bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Libraries and Reading Culture at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 1879–1918
Authors: Lear Bernadette A.
Published: November 2015

This article examines the libraries and reading culture of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School (Pennsylvania, 1879-1918), the largest educational institution for Native people in its era. During the superintendency of Richard Henry Pratt, books assisted the school’s assimilation efforts. After his dismissal in 1904, subsequent administrations espoused limited intellectual and social expectations for Native people and reading materials were of diminished importance. Examination of various school documents illustrates that the library presented a Euro-American worldview to Native students while offering little if any access to academic subjects, thus embodying both cultural and biological racism. Nonetheless, American Indian children both enacted and defied the school’s expectations.
Silent Reading in Antiquity and the Future History of the Book
Authors: McCutcheon R. W.
Published: November 2015

Book historians have long insisted that silent reading was a rare or nonexistent practice in classical antiquity. This belief runs counter to much research in the field of Classics. In this paper, I offer a critical review of the evidence and the scholarship concerning reading in antiquity before offering an explanation for these conflicting views on the subject. I argue that this debate reveals much about the epistemology of book history as a discipline; in addition, I demonstrate how a more nuanced understanding of ancient reading culture can have surprising implications for the future of the book.
Resisting Naturalism: Purpose and Literary Value in the Reception of Frank Norris’s The Octopus
Authors: Bufkin Sydney
Published: November 2015

The reception of Frank Norris’s The Octopus demonstrates that American literary naturalism played a relatively minor role in the book’s reception. Instead, the reviews were generally split between magazine reviewers who emphasized a proto-modernist aesthetic that prefigured twentieth-century academic readings of the novel, and newspaper reviewers who saw the book as a purpose novel, a nineteenth-century genre that attempted to use the form of the novel to provoke social change. The divide between these two reading formations, as well as the fact that a shift in generic perspective produces such a drastically different reading of a text as canonically naturalist as The Octopus , indicates the ways an overemphasis on naturalism as a critical lens can distort our understanding of the turn-of-the-century literary landscape.
Introduction: Communicating Reproduction
Authors: Hopwood Nick , Jones Peter Murray , Kassell Lauren , Secord Jim
Published: November 2015

summary: Communication should be central to histories of reproduction, because it has structured how people do and do not reproduce. Yet communication has been so pervasive, and so various, that it is often taken for granted and the historical specificities overlooked. Making communication a frame for histories of reproduction can draw a fragmented field together, including by putting the promotion of esoteric ideas on a par with other practical activities. Paying communication close attention can revitalize the history of reproduction over the long term by highlighting continuities as well as the complex connections between new technologies and new approaches. Themes such as the power of storytelling, the claiming and challenging of expertise, and relations between knowledge and ignorance, secrecy and propriety also invite further study.
Communicating a New Consciousness: Countercultural Print and the Home Birth Movement in the 1970s
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: November 2015

summary: This essay analyzes the production of three influential home birth texts of the 1970s written by self-proclaimed lay midwives that helped to fuel and sustain a movement in alternative birth practices. As part of a countercultural lifestyle print culture, early “how-to” books (Raven Lang’s The Birth Book , Ina May Gaskin’s Spiritual Midwifery ) provided readers with vivid images and accounts in stark contrast to those of the sterile hospital delivery room. By the end of the decade, Rahima Baldwin’s more mainstream guidebook, Special Delivery , indicated an interest in translating home birth to a wider audience who did not necessarily identify as “countercultural.” Lay midwives who were authors of radical print texts in the 1970s played an important role in reshaping expectations about the birth experience, suggesting a need to rethink how we define the counterculture and its legacies.
Performative Rituals for Conception and Childbirth in England, 900–1500
Authors: Jones Peter Murray , Olsan Lea T.
Published: November 2015

summary: This study proposes that performative rituals—that is, verbal and physical acts that reiterate prior uses—enabled medieval women and men to negotiate the dangers and difficulties of conception and childbirth. It analyzes the rituals implicated in charms, prayers, amulets, and prayer rolls and traces the circulation of such rituals within medieval English society. Manuscript records from the Anglo-Saxon period to the late Middle Ages offer evidence of the interaction of oral and written means of communicating these rituals. Certain rituals were long-lived, though variants were introduced over time that reflected changing religious attitudes and the involvement of various interested parties, including local healers, doctors, and medical practitioners, as well as monks, friars, and users of vernacular remedy books. Although many of those who recommended or provided assistance through performative rituals were males, the practices often devolved upon women themselves, and their female companions or attendants.
Reading and Hearing The Womans Booke in Early Modern England
Authors: Richards Jennifer
Published: November 2015

summary: This essay takes seriously Thomas Raynalde’s advice in The Womans Booke that women might read this work aloud. The evidence I use to sketch the scene of reading includes Raynalde’s advice to readers in his long prologue, and also the kind of reading practice that his own writing represents. But I also go outside the text, considering what we know about the experience of listening to a book, and emphasizing the link between this practice and rhetorical education. I also examine the evidence left behind by two male readers: William Ward, who marked his copy of the 1565 edition privately, and Edward Poeton of Petworth, who represented instead a semipublic or shared reading: the evaluation of The Womans Booke and other books of generation by a Midwife and her Deputy in a fictional dialogue “The Midwives Deputie” (ca. 1630s).
“Your Whole Effort Has Been to Create Desire”: Reproducing Knowledge and Evading Censorship in the Nineteenth- Century Subscription Press
Authors: Puglionesi Alicia
Published: November 2015

summary: Historians once regarded the passage of the Comstock Laws in 1873 as a death knell for the public discourse on gender, sex, and reproduction that thrived in the early nineteenth-century United States, but this view has given way to a more complex appreciation of the strategies available to actors seeking knowledge about the body. I examine some of these strategies in late-century health and hygiene manuals. Although certain discourses about sex became closed off, others persisted and evolved in the interstices of Comstock’s regulatory state. Readers’ demand for information did not abate in 1873; savvy publishers found different ways to meet it, utilizing suggestion, allusion, and nontextual cues from which active readers could extract useful knowledge. A once-public debate about the morality, effectiveness, and appropriate use of contraception had become coded in the pages of health and hygiene manuals, pointing readers to the burgeoning mass market for contraceptive devices as a locus of reproductive control.
The Making of a Best-Selling Book on Reproduction: Lennart Nilsson’s A Child Is Born
Authors: Jülich Solveig
Published: November 2015

summary: This article examines the 1965 first edition of Swedish photographer Lennart Nilsson’s Ett barn blir till ( A Child Is Born ) by placing the book back in the historical context in which it was produced, marketed, and reviewed. In particular it shows how medicine and the media in Sweden were intertwined in the process of incorporating Nilsson’s photographs of aborted embryos and fetuses into a best-selling book on the origin and development of human life. Nilsson’s work is related to other books in the same genre as well as the popular picture magazines of the time, in order to highlight how it aspired to offer something new. It is argued that a number of commercial and other interests were involved and that an immense effort went into not only making and promoting the book but also trying to control the meaning of the images.
The Forgotten Witnesses: Impact of Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence ( ipv ) on Self-Identity and Development in African Americans as Low-Income Youth
Authors: Cooper Candice P. , Watson Marlene F.
Published: November 2015

Little has been written about the experiences and stresses of low-income African American youth witnesses of intimate partner violence ( ipv ). Specifically, what is not apparent in the literature is the impact of witnessing ipv on the self-identity and development of low-income African American youth. Results of semi-structured interviews with ten young adult African American males and females, ages 21–29, who witnessed ipv as low-income youth indicated major themes from three variables under study (impact of witnessing ipv on self-identity and development; experience of being a low-income youth; and experience of being African American). Within the variable of the impact of witnessing ipv on self-identity and development, six major themes emerged in the data: opposing ipv /taking a non-violent stance; not wanting to be abused, controlled or disrespected in relationships; becoming independent/growing up too fast; developing trust issues; engaging in aggressive interactions, internalizing issues and rationalizing ipv ; and growth from witnessed ipv /view of self as better person. Two core themes arose from the six major themes: loss of childhood/gain of independence and adolescent problems due to ipv exposure. Discussion and significance of the findings are presented within this work.
The Effects of Watching Real Housewives of Atlanta on Attitudes about Sexuality and Relationships
Authors: Bland Brianna N. , Montemurro Beth
Published: November 2015

The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of watching reality television on attitudes about gender, sexuality, and relationships. We focus on Real Housewives of Atlanta series which features an all–African American cast of upper middle and upper class women. Based on surveys with a national sample, we find that although most viewers do not report being directly influenced by watching Real Housewives of Atlanta , many convey modeling and an indirect internalization of sexual scripts shown and that many viewers admired the sexual confidence portrayed by the women on the show.
The Relationship between Perceived Parental Discord and Differences in Attitudes towards Romantic Relationships among African American College Students
Authors: Taylor Tiffany P. , Livingston Jonathan , Goldman Vinston J. , Eaton Sherry
Published: November 2015

This study aimed to address relationships between perceptions of parental conflict and romantic relationship attitudes as recalled by African American college students. Two hundred twenty-four African American college students were asked to recall conflict between their parents and answer survey questions reflective of attitudes towards their own romantic relationships. Standard multiple regression analysis show that perceptions of parental discord was a key predictor of African American college students’ perceptions of the direct impact of parental discord. Moreover, Pearson product-moment correlations also indicated strong positive relationships between college student’s perceptions of parental conflict during childhood and the perceived impact of discord. Further investigation is needed to address conflict between African American couples, and understand the ways in which parental interactions influence the romantic relationships of children as they transition into young adulthood.
Condom Attitudes and Use among African American College Women Students
Authors: Norwood Carolette R. , Zhang Yuanting
Published: November 2015

Social cognitive factors, such as knowledge of risk, perceived efficacies, and perceptions of risk and barriers, on condom attitudes and usage were assessed for sample of 424 female African American undergraduates at a large urban university. This study finds about 47% used a condom at last sex. Condom users held more favorable attitudes towards condoms and had fewer sex partners. Females who perceived stronger barriers in using a condom and those currently having sex partners had more negative attitudes about condom usage. Self-efficacy in communication and positive attitudes about condom usage significantly increase condom usage. Our findings raise serious concerns about potential hiv outbreaks on college campuses.
A Conditional Preservation for Ephemeral Sites
Authors: McClure Ursula Emery
Published: November 2015

The ephemerality of the built environment exists through a multitude of lenses and questions the presumed need for traditional trajectories of preservation and longevity. Established processes tend to focus on ephemerality in terms of growth and decay, responsiveness and interaction, or as visual or phenomenological qualities. The concept of ephemerality is directly confronted in the duality of two media decaying or evolving at varied rates within the environment and is particularly evident along the Louisiana Gulf Coast as land loss, settlement, and culture overlap in a continuous tête-à-tête between biotic processes and the built environment. New methodologies of representation, analysis, and preservation must be developed to address issues of ephemerality within sites of cultural heritage and/or ecological significance. This need is hastened as global climate change identifies coastal edges dramatically altering in the present and near future. To investigate these methodologies, we selected Fort Proctor, a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) site at extreme environmental risk. Fort Proctor is one of several forts built in southeastern Louisiana following the War of 1812, and it has remained in a fluctuating landscape as a static marker or datum, recording major ecological changes within the dynamic coastal environment. This essay will discuss the new procedural methodology authored for the preservation of ephemeral sites at extreme environmental risk.
Integrating Components of Resilient Systems into Cultural Landscape Management Practices
Authors: Beagan Chris , Dolan Susan
Published: November 2015

Cultural landscape managers are seeking to enhance the ability of landscapes to endure stressors, disturbances, and environmental change. The components of resilient systems—diversity, redundancy, network connectivity, modularity, and adaptability—are valuable tools to examine current landscape vulnerability and to attempt to minimize climate change impacts. These components are derived from the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s “National Incident Management System” and were recently included in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Rebuild by Design competition brief. This article discusses the resiliency components and provides examples from cultural landscapes in national parks across the country. It is intended to stimulate thought about sustainable practices and the ways in which cultural landscapes can be managed through preservation maintenance or rehabilitation treatment for greater resilience to the effects of changing climates.
Heading into the Wind: Climate Change and the Implications for Managing Our Cultural Landscape Legacy
Authors: Sargent Liz , Slaton Deborah
Published: November 2015

The specter of a rapidly changing environment, bringing with it more frequent extreme weather events, changing temperatures, rising sea levels, and impacts we cannot entirely anticipate, suggests that current approaches to historic preservation will need to be adapted in order to continue to protect our cultural heritage with the same level of care that we expect today. In attempting to anticipate the needs of a constantly changing future, preservationists need to plan for a range of eventualities, consider new strategies, and determine how these strategies can be tested. Interestingly, appropriate adaptive strategies may exist in past cultural responses to harsh and shifting environments, like our coastal areas and barrier islands. One such historic coastal community, which represents the unique type of heritage and sense of place that preservationists work to protect and is currently at risk due to sea level rise, is Portsmouth Village on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The particular responses and adaptations to a challenging and ever-changing environment, which were developed and adopted by residents of Portsmouth Village to address environmental forces, offer some clues for possible future responses to climate change. This paper examines historical approaches and potential future strategies for the preservation of cultural landscapes and other heritage resources threatened by climate change.
Managing Coastal Change in the Cultural Landscape: A Case Study in Yankeetown and Inglis, Florida
Authors: Volk Michael , Frank Kathryn , Nettles Belinda B.
Published: November 2015

Climate change and sea level rise are phenomena with significant cultural dimensions at all spatial levels; however, these dimensions are often neglected in adaptation planning. The community and regional planning field is awakening to the importance of culture as a concern in planning, including community well being, distinctiveness, cohesion, and capacity. Since planning is often conducted with a spatial focus, the concept of cultural landscapes is a potentially useful tool, and in particular for climate change and sea level rise adaptation. This article describes an action research project for local sea level rise adaptation planning that attended to cultural landscapes. The planning process asked: (1) What core cultural landscapes are important to maintain? (2) What cultural landscapes may be lost due to external changes and adaptation choices? and (3) What cultural landscape adaptive capacities exist to achieve community resilience? The project communities are the towns of Yankeetown and Inglis, neighboring small towns situated in the rural Gulf coast of Florida. The project found that locally significant cultural landscapes emerge when residents participate in planning processes, and that these landscapes hold new keys to successful adaptation.
Entangled Culture and Nature: Toward a Sustainable Jackson Park in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: O’Donnell Patricia Marie , De Vries Gregory Wade
Published: November 2015

To address Jackson Park, site of the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition on the shores of Lake Michigan, a talented interdisciplinary team interweaves biodiversity and cultural authenticity in this Great Lakes Fisheries and Ecosystem Restoration (GLFER) funded project. Enabled through a private-public-civic partnership, the ecological health, historic integrity, and performance of this public landscape are improved. Climate change amelioration aspects will enhance resilience. As landscape functions and scenic qualities improve, upgraded perceptions and uses will foster positive effects within adjacent urban neighborhoods.
Toward an Ecology of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Brabec Elizabeth , Chilton Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

Around the globe, the impacts of climate change are increasing the risk of catastrophic events and the resulting loss of human life and communities. Until now, responses to these events and planning for future occurrences have focused on ecological and social impacts, to the almost total exclusion of the impacts on heritage. Cultural heritage includes archaeological sites, historic buildings, and artifacts, but—more importantly—it also includes the meanings, values, and contemporary social behavior associated with these tangible forms of heritage. Thus, place attachment, sense of place, and associated forms of intangible heritage are major societal factors that must be integrated into climate change adaptation and risk management models. Communities, towns, and governments typically disassociate cultural/historical resources from natural resources in issues of planning and development. A transdisciplinary approach to cultural heritage is necessary in times of risk. There is critical need for this approach, since climate change will result in accelerated changes for human communities—from dislocation to a change in the physical manifestations of place. In this paper, we explore approaches to disaster, adaptation, and resilience through the lens of cultural heritage using two case studies: the Gullah Communities of South Carolina and the diverse communities of Eleuthera, Bahamas.
Finding Los Científicos Within: Latino Male Science Identity Development in the First College Semester
Authors: Lu Charles
Published: November 2015

Latino males are the lowest male ethnic subgroup to attain a four-year STEM college degree. This phenomenological qualitative research study used two rounds of interviews with twelve Latino male students in Central Texas to examine their first semester science experiences using a science identity framework. Findings indicate that developing a dynamic and robust creative identity and finding a science-based learning community can play important roles in a successful first semester in STEM courses.
Generativity in College Students: Comparing and Explaining the Impact of Mentoring
Authors: Hastings Lindsay J. , Griesen James V. , Hoover Richard E. , Creswell John W. , Dlugosh Larry L.
Published: November 2015

Preparing college students to be active contributors to the next generation is an important function of higher education. This assumption about generativity forms a cornerstone in this mixed methods study that examined generativity levels among 273 college students at a 4-year public university. MANCOVA results indicated that college students who mentor demonstrated significantly higher generativity than non-mentoring students. Interviews with 9 mentoring students revealed that, although a “seed of generativity” may have already been planted, their mentoring experience served as a “lab” for learning how to be generative. The integrated findings offer important contributions relative to leadership and social responsibility.
A Multidimensional Comparison of Traditional, Transfer, and Online Students’ University Attachment
Authors: Lane Forrest C. , Martin Georgianna L. , Henson Robin K.
Published: November 2015

Institutional belonging has been connected in the literature to college student well-being, achievement, persistence, and retention. However, much of this literature uses a one-dimensional scale to examine this construct. The University Attachment Scale (UAS; France, Finney, & Swerdzewski, 2010) is a multidimensional instrument with purported value, but structural results are limited to a single sample from a primarily traditional student population. This study re-examined the UAS at an institution with a large transfer student population and compared the latent means between traditional (n = 561), transfer (n = 372), and online (n = 50) students. Findings indicated transfer and online students report lower levels of member attachment relative to traditional students, a dimension not currently captured by other belonging scales. This may have value for the college student development literature, given increased calls for belonging research and a rise in distance-based education.
A Sense of Belonging Among College Students With Disabilities: An Emergent Theoretical Model
Authors: Vaccaro Annemarie , Daly-Cano Meada , Newman Barbara M.
Published: November 2015

Higher education research suggests that the development of a sense of belonging is key to academic success and persistence, yet we know little about how first-year students with disabilities develop a sense of belonging as they transition into and through their first year in postsecondary environments. Themes from a grounded theory study of 8 college students, most of whom had invisible disabilities, provided the foundation for an emerging model of belonging. Student narratives suggest there are interconnections between the development of a sense of belonging, self-advocacy, social relationships, and mastery of the student role for first-year students with disabilities.
Developing College Students’ Civic Identity: The Role of Social Perspective Taking and Sociocultural Issues Discussions
Authors: Johnson Matthew
Published: November 2015

The development of college students’ civic identity is understudied, but worthy of attention because of its salience to many students and higher education’s commitment to fostering an engaged citizenry. Using 45,271 participants from the 2009 Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership, this study uses structural equation modeling to explore relationships among social change behaviors, sociocultural issues discussions, social perspective taking, and civic identity. Results show positive, moderate relationships of social change behaviors and social perspective taking on civic identity, and weak, positive relationships for social change behaviors on social perspective taking and sociocultural issues discussions on civic identity. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Racial Microaggressions Among Asian American and Latino/a Students at a Historically Black University
Authors: Palmer Robert T. , Maramba Dina C.
Published: November 2015

Research illustrates that the enrollments of Asian American and Latino/a students are increasing at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Nevertheless, research on how these students experience the institutional climates of HBCUs is nonexistent; hence, we sought to explore the college-choice process and perceptions of campus climate for Asian American and Latino/a students at HBCUs. One of the salient themes that emerged from this study was participants’ experiences with racial microaggressions at a HBCU. This article discusses those experiences and concludes by providing implications for institutional practice and future research.
Service-Learning and Civic Responsibility in a Sample of African American College Students
Authors: Blankson A. Nayena , Rochester Shana E. , Watkins Angela Farris
Published: November 2015

In this study, we investigated the impact of past and current service-learning on the civic attitudes of African American college women: 44 students enrolled in either service-learning or non–service-learning courses were given pretests and posttests measuring civic attitudes. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to examine the effect of previous and current service-learning experiences on 6 different aspects of civic attitudes. Results did not indicate changes in civic attitudes over time for service-learning students. However, there was a significant interaction between past and current service-learning in predicting political awareness. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Perceptions of Mental Illness Stigma: Comparisons of Athletes to Nonathlete Peers
Authors: Kaier Emily , Cromer Lisa DeMarni , Johnson Mitchell D. , Strunk Kathleen , Davis Joanne L.
Published: November 2015

Stigma related to mental health and its treatment can thwart help-seeking. The current study assessed college athletes’ personal and perceived public mental illness stigma and compared this to nonathlete students. Athletes (N = 304) were National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes representing 16 teams. Results indicated that athletes reported greater perceived public stigma than personal stigma. Athletes reported significantly higher levels of stigma compared to nonathlete peers (n = 103). Accordingly, athletes may benefit from education that can reduce the stigma of mental illness and reduce prejudices toward those who are seeking treatment. Additional implications for improving access to care are discussed.
“For Lucre of Gain and in Contempt of the Laws”: Itinerant Traders and the Politics of Mobility in the Eighteenth-Century Mid-Atlantic
Authors: Gamble Robert J.
Published: November 2015

Commercial itinerants like peddlers and hucksters formed the connecctive tissue of eighteenth-century mid-Atlantic retail economies, mediating consumers’ access to a profusion of goods and provisions. Male and female itinerants leveraged geographic mobility to earn a modicum of economic independence. In doing so, they encountered a legal culture that viewed unrestrained movement as disruptive to social order. Struggling to differentiate licit forms of mobility from illicit ones like runaway slaves and servants, local and colonial officials enacted licensing, vagrancy, and market statutes to categorize and contain itinerancy. Revolutionary upheaval, including food shortages and fears of espionage, only exacerbated concerns about commercial travelers. In the war’s aftermath, women hucksters became particular targets for popular derision, underscoring the more informal echanisms by which commercial intermediaries were policed. Even as peddlers and hucksters became more indispensable to the mid-Atlantic economy, their place in the legal and social order grew increasingly tenuous at the end of the century.
Merchant and Plebeian Commercial Knowledge in Montreal and Quebec, 1760–1820
Authors: Christie Nancy
Published: November 2015

Conventional cultural constructions of French Canadians hold that they were dressed in homespun cloth. Analyzing advertisements from Quebec’s three leading newspapers, as well as a vast number of depositions from the rich criminal court records of this colony, this article argues that French Canadian inhabitants were steadily incorporated into British trading and consumption networks. This was not simply an urban phenomenon; by 1800 a large proportion of rural inhatibants actively consumed imported manufactured goods. In turn, as this article demonstrates, their increasing desire to acquire British ready-made clothing became part of a broader assimilative process at work in the colony following the British Conquest.
Building and Outfitting Ships in Colonial Boston
Authors: Pitt Steven J. J.
Published: November 2015

Early eighteenth-century Boston experienced significant population and economic growth as it became fully integrated into Atlantic trade and credit networks. Shipbuilding boomed, and the hundreds of vessels entering the port each year required provisions, supplies, and repairs. Building and outfitting vessels generated good paying jobs for maritime specialists and laborers. Merchants, however, had no desire to spend scarce silver or gold to pay waterfront tradesmen. Instead, they formed long-term credit arrangements through complex bookkeeping practices that moved food, goods, labor, and debts among multiple parties. They also attempted to protect this system during periods of crisis and strategically employed waterfront tradesmen to build or work on vessels for foreign partners as part of their wider Atlantic ambitions. This article places building and outfitting ships at the center of everyday interactions in colonial Boston and broadens our understanding of credit arrangeents, commodity exchange, and capital formation in the Atlantic World.
Maritime Labor, Economic Regulation, and the Spoils of Atlantic Commerce in Early Philadelphia
Authors: Finger Simon
Published: November 2015

Like other Atlantic ports, Philadelphia relied on the services of local pilots to steer ships in and out of its harbor. Seagoing vessels faced different risks in shallow coastal waters than they did on the open ocean, and many crews were grateful for the assistance of skilled pilots. Nonetheless, these local experts occupied an uneasy niche in maritime comerce. Merchants resented the expense of their services, and captains sometimes bristled at the implicit challenge to their authority, even as the pilots themselves pressed for more generous compensation. Beyond the conflict between pilots and captains, the particulars of an attepted regulatory regime also pitted transatlantic traders against coasting merchants, and novice pilots against their more experienced brethren. The fight over harbor pilotage reflected broader conflicts over the shape of the Atlantic economy and how its benefits would be distributed.
Public Sales and Public Values in Eighteenth-Century North America
Authors: Hartigan-O’Connor Ellen
Published: November 2015

Eighteenth-century men and women in British North America loved a bargain, but how did they know what a bargain was? Where did they get information about comparative prices and how did they judge those prices? The link between the price of an object and its value was a significant cultural problem in the eighteenth century, and one that both political economists and lawmakers grappled with. For most residents, it was at local auctions -- estate auctions, sheriffs’ sales, and discount vendues -- that bidders, sellers, and observers created a body of knowledge that established a link between price and value. Auctions embodied the social construction of prices, but the processes of gathering and advertising stock, previewing and bidding on goods, and judging the fairness of the outcome, created an understanding that prices could be tested against principles.
“By Measures Taken of Men”: Clothing the Classes in William Carlin’s Alexandria, 1763–1782
Authors: Gruber Katherine Egner
Published: November 2015

Tailor William Carlin clothed the inhabitants of Alexandria, Virginia fro 1763-1782. His account book, the only known surviving tailor’s ledger from eighteenth-century Virgnia, offers insight into the ways early Virginians chose to clothe their bodies. George Washington and other prominent members of Alexandria society were patrons to Carlin’s shop; so were the city’s artisans and merchants, as well as the enslaved and indentured. These patrons communicated to Carlin their choices in style, fabric, fit, and color, all of which had meaning and purpose in the larger society outside the shop’s walls. Alexandria’s diverse population relied on their local tailor to connect them to the goods and fashions of the Atlantic World, while also providing clothing to mitigate Virginia’s climate and celebrate life’s milestones. An analysis of Carlin’s accounts shows how colonial Virginians acquired clothing, what they wore, and the lives they lived in their clothes.
“Getting into a Little Business”: Margaret Hill Morris and Women’s Medical Entrepreneurship during the American Revolution
Authors: Brandt Susan
Published: November 2015

Currency depreciation and inflation during the American Revolution created econoic challenges for women in the Delaware Valley. Some Women were left to support their families when their male kin were deployed or died in combat, which made the need to earn income particularly acute. Quaker healer Margaret Hill Morris demonstrates that free woen could translate their healthcare acumen into an econoic asset. In 1779, the widowed Morris opened a medical and apothecary practice in Burlington, New Jersey to maintain her financial self-sufficiency. Because of the dearth of sources, historians often overlook the healing work of female entrepreneurs like Morris and the women in her healthcare networks. Older medical histories imply that women healers were static traditional practitioners desined to fall victim to the onward march of scientific medicine and capitalism. By contrast, this article argues that Morris exemplifies women who embraced the opportunities of a thriving consumer-oriented medical marketplace to develop their healthcare and pharmaceutical practices. Women healers like Morris formed critical ligaments that connected individual healthcare consumers to the broader structures of an emerging market for medicinals and healing services.
Agents at Home: Wives, Lawyers, and Financial Competence in Eighteenth-Century New England Port Cities
Authors: Damiano Sara T.
Published: November 2015

This article analyzes wives who acted on behalf of their absent husbands in eighteenth-century New England port cities, situating them within the broader matrix of agents who acted for absent men. Wives’ management of their households enabled their husbands to pursue distant commercial opportunities, yet historians tend to overlook that wives acted within mixed-sex networks of designees and agents. Analyzing divisions of responsibility between wives and male agents reveals the extent and the limits of men’s legal and economic activities in practice. Using the case study of a merchant who absconded from Boston in 1755 and other contemporaneous examples, I argue that, while husbands placed significant trust in their wives, they saw certain matters as the domains of male professionals and used gendered language to downplay their wives’ competence. The malleability of these divisions of responsibility sparked disputes, but it also allowed wives to co-opt alliances for their own benefit.
A Historical Perspective on Nebraska’s Variable and Changing Climate
Authors: Shulski Martha D. , Baule William , Stiles Crystal , Umphlett Natalie
Published: November 2015

Nebraska is situated at the intersection of the northern and southern Great Plains, exhibiting a dramatic longitudinal gradient for precipitation and humidity, and benefiting from groundwater resources. The continental climate is highly variable temporally both for temperature and precipitation. Our assessment of long-term meteorological observations shows that over the last century the annual average temperature in Nebraska has warmed approximately 0.6°C, which is similar to the increase in the global average temperature over the same time period. Furthermore, we found minimum temperatures have warmed more than maximum temperatures, and winter and spring show the strongest warming. We found no significant long-term trend in annual precipitation, but seasonal variations exist, namely with wetter springs and falls, and drier winters and summers. The number of days having temperature extremes (both hot and cold) has decreased over time. We found an overall increase in growing season length.
Soil Water and Temperature Explain Canopy Phenology and Onset of Spring in a Semiarid Steppe
Authors: Moore Lynn M. , Lauenroth William K. , Bell David M. , Schlaepfer Daniel R.
Published: November 2015

It is well known that the timing of growth and development influences critical life stages of all organisms. The seasonal dynamics of ecosystems are usually well explained by photoperiod and temperature. However, phenological patterns in water-limited ecosystems are rarely studied and insufficiently explained by these two variables. We tested how onset (i.e., initiation of plant growth) and seasonality of plant growth are influenced by soil temperature and soil water. We collected seven years of daily measurements of near-surface reflected radiation, soil moisture, and soil temperature at an exclosure on the Shortgrass Steppe Long-Term Ecological Research Site, a semiarid ecosystem in the western Great Plains of the United States. We determined that soil water content must be close to field capacity and soil temperature must be above 0°C to initiate a phenological response. We show for the first time that onset of spring and subsequent seasonal patterns of plant growth depend on both soil temperature and soil moisture. Our findings bear important implications for understanding responses of the shortgrass steppe and other semiarid ecosystems to climate change. Inadequate combinations of degree days and soil water may result from future precipitation and temperature, which are predicted to diverge from current patterns. Historical expectations about spring green-up, for example, for land and livestock management, seasonality of growth, and productivity, may fail and can only be replaced by taking both precipitation and temperature into account.
An Analytic Approach to Climate Dynamics and Fire Frequency in the Great Plains
Authors: Guyette Richard P. , Stambaugh Michael C. , Marschall Joseph , Abadir Erin
Published: November 2015

Long-term knowledge of fire regimes aids in understanding the past, present, and future changes in Great Plains ecosystems. Dated fire scar histories and fire rate metrics in the Great Plains allow for quantitative analysis of the effects of climate on fire occurrence, frequency, forcing factors, and probability. Up to three centuries of fire scar data combined with modeling results from Great Plains sites show that spatially, fire frequency was greatly affected by annual maximum temperature from north to south, by annual precipitation east to west, by their interactions, and by precipitation thresholds. A fire-climate model, pc 2 fm (Physical Chemistry Fire Frequency Model), calibrated with rate metrics (mean fire intervals) derived from fire history data, estimates that in the Great Plains, fire intervals ranged from <4 to > 30 years. A “precipitation threshold” divides the Great Plains into eastern and western fire regime regions along an approximate 60–100 cm north-south annual precipitation isohyet. Future changes in annual wildland fire probability at 1.2 km 2 are predicted to change from –10% to 70% in the Great Plains. Midlatitude regions of the Great Plains (Wyoming, eastern Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota) are expected to increase the most in annual fire probability while some areas in Texas will decrease in fire probability due to fuel limitations.
Historical Drought Events of the Great Plains Recorded by Native Americans
Authors: Gallo Kevin , Wood Eric
Published: November 2015

We identified prolonged dry (or drought) events during the 1777 to 1869 interval that were depicted in Native American annual pictographic records (winter counts) from several documents for a retrospective analysis with supplementary data and information. Based on available information related to the keeper (author) of the winter count, we approximated the locations of the drought episodes. Based on the locational information, we retrieved and reviewed historical temperature and precipitation data observed at US Army forts during the time interval of the winter count–documented drought episodes. Additionally, we examined Palmer Drought Severity Index data from the North American Drought Atlas , which includes annual drought estimates reconstructed from tree-ring chronologies, for the years and location of the documented droughts. We spatially and temporally compared the Native American drought-related winter counts to the available weather, drought information, and other ancillary information in an effort to cross-validate these relatively sparse and disparate historical climate records. Generally, we found the Native American observations of prolonged dry intervals were in agreement with other observations or available documentation. Thus, winter count observations of other climate-related events may provide an additional source of information for other historic climate analyses.
Virtually Constructing a Great Plains: Booster Impacts on Plains Viewing
Authors: Dando Christina
Published: November 2015

The placemaking of the Great Plains was as much perception as it was physical: a significant element was how Americans “saw” or “viewed” the region. To promote settlement of the Great Plains, boosters created and circulated written and visual images to “sell” Americans and immigrants on this region. In this article, I examine the visual images of the Plains (ca. 1890–1930) in booster brochures and compare and contrast them with images found in early Plains dwellers’ photograph albums. These images impacted the place perceptions of the people that came to live and work the Plains, in what John Urry calls the “circle of representation.” That is to say the visual images of the Plains that the settlers encountered before they arrived impacted how they framed the region.
Samuel Putnam, cosmopolitismo y vanguardia española en Estados Unidos
Authors: Herrero-Senés Juan
Published: November 2015

El presente artículo explora cómo se produjo la recepción temprana de la vanguardia española en Estados Unidos a partir del análisis de la labor del crítico norteamericano Samuel Putnam (1888–1950), y enmarca su obra dentro de una nueva forma de crítica cosmopolita que alcanzó notoriedad en los años veinte. Desde su posición de expatriado en París, el trabajo de Putnam como traductor, reseñista y editor lo convirtió en difusor y en defensor de la vanguardia europea, y entre sus intereses centrales se encontró la obra de autores como Rafael Alberti, Ernesto Giménez Caballero o Benjamín Jarnés. El trabajo documenta la visión que ofreció de la literatura española más renovadora y cómo su posición crítica respecto a ella se modificó cuando, ya de vuelta en Estados Unidos en los treinta, Putnam reivindicó un compromiso político activo del intelectual.
Animalidad y sexualidad en tres casos monstruosos de la crónica peruana (siglos XVI y XVII)
Authors: Gil Sebastián Reyes
Published: November 2015

Este artículo explora tres casos de monstruos descritos en la crónica peruana de los siglos XVI y XVII, en las obras de Juan de Castellanos, Pedro Cieza de León y Pedro Ordóñez de Ceballos. A través de ellos se presentan algunas tradiciones literarias del monstruo, incluyendo las figuras del gigante y el hombre salvaje. El artículo muestra cómo estos monstruos de la crónica peruana ofrecen una inusitada mezcla de genealogías, en la que tienden a disolverse los límites entre lo bíblico, los tratados de historia natural, la teratología, las novelas de caballería, los libros de viajes y las tradiciones orales indígenas, entre otros tipos de textos, con el fin de crear la otredad americana.
A Woman’s Political Answer to the cuestión social in Nineteenth-Century Spain
Authors: Vialette Aurélie
Published: November 2015

This article argues the necessity to rethink the role of the politically committed female intellectual in nineteenth century Spain. Concepción Arenal’s intervention on the cuestión social, her adaptation of the concept of “industrial education” and her use of legal rhetoric and of rhetorical devices typical of those applied by lawyers in the courtroom, serve as a point of departure to explain how the figure of the woman of letters can be understood as an agent of social reform in the most important social preoccupation of that time: the working masses and their relationship with industrialists.
Embodying the Spanish Avant-Garde: Disability and Gender in Ramón Gómez de la Serna
Authors: Gregori Eduardo
Published: November 2015

This article will propose a reading of some of Gómez de la Serna’s most relevant avant-garde texts to articulate a bodily literature; that is, a literature where the body is emphasized. The growing importance of the human body is one of the defining characteristics of the international avant-gardes at large, and of Gómez de la Serna in particular. In that regard, the main interest of this essay will be the embodiment of death and disease in Los muertos, las muertas y otras fantasmagorías (1935) and Senos (1917), as well as the fluidity of gender roles, as seen in “La mujer vestida de hombre” (1927).