bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial: Accountability and professionalism
Authors: Locke Michael
Published: March 2007

Articles in this issue reverberate with the anxieties of the education service and with the doubts about how effectively we are coping with the changing political environment in which we work. Do we adapt, stand and fight, or hope it's not happening? What thinking and actions are appropriate in the context of the Government's wish to change features of the education service which many within it have held sacrosanct?
Staff Appraisal Schemes in Comprehensive Schools: A Regional Survey of Current Practice in the South Midlands and the South West of England
Authors: James C.R. , Newman J.C.
Published: March 2007

A survey in the South Midlands and South West of England shows that a majority of comprehensive schools are running or planning schemes of staff appraisal- but there are very different interpretations of what "appraisal" means and of what schemes aim to achieve.
Innovation and Rationalisation: Managing the Art of Development
Authors: Montgomery Martin , Hutchinson Barry
Published: March 2007

This case-study of a secondary school trying-not wholly successfully-to expand its 16+ courses investigates how internal communications and external negotiations were managed. It suggests a participative process could have improved the school's policy-making.
London Case Studies Revisited
Authors: Wilkins Raphael
Published: March 2007

A method of applying case study findings to similar situations is explored using worked examples from previous issues of Educational Management and Administration. It can accumulate a data bank which helps decide how to proceed in implementing policy objectives.
Heading for the Top: The Career Paths of Secondary School Heads
Authors: Earley Peter , Weindling Dick
Published: March 2007

What backgrounds do headteachers have before their appointment? NFER surveyed new heads, their qualifications and experience. It investigated differences of gender - women had more years in the profession before becoming heads.
Rules and Formulae for Allocating and Spending Delegated Budgets: A Consideration of General Principles
Authors: Levačić Rosalind
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to apply standard normative criteria for judging public sector resource allocation decisions to the rules for determining the distribution by LEAs of budget shares to schools and colleges and for regulating the spending of these budgets by governing bodies. A crucial preliminary issue is the selection of criteria — the criteria used for making such judgements are efficiency, effectiveness, equity, accountability and choice.
Who are the Governors?
Authors: Thody Angela
Published: March 2007

A survey was undertaken in 1986/87 to see what types of people became school governors. It found, contrary to the usual expectations, there were very few retired people, nor did vicars and housewives appear in large numbers. The author is in the School of Education, University of Leicester.
Objectives for Change in Educational Organisations
Authors: Newton Colin , Tarrant Tony
Published: March 2007

The experience of two educational psychologists working for Essex Country Council1 led them to consider how principles of psychology which help children with learning or behavioural difficulties could be applied to changing schools. They point to the need for vision and objectives.
Local Education Authorities and the Grant-Maintained Schools Policy
Authors: Halpin David , Fitz John , Power Sally
Published: March 2007

In this paper David Halpin of the University of Warwick and John Fitz and Sally Power of Bristol Polytechnic report on part of their larger ESRC-funded study of the origins, implementation and immediate effects of the government's grant-maintained policy. The data upon which it is based were obtained from 21 of the 25 local education authorities which up to the beginning of the academic year 1990-91 were having to come to terms with one or more opted-out schools within their administrative boundaries.
Induction for Headteachers: Choosing the Right Focus
Authors: Daresh John , Playko Marsha
Published: March 2007

Recent suggestions to encourage the development of programmes to assist new headteachers have tended to suggest that induction is a simple process which requires little more than providing general information needed by newcomers during the first few weeks in a new environment. John Daresh, Director of the Division of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies of the University of Northern Colorado, and Marsha Playko, Principal of Hazelwood Elementary School in Newark, Ohio, suggest that this is not enough. Without a comprehensive understanding of the multiple goals of such induction, it is unlikely to be effective.
Ana (Hole): A Modern Kyōgen Play
Authors: Fujita Asaya , Goto Yukihiro
Published: March 2007

Ana (Hole), written by Fujita Asaya in 1965, adapts kyÅgen structure and style to portray a contemporary social problem: three unemployed coal miners struggling to survive in rapidly industrializing Japan of the 1960s. The author analyzes the play's political sensibility, and its clever use of onomatopoeia and mime.
Susugigawa (The Washing River): An Instant Classic
Authors: Iezzi Julie , Salz Jonah
Published: March 2007

Susugigawa is a pivotal play in postâWorld War II kyÅgen. An adaptation of the medieval French farce Le Cuvier and virtually indistinguishable from traditional plays, its success marked the beginning of the "kyÅgen boom." This introduction traces the many permutations of the play, from its ï¬rst shingeki (modern Japanese theatre) adaption to recent bilingual and English-language kyÅgen productions.
Japannequins : A New Bilingual Kyōgen Based on the Traditional Kyōgen Roku Jizō ( Six Jizō)
Authors: Sadao Osada , Salz Jonah
Published: March 2007

This introduction traces the playwrighting and directing processes in the creation of thenew kyÅgen, Japannequins. The combined suggestions of producers, playwright, director, and actors created humor from intercultural bilingual frictions and depicted the discrepancy between the traditional and contemporary worlds.
Trapping The Fox and the Trapper : Maruishi Yasushi's Challenging Debut
Authors: Salz Jonah
Published: March 2007

With its tension of wildness and self-control, secret teachings, and physical rigor, Tsurigitsune (The Fox and the Trapper) is the most challenging of the kyÅgen actors' "roles of passage." This analysis of the play's importance in the training of the young actor is followed by an interview with Maruishi Yasushi, a professional from outside the kyÅgen tradition, who premiered the play at a late age, discovering its difï¬culties and rewards.
Suehirogari (The Fan of Felicity)
Authors: Tsubaki Andrew Takahisa
Published: March 2007

Suehirogari (The Fan of Felicity) is one of twenty-three Auspicious Plays (waki kyÅgen) in the current kyÅgen repertory. This play uses the relationship of a servant to his master, contrast of country simplicity and city trickery, misunderstandings of language, and dance for humor.
Muromachi Musicals: Resetting KyÅgen in a Modern Medium
Authors: Westerhout Gart T
Published: March 2007

Gart T. Westerhout introduces the Osugi Musical Theatre (OMT), located in the mountain village of Osugi (pop. 75), two hours north of Kyoto by train. Formed in 1995 to produce original theatre at the community level, the group takes Japanese theatre, folklore, and history and presents it in a new light. The primarily Japanese group performs in Japanese and has appeared in more than forty different venues, including four overseas tours.
Cancer Clinical Trials: The Emergence and Development of a New Style of Practice
Authors: Keating Peter , Cambrosio Alberto
Published: March 2007

Clinical trials are the principal vector for the development of chemotherapy, and they have become such a pervasive element of clinical cancer research that modern oncologists tend to take them for granted. Yet the system of cancer clinical trials amounts to a relatively recent (post–World War II) innovation. Its development has proceeded through ad hoc adjustments, and has produced a self-vindicating, yet open-ended, style of practice. This paper examines the historical development and articulation of the components of this new style of practice (protocols, oncologists, statistics, patients, and diseases), and of the new kind of objectivity they engender, by drawing on selected examples from American and European cancer clinical trial systems.
Roles of Moral Philosophy in Appropriated Bioethics: A Response to Baker and McCullough
Authors: Sugarman Jeremy
Published: March 2007

Strong arguments support the notion that much of modern bioethics is a result of appropriation rather than strict application of traditional moral philosophy. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize these sources and approaches associated with them, even when working with appropriated theories, since traditional ethical theory does and should influence modern bioethics.
From Playhouse to P2P Network: The History and Theory of Performance under Copyright Law in the United States
Authors: Gerland Oliver
Published: March 2007

This essay examines the expanding meaning of performance under United States copyright law, and its implications for twenty-first-century media culture and performance studies. As new communication technologies emerged in the twentieth century, copyright owners advanced an innovative theory of performance called the "multiple performance theory" that made every transmission of a record of a performed composition itself a performance of it. Established as current law by Congress, this theory sees practically everyone who operates a media device as a performer and, in combination with recent technical and legislative developments, grants copyright owners in the digital age extraordinary control over their works.
Toward a Rhetoric of Sociospatial Theatre: José Rivera's Marisol
Authors: Westgate J. Chris
Published: March 2007

José Rivera's Marisol offers social and spatial criticism of Ed Koch's New York City, in particular the campaign against the homeless during the 1980s. In so doing, the play undertakes what functions as a Brechtian defamiliarization of space for audiences to demonstrate how the urban landscape of New York City was central to the battle for social justice; and, more generally, to demonstrate how the social and the spatial are thoroughly imbricated. This essay takes Marisol as a starting point for theorizing a discourse in theatre studies to consider sociospatial concerns in dramaturgy and performance, a discourse that makes fruitful connections among cultural and critical geography, urban theory, and semiotics.
An In-Depth Analysis of Raman and Near-Infrared Chemical Images of Common Pharmaceutical Tablets
Authors: Šašić Slobodan
Published: March 2007

This study reports on the application of Raman and near-infrared (NIR) imaging techniques for determining the spatial distribution of all (five) components in a common type of pharmaceutical tablet manufactured in two different ways. Multivariate chemical images were produced as principal component (PC) scores, while univariate images were produced by using the most unique spectra selected by the orthogonal projection approach (OPA), a searching algorithm. Multivariate Raman images were obtained for all five components in both tablets, while only two or three components could be imaged with the NIR instrument. Very interesting PC results are reported that in effect cast doubt on the effectiveness of the established criteria for determining signal-related PCs in the Raman data. PCA has been found to be indispensable for imaging the minor components using the Raman data. Significant similarity between the multivariate and univariate chemical images has been noted despite there being considerable spectral overlap within the Raman and, especially, within the NIR mapping data sets. Gray-scale images are carefully thresholded, which allowed for quantitative comparison of the obtained binarized images. A thorough discussion is given on the problems and approximations needed for producing composite images.
Use of a Geometry Optimized Fiber-Optic Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor in Trace Detection
Authors: Lucotti Andrea , Pesapane Andrea , Zerbi Giuseppe
Published: March 2007

A novel SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) sensor has been recently developed; its peculiar geometry is able to increase considerably both the SERS active surface and the number of internal reflections at the interface between silica and silver, thus allowing an increase of the signal intensity. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that this sensor could be efficiently used to detect some molecules such as illegally used veterinary medicine (crystal violet and malachite green) below the ppb detection limit. The advantages of this sensor with respect to other detection techniques are not only the higher sensitivity, but also the fast response and the possibility of coupling with a portable Raman spectrometer for “on-field” measurements. The ability of the sensor to work under real environmental conditions in the presence of many cationic and anionic species has been tested both in solutions containing sodium and chlorine ions and in water coming from the aqueduct of Milan and from the (normally polluted) river Serio.
Interdepartmental Communication and Intraorganizational Strain
Authors: Stymne Bengt
Published: March 2007

Our point of departure in this paper has been that an organization can fruit fully be described as a system of organizational units rather than of individual roles. Whether or not two units in such a system can be described as connected can be determined, for example, by the frequency of communication between them. An account of the units in the system and the relations between them pro vides one aspect of a description of the organization's structure. Over and above this, the organization's way of functioning as a system can also be described; one of the relevant variables here is intraorganizational strain. Some writers have shown that there is a connection between intraorganizational strain and the organization's degree of goal satisfaction. In this paper we suggest some hypotheses on the origins of intraorganizational strain and have assumed that behavior in a system of organizational units can be explained by an analogy to theories con cerning interindividual systems. In conclusion our argument is illustrated by some examples from an empirical study.
The Rejected Status-Seeker in Mass Politics: Fact and Fiction
Authors: Himmelstrand Ulf , Lindhagen Jan
Published: March 2007

Seymour Lipset summarized some evidence suggesting that upwardly mobile individuals in some Nothern European countries, including Sweden, retained the working class loyalties characteristic of their stations of origin to much greater extent than upwardly mobile individuals in some other countries. This paper presents findings from a study designed to test some of the assump tions of Lipset's interpretation of this evidence, and also offers a number of alternative interpretations taking account of macro conditions of Swedish political history and social structure as well as micro processes of ideological conviction through "cognitive vigilance".
Diffusion of Innovation and Community Leadership in East Africa
Authors: Nypan Astrid
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the participation of formal leaders in the diffusion of innovation in a rural community in Tanzania.

Weber's definition of the basis of traditional leadership indicates a diffuseness of authority, which may become enhanced by directed change, giving the formal leaders a potentiality for influencing processes of social change in general.

The results show that the authority of the formal leaders extend to agri cultural matters. Through a central position in the communication structure, they have exercised strong influence in favour of adoption and thus contnbuted to a high rate of diffusion of the innovation in the community.

Variations in rates of diffusion between categories of formal leaders and opinion leaders indicate that connecredness to communication networks affect rates of diffusion, but also that additional factors related to formal leader ship itself are important.
Contemporary Student Rebellions — Intellectual Rebellion and Generational Conflict
Authors: Eisenstadt S.N.
Published: March 2007

Beyond many features which contemporary student currents share with other types of youth movements, the contemporary student movements evince also some new ones. Of these, two are perhaps most outstanding. There is, first, that probably for the first time in history at least some parts of these movements tend to become entirely dissociated from broader social or national movements, from the adult world, and do not tend to accept any adult models or association — thus stressing intergenerational discontinuity and conflict to an unprecendented extent.

Second, many of these movements tend also to combine their political activities with violence and destructive orientation which go much beyond the anarchist or bohemian traditions of youth or artistic, intellectual sub cultures and with a very far-reaching general and widespread alienation from the existing social order.

These new features of youth rebellion and student protest are analyzed as a result of the convergence and mutual reinforcement of the two major sets of conditions or processes, namely, of widespread intellectual antino mianism on the one hand, and of generational discontinuity and conflict, and of their simultaneous extension to the central zones of a society and to very wide groups and strata alike.
On the (Un)translatability of some of Ferdinand Tönnies' Principal Sociological Ideas
Authors: Runeberg Arne
Published: March 2007

Tönnies' Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887) has been translated into French (1946), Spanish (1947), English (1955), and Italian (1963). It is surprising that, while an actual translation into French and Italian is possible, the only way, so far, to render Tönnies' ideas in English has been to promote Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to English words and then to use them as such. Much the same is true of "translations," e.g., into Swedish and Finnish.

An actual translation into Russian, on the other hand, is demonstrated to be possible. It is a reasonable hypothesis to adopt that, what we here encounter are different systems of social concepts, distributed in various parts of Europe and woven into the languages in use there.
Some Thoughts On Receptors and Regulators
Authors: Swedner Harald
Published: March 2007

This is an attempt to describe one kind of social institutions, here called receptors, which handle the problem of creating functioning relations between groups of newcomers in a society and various subgroups within this society during a confron tation between such groups Such a social institution might be called a regulator, when there exists an agreement between the interest groups involved, that their goal should be a mutually acceptable situation for both groups The paper also contains an attempt to describe those ideologies with regard to the reception of newcomers, which are most likely to develop within different kinds of receptors.
Second Order Measures of Association — a Markovian Approach
Authors: Hernes Gudmund
Published: March 2007

A technique previously developed for interpreting measures of association for fourfold tables based on markovian assumptions is here extended to derive measures of second order association. Transition rates between the states repre sented by 'the dichotomous cube" are decomposed in different ways to arrive at an additive, a multiplicative, and an exponential measure. The relative merits of these measures and their relation to traditional coefficients are discussed
Theoretical Domains and Measurement: Part I
Authors: Stinchcombe Arthur L.
Published: March 2007

A general philosophical analysis of measurement is proposed, using the concept of a theoretical domain. A theoretical domain consists of units of analysis, environments within which the theory is supposed to hold, a substantive focus described by a set of concepts, and a set of functional forms of relations between concepts. A spanning set of concepts for a domain is a set in which all the relations of a domain can be stated. A causal locus in a domain is a set of variables which occupy the same place in all statements of laws within the domain. The problem of measurements is to find observable variables which occupy all the distinct causal loci of a domain.
The careers of professional women and men in Finland
Authors: Eskola Irja , Haavio-Mannila Elina
Published: March 2007

The different conditions for a successful career of professional women & men were investigated on the basis of a mail questionnaire sent to 581 per sons with academic degrees in agricultural sciences, architecture, engineering, law, medicine, & forestry. The sample was stratified according to sex & field of study. The response rate was 80 %; 223 women & 230 men returned the questionnaire. Career success was measured by income & own evaluation of the appropriateness of professional placement. The following variables were correlated with the career success of both sexes: broad scope of professional activity, academic degree beyond the lowest one, contact with male co workers outside working hours, & freedom from homemaking obligations. Among women also good performance in secondary school, faithful service to the same employer, urban location, & progressive attitude toward woman's role in working life were correlated significantly with success. Among men only good academic performance, high prestige of father's profession, job changes, working overtime, keeping up with professional literature, & a non- employed wife were characteristic of those successful in their careers. The results were discussed in terms of sex role differentiation. In addition to household obligations, segregation of the sexes in the working life is also one of the many structural barriers against the equality of the sexes.
Review Article : Class and Exploitation: Description and Ethics. Notes on John Roemer's A General Theory of Exploitation and Class
Authors: Petersen Trond
Published: March 2007

John Roemer's book A General Theory of Exploitation and Class is a novel and controversial contribution to the Marxian theory of exploitation and class. In this paper I give a synopsis of the conclusions obtained by Roemer. I discuss the methodological status of his framework focusing on his use of assumptions and of general equilibrium models, and I discuss the extent to which his framework may be useful in empirical research on class.
Review Article : The Theory of Structuration: Prospects and Problems*
Authors: Bertilsson Margareta
Published: March 2007

Anthony Giddens's theory of structuration appears to have been the outcome of a series of critical confrontations with other prevailing themes in social theory This review essay outlines Giddens's criticism of accounts of advanced society, class theory and historical materialism and his concomitant critique of functionalism and evolutionarism. The more abstract themes of struc turation and agency are also discussed. A criticism is offered of the theory and methodology of structuration and of Giddens's account of agency, the grounds for this criticism being that these positions fail to link social and political theory more closely.
The Social Class of Finnish Civil Servants before World War II
Authors: Kortteinen Timo
Published: March 2007

Those State employees in Finland who had no qualifications and performed manual labour had from 1850 onwards a social status very close to that of industrial workers, the 'traditional' working class. What distinguished State employees was the fact that they enjoyed greater job security. Upper grade white-collar civil servants, on the other hand, had a very different status from that of industrial workers: greater job security and better standard of living. From the end of the 19th century onwards, the social status of State employees and industrial workers converged. The trend accelerated immediately after World War II, which constituted the moment when the position of State employees underwent the greatest structural change. The changes that took place then were even reinforced between the two World Wars. The convergence with industrial workers was most marked in the case of upper grade white-collar State employees.

A clear distinction must also be drawn between the ruling class and wage- earners employed by the State Whereas there were differences between State employees and other wage-earners, the social status of State employees as wage-earners meant that they had little in common with the ruling class. We may therefore say that in Finland before World War II, State employees constituted a wage-earning grouping, an intermediate class within capitalist society.
Middle Managers in Contemporary Capitalism
Authors: Peschanski Valentin V.
Published: March 2007

The paper discusses middle managers and administrators - a sizeable and developing stratum in the contemporary capitalist society. Their con tradictory class situation leads one to regard them as belonging to the middle strata'. Changes in their material conditions in the last decades are briefly considered, and shifts in their moods and attitudes in greater detail Four main types of their social orientations are suggested The author concludes that the growing identification of middle managers with their own social group (now emerging as the major orientation) - and the corresponding weakening of identification with the employer's interests - is an advance in their historical development.
Biologism, Politics and International Politics
Authors: Laitinen Ahti , Maude George
Published: March 2007

The article is a revised version of two contributions made by the authors to the Symposium on Sociobiology and the State held at the College of Wooster. Ohio, on 11 April 1984. The authors view the impact of biologism (and especially sociobiology) on the study of man, politics and international relations as dangerously simplistic. The subject is treated here in the light not merely of the statements made by the recognized authorities of this stream of thought but also by taking into account the assertions made by those who are involved in politics and have adopted the outlook of biologism.
Corporatism and Reformism: The Social Democratic Institutionalization of Class Conflict
Authors: Rothstein Bo
Published: March 2007

Corporatism has generally been seen as a way of incorporating an unwilling working class into the capitalist system. Searching for possible explanations of corporatism, one has to take into consideration the great variety of the degree of corporatism within Western states This vanety shows a firm relationship between states that have strong corporatist structures and states with a successful reformist labour movement, that is, Austria, Norway and Sweden and to some extent Denmark and the FRG This indicates that there is something wrong with the functionalist thesis that corporatism is a way of taming the working class. The aim of this article is to raise some hypotheses about the reasons why polities dominated by Social Democracy seem especially to foster corporatist structures. It is argued that in order to understand the relationship between the existence of corporatist structures and a successful Social Democracy, we have to scrutinize the logic of the system of bargaining between capitalists and workers that the capitalist relations of production brings forth.
Influences on Max Weber's Methodology
Authors: Eliaeson Sven
Published: March 2007

There may be many reasons for our turning to the classics of social science. We might for instance find it useful to apply their concepts to our present reality, or to utilize them in our recurring discussions in normative issues. In the case of Weber I rather suggest that we turn to him for identity, roots. In the famous Methodenstreit between Austrian marginalism (Menger) and the historicism of the younger historical school (Schmoller) the ever-green tension between theory and history is reproduced. This is still a main paradigmatic divide, as manifested today in both sociology and history. Weber is to be seen as a mediator more than genuine classic His way of developing neo-Kantian methodologies (Rickert's Wertbeziehung) and combining them with marginalist models in constructing his ideal-types allows for intersubjectivity and, thus, testability (rationale Evidenz) Lucid concept-formation in Weber's 'aspect-choice-methodology' is an adaptation of secular tools for the newly established sociology in a mode that could be accepted in the German intellectual setting, with its historicist hegemony.
Social Conditions of Treatment Programmes: Suggestions for an Analytical Model
Authors: Bergmark Anders , Oscarsson Lars
Published: March 2007

In this paper an analytical approach for the study of treatment and prevention programmes from a social science perspective is discussed The object of the approach is the relation between the social understanding of, eg , alcohol and drug problems and the forms and content of society's treatment efforts to meet these problems. What is suggested is a sociocultural analysis of how the different opinions in the discourse of alcohol and drug problems are expressed and reproduced in the treatment practices, and, by that, how they confirm and strengthen some opinions and practices and limit the space of other, alternative ones
Cultural Belonging, Structural Location and Human Action
Authors: Therborn Göran
Published: March 2007

Sociological theorizing is likely to change dramatically in the near future, moving from focusing on conceptualization onto explanation. Central to a new theoretical movement will be a spelling out and an elaboration of a core sociological mode of explanation, common, with variations, to most schools of sociology. In a comparison with rational choice models, the specificity of sociological explanations of action and its outcomes is found to reside in their treatment of actors, in contrast to situations, as systematically variable. The variability of actors as the key explaining variable is then spelled out in terms of the varying cultural belonging and structural location of actors. The promise of composite models of rational choice and cultural-cum-structural determinations is also pointed to.
Review - Acta 40 Years : Absolute Beginners? Scandinavian Sociology in the Cradle
Authors: Strandbakken Pål
Published: March 2007

1956: Eisenhower is still President, soon to be re-elected for a second term. Real Madrid wins the first European Cup ever, beating Stade de Rheims 4-3 in the final. The English league is won by Manchester United. In Sweden, Ingemar Stenmark and Bjørn Borg are born. The first volume of Acta Sociologica is published. It is eleven years after Hiroshima. Free-enterprise America is, in a rather strange fashion, some kind of model society for the more or less social democratic Scandinavian mini- states. Hungarian reform communism is overrun by Hungary's allies (in the fifties and sixties the rule is that countries are attacked by their allies; attacks from enemies are extremely rare). Puskas as a cold war refugee thus partly explains the power of Falangist Spanish soccer. In Suez, there is intervention by England and France; messing up the Middle East and making sure that ethnic and religious conflict in the area will remain insoluble for at least forty years. Meanwhile, in the US, C. Wright Mills publishes The Power Elite and Parsons & Smelser publish Economy and Society (I actually used to believe that the German guy, Max Whats hisname, wrote that one...). The new social science is imported from the North American continent; in a way reintroducing (Americanized) European ideas into the Old World. Elvis Presley releases 'Heart- break Hotel'.
Working Fathers - Caught in the Web of the Symbolic Order of Gender
Authors: Hojgaard Lis
Published: March 2007

The Scandinavian countries are currently experiencing a change in the social construction of fatherhood. This article explores the character of the change within the domain of the relationship between fatherhood and work. Against the backdrop of a theoretical understanding of gender as a cultural dynamic that is formed by the constant interplay between institutional and interactional processes and the symbolic universe of masculine and feminine, the construction of fatherhood is discussed on three levels: in the institutional context of welfare state policies, in the interactional processes of the work place and on the individual level. The analysis reveals the precarious situation that working fathers are currently facing, where state policies challenge, albeit ambiguously, the symbolic order of masculinity and the work cultures support a strengthening of the masculine work ethic with the effect that the choice of being an active father is jeopardized by evoking a very basic conflict in the symbolic universe of masculinity.
Occupational Homogamy in Eight Countries of the European Union, 1975-89
Authors: Smits Jeroen , Ultee Wout , Lammers Jan
Published: March 2007

Using data from the Eurobarometers, the association between the occupations of spouses is studied for eight EU countries at several points in time. Most of the association is due to a tendency towards occupational similarity between the spouses. The strength of this tendency differs somewhat between countries and decreases by about 16 per cent between 1975 and 1989, indicating that the social structure of the countries has become more open in this period. By comparing the changes in occupational homogamy of successive birth cohorts over time, we find that when the spouses belonging to a certain birth cohort grow older, their degree of occupational similarity decreases. This suggests that even within existing marriages spouses tend to become less alike between 1975 and 1989.
Do Structural Contexts Matter? Macro-sociological Factors and Popular Attitudes towards Public Welfare Services
Authors: Blomberg Helena , Kroll Christian
Published: March 2007

In various earlier studies focusing on support for the welfare state, attitudinal differences have been explained by factors linked to individual social characteristics of respondents. This study focuses mainly on how macro-sociological variables influence attitudes towards the public service system in Finland. An attempt is made to investigate whether differences between municipalities in public-policy measures, political climate and the economic situation have effects on ordinary citizens' support for the service system or whether such support is only related to the individual-level factors, such as socio-economic position and gender, that are traditionally used in studies of attitudes. A focus on attitudes towards economy measures makes it possible simultaneously to investigate the kinds of municipal-level circumstances that affect the acceptance of a retrenchment of the 'service state'. The analyses are based on individual-level data (n = 1,024) and municipal-level Finnish data. The results show that different indicators of macro-sociological factors do have an impact on people's attitudes towards public services. Individuals in municipalities where economic conditions are relatively poor, where the level of social and health expenditure is low and, on some issues, where bourgeois parties are the dominating political bloc, show a lower level of support for the welfare services. However, the impact of tax policies is not that significant on any of the questions studied. The interpretation of the results includes a discussion of specific problems associated with this type of analysis.
The World Looks at the American Program
Authors: Malik Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Technical proficiency is insufficient apart from a liberal education. On the intellectual level, the liberal mind, that trusts reason and rejoices in the truth and, therefore, does not contradict for the sake of contradiction, is the only answer to communism. The United States should see that the foreign students in this country are liberally as well as technically educated. Abroad, the United States would do well to spon sor educational institutions in countries lacking the adminis trative framework, philosophy of education, organization, trained personnel, and elementary tools to do it themselves. As the universal language of communication, English brings opportunity to those who master it for disseminating knowl edge and culture, for good or evil, throughout the world. The United States could, also, assist printing in the vernaculars. Thoroughly trained experts in Asian and African languages and cultures should be prepared and sent abroad. Europe should be drawn into a cultural as well as military and political alli ance with the United States in confronting the world. A phi losophy and practice of universal humanism are called for. A cultural emergency exists today precisely because cultural ob ligations were not understood and acted upon in the past.—Ed.
Electorates', Interest Groups, and Local Government Policy
Authors: Liebman Charles S.
Published: March 2007

There are two opposing views of the relations between the electorate and the policies formed by local officials. The author, on the basis of his 1960 doctoral dis sertation at the University of Illinois, SOME POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SUBURBS, suggests that electorates have relatively little influence on policy, particularly in comparison to interest groups. There are two distinct types of interest groups, personnel-oriented and policy-oriented, with patterns of activity that vary from city to city. Mr. Liebman is a member of the University of Pennsylvania's Department of Political Science.
How Executives Handle "Hot" Questions
Authors: Henderson Keith M.
Published: March 2007

Mr. Henderson of the University of Southern California's School of Public Administration reports his use of content analysis to examine the practices of governmental executives in coping with sensitive interview questions. In an ex tensive sample, less than 40 per cent of interview questions received unequivocal answers. We suggest that social science moves in part by the ramifying use of technique, and feel that Mr. Henderson has broken open a new area for content analysis. It is an area of substantive importance and of considerable scope, for the interview is a primary means of communicating organization activities to a group's participants, clientele, and the larger public.
Political Atmosphere in Beijing
Authors: Changjiang Ren
Published: March 2007

This article is taken from ZHENG MING (Contending) journal, no. 19, 1979 (1 May), pp. 18-20, and translated by GOPAL CHAUDHURI, final year student of M.A. Chinese language, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.— EDITOR
Inspections in Antarctica
Authors: Hanevold Truls
Published: March 2007

Because of the Antarctic Treaty, Antarctica has become the first, and so far the only, major demilitarized and atom free area. Among the rights given to treaty members is that of mutual inspection.

The article gives an account of the major problems connected with the negotiations leading up to the inclusion of the inspection article in the treaty. After a description of the inspections which have been carried out, the ability of the member states to inspect is discussed in relation to the economic, scientific and logistic capability differences existing between them.

Further, attention is drawn to the questions of effectiveness and sanctions. The possible consequences of being able and willing to inspect for the question of territorial claims and rights in the area are discussed, and finally, some alternative ways of carrying out inspections are suggested.
The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings — Form and Procedure
Authors: Hanevold Truls
Published: March 2007

The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 established a consultative system for the purpose of passing recommendations to the signatory governments in pursuit of the objects and principles of the treaty.

This article is a study in international negotiations. After an introduction detailing the background for the negotiations, attention is drawn to the possible long-term aims and strategies of the parties in view of their attitudes on the question of rights and claims in Antarctica and their capabilities for conducting scientific research there. In part two the preparations for the consultative meetings and their influence on the decision- making process are described. Part three deals with the consultative meetings themselves, how the delegations are composed, and their instructions and behaviour during the negotiations. Different types of sessions and their particular characteristics are dis cussed. The dynamics of the negotiations are treated in part four, which includes a discussion of strategies, types of arguments, self-commitments, concessions and strategies.
Trans-governmental Interactions in the Nordic Region
Authors: Sundelius Bengt A.
Published: March 2007

Nordic cooperation is analyzed within a trans-governmental perspective of inter-state relations, where governmental subunits interact fairly independently across national boundaries. A brief outline of the structural framework of Nordic interactions is offered. The major participants are identified as national ministers, parliamentarians and officials, and Nordic ministerial and parliamentary officials. The forms, means, and frequency of regional interactions are examined. The importance of informal interactions is stressed. The joint policy-making process in the region is analyzed by relating each actor type to a particular policy-making role. Roles included are: initiators, vetoers of policy, controllers, and brokers of the decision-making process. Finally, the implications of the intensive trans-Nordic relations for national policy coherence and control are discussed.
New Departures in the North Sea
Authors: Archer Clive
Published: March 2007

The article outlines the change in the status of the North Sea brought about by international agreement, regional arrangements and the individual actions of the coastal states. The high seas regime there has been undermined and new legal regimes are emerging. The type of regime adopted in the various areas of activity, for example oil exploitation or fisheries, depends not just on wider international developments but also on pressure from interest groups and the balance of advantages offered to the coastal states by the new system.
Neutral States and Bloc-based Integration
Authors: Hakovirta Harto
Published: March 2007

According to the theoretical construction presented in this article, the integration prob lem of a state actor with respect to an integration phenomenon is a resultant of two countervailing forces - integration pressures and integration restraints. These, in turn, are decomposable into lower-level concepts. Neutrality as a foreign policy orientation entails obligations which give rise to particular integration restraints. There are a number of methods the neutral can use to deal with the problem. According to the dominant methods in its over-all behavioral profile, its basic mode of adaptation can be called either adaptation to restraints or adaptation of restraints. There is also the possibility of evading the problem without adaptation to or adaptation of restraints. An empirical analysis shows that Sweden, Switzerland and Austria have mainly resorted to adaptation of restraints and Finland predominantly to adaptation to restraints as well as particular problem-evading methods in dealing with their postwar integration problems.
The Like-Minded Countries and the New International Order: Past, Present and Future Prospects
Authors: Dolman Antony J.
Published: March 2007

Dolman, A. J. The Like-Minded Countries and the New International Order: Past, Present and Future Prospects. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 57-85.

The article seeks to analyse the origins, contents and possible future prospects of like-minded ness, i.e. the constructive and responsive attitude towards Third World demands for a New International Economic Order (NIEO) which has characterized the approach of the Nordic countries and the Netherlands. First, the historical origins of Nordic-Netherlands cooperation and of the like-minded group are traced; next the common characteristics of the group are inventorized with a view to explaining why the like-minded have generally been more constructive in their dealings with the developing countries than have most other industrialized countries. In the third section, the limitations on like-mindedness and the many problems being experienced by the like-minded countries in translating broad rhetorical support for the NIEO into practical policy are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of the future possibilities for the like-minded countries to move to more positive action and to demonstrate the purity of their declared intentions. The article suggests that, if the existence of the group is to continue to make sense, it must seek to identify the areas in which it is able to formulate policy and in which its members have room for maneuver. Having identified these areas, the group should seek to initiate a meaningful dialogue with a group of interested developing countries.
The Illusory Nordic Alternative to Europe
Authors: Stråth BO
Published: March 2007

Debate and research on Nordic governmental cooperation has for long been premised on the assumption that the impelling forces behind such cooperation are to be found inside the Nordic countries themselves. Nordic cooperation has been regarded as an alternative to Europe. This article proceeds from the assumption that international or external factors have to be taken more into consideration. They form a framework for the political activities of the Nordic countries and could be characterized as long-term factors. Other relevant long-term factors are economic, industrial, and social structures of the Nordic countries. Considering these external and long-term factors does not imply disregarding internal factors and day-to-day events or current affairs, short-term factors. The three dichotomies external/internal, long-term/short-term, and economic/political factors are used as tools of analysis. A systematic use of the concepts leads to the conclusion that external political and economic long-term factors operate centrifugally on Nordic cooperation. Internal political factors have occasionally worked for Nordic cooperation. Yet these internal political factors, as a rule of a short-term kind, have been exceeded by the stronger external political and economic factors of a long-term kind. There has been no independent Nordic alternative to Europe. This conclusion is based on a long historical perspective.