bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unfitness to Plead: A Change in the Law — At Last!
Authors: Letts Penny
Published: August 2010

The need to amend the Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964 has been recognised since the mid 1970s when the Butler Report on Mentally Abnormal Offenders put forward proposals to amend the law. However, successive Governments have failed to give priority to this issue. Following further consideration by the Home Office and pressure from the Law Society and other organisations, a Private Members' Bill was introduced to stop miscarriages of justice to mentally vulnerable people and to end unnecessary detention in psychiatric hospitals. The Bill passed unopposed through all its Parliamentary stages and received Royal Assent on Thursday, 27th June 1991. Given the comments by Home Office ministers during the Parliamentary debates, it is hoped that there will only be a short delay before the new Act is implemented.

This paper describes why the New Act was required and how it will benefit people with learning disabilities who are accused of a criminal offence.
Relief Care for Children and Adults with a Mental Handicap: An Examination of Carers' Views
Authors: Sholl Alan , Saunders Mark , Radburn Jon
Published: August 2010

A survey of carers of people with a mental handicap was carried out in the Malvern Hills area of Hereford and Worcester in conjunction with the local MENCAP and Family Support Groups to establish the carers' views of the service. Carers wanted a service that was local and provided flexible, mostly short‐term care on both a planned and emergency basis. Carers of adults wanted a more frequent and regular service than those caring for children. The exact nature of required schemes differed between carers of adults and children. In a significant number of cases carers were unaware of some of the relief care schemes that were available and were critical of the way in which information was provided, suggesting ways in which this could be improved.
Client Sexual Behaviour and Staff Attitudes
Authors: Shelton David
Published: August 2010

A case report is presented in which a 32‐year old man with a profound mental handicap is referred to the Psychology Department for help with his sexual behaviour. In particular, the client, Mr. C., presents with a masturbatory technique that maximises the risk of self‐injury and minimises the chance of ejaculation. In addition, Mr C. is also presenting with a recent increase in ‘violent and aggressive behaviour’ towards staff and other residents. Because of Mr C.'s secondary sensory handicap (visual impairment), the nature of any intervention programme runs certain risks legally and ethically. The nature of the intervention procedure is described, as well as the procedure for maximising legal and ethical clearance. A dramatic improvement in Mr C.'s masturbatory technique (with regard to time spent masturbating, ejaculatory successes and no self‐injury) as a result of the intervention procedure is discussed and illustrated.
The Life Experiences Checklist Part 1. Applications in Staff Training and Programme Planning
Authors: Ager Alastair
Published: August 2010

This paper highlights applications of the Life Experiences Checklist in the areas of staff training and programme planning. In the former area the use of the LEC as a means of reinforcing normalisation‐related concepts and encouraging attitudinal change is described. In the latter area particular attention is given to the way the LEC can assist in setting individual goals in neglected domains such as relationships.
Hypothyroidism Presenting as Dementia in a Person with Down Syndrome A Case Report
Authors: Prasher V. P. , Krishnan V. H. R.
Published: August 2010

A 55 year old woman who had Down Syndrome became confused, forgetful and rapidly lost several of her skills. She was diagnosed as having dementia but following hormonal tests was found to have hypothyroidism. She regained most of her skills following treatment with thyroxine medication. As there are suitable medical treatments for thyroid disease, community teams and family practitioners should be aware of this common association between Down Syndrome and thyroid diseases. People with Down Syndrome should have periodic screening for the presence of hypothyroidism as part of their primary health care.
Petroleum type determination through homogenization temperature and vapour volume fraction measurements in fluid inclusions
Authors: BOURDET J. , PIRONON J. , LEVRESSE G. , TRITLLA J.
Published: August 2010

Physical parameters of petroleum‐bearing fluid inclusions such as bulk density (ρ), molar volume (Vm), vapour volume fraction (ϕvap) and homogenization temperature (Th) are essential information to model petroleum composition (x) in inclusions and to reconstruct palaeotemperature and palaeopressure of trapping. For the main petroleum types contained in a fluid inclusion, we can follow how ϕvap and Th are simultaneously influenced by a change of bulk density in a ϕvap versus Th projection. We have correlated Th and ϕvap for different petroleum compositions for a large range of bulk density values. However, postentrapment events under new pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions can greatly modify the initial fingerprints of physical conditions and chemical composition of fluid inclusions. Re‐equilibration is frequent, especially in the case of fragile minerals. Stretching and leakage phenomenon have been simulated using the Petroleum Inclusion Thermodynamics (pit) software, from virtual petroleum inclusions with known hydrocarbon composition. The aim of these simulations is to understand how ϕvap and Th evolve with these re‐equilibration phenomena, with respect to the oil composition. Results of stretching simulations show a characteristic increase of Th and ϕvap along correlation curves, with the curve shape dependent on petroleum composition. Leakage simulations show an increase of Th and a smaller increase or even a decrease in ϕvap. Consequently, the better preserved inclusions in a given population can be presumed to be those that have the lowest Th. Applications of Th and ϕvap measurements of natural inclusions in calcite and in quartz showed that the fragility of the host mineral is a key factor allowing the recording of post‐entrapment events. Inclusions that have stretched or leaked are identified and the best preserved inclusions selected for evaluation of P–T–x trapping conditions. Moreover, petroleum types trapped in inclusions can be identified from ϕvap and Th measurements without compositional modelling.
Cosmopolitan attitudes through transnational social practices?
Authors: MAU STEFFEN , MEWES JAN , ZIMMERMANN ANN
Published: August 2010

Within the scope of the debate surrounding globalization, ever increasing attention is being directed to the growth of border‐crossing social relations and the emergence of transnational social spaces on the micro‐level. In particular, the question of how these border‐crossing interrelations influence the attitudes and values of the people involved causes some controversy. Some assume that the increasing trans‐nationalization of social relations will foster the development of cosmopolitan attitudes, while others warn that renationalization may also be a result. On the empirical level, the relationship between transnationalization and cosmopolitanism has so far only been addressed with regard to certain groups or specific circumstances. However, we assume that on the general level there is a positive relation between the two syndromes and address this question empirically on the level of the entire German population. On the basis of a representative survey of German citizens carried out in 2006, we find that people with border‐crossing experiences and transnational social relations are more likely to adopt cosmopolitan attitudes with respect to foreigners and global governance. The analysis shows that this general interrelation remains stable even when controlling for relevant socio‐economic variables.
Portfolios of mobility: the movement of expertise in transnational corporations in two sectors — aerospace and extractive industries
Authors: MILLAR JANE , SALT JOHN
Published: August 2010

This article is about how UK‐based transnational corporations source expertise and move highly skilled people among their sites. TNCs rely heavily on their internal labour markets for skills. We examine patterns and trends in the ways that TNCs in two sectors, aerospace and extractives, dynamically orchestrate and deploy their networks of expertise internationally to address the demands of different markets. We chart the types of mobility that exist, identify how and why they are used, and explore some of the institutional, industrial, organizational and technological factors that influence these trends. We show that different types of mobility play distinct roles in organizations. Companies respond to mobility calls from diverse stimuli by linking together mobility options into portfolios of moves that represent negotiated responses to industrial and individual requirements.
Teacher contact with parents of children with special educational needs: a comparison over two decades
Authors: Croll Paul
Published: August 2010

The paper addresses aspects of teacher contacts with the parents of children with special educational needs in the broader context of parent–teacher relations. Data are presented from a large‐scale survey of teachers of Key Stage 2 children (7–11‐year‐olds) in England in 1998 and are compared with data from a similar survey in 1981. Levels of consultation with parents have increased across the two surveys and it is very unusual for a teacher not to have had a meeting with a parent of a child with SEN during the current school year. There is a tendency for levels of contact with the parents of ethnic minority pupils to be lower than that for other pupils. There is also a markedly higher level of non‐contact in schools serving areas of poverty compared with more affluent schools. A tension is identified between an agenda of home–school partnership and a set of attributions for the causes of children's difficulties which locates these in deficiencies in the home. However, teachers in the later survey were less likely to identify the home as the source of problems than were teachers in 1981. The paper suggests that considerable progress has been made towards fulfilling the conditions for home–school partnership, but that there remain areas of concern.
Issues in researching the perspectives of deaf children
Authors: Harr Jenifer
Published: August 2010

Research on children's perspectives has traditionally been neglected, influenced by adults’ assumptions of children's vulnerability and incompetence. These assumptions produce methodological and ethical concerns about research with children, such as the need to protect the child from unethical research, validity of the data, and unequal research power relations. This paper reviews these points, with particular consideration to children who are deaf1. The first section examines the assumptions about children in research. These assumptions, as shown in the second section, have further implications for children with disabilities. Section III examines the challenges and issues that need to be taken into account when researching deaf children. Section IV then describes the methodological issues encountered in a study that examined the perspectives of 23 young deaf children in the US and UK.
Links between special schools and mainstream schools: a follow‐up survey
Authors: Fletcher‐Campbell Felicity , Kington Alison
Published: August 2010

This article reports the findings from a survey of special schools in England and Wales regarding their links with mainstream schools. This survey was a follow‐up of two previous surveys undertaken in mid‐1987 and 1993 respectively. Data were elicited about visits made by pupils, teachers and support assistants both from special schools to mainstream schools and from mainstream schools to the special schools. Over two‐thirds of special schools in England and Wales responded, the sample reflecting the distribution of types of special schools nationally. Findings indicated that the degree of link activity has been maintained over the years but it is relatively restricted in terms of the number of pupils and staff involved, and there does not seem to be evidence of the strategic use of placements.
‘Emancipatory disability research’: project or process?
Authors: Barnes Colin
Published: August 2010

The early 199Os witnessed the emergence of a radical new approach to researching disablement known as ‘emancipatory disability research’. This paper provides a broad‐based overview of the core principles and implications of this methodology. Drawing on research initiated and conducted by organisations controlled and run by disabled people it suggests how the emancipatory research paradigm has begun to transform the material and social relations of research production. The paper concludes by suggesting that emancipatory disability should be perceived as a process rather than a project.
Developing science process skills in special schools in South Africa
Authors: Johnson Sally , Sadeck Melanie , Hodges Merle
Published: August 2010

This paper describes research conducted alongside the implementation of ‘Translation Activities’ to teach science process skills in three Schools for Children with Special Educational Needs (known as special schools) in the Western Cape, South Africa. Teachers were interviewed about the differences of teaching science to their learners in the context of the new Outcomes Based Education Curriculum. They were then trained in the strategy and observed while they started to implement it in their classrooms. Further interviews were conducted over the period of a year to discover how this particular teaching innovation fitted with the special conditions. The case studies explain how pupils were able to spend a greater proportion of time working in groups, learning from the activities, and attempt to throw light on how access to science might be facilitated in a future system characterised by inclusion.
Hepatic effects of flunixin‐meglumin in LPS‐induced sepsis
Authors: Ávila Thiago Vinicius , Bastos Pereira Amanda Leite , De Oliveira Christoff Adriana , Da Silva Soley Bruna , Queiroz Telles José Ederaldo , Eler Gabrielle Jacklin , Bracht Adelar , Roberto Zampronio Aleksander , Acco Alexandra
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the actions of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug flunixin‐meglumin (FM) on the changes caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced sepsis in the rat liver. Eight groups of five adult male Wistar rats were analysed: (1) saline injected (controls), (2) FM treated with 1.1 mg/kg, (3) FM treated with 2.2 mg/kg, (4) LPS‐injected (10 mg/kg), (5) LPS‐injected with 1.1 mg/kg FM pretreatment, (6) LPS‐injected with 2.2 mg/kg FM pretreatment, (7) LPS‐injected with 1.1 mg/kg FM post‐treatment and (8) LPS‐injected with 2.2 mg/kg FM post‐treatment. All drugs were intraperitoneally injected. The following parameters were evaluated: plasma levels of hepatic enzymes and urea, hepatic histological characteristics, antioxidant enzymes and several metabolic fluxes. The latter comprised gluconeogenesis, ureagenesis and oxygen consumption. Liver damage in LPS‐induced sepsis was characterized by histological changes, increased plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.001) and diminished gluconeogenesis (P < 0.001) and ureagenesis (P < 0.01). LPS also induced oxidative stress as evidenced by increased catalase (P < 0.05) and superoxide dismutase activities and enhanced lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001). Pretreatment of the animals with FM minimized the histological changes and normalized, in part, all enzymatic activities. Pretreatment of the animals with FM also normalized gluconeogenesis and partly restored ureagenesis (P < 0.05). These and other results show that LPS‐induced sepsis may lead to severe liver damage, affecting both structure and function. Treatment with FM can be used to avoid this damage. The antioxidant properties of FM can be, partly at least, responsible for this protective action.
Alpha‐adrenoceptor agonistic activity of oxymetazoline and xylometazoline
Authors: Haenisch Britta , Walstab Jutta , Herberhold Stephan , Bootz Friedrich , Tschaikin Marion , Ramseger René , Bönisch Heinz
Published: August 2010

Oxymetazoline and xylometazoline are both used as nasal mucosa decongesting α‐adrenoceptor agonists during a common cold. However, it is largely unknown which of the six α‐adrenoceptor subtypes are actually present in human nasal mucosa, which are activated by the two alpha‐adrenoceptor agonists and to what extent. Therefore, mRNA expression in human nasal mucosa of the six α‐adrenoceptor subtypes was studied. Furthermore, the affinity and potency of the imidazolines oxymetazoline and xylometazoline at these α‐adrenoceptor subtypes were examined in transfected HEK293 cells. The rank order of mRNA levels of α‐adrenoceptor subtypes in human nasal mucosa was: α2A > α1A ≥ α2B > α1D ≥ α2C >> α1B. Oxymetazoline and xylometazoline exhibited in radioligand competition studies higher affinities than the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline at most α‐adrenoceptor subtypes. Compared to xylometazoline, oxymetazoline exhibited a significantly higher affinity at α1A‐ but a lower affinity at α2B‐adrenoceptors. In functional studies in which adrenoceptor‐mediated Ca2+signals were measured, both, oxymetazoline and xylometazoline behaved at α2B‐adrenoceptors as full agonists but oxymetazoline was significantly more potent than xylometazoline. Furthermore, oxymetazoline was also a partial agonist at α1A‐adrenoceptors; however, its potency was relatively low and it was much lower than its affinity. The higher potency at α2B‐adrenoceptors, i.e. at receptors highly expressed at the mRNA level in human nasal mucosa, could eventually explain why in nasal decongestants oxymetazoline can be used in lower concentrations than xylometazoline.
Bivariate analysis of surgically induced regular astigmatism. Mathematical analysis and graphical display
Authors: Naeser K. , Hjortdal J. Ø.
Published: August 2010

Objective: The purpose of the study was to develop methods for simultaneous description of astigmatic direction and magnitude on aggregate data, with special reference to refractive surgery.

Design: Mathematical analysis of astigmatisms employing bivariate statistical methods.

Results: The mean of several astigmatisms is a new astigmatism of specific direction and magnitude, while the confidence region is an area, which may be determined exactly.

Conclusions: Astigmatisms may conveniently be symbolized as an astigmatic direction and magnitude, but are actually composed of refractive powers in the form of polar values. We are operating with two different entities, a net astigmatism and a power vector in the form of polar values. There is an unequivocal point‐to‐point correlation between these entities. Mathematical conversions can only be performed with polar values, but never by using net astigmatisms. All net astigmatisms must be converted to their appropriate refractive powers and the relevant calculations performed with these entities. The final result, such as an average of several astigmatisms, variances or confidence areas, may be point‐to‐point reconverted to and symbolized by a net astigmatism. These principles allow for exact description and comparison of surgical methods, but may be employed to describe and analyze any other population of astigmatisms, such as subjective cylinders and spectacle corrections.
Tight bounds for the identical parallel machine‐scheduling problem: Part II
Authors: Haouari Mohamed , Jemmali Mahdi
Published: August 2010

A companion paper introduces new lower bounds and heuristics for the problem of minimizing makespan on identical parallel machines. The objective of this paper is threefold. First, we describe further enhancements of previously described lower bounds. Second, we propose a new heuristic that requires solving a sequence of 0–1 knapsack problems. Finally, we show that embedding these newly derived bounds in a branch‐and‐bound procedure yields a very effective exact algorithm. Moreover, this algorithm features a new symmetry‐breaking branching strategy. We present the results of computational experiments that were carried out on a large set of instances and that attest to the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. In particular, we report proven optimal solutions for some benchmark problems that have been open for some time.
A Branch‐and‐Prune algorithm for the Molecular Distance Geometry Problem
Authors: Liberti Leo , Lavor Carlile , Maculan Nelson
Published: August 2010

The Molecular Distance Geometry Problem consists in finding the positions inof the atoms of a molecule, given some of the inter‐atomic distances. We show that under an additional requirement on the given distances this can be transformed to a combinatorial problem. We propose a Branch‐and‐Prune algorithm for the solution of this problem and report on very promising computational results.
Basal Cell Carcinoma Arising in a Nevus Sebaceus in a Child with Facial Trichoepitheliomas
Authors: Jensen Allison L. , Florell Scott R. , Vanderhooft Sheryll L. , Bale Allen E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Nevus sebaceus (NS) is a congenital skin hamartoma that presents in childhood. Tumors may arise within these lesions over time. Mutations in the PTCH gene have been associated with both NS and some of the developing tumors. Only nine documented cases of basal cell carcinoma arising in nevus sebaceus in childhood are available. We present a case of an 8‐year‐old male with nevus sebaceus who developed a basal cell carcinoma. Evaluation for constitutional PTCH gene mutation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) from the BCC within the NS did not reveal an underlying mutation. We further discuss the literature regarding prophylactic excision of NS.
Cold Panniculitis Following Ice Therapy for Cardiac Arrhythmia
Authors: BOLOTIN DIANA , DUFFY KEITH L. , PETRONIC‐ROSIC VESNA , RHEE CHRISTOPHER J. , MYERS PATRICK J. , STEIN SARAH L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Ice therapy has long been used as first line treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in neonates. We report a case of cold panniculitis developing in a 12‐day‐old neonate after ice therapy for cardiac arrhythmia. This is the first biopsy‐proved case of cold panniculitis following ice therapy for supraventricular tachycardia in a newborn.
GROWTH OF GONIUM MULTICOCCUM IN SYNTHETIC MEDIA1
Authors: Saito Shôichi
Published: August 2010

Nutrient requirements of Gonium multicoccum (strains 7–1 and 7–2) were investigated in detail. Acetate supported, most efficiently growth in both continuous light and dark. Acetate could be replaced with pyruvate or lactate in the continuous light, but not in the dark. Sugars were completely ineffective. Thiamine was required for optimum growth. The addition of B12 reduced lag phase, but it did not change the final yield. As the sole nitrogen source, nitrate, ammonia, and urea were equally effective. Nitrite, arginine, glutamine, and uric acid, supported scant growth. Examination of the major and minor mineral requirements resulted, in an optimal medium. A growth rate as high as 5.8 doublings per day was obtained at 25 C in continuous light.
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION, MITOSIS, AND CYTOKINESIS IN THE ULOTRICHALEAN ALGA, KLEBSORMIDIUM1,2,3
Authors: Floyd Gary L. , Stewart Kenneth D. , Mattox Karl R.
Published: August 2010

Mitosis, cytokinesis, and cellular organization during interphase are described. Interphase cells possess a single microbody‐like organdie which occurs between, and is appressed to, the chloroplast and nucleus. The microbody‐like organelle divides during mitosis and. the division of the chloroplast. Anaphase is unusual in that chromosome‐to‐spindle pole distance remains constant even though the 2 groups of chromosomes become widely separated. When anaphase is half completed, a vacuole forms in the interzonal region and appears to be involved in further separation of the chromosomes. Vacuolar development is also involved with events of early interphase. The cytology of K. flaccidum is compared to those of Ulothrix fimbriata and Stigeoclonium helveticum. The comparison, does not support the present classification of the 3 species, and indicates the value of comparative fine structural studies in the classification of ulotrichalean algae.
OVERWINTERING OF DICTYOTA DICHOTOMA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) NEAR ITS NORTHERN DISTRIBUTION LIMIT ON THE EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA1
Authors: Richardson Joseph P.
Published: August 2010

The mechanism of yearly repopulation of Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux in the inshore waters of North Carolina was studied in the field and in laboratory experiments. It was demonstrated that D. dichotoma is maintained throughout the year at this location and does not require yearly immigrations. A young germling stage was shown to function as the overwintering structure. Although release of aplanospores was unaffected by temperature and photoperiod, subsequent germination and establishment required warm conditions. If germlings were allowed to grow to the 7–9 cell stage under summer conditions, they could survive 21 wk of winter conditions. Transfer of 21 wk old winterized germlings to summer conditions resulted in the rapid production of erect blades. It therefore appears that D. dichotoma maintains its populations near its northern distribution limit on the East Coast of North America by undergoing dormancy after germling establishment.
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF LAMINARIA LONGICRURIS (PHAEOPHYTA) POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT INTENSITIES OF WATER MOVEMENT1
Authors: Gerard Valrie A. , Mann Kenneth H.
Published: August 2010

Blade elongation was compared in two populations of Laminaria longicruris de la Pylaie in Shag Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada; one population was exposed to and the other sheltered from high intensity water movement. The maximum and minimum elongation rates were similar for the two populations, but the sheltered coast plants grew more rapidly during 8 mo of the year. Measurements of internal inorganic nitrogen (NO3−+ NO2−) reserves and dry organic weight indicated that low concentrations of dissolved nutrients in summer and low levels of illumination in fall and winter were more limiting to growth at the exposed site than the sheltered site. Transplant experiments provided evidence that morphological differences between the exposed and sheltered coast plants accounted at least partially for their different responses to varying nutrient conditions and light levels. It is concluded that lower productivity of the exposed coast population is the result of adaptation to high intensity water movement.
THE BIOLOGY OFHARVEYELLA MIRABILIS(CRYPTONEMIALES, RHODOPHYCEAE). VII. STRUCTURE AND PROPOSED FUNCTION OF HOST‐PENETRATING CELLS1
Authors: Goff Lynda J.
Published: August 2010

The parasitic red algaHarveyella mirabilis(Reinsch) Schmitz & Reinke was examined by light and electron microscopy to determine the structural mechanism involved in nutrient transfer. The host‐penetrating rhizoidal cells are unique in possessing an extensive and apparently dynamic endomembrane system as well as other unique cytoplasmic inclusions. The membrane system consists of the plasmalemma, pinocytotic vesicles, multivesicular and concentric bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, micro‐body‐like structures and an extensive vacuolar system. It is proposed that this system is active in the uptake and processing of host‐derived nutrients. Plasmalemmal extensions (plasmalemmavilli) ofHarveyellamedullary cells may also function in nutrient uptake.
EFFECT OF LIGHT QUALITY AND INTENSITY ON GLYCEROL CONTENT INDUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA(CHLOROPHYCEAE) AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO CELL GROWTH/OSMOREGULATION1
Authors: Jones Thomas W. , Galloway Raymond A.
Published: August 2010

Dunaliella tertiolectaButcher was grown at two intensities (33, 150μEin · m−2· s−1) of blue light and white light at 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 M NaCl. Growth rates were used as an indication of the relative osmoregulatory ability of cells in the various treatments. There was no significant effect on growth rate due to various NaCl molarities. No significant difference in growth rate was found between blue‐ and white‐light cultures at the high intensity, the average growth constant being 2.07 divisions/day. However, at the low intensity illumination, blue light produced a significant increase in growth rate; 1.42 vs. 0.93 divisions/day for blue light and white light grown cells respectively. The average glycerol content of exponentially dividing cells grown at 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 M NaCl was 0.12, 0.41 and 1.12 mg/108cells, respectively, as measured by gas chromatography. The intracellular glycerol content was significantly reduced by blue light at both light intensities and at each NaCl molarity. However, high light intensity reduced cellular glycerol content more than the reduction effected by blue light. Glycerol accumulated in the medium throughout culture growth. Intracellular glycerol content also increased with cellular aging reaching 2.72 mg/108cells in stationary phase, low intensity 1.00 M NaCl cultures. A negative correlation between glycerol content and growth rate was found. Total inhibition of glycerol production could not be obtained by treatment with blue light. However, this negative correlation possibly indicates thatD. tertiolectaexpends energy producing an excess amount of glycerol over that required for osmoregulation, leading to a reduction in the growth rate for the organism.
COMPARISON OF TOXINS IN THREE ISOLATES OF GONYAULAX TAMARENSIS (DINOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Alam M. I. , Hsu C. P. , Shimizu Y.
Published: August 2010

Toxicity levels and profiles of three isolates of Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour grown under the same conditions were compared. One isolate was collected from Ipswich, Massachusetts, during the massive red tide of 1972 along the New England coast. The other two isolates were obtained from Perch Pond (Falmouth, Massachusetts) and Mill Pond (Orleans, Massachusetts) located in the southwest and south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, respectively. All the three cultures produced toxins with variation in their toxicity levels. Toxin contents were highest in the Ipswich isolate, followed in an order by Mill Pond and Perch Pond cultures. Morphological similarity existed between Ipswich and Mill Pond cells, whereas the Perch Pond cells possessed an additional ventral pore on the l' epithecal plate.
METHYLAMINE UPTAKE IN THE GREEN ALGA CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA1
Authors: Pelley Janet Lynn , Bannister T. T.
Published: August 2010

Methylamine uptake in nitrogen‐starved Chlorella pyrenoidosa Beij. follows Michaelis‐Menten kinetics: maximum uptake is about 1.6 nmol μl−1· cells · min−1, half‐saturation occurs at 4 μM methylamine, and the slope in the range where uptake is proportional to concentration is 0.4 nmol μl−1· min−1·μM−1. In cells grown in the presence of a non‐limiting nitrogen concentration, methylamine uptake is directly proportional to concentration up to at least 0.5 mM, and the slope is 1/500 that for starved cells. Similar uptake kinetics have been reported for Penicillium chrysogenum and attributed to an inducible “ammonium permease.” Apparently, a similar permease occurs in algae.
TOXICITY OF SUBTROPICAL MARINE ALGAE USING FISH MORTALITY AND RED BLOOD CELL HEMOLYSIS FOR BIOASSAYS1
Authors: Targett Nancy M. , Mitsui Akira
Published: August 2010

Two bioassays (fish mortality and fish erythrocyte hemolysis) were used to survey for the presence of toxic principles in aqueous extracts of 19 species of marine macro‐algae found in south Florida coastal waters. Extracts from six species (Chlorophyta—Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Ag., Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) Lamour., Penicillus capitatus Lamarck: Rhodophyta—Centroceras clavulatum (C. Ag.) Montague, Laurencia papillosa (Forsskål) Grev., L. poitel (Lamour.) Howe) showed lethal toxicity to the spotfin mojarra, Euconistomus argenteus Baird & Girard. Extracts from three species (Chlorophyta—A. stellata: Phaeophyta—Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamour.: Rhodophyta—Wrangelia penicillata C. Ag.) lysed erythrocytes of sea bream, Archosargus rhomboidalis (L.).
13C AND 15N UPTAKE BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON. I. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN SOURCE AND CONCENTRATION IN LABORATORY CULTURES OF DIATOMS1
Authors: Collos Yves , Slawyk Gerd
Published: August 2010

Two species of marine diatoms, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin were grown in batch and continuous cultures on four different nitrogen compounds (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, urea). Carbon and nitrogen uptake were measured simultaneously with the stable isotopes 13C and 15N. Nitrogen uptake generally increased with N concentration in the medium, but no clear difference existed between the N sources. Carbon fixation was decreased for up to 5 h following the addition of the N compound. Nitrite generally had the greatest inhibitory effect on C uptake. Carbon‐to‐nitrogen uptake ratios decreased with increasing dissolved N concentration, becoming lower than one in nutrient‐limited cultures. In contrast, batch cultures exhibited C:N uptake ratios greater than one. These effects are essentially short‐term and differ from long‐term influences of the N source on the cellular chemical composition.
SYNCHRONOUS GROWTH OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYCEAE): A REVIEW OF OPTIMAL CONDITIONS1
Authors: Lien Torleiv , Knutsen Gjert
Published: August 2010

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard was synchronized at optimal growth conditions under a 12:4 LD regime at 35 C and 20,000 lx with serial dilution to a standard starting cell density of (1.4 ± 0.2) × 106 cells/ml. Synchronous growth and division were characterized by measuring cell number, cell volume and size distribution, dry weight, protein, carbon, nitrogen, chlorophyll, carotenoids, nucleic acids, nuclear and cytoplasmic division during the vegetative life cycle. The main properties of the present system are: Exponential growth with high productivity, high degrees of synchrony and reproducibility during repeated life cycles. The degree of synchrony of this light‐dark synchronization system was evaluated and compared with those described in the literature using probit analysis of the time course of DNA synthesis, nuclear and cytoplasmic division and sporulation (increase in cell number). The results showed that the degree of synchrony is highest for cells grown under optimal conditions.
DYNAMICS OF CELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR cAMP IN ANABAENA FLOS‐AQUAE (CYANOPHYTA): INTRINSIC CULTURE VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION WITH METABOLIC VARIABLES1
Authors: Francko David A. , Wetzel Robert G.
Published: August 2010

The production and extracellular release of cyclic adenosine 3′: 5′‐monophosphate (cAMP) by the blue‐green alga Anabaena flos‐aquae (Lyngb.) Breb. varied greatly within and between active growth phase and stationary phase and under differing nutrient regimes. Enhanced cellular cAMP production was found in actively growing Anabaena inoculated into media deficient in nitrate or phosphate, or into fresh media containing non‐limiting nutrient concentrations. In stationary phase Anabaena, but not actively growing cells, the concentrations of intra‐cellular cAMP present in cells grown under a variety of nutrient regimes could be significantly correlated to [14C]‐bicarbonate uptake by an exponential relationship.
NEW ENDOLITHIC CYANOPHYTES FROM THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN: I. CYANOSACCUS PIRIFORMIS GEN. ET SP. NOV.1
Authors: Lukas Karen J. , Golubic Stjepko
Published: August 2010

This paper describes a new genus and species of endolithic microorganism, Cyanosaccus piriformis Lukas and Golubic (Cyanophyta, Pleurocapsales). It is characterized by 1) having one to four spherical to pear‐shaped cells within a stalked, gelatinous sheath, 2) its mode of reproduction by release of a large number of baeocytes produced by the proximal daughter cell following transverse binary fission of the parent cell, and 3) its ability to bore into and dwell within carbonate substrates in the marine environment. Its habit of asymmetrical sheath production allies it with the common microboring genera Hyella and Solentia within the family Hyellaceae.

Cyanosaccus is a common inhabitant of mollusk shells found in water depths ranging from +0.5 to –75 m MLW on the eastern Florida continental margin and in carbonate sands or rocks in the intertidal and subtidal zones of the Bermuda and Bahama Islands. Its distribution within and among inhabited substrates is patchy due to its mode of reproduction and growth.
PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND CELL COMPOSITION OF FRESHWATER ALGAE IN LIGHT‐LIMITED CONTINUOUS CULTURES1
Authors: Schlesinger David A. , Shuter Brian J.
Published: August 2010

Selenastrum minutum (Näg.) Collins and three species of Scenedesmus were grown in light‐limited continuous cultures. Comparative growth patterns were explained in terms of differences in the rates of light absorption and utilization. For all species, increasing light intensity or lowering temperature caused chl a/C to decrease and RNA/C to increase. Similar shifts in pigment composition have been widely reported. However, the RNA:light interaction has only been reported infrequently, and the RNA:temperature interaction is believed to be the first reported observation of its kind in algae. Distinct differences in RNA/C among the test algae may be size‐dependent. Similar environmentally induced shifts in chl a/C and RNA/C among all test algae point to the existence of a common control mechanism which maximizes the specific growth rate through adjustments to cell composition.
CHLOROPHYLL‐SPECIFIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND QUANTUM EFFICIENCY AT SUBSATURATING LIGHT INTENSITIES12
Authors: Welschmeyer Nicholas A. , Lorenzen Carl J.
Published: August 2010

Light‐limited rates of photosynthesis normalized for chlorophyll a, (α), and actual photon absorption (quantum efficiency, Ф) were determined for six eponentially growing algal species grown under identical conditions. The same parameters, α and Ф, were also monitored for a single diatom species, Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle & Heimdal, through its growth cycle in batch culture. Statistical differences in α could be demonstrated among the six different exponentially growing species while no differences could be shown for Ф. Statistical differences among the six species were minimized when photosynthetic rates were normalized for in vivo fluorescence rather than extracted chlorophyll a. Both α and Ф were constant while T. pseudonana was in the exponential phase of growth, but both declined as the culture entered stationary phase. While cells were in exponential growth, differences in a were attributed to varying rates of in vivo light absorption per chlorophyll a, thus providing experimental evidence that the in vivo chlorophyll a extinction coefficient, kc (m2· mg Chl a−1), cannot be assumed constant.
SORPTION OF PLUTONIUM‐237 BY TWO SPECIES OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON11
Authors: Yen Jeannette
Published: August 2010

The adsorption of plutonium‐237, added from an acid solution, by two species of marine phytoplankton, Monochrysis lutheri Droop, a flagellated chrysomonad, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, a diatom, is governed by a passive mechanism. This is clearly indicated by the observation that the rapid rates of sorption were not significantly different for live and heat‐killed cells incubated at 24°C and 0°C. The Q10 values for the chrysomonad and the diatom of 0.95 and 1.18, respectively, are indicative of passive processes. The average ratio of (activity on algae/activity in filtrate) per unit volume at 24 h, the time when maximum levels of algal radioactivity were attained, of (32 ± 4) × 103 was not significantly different for the diatom or the chrysomonad. On a per cell basis, maximum levels of radioactivity were attained within 2 h. Less than 20% of the adsorbed 237Pu desorbed after 24 h.
PHYCOLOGIA TRIGINTA QUINQUE1,2
Authors: Parker Bruce C.
Published: August 2010

A brief history of the origin of the Phycological Society of America (PSA) is presented. Since its founding, the PSA has grown from the 157 Charter Members in 1947 into a vital Society of some 1800 members today. A major catalyst in the development of the PSA was the creation in 1965 of the Journal of Phycology which now ranks among the important journals in Botany. Lists of Charter Members, Distinguished Lecturers, recipients of the Bold Award, members of the PSA Executive Committee and the major meeting sites are included.
DIPLOIDY IN DNA CONTENT IN VEGETATIVE CELLS OF CLOSTERIUM EHRENBERGII (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Hamada Jin
Published: August 2010

DNA content of the nucleus in the placoderm desmid, Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini was measured throughout the life cycle by epifluorescence microspectrophotometry after DNA specific dye [4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindol (DAPI)] staining. Postulating a mean DNA content of gamete nuclei as 1C, the nucleus of a newly divided vegetative cell was 2C. Most vegetative cells in the stage of exponential growth had a DNA content from 2C to 4C, while most in stationary phase, with the highest frequency of zygote formation, were 2C. They became pre‐gametes (2C) upon mixing two heterothallic strains. Four gametes were made by a DNA reduction division of each pre‐gamete cell. Therefore, there was a nonmeiotic DNA reduction stage by one half.

During germination, the zygote underwent meiosis to produce two gones, each of which contained one surviving nucleus (large nucleus) and one degenerating nucleus (small nucleus). The DNA content of these four nuclei was 1C basically. The DNA of the surviving nucleus duplicated to 2C and further quadruplicated to 4C without cell or nuclear division. These two 4C gones had different cell morphology from ordinary vegetative cells. After the first cell division following meiosis, each gone produced two vegetative cells in which the DNA content became 2C to 4C again.
SHORT TERM UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY ENTEROMORPHA PROLIFERA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: O'Brien Margaret C. , Wheeler Patricia A.
Published: August 2010

Rates of NH4+ and NO3− uptake were determined by accumulation of 15N in plant tissue and by disappearance of nutrient from the medium. Agreement between rates calculated by the two methods was good, averaging 82.7% (SD = 15.8%) and 91.2% (SD = 13.7%) for NH4+ and NO3− uptake, respectively. An average of 93.4 and 96.0% of added 15NH4+ and 15NO3− was recovered from the medium and /or plant tissue at the end of the incubations. Both bacterial uptake and regeneration of NH4+ may contribute to discrepancies between NH4+ uptake rates calculated by 15N accumulation and disappearance of NH4+ from the medium.

The influence of tissue composition on uptake of NH4+, NO3− and PO43‐ by Enteromorpha prolifera (Müller) J. Agardh was examined. For NH4+ uptake, Vmax was 188 μmol NH4+. g dry wt−1. h−1 and Ks ranged from 9.3 to 13.4 μM, but there was no correlation between kinetic parameters and tissue nitrogen content. For NO3−, both kinetic parameters were higher for plants with low tissue nitrogen than for plants with high tissue nitrogen. Maximum rates were 169 and 75.4 μmol NO3−. g dry wt−1. h−1, and Ks was 13.3 and 2.31 μM for low and high tissue nitrogen plants, respectively. Estimates of uptake in the field suggested that NH4+ accounted for 65% and NO3− for up to 35% of total nitrogen uptake during the summer. Nutrient uptake rates of field‐collected plants also indicated that E. prolifera in Yaquina Bay, Oregon was not likely to have been nitrogen‐limited, but may have been phosphorus‐limited.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VALVE DIAMETER AND NUMBER OF CENTRAL FULTOPORTULAE IN THALASSIOSIRA WEISSFLOGII (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Johansen Jeffrey R. , Theriot Edward
Published: August 2010

Cells well below the reported minimum size for Thalassiosira weisslogii (Grunow) Fryxell et Hasle were observed in two unialgal cultures. The relationship between diameter and number of central fultoportulae was found to be very regular. Regresion analysis of three different populations showed equivalent slopes and r2 values above 80%. The y‐intercepts were significantly different and support observations in the litrature that nonmarine valeve of T. Weissflogii have fewer central fultoportulae than marine forms.
CELL WALL STRUCTURE AND IRON DISTRIBUTION IN THE GREEN ALGA STAURASTRUM LUETKEMUELLERI (DESMIDIACEAE)1
Authors: Andersen Sissel , Heldal Mikal , Knutsen Gjert
Published: August 2010

The cell wall of Staurastrum luetkemuelleri Donnat & Ruttner was examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM) using whole cells, in thin sections with transmission electron microscope (TEM), and in air dried whole cells and unstained thin sections with X‐ray microanalysis in the scanning‐transmission electron microscope (STEM).

The cell wall was ornamented with spines and wartlike structures. Spines were solid structures, consisting of deposits of cell wall material between two main cell wall layers. The wart‐like structures were pore organs extending through the cell wall and the mucilaginous layer outside the cell wall. The pore cylinder was surrounded by deposits of cell wall material similar to the ones in the spines.

X‐ray microanalysis of selected areas on whole cells from a natural population showed iron accumulation in discrete locations on the cell extensions of S. luetkemuelleri. In the unstained thin sections iron was found only in the cell wall deposits in the spines. Cells grown in laboratory cultures failed to show iron accumulation regardless of readdition of iron‐EDTA (Fe‐EDTA) to the culture medium.
SELENIUM: AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT FOR GROWTH OF THE COASTAL MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1,2
Authors: Price Neil M. , Thompson Peter A. , Harrison Paul J.
Published: August 2010

An obligate requirement for selenium is demonstrated in axenic culture of the coastal marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (clone 3H) (Hust.) Hasle and Heimdal grown in artificial seawater medium. Selenium deficiency was characterized by a reduction in growth rate and eventually by a cessation of cell division. The addition of 10−10 M Na2eO3 to nutrient enriched artifical seawater resulted in excellent growth of T. pseudonana and only a slight inhibition of growth occurred at Na2SeO3 concentrations of 10−3 and 10‐2 M. By contrast, Na2SeO4 failed to support growth of T. pseudonana when supplied at concentrations less than 10−7 M and the growth rate at this concentration was only one quarter of the maximum growth rate. The addition of 10−3 and 10−2 M Na2SeO4 to the culture medium was toxic and cell growth was completely inhibited. Eleven trace elements were tested for their ability to replace the selenium requirement by this alga and all were without effect.

In selenium‐deficient and selenium‐starved cultures of T. pseudonana cell volume increased as much as 10‐fold as a result of an increase in cell length (along the pervalvar axis) but cell width was constant. It is concluded that selenium is an indispensable element for the growth of T. pseudonana and it should be included as a nutrient enrichment to artificial seawater medium when culturing this alga.