bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nano Urea and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Kharif Maize
Authors: Pathak Shivam , Mehera Biswarup , Kumar Prateek , Amitayush Ishan
Published: August 2024

A field experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the Effect of Nano Urea and zinc on growth and yield of Kharif maize during kharif (Monsoon) season of 2023 at Crop Research Farm Department of Agronomy. The treatments consisted of 3 levels of Nano urea (3,4,5 ml/l) and 3 level Zinc (0.3 %,0.5 %,0.7 %) along with recommended doses of nitrogen and potash and a control (120-60-40kg N-P-K/ha). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments and replication thrice. Application of Nano urea at 4ml/l at 0.5% Zinc (Treatment 5) recorded highest plant height (226.71cm), no. of leaves (14.18), dry weight (104.67 g) and crop growth rate (5.926 g/m2/day), yield attributes and yield viz ., No. of cobs/plant (1.33), No. of grains / row (23.56), No. of rows / cob (13.900),seed index (23.10 g), grain yield (6.05 t/ha) and stover yield (8.99 t/ha ) compared to control.
Modulation of BDNF Expression by Bryophyllum pinnatum Extract: Implications for Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function in Pain-induced Wistar Rats
Authors: Ukoro B. , Ojeka S.O , Adienbo O.M , Chuemere A.N
Published: August 2024

This research work investigated modulatory effects of Bryophylum pinnatum extract on BDNF expression, and cognitive functions in repetitive pain-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Animals weighing between 80–100g were acquired from the animal house of the Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, and all animals received standard laboratory rat feeds and water ad libitum. The study was designed to assess the time dependent effects with a total of 30 rats divided into 6 groups. Group 1(Control), Group 2 (Pain Only), Group 3 (Pain + 5mg/kg Morphine), Group 4 (Pain + 10mg/kg Morphine), Group (Pain + 25mg/kg Bryophylumm Pinnatum), Group 6 (Pain + 50mg/kg Bryophylumm Pinnatum), Hydromethanolic extracts was prepared accordingly, and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis were carried out. Neurobehavioral studies were conducted weekly to assess the effects of the interventions on cognitive and neurological parameters, using radial maze and navigational maze test. Assay of BDNF was done using the Elisa method. The Results showed that Morphine and Bryophyllum pinnatum both significantly improved BDNF expression, showed antioxidant effects, improved cognitive functions, and provided possible mechanisms of pain relief. Pharmacokinetic studies on the binding affinities and drug-likeness properties of the active compounds from these extracts revealed some favorable properties with regard to management of oxidative stress and promotion of cognitive function in states of pain. The study therefore provide indication of the therapeutic potential of Bryophyllum pinnatum in the effective management of Pain, oxidative stress and cognitive functions.
Characterization and Management of Post-harvest Fungal Diseases in Banana (Musa paradisiaca)
Authors: Pawar Shital , Rathod Gulab , Nanjunadappa Manjunatha
Published: August 2024

Banana (Musa spp.) is a vital crop globally, contributing significantly to food security and income generation, particularly in tropical regions like India. However, post-harvest fungal diseases pose a considerable threat to banana production, affecting both fruit quality and marketability. The current study investigated the isolation, characterization, and management of post-harvest fungal diseases in banana (Musa paradisiaca). Infected banana fruits were collected from the Dharashiv fruit market (Maharashtra, India), and pathogenic fungi were isolated and identified. Fusarium napiforme, Talaromyces atroroseus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium sp., and Fusarium equiseti were the primary pathogens identified. DNA extraction and sequencing were employed for accurate identification, and sequences were submitted to GenBank. The antifungal activity of essential oils and plant extracts was evaluated using the Poisoned Food Technique. Essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum, Mentha piperita, and Punica granatum showed significant inhibition (P<0.05) of fungal growth, with clove and peppermint oils achieving 100% inhibition at higher concentrations. Plant extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Piper betel, and Cymbopogon citratus were also tested, revealing notable efficacy, particularly with neem and peppermint extracts. The study that the efficacy of essential oils was more compared to aqueous plant extracts. The results suggested sustainable strategies for managing post-harvest fungal diseases in bananas and explained the importance of conducting field trials to validate laboratory results.
Increasing Incidence of Bee Stinging in Brazil: An Epidemiological Study
Authors: Silva Líllian Oliveira Pereira da , Mendonça Paloma Martins , Cortinhas Lucas Barbosa , Ribeiro Paulo Cesar , Norberg Antonio Neres , Norberg Paulo Roberto Blanco Moreira , Queiroz Margareth Maria de Carvalho
Published: August 2024

Background and Aim: Latin America is home of the highest biodiversity of venomous species globally. In Brazil, envenomation incidents are the second leading cause of human intoxications, surpassed only by medication-related events. Envenomation represents a significant public health issue due to their high incidence and potential lethality, classifying them as one of the major neglected tropical diseases. Among venomous animals, bees, particularly those of the genus Apis, are responsible for a considerable number of incidents. Bee stings can induce severe adverse reactions, including anaphylaxis, which can be fatal if not promptly treated. This study aims to describe the epidemiological profile of bee sting incidents in Brazil based on data from the national Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN).
Methods: A descriptive and retrospective epidemiological analysis was conducted on bee sting cases registered in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) in Brazil from 2013 to 2023. The data were categorized by region, gender, ethnic self-identification, work-related incidents, and classification of the severity. This information was compiled into electronic spreadsheets and statistically analyzed to identify trends and epidemiological patterns.
Results: A total of 206,656 cases of bee sting were recorded between 2013 and 2023, with an annual average of 18,074 cases. An increase in the incidence of bee stings was observed over the years, with over 30,000 cases in 2023. Most accidents were recorded in the Southeast, Northeast, and South regions, where there is a higher concentration of apiaries. Although the number of bee sting cases has consistently increased over the last decade, mortality rates have fluctuated between 0.0034% and 0.0022%, showing no statistically consistent trend. The analysis showed that most cases occurred among men, reflecting the predominance of males in outdoor activities and beekeeping. Anaphylaxis was the main cause of deaths, with a low but significant mortality rate.
Conclusion: The analysis of the recorded data highlights the need for specific public health strategies to prevent and treat bee sting incidents. Implementing standardized clinical protocols and improving access to prompt medical care in rural and remote areas are essential to reducing the lethality associated with these incidents. Raising awareness and educating the public about the risks and preventive measures are crucial to minimizing the impact of bee stings. Additionally, studies on regional peculiarities are necessary to determine the epidemiological risks and inform the public health measures required to minimize such events.
HIV Diagnostic Algorithms in A Resource-Limited Setting: A Comparative Study
Authors: KA Fasakin , OD Ajayi , AA Ibijola , AA Adeniyi , WA Ajetunmobi , OA Ajetunmobi , OE Adewara , A Bakare , BE Oyegue
Published: August 2024

Background: Adoption of appropriate HIV testing algorithm is essential for quality HIV diagnostic results. Whether rapid enzyme immunoassay (rEIA) or combination of rapid enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rEIA-ELISA) alternative confirmatory algorithm is enough to make accurate HIV diagnosis has been a subject of controversies. Recent evaluation of national algorithm for HIV testing presented some discrepancies in results. Again, current guideline prescribed discontinuity of Western blot supplemental test and its replacement with Geenius HIV-1/ HIV-2 differentiation test followed by nucleic acid testing. The objective of this study is to compare HIV-1 testing algorithms using ELISA-NAT algorithm as the gold standard for HIV-1 diagnosis, and rEIA-Western blot and ELISA-Western blot as alternative confirmatory algorithms for HIV-2 diagnosis.
Methods: This is a comparative study involving a cohort of 173 (98.9%) HIV-positive subjects and two (1.1%) HIV-negative subjects initially diagnosed on the basis of rEIA algorithm. Plasma samples separated from ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid anticoagulated blood were used for further analyses. Fourth generation HIV antigen-antibody kit was used for further testing to make up rEIA-ELISA algorithm. Analyses with Western blot 1 and 2 assays were done as supplemental tests to make up alternative rEIA-Western blot and ELISA-Western blot confirmatory algorithms. Research subjects were further tested for HIV-RNA under PEPFAR plan. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of algorithms were compared using the descriptive statistics of the SPSS version 17.
Results: The HIV testing analyses showed 100% sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value from algorithm to algorithm especially for HIV-1 diagnosis. Use of combined ELISA-NAT confirmatory algorithm validated outcomes of rEIA-Western blot and ELISA-Western blot alternative confirmatory algorithms for HIV-1 diagnosis. Among HIV-1 positive samples tested, 50.0-60.7% HIV-2 Western blot indeterminate result was obtained and 7.1-10.7% HIV-1/HIV-2 co-infections were observed.
Conclusion: The rEIA or national algorithm and its combination with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are reliable alternative confirmatory algorithms for the diagnosis of established HIV-1infection in resource-limited settings but not for HIV-2. Diagnosing acute HIV infection with current algorithm is limited and still require further review.
Genetic Analysis for Popping Traits in Tropical Inbred Lines of Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta)
Authors: Divya Kandala , Sumalini K. , Kumar M.V. Nagesh , Prasanna K. Lakshmi
Published: August 2024

Aim: Combining ability studies in popcorn to identify superior parents for commercial hybrid breeding.
Study Design: line x tester mating fashion.
Place and Duration of Study: MRC, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar Hyderabad, between 2023-2024.
Methodology: Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) is a popular snack item both in India and other countries, the genetic base of popcorn germplasm is very narrow, and they resulted in few popcorn hybrids. In this study, a set of 44 popcorn hybrids obtained by crossing 22 inbred lines with two testers in line x tester fashion were evaluated along with parents and two standard checks i.e. Amber popcorn and BPCH-6.
Results: Combining ability analysis implied significant differences among parents, crosses, parent’s v/s crosses for all the traits indicating variation in the selected lines of popcorn. For grain yield, lines PC 1, PC 116, PC 6-1, PC 12-2, PC 25, PC 201-1 and tester CML 451 were identified as good general combiners, whereas crosses, PC 1 x CML 451, PC 25-1 x CML 451, PC 71-1 x CML 451 and PC 5 x CML 286 showed high desirable sca effects for grain yield. The popping expansion trait in crosses viz., PC 22 x CML 451, PC 5 x CML 286, PC 72-2 x CML 451 displayed desirable sca effects. In addition to these hybrids PC 5 x CML 286 exhibited positive significant sca values along with high per se performance for both the traits.
Conclusion: The lines which show desirable performance for yield and popping traits will be utilized in further development of popcorn hybrids.
The Reemergence of Measles: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis and Management.
Authors: M. U. Iduh , S. S. Enitan, , U. A. Imam, , B. N. Muhammad, , S. S. Usman , M. Nasiru,
Published: August 2024

Measles is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable childhood disease in developing countries, with the highest incidence among children under 5 years of age. The emergence and recurrence of measles as an infectious disease affects high-risk groups and the number of cases and deaths increases rapidly. Before the idea of ​​vaccination was introduced, more than 2 million people died each year. Measles is most common in areas where there is little or no vaccination coverage, especially areas with limited resources such as Africa and Nigeria. Although measles is a vaccine-preventable disease, it is endemic in Nigeria and exhibits a seasonal pattern with high incidence during the dry season, with most occurring between February and April every year, which is associated with the dry season. In 2016, an estimated 39.9 million measles cases and 777,000 deaths were recorded worldwide. Africa and East Asia account for 70% and 84% of measles and measles-related diseases reported worldwide. Nigeria is Africa's largest country and the burden of measles remains high. Measles is endemic in most of the northern states of Nigeria, including Sokoto state. In this review study, we discuss the reemergence of measles: epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and management.
„Bondstripping“ durch Luxemburger SICAV mit KGaA als Gesellschafterin – Urteilsanmerkung zu BFH v. 7.2.2024 – I R 8/19, FR 2024, 721
Authors: Bärsch Sven-Eric , Hillers Jan-Hendrik
Published: August 2024

Die Verf. anlysieren die BFH-Entscheidung v. 7.2.2024 - I R 8/ 19 ausführlich und stellen sie in den Zusammenhang mit den steuerlich aufgeworfenen Fragen, die der BFH nur zum Teil beantworten musste. Auf die Zurückverweisung an das FG Düsseldorf durch den BFH wird das Gericht außerdem zur Anwendung des § 15b EStG und des § 42 AO Stellung beziehen müssen.
Gewerbesteuerpflicht nach § 18 Abs. 3 S. 3 UmwStG in der Fassung des JStG 2024-E – Rückkehr oder Durchbrechung der Systematik?
Authors: Junkers Lars
Published: August 2024

Der Regierungsentwurf zum Jahressteuergesetz 2024 sieht einen neuen § 18 Abs. 3 S. 3 UmwStG vor. Mit diesem wird eine Besteuerung von Veräußerungsgewinnen bei doppelstöckigen Personengesellschaftsstrukturen mit Gewerbesteuer angeordnet, wenn diese innerhalb einer schädlichen Frist nach einem Umwandlungsvorgang erfolgen. Insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der vor dem BFH anhängigen Verfahren (BFH Az. I R 34/22, neues Az. X R 31/22, und IV R 9/23) stellt sich damit die Frage, ob diese Regelung eine gesetzlich angeordnete - jedoch nur teilweise - Rückkehr zur Systematik der Gewerbesteuer darstellt oder ob es sich um eine Durchbrechung derselben handelt. Dieser Beitrag stellt das steuerliche Grundproblem dar und analysiert anschließend die Vorschrift.
Advance Pricing Agreements: Vorabverständigungsverfahren i.S.d. § 89a AO – Konkretisierung durch den Anwendungserlass
Authors: Rasch Stephan
Published: August 2024

Bereits im Jahr 2021 hat der Gesetzgeber im Abzugsteuerentlastungsmodernisierungsgesetz (AbzStEntModG) eine gesetzliche Regelung für die sog. Vorabverständigungsverfahren („Advance Pricing Agreements“ - APA) in § 89a AO eingeführt. Mit dieser Regelung wird erstmals eine eigenständige, nationale Rechtsgrundlage für die Streitbeilegung bei drohender Doppelbesteuerung geschaffen. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt im Jahr 2021 gab es lediglich ein Merkblatt aus dem Jahr 2006, auf dessen Basis (unter Berufung auf Art. 25 OECD-MA nachgebildete Artikel im jeweiligen DBA) Vorabverständigungsverfahren mit anderen Staaten geführt wurden, um Meinungsverschiedenheiten zwischen Steuerverwaltungen verschiedener Staaten und den Unternehmen insbesondere über Verrechnungspreismethoden und eine dadurch drohende wirtschaftliche Doppelbelastung bzw. Doppelbesteuerung soweit möglich im Voraus einvernehmlich zu vermeiden. Nunmehr wird mit der aktuellen Änderung des Anwendungserlasses zur Abgabenordnung zu § 89a AO die Grundlage der Verhandlung von APAs neu geregelt. Das bisherige Merkblatt wird daher grds. aufgehoben. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt ein Überblick über die Ausführungen im Anwendungserlass, analysiert diesen und zeigt die praktische Anwendung.
Konsultationsvereinbarungen: Zur Rechtsqualität und Bindungswirkung von Konsultationsvereinbarungen
Authors: Schulze Marcel , Schulze Viktoryia
Published: August 2024

Die zur Sicherstellung der einheitlichen Beurteilung von grenzüberschreitenden Sachverhalten zwischen Finanzbehörden zweier Länder abgeschlossenen Konsultationsvereinbarungen werden auf der internationalen Ebene als völkerrechtliche Verträge qualifiziert. Diese sind sowohl für die unterzeichnenden Behörden als auch für die von ihnen vertretenen Länder verbindlich. Die Rechtsqualität und die Bindungswirkung von Konsultationsvereinbarungen auf der nationalen Ebene sind von deren Umsetzung in das innerstaatliche Recht abhängig. De lege lata werden diese in Form von Verwaltungsvorschriften oder Rechtsverordnungen transformiert. Beide vorgenannten Alternativen können jedoch bereits durch Fachgerichte für unanwendbar erklärt werden, insbesondere wenn diese aus Sicht der Rechtsprechung mit dem höherrangigen Recht, darunter auch dem DBA, in Widerspruch stehen.
Seismic evidence for an 850 km thick low‐velocity structure in the Earth's lowermost mantle beneath Kamchatka
Authors: He Yumei , Wen Lianxing , Zheng Tianyu
Published: October 2014

We detect an 850 km thick low‐velocity structure in the Earth's lowermost mantle beneath Kamchatka surrounded by and overlying a 210 km thick high‐velocity D′′ structure. The velocity structure is constrained by modeling the observed anomalously broadened waveforms for seismic shear waves sampling the lowermost mantle recorded at large distances from 90° to 100°. Waveform modeling analyses reveal that the low‐velocity anomaly has a stem with a diameter of about 550 km in the lowermost 210 km of the mantle and a cap with a diameter of about 1600 km. The low‐velocity structure of the cap decreases from 0% at the top to −1.5% at about 400 km above the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) and to −1.2% at 210 km above the CMB. We suggest that the geometrical and velocity features of the low‐velocity anomaly indicate that it may represent a localized mantle plume undetected before in the lower mantle.
Can MODIS EVI monitor ecosystem productivity in the Amazon rainforest?
Authors: Maeda Eduardo Eiji , Heiskanen Janne , Aragão Luiz E. O. C. , Rinne Janne
Published: October 2014

The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) obtained from satellite imagery has often been used as a proxy of vegetation functioning and productivity in the Amazon rainforest. However, recent studies indicate that EVI patterns are strongly affected by satellite data artifacts. Hence, it is unclear if EVI is sensitive to subtle seasonal variations in evergreen Amazon forest productivity. This study analyzes 12 years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) EVI in order to evaluate its response to factors driving productivity in the Amazon. We show that, after removing cloud and aerosol contamination, and correcting bidirectional reflectance distribution function effects, radiation and rainfall extremes show no influence on EVI anomalies. However, EVI seasonal patterns are still evident after accounting for Sun‐sensor geometry effects. This remaining pattern cannot be explained by solar radiation or rainfall, but it is significantly correlated to gross primary production (GPP). Nevertheless, we argue that the causality between GPP and EVI should be interpreted with caution.
Dike‐induced contraction along oceanic and continental divergent plate boundaries
Authors: Trippanera D. , Acocella V. , Ruch J.
Published: October 2014

The axis of divergent plate boundaries shows extension fractures and normal faults at the surface. Here we present evidence of contraction along the axis of the oceanic ridge of Iceland and the continental Main Ethiopian Rift. Contraction is found at the base of the tilted hanging wall of dilational normal faults, balancing part of their extension. Our experiments suggest that these structures result from dike emplacement. Multiple dike injection induces subsidence above and uplift to the sides of the dikes; the transition in between is accommodated by reverse faults and subsequent peripheral inward dipping normal faults. Our results suggest that contraction is a direct product of magma emplacement along divergent plate boundaries, at various scales, marking a precise evolutionary stage and initiating part of the extensional structures (extension fractures and normal faults).
An emerging precursor signal in the stratosphere in recent decades for the Indian summer monsoon onset
Authors: Ren Rongcai , Hu Jinggao
Published: October 2014

This paper reports a significant temporal relationship that has emerged in recent decades between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset and the seasonal timing of the stratospheric final warming (SFW). Specifically, early SFWs in spring tend to be followed by late ISM onset and vice versa. During the ISM onset season after 1979, there exist significant SFW‐related zonal wind anomalies over South Asia, and they are highly consistent with that of the ISM‐related in both the upper and lower troposphere. These SFW‐related zonal wind anomalies are not observed before 1979, corresponding to the absence of the SFW‐ISM relationship. Further analysis indicates that the tropospheric Arctic Oscillation anomalies that follow the stratospheric SFWs to appear during April to early May after 1979 are crucial for the emerging SFW‐ISM linkage. This implies that the seasonal timing of SFWs may act as an emerging precursor for the ISM onset since 1970s.
Sporadic E ionization layers observed with radar imaging and ionospheric modification
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Munk J. , McCarrick M.
Published: October 2014

Sporadic E ionization layers have been observed in the daytime subauroral ionospheric E layer by a 30 MHz radar in Alaska. The radar detects coherent backscatter from meter‐scale field‐aligned plasma density irregularities. The irregularities were generated by ionospheric modification—by the emission of strong HF electromagnetic waves directly beneath the layers—making the layers visible to the radar. Aperture‐synthesis methods are used to generate imagery of the layers from the radar data. The layers are patchy, with patches organized along fronts spaced by tens of kilometers and propagating slowly toward the southwest. Similar, naturally occurring layers are commonly observed at middle latitudes at night in the absence of ionospheric modification. That the patchy layers can be found at high magnetic latitudes during the day argues that they are most likely produced through the interaction of the ionospheric layer with neutral atmospheric waves and instabilities. Attenuation of the radar echoes when the HF emission frequency exceeded the third harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency was observed and is discussed.
Ocean circulation reconstructions from εNd: A model‐based feasibility study
Authors: Friedrich T. , Timmermann A. , Stichel T. , Pahnke K.
Published: October 2014

Over the past decade, records of the seawater neodymium isotopic composition (εNd) have become a widely used proxy to reconstruct changes in ocean circulation. Our study investigates the transient response of εNd to large‐scale ocean circulation changes using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. It is shown that a weakening of the North Atlantic Deep Water formation results in positive εNd anomalies in the Atlantic and the Pacific below 1000 m water depth whereas variations in Antarctic Bottom Water production generate a Pacific‐Atlantic dipole pattern of deep ocean εNd changes. Further experiments explore which ocean regions are suitable to record the temporal evolution of the overturning in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean by means of εNd data. High local correlations occur between simulated Southern Ocean overturning changes and simulated εNd anomalies in the deep North Pacific and almost globally for simulated North Atlantic overturning changes, respectively, clearly indicating the strong potential of εNd to work as a proxy of past ocean circulation changes. Finally, the compromising effects of simultaneously occurring anomalies in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean overturning cells on reconstructions of past ocean circulation changes are identified. Combining our model simulations with currently available core data, our study demonstrates that changes in εNd documented in numerous Atlantic paleorecords clearly support the notion of a strengthening in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation over the course of Termination 1.
3D TEM Tomography of Templated Bilayer Films of Block Copolymers
Authors: Gotrik Kevin W. , Lam Thomas , Hannon Adam F. , Bai Wubin , Ding Yi , Winterstein Jonathan , Alexander‐Katz Alfredo , Liddle J. Alexander , Ross Caroline A.
Published: October 2014

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) tomography was used to visualize the morphology and 3D connectivity of a lithographically templated, self‐assembled bilayer film of cylinder‐forming 45.5 kg/mol polystyrene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane. The structure, formed after a 5 min solvothermal anneal, was imaged with a resolution of ≈3 nm in 3D, enabling a comparison between measurement and self‐consistent mean‐field theory (SCFT) calculations. Images of etched and unetched samples showed that etching collapsed the PDMS microdomain structure and reduced the template dimensions. In addition to the general comparison between modeled and measured dimensions, the tomography revealed connections between the orthogonal layers of cylinders at their crossing points. Comparison with the SCFT model, even under solvothermal annealing conditions, shows that it is helpful in understanding the detailed nanoscale structure of features created by directed self‐assembly (DSA), which is essential in developing nanomanufacturing processes based on DSA.
The Synthesis of Highly Active Iridium(I) Complexes and their Application in Catalytic Hydrogen Isotope Exchange
Authors: Brown Jack A. , Cochrane Alison R. , Irvine Stephanie , Kerr William J. , Mondal Bhaskar , Parkinson John A. , Paterson Laura C. , Reid Marc , Tuttle Tell , Andersson Shalini , Nilsson Göran N.
Published: October 2014

A series of robust iridium(I) complexes bearing a sterically encumbered N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand, alongside a phosphine ligand, has been synthesised and investigated in hydrogen isotope exchange processes. These complexes have allowed isotope incorporation over a range of substrates with the use of practically convenient deuterium and tritium gas. Moreover, these active catalysts are capable of isotope incorporation to particularly high levels, whilst employing low catalyst loadings and in short reaction times. In addition to this, these new catalyst species have shown flexible levels of chemoselectivity, which can be altered by simple manipulation of preparative approaches. Furthermore, a number of industrially‐relevant drug molecules has also been labelled, including the sulfonamide containing drug, Celecoxib. Alongside detailed NMR experiments, initial mechanistic investigations have also been performed, providing insight into both substrate binding energies, and, more importantly, relative energies of key steps in the mechanistic cycle as part of the overall exchange process.

magnified image
From membrane‐in‐the‐middle to mirror‐in‐the‐middle with a high‐reflectivity sub‐wavelength grating
Authors: Stambaugh Corey , Xu Haitan , Kemiktarak Utku , Taylor Jacob , Lawall John
Published: October 2014

A “membrane‐in‐the‐middle” optomechanical system is demonstrated using a silicon nitride membrane patterned as a subwavelength grating. The grating has a reflectivity of over 99.8 %, effectively creating two sub‐cavities, with free spectral ranges of 6 GHz, optically coupled via photon tunneling. Measurements of the transmission and reflection spectra show an avoided crossing where the two sub‐cavities simultaneously come into resonance, with a frequency splitting of 54 MHz. Expressions for the lineshapes of the symmetric and antisymmetric modes at the avoided crossing are derived, and the grating reflection, transmission, absorption, and scattering are inferred through comparison with the experimental data.
Preparation, characterization and catalytic activity studies of organoruthenium‐supported polyoxotungstates on SBA‐15
Authors: Suo Lin , Meng Rui‐Qi , Zheng Da‐Ming , Wu Li‐Xin , Bi Li‐Hua
Published: October 2014

Organoruthenium‐supported polyoxometalates [(RuC6H6)XW9O34]7− (XWRu; X = As, P) were selected as samples to study their catalytic activities towards the solvent‐free oxidation of n‐hexadecane. First of all, the XWRu were deposited on 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane‐modified SBA‐15 to prepare solid catalysts, which were characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption measurements, Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Subsequently, their catalytic performances and stabilities were assessed through the oxidation of n‐hexadecane using air as the oxygen source without any additives and solvents, and the influences of the loading amount, catalyst amount, reaction time and reaction temperature on the catalytic activities were investigated. The results indicated the influence of the central heteroatoms X of XWRu on the catalytic activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Urea Alter the Collective Hydrogen‐Bond Dynamics in Water? A Dielectric Relaxation Study in the Terahertz‐Frequency Region
Authors: Samanta Nirnay , Das Mahanta Debasish , Kumar Mitra Rajib
Published: October 2014

We report the ultrafast collective hydrogen‐bond dynamics of water in the extended hydration layer of urea by using terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy in the frequency region of 0.3–2.0 THz. The complex dielectric function has been fitted using a Debye relaxation model, and the timescales obtained are in the order of approximately 9 ps and 200 fs for bulk water; this exhibits a considerable acceleration beyond the 4 M urea concentration and indicates a possible disruption in the collective hydrogen‐bonded water‐network structure, which, in turn, provides an indirect support for the water “structure‐breaking” ability of urea. With 5 M urea in the presence of different concentrations of trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO), it was found that these parameters essentially follow the trend observed for TMAO itself, which signifies that any possible disruption of the water structure by urea is outdone by the strong hydrogen‐bonding ability of TMAO, which explains its ability to revive urea‐denatured proteins to their respective native states.
Coimmobilization of l‐methioninase and glutamate dehydrogenase: Novel approach for l‐homoalanine synthesis
Authors: El‐Sayed Ashraf S.A. , Yassin Marwa A. , Ibrahim Hend
Published: October 2014

l‐Homoalanine, a nonnatural amino acid that is rarely found in human and microorganisms, is used in the synthesis of various medically pivotal antiepileptic drugs and antituberculosis compounds. l‐Homoalanine can be synthesized by different enzymatic approaches. In this article, the synthesis of l‐homoalanine from l‐methionine was explored by coimmobilization of Aspergillus flavipes l‐methioninase (AfMETase) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) on polyacrylamide and chitosan. Polyacrylamide coimmobilized AfMETase and GDH displayed a maximum reactivity for the synthesis of homoalanine from l‐methionine. The chitosan‐coimmobilized AfMETase and GDH retain about 70% of their initial activity of l‐homoalanine production by the fifth catalytic reusability cycle as compared with 50% for polyacrylamide coimmobilizate. Catalytic conditions were optimized for the maximum yield of homoalanine. Homoalanine was purified by cationic and anionic chromatographs and the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H‐NMR) analysis of the lyophilized sample displayed a unique chemical structure identical to the authentic homoalanine. Using dependable dual action of AfMETase and GDH immobilized on a solid support is a novel approach for in vitro enzymatic synthesis of l‐homoalanine from l‐methionine, and the immobilized enzymes can be reused many times without any significant loss of their activities.
Version 3 of the Historical‐Clinical‐Risk Management‐20 (HCR‐20V3): Relevance to Violence Risk Assessment and Management in Forensic Conditional Release Contexts
Authors: Douglas Kevin S.
Published: October 2014

The conditional release of insanity acquittees requires decisions both about community risk level and the contextual factors that may mitigate or aggravate risk. This article discusses the potential role of the newly revised Historical‐Clinical‐Risk Management‐20 (HCR‐20, Version 3) within the conditional release context. A brief review of the structured professional judgment (SPJ) approach to violence risk assessment and management is provided. Version 2 of the HCR‐20, which has been broadly adopted and evaluated, is briefly described. New features of Version 3 of the HCR‐20 with particular relevance to conditional release decision‐making are reviewed, including: item indicators; ratings of the relevance of risk factors to an individual's violence; risk formulation; scenario planning; and risk management planning. Version 3 of the HCR‐20 includes a number of features that should assist evaluators and decision‐makers to determine risk level, as well as to anticipate and specify community conditions and contexts that may mitigate or aggravate risk. Research on the HCR‐20 Version 3 using approximately 800 participants across three settings (forensic psychiatric, civil psychiatric, correctional) and eight countries is reviewed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐Time Quantitative Operando Raman Spectroscopy of a CrOx/Al2O3 Propane Dehydrogenation Catalyst in a Pilot‐Scale Reactor
Authors: Sattler Jesper J. H. B. , Mens Ad M. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: October 2014

Combined operando UV/vis–Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the deactivation of CrOx/Al2O3 catalyst extrudates in a pilot scale propane dehydrogenation reactor. For this purpose, UV/vis and Raman optical fiber probes have been designed, constructed and tested. The light absorption measured by operando UV/vis spectroscopy was used to correct for the effect of catalyst darkening. This makes operando Raman spectroscopy a quantitative technique to follow the formation of coke deposits on‐line during the first hour of catalytic propane dehydrogenation process. The probe was used to study the coke deposition at the top and bottom of the reactor. Differences in the rate of coke deposition were observed, which were related to the local temperature of the catalyst bed. The chemical nature of the coke deposits formed on a catalyst extrudate, as expressed by the D1/G ratio, was independent of reaction time as well as of the position of the catalyst extrudate within the reactor bed.
ChemInform Abstract: Composition Optimization of P‐Type AgSnmSbTem+2 Thermoelectric Materials Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering.
Authors: Xing Zhi‐Bo , Li Zong‐Yue , Tan Qing , Wei Tian‐Ran , Wu Chao‐Feng , Li Jing‐Feng
Published: October 2014

AgSnmSbTem+2 (m = 2, 4, 10, 18) thermoelectric materials are prepared by mechanical alloying of the elements in a planetary ball mill followed by spark plasma sintering (50 MPa, 749 K, 5 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Leachability Study of a New Cesium Immobilized Langbeinite Phosphate: KCsFeZrP3O12.
Authors: Kumar Sathasivam Pratheep , Gopal Buvaneswari
Published: October 2014

The title compound is synthesized by precipitation from aqueous solutions of stoichiometric amounts of (COOK)2, CsNO3, ZrOCl2, and H3PO4 followed by calcination at 600—800 °C for 8—24 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Helical Structures in a Lithium Hexacyanocobaltate‐Based Three‐Dimensional Metal—Cyanide Framework.
Authors: Shao Xiu‐Dan , Shi Chao , Yu Chun‐Hua , Zhang Wen
Published: October 2014

(HIm)2(H2O){[Li(H2O)][Co(CN)6]} (Im: imidazole) is synthesized by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution of Li3[Co(CN)6] and (HIm)Cl (room temperature, 71% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: A Chemoselective Route to β‐Enamino Esters and Thioesters.
Authors: Xin Dongyue , Burgess Kevin
Published: October 2014

β‐Enamino esters, thioesters and amides are formed from the corresponding β‐keto compounds and amines in the presence of mild peptide coupling reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective 1,4‐ over 1,2‐Addition of 3,3‐Bis(silyl) Allyloxy Lithium to Enals, Enones and Enoates. The Remarkable α‐Effect of Silicon.
Authors: Ye Xincui , Sun Xianwei , Huang Zhenggang , Yang Na , Su Zhishan , Hu Changwei , Song Zhenlei
Published: October 2014

The addition of 3,3‐bis(silyl)allyloxy lithium, generated from enol ether (II), to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds such as (I), (IV), (VI), and (VIII), proceeds in an 1,4‐ over 1,2‐manner with medium to good regioselectivity, whereas the parent allyloxy lithium species undergoes complete 1,2‐addition.
ChemInform Abstract: An Analysis of the Influences Dictating Regioselectivity in Platinum‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylations of Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Rooke Douglas A. , Menard Zachary A. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: October 2014

A full account on previously published studies of Pt‐catalyzed internal alkyne hydrosilylations is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Double Dehydrogenative Cross Coupling Between Cyclic Saturated Ketones and Simple Arenes.
Authors: Gigant Nicolas , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: October 2014

A straightforward one‐pot biomimetic aerobic dehydrogenation/oxidative Heck sequence for the introduction of arenes into the β‐position of saturated cyclic ketones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: General Allylic C—H Alkylation with Tertiary Nucleophiles.
Authors: Howell Jennifer M. , Liu Wei , Young Andrew J. , White M. Christina
Published: October 2014

A general method for intermolecular allylic C—H alkylation of terminal olefins with tertiary nucleophiles is developed employing palladium(II)/bis(sulfoxide) catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Bond Arylation of (Hetero)Arenes with Arylsilanes in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Lu Ming‐Zhu , Lu Ping , Xu Yun‐He , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: October 2014

A rhodium catalyzed regioselective C‐H bond activation of indoles, pyrroles, and benzenes bearing a directing group is demonstrated allowing direct regioselective arylation with different organosilicon reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed π‐Activated C—O Ether Bond Cleavage with C—C and C—H Bond Formation.
Authors: Fan Xiaohui , Cui Xiao‐Meng , Guan Yong‐Hong , Fu Lin‐An , Lv Hao , Guo Kun , Zhu Hong‐Bo
Published: October 2014

A novel and efficient protocol is developed for the cross‐coupling of benzyl/allyl ethers with allylsilane using FeCl3 as the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Sonogashira Coupling of Aryl Bromides Using Near Stoichiometric Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Neumann Karoline T. , Laursen Simon R. , Lindhardt Anders T. , Bang‐Andersen Benny , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: October 2014

Stoichiometric amounts of carbon monoxide is formed in a special COware reactor from a stable fluorene‐type precursor [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: A Reagent‐Controlled SN2‐Glycosylation for the Direct Synthesis of β‐Linked 2‐Deoxy‐Sugars.
Authors: Issa John Paul , Bennett Clay S.
Published: October 2014

p‐Toluenesulfonic anhydride activates both 2‐deoxy‐ and 2,6‐deoxy‐sugars in situ as electrophilic species, which react stereoselectively with nucleophilic acceptors to produce β‐anomers exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Polystyrene Copolymer Supported by Substituted (1R,2R)‐1,2‐Diphenylethane‐1,2‐diamine‐copper(II) Complexes: A Recyclable Catalyst for Asymmetric Henry Reactions.
Authors: Androvic Ladislav , Drabina Pavel , Panov Illia , Frumarova Bozena , Kalendova Andrea , Sedlak Milos
Published: October 2014

The title catalyst is employed for the reactions of functionalized aldehydes with nitromethane to give 2‐nitroethanols in excellent yields and high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of gem‐Difluoromethylene Building Blocks Through Regioselective Allylation of gem‐Difluorocyclopropanes.
Authors: Munemori Daisuke , Narita Kent , Nokami Toshiki , Itoh Toshiyuki
Published: October 2014

A regioselective allylation of gem‐difluorocyclopropanes is achieved through an AIBN initiated radical ring‐opening with allyltributyltin.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylalkene Synthesis via Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling of Alkenyl Halides.
Authors: Tang Jie , Goossen Lukas J.
Published: October 2014

An efficient method for the dicarboxylative cross‐coupling of vinyl bromides with potassium arenecarboxylates is developed using a Pd/Cu‐catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminative Umpolung Synthesis of Aryl Vicinal Diamines from Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Liu Xuliang , Gao Ang , Ding Lei , Xu Juan , Zhao Baoguo
Published: October 2014

This new strategy allows the synthesis of various diamine products via formation of Schiff base lithium salts followed by decarboxylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenyliodine(III) Diacetate (PIDA) Mediated Synthesis of Aromatic Azo Compounds Through Oxidative Dehydrogenative Coupling of Anilines: Scope and Mechanism.
Authors: Monir Kamarul , Ghosh Monoranjan , Mishra Subhajit , Majee Adinath , Hajra Alakananda
Published: October 2014

This new straightforward, fast, and efficient method also allows the synthesis of synthetically challenging unsymmetrical azobenzenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Alkyl‐5‐aryl‐γ‐lactams from 1‐Aryl‐Substituted Nitroalkanes and Methyl Acrylate via Michael Addition and Reductive Lactamization.
Authors: Xu Jingjing , Li Xingyao , Wu Jinlong , Dai Wei‐Min
Published: October 2014

A general and high yielding synthesis of 5,5‐disubstituted γ‐lactams is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano‐Fe3O4 Encapsulated‐Silica Particles Bearing 3‐Aminopropyl Group as a Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Efficient Knoevenagel Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Active Methylene Compounds.
Authors: Liu Shuo , Ni Yuxiang , Yang Jianguo , Hu Huanan , Ying Anguo , Xu Songlin
Published: October 2014

The preparation of a new 3‐aminopropyl‐functionalized Fe3O4/SiO2 catalyst is described which is used for the Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Triarylmethanes by Enantiospecific Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Matthew Smitha C. , Glasspoole Ben W. , Eisenberger Patrick , Crudden Cathleen M.
Published: October 2014

The synthesis of enantioenriched dibenzylic boronic esters from benzylic carbamates and arylboronic neopentyl esters (II) is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(Aryl‐sulfonyl)oxetanes as Designer 3‐Dimensional Fragments for Fragment Screening: Synthesis and Strategies for Functionalization.
Authors: Morgan Kate F. , Hollingsworth Ian A. , Bull James A.
Published: October 2014

Non‐planar 2‐sulfonyl‐oxetanes (II) are prepared by an intramolecular C—C bond formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Functionalization of Iodoaziridines via Unstabilized Aziridinyllithiums Generated by Iodine—Lithium Exchange.
Authors: Boultwood Tom , Bull James A.
Published: October 2014

Lithium‐iodine exchange on N‐tosyliodoaziridines provides unstabilized aziridinyllithiums, which are trapped with various electrophiles to form cis‐substituted derivatives exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Alkylations of Furans Through HOMO Activation.
Authors: Li Jun‐Long , Yue Cai‐Zhen , Chen Peng‐Qiao , Xiao You‐Cai , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: October 2014

An efficient and novel enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of furans with activated alkenes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Flow Hydrogenation Approaches to Isoindole‐7‐carboxylic Acids and 7‐Oxa‐bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes.
Authors: Hizartzidis L. , Tarleton M. , Gordon C. P. , McCluskey A.
Published: October 2014

Two series (VI) and (XI) of norcantharidin analogues are synthesized using continuous flow hydrogenation in key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intra‐ and Intermolecular Alkenylations of β‐Yne‐pyrroles: Facile Formation of Fused Cycloheptapyrroles and Functionalized Pyrroles.
Authors: Pan Bin , Lu Xiaodong , Wang Chunxiang , Hu Yancheng , Wu Fan , Wan Boshun
Published: October 2014

An efficient gold(I)‐catalyzed alkenylation of β‐alkyne‐substituted pyrroles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted γ‐Lactam via Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkene‐Tethered Carbamoyl Chloride.
Authors: Chen Chen , Hu Jian , Su Jianhua , Tong Xiaofeng
Published: October 2014

A facile protocol is developed for the cyclization of alkene‐tethered carbamoyl chlorides in the presence of NaI to form γ‐lactams bearing an alkyl iodide group.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Annulation of Anilides with Internal Alkynes Using an (Electron‐Deficient η5‐Cyclopentadienyl)Rhodium(III) Catalyst under Ambient Conditions.
Authors: Hoshino Yuki , Shibata Yu , Tanaka Ken
Published: October 2014

Optimized reaction conditions including a cyclopentadienyl rhodium catalyst and air as terminal oxidant are developed to allow the synthesis of a wide range of indole derivatives through oxidative annulation of anilides with internal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Generation of Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthio Reagents for Enantioselective Trifluoromethylthiolation of Oxindoles.
Authors: Zhu Xing‐Li , Xu Jin‐Hui , Cheng Dao‐Juan , Zhao Li‐Jiao , Liu Xin‐Yuan , Tan Bin
Published: October 2014

This new one‐pot protocol allows the synthesis of a wide range of different substituted and SCF3 functionalized oxindole derivatives under mild condition by using simple starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclable Bimetallic CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Novel Dicyanomethyl‐2‐oxoindolin‐3‐ylthiocarboxylic Acids in a Green Solvent.
Authors: Shakibaei Ghazaleh Imani , Ghahremanzadeh Ramin , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: October 2014

The main advantages of this methodology are high yields, cheap reagents, simple work‐up procedure, and the fully magnetic recoverability of the catalyst, making it a green method.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to the Aeruginosin Serine Protease Inhibitors Through the Nucleophilic Opening of an Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: Total Synthesis of Microcin SF608.
Authors: Diethelm Stefan , Schindler Corinna S. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: October 2014

Microcin SF608 (I), closely related to marine aeruginosins, is synthesized in 21 steps from a common oxabicyclic building block.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free, Ethylene Glycol Promoted One‐Pot Three Component Synthesis of 3‐Amino Alkylated Indoles via Mannich‐Type Reaction.
Authors: Rajesh U. Chinna , Kholiya Rohit , Satya Pavan V. , Rawat Diwan S.
Published: October 2014

A facile protocol, using ethylene glycol as a recyclable promoting medium for the three component reaction of indoles, aldehydes, and amines to form 3‐aminoalkylated indoles, is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Ti‐Mediated Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of N‐Alkenyl Thioamides: Scope and Mechanistic Study.
Authors: Hermant Fabien , Nicolas Emmanuel , Six Yvan
Published: October 2014

Treatment of thioamide substrates with a Grignard reagent and Ti(OiPr)4 results in the formation of bicyclic aminocyclopropanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free TEMPO‐Promoted C(sp3)—H Amination to Afford Multisubstituted Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Xue Ding , Long Ya‐Qiu
Published: October 2014

An efficient, clean, and mild protocol for the title reaction is developed to construct polysubstituted and fused polycyclic benzimidazoles (Xb) as well as benzoxazole (XII).