bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological, Biochemical and Genetic Changes in Seed Quality During Storage
Authors: Roos Eric E.
Published: September 2022

Seldom are seeds harvested and immediately planted without undergoing at least a brief storage period. Exceptions would be certain seeds designated as “recalcitrant” (not readily storable) (45) which must be planted immediately, or viability is soon lost. Examples include many tropical plants as well as many of our temperate trees. The life span of these recalcitrant seeds may be of the order of a few days to several months (22). Another case where freshly harvested seeds may not undergo storage would be breeding materials where the object is to produce as many generations a year as possible. In this case, seeds are often harvested in an immature state and planted immediately. However, normally most seeds are stored several weeks or months before being planted. Longer storage periods, 1 to 5 years, are necessary for seeds which may be expensive or difficult to produce, or for those cultivars which are not produced every year due to lower demand by growers. Finally, germplasm banks, such as the USDA National Seed Storage Laboratory, may wish to preserve seeds for decades or even centuries (26).
Assessment of Seed Quality1
Authors: McDonald Miller B.
Published: September 2022

The assessment of seed quality continues to attract increasing attention from the seed industry. Farmers believe that seed quality information will enable them to make economic decisions regarding the cost of seeds, earliness of planting, quantity of seeds to plant, and the anticipated uniformity of stand. Seedsmen believe that seed quality information will aid them in monitoring seed quality during the various processing phases of seed production. Seed quality tests might reveal where loss in seed viability occurs during combining, cleaning, drying, storing, bagging, etc. and may pinpoint adverse practices which could subsequently be improved. The accurate assessment of seed quality could have a significant impact on improving seed performance, which would culminate in important economic considerations for the farmer and seedsman alike. This report will attempt to clarify what seed quality is, what constraints are imposed on seed quality testing, how seed quality tests are assessed, how seed quality tests can be standardized, and what the future of seed quality testing may be.
Bee-sticks, an Aid in Pollinating Cruciferae1
Authors: Williams Paul H.
Published: September 2022

Effective, inexpensive, disposable pollination aids (bee-sticks) can be made by gluing the thoraxes of dead honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to the tips of wooden toothpicks. Bee-sticks also are suitable for the short and long term storage and for shipment of pollen.
The Genetic Relationship of Virescent, Yellow-green, Glabrous, and Halo Mutants in Muskmelon1
Authors: Nugent Perry E.
Published: September 2022

Virescent (v) is inherited independently of yellow-green (yg), glabrous (gl), and halo (h) seedling mutants in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). Virescent, yellow-green seedlings were virescent with the yellowish chlorophyll change. Virescent, glabrous seedlings were virescent without trichomes, and virescent, halo seedlings produced no chlorophyll and were lethal. With each pair of mutants the segregation of progenies from test crosses fit the expected ratio for independent assortment of 2 gene pairs located on different chromosomes.
Effects of Leaf Position and Storage Conditions on Pressure Bomb Measurement of Leaf Water Potential in Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Allen J. J. , Nell T. A. , Joiner J. N. , Albrigo L. G.
Published: September 2022

There were generally no decreases in water potential when leaves of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) were stored in plastic bags for 1-5 hours, individually or together, provided a moist towel was included. Decreases in water potential occurred after 1 and 3 hours in leaves stored individually or together without a moist towel. Maximum stress was observed in the third negative at 0600 hours with values increasing to a maximum of −8.1 bars at 1400 hours.
Evaluation of Application Methods of Ancymidol and Daminozide for Height Control of Chrysanthemum
Authors: Nell T. A. , Wilfret G. J. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: September 2022

Plant size, and number of flowers of chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. cvs. Yellow Mandalay and Royal Trophy) were reduced when grown in a soil containing granular α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5 pyrimidine (ancymidol) or provided ancymidol drench or butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) spray but not when sprayed with ancymidol (0.5 mg). Granular ancymidol at 0.5 mg/pot reduced plant height 9% on ‘Yellow Mandalay’ and 30% on ‘Royal Trophy’ compared to controls. Foliar applications of daminozide reduced height 27% on ‘Yellow Mandalay’ and 47% on ‘Royal Trophy’.
Dikegulac Sodium Influences Shoot Growth of Greenhouse Azaleas1
Authors: Shu Lih-Jyu , Sanderson Kenneth C.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of 0.5% dikegulac sodium applied to 4 cultivars of greenhouse-forcing azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) 11 days after shearing, decreased shoot length and increased shoot number with more shoots originating along the entire stem at lower node positions than on untreated plants. Five to 6 weeks after treatment shoot length increased normally indicating that dikegulac sodium did not have a long term depressive effect on azalea shoot growth and development.
Bench Chip Budding of Field Roses1
Authors: Davies F. T. , Fann Y. , Lazarte J. E. , Paterson D. R.
Published: September 2022

A high percentage of successful bud unions were obtained by bench chip budding selected Rosa hybrida L. budwood on dormant, unrooted Rosa multiflora Thunb. understock. Chip budding was successful using both hand technique and a Liliput grafting tool. Parafilm strips were the most effective graft wrapping material.
Growth Response of European Birch Seedlings to Daylength and Root Pruning1
Authors: Kelly Robert J. , Mecklenburg Roy A.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of European birch (Betula pendula Roth.) grew rapidly (3.4 cm/week) in long days (8 hours of natural light plus 2 hours of supplemental light in the middle of the dark period). Two weeks of short days (8 hours of natural light) inhibited shoot growth and promoted the onset of dormancy. Daylength did not effect the rate of root growth. Root pruning suppressed the rate of root growth for 2 weeks, but once active tips were formed the rate of growth was similar to unpruned roots. Complete defoliation or covering of the foliage on short day dormant plants terminated root growth.
‘Autumn Blaze’ Ornamental Pear1
Authors: Westwood M. N.
Published: September 2022

Since the release of Pyrus calleryana Done. cv. Bradford by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (4) this species has become popular as a street tree and in landscapes in areas where it is hardy. Because of problems in maturing ‘Bradford’ trees in the nursery, with subsequent problems of dieback in storage and poor transplanting success, some nurseries have sought selections of P. calleryana with all of the good characteristics of ‘Bradford’ but with better growing and handling traits. Also in some climates ‘Bradford’ does not exhibit red leaf coloration in the fall, and a number of selections have been made that are more colorful.
‘Molino’ and ‘Tonto’ Arizona Rosewood1
Authors: Hogan LeMoyne , Jones Warren , Lee Chi Won
Published: September 2022

Arizona rosewood (Vauquelinia californica Torr). Rosaceae, is native to southern Arizona and northern Mexico at elevations of 750 to 1500 m (1). ‘Molino’ and ‘Tonto’ Arizona rosewood were released by the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station to provide evergreen, drought-tolerant, flowering shrubs adapted to the low and medium deserts of the southwestern United States and similar regions of the world.
‘Ennis’ and ‘Butler’ Filberts1
Authors: Lagerstedt H. B.
Published: September 2022

‘Ennis’ and ‘Butler’ are the first filbert (Corylus avellana L.) introductions to be made from the Pacific Northwest in over 40 years. Cultivars more recently introduced from the northeastern U.S. and Canada have not proved to be satisfactory in Oregon and Washington. About 85% of the U.S. filbert production comes from a single cultivar, ‘Barcelona’, introduced from Europe in 1885. Another 10% of the production comes from ‘Daviana’, a cultivar which functions primarily as a pollinizer for ‘Barcelona’. ‘Ennis’ is being introduced as a main crop cultivar to replace ‘Barcelona’ for the in-shell trade. ‘Butler’ is introduced as a pollinizer to replace ‘Daviana’. The new introductions will, in part, be described by comparing them to the cultivars they are expected to replace (Fig. 1 and 2).
Horticulture in the Canary Islands
Authors: Sauco V. Galan , Perez P. Mansito , Ruano M. Caballero
Published: September 2022

The Canary Islands, located between 27° and 29° North latitude, are excellently placed to export horticultural commodities throughout Europe. The Spanish mainland and the United Kingdom have been the traditional export markets for many years. Imminent entrance of Spain to the European Common Market should bring the advantages of preferential trade with Europe to these Islands. Now, agricultural exports and tourism constitute the principal income to the Canary Islands archipelago.
Cultivation of the Shiitake Mushroom
Authors: San Antonio James P.
Published: September 2022

The basic principles and practices of the cultivation of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.) on tree logs under forest conditions at Beltsville, Maryland, are described. Spawned logs were supported to prevent contact with the soil, but no additional cultural practices were used to promote mycelial growth or mushroom fruiting. The best and most consistent mushroom yield was obtained from black and white oak. The total yield from oak logs about 90 g fresh weight mushrooms/kg fresh weight (FW) log (5 year crop cycle), was about 50% ofthat reported for large scale commercial production of shiitake mushrooms in Japan. Results of these experiments indicate also that there does not appear to be any substrate barrier to the escape and naturalization of L. edodes in the northeastern United States.
Effects of Certain Processing Methods, Substrate Level, and Polyphenoloxidase on the Stability of Ascorbic Acid in Kiwi Fruit1
Authors: Okuse Asako , Okuse Ichiro , Ryugo K.
Published: September 2022

Ascorbic acid content in kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch, cv. Hayward) decreased by 20% when the pulp was boiled for 2 hours. Frozen samples when left to thaw at room temperature also lost ascorbic acid to an equal degree; whereas, homogenization for an hour resulted in complete oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. Reacting polyphenoloxidase prepared from mature kiwi fruit with extracts of the same revealed that the latter contained low amounts of polyphenols. Since ascorbic acid inhibits the oxidation of many polyphenols, our finding may account for the lack of browning reaction in tissues of bruised fruits.
Physiological Dwarfing of Peach with Mefluidide1
Authors: Arnold Calvin E. , Aldrich James H. , Cornell John A.
Published: September 2022

Melfluidide [N-{2,4-dimethyl–5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl} acetamide] applied at 0, 0.9, 1.9, 3.7, 5.6 and 7.5g/liter to 2nd leaf peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. June Gold] on June 14,1976 induced a dwarfing effect on tree height 70 days following treatment which was maintained for the duration of the experiment (471 days). The number of lateral branches increased as early as 100 days after treatment. Lateral branch length was less than that of the check trees. Mefluidide reduced trunk diameter growth over the control. The lowest rate of mefluidide produced slight phytotoxicity but increasing rates caused severe defoliation and other types of phytotoxicity including tree mortality.
Pressure Sprayer Eliminates Fermentation Process for Cleaning Muskmelon Seed1
Authors: Reed G. L.
Published: September 2022

Washing muskmelon seed directly from the fruit with a standard sink sprayer eliminates the need for fermentation and thus reduces the time and labor of seed cleaning.
Flower Initiation of Brassica Species under Total Darkness1
Authors: Inouye J. , Kuo C. G.
Published: September 2022

The in vitro flowering responses in conditions of total darkness were studied in several cultivars of diploid and tetraploid Brassica species. Diploid species with the A genome tended to form flowers about equally at high or low temperature, the single B genome species formed some flowers only at high temperature and those with C genome not at all. Similarly, allotetraploid species with the AC genomes tended to flower as did certain of those with the BC and AB genomes but to a considerably lesser extent. Leaf formation was correlated with flowering.
Cauliflower Leaf Tipburn: a Calcium Deficiency Disorder1
Authors: Maynard D. N. , Warner D. C. , Howell J. C.
Published: September 2022

Leaves of field-grown cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis group) plants with tip-burn had lower Ca concentrations than normal leaves but did not differ in N, P, K, or Mg concentrations. In greenhouse experiments plant growth and leaf Ca increased, whereas the severity of tipburn decreased with increased Ca supply. ‘Imperial 10–6’ cauliflower leaves had a higher Ca concentration and were more tolerant of tipburn than ‘Self Blanche’ cauliflower.
Influence of Fertilizer, Dolomite, and Fluoride Levels on Foliar Necrosis of Chamaedorea elegans Mart.1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Additions of superphosphate and NaF to the potting medium increased necrosis of Chamaedorea elegans Mart, (parlor palm) while additions of dolomite decreased necrosis. Fertilizer levels had no effect. Elevated fluoride levels were found in the tissue of necrotic parlor palm foliage.
Oleander Aphid Control on Oleander with Insecticides1
Authors: Reinert James A. , Donselman Henry M.
Published: September 2022

The oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Fonscolombe, is a common pest of oleander, Nerium oleander L. Acephate, bendiocarb, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, fenvalerate, methidathion, methomyl, permethrin, phosalone, and pirimicarb provided 100% control for 5 days after one spray application. Dimethoate, fenvalerate, methomyl, and pirimicarb provided additional residual control when plants were reinfested with aphids 5 days posttreatment.
Effects of Depulping, Stratification, and Growth Regulators on Seed Germination of Liriope muscari1
Authors: Fagan Ann E. , Dirr Michael A. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: September 2022

Depulped seeds of Liriope muscari (Decne.) L. H. Bailey pretreated with GA3 and/or kinetin and placed at 21°C for warm stratification, showed increased germination over unpulped seeds. Germination rates ranged from 87 to 100%. Identical growth regulator treatments resulted in no germination when the depulped seeds were cold stratified (5°C). Unpulped seed, pre-soaked in water for 24 hours or not soaked and given warm stratification germinated 38 and 25%, respectively. This suggested that the inhibition in unpulped seed is influenced by a water soluble inhibitor in the fruit wall.
Critical Foliar Levels of Potassium in Pot Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Hershey David R. , Paul J. L.
Published: September 2022

Pot chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum ☓ morifolium Ramat. ‘Bright Golden Anne’) were grown vegetatively for 5 weeks at 10 application rates of K. Two critical K levels were determined by correlating top fresh weights with K concentration in the most recently mature leaves. The critical foliar level associated with maximum yield was 2.3% K and that associated with 90% of maximum yield was 1.3% K. Potassium concentrations in leaves showing the earliest signs of K deficiency symptoms ranged from 0.6 to 0.7% K.
Light, Fertilizer, and Water Level Effects on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Composition, and Light Compensation Point of Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Nell T. A. , Allen J. J. , Joiner J. N. , Albrigo L. G.
Published: September 2022

Light compensation point (LCP) was decreased 28.1% at 25% shade and 65% under 63% shade, as compared to full sun plants in chrysanthemum (chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Shade level decreased plant growth characteristics measured and increased light intensity produced earlier flowering. Reductions in water and fertilizer levels did not alter LCP, but growth characteristics were affected. Total water used per pot varied with light levels.
Improving the Longevity of Bud-cut Carnation Flowers with Silver Thiosulfate1
Authors: Aldrufeu Anna , Folch Immaculada , Camprubi Pere
Published: September 2022

Silver thiosulfate in either distilled or tap water increased the longevity of bud-cut carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by 8 or 9 days when they were treated just after harvest, and by 11 or 13 days when they were treated after storage at 1°C for 8 weeks. Other preservative chemicals (8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate + sucrose, aminoethoxyvinylglycine) were much less effective.
‘Oregon 83’ Green Bean1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A. , Varseveld G. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Oregon 83’ is a bush green bean developed for commercial processing in western Oregon, where beans of the ‘Blue Lake’ type, either bush or pole, have been important for about 50 years. ‘Oregon 83’ is generally ‘Blue Lake’ in foliage and pod characteristics (Fig. 1). It may supplement or partially replace ‘Oregon 1604’, a high yielding cultivar from the Oregon State University breeding program. Compared to ‘Oregon 1604’, ‘Oregon 83’ is slightly later, has a shorter, straighter pod, and better growth habit. The medium-length, generally straighter pods should facilitate more efficient processing.
‘Tuckcross 756P’ Tomato1
Authors: Trinklein David H. , Lambeth Victor N.
Published: September 2022

‘Tuckcross 756P’ is an early, large, pink-fruited three-way hybrid tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) that is adapted for greenhouse culture in the northern U.S. and Canada. Since 1971 it has performed well in experiment station and commercial greenhouse trials (2, 3, 4). With early production of good quality fruit, ‘Tuckcross 756P’ is also resistant to fusarium wilt and tolerant to leaf mold.
Women in Horticulture: A Need for Full Participation!
Authors: Marihelen Kamp
Published: September 2022

The Women in Horticulture Working Group in the Education Division of ASHS is a reality! The objectives of this Working Group are: “To promote high standards of professionalism, to foster communication by dispelling myths of the sexes, and to encourage participation by both sexes in exploring problems faced by professional horticulturists in the work environment”.
Council for Professional Horticulture: A Proposal
Authors: Storey J. Benton
Published: September 2022

It is time for horticulturists to control their own destinies. Too often, we have assumed a defensive posture with respect to our academic and research programs. Those professions that have developed systems for accrediting their academic programs—engineering, landscape architecture, forestry, medicine, veterinary medicine—seem to have more clout than horticulture. Yet, horticulture is no less of a profession and must be recognized as such immediately if we are to maintain and enrich courses, degree programs, and opportunities for our graduates.
“Dean of World Pomology” Seeks U.S. Teaching Opportunity
Authors: Childers Norman F.
Published: September 2022

Dr. Steve A. Pieniazek, retired director of the Institute of Pomology in Skierniewice, Poland, tells us he would be interested in coming to the United States and teaching pomology on a temporary basis. There is an increasing need for teachers in pomology. It is possible he could fill an opening caused by retirement while the department is looking for a replacement.
Cuphea — A Potential New Crop
Authors: Thompson A. E.
Published: September 2022

Species of Cuphea are undergoing domestication to produce a new crop that will serve as a domestic source of lauric acid and other medium-chain fatty acids. Potential usage of seed oils for industrial, medicinal, and nutritional purposes, and usage of plants for ornamental purposes are cited. Major constraints to commercialization and commercial production are excessive seed shattering, seed dormancy, sticky exudates from glandular hairs, and indeterminate flowering and seed production. Current cooperative, multidisciplinary new crop research and development efforts are described.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 34
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P.
Published: September 2022

Magnolia Gold.– Origin and description appeared in List 27. Plant pat. 3110 added.
An Introduction To Somatic Cell Genetics
Authors: Griesbach Robert J.
Published: September 2022

Somatic cell genetics is a relatively new discipline which relies upon various plant tissue culture techniques. This discipline may be defined broadly as any genetic or physiological investigation involving cultured cells, and includes such areas as gene transfer, gene regulation, cell selection for genetic variants, control of development, and regulation of metabolism.
The Development Of Tolerance To Mineral Stress
Authors: Stavarek S. J. , Rains D. W.
Published: September 2022

Plants are exposed to many nutritional problems in the environment. The interaction of soil pH, mineral reserves, moisture content, and organic matter content are just a few of the factors influencing the availability of nutrients and the type of mineral stress affecting a plant (48).
Sorting Through The Variability
Authors: Carlson Peter S. , Conrad Betsey F. , Lutz Joseph D.
Published: September 2022

The current axiom is that passage of plant cells through tissue culture results in increased genetic variability. The major task confronting anyone who would harness this new genetic variability is to recover the rare, desirable genotypes from the large number of other genotypes. This task is accomplished easily if the desired phenotype is controlled by a single gene, and expressed at the cellular level in vitro. Tolerance of plants to stresses often do not exhibit these characteristics. We will consider several approaches to developing novel selection systems for complex, agricultural traits.
Porous Bulbs to Control Water Contents in Container Media
Authors: Karnoski T. C. , Willits D. H. , Skaggs R. W.
Published: September 2022

Porous, ceramic bulbs were used to control the water content of containers filled with Metro-Mix 350 and subjected to an evaporative flux at the surface. Two initial media water contents (0.13 cm3 and container capacity), 2 pressure heads (0 cm and -12 cm of water), and 3 bubbling pressure (0.5,1.0, and 2.0 bar) were investigated. The degree of control varied. The wettest profiles were produced by the treatments with the largest pore size and the higher pressure head. The treatments producing the best results were those using the 1.0-bar (3.0 micron) bulbs. A pressure head of 0 cm of water produced water contents in excess of container capacity, while a pressure head of -12 cm of water produced a water content profile between container capacity and that obtained in a nonirrigated control.
Somatic Embryogenesis in Sweet Potato
Authors: Jarret R. L. , Salazar S. , Fernandez Z. R.
Published: September 2022

Asexual embryos arose from callus derived from axillary bud shoot tips of 6 sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] plant introductions (PIs) when cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Transferral of embryogenic callus to auxin-free medium resulted in the continued development and eventual germination of individual somatic embryos and recovery of rooted plantlets.
Temperature-influenced Instability in a Genic Male-sterile Common Bean
Authors: Estrada S. , Mutschler M. A. , Bliss F. A.
Published: September 2022

Genic male steriles of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) showed an average of 68% outcrossing. Outcrossing estimates are conservative due to selfing or sibbing made possible by unexpected fertility restoration in plants initially classified as male sterile. In growth chamber studies, a temperature regime of 30° day/18°C night for 2 weeks after flowering altered the expression of unstable sterile plants from partial sterile to male sterile. The reverse shift was conditioned by an 18° day/7° night temperature regime. Sterility was restored again by returning plants to the higher temperatures. The sterile F1 progenies of the cross male sterile x Swedish Brown-10 were all unstable. Temperature-stable steriles were obtained by selfing cold-treated, unstable steriles or by using these plants to pollinate stable steriles.
Within-row Spacing and Dry Weight Distribution in Two Strawberry Cultivars
Authors: Hancock J. F. , Moon J. W. , Flore J. A.
Published: September 2022

The strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa L.) ‘Midway’ and ‘Guardian’ were grown runnerless at several within-row spacings (8-47 cm). The proportion of dry matter allocated to fruit was negatively correlated with spacing distance for ‘Guardian’ (r = 0.68), but positively correlated for ‘Midway’ (r = 0.91). Total crown weight was positively associated with plant-spacing distance for ‘Guardian’ (r = 0.88) but not for ‘Midway’ (r = 0.05). Specific leaf weight was positively correlated with spacing for both cultivars.
Effects of Waxing on Moisture Loss and Ripening of ‘Fuerte’ Avocado Fruit
Authors: Durand Ben J. , Orcan Lelia , Yanko Uri , Zauberman Giora , Fuchs Yoram
Published: September 2022

Internal atmosphere composition, respiration rate, ethylene production, weight loss, and firmness were monitored during the ripening of waxed and nonwaxed avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill.) during storage at 5°C, and ripening at 20°. Artificial waxing, which usually forms a uniform film over the closely packed platelet structure of the natural wax, was sometimes incomplete. Waxing caused a slight buildup of CO2 and possible reduction in internal O2 concentrations during the preclimacteric of stored fruit, and may have reduced ethylene synthesis during the climacteric. Waxing caused a 1-day delay in fruit softening under extended cold-storage conditions.
Effect of Number of Bacteria on Cold Injury of Rooted Cuttings from Phony-infected and Uninfected Peach Trees
Authors: Daniell J. W. , Krewer G. W.
Published: September 2022

Rooted twig cuttings of ‘Jefferson’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] infected or noninfected with phony peach disease were divided into nonphony, medium phony, and severe phony based on symptoms and on Fastidious, gram-negative, xylemlimited bacteria (PPXLB) counts. During the dormant season, the rooted plants were subjected to cold treatments of -11.7°, -14.4°, -17.9°, -20.0°, and -21.6°C in cold chambers. Plants with higher PPXLB counts exhibited more cold injury than plants with lower counts.
Optimal Harvest Date Equations for West Virginia Apples
Authors: Abeles F. B. , Lightner G. W.
Published: September 2022

This report presents optimal harvest data equations (OHDE) calculated for 6 cultivars for apples at 3 locations in eastern West Virginia. In general, the equations predicted the observed harvest date one day better than the technique of using average calendar days for fruit development. The equations also indicated that bloom date was more important for determining the harvest date than the mean temperature during the growing season. Nonetheless, because of variability between equations, the overall usefulness of using the historical approach to the development of OHDE is limited.
Field Comparison of Chelated and Epsom Salt Magnesium Foliar Sprays on Apple Trees
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , Hoyt P. B.
Published: September 2022

Field experiments of chelated-or Epsom salt-Mg sprays in 1981 and 1982 on ‘Delicious’ (Red King and Starking strains) and ‘McIntosh’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) indicated that a minimum of 2 x 2.8 kg Mg/ha, foliar-applied, was necessary to increase leaf-Mg concentration to desired 0.26% levels in ‘McIntosh’. Thus, label-recommended application rates for chelated Mg (2 x 0.56 kg Mg/ha) were too low. ‘McIntosh’ extension growth was increased by adequate foliar-Mg applications, although leaf Ca was reduced in 1 year by the foliar-Mg treatments.
Peduncle Elongation of Pompon Chrysanthemums with Substituted Phthalimides
Authors: McDaniel G. L.
Published: September 2022

Substituted phthalimides [l-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cyclohexanecarboximide (AC 94,377) and a related tetrahydrophthalimide (AC 99,524)] and gibberellic acid (GA3) were applied to shoots of Chrysanthemum Xmorifolium Ramat. ‘Starburst’ on the fourth week of short daylength. Phthalimide rates of 250-1000 mg/liter caused elongated peduncles, higher peduncle dry weights, and greater internodal elongation than on untreated plants. These results with phthalimides compared favorably with GA3 at rates of 10-50 mg/liter. Phthalimide AC 94,377 produced greater peduncle dry weights than did GA3 on the first 4, most-terminal peduncles.
Interspecific Crosses among American and Asiatic Pieris Species
Authors: Jaynes Richard A. , Ticknor Robert L.
Published: September 2022

Putative hybrids of P. floribunda (Pursh ex Sims) Benth. and Hook, and P. japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. Don were produced but most were short-lived. Morphological traits of 4 of these surviving hybrids were intermediate to the parent species; the hybrids also were sterile and lacked merit as cultivar selections. P. phillyreifolia (Hook.) DC. failed to cross successfully with either P. floribunda or P. japonica.
Container and Production Bed Mulch Effects on Media Temperatures and Growth of ‘Hershey’s Red’ Azalea
Authors: Keever G. J. , Cobb G. S.
Published: September 2022

Three pot/mulch combinations and 2 pot spacings were evaluated as to their effects on growing-media temperatures and growth of ‘Hershey’s Red’ azalea (Rhododendron Xsp.). The highest, maximum temperature and least root and shoot growth occurred in black pots on white clam shell mulch compared to white pots on black polyethylene and to white plywood-shielded pots. Close spacings of pots increased root growth with black pots on white mulch but not with white pots on black mulch. Plants in black pots on white mulch developed the greatest winter foliage discoloration and leaf abscission.
‘Carolina Cream’ Southernpea
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Dukes Philip D.
Published: September 2022

‘Carolina Cream’ is a new southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar that was approved for release in July 1982 by the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA. It is well-adapted for production throughout the southeastern United States, where it can be expected to produce excellent yields of high quality, cream-type peas. Major attributes of the new cultivar are its excellent culinary quality and its resistances to the cowpea curculio (Chalcodermus aeneus Boehman), the major insect pest of the southernpea, and Cercospora leaf spot [Cercospora cruenta Sacc. (= Mycosphaerella cruenta Latham)], a major foliage disease of the crop. Cercospora leaf spot on southernpea also can be incited by Cercospora canescens Ell. & Martin.
‘Husker Red’ Penstemon
Authors: Lindgren D. T.
Published: September 2022

‘Husker Red’ is a white-flowered, redfoliaged (stems and leaves) selection of Penstemon digitalis Nutt. (Fig. 1). It is being released both for home garden use and for breeding germplasm. It also can be used as a cut flower in floral arrangements. Color contrast between the white flowers and red foliage adds to its ornamental value.
Wisconsin Cranberry Production
Authors: Stang Elden J. , Dana Malcolm N.
Published: September 2022

Cranberries (Vactinium maerocarpon Ait), are Wisconsin's major fruit crop. Current annual production averages well over 45 million kg, and on-farm value exceeded $53 million in 1983. Wisconsin produced 40% of the United States cranberry crop in 1982; Massachusetts contributed 43%, and Oregon, Washington, and New Jersey produced 17%.
Ureafoam as an Amendment for Container Media of Croton
Authors: Ben-Jaacov J. , Poole R. T. , Conover C. A.
Published: September 2022

Effects of Hydrosoil (ureafoam) amendment to a Florida sedge-peat, pine bark, cypress shaving medium (2:1:1 by volume) and watering frequencies were tested in a factorial experiment using Codiaeum variegatum pictum ‘Aucubifolium’ (croton). Hydrosoil-amended media held much more water by weight than media alone, but water retention by volume was increased only slightly. Hydrosoil had only slight effect when plants were watered twice weekly. The quality decreased when plants were watered once weekly and twice during 3 weeks. Hydrosoil did increase days to wilt of plants watered weekly or 2 times during 3 weeks.
Changes in Physical Characteristics of Bark-based and Gasifier Residuebased Container Media over Time and by Sample Depth
Authors: Regulski F. J.
Published: September 2022

Gasifier residue (GR) had less than half the vertical shrinkage of pine bark or 2-bark : 1-peat : 1-sand medium. Little change in particle size distribution occurred in gasifier residue or 2-GR : 1-peat : 1-sand medium over 9 months. Particle breakdown occurred in bark, 2-bark : 1-peat : 1-sand and 3-GR : 1-peat media. In the upper Vs samples of the vertical profile, no change occurred in the water tension points of all media; however, in the lower ⅓ samples, the moisture of both 2B : IP : IS and 3GR : IP increased. Total pore space of all media tested varied initially but did not change over time. Bark gained easily available water and water buffer capacity, and lost air space. Gasifier residue lost easily available water but was stable in all other measured factors. The 2-bark : 1-peat : 1-sand medium lost air space over time but gained easily available water and water buffer capacity, thus increasing in moisture. The 2-GR : 1-peat : 1-sand medium retained its initial air space and water buffer capacity, but lost easily available water. The 3-GR : 1-peat medium similarly lost easily available water over time.
In Vitro Propagation of Paradox Walnut Rootstock
Authors: Driver John A. , Kuniyuki Andrew H.
Published: September 2022

Apical and lateral meristems of Paradox walnut (Juglans hindsii x J. regia) were used to investigate the possibility of accomplishing in vitro propagation of Paradox rootstock. A walnut specific medium, DKW, has been defined supporting optimum multiple shoot development under 4.5 μm benzyladenine (BA) and 5 nm indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatment. The method of analysis to determine the optimum level of constituents in tissue culture medium is discussed. Also reported is the in vivo rooting of tissue culture derived shoots.
The Effect of Soil Cooling and High Intensity Supplementary Lighting on Flowering of Alstroemeria ‘Regina’
Authors: Lin W. C.
Published: September 2022

Alstroemeria ‘Regina’ plants were grown at an air temperature of 15°/18°C (night/day). Soil cooling resulted in an increased number of flowering shoots in both spring-summer (21 Mar. to 20 Sept.) and fall-winter (21 Sept, to 20 Mar.) during the first year. Daily 16-hour supplementary lighting with high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps reduced flowering shoots in spring-summer. In winter, only plants treated with the combination of soil cooling and HPS lighting produced flowers.
Pittosporum tobira Response to Container Medium Temperature
Authors: Johnson Charles R. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: September 2022

Root systems of Pittosporum tobira Thunb. plants were exposed to temperatures of 27°, 30°, or 40°C for 6 hours daily for 7 months. Top and root growth, root carbohydrate levels and photosynthetic rates were reduced by the 40° treatment. Content of K, Fe, and Zn in leaf tissues were reduced at highest root temperatures, while N content showed the opposite response.
The Effect of Sand Topdressing and Fertilizer on Inflorescence and Essential Oil Yield in ‘Dutch’ Lavandin
Authors: Tucker Arthur O. , Maciarello Michael , Howell John T.
Published: September 2022

The yield of inflorescences and essential oil of ‘Dutch’ lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) was increased significantly with the addition of a 2.5-cm topdressing of white sand. Fertilization did not increase yields on a near-optimally fertile soil.
Effect of Pollen Source on Fruit Characteristics of Low-chilling Highbush Type Blueberries
Authors: Gupton C. L.
Published: September 2022

The effects of pollen source on fruit set, berry size, seed characteristics, and potential pollen fertility were evaluated for low-chilling highbush type blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) pollinated in the greenhouse. Self-pollination of each clone, except for US79 which has low pollen viability, resulted in fruit set equal to or better than any type of cross. Berry weight and number of viable seeds per berry were not significantly higher for fruit produced from half-sib crosses than selling. Outcrosses generally produced the greatest berry weight and seed number.
The Effect of a Divided Canopy Trellis Design on Thornless Blackberry
Authors: Jan Swartz Harry , Gray Susan E. , Douglass Larry W. , Durner Edward , Walsh Christopher S. , Galletta Gene J.
Published: September 2022

Thornless blackberry plants were trained on 2 trellis types to determine the effect of primocane-floricane separation on plant productivity. Plants grown on a divided canopy had less shaded primocanes and more productive floricanes than those grown on a single canopy. Light interception was correlated positively to an increase in number of fruit per raceme and soluble solid/acid ratio. Dormant pruning had no effect on light interception or yield.
Effects of Glyphosate on Peach Tree Growth and Fruiting
Authors: Aldrich J. H. , Arnold C. E.
Published: September 2022

Vegetative and fruiting responses of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. June Gold] treated 3 years with glyphosate [N-(phosophonemethyl)glycine], applied at 2.2 and 4.4 kg/ha singly or in combination with 2.2 kg ai/ha simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] or oryzalin [3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide], and a treatment of 0.6 kg ai/ha paraquat (1-1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) plus simazine or oryzalin were compared to trees in a hand cultivated control. Herbicide treatments resulted in increased trunk diameters and fruit set while glyphosate combinations resulted in improved yields.
Inhibition of β-Galactosidase Isolated from ‘McIntosh’ Apples
Authors: Dick Arthur J. , Laskey Gail , Lidster Perry D.
Published: September 2022

The activity of β-galactosidase was dependent upon a preparation method with acetone powders showing 3 to 10 times the activity compared to freeze-dried powders or fresh homogenates. Adding back the partially purified acetone extract to acetone powders reestablished the enzymatic inhibition. This preliminary evidence suggests the presence of an inhibitor which may be capable of regulating β-galactosidase activity in vivo.
The Effect of European Red Mite Injury to Apple Foliage on Preharvest Fruit Drop and Efficacy of 2,4,5-TP
Authors: Beers E. H. , Hull Larry A. , Greene George M.
Published: September 2022

‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Yorking’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were assessed in 1979-80 for the influence of foliar damage by the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on preharvest drop with and without a stopdrop chemical 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4,5-TP). The cumulative percentage of fruit drop did not differ between uninjured and mite-injured trees at mite damage levels that included severe bronzing, nor was there any apparent reduction in the efficacy of the stopdrop spray due to mite damage. Commercially acceptable drop control was obtained with 2,4,5-TP regardless of mite damage. These data do not support the widely accepted view that the uptake and/or performance of stopdrop sprays is impaired on mite-injured apple trees.
Effect of Soil Profile Modification and Drip Irrigation on the Establishment of ‘Vidal Blanc’ and ‘Chancellor’ Grapes
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Odneal M. B.
Published: September 2022

The 1st year performance of ‘Vidal Blanc’ and ‘Chancellor’ European-American grape cultivars was evaluated in a drought year. The most favorable treatment on plant water relations and vine growth was soil profile modification with irrigation (MI), followed by no soil profile modification with irrigation (Cl), soil profile modification without irrigation (MN), and no soil profile modification without irrigation (CN). Leaf conductance (kl), transpiration, vine height, leaf number, average leaf area, and total estimated leaf area were increased 2 to 7 times with irrigation. ‘Vidal Blanc’ seems to be better adapted than ‘Chancellor’ to low soil moisture conditions. Irrigation was consistently more beneficial than soil profile modification in the establishment year.
Influence of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium on Asparagus Transplant Quality
Authors: Adler Paul R. , Dufault Robert J. , Waters Luther
Published: September 2022

Increasing the P rates from 0 to 20 ppm increased shoot and crown fresh and dry weight, plant height, and fleshy root and bud production in 10-week-old asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) seedlings. Increasing K rates from 0 to 200 ppm decreased the production of fleshy roots relative to buds. Shoot production progressively increased as N rates increased from 100 to 200 ppm in conjunction with P rates increasing from 10 to 20 ppm. The partitioning of dry weight into crowns predominated over that partitioned into shoots in any combination of N rate from 0 to 200 ppm, and P rate from 0 to 20 ppm. With P rates held constant at 0 to 20 ppm, however, increasing the N rates from 0 to 200 ppm tended to reduce the partitioning rate into crowns and enhanced partitioning into the shoots. Nutrient solutions containing at least 20 ppm P and 100 ppm N and K are recommended in vermiculite-perlite-peat media natively low in NPK.
Incidence of Broad Bean Wilt Virus in Lettuce in New York State and Sources of Resistance
Authors: Provvidenti R. , Robinson R. W. , Shail J. W.
Published: September 2022

A 6-year (1975-1980) survey established that broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) was second only to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in causing destructive diseases in leading lettuce cultivars grown in New York State. Conversely, the widespread usage of certified seed had drastically reduced the occurrence of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV). Screening for resistance revealed that a number of accessions of Lactuca sativa and a few of L. virosa were tolerant to BBWV. Tolerant plants, although infected with the virus, remained symptomless or responded with a mild and often transient chlorotic mottle.
Green Snap Bean Losses at the Retail and Consumer Levels in Metropolitan New York
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Butterfield J. E.
Published: September 2022

In a 3-year study conducted in metropolitan New York, retail losses of fresh green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were 14.9% when merchandized in bulk, but only 3.8% when prepackaged. Samples procured from bulk and from prepackaged retail store displays and held for 3 days under refrigeration to simulate home conditions had 8.2% and 10.5% waste, respectively. Desiccation was the leading cause of retail loss. Mechanical and physical injuries caused most of the loss in consumer samples.
A Rapid Method for Separating Tomato Polygalacturonases by HPLC
Authors: Pressey Russell
Published: September 2022

A new procedure has been developed for separating the 2 polygalacturonases (PG I and PG II) in ripe tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mills cv. Better Boy). It involves high performance liquid chromatography of tomato extracts on a short column of a strong cation exchanger and elution with a salt gradient. The advantages of this procedure are that resolution of the polygalacturonases is achieved in only 20 min, and the extracts containing low levels of activity can be analyzed.
Development of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Synthase and Polygalacturonase Activities During the Maturation and Ripening of Tomato Fruit
Authors: Ling-Yuan Su , McKeon T. , Grierson D. , Cantwell M. , Yang S. F.
Published: September 2022

The changes in ethylene production rates and development of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and polygalacturonase (PG) activities were studied during the maturation and ripening of tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. ‘Castlemart’). There was a linear relationship between internal ethylene concentration and ethylene production rate; both increased exponentially as tomato fruit reached more advanced maturity and ripening. Thus, both of them correlate with the maturity and the ripening stages of tomatoes. A small increase in ACC synthase activity was observed at the early mature green stages which was followed by a marked increase at the breaker stage. ACC level followed the same pattern as ACC synthase activity. PG activity was undetectable or low throughout the mature green stages, but increased significantly after reaching the breaker stage. These data indicate that the onset of the development of ACC synthase activity precedes that of PG activity.
‘Pinkeye Purple Hull-BVR’, ‘White Acre-BVR’, and ‘Corona’ Cowpeas
Authors: Kuhn C. W. , Brantley B. B. , Demski J. W. , Pio-Ribeiro Gilvan
Published: September 2022

The College of Agriculture of the Univ. of Georgia releases 3 cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cultivars which are resistant to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (B1CMV): ‘Pinkeye Purple Hull-BVR’, ‘White Acre-BVR’, and ‘Corona’. B1CMV causes the most important disease of cowpea in Georgia (3), and it has been found in Alabama (3), South Carolina (3), and Texas (G.L. Philley, personal communication). Infection of cowpea with B1CMV causes significant losses. More important, however, is the synergistic disease reaction (cowpea stunt) which occurs with mixed infections of B1CMV and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (4). These 3 cultivars should be useful for commercial production and home gardens, and as parents for breeding programs.
‘NuMex BR1’ Onion
Authors: Corgan J. N.
Published: September 2022

‘NuMex BR1’ is a Yellow Grano-type cultivar of short day onion (Allium cepa L.) resistant to premature seedstalk formation (bolting) and to pink root disease caused by Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hans), Gorenz, Walker, and Larson. It was developed for fall planting where bolting is a serious problem. ‘NuMex BR1’ may be planted 10 days earlier than other Yellow Grano-type cultivars. The early planting facilitates stand establishment, and the large over-wintering plants sustain relatively low v/inter plants loss (4). On fields heavily infested with P. terrestris, the early planting results in increased yields. With large over-wintering plants and rapid plant development in the late winter and early spring, the early-planted onions attain large size before pink root becomes a serious problem. P. terrestris has a high temperature optimum (about 28°C) (2) and is relatively inactive in cold soils.