bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A high efficiency wideband co‐polarised metalens antenna
Authors: Liang JiaJun , Wu Zhao , Li Long , Huang YanHu
Published: October 2024

The traditional co‐polarised metasurface achieves 360° phase coverage only at the resonant frequency but not full phase coverage across a wide bandwidth. This paper proposes a multilayer structure metasurface, which composes of five layers of metal patch and four layers of medium, forming the Fabry–Perry resonator, using the principle of the cancellation of two polarisation conversion, which can achieve a wideband efficient co‐polarisation transmission. Based on the metasurface transmission phase principle, 360° phase coverage has been achieved by changing the geometric parameters of the intermediate metal patches. Through phase compensation arrangement, a metalens is designed using the proposed metasurface unit cell. At the same time, horn antenna is used as a feed to feed the metalens, which can significantly improve the gain of the antenna within a wideband. Simulated and measured results show that the proposed metalens antenna operates at 22–26 GHz, and the maximum measured gain of the metalens antenna reaches 24.16 dBi at 25 GHz, which is 10.85 dB higher than the horn antenna without metasurface compensation, showing good focusing performance. The proposed multilayer metasurface breaks the narrow band limit of the traditional stacked metasurface in principle, opening a way in the broadband metasurface design.
The Galactic population of canonical pulsars
Authors: Sautron Mattéo , Pétri Jérôme , Mitra Dipanjan , Dirson Ludmilla
Published: October 2024

Context. Pulsars are highly magnetised rotating neutron stars, emitting in a broad electromagnetic energy range. These objects were discovered more than 55 years ago and are astrophysical laboratories for studying physics at extreme conditions. Reproducing the observed pulsar population helps refine our understanding of their formation and evolution scenarios, as well as their radiation processes and geometry.

Aims. In this paper, we improve our previous population synthesis by focusing on both the radio and γ-ray pulsar populations, investigating the impact of the Galactic gravitational potential and of the radio emission death line. To elucidate the necessity of a death line, we implemented our refined initial distributions of the spin period and spacial position at birth. This approach allowed us to elevate the sophistication of our simulations to the most recent state-of-the-art approaches.

Methods. The motion of each individual pulsar was tracked in the Galactic potential by a fourth-order symplectic integration scheme. Our pulsar population synthesis took into account the secular evolution of the force-free magnetosphere and magnetic field decay simultaneously and self-consistently. Each pulsar was evolved from birth to the present time. The radio and γ-ray emission locations were modelled by the polar cap geometry and striped wind model, respectively.

Results. By simulating ten million pulsars, we found that including a death line allows us to better reproduce the observational trend. However, when simulating one million pulsars, we obtained an even more realistic P−Ṗ diagram, whether or not a death line was included. This suggests that the ages of the detected pulsars might be overestimated and so, it sets the need for a death line in pulsar population studies into question. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests confirm the statistical similarity between the observed and simulated P−Ṗ diagram. Additionally, simulations with increased γ-ray telescope sensitivities hint at a significant contribution coming from the γ-ray pulsars to the GeV excess in the Galactic centre.
ASW2DF: Census of the obscured star formation in a galaxy cluster in formation at z = 2.2
Authors: Zhang Y. H. , Dannerbauer H. , Pérez-Martínez J. M. , Koyama Y. , Zheng X. Z. , D’Eugenio C. , Emonts B. H. C. , Calvi R. , Chen Z. , Daikuhara K. , De Breuck C. , Jin S. , Kodama T. , Lehnert M. D. , Naufal A. , Shimakawa R.
Published: October 2024

We report the results of the deep and wide Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1.2 mm mapping of the Spiderweb protocluster at z = 2.16. The observations were divided into six contiguous fields covering a survey area of 19.3 arcmin2. With ∼13h of on-source time, the final maps in the six fields reach the 1σ rms noise in a range of 40.3 − 57.1 μJy at a spatial resolution of 0″​​.5 − 0″​​.9. By using different source extraction codes and careful visual inspection, we detected 47 ALMA sources at a significance higher than 4σ. We constructed the differential and cumulative number counts down to ∼0.2 mJy after the correction for purity and completeness obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. The ALMA 1.2 mm number counts of dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) in the Spiderweb protocluster are overall two times that of general fields, with some regions showing even higher overdensities (more than a factor of three). This is consistent with the results from previous studies over a larger scale using single-dish instruments. Comparison of the spatial distributions between different populations indicates that our ALMA sources are likely drawn from the same distribution as CO(1–0) emitters from the COALAS large program but are distinct from that of Hα emitters. The cosmic star formation rate density of the ALMA sources is consistent with previous results (e.g., LABOCA 870 μm observations) after accounting for the difference in volume. We show that molecular gas masses estimates from dust measurements are not consistent with the ones derived from CO(1–0) and thus have to be taken with caution. The multiplicity fraction of single-dish DSFGs is higher than that of the field. Moreover, two extreme concentrations of ALMA sources were found on the outskirts of the Spiderweb protocluster, with an excess of more than 12 times that of the general fields. These results indicate that the ALMA-detected DSFGs are supplied through gas accretion along filaments and are triggered by intense star formation by accretion shocks before falling into the cluster center. The identified two galaxy groups are likely falling into the protocluster center and will trigger new merger events eventually, as indicated in simulations.
Extreme ionizing properties of a metal-poor, MUV ≃ −12 star complex in the first gigayear
Authors: Vanzella E. , Loiacono F. , Messa M. , Castellano M. , Bergamini P. , Zanella A. , Annibali F. , Sun B. , Dickinson M. , Adamo A. , Calura F. , Ricotti M. , Rosati P. , Meneghetti M. , Grillo C. , Bradač M. , Conselice C. J. , Yan H. , Bolamperti A. , Meštrić U. , Gilli R. , Gronke M. , Willott C. , Sani E. , Acebron A. , Comastri A. , Mignoli M. , Gruppioni C. , Mercurio A. , Strait V. , Pascale R. , Annunziatella M. , Frye B. L. , Bradley L. D. , Grogin N. A. , Koekemoer A. M. , Ravindranath S. , D’Silva J. C. J. , Summers J. , Rihtaršič G. , Windhorst R.
Published: October 2024

We report the serendipitous discovery of a faint (MUV >  −12.2), low-metallicity (Z ∼ 0.02 Z⊙) ionizing source, dubbed T2c, with a spectroscopic redshift of z = 6.146. T2c is part of a larger structure amplified by the Hubble Frontier Field galaxy cluster MACSJ0416 and was observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRSpec integral field unit. Stacking the short-wavelength NIRCam data reveals no stellar continuum detection down to a magnitude limit of mUV ≃ 31.0 (3σ). However, prominent Hβ, [O III]λλ4959, 5007, and Hα emissions are detected, with equivalent widths exceeding 200 Å, 800 Å, and 1300 Å (3σ), respectively. The corresponding intrinsic (magnification-corrected ×23 ± 3) ultraviolet and optical rest-frame magnitudes exceed 34.4 and 33.9 (corresponding to MUV and Mopt fainter than −12.2 and −12.8 at λrest ∼ 2000 Å and ∼5000 Å, respectively), suggesting a stellar mass lower than a few 104 M⊙ under an instantaneous burst scenario. The inferred ionizing photon production efficiency (ξion) is high: ξion ≳ 26.08(25.86) 3(5)σ, assuming no dust attenuation and no Lyman continuum leakage. This indicates the presence of massive stars despite the low mass of the object. The very poor sampling of the initial mass function in such a low-mass star-forming complex suggests that the formation of very massive stars might be favored in very low-metallicity environments. T2c is surrounded by Balmer and weak oxygen emission on a spatial scale of a few hundred parsecs, after correcting for lensing effects. This system resembles a H II region potentially powered by currently undetected, extremely efficient, low-metallicity star complexes or clusters. We propose that massive O-type stars populate these low-mass, low-metallicity, high-redshift satellites, likely observed in an early and short formation phase, and contribute to the ionization of the surrounding medium.
Geology of the Tabakoto gold deposit, Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier, West African Craton, Mali
Authors: Diallo Mahamadou , Salvi Stefano , Baratoux Lenka , Béziat Didier , Vanderhaeghe Olivier , Labou Ibrahima , Baratoux David , Ly Saïdou
Published: October 2024

The Tabakoto gold deposit is part of the highly endowed west-Malian gold belt, which hosts several world-class deposits. Located in the Paleoproterozoic Kédougou-Kéniéba Inlier (KKI) of the West African Craton (WAC), the deposit is contained in Birimian metasedimentary rocks of the Kofi series that are intruded by magmatic dikes. The Tabakoto deposit is characterized by multiple overlapping stages of magmatic dike intrusions and hydrothermal alteration during distinct regional-scale deformation events. The metasedimentary rocks are characterized by a S0/1 foliation delineated by the alternation of metagreywacke and meta-argillite. This foliation is affected by upright folds with N-S trending axial planes marked by a S2 schistosity and cross-cut by conjugate steep-dipping dextral NE-SW and sinistral NW-SE trending faults. These structures record regional-scale E-W shortening, first associated with crustal thickening and then with N-S stretching, evolving from ductile to brittle deformation. The gold-bearing V2 quartz-pyrite veins developed in dikes and metasedimentary units, are parallel to the S2 schistosity of the DT2 deformation event. These veins contained reduced phases such as pyrrhotite, loellingite and scheelite as well as bismuth. The second gold-bearing V3a quartz-carbonate veins are located in the NE-SW and NW-SE trending faults of the DT3 deformation event. The latter veins are marked by sodic alteration followed by carbonate (i.e., dolomite-ankerite ± calcite ± siderite) and phyllic (i.e., chlorite-muscovite-sericite) alterations. In the quartz-pyrite veins, gold occurs as inclusions in pyrite, arsenopyrite, and pyrrhotite, whereas in quartz-carbonate shear veins, gold is present in microfractures cross-cutting pyrite and arsenopyrite and at the contact between grains of pyrite and arsenopyrite, and of arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. The litho-structural and mineralogical features of the Tabakoto deposit portray a polyphase mineralization with (i) an intrusion-hosted orogenic gold system, where the metabasltic to metarhyolitic dikes acted as suitable emplacement for fluids flow and (ii) a hydrothermal fluid circulation under ductile to brittle conditions.
Climate Resilience of Coastal Cities Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Authors: Lunyakov Mikhail , Ali Hassan Mohamed , subbarayudu Yerragudipadu , Ghumman Sukhman , Bisht Manbir Singh , Mittal Aman , Sharma Rajeev , Tiwari Deepak Kumar , Prashanthi Bh.
Published: October 2024

Coastal cities worldwide face increasing threats from climate change, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and flooding. Enhancing the climate resilience of these cities is critical to mitigating the impacts of these threats on infrastructure, ecosystems, and human populations. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer powerful tools for analyzing vulnerabilities and guiding adaptation strategies. This paper investigates the climate resilience of coastal cities using GIS techniques to assess risks, map vulnerable areas, and propose adaptation measures. By combining spatial analysis and climate data, we evaluate three coastal cities—Miami, Mumbai, and Manila. The results show significant variations in vulnerability due to differences in geography, urban density, and socio-economic factors. We provide actionable recommendations for improving resilience, including zoning reforms, flood-resistant infrastructure, and community-based adaptive practices.
Recycling of Electronic Waste using Hydrometallurgical Techniques
Authors: Vasilyeva Olga , Keerthi V. , Khan Asif Ali , Sharma Dikshit , Ballabh Jayanti , Dutt Amit , Bhatnagar Sanjay , Kumar Yogendra , Shnain Ammar H.
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the correlation between electronic waste recycling, material recovery, and the consequent purity levels. It underscores the substantial influence of hydrometallurgical processes on the recycling process. Experiment 2, with an optimum chemical concentration, exhibited a 50% increase in metal recovery efficiency relative to Experiment 1. This illustrates the substantial improvement in material purity attained by hydrometallurgical experiments. The analysis of contaminant removal demonstrates a 40% enhancement in separation efficiency in Experiment 2, signifying the process’s efficacy. Experiment 3, which included further optimization of chemical parameters and modifications to process temperature, achieved a 30% decrease in recycling time, underscoring enhanced operational efficiency. Notwithstanding the elevated beginning expenses of chemical reagents, Experiment 2 achieved a 20% decrease in total recycling costs, underscoring the economic feasibility of the method. This highlights the need of meticulously controlling electronic trash to get elevated material recovery rates and cost-effectiveness. The findings elucidate the interplay between hydrometallurgical methods and electronic waste recycling, presenting ideas for enhancing recycling efficiency and environmental sustainability.
Mitigating Urban Heat Islands Using Green Roof Technology
Authors: Lukinov Vitaliy , Kumar C. Vivek , Venkateswara Reddy L. , Gupta Mridula , Ikram Mohsin , Jain Alok , Verma Raman , Sharma Prashant , Hussein Layth
Published: October 2024

Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) are a growing concern in metropolitan areas due to the concentration of infrastructure, reduced vegetation, and increased human activities. The UHI effect results in higher temperatures in urban areas compared to rural surroundings, contributing to adverse environmental and health impacts. One of the promising mitigation strategies is the implementation of green roof technology. This paper investigates the potential of green roofs in reducing UHI effects by analyzing their thermal performance, vegetation characteristics, and energy savings. An experimental study was conducted on two types of green roofs: extensive and intensive, across three cities with varied climatic conditions. Results showed that green roofs could reduce the surface temperature by up to 5°C, resulting in significant reductions in building cooling demands. The study concludes that green roofs, particularly extensive systems, offer a viable solution for UHI mitigation while providing additional ecological and economic benefits.
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Transportation using Electric Vehicles and Simulation Modeling
Authors: Sehgal Archana , Raju V. Siva Prasada , K Chidananda , Mishra Saket , Mishra Neeti , Malhotra Abhiraj , Yadav Kanchan , Al-Fatlawy Ramy Riad
Published: October 2024

This research elucidates the pursuit of operational excellence in greenhouse gas emission, employing a multifaceted approach to analyze key performance indicators (KPIs), supply chain dynamics, electric vehicle, and technology integration. The investigation reveals a consistent improvement in production efficiency, with an average increase of 0.53%, reduced downtime by an average of 5 hours per month, and a marginal decrease in cycle time. Supply chain metrics exhibit commendable performance, with an average on-time delivery rate of 93.0%, order accuracy of 97.9%, and lead time of 5.5 days. Electric vehicle showcases a strategic investment with an average of 19 hours per month, leading to certifications such as Level 3 and Level 4 for advanced machine operations and programming CNC machines. The integration of advanced technologies demonstrates substantial efficiency improvements, with IoT sensors contributing to a 20% increase, automated robotics showcasing a remarkable 35% enhancement, and advanced data analytics and augmented reality (AR) each exhibiting 25% and 30% improvements, respectively. The findings collectively underscore the interconnected strategies driving operational excellence in greenhouse gas emission, providing valuable insights for organizational decision-making.
Circular Economy Implementation in Textile Industry using Design for Disassembly
Authors: Politi Violetta , Natarajan Arun Vignesh , Bhavani G. Lakshmi , Pandey Sakshi , Sharma Deepti , Kaur Namita , Aneja Aseem , Kulshreshtha Kushagra , Husain Saif O.
Published: October 2024

The textile industry is a very resource-intensive sector, considerably contributing to environmental deterioration via substantial use of water, electricity, and chemicals. With the global transition towards sustainable practices, the notion of a circular economy has become more significant, focusing on prolonging product lifespans, reducing waste, and facilitating material recovery. An effective method for achieving circularity in the textile sector is Design for Disassembly (DfD), which facilitates the straightforward deconstruction of items for recycling or reuse. This study examines the use of Design for Disassembly (DfD) in textile production, emphasizing methods that enable the straightforward separation of fibers, trimmings, and fasteners, hence improving garment recyclability. Data was gathered via a comprehensive examination of textile product designs, production methodologies, and recycling methods throughout the sector. Findings demonstrate that the use of DfD may substantially decrease waste and enhance material recovery rates. Nonetheless, obstacles like redesign expenses, customer awareness, and compatibility with existing production techniques persist. This study presents a detailed technique for incorporating Design for Disassembly (DfD) into textile manufacturing and examines its possible effects on the circular economy. The results substantiate the assertion that the implementation of DfD may be a crucial advancement toward attaining sustainability in the textile sector.
Hybrid Renewable Energy System Design using Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Bisht Yashwant Singh , Poornima Ediga , Aysola Sai Chander , Sood Saksham , Balassem Zaid Ajzan , Kumar Sourabh , Cajla Pancham , Khandelwal Utkal
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the significant changes brought about by hybrid in renewable energy systems. It specifically examines the creation and analysis of hybrids to enhance energy conversion procedures. Graphene hybrids have remarkable potential, with a surface area of 200 m²/g and resulting in a significant 20% increase in energy conversion efficiency, achieving an astonishing 78% compared to control samples. The electrical output metrics highlight the superiority of systems enabled by hybrid, with graphene exhibiting a 20% increase in power production at 1.2 W. Stability assessments focus on the long-term sustainability, with graphene achieving a stability score of 9, suggesting strong and reliable performance. The results demonstrate the exceptional potential of hybrid, namely graphene, to transform the renewable energy sector, offering a significant improvement in efficiency and system stability.
Determination of Pipe Diameter Using Optimization Method
Authors: Pavlov Mikhail Vasilyevich , Vafaeva Khristina Maksudovna , Karpov Denis Fedorovich , Bhatnagar Sanjay , Kommanaboina Uma Shankar , Sharma Dikshit , Singh Digvijay , Sateesh N. , Singh Pankaj Kumar
Published: October 2024

During the design phase of engineering networks, a critical issue remains the selection of pipe diameters that minimize capital investments for transporting the heat carrier from the heat source to the consumers. Object of study: a pressurized pipeline of circular cross-section with a moving heat carrier. Subject of study: total monetary costs for transporting the heat carrier as a function of the chosen pipeline diameter. Objective of study: to determine the pipe diameter that achieves maximum cost savings for transporting the heat carrier under given design conditions. Research methods: theory of hydraulic calculation for circular cross-section pipelines and theory of heat transfer through a single-layer cylindrical wall under steady-state conditions. Research results: using an example from a centralized heating system pipeline section, it was established that for a mass flow rate of the heat carrier equal to 32.9 t/h, the optimal pipe size would be 76×3 mm (nominal diameter 70 mm). Under current tariffs for thermal energy (24.82 USD/Gcal) and electrical energy (6.65 USD/(MW⋅h)), the total monetary costs for transporting the heat carrier over a heating season would be 56.28 USD per 1 running meter of pipeline. In comparison, with a nominal diameter of 50 mm, the total costs amounted to 90.37 USD; with a diameter of 80 mm, the costs were 63.29 USD. The developed method for hydraulic design calculations is universal and can be applied in the design of engineering networks where the working medium is a moving heat carrier (steam or hot water).
Indoor Air Temperature in the Cultivation Facility Following an Emergency Heating System Shutdown
Authors: Karpov Denis Fedorovich , Vafaeva Khristina Maksudovna , Pavlov Mikhail Vasilyevich , Verma Raman , Satish S. , Gupta Mridula , Shah Sanjeev Kumar , Nookaraju B.Ch. , Gudainiyan Jitendra
Published: October 2024

Creating favorable climatic conditions for plant cultivation in growing facilities is directly linked to the stable operation of the heating system, especially during the winter months. Consequently, predicting the thermal regime of a space in the event of an emergency heating system shutdown is an extremely important task for the agricultural sector. Research object: cultivation facilities designed for year-round plant growth. Research subject: patterns of internal air temperature changes (both dimensional and dimensionless) during an emergency heating system shutdown. Research objective: to predict the thermal regime of the cultivation facility following an emergency shutdown of the heating system. Research methods: theory of regular thermal regimes, according to which the temperature field at all points of the cooled body (in this case, the heating system) changes uniformly, following an exponential law; computer-based software calculations. Research results: the internal air temperature in the industrial greenhouse will reach its critical value of 8 ℃ approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes after the heating system is turned off. The duration of the internal air temperature decrease from its initial value to the conditionally critical value of 8 ℃ is minimally affected by the total thermal losses and, on average, increases by approximately 0.2 hours for every 0.1 m²⋅K/W of the thermal resistance of the enclosure. Thus, the cultivation facility, as a construction object with relatively low levels of thermal protection, should be equipped with a heating system that meets higher reliability standards.
Ausgeprägte Myelonkompression durch Rezidiv eines Osteochondroms 14 Jahre nach der ersten Resektion
Authors: Zolal Amir , Hares Mohammad Bader , Kirsch Matthias
Published: October 2024

Ein 39-jähriger männlicher Patient präsentierte sich mit zunehmender Gangataxie, Schwäche und Gefühlsstörungen der rechten Körperhälfte. Anamnestisch war eine Resektion eines Osteochondroms im Bereich HWK6 vor 15 Jahren bekannt. Die MRT-Aufnahmen zeigten ein Rezidiv des Tumors mit deutlicher Myelonkompression, woraufhin eine komplette Resektion mittels Laminektomie und dorsaler Osteosynthese durchgeführt wurde. Die postoperative Nachsorge ergab eine signifikante Verbesserung der Symptomatik, dokumentiert durch einen Anstieg des mJOA-Scores von 10 auf 15 Punkte. Osteochondrome sind seltene, gutartige Knochentumore, deren spinale Manifestation besonders ungewöhnlich ist und in der Regel eine chirurgische Resektion erfordert. Der vorliegende Fall unterstreicht die Bedeutung regelmäßiger Nachsorge bei Patienten nach Resektion eines Osteochondroms, um Rezidive frühzeitig zu erkennen und zu behandeln.
Therapierefraktäre generalisierte pustulöse Psoriasis – Ein deutsches Problem
Authors: Sollfrank Lukas , Kemenes Stephan , Voskens Caroline , Sticherling Michael
Published: October 2024

Die generalisierte pustulöse Psoriasis ist eine seltene, potenziell lebensbedrohliche, autoinflammatorische Hauterkrankung, welche als Sonderform der Psoriasis vulgaris gilt. Zuletzt wurde mit dem Anti-Interleukin (IL)-36-Rezeptor-Antikörper Spesolimab erstmalig eine zielgerichtete Behandlungsmöglichkeit für diese Erkrankung zugelassen. Der Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss (G-BA) hat dieser Therapieoption jedoch einen Zusatznutzen im Vergleich zu systemischen Glukokortikoiden abgesprochen, weshalb der Wirkstoff in Deutschland aktuell nicht mehr auf dem Markt ist. Wir berichten von einer 47-jährigen Patientin, die nach monatelanger, hoch dosierter Glukokortikoidtherapie nach Antrag bei ihrer Krankenkasse mit Spesolimab erfolgreich behandelt werden konnte.
Leitlinie ICH E11A veröffentlicht
Authors: Kelber Olaf
Published: October 2024

Die Ausweitung der Zulassung bzw. Registrierung pflanzlicher
Arzneimittel auch auf Kinder ist in den letzten Jahren zunehmend
herausfordernder geworden. Daher gibt es Initiativen
wissenschaftlicher Fachgesellschaften, diese dadurch zu erleichtern,
dass sie sich zukünftig auch auf Real World Data
(RWD) stützen kann. Im Rahmen der deutschen Nachzulassung
und der Erstellung verschiedener HMPC-Monografien
hat sich ein solches Vorgehen schon bewährt. Die neue Leitlinie
ICH E11A zur Extrapolation von an Erwachsenen gewonnenen
Daten auf Kinder hebt zwar stark auf die Nutzung von
Pharmakokinetikdaten für die Extrapolation ab, die bei pflanzlichen
Arzneimitteln in der Regel nicht aussagekräftig sind.
Doch ist die Leitlinie grundsätzlich auch für andere Wege der
Extrapolation einschließlich RWE offen, soweit diese geeignet
sind, die Zulassungsbehörden zu überzeugen.
Serum Exosomal MiR-874 as a Potential Biomarker for Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis
Authors: Gharib Amal F. , Al-Shehri Saad S. , Almalki Abdulraheem , Alhazmi Ayman , Allahyani Mamdouh , Alghamdi Ahmed , Alrehaili Amani A. , Bakhuraysah Maha M. , M. Althobaiti Naif Saad , Elsawy Weal H.
Published: October 2024

Lung cancer, primarily nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is a leading cause of cancer-related fatalities globally. Due to late detection, the 5-year survival rate for NSCLC remains low. Therefore, the current research aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum exosomal miR-874 levels in NSCLC patients. This study involved 161 NSCLC patients and 80 control subjects. Blood samples were collected from all participants, and serum exosomal MiR-874 levels were quantified using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The study revealed a significant decrease in MiR-874 levels among NSCLC patients compared to controls. The receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated the diagnostic value of serum exosomal MiR-874 in effectively distinguishing NSCLC patients from controls.

Furthermore, associations were observed between serum exosomal MiR-874 expression and adverse clinical factors such as young age, male sex, smoking, high tumor grade, squamous cell carcinoma histopathology, advanced tumor stage, and lymphatic involvement. Patients with high levels of MiR-874 had significantly longer overall and disease-free survival compared to those with lower levels. The study demonstrates that levels of serum exosomal miR-874 are considerably lower in NSCLC patients, indicating its potential as a diagnostic biomarker. The study's findings suggest that the expression of MiR-874 may predict the prognosis of NSCLC patients based on clinical features.
Polatuzumab Vedotin for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Innovation's Allure versus a Time-Honored Tradition
Authors: Singh Suvir , Arora Akriti
Published: October 2024

Chemotherapy with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, vincristine, prednisolone) is the standard of care for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma as the first-line therapy. The recent approval of polatuzumab as the first-line therapy after demonstration of its efficacy in the Polatuzumab Vedotin in Previously Untreated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (POLARIX) trial is the first significant change in this treatment regimen over two decades. This concise appraisal of trial evidence and clinical context highlights the limited potential for a clinically significant benefit with the addition of polatuzumab to the first-line therapy for this common hematologic malignancy.
Risk attitudes towards on-demand insurance: an experimental study
Authors: Chang Hsiaoyin , Schmeiser Hato
Published: October 2024

On-demand insurance products cover risks for short periods of time via a smartphone or other electronic device. Such insurance contracts give policyholders the freedom to choose when to be insured in a flexible way. On-demand contracts may change the way risk is perceived. Therefore, we conduct an experiment and show that individuals can become exceptionally risk-averse when offered short-term insurance. We show two main reasons for this result: first, the underlying risk is often overestimated by the subjects due to a miscalculation of the loss probabilities. Second, the shorter valuation horizon of on-demand insurance contracts leads to myopic loss aversion.
Measuring Geographic Opportunity for Higher Education in US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Flanagan Coral J. , Doyle William R.
Published: October 2024

Research demonstrates that students who live closer to postsecondary institutions are more likely to attend college. Yet many communities offer few or no postsecondary options. In this study, we expand on prior research on the geographic distribution of postsecondary opportunity by developing a finer-grained measure that accounts for both the variety and density of college options in each metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Our estimates use several decay functions to measure the distance-weighted characteristics of institutions, allowing us to cross-validate different approaches and identify the most appropriate model to inform future analyses of geographic opportunity. The results of the cross-validation indicate that both the type of geographic measure used and the penalty in the inverse distance weighting function result in substantively different model fit. We find that each of the measures used in a spatial model—enrollment size, tuition, and net price—has a positive and statistically significant relationship with postsecondary enrollment at the MSA level, indicating the continuing importance of geographic opportunity for college attendance.
In vivo dynamic monitoring of circulating melanoma cells and the inhibitory effect of PD-L1 inhibitor based on PAFC equipped with a deep learning framework
Authors: Pang Kai , Song Ziran , Liu Yuemeng , Sun Han , Zhang Rui , Fu Yuting , Zhou Quanyu , Liu Qi , Dong Sihan , Wei Xunbin
Published: October 2024

Melanoma is a highly metastatic and lethal skin tumor originating from melanocyte malignancy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are key endogenous biomarkers in melanoma metastasis. Melanin and blood vessels exhibit substantial disparities in their absorbance profiles at select wavelengths, a characteristic that can be adeptly harnessed to differentiate the photoacoustic signals they generate. Photoacoustic flow cytometry (PAFC), which harnesses this principle, enables the monitoring of CTC flowing in vivo. However, this technique is constrained by the inefficiency and high false positive rates associated with traditional algorithms, including the Pauta criterion. In this study, a PAFC system is developed to identify dynamic features of flowing CTCs and the inhibitory effects of PD-L1 inhibitors, using a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network. The 1D-CNN achieves a balance between classification accuracy and speed. Meanwhile, the LSTM exhibits superior specificity but limited sensitivity. By combining the advantages of the two networks, the inhibitory effect of PD-L1 inhibitors that reduce the CTCs in the blood and block metastasis to other organs of melanoma mouse models are studied noninvasively in vivo and validated in vitro. The PAFC equipped with the deep learning framework provides a more timely and efficient assessment of PD-L1 inhibitors compared to conventional pathological methods, significantly enhancing the melanoma diagnosis and treatment monitoring. This technology demonstrates potential as a significant tool for the non-invasive, dynamic evaluation of melanoma progression and response to immunotherapy.
Consequences of thermal conductivity and thermal density on heat and mass transfer in the nanofluid boundary layer flow toward a stretching sheet in the presence of a magnetic field
Authors: Ullah Zia , Alam Md Mahbub , Khan Aamir Abbas , Alkarni Shalan , Khan Qaisar , Merga Feyisa Edosa
Published: October 2024

The term “thermal conductance” is used to describe a material’s ability to transport or conduct heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity are employed as heating elements, while those with poor thermal conductivity are used for insulation purposes. It is known that the thermal conductivity of pure metals decreases as temperature increases. In this study, the primary focus is on the physical assessment of thermal conductivity, entropy, and the improvement rate of thermal density in a magnetic nanofluid. To achieve this, nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations. These equations are further solved using a computational method known as the Keller box technique. Various flow parameters, such as the Eckert number, density parameter, magnetic-force parameter, thermophoretic number, buoyancy number, and Prandtl parameter, are examined for their impact on velocity, temperature distribution, and concentration distribution. For the asymptotic results, the appropriate range of parameters, such as 1.0 ≤ ξ ≤ 5.0, 0.0 ≤ n ≤ 0.9, 0.1 ≤ Ec ≤ 2.0, 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 7.0, 0.1 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.5, and 0.1 ≤ Nb ≤ 0.9, is utilized. The key findings of this study are related to the assessment of heat transfer in a magnetic nanofluid considering thermal conductivity, entropy generation, and temperature density. It is observed that the temperature distribution increases as entropy generation increases. From a physical perspective, thermal conductivity acts as a facilitating factor in enhancing heat transfer. The study concludes by emphasizing the consistency achieved through a comparison of the latest findings with previously reported analyses.
Effect of the dimensions (width and radius) of the shading ring on the measurement of diffuse solar irradiance with the MEO shading ring measurement method
Authors: Pai Alexandre Dal , Franco José Rafael , Pai Enzo Dal , Neto Ângelo Feracin , Raniero Matheus Rodrigues , Calça Marcus Vinicius Contes
Published: October 2024

Diffuse irradiance was monitored by the Melo–Escobedo–Oliveira shading ring measurement method (MEO method) and requires the application of two corrections: one geometric and one atmospheric. The latter occurs from the interaction of radiation with atmospheric constituents and is known as circumsolar radiation, which is also obstructed by the ring. Thus, the objective of this work is to verify if geometrical aspects of the shading ring, such as width and radius, interfere in the quantification of these atmospheric corrections. Two Kipp & Zonen pyranometers were used to monitor the diffuse irradiance, one with 10/40 cm (width/radius) and one with 5/20 cm (width/radius). The values measured by the rings were compared with the diffuse irradiance obtained by the difference method. Studies were carried out under all atmospheric sky cover conditions: cloudy sky, partially cloudy sky, and clear sky. The results showed the highest atmospheric corrections were obtained for the clear sky coverage. Despite the two assemblies having the same width/radius ratio of 0.250, the assembly with the largest radius showed the lowest atmospheric correction. The application of atmospheric corrections is conditioned to the geometrical aspects of the ring, mainly the radius, to guarantee the quality of measurements carried out by the shading ring method.
Detecting underscreening and generalized Kirkwood transitions in aqueous electrolytes
Authors: Dinpajooh Mohammadhasan , Biasin Elisa , Nienhuis Emily T. , Mergelsberg Sebastian T. , Benmore Chris J. , Schenter Gregory K. , Fulton John L. , Kathmann Shawn M. , Mundy Christopher J.
Published: October 2024

We establish the connection between the measured small angle x-ray scattering signal and the charge–charge correlations underlying Kirkwood transitions (KTs) in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 aqueous electrolytes. These measurements allow us to obtain underscreening lengths for bulk electrolytes independently verified by theory and simulations. Furthermore, we generalize the concept of KTs beyond those theoretically predicted for 1:1 electrolytes, which involves the inverse screening length, a0, and the inverse periodicity length, Q0. Above the KTs, we find a universal scaling of a0∝c−ζ/3 and Q0 ∝ c1/3 for the studied electrolyte solutions, where ζ is the ionic strength factor.
Dissipative Kerr soliton formation in dual-mode interaction Si3N4 microresonators
Authors: Zhai Yurun , Liu Junchen , Jia Linhua , Zhang Fumin
Published: October 2024

Dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) microcombs based on multi-mode Si3N4 waveguides turn into an ideal tool that is compact and has precision for optical communication, precision spectroscopy, and frequency metrology. However, spatial waveguide mode interaction leads to local disturbances of dispersion, which may hinder DKS microcombs formation. In this letter, we generate the DKS microcomb in a dual-mode interaction Si3N4 microresonator without suppressing spatial waveguide mode interaction. The spatial waveguide mode interaction is investigated in the dual-mode interaction Si3N4 microresonator with a cross-sectional area of 800 × 1700 nm2. DKS microcomb is deterministically generated in the microresonator using an auxiliary light heating method. Furthermore, an integrated microcomb frequency measurement system is designed based on the DKS microcomb for frequency metrology.
Pattern of hospital admissions and costs associated with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia, 2012–2017
Authors: Stacey Ingrid , Katzenellenbogen Judith , Hung Joseph , Seth Rebecca , Francia Carl , MacDonald Bradley , Marangou James , Murray Kevin , Cannon Jeffrey
Published: October 2024

Objective This study aims to describe the pattern and trends in acute rheumatic fever (ARF)/rheumatic heart disease (RHD)-related hospitalisations and costs for Australians aged <65 years. Methods This retrospective linked data study measured trends in hospitalisations and costs for ARF, RHD and complications of ARF/RHD in Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland and New South Wales between 1 July 2012 and 30 June 2017. Persons with ARF/RHD were identified from RHD registers and/or hospital records. Results Over the 5-year study period, 791 children, aged <16 years (86.3% Indigenous), and 2761 adults, aged 16–64 years (44.8% Indigenous), were hospitalised for ARF, RHD or associated complications. On average there were 296 paediatric admissions per year, increasing 6.1% annually (95% CI: 2.4–9.6%, P = 0.001) and 1442 adult admissions per year, increasing 1.7% annually (95% CI: 0.1–3.4%, P = 0.03). Total 5-year costs were AU$130.6 m (AU$17.6 m paediatric, AU$113.0 m adult). Paediatric costs were mostly for ARF-related admissions whereas adult costs mostly involved valvular surgery. Emergency admissions and air ambulance transfers were common, particularly for non-metropolitan residents. Conclusions Successful ARF/RHD prevention would deliver significant hospital cost savings. Investment in primary and specialist health care in regional areas may reduce emergency admissions and regional transfers, further reducing hospital burden.
Evaluation of management options for climate-change adaptation of threatened species: a case study of a restricted orchid
Authors: Rutherford Caitlin R. , Rogers Andrew M. , Prober Suzanne M. , Roper Erika M. , Cook Emma , Reside April E.
Published: October 2024

Context Global climate is changing rapidly, necessitating timely development of specific, actionable species conservation strategies that incorporate climate-change adaptation. Yet, detailed climate-change adaptation planning is noticeably absent from species management plans. This is problematic for restricted species, which often have greater extinction risk. Aims Focusing on the restricted and endangered Tarengo leek orchid (Prasophyllum petilum), we aimed to adapt and test a framework for producing strategies for its management under climate change. Methods We used expert elicitation to estimate the severity of threats and assess potential management actions to mitigate threat impacts. We created a conceptual model detailing ecology, threats and likely impacts of climate change on the species, including the interactions between components. Key results Although climate change-related threats will affect the species, the most severe threats were non-climate threats including grazing, weeds, and habitat degradation. Fire management was deemed highly beneficial but had low feasibility for some populations. Without management, experts estimated up to a 100% decrease in one P. petilum population, and up to 50% decrease if management remained unchanged. Conclusions Management actions with the highest benefit and feasibility addressed the non-climate threats, which, in turn, can give the species the best opportunity to withstand climate-change impacts. Experts highlighted the difficulty of addressing climate threats with such limited knowledge; therefore, further research was recommended. Implications This adapted framework enabled a structured analysis of threats, and informed selection of priority adaptation options. We recommend its use for other restricted species for efficient and robust decision-making in climate-change management.
The life (history), diet and death of the blackspot shark (Carcharhinus sealei) from South-east Asia
Authors: Clark-Shen N. , Chin A. , Domingos J. , Hutchinson N.
Published: October 2024

Context The blackspot shark (Carcharhinus sealei) is a small-bodied coastal shark often incidentally caught in fisheries across South-east Asia. Aims This study aimed to document the species’ biology, ecology, fisheries and markets to inform conservation. Methods In total, 103 blackspot sharks from Indonesia (n = 101) and Singapore (n = 2) were examined to determine biological parameters (growth rate, age at maturity, reproductive traits and diet). An interview with a Singaporean seafood supplier gave insight to population trends, fisheries and markets. Key results Males attained a maximum age of 9 years, the smallest mature individual measured 709-mm stretched total length (STL), with 50% reaching maturity at 6.15 years. Females attained a maximum age of 11 years, the smallest mature individual measured 730 mm STL, with 50% reaching maturity at 6.12 years. The species has an overall growth rate (k) of 0.37 year−1. Reproduction was asynchronous, with only two pups produced per litter. Crustaceans dominated the diet of juveniles, whereas bony fishes and cephalopods dominated the diets of adult males and adult females respectively. Conclusions Blackspot sharks have a moderately fast growth rate, but a late age-at-maturity and a low fecundity. Diet differed between the sexes as well as adults and juveniles. Implications The low fecundity and late maturity of blackspot sharks increase their vulnerability to exploitation. Blackspot sharks are now listed on CITES-Appendix II, but mortality may remain high because they are reportedly often caught incidentally.
QSOX1 facilitates dormant esophageal cancer stem cells to evade immune elimination via PD-L1 upregulation and CD8 T cell exclusion
Authors: Wei Jia-Ru , Zhang Baifeng , Zhang Yu , Chen Wo-Ming , Zhang Xiao-Ping , Zeng Ting-Ting , Li Yan , Zhu Ying-Hui , Guan Xin-Yuan , Li Lei
Published: October 2024

Dormant cancer stem cells (DCSCs) exhibit characteristics of chemotherapy resistance and immune escape, and they are a crucial source of tumor recurrence and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unrevealed. We demonstrate that enriched Gzmk
+
CD8
+
T cells within the niche of esophageal DCSCs restrict the outgrowth of tumor mass. Nonetheless, DCSCs can escape immune elimination by enhancing PD-L1 signaling, thereby maintaining immune equilibrium. Quiescent fibroblast-derived quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) promotes the expression of PD-L1 and its own expression in DCSCs by elevating the level of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, high QSOX1 in the dormant tumor niche contributes to the exclusion of CD8
+
T cells. Conversely, blocking QSOX1 with Ebselen in combination with anti-PD-1 and chemotherapy can effectively eradicate residual DCSCs by reducing PD-L1 expression and promoting CD8
+
T cell infiltration. Clinically, high expression of QSOX1 predicts a poor response to anti-PD-1 treatment in patients with esophageal cancer. Thus, our findings reveal a mechanism whereby QSOX1 promotes PD-L1 upregulation and T cell exclusion, facilitating the immune escape of DCSCs, and QSOX1 inhibition, combined with immunotherapy and chemotherapy, represents a promising therapeutic approach for eliminating DCSCs and preventing recurrence.
Substrate specificity controlled by the exit site of human P4-ATPases, revealed by de novo point mutations in neurological disorders
Authors: Calianese David C. , Noji Tomoyasu , Sullivan Jennifer A. , Schoch Kelly , Shashi Vandana , McNiven Vanda , Ramos Luiza Lorena Pires , Jordanova Albena , Kárteszi Judit , Ishikita Hiroshi , Nagata Shigekazu
Published: October 2024

The maintenance of lipid asymmetry on the plasma membrane is regulated by flippases, such as ATP8A2, ATP11A, and ATP11C, which translocate phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet. We previously identified a patient-derived point mutation (Q84E) in ATP11A at the phospholipid entry site, which acquired the ability to flip phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). This mutation led to elevated levels of sphingomyelin (SM) in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. We herein present two de novo ATP11A dominant mutations (E114G and S399L) in heterozygous patients exhibiting neurological and developmental disorders. These mutations, situated near the predicted phospholipid exit site, similarly confer the ability for ATP11A to recognize PtdCho as a substrate, resulting in its internalization into cells. Cells expressing these mutants had increased SM levels on their surface, attributed to the up-regulated expression of the
sphingomyelin synthase-1
gene, rendering them more susceptible to SM phosphodiesterase-mediated cell lysis. Corresponding mutations in ATP11C and ATP8A2, paralogs of ATP11A, exerted similar effects on PtdCho-flipping activity and increased SM levels on the cell surface. Molecular dynamics simulations, based on the ATP11C structure, suggest that the E114G and S399L mutations enhance ATP11C’s affinity toward PtdCho. These findings underscore the importance of the well-conserved exit and entry sites in determining phospholipid substrate specificity and indicate that aberrant flipping of PtdCho contributes to neurological disorders.