bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of microelement loads on winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on calcareous sandy soil
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: June 2011

Karbonátos Duna–Tisza közi homoktalajon vizsgáltuk a 0, 30, 90 és 270 kg·ha-1 mikroelem-terhelés hatását az őszi árpára. A mikroelemek sóit egy ízben, a kísérlet indulásakor (1995 tavaszán) szórtuk ki Cr2(SO4)3, K2Cr2O7, CuSO4, Pb(NO3)2, Na2SeO3 és ZnSO4 formájában. A 6 elem×4 terhelés = 24 kezelés×3 ismétlés = 72 db (egyenként 7×5 = 35 m²-es) parcellát jelentett. A termőhely a homoktalajokra jellemzően rossz vízgazdálkodású, aszályérzékeny és a főbb tápelemekkel (NPK) gyengén ellátott. A szántott réteg 0,7–1,0% humuszt, 2–3% CaCO3-ot tartalmaz, a talajvíz 5–10 m mélyen található. Alaptrágyaként 100–100–100 kg·ha-1 N, P2O5 és K2O hatóanyagot alkalmaztunk évente az egész kísérletben. A főbb eredmények:
– A májusi és júniusi aszályos időjárás eredményeképpen kis termések képződtek. A szennyezetlen talajon 1,8 t·ha-1 körüli őszi árpa szemtermést kaptunk, az aratáskori összes föld feletti légszáraz biomassza alig haladta meg a 3 t·ha-1 mennyiséget. A kísérlet 6. évében a 270 kg·ha-1 Se- és Zn-terhelések utóhatása bizonyult toxikusnak. Depresszió döntően a generatív fázisban jelentkezett, a szemtermések 60–70%-kal csökkentek.
– A Cr(III)-kezelésben a szalma és a szem Cr-tartalma egyértelműen, igazolhatóan nem nőtt a terheléssel. A Cr(VI)-kezelésben a mérsékelt akkumuláció már igazolható volt. Pb-akkumuláció csak a szalmában volt bizonyítható, a szemben szennyezett talajon is a 0,1 mg·kg-1 méréshatár alatt maradt. A Cu a kontrollhoz képest 2–2,5-szeresen dúsult átlagosan. A Zn-tartalom a szalmában 6-szorosára, a szemben 3-szorosára nőtt, míg a Se hiperakkumulációt jelzett mindkét növényi részben (470-szeres koncentrációnövekedéssel). A mag emberi fogyasztásra alkalmatlanná vált a Se- és az erősebben szennyezett Zn-kezelésekben, míg a melléktermés takarmányozásra a szelénnel kezelt talajon.
– Szennyezett talajon a maximális elemfelvétel (g ha-onként) az alábbi volt aratáskor: Se 243, Zn 81, Cu 10, Cr és Pb 6. Változatlan viszonyokat feltételezve a Se esetében 1111, a Zn-nél 3300, a Cu esetén 27 ezer , valamint a Cr és Pb esetén 45 ezer felvételi évre volna szükség a talaj ilyen módon való megtisztításához, a fitoremediációhoz.
– Az őszi árpa fajlagos (1 t szem + a hozzá tartozó melléktermés) elemtartalma 28–13–28–9–7 = N–P2O5–K2O–CaO–MgO kg·t-1 volt a kísérletben. Adataink iránymutatóul szolgálhatnak a növény elemigényének számításakor a szaktanácsadásban.
– A talajvizsgálatok szerint a szennyezett talajon az NH4-acetát+EDTA-oldható Cr a 0–30 cm-es feltalajban dúsult a Cr(III)-kezelésben, míg a Cr(VI)-kezelésben a Cr maximumát már 260 cm alatt találtuk és az egész szelvény szennyeződött. A Cu, Pb és Zn szintén a feltalajban dúsult, tehát a bevitel helyén maradt a kísérlet 6. éve után is. A vízoldható Se a Cr(VI)-hoz hasonlóan az egész 0–290 cm-es rétegben nyomon követhető volt, de a kilúgzás teljes zónáját a mintavétel nem tudta feltárni.
Effect of bacterial fertilizers on the properties of a pseudomyceliar chernozem soil and on the biomass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: Jakab Anita , Kátai János , Tállai Magdolna , Balláné Kovács Andrea
Published: June 2011

A tenyészedényes kísérletünket a DE AGTC MÉK Agrokémiai és Talajtani Intézet tenyészházában állítottuk be 2010. május 27-én. A kísérletben Debrecen-Látókép környékéről származó mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajt alkalmaztunk, amely az alábbi jellemzőkkel rendelkezett: KA: 37,5; leiszapolható rész: 51%; pH(KCl): 5,5; pH(H2O): 6,6; Hu%: 2,8; AL-P2O5: 140 mg·kg-1; AL-K2O: 316,3 mg·kg-1. Az adatok alapján a kísérleti talaj gyengén savanyú, vályog kötöttségű, közepes nitrogén- és foszfor-, valamint jó kálium-ellátottsággal rendelkezett. A kísérletben kontroll-, műtrágya-, valamint szalmakezelést alkalmaztunk, melyeket bizonyos kombinációkban három különböző baktériumkészítménnyel (Bactofil A, EM-1, Microbion UNC) egészítettünk ki. A kísérletet három ismétlésben véletlenblokk elrendezésben állítottuk be. A tesztnövény angolperje (Lolium perenneL.) volt. A kísérlet kezdetétől számított 8. héten a talaj-, valamint a növényminták begyűjtésére került sor. Meghatároztuk a növényminták száraztömegét, a növény foszfor- és káliumtartalmát, valamint a talajminták nitrát-, valamint AL-oldható foszfor- és káliumtartalmát. Eredményeink alapján főbb megállapításaink a következők: – Az angolperje száraztömegét a műtrágyakezelés szignifikánsan növelte. A hatás a tápelem-ellátottság javulásával magyarázható. – A növény foszforkoncentrációja a műtrágyázás következtében csökkent, amelyet a hígulási effektussal magyarázhatunk. – A növény káliumkoncentrációját a műtrágya-, valamint a műtrágya+baktériumtrágya kezelések szignifikánsan serkentették. – A talaj nitráttartalma szignifikánsan növekedett a műtrágyakezelés kivételével minden kezelésben. – A talaj AL-P2O5-tartalma az NPK-műtrágyázás és az EM-1 kezelés következtében statisztikailag igazolható mértékben megnövekedett, míg az AL-K2O-tartalom kizárólag a szalmakezelés hatására nőtt. A baktériumkészítmények önmagukban alkalmazva általában nem eredményeztek jelentős változást a vizsgált paraméterekben, azonban a készítmények szerves/ásványi anyagokkal kombinált adagolása esetében különböző mértékben befolyásolták a vizsgált mutatókat.
Taxonomic distances of soil types in Hungary based on soil-forming processes
Authors: Fuchs Márta , Waltner István , Szegi Tamás , Láng Vince , Michéli Erika
Published: June 2011

Genetikai szemléletű magyar talajosztályozásunk típusainak meghatározásánál alapvető szempont a képződésüket befolyásoló talajképző folyamatok társulása. A folyamattársulásokat alkotó talajképző folyamatok érvényre jutása a talajképződés során eltérő, így típusonként egy, esetenként két folyamat szerepe mindig meghatározóbb a többihez képest. Mindezek alapján a hazai talajtípusok taxonómiai távolságának számítását a képződésüket meghatározó talajképző folyamatokStefanovits(1972) által meghatározott erőssége, illetve érvényre jutása alapján végeztük. Az eredmények e koncepció numerikus vizsgálata alapján kerültek megállapításra. A vizsgálat során az egyes típusokra eltérő mértékben jellemző folyamatokat érvényre jutásuk alapján kódolva („jellemző” folyamat = 1; „uralkodó” folyamat = 0,6; „kísérő” folyamat = 0,3; az adott talajtípusbanStefanovits(1972) által nem jelölt folyamat = 0) határoztuk meg a hazai talajtípusok taxonómiai távolságát, egyszerű euklidészi távolságszámítás felhasználásával. A számítások eredményeként egy 39×39 egységet tartalmazó távolságmátrixot kaptunk, melyből az egymáshoz legközelebbi típusokat főtípusonként tárgyaltuk. Vizsgálatunk szerint az esetek többségében a számított távolságok jól követik a talajosztályozás egyes típusairól Stefanovits által leírt, és a talajtanos szakemberek körében jól ismert összefüggéseket, más estekben attól eltérnek. A bemutatott koncepció (Stefanovits, 1972) szerint az egyes talajképző folyamatok érvényre jutásának értékelése (a „jellemző”, „uralkodó” és „kísérő” folyamatszintek meghatározása) az osztályozási rendszer valamennyi talajtípusára vonatkozik. Vizsgálatunk során azonban azt tapasztaltuk, hogy a koncepció alkalmazása inkább a főtípuson belüli érvényre jutást tükrözi, és nem a típusok összehasonlítását szolgálja. Eredményeink alapján a fejlett, sok (6–8) folyamatból álló folyamattársulással jellemezhető talajtípusok (az erdőtalajok nagy része) jól elkülönülnek a fejletlen talajoktól. A talajtípusok közelségét továbbá a speciális, más típusokban nem/ritkán megjelenő folyamatok segítik elő (pl. szikesek, lápok esetében). A folyamatok között kiemelt jelentőségű a humuszosodás, amely két talajtípus kivételével minden típusban megjelenik az érvényre jutás különböző szintjein. Számos, eltérő főtípusba tartozó talaj (pl. humuszos homok, öntés csernozjom, öntés réti, humuszos öntés) esetében a humuszosodási folyamatok jelenlétét találtuk a taxonómiai közelség okozójának. A csernozjom talajok esetében tapasztalt nagy távolságok a típusok elkülönülését meghatározó „jellemző” folyamatok eltérésének volt köszönhető. Javasoljuk az eredmények további részletes elemzését, és valós, mért adatokon alapuló további vizsgálatok elvégzését. Tapasztalataink alapján a taxonómiai távolságszámítások jelentős segítséget nyújthatnak a talajtípusokat elkülönítő kritériumok pontosításában és számszerűsítésében, és hatékony eszközei lehetnek a magyar talajosztályozás megújítására, továbbfejlesztésére irányuló törekvéseknek.
Magyarok Nikétas Chóniatésnál
Authors: Berkes Lajos
Published: June 2011

Nikétas Chóniatés a 12. század legjelentősebb és legismertebb bizánci történetírója. A dolgozat célkitűzése a szerző magyarokról szóló tudósításainak vizsgálata, különös tekintettel a történetíró magyarokról kialakított képére. Az elemzés kisebb részben a Chóniatés alkalmi beszédeiben található elszórt adatokra, nagyobb részben kortörténetének magyarokra vonatkozó szemelvényeire támaszkodik. A szöveg vizsgálata alapján két főbb következtetést vonhatunk le: 1. Nikétas Chóniatés magyarságképét alapvetően kora sztereotípiái határozták meg, de olykor már érezhető nála is a 12. századi Bizánc nyitottabb magatartása az idegenekkel szemben. 2. Chóniatés elbeszélésében a magyarok ugyanúgy „statiszták” csupán, mint a többi nem bizánci nép, az ábrázolás pedig gyakran a szerző történetírói felfogásának van alárendelve.
Applying the Team Identification—Social Psychological Health Model to Older Sport Fans
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Rogers Kelly , Dooley Keith , Foley Mary
Published: June 2011

According to the Team Identification—Social Psychological Health Model (Wann, 2006b), team identification and social psychological health should be positively correlated because identification leads to important social connections which, in turn, facilitate well-being. Although past research substantiates the hypothesized positive relationship between team identification and well-being, earlier studies focused solely on college student populations. The current study extended past work in this area by investigating the team identification/well-being relationship among older sport fans. A sample of older adults ( N = 96; M age = 70.82) completed scales assessing demographics, identification with a local college basketball team, and measures of social psychological well-being. As hypothesized, team identification accounted for a significant proportion of unique variance in two measures of social psychological health (collective self-esteem and loneliness).
Effectiveness of Peer Education on Knowledge and Attitudes of HIV/AIDS in Shenyeng, China
Authors: Zhou Ling , Guo Junqiao , Ma Zhanbao , Fan Lijuan , Gu Yuan , Guan Zhe , Zhou Baosen
Published: June 2011

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of educational HIV/AIDS prevention programs in two medical universities in Shenyang, China. Methods: Changes in HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes were evaluated following an educational intervention program involving 2,418 graduate medical students (n=1,319 intervention group, n=1,099 control group), which was delivered by a final team of 32 medical student peers who had been trained to be trainers for the current study. Results: Following the training, 72.6% of the students learned that mosquito bites cannot transmit HIV. Students also learned that sharing a toothbrush (66.9%) and hairdressing implements (63.3%) can transmit HIV. The learning scores were somewhat lower for the items “Exercise cannot reduce the risk of HIV transmission (49.7%)” and “HIV transmission from male to female is greater than female to male (44.7%).” While there were significant improvements in knowledge and/or attitude scores between the pre‐ and post‐test in the intervention group, no significant changes were found in the control group. Conclusion: The overall finding indicates that peer education improves HIV/AIDS‐related knowledge and attitudes among medical students from the two universities. Limitations: The results of this study cannot be generalized to other population groups since medical students are more knowledgeable on health topics than the general population. The study was limited to two medical universities. A broader segment of the medical universities should be chosen for future studies. Peer education should also be related to student scholastic accomplishments to determine if results are modulated by factors such as student motivation or academic acumen as roughly reflected in grades. These results could have also been influenced by other external information sources.
Review of Where There is No Doctor
Authors: Baken Denise N.
Published: June 2011

Overall, the book appears to provide sufficient information for a layperson to manage simple health events that could arise. For those events that require trained medical support, the authors provide explicit warnings to seek medical attention so that the layperson knows when to take the patient to trained healthcare professionals.
Review of Conflicts of Interest and the Future of Medicine: The United States, France, and Japan
Authors: Nicogossian Arnauld
Published: June 2011

This book examines and contrasts the roots of medical conflicts‐of‐interest in three market economy countries (United States, France and Japan) and provides a wealth of useful background information. The author draws on currently complex and/or non‐regulated aspects of medical practice which can give rise to conflicts‐of‐interest and impact health‐care costs and patient health. Remedial and legislative actions are examined and proposed for each country. The author presents an in‐depth historical analysis and current situation of the physician patient‐centered conflict‐of‐interest problems in a well‐researched and written academic style.
Commentary from the Editors: Lesson Learned
Authors: Editors WMHP Journal
Published: June 2011

The recent publication of “Scientific Misconduct: The Perversion of Scientific Evidence for Policy Advocacy” by George Avery in this journal triggered one request for apologies and manuscript retraction from the University of East Anglia (UEA) and a commentary challenging the evidence cited by the author. Many of the assertions express only one perspective. It is a de minimus obligation of scholars to include relevant facts, important counterarguments, and canonical sources, even when they do not support one's conclusions. Questions about climate change are worthy of full and fair debate, and we trust that all involved with this event concur at least on that point.
In the News
Authors: Nicogossian Arnauld , Jacobs William
Published: June 2011

In the Editors' opinion, the materials summarized in this section have the potential for the development of health policies and standards, or for use in the daily practice and counseling of patients in preventative care. For additional information, readers might wish to visit Internet‐based medical news websites, some free of charge, such as MedScape, Stone Heart, American College of Physicians, and the World Medical Association.
Development and characterization of mucoadhesive patches of salbutamol sulfate for unidirectional buccal drug delivery
Authors: Puratchikody Ayrivan , Prasanth Viswanadhan , Mathew Sam , Kumar Balaraman
Published: June 2011

Development and characterization of mucoadhesive patches of salbutamol sulfate for unidirectional buccal drug delivery

Buccal patches of salbutamol sulfate were prepared using five different water soluble polymers in various proportions and combinations using PEG-400/PG as plasticizers. A 32 full factorial design was used to design the experiments for each polymer combination. Patches were laminated on one side with a water impermeable backing layer for unidirectional drug release. The thickness of medicated patches ranged between 0.2 and 0.4 mm and showed an increase in mass whenever PEG-400 was used as plasticizer. The surface pH of all patches approached neutral. Eight formulations which had shown high folding endurance (> 300) were selected for evaluation. Patches prepared with PEG-400 showed a high swelling index. The residence time of the tested patches ranged between 105 and 130 min. Formulations A10, A32, B10 and B32 fitted the Higuchi model best, whereas formulations A19 and B19 showed super case II transport drug release. Stability studies indicated that there was no change in the chemical and physical characteristics during the test period of 6 months.
Design and development of paclitaxel-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for brain targeting
Authors: Bansal Amit , Kapoor Deepak , Kapil Rishi , Chhabra Neha , Dhawan Sanju
Published: June 2011

Design and development of paclitaxel-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for brain targeting

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) were prepared using a desolvation technique. A 32 full factorial design (FFD) was employed to formulate nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were characterized for particle size by photon correlation spectroscopy and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential and particle yield were also determined. Response surface linear modelling (RSLM) was used to predict the optimal formulation. Various models were applied to determine the release mechanism from PTX nanoparticles. The effect of drug-polymer ratio on the release profile of formulations was observed and was applied to determine the suitability of the predicted optimal formulation. A preliminary study to determine the feasibility of targeting the prepared nanoparticles to brain was also carried out using mice as in vivo models.
The technologies used for developing orally disintegrating tablets: A review
Authors: Badgujar Bhatu , Mundada Atish
Published: June 2011

The technologies used for developing orally disintegrating tablets: A review

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), also known as fast melts, quick melts, fast disintegrating and orodispersible systems, have the unique property of disintegrating in the mouth in seconds without chewing and the need of water and are thus assumed to improve patient compliance. Conventional methods like direct compression, wet granulation, moulding, spray-drying, freeze-drying and sublimation were used to prepare ODTs. New advanced technologies like Orasolv®, Durasolv®, Wowtab®, Flashtab®, Zydis®, Flashdose®, Oraquick®, Lyoc®, Advatab®, Frosta®, Quick-Disc® and Nanomelt® have been introduced by some pharmaceutical companies for the production of ODTs. The main objective of this review is to give a comprehensive insight into conventional and recent technologies used for the preparation of ODTs.
Nonenzymatic Post-Translational Modification Derived Products: New Biomarkers of Protein Aging
Authors: Gillery Philippe
Published: June 2011

Nonenzymatic Post-Translational Modification Derived Products: New Biomarkers of Protein Aging

During their biological life, proteins are exposed in a cumulative way to irreversible nonenzymatic post-translational modifications that are responsible for their molecular aging and generate specific by-products called »post-translational modification derived products« (PTMDPs). PTMDPs are involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency and atherosclerosis, and are potential biomarkers in clinical practice. Nonenzymatic glycation refers to the spontaneous binding of glucose and reducing sugars to free amino groups and is amplified by oxidative processes (referred to as »glycoxidation«). It generates many reactive by-products such as aldehydes and leads to the formation of »advanced glycation end products« (AGEs). AGEs accumulatein vivo, alter tissue organization and activate membrane receptors such as RAGE, which triggers inflammatory responses. Carbamylation is due to the binding of isocyanic acid, formedin vivoeither by spontaneous dissociation of urea or by action of myeloperoxidase on thiocyanate, and generates homocitrulline from lysine groups. Carbamylation leads to alteration of the structural and biological properties of proteins, and favors inflammation and atherosclerosis. PTMDPs may be assayed by different methods, among others LC-MS/MS or immuno assays, constitute a promising field of investigation in basic research and are potential major biomarkers in laboratory medicine.
Biomarkers for Diabetes Complications: The Results of Several Clinical Studies
Authors: Aslan Diler
Published: June 2011

Biomarkers for Diabetes Complications: The Results of Several Clinical Studies

Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder. Its microvascular and macrovascular complications contribute to death, disabilities, and reduction in life expectancy in diabetes. It is a costly disease, and affects not only the patient and family, but also the public health, communities and society. It takes an increasing proportion of the national health care expenditure. The prevention of the development of diabetes and its complications is a major concern. Biomarkers have been investigated for understanding the mechanisms of the development and progression of diabetic complications. In this paper, the biomarkers which are recommended in the clinical practice and laboratory medicine guidelines, and which have been investigated for prediction or diagnosis of diabetes complications, have been reviewed. The results of several clinical studies will be summarized.
What is a Biomarker? From its Discovery to Clinical Application
Authors: Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: June 2011

What is a Biomarker? From its Discovery to Clinical Application

The term biomarker in medicine most often stands for a protein measured in the circulation (blood) whose concentration indicates a normal or a pathological response of the organism, as well as a pharmacological response to the applied therapy. From a wider perspective, a biomarker is any indicator that is used as an index of the intensity of a disease or other physiological state in the organism. This means that biomarkers have a very important role in medical research and practice providing insight into the mechanism and course of a disease. Since a large number of biomarkers exist today that are used for different purposes, they have been classified into: 1) antecedent biomarkers, indicating risk of disease occurrence, 2) screening biomarkers, used to determine a subclinical form of disease, 3) diagnostic biomarkers, revealing an existing disease, 4) staging biomarkers, that define the stage and severity of a disease, and 5) prognostic biomarkers, that confirm the course of disease, including treatment response. Regardless of their role, their clinical significance depends on their sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and also precision, reliability, reproducibility, and the possibility of easy and wide application. For a biomarker to become successful, it must undergo the process of validation, depending on the level of use. It is very important for every suggested biomarker, according to its purpose or its nature, to possess certain characteristics and to meet the strict requirements related to sensitivity, accuracy and precision, in order for the proper outcome to be produced in the estimation of the state for which it is intended. Finally, the development of guidelines for biomarker application is very important, based on well defined and properly conducted assessments of biomarker determination, providing the means by which research is translated into practice and allowing evidence based on facts to promote the clinical application of new biomarkers.
Copeptin - is There a Role for Another Cardiac Biomarker?
Authors: Unić Adriana , Rogić Dunja , Rajsman Gordana
Published: June 2011

Copeptin - is There a Role for Another Cardiac Biomarker?

The discovery and development of new biomarkers continues to be a promising field. Since cardiovascular disease remains the principal cause of death in the developed countries, this is the area in which novel biomarkers have been most extensively evaluated. Arginine vasopressin (AVP or antidiuretic hormone) is one of the key hormones in the human body involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. It has so far escaped introduction into the routine clinical laboratory due to technical difficulties and pre-analytical errors. Copeptin, the C-terminal part of the AVP precursor peptide, was found to be a stable and sensitive surrogate marker for AVP release. During the past years, copeptin measurement has been shown to be of interest in a variety of clinical indications, including cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. This review summarizes the recent progress in the diagnostic use of plasma copeptin in cardiovascular diseases.
Biomarkers: From Standardization to Performance
Authors: Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: June 2011

Biomarkers: From Standardization to Performance
Conceptualization of Legal Terms in Different Fields of Law: The Need for a Transparent Terminological Approach
Authors: Bajcic Martina
Published: June 2011

Researchers often use subject-specific terminology in order to facilitate communication within a given field of law. Difficulties may arise when they must use scientific information that does not belong to their field. The transfer of information from one subject area to another is restricted by the technical vocabulary used in the particular field. If this is so, what happens when lawyers in one field of law use terms from another? Is the concept in question couched in the same term within another field of law as well? The process of conceptualizing one and the same legal term in different legal fields does not always proceed smoothly. As will be illustrated in this paper, the problem of conceptualizing legal terms in different fields of law calls for a transparent terminological approach. While it is true that legal concepts cannot be fully conveyed by terminology, a transparent terminological approach can contribute to the understanding of these concepts and facilitate their use in legal comparisons, thus making such an approach a conditio sine qua non of legal translation.
Curious Legal Conditionals
Authors: Berezowski Leszek
Published: June 2011

The paper examines the use of the modal verb SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals found in legal English. The study traces the history of such usages and compares them to two uses of WILL attested in the same grammatical environment: a temporal use and a nonepistemic modal use. The comparison provides the foundation for examining the use of SHALL in Biblical translations, where this verb has outlived its demise in general English, and both of these sources inform the analysis of SHALL in legal conditionals. Specifically, it is claimed that SHALL is not inherently deontic in legal English but is used as an explicit marker of the authority vested in the author or authors of spoken and written texts. This approach explains why authority conscious drafters can use SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals and in temporal clauses whenever they want to and why the proponents of the plain language movement advocate simply deleting SHALL from legal writing and not replacing it with more popular modals expressing deontic meanings, e.g. HAVE TO, MUST, etc. It is claimed that no such replacements are recommended because there is no deontic meaning to replace and the authority designated by SHALL can be inferred from the context.
Actors and Actions in Prenups and Capitulaciones Matrimoniales: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Denti Olga , Giordano Michela
Published: June 2011

The investigation of a corpus of American prenuptial agreements and Spanish capitulaciones matrimoniales shows how the popularity of premarital contracts is spreading everywhere. The American and the Spanish documents, juridically diverse in many aspects, embedded in two different legal systems, belong to the genre of contracts and are classified as a type of negotiation/mediation. The lexical and semantic analysis focuses on the specialized terminology used to refer to the human actors and their actions within the documents. The aim is to discover whether and how legal, intercultural and sociological divergences emerge from the textual context. Participants play several roles in the various semantic-pragmatic units constituting the contract, being in turn considered as contracting parties, married couple, notary public, parents, esposos, padres, and otorgantes. Their actions are highlighted by a punctual and proper use of verbal constructions and speech acts, such as asserting, signing, stipulating, agreeing. The study demonstrates how actors and actions do not stand autonomously and separately: they perform and fulfil a specific pragmatic function in a precise legal and cultural context.
European Union Terminology Unification - Directions for the Contrastive Study of Two Slavic and Two Non-Slavic Languages (Bulgarian, Polish, Modern Greek and English)
Authors: Genew-Puhalewa Iliana
Published: June 2011

This study attempts to characterize terminology unification in the European Union legislation, regarding both content and form. It analyzes terms related to the thematic field of environmental law in four official EU languages: two Slavic (Bulgarian and Polish) and two non-Slavic (Modern Greek and English). Different types of relations between the languages under comparison suggest possible directions for further comparative study. The comparison aims to identify differences and similarities in the componential structure, formal-grammatical structure, word formation structure, form variantivity, origin and formal status. The study may also testify to the presence of linguistic convergence processes in the multilingual European Union.
Defining Law Terms: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Jopek-Bosiacka Anna
Published: June 2011

Legal definitions are vital for effective legal communication. This paper outlines main conventions of formulating definitions in statutes and contracts. Legal definitions are analyzed here from cross-cultural perspective against (legislative) drafting guidelines and theory of law. Their formulation may depend, inter alia, on legal system, branch of law, legal genre, position within the document, and type of legal definition.

An attempt is then made to examine how formal aspects of formulating legal definitions may affect the interpretation and thus translation of law terms. This interdisciplinary cross-cultural examination provides a theoretical basis for sketching main approaches to English-Polish (Polish-English) translation of the definition section in ratified international instruments published in Polish Journal of Laws.

The translation practice trends towards legal definitions seem to be more and more informed by the globalization and ‘Europeanisation’ processes now constituting a still broader context of legal communication rather than confined to the text of a legal instrument itself.
Kinetics and mechanism of electron transfer to pyridinium chlorochromate (VI) from sulfur containing amino acid, L-cysteine in aqueous and micellar media
Authors: Senapati Sadhana , Das Smrutiprava , Mohanty P. , Patnaik A.
Published: June 2011

Kinetics and mechanism of electron transfer to pyridinium chlorochromate (VI) from sulfur containing amino acid, L-cysteine in aqueous and micellar media

The electron transfer reaction of L-cysteine (RSH) with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) has been studied spectrophotometrically over the range 2.0 ≤ 103 [RSH] ≤ 6.0; 0.01 ≤ [H+] ≤ 0.2; 298 ≤ T ≤ 318 K and I = 0.3 mol dm-3 (NaClO4). The electron transfer reaction has also been carried out in the presence of anionic, cationic and neutral micelle. The reaction in acid medium is strongly catalyzed by changing [SDS]T (sodium dodecyl sulfate) up to 3 × 10-2 mol dm-3, beyond this concentration of SDS, the rate is retarded. The cationic and neutral micelle has a small effect on the rate. ΔH≠ (kJ mol-1) and ΔS≠ (JK-1 mol-1) values for the k1 and k2 paths are 30.20 ± 0.25, -159.65 ± 0.83 and 29.60 ± 0.62, -127.09 ± 2.17, respectively. The negative activation entropy is indicative of the ordered transition state for the electron transfer reaction. Formation of 2-amino-3-(2-amino-2-carboxy-ethyl) disulfanyl-propanoic acid as product is strongly supported by IR spectra.
Use of phosphogypsum in road construction
Authors: Folek Stanisław , Walawska Barbara , Wilczek Bożena , Miśkiewicz Jolanta
Published: June 2011

Use of phosphogypsum in road construction

The paper presents practical utilisation in the construction of a parking lot of compositions based on waste (phosphogypsum) from the wet process of orthophosphoric acid manufacture. The results of strength tests performed after half a year and after one and a half year of parking lot operation confirmed the feasibility, established earlier in laboratory tests, of utilising phosphogypsum mixes with fly ash and stabilising binder.
Degradability of organic-inorganic cellulose acetate butyrate hybrids in sea water
Authors: Wojciechowska Patrycja , Heimowska Aleksandra , Foltynowicz Zenon , Rutkowska Maria
Published: June 2011

Degradability of organic-inorganic cellulose acetate butyrate hybrids in sea water

Environmental degradability of novel organic-inorganic cellulose acetate butyrate hybrids obtained via solgel process was investigated. The degradation of hybrids was studied under marine exposure conditions in the Baltic Sea for a period of 25 weeks. The influence of characteristic parameters of sea water on the degree of degradation monitored by changes of weight and optical microscopy was discussed. The degraded samples were also examined by FT-IR spectroscopy. It has been established that the CAB/silica hybrids are more susceptible to biodegradation in sea water environment than pure cellulose acetate butyrate.
INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY GRADIENT ON OPTIMISATION OF THE AGGREGATION PROCESS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMED AGGREGATES: Part 1. Inline high density suspension (IHDS) aggregation process
Authors: Polášek Pavel
Published: June 2011

INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY GRADIENT ON OPTIMISATION OF THE AGGREGATION PROCESS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMED AGGREGATES: Part 1. Inline high density suspension (IHDS) aggregation process

This paper deals with optimisation and acceleration of the clarification process. It was established that both these objectives are closely inter-related and can be accomplished by the formation of aggregates with a high agitation intensity until the flocculation optimum is reached. This is a new method of formation of aggregates which is called the Inline High Density Suspension (IHDS) formation process. Further, under the IHDS process the aggregates are formed with a single root-mean-square velocity gradientG>> 50 s-1. It was also established that the process of formation of aggregates (expressed by residual e of the observed determinant) passes through a minimum. This minimum is considered to be the flocculation optimum. Furthermore, the agitation intensity (G) was found to be the inherent means influencing compactness and thereby density of the aggregates formed. This proves the vital role of agitation intensity on the morphological and physical properties of aggregates formed. The resultant aggregates formed by the IHDS process are very compact, dense and homogeneous in their size, shape, volume and inner structure. Last but not least, the IHDS process applied to the HR-CSAV type sludge blanket clarifier facilitated its high attainable upflow velocity above of 25 m h-1.
A calibration-free evapotranspiration mapping technique for spatially-distributed regional-scale hydrologic modeling
Authors: Szilagyi Jozsef , Kovacs Akos
Published: June 2011

A calibration-free evapotranspiration mapping technique for spatially-distributed regional-scale hydrologic modeling

Monthly evapotranspiration (ET) rates over Hungary for 2000-2008 are mapped at a spatial scale of about 1 km with the help of MODIS daytime land surface temperature as well as sunshine duration, air temperature and humidity data. Mapping is achieved by a linear transformation of MODIS daytime land surface temperature values employing the complementary relationship of evaporation. Validation of the ET rates has been performed at spatial scales spanning almost three magnitudes from a few hundred meters to about a hundred kilometers employing eddy-covariance (EC) measurements and catchment water balance closures. Typically the unbiased ET estimates are within 15% of EC values at a monthly basis, within 7% at an annual, and within only a few percent at a multi-year basis. The ET estimates yield an especially remarkable match (relative error of 0.2%, R2= 0.95) with high-tower EC measurements at a monthly basis. The spatial distribution of the ET estimates confirm earlier, complex regional hydrologic model results and observations as well as yields a perfect estimate of the country's precipitation recycling index (the ratio of the multi-year mean ET and precipitation rates spatially aggregated for the whole country) of 89.2% vs an observed value of 89.6%. The CREMAP method is very simple, easy to implement, requires minimal data, calibration-free, and works accurately when conditions for the complementary relationship are met.
In vitro inhibition of porcine cytochrome P450 by 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol
Authors: Zamaratskaia Galia , Rasmussen Martin , Herbin Isabelle , Ekstrand Bo , Zlabek Vladimir
Published: June 2011

In vitro inhibition of porcine cytochrome P450 by 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol

Sexually mature pigs are known to possess high concentrations of testicular steroids, which have been shown to change the activities of cytochrome P450 in vitro. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the regulation of CYP1A and CYP2E1 activity by the steroids dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3β-androstenol, 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol. Catalytic activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) were used as markers of CYP1A activities, while p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH) was used as a marker of CYP2E1 activities. Of the steroids tested, only 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol inhibited EROD and MROD activities. This inhibition was observed when a steroid concentration of 100 μM was used, while lower concentrations showed no inhibitory effect. PNPH activities were inhibited only by 100 μM of 17β-estradiol. The significance of these results in vivo is unknown because inhibition was only found when concentrations of estrogens higher than physiological levels were used. Nevertheless, the results provided further evidence on the important role of estrogens in regulation of porcine cytochrome P450 activities.
Tourism studies: situated within multiple disciplines or a single independent discipline? (discursive article)
Authors: Liszewski Stanisław
Published: June 2011

The article concerns the fundamentals of tourism studies and its methodology. After presenting the current situation, the author comments on the opinions of those whose aim it is to establish tourism studies as a fully independent discipline. This is followed by a presentation of the process of creating a ‘tourism studies’ which is not only multi-disciplinary, but above all an interdisciplinary basis for research. The article ends with a short reflection on the future of tourism studies and some conclusions. It is a discursive article.
Effect of cattle liquid manure fertilization and disinfectant on seasonal dynamics of Oribatida (Acari) in a permanent lowland meadow in Poland
Authors: Graczyk Radomir , Seniczak Stanisław , WasińSka-Graczyk Beata
Published: June 2011

Effect of cattle liquid manure fertilization and disinfectant on seasonal dynamics of Oribatida (Acari) in a permanent lowland meadow in Poland

Oribatid mites have a favourable influence on soil fertility. The effect of cattle liquid manure fertilization (40 and 80 m3 ha-1) and disinfectant at 3 concentrations: 0.50% (fungicidal), 0.75% (bactericidal), and 3.00% (viricidal) on seasonal dynamics of Oribatida was investigated in a permanent lowland meadow in Poland. Cattle liquid manure without disinfectants reduced the density of oribatid mites, especially in the spring, except for a higher dose of fertilizer in the summer, which increased their density compared to the control plot. This fertilizer treated with the disinfectants differentiated the density of oribatid mites, i.e. reduced or increased it, compared to the control plots. However an increased density was observed only in summer, after application of the higher dose of fertilizer with fungicide or viricide. In the control plot, some species (Achipteria coleoptrata and Parachipteria bella) were rather abundant in the spring and autumn, and some other species (Liebstadia humerata and Scheloribates laevigatus) only in the spring. Cattle liquid manure and disinfectants changed the dynamics of density of these species. In the control plot the adults were slightly more abundant than the juveniles in the spring, but the juveniles dominated in the summer, and the adults dominated again in the autumn. Cattle liquid manure and disinfectants changed the age structure of oribatid mites. None of the experimental variants was favourable for Oribatida in all seasons.
Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination
Authors: Yu Junwei
Published: June 2011

Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination

Although there has been a growing body of research that explores Chinese masculinities within imperial China, the connection between masculinity and physical culture has been neglected. In this article, the author argues that Chinese emperors used Confucianism and the civil service examination (keju) to rule the country, and at the same time, created a social group of sedentary gentlemen whose studiousness and bookishness were worshiped by the public. In particular, the political institution of keju played a crucial role in disciplining the body. Behavior that did not conform to the Confucian standards which stressed civility and education were considered barbaric. As a result, a wen-version of masculinity was constructed. In other words, an anti-physical culture that strengthened the gross contempt towards those who chose to engage in physical labor.
Sport: the Treasure of Temperance
Authors: Pisk Jernej
Published: June 2011

Sport: the Treasure of Temperance

The modern lifestyle, with its emphasis on enjoyment and immoderation, could lead a human being to the point where he is not a master of himself anymore. Inner desires and outer pressures force a man to take those actions that are not in accordance with his rational human nature and that are not good for him. According to the classical philosophical view of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, this clearly shows the inner slavery of modern man. Temperance, moderation or asceticism today seem old fashioned and unnecessary virtues; nevertheless, it is obvious that many problems of modern societies have roots in the absence of these virtues. These problems include a high percentage of obese population, different addictions and other health problems concerning the immoderate life style. It seems that nowadays enjoyment is the highest imperative for the individual and for society as a whole. However, these days it is possible to recognize the revival of these virtues. This paper points out the case of sport where these virtues are still cultivated and highly appreciated. At first this may seem somehow strange, because many times sport is perceived as connected with pleasure, fun and excess, but in reality sport demands much of participants. It could be even said that professional athletes are modern ascetics, and a big part of recreational sport is all but not enjoyment. In conclusion we can assert that virtues acquired in the field of sport can indeed help a human being to live a better life in general.
The Significance of Expression through Movement during Educational Process
Authors: Poliszczuk Tatiana , Dzich Ilona
Published: June 2011

The Significance of Expression through Movement during Educational Process

This paper discusses the significance of expression through movement in modern education. People's attitudes towards their body image are described both in the context of physical culture and as they are perceived by society. Also discussed are the necessary changes to be made in physical education programs.

The aim of the study is to analyze students' attitudes towards movement expression as a manifestation of body consciousness and the importance of using it in different aspects of social life. The study was carried out with 224 students from the University of Physical Education and the University of Technology in Warsaw. The paper is based both on opinion polls and empirical study. Different research methods, such as a questionnaire and an analysis of documentation, were applied.

The resulting analysis indicates the need for movement expression in youth, both for personal and career development, nowadays an essential factor of success. Expression through movement is an important field of physical education that should be developed in modern times. Therefore it seems justifiable to include it in physical education programs at schools and universities. Above all, expression can become a useful tool for functioning in a dynamically changing social environment.
Examination of the Strength and Ductility of AA-1050 Material Shaped with the MUlti-Stage Deep Drawing Method
Authors: Karali M.
Published: June 2011

Examination of the Strength and Ductility of AA-1050 Material Shaped with the MUlti-Stage Deep Drawing Method

Deep drawing materials are easily shapeable materials, because of their high ductility. Aluminum alloy materials are classified in the deep drawing materials group because they are easily shapeable. In order to increase the strength, materials are made an alloy by adding some chemical additives. They are also provided strength increasing by tempering. Normally, materials harden when reshaped under plastic deformation. Reshape the shaped materials harden while reducing its ductility. In this study, changes in mechanical properties immediately after the AA-1050 (T0) sheet material is shaped by the multi-stage deep drawing method and after storage were investigated. It was calculated that a 4-stage shaping is needed for a tube production at selected sizes. Deep drawing treatments are made in sizes of these stages. Samples were collected from each cold-shaped intermediary form. Mechanical properties of this materials are determined by applying tensile test. Some basic parameters, like tensile stresses, max. uniform strain rates, strain hardenings and strength coefficients, are investigated and compared. Obtained data were explained using graphs. It was observed that tensile strength increased and strain quantities were reduced at every stage. It is also seen an increase in strain hardening index.
Electrochemical Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles During Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Alcohols Solvents
Authors: Stypuła B. , Starowicz M. , Hajos M. , Olejnik E.
Published: June 2011

Electrochemical Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles During Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Alcohols Solvents

Studies of the effect of the kind of alcohol, electrolyte concentration and water on the anodic dissolution of zinc and the nature of dissolution products were performed. The dissolution products were analyzed by spectroscopic methods (SEM/EDS, XPS and UV-vis) and X-ray diffraction. These studies have shown that the process of anodic dissolution of zinc in alcohol electrolytes (methanol and ethanol) in the presence of water (1-5% vol.), is a simple way to obtain ZnO nanoparticles.
Experimental Study on Thermodynamics of the Cu-Ni-Sn-Bi Liquid Alloys
Authors: Wnuk G.
Published: June 2011

Experimental Study on Thermodynamics of the Cu-Ni-Sn-Bi Liquid Alloys

The activity of Bi in dilute Cu-Ni-Sn-Bi alloys has been determined by the method of equilibrium saturation with metal vapour at T= 1398, 1448 and 1473 K. As the method of equilibrium saturation is a comparative one, it is necessary to have an appropriate reference mixture. The Cu-Bi alloy was accepted as the reference mixture. The interaction parameters εBi/Bi, εBi/Bi and εBi/Bi were determined by the least squares method.