bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is the “Right” Number of Hospital Beds for Palliative Population Health Needs?
Authors: Wilson Donna M. , Brow Ryan , Playfair Robyn , Errasti-Ibarrondo Begoña
Published: November 2018

Healthcare services are one of the twelve determinants of population health. While all types of healthcare services are important, timely access to hospital-based care when needed is critical. For three decades, long waits and wait lists for hospital admission and inpatient care have been a concern in Canada. Undersupply of hospital beds to meet population needs may be the cause of this as hospitals were downsized due to government funding cutbacks and hospital expansion has not occurred since despite population growth and aging. The availability of hospital beds for palliative population health needs may therefore be an issue, particularly as longstanding concern exists about terminally-ill and dying people being frequently admitted to hospital and having long hospital stays. A decline in hospital deaths in many developed countries, including Canada, could indicate that palliative population needs for hospital-based care are not being met. This paper compares the number of hospitals and hospital beds that exist in 9 Canadian provinces and 15 developed countries in relation to population and spatial considerations in an attempt to determine an optimal number of hospital beds for the general public and thus also palliative population health needs. Methods: Document analysis. Publicly-available hospital, population, and geographic information was sought for 9 Canadian provinces and 15 developed countries and compared. Results: Major differences in citizen to hospital bed ratios and citizen to hospital ratios across provinces and countries were found. The availability of hospitals and hospital beds clearly varies. Conclusion: Some regions may have too few hospitals and hospital beds to meet the palliative and other care needs of their citizens. Sufficient beds should exist so necessary admissions to hospital can occur without harmful delay.
Postfeminist Masculinity: The New Disney Norm?
Authors: Macaluso Michael
Published: November 2018

A recent trend in Disney scholarship attends to postfeminist readings of Disney film and media. This paper contributes to that conversation by focusing on the representations of masculinity that accompany postfeminist sensibilities in and through Disney media and its reception. With a sociological focus on postfeminist masculinity, this article reviews several Disney characters to argue for a new model of postfeminist masculinity advanced in recent Disney films, with a particular focus on the Incredibles films, and examines how this representation has been received in popular media.
Resistance Training Volume Load with and without Exercise Displacement
Authors: Hornsby W. Guy , Gentles Jeremy A. , Comfort Paul , Suchomel Timothy J. , Mizuguchi Satoshi , Stone Michael H.
Published: November 2018

Monitoring the resistance training volume load (VL) (sets × reps × load) is essential to managing resistance training and the recovery–adaptation process. Subjects: Eight trained weightlifters, seven of which were at national level, participated in the study. Methods: VL was measured both with (VLwD) and without (VL) the inclusion of barbell displacement, across twenty weeks of training, in order to allow for comparisons to be made of these VL calculating methods. This consisted of recording the load, repetition count, and barbell displacement for every set executed. Comparisons were made between VL and VLwD for individual blocks of training, select training weeks, and select training days. Results: Strong, statistically significant correlations (r ≥ 0.78, p < 0.001) were observed between VL and VLwD between all training periods analyzed. t-tests revealed statistically significant (p ≤ 0.018) differences between VL and VLwD in four of the seven training periods analyzed. Conclusion: The very strong relationship between VL and VLwD suggest that a coach with time constraints and a large number of athletes can potentially spare the addition of displacement. However, differences in percent change indicate that coaches with ample time should include displacement in VL calculations, in an effort to acquire more precise workload totals.
The Price Determinants of the EU Allowance in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme
Authors: Chung Chune Young , Jeong Minkyu , Young Jason
Published: November 2018

The Kyoto Protocol came into effect in 1997 to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to address the problem of climate change. The Protocol includes a market-based mechanism designed to offset GHG emissions, called the emissions trading scheme (ETS), allowing companies to “trade” their shortage or surplus allowance. This study examines the determinants of the EU allowance (EUA) price in Phase 3 of the EU ETS (2013–2017). First, the causality between the EUA price and other variables is determined using a Granger causality test. Second, the correlation between the EUA price and each variable is measured using a VECM estimation and an impulse response function. Finally, the relative effect of each variable on the EUA price is determined using a forecast error variance decomposition. The results show that the EUA price has a causal effect on the prices of electricity and natural gas. Second, all variables, except the minimum temperature, show a positive relationship with the EUA price. Furthermore, when unexpected shocks occur, the EUA price shows the highest response to its past price, followed by the electricity price. Third, the past EUA price has the most influence on the EUA price, followed by the coal price.
Social Impacts of Dam-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: A Comparative Case Study in China
Authors: Huang Youliang , Lin Wensheng , Li Shan , Ning Yan
Published: November 2018

Dam projects are inevitably accompanied by massive displacement and resettlement, which imposes intricate social impacts on the host community. This study aims to investigate the social impacts of dam-induced displacement and resettlement in China through a comparative case study where both the control and experimental groups were investigated. Data were collected through a mix of questionnaire-survey, archival files, and face-to-face interviews. The results show that dam-induced displacement and resettlement was conducive to improving residence conditions and facilitating the acceptance of rural cooperative medical insurance. But it had negative impacts on employment, income level and income resource, and overall well-being. Implications for theory and for practice are provided in the end.
Managerial Humanistic Attention and CSR: Do Firm Characteristics Matter?
Authors: Hu Yuanyuan , Chen Shouming , Wang Jian
Published: November 2018

This study attempted to investigate the influence of managerial humanistic attention on corporate social responsibility. Drawing upon humanistic value, upper echelons theory and behavior decision theory, we developed and tested hypotheses using secondary from manufacturing firms listed at Shanghai Stock Exchange from year 2010 to year 2014. This study showed that managerial humanistic attention can positively affect corporate social responsibility and corporate social responsibility was found to be influenced by firm characteristics. Specifically, the relationship between managerial humanistic attention and corporate social responsibility was stronger: when a firm was older; was bigger; and had more slack resources.
The Impact of Ad-Blocking on the Sustainable Development of the Digital Advertising Ecosystem
Authors: Wielki Janusz , Grabara Janusz
Published: November 2018

Despite the rapidly growing expenditure on digital advertising, the effectiveness of the functioning of the digital advertising ecosystem is becoming less and less visible. This is related to the fact that only a small part of the expenditure incurred by organizations on various forms of digital advertising brings the expected results. For several years now, a phenomenon that stifles the effectiveness of the digital advertising ecosystem and deteriorates the ROI (return on investment) of advertisers has been the widespread practice of blocking advertising, known as ad-blocking. In this context, the aim of this article is to analyze the scale of the phenomenon of ad-blocking and its causes in terms of its impact on the effectiveness of the functioning of the digital advertising ecosystem and its sustainable development, which is extremely important from the point of view of the development of electronic commerce. In order to carry out this study, a literature analysis was conducted on the genesis of this phenomenon, its scale, causes, and economic effects. After this stage of research, in order to obtain primary data, a questionnaire survey was conducted on a group of individual Internet users. The results of the research indicated three main reasons for the development of ad-blocking. These are: excessive number of advertisements, their excessive invasiveness, and the mismatch between the advertisements displayed to the user and the user’s interests. In the context of these results and of the continued sustainable functioning of the digital advertising ecosystem, it is essential that the advertising industry be able to offer users alternatives to ad-blocking that they consider valuable from their own point of view and that take the users’ expectations into account.
Spatio-Temporal Reorganization of Cropland Development in Central Asia during the Post-Soviet Era: A Sustainable Implication in Kazakhstan
Authors: Wei Wei , Zhu Yuanjun , Li Hao , Zhang Kebin , Wang Baitian , Yang Xiaohui , Shi Zhongjie
Published: November 2018

The abandonment and cultivation of croplands in the Eurasian Steppe has become the focus of global and regional food security and agricultural policy-making. A large area of cropland in some post-Soviet countries has proven to be abandoned with the disintegration of the Soviet Union; however, it is unclear as to whether Kazakhstan also experienced a similar change as one of the main food providers for the former Soviet Union. In this study, we used the annual land cover dataset (1992–2015) from the European Space Agency, Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) to detect spatio-temporal characteristics of rainfed and irrigated cropland changes in Kazakhstan. The Mann–Kendall test and regime shift analysis showed that rainfed and irrigated cropland at national level had a significant increasing trend with a significant rising up to 1999 and stagnation during 2000–2015, which was further confirmed with analysis at 14 regions. The greatest contributor to rainfed and irrigated croplands was steppes, followed by shrinkage of water bodies since 2005 to a great extent, rapid urbanization process resulted in losses of a part of irrigated oases. The trend surface analysis indicated that reorganized stable pattern characterized by rainfed cropland in north and irrigated cropland in south was driven by the strategy of the gradual agricultural development of oases. The nonexistence of cycle between the abandonment and recultivation proved that newly-gained cropland from steppe may be less degraded and more productive for sustainable land use in Kazakhstan. In conclusion, this study can provide strong evidence for sustainable land use and a basis for food security policy-making in Kazakhstan, and even all of the Central Asian countries in the future.
New Multigranulation Neutrosophic Rough Set with Applications
Authors: Bo Chunxin , Zhang Xiaohong , Shao Songtao , Smarandache Florentin
Published: November 2018

After the neutrosophic set (NS) was proposed, NS was used in many uncertainty problems. The single-valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) is a special case of NS that can be used to solve real-word problems. This paper mainly studies multigranulation neutrosophic rough sets (MNRSs) and their applications in multi-attribute group decision-making. Firstly, the existing definition of neutrosophic rough set (we call it type-I neutrosophic rough set (NRSI) in this paper) is analyzed, and then the definition of type-II neutrosophic rough set (NRSII), which is similar to NRSI, is given and its properties are studied. Secondly, a type-III neutrosophic rough set (NRSIII) is proposed and its differences from NRSI and NRSII are provided. Thirdly, single granulation NRSs are extended to multigranulation NRSs, and the type-I multigranulation neutrosophic rough set (MNRSI) is studied. The type-II multigranulation neutrosophic rough set (MNRSII) and type-III multigranulation neutrosophic rough set (MNRSIII) are proposed and their different properties are outlined. We found that the three kinds of MNRSs generate tcorresponding NRSs when all the NRs are the same. Finally, MNRSIII in two universes is proposed and an algorithm for decision-making based on MNRSIII is provided. A car ranking example is studied to explain the application of the proposed model.
The Characteristic Polynomials of Symmetric Graphs
Authors: Chbili Nafaa , Al Dhaheri Shamma , Tahnon Mei Y. , Abunamous Amna A. E.
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we study the way the symmetries of a given graph are reflected in its characteristic polynomials. Our aim is not only to find obstructions for graph symmetries in terms of its polynomials but also to measure how faithful these algebraic invariants are with respect to symmetry. Let p be an odd prime and Γ be a finite graph whose automorphism group contains an element h of order p. Assume that the finite cyclic group generated by h acts semi-freely on the set of vertices of Γ with fixed set F. We prove that the characteristic polynomial of Γ , with coefficients in the finite field of p elements, is the product of the characteristic polynomial of the induced subgraph Γ [ F ] by one of Γ \ F . A similar congruence holds for the characteristic polynomial of the Laplacian matrix of Γ .
Exploring the Tension between Current Cosmic Microwave Background and Cosmic Shear Data
Authors: Di Valentino Eleonora , Bridle Sarah
Published: November 2018

This paper provides a snapshot of the formal S 8 ≡ σ 8 Ω m / 0.3 tension between Planck 2015 and the Kilo Degree Survey of450 deg 2 of imaging data (KiDS-450) or the Canada France Hawaii Lensing Survey (CFHTLenS). We find that the Cosmic Microwave Bckground (CMB) and cosmic shear datasets are in tension in the standard Λ Cold Dark Matter ( Λ CDM) model, and that adding massive neutrinos does not relieve the tension. If we include an additional scaling parameter on the CMB lensing amplitude A l e n s , we find that this can put in agreement the Planck 2015 with the cosmic shear data. A l e n s is a phenomenological parameter that is found to be more than 2 σ higher than the expected value in the Planck 2015 data, suggesting an higher amount of lensing in the power spectra, not supported by the trispectrum analysis.
A Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making Method with Possibility Degree and Power Aggregation Operators of Single Trapezoidal Neutrosophic Numbers
Authors: Wu Xiaohui , Qian Jie , Peng Juanjuan , Xue Changchun
Published: November 2018

Single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic numbers (SVTNNs) are very useful tools for describing complex information, because of their advantage in describing the information completely, accurately and comprehensively for decision-making problems. In the paper, a method based on SVTNNs is proposed for dealing with multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems. Firstly, the new operations SVTNNs are developed for avoiding evaluation information aggregation loss and distortion. Then the possibility degrees and comparison of SVTNNs are proposed from the probability viewpoint for ranking and comparing the single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic information reasonably and accurately. Based on the new operations and possibility degrees of SVTNNs, the single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic power average (SVTNPA) and single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic power geometric (SVTNPG) operators are proposed to aggregate the single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic information. Furthermore, based on the developed aggregation operators, a single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic MCGDM method is developed. Finally, the proposed method is applied to solve the practical problem of the most appropriate green supplier selection and the rank results compared with the previous approach demonstrate the proposed method’s effectiveness.
Geodetic Number of Powers of Cycles
Authors: Abudayah Mohammad , Alomari Omar , Al Ezeh Hassan
Published: November 2018

The geodetic number of a graph is an important graph invariant. In 2002, Atici showed the geodetic set determination of a graph is an NP-Complete problem. In this paper, we compute the geodetic set and geodetic number of an important class of graphs called the k-th power of a cycle. This class of graphs has various applications in Computer Networks design and Distributed computing. The k-th power of a cycle is the graph that has the same set of vertices as the cycle and two different vertices in the k-th power of this cycle are adjacent if the distance between them is at most k.
Genetic Resistance to Avian Leukosis Viruses Induced by CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Specific Receptor Genes in Chicken Cells
Authors: Koslová Anna , Kučerová Dana , Reinišová Markéta , Geryk Josef , Trefil Pavel , Hejnar Jiří
Published: November 2018

Avian leukosis viruses (ALVs), which are pathogens of concern in domestic poultry, utilize specific receptor proteins for cell entry that are both necessary and sufficient for host susceptibility to a given ALV subgroup. This unequivocal relationship offers receptors as suitable targets of selection and biotechnological manipulation with the aim of obtaining virus-resistant poultry. This approach is further supported by the existence of natural knock-outs of receptor genes that segregate in inbred lines of chickens. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tools to introduce frame-shifting indel mutations into tva, tvc, and tvj loci encoding receptors for the A, C, and J ALV subgroups, respectively. For all three loci, the homozygous frame-shifting indels generating premature stop codons induced phenotypes which were fully resistant to the virus of respective subgroup. In the tvj locus, we also obtained in-frame deletions corroborating the importance of W38 and the four amino-acids preceding it. We demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out or the fine editing of ALV receptor genes might be the first step in the development of virus-resistant chickens.
Clinical Features of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection
Authors: Kennedy Peter G. E. , Gershon Anne A.
Published: November 2018

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a pathogenic human herpes virus that causes varicella (chickenpox) as a primary infection, following which it becomes latent in peripheral ganglia. Decades later, the virus may reactivate either spontaneously or after a number of triggering factors to cause herpes zoster (shingles). Varicella and its complications are more severe in the immunosuppressed. The most frequent and important complication of VZV reactivation is postherpetic neuralgia, the cause of which is unknown and for which treatment is usually ineffective. Reactivation of VZV may also cause a wide variety of neurological syndromes, the most significant of which is a vasculitis, which is treated with corticosteroids and the antiviral drug acyclovir. Other VZV reactivation complications include an encephalitis, segmental motor weakness and myelopathy, cranial neuropathies, Guillain–Barré syndrome, enteric features, and zoster sine herpete, in which the viral reactivation occurs in the absence of the characteristic dermatomally distributed vesicular rash of herpes zoster. There has also been a recent association of VZV with giant cell arteritis and this interesting finding needs further corroboration. Vaccination is now available for the prevention of both varicella in children and herpes zoster in older individuals.
Combination Therapy with Oseltamivir and Favipiravir Delays Mortality but Does Not Prevent Oseltamivir Resistance in Immunodeficient Mice Infected with Pandemic A(H1N1) Influenza Virus
Authors: Baz Mariana , Carbonneau Julie , Rhéaume Chantal , Cavanagh Marie-Hélène , Boivin Guy
Published: November 2018

Immunosuppressed individuals can shed influenza virus for prolonged periods of time, leading to the frequent emergence of antiviral resistance. We evaluated the benefits of oseltamivir and favipiravir combination therapy compared to single antiviral agents and monitored the emergence of drug-resistant variants in a pharmacologically immunosuppressed mouse model infected with the A(H1N1) pandemic influenza virus. C57BL/6 mice were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide and infected with a lethal dose of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus. Forty-eight hours post-infection, mice were treated with oseltamivir (20 mg/kg), favipiravir (20 or 50 mg/kg) or both agents BID for 5 or 10 days. Body weight losses, survival rates, lung viral titers, cytokine levels and emergence of resistant viruses were evaluated. Treatment of immunosuppressed mice with high (50 mg/kg) but not low (20 mg/kg) doses of favipiravir in combination with oseltamivir (20 mg/kg) significantly delayed mortality and reduced lung viral titers compared to treatment with a single drug regimen with oseltamivir but did not prevent the emergence of oseltamivir-resistant H275Y neuraminidase variants. Combination therapy with oseltamivir and favipiravir should be considered for evaluation in clinical trials.
Competition among Escherichia coli Strains for Space and Resources
Authors: Paquette Sarah-Jo , Zaheer Rahat , Stanford Kim , Thomas James , Reuter Tim
Published: November 2018

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a subgroup of E. coli causing human diseases. Methods to control STEC in livestock and humans are limited. These and other emerging pathogens are a global concern and novel mitigation strategies are required. Habitats populated by bacteria are subjected to competition pressures due to limited space and resources but they use various strategies to compete in natural environments. Our objective was to evaluate non-pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from cattle feces for their ability to out-compete STEC. Competitive fitness of non-pathogenic E. coli against STEC were assessed in competitions using liquid, agar, and nutrient limiting assays. Winners were determined by enumeration using O-serogroup specific quantitative PCR or a semi-quantitative grading. Initial liquid competitions identified two strong non-pathogenic competitors (O103F and O26E) capable of eliminating various STEC including O157 and O111. The strain O103F was dominant across permeable physical barriers for all tested E. coli and STEC strains indicating the diffusion of antimicrobial molecules. In direct contact and even with temporal disadvantages, O103F out-competed STEC O157E. The results suggest that O103F or the diffusible molecule(s) it produces have a potential to be used as an alternative STEC mitigation strategy, either in medicine or the food industry.
Impacts of Legal and Institutional Changes on Irrigation Management Performance: A Case of the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan
Authors: Elshaikh Ahmed E. , Yang Shi-hong , Jiao Xiyun , Elbashier Mohammed M.
Published: November 2018

This study aims to offer a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of policies and institutional arrangements on irrigation management performance. The case study, the Gezira Scheme, has witnessed a significant decrease in water management performance during recent decades. This situation led to several institutional changes in order to put the system on the right path. The main organizations involved in water management at the scheme are the Ministry of Irrigation & Water Resources (MOIWR), the Sudan Gezira Board (SGB), and the Water Users Associations (WUAs). Different combinations from these organizations were founded to manage the irrigation system. The evaluation of these organizations is based on the data of water supply and cultivated areas from 1970 to 2015. The measured data were compared with two methods: the empirical water order method (Indent) that considers the design criteria of the scheme, and the Crop Water Requirement (CWR) method. Results show that the MOIWR period was the most efficient era, with an average water surplus of 12% compared with the Indent value, while the most critical period (SGB & WUAs) occurred when the water supply increased by 80%. The other periods of the Irrigation Water Corporation (IWC), (SGB & MOIWR), and (WUAs & MOIWR) had witnessed an increase in water supply by 29%, 63%, and 67% respectively. Through these institutional changes, the percentage of excessive water supply jumped from 12% to 80%. Finally, the study provides general recommendations associated with institutional arrangements and policy adoption to improve irrigation system performance.
Multi-Water Source Joint Scheduling Model Using a Refined Water Supply Network: Case Study of Tianjin
Authors: Zhang Shanghong , Yang Jiasheng , Wan Zhongyu , Yi Yujun
Published: November 2018

Water shortage problems are increasing in many water-deficient areas. Most of the current research on multi-source combined water supplies depends on an overall generalization of regional water supply systems, which are seldom broken down into the detail required to address specific research objectives. This paper proposes the concept of a water treatment and distribution station (water station), and generalizes the water supply system into three modules: water supply source, water station, and water user. Based on a topological diagram of the water network (supply source–station–user), a refined water resource allocation model was established. The model results can display, in detail, the water supply source, water supply quantity, water distribution engineering, and other information of all users in each water distribution area. This makes it possible to carry out a detailed analysis of the supply and demand of users, and to provide suggestions and theoretical guidance for regional water distribution implementation. Tianjin’s water resource allocation was selected as a case study, and a water resource allocation scheme for a multi-source, combined water supply, was simulated and discussed.
An Improved Method to Estimate Soil Hydrodynamic and Hydraulic Roughness Parameters by Using Easily Measurable Data During Flood Irrigation Experiments and Inverse Modelling
Authors: Alkassem Alosman Mohamed , Ruy Stéphane , Buis Samuel , Lecharpentier Patrice , Bader Jean Claude , Charron François , Olioso Albert
Published: November 2018

Surface irrigation is known as a highly water-consuming system and needs to be optimized to save water. Models can be used for this purpose but require soil parameters at the field scale. This paper aims to estimate effective soil parameters by combining: (i) a surface flow-infiltration model, namely CALHY; (ii) an automatic fitting algorithm based on the SIMPLEX method; and (iii) easily accessible and measurable data, some of which had never been used in such a process, thus minimizing parameter estimation errors. The validation of the proposed approach was performed through three successive steps: (1) examine the physical meaning of the fitted parameters; (2) verify the accuracy of the proposed approach using data that had not been served in the fitting process; and (3) validate using data obtained from independent irrigation events. Three parameters were estimated with a low uncertainty: the saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks, the hydraulic roughness k, and the soil water depletion ∆θ. The estimation uncertainty of the soil surface depressional storage parameter H0 was of the same order of magnitude of its value. All experimental datasets were simulated very well. Performance criteria were similar during both the fitting and validation stages.
Présentation et étude d'un quartz à cavités de formes cristallographiques définies
Authors: Sayar M.
Published: November 2018

Description d'un échantillon exceptionnel présentant des lacunes de cristallisation macroscopiques. Examen des relations qui existent entre ces cavités et des alignements d'inclusions primaires et secondaires plus petites. Conclusions d'ordre général qu'une telle étude suggère.
Contribution à l'étude des oxydes d'uranium hydratés
Authors: Protas Jean
Published: November 2018

Des oxydes d'uranium hydratés peuvent être précipités par réaction en solution aqueuse de sels d'uranyle et de sels de calcium, strontium, baryum, plomb et bismuth à des températures variables généralement comprises entre 100 et 180° C.

L'auteur obtient de cette manière la schoepite U₄O₉(OH)₆.5 H₂O, la becquerelite CaU₆O₁₆(OH)₆ . 8 H₂O, la billiétite BaUvO₁₆(OH)₆ . 8 H₂O, la curite 3 PbO . 8 UO₂ . 5 H₂O, la fourmariérite PbO . 4 UO₃ . 5 H₂O, la vandendriesschéite PbO . 7 UO₃ . 12 H₂O et l'uranosphérite UO₄Bi(OH), ainsi que divers autres composés qui n'ont pas été rencontrés à l'état naturel.

Les caractères physiques (densité, propriétés optiques, propriétés cristallographiques) et chimiques ainsi que les principaux gisements sont donnés ou complétés pour chaque espèce.

L'étude d'échantillons typiques provenant de différents gisements permet la description de deux espèces minérales nouvelles : un oxyde complexe d'uranium, de calcium et de strontium hydraté provenant du gisement français de Margnac II et un oxyde double d'uranium et de plomb hydraté, la welsendorfite (Pb, Ca) U₂O₇ . 2 H₂O provenant du gîte de Wölsendorf (Bavière) et confondue jusque-là avec la fourmariérite.

L'auteur donne enfin, en relation avec les expériences de synthèse, quelques précisions sur la genèse et la filiation des divers minéraux étudiés.
L'extraction des connaissances et l'aide à l'activité humaine
Authors: Hoc Jean-Michel
Published: November 2018

Dans le contexte actuel du développement des systèmes experts et des systèmes à base de connaissances, où l'extraction des connaissances est souvent envisagée en soi ou avec la seule référence technique de la conception de ces systèmes, cette contribution propose quelques réflexions susceptibles de donner un éclairage psychologique au problème. On y montre que l'extraction des connaissances peut être réalisée avec des objectifs très différents, depuis la construction d'un modèle valide d'une activité humaine, jusqu'au développement d'un logiciel autonome, en passant la voie la plus fréquemment pertinente, dans ce domaine, de l'aide à l'opérateur humain. En privilégiant ce dernier objectif, propre à l'Ergonomie Cognitive, on est amené à prendre un cadre de référence théorique en Psychologie, qui met l'accent sur la multiplicité des niveaux de régulation de l'activité et des formes de connaissances traitées par l'opérateur humain, avant d'aborder les questions méthodologiques d'accès à ces connaissances.
Fonctionnalités et compétences dans la mise en oeuvre de systèmes graphiques techniques
Authors: Rabardel Pierre , Weill-Fassina Annie
Published: November 2018

Functionalism and skills in the use of technical graphic systems

This text deals with scientific and technical images and graphics integrated with complex tasks which are functional in terms of the work to be done and, consequently, mainly concern information that is useful for action.

The article first of all studies the functionalism of graphic documents from the viewpoint of their adequation to the tasks and to the characteristics and skills of users. This analysis leads to graphic systems being considered as constitutive semiotic instruments both for the production of documents by draughtsmen and designers and for their use by operators.

The article then analyses the main characteristics of cognitive activities relative to technical graphics : the gradual assimilation of properties of the graphic systems which are being learned ; the differentiation of information retained by operators in terms of the conditions of organization of the action ; the diversity of the graphic palette in design activities. The conclusion highlights the main implications in the field of ergonomics and training.
Connaissances et expertise de divers acteurs économiques dans la catégorisation d'un objet perceptif
Authors: Dubois Danielle , Bourgine Régine , Resche-Rigon Philippe
Published: November 2018

Les difficultés liées à l'utilisation de systèmes experts pour l'aide au diagnostic en pathologie végétale conduisent à s'interroger sur la notion d'expertise dans le cadre des théories sur la catégorisation humaine. Elles impliquent la réévaluation du caractère unidimensionnel donné généralement à cette notion, en mettant l'accent sur le rôle des finalités dans l'organisation des connaissances.
Les métaphores en biologie : analogies ou outils de pensée ?
Authors: Sinding Christiane
Published: November 2018

Les métaphores cognitives sont présentes dès les débuts de l'endocrinologie, avec l'élaboration du concept de messager chimique par E. Starling en 1905, puis d'homéostasie en 1925 par Cannon. L'endocrinologie contemporaine en fait à nouveau grand usage : les glandes endocriniennes sont considérées comme des dispositifs de reconnaissance des besoins physiologiques qui sécrètent les hormones en fonction de ces besoins. Elles agissent sur leur "organe cible" par le biais du récepteur hormonal situé au niveau de l'organe cible, et qui "reconnaît" l'hormone, la lie et déclenche la réponse biologique. Le concept de second messager, associé au concept de récepteur, complète la description des fonctions endocriniennes en termes de cognition. Les métaphores cognitives ne jouent pas simplement le rôle d'illustration analogique mais servent à la construction de concepts nouveaux. Leur utilisation par les endocrinologues montrent que pour ces derniers, l'organisme vivant élabore une connaissance de type rudimentaire de ses propres besoins et des conditions extérieures.
La physique naïve : un essai d'ontologie
Authors: Smith Barry , Casati Roberto
Published: November 2018

Le texte suggère que certains développements récents en Intelligence Artificielle pourraient largement profiter des recherches en phénoménologie et psychologie de la Gestalt, et montre que parmi les auteurs de ces deux traditions on trouve les précurseurs de la physique naïve.
Développement de concepts et programmation du sens. Pensée et langage chez Vygotski
Authors: Forest Françoise , Siksou Maryse
Published: November 2018

L'approche de Vygotski de la construction de concepts s'oppose aux modèles figés généralement mis en œuvre en Intelligence Artificielle. On présente ici les idées fortes de son travail sur les relations entre pensée et langage, et les étapes de la construction des concepts chez l'enfant. On situe ces travaux dans les différents courants du vingtième siècle. On examine en quoi son approche est très actuelle et peut servir de support à des systèmes informatiques de représentation du sens construits autour de l'apprentissage et de l'adaptation. On propose des choix architecturaux et quelques éléments de structures pour une reformulation informatique. Cette tentative de modélisation, d'après une approche constructiviste et dynamique, pourrait aussi aider au test de certaines hypothèses en psychologie cognitive.
Coopération réactive et émergence
Authors: Ferber Jacques
Published: November 2018

Jacques FERBER : Reactive cooperation and emergence

Cooperation in multi-agent systems can be seen as a system in which cooperative methods lead to an increase of the group performance and thus augment the probability for an individual to survive. These methods give rise to conflicts due to limited resource access and lack of coordination. Specific methods such as task allocation, communication, action coordination and conflict resolution can be used to solve these problems and contribute to an expansion of the capabilities of the group. Organizations, i.e. set of structured societies of individuals, emerge from them. This paper describes many aspects of cooperation in multi-agent systems, and their connection to the process of emerging social structures.
Vers un sujet narratif de la connaissance dans les modélisations de l 'apprentissage
Authors: Linard Monique
Published: November 2018

Monique LINARD : Towards a narrative knowing subject in models of learning

The purpose of this paper is to make a plea for a more existential, less objectivist approach to models of learning.

The first theoretical part attempts to show how some trends in developmental psychology converge with neurobiology and language philosophy and recognize that, for a natural living intelligence, pure information simply does not exist. Human knowledge, in particular, is seen as the knowledge of someone for something in a context. The incarnation of the process of knowing in a bio¬ physical Mid psychic body itself imbedded in a socio-relational symbolic type of environment is neither a negligible nor a separable fact. It is a building component of cognitive activity (phenomenological stand). Consequently, cognitive objects and tasks don't stand out by themselves ; they exist inasmuch as they are produced by subjects self-directed by an interrelated set of intentions, mobiles and meanings. It is stated that in neglecting the "subject" of knowledge, the existing I.A. modélisations deprive themselves of a double means of selective control, common to natural cognitive systems : upstream, the selective orientation by intention and motivation and, downstream, the selective adaptative structuration by feedbacks of actions and decisions identified as interesting by the system.

The second part of the paper describes a tentative step towards the formal modelling of a knowing subject from both an actional and narrative perspective. A.J. Greimas' actantial model and semio-narrative theory are summarily expounded. Within this frame, the act of learning is interpreted as the quest of objects of a particular nature (objects of knowledge) by actor-subjects playing their roles in a context of social interactions of a polemico-contractual type. The model provides an operational description which integrates within a narrative framework some of the roles, attitudinal modalities and situational parameters at work in the ordinary course of human activity.

Lastly, the main features of INTERACTOR, a simulation derived from the above model, are explained (draft version in Prolog and Visual Basic). The simulation has been conceived as a training tool to explore the dynamic complexity of the underlying attitudinal socio-affective and situational interactions that pre-condition the cognitive activity of individuals in a learning context.
Image mentale et représentation propositionnelle
Authors: Fortis Jean-Michel
Published: November 2018

Selon la théorie propositionnelle de l'image, les informations dont l'image est porteuse ne sont extraites ni en vertu de la ressemblance de l'image à un percept, ni d'une manière propre à un medium particulier de représentation. Comme une définition restrictive de l'isomorphisme peut s'accorder avec la théorie propositionnelle, nous commencerons par préciser cette notion et celle, parente, de "représentation analogique". Au cours de la discussion, le statut épistémologique du "tampon visuel" (en particulier chez Kosslyn) est discuté. La thèse selon laquelle les informations de l'image sont interprétables ou traductibles intégralement par un code propositionnel est réfutée. Les propriétés analogiques et quasi perceptives de l'image qui ont été établies expérimentalement sont passées en revue, et opposées à l'argument de la connaissance implicite. Enfin, on étudie les rapports de l'image avec un composant propositionnel profond, et les différentes conceptions de la correspondance et de l'influence réciproque des représentations analogiques et non analogiques dans la génération et l'inspection de l'image.
Les états mentaux sur la place publique
Authors: Dubucs Jacques-Paul
Published: November 2018

Mental states in sight of everybody

The meaning of the psychological predicates has to be communicable, thus it cannot be defined by reference to private mental experiences. But these predicates should be only ascribed to creatures who are able to ascribe them to themselves on the ground of their own qualitative experience. The paper deals with the ways of resolving this contradiction.
Fonction d'indication et sélection naturelle
Authors: Laurier D.
Published: November 2018

Fred Dretske a développé une analyse naturaliste de la notion de contenu mental basée sur la notion téléologique de fonction d'indication, en soutenant que les fonctions d'indication basées sur la sélection naturelle n'ont pas, contrairement au fonctions d'indication basées sur l'apprentissage individuel, de pouvoir explicatif. Dans cet article, après avoir brièvement expliqué les notions de base d'indication et de fonction utilisées par Dretske, je soutiens que les deux types de fonctions d'indication qu'il distingue ont en réalité la même valeur explicative.
Le traitement de la polysémie contextuelle dans le calcul sémantique
Authors: Gosselin Laurent
Published: November 2018

On the Processing of Contextual Polysemy in Semantic Computation. This paper presents theoretical and empirical problems relative to the computation of contextual polysemy, and proposes an hypothetico-deductive model for the analysis of time and aspect markers in french.
Une définition psychologique de l'explication
Authors: Karsenty Laurent
Published: November 2018

Ce texte propose une définition psychologique de l'explication. Cette définition s'appuie sur une série de travaux émanant de différents champs des sciences cognitives : la pragmatique linguistique, la psychologie des processus de compréhension, la psychologie des processus d'apprentissage et l'étude des mécanismes d'attribution causale. L'idée centrale qui ressort de cette analyse est que l'explication vise à ajuster le contexte cognitif du sujet de façon à rendre une information nouvelle compréhensible. Cet ajustement contextuel implique différents processus cognitifs : généralisation, particularisation, raisonnement contrastif, justification. En outre, nous décrivons comment ces processus interagissent dans la construction de l'explication. Enfin, l'intérêt de la définition proposée est discuté dans le cadre de l'étude des dialogues explicatifs : on montre comment cette définition rend compte de l'une des principales caractéristiques de l'explication dans le dialogue, à savoir son caractère interactif.
Le physiologiste et la catégorisation des odeurs
Authors: Holley André
Published: November 2018

The physiologist faced to odour categorization. The sensory physiologist is faced to problems of denominating and categorizing odours when he / she looks for traces let on high-level characteristics of odour perception by molecular and cellular processes of peripheral odour reception. Physiological concepts and methods being not appropriate for elucidating such questions, he/ she must rely upon collaboration with disciplines such as psychology and linguistics in order to shed some light on the nature of the task the neurosensory system has to perform.
Les sens de la signification. Pour une théorie a priori du signe
Authors: Morand Bernard
Published: November 2018

Les notions de sens et de signification sont porteuses d'une telle subjectivité que toute tentative de les associer à un programme d'ordinateur pourra sembler utopique. Cette opposition apparente peut être dépassée si l'on dispose d'une théorie convenable pour rendre compte des phénomènes de sens. Nous montrons que des éléments pertinents pour une théorie du signe peuvent être trouvés chez C.S. Peirce. Ils permettent d'articuler le sens avec la signification, c'est-à-dire les occurrences avec le type ou encore les phénomènes avec la théorie. La définition, puis le modèle de catégorisation peircéens du signe proposent une théorie cohérente qui rend compte à la fois des aspects de signification, d'interprétation, d'interaction dialogique et finalement de communication. Cette théorie conduit vers une approche originale de la cognition : un processus de nature différentielle fondé sur une accumulation d'expériences sémiotiques. On peut donc montrer dans quelle mesure la conception classique du symbole, particulièrement dans sa forme positiviste, constitue une réduction sommaire de la complexité d'un système sémiotique.
Dilthey et la difficile recherche d'une autre objectivité
Authors: Miskiewicz Wioletta
Published: November 2018

La critique adressée par Ebbinghaus à Dilthey est représentative d'un certain style d'affrontement récurrent en sciences et en philosophie, qui oppose un rationalisme restrictif et homogène à une raison plus ouverte et plurielle. Il s'agit de montrer ici que l'article d'Ebbinghaus, en plus d'être injuste, a durablement occulté ce qu'il y a de fécond et novateur dans le projet diltheyen d'une nouvelle psychologie : est en jeu la possibilité d'accéder à une autre objectivité pour des sciences de l'esprit qui sont elles aussi des sciences empiriques.
L'actualité du paradigme herméneutique
Authors: Outhwaite William
Published: November 2018

Cet article vise à soutenir la thèse que la problématique herméneutique, conçue en un sens assez large, est primordiale pour toute recherche en sciences humaines, et qu'elle a donné lieu aux innovations les plus importantes dans ces sciences, surtout, au 20e siècle, depuis le déclin de l'idéologie empiriste dans les années 1958 à 1978. L'oeuvre d'Anthony Giddens, doyen de la sociologie britannique actuelle, prend une place importante dans cette évolution.
Les sens sociaux : coordination de l'attention et interaction sociale
Authors: Conein Bernard
Published: November 2018

Cet article met en évidence les convergences dans les travaux sur l'attention sociale entre éthologie cognitive et psychologie du développement. Les deux approches soulignent le lien entre coordination de l'attention et structure de l'interaction sociale. Cependant, éthologues et psychologues divergent lorsqu'ils examinent la nature des aptitudes sociales. Alors que les éthologues conçoivent le traitement de l'information sociale dans le cadre d'une activité finalisée (acquérir un rang, éliminer un rival, se faire un allié), les psychologues le conçoivent en dehors de considérations sur la formation des groupes sociaux.
Temps et individuations technique, psychique et collective dans l'œuvre de Simondon
Authors: Stiegler Bernard
Published: November 2018

Simondon décrit l'objet technique comme tendant à l'organisation, comme s'individuant. Une relation dynamique constitue les termes mêmes qu'elle met en relation dans le mouvement même d'individuation de l'objet technique : on dira que l'objet technique s'individue de manière transductive. La transduction est une relation dynamique parce que, à partir d'un horizon préindividuel, elle tend vers l'unité sans jamais s'y figer : habitée par un déphasage, elle est de part en part temporelle. Dans un autre texte, Simondon décrit l'individuation psychosociale dans les mêmes termes d'un processus transductif sur fond de préindividuel. Mais Simondon n'a pas articulé ces deux aspects de son travail. N'est-ce pas pourtant la technique qui, comme trace et héritage, articule individualité psychique et individualité collective dans ce qui sera appelé ici "épiphylogenèse" ? A partir de Heidegger et de Derrida, il s'agit de désigner l'irréductible avance de la technique qui, différence temporelle originaire, fait l'horizon de toute individuation psychosociale.