bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between Simplification and Complexification. German, Hungarian, Romanian Noun and Adjective Morphologies in Contact
Authors: Wilhelm Csilla-Anna
Published: January 2017

This paper explores patterns in the integration of Hungarian and Romanian nouns as well as adjectives in the German dialect of the speech community of Palota, a German Sprachinsel in North-West-Romania. The main focus of the study is on both inflectional and derivational noun and adjective morphologies and on how they behave in the case of some more or less distantly related contact languages. Based on a select number of examples from first hand data and following standard code-mixing models such as that of Muysken (2000) and Myers-Scotton’s (1993, 2002) mlf model, it establishes a typology of code-mixing morphology ranging from more matrix language-like, i.e. German-like to more embedded language-like, i.e. Hungarian- and Romanian-like patterns and bare forms, suggesting an ongoing shifting process in the local German dialect of Palota towards a fused lect (Auer 1998). In terms of linguistic complexity, the present paper argues that this language shift process favour simplification of morphology in some domains, but also complexification in some other domains, supporting the idea that languages in long-term intensive contact settings become linguistically more complex (Trudgill, 2010, 2011; Fenyvesi, 2005; de Groot, 2005, 2008).
Reo Rapa: A Polynesian Contact Language
Authors: Walworth Mary
Published: January 2017

Old Rapa, the indigenous Eastern Polynesian language of the island of Rapa Iti, is no longer spoken regularly in any cultural domains and has been replaced in most institutional domains by Tahitian. The remaining speakers are elders who maintain it only through linguistic memory, where elements of the language are remembered and can be elicited but they are not actively used in regular conversation. Reo Rapa, a contact language that fuses Tahitian and Old Rapa, which has developed from the prolonged and dominant influence of the Tahitian language in Rapa Iti since the mid nineteenth century, has replaced the indigenous Old Rapa language at home and between most people in regular social interaction. This article analyzes Reo Rapa through an examination of its genesis and its structure. This article furthermore defines Reo Rapa as a unique contact variety, a shift-break language: a language that resulted from stalled shift due to a collective anti-convergence sentiment in the speech community. This article further discusses a variety of Reo Rapa speech, New Rapa, which presents important questions for the natural-ness of language change and the visibility of actuation.
Ardisia gasingoides (Primulaceae-Myrsinoideae), a new species from southern Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: JULIUS AVELINAH , KAJITA TADASHI , UTTERIDGE TIMOTHY M.A.
Published: January 2017

Ardisia gasingoides Julius & Utteridge sp. nov. (Primulaceae-Myrsinoideae) is described and illustrated as a new species; it is endemic to the state of Johor from southern Peninsular Malaysia. The new species belongs to subgenus Stylardisia and is morphologically similar to Ardisia cockburniana, A. crassa and A. crassiuscula in having obconically flared and thickened pedicels but differs in smaller leaves with fewer veins, few flowers in shorter inflorescences and, especially, the 5-sided turbinate fruits. A preliminary conservation status and key to related taxa are provided.
Lamnatibia, a new genus of the Polysphincta group of genera from Colombia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae)
Authors: PALACIO EDGARD , SÄÄKSJÄRVI ILARI E. , VAHTERA VARPU
Published: January 2017

A new genus and species of the Polysphincta group of genera (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae), Lamnatibia andina Palacio & Sääksjärvi, is described from the cloudforests of the Colombian Andes. The new genus can be easily separated from other genera of the Polysphincta group by the specialized shape of the fore and middle femora, the presence of a thin, longitudinal ridge in the inner face of the fore and middle tibiae, and the combined absence of occipital and epicnemial carinae. The new genus’s potential affinities with other genera of the Polysphincta group and its distribution are discussed.
A new species of Parabradya Lang, 1944 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Ectinosomatidae) from the abyssal plain of the Angola Basin
Authors: SEIFRIED SYBILLE , PLUM CHRISTOPH , SCHULZ MAXIMILIAN
Published: January 2017

Parabradya samsoni sp. nov. is described from deep-sea samples collected from the Angola Basin during the DIVA-1 campaign in July 2000. Parabradya samsoni can be distinguished from its congeners by: its bigger size, the ornamentation of the body, the cuticula (except for that of the cephalic shield and the genital field) is covered with spinules, the multipinnate setae of A1, A2, mouthparts, P1–P5 and caudal rami, and the position of the innermost seta of P5, which is not directly situated at the inner distal corner, but displaced towards the outer edge. Full generic rank is assigned to both Bradya Boeck, 1873 and Parabradya Lang, 1944. With P. samsoni sp. nov. Parabradya includes five species.
Stictodora cablei n. sp. (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from the royal tern, Sterna maxima (Laridae: Sterninae) from Puerto Rico and the Brazos County area of the Texas Gulf coast, U.S.A., with a list of other endohelminths recovered in Texas
Authors: DRONEN NORMAN O. , BLEND CHARLES K. , GARDNER SCOTT L. , JIMÉNEZ F. AGUSTÍN
Published: January 2017

During a study of the endohelminths of wading birds from the Texas Gulf coast, 3 immature specimens of Stictodora (Heterophyidae) representing the same species that had previously been identified as Stictodora acanthotrema from the royal tern, Sterna maxima, in Puerto Rico by Raymond M. Cable, Robert S. Connor, and Jan W. Balling in 1960 were recovered from a royal tern, collected from the Bryan Utility Lake, Bryan, Texas. An additional 17 slides (14 whole mounts and 3 slides of sections) of this species that had been collected from this same bird host in Puerto Rico by Dr. Raymond M. Cable were examined from the holdings of the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. This species of Stictodora has the characteristic of the subgenus Galactosomoides and does not conform to the original description of Stictodora (=Acanthotrema) acanthotrema from the royal tern in Brazil, and it is therefore described as Stictodora cablei n. sp. The new species can be distinguished from all the other species in the genus by its unique acetabulogenital complex in which the acetabulum is highly modified with a small pad-like structure at its base surrounded by 3 papilliform arms extending sinistrally from it, whose outer edges fuse with the wall of the acetabulogenital sac, supporting the walls of the sac and the genital opening, and where the acetabulogenital sac contains a second, larger pad-like structure (the gonotyl described by Raymond M. Cable, Robert S. Conner, and Jan W. Balling in 1960) that extends from the left wall of the sac. Eleven other endohelminths were found in royal terns from Texas, U.S.A.: 3 cestodes, Angularella sp. (Dilepididae), an unknown genus and species of Dilepididae, and an unidentified immature cestode; 1 nematode, Contracaecum sp. (Anisakidae); and 7 trematodes, Cardiocephaloides brandesii (Strigeidae), Cercarioides cochleariformis (Heterophyidae), Mesostephanus fajardensis (Cyathocotylidae), Natterophthalmus andersoni (Philophthalmidae), Parorchis acanthus (Philophthalmidae), Stephanoprora conciliata (Echinostomatidae), and Stephanoprora denticulata (Echinostomatidae). Angularella sp., Contracaecum sp., M. fajardensis, S. conciliata, C. cochleariformis, and P. acanthus represent new host records. A checklist of parasites previously reported from the royal tern is also provided.
Intraspecific variation of the caudal fin skeleton in Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Cuvier 1829 (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha: Osteoglossidae)
Authors: LEAL MARIA EDUARDA CASTRO , BRITO PAULO M.
Published: January 2017

The caudal fin skeleton has been regarded as a major source of characters used in the evaluation of teleostean interrelationships. Despite the increasing number of papers drawing attention to the variability observed within species when large samples are considered, intraspecific variation of this complex remains poorly known for many teleostean groups, and comparative anatomical studies still often rely on a small number of specimens. Within the Osteoglossomorpha, there are few studies concerning instraspecific variation patterns, and many aspects of both the anatomy and homology of the caudal fin skeleton elements are controversial (e.g. epurals versus uroneurals; number of hypurals compounding the “hypural fan”). Given this perspective, we examined the caudal skeleton of 84 specimens of the neotropical osteoglossid fish Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, and described and quantified its morphological variation. We determined that the number of neural spines on the preural centra and hypural fusion patterns showed the greatest variation. Despite the widespread distribution of this taxon, the observed variation appears to be geographically independent, and occurs randomly within populations.
Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico, with a checklist of the helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders
Authors: FALCÓN-ORDAZ J. , WINDFIELD-PÉREZ J. C. , MENDOZA-GARFIAS B. , PARRA-OLEA G. , DE LEÓN G. PÉREZ-PONCE
Published: January 2017

Plethodontid salamanders represent a group of amphibians that show a great evolutionary diversification in México, however no study of their helminth parasites had been conducted thus far. In this paper, we describe Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the intestine of the plethodontid salamanders Pseudoeurycea leprosa and Chiropterotriton orculus from Llano Grande and Texcalyacac, Estado de México, in Central México. Cosmocerca acanthurum n. sp. is easily distinguished from all other species of Cosmocerca in that females possess a uniquely spined tail, a character no seen in congeners. In addition, we compiled all the information of helminth parasites of plethodontid salamanders, and we present it in the form of a checklist of both parasite-host, and host-parasite. A brief analysis of the helminth parasite species composition is presented regarding life-history and development characteristics of plethodontids.
Two new species of Terebrasabella (Annelida: Sabellidae: Sabellinae) from Australia
Authors: MURRAY ANNA , ROUSE GREG W.
Published: January 2017

Two new species of Terebrasabella Fitzhugh & Rouse, 1999 are described from eastern Australia. Terebrasabella hutchingsae sp. nov., was found from preserved coral rock debris collected in 1977 on the outer Barrier Reef near Lizard Island, Queensland. Terebrasabella fitzhughi sp. nov., was found alive in burrows in and among spirorbin serpulid tubes on intertidal rocks in Tasmania in 1996. Both species were found in mucoid tubes, and brood their young in a manner similar to the only other described species of Terebrasabella, T. heterouncinata Fitzhugh & Rouse, 1999. Terebrasabella hutchingsae sp. nov., is exceptional as it possesses a type of thoracic neurochaetal uncinus different from the other two species, and which is similar to the notochaetal acicular “palmate hook” seen in Caobangia. Descriptions of both species are given, and the diagnosis for Terebrasabella is emended. Larval and chaetal morphology and relationships among of the three known Terebrasabella spp. are discussed.
A review of Japanese species of Allophrys Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae)
Authors: KHALAIM ANDREY I.
Published: January 2017

Three species of the genus Allophrys Förster are found to occur in Japan: A. matsumurai sp. nov., A. takemotoi sp. nov. and a third morphospecies known only from males. This is the first description of Allophrys species from Japan, as well as from the entire Palaearctic region. An identification key to Japanese species of Allophrys is provided.
Gobiesox lanceolatus, a new species of clingfish (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from Los Frailes submarine canyon, Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: HASTINGS PHILIP A. , CONWAY KEVIN W.
Published: January 2017

Gobiesox lanceolatus is described from a single specimen collected from 300 meters depth in the Los Frailes submarine canyon in the southwestern Gulf of California. The "Canyon Clingfish" is unique within Gobiesox in having a lanceolate caudal fin, with the central rays longer than those above and below them. It is also distinguished by 14 dorsal-fin rays (first tiny and unsegmented), 11 anal-fin rays, 28 pectoral-fin rays, anus slightly closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior margin of pelvic disc, and dorsal-fin origin in front of vertical from anus. It is most similar to Gobiesox eugrammus, known from Isla Guadelupe, the coast of outer Baja California and southern California. This is the deepest record for a species of Gobiesox and only four other species of clingfishes are known from greater depths.
Increased Quasi Stationarity and Persistence of Winter Ural Blocking and Eurasian Extreme Cold Events in Response to Arctic Warming. Part II: A Theoretical Explanation
Authors: Luo Dehai , Yao Yao , Dai Aiguo , Simmonds Ian , Zhong Linhao
Published: January 2017

In Part I of this study, it was shown that the Eurasian cold anomalies related to Arctic warming depend strongly on the quasi stationarity and persistence of the Ural blocking (UB). The analysis here revealed that under weak mean westerly wind (MWW) and vertical shear (VS) (quasi barotropic) conditions with weak synoptic-scale eddies and a large planetary wave anomaly, the growth of UB is slow and its amplitude is small. For this case, a quasi-stationary and persistent UB is seen. However, under strong MWW and VS (quasi baroclinic) conditions, synoptic-scale eddies are stronger and the growth of UB is rapid; the resulting UB is less persistent and has large amplitude. In this case, a marked retrogression of the UB is observed.

The dynamical mechanism behind the dependence of the movement and persistence of UB upon the background conditions is further examined using a nonlinear multiscale model. The results show that when the blocking has large amplitude under quasi-baroclinic conditions, the blocking-induced westward displacement greatly exceeds the strong mean zonal-wind-induced eastward movement and hence generates a marked retrogression of the blocking. By contrast, under quasi-barotropic conditions because the UB amplitude is relatively small the blocking-induced westward movement is less distinct, giving rise to a quasi-stationary and persistent blocking. It is further shown that the strong mid–high-latitude North Atlantic mean zonal wind is the quasi-barotropic condition that suppresses UB’s retrogression and thus is conducive to the quasi stationarity and persistence of the UB. The model results show that the blocking duration is longer when the mean zonal wind in the blocking region or eddy strength is weaker.
An Improved Dual-Polarization Radar Rainfall Algorithm (DROPS2.0): Application in NASA IFloodS Field Campaign
Authors: Chen Haonan , Chandrasekar V. , Bechini Renzo
Published: January 2017

Compared to traditional single-polarization radar, dual-polarization radar has a number of advantages for quantitative precipitation estimation because more information about the drop size distribution and hydrometeor type can be gleaned. In this paper, an improved dual-polarization rainfall methodology is proposed, which is driven by a region-based hydrometeor classification mechanism. The objective of this study is to incorporate the spatial coherence and self-aggregation of dual-polarization observables in hydrometeor classification and to produce robust rainfall estimates for operational applications. The S-band dual-polarization data collected from the NASA Polarimetric (NPOL) radar during the GPM Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) ground validation field campaign are used to demonstrate and evaluate the proposed rainfall algorithm. Results show that the improved rainfall method provides better performance than a few single- and dual-polarization algorithms in previous studies. This paper also investigates the impact of radar beam broadening on various rainfall algorithms. It is found that the radar-based rainfall products are less correlated with ground disdrometer measurements as the distance from the radar increases.
Recent Evidence of Large-Scale Receding Snow Water Equivalents in the European Alps
Authors: Marty Christoph , Tilg Anna-Maria , Jonas Tobias
Published: January 2017

Snow plays a critical role in the water cycle of many mountain regions and heavily populated areas downstream. In this study, changes of snow water equivalent (SWE) time series from long-term stations in five Alpine countries are analyzed. The sites are located between 500 and 3000 m above mean sea level, and the analysis is mainly based on measurement series from 1 February (winter) and 1 April (spring). The investigation was performed over different time periods, including the last six decades. The large majority of the SWE time series demonstrate a reduction in snow mass, which is more pronounced for spring than for winter. The observed SWE decrease is independent of latitude or longitude, despite the different climate regions in the Alpine domain. In contrast to measurement series from other mountain ranges, even the highest sites revealed a decline in spring SWE. A comparison with a 100-yr mass balance series from a glacier in the central Alps demonstrates that the peak SWEs have been on a record-low level since around the beginning of the twenty-first century at high Alpine sites. In the long term, clearly increasing temperatures and a coincident weak reduction in precipitation are the main drivers for the pronounced snow mass loss in the past.
Diurnal Variations in Severe Weather Forecast Parameters of Rapid Update Cycle-2 Tornado Proximity Environments
Authors: Reames Larissa J.
Published: January 2017

Nocturnal tornadoes are disproportionately dangerous compared with their daytime counterparts; thus, it is imperative to improve the forecasting of these tornadoes. This study uses a large (194 cases) and geographically expansive dataset of Rapid Update Cycle tornado proximity (within 80 km of initial tornado touchdown) soundings from 2003 to 2011 to investigate tornado forecast parameter differences between F1–F2 (weak) and F3+ (strong) nocturnal and daytime tornadoes. The findings suggest that, when considered alone, 0–1- and 0–3-km wind shears show the highest skill in distinguishing environments associated with weak and strong tornadoes, with 0–1-km shear being most effective at night and 0–3-km shear showing the most skill during the day. The results also indicate that combining most unstable CAPE with 0–3-km shear and 0–1-km shear with 3–9-km shear resulted in the most skillful daytime and nighttime forecasts, respectively.
Probability Optimal Supersaturated Designs
Authors: Sarkar Angshuman
Published: January 2017

Abstract:

In this paper we have argued that the probability of correct searching is a more acceptable criterion for comparing two competitive supersaturated designs. We have derived an expression for the maximum value of the probability of correct searching for a supersaturated design for a given run size, assuming that there is only one active factor present in the model. We have also provided a result pertaining to the maximum number of factors that can be accommodated with a given value of probability of correct searching and with a particular run size. Finally an algorithm for constructing probability optimal supersaturated designs is presented. The performance of the designs constructed are also evaluated, in terms of the probability of correct search in stituations involving the presence of two active factors, using a simulation study.

AMS (2000) Subject Classification: 62K05, 62K15.
Trend‐Free Nested Balanced Incomplete Block Designs and Designs for Diallel Cross Experiments
Authors: Lal Kishan , Prasad Rajender , Gupta V. K.
Published: January 2017

Abstract:

Nested balanced incomplete block (NBIB) designs are useful when the experiments are conducted to deal with experimental situations when one nuisance factor is nested within the blocking factor. Similar to block designs, trend may exist in experimental units within sub‐blocks or within blocks in NBIB designs over time or space. A necessary and sufficient condition, for a nested block design to be trend‐free at sub‐block level, is derived. Families and catalogues of NBIB designs that can be converted into trend‐free NBIB designs at sub‐block and block levels have been obtained. A NBIB design with sub‐block size 2 has a one to one correspondence with designs for diallel crosses experiments. Therefore, optimal block designs for dialled cross experiments have been identified to check if these can be converted in to trend‐free optimal block designs for diallel cross experiments. A catalogue of such designs is also obtained. Trend‐free design is illustrated with example for a NBIB design and a design for diallel crosses experiments.

AMS (2000) Subject Classification: 62K05, 62K10.
An Empirical Analysis of Foreign Exchange Rate Risk Exposure in Indian Stock Market
Authors: Madhusoodanan P.R. , Bhat K. Sham
Published: January 2017

The study investigated the empirical validity of foreign exchange rate risk exposure in Indian stock market. The analysis was conducted both at the firm and at the industry level. The necessary daily data of stock prices and industry indices were retrieved from the PROWESS industry database provided by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). For the exchange rate, bilateral Indian Rupee (INR)/US Dollar (US$) exchange rate was collected from the Pacific Basin Exchange Rate Services maintained by the Columbia University, USA, and the OANDA database, USA. The period of study ranges from 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2005. The analysis reveals that all firms and industries under study have significant exchange rate risk exposures on stock market prices. It is found that higher exports are associated with a more positive exposure to exchange rate depreciation, while higher imports are associated with a more negative exposure. In addition to this, we also found that the exchange rate is an important causing factor for the volatility of share prices and indices of majority of the companies and industries during the study period.
Food Safety Standards, Trade & WTO
Authors: Dharni Khushdeep , Sharma Sonika
Published: January 2017

With incidence of food-borne diseases, consumers have become more conscious of food safety. Share of high value food items in the export bounty from developing countries like India is on the rise. These high value food items such as fresh & processed fruits and vegetables, marine products, meat and its preparations are highly income elastic as well as sensitive from the viewpoint of food safety. Article 20 of GATT allows governments to act on trade in order to protect human, animal or plant life or health, provided they do not discriminate or use this as disguised protectionism. SPS Agreement sets out the basic rules concerning food safety and animal & plant health standards. It allows countries to set their own standards but also says that regulations must be based on science. With increased retail concentration ratio, large retailers in the developed countries are enforcing their own food safety standards and these standards are stringent as compared to standards of standard setting bodies of WTO. At times these standards are used for discrimination in international trade and are telling upon the exports from developing countries in terms of additional costs of compliance and lack of “harmonization” and difficulties in establishing “equivalence”. For the benefit of exporters from the developing countries and consumers of the developed countries, efforts must be made for encouraging harmonization in these private standards and reducing the resulting discrimination.
Trust and the Compliance–Reliance Paradigm: The Effects of Risk, Error Bias, and Reliability on Trust and Dependence
Authors: Chancey Eric T. , Bliss James P. , Yamani Yusuke , Handley Holly A. H.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

This study provides a theoretical link between trust and the compliance–reliance paradigm. We propose that for trust mediation to occur, the operator must be presented with a salient choice, and there must be an element of risk for dependence.

Background:

Research suggests that false alarms and misses affect dependence via two independent processes, hypothesized as trust in signals and trust in nonsignals. These two trust types manifest in categorically different behaviors: compliance and reliance.

Method:

Eighty-eight participants completed a primary flight task and a secondary signaling system task. Participants evaluated their trust according to the informational bases of trust: performance, process, and purpose. Participants were in a high- or low-risk group. Signaling systems varied by reliability (90%, 60%) within subjects and error bias (false alarm prone, miss prone) between subjects.

Results:

False-alarm rate affected compliance but not reliance. Miss rate affected reliance but not compliance. Mediation analyses indicated that trust mediated the relationship between false-alarm rate and compliance. Bayesian mediation analyses favored evidence indicating trust did not mediate miss rate and reliance. Conditional indirect effects indicated that factors of trust mediated the relationship between false-alarm rate and compliance (i.e., purpose) and reliance (i.e., process) but only in the high-risk group.

Conclusion:

The compliance–reliance paradigm is not the reflection of two types of trust.

Application:

This research could be used to update training and design recommendations that are based upon the assumption that trust causes operator responses regardless of error bias.
Pilot Response in Combined Control Tasks
Authors: Bergeron Hugh P.
Published: January 2017

Pilot response in a multi-task simulation, which consisted of a primary control task combined with one or two secondary or side control tasks, was investigated. A general description of the response characteristics of each of these tasks was obtained and this information was used to determine the work-load requirements of the tasks. Two different control tasks were used as the primary control task, either a fixed-base simulation of a lunar letdown or a simplified multi-loop tracking task which was similar to the end portion of the lunar letdown. The simplified tracking task was used in lieu of the more complicated lunar letdown because it could be represented and reproduced analytically. The secondary or side tasks consisted of a system failures task and a motor response task. The system failures task was incorporated from those systems present in a vehicle known as the Mercury Procedures Trainer. The motor response task was similar to that presented by the late Dr. Fitts of the University of Michigan. The task consisted of using a pencil-like device to make impacts on two separated, restricted columns.

An evaluation of the pilot's capability in controlling the multi-task simulation and a determination of the inter-task correlation was made. It was shown that either of the two side tasks produced similar effects on the primary task. Quality measurements were made of all three tasks in all possible combinations. The degradation of each, when in the combined task tests, was then correlated to the other task(s) of the same test. A simple relationship was found by which one could predict the time required of a human operator to perform the particular task(s) in question. This relationship could be used to determine the workloading qualities of the tasks when performed either alone or combined. An analytical representation for the degraded pilot response in the multi-loop tracking task was also obtained.
A View of the Contribution of the Ergonomist in under-Developed Countries
Authors: Corlett E. N.
Published: January 2017

Ergonomists from advanced technology should recognize their basic concepts, data, and techniques may not be directly applicable to an under-developed country. For example, anthropometric data may not be suitable. And ergonomics decisions must be considered in light of the political and social factors of the under-developed country. However, ergonomists can make as effective a contribution to underdeveloped countries as any technological specialty.
An Investigation of Time-Sharing Ability as a Factor in Complex Performance
Authors: Jennings Alan E. , Chiles W. Dean
Published: January 2017

Thirty-nine men were tested on a total of six tasks; performance was measured on each task presented individually and on two complex tasks made up of three-task subsets. A factor analysis performed on the resultant data revealed a factor that showed high loadings for two different monitoring tasks for complex performance but negligible loadings for these tasks for simple performance; separate, orthogonal factors were found for the two monitoring tasks when they were performed under simple-task conditions. The monitoring measures, thus, appear to possess properties that would be expected of measures of a time-sharing ability.
Murder in Russia
Authors: Lester David , Kondrichin Sergei V
Published: January 2017

Ecological studies of regional suicide rates in Russian oblasts and krais and American states revealed that the clustering of social indicators and the social correlates of regional homicide rates were different in the two nations. However, indices of social distress (unemployment and illegitimate births) predicted homicide rates in both nations. The study pointed out the importance of replicating research in several nations in order to explore the generality of research findings and theories.
Comparison of Wound Patterns in Homicide and Dyadic Death
Authors: Betz P , Eisenmenger W
Published: January 2017

A comparison of patterns of injuries between homicides and cases of dyadic death was performed. In 195 homicides, 139 deceased (71%) showed exclusively one type of trauma (mainly gunshot wounds) whereas two and even three types of trauma were detectable in 45 (23%) and 11 (6%) of the cases, respectively. In contrast, 18 out of 20 victims of dyadic death (90%) showed one type of injury (mainly gunshot wounds) and only two victims showed two types of injury. Even though different methods of killing seem to be unusual in dyadic death, even in cases with more than one victim and evidence of different types of injuries, such features cannot provide reliable information useful for a differentiation between homicide and extended suicide.
Unmet Needs of Remand Prisoners
Authors: Hardie Tim , Bhui Kamaldeep , Brown Phillip M , Watson James P , Parrott Janet M
Published: January 2017

A needs assessment protocol which examines 11 problem areas was devised. This was administered to 277 prisoners on remand at Brixton Prison. We found high levels of unmet need for housing, treatment of substance abuse and neurotic symptoms. Twenty-nine per cent were transferred to hospital under the provisions of the Mental Health Act and about a third of those at liberty to do so complied with a discharge plan. Diversion and discharge planning can potentially meet the unmet needs of remand prisoners.
Child Labor and Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Pelotas (Brazil) Epidemiological Survey
Authors: Fassa Anaclaudia Gastal , Facchini Luiz Augusto , Dall'Agnol Marinel Mór , Christiani David C.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

This article describes the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in several anatomic sites in children and teens, and investigates, while adjusting for potential confounders, the association between musculoskeletal pain and back pain and the following: age, gender, sports practice, use of computer/video games/television, school attendance, intensity of involvement in household domestic activities, care of other children, care of sick/elderly family members, work activities, and workloads.

Methods.

We conducted a cross-sectional study interviewing 3,269 children aged 10–17 years in the low-income areas of Pelotas, Brazil.

Results.

The prevalence of pain in the neck, knee, wrist or hands, and upper back exceeded 15%. Workers in manufacturing had a significantly increased risk for musculoskeletal pain (prevalence ratio [PR]=1.31) and for back pain (PR=1.69), while workers in domestic service had 17% more musculoskeletal pain and 23% more back pain than nonworkers. Awkward posture (PR=1.15) and heavy physical work (PR=1.07) were associated with musculoskeletal pain, while monotonous work (PR=1.34), awkward posture (PR=1.31), and noise (PR=1.25) were associated with back pain.

Conclusions.

Musculoskeletal pain is common among working children and teens. Knowledge of occupational risk factors can support actions to restructure work conditions to reduce or eliminate childhood exposure to hazardous conditions. Our results suggest that strategies to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in child workers should be developed.
The Effect of After-School Classes on Private Tuition, Mental Health and Academic Outcomes: Evidence from Korea
Authors: Carr Daniel , Wang Liang Choon
Published: January 2017

Using a natural experiment from South Korea’s high school equalisation policy area, we show that school-provided after-school classes reduce students’ time spent in private tuition and the associated household expenditure, as well as increase their likelihood of college attendance. Though high and low income groups use a different mix of unassisted study and private tuition to substitute for after-school class, both consume less private tuition as after-school class hours increase. Importantly, the likelihood of college attendance improves similarly for both high and low income groups. The findings suggest a role for after-school classes in improving the academic outcomes of students and reducing demand for private tuition, but their utility in reducing outcome inequality is less certain.
Experience as Evidence: The Dialogic Construction of Health Professional Knowledge through Patient Involvement
Authors: Renedo Alicia , Komporozos-Athanasiou Aris , Marston Cicely
Published: January 2017

This article investigates how healthcare professionals articulate the relationship between patient experience and ‘evidence’, creating hybrid forms of knowledge. We propose a Bakhtinian dialogical framework to theorise this process. Drawing on ethnographic work from patient involvement initiatives in England, we show how patient experiences are re-articulated by professionals who add their own intentions and accents in a dialogical process which incorporates diverse forms of knowledge and the conflicting demands of healthcare services. In this process, patient experiences become useful epistemic commodities, helping professionals to respond to workplace pressures by abstracting experiences from patients’ biographies, instrumentalising experiences and privileging ‘disembodied’ forms of involvement. Understanding knowledge as relational and hybrid helps move beyond the assumption that there is a clear dichotomy between ‘objective science’ and ‘subjective experience’. This article illuminates how new knowledge is produced when professionals engage with ‘lay’ patient knowledge, and helps inform the sociology of knowledge production more widely.
Properties and Structures of Polyethylene Terephthalate Yarns in Conventional and Simultaneous Draw-Texturing
Authors: Tucker Paul , Johnson David , Dobb Mike , Sikorski Jan
Published: January 2017

This study was conducted on sets of yarns produced by two different texturing processes. One set was generated via conventional technology with predrawn feeder yarn, whereas the second set was produced by simultaneous drawing and twisting of an undrawn feed yarn. “Grab samples” obtained from zones throughout the processes permitted discernment, to a degree not previously reported, of intraprocess changes in yarn structural and physical attributes.

To correlate changes in fine structure with specific properties of the textured yarn, comparisons of output from each of the two contrasted processes (and in some instances within each process) were obtained by the following techniques: stress-strain, density, rates of chain scission during aminolysis, wide-angle x-ray diffraction, and electron microscope studies. Details about process parameters for yarn systems are also presented, along with twist levels and twist contractions in the preheater, heater, and output zones.
Characterizing Airborne Microorganisms in a Cotton Card Room Using an Andersen Air Sampler
Authors: Welty Ronald E. , Gilbert Richard D. , Fornes Raymond E.
Published: January 2017

An Andersen Air Sampler was used to collect airborne microorganisms during the processing of cotton bales in a model card room. The instrument is convenient and practical for collecting and identifying viable airborne spores of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes present during cotton processing.
Aminization of Cotton Fabric by Slow Dry-Curing
Authors: Margavio Matthew F. , Guthrie John D.
Published: January 2017

White, aminized cotton fabric was prepared by dry-curing slowly in a vacuum oven. By carefully controlling loss of moisture during the dry-cure step, aminization of cotton fabric by aqueous 2-amino-ethylsulfuric acid-NaOH yields a white, partially aminoethylated cellulose. Yellowing during the aminization reaction on the whole has been related to curing beyond the dry point after aminoethylation ceases. The presence of atmospheric oxygen during the cure does not account for yellowing.
An Examination of Flaw-Dependent Theories of Fiber Strength
Authors: Lamb G. E. R. , Weigmann H.-D.
Published: January 2017

The validity of theories of fiber failure that depend on the rapid propagation of Griffith-type flaws is examined, as is the validity of the assumptions on which the theories are based. Some experimental results indicate a reasonable qualitative dependence of strength on the surface energy of fracture, in agreement with the theories, but other experiments seeking evidence of crack growth under stress reveal quantitative inconsistencies. The conclusions arc that crack- propagation theories as currently formulated need reexamination.
Diffraction Contrast Transmission Electron Microscopy on Flax Fiber Ultrathin Cross Sections
Authors: Näslund P. , Vuong R. , Chanzy H. , Jésior J. C.
Published: January 2017

The crystalline ultrastructure of flax fibers was studied using diffraction contrast transmission electron microscopy applied to ultrathin transverse sections obtained with an experimental diamond knife with a cutting angle of only 26.6°. This technique permitted the recording of electron micrographs where individual crystalline microfibrils could be seen in the middle of their tightly packed arrangements. The microfibrils in flax had diameters ranging from 1 to 4 nm; in some instances their angular and nearly square contours were revealed.
Assessing and Implementing Diabetes Patient Education Programs for American Indian Communities
Authors: Stracqualursi Frances , Gohdes Dorothy , Rith-Najarian Steven , Hosey Gwendolyn , Lundgren Patricia
Published: January 2017

In many American Indian communities, the rate of diabetes has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This health problem has become a major challenge for the Indian Health Service (IHS). The Diabetes Education Program of the IHS wanted to use the National Standards to promote the best quality diabetes education programs in all IHS and tribal facilities. However, the review criteria for the National Standards had to be adapted to fit the unique needs of the Indian communities. This paper describes the process used to evaluate and modify the review criteria to implement the National Standards within IHS health care facilities.
Women in the Synoptic Gospels: Seen but not Heard?
Authors: Dewey Joanna
Published: January 2017

This article presents a quantitative analysis of the literary portrayal of male and female minor characters interacting with Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels. It asks, “Are the women characters presented with as much mimetic vividness as the male characters?” After illustrating the method by a comparison of the depiction of Mary in Matthew's and Luke's infancy narratives, I analyze the healings, and then discussother stories involving minor characters. All three Gospels are androcentric in their narrative portrayal, describing male characters with more detail than female characters, portraying males speaking to Jesus and being addressed by Jesus more often than female characters. The other stories present an interesting picture: the woman acts, and then others, usually men, discuss her behavior. The women are seen but not heard.
The Epistle of James as Dialectical Discourse
Authors: Tollefson Kenneth D.
Published: January 2017

The search for literary structure in the Epistle of James has been laborious and elusive. Some biblical scholars suggest that it is impossible to produce any reasonable outline of James because there is no relationship among the “unconnected sayings” that make it up. This study argues that James uses binary opposition to structure a coherent teaching on what it means to be a maturing Christian.
TRACKS: Musings on Post-Enron Reforms
Authors: Ronen Joshua , Berman Arnold
Published: January 2017

In the aftermath of one of the worst financial and accounting scandals, the SEC and other regulatory bodies have initiated a flurry of reforms designed to improve corporate governance and to hopefully deter future abuses. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOA) has imposed harsher penalties on errant directors and officers and significantly enhanced the role and responsibility of audit committees and independent directors. But the suggested reforms so far have failed to address the major problem that still besets corporate America today. Namely, the agency costs of managing corporations: CEOs, CFOs, and other directors and officers serve their entrenched—insular interest to the detriment of shareholders. In this article, we intend to survey the landscape of the recent suggested reforms, especially as they relate to accounting and audit failures, and evaluate their effectiveness in terms of their ability to alleviate the agency cost of conducting business. We will also offer a proposed reform which we believe can be an effective deterrent to financial and auditing failures.
The Decision-Usefulness of Nonprofit Fundraising Ratios: Some Contrary Evidence
Authors: Tinkelman Daniel
Published: January 2017

Prior research indicates that donors consider nonprofit organizations' historic fundraising ratios when making donation decisions. Theoretically, however, historic ratios are only pertinent to the donor's decision when they proxy for the organization's future marginal spending performance. In general, theory predicts average historic ratios will differ from future marginal ratios. Examining three large data sets, I find results consistent with theory. Incremental responses of donations to increases in fundraising expense are highly variable and poorly correlated with the average relations in a base year. While the cross-sectional response of donations to fundraising expense is generally linear over the relevant range, and average ratios are highly correlated between years, the low correlation of incremental to average ratios reduces the decision-usefulness of accounting data as currently provided.
Immediate Enteral Feeding in Burn Patients Is Safe and Effective W.S. MCDONALD, C.W. SHARP, E.A. DEITCH Annals of Surgery 213:177–183, 1991
Authors: Sax Harry C.
Published: January 2017

Traditionally, it has been taught that a period of ileus occurs after significant burn injury, thus clinicians avoided use of the gut as the primary mode of administering nutrients in patients with major burns. Several studies have suggested early aggressive enteral support may be beneficial. One hundred six patients with burns involving 40 ± 21% of the total body surface area were entered into a study where gastric feeding was begun within 6 hours from the onset of injury. Feedings were administered as boluses and consisted of an intact protein diet. Eighty‐two percent of the patients absorbed at least part of their tube‐fed diet on the day of injury and this reached 95% by hospital day 4. Vomiting was the most frequent complication, occurring in 16 of 106 patients. No patient developed stress gastritis/ulcers and H‐2 blockers were not used. Among those patients who were unable to tolerate early enteral feeding, the mortality rate was significantly higher (38.5% us 9.3%, p < 0.004); these patients also had significantly larger burn size, (60 ± 26% us 35% ± 14%, p < 0.007). Early enteral support via the gastric route is safe and effective in most patients with major burns. More severely injured burn patients may require nasoduodenal tube placement.
An Overview: Successful Teacher Evaluation—Key Elements for Success
Authors: Root Darrell , Overly Donald
Published: January 2017

Teacher evaluation has been a long-standing practice in American schools, and it is interpreted differently by various interest groups, especially the key stakeholders in the process.
Stock Price Reaction to Bonus Share Announcements in India
Authors: Kaur Karamjeet , Singh Balwinder
Published: January 2017

Corporate financial policy announcements like stock dividend, stock splits, dividend changes, repurchase of shares, etc. create value to the shareholders through stock price changes. This study employs the standard event study methodology to examine the reaction of stock market to 159 bonus share announcements of Indian companies listed on BSE from January 1999 to December 2004. The results indicate that there are significant positive abnormal returns around the bonus share announcements. Further, cross sectional regression analysis finds support for signaling and optimal price hypothesis. However, undervaluation or attention hypothesis is rejected.
Measuring Marketing Productivity: Marketers' Imperative
Authors: Mittal Sanjiv , Khandai Sujata
Published: January 2017

The 21st century has thrown up a lot of challenges for the present day marketers. Today, marketers are faced with an imperative to make marketing accountable. This is where it becomes important to assess the productivity of marketing. Measuring the productivity of marketing is tantamount to assessing the performance of marketing which necessarily impacts upon the overall organizational performance.

Marketing productivity is measured as the ratio of marketing input over output. Broadly, two measures may be used to measure the productivity of marketing. These two measures include (a) Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI), and (b) Customer Satisfaction; the latter measured in terms of increase in shareholder value.

This article attempts to understand the various issues connected with measuring the productivity of marketing. It aims to identify measures which would be effective in the measurement of productivity of marketing.
Adsorption of Gas Mixtures of Propene and Propane on Graphitized Carbon Black I. Experimental Method and Results
Authors: Glanz P. , Findenegg G. H.
Published: January 2017

An apparatus is described for measuring adsorption of binary gas mixtures by particulate solids. Adsorption equilibrium is established by passing a gas mixture of known composition through the adsorption chamber in a thermostat at a controlled pressure (quasi–static method). The gas contained in the adsorption chamber is then transferred to a gas chromatograph by a carrier gas, and the amount of both adsorbates is determined by integration of their elution profiles. The adsorption of binary gas mixtures of propene + propane by graphitized carbon black over the pressure range 10–1000 mbar has been studied at three temperatures (283–313 K) by this method. The consistency of the results was tested by gravimetric measurements of the total adsorbed mass. A weak preferential adsorption of propane from the gas mixture is found, the separation factor α varying between 1·0 and 1·25, depending on pressure, temperature and gas phase composition.