bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Phenol, Formaldehyde and their Mixtures by Photocatalytic and Biological Methods
Authors: Araña J. , Melián J. A. Herrera , Ortega J. A. , Sánchez J. I. Macías , Peña J. Pérez
Published: November 2016

Phenol and formaldehyde are toxic compounds present in many industrial wastewaters. Particularly, in synthetic resin producing industries the concentrations of one or both of these organics can reach concentrations of grams per litre. In the present work, the degradation of phenol, formaline (formaldehyde: methanol mixture) and their mixtures with photocatalytic and biological methods has been studied to determine the best strategy for the treatment of wastewaters containing those organics. Photocatalytic studies in batch and in continuous (by dosing) have been performed. Experiments in batch showed that formaline slows down phenol degradation. Another set of experiments with phenol-methanol mixtures revealed that the presence of this alcohol also slows down the degradation of phenol but less than the mixture formaldehyde: methanol. FTIR studies indicated the formation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde as a result of phenol-formaldehyde interaction with the catalyst surface. Thus, the lower phenol degradation rate is attributed to the formation of this aldehyde on the surface of the catalyst in addition to the ·OH scavenging effect of methanol. This inhibitory effect in the degradation was overcome by dosing the influent into the photocatalytic reactor. In the present work the biological systems have been employed to optimise and speed up the degradation process of phenol-formaldehyde mixtures. These systems have shown lower detoxification efficiency of the samples in comparison with that of the photocatalytic method with dosing. Taking into account the obtained results of degradation and toxicity, a novedous process consisting of a biological treatment followed by a photocatalytic one with dosage for the treatment of formaldehyde-phenol containing wastewaters is proposed.
Photocatalytic Inactivation of Wild and Hyper-Adherent E. Coli Strains in Presence of Suspended or Supported TiO2. Influence of the Isoelectric Point of the Particle Size and of the Adsorptive Properties of Titania
Authors: Bui T-H. , Felix C. , Pigeot-Remy S. , Herrmanna J-M. , Lejeune P. , Guillard C.
Published: November 2016

The photocatalytic inactivation of two E. coli strains, a wild strain and a hyper-adherent strain, was examined using two industrial TiO
Comparison of UV- and UV/VUV-Induced Photolytic and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol, with Particular Emphasis on the Intermediates
Authors: Alapi Tünde , Gajda-Schrantz Krisztina , Ilisz István , Mogyorósi Károly , Sipos Pál , Dombi András
Published: November 2016

The application of UV photolysis (254 nm), UV/VUV photolysis (254/185 nm) and heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO
Chemical Treatment by Fenton’s Reagent Oxidation and Ozonation of Wastewaters from Olive Oil Mill
Authors: Garcia Juan , Beltran-Heredia Jesus
Published: November 2016

In this work olive oil mill wastewater has been treated as first step by means of a Fenton’s reagent process and later by an ozonation treatment, in batch reactors in both cases. In the Fenton’s reagent oxidation step, a reduction of 33% and 90% is obtained for chemical oxygen demand and total polyphenolic compounds, respectively. In the ozonation step, ozone partial pressure and temperature were varied leading to chemical oxygen demand removal in the range 5 - 17% and total polyphenolic compounds removal in the range 26 - 62%. A kinetic study, which consideres mixed flow reactor model for both phases, allows to determine the rate constant for the ozone reaction in the reduction of chemical oxygen demand and total polyphenolic compounds. Kinetic rate constants were correlated with temperature to Arrhenius equations.
Synthesis of TiO2/Au Nanocomposites via Sol-Gel Process for Photooxidation of Methanol
Authors: Ismail Adel A. , Bahnemann Detlef W.
Published: November 2016

Well-ordered TiO
Design of CeyCoxTi (1-x) O3+δ Perovskite for Photocatalysis: A Statistical Study
Authors: Hudaya Tedi , Qazaq Amjad S. , Lucien Frank P. , Adesina Adesoji A.
Published: November 2016

The influence of metal composition and preparation pH on the properties and photoactivity of sol-gel synthesised Ce
Application of Photocatalysis for the Removal of Natural Organic Matter in Simulated Surface and Ground Waters
Authors: Uyguner Ceyda Senem , Bekbolet Miray
Published: November 2016

Natural organic matter (NOM) is known to be present in all natural water systems. Due to the different characteristics of surface and ground waters, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of NOMdepends on several inhibiting and enhancing factors. The presence of hardness causing divalent cations (Ca
The Kinetics of Semiconductor Photocatalysis in Activity-Indicator Films
Authors: Mills Andrew , Cusick Alix , Hepburn James
Published: November 2016

The kinetics of dye reduction, in photocatalyst indicator ink films on self cleaning glass, is studied with respect to dye concentration. The water-based, photocatalyst indicator inks comprised a redox dye, D
Comparison of Emerging NSAID Pollutants Degradation in Aqueous Media by O3/UV-VIS Processes
Authors: Coelho Alessandra , Méndez-Arriaga Fabiola , Sans Carmen , Dezotti Márcia , Esplugas Santiago , Giménez Jaime
Published: November 2016

This paper studies the degradation and enhancement of biodegradability of Diclofenac and Ibuprofen, two widely used Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), by means of O
Scope of Metal Loaded Microporous Zeolite-Y as Catalyst in Ozone Initiated Oxidation of n-hexadecane
Authors: Pullabhotla V. S. R. Rajasekhar , Jonnalagadda S. B.
Published: November 2016

The efficiency of metal loaded microporous materials, zeolite-Y as catalysts in the ozone initiated oxy-functionalisation of long chained n-alkanes is investigated at moderate temperature (20 ± 1 °C) and pressure conditions (1 atm.). The efficiencies of 0.5% Pd, Ni, V and U loaded microporous zeolite-Y catalysts on ozonation of higher alkanes (n-hexadecane), with respect to the conversion and transformation towards keto products are compared. In the catalysed ozonation, n-hexadecane is converted to 4-, 3- and 2- keto isomers as major products with varied selectivity and % conversions. A plausible mechanism assuming the chemisorption of the substrate molecule on the catalyst surface and further electron transfer between the metal ion loaded on the zeolite support and the active intermediate formed in course of reaction for the ozone initiated oxidation of n-hexadecane with heterogeneous Ni loaded Na-Y zeolite catalyst is proposed.
Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-doped TiO2 Film
Authors: Li Xuandong , Han Xijiang , Wang Wenying , Wang Xiangyu , Sun Haojie , Liu Xinrong , Liu Huiling
Published: November 2016

Ag-doped TiO
Degradation of Pesticide by Photocatalytic Ozonation Process and Study of Synergistic Effect by Comparison with Photocatalysis and UV/Ozonation Processes
Authors: Rajeswari R. , Kanmani S.
Published: November 2016

Synergistic effect of TiO
Removal of SO2 by Gas-Phase Oxidation Using DBD Micro-gap Discharge Plasma
Authors: Bai Mindong , Zhang Zhitao , Bai Mindi , Pan Qiaoyuan , Bai Xiyao
Published: November 2016

In this paper, four kinds of discharge at high pressure (≥10
Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Aqueous Solution at Ambient Conditions Stimulated by Gold Containing Zinc- Titanium Oxide Films
Authors: Linnik Oksana , Manuilov Evgenij , Snegir Sergii , Smirnova Natalia , Eremenko Anna
Published: November 2016

Incorporation of gold species in the matrix of titania and zinc-containing titania films was applied for an improvement of their photocatalytic capability in the tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) destruction. Two different procedures of the gold metal generation by photo-thermo-reduction method were tested in this process. Multi-layered coatings of these films enhanced the rate of TC degradation as well as had effect on the reaction products. Reproducibility of the film activity was observed after several irradiation procedures without any additional treatment of the catalyst. Surface plasmon resonance band of gold nanoparticles was obviously shifted to the blue region in UV-vis absorption spectrum as a result of light action supposing the gold oxidation to ionic species. The plasmon band completely reverted to the original one upon exposure to air in the dark. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization measurements confirmed the destruction of the cyclic structure of the antibiotics molecule.
Production of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Nanostructures from Dye Wastewater Sludge - Characterisation and Evaluation of Photocatalytic activity
Authors: El Saliby Ibrahim J. , Shon H. K. , Okour Yousef H. , Vigneswaran Saravanamuthu , Senthilnanthanan Meena , Kandasamy Jaya
Published: November 2016

Producing a useful catalyst (TiO
Nonthermal Plasma Destruction of Trifluoromethane Using a Dielectric- Packed Bed Reactor
Authors: Kim D.-H. , Mok Y. S. , Lee S.-B. , Shin S. M.
Published: November 2016

Nonthermal plasma destruction of trifluoromethane (CHF
Chlorophenols Contaminated Soil Remediation by Peroxidation
Authors: Goi Anna , Trapido Marina
Published: November 2016

The treatment with new peroxygen chemicals, such as calcium or magnesium peroxide and persulphate, was found to be effective for the chlorophenols contaminated soil remediation at natural soil pH. Contaminants in soil could be degraded with the addition of hydrogen peroxide or persulphate only indicating possible ability of natural catalysts presented in soil to activate the reaction of remedial chemicals decomposition. Chlorophenols could be also effectively (up to 80%) degraded, depending on the dosage, with the addition of calcium and magnesium peroxides. The combined strong remedies (hydrogen peroxide/persulphate) system was found to be an effective alternative for chlorophenols degradation in soil leading to a substantial organically bounded chlorine mineralization. The implementation of the treatment methods utilizing new chemicals of the peroxygen group was competitive with the treatment by hydrogen peroxide, resulting in a close or more effective degradation of chlorophenols in soil.
Arc Plasma for Materials Detoxification and their Conversion
Authors: Kolacinski Zbigniew , Szymanski Lukasz , Raniszewski Grzegorz
Published: November 2016

The paper presents own experience examples of plasma employing methods for gas and fluid waste destruction and solid waste conversion into valuable materials or products. Three of own design plasma reactors ROTARC, SPIRARC, PDUCR have been successfully used in the laboratory testing for gas and fluid chlorinated wastes and spent fluid chemical reagents destruction. A new approach to utilisation of mineral wastes using electric arc has been also presented. An immersed arc-plasma furnace IAF has been designed for this purpose. The conversion of toxic waste to the form of environmentally friendly and useful building materials is presented.
Ultrasound Synergistic Effect on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Eriochrome Blue Black B, C.I. Reactive Yellow 84, C.I. Reactive Red 195 and Methyl Orange in the Presence of Nanostructure Zinc Oxide Thin Film in Aqueous Environment
Authors: Habibi Mohammad Hossein , Sardashti Mohammad Khaledi
Published: November 2016

Because of the extensive use and excessive release of various dyes, the economical and efficient methods for treatment of wastewater and cleanup of dyes are needed. This study discusses the effects of ultrasound (US) irradiation on the degradation of Eriochrome blue black B (EBB), C.I. Reactive Yellow 84 (RY84), C.I. Reactive Red 195 (RR195) and methyl orange (MO) in UV/ZnO thin film system. The objective is to determine the ultrasound synergistic effect on the photocatalytic degradation of different dyes in the presence of nanostructure zinc oxide thin film (ZnO-TF) systems. In this paper, zinc oxide thin films were coated on glass through a simple spin and dip-coating method. The synthesized samples were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Ultrasonic, UV irradiation and zinc oxide thin film (US/UV/ZnO-TF) system was used to degrade the above dyes in aqueous solution. The concentration of dyes was measured by UV-vis spectra at regular time intervals. It was found that the degradation ratio of EBB, RY84, RR195 and MO in the presence of US/UV/ZnO-TF system was much better than ultrasonic irradiation alone. Experiments were conducted at initial [Dye]=5.0 mg/L, ultrasonic frequency of 80 kHz, pH = 6.0 within 15 min. Reactive Yellow 84 and Reactive Red 195 were mineralized and ca. 95% TOC reduction was achieved by ultrasound and UV-visible light irradiation using ZnO-TF. Methyl orange was degraded more slowly than the others. Final products were, in all cases, CO
A Brief Survey of the Potential Health Risks of TiO2 Particles and TiO2- Containing Photocatalytic or Non-Photocatalytic Materials
Authors: Pichat Pierre
Published: November 2016

In the past, TiO
Photocatalysis and Catalytic Properties of Nano-sized N-TiO2 Catalyst Synthesized by Sol-gel Methods
Authors: Lin Yao-Tung , Weng Chih-Huang , Tzeng Tai Wei
Published: November 2016

Nitrogen-doped TiO
Comparing the Formation of Bromate and Bromoform Due to Ozonation and UV-TiO2 Oxidation in Seawater
Authors: Brookman Ryan M. , Lamsal Rupa , Gagnon Graham A.
Published: November 2016

This study compared bromate formation between ozonation and UV with suspended titanium dioxide (TiO
Significance of TiO2 Photocatalysis for Green Chemistry
Authors: Ravelli Davide , Fagnoni Maurizio , Dondi Daniele , Albini Angelo
Published: November 2016

The role of titanium dioxide photocatalysis in the frame of green chemistry is discussed on the basis of a review of published life cycle assessments. It appears that the environmental impact of photocatalysis when applied to the mineralization of pollutants is generally worse than that of other advanced oxidation processes when lamps are used, but becomes appealing under solar light. The potential of photocatalysis for organic synthesis - that in principle should minimize the generation of pollutants - is likewise discussed. Here again, however, the method is competitive with thermal procedures only when solar light is used.
A Study on the Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection Byproducts Formation Potential from Groundwater Using Fenton’s Process
Authors: Molnar Jelena J. , Agbaba Jasmina R. , Dalmacija Božo D. , Rončević Srđan D. , Maletić Snežana P. , Kragulj Marijana M.
Published: November 2016

This work investigates the efficiency of the Fenton process in removing natural organic matter (NOM) from groundwater. Previous studies focused mostly on the use of Fenton’s process to remove total organic matter, but this research also studies the conditions leading to the formation of hazardous disinfection by-product precursors, and their removal. Solutions of a commercial humic acid as a model of NOM and natural groundwater as a real matrix rich in NOM (dissolved organic carbon, DOC=9.92±0.87 mg/L) were studied. Under optimum reaction conditions, the respective removal efficiencies (expressed as DOC) were 95% from commercial humic acid solution and 82% from groundwater. The decrease in DOC resulted in 99% decrease of the content of precursors of trihalomethanes (THMs) and 98% of haloacetic acids (HAAs) for the investigated matrixes. Precursors of haloacetonitriles, haloketones and chloropicrin were detected at much lower concentrations than the THMs and HAAs precursors.
Formal Bimolecular Kinetic Model for the Ozonation of Ciprofloxacin in the Liquid Phase
Authors: Heynderickx Philippe M. , Demeestere Kristof , Dewulf Jo , De Witte Bavo , Van Langenhove Herman
Published: November 2016

A bimolecular kinetic model is proposed for the liquid phase ozonation of organic components, incorporating direct and indirect ozonation by means of bimolecular reaction steps. One of the advantages of this model is that all radicals, present in the liquid phase, are lumped into one concentration, reducing the number of kinetic parameters. The main objective of this paper is to determine the degradation kinetics of ciprofloxacin (CIP), as model component for the class of fluoroquinolones, in order to validate the proposed kinetic model on available experimental data, obtained in a lab scale bubble column reactor. Additionally, different reactor models such as a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and a plug flow reactor (PFR) are compared in the description of the experimental data. A realistic mass transfer coefficient for ozone from the gas to the liquid phase of 1.65 10
Removing Estrogenic Steroids from Waters: The Role of Reducing Hydrated Electron Reactions
Authors: Rickman Kimberly A. , Mezyk Stephen P.
Published: November 2016

The presence of both synthetic and natural steroids in waters is currently one of the most pressing concerns to water treatment utilities. The use of radical-based advanced oxidation/reduction processes (AO/RPs) to augment standard water treatment methods may be of interest. In support of the application of these AO/RP rate constants have been determined for the reaction of the reducing hydrated electron (e
Recent Progress of Nano-Seconds Pulsed Discharge and its Applications
Authors: Wang Douyan , Namihira Takao , Akiyama Hidenori
Published: November 2016

Non-thermal plasma has been widely used for various applications. The observation of discharge plasmas is an essential aspect for understanding the plasma physics of this growing field. Generally, a pulsed discharge having time duration of 100s nanoseconds consists of streamer head propagation, glow-like discharge and arc discharge phases. It is well known that the propagation phenomenon of the streamer head between electrodes is strongly influenced by the polarity of the applied voltage. Typically, both of the positive and negative streamer heads propagate with the acceleration, and the propagation velocity of the positive streamer head is faster than that of the negative one. In the present study, a nano-seconds pulsed power generator which can generate a pulsed voltage with 5 ns of duration and 2.5 ns of rise and fall times was developed, and the propagation of the positive and negative streamer heads were observed using this generator. The results show that the discharge phenomena are totally different from the general pulsed discharge. The average propagation velocity of the nano-seconds streamer heads was 6.1 mm/ns for 67 kV applied voltage, which is five times faster than that of the general one (100 ns of pulse duration). Furthermore, no significant difference of the propagation velocities was observed between the positive and negative applied voltages. The reason for the faster propagation velocity resulted in the nano-seconds pulsed discharge is the faster voltage rise time in comparison with the general pulsed discharge. Furthermore, the application using nano-seconds pulsed discharge for ozone generation showed highest energy efficiency than other discharge methods.
Decomposition of Trichloroethylene with Plasma-catalysis: A review
Authors: Vandenbroucke A. M. , Morent R. , De Geyter N. , Leys C.
Published: November 2016

The aim of this paper is to give a review of the research on the decomposition of trichloroethylene (TCE), a common industrial solvent, with combined use of non-thermal plasma and heterogeneous catalysis, i.e. plasma-catalysis. This air purification technique has been investigated over the last decade in an effort to overcome the disadvantages of non-thermal plasma treatment of waste air containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Some examples of different plasma technologies used for plasma-catalysis are given. These include the dielectric barrier discharge, the pulsed corona discharge and the atmospheric pressure glow discharge. In a plasma-catalytic hybrid system the catalyst can either be located in the discharge region or downstream of the plasma reactor. The mechanisms that drive both configurations are briefly discussed, followed by an extended literature overview of the removal of TCE with plasma-catalysis.
Treatment of Pharmaceutical-manufacturing Wastewaters by UV Irradiation/Hydrogen Peroxide Process
Authors: Bedoui Ahmed , Elsaid Khaled , Bensalah Nasr , Abdel-Wahab Ahmed
Published: November 2016

In this study, the treatment of pharmaceutical-manufacturing wastewaters (PMWW) by advanced chemical oxidation using UV irradiation/hydrogen peroxide (H
Hydroxylation of Phenol with Hydrogen Peroxide over the Ti-MWW Catalyst in the Presence of Acetonitrile
Authors: Wróblewska Agnieszka , Wójtowicz Grzegorz , Makuch Edyta
Published: November 2016

This work presents the results of phenol hydroxylation with hydrogen peroxide over the Ti-MWW catalyst. The studies were carried out under autogenic pressure and in the presence of acetonitrile as a solvent. The influence of the following technological parameters on the course of hydroxylation was examined: the temperature in the range of 100-150 °C, the molar ratio of phenol/H
The Influence of Solution Composition on the Effectiveness of Degradation of Ibuprofen Sodium Salt in a Hybrid Photocatalysis – Membrane Distillation System
Authors: Mozia Sylwia , Morawski Antoni W. , Toyoda Masahiro
Published: November 2016

The results of the investigations on the photodegradation of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen sodium salt (IBU) in a photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) coupling photocatalysis using suspended TiO
DDT-Contaminated Soil Treatment with Persulfate and Hydrogen Peroxide Utilizing Different Activation Aids and the Chemicals Combination with Biosurfactant
Authors: Goi Anna , Viisimaa Marika , Karpenko Oleksandr
Published: November 2016

The efficacy of DDT-contaminated soil treatment with hydrogen peroxide and persulfate utilizing different activation aids and the chemicals combination with biosurfactant was evaluated. The addition of a supplementary activator was able to improve the degradation of total DDT with both the hydrogen peroxide and persulfate oxidation processes indicating a lack of available activator. Ferrous iron added gradually was effectively utilized in the oxidation system with gradual addition of hydrogen peroxide, while chelated metal iron addition promoted the oxidation with more stable persulfate. The treatment with solid carriers of hydrogen peroxide, either calcium peroxide or magnesium peroxide, can be an effective alternative to the liquid one resulting in a higher degradation level of the contaminant. Strong alkalization with elevated dosages of NaOH sustained the persulfate oxidation of DDT. The addition of biosurfactant, rhamnolipid-alginate complex obtained by biosynthesis of strain Pseudomonas sp. PS-17, and EDTA improved the degradation of DDT by both persulfate and hydrogen peroxide oxidation processes indicating that the combined application of chemical oxidants and biosurfactant at natural soil pH has prospects as an effective option for contaminated soil remediation.
Characterization of TiO2 Modified with Bimetallic Ag/Au Nanoparticles Obtained inMicroemulsion System
Authors: Gołąbiewska Anna , Zielińska-Jurek Anna , Zaleska Adriana
Published: November 2016

Titanium dioxide modified with silver-gold bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared by simultaneously formation of Ag/Au and TiO
Decomposition of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystin-LR by TiO2 Oxidation Using Artificial UV Light or Natural Sunlight
Authors: Pinho Lívia X. , Azevedo Joana , Vasconcelos Vítor M. , Vilar Vítor J. P. , Boaventura Rui A. R.
Published: November 2016

In this study, it is reported the destruction of Microcystis aeruginosa and the toxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by photolysis and TiO
Raschig Rings Based on Pillared Clays: Efficient Reusable Catalysts for Oxidation of Phenol
Authors: Sanabria Nancy R. , Molina Rafael , Moreno Sonia
Published: November 2016

Extrudates of AlFe and AlCeFe pillared bentonites shaped as Raschig rings were used in the oxidation of phenol by a Fenton process, and the catalytic activity in terms of reuse was evaluated. All the tests of oxidation were carried out in a semibatch basket reactor, which operates under extremely mild reaction conditions (25 °C and atmospheric pressure). Extrudates of AlFe and AlCeFe pillared bentonites are reusable catalysts for the oxidation of phenol, reach 100% phenol conversion and between 36-42% selectivity towards CO
Silver and Phosphate Functionalized Reactive TiO2/Polymer Composite Films for Destructions of Resistent Bacteria Using Visible Light
Authors: Veres Ágnes , Janovák László , Bujdosó Tamás , Rica Tamás , Fodor Eleonóra , Tallósy Szabolcs , Buzás Norbert , Nagy Erzsébet , Dékány Imre
Published: November 2016

Phosphate and silver co-functionalized TiO
Treatment of Composted Soils contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons using Chemical Oxidation followed by Enhanced Aerobic Bioremediation
Authors: Cajal-Mariñosa Paula , Reich Olga , Möbes Anja , Tuhkanen Tuula
Published: November 2016

Two different soils that had been composted to treat petroleum hydrocarbons were further treated with chemical oxidation followed by enhanced aerobic bioremediation to degrade residual hydrocarbons, mostly motor oil, that composting did not treat. Composted soils are rich in non-target organic matter that scavenges the chemical and biological amendments intended for degradation of the target contaminants, making composted soils very difficult to treat. Therefore, the design approach was to use chemical oxidation to enhance the biodegradability of the target contaminants in a subsequent step. Modified Fenton chemistry was used for chemical oxidation, and aerobic bioremediation was promoted with an oxygen releasing compound. The results showed a moderate reduction in target hydrocarbon content resulting from the Fenton treatment. However, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD
Advanced Oxidation of Reactive Blue 221 by Fenton’s Process
Authors: Argun Hidayet
Published: November 2016

Abstract: This study presents the application of Fenton’s reagent (FR) process for the oxidation of Reactive Blue 221(RB 221) in aqueous solution. The major objective was to investigate the effects of dye, H2O2 and Fe (II) concentrations on percent color (PCR) and TOC (PTR) removal by using a Box-Behnken statistical experiment design (BBSED). Dye, H
Pretreatment of Sewage Sludge by Low-frequency Ultrasound
Authors: Savun Basak , Neis Uwe , Ince Nilsun H. , Yenigün Orhan
Published: November 2016

The key point of waste activated sludge (WAS) pretreatment is to rupture the cell wall for allowing the release of intracellular matter that acts as a bioavailable substrate in anaerobic digestion processes. In this regard, ultrasonic irradiation has been one of the most effective tools owing to the unique properties of ultrasound to produce extreme conditions in heterogeneous liquids such as waste activated sludge. The present study investigates the impact of short-frequency ultrasound on disintegration, biodegradability and dewatering characteristics of sewage sludge by monitoring soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soluble proteins, total dissolved nitrogen, particle size and dewaterability of raw and sonicated sludge samples to optimize the operating parameters. The results showed that short wave ultrasound is a highly effective method of WAS treatment, because it provides high degrees of disintegration and biomass transfer from sludge solids to the aqueous phase, thus resulting in enhanced biodegradability.
Impacts of Changing Operational Parameters of In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) on Removal of Aged PAHs from Soil
Authors: Cajal-Mariñosa Paula , Calle Ruth G. de la , Rivas F. Javier , Tuhkanen Tuula
Published: November 2016

The removal efficiency of two different types of peroxide addition, catalyzed hydrogen peroxide (CHP) and sodium percarbonate (SPC) were compared on a highly PAH-contaminated soil from a wood impregnation site. In an attempt to simulate real in situ reagents delivery, experiments have been carried out in acrylic columns. The main parameters affecting contaminant removal were the reagent’s temperature and the total addition of peroxide (g
Electrochemical Inactivation of P. Aeruginosa, A. hydrophila, L. pneumophila using Boron Doped Diamond Anodes
Authors: Bensalah Nasr , Abdel-Wahab Ahmed
Published: November 2016

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Legionella pneumophila bacteria are waterborne pathogens commonly found in water and linked to infectious diseases. Especially, they can survive and colonize water systems, particularly in worm water system. On-site supplemental disinfection of water systems might be one of the approaches to prevent water born diseases. In this work, the inactivation of these waterborne pathogens using a single compartment electrochemical flow cell equipped with Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) anode and Titanium cathode was investigated. The bactericidal activity of galvanostatic electrolysis using BDD anode was evaluated on synthetic contaminated waters containing P. Aeruginosa, A. hydrophila, L. pneumophila. BDDanodic oxidation at current density of 50 mA cm
Effects of O2 and H2O2 on TiO2 Photocatalytic Efficiency Quantified by Formaldehyde Formation from Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
Authors: Diesen Veronica , Jonsson Mats
Published: November 2016

The impact of O
Ozone Degradation of Alcohols, Ketones, Ethers and Hydroxybenzenes: Determination of Pathways and Kinetic Parameters
Authors: Rakovsky Slavcho K. , Anachkov Metody P. , Iliev Vesselin I. , Eliyas Alexander E.
Published: November 2016

The review, based on 92 references, is focused on degradation of organics by ozonation and it comprises various classes of oxygen-containing organic compounds - alcohols, ketones, ethers and hydroxybenzenes. The mechanisms of a multitude of ozone reactions with these compounds in organic solvents are discussed in details, presenting the respective reaction schemes and the corresponding kinetic parameters are given and some thermodynamic parameters are also listed. The dependencies of the kinetics and the mechanism of the ozonation reactions on the structure of the compounds, on the medium and on the reaction conditions are revealed. The various possible applications of ozonolysis are specified and discussed. All these reactions have practical importance for the protection of the environment.
Degradation of Ciprofloxacin and Oxytetracycline Antibiotics in Waste Sewage Sludge by Ozonation
Authors: Oncu Nalan Bilgin , Balcioglu Isil Akmehmet
Published: November 2016

Efficiency of ozonation process for simultaneous degradation of two antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and oxytetracycline (OTC), at high and low concentrations of them was investigated in artificially contaminated waste activated sludge (WAS). The desorption of the antibiotics, which was provided either by Mg
Nitrogen-doped TiO2 Photocatalysts Synthesized from Titanium Nitride: Characterizations and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Song Peng , Cui Xiaoli
Published: November 2016

A series of nitrogen-doped TiO
Ozonation of Textile Reactive Red 198 Dye in a CSTR
Authors: Tabrizi M. T. F. , Glasser D. , Hildebrandt D.
Published: November 2016

The decolouration effect of ozone on the reactive dye Reactive Red 198 in a CSTR was the subject of a series of experiments. The results showed that ozonation is capable of reducing the colour remaining in the water after using reactive dyes rapidly and effectively of around 15 minutes. The effect of the frit was analysed to check that it was not a factor limiting oxidation. The effect of flow rate and of the initial concentration of dye on the dye concentration as a function of time and at steady state were measured, and the rate of decolouration was calculated under both steady and unsteady state conditions. The flow rate was adjusted for various initial dye concentrations as well as at various flow rates of dye solutions. The apparent first order rate constant is about 0.10 min
Fabrication of Rh-doped Bi2O3 with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance by Sol-gel Method
Authors: Li Jian Zhang , Zhong Jun Bo , Huang Sheng Tian , Zeng Jun , He Xi Yang
Published: November 2016

Bi
Aqueous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Doxycycline
Authors: Klauson Deniss , Poljakova Alissa , Pronina Natalja , Krichevskaya Marina , Moiseev Anna , Dedova Tatjana , Preis Sergei
Published: November 2016

The experimental research into the aqueous photocatalytic oxidation of doxycycline, a tetracycline family antibiotic, was undertaken. The objective of the study was to ensure the feasibility of doxycycline photocatalytic degradation by UVA irradiated titania coatings on granulated media to be used in fluidised bed photocatalytic reactor and by slurries of P25, Evonik, as well as by visible light-sensitive sol-gel synthesized carbon-containing titania. The parameters influencing doxycycline oxidation, like catalyst concentration, initial doxycycline concentration and pH with P25 TiO
Decolorization of Reactive Black 5 using Peroxymonosulfate in Fentonlike Process
Authors: Ersöz Gülin , Atalay Süheyda
Published: November 2016

One of the advanced oxidation processes, the Oxone process, was studied to determine its effects on the decolorization of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in an aqueous solution. Ferrous ion was chosen as the transition metal due to its potential catalytic effect and wide availability in dye containing industrial effluents. The effects of the operating parameters such as Fe(II) and Oxone concentration, initial pH, and temperature on the process performance were investigated. The optimum conditions were determined as: 0.5 mM of Oxone concentration, 0.5 mM of Fe
On Nesterov acceleration for Landweber iteration of linear ill-posed problems
Authors: Neubauer Andreas
Published: November 2016

In this paper we deal with Nesterov acceleration and show that it speeds up
Landweber iteration when applied to linear ill-posed problems. It is proven
that, if the exact solution

x
†

∈

ℛ
⁢

(

(

T
*

⁢
T

)

μ

)

{x^{\dagger}\in{\cal R}((T^{*}T)^{\mu})}

, then optimal convergence
rates are obtained if

μ
≤

1
2

{\mu\leq\frac{1}{2}}

and if the iteration is terminated according
to an a priori stopping rule. If

μ
>

1
2

{\mu>\frac{1}{2}}

or if the iteration is terminated
according to the discrepancy principle, only suboptimal convergence rates can be
guaranteed. Nevertheless, the number of iterations for Nesterov acceleration is
always much smaller if the dimension of the problem is large. Numerical results
verify the theoretical ones.
Crafting Swords. The emergence and production of full-hilted swords in the Early Nordic Bronze Age
Authors: Bunnefeld Jan-Heinrich
Published: November 2016

Die Schwerter in Südskandinavien und Norddeutschland wurden bisher zumeist aus einem typologischen Blickwinkel betrachtet. Deshalb werden im vorliegenden Artikel die Vollgriffschwerter der älteren nordischen Bronzezeit in Dänemark und Schleswig-Holstein aus einer herstellungstechnischen Perspektive unter Anwendung von makro- und mikroskopischer Autopsie, Röntgenuntersuchungen, Spurenelement- und Bleiisotopenanalysen untersucht. In Periode I kam das Schwert als Innovation über Importe von Schwertern der Gruppe Hajdúsámson-Apa nach Südskandinavien. Am Anfang imitierten nordische Handwerker diese Importe, wobei sie eine traditionelle massive Gusstechnik verwendeten. Erst im Laufe der späten Periode I wurden verschiedene Gusstechniken aus dem südlichen Mitteleuropa adaptiert und genutzt, um Stücke in Tradition der Hajdúsámson-Apa- and Valsømagle-Schwerter herzustellen. In Periode II entstanden die charakteristischen nordischen Vollgriffschwerter, die in Form, Verzierung und Technik jeweils sehr individuell ausfallen. Höchstwahrscheinlich wurden sie in einer größeren Anzahl von Werkstätten produziert; in manchen Fällen ist es sogar möglich, mehrere Schwerter einem Werkstattkreis, einer Werkstatt oder gar einem Handwerker zuzuordnen. In Periode III waren die nordischen Vollgriffschwerter dann sehr viel standardisierter, wurden aber dennoch wohl nicht in einer Werkstatt hergestellt. Die Entwicklung der Schwerter zeigt insgesamt eine Tendenz von einer großen Vielfalt bei Formen, Verzierungen und Techniken hin zu stärker gleichförmigen Objekten, die auch an anderen Fundgruppen zu beobachten ist. In jedem Fall demonstriert der nordische Kreis seit der späten Periode I und frühen Periode II eine eigene Identität, Metallverarbeitungs- und Schwertherstellungstradition. Sowohl die Vielfalt in Periode II als auch die Uniformität in Periode III deuten auf intensive Kommunikation und Mobilität von Handwerkern und Schwertträgern hin. Dabei wird der Einfluss von Abstammungsgruppen und Verwandtschaft hinsichtlich der Organisation des sicherlich institutionalisierten Metallhandwerks betont, während die angenommene enge Kontrolle der Produktion durch eine Elite angezweifelt wird. Ungeachtet unterschiedlicher Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen existieren keine Hinweise auf eine bedeutsame persönliche Identität als Metallhandwerker in der Gesellschaft der älteren nordischen Bronzezeit.
Some Thoughts on the Troy Type Owl-Headed Idols of Western Anatolia
Authors: Yılmaz Derya
Published: November 2016

Gegenstand der Studie ist ein marmornes Idol, das aus dem Hügel von Maydos Kilisetepe geborgen wurde. Die Fundstelle befindet sich nahe der Stadt Eceabat, Provinz Çanakkale. Das Idol wird als Idol des Troja-Typus angesprochen, Typ 2C nach C. Blegen, bezeichnet wird es außerdem als „Eulenköpfiges Idol“, eine Ansprache, die auf Heinrich Schliemann zurück geht. Fundkartierungen zeigen, dass Idole dieser Art im westlichen Anatolien weit verbreitet waren. Dabei liegen aus lokalen Siedlungen keine identischen Exemplare vor, sondern nur solche, die ihrer Gestaltung nach variieren. Zum Verständnis der Nutzung jener Idole werden die Fundkontexte genauer beleuchtet, die mehrheitlich dem häuslichen Kontext entstammen. Angenommen werden kann daher, dass die Idole im Rahmen häuslicher Kulte Verwendung fanden. Bemerkenswert ist auch die Chronologie jener Idole, treten diese auch in einem Zeitraum von der Mitte bis zum Ende der Frühbronzezeit auf, wobei sich ihre Nutzung auch in der beginnenden mittleren Bronzezeit noch fortsetzt. Die Idole spiegeln den Glauben der Menschen und es kann angenommen werden, dass sie die Muttergöttin symbolisieren, die im Hauskult dem Schutz des Heimes dienten. Eulengesichtige Göttinnen werden außerdem auf Keramiken und Stelen dargestellt, verbreitet im dritten vorchristlichen Jahrtausend in Mesopotamien, Syrien wie auch im westlichen Mittelmeerraum mit der Iberischen Halbinsel. Die besprochenen Artefakte zeigen damit überregional weitgespannte Kontakte, den mesopotamischen Raum wie auch das Mittelmeer umfassend.
Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 36th Volume, Emerging Trends Building on a Solid Foundation
Authors: Poffenberger Craig , Heuser Justin
Published: November 2016

Description

Get 16 technical papers on that fit into the following categories: standards, adjuvant technology, formulation development, spray applications and delivery systems, and seed coatings.

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In the standards section, Doug Currier presented the basics on how to gain OMRI listings for pesticides and adjuvants, including required documentation.

In the adjuvant technology section, Heuser et al. described the application of polyglycerol esters as benign tank-side adjuvants, and Gargulak et al. detailed the application of ligninsulfonates as green dispersants in fungicidal SC formulations. Penner and Michael presented his results on how dew effects various adjuvants upon the application of glyphosate on post-emergent weeds. Costa et al. evaluated the performance of four crop oil concentrates for drift potential and in field trials to

In a collaboration between four universities, Zollinger et al. conducted standardized, uniform studies on several weed species known to show glyphosate antagonism with hard water. The goal of the research is to develop an ASTM standard for water conditioning agents.

In the formulation development section, a new star polymer surfactant was introduced by Kayea et al. with benefits including improved emulsion stability and re-suspension ability as based on evaluations with multiple formulation types and actives.

In the spray applications and delivery systems papers by Klostermann et al. and Fritz et al. reported on the mode of action of silicone adjuvants as drift control adjuvants and how adjuvants affect high speed aerial applications, respectively. Henry et al. explained how parameters such as nozzle type, pressure and tank mix components influence spray droplet characteristics. Optical image analysis was offered as an alterantive to characterize spray droplet size as compared to the traditional laser method by Sarkar et al.

In the seed coatings section of papers, Halecky et al. adapted mechanical methods used to predict paint durability in tribological studies with insecticide and fungicide SC formulations. Di Modugno et al. described a new dispersant approach with a polymeric surfactant which allows for an increased active content in the seed coating and reduced dust off.
Flowable Seed Treatments: A New Polymeric Dispersing System to Increase Active Ingredient Content and to Improve Flowable Seed Formulation Performance and Flexibility
Authors: Di Modugno Rocco , De Pellegrini Federico , Eidem Brad , Balestrini Andrea
Published: November 2016

The global agrochemical market is continuously offering challenging opportunities to improve the quality and performance of crop protection products, seeds, and equipment in order to increase the yield of cultivated areas the global acreage of which is unlikely to increase. One of the most challenging applications is seed treatment because most seed companies not only consider seeds as their core technology but also as delivery systems for chemical or biological products (or both) that further enhance seed germination and crop yields. It is for these reasons that Lamberti developed a new dispersing system capable of providing greater flexibility in comparison to several standard approaches (such as nonylphenol-based, naphthalene sulphonate-based, or tristyrilphenol-based) and giving formulators a new technology to build higher active ingredient (AI) formulations or to introduce special benefits for the treated seed into their existing products (better flowability, reduced dust off, added micronutrients, etc.). The dispersing system described is based on a new polymeric surfactant that is able to interact with AIs, very effectively providing improved dispersing performance and excellent stability. The improved dispersing properties enable increased AI content (+20 %) and in-can addition of other additives that offer greater coverage, better flowability, and reduced dust off (−50 %). Flexibility is the primary benefit of this new family of polymeric surfactants because multicomponent formulations containing three to five different AIs can be developed even if the AIs behave in very different ways (e.g., water solubility, Log Po/w, or melting point). This results in more efficient seed treatments and in process savings during the wet-milling of the flowable concentrates for seed treatment.
ASTM Standard Terminology Related to Biorationals Update
Authors: Rea Lizbeth , White Michael C.
Published: November 2016

The ASTM E35.22 Standard for Terminology Related to Biorationals Task Group (Biorationals Task Group) was formed in 2010 as a result of changes in consumer preference about how food is produced and the related increased development and marketing of nontraditional pest control and nutritional products. The goal of the task group is to develop standard definitions to minimize the use of confusing and inconsistent terminology for these types of products. The standard came to life in 2013 with the definition of “biorational,” which is an umbrella term for these pest control and nutritional products. The first biorational term approved was the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's definition of “biopesticide,” which was published in 2015. Subsequently, several other terms relating to biorationals (e.g., “biopesticides” and specific biopesticides such as “biochemical,” “microbial,” and “plant-incorporated protectant” biopesticides) have been approved.
Efficacy of Non-Ammonium Sulfate Water Conditioning Adjuvants
Authors: Zollinger Richard K. , Young Bryan G. , Bernards Mark L. , Peterson Dallas E.
Published: November 2016

Glyphosate is a weak acid herbicide and can bind with antagonistic salts in aspray carrier. Diammonium sulfate (AMS) is commonly used with glyphosate to enhance activity and overcome antagonistic salts. Dicamba-resistant soybean technology will restrict the use of AMS with dicamba because of increased herbicide volatility. The procedures used in these studies were based on previous studies conducted in 2010 and reported at the Thirty-First ASTM Symposium on Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems. Studies were conducted in 2015 in North Dakota, Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas to evaluate weed control from glyphosate (no adjuvant formulation) applied with non-ammonium sulfate (AMS) water conditioning (WC) adjuvants in distilled water and water with 1,000 ppm hardness. WC adjuvants were applied as recommended at 0.4 % to 1.25 % v/v and compared to treatment standards. Velvetleaf exhibited high herbicide antagonism from minerals, and antagonism was reduced or eliminated by AMS and some WC adjuvants. Several other broadleaf species showed responses to AMS and WC adjuvants that were similar to that of velvetleaf. WC adjuvants tested at multiple locations provided a high degree of treatment precision. Several WC adjuvants partially overcame mineral antagonism but did not provide a level of bioefficacy equal to that of surfactant plus AMS. Dipotassium phosphate (DPP) provided the greatest phytotoxicity, and adjuvants that contained DPP or additional surfactant (or both) resulted in the greatest control. The results from these studies should be beneficial in developing and approving an ASTM standard for water conditioning agents.