bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of microbial biodegradable poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate)/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Kaojin , Wang Yaming , Zhang Ru , Li Qian , Shen Changyu
Published: April 2012

Novel biodegradable poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB‐co‐4HB)]/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared via solution casting. Exfoliated nanocomposite structure was confirmed by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the nanocomposites with low organoclay loadings (≤3 wt%), whereas the mixtures of exfoliated and unexfoliated organoclays were appeared in the nanocomposite with an organoclay content of 5 wt%. The organoclay fillers accelerated significantly the cold crystallization process of P(3HB‐co‐4HB) matrix. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites was in general better than that of pristine P(3HB‐co‐4HB). Considerable increase in tensile modulus was observed for the nanocomposites, especially at an organoclay content of 3 wt%. These results demonstrated that the nanocomposites improved the material properties of P(3HB‐co‐4HB). POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polymers coalesced from their cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: What can they tell us about the morphology of melt‐crystallized polymers?
Authors: Gurarslan Alper , Joijode Abhay S. , Tonelli Alan E.
Published: April 2012

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic polysaccharides with nano‐size, largely hydrophobic cavities, and exteriors covered with hydrophilic hydroxyl groups, making them water soluble. Threading and filling their cavities with polymer chains produces noncovalently bonded crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs). In this study, we formed fully covered, stoichiometric ICs between guest poly(L‐lactic acid), poly(ε‐caprolactone), and nylon‐6 chains and host α‐CD. Coalesced samples of all three polymers were obtained after appropriately removing the stacked α‐CD host channels from their ICs. Distinct differential scanning calorimetriy (DSC) thermograms were observed for as‐received and coalesced samples, with the coalesced samples crystallizing faster at higher temperatures from their melts, and this distinction was maintained even after extensive, long‐time melt‐annealing (hours, days, and weeks). We believe this is due to the largely unentangled chains with extended conformations that are more densely packed in the initially coalesced samples. When small amounts (∼2 wt %) of the coalesced polymers are used as self‐nucleating agents for their as‐received samples, the resulting self‐nucleated samples show DSC thermograms similar to those of the neat coalesced polymers, including their long‐time stability to melt‐annealing. Coalesced polymers, whether neat or in samples they self‐nucleate, may conserve their organization in the melt (largely extended and unentangled chains) for long periods, because the process of entangling the many chains influenced by a single initially extended unentangled coalesced chain, after it randomly coils, is extremely sluggish. By contrast, in melt‐crystallized or solution‐cast samples, polymer chains generally become fully randomly coiled, interpenetrate, and entangle after being heated and held in their melts for comparatively much shorter times. For example, we have recently observed (DSC) that ultra high molecular weight, gel‐spun spectra polyethylene (PE) fibers® did not conserve or retain any memory of their as‐spun and highly drawn semicrystalline morphology even after spending as little as 2 min in the melt. As a consequence of the comparison to the behavior of coalesced polymer melts, we believe that polyethylene chains in Spectra fibers® must be at least intimately dispersed within their crystalline regions, and likely partially coiled and entangled in their noncrystalline regions, thereby facilitating their rapid transformation into a full entanglement network of randomly coiling chains in the melt. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Generic inhibition of amyloidogenic proteins by two naphthoquinone–tryptophan hybrid molecules
Authors: Scherzer‐Attali Roni , Shaltiel‐Karyo Ronit , Adalist Yonatan H. , Segal Daniel , Gazit Ehud
Published: April 2012

Amyloid formation is associated with several human diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, Type 2 Diabetes, and so forth, no disease modifying therapeutics are available for them. Because of the structural similarities between the amyloid species characterizing these diseases, (despite the lack of amino acid homology) it is believed that there might be a common mechanism of toxicity for these conditions. Thus, inhibition of amyloid formation could be a promising disease‐modifying therapeutic strategy for them. Aromatic residues have been identified as crucial in formation and stabilization of amyloid structures. This finding was corroborated by high‐resolution structural studies, theoretical analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations. Amongst the aromatic entities, tryptophan was found to possess the most amyloidogenic potential. We therefore postulate that targeting aromatic recognition interfaces by tryptophan could be a useful approach for inhibiting the formation of amyloids. Quinones are known as inhibitors of cellular metabolic pathways, to have anti‐ cancer, anti‐viral and anti‐bacterial properties and were shown to inhibit aggregation of several amyloidogenic proteins in vitro. We have previously described two quinone‐tryptophan hybrids which are capable of inhibiting amyloid‐beta, the protein associated with AD pathology, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we tested their generic properties and their ability to inhibit other amyloidogenic proteins including α‐synuclein, islet amyloid polypeptide, lysozyme, calcitonin, and insulin. Both compounds showed efficient inhibition of all five proteins examined both by ThT fluorescence analysis and by electron microscope imaging. If verified in vivo, these small molecules could serve as leads for developing generic anti‐amyloid drugs. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and herbicidal potential of substituted aurones
Authors: Zhang Min , Xu Xiao‐Hua , Cui Yan , Xie Long‐Guan , Kong Chui‐Hua
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: With the objective of exploring the herbicidal activity of substituted aurones, a series of 4,6‐disubstituted and 4,5,6‐trisubstituted aurones were synthesised, and their herbicidal activities against Brassica campestris L. and Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Effects of some of the compounds were evaluated on seed germination. The most active compounds in the laboratory were evaluated in the greenhouse.

RESULTS: The compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS; some of them were further identified by IR. A (Z)‐configuration was assigned to the aurones, based on spectroscopic and crystallographic data. Bioassay results of root growth showed that the aurones had a moderate herbicidal activity against the dicotyledonous plant Brassica campestris. (Z)‐2‐Phenylmethylene‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐3(2H)‐benzofuranone(6o) was the most active compound, with 81.3 and 88.5% inhibition at 10 and 100 µg ml−1 respectively, equal to the activity of mesotrione. Some of the aurones possessed some inhibition of germination on several plant species. For glasshouse tests, the substituted aurones had lower herbicidal activity than metolachlor and mesotrione.

CONCLUSION: It is possible that aurone derivatives, which possess structures different from those of the commercial herbicides, may become novel lead compounds for the development of herbicides against dicotyledonous weeds with further structure modification. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Pressure effects on the superconducting transition of ytterbium doped Ce0.6Yb0.4FeAsO0.9F0.1
Authors: Arumugam S. , Kanagaraj M. , Tamil Selvan N. R. , Esakki Muthu S. , Prakash J. , Thakur G. S. , Ganguli A. K. , Yoshino H. , Murata K. , Matsubayashi K. , Uwatoko Y.
Published: April 2012

The Effect of pressure on the superconducting transition temperature of Yb doped Ce0.6Yb0.4FeAsO0.9F0.1 has been investigated for the first time using resistivity and magnetization studies. Increase in chemical pressure by substitution of smaller Yb3+ ions in place of Ce3+ ions results in a significant enhancement of Tc from 38 K (Yb free) to 47 K (40% Yb). Enhancement in Tc with external pressure has been observed for this compound up to a maximum value of Tc = 48.7 K at 1 GPa, beyond which Tc starts decreasing monotonously. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Glimpse at Guatemala, and Some Notes on the Ancient Monuments of Central America
Authors: Maudslay Anne Cary , Maudslay Alfred Percival
Published: April 2012

Alfred Percival Maudslay (1850–1931) was a British colonial administrator and archaeologist who is widely considered the founder of modern Mesoamerican archaeology. After graduating from Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1872 Maudslay made his first visit to Guatemala before becoming a colonial administrator working in Trinidad and Fiji. After retiring from colonial service in 1880 he returned to Guatemala and began exploring and excavating major Mayan sites including Chichen Itza, Copán, Palanque and Quiriguá. Maudsley pioneered scientific exploration and recording of these monuments, using techniques which later became standard. First published in 1899, this volume documents Maudslay's last expedition to Guatemala with his wife Anne Cary Maudslay, and contains detailed descriptions and plans of the archaeological sites he had excavated during his previous expeditions. An appendix contains the first excavation reports of Quiriguá and Tikal (1883) and Copán (1886), previously published in the Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.
Introduction à l'étude comparative des langues indo-européennes
Authors: Meillet Antoine
Published: April 2012

First published in 1903, Antoine Meillet's Introduction a l'Étude comparative des langues Indo-Européennes exemplifies the key methodologies and insights of early twentieth-century comparative linguistics. Its primary aim, as Meillet states, was 'très limité': to provide a brief but comprehensive overview of the Indo-European languages and their shared linguistic structures. He accomplished this object and more in his Introduction, outlining a theory of language change that would influence a generation of linguists, including his students Émile Benveniste and André Martinet. Meillet's debt to his own mentor, Ferdinand de Saussure, is evident in his conception of language as simultaneously social and structural, a lived reality and a constantly evolving grammatical system. This second edition (1908) includes Meillet's extensive revisions and a new chapter on the development of Indo-European dialects. It remains a valuable introduction to the phonology, morphology, and grammar of the Indo-European language family.
Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
Authors: Livingstone David
Published: April 2012

This absorbing narrative by the world famous explorer and Christian missionary, David Livingstone, (1813–1873) was first published in 1857 after the President of the Royal Geographical Society asked Livingstone to give a series of public lectures on his travels in Africa. The book was a great success, but Livingstone reportedly said 'I think I would rather cross the African continent again than undertake to write another book'. Livingstone's book describes in careful detail his travels and work in parts of southern and central Africa previously unknown to Europeans. It distils the experiences and observations of sixteen years during which Livingstone bravely faced the challenges of climate, terrain and tropical disease, travelling in a small group and adopting a non-confrontational approach to the local populations. The book makes fascinating reading for anyone interested in Africa's indigenous peoples, their customs and languages, animal and plant life, geology, and mineralogy.
Early Wars of Wessex
Authors: Major Albany F.
Published: April 2012

This 1913 book was considered ground-breaking on first publication. While there are few documentary sources for Anglo-Saxon history, Major uses his intimate knowledge of the geography of the West County to re-interpret the surviving records. By examining physical and archaeological evidence, he sheds new light on the foundation and development of the kingdom of Wessex. He also uses modern boundaries, place names and local traditions, previously overlooked by scholars, to understand how Wessex history was shaped. He shows how the kingdom was first established, and its boundaries extended through warfare with its neighbours, between the late fifth to eighth centuries. Thereafter, famously led by Alfred the Great, Wessex fought and survived Viking invasions; but eventually fell to the Normans in 1066. Although much new archaeological evidence has been uncovered since the book was written, it continues to demonstrate the significance of landscape and folklore study to history.
Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Moorman John R. H.
Published: April 2012

J. R. H. Moorman was one of the foremost Anglican scholars of the English church in the middle ages, and especially of the Franciscan order. First published in 1945, Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century provides a social history of the medieval English church. Two per cent of the population were then in religious orders of some kind, and church authority was at least as powerful as that of the state for the rest of the population. In the first part of the book, Moorman uses original sources to give a picture of the life of the secular clergy, their organisation, finances, training, and the different roles they filled with regard to the laity. The second part concentrates on the monastic orders, arguing that, with the exception of the friars, the great days of the monasteries were over, and that they had entered a period of consolidation and inevitable decline.
The Growth of Literature
Authors: Chadwick H. Munro , Chadwick Nora K.
Published: April 2012

First published between 1932 and 1940, this is a three-volume study of the historical development of literature. It explores the oral and written literatures of regions from Iceland and the British Isles, to Russia, the Balkans, Africa, India and the Pacific, placing them in their historical context and examining similarities between them. The authors discuss both ancient and recent texts, illustrating the connections within each group and considering the question of whether all literary growth is influenced by common factors. Praised on publication as '… a work that is not, probably could not be, superseded' (International Journal of Comparative Sociology), the book remains a benchmark for those studying comparative literature or the history of literary criticism. Volume 1 analyses a range of medieval British and Icelandic poetry and sagas, drawing analogies with the literature of early Greece and focusing particularly on the concept of heroic literature.
A General History of Music
Authors: Burney Charles
Published: April 2012

Charles Burney (1726–1814), was the foremost music historian of his day. The General History, his most famous work, was published in four volumes between 1776 and 1789 and is still of great value today. Burney wanted to write something which would appeal to and inform the musician and the general reader. Research for the History was undertaken during two European tours, in 1770 and 1772, consulting original sources and meeting the great musicians of the time. The resultant work is engaging and elegantly written, offering the reader a fascinating view not only of Burney's own musical preferences and enthusiasms, but also a reflection of contemporary fashionable taste. All four volumes contain generous musical examples, quotations from original sources and an index. The fourth volume, published 1789, is an account of the birth and development of opera and the contemporary music scene in England.
Lollardy and the Reformation in England
Authors: Gairdner James
Published: April 2012

James Gairdner (1828–1912) was one of the foremost authorities of his day on the Tudor period. This magisterial four-volume survey (originally published 1908–1913) argues that the impetus for the English Reformation came from the Lollard movement of the late fourteenth century. A prolific researcher and editor, Gairdner devoted his career to English history, and his study is both meticulous and factually sound. His critics, however, were quick to observe that the Lollard hypothesis was tenuous, and this mature work is most valuable today to those interested in the history of Reformation scholarship. Focusing on the more immediate causes of the Reformation, Volume 2, published in 1908, considers the rise of German Protestantism, the dissolution of the monasteries, the history of the English Bible and the influence of Katherine Parr and the New Learning, concluding with the death of Henry VIII in 1547.
Lollardy and the Reformation in England
Authors: Gairdner James
Published: April 2012

James Gairdner (1828–1912) was one of the foremost authorities of his day on the Tudor period. This magisterial four-volume survey (originally published 1908–1913) argues that the impetus for the English Reformation came from the Lollard movement of the late fourteenth century. A prolific researcher and editor, Gairdner devoted his career to English history, and his study is both meticulous and factually sound. His critics, however, were quick to observe that the Lollard hypothesis was tenuous, and this mature work is most valuable today to those interested in the history of Reformation scholarship. First published in 1911, Volume 3 focuses on the reign of Edward VI, the progress of 'Lollard' ideas into power, and the bishops' objections to the reforms implemented after the death of Henry VIII. It also includes a substantial introduction, and corrections to the two earlier volumes.
Genetic Data and the Law
Authors: Taylor Mark
Published: April 2012

Research using genetic data raises various concerns relating to privacy protection. Many of these concerns can also apply to research that uses other personal data, but not with the same implications for failure. The norms of exclusivity associated with a private life go beyond the current legal concept of personal data to include genetic data that relates to multiple identifiable individuals simultaneously and anonymous data that could be associated with any number of individuals in different, but reasonably foreseeable, contexts. It is the possibilities and implications of association that are significant, and these possibilities can only be assessed if one considers the interpretive potential of data. They are missed if one fixates upon its interpretive pedigree or misunderstands the meaning and significance of identification. This book demonstrates how the public interest in research using genetic data might be reconciled with the public interest in proper privacy protection.
Human Personality
Authors: Myers Frederic William Henry
Published: April 2012

Frederic William Henry Myers (1843–1901) was a classical scholar who in mid-career turned to the investigation of psychic phenomena. After studying, and later teaching, Classics at Trinity College, Cambridge he resigned his lectureship in 1869, became an inspector of schools, and campaigned for women's higher education. With the encouragement of former colleagues he began a scientific investigation of spiritualism and related phenomena, and in 1882 he helped to found the Society for Psychical Research. This two-volume work, first published posthumously in 1903, contains the fullest statement of Myers' influential theory of the 'subliminal self', which he developed by combining his research into psychic phenomena with his in-depth reading about the latest advances in psychology and related fields. His deeply intellectual approach is evident throughout the book, which analyses a huge amount of interesting data. Volume 2 discusses apparitions, trances and bodily possession.
Engaging Bach
Authors: Dirst Matthew
Published: April 2012

More than any other part of Bach's output, his keyboard works conveyed the essence of his inimitable art to generations of admirers. The varied responses to this repertory - in scholarly and popular writing, public lectures, musical composition and transcription, performances and editions - ensured its place in the canon and broadened its creator's appeal. The early reception of Bach's keyboard music also continues to affect how we understand and value it, though we rarely recognize that historical continuity. Here, Matthew Dirst investigates how Bach's music intersects with cultural, social and music history, focusing on a repertory which is often overshadowed in scholarly and popular literature on Bach reception. Organized around the most productive ideas generated by Bach's keyboard works from his own day to the middle of the nineteenth century, this study shows how Bach's remarkable and long-lasting legacy took shape amid critical changes in European musical thought and practice.
Oeuvres de Desargues
Authors: Desargues Gérard
Published: April 2012

The French mathematician and engineer Gérard Desargues (1591–1661) was one of the founders of projective geometry. Desargues' theorem is named in the honour of this prolific writer of treatises on geometry and its application to the arts and architecture. His important writings, which had been lost, were published in 1864 by the mathematician and scientific historian Noël-Germinal Poudra (1794–1894). Poudra's two-volume edition, republished here, reveals the major role played by Desargues in the scientific debates of the seventeenth century. It includes a biography of Desargues, in which Poudra discusses his role as architect, as well as his influence on famous scientists of his time including Pascal and Descartes. Volume 1 contains the majority of Desargues' treatises, including 'Perspective' (1636), followed by an analysis by Poudra, and the 'Traité des Coniques' (1639), with a lexicon of the scientific terms used.
The History of the French Revolution
Authors: Thiers Adolphe
Published: April 2012

Marie-Louis-Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877) was a prominent figure in a turbulent period in French history. Described by Karl Marx as a 'monstrous gnome' and condemned by the left for suppressing the Paris Commune of 1871, he enjoyed a controversial political career, but it is for his epic Histoire de la Révolution Française that he is chiefly remembered today. It was first published in French in ten volumes between 1823 and 1827, and in 1838 Frederic Shoberl's English translation made it a staple of British bookshelves. Consolidated into five volumes and illustrated with an array of engravings, this edition presents readers with a history of events spanning more than a decade of revolution and war, and remains one of the most comprehensive accounts of the French Revolution. Volume 2 describes the demise of the Legislative Assembly and closes with a dramatic account of the Royalist rebellion in the Vendée.
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth
Authors: Froude James Anthony
Published: April 2012

James Anthony Froude (1818–94), historian and disciple of Carlyle, published this twelve-volume history of the English Reformation between 1858 and 1870. The work is shaped by Froude's firm belief that the Reformation enabled the development of modernity and the rise of 'progressive intelligence' in England. His polemical stance was criticised by some historians, but his engaging narrative style and elegant prose made his work extremely popular with the general public, and the books were highly influential. The first six volumes consider the course of the Reformation from the break with Rome until the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, and the remaining six recount the reign of Elizabeth I, ending with the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Volume 10 considers Elizabeth's role as head of the church, affairs in Scotland and Ireland, and the St Bartholomew's Eve massacre in France.
The History of England from the Accession of James II
Authors: Macaulay Thomas Babington
Published: April 2012

Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59) was one of the foremost nineteenth-century historians in the Whig tradition, which saw history as a series of developments towards enlightenment and democracy. He believed that the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688 had preserved England from the constitutional upheavals suffered by much of Europe in 1848. Using a wider range of sources, including popular literature, than was then usual, and written in an accessible, novelistic rather than academic style, this five-volume work proved hugely influential upon contemporary historians and phenomenally successful with the public, although it was not without its critics. The first two volumes, published in 1848, were by 1849 in their third edition, which is reissued here. Volume 1 examines the constitutional history of Britain up to the Restoration, Charles II's reign, fears of a return to an absolutist monarchy, and Whig attempts to exclude the Catholic James II from the succession.
The Saxons in England
Authors: Kemble John Mitchell
Published: April 2012

This monumental 1849 publication was the first detailed analysis to compare Anglo-Saxon institutions with those of other Germanic peoples. The philologist and historian Kemble (1807–57) was born into a renowned family of actors, trained at Cambridge for both the bar and the church, but devoted his career to Germanic philology and Old English. His studies resulted in several books including a Beowulf edition (1833), a pioneering six-volume edition of Anglo-Saxon charters (Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici, 1839–48), and the posthumous Horae Ferales (1863), together with articles and translations in periodicals. He also corresponded for many years with Jacob Grimm. The Saxons drew heavily on Kemble's work on the charters. Volume 2 discusses how England changed under the Saxons, focusing on the powers and functions of the king, the ruling elite and the clergy, the role of the urban and rural population, and the situation of the poor.
History of the United Netherlands
Authors: Motley John Lothrop
Published: April 2012

American historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. His first book on the subject was the widely acclaimed Rise of the Dutch Republic, which covered events up to 1584. Motley published this more ambitious four-volume sequel, covering events in the period 1584–1609, between 1860 and 1867. Volume 3 covers the numerous military and naval clashes, and political manoeuvring, between Spain and the alliance of England and Holland during the period 1590–1600.
The Preservation of Open Spaces, and of Footpaths, and Other Rights of Way
Authors: Hunter Robert
Published: April 2012

Sir Robert Hunter (1844–1913) became a leading legal authority on common land. As solicitor to the Commons Preservation Society, where he first met Octavia Hill, he was instrumental in saving Hampstead Heath, Epping Forest and the New Forest for the nation, and he developed the principles of protection upon which the National Trust would be founded. First published in 1896, and informed by a lifetime of experience, this work was devised specifically to instruct 'those who are interested in preserving the open lands of the country'. Covering iconic English landscapes ranging from cliff tops to forests and from village greens to allotments, each chapter explores real cases and the statutes that shaped their conclusions. The result is an account of the nineteenth-century legal developments that provided the foundations which both government and charitable bodies have since used in preserving the heritage - both natural and man-made - of the nation.
The State of the Poor
Authors: Eden Frederick Morton
Published: April 2012

Sir Frederick Morton Eden (1766–1809) was an English writer and a pioneer social researcher. Eden studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and subsequently worked in banking and insurance, inheriting a baronetcy from his father, who had been the governor of the American province of Maryland, in 1784. Arguing that poverty could not be tackled without knowing what it actually meant to be poor, this innovative three-volume work is an attempt to define what poverty meant in concrete terms. It is packed with data from across England, divided by county, and covering factors such as food prices, wages, diet and mortality rates. In Volume 1, Eden looks at the history of poverty, the lifestyles of the poor and the various measures introduced to tackle the problem at different periods. It also describes the methods used to collect the data that appear throughout the three volumes.
The Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians
Authors: Bonwick James
Published: April 2012

James Bonwick (1817–1906) arrived in Tasmania, then Van Diemen's Land, in 1841, beginning an unstable and itinerant career as school-master, writer, and archivist. A zealous non-conformist and mystic, who was briefly in contact with Madame Blavatsky, Bonwick became interested in the plight of the Tasmanian aborigines after a visit to Flinders Island, to which the last of the nearly extinct population had been removed. Published in 1870, by which time Bonwick had become a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, this book is a sympathetic anthropological study of indigenous Tasmanian culture and society, based on colonial records, interviews with early settlers and Bonwick's own experiences. The companion volume to The Last of the Tasmanians, which discussed the reasons for the extinction and was cited by Darwin in The Descent of Man, it provides important source material, as well as insight into the morally difficult subject of nineteenth-century anthropology.
Kennedy's Colonial Travel
Authors: Kennedy, Jr David
Published: April 2012

Published in 1876, this vivid, action-packed account describes the experiences of David Kennedy Jr (1849–85) as he toured the world with his musician father and family choir between 1872 and 1876 performing 'The Songs of Scotland'. Kennedy travelled through 'nearly every town and village in Australia, New Zealand and Canada', and over a three-year period wrote articles recording his impressions for publication in Edinburgh newspapers; this book is an edited and expanded compilation of those pieces. Kennedy describes places and events including Sydney Harbour, floods in Melbourne, the New Zealand volcanic country, a violent storm at sea, the cosmopolitan, frenetic atmosphere of San Francisco, the American trans-continental railway and a Canadian snowstorm. His closely observed vignettes of local society are particularly fine, and depict entertainments and pastimes, education and worship, and indigenous traditions as well as individuals such as innkeepers, stage-coach drivers, travellers, miners, and particularly his fellow Scots.
New Zealand's First War
Authors: Buick T. Lindsay
Published: April 2012

Thomas Lindsay Buick (1865–1938) became interested in New Zealand history while working as a political journalist in Wellington, and became an influential figure in the field. He wrote twelve books and numerous pamphlets on the early history of the country and was elected Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 1914. This book, first published in Wellington in 1926, describes one of the most significant conflicts in nineteenth-century New Zealand, the Flagstaff War (1845–6), in which European settlers and their Maori supporters fought those Maori who were resisting colonial encroachment. A key figure during the war was the Nga Puhi chief Hone Heke, from the Bay of Islands, who famously refused to acknowledge British sovereignty and repeatedly felled the British flagpole in Kororareka. Buick's account probes the complex relationships among the warring factions, describes the individual phases of the war, and explains how peace was eventually restored.
Understanding Weightless
Authors: Webb William
Published: April 2012

Essential for getting to grips with the Weightless standard for M2M communications, this definitive guide describes and explains the new standard in an accessible manner. It helps you to understand the Weightless standard by revealing its background and rationale. Designed to make clear the context and the fundamental design decisions for Weightless and to provide a readable overview of the standard, it details principal features and issues of the technology, the business case for deployment, network performance and some important applications. This informative book guides you through the key decisions and requirements involved in designing and deploying a Weightless network. Includes a chapter on applications, explaining the relevance of the standard and its potential. Written by one of the lead designers of Weightless, this is an ideal guide for everyone involved with the standard, from those designing equipment to those making use of the technology.
On the recovery of solitary wave profiles from pressure measurements
Authors: Constantin A.
Published: April 2012

We derive an explicit formula that permits the recovery of the profile of an irrotational solitary water wave from pressure data measured at the flat bed of the fluid domain. The formula is valid for the governing equations and applies to waves of small and large amplitude.
Athletics in Satyric Drama
Authors: PRITCHARD DAVID M.
Published: April 2012

Satyric drama introduced athletics much more regularly as an activity than either
comedy or tragedy. Many of its villains defeated hapless travellers in a boxing
or wrestling bout before murdering them. Satyr-plays were often set at athletic
contests where the satyrs of the chorus encountered athletes or tried to be
competitors themselves. In one of his plays Euripides provided the most detailed
critique of athletes in any genre of classical Athenian literature.
Development of interspecies cloned embryos reconstructed with rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) oocytes and cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) fibroblast cell nuclei
Authors: Yamochi Takayuki , Kida Yuta , Oh Noriyoshi , Ohta Sei , Amano Tomoko , Anzai Masayuki , Kato Hiromi , Kishigami Satoshi , Mitani Tasuku , Matsumoto Kazuya , Saeki Kazuhiro , Takenoshita Makoto , Iritani Akira , Hosoi Yoshihiko
Published: April 2012

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (ISCNT) has been proposed as a technique to produce cloned offspring of endangered species as well as to investigate nucleus–cytoplasm interactions in mammalian embryo. However, it is still not known which embryo culture medium is optimal for ISCNT embryos for the nuclear donor or the oocyte recipient. We assessed the effects of the culture medium on the developmental competence of the ISCNT embryos by introducing cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) fibroblast nuclei into enucleated rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) oocytes (monkey–rabbit embryo). The monkey–rabbit ISCNT embryos that were cultured in mCMRL-1066 developed to the blastocyst stage, although all monkey–rabbit ISCNT embryos cultured in M199 were arrested by the 4-cell stage. When monkey–rabbit ISCNT and rabbit–rabbit somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos were cultured in mCMRL-1066, the blastocyst cell numbers of the monkey–rabbit ISCNT embryos corresponded to the cell numbers of the control rabbit–rabbit SCNT embryos, which were produced from a rabbit fibroblast nucleus and an enucleated rabbit oocyte. In addition, the presence of mitochondria, which were introduced with monkey fibroblasts into rabbit recipient cytoplasm, was confirmed up to the blastocyst stage by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study demonstrated that: (1) rabbit oocytes can reprogramme cynomolgus monkey somatic cell nuclei, and support preimplantation development; (2) monkey–rabbit ISCNT embryos developed well in monkey culture medium at early embryonic developmental stages; (3) the cell number of monkey–rabbit ISCNT embryos is similar to that of rabbit–rabbit SCNT embryos; and (4) the mitochondrial fate of monkey–rabbit ISCNT embryos is heteroplasmic from the time just after injection to the blastocyst stage that has roots in both rabbit oocytes and monkey fibroblasts.
Oocyte genome cloning used in biparental bovine embryo reconstruction
Authors: Vichera Gabriel , Olivera Ramiro , Salamone Daniel
Published: April 2012

Oocyte genome cloning is a method by which haploid maternal embryos are obtained in such a way that parthenogenetic haploid blastomeres from these embryos can be considered as a clone of the original gamete. Our objective was to generate oocyte genome replicates and use them to reconstruct biparental embryos by fusion with haploid male hemizygotes. Furthermore, we generated biparental homogeneous transgene-expressing embryos using parthenogenetic haploid blastomeres that expressed a transgene (EGFP). In the first experiment, parthenogenetic haploid embryos were generated by incubation of oocytes in ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) with a 3 h interval to permit their second polar body extrusion. The cleavage rate was 87.3%. To generate transgene-expressing blastomeres, activated oocytes were injected with pCX–EGFP–liposome complexes 3 h post ionomycin exposure, resulting in a cleavage rate of 84.4%. In the second experiment, haploid parthenogenetic blastomeres that were positive or negative for EGFP expression were used to reconstruct biparental embryos. Cleavage and blastocyst rates for the reconstructed embryos were 78.4% and 61.1% and 10.8% and 8.4%, using EGFP-positive or -negative blastomeres, respectively (P< 0.05). All of the reconstructed embryos showed EGFP expression, with 96.6% of them showing homogenic expression. Oct-4 expression in the reconstructed blastocysts displayed a similar pattern as IVF-blastocyst controls. In conclusion, our results proved that it is possible to use oocyte genome replicates to reconstruct biparental bovine embryos and that this technique is efficient to generate homogeneous transgene-expressing embryos.
Controls of bathymetric relief on hydrothermal fluid flow at mid‐ocean ridges
Authors: Bani‐Hassan Nasser , Iyer Karthik , Rüpke Lars H. , Borgia Andrea
Published: April 2012

We present quantitative modeling results for the effects of surface relief on hydrothermal convection at ocean‐spreading centers investigating how vent site locations and subsurface flow patterns are affected by bathymetry induced sub‐seafloor pressure variations. The model is based on a 2‐D FEM solver for fluid flow in porous media and is used to simulate hydrothermal convection systematically in 375 synthetic studies. The results of these studies show that bathymetric relief has a profound effect on hydrothermal flow: bathymetric highs induce subsurface pressure variations that can deviate upwelling zones and favor venting at structural highs. The deviation angle from vertical upwelling can be expressed by a single linear dependence relating deviation angle to bathymetric slope and depth of the heat source. These findings are confirmed in two case studies for the East Pacific Rise at 9°30′N and Lucky Strike hydrothermal fields. In both cases, it is possible to predict the observed vent field locations only if bathymetry is taken into account. Our results thereby show that bathymetric relief should be considered in simulations of submarine hydrothermal systems and plays a key role especially in focusing venting of across axis hydrothermal flow onto the ridge axis of fast spreading ridges.
The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records
Authors: Wolff E. W. , Bigler M. , Curran M. A. J. , Dibb J. E. , Frey M. M. , Legrand M. , McConnell J. R.
Published: April 2012

The Carrington Event of 1859 is considered to be among the largest space weather events of the last 150 years. We show that only one out of 14 well‐resolved ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica has a nitrate spike dated to 1859. No sharp spikes are observed in the Antarctic cores studied here. In Greenland numerous spikes are observed in the 40 years surrounding 1859, but where other chemistry was measured, all large spikes have the unequivocal signal, including co‐located spikes in ammonium, formate, black carbon and vanillic acid, of biomass burning plumes. It seems certain that most spikes in an earlier core, including that claimed for 1859, are also due to biomass burning plumes, and not to solar energetic particle (SEP) events. We conclude that an event as large as the Carrington Event did not leave an observable, widespread imprint in nitrate in polar ice. Nitrate spikes cannot be used to derive the statistics of SEPs.
A Contemporary View of Tracheoesophageal Voice Restoration
Authors: Knott Jodi K. , Lewin Jan S.
Published: April 2012

Voice restoration following total a laryngectomy has evolved over the past several decades. The patient who undergoes a total laryngectomy with tracheoesophageal (TE) puncture moves through several phases of treatment during their postoperative recovery and vocal restoration. The method of TE puncture is relatively simple; however, TE voice restoration is often complicated by the challenges associated with more intensive cancer treatment regimens, the geographical distance that impedes access to rehabilitative services, and myriad available products that require specialized knowledge and experience. In this article, we will provide a contemporary view of TE voice restoration, including its challenges for patients and clinicians. In addition, we will discuss the speech-language pathologist's role in the patient's rehabilitation, from providing evaluation and instruction regarding voice restoration and care of the stoma to ensuring the patient's transition back into their normal daily routine.
Fully coupled thermoelectromechanical analysis of GaN high electron mobility transistor degradation
Authors: Ancona M. G. , Binari S. C. , Meyer D. J.
Published: April 2012

A fully coupled multi-dimensional continuum model of the thermoelectromechanics of GaN HEMTs is presented and discussed. The governing equations are those of linear thermoelectroelasticity, diffusion-drift transport theory, and heat conduction, with full coupling assumed, i.e., all mechanical, electrical, and thermal variables are solved for simultaneously. Apart from the known strains induced by epitaxy, plane-strain conditions are assumed, so that two-dimensional simulation suffices. Important aspects of the model are that it incorporates “actual” device geometries and that it captures field/stress concentrations that often occur near material discontinuities and especially at corners. The latter are shown to be especially important with regards to understanding the mechanisms of both electrical and mechanical degradation in GaN HEMTs. Various possible contributors to degradation are discussed, including electron injection, the inverse piezoelectric effect, thermal stress, SiN intrinsic stress, and device geometry. The possibilities of crack propagation and fracture of the AlGaN are also analyzed.
Deep-level transient spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements of dissociation energy of the 1.014-eV copper center in copper-diffused silicon crystal
Authors: Nakamura Minoru , Murakami Susumu
Published: April 2012

Dissociation of the 1.014-eV copper center by annealing in a silicon crystal diffused with dilute copper was measured by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and photoluminescence (PL) methods. Clearly different dissociation energies were obtained from the dissociation lifetimes of the center measured by the two methods: 1.01 eV by DLTS and 0.60 eV by PL. On the basis of the previously reported analysis that the precipitation of interstitial copper (Cui) at the surface and the subsequent out-diffusion of Cui in the bulk are the underlying processes to dissociate the center by annealing, we assumed that the difference in the aforementioned dissociation energies originates from the difference in the influence of the underlying processes at different depths in addition to the difference in the detection depths of both methods (PL: ≥ 30 μm and DLTS: ≈ 3 μm). Using the dissociation energies obtained in this study, together with the reported diffusion barrier of Cui, we estimated the binding energy of the center as lower than 0.42 eV and the precipitation barrier of Cui as higher than 0.41 eV. This binding energy is low enough to support the presence of weak bonding in the copper center reported in previous researches.
Structural relaxation in amorphous oxide semiconductor, a-In-Ga-Zn-O
Authors: Ide Keisuke , Nomura Kenji , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Kamiya Toshio , Hosono Hideo
Published: April 2012

Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) is expected as a backplane transistor material to drive next-generation flat-panel and flexible displays. It has been elucidated that thermal annealing even at low temperatures <200 °C reduces deep subgap defects and those at ≥300 °C further improve device characteristics, stability, and uniformity. These temperatures are much lower than the reported crystallization temperature (TX ∼ 600 °C). In this work, we investigate effects of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of a-IGZO thin films. We performed classical molecular dynamics simulation (CMD) and optical interference analyses including spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). CMD reproduced the x-ray diffraction pattern of a-IGZO and exhibited a glass transition. Experimentally, it was found that TX depends largely on deposition methods and conditions, probably due to different chemical compositions. Sputter-deposited a-IGZO films exhibited onset TX ∼ 600 °C and crystalline volume fraction XC increased linearly from 600 °C. 1.2% of film densification occurred even at <TX, and crystallization caused larger densification, which is consistent with the film density measured by x-ray reflectivity spectroscopy. Bandgap increased in two temperature regions; i.e., (i) at <400 °C due to structural relaxation and (ii) at >600 °C due to crystallization. High-temperature in situ SE measurements did not detect a symptom of a glass transition temperature (Tg) presumably because the TX is close to Tg similar to the case of amorphous metals.
Spherical sample holders to improve the susceptibility measurement of superparamagnetic materials
Authors: Friedrich Thomas , Lang Tobias , Rehberg Ingo , Richter Reinhard
Published: April 2012

The design of two custom sample holders with a spherical cavity for commercial vibrating sample magnetometer systems is described. For such cavities, the magnetization \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\vec{M}$\end{document}M⃗ and the internal magnetic field \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\vec{H_i}$\end{document}Hi⃗ of a sample are both homogeneous. Consequently, the material parameter M(Hi) of a sample can be determined even for liquids and powders with a high magnetic susceptibility.
Magnetization enhancement and cation valences in nonstoichiometric (Mn,Fe)3-δO4 nanoparticles
Authors: Antic B. , Kremenovic A. , Jovic N. , Pavlovic M. B. , Jovalekic C. , Nikolic A. S. , Goya G. F. , Weidenthaler C.
Published: April 2012

We present a study of the structural and magnetic properties of (Mn,Fe)3-δO4 nanoparticles synthesized by soft mechanochemistry using Mn(OH)2 × 2 H2O and Fe(OH)3 powders as starting compounds. The resulting nanoparticles with a composition of the (Mn,Fe)3-δO4 type are found to have a core/shell structure with different Mn/Fe ratios in the core and at the surface. XPS analysis points to valences of +2, +3, and +4 for Mn and +3 for Fe at the particle surface. Combined results of XRPD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and EDX analysis suggest that there is a deviation from stoichiometry in the nanoparticle core compared to the shell, accompanied by creation of cation polyvalence and vacancies. The value of saturation magnetization, MS, of 73.5 emu/g at room temperature, is among the highest reported so far among nanocrystalline ferrite systems of similar composition.