bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—Note on the Discovery of a Bone of a Monkey in the Norfolk ‘Forest-Bed’
Authors: Hinton Martin A. C.
Published: May 2009

The Upper Freshwater division of the Norfolk Forest-Bed Series at West Runton contains two distinct horizons, viz., a lower, consisting of a rather thick deposit of clay and peat, and an upper, containing a thin seam of gravelly sand, crowded with land and fresh-water shells, on which reposes the pebble-bed found at the base of the ‘Leda-myalis’ series. My friend Mr. G. White and I have lately collected extensively from the West Runton deposits, and have been rewarded with the discovery of several hitherto unknown voles, etc., which I hope to describe ere long. On comparing the voles from the lower series with those from the upper part of the Upper Freshwater bed one finds considerable differences between them, and I believe that similar differences are shown by the mollusca from the two horizons. These faunistic differences are of course not so great as those which have been shown by Dr. Forsyth Major to exist between the East Runton deposit and the West Runton series taken as a whole, but still they are similar in kind.
VII.—Nathorst's Methods of studying Cutinised Portions of Fossil Plants
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Botanists who study the tissues of Living plants, or those palæobotanists who deal with actual petrifactions, have scarcely any idea of the difficulties that meet the worker on carbonised plantremains, especially when the material is so limited that the research cannot be repeated in the event of damage to a single preparation. Moreover, the research can be conducted only on those portions of the tissue that are cutinised, since all the rest have been carbonised or destroyed in the course of fossilisation, and no longer appear after the preparations have been bleached. The student of Mesozoic plants is in the further unhappy position that, with a few notable exceptions, he rarely finds portions of the plant that show any structure; he in particular must direct his attention to the cutinised membranes, and above all to the cuticle of the leaves and stems and, in the case of Pteridophyta, to the spores.
III.—On a New Specimen of the Jurassic Ganoid Fish, Pleuropholis lævissima, Egerton
Authors: Johnston Mary S.
Published: May 2009

Having in a collection of fossils from the Lithographic Stone of Bavaria a Ganoid fish, I consulted Dr. Smith Woodward, and through his kind assistance have proved it to belong to the rare species Pleuropholis lœvissima. The species has hitherto been imperfectly known, the only figure being by Egerton of a comparatively small fish, about the specific determination of which there seems to be some doubt. I therefore think the new specimen worthy of description, and it is shown of half the natural size in the accompanying figure. Nearly the whole of the fish is preserved in the fossil, but the head is shown only in impression. Most of the scales are removed from the near side, and the fins are fragmentary (see Plate XIII).
II.—Occurrence of Miocene Rocks in Eastern Sinai
Authors: Humem W. F.
Published: May 2009

The study of Egyptian geology during the last few years has thrown a flood of light on the former extension of the Mediterranean southward in Miocene times. Th. Fuchs, in examining the rich collections from the Cairo-Suez desert and the oasis of Siwah, recognized that the Miocene strata had a close resemblance to those of the Vienna Basin, and corresponded to the Grunder Beds at the base of the second Mediterranean stage, or the lower portion of the Middle Miocene. Later L. H. Mitchell, when studying the neighbourhood of Ras Jemsa and Jebel Zeit in 1887, obtained a number of large oysters, which Meyer-Eyinar recognized as Ostrea crassissima and Ostrea giganlea, and which were regarded as proving the existence of strata of Upper Miocene age along the western border of the Suez Gulf. From these results Blanckenhorn concluded that the Gulf of Suez must have been a Mediterranean bay in Miocene times, and further noted (Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., Band liii, 1901, p. 79) that characteristic Miocene Pectens, viz. Pecten Sub-Malvinœ, occurred in the collection made by Barron at Abu Sha'ar. He further formed the opinion that all the marine Miocene strata in Egypt were of the age assigned to them by Fuchs (see also Barron & Hume, “Miocene Rocks in Eastern Desert,” Memoir of Egypt. Geol. Surv., 1902, pp. 159–165).
VI.—The Salt Deposits of Dax and the Pyrenees
Authors: Stuart-Menteath P. W.
Published: May 2009

On the rail to Biarritz the roots of the Pyrenees first appear at Dax, and are accompanied by those ophites and thermal springs which are special features of the entire chain. Vast deposits of salt, to whose first development I contributed, have added an important industry to the resources of this ancient capital of Aquœ Tarbelliœ, where the exact harness depicted on Roman medals is still characteristic of every cart. Beneath the existing ditch of the Roman fortifications rock-salt was accidentally discovered by a boring for mineral water, and the salt is now worked at three miles to the south-east, and is indicated by springs for a distance of seven miles. The deposit is known to be about 100 feet in thickness, but is of unknown depth beneath the existing borings.

Along the entire outskirts of both sides of the Pyrenees similar salt deposits abound, and they are often similarly accompanied by igneous rocks.

The salt formation of Dax is distinctly limited by the valley of the Adour, which here ceases to wander among the sands of the plain, and is suddenly and sharply diverted along a tectonic depression, running towards the Pyrenees in a south-west direction. Precisely parallel to this course, in the Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of the Pyrenees, there runs, at a dozen miles to the north-west, the most remarkable example known of a tectonic valley sunk beneath the ocean. The Gouf de Capbreton, sinking with steep sides to over 3,000 feet beneath the even bottom of the Atlantic skirt, and affording evidence of igneous rocks in its surroundings and in the irregularities of its floor, is a perfect analogue of the neighbouring tectonic portion of the Adour.
I.—Sedgwick Museum Notes. New Fossils From the Haverfordwest District. II
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

There is one complete individual of a species of Phacops from the Orthis-argentea zone of Prendergast Lane, Haverfordwest, showing certain interesting characters which make it worthy of notice. The head is somewhat crushed and imperfect, but the glabella is seen to be large and broad and to expand regularly towards the front; the frontal lobe is transversely rhomboidal and nearly half the total length of the glabella; there are three pairs of lateral lobes, of which the anterior pair is the largest; the second pair is narrower, and the third pair is subequal to the second in size. The first pair of lateral furrows is oblique; the second pair is horizontal and slightly arched forwards; the third pair is slightly oblique and the most strongly marked of all; the occipital furrow is strong and curved forwards in the middle. There is only a narrow median strip of the glabella not crossed by the lateral furrows, for they are rather long and all reach inwards to about the same extent.

The thorax has a prominent axis about three-fourths the width of the pleuræ, which are bent downwards and backwards beyond the fulcrum, which is situated at about half their length. Their extremities are slightly bent forwards and apparently rounded or bluntly pointed; a deep diagonal furrow traverses the whole length of each pleura.

The pygidium is nearly semicircular, with a regular rounded margin, except behind the axis, where there is developed a long, pointed, straight posterior spine, about two-thirds the length of the pygidium.
IV.—Note on the Correlation of Some Cornish Beds With The Gedinnian of Continental Europe
Authors: Green Upfield
Published: May 2009

The group of beds which I propose to identify and correlate with those known in France, Germany, and Belgium by the name of ‘Gedinnien,’ forming the lowest member of the Devonian system, extends in its full development from the Lizard peninsula in the west to Gorran and St. Austell on the east, and thence to near Newquay on the north. The upper beds, at least, may be traced through Fowey and Looe along the coast, and across the Start peninsula as far as Babbacombe, south of Dartmouth in Devonshire. They are referred to by Ussher as ‘Dartmouth Slates.’ They exist also on the north of the Devonian basin, and are mentioned by Etheridge as underlying the Lower Devonian.
IV.—Linthia Oblonga (Orbigny) from Sinai
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

In a collection of Cretaceous fossils from Sinai obtained by Mr. T. Barron, F.G.S., which has been entrusted to me for determination by the Geological Survey of Egypt, I found several specimens of Linthia oblonga, a form of Echinoid which appears to have escaped the attention of modern writers on the palæontology of the Sinai Peninsula. In tracing the history of this species it is ascertained that d'Orbigny first figured and described it under the genus periaster during the year 1856 in the Pal. Française Terr. Crétacés Échinodermes, pl. 900, pp. 275, 276, where it is referred to as having been collected by M. Lefébvre at Mount Garèbe, near Suez, from rocks regarded as of Turonian age, in association with Radiolites.
IX.—On Basic Patches in the Mount Sorrel Granite
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

During a visit to Mount Sorrel at the end of last year I collected a number of specimens of the dark-coloured patches which are so common in the granite. I have had about a dozen of these sliced, and an examination of them has yielded some results which seem worthy of a brief description.
XI.—The Glaciation of Holyhead Mountain
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

The bare and rocky hill known as Holyhead Mountain is of considerable interest in connection with recent geological events, standing as it does some thirty miles out from the highlands of Carnarvonshire into the Irish Sea Basin; and in such remarkable isolation, for it is much the highest of the five hills which rise above the general level of the platform of Anglesey.

Its height is only 721 feet, but so strongly featured is it, especially towards the west, that one feels the term ‘mountain’ to be no misnomer, and can hardly believe it to be really lower than many of our smooth wolds and downs of Oolite and Chalk. Being composed, moreover, of white quartzite (or more properly of quartzite-schist), and being so bare of vegetation, it recalls much more vividly certain types of scenery in the Scottish Highlands than anything in those Welsh mountains that one sees from its sides. Towards the east it slopes at a moderate angle, but a little west of the summit it is traversed by a very strong feature, due to a fault, running nearly north and south, along which is a line of great crags, facing west, and prolonged northwards into the still greater sea cliffs towards the North Stack. Beyond this the land still remains high, but is smoother in outline, a somewhat softer series of rocks extending from the fault to the South Stack, where the high moors end off in great cliffs above the sea.
II.—Note on the Lower Culm of North Devon
Authors: Vaughan Arthur
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, August, 1904, pp. 392–403, Dr. Wheelton Hind describes the Lower Culm beds of North Devon and assigns them to the ‘Pendleside’ series.

From the original paper dealing with that series I gather that in the North of England the ‘Pendleside’ beds lie above the uppermost zone of the Carboniferous Limestone, and are the equivalents of the Millstone Grit of the South Wales and Mendip areas. Dr. Hind's contention is, then, that the Lower Culm of North Devon was laid down at a time subsequent to the deposition of the whole of the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendips and South Wales.
III.—Notes on the Rhætic Rooks Around Charfield, Gloucestershire
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

The object of this communication is to record some recently-made notes on the Rhætic beds of the neighbourhood of Charfield.

In 1876 Mr. H. B. Woodward, F. R. S., wrote: “Turning to the esearpment of Penarth beds between Tites Point and Wickwar, we find them exposed in many places. Long ago Sir Roderick Murchison stated that ‘passages from the Lias into the underlying New Red Sandstone can be observed in the sides of Whitecliff Park Hills, south of Berkeley; but the clearest and best instances are to the east of Wickwar, near Sturt Bridge, on the sides of the new road ascending to Wotton.'” This is all that has been written on the area now under consideration. As is well known, the junction of the Rhætic and Keuper Series is usually marked by a low but distinct escarpment. Between Tites Point and Berkeley Road Station this physical feature is not pronounced, but becomes gradually more prominent to the south of the Junction.
IV.—On Some Minor British Earthquakes of the Years 1901–1903
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The number of earthquakes originating within the area of the British Islands during the three years 1901–1903 is 37, of which 9 occurred in England, 20 in Scotland, and 8 in Wales. In the 15 years 1889–1903 the total number recorded is 152, 39 in England, 90 in Scotland, and 23 in Wales. So far as I know, not a single undoubted earthquake lias originated in Ireland during this period; but four earthquakes (the Pembroke earthquakes of 1892 and 1893, the Hereford earthquake of 1896, and the Carnarvon earthquake of 1903) were felt in many of the eastern counties.
VI.—River Capture in the Don System
Authors: Carter W. Lower
Published: May 2009

The river Don has a remarkable semicircular course. Rising in the Middle Grits, west of Dunford Bridge, at 1,500 feet above O.D., it flows eastwards to Penistone (700′), where it makes a bend to the south-east, quickly deepens its valley to 500′, and at Wortley breaks through the great watershed (1000′) of the Grenoside and Wharncliffe grits. It then receives the Little Don, the Ewden, and the Loxley, on its right bank, and falls into the valley of the Sheaf at Sheffield (150'). The Don then makes a rectangular bend to the north-east, following the old valley of the Sheaf to Conisborough, receiving the Rother on its right bank at Rotherham (87′) and the Dearne on its left bank at Denaby (45′). It then traverses the Magnesian Limestone escarpment in a fine gorge, and continues past Donoaster in a north-easterly direction to Thorne, where it bends northward towards the Aire. It has, however, been artificially diverted by the Dutch River to the Ouse at Goole.
IV.—The Devonian Rocks of Cornwall
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

Sedgwick and Murchison, the Rev. D. Williams, and Dr. Holl, taking the Plymouth limestones as a middle division, placed them below the rocks to the south and above those to the north. The prevalent southerly dips of schistosity were regarded as ample evidence of a downward succession proceeding northward.

The Staddon grits and other Lower Devonian rocks were thus placed above the Middle Devonian, and the slates in which I have at various times since 1892 found Upper Devonian fossils (between Menbeniot and St. Budeaux) were relegated to a position below the Middle Devonian.
III.—Note on the Mandible of a New Species of Tetrabelodon from the Loup Fork Beds of Kansas
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

A Considerable number of species of Tetrabelodont Mastodons are already known from various horizons and localities in the United States. Several of these from the Loup Fork deposits have been described by Cope, the best known being Tetrabelodon euhyphodon, T. campester, and T. productus. A fairly complete mandible recently acquired by the British Museum seems to indicate that yet another very distinct form existed contemporaneously with those just mentioned. This specimen, which forms the subject of the present note, was obtained from Mr. Sternberg, the well – known collector of fossil Vertebrates, who refers to it in his recently published work The Life of a Fossil Hunter (p. 123) under the name Trilophodon campester, Cope, from which, in spite of some similarity, I believe it to be very distinct.
V.—Note on the Association of Cassiterite and Specular Iron in the Lodes of Dartmoor
Authors: MacAlister Donald A.
Published: May 2009

Situated in the neighbourhood of Birch Tor, in the heart of the granite mass of Dartmoor, at an elevation of between 1300 and 1400 feet, there are a number of tin-mines which have been worked fitfully from remote peridods (Fig. 1). The region is wild and lonely, and has in a marked degree all the scenic peculiarities of the moorland districts of the west of England.
II.—Note on Two Cephalopods collected by Dr. A. P. Young, F.G.S., on the Tarntaler Köpfe in Tyrol
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The two Cephalopods—an Ammonoid and a Belemnoid—referred to in the present note were obtained in the summer of 1907 by Dr. A. P. Young from the Tarntaler Köpfe, an isolated mountain-mass in Tyrol, to the north of the Tuxer Alps, and about 20 kilometres south-east of Innsbruck. The Ammonoid was found “at a height of nearly 2500 metres above sea-level, on the surface of a scree-cone which has accumulated under the high hanging valley known as the Lower Tarntal”, and the Belemnoid was found “somewhat lower on the slope of the same cone”. They are the fossils referred to by Dr. A. P. Young on p. 342 of his paper on the Structure and Physiography of the Tarntal Mass, published in the August number of this Magazine (pp. 339–346), where a photograph of the scree-cone is given (Pl XVII, Fig. 5), and now form part of the National Collection.
IV.—The Old Granites of the Transvaal and of South and Central Africa
Authors: Horwood Cuthbert Baring , Wade Arthur
Published: May 2009

Just over three years ago I described the field relations, chemical composition, and petrographical characteristics of the Old, and also of the Newer, Red Granite of the Transvaal. As then, so now, I cannot do better than introduce this subject with the words of the late Charles Darwin — “Granite to the geologist is classic ground; from its widespread limits, and its beautiful and compact texture, few rocks have been more anciently recognized. Granite has given rise, perhaps, to more discussion concerning its origin than any other formation. We generally see it constituting the fundamental rock; and, however formed, we know it is the deepest layer in the crust of this globe to which man has penetrated”. South and Central Africa furnish no exception. Their granites, which are of astonishingly widespread occurrence, of varying and often characteristic texture, have been classic ground to geologists, as the numerous papers concerning them and their mode of origin and relative geological age well testify.
I.—Notes on British Dinosaurs. Part III: Streptospondylus
Authors: Nopcsa Francis Baron
Published: May 2009

After having studied a bipedal and a quadrupedal Orthopodous Dinosaur I thought it desirable to turn my attention to a bipedal representative of the Saurischian order.

Though Streptospondylus is by no means an exclusively British Dinosaur, since the type-specimen is preserved in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and was described, under the names Streptospondylus and Megalosaurus by Cuvier and Gaudry, still, the only other specimen known, and by far the best, is in Mr. J. Parker's private collection at Oxford. It is to Mr. Parker's kindness that I owe the possibility of studying and drawing what may be called one of the most complete Theropods ever found, while in the Paris Collection Streptospondylus is only represented by several vertebrae, a fragment of the femur, and the distal part of the tibia with the corresponding astragalus. Mr. Parker's specimen includes the skull, most of the cervical, dorsal, sacral, and some of the caudal vertebræ, the scapulo-coracoid, parts of both humeri, the ilium, ischium, parts of the pubis, both femora, tibiæ, and fibulæ, some tarsal and all the metatarsal bones, and several phalanges.
VII.—The Geological Physics of the Shallow Seas
Authors: Hunt A. R.
Published: May 2009

Since the year 1871 I have been much impressed with the interest and importance of one of the byways of science, the problem of the Geological Physios of the Shallow Seas. Recent discoveries in raised beaches have brought this subject again to the front, and the object of the present paper is to plead for further inquiry by specialists.

I may briefly mention my own now antiquated papers, viz., “Notes on Torbay” (Trans. Dev. Assoc., 1878); “The Formation of Ripple-mark” (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1882); “The Action of Waves on Sea Beaches and Sea Bottoms” (Roy. Dublin Soc., 1885); and “On the Influence of Wave-currents on the Fauna inhabiting Shallow Seas” (Journ. Linn. Soc., 1884). With the exception of the Dublin paper, the MSS. were, as a matter of fact, perused by eminent mathematicians, who kindly guarded me against any conflict between observation and theory.
I.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part II: The Ancylus Sea and the Baltic Breach
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

In the previous paper I ventured to trace the history of the Baltic back to the time when the latest of its raised beaches were laid down, and to show that it was then considerably larger in size, and that its waters were more salt than they are now, although they were even then brackish (see Map I, Pl. XIX).

This conclusion was derived mainly from an examination of the molluscan remains in the more recent shell-beds. It is confirmed by other evidence; thus, Munthe mentions the occurrence in the so-called Litorina beds of three species of Rhizopods, whose present and former distribution in the Baltic is shown in the following table:
II.—The Lower Carboniferous Problem in Devonshire
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

What represents the Carboniferous Limestone in Devonshire, is a question that has often been asked, but has never yet been answered in a satisfactory manner. The question has recently been narrowed by the identification of the Coddon Hill Beds and the Posidonomya limestones with the shales, cherts, and limestones which overlie the mass of the Carboniferous Limestone in South Wales, and with the Pendleside Beds which occupy a similar position in Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and South Yorkshire. Dr. W. Hind considers these beds to be more intimately connected with the Upper than with the Lower Carboniferous Series, and in any case the homotaxial equivalent of the main mass of the Carboniferous Limestone must be sought for below them.
I.—Rev. Osmond Fisher, M.A., F.G.S.
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

We offer warmest congratulations to two dear and valued friends connected with the Geological Magazine since its commencement, both having been constant contributors, and Professor Rupert Jones in addition one of the Editors during the first year of the journal's existence.
X.—Optical Peculiarities in Phlogopite
Authors: Crook T.
Published: May 2009

It frequently happens that micas exhibit small basal cleavage rifts of roughly circular shape, and these may be so numerous as to render opaque or feebly translucent a plate which would be otherwise quite transparent. The so-called silver-amber mica of the mica trade, a variety of phlogopite which is highly prized for its low conductivity, apparently owes its silvery sheen to the presence of these cleavage rifts, which overlap each other to a considerable extent, and reflect the light copiously. The presence of these basal cleavage rifts in silvery phlogopite is rendered quite obvious when a plate is examined under the microscope in ordinary light, by the interference rings seen round the borders of the rifts. Such a plate of silvery phlogopite exhibits a peculiar phenomenon in consequence of the presence of these rifts.
I.—Lophophyllum and Cyathaxonia: Revision Notes on two genera of Carboniferous Corals
Authors: Carruthers R. G.
Published: May 2009

Three years ago when I was discussing certain Carboniferous Corals from Arctic regions the opinion was expressed that the genus Lophophyllum of Milne-Edwards & Haime had been erroneously interpreted by palæontologists, and that in reality it included Thomson and Nicholson's well-known genus Koninckophyllum The main object of the present communication is to substantiate this view with illustrative sections from topotypes, accompanied by some further observations on the genus. At the same time the opportunity is taken to deal with several points in the morphology of the similar genus Cyathaxonia; in the latter case the work is in the nature of a preliminary note rather than of a formal revision. Pending the appearance of a general memoir on the British Carboniferous Corals, it seems desirable that these notes should be published without further delay, as all these genera are commonly met with in zonal work. Most of the material has come either from the Geological Survey Collection or is in my own possession, but Dr. Vaughan has always been very helpful, while I have to thank Dr. T. F. Sibly for some unusually fine examples of Cyathaxonia from Matlock. Other specimens of this genus, from Yorkshire, have very kindly been sent to me from time to time by Dr. A. Wilmore, often at some personal inconvenience.
II.—Geological Notes on the “Land of Deep Corrosions”
Authors: Ward F. Kingdon
Published: May 2009

A year spent amongst the high mountain ranges of the Yunnan–Tibet frontier, where the Salween, Mekong, and Yangtze Rivers have been pinched together till they now flow parallel to one another for 200 miles in a belt of mountainous country averaging about 75 miles in width, enabled me, while prosecuting my botanical exploration, to ascertain a few facts of geological interest which form the subject of the present paper (see Plates V and VI and Figs. 1–4). The Tibetans of Kham, with more eye for the picturesque than one would have given them credit for, have, with amazing intuition, appreciated the subtle distinction between a land of high mountains and a land of deep valleys, and in their classical writings refer to Tibet under the name of Nam-grog-chi, which, according to Mr J. H. Edgar, may be translated “the land of deep corrosions”; and this it undoubtedly is.
IV.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

Although the Rhætic beds are not exposed continuously along the eastern boundary of the Keuper outcrop, they have been proved at many points from the River Trent in the north on the Nottinghamshire border to Glen Parva in the south. South of this point there is so much drift, and borings within the Liassic outcrop have been so isolated or shallow, that there is a gap in our knowledge of the intervening ground between the last point and the Rugby district. The Countesthorpe boring, carried to a depth of over 600 feet, encountered Upper Keuper beneath the Drift, with no intervening Rhætics. Commencing in the north in the Gotham district the two outliers are capped above the Red Marl and Tea-green Marl with Rhætic beds, and Lower Lias Limestone (Ps. planorbe zone) above. At Ash Spinney at the south end of the southern outlier, and at the east end of Crownend Wood, Black Shales with Avicula contorta crop out; and on the west side septaria are seen. On the north-west side of the northern outlier at Cottager's Hill Protocardium phillipianum has been found in a well-section near the lane. Rhætic shales are seen in the shafts driven for gypsum works about Gotham.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

The name of Geikie has become as familar to present-day geologists as those of Murchison, of Sedgwick, or of Lyell were to our immediate prodecessors.

Notices and portraits of his elder brother, Sir Arehibald Geikie, K.C.B., the President of the Royal Society, have already appeared in the Geological Magazine (see Vol. for 1890, Pl. II, pp. 49–51, and 1907, Pl. I, pp. 1–2); it is high time to present that of the younger brother, Professor James Geikie, who occupies the leading place in our science and in geography in Edinburgh and itys University, and is known every where also by his published works, especially by his contributions to Glacial Geology.
III.—On the Rigidity of the Earth, and on Colonel Burrard's Theory of the Himalayas
Authors: Fisher Rev. O.
Published: May 2009

In the April number of this Magazine a review appeared of Colonel Burrard's memoir on the origin of the Himalaya Mountains. The writer, Sir T. H. Holland, in it refers to a paper of mine originally published in the Phil. Mag., and subsequently in an amended form as Appendix No. 1, 1905, Indian Survey Papers, professional vol. xviii. I shall be glad to make a few remarks upon the subject. After duly crediting me with having partially anticipated the results now obtained by the Survey, by calculating the deflection of the plumb-line in North India which would follow from my theory of mountain compensation by a ‘root’ extending to a depth of about 29 miles, the reviewer continues— “The variations now observed are, however, more violent than those expected by Mr. Fisher, for the northerly deflections of the plumb-line decrease to zero at a distance of about 15 instead of over 60 miles from the visible foot of the hills.” I would reply that I have not calculated the deflection at 15 miles, and it is not safe to guess a priori what it would be. The numerical calculation for a given distance is tedious, and I could not now undertake it.
I.—To the Readers of the Geological Magazine
Authors: H. B. W.
Published: May 2009

It may interest our readers if we remind them that with the publication of our July Number the Geological Magazine enters upon the fiftieth year of its existence. The first number was issued in July, 1864, and the first volume consisted of six numbers for the half-year. Consequently the commencement of the fiftieth Volume took place in January of the present year. It must be a matter for congratulation to the Editor that during so extended a period he has personally edited every number, excepting three, when he took a long vacation in Italy and could not conveniently deal with proofs. Such a record is probably unique. It is moreover satisfactory to learn that there has at no time been a serious lack of useful material wherewith to fill the pages of the Magazine. In our copy of Vol. I there are lists of Local and Foreign Correspondents; among the former is the name of the Rev. H. H. Winwood, and among the latter are the names of Baron Adolph. von Koenen and Dr. Anton Fritsch. Amongst surviving contributors to the 1864 volume may be recorded the Rev. Osmond Fisher, Sir Archibald Geikie, Professor Edward Hull, Sir E. Ray Lankester, and Henry Woodward.
VI.—The Petrology of Arran
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The Riebeckite-Orthophyre of the Holy Isle.—Four Occuxrences of acid and sub-acid igneous rocks containing the rare soda-amphibole riebeckite have been recognized in Great Britain, of which that of Ailsa Craig is the best known. The occurrences of Ailsa Craig and Mynydd Mawr, Carnarvonshire, are riebeckite-microgranites or paisanites. They contain ragged moss-like areas of riebeckite, together with microphenocrysts of quartz and alkalifelspar, in a microcrystalline groundmass of quartz and felspar. Riebeckite was also found by Dr. Teall in the granophyre of Meall Dearg and the neighbouring area of Druim an Eidhne, Skye. Harker described the riebeckite in these rocks as occurring in two forms, one having the usual ragged, sponge-like appearance, and the other being idiomorphic, the faces in the prism zone being well-defined, but with irregular terminations. The fourth occurrence differs somewhat from the others. This rock occurs as an intrusion into the Upper Old Red Sandstone, or Calciferous Sandstone of Easter Eildon Hill, Melrose, and was described by Barron as riebeckite-trachyte or phonolite. It consists principally of sanidine, occurring both as microphenocrysts and in the groundmass, with interstitial patches of riebeckite, and a little nepheline. Harker describes the rock as an orthophyre.
IV.—Rochdalia Parkeri, a new Branchiopod Crustacean from the Middle Coal-Measures of Sparth, Rochdale
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In the early days of geological investigation it was generally supposed that the soft parts of animals and their more delicate structures could not be found in a fossil state, but modern discoveries have entirely revolutionized our ideas as to what is capable of fossilization.
III.—On the genus Syringothyris, Winchell
Authors: North Frederick J.
Published: May 2009

The following account of the genus Syringothyris is the result of work undertaken at the suggestion of Professor T. F. Sibly, and is intended as a preliminary to a revision of the British species of that genus, which I hope to present at some future date.
III.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

The original figure of this species was rather diagrammatic and requires supplementing. Figs. 1 and 2 are from the type-specimen, Fig. 2 being given to illustrate the rectangular aperture which the species has a tendency to develop, though quite irregularly; this rectangular outline appears to be due to the amalgamation of the two prominent tubercles into a straight-edged cap which hides the arched part of the upper lip and may be oœcial in function. The typical form of the species is definitely established in the Marsupites zone (= Marsupites band of many authors), though it only becomes abundant in the succeeding zone.
IV.—Classification of Younger Stratified Formations of New Zealand
Authors: Park James
Published: May 2009

I Do not think there is likely to be much gain from a prolonged discussion of this matter, and for the present I shall content myself with a brief recapitulation of the position so far as it affects the views of Dr. P. Marshall on the one hand and of Captain Hutton and myself on the other.
VI.—A Model for a Polarizing Microscope
Authors: Benson W. N.
Published: May 2009

Probably most teachers of petrology have experienced difficulty in making clear to some elementary students the manner in which light is transmitted through a polarizing microscope, and the explanation of birefringence and pleochroism. In such circumstances I have found very helpful the analogies illustrated by an easily constructed model. Doubtless such an instrument has been used before, but, as the textbooks make no mention of it, a description may be of use here.
I.—Notes on the Semi-Arid Conditions in a Part of Southern Texas
Authors: Bosworth T. O.
Published: May 2009

Introduction.—The conditions described below were observed over a large part of South-West Texas; but the local details apply to an area of one or two hundred square miles in McMullen County, geologically surveyed by the writer in 1912. The centre of observations was a little mining ranch named Crowther, about 50 miles south of San Antonio and 80 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, near the inland limit of the Gulf coastal plain. The country for many miles around Crowther is practically untouched by man, though a somewhat primitive little local railroad now under reconstruction reaches to within 16 miles of it.
VI.—On some Foraminifera from the Eocene Beds of Hengistbury Head, Hampshire
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

In the March Number of this Magazine Mr. Cowper Reed recorded the interesting discovery of a series of fossils which points to a Bartonian horizon for the Hengistbury ironstone. Upon reading this paper I was reminded of some chocolate-coloured clays with Foraminifera which I had collected from a seam between the ironstone bands at Hengistbury Head in August, 1895. The washings from these clays afforded abundant tests of arenaceous forms; and since, so far as I am aware, no Foraminifera have yet been recorded from this locality, it may be of some interest to publish the results of an examination of the material collected.
IX.—Sedgwick Museum Notes. On the Age of the Creechbarrow Limestone
Authors: Keeping Henry
Published: May 2009

On the north side of the outcrop of the Chalk in the Isle o Purbeck, there is an outlier of Tertiary beds the exact age of which has given rise to some discussion. There must be some reason for the form of Creechbarrow Hill, and the outline suggests that it is due to some hard bed near the top, which we find on close examination to be a tough limestone, a considerable portion of which is hard and porcellaneous. The upper beds of this conical hill, which rises to a height of 637 feet above sea-level, are cut off from the adjoining masses, and therefore no continuous section can be traced to the well-known formations on the south or on the north. The section is further complicated by the occurrence of faults on both the north and south sides. We have, therefore, only the lithological character and fossil contents to depend upon for the correlation of the beds occurring in this outlier.
II.—The Chalk Bluffs at Trimingham
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Hill E.
Published: May 2009

The huge masses of chalk in the glacial drift on both sides of Cromer, and especially at the headland near Trimingham, have for many years attracted the attention of geologists. In this Magazine (Dec. II, Vol. VII, 1880, p. 55) and in the Survey Memoir on the Geology of the Country around Cromer, published in 1882, Mr. Clement Reid ascribes those at the latter place to the advance of an ice-sheet by which the chalk has been thrust up into a kind of fold and the flint layers have been bent, illustrating his interpretation by a diagrammatic section. We visited the Cromer cliffs for the first time in 1892, and after a careful examination of the Trimingham headland, not only felt more strongly than before certain weak points in Mr. Reid's reasoning, but also observed some facts difficult to reconcile with his conclusions. Since that date we have more than once visited these sections, and found last April that comparatively recent inroads of the sea had made great changes which had shown the relations of the chalk and glacial drift to be, in our opinion, incompatible with Mr. Reid's interpretation.
IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part III: The Western Part of the Sea, the Sound, and the Belts
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

In two previous papers I have set out the conclusions generally held by Northern geologists in regard to the more recent history of the Eastern Baltic, according to which it was once a great enclosed fresh-water lake or sea, the Ancylus lake, which by the breach in the land-bridge connecting Skäne and Denmark was converted into a brackish-water sea, the Litorina sea, which has in turn become less and less saline until it has reached its present condition.
V.—Rodents from the Pleistocene of the Western Mediterranean Region
Authors: Forsyth Major C. I.
Published: May 2009

In a former publication I have dealt with the anatomy of Prolagus sardus (Wagn.), from the Sardinian and Corsican Pleistocene, in comparison with that of its Tertiary relatives. The following pages deal with the geographical distribution of Pleistocene Prolagus and its bearing on more general questions.

When Ouvier discovered, in the ossiferous breccia of Corsica, remains of a ‘Lagomys,’ which he believed to be closely related to the Siberian Lagomys alpinus, he also suggested other analogies between the faunas of the two regions—Siberia and Corsica (as well as Sardinia), and commented upon the supposed relationship between the insular Mouflon and the Siberian Argali. Similar views were expressed by B. Wagner.

Pumpelly, Loeard, and Lortet sought to establish a connection between a supposed Corsioan ‘ice-age,’ as attested by the trace of ancient glaciers, and the former existence in the island of a supposed inhabitant of cold regions, the Lagomys corsicanus. Hensel had, however, shown before, in 1856, that the affinities of Lagomys sardus from the Sardinian bone breccia are not with the recent Lagomys (Ogotona), but with a Miocene type, for which he proposed the generic name Myolagus (antedated by Prolagus, Pormel). He was in consequence inclined to assume a Tertiary age for the breccias in which the Prolagus occurred (and, indeed, for the whole of the Mediterranean bone breccias). A similar view has again been brought forward of late years.

I myself pointed out (1) that the Corsican Lagomys likewise belonged to the genus Prolagus, as indeed had already been suspected by Hensel from his inspection of Cuvier's figures; (2) that the Tertiary age of the Corsican and Sardinian breccias could not be upheld, above all, because the mollusca occurring in them, as Loeard bad shown to be the case in the ossiferous breccia of Toga, near Bastia, are still living in the neighbourhood.
IV.—Sedgwick Museum Notes. New Fossils from the Haverfordwest District. V
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

A few species of Lamellibranchs were recorded by Messrs. Marr and Koberts from the Trinucleus seticornis Beds of Haverfordwest; and though some new species may now be added to their number with the aid of the numerous specimens collected by Mr. V. M. Turnbull, yet a complete list of the species is at present impossible owing partly to the imperfect condition of many of the fossils and partly to the unsatisfactory state of our knowledge of this class as developed in British Ordovician rocks.
VIII.—Note On Some Post - Tertiary Mollusca From Ceylon
Authors: Bullen Newton R.
Published: May 2009

Some marine shells, associated with crab-remains,1 Balani, and small thread-like annelid tubes, from the Post-Pliocene deposits of north-eastern Ceylon, have been entrusted to me for determination by Dr. H. Woodward, F.K.S. They were collected by Mr. A. K. Coomaraswamy, B.Sc, Director of the Mineralogical Survey of Ceylon, and his description of the deposits containing the fossils forms the preface of this communication. Lithologically it is observable that there are two sets of specimens-those that occur in hard, water-worn nodules of clay, and others that were obtained from soft, dark, clayey beds found in situ. The fossils found in the clayey material may perhaps be rather older than those found in the nodules, but as two of the shells are common to each, viz. Placuna placenta and Potamides fluvialilis, it is certain that no great distinction in age is to be recognised.

An examination of the species represented in the collection goes to prove that they belong to the existing fauna of the Indian Ocean, being similar to the life which is found in the creeks and back-watersof that sea, and consequently bearing a littoral or an estuarine facies.

It is interesting to know of the presence of corresponding Post-Tertiary deposits crowded with shells forming the coastal areas of the Madras Presidency of India, particularly at Pondicherry, Cuddalore, Tangore, etc., for the history of which we are mainly indebted to the late Mr. H. F. Blanford (Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 1862, vol. iv, pt. 1, pp. 192,193). So numerous are the mollusca of these beds that they are utilised by the natives for the manufacture of lime.
IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part IV: Climatic and other Issues
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: May 2009

In the first part of this series, p. 313, I referred to the recent invasion of the Eastern Baltic by the Mya arenaria, as first pointed out by Dr. Nathorst. Dr. Petersen has called my attention to an important paper by A. S. Jensen, which has apparently been overlooked by English conchologists, and I propose to condense his results, as they are very noteworthy from their geological lessons.

The shell has hitherto been treated as a typical Arctic shell. Thus Crosse and Debeaux write of its original home: “De l'océan Glacial arctique, qui parait être sa véritable patrie, elle est descendue dans les mers du nord de l'Europe, jusques et y compris la Manche etune partie de nos côtes de l'Océan” (Journ. de Conchologie, ser. III, iii, 254, 1863). Gwyn Jeffreys, in describing the shell, says, “The occurrence of this circumpolar shell-fish so near the tropic of Cancer probably indicates the most southern limit in space of the glacial epoch” (Brit, Conch., iii, 65, 66).
IV.—Pipe-Amygdaloids
Authors: Toit A. L. Du
Published: May 2009

Pipe-Amygdaloids, although recorded in the Deccan Traps of India and in Tertiary Basalts from Mull, are rather uncommon, rocks except in South Africa. They were described by Professor E. Cohen, who obtained his specimens through Mr. J. Orpen from the Stormberg lavas (Lower Jurassic) of Basutoland, a formation in which they are very abundant. Since then they have been found in other volcanic formations, e.g., in the very ancient lavas of the Ventersdorp System in the Divisions of Kimberley and Barkly West, in the Bushveld Amygdaloid of the Transvaal and the Basalts of the Lebombo and Zululand (which all overlie rocks belonging to the Karroo System), and in the volcanic fissure of the Zuurberg in the Cape Colony (probably of post-Neocomian age). They have a striking resemblance to organic structures, and Cohen likens them to certain corals; in some exposures of lava the little pencils of white zeolite studding the surface remind one of the casts of worm burrows.
I.—On Evaporation and Eccentricity, as Co-Factors in Glacial Periods
Authors: Hill E.
Published: May 2009

The effects of Evaporation on Temperature have often been considered, yet much remains unknown. I am not aware that any one has called attention to the rapidity of its growth as temperature increases, and the consequences that follow.
IV.—Note on a new English Homalonotus from the Devonian, Torquay, S. Devon
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The fossil, which forms the subject of our Plate, is a most welcome addition to our list of Middle Devonian fossils, and I am much indebted to my friend Mr. Arthur Champernowne, F.G.S., for the opportunity of describing it.
VIII.—Further Remarks on the Origin of the Valley System of the South-Eastern Half of England, prompted by the Result of a Boring near Witham in Essex
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

In a paper in the Phil. Mag. for March, 1864, “On the Formation of the River and other Valleys of the East of England,” I endeavoured to show by the aid of a rough map that the whole of the hill and vale system of that part of England which lies east and south of a line drawn from the Humber to the Cotteswold Hills originated in a series of concentric arcs spreading from two centres, one of which was near Canterbury, and the other just south of the western end of the Isle of Wight; the features thus produced having been rendered more apparent by the denudation to which the disturbances gave rise, and to which both at the time, and subsequently also, these gave direction.
I.—Note on the Age and Locality of the Estheriella-Shales from the Malay Peninsula
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

Mr. John B. Scrivenor, B.A., F.G.S., Geologist to the Federated Malay States, has forwarded to me for determination several pieces of a dark-greyish argillaceous shale, largely charged with particles of mica and valve-impressions of a small phyllopodous Crustacean, which he has discovered in the Native States of the Malay Peninsula.
I.—Sedgwick Museum Notes. New Fossils from the Haverfordwest District. III.
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In Mr. Turnbull's collection from the Sholeshook Limestone of the Sholeshook Railway Cutting there is a small but perfect ‘horse-shoe’ limb of a species of Hiarpes—a genus which has not been previously recorded from this bed. The ‘horse-shoe’ is oval and rather elongate, and narrow in proportion to its length; the arms curve inwards gently, so that their acutely pointed posterior extremities are approximate. There seems to be a marginal, single row of large pits round the outer edge of the flattened limb, but the general surface is covered with very minute punctae. The inner edge of the limb is not well preserved. The arms extend backwards to about twice the length of the head-shield.