bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive Prediction of Outcomes in Autoimmune Hepatitis–Related Cirrhosis
Authors: Llovet Laura‐Patricia , Gratacós‐Ginès Jordi , Téllez Luis , Gómez‐Outomuro Ana , Navascués Carmen A. , Riveiro‐Barciela Mar , Vinuesa Raquel , Gómez‐Camarero Judith , García‐Retortillo Montserrat , Díaz‐Fontenla Fernando , Salcedo Magdalena , García‐Eliz María , Horta Diana , Guerrero Marta , Rodríguez‐Perálvarez Manuel , Fernández‐Rodriguez Conrado , Albillos Agustín , G‐Abraldes Juan , Parés Albert , Londoño Maria‐Carlota
Published: January 2022

The value of noninvasive tools in the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)–related cirrhosis and the prediction of clinical outcomes is largely unknown. We sought to evaluate (1) the utility of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in the diagnosis of cirrhosis and (2) the performance of the Sixth Baveno Consensus on Portal Hypertension (Baveno VI), expanded Baveno VI, and the ANTICIPATE models in predicting the absence of varices needing treatment (VNT). A multicenter cohort of 132 patients with AIH‐related cirrhosis was retrospectively analyzed. LSM and endoscopies performed at the time of cirrhosis diagnosis were recorded. Most of the patients were female (66%), with a median age of 54 years. Only 33%‐49% of patients had a LSM above the cutoff points described for the diagnosis of AIH‐related cirrhosis (12.5, 14, and 16 kPa). Patients with portal hypertension (PHT) had significantly higher LSM than those without PHT (15.7 vs. 11.7 kPa; P = 0.001), but 39%‐52% of patients with PHT still had LSM below these limits. The time since AIH diagnosis negatively correlated with LSM, with longer time being significantly associated with a lower proportion of patients with LSM above these cutoffs. VNT was present in 12 endoscopies. The use of the Baveno VI, expanded Baveno VI criteria, and the ANTICIPATE model would have saved 46%‐63% of endoscopies, but the latter underpredicted the risk of VNT. Conclusions: LSM cutoff points do not have a good discriminative capacity for the diagnosis of AIH‐related cirrhosis, especially long‐term after treatment initiation. Noninvasive tools are helpful to triage patients for endoscopy.
Dermoscopy for cutaneous fungal infections: A brief review
Authors: Lim Sophie Soyeon , Shin Kihyuk , Mun Je‐Ho
Published: January 2022

Background

Fungal dermatological diseases are significant public health issues. Dermoscopy is a useful bedside assessment tool that helps clinicians diagnose various skin neoplasms and general dermatological diseases.

Aim

This brief review aims to update clinicians on the dermoscopic features of cutaneous fungal infections such as tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea incognito, onychomycosis, and pityrosporum folliculitis.

Methods

The PubMed database was searched using the terms “dermoscopy” or its synonyms, “tinea capitis”, “tinea corporis”, “tinea incognito”, “onychomycosis” and “pityrosporum folliculitis”.

Results

The diagnostic value of dermoscopy is well‐recognised in the evaluation of tinea capitis and onychomycosis. There are fewer studies investigating the dermoscopic features of tinea corporis, tinea incognito and pityrosporum folliculitis, but the current data suggest that dermoscopy can aid clinical evaluation of these diseases. Understanding dermoscopic features of cutaneous fungal infection has the potential to increase diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusion

Dermoscopy in the evaluation of fungal dermatological diseases has the potential to optimize diagnostic accuracy, reduce unnecessary testing, and, consequently, improve clinical practice.
Rift Valley fever during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Africa: A double burden for Africa's healthcare system
Authors: Uwishema Olivier , Chalhoub Elie , Torbati Tania , David Success Chekwube , Khoury Carlo , Ribeiro Lucas Loiola Ponte Albuquerque , Nasrallah Yves , Bekele Bezawit Kassahun , Onyeaka Helen
Published: January 2022

A new rising incidence of Rift Valley fever (RVF) among livestock and humans in the African continent during the COVID‐19 pandemic has become of increasing concern. We analyzed the different ways COVID‐19 has contributed to the increase in RVF cases and how it has impacted the interventions allocated to the disease by comparing it with the status of the disease before the pandemic. There is enough evidence to conclude that the COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted the efforts being taken to prevent outbreaks of RVF. Therefore, with no definitive treatment in place and inadequate preventive measures and disease control, RVF may potentially lead to a future epidemic unless addressed urgently.
Assessment of ethanol exposure from hand sanitizer use and potential for developmental toxicity in nursing infants
Authors: Han Alice A. , Buerger Amanda N. , Allen Hannah , Vincent Melissa , Thornton Stephanie A. , Unice Kenneth M. , Maier Andrew , Quiñones‐Rivera Antonio
Published: January 2022

Ingestion of ethanol during pregnancy is known to have detrimental effects on the fetus. Although the potential developmental effects of maternal ethanol intake during lactation are less well characterized, public health guidelines recommend avoidance of alcohol or, if alcohol is consumed, to allow for 1–2 h to pass before nursing. A proposal to classify ethanol as potentially harmful to breast‐fed children warrants an investigation of the potential adverse neurodevelopmental effects of low‐dose ethanol exposure during lactation. There currently are no studies that have examined neurodevelopmental outcomes from lactational exposure to ethanol from the use of topical products that contain ethanol, such as alcohol‐based hand sanitizers (ABHS). Furthermore, the epidemiological literature of lactational ethanol exposures from maternal alcohol consumption is limited in design, provides equivocal evidence of neurological effects in infants, and is insufficient to characterize a dose–response relationship for developmental effects. Toxicological studies that observed neurodevelopmental effects in pups from ethanol via lactation did so at exceedingly high doses that also caused maternal toxicity. In this investigation, blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) of breastfeeding women following typical‐to‐intense ABHS use were computationally predicted and compared to health benchmarks to quantify the risk for developmental outcomes. Margins of 2.2 to 1000 exist between BECs associated with ABHS use compared to BECs associated with neurotoxicity adverse effect levels in the toxicology literature or oral ethanol intake per public health guidelines. Neurodevelopmental effects are not likely to occur in infants due to ABHS use by breastfeeding women, even when ABHSs are used at intense frequencies.
Reclaiming public spaces: The case for the built environment as a restorative tool in neighborhoods with high levels of community violence
Authors: Vidal Carol , Lyman Colin , Brown Gwen , Hynson Briony
Published: January 2022

Early‐life exposure to neighborhood violence can negatively affect children's socioemotional development and long‐term health outcomes. Community‐level interventions that modify the built environment to facilitate social encounters can have a positive impact on health. An example of such interventions is the building of green spaces and playgrounds. This case study describes collaboration among residents, local organizations, and a university that aimed to increase the utilization of a vacant lot by converting it into a green space with a playground. Informal conversations at volunteer gatherings and neighborhood association meetings indicated a positive impact of this project in the community. We propose a model for future program implementation and research to improve health in disinvested and disordered communities. We conclude that more research is needed on community partnerships that modify the built environment to decrease community violence. Community‐based participatory research may be successful in evaluating future projects with this goal.
Morphological investigation of the gills of the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834) using gross anatomy and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Alsafy Mohamed A. M. , El‐Gendy Samir A. A.
Published: January 2022

The current study has designed to investigate the morphological characteristics of the gills of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) by gross morphology, scanning electron microscopy, and morphometric analysis. The study was carried out on 10 fresh fish. The fish has four‐gill arches on each side. The lengths of the first‐, second‐, third‐, and fourth‐gill arches were 5.27, 4.2, 3.2, and 2.8 cm. The gill arches carried a longitudinal band, the bases of the gill filaments, and gill rakers that varied from rectangular to circular shapes. Each gill arch had two main lateral and medial rows and two accessory rows of gill rakers in an alternative manner with each other. The dusky grouper fish had long rakers, whereas the longest one was the lateral rakers of the first arch, which were 467 and 1271.9 μm in width and length. Three types of spines appeared on the gill arches and rakers. The long spine had detected on the apex of the short rakers. Each gill arch carried on its ventral side two rows of gill filaments. The long filaments were at the middle of the gill arch, while the short ones were at the rostral end of the gill arch. The study has demonstrated the taste buds, mucous, chloride cells, and significant features of the epithelial covering of the gill arches and rakers. The morphology of the gills of the dusky grouper indicates the adaptation to their marine environment.
The choice of the entrance pupil location in optical measurement of eyewear displays: Theoretical and experimental analyses
Authors: Wang Jianping , Mou Xi
Published: January 2022

The location of the entrance pupil, field of view, and motion of the viewer's eye is frequently discussed for virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) displays. In order to properly measure optical performance of these displays, the light measuring device (LMD) must simulate the characteristics of the human eye. An important factor to consider is the location of the entrance pupil (aperture stop setting) of the LMD. We compared field of view (FOV) and luminance deviations with various pupil entrance locations at the LMD in this paper. As a result of the experiment, the entrance pupil at the front focal point of the LMD was the best choice.
Thermal decomposition of methyltrichlorosilane/ hydrogen/ inert mixtures at conditions relevant for chemical vapor infiltration of SiC ceramics
Authors: Dang Khanh , Chelliah Harsha K.
Published: January 2022

Methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) decomposition in a high‐temperature flow reactor was investigated at conditions favorable for silicon carbide (SiC) deposition in chemical vapor infiltration systems. Gas chromatography was used to determine the effects of temperature, residence time, and initial MTS‐H2‐N2 mixture composition on the gas‐phase chemistry. Four stable species were detected, including the evolution of MTS and three decomposition products: methane (CH4), trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), and silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4). The experimental data were used to assess the applicability of a recent detailed kinetic model proposed by Ge et al. for MTS decomposition. The model showed a much slower decomposition rate of MTS than that observed in experiments, requiring optimization of selected set of rate parameters. The optimized model was able to reasonably predict the experimental data for a range of parametric conditions explored. In addition, a principal component analysis–based model reduction approach was used to extract a skeletal reaction model with nearly half the number of species in the original model and with similar performance.
From expansion to shrinkage: Exploring the evolution and transition of karst rocky desertification in karst mountainous areas of Southwest China
Authors: Li Yangbing , Yu Meng , Zhang Han , Xie Yuxuan
Published: January 2022

Systematic elucidation of the evolution trend of karst rocky desertification (KRD) is of great significance for correctly understanding its occurrence and development process, and implementing effective comprehensive control measures. Based on the existing studies, the authors explore the formation and evolutionary mechanisms and trends of KRD in the karst mountains of Southwest China based on the literature and field investigations. The factors driving the occurrence and formation of KRD are: the single livelihood of farmers in karst mountain areas (KMA); the great land pressure, the low land carrying capacity; and the fragile ecology. With a background of low land carrying capacity, land‐use practices such as over‐cutting, over‐cultivation, and over‐grazing have triggered land degradation in the KMA, including the KRD. With the evolution of social and economic background and the disappearance of its driving factors, the trend of KRD expansion will undergo fundamental change, essentially a KRD transition. KRD transition is the response of the land‐use system to the comprehensive action of economic and social development and ecosystem, which accords with the general trend of economic and social development and ecosystem evolution. The transition of KRD areas outlined in this paper reveals the change of human–land relationship in a KMA in Southwest China and provides a valuable reference for rural revitalization and ecological construction.
Bisphosphonate therapy in otosclerosis: A scoping review
Authors: Zimmerer René E. , Africa Robert E. , Westenhaver Zack K. , McKinnon Brian J.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Otosclerosis, a leading cause of deafness in adults, results from defective bone remodeling of the otic capsule. Bisphosphonates have been used to decrease bone remolding in many diseases, including otosclerosis. This study analyzes whether current literature supports bisphosphonate therapy as an effective treatment for otosclerosis.

Design

Scoping review.

Methods

A search was performed in three electronic databases; PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Control Trials. Articles were screened independently by two masked reviewers based on prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. After unmasking, the two reviewers resolved discrepancies through discussion.

Results

From the search, 35 unique articles were identified for analysis. The dates of these publications range from 1982 to 2018. Further title and full‐text review identified six articles for inclusion in this review. Three of the studies included are randomized controlled trials (RCT)s, and three are retrospective case reviews. These studies analyzed bisphosphonate therapy regimens, but dose and study length varied, making direct comparisons difficult. Only one RCT study was able to show a statistically significant change between patients treated with bisphosphonates compared to a control group.

Conclusions

The efficacy of bisphosphonates for halting bone remodeling in otosclerosis remains unclear. Reviewing the literature, we found significant variations in experimental design and few studies of high‐level evidence. Future RCTs investigating therapies for otosclerosis are needed before a firm conclusion about bisphosphonates efficacy as a pharmacological treatment of otosclerosis.

Level of Evidence: 3a.
Clinicopathological and genetic study of a rare occurrence: Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws
Authors: Shi Ruirui , Li Xuefen , Zhang Jianyun , Chen Feng , Ma Ming , Feng Yanrui , Li Tiejun
Published: January 2022

Background

Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia (FD) is very rare and little is known about this occurrence.

Methods

We present the detailed clinical course of three cases of osteosarcoma arising from FD of the jaws and explore the genetic aberrations by Sanger sequencing, whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). A literature review of important topics related to this occurrence was also performed.

Results

It was observed that patients with secondary sarcoma from FD showed a wide range of ages, with most during the third decade. Female and males were equally affected. Craniofacial bones and femurs were the most affected sites. High‐risk factors for this occurrence included polyostotic FD, McCune‐Albright syndrome and excess growth hormone. Notably, a potential relationship between thyroid hormones and sarcoma development was suggested in one patient, who began to show malignant features after hypothyroidism correction. Sanger sequencing revealed GNAS mutations of FD retained in all malignant tissues. Additionally, abnormal TP53 was demonstrated in all three cases by WES and IHC. WES also revealed two other driver mutations, ROS1 and CHD8, and large amounts of somatic copy number alterations (CNAs) where various oncogenes and tumour suppressors are located.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated and reviewed the clinical features and risk factors for a rare occurrence, secondary sarcoma from FD, and provided important new knowledge about its genetics.
On solutions of PDEs by using algebras
Authors: López‐González Elifalet
Published: January 2022

The components of complex analytic functions define solutions for the Laplace's equation, and in a simply connected domain, each solution of this equation is the first component of a complex analytic function. In this paper, we generalize this result; for each PDE of the form
, and for each affine planar vector field φ, we give an algebra
with unit e = e1, with respect to which the components of all functions of the form
are all the solutions for this PDE, where
is differentiable in the sense of Lorch with respect to
. Solutions are also constructed for the following equations:
,
‐order PDEs, and
‐order PDEs; among these are the bi‐harmonic, the bi‐wave, and the bi‐telegraph equations.
Carbon‐based light‐induced thermoelastic spectroscopy for ammonia gas sensing
Authors: Wang Yu , Cheng Tong , Lou Cunguang , Liu Xin , Li Xitong , Huang Lei , Yao Jianquan , Liu Xiuling
Published: January 2022

A light‐induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) based on carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated quartz tuning fork (QTF) was proposed. In order to improve the conversion efficiency of laser energy radiation into the vibration of tuning fork, thin CNT, GO, and rGO layers were coated on the surface of commercial QTF, respectively. Ammonia (NH3) gas was selected as the target analyte for the experimental validation. The experimental results show that the system's maximum gain factor in signal amplitude and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) are 1.52, 1.53, 2.43, and 1.54, 1.33, 2.24 times, respectively, as compared with the traditional LITES with bare QTF.
A mediational analysis of adverse experiences in childhood and quality of life in adulthood
Authors: Vederhus John‐Kåre , Haugland Siri Håvås , Timko Christine
Published: January 2022

Objectives

This study examined associations of three prevalent adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) – parents' problematic alcohol use (PPAU), parental separation/divorce, and lack of support from a trusted adult–with adult quality of life (QoL), and potential mediators of associations.

Methods

Data were from a representative survey (N = 28,047) in Norway that assessed ACEs, QoL, and potential mediators: enduring perceptions of childhood hardships (Difficult Childhood Questionnaire; DCQ), current mental distress, and current social isolation. Latent regression analyses examined potential mediators.

Results

Each ACE was positively associated with perceptions of childhood as difficult (higher DCQ scores). In turn, ACEs were negatively associated with adult QoL through indirect effects. Lack of support from a trusted adult had the strongest negative association with adult QoL, compared to PPAU and parental separation/divorce. The association between the ACEs and QoL was explained through the mediators of mental distress and social isolation.

Conclusions

Of the examined ACEs, lack of support from a trusted adult had the strongest negative impact on adult QoL. Adult support to vulnerable children could potentially ameliorate adult consequences of ACEs. In addition, adults reporting difficulties due to childhood adversities may benefit from therapeutic interventions that address both psychological distress and isolation.
Three‐dimensional thermal modeling and dimensioning design in the nuclear waste repository
Authors: Zhou Xiangyun , He Luqiang , Sun De'an
Published: January 2022

A mathematical model is established by using the cylindrical heat source to simulate the temperature field in the nuclear waste repository. By means of the integral transformation method, the partial differential equations of heat conduction were transformed into ordinary differential equations to obtain the semi‐analytical solutions to temperature change. The radial temperature distribution around the nuclear waste canister was analyzed and compared with other analytical models. The built model was applied to determine the canister spacing with variable tunnel spacing for different type canister panel. Then, the quantitative effects of decay heat power at initial installation and of other parameters on the canister spacing were specified. The results show that the built model can predict the near‐field and far‐field temperature around the waste canister at the same time. The decay heat power at the initial installation and thermal properties of buffer layer and surrounding rock have strong effects on the canister spacing.
Incontinence and sleep disturbances in young children: A population‐based study
Authors: von Gontard Alexander , Mattheus Hannah , Friese‐Jaworsky Jana , Moritz Anna‐Michaela , Thome‐Granz Sigrid , Roozen Sylvia , Curfs Leopold , van Koeveringe Gommert , Hussong Justine
Published: January 2022

Aims

Nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), fecal incontinence (FI), as well as sleep and behavioral problems are common in young children. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of sleep and psychological parameters for all types of incontinence in a representative sample of young children.

Methods

Six hundred thirty eight (of 1161) children with a mean age of 5.9 years (50.9% boys) were assessed during their mandatory school entry examination. The participation rate was 55%. Instruments included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and other clinical questions. Incontinence was diagnosed according to ICCS standards. Constipation was assessed by two questions.

Results

17.1% of children had at least one type of incontinence, 14.8% had NE, 5.0% DUI, 2.1% FI, and 4.8% were constipated. 6.7% of children had clinically relevant psychological problems. 22.7% of children had sleep problems regularly (5−7 times/week). A wide variety of sleep problems were reported. Children with incontinence were not affected by a higher rate of sleep problems. Children with NE had fewer night wakings and those with constipation fewer parasomnias. Sleep and psychological problems were significantly associated, especially in children with DUI and FI.

Conclusions

Sleep and behavioral problems are common in young children. Psychological problems have a clear impact on sleep. Young children with incontinence do not have more sleep problems than continent children. Therefore, both sleep and psychological problems should be addressed in young children with incontinence.
Return to work after cancer: Improved mental health in working cancer survivors
Authors: Lieb Marietta , Wünsch Alexander , Schieber Katharina , Bergelt Corinna , Faller Hermann , Geiser Franziska , Goerling Ute , Hönig Klaus , Hornemann Beate , Maatouk Imad , Niecke Alexander , Stein Barbara , Teufel Martin , Wickert Martin , Büttner‐Teleagă Antje , Erim Yesim , Weis Joachim
Published: January 2022

Objective

Aim of the study was to compare working and non‐working patients over a period of 12 months regarding socio‐demographic, cancer‐specific and mental health parameters.

Methods

This study was conducted as part of a Germany‐wide longitudinal survey among 1398 patients in 13 national Comprehensive Cancer Centers. The sample used for analysis consisted of n = 430 cancer patients younger than 65 years (age M = 52.4 years, SD = 8.1; 67.0% females). Socio‐demographic, cancer‐specific and mental health parameters (Depression: Patient Health Questionnaire, Anxiety: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Distress: Distress Thermometer) were assessed at baseline during hospitalization and at 12 months follow‐up.

Results

73.7% of all patients (n = 317) have returned to work after one year. While working and non‐working patients did not differ in socio‐demographic parameters, there were significant differences in the presence of metastases, tumor and treatment status. Mixed analysis of variances revealed significant interactions between working status and time for depression (p = 0.009), anxiety (p = 0.003) and distress (p = 0.007). Non‐working patients reported higher levels of depression, anxiety and distress than working patients over time. A logistic regression showed significant associations between lower depression (p = 0.019), lower distress (p = 0.033) and the absence of a tumor (p = 0.015) with working status.

Conclusions

The majority of cancer survivors returned to work. Non‐working patients had higher levels of depression, anxiety and distress than working patients. After controlling for cancer‐specific factors, mental health parameters were still independently associated with working status. Return to work can thus be associated with an improved mental health in cancer survivors. In order to establish causality, further research is necessary.
Enteral antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones for ventilator‐associated tracheobronchitis in children with pre‐existing tracheostomy
Authors: Smith Christina J. , Sierra Caroline M. , Robbins Joanna , Cobbina Ekua
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most commonly isolated organism in tracheostomy‐dependent children with ventilator‐associated tracheobronchitis (VAT). Enteral treatment with an antipseudomonal fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin is sometimes employed, but supportive data are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of enteral antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones for VAT in children with pre‐existing tracheostomy.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of electronic medical records for tracheostomy‐dependent children <18 years of age who received an enteral antipseduomonal fluoroquinolone for the treatment of presumed VAT from January 2013 through January 2020 at an academic children's hospital.

Results

Seventy‐six treatment courses representing 60 children (median age: 9.5, interquartile range [IQR]: 3.6–13.1 years) received an antipseudomonal fluoroquinolone for VAT treatment during the study period. Median treatment duration was 8 (range: 7–10) days. Most tracheostomy cultures (n = 70/82, 85%) were polymicrobial, with P. aeruginosa most commonly isolated (n = 67/224 organisms, 30%). Sixty‐five courses (86%) were successfully treated with an enteral fluoroquinolone. Antibiotics were changed or extended for two (3%) children. Antibiotics were prescribed for 10 (13%) courses and eight (11%) required hospitalization for a respiratory infection within 30 days of fluoroquinolone completion. Six (8%) courses received a seizure rescue medication, seven (9%) experienced emesis, and one (1%) had elevated transaminases. Tendonitis and tendon rupture were not observed.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest enteral antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones may be effective for the treatment of VAT in children with tracheostomy. Further study is warranted to clarify the role of these agents in pediatric VAT.
Substitution or complementarity: why do rice farmers use a mix of biopesticides and chemical pesticides in China?
Authors: Huang Yanzhong , Luo Xiaofeng , Li Zhaoliang
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Although scholars have become increasingly concerned about finding ways to encourage more farmers to use biopesticides and fewer to use chemical pesticides, few studies have investigated the prevalence of Chinese rice farmers' mixed use of biopesticides and chemical pesticides for pest management.

RESULTS

Based on a household survey in Hubei Province, China, this study found that 59.18% of the sample rice farmers used a mix of biopesticides and chemical pesticides. There is mainly a complementarity relationship between rice farmers' decision to use biopesticides and chemical pesticides. The pursuit of multiple production purposes is the main reason why farmers decide on the mixed‐use of pesticides. Specifically, farmers generally tend to use biopesticides to ensure food safety for consumption, and chemical pesticides to reduce costs for profitability. The decision of farmers to mix pesticides has led to an increase of pesticide varieties and costs. However, it reduces the frequency of pesticide use, and does not result in a significant increase in rice yield and output value.

CONCLUSION

While food safety should be emphasized in working towards greater use of biopesticides, rice farmers' mixed use of biopesticides and chemical pesticides will remain for a long time until the biotechnology is more developed. In fact, programs that investigate the effects of a combination of biopesticides and chemical pesticides should be implemented to achieve pesticide reduction, because biopesticides and chemical pesticides have specific disadvantages. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of periodically repeated high‐temperature exposure on the immediate and subsequent fitness of different developmental stages ofPropylaea japonica
Authors: Tian Mi , Zhang Yi , Liu Tong‐Xian , Zhang Shi‐Ze
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Repeated extreme high temperature occurs frequently in summer.Propylaea japonicais a predominant predator in South‐East Asia and has been considered as a successful natural enemy to control aphids. However, how repeated extreme high temperature affects the fitness ofP. japonicaremains unclear. This study evaluated the immediate and subsequent fitness ofP. japonicawhen egg, larva, pupa, and adult were exposed to repeated high temperatures (39, 41, or 43 °C for 3 h exposure duration per day) during several days.

RESULTS

The effect of repeated high temperatures onP. japonicafitness was stage‐specific: the egg stage was the most sensitive, the larval and pupal stages were moderately resistant and the adult stage was the most resistant to heat. Repeated high temperatures extended the immature developmental time and decreased the sex ratio of eggs treated with these temperatures, compared to control eggs. A temperature of 39 °C had no significant effect on the pre‐oviposition period, oviposition period, fecundity (except stress pupa), or longevity compared with the control, but negative carry‐over effects above 39 °C on subsequent stages were found.

CONCLUSION

Repeated high temperature for consecutive days not only had a significant effect on the immediate survival and developmental time, but also had deleterious effects on the subsequent development and performance ofP. japonica. The present study provides valuable information for understanding and utilizingP. japonicato control aphids in challenging environments. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The impact of regional and local population trends on suburban poverty and ethnoracial composition change: A shift‐share analysis of the Chicago metropolitan area in the 2000s
Authors: Terbeck Fabian J.
Published: January 2022

Demographic and socioeconomic composition changes in neighbourhoods are often the result of local factors (e.g., gentrification or disinvestment) that promote population growth of certain ethnoracial and socioeconomic groups over others, and regional demographic and economic trends that affect metropolitan areas as a whole. This exploratory analysis isolates the portion of poverty and ethnoracial composition change in suburbs that is attributable to regional trends from local factors. The analysis is conducted for the Chicago–Joliet–Naperville metropolitan area during the 2000s. The results show that processes such as suburban poverty and growing minority populations are to a large extent attributable to the shrinking nonpoor White population. This change in the number of nonpoor Whites in suburbs seems to be related to regional population trends, whereas much of the population change of nonpoor and poor minorities is linked to local neighbourhood conditions.
Highly Efficient Response of Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on Surfactant‐Free Sorted‐Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes at Room Temperature
Authors: Abbas Shakeel , Yi Wenhui , Yoo Sweejiang , Khalid Asif , Bhalli Zaman , Si Jinhai , Hou Xun
Published: January 2022

A comparative analysis of sorted semiconducting (sc‐) single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) films, metallic (m‐) SWCNTs films, pristine SWCNTs films, and graphene‐based simple two‐terminal sensors for the applications of ammonia gas sensing is presented. The comparison of the sensing response of different devices by separately measuring the SWCNTs film resistance and the contact resistance between SWCNTs and the electrodes reveals that the performance mainly relies on the modification of tube conductivity under exposure to gas. Moreover, the measurements show that the highest sensitivity of the devices is achieved by use of sc‐SWCNTs as the conducting channels. Sensor coated with surfactant‐free sc‐SWCNTs shows a sensitivity of 0.78% ppm at 5–100 ppm ammonia (NH3) concentrations that happened to be ≈28, ≈22, and ≈173 times more sensitive than pristine‐SWCNTs, m‐SWCNTs, and graphene‐based sensors, respectively, at 50 ppm and ≈4.5 times the previously reported sc‐SWCNTs‐based sensor at 5 ppm. Notably, all the experiments values are achieved at room temperature without any extra heating treatment for the recovery process. These results show that surfactant‐free sc‐SWCNTs provide a promising way of creating sensors with improved selectivity and sensitivity, which predicts the auspicious prospects in the development of future applications.
A density functional theory study of electronic properties of transition metals doped silicon carbide monolayer
Authors: Majid Abdul , Kanwal Hajra , Khan Salahuddin , Khan Shaukat
Published: January 2022

Density functional theory based calculations were carried out to study electronic properties of transition metal elements doped into silicon carbide monolayers. The slab model SiC after doping with several 3d and 4d transition metals were analyzed to investigate the structural, electronic properties, and catalytic activity of the materials. The electronic properties of the materials after doping and adsorption were analyzed in detail in terms of density of states and band diagrams to get insights into the mechanism involved. The energy profiling was carried out by placing the mono‐iodide at different possible sites on the slabs to find the favorable adsorption sites. The thorough study suggested that Zr, Nb, Mo, Cr doped SiC slabs exhibited improved catalytic activity in comparison to Pt doped SiC based CE.
Pose consensus control of multi‐agent rigid body systems with homogenous and heterogeneous communication delays
Authors: Maadani Mohammad , Butcher Eric A.
Published: January 2022

A new strategy for full pose and velocity consensus control of multi‐agent rigid body systems in the presence of communication delays is presented. Specifically, consensus protocols are proposed for a system of N heterogeneous rigid bodies on the Banach manifold associated with the tangent bundle , under a fixed and undirected communication topology, where the attitudes of the rigid bodies are described in terms of rotation matrices. The stability argument is strengthened from that used in prior studies by using an extension of Morse–Lyapunov–Krasovskii approach, and sufficient conditions are derived to achieve almost global asymptotic stability of the consensus subspace. Finally, illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the proposed method where both homogenous and heterogeneous communication delays are considered.
Affective and coping responses to quarantine hotel stays
Authors: Pratt Stephen , Tolkach Denis
Published: January 2022

During the outbreak of COVID‐19, many travellers had to quarantine upon arrival to their destination, often at designated hotels and usually for two weeks. Quarantine, as any type of isolation, is often emotionally challenging. This study applies the transactional theory of stress to explore guests' experiences during the hotel quarantine, the cognitive appraisals of their experiences and affective responses, and the coping strategies they deploy to address adverse mental effects of the quarantine. Data from in‐depth interviews with quarantine hotel guests demonstrates that guests experience a rollercoaster of moods and emotions during their stay, moving from uncertainty and anxiety to isolation and boredom to despair and depression, and finally to relief and optimism. These hotel guests used a range of coping styles to alter the perceived space and time in quarantine, address social isolation as well as negative emotions and moods. These findings have important implications for tourism, hospitality, and health professionals in managing travel, accommodation, and quarantine arrangements during a crisis.
Strong Faraday Rotation Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Enhancement of Embedded Metallic Nanoparticles in Glass
Authors: Zhu Han , Gao Mingsheng , Pang Chi , Li Rang , Chu Lingrui , Ren Feng , Qin Wei , Chen Feng
Published: January 2022

The Faraday rotation originates from the mechanism by which the time‐reversal symmetry in the material is broken by the external magnetic field. It is the basis for the development of some magneto‐optical devices, such as optical isolators. In integrated optics and telecommunications, nonreciprocal photonic devices with high transmittance and strong Faraday rotation are desired for low‐cost, compact optical systems. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) from the metallic nanoparticles in dielectrics allows the light localization in subwavelength scales, boosting the interaction between nanoparticles and materials, which results in a number of plasmon‐enhanced effects. Herein, the strong Faraday rotation in BK7 glass by embedded metallic nanoparticles through LSPR is reported. It is elucidated that the mechanism of Faraday rotation is the near‐field enhancement of spin–photon coupling effect in the presence of an external magnetic field. The Verdet constant of the thin‐layer BK7 glass with embedded Au nanoparticles is determined as high as 5059.7 rad T−1 m−1 at 532 nm, exhibiting excellent magneto‐optical features. This work opens a new avenue to develop the subwavelength magneto‐optical devices with embedded metallic nanoparticles.
Thermoelectric Coolers: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Chen Wen‐Yi , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Zou Jin , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: January 2022

Owing to the free of noise, mechanical component, working fluid, and chemical reaction, thermoelectric cooling is regarded as a suitable solution to address the greenhouse emission for the broad cooling scenarios. Here, the significant progress of state‐of‐the‐art thermoelectric coolers is comprehensively summarized and the related aspects of materials, fundamental design, heat sinks, and structures, are overviewed. Particularly, the usage of thermoelectric coolers in smart city, greenhouse, and personal and chip thermal management is highlighted. In the end, current challenges and future opportunities for further improvement of designs, performance, and applications of thermoelectric coolers are pointed out.
Functionalizing Lipid Sponge Droplets with DNA**
Authors: Cho Christy J. , Niederholtmeyer Henrike , Seo Hyeonglim , Bhattacharya Ahanjit , Devaraj Neal K.
Published: January 2022

Nucleic acids are among the most versatile molecules for the construction of biomimetic systems because they can serve as information carriers and programmable construction materials. How nucleic acids interact with coacervate compartments that consist of a lipid sponge phase is not known. Here we systematically characterize the potential of DNA to functionalize lipid sponge droplets and demonstrate a strong size dependence for sequestration into the sponge phase. Double stranded DNA molecules of more than 300 bp are excluded and form a corona on the surface of droplets they are targeted to. Shorter DNA molecules partition efficiently into the lipid sponge phase and can direct DNA‐templated reactions to droplets. We demonstrate repeated capture and release of labeled DNA strands by dynamic hybridization and strand displacement reactions that occur inside droplets. Our system opens new opportunities for DNA‐encoded functions in lipid sponge droplets such as cargo control and signaling.
Apoptosis, rather than neurogenesis, induces significant hippocampal‐dependent learning and memory impairment in chronic low Cd2+ exposure
Authors: Li Tianpeng , Dong Shuyan , He Chengjian , Yang Jing , Li Weiyun , Li Shanshan , Li Jing , Du Xiaoxue , Hou Zhaoxia , Li Luping , Li Songtao , Huang Zhihui , Sun Tingting
Published: January 2022

Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous toxic heavy metal, with the intractable trait of low degradation, can induce multiple organ damage. Whereas, far less is known about its neurotoxicity and the specific mechanism in the chronic low Cd exposure. To investigate the chronic neurotoxicity of Cd2+, we traced its effects for up to 30 months in mice which were exposed to Cd2+ by drinking the mimicking Cd‐polluted water. We found the toxicity of chronic Cd exposure was a process associated with the transition from autophagy to apoptosis, and the switch of autophagy‐apoptosis was Cd dose‐dependent with the threshold of [Cd2+] 0.04 mg/L. Furthermore, JNK was found to be a hub molecule orchestrated the switch of autophagy‐apoptosis by interacting with Sirt1 and p53. At last, the hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory was damaged by continuous neuron apoptosis rather than deficit of neurogenesis. Therefore, elucidation of the effect, process, and potential molecular mechanism of the chronic low Cd2+ exposure is important for controlling of the environmental‐pollutant Cd.
C1q/tumor necrosis factor‐related protein 9 protects cultured chondrocytes from IL‐1β‐induced inflammatory injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the AdipoR1/AMPK axis
Authors: Wang Bo , Li Yanqi , Hu Shouye , Peng Kan
Published: January 2022

C1q/tumor necrosis factor‐related protein 9 (CTRP9) has been identified as a novel anti‐inflammatory factor that participates in numerous pathological conditions. However, whether CTRP9 participates in the regulation of osteoarthritis has not been studied. This work sought to determine the possible role of CTRP9 in osteoarthritis using an in vitro model, namely interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐stimulated chondrocytes. There was a decreased level of CTRP9 in chondrocytes after IL‐1β stimulation. CTRP9 upregulation dramatically repressed IL‐1β‐evoked apoptosis and inflammatory response in cultured chondrocytes. The mechanistic investigation revealed that CTRP9 overexpression restrained the activation of the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in IL‐1β‐stimulated chondrocytes via the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1)/adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) axis. Notably, inhibition of AdipoR1 or AMPK abolished the regulatory effects of CTRP9 overexpression on IL‐1β‐evoked apoptosis and inflammasome activation. Overall, the results of this work delineate that CTRP9 protects cultured chondrocytes from IL‐1β‐induced inflammatory injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the AdipoR1/AMPK axis. This work underscores a potential role of CTRP9 in the progression of osteoarthritis.
Pneumoperitoneum as an uncommon complication after an axillary laceration in a horse
Authors: Schoen Linda Marie , Al Naem Mohammed , Röcken Michael , Geburek Florian
Published: January 2022

Lacerations of the axillary region occur frequently in horses. Typical complications caused by entrapment of air in the wound during locomotion are subcutaneous emphysema, with consecutive pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. In this case report, the clinical, radiographic and laboratory diagnosis and management of these complications after an axillary laceration that finally resulted in pneumoperitoneum are described. A 1‐year‐old Hannoveranian was presented with a pre‐existing axillary laceration of unknown duration and subcutaneous emphysema in the surrounding tissue. Due to extensive tissue loss, attempts to adequately close the wound surgically and by packing with sterile dressing material were unsuccessful. Despite stall confinement and tying of the horse, subcutaneous emphysema was progressive and pneumomediastinum as well as pneumothorax was developed. These complications were monitored radiographically. On day 5 after admission, signs of air accumulation were detected on radiographs craniodorsally in the peritoneum and a pneumoperitoneum was diagnosed. Repeated thoracentesis with a teat cannula to gradually evacuate the thoracic cavity was used in combination with nasal oxygen insufflation to treat global respiratory insufficiency. Subcutaneous emphysema and all other complications resolved progressively and the horse was discharged from the hospital 21 days after admission when the axillary wound was adequately filled with granulation tissue. The wound healed fully 1 month later and the horse did not develop long‐term complications within the following year. To the authors´ knowledge, the development of pneumoperitoneum including its radiographic monitoring following an axillary laceration has not been described in horses previously.
Parasite inversion for determining the coefficients and time‐validity of Philip's two‐term infiltration equation
Authors: Jaiswal Parakh , Gao Yifu , Rahmati Mehdi , Vanderborght Jan , Šimůnek Jirka , Vereecken Harry , Vrugt Jasper A.
Published: January 2022

Many different equations have been proposed to describe quantitatively one‐dimensional soil water infiltration. The unknown coefficients of these equations characterize soil hydraulic properties and may be estimated from a n record, , of cumulative infiltration measurements using curve fitting techniques. The two‐term infiltration equation, , of Philip has been widely used to describe measured infiltration data. This function enjoys a solid mathematical–physical underpinning and admits a closed‐form solution for the soil sorptivity, S [L T−1/2], and multiple, c [−], of the saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks [L T−1]. However, Philip's two‐term equation has a limited time validity, tvalid [T], and thus cumulative infiltration data, , beyond will corrupt the estimates of S and Ks. This paper introduces a novel method for estimating S, c, Ks, and tvalid of Philip's two‐term infiltration equation. This method, coined parasite inversion, use as vehicle Parlange's three‐parameter infiltration equation. As prerequisite to our method, we present as secondary contribution an exact, robust and efficient numerical solution of Parlange's infiltration equation. This solution admits Bayesian parameter estimation with the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm and yields as byproduct the marginal distribution of Parlange's β parameter. We evaluate our method for 12 USDA soil types using synthetic infiltration data simulated with HYDRUS‐1D. An excellent match is observed between the inferred values of S and Ks and their “true” values known beforehand. Furthermore, our estimates of c and tvalid correlate well with soil texture, corroborate linearity of the relationship for , and fall within reported ranges. A cumulative vertical infiltration of about 2.5 cm may serve as guideline for the time‐validity of Philip's two‐term infiltration equation.