bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining the Units of Competition: Influences of Perceptual Organization on Competitive Interactions in Human Visual Cortex
Authors: McMains Stephanie A. , Kastner Sabine
Published: November 2009

Multiple stimuli that are present simultaneously in the visual field compete for neural representation. At the same time, however, multiple stimuli in cluttered scenes also undergo perceptual organization according to certain rules originally defined by the Gestalt psychologists such as similarity or proximity, thereby segmenting scenes into candidate objects. How can these two seemingly orthogonal neural processes that occur early in the visual processing stream be reconciled? One possibility is that competition occurs among perceptual groups rather than at the level of elements within a group. We probed this idea using fMRI by assessing competitive interactions across visual cortex in displays containing varying degrees of perceptual organization or perceptual grouping (Grp). In strong Grp displays, elements were arranged such that either an illusory figure or a group of collinear elements were present, whereas in weak Grp displays the same elements were arranged randomly. Competitive interactions among stimuli were overcome throughout early visual cortex and V4, when elements were grouped regardless of Grp type. Our findings suggest that context-dependent grouping mechanisms and competitive interactions are linked to provide a bottom–up bias toward candidate objects in cluttered scenes.
Investigating the Interaction between Spatial Perception and Working Memory in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe
Authors: Lee Andy C. H. , Rudebeck Sarah R.
Published: November 2009

There has been considerable debate surrounding the functions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Although this region has been traditionally thought to subserve long-term declarative memory only, recent evidence suggests a role in short-term working memory and even higher order perception. To investigate this issue, functional neuroimaging was used to investigate the involvement of the MTL in spatial scene perception and working memory. Healthy participants were scanned during a working memory task incorporating two factors of working memory (high vs. low demand) and spatial processing (complex vs. simple). It was found that an increase in spatial processing demand produced significantly greater activity in the posterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex irrespective of whether working memory demand was high or low. In contrast, there was no region within the MTL that increased significantly in activity during both the complex and the simple spatial processing conditions when working memory demand was increased. There was, however, a significant interaction effect between spatial processing and working memory in the right posterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex bilaterally: An increase in working memory demand produced a significant increase in activity in these areas during the complex, but not simple, spatial processing conditions. These findings suggest that although there may be a role for the MTL in both stimulus processing and working memory, increasing the latter does not necessarily increase posterior MTL involvement. We suggest that these structures may play a critical role in processing complex spatial representations, which, in turn, may form the basis of short- and long-term mnemonic processes.
Embodied Language in Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Vivona Jeanine M.
Published: November 2009

There have been relatively few discussions of systematic studies of language, including neuroscience studies, in the psychoanalytic literature. To address this dearth, a detailed review of research on embodied language in neuroscience and related disciplines is presented, after which their findings are considered in light of diverse views of language in psychoanalysis, specifically the models of the Boston Change Process Study Group, Wilma Bucci, Fonagy and Target, David Olds, and Hans Loewald. The juxtaposition of psychoanalytic models with the findings of research on embodied language shows that scientific studies can focus psychoanalytic understanding of verbal processes, and that integrations with neuroscience neither inherently threaten the traditional psychoanalytic focus on verbal meanings nor reduce the richness and complexity of psychoanalytic theory.
Subjective Assessment of Pregnancy Impact on Primary Lower Limb Lymphedema
Authors: Vignes Stéphane , Arrault Maria , Porcher Raphaël
Published: November 2009

Objective: To analyze subjective influence of pregnancy on lower limb lymphedema. Method: Cross-sectional study on 49 affected women was conducted in a single lymphology department between January 2002 and December 2006. All women were asked whether their lymphedema had worsened during pregnancy. Results: Mean age at lymphedema onset was 17 years, with no familial history of lymphedema. Lymphedema was unilateral for 30 women and bilateral for 19. Median age at the first delivery was 28 years. Eighteen women had only 1 pregnancy, 23 women had only 2, and 8 women had 3. For the first pregnancy, birth weight was 3.4 kg. Subjective lymphedema worsening was reported by 5 women after the first pregnancy compared to 44 women without worsening (P = .006) and after 10 (11%) of the 88 pregnancies (1 twin birth) involving 9 women. During the median 18 years since the first pregnancy, only a 14-year-old boy has developed bilateral lymphedema. Conclusion: Pregnancy did not significantly exacerbate primary lower limb lymphedema.
Association of Estrogen Receptor α Genotypes/ Haplotypes With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Taiwanese Women
Authors: Wu Meei-Maan , Hsieh Yi-Chen , Lien Li-Ming , Chen Wei-Hung , Bai Chyi-Huey , Chiu Hou-Chang , Chen Hsin-Hon , Chung Wen-Tin , Lee Yuan-Chii , Hsu Chung Y. , Lin Hui-Wen , Chiou Hung-Yi
Published: November 2009

The estrogen receptor α gene (ESR1) is an important mediator of the atheroprotective effect of estrogen on the vasculature system. We examined the potential associations between common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants of ESR1 and intima-media thickness (IMT) in carotid arteries, a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A total of 760 study participants (343 men and 407 women), who had undergone a Duplex ultrasonographic examination of carotid artery, were investigated. Measurement of IMT was performed on a 10-mm segment of the common carotid artery (CCA). Fourteen sequence-validated SNPs of high frequency of Oriental origin were selected and genotyped by the method of Light-Cycler-480-assisted real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by melting curve analysis. Results from multiple linear regression analyses showed significant associations of SNPs rs2228480 (Ex8+229G>A) and rs3798758 (Ex8+1988C>A) with the carotid IMT values in women but not in men. Women with SNP rs2228480 (Ex8+229G>A) A/A genotype had a 0.048 mm (7.1%) increase in IMT values versus the other genotypes combined (P = .030). In women who carried the rs3798758 (Ex8+1988C>A) CA+AA combined genotypes, their carotid IMT measures were 0.020 mm (2.9%) decreased as compared with those in women who carried C/ C genotype (P = .042). In haplotype analysis, women with the T-A haplotype versus C-C haplotype of combined rs3798577 (Ex8+1264T>C) and rs3798758 (Ex8+1988C>A) were also found to be associated with a decreased IMT value at a borderline significance (P = .057). Some common SNPs in the ESR1 could be important in modulating carotid atherosclerosis and thereby CVD susceptibility in Taiwanese women.
The Moderating Effect of Perceived Lack of Facilities on Consumers’ Recycling Intentions
Authors: Chen Mei-Fang , Tung Pei-Ju
Published: November 2009

With Municipal solid waste (MSW) management turning into a global problem, capitalizing on resource residuals is one way to ensure sustained material well-being. An extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) research model that incorporates moral norms and consequences of recycling is built for probing consumers’ behavioral intentions to recycle waste. Perceived lack of facilities is adopted as a moderator to further examine its impacts on the hypothetical relationships in this extended TPB model. The results from an empirical study of Taiwan indicate that the extended TPB model is a useful research framework to explain consumers’ recycling intentions and that consumers’ perceived lack of facilities also exerts moderating effects on determining consumers’ recycling intentions. Based on the findings, some constructive suggestions are provided to the policy makers to strengthen consumers’ recycling intentions in Taiwan.
Variability in Word Duration as a Function of Probability, Speech Style, and Prosody
Authors: Baker Rachel E. , Bradlow Ann R.
Published: November 2009

This article examines how probability (lexical frequency and previous mention), speech style, and prosody affect word duration, and how these factors interact. Participants read controlled materials in clear and plain speech styles. As expected, more probable words (higher frequencies and second mentions) were significantly shorter than less probable words, and words in plain speech were significantly shorter than those in clear speech. Interestingly, we found second mention reduction effects in both clear and plain speech, indicating that while clear speech is hyper-articulated, this hyper-articulation does not override probabilistic effects on duration. We also found an interaction between mention and frequency, but only in plain speech. High frequency words allowed more second mention reduction than low frequency words in plain speech, revealing a tendency to hypo-articulate as much as possible when all factors support it. Finally, we found that first mentions were more likely to be accented than second mentions. However, when these differences in accent likelihood were controlled, a significant second mention reduction effect remained. This supports the concept of a direct link between probability and duration, rather than a relationship solely mediated by prosodic prominence.
French travellers to Greece and the representation of modern Greeks in the nineteenth century
Authors: Samiou Antigoni
Published: November 2009

The representation of modern Greeks by a number of nineteenth-century French travellers raises questions about the factors that influenced them in their accounts. If we accept that travel literature is a distinct kind of literary genre characterized by a range of forms and themes, we should also not ignore the influence of the travellers' social and cultural background on the images they produce. Their social status, gender, cultural and professional backgrounds, together with their personal motives for travel, determine the approach they adopt while observing 'others'. The accounts they produced of numerous aspects of modern Greek life and culture were almost inevitably subjective, often controversial, and reflected intellectual currents and Western preconceptions of that period.
The prospect of Turkey’s EU membership as represented in the British newspapers The Times and The Guardian, 2002—2005
Authors: Aksoy Sevilay Z.
Published: November 2009

This article examines the prospect of Turkey’s EU membership as presented in two influential British newspapers and their Sunday editions ( The Guardian/Observer and The Times/Sunday Times) during the eventful period of 2002—5, when Turkey’s expectations of setting a date for the start of accession talks overlapped with the establishment in Turkey of a single party government with roots in political Islam, the preparatory phase of the EU constitution, and the terrorist attacks on British targets in Istanbul. The particular aim is to find out how the enthusiastic support of the British government for Turkey’s EU membership was reflected and evaluated in the press, and what particular arguments (pragmatic, moral and ethical—political) were put forward either for or against. A discourse analysis of the papers’ regular columnists and news correspondents suggests that although The Guardian/Observer and The Times/Sunday Times do not hold radically different views on the issue, and are close to the British government’s pro-Turkish stance, they differ in their degree of support for Turkey’s EU membership and the rationale they deploy to support their respective positions.
Relationship of Exposure to Clinically Irrelevant Emotion Cues and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Authors: Allen Laura B. , Barlow David H.
Published: November 2009

Research has highlighted the role of emotion regulation as a common factor underlying emotional disorders. The current study examined the relationship of emotion regulation skills to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Seven participants with a principal diagnosis of OCD in a multiple-baseline across subjects design were taught the skill of prevention of emotional avoidance in the context of emotion provocation procedures to clinically irrelevant (nonspecific) cues prior to practicing this skill with clinically relevant (OCD-specific) cues. Results suggested successful acquisition of emotion regulation skills (as evidenced by decreased thought suppression and increased acceptance of thoughts and feelings) in clinically irrelevant contexts. Acquisition of this skill was associated with decreases in obsessive-compulsive symptoms, even though clinically relevant cues were not introduced during this phase. Implementation of skills in clinically relevant contexts was associated with greater reductions in OCD symptoms. Discussion focuses on implications for emotion regulatory processes in the maintenance and treatment of emotional disorders.
Prediction of Exercise in Patients Across Various Stages of Bariatric Surgery: A Comparison of the Merits of the Theory of Reasoned Action Versus the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Hunt Hillary R. , Gross Alan M.
Published: November 2009

Obesity is a world-wide health concern approaching epidemic proportions. Successful long-term treatment involves a combination of bariatric surgery, diet, and exercise. Social cognitive models, such as the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), are among the most commonly tested theories utilized in the prediction of exercise. As exercise is not a completely volitional behavior, it is hypothesized that the TPB is a superior theoretical model for the prediction of exercise intentions and behavior. This study tested validity of the TPB in a sample of bariatric patients and further validated its improvement over the TRA in predicting exercise adherence at different operative stages. Results generally confirmed research hypotheses. Superiority of the TPB model was validated in this sample of bariatric patients, and Perceived Behavioral Control emerged as the single-best predictor of both exercise intentions and self-reported behavior. Finally, results suggested that both subjective norms and attitudes toward exercise played a larger role in the prediction of intention and behavior than previously reported.
Advice Offered by Practitioners of Complementary/ Alternative Medicine
Authors: Ernst E.
Published: November 2009

The current popularity of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) generates many challenges to medical ethics. The one discussed here is the advice offered by CAM practitioners. Using selected examples, the author tries to demonstrate that some of the advice issued through the popular media or provided by acupuncturists, chiropractors, herbalists, homeopaths, pharmacists, and doctors is misleading or dangerous. This, the author argues, can impinge on the main principle of medical ethics: beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy. We should work toward correcting this deplorable situation.
In the Interest of All Who Value Their Purse and Their Health
Authors: Renckens Cees N. M.
Published: November 2009

Discontentment with the massive violations of the influential Dutch Prime Minister’s (Johan Rudolf Thorbecke) health laws led to the foundation of the Dutch Society Against Quackery, in 1880. Within a few years, the Society had more than 1,100 members. Initially, quackery mostly consisted of the unauthorized practice of medicine and the peddling of industrially manufactured ‘‘secret remedies.’’ Since the 50s however, the energy of the society focused mainly on magnetizers, especially after they gained support from the field of parapsychology, lay manipulators of the back and herb doctors. The most important object of the society since 1980 has been the fight against the so-called alternative medicine, of which Chinese acupuncture, homeopathy, manipulative therapy, anthroposophical medicine, and naturopathy are prominent targets. Despite numerous costly lawsuits, the society still survives and is probably the oldest as well as the largest of its kind in the world.
A Dutch View of the ‘‘Science’’ of CAM 1986—2003
Authors: Renckens Cees N. M.
Published: November 2009

Between 1986 and 2003, research efforts on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) were subsidized by the Dutch government. This led to 12 academic theses and a considerable number of papers in medical journals. In our review, we have summarized the results of this research, grouped by therapeutic category (that is, acupuncture, paranormal therapies, naturopathy, manual therapies, homeopathy and anthroposophical medicine.) Of the 12 theses, four were written in Dutch, three of which were not subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals, while the fourth, on enzyme therapy, led to a number of papers in Dutch medical journals. In three instances, mildly positive findings were reported: on the efficacy of manual therapies, the use of acupuncture analgesia in surgery, and an elimination diet against migraine and tension headaches. These positive conclusions can easily be explained by methodological shortcomings (e.g., not using credible placebo-control groups); in the other nine theses, the researchers themselves had drawn negative conclusions. The Dutch government ended its financial support for CAM research in 2006.
I Am “Fatter” Than She Is: Language-Expressible Body-Size Comparisons Bias Judgments of Body Size
Authors: Choplin Jessica M.
Published: November 2009

This article proposes and tests a comparison-induced distortion theory account of body-size judgments wherein language-expressible body-size comparisons (e.g., “Jane is fatter than Kimberly” or “Kimberly is thinner than Jane”) bias judgments of body sizes. Study 1 found that when actual differences were small, language-expressible comparisons biased body-size judgments away from the sizes with which they were compared even though the distribution of contextual body sizes was held constant. Study 2 found that when actual differences were large language-expressible comparisons biased judgments toward the sizes with which they were compared so that an extremely thin woman was judged larger if she was compared with someone who was much larger than her than if she was compared with someone who was only slightly larger than her. These results demonstrate that research on body-size judgments cannot ignore the effects of language-expressible comparisons.
Review: What evidence is there about the specific environmental needs of older people who are near the end of life and are cared for in hospices or similar institutions? A literature review
Authors: Rigby J. , Payne S. , Froggatt K.
Published: November 2009

Relatively little is known about the type of physical environment which is needed and preferred by patients aged 65 and over, with a prognosis of 1 year or less, who are receiving care in hospitals, care homes and hospices, and their families and staff. A narrative literature review was conducted to identify and analyse evidence on this issue, with twenty-nine papers meeting the inclusion criteria. The patients were found to have a wide range of views on their environment, but there was some variation between the views of patients and those of their families and staff. Four main themes emerged: the physical environment should be ‘homely’; it should support patients’ need for social interaction and privacy; it should support the caring activities of staff, family members and patients; and it should allow opportunities for spiritual expression. It is evident that the physical environment contributes significantly to the quality of life of older people with a life-limiting illness, and there is a need for more research in this area. Regular assessment of patients’ environmental needs should form part of care planning.
The effects of land-use combinations on soil erosion: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Fu Bo-Jie , Wang Ya-Feng , Lu Yi-He , He Chan-Sheng , Chen Li-Ding , Song Cheng-Jun
Published: November 2009

Land use is one of the key factors affecting soil erosion in the Loess Plateau of China. This paper examines soil erosion under different land uses and land-use combinations using 137 Cs tracing in the Yangjuangou Catchment, a tributary of the Yan River in the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province. The results show that the order of 137Cs activity in different land uses decreases sequentially from mature forest to grass to young forest to orchard to terrace crop, indicating that the mature forests had the lowest erosion rates while the terraced cropland produced the highest erosion amount. The majority of 137Cs is distributed in the top 0—10 cm of the soil layer. The 137Cs activity in mature forest and grass soil is significantly higher than in other land uses. Three land-use combinations on the hillslope were selected to study the relationship between land-use combination and soil erosion. The mixtures of ‘grass (6 years old) + mature forest (25 years old) + grass (25 years old)’ and ‘grass (6 years old) + young forest (6 years old) + mature forest (25 years old) + grass (25 years old)’ are better for soil erosion control, lowering soil erosion amount by 42% compared with a land-use combination of ‘grass (6 years old) and shrub (6 years old)’. The results provide an important basis for optimizing land-use combinations to control soil erosion on slopes and may also result in important ecological benefits.
The endokarstic erosion of marble in cold climates: Corbel revisited
Authors: Faulkner Trevor L.
Published: November 2009

After the work of Jean Corbel in the 1950s, who compared karstification in the Scandinavian Caledonide marbles with that in sedimentary limestones in temperate and tropical regions, the understanding of underground limestone dissolution has developed considerably. Corbel concluded that ‘karstification proceeds much faster in a cold than in a warm climate’, based on the knowledge that the solubilities of both CO2 and CaCO3 increase with lower temperature, without realizing that because cave streams in Scandinavia rarely reach saturation this fact is not directly relevant. We now know that the dissolutional enlargement of inception channels in limestones proceeds commonly via a slow initial ‘pre-breakthrough’ laminar flow stage before conduits can enlarge chemically at maximum rates under turbulent flow conditions. Recent research has shown that the pre-breakthrough stage is speeded up at low temperatures, as occurs in cold climates now, and as occurred during the deglaciation of the Weichselian ice sheet in Scandinavia, especially under steep hydraulic gradients and, in many cases, despite the lower partial pressure of CO2. Additionally, this whole stage might be bypassed if fractures created by deglacial seismicity were wide enough and short enough. After breakthrough, although limestone dissolution is slower in cold rather than warm climates, conduit enlargement still proceeds at a significant rate, provided the water remains unsaturated, and especially if high flow rates promote mechanical erosion. The exploration of large numbers of (short) caves in central Scandinavia shows that Corbel’s conclusion is partly true for the more recent geological past, because of the special conditions that apply during the Quaternary glacial cycles.
Topographic normalization of satellite imagery for image classification in northeast India
Authors: Reddy M. Balakrishna , Blah Baiantimon
Published: November 2009

IRS-LISS-III satellite imagery covering Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary area located within the Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya State, northeast India, was used for analysis of the landcover pattern and vegetation types occurring there. A maximum likelihood classifier was used to generate a supervised classification into land-cover types and the vegetation types within the forested area. The preparation of training data sets used thematic maps of the area, and knowledge accruing from extensive personal field visits. Sample field plots were located at 30 different places in the Sanctuary for classification accuracy assessment. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was also computed from LISS-III satellite imagery. A digital elevation model (DEM) of the Sanctuary was generated using a GIS. The DEM was used to test the hypothesis that its joint use with the satellite data would increase classification accuracy. This proved to be the case. Bivariate correlation analysis was performed between spectral and DEM variables to cross-check the results. In the example used, that of the rugged terrain in mountainous parts of northeast India, such integration of satellite land-cover data and DEM information appears to be a necessity in improved land-cover mapping for resource planning and utilization.
The influence of LIS students’ personality characteristics on their perceptions towards Web 2.0 use
Authors: Aharony Noa
Published: November 2009

The information world in which library and information science (LIS) students study and are being educated is in a state of constant change. As Web 2.0 is becoming an important and central topic in our information world, the research reported here explores whether LIS students are familiar with technological changes and innovations, and whether they make use of the different Web 2.0 applications. The research examined whether personality characteristics (learning strategies, resistance to change and cognitive appraisal), as well as learning facilitators such as motivation, capacity and importance of studying and integrating different applications of Web 2.0 in the future, influenced LIS students’ perceptions towards Web 2.0 use. Different questionnaires were distributed to 160 randomly selected Israeli students from three different LIS programmes. The research revealed a moderate tendency of LIS students to use Web 2.0 applications. It was found that personality characteristics as well as learning facilitators influenced LIS students’ perceptions towards Web 2.0 use.
Pursuing CPD in the Caribbean: Individual quest versus organizational goal
Authors: Gosine-Boodoo Meerabai , Mc Nish Mark
Published: November 2009

This study explores Caribbean librarians’ perceptions on continuing professional development (CPD) as it relates to employer support, personal interest and motivation. CPD literature was reviewed and a questionnaire designed. Hypotheses were tested based upon the following questions: do clearly defined CPD policies motivate librarians to pursue CPD activities?; are librarians motivated to pursue CPD where their organizations have formal programmes?; and are librarians who pursue CPD motivated primarily by the possibility of professional advancement? Data were obtained from 100 librarians mainly from academic, public and special libraries. Respondents showed a clear personal interest in CPD and were motivated to participate regardless of organizational support. A direct relationship was observed between CPD motivation and professional advancement. Personal and professional ambition appeared to be the main driver of respondents’ interest in CPD participation.
Climate of Opportunity
Authors: Lohani Bindu N.
Published: November 2009

This article identifies the trends within climate change, the impact on Asia and the issues and methods necessary in developing Asia’s potential to address climate change. If current energy consumption patterns continue temperatures will rise from 1.4–5.8°C by 2100. The growth of energy demand in Asia and the Pacific is also rising. Between 2000–2005 it rose by 9.7 per cent and corresponding Green House Gas (GHG) emissions also rose by nearly 8 per cent over the same period. These trends and developments are outlined in this article to increase understanding of climate change drivers and impacts, globally and on Asia. The paper then discusses the opportunities that are available in the midst of the current financial crisis—the policy, technological and financial solutions that can help developing Asia respond to the global climate challenge. Finally, the paper touches on the four essentials which need to be included in the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009 to have a meaningful post-Kyoto Protocol framework for climate change.
Climate Change—Priority Agenda for Policy Makers and Opportunities for Business in Emerging Markets in Asia
Authors: Lohani Bindu N.
Published: November 2009

Asia is fast becoming a major source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as a consequence of rapid and carbon-intensive economic growth. Today, developing Asia accounts for 29 per cent of global energy-related CO2 emissions—three times bigger than its share 30 years ago. Given this context, the priority agenda for the policy makers of Asia’s emerging markets, and opportunities for business are outlined. This paper then identifies key areas in which policy actions need to be taken which will lead to providing ample opportunity for business investments in the near term. Asian economies need to make large investments in energy conservation, energy efficiency, alternative energy sources, clean technology, and energy for the poor. The paper concludes that the global outcome of efforts and initiatives undertaken will depend on the collective efforts taken by policy makers, the private sector, the civil service organisations, and the development partner agencies.
A Sociological Analysis of the Controversy Over Electric Stimulation To Increase Muscle Strength in the Field of French Sport Science in the 1990S
Authors: Terral Philippe , Collinet Cécile , Delalandre Matthieu
Published: November 2009

This article presents a scientific controversy in the world of French sport science. It focuses on electric stimulation, a technique used to increase muscle strength by using a device that sends electric impulses into the muscle. This technique has been the subject of numerous scientific studies, but the results stemming from such research are contradictory and have thus created a typical controversy. The controversy involves several actors, which this article will identify; we shall also address the arguments developed by each to impose their point of view. Through the analysis of 50 scientific papers and 15 interviews with prominent researchers involved in the controversy, this article examines the social processes at work in the construction and resolution of the controversy. These processes engage various conceptions of scientific research and particularly enhance the conflict between fundamental and applied science. The controversy is also based on axiological positions and values, in particular various conceptions of competitive sport, and the relationship between research and the sport industry. In addition, this article argues that the conflict can be better understood if one considers the social stance of the researchers in the field of sport science and the interests associated with their stances.
‘They Light The Christmas Tree in Our Town’
Authors: Miller Kathleen E.
Published: November 2009

Sport occupies a prominent space in the public lives and private identities of US adolescents. Using the retrospective reflections of college students, this analysis explores two questions about sport-related identities during high school: Are ‘athletes’ and ‘jocks’ distinctly separate identities? Are these identities explicitly gendered? In four gender-segregated focus groups conducted in early 2005, 32 student-athletes from two upstate New York colleges discussed their high school experiences of sport, status, gender, and identity. Three primary themes developed with regard to differences between the ‘jock’ and ‘athlete’ archetypes: academic focus, teamwork, and cockiness/ aggression. Examining the intersection of gender, high-status/high-profile sport, and identity in both popular cultural imagery and the personal experiences of the focus group discussants provided support for the thesis of a ‘toxic jock’ phenomenon.
Fitness Cultures and Environmental (in)Justice?
Authors: Mansfield Louise
Published: November 2009

This article focuses on the environmentalist agenda in fitness cultures. The article is an initial critical exploration and limited to an analysis of the key principles of political ecology and environmentalism and the concept of sustainability in understanding the emergence of an environmentalist agenda in fitness cultures marked by shades and grades of green consumerism. Author involvement in outdoor military fitness regimes and a series of visits to activity holiday centres and health/fitness spas in the UK all of which make some claim to being ‘green’, ‘environmentally friendly’, and/or ‘natural’, provided the empirical context for the discussion in this article. It argues for further research from the political ecological field, exploring human/non-human dynamics of the environment, to advance an understanding about which sports and fitness cultures get developed where, how and in whose interests.
Glasgow Rangers Supporters in the City of Manchester
Authors: Millward Peter
Published: November 2009

On 14 May 2008 Glasgow Rangers and Zenit St Petersburg contested the UEFA Cup final at the City of Manchester Stadium. Zenit St Petersburg won the match but the event was marred by violent clashes between Glasgow Rangers supporters and Greater Manchester Police’s Tactical Support Group officers in Manchester city centre during the game. News coverage largely attached blame for the disorder upon Glasgow Rangers’ supporters, however, this article, principally drawing upon participant observation material supported by other relevant literature, will argue that responsibility is diffuse across a number of constituencies and that Rangers fans alone should not be blamed for the degeneration of a ‘fan party’ into a ‘hooligan riot’.
Administrators’ Understanding and Use of Family-Centered Practices
Authors: Mandell Colleen J. , Murray Mary M.
Published: November 2009

Employing qualitative methods, administrators’ understanding and use of family-centered practices were examined. Results indicate differences in role perceptions and service delivery based on their level of understanding. Administrators with a comprehensive understanding of family-centered practices, in comparison to administrators with limited or no understanding of such practices, were more likely to involve families in organizational governance and provide staff members and families with training opportunities designed to build collaborative partnerships. Regardless of the level of understanding of family-centered practices, administrators viewed on-the-job experiences occurring early in their careers as an influential factor in shaping their beliefs about working with families. Recommendations for practice and future research are discussed.
Perceptions of Neighborhood Collective Efficacy Moderate the Impact of Maltreatment on Aggression
Authors: Yonas Michael A. , Lewis Terri , Hussey Jon M. , Thompson Richard , Newton Rae , English Diana , Dubowitz Howard
Published: November 2009

This study examined the moderating influence of positive neighborhood factors such as social cohesion and informal social control (collective efficacy), on the relationship between child maltreatment and aggressive behavior at age 12. Caregiver (N = 861) and youth (N = 823) dyads were interviewed when youth were aged 12 as part of a longitudinal study of child abuse and neglect (LONGSCAN). Caregivers and youth provided reports of youth externalizing behaviors while caregivers provided perceptions of collective efficacy. Child Protective Services records and youth’s self-report of abuse experiences provided information on history of maltreatment. Multivariate analyses examined the moderating effect of collective efficacy on the influence of child abuse and neglect on youth externalizing behaviors. Neighborhood factors did moderate the association between earlier neglect and aggression at age 12, such that youth who experienced neglect, but not abuse, had lower externalizing scores in neighborhoods with higher levels of collective efficacy. Neighborhood-level factors such as collective efficacy should be considered as protective in preventing externalizing behaviors for youth who have experienced maltreatment.
Optimization of cisplatin doses in a testicular cancer patient with acute renal failure
Authors: Pouliquen A-L , Bousquet G , Le Maignan C , Bauer C , Lejri N , Misset J-L , Lokiec F
Published: November 2009

Although testicular cancers are highly curable malignancies, conventional cisplatin based therapy often causes important toxicities, not often easily manageable. Nephrotoxicity occurs in almost all patients, and is potentialized in patients suffering from renal failure. Monitoring of residual levels of unbound platinum was used to define guidelines for cisplatin administration.

Monitoring of cisplatin was initiated in a patient treated for metastatic testicular cancer and acute renal failure. Reduced doses of cisplatin were first administered in conjunction with hemodialysis. Unbound and total platinum levels were determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

The data found allowed us to adapt and increase sequentially cisplatin doses, accordingly with the renal function. Full regimen doses were eventually administered when useful renal function returned. This simple approach may be useful in monitoring cisplatin administration during acute renal failure.
Blaming God for Our Pain: Human Suffering and the Divine Mind
Authors: Gray Kurt , Wegner Daniel M.
Published: November 2009

Believing in God requires not only a leap of faith but also an extension of people’s normal capacity to perceive the minds of others. Usually, people perceive minds of all kinds by trying to understand their conscious experience (what it is like to be them) and their agency (what they can do). Although humans are perceived to have both agency and experience, humans appear to see God as possessing agency, but not experience. God’s unique mind is due, the authors suggest, to the uniquely moral role He occupies. In this article, the authors propose that God is seen as the ultimate moral agent, the entity people blame and praise when they receive anomalous harm and help. Support for this proposition comes from research on mind perception, morality, and moral typecasting. Interestingly, although people perceive God as the author of salvation, suffering seems to evoke even more attributions to the divine.
Protective Effects of the Antioxidant 4b,5,9b,10-Tetrahydroindeno[1,2-b]indole Against TCDD Toxicity in C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Shertzer Howard G.
Published: November 2009

The protection against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD; 5 µg/kg body weight) toxicity by the antioxidant 4b,5,9b,10-tetrahydroindeno[1,2- b]indole (THII) was examined in female C57BL/6J mice. TCDD produced increases in the levels of hepatic lipid-derived aldehydes, rates of mitochondrial production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, and the oxidation state of cytosolic GSH. In contrast, mitochondrial GSH increased in reduction state, correlating with an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential. Systemically, TCDD lowered body weight gain, percentage body fat, and hepatic ATP levels, parameters prevented by concomitant administration of 100 µM THII in drinking water. However, TCDD-induced increases in mitochondrial respiration and decreased mitochondrial membrane fluidity were not prevented by THII. These results suggest that TCDD-mediated oxidative stress was not responsible for changes in mitochondrial respiration or membrane fluidity. Furthermore, although TCDD produced a large increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption, this was not associated with the poor gain in weight produced by TCDD.
Modeling Levels and Time in Entrepreneurship Research
Authors: Holcomb Tim R. , Combs James G. , Sirmon David G. , Sexton Jennifer
Published: November 2009

New ventures lack resources, are buffeted by environmental factors, and often experience rapid growth and organizational transformations that can have profound effects on performance and survival. This indicates that factors at multiple levels and across time affect new venture outcomes. Research examining these outcomes often address relationships that cross levels or time, but rarely both. Because scholars potentially can make rich theoretical contributions by simultaneously investigating temporal relationships that cross levels, the authors illustrate multiyear, multilevel model building with random coefficient modeling (RCM) using language that is accessible to entrepreneurship scholars. Specifically, they model the effects of strategic growth actions on new venture performance using a longitudinal data set of young, IPO-stage firms. Their illustration demonstrates the statistical advantages of modeling levels and time simultaneously and offers a roadmap for entrepreneurship scholars interested in examining these effects, including a step-by-step guide with SAS code for working with these data. They also describe some specific research questions to help advance theory development using RCM.
Research Methods in Entrepreneurship
Authors: Short Jeremy C. , Ketchen David J. , Combs James G. , Ireland R. Duane
Published: November 2009

Entrepreneurship is a relatively young field; nonetheless, the research in this domain has been growing at an impressive rate in recent decades. As is commonly the case with emerging fields, entrepreneurship research currently faces a number of opportunities and challenges. Overall, entrepreneurship has an opportunity to establish itself as a field whose methodological rigor matches that of neighboring fields such as organizational behavior and strategic management, but some key challenges stand in the way of completing this endeavor. Herein, we outline the challenges that emerged from an informal survey of editorial board members of Organizational Research Methods (ORM) about the state of entrepreneurship research methods. We then discuss how the articles included in the feature topic on research methods in entrepreneurship hold great promises for resolving these challenges.
Toward a Provider-Based View on the Design and Delivery of Quality E-Service Encounters
Authors: Yun Kyung Cho  , Menor Larry J.
Published: November 2009

The advent of electronic-based service (e-service) transactions has resulted in numerous operational challenges for service providers. Extending previous service management insights, this article offers a provider-based framework identifying four overarching types of online interactions useful for advancing understanding on the design and delivery of quality e-service encounters. This framework allows for examination of the amount of service intervention, the degree of user participation, and the type of user connection underlying online interactions for both Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 applications and platforms. The article discusses how the quality of each e-service encounter type—informational, self-directive, intervenient, and intensive— requires, from a systems quality and operational standpoint, the management of three elements (i.e., target market, concept, and delivery system) underlying the firm’s e-service operations strategy. The article proposes promising areas in e-service encounter quality research where further investigation of design and delivery issues is urgently needed. One immediate implication stemming from this framework is that there is likely no single best strategy or approach to designing and delivering effective (i.e., quality) online moments of truth. What is required is the apt configuration of strategic e-service elements underlying each distinct e-service encounter type vis-à-vis critical e-service system quality dimensions (e.g., manageability, reliability, usability).
Moving stories: using mobile methods to explore the everyday lives of young people in public care
Authors: Ross Nicola J. , Renold Emma , Holland Sally , Hillman Alexandra
Published: November 2009

In this article we explore the ways in which mobile research methods can be utilised to create enabling research environments, encounters and exchanges, generating time and space for participants and researchers to co-generate and communicate meaningful understandings of everyday lives. The article focuses on the use of two mobile methods, ‘guided’ walks and car journey interactions, and the productiveness of these methods in contributing to the substantive and methodological aims of the (Extra)ordinary Lives project, an ethnographic and participatory research study that explored the everyday lives and relationship cultures of a group of young people in public care. Through this account we discuss the possibilities that mobile research encounters offer for the exploration of sensitive topics, as contexts through which intimacies can be interwoven within narratives of the mundane ordinariness of the everyday.
Qualitative research and deliberative methods: promise or peril?
Authors: Evans Robert , Kotchetkova Inna
Published: November 2009

This article explores the relationship between qualitative research and public engagement with science and technology by critically evaluating a deliberative exercise incorporating several aspects of contemporary science studies. The project used in-depth interviews, reconvened focus groups and a roundtable workshop to simulate ‘upstream’ public engagement by investigating how patients, carers and lay citizens evaluated different treatment options for Type One diabetes. By comparing how these treatments were discussed in focus groups and a roundtable workshop we show how the choice of research method makes a significant difference not just to the data collected but also to the role of the researcher in analysing those data. In particular, we note how deliberative methods erase the traditional role of the qualitative researcher as an analyst who synthesizes and interprets data, leaving them as little more than a facilitator who enables citizens to synthesize and interpret experience in their own terms. In reflecting on this outcome we suggest that an unintended consequence of citizen empowerment might be the disempowerment of the academy.
Circadian Time-Dependent Tumor Suppressor Function of Period Genes
Authors: Xiaoming Yang  , Wood Patricia A. , Ansell Christine , Hrushesky William J. M.
Published: November 2009

The mammalian core clock genes, Periods ( Per1 and Per2), have tumor suppressor properties. Decreased expression of Per1 and Per2 has been reported in several types of human cancers. On the other hand, overexpression of Per1 or Per2 inhibits cancer cell growth in culture. The authors have shown that downregulation of Per1 or Per2 enhances cancer growth in vitro. These genes also regulate the amount of cell proliferation—related molecules, many of which are therapeutic targets. In animals, tumors grow with clear circadian organization, and Per1 and Per2 exert their tumor suppressor functions in a circadian time-dependent manner. Downregulation of Per1 or Per2 increases tumor growth only at certain specific times of the day. Per1 and Per2 differentially regulate tumor growth rhythm in vivo. These data suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of antiproliferation agents depends on the time of day of drug delivery. The optimal times of day may be shifted in tumors that have mutant Period genes.