bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Eyewitness and Physical Evidence on Mock-Juror Decision Making
Authors: Skolnick Paul , Shaw Jerry I.
Published: April 2009

Two studies compared the effectiveness of eyewitness testimony and physical evidence on mock-juror decision making. Jury-eligible participants were randomly assigned to read one of eight versions of a hypothetical murder scenario and were each asked to render a verdict, to recommend a sentencing option, and to make other evaluative judgments of the defendant. In Study 1, either eyewitness testimony or physical evidence was presented, whereas in Study 2, both types of evidence were presented together. Also, in both studies, the strength of evidence varied. Log linear analysis confirmed that mock jurors’ verdicts and evaluative judgments were influenced to a greater extent by physical evidence than by eyewitness testimony. Strong evidence produced more guilty verdicts than weak evidence. However, combining strong evidence of both types was no more effective than presenting strong evidence of either type. Implications of these factors for prosecutors and defense attorneys in criminal proceedings are discussed.
Mark 3:20-35 From the Perspective of Shameihonor
Authors: May David M.
Published: April 2009

Shame and honor are pivotal values for the setting in life of the first-century social world, and these values need to be considered a major part of the webbing in the Markan intercalation at 3:20-35. The focus of this passage illustrates that honor was not deposited in the typical locations of that day, i.e., the family and influential members of the Jewish community. The writer acomplishes this task by setting scenes in which the family of Jesus tried to approach him because of anxiety about their honor; likewise, the scribes approached Jesus concerned about their honor. The ultimate outcome of this Markan presentation is that Jesus acquires honor at the expense of the scribes and designates a new focal point of honor in a fictive kinship group.
Paul oOn the Covenants and the Future of Israel
Authors: Getty Mary Ann
Published: April 2009

Critically asessing Charles Talbert's contention that Paul successively utilized models of the covenant derived from Abraham, Moses and Jeremiah, Getty examines Paul's break from and continuity with Judaism. She considers in turn E. P. Sanders' analysis of the relationship between Paul's thinking on the law with that of his Jewish contempories, J. D. G. Dunn's demonstration of Paul's affinity with other Jewish Christians on the opposition between justification by works or by faith, and J. Paul Sampley's caveat regarding too quickly "synthesizing" Pauline thought before more nuances in Paul are better understood. In the light of these, the author then re-views Romans 9-11 and integrates where appropriate the insights of each of the studies.
Christ and the Spirit: "Filioque" Reconsidered
Authors: Rhodes J. Stephen
Published: April 2009

The author argues that the western church undervalues the Holy Spirit through its adherence to the insertion of the word filioque ("and through the Son") into the Nicene creed. In contrast to this subordination of the Spirit to Christ, the biblical witness bespeaks a non-hierarchical relationship among all three "persons" of the trinity. Jurgen Moltmann shows how the essential affirmations of the eastern and western churches can be incorporated in a more fully nuanced statement more in line with the biblical witness. By recovering a sense of the equal valuation of the Spirit and the Christ, the western church can integrate structure and vitality more completely.
Gospel Narrative and Critical Theory
Authors: Kelber Werner H.
Published: April 2009

Five modes of reading the gospel narratives are organized around the construction, or deconstruction, of meaning: meanings-as-reference in the historical, theological reading; meaning-as-narrative in the literary, formalist interpretation; meaning-as-consciousness according to receptionist aesthetics; meaning-as-system in structuralism; and meaning-as-deferment in postmodernism. The purpose of this critical inventory goes beyond matters of method, for more is involved in these approaches than methodological correctness, let alone purity. Each mode of reading is informed by certain epistemological and theological claims, and different modes of reading are bound up with differing, and often competing, assumptions. In short, each reading constitutes interpretation from a different theoretical perspective. What is offered here is a hermeneutical slice of our recent history of reading the gospel narratives.
From Gentile Inclusion To Jewish Exclusion
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2009

An examination of the use of Abraham in early Christian writings provides a good litmus test for determining the nature and extent of Christian controversy with Jews from Paul through Justin Martyr (ca. 50-150 CE). In part, such an analysis shows that in general early Christian appeals to Abraham move from arguing for Gentile inclusion in the promises of God (Paul, Luke-Acts) to arguing for Jewish exclusion from the promises of God (John, Justin Martyr).
Present and Future in Fourth Gospel "Eschatology"
Authors: Carroll John T.
Published: April 2009

Readers of John's gospel meet an almost full eclipse of conventional end-time imagery. Yet, some eschatological statements do appear, often alongside others more typical of John which accent present fulfillment. This study examines the juxtaposition of present and future in the Fourth Gospel in relation to the characters in the narrative. Because John emphasizes the finality of Jesus as revealer and life-giver, there is no room for future qualification of what he effects in the present. And for the "world" aligned against the revealer, the future can add no verdict beyond that already rendered in the present in response to Jesus. But while for believers death has already given way to life, the challenge remains of "abiding" in that life granted by Jesus, and so final validation will come "at the last day." John's presentation of "eschatology" therefore proves to be both literarily and theologically coherent.
From Isis to Medjugorje: Why Apparitions?
Authors: Malina Bruce J.
Published: April 2009

The phenomenon of Marian apparitions or visions is a culturally specific feature understandable only to Mediterraneans or those in contact with Mediterranean cultural scripts. In visionary form, the mother of Jesus has become the bearer of direct messages from heaven, messages which have been part and parcel of Mediterranean living from time immemorial. Yet from the viewpoint of American experience, mainstream, non-ethnically oriented persons lack the experience of the cultural elements such apparitions presume: Mediterranean motherhood, gender division of labor, mother-son symbiosis, patron-client system and the like. Female roles and aspirations in the U.S. no longer resonate with Mediterranean symbolism. Further, from the viewpoint of monotheism, the theological ascription of omnipotence and omnipresence to Mary is simply repugnant to reflective, educated persons. Hence the low level of Marian cult is not due to a lack of religiousness, but due to cultural irrelevance.
Marian Devotion and Wellness Spirituality: Bridging Cultures
Authors: Pilch John J.
Published: April 2009

Proper and respectful use of the Judaeo-Christian scriptures in any cultural context other than the Mediterranean culture in which these scriptures originated is a cross-cultural enterprise requiring proper cross-cultural translations and adaptations. Those who propose Mary the Mediterranean maiden, mother of Jesus, as a model for imitation thereby also enjoin imitators to engage in such a cross-cultural challenge. The social sciences, notably cultural and Mediterranean anthropology, contribute useful methods and invaluable insights to meet this challenge. Wellness spirituality is a creatively original translation and adaptation of the Mediterranean values peculiar to the Judaeo-Christian scriptures into a distinctively American life-style.
Sacred Text in an Electronic Age
Authors: Mullins Phil
Published: April 2009

How the Bible has been regarded in history has in part been a reflection of changing writing technologies. The roll, the codex, and the printed book shape what writing is, how it is socially used, and the way persons think about language and the world. Contemporary Western culture is in the midst of a transition from the era of the printed book to the era of electronic writing. Computerized writing has inundated contemporary culture with text products; the Bible, and perhaps every other special text, is to some degree swallowed up. Word processing and particularly new electronic textual forms such as hypertext and hypermedia are beginning to reshape both our practices with and associations for the written word, including sacred texts such as the Bible. Electronic writing invites modification; it emphasizes the contextual and dynamic aspects of written language and undermines the image of the printed word as a fixed deposit of truth. The computer's speed and storage capacity make possible electronic texts forms which are unlike the linear book. As such forms are assimilated, they will relativize our images of and approach to all texts, including the Bible. In an electronic era, the Bible may become not a closed and complete "book," but an opening to meaning always on the way to further meaning.
Defamiliarization and the Gospels
Authors: Resseguie James L.
Published: April 2009

Victor Shklovsky, the Russian formalist, coined and popularized the notion of defamiliarization: the creative distortion of the world of ordinary perception to renew the reader's diminished capacity for fresh perception. Estranging devices of the formalists and the general principles that inform defamiliarization are categorized in this article, and techniques of "making strange" and their function are identified in the gospels.
Romans 13:1-7 Apartheid's Last Biblical Refuge
Authors: Munro Winsome
Published: April 2009

That the interpretation of Romans 13:1-7 has been integral to much theological discussion in South Africa for over a decade is no accident. Having abandoned its previous biblical bases for support of apartheid ideology, the white Dutch Reformed church, in common with the state, and certain fundamentalist missionary groups, often connected with the American religious right, have pointed to this passage and its parallels as the ultimate sanction for enforced submission to present power relations. Liberationist and black theologians who signed The Kairos Document of 1985-86 castigate such use of the passage as an aspect of idolatrous "state theology." Their approach is to relativize its applicability by reference to situational and total biblical context. In contributing to the debate, Walter Wink argues that the passage forbids only violent, not non-violent opposition to the state. This view is criticized, and yet another approach proposed, based on the hypothesis that Romans 13:1-7 is part of an overall redaction of the Pauline letters connected with the Pastoral Epistles. A hermeneutical method similar to that of black theologian, Itumeleng J. Mosala is applied to the passage to identify a "kindred struggle" among Christians of Asia Minor in the earlier second century.
Inspiration: Toward a Sociosemiotic Definition
Authors: Reese James M.
Published: April 2009

Prepared as the Presidential address for the fifty-third general meeting of the Catholic Biblical Association (1990), this uncompleted paper proposes a novel approach to the question of inspiration generated at Vatican II. Following a brief survey of the state of the question, the paper seeks to justify Newman's insight on the role of the mediating community by means of a semiotic approach. It proposes Peirce' s model of semiotics as a reliable methodological tool for understanding inspiration in today's post-modem era. Finally, it intends to suggest ways in which this definition may enhance biblical studies and aid the Church's growth. Thomas F. Dailey, O.S.F.S., of Allentown College of St. Francis DeSales, completed the paper from the notes of the author.
Household and Meals Vs. Temple Purity Replication Patterns in Luke-Acts
Authors: Elliott John H.
Published: April 2009

In Luke-Acts the social codes and concepts associated with food and meals replicate and support the contrasting social codes, interests, and ideologies associated with the Jerusalem Temple, on the one hand, and the Christian household, on the other. In this study the thesis is advanced that in contrast to the Temple and the exclusivist purity and legal system it represents, Luke has used occasions of domestic dining and hospitality to depict an inclusive form of social relations which transcends previous Jewish purity regulations and which gives concrete social expression to the inclusive character of the gospel, the kingdom of God, and the Christian community.
An Anthropology of Prophecy
Authors: Benjamin Don C.
Published: April 2009

Prophets and monarchs were complimentary social institutions which balanced power in ancient Israel. Prophets were leaders of the monarch's loyal opposition. Some prophets were closely aligned with royal or religious centers of power, some were peripheral-dependent on popular constituencies for power. Power in ancient Israel was understood as ability to feed and ability to protect. Prophets and monarchs both believed that only Yahweh fed and protected Israel. Monarchs, however, argued that the social system which best acknowledged this belief was the surplus or centralized economic and military system common in Canaanite city states, whereas prophets argued for the subsistence or decentralized system attempted in early Israel (1250-1000 BCE). Royal policy stressed the biblical traditions of covenant stewardship; prophetic policy stressed the traditions of Israel as a slave-free society.
Apostolic Suffering and the Language of Processions in 2 Corinthians 4:7-10
Authors: Brooks Duff Paul
Published: April 2009

In 2 Cor 2:14-6:13; 7:2-4 Paul illuminates his apostolic mission with allusions to contemporary Greco-Roman epiphany processions. The central symbols of this independent letter fragment are found in 2 Cor 4:7 where Paul refers to himself as an "earthen vessel" and in 4:10 where he likens his ministry to "carrying around the dying of Jesus." In each instance, Paul evokes in his readers images drawn from contemporary pagan processions. These metaphorical expressions provide a striking insight into Paul's understanding of himself as an apostle of God.
Hospitality and Hostility in Genesis 19 and Judges 19
Authors: Matthews Victor H.
Published: April 2009

Based upon the protocol of hospitality customs outlined in my study of Judges 4 (BTB 21:1 [Spring, 1991], 13-21; see CHART at end of this article), it seems evident that the writer(s) of Genesis 19 and Judges 19 has (have) deliberately created scenes in which the code of conduct is systematically violated. This may be part of a deliberate theme contrasting the "flawed," but valiant ancestor with towns and their inhabitants whose violations of custom justify their destruction. It may also be part of an attempt, especially in the case of Judges 19, to portray a "topsy-turvy" world in which all customs are ignored or corrupted in an effort to justify the establishment of the monarchy in Israel. In the course of the study, an attempt is made to point out the violations of the hospitality code as they occur and to explain, where possible, the reasons, both within the text and in the context of anthropological research, why they occur.
Understanding Healing in the Social World of Early Christianity
Authors: Pilch John
Published: April 2009

Healing is a culturally defined and culturally determined phenomenon. Western readers of ancient Mediterranean texts will benefit from a clearer understanding of their own Western understanding of healing and how it differs from the Mediterranean understanding of healing. This article guides the reader through a construction of two culturally different definitions of healing and presents a select list of books that can aid in this and other cross-cultural efforts at interpreting ancient Mediterranean texts.
Glossolalia and the Admission of Gentiles Into the Early Christian Community
Authors: Esler Philip F.
Published: April 2009

Acts 10:44-48 is historically accurate in revealing a fact of fundamental importance for the beginnings of Christianity: that the admission of Gentiles into the early communities was the result of their manifesting glossolalia and other gifts of the Holy Spirit at meetings of existing Jewish congregations.
Dangerous Waters of Justice and Righteousness: Amos 5:18--27
Authors: Berquist Jon L.
Published: April 2009

Amos 5:18-27 is an important text for understanding First Testament prophetic religion and social justice. Recent interpretations stress God's command to perform justice and righteousness instead of the traditional acts of cultic reverence. However, such a reading misinterprets this passage, which focuses on theology rather than worship or ethics. The justice and righteousness of Amos 5:24 do not refer to the human activity that God prefers, but to God's own activity to purge the community of its failings in order to provide justice and righteousness for all people.
The Aesthetics of Repentance: Re-Reading the Phenomenon of Job
Authors: Dailey Thomas F.
Published: April 2009

In light of the phenomenological hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur, the narrative development of the Book of Job can be read in successive stages, the cumulative product of which is a new perspective on Job's paradoxical repentance (42:6). In a first reading, the disconcerting twists and turns of the tale come to be recognized as elements of an artistic "emplotment." Then, re-reading the tale in light of the divine affirmation in the Epilogue (42:7-8), we perceive Job's final utterance as the metaphorical high point of his theo-linguistics. Finally, placed again within the narrative as a whole, his repentance highlights the mystical element of biblical wisdom. The figure of Job can thereby be exalted as an "icon" for those engaged in the work of biblical theology.
"Known to Be a Sinner": The Narrative Rhetoric of Luke 7:36--50
Authors: Thibeaux Evelyn R.
Published: April 2009

Rhetorical criticism analyzes interactions between literary and social/cultural dimensions within texts, recognizes their intertextuality, and inquires into their ideology. Recognizing rhetoric as the use of symbols for sharing access to knowledge and coordinating social action, rhetorical criticism of Luke 7:35-50 yields three conclusions. Jesus and the woman come to an assurance of God's forgiveness of her, whereupon Jesus initiates her into the community of God's reign (basileia), where members share benefactions. Simon misunderstands God's reign, which hinders his entry into it, but Jesus' rhetoric leaves it open to him. Luke's primary purpose is to show that through telling and retelling stories of God's work through Jesus, Christians become assured of salvation and show it through loving action.
Wisdom Literature and Biblical Theology
Authors: Murphy Roland E.
Published: April 2009

If wisdom literature is not distorted by a priori suppositions, its theological potential can be appreciated. This article explores the female character of Israelite Wisdom as a balance to the culturally conditioned language of biblical patriarchalism.
Rediscovering the Lost Women in Luke 15
Authors: Schersten LaHurd Carol
Published: April 2009

Rereading the three "lost" parables of Luke 15 through the eyes of Arab Christian women and in the light of women's lives in northern Yemen demonstrates both the fruits and the difficulties of applying contemporary social description and models from cultural anthropology to Second Testament narratives. In this study the combination yields new understandings of the parables themselves and of gender roles and relationships in the biblical narrative world, as well as raising important questions about the interface between anthropology and exegesis of biblical texts.
Relationships between Social-Scientific, Literary, and Rhetorical Interpretation of Texts
Authors: Craffert Pieter F.
Published: April 2009

In this essay it is argued that the relationships between critical approaches in Second Testament studies are determined by prior theoretical and philosophical considerations that cause differences within approaches to precede those between approaches. Therefore, in the actual world of Second Testament critical practices, some social-scientific and literary approaches are indeed complementary and can easily be merged into an integrated approach, while other social-scientific interpretations are incompatible with literary and rhetorical interpretations and cannot be considered complementary. In the course of this argument some of the definitions of each approach currently employed in Second Testament studies are critically evaluated.
Gender Correctness and Biblical Metaphors: The Case of God's Relation to Israel
Authors: Schmitt John J.
Published: April 2009

The marital imagery in the Bible has often been understood as a direct reference to the marriage of God and Israel. Close analysis of the biblical texts involved shows the inexactness of this analysis. The wife of God is always a city. Cities, especially capital cities, receive many different feminine roles, while Israel, the people, receives only masculine roles. Neither Testament allows for the traditional misunderstanding. Precision in reading leads to a more balanced interpretation in which biblical marital imagery is not the central metaphor of the Bible.
"Egalitarian" Ideology, Leadership, and Factional Conflict within the Matthean Group
Authors: Duling Dennis C.
Published: April 2009

Conflict pervades the Gospel of Matthew. From the perspective of the social sciences, there has been much discussion about conflict between the Matthean group and outsiders but relatively little about conflict within the Matthean group itself. After some attention to the terms in the above title, this study explores leadership roles in the Matthean group. On the basis of leadership designations, an analogy from Paul, and four social scientific models it argues that in the Matthean group there is a tension between an expressed, limited "egalitarian" leadership ideology and a developing social reality that is moving toward a hierarchical "corporate" structure.
She Said to Him, He Said to Her: Power Talk in the Bible or Foucault Listens at the Keyhole
Authors: McKay Heather A.
Published: April 2009

Cross-gender dialogues provide the loci for the most intriguing, scandalous, or otherwise compelling conversations in the biblical texts. Their inherent asymmetry permits them to tackle awkward societal issues in a way that draws less attention to the origins of the difficulty because attention is focussed on the sexual chemistry between the two protagonists. Texts from the First Testament are compared with narratives from the Gospels. The (c)overt roles played in the narratives by gender—and class or race if relevant—are identified and analyzed to see if alterations in power relations are masked or "sweetened" by the manifestations of gender relations that ostensibly provide the situations of dialogue. Are these women characters in any sense autonomous? Or are they no more than useful tools in the narrators' skillful hands?
A Startling Voice: Woman's Desire in the Song of Songs
Authors: Walsh Carey Ellen
Published: April 2009

The current article examines the use of horticultural metaphor in detailing lust between the two lovers in the Song of Songs. It suggests that the metaphor's vehicle, that is, the image used, has to be grasped before the possibilities of its tenor, i.e., what that image can represent, become apparent. Once the metaphor's vehicle is properly understood, its aptness for conveying female bodily arousal is readily, even shockingly apparent. The benefits of this metaphoric study are essentially twofold: one an interpretive gain and one feminist. They yield a deeper appreciation of the poetry of this biblical songbook and give a long overdue hearing for a startlingly bold, female voice in the Bible.
The Historical Jesus: From Master Narrative to Cultural Context
Authors: Moxnes Halvor
Published: April 2009

How do historical Jesus studies look if we attempt to see them within the context of the ongoing debate about how to write history? The present situation is characterized by the challenges posed to the "objective" history of modernity by social history, cultural studies and postmodern criticism. In particular the notion of a "master narrative," that is, a paradigm that structures the presentation of a historical event, is challenged. The essay attempts to situate five scholars and their presentations of the historical Jesus within the context of this debate and to raise the question of what their underlying "master narrative" might be. John P. Meier and E. P. Sanders are seen as representing "traditional" modern historical studies, although Sanders has an alternative master narrative. Approaches critical of modernism are represented by Richard A. Horsley (social criticism), John D. Crossan (social and cultural criticism with a post-modern form) and Bruce J. Malina (cultural context criticism).
Reexamining the Effects of Solo Status for Women and Men
Authors: Fuegen Kathleen , Biernat Monica
Published: April 2009

This article explores the outcomes of solo status and the processes by which solos are evaluated within a group decision-making context. Six-person groups of varying gender composition were given a task to solve individually and as a group. Following group discussion, participants evaluated themselves and their groupmates on task-oriented and social-oriented skills. Unlike previous research, solo women were evaluated positively by their groupmates, and they suffered no performance decrements resulting from solo status. Furthermore, the evaluations solo women received accurately reflected their contributions to the group, although men's favorable evaluations in their groups were not similarly explained. Results are discussed in terms of a model in which social reality mediates the relationship between women's solo status and outcome, whereas perceiver stereotyping may contribute to favorable evaluations of men.
Social-political environment, journalism practice and coverage of minorities: the case of the marginal cities in Israel
Authors: Avraham Eli
Published: April 2009

This research demonstrates how the social-political environment affects news media organizations’ well-researched tendency to focus on subjects like crime, disasters and disorder when covering minorities. The analysis showed that the social-political environment affects many key internal decisions, routines and journalistic practices of media organizations that shape the coverage of marginal groups. The aspects covered include the social and professional backgrounds of the newspeople who cover and edit news about minority groups; the news organizations’ definition of news that focuses on crisis reporting; the selection of information sources that reinforce this news definition; and the decision regarding the target audience. The case study looks at the image of marginal cities in the Israeli national press. To do so, we employed two research methods to analyse the research questions: content analysis of news articles published and in-depth interviews with editors and journalists.
Public relations expertise deconstructed
Authors: Pieczka Magda
Published: April 2009

This article deconstructs public relations expertise by presenting the results of extensive empirical enquiries. The data were gathered during participant observation of a three-week commercial training course for international practitioners offered in London in 1998; and from over 100 winning entries to a British PR industry awards scheme over 16 years. Theoretically, the work draws on ideas from the sociology of the professions and Bourdieu’s The Logic of Practice. Professional expertise emerges from the analysis as a body not of abstract, but of practical knowledge. The components of this knowledge are identified, and then the interrelationships of its conceptual frame and professional tools modelled in two figures: ‘Public relations’ domain and lines of intervention’ and ‘Public relations brings together the symbolic and the material’. The conclusion proposes that an understanding of the institution of consultancy, which produces and replicates the occupation’s expertise as revealed here, is a necessary addition to existing management or media studies’ understanding of public relations.
Erasing blackness: the media construction of ‘race’ in Mi Familia, the first Puerto Rican situation comedy with a black family
Authors: Rivero Yeidy M.
Published: April 2009

This article analyzes some of the ways in which media professionals involved in Mi Familia’s production re-articulate Puerto Rico’s mestizaje and racial democracy discourses. The essay argues that although Mi Familia was influenced by US black-oriented programming, its conceptualization responded to Puerto Rico’s racial, cultural, historical, and social ideologies, and subsequently re-articulated the differences between Puerto Rico and US hegemonic discourses on ‘race’. Finally, the essay examines the erasure of blackness in Mi Familia and its possible implications for other locally produced programmes.
Feature filmmaking within the new Europe: moving funds and images across the East-West divide
Authors: Iordanova Dina
Published: April 2009

Various politico-economic aspects of Europe-wide co-production practices are evaluated through the prism of the film industry of Eastern Europe, a region where international financing was of vital importance for film production throughout the 1990s. The study investigates a) the changing Western European priorities in cultural policies and the resulting disappearance of aid targeting Eastern European cinema (with the example of Fonds Eco); b) the current financing set-up of co-productions that provides opportunities exclusively for established European ‘auteurs’, and makes migrating to the West an imperative career-move for aspiring filmmakers from these nations; c) the emergence of new regional co-production configurations that transcend former and even current political division lines and are based on principles of regionalism; and d) the functional problems of the programmes meant to assist distribution (with the example of Eurimages).
Shifting frames of the Palestinian movement in US news
Authors: Noakes John A. , Wilkins Karin Gwinn
Published: April 2009

In this research, we explore the conditions under which US news media coverage of the Palestinian movement for independence has shifted over time, in relation to changes in the movement and in the political and social contexts in which it has taken place. To measure shifts in media attention and media frames over time we examined the coverage of Palestinian issues in the New York Times and the Associated Press between 1984 and 1998. Media coverage increased and framing became more positive following two events: the initiation of the first intifada and the signing of the Oslo Peace accords. The effect of these two events, however, differed. These results allow us to consider opposing explanations of movements’ media access and to advance the literature on US news media coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.
Irish-language broadcasting: history, ideology and identity
Authors: Watson Iarfhlaith
Published: April 2009

Irish-language broadcasting is discussed. The history of Irish-language broadcasting is outlined from the 1920s to the present. Irish-language broadcasting since the 1960s is placed in the context of two competing ideologies - a traditional and a modern ideology. These ideologies are the foundations on which contradictory demands placed on TG4 are built. The conflict between minority rights and market forces are discussed in relation to TG4. It is argued that although TG4 might be expected to offer Irish speakers a public sphere in which they can participate democratically as citizens, it is more likely that TG4 plays another important role of offering a mythic domain for the construction of identity.
Stereological Evaluation of Altered Hepatocellular Foci in Control Wistar Rats
Authors: Walsh Kathleen M. , Razmpour Ahmad
Published: April 2009

Quantitative evaluation and stereological analysis of altered hepatocellular foci (AHF) were performed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) liver sections from control Wistar rats from 9 2-yr carcinogenicity studies conducted between 1981 and 1991. Morphologic criteria previously described were used to classify AHF in H&E stained livers into basophilic, eosinophilic, clear, mixed, or vacuolated cell foci. Hepatocellular adenomas were seen in 1.6% of control rats and carcinomas were seen in 0.2%. AHF were diagnosed in 20% of control Wistar rats and were seen only in rats dying after 47 weeks. Basophilic foci were the most common AHF seen; incidences of tigroid and diffuse basophilic AHF were similar. Vacuolated foci were not identified in any rat. The mean number of AHF per cubic centimeter of liver was 101. The mean AHF volume varied from 0.002-0.048 mm3 and the mean volume fraction ranged from 0.005-0.026%. Compared to AHF in aged control Fischer 344 rats, AHF in control Wistar rats were fewer and smaller.
Light Microscopic and Ultrastructural Pathology of Seminiferous Tubules of Rats Given Multiple Doses of Pasteurella multocida Group D Protein Toxin
Authors: Ackermann Mark R. , Tappe James P. , Thurston John R. , Rimler Richard B. , Shuster Dale E. , Cheville Norman F.
Published: April 2009

Male Holtzman rats were given subcutaneous doses of a purified Pasteurella multocida group D heat-labile toxin on alternate days for up to 22 days. Rats were necropsied at 18 days or 36 days (14 days after last dose of toxin) or when moribund, and testicles were taken for histologic and ultrastructural examination. Other selected tissues, including liver and spleen, were taken for histologic examination. Histologically, testicular and splenic lesions occurred more consistently and at much smaller doses when compared with lesions in other target organs such as liver. Testicular and splenic lesions were present in all rats (6/6) given 0.8 μg/kg toxin and were seen in some rats (1/6) given as little as 0.2 μg/kg toxin. Only 3/6 rats given 0.8 μg/kg toxin had hepatic lesions; no hepatic lesions were seen at doses of 0.2 μg/kg. Testicles from toxin-treated rats were smaller and weighed less than controls. Seminiferous tubules were moderately dilated and lined by polygonal sertoli cells. The normal spermatogenic maturation sequence and mature spermatids were absent, and many tubules contained multinucleate spermatocytes. Severely affected tubules were necrotic and mineralized. Ultrastructurally, there was necrosis of adluminal spermatocytes, multinucleate cell formation, and spaces between Sertoli cell plasma membranes. Testicular lesions were similar to those described for vitamin D-deficient rats, vitamin A-deficient rats, vasectomized rats, and rats given intravenous tumor necrosis factor; however, rats given lethal doses of toxin did not have elevated levels of TNFα activity.
Granular Basal Cell Tumor in a Wistar Rat
Authors: Courtney Cynthia L. , Hawkins Kathleen L. , Graziano Michael J.
Published: April 2009

A granular cell variant of a cutaneous basal cell tumor in a Wistar rat is described. The tumor resembles the variant as described in man and dogs. The granular basal cells contain cytoplasmic PAS positive granules, and immunostained positively with HMW cytokeratins. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic granules were secondary lysosomes.
Immunohistochemical Evidence of High Concentrations of Metallothionein in Pancreatic Hepatocytes Induced by Cadmium in Rats
Authors: Waalkes Michael P. , Cherian M. George , Ward Jerrold M. , Goyer Robert A.
Published: April 2009

A recent study from our laboratory has shown that cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, is one of the most effective agents known for inducing hepatocytic transdifferentiation of the rat pancreas. With repeated injections of cadmium, the incidence of rats with pancreatic hepatocytic foci can be as high as 93%. Cadmium is also well known as a very potent inducer of metallothionein, a metal-binding protein that appears to be important in the biologic response to several toxic heavy metals in most tissues, including the pancreas. Therefore, the present study sought to determine if metallothionein was associated with cadmium-induced transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells. Expression of metallothionein was studied immunohistochemically by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method in tissue sections of the pancreas of rats with pancreatic hepatocytes. High levels of metallothionein were localized primarily within the pancreatic hepatocytes. Surrounding normal pancreatic islet and acinar cells were not immunoreactive. Thus, metallothionein is expressed actively in cells transdifferentiated to hepatocytes by cadmium within the pancreas.
Nasal Lesion Development and Reversibility in Rats Exposed to Aerosols of Dibasic Esters
Authors: Lee Ki-Poong , Valentine Rudolph , Bogdanffy Matthew S.
Published: April 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the initial tissue damage, morphogenesis, and reversibility of nasal lesions induced by the inhalation of dibasic esters (DBE). Young male rats were exposed, nose-only, to an aerosol/vapor mixture of DBE at a concentration of 5,900 mg/m3 for 4 hr and subsequently killed at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days after exposure. Nasal lesions were distributed along major inspiratory airflow routes. Widespread epithelial denudation occurred in the anterior nasal cavity, but the lesions were confined to the dorsal meatus, adjacent the nasal septum, and the lateral middle meatus in the mid-anterior nasal cavity. The lesions were markedly less severe in the posterior nasal cavity and sharply confined to the tips of dorsal ethmoturbinates and adjacent nasal septum. The damaged cuboidal/nonciliated and respiratory epithelium in the anterior nasal cavity regained a normal structure by 4 and 7 days postexposure, respectively. The regeneration of damaged olfactory epithelium was related to the severity of initial tissue damage. Slightly damaged epithelium regained a normal appearance within 1-2 weeks, but the extensively denuded epithelium of the dorsal meatus in the anterior nasal cavity failed to regain a normal structure by 6 weeks. The sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium appeared to be the initial site of DBE nasal injury. In the early stages of regeneration, the epithelium was repaired by proliferating stem cells derived from basal cells. Numerous mitotic figures and bromodeoxyuridine labeling were found in the regenerating basal cells, stem cells, and sustentacular cells at 4 and 7 days. As repair processes advanced, the numbers of olfactory neurons and vesicles were increased with a proportional decrease in stem cells.
Feeding Studies in Rats with Mineral Hydrocarbon Food Grade White Oils
Authors: Baldwin Michael K. , Berry Peter H. , Esdaile David J. , Linnett Suzanne L. , Martin John G. , Peristianis George C. , Priston Robert A.J. , Simpson Barry J.E. , Smith John D.
Published: April 2009

This investigation compared the effects of feeding rats diets containing food grade white oil processed by either conventional oleum treatment or the more modem method of catalytic hydrogenation. In two separate experiments, male or female Fischer-344 rats were given free access for 90 days to diets containing 0, 10, 100, 500, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm of either oleum-treated white oil (OTWO) or hydrotreated white oil (HTWO). There were no mortalities and no adverse clinical signs associated with feeding either white oil. Treatment-related effects evidenced by hematological, clinical chemical, and pathological changes were generally dose-related and more marked in female than in male rats, and the OTWO caused a greater pathological response than the HTWO. Tissue residues of saturated hydrocarbons were up to 5.2 times higher in female rats than in males. Rats fed 5,000 ppm or more of either white oil showed dose-related alterations in several hematological and clinical chemistry variates associated mainly with hepatic damage or functional alteration. At necropsy, mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged, and increases in weight of liver, kidney, and spleen were significant. Microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal lipogranulomata in mesenteric lymph node and liver. No changes were observed in rats fed OTWO or HTWO for 90 days at dietary concentrations of 10 or 100 ppm, equivalent to a minimum intake of 0.65 and 6.4 mg/kg/day, respectively. Differences in degree of pathological response associated with each oil may have been due to their differences in specification rather than processing method.
Thickening of the Adrenal Zona Glomerulosa in Dogs Induced by Oxodipine, a Calcium Channel Blocker
Authors: Nyska Abraham , Waner Trevor , Shapira Shlomo , Skutelski Ehud , Galiano Alvaro , Dayan Dan
Published: April 2009

Subchronic effects of oxodipine, a calcium channel blocker affecting the adrenal gland of the dog, are described. Thirteen wk of treatment at a high dose (24 mg/kg/day) of oxodipine resulted in drug-induced thickening of the zona glomerulosa and increased stimulation of its secretory activity. It is postulated that subchronic administration of oxodipine at this dosage resulted in a decrease in blood pressure, with uninterrupted stimulation of the adrenal zona glomerulosa to release aldosterone, causing an increase in the width of this portion of the gland involving cellular hyperplasia. Support for this indirect effect is found in the increased presence of renin granules in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Spontaneous Brain and Spinal Cord/Nerve Neoplasms in Aged Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Zwicker Gary M. , Eyster Randy C. , Sells Donald M. , Gass Jerome H.
Published: April 2009

Primary malignant neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord occurred in 20/718 male (2.8%) and in 13/717 female (1.8%) Crl:CD®Br strain Sprague-Dawley rats. Of 33 neoplasms, 30 were found in brain while 3 were in the spinal cord. In males and females, the most common brain neoplasm was astrocytoma (13 males, 9 females). Other neoplasms, granular cell tumor (1 male), mixed glioma (2 males, 1 female), reticulosis (1 male, 2 females), and oligodendroglioma (2 males), were especially uncommon. Spinal cord neoplasms included 2 schwannomas (1 male, 1 female) and an astrocytoma (1 male). The overall brain neoplasm incidence was similar for males (2.8%) compared to data compiled for this strain, and there was a 2-fold increase for females (1.8% vs 0.9%) compared to available incidence data.
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Alter the Electrogenic Transport Properties of Cultured Human Proximal Tubule Cells
Authors: Todd John H. , Sens Donald A. , Hazen-Martin Debra J. , Bylander John E. , Smyth Brendan J. , Sens Mary Ann
Published: April 2009

Monolayers of human proximal tubule (HPT) cells, when grown on permeable supports and mounted in Ussing chambers, spontaneously display a transepithelial potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current (Isc). These electrical parameters were used in the present study to determine if aminoglycoside exposure altered electrogenic sodium transport by HPT cells. The results of this determination demonstrated that exposure to gentamicin, at levels below that producing cell necrosis, caused a marked reduction in Isc and that this reduction followed the known in vivo nephrotoxicities of the aminoglycosides streptomycin, gentamicin, and neomycin. It was concluded through a similar analysis on a total of 14 isolates of HPT cells that the aminoglycosides repeatably reduced the electrogenic sodium transport of HPT cells. It was further determined that this alteration in electrogenic transport by gentamicin was mediated through exposure of the drug to the basolateral cell surface and that apical exposure had little effect. Evidence was obtained against the involvement of Na+, K+-ATPase, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, and sodium-coupled substrate transport in this alteration in electrogenic transport by the aminoglycosides. The basolaterally located Na+: CO3-2:HCO3-1symporter is a possible site for aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity.
Interruption of Thrombosis and Hemostasis by Anti-Platelet Agents
Authors: Shebuski Ronald J.
Published: April 2009

Blood platelets play a fundamental role in hemostasis and thrombosis. The physiological role of platelets is to preserve the integrity of the cardiovascular system such that upon injury platelets are activated and serve to interrupt a potentially deleterious situation (i.e., hemorrhage). However, platelets are also involved in the pathophysiology of thrombosis in which the normal repair process is grossly exacerbated, resulting in interruption of blood flow to vital tissues. Thus, a critical balance exists between the normal function of blood platelets to preserve tissue function and a pathophysiological function in which tissue is damaged due to thrombosis and subsequent ischemia. Numerous anti-platelet agents have been developed in an attempt to interrupt the thrombotic process without severely compromising the hemostatic state of patients. This article will be devoted to a discussion of a commonly utilized anti-thrombotic agent, aspirin, as well as a class of newer, possibly more effective anti-thrombotic agents referred to collectively as fibrinogen receptor antagonists.
Immunohistochemistry and Morphology of Reactive Lesions in Lymph Nodes and Spleen from Rats and Mice
Authors: Ward Jerrold M. , Uno Hiroshi , Frith Charles H.
Published: April 2009

The use of immunohistochemistry with anatomical and systematized classifications of nonneoplastic lesions in hematopoietic pathology of lymph nodes and spleens from rats and mice is described. Polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte and other antigens can be used with frozen or fixed tissue sections to identify changes in cell populations in these tissues in response to tissue injury and aging. A classification for reactive lesions of lymph nodes and spleen is proposed that can be utilized for computerized pathology and toxicology data systems. These classifications are based on a systematized anatomic distribution of the lesions with the aid of immunohistochemistry. The association of some lesions with early leukemia or lymphoma of rats and mice is also discussed.
Hepatotoxicity in Guinea Pigs Following Acute Inhalation Exposure to 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-Trifluoroethane
Authors: Marit Gary B. , Dodd Darol E. , George Marilyn E. , Vinegar Allen
Published: April 2009

Groups of 10 male Hartley guinea pigs were exposed to 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, or 0.1% (v/v) 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) or 1.0% (v/v) halothane by inhalation for 4 hr. A sixth group of 10 guinea pigs received only air. All animals were sacrificed 48 hr postexposure. Gross and histopathologic examination of the liver, heart, and kidney and routine hematology and clinical chemistry analyses [including isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH)] were done on all guinea pigs. Lesions related to HCFC-123 and halothane exposure were limited to the liver and included centrolobular vacuolar (fatty) change, multifocal random degeneration and necrosis, and centrolobular degeneration and necrosis. These lesions were observed in 90-100% of the exposed animals and were absent in the air-only controls. There was significant individual animal variation in susceptibility to both HCFC-123 and halothane, resulting in a spectrum of histologic lesions and clinical chemistry values within each exposure group. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ICDH were the most significant predictors of hepatocellular damage. Similarities in the response between halothane and HCFC-123 in this guinea pig model suggests that humans susceptible to halothane-induced hepatitis may be susceptible to HCFC-123 by a common mechanism of toxicity.