bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rational design of a hexameric protein assembly stabilized by metal chelation
Authors: Alcala‐Torano Rafael , Walther Mathieu , Sommer Dayn J. , Park Chad K. , Ghirlanda Giovanna
Published: September 2018

Protein‐based self‐assembled nanostructures hold tremendous promise as smart materials. One strategy to control the assembly of individual protein modules takes advantage of the directionality and high affinity bonding afforded by metal chelation. Here, we describe the use of 2,2′‐bipyridine units (Bpy) as side chains to template the assembly of large structures (MW approx. 35 000 Da) in a metal‐dependent manner. The structures are trimers of independently folded 3‐helix bundles, and are held together by 2 Me(Bpy)3 complexes. The assemblies are stable to thermal denaturation, and are more than 90% helical at 90°C. Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows that one of the 2 possible (Bpy)3 enantiomers is favored over the other. Because of the sequence pliability of the starting peptides, these constructs could find use to organize functional groups at controlled positions within a supramolecular assembly.
Animal hoarding: The challenge for mental health, law enforcement, and animal welfare professionals
Authors: Lockwood Randall
Published: September 2018

Animal hoarding has been considered a significant problem by animal welfare and law enforcement professionals for over a century. However, it has only been recognized as an indication of a mental disorder in the last decade. I review the different forms that animal hoarding can take and the current understanding of the prevalence, demographics and possible etiology of this disorder. Conventional animal cruelty laws have often been inadequate to respond to animal hoarding cases until they reach levels that may involve serious harm to animals and people. I document how prosecution of such cases can be difficult and often does not adequately consider the mental health issues underlying the problem or the high likelihood of recidivism. Attempts to solve these problems by enacting new laws specifically addressing animal hoarding have been controversial and ineffective. I explore new approaches that coordinate a variety of community resources in response to hoarding cases that offer the best opportunity to respond to both the human and animal problems associated with animal hoarding.
Strengthening the Combination between Enzymes and Metals in Aqueous Medium: Concurrent Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Nitrile Hydration ‐ Asymmetric Ketone Bioreduction
Authors: Liardo Elisa , González‐Fernández Rebeca , Ríos‐Lombardía Nicolás , Morís Francisco , García‐Álvarez Joaquín , Cadierno Victorio , Crochet Pascale , Rebolledo Francisca , González‐Sabín Javier
Published: September 2018

A dual ruthenium/ketoreductase catalytic system has been developed for the conversion of β‐ketonitriles into optically active β‐hydroxyamides through an unprecedented hydration/bioreduction cascade process in aqueous medium working in concurrent mode. The ketoreductase‐mediated ketone reduction took place with exquisite stereoselectivity and it was simultaneous to the nitrile hydration promoted by the ruthenium catalyst. The overall transformation occurred: (i) employing commercially and readily available catalytic systems (ii) under mild reaction conditions, (iii) with high degree of conversion and excellent stereoselectivity, and (iv) without the need to isolate intermediates and with high final product yields. This genuine process demonstrates the benefits of combining metal and enzymatic catalysis to tackle the limitations arising from each field.
CO2 Hydrogenation to Formate with Immobilized Ru‐Catalysts Based on Hybrid Organo‐Silica Mesostructured Materials
Authors: Lo Hung‐Kun , Copéret Christophe
Published: September 2018

The hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid can be carried out by numerous homogenous catalysts, while efficient heterogeneous catalysts are rare. In this work, we successfully synthesize an immobilized lutidine‐derived pincer‐type N‐heterocyclic carbene ruthenium complex based on a mesoporous organo‐silica hybrid material using sol‐gel direct synthesis in the presence of structure directing agents and click chemistry as the two key pillars of this strategy. This material efficiently catalyzes the hydrogenation of CO2 into formate with turnover numbers reaching 18′000 within 24 hours, surpassing the performance of the corresponding homogeneous complexes.
Ternary WO3/Porous‐BiVO4/FeOOH Hierarchical Architectures: Towards Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Performance
Authors: Ma Zizai , Hou Huilin , Song Kai , Fang Zhi , Wang Lin , Gao Fengmei , Yang Zuobao , Tang Bin , Yang Weiyou
Published: September 2018

Developing photoanodes showing both a high solar harvesting efficiency and efficient charge separation/transfer is recognized as one of the key challenges for water splitting. In the presented work, we report a strongly coupled ternary WO3/porous‐BiVO4/FeOOH hierarchical architecture as photoanode for high PEC performance,which was constructed by unique foaming‐assisted electro‐spraying of porous BiVO4 frameworks and photodeposition of a FeOOH layer, respectively. As a proof of concept, the as‐fabricated WO3/porous‐BiVO4/FeOOH photoanode yielded a photocurrent density of ∼4.4 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, ∼4 and 10 times higher than that of the BiVO4 and WO3 counterparts, respectively. Because of the surface passivation of FeOOH, the onset potential could be substantially reduced to ∼200 mV in the presence of sacrificial agent under AM 1.5G (100 mW cm−2) simulated sunlight illumination, which was lowered by ∼100 mV in comparison to those of BiVO4 and WO3 analogues. The mechanism for the enhanced PEC activities of ternary WO3/porous‐BiVO4/FeOOH hierarchical architectures was proposed.
Cancer immunophenotyping by seven‐colour multispectral imaging without tyramide signal amplification
Authors: Ijsselsteijn Marieke E , Brouwer Thomas P , Abdulrahman Ziena , Reidy Eileen , Ramalheiro Ana , Heeren A Marijne , Vahrmeijer Alexander , Jordanova Ekaterina S , de Miranda Noel FCC
Published: September 2018

Checkpoint blockade immunotherapies have revolutionised cancer treatment in the last decade. Nevertheless, these are only beneficial for a small proportion of cancer patients. Important prognosticators for response to immunotherapy are the mutation burden of tumours as well as the quality and quantity of tumour‐infiltrating immune cells. High‐throughput multiplex immunophenotyping technologies have a central role in deciphering the complexity of anti‐tumour immune responses. Current techniques for the immunophenotyping of solid tumours are held back by the lack of spatial context, limitations in the number of targets that can be visualised simultaneously, and/or cumbersome protocols. We developed a tyramide signal amplification‐free method for the simultaneous detection of seven cellular targets by immunofluorescence. This method overcomes limitations posed by most widespread techniques and provides a unique tool for extensive phenotyping by multispectral fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, it can be easily implemented as a high‐throughput technology for validation of discovery sets generated by RNA sequencing or mass cytometry and may serve in the future as a complementary diagnostic tool.
High frequency of CD74 expression in lymphomas: implications for targeted therapy using a novel anti‐CD74‐drug conjugate
Authors: Zhao Shuchun , Molina Arturo , Yu Abigail , Hanson Jeff , Cheung Harry , Li Xiaofan , Natkunam Yasodha
Published: September 2018

CD74 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as an MHC class II chaperone and displays diverse roles in immune responses. Recently, anti‐CD74 immunotherapy has shown promise as an effective treatment strategy for lymphoid neoplasms in preclinical models. Using a human anti‐CD74 antibody (SP7219), we defined the expression of CD74 protein in both normal and over 790 neoplastic hematolymphoid tissue samples. We found that CD74 is expressed broadly in normal B‐cell compartments including primary and secondary lymphoid follicles and in the thymic medulla. The vast majority of lymphomas expressed CD74, including Hodgkin lymphomas (98%), B‐cell lymphomas (96%), extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphomas (88%), mature T‐cell lymphomas (80%), and plasma cell myeloma (75%). Our findings confirm and expand previous observations regarding the expression of CD74 and suggest that CD74 expression on tumor cells may be directly targeted for immunomodulatory therapy for lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies.
Irrational fear of whole‐brain radiotherapy: Are we doing our patients a disservice?
Authors: Brown Paul D. , Gondi Vinai
Published: September 2018

The authors consider the importance of a careful, balanced review of therapeutic options with patients and the current understanding of the therapeutic ratio of whole‐brain radiotherapy in patient populations with widespread intracranial disease. The goal of reviewing these options is to provide an unbiased discussion of the potential benefits and risks of whole‐brain radiotherapy, particularly with regard to cognitive outcomes.
Flow immunophenotyping of benign lymph nodes sampled by FNA: Representative with diagnostic pitfalls
Authors: Scott Gregory D. , Lau Hubert D. , Kurzer Jason H. , Kong Christina S. , Gratzinger Dita A.
Published: September 2018

Background

Fine‐needle aspiration with flow cytometry (FNA‐FC) is routinely used in the evaluation of lymph nodes suspicious for lymphoma, yet data comparing immunophenotype distributions and outliers in benign lymph nodes sampled by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) versus excision are lacking.

Methods

Flow cytometry data from 289 benign lymph node FNA cases were assessed for the overall antigen distribution, with a focus on outliers relevant to the diagnosis of lymphoma. Distributions and outlier proportions were compared with those of a separate cohort of 298 excisional biopsies.

Results

Compared with excisional biopsies, FNA specimens overrepresented CD3+ events (72% vs 63%), underrepresented CD19+ events (22% vs 29%), and had 25% fewer large cell–gated events. Normalized antigen distributions in FNA were equivalent to those in excisional biopsy. Twenty‐three percent of FNA‐FC cases exhibited an outlier, including a skewed kappa:lambda light‐chain ratio, increased CD5+ or CD10+ B‐cell events, a skewed CD4:CD8 ratio, and increased CD7 loss on T cells, with no significant differences in frequency or type in comparison with excisional specimens. Outliers for the light‐chain ratio and T‐cell antigens were enriched among older patients and included patients with a variety of autoimmune/rheumatologic conditions.

Conclusions

Benign lymph node FNA yields flow immunophenotypes remarkably similar to those from excisional biopsies. Outlier flow immunophenotypes are identified in benign lymph nodes sampled by FNA at a frequency similar to that with excisional biopsies. Older patients, who have a higher baseline risk of lymphoma, are more likely to exhibit lymphoma‐mimicking outliers such as a light‐chain predominance on B cells and skewed CD4:CD8 ratios or increased CD7 loss on T cells, and they warrant additional diagnostic caution.
Deciphering Block Copolymers as Carriers of a Pyrazoline Derivative through Its Solvatochromic Behavior: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Exploration
Authors: Singharoy Dipti , Ghosh Swadesh , Samai Boby , Bhattacharya Subhash Chandra
Published: September 2018

Many biologically active water‐insoluble drug molecules have limited clinical application because of strong hydrophobicity. Recently triblock copolymers have attracted enormous interest as potential drug carriers. For the purpose of delivering the 5‐(1‐(bromohexa‐1,3,5‐triyn‐1‐yl)‐3a,4,5,6,7,7a‐hexahydro‐1H‐4,7‐methanoindazol‐3‐yl)‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitrile (PYZ) molecule, triblock copolymers are used. In order to understand the delivery of this water‐insoluble probe through triblock copolymers (TBP), the solvent‐dependent fluorescence properties of this compound have been examined in different homogeneous solvents. Besides the experimental work, theoretical studies have also been conducted to explain actual orientation of atoms in PYZ through optimized structures to support the experimental findings. Moreover, the three TBP polymers P‐123 (PEO19PPO69PEO19), F‐127 (PEO100PPO65PEO100) and L‐64 (PEO13PPO30PEO13) have been treated here as potential carriers that encapsulate a pyrazoline derivative. The consequence of spatial captivity on the emission properties was systematically visualized by means of steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. From DLS measurements the size variation with the polydispersity index of TBP in the presence and absence of PYZ in different triblock copolymers was also monitored. Furthermore these measurements have been supported by TEM imaging also.
Assessment of baroreflex sensitivity has no prognostic value in contemporary, optimally managed patients with mild‐to‐moderate heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a retrospective analysis of 5‐year survival
Authors: Paleczny Bartłomiej , Olesińska‐Mader Martyna , Siennicka Agnieszka , Niewiński Piotr , Nowak Krzysztof , Buldańczyk Agnieszka , Jankowska Ewa A. , Banasiak Waldemar , von Haehling Stephan , Ponikowska Beata , Anker Stefan D. , Ponikowski Piotr
Published: September 2018

Objectives

We evaluated the prognostic value of cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in contemporary, optimally treated patients with mild‐to‐moderate heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Methods and results

Data from 97 patients with HFrEF (left ventricular ejection fraction 32 ± 6%, all receiving angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker and beta‐blocker, 85% receiving aldosterone antagonist) were analysed retrospectively. All patients underwent standard clinical assessment, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and BRS evaluation with three methods: the phenylephrine (BRS‐Phe), the sequence (BRS‐Seq) and the controlled breathing (BRS‐CtrBr) method. Data on 5‐year all‐cause mortality and appropriate and documented implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) discharges were collected. During a mean follow‐up of 53 ± 15 months, the composite endpoint of all‐cause death and appropriate and documented ICD discharge occurred in 31 (32%) patients. BRS measures assessed using all three methods were not related to survival in univariate Cox proportional hazards analyses (all P >0.25). There were also no differences in survival between low vs. preserved BRS groups, irrespective of the method used for BRS assessment (all P ≥0.15). BRS‐Phe correlated with several clinically important variables (including left ventricular ejection fraction: rS = 0.27, and peak oxygen consumption: rS = 0.32, both P < 0.05), while clinical associations of BRS‐Seq and BRS‐CtrBr were sparse.

Conclusions

Assessment of cardiac BRS provides no prognostic information in the contemporary mild‐to‐moderate HFrEF population receiving optimal management.
Toward Understanding the Evaluation Market and its Industry—Advancing a Research Agenda
Authors: Lemire Sebastian , Nielsen Steffen Bohni , Christie Christina A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter reflects on the findings from a comparative analysis of the cases comprising this issue, summarizing and expanding on key findings from these in relation to the evaluation market framework. Major implications of the findings for evaluation practice are considered. The chapter concludes with an outline of a future research agenda for the evaluation marketplace.
A divergence‐free semi‐implicit finite volume scheme for ideal, viscous, and resistive magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Dumbser M. , Balsara D.S. , Tavelli M. , Fambri F.
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we present a novel pressure‐based semi‐implicit finite volume solver for the equations of compressible ideal, viscous, and resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The new method is conservative for mass, momentum, and total energy, and in multiple space dimensions, it is constructed in such a way as to respect the divergence‐free condition of the magnetic field exactly, also in the presence of resistive effects. This is possible via the use of multidimensional Riemann solvers on an appropriately staggered grid for the time evolution of the magnetic field and a double curl formulation of the resistive terms. The new semi‐implicit method for the MHD equations proposed here discretizes the nonlinear convective terms as well as the time evolution of the magnetic field explicitly, whereas all terms related to the pressure in the momentum equation and the total energy equation are discretized implicitly, making again use of a properly staggered grid for pressure and velocity. Inserting the discrete momentum equation into the discrete energy equation then yields a mildly nonlinear symmetric and positive definite algebraic system for the pressure as the only unknown, which can be efficiently solved with the (nested) Newton method of Casulli et al. The pressure system becomes linear when the specific internal energy is a linear function of the pressure. The time step of the scheme is restricted by a CFL condition based only on the fluid velocity and the Alfvén wave speed and is not based on the speed of the magnetosonic waves. Being a semi‐implicit pressure‐based scheme, our new method is therefore particularly well suited for low Mach number flows and for the incompressible limit of the MHD equations, for which it is well known that explicit density‐based Godunov‐type finite volume solvers become increasingly inefficient and inaccurate because of the more and more stringent CFL condition and the wrong scaling of the numerical viscosity in the incompressible limit. We show a relevant MHD test problem in the low Mach number regime where the new semi‐implicit algorithm is a factor of 50 faster than a traditional explicit finite volume method, which is a very significant gain in terms of computational efficiency. However, our numerical results confirm that our new method performs well also for classical MHD test cases with strong shocks. In this sense, our new scheme is a true all Mach number flow solver.
Developing a physical influence upwind scheme for pressure‐based cell‐centered finite volume methods
Authors: Vakilipour Shidvash , Mohammadi Masoud , Badrkhani Vahid , Ormiston Scott
Published: September 2018

In the framework of a cell‐centered finite volume method (FVM), the advection scheme plays the most important role in developing FVMs to solve complicated fluid flow problems for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. Advection schemes have been widely developed for FVMs employing pressure‐velocity coupling methodology in the incompressible flow limit. In this regard, the physical influence upwind scheme (PIS) is developed for a cell‐centered finite volume coupled solver (FVCS) using a pressure‐weighted interpolation method for linking the pressure and velocity fields. The well‐known exponential differencing scheme and skew upwind differencing scheme are also deployed in the current FVCS and their numerical results are presented. The accuracy and convergence of the present PIS are evaluated solving flow in a lid‐driven square cavity, a lid‐driven skewed cavity, and over a backward‐facing step (BFS). The flow within the lid‐driven square cavity is numerically solved at Reynolds numbers from 400 to 10 000 on a relatively coarse mesh with respect to other reported solutions. The lid‐driven skewed cavity test case at Reynolds number of 1000 demonstrates the numerical performance of the present PIS on nonorthogonal grids. The flow over a BFS at Reynolds number of 800 is numerically solved to examine capabilities of current FVCS employing the current PIS in inlet‐outlet flow computations. The numerical results obtained by the current PIS are in excellent agreement with those of benchmark solutions of corresponding test cases. Incorporating implicit role of pressure terms in a pressure‐weighted interpolation method and development of PIS provides satisfactory solution convergence alongside the numerical accuracy for the current FVCS. A particular numerical verification is performed for the V velocity calculation within the BFS flow field, which confirms the reliability of present PIS.
Partial‐least‐squares and canonical‐correlation analysis of chemical constituents and active ingredients of new types of Chinese mulberries
Authors: Sun Rui , Sun Lei , Han Chuanming
Published: September 2018

Objective

To investigate the correlation between chemical constituents and active ingredients of 13 types of Chinese mulberry fruits.

Methods

Thirteen types mulberry fruits were harvested. The correlation between chemical constituents and active ingredients (primarily anthocyanins and rutins) of 13 new types of Chinese mulberries was assessed using partial‐least‐squares, principle‐component and canonical‐correlation analyses.

Results

Vitamin C and titratable acid in the mulberry fruits were critical components that affected the active ingredients, especially anthocyanins and rutins. The content of titratable acid content was related to the fruit flavor and maintained the balance of anthocyanins, vitamin C and rutins. Mineral elements, such as Zn and Cu, also played a vital role in these processes. Low contents of sugar, crude protein, crude fat and pectin were significantly correlated with the mineral elements.

Conclusion

Chemical constituents and mineral elements can mutually affect the concentration. It provides a novel method for any changes in the quality of new types of Chinese mulberries, which can identify the sources of new types of natural antioxidants.
High‐Mobility Group Box‐1 and Liver Disease
Authors: Gaskell Harriet , Ge Xiaodong , Nieto Natalia
Published: September 2018

High‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous protein. While initially thought to be simply an architectural protein due to its DNA‐binding ability, evidence from the last decade suggests that HMGB1 is a key protein participating in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury and chronic liver disease. When it is passively released or actively secreted after injury, HMGB1 acts as a damage‐associated molecular pattern that communicates injury and inflammation to neighboring cells by the receptor for advanced glycation end products or toll‐like receptor 4, among others. In the setting of acute liver injury, HMGB1 participates in ischemia/reperfusion, sepsis, and drug‐induced liver injury. In the context of chronic liver disease, it has been implicated in alcoholic liver disease, liver fibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, specific posttranslational modifications have been identified that could condition the effects of the protein in the liver. Here, we provide a detailed review of how HMGB1 signaling participates in acute liver injury and chronic liver disease.
Therapeutic potency of Wnt signaling antagonists in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, current status and perspectives
Authors: Pashirzad Mehran , Shafiee Mojtaba , Khazaei Majid , Fiuji Hamid , Ryzhikov Mikhail , Soleimanpour Saman , Hesari AmirReza , Avan Amir , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi
Published: September 2018

Prostate cancer is a major cause of cancer‐related death in males. Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of this disease by regulating angiogenesis, drug resistance, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Suppression of Wnt canonical or noncanonical signaling pathways via Wnt biological or pharmacological antagonists is a potentially novel therapeutic approach for patients with prostate cancer. This review summarizes the role of Wnt signaling inhibitors in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
A Phase 1, Multiple‐Dose Study of Vedolizumab in Japanese Patients With Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Kobayashi Kiyonori , Suzuki Yasuo , Watanabe Kenji , Oda Kazunori , Mukae Miyuki , Yamada Akihiro , Yamagami Hirokazu , Nishimura Akira , Okamoto Hiroyuki
Published: September 2018

Although previous studies have shown that patients with ulcerative colitis may benefit from treatment with vedolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the α4β7 integrin heterodimer, no data exist in Japanese populations. The aim of this phase 1, open‐label, multicenter study was to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of vedolizumab in Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis. Adult patients with confirmed ulcerative colitis received either 150 mg (step 1) or 300 mg (step 2) of intravenous (IV) vedolizumab on days 1, 15, and 43 of the study protocol. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, safety, and efficacy parameters were all assessed through study end (day 239). Nine patients were enrolled in this study (150 mg, n = 3; 300 mg, n = 6). Patients who received vedolizumab IV 300 mg had approximately twice the drug exposure of those receiving vedolizumab IV 150 mg (day 1 AUCday14 744 vs 408 μg·d/mL) and a longer‐lasting maximal saturation of α4β7 integrin (155 vs 99 days). The number of treatment‐emergent adverse events, all of which were mild or moderate in intensity, was similar between the 150‐mg (15 events) and 300‐mg (20 events) groups. The 2 patients (150 mg group) not in clinical remission by partial Mayo score at the start of the study met the criteria for clinical remission on days 15 and 155 of the study, respectively. In conclusion, in Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis, vedolizumab showed similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results to those seen in non‐Japanese patients. Vedolizumab was well tolerated and demonstrated clinical activity consistent with previous studies.
Is there a quiescent typhoon season over the western North Pacific following a strong El Niño event?
Authors: Wang Chao , Wu Liguang , Zhao Haikun , Cao Jian , Tian Wei
Published: September 2018

Previous studies found that tropical cyclone (TC) formation is generally suppressed over the western North Pacific (WNP) following strong El Niño events. The 2015/2016 event is identified as one of the three major El Niño events since 1950. However, a climatological average of 26 named TCs occurred over the WNP in 2016. The plausible causes for this inconsistency are investigated in this study.

By examining the historical records, we also found that 28 named TCs occurred over the WNP following 1991/1992 El Niño. For most strong El Niño cases, the suppressed TC formation in the ensuing early season (January–June) can persist to the peak season and lead to the negative TC frequency anomalies. However, TC formation turns to be active during August–October in 1992 and 2016, offsetting the suppressed TC formation in the early season and thus resulting in the climatological annual TC counts. It is found that anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) cooling over the north Indian Ocean and SST warming over the tropical North Pacific contribute to the enhanced TC formation in 1992 by stimulating an anomalous cyclonic circulation over the WNP, while the tri‐polar SST pattern across the tropical Indo‐western Pacific Ocean and the related convergence zone over 130°–160°E are responsible for the enhanced TC formation in 2016. The results indicate the crucial role of SST evolution over the north Indian Ocean and tropical Pacific in TC formation following strong El Niño events, which has important implication for the seasonal forecasting of TC activity over the WNP.
Ameliorative effect of hesperidin on ligation‐induced periodontitis in rats
Authors: Kuo Po‐Jan , Fu Earl , Lin Chi‐Yu , Ku Cheng‐Te , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Fu Martin MJ , Fu Min‐Wen , Tu Hsiao‐Pei , Chiu Hsien‐Chung
Published: September 2018

Background

This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of hesperidin (HES), an anti‐inflammatory flavanone, in rats with ligation (Lig)‐induced periodontitis.

Methods

A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into non‐ligation group (NL), Lig group, and two ligation‐plus‐HES groups (L+H). HES was administered immediately after ligature placement at a dose of 75 or 150 mg/kg by intragastric feeding. Destruction of the ligated maxillary second and mandibular first molars were evaluated by dental radiography, microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT), and histometry performed after sacrificing the rats on the seventh day. The expression levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) messenger (m)RNAs in the gingiva were determined by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of iNOS was examined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

The dental radiography and micro‐CT findings revealed significantly increased alveolar bone loss in the Lig group, which was significantly prevented by HES. The histometry results revealed less gingival inflammation and connective tissue loss in the L+H groups compared with that in the Lig group. The mRNA expression levels of IL‐6, IL‐1 β, and iNOS were significantly increased in the Lig group but were reduced in the L+H groups. The immunostaining results showed that the ligation‐induced iNOS expression was also decreased by HES.

Conclusions

Oral administration of HES promotes an ameliorative effect against the ligation‐induced alveolar bone loss and effectively inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis. Therefore, HES may be a good candidate for modulating oral inflammatory diseases.
Impact of polyphenols on the headspace concentration of aroma compounds in apple cider
Authors: Guo Jing , Yue Tianli , Yuan Yahong
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

To study the effect of polyphenols on the release of aroma compounds in apple cider, the impact of (−)‐epicatechin, hydrocaffeic acid and phloridzin on volatility of 12 typical aroma compounds was investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Analysis of variance results showed that increased concentrations of the phenolic compounds significantly affected the headspace concentration of most aroma compounds. The three polyphenols induced a volatility decrease for the majority of hydrophobic aroma compounds, while they exhibited an opposite behavior by salting out some hydrophilic alcohols. (−)‐Epicatechin and hydrocaffeic acid showed a higher retention effect on most hydrophobic aroma compounds than phloridzin did.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that the polyphenols had varying effects on aroma compound volatility in apple cider. The physicochemical characteristics and spatial conformation of polyphenols and aroma compounds influenced the magnitude of aroma–polyphenol interaction in apple cider. Understanding the effects of polyphenols on aroma release can improve the prediction of aroma profiles through chemical analysis, which assists cidermakers in improving the aroma quality of apple cider. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Let's stay together: A survey of relationships between American university presses and their host institutions
Authors: Bayer Lisa
Published: September 2018

Key points

American university presses have widely varying organizational and cultural relationships with their host institutions.

A survey of primarily US university presses, including the University of Georgia Press, reveals a range of strategies, most of which involved close collaboration with the parent organization.

Of 44 presses responding to the survey, 43 said that they purposely align their mission and publishing activities with those of their host institution.
Free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap for external hemipelvectomy reconstruction
Authors: Tashiro Kensuke , Arikawa Masaki , Fukunaga Yutaka , Nakatani Fumihiko , Kobayashi Eisuke , Kawai Akira , Miyamoto Shimpei
Published: September 2018

Introduction

External hemipelvectomy is one of the most extensive surgical procedures for locally advanced pelvic tumors. Stump coverage with the local tissues can be difficult in recurrent cases. Herein, we report our experience with immediate stump coverage using a free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous (LDMC) flap after external hemipelvectomy for recurrent pelvic malignancies.

Methods

Six patients underwent external hemipelvectomy and immediate reconstruction using a free LDMC flap between November 2012 and June 2017. The mean age of the patients was 65 years (range: 63–69 years). The primary tumors were myxoid liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and pleomorphic liposarcoma. A free LDMC flap was harvested from the ipsilateral back and transferred to the defect. When an intercostal nerve was found at the recipient site, the thoracodorsal nerve was coaptated with the intercostal nerve to reinnervate the muscle.

Results

The mean flap size was 23 × 10 cm and the range was 20 × 8–27 × 13.5 cm. The contralateral deep inferior epigastric vessels were used as recipient vessels in all patients. Thoracodorsal–intercostal nerve coaptation was performed in 2 patients. The flap survived in all patients. Three patients had complications of abscess formation. No patient developed postoperative hernia.

Conclusion

Although it is challenging to do reconstruction after external hemipelvectomy, a free LDMC flap has several advantages, including a large coverage area, stability of circulation, ease of elevation, and preservation of the strength of the remaining abdominal wall. Technical tips for selecting anastomosis vessels are important and nerve coaptation could be effective.
Effect of food insecurity on food purchases at home
Authors: Silva Andrés , Von Hausen Nicolas , Magaña‐Lemus David
Published: September 2018

Previous research has established a relationship between income and food security. In this article, we examine the effect of food security on food purchases, specifically on five food‐at‐home groups. Using a set of Tobit models, and after controlling for a set of confounding factors, we show that food security perception leads to the purchase of fruit and vegetables, meats and eggs, and dairy products while decreasing the purchase of fat and carbohydrates. However, we cannot be certain of the actual nutritional effect.
Performance analysis of future PEA distribution networks under high penetration of PEV home charging using the Monte Carlo method
Authors: Klayklueng Thongchai , Dechanupaprittha Sanchai
Published: September 2018

This article presents the performance analysis of future Provincial Electricity Authority of Thailand (PEA) distribution networks under high penetration of plug‐in electric vehicle (PEV) home charging using the Monte Carlo method. Network performance indices considered in this study are the voltage profile, power losses, load factor, and voltage unbalance. The voltage profile and power losses are evaluated based on the PEA criteria. In addition, the voltage unbalance factors (%VUF) are evaluated according to the IEC 61000‐2‐4: 2000‐06 standards. A selected PEA distribution network based on the existing data is used for the simulation study with the DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The penetration of PEV home charging at each node and phase is assigned using the Monte Carlo method, which in particular is used to randomly generate patterns of PEV charging behaviors. The simulation study presents five cases; the average points of charge, max‐to‐min charge, min‐to‐max charge, central feeder charge, and random point of charge. All cases are compared with a base case (without PEVs). Charging scenarios at phases ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ are assumed having overlapped time duration. The PEV charging duration per phase is assumed 6 h. Simulation results indicate that PEV charging time, charging point, and penetration levels at each phase and node are significant factors impacting the network performance. Voltage profiles slightly drop in all cases, meanwhile the average voltage drop increases by 7% compared with the base case; case 3 has the maximum voltage drop, which is deeper than PEA criteria. The power losses increase in all cases. The average power losses have increased by 103.52%. The %VUF increases gradually with the length of the feeder. The maximum %VUF occurs at the end of the feeder for all cases and is higher than 2.0% of the IEC standard. On the other hand, PEV charging improves the load factor. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Governance‐related values as dimensions of good water governance
Authors: Schulz Christopher
Published: September 2018

While many studies have investigated governance‐related values such as sustainability, economic efficiency, or social justice as dimensions of good water governance, the concept of governance‐related values as a separate category of values has received considerably less attention. The present study reviews existing, mostly normative work on governance‐related values and water governance from various disciplines, including policy‐oriented and water ethics literature. The review points towards a lack of studies that seek to understand empirically how governance‐related values are perceived and related in the mind of the public as well as among relevant stakeholders. The study proceeds with an illustration of how quantitative research methods can be used to study these linkages in practice. It uses data from a large household survey on public preferences for governance‐related values conducted in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, and examines these with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques. The results suggest that there may be three relevant broad categories of governance‐related values, namely democratic governance‐related values, economic governance‐related values, and scientific governance‐related values. The article concludes by pointing out the need for further empirical research and academic debate on the fundamental ways in which governance‐related values are interrelated as dimensions of good water governance, and environmental governance more broadly.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water Governance

Human Water > Value of Water

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications
Authors: Stroup T. Scott , Gray Neil
Published: September 2018

The benefits of antipsychotic medications are sometimes obscured by their adverse effects. These effects range from relatively minor tolerability issues (e.g., mild sedation or dry mouth) to very unpleasant (e.g., constipation, akathisia, sexual dysfunction) to painful (e.g., acute dystonias) to disfiguring (e.g., weight gain, tardive dyskinesia) to life‐threatening (e.g., myocarditis, agranulocytosis). Importantly, adverse effect profiles are specific to each antipsychotic medication and do not neatly fit into first‐ and second‐generation classifications. This paper reviews management strategies for the most frequent side effects and identifies common principles intended to optimize net antipsychotic benefits. Only use antipsychotics if the indication is clear; only continue antipsychotics if a benefit is discernible. If an antipsychotic is providing substantial benefit, and the adverse effect is not life‐threatening, then the first management choice is to lower the dose or adjust the dosing schedule. The next option is to change the antipsychotic; this is often reasonable unless the risk of relapse is high. In some instances, behavioral interventions can be tried. Finally, concomitant medications, though generally not desirable, are necessary in many instances and can provide considerable relief. Among concomitant medication strategies, anticholinergic medications for dystonias and parkinsonism are often effective; beta‐blockers and anticholinergic medications are useful for akathisia; and metformin may lead to slight to moderate weight loss. Anticholinergic drops applied sublingually reduce sialorrhea. Usual medications are effective for constipation or dyslipidemias. The clinical utility of recently approved treatments for tardive dyskinesia, valbenazine and deutetrabenazine, is unclear.
Clinical utility of ICD‐11 diagnostic guidelines for high‐burden mental disorders: results from mental health settings in 13 countries
Authors: Reed Geoffrey M. , Keeley Jared W. , Rebello Tahilia J. , First Michael B. , Gureje Oye , Ayuso‐Mateos José Luis , Kanba Shigenobu , Khoury Brigitte , Kogan Cary S. , Krasnov Valery N. , Maj Mario , de Jesus Mari Jair , Sharan Pratap , Stein Dan J. , Zhao Min , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Andrews Howard F. , Asevedo Elson , Cheour Majda , Domínguez‐Martínez Tecelli , El‐Khoury Joseph , Fiorillo Andrea , Grenier Jean , Gupta Nitin , Kola Lola , Kulygina Maya , Leal‐Leturia Itziar , Luciano Mario , Lusu Bulumko , Martínez‐López J. Nicolás I. , Matsumoto Chihiro , Odunleye Mayokun , Onofa Lucky Umukoro , Paterniti Sabrina , Purnima Shivani , Robles Rebeca , Sahu Manoj K. , Sibeko Goodman , Zhong Na , Gaebel Wolfgang , Lovell Anne M. , Maruta Toshimasa , Pike Kathleen M. , Roberts Michael C. , Medina‐Mora María Elena
Published: September 2018

In this paper we report the clinical utility of the diagnostic guidelines for ICD‐11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders as assessed by 339 clinicians in 1,806 patients in 28 mental health settings in 13 countries. Clinician raters applied the guidelines for schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders, mood disorders (depressive and bipolar disorders), anxiety and fear‐related disorders, and disorders specifically associated with stress. Clinician ratings of the clinical utility of the proposed ICD‐11 diagnostic guidelines were very positive overall. The guidelines were perceived as easy to use, corresponding accurately to patients’ presentations (i.e., goodness of fit), clear and understandable, providing an appropriate level of detail, taking about the same or less time than clinicians’ usual practice, and providing useful guidance about distinguishing disorder from normality and from other disorders. Clinicians evaluated the guidelines as less useful for treatment selection and assessing prognosis than for communicating with other health professionals, though the former ratings were still positive overall. Field studies that assess perceived clinical utility of the proposed ICD‐11 diagnostic guidelines among their intended users have very important implications. Classification is the interface between health encounters and health information; if clinicians do not find that a new diagnostic system provides clinically useful information, they are unlikely to apply it consistently and faithfully. This would have a major impact on the validity of aggregated health encounter data used for health policy and decision making. Overall, the results of this study provide considerable reason to be optimistic about the perceived clinical utility of the ICD‐11 among global clinicians.
Some solutions of minimaxmax problems for the torsional displacements of rectangular plates
Authors: Antunes Pedro R.S. , Gazzola Filippo
Published: September 2018

We consider an optimal shape problem aiming to reduce the torsional displacements of a partially hinged rectangular plate. The cost functional is the gap function, namely the maximum difference of displacements between the two free edges of the plate. We seek optimal shapes for reinforcements in order to minimize the gap function. This leads to a minimaxmax problem that we address both theoretically and numerically in some particular situations. Our results are in line with the expected behavior of bridges and they also give some hints for designs of future bridges.
The Attention Economy
Authors: Hendricks Vincent F. , Vestergaard Mads
Published: September 2018

According to legend, Abraham Lincoln was willing to walk several miles in order to borrow a book while growing up in Indiana during the early nineteenth century. “My best friend is the man who’ll get me a book I ain’t read,” young Lincoln is reported to have said. Literature was scarce, difficult to access, and precious. Not only literature but information in general was hard to come by. Whether news from afar, new knowledge and insight, or simple entertainment, it usually took effort and came at considerable expense to get hold of information.
The News Market
Authors: Hendricks Vincent F. , Vestergaard Mads
Published: September 2018

At a conference in San Francisco in February 2016, CBS Chairman and CEO Leslie Moonves conveyed the following pertaining to the US Presidential Election and Donald Trump’s candidacy:
The Post-factual Democracy
Authors: Hendricks Vincent F. , Vestergaard Mads
Published: September 2018

In 2016 “post-truth” was the word of the year in Oxford Dictionaries. Post-truth is defined as “relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief’.” Oxford attributed the nomination to the fact that post-truth went from a peripheral concept to exploding in popularity in 2016 pace the British vote on the EU leading to Brexit and with the American presidential election.
On the physical process first law for dynamical black holes
Authors: Mishra Akash , Chakraborty Sumanta , Ghosh Avirup , Sarkar Sudipta
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Physical process version of the first law of black hole mechanics relates the change in entropy of a perturbed Killing horizon, between two asymptotic cross sections, to the matter flow into the horizon. Here, we study the mathematical structure of the physical process first law for a general diffeomorphism invariant theory of gravity. We analyze the effect of ambiguities in the Wald’s definition of entropy on the physical process first law. We show that for linearized perturbations, the integrated version of the physical process law, which determines the change of entropy between two asymptotic cross-sections, is independent of these ambiguities. In case of entropy change between two intermediate cross sections of the horizon, we show that it inherits additional contributions, which coincide with the membrane energy associated with the horizon fluid. Using this interpretation, we write down a physical process first law for entropy change between two arbitrary non-stationary cross sections of the horizon for both general relativity and Lanczos-Lovelock gravity.