bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of the major polyunsaturated C16 acids of marine oils by GLC separation factors on normal and organosilicone polyesters
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Jangaard P. M.
Published: April 2007

The tentative identification of the unsaturated C16 acids of marine oils is facilitated through analysis on both normal and organosilicone polyester substrates. Two different separation factors can then be approximated from the more accessible separation factors appropriate to unsaturated acids of longer chain lengths.
Lipid‐protein interactions and cohesional forces in the lipoproteins systems of membranes
Authors: Vandenheuvel Frantz A.
Published: April 2007

The lipid‐protein positional relationship deseribed by the simple Danielli model leads to a concept of the basic structure which is consistent sistent with recent findings. The stability of membranes is insured by internal cohesion forces and by the potential barrier of surrounding water molecules. The properties of cohesional forces are reviewed with reference to membrane stability and order. The existence of a higher degree of organization is discussed in the light of recent electron microscopic data. A 舠particulate舡 concept which is compatible with the simple model is discussed with regard to transport phenomena and component turnover in membranes.
Lipids and the molecular structure of photoreceptors
Authors: Wolken Jerome J.
Published: April 2007

A knowledge of the molecular structure and the chemistry of photoreceptors is essential in order to understand how they function. Chloroplasts and the outer segments of the retinal rods and cones of the eye are photoreceptors; they are able to receive, convert and transfer light energy to chemical and to electrical energy in the processes of photosynthesis, vision and nervous excitation. Chemically, their major constitutents are pigments, lipids and proteins. Structurally, they are an ordered system of tightly‐packed plates, discs, or tubes. Their fine structure in electron micrographs appears as electron dense double layers (lamellae) with a total thickness of the order of 250 Ɨ; each lamella or membrane at the interface is of the order of 50Ɨ.

To discover how the pigment molecules are associated with these lamellae in the photoreceptors, the geometry (that is, the length, diameter, and number of lamellae) was measured and the pigment concentration determined spectroscopically. These data were then used to calculate the area that each pigment molecule would occupy if spread as a monolayer on the lamellar surfaces. In addition, pigment‐lipid protein micelle structures have also been studied.

On the basis of these physical‐chemical studies, molecular models for the photoreceptors have been proposed.
Isomerization of unsaturated fatty esters by iron pentacarbonyl. Preparation of iron tricarbonyl complexes of polyunsaturated fats
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Emken E. A. , Davison V. L.
Published: April 2007

Iron pentacarbonyl is a powerful isomerization agent of unsaturated fatty esters. Highly conjugated fats are obtained when polyunsaturated fatty esters are treated with an excess Fe(CO)5 to form complexes followed by decomposition of the complexes with FeCl3. Iron tricarbonyl complexes were prepared in 80 to 95% yields from methyl linoleate, linolenate and polyunsaturated fatty esters of soybean, linseed and safflower oils by heating at 180舑185C with 2 moles Fe(CO)5 per mole ester under nitrogen pressure. Decomposition of these complexes with FeCl3 resulted in 90 to 97% conjugation of the polyunsaturated fatty esters mainly in the alltrans configuration. Isolatedtrans unsaturation reached levels of 18 to 30%. Methyl oleate yielded 74%trans unsaturation but no complex of iron carbonyl was obtained.
Study of detergency. I. Effect of the concentration and the kind of detergent in hard water
Authors: Arai Haruhiko
Published: April 2007

The effect of concentration and kind of detergent, and nature of oil‐on‐oil removal efficiency in hard water was studied. Maximum oil removal efficiencies are shown at the same water hardness for a given oil. As the concentration of detergents increases, the water hardness at maximum oil removal efficiency increases and the sharpness of the oil removal peak is lessened. A linear relationship between concentration of detergent and water hardness at maximum oil removal efficiency was found. This relationship is dependent on the nature of the oily soil and kind of detergent.
Distribution and identification of the fatty acids from the coho salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)
Authors: Saddler James B. , Lowry Robert R. , Krueger Hugo M. , Tinsley Ian J.
Published: April 2007

To study the fatty acids of the coho salmon, entire fish were homogenized and the total lipids extracted with methanol‐chloroform. The fish ranged in size from 75 to 85 mm total length and contained from 2.1%舑6.9% lipid in the tissues. Methyl esters of the fatty acids were produced with anhydrous methanol and HCl. Qualitative identification of the fatty acid methyl esters was accomplished by gas‐liquid chromatography.

Thin layer silver nitrate‐silicic acid plates were used to separate the component methyl esters according to the number of double bonds. Location of the ethylenic groups of the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters was established by reductive ozonolysis and identification of the aldehydes and aldehyde‐esters produced. The number of carbons in the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters was determined by hydrogenation of each of the fractions.

Fatty acids found in the highest concentrations were: 16蝘0, 16蝘1, 18蝘0, 18蝘1, 18蝘4, and 22蝘6. Fatty acids 16蝘0, 18蝘1, 18蝘2, 20蝘5, and 22蝘6, differed markedly from concentrations found in tubificid worms, the exclusive diet of the fish during the experiment.
Compositional differences among crambe samples and between seed components
Authors: Earle F. R. , Peters J. E. , Wolff I. A. , White G. A.
Published: April 2007

Data germane to the processing and utilization of crambe as a new oilseed include information on variations to be expected in gross composition of the seed (fruit) and its component parts.

Seventy‐five samples ofCrambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fries from experimental plantings in 17 states have been analyzed. Samples as received contained 16 to 62% pod material (pericarp), the extremes representing samples with many seeds removed from the pod or with many pods containing no seed. The amount of pericarp was most often between 25 and 40%. Oil content of seed (without pericarp) ranged from 36 to 54%, with most samples between 40 and 48%; crude protein from 22 to 37%, usually 25 to 30%; and erucic acid in the oil from 39 to 60%, usually 53 to 59%. Total thioglucoside content in 30 samples ranged from 8 to 10% calculated asepi‐progoitrin in oil‐free meal, although 2 samples were between 4 and 5%.

One sample was hand‐separated into pericarp (40%) and seed, and the latter was further separated into seed coat (8%), cotyledon (82%) and hypocotyl (10%). The pericarp contained only 0.4% lipid and the respective seed fractions 17, 55 and 38%. Their corresponding protein contents were 4, 23, 23 and 34%; and their thioglucoside contents (oil‐free meal), 0.1, 2.1, 10.9 and 13.0%.

Cotyledon and hypocotyl were quite similar in amino acid composition. Neither contained hydroxylproline, which is in both pericarp and seed coat.
Crambe seed processing: Filtration‐extraction on a bench scale
Authors: Kirk L. D. , Mustakas G. C. , Griffin E. L.
Published: April 2007

Crambe abyssinica is a potential source of erucic fatty acid and of good quality protein, provided satisfactory methods for processing the seed can be developed. Among the oil recovery methods currently under study is that of filtration‐extraction, a direct solvent process for high‐oil content seeds. Good oil recovery at satisfactory filtration rates was accomplished by a series of processing steps including dehulling, flaking, cooking, drying, crisping and extracting with hexane.

When the conventional cook procedure was modified to incorporate an enzyme‐conversion step, significant improvement in rat feeding tests was obtained without loss in subsequent extraction efficiency. The recovered oils from the nonconversion cooks were refined and bleached by conventional procedures to oils of light color. The oil product from the conversion cook apparently contained sulfur compounds, even after refining and bleaching, whose removal will require special treatment as yet undeveloped in order to produce a hydrogenatable oil.
Spectrophotometric analysis of tall oil rosin acids
Authors: Ball Frank J. , Vardell William G.
Published: April 2007

About half of the rosin acids in whole and distilled tall oil consist of abietic and neoabietic acids, as distinguished from hydroabietic acids, dehydroabietic acid, and the pimaric acids. In this respect the tall oil rosin acids are similar to those from gum or wood rosin. This was established by spectrophotometric analysis of the rosin acids from whole tall oil, double distilled tall oil, rosin acids crystallized from tall oil, and rosin acids separated from tall oil by fractional distillation. The rosin acids crystallized from tall oil contained the highest percentage of abietic acid, but the sum of abietic and neoabietic acids was only slightly higher.

The rosin acids from acid refined tall oil contained appreciably less abietic and neoabietic acid than the others.

Before spectrophotometric analysis the rosin acids were isolated from the tall oils in about 95% yield by cyclohexylamine precipitation.
Solvent extraction of cottonseed and peanut oils. VIII. Effects of moisture on the preparation and flaking of cottonseed
Authors: Reuther C. G. , Westbrook R. D. , Hoffman Wade H. , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: April 2007

Conclusions

The results indicate that 9 to 10% moisture in the meats is the best level for the preparation of cottonseed into flakes for solvent extraction. At lower moisture the flakes contain more fines before and after agitation in solvent, and the percolation rate of solvent through a flake bed is lower because of reduced particle size. At higher moisture the amount of oil in the hulls from the beater is greater. Also the flakes produce more fines, and the percolation rate becomes slower because of the softness and pliability of the flaked meat. It is likely that in commercial continuous operations this packing or balling up tendency of the flaked meats may lead to periodic channeling or plugging in the extractor, dryer, conveyors, and filters.

These conclusions have been applied in the continuous pilot plant solvent extraction of three lots of prime cottonseed. The results substantiate the findings herein and will be reported in a separate publication.
Solvent extraction IV. The effect of temperature on extraction rate
Authors: Wingard M. R. , Phillips R. C.
Published: April 2007

The temperature has a considerable effect on the rate of extraction of crude oils from vegetable oil seeds with solvents. Quantitative data have been presented relating extraction rate and temperature for soybeans, cottonseed, and flaxseed extracted with several solvents. These data were obtained by the Percolation Method, modified where necessary.

Since no satisfactory theoretical basis for correlation could be established, the results were correlated empirically. For all practical purposes the time in minutes required to reduce the oil seed to 1.0% residual oil content on a dry basis varied inversely with the square of the extraction temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
Chemical investigation of the New England horse chestnut, aesculus hippocastanum
Authors: Ehlers Vivian B. , Hill G. Albert
Published: April 2007

The analysis of the oil from the American species ofAesculus hippocastanum shows the oil to be similar to the European species. The constants reported by Stillesen (11) and Kaufmann and Baltes (6) are of the same order of magnitude as found in this investigation. The same is true of the fatty acid content except in the case of linolenic. European (6) investigators report 2.2% linolenic, and the American species contains only a trace.

The oil of the horse chestnut,Aesculus hippocastanum, is of the non‐drying type. The approximate percentage composition of the fatty acids of this oil has been found to be stearic, 2.1; palmitic, 4.8; oleic, 65.3; linoleic, 20.2; and a trace of linolenic.
Plant lipases in emulsions of water in oil
Authors: Rose W. Gordon
Published: April 2007

A procedure for preparing an active lipase cream, of reproducible activity, from castor beans is described. Shelled castor beans are ground in a mortar to a greasy paste. Water is incorporated in this paste by addition of small quantities, with frequent grinding. This suspension of ground castor beans in water is stored overnight at 2° to 4°, phthalate buffer is then added, and the pH adjusted to 4.5. This suspension is centrifuged and the cream washed twice with water. This lipase cream emulsifies with oils and reacts rapidly with them to liberate free fatty acids, without neutralization of the fatty acids liberated, or the addition of buffers, or any other substance although the rate of fat splitting is enhanced if about 2% of water is added. The rate of splitting of cottonseed oil at 10° and 20° by this lipase cream indicates that the temperature coefficient of this enzyme is about half of the usual temperature coefficient. The lipase is inhibited by a soluble synthetic cephalin, egg phosphatide, and salmon egg phosphatide, but not by soybean phosphatide.
Sesame oil. VI. Determination of sesamin
Authors: Budowski Pierre , O'connor R. T. , Field E. T.
Published: April 2007

A new method for the determination of sesamin in sesame oils is described. It is based on the measurement of the ultraviolet absorption of sesame oil following the removal of sesamol by treatment with alkali and correction for the absorption resulting from the presence of sesamolin. The advantages of the new method over the previously described colorimetric method are discussed. The accuracy of the method is attested by a comparison of the determined values with those for known added amounts of sesamin in cottonseed and sesame oils. When applied to four crude oils, the content of sesamin was found to range from 0.50 to 0.96%.

Ultraviolet absorption spectra curves are reported for sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, and sesame oil.
Isolation of natural arachidonic acid as its methyl ester
Authors: Herb S. F. , Riemenschneider R. W. , Donaldson Jeanette
Published: April 2007

Fresh beef suprarenal glands were ground and extracted thoroughly with alcohol and then with ethyl ether. After removal of solvent the total lipid residue was saponified, and the fatty acids were recovered by extraction. The less unsaturated acids were removed by crystallization from acetone at −40°C. At this stage the filtrate contained essentially all the arachidonic acid originally present in the glands and also unsaponifiable matter. After the unsaponifiable material was removed, the arachidonic acid content of the concentrate was about 25%. These unsaturated acids were converted to their methyl esters and fractionated on a silicic acid adsorption column. The progress of the adsorption fractionation was followed by spectrophotometric examination and determination of iodine values of the eluted fractions. Methyl arachidonate of 90% purity was obtained by this means. It was further purified by fractional distillation in vacuo. The final product had an iodine value of 316.1; theory, 318.8. The purity of this preparation was further established by spectrophotometric examination, by saponification equivalents, mean molecular weight, and by x‐ray diffraction patterns and melting points of a completely hydrogenated portion.

Evidence of acids of greater unsaturation than arachidonic acid in suprarenal lipids was also clearly established by spectrophotometric examination. A fraction was obtained which was estimated to contain about 80–85% of a C20 acid with five double bonds.
Evaluation of the twitchell isooleic method: Comparison with the infrared trans‐isooleic method
Authors: Jackson Frank L. , Callen Joseph E.
Published: April 2007

Conclusion

The Twitchell and infrared isooleic methods have been compared. Assuming that all trans‐isooleic acids are of equal significance as regards influence on shortening plasticity as “solid unsaturated acids,” the infrared method is superior. This method has all the advantages of speed and accuracy of spectrophotometric methods. It handles simple and complex isoleate mixtures with equal ease in view of identical infrared absorption for trans‐isomers of different double bond position.

The Twitchell method was shown, on close analysis, to have fair accuracy for simple trans‐acid mixtures but give very low values (errors of 35 to 45%) with ordinary hydrogenated oils. The reason for the failure of the Twitchell method apparently lies in the increasing lead isooleate solubility with increase in the number of trans‐isooleic acids.
Improved procedure for cleaning glassware used in determining the stability of fats and oils by the active oxygen method
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Moore R. N. , Bickford W. G.
Published: April 2007

Glassware cleaned with a synthetic detergent instead of hot or cold chromic‐sulfuric acid leads to improved reproducibility of the stability of fats and oils determined by the active oxygen method. When the glassware used in this method is cleaned with hot chromic‐sulfuric acid, chromium compounds are absorbed within the glass walls and subsequently diffuse into the oil or fat thereby leading to erratic results. A method is described for cleaning the glassware used with the fat stability method which has given reliable results in the hands of the authors for more than a year, during which it has been in almost daily use.
Some observations on the solubility of sulphonated castor oil in organic solvents
Authors: Davidsohn Alfred
Published: April 2007

Conclusions

It was observed that sulphonated castor oil (with 28% water content) is miscible with much greater volumes of aromatic solvents than with solvents of the paraffinic type. Separation of the mixture at high dilution ratios shows that it is likely that a miscellar structure exists between the solvent, the sulphonated oil, and the water contained in the sulphonated oil. This miscellar structure is disrupted at higher dilution ratios. Furthermore it was generally observed that mixtures where the sulphonated oil was completely dissolved in the solvent gave stable milky white emulsions on dilution with water. The latter fact is of great practical importance.
Factors affecting the stability of highly unsaturated fatty acids. III. The autoxidation of methyl eleostearate
Authors: Allen R. R. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: April 2007

The autoxidation of methyl eleostearate was studied by observing the kinetics of the reaction and separating the primary oxidation products. The results indicate that an eleostearate free radical adds oxygen to the 1,2, 1,4, or 1,6 position of the triene system to produce polymers through peroxide bridges.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. VIII. Linolenic acid
Authors: Dutton H. J. , Lancaster Catherine R. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: April 2007

Circumstantial evidence has long pointed to linolenic acid as the unstable precursor of “reversion” flavors in soybean oil. Direct evidence has now been obtained from two sources: a) A qualitative study of the flavors after storage of soybean oil in which the linolenic acid content has been significantly lowered by furfural extraction, and b) organoleptic identification studies of stored soybean oil, stored cottonseed oil, and a cottonseed oil into whose glyceride structure linolenic acid has been introduced with the use of an interesterification catalyst. It is concluded that linolenic acid is an unstable precursor of “fishy‐painty‐grassy‐melony” flavors in soybean oil.
Handling, shipping, and storage of oilseeds
Authors: Stokes Robert , Reid L. M.
Published: April 2007

Conclusion

The rapid crop movement has been discussed, also the problem of deterioration in storage, and some of the procedures and equipment which the crusher may use to solve his problems. In a few weeks the oil seeds will start their flow to the mills. No one season is entirely typical of another, and the crusher will soon be faced with new problems relative to unloading, storage allocation, and segregation day by day and hour by hour. Each problem is demanding of solution and cannot be deferred or referred. The success of the mill's year‐round operation may depend in large measure upon the initiative, hard work, imagination, and judgment with which an unloading season is handled. The crushing industry is looking forward to this season and to every season with an unique interest that is hard to describe. The interest is so much a part of processors that oil mill men could never, and would never want to lose it.
The effect of extended storage on the properties of tung oil
Authors: Holmes Raiford L. , Pack Frank C.
Published: April 2007

Tung oil has been stored in clean, well‐filled gallon containers for more than three years and at the end of that time still met A.S.T.M. specifications.

Storage locale (indoor, outdoor, sheltered, or unsheltered containers) and the exterior coating on the containers in exposed locations were found to be of less importance than protection of the stored oil from atmospheric oxygen.

The most pronounced effect of prolonged storage on tung oil is a shortening of the heat test (gel time at 282°C.).

Uncontaminated tung oil does not spontaneously isomerize during storage.
A quick dilatometric method for control and study of plastic fats
Authors: Fulton N. D. , Lutton E. S. , Wille R. L.
Published: April 2007

A dilatometric method is presented which is of considerable convenience and reliability in application to commercial fats, notably shortening and margarine. The instrument is of volumetric type with mercury as confining fluid. The simplified calculations give results in terms of “Solid Content Index,” which is an approximation to the true % solid. The apparatus is applicable not only to basic study of composition and processing but is adaptable to hydrogenation control where it has been used with notable success for several years. With shortenings, for instance, the method cuts substantially the deviation from normal consistency encountered with the best thermal methods. Despite the high precision the determination can be completed in about two hours. Part of the reason for the combined precision and speed is a “tempering” step introduced to expedite approach to a steady state prior to final measurement.
Behavior of antioxidants during the baking and storage of pie crust
Authors: Mahon J. H. , Chapman Ross A.
Published: April 2007

1. Acidic synergists such as citric acid, phosphoric acid, α‐amino acetic acid (glycine), or disodium dihydrogen ethylenediamine tetraacetate (“Versene”) produced no significant improvement in the keeping quality of pie crust.

2. Propyl gallate plus citric acid, or NDGA plus citric acid, produced no significant effect on the keeping quality of pie crust owing to the fact that propyl gallate and NDGA are apparently destroyed in dough made with flour.

3. Lauryl gallate plus citric acid produced a significant improvement in the keeping quality of pie crust.

4. The addition of “Versene” to dough, followed by spraying the pie crust with a solution of lauryl gallate plus citric acid or propyl gallate plus citric acid, resulted in an increase in stability.

5. The addition of BHA plus citric acid to dough resulted in the greatest stability of the pie crust. However the addition of propyl gallate, lauryl gallate or NDGA to this dough produced no further increase in the stability of the pie crust.

6. BHA is partly vaporized from dough during the baking process and also during the storage of pie crust at 61°C.
The eicosenoic acid of cameline seed oil
Authors: von Mikusch J. D. , Dylla Ursula
Published: April 2007

The eicosenoic acid previously discovered in cameline seed oil (1) was isolated and identified. It melts at 22.5°C. and yields an elaidinated acid melting at 43.5°C. and a dioxy derivative melting at 132°C. By its hydrogenation to arachidic acid and destructive oxidation to undecanedioic acid it was shown to be normal Δ11‐eicosenoic acid‐1 like the acid in jojoba wax.
A modified dilatometer for fast evaluation of “solids content” in fats
Authors: Teasdale B. F. , Svardal R.
Published: April 2007

A change was made in the dilatometer design, allowing a substantial reduction in the time required to complete a “Solids Content” determination in edible fats.

The modified dilatometer has a hollow stopper that extends nearly to the bottom of the dilatometer bulb, thereby giving the fat sample the shape of a hollow cylinder. The surface area effecting heat transfer is increased, and the thickness of the fat sample is reduced, resulting in a considerable reduction in the time required to obtain temperature equilibrium throughout the fat sample.
The antioxidants of the osage orange fruit
Authors: Schall E. D. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: April 2007

The fruit of the osage orange tree (Maclua pomifera [Raf.] Schneider) was shown to contain at least four pigments with antioxidant activity. Pomiferin was present as 3 to 4% of the dry fruit and, as a primary antioxidant, was responsible for 20–25% of the activity exhibited by methanol extracts. An unidentified substance was also present which reacted synergistically with pomiferin, increasing its contribution to the overall activity to approximately 75%. The three new pigments, totalling 0.5% to .75% of the dry fruit, all showed antioxidant activity exceeding that of pomiferin when tested at equal concentrations.

A chromatographic procedure, employing anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was developed and applied successfully in separating mixtures of several iso‐flavone pigments.
Reductive ozonolysis for monoenoic fatty acid structure determination in the microreactor apparatus
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Dutton H. J.
Published: April 2007

An improved method of double bond location in unsaturated monoenoic fatty acids has been developed for the “integrated microreactor apparatus” (MRA) system. Solid triphenylphosphine (TPP), as contrasted with previously employed TPP solutions, effectively reduces ozonides to aldehydes and eliminates interferences of solvents with desired aldehyde peaks and the selective loss of volatile aldehydes. The need for separating homologous series of volatile aldehydes at subambient temperatures (beginning at −40 C) and of long chain aldehyde esters (up to 270 C) places stringent requirements upon column stability, polarity and resolution. An effective substrate system for gas liquid chromatography (GLC) has been developed that gives results amenable to digital computer analysis; also developed are techniques of utilizing temperature measurements from temperature programming and for eliminating detector poisoning by TPP. This improved MRA system has been applied to the analysis of isomeric fatty acids formed in hydrogenation of fats.
Differential scanning calorimetry of single acid triglycerides: Effect of chain length and unsaturation
Authors: Hagemann J. W. , Tallent W. H. , Kolb K. E.
Published: April 2007

The polymorphism of 13 single acid triglycerides with acyl group chain lengths ranging from 16–22 was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. In contrast to the singleβ′‐form generally attributed to such triglycerides, at least two intermediate endotherms were found for most samples between the least stable (α) and most stable (β) polymorphs. For saturated triglycerides, two versions of the familiar “tuning fork” model meet theβ′‐form requirement of alternate fatty acid chains in planes perpendicular to each other. The detection of three intermediate endotherms for triolein, tri‐cis‐1 1‐octadecenoin and trierucin (and possibly also trilinolein) may be rationalized by assuming that the segments of polymethylene chains on either side of double bonds may zigzag in different planes. Four exceptions for which no evidence was found forβ′‐forms are tri‐cis‐6‐octadecenoin, tri‐cis‐6‐hexadecenoin, tri‐trans‐6‐octadecenoin and trielaidin. Three of these exceptions contain Δ6‐acyl groups and have in common segments with even numbers of methylene groups on either side of the double bonds. These same three triglycerides also have a shorter than usual polymethylene segment between the ester linkages and the double bonds and a longer than usual distance from the double bonds to the terminal methyl groups. Tri‐trans‐6‐octadecenoin and trielaidin are exceptional in still another way. Only they and are exceptional in still another way. Only they and trierucin exhibited significant nonconformity with an empirical relationship between melting points and heats of fusion ofβ‐forms. Otherwise, all points in a plot of the former physical constants vs. the latter closely fit a smooth curve, the positive slope of which gets larger as the X‐axis values, i.e., melting points, increase.
Micro vapor‐phase hydrogenation monitored with tanden chromatography‐radioactivity: III. Isomeric monoenes
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Butterfield R. O. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: April 2007

Micro vapor‐phase hydrogenation and radiotracer techniques have been utilized to investigate the effect of geometric configuration and double bond position on the rate of hydrogenation of octadecenoates. These techniques provide for simultaneously monitoring the time course of vapor‐phase hydrogenation both for an essentially pure monoene isomer by thermal conductivity and for methyl oleate by radioactivity. The two hydrogenations proceed independently but have identical parameters of temperature, flow rate and catalyst activity. The experimental data are plotted, relative reaction rates are calculated and theoretical curves are drawn by a digital computer system with plotter accessory. Experiments with nickel catalysts indicate that rates of reduction are affected by both the position and configuration of the double bond.cis‐15‐Octadecenoate is reduced 1.4 times faster than itscis‐9 isomer. Bothcis‐9‐ and ‐12‐octadecenoate are reduced at approximately equal rates.cis‐9‐Octadecenoate was reduced 1.4 times as fast as thecis‐6 isomer. Oleate was reduced 1.27 times as fast as elaidate.
Pathway of triglyceride biosynthesis during seed ripening
Authors: Mathur J. M. S.
Published: April 2007

The investigations on the mode of triglyceride biosynthesis during ripening ofSolanum indicum, Salvadora persica, Mimusops hexandra, Aegle marmelos andMesua ferrea seeds, using chromatographic techniques have shown that these fats follow essentially a stepwise mechanism involving the formation of mono‐ and diglycerides as intermediate products. This is in agreement with the general in vitro enzymatic esterification by bacteriolipase, castor bean lipase and pancreatic lipase. The experimental basis of the Quantum mechanism of lipogenesis, postulated earlier forCocos nucifera and recently for many phanerograms, has been shown to be inadequate and hence the validity of Quantum hypothesis appears to be doubtful.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: V. A Novel copper catalyst with excellent re‐use properties
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao
Published: April 2007

A procedure for the preparation of highly active copper catalyst by chemisorption of copper‐ammonia complex on silica gel is described. This catalyst was highly selective towards the reduction of linolenate in soybean oil. The catalyst was re‐used four times with no loss in activity.
Scanning electron microscopy of soybean protein bodies
Authors: Wolf W. J.
Published: April 2007

Protein bodies prepared from defatted soybean flour contained numerous spherical particles 1–3 µ in diameter, plus amorphous material, when examined in a scanning electron microscope. Full‐fat and defatted soybean flours contained particles 1–10 µ in diameter. The larger protein bodies apparently disrupted during isolation. The scanning technique is a simple and rapid method for observing the effects of various treatments on subcellular seed particles of this size.
Crystallization kinetics of palm oil
Authors: van Putte K. P. A. M. , Bakker B. H.
Published: April 2007

The quality and yield of oils obtained by fractionation processes depend mainly on the separation efficiency of fat crystals from the mother liquor; this process is, to a large extent, determined by crystal‐size distributions. The size of the crystals is influenced by the crystallization conditions applied, and the quantitative data on crystallization kinetics are a useful tool to optimize and control such a process. The crystallization work described concerns the fractionation of edible oils and fats. Palm oil was chosen as a model system.

We quantified the growth and primary nucleation rates of saturated crystals in palm oil. The growth rate was proportional to the degree of supersaturation of the oil component studied, suggesting that the screw dislocation mechanism as described by Burton, Cabrera and Frank is determinative of the growth rate. Also the primary nucleation rate depends on the degree of supersaturation and can be described by the Becker and Döring equation. Special attention was paid to the experimental setup, which enabled us to measure the rate constants of both mechanisms separately. The kinetic data obtained were used to predict solid phase curves. The agreement between measured and predicted solid phase curves is satisfactory and in conformity with our model description. The results of our experiments also show that the crystallization kinetics of oils and fats can be described by the equations often used for inorganic systems.
Formation of fluorescent substances in reaction of aliphatic aldehydes and methylamine
Authors: Kikugawa Kiyomi , Sawamura Akiko
Published: April 2007

Treatment of monofunctional aliphatic aldehydes (alkanals, 2‐alkenals and 2,4‐alkadienals) with methylamine at pH 7 produced fluorescence with excitation maxima at 340–360 nm and emission maxima at 410–470 nm. The reaction of 1‐butanal and methylamine gave 2‐ethyl‐2‐hexenal (ii), an aldol condensation product of 1‐butanal, and 3,5‐diethyl‐2‐propyl‐1‐methylpyridinium salt (i). The fluorescence was formed by the reaction of 1‐butanal and/or ii with methylamine in the presence of molecular oxygen. Fluorescent products I, II and III formed by the reaction were partially purified. Fluorescence characteristics of I, II and III were close to those of the fluorophores derived from the reaction of oxidized fatty acids and primary amines, with respect to maximum wavelengths in excitation and emission, and the resistance to sodium borohydride reduction.
Dietary protein effects on cholelithiasis in hamsters: Interaction with amino acids and bile acids
Authors: Sullivan‐Gorman M. A. , Anderson J. M. , DiMarco N. M. , Johnson J. , Chen I. , Ashby J. , Liepa G. U.
Published: April 2007

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary cottonseed protein and casein on plasma and biliary lipids, plasma amino acids and gallstones in hamsters. Thirty‐four male hamsters (60 ± 5 g) were fed either the lithogenic “Dam Diet” (containing 20% casein, 74.3% sucrose and 5.7% vitamin‐mineral mix) or a similar diet that contained 20% cottonseed protein for 30 days. Both diets contained protein as a protein isolate. The concentration of alpha‐aminobutyric acid was significantly elevated in the casein‐fed group. Significant differences in the total plasma cholesterol or lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were not observed between the two dietary groups.

A significant elevation in the absolute concentration of biliary cholesterol was observed in the casein‐fed hamsters. Cottonseed protein‐fed animals exhibited a significantly elevated concentration of bile acids. The ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic:glycocholic acid was significantly higher in the cotton‐seed protein‐fed group. This study reports that an elevated concentration of biliary cholesterol with a concomitant decrease in bile acid concentration yields a condition favorable to gallstone formation. It is proposed that cottonseed protein may have a specific effect on the bile acid pool by increasing the ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic acid:glycocholic acid which, in turn, prevents formation of cholesterol gallstones.
Studies of waxes. III. The alcohols of carnauba wax
Authors: Murray K. E. , Schoenfeld R.
Published: April 2007

A study has been made of the composition of the non‐saponifiable portion of carnauba wax by acetylation followed by fractionation in a spinning band column, using both simple fractional and amplified distillation. The straight chain alcohols of even carbon number, C24 to C34, were estimated to be present in the following percentages, below C24 : 1%, C24 (+C26 ?) : 4%, C28 : 5%, C30 : 14%, C32 : 51%, C34 : 22%. In addition, three high melting alcohols, totalling 2% of the wax alcohols, have been isolated and appear to be closely related glycols. The hydrocarbon fraction (M.P. 63.0–63.5°C.) forms less than 1% of the non‐saponifiable fraction and is considered to be a mixture.
The effect of screw‐press and hydraulic‐press processing conditions on pigment glands in cottonseed
Authors: Batson D. M. , Thurber F. H. , Altschul A. M.
Published: April 2007

A procedure is given for estimating the amount of intact pigment glands in cottonseed kernels and meal.

The amounts of intact pigment glands, free gossypol, and total gossypol in uncooked meats, cooked meats, and press cake samples from commercial hydraulic‐press mills, a screw‐press mill, and laboratory‐scale tests were determined. It was observed that when meats were cooked with adequate moisture present, as is common in hydraulic‐press mills, most of the free gossypol was converted to bound gossypol during the cooking operation and further conversion during the pressing stage was of slight magnitude. The trend of the change in percentage of recoverable glands was roughly parallel to that of the free gossypol. By contrast, in the screw‐press mill where cooking was carried out without the addition of moisture, little change in either component occurred during cooking, but both were reduced to very low levels during passage of the cooked meats through the screw press.

In laboratory tests cooked cottonseed meats were subjected to hydraulic pressures at levels of 2,000 and 20,000 pounds per sq. in. of cake surface. When meats were cooked at low moisture content, no significant change in either free gossypol or recoverable glands occurred during cooking, but hydraulic pressing at both 2,000 and 20,000 pounds per sq. in. reduced the percentage of recoverable glands. No corresponding decrease in free gossypol during pressing could be found. Wet cooking of meats decreased the percentages of free gossypol and intact glands and, although hydraulic pressing failed to further reduce the free gossypol, the percentage of recoverable glands was sharply reduced by pressing at both levels of pressure.

It is suggested that the high degree of effectiveness of the screw press in rupturing and disintegrating pigment glands in cottonseed meats is due to the development of shearing forces in combination with direct or compressive type pressure. It is believed that a shearing action is more effective for this purpose than compressive force of similar magnitude.
Pigments of cottonseed. IV. Gossypurpurin, a purple pigment related to gossypol
Authors: Pominski Catherine Hall , Miller Charlotte Boatner , Von Der Haar Patricia , O'Connor Robert T. , Castillon Leah E. , Brown Lawrence E.
Published: April 2007

Gossypurpurin was prepared from gossypol via diaminogossypol, and its properties compared with gossypurpurin isolated from cottonseed pigment glands. A tentative molecular formula for synthetic gossypurpurin, C30H32O7N, has been proposed on the basis of its elementary composition. The native pigment could not be obtained in the same degree of purity as the synthetic product and the analytical data could therefore not be brought into exact agreement for the two products. However solutions of both pigments in chloroform exhibit almost identical absorption spectra and identical antimony trichloride tests. Qualitative reactions seem to indicate that the functional groups of both native and synthetic gossypurpurin are identical, and the ready conversion of both products to gossypol upon contact with acid seems to indicate that their basic structures are similar.
Antioxidants in aqueous fat systems
Authors: Lehmann Barbara T. , Watts Betty M.
Published: April 2007

A number of phenolic inhibitors were tested in pure dry hard lard and in the same lard in contact with an aqueous solution at pH 7.5. In dry lard, at a concentration of .005%, the order of effectiveness of the antioxidants tested was NDGA (best), BHA, propyl gallate, lauryl gallate, and alpha‐tocopherol. In contact with aqueous solutions at pH 7.5 NDGA was much less effective, and BHA was the best antioxidant tried.

Of a group of synergistic antioxidants in aqueous solution in contact either with plain lard or with lard containing .005% of the phenolic inhibitors mentioned above, hexametaphosphate and Maddrell's salt were the most effective. Ascorbate generally accelerated rancidity with all of the primary antioxidants except NDGA. Polyphosphates counteracted the accelerating effect of ascorbate. Combinations of polyphosphate with ascorbate and primary inhibitors gave prolonged protection.
Central action of prosaptide TX14(A) against gp120‐induced allodynia in rats
Authors: Jolivalt Corinne G. , daCunha Joice M. , Esch Fred S. , Calcutt Nigel A.
Published: April 2007

We investigated the effect of the prosaposin‐derived peptide prosaptide TX14(A) on tactile allodynia in rats following intraplantar injection of the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120. Systemic administration of TX14(A) dose‐dependently prevented onset of tactile allodynia following intraplantar injection of gp120 and also transiently alleviated established allodynia in the same model. TX14(A) did not prevent tactile allodynia when injected directly into the foot pad whereas intrathecal administration of TX14(A) both prevented and alleviated gp120‐induced tactile allodynia. Nerve and spinal cord levels of TNFα protein were unchanged in intraplantar gp120 injected rats that displayed allodynia. These results indicate that TX14(A) has anti‐allodynic properties in a rat model of gp120‐induced tactile allodynia and that the mechanism of action of TX14(A) may include modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.
The Pap smear for detection of bacterial vaginosis
Authors: Karani A. , De Vuyst H. , Luchters S. , Othigo J. , Mandaliya K. , Chersich M.F. , Temmerman M.
Published: April 2007

Objective: To assess validity of Pap smears in diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. Method: A prospective diagnostic accuracy study with 533 women in Mombasa, Kenya. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis using clinical observations scored with simplified Amsel's criteria and Bethesda system for Pap smears was compared with a reference standard (Nugent criteria for gram stains). Both laboratory tests were interpreted blindly. Result: Bacterial vaginosis prevalence was 36.7% (191/521) with Nugent criteria. Pap smear sensitivity and specificity were 59.4% (111/187) and 83.3% (270/324), with corresponding figures for simplified Amsel's criteria of 44.8% (81/181) and 84.8% (263/310). For Pap smear and simplified Amsel's criteria, positive predictive values were 67.3 and 63.3%, and negative predictive values 78.0% and 72.5%. Conclusion: In diagnosing bacterial vaginosis, Pap smears have moderate sensitivity (though higher than simplified Amsel's criteria). Specificity of Pap smears is adequate. Including bacterial vaginosis assessment as a standard component of Pap smears warrants consideration.
Will there be revolution in Central Asia?
Authors: Katz Mark N.
Published: April 2007

Will revolution, either of the democratic or the Islamic fundamentalist variety, spread throughout Central Asia? Such a question cannot be answered definitively. I will address this question by examining what is going on in Central Asia in light of different theories of revolution, including the ones focusing on relative deprivation, regime type, state breakdown, external factors, democratic revolution theory, and the role of the military. This study will show that several theoretical approaches suggest that the ingredients for revolution in Central Asia are either there now or will be in the not too distant future.
Establishment of the onset of host specificity in four phyllobothriid tapeworm species (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) using a molecular approach
Authors: RANDHAWA H. S. , SAUNDERS G. W. , BURT M. D. B.
Published: April 2007

A parasitological survey in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, resulted in the recovery of mature specimens from 5 species of phyllobothriid tapeworms (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from 4 rajid skates: Echeneibothrium canadensis and E. dubium abyssorum specimens from Amblyraja radiata; E. vernetae and Pseudanthobothrium n.sp. from Leucoraja erinacea and L. ocellata; and P. hanseni from A. radiata and Malacoraja senta. Partial sequence data of a variable region (D2) from the large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) were used here to determine the host distribution of immature specimens for 4 of these 5 species (E. d. abyssorum was not included in the analyses). Immature specimens from both Pseudanthobothrium spp. were identified in the same hosts as recorded previously for mature specimens, thus suggesting that there are mechanisms that prevent the attachment of the parasite in an ‘unsuitable’ host species. Immature E. canadensis specimens were recovered exclusively from A. radiata, whereas immature E. vernetae specimens were recovered from L. erinacea and A. radiata, despite the latter host species not harbouring mature E. vernetae specimens. Their presence in the latter host species may be explained by host restriction or resistance, which allows the attachment of the parasites in the ‘wrong’ host species, but not establishment or development.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis inHammondia-like organisms based on partial Hsp70 coding sequences
Authors: MONTEIRO R. M. , RICHTZENHAIN L. J. , PENA H. F. J. , SOUZA S. L. P. , FUNADA M. R. , GENNARI S. M. , DUBEY J. P. , SREEKUMAR C. , KEID L. B. , SOARES R. M.
Published: April 2007

The 70 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp70) sequences are considered one of the most conserved proteins in all domains of life from Archaea to eukaryotes.Hammondia heydorni,H. hammondi,Toxoplasma gondii,Neospora hughesiandN. caninum(Hammondia-like organisms) are closely related tissue cyst-forming coccidians that belong to the subfamily Toxoplasmatinae. The phylogenetic reconstruction using cytoplasmic Hsp70 coding genes ofHammondia-like organisms revealed the genetic sequences ofT. gondii,Neosporaspp. andH. heydornito possess similar levels of evolutionary distance. In addition, at least 2 distinct genetic groups could be recognized among theH. heydorniisolates. Such results are in agreement with those obtained with internal transcribed spacer-1 rDNA (ITS-1) sequences. In order to compare the nucleotide diversity among different taxonomic levels within Apicomplexa, Hsp70 coding sequences of the following apicomplexan organisms were included in this study:Cryptosporidium,Theileria,Babesia,PlasmodiumandCyclospora. Such analysis revealed theHammondia-like organism to be the lowest divergent group when compared to other groups within the phylum Apicomplexa. In conclusion, the Hsp70 coding sequences proved to be a valuable genetic marker for phylogenetic reconstruction and may constitute a good candidate to be used with other genes for species phylogeny within this group of organisms.