bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buoyancy and velocity field synergy principle for enhancing buoyancy-driven ventilation and natural smoke venting
Authors: Yang Dong , Chen Feilong , Hu Xinyue
Published: November 2024

Buoyancy-driven ventilation is a zero-energy measure for removing residual heat and gaseous contaminant from building interior space, and buoyancy-driven natural smoke venting is prevalent in smoke control for guaranteeing human evacuation. This paper establishes a mechanical energy conservation equation, describing the non-isothermal fluid delivery and the associated mechanical energy transport along with natural convection. A field synergy principle regarding buoyancy and velocity fields is proposed based on the conservation equation. The multi-field synergetic relations among pressure gradient, velocity, and buoyancy are derived. The mechanical energy input resulted from the work done by thermal buoyancy in the buoyancy-driven non-isothermal flow is correlated with both Ra and the field synergy degree between buoyancy and velocity, which is characterized by a field synergy number, FsU,g. The proposed new field synergy principle has been verified with natural convection occurred in vertical channels bounded with parallel plates, and it is applied in typical buoyancy-driven ventilation or smoke venting scenarios. The buoyancy-driven ventilation or smoke venting capability can be enhanced through improving the degree of synergy between buoyancy and velocity in the flow domain, even though the indoor air or smoke temperature is decreased. This principle helps to further understand the physical essence and role of thermal force in buoyancy-driven ventilation and smoke flows, and it provides a new route for enhancing natural ventilation and smoke control effectiveness in buildings.
How CO2 gas accelerates water nucleation at low temperature
Authors: Feusi Stefan , Graber Felix , Khatri Jai , Li Chenxi , Signorell Ruth
Published: November 2024

We conducted homogeneous nucleation experiments for dilute binary H2O–CO2 mixtures in Ar–N2 carrier gas with different CO2/H2O ratios at temperatures of 57 and 75 K and total pressures of ∼40 and 70 Pa, respectively. Direct experimental information on the number and type of molecules in the clusters and on the cluster number concentration is obtained by mass spectrometric detection of nucleating clusters that form in the uniform region of Laval expansions. Only homo-molecular water clusters are observed in the mass spectra. However, as the CO2/H2O ratio increases, a significant increase in the nucleation rate is observed. A simple kinetic model suggests that this acceleration of nucleation is due to the formation of short-lived, transient hetero-molecular H2O–CO2 dimers. Comparison with homogeneous binary nucleation of toluene–CO2 and unary nucleation of H2O shows that nucleation becomes more efficient in systems with stronger intermolecular interactions and a larger number of degrees of freedom. Such studies at the molecular level will improve our understanding of homogeneous nucleation mechanisms in atmospheric and industrial processes.
Helmholtz resonant cavity based metasurface for ultrasonic focusing
Authors: Hong Shulong , Piao Xiangkun , Yao Xinya , Fan Yuhang , Tang Shuai , Lü Cheng , Yao Jiabao , Yao Fengfeng , Jiang Yongyuan , Cheng Bingbing , Pei Yanbo
Published: November 2024

As a new method of acoustic focusing, metasurfaces have the advantage of achieving high-resolution focusing with compact and planar geometry in a relatively broad frequency band. Among these, the Helmholtz resonator cavity based metasurface has been widely utilized due to its superior performance. However, the research on this metamaterial has focused on the audible frequency band and it remains a challenge to apply this structure to the ultrasonic frequency band for biomedical applications. One reason is that the ultrasonic metasurfaces typically require complex and deep subwavelength microstructures, which is a great challenge to the current state-of-the-art fabrication techniques, and the other reason is that transferring metasurfaces with the conventional metal structure in air to those in water induces a significant transverse wave effect. In this study, we first designed a Helmholtz resonant cavity based metasurface working at 1.5 MHz according to the generalized Snell law, which is the frequency employed in biomedical applications. The resonant cavity unit was made of resin and air, which suppressed the transverse wave effect greatly. The makings and sparse distribution of the unit enabled the easy fabrication of the metasurface by 3D printing. Then, the focusing characteristics were investigated through numerical simulation and good focusing results were achieved, although the unit structure did not meet full phase coverage. Finally, the metasurface was fabricated, and the focusing was demonstrated experimentally. This work paves a way for the application of Helmholtz resonant cavity based metasurfaces in the biomedical ultrasound field.
Physics-informed line graph neural network for power flow calculation
Authors: Zhang Hai-Feng , Lu Xin-Long , Ding Xiao , Zhang Xiao-Ming
Published: November 2024

Power flow calculation plays a significant role in the operation and planning of modern power systems. Traditional numerical calculation methods have good interpretability but high time complexity. They are unable to cope with increasing amounts of data in power systems; therefore, many machine learning based methods have been proposed for more efficient power flow calculation. Despite the good performance of these methods in terms of computation speed, they often overlook the importance of transmission lines and do not fully consider the physical mechanisms in the power systems, thereby weakening the prediction accuracy of power flow. Given the importance of the transmission lines as well as to comprehensively consider their mutual influence, we shift our focus from bus adjacency relationships to transmission line adjacency relationships and propose a physics-informed line graph neural network framework. This framework propagates information between buses and transmission lines by introducing the concepts of the incidence matrix and the line graph matrix. Based on the mechanics of the power flow equations, we further design a loss function by integrating physical information to ensure that the output results of the model satisfy the laws of physics and have better interpretability. Experimental results on different power grid datasets and different scenarios demonstrate the accuracy of our proposed model.
Quantized Seebeck coefficient of quasi-ballistic gold nanowires
Authors: Hanamura Yuki , Yamada Ryo , Tada Hirokazu
Published: November 2024

The behavior of the Seebeck coefficient in the intermediate regime between atomic scale ballistic conduction and bulk-like diffusive conduction remains unclear. To address this, we have developed a microscale device capable of simultaneously measuring the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductance of gold nanowires in an adiabatic environment. The nanowires were made in situ by electromigration from lithographically prepared bow-tie electrodes, yielding a wide range of wire thicknesses down to a few hundred atoms. We observed quantization of the Seebeck coefficient, a phenomenon previously observed only at the Ångstrom scale, in relatively thick wires with a thickness of several tens of nanometers. The quantized Seebeck coefficient was proportional to the reciprocal of the electrical conductance with a slope of −47.8 μV/K, indicating that electrons are spatially confined due to the electronic shell structure of the nanowire, similar to the quantization of electrical conductance.
Rate coefficients for C and O2 reactive collisions relevant to interstellar clouds from QCT and machine learning
Authors: Huang Xia , Cheng Xin-Lu , Zhang Hong
Published: November 2024

The chemical reactions between certain interstellar molecules are exothermic in nature and barrierless in the entrance channel, allowing these reactions to occur rapidly even at low astronomical temperatures, e.g., C and O2 interaction. Obtaining detailed rovibrational transition parameters for the reaction between C and O2, such as state-selected rate coefficients, is crucial for studying the associated atmospheric and astronomical environments. Hence, this work presents an approach that combines quasi-classical trajectory calculations with machine learning techniques based on Neural Network (NN) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) to determine state-selected rate coefficients. Employing this approach, we significantly reduced the computational requirements while simultaneously obtaining the accurate state-selected reaction cross sections and rate coefficients for the collision of C and O2. Both the NN-based and GPR-based models established in this work accurately predict the results calculated from explicit numerical calculations in the explored temperature range of 50–1500 K, achieving a coefficient of determination R2 > 0.96. Most importantly, the current work provides the most comprehensive dataset of rovibrational rate coefficients of v = 0–4, j = 0–70 → v′ = 0–15 for the astrophysical modeling of the C–O2 collision system.
(Inter)subjectivity in Estonian registers
Authors: Metslang Helle , Habicht Külli , Hennoste Tiit , Laanesoo-Kalk Kirsi , Prillop Külli , Rääbis Andriela , Simmul Carl Eric
Published: November 2024

This issue focuses on a little-studied aspect of (inter)subjectivity (S/ IS) in language: the expression of S/ IS in
different registers. In the introduction, we overview the background and approach, describe the central registers in connection
with using S/ IS devices, and correlate the choice and frequency of S/ IS devices with the situative features of registers. The
introduction also includes a brief overview of the articles in the issue.

We have studied three groups of S/ IS devices: (1) pragmatic particles, (2) CTP markers based on complement-taking
predicates, and (3) modal verbs. Our central data comes from the Estonian Pragmatic Corpus. We look mainly at the expression of
S/ IS in seven registers, broadly divided into three groups: spoken, online, and printed texts.

The papers on the issue deal with the use and development of different particles in registers of Estonian and the
use of S/ IS differences between registers to develop metrics for distinguishing registers.
Downtoners and intensifiers in different registers
Authors: Hennoste Tiit , Prillop Külli , Habicht Külli , Metslang Helle , Laanesoo-Kalk Kirsi , Ogren David , Pärismaa Liina , Pärt Elen , Rumm Andra , Rääbis Andriela , Simmul Carl Eric
Published: November 2024

The article analyzes the frequency of downtoners and intensifiers in seven Estonian registers based on data from
the Estonian Pragmatics Corpus. These particles are most common in instant messaging, followed by institutional interaction,
everyday conversation, online comments, printed fiction, media, and academic prose. The analysis revealed that previously offered
situational features that increase frequencies (orality, spontaneity, dialogicity, everydayness and involved production) correlate
only with frequencies of downtoners in comments, fiction and media. The frequency of downtoners in instant messaging is
significantly higher than in spoken dialogues, and the use of all particles in academic prose is significantly lower than
expected. We propose hypotheses to explain those anomalies. Ten especially frequent particles were identified: six downtoners and
four intensifiers. Those particles account for 15% of all downtoners/intensifiers and account for 76% of particle use, with their
proportion varying across registers from 87% in everyday conversation to 43% in academic prose.
Pragmatic particles as distinguishing features of registers
Authors: Prillop Külli , Hennoste Tiit , Metslang Helle
Published: November 2024

The study explores the potential of utilizing particle use data to differentiate between seven Estonian registers:
everyday conversation, institutional interaction, printed media (newspapers), prose fiction, academic prose, instant messaging,
and internet comments. The objective is to develop a simple yet effective model that enables researchers to comprehend the
internal logic behind register differentiation based on particle use. Particles are considered promising differentiators due to
their independence from text content.

The article outlines the chosen method, the model creation, and the testing process. A key finding reveals that
hierarchical relationships between particles within registers prove more reliable indicators than general use frequencies. The
method involves establishing correspondences between particle pairs and register pairs, facilitating the measurement of distances
between registers. During testing, the model demonstrates high accuracy across registers, encountering some difficulties in
categorizing fiction and institutional interaction. Overall, the study confirms the efficacy of the proposed method in
distinguishing registers based on particle use, underscoring the significance of particles in linguistic analysis.
L2 Korean learners’ pragmalinguistic features
Authors: Kim Lan , Yoon Sang-Seok
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the pragmalinguistic features of Korean as a Foreign Language (KFL) learners’ request
speech acts in power-asymmetrical situations, focusing on interactions with social superiors. Through a discourse completion test
(DCT), 31 KFL students and 12 Korean native speakers (KNS) were analyzed using a coding system which is developed based on the
Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) (Blum-Kulka et al. 1989).
Despite acquiring basic linguistic elements, KFL learners struggle to apply them effectively, particularly in nuanced social
contexts. The findings underscore the necessity of explicit instruction on the pragmalinguistic functions of grammatical forms to
bridge the gap between classroom learning and real-world language use. This study contributes valuable insights into the
intercultural pragmatics of KFL learners, addressing gaps in the literature regarding the detailed analysis of learners’ language
use in request speech acts, especially in situations involving social superiors. The pedagogical implications emphasize the need
for enhanced instruction in KFL pragmatics to cultivate learners’ pragmatic awareness.
Uniqueness and modified Newton method for cracks from the far field patterns with a fixed incident direction
Authors: Li Jialei , Liu Xiaodong
Published: November 2024

We consider the inverse cracks scattering problems from the far field patterns with a fixed incident direction. We firstly show that the sound-soft cracks can be uniquely determined by the multi-frequency far field patterns with a fixed incident direction. The proof is based on a low frequency asymptotic analysis of the scattered field. One important feature of the uniqueness result is that the background can even be an unknown inhomogeneous medium. A modified Newton method is then proposed for the numerical reconstruction of the shapes and locations of the cracks. Compared to the classical Newton method, the modified Newton method relaxes the dependence of a good initial guess and can be applied for multiple cracks. Numerical examples in two dimensions are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the modified Newton method. In particular, the quality of the reconstructions can be greatly improved if we use the measurements properly with two frequencies or two incident directions.
Modeling and characterization of AlN-Based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers
Authors: Liechti Romain , Blard François , Chatroux Jean-Rémi , Bastien Jean-Claude , Lefèvre Aude , Lhermet Hélène , Fain Bruno
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we present the modeling and characterization of AlN-based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) dedicated to biomedical applications. Our study encompasses detailed analytical modeling of these transducers in both air and water environments. The model is confronted with finite element simulations that account for realistic issues such as imperfect clamping. To validate the model’s relevance, we compare its predictions with results from optical, electrical, and acoustical characterization. This comprehensive approach provides a robust framework for understanding PMUT behavior and facilitates efficient modeling of future devices.
Preponderance of triaxial shapes in atomic nuclei predicted by the proxy-SU(3) symmetry
Authors: Bonatsos Dennis , Martinou Andriana , Peroulis S K , Petrellis D , Vasileiou P , Mertzimekis T J , Minkov N
Published: November 2024

The proxy-SU(3) symmetry predicts, in a parameter-free way, based only on the Pauli principle and the short-range nature of the nucleon–nucleon interaction, non-vanishing values of the collective variable γ almost everywhere across the nuclear chart. Substantial triaxiality with γ between 15° and 45° is proved to be expected along horizontal and vertical stripes on the nuclear chart, covering the nucleon numbers 22–26, 34–48, 74–80, 116–124, 172–182. Empirical support for these stripes is found by collecting all even–even nuclei for which the first two excited 2+ states are known, along with the B(E2)s connecting them, as well as the second 2+ state to the ground state. The stripes are related to regions in which oblate SU(3) irreducible representations appear, bearing similarity to the appearance of triaxiality within the SU(3)* dynamical symmetry of the interacting boson model-2. Detailed comparisons of the proxy-SU(3) predictions to the data and to predictions by state-of-the-art Monte Carlo shell model calculations for deformed N = 94, 96, 98 isotones in the rare earth region show good overall agreement, with the exception of Z = 70 and N = 94, which correspond to fully symmetric proxy-SU(3) irreps, suggesting that the latter are an artifact of the method which can be amended by considering the influence of the neighboring irreps.
Electromagnetically tunable spin-valley-polarized current via anomalous Nernst effect in monolayer of jacutingaite
Authors: Hajati Yaser , Alipourzadeh Mohammad , Makhfudz Imam , Berakdar Jamal
Published: November 2024

Monolayer jacutingaite (Pt2HgSe3) exhibits remarkable properties, including significant spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and a tunable band gap, attributed to its buckled honeycomb geometry and the presence of heavy atoms. In this study, we explore the spin- and valley-dependent anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) in jacutingaite under the influence of a vertical electric field, off-resonance circularly polarized light (OCPL), and an antiferromagnetic exchange field. Our findings, within the low-energy approximation, reveal the emergence of a perfectly spin-polarized ANE with the application of appropriate OCPL and a perfectly valley-polarized ANE under an antiferromagnetic exchange field. Leveraging the robust SOC inherent in monolayer jacutingaite, our study highlights the potential to attain perfectly spin-valley-polarized Nernst currents across a wide range of Fermi energy levels by combining these fields in pairs with a suitable strength. The findings can be used for the development of spin-valley-based optoelectronic devices.
Laser modulation of the FePS3 memristors
Authors: Chen Shengyao , Wang Shu , Xiong Wenqi , Zhou Zhican , Du Xiaoshan , Ma Lijun , Wang Junqi , Wang Cong , Zhang Xinzheng , Liu Qian
Published: November 2024

Ternary two-dimensional (2D) material-based memristors have garnered significant attention in the fields of machine learning, neuromorphic computing due to their low power consumption, rapid learning, and synaptic-like behavior. Although such memristors often exhibit high ON/OFF ratios and exceptional pulse response characteristics, they have also to face some challenges concerning reusability and switching cycles, which arise from the filament instability issues. Here we propose a modulation strategy to improve performance of 2D-material memristors with synaptic and flexible features. By laser-modulating few-layer FePS3, we induced the formation of conductive filaments, realized a major improvement in performance of the FePS3 memristors, achieving an ON/OFF ratio of nearly 104, low power consumption at approximately 10−7 W of single switching operation, and maintaining stability even after over 500 cycles. The performance promotion has been ascribed to enhancement of conductive filament induced by laser-modulation. Furthermore, we have identified the effectiveness of our laser modulation under strain by building the high-performance flexible FePS3 memristor. Meanwhile, we discovered a novel strain-dominant erasure method for the flexible memristors. Our work confirms that laser modulation is a viable method for enhancing the performance of 2D material-based memristive devices.
Numerical study of turbulent eddy self-interaction in tokamaks with low magnetic shear. Part I: Linear simulations
Authors: Volčokas Arnas , Ball Justin , Brunner Stephan
Published: November 2024

This study examines the impact of low and zero magnetic shear, along with rational values of safety factor, on linear mode behavior in tokamak plasmas. We focus on how magnetic field line topology and parallel domain length influence linear mode structures and growth rates as magnetic shear decreases. Our results show that as magnetic shear is reduced to low values, linear modes can transition between different branches, significantly affecting their characteristics. At zero magnetic shear, accurate modeling requires precisely capturing magnetic topology, as small deviations near rational surfaces can greatly impact growth rates.
Thermophoretic particle deposition effect on a squeezed flow of radiative Jeffrey fluid past a sensor surface with uniform heat source/sink and chemical reaction
Authors: Mazhar Sajeel , Ramzan Muhammad , Sowayan Ahmed S , Saleel C Ahamed , Saeed Abdulkafi Mohammed , Kadry Seifedine , El-Meligy Mohammed A
Published: November 2024

This anticipated model investigates the time-dependent, and incompressible 2D magnetized Jeffrey liquid flowing on a sensor surface placed between two infinite parallel plates with the existence of a uniform heat source/sink. The lower plate remains fixed while the upper plate is subject to squeezing. For the heat and mass transmission processes, the consequences of radiative heat flux, chemical reaction, and thermophoretic particle deposition are applied and analyzed. The envisioned model is supported by prescribed heat and mass flux conditions. The uniqueness of the proposed model is the analysis of the unsteady squeezed flow of Jeffrey liquid over a sensor surface, accounting for radiative heat flux, thermophoretic particle deposition, and variable thermal conductivity. The model possesses applications in microfluidic sensors, biomedical devices, thermal management systems, and inkjet printing. The equations comprising the model are subject to similarity transformations. The bvp4c package is utilized to analyze the dynamic flow system. The connotation of arising parameters with the associated profiles is depicted through graphs and tables. It is examined that fluid velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are dwindling functions of squeezed parameter. It is also witnessed that the concentration of liquid drops with an enhancement of thermophoretic and chemical reaction parameters. The validation of the truthfulness of the envisioned model is an added feature of this study.
Low SAR ultra compact UWB vivaldi non-uniform slot antennas for breast cancer detection
Authors: Saleh Sahar , Saeidi Tale , Timmons Nick , Razzaz Faroq , Althuwayb Ayman A
Published: November 2024

Breast cancer is one of the growing issues among women. Current ultrawideband (UWB) antennas utilized for Microwave Imaging (MI) present several limitations, such as resolution and penetration trade-offs, large dimensions of the antennas degrade patient comfort, and clutter in the received signal. To tackle these restrictions, this study presents the design, fabrication, and testing of ultra-compact Vivaldi antennas based on the new Vivaldi non-uniform slot profile antenna (VNSPA) theory. These antennas, with their significant slot length reductions of 50 % and 60 %, and circuit area reductions of 72.74 % (Antenna A) and 81.8 % (Antenna B), hold great promise for modern wireless communication and medical fields. Antenna A and B provide matching S11 values of less than −11.36 dB and −10.21 dB and peak gains of 5.9 dBi and 6 dBi through 2.63–12.33 GHz and 3.16–14.34 GHz, respectively. Although Antenna B is 30.58 % smaller than Antenna A, it provides 13.24 % bandwidth (BW) with a 1.7 % gain enhancement, highlighting the significance of the exponential nonuniform slot profile (ENSP) shape on the antenna’s performance. Antenna B provides good Breast Cancer Detection (BCD) results through UWB MI. The simulation in this work, which is performed using computer simulation technology (CST) software, agrees well with the practical results to prove the antenna’s capabilities in detecting tumors in a breast. These results, like the directive stable radiation patterns and low specific absorption rate (SAR) values, ensure the proposed antennas are good candidates for modern wireless communication applications such as reader antennas in body area networks and high-resolution medical applications such as BCD.
Preparation of high performance microwave absorbing materials based on waste peanut shells
Authors: Dou Meiran , Xu Lihui , Pan Hong , Zhang Yingxiu , Teng Yi , Fu Xueqiang , Liu Zhangyong , Huang Xinzhe , Wang Meng
Published: November 2024

The emergence of advanced wave-absorbing materials has led to a growing interest in biomass-derived porous carbon due to its abundant availability, low density, and eco-friendly nature. This study utilized peanut shell biomass waste to produce porous carbon material (KPS) through a two-step carbonation-activation process. We investigated the influence of varying ratios of carbonized peanut shells (CPS) to potassium hydroxide (KOH) activator on the pore structure and morphology of KPS. The comprehensive analysis of the electromagnetic parameters revealed that KPS sample achieved a remarkable reflection loss of −42.38 dB and an effective bandwidth of 2.58 GHz with the thickness of 2.5 mm when the quality ratio of CPS to activator KOH was 1:3 and the carbonation temperature was 600 °C. Notably, the KPS material demonstrated substantial specific surface area of 1037.589 m2 g−1 and complex pore architecture, facilitating the development of conductive network and promoting multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves. This research highlighted the potential of efficiently utilizing recyclable resources to create microwave-absorbing materials that are not only simple to produce but also environmentally sustainable.
Comparison of total ionizing dose effects in SiC MOSFETs with double trench versus asymmetric trench
Authors: Cao Rongxing , Chang Wenjing , Lu Yuxin , Hu Dike , Wang Yiyuan , Zeng Xianghua , Xue Yuxiong
Published: November 2024

The SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), as a third-generation wide-bandgap semiconductor, possesses advantages such as low on-resistance, high power density, fast switching speed, and low switching losses, making it a promising candidate in aerospace equipment. However, electrons in space can cause total ionizing dose (TID) effects, leading to the performance degradation of electronic components, especially in deep space environments with high-energy and high-flux electron irradiation. In this study, electron irradiation induced TID effects were experimentally investigated in SiC MOSFETs with different structures of double trench (DT) and asymmetric trench (AT). The DT-MOSFET was found to be more sensitive to TID effects. Furthermore, the technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation was performed to reveal the mechanism of the trench structure dependent TID effects. It was revealed that compared to DT-MOSFET, the semi-enclosed P+ well structure in the AT-MOSFET provides protection to the bottom of the gate oxide layer, reducing the electric field intensity in that region and suppressing the impact of TID effects.
Adiabatic evolution of solitons embedded in lipid membranes
Authors: Pavón-Torres O , Agüero-Granados M A , Valencia-Torres R
Published: November 2024

The Heimburg-Jackson model, or thermodynamic soliton theory of nervous impulses, has a well-established record as an alternative model for studying the dynamics of nerve impulses and lipid membranes. Within this framework, nerve impulses can be represented as nonlinear excitations of low amplitude depicted by the damped nonlinear Schrödinger equation and their adiabatic evolution can be analyzed using direct perturbative methods. Based on the foregoing, we carry out the current study using the quasi-stationary approach to obtain the adiabatic evolution of solitons embedded in lipid membranes under the influence of a viscous elastic fluid. This analysis encompasses liquid-to-gel transition of the lipid bilayers, for whose dark and bright solitons arise, respectively.
An optimal solution of lung cancer mathematical model using generalized Bessel polynomials
Authors: Saeidi H , Hassani H , Dahaghin M Sh , Mehrabi S
Published: November 2024

Mathematical modeling serves as a powerful tool for investigating the dynamics of diseases and the efficacy of various treatment strategies. This study proposes a fractional-order mathematical model for lung cancer progression, formulated using the Caputo fractional derivative. The model categorizes the biological system into four distinct cell classes: tumor cells (T), active macrophage cells (A), macrophage cells (M), and normal tissue cells (N). By leveraging operational matrices, the complex system of differential equations is transformed into a system of algebraic equations. To solve this nonlinear system, the norm-2 of residual functions is minimized, converting the problem into an optimization challenge. To address this, we employ generalized Bessel polynomials combined with the Lagrange multipliers method. Our proposed hybrid approach improves upon existing techniques such as the traditional Bessel polynomials and Lagrange polynomial methods by offering enhanced computational efficiency and higher accuracy in identifying optimal solutions. The efficacy of the model is demonstrated through numerical simulations, which show its robustness in capturing the intricate behaviors of the cancer-tissue interaction. These features make our proposed method a promising tool for the development of advanced biomedical models, with potential applications in optimizing treatment protocols for complex diseases like lung cancer.
Chiral and flavor oscillations in a hyperentangled neutrino state
Authors: Bittencourt Victor A S V , Blasone Massimo , Zanfardino Gennaro
Published: November 2024

In addition to flavor oscillations, Dirac neutrinos also undergo the so-called chiral oscillations, a consequence of the free-particle dynamics under the Dirac equation. Such a transition between different chiralities affect the flavor transitions, but also can generate non-trivial correlations between the internal degrees of freedom of the particle. In this paper, we show that the state of a massive oscillating neutrino produced by weak interaction process, is an hyperentangled state, in which flavor, chirality, and spin exhibit non-trivial correlations. Using complete complementarity relations, we show that both chiral and flavor oscillations redistribute correlations and coherence in time among different partitions of the system. In a similar way, we consider a spin entangled lepton-antineutrino pair and show that there is a dynamical redistribution of spin-spin entanglement into correlations and coherence between the other degrees-of-freedom. Our analysis provides a complete characterization of the quantum correlations involved in lepton-antineutrino pairs and in single particle neutrino evolution, and provides a further insight on possible routes to interpret and measure chiral oscillations.
Beyond MRV: combining remote sensing and ecosystem modeling for geospatial monitoring and attribution of forest carbon fluxes over Maryland, USA
Authors: Hurtt George C , Ma Lei , Lamb Rachel , Campbell Elliot , Dubayah Ralph O , Hansen M , Huang Chengquan , Leslie-Bole Haley , Lister Andrew , Lu Jiaming , Panday Frances Marie S , Shen Quan , Silva Carlos E , Tang H
Published: November 2024

Members of the U.S. Climate Alliance, a coalition of 24 states committed to achieving the emissions reductions outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement, are considering policy options for inclusion of forest carbon in climate mitigation plans. These initiatives are generally limited by a lack of relevant data on forest carbon stocks and fluxes past-to-future. Previously, we developed a new forest carbon modeling system that combined high-resolution remote sensing, field data, and ecological modeling to estimate contemporary above-ground forest carbon stocks, and projected future forest carbon sequestration potential for the state of Maryland. Here we extended this work to provide a consistent geospatial approach for monitoring changes in forest carbon stocks over time. Utilizing the same data and modeling system developed previously for planning, we integrated historical input data on weather and disturbance to reconstruct the history of vegetation dynamics and forest above-ground carbon stocks annually over the period 1984–2016 at 30 m resolution and provided an extension to 2023. Statewide, forested land had an average annual net above ground carbon sink of 1.37 TgC yr−1, comparable to prior estimates. However, unlike the prior estimates, there was considerable variation around this mean. The statewide net above ground flux ranged interannually from −0.65 to 2.77 Tg C yr−1. At the county scale, the average annual net above ground flux ranged spatially from 0.01 to 0.13 Tg C yr−1 and spatiotemporally from −0.43 to 0.24 Tg C yr−1. Attribution analyses indicate the primary importance of persistent and regrowing forests, vegetation structure, local disturbance, and rising CO2 to the mean flux, and the primary importance of weather to the large-scale interannual variability. These results have important implications for state climate mitigation planning, reporting and assessment. With this approach, it is now possible to monitor changes in forest carbon stocks spatiotemporally over policy relevant domains with a consistent framework that is also enabled for future planning.
Study on the effect of halloysite nanotubes on the mechanical properties and swelling resistance of ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blend nanocomposites
Authors: Nathan K Senthil , Krishnamohan S , Navaneethakrishnan V , Vishvanathperumal S
Published: November 2024

Research was undertaken to explore the alteration of natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) using a blend of resorcinol and hexamethylenetetramine (RH), (γ-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), and diethoxydimethyl silane (DMS). This investigation delved into the impact of incorporating various proportions of RH-modified HNTs (RH-HNTs), APTES- modified HNTs (APTES-HNTs), DMS-modified HNTs (DMS-HNTs), and unmodified HNTs into ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) for their potential as seal materials. The study assessed key properties such as tensile strength, stress at 100% elongation, elongation at break, compression set, hardness, and swelling and abrasion resistance to gauge the influence of HNT additions. As nanofiller content increased, the crosslinking rate rose, while scorch time and optimum cure time decreased. Findings indicated that incorporating nanofillers at 6 phr compositions notably enhanced composite strength initially, with a subsequent slight reduction. However, rebound resilience diminished with increasing filler content, though composite hardness experienced a slight improvement. Mole percent uptake decreased, particularly at higher filler loadings. Notably, systems containing 6 phr RH-HNTs exhibited a 140% increase in tensile strength. FESEM micrographs depicted a rough fracture surface with well-dispersed nanofillers within EPDM/NBR. Additionally, compression set data illustrated enhanced composite performance under compression, crucial for seal applications.
Experimental research and first-principles calculation of the effects of La2O3 on the microstructure and properties of the MoSi2 coating using arc-cladding
Authors: Sun H F , Sun S P , Zhou C K
Published: November 2024

The poor room-temperature toughness of MoSi2 hinders its application as a structural material. A thorough analysis was conducted using arc cladding experiments and first-principles calculations to investigate the effect of La2O3 on the mechanical properties of the MoSi2 coating. The ductility of La2O3 (Poisson’s ratio v > 0.26; B/G > 1.75) was demonstrated by the first-principles calculation, which enhanced the fracture toughness of MoSi2. The bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and Vickers hardness of La2O3 were calculated through Voigt-Ruess-Hill approximations. The findings of the experiment indicated that the pure MoSi2 coating consisted of MoSi2 and Mo5Si3 phases with cellular dendritic crystals. When the MoSi2 coating was added with La2O3, the microstructure of the coating became denser and finer. La2O3 reacted with SiO2, which formed La2Si2O7 phases. When the La2O3 content was 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt%, the average hardness of the coatings with La2O3 was 9.73, 16.78, 29.98, and 52.67% more than that of the pure MoSi2 coating, respectively. The MoSi2 coating was added with 7 wt% La2O3 had the highest fracture toughness, approximately twice as high as the pure MoSi2 coating. This was attributed to the fact that La2O3 could disperse the main stress of cracks and inhibit their propagation. Furthermore, the MoSi2 coating added with 7 wt% La2O3 had the flattest wear surface and the lowest wear loss.
Development of HDTMA-modified Philippine natural zeolite (PNZ) for sulfamethoxazole adsorption
Authors: Gaw Ethan Angelo P , Nuñez Julius Andrew P
Published: November 2024

The surface of Philippine natural zeolites (PNZs) was modified using the surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HDTMA-Cl) to improve its adsorption capacity of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a persistent organic pollutant and emerging contaminant. The PNZs were modified with HDTMA based on their 100% and 200% external cation exchange capacity (ECEC) to form monolayer and bilayer HDTMA–modified zeolites (MHZ & BHZ). The unmodified zeolites (UZs) and surfactant–modified natural zeolites (SMNZs) were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis-Derivative Thermogravimetry, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy, and X-Ray Diffraction to confirm the modification of the PNZs using HDTMA. The SMX adsorption of UZ and SMNZs were fitted using isotherm and kinetic models. It was determined that all zeolites showed a high degree of linearity relative to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The maximum SMX adsorption of MHZ and BHZ was calculated to be 3.685 mg g−1 and 13.034 mg g−1, respectively, exhibiting 1.6 times and 5.5 times more improved SMX adsorption than UZ. Kinetic models showed that UZ and SMNZ adhered to the pseudo-second order model. The results of this study highlight the promising increased SMX adsorption using SMNZs.
Design and microstructural analysis of the mixture proportion of alkali-activated fly ash-slag composite cementitious material
Authors: Xu Hongchun , Yin Hang , Ge Pei
Published: November 2024

To explore the resource utilization of fly ash, slag, and coal gangue, the composition of hydration products and strength characteristics of fly ash-slag composite cementitious material (FSGF) were studied with NaOH as an alkali activator. First, response surface analysis was used to determine factors influencing the optimal NaOH content, basalt fiber dosage, and length to obtain the complete mix ratio of the composite cementitious material. Microscopic techniques such as XRD, FTIR, TG-DSC, and SEM were employed to analyze the crystal structure, thermal properties, and micro-morphology of the composite cementitious material, and to investigate the mechanism of NaOH-activated fly ash-slag cementitious material. The results indicated that the sensitivity of each factor affecting the mechanical properties of the composite cementitious material followed this sequence: NaOH content > basalt fiber length > basalt fiber dosage, with varying degrees of interaction among them. When the mass ratio of fly ash, slag, and coal gangue was 5:1:4, with 3% NaOH by weight, 2% basalt fiber dosage, and a fiber length of 3 mm, the optimal mix was achieved. The composite material achieved a compressive strength of 8.97 MPa after 28 days of standard curing at room temperature. NaOH, as an alkali activator, provided the strong alkaline environment required for the initial hydration of fly ash-slag composite cementitious materials, promoting the hydration of slag and fly ash. The hydration products in the fly ash-slag composite system were unevenly distributed, primarily consisting of gels like C-S-H, C-A-H, and C-A-S-H. NaOH was highly effective as an alkali activator in the fly ash-slag system.
BepiColombo sees Mercury up close
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: November 2024

The BepiColombo mission to Mercury – Europe’s first craft to the planet – has successfully completed its fourth gravity-assist flyby as it uses the planet’s gravity to enter planned orbit in November 2026.
Quantum hype
Authors: Skipper Katherine
Published: November 2024

The quantum sector won’t grow forever, but it’s still a great place to start your career.
A tribute to Abdus Salam
Authors: Durrani Matin
Published: November 2024

Claudia de Rham and Ian Walmsley pay tribute to the contributions of the Nobel-prize winning particle theorist Abdus Salam, who founded the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy, 60 years ago. They speak to Matin Durrani.
Modelling and optimization for material removal rate while processing bio-compatible Ti-6Al-7Nb using wire electric discharge machining (WEDM)
Authors: Sharma Vikas
Published: November 2024

This study utilizes machine learning methodologies, such as artificial neural networks (ANN) and TLBO (teaching Learning Based optimisation), to develop a model and Optimisation of the Material Removal Rate (MRR) in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of Ti-6Al-7Nb. The material removal rate was determined by conducting WEDM experiments with different levels of control parameters, including spark on time, spark off time, peak current, servo voltage, and wire feed rate using a Full Factorial approach through 81 runs. The most effective architecture for the ANN model was 4–10–1, and the parameters were adjusted depending on R2. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) predictions were compared to those produced by the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model. The performance of these models was assessed by calculating the correlation between the experimental values and predicted values by models (R2). MRR value is optimised using TLBO (Teaching Learning Based Optimisation), keeping the relation developed by MLR as the objective function and leading to an improved material removal rate. The proposed method ANN & TLBO would help accurately predict and optimise MRR while processing Ti-6Al-7Nb. These machine learning-based methods significantly enhance complex machining processes by providing predictive capabilities & optimizing parameters, hence playing a vital role in achieving higher efficiency, quality, and adaptability in manufacturing environments.
What Judges Must Believe
Authors: Ryu Angelo
Published: November 2024

The standard view of judicial motivation is pluralist. Many considerations, on this view, motivate judges to apply the law. Perhaps they do so out of fear, or greed, or—on some occasions—because it is the right thing to do. Here I defend a competing view. Judges must believe legal duties are moral duties. That belief explains their enforcement of those duties. Various features of legal practice support this inference. Judges often render decisions the merits of which they vehemently disagree. They take pride in the lawfulness of such decisions, and are angry at the lawlessness of others. Those features of legal practice are only intelligible if a decisive number of judges were to believe legal duties are moral duties. Judges must believe possess this belief for certain core features of legal practice to obtain.
Astroglial reactivity is a key modulator of Alzheimer’s disease pathological progression
Authors: Pelkmans Wiesje , Gispert Juan Domingo
Published: November 2024

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Association of glial fibrillary acid protein, Alzheimer's disease pathology and cognitive decline’ by Peretti et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae211).
Global changes in the pattern of connectivity in developmental prosopagnosia
Authors: Epihova Gabriela , Cook Richard , Andrews Timothy J
Published: November 2024

Developmental prosopagnosia is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in recognizing the identity of a person from their face. While current theories of the neural basis of developmental prosopagnosia focus on the face processing network, successful recognition of face identities requires broader integration of neural signals across the whole brain. Here, we asked whether disruptions in global functional and structural connectivity contribute to the face recognition difficulties observed in developmental prosopagnosia. We found that the left temporal pole was less functionally connected to the rest of the brain in developmental prosopagnosia. This was driven by weaker contralateral connections to the middle and inferior temporal gyri, as well as to the medial prefrontal cortex. The pattern of global connectivity in the left temporal pole was also disrupted in developmental prosopagnosia. Critically, these changes in global functional connectivity were only evident when participants viewed faces. Structural connectivity analysis revealed localized reductions in connectivity between the left temporal pole and a number of regions, including the fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex. Our findings underscore the importance of whole-brain integration in supporting typical face recognition and provide evidence that disruptions in connectivity involving the left temporal pole may underlie the characteristic difficulties of developmental prosopagnosia.
athisomiRDB: A comprehensive database of Arabidopsis isomiRs
Authors: Vivek A T , Arya Ajay , Swain Supriya P , Kumar Shailesh
Published: November 2024

Several pieces of evidence challenge the traditional view of miRNAs as static molecules, revealing dynamic isomiRs originating from each miRNA precursor arm. In plants, isomiRs, which result from imprecise cleavage during pre-miRNA processing and post-transcriptional alterations, serve as crucial regulators of target microRNAs (miRNAs). Despite numerous studies on Arabidopsis miRNAs, the systematic identification and annotation of isomiRs across various tissues and conditions remain limited. Due to the lack of systematically collected isomiR information, we introduce the athisomiRDB database, which houses 20 764 isomiRs from Arabidopsis small RNA-sequencing (sRNA-seq) libraries. It comprises >2700 diverse samples and allows exploration at the sample, miRNA, or isomiR levels, offering insights into the presence or absence of isomiRs. The athisomiRDB includes exclusive and ambiguous isomiRs, each with features such as transcriptional origin, variant-containing isomiRs, and identifiers for frequent single-nucleotide polymorphisms from the 1001 Genomes Project. It also provides 3ʹ nontemplated post-transcriptional additions, isomiR–target interactions, and trait associations for each isomiR. We anticipate that athisomiRDB will play a pivotal role in unraveling the regulatory nature of the Arabidopsis miRNAome and enhancing sRNA research by leveraging isomiR profiles from extensive sRNA-seq datasets.

Database URL: https://www.nipgr.ac.in/athisomiRDB