bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL DRY-WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF SINGLE-STALKED AND MULTI-TILLERED CORN HYBRIDS GROWN AT THREE POPULATION DENSITIES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: MAJOR D. J.
Published: March 2010

Dry weights of component parts of the main stalk and tillers of corn (Zea mays L.) were determined for a multi-tillered hybrid, Stewart Multi G, and single-stalked hybrids, United UH 106 and Warwick SL 209, in 1974 and 1975. The hybrids were grown under irrigation at 35, 70, and 115 thousand plants/ha at Lethbridge, Alberta. Intrarow spacings equalled interrow spacings. At the end of the season, the multi-tillered hybrid had higher total yields at 35,000 plants/ha man single-stalked hybrids because of its large tillers but the single-stalked hybrids had a higher grain content than the multi-tillered hybrid. Tillers developed early in the season, but the number of tillers per plant decreased after reaching a maximum in late July, presumably due to population-density stresses. Decreases in tiller and stalk dry weight at the end of the season may have been due to translocation of carbohydrates to the main stalk and kernels.
EFFECTS OF 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO GROWTH AND MATURITY
Authors: BLATT C. R. , SPONAGLE A. G.
Published: March 2010

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) was applied at several concentrations and at various stages of growth to tobacco cvs. Hicks Broadleaf and Delhi 34. Generally, ethephon at 1,920 ppm advanced the date of harvesting and increased the early yield of mature leaves (75 days after planting) when compared with the control. Ethephon applications did not affect total fresh weight yields when compared with the controls. Nitrogen (N) sidedressings did not increase early or total yields when compared with the initial planting application of 34 kg N/ha. The source of N (ammonium nitrate, urea and sulfur-coated urea at 26 and 36% dissolution rates) utilized in the planting fertilizer had little effect on total fresh weight yields. Sulfur-coated urea (13% dissolution rate) utilized in the planting fertilizer decreased total fresh weight yields when compared with ammonium nitrate, urea and sulfur-coated urea at the 36% dissolution rate.
EVALUATION OF THE ASSUMPTIONS REQUIRED FOR THE GENETIC INTERPRETATION OF DIALLEL EXPERIMENTS IN SELF-POLLINATING CROPS
Authors: SOKOL M. J. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Simulation of two-locus genetic models was used to investigate the effects of gene frequency, non-random association of genes, and epistasis on the interpretation of diallel experiments in self-pollinating crops. It was demonstrated that general combining ability includes effects due to additive, epistatic, and, when gene frequencies are not equal to 0.5, dominance gene action. Similarly, when gene frequencies do not equal 0.5, average heterosis depends upon additive × dominance interaction as well as dominance and dominance × dominance interaction. Negative associations between genes greatly inflate the apparent amount of specific combining ability. These findings cast serious doubt on the utility of diallel analysis for studying the genetics of self-pollinating crops.
GROWTH HABIT AND HEAT TOLERANCE OF A COLLECTION OF POA ANNUA PLANTS IN CANADA
Authors: CORDUKES W. E.
Published: March 2010

Forty-four Poa annua L. clones of a 115-plant collection from across Canada were found to be upright, wide-leaved types. Fifty-five clones were prostrate with narrow leaves and exhibited considerable node rooting. Twenty-six clones indicated some heat tolerance in heat stress tests.
EFFECTS OF HILLING AND DEPTH OF PLANT SETTING ON THE INCIDENCE OF MULTIPLE HEARTS AND SHAPE OF SWEET SPANISH ONION BULBS
Authors: CHIPMAN E. W. , THORPE E.
Published: March 2010

Depth of planting or hilling Sweet Spanish onion plants increased bulb elongation and decreased number of hearts (centers) in the mature bulbs.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE, SOIL pH, AND LIMING SOURCES ON THE INCIDENCE OF CLUBROOT, THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF CABBAGE PRODUCED IN MINERAL AND ORGANIC SOILS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: HAMILTON HERMAN A. , CRÊTE RENÉ
Published: March 2010

Under growth chamber conditions, the influence of soil moisture, soil pH, and liming sources on the germination, yield and infection of cabbage by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. was studied in artificially infested mineral and organic soils. Clubroot infection occurred at moisture levels as low as 9 and 60% in the mineral and organic soils, respectively. The growth of cabbage and the reduction of the incidence of clubroot were more dependent on liming source than on soil pH. Soil pH adjustment to effect complete clubroot control was invariably deleterious to cabbage growth. It was established for the organic soil that the effect of calcium hydroxide was important in correcting soil acidity as well as supplying calcium as an essential plant nutrient for cabbage. In addition, there was evidence that correction of the soil acidity favored clubroot development, but simultaneously the Ca ion had an inhibitory effect on the disease organism. On the mineral soil, Mg sources producing a soil pH not normally considered deleterious to plants affected the germination and ultimate yield of cabbage.
EFFECTS OF METHODS OF BORON APPLICATION ON LEAF TISSUE CONCENTRATION OF BORON AND CONTROL OF BROWN-HEART IN RUTABAGA
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C. , CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were carried out at five different locations in Prince Edward Island over a 3-yr period in an attempt to determine the effect of methods and rates of B application on the incidence of B deficiency (brown-heart) in rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica Mill. cv. York). Band applications of B resulted in greater tissue B concentrations than broadcast applications. Foliar sprays applied when roots began to swell (about 6 wk after seeding) resulted in lower tissue-B concentrations than those applied 4 wk after seeding but controlled brown-heart. Brown-heart was completely controlled by a band application of 1.12 kg B/ha, a broadcast application of 2.24 kg B/ha, or by two foliar sprays each at the rate of 1.12 kg B/ha. Leaf tissue B concentrations of 15–32, 33–38, and greater than 40 ppm were related to severe brown-heart, slight to moderate brown-heart, and complete control of brown-heart, respectively. An application of limestone, prior to seeding, generally reduced tissue B concentrations. Analysis of soil after harvest indicated B recoveries of 35–62% in treatments receiving broadcast B.
DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE GENE POOLS AT HIGH PLANT DENSITIES. II. EFFECT ON GRAIN YIELD
Authors: SMITH C. S. , KANNENBERG L. W. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

Four maize (Zea mays L.) gene pools which differed in degree of diversity, adaptation, and number of previous cycles of recombination were developed for several generations under open pollination and high plant densities. Significant yield increases occurred over generations in two gene pools, but later generations of all gene pools tended to yield more in high yielding environments than did the early generations, indicating that genotypes with greater potential had been selected. Error variances were larger for the two gene pools without a previous history of recombination, probably reflecting the greater heterogeneity of the components during the early generations. The gene pool developed from adapted material was the most tolerant to high plant densities, although later generations had less tolerance to high densities than earlier ones. Development at high plant densities did improve the tolerance of the gene pools containing exotic germ plasm. It was concluded that development of populations at high plant densities for the initial generation or two is a reasonable approach for the improvement of unadapted material or newly synthesized populations, but it could not be recommended for adapted material which had previously undergone several cycles of recombination.
AN EVALUATION OF THIRTY GRASS POPULATIONS AS FORAGE CROPS FOR SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Thirty grass populations were evaluated for dry matter yield, N content, P content, organic matter digestibility and winterhardiness. Of these populations, Agropyron cristatum, A. desertorum, A. elongatum, A. intermedium, A. trachycaulum, A. trichophorum, Bromus inermis and Elymus junceus are used extensively for forage crops and E. angustus is being commercialized at present. Of the remaining populations, A. smithii, E. cinereus, Oryzopis hymenoides, E. akmolinensis, E. curvatus, Roegneria sibiricus, and Stipa viridula × O. hymenoides do not appear to have any potential as forage crops; whereas A. sibiricum, E. virginicus, E. sibiricus, A. caespitosum × A. caninum, A. caespitosum × A. trachycaulum, A. cristatum × A. desertorum (4n) show some potential and should be investigated further.
A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF SMALL, WHOLE (PREPEELED) RUTABAGA
Authors: CUMMING D. B. , STARK R. , CHIPMAN E. W.
Published: March 2010

The feasibility of controlling root size in rutabaga was investigated over two crop seasons. Small roots suitable for processing could be produced almost exclusively or in combination with market-sized roots by varying within-row spacing and harvest date. The peeling process was accomplished by lye peeling. Yield was affected both by cultural practices and by peeling. The smaller the root, the greater the loss to peeling. The study indicates that it is possible to tailor root size to the requirement of the process and to produce an attractive prepeeled rutabaga product suitable for convenience food markets.
DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF SORGHUM BICOLOR. 1. DROUGHT AVOIDANCE MECHANISMS RELATED TO LEAF WATER STATUS
Authors: STOUT DARRYL G. , SIMPSON GRAHAM M.
Published: March 2010

Leaf ψs (osmotic potential) of two Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cultivars M35 and NK300 given an irrigation treatment decreased with increasing plant age. Following 3 wk without irrigation, leaf ψs of plants of both cultivars was lower than that in irrigated controls. Following 9 wk without irrigation, leaf ψs of M35 plants was still significantly lower than that in irrigated controls; but in NK300 the difference in leaf ψs between irrigated and non-irrigated plants was no longer significant due to an ageing effect changing leaf ψs less in non-irrigated than in irrigated plants. Evidence indicated that leaf ψs decreased due to osmoregulation, a drought avoidance mechanism, resulting in formation of more osmotically active cellular solutes. Greater leaf senescence of non-irrigated plants is a second drought avoidance mechanism used by sorghum to decrease transpiration requirements. Leaf diffusive resistance measurements indicated open stomata in both irrigated and non-irrigated plants so that under the imposed water stress conditions stomatal closure was not affecting the transpiration requirement.
WILD MANIHOT SPECIES OF CENTRAL BRAZIL FOR CASSAVA BREEDING
Authors: NASSAR NAGIB M. A.
Published: March 2010

Seven wild Manihot species native to Central Brazil were collected from different localities, screened for tuber formation, HCN content and growth habit. The nature of their wild habitats was described. Several of the screened species showed characters that appeared to have a useful economic potential.
INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE SIZE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE YIELDING ABILITY OF SPACE-PLANTED AND SOLID-SEEDED BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: BRIGGS K. G. , FARIS D. G.
Published: March 2010

The yield of 12 spring barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L. and H. distichum L.) was tested under 61-cm grid, space-planted conditions and solid-seeded conditions in 1970 at two locations in Northern Alberta. A sample size of 10–20 plants was necessary to give consistent yield estimates for space-planted cultivars. Heritable differences for yield were ground in all tests, but a significant relationship between yielding ability under the two testing methods was found only at one location.
SATURN SUNFLOWER
Authors: DEDIO W.
Published: March 2010

An early maturing, open-pollinated sunflower cultivar, Saturn, has been licensed for Canada and is expected to replace Krasnodarets in Manitoba. Saturn outyields Krasnodarets by 4.5% and equals Peredovik and has a slightly higher oil content. It is similar to Krasnodarets in disease reaction and plant type.
INHERITANCE OF DIFFERENCES IN GLIADIN ELECTROPHOREGRAMS IN THE PROGENY OF NEEPAWA AND PITIC 62 WHEATS
Authors: BAKER R. J. , BUSHUK W.
Published: March 2010

Patterns of gliadin proteins extracted from parents and inbred lines from the second backcross of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cv. Pitic 62 to cv. Neepawa were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in aluminum lactate–lactic acid buffer (pH 3.1). Of the 26 band locations identified, 19 showed differences between the two cultivars. Nine bands appeared to be controlled by single genes, while the segregation ratios for the other 10 bands suggested that each was controlled by two genes. A group of five bands appeared to be inherited as a unit, as did a second group of three bands. There was evidence of linkage between the genes controlling several bands. Results are discussed in relation to cultivar identification in wheat.
ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF BARLEY STRIPE MOSAIC VIRUS IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: CHIKO ARTHUR W. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

A method is described by which losses in seed yield due to barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) in commercially grown two-row barley (Hordeum distichum L. emend. Lam.) in the Canadian prairies were estimated. Commercial loss estimates were based on previously obtained survey data on the incidence of barley stripe mosaic (BSM) and experimentally determined yield losses for three cultivars of two-row barley inoculated with BSMV at the tillering stage. Based on studies conducted in several fields, a correction factor (1.5 × % plants with BSM symptoms) was used to account for probable symptomless infection by BSMV in surveyed fields examined at the tillering and jointing stages. Using this method, it was estimated that BSMV infection of two-row barley in southeastern Manitoba and southern Alberta accounted for combined yield losses of approximately 7,600 t (equivalent to about $0.8 million) in both 1974 and 1975. The possible nature of symptomless infection by BSMV is discussed.
RELATION OF NUTRIENT CONTENT OF BROCCOLI AND BRUSSELS SPROUTS LEAVES TO MATURITY AND FERTILIZATION WITH N, P, K, AND MANURE
Authors: MUNRO D. C. , CUTCLIFFE J. A. , MACKAY D. C.
Published: March 2010

Leaf tissue of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica Plenck. cv. Waltham 29) and Brussels sprouts (B. oleracea ssp. gemmifera cv. Jade Cross) was collected at three times during the growing season from plants fertilized with four levels of N, P, and K in factorial combination with, and without, farmyard manure. The leaf tissue was analyzed for total N, P, and K concentration. Leaf-tissue N, P, and K increased with increasing levels of applied N, P, and K, respectively. Significant N × P interactions occurred in which applied N increased tissue-P levels and applied P increased tissue-N levels. Growth responses to applied N and P tended to reduce tissue-K levels. Manure had almost no effect on tissue N and only small effects on tissue P and K. Concentrations of all three nutrients declined during the growing season. Critical N, P, and K levels for plant growth were within previously published ranges of 5.2–6.0% N, 0.35–0.60% P, and 1.7–2.2% K.
GERMINATION, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMMON MILKWEED
Authors: BHOWMIK PRASANTA C.
Published: March 2010

Germination percentage of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) seeds was low 1 mo after seed collection. Seed dormancy decreased with time at storage temperatures of −12°, 5° or 21 °C. After 11 months of storage, seeds stored at 21 °C had 15–18% higher germination compared to the seeds stored at −12° and 5 °C. The best seedling emergence was obtained at a temperature of 27 °C when seeds were planted at a depth of 0.5 or 1 cm. Seedling emergence was better in muck or sandy soil than in clay soil. Seedlings developed slowly up to 30 days after emergence at 15 °C under an 8-, 12- or 16-h photoperiod. High temperatures (27 °C) stimulated seedling growth under each photoperiod. Taller seedlings with more leaves, longer primary roots, more lateral roots and adventitious root buds grew at 27 °C as compared to 15° or 21 °C. Increasing the photoperiod from 8 to 16 h increased plant height and number of leaves but not primary root length.
PROTECTION OF PLUG-MIX SEEDED TOMATOES AND CAULIFLOWER FROM METRIBUZIN INJURY BY SPECIFIC PLACEMENT OF AN ACTIVATED CHARCOAL–VERMICULITE MIXTURE
Authors: LIPTAY A. , MARRIAGE P. B.
Published: March 2010

Excellent weed control in plug-mix seeded tomatores was obtained without crop damage with a pre-emergence treatment of metribuzin (0.56 kg/ha) and activated charcoal protection. Soil surface placement (a 10-cm square) of an activated charcoal–vermiculite mixture (1:4 w/w) over plug-mix seeded tomatoes resulted in complete protection of the tomato seedlings from metribuzin injury. Placement studies indicated that neither a subsurface application of charcoal nor a narrow 2-cm band placement over the row resulted in adequate protection for cauliflower seedlings, whereas complete protection was obtained with the 10-cm square.
EFFECTS OF QUACK GRASS COMPETITION ON SILAGE CORN YIELD
Authors: IVANY J. A.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted at Charlottetown, P.E.I., over 3 years to examine the effect of quack grass (Agropyron repens L. Beauv.) competition on silage corn (Zea mays L.) yield using the cultivar Pride R-102. Maintaining corn plots free from quack grass for 3 or 6 wk after emergence gave silage yields equal to plots kept weed-free all season at both light and heavy quack grass infestation levels. Quack grass competition from time of emergence of the crop resulted in significant yield reductions from 6 wk of competition at a light infestation level and from 3 wk of competition at a heavy infestation level. Weekly removal of quack grass all season or for 3 or 6 wk resulted in significant reduction in rhizome production at both levels of infestation. Delaying quack grass removal for 3, 6, and 10 wk after corn emergence resulted in more rhizome production except where control was delayed 3 wk. However, the late season control kept rhizome production below that of the no-control all-season treatment. Early control of quack grass was necessary for maximum silage yields. Quack grass which emerged later in the season had little effect on yield.
INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND MAGNESIUM ON THE PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: COURT WILLIAM A. , ELLIOT J. M.
Published: March 2010

A field experiment was conducted in 1974 and 1975 on Fox loamy sand to study the effects of different rates (0,22.4, 44.8, and 67.2 kg/ha) of N fertilization on selected chemical constituents of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Delhi 34). Nitrogen fertilization increased the levels of total alkaloids, total N, and scopoletin in cured leaf. Chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, rutin, and scopolin were found to be inversely related to the rate of nitrogen. Phenolic constituents and inorganic nutrients in the leaves and inorganic nutrients in the soil (Fox loamy sand) were studied in 1975 and 1976 in another field experiment. Treatments included selected omissions of P, K, or Mg from field plots grown continuously with tobacco since 1967. Marked nutrient deficiency symptoms were observed only in plots in which K had been omitted. Tobacco from these plots was generally lower in phenolic constituents.
SKEENA RED RASPBERRY
Authors: DAUBENY HUGH A.
Published: March 2010

Skeena red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a new cultivar which produces relatively high yields of firm fruit and appears to be equally well-adapted to fresh and to processing market outlets. It has particularly sturdy and upright canes which have very few prickles.
RESIDUES OF MANCOZEB, MANEB AND ETHYLENETHIOUREA IN FUNGICIDE-TREATED FIELD AND GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Authors: STRYK F. G. VON , JARVIS W. R.
Published: March 2010

Residues of the ethylenbisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides maneb and mancozeb on tomato fruits ranged between 0.03 and 0.80 ppm (mean 0.31 ppm) when field crops were sprayed five or eight times at intervals of 3–4 days. Ethylenethiourea (ETU) was detected only in one sample, at 0.03 ppm. In canned juice made from whole fruit, EBDC levels ranged from non-detectable to 0.62 ppm (mean 0.31 ppm) and ETU levels from non-detectable to 0.07 ppm (mean 0.02 ppm). These levels were generally higher than in canned peeled fruit where the range of EBDC was from non-detectable to 0.27 ppm (mean 0.09 ppm) and of ETU from non-detectable to 0.05 ppm (mean 0.01 ppm). On greenhouse tomatoes, two or four sprays with mancozeb resulted in residues of up to 2.81 ppm EBDC (mean 0.714 ppm) and 0.08 ppm ETU (mean 0.0097 ppm) on the fruit. All levels of EBDC were below the Canadian tolerance level of 4 ppm but ETU is unacceptable in food in Canada.
ADAPTATION OF CORN FOR WHOLE-PLANT SILAGE IN CANADA
Authors: MAJOR D. J. , HAMILTON R. I.
Published: March 2010

The adaptation of corn (Zea mays L.) for whole-plant silage is considered in terms of development and growth under Canadian conditions. Development is defined as progression toward maturity and growth as dry matter production. It is recognized that in the northward advance of corn, the crop is first grown primarily for whole-plant silage and, as new hybrids are developed, for grain. Thus the adaptation requirements for whole-plant silage are less than for grain. The primary climatic factors that affect rate of growth and development are temperature, daylength, and moisture availability. Temperature affects both growth and development, whereas the main effect of daylength is on development and the main effect of moisture is on growth. Temperature, used in the corn heat unit method, is the only climatic variable used to define adaptation of corn in Canada. The range of adaptation of corn has been extended mainly because of the development of new hybrids. New early hybrids have a shorter period between emergence and floral initiation than late hybrids. Future prospects for increasing the range of adaptation of corn for whole-plant silage will most probably be restricted to selection for a shorter period between emergence and anthesis and possibly faster grain-drying rates and more uniformity among populations. Maturity of the earliest genotypes in corn suggests that it will ultimately be possible to grow corn for whole-plant silage on almost all of the arable land in canada.
SEED COAT PUNCTURE RESISTANCE IN CEREAL AND OILSEED CULTIVARS—A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSECT DAMAGE IN STORED GRAINS
Authors: SINHA R. N. , VOISEY P. W.
Published: March 2010

Seed coat puncture resistance of 42 cultivars of common and durum wheat, oats, barley and rapeseed were measured by puncture tests believed to approximate seed penetration by weevils infesting stored grain. All seven species of crops, several cultivars, and germ and endosperm parts of the seed within the same cultivar varied significantly [Formula: see text] in puncture resistance of seeds when their moisture contents were m equilibrium at 0% and 70% RH. Dry durum wheat (cv. Wakooma) showed the highest puncture resistance, moist rapeseed (cv. Torch) the lowest. The mean puncture resistance of the endosperm coat of moist crop cultivars ranged from 2,074 to 2,456 g for common wheat; 3,316 to 4,131 g for durum wheat; 1,145 to 1,404 g for oats; 1,321 to 1,861 g for barley; and 184 to 222 g for rapeseed. These differences m seed coat strength suggest that it may be one of the sources governing susceptibility to insect damage of stored grain. Thus, the drier the seed, the greater would be the difficulty for an insect to penetrate the seed coat.
INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION AND SEEDING RATES ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF BRASSICA NAPUS CV. TOWER
Authors: CLARKE J. M. , SIMPSON G. M.
Published: March 2010

An analysis of the yield components of rape (Brassica napus L.) was carried out under field conditions for 2 yr at Saskatoon. Plant morphology and the crop environment were altered by the use of four planting densities and three water regimes. The number of branches per plant was scarcely affected by irrigation, but was reduced by high seeding rates. Number of pods per plant was increased by irrigation and reduced by high seeding rates. The number of seeds per pod was increased by irrigation, but reduced by high seeding rates. The 1,000-seed weight was increased both by irrigation and increased seeding rate, as was seed yield. Yield was positively correlated with 1,000-seed weight in both years. Yield component compensation was evident in the relationship of 1,000-seed weight to pod number and number of seeds per pod.
A COMPARISON OF METHODS OF DIRECT-SEEDING WHEAT ON STUBBLE LAND IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: AUSTENSON H. M. , ASHFORD R. , WENHARDT A. , BIGSBY F. W. , REED W. B. , WIENS E. H. , BOWREN K. E. , WARNOCK D. J.
Published: March 2010

Wheat was sown in standing stubble without prior tillage using a discer, a triple-disc drill (coulter-equipped double-disc drill), a hoe-drill, and a hoe-drill with rod weeder attachment at Saskatoon and Melfort, Saskatchewan. The triple-disc drill resulted in the least disturbance of soil and standing stubble, but stands and yields were sometimes lower than with the discer and hoe-drill seeders. Grassy weeds and certain persistent perennial weeds were more prevalent in plots sown with the triple-disc drill than in those sown with the other seeders. The interaction between seeders and fertilizer application was not significant.
COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF TANNIN-FREE AND TANNIN-CONTAINING CULTIVARS OF FABA BEANS (VICIA FABA)
Authors: MARQUARDT R. R. , WARD A. T. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Several common cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba L.), grown under similar environmental conditions, had similar concentrations of condensed tannin. The average percent tannins in the testae of eight cultivars was 4.3 ± 0.2 SEM. Storage and growing conditions, however, appeared to have an influence on the concentration of condensed tannin. Assays of condensed tannins from a diverse group of cultivars resulted in the identification of three cultivars of Vicia faba that were tannin-free. These cultivars, all of which produce flowers, testae and hilums that are white in color, are also deficient in those compounds responsible for the formation of a dark-colored polymeric complex when exposed to oxygen. Tannin-free and tannin-containing faba bean cultivars also differed with regard to spectrophotometric properties and elution patterns following Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. The development of suitable cultivars of faba beans that are tannin-free and do not contain the compounds that are responsible for seed coat darkening would likely enhance their nutritional and organoleptic properties.
EFFECTS OF GREENHOUSE CO2 ENRICHMENT ON THE YIELD AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHYSIOLOGY OF TOMATO PLANTS
Authors: HICKLENTON PETER R. , JOLLIFFE PETER A.
Published: March 2010

Tomato crops were grown in greenhouses with and without CO2 enrichment to approximately 900 vpm. Plants grown under enhanced CO2 concentrations flowered earlier and produced 30% more marketable fruit than those grown in normal air. Measurements were conducted on CO2 and water vapor exchanges in apical and basal leaves under a range of irradiances and CO2 concentrations. Photosynthesis rates were higher in leaves from the enriched regime at test irradiances above 50 μE m−2 s−1 (400–700 nm). Increasing test CO2 concentration enlarged that difference, with the effect being most pronounced in apical leaves. Mesophyll resistance to CO2 assimilation was greater than stomatal resistance at all irradiances, and tended to be higher in basal leaves than in apical leaves of the CO2-enriched plants. Stomatal resistances were similar in apical and basal leaves from CO2-enriched plants. In unenriched plants, however, stomatal resistances were lower in apical than in basal leaves. CO2 compensation points were decreased in leaves developed under CO2 enrichment, but dark respiration rates were not significantly affected by growth regime. Behavioral indices of photosynthesis indicated that the efficiency of CO2 utilization was improved by growth in a CO2-enriched regime. Such fundamental changes in photosynthetic behavior suggest that the effects of CO2 enrichment on yield are not only due to increased growth in the presence of additional photosynthetic substrate. They also result from changes in the innate capacity of photosynthetic systems to utilize CO2.
SCREENING WORLD ONION GERMPLASM COLLECTION FOR RESISTANCE TO WHITE ROT
Authors: UTKHEDE R. S. , RAHE J. E.
Published: March 2010

Two hundred and ninety-four accessions to the USDA world germplasm collection of Allium cepa were screened for resistance to Sclerotium cepivorum, the causal agent of white rot. The trial was conducted on organic muck soil in Burnaby, British Columbia, with uniformly high levels of added inoculum. Percent white rot infection in bulbs at harvest was measured and significant differences (P = 0.05) among the accessions occurred. High levels of resistance were found in at least three of the accessions, but none was immune.
DEVELOPMENT OF PECTINS IN SUNFLOWER STALKS AND HEADS
Authors: CAMPBELL S. J. , SOSULSKI F. W. , SABIR M. A.
Published: March 2010

The development of water- and oxalate-soluble pectins in the maturing stalks and heads of four sunflower cultivars was investigated. Largest changes in the distribution and characteristics of pectins occurred after physiological maturity and a killing frost. In the interval from flowering to the normal harvest date, oxalate-soluble head pectins increased from an average of 5.5% to about 20.0% of the dry, threshed head weight. Pectins extracted into water and oxalate solutions from stalks and heads in this interval contained up to 85% galacturonic acid and 2.7–10.9% methoxyl content. Stalk pectins and water-soluble head pectins produced extremely weak gels at every stage of development. Gel powers of oxalate-soluble head pectins from early cultivars increased with maturity and exceeded that of a commercial low methoxyl pectin at harvest. However, gel power remained low for oxalate-soluble head pectins from late cultivars at all stages.
LEAF SENESCENCE IN SHORT-SEASON MAIZE HYBRIDS
Authors: TOLLENAAR M. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

The pattern of leaf senescence was determined for 10 short-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown in central Ontario during 2 yr. In both years, 60% leaf senescence was attained 9 days before black layer formation. Differences in rate of leaf senescence were observed between years and among hybrids within years. These differences were not related to stem soluble-solid concentration at grain maturity.
EVALUATION OF NEW AND OLD SOURCES OF TOLERANCE TO EARLY-SEASON BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS IN OATS
Authors: COMEAU A. , DUBUC J. P.
Published: March 2010

Transgressive segregation has produced oat lines possessing higher levels of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) tolerance than were previously available. Even with inoculation at the earliest growth stages, some oat lines now display a level of tolerance approaching that of Ethiopian barleys possessing the Yd2 gene.
YIELD, SEED WEIGHT, HULL PERCENTAGE, AND TESTA COLOR OF BUCKWHEAT AT TWO SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

Irrigation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) during the flowering and seed development stages resulted in yield increases of 11–26% but no appreciable increase in seed size in a 3-yr field study. Hull percentage and testa color of the dehulled seed were recorded in two of the years and showed no marked changes associated with yield increases of 11–12%.
RESISTANCE OF ALFALFA CULTIVARS TO DOWNY MILDEW
Authors: BERKENKAMP B. , FOLKINS L. P. , MEERES J.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa cultivars and selections in first- and second-year growth were rated for resistance to downy mildew, and highly significant differences were found. The data suggest that saponins may be a factor in resistance.
NOOTKA RED RASPBERRY
Authors: DAUBENY HUGH A.
Published: March 2010

Nootka red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a new cultivar which produces relatively high yields of firm fruit with rot resistance. It appears to be particularly well-adapted to mechanical harvesting.
MICMAC STRAWBERRY
Authors: CRAIG D. L. , AALDERS L. E. , BISHOP G. W.
Published: March 2010

Micmac strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a mid-late selection from the cross Tioga × K61-87. In Nova Scotia, fruit yield, fruit size, firmness, appearance and frozen quality of Micmac compare favorably with those of the standard cultivars Redcoat and Bounty. Micmac grows vigorously and is somewhat susceptible to common foliage and virus diseases. Resistance to red stele, verticillium wilt and fruit rot appear to equal that of Redcoat and Bounty.
EFFECTS OF HIGH RATES OF NITROGEN ON NEEPAWA WHEAT GROWN UNDER IRRIGATION. III. PROTEIN QUALITY FOR BREADMAKING AS REFLECTED BY VARIOUS TESTS
Authors: BUSHUK W. , RODRIGUEZ-BORES F. J. , DUBETZ S.
Published: March 2010

Eleven samples of hard red spring wheat Triticum aestivum L. em Thell cv. Neepawa, selected from a fertilizer–irrigation study and ranging in protein content from 9.3 to 16.4%, were subjected to various breadmaking quality tests, protein solubility fractionation, amino acid composition analysis and gliadin electrophoresis analysis. Loaf volumes showed a decrease in breadmaking quality with increasing protein for samples at the top of the protein content range. Conversely, the Pelshenke and Zeleny Sedimentation values showed a reverse trend in the same region of protein content. Most of the decreasing rate of change in the loaf volume with protein content at the top of the protein range can be explained by the gradual change in solubility of the glutenin. The gradual decrease in the amount of damaged starch can make a small contribution to the observed loss of quality. Minor quantitative differences (slightly stronger stain intensity for a few bands) were observed in the gliadin electrophoregrams of samples of different protein content. There is no obvious explanation for the increasing rate of change in Pelshenke and Zeleny Sedimentation values with protein content at the top of the protein range.
YIELD STABILITY OF DOUBLE HAPLOID LINES OF BARLEY
Authors: REINBERGS E. , SONG L. S. P. , CHOO T. M. , KASHA K. J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of complete homozygosity and homogeneity on stability of grain yield in barley was studied in 38 doubled haploid lines derived from F1 plants of six biparental crosses. The number of doubled haploid lines in each cross ranged from 3 to 12. These along with 13 check cultivars were evaluated at five locations in Ontario in 1975 and 1976. The linear regression method proposed by Eberhart and Russell in 1966 was used to analyze the stability of grain yield. In general, the response of doubled haploid lines to different environments, based upon the regression coefficient, did not differ from the response of the check cultivars. Similar responses were also observed among check cultivars, among crosses, and among doubled haploid lines within crosses. Furthermore, the pooled deviation from regression mean squares for the check cultivars was not different from that for the doubled haploid lines. The mean yield of the doubled haploid lines was as high as that of the check cultivars. Significant differences in mean yield among crosses was not detectable but considerable genetic variability in grain yield was found among lines within three of the crosses. It appears that under Ontario conditions homogeneous and homozygous lines derived by the doubled haploid method are as good agronomically and have yields as stable as the licensed cultivars developed by conventional breeding methods.
EFFECTS OF VARYING ROW SPACING ON LINSEED YIELD AND QUALITY
Authors: ELSAHOOKIE M. M.
Published: March 2010

To study the effects of row spacings on the agronomic and quality characteristics of three cultivars of flax, a split-plot design experiment of four replications was undertaken in 1969 and 1970 on a Kahola silt clay loam soil at the irrigated farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad. Row spacings of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 cm were used as subplots and cvs. Moroccan 10, Moroccan 50 and Indian 68 were used as main-plots. Seed and oil yields, number of bolls per plant, number of seeds per boll and weight of 1,000 seeds were unaffected by varying row spacings. Oil percentage decreased and iodine value increased as row spacing increased. Flax cultivars reacted similarly to row spacings for all traits studied. There was a year × row spacing interaction for iodine value.
YIELD LOSSES AMONG FORAGE LEGUMES INFECTED WITH MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA
Authors: TOWNSHEND J. L. , POTTER J. W.
Published: March 2010

Losses caused by the northern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla in alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and red and white clovers were assessed in microplots over 21/2 yr. Losses were the result of failure of seedling establishment, and reduction in weight of individual plants. Dry matter was reduced in relation to the nematode inoculum density. Plant stand of all four legumes declined up to the second spring after seeding, particularly in infested plots.
LES EFFETS DE LA FERTILISATION N, P ET K SUR LA PRODUCTION DU TABAC A CIGARETTE
Authors: LAMARRE M. , CESCAS M. P.
Published: March 2010

The effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on yield, grade index, crop index and maturity index of flue-cured tobacco was studied. The experiment was conducted during 1973 and 1974, in l’Assomption county, Province of Quebec on a Soulanges sandy loam and an Uplands sand. Nitrogen increased yield and decreased the grade index more than phosphorus or potassium. When applied at 20 kg/ha the crop index was increased. All levels of nitrogen did not influence the maturity index. Phosphorus had no effect on yield or grade index; however, an application of 49 kg/ha on the Uplands sand had a marked effect on the crop index. Phosphorus increased the maturity index on both soils. An application of 93 kg/ha of potassium increased yield, grade index and crop index but did not influence maturity index.
A WEATHER INDEX TO FORECAST POTENTIAL INCIDENCE OF APHID-TRANSMITTED VIRUS DISEASES OF PEPPERS IN THE NIAGARA PENINSULA
Authors: KEMP W. G. , TROUP P. A.
Published: March 2010

The incidence of non-persistent aphid-transmitted viruses of peppers in the Niagara Peninsula at the end of August was closely correlated with accumulated degree-days plus total bright sunshine hours in April. Virus disease incidence agreed closely with predictions from a simple regression equation based on these weather factors for the period 1970–1977. Risk years for these diseases can be accurately forecast for this region in advance of spring planting. This model may prove generally applicable in other pepper growing areas by calculating regression of local virus incidence on regional meteorological records.
ALFALFA DECLINE AND ITS CAUSE IN MIXED HAY FIELDS DETERMINED BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND GROUND SURVEY
Authors: BASU P. K. , WALLEN V. R. , JACKSON H. R.
Published: March 2010

Methodology was developed utilizing remote sensing techniques to separate and quantitatively measure the various components of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) fields containing void areas as well as short grass and weeds. Infrared color film was exposed over mixed hay fields in the Carp and Vernon regions of eastern Ontario in the spring of 3 successive yr (1974–1976). Ground observations were made to ascertain field conditions to confirm the location and the interpretation of dense or sparse alfalfa, tall or short grass, weeds and void areas on the photographs. In 12 representative fields, the percentage of alfalfa, grass and void areas was determined for each year by image area measurements based on optical densities of the photographs. Analysis of soil and alfalfa root samples from these fields confirmed the absence of the root rot pathogen Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. or any other fungi pathogenic to alfalfa. Saprophytic species of Fusarium and Pythium were prevalent in each field. The genera of nematodes found in the samples were not considered harmful to alfalfa. Therefore, an estimated 14% loss of alfalfa was attributed to winter injury during the 3-yr period. The amount of grass increased by 28% and void areas decreased by 14% in these fields.
EFFECTS OF PLANTING DATE ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NARROW-LEAVED HAWK’S-BEARD
Authors: DARWENT A. L. , McKENZIE J. S.
Published: March 2010

Narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard (Crepis tectorum L.) planted prior to 6 June bolted and produced mature seeds as a summer annual. Plantings on 16 June bolted but not all reached maturity during the same growing season. Narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard planted in early July developed in one of three ways: (1) bolted and produced mature seeds as a summer annual, (2) bolted but produced no mature seeds in the year of planting, or (3) developed as a winter annual. Plantings made after 15 July developed as winter annuals. Survival of winter annuals the following spring ranged from 12 to 46% for July plantings to 80 to 90% for August–September plantings. No plants survived from the mid-October plantings. In growth chamber studies at 20 °C, bolting occurred in all plants at an 18-h photoperiod but not in plants at a 14-h photoperiod. The percentage of plants bolting under photoperiods between 14 and 18 h was intermediate. When grown under the same photoperiod, reducing the temperature to 18 °C during the light period and 5 °C during the dark period did not affect the percentage of plants bolting. These results suggest that photoperiod plays a major role in determining the pattern of development of narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard.
FREQUENCY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESISTANCE TO USTILAGO IN SIX WILD SPECIES OF AVENA
Authors: NIELSEN J.
Published: March 2010

Accessions in the Canada Avena Collection of the wild oat Avena abyssinica, A. barbata, A. byzantina, A. fatua, A. sterilis and A. vaviloviana were tested for their reaction to Ustilago. Of 1674 accessions from various countries 869 were resistant, mostly in A. abyssinica and A. sterilis. The frequency of resistance in, A. sterilis was highest in accessions from Ethiopia, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and North African countries, but very low in those from Iran and Iraq.
SCREENING SUNFLOWER SEEDLINGS FOR RESISTANCE TO TOXIC METABOLITES PRODUCED BY SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM
Authors: HUANG H. C. , DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

Culture filtrates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary were toxic to sunflower seedlings, causing wilt symptoms similar to those developed on naturally infected plants. Seedlings of nine inbred lines, six F1 hybrids and one open-pollinated cultivar were assayed for response to culture filtrates. The reaction varied from moderately resistant to highly susceptible. The screening technique was reproducible, effective, rapid and simple; thus it could be useful in studying the resistance of sunflower plants to the wilt phase of the disease syndrome.
TARA FIELD PEAS
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T.
Published: March 2010

A yellow-seeded field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, Tara, developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba was licensed in Canada in March 1978. The main features of Tara are high yield and resistance to powdery mildew.
THE EFFECTS OF POLYOXINS B AND D ON ALTERNARIA BRASSICAE AND THE BLACKSPOT OF RAPESEED
Authors: TEWARI J. P. , SKOROPAD W. P.
Published: March 2010

The antibiotics Polyoxin AL W.P. (a.i. Polyoxin B 10%) and Polyoxin Z W.P. (a.i. Polyoxin D 2.2%) were tested as therapeutants and prophylactics in the blackspot disease of rapeseed caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. Both fungicides strongly inhibited the germination and viability of the conidia, and the growth of A. brassicae in agar. They also showed strong prophylactic and therapeutic actions on blackspot lesion development on leaves, both in the field and under laboratory conditions. It is concluded that polyoxins have the potential of being used to control the blackspot disease of rapeseed.
COLEORHIZA, ROOT AND COLEOPTILE EMERGENCE AND GROWTH: EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT WATER VOLUMES
Authors: DAVIDSON D.
Published: March 2010

The percentage of barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare) with coleorhiza or roots emerged at various times after germination in different volumes of water was determined. Germination was followed in barley seeds sown on filter papers moistened with 6–25 ml of water for up to 24 h at 25 °C; 30 seeds were sown on each 15-cm diameter petri plate. The most rapid germination, judged on coleorhiza emergence, occurred on 20 and 25 ml of water at 6 h, but root emergence was better on 9 than on 20 ml of water. Conditions appropriate for coleorhiza emergence retard root emergence. Similarly, at 45 h, coleoptile growth was better on 9 and 12 ml than on 20 ml of water. The initial stimulation of germination by 20 ml of water, succeeded by an inhibition of root and coleoptile growth, suggests that the various organs of a barley embryo respond differentially to different volumes of ambient water.
GROWTH OF BEAN ACCESSIONS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
Authors: FREYMAN S. , KEMP G. A. , WILSON D. B.
Published: March 2010

Growth and rates of photosynthesis of two accessions and two cultivars (Great Northern 1140 and Sutter Pink) of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were compared at 10, 15, and 23 °C in a controlled environment cabinet. The leaf area, dry matter, and rate of total apparent photosynthesis of one of the accessions was significantly higher after growth for 13 days at 10 °C than that of the commercial cultivars. This advantage was not maintained at 23 °C. In another experiment, growth of the same four cultivars was compared at light/dark temperatures of 10/10, 15/12, and 23/18 °C. The two accessions established a higher leaf area and accumulated more dry matter at the cooler temperatures than the commercial cultivars, but lost this advantage at the highest temperatures. In a field trial, the accessions had a similar rapid early growth but fell behind later in the season. Ideally, a bean cultivar for the Canadian prairie should incorporate the accession’s ability for rapid growth and leaf expansion at cool temperatures with a growth rate during mid-summer comparable to that of Great Northern 1140.
SPLIT APPLICATIONS AND TANK MIX COMBINATIONS OF DICLOFOP-METHYL AND MCPA FOR WEED CONTROL IN BARLEY
Authors: QURESHI F. A. , BORN W. H. VANDEN
Published: March 2010

Injury to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) caused by the foliar-applied wild oat (Avena fatua L.) herbicide diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoate} was evaluated and application methods were modified to reduce or eliminate the injury and loss in yield. Diclofop-methyl caused shoot chlorosis and inhibited growth of both barley and wild oats. In barley, assimilate transport to the roots was reduced and this effect was not altered by MCPA {butyl ester of [(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid}. Injury to barley from split applications of diclofop-methyl was minimal, and wild oat control was maintained as long as the interval between applications was less than 7 days. A 4-day interval between MCPA and diclofop-methyl prevented most of the antagonism that occurs with application of a tank mixture of the two herbicides. If diclofop-methyl at one-third of the total dosage was applied in one treatment, followed 4 days later by the remainder of the dosage mixed with MCPA, barley injury was minimal and control of both wild oats and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) was excellent.