bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in Bone Bay, South Sulawesi, Indonesia and its relationship with environmental variables
Authors: TAMBARU RAHMADI , BURHANUDDIN ANDI I. , HARIS ABDUL , AMRAN MUHAMMAD A. , MASSINAI ARNIATI , MUHIDDIN AMIR HAMZAH , YAQIN KHUSNUL , FIRMAN FIRMAN , YULIANA YULIANA
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Tambaru R, Burhanuddin AI, Haris A, Amran MA, Massinai A, Muhiddin AH, Yaqin K, Firman, Yuliana. 2024. Diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in Bone Bay, South Sulawesi, Indonesia and its relationship with environmental variables. Biodiversitas 25: 624-631. Ecological studies of phytoplankton have been widely conducted in various bays around the world. However, such research is still limited in Bone Bay, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in Bone Bay and the relationships with environmental factors. Data collection was conducted in the dry season (May to June 2023) at four stations, namely Bajoe Harbor (PB), Cappa Ujung (CU), Libureng (LB), and Tongke-Tongke (TT). At each station, seawater samples were collected and environmental variables were measured including temperature, salinity, pH, currents, and nutrients (i.e. Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium, Orthophosphate, and Silicate). In general, the environmental variables in the studied area were within the range of optimal condition for phytoplankton to grow and develop. There were three classes of phytoplankton recorded, namely Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Dinophyceae, with a total of 31 genera were identified. Chaetoceros, Thallasionema, and Rhizosolenia were the dominant genera. The average abundance of phytoplankton was significantly different among stations with the highest was found in CU and PB compared to that in LB and TT (p-value <0.01). PCA analysis showed that phytoplankton abundance was related to high orthophosphate concentrations, silicate, and turbidity at the PB and CU stations, while the opposite condition occured at the LB and TT stations. Based on the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton, Bone Bay, South Sulawesi is now still in good condition, yet monitoring studies are recommended to see the changes in the future.
Abundance assessment of Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail, Papilio gigon gigon and availability of resource plants in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: ISMAIL TAUFIQ , MAULANY RISMA ILLA , NGAKAN PUTU OKA
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Ismail T, Maulany RI, Ngakan PO. 2024. Abundance assessment of Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail Papilio gigon gigon and availability of resource plants in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 673-682. The Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail (Papilio gigon gigon Felder & Felder, 1864) is an endemic butterfly species of Sulawesi, Indonesia currently under threat from hunting and trade activities and habitat degradation. This study aims to examine the abundance of P. gigon gigon and resource plants' availability and to analyze the relationship between resource host and nectar plant density with the abundance of the butterfly species in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data were collected using the line transect method in two habitat types: settlement and forest located in three observation sites (Bantimurung, Leang-leang, and Pattunuang). The data were analyzed with Spearman's correlation test. The results showed a significant positive correlation in Bantimurung between the host plant densities (r = 0.258; p = 0.010) and nectar plants (r = 0.211; p = 0.036) with the abundance of P. gigon gigon. In Pattunuang, the host plants had indicated an insignificant correlation (r = 0.061; p = 0.548) with the abundance of P. gigon gigon, and in contrast, the nectar plants showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.487; p = 0.000). Only in Leang-leang the correlation between the abundance of P. gigon gigon showed no significant correlation with both host (r = 0.152; p = 0.132) and nectar plants (r = 0.041; p = 0.686). Differences between the observation areas were suspected to be influenced by human activities such as tourism and hunting. Therefore, management interventions by the national park are required to support the conservation of P. gigon gigon in the area.
The relationship between crustacean diversity and population dynamics of Blood Cockle Tegillarca granosa in the coastal area of West Langsa, Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: MAWARDI MAWARDI , SARONG M. ALI , SUHENDRAYATNA SUHENDRAYATNA , IRHAM MUHAMMAD
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Mawardi, Sarong MA, Suhendrayatna, Irham M. 2024. The relationship between crustacean diversity and population dynamics of Blood Cockle Tegillarca granosa in the coastal area of West Langsa (Aceh Province, Indonesia). Biodiversitas 25: 690-699. Coastal areas serve as a transitional zone between land and sea, influenced by tidal fluctuations and river estuary currents. Coasts are ideal habitats for spawning and nurturing various crustaceans and bivalves. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of crustaceans and population dynamics of Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) (Arcidae, Bivalvia) in three different locations. The study utilized a survey method with sampling conducted using transects from the coastline towards the land in coastal areas covered with mangroves, employing transects measuring 5 meters by 5 meters. All samples collected at the study locations were fixed for identification. A total of 1,583 Crustacea individuals belonging to 17 species were sampled. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of crustaceans ranged from 1.99 to 2.31, categorized as moderate. The highest number of individuals of T. granosa was in November, while the lowest number of individuals was recorded in July. Males of T. granosa were more dominant than females across all study sites. There was a positive correlation between the crustacean diversity index and T. granosa specimens, but a negative correlation with the crustacean dominance index. Seawater salinity, showed a positive correlation with crustacean diversity and the population dynamics of T. granosa.
Effect of substrates of transplantation of the rare epiphytic orchid Dendrobium farmeri for conservation
Authors: NUAMMEE ANCHALEE , PINGYOT THITIPORN , FOOWAN SIRIYAKORN , PUMIKONG SUPALAK , RUJICHAIPIMON WIRATA , SORNPOOD SUJINDA , PANYADEE PRATEEP
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Nuammee A, Pingyot T, Foowan S, Pumikong S, Rujichaipimon W, Sornpood S, Panyadee P. 2024. Effect of substrates of transplantation of the rare epiphytic orchid Dendrobium farmeri for conservation. Biodiversitas 25: 708-715. Dendrobium farmeri Paxton is an epiphytic orchid, one of the most celebrated for its beauty. However, its natural population is dwindling, and it faces the risk of extinction. Although tissue culture techniques are successful for orchid propagations, the transplantation of in vitro-derived plantlets to ex-vitro conditions is often restricted by high mortality, which is considered a challenging and crucial stage in orchid conservation. This study investigated the effect of substrate mixtures on the survival and growth of D. farmeri plantlets under greenhouse conditions. The substrates for acclimatization contained coconut husk, charcoal chips, brick chips, sphagnum moss, fern fiber, and leaf mold in various ratios. Survival percentage and vegetative growth characteristics of plantlets were the main observations recorded. The result showed that the substrate mixture containing brick chips, charcoal chips, and sphagnum moss in a 1:1:2 ratio was the most effective, yielding 100% at 30 days and 96.7% at 180 days post-transplantation, fostering improved development of plantlets under greenhouse conditions. The findings suggest that this optimized substrate mixture could be a standard approach for acclimating D. farmeri and potentially other epiphytic orchids, enhancing conservation efforts and commercial cultivation.
Surface runoff in varying forest cover types in Jangkok Watershed, Lombok Island, Indonesia
Authors: MARKUM MARKUM , RAHMAN FIRMAN ALI
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Markum, Rahman FA. 2024. Surface runoff in varying forest cover types in Jangkok Watershed, Lombok Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 753-761. Forests in the Jangkok Watershed play an important role in controlling ecological functions and hydrological cycles in Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This research aims to evaluate the amount of surface runoff in the Jangkok Watershed by looking at various types of forest cover, namely Primary Forest (PF), Disturbed Forest (DF), Candlenut Agroforestry (CA), Mahogany Woodlot (MW), Multistrata Agroforestry (MA) and Simple Agroforestry (SA). The research area was located at altitudes between 250-650 meters above sea level with a slope of 7-43%. Data collected on each type of forest cover included: vegetation characteristics, surface runoff, slope and rainfall. The result shows vegetation cover in the studied area varies from moderate to very dense with coverage ranging from 50-90%. The vegetation in PF, DF and MA are characterized by very diverse vegetation, while that in UM, CA and SA it is quite homogeneous. The amount of Surface runoff coefficient varies across forest cover types with PF being the lowest (0.6-1.4%), followed by DF (0.6-1.7%), MA (0.6-1.7%), MW (0.6-2.1%), SA (1.0-2.2%) and CA (1.8-4.3%). Factors that are considered influential in determining the magnitude of surface runoff at the research location are the physical properties of the soil, rainfall intensity, vegetation type, structure and density, and land slope. The findings of this study suggest that more complex vegetation has important role in minimizing surface runoff, highlighting the importance of preserving and protecting this forest type to maintain hydrological function of watershed.
Growth and mortality model of Chacunda gizzard shad Anodontostoma chacunda (Bleeker, 1852) in Tarakan waters, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: SALIM GAZALI , INDARJO AGUS , MUJIYANTO MUJIYANTO , SUGIANTI YAYUK , ANGGORO SUTRISNO , RANSANGAN JULIAN , NAWIR DAUD , MEIRYANI MEIRYANI , HARTINAH SITTI , NURJANAH NURJANAH , JOSE ARIEL E. SAN , DEWI ROSE , BALQIS ZULAIHA , ARIEF MOCHAMAD CANDRA WIRAWAN , PUTRI MASAYU RAHMIA ANWAR , RAHMAN ABDUR
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Salim G, Indarjo A, Mujiyanto M, Sugianti Y, Anggoro S, Ransangan J, Nawir D, Meiryani, Hartinah S, Nurjanah, Jose AES, Dewi R, Balqis Z, Arief MCW, Putri MRA, Rahman A. 2024. Growth and mortality model of Chacunda gizzard shad Anodontostoma chacunda (Bleeker, 1852) in Tarakan waters, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 770-780. The Chacunda gizzard shad Anodontostoma chacunda (Bleeker, 1852) possesses numerous spines and is economically valued, with prices ranging from USD 0.64-0.96/kg. This study aimed to analyze the growth and mortality models of the A. chacunda from the waters of Tarakan Island. The research was conducted over four months, from July to October 2022, using a quantitative descriptive method. Sampling was performed using purposive sampling, with 20 sessions over four months, each yielding 40-50 individuals. The results showed a total sample of 789 fish, with 463 males and 326 females, yielding a males-to-females ratio of 1.42:1. The allometric model revealed negative allometry with a body shape from the condition index indicating leanness. The Von Bertalanffy model shows that the asymptotic length of males is higher than that of females with the growth rate of females being higher than that of males. In reaching the asymptotic length, the males is faster by reaching the age of 47 days compared to the females reaching the age of 37 days. The numerical data of total mortality, fishing mortality and natural mortality of females is higher compared to males, but for exploitation rate in males and females has the same value is 0.91. The current exploitation rate of A. chacunda was higher than the optimum exploitation rate (E=0.5), showed that over-exploited A. chacunda requires sustainable management.
Fungal diversity associated with the decomposition of Avicennia marina leaf litter at various salinity levels
Authors: YUNASFI YUNASFI , SUSETYA IPANNA ENGGAR , UTOMO BUDI , DALIMUNTHE AFIFUDDIN , SAMSURI SAMSURI , ZAITUNAH ANITA
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Yunasfi, Susetya IE, Utomo B, Dalimunthe A, Samsuri, Zaitunah A. 2024. Fungal diversity associated with the decomposition of Avicennia marina leaf litter at various salinity levels. Biodiversitas 25: 792-800. The process of litter decomposition in mangrove ecosystem is influenced by both biological and environmental factors. Biological factors include organisms, such as worms, snails, bacteria, and fungi, while environmental factors are soil, water pH, salinity, and others. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of salinity level and length of decomposition period, dominant fungi, as well as carbohydrate and protein levels in Avicennia marina leaf litter. In the experiment, litter bags containing 50 g of A. marina leaf litter were used and placed at salinity levels of <10 ppt, 11-20 ppt, and 21-30 ppt. The results showed that the highest decomposition rate i.e., 6.90/year, with length of time = 0.15 years was found in A. marina leaf litter at a salinity level of 21 ppt-30 ppt. At salinity levels of <10 and 10-20 ppt, the decomposition rate was 4.55 and 5.91, respectively, while the litter period in soil was 0.22 and 0.17 years. Furthermore, the residual leaf litter decomposed at salinity levels of <10 ppt, 11-20 ppt, and 21-30 ppt was 6.67 g, 4.57 g, and 4.36 g, respectively. The average value of the Shannon diversity Index for fungal species in A. marina leaf litter, which had experienced decomposition ranged from low to moderate. At salinity levels of <10 ppt, 10-20 ppt, and 20-30 ppt, the values obtained were 1.96, 1.86, and 1.95 respectively. The fungal species diversity index was greater than the control, 1.26. Based on the results, A. marina leaf litter placed at salinity level of <10 ppt had the highest carbohydrate and protein content of 12.10 and 9.12%, respectively, while the lowest protein content of 8.28% was recorded at salinity level of 20-30 ppt. This study showed that the longer the decomposition period at various levels of salinity, the higher the protein content in absolute terms.
Comparison of morphological characters, flowering phenology and essential oils of two accessions of Cananga (Cananga odorata var. fruticosa)
Authors: NA’IMAH MUTMAINNATUN NAFIS RABI’ATUN , KURNIAWATI ANI , KRISANTINI KRISANTINI
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Na’imah MNR, Kurniawati A, Kisantini. 2024. Comparison of morphological characters, flowering phenology and essential oils of two accessions of Cananga (Cananga odorata var. fruticosa). Biodiversitas 25: 801-810. The Cananga flowers are well-known in various regions of Indonesia as a raw material for essential oils and flower decorations. This study aims to compare the characteristics of two varieties of Cananga originating from Kediri and Cipanas. Both types of Cananga were cultivated in the Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) Cikabayan experimental field. Observation was conducted on leaf and flower characteristics, flowering phenology, and essential oil content. The research shows that the Kediri accession exhibited brownish-red leaf petioles, brownish-red branches, and dark brown stems. In contrast, the Cipanas accession had green leaf stalks, green branches, and light brown stems. The flowering phenology of the Kediri accession spanned from the emergence of flower buds to the End stage, lasting 35 days, while the Cipanas accession's flowering period extended for 25 days. The Kediri accession's flowers have more petals and are longer and heavier than the Cipanas accession. The highest essential oil content of the Cipanas accession occurred at the 50% full flowering stage, reaching 0.92%, and gradually decreased as the flowering progressed. In comparison, the Kediri accession oil content is the highest at the end of the flowering stage, with a peak of 0.61%. The highest compound in the Kediri accession is all-trans-Farnesol acetate 14,24%, ?-Copaene 12.23%, and Caryophyllene 15.92%. Meanwhile, in the Cipanas accession, the highest compound content was linalool 18.74% and caryophyllene 16.00%.
Water quality assessment of river based on phytoplankton biological integrity index in rural areas of the upstream Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: PRATIWI DESTY , OKTAVIA DINA , SUMIARSA DADAN , SUNARDI SUNARDI
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Pratiwi D, Oktavia D, Sumiarsa D, Sunardi S. 2024. Water quality assessment of river based on phytoplankton biological integrity index in rural areas of the upstream Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 881-889. The deterioration of water quality in the upstream Citarum River is one of the consequences of agricultural practices characterized by fertilizer and pesticide runoff that disrupts the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. The research area was on agricultural land use in the Cihawuk segment, Kertasari, Bandung District. The present study attempts to community structure and assess the water quality using the biological indexes of rural areas in upstream Citarum River through phytoplankton studies. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data on physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton community structure from stations selected on the basis of agricultural land use. Furthermore, biological indexes such as pollution levels based on the Shannon Wienner diversity index (H'), Palmer algae index, and Diatomeae index are examined using the data community structure of phytoplankton. The findings show that the abundance of phytoplankton in rural areas is 4,105 cells/L. The community structure of phytoplankton was dominated by Coelastrum sp. and Trachellomonas sp. The Palmer algae index ranges from 23-26, indicating that the water was a highly organic pollutant. The pollution level of upstream Citarum River based on the diversity index shows moderately polluted water. Meanwhile, the diatomeae index showed less than 0.2, which sites water bodies were mesotrophic. Phytoplankton and their indexes serve as valuable tools for evaluating the quality of the water environment.
Species diversity of Odonata in the urban ecosystem of Iligan City, Philippines
Authors: BANAYBANAY DRANREB P. , AMPARADO OLIVE A. , MORILLA LADY JANE G. , ESTAÑO LEONARDO A.
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Banaybanay DP, Amparado OA, Morilla LJG, Estaño LA. 2024. Species diversity of Odonata in the urban ecosystem of Iligan City, Philippines. Biodiversitas 25: 890-899. Urbanization impacts ecosystem function and services, resulting in changes in ecological processes, increasing human population, and biodiversity loss. This threat may influence Odonata species' abundance, diversity, and distribution in freshwater habitats. The survey of Odonata in the urban ecosystem in Iligan City was carried out from December 2022 to March 2023 to determine the species diversity, abundance, endemism, distribution, and their correlation to various environmental parameters in freshwater habitat in this area. Field sampling was conducted in six identified barangays: Barangay Tubod, Bagong Silang, Del Carmen, Villa Verde, Poblacion, and Ubaldo Laya. The study recorded 569 individuals consisting of two major Odonate families, the Family Libellulidae, comprising nine species: Acisoma panorpoides, Brachydiplax chalybea, Crocothemis servilia, Diplacodes trivialis, Neurothemis terminata, Neurothemis ramburii, Orthetrum sabina, Rhodothemis rufa and Trithemis aurora; and Family Coenagrionidae with four species: Agriocnemis femina, Ceriagrion lieftincki, Ischnura senegalensis and Pseudagrion pilidorsum. Among the recorded species, I. senegalensis (34.80%) was found to be the most abundant species, followed by A. femina (32.51%) and O. sabina (10.54%), which are encountered in all sampling sites. Meanwhile, the low diversity and low endemism (7.69%) were recorded in all sampling areas, with C. lieftincki as the only Philippine endemic recorded in Iligan City Wet Park and Barangay Bagong Silang. Canonical correspondence analysis reveals that environmental factors such as air temperature, water temperature, water pH, water turbidity, and relative humidity are crucial parameters in determining the assemblage of Odonata. Overall, urban ecosystems in Iligan City are dominated by oriental species, signifying that the areas are heavily disturbed. Therefore, urgent management of urban ecosystems is required to enhance the city's ecological health, sustainability, and insect biodiversity.
Diversity of actinomycetes on plant rhizosphere of karst ecosystem of Gorontalo, Indonesia
Authors: RETNOWATI YULIANA , KANDOWANGKO NOVRI YOULA , KATILI ABUBAKAR SIDIK , PEMBENGO WAWAN
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Retnowati Y, Kandowangko NY, Katili AS, Pembengo W. 2024. Diversity of actinomycetes on plant rhizosphere of karst ecosystem of Gorontalo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 907-915. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the actinomycetes associated with the rhizosphere of plants in the karst ecosystem. This study was descriptive-quantitative. Soil sampling was conducted at three locations of the karst ecosystem of Gorontalo, i.e., Bangga Hills at Bangga Bubaa Coastal area of Gorontalo District, Hills around Lake Limboto of Gorontalo District, and Oluhuta Beach Hills at Bone Bolango District. Rhizosphere-soil sample was collected from 15-30 cm of soil depth. Isolation of actinomycetes was performed using the plate method. The screening of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria was based on the ability to solubilize phosphates indicated by the clear zone on the Pikovskaya medium. Identification of actinomycetes bacteria based on morphology and molecular characters. The morphology character included the color of aerial and substrate mycelium. Molecular characteristics based on the sequence of 16S rRNA gene compared to sequence data on the gene bank of NCBI. The phylogenetic tree reconstruction was based on the Neighbor-joining algorithm. The results successfully found six isolates, including three actinomycetes isolates, two non-actinomycetes bacteria, and one yeast. They were isolated from the rhizosphere of Malastoma malabathrum, Chromolaena odorata, Cycas rumphii, Leucaena leucocephala, and Jatropha curcas. The actinomycetes isolate showed plant-growth-promoting potential indicated by solubilizing phosphate and Indole 3-Acetic Acid production activities. Based on the molecular analysis, actinomycetes were closely related to Streptomyces aegyptia (MT505707.1:42-1426), Streptomyces sp. GGCR-6 (MH718844.1:5-1391), and Streptomyces carpaticus strain PES-A23 (MH712039).
Short Communication: Evaluation of antibacterial activities and phytochemical composition of ethanolic extract of Diplazium esculentum
Authors: ALAMSJAH FESKAHARNY , FANDINI SASQIA , MILDAWATI MILDAWATI
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Alamsjah F, Fandini S, Mildawati M. 2024. Short Communication: Evaluation of antibacterial activities and phytochemical composition of ethanolic extract of Diplazium esculentum. Biodiversitas 25: 937-941. Antibacterial agents are crucial in fighting infections by stopping or inhibiting pathogenic bacteria growth. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., is a natural resource with great potential in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of ethanol extract of D. esculentum against two common bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis. This research was done using disc diffusion technique with comprehensive phytochemical screening. The results revealed antibacterial properties of the ethanolic extract of D. esculentum against P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis. The most potent antibacterial activity was observed at 80 and 60% concentrations against P. aeruginosa, resulting in inhibition zones with 5.90 mm and 5.47 mm diameters. A similar pattern was also observed against S. epidermidis, where 80% concentration showed significant efficacy, with an inhibition zone of 5.69 mm diameter. Phytochemical analysis result revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. These phytochemical compounds contribute antibacterial properties and have promising potential for further research to develop natural antibacterial agents.
Phytochemical compounds and antioxidant capacities of Abelmoschus manihot leaf extracts using different solvents
Authors: WINATA GRACE MARLINA , HARDINSYAH HARDINSYAH , MARLIYATI SRI ANNA , RIMBAWAN RIMBAWAN , ANDRIANTO DIMAS
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Winata GM, Hardinsyah H, Marliyati SA, Rimbawan R, Andrianto D. 2024. Phytochemical compounds and antioxidant capacities of Abelmoschus manihot leaf extracts using different solvents. Biodiversitas 25: 942-949. Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) leaves are popularly consumed as a green vegetable by Eastern Indonesians. This work aimed to carry out the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant capacities of five extracts, i.e., water, 70% ethanol, absolute ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane of Abelmoschus manihot leaf. Qualitative analysis was done as a preliminary screening for flavonoid, tannin, saponin, alkaloid, triterpenoid, steroid, and quinone. Quantitative analysis determined the flavonoid, phenolic, tannin, quercetin, and steroid content. In-vitro antioxidant analysis was conducted to determine free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The results showed that flavonoid was only found in 70% ethanol extract; steroid was obtained in all extracts, while alkaloid, saponin, tannin, quinone, and triterpenoid were absent in all extracts. The results of the quantitative analysis showed that the highest flavonoid was in 70% ethanol extract (39.2 mg GAE/g), phenolic in ethyl acetate extract (34.792 mg QE/g), tannin in 70% ethanol (1.395 mg/g), quercetin in absolute ethanol extract (0.246 mg/g), and steroid content in hexane extract (201.948 mg/g). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each extract to inhibit malondialdehyde (MDA) formation was lower than free radical scavenging activity. The IC50 values of MDA formation in absolute ethanol and hexane extracts were 6.77 ppm and 7.67 ppm, respectively. The IC50 of vitamin E was 3.67 ppm. Further study is needed to determine the mechanism of Abelmoschus manihot leaf extracts as antioxidants used as a functional food.
Rhizosphere actinobacteria isolated from Pometia pinnata and its antimicrobial activity
Authors: JANATININGRUM ISRA , ZAHRA AMELIA , FITRIYANTI FITRIYANTI , ANGGIA VIVI
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Janatiningrum I, Zahra A, Fitriyanti, Anggia V. 2024. Rhizosphere actinobacteria isolated from Pometia pinnata and its antimicrobial activity. Biodiversitas 25: 1007-1014. Actinobacteria are currently the largest antibiotic-producing bacteria due to their extreme environments such as soil, roots and rhizosphere. The diversity of rhizosphere actinobacteria is affected by plant exudates. Pometia pinnata is a plant that has long been used for traditional medicine in Indonesia. This study was aimed at isolating and evaluating isolate and evaluate the actinobacteria rhizosphere of P. pinnata, to screen their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of actinobacteria was done by using serial dilution method and grown on media. About 34 actinobacteria were successfully isolated from the rhizosphere of P. pinnata and 50% of them showed index antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (0.52), Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 1705 (2.87), and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (1.28). Several microbial isolated microbes (20.8%) were found capable in inhibiting fungal growth. The highest antibacterial activity against all bacteria was shown by RM12 isolate. The aqueous fraction of RM12 isolate demonstrated a significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538 and E. coli ATCC 25922 at concentrations of 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm. TLC bioautography showed that aqueous fraction RM 12 do not belong to the polyphenol or phenol compound group. The RM12 was characterized by using 16S ribosomal RNA sequence found to belong to actinobacteria genera to Streptomyces bungoensis.
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by indigenous community of Aek Guo Village, Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia
Authors: RAMBEY RIDAHATI , NELASUFA FEBRISA , ATHORIEZ ASEP PERRY MUHAMMAD , SOLIHIN SOLIHIN , RAHMAWATY RAHMAWATY , SUSILOWATI ARIDA , AFIFUDDIN YUNUS
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Rambey R, Nelasufa F, Athoriez APM, Solihin, Rahmawaty, Susilowati A, Afifuddin Y. 2024. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by indigenous community of Aek Guo Village, Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1046-1056. Aek Guo Village, Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia, falling under the jurisdiction of Forest Management Unit or Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (KPH) IX Panyabungan, serves as a home for the Mandailing indigenous tribe, primarily engaged in agriculture with a significant dependence on the forest for sustenance. Within the cultural fabric of the Aek Guo community, there exists a profound tradition of employing medicinal plants as an alternative form of treatment, a practice deeply rooted in ethnobotanical knowledge passed down through generations. The study aimed to identify the diverse array of medicinal plants, their utilization practices, and key parameters such as Use Value (UV), Family Use Value (FUV), Plant Part Value (PPV), and Fidelity Level (FL) associated with their applications. A comprehensive approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods, the study involves semi-structured interviews and meticulous documentation. The findings reveal a rich repertoire of 66 plant species distributed across 36 families, constituting a vital component of the Aek Guo community. Noteworthy is the pre-eminence of ginger (Zingiber officinale) with the highest UV value (0.68), while paku gajah (Angiopteris evecta) being the lowest (0.01). Family Use Value (FUV) demonstrated variations, with Fabaceae leading the chart (0.39), and Simaroubaceae recording the lowest value (0.01). A closer examination of Plant Part Value (PPV) indicated a preference for leaves, comprising 56.06% of the utilized plant parts, while flowers contribute minimally at 1.51%. Fidelity Level (FL) values, crucial for assessing the significance of particular plants within the community, peak for kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus) and ginger (Z. officinale) at 22.54%. In contrast, jerangau (Acorus calamus), pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia), salam (Syzygium polyanthum), and paku gajah (A. evecta) exhibit the lowest FL values at 1.41%. These findings contribute significantly to the broader understanding of ethnobotanical practices across different Mandailing communities, with potential implications for conservation, healthcare, and sustainable resource management.
Parasitological and serological detection of Trypanosoma evansi on Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse, Denpasar, Indonesia using hematological profile
Authors: APSARI IDA AYU PASTI , SURATMA NYOMAN ADI , SWACITA IDA BAGUS NGURAH , SOMA I GEDE , SARI TRI KOMALA , PUTRA I PUTU CAHYADI , SUDIPA PUTU HENRYWAESA
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Apsari IAP, Suratma NA, Swacita IBN, Soma IG, Sari TK, Putra IPC, Sudipa PH. 2024. Parasitological and serological detection of Trypanosoma evansi on Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse, Denpasar, Indonesia using hematological profile. Biodiversitas 25: 1057-1062. Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus Blyth, 1842 syn. Bos javanicus domesticus Wilckens, 1905) are vulnerable to blood protozoan infections like Trypanosoma evansi. Indonesia's warm and moist environment provides ideal conditions for blood-sucking flies such as Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematobia irritans, and Hipobosca sp. to thrive and spread. These flies act as carriers of T. evansi, which can then infect Bali cattle. This study aims to detect the presence of T. evansi in Bali cattle. Blood samples were collected from 275 Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse, Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia. The samples were examined using the Giemsa-Staining Blood Smear (GSBS) method and hematology profile examination using Hematology Analyzer RT-7600 for Vet. Serum samples were also collected for serologic examination using the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) method. The hematological profile data obtained were analyzed descriptively, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the significance of hematological values between female and male cattle seropositive to T. evansi. The results showed that the T. evansi parasite was not detected in the blood smear examination. However, the serological detection with CATT revealed that 6.54% (18/275) of Bali cattle were positive for T. evansi. The hematological profiles of T. evansi seropositive cattle remained within the normal range, except for neutrophil percentage. White Blood Cell (WBC), Hemoglobin (Hb) levels, and hematocrit (PCV) values of male cattle were significantly (P?0.05) lower than those of females. Therefore, based on serological examination, it can be concluded that the protozoa T. evansi is present in 6.54% of Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse.
The potential for the cultivation of Styrax benzoin based on land suitability evaluation in Pakpak Bharat District, Indonesia
Authors: RAHMAWATY RAHMAWATY , GINTING YUNI A , BATUBARA RIDWANTI , RAUF ABDUL
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Rahmawaty, Ginting Y, Batubara R, Rauf A. 2024. The potential for the cultivation of Styrax benzoin based on land suitability evaluation in Pakpak Bharat District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1071-1080. Styrax benzoin (kemenyan), a latex-producing plant native to North Sumatra Province, requires development and sustainable cultivation. Currently, it is increasingly common to cultivate S. benzoin in conjunction with other crops, including gambir (Uncaria gambir). This research focused on assessing the suitability of land in Pakpak Bharat Regency for cultivating S. benzoin on land previously used for U. gambir cultivation. In this research, a survey methodology was employed, involving purposive soil sample collection from areas previously used for U. gambir cultivation. These specific locations were Aornakan I Village in Pergetteng Getteng Sengkut Sub-district and Kuta Tinggi Village in Salak Sub-district, both within Pakpak Bharat Regency, North Sumatra Province. The suitability assessment of cultivating S. benzoin on land previously used for U. gambir cultivation employed the matching method. The results revealed that the actual land suitability for S. benzoin was classified as moderately suitable (S2). Land Unit 1 is constrained by factors such as water availability (wa), root media (rc), and erosion hazards (eh), while Land Units 2, 3, and 4 with limitations primarily related to water availability (wa) and root media (rc). The findings also suggest that the potential land suitability class for S. benzoin remains at S2 for growth in areas where U. gambir was cultivated, with notable restrictions related to water availability and root media across all land units.
Mycoflora associated with stored rice from storage facilities in Makassar and Maros, Indonesia
Authors: BRUGMAN EIRENE , MARIO M. BAYU
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Brugman E, Mario MB. 2024. Mycoflora associated with stored rice from storage facilities in Makassar and Maros, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1089-1096. Rice storage is a postharvest process that aims to maintain food availability, seed supply, and price stability. One of the main problems encountered in the storage process is the potential for fungal infection and contamination, leading to postharvest loss. This research aims to evaluate the mycoflora associated with stored rice from storage facilities in Makassar and Maros and their contamination level. Fungal isolation was done by spread plating with serial dilution and direct culture method. The fungal identification was made based on morphological characters, including colony, sexual, and asexual structures. The fungal contamination was determined by colony counting, contamination percentage, and species occurrence. The result showed that all samples tested positive for fungal contamination, with an average contamination level of 83.89% (Makassar) and 86.11% (Maros). The highest colony densities in the samples from Makassar and Maros were 9.0 × 103 CFU/g and 14.2 × 103 CFU/g, respectively. The average fungal contamination in the samples from Makassar was 3.67 × 103 CFU/g, and Maros was 8.32 × 103 CFU/g. The mycoflora associated with the rice grain samples from Makassar was Rhizoctonia solani (11.34%), Aspergillus spp. (52.18%), Fusarium spp. (10.87%), Rhizopus sp. (15.22%), and unidentified cultures (10.39%). Meanwhile, the mycoflora associated with the stored rice from Maros are Curvularia sp. (15.22%), Alternaria sp. (8.7%), Aspergillus spp. (17.39%), Fusarium spp. (32.61%), Rhizopus sp. (15.22%), and Bipolaris oryzae (10.87%).
Morphometric and DNA sexing accurately in male Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) determination at Kamojang Eagle Conservation Center, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: WITHANINGSIH SUSANTI , ILHAM MUHAMMAD FADLI , ROSDIANTO AZIIZ MARDANARIAN
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Withaningsih S, Ilham MF, Rosdianto AM. 2024. Morphometric and DNA sexing accurately in male Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) determination at Kamojang Eagle Conservation Center, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1167-1173. The Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) is a protected and endemic species of eagle in Indonesia whose existence is symbolized by the Garuda Pancasila. Raptors act at the top of the predatory chain and as indicators of environmental health. IUCN data states that N. bartelsi is red-listed as endangered. It is one of Indonesia's most frequently hunted and traded birds, and this trading practice has changed its natural behavior. Therefore, preservation through conservation –one of which is rehabilitation– programs are needed to maintain their sustainability. The ultimate goal of rehabilitation is to release the Javan hawk-eagle back into its natural habitat. In conservation and breeding programs, accurate determination of the sex of raptors is integral to informing conservation decision-making, population management, and research efforts aimed at protecting these iconic birds of prey and their habitats. Therefore, this study aims to determine the sex of male N. bartelsi through morphometric and DNA sexing techniques. The research subjects were seven N. bartelsi rehabilitated at Kamojang Eagle Conservation Center, Garut, Indonesia. Morphometric sexing measurements obtained the following results: two males were consistent upon comparing DNA sexing and Kamonjang Eagle Conservation Centre records observations. Analyses were obtained using primer 2550F/2718R that recognized CHD1-Z and CHD1-W as cleaved. Furthermore, the amplification was successfully read a sexing of N. bartelsi at Kamonjang Eagle Conservation Centre. The analysis primer sets mainly for raptors can assist conservation programs such as breeding programs and data collection for mapping this raptor. In addition, the PCR method can also assist in the accurate management of in-situ and ex-situ conservation.
The diversity of indigenous and potential bacteria as bioremediator of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by metagenomics assessment
Authors: KARNO RIA , ARISOESILANINGSIH ENDANG , MUSTAFA IRFAN , SISWANTO DIAN
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Karno R, Arisoesilaningsih E, Mustafa I, Siswanto D. 2024. The diversity of indigenous and potential bacteria as bioremediator of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by metagenomics assessment. Biodiversitas 25: 1194-1200. This study aimed to identify the indigenous bacteria for potential bioremediation agents of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). Samples were obtained from the secondary pond of palm oil mill treatment. The bacterial diversity on the POMSE water samples was revealed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results showed that the high abundance of bacteria phylum was Pseudomonadota or Proteobacteria (50%), Bacillota (31%), Bacteroidota (5%), and Thermotogae (3%). A photosynthetic sulfur bacterium, Allochromatium humboldtianum, was the most abundant species detected in the POMSE, with more than 8% of the total Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) detected. It was followed by Allochromatium phaeobacterium (6%), Allochromatium sp. (6%), and Macromonas bipunctata (6%). Meanwhile, the level of physicochemical parameters in POMSE were relatively high for several main parameters of the quality standard of palm oil industry waste, such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). In contrast, oil and fat are low and meet the quality standards. The value of POMSE physicochemical parameters, including COD, BOD, and oil and fat, were 2,492.46, 852.96, and 6.20 mg/L, respectively. Metagenomic analysis showed that the bacterial community at POMSE was highly diverse. Nine dominant and codominant species found are Allochromatium humboldtianum, Allochromatium phaeobacterium, Allochromatium sp., Allochromatium vinosum, Macromonas bipunctata, Tepidibaculum saccharolyticum, Rhodocyclus purpureus, Comamonas nitrativorans, and Fervidobacterium riparium. Several indigenous bacterial species found in this research were bacteria that have potential as bioremediation agents for palm oil wastewater.
Indication of feeding ground inside the Manta Ray's cleaning station by investigation of the zooplankton community composition in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia
Authors: WIDIASTUTI WIDIASTUTI , BORUMEI DEBBY
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Widiastuti, Borumei D. 2024. Indication of feeding ground inside the Manta Ray's cleaning station by investigation of the zooplankton community composition in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1239-1245. Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia, hosts reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi) and oceanic manta ray (Mobula birostris). Studies reported that these areas have functioned as manta ray cleaning and nursery sites. However, food availability is also the main attraction for manta ray aggregation. Thus, this study investigated the zooplankton community composition and abundance in the Manta Sandy Spot, a manta's cleaning station, to indicate its other role as the manta ray's feeding ground. Three sampling sites were located around the cleaning station bordered by mooring. A plankton net collected samples with a 100 µm mesh size, a mouth diameter of 30 cm, and a 1 m length horizontally towed from a boat for 5-10 min at a speed of ~2 knots. Manta ray's behavior was observed by snorkeling in the surface waters. Results demonstrated that the zooplankton was only composed of Copepod, consisting of three orders: Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida. Among these orders, Calanoids dominated the zooplankton composition (93%). These genera were further grouped according to their body sizes, whereas three genera in Calanoids (Eucalanus, Calanus, and Undinula) were categorized as large-bodied zooplankton. The presence of the large-bodied zooplankton in the water samples, Calanoids, and Cyclopoids, which have been reported as the manta rays' preferred prey, indicates the area's role as the manta ray's feeding ground. This finding is supported by studies that found these zooplankton in the water where manta rays' feeding activity occurred and were absent in areas with no feeding activity. More indications were demonstrated by the manta ray's behavior, which followed the feeding activity criteria.
Plant species composition and diversity in traditional agroforestry landscapes on Siberut Island, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: INDRA GUSMARDI , MUKHTAR ERIZAL , SYAMSUARDI SYAMSUARDI , CHAIRUL CHAIRUL , MANSYURDIN MANSYURDIN
Published: May 2024

Abstract. Indra G, Mukhtar E, Syamsuardi, Chairul, Mansyurdin. 2024. Plant species composition and diversity in traditional agroforestry landscapes on Siberut Island, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1286-1296. The research conducted on Siberut Island, situated in the western part of Sumatra, focuses on traditional communities practicing an agroforestry land management system. This study aimed to identify the plant species within agroforestry land, their respective uses, and techniques for adapting these species to the landscape in two villages, Matotonan in South Siberut District and Bojakan in North Siberut District, Mentawai Islands. Data collection involved direct observation, unstructured interviews for plant species utilization, and transects with a 10m width along contour lines for landscape data. The findings revealed that Siberut's traditional agroforestry land, known as "Pomunean," is divided into Tinugglu and Mone categories based on land slope, proximity to riverbanks, and planted species. Plant species in agroforestry land served nine primary purposes, including staple and additional food, construction, furniture, medicine, firewood, traditional rituals, and commercial activities. Tinugglu land exhibited a higher Landscape Utilization Value Index (LUVI) at 57% compared to Mone land (43%). Regarding specific plant types, Metroxylon sago (Bojakan) and Durio zybethinus (Matotonan) had the highest LUVI values. These findings shed light on the vital role that traditional ecological knowledge and sustainable land management play in maintaining the delicate balance between human livelihoods and the preservation of natural ecosystems.
The Work of Being Worked (For): Intimacy, Knowledge, and Affective Labor in the Works of Henry James
Authors: Bunce Lauren
Published: May 2024

Abstract: Henry James's late works operate within a vibrant social economy, as "the working and the worked were in London, as one might explain, the parties to every relation" ( WD 201). I contend that James's social economy hinges on affective labor, a range of both paid and unpaid exchanges that involve emotional management and situate his characters in relationships of proximity, intimacy, and knowledge. By juxtaposing spaces of waged and unwaged affective labor in The Wings of the Dove and In the Cage , James reveals how it simultaneously facilitates the operation of a capitalist system and enacts a form of resistance.
A Real New Woman: Covert Progression and Character in Henry James's "Paste"
Authors: Hu Jie , Stetz Margaret D.
Published: May 2024

Abstract: Henry James's "Paste" (1899) displays enormous complexity, if we consider the possibility of a "covert progression" or counter-narrative, in which the character of Mrs. Guy is not antagonist, but protagonist, and potentially an admirable example of the late-nineteenth-century "New Woman." James is sometimes associated with anti-feminist views; yet here he creates a bold and defiant alternative to subjugated femininity and to conventional Victorian sexual morality. Whether readers are meant to find this figure appealing, however, is ultimately left open, as is much in this short story, which explicitly highlights the difficulty of assessing "value" in either human or material terms.