bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Model of Primary Prevention of Drug Abuse in Elementary Schools
Authors: Weimar Robert H.
Published: January 2006

Emphasis upon a public health model with two elements of primary prevention (non‐specific health promotion and specific protection) is employed to critique methods and techniques listed in twenty‐seven curriculum outlines and guidelines for drug abuse prevention programs in elementary schools. Responses from twenty‐four states and territories, five cities, a federal agency and a private association are listed.

The techniques, which were most often cited, using grade five as a base, were: the listing and the classification of drugs, the use of role play and/or dramatization, the discussion of prescription vs. non‐prescription drugs, the use of bulletin board displays, the discussion of drug storage, the discussion of the history of drugs, suggestions for a doctor or nurse presentation, and the collection of articles and advertisements about drugs.

Critique of existing methods is based upon the finding that most programs focused upon specific protection rather than upon the non‐specific health promotional aspects of primary prevention.
Drug Abuse in the East Midlands. A Study of 139 Patients Referred to an Addiction Unit
Authors: Ritson E. B. , Toller Penny , Harding Felicity
Published: January 2006

In the fast part of a long‐term evaluation of a specialised service for the treatment of drug and alcohol addicts, interviews were conducted with 139 drug abusers referred in 1969 and 1970. The problems of drug abuse in the East Midlands differ from those described in metropolitan areas. The problem in terms of notified opiate addiction is small although over half the sample had had at least one experience with opiates. There was a low incidence of physical disability due to drug abuse, compared to the London clinics. The most commonly abused drugs were oral amphetamines and cannabis, but patients usually had experience of more than one drug. There was a marked increase in LSD abuse since 1970. Dependence was on a drug sub‐culture rather than on any particular drug. Social pressures appeared more important in the genesis of drug abuse than mental distress. Over half claimed to have been introduced to drugs by “a friend” and only 6 per cent by “a pusher”. This would suggest that the efficacy of legislators making a distinction between pusher and user is blurred.

The mean age of the sample was 23 years. Most were unmarried and all were British by birth. No social class was disproportionately represented. Most were resident in Nottingham or Nottinghamshire. Distance and lack of information may have been a barrier to patients further afield using the service. Over half were unemployed at first contact. The majority of the sample had an unstable work record.

The number of patients referred to the Addiction Unit is increasing probably because the Clinic is becoming better known in the area. It is suggested, however, that the patients seen represented only a small proportion of the overall problem of drug abuse in the East Midlands. There is a growing need for treatment centres in the provinces to deal with the problems of drug abuse which differ from the metropolitan pattern.
A Cross‐cultural Study of Attitudes about Marijuana Smokers
Authors: Doctor Ronald M. , Sklov Monny
Published: January 2006

It is well known that British and American legal and health professions have established very different modes of dealing with drug addiction problems. Presumably, differences in treatment of the addict are also reflected in public attitudes about addiction and addicted individuals. It seems reasonable to assume that public attitudes would also differ regarding individuals who smoke marijuana. The purpose of this survey was to determine the nature of British and American attitudes about marijuana smokers. It was hypothesized that British citizens would tend to be more tolerant of the marijuana user, would be less socially rejecting, more inclined to view their behavior as a medical problem with physical determinants than American citizens. In order to identify differences and similarities between British and American views of marijuana users, samples of students from these countries were asked to complete an attitude questionnaire that sampled views of etiology, treatment, and personal reactions to people who smoke marijuana. Comparisons were also made between users and nonusers of marijuana in the two cultural samples in order to isolate attitudes within these subgroups.
Psychological Differentiation and the Response of Opiate Addicts to Pharmacological Treatment
Authors: Feldstein Stanley , Chesler Phyllis , Fink Max
Published: January 2006

The degrees of psychological differentiation of 21 opiate dependent males, as measured by the Embedded Figures Test, were found to be unrelated to their scores on a self‐report questionnaire (HAQ) which a previous study had shown capable of distinguishing between addicts who do and do not respond well to an heroin antagonist. The HAQ, however, Has sufficiently high internal consistency to warrant further exploration of its usefulness.
Police and Illicit Drug Markets: Some Economic Considerations*
Authors: Koch James V. , Grupp. Stanley E.
Published: January 2006

The role and effects of police activity in the enforcement of drug laws are examined using the economic tools of supply and demand analysis. In view of the epidemic nature of the drug abuse problem and its obvious economic aspects, the infrequent application of economic analysis in the area seems an anomaly. This analysis suggests that some of our current enforcement practices are apparently futile. It is clear, however, that no simple solution to illicit drug abuse exists because of the interdependence of the markets for different drugs, because of the interplay between the supply and demand sides of most clandestine drug markets, and because of changing social mores and legal standards. Several important implications for the activities of police are evident. Vigorous drug law enforcement by police appears to be counterproductive and dysfunctional when it is: (1) directed at drugs such as heroin which are addictive in nature and which have price inelastic (unresponsive) demands; and (2) directed primarily at the supply side of the market. Supply‐reducing law enforcement activities will apparently not be counterproductive and will not greatly increase the number and character of crimes if it is directed at drugs which are nonaddictive in nature (for example, marihuana), and which have price elastic (responsive) demands.

Demand‐reducing policies are more appropriate for addicting drugs such as heroin. Demand‐reducing polices analysed include; (1) education; (2) rehabilitative incarceration; and (3) drug substitutes such as methadone. The role of police in demand‐reducing policies is probably smaller, however, than their corresponding role in supply‐reducing policies. The role of police in a medically‐oriented approach similar to that existing in Geat Britain is also minimal.
Locus of Control and Alcoholism
Authors: Costello Raymond M. , Manders Kenneth R.
Published: January 2006

Performances of active and recovered alcoholics were compared on two measures of locus of control, I‐E and EC, and on the MC. The finding of excessively low scores on the I‐E for drinking groups was again replicated. A relationship among measures existed, such that a low scorer on the I‐E tended to be a high scorer on the MC and on EC–OE. The study was extended to include a wider sample of subjects and to test the reliability of the 1–E as a monitor of the recovery process. The one‐day coefficient of stability of the I‐E was 0.94; the 30‐day coefficient was 0.85, The phenomenon measured by the I‐E was relatively refractory to manipulation over a 30‐day treatment interval, suggesting that it was a relatively stable personality characteristic in this sample of problem drinkers. The I–E was again related to the EC (A) at the external locus; high scorers on the I–E tended also to score high on the EC–FE. A racial effect on I–E was found, such that non‐whites scored higher than whites.
An Investigation of an Alcoholism Rehabilitation Halfway House: HI Reciprocal Staff‐Resident Evaluations
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann , Nicholls Peter
Published: January 2006

Two members of staff at an alcoholism rehabilitation halfway house were found to employ, as a major dimension for describing residents of the halfway house, an evaluative dimension to which both professional and personal constructs contributed. There was a significant tendency for the two members of staff to evaluate the same residents positively and the same negatively, and positive evaluations of residents by staff were correlated significantly with positive evaluations by residents of the halfway house programme. It was concluded that social worker–resident relationships in the context of an alcoholism halfway house could not be fully understood as relationships between neutral skilled technicians and their clients, but rather had to be understood in terms of the same processes affecting normal, every‐day social relationships. Neither initial evaluations of residents by staff, nor early evaluations of the halfway house by residents, were predictive of either length of stay or type of discharge.
The Experimental Approach to Alcoholism *
Authors: Littleton J. M.
Published: January 2006

The author discusses the biochemical basis of physical and psychological dependence on ethanol, with particular reference to the role of acetaldehyde, monoamines and amino acids. Preliminary results are presented in which the factors of environment, heredity, sex, age and diet are shown to affect susceptibility of mice to ethanol dependence, and an attempt is made to relate the influence of these factors to the biochemical basis of dependence.
Who Goes to Alcoholic Units *
Authors: Hore Brian , Smith Eileen
Published: January 2006

Data on 334 patients (male 269, female 65) attending as inpatients 15 of the 17 alcoholic units in England and Wales was obtained. The mean age was 42 years ± 12·1 (males) and 40·3 years ± 9·7 (females). Patients educated at Grammar School were over represented compared with school leavers in 1950. 85·3% of the patients were reared by one or more parents. In terms of Social Class by occupation (30·1% males and 12·3% females were unemployed) the male distribution was S.C. I (14%) S.C. II (25%) S.C. III (35%) S.C. IV (12%) S.C. V (14%) whilst for females S.C. I(18%) S.C. II (32%) S.C. III (23%) S.C. IV (15%) S.C. V (12%). There was over representation of S.C. III and V in the patient sample compared with census (1961) data. In relation to Social Stability scores (Strauss and Bacon 1951) the distribution was as follows. 4 points (25·5%) 3 points (30·8%) 2 points (19·6%) 1 point (15·9%) 0 points (5·1%).

This data was compared with clients attending Information Centres in England, A.A. members in London, clients attending Alcoholism Treatment Centres in the U.S.A. and the London Skid Row members. Patients attending Alcoholism Units closely resemble the former three groups, if anything being even more stable, and all four groups are sharply different from members of Skid Raw. Although the units were homogeneous some inter‐unit differences in population was evident which would make comparisons of treatment very difficult.
Characteristics of Successful Alcoholism Treatment Programs for American Workers
Authors: Schramm Carl J. , DeFillippi Robert J.
Published: January 2006

This paper examines the question of determining the component characteristics of successful industrial alcoholism treatment programs by analyzing the findings reported in twenty‐four previous studies. The review begins by speaking to methodological problems in comparing reports of treatment outcomes such as comparability of the data measurement problems, and differences in treatment populations. It speaks directly to the importance of coercive and confrontation tactics on the part of management as being necessary to successful identification and referral of problem drinkers in industrial programs. Indeed, the authors conclude that the significance of company identification and referral procedures may play a greater part in rehabilitation than the components of the treatment situation. The paper also describes the unique importance of the industrial setting as having a potentially greater rehabilitative affect than other treatment settings.
A Social History of Heroin Addiction
Authors: Merry Julius
Published: January 2006

A brief account of the social and historical backgrounds to the development of addiction to heroin in China, the U.S.A. and Great Britain.
A Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for Alcoholism Programs
Authors: Helmick Edward , Miller Sheldon I. , Nutting Paul , Shorr Gregory , Berg Lawrence
Published: January 2006

In 1972 a study was undertaken to evaluate the quality of services being delivered to a population of alcohol abusers. This study focused primarily on the system of health care rather than the outcome of treatment modalities. The results of this study indicated a great deficit in the health care delivery system and therefore a system was devised to help correct this identified deficit. This system is described in detail and is currently being implemented in the state of Alaska. The goals are multiple and include assurance of a minimum standard of care, collection of data which will allow audit of the sytsem and of the health care providers and finally information which will increase our understanding of the types of treatment most effective in the care of a given patient.
Blood Chemistry Changes in Drinking Alcoholics*
Authors: Gellens Harvey K. , Gottheil Edward , Arayata L. , Alterman Arthur I.
Published: January 2006

The harmful effects of excessive alcohol intake, on a physiological as well as psychological basis, have been accepted for some time now. It has been suggested that in those alcoholic treatment programs where the patient is allowed to drink, there may actually be some adverse effects on hepatic functioning. One of the major features of our program relates to the fact that alcohol is made available, in limited quantities, to the patient on a fixed interval basis. In order to check on the possibility of adverse effects in our own program, we decided to use the SMA 12, which had been utilized routinely as a screening device, to compare the status of our patients at the beginning of the program with their subsequent status at the end of the program five weeks later.

The subjects in this study, 75 male patients between the ages of 25 and 55 years, were initially screened for any medical illness or history of psychosis, or brain damage that would be aggravated by the use of alcohol. For purposes of analysis, they were divided into three groups based on the average amount of alcohol consumed daily: nondrinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers.

Tests for 11 blood chemistry variables, the SMA 12 less creatine phosphokinase, were carried out at the beginning of the program and again just before the program ended. The major results were as follows: (1) the majority of the patients showed a general overall reduction on the blood chemistry variables, which would seem to be related to improvement in overall physiological function; (2) the degree of apparent improvement over the course of the program was not related to the amount of alcohol consumed, in that a patient who drank “heavily” while on the program could be expected to show the same degree of apparent improvement on the blood chemistry tests as did another patient who elected to abstain; some possible reasons for this finding were discussed at length in the paper, as was, also, the relevance of these findings to other alcoholic treatment programs in which alcohol consumption is utilized as one of the avenues of treatment.
An Evaluation of the Treatment and After‐Care of a Hundred Alcoholics
Authors: Davidson Anne F.
Published: January 2006

A follow‐up study was carried out on a series of a hundred alcoholic patients discharged from Warlingham Park Hospital Alcoholic Unit during the period October 1968 to May 1970. An attempt has been made to evaluate treatment results together with various aspects of the after‐care available to patients.

The role of Out‐patient Groups, Alcoholics Anonymous, Re‐union Meetings and informal social contacts are discussed. Treatment prospects for the female alcoholic are considered and attention is given to the role of the hostel in consolidating the gains made by the patient during his or her stay in the Alcoholic Unit. Also discussed is the role of the spouse in the recovery programme of the alcoholic. Comment is also made about the relationship between occupational class and treatment outcome. It was found that just under 50% of the traceable sample appeared to have benefited from treatment. The survey also discusses and attempts to evaluate aspects of the after‐care support available to patients following discharge. Some suggestions are made as to the planning of future facilities.
The Effects of Drug Talks to School Children
Authors: Morgan H. Gethin , Hayward Alan
Published: January 2006

An attempt was made to assess the effects of drug education. A questionnaire study of schoolboys receiving talks showed that an informal discussion which allows adequate time for topics raised by the pupils is probably far better than a formal lecture. The majority of pupils were found to be antagonistic to the use of hard drugs.

No evidence was found to suggest that informal talks made the pupils more sympathetic to drug use. Talks should aim at reinforcing negative attitudes which most pupils already possess with regard to hard drugs. However, it seems to be more important to allow free discussion about soft drugs such as sedatives, stimulants and cannabis, towards which children may be more sympathetic.
Testing Predictive Efficiency of Patient Classifications for Methadone Maintenance Clients
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Ellis Rosalind , Schmeidler James
Published: January 2006

This study tests the predictive accuracy of a typology for male methadone maintenance patients. The test consists of ascertaining how well the patient classification developed earlier predicts program retention for a new group. Each client was followed up after exactly two years to determine whether he was still in the program.

The typology was developed using data based on the first patients admitted to the Dole‐Nyswander methadone maintenance program from fiscal 1965 through 1968. The predictive efficiency of the typology was tested with subjects admitted in fiscal 1969.

The classification scheme had some predictive ability, but in general it performed poorer than most other prediction tests of this type. Within this study, the patient classifications with the most consistency were those based on two main items, number of prior convictions and job status at admission.
Alcohol, Drug, Tobacco and Sniffing Practices among Swedish Schoolchildren 1971–1974
Authors: Hibell Björn , Jonsson Erland
Published: January 2006

Starting in 1971, random samples of Swedish schools are used to study the students' practices concerning alcohol, drugs, tobacco and sniffing.

Fewer 13‐year‐olds reported in 1974 to drink, smoke or have sniffing experience, than in 1971. The same trend can be seen on the tobacco and sniffing practices among boys aged 16. It has become less prevalent among the 16‐year‐olds to drink beer once a week or more. In the two youngest age groups the girls drink about as often as the boys. However, the boys usually drink larger quantities on each occasion.

No important variations between the different social classes, as to the number of consumers, can be seen.
The Use of Apomorphine in the Treatment of Alcoholism and other Addictions: Results of a General Practitioner
Authors: Beil Hanswilhelm , Trojan Alf
Published: January 2006

Positive results of apomorphine treatment of alcoholics is reported in the literature; results with opiate addicts or multiple drug abusers also seem encouraging.

Two kinds of treatment applied in the author's study are described. The fast consists of injections of apomorphine in emetic doses given subcutaneously three times a day (“high‐dose treatment schedule”). The second consists of low subnauseal doses injected continuously every two hours (“fractional treatment”).

123 addicted patients (55 alcoholics, 59 opiate addicts or multiple drug abusers, 9 patients dependent on other psychotropic drugs) were treated with apomorphine. 80 patients (65 per cent) stayed drug free, 50 (41 per cent) were found to stay drug free longer than six months. Treatment was more successful with alcoholics and patients dependent on other psychotropic drugs than with opiate addicts and multiple drug abusers. It is too early to arrive at a definite evaluation of apomorphine treatment. However, results of our study suggest further systematic research on apomorphine in the treatment of addictions.
MMPI and Pyp Prediction compared to Base Rate Prediction of Six‐month Behavioral Outcome for Methadone Patients*
Authors: Ottomanelli Gennaro A.
Published: January 2006

Discriminant functions, using the scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Pyp, a scale measuring psychopathy, were compared with base rate estimates in predicting six‐month outcome for 106 methadone patients. Employment, arrest and attrition were the behavioral categories used for group assignment in the discriminant analysis.

The discriminant functions accurately classified 50 per cent of the employed and not arrested group., 57 per cent of the unemployed and not arrested group, 29 per cent of the unemployed and arrested group, and 50 per cent of the discharged group. Consideration was given to the utility of the MMPI and Pyp scales as compared to base rate predictions for each of the group classifications.
Alcoholic Patients' Perception of Treatment Milieu using Modified Versions of the Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS) and Community Oriented Program Environment Scale(COPES)*
Authors: Fischer Jay
Published: January 2006

Thirty‐three male and female alcoholic patients in five treatment programmes were given modified versions of the short Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS) and Community Oriented Program Environment Scale (COPES). Patient WAS (COPES) subscale scores were found to be moderately intercorrelated. A principal component analysis of patient WAS (COPES) subscale scores revealed a three‐dimensional structure. The three components were labelled as Interaction, Treatment Oriented and Control. Alcoholics patients' response to the WAS (COPES) were seen to be similar to those of other psychiatric patients. This might suggest the possibility of using the WAS (COPES) as a means for assessing alcoholism treatment milieux.
Alcoholics’ Perceptions of Group Therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Obitz Frederick W. , Wood James D. , Cantergiani Nick
Published: January 2006

Sixty‐four alcoholics were asked to rate their perceptions of group therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous on thirty variables. Data from half of the subjects were collected by a recovering alcoholic; data from the other half of the subjects were collected by a non‐alcoholic. When the recovering alcoholic served as experimenter, A.A. was rated as more socially desirable than group therapy and group therapy was rated significantly higher on negative attributes than A. A. When the non‐alcoholic served as experimenter, group therapy and A.A. were rated about equally. Subjects significantly reported to the recovering alcoholic that they preferred A. A. as the treatment of choice; conversely they reported to the non‐alcoholic that they preferred group therapy as the treatment of choice. The differences in alcoholics' perceptions of group therapy and A.A. were highlighted and discussed in terms of demand characteristics. How alcoholics perceived treatment was intimately tied to who did the asking.
Apomorphine in Outpatient Treatment of Alcohol Intoxication and Abstinence: A double‐blind study
Authors: Jensen Soeren Buus , Christoffersen Claus B. , Noerregaard Anders
Published: January 2006

In 40 alcoholics who arrived in state.s of intoxication for out‐patient treatment, the effect of apnmorphine was investigated in a double‐blind cross‐over method on the symptoms of alcohol intoxication and abstinence and compared with the effect of a placebo and a control group (49 persons) with oral routine treatment. A regime is employed with injection treatment first day, followed by oral treatment for 14 days. The investigation revealed significantly greater attendance in sober states (serum alcohol = 0 ‰) on the subsequent day for continued treatment in the group treated with apomorphine as compared with the group receiving the placebo and the group treated in the routine manner.

It was observed that the patients treated with apomorphine in connection with detoxication showed a non‐significant tendency to manage better than the placebo group both motorically and mentally. No significant side‐effects could be demonstrated. Assessed 14 days after the commencement of the treatment when the period of abstinence must be considered to be past, significantly more of the patients who had received apomorphine were still attending than in the group receiving routine treatment. This appears to be independent of whether apomorphine or a placebo had been administered orally in the abstinence phase. No definite effect of tablet treatment on the abstinence phase could be demonstrated.

The authors find that the preparation is suitable for out‐patient treatment of intoxication. Continued research is recommended in view of more suitable methods of administration and the possibilities of the preparation in long‐term therapy.
Cannabis Use amongst British University Students: II. Patterns of Use and Attitudes to Use
Authors: Kosviner Adele , Hawks David
Published: January 2006

Three hundred and five students with experience of cannabis from 2 university colleges in Southern England were classified according to their degree of experience of the drug. Approximately half the sample had used it 10 times or less (‘novices’) and half more than 10 times (‘experienced users’). Forty per cent considered they had now stopped using (63 per cent of novices, 18 per cent of experienced users), and 25 per cent were using once a week or more (‘regular users’), this latter figure including 7 per cent using at least 4 times per week (‘heavy users’). More experienced users were differentiated from less experienced users on a number of other characteristics of their drug use. They differed in the nature of their first experience (with more experienced users being more likely to have it earlier, at school, enjoy it and want it for drug effect rather than curiosity), the attributed importance of the drug in their lives (the heavier the use the more attributed importance), the social role of the drug (with it playing a greater part in the lives of more experienced), the preferred level of intoxication (heavy users tending to aim for higher levels), the effects experienced (greater range with greater experience) the reasons given for using, the reservations about using, and experience with other drugs.

Discussion focusses on what the drug may offer individuals by looking at differences between those who decide to stop (and when) and those who continue using, and amongst those who continue, different patterns of use and the costs and benefits associated with them. Questions raised for future analyses include whether use patterns may be predicted by non‐drug variables.
Our Own Opium: Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in Britain, 1740–1823
Authors: Berridge Virginia
Published: January 2006

This paper dealt with an historical aspect of narcotic use in this country, It traces attempts to produce opium both experimentally and commercially over a period of eighty years from the mid‐eighteenth century to the 1820s. Methods and areas of cultivation, as well as the problem of finding a suitable labour force, are dealt with. While it is at present uncertain how far cultivation of the opium poppy ever became fully established, details of this experimental stage are indicative both of contemporary medical attitudes towards the use of opium, and to dependence itself, attitudes which differ in many significant respects to those of today.
Program Stability and Resident Turnover in Residential Rehabilitation Programs for Alcoholics and Drug Addicts
Authors: Ogborne Alan C.
Published: January 2006

Length of stay data from a residential rehabilitation program for skid row alcoholics was analysed to test the hypothesis that, due to the formation of cliques among established residents, those newly recruited at times when those in residence had accumulated relatively long lengths of stay, would discharge more rapidly than those newly recruited at other times. This hypothesis was confirmed by the data. However, a parallel analysis of length of stay data from a rehabilitation program for drug addicts failed to confirm the hypothesis. It is suggested that program differences account for the different results. Similar analyses for other programs are indicated as is the monitoring of length of stay during experimental manipulations of newer program elements designed to affect length of stay.
Differences in Interpersonal Orientation of Heroin, Amphetamine, and Barbiturate Users*
Authors: Penk W. E. , Robinowitz R. , Fudge J. W.
Published: January 2006

In order to test the clinical utility of McClelland's (1972) power‐conflict notions in compulsive drug use and Teasdale's (1972) empirical findings that British heroin users characteristically evidence higher ‘power’ orientations in interpersonal interaction than nonheroin drug users, Leary's (1957) measures of ‘dominance’ and eight interpersonal orientation types were compared among three groups of white, male, American veterans voluntarily seeking treatment for drug use problems (heroin, N = 63; amphetamines, N = 45; and barbiturates, N = 34). Drug users scored significantly higher in dominance than normative samples; heroin users scored significantly higher in dominance than either amphetamine‐ or barbiturate‐users. Qualified support was given McClelland's power‐conflict model; Modifications are indicated that take into account differences in measurement perspective (public behavior vs. underlying character structure) as well as differences in interpersonal orientation types both within and between groups of drug users classified by drug‐most‐used.
Patterns of New Drug Detection in the Drug Abuse Warning Network
Authors: Retka Robert L.
Published: January 2006

The structure of the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) a, broadly‐based system designed to collect information an drug‐ related deaths and medical emergencies, is described. Likely reporting patterns for various drugs and a methodology for involves the calculation of the number of days between the fist and fiftieth reports of a drug to DAWN. The value resulting for each drug is considered its ‘Emergence Index’ (EI) EIs for drugs reaching their fiftieth mentions in successive months are compared to detect those substances displaying unusual initial activity patterns. Between July 1973 and February 1976 very few drugs were determined to have atypical EIs. Accordingly, it is concluded that there are relatively free truly ‘new’ drugs appearing on the drug abuse scene.
The Relationships between per capita Consumption, Drinking Patterns and Alcohol Related Problems in a Population Sample, 1965–1974. Part II: Implications for alcohol control Policy
Authors: Cartwright A. K. J. , Shaw S. J. , Spratley T. A.
Published: January 2006

As per capita consumption increased nationally between 1965 and 1974, so did various indices of alcohol related problems. However, theories claiming the inevitability of this connection particularly that of Ledermann, have recently been questioned. Therefore the survey data on increased consumption, together with a problem index of five alcohol related problems measued in both general populatin samples, was used to examine in greater detail the relationships which held between drinking patterns end alcohol related problems as mean consumption intruded.

The sample studies verified the hypothesis that an increase in mean consumption implied a redistribution of the drinking population into successively higher consumption category's. Increase scores on the problem index also mirrored this redistribution of consumption. An analysis of variance showed that the increased prevalence of problems in 1974 was due to that sample hating drunk more alcohol, and the relationship between consumption and problems held within demographic sub‐groups.

However, different age, sex and occupational status groups reported different numbers of problems for similar levels of total consumption. Higher problem scores were reported by those with higher average drinking day consumption. Even so, when both total consumption and frequency were controlled, there was still some difference in the level of problems reported, which it was assumed might be partly related to individual vulnerability factors. Upper occupational status groups seemed the most protected against experiencing alcohol problems. The findings from the longitudinal survey study suggests that such studies should be further employed to shed more light on these issues, especially as the findings seem to bear out other theories which suggest that the Ledermann model has appeared to work in practice not because of its mathematical logic, but because of the stability of underlying drinking patterns which means that in most cases, a rise, a rise in consumption is likely to be associated with a rise in problems.
Can Television Influence Smoking? Further Evidence
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Sutton Stephen R. , Wober Mallory
Published: January 2006

In two postal surveys, cigarette smokers' reactions were assessed to two broadcasting ventures specifically aimed at helping unwilling smokers to give up smoking (a ‘Good Health Show’ programme on Granada TV and BBC TV's ‘Nationwide’ stop smoking campaign starting in February 1976). Neither programme appeared to produce effects of sufficient magnitude to achieve significance for the relatively small number of smokers responding, although the success‐rates claimed by those who said they were trying to stop or reduce their smoking were slightly higher among viewers than non‐viewers. Smokers tended to watch approximately 25% more television programmes per week than those who had never smoked. It is concluded that television may be a useful medium for health education on the smoking issue.
Alcoholism Aftercare and Outcome: Cross‐Lagged Panel and Path Analyses
Authors: Costello Raymond M.
Published: January 2006

Although aftercare following a specified treatment event is gaining popularity, its effect on long term outcome is uncertain. Cross‐lagged panel analysis (correlation) and path analysis (standardised partial regression) are two methods to examine the relationship. These methods were used to describe the aftercare—outcome effect at two points in time, one and two years following inpatient treatment of 37 Caucasian male alcoholics. Social stability at intake and behavioural adjustment while hospitalized were added to the path model to help rule out certain confounds of the aftercare variable. Aftercare influenced the outcome system.
Is There a Unidimensional Alcohol Dependence Syndrome?
Authors: Chick Jonathan
Published: January 2006

The elements of the provisional description of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome were operationalised into a structured interview given to 109 men attending an alcoholism treatment unit. A single underlying dimension could not be demonstrated. The main dimension comprised Subjective Need, Withdrawal, and aspects of Salience. Narrowing of Repertoire and Impaired Control formed separate dimensions.
The attitudes of Helping Agents Towards the Alcoholic Client: The Influence of Experience, Support, Training, and Self‐Esteem
Authors: Cartwright A. K. J.
Published: January 2006

Proposals that future services for the alcoholic client should be based in the community are likely to be obstructed by the negative therapeutic attitudes of the majority of community agents. In seeking to explain such attitudes, this paper considers the relationship between a measure of an overall therapeutic attitude towards the alcoholic client and four independent variables. These are: experience with alcoholic clients; support from colleagues when working with such clients; training in alcohol and alcohol related problems; and self‐esteem. Data collected on three occasions from students attending the Summer Schools on Alcoholism are analysed cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. The analysis suggests that support and experience are independently related to overall therapeutic attitudes, explaining a large proportion of the variance. The effects of training and self‐esteem appear to be contingent upon the agent's level of support and experience.

Different levels of the independent variables are seen to explain the differences in therapeutic attitudes of different groups of agents. In particular, it is demonstrated that agents who specialise in working with drinkers have more positive attitudes than those who do not, because they have greater access to these independent variables.

The implication of the findings far the development of community services are considered, and related to the action research experiments of the Maudsley Alcohol Pilot Project.
The Case for Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness, Based on the DARP Research Program *
Authors: Sells S. B. , Simpson D. Dwayne
Published: January 2006

The Drug Abuse Reporting Programme (DARP) is a large‐scale evaluation project focused on the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment, based on almost 44,000 clients admitted to 52 treatment centres located throughout the United States and in Puerto Rico between June 1969 and March 1973. The present paper summarizes research on post‐DARP follow‐up data (representing up to six years after DARP) for a sample of 3,131 persons admitted to treatment during 1969 to 1972. Treatments included methadone maintenance (MM), therapeutic community (TC), out‐patient drug‐free (DF), and out‐patient detoxification programmes (DT); a comparison group of intake only (10) clients with no DARP treatment was also followed up. The data showed in general that three treatments, MM, TC and DF, led to favourable results — MM and TC for heroin and other opioid addicts, and DF for non‐addicts (users of opioids less‐than‐daily, usually in conjunction with other non‐opioid drugs and users of non‐opioids only)
Regional Variations in the Levels of Alcohol–Related Problems in Britain
Authors: Kilich Suna , Plant Martin A.
Published: January 2006

The nature and extent of regional variations in levels of alcohol‐related problem in Britain are reviewed. Results confirm that considerable differences exist in officially recorded levels of alcohol‐related mortality, crimes and alcoholism admissions. The established view, that such rates are much higher in the North‐West, was also confirmed. In England and Wales levels of alcohol‐related problems were all positively intercorrelated and were also positively correlated with unemployment rates. In Scotland mortality data were negatively correlated with alcoholism admissions and crimes. It is suggested that, to a large extent, such official data reflect differences in provision of services or of detection. In particular, the anomalous Scottish data are concluded to be artefacts of regional idiosyncracies of recording alcohol‐related mortality.
Changes in the Dose Levels of Opiates used by Addicts Admitted for Withdrawal Between 1969–1979
Authors: McCafferty Lawrence , Gossop Michael
Published: January 2006

Between 1969 and 1979 there was a significant reduction in the amount of opiates used by addicts admitted for withdrawal to an in‐patient treatment unit. This eleven year period was marked by a gradual decrease in the number of high dose users together with an increase in the number of low dose users. Some implications of these results are discussed.
Multiple Substance Use by Alcoholics
Authors: Sokolow Lloyd , Welte John , Hynes Gerard , Lyons Joseph
Published: January 2006

Use of drugs by 1,340 alcoholic clients of 17 New York alcoholism rehabilitation units was assessed for pre‐treatment and three and eight month post‐treatment periods. Drug use was reported by 44% of the clients before treatment and about 30% after treatment. Clients who were drinking greater amounts of ethanol before treatment tended to be drug users after treatment. Only a slight substitution of drug use for alcohol use was found from before to after treatment. Alcoholic substance users were more likely to be behaviourally and physiologically impaired than were alcohol users. Greater impairment for alcoholic and substance users was found both before and after treatment. Special categories of pre‐treatment drug use showed differential predictive relationship with alcohol use after treatment. Drug use by alcoholics was shown to be related to a number of dysfunctional behaviours indicating a need for improved assessment and treatment of substance users in alcoholism rehabilitation programmes.
Lithium and the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Critical Review
Authors: McMillan T. M.
Published: January 2006

Lithium has been tried in many psychiatric conditions but its efficacy has been firmly established only in the case of certain affective disorders. Many alcoholics are also clinically depressed and it therefore seems possible that lithium could be of benefit in treating alcoholics who have concurrent affective disturbances; this suggestion is supported by the results of studies so far reported.

For the moment however, evidence from long‐term investigations on alcoholics indicate that therapeutic effects of lithium are not simply caused by an alleviation of associated affective disorders, and the role of the mood disturbance in treatment response is not clear. Observations in acute studies suggest a possible mechanism of action, as lithium can attenuate the mood‐elevating effects of alcohol in subjects who abuse drugs or are depressed. Unfortunately many of these clinical reports are uncontrolled and can be criticized on other methodological grounds, and further double‐blind studies which include comparisons with other drug treatments are required.

Studies on rodents show that alcohol drinking is often reduced by lithium, but these results must be interpreted cautiously because lithium may produce conditioned aversion to alcohol and such a mechanism of action is unlikely in long‐term studies on man.
Kava and Prohibition in Tanna, Vanuatu
Authors: Gregory Robert J. , Gregory Janet E. , Peck John G.
Published: January 2006

The drinking of kava is widespread and frequent among adult men on Tanna, Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides). Effort to prohibit use of kava created a split between the majority of the people and Western missionary and government influences. The story of prohibition reflects different moral and cultural practices coming in conflict. A declining role of Western influence has led to a resolution of the differences in favour of continued kava use.
Alcoholism and Social Policy: are we on the right lines?
Authors: Skog Ole‐Jørgen
Published: January 2006

A critique is presented of a recent Home Office Research Unit review of alcohol distribution theory, and the bearing of the scientific evidence on health policy. The Home Office paper is loaded with errors and mis‐understandings.
The Economics of Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Maynard Alan , Kennan Patricia
Published: January 2006

The paper examines economic aspects of alcohol abuse, particularly the social costs of alcohol abuse and the taxation of alcohol. The social costs section reviews the available literature and sets out the relevant costs, discussing how the work could be extended and improved. The next section explains the economic rationale behind the taxation of alcohol and its relationship to social costs. The paper then examines the effects of alcohol taxation on consumption and how this link is estimated. Some estimates are given from the literature showing how changes in the price of alcohol and in incomes can affect consumption. The paper concludes that there is much research work to be done on the economic aspects of alcohol abuse.
Estimating the Yield to Smokers of Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide from the ‘Lowest Yield’Ventilated Filter‐Cigarettes
Authors: Kozlowski Lynn T. , Rickert W. S. , Pope M. A. , Robinson J. C. , Frecker Richard C.
Published: January 2006

The behavioural misuse of low‐yield, ventilated‐filter cigarettes is evaluated in two studies. The first reports the results of interviews with 46 low‐yield smokers. Fifty‐two per cent admitted to having blocked the ventilation holes on these cigarettes at some time with either lips, fingers, or tape. Although only three smokers admitted blocking the holes at the present time, 41 per cent (of the 39 who were observed smoking) gave evidence (by direct observation and by inspection of characteristic stain patterns on the filter) of currently blocking the holes. Study 2 demonstrates, using a modified smoking‐machine assay (a 2.4 sec., 47 ml puff, with a 44 sec. interval, vent‐holes blocked), how much tar, nicotine, and CO an average smoker might derive from the lowest‐yield cigarettes in the U.K., Canada, and the U.S. In comparison to standard assays, tar increases from 15‐ to 39‐fold, nicotine from 8‐ to 19‐fold and CO from 10‐ to 43‐fold. Smokers should be advised of the risks of blocking the holes of ventilated‐filter cigarettes and taught how to detect whether they are doing it. The construction of low‐yield cigarettes that will ensure low yields to smokers requires careful attention to the behaviour of smokers.
Harmonisation Policies in the European Community and Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Maynard Alan , O'Brien Bernard
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the effects of the implementation of the Treaty of Rome on the use and abuse of alcohol. The effects of the Commission's internal market and competition policies are to remove barriers to the trade in alcoholic beverages across the Community. One outcome of this process is that competition is increased and prices stabilised or reduced. The process of tax harmonisation policy is also likely to affect prices. We examine the attempts by the Commission, starting in 1972, to harmonise excise duties and we present estimates of the likely effects of this policy on prices. We predict that the most likely option will raise alcohol consumption by reducing the price of wine.

Policy decisions are compartmentalised in any bureaucracy. The effects of this in the E.E.C. is that the effects of economic policies on alcohol abuse are, seemingly, ignored. The price of economic integration would appear to be increased social costs from alcohol abuse. Is this the wish of policy makers and citizens?
Indicators of Alcohol Consumption: Comparisons Between a Questionnaire (Mm‐MAST), Interviews and Serum γ‐Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) in a Health Survey of Middle‐aged Males
Authors: Kristenson Hans , Trell Erik
Published: January 2006

A questionnaire consisting of nine questions about drinking habits was used in a preventive programme for middle‐aged males in Malmo. With a cut‐off point of two yes‐answers to the questions, 66% of a group of heavy drinkers, 73 % of all registered alcoholics and 90% of not previously identified alcoholics were identified. Serum γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), used as an indicator of heavy alcohol consumption in the screening, was a poor instrument for the detection of alcoholism in the same population, assigning correctly only 35%. In combination, the two tests identified 82% of all registered alcoholics, and 97% of the alcoholics who were registered in the period following the screening investigation. Thus Mm‐MAST is a useful screening test for alcoholism in medical screening examinations and may successfully be used in combination with biochemical tests.