bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recurrent Inguinal Hernia: Disease of the Collagen Matrix?
Authors: Zheng Hong , Si Zhongyi , Kasperk Reiner , Bhardwaj Rhanjit S. , Schumpelick Volker , Klinge Uwe , Klosterhalfen Bernd
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the collagen matrix in recurrent inguinal hernias. Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from skin fibroblasts of three groups (control group I = healthy skin; control group II = plain skin scar;
recurrent inguinal hernia group = skin of recurrent inguinal hernias; each n = 5). Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Northern blot analysis were used to investigate the expression of procollagen type I/‐ III, MMP‐1, and MMP‐13 mRNAs. Both ratios of procollagen types I to III mRNAs and collagen types I to III were apparently decreased in the recurrent hernia group compared to those of both control groups
(p <0.01). Significant differences were caused by the increase of both procollagen type III mRNA and collagen type III protein synthesis. A concomitant increase of MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 mRNAs and proteins was also observed in the recurrent hernia group and showed significant differences compared to those of both control groups I and II, respectively (p <0.01). In conclusion, the decreased ratio of collagen types I to III seems not only to be the result of a relative increase in the levels of type III procollagen mRNA but also may be the result of an increase of MMP‐1 and MMP‐13. The data of the present study strongly suggest recurrent inguinal hernias to be a disease of the collagen matrix and result in a clearer understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and may support specific therapeutic strategies in hernia surgery (e.g., surgical meshes).
Surgical Treatment of Graves’ Disease in Patients Younger than 18 Years
Authors: Söreide Jon‐Arne , van Heerden Jon A. , Lo Chung‐Yau , Grant Clive S. , Zimmerman Donald , Ilstrup Duane M.
Published: August 2002

Eighty‐two children and adolescents (18 males, 64 females; median age 14 years) surgically treated for Graves’ disease at a single institution between 1979 and 1993 were retrospectively reviewed. Most of the patients (74%) coming to thyroidectomy had been treated medically for a period ranging from 2 to 80 (median 15) months. Bilateral subtotal thyroid resection was the most frequently performed procedure (86%). Postoperatively, no permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy or permanent hypocalcemia occurred. Operative mortality was zero. With a median follow‐up of 8.3 years, recurrent hyperthyroidism occurred in five patients (6%), one of whom required reoperation. Most children and adolescents with Graves’ disease can be rendered euthyroid by nonsurgical treatment options. However, prolonged and ineffective medical treatment should be avoided in these patients who are in the formative years of their lives. Surgical treatment, when indicated and employed, offers young patients with Graves’ disease a safe, rapid, definitive, cost‐effective treatment with a high success rate.
Radiographic Detection of Single Strut Leg Separations as a Putative Basis for Prophylactic Explantation of Björk‐Shiley Convexo‐Concave Heart Valves
Authors: Chandler James G. , Hirsch Jamie Lee , O’Neill William W. , Oesterle Stephen N. , Miller D. Craig , Kennedy John A. , Faichney Alan
Published: August 2002

Cineradiography, using higher kVp and two or more specified profiles for each outlet strut leg, was used to evaluate Björk‐Shiley convexo‐concave (C/C) heart valves with epidemiologically defined > 0.1% per year estimated fracture rates. Among 828 mitral valves, eight radiographs were assessed as definite single leg separations (SLS) and 23 were read as probable SLS. Explantation confirmed SLS in 24 valves; 4 probables were false positives, and 3 patients with probable SLS ratings decided against explantation. Four patients with SLS died, an operative mortality of 14%. Only 23 mitral and 6 aortic valves receiving ratings ranging from apparently normal to suspicious have become available for verification; 1 rated apparently normal was found to have a SLS. Two patients experienced fatal fractures and 1 SLS valve was explanted 3 to 15 months after apparently normal x‐ray studies; it cannot be known if a SLS was or was not present at the time of these examinations. As 97% of negatively rated valves remain in situ, the sensitivity of the test is similarly not known. Only 1 SLS has been detected among 136 aortic valves. Uncertainty about test accuracy and SLS progression condition the clinical utility of radiographic SLS detection, particularly with respect to assurance from apparently normal readings. However, radiographic identification of an SLS substantially enhances epidemiologically derived risk categorization as a basis for consideration of prophylactic replacement for the approximately 12,000 valves with a > 0.1% estimated annual fracture risk, currently thought to be implanted in living patients.
Pattern of Recurrence after Extended Radical Esophagectomy with Three‐Field Lymph Node Dissection for Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Thoracic Esophagus
Authors: Bhansali Mehul S. , Fujita Hiromasa , Kakegawa Teruo , Yamana Hideaki , Ono Takafumi , Hikita Shigeki , Toh Yuji , Fujii Teruhiko , Tou Uhi , Shirouzu Kazuo
Published: August 2002

Factors responsible for recurrence of esophageal cancer were investigated in 90 patients who underwent extended radical esophagectomy with three‐field dissection for a squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus. The initial tumor recurrence was grouped as either locoregional (site of the primary tumor, anastomotic site, or lymph nodes) or as distant (distant organs, pleura, or peritoneum). Nineteen patients (21%) developed a locoregional recurrence, and 19 (21%) developed a distant recurrence. One (1%) developed both recurrences simultaneously and was classified as a distant recurrence. The locoregional recurrence was correlated with the stage factors, particularly the number of metastasis‐positive nodes. For the distant recurrence, vascular invasion was found to have been the most important prognostic factor. Our findings suggested that locoregional recurrence was due to tumor progress related to the extent of lymph node metastasis, whereas distant recurrence was due to the oncologic behavior of the tumor. Locoregional recurrence in patients with limited disease may be reduced by extended radical esophagectomy with three‐field dissection. Distant recurrence cannot be controlled by surgery. Adopted postoperative adjuvant therapies showed no effect on recurrence.
Reconstructive Surgery for Pelvic Pouches
Authors: Cohen Zane , Smith David , McLeod Robin
Published: August 2002

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileo–pouch–anal anastomosis has become the elective surgical procedure of choice for most of our patients with ulcerative colitis and for selected patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. This report reviews the results of the outcome of patients who have undergone a more radical reconstructive approach for salvage of the pelvic pouch where multiple local procedures have failed. A group of 24 patients were reviewed (19 females, 5 males). The indication for surgery was ulcerative colitis in 22 patients; 10 of the 24 patients were referred from other centers. The 24 patients underwent a mean of 2.9 local salvage procedures per patient. Of the 19 females within the group, 12 had an anastomotic vaginal fistula. The 24 patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 14 patients whose initial pouch was used once again for revisionary surgery. Group 2 comprised 10 patients whose initial pouch was removed and a redo pouch was constructed. Of the 24 patients, only 2 have had their pouches removed. More than 75% of the patients have had a successful outcome using a reconstructive approach. Four patients still have an ileostomy; of these four, two are awaiting closure of their loop ileostomy. Of 18 patients who were evaluable, 13 were considered to have normal daytime continence, and 17 of 18 were sexually functional. Of the 18 evaluable patients, 15 were satisfied with the outcome. Radical reconstructive surgery can be performed where local procedures to effect pouch salvage have failed, and it should be considered as a first‐line management where factors dictate that local procedures might fail. The commitment of the surgeon and the patient to achieving a successful outcome is essential. Severe pouch‐specific complications can be managed successfully by surgeons who have a specific interest in pelvic pouch surgery and have considerable experience dealing with complications that arise.
Ultrasound‐guided Laparoscopic Cryoablation of Hepatic Tumors: Preliminary Report
Authors: Lezoche Emanuele , Paganini Alessandro M. , Feliciotti Francesco , Guerrieri Mario , Lugnani Franco , Tamburini Andrea
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this ongoing prospective study is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a total laparoscopic approach for ultrasound‐guided cryoablation of primary and secondary hepatic tumors. Of 56 patients who underwent ultrasound‐guided cryoablation, a total laparoscopic approach was employed in 18 (5 men, 13 women; mean age 48.6 years, range 35–77 years). Fifteen patients were included for secondary hepatic tumors and three for primary hepatic tumors. Selection criteria were the presence of three or fewer nodules, less than 40% liver volume replaced by tumor, and absence of extrahepatic disease. Altogether 28 lesions were confirmed by intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography and were treated; 25 by ultrasound‐guided laparoscopic cryoablation and 3 by laparoscopic wedge resection. After cryoablation, surface parenchymal splits with bleeding from the frozen tissue were observed in six patients and required conversion to open surgery in two patients whose lesions were located in segment 8. No major complication and no mortality were observed. One or more minor complications occurred in nine patients; they included pleural effusion (n= 8, 44.4%), subdiaphragmatic fluid collection (n= 3, 16.6%), worsening hepatic insufficiency in a cirrhotic patient (n= 1, 5.5%), and wound infection in a patient converted to open surgery (n= 1, 5.5%). The mean hospital stay was 6.4 days (range 3–14 days). At a mean follow‐up of 10.8 months (range 5–16 months) all patients are alive and 14 are disease‐free, as demonstrated by normalization of tumor markers and negative magnetic resonance imaging. In carefully selected patients total laparoscopic ultrasound‐guided cryoablation is feasible and safe. A longer period of follow‐up is required to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure and its impact on survival.
Physiologic Monitoring of Circulatory Dysfunction in Patients with Severe Head Injuries
Authors: Velmahos George C. , Shoemaker William C. , Wo Charles C.J. , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: August 2002

Secondary brain insults influence outcome significantly in patients with severe head injuries. Inadequate tissue perfusion should be identified and treated early to avoid such insults. Conventional hemodynamic monitoring (blood pressure, heart rate, urine output) is not a reliable method for evaluating circulatory function in such patients. Invasive monitoring by means of pulmonary artery catheters may offer more precise information on early circulatory abnormalities. The objective of this study was to study the hemodynamic patterns of patients with severe closed head trauma by invasive methods and to correlate the derived information with survival. Fifty‐nine concecutive patients with blunt trauma, closed head injuries, and Glascow Coma Scale < 8 were studied. Pulmonary artery catheters were placed in all patients shortly after admission, and flow and flow‐derived variables were monitored for 96 hours or patient demise. Survivors had higher cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption values compared to nonsurvivors during the first
24 hours after injury. Following this period increased values were recorded in both groups. These temporal hemodynamic patterns were similar for patients with isolated head trauma and patients with other associated injuries. Thus initial hemodynamic patterns are associated with final outcome in patients with severe head injuries. Aggressive early hemodynamic monitoring may reveal subtle but significant changes. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether treatment guided by such information can improve survival.
Localization of Cervical Node Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Mirallié Eric , Visset Jacques , Sagan Christine , Hamy Antoine , Le Bodic Marie‐Françoise , Paineau Jacques
Published: August 2002

Precise localization of cervical node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma is rarely described. The aim of this retrospective study was to map their cervical involvement. Between 1974 and 1996 a series of 119 patients had total thyroidectomy with bilateral cervical lymph node dissection. Patients who had secondary node dissection for a cervical recurrence were excluded. Eight node sites were distinguished (ipsilateral and contralateral): paratracheal, mid‐jugular, supraclavicular, subdigastric. All pathologic specimens were reviewed by a single pathologist. Twenty‐five patients had lymph node involvement clinically before surgery. Seventy‐two (60.5%) had cervical metastasis (N+: node positive patients), with bilateral involvement in 28 cases. In cases of bilateral thyroid tumor localization, ipsilateral dissection designated the side with the largest nodule. The main ipsilateral involved sites were paratracheal (60 patients), mid‐jugular (44 patients), and supraclavicular (26 patients). Contralateral paratracheal nodes were involved in 25 patients and mid‐jugular nodes in 12. Among the N+ patients, node involvement was absent in 11 cases at paratracheal, 28 jugular, and 46 subclavicular sites. Cervical node metastases concerned 60.5% of the patients, with bilateral involvement in 40.8% of the N+ patients. Ipsilateral paratracheal and jugular sites were most frequently involved. The lateral compartment was sometimes involved independent of the central compartment.
Thoracic Surgery for Hydatid Disease
Authors: Aarons Barrie J.
Published: August 2002

This paper summarizes the place of thoracic surgery in the management of hydatid disease. Although based on the author's 31‐year personal experience, it draws on the experience of others where that of the author is deficient. The treatment of pulmonary, pleural, liver, and cardiac cysts is discussed. The importance of avoiding spillage, adequate sterilization of cavities, preservation of lung, and drainage are emphasized.
Risk of extinction and categories of endangerment: perspectives from long‐lived reptiles
Authors: Webb G. J. W. , Carrillo C. E.
Published: August 2002

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals is an important conservation tool, but the accuracy of predictions about risks of global extinction within 10 years or three generations is difficult to test objectively. In this study, we compare IUCN predictions with the results of attempts to derive realistic scenarios that could lead to the global extinction of six species of long‐lived reptiles. For three species, the IUCN predictions matched real events reasonably well but still overestimated risks of global extinction. For the other species, the predictions did not match real events. Reasons why disparities occur are discussed.
Theoretical considerations on the C‐D effect in self‐thinning plant populations
Authors: Hagihara Akio
Published: August 2002

A model for describing the competition–density (C‐D) effect in self‐thinning populations was developed on the basis of the following three basic assumptions: (1) the growth of mean phytomass follows a general logistic equation; (2) final yield is independent of initial population density; and (3) there exists a functional relationship between actual and initial population densities at any given time. The resultant equation takes the same reciprocal form as the reciprocal equation of the C‐D effect derived from Shinozaki–Kira's theory (i.e., the logistic theory of the C‐D effect), which deals with the density effect in nonself‐thinning populations. However, one of the two time‐dependent coefficients is quite different in mathematical interpretation between the two reciprocal equations. The reciprocal equation for self‐thinning populations is essentially the same as the reciprocal equation assumed in the derivation of the functional relationship between actual and initial population densities. The establishment of the reciprocal equation is supported by the empirical facts that the reciprocal relationship between mean phytomass and population density is discernible in not only nonself‐thinning populations but also in self‐thinning populations. The present model is expected to systematically interpret underlying mechanisms between the C‐D effect, which is observed at a time constant among populations with various initial densities, and self‐thinning, which is observed along a time continuum in a given population.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Investigation of an MP35N Intramedullary Interlocking Nail System for Repair of Third Metacarpal Fractures in Adult Horses
Authors: Galuppo Larry D. , Stover Susan M. , Aldridge Amanda , Hewes Christina , Taylor Kenneth T.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare monotonic mechanical properties of gap‐ostectomized third metacarpal bones (MC3) stabilized with an MP35N interlocking nail system with contralateral intact bones.

Animals or sample population—Twenty‐four pairs of cadaveric equine MC3s.

Methods—Third metacarpal bones were divided into 4 mechanical testing groups (6 pairs per group): compression, palmarodorsal (PD) and mediolateral (ML) 4‐point bending, and torsion. One MC3 from each pair was randomly selected as an intact specimen, and the contralateral gap ostectomized bone was stabilized with a 4‐hole, 14‐mm‐diameter, 250‐mm‐long, MP35N intramedullary nail, and four, 7‐mm‐diameter, 60‐mm‐long MP35N interlocking screws (constructs). Mechanical testing properties were compared between intact specimens and constructs with a pairedttest (significance set atP< .05).

Results—Intact specimens were significantly stronger and stiffer than constructs in all testing modes except PD bending. Constructs achieved mean yield strengths that were 57% (compression), 81% (PD bending), 68% (ML bending), and 78% (torque) of intact specimens. Constructs achieved mean stiffnesses that were 53% (compression), 58% (PD bending), 41% (ML bending), and 47% (torque) of intact specimens.

Conclusion—Monotonic yield mechanical properties of MP35N intramedullary interlocking nail‐stabilized, gap‐ostectomized MC3 were lower than those of paired intact bones but exceeded reported in vivo loads for dorsopalmar bending and compression and estimated in vivo torsional loads.

Clinical relevance—Considering the benefits associated with intramedullary interlocking nail fixation of fractures, this system should be considered for use for repair of MC3 fractures with applicable fracture configurations.
Respiratory Chain Supercomplexes
Authors: Schägger Hermann
Published: August 2002

Respiratory chain supercomplexes have been isolated from mammalian and yeast mitochondria, and bacterial membranes. Functional roles of respiratory chain supercomplexes are catalytic enhancement, substrate channelling, and stabilization of complex I by complex III in mammalian cells. Bacterial supercomplexes are characterized by their relatively high detergent‐stability compared to yeast or mammalian supercomplexes that are stable to sonication. The mobility of substrate cytochrome c increases in the order bacterial, yeast, and mammalian respiratory chain. In bacterial supercomplexes, the electron transfer between complexes III and IV involves movement of the mobile head of a tightly bound cytochrome c, whereas the yeast S. cerevisiae seems to use substrate channelling of a mobile cytochrome c, and mammalian respiratory chains have been described to use a cytochrome c pool. Dimeric ATP synthase seems to be specific for mitochondrial OXPHOS systems. Monomeric complex V was found in Acetobacterium woodii and Paracoccus denitrificans .
New sporadic case of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III in an aged woman: detailed description of ultrastructural findings
Authors: Sigler Erica , Shaft Dina , Shtalrid Mordechai , Shvidel Lev , Berrebi Alain , Resnitzky Peretz
Published: August 2002

We describe a new case of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) type III. This least common type of CDA was diagnosed at the age of 59 in a 70‐year‐old woman who suffered from a young age from mild macrocytic anemia, while the long follow up since diagnosis documented a benign clinical course. No family history of blood diseases was obtained and no anemia was documented in the medical records of any of her four children. The bone marrow (BM) examination on light microscopy revealed a severe erythroid hyperplasia with the presence of giant multinucleated erythroblasts. Ultrastructural examination of the BM disclosed the presence of many large multinucleated erythroblasts bearing a variety of ultrastructural findings: nuclear clefts, autophagic vacuoles, iron‐loaded mitochondria, and intracytoplasmic myelin figures. In addition, extensive hyperlobulation of the nucleus and partial loss of nuclear membrane with “spilling” of nuclear material to the adjacent cytoplasm was also noted in some of the erythroblasts. These last two findings have not been previously described in CDA III. Am. J. Hematol. 70:72–76, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity of primary familial and congenital polycythemia
Authors: Kralovics Robert , Prchal Josef T.
Published: August 2002

Primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) is an inherited disorder of erythroid progenitor cells resulting in elevated erythrocyte mass. Several mutations of the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) gene have been associated with PFCP, although in a few families the linkage between the EPOR gene and PFCP has been excluded. To examine the role of EPOR mutations in the pathogenesis of PFCP, we studied 43 unrelated PFCP subjects. Erythroid culture data were available in 26 subjects, and in all these subjects, we observed hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitors to erythropoietin (EPO). We screened all EPOR gene exons for mutations using ribonuclease cleavage assay and protein truncation test. We detected five mutations in exon VIII of the EPOR gene, four of which we reported earlier. A new EPOR gene mutation was found (G5959T) that changes codon 425 GAG to a termination codon, resulting in truncation of the EPOR by 84 amino acids. The G5959T mutation was found to segregate with the disease in the affected family and represents another example of a nonsense mutation associated with PFCP. We also report the first intronic mutation (A2706T) of the EPOR gene. The finding of only five disease‐causing mutations in our PFCP patient pool of 43 subjects (12%) indicates that EPOR gene mutations are not the major genetic defect associated with PFCP. The hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitors to EPO seen in all examined PFCP subjects suggests a dominant lesion of an as yet unidentified gene either at the level of the EPOR signaling pathway or another erythropoiesis regulating pathway. Am. J. Hematol. 68:115–121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age change of power in weight/heightp indices used as indicators of adiposity in japanese
Authors: Hattori Komei , Hirohara Toshie
Published: August 2002

Data from the Statistical Report on School Health and Hygiene were used to identify the entire process of the power of height p in the weight‐for‐height index W/Hp. The appropriate power of height p was determined by clarifying the allometric relationship, giving an index of relative weight, which is highly correlated with weight but uncorrelated with height for age. The procedure is equivalent to fitting a straight line on a log–log scale to the tabulated weights by height in different age groups. The p values show directional changes from 5 to 17 years of age in both sexes. The optimal p value is approximately 2 in preschool children but increases gradually to over 3 at 10 years in males and 11 years in females, and then falls back to 2 after puberty. The largest p value occurs 18 months earlier in females than in males, and the pattern is the same in the present samples and American samples. Because there are remarkable changes between 12 to 14 years in females and 14 to 16 years in males, the general weight‐for‐height indices with the precise power of height are preferable at these ages. A fixed power 3.0 is suggested for children between 3 and 12 years irrespective of sex or race. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:275–279, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deletion of RBM and DAZ in azoospermia: Evaluation by PRINS
Authors: Kadandale Jayarama S. , Wachtel Stephen S. , Tunca Yusuf , Martens Paula R. , Wilroy R. Sid , Tharapel Avirachan T.
Published: August 2002

Molecular and cytogenetic studies from infertile men have shown that one or more genes controlling spermatogenesis are located in proximal Yq11.2 in interval 6 of the Y chromosome. Microdeletions within the azoospermia factor region (AZF) are often associated with azoospermia and severe oligospermia in men with idiopathic infertility. We evaluated cells from a normal‐appearing 27‐year‐old man with infertility and initial karyotype of 45,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.2)[8]/46,t(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.2)[12]. By fluorescence in situ hybridization with dual‐color whole chromosome paint probes for X and Y chromosomes, we confirmed the Xp‐Yp interchange. By primed in situ labeling, we identified translocation of the SRY gene from its original location on Yp to the patient's X chromosome at band Xp22. We also obtained evidence that the apparent marker was a der(Y) (possibly a ring) containing X and Y domains, and observed that the patient's genome was deleted for RBM and DAZ, two candidate genes for AZF. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Problem behavior in boys with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Hatton Deborah D. , Hooper Stephen R. , Bailey Donald B. , Skinner Martie L. , Sullivan Kelly M. , Wheeler Anne
Published: August 2002

This study examines problem behavior over time in 59 boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), aged 4–12 years, using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Approximately 49% of the boys scored within the borderline or clinical range on total problem behavior, while 56–57% scored in the borderline or clinical range on the attention and thought problems subscales, and 26% scored in this range on the social problems subscale. With a mean of 2.5 assessments per child, behavior problems were stable during the 3‐year period of study. Total problem behavior was higher for children who displayed autistic behavior, were rated as low in adaptability, had mothers with higher maternal education levels, and were on medication. Mothers with more education also rated their children as having more attention, thought, and total problems. Children taking medication differed from boys who were not taking medication on social problems, but not on attention and thought problems. Low adaptability and more autistic characteristics predicted thought problems. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benefits of polyspecific associations for the Goeldi’s monkey (Callimico goeldii)
Authors: Porter Leila M.
Published: August 2002

Polyspecific associations are an important component of Callimico goeldii behavior and ecology. On average, Callimico goeldii was found in proximity to or in vocal contact with Saguinus troops (S. fuscicollis and S. labiatus) during 53% of all time intervals sampled. Polyspecific associations varied considerably between seasons, however, with association rates peaking during the wet‐season month of February (89%) and declining in the dry season, with the lowest rate (13%) in July. The primary benefits of associations appear to be an increased use of the lower and middle canopy, and an increase in feeding behaviors during the wet season. Thus, Callimico goeldii appear to benefit most from associations during the wet season when fruits are its principal food source. Fruits are eaten more in the forest canopy than in the understory; thus, an increase in height use likely permits an increase in the fruit resources on which Callimico goeldii can forage and feed. In addition, Saguinus groups, with their smaller home ranges, are likely to be more knowledgeable than Callimico goeldii about the location and abundance of ripe fruits in their home ranges. Thus, Callimico goeldii may parasitize Saguinus for their fruit knowledge by following them through their ranges. In the dry season, limited dietary overlap between Callimico goeldii and Saguinus groups is likely to make associations less beneficial for Callimico goeldii as they adopt different foraging and ranging strategies. Am. J. Primatol. 54:143–158, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rib lesions in a prehistoric Puebloan sample from southwestern Colorado
Authors: Lambert Patricia M.
Published: August 2002

An unusually high frequency of periosteal lesions of visceral rib surfaces was observed in a small, prehistoric skeletal series from southwestern Colorado. Lesions of this type have been concordant with pulmonary tuberculosis in three studies of human skeletal collections with known cause of death, and in a recent clinical investigation of rib dimensions in living patients with lung disorders. Diseases such as pneumonia and actinomycosis have also been found to cause these lesions, but in much lower frequencies. Archaeological evidence suggests that Puebloan farmers of Sleeping Ute Mountain's southern piedmont, from which the sample is drawn, endured unusually harsh environmental conditions punctuated by severe drought and exacerbated by escalating warfare. It is argued here that these environmental stressors increased susceptibility to an opportunistic respiratory infection reminiscent of tuberculosis, and possibly also some form of pneumonia, resulting in high rates of active disease previously noted only in historic Puebloan peoples. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:281–292, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sodium channel inactivation in an animal model of acute quadriplegic myopathy
Authors: Rich Mark M. , Pinter Martin J.
Published: August 2002

We previously demonstrated that muscle fibers become unable to fire action potentials in both patients and an animal model of acute quadriplegic myopathy (AQM). In the animal model, skeletal muscle is denervated in rats treated with high‐dose corticosteroids (steroid‐denervated; SD), and muscle fibers become inexcitable despite resting potentials and membrane resistances similar to those of control denervated fibers that remain excitable. We show here that unexcitability of SD fibers is due to increased inactivation of sodium channels at the resting potential of affected fibers. A hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation in combination with the depolarization of the resting potential induced by denervation results in inexcitability. Our findings suggest that paralysis in the animal model of AQM is the result of an abnormality in the voltage dependence of sodium channel inactivation.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ agonists prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Feinstein Douglas L. , Galea Elena , Gavrilyuk Vitaliy , Brosnan Celia F. , Whitacre Caroline C. , Dumitrescu‐Ozimek Lucia , Landreth Gary E. , Pershadsingh Harrihar A. , Weinberg Guy , Heneka Michael T.
Published: August 2002

The development of clinical symptoms in multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) involves T‐cell activation and migration into the central nervous system, production of glial‐derived inflammatory molecules, and demyelination and axonal damage. Ligands of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) exert anti‐inflammatory effects on glial cells, reduce proliferation and activation of T cells, and induce myelin gene expression. We demonstrate in two models of EAE that orally administered PPARγ ligand pioglitazone reduced the incidence and severity of monophasic, chronic disease in C57BL/6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide and of relapsing disease in B10.Pl mice immunized with myelin basic protein. Pioglitazone also reduced clinical signs when it was provided after disease onset. Clinical symptoms were reduced by two other PPARγ agonists, suggesting a role for PPARγ activation in protective effects. The suppression of clinical signs was paralleled by decreased lymphocyte infiltration, lessened demyelination, reduced chemokine and cytokine expression, and increased inhibitor of kappa B (IkB) expression in the brain. Pioglitazone also reduced the antigen‐dependent interferon‐γ production from EAE‐derived T cells. These results suggest that orally administered PPARγ agonists could provide therapeutic benefit in demyelinating disease.
A novel deafness/dystonia peptide gene mutation that causes dystonia in female carriers of Mohr‐Tranebjaerg syndrome
Authors: Swerdlow Russell H. , Wooten G. Frederick
Published: August 2002

Sex‐linked male deafness and dystonia (Mohr‐Tranebjaerg syndrome) arises from mutation of the deafness/dystonia peptide (DDP) gene. We describe a novel guanine deletion at nucleotide 108 of the DDP gene in a family with Mohr‐Tranebjaerg syndrome, which terminates this 97–amino acid protein at codon 25. Unlike previously reported kindreds, carrier females in this family also manifest dystonias, including torticollis and writer's cramp. A family history of male deafness should alert clinicians to the possibility of DDP mutation in women with focal dystonias.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) filled by monodispersed silver clusters with controlled size
Authors: Carotenuto G.
Published: August 2002

Dispersions of very small metal particles in polymeric matrixes are scientifically and technologically important. Here, poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) filled with nanometric silver particles characterized by a narrow size distribution and a controlled average dimension has been obtained using a modification of the polyol process. In particular, the nanocomposite material was prepared by reduction of silver nitrate in ethylene glycol in the presence of ultrasound and PVP as a protective agent. The final particle size was controlled by removing the silver–PVP system from the reactive mixture by addition of acetone. The UV–visible spectrum of the material shows a very strong plasmon resonance band centred at 410 nm. The band position depends on the particle size and, consequently, the control of the particle growth process allows one to modulate the nanocomposite absorption wavelength. Such an important characteristic offers the possibility to use Ag–PVP nanocomposites to produce UV‐absorbers and colour filters for advanced optical devices. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA damage induced by organotins on ­trout‐nucleated erythrocytes
Authors: Tiano Luca , Fedeli Donatella , Moretti Massimo , Falcioni Giancarlo
Published: August 2002

The effect of tributyltin‐chloride (TBTC), dibutyltin‐chloride (DBTC) and monobutyltin‐chloride (MBTC) on rainbow trout (Salmo irideus) nuclear DNA, was investigated by means of single cell gel electrophoresis (‘comet’ assay). Our data show that TBTC presents a marked genotoxic effect, whereas the genotoxic effect is less pronounced for DBTC and it is completely absent for MBTC. These results could be important in evaluating the environmental risks deriving from the use of these molecules as a antifouling agents in marine paints and as agricultural biocides. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations:

TBTC,

tributyltin‐chloride;

DBTC,

dibutyltin‐chloride;

MBTC,

monobutyltin‐chloride;

Hb,

hemoglobin.
Effect of different organotin compounds on DNA of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) erythrocytes assessed by the comet assay
Authors: Gabbianelli Rosita , Villarini Milena , Falcioni Giancarlo , Lupidi Giulio
Published: August 2002

The ‘comet’ assay appears to be a promising tool for estimating DNA damage at the single cell level. We used this test to evaluate the effect of organotin compounds on sea bream nucleated erythrocytes. The tributyltin chloride (TBTC), dibutyltin chloride (DBTC) and monobutyltin chloride (MBTC) employed in this study show different genotoxicities. TBTC and DBTC have pronounced effects on tail length, tail intensity and tail moment, though TBTC is more efficient in producing DNA damage. MBTC leads to a fast genotoxic effect that does not change with the incubation time. The data obtained are important for the analysis of the environmental risks produced by organotin compounds used as antifouling agents in marine paints and as biocides in agriculture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vinyl‐containing silicone resin as the crosslinking agent of heat‐curable silicone rubber
Authors: Zhao Shigui , Feng Shengyu
Published: August 2002

Heat‐curable silicone rubber (HCSR) was prepared by using vinyl‐containing silicone resin (VSR) as the crosslinking agent instead of polyvinylsilicone oil (C gum). Mechanical properties and crosslink density of the vulcanizates were measured. The results indicate that VSR is a good crosslinking agent for HCSR. The tensile strength, tearing strength, elongation at break, and hardness of the vulcanizate can reach 10.2 MPa, 29.1 kN/m, 720%, and 58 SHA, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3123–3127, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10054
Preparation and characterization of poly(p‐phenylenediamine‐co‐xylidine)
Authors: Li Xin‐Gui , Huang Mei‐Rong , Chen Run‐Feng , Jin Yi , Yang Yu‐Liang
Published: August 2002

p‐Phenylenediamine (PPDA) homopolymer and its copolymers with 2,3‐xylidine (XY) were synthesized by oxidative polymerization using potassium persulfate as an oxidant in HCl medium at room temperature. The yield, intrinsic viscosity, and solubility of the polymers were significantly dependent on the monomer ratio. The resulting polymers were characterized by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry methods. The results showed that the number‐average degree of polymerization of the PPDA homopolymer was 33 and the actual content of XY units in the copolymer was slightly higher than the feed XY unit content. The polymers were substantially amorphous and showed the strongest diffraction at a Bragg angle of 3°. The polymers exhibited a thermal decomposition temperature higher than 436°C, the maximum weight‐loss rate was slower than 4%/min, and the char yield was larger than 24 wt % at 600°C in nitrogen. The activation energy of thermal decomposition for the polymers increased from 19 to 25 kJ/mol with increasing XY unit contents from 0 to 10 mol %. The polymers showed higher thermostability but lower activation energy of decomposition in nitrogen than in air. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3107–3116, 2001
Synthesis of polymer particles with specific lysozyme recognition sites by a molecular imprinting technique
Authors: Hirayama Kazuko , Sakai Yoshiro , Kameoka Kei
Published: August 2002

To prepare silica beads covered with a lysozyme‐imprinted polymer layer, we polymerized acrylamide and acrylic acid or acrylamide and N,N‐dimethylaminopropylacrylamide with (NH4)2S2O8 in a phosphate buffer containing the lysozyme, surface‐modified silica beads, and crosslinkers; the result was the formation of a polymer layer with a lysozyme recognition site on the silica‐bead surface. By quantitative analysis of the supernatant of the solution containing the silica beads, we confirmed that modified silica beads, in contrast to unmodified silica beads, can selectively adsorb lysozymes. The process of binding and releasing the lysozyme to and from the modified silica beads can be repeated several times without degradation of the rebinding ability. A quartz‐crystal microbalance sensor fabricated with a molecularly imprinted polymer layer with a lysozyme recognition site was prepared. When a lysozyme aqueous solution was added to the solution in which the sensor was immersed, a high level of sensitivity and response was observed. High selectivity was also demonstrated by tests with other protein solutions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3378–3387, 2001
Secretion by striated ducts of mammalian major salivary glands: Review from an ultrastructural, functional, and evolutionary perspective
Authors: Tandler Bernard , Gresik Edward W. , Nagato Toshikazu , Phillips Carleton J.
Published: August 2002

In addition to their role in electrolyte homeostasis, striated ducts (SDs) in the major salivary glands of many mammalian species engage in secretion of organic products. This phenomenon usually is manifested as the presence of small serous‐like secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm of SD cells. The composition of these granules is largely unknown, except in the case of the cat and rat submandibular gland, where the granules have unequivocally been shown to contain kallikrein. In some species, the apical cytoplasm of SD cells contains variable numbers of vesicles, both spherical and elongated, that vary in appearance from ‘empty’ to moderately dense. In the rat parotid gland, lucent vesicles transport glycoproteins to the luminal surface where they are incorporated into the apical plasmalemma and the glycocalyx. There is a strong possibility that in various species some of these vesicles are involved in transcytosis of antibodies to the saliva from their source (plasma cells) in the surrounding connective tissue. In addition, vesicles may engage in transfer of growth factors from the saliva to the interstitium. In a few species, conventional SDs have been replaced by ducts that are wholly given over to secretion, i.e., they entirely lack basal striations; although such ducts occupy the histological position of conventional SDs, it is not clear whether they represent a new type of duct or merely are modifications of SDs. Broad‐based comparisons of ultrastructural and other data about SDs offer some insight into evolutionary history of salivary glands and their role in the adaptive radiation of mammals. Evolutionary patterns emerged when we made interspecific comparisons across mammalian orders. Among the bats, there is a clear relationship between SD secretion and general categories of diet. Anat Rec 264:121–145, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Third instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus exposed to α‐cyanopyrethroids: From hyperactivity to death
Authors: Alzogaray Raúl A. , Zerba Eduardo N.
Published: August 2002

The hyperactivity, incoordination, recovery, and mortality produced by four α‐cyanopyrethroids usually used for Chagas disease vector control (β‐cypermethrin, β‐cyfluthrin, λ‐cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin) were evaluated on third instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus. All pyrethroids modified the locomotor activity of the nymphs, which increased linearly as a function of the log of insecticide concentration. λ‐Cyhalothrin showed the lowest values of Effective Concentration 50%, Lethal Concentration 50%, Effective Time 50%, and Lethal Time 50% when insecticides were applied by contact with treated filter papers. Recovery from incoordination was observed after topical application of the insecticides. The recovery was inhibited by the simultaneous application of piperonyl butoxide, suggesting that biotransformation by mixed‐function microsomal oxidases is involved in the process of recovery. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 46:119–126, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of cefuroxime 500 mg tablets (Cefuzime® and Zinnat®) in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Al‐Said Mansour S , Al‐Khamis Khalil I , Niazy Esmail M , El‐Sayed Yousry M , Al‐Rashood Khalid A , Al‐Bella Sulaiman , Al‐Yamani Mohd A , Al‐Najjar Tawfeeq A , Alam Syed M , Dham Ruwayda , Zaman Qumaruzaman Q
Published: August 2002

A bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil was carried out in 24 healthy volunteers following a single dose, standard two‐treatment cross‐over design at the College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, working jointly with King Khalid University Hospital. The two formulations used were Cefuzime® (Julphar, United Arab Emirates) as the test and Zinnat® (Glaxo Wellcome, England) as the reference product. Both test and reference tablets were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by a 1‐week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 8 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analysed for cefuroxime by a sensitive, reproducible and accurate high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0−t, AUC0−∝, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2 and Kel were determined from plasma concentrations of both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC0−t, AUC0−∝ and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on an analysis of variance (ANOVA); 90% confidence interval for test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within bioequivalence acceptance range of 80–125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Cefuzime® is bioequivalent to Zinnat®. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and death in the developing mammalian kidney: signals, receptors and conversations
Authors: Bard Jonathan B.L.
Published: August 2002

Because the kidney (metanephros) starts to function before completing development, its patterning and morphogenesis need to be closely integrated with its growth. This is achieved by blast cells at the kidney periphery generating new nephrons that link up to the extending collecting‐duct arborisation, while earlier‐formed and more internal nephrons are maturing and beginning to filter serum. This pattern of development requires that cell division and apoptosis be co‐ordinated in the various kidney compartments (collecting‐ducts, blast cells, metanephric mesenchyme, nephrons and vascular system). The underlying regulatory networks for cell proliferation are beginning to be unravelled, mainly through expression studies, mutation analysis and experimentation in vitro. This article summarises current knowledge of kidney growth and apoptosis, and analyses some of the 80 or so ligand–receptor pairings that seem to sustain development and growth. It also points to some unanswered questions, the most intriguing being what role does apoptosis play during normal kidney development? BioEssays 24:72–82, 2002. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Invasion of mammalian host cells by Plasmodium sporozoites
Authors: Mota Maria M. , Rodriguez Ana
Published: August 2002

Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito, which introduces Plasmodium sporozoites into the mammalian host. Sporozoites rapidly reach the liver of the host where they are sequestered, a process probably mediated by circumsporozoite (CS) protein. Once in the liver, sporozoites migrate through several hepatocytes by breaching their plasma membranes before infecting a final hepatocyte with formation of a vacuole around the sporozoite, where development occurs into blood stage parasites. We propose that migration through several host cells activates sporozoites for ultimate productive invasion. This migration triggers sporozoite exocytosis, which is necessary for hepatocyte invasion, probably because it provides molecules, such as thrombospondin‐related anonymous protein (TRAP), likely required for sporozoite invasion with the formation of a vacuole. How sporozoites migrate from the skin to the liver and invade hepatocytes remains unclear. Understanding this initial stage of malaria is crucial for the development of new approaches against the disease. BioEssays 24:149–156, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.