bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laminar Drag Reduction in Hydrophobic Microchannels
Authors: Hao P.‐F. , Wong C. , Yao Z.‐H. , Zhu K.‐Q.
Published: May 2009

The apparent slip effects of laminar water flow in smooth hydrophobic microchannels and patterned hydrophobic microchannels were investigated. A series of experiments were performed to demonstrate the drag reductions for laminar water flow in hydrophobic microchannels. These microchannels were fabricated from silicon wafers using photolithography and were coated with hydrophobic octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). To generate a larger drag reduction, the patterned hydrophobic microchannels were fabricated to allow the liquid to flow over a region of trapped air in the cavity between the microridges. With the geometrical dimensions used, pressure drop reductions ranging from 10 to 30 % were found in the smooth microchannels and patterned microchannels. The pressure drop reduction was shown to increase with increasing microridge spacing and decreasing microchannel width. Using micro‐particle image velocimetry (PIV), we measured an apparent slip velocity at the wall of approximately 8 % of the centerline velocity, yielding a slip length of approximately 2 μm in the smooth hydrophobic microchannel. Theoretically, the analytical solution derived for three‐dimensional flow in a rectangular duct is presented to predict the slip velocity and slip length at the wall based on the pressure drop measurement. These results are in agreement with the experimental data obtained using micro‐PIV.
Determining Critical Process Parameters and Process Robustness in Preparative Chromatography – A Model‐Based Approach
Authors: Degerman M. , Westerberg K. , Nilsson B.
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a model‐based method to aid in the process validation for the purification of pharmaceutical drugs. The critical process parameters are identified by simulating process disturbances, and this information is then used to determine if the process control space is robust. Simulations are chosen to analyze the entire control space to also find nonlinearities and interaction effects between the process disturbances, which are used to determine where in the control space the critical quality attributes are the lowest, i.e., the worst case scenario. The real process conditions are estimated by running simulations according to plausible probability distributions using Latin hypercube sampling. The probability of batch failure can be estimated from this and it is shown that the worst case scenario is improbable for most cases. This information can help in planning validation experiments or determine which critical process parameters need a tighter control. Three case studies are used to illustrate the usefulness of the methods. It was found that the main critical process parameters in all three case studies were variations in the modifier concentrations, for example, salt in ion‐exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and the organic modifier in reversed‐phase chromatography.
Does a chiral alcohol really racemize when its OH group is protected with Boyer's reaction?
Authors: Fraschetti Caterina , Speranza Maurizio , Filippi Antonello
Published: May 2009

Chiral reactants have been employed for assessing the real stereochemistry of the BiBr3‐catalyzed synthesis of benzylic ethers, a very useful reaction for protecting alcoholic groups. The results of this investigation are in clear contrast with the conclusions of previous studies (Boyer et al., Tetrahedron 2001;57:1917–1921). Indeed, chiral GC‐MS analysis of the ethereal products gives unequivocal evidence of the complete racemization of the benzylic moiety and the complete retention of configuration of the protected alcoholic substrate. Such findings make BiBr3 a powerful and stereochemically preservative catalyst for benzylation of chiral alcohols, and a potential candidate for orthogonal protecting group strategies applicable to polyhydroxy compounds. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between structures of chiral polymers and their efficiency for chiral resolution by crystallization
Authors: Menahem Tali , Pravda Martin , Mastai Yitzhak
Published: May 2009

In this work, we describe the correlation between chiral polymer structures, particularly α‐helical and random coil conformations, and their efficiency as chiral resolving agents in crystallization processes. A set of chiral block copolymers based on polyethylene oxide with chiral glutamic acid oligopeptide segments (PEG113‐b‐(+)‐(S)‐Glu20) were synthesized and employed as additives in the crystallization of rac‐threonine. CD spectroscopy demonstrates that structures of chiral polymers could be switched between a helical and a disordered random coil by pH. The effect of these polymers at different conformations on the crystallization kinetics, crystal morphology, and chiral resolution of rac‐threonine is reported. Our study demonstrates that only chiral polymers with α‐helical conformations of the chiral segment are effective as additives for chiral resolution throughout crystallization. Overall, our results provide useful guidelines for the selection and design of chiral polymer additives that will act efficiently for chiral resolution by crystallization. Chirality 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and absolute configuration of ginkgolide B characterized by IR‐ and VCD spectroscopy
Authors: Andersen Niels H. , Christensen Niels Johan , Lassen Peter R. , Freedman Teresa B.N. , Nafie Laurence A. , Strømgaard Kristian , Hemmingsen Lars
Published: May 2009

Experimental and calculated (B3LYP/6‐31G(d)) vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and IR spectra are compared, illustrating that the structure and absolute configuration of ginkgolide B (GB) may be characterized directly in solution. A conformational search for GB using MacroModel and subsequent DFT optimizations (B3LYP/6‐31G(d)) provides a structure for the lowest energy conformer which agrees well with the structure determined by X‐ray diffraction. In addition, a conformer at an energy of 7 kJ mol−1 (B3LYP/6‐311+G(2d,2p)) with respect to the lowest energy conformer is predicted, displaying different intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Differences between measured and calculated IR and VCD spectra for GB at certain wavenumbers are rationalized in terms of interactions with solvent, intermolecular GB‐GB interactions, and the potential presence of more than one conformer. This is the first detailed investigation of the spectroscopic fingerprint region (850−1300 cm−1) of the natural product GB employing infrared absorption and VCD spectroscopy. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling and simulation for one‐day cricket
Authors: Swartz Tim B. , Gill Paramjit S. , Muthukumarana Saman
Published: May 2009

This article is concerned with the simulation of one‐day cricket matches. Given that only a finite number of outcomes can occur on each ball that is bowled, a discrete generator on a finite set is developed where the outcome probabilities are estimated from historical data involving one‐day international cricket matches. The probabilities depend on the batsman, the bowler, the number of wickets lost, the number of balls bowled and the innings. The proposed simulator appears to do a reasonable job at producing realistic results. The simulator allows investigators to address complex questions involving one‐day cricket matches. The Canadian Journal of Statistics © 2009 Statistical Society of Canada
Testing heteroscedasticity in nonlinear and nonparametric regressions
Authors: Zheng Xu
Published: May 2009

This article presents new nonparametric tests for heteroscedasticity in nonlinear and nonparametric regression models. The tests have an asymptotic standard normal distribution under the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity and are robust against any form of heteroscedasticity. A Monte Carlo simulation with critical values obtained from the wild bootstrap procedure is provided to asses the finite sample performances of the tests. A real application of testing interest rate volatility functions illustrates the usefulness of the tests proposed. The Canadian Journal of Statistics © 2009 Statistical Society of Canada
Myocardial Cleft, Crypt, Diverticulum, or Aneurysm? Does it Really Matter?
Authors: Afonso Luis , Kottam Anupama , Khetarpal Vipin
Published: May 2009

Myocardial clefts are congenital abnormalities related to myocardial fiber or fascicle disarray that have been described in healthy volunteers as well as in the setting of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A cleft or crypt can be described as a discrete, approximately “V” shaped fissure extending into but confined by the myocardium, with a tendency to narrow or occlude in systole without local hypokinesia or dyskinesia. While little is known about the clinical significance of this entity, this report elaborates on the confounding terminology and differential diagnosis of this condition. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of nonmuscle invading bladder cancer: Do physicians in the United States practice evidence based medicine?
Authors: Madeb Ralph , Golijanin Dragan , Noyes Katia , Fisher Susan , Stephenson Judith J. , Long Stacey R. , Knopf Joy , Lyman Gary H. , Messing Edward M.
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND:

Phase 3 clinical trials performed primarily outside the US demonstrate that intravesical instillation of chemotherapy immediately after transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) decreases cancer recurrence rates. The authors sought to determine whether US urologists have adopted this practice, and its potential effect on costs of bladder cancer (BC) care.

METHODS:

By using 1997‐2004 MEDSTAT claims data, the authors identified patients with newly diagnosed BC who underwent cystoscopic biopsy or TURB, and those who received intravesical chemotherapy within 1 day after TURB. Economic consequences of this treatment compared with TURB alone were modeled using published efficacy estimates and Medicare reimbursements. The authors used a time horizon of 3 years and assumed that this treatment was given for all newly diagnosed low‐risk BC patients.

RESULTS:

Between 1997 and 2004, the authors identified 16,748 patients with newly diagnosed BC, of whom 14,677 underwent cystoscopic biopsy or TURB. Of these, only 49 (0.33%) received same‐day intravesical instillation of chemotherapy. From 1997 through 2004, there has been little change in the use of this treatment. The authors estimated a 3‐year savings of $538 to $690 (10% to 12%) per patient treated with TURB and immediate intravesical chemotherapy compared with TURB alone, reflecting a yearly national savings of $19.8 to $24.8 million.

CONCLUSIONS:

Instillation of intravesical chemotherapy immediately after TURB has not been embraced in the US. Adopting this policy would significantly lower the cost of BC care. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Light‐Triggered Thermoelectric Conversion Based on a Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Hybrid Gel
Authors: Miyako Eijiro , Nagata Hideya , Funahashi Ryoji , Hirano Ken , Hirotsu Takahiro
Published: May 2009

Lights? Nanotubes? Action! A hydrogel comprising lysozymes, poly(ethylene glycol), phospholipids, and functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes is employed for light‐driven thermoelectric conversion. A photoinduced thermoelectric conversion module based on the hydrogel functions as a novel electric power generator (see image). This concept may find application in various industries, such as robotics and aerospace engineering.

magnified image
Electromagnetic Functional Urchin‐Like Hollow Carbon Spheres Carbonized by Polyaniline Micro/Nanostructures Containing FeCl3 as a Precursor
Authors: Zhu Ying , Li Jiuming , Wan Meixiang , Jiang Lei
Published: May 2009

Hollow, urchin‐like carbon spheres with electromagnetic function were prepared by a carbonization process at 1200 °C under an argon atmosphere by using template‐free‐synthesized, urchin‐like, hollow spheres of polyaniline containing FeCl3 as the precursors. The resulting hollow, urchin‐like carbon spheres not only have a high conductivity at room temperature (≈12.3 S cm–1), but they also exhibit ferromagnetic properties. The high conductivity at room temperature results from the graphite‐like structure, whereas α‐Fe or γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles produced by FeCl3 during the carbonization at 1200 °C are attributed to the ferromagnetic properties. Interestingly, the electromagnetic functional hollowurchin‐like carbon spheres could be used as a reversible dye adsorbent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A General Route to Cyclopeptide Alkaloids: Total Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of Paliurines E and F, Ziziphines N and Q, Abyssenine A, Mucronine E, and Analogues
Authors: Toumi Mathieu , Rincheval Vincent , Young Ashley , Gergeres Danielle , Turos Edward , Couty François , Mignotte Bernard , Evano Gwilherm
Published: May 2009

A full account of the total syntheses of the cyclopeptide alkaloids paliurine E and F, ziziphine N and Q, abyssenine A, and mucronine E is provided. A key feature of the syntheses involves an intramolecular amidation of a vinyl iodide, which allows us simultaneously to address two synthetic challenges associated with cyclopeptide alkaloids: the formation of the enamide and macrocyclization. We also document the use of other strategies for the macrocyclization step, as well as the evaluation of the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of the natural products and analogues obtained. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Forecasting in large cointegrated processes
Authors: Chigira Hiroaki , Yamamoto Taku
Published: May 2009

It is widely recognized that taking cointegration relationships into consideration is useful in forecasting cointegrated processes. However, there are a few practical problems when forecasting large cointegrated processes using the well‐known vector error correction model. First, it is hard to identify the cointegration rank in large models. Second, since the number of parameters to be estimated tends to be large relative to the sample size in large models, estimators will have large standard errors, and so will forecasts. The purpose of the present paper is to propose a new procedure for forecasting large cointegrated processes which is free from the above problems. In our Monte Carlo experiment, we find that our forecast gains accuracy when we work with a larger model as long as the ratio of the cointegration rank to the number of variables in the process is high. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directed graphs, information structure and forecast combinations: an empirical examination of US unemployment rates
Authors: Wang Zijun
Published: May 2009

Previous studies show that it is not always optimal to combine forecasts of alternative models. In this paper, we propose to use the recent advances in modeling directed acyclic graphs to study the issue of forecast combinations. In forecasting US unemployment rates, we demonstrate that the proposed procedure can be a useful tool for comparing information in rival forecasts and guiding the combination of individual forecasts.  Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effect of Thermal Cycling on Residual Stress and Curvature of Anode‐Supported SOFCs
Authors: Sun B. , Rudkin R. A. , Atkinson A.
Published: May 2009

The residual stress in the electrolyte and the cell curvature of two types of anode‐supported SOFC were measured after manufacture, after anode reduction and as a function of thermal cycling between room temperature and 900 °C. The simple cells had Ni(O)/YSZ anode supports and 8YSZ electrolytes whereas compensated cells had an additional 8YSZ layer on the opposite side to counteract bending. The electrolyte residual stress was ∼–600 MPa in both types after fabrication and the curvature of the simple cells was consistent with only elastic bending. On reduction, electrolyte stress decreased to about –450 MPa for simple cells, but remained unchanged for compensated cells. The curvature of the simple cells at this stage was much larger than expected for elastic bending due to considerable plastic deformation during reduction. On thermal cycling the electrolyte stress gradually increased to ∼–610 MPa (30 cycles) and –880 MPa (50 cycles) for simple and compensated cells respectively due to an increase in thermal expansion coefficient of the anode substrate. No evidence of fatigue damage was found. Sealing the cells into Crofer metal frames had only a small effect on electrolyte stress, but the seals failed after 25 cycles.
Effects of Ozone on the Performance of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Franck‐Lacaze L. , Bonnet C. , Besse S. , Lapicque F.
Published: May 2009

The effects of ozone at concentrations near 1000 vppm in air on the performance of a single polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) were investigated. Ozone was injected to the cathode alternately with far longer operation periods at 0.54 A cm–2 with ozone‐free air. Impedance spectra were recorded before, during and after exposure to ozone. After the first ozone injection, the loss in voltage was reversible, so were the changes in the resistances of the cell. Subsequent injection periods damaged irreversibly the PEMFC assembly. TEM observations with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis of the various parts of the PEMFC assembly together with the variations of the resistances allowed the ageing mechanism to be highlighted. Ozone was shown to allow partial dissolution of the Pt of the cathode catalyst. The charge transfer resistance was noticeably increased accordingly. Platinum re‐precipitated in the membrane bulk, and was also observed in the cathode‐side GDL. In addition, the likely degradation of the polymer near the triple‐point in the cathode could hinder gas solubility and water removal, as indicated by larger diffusion resistances.
Dissipative synchronization of nonautonomous and random systems
Authors: Kloeden P. E. , Pavani R.
Published: May 2009

Recent results on the dissipative synchronization of nonanutonomous and random dynamical systems are discussed as well as new mathematical ideas and tools from the theories of nonautonomous and random dynamical systems that are needed for their formulation and investigation (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinearities in Financial Engineering
Authors: Seydel R.
Published: May 2009

There are several kinds of nonlinearities in financial engineering. They range from the modeling of market mechanisms to numerical schemes and to bifurcation phenomena. This paper discusses some related issues. The bifurcation problem is a model of volatility clustering due to Lux (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Germline hypermethylation of MLH1 and EPCAM deletions are a frequent cause of Lynch syndrome
Authors: Niessen Renée C. , Hofstra Robert M. W. , Westers Helga , Ligtenberg Marjolijn J. L. , Kooi Krista , Jager Paul O. J. , de Groote Marloes L. , Dijkhuizen Trijnie , Olderode‐Berends Maran J. W. , Hollema Harry , Kleibeuker Jan H. , Sijmons Rolf H.
Published: May 2009

It was shown that Lynch syndrome can be caused by germline hypermethylation of the MLH1 and MSH2 promoters. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated very recently that germline deletions of the 3′ region of EPCAM cause transcriptional read‐through which results in silencing of MSH2 by hypermethylation. We wanted to determine the prevalence of germline MLH1 promoter hypermethylation and of germline and somatic MSH2 promoter hypermethylation in a large group of Lynch syndrome‐suspected patients. From a group of 331 Lynch Syndrome‐suspected patients we selected cases, who had no germline MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 mutation and whose tumors showed loss of MLH1 or MSH2, or, if staining was unavailable, had a tumor with microsatellite instability. Methylation assays were performed to test these patients for germline MLH1 and/or MSH2 promoter hypermethylation. Two patients with germline MLH1 promoter hypermethylation and no patients with germline MSH2 promoter hypermethylation were identified. In the subgroup screened for germline MSH2 promoter hypermethylation, we identified 3 patients with somatic MSH2 promoter hypermethylation in their tumors, which was caused by a germline EPCAM deletion. In the group of 331 Lynch Syndrome‐suspected patients, the frequencies of germline MLH1 promoter hypermethylation and somatic MSH2 promoter hypermethylation caused by germline EPCAM deletions are 0.6 and 0.9%, respectively. These mutations, therefore, seem to be rather infrequent. However, the contribution of germline MLH1 hypermethylation and EPCAM deletions to the genetically proven Lynch syndrome cases in this cohort is very high. Previously 27 pathogenic mutations were identified; the newly identified mutations now represent 16% of all mutations. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglial precursors derived from mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Napoli Isabella , Kierdorf Katrin , Neumann Harald
Published: May 2009

Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They can be directly isolated from the brain or from mixed postnatal glial cultures. Isolation of primary microglia is inefficient due to low yield. The cell line BV2 was used as a substitute for primary microglia, but BV2 are oncogenically transformed cells. Here, we established a protocol to generate microglial precursor lines from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Microglial precursor cells were obtained from murine ES cells by differentiation of embryoid bodies to microglia within a mixed brain culture. Several independent ES cell‐derived microglial precursor (ESdM) lines were generated and characterized by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and functional assays. All ESdM showed expression of IBa1, CD11b, CD45, F4/80, CD49d, and CD29, but were negative for cKit and CD34. Stimulation with interferon‐γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) demonstrated upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine gene transcription including nitric oxide synthase‐2, interleukin‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor‐α at levels comparable to primary microglia. The ESdM showed efficient and rapid phagocytosis of microsphere beads, which was increased after stimulation with LPS. ESdM expressed the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and demonstrated directed migration toward the ligand CX3CL1. After in vivo transplantation into postnatal brain tissue, ESdM showed engraftment as cells with a microglial phenotype and morphology. Thus, ESdM are stable proliferating cells substantially having most characteristics of primary microglia and therefore being a suitable tool to study microglial function in vitro and in vivo. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulatory role of cytosolic phospholipase A2α in NADPH oxidase activity and in inducible nitric oxide synthase induction by aggregated Aβ1–42 in microglia
Authors: Szaingurten‐Solodkin I. , Hadad N. , Levy R.
Published: May 2009

In Alzheimer's disease, extracellular deposits of amyloid β1–42 (Aβ1–42) may induce activation of microglial cells by releasing proinflammatory factors that contribute to the neurodegeneration process. Since the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) has been reported in inflammatory conditions, its role in primary rat microglial cell activated by aggregated Aβ1–42 was elucidated. The results of the present study show that activation of microglia by 5 μM aggregated Aβ1–42 (as evident by the amoeboid morphology and increased CD68 immunofluorescence reactivity) caused an immediate activation of cPLA2α, measured by its phosphorylated form and its specific activity, followed by a gradual elevation of its expression and activity during 24 h. Inhibition of cPLA2α expression and activity by the presence of 1 μM specific antisense resulted in a significant decrease in NADPH oxidase activity that releases superoxides, PGE2 formation, iNOS expression, and NO production, indicating a major role for cPLA2α in the regulation of these inflammatory processes. NADPH oxidase activity, which is under cPLA2α regulation, was found to upregulate cPLA2α and COX‐2 protein expression through the redox‐sensitive NFκB activation as evident by its phosphorylation on Ser‐536, resulting in increased PGE2 formation. The secreted PGE2 induced the synthesis of iNOS and the production of NO through the PKA‐CREB pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that the response of cPLA2α to aggregated Aβ1–42 is probably a key player in the oxidative stress present in AD, regulating potent oxidative agents: the production of superoxides by NADPH oxidase and NO formation by iNOS. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurotrophin‐3 targets the translational initiation machinery in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Coelho Rochelle P. , Yuelling Larra M. , Fuss Babette , Sato‐Bigbee Carmen
Published: May 2009

Neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) regulates oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Exposure of OLGs to NT‐3 induces a significant increase in the levels of myelin basic protein (MBP). However, we found that this stimulation occurs in the absence of measurable effects on MBP gene promoter activation or mRNA expression, suggesting that NT‐3 upregulates MBP protein expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism. Furthermore, NT‐3 also causes an increase in the levels of myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin OLG glycoprotein (MOG), raising the possibility of a more general effect on myelin protein synthesis. Surprisingly, 35S‐methionine incorporation into total OLG proteins demonstrated a 50% increase in labeling following only a brief, 15‐min treatment with NT‐3. Such a remarkably fast response is unlikely due to transcriptional activation, reinforcing the possibility that NT‐3 may play a crucial role in regulating protein expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism. In support of this idea, we found that NT‐3 stimulates the phosphorylation of essential regulators of the initiation machinery, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), and its inhibitory binding partner 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1), two crucial players in controlling cap‐dependent protein synthesis. This stimulation involves the activation of pathways mediated by ERK1/2 and PI3K/mTOR, implicating these two kinase systems as modulators of protein synthesis in developing OLGs. Altogether, these observations show for the first time that NT‐3 has the capacity of targeting the translational machinery and suggest a potential stimulatory effect of this neurotrophin on myelination by direct action on protein translation in the OLGs. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐1β induces MMP‐9 expression via a Ca2+‐dependent CaMKII/JNK/c‐JUN cascade in rat brain astrocytes
Authors: Wu Cheng‐Ying , Hsieh Hsi‐Lung , Sun Chi‐Chin , Yang Chuen‐Mao
Published: May 2009

Interleukin (IL)‐1β has been shown to induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 expression through mitogen‐activated protein kinases, including JNK, in rat brain astrocyte‐1 (RBA‐1) cells. However, little is known about whether JNK activated by Ca2+‐dependent CaMKII is associated with MMP‐9 expression induced by IL‐1β. Here, we report that the Ca2+/CaMKII/JNK/c‐Jun participates in the MMP‐9 expression induced by IL‐1β. Zymographic, Western blotting, and RT‐PCR analyses showed that IL‐1β‐induced expression of MMP‐9 mRNA and protein was attenuated by Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA), and the inhibitors of ER Ca2+‐ATPase (thapsigargin), CaMKII (KN‐62), and JNK1/2 (SP600125). IL‐1β also stimulated phosphorylation of CaMKII and JNK1/2, and increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), which were inhibited by pretreatment with BAPTA, thapsigargin (TG), KN‐62, or SP600125. Furthermore, the upregulation of MMP‐9 protein was blocked by transfection with c‐Jun or CaMKII short hairpin RNA (shRNA). We further confirmed that IL‐1β stimulated c‐Jun associated with AP‐1‐binding sites within MMP‐9 promoter (−87 to −80 bp and −511 to −497 bp) by immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)‐PCR assays. The activation and recruitment of c‐Jun to MMP‐9 promoter were inhibited by pretreatment with BAPTA, TG, KN‐62, or SP600125. Moreover, IL‐1β‐induced MMP‐9 gene transcription by AP‐1 was confirmed by transfection with a MMP‐9 promoter‐luciferase reporter plasmid with a distal AP‐1‐binding site (−511 to −497 bp) adjacent to an Ets‐binding site‐mutation (mt‐AP1/Ets‐MMP‐9). These results demonstrated that in RBA‐1 cells, JNK/c‐Jun activation was mediated through a Ca2+‐dependent CaMKII pathway that promoted transcription factor c‐Jun/AP‐1 recruitment and eventually led to increase in MMP‐9 expression by IL‐1β. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal plasticity elicits long‐term changes in oligodendroglia and myelinated fibers
Authors: Drøjdahl Nina , Nielsen Helle Hvilsted , Gardi Jonathan E. , Wree Andreas , Peterson Alan C. , Nyengaard Jens Randel , Eyer Joël , Finsen Bente
Published: May 2009

Axons are linked to induction of myelination during development and to the maintenance of myelin and myelinated tracts in the adult CNS. Currently, it is unknown whether and how axonal plasticity in adult CNS impacts the myelinating cells and their precursors. In this article, we report that newly formed axonal sprouts are able to induce a protracted myelination response in adult CNS. We show that newly formed axonal sprouts, induced by lesion of the entorhino–hippocampal perforant pathway, have the ability to induce a myelination response in stratum radiatum and lucidum CA3. The lesion resulted in significant recruitment of newly formed myelinating cells, documented by incorporation of the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine into chondroitin sulphate NG2 expressing cells in stratum radiatum and lucidum CA3 early after lesion, and the occurrence of a 28% increase in the number of oligodendrocytes, of which some had incorporated bromodeoxyuridine, 9 weeks post‐lesion. Additionally, a marked increase (41%) in myelinated fibres was detected in silver stained sections. Interestingly, these apparently new fibres achieved the same axon diameter as unlesioned mice but myelin thickness remained thinner than normal, suggesting that the sprouting axons in stratum radiatum and lucidum CA3 were not fully myelinated 9 weeks after lesion. Our combined results show that sprouting axons provide a strong stimulus to oligodendrocyte lineage cells to engage actively in the myelination processes in the adult CNS. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parotid mass in a woman with multiple cutaneous cylindromas
Authors: Scott Andrew R. , Faquin William C. , Deschler Daniel G.
Published: May 2009

Background.

Familial autosomal dominant cylindromatosis (FADC) is a rare disease characterized by multiple cutaneous cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and spiradenomas. We present a case of a woman with scalp lesions and a parotid mass.

Methods.

Biopsy of a skin nodule demonstrated cylindroma, and fine‐needle aspiration of the parotid mass suggested membranous basal cell adenoma, which was confirmed following superficial parotidectomy. The study includes case report and review of the literature.

Results.

Eighteen cases of cylindromatosis with coexistent salivary gland membranous basal cell adenoma were reported. Seventeen cases involved the parotid gland; there are 2 reports of malignant transformation.

Conclusion.

FADC should be considered in anyone with coexistent dermal and salivary gland neoplasms. Membranous basal cell adenoma may be mistaken for adenoid cystic carcinoma on cytologic or histologic examination. Total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation or superficial parotidectomy with close follow‐up is recommended, as multifocality and malignant transformation exist. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Snow water equivalent estimation in the Mallero basin using snow gauge data and MODIS images and fieldwork validation
Authors: Bavera Davide , De Michele Carlo
Published: May 2009

Snow accumulation and ablation rule the temporal dynamics of water availability in mountain areas and cold regions. In these environments, the evaluation of the snow water amount is a key issue. The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) over a mountain basin at the end of the snow accumulation season is estimated using a minimal statistical model (SWE‐SEM). This uses systematic observations such as ground measurements collected at snow gauges and snow‐covered area (SCA) data retrieved by remote sensors, here MODIS. Firstly, SWE‐SEM calculates local SWE estimates at snow gauges, then the spatial distribution of SWE over a certain area using an interpolation method; linear regressions of the first two order moments of SWE with altitude. The interpolation has been made by both confining and unconfining the spatial domain by SCA. SWE‐SEM is applied to the Mallero basin (northern Italy) for calculating the snow water equivalent at the end of the winter season for 6 years (2001–2007). For 2007, SWE‐SEM estimates are validated through fieldwork measurements collected during an ‘ad hoc’ campaign on March 31, 2007. Snow‐surveyed measurements are used to check SCA, snow density and SWE estimates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peroxisome matrix and membrane protein biogenesis
Authors: Ma Changle , Subramani Suresh
Published: May 2009

Peroxisomes play an important role in lipid metabolic pathways and are implicated in many human disorders. Their biogenesis has been studied over the last two decades using many uni and multi‐cellular model systems and many aspects of the mechanisms and proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis are conserved from yeast to humans. In this manuscript we review the recent progress made in our understanding of the mechanisms by which matrix and membrane proteins are sorted to and assembled into peroxisomes. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life 61(7): 713–722, 2009
Binding of anti‐HLA class I antibody to endothelial cells produce an inflammatory cytokine secretory pattern
Authors: Reyes‐Vargas Eduardo , Pavlov Igor Y. , Martins Thomas B. , Schwartz Jason J. , Hill Harry R. , Delgado Julio C.
Published: May 2009

Current methods are inadequate for the diagnosis of early chronic allograft rejection. The goal of this study was to determine whether ligation of anti‐HLA antibodies to endothelial cells is associated with a distinctive cytokine secretory pattern. Human iliac artery endothelial cells (HIAEC) cultured in vitro were incubated with w6/32, an anti‐HLA class I mAb. Culture supernatants collected daily for up to 4 days were tested for secretion of 13 cytokines using a multiplexed fluorescent microsphere immunoassay. Culture of HIAEC with medium containing mAb w6/32 supported the growth of HIAEC during the 4‐day study period. Levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α became significantly increased in supernatants of HIAEC incubated with the mAb w6/32. We conclude that ligation of anti‐HLA class I antibodies to HLA class I antigens in endothelial cells initiates an acute inflammatory process and detecting an inflammatory cytokine secretory pattern might be useful to diagnose sub‐clinical chronic allograft rejection. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:157–160, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of extracts of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera in culture media for selective inhibition of saprophytic fungal contaminants
Authors: Ayanbimpe Grace Mebi , Ojo Titilayo K. , Afolabi Ezekiel , Opara Faith , Orsaah Sylvia , Ojerinde Olalekan Stephen
Published: May 2009

Most fungi occur in nature and utilize simple sources of carbohydrates and nitrogen for growth. Sabouraud's dextrose agar has been an ideal medium for primary isolation of fungi from clinical specimens, but for specimens from nonsterile sites or heavily contaminated ones, it has been necessary to include inhibitory substances such as antibiotics like chloramphenicol (antibacterial) and cycloheximide (antifungal). The problems we have in the our laboratory owing to frequent contamination of cultures and the delays in the procurement of cycloheximide have stimulated a search for alternatives in our local environment to enhance effective laboratory diagnoses of fungal infections. Purified extracts of the leaves and bark of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera (common plants in our locality) were tested against clinical isolates of fungi at various concentrations to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration at which common fungal contaminants are inhibited, without affecting the growth of the pathogenic fungi sought for. At a concentration of 0.75 mg ml−1 contaminants were totally inhibited by the leaf extracts. The bark extracts did not inhibit any fungus even at higher concentrations. From the results it was evident that the leaf extracts of both plants have potentials for use as inhibitory substances in culture media against contaminant fungi including Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., etc. J. curcas and M. oleifera are very common plants in our locality. They can be obtained at almost no cost and at any time needed. The benefits of these findings to mycology laboratories in a developing country are enormous. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:161–164, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Filarial infection is resisted differentially by subjects having different blood group phenotypes
Authors: Dixit Vandana , Pati A.K. , Gupta A.K. , Bisen P.S. , Prasad G.B.K.S.
Published: May 2009

This study was aimed to elucidate the relationship between major blood group antigens (BGAs) and susceptibility or resistance to human lymphatic filariasis. A total of 492 human subjects, living in Raipur city of Chhattisgarh, endemic for bancroftian filariasis in Central India, were screened for the presence of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and disease manifestations. The frequency of BGAs was tabulated as a function of the status of filariasis, namely normal (no infection), mf carrier (presence of microfilariae in blood), and elephantiasis (confirmed clinical manifestations). The comparison of ABO phenotype distributions among all the three groups clearly indicated that disease status has a significant relationship with the blood group attributes. The result of χ2 analysis of the frequencies of ABO phenotypes observed in microfilaraemic and elephantiasis groups (observed frequency vs. expected frequency computed based on the distribution of the normal population) revealed that there has been a significant alteration in the distribution of ABO phenotypes in microfilaraemic, but not in elephantiasis, group. The susceptibility to filarial infection was computed as a function of blood group phenotypes in the population. The susceptibility and conditional susceptibility for elephantiasis were the least among the subjects with AB phenotypes. The mechanism of association between filariasis and ABO antigens needs to be further explored to understand how the distribution of BGAs affects susceptibility/resistance to infection. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:186–191, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determining urinary trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, As, and Se) in patients with bladder cancer
Authors: Lin Chang‐Ni , Wang Lai‐Hao , Shen Kun‐Hung
Published: May 2009

Objectives: Trace elements are essential components of biological structures, but they can be toxic at concentrations beyond those necessary for their biological functions.

Methods: A study group of 30 patients with bladder cancer and a control group of 30 healthy volunteers were measured for trace elements using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Results: Urinary zinc and selenium levels in patients were significantly (P<0.05) higherthan those in controls, but urinary copper, arsenic, and lead were not significantly different.

Conclusion: This case–control study suggests that zinc and selenium concentrations are associated with the proliferation of bladder cancer cells because zinc and selenium are excreted in the urine of bladder cancer patients. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:192–195, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strain isolation and optimization of process parameters for bioconversion of glycerol to lactic acid
Authors: Hong An‐An , Cheng Ke‐Ke , Peng Feng , Zhou Sheng , Sun Yan , Liu Can‐Ming , Liu De‐Hua
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: The crude glycerol from biodiesel production represents an abundant and inexpensive source which can be used as raw material for lactic acid production. The first aim of this investigation was to select a strain suitable for producing lactic acid from glycerol with a high concentration and productivity. The second aim was to obtain the optimum fermentation conditions, as a basis for large‐scale lactate production in the future.

RESULTS: Eight bacterial strains, which could aerobically convert glycerol to lactic acid, were screened from soil samples. One of the strains, AC‐521, which synthesized lactic acid with a higher concentration, was identified based on its 16S rDNA sequences and physiological characteristics. These results indicated that this strain was a member of Escherichia coli. The optimal fermentation conditions for Escherichia coli AC‐521 were 42 °C, pH 6.5, 0.85 min−1 (KLa).

CONCLUSION: Escherichia coli AC‐521 suitable for producing lactic acid from glycerol with high concentration and productivity was identified. After 88 h of fed‐batch fermentation, both the lactic acid concentration and glycerol consumption reached maximum, giving 85.8 g L−1 of lactic acid with a productivity of 0.97 g L−1 h−1 and a yield of 0.9 mol mol−1 glycerol. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Oleic acid‐added embedding medium for histological analysis of hard tissue
Authors: Lim Jin Ik , Lee Yong‐Keun
Published: May 2009

For the histological analysis of hard tissue such as bone, various acrylate‐based materials have been used as an embedding medium. However, commercial embedding media are expensive, and cutting the embedded block takes a long time. In this study, mixtures of methyl methacrylate (MMA), di‐butyl‐phthalate (DBP), and oleic acid (OA) were tested for possible application as an embedding medium for large and small undecalcified bone specimens. Mechanical properties were tested in a compressive mode. We investigated the change of hydrophilicity in the sectioned surface by measuring the contact angle depending on the OA. Crystallinity was analyzed using a X‐ray diffractometer (XRD). Surface analysis was performed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. To determine the staining efficiency of staining dyes, hamatoxylin‐eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome (MT) staining methods were performed for the histological analysis of bone‐implant complex. We confirmed that the investigated embedding media showed good properties such as optimal mechanical strength appropriate for cutting the embedded block and proper staining efficiency for histological analysis. Therefore, the MMA/DBP/OA mixtures can be used as an embedding media appropriate for various hard tissues and bone‐implant complex. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient expression of genes delivered to newborn rat liver using recombinant adeno‐associated virus 2/8 vectors
Authors: Flageul Maude , Aubert Dominique , Pichard Virginie , Nguyen Tuan Huy , Nowrouzi Ali , Schmidt Manfred , Ferry Nicolas
Published: May 2009

Background

In vivo adeno‐associated virus (AAV) delivery to adult liver results in sustained expression of the transgene. However, it has been suggested that AAV delivery to the newborn liver may result in transient expression. In the present study, we analysed transgene expression after AAV8 delivery of a therapeutic or a marker gene to newborn rat liver.

Methods

Recombinant AAV 8 vectors carrying either the human UGT1A1 cDNA or the lacZ gene were injected intravenously in 2‐day‐old Gunn or Wistar rats. Serum bilirubin level was recorded in Gunn rats and β‐galactosidase expression was monitored by immunohistochemistry or enzyme activity. The molecular forms of AAV genome were analysed by the polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting in whole liver and by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction in macroscopically dissected β‐galactosidase clusters.

Results

In Gunn rat, complete serum bilirubin normalization occurred after AAV delivery but hyperbilirubinemia resumed thereafter. Similarly, β‐galactosidase expression was maximum at day 7, but only a few (less than 1%) β‐galactosidase positive cells were recorded at 1 or 3 months. These cells gathered in small clusters and the AAV copy number was 75‐fold higher in positive cell clusters than in the surrounding parenchyma.

Conclusions

The results obtained in the present study show that in vivo AAV delivery to newborn rats results in transient expression in most hepatocytes. Expression of the trangene was persistent in small clusters of cells and preliminary data support the hypothesis that integration of the viral genome occurs in these clusters. Altogether, our data confirm the low efficiency of AAV vectors for gene therapy of liver diseases when delivered in the newborn period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pioneer colonizer microorganisms in biofilm formation on galvanized steel in a simulated recirculating cooling‐water system
Authors: Doğruöz Nihal , Göksay Duygu , Ilhan‐Sungur Esra , Cotuk Ayşın
Published: May 2009

Some bacteria have a higher tendency to produce biofilm than others. Especially, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas strains are acknowledged to be pioneer colonizers and are predominant in biofilm formation. We examined biofilm formation and first attachment maintance of biofilms of Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas spp, sulphate reducing bacteria and filamentous fungi. A simulated recirculating cooling‐water system was used. Heterotrophic bacteria counts on galvanized steel and glass surfaces rose during the tidy period of 720 hours. In addition, we determined that although Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. were the pioneer colonizers, they surprisingly could not be determined in the biofilms on both types of surface after 456 hours. Sulphate reducing bacteria were observed in biofilms on both surfaces from the outset of the experiments. Filamentous fungi were seen on the galvanized steel and glass surfaces after 0.5 h. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Differential response of antioxidative defense system of Anabaena doliolum under arsenite and arsenate stress
Authors: Srivastava Ashish Kumar , Bhargava Poonam , Thapar Riti , Rai Lal Chand
Published: May 2009

This study offers first hand information on the arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V))‐induced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidative defense system of Anabaena doliolum. A requirement of 58 mM As(V) as compared to only 11 mM As(III) to cause 50% reduction in growth rate suggests that As(III) is more toxic than As(V) in the test cyanobacterium. In contrast to above, oxidative damage measured in terms of lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage and peroxide content were significantly higher after As(V) than As(III) treatment as compared to control. Similarly all the studied enzymatic parameters of antioxidative defense system except glutathione reductase (GR) and non‐enzymatic parameters except glutathione reduced (GSH) showed greater induction against As(V) than As(III). Interestingly, higher increase in non‐enzymatic counterpart than enzymatic in both the stresses suggests that detoxification is mainly managed by former than the later. This confirms the belief of pronounced stimulation of the antioxidative defense system by As(V) than As(III). In conclusion, the cyanobacterium may survive better in As(V) than As(III) contaminated fields because of its low toxicity and pronounced induction of antioxidative defense system. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)