bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empathy and Prosocial Learning: Evidence for a Small Association, But Weak Evidence for Causation
Authors: McCauley Thomas Granville , McCullough Michael E.
Published: November 2024

Empathic concern promotes prosocial behavior, but the effect of empathy is not the same for everyone. Scholars have extensively mapped the situational and personality factors that modulate the empathy-helping relationship, but only a few studies have examined the cognitive processes that link empathy with helping. Lockwood et al. (2016) found that individual differences in online simulation (the deliberate intention to imagine what another person is feeling) were associated with individual differences in the rates at which people learned how to benefit an anonymous other person in a two-armed bandit task (which we term prosocial learning). Across three experiments (N = 1,188), we critically tested and extended this finding by asking participants to learn on behalf of real people in need. Causal manipulations of empathy and social evaluation had no effect upon prosocial learning, and we could not replicate the finding that online simulation was associated with learning. Although each individual experiment provided only mixed evidence for the hypothesis that empathic concern is associated with prosocial learning, a mega-analysis that included data from all three experiments revealed that both state and trait empathic concern shared a small but significant association with prosocial learning. We discuss our results in light of problems with the methods that researchers commonly use to test the association between performance on prosocial learning tasks and individual differences in empathy
Gendered Pathways: How do STEM Majors Fare in the Labor Market?
Authors: Weber Rosa , Härtull Camilla , Saarela Jan
Published: November 2024

Although research in the STEM field has extensively examined its gendered characteristics, the vast majority of the literature has concentrated on educational transitions and young adults. More limited attention has been devoted to the longer-term work-family trajectories of STEM majors, and how these are linked to gender earnings gaps. In response, we exploit Finnish register data to identify the most common work-family trajectories followed by college educated men and women with STEM majors in ages 30–40 (N=150,796). Given marked differences in gender proportions across STEM fields, we distinguish computer science and engineering majors from natural science majors. In a second step, we assess gender differences in the returns to distinct work-family trajectories and within-gender differences. We report three main findings. First, women are able to combine a career in computer science and engineering and having children. Second, across occupations, mothers earn considerably less than fathers. This suggests that even though women can combine work and family, they do not benefit in terms of earnings. Third, beyond uncovering gender gaps, we show that a major mechanism underlying parental gender gaps is that men receive notable fatherhood premiums across work trajectories. For women, findings reveal more heterogeneous patterns. Among computer science and engineering majors, women have similar earnings across trajectories. Conversely, women with natural science majors gain from working in computer science and engineering.
Winter barley productivity in the southern part of the Rostov region when sowing sunflower as a forecrop with different seeding rates
Authors: Sukharev A. A. , Ovsyannikova G. V. , Kopman I. K.
Published: November 2024

The current study was conducted in the southern part of the Rostov region in the agrotechnical crop rotation of the laboratory for cultivation technology of grain and row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2021–2023. The purpose of the study was to determine the eﬀect of seeding rates on productivity of various winter barley varieties sown after sunﬂower. The conducted study allowed identifying the response of winter barley varieties to diﬀerent seeding rates. The winter barley variety ‘Marusya’ on average over the years of research formed the mean maximum grain productivity of 6.43 t/ha when sowing with the lowest seeding rate (3 million pcs. of germ. grains per 1 ha). For the varieties ‘Vivat’ and ‘Foks 1’, the optimal seeding rate was 4 million pcs. of germ. seeds per 1 ha, and the obtained productivity was 6.31 and 5.81 t/ha, respectively. The response of the studied winter barley varieties to seeding rates was diﬀerent through the years, but the eﬀect of this factor was 4.6–10.5 %. Reliable diﬀerences in the experiment were obtained only for the variety ‘Vivat’ for all seeding rates. The winter barley productivity was determined by the choice of a variety, and the eﬀect of this factor ranged from 32.5 to 78.1 %. There was determined that when sowing with the lowest seeding rate (3 million pcs. of germ. grains per 1 ha), all winter barley varieties in the trial had the largest number of grains per ear and grain weight per ear with 36.3–43.2 g and 1.62–2.10 g, respectively. There was established that in the variant with this seeding rate, the varieties formed a heavy, large-size grain (nature weight of 637–660 g/l) with ‘1000-grain weight’ of 42.1–43.8 g and 10.8 to 11.3 % of protein in grain. There has been established an economic eﬃciency of cultivating the varieties ‘Vivat’, ‘Marusya’ and ‘Foks 1’ when sowing them with the lowest seeding rate of 3 million pcs. of germ. grains per 1 ha. With a low cost price of produced grain (5405–6136 rubles/t), in this variant of trial, the varieties obtained the maximum conditional net income (34378–45499 rubles/ha) and production proﬁtability (108–147%).
Combining ability of new maize lines according to grain productivity and its components
Authors: Krivosheev G. Ya. , Ignatiev A. S.
Published: November 2024

The most important indicator of the initial material’s value in breeding for heterosis is its combining ability. The purpose of the current work was to study the combining ability of new self-pollinated maize lines according to grain productivity and its main components. The study was conducted at the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”, located in the southern part of the Rostov region with unstable moisture, in 2021–2023. The objects of the studies were 9 new constant self-pollinated maize lines and the line ‘RD 329’, used as a standard. The objects of the studies were also 3 testers, simple maize hybrids ‘Kros 1’, ‘Kros 2’, ‘Kros 3’ and 30 new test-cross hybrids of maize. There have been identiﬁed new highly heterotic maize hybrids of practical interest ‘Kros1×Sl 303’ (5.05 t/ha), ‘Kros1×Sl 308’ (4.75 t/ha), ‘Kros1×Sl 309’ (4.84 t/ha). There have been identiﬁed new self-pollinated lines ‘Sl 303’ (gi = 0.56), ‘Sl 308’ (gi = 0.43) and ‘Sl 309’ (gi = 0.47) with high combining ability according to the trait ‘grain productivity’ and are recommended for use in programs of hybridization. Self-pollinated lines with high GCA according to grain productivity, as a rule, had higher GCA for such productivity traits as ‘a number of grains per ear’, ‘one ear weight’ and ‘a number of ears per plant’. This contributed to the formation of a large number of grains per ear in test-cross maize hybrids (623–655 pcs.), the formation of ears with a large weight (131–147 g), and the absence of sterile plants in dry conditions. The combining ability according to the trait ‘1000-grain weight’ had no eﬀect on productivity of test-cross hybrids in dry conditions. The use of self-pollinated lines with high values of productivity traits and transmitting high values to hybrids made it possible to develop new productive hybrid combinations.
The effect of mini-till and no-till technologies on productivity and quality of malting barley grain
Authors: Volkov A. I. , Prokhorova L. N. , Ivanov D. A.
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the current work was to study the eﬀect of mini-till, no-till and traditional agricultural technologies on productivity and quality of malting barley grain. Field trials were carried out in three crop rotation sequences ‘winter rye – spring wheat – barley’ on medium loamy gray forest soil of Chuvashia with 2.42 % of humus; 188 mg/kg of mobile phosphorus; 160 mg/kg of exchangeable potassium and 6.2 of exchangeable acidity. During the vegetation period of 2020, the hydrothermal coeﬃcient was 1.04; in 2021 it was 0.60; and in 2022 it was 1.05. The object of the study was an early-maturing variety ‘Elf’. Traditional agricultural technology was based on autumn disk plowing and autumn plowing, early spring harrowing, seedbed cultivation and sowing with subsequent rolling. Mini-till cultivation included autumn disk plowing, spring cultivation and sowing with the multifunctional complex “Cultibar 9000”. No-till cultivation consisted of autumn treatment with the non-selective herbicide “Sprut Extra" and “direct” spring sowing “Cultibar 9000”. The seeding rate was 200 kg/ha. The dose of mineral fertilizers was N30P20К20. The crops were protected from weeds, diseases, and pests. On average, the largest (2.49 t/ha) productivity of malting barley grain was obtained using mini-till technology, and the smallest (2.34 t/ha) when using no-till. The mean productivity with traditional agricultural technology was lower than the maximum by 0.03 t/ha, but larger than the minimum by 0.12 t/ha. The analysis of the qualitative characteristics has shown a reliable eﬀect of agricultural technologies on the brewing properties of barley grain. Thus, traditional technology contributed to obtaining grain of the 1st class, mini-till technology contributed to obtaining grain of the 2nd class, and no-till technology contributed to obtaining grain of the 3rd class of the interstate standard.
EXTRALINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE MACROSTRUCTURE IN ENGLISH LINGUISTIC DICTIONARIES
Authors: Kaliberda Oksana O.
Published: November 2024

The lexicographic practice of the past and present, the theoretical foundations of lexicographic science determine a fairly wide range of problems in contemporary linguistics that require their solution. One of the controversial issues is the opposition of encyclopaedic and linguistic dictionaries. In the theory linguistic and encyclopaedic dichotomy has rather clearly defined boundaries, but in practice it turns out to be quite difficult to establish where the definition of a word ends and the description of the concept that this word conveys begins. A number of researchers adhere to the opinion that modern English linguistic lexicography is characterised by the process of integration with encyclopaedic lexicography. And nowadays we witness the emergence of hybrid dictionaries which attempt to incorporate both types of information (linguistic and encyclopaedic) in their structure. This paper presents a study of English linguistic dictionary macrostructure with a particular emphasis on encyclopaedic component. It investigates how elements of encyclopaedic nature are interlaced with linguistic elements on the level of dictionary macrostructure. The obtained results show that the average rate of encyclopaedization at the level of the macrostructure of the English dictionaries reaches about 13% of the total. The analysis of the macrostructure revealed that the fundamental difference between linguistic and encyclopaedic dictionaries is in the methods of headwords selection. The macrostructure of the encyclopaedic dictionary is limited by its register as it does not include such parts of speech as adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Linguistic dictionary in opposition to encyclopaedic dictionary registers all parts of speech in its macrostructure. The results show that English linguistic lexicography tends to register both linguistic and encyclopaedic headwords in its macrostructure.
The impact of mineral fertilisers on the physicochemical properties of soil in maize cultivation
Authors: Khavkhun Andrii
Published: November 2024

The use of mineral fertilisers is a critical factor in modern agriculture, significantly influencing the physicochemical properties of soil, which in turn affects crop yield and quality. Understanding these impacts is essential for sustainable agricultural practices. This study aimed to determine the effects of different types and quantities of mineral fertilisers on the physicochemical properties of soil in the context of maize cultivation. The research involved experimental field trials with varying applications of mineral fertilisers. Soil samples were collected at different stages of maize growth and analysed for parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and nutrient availability (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). The study employed a range of methods to investigate the effects of mineral fertilisers on soil properties, including soil preparation, application of various types and doses of fertilisers, maize planting, plant growth monitoring, and analysis of soil physicochemical characteristics. The application of mineral fertilisers led to significant changes in soil pH, with some fertilisers causing acidification and others increasing alkalinity. Fertilised plots showed increased electrical conductivity, indicating a rise in soluble salt content. Variations in organic matter content were observed, dependent on the type and dosage of fertilisers used. It was determined that fertilised plots exhibited elevated levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, directly correlating with the type and quantity of fertiliser applied. The highest maize yield was achieved with balanced applications of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilisers, underscoring the importance of balanced nutrient management. These findings provide valuable insights for optimising fertiliser use, which may contribute to improved soil health, increased maize yield, and sustainable agricultural practices
Decentralised Governance in Football: Feasibility of DAO Implementation
Authors: Germing Jean-Michel , Pereira Marco Henriques , Dietl Helmut
Published: November 2024

Football clubs’ increasing commercialisation and privatisation have created a significant gap between clubs and supporters, necessitating innovative solutions to reconnect clubs with their fans. Thus, this article examines the feasibility and implications of implementing Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) in the governance of football clubs. Utilising blockchain technology, DAOs offer a novel governance model that enhances transparency, accountability, and fan engagement. Through a qualitative research design, this study explores the potential benefits and challenges of DAO adoption in football clubs. Key findings highlight the potential for increased financial resources through decentralised fundraising, democratised decision-making, and improved operational efficiency via automated smart contracts. However, significant challenges remain, including legal uncertainties, technical vulnerabilities, financial risks, and governance complexities. To address these challenges, we suggest hybrid governance models that integrate traditional structures with DAO elements, phased implementation through pilot projects, and robust stakeholder engagement strategies. The findings provide valuable implications for football clubs and other organisations contemplating the adoption of decentralised governance models.
Tanbûr İcrâsında Kullanılan Mızrap Tertiplerinin Eserler Üzerinde Açıklanması ve Pekiştirici Alıştırma Örnekleri
Authors: Düzün Emre
Published: November 2024

Türk mûsikîsi sazlarının icrâ teknikleri husûsu, pek çok yöntem ve teknik detayın üzerinde inşa edilerek gelişim göstermiş ve intikâl etmiştir. Söz konusu sazlar ve icrâ teknikleri açısından bakıldığında, tanbûr ve icrâsında kullanılan mızrabın tatbik edilişi de ortaya çıkarılmak istenen mûsikî ile ilgili olarak önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, tanbûr icrâsında kullanılan temel mızrap vuruş yönleriyle oluşturulan mızrap tertipleri, bunların icrâsı ve pekiştirme yöntemleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın konusu, mızrap kullanım tekniklerinin, tanbûrun icrâsı ve alanda öğrenim gören talebelerin bu yöndeki gelişimi için elzem oluşu sebebiyle önemli görülmektedir. Nitel araştırma yöntemiyle oluşturulan çalışmada, gerekli yazılı ve işitsel kaynaklara belge inceleme ve kaynak tarama teknikleriyle ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmaya dahil edilmiş olan eserler ve oluşturulan alıştırmalar içerik analizi ve betimsel analizler çerçevesinde yorumlanarak açıklanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, mızrap tertiplerinin akıcı ve doğru bir icrânın ortaya çıkarılması için gerekli mızrap kullanımlarını desteklediği, tanbûr icrâsının sürekli olarak tertiplenen mızrap vuruşları çerçevesinde sürdürülmekte olduğu, tertiplerin eser ve ezgi yapılarına göre çeşitlendirilebildiği ve mızrap tertiplerinin alıştırmalarla desteklenmesi gerektiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
Alimentación y herbolaria en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19. Experiencia desde la Sierra Juárez de Oaxaca, México
Authors: Morales Flores Haydée , Servín Juárez Fidencio
Published: November 2024

En la pandemia por COVID-19 se hizo evidente la tendencia y dependencia en el abasto y consumo de alimentos de mala calidad, procesados e industrializados, así como la disminución en las actividades campesinas. Frente al desabasto de alimentos, surgieron diferentes iniciativas ciudadanas: en las comunidades indígenas se reactivaron terrenos de cultivo y los mercados comunitarios, por mencionar algunas acciones. En este sentido, se explora la experiencia de las comunidades zapotecas de la Sierra Juárez de Oaxaca, con la finalidad de reflexionar sobre las estrategias que implementaron para enfrentar los retos en la producción y distribución de alimentos durante la pandemia. Asimismo, se propone que dichos planteamientos parten de la organización comunitaria y posibilitan sistemas alimentarios comunales.
Orbital Period Variations of the Eclipsing Binaries RW Cap, BG Peg, and CU Peg
Authors: Khaliullina A. I.
Published: November 2024

The variations in the orbital period of the eclipsing binaries RW Cap, BG Peg, and CU Peg have been analyzed. The variations in the period of RW Cap and BG Peg can be well represented by cyclic variations with large amplitude. It has been shown, that these variations cannot be explained by the presence of a third body. They can be a consequence of the magnetic activity of the secondary components having a convective zone. The variations in the period of CU Peg can be represented by a superposition of a secular period increase due to exchange of matter between the components and cyclic variations. These cyclic variations can occur due to the presence of a third body in the system or they can be a consequence of the magnetic activity of the secondary component.
Gnevishev-Ohl rule: current status
Authors: Nagovitsyn Yu. A. , Osipova A. A. , Ivanov V. G.
Published: November 2024

A statistical study of the statements of the Gnevyshev—Ohl rule (GOR) and of some its interpretations has been carried out. The original formulation of the GOR states that for the summary index of solar activity over the 11-year cycle SW, there is a close connection in pairs of an even and the subsequent odd cycles (EO), while opposite pairs (OE) exhibit no such connection. This statement strictly holds with the significance level a= 0.01, for the new version of the sunspot index SN 2.0 (Wolf numbers). In this case, an even cycle is followed by an odd one with a greater SW. For amplitudes of cycles the GOR is observed only as a trend, and the difference of connections in pairs of cycles EO and OE is statistically insignificant. The alternation of the cycle magnitude, both for the parameter and the amplitudes, is also not statistically confirmed. It has been found that various aspects of the GOR are statistically better fulfilled for the new version of the sunspot index SN 2.0, which speaks in favor of further use of this index in solar physics.
The Effect of Stress Redistribution in a Thick-Walled Sphere Made of Shape Memory Alloy at Direct Phase Transformation under Constant Pressure
Authors: Movchan A. A. , Sharunov A. V.
Published: November 2024

The coupled problems of changing the stress-strain and phase state in a thick-walled spherical shell made of a shape memory alloy, the material of which undergoes a direct thermoelastic phase transformation associated with a decrease in temperature uniformly distributed over the entire volume of the material under the action of constant internal or external pressure, are solved. The effects of significant overstressing of the body layers adjacent to the inner boundary and significant unloading of the layers adjacent to the outer boundary associated with the movement of the phase transition completion front through the material were found.
Finite-Strain Elastic-Plastic Circular Shear in Materials with Isotropic Hardening
Authors: Sevastyanov G. M. , Begun A. S. , Burenin A. A.
Published: November 2024

This study presents an analytical solution to the problem of azimuthal shear in a hollow circular cylinder, isotropic and incompressible, the elastic properties of which are described by the Mooney – Rivlin model, and the plastic properties by the Tresca model with arbitrary monotonic hardening. Both elastic and plastic deformations are assumed to be finite. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the presented solution are given.
6G communication systems: concept, trends, physical level technologies
Authors: Pokamestov D. A. , Kryukov Ya. V. , Abenov R. R. , Rogozhnikov E. V. , Brovkin A. A. , Shinkevich A. S. , Shalin G. N.
Published: November 2024

A review and analysis of scientific papers published to date on various aspects of 6G is presented. The emphasis is on physical layer technologies, since they are the ones that largely form the basis and determine the potential of the future system. These include multiple access, multi-user multi-antenna systems, reconfigurable reflective surfaces, and modulation and channel coding techniques. In addition, promising application scenarios, new services and services, predicted requirements, concepts of 6G network architecture, the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning, as well as new frequency ranges are considered.
Electrodynamic modeling of slot gratings by the generalized scattering matrix method – spherical wave decomposition
Authors: Bankov S. E. , Duplenkova M. D.
Published: November 2024

An algorithm is presented for the electrodynamic analysis of a two-dimensional waveguide slot array of finite dimensions. To solve the boundary value problem, the generalized scattering matrix method is used. The complex problem for a structure with large electrical dimensions is divided into two subproblems: wave scattering on one lattice element and the interaction of waves within the lattice. In accordance with this method, the electromagnetic field of a solitary lattice element is represented in the form of an expansion in incident and scattered spherical waves. The solution to the first subproblem is given by the scattering operator, which relates the amplitudes of the incident and scattered waves. The solution to the second subproblem yields an interaction matrix that relates the amplitudes of waves incident on the mth array element with the amplitudes of waves scattered by the nth element. Application of the scattering operator and interaction matrix to the analysed lattice leads to a system of linear algebraic equations for the amplitudes of the scattered waves. A non-periodic slot grating, focused in the Fresnel zone, containing up to a thousand elements is analysed. The obtained numerical results are in good agreement with the known behaviour of focused leaky wave gratings. Possible areas of application of the method are discussed.
Synthesis and Structure of Ethyl 4-Aryl-2-oxo-2,3,4,10-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylates
Authors: Podchezertseva K. V. , Zamaraeva T. M. , Slepova N. V. , Dmitriev M. V.
Published: November 2024

Ethyl 4-aryl-2-oxo-2,3,4,10-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylates were prepared by three-component one-pot condensation of diethylmalonate, aromatic aldehyde, 2-aminobenzimidazole in ethanol in the presence of piperidine. The structure of the obtained compounds was determined by 1H, 13С NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Derivatives of (–)-Cytisine with Thiourea Fragment. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity
Authors: Kovalskaya A. V. , Lobov A. N. , Zarubaev V. V. , Tsypysheva I. P.
Published: November 2024

New derivatives of the quinolizidine alkaloid, (–)-cytisine, with a substituted 2-pyridone ring and a thiourea moiety in the bispidin fragment of the molecule were synthesized. The ability of the synthesized cytisine-containing thioureas to inhibit the reproduction of human parainfluenza virus type 3 was assessed. It was found that the derivatives obtained by the reaction of benzoyl or phenyl isothiocyanate with (–)-cytisine, as well as its 9-bromo or 9,11-derivative, effectively suppress the reproduction of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (their selectivity indices are 56, 58 and 95, respectively), which confirms the promise of the chosen approach to synthetic modifications of the alkaloid (–)-cytisine in order to obtain effective antiviral agents on its basis.
A new species of bristletail of the genus allopsontus silv. (microcoryphia, machilidae) from western crimea
Authors: Kaplin V. G.
Published: November 2024

A new species of bristletail, Allopsontus tauricus sp. n., is described from western Crimea. In the external shape of the eyes, the structure of the mandibles, legs, abdominal sternites, ovipositor and male parameres, it seems to be especially similar to A. europeus (Kaplin 1983) from southern Crimea. Their main differences are the relative length of the cerci, the colour of the eyes and the shape of the paired ocelli. The structure of the distal part of the antennal flagellum, the chaetotaxy of the maxillary and lower labial palps in the male also differ significantly, as well as the ratio of the length of the styli to the length of the coxites of abdominal segments VIII and IX in both sexes.
Spatial organization of the bird communities of Central Siberia
Authors: Vartapetov L. G. , Romanov А. А. , Shemyakin Е. V.
Published: November 2024

Based on extensive information on the numbers and distribution of birds obtained during route surveys over the past 60 years, a classification of the bird communities of Central Siberia is considered at the level of its types. The specificity of this classification is determined by the predominance of latitudinal-zonal types over non-zonal ones. The main directions of territorial changes in the bird communities are determined by afforestation and watering, combined with latitudinal zonation. Less significant differences in ornithocomplexes are associated with the altitudinal zone and built-up area concerned. The main natural and anthropogenic factors and the hierarchy of their importance for the spatial differentiation of the bird populations have been established. The regional specificity of the spatial organization of the bird communities in Central Siberia in comparison with the Eastern European and West Siberian plains is reduced to the manifestation of high-altitude zonation due to differences in mountain-tundra ornithocomplexes, a greater differentiation of forest ornithocomplexes and less represented non-zonal population types.
Identification keys to the species of Muridae (Rodentia) from the Ural region, based on dental characters
Authors: Zykov S. V.
Published: November 2024

To improve the accuracy of identification of isolated molars in Muridae species, a comparative analysis of morphotypic and linear dental characteristics of mice from the Ural region, Russia was carried out. Species-specific types of the first and second upper and lower molars of mice were revealed. Dichotomous keys to Muridae species were compiled, based both on original and literature data concerning the structure of isolated molars. The keys allow for a taxonomic identification to be achieved in those cases when the use of cranial and exterior characters appears impossible. Mice identification based on dental characters is necessary for solving certain problems of paleontology, paleoecology and biostratigraphy, as well as in neontological studies aimed at determining the diet of predatory mammals and birds.
Lexic-semantic Representation of the Image of the Caucasus in the Works of M. Yu. Lermontov
Authors: Kiseleva Irina A. , Potashova Ksenia A. , Ermakova Alyona S.
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the study is to identify the typology of semantic designations of the Caucasus in Lermontov’s work. It is established that Lermontov’s “Caucasian text” reproduces the local flavor in detail, presents a cross-section of Caucasian life during the military campaign of the 1820s — early 1840s. It is argued that the Caucasus in Lermontov’s artistic world is distinguished by topographic accuracy, its verbal representation is specified by an essay character, expressed in the use of special toponymy, the variety of names of the peoples inhabiting it, in the transmission of their characters and relationships. The article systematizes lexical and semantic means of transmitting a socio-cultural, historical and geographical image of the Caucasus, examines the semantics of toponyms, ethnonyms and ethnographisms in Lermontov’s lyrics, prose and epistolary. It is revealed that one of the leading principles of Lermontov’s poetics when creating the image of the Caucasus is the disclosure of etymology and meaning of the names of settlements, rivers and mountains in the text of the works. The article presents a comparison of a “Caucasian text” with the memoir and essay literature of the first third of the 19th century, which allows us to reconstruct the idea of the Caucasus in Russian society in the 1820s–1840s. As a result of the conducted research, it is proved that, revealing the language and culture of the highlanders in detail, Lermontov depicts the Caucasus both in its ontology, connected with the understanding of the essence of the Eastern world, and in its concrete historical ethnographically vivid manifestation.
Ambitious and Self-Sufficient, or the Change of Spiritual and Moral Paradigms
Authors: Senko Elena V.
Published: November 2024

Using the example of so-called fashionable words of the modern Russian language, the article examines the change in the meaning of vocabulary units that represent current fragments of the conceptual and pragmatic picture of the world. In connection with the ongoing process of globalization, the values of the Western world, often contrary to the national traditions of Russia, more and more often become fixed in Russian cultural and moral principles. The purpose of the article is to rethink the meaning of the words in the light of changes in Russian cultural and moral principles. It has been established that a perceived foreign concept is not always completely assimilated into the conceptual picture of the world of the recipient nation, remaining alien in relation to its specifics. In this regard, one can observe a kind of splitting of the meaning of the same words among different population groups of the same society. For example, different groups of speakers may attribute different evaluative meaning to these words. Thus, there is a conflict between the use of the word in a new meaning and traditional national images inherent in the Russian mentality. In turn, in a linguistic personality of a modern Russian person, who is aware of the traditional social ideal, but at the same time objectively fits into a new civilization, various contradictory ideas might clash together.
The Rule of Replacing the Grave with an Acute in Church Slavonic: Further Details
Authors: Dobrovolskii Ivan S.
Published: November 2024

The study is devoted to the rule of replacing the grave (varia) with an acute (oksia) over the final stressed vowel in Church Slavonic texts of modern period. The inventory of enclitical forms that require this rule is specified in the corpus survey of liturgical texts published in Moscow, with the Bible and the Philokalia being used as additional material. The study of the sources shows that this inventory includes not only the particle and the conjunction zhe, particles bo, li and the pronouns mi, ti, si, mya, tya, sya, ny, vy, as is usually considered in Church Slavonic textbooks, but also the verbal forms esi, est’ (in the Bible also esm’, sut’), the subjunctive mood indicator by. In addition, there are rare combinations with pronouns se and ty and the element libo. Special attention is paid to the enclitic by, which is used in the corpus in two variants: with and without an accent. The article has established that the choice of a particular variant depends on its contextual environment or on its position in relation to other word forms.
Explanatory Possibilities of M. Weber’s Concept of Disenchantment of the World in the Context of Growing Magical Conciousness
Authors: Zarubina Natalia Nikolaevna
Published: November 2024

The article deals with the concept of the world's disenchantment by M. Weber as a methodological basis for understanding modern transformations of consciousness, first of all, the deviation from the scientific picture of the world and the restoration of the magical worldview. It is shown that M. Weber considered the process of disenchanting the world in two forms: as marginalization of magical salvation practices within rationalized religious worldviews and as the assertion of ideas about the full cognizability of the world in the scientific worldview. The factor of the world's disenchantment is rationalization, as a result of which archaic syncretism is overcome, a person highlights the value orientations of "leading a life" and takes responsibility for one’s fate. However, this is accompanied by the formalizing of the normative order and gradual loss of semantic and value dominants, with which it comes into conflict. It is proved that reverse processes occur in the modern disenchanted world, first of all, the newest syncretism develops as a result of the interpenetration of technogenic, natural, social realities, the removal of ethical antinomies. The newest "enchantment of the world" is also promoted by a stronger alienation and the desire to shift responsibility for one's own and common destiny onto external forces, the rejection of long-term rational life strategies and orientation to getting a quick result while paying no attention to mechanisms for achieving it. In addition, the absence of semantic and value dominants in modern culture is made up for by an archaic belief in extraordinary phenomena capable of solving the most acute problems quickly and efficiently, in the image and likeness of modern technologies.
A.A. Bogdanov as a Sociologist and Utopian: the «Klass für Sich» Problem
Authors: Gloveli Georgy D.
Published: November 2024

The article explicates the sociological and socio-utopian aspects of the general organizational concept of the Russian scientist encyclopedist A.A. Bogdanov (1873–1928), who referred himself to the sociological school of Marx. Bogdanov's modification of the Marxist approach to the social structure of capitalist society is shown, emphasizing the problem of becoming a "class for oneself" ("klasse für sich"), on the one hand, for the industrial proletariat, on the other hand, for the social group of technical intelligentsia. Bogdanov's analysis of technical intelligentsia as a sociological category is considered in the context of the Russian debates of the early twentieth century. about the class nature of the intelligentsia, the American utopia of technocracy and the utopia of "proletarian culture" by Bogdanov himself.
Russians’ Perception of the Conflict with Ukraine: Testing the “Spiral of Silence” Hypothesis
Authors: Zvonovsky Vladimir B. , Khodykin Alexander V.
Published: November 2024

Russians' attitude towards the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and the very possibility of its quantitative measurement became a subject of heated debates inside Russian sociological community. The most popular argument among professionals who believe that the level of support for the military actions is lower than the recorded values is the "Spiral of Silence" model used by E. Noelle-Neumann to explain people's unwillingness to express unpopular opinions out of fear of facing social disapproval. To test the hypothesis about the spiral of silence we used the method of all-Russian phone survey (N = 1977), repeating the railway test performed by Noelle-Neumann for measuring the willingness of supporters and opponents of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict to discuss it with their political opponents. The results of the research showed that in Russian public opinion about the Russian-Ukrainian conflict there is indeed a spiral of silence, as described by Noelle-Neumann, taking place. It influences both sides of the debate, its effect on the opponents of the conflict being, of course, significantly stronger (21% against 35%). However, opponents of military action have learned better than their opponents to resist the spiral of silence. Therefore, with a possible change in the climate of opinion in Russia, opponents of the military conflict will have greater opportunities than their opponents to promote their own narrative about the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Along with the railway test, we have conducted research of attitudes towards the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in the respondents’ close circle, in which the share of the conflict supporters turns out to be much lower than among the respondents themselves. This may be an indirect sign of a shift in the samples towards the position of Russian-Ukrainian conflict supporters.
Artificial sociality in the light of old and new theoretical and methodological approaches
Authors: Shmerlina Irina A.
Published: November 2024

The article critically analyzes the problems of artificial intelligence (AI) and artificial sociality (AS) from several theoretical and methodological positions. First, it is shown that the concept of IS actualizes extra-subjective approaches to understanding social ontology and is comparable with a number of concepts developed in the history of sociology, in particular, with P. Sorokin’s “conductors” (“mediums”). In this respect, AI is similar to other cultural (“artificial”) phenomena. Second, in the perspective of the Slavophile concept of “integral knowledge”, the limited epistemological horizons of AI as “rational cognition” are scrutinized. Third, sociological interpretations of AI that do not provide clarity in understanding its agentic status in social interactions (“participant” or “mediator”) are subjected to revision. Fourth, it is argued that a sociologically correct formulation of the IS question should focus not on natural or artificial agents of sociality, but on forms of sociality as ways of implementing social order. Today’s social reality, so the author of this paper, has not led so far to destruction of old and emergence of fundamentally new forms of social interactions, which, in the situation of insufficient theoretical comprehension, renders IS issue a journalistically superficiality.
Employers’ request for employee independence: analysis of vacancies on recruiting sites
Authors: Korshunov Ilya A. , Shirkova Natalia N. , Sorokin Pavel S.
Published: November 2024

Effective independent action of a person in various areas of the economy is an important condition for personal success and well-being of the household, and the broader socio-economic environment, when the risk of reduction or deprivation of income becomes the most widespread. The authors investigated the request of Russian employers for independent behavior of employees in the context of categories of personnel, positions and branches of economic activity based on the analysis of job databases. Independence is most appreciated by employers in industries such as retail and information technology. These industries are key in the request for independence, both in the segment of low and high wages. Specific characteristics related to independence and requested in job descriptions are closely related to the position and the amount of the proposed salary. The authors of the article discuss the hypothesis about the heterogeneous structure of the skill of “independence” as an umbrella concept covering various manifestations. In the segment of low wages, the demand for characteristics that imply a conscious action of the employee and the ability to solve current tasks dominates. At the level of high salaries, employers additionally request the need for employees to demonstrate leadership competencies, generate ideas, determination, autonomy, multitasking, strategic planning, organizational management of teams and the launch of new independent projects (corporate entrepreneurship).
Yuri Borko – a Founder of European Integration Studies in Russia
Authors: Butorina O. V
Published: November 2024

Regional integration studies constitute a relatively young area of academic knowledge since regional integration emerged as a new phenomenon in international relations after the Second World War. Professor Yuri Antonovich Borko who is turning 95 in February 2024, is an influential scholar and one of the founders of the Soviet and Russian school of European studies. This article aims to reveal his role in gaining and disseminating of new knowledge about regional integration processes. To do this, the author first traces the main milestones of Professor Borko’s academic path. Then the most important contributions to the literature (based on the criteria of novelty, valuable insight and confirmed forecasts) are pointed out in their interconnection with the international academic advance in the relevant areas of research. Finally, the key achievements of professor Borko in spreading knowledge, graduate and postgraduate teaching are assessed, shedding light on the innovative educational methods employed and illustrating his distinct personality profile. The findings suggest that the most valuable results of professor’s Borko research relate to the areas of the EU social policy, the evolution of the European idea, the interrelation between deepening and widening in the integration process. His reasoning about universal and specific features of the EU experience proves seminal for the national research community. A number of publishing projects and networking activities within the Association of European Studies initiated by professor Borko notably facilitated the establishment of research schools in international relations in Russian regions.
The Position and Political Discourse of Russian Parties in Latvia and Estonia in the New Geopolitical Reality
Authors: Krishtal M. I
Published: November 2024

The study analyses the position and political discourse of Russian parties in Latvia and Estonia in the context of the special military operation in Ukraine. The analysis is conducted along the lines of interaction of Russian parties with one another, as well as with the government, the Russian diaspora and Russia. The empirical basis of the study is the data of the central election commissions of Latvia and Estonia. The speeches of Russian party leaders about the special military operation are also analysed. The main differences in the representation of the ethnic component of the discourse in the preelection programmes were revealed. Based on this, conclusions are drawn about the different degree of ethnic identity of parties as a criterion reflecting the degree of positioning of a political force as a representative of the interests of a national minority. It was recorded that Russian parties are characterised by different rhetoric regarding the conflict in Ukraine. Some parties preferred silence or neutrality, while the largest Russian parties in the 2000s (“Harmony” and the Estonian Centre Party) chose a hostile stance towards the Russian government. This fact together with the low representation of the ethnic component in their programmes was an important factor that significantly reduced their electoral support in regions with Russian population and in the country. At the same time, the process of fragmentation of the Russian electorate is taking place in the countries under consideration due to the growing number of political actors articulating its interests.
The Eastern Mediterranean Pipeline (EastMed) as an Element of Supply Diversification
Authors: Vlasova K. V
Published: November 2024

The article analyses the emergence of a new sub-region within the Wider Mediterranean, called the Eastern Mediterranean. The author emphasises that the key condition for the allocation of a separated sub-region was the discovery of significant gas resources on the regional sea shelf, which led to the intensification of long-standing disputes between local powers, further regional militarisation, making of new groups and alliances. In this regard, the article examines the processes of diversification of energy resources and the project of the Eastern Mediterranean gas pipeline (EastMed). The main purpose is to consider the prospects and difficulties that arose during the EastMed development. The objective of the study includes exploring the positions of the core regional states (Greece, Republic of Cyprus, Italy, Turkey, Israel) and the global powers (the EU, the USA, Russia). A systematic approach and situational analysis were applied to achieve the set objectives. The article reveals that in the current geopolitical conditions the EastMed project has acquired strategic importance for the EU, its member states and partners. For the Republic of Cyprus, Greece, Italy, and Israel the implementation of EastMed will strengthen their own energy security, existing and new interregional ties, and increase their role in the EU’s common energy policy. Turkey is the main opponent, which will do everything to prevent EastMed from taking place. The United States, which was initially interested in the project, due to environmental and financial reasons, stopped supporting it after Joe Biden came to power.
Africa in British Security Strategy after Brexit: Risks, Instruments, Prospects
Authors: Eremina N. V
Published: November 2024

The UK after withdrawal from the EU and guided by the ideas of “Global Britain”, proclaimed itself a leading state with global interests. The rationale behind it is not only to declare ambitions, but practically implement them, taking into consideration security challenges on national, regional and global levels. Africa plays an ambiguous role in this configuration which affects both security in the UK (migration and the activities of British companies). In addition, the risks associated with competition in Africa directly affect the UK prospects in the region and its position in the world. It is not surprising that Britain plans to strengthen its presence in Africa through interaction with African countries in the field of security. Based on strategic documents dedicated to security British experts’ discussions, the role of Africa in British international strategy is analyzed. The author concludes that despite the significant efforts, the UK tools are seriously limited by their own allies in Africa, not to mention China and Russia. It is argued that currently UK just initiated its return to Africa. At the same time, the emphasis in further advancement in Africa will no longer be made by the British on military cooperation, which will continue with a minimum number of countries (Kenya, Nigeria), but rather on financial and investment instruments, as well as programs related to “soft power” still related to security issues.