bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation and inter-piconet communications in cognitive personal area networks
Authors: Rahman Md. Mizanur
Published: May 2021

This dissertation presents a new approach for achieving group rendezvous with a coordinator node towards forming a Cognitive Personal Area Network (CPAN) by an arbitrary number of nodes. We propose a protocol for the time to form CPAN in which the nodes join the coordinator simultaneously instead of sequentially. Specifically, we develop an analytical model and derive the distribution of time to form CPAN under the considerations of random arrivals of nodes and their random times to rendezvous with coordinator. We also investigate the CPAN formation time by considering the random activity of primary user (PU).
Besides operating in a CPAN, the nodes may have traffic destined to the nodes of other CPAN. In this dissertation, we also propose a bridging protocol in which a shared (bridge) node routes the inter-CPAN traffic between two CPANs. As the bridge node shares its time between two CPANs, the bridge traffic gets priority over that of ordinary nodes in
both CPANs. We consider a single, unidirectional bridge because the traffic in the opposite direction can easily be accommodated by having another bridge node. We develop an analytical model based on probabilistic modeling and queueing theory to evaluate the performance of the bridging protocol. We validate the network performance by analyzing the waiting time of local and non-local packets and how the node or bridge transmission is affected by the collision with primary source activity.
Finally, we propose a low-overhead two-way bridging scheme for two-hop CPANs, which is more realistic and can be used a basis for routing inter-CPAN traffic in a multihop network. In this advance bringing protocol, the bridge switches between the CPANs without any predefined arrangement, which resulted in simplified bridge scheduling and increased fairness for all nodes. We also analyze its performance through probabilistic analysis and renewal theory. We show that the CPANs are indeed decoupled in terms of synchronization, however the performance of both local and non-local traffic in either CPAN depends on the traffic intensity in both CPANs as well as on the portion of traffic targeting non-local destinations
Development of infrared thermal mapping technique for electronic devices
Authors: Ailani Sanjay
Published: May 2021

The goal of this research project is to develop an experimental setup that is capable of demonstrating thermal behavior of the electronic device. The project focuses on thermal mapping at device, integrated circuit and printed circuit board (PCB) level.
A unique technique to perform thermal mapping on integrated circuits and printed circuit board based on Infrared Thermography is proposed in this research project. The developed experimental setup is capable of performing steady state and transient analysis at device and PCB level. The proposed test setup is applied to perform thermal mapping on 68HC11 microcontroller board to predict accurate temperature distribution on the real time operating printed circuit board. The accuracy and validation of the experimental setup are the two major challenges faced in this work. Apart from this, to know the exact transistor junction temperature, it is necessary to develop methodology that prevents heat spreading, allows proper cooling and the one that provides stable cooling thermal coefficient.
The performance of infrared thermography has been validated against thermocouple results. The experimental results are compared with the ones obtained by digital thermometer. In order to achieve stability and certainty in the results, insulated environment is preferred. Thermocouple results can be taken as reference since it is in physical contact with the die or the package. Cooling of the electronic device is also performed in this work. Oil based heatsink has been implemented using mineral Aldrich oil which is specially designed for IR spectroscopy. Several different combinations of layers of coating of Boron Nitride spray and black spray paint are deployed with different emissivity settings.
The effect of the number of color layer coatings and emissivity values have been investigated. Various challenges pertaining to heat spreading, heat dependent cooling coefficients and spatial resolution have been resolved. The performance of the test setup has been evaluated for both steady state and transient analysis. In additon, thermocouple results have been taken as reference.
Appraisal of self-reference, delusional ideation and memory in a normal sample
Authors: Burley Madelaine Clair
Published: May 2021

I investigated whether self-referent appraisal bias (SRB) mediates the relation between delusional thinking and self-referent memory (SRM). Forty normal adults participated. Participants rated how much 80 statements were about them on a five-point scale and the ratings were summed to operationalize SRB. Corrected hit rate (Pr) from an incidental recognition memory test for these statements was the dependent measure of SRM. Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI) scores correlated with Pr (r=-.34) and there was a trend toward correlation between SRB and Pr (r=-.25). SRB mediated the relation between PDI score and Pr with age, standardized memory and language achievement scores as covariates (Baron & Kenny, 1986). Bootstrapping analyses confirmed that the change in the model was significant with SRB as a mediator. These findings suggest that individual differences, such as SRB, mediate SRM performance. This suggests that such subtle biases could mediate cognitive impairment in psychosis, which has implications for treatment.
Information and Communication Technologies in Networks of Non-Profit Organizations
Authors: Malinsky Eli
Published: May 2021

This thesis explores the recursive interaction among technology, human action and institutional properties in three networks of nonprofit organizations. The aims of the research are two-fold: to make a theoretical contibution to literature on organizations and technology by applying concepts of institutionalism and the structurational model of technology to a unique organizational form; and, to make a practical contribution to the nonprofit sector by improving knowledge of how networks of nonprofit organizations interact with information and communication technologies. The research process involved 13 interviews, 44 qualitative surveys and copious document and website analysis. The findings indicate that technology is not institutionalized uniformly within the network structures but instead comes to assume different roles within different parts of the networks. This leads to an extension of the structurational model of technology and also highlights the importance of flexible technologies that can be adapted to the variable circumstances of a single network structure.
Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a Helicopter Rotor Blade
Authors: Leahy Michael G.
Published: May 2021

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) was performed on a helicopter rotor blade. The blade was modeled as a rigid flapping blade for dynamics; Blade Element Theory (BET) was the analysis approach to model the aerodynamic loading, and a simple linearly elastic hollowed rectangular section was the main structural component. MATLAB was used to solve the flapping differential equations and its Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) were used for the optimization. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) routine was also tested. The optimization process consisted of three cases. The first case was a simple cantilever beam under centrifugal and an assumed bending loads. The optimization was performed using the SQP, GA, and PSO algorithms. The SQP resulted in the superior design with 75.45 compared to the GA's 87.1 and the PSO's 79.2, but a local minimum was present. The second case was an expansion of the first case by turning it into multidisciplinary problem. Aerodynamics was included in the design variables and objective function. Only the SQP algorithm was used and there was a reduction in hub vertical shear by 33.6%. The blade mass increased by 36.84%. The last case was an improvement to the second by creating a multiobjective problem by including the hub radial shear and the results were improved significantly by reducing the hub vertical shear by 34.06% and radial shear by 17.87% with a reduction of blade mass by 23.86%.
Target Design for LIDAR-Based ICP Pose Estimation for Space Vision Tasks
Authors: Choudhuri Aradhana
Published: May 2021

The goal of this thesis is to develop a methodology for designing 3D target shapes for accurate LIDAR pose estimation. Scanned from a range of views, this shape can be attached to the surface of a spacecraft and deliver accurate pose scanned. It would act as an LIDAR- based analogue to fiducial markers placed on the surface and viewed by CCD camera(s). Continuum Shape Constraint Analysis (CSCA) which assesses shapes for pose estimation and measures the performance of the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) Algorithm is used as a shape design tool. CSCA directly assesses the sensitivity of pose error to variation in viewing direction. Three of the CSCA measures, Noise Amplification Index, Minimal Eigen-value and Expectivity Index, were compared, and Expectivity Index was shown to be the best index to use as shape design tool. Using CSCA and numerical simulations, a Cuboctahedron was shown to be an optimal shape which delivers an accurate pose when viewed from all angles and the nitial pose guess is close to the true poses. Separate from Constraint Analysis, the problem of shape ambiguity was addressed using numerical tools. The Cuboctahedron was modified in order to resolve shape ambiguity - the tendency of the ICP algorithm to converge with low registration error on a pose configuration geometrically identical, but actually different from a “true pose”. The numerical characteristics of geometrical ambiguity were studied, and a heuristic design methodology to reduce shape ambiguity was developed and is presented in this thesis. A Reduced Ambiguity Cuboctahedron is the resultant shape that delivers an accurate pose from all views and does not suffer from shape ambiguity. The shapes were subjected to simulation and experimental validation. They were manufactured using 3D Rapid Prototyper, and a NEPTEC Design Group TriDAR Scanner was used to obtain experimental data for three shapes: the Tetrahedron, Cuboctahedron, and reduced Ambiguity Cuboctahedron. The Tetrahedron, which has poorly constrained views, was included in the testing process as a comparison shape. The simulation and experimental results were congruent, and validated the design methodology and the designed shapes.
Picture Perfect Vitamins : the Semiotics of Health Supplement Marketing on Instagram
Authors: Jalowska Karolina
Published: May 2021

Instagram. Specifically, this MRP examines the visual social media marketing techniques utilized by vitamin supplement companies in health images on Instagram, and the images communicated messages and implications. Through a qualitative content analysis case study approach, two vitamin supplement companies Instagram images were analyzed and compared: Sugar Bear Hair and Ritual. An image analysis guided by Roland Barthes semiotic theory of myth was conducted on 20 images posted on each company’s Instagram profile on and before April 1, 2019. The results suggest that health brands use a variety of visual marketing techniques to market their brands and products to users on social media, such as colours, influencers, and computer-generated imagery. In addition, the communicated messages in health images, or the “Barthian” myths as referred to in this study, exaggerate and differ from the scientific evidence surrounding the efficacy of vitamin supplements. Lastly, the myths derived from the images have the potential to confuse consumers, which may lead to health repercussions. This research contributes to the field of health communications as it builds upon literature that has found that marketing health via traditional and social media can be misleading and that organizations and brands on social media can do more to communicate necessary and accurate health messages.
Delineating the unique contributions of mindfulness skills in predicting engagement in suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury among individuals with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Krantz Lillian
Published: May 2021

The current research tested whether four dimensions of mindfulness – acceptance without judgment, observing, describing and acting with awareness – taught during 20 weeks of dialectical behavior therapy skills training (DBT-ST) predicted frequency of two forms of self-inflicted injury (SII), i.e. suicide attempts (SAs) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), at baseline and mediated the relationship between pre-post treatment change in frequency of SAs/NSSI and DBT-ST. Eighty-four suicidal individuals with borderline personality disorder were enrolled in a single-blinded randomized trial comparing DBT-ST treatment to a waitlist control group. A series of regressions revealed no relationship between dimensions of mindfulness and self-inflicted injury at baseline. Although no significant effect of DBT-ST on SAs was found, a causal mediation analysis revealed acceptance without judgment significantly mediated the relation between DBT-ST and change in frequency of NSSI.
Examining suicidal ideation among street involved youth : a resilience perspective
Authors: Go Frederick Jan
Published: May 2021

This exploratory study examined risk factors and protective resources for suicidal ideation among street youth in four community agencies in Metro Toronto. A secondary data analysis of 65 street youth from a collaborative project funded by the Wellesley Institute was undertaken to explore the relationships between suicidal ideation and age, gender, sexual orientation, history of physical/sexual abuse, depression, hopelessness, self-esteem, social connectedness and resilience. Results of the analysis revealed that high levels of slef-esteem, social connectedness and resilience are protective of suicidal thought, while an increase in age, being unsure of one's sexual orientation, and a high level of depression, as well as hopelessness were found to be risk factors for suicidal ideation. A history of physical abuse and/or sexual abuse was not found to be significantly related to suicidal ideation at a 0.05 level, but for this study, it was not considered to be significant (significance level set at 0.01). Implications of these findings are discussed.
Preventing Collaborative Wormhole Attacks In AODV-based Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Authors: Koo Vincent
Published: May 2021

Due to recent advances in wireless communication technologies, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have become the networks of choice for use in various applications. Unfortunately, this advantage comes with serious security concerns, particularly from a wireless channel prospective, where MANETs may be vulnerable to collaborative wormhole attacks, in particular, packet dropping and message tampering attacks. Recently, two secured routing protocols against these types of attacks (the so-called Highly Secured Approach Method or HSAM and the so-called Securing AODV against Wormhole Attacks in emergency MANET Multimedia Communications or AODV-WADR-AES) were proposed. These schemes are investigated in-depth to identify their weaknesses and a novel secured routing scheme (so-called Timed and Secure Monitoring Implementation against Wormhole Attacks in MANETs or TSMI) is proposed, with the goal to mitigate collaborative wormhole attacks in MANETs while maintaining the performance levels of both the HSAM and AODVWADR- AES schemes. Simulation results are presented to validate the stated goal using various performance metrics.
Resilience in the Face of Risk : Investigating the Moderating Effects of School Connectedness, Educational Commitment, and Educational Belief in the Context of Adolescent Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Tremblay Monique D.
Published: May 2021

According to the Social Development Model (SDM), social bonds such as one’s sense of connection to school can significantly impact antisocial behaviour. The current study provides a cross-sectional analysis of school bonding in relation to antisocial behaviour and peer-related risk in a sample of 111 adolescents. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed to evaluate the dimensions of school bonding (educational commitment, educational belief, school connectedness) as both predictors and inhibitors of antisocial behaviour. Contrary to the SDM, educational commitment was the only significant predictor of antisocial behaviour. Furthermore, preliminary analyses did not support school bonding variables as moderators of peer-related risk. However, subsequent analyses examining moderation by gender revealed that school connectedness is a moderator of deviant peer affiliation for female youth. The results of this study extend previous findings by demonstrating the continued relevance of school-based resilience in high school and by illustrating the specificity of this resilience by gender.
k-MACE Clustering for Gaussian Clusters
Authors: Nidoy Edward Wyndel
Published: May 2021

Conventional clustering approaches require a preprocessing step that estimates the correct number of cluster prior to the cluster center allocation step. In these approaches, the preprocessing step minimizes one objective function while the second step concentrates on optimization of another objective function. Inspired by MACE-means, we use a single objective function to simultaneously estimate the Correct Number of Cluster (CNC) and acquire the cluster centers. Similarly, we use the Average Central Error (ACE) as ourcost function. The proposed method, denoted by k-minimum ACE (k-MACE), improves MACE-means by rigorous calculation of probabilistic estimate of ACE. While MACE-means (Minimum ACE) only concentrates on Independent Indentically Distributed (IID) clusters, k 􀀀 MACE is a solution for Gaussian clusters with any covariance structure. Simulation results show superiority of k 􀀀 MACE over MACE means and over conven- tional clustering methods such as G-means, DBSCAN, and validity indices methods such as Calinkski Harabaz, Silhoutte, and gap index. Performance is evaluated in terms of
ΔT : Exploring the Creative Agency of Time in Architecture
Authors: Resener Dorian
Published: May 2021

Architecture exists in time. This statement may appear to be a truism but this is not the way in which architecture is typically conceived. It is not acceptable to conceive of architecture within the abstract context of stasis, nor to consider the architectural project ‘finished’ upon the completion of construction. Praxis must engage deeply with the dynamic conception of architecture within an evolving context, throughout the life of a building in time, and as animated through occupation and constructive perception. This paper provides a theoretical overview of time as it relates to architecture and philosophy. An architecture of time designs the conditions for interaction between user and environment, resists the crutch of formal autonomy, and finds novelty through engagement and the faith in the ability of the user to appropriate the space in unexpected and serendipitous ways. In this way architecture becomes a medium for the creative agency of time.
An Efficient Tau-Leaping Simulation Method for Stochastic Biochemical Kinetics
Authors: Rousskikh Serguei
Published: May 2021

Stochastic modeling and simulation of biochemical systems are topics of high interest in Computational Biology. Stochastic mathematical models are critical in accurately capturing the variability observed experimentally in cellular processes,
in particular when some species have low molecular numbers. Many, realistic biochemical networks exhibit stiffness, due to the presence of multiple time-scales. For such networks explicit simulation methods are computationally quite intensive. In this thesis, we introduce an improved implicit tau-leaping strategy for the simulation of stochastic biochemical kinetic models. Numerical tests on various biochemical systems of interest in applications show the efficiency of our method.
Walkable live/work neighbourhoods in big box greyfields
Authors: Platt David Keith Bryan
Published: May 2021

The research focussed on how urban greyfields, especially abandoned big box retail, can be redeveloped into mixed-use walkable live/work neighbourhoods for an energy-efficient future. The history of shopping centre and big box retail and the mixed-use residential redevelopment of such sites using the new LEED Neighbourhood Development rating system were studied. Four principle concepts were found and used to guide the design projects. They were sustainable urbanism planning versus Modernist auto-dependency; mixed-use planning; walkable neighbourhood concepts; and live/work units. These help create local employment in transit-based neighbourhoods having nearby services and amenities to reduce commuting and auto-dependency. The design project on a 25-acre Toronto greyfield includes Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes for food production and a trail system promoting walking, cycling and greater contact with nature. Greyfield sites used for sustainable communities help offset valuable farmland losses and offer useful urban intensification possibilities for a looming energy crisis.
Combined UV-C/H2O2/VUV processes for the treatment of actual slaughterhouse wastewater
Authors: Naderi Kambiz Vaezzadeh
Published: May 2021

In this study, a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design with response surface methodology and quadratic programming were used to maximize the total organic carbon (TOC) removal and minimize the H2O2 residual in the effluent of the combined UV-C/H2O2/VUV system for the treatment of actual slaughterhouse wastewater. The initial TOC concentration (TOCo), the initial concentration of H2O2, and the irradiation time were the three independent variables studied in the design of experiments. The multiple response approach was used to obtain desirability response surfaces at the optimum factor settings. Thus, the optimum conditions to achieve a maximum TOC removal of 46.19% and a minimum H2O2 residual of 1.05% were TOCo of 213 mg/L, H2O2,o of 450 mg/L, and irradiation time of 9 min. The obtained optimal operating conditions were validated with an additional test. Consequently, maximum TOC removal of 45.68% and minimum H2O2 residual of 1.03% were obtained experimentally, confirming the reliability of the statistical model.

Keywords: Slaughterhouse Wastewater; Wastewater Treatment; UV-C/H2O2/VUV, Combined Processes; Design of Experiments; Optimization.
The Influence of Climate and Land Cover Change on Historical Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations in the Humber River, Rouge River, and Duffins Creek Watersheds
Authors: Maher Annette Cynthia
Published: May 2021

Long-term records of the abundance of organisms are neededto detect more progressive changes in their populations as a result of external stressors. Long-term changes in historical Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) population abundance were identified in the Humber River, Rouge River and  Duffins  Creek  watershedsin  Ontariothrough  statistical  analysis  of  twenty-six  years  of sampling records. Corresponding historical changes in air and stream water temperature,  and in land cover were also examined. Changes detected in climate parameters, and in land cover were then related  to  Brook  Trout  population  changes.  Results  revealed  that  Brook  Trout  abundance had decreased significantly. These changes were driven by populations in the Humber and Rouge River  watersheds.  Populations  in  the  Duffins  Creek  watershed  did  not  change  significantly. Climate parameters didchangebut notsignificantly over timein the region. However, land cover changes wereobserved. In the short term, Brook Trout population changes were more likely due to changes in land cover than climate.
Methylmercury bioaccumulation in sport fish and the relation to human exposure
Authors: Au-Yeung Wai Ching (Amy)
Published: May 2021

A long-lasting contaminant, methylmercury (MeHg), builds up in human bodies over a lifetime. Regularly eating contaminated fish may accumulate mercury to an amount that raises health concerns, especially for children and babies. Methylmercury is found throughout the parts of the fish that are eaten; cleaning or cooking methods cannot effectively reduce mercury exposure. The main focus of this thesis concerns the fish contamination in Lake Ontario and to conserve health from eating contaminated sport fish. Although mercury (Hg) is tightly regulated, mercury levels in fish still gradually increase throughout their life spans. Through the field data provided by the Ontario Ministry of Environment (MOE), greater amounts of methylmercury are found in older fish and predatory fish that eat other fish as part of their diet. A bioenergetics computer program, called Generic Bioaccumulation Model (BGM) (Luk, 1996), simulating the bioaccumulation of Hg in fish was applied to provide a good estimation of mercury levels for different species. It is an excellent tool in predicting the trends and magnitude of mercury levels among six sport fish in Lake Ontario. In addition, an estimation of human mercury consumption from fish was also developed. In most of the fish species, there is minimal risk to humans when eating fish less than two times a week. The species Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and its quality and quantity are of greatest concern, since it exhibits the highest mercury level among the six sport fish species.
A new approach to nonparametric spectral density estimation
Authors: Pal Sudeshna
Published: May 2021

A novel approach to nonparametric spectral density estimation has been proposed. The approach is based on a new evaluation criterion called autocorrelation mean square error (AMSE) for power spectral density (PSD) estimates of available finite length data. Minimization of this criterion not only provides the optimum segmentation for existing PSDE approaches , but also provides a new optimum windowing within the segments that can be combined additionally to the existing methods of nonparametric PSDE. Furthermore, the problem of frequency resolution in existing PSDE methods for noisy signals has been analyzed. In the existing approaches, the additive noise and the finiteness of data which are the causes of the original loss of the frequency resolution are not treated separately. The suggested new approach to spectrum estimation takes advantage of these two different causes of the problem and tackles the problem of resolution in two steps. First, the method optimally reduces noise interference with the signal via minimum noiseless description length (MNDL). The new power spectrum estimation MNDL-Periodogram of the denoised signal is then computed via conventional indirect periodogram to improve frequency resolution.
A Study of Cylinder Bore Distortion in V6 Aluminum Alloy Engine Blocks
Authors: Lombardi Anthony
Published: May 2021

This study investigates the potential factors which may cause cylinder bore distortion in V6 aluminum engine block with cast-in gray iron liners. In this research, the microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stress of 319 type aluminum alloy engine blocks were analyzed from top to bottom along the interbore regions in the TSR, T7 heat treated and service (dyno) tested conditions. The results suggest that the cooling rate increased significantly along the cylinder in the vicinity of the chill plate at the bottom of the engine block. This caused a significant refinement in the microstructure which increased the hardness and tensile strength at the bottom of the cylinder relative to the top. The increased strength at the bottom of the cylinder prevented the rapid relief of residual stress at elevated temperature, which suggests that the bottom of the cylinder is less susceptible to cylinder distortion.
Germanium glass polyalkenoate cements for cranioplasty fixation
Authors: Khader Basel A.
Published: May 2021

Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) have potential for skeletal cementation. Unfortunately, commercial GPCs all contain and subsequently release aluminum ions, which have been implicated in degenerative brain disease. The purpose of this research was to create aluminum free GPCs constructed from silicate (SiO2)-calcium (CaO)-zinc (ZnO), glasses mixed with polyacrylic acid (PAA200) in order to evaluate the potential of these novel GPCs for attaching titanium miniplates directly to the skull, a clinical procedure known as cranioplasty.
Three glasses were formulated:
KBT01 SiO2-CaO-ZnO-sodium (Na2O) glass, KBT02 SiO2-CaO-ZnO-Na2Ogermanium (GeO2), with a 0.03 mol% GeO2 substitution for ZnO and KBT03 SiO2-CaO-ZnONa2O-GeO2, with a 0.06 mol% GeO2 substitution for ZnO in glass structure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size analysis (PSA) confirmed that all glasses were completely amorphous with similar mean particle sizes. Each glass in the series was mixed with 50 wt% a patented SiO2-
CaO-ZnO-strontium (SrO) glass composition, BT101, and subsequently mixed with PAA200 at 50 wt% addition to produce a series of cements. The addition of Ge to the glass series resulted in decreased working times (~142 s to 112 s) and setting times (~807 to 448 s) for the cements manufactured from them. This was due to the increase in crosslink formation during the setting reaction between the Ge-containing glasses and the PAA200. Regarding ion release, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) determined Zn2+ ion release to be 9.56, 8.02 and 5.83 ppm after
30 days for KBT01, KBT02 and KBT03 cements respectively. Germanium ions were not release from the KBT01 cement since the glasses it was formulated from did not contain Ge4+. KBT02 and KBT03 cements released 1.23 ppm and 1.94 ppm of Ge4+ ions after 30 days. The mechanical properties (compressive ~ σc, and biaxial flexural strength ~ σf) of the resulting cements were examined over three time modalities, 1, 7 and 30 days. σc of the cements ranged from ~27- 56 MPa, while σf ranged from ~17-33 MPa. Both strength modalities increased with maturation and
increasing Ge content, as Ge may facilitate improved chemical bonding between the COO-groups, thus creating stronger cements in KBT02 and KBT03. The bond strength of the titanium cylinder (Ti) to the bone that it was attached to by the cements increased from ~0.23MPA to 0.63 MPa respectively from placement up to 14 days maturation. Failure of these constructs occurred at the interface between the Ti cylinder and the cement. The results of this research indicate that, due to their novel composition, Ge-based GPCs have suitable handling properties, strengths and adhesiveness for potential in cranioplasty fixation.
The role of trematode parasites as a nutritional food source for higher trophic level consumers
Authors: McKee Keira M.
Published: May 2021

Recently, there has been a call for the inclusion of free-living stages of trematode parasites in food web models as they are present in high numbers in aquatic ecosystems and serve as prey for higher trophic levels. I investigated the presence of lipids in cercariae, specifically neutral energy reserve lipid stores and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), as they are considered the primary energy currency in aquatic ecosystems. Cercariae of all investigated taxa contained distinct neutral lipid compositions and Ribeiroia ondatrae cercariae had significant quantities of total lipids, as well as essential fatty acids (EFA). I also investigated the viability of cercariae as prey items for dragonfly larvae (Leucorrhinia intacta) and detected indistinguishable proportions of EFA in larvae subsisting on equivalent quantities of R. ondatrae and Daphnia spp. This suggests that cercariae may contribute to nutrient subsidies in aquatic ecosystems, thereby supporting aquatic organism growth and fitness.
Short chain fatty acids modulate flagella expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Authors: Kim Jee In
Published: May 2021

During passage through the human gastrointestinal tract, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) encounters numerous stresses. EHEC utilizes various strategies to combat and survive these host assaults and possibly employs them as cues about the local microenvironment to enhance infection. This investigation looks at how exposure to changing concentrations of short chain fatty acid mixtures (SCFA) associated with passage through the human small (SI) and large intestines (LI) affects EHEC flagella expression and motility. In addition, the study also examines several two component systems for their involvement with SCFA-induced flagella regulation.

The results indicate that SCFA mixture typical of SI may cue increased EHEC flagellar expression and function while SCFA mixture typical of LI, the site of EHEC colonization, may promote diminished flagella expression and function. Overall, this study contributes to our knowledge on how EHEC sense and respond to host environmental signals in a way that may promote to infection.
Traditional medicinal knowledge, recognition and regulation
Authors: Aylwin Nicole
Published: May 2021

As a number of global legal and political institutions grapple with ways to recognize and integrate TMK into their institutional frameworks, how traditional practices are 'recognized', and what work 'recognition's being asked to do become key questions. Three international frameworks that play a key role in recognizing TMK in the international arena are the Convention on Biological Diversity, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Health Organization. By examining the way in which these three bodies have recognized and integrated TMK into their respective regimes, while and drawing on the scholarship of anthropologists, critical legal scholars, intellectual property experts and legal and policy literature, I will argue that the recognition of TMK in the international legal and political arena has led to the creation of complex legal and political spaces where recognizing traditional medicinal knowledge has fragmented it, siphoning off the social, cultural and spiritual aspects of it that remain incompatible with the current neoliberal paradigms. Simultaneously, recognition and integration have been used to co-opt traditional knowledge in order to extend governance regimes that integrate TMK and its holders without challenging the basic, outdated and highly unequal and unethical power relations on discourses of recognition are based.
Method for Predicting Damage Sustained by Air-Backed Plates Subjected to Impulsive Loading From Supersonic Torpedo Shock Wave
Authors: Mejia Nicholas
Published: May 2021

  

A method is presented to estimate the severity of damage on an air-backed plate caused by the shock wave of a passing supersonic underwater torpedo. Theory of compressible liquid flows is used to calculate the pre- to post-shock density ratio and peak shock pressure of the torpedo. A Newtonian impact theory approach is then employed to obtain the shock standoff distance to the torpedo. Utilizing the density ratio, peak shock pressure, and standoff distance, a novel method for predicting the damage sustained by the plate from the shock wave is presented by equating the peak shock pressure and standoff of a torpedo to that of an underwater detonation of TNT. Well known theory for the effects of shock waves generated by TNT detonation is then used to determine the shock factor, damage number, and deflection-thickness ratio. Using these parameters, a sample design change to a steel plate is provided to reduce the shock factor to a negligible value for a case of Mach 1.4 torpedo at 7.5 body radii distance. The herein-presented process offers insight into how to improve naval ship hull design to prevent lethal damage from shock effects.
A photographic inquiry into Reggio inspired natural outdoor environments in Ontario early learning settings
Authors: Farzaneh Tanya
Published: May 2021

This qualitative study explores the translation of Reggio principles in 20 Ontario natural outdoor early learning settings. Through visual research methods, digital images revealed the translation of the following principles: the image of the child, the environment as a third teacher and the hundred languages of children in the outdoor environments. Moreover, nature was a predominant element in two ways. First, nature was incorporated in the curriculum and natural spaces. Second, half the sites committed to connecting children to nature through frequent excursions in local green areas.

This research positions the potential for practice in creating outdoor early learning spaces by merging both the principles of nature-based education and Reggio inspired pedagogy, in considering compatibility with the Ontario Early Years Framework. This research addresses the current gaps in the literature pertaining to quality outdoor environments, and provides recommendations for a proposed Outdoor Pedagogy for the Early Years.
Ideological and threat-based predictors of cyber violence against women and girls
Authors: Jagayat Arvin
Published: May 2021

Approximately 11% of women have received some form of unwanted or offensive sexually explicit e-mails, text messages or advances on social networking sites – examples of the many gendered forms of cyber-aggression that constitute cyber violence against women and girls (cyber VAWG). The present thesis developed a cyber VAWG scale and examined sociopolitical ideologies, perceived threats, and ambivalent sexist attitudes as predictors of endorsement of and engagement in cyber VAWG. Study 1 was administered to a university sample of male gamers (n=46), and Study 2 (n=276) and Study 3 (n=6381) recruited participants from online video gaming communities. In all three studies, exploratory factor analyses suggested cyber VAWG is a unidimensional psychological construct. Further, path analysis consistently showed that greater hostile sexism predicted greater endorsement, endorsement predicted greater engagement, and greater SDO predicted greater endorsement and engagement. Implications for future research are
discussed.
Assessing biofilm on biofilter media (granular activated carbon and anthracite) from a pilot scale drinking water treatment plant
Authors: Dimas Nick
Published: May 2021

Drinking Water Treatment Plants employ biofiltration systems to increase water quality through nutrient reduction. Microbial biofilms housed in biofilter media, are responsible for nutrient uptake and biodegradation. The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate the function and efficiency of biofilter media and investigate seasonal changes in the microbial populations. TOC and DO were more reduced in Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) media than in anthracite. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) were conducted to establish seasonal trends on microbial population. PCR-amplified 16S rRNA fragments were sequenced to compare microbial communities. Summer samples have higher HPC than winter samples. Summer samples yielded a reduction in microbial diversity and no detectable overlap with winter samples. Confocal microscopy conducted to qualitatively visualize the structure of biofilms was complemented by quantitative COMSTAT analysis showing GAC with double the biomass due to a greater level of attachment sites. GAC outcompetes anthracite in chemical adsorption and biological activity.
Cumulative Effects of Chemical Spills Using a Spatial Temporal Dynamics Analysis Algorithm
Authors: Dimca-Panaitescu Mihaela
Published: May 2021

The increasing number of accidents involving chemical spills demands development of not only feasible emergency strategies, but also a consistent framework to protect the environment and prevent accidents. This can be possible only by a sound understanding of the environmental impact of spills and their potential long-term effects. Furthermore, the impact assessment of chemical spills can not be done disregarding the spatial-temporal pattern of previous exposures reciprocally influenced by both chemical and environmental properties. In this context, the thesis proposes a general framework to quantify the cumulative effects of chemical spills at any given point of a certain area based on a “present” history of exposure coupled with chemical and environmental properties designated as relevant to predict possible pictures o f future exposure and estimate in advance potential alarming levels of pollution. To achieve this purpose, the following objectives are set up. The first objective is to develop a four-dimensional model to simulate a single-spill event based on certain assumptions about chemical and soil characteristics. The second objective is to develop an algorithm to assess the cumulative effects of chemical spills on a selected area using the model for a single-spill event while taking into account the effects of those spills of the spatial-temporal zone adjacent to the study area.
A Retinal Biophysical Biomarker for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Authors: Amin Maryam Amin Mohammed
Published: May 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable motor neuron disease with no current valid diagnostic imaging biomarkers. The retina is an extension of the central nervous system and axonal transport defects have been documented in various neurodegenerative diseases. This study reports evidence of axonal pathology in the retina of ALS patients using an interdisciplinary approach that includes the neuropathological study of retinal sections in ALS patients expanded to the optical characteristics of the whole retina preparations using eye imaging technology. The histopathological examination of retina sections revealed round profiles in the retinal nerve fibre layer in 10 out 10 ALS patients and in 4 out of 10 age-matched control patients. All 10 ALS patients showed increased phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity in the retinal nerve fibre layer compared to all 10 control patients. Retinal imaging of whole globes and retina flat-mounts by blue reflectance retinal funduscopy and optical coherence tomography revealed hyper-reflective profiles in the retinal nerve fibre layer. For the first time, approximately 1µm retinal ganglion cells axons were visualized in immunofluorescence stained retina flat-mounts using near-infrared retina fundus imaging and Image Mapping Spectrometer. These findings suggest axonal pathology in retinal ganglion cells and its potential use as a novel non-invasive ocular imaging biomarker for ALS.
Effect of pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound on the nerve compound action potential amplitude and conduction velocity
Authors: Tran Steve
Published: May 2021

Therapeutic HIFU has been used as a non-invasive energy modality to compromise nerve function since the 1950s. Several contributions have been made in recent years to characterize these effects on nerve function.
In this study, short repeated bursts of HIFU, termed as pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (pHIFU), was directed at nerve tissue. The pHIFU transducer operated at a central frequency of 1.95 MHz and had a focal length of approximately 12 cm. The ventral nerve cord from the American Lobster (Homarus americanus), n=15, was sonicated cumulatively at 3 exposure times: 1s, 6s, and 16s, at an intensity of 1010 W/cm2, or focal pressure of 5.51 MPa. The compound action potential (CAP) and conduction velocity (CV) were seen to decrease as sonication exposure time to the nerve increased. The experiments performed demonstrate the feasibility to modulate nerve CAP and nerve CV using non-thermal mechanisms of ultrasound.
Surface-active solid lipid nanoparticles for emulsion stabilization
Authors: Gupta Renuka Tanmay
Published: May 2021

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) consisting of the food grade surfactant lipid glyceryl stearate citrate (GSC) were prepared using hot melt emulsification and high-pressure homogenization. Flash-cooling of the resultant oil-in-water nanoemulsions led to the formation of GSC SLNs. The effective mean particle size of the SLNs was ~180 nm by dynamic light scattering and the volume-weighted mean particle size was ~152 nm by laser diffraction, with a zeta (ζ) potential of ~-49 mV. Effective mean particle size and ζ potential were stable for 24 wk. An equilibrium contact angle of ~108.7⁰ measured through oil phase was obtained, suggesting a wettable lipid surface. The melting curve of the SLNs obtained by differential scanning calorimetry showed a significantly lower melting point and broader peak as compared to the bulk GSC, which was attributed to the nano-scale particle size. Unusually, the cooling curve showed an identical crystallization temperature as that for the bulk GSC, which suggested surface heterogeneous crystallization of the SLNs. Subsequent heating-cooling cycles confirmed the existence of nanosized particles in the sample during thermal analysis. Transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) both revealed anisometric, flattened SLNs with circular or elliptical shapes. SLNs were studied for their effectiveness as colloidal emulsifiers in oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The generated o/w emulsions had a volume-weighted mean droplet size of ~459 nm by laser diffraction and ζ potential of ~-43 mV. The emulsions were stable for up to 12 wk. as observed for macroscopic changes by inverted light microscopy. TEM images pointed to the presence of a Pickering-type network stabilizing the emulsions. With time, desorption of the SLNs from the oil droplet surface into the continuous aqueous environment, coupled with Ostwald ripening, resulted in destabilization of the emulsions. Overall, these results demonstrated that stabilization of o/w emulsions was achievable using SLNs as the sole emulsifiers.
Determining the Characteristics of Transition-Based Interventions most Effective in Enhancing Quality of Care for Seniors: A systematic Review
Authors: Rosato Sarah
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Seniors (65 years or older) often require additional support and resources during the transition from acute care to home. A comprehensive understanding of the transition-based literature will support the development and implementation of effective interventions, possibly resulting in organizational and individual benefits.

Purpose: A systematic review was conducted to identify the characteristics of transition-based interventions most effective in enhancing quality of care for seniors transitioning from hospital to home.

Methods: Primary research that evaluated a transitional care intervention for seniors and measured one of more quality of care outcome were included. Chi-square test for independence, ANOVA, and descriptive analysis were used.

Results: Forty-six interventions were reviewed for their specific characteristics. Multicomponent interventions which used multiple delivery methods (face-to-face/telephone), over one-to-three months (p= <0.05), were most effective in enhancing quality of care.

Implications/Conclusions: Understanding the most effective intervention characteristics may support the provision of effective/efficient transitional care for seniors moving from acute care to home.
Choreographing architecture
Authors: Biren Ashley Brooke
Published: May 2021

Our bodies are in constant dialogue with our built environment: we move to experience architecture, and in turn, are moved by its presence. Movement is intrinsically linked to the way we experience our buildings, yet the body
in motion has not been acknowledged for understanding and conceiving architectural form. In this thesis, the phenomenon of kinesthetic empathy will be unleashed within the exploration of a choreographic architecture,
where body, form and movement share an entangled relationship in the creation of an architectural composition. This approach investigates an architecture that embraces gestural and physiological behaviour for the development of a corporeal environment capable of stimulating and reawakening the mind and body. With the current technologies available for analyzing human movement, this investigation probes human kinesis as an external force for the formation of space, and thus, cultivates a new theory towards making architecture move — choreographing an architecture of kinesthetic empathy.