bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration in the Eurasian region: legal aspects of its development
Authors: Galushko Dmitriy Viacheslavovich , Oganova Natalya Valerievna , Belousov Andrey Leonidovich , Grigorovich Elena Valerievna , Sereda Aleksey Valerievich
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes the problems of the evolution of Eurasian integration in the post-Soviet space, the characteristic features of the process. Based on the consideration of international documents that form the basis of Eurasian economic integration, and the main organizational and legal forms of interaction between the states of the Eurasian region, the authors propose the periodization of the Eurasian integration process. Four stages are substantiated in the paper: I. Formation of integration processes within the Commonwealth of Independent States with the creation of various mechanisms of interaction between the states. II. Creation of the Eurasian Economic Community and continued integration on the basis of this international organization. III. Creation of the Customs Union of the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. IV. The creation of the Eurasian Economic Union – to date. The authors conclude that the integration of the former Soviet republics was carried out at various levels of cooperation, the logical result of which was the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union as the highest form of integration of the post-Soviet states at the moment. Further development of this international organization requires both a well-developed legal framework and the creation of appropriate economic, political and other objective prerequisites.
The influence of the culture of society on the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures of the state
Authors: Popova Larisa Aleksandrovna , Surikhin Petr Leonidovich
Published: August 2021

The study aims to analyze the impact of different types of national cultures on the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures implemented by the states, expressed in the change in the Corruption Perceptions Index for the period from 2016 to 2020. The methodological basis was such scientific methods as dialectical, logical, prognostic, and systems analysis. The methods of statistics were also used to achieve the research objectives. The study attempts to analyze the relationship between the cultural area of the country and its place in the international rating, compiled annually based on the results of the research conducted by the international organization Transparency International. The result of the study was the conclusion regarding the predominance of the countries of the Western European cultural area in the leaders of the rating as the countries with the lowest corruption perceptions index, the countries of the African cultural area as the countries predominating in the composition of the states with the highest corruption perceptions index and proportional representation of the countries of the Eastern European, South Asian and Latin American cultural area in the median values of the rating. The novelty of the work lies in the division of the countries existing in the modern world into eight cultural areas based on the value attitudes, traditions, and beliefs formed in them, which enabled to analyze the representation of countries of a particular area in a certain group of ratings – the countries with a low corruption perceptions index, the countries – with a high corruption perceptions index and the countries, in the corresponding analyzed period, occupying the median position in the rating.
On the issue of harmonization of national tax legislation in integration associations
Authors: Golovchenko Oksana Nikolaevna , Plotskaya Anastasiya
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is a legal analysis of the current supranational tax legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union and European Union integration associations. Special methods of cognition were used in the furtherance of this goal: historical and legal analysis, formal legal method, comparative legal method, the method of legal modeling, the method of interpreting legal norms, which made it possible to identify the existing problems and determine the ways and means of their elimination as well as to determine the differences in approaches in the construction of the European and Eurasian economic integration. Moreover, the methodological basis of the study was formed by general scientific methods of cognition: the dialectical method, which made it possible to reveal the integrity and consistency of legal phenomena; the method of generalization, allowing to draw conclusions as a result of generalization of the data obtained; the comprehensive research method, allowing to consider the theoretical and practical foundations of the process of harmonizing national tax legislation in conjunction. The result of the study was the identification of similar and different concepts for the implementation of supranational policy in the tax systems of the Eurasian Economic Union and European Union countries, aimed at deepening Eurasian and European economic integration, as well as the identification of the trends in the development of harmonization of the national tax legislation of the European Union member states for their subsequent implementation into the tax legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union integration association member countries. The novelty of the study lies in the very formulation of the problem, as well as in the fact that these legal relations incite the states to take actual measures and find new solutions aimed at increasing the country’s economic indicators and potential.
State reform in the Russian Federation at the present stage: challenges and threats
Authors: Rosenko Maria Ivanovna , Skrebets Elena Vladimirovna , Zaporozhets Sergey Andreevich , Golikova Svetlana Vitalievna , Rivera Siles Bladimir Denis
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is to identify the content of modern administrative reform and the characteristics of its impact on the quality and efficiency of public administration in Russia. The methodological basis of the study includes the dialectical, systemic, comparative historical and comparative legal approaches. The formal legal method, methods of data collection, analysis of secondary data, methods of analysis, induction, legal comparative studies were also used herein. The results of the study showed that state reform, contributing to a successful democratic transition to a developed social and legal state, is implemented by eliminating excessive centralization of state power, creating conditions for business development, removing excessive government interference and administrative barriers, ensuring competition and countering corruption. The introduction of criteria for the effectiveness of performance evaluation, monitoring and public control of the state apparatus contributes to real public control. Based on the results of the study, priority trends in the deployment of modern state reform were identified and the author’s recommendations for its further improvement were formulated. Moreover, it was noted that the central directions of improving the system of public administration, in which systematic work is being carried out are the reduction of excessive government regulation; improving the quality of public services; increasing the efficiency of government bodies; increasing information transparency, overcoming corruption. The novelty of the work lies in the identified features of the political and administrative culture of Russia in the context of its constructive influence on the nature of modern administrative reform. Moreover, it includes the implementation of a systematic analysis of the modern Russian administrative reform and a comprehensive assessment of its results, consisting not only in improving the quality of public services provided to the population, but also in strengthening the vertical of executive power. Proposals have been developed to improve the organizational and legal mechanisms of state reform.
Socio-anthropological approach to the study of legal cultures: evolutionism and functionalism
Authors: Zinkovsky Sergey Borisovich
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the productivity of the socio-anthropological approach to the study of legal culture. In the study of legal cultures, the methodology of legal science involves going beyond both the special legal sciences and, in general, the social sciences. This actualizes the assessment of the productivity of the socio-anthropological approach to law and the justification of its evolutionist and functionalist directions for the conceptualization of legal phenomena. Their methodology in identifying the characteristics of legal culture is based on a) the recognition of its integral organism, whose elements are functionally connected and based on common principles; b) the principle of organicism, which involves the spread of methods, tools, and patterns of scientific knowledge, characteristic of the biological sciences, to social phenomena. This approach identifies the relationships between human thoughts and behavioral acts, biological and social processes, and various stages of the historical development of legal cultures. The result of the research is a structural scheme developed by the author, which demonstrates the productivity of the socio-anthropological approach to the study of legal culture, reflecting the main forms of manifestation of the reductionism of legal research from narrow methodological positions and ways to overcome it with the help of the socio-anthropological approach of evolutionist and functionalist orientation. The novelty of the work is due to the evolutionist and functionalist study of legal cultures applied by the author, which contributes to overcoming the limitations of criteria for the critical assessment of the laws of their development, contexts that allow characterizing legal phenomena from an interdisciplinary perspective, offer substantive and methodological alternatives to explain them and assess the importance of social communication processes in their dynamics.
Constitutional and legal status of a federal subject in the Republic of Iraq and in the Russian Federation: a comparative legal study
Authors: Toghramchy Waleed Taha Akram , Hussein Nahro Khasro
Published: August 2021

The constitutional and legal status of subjects of various federations is the issue considered by many scientists, but the area of comparative legal research remains poorly studied. The article considers the basics and features of the constitutional and legal status of the subjects of two federations that are at the stage of formation as democratic and legal states: the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Iraq. The purpose of the comparative study is to identify common and different elements of the constitutional and legal status of the subjects of two states and to identify on their basis a model of the constitutional and legal status of a subject of a modern, democratic, and rule-of-law state. The work is based on the comparative-legal research method. The study reveals differences in the ways of achieving the goal of building a federal state in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Iraq. It also determines the foundations and features of the constitutional and legal status of the subjects of the two federations. The analysis of the main constitutional and legal norms establishing the procedure for the division of powers between federal and regional state authorities is carried out. The study results allow concluding that it is necessary to amend the constitutional legislation of the Republic of Iraq in order to expand the constitutional and legal status of the subjects and improve federal relations within the country.
The goal of the methodology for legal regulation of victim protection
Authors: Tarnavsky Oleg Aleksandrovich
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the research is to develop a theoretical concept of a security and recovery arrangements for protecting the violated rights and interests of persons, who have suffered from the commission of crimes in the framework of criminal proceedings, with the determination of the development prospects, legal support as well as the use in law enforcement practice. The methodological background of this research was such fundamental methods of scientific knowledge as general methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), as well as special methods (comparative legal and formal legal). The research resulted in making the conclusion about the positive transformations in the criminal process of recent years; finally, the victim of a crime is gradually becoming key in the context of the changes introduced by the criminal procedural legislation. But it is believed by the author that the improvement of the criminal procedural mechanism should be not occasional but a comprehensive reform of the goals, objectives and principles of all criminal procedural activities, with an emphasis on the compensatory mechanism of legal regulation. The novelty of the research lies in the author’s approach to the consideration of the stated problem and that it made it possible to assert that the scientific understanding of the ideological content of the methodology of legal regulation of the protection of a victim implies the reform of criminal proceedings, from its content to the procedural position of the victim and restorative procedures.
The method of withdrawal of unused agricultural land plots from the owners
Authors: Pozdnyakova Elena Aleksandrovna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is to identify the problems of withdrawal of unused agricultural land plots from the owners and to determine the ways to solve them. The methodological basis of the research is the analysis of regulatory legal documents, statistical data, scientific publications, as well as deduction and synthesis. The application of these methods made it possible to characterize the mechanism of withdrawal of unused agricultural land plots from the owners and to identify problems in this area; to propose measures for elimination of the identified problems. The study resulted in the following provisions: there is no consensus in the scientific community on the advisability of withdrawing unused agricultural land plots, since countries that effectively use agricultural land are developing in terms of quality, thereby emphasizing the absence of the need to increase the area; the solution of food security problem by involving unused agricultural land plots in circulation is currently acceptable for Russia, since the country currently have no mechanism for replacement of the number of areas with production intensification. The novelty of the research lies in identification of the problem of unused land trading in the absence of those wishing to purchase it. Moreover, the author’s approach to solving the issue of economy efficiency improvement includes the involvement of such land plots in circulation by expanding the methods used, in particular, the tools of economic and imperative methods.
The mechanism for ensuring a balanced model of local self-government as a necessary condition for municipal development
Authors: Konysheva Elena Georgievna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is the development of theoretical recommendations for a new concept of municipal power and local self-government in the Russian Federation. The objectives of the study are to consider the relationship of the legal foundations of local self-government with the historical forms of local self-government and government, and to study the comparative legal characteristics of conceptual approaches to foreign and domestic models of local self-government. The methodological basis of the research includes analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, concrete historical, comparative legal, formal legal and statistical methods. Within the framework of the study, attention is focused on the recently published works of Russian and foreign scientists, statistical data are provided. According to the results of the study, modern organizational models of local self-government are formed with consideration to the needs of multi-level public administration, which presupposes the functional involvement of local self-government bodies in the state executive power system and their responsibility for the implementation of public powers. The scientific novelty of the study lies in obtaining theoretical conclusions that a necessary condition for further municipal development in Russia is the creation of an effective mechanism for reconciling the interests of local communities with state interests, the absence of which leads to an excessive strengthening of state or social principles and a violation of a balanced model of local self-government.
Mediation service in special closed-type educational institutions (SCTEI)
Authors: Terentyeva Valeria Aleksandrovna , Gaag Irina Anatolievna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of the mediation service on the correction of SCTEI trainees, highlight their main differences with the psychological and pedagogical service, and conduct a comparative analysis of similar services abroad. Such fundamental methods of scientific knowledge as general methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), as well as special methods (comparative legal and formal legal), provided the methodological basis for this research. The work used the published data from the Pathways to Desistance studies; in relation to 1,354 juvenile offenders. The data from a survey of 100 minors held in SCTEI of the Siberian Federal District were used. The research results concluded that the creation at SCTEI of mediation services engaged in constructive conflict resolution and ensuring effective achievement of mutual understanding between the parties to the conflict determine the humanity of education, the priority of human life and health, the rights and freedoms of an individual. It was also found by the authors that it had had a positive effect on the creation of a culture of safe and trusting communication between students, their parents and the teaching staff of the institution, on the prevention of violent, aggressive approaches in interpersonal interaction, the prevention of manifestations of antisocial behaviour, professional and emotional burnout of employees. In addition, it was found that with the functioning of the mediation service, students at SCTEI would also get an idea of how to become a part of society. The novelty of the research is due to the author’s approach to the problem under study as well as the fact that during the research it was found that it is mediation that makes it possible to create a dual system model of self-control for students at SCTEI.
Contemporary trends in the judicial practice of compensation for damage in commissioning environmental crimes
Authors: Blankov Aleksander Salyakhovich , Vinogradova Olga Borisovna , Gaprindashvili Rezo Tengizovich , Orlova Yulia Rudolfovna , Portyankina Svetlana Petrovna
Published: August 2021

The prerequisites for the research were a comprehensive analysis of the state of environmental safety in the Russian Federation indicative of negative trends in this area including the compensation for harm caused as a result of committing environmental crimes. The article presents the results of the analysis of the criminal case files related to compensation for harm caused as a result of committing environmental crimes. The research authors noted such a feature of environmental crimes that when they are committed, the damage is caused to objects that have both environmental and economic value. Often, at the same time, environmental damage is caused to a certain extent by economic (property) damage (harm) which significantly complicates the resolution in practice of the issue related to compensation for harm caused as a result of committing environmental crimes. The core problem identified by the authors is that environmental harm from the point of view of its complex manifestation cannot be detected immediately, but after a rather long time; there are cases when it can be completely irreparable. The authors made an attempt to summarise the law enforcement practices of Russian courts related to compensation for harm caused as a result of committing environmental crimes, both at the stage of preliminary investigation and judicial proceedings, consider the types of harm to be compensated and the recovery procedure, identify problems arising during compensation for various types of harm. Based on the research results, measures aimed at improving the mechanism of legal regulation of compensation for harm caused as a result of violation of environmental safety rules were proposed; the need for legislative consolidation of the criteria for determining the amount of compensation for harm by the courts, as well as the need for specialisation of courts considering cases related to environmental offences.
Topical issues of digitalization in corporate law
Authors: Oleynik Elena Viktorovna , Shevchenko Olga Mikhailovna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is to analyze the provisions of the novelties of the Russian legislation on digital financial assets and digital currency. The methodological basis was the method of comparative legal analysis, using which the authors identify general patterns and features of the legal status of Russian digital joint-stock companies and decentralized autonomous organizations widely discussed in foreign literature. The results of the study were conclusions about the significant differences between the above organizations. A company issuing digital shares, under Russian law, differs from an ordinary non-public joint stock company by limiting the circulation of digital shares within the framework of a digital platform. Unlike the decentralized autonomous organization, it has legal entity and governing bodies. It was also concluded that there is a significantly greater variety of rights of holders of foreign token-shares in comparison with the rights of shareholders of Russian digital joint stock companies. The novelty of the research is contained in the results of the analysis and doctrinal interpretation of the norms of Russian federal laws concerning digital shares. So, in particular, it was established that such are recognized at the same time as securities and digital rights. Such a legal structure appears to be unnecessarily complex. According to Russian law, digital shares differ from ordinary shares in the form of certification of shareholders “rights, while no differences have been revealed in the scope of shareholders” rights.
Digitalization of transport services in modern Russia
Authors: Akhmedov Arsen Yarakhmedovich , Boyarskaya Yulia Nikolaevna , Sotskova Olga Sergeevna , Fast Olga Fedorovna , Filippov Sergey Aleksandrovich
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is to establish the features of regulation of individual relations in the digital economy. The work uses a systematic approach, methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; private scientific method: comparative legal. The result of the study was the postulates that such qualifying features of a carsharing agreement as the subject structure and the purpose of the conclusion allow us to conclude that it is necessary to refer it to a rental agreement, a feature of which is the use of a smart contract. However, a smart contract is not only a form of contract, but also a way of fulfilling contractual obligations. Its use gives a carsharing agreement clear advantage over a conventional rental agreement. The program code excludes the possibility of changing its content and violating the contract. Aggregators can participate in transportation relationships in different ways. In cases where the aggregator organizes transportation, forms the terms of the contract of carriage, it must be jointly and severally liable together with the carrier to the passenger. If the aggregator provides only an information service, then he must answer to the customer only for its quality. The novelty of the study lies in the proof that despite the fact that digital technologies are shaping new business strategies and changing the nature of legal relations, these relations are still not properly regulated by domestic legislation.
Digital transformation and artificial intelligence in the activities of customs services in Russia and foreign countries
Authors: Chebotareva Anna Aleksandrovna , Kazantseva Natalya Gennadievna , Vologdina Ekaterina Sergeevna , Grigorian Tatevik Vartanovna , Sukhanova Irina Sergeevna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal framework and generalize the practical experience of world powers in the application of artificial intelligence technologies in the activities of customs services. The methodological basis of the study was made up of universal methods and special research methods, which made it possible to draw general conclusions and conduct a qualitative assessment of the relations studied in this work. The result of the research was the author’s understanding of the concept of “artificial intelligence in the field of customs”. The study also substantiates the conclusion about the need to improve the efficiency of customs control and accelerate customs operations with goods through the introduction of artificial intelligence into the work of customs services. Scientific novelty is characterized by the following provisions: 1) the experience of using artificial intelligence in some foreign countries, made it possible to state that there are unconditional advantages of using the artificial intelligence system in customs activities; 2) from the modern standpoint of complex branches of law, a legal conceptual apparatus has been formulated, which is used in the regulation of social relations in the course of the application of artificial intelligence technologies; 3) the generalization of the world experience of the accumulated intelligent technological solutions allows us to speak about the model of an “intelligent” checkpoint that is promising for innovative Russia.
Areas of concern in mediation as a way of corporate disputes settlement
Authors: Korobeinikova Tatiana Stanislavovna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study involves systemic identification, generalization of the issues of legal regulation of the mediation procedure in corporate disputes settlement based on summarizing judicial practice, scientific research and the regulatory framework. The analysis of judicial practice, statistical data, scientific publications, as well as deduction and synthesis are the methodological basis of the research. The use of these methods made it possible to characterize the mechanism and advantages of using mediation in the settlement of corporate disputes; to identify problems in the application of the mediation procedure; to propose measures for improvement of the legal regulation of mediation, its application in corporate disputes in the Russian Federation. The research results obtained during the analysis of judicial practice and statutory instruments regulating the use of mediation in corporate disputes made it possible for the author to identify a number of problems and possible solutions to them, which are included in the author’s proposals and can be used to improve Russian legislation in terms of corporate disputes settlement using mediation procedures. Moreover, it was substantiated by the author that mediation as a tool for a quick disputes settlement, the preservation of partnership relations after using the mediation procedure will be used more often in the event of a change in Russian legislation. The scientific novelty of the study lies in determining the possibilities of mediation in corporate disputes settlement within the framework of Russian legislation and identification of existing gaps in such regulation.
Sakrumfrakturen – Epidemiologie und Diagnostik
Authors: Palm Hans-Georg , Perl Mario , Keil Holger
Published: August 2021

Bei Sakrumfrakturen finden sich zwei Häufigkeitsgipfel: Einerseits das hochenergetische Trauma des jungen Erwachsenen, zumeist mit Begleitverletzungen verbunden, andererseits geriatrische Frakturen mit niederenergetischem oder nicht erinnerlichem Trauma. Hieraus ergibt sich auch die Anwendung unterschiedlicher Klassifikationen.

Hochenergetische Verletzungen werden zumeist im Rahmen einer CT Polytraumaspirale abgeklärt. Fragilitätsfrakturen, die aufgrund demographischer Entwicklungen zunehmen, birgen hingegen diagnostische Herausforderungen. Das Spektrum eingesetzter Diagnostika reicht hier von konventioneller Röntgendiagnostik bis zu Ödem-sensitiven Nachweisverfahren wie Kernspintomographie und Dual-Energy-Computer-Tomographie, wobei ein konsentierter Standard bislang nicht etabliert ist.
Intravaginales Thermometer: Untersuchung zur Verlässlichkeit als Geburtsmelder
Authors: Ganz Sebastian
Published: August 2021

Choukeir AI, Kovács L, Kézér LF et al. Evaluation of a commercial intravaginal thermometer to predict calving in a Hungerian Holstein-Friesian dairy farm. Repr Dom Sci 2020; 55: 1535–1540

Technische Hilfsmittel zur Geburtsüberwachung in Milchviehbetrieben können die Arbeitsabläufe und Arbeitsbedingungen erleichtern, v. a. in kleineren Betrieben mit wenig Personal. Die Anforderungen hierfür sind eine möglichst präzise Meldung über den Zeitpunkt der Kalbung und wenig Fehlalarme. Der peripartale Temperaturabfall kann dazu dienen, den Zeitpunkt der Kalbung einzugrenzen. Die Studie untersuchte den Nutzen eines intravaginalen Thermometers zur Voraussage des Kalbetermins.
Besserer Schlaf und weniger Schmerzen? Schlaftraining in der orthopädischen Rehabilitation
Authors: Tscharaktschiew Nadine , Ende Luisa , Onderka Christiane
Published: August 2021

Ziel der Studie Es besteht eine hohe Komorbidität zwischen chronischen Schmerzen und Ein- und Durchschlafstörungen (Insomnien). Hierbei wirken sich die Schmerzen nicht nur störend auf den Schlaf aus – eine schlechte Schlafqualität kann auch das Schmerzempfinden verstärken. Bisher erfolgt die Behandlung beider Störungsbilder jedoch größtenteils separat. In einer Pilotstudie wurde die Wirkung eines kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Schlaftrainings, das auf die gemeinsame Behandlung beider Störungsbilder abzielt, im Bereich der ambulanten orthopädischen Rehabilitation untersucht.

Methodik N=41 Patient/innen nahmen an der Untersuchung teil, wobei 15 Teilnehmer/innen der Kontrollgruppe angehörten. Das Training umfasst 4 Module á 90min und wurde speziell für Patient/innen mit chronischen Schmerzen und komorbider Insomnie konzipiert. Es beinhaltet verschiedene Maßnahmen der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie zur Behandlung von Insomnie und chronischen Schmerzen (z. B. Schlafhygiene, Schlafrestriktion, Schlaf-Schmerz-Protokoll, kognitive Umstrukturierung) und adressiert speziell den Zusammenhang zwischen Schlaf und Schmerz. Vor und nach dem Training wurden Schlafqualität, schlafbezogene Gedanken (Focussing, Grübeln), internale gesundheitsbezogene Kontrollüberzeugung, Schmerzstärke (am Tag und in der Nacht) sowie schmerzbezogene Gedanken (schmerzbezogene Ängste, schmerzbezogene Hilflosigkeit/Depression) mittels Fragebogen erfasst.

Ergebnisse Für die meisten Parameter (Schlafqualität, Schlafeffizienz, Focussing, Grübeln, internale gesundheitliche Kontrollüberzeugung, durchschnittliche Schmerzen am Tag und in der Nacht, maximale Schmerzen in der Nacht, schmerzbezogene Ängste und schmerzbezogene Hilflosigkeit/Depression) ergaben gemischte Varianzanalysen (kleine η²=0,010 bis mittlere η²=0,068) Interaktionseffekte zwischen Messzeitpunkt und Gruppe, wobei die Effekte für Grübeln und durchschnittliche Schmerzen am Tag nicht signifikant waren. Für die maximalen Schmerzen am Tag zeigte sich kein Interaktionseffekt. Effektgrößen für den Prä-Post-Vergleich der einzelnen Gruppen ergaben mittlere (internale gesundheitsbezogene Kontrollüberzeugung: d=0,52) bis große (Schlafqualität: d=1,73) signifikante Verbesserungen für die Trainingsgruppe. Für die Kontrollgruppe zeigten sich keine (Focussing: d=0,00) bis kleine (maximale Schmerzstärke am Tag: d=−0,43) jedoch stets nicht signifikante Effekte.

Schlussfolgerung Das vorliegende Trainingsprogramm könnte eine Ergänzung zum herkömmlichen Behandlungsspektrum bei chronischen Schmerzen darstellen und sollte an größeren Stichproben weiter evaluiert werden.
Invasion inhibition effects and immunogenicity after vaccination of SPF chicks with a Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine
Authors: Springer Sven , Theuß Tobias , Toth Imre , Szogyenyi Zsuzsanna
Published: August 2021

Objective Meat and eggs from chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis are considered to be an important source of Salmonella infections for humans. In order to control Salmonella infections in chickens, basic biosecurity measures are taken in combination with inactivated or attenuated live vaccines. Apart from an adaptive immune response, some live vaccines also induce innate immune mechanisms that prevent or inhibit systemic invasion with homologous Salmonella serovars. It is unknown whether these invasion inhibition effects are also directed against heterologous Salmonella serovars. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the adaptive immune response after vaccination with a Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 live vaccine is also directed against other phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium.

Material and methods Specific pathogen-free day-old chicks were vaccinated orally with a commercially available Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine. To test the invasion inhibition effect, the animals were challenged orally with a labelled Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Infantis strain 1 day after vaccination. To demonstrate the adaptive immune response against non-phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis strains and a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain, the chickens were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis strains of phage types 1, 8 and 21 and a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain (Definitive Type 193). After challenge, the abundance of the challenge strain in liver and cecal tissue was enumerated and compared with a corresponding control group.

Results Findings showed that the live Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine inhibits systemic invasion after early infection with Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis. Furthermore, adaptive immunity against the tested non-phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis strains and the monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain was demonstrated.

Conclusion and clinical relevance The results of this study demonstrate that vaccination with the Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 live vaccine significantly inhibits the invasion of Salmonella Typhimurium and Infantis. Furthermore, an adaptive immune response was also detected against non-phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis strains and a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain.
Urachusfistel beim neugeborenen Fohlen – eine Literaturübersicht
Authors: Bernick André , Nieth Jennifer , Wehrend Axel
Published: August 2021

Die Urachusfistel ist eine Nabelerkrankung des neugeborenen Fohlens. Ätiologisch bleibt entweder der Schluss des Urachus nach der Geburt aus (Urachus persistens) oder der Urachus war bereits geschlossen und öffnet sich zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt wieder (Urachus patens). Häufige Ursachen für eine Urachusfistel sind kongenitale Defekte, das Abreißen des Nabelstrangs oberhalb der Prädilektionsstelle, Traumata, erhöhter intravesikaler oder abdominaler Druck und Nabelinfektionen. Die Urachusfistel wird des Öfteren bei prämaturen oder lebens- und immunschwachen Fohlen beobachtet. Hengstfohlen sind häufiger betroffen als Stutfohlen. Erkrankte Fohlen zeigen entweder direkt nach der Geburt (Urachus persistens) oder meist 7–14 Tage post natum (Urachus patens) typische klinische Symptome wie Harnträufeln während der natürlichen Miktion oder Harnabsatz im Strahl über den Hautnabel sowie eine feuchte Nabelumgebung. Die Diagnose lässt sich i. d. R. eindeutig stellen. Typische labordiagnostische Befunde sind für die Urachusfistel nicht beschrieben. Konservative Therapieversuche mittels Verödung, Kauterisation oder Kryochirurgie können erfolgen, solange keine entzündlichen Veränderungen des Urachus und der übrigen Nabelstrukturen vorliegen und das Urachuslumen bis zu 6 mm beträgt. Eine Nabelresektion ist dann indiziert, wenn ein sehr weites Urachuslumen, eine begleitende Nabelinfektion oder eine Sepsis vorliegt oder wenn sich nach 5–7 Tagen konservativer Behandlungsdauer kein Therapieerfolg einstellt. In den meisten Fällen besteht eine gute Prognose, doch können Komplikationen wie Nabelentzündungen, streuende Infektionen und sekundäre Gelenkerkrankungen die Prognose erheblich verschlechtern.
Einfluss eines Selenmangels auf Milzzustand und Immunabwehr beim Schwein
Authors: Glatzle Megan
Published: August 2021

Li S, Sun W, Zhang K et al. Selenium deficiency induces spleen pathological changes in pigs by decreasing selenoprotein expression, evoking oxidative stress, and activating inflammation and apoptosis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12 (1): 65

Selen (Se) ist ein essenzielles Spurenelement mit wichtigen Aufgaben im antioxidativen System, Schilddrüsenhormonstoffwechsel und Immunsystem. Diätetisch bedingter Selenmangel kann Auswirkungen auf die Funktion der Milz, einem wichtigen Immunorgan, haben. Da Untersuchungen hierzu limitiert sind, war es Ziel dieser Studie, in einem Schweinemodell die Pathogenese Selenmangel-bedingter Veränderungen an der Milz zu untersuchen.
Nachweishäufigkeit von equinem Rhinitis-B-Virus in Nasentupferproben von Pferden
Authors: Längerer Lina
Published: August 2021

Bernardino P, James K, Barnum S et al. What have we learned from 7 years of equine rhinitis B virus qPCR testing in nasal secretions from horses with respiratory signs. Vet Rec 2021; 188 (10): e26.

Das equine Rhinitis-B-Virus (ERBV) hat eine hohe Inzidenz, ist in seiner Bedeutung jedoch nur wenig erforscht. Eine Infektion mit dem ERBV äußert sich in Symptomen wie Fieber, Anorexie, Lethargie, Nasenausfluss, Husten, Lymphadenopathie und Ödemen der distalen Gliedmaßen. Außerdem treten häufig subklinische Infektionen auf. Das Ziel dieser Studie war, die Häufigkeit des Nachweises von ERBV im Nasensekret von Pferden mit und ohne respiratorische Symptome zu ermitteln.
Bactericidal Effect of a Novel Alkaline EDTA Root Canal Cleaning Solution
Authors: Sato Takenori , Fujimaki Ryuji , Suzuki Jiro , Hamada Nobushiro , Tani-Ishii Nobuyuki , Handa Keisuke
Published: August 2021

Objectives In this study, we aimed to evaluate the bactericidal effect and cytotoxicity of an ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA)-based root canal irrigant solution capable of efficiently removing both the organic matter and the smear layer. We prepared a strong alkaline EDTA (AE) solution with an acid buffer capacity similar to that of sodium hypochlorite.

Materials and Methods AE was used at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. The bactericidal effect of AE on Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by determining the colony number and biofilm removal rate. Biofilms were visualized using a Live/Dead BacLight bacterial viability kit. Viability of AE-treated cells were determined using a CCK-8 cell counting assay.

Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test were used for comparisons among groups.

Results Significant reduction in cell viability and biofilm formation were observed in case of 3% and 2% AE. AE exerted bactericidal effects in a concentration-dependent manner. Damage of normal human fibroblasts was not observed at any of the AE concentrations.

Conclusions Our results suggest that the AE solution could be used as an effective canal irrigant for the removal of bacterial biofilm.
Static Suspension of the Paralyzed Face Utilizing the Midfacial Corridor: Anatomic Evaluation and Surgical Technique
Authors: Klebuc Michael J. , Xue Amy S. , Niziol Paul A. , Doval Andres F.
Published: August 2021

Background Fascia lata and tendon grafts are frequently utilized to support the paralyzed midface and to extend muscular reach in McLaughin style, orthodromic temporalis transfers. The grafts are frequently placed in a deep subcutaneous positioning that can lead to the development of a, bowstring deformity in the cheek. This paper describes insertion of tendon grafts into the midfacial corridor collectively formed by the buccal, submasseteric and superficial temporal spaces.

Methods Over a seven-year period, all patients that underwent insertion of facia lata and tendon grafts in the midfacial corridor were included. Demographic information, perioperative variables and clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results A total of 22 patients were included with a mean age of 64.3 years (33–86). There were multiple etiologies for the facial weakness including acoustic neuroma (9.1%), Bell's palsy (13.6%), facial nerve schwannoma (9.1%), temporal bone fracture (4.6%) and malignancy (22.7%). Midfacial corridor grafts were utilized in combination with nerve transfers (V-VII and XII-VII) in nine patients, McLaughin style temporalis transfers in 12 and as a standalone procedure in one individual. During the study period, no patients exhibited a tethering, or concave deformity in the midface. Additionally, no impingement, difficulties with mastication, parotitis or hematoma were encountered. One patient developed a postoperative infection, that was successfully managed.

Conclusion Placement of tendon or fascia grafts for static support or tunneling of an orthodromic temporalis transfer through the midfacial corridor can be performed rapidly while providing midfacial support and avoiding the creation of visible cutaneous deformities.
Geometrical Model of Free Skin Graft for the Optimization of Glans Reconstruction after Partial Penectomy
Authors: Fernandez Nicolas , Medina Monica , Wessells Hunter , Perez Jaime
Published: August 2021

Introduction and Objective The management of penile carcinoma is very disabling and mutilating, bur early treatment can be curative. Our group systematically performs oncological management with immediate penile reconstruction and preservation of the organ (partial penectomy, resurfacing, or glansectomy) when feasible. Due to the low incidence of penile carcinoma, it is difficult to achieve experience in penile reconstruction using free grafts in a standardized and reproducible way. Therefore, we herein present the results of the use of an inanimate model to identify the most efficient geometric way to procure and apply a free skin graft to reconstruct the penis.

Methods A preclinical inanimate model of the penis was developed to simulate the surgical reconstruction using a free skin graft. Six different geometric skin-graft models were created and tested. For each of them, we measured graft's surface area as well as the discarded surface after placing the graft on the penis for reconstruction. We also measured the amount of suture lines required for reconstruction. All of these measurements in the six different models were compared.

Results Based on the six models, we identified that the longitude of the graft must measure the same as the maximum perimeter of the glans in order to have a square that enables the complete coverage of the penile defect. The total graft area for the first 4 models was of 40 cm2; for models 5 and 6, it was of 60 cm2. The average discarded area of the graft was of 18.135 cm2 (range: 12 cm2 to 30 cm2). Models 4 years 6 were the ones with the least discarded tissue: 12 cm2. The average amount of suture lines to secure the different model grafts was 7.3 (range: 5 to 12). The models that required the least amount of suture lines were number 1 and 4, with a total of 5 suture lines.

Conclusions The double trapezoid is the most efficient model to reconstruct the glans after organ-sparing oncological management. Our results contribute to establish a more standardized and predictable technique to reconstruct the penis.
Imaging Spectrum of Lobular Carcinoma In Situ and Correlation with Pathology Findings
Authors: Hande Pradipta C , Arneja Sarabjeet Kaur , Desai Sabita S
Published: August 2021

Background Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a noninvasive neoplasm that is known to have an increased relative risk for developing subsequent invasive breast carcinoma. Pure LCIS is usually an incidental finding on histopathological examination (HPE) of tissue samples. However, in the recent years, there has been an increasing trend seen in the diagnosis of LCIS.

Purpose This article aims to bring out the spectrum of appearances on breast imaging in confirmed cases of pure LCIS on HPE and immunohistochemical.

Materials and Methods Cases that were confirmed as pure LCIS on HPE from core or excision biopsy were retrospectively analyzed for abnormalities on breast imaging. Digital breast tomosynthesis mammography was performed with high-resolution ultrasound with elastography for all cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in cases wherever indicated, with dynamic postcontrast imaging after injecting intravenous gadolinium.

Conclusion LCIS is recognized as an intermediate risk factor for the development of breast cancer. Pure LCIS has varied histology and imaging patterns on mammography, high-resolution ultrasound, and MRI. It is important to recognize the imaging appearances of these lesions to enable the radiologist to detect LCIS early for proper management.
The Novel Use of Flexible Endoscopic Techniques in the Management of Pharyngocutaneous Fistulas
Authors: Patel Shivam , DeLong Colin G. , Sanchez Luis De Jesus , Goyal Neerav , Pauli Eric M.
Published: August 2021

Pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) is a complication of laryngectomies in 14 to 23% of patients. The rate of spontaneous resolution of small and low-output fistulas has been shown to be 65 to 94% in those who are radiation-naive, with a reduced rate of resolution in patients who were previously radiated as low as 33%. Two patients are presented who underwent total laryngopharyngectomy and anterolateral thigh free flap reconstruction at our institution eventually complicated with PCF. All the pertinent patient data were retrieved through chart review from the records of our institution. The cases presented had a prior history of radiation or chemoradiation complicating the spontaneous resolution of the PCF. Both patients had successful resolution of PCF with the flexible endoscopic techniques presented. This case series highlights the management of small PCFs using flexible endoscopic techniques including over-the-scope clips and Vicryl mesh plugs.
Out-grouping and ambient affiliation in Donald Trump’s tweets about Iran
Authors: Makki Mohammad , Zappavigna Michele
Published: August 2021

This paper explores communing affiliation and out-grouping in a corpus of Trump’s tweets about Iran. Communing is a form of ‘ambient affiliation’ (Zappavigna 2011) which offers a way of understanding how Trump attempts to build alignments with his audience without necessarily directly engaging with them, since he tends to ignore replies to his tweets. The paper focuses on three affiliation strategies:convoking(mustering community),promoting(garnering attention), andfinessing(dialogistic positioning). It draws onMartin and White’s (2005)Appraisal framework to consider how these affiliation strategies are used to foster communing around ideation-attitude couplings, typically couplings associating Iran with negativejudgementorappreciation. Promotingaffiliation was found to be the most prominent affiliation strategy used by Trump to garner attention through his rhetorical tendency toward hyperbole.