bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Representative Loading Frequency for Linear Elastic Analysis of Asphalt Pavements
Authors: Losa Massimo , Di Natale Andrea
Published: January 2013

The mechanistic design of flexible pavement is usually done with linear elastic theory (LET); this process must use appropriate values of the equivalent asphalt concrete elastic modulus to evaluate stresses and strains in a linear elastic multilayer. The aim is to identify some relationships to estimate the value of loading frequency, representative of the real strain pulse frequency spectrum, to be used in calculating the stiffness modulus of the asphalt concrete layers. In this way, an equivalent linear elastic structural analysis can be conducted. To achieve this aim, many transient load simulations were performed with ViscoRoute software based on the viscoelastic model. After variables that affected the representative frequency value were detected, more than 215 variable combinations (representative of real conditions) were randomly generated. For each combination, viscoelastic analysis was conducted, and then the stiffness modulus and the corresponding loading frequency were backcalculated by minimizing the residuals between linear elastic and viscoelastic peak strains. The representative frequency values calculated for these configurations were related to the significant variables by means of a multivariate regression. The model was developed separately for each of the three directions according to the anisotropic behavior of pavement under moving loads. Finally, the procedure was validated by applying it to several climatic and load configurations of an existing pavement. A simple and useful tool is provided to take into account all significant parameters; the tool can be used in conjunction with LET for pavement design.
Analyzing Investments Needed to Support Oil and Gas Production and Distribution
Authors: Mitra Subhro , Tolliver Denver , Dybing Alan
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study was to forecast road investment needs in the oil- and gas-producing counties of North Dakota over the next 20 years in light of its expected population growth and the growth of oil and gas production. With the essential objective of quantifying the additional investments necessary for efficient year-round transportation of oil while providing travelers with acceptable roadway service, the study focused on roads owned or maintained by local governments, e.g., counties and townships. Impacts and funding needs were analyzed for three types of roads: paved, gravel, and graded and drained. The analysis was based on three main data sources: oil production forecasts, traffic data, and county road surveys. The forecast output of wells was routed over the road network to pipelines, with a detailed geographic information system model in which oil movements were represented as equivalent tractor–semitrailer trips that follow least-cost paths. The projected inputs of sand and water and the outbound movements of salt water to disposal sites were similarly routed. These predicted inbound and outbound movements were accumulated for each impacted segment. Movements of specialized equipment were included in the analysis. Several types of potential road improvements, including reconstruction and structural overlays, were analyzed in this study. The model developed in this research can be transferred to other states where new oil fields are opening and analysis is required for additional investment in highway infrastructure.
Transportation-Induced Agglomeration Effects and Productivity of Firms in Megacity Region of Paris Basin
Authors: Le Néchet Florent , Melo Patricia C. , Graham Daniel J.
Published: January 2013

This paper undertakes empirical analysis of the relationship between productivity and transportation-induced agglomeration effects in the megacity region of the Paris Basin. The authors believe this to be the first study in the French context to produce elasticities of urban agglomeration economies for different industry sectors. Furthermore, the measure of agglomeration used by the authors explicitly took account of accessibility to economic mass in terms of driving times. This study is the first attempt to investigate the presence of nonlinearities in the relationship between productivity and agglomeration with French data. The findings indicate that transportation-induced agglomeration effects differ across industry groups and are greater for business services; these findings agree with existing evidence for other countries. The results also suggest considerable nonlinearity in the relationship between productivity and transportation-induced agglomeration effects and imply that the conventional estimation of country-level aggregate elasticities is likely to misrepresent the actual magnitude of any productivity gains from agglomeration.
Alternative Planning Tool for Small Metropolitan Planning Organization in Utah
Authors: Jansuwan Sarawut , Chen Anthony , Ryu Seungkyu
Published: January 2013

Current practice in modeling network traffic for planning applications is a four-step travel demand forecasting model (trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and traffic assignment) that requires travel surveys and specialized technical staff to operate. Although such a modeling approach has been used in practice in major metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), many small MPOs usually do not have sufficient resources to conduct travel surveys or to house technical staff for model development and maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to develop a simplified planning tool specifically targeted at small MPOs. A case study of a small MPO in Utah demonstrates how the tool can be implemented in practice.
Role of Social Media in Environmental Review Process of National Environmental Policy Act
Authors: Camay Stephanie , Brown Lloyd , Makoid Meghan
Published: January 2013

With the profound influence of social media on current culture, new tools are changing how practitioners communicate with the public. These new tools expand the toolbox for transportation professionals involved in dealing with the public and allow large-scale, remote interactions. The use of social media allows community members to participate in the planning process without leaving work or social settings. However, the increased use of social media in the planning and public outreach process represents a new challenge because transportation professionals may not fully understand how to use social media effectively to engage all persons interested or affected by a proposed transportation project. Focusing specifically on the use of social media in the environmental review process, this paper provides an assessment of social media that considers the public call for e-government and transparency in environmental review, equity of access to e-government and social media tools, and the need to measure the effectiveness of informing and engaging the public. To understand how social media tools were used in the environmental review process of transportation projects, three case studies were examined. This assessment of social media identifies useful recommendations for professionals interested in incorporating social media tools into the development of robust public involvement project portfolios and recommends future research necessary to measure the success of informing and engaging the public more effectively. This paper also calls for federal guidance to assist transportation professionals in tracking and documenting social media public involvement interactions in the environmental review process of transportation projects.
Household Travel Surveys in Context-Based Approach for Adjusting ITE Trip Generation Rates in Urban Contexts
Authors: Clifton Kelly J. , Currans Kristina M. , Cutter April C. , Schneider Robert
Published: January 2013

With household travel surveys (HTSs) to produce a regional-scale policy model, this research develops a methodology for predicting context-based vehicle-trip reductions applied to ITE's Trip Generation Handbook at a site-level development. This methodology may be used as a supplement to ITE trip generation rates, providing justification to vehicle-trip reductions based on known contextual vehicle mode splits. With the 2006 HTS of the Puget Sound Regional Council, Washington State, non-home-based trip ends were selected, and common built environment measures were extracted. A clustering analysis was then applied to all trip ends to determine clustered groups or contexts. With contexts, sociodemographic characteristics, and trip characteristics as model variables, a binary logistic model was developed to predict the mode split. Mode splits were then calculated for all context types (Type A through Type H) with the use of average built environment, sociodemographic characteristics, and trip characteristics variables. External establishment survey rates and mode splits, published from reports in California, were then used to verify the prediction power of the model on the basis of the type of establishment's context. For each establishment survey, the same built environment measures were extracted, and the location was classified into contexts with a linear discriminate analysis. In general, mode splits predicted across contexts showed variation expected for areas with greater residential or employment density, land use mix, and connectivity. Establishment data showed that predicted values fell within the observed range or fell on the conservative side of estimation. Future applications of this research are discussed.
Evaluation of Operation and Accuracy of Available Smart Growth Trip Generation Methodologies for Use in California
Authors: Shafizadeh Kevan , Lee Richard , Niemeier Deb , Parker Terry , Handy Susan
Published: January 2013

It is well known that a standard application of the ITE trip rates for an area with many smart growth characteristics will result in an over-estimation of the number of trips generated. No commonly agreed on methodology in the United States for estimating trip generation takes into account the smart growth characteristics of a land use development project. Several methods have been recently proposed as incremental advancements toward developing such a methodology. This paper identifies eight available methodologies, five of which are appropriate for use in California. The five candidate methods are compared with the traditional ITE trip generation method in a two-part assessment. The first part involves evaluating the methods against a variety of operational criteria developed through discussions with a panel of transportation practitioners. The second part involves testing the accuracy of the methods by comparing the predictions of the various methods against available traffic counts and other data at 22 California sites that contain at least some characteristics of smart growth. On the basis of the evaluation, the authors conclude that all five methods have advantages and disadvantages and that while no single method emerged as the best for use in smart growth development projects, all methods appear to be more accurate at predicting the number of trips generated than standard application of the ITE base rates. Furthermore, this analysis focuses on candidate methods deemed appropriate for use in California, but this research has value and potential implications for smart growth transportation planning efforts outside California.
Impacts of Transit Priority on Signal Coordination: Case Study of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Huang Stephen Q. , Shalaby Amer , Bissessar Rajnath
Published: January 2013

This study introduces the current application of transit signal priority (TSP) in the City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and focuses on the following: traffic signal operations, constraints of the current signal control system and TSP technology, evaluation metrics, and models for simulating transit priority operation. In Toronto, 335 traffic signals have transit priority, 321 of which are under the control of the main traffic signal system (MTSS). Active transit priority unconditionally allows an extension of up to 30 s per cycle in addition to the normal signal green time on transit routes. The extension generates complaints about traffic delays for vehicles on side streets, long pedestrian wait times, and poor signal coordination. Field tests were conducted on a section of a downtown Toronto arterial bus route. Actual MTSS logs and signpost data obtained by the transit agency during field tests were used to investigate three scenarios along Bathurst Street at six signalized intersections. An analysis of signal timing changes that encompassed selection and determination of traffic operation performance measures was conducted on a per-cycle basis in the morning peak, afternoon peak, and off-peak periods. Green-band effectiveness was one of the evaluation measures used to assess signal progression. Subsequently, a performance assessment frame based on a model for the analytic hierarchy process was built to determine the best scenario and to help develop simulation models. The analysis shows that the TSP strategy of unconditional extension up to 30 s in signal green time is not recommended for use with the existing system of traffic signal control. The approaches described can apply to different transit routes with variable situations in Toronto.
Model for Predicting Distribution of Link Travel Times for Urban Signalized Roads
Authors: Zheng Fangfang , van Zuylen Henk J. , Pu Yun
Published: January 2013

Estimation and prediction of urban travel time are acknowledged as important yet challenging topics. The traffic flow theory as developed especially for freeway traffic does not give much help for modeling urban traffic processes. Urban travel times are irregular because of several disturbances on a path. The interruption of trips at signalized intersections causes a large part of the total delay that vehicles experience on a route. These delays vary with stochastic properties of traffic flow, including stochastic arrivals and departures at signalized intersections. As a result, a wide distribution of delay (travel times) can be found for a certain traffic condition and traffic control scheme. This paper proposes a procedure for predicting the distributions of urban link travel times. The core of this procedure is the proposed model of distributions of link travel times that considers stochastic arrivals and departures at intersections and the traffic control scheme explicitly. A comparison of the distributions of link travel time predicted by the model with those derived from VISSIM simulation showed that travel time distributions can be predicted well under time-varying demand and different traffic conditions. A comparison with real-life data derived from Global Positioning System information indicates that distributions of link travel times predicted by the model can represent these real-life travel time distributions, though some discrepancies can be observed for certain links.
Unified Framework for Dynamic Traffic Assignment and Signal Control with Cell Transmission Model
Authors: Aziz H. M. Abdul , Ukkusuri Satish V.
Published: January 2013

This research presents a unified framework for dynamic traffic assignment and signal control optimization. An objective function based on the system-optimal approach with an embedded traffic flow model (the cell transmission model) for dynamic traffic assignment was considered. The optimization model (a mixed-integer program) explicitly considered intersection delay and lost time from phase switches in addition to a traditional travel time objective. Two test networks were used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model. Results showed better performance of the models when they were compared with fixed-signal timing plans. The formulation of signal control design also accounted for the variation of cycle length, and results showed the variation of cycle lengths with different objective functions under different levels of congestion.
Submarine melt rate estimates for floating termini of Greenland outlet glaciers (2000–2010)
Authors: Enderlin Ellyn M. , Howat Ian M.
Published: January 2013

The rate of mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet has increased over the past decade due, in large part, to changes in marine-terminating outlet glacier dynamics. These changes are attributed to increased submarine melt rates of floating ice tongues and submerged calving faces resulting from increased coastal ocean heat transport. We use remotely sensed data to calculate submarine melt rates for 13 marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland on a semi-annual basis between 2000 and 2010. We assess temporal and spatial variability in the calculated submarine melt rates and compare those variabilities to concurrent glacier change and offshore ocean temperatures. Over the period of study, average melt rates ranged from 0.03 to 2.98 m d−1 and account for 5–85% of the total volume loss from the floating ice tongue, with no clear spatial pattern. Only four glaciers show substantial interannual variability in melt rate during the decade. Melt rates were uncorrelated with front retreat, speed and changes in ocean temperature. Although the small sample size limits our analysis of the relationship between oceanographic forcing and glacier response, these data suggest that the calving rate may vary with discharge but that submarine melt rates are independent of grounding line discharge.
Incidence and clinical importance of lipoma of the spermatic cord
Authors: Sikder MAI , Sarker BK
Published: January 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v8i1.13531 JAFMC Vol.8(1) 2012 pp.06-08
Unilateral Renal Cystic Disease (URCD)
Authors: Nessa A , Hossain AF , Mostafi M
Published: January 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v8i1.13541 JAFMC Vol.8(1) 2012 pp.53-55
The Role of Substance P in Ischaemic Brain Injury
Authors: Turner Renée , Vink Robert
Published: January 2013

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability and dementia worldwide. Despite extensive pre-clinical investigation, few therapeutic treatment options are available to patients, meaning that death, severe disability and the requirement for long-term rehabilitation are common outcomes. Cell loss and tissue injury following stroke occurs through a number of diverse secondary injury pathways, whose delayed nature provides an opportunity for pharmacological intervention. Amongst these secondary injury factors, increased blood-brain barrier permeability and cerebral oedema are well-documented complications of cerebral ischaemia, whose severity has been shown to be associated with final outcome. Whilst the mechanisms of increased blood-brain barrier permeability and cerebral oedema are largely unknown, recent evidence suggests that the neuropeptide substance P (SP) plays a central role. The aim of this review is to examine the role of SP in ischaemic stroke and report on the potential utility of NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonists as therapeutic agents.
Long-Term Evaluation of Abnormal Behavior in Adult Ex-laboratory Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Following Re-socialization
Authors: Kalcher-Sommersguter Elfriede , Franz-Schaider Cornelia , Preuschoft Signe , Crailsheim Karl
Published: January 2013

Adverse rearing conditions are considered a major factor in the development of abnormal behavior. We investigated the overall levels, the prevalence and the diversity of abnormal behavior of 18 adult former laboratory chimpanzees, who spent about 20 years single caged, over a two-year period following re-socialization. According to the onset of deprivation, the individuals were classified as early deprived (EDs, mean: 1.2 years) or late deprived (LDs, mean: 3.6 years). The results are based on 187.5 hours of scan sampling distributed over three sample periods: subsequent to re-socialization and during the first and second year of group-living. While the overall levels and the diversity of abnormal behavior remained stable over time in this study population, the amplifying effects of age at onset of deprivation became apparent as the overall levels of abnormal behavior of EDs were far above those of LDs in the first and second year of group-living, but not immediately after re-socialization. The most prevalent abnormal behaviors, including eating disorders and self-directed behaviors, however, varied in their occurrence within subjects across the periods. Most important, the significance of social companionship became obvious as the most severe forms of abnormal behavior, such as dissociative and self-injurious behaviors declined.
Assessment of the Levels of Airborne Bacteria, Gram-Negative Bacteria, and Fungi in Hospital Lobbies
Authors: Park Dong-Uk , Yeom Jeong-Kwan , Lee Won , Lee Kyeong-Min
Published: January 2013

Aims: We assessed the levels of airborne bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and fungi in six hospital lobbies, and investigated the environmental and hospital characteristics that affected the airborne microorganism levels. Methods: An Andersen single-stage sampler equipped with appropriate nutrition plate agar was used to collect the samples. The three types of microorganisms were repeatedly collected at a fixed location in each hospital (assumed to be representative of the entire hospital lobby) from 08:00 through 24:00, with a sampling time of less than 5 min. Temperature and relative humidity were simultaneously monitored. Results: Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the major factors affecting microorganism levels. The average levels of bacteria (7.2 × 102 CFU/m3), GNB (1.7 × 10 CFU/m3), and fungi (7.7 × 10 CFU/m3) indicated that all hospital lobbies were generally contaminated. Season was the only factor that significantly affected the levels of all microorganisms (p < 0.0001), where contamination was the highest during the summer, significantly higher than during the winter. Other significant factors varied by microorganism, as follows: airborne bacteria (number of people in the lobby, sampling time), GNB (scale of hospital), and fungi (humidity and air temperature). Conclusions: Hospital lobby air was generally contaminated with microorganisms, including bacteria, GNB, and fungi. Environmental factors that may significantly influence the airborne concentrations of these agents should be managed to minimize airborne levels.
Oxidative Folding in the Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space in Human Health and Disease
Authors: Fraga Hugo , Ventura Salvador
Published: January 2013

Oxidative folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) is a key cellular event associated with the folding and import of a large and still undetermined number of proteins. This process is catalyzed by an oxidoreductase, Mia40 that is able to recognize substrates with apparently little or no homology. Following substrate oxidation, Mia40 is reduced and must be reoxidized by Erv1/Alr1 that consequently transfers the electrons to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Although our understanding of the physiological relevance of this process is still limited, an increasing number of pathologies are being associated with the impairment of this pathway; especially because oxidative folding is fundamental for several of the proteins involved in defense against oxidative stress. Here we review these aspects and discuss recent findings suggesting that oxidative folding in the IMS is modulated by the redox state of the cell.
Adsorption and Self-Assembly of Large Polycyclic Molecules on the Surfaces of TiO2 Single Crystals
Authors: Godlewski Szymon , Szymonski Marek
Published: January 2013

Titanium dioxide is one of the most frequently studied metal oxides, and its (110) rutile surface serves as a prototypical model for the surface science of such materials. Recent studies have also shown that the (011) surface is relatively easy for preparation in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and that both the (110) and (011) surfaces could be precisely characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The supramolecular self-assembly of organic molecules on the surfaces of titanium dioxide plays an important role in nanofabrication, and it can control the formation and properties of nanostructures, leading to wide range of applications covering the fields of catalysis, coatings and fabrication of sensors and extends to the optoelectronic industry and medical usage. Although the majority of experiments and theoretical calculations are focused on the adsorption of relatively small organic species, in recent years, there has been increasing interest in the properties of larger molecules that have several aromatic rings in which functional units could also be observed. The purpose of this review is to summarize the achievements in the study of single polycyclic molecules and thin layers adsorbed onto the surfaces of single crystalline titanium dioxide over the past decade.
Crystallographic Orientation Influence on the Serrated Yielding Behavior of a Single-Crystal Superalloy
Authors: Segersäll Mikael , Moverare Johan
Published: January 2013

Since Ni-based single-crystal superalloys are anisotropic materials, their behavior in different crystal orientations is of great interest. In this study, the yielding behavior in both tension and compression for , and oriented materials at 500 °C has been investigated. The direction showed a serrated yielding behavior, a great tension/compression asymmetry in yield strength and visible deformation bands. However, the and directions showed a more homogeneous yielding, less tension/compression asymmetry in yield strength and no deformation bands. Microstructure investigations showed that the serrated yielding behavior of the direction can be attributed to the appearance of dynamic strain aging (DSA) and that only one slip system is active in this direction during plastic deformation.
Improvement of Ylang-Ylang Essential Oil Characterization by GC×GC-TOFMS
Authors: Brokl Michał , Fauconnier Marie-Laure , Benini Céline , Lognay Georges , Jardin Patrick , Focant Jean-François
Published: January 2013

A single fraction of essential oil can often contain hundreds of compounds. Despite of the technical improvements and the enhanced selectivity currently offered by the state-of-the-art gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) instruments, the complexity of essential oils is frequently underestimated. Comprehensive two-dimensional GC coupled to time-of-flight MS (GC×GC-TOFMS) was used to improve the chemical characterization of ylang-ylang essential oil fractions recently reported in a previous one-dimensional (1D) GC study. Based on both, the enhanced chromatographic separation and the mass spectral deconvolution, 161 individual compounds were identified and labeled as potentially characteristic analytes found in both low and high boiling fractions issued from distillation of mature ylang-ylang flowers. Compared to the most recent full GC-MS characterization, this represents 75 new compounds, essentially consisting of terpenes, terpenoid esters, and alcohols.
Radical Scavenging Capacity of Methanolic Phillyrea latifolia L. Extract: Anthocyanin and Phenolic Acids Composition of Fruits
Authors: Ayranci Erol , Erkan Naciye
Published: January 2013

Radical scavenging capacity of a crude methanolic extract from the fruits of Phillyrea latifolia L., commonly known as green olive tree or mock privet, was investigated with reference to anthocyanin standards, as flavonoids, and phenolic acid standards, as phenylpropanoids. Characterization with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) indicated the presence of keracyanin, kuromanin, cyanidin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid at amounts of 289.1, 90.4, 191.4, 225.2, 221.2 and 190.1 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) of fruits, respectively. Chlorogenic and p-coumaric acids were found to exist in lower amounts. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and IC50 values of the plant extract were found to be 1.8 mM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g FW of fruits and 69.4 µg/mL, respectively, indicating the close radical scavenging activity of the extract to those of keracyanin and p-coumaric acid. The crude methanolic P. latifolia L. fruit extract was seen to be fairly potent in radical scavenging. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the plant extract was found to be 1652.9 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g FW of fruits.
Two New Koumine-Type Indole Alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans Benth.
Authors: Sun Mingxue , Hou Xiaoli , Gao Huanhuan , Guo Junsheng , Xiao Kai
Published: January 2013

Two new indole alkaloids, 21-oxokoumine (1) and furanokoumine (2), were isolated from the roots of Gelsemium elegans Benth together with three known compounds. The structures of the two novel compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including NMR, HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR, CD and molecular modeling. Compound 1 is the first instance of a koumine-type alkaloid with a carbonyl at the C-21 position, while compound 2 possesses a tetrahydrofuran ring located on C-20 and C-21.
Selenium Content in Seafood in Japan
Authors: Yamashita Yumiko , Yamashita Michiaki , Iida Haruka
Published: January 2013

Selenium is an essential micronutrient for humans, and seafood is one of the major selenium sources, as well as red meat, grains, eggs, chicken, liver and garlic. A substantial proportion of the total amount of selenium is present as selenium containing imidazole compound, selenoneine, in the muscles of ocean fish. In order to characterize the selenium content in seafood, the total selenium levels were measured in the edible portions of commercially important fish and shellfish species. Among the tested edible portions, alfonsino muscle had the highest selenium levels (concentration of 1.27 mg/kg tissue). High levels of selenium (1.20–1.07 mg/kg) were also found in the salted ovary products of mullet and Pacific herring. In other fish muscles, the selenium levels ranged between 0.12 and 0.77 mg/kg tissue. The selenium levels were closely correlated with the mercury levels in the white and red muscles in alfonsino. The selenium content in spleen, blood, hepatopancreas, heart, red muscle, white muscle, brain, ovary and testis ranged between 1.10 and 24.8 mg/kg tissue in alfonsino.
Growth Is the Problem; Equality Is the Solution
Authors: Mikkelson Gregory
Published: January 2013

While the world economy has become more efficient in one sense, i.e., ecological damage per dollar's worth of economic output, growth in human population size and per-capita production and consumption of goods and services have together far outpaced these gains. Grievous environmental harm has resulted, whether measured in terms of human sustainability through the ecological footprint, or non-human welfare through such indicators as the living planet index and the number of threatened species. Many have therefore called for a reorientation of economic priorities away from growth, and toward equality as a more environmentally-friendly way to enhance human well-being. In this paper, I test the merits of this proposal through analysis of a few key national economic and ecological variables across time and space. The results confirm the hypothesis that equality does far less harm to ecosystems than growth does. In fact, equality seems to benefit one crucial aspect of environmental quality, namely biological diversity.
Arenavirus Budding: A Common Pathway with Mechanistic Differences
Authors: Wolff Svenja , Ebihara Hideki , Groseth Allison
Published: January 2013

The Arenaviridae is a diverse and growing family of viruses that includes several agents responsible for important human diseases. Despite the importance of this family for public health, particularly in Africa and South America, much of its biology remains poorly understood. However, in recent years significant progress has been made in this regard, particularly relating to the formation and release of new enveloped virions, which is an essential step in the viral lifecycle. While this process is mediated chiefly by the viral matrix protein Z, recent evidence suggests that for some viruses the nucleoprotein (NP) is also required to enhance the budding process. Here we highlight and compare the distinct budding mechanisms of different arenaviruses, concentrating on the role of the matrix protein Z, its known late domain sequences, and the involvement of cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway components. Finally we address the recently described roles for the nucleoprotein NP in budding and ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) incorporation, as well as discussing possible mechanisms related to its involvement.
Genetic Diversity of Spike, 3a, 3b and E Genes of Infectious Bronchitis Viruses and Emergence of New Recombinants in Korea
Authors: Mo Mei-Lan , Hong Seung-Min , Kwon Hyuk-Joon , Kim Il-Hwan , Song Chang-Seon , Kim Jae-Hong
Published: January 2013

The nucleotide sequences of a region including S1, S2, 3a, 3b and E genes of twenty-seven infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates in Korea between 1990–2011 were determined and phylogenetic and computational recombination analyses were conducted. The sizes of coding regions of some genes varied among IBV isolates due to deletion or insertion of nucleotides; the nucleotide similarities of S1, S2, 3a, 3b and E genes among the 27 isolates were 75.9%–100.0%, 85%–100.0%, 64.0%–100.0%, 60.4%–100.0% and 83.1%–100.0%, respectively. According to phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene, the 27 isolates were divided into five genotypes, Mass, Korean-I (K-I), QX-like, KM91-like and New cluster 1. The phylogenetic trees based on the S2, 3a, 3b, E genes and S1-S2-3a-3b-E (S1-E) region nucleotide sequences did not closely follow the clustering based on the S1 sequence. The New cluster 1 prevalent during 2009 and 2010 was not found in 2011 but QX-like viruses became prevalent in 2011. The recombination analysis revealed two new S gene recombinants, 11036 and 11052 which might have been derived from recombinations between the New cluster 1 and QX-like viruses and between the K-I and H120 (vaccine) viruses, respectively. In conclusion, multiple IBV genotypes have co-circulated; QX-like viruses have recurred and new recombinants have emerged in Korea. This has enriched molecular epidemiology information of IBV and is useful for the control of IB in Korea.
Hébron négatif
Authors: Loubeyre Jean-Baptiste
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’idée de l’existence d’un transfert négatif pose depuis sa reconnaissance, des problèmes théoriques et techniques. La littérature analytique différencie en fonction des affects et de la dynamique, différentes formes du transfert négatif. Certains échecs, certaines ruptures de la cure, conduisent à conceptualiser in fine le transfert négatif comme le négatif du transfert. Ce qu’induit cette aporie est difficilement figurable. Un paysage humain peut alors permettre d’évoquer ces paysages intérieurs qui se découvrent dans les cures engluées dans le négatif. Le voyage offre ainsi la possibilité d’expériences théoriques. La dynamique du conflit israélo-palestinien à Hébron, permet de figurer une partie des mécanismes qui interdisent la mise en place du mouvement naturel du transfert.
Psychiatrie coloniale en Afrique orientale allemande
Authors: Diefenbacher Albert , Giraud François
Published: January 2013

Résumé En 1901, les premiers plans concernant un asile d’aliénés pour Africains à Dar-es-Salaam furent développés par l’administration locale de la colonie d’Afrique Orientale Allemande du fait que la capacité d’accueil de la prison locale, où les fous avaient été confinés, était devenue insuffisante. Finalement, en 1905, un petit asile d’aliénés fut construit dans la région de plantations nord-orientale de la colonie par une société missionnaire, influencée par le gouverneur allemand. L’asile demeurait vide pendant la moitié de l’année et ne fut rempli au maximum de sa capacité pour la première fois qu’en 1907. Etant donné que les médecins coloniaux allemands ne portaient pas beaucoup d’intérêt à la gestion de l’asile, il resta entre les mains des missionnaires. Ils ne gardèrent pas seulement les internés sous clef, mais leur appliquèrent des traitements occupationnels basés sur un programme quotidien détaillé consistant, par exemple, à faire travailler les hommes dans les champs.
Penser l'ennemi ou le concept de la double empathie et son importance pour le dialogue en situation de conflit
Authors: Samy Mounir
Published: January 2013

Résumé En éclairant les fondements de la relation à l’autre, la psychanalyse nous aide à définir les conditions nécessaires au dialogue. L’empathie rend compte de l’altérité. Par contre, lorsqu’elle est clivée par une situation de conflit, l’empathie pour les siens rend l’empathie envers l’adversaire malaisée sinon impossible. D’où l’importance de maintenir une « double empathie » si l’on veut civiliser les conflits et avancer dans un véritable dialogue. L’empathie pour les siens reflète un besoin naturel de survie, tandis que l’empathie pour l’autre représente un désir accru de connaissance.
(Re)connaissances autour de la diversité : réflexions théoriques et rhétoriques sur les journées internationales de la diversité
Authors: Point Sébastien
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article propose une analyse approfondie des communications présentées lors des rencontres internationales de la diversité à Corté. Depuis six ans, spécialistes praticiens ou académiques communiquent lors de ces journées autour de thématiques liées à la gestion de la diversité. Sur les 291 contributions présentées lors de ces journées sur la période 2005-2010, 157 ont été retenues puis analysées. Les principaux résultats soulignent : 1) un niveau d’analyse centré sur l’individu ou l’organisation ; 2) de nombreux travaux autour de la culture ; 3) un ancrage autour de la séparation, mettant en exergue conflits et difficultés. Ces résultats conduisent à des pistes de réflexion sur la prise en compte de la diversité du point de vue académique et professionnel.
L'image, une contrariété du cinéma
Authors: Aubron Hervé
Published: January 2013

Résumé Beaucoup de cinéastes et de théoriciens français ont très longtemps clamé que le cinéma ne consistait pas à produire des images, mais des plans – catégorie adossée à la notion de durée et très vague, puisqu’elle désigne une découpe à la fois spatiale et temporelle. Cette réticence au concept d’image a ainsi nourri une sorte de « Yalta » cinéphile, distinguant la lignée des frères Lumière (la vue comme art du réel) et celle de Georges Méliès (le tableau fantasmagorique). Cette opposition entre image (souvent assimilée, ici, à l’imagerie ou au cliché) et plan-durée peut être comparée à la fort ancienne querelle du dessin et de la couleur (ce qui cerne et ce qui déborde). Nous tenterons ici d’étudier l’éventualité d’un « icono-réalisme », en nous appuyant notamment sur les travaux de Gilles Deleuze et de Jacques Rancière (La Fable cinématographique) , ainsi que sur un moyen-métrage de Pier Paolo Pasolini, La Ricotta (1963).
La dépense, mode d'emploi
Authors: Chatel Philippe
Published: January 2013

Résumé Dans La vie mode d’emploi, Georges Perec nous dévoile l’étrange projet de Bartlebooth, un projet dont la gratuité assure, selon son auteur, la qualité esthétique. Il semblait alors intéressant d’analyser cette pratique fictionnelle en la rapportant, d’une part, à la notion de dépense improductive telle qu’elle fut définie par George Bataille et, d’autre part, en la rapprochant de certaines pratiques artistiques contemporaines. Ce faisant, l’on sera amené à réévaluer cette gratuité supposée de la dépense excessive et à chercher du sens à l’absurdité apparente des actions qu’elle génère.
Les relations germano-américaines après les élections allemandes
Authors: Lambertz Ruth
Published: January 2013

Résumé Elle-même en quête d’une nouvelle identité et d’une autonomie plus grande, l’Allemagne ne constitue pus aujourd’hui une priorité de la politique étrangère américaine. Il en résulte un décalage significatif entre les deux pays, notamment en ce qui concerne les institutions internationales et l’usage de la force militaire. Le changement politique à la chancellerie devrait faciliter un renouveau des liens historiquement étroits entre les États-Unis et l’Allemagne, mais l’éloignement observé au cours des années Schröder est le signe d’une approche géopolitique nouvelle de chaque côté de l’Atlantique.
Quel avenir pour le prix des services publics dans un contexte financier contraint ?
Authors: Long Martine
Published: January 2013

Résumé Dans un environnement financier contraint, le tarif est souvent présenté comme une alternative à l’impôt ou du moins à son augmentation. En France, les ressources tarifaires n’ont pas fait l’objet d’un questionnement global ; l’analyse se fait bien souvent au cas par cas ou de façon sectorielle. Les réflexions actuelles et les exemples étrangers montrent bien l’actualité de cette problématique. Le recours au tarif ou au prix entraîne cependant des conséquences importantes à la fois en termes d’évolution de l’action publique et de justice sociale.
Les propriétés publiques, une piste renouvelée de création de ressources
Authors: Ach Nelly
Published: January 2013

Résumé  Dans le but de dégager des ressources publiques non fiscales, l’État français s’est lancé depuis 2005 dans une politique de rationalisation de son parc immobilier. Pour ce faire, de nouveaux instruments et services ont été imaginés. Si les objectifs initialement fixés ont été atteints, il ne peut s’agir que d’une politique à court terme, souffrant en outre de carences qui, bien que connues, ne semblent pas aujourd’hui totalement résolues.
La nation au secours de l'État : dons, legs et autres participations volontaires
Authors: Cabannes Xavier
Published: January 2013

Résumé Pour en finir avec la crise budgétaire et financière que connaît la France, les mêmes solutions sont toujours mises en avant, sans grand succès. Au‑delà de ces solutions académiques, une autre piste, négligée voire regardée avec méfiance ou condescendance, n’est‑elle pas possible ? Ne serait‑il pas enfin temps de réfléchir à la possibilité pour la nation de contribuer volontairement au remboursement de la dette publique ?
Traumas et conflit œdipien : Œdipe, le meurtri
Authors: Chetrit-Vatine Viviane
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le récit des expériences précoces d’Œdipe selon Sophocle, est envisagé comme la représentation dramatique en trois temps, des mobilisations psychiques combinées chez tout père ou mère, de façon a-chronologique, dans leur rencontre avec tout enfant nouveau-né, ceci lorsque les choses se passent aussi bien que possible : mobilisation pulsionnelle, mobilisation éthique et mobilisation narcissique de vie. La mobilisation pulsionnelle est représentée par le couple Laïos et Jocaste. Une transformation est rendue possible grâce à l’intervention décisive d’un « Tu ne tueras pas », de la part de ce même environnement adulte, intervention incarnée par le berger en sa mobilisation éthique et ensuite par le couple royal corynthien, les «  good enough parents  », animés par leur narcissisme de vie et pour lesquels, les désirs de meurtre et d’inceste restent bien de l’ordre du fantasme inconscient. Les expériences précoces avec le milieu environnant auront nécessairement un impact sur les qualités d’accueil de l’Œdipe, ces qualités s’originant pour l’auteure, dans le traumatique de la rencontre « anthropologique fondamentale ». Par voie de conséquence, la question se posera de ce qui en sera d’autant demandé à l’analyste. Sa « neutralité engagée » devra se fonder sur une responsabilité asymétrique et affectée pour l’autre, son patient.
Œdipe ou non-Œdipe, telle est la question
Authors: Granek Michel
Published: January 2013

Résumé De nombreux récits et légendes, partout et de tout temps, comportent un certain nombre des mythèmes œdipiens typiques et sont interprétés par le psychanalyste comme des récits œdipiens; cette interprétation se heurte souvent à l’opposition du « spécialiste » de la question. L’article relate brièvement quatre légendes médiévales (Saint Grégoire, Judas Iscariote, Saint André de Crète et Saint Alban) et le Sacrifice d’Abraham, et soutient que loin de s’opposer l’interprétation du psychanalyste et du « spécialiste » se situent à deux niveaux différents et ne font que se compléter; le psychanalyste appréhende le niveau pulsionnel brut et le « spécialiste » le travail de la sublimation.
Les idéaux éthiques et la santé
Authors: Grimfeld Alain
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le respect des principes fondamentaux de l’éthique en matière de santé humaine passe dorénavant par le retour à l’intérêt premier de la personne. Les « idéaux » éthiques ne peuvent pas être atteints par les seules applications techniques des progrès de la connaissance, comme certains ont pu le penser. Au contraire, face à l’évolution exponentielle de ces applications, susceptibles par ailleurs de servir des intérêts commerciaux, industriels ou financiers, il est indispensable de recentrer nos préoccupations sur la perception qu’a chacun de nous de son accession au bien-être et de son épanouissement durant son existence partagée avec ses contemporains.
La médecine idéale n'existe pas
Authors: Berche Patrick
Published: January 2013

Résumé La médecine œuvre pour restaurer la santé, c’est-à-dire guérir les maladies, mais aussi pour contribuer au bien-être et au bonheur, selon la définition de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé. La « médecine idéale » serait d’abord celle capable de contrôler ses propres progrès pour éviter les dérives, celle qui considérerait les patients globalement dans leur environnement socioéconomique. Cette médecine du futur ne pourra se construire qu’à partir d’un enseignement rénové et multidisciplinaire, permettant aux étudiants et aux médecins de mieux s’adapter à l’évolution des pratiques médicales et de la société, dans un monde en mutation profonde. Aux utopistes qui ont rêvé d’un monde sans maladies ni hôpitaux, où l’espérance de vie dépasserait les cent ans, on peut substituer l’espoir d’une médecine plus solidaire, plus humaine, holistique et éthique, plus juste et plus égalitaire pour l’accès aux soins des plus démunis, et toujours tournée vers la recherche et le progrès. La médecine idéale est un horizon lointain ouvert sur des continents inconnus.
L'usager de santé idéal
Authors: Devictor Bernadette
Published: January 2013

Résumé Notre système de santé résulte des comportements de toutes les parties prenantes, et bien entendu de ses usagers. Vouloir le faire évoluer, pour réduire les inégalités de santé et optimiser les contributions de chacun, nécessite de s’interroger sur les comportements que ceux à qui il est destiné, les usagers de la santé, pourraient idéalement adopter. C’est avant tout par l’information et l’éducation à la santé que l’usager de la santé pourra devenir à la fois conscient des enjeux de santé pour lui-même et la collectivité à laquelle il appartient, acteur de sa santé et de la santé, contributeur de nouvelles solidarités.
Application of Learning Curves for Didactic Model Evaluation: Case Studies
Authors: Mödritscher Felix , Andergassen Monika , Law Effie Lai-Chong , García-Barrios Victor Manuel
Published: January 2013

The success of (online) courses depends, among other factors, on the underlying didactical models which have always been evaluated with qualitative and quantitative research methods. Several new evaluation techniques have been developed and established in the last years. One of them is â??learning curvesâ??, which aim at measuring error rates of users when they interact with adaptive educational systems, thereby enabling the underlying models to be evaluated and improved. In this paper, we report how we have applied this new method to two case studies to show that learning curves are useful to evaluate didactical models and their implementation in educational platforms. Results show that the error rates follow a power law distribution with each additional attempt if the didactical model of an instructional unit is valid. Furthermore, the initial error rate, the slope of the curve and the goodness of fit of the curve are valid indicators for the difficulty level of a course and the quality of its didactical model. As a conclusion, the idea of applying learning curves for evaluating didactical model on the basis of usage data is considered to be valuable for supporting teachers and learning content providers in improving their online courses.