bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ueber die elektrische Leitungsfähigkeit der Gase unter schwachen Drucken
Authors: Morren A.
Published: May 2007

[Im Eingange zu dieser Arbeit bemerkt der Verf., dass er bereits am 31. März 1862 der Pariser Akademie eine Notiz von derselben übergeben habe, dass er aber durch eine ähnliche Untersuchung des Hrn. De la Rive, von der er Kunde erlangt, veranlasst worden sey, das Erscheinen dieser abzuwarten, bevor er die seinige ausführlich voröffentliche. Seitdem habe nun Hr. de la Rive der Pariser Akademie am 13. April 1863 seine Abhandlung vorgelegt, und da er daraus ersehen, dass der Genfer Physiker sich nur mit Wasserstoff und Stickstoff beschäftigte, so halte er es nicht für überflüssig, die Resultate seiner Untersuchung dem Publicum zu übergeben. Dann fährt er fort wie folgt.]
Network structure and properties of polyurethanes from soybean oil
Authors: Petrović Zoran S. , Yang Liting , Zlatanić Alisa , Zhang Wei , Javni Ivan
Published: May 2007

Vegetable oils are very heterogeneous materials with a wide distribution of triacylglycerol structures and double‐bond contents. The hydrogenation of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) produces polyols having a functionality distribution related to that of soybean oil. Therefore, these polyols are convenient substances for studying the impact of structural heterogeneity on network formation and properties. Polyols of hydroxyl numbers ranging from 225 to 82 mg KOH/g and weight‐average functionalities ranging from 4.4 to 2.7 were obtained by the variation of the time of hydrogenation of ESO. An analysis of the functionality distribution in polyols shows that gel points with diisocyanates vary from 54 to 76% conversion. The molecular weights of the network chains of polyurethanes prepared from these polyols and diphenyl methane diisocyanate varied from 688 to 1993. Polyols with hydroxyl numbers above 200 mg KOH/g gave glassy polymers, whereas those below that value gave rubbers. The heterogeneity of polyols had a negative effect on the elastic properties only at low crosslinking densities. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Cryostructuring of polymer systems. XXVI. Heterophase organic–inorganic cryogels prepared via freezing–thawing of aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) with added tetramethoxysilane
Authors: Lozinsky Vladimir I. , Bakeeva Irina V. , Presnyak Elena P. , Damshkaln Lilija G. , Zubov Vitaly P.
Published: May 2007

Composite heterophase organic–inorganic hybrid cryogels of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing silica constituents were prepared and studied. Such constituents were formed in the course of hydrolytic polycondensation (sol‐gel process) of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) introduced in to the aqueous polymer solution prior to its freeze–thaw treatment. It was shown that moderate (over the range of −15 to −30°C) freezing, then frozen storage, and subsequent thawing of the water/PVA/TMOS systems resulted in the formation of macroporous composite cryogels filled with dispersed silica particles (discrete phase). The continuous phase of such gel materials represents the supramolecular PVA network, which is supposed to be additionally cured with the silicon‐containing oligomeric cross agents formed from TMOS in the course of hydrolytic polycondensation. The incorporated silica components influenced the morphology of cryogels. The effects of significant increase in gel strength and heat resistance with increasing TMOS concentration in the initial feed and with thawing rate decreasing have also been observed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Plasma tissue factor is a predictor for restenosis after femoropopliteal angioplasty
Authors: Ray B , Chetter I C , Lee H L D , Ettelaie C , McCollum P T
Published: May 2007

Background

In vitro studies suggest an association between raised levels of tissue factor and restenosis after coronary percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). This prospective, controlled study examined the association between plasma tissue factor concentrations and restenosis after femoropopliteal PTA.

Methods

Plasma samples from ten healthy controls and 36 patients with unilateral claudication undergoing femoropopliteal PTA were collected at baseline and, in the patients with claudication, at 24 h and 1, 3 and 6 months after PTA. Clinical assessment and arterial duplex imaging were performed before and at the same time points after PTA to identify restenosis. Plasma tissue factor was measured using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Baseline plasma tissue factor concentrations were significantly higher in patients with claudication (median 3·4 (interquartile range (i.q.r.) 1·3–7·4) ng/ml) than in controls (median 1·2 (i.q.r. 0·5–1·8) ng/ml) (P < 0·050). Baseline tissue factor concentrations were significantly higher in the ten patients with claudication who developed restenosis after PTA (median 7·0 (i.q.r. 3·4–183·5) ng/ml) than in those who did not (median 1·7 (i.q.r. 1·3–7·2) ng/ml) (P < 0·050). In addition, plasma tissue factor levels increased significantly over time in the patients who developed restenosis after PTA.

Conclusion

High baseline and progressive increases in the plasma tissue factor concentration were useful predictors of restenosis after femoropopliteal angioplasty.
Risk factors in patients undergoing cricopharyngeal myotomy
Authors: Brigand C , Ferraro P , Martin J , Duranceau A
Published: May 2007

Background

Cricopharyngeal myotomy for oropharyngeal dysphagia is designed to improve symptoms, but the operation can result in significant morbidity and even death.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out of all complications and deaths among 253 patients who had cricopharyngeal myotomy performed by a single surgeon.

Results

A single wound infection developed among 15 patients with neurological dysphagia. The same patient subsequently required laryngeal exclusion and tracheostomy. Of 139 patients treated for dysphagia secondary to muscular dystrophy, haematoma formation or infection occurred in four, and eight patients developed postoperative pulmonary complications, four of whom died from respiratory distress syndrome. Two patients with myogenic dysphagia required laryngeal exclusion with a permanent tracheostomy. Infection of the wound or retropharyngeal space was the main problem in 90 patients with a pharyngo-oesophageal diverticulum, affecting 9 per cent of the patients. Fistula was documented in three patients overall (1·2 per cent). Systemic morbidity unrelated to the technique occurred in 26 patients (10·3 per cent).

Conclusion

Pulmonary aspiration and lethal respiratory distress occurred only in patients with myogenic dysphagia. Local infection was the main complication in those with pharyngo-oesophageal diverticulum. Persistent aspiration can lead to laryngeal exclusion or resection with permanent tracheostomy.
Hybrid approach to surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot in all patients with functioning Blalock Taussig shunts
Authors: Sivakumar Kothandam , Krishnan Prasad , Pieris Rajeeva , Francis Edwin
Published: May 2007

Background:

In total surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with functioning Blalock Taussig shunts (BTS), shunt take down increased surgical time, bleeding, and might injure phrenic and recurrent laryngeal nerve and thoracic duct.

Objectives:

A routine hybrid approach using transcatheter BTS closure immediately before total surgical correction of TOF in all patients might reduce these problems. We analyze the safety and feasibility of this approach.

Methods:

Transcatheter BTS closure was achieved using single or multiple stainless steel embolization coils, Amplatzer vascular plugs, or duct occluders. When coils were released without control by bioptome forceps, coil migration in larger shunts was prevented by proximal or distal balloon occlusion.

Results:

This routine hybrid strategy was followed in 22 consecutive patients aged 1–13 years over 4‐year‐period and 21 procedures were successful. Among the 16 patients attempted with coils, 13 had successful closure, 2 needed Amplatzer duct occluder devices, and 1 sent for surgical shunt takedown due to acute angulation of the shunt. New Amplatzer vascular plugs were used in six patients. Bioptome was used in six patients and proximal or distal balloon occlusion of flow was used in three patients. Four patients had closure of associated aortopulmonary or chest wall collaterals.

Conclusion:

Hybrid approach using routine transcatheter closure of all BTS immediately before surgical correction of TOF shunts with coils/plugs/devices is safe, feasible, and reproducible. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of in vivo acute stent recoil between the bioabsorbable everolimus‐eluting coronary stent and the everolimus‐eluting cobalt chromium coronary stent: Insights from the ABSORB and SPIRIT trials
Authors: Tanimoto Shuzou , Serruys Patrick W. , Thuesen Leif , Dudek Dariusz , de Bruyne Bernard , Chevalier Bernard , Ormiston John A.
Published: May 2007

Objectives: This study sought to evaluate and compare in vivo acute stent recoil of a novel bioabsorbable stent and a metallic stent. Background: The bioabsorbable everolimus‐eluting coronary stent (BVS) is composed of a poly‐L‐lactic acid backbone, coated with a bioabsorbable polymer containing the antiproliferative drug, everolimus, and expected to be totally metabolized and absorbed in the human body. Because the BVS is made from polymer, it may have more acute recoil than metallic stents in vivo. Methods: A total of 54 patients, who underwent elective stent implantation for single de novo native coronary artery lesions, were enrolled: 27 patients treated with the BVS and 27 patients treated with the everolimus‐eluting cobalt chromium stent (EES). Acute absolute recoil, assessed by quantitative coronary angiography, was defined as the difference between mean diameter of the last inflated balloon at the highest pressure (X) and mean lumen diameter of the stent immediately after the last balloon deflation (Y). Acute percent recoil was defined as (X − Y)/X and expressed as a percentage. Results: Acute absolute recoil of the BVS and EES was 0.20 ± 0.21 mm and 0.13 ± 0.21 mm, respectively (P = 0.32). Acute percent recoil was 6.9% ± 7.0% in the BVS group and 4.3% ± 7.1% in the EES group (P = 0.25). Conclusions: In vivo acute stent recoil of the BVS is slightly larger but insignificantly different from that of the EES, implying that the BVS may have good radial strength similar to the metallic stent. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytotoxic Polyketides Containing Tetramic Acid Moieties Isolated from the Fungus Myceliophthora Thermophila: Elucidation of the Relationship between Cytotoxicity and Stereoconfiguration
Authors: Yang Yu‐Liang , Lu Chun‐Ping , Chen Mao‐Yen , Chen Kuei‐Yu , Wu Yang‐Chang , Wu Shih‐Hsiung
Published: May 2007

Five new polyketides that contain tetramic acids, myceliothermophins A–E, were isolated from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila. Two sets of 5‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxyl (or 5‐methoxyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐one diastereomers, myceliothermophins A/B and C/D, were separated as pure compounds by using silica‐gel column chromatography and recycling reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). The relative configurations of the chiral centers in 5‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxyl (or 5‐methoxyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐one moieties were deduced from NOESY correlations. In the cytotoxic assay, the 5‐(2‐methylpropyldiene)‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐one analogue (myceliothermophin E) exhibited inhibition against four cancer cell lines. In addition, the significant inhibitory effect of myceliothermophins A and C and the inactivity of myceliothermophins B and D revealed the importance of the relative configurations of 5‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxyl (or 5‐methoxyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐one moieties on their cytotoxicity potency against cancer cells.
Synthesis of Novel 1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclodecane‐1,4,7,10‐Tetraacetic Acid (DOTA) Derivatives for Chemoselective Attachment to Unprotected Polyfunctionalized Compounds
Authors: Knör Sebastian , Modlinger Armin , Poethko Thorsten , Schottelius Margret , Wester Hans‐Jürgen , Kessler Horst
Published: May 2007

A convenient synthesis of novel bifunctional poly(amino carboxylate) chelating agents allowing chemoselective attachment to highly functionalized biomolecules is described. Based on the well known chelator 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclodecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA), we synthesized novel bifunctional chelating agents bearing additional functional groups by alkylating 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) with one equivalent of para‐functionalized alkyl 2‐bromophenyl‐acetate and three equivalents of tert‐butyl 2‐bromoacetate. The resulting compounds, which contain an additional carbonyl or alkyne functionality, allow site specific labeling of appropriately functionalized unprotected biomolecules in a rapid manner via click reactions. This was demonstrated by the attachment of our new DOTA derivatives to the somatostatin analogue Tyr3‐octreotate by chemoselective oxime ligation and CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. Initial biodistribution studies in mice with the radiometalated compound demonstrated the applicability of the described DOTA conjugation.
Characterization of Ph‐negative abnormal clones emerging during imatinib therapy
Authors: Abruzzese Elisabetta , Gozzetti Alessandro , Galimberti Sara , Trawinska Malgorzata Monika , Caravita Tommaso , Siniscalchi Agostina , Cervetti Giulia , Mauriello Alessandro , Coletta Angela Maria , De Fabritiis Paolo
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND.

Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase‐specific inhibitor widely used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Studies reported the occurrence of additional cytogenetic abnormalities in the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐negative cell population emerging after treatment‐induced suppression of the Ph‐positive clone. These abnormalities were described in a relatively high proportion of patients treated with imatinib compared with the anecdotal reports of similar cases in patients treated with other drugs. However, the origin of these abnormalities as well as their biological and clinical significance are unknown.

METHODS.

The study involved 13 cases of patients diagnosed with CML carrying cytogenetic abnormalities in their Ph‐negative cell population after imatinib treatment. The presence of the markers within the CD34+ stem cell compartment and the cell culture growth were analyzed and patients were followed over time.

RESULTS.

CD34+ cells express the cytogenetic markers present in Ph− cells, suggesting a possible involvement of the stem cell population. Cultured cells showed normal growth in all but 1 patient. No growth advantage was demonstrated for the Ph‐negative or the Ph‐positive clone after cell culture.

CONCLUSIONS.

After follow‐up of up to 49 months, none of the patients had evolved to myelodysplasia or acute leukemia. Hypothesis regarding the biological and clinical significance of these abnormalities are formulated. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Reported drop in mammography
Authors: Breen Nancy , A. Cronin Kathleen , Meissner Helen I. , Taplin Stephen H. , Tangka Florence K. , Tiro Jasmin A. , McNeel Timothy S.
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND

Timely screening with mammography can prevent a substantial number of deaths from breast cancer. The objective of this brief was to ascertain whether recent use of mammography has dropped nationally.

METHODS

The authors assessed the trend in mammography rates from 1987 through 2005. Then, they used the 2000 and 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) estimates to characterize trends and current patterns in mammography use.

RESULTS

After robust, rapid increases in reported use of mammography by women in the U.S. since 1987, estimates from the 2005 NHIS showed a decline compared with 2000 (from 70% to 66%). Although it was small, this decline may be cause for concern, because it signals a change in direction.

CONCLUSIONS

This report establishes for the nation what already has been observed in some local data. The results confirmed that the use of mammography may be falling. This change needs to be monitored carefully and also may call for intervention. Cancer 2007. Published 2007 by the American Cancer Society
Long‐range GABAergic projection neurons in the cat neocortex
Authors: Higo Shigeyoshi , Udaka Naoko , Tamamaki Nobuaki
Published: May 2007

Neocortical γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons have been previously described as largely involved in local intracortical circuitry. However, our recent findings in the murine model described select neocortical GABAergic neurons that project to both neighboring and more distant neocortical regions. Here, we investigated whether such GABAergic projection neurons are also found in the cat neocortex. Wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) was injected into the visual, auditory, or somatosensory cortex, in order to label efferent cortical neurons retrogradely and to label axons and terminals orthogradely. Staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH‐d), an enzyme involved in nitric oxide synthesis, was employed, and co‐localization with WGA‐HRP was determined by means of both polarizing and brightfield microscopy. We concluded that neurons double‐labeled with WGA‐HRP and NADPH‐d in a distant region from the WGA‐HRP‐injection site are GABAergic neurons with long‐range projection axons. All double‐labeled neurons were found in cortical layers VIa and VIb and in the white matter. Neurons with intense NADPH‐d reactivity (type I) were determined to be neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) positive in all cases. However, weakly NADPH‐d‐reactive neurons (type II) lacked nNOS immunoreactivity. Moreover, nNOS often co‐localized with GABA, neuropeptide‐Y, and somatostatin in the cat neocortex. In summary, the GABAergic neurons described here projected in a manner similar to that previously described for neocortical principal neurons, although some unique GABAergic long‐range projections were also demonstrated. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:421–431, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical and pharmacological relationship between acetylcholine and nitric oxide in the prepositus hypoglossi nucleus of the cat: Functional implications for eye‐movement control
Authors: Márquez‐Ruiz Javier , Morcuende Sara , Navarro‐López Juan De Dios , Escudero Miguel
Published: May 2007

The prepositus hypoglossi (PH) nucleus has been proposed as a pivotal structure for horizontal eye‐position generation in the oculomotor system. Recent studies have revealed that acetylcholine (ACh) in the PH nucleus could mediate the persistent activity necessary for this process, although the origin of this ACh remains unknown. It is also known that nitric oxide (NO) in the PH nucleus plays an important role in the control of velocity balance, being involved in a negative feedback control of tonic signals arriving at the PH nucleus. As it could be expected that neurons taking part in eye‐position generation must control their tonic background inputs, the existence of a relationship between nitrergic and cholinergic neurons is hypothesized. In the present study we analyzed the distribution, size, and morphology of choline acetyltransferase‐positive neurons, and their relationship with neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the PH nucleus of the cat. As presumed, some 96% of cholinergic neurons were also nitrergic in the PH nucleus, suggesting that NO is regulating the level of ACh released by cholinergic PH neurons. Furthermore, we studied the alterations induced by muscarinic‐receptor agonists and antagonists on spontaneous and vestibularly induced eye movements in the alert cat and compared them with those induced in previous studies by modification of NO levels in the same animal preparation. The results suggest that ACh is necessary for the generation of saccadic and vestibular eye‐position signals, whereas the NO is stabilizing the eye‐position generator by controlling background activity reaching cholinergic neurons in the PH nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:407–420, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish embryos using a cave automated virtual environment
Authors: Kreiling Jill A. , Prabhat  , Williams Geoffrey , Creton Robbert
Published: May 2007

Previous studies show that cilia in Kupffer's vesicle (KV) generate a counterclockwise flow of fluid and provide convincing evidence that this flow regulates left/right asymmetry. We hypothesized that the distribution of cilia in KV leads to this directional flow. However, there are limitations in determining the localization of structures when viewing a three‐dimensional (3‐D) image on a 2‐D computer screen. We analyzed the distribution of KV cilia in the Cave, an immersive virtual environment that displays stacks of confocal images in 3‐D. We found 80% of the cilia are located on the dorsal surface and 20% were located on the ventral surface of the vesicle. We confirmed the ventral location of some cilia by electron microscopy. There is an asymmetrical distribution of cilia on the dorsal surface, with the anterior one third containing 50% and the posterior one third containing 20% of the cilia. This dorsal–anterior patch could explain the directionality of the flow, and could drive local differences in flow rate. Developmental Dynamics 236:1963–1969, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of Metal Nanoparticles in a Sol‐Gel Silica Thin Film
Authors: Malenovska Miroslava , Martinez Sandra , Neouze Marie‐Alexandra , Schubert Ulrich
Published: May 2007

Silica films on glass substrates with homogeneously dispersed platinum, gold or silver nanoparticles were prepared by sol‐gel processing mixtures of tetraethoxysilane and {3‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino]propyl}triethoxysilane complexes of the corresponding metal ions, followed by dip‐coating and hydrogen treatment of the films at elevated temperatures. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Authors: Tajfel Henri , Billig M. G. , Bundy R. P. , Flament Claude
Published: May 2007

The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcs of social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing attitudes of hostility could have been said to have determined discriminative behaviour against an outgroup. These conditions were satisfied in the experimental design. In the first series of experiments, it was found that the subjects favoured their own group in the distribution of real rewards and penalities in a situation in which nothing but the variable of fairly irrelevant classification distinguished between the ingroup and the outgroup. In the second series of experiments it was found that: 1) maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; 2) maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; 3) the clearest effect on the distribution of rewards was due to the subjects' attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other ‘objective’ advantages.

The design and the results of the study are theoretically discussed within the framework of social norms and expectations and particularly in relation to a ‘generic’ norm of outgroup behaviour prevalent in some societies.
Studies in social influence: I. Those absent are in the right: Convergence and polarization of answers in the course of a social interaction
Authors: Moscovici Serge , Nève Patricia
Published: May 2007

The theories of social influence assert that: a) the existing dependence on the source of influence and hence the presence of the latter, is the cause of the above changes, b) the effective qualities of the stimulus or those which are attributed to it ‐ ambiguity, clarity and certitude, etc., ‐ can be seen in the divergence or convergence of the estimations made on the stimulus have an independent effect from the relations which exist between this source and its target. In this research OUI aim is to question both postulates by using a very well know phenomenon. On the one hand we have shown that the style of behaviour of the source, its consistency, is sufficient to produce the desired influence. On the other hand, we have shown that if this behaviour creates a conflict of response, the subject will adopt the proposed response on the condition that he has done so of his own free will and not because of having given in under pressure. That is why an absent source of influence can be successfull; the subject has the impression of approaching it without giving in to it, while the presence of a source of influence causes the polarization, this being the only means for the subject to preserve his independence. The experimental paradigm used is the same as that of Sherif. Dozens of experiments have shown that the greater the distance between the stooge subjects and the naive subjects, the greater the tendency for response polarization. In the control situation where subjects were confronted with a constant stoodge for the entire duration of the experiment, we obtained the same results. In the experimental situation where the stooge would leave the room with a justified excuse before the end of the experiment, we have found a trend converging towards his judgements. The polarization phenomenon is therefore due to the relation between the source and the target of influence, to the meaning which is assigned to the distances of judgment rather than to the distances themselves. Moreover, the withdrawal of the source in no way diminishes its influence and so, those who are absent are sometimes right.
Organization structure and sociometric nominations amongst line managers in three contrasted organizations
Authors: Payne Roy L. , Pheysey Diana C.
Published: May 2007

This study contrasts the interactions and influence choices amongst line managers in three organizations. The organizations were selected because of their contrasting formal structures (degree of bureaucratization, etc., after Pugh et al., 1968). The relations between the sociometric indicators and the various aspects of organization structure are explored across different sub‐parts of the line management systems.

The overall results are that the effects of aspects of organization structure on social processes are generally in the directions predicted, though the relationships are not large; and that the effects of one aspect of organization structure can be moderated by other structurat features. Global generalizations about the effects of, say, ‘bureaucracy’ on social behaviour are therefore inadvisable.
Coalition formation on the gameboard
Authors: Wilke Henk , Mulder Mauk
Published: May 2007

This study explored the different interpretations of the 4‐3‐2 power pattern (Caplow, 1956) in the standard pachisiboard situation, originated by Vinacke and Arkoff (1957).

The results show that A (=4) does not misperceive his power more than B (=3) or C (=2), as Kelley and Arrowood (1960) and Vinacke and Arkoff (1957) assumed. The results also did not fit the predictions of game theory (Shapley and Shubik, 1964). Gamson's (1964) explanation was not confirmed either.

The conspiracy hypothesis (Hoffman et al., 1954), which states that if the players perceive that they are comparable and one of the players is given an initial advantage, then the two other players will conspire against him, can explain the results of this study reasonably well.
An apparent exception to the extremization of collective judgments
Authors: Doise Willem
Published: May 2007

A reanalysis of data obtained by Kogan and Wallach, 1966 is presented. Wherever the original analysis showed the extremity of unanimous group judgments in general not to be different from the average extremity of individual judgments, the present analysis indicates that these group judgments differ from the average of individual judgments: they are significantly more extreme than the average positions of the individuals.
Effects of agreement and disagreement in groups on recognition memory performance and confidence
Authors: Upmeyer Arnold , Schreiber Wilfried K.
Published: May 2007

Three dependent variables, derived from an extended Signal‐Detection paradigma, were used in each of 3 experiments: memory performance, confidence‐level, and response‐bias. Each memory item was first judged by S and then fictitiously by 2 confederates providing different degrees of agreement and disagreement. As compared to agreement moderate disagreement yielded both better recognition performance and, if S's judgements were false, less confidence. Strong disagreement failed to repeat these findings. Balanced agreement/disagreement raised the level of both performance and confidence relative to a situation without information from the group. In all the experiments correct decisions yielded higher confidence than errors. Festinger's theory of social comparison processes accounts for all results in performance, but for explaining the confidence shifts assumptions on ‘internal cues’ should also be incorporated. The response‐bias was not affected by social treatment differences, thus supporting the view of some Signal‐Detection theorists. Proposals towards a general theory of stimulus processing in social context are outlined and some of its consequences are discussed by taking as examples some conformity experiments.
Scaling of attitude items under stress: Response shift or change of personal reference scale?
Authors: Schönpflug Ute , Schönpflug Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this experiment was to explore psychological mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of extremization of judgments (accentuation) under stress. Specifically the question was raised whether accentuation was due to some change of the internal representation of the objective scale (the personal reference scale, Upshaw, 1969). In the case of no indication for such a change a further analysis of accentuation concerning the nature of response shifts was intended.

Four different degrees of stress were induced by varying levels of white noise stimulation. Induction of stress was monitored by measures of electrodermal and cardiac activity. Ss in each of the stress conditions rated statements on social issues for degree of socialist or communist attitude expressed. In part I of the experiment Ss were free to choose any bipolar scale comprising 2–13 categories. In part II they repeated their judgments on a 9‐point bipolar scale.

As degree of stress was not systematically related to scale selection in part I, there was no support for the hypothesis of a change of personal reference scale. A linear function between a general instability of the judgmental frame of reference and stress was found, however. Again an increasing tendency to accentuate under intermediate stress levels was observed. Under medium degree of stress an increased tendency to vary scales was also observed.
Restrictive conditions for the occurrence of psychological reactance: Interpersonal attraction, need for social approval, and a delay factor
Authors: Dickenberger Dorothee , Grabitz‐Gniech Gisla
Published: May 2007

The purpose of the present experiment was to show that the occurrence of psychological reactance is diminished when a person a) estimates the freedom eliminating source of social influence as highly attractive, and b) shows strong need for social approval and that c) psychological reactance might be stored up when the actual freedom eliminating social influence is too strong. In an experiment with 3 phases female students served as Ss. Two partners (S and stooge) had to decide whether or not to answer an item from a set of everyday questions with two choice alternatives. In the case of a positive decision they had to give their judgments covertly. In the first phase the S decided whether to answer or not; then the stooge urged the S not to answer a special set of questions. In the second phase the stooge announced her decision whether to answer a question or not and she left out the ‘crucial’ items. In the third phase the S answered the items alone since the stooge left the room for a short time having good reasons. The independent variables were interpersonal attraction: high vs. low (manipulated by instruction) and social desirability: high vs. low (measured by median split‐half of the scores of a German version of the Marlowe‐Crowne‐scale). Reactance was measured as the number of answers to the crucial items in phase 3 in relation to the previous phases. The delay effect of psychological reactance was tested by a comparison of answers in phase 2 and 3. The data lent support to the first (attraction) and third (delay) experimental hypotheses stated.
A study on the resistance of observation systems of observers' expectancies
Authors: Kähler Harro Dietrich , Schmid Rudolf
Published: May 2007

Different sets of expectations were induced in groups of observers before asking them to observe a film. Four aspects of Hall's notation system for the observation of proxemic behavior (1963) were adopted for the purposes of this study and another observation aspect was added. All Ss observed the same scenes of the film. They only differed in the kind of information on experimenters' beliefs and the hypotheses of the observation study.

Results indicate that induced expectancies influenced the recordings of the observers. Implications of these outcomes are discussed.
On the development of national attitudes in children
Authors: Jaspars Joseph M. F. , Geer John. P. Van De , Tajfel Henri , Johnson Nicholas
Published: May 2007

The present study consists of three related experiments which are concerned with the development of national attitudes in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It was predicted on the basis of a structural interpretation of Allport's three‐stage developmental theory of prejudice that national attitudes will increase at first due to increasing consistency of judgment and decrease afterwards due to cognitive differentiation. The hypothesis is partially confirmed with respect to the attitudes of children towards other countries but not confirmed with respect to the attitudes of children towards people who are perceived as foreigners. A tentative explanation is offered for the last finding. It was shown moreover that the attitudes of older children display more cognitive balance than those of younger children. In connection with the last problem, a quantified modification Bf Heider's theory of balanced states was introduced.
Psychological significance in personal and supplied construct systems: A defining experiment
Authors: Stringer Peter
Published: May 2007

An implication was examined of three assumptions of Personal Construct Theory. Personal and supplied construct systems were compared for their capacity to account for 34 subjects' behaviour in an independent sorting task. It was found that either construct system tended to account for a significant amount of the variance in sorting behaviour, but that more was accounted for by personal Construct systems. Observations were made on the way in which this phenomenon varied between subjects, sub‐tasks, and parts of construct systems. The assumptions examined were held to be relevant to Social perception and cognitive theories.
Conformity as a function of task generalization and relative competence
Authors: Geller Sheldon H. , Endler Norman S. , Wiesenthal David L.
Published: May 2007

Subject correctness and group agreement were varied for college subjects engaged in a light discrimination task. On another task, employing multiple‐choice questions about Canada, the dependent variable of conformity was assessed to examine generalization of relative competence formed on the light discrimination task. It was seen that (1) relative competence was seen to mediate conformity for a specific task (Canadian Knowledge Inventory), but did not generalize across tasks (i.e. from the light discrimination task to the Canadian Knowledge Inventory); (2) with respect to the Canadian Knowledge Inventory, subjects who perceived themselves as more competent than the group did not conform as much as those who either perceived themselves as less competent than or as competent as the group; (3) the experimental manipulations did not affect conformity, further supporting the findings that perceived competence does not generalize across classes of tasks; (4) females conformed more than males: and (5) nonsuspicious subjects conformed more than suspicious subjects.
Intragroup effects on intergroup negotiation
Authors: Lamm Helmut
Published: May 2007

The article is introduced by an analysis of how the effects of a negotiator's intragroup status (leader versus non‐leader) on his negotiation performance (in particular, toughness) may be modified by such factors as the source of the status assignment (e.g., election versus imposition) and the presence and timing of position formation in the group. The accountability experienced by a negotiator vis à‐vis his group is proposed as the central intervening variable mediating status effects on negotiation. In a series of (previously published) experiments, all using the same procedural paradigm — a prenegotiation, intragroup phase followed by intergroup negotiation among equal‐status group delegates, the issues requiring a choice between higher and lower risk levels — some of the above variables and additional ones, were investigated. Overall, there was evidence of greater toughness among group‐elected leaders (relative to non‐leaders) and among subordinates (relative to imposed, ‚dictatorial' leaders). The latter effect obtained only when the negotiators were being continuously monitored by, and had to consult, their respective group partners during the negotiations. Results concerning risky shift (enhancement of risk acceptance through the negotiation discussions) are considered in the light of relevant theory.
Effects of prior group agreement and task correctness on relative competence mediating conformity
Authors: Wiesenthal David L. , Endler Norman S. , Geller Sheldon H.
Published: May 2007

Fifty‐six male and 61 female university students participated in a 2 × 2 × 2 design with task correctness‐incorrectness, group agreement‐disagreement and sex of subject constituting the classification factors. A modified Crutchfield apparatus served to manipulate a subject's prior experience of correctness and agreement, and to measure subsequent conformity.

Correctness and group agreement were seen to interact to produce varying degrees of perceived competence relative to a simulated group. Relative competence mediated conformity such that (a) on the basis of both experimentally manipulated competence and perceived competence, subjects who were less competent than the group manifested more conformity than subjects who were more competent than the group. This finding replicates the Ettinger et al. (1971) study; (b) subjects who perceived themselves and the group as equally competent conformed more than subjects who perceived themselves as either more competent or less competent than the group. This result was explained in terms of reciprocity; (c) no sex differences were found and possible explanations for this result were discussed; (d) no conformity differences between suspicious and unsuspicious subjects suggested the possibility that suspicious subjects were role playing.
An investigation of relative preference for consistency motivation
Authors: Shaw Jerry I. , Skolnick Paul
Published: May 2007

The present experiment was designed to determine relative preference for fulfillment of consistency motivation. Ninety‐two students rated their attraction to, identification with, and idealization of a hypothetical stimulus person who was represented as having fulfilled particular social motives such as approval, power, achievement and consistency. Results confirmed that subjects prefer persons who have satisfied traditional needs more so than others whose consistency desires have been fulfilled. Implications for the role of consistency motivation in social behavior are considered.
The generation of descriptive‐evaluative responses in scale answering behaviour: A model
Authors: Semin G. R. , Rogers R. S.
Published: May 2007

A model of subject behaviour in scale answering situations is derived, developed and illustrated empirically. The model allows for the possibility that a subject, faced with a request to describe how much of some attribute an object possesses, may internally represent either that object or some other. Additionally, it allows that he may give honest expression to his internal representation or modify so as to proffer a more ‚functional' description. Thus two basic parameters (representation and description) characterise the process whereby a response emitter (S) gives a descriptive‐evaluative response to a response elicitor (E).

The parameters of the model are demonstrated by two studies using a psycho‐metrically sophisticated personality scale (Mach. V). In the first, object substitution is shown by contrasting self‐referent and other‐referent responses using a personating technique. In the second, response modification, due to favourable self‐presentation, is found to operate despite a scale‐format designed specially to eliminate such biases.

Two major implications of the model are discussed:

That the nature of descriptive‐evaluative responding is such as to render the construction of non‐fakeable descriptive scales impossible.

That many experiments using descriptive scales are dubious tests of their stated hypotheses because there are no provisions for the control of the parameters of description and representation.
An experimental approach to the use of ingratiation tactics under homogeneous and heterogeneous dyads
Authors: Lefébvre Luc M.
Published: May 2007

The present research investigated the occurrence of ingratiation as mediated by the sex of sender and recipient in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design and also explored the underlying structure and preference of ingratiation overtures. Subjects were instructed to enact the role of interviewees and were motivated either to make themselves amiable or to act spontaneously to improve evaluation accorded by the interviewer. It was hypothesized that ingratiation behaviours would be distinguished from spontaneous behaviours for the investigated opinion conformity, self‐presentation, other‐enhancement and smiling. These main effects were found and specified by the sex variables in the expected direction with modesty as an ingratiation tactic under the female homogeneous dyad, more ingratiation overtures under the heterogeneous than homogeneous dyads on some verbal measures, and less ingratiation smiling under the male homogeneous dyad. Further, verbal and nonverbal overtures were shown to possess a different structure, and a multivariate analysis of variance revealed opinion conformity to be the most sensitive differentiator between the verbal ingratiation overtures. The discussion deals with the search for the subtleties in ingratiation messages and emphasizes some provocative findings.
Socialization and themes in popular drama: An analysis of the content of child‐rearing manuals and Don Juan plays in sixteenth to twentieth centuries
Authors: Jones A. David , Stewart Abigail J. , Winter David G.
Published: May 2007

A content analysis is reported of child‐rearing manuals published in sixteenth to nineteenth centuries and of the themes of the Don Juan plays in seventeenth to twentieth centuries. The relationship between the content of the manuals and the themes of the plays supports the thesis that child‐rearing patterns advocated in one century are reflected in the next in the attitudes expressed in popular cultural activities towards aggression, achievement and sex roles.
The effect of strength of cognitive linkages on attitude change in a communication situation
Authors: Nowak Kjell , Stolt Björn
Published: May 2007

Implicitly or explicitly, linkage is a basic concept in all theories of cognitive consistency — consistency or inconsistency can exist only with reference to entities which are cognitively linked through association or dissociation. The nature of cognitive linkages has not been systematically studied, but it seems evident that they may vary in many ways. One is the strength or intensity of perceived relationship between cognitive entities. The basic hypothesis in the present two experiments was that the effect of a communication in terms of attitude change would depend on the strength of linkage between concepts mentioned in the message. Results show no such effect when strength was manipulated through combination of linkages, whereas the hypothesis was confirmed when linkage strength was varied semantically. Also, previous studies on direct and mediated generalization of attitude change towards consistency were successfully replicated. Finally, it was found that amount of attitude change towards consistency was significantly higher for linkages involving affect (L‐relations) than for linkages simply expressing unit formation (U‐relations).
The anticipated belief differences theory of prejudice: Analysis and evaluation
Authors: Hyland Michael
Published: May 2007

The main supporting evidence for Rokeach's theory of prejudice (the Anticipated Belief Differences Theory of Prejudice) comes from the strong belief effects obtained in a simple Race/Belief manipulation. Analysis shows that the theory is unfalsifiable with this paradigm and is therefore neither tested nor confirmed by the many studies purporting to do so. The Belief‐undefined/Belief‐partially‐defined manipulation of Stein, Hardyck and Smith (1965) does test the theory. However, these authors' conclusion that favourable evidence was obtained is incorrect owing to the use of an inappropriate statistic.

Although race effects can be incorporated within a theory of belief prejudice it is equally possible to incorporate belief effects within any theory of prejudice which is contingent on an initial categorization into in‐group and out‐group. An empirical distinction between Rokeach's theory and other theories of prejudice can be made using a Belief‐undefined/Belief‐partially‐defined manipulation. Finally the theoretical adequacy of Rokeach's theory is discussed in terms of more general characteristics of prejudice.
The effects of discussion on group and individual choices among bets
Authors: Zaleska Maryla
Published: May 2007

The effects of discussion on subsequent group and individual choices are studied in a situation where subjects choose between a sure gain of varying amount and five probability levels associated with larger gains of expected value equal to that of the sure gain. At the end of the experiment, a single bet, chosen at random, is played for money. Before discussion, subjects have to guess the percentage of similar, more risky and more cautious choices made by their peers for each of the six bets. As predicted by a majority‐rule decision‐making model significant risky shifts were observed for relatively low values of sure gain. For higher values, however, groups tended to be more cautious than individuals. The final private choices of individuals were significantly more risky than their initial decisions. Most individuals apparently thought they were at least as risky as most others. This finding was due, however, primarily to the responses of subjects who chose the highest risk‐level (the ceiling effect) and, secondly, to the consistent tendency of most individuals to guess that others make the same choices as they themselves. It is concluded that majority influence seems a satisfactory explanation of group risky shifts observed in the present study, but it cannot account for modifications of group and individual choices in all risk‐taking situations.