MRI is effective.
Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and severity of respiratory syncytial virus acute lower respiratory infection in Malaysian children, 2008–2013
Authors: Ng Khuen F , Tan Kah K , Sam Zhi H , Ting Grace SS , Gan Wan Y
Published: October 2016

Aim

The aim of this study is to describe epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory data and severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in Malaysian children and to determine risk factors associated with prolonged hospital stay, paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality.

Methods

Retrospective data on demographics, clinical presentation, outcomes and laboratory findings of 450 children admitted into Tuanku Jaafar Hospital in Seremban, Malaysia from 2008 to 2013 with documented diagnosis of RSV ALRI were collected and analysed.

Results

Most admissions were children below 2 years old (85.8%; 386/450). Commonest symptoms were fever (84.2%; 379/450), cough (97.8%; 440/450) and rhinorrhea (83.6%; 376/450). The median age among febrile patients (n = 379) was 9.0 months with interquartile range (IQR) of 4.0‐19.0 months whereas the median age among those who were apyrexial (n = 71) was 2 months with IQR of 1‐6 months (P‐value <0.001). 15.3% (69/450) needed intensive care and 1.6% (7/450) died. Young age, history of prematurity, chronic comorbidity and thrombocytosis were significantly associated with prolonged hospital stay, PICU admission and mortality.

Conclusions

Infants less than 6 months old with RSV ALRI tend to be afebrile at presentation. Younger age, history of prematurity, chronic comorbidity and thrombocytosis are predictors of severe RSV ALRI among Malaysian children. Case fatality rate for Malaysian children below 5 years of age with RSV ALRI in our centre is higher than what is seen in developed countries, suggesting that there is room for improvement.
Alpha-lipoic acid–stearylamine conjugate-based solid lipid nanoparticles for tamoxifen delivery: formulation, optimization, in-vivo pharmacokinetic and hepatotoxicity study
Authors: Dhaundiyal Ankit , Jena Sunil K , Samal Sanjaya K , Sonvane Bhavin , Chand Mahesh , Sangamwar Abhay T
Published: October 2016

Objectives

This study was designed to demonstrate the potential of novel α-lipoic acid–stearylamine (ALA-SA) conjugate-based solid lipid nanoparticles in modulating the pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity of tamoxifen (TMX).

Methods

α-lipoic acid–stearylamine bioconjugate was synthesized via carbodiimide chemistry and used as a lipid moiety for the generation of TMX-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (TMX-SLNs). TMX-SLNs were prepared by solvent emulsification–diffusion method and optimized for maximum drug loading using rotatable central composite design. The optimized TMX-SLNs were stabilized using 10% w/w trehalose as cryoprotectant. In addition, pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity of freeze-dried TMX-SLNs were also evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats.

Key findings

Initial characterization with transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical morphology with smooth surface having an average particle size of 261.08 ± 2.13 nm. The observed entrapment efficiency was 40.73 ± 2.83%. In-vitro release study showed TMX release was slow and pH dependent. Pharmacokinetic study revealed a 1.59-fold increase in relative bioavailability as compared to TMX suspension. A decrease in hepatotoxicity of TMX is evidenced by the histopathological evaluation of liver tissues.

Conclusions

α-lipoic acid–stearylamine conjugate-based SLNs have a great potential in enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs like TMX. Moreover, this ALA-SA nanoparticulate system could be of significant value in long-term anticancer therapy with least side effects.
Bone‐site‐specific responses to zoledronic acid
Authors: Vermeer JAF , Renders GAP , van Duin MA , Jansen IDC , Bakker LF , Kroon SA , de Vries TJ , Everts V
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Bisphosphonates are widely used to treat bone diseases such as osteoporosis. However, they may cause osteonecrosis of the jaw. Here, we investigated whether in vivo exposure to bisphosphonates has a different effect on long bone and jaw osteoclasts, and on the turnover of these different bones.

Materials and Methods

Zoledronic acid (0.5 mg kg−1 weekly) was administered intraperitoneally to 3‐month‐old female mice for up to 6 months. The effects on the number of osteoclasts, bone mineralization and bone formation were measured in the long bones and in the jaw.

Results

Long‐term treatment with zoledronic acid reduced the number of jaw bone marrow cells, without affecting the number of long bone marrow cells. Zoledronic acid treatment did not affect the number of osteoclasts in vivo. Yet, the bisphosphonate increased bone volume and mineral density of both long bone and jaw. Interestingly, 6 months of treatment suppressed bone formation in the long bones without affecting the jaw. Unexpectedly, we showed that bisphosphonates can cause molar root resorption, mediated by active osteoclasts.

Conclusions

Our findings provide more insight into bone‐site‐specific effects of bisphosphonates and into the aetiology of osteonecrosis of the jaw. We demonstrated that bisphosphonates can stimulate osteoclast activity at the molar roots.
Community‐level spatial structure supports a model of stochastic geometry in species‐rich shrublands
Authors: Perry George L. W. , Miller Ben P. , Lamont Byron B. , Enright Neal J.
Published: October 2016

In some ecosystems a small suite of species can determine community‐level patterns of species richness by acting as either ‘accumulators’ or ‘repellers’; that is, the richness of the immediate neighbourhood of such species departs from that expected on the basis of a given null model. Using the individual species‐area approach, we evaluated community‐level spatial pattern in four species‐rich shrublands (two 40 × 40 m and two 30 × 30 m plots) by assessing the frequency of accumulator and repeller species and whether any such species were associated with specific life‐history characteristics. Few species departed from the expectations of the null spatial model that we used, although, at three of the four sites, accumulators were more common than repellers. Departures from the null model we assessed were most prevalent within just 1 m of focal individuals and were not consistently associated with specific life‐history traits. Model‐based clustering suggests that there are distinct sub‐communities in each of the four communities, but while internally spatially cohesive, these sub‐communities intermingle and their membership is not predictable from the life‐history traits of their constituent species. Comparable analyses in other species‐rich systems have also detected a similar absence of spatial interactions. The disturbance regime in the shrubland communities we consider is markedly different from those in the forest ecosystems where previous studies have been concentrated (recurrent fire versus infrequent gap‐phase dynamics) and resources are more limiting. Thus, our results provide further support for the generality of a model of stochastic geometry, likely underpinned by stochastic dilution effects, in species‐rich plant communities.
The oldest durophagous teleosauroid (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) from the lower Bathonian of central High Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Jouve Stéphane , Mennecart Bastien , Douteau Julien , Jalil Nour‐Eddine
Published: October 2016

Marine crocodylomorphs were particularly abundant in Europe during the Middle Jurassic, but were very scarce in Africa. New finds of thalattosuchian cranial remains in Morocco suggest that this scarcity is probably related to poor sampling rather than original diversity. These remains pertain to the coastal thalattosuchians, the teleosauroids, and particularly to the clade grouping the blunt‐toothed ‘Steneosaurus’ obtusidens and the genus Machimosaurus. A new tribe is erected grouping these two taxa: Machimosaurini. Until now the machimosaurins have been known from the middle Callovian. The new material extends the presence of this group further back to the lower Bathonian, nearly 5 myr earlier. The machimosaurins are the only teleosauroid group that has been recently reviewed, and the difference between the revised diversity provided herein and that previously reported is large. A review of other teleosauroids and clear establishment of their phylogenetic relationships are also likely to have considerable impact on their observed diversity. So, until a complete review of the teleosauroids is carried out, the results of crocodylomorph diversity analyses should be treated with caution.
Acne Fulminans: Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Alakeel Abdullah , Ferneiny Marie , Auffret Nicole , Bodemer Christine
Published: October 2016

Acne fulminans (AF) is a rare manifestation and the most severe form of the entire clinical spectrum of acne. The disease is destructive and is characterized by the sudden onset of painful and ulcerative pustules and systemic symptoms including high fever, hepatomegaly, polyarthralgia, leukocytosis, plaquetose, and increased inflammatory markers and transaminases. Osteolytic lesions in multiple skeletal sites could also be associated. The use of isotretinoin is considered a related trigger, as well as the use and cessation of testosterone, although a bacterial infection, a drug‐induced disease, or an intake of anabolic androgenic steroids has been suggested. The treatment of AF is challenging and controversial. The recommended treatment is aggressive and consists of a combination of oral steroids and low doses of isotretinoin, with no consensus at this time. The patient may require several weeks of hospitalization to control the eruption. The cutaneous lesions usually leave scars and milia. We report on two boys and two girls presenting with AF, triggered by isotretinoin in three patients and by an antibiotic in one patient. All the patients treated with corticosteroids and isotretinoin with success.
Newly Described Autoinflammatory Diseases in Pediatric Dermatology
Authors: Xirotagaros Georgios , Hernández‐Ostiz Sergio , Aróstegui Juan Ignacio , Torrelo Antonio
Published: October 2016

Specific gene mutations leading to dysregulation of innate immune response produce the expanding spectrum of monogenic autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs). They are characterized by seemingly unprovoked, recurrent episodes of systemic inflammation in which a myriad of manifestations usually affect skin. Novel genetic technologies have led to the discovery of new AIDs and phenotypes that were not previously clinically described. Consequently the number of AIDs is continuously growing and their recognition and the disclosure of their pathophysiology will prompt early diagnosis and targeted treatment of affected patients. The objective of the present work is to review those newly described AIDs with prominent dermatologic manifestations that may constitute a major criterion for their diagnosis.
High SchoolCPR/AEDTraining in Washington State
Authors: Salvatierra Gail G. , Palazzo Steven J. , Emery Allison
Published: October 2016

Objective

Describe the rates ofCPR/AEDtraining in high schools in the state of Washington after passage of legislation mandatingCPR/AEDtraining.

Design and Sample

A web‐based survey was sent to administrators at 660 public and private high schools in the state of Washington.

Results and Conclusions

The survey was completed by 148 schools (22%); 64% reported providingCPRtraining and 54% providedAEDtraining. Reported barriers to implementation included instructor availability, cost, and a lack of equipment. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample characteristics and implementation rates. Mandates without resources and support do not ensure implementation ofCPR/AEDtraining in high schools. Full public health benefits of aCPRmandate will not be realized until barriers to implementation are identified and eliminated through use of available, accessible public health resources.
Arabidopsis thaliana serpins AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 negatively regulate stress‐induced cell death and effector‐triggered immunity induced by bacterial effector AvrRpt2
Authors: Bhattacharjee Lipika , Singh Deepjyoti , Gautam Janesh Kumar , Nandi Ashis Kumar
Published: October 2016

Protease inhibitors and their cognate proteases regulate growth, development and defense. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) constitute a large family of genes in most metazoans and plants. Drosophila NECROTIC (NEC) gene and its homologues in the mammalian system are well‐characterized serpins, which play a role in regulating proteases that participate in cell death pathways. Although the Arabidopsis genome contains several serpin homologs, biological function is not known for most of them. Here we show that two Arabidopsis serpins, AtSRP4 and AtSRP5, are closest sequence homologue of Drosophila NEC protein, and are involved in stress‐induced cell death and defense. Expression of both AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 genes induced upon ultra‐violet (UV)‐treatment and inoculation with avirulent pathogens. The knockout mutants and amiRNA lines of AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 exaggerated UV‐ and hypersensitive response (HR)‐induced cell death. Over‐expression of AtSRP4 reduced UV‐ and HR‐induced cell death. Mutants of AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 suppressed whereas over‐expression of AtSRP4 supported the growth of bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 carrying the AvrRpt2 effector, but not other avirulent or virulent pathogens. Results altogether identified AtSRP4 and AtSRP5 as negative regulators of stress‐induced cell death and AvrRpt2‐triggered immunity; however, the influence of AtSRP4 was more prominent than AtSRP5.
What is Trust? A Multidisciplinary Review, Critique, and Synthesis
Authors: Robbins Blaine G.
Published: October 2016

Despite decades of interdisciplinary research on trust, the literature remains fragmented and balkanized with little consensus regarding its origins. This review documents how this came to be and attempts to offer a solution. Specifically, it evaluates issues of conceptualization found in the trust literature. I recommend that we move away from varieties of trust – multidimensional conceptualizations of trust – and toward a single trust concept built around four essential properties: actor A's beliefs, actor B's trustworthiness, the matter(s) at hand, and unknown outcomes. I finish the article by proposing a synthetic structural‐cognitive theoretical framework for investigating the causes and consequences of trust in everyday life.
Neoliberalism and Health: The Linkages and the Dangers
Authors: Schrecker Ted
Published: October 2016

A recent book addresses the health effects of neoliberalism using the provocative rubric of ‘neoliberal epidemics’. This article reviews literature on the health effects of neoliberalism starting with the structural adjustment conditionalities mandated by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It continues with an analysis of how neoliberalism increases economic insecurity and inequality, and the effects on health, with a section specific to the health impacts of austerity measures undertaken after the financial crisis that began in 2007. The next section considers contemporary trade policy as an embodiment of neoliberal ideology, and reviews current and anticipated health effects. The article concludes with a brief examination of two paradoxes that are evident in the research literature on neoliberalism and health.
Boundaries and barriers: Racialized dynamics of political power
Authors: Rosino Michael L.
Published: October 2016

Recent sociological works establish the significance and role of the state and political sphere in the enactment of racial oppression and construction of racial categories. However, less understood are the racialized dynamics that mediate exclusion and access to political power, particularly at the meso‐ and micro‐levels. Synthesizing extant theory and research on racial inequality, the state, politics, and power, this article advances a framework centering on boundaries and barriers. First, it discusses the relationship between the state and political sphere, political power, and racial inequality. Next, it explores the literature on the deployment and contestation of racialized boundaries to the symbolic and material benefits of the state. It then examines the literature on racialized barriers to engagement, participation, and influence in the political sphere.The article concludes by suggesting future research in the related areas of agenda‐setting and influence and the microdynamics of political power.
Regional and Special Issues in Social Policy & Administration
Authors: Jones Finer Catherine , Greve Bent
Published: October 2016

This article explores the emergence and elaboration of regional and special issues of Social Policy & Administration (SP&A) from the contrasting perspectives of the two editors principally involved in their production as a distinctive feature of the journal.

Catherine Jones Finer, who retired from editorial involvement in 2007, writes from memory of her own experience (which featured the introduction of regional then special issues as an ongoing series) drawing on the run of printed copies of SP&A still in her possession. Bent Greve then draws on his own access to a much wider and more up‐to‐date range of documents to trace trends and developments over time, not merely in the content of the regional and special issues themselves, but in the increasingly international and supra‐national social policy environment to which they relate.
Activation of ethylene signaling pathways enhances disease resistance by regulating ROS and phytoalexin production in rice
Authors: Yang Chao , Li Wen , Cao Jidong , Meng Fanwei , Yu Yongqi , Huang Junkai , Jiang Lan , Liu Muxing , Zhang Zhengguang , Chen Xuewei , Miyamoto Koji , Yamane Hisakazu , Zhang Jinsong , Chen Shouyi , Liu Jun
Published: October 2016

Ethylene plays diverse roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, the roles of ethylene signaling in immune responses remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae infection activated ethylene biosynthesis in rice. Resistant rice cultivars accumulated higher levels of ethylene than susceptible ones. Ethylene signaling components OsEIN2 and the downstream transcription factor OsEIL1 positively regulated disease resistance. Mutation of OsEIN2 led to enhanced disease susceptibility. Whole‐genome transcription analysis revealed that responsive genes of ethylene, jasmonates (JAs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling as well as phytoalexin biosynthesis genes were remarkably induced. Transcription of OsrbohA/B, which encode NADPH oxidases, and OsOPRs, the JA biosynthesis genes, were induced by M. oryzae infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OsEIL1 binds to the promoters of OsrbohA/OsrbohB and OsOPR4 to activate their expression. These data suggest that OsEIN2‐mediated OsrbohA/OsrbohB and OsOPR transcription may play essential roles in ROS generation, JA biosynthesis and the subsequent phytoalexin accumulation. Therefore, the involvement of ethylene signaling in disease resistance is probably by activation of ROS and phytoalexin production in rice during M. oryzae infection.
A randomized crossover study comparing membrane and centrifugal therapeutic plasma exchange procedures
Authors: Kes Petar , Janssens Michiel Etienne , Bašić‐Jukić Nikolina , Kljak Milića
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) can be performed either on a membrane‐based system (mTPE) or on a device that separates blood components by centrifugation (cTPE). The number of studies in this field is limited. This randomized study is the first that offers data on the membrane‐based Diapact device (B. Braun Medical, Inc.) for TPE procedures and compares it to the centrifuge‐based Spectra Optia (Terumo BCT, Inc.).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Twenty‐seven patients were enrolled in this randomized prospective head‐to‐head study comparing the mTPE and cTPE systems. Procedures on both devices were standardized and the plasma removal efficiency (PRE); total procedure time (including setup and priming time); and removal efficiencies of blood cells, immunoglobulin (Ig)G, and fibrinogen for all procedures were analyzed.

RESULTS

While both systems removed similar amounts of plasma, it took the cTPE device a mean of 101.5 ± 24.6 minutes to finalize a procedure that was one‐third less than procedures on the mTPE device (157 ± 26.2 min; p < 0.0001), due to a difference in PRE between the Spectra Optia (83.0% ± 4.9%) and the Diapact (53.2% ± 6.6%; p < 0.0001). The difference in removal efficiencies of IgG and blood cells were not significantly different but the Spectra Optia was more efficient in removing the larger fibrinogen protein than the Diapact (72.3% ± 8.5% vs. 62.9% ± 16.1%, respectively; p < 0.02).

CONCLUSION

This study shows that, although both systems perform adequate and safe TPE procedures, those on the Spectra Optia in comparison to the Diapact are more efficient in terms of plasma removal and significantly shorter.
Diagnostic accuracy of Wright–Giemsa and rhodanine stain protocols for detection and semi‐quantitative grading of copper in canine liver aspirates
Authors: Moore A Russell , Coffey Emily , Hamar Dwayne
Published: October 2016

Background

Canine hepatic copper content has been increasing. Recognition of canine copper‐associated hepatopathies is becoming more common.

Objectives

The purpose of the study was to assess the diagnostic performance of Wright–Giemsa (WG) and rhodanine staining for detection of increased canine hepatic copper following a proposed cytologic protocol for semi‐quantitative evaluation of liver aspirates and the effect of previous WG staining.

Methods

Retrospectively, 40 canine hepatic WG‐stained cytology cases were rhodanine stained. Diagnostic performance of WG staining for increased hepatic copper was evaluated. A rhodanine‐stained cytologic copper grading system was developed. Prospectively, 67 canine liver samples with quantitative copper measurement, a WG‐then rhodanine‐stained slide, and a non‐WG rhodanine‐stained slide were used to assess the performance of the grading system and the effect of previous WG staining.

Results

Copper was not described in 40 retrospective cases on initial cytologic evaluation; 8/40 cases had increased copper content after rhodanine staining or quantitative copper assessment. Prior WG staining and destaining significantly affected the cytologic copper grade but not the diagnostic performance as measured by receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis. Quantitative copper concentration and previously WG‐stained copper grade were moderately correlated (n = 67, ρ = .79 [.68–.87]). For detection of ≥ 600 ppm, dry weight (dw) copper, sensitivity was .75 and specificity was .97. For detection of ≥ 1500 ppm, dw copper, sensitivity was 1.0 and specificity was .97.

Conclusions

Wright–Giemsa staining alone does not reliably detect hepatic copper. Grading of rhodanine‐stained canine hepatic cytologic samples demonstrates acceptable diagnostic performance for detection of copper content.
Long‐Term Outcome and Complications Following Prophylactic Laparoscopic‐Assisted Gastropexy in Dogs
Authors: Loy Son Natasha K. , Singh Ameet , Amsellem Pierre , Kilkenny Jessica , Brisson Brigitte A. , Oblak Michelle L. , Ogilvie Adam T.
Published: October 2016

Objective

To characterize the short‐ and long‐term outcome (>12 months), complications, and owner satisfaction following prophylactic laparoscopic‐assisted gastropexy (LAG) in dogs.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs (n = 49).

Methods

Dogs that underwent prophylactic LAG at 2 veterinary academic hospitals were studied. Surgical time, anesthesia time, concurrent intra‐ and extra‐abdominal procedures, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded following review of medical records. Veterinarian and/or owner follow‐up was obtained to determine outcome and satisfaction with LAG.

Results

Five of 49 dogs (10%) experienced complications related to abdominal access during LAG. Four percent (2/49) of dogs experienced an intraoperative complication. Follow‐up information was available for 89% of dogs (44/49). Four dogs died of causes unrelated to LAG or gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) in the follow‐up period. Two dogs experienced major postoperative complications requiring additional veterinary intervention. Thirty percent (13 dogs) experienced a minor postoperative self‐limiting wound‐related complication. Median follow‐up time was 698 days (range, 411–1825). No dogs experienced GDV. One hundred percent of dog owners were satisfied with LAG, would repeat the procedure in a future pet, and would recommend the procedure to a friend or family member.

Conclusion

LAG was an effective procedure for prevention of GDV and was associated with high client satisfaction in this cohort of dogs. A moderate rate of postoperative wound complications occurred that were minor and self‐limiting in nature.