bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preference for Numerical Information and Academic Achievement of African-American Students
Authors: Smith Wilbur I. , Drumming Saundra T.
Published: September 2010

Viswanathan's Preference for Numerical Information scale was used to investigate the attitudes of 236 African-American college students toward using numerical information in their thinking and problem solving. The results showed that the participants expressed a positive preference for numerical information, statistically similar in size to the preferences reported in prior research for other groups of students. Also, participants' scores correlated positively ( r = .27) with their academic achievement (fraction answered correctly) on examination questions requiring the use of numerical information but were nonsignificantly related to their academic achievement on questions not requiring the use of numerical information. This pattern of correlations persisted, at reduced levels, when the effects of variations in SAT scores were partialled out. Moreover, for the men correlations between Preference for Numerical Information scores and achievement on examination questions involving numerical information significantly exceeded the correlations between the test scores and academic achievement on questions not involving numerical information. This contrasted with results obtained for women. For them, the correlations did not vary significantly by question type. Thus, for reasons yet to be uncovered, Preference for Numerical Information scores of the African-American men appear to reflect an aspect of cognitive style related to proficiency in using and manipulating numerical information.
Problems with Computer Games without Monetary Reward: Similarity to Pathological Gambling
Authors: Johansson Agneta , Götestam K. Gunnar
Published: September 2010

An epidemiological study was performed on a representative sample of the Norwegian youth population (12 to 18 years old, N = 3,237; response rate 45.2%). The percentage who were frequent players (weekly) of different computer games was 63.3%, and the percentage of infrequent users was 36.7%. A mean of 2.7% (4.2% of the boys, 1.1% of the girls) could be described as exhibiting “pathological playing” according to the criteria in the 1998 Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction of Young, and an additional 9.82% (14.5% of the boys, 5.0% of the girls) were considered to be engaging in “at-risk playing.” Of the weekly gamblers, 4.2% fulfilled 5 criteria for pathological playing, and an additional 15.5% 3 to 4 criteria, i.e., at-risk playing. This indicated that frequent gaming on computer games without money rewards may be related to problematic playing even though no monetary reward is involved.
Prevalence of Anxiety among Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Elkins Gary , Rajab M. Hasan , Marcus Joel , Staniunas Raymond
Published: September 2010

To assess prevalence of anxiety 36 consecutive patients undergoing colorectal surgery with general anesthesia were interviewed on the day of surgery and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Postsurgical ratings of pain and anxiety were obtained within 24 hours after surgery. Analysis indicated that 29 scored moderate or higher on the State Anxiety scale prior to surgery. The correlations for scores on presurgical Trait Anxiety with postsurgical pain and Trait Anxiety scores were significant ( p<.01) but not that for pre- and postsurgical State Anxiety
Factor Structure of the Smith Irrational Beliefs Inventory: Results of Analyses on Six Independent Samples
Authors: Smith Jonathan C. , Rausch Sarah M. , Kettmann Julie D. Jenks
Published: September 2010

This study reports the results of six factor analyses (alpha factoring, direct oblimin rotation, Delta = .4) on six items from the Smith Irrational Beliefs Inventory. Six independent samples of 1851 college students (521 men, 1,280 women, 50 sex unstated) were tested. Three factors emerged with identical content for each analysis. Distorted Egocentrism was defined by two items reflecting feelings of entitlement and the naïve assumption that events should always turn out favorably the way one desires; Task Exaggeration/Catastrophizing was defined by two items directly depicting a tendency to view challenges as overwhelming and catastrophic; and Isolated Low Self-esteem was defined by two items expressing the feeling that one has unacceptable feelings that could lead to isolation or rejection. Previous research on other irrational belief inventories has yielded inconsistent results, with multifactorial solutions emerging for clinical samples and unifactoral solutions for student samples. That the present six factor analytic studies yielded a consistent multifactoral set of irrational beliefs for a very large student sample suggests that factors do emerge when items are initially screened and the subject population is carefully defined.
Correlation of National Internet Use with Extraversion and Neuroticism
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: September 2010

Using data from 23 nations, scores on a measure of Extraversion by nation were positively associated with more Internet use per capita.
Auditory Memory and Proficiency of Second Language Speaking: A Latent Variable Analysis Approach
Authors: Tanaka Akihiro , Nakamura Kuninori
Published: September 2010

Previous studies of second language aptitude have mainly used verbal stimuli in memory tasks. Memory for musical stimuli has not been used in aptitude studies although music and language have structural similarity. In this study, 30 Japanese university students who speak English as a second language (19 men, M = 21.3 yr., SD = 1.8) participated in the experiment as volunteers. They performed verbal memory tasks, musical memory tasks, and English pronunciation tasks. Factor analysis indicated that verbal and musical memory abilities are better represented as a unitary factor rather than two independent factors. Further, a path analysis supported the hypothesis that the memory for both verbal and musical tasks affects proficiency of second language pronunciation, including prosodic features such as stress in word or intonation through a couple of sentences. The memory factor was interpreted as reflecting the performance of “auditory working memory.”
Development of a Cognitive Behavioral Group Intervention Programme for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Visschedijk Mariëlle A. J. , Collette Emma H. , Pfennings Lilian E. M. A. , Polman Chris H. , Van Der Ploeg Henk M.
Published: September 2010

A substantial group of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has difficulty coping with their disease. Cognitive behavioral group interventions may help these patients cope more effectively with MS. We developed an 8-session group intervention programme for patients recently diagnosed with MS to help them cope more effectively with MS and to overcome negative thoughts and beliefs about the disease to improve health-related quality of life. We tested the feasibility of the group intervention programme and health-related quality of life in a sample of 11 patients recently diagnosed with MS [mean age: 38 (±7.9) yr.; 8 women and 3 men]. All patients were recruited through direct referral by their neurologist or by an MS nurse specialist. The programme was conducted in two small groups of 7 patients each, and each group was led by two psychologists. Cognitive behavioral therapy was an important ingredient in each group session as well as sharing of personal experiences and discussing homework assignments. Each session was formatted the same way but addressed a different MS-specific theme, for example, ‘coping with physical impairments’ or ‘communication with medical staff’. Participants experienced a significant improvement in the health-related quality of life domains of psychological status and vitality, as measured by subscales of Disability and Impact Profile and the Short Form-36 Health Survey. Although further studies are warranted, it appears that a short group intervention programme based on cognitive behavioral techniques for patients with MS might have a positive influence on health-related quality of life.
A Laboratory Study of Satisfaction Effects on Mood State, Withdrawal Intentions, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. , Battista Lynne
Published: September 2010

154 undergraduates role-played a restaurant server experiencing positive, neutral, or negative Job or Life Satisfaction. Positive Satisfaction resulted in ratings of more positive reported mood state, lower expected absenteeism and turnover intentions, and greater expected Organizational Citizenship Behavior than did Neutral Satisfaction and Negative Satisfaction. Life Satisfaction was associated with reported mood states and intentions similarly to Job Satisfaction, except Negative Job Satisfaction was more negatively influential on expectations of quitting than Negative Life Satisfaction. Both Job and Life Satisfaction may be antecedents to affect and its consequences in work settings.
Clinical Correlates of Insight in Schizophrenia
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Z. , Landmark Johan A. , Merskey Harold , Husni Mariwan
Published: September 2010

111 schizophrenic patients diagnosed in accordance with DSM–III were rated on Landmark's symptom checklist, on demographic variables, and on variables descriptive of the course of illness. Of the 111 patients, 108 (97.3%) showed poor insight into their illness at some time in the past and 65 (58.6%) at the time of assessment. Those presently showing poor insight were significantly (Pearson rs, p < .01, 2-tailed) more frequently rated as currently displaying poor judgement also in other matters ( r = .50), as showing social withdrawal ( r = .42) and poor rapport ( r = .33), and as being preoccupied with their delusions or hallucinations ( r = .31) and as being unreliable informants ( r = .41). They usually had lower education ( r = .33), their income in the last taxation year was lower ( r = .47), and their work functioning was less adequate ( r = .30).
Obsessiveness and a Thematic Apperception Test-Based Measure of Aggression
Authors: Cogan Rosemary , Ashford Daniel , Chaney Brett , Embry Sheena , Emory Lindsay , Goebel Holly , Holstrom Nicole , Keithley David , Lawson Miranda , McPherson Joe , Scott Brandon , Tebbets Jomie
Published: September 2010

Freud (1909/1955) hypothesized a conflict between love and hate in obsessive neurosis. To test this relationship, we compared a Thematic Apperception Test-based measure of aggressive fantasies in college men who scored either high or low on the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Revised. 64 undergraduate men from beginning classes in psychology participated. Their mean age was 19.4 yr. ( SD = 1.7). 16 men with high scores had significantly higher scores on a TAT-based measure of aggressive fantasies toward parents, partners, and others than 15 men with low scores, which is consistent with Freud's hypothesis.
Challenge for Studying Metacognitive Experiences: A Rejoinder to Akama and Yamauchi
Authors: Efklides Anastasia
Published: September 2010

This commentary focuses on three points of the Akama and Yamauchi paper (2004) that raise possibilities for research. These points regard (a) the nature of metacognitive experiences, (b) their relations with performance, and (c) their role in self-regulation.
Relations between Family Structure and Students' Health-Related Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Theodorakis Yannis , Papaioannou Athanasios , Karastogianidou Kaliopi
Published: September 2010

This study examined the relations between family structure and students' health-related behaviors. Participants were 6,130 Greek students, ages 11 to 16 years. They responded to questionnaires based on the Planned Behavior model assessing attitudes, perceived behavioral control, intentions and behavior regarding healthy and unhealthy habits. Students who reported growing up with one or no parent reported more unhealthy lifestyle attitudes and behaviors (smoking, drug use, violence, exercise, nutrition) than students growing up with both parents. The findings suggest that family structure is related to students' healthy or unhealthy lifestyle, indicating that in health education programs all members of the close environment within which the children live should be involved, especially for children who do not live with both parents.
Buying Online: Textbooks versus Books
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: September 2010

Predictors of purchasing textbooks and other types of books by college and university students were found to be different.
Reaction to “Comments on ‘The Effects of Leader-Member Exchange and Differential Treatment on Work Unit Commitment’: Distinguishing between Neutralizing and Moderating Effects”
Authors: van Breukelen Wim , Konst Dorien , Van Der Vlist René
Published: September 2010

Ye and Barbuto in 2004 made a number of interesting observations about use in 2002 by Van Breukelen, Konst, and Van der Vlist of the term ‘neutralizer’. They advised caution when employing the term ‘neutralizer’, preferring instead the designation ‘moderator’. Their comments underscore the importance of discussion on the nature of interaction effects in studies of leadership. Here we clarify our procedures in more detail and present the results of further analyses of our data.
Suicide and Homicide in Rural Areas of California
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Clark L. Nicholle
Published: September 2010

Analysis of 1989–1998 age-adjusted death rates from personal violence in California did not show significantly different suicide and homicide rates in rural counties. No urban vs rural differences in rates of personal violence were noted; however, numerically there were more rural than urban suicides and homicides.
Reliabilities of the WAIS–III for Discrepancy Scores: Generalization to a Clinical Sample
Authors: Brown Kristina I. , Ryan Joseph J.
Published: September 2010

Internal consistency reliabilities for WAIS–III IQ, Index, and subtest discrepancy scores are provided for 100 men in a treatment program for substance abuse disorders. There were 63 Euro-Americans and 37 African Americans. Means for age, education, and Full Scale IQ were 46.1 yr. ( SD = 8.8), 12.7 yr. ( SD = 1.5), and 93.8 ( SD = 14.0), respectively. Reliabilities ranged from .34 to .86. Compared with the WAIS–III standardization sample, discrepancy score reliability coefficients differed only for the Verbal Comprehension Index vs Perceptual Organization Index contrast, which was higher in the patient sample. Interpretation of discrepancy scores for the WAIS–III appears to be useful in a clinical sample with substance abuse as in a purportedly normal sample.
Theories of Intelligence in Children with Reading Disabilities: A Training Proposal
Authors: Pepi Annamaria , Alesi Marianna , Geraci Maria
Published: September 2010

A recent trend in the study of reading difficulties promotes multidimensional intervention, focusing on the reciprocal influences exerted by cognitive and emotional-motivational variables. This study evaluated improvements in reading performance as a function of metacognitive training in 36 children ( M age = 8.7 yr.) with different representations of intelligence. Posttest evaluations show significantly more improvement in reading comprehension in children with an incremental theory of intelligence. These results indicate the importance of treatment programmes that take into account both the specificity of deficits and factors relating to the domain of motivation.
Exploring Relationships between College Students' Learning Styles and Motivation
Authors: Fritz Susan , Speth Carol , Barbuto John E. , Boren Amy
Published: September 2010

A pilot study explored the relationships between learning styles and motivation for a sample of 103 undergraduate and graduate students who completed both the Approaches to Studying Inventory and the Motivation Sources Inventory online. A significant positive but small correlation was found between scores on Surface Apathetic Approach and on Self-concept Internal motivation ( r = .32, p < .01). Significant negative correlations were found between scores on Surface Apathetic Approach and on Self-concept External motivation ( r = –.32, p < .01), and for Strategic Approach and Self-concept Internal ( r = –.37, p < .01). Implications and further research are discussed.
Association between Neuroticism and Introversion
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

In three samples of subjects ( ns = 67, 115, 77) introversion and neuroticism scores on one of Eysenck's tests were positively associated.
Neurobehavioral Assessment of Children and Adolescents Attending a Developmental Disabilities Clinic
Authors: Brašić James Robert , Barnett Jacqueline Y. , Kowalik S. , Tsaltas Margaret Owen , Ahmad Raheela
Published: September 2010

Although the risk of the eventual development of tardive dyskinesia and other persistent adverse effects of neuroleptics is high, among adults with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities, neuroleptics may ameliorate dyskinesias, aggression, and inattention. The effects of traditional neuroleptics on a comparable population of children and adolescents with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities are unknown. The objective of this study was to develop an assessment battery to describe the effects of traditional neuroleptics on the behavior and movements of a small sample of children and adolescents with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities. 13 children and adolescents aged 6 to 16 years attending a developmental disabilities clinic were evaluated utilizing a Movement Assessment Battery to measure behavior and motions. Five subjects took traditional neuroleptic medications. Trained raters can reliably assess the movements and behaviors of children and adolescents with multiple handicaps. Children and adolescents with developmental disabilities may be vulnerable to experience functional impairment and akathisia, tics, and other dyskinesias when administered traditional neuroleptic medications.
Effect of Petting a Dog on Immune System Function
Authors: Charnetski Carl J. , Riggers Sandra , Brennan Francis X.
Published: September 2010

The present study assessed the effect of petting a dog on secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels. 55 college students were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or one of two control groups. Group 1 ( n = 19) petted a live dog; Group 2 ( n = 17) petted a stuffed dog, while Group 3 ( n = 19) simply sat comfortably on a couch. Each participant was exposed to one of the three conditions for 18 min. Pre- and posttreatment saliva samples yielded a significant increase in IgA for Group 1 only. Participants were also asked to complete the Pet Attitude Scale of Templer, Salter, Dickey, Baldwin and Veleber. Scores on this scale correlated with IgA increases only for participants in Group 2 (petting a stuffed animal). Results are discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of pets on health in general, and immunity in particular.
Self-Regulation and Recovery: Approaching an Understanding of the Process of Recovery from Stress
Authors: Beckmann Jürgen , Kellmann Michael
Published: September 2010

Stress has been studied extensively in psychology. Only recently, however, has research started to address the question of how individuals manage to recover from stress. Recovery from stress is analyzed as a process of self-regulation. Several individual difference variables which affect the efficiency of self-regulation have been integrated into a structured model of the recovery process. Such variables are action versus state orientation (a tendency to ruminate, e.g., about a past experience) and volitional components, such as self-determination, self-motivation, emotion control, rumination, and self-discipline. Some of these components are assumed to promote recovery from stress, whereas others are assumed to further the perseverance of stress. The model was supported by the empirical findings of three independent studies (Study 1, N = 58; Study 2, N = 221; Study 3, N=105). Kuhl's Action Control Scale measured action versus state orientation. Volitional components were assessed with Kuhl and Fuhrmann's Volitional Components Questionnaire. The amounts of experienced stress and recovery from stress was assessed with Kellmann and Kallus's Recovery-Stress Questionnaire. As hypothesized in the model, the disposition towards action versus state orientation was a more distant determinant of the recovery from stress and perseverance of stress. The volitional components are more proximal determinants in the recovery process. Action orientation promotes recovery from stress via adequate volitional skills, e.g., self-determination, self-motivation, emotion control, whereas state orientation furthers a perseverance of stress through rumination and self-discipline.
Reported Affectionate Communication and Satisfaction in Marital and Dating Relationships
Authors: Punyanunt-Carter Narissra Maria
Published: September 2010

This study analyzed affectionate communication and satisfaction in marital and dating relationships. 100 married and dating partners completed the Relationship Satisfaction Scale, the Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction Inventory, and the Affectionate Communication Index. Analysis indicated both married and dating partners were satisfied with their relationships; however, individuals in dating relationships reported higher Nonverbal and Verbal Affectionate Communication than individuals in married relationships. Moreover, there was a significant difference between married and dating partners on Supportive Affectionate Communication. Married partners were more likely to express supportiveness than dating partners.
A Brief, Reliable Measure of Negative Attitudes toward Atheists
Authors: Bloesch Emily , Forbes Gordon B. , Adams-Curtis Leah E.
Published: September 2010

The development and factor structure of a brief, 5-item, measure of negative attitudes toward atheists is described with a sample of 176 college men and 231 college women. The single factor was reliable; the internal consistency was .83; and face validity was high. Although other forms of reliability and validity should be pursued, the scale appears to be suitable for research on negative attitudes toward atheists.
PTSD and Coping Resources among Survivors of a Kamikaze Attack: The Role of Character Strength
Authors: Chara Paul J. , Chara Kathleen A.
Published: September 2010

33 survivors of the U.S.S. Emmons ( M age = 79.7 yr., SD = 2.3), which was sunk by kamikaze attacks during World War II, were given an adapted form of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian and a set of questions regarding 8 coping resources they may have used during the war. Participants were categorized into three groups: those who served on the Emmons at any given time during World War II (Any Service), those who experienced combat while aboard the Emmons or another ship during World War II (Any Combat), and those who were serving on board the Emmons when it was sunk during the battle for Okinawa island (Okinawa). Analyses using a one-tailed Spearman rank-order correlation indicated that scores on only one coping resource, Character Strength, were significantly correlated with lower symptoms of PTSD for all three groups (Any Service: rs = −.46, p < .01; Any Combat: rs = −.47, p < .01; Okinawa: rs = −.45, p < .05). The findings suggest that, for the survivors of the Emmons, psychological qualities, not social influences, were associated with a lower risk for developing PTSD.
Assessing Students' Self-Reflective Thinking in the Classroom: The Self-Reflective Thinking Questionnaire
Authors: Van Velzen Joke H.
Published: September 2010

The development of a questionnaire to assess students' use of self-reflective thinking in the classroom is described. On the basis of a literature search, items were selected. The items are students' self-report measures and open-ended questions. The participants were 96 fourth grade secondary vocational students from six classes in The Netherlands, all of whom were used to learning in cooperative groups. Complementary data were selected to validate this questionnaire. Visual inspection of the frequencies indicated a difference between levels of students' self-reflecting thinking. Between-subjects t tests showed that students' motivational engagement and marks could be used to validate the measure of self-reflective thinking. The implication of the questionnaire to assess students' self-reflective thinking within the classroom are discussed.
Development and Application of a Brief Measure of Emotional Intelligence for Vocational High School Teachers
Authors: Wu Shwu Ming
Published: September 2010

To develop a psychometrically sound, self-report measure of emotional intelligence and examine the scores of vocational high school teachers by sex and age, 375 Taiwanese vocational high school teachers (186 men, 189 women) completed the 25-item Emotional Intelligence Scale of five domains: Self-awareness, Managing Emotions, Self-motivation, Empathy, and Handling Relationships. Analysis indicated that these teachers reported higher scores on Self-awareness and Empathy but slightly lower on Managing Emotions. The women gave higher self-ratings on Self-awareness and Empathy than the men. There were also significant differences across age groups on Self-awareness, Self-motivation, Empathy and the Total score for the Emotional Intelligence Scale.
Students' Use of Self-Reflective Thinking: When Teaching Becomes Coaching
Authors: Van Velzen Joke H. , Tillema Harm H.
Published: September 2010

This study examined students' use of self-reflection in relation to their teachers' coaching behavior in a cooperative learning situation. Participants were 218 fourth grade secondary vocational students and 12 teachers of different study domains in The Netherlands. Students rated teachers' coaching behavior. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that teachers' guidance was related to students' use of self-reflective thinking. Teachers' coaching style was measured as their instructional beliefs, self-efficacy beliefs, and coaching behavior. Visual inspection of means of students' rating of teachers' behavior and by students' self-reflective thinking indicated that teachers, whose intentions and behavior are in line with student-led teaching, provide a coaching style that is high in guidance and encourages students' use of self-reflective thinking. The implications of teachers' coaching behavior in the classroom are discussed.
Note on Death Anxiety in Spain and Five Arab Countries
Authors: Tomás-Sábado Joaquín , Gómez-Benito Juana
Published: September 2010

Comparison of scores on Templer's Death Anxiety Scale for samples of students in Spain and five Arab countries indicated that, in general, the students in Arab countries scored higher than the Spanish students. Similar results were obtained for other measures of death anxiety. Such differences may be associated with social factors including religiosity, the cultural meaning of death, and quality of life.
Reliability of the Social Skills Rating System for Preschool Children in Iran
Authors: Shahim Sima
Published: September 2010

The purpose was to investigate stability and internal consistency of the Social Skills Rating System in a group of 304 (161 boys and 143 girls) ages 3 to 6.5 yr. ( M = 4.7, SD = 1.0) preschool children in Iran. Test-retest reliability and Cronbach coefficients alpha were high; moderate to high intercorrelations were obtained between subdomains while low interrater correlations were obtained.
Psychological Well-Being in South African University Students
Authors: Edwards S. D. , Ngcobo H. S. B. , Pillay A. L.
Published: September 2010

Black university students in South Africa reported lower mean rated psychological well-being than U.S. subjects. Social and political factors may contribute to these differences.
Relations of Academic Procrastination, Rationalizations, and Performance in a Web Course with Deadlines
Authors: Tuckman Bruce W.
Published: September 2010

This study compared students' academic procrastination tendency with the (1) frequency and nature of rationalizations used to justify procrastination, (2) self-regulation, and (3) performance in a web-based study strategies course with frequent performance deadlines. 106 college students completed the 16-item Tuckman Procrastination Scale, a measure of tendency to procrastinate, the Frequency of Use Self-survey of Rationalizations for Procrastination, and a 9-item self-regulation scale. Students' subsequent course performance was measured by total points earned. A linear regression with Academic Procrastination as the criterion variable and Rationalization score and Course Points as the predictor variables suggested academic procrastinators support procrastinating by rationalizing, not self-regulating, and thus put themselves at a disadvantage, with respect to evaluation in highly structured courses with frequent enforced deadlines.
Effect of Urban Vegetation on Psychological Restorativeness
Authors: Hernández Bernardo , Hidalgo M. Carmen
Published: September 2010

The present study analyzes the contribution which natural elements in the city make to restorativeness, that is, the potential of certain environments to help recover the capacity to focus attention, reduce mental fatigue, and reduce stress. We presented photographs of 12 urban scenes (streets, industrial areas, and buildings) with and without vegetation to 214 university students, divided into 12 groups who then completed the Perceived Restorativeness Scale. The results support the hypothesis, i.e., urban environments with natural elements yield higher restorativeness than urban environments lacking these.
A Proposed Trial of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Trauma Model Therapy
Authors: Ross Colin A.
Published: September 2010

Dissociative identity disorder and borderline personality disorder resemble each other in trauma histories and comorbidity. Each disorder is frequently comorbid with the other. Treatment outcome data for Dialectical Behavior Therapy of borderline personality disorder and Trauma Model Therapy of dissociative identity disorder are reviewed. The author proposes a psychotherapy treatment study in which there are three subject groups and two treatment conditions. The subject groups are borderline personality disorder without dissociative identity disorder; dissociative identity disorder without borderline personality disorder; and both conditions present concurrently. Subjects would be randomized to receive Dialectical Behavior Therapy or Trauma Model Therapy. Such a study could provide answers to controversies in the field about a better treatment approach for dissociative identity disorder and potentially could broaden and strengthen the indications for Dialectical Behavior Therapy.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Hypnosis: A Commentary on Woodard
Authors: Beshai J. A.
Published: September 2010

In recent articles Woodard extended the Snygg and Combs theory of “Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis” to effect a rapprochement with a Phenomenology of Hypnosis. Both use the “Phenomenal Field” of consciousness, but they provide different interpretations and approaches to the essence of hypnosis. Snygg and Combs were heavily reliant on Gestalt psychology with a Cartesian dualism while Phenomenology maintains the unity of quality and quantity within consciousness. This commentary presents the philosophical basis for the two methods used to arrive at the essence of hypnosis in clinical practice.
Test of the Definition of Learning Disability Based on the Difference between IQ and Achievement
Authors: Mayes Susan Dickerson , Calhoun Susan L.
Published: September 2010

A learning disability is commonly defined as a discrepancy between IQ and achievement. This has been criticized for identifying too many children as having a learning disability who have high IQs and average academic achievement. Such overidentification as actually occurred was assessed in 473 referred children (8–16 years, M= 10, SD = 2) with normal intelligence. Learning disability was defined as a significant discrepancy ( p<.05) between predicted and obtained achievement in reading, mathematics, or written expression on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. Predicted achievement was based on the child's WISC-III Full Scale IQ. Overidentification was considered to occur when a child scored at or above age level in reading, mathematics, and writing but still had a significant discrepancy between predicted and obtained achievement by virtue of a high IQ. Learning disability was diagnosed in 312 (66%) of the children. There was no overidentification because all children had one or more WIAT scores below the normative level for their age, i.e., < 100. Further, only 7% of the children were identified with a learning disability based on a WIAT score in the 90s. These children had a mean IQ of 123 and were rated by their teachers and parents as having learning problems.
Death Obsession in Arabic and Western Countries
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: September 2010

The current investigation compared a measure of death obsession among 1,853 volunteer undergraduates from four Arab countries (Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Syria) with 791 from three Western countries, i.e., Britain, Spain, and the USA. Comparable Arabic, Spanish, and English versions of the Death Obsession Scale were used. The mean scores on death obsession for the Arabic participants were higher than those of their Western counterparts for both men and women.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Eating Disorder Inventory
Authors: Nakano Keiko
Published: September 2010

The Japanese version of the Eating Disorder Inventory was completed by 204 female university students. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the 9 factors reported by Shimura, et al. (2003). Further, maximum likelihood factor analysis yielded nine factors, accounting for 48.8% of the total variance. There was also adequate fit for each of the 9 subscales. This study provided additional evidence on validity for this Japanese version.
Breast Cancer: A Manual for a Proposed Group Treatment Integrating Evidence Based Resilience Factors
Authors: Friborg Oddgeir , Sørlie Tore , Rosenvinge Jan H.
Published: September 2010

The paper presents the structure and content of a manual for a proposed treatment of breast cancer patients in groups. The proposed treatment is structured, time limited, and integrates elements from 1995 work of Spiegel and the Yalom 1995 theory of group therapy as well as empirically derived resilience factors. Addressing the psychological specificity of breast cancer, the overall treatment goals are to help patients to acquire new coping skills for relieving stress, to increase their personal and social competence and their use of available social support, to increase family coherence, to enhance optimism and quality of life, and to help patients develop new values and priorities that comply with their current and future life situation.
A Study of Grouphate in a Course on Small Group Communication
Authors: Myers Scott A. , Goodboy Alan K.
Published: September 2010

This study explored the relationship between grouphate and cohesion, consensus, relational satisfaction, affective learning, and cognitive learning. Participants were 83 undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory course on small group communication. Participants completed the Grouphate scale, the Classroom Cohesion scale, the Consensus scale, the Relational Satisfaction scale, three subscales of the Instructional Affect Assessment Instrument, and the Cognitive Learning Loss measure. Mean grouphate significantly increased during the semester, and negative correlations were found between scores for grouphate and cohesion (–.50), consensus (–.45), relational satisfaction (–.58), attitude toward the behaviors recommended in the course (–.23), the likelihood of developing an appreciation for the course content (–.33), and cognitive learning (–.32). Results may imply that students' grouphate is not associated with prosocial outcomes of the group work in this course.
Birth Order and Locus of Control Revisited: Sex of Siblings as a Moderating Factor
Authors: Hughes Brian M.
Published: September 2010

Rotter's Locus of Control scale was administered to 64 first-born and 157 other undergraduate students, and data on the sex of participants' siblings were also obtained. The sex of participants' siblings was significantly correlated with locus of control among first-borns but not among other participants.
Jehovah's Witnesses' Child-Rearing Advice and Potential Psychologists' Bias
Authors: Oddoye Robinette T. , Oyewole Philemon
Published: September 2010

This study examined agreement with and potential bias toward child-rearing advice provided in publications of Jehovah's Witnesses. A sample of 750 APA member psychologists with Ph.D.s were randomly selected and assigned to one of three groups: (1) those informed about the source of the child-rearing advice, (2) those partially informed about the source of the advice, and (3) those uninformed about the source of the advice. Each group was provided identical materials except for identifying information about the specific source. Analyses show that psychologists report high agreement with the child-rearing advice provided by Jehovah's Witnesses through their publications, primarily The Watchtower and Awake! magazines. In general, however, psychologists expressed lower agreement with advice pertaining to early dating, premarital sex, and sports participation. Significantly lower participation was found in the group who were fully informed about the source of the advice. Implications of these findings are discussed and directions for research given.
Emotional Stability, Positive and Wishful Thinking, and Consequences of Coping in a Spanish Sample
Authors: Ruiz Víctor M.
Published: September 2010

The relationship between scores on Emotional Stability and on two cognitive coping strategies—Positive Thinking and Wishful Thinking—and the Consequences of Coping scale were examined in a group of 99 Spanish undergraduates. Positive Thinking was associated with high Emotional Stability and positive consequences, whereas Wishful Thinking was associated with low Emotional Stability and negative consequences.
Measuring Direct and Indirect Aggression: Is There a Response Bias?
Authors: Gregoski Mat , Malone Wendi A. , Richardson Deborah South
Published: September 2010

Critics of self-report methods suggest that participants are likely to underreport their own negative behaviors given concerns about social desirability. The current study examined the problem of self-report bias by comparing individuals' estimates of their own and others' aggressive behavior. Undergraduate students (95 women, 50 men) completed the Richardson Conflict Response Questionnaire with regard to either their own behavior or that of another person of the same sex. As expected, participants reported significantly less aggression for themselves than for others. However, self and other ratings showed the same pattern of sex differences. These results suggest that, although individuals may underreport their own aggressive behaviors, this tendency may not affect relationships among variables.
Characteristics of True versus False Allegations of Sexual Offences
Authors: Rassin Eric , van der Sleen Jannie
Published: September 2010

The goal of the study was to establish whether false allegations of sexual offences with an unknown perpetrator can be distinguished from accurate allegations. Case files of 27 true allegations of sexual offences with an unknown perpetrator were compared to those of 14 false allegations. The comparison was guided by a list of 43 criteria that are hypothesized to differentiate between true and false allegations of sexual assault. Analyses indicated the employed criteria differentiated true from false allegations to a certain extent. However, the discriminative strength of some criteria appeared to be stronger than that of others. Research is required to assess further the discriminative power of these criteria.
Note on Meunier and Bodkins's (2005) “Interpretation of MMPI–A Scale 5 with Female Patients”
Authors: Brophy Alfred L.
Published: September 2010

Meunier and Bodkins discussed the unclear interpretation of Scale 5 of the MMPI–A, investigated use of the scale with adolescent girls in a court-ordered residential treatment program and suggested that subclinical elevations on the scale may predict disruptive behavior in special samples. This note comments on statistics reported by Meunier and Bodkins and recommends additional analyses, including estimation of effect sizes for scales on which comparisons are statistically nonsignificant.
Perceived Frequency of Domestic Violence against Women and Neighbourhood Social Disorder
Authors: Herrero Juan , Gracia Enrique
Published: September 2010

Regression analyses from a nationally representative sample of 10,235 adult Spaniards, provided in 1995 from the Spanish Demands of Security and Victimization Survey, showed a small and positive relationship between high neighbourhood social disorder and perceived frequency of domestic violence against women in Spanish families, after controlling for sociodemographic variables and size of city. Among sociodemographic variables, sex had the strongest association with neighbourhood social disorder, being more than twice as large as neighbourhood social disorder.
Perception of Students in the South of Brazil of Status of Psychology as a Science
Authors: Bartoszeck Amauri B. , Abramson Charles I. , Place Aaron J.
Published: September 2010

73 university students ( M age = 20.5 yr., SD = 4.8; range 17–44 yr.) from the southern state of Paraná took the Psychology as Science scale to assess whether they view psychology as a rigorous science. Analysis showed the students considered psychology to be a science, agreed study of psychology should be part of a university curriculum, not many believed that psychological research may contribute to the solution of psychological problems, and few believed obtaining a Bachelors of Science degree in Psychology was useful in obtaining employment. Data were compared with a previous study conducted on a northeastern sample.
Affective Integration Speeds Trait Processing
Authors: Nakao Takashi , Miyatani Makoto
Published: September 2010

We investigated whether affective integration increases the speed of processing of personality trait knowledge. The fan effect was compared between cases where trait knowledge is stored with the affective value and cases where it is not stored with the affective value. 18 college students first memorized a set of traits about fictitious individuals and then made recognition judgments. In the 2 × 2 factorial repeated-measures design, the number of traits learned about a fictitious individual and whether those traits were integrated by a shared affective value were manipulated. The significant interaction showed that knowledge of personality trait with affective integration was processed quickly even if the particular person's memory had rich connections with traits.
Simultaneous Multiple Stressors in the Environment: Physiological Stress Reactions, Performance, and Stress Evaluation
Authors: Martimportugués-Goyenechea Clara , Gómez-Jacinto Luis
Published: September 2010

Interactive effects of two environmental stressors when simultaneously present, i.e., noise and crowding, were analyzed. Four experimental conditions with two intensities of stress for each stressor (high versus low) were created. The stressors were concurrently introduced in laboratory conditions and their effects analyzed using several methodological approaches. More intense and negative effects were expected when the two highest intensities of noise and crowding concurred. 40 people (20 men and 20 women) participated in a study with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Analysis showed an increase in the measures of hemodynamic, endocrine, and neuroendocrine values of participants after being exposed simultaneously to noise and crowding. Similarly, their performance on complex tasks decreased, and they reported a subjective increase in stress. Capacity to cope was indicated by a statistically significant lower mean on the Dimension of Stress scale, tolerance of frustration during the multiple stress condition.
Implications of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory on Ethnic Differences in IQ
Authors: Edwards Oliver W. , Fuller David P.
Published: September 2010

The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence and the Spearman-Jensen hypothesis were applied to help interpret mean IQ differences among ethnic groups. The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory classifies cognitive abilities on three strata, which differ by magnitude of generality including specific, broad, and general abilities. The Spearman-Jensen hypothesis advances the belief that mean IQ differences between African Americans and Euro-Americans occur as a function of the test's g loadings. Although IQ differences between African Americans and Euro-Americans occur, the differences should be larger on tests with higher g loadings and smaller on tests with lower g loadings. The analysis described in this paper may serve as the catalyst to encourage all intelligence test publishers to supply test users with data regarding mean IQ differences among various ethnic groups.
Maintaining Interpersonal and Organizational Relations through Electronic Mail by Men and Women
Authors: Harper Vernon B.
Published: September 2010

E-mail is used to maintain two primary human relationships, interaction between individuals and preserving relationships with organizations. 278 participants from a medium-size university in the southwest completed two measures developed to assess the quantity of e-mail used to maintain interpersonal and organizational relationships. Analysis indicated that men ( M = 5.8, SD = 2.7) and women ( M = 6.6, SD = 2.5) significantly differed in frequency of e-mail used to maintain interpersonal relationships, but not in reference to organizational maintenance.
Processes of Inference, Schizotypal Thinking, and Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviour in a Normal Sample
Authors: Aardema Frederick , Trihey Monique , Kleijer Tamara M. R. , O'Connor Kieron , Emmelkamp Paul M. G.
Published: September 2010

Previous research has shown inferential confusion as measured by the Inferential Confusion Questionnaire to be related to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. A total of 108 participants (41 men and 66 women) from a normal population in The Netherlands ( M age = 46 yr., SD = 15.5) completed a package of questionnaires measuring inferential confusion, schizotypal symptoms, and obsessive-compulsive behaviour. As expected, scores for both inferential confusion and schizotypal symptoms were significantly related to those for obsessive-compulsive behaviour. In addition, analysis showed that inferential confusion and schizotypal symptoms shared common variance, but both predicted an independent portion of the variance in obsessive-compulsive behaviour while controlling for neuroticism. The present results call for further inquiry into the role of inferential confusion and schizotypal thinking in obsessive-compulsive behaviour.
Exact and Resampling Probability Values for Measures Associated with Ordered R by C Contingency Tables
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Johnston Janis E. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: September 2010

Permutation procedures to compute exact and resampling probability values associated with measures of association for ordered r × c contingency tables are described. Comparisons with asymptotic probability values demonstrated that exact and resampling permutation procedures were preferred for sparse contingency tables.