bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature distribution analysis of AlGaN/GaN HFETs operated around breakdown voltage using micro‐Raman spectroscopy and device simulation
Authors: Kosaka Kenichi , Fujishima Tatsuya , Inoue Kaoru , Hinoki Akihiro , Yamada Tomoaki , Tsuchiya Tadayoshi , Kikawa Junjiroh , Kamiya Shinichi , Suzuki Akira , Araki Tsutomu , Nanishi Yasushi
Published: June 2007

Improvement in performance and reliability of high power RF devices is a key issue for AlGaN/GaN HFETs (Hetero‐junction Field Effect Transistors). In this work, we have measured the temperature distribution in AlGaN/GaN HFETs on SiC substrates actually operated around breakdown voltage. Temperature distribution of the HFET was determined by micro‐Raman spectroscopy and was estimated from Raman shift of GaN E2(High) phonon mode. We observed temperature distribution of the HFETs operated at Vg = ‐3 V (DC) and Vds = 50, 65, 80 V (Pulse). The highest temperature position was shifted to the drain side at Vds > 60 V. The results were compared with simulation. It was indicated that the shift was due to high electric field region and virtual gate effects. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of structural perfection of InN layers and InN nanorods grown on the c‐ and r‐planes of Al2O3
Authors: Liliental‐Weber Z. , Lu H. , Schaff W. J. , Kryliouk O. , Park H. J. , Mangum J. , Anderson T.
Published: June 2007

Transmission Electron microscopy was applied to determine similarities and difference in structural perfection between InN epi‐layers grown by MBE on c‐ and r‐plane Al2O3 and InN nanocrystals grown on similar substrates using non catalytic, template‐free hydride metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy. The study showed that nanocrystals had more perfect crystallinity compared to the layers. While the InN layer growth direction followed the crystallographically required epitaxial growth orientation, the nanorod growth was randomly oriented. The opposite growth polarity has been determined for the InN layers grown along c‐direction (In‐polarity) in comparison to nanocrystals grown along same direction (N‐polarity). (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Defect structure of a‐plane GaN grown by hydride and metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy on r‐plane sapphire
Authors: Kröger R. , Paskova T. , Monemar B. , Figge S. , Hommel D. , Rosenauer A.
Published: June 2007

To obtain a deeper insight into the mechanism of defect formation in a‐plane GaN the defect nature in such films grown by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The films showed, beside the frequently found basal plane stacking faults and threading dislocations, prismatic stacking faults originating at the film/substrate interface and facetted voids. The density of basal plane stacking fault was about 105 cm–1 and the density of partial dislocations was in the range of 1010 cm–2, accordingly. Using selected area diffraction the epitaxial relationship between film and layer was determined. Based on these findings the impact of lattice mismatch on the observed defect characteristic is discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarity dependence of In‐rich InGaN ternary alloys grown by RF‐MBE
Authors: Shinada T. , Che S. B. , Mizuno T. , Ishitani Y. , Yoshikawa A.
Published: June 2007

In‐rich (XIn > 0.5) InGaN ternary alloys were grown on N‐ and Ga‐polarity GaN templates by radio‐frequency plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (RF‐MBE) and their polarity dependence was investigated. In‐rich InGaN alloys with In‐content ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 could be grown without phase separation and sharp single diffraction peak was observed for these samples in X‐ray diffraction (XRD) 2θ–ω scan. Compared to N‐polarity samples, In‐polarity InGaN showed better crystalline quality in spite of about 100 °C lower growth temperature. Moreover, the dependence of crystalline quality on V/III ratio was investigated for In‐polarity samples. It was found that the phase separation in the InGaN tends to occur under metal‐rich condition but this can be prevented in N‐rich and around unity stoichiometry conditions as well. Precise control of V/III ratio to around unity stoichiometry was realized by using a shutter control method, which resulted in improvement of crystalline quality and surface morphology of In‐rich InGaN films. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MBE growth of cubic AlxIn1–xN and AlxGayIn1–x–yN lattice matched to GaN
Authors: As D. J. , Schnietz M. , Schörmann J. , Potthast S. , Gerlach J. W. , Vogt J. , Lischka K.
Published: June 2007

Ternary and quaternary cubic c‐AlxIn1–xN/GaN and c‐AlxGayIn1–x–yN/GaN heterostructures lattice‐matched to c‐GaN on freestanding 3C‐SiC substrates were grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The c‐AlxGayIn1–x–yN alloy permits the independent control of band gap and lattice parameter. The ternary and quaternary films were grown at 620 °C. Different alloy compositions were obtained by varying the Al and Ga fluxes. The alloy composition was measured by Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). X‐ray reciprocal space map of asymmetric (‐1‐13) reflex were used to measure the lattice parameters and to verify the lattice match between the alloy and the c‐GaN buffer. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wave guide optimization for homoepitaxial laser diodes
Authors: Figge S. , Dennemarck J. , Aschenbrenner T. , Zargham A. , Hommel D.
Published: June 2007

GaN‐based high power laser diodes in the violet spectral range are demanding for conductive substrates with a lower thermal resistance than the commonly used sapphire. The only feasible approach to this goal is homoepitaxy on GaN wafers produced from thick GaN layers grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy. One drawback of GaN substrates is the high refractive index and therefore it acts as an parasitic wave guide. In this paper we will discuss the optimization of the wave guide and the n‐side cladding layer. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of surface morphology of n‐type GaN after photoelectrochemical reaction in various solutions for H2 gas generation
Authors: Fujii Katsushi , Ito Takashi , Ono Masato , Iwaki Yasuhiro , Yao Takafumi , Ohkawa Kazuhiro
Published: June 2007

Surface morphology and chemical composition at n‐type GaN surface after photoelectrochemical reactions were investigated. Whisker‐like Ga oxides were observed in the lower pH solutions and hexagonal columns were observed in the higher pH solutions. The results indicate that different reactions occur in the different pH solutions. Dissolution amount was the lowest at a neutral pH solution. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mega‐cone blue LEDs based on ZnO/GaN direct wafer bonding
Authors: Murai A. , Thompson D. B. , Masui H. , Fellows N. , Mishra U. K. , Nakamura S. , DenBaars S. P.
Published: June 2007

The cover picture of this issue of physica status solidi (c) has been taken from the article [1].
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (c) 4/7
Authors: Akimoto Katsuhiro , Chichibu Shigefusa , Suemasu Takashi
Published: June 2007

The International Workshop on Nitride Semiconductors (IWN 2006) was held in Kyoto, Japan from 22 to 27 October 2006. This workshop was part of a continuing series of IWN, first held at Nagaya, Japan (2000), Aachen, Germany (2002), and Pittsburg, USA (2004). The conference was well attended by 841 participants from 33 countries. From over 550 abstracts submitted, the Program Committee accepted 441 abstracts. There were 11 invited talks including 3 plenary presentations for a total of 96 oral presentations, with the remaining papers given as posters. Among them, 228 manuscripts were submitted and reviewed by the usual evaluation process of physica status solidi. Finally 212 papers were accepted and the present special volume contains the collection of those papers.

IWN 2006 was organized as a unified meeting of four independent topical workshops: Growth, Optoelectronic Properties, Optical Devices and Electron Devices. The first half of the week, on Monday and Tuesday, the workshops were held together at Kyoto International Conference Hall, whereas on Wednesday and Thursday, the workshops were separately held at Ritsumeikan University and Kyoto University.

At the topical workshops, the activities concentrated on discussion and information exchange rather than just the presentation of the research results. The effectiveness of non‐polar substrates for both electronic and optical devices was emphasized. Point defects and dislocations were suggested to play a significant role in optical properties of AlGaN. Light extraction and thermal management were assessed to be important to design high efficiency white LEDs. The ammonothermal method was proposed as a promising growth method for bulk GaN. We can expect that from such discussions made at the topical workshops new research trends will be derived which will yield further amazing results.

The Editors would like to thank the members of the Executive Committee and Program Committee, especially H. Miyake and T. Araki, for their support and advice through the organization of the event. We would also like to express our appreciation to the referees for their careful reading and scientific evaluation of the papers in this special issue. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to Stefan Hildebrandt and Julia Hübner for their assistance in the technical editorial process and to physica status solidi for the rapid publication of the proceedings.
Deriving a mechanistic model for potential energy surface of coordination compounds of nontransition elements
Authors: Tchougréeff A. L.
Published: June 2007

Molecules of coordination compounds (those formed by a central atom—largely by a transition or non‐transition metal ion, but also by non‐transition elements like sulfur, phosphorus, etc., and by atoms or groups surrounding it—the ligands) for decades represent a significant problem for any “classical” description given in terms of empirical force fields of molecular mechanics (MM) due to diversity of coordination polyhedra resulting in the numerosity of the parameters necessary to describe the objects of interest within such a setting. This situation is further toughened by the specific collection of effects known as mutual influence of ligands, of which the trans‐effect in transition metal complexes is the most known. A feature particularly complicating understanding the ligand influence is its qualitative dependence on the nature of the central atom. The real source of these problems is of course the specificity of the electronic structure of the coordination compounds. If compared with usual organic molecules for which the MM in its classical form is rather successful the major distinction characteristic for coordination compounds is the absence of fairly distinguishable two‐center two‐electron bonds incident to its central atom (ion). Using a methodology called deductive molecular mechanics (DMM) we have recently shown that for “organic” molecules it is possible to sequentially derive the form of the MM force field departing from a simple but intuitively transparent model of electronic structure of a single chemical bond. Here we present an analogous derivation for the force fields describing coordination compounds. It is based on the analysis of electronic structure of the closest ligand shell of coordination compounds and on that of its relation with the geometry changes induced by chemical substitution (ligand influence) performed recently by Levin and Dyachkov. By using the elements of the one‐electron density matrix as an economical set of electronic structure variables for the closest ligand shell, the DMM model of coordination compounds is constructed. Next, by excluding the electronic structure variables the effective elastic elements describing the force fields concordant with the mutual ligands' influence in coordination compounds are constructed and their dependence on the state of the central ion is established. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Variational estimates for exchange‐correlation interaction obtained within Super‐CI approach to MCSCF approximation
Authors: Gusarov S. I. , Goidenko I. A. , Dmitriev Yu. Yu. , Labzowsky L. N.
Published: June 2007

Two possible variation approximations for the exchange‐correlation interaction are considered in the one‐particle approach to the electronic structure theories. These approximations appear within the Super‐CI procedure in the MCSCF optimization schemes. The basic formalism shows its close connection to the Green's function theory in the extended Koopmans' approach. An immediate implementation of the corresponding Super‐CI Green's functions is the Møller‐Plesset open‐shell and quasi‐degenerate perturbation expansions, and the density matrix functional theory. The relativistic formulation which is based on the relativistic extended Koopmans' approach can be used to calculate radiation corrections in frames of the conventional Feynman formalism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Determination of three natural pesticides in processed fruit and vegetables using high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sannino Anna
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a method for the sensitive and selective determination of two macrocyclic lactones (abamectin and spinosad) and azadirachtin in apple purée, concentrated lemon juice, tomato purée and canned peas. The general sample extraction–partitioning method for our gas chromatography and liquid chromatography multiresidue methods has been used. The analytical procedure involves an extraction with acetone and liquid–liquid partitioning with ethyl acetate/cyclohexane combined in one step. The extracts are analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) without any further clean‐up step. The pesticides are separated on a reversed‐phase C12 column using a gradient elution. Thirteen simultaneous MS/MS transitions of precursor ions were monitored. Studies at fortification levels of 2.5–10 µg/kg and 25–100 µg/kg gave mean recoveries ranging from 70–100% for all compounds with satisfactory precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) from 3–20%). The excellent selectivity and sensitivity allows quantification and identification of low levels of pesticides in canned peas, tomato and apple purées (limits of quantitation (LOQs) 1–5 µg/kg) and in concentrated lemon juice (LOQs 2–10 µg/kg). The quantification of analytes was carried out using the most sensitive transition for every compound and by 'matrix‐matched' standards calibration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative detection of metabolites using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with 9‐aminoacridine as the matrix
Authors: Vaidyanathan Seetharaman , Goodacre Royston
Published: June 2007

Quantitative detection of metabolites is a highly desirable feature in metabolome analyses. Recently, the successful detection of multiple metabolites using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) in the negative ion mode employing 9‐aminoacridine as the organic matrix was reported (Edwards JL, Kennedy RT. Anal. Chem. 2005; 77: 2201–2209). However, there is little information available on quantitative detection of multiple metabolites using MALDI‐MS and in particular the influence changes in metabolite levels have on such detections. We investigated this aspect by spiking a synthetic metabolite cocktail (consisting of 39 metabolites including amino acids, organic acids and phospho‐metabolites) with five representative metabolites at increasing concentrations, one metabolite at a time, and assessed the signals from replicate determinations. It was possible to detect quantitative changes in the spiked metabolites. Although analyte suppression was observed, it was possible to observe scenarios where the spiked metabolite had little or no influence on the quantitative detection of some metabolites. It appears that the mass spectral response of the metabolite is suppressed only when the spiked chemical species are relatively similar in chemical terms. This suggests that quantitation is possible in scenarios where changes in a specific metabolite or a class of metabolites are monitored following appropriate analyte separation strategies, and that careful interpretations must be made when using the technique for quantitative analysis in unbiased metabolomic approaches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyaniline‐coated nanoelectrospray emitters treated with hydrophobic polymers at the tip
Authors: Choi Yong Seok , Wood Troy D.
Published: June 2007

In nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) techniques, the hydrophilic character of the emitters generally produces large bases for the Taylor cones, thereby generating relatively large droplet sizes and consequently reduced sensitivity. In order to minimize this ‘wetting’ effect in nanoESI, a model hydrophobic polymer (an acrylic paint) was coated at the tip of commercial polyaniline (PANI)‐coated emitters, and their performance was compared with that of unmodified PANI emitters using oxytocin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) solutions. In experiments with oxytocin, the hydrophobic emitter produced higher signal intensities (up to 3.6 times) as well as higher signal‐to‐noise ratios (33% increase) than those from the unmodified PANI emitter. In addition, the hydrophobic emitter showed reusability and a slightly wider linear dynamic range (10 nM to 50 µM, r2 = 0.9938) than that from the unmodified PANI emitter (10 nM to 10 µM, r2 = 0.9904). In the case of NPY, the hydrophobic emitter also enabled an approximately 350‐fold overall increase in sensitivity than the unmodified PANI emitter (70 zmol vs. 25 amol). The enhanced performance of the hydrophobic emitter clearly indicates potential for further increases in nanoESI sensitivity using emitters with tailored hydrophobic overcoatings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of polysaccharides with 2′,4′,6′‐trihydroxyacetophenone as matrix
Authors: Hsu Nien‐Yeen , Yang Wen‐Bin , Wong Chi‐Huey , Lee Yuan‐Chuan. , Lee Reiko T. , Wang Yi‐Sheng , Chen Chung‐Hsuan
Published: June 2007

So far, there have been only a few matrices reported for detection of polysaccharides with molecular weight higher than 3000 Daltons by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS). In this work, we found that 2′,4′,6′‐trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) is a good matrix for MALDI time‐of‐flight MS analysis of polysaccharides with broad mass range. Large polysaccharides, dextrans, glycoproteins and polysialic acids have been successfully detected by MALDI‐MS with THAP as matrix. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiplexed post‐translational modification monitoring approach on a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Hoffman Michael D. , Rogalski Jason C. , Sniatynski Matthew J. , Locke Jennifer , Kast Juergen
Published: June 2007

Post‐translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are essential for proper function, as they regulate many aspects of a protein's activity and interaction with substrates. When analyzing modified peptides derived from such proteins by mass spectrometry, these modifications can dissociate, producing either a marker ion or neutral loss characteristic of the modification, which have conventionally been monitored with a precursor ion scan or neutral loss scan, respectively. Although powerful, both precursor ion scans and neutral loss scans can only screen for one particular modification at a time. This has led to the development of multiple neutral loss monitoring (MNM) for neutral losses and multiple precursor ion monitoring (MPM) for marker ions on electrospray instruments. Here, we report their implementation on a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) instrument as well as the inception of a novel scan strategy termed targeted multiple precursor ion monitoring (tMPM). This latter scan strategy has been developed on a MALDI tandem time‐of‐flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometer for the identification of multiple PTMs via their associated marker ions by manipulating certain components of the instrument, notably the timed ion selector and the delayed extraction source 2. Targeted MPM combined with a second approach, multiple neutral loss monitoring (MNM), is shown to be a successful approach in the identification of PTMs, identifying multiple modified peptides in a complex sample matrix. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry on porous silicon for metabolome analyses: influence of surface oxidation
Authors: Vaidyanathan Seetharaman , Jones Dan , Ellis Joanne , Jenkins Tudor , Chong Chin , Anderson Mike , Goodacre Royston
Published: June 2007

Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS) on porous silicon is a promising analytical strategy for the rapid detection of metabolites in biological matrices. We show that both oxidized and unoxidized porous silicon surfaces are useful in detecting protonated/deprotonated molecules from compounds when analyzed in mixtures. We demonstrate the feasibility of using this technique for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes using a synthetic cocktail of 30 compounds commonly associated with prokaryotic and eukaryotic primary metabolism. The predominantly detected species were the protonated molecules or their sodium/potassium adducts in the positive‐ion mode and the deprotonated molecules in the negative‐ion mode, as opposed to fragments or other adducts. Surface oxidation appears to influence mass spectral responses; in particular, in the mixture we studied, the signal intensities of the hydrophobic amino acids were noticeably reduced. We show that whilst quantitative changes in individual analytes can be detected, ion suppression effects interfere when analyte levels are altered significantly. However, the response of most analytes was relatively unaffected by changes in the concentration of one of the analytes, so long as it was not allowed to dominate the mixture, which may limit the dynamic range of this approach. The differences in the response of the analytes when analyzed in mixtures could not be accounted for by considering their gas‐phase and aqueous basicities alone. The implications of these findings in using the technique for metabolome analyses are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the structure of random plane‐oriented recursive trees and their branches
Authors: Mahmoud Hosam M. , Smythe R. T. , Szymański Jerzy
Published: June 2007

This paper is an investigation of the structural properties of random plane‐oriented recursive trees and their branches. We begin by an enumeration of these trees and some general properties related to the outdegrees of nodes. Using generalized Pólya urn models we study the exact and limiting distributions of the size and the number of leaves in the branches of the tree. The exact distribution for the leaves in the branches is given by formulas involving second‐order Eulerian numbers. A martingale central limit theorem for a linear combination of the number of leaves and the number of internal nodes is derived. The distribution of that linear combination is a mixture of normals with a beta distribution as its mixing density. The martingale central limit theorem allows easy determination of the limit laws governing the leaves in the branches. Furthermore, the asymptotic joint distribution of the number of nodes of outdegree 0, 1 and 2 is shown to be trivariate normal. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Random Cayley graphs and expanders
Authors: Alon Noga , Roichman Yuval
Published: June 2007

For every 1 > δ > 0 there exists ac=c(δ) > 0 such that for every groupGof ordern, and for a setSofc(δ) lognrandom elements in the group, the expected value of the second largest eigenvalue of the normalized adjacency matrix of the Cayley graphX(G, S)is at most (1 ‐ δ). This implies that almost every such a graph is an ϵ(δ)‐expander. For Abelian groups this is essentially tight, and explicit constructions can be given in some cases. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Approximating the permanent: A simple approach
Authors: Rasmussen Lars Eilstrup
Published: June 2007

In this article, we present an efficient and very simple unbiased estimator for the Permanent of square (0–1) matrices. As the main result, we prove that our estimator, even though its worst case behavior is provably very bad, runs in time polynomial in the size of the input matrix for almost all matrices. We also generalize our technique and apply it to another enumeration problem, that of counting Hamilton cycles in directed graphs. The ease with which this was done suggests that the basic technique may have wide applicability. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Finding hidden hamiltonian cycles
Authors: Broder Andrei Z. , Frieze Alan M. , Shamir Eli
Published: June 2007

Consider a random graph G composed of a Hamiltonian cycle on n labeled vertices and dn random edges that “high” the cycle. Is it possible to unravel the structures, that is, to efficiently find a Himiltonian cycle in G? We describe an O(n3 log n)‐step algorithm A for this purpose, and prove that it succeeds almost surely. Part one of A properly covers the “trouble spots” of G by a collection of disjoint paths. (This is the hard part to analyze). Part two of A extends this cover to a full cycle by the rotation‐extension technique which is already classical for such problems. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brownian bridge asymptotics for random mappings
Authors: Aldous David J. , Pitman Jim
Published: June 2007

Uniform random mappings of an n‐element set to itself have been much studied in the combinatorial literature. We introduce a new technique, which starts by specifying a coding of mappings as walks with ± 1 steps. The uniform random mapping is thereby coded as a nonuniform random walk, and our main result is that as n→∞ the random walk rescales to reflecting Brownian bridge. This result encompasses a large number of limit theorems for “global” characteristics of uniform random mappings. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Physicochemical and Morphological Characteristics of Nixtamalized Maize Starch
Authors: Méndez‐Montealvo Guadalupe , Trejo‐Espino José L. , Paredes‐López Octavio , Bello‐Pérez Luis A.
Published: June 2007

The effect of nixtamalization on physicochemical and morphological characteristics of starch was studied. Determination of total starch, ash and amylose content, of swelling and solubility, gelatinization characteristics and morphological studies were carried out in starch isolated from native (S) and nixtamalized (NS) maize flours. Thermal analysis showed that nixtamalization produced starch annealing due to the higher gelatinization temperature obtained for NS. However, S had slightly lower enthalpy values. The swelling profile was similar for both starches, but the solubility values at the temperatures assessed were slightly higher in the NS samples. At temperatures below gelatinization, the granules showed the Maltese cross while at higher temperatures only ghost of granules were observed. The nixtamalized starch had larger granule sizes than the native starch, due to the partial swelling produced in the heating during the nixtamalization process. Larger granule sizes were also observed by image analysis, because major axis and area parameters were higher in NS samples than in S samples. The nixtamalization process produced changes in chemical, thermal and morphological characteristics, becoming important in products obtained from nixtamalized maize.
Synergetically Acting new Flocculants on the Basis of Starch‐graft‐Poly(acrylamide)‐co‐Sodium Xanthate
Authors: Hao Xuekui , Chang Qing , Duan Lili , Zhang Yongzhi
Published: June 2007

A synergetically acting new flocculant on the basis of starch‐graft‐poly(acrylamide)‐co‐sodium xanthate (CSAX) was synthesized by grafting copolymerization of crosslinked corn starch, acrylamide (AM), and sodium xanthate, using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as cross‐linking agent and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as polymerization initiator in aqueous solution. The effects of some factors, such as crosslinker, initiator, AM, NaOH, on the %Tr (turbidity removal rate), %Trd (turbidity removal rate of a water sample which has both turbidity and heavy metal ions %Hr (heavy metal ion removal rate) and %Hrd (heavy metal ions removal rate of water which has both heavy metal ions and turbidity), are investigated. As proven by FTIR and elemental analysis, the CSAX can be successfully synthesized and can remove both turbidity‐causing substances and heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Under optimum synthesis conditions CSAX exhibits excellent performance, i.e. %Tr = 98%, %Trd = 98.4%, %Hrd = 99% and %Hr = 91.6%, respectively.
Effects of Osmotic Pressure on the Crosslinking Reaction of Tapioca Starch
Authors: Varavinit Saiyavit , Paisanjit Worachat , Tukomane Tuangporn , Pukkahuta Chirdchan
Published: June 2007

Tapioca starch was crosslinked with 0.1 % sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) in the presence of alkali and of osmotic pressure enhancing salts such as sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. The addition of various percentages of sodium sulfate to the crosslinking reaction mixture changed the pasting properties of the product starch as measured in the RVA (Rapid Visco Analyser). Peak viscosity (PV) and final viscosity (FV) are first increased with the increase in osmotic pressure followed by a decrease of the viscosities after further pressure increase. Breakdown (BD) is decreased in line with the increase of the osmotic pressure with very good correlation (R2 = 0.96). These pasting characteristics are attributed to the inhibited swelling without disruption of the starch granules due to the crosslinking reaction. If sodium chloride is used as an osmotic pressure enhancer of the crosslinking reaction, both pasting properties (PV, FV) decrease linearly with the increase in osmotic pressure with very good correlation (R2 = 0.98 and 0.99, respectively). The BD is dramatically decreased to zero (no breakdown) after applying the osmotic pressure and remains zero after further increase in osmotic pressure. These properties are also attributed to the pasting characteristics of the crosslinked starch. The increase in pasting temperature (PT) with increasing osmotic pressure for both sodium sulfate and sodium chloride demonstrates the increase of the gelatinization temperature of the starch granules. The enhancement of the osmotic pressure can promote the activity of the crosslinking agent.
Treatment of agitation in dementia
Authors: Tariot Pierre , Gale Susan E. , Castelli Nancy A. , Porsteinsson Anton P.
Published: June 2007

Agitation, including agressive behaviors, is a common component of dementia. This chapter discusses treatment options for agitation and outlines the efficacy and safety of a wide range of drugs used in treating this condition.
An integrated approach to emergency psychiatric care
Authors: Oldham John M. , Demasi Mary E.
Published: June 2007

Increased demands for psychiatric emergency services led to a crisis in New York City emergency rooms. The New York State Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program was developed as a systemic response to the crisis. The model includes four integrated components designed to enhance the entire mental health system.
Diagnosing substance abuse in psychiatric emergency service patients
Authors: Currier Glenn W. , Serper Mark R. , Allen Michael H.
Published: June 2007

Substance abuse, which is prevalent among patients admitted to psychiatric emergency services, mimics and complicates other psychiatric disorders and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of most patients.
Psychiatric emergencies in children and adolescents
Authors: Sadka Saul
Published: June 2007

The epidemiology, evaluation, and developmental issues of commonly encountered psychiatric emergencies in children and adolescents are described, as are new treatment strategies.
Crisis intervention with stepfamilies
Authors: Jacobson Doris S.
Published: June 2007

With a recent quantitative increase, stepfamilies now reflect a major variant in family structure in our society. This chapter identifies characteristic problems in family interaction that emerge in stepfamily formation which can lead to crises in one or more stepfamily members.
Stressful life events: Research issues
Authors: Dohrenwend Barbara Snell , Dohrenwend Bruce P.
Published: June 2007

Several kinds of work are needed in order to provide a more solid scientific foundation for the belief that life stress causes illness.
Brief treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorders
Authors: Horowitz Mardi J. , Kaltreider Nancy B.
Published: June 2007

Focused and time‐limited intervention is an effective method of treatment of persons who have experienced such traumatic life events as bereavement or the personal experience of violence.
Crisis intervention and the avoidance of hospitalization
Authors: Langsley Donald G.
Published: June 2007

Crisis intervention is an effective and economical alternative to unnecessary psychiatric hospitalization.
Comments and conclusions
Authors: Jacobson Gerald F.
Published: June 2007

Three topics in crisis intervention are the importance of combining a social with a psychological viewpoint, the evaluation of crisis intervention, and the frontiers of crisis theory and technique.
The prototype lodge society: Instituting group process principles
Authors: Fairweather George W.
Published: June 2007

In order to establish the autonomy of the Lodge, which was essential to create personal competence and feelings of accomplishment, professional mental health persons could not live there.
The lodge as an urban council activity
Authors: Miller Kent
Published: June 2007

As a nonprofit, private organization, we discovered that we were quickly caught up in the ongoing battle between the state hospital and the local mental health center.
Critical management tasks: The PERFORM model
Authors: White Stephen L. , Broskowski Anthony
Published: June 2007

The PERFORM acronym highlights critical tasks of management for the clinician‐manager who has had little or no training or experience in management. The critical tasks and knowledge areas covered in this model are: planning, evaluation, rules and regulations, funding and financing, organizing, relationships, and maintenance.
Administrative supervision
Authors: Kaslow Florence W. , Soehner Gregory
Published: June 2007

The middle manager is responsible for getting things done through others. The achievement of organizational objectives is facilitated by the administrative supervisory process.
Cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders
Authors: Bowers Wayne A.
Published: June 2007

Cognitive behavioral interuentions offer short‐term methods to cope with anxiety. Focusing on personal perceptions, this approach expands nonmedical treatments for anxiety.
Anxiety and anxiety disorder in childhood
Authors: Beeghly James H. L.
Published: June 2007

The study of anxiety disorders in children is of interest both in its own right and for what it may reveal about the origins of anxiety disorders at any age.
The anxiety disorders clinic
Authors: Erskine Susan Dourney
Published: June 2007

Anxiety disorder clinics are sophisticated medical centers that require careful planning and dedicated execution by a team of specialized professionals.
Systems resistance to the chronic patient
Authors: Meyerson Arthur T. , Herman Greta H.
Published: June 2007

We need more resources, case managers, rehabilitation services, and transitional and other living situations. But our failure to deal with the treatment systems' resistances provides an easy target for antipathetic legislators and budget directors.
Reimbursement resistance to treatment and support for the long‐term mental patient
Authors: Sharfstein Steven S.
Published: June 2007

Patients in need of long‐term care have not benefited equally with those in need of acute care from a century of medical progress.
Resistances to care of the chronic patient: A lawyer's contribution
Authors: Klein Joel I.
Published: June 2007

Having been involved in this area almost from the beginning of the reform period, my view is that many lawyers, while claiming to represent their clients, in truth serve their own needs or advance their own view of what is best for the patients.
Help‐seeking processes and mental health services
Authors: Horwitz Allan V.
Published: June 2007

Help‐seeking research indicates that a number of cultural, social, and organizational factors trigger or inhibit contact with mental health professionals. The impact of each of these factors has changed considerably in recent years.
Public psychiatry in an era of deinstitutionalization
Authors: Bachrach Leona L. , Lamb H. Richard
Published: June 2007

The authors, reflecting on their combined experience of many years, comment on the status and direction of public psychiatry in an era of deinstitutionalization.
Optimal drug and behavior therapy for treatment‐refractory institutionalized schizophrenics
Authors: Kuehnel Timothy G. , Liberman Robert P. , Marshall Barringer D. , Bowen Linda
Published: June 2007

Institutionalized persons with a deteriorating form of schizophrenia that was refractory to neuroleptic medication were titrated downward in their haloperidol dose. Based on ratings of their clinical status, an optimal dose was reached that was an average 66 percent reduction from their initial levels. Patients then participated in a personalized, intensive behavior therapy program to remediate their extreme, persisting deficits and disturbances in behavior.
Ecological vocational rehabilitation
Authors: Dauwalder J. P. , Hoffmann H.
Published: June 2007

Chronicity in serious mental disorders emanates from deficient ecological resources interacting with vulnerable individuals. Rehabilitation can succeed if an integrated and individualized approach is augmented by appropriate ecological supports.
Choose‐get‐keep: A psychiatric rehabilitation approach to supported employment
Authors: Danley Karen S. , Sciarappa Ken , Macdonald‐Wilson Kim
Published: June 2007

By implementing intervention strategies to help psychiatrically disabled persons choose, get, and keep jobs, supported employment can become a successful element in psychiatric rehabilitation.
Brain development: Pervasive developmental disorders and infantile autism
Authors: Ciaranello Roland D.
Published: June 2007

Normal brain development involves a series of exquisitely complex and highly orchestrated events; disruptions in normal brain development provide a useful model for understanding infantile autism and other pervasive developmental disorders.
Autism
Authors: Courchesne Eric
Published: June 2007

A behaviorally defined syndrome that is a neurobiological model for many other brain disorders, autism is a disorder characterized by specific behavioral and learning abnormalities associated with neural dysfunction and neuroanatomical abnormalities.
Obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Rapoport Judith L.
Published: June 2007

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder, a neurobiological disease associated with abnormalities in the basal ganglia, responds with some success to behavior modification and also to new pharmacological therapies.
Tourette's syndrome
Authors: Leckman James F.
Published: June 2007

Tourette's syndrome, a familial neurological disease of childhood onset, can respond to some pharmacological treatments.
Major depressive disorder
Authors: Brent David A.
Published: June 2007

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is now an accepted disorder in children and adolescents; genetic studies and data that support a dysregulation of one or more neurotransmitter systems suggest that biological factors play an important role in MDD in children and adolescents.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Amaya‐Jackson Lisa , Mesco Richard H. , McGough James J. , Cantwell Dennis P.
Published: June 2007

The most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder in childhood, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has a neurobiological and genetic basis and is responsive to treatment.
An innovative program for community‐residing older adults with serious mental illness
Authors: Martin Marla Hassinger , Bratter Bernice
Published: June 2007

A system of care for seriously mentally ill older adults incorporates concepts from programs for healthy older adults and challenges traditional concepts of mental health treatment.
LAMP in L.A.'s skid row: A model for community‐based support services
Authors: Lowery Mollie
Published: June 2007

In most states, we reneged on our promise to provide communitybased program support to persons deinstitutionalized from psychiatric hospitals. Now many people are blaming those with mental illness for their failure to thrive and have begun creating new laws and methods for reinstitutionalization. This chapter describes a community‐based program that is demonstrably effective. It involves the full participation of homeless people diagnosed with mental illness and attests to what can work.
Specific psychotherapy approaches to medical‐surgical patients
Authors: Snyderman Deborah A. , Thompson Wendy L.
Published: June 2007

Many psychotherapeutic techniques can be modified for the medical‐surgical setting as part of an inclusive biopsychosocial approach to the patient.
Management of the psychiatric aspects of chronic noncancer pain
Authors: Rodgers Carla
Published: June 2007

When all other therapies have failed, the chronic pain patient is referred to the psychiatrist, whose orientation should be toward ameliorating suffering rather than ending pain.
Depression syndromes in patients with alzheimer's disease, parkinson disease, and cerebral vascular accidents
Authors: Rovner Barry W.
Published: June 2007

Depression occurring in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, and stroke is a recognizable and treatable entity, with specific neuropathological correlates.
Training psychologists to function as competent scientists in criminal forensics
Authors: Everett Moses L.
Published: June 2007

Psychologists planning to work in the criminal forensic area can benefit from a structured training experience, with learning objectives designed to bridge the gap between clinical practice and the legal system.
Workplace violence in a psychiatric facility: Estimated frequency and staff perceptions
Authors: Shazer Thomas D.
Published: June 2007

Frequent media reports may lead to the perception that violent incidents in the workplace are widespread, but little is known of the actual situation. Here are preliminary results of a study of perceived and reported frequencies of staff‐on‐staff violence.
Center for forensic psychiatry evaluation unit services
Authors: Jackson Newton L. P.
Published: June 2007

Court‐ordered evaluations regarding issues such as competency to stand trial and legal insanity are assigned a specialized staff at the Center for Forensic Psychiatry.
Treatment of co‐occurring substance abuse and major mental illness
Authors: Carey Kate B.
Published: June 2007

A model for the treatment of co‐occurring Substance abuse and major mental disorders is proposed. The model integrates empirically grounded strategies applicable to Substance abuse problems into the context of outpatient mental health treatment.
Managing the whole system of care
Authors: Hogan Michael F.
Published: June 2007

Managed behavioral health care organizations with experience in the private sector will find that their task in managing public systems is much more complex.
Treatment for comorbid schizophrenia and substance abuse disorders
Authors: Hansell Stephen
Published: June 2007

Psychiatric units in general hospitals face large obstacles in treating patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance abuse disorders.
Discharge planning in psychiatric units in general hospitals
Authors: Olfson Mark , Walkup James
Published: June 2007

Increased attention to discharge planning offers the potential for a better‐integrated system of care for vulnerable patients.
The future of inpatient psychiatry in general hospitals
Authors: Mechanic David
Published: June 2007

Managed care will demand that inpatient care be well integrated with the larger mental health services system and that it take responsibility for patient outcomes after discharge.
Working with native american families
Authors: Johnson Carmen A. , Johnson Dale L.
Published: June 2007

Family education is a respectful approach to working with Native American families. When clinicians are informed about tribal ways, families can contribute greatly to accurate diagnosis and effective treatment and rehabilitation.
Psychiatry and primary care: Two cultures divided by a common cause
Authors: Lipkin Mack
Published: June 2007

Traditional problems between primary care physicians and psychiatrists have persisted, including inability to understand each other, disrespect, mutual distrust, and competition. Unfortunately, although these two medical specialties, which both use a whole‐person approach to the patient, should be pulling together, they are often pulling apart.
The primary care provider's view
Authors: Degruy Frank V.
Published: June 2007

To take advantage of the services of mental health professionals, primary care physicians must improve their flexibility, communication, and teamwork. All parties must be willing to surrender a measure of autonomy and control, but the result is worth the eflort.
The integrated system's view
Authors: Pollack David A.
Published: June 2007

Truly integrated systems in public sector settings have been few, and most of us are operating in uncharted waters. Howevel, we can embark on this new effort with some eagerness and confidence that collaboration will contribute significantly to the care of our mutual patients.
Gatekeeping and authorization
Authors: Miles Monica L. , Goetz Rupert R.
Published: June 2007

Managed care techniques first used in the private sector are increasingly being applied to control costs in the public sector When the system places the burden of recognizing, diagnosing, and even treating mental illness on the primary care physician, however, a number of problems can result.
Prevention of violence
Authors: Bell Caul C. , Fink Paul Jay
Published: June 2007

Rebuilding the village, increasing access to health, improving bonding and attachment dynamics, providing opportunities to increase self‐esteem and social shills enhancing the adult protective shield, and minimizing the impact of trauma are presented as basic principles to change health behavior: The intent of putting these principles into practice is to strengthen the two hey support systems of children, the family and the school, so that they can provide primary prevention of violence.
A trauma‐informed approach to screening and assessment
Authors: Fallot Roger D. , Harris Maxine
Published: June 2007

Universal trauma screening and specific trauma assessment methods are necessary to developing collaborative relationships with trauma survivors and offering appropriate services.
Trauma‐Informed Inpatient Services
Authors: Harris Maxine , Fallot Roger D.
Published: June 2007

Inpatient hospitalizations can be difficult for the survivors of sexual and physical abuse unless practitioners take care to make the hospital stay trauma informed.
Community treatment of severely mentally ill offenders under the jurisdiction of the criminal justice system: A review
Authors: Lamb H. Richard , Weinberger Linda E. , Gross Bruce H.
Published: June 2007

Community treatment of severely mentally ill offenders who fall under the jurisdiction of the criminal justice system has important differences from treatment of non‐offenders. It is critical to identify a treatment philosophy that strikes a balance between individual rights and public safety and includes clear treatment goals.