bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IL-28B single nucleotide polymorphism as a predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients with direct acting antivirals
Authors: Ahmed Nancy Abdel Fattah , Ali Ahmed Shawky Hassan , El Baz Rizk Ahmed , El-Zayyadi Islam Abd El-Hamid
Published: May 2021

Background

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is considered one of the main causes of chronic liver diseases. HCV is responsible for 25% of HCC cases worldwide. DAAs represent an important step for HCV eradication. The aim was to study the role of IL-28B single nucleotide polymorphism in the prediction of HCC in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis after DAAs.

Results

This study was done at Mansoura Specialized Hospital: 50 cases HCC after DAAs, 50 cases without HCC after DAAs, and 100 controls. SNPs of the IL-28B gene were genotyped. There was an insignificant difference between HCC patients and the cirrhotic group as regards genotypes (p value = 0.26) and alleles (p value = 0.77). A significant association in SNP of IL-28B between healthy individuals and the cirrhotic group was detected. C C genotype (28%) and C T (64%) genotype were more prevalent in the healthy group than in the cirrhotic group 20% and 52% respectively while T T genotype was more prevalent in cirrhotic patients (28%) than controls (8%). C allele was protective against cirrhosis with 60% distribution in healthy individuals and 46% in the cirrhotic group. T allele was more prevalent in cirrhotic (54%) than the normal group (40%)

Conclusion

Although IL-28B SNP had a role in HCV-related cirrhosis progression, it did not predict the probability for HCC development following DAAs.
Study on the influence of slope height and angle on the factor of safety and shape of failure of slopes based on strength reduction method of analysis
Authors: Shiferaw Henok Marie
Published: May 2021

Background

Decreasing slope angle and slope height increases the slope factor of safety and can change the shape of likely slope failure. The increase in the factor of safety is at different rates, which can depend on soil type and slope geometry. Understanding the relationship between the slope height and angle decrease with the increase in factor of safety is vital to implement an efficient method of increasing factor of safety for slope stability problems. In addition, the shape of slope failure has to be observed thoroughly, not to increase the sliding mass of soil for a likely slope failure, even though the factor of safety has increased.

Results

Three homogeneous slopes of different soil characteristics were analyzed several times by changing the slope height and angle to determine the factor of safety. The shape of failure was also observed and recorded for each slope height and angle decrease. The analysis results indicated that decreasing slope angle increases the factor of safety nearly linearly while a decrease in height increases the factor of safety at a parabolic rate. Slope height decrease increased the factor of safety at a higher rate for the clay soil while slope angle decrease increased factor of safety at a higher rate for sandy soil compared to the other types of soils considered. The toe slide was observed in clayey and sandy clay soils at higher slopes while the base slide was observed at slopes whose height is less than 2 m. The slope slide was dominant on sandy soil at different slope heights and slope angles.

Conclusions

While the factor of safety of slopes had increased with slope height and angle decrease, the rate of increases and thus the efficiencies are different which depended on the type of soil and geometry of slope. The shape of failure also changed which might increase the sliding mass of soil. This can be risky if slope failure occurs due to unforeseen events. Using the slope height and angle decrease methods for slope stabilization should be thoroughly investigated to choose the most efficient method and also should be checked not to increase the sliding mass of soil for a possible slope failure.
Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. endophytes
Authors: Kodoli Radhika S. , Galatage Sunil T. , Killedar Suresh G. , Pishwikar Sachin A. , Habbu Prasanna V. , Bhagwat Durgacharan A.
Published: May 2021

Background

The liver is the vital organ which plays a major role in metabolism with numerous functions in the human beings such as protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. Present research work is focused on hepatoprotective potential of chloroform (PNFC) and ethyl acetate (PNFEA) endophytic fractions fromPhyllanthus niruri Linn. against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. To test our hypothesis, both endophytic fungal fractions were tested for vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activity. Serum biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGOT, SALP, cholesterol, bilirubin, and protein were estimated to assess hepatoprotective activity.

Results

Group of rats treated with CCl4possess marked hepatic damage and oxidative stress which indicates that cellular leakage and loss of functional integrity of cell membrane in liver. PNFC and PNFEA fractions of endophyte fromPhyllanthus niruri Linn. stem have significantly reduced the elevated levels of biomarkers like SGPT, SGOT, SALP, bilirubin, cholesterol, and total protein in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The results obtained confirm hepatoprotective activity of endophytic fractions (PNFC and PNFEA) mediated through the stabilization of plasma membrane, repair of hepatic tissue damage, return of biochemical marker levels to normal, and regeneration of hepatocytes. Histopathological observations revealed improvement in the liver architecture after the treatment of secondary metabolites of endophytic fractions against CCl4-induced liver damage. Both fungal endophytes PNFC and PNFEA showed DPPH scavenging activity with IC50of 97.79 μg/ml and 108.40 μg/ml, respectively, and possess antioxidant potential. Presence of flavonoids in the both fractions of endophytes may be a possible reason for its antioxidant potential and identified asEurotium amstelodamistrain.

Conclusion

Both fungal endophytes PNFC and PNFEA possess hepatoprotective potential due to the presence of secondary metabolites of fungi, i.e.,Eurotiumam stelodamistrain which support the claim endophytes and act as a potent biomedicine for treatment of various chronic diseases.
Detection of 6-monoacetylemorphine in hair sample of heroin addicts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and significance of rehabilitation program
Authors: Ghauri Mohsin Ahmad , Hassan Fahad , Hassan Younusa , Atif Naveel , Adnan Ahmad
Published: May 2021

Background

The analysis of hair samples for the detection of drugs has become one of the convincing strategies in the field of forensic toxicology. A large number of cases concerning heroin abuse or its byproducts have been documented under the Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997, over the past decade. The present study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the primary metabolite of heroin, i.e., 6-monoacetylemorphine (6-MAM), in hair samples of addicts and subjects undergoing rehabilitation, thereafter accessing the success rate of the rehabilitation program at the de-addiction center.

Results

Hair samples were randomly collected from 20 regular heroin addicts and 20 heroin addicts from their past, from the rehabilitation center, of different age groups. Samples were cleaned, digested, and extracted using an alkaline digestion mediator methyl tertiary butyl ether, followed by quantification of 6-MAM via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The mean concentration of 6-MAM in regular heroin addicts detected was 7.80 ng/mg and 2.34 ng/mg in samples of subjects undergoing rehabilitation at the de-addiction center, respectively.

Conclusion

Traces of 6-MAM in the hair sample of heroin addicts can be efficiently detected days after the last intake of heroin. In addition to that, our findings also give an idea for future evaluating the approximate timeframe for detection of 6-MAM and/or other metabolites of heroin in the hair sample. However, in the future, by carefully analyzing the hair samples that can be taken from rehabilitation centers from target subjects at different time intervals, the exact duration of traceable quantity of 6-MAM can be determined in the hair sample. Finally, it can be concluded that there is a significant success rate of the rehabilitation program at de-addiction centers in connection with dragging the 6-MAM level from the body.
Transoral laser microsurgery in early glottic carcinoma: an Egyptian experience
Authors: El-Badrawy Amr , Amin Mohamed , Elden Shreif Bahaa , Yousef Ahmed
Published: May 2021

Background

This is a prospective study evaluating oncologic outcomes of early glottic carcinoma treated with transoral laser micro-laryngeal (TLM) surgery in two tertiary referral hospital. Patients who underwent TLM for early glottic carcinoma at the Otolaryngology Department and National Cancer Institute-Cairo University during the period between January 2016 and July 2019 who met inclusion criteria were included in the study. Operative and postoperative complications were assessed. Patients were followed up to assess loco-regional control.

Results

Thirty-three patients were included in the study. There were no operative complications. Median postoperative pain score was 3. Median duration of procedure was 15 min. None of the patients experienced postoperative bleeding or airway complications. There was no return to hospital within 30 days for complications. Median follow-up was 24 months. Disease-free survival was 97%. Overall survival was 100%.

Conclusion

Transoral laser microsurgery is a secure and successful choice for the treatment of glottic carcinomas, related to negligible morbidity and great local control.
Transoral per punctum excision of an impacted parotid duct stone of unfavorable direction: a case report
Authors: El-Anwar Mohammad Waheed , Gaid Karima , Nasr Mohamed Hassan , Ahmed Noura Abd El Aziz
Published: May 2021

Background

In the literature, the reported parotid duct stones that did not respond to the conservative measures are few. The present work reported and described the diagnosis and treatment of a case of impacted parotid duct stone that was surgically removed through minimally invasive transoral per punctum approach.

Case presentation

On examination of a 27-year-old male with left intermittent parotid swelling and pain for 1 year, a stone was palpated in the left buccal mucosa region near the orifice of the parotid duct. Ultrasonography (US) showed left Stensen’s duct distal stone. Under general anesthesia and oral intubation, the stone measuring about 1 cm in length was felt transversely located (directed at a right angle with the orifice of the duct). A small mucosal incision was done at the upper lateral part of the punctum; pus came out, and then the stone bulged from the orifice and was pushed outside. Recovery was event-less; postoperative paracetamol was sufficient to relieve pain, and the patient was discharged a few hours after the surgery.

Conclusion

The transoral per punctum excision of an impacted parotid duct stone appears to be a reliable minimally invasive effective and safe procedure. The unfavorable direction of the parotid duct stone might be a cause of failure of the conservative treatment for this stone.
Deciphering the Role of PGRMC1 During Human Decidualization Using an In Vitro Approach
Authors: Salsano Stefania , González-Martín Roberto , Quiñonero Alicia , Pérez-Debén Silvia , Domínguez Francisco
Published: May 2021

Context

Non-classical membrane progesterone receptor (mPRs) and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expression have been detected in endometrium, but their role in decidualization had not yet been investigated. We previously demonstrated PGRMC1 downregulation in receptive endometrium and that its overexpression inhibits decidualization. Furthermore, during decidualization, PGRMC1 mainly interacts with proteins involved in biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and mitochondrial activity.

Objective

To determine PGRMC1 and mPRs signaling role during decidualization.

Methods

Isolated primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSC) were decidualized in vitro in the presence of classic stimuli (E2 + P4), PGRMC1 inhibitor (AG205), or membrane-impermeable P4 (P4-BSA). Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 19 fertile oocyte donors attending the IVI-Valencia in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinic. EnSC decidualization was evaluated by prolactin ELISA and F-actin immunostaining. Progesterone receptor localization was evaluated by immunoﬂuorescence. EnSC transcriptomic profiles were analyzed by microarray technology.

Results

PGRMC1 inhibition during EnSC decidualization (AG205dEnSC) does not interfere with EnSC cytoskeletal rearrangements and prolactin secretion. However, global transcriptional profiling revealed more differentially expressed genes in AG205dEnSC than in dEnSC, compared with nondecidualized EnSC (ndEnSC). In silico analysis showed that PGRMC1 inhibition upregulated more genes related to metabolism, molecular transport, and hormonal biosynthesis compared with control dEnSC. EnSC decidualized in the presence of P4-BSA showed a similar behavior as ndEnSC in terms of morphological features, absence of prolactin secretion, and transcriptomic pattern.

Conclusion

Our findings associate PGRMC1 to hormonal biosynthesis, metabolism, and vesicular transport—important cellular functions for dEnSC supporting pregnancy. Activation of membrane P4 receptor signaling alone was unable to induce downstream effects needed for proper decidualization.
Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Laser Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules: Results of 10-Year Follow-Up in 171 Patients
Authors: Gambelunghe Giovanni , Stefanetti Elisa , Avenia Nicola , De Feo Pierpaolo
Published: May 2021

Context

Percutaneous, ultrasound-guided laser ablation is effective in nodular thyroid disease.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term (10-year) efficacy and safety of laser ablation in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules.

Methods

From 2009 to 2010, 171 patients received a single session of laser ablation. Evaluation of nodule volume was performed before treatment, at 6 months, and every year.

Results

Technique efficacy was achieved in 92% of patients at 1 year. Median nodule volume significantly decreased from 16.7 mL (range, 11.0-97.0 mL) at baseline to 5.0 mL (range, 4.1-32.0 mL) at 1 year, a volume reduction ratio (VRR) of 68%. The benefit of the treatment was durable (P < 0.001 vs baseline at all timepoints), with a VRR of 59% after 10 years. No cases of nodule regrowth > 50% were observed at 1 year, although such cases did occur after 4 years (n = 3; 1.7% of the overall cohort) and 7 years (n = 8; 4.7%). There were no further cases of regrowth beyond 7 years. When patients were stratified according to baseline nodule volume (< 15 mL, 15-25 mL, or > 25 mL), durable results were observed across all 3 categories, with the largest, most prolonged effect observed in patients with nodules < 15 mL. Treatment was well tolerated, with only minor, transient complications of fever and local pain, and 98% of patients willing to recommend the treatment.

Conclusion

Percutaneous, ultrasound-guided laser ablation of benign thyroid nodules provides long-term benefits and the treatment is well tolerated.
Cavafy among the Modernists
Authors: Kolocotroni Vassiliki
Published: May 2021

Placing C. P. Cavafy among the modernists raises interesting questions. Which century can claim Cavafy? What does it mean to claim Cavafy for modernism? What space do we need to make for Cavafy in an approach to modernism that shapes and is shaped by his work? What re- and disorientations might that positioning require? Which nineteenth-century filiations does Cavafy carry over into his modernism? Is courage rather than contemporaneity a better guide in these orienteering exercises? This essay fleshes out these questions, asks a few more in the process, and attempts a set of triangulations and mediations between Cavafian and early twentieth-century words and worlds. This is not to trace influences or deep affinities but to deploy Cavafy as the “century's interlocutor,” in Paul's immodest but resonant phrase. Among the mediating or triangulated figures are F. T. Marinetti, E. M. Forster, T. S. Eliot, George Seferis, Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats, Vernon Lee, and Pierre Louÿs, with cameo appearances by Bertolt Brecht, Arthur Rimbaud, and Eugène Marsan.
Motoda Nagazane’s standards of Confucianism – between Confucianism and Emperor Centralism
Authors: Eom Seogin
Published: May 2021

This paper discusses the ideological significance of the activities of Motoda Nagazane who, in the latter half of his life, became an attendant of Emperor Meiji as a member of the Kumamoto school of practical science. Whilst there were trends towards modernisation and Westernisation, Motoda Nagazane led a conservative reaction attempting to restore Confucianist politics/policies. I scrutinise the theories of revolution and lineage considering the history of East Asian Confucianism and comparing Motoda’s assertions to the views expressed by Kumazawa Banzan. In doing so, I assert that Motoda’s consistent attitude shows that he does not approve of the theory of revolution and that he regards the theory of lineage as an established fact. Thus, he highlights the cultivation of virtues in rulers, adopting the stance typically taken by Confucian scholars in the history of Japanese ideology. In ‘Lessons of the Emperor’s Way’, Motoda attempts to support the meaning of ‘The Three Sacred Treasures’ through Confucian texts. My evaluation of this text results in the view that in this discourse, Motoda transcends the significance of harmonising the deep and difficult ‘Lessons of the Emperor’s Way’ with Confucianism, which is easy to impart. I deduce that Confucianism was positioned above all else as the absolute/comprehensive standard in Motoda’s thought and that his endorsement of the Emperor’s way was proscribed within the ideological boundaries of Confucianism. Through the above analysis, I conclude that Motoda was an anachronistic Confucian scholar who truly endeavored to realise the kingship politics of Yao and Shun in the early Meiji era. While it is acknowledged that he was lagging behind his contemporaries, it is shown that this seemingly backward stance emanated from his serious Confucian scholarship. Further, his assertions differ from the plain-spoken Confucianist Emperor centralism that emerged in later years.
Quality of solo ambulance care by physician assistants versus ambulance nurses for non-conveyed patients in the Netherlands: An observational study
Authors: Vloet Lilian , Winterink Daniël , Gerritsen Aico , Heutz Wim , van Zonneveld Thijs , Berben Sivera , Ebben Remco
Published: May 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the ambulance care process, follow-up care and patient experience between physician assistants and ambulance nurses operating as solo ambulance care providers, for a non-conveyed patient population.

Methods

An observational design was used. Characteristics of patients and events and the care process were retrieved from the ambulance registration database. Data on follow-up care and patient experience were collected through questionnaires.

Results

Of the included solo ambulance events, 49/379 (12.9%) were performed by physician assistants, 330/379 (87.1%) were performed by ambulance nurses. For initial complaints and the on-scene diagnoses there were no significant differences between the physician assistants and ambulance nurses. 90/165 (54.5%) of the patients requested follow-up care after being non-conveyed with no significant association between the PA and ambulance nurse group (p=.293). For type of follow-up care, 91.9% of the follow-up emergency care requests in this study came from patients treated by an ambulance nurse. There were no significant differences in patients’ experience for clinician attitude and behavior, treatment, and communication between physician assistants and ambulance nurses, although pain management and explanation about the non-conveyance decision could be improved

Conclusions

Besides small statistical but not clinically significant differences, this study indicated comparable solo ambulance care provided by a physician assistant or an ambulance nurse concerning the care process, follow-up care and patient experience. Patients treated by physician assistants seek less follow-up emergency care after non-conveyance, compared to ambulance nurses. Overall, patients experienced good attitude and behavior, treatment, and communication of the solo ambulance professional. Future well powered studies to gain insight in effects of PAs in ambulance care are needed, as well as studies in which PAs apply all additional skills they are licensed to.
Representation of published core outcome sets for research in regulatory guidance: protocol
Authors: Dodd Susanna , Fish Rebecca , Gorst Sarah , Hall Deborah , Jacobsen Pamela , Kirkham Jamie , Main Barry , Matvienko-Sikar Karen , Saldanha Ian J. , Trépel Dominic , Williamson Paula R.
Published: May 2021

Background: The COMET Initiative promotes the development and use of ‘core outcome sets’ (COS), agreed standardised sets of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all studies in a particular clinical condition. COS are determined by consensus amongst key stakeholders, including health professionals, policymakers and patients, ensuring that the priorities and expertise of these representatives inform the choice of the most important outcomes to measure for a given condition. There is increased recognition of the need to integrate COS across the healthcare system and with existing regulatory apparatus, to ensure that outcomes being recorded are those of key relevance to important stakeholders. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of concordance between outcomes recommended in COS for research and in guidance provided by two key regulators: US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).

Methods: COS for research published during 2015-2019 with patient involvement and covering drug or device interventions will be compared against relevant regulatory guidelines, matched by condition. Guidance documents which match in scope (relating to intervention and population) to a COS for research will be scrutinised to identify all suggested outcomes for comparison against the core outcomes in the corresponding COS.

Discussion: This study will identify variation between outcomes suggested in EMA and FDA regulatory guidance relative to outcomes included in published COS for research, thus demonstrating the degree of representation of COS in regulatory guidance and vice versa. If the findings of this study reveal a lack of concordance between COS and regulatory guidance overall or for particular disease areas, we will invite feedback from FDA and EMA and will seek to highlight where findings support the recommendations towards using well-developed COS or will make recommendations to COS developers on outcomes of importance to these key regulators.
Arts-based interventions for people living with dementia: Measuring ‘in the moment’ wellbeing with the Canterbury Wellbeing Scales
Authors: Strohmaier Sarah , Homans Karl M. , Hulbert Sabina , Crutch Sebastian J. , Brotherhood Emilie V. , Harding Emma , Camic Paul M.
Published: May 2021

Background: There is growing acknowledgement for the need to move beyond exclusive biomedical understandings of dementia and also focus on how to improve the lives and wellbeing of people living with dementia. A mounting body of research advocates for the benefits of arts-based interventions for this population. The purpose of this study was to explore the links between multiple components of arts-based interventions and subjective wellbeing in order to help assess if these activities might contribute to meaningful community-based dementia care initiatives.

Methods: Using previously collected data across different intervention sites, a within- and between- participants design was used that assessed wellbeing through the Canterbury Wellbeing Scales (CWS) in people with mild-to-moderate dementias (N = 201) who participated in various community arts-based interventions (ABI). Data were analysed using non-parametric statistical analyses and bootstrapped moderation models.

Results: Increases in subjective wellbeing were associated with all forms of ABI. Co-creative sessions significantly strengthened the relationship between number of sessions attended and overall wellbeing as well as optimism. No significant moderating effect was observed between number of sessions attended and carer presence.

Conclusions: In the largest study of its kind to date to assess wellbeing using arts activities in a community-based dementia sample, findings support the use and acceptability of the CWS as a measurement tool for people with early-to-middle stages of dementia and suggest that the CWS can reliably measure wellbeing in this population. In addition, the positive effect of arts-based interactions on specific aspects of wellbeing were found, which provide a better understanding of the conditions under which these effects can be prolonged and sustained. Further research is needed to better understand the environmental, social, and psychological mechanisms through which these improvements operate.
The CUSSH programme: learning how to support cities’ transformational change towards health and sustainability
Authors: Davies Michael , Belesova Kristine , Crane Melanie , Hale Joanna , Haines Andy , Hutchinson Emma , Kiesewetter Gregor , Mberu Blessing , Mohajeri Nahid , Michie Susan , Milner James , Moore Gemma , Osrin David , Pineo Helen , Pluchinotta Irene , Prasad Aarathi , Salvia Giuseppe , Symonds Phil , Taylor Jonathon , Turcu Catalina , Tsoulou Ioanna , Zimmermann Nici , Wilkinson Paul
Published: May 2021

The Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) project is a global research programme on the complex systemic connections between urban development and health. Through transdisciplinary methods it will develop critical evidence on how to achieve the far-reaching transformation of cities needed to address vital environmental imperatives for planetary health in the 21st century. CUSSH’s core components include: (i) a review of evidence on the effects of climate actions (both mitigation and adaptation) and factors influencing their implementation in urban settings; (ii) the development and application of methods for tracking the progress of cities towards sustainability and health goals; (iii) the development and application of models to assess the impact on population health, health inequalities, socio-economic development and environmental parameters of urban development strategies, in order to support policy decisions; (iv) iterative in-depth engagements with stakeholders in partner cities in low-, middle- and high-income settings, using systems-based participatory methods, to test and support the implementation of the transformative changes needed to meet local and global health and sustainability objectives; (v) a programme of public engagement and capacity building. Through these steps, the programme will provide transferable evidence on how to accelerate actions essential to achieving population-level health and global climate goals through, amongst others, changing cities’ energy provision, transport infrastructure, green infrastructure, air quality, waste management and housing.
Enrichment approach for unbiased sequencing of respiratory syncytial virus directly from clinical samples
Authors: Waweru Jacqueline Wahura , de Laurent Zaydah , Kamau Everlyn , Mohammed Khadija Said , Gicheru Elijah , Mutunga Martin , Kibet Caleb , Kinyua Johnson , Nokes D. James , Sande Charles , Githinji George
Published: May 2021

Background: Nasopharyngeal samples contain higher quantities of bacterial and host nucleic acids relative to viruses; presenting challenges during virus metagenomics sequencing, which underpins agnostic sequencing protocols. We aimed to develop a viral enrichment protocol for unbiased whole-genome sequencing of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from nasopharyngeal samples using the Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) MinION platform.

Methods: We assessed two protocols using RSV positive samples. Protocol 1 involved physical pre-treatment of samples by centrifugal processing before RNA extraction, while Protocol 2 entailed direct RNA extraction without prior enrichment. Concentrates from Protocol 1 and RNA extracts from Protocol 2 were each divided into two fractions; one was DNase treated while the other was not. RNA was then extracted from both concentrate fractions per sample and RNA from both protocols converted to cDNA, which was then amplified using the tagged Endoh primers through Sequence-Independent Single-Primer Amplification (SISPA) approach, a library prepared, and sequencing done. Statistical significance during analysis was tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results: DNase-treated fractions from both protocols recorded significantly reduced host and bacterial contamination unlike the untreated fractions (in each protocol p<0.01). Additionally, DNase treatment after RNA extraction (Protocol 2) enhanced host and bacterial read reduction compared to when done before (Protocol 1). However, neither protocol yielded whole RSV genomes. Sequenced reads mapped to parts of the nucleoprotein (N gene) and polymerase complex (L gene) from Protocol 1 and 2, respectively.

Conclusions: DNase treatment was most effective in reducing host and bacterial contamination, but its effectiveness improved if done after RNA extraction than before. We attribute the incomplete genome segments to amplification biases resulting from the use of short length random sequence (6 bases) in tagged Endoh primers. Increasing the length of the random nucleotides from six hexamers to nine or 12 in future studies may reduce the coverage biases.
Developing an ethical framework for asymptomatic COVID-19 testing programmes in higher education institutions
Authors: Cox Caitriona , Ansari Akbar , McLaughlin Meredith , Van der Scheer Jan , Liddell Kathy , Burt Jenni , McGowan James , Bousfield Jennifer , George Jenny , Leach Brandi , Parkinson Sarah , Dixon-Woods Mary
Published: May 2021

Background: Mass asymptomatic COVID-19 testing programmes are being introduced in a range of settings, including in higher education institutions (HEIs). We aimed to produce an ethical framework to identify the range of ethical considerations relevant to HEI testing programmes and to support organisational decision-making.

Methods: We conducted a mixed-method consultation (survey and semi-structured interviews) with students and staff at a case study university that was running a student testing programme. Survey data were analysed descriptively; data analysis for interviews was based on the Framework method. The findings of the consultation were combined with literature review, legal/ethical analysis and expert views to produce an ethical framework.

Results: A total of 239 people took part in the consultation: 213 completed surveys (189 students, 24 staff) and 26 (16 students, 7 staff) participated in interviews. The survey identified clear support (99% of survey respondents) for the testing programme. Around two-thirds (62%) supported non-mandatory participation. Over half (54%) felt that the programme would need to be at least moderately effective to be acceptable. Over three-quarters (76%) felt the university had some responsibility to run a testing programme. Synthesis of consultation findings and further analysis identified nine areas of ethical consideration for HEIs looking to implement mass asymptomatic testing programmes: design and operation; goals; properties of the test; enabling isolation; choices about participation; benefits, harms and opportunity costs; responsibilities between students and institutions; privacy, confidentiality and data-sharing; and communication. The ethical framework includes recommendations in each of these areas, with illustrative examples of how they might be put into practice.

Conclusions: By identifying ethical considerations relevant to university student testing programmes using analysis and consultation, the framework we developed has potential to facilitate deliberation about ethical aspects of such programmes, as well as informing decision-making about their introduction, design and delivery.
Empleo de células madre mononucleares en el tratamiento de osteoartritis en rodilla: caso de estudio en Cuba
Authors: Hermida Vitar Diana Patricia , Zumalacárregui de Cárdenas Lourdes , García Suárez José
Published: May 2021

Introducción: el desarrollo alcanzado en la medicina regenerativa posibilita el tratamiento de enfermedades incurables o que tienen una respuesta reducida a las terapéuticas actuales, así como la disminución del consumo de medicamentos. En Cuba, las especialidades de angiología, de ortopedia y traumatología son las que más han aplicado esta terapia. En el trabajo se interpretan los resultados de la comparación, mediante STATGRAPHICS® Centurion XVI, de las variables controladas en dos tratamientos de osteoartriris en rodilla, uno empleando células madre mononucleares obtenidas de la sangre periférica y otro con la terapia convencional, con el objetivo de fundamentar la superioridad del nuevo tratamiento. Presentación del caso: se trataron 100 pacientes adultos atendidos en el Departamento de Ortopedia del Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología por osteoartrosis de rodilla, divididos en dos grupos. El grupo A (control) recibió el tratamiento convencional de infiltración con acetato de triamcinolona en la articulación afectada. El grupo B (estudio), la implantación del concentrado de células mononucleares adultas hematopoyéticas por vía percutánea. Conclusión: Se analizó cada una de sus variables y se comprobó que la mayoría de los datos recopilados no cumplían con una distribución normal, por lo que las siguientes pruebas se ejecutaron tomando como referencia la mediana de cada muestra. Se realizaron comparaciones entre la evaluación del dolor a la actividad, así como el consumo de medicamentos de cada uno de los grupos de tratamiento. Se evidenció la mejor respuesta de los pacientes para el tratamiento con células madre y una disminución en el consumo de fármacos.
A guide to cost-effective management of leg ulcers
Authors: Taylor Matthew , Atkin Leanne
Published: May 2021

Chronic wounds have a substantial economic impact on the NHS, with leg ulcers alone costing almost £4.6 billion per year. Approximately 2% of the adult population is affected by lower limb ulceration, and this is rising as a result of demographics, including longer life expectancy and the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Even after healing, the recurrence rate of leg ulcers is high, meaning that the cost and health impact is a long-term problem. There appears to be a large variation in treatment methods, possibly as a result of a lack of evidence-based practices. The variation in practice means that, in many areas, healing times are far from optimal, leading to increased costs and health burden for the patient. This article outlines a number of previously published recommendations, including the leg ulcer treatment pathway. The article also provides an overview of the considerations when undertaking an economic evaluation of pathways, and provides recommendations about the type of data that should be routinely collected in clinical trials.
The case for mobile cancer care units: an NHS team's experience
Authors: Booth Carl , Dyminski Patricia , Rattray Marcus , Quinn Gemma , Nejadhamzeeigilani Zaynab , Bickley Leanda , Seymour Tina
Published: May 2021

A team of NHS clinicians explain how mobile cancer care units, provided by the charity Hope For Tomorrow, have helped them to deliver less disruptive cancer treatment and continue to care for patients during COVID-19.
Local knowledge on rice variations (landraces) of the Naga Community, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: PERMANA SIDIK , ISKANDAR JOHAN , PARIKESIT PARIKESIT
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Permana S, Iskandar J, Parikesit. 2018. Local knowledge on rice variations (landraces) of the Naga Community, West Java, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 1: 1-8. Ethnobotanical studies have indicated that diversity of local varieties of crop plants and associated local knowledge has seriously eroded in many developing countries across cultures, including West Java, Indonesia, due to many factors such as agricultural modernization, development of market economy, government policies and human population increase. This paper gives an account of the local knowledge or the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) about the rice varieties (landraces) of the wet rice fields, management of wet rice farming and also factors influencing local knowledge of rice landraces of the wet rice fields of the Naga community, West Java, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative ethnobotanical methods. The result of study shows that the Naga community has still maintained a rich TEK on local rice landraces. About 15 landraces of wet rice have been recorded which are distinguished by Naga community based on traditional knowledge. They also manage various local rice landraces and wet rice farming activities including seed selection, preparing nursery and land, planting, crop and pest management, harvesting and storage of harvested rice based on the TEK embedded in their culture.
Incentives and challenges for local institutions in coffee forest management: The case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Ethiopia
Authors: DIBABA BEKALU , BERHANU ABEJE
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Dibaba B, Berhanu A. Incentives and challenges for local institutions in coffee forest management: the case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Ethiopia. Asian J For 2: 31-46. Because woodland biodiversity is threatened by various anthropogenic factors, the role of institutions in administrating natural provenances in general and woodland provenances in specific increases over time. Therefore, this is the right time to find out the role of institutions in administrating natural provenances. An assessment of the role of local institutions in the management of coffee forests, by taking the case of Bilo-Nopha Woreda, Illu Abba Bora zone as its object, became the main objective of this study. This study attempts to describe the utilization of regulation attributes, community attributes, and attributes of woodland provenances influencing the management of coffee forests in this study region, using the institutional analysis and development framework (IAD) adopted from Ostrom (2006). This study uses qualitative and quantitative research methods in the form of triangulation. From 16 Kebeles in the study region, the researchers purposively selected 3 Kebeles that were adjacent to the plantation woodland region. Using a systematic random sampling technique, 125 households were selected from three Kebeles for quantitative interviews. In addition to conducting in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and FGDs were conducted to support and strengthen data obtained through household surveys. The results reveal that both official and informal institutions take part in the management of coffee forests at the local level. Rules established by the government to secure coffee woodland areas decrease woodland utilization by local communities and make their ownership rights unsafe. This, in turn, will negatively affect their participation in coffee woodland management activities. Community contributions and forest provenances also influence management activities both positively and negatively. Some of them operate as incentives that increase management activities including compactness, homogeneity and topography, and goods and services derived from forests while others operate as disincentives for management activities including group size, distance, and inadequacy of clear boundaries. In addition to the challenges of administrating coffee forests, lack of ownership, illegal encroachment and inadequacy of coordination between various stakeholders are the main difficulties that must be resolved to preserve coffee forests in the study region.
The traditional Rimbo Larangan system of forest management: An ethnoecological case study in Nagari Paru, Sijujung District, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: ALANDRA YUKI , AMELIA FATIYA ULFA DWI , ISKANDAR JOHAN
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Alandra Y. Amelia FUD, Iskandar J. 2018. The traditional Rimbo Larangan system of forest management: An ethnoecological case study in Nagari Paru, Sijujung District, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 1: 61-68. The community of Nagari Paru, Sijunjung District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia has a traditional forest conservation system locally known as Rimbo Larangan which is based on the Local Knowledge (LK) or the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) - strongly embedded in the local culture.. Although the Rimbo Larangan has nearly disappeared in many villages (nagari) of West Sumatra, particularly of the Minangkabau ethnic, this traditional forest conservation system in Nagari Paru has been properly maintained. The aim of this study was to document the ecological history, the characteristics of the involved local institutions and the management system of the Rimbo Larangan based on a case study in Nagari Paru, Sijunjung district, West Sumatra Province. Method used in this study was qualitative with the ethnoecological approach. The results of the study showed that the ecological story of Rimbo Larangan has been established since a long time, in parallel with initial construction of agricultural and settlement areas in the forest. The institution of Rimbo Larangan, as a distinctive model, was initially organized by the original initiatives of informal leaders which were later joined and supported by the local government. Based on the Rimbo Larangan system, various non-timber forest products of Nagari Paru has been sustainably utilized by the local community. In addition, the forest has provided ecological services over time for the local community.
Perceptions, attitudes, and outcomes of human-snake encounters: A retrospective study of an online discussion community in Nigeria
Authors: Babalola Omotola , Jegede Henry Olanrewaju , Ogunro Bamidele
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Babalola OJ, Jegede HO, Ogundro BN. 2020. Perceptions, attitudes, and outcomes of human-snake encounters: A retrospective study of an online discussion community in Nigeria. Asian J Ethnobiol 21: 1-9. The internet is a useful tool for obtaining data needed to study factors that hinder snake conservation especially in resource-limited settings. There is a paucity of peer-reviewed research on the use of online communities in the study of factors contributing to undesirable human-snake conflicts in Nigeria. A 12-month dataset (August 2016-July 2017) on human-snake encounters shared on Nairaland®- a popular online community forum in Nigeria - was retrieved and analyzed. Morphological characteristics observed in the snake photographs posted on the platform were used for species identification. A total of 203 human-snake encounters were recorded from 32/37 States of Nigeria. Men (n=133) reported more human-snake encounters than women (n =11) while “reporters of unspecified gender (n =59) accounted for the rest. Most postings were from the southern part of Nigeria with the highest number of postings from Lagos State (n =34). Of the 24 snake species reported in the study, the African Rock Python was the most encountered. The months of May to July recorded the highest number of snake species reported by the respondents. ‘Fear’ and ‘food’ were the major perceptions elicited by people during snake encounters. The outcome of human-snake conflicts resulted in snake deaths (n =182) irrespective of snake venomosity. Only 1.0% (n=2) of the snakes were protected from harm. This study revealed that data from online community forums are useful for retrospective studies of the perceptions and outcomes of human-snake encounters; the output of which policymakers and conservationists may find useful.
The North Borneo Iranun’s community’s ethnomedicine knowledge on marsh clam (Geloina expansa)
Authors: Mohd Hamdan Diana , Md Shah Jalihah , Gumpulan Faizah , Foo Jurry , Awang Lukman Khamisah
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Hamdan DDM, Shah JMD, Gumpulan F, Foo J, Lukman KA. 2020. The North Borneo Iranun’s community’s ethnomedicine knowledge on marsh clam (Geloina expansa). Asian J Ethnobiol 21: 30-38. North Borneo is rich with natural resources that have boundless potentials for pharmaceutical product discovery that can lead to socio-economic development in rural areas as suppliers. Even though rich with cultural heritage and comprises of hundred sub-ethnic groups, detail documentation of ethnomedicinal knowledge in North Borneo from different ethnic groups is still limited and could disappear in no time. The ethnomedicinal knowledge of marsh clam (Geloina expansa) use in the Iranun community (respondents no.=28) living in Kampung Rampayan Ulu, Kota Belud in North Borneo were investigated and the concentration of iron, zinc and copper in different parts of marsh clam tissues were determined. In postnatal care of the Iranun community, many believe that marsh clam soup help boost nursing mother milk supply. Marsh clam is rich with micronutrients of iron followed by zinc and copper. The mantle organ has a higher iron concentration than other tissues. The traditional knowledge to heal blood clotting and bruises is topical application of marsh clam mantle organs onto the wound areas. Although participants have ethnomedicinal knowledge on marsh clam, they have poor knowledge of the nutritional benefits of this clam. Lifelong learning of the benefit of marsh clam is necessary from local health care.
Evaluation of ethnobotanical knowledge in Komkar-Adi Biocultural Landscape of Eastern Himalayan Region of India
Authors: TARAM MOMANG , Borah Dipankar , MIPUN PURANJOY , TARAM VIJAY , DAS ABHAYA PRASAD
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Taram M, Borah D, Mipun P, Taram V, Das A.P. 2020. Evaluation of ethnobotanical knowledge in Komkar-Adi Biocultural Landscape of Eastern Himalayan Region of India. Biodiversitas 21: 70-87. The present study was aimed to document the traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in Komkar-Adi Biocultural Landscape of Upper Siang District in Arunachal Pradesh (Eastern Himalaya), India. Data was collected from three villages of Geku circle, Upper Siang District between the year 2016-2019, covering more than 50% of the total households using semi-structured questionnaires, personal interviews, focused group discussions and transect walk with the core respondents. A total of 301 taxa falling in 203 genera and 85 families are recorded from the Komkar-Adi Biocultural Landscape (KABL), invariably used as food, medicine and cultural materials which is directly and indirectly linked with livelihood security, community survival, protection and preservation of the traditional culture and nature. Use value (UV) of all the reported species ranges between 0.017 and 0.051. A total of 48 ethnomedicinal plant species including herbs, shrubs and trees used for curing 35 different ailments were recorded. Comparison of three different indices CI, RFC and RI, indicating species ranking based on each index and the three basic values of the study, viz. FC, UR and NU for each species were also calculated. Urtica dioica, Solanum spirale, Paris polyphylla, Curcuma longa, Clerodendrum colebrookeanum, and Begonia silletensis are found to be the most important plants for treating different ailments by the community.