bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Brief (One-Hour) Quantitative Neuropsychological Assessment with Three Performance-Based Tests: Strong Concordance with Proficiency Scores for a More Extensive Test Battery
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Raw scores for each of several dozens of traditional and more recently developed neuropsychological tests were correlated with an impairment index composed of all of these scores from the records of 162 patients who had been assessed following impacts of substantial mechanical energies, A score of either less than 20 correct binaural responses for a dichotic word listening task, more than 99 sec. for Trails B, and more than 3.8 min. to complete the Tactual Performance Test with both hands correctly classified 85% of patients whose z scores were less than −1.0 (below average) or −1.0 or above (average) for a composite neurocognitive index. The results suggest that these three tests, administrable within about one hour, may be employed as a more objective criterion rather than “clinical impressions” for discerning if patients require more extensive neuropsychological testing.
Grip Strength: A Summary of Studies Comparing Dominant and Nondominant Limb Measurements
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: August 2011

10 studies chat included comparisons of dominant and nondominant grip strength are summarized, Grip strength is typically greater on the dominant than on the nondominant side, but the difference between sides varies widely among studies and depends on whether individuals are right- or left-hand dominant. Available information may be insufficient to justify using between-side comparisons to make judgments about grip-strength impairments.
Do Male and Female Suicides Jump from Different Heights?
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Analysis of data from a small sample of suicides in India indicated no sex difference in the heights from which men and women jumped.
Effect of Amino Acid Mixture Intake on Physiological Responses and Rating of Perceived Exertion during Cycling Exercise
Authors: Demura Shinichi , Kitabayashi Tamotsu , Nagasawa Yoshinori , Matsuzawa Jinzaburo
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of an amino acid mixture supplement on physiological response and ratings of perceived exertion during submaximal cycle-ergometer exercise in 15 healthy, untrained male students. Subjects performed submaximal sustained exercise (oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold: 54.6 ± 12.5% of maximum oxygen uptake capacity) with a cycle-ergometer ride for 60 min. after resting for 1 min. and unloaded cycling for 2 min. They drank either a 380-ml supplement containing vespa amino acids or a lemon-flavored placebo at 30 min. before starting exercise in a double-blind design. The subjects participated in both experiments over a 1-wk. interval. Oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and plasma lactate concentration were measured during the exercise. The change-rate of respiratory exchange ratio for the Supplement group was significantly lower than that for the Placebo group at 10 min. after starting exercise. The change-rate of the ratings of perceived exertion for the Supplement group was significantly lower than that for the Placebo group at 50 min. after starting exercise. There were no significant changes in the rates in oxygen uptake, heart rate, and plasma lactate concentration between groups. We inferred that ingesting the supplement before starting exercise has a significant effect on the respiratory exchange ratio and ratings of perceived exertion during submaximal sustained exercise for 60 min. but not on oxygen uptake, heart rate, and plasma lactate concentration.
Female Advantage in Speeded Colour Naming: A Special Naming Factor or Superior Motor Sequencing?
Authors: Elias Lorin J. , Saucier Deborah M. , Nylen Kirk , Cheesman Jim
Published: August 2011

Women name colours more quickly than men do, and our recent research suggests that the female advantage for colour naming extends to speeded naming of shapes. The female advantage could reflect a superiority in producing and executing the motor sequences underlying the required vocal response. Or, women could have faster access to or retrieval of colour labels. The present study tested these two possibilities by administering 3 speeded colour-naming tasks. In the first task, participants named a patch of colour as quickly as possible after it was presented. In she second task, participants made manual (instead of vocal) responses. In the third task, vocal responses were required but a randomly varying delay period was introduced between the presentation of the colour patch and the required response. Females responded more quickly on the first task but there was no such advantage in the manual or delayed conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that the female advantage for speeded naming tasks reflects an advantage for sequencing movements rather than a special naming ability.
Ontogenetic Trends in Gnostic Hand Function in 3- to 12-Yr.-Old Children
Authors: van Grunsven W. , Njiokiktjien C. , Vranken M. , Vuylsteke-Wauters M.
Published: August 2011

The intimate relation between the sensory and motor functions of the hands during object manipulation and exploratory touch, the well-known improvement in object handling and constructive performance in ontogenesis and the emergent laterality thereof, assume changes in morphognostic capabilities in children. In this study we tried to corroborate the hypothesis of Mesker that mature and lateralized finger-thumb opposition is preceded by a stage of two-sided manual form agnosia in preschool children, followed by acquisition of morphognosis of the fingers and, finally, the thumbs. This study examined the development of gnostic hand function in 290 children from 3 to 11 years of age who drew the outlines of a meaningless wooden object passively felt with each hand without visual control. Analysis showed a clear ontogenetic change across the two age groups of increasing morphognostic function: 48% of the 6-yr.-olds drew correctly what the fingers of both left and right hands had perceived (thumbs, 14%). Of the 11-yr.-olds 91% and 61% performed perfectly with the right and left hands, respectively. The fingers preceded the thumbs in reproduction by most children, and the correct reproduction by the left thumb precedes that of the right thumb. The ontogenesis of bimanual sensorimotor functioning is discussed in the light of cortical and callosal development.
Experiential Factors in Sex Differences on Mental Rotation
Authors: Cherney Isabelle D. , Jagarlamudi Kavita , Lawrence Erika , Shimabuku Nicole
Published: August 2011

Past research has shown that men score significantly higher than women on mental rotation tests. The present study examined the effects of a prior exposure to a mental rotation task, i.e., adapted Cube Comparison test, and to three-dimensional objects, i.e., Legos™, on the performance on the Mental Rotation Test. 113 men and women were randomly divided into three conditions: control, exposure, or detailed instructions. On average, men outperformed women. Further analyses showed that sex differences were significant in the control condition but not in the other two, suggesting that a cuing effect may explain some of the robust sex differences in visuospatial tasks.
Reliability of a Computerized Target-Pursuit System for Measuring Coordinated Exertion of Force
Authors: Nagasawa Yoshinori , Demura Shinichi , Nakada Masakatsu
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to examine trial-to-trial and day-to-day reliability and sensitivity for measurements of the ability to coordinate exertion of force based on target-pursuit, 30 college students were required to match their grip strength to a changing demand value appearing on the display of a personal computer, using two visual images in the form of a bar chart and waveform. The variable was the sum of the differences between demanded and produced grip strength over time. Analysis indicated high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for bar chart and waveform displays (ICC = .87, ICC = .95, respectively). The limits of agreement, designating the interval comprising 95% of the differences between three measurements in a stable individual, were −14.8 to 99.3% for the bar chart and −3.5 to 113.6% for the waveform displays. One-tailed, paired t tests of the day-to-day measurements showed significant ( p < .05) improvement in both the bar chart and waveform displays. ICCs for day-to-day measurements were low-to-moderate for bar chart and waveform displays (ICC = .33 to .71, ICC = .48 to .76, respectively). The limits of agreement between measurements of two trials for day-to-day measurements were −112.2 to 218.6% for the bar chart and −139.2 to 352.8% for the waveform displays. The repeatability coefficients of trial-to-trial and day-to-day measurements for bar chart and waveform displays were 141 and 173%, and 152 and 176%, respectively. The limits of agreement between each test were relatively wide. We believe that these tests, on which the force response is visually guided, can be useful in objectively documenting the ability to coordinate exertion of force.
A Mozart Effect for Women on a Mental Rotations Task
Authors: Gilleta Karen S. , Vrbancic Mirna I. , Elias Lorin J. , Saucier Deborah M.
Published: August 2011

During the past decade, there have been numerous reports of a brief, but statistically significant, improvement in immediate spatial-temporal performance after listening to 10 min. of Mozart's Sonata K.448, known as the “Mozart effect.” The purpose of the present study was to assess whether production of the effect is influenced by length of listening conditions or sex. Each of 52 right-handed participants (26 females, 26 males) completed a paper-folding and cutting task and a Mental Rotations task following a listening condition in which the Mozart sonata was played and a silent condition (no music was played). A significant 3-way interaction among sex, listening condition, and task indicated that an effect was present only for women on the Mental Rotations task. As such, researchers should investigate the role of sex in production of the Mozart effect.
Actual and Possible Body-Image Self-Schemas in Young Women with Bulimic Tendencies
Authors: Girodo Michel
Published: August 2011

To examine whether information about body image is processed and cognitively organized around a self-concept, two experiments analyzed reaction time and memory for 48 young women with bulimic tendencies. Information was self-referencing to body shape vs trait words and information processing of adjectives referenced to “I dream of” and “I am afraid of” facets of self. Bulimic subjects encoded “fat” adjectives faster when these words were referenced to the present self. Reaction times were also faster to both “thin” and “fat” adjectives when these words were self-referenced to an “I dream of” and to an “I am afraid of” self, respectively. Processing of body-image information depended on which facet of self was activated rather than on the denotative meaning of the stimulus words. Memory for thin and fat adjectives was not related to preoccupation with body image or to which facet of the self was invoked. Findings suggest that an actual body-image schema and a possible body-image schema could coexist for bulimic persons. Such coexistence is necessary for a theory which posits knowledge structures might be dynamically related.
Association among Reading Summarization, Word Recognition, and Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Lee Chang H.
Published: August 2011

Word recognition and sentence comprehension are initial and necessary processes to summarize a story. This study was conducted to investigate the relations among word recognition, sentence comprehension, and reading summarization. Analysis showed performance for word naming, an index of on-line word recognition, was correlated with the Latent Semantic Analysis scores, an index of reading summarization. These results indicate that the basic process of word recognition is a comer stone to better reading.
Body-Size Preferences in Croatian Children Ages Seven to Ten Years
Authors: Ambrosi-Randić Neala , Pokrajac-Bulian Alessandra
Published: August 2011

288 Croatian school children, ages 7 to 10 years rated their current and ideal body sizes on Collins' figures and chose the favorite figure for their same- and opposite-sex friends. Girls aged 10 preferred their female friends' figure to be more similar to their own, while boys preferred a friend's to be larger. These findings support cultural ideal of thinness for girls and strength for boys.
Interaction of Age with Time of Day and Mental Load in Different Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Bonnefond Anne , Rohmer Odile , Hoeft Alain , Muzet Alain , Tassi Patricia
Published: August 2011

Extensive research has demonstrated that shiftwork produces deleterious effects on health because of the desynchrony it induces in the biological clock. The problem is even more crucial for older workers who present, in addition, various decrements in their cognitive functioning, particularly on attention and memory. The present study assessed whether age was related to task complexity as a function of time of day and time-on-task in a rapid rotating work-rest schedule. 24 subjects (12 juniors: 20–30 years and 12 seniors: 50–60 years) performed either a simple task (visual discrimination) or a complex task (descending subtraction) on three different moments of the day simulating the main shifts (morning, evening, and night). Analysis indicated that an age effect was only present on the more complex task, which was demanding in attentional resources and memory load. Seniors had no deficit in performance on the simple task compared to juniors. The effect of time of day was restricted to the simple task for both age groups. However, some differential strategies appear to distinguish juniors and seniors, specifically on accuracy during the night, suggesting that subjects of different ages cope with cognitive tasks in different ways and that perhaps some adverse effects apparently associated with aging could be counteracted by efficient strategies, but not others.
Jog-Walk Training in Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Adults with down Syndrome
Authors: Tsimaras Vassilis , Giagazoglou Paraskevi , Fotiadou Eleni , Christoulas Kosmas , Angelopoulou Nickoletta
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an aerobic training program on adults with Down syndrome. 25 male adults with Down syndrome ( M age = 24.6 yr., IQs = 45–60) participated in a 12-wk. exercise training study. Subjects were assigned to an experimental group ( n = 15) and a control group ( n = 10). Pre- and posttraining treadmill tests were performed to determine the following peak physiological parameters: heart rate (HR peak), peak minute ventilation (VE peak), peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak, absolute and relative), and time to exhaustion (min.). The experimental group underwent a 12-wk. interval training program. The control group received no structured exercise training during this period. Following the 12-wk. training program, significant improvements ( p<.05) in peak physiological parameters were seen for the experimental group for VO2 peak (both relative and absolute), VE peak, and time to exhaustion. No significant improvements in peak physiologic parameters were seen in the control group Consistent with prior research using similar subjects, we concluded that adults with Down syndrome are able to improve their aerobic capacity when performing a systematic and well-designed aerobic training program.
Effects of Luminance and Color on Apparent Motion
Authors: Gyulai Elisabetta
Published: August 2011

The present study explored the effects of luminance, color, and distance on apparent motion direction of some repeated stimuli of alternating colors. Two experiments were performed to specify what affects apparent motion direction when the stroboscopic alternative is between proximity and similarity in color. In Exp. 1 the influence of luminance on apparent motion was systematically studied with seven different background luminance values. Analysis pointed out that apparent motion direction depends on the discriminability among the disks, in relation also to the background values. A formula to predict the apparent motion direction from luminance values was proposed. In Exp. 2 the influence of hue on apparent motion was studied. Stimuli with equiluminant disks on different backgrounds were used. Analysis pointed out that the stroboscopic unification was based mainly on proximity and that discriminability between the disks was rather poor, especially when apparent motion occurred also on an equiluminant background, as already pointed out by Ramachandran and Gregory in 1978. A different influence on apparent motion of the red-blue and red-green disks, as opposed to that of the blue-green ones, was also noted.
Sound Levels in Classrooms and Effects on Self-Reported Mood among School Children
Authors: Lundquist Pär , Holmberg Kjell , Burström Lage , Landström Ulf
Published: August 2011

The principle of this field study is an investigation of recorded sound levels in 24 classrooms and relations between sound level measures and aspects of children's rated annoyance, task orientation, and inattentiveness. The background sound-exposure levels were distributed within the interval of 33–42 dB(A)eq and the activity sound level exposure ranged between 47–68 dB(A)eq. The recorded levels must be considered as high for work environments where steady concentration and undisturbed communication is essential. Results do not support the hypothesis that lower background-sound level and fewer students per class would improve the sound environment by generating a lower activity noise or the hypothesis that higher sound levels should increase annoyance and inattentiveness as well as deteriorate task orientation ratings.
Transliminality Correlates Positively with Aberrations in Memory
Authors: Houran James , Thalbourne Michael A.
Published: August 2011

During the course of a larger study on sensory thresholds and transliminality, 22 men and 28 women ( M = 23 1 yr. SD = 2.9) mostly composed of students selected from a snowball sampling approach completed the Revised Transliminality Scale and a brief measure of everyday aberrations in memory. Scores on the measures correlated .59 ( p<.001), and this result was not due to the confounding effects of age or sex. These preliminary results are consistent with the hypothesis that transliminality involves a state of increased activation that can induce a loss of conscious experience, thereby lending support to the definition of transliminality as the tendency for psychological material to cross thresholds into or out of consciousness.
Permeability and Environmental Enclosure
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

Theories by J. J. Gibson and H. Hediger suggest that environmental enclosure is important. Re-examination of their work suggests that judged degree of enclosure might be influenced by permeability of spatial regions. This study reports effects on judgments of enclosure by permeability and two other factors, horizontal size of rooms and heights of walls. 64 respondents rated 24 scenes on the criterion of enclosure. Pearson correlations for judged enclosure with the three factors were .68 for height, −.51 for permeability, and −.31 for horizontal size. Interactions between the factors had very small effects on judged enclosure.
A Mother Chimpanzee Knows Her Son is Sick
Authors: Itakura Shoji
Published: August 2011

A mother chimpanzee showed special care (high frequency grooming, holding, and carrying) of her child when he was sick, from which one may infer she seemed to know her son was sick.
Suicide by Jumping from a Bridge
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Of the 132 suicides jumping from the Delaware Memorial Bridge from 1952 to the present, the majority were male and from Delaware. There were more suicides in the summer months than in the winter months.
Effective Instructional Procedures for Teaching Individuals with Severe Disabilities in Motor Skills
Authors: Zhang Jiabei
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to describe effective instructional procedures used to teach motor skills to individuals with severe disabilities. Five effective instructional procedures supported with experimental data in adapted physical education are identified through the review of literature: (a) response shaping, (b) increasing prompt hierarchy, (c) decreasing prompt hierarchy, (d) constant time delay, and (e) progressive time delay. The characteristics, documentations, guidelines, and recommendations for application of these procedures are described.
Incremental Exercise, Plasma Concentrations of Catecholamines, Reaction Time, and Motor Time during Performance of a Noncompatible Choice Response Time Task
Authors: McMorris Terry , Tallon Mark , Williams Craig , Sproule John , Draper Steve , Swain Jon , Potter Julia , Clayton Neville
Published: August 2011

The primary purpose was to examine the effect of incremental exercise on a noncompatible response time task. Participants ( N = 9) undertook a 4-choice noncompatible response time task under 3 conditions, following rest and during exercise at 70% and 100% of their maximum power output. Reaction and movement times were the dependent variables. Maximum power output had been previously established on an incremental test to exhaustion. A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance yielded a significant effect of exercise intensity on the task, but observation of the separate univariate repeated-measures analyses of variance showed that only movement time was significantly affected. Post hoc Tukey tests indicated movement time during maximal intensity exercise was significantly faster than in the other two conditions. The secondary purpose of the study was to assess whether increases in plasma concentrations of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline during exercise and power output would act as predictor variables of reaction and movement times during exercise. Catecholamine concentrations were based on venous blood samples taken during the maximum power output test. None of the variables were significant predictors of reaction time. Only power output was a significant predictor of movement time ( R2 = .24). There was little support for the notion that peripheral concentrations of catecholamines directly induce a central nervous system response.
Defendants' Age and Severity of Punishment for Two Crimes in a Mock Scenario: Further Data
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J. , Bergeron Christine E.
Published: August 2011

95 undergraduates read a simulated crime vignette about either murder or theft in which the perpetrator was a 20-, 40-, or 60-yr.-old man, then gave recommendations about sentence and parole. Subsequently, they made a second set of recommendations for the other crime and another age. For combined sets of judgments, punishment was harsher for the murder than for the theft. For murder, the 60-yr.-old and the 20-yr.-old were both treated more leniently than the 40-yr.-old, but the difference was greater for the older than for the younger offender. Researchers should examine age in relation to judgments for different crimes with participants exposed to all experimental conditions.
Analysis of the Deformation of the Useful Visual Field: A Comment on Rantanen (2003)
Authors: Rogé Joceline , Muzet Alain
Published: August 2011

In the study of variables which may affect peripheral visual perception are several ways of assessing deterioration of this perception. One is evaluation of deformation of the useful visual field. Two techniques of analysis have been considered, by calculation of deformation indices, as proposed by Rantanen in 2003 and by carrying out an elliptical interpolation from the location within the visual field of signals perceived by a subject. This latter means, proposed by Rogé in 2002, enables description of whole field with the aid of two parameters. Comparison of the two techniques clarifies their advantages and disadvantages.
Variability of Color Choice in the Lüscher Color Test—Sex Differences
Authors: Kertzman Semion , Spivak Baruch , Ben-Nahum Zeev , Vainder Michael , Weizman Abraham , Mester Roberto
Published: August 2011

In this preliminary investigation of variability of responses on the Lüscher Color Test, subjects were 567 volunteers administered the test twice with a 10-min. interval between them. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) that variability of responses attests to the personality of the respondent (tested by the relations of variability and MMPI scale scores), and (b) variability of responses is based on learning the test's content. As such, men's scores should be more variable than women's. Analysis showed that variability was not correlated with scores for personality on the MMPI scales. Men's scores are more variable than women's, but only until age 45.
Quantification of Human Spatial Behavior in an Open Field-Locomotor Maze
Authors: Zeng Lingju , Höll Doris , Leplow Bernd , Mehdorn Maximilian
Published: August 2011

To obtain and analyze the strategies of human spatial behavior, the Kiel Locomotor Maze, a maze-like analogue, was used. The Kiel Locomotor Maze automatically records different types of spatial memory errors, distances and rotation angles, decision time, and reaction times for each move. 18 patients with cerebral tumors within the frontal, temporal, or parietal lobes and 16 patients with Parkinson's disease were investigated with respect to “sense of direction.” These parameters provide information beyond error scores. It was expected that patients with focal cortical lesions would be characterised by loss of directional sense whereas basal ganglia-related brain disease is characterised by preserved directional sense but poor memory for cue-defined target locations. Based on the neuropsychological theory of head-direction sense, especially the 1991 model of McNaughton, the functionality of storage and update of the head-direction sense may be reflected with the help of these parameters. “Direction sense” parameters provide information about success or failure of the acquisition of a spatial task much earlier than error scores.
Sex-Typing and Prestige Ratings of Occupations as Indices of Occupational Stereotypes
Authors: Oswald Patricia A.
Published: August 2011

In the present study, an ethnically diverse convenience sample ( N = 295; 56% female) of working adults (47%) and college students (age M = 23.7, SD = 6.7) rated a list of 25 occupations on a 9-point sex-typing scale, with anchors of 1: mostly associated with men and 9: mostly associated with women. They also rated the status or prestige of these occupations on an 11-point Prestige scale, with anchors of 1: low prestige/status and 11: high prestige/status. Findings were consistent with results reported by Panek, Rush, and Greenawalt in 1977 and O'Connor in 1982. Little has changed: respondents still hold sex-based opinions about occupations. Moreover, occupational titles perceived as mostly associated with men were rated higher in prestige than occupational titles perceived as mostly associated with women. This pattern was found for both high and low prestige jobs. Men and women did not differ in their evaluations of these occupations.
Focal Colors and Unique Hues
Authors: Miyahara Eriko
Published: August 2011

This study is an empirical investigation of the extent to which focal colors and unique hues of red, green, blue, and yellow are related. 40 young adults were asked to pick focal colors and unique hues from 100 color patches printed on white paper. Their saturation was varied in four levels. Analysis showed mean focal colors and mean unique hues were almost identical for the four color terms.
Biological, Hormonal, and Psychological Parameters in Professional Soccer Players Throughout a Competitive Season
Authors: Filaire Edith , Lac Géarard , Pequignot Jean-Marc
Published: August 2011

We examined changes in the haematological, metabolic, immunological, hormonal, and psychological fields using selected variables in 20 professional soccer players, over the course of a competitive season. The team performance was assessed by computing the winning percentage. A symptom checklist was used to assess the severity of upper respiratory tract infections. A high-intensity training programme induced a significant increase in cortisol and uric acid concentrations. Despite lower glutamine concentrations than the normal range throughout the study, infection occurred only in two of the soccer players. Moreover, the levels of immunological factors IgA, IgG, and IgM, and the haematological parameters were unaltered. Subsequent decreased performance coincided with changes in specific mood states of the team. Our results show some alterations on the metabolic, hormonal, and psychological variables over the five fields studied, suggesting that combined psychological and physiological changes during training are of primary interest to monitor the training stress in relation to performance in team sport.
A Cross-Sport Athletic Performance Rating Scale
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Manning Craig L.
Published: August 2011

An Athletic Performance Rating Scale, developed for comparing the characteristics of successful athletes across sports, was used by 17 coaches to rate 74 men and 83 women on 17 varsity collegiate teams. A 5-factor scale measuring Self-motivation, Self-confidence, Emotional Stability, Athletic Ability, and Character was developed using principal components analysis.
Psychosocial Correlates to High School Girls' Leisure-Time Physical Activity: A Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Kerner Matthew S. , Kurrant Anthony B.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to test the efficacy of the theory of planned behavior in predicting intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity and leisure-time physical activity behavior of high school girls. Rating scales were used for assessing attitude to leisure-time physical activity, subjective norm, perceived control, and intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity among 129 ninth through twelfth graders. Leisure-time physical activity was obtained from 3-wk. diaries. The first hierarchical multiple regression indicated that perceived control added ( R2 change = .033) to the contributions of attitude to leisure-time physical activity and subjective norm in accounting for 50.7% of the total variance of intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity. The second regression analysis indicated that almost 10% of the variance of leisure-time physical activity was explicated by intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity and perceived control, with perceived control contributing 6.4%. From both academic and theoretical standpoints, our findings support the theory of planned behavior, although quantitatively the variance of leisure-time physical activity was not well-accounted for. In addition, considering the small percentage increase in variance explained by the addition of perceived control explaining variance of intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity, the pragmatism of implementing the measure of perceived control is questionable for this population.
Articulatory Planning in Naming Single Word-Kanji Characters
Authors: Yamada Jun
Published: August 2011

Yamazaki, et al. (1997) rejected word length measured by number of syllables as not significant in accounting for naming latencies for Japanese kanji characters. This study reexamined Yamazaki, et al.'s data and found that monosyllabic characters were named slower than two- and three-syllable characters. This finding is taken as suggesting the presence of an articulatory planning stage in speech production in Japanese.
Comparisons of Body Mass Index, Perception of Body Weight, Body Shape Satisfaction, and Self-Esteem among Korean Adolescents
Authors: Kim Oksoo , Kim Kyeha
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare sex differences in Body Mass Index, subjective perception of body weight, body shape satisfaction, and self-esteem in Korean adolescent boys and girls. Subjects were 109 boys ( M age = 16.1 yr., SD =.6) and 131 girls ( M age = 16.0 yr., SD = 5), recruited from two high schools in Korea. There were differences in Body Mass Index, perception of body weight, body shape satisfaction, and self-esteem by group. More girls (31%) than boys (16%) evaluated themselves as overweight, while higher proportions of boys (6.4%) than girls (1.5%) were actually overweight. A higher proportion of girls responded that they were dissatisfied with their body shape (61% vs 28%). Self-esteem mean score was significantly higher for the boys than the girls. There was a significant relationship between actual Body Mass Index and perception of body weight. There was a significant negative relation between Body Mass Index and rated self-esteem for girls.
Alprazolam Withdrawal Insomnia
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: August 2011

A 49-yr.-old man volunteered to be interviewed about withdrawal effects of alprazolam after having taken alprazolam for 3 mo. During the alprazolam-intake period the subject reported improved sleep though he had not suffered previously from insomnia. Upon withdrawal, he experienced bad mood for a few days and severe insomnia for at least 3 wk. The conclusion was made that more attention should be paid to withdrawal-induced insomnia in case of intermediate-acting benzodiazepines such as alprazolam.
Reliability and Validity of the Ohwaki-Kohs Tactile Block Design Test for the Blind
Authors: Brand Handré J. , Pieterse Marietha J. , Frost Michèle
Published: August 2011

The Ohwaki-Kohs Tactile Block Design Test for the Blind was administered to 147 white blind children, 91 boys and 56 girls with an age range of 5 to 19 yr., for the purpose of ascertaining the validity and reliability of the test. The test satisfied certain basic requirements with regard to test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity.
Reliability and Validity of the Chapin Social Insight Test: Some Cautionary Data
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

On the basis of Chapin Social Insight Test scores from two samples of male and female undergraduates representing a university population in consecutive years, estimates of split-half ( ns = 66, 128), and test-retest ( ns = 44, 99) reliability were obtained. In addition, for 63 students in the second sample, correlations between test scores and course grades were calculated. Test-retest reliabilities were .69 and .66, split-half reliabilities were even lower (.20 to .50), and validity coefficients between Chapin scores and grades in behavioral science (.09) and nonbehavioral science course (.06) were statistically nonsignificant. In addition, although they were not restricted in range, the mean scores for both sexes fell about one standard deviation below the relevant norms. These data provide further evidence for the separation of social and academic intelligence, but they also suggest that the Chapin test should be used with caution.
The Berserker/Blind Rage Syndrome as a Potentially New Diagnostic Category for the DSM-III
Authors: Simón Armando
Published: August 2011

It is proposed that a new type of disorder be incorporated in the DSM-III under the category of Dissociative Disorders. The disorder, the Berkserker/Blind Rage Syndrome is characterized by (a) violent overreaction to physical, verbal, or visual insult, (b) amnesia during the actual period of violence, (c) abnormally great strength, (d) specifically target-oriented violence. Some case studies are presented for illustration and a parallel is made with the Viking Berserkers of the Middle Ages.
Attitudes towards Mathematics of Grade Six Pupils and Teachers from Urban and Rural Communities in Kenya
Authors: Okech Jack Green
Published: August 2011

From 16 urban and rural elementary schools in Kenya, 669 children in Grade 6 and their 77 teachers of mathematics were randomly selected for study of their attitudes about mathematics. No significant effects of sex or preferred area of study were noted, but urban and rural children were significantly different. Urban girls and rural boys were more positive in their attitudes. Rural male and female teachers differed significantly.
Developmental Analysis of Sex Differences in Class Rank of Primary-Grade Children
Authors: Arap-Maritim Ezra K.
Published: August 2011

The study explored sex differences in class rank. 2,300 children, a total of 1,301 boys and 999 girls in Grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 served as subjects ( N = 2,300). (a) More girls than boys were in the first top five class positions in Grades 1, 2, and 3. (b) No sex differences were found for Grades 4 and 5, and (c) more boys than girls were in the top five positions in Grades 6, 7, and 8. Is this a developmental phenomenon related to the differential growth of language and cognitive abilities?
Considerations in Prewarning Clients of the Limitations of Confidentiality
Authors: Faustman William O. , Miller David J.
Published: August 2011

Many clinicians have advocated that therapists should pre-warn clients of the limitations of confidentiality prior to the initiation of therapy. Surprisingly, little attention has been given to arguments against prewarning clients. The present work notes that the act of prewarning may subvert the intent and effectiveness of numerous laws and legal rulings designed for the protection of innocent victims. Discussion is provided regarding how certain laws may have placed psychologists in the role of an agent of society.
Expert Judgment: Is More Information Better?
Authors: Ettenson Richard , Shanteau James , Krogstad Jack
Published: August 2011

Two groups of professional auditors (expert ns = 10 and 11) and one group of 11 accounting students (novices) made judgments for 32 hypothetical auditing cases which were based on 8 dimensions of accounting-related information. Analyses indicated that the experts did not differ significantly from the novices in the number of significant dimensions; both the professionals and the students had roughly three significant factors. When evaluating the information, however, the experts' judgments primarily reflected one source of information, with other cues having secondary impart. In comparison, no single cue was dominant for the students' judgments. These results were interpreted to indicate that the nonuse of information by experts does not necessarily indicate a cognitive limitation. Instead, experts may have better abilities to focus on relevant information. The professional auditors also exhibited greater consistency and consensus than did the students. In contrast to much previous work, the experts here are viewed as being skilled and competent judges.
Two Studies of Yeasaying
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: August 2011

Two studies of yeasaying are reported. Data from 36 college students supported the hypothesis that scores on a yeasaying measure would be positively correlated (.58) with a measure of dogmatism. Data from 133 college students confirmed that yeasaying is moderately correlated with “true” responses to socially undesirable items (−.38) and that social desirability and faking are positively correlated (.53). Yeasaying was also positively correlated with extraversion (.35) and neuroticism (.31).
Innovativeness and Confidence in Information Processing: Revisited
Authors: Celuch Kevin , Evans Richard H.
Published: August 2011

This study reexamined the hypothesis that there should be a positive and significant relationship between innovativeness and information-processing confidence. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .53 for 74 undergraduates confirmed the hypothesis.
I vs We Perspective in Women as Measured by Lateral Eye Movement
Authors: Cross Donna L.
Published: August 2011

An experiment and replication measuring lateral eye movement yielded significant differences in the way women responded when required to think from either an I or a we perspective. The larger numbers of left movement in the we groups were inferred to indicate specialization of the right hemisphere. Right movement was linked to ego involvement. Theoretical implications are discussed.
An Empirical Account of Temperature Biofeedback Applied in Groups
Authors: Lashley Joyce K. , Gamble Eric H. , Grenier Charles E. , Roundtree George A. , Elder S. Thomas
Published: August 2011

The threefold purpose of this study was: (1) to determine whether hand-temperature biofeedback could be used in groups, (2) to investigate the role of the biofeedback therapist in a group setting, and (3) to determine to what extent, if any, group cohesion developed as a result of biofeedback and verbal reinforcement. Three groups of volunteer subjects were tested. Group A served as a control, Group B received feedback only, and Group C received feedback plus verbal reinforcement. Five people in each group met once weekly for six consecutive weeks. Hand temperature, seating arrangements, frequency of group leaders-to-member reinforcement, and frequency of member-to-member reinforcement were recorded throughout. Analysis indicated biofeedback of hand temperature can be done in groups. Verbal reinforcement from a live therapist (group leader) facilitated biofeedback training, and group cohesion developed readily under conditions of feedback and/or verbal reinforcement. The results were discussed in terms of their relevance to current clinical practice and research.
An Empirical Study of MMPI F Scale Validity
Authors: Gravitz Melvin A.
Published: August 2011

Responses by normal male and female job applicants to the 64 items of the MMPI F scale were examined to ascertain if they were still being answered in the scored (deviant) direction by less than 10%, as required for the original normative sample. More than 10% of men endorsed five booklet items (Nos. 112, 115, 199, 206, 215) in the deviant direction, while a similar percentage of women so endorsed four items (Nos. 112, 115, 199, 206). These findings appear to reflect modern trends in American behavior and suggest that this widely used test might be renormed.
Stability of Jungian Personality Types within a College Population over a Decade
Authors: Levy Nissim , Ridley Stanley E.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the stability of a college population's modal personality type, and its distribution of personality types, over a decade. This was done cross-sectionally by comparing the Jungian personality types of two female samples from the same urban university whose personality types had been tested 10 to 12 yr. apart with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The total sample was 1,764. The results indicated that the slight change in the two samples' modal personality type was artifactual and that there was no statistically significant difference in the distributions of personality types. The findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and research implications.
Relationships between Work Commitments and Experience of Personal Well-Being
Authors: Wiener Yoash , Muczyk Jan P. , Gable Myron
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that work commitment is positively related to personal well-being along most of the commitment range. At the top end of the range, however, where “overcommitment” is indicated, a deterioration of well-being was expected. The sample consisted of 257 young, primarily men, retail managers. Analysis indicated a linear relationship between commitment and well-being across the whole range. The findings support the traditional position that personal commitment to central domains of life contributes to well-being. They do not support the hypothesis concerning detrimental effects of “overcommitment.”
Expressed Occupational Choice of Nontraditional Premedical Students as Measured by the Self-Directed Search: An Investigation of Holland's Theory
Authors: Henry Paul , Bardo Harold R.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the congruency concept in Holland's theory of vocational choice and the validity of the Self-directed Search interest inventory, utilizing a population of investigative-type students. Also examined were the race and sex differences in students' responses to Holland's six personality types. The sample of 100 black and white premedical students were enrolled in a medical education preparatory program. The program was designed to increase the number of qualified applicants who are underrepresented in the medical profession. The analysis produced positive support for Holland's congruency concept and the concurrent validity of the Self-directed Search. No significant differences were noted for race, although sex yielded significant differences for Holland's Realistic and Investigative personality types.
Lay People's and Health Care Personnel's Perceptions of Cancer, Aids, Cardiac, and Diabetic Patients
Authors: Katz Irwin , Hass R. Glen , Parisi Nina , Astone Janetta , McEvaddy Denise , Lucido David J.
Published: August 2011

Although some writers assume that negative attitudes toward cancer and other chronic disease patients are prevalent, systematic data have been scarce. Perceptions of patients and their illnesses were assessed for college students, nurses, medical students, and chiropractic students. Subjects rated cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and heart disease patients, as well as the nonill, on 21 bipolar trait items, selected to measure competence, moral worth, dependence, depression, and morbidity. There were also measures of social distance, cancer anxiety, disease beliefs, and ascribed illness responsibility. With minor exceptions, all subsamples perceived cancer victims less favorably than diabetics, heart patients, and the nonill on competence, dependence, depression, and morbidity. Cancer patients were always seen as even more depressed than AIDS sufferers but were rated just as favorably as well people on moral worth. People with AIDS were generally the most negatively evaluated and most rejected group. Cancer was consistently described as the most painful condition and, next to AIDS, the least understood medically and most deadly. Cancer anxiety was moderately predictive of perceptions of cancer victims, and ratings of illness responsibility were moderately predictive of moral worth ratings for the cancer and AIDS groups. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Evaluations of College Professors: Effects of Professors' Sex-Type, and Sex, and Students' Sex
Authors: Basow Susan A. , Howe Karen G.
Published: August 2011

Over 700 college students evaluated one of eight written profiles of a college professor. The descriptions varied by professors' sex and by professor sex-type (neutral/control, affective, instrumental, androgynous). Profiles were handed out in class to male and female students by regular instructors (experimenters). Professors described as high in affective qualities (the affective and androgynous professors) received the highest ratings on questions related to interactions with students outside of class. Professors' sex-type interacted significantly with students' sex and instructors' sex on these questions as well. The effects of both instrumental and affective qualities of the instructor appear to overshadow the effects of a professor's sex in students' evaluations, at least under certain conditions.
Predicting Poststroke Family Function: A Continuing Dilemma
Authors: Evans Ron L. , Bishop Duane S. , Matlock Anne Leith , Stranahan Susan , Noonan Craig
Published: August 2011

To determine what effect stroke might have on family interaction, common stroke outcome variables were used to predict family function for a sample of 78 families in which one member had recent onset of stroke. Traditional stroke-outcome predictors were not useful in accounting for variance in family function. The nature of family dynamics after disability may require additional research because the relationship is complex.