bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Feline Leukaemia and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections in the Czech Republic
Authors: Knotek Z. , H P. , ájková . , Svoboda M. , Toman M. , Raška V.
Published: March 2003

Commercial serological sets were used for the examination of 727 cats kept in larger towns of the Czech Republic. FeLV antigen and antibodies to FIV were demonstrated in 96 (13.2 %) and 42 (5.8 %) of the animals, respectively. Seven (0.96 %) animals were positive for both FeLV and FIV. Most of the FeLV and/or FIV positive patients were intact rambling males aged 1–4 years. Chronic gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases were found in 54.2 % and 43.8 % of the FeLV‐positive patients, respectively. Chronic urinary tract diseases and generalized lymphadenopathy were found in 47.6 % and 45.2 % of the FIV‐positive patients, respectively. The results of this first survey in the Czech Republic have shown prevalence values and clinical patterns similar to those reported formerly from other European countries.
Mastitis Caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Large Colony Type) in Goat Flocks in Spain
Authors: Gil M. C. , Hermoso de Mendoza M. , Alonso J. M. , Rey J. , Poveda J. B. , Hermoso de Mendoza J.
Published: March 2003

We describe three different outbreaks of mastitis caused by M. mycoides subspecies mycoides LC type (Mmm LC) in three goat flocks from the Extremadura Region of south‐west Spain. Thirty‐two fast‐growing isolates were obtained on Hayflick’s and Friis’s media with inhibitors from different specimens. All were identified as Mmm LC in spite of their cultural, biochemical and serological features.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofArcanobacterium pyogenesIsolated from Cattle and Pigs
Authors: Yoshimura H. , Kojima A. , Ishimaru M.
Published: March 2003

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 18 antimicrobial agents were determined for 49Arcanobacterium pyogenesisolates (42 bovine isolates and 7 porcine isolates). Benzylpenicillin and ampicillin were the most active antibiotics, with MIC ranges of ≤0.0125–0.05 μg/ml for both bovine and porcine isolates. All isolates were susceptible to penicillins and cephems. MICs for 90% of the isolates of dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin and oxytetracycline for bovine isolates were >100 μg/ml, 1.56 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively. More resistance to dihydrostreptomycin appeared among porcine isolates (85.7%) than among bovine isolates (52.4%). Resistance to gentamicin occurred in only 3 (7.1%) of the bovine isolates. Resistance to oxytetracycline also appeared more frequent among porcine isolates (85.7%) than among bovine isolates (57.1%). All bovine isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, tilmocosin and lincomycin, but two porcine isolates (28.6%) were simultaneously resistant to these antibiotics. Tiamulin was as active as tilmicosin, with an MIC for 50% of the isolates (MIC50) of 0.05 μg/ml for both bovine and porcine isolates. The MIC50s of chloramphenicol and its derivatives florfenicol and thiamphenicol were all 1.56 μg/ml. The fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin and ofloxacin were not so active as penicillins and macrolides, with MIC50s of 0.78 μg/ml and 1.56 μg/ml, respectively, for both bovine and porcine isolates.
Immunization of Pups with Maternally Derived Antibodies to Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Using a Modified‐Live Variant(CPV‐2b)
Authors: Pratelli A. , Cavalli A. , Normanno G. , De Palma M.G. , Pastorelli G. , Martella V. , Buonavoglia C.
Published: March 2003

The results of vaccination trials carried out on pups with maternally derived antibodies (MDA) to canine parvovirus (CPV), using a modified‐live CPV‐2b variant vaccine (29‐97/40 strain), are reported. The vaccine was able to overcome the obstacle of MDA, and to elicit protective immunity in 100% of the pups whose antibody titres were 1:10–1:40, 83% of the pups with titres of 1:80, 57% of the pups with titres of 1:160, and even in 60% of the pups with antibody titres of 1:320.
Experiment to Determine Limits of Tolerance for Fumonisin B1 in Weaned Piglets
Authors: Zomborszky M. K. , Vetési F. , Repa I. , Kovács F. , Bata Á. , Horn P. , Tóth Á. , Romvári R.
Published: March 2003

In Hungary almost 70 % of mould‐affected maize inspected since 1993 was found to be contaminated with fumonisin B1 (FB1) (mean 2.6–8.65 mg/kg; maximum 9.8–75.1 mg/kg), the degree of this contamination was found to increase from year to year ( Fazekas et al., 1997b). In this experiment, in order to define tolerance limit values, the effect of exposing weaned piglets to FB1 in low doses over a 4‐week period was examined. The experiment was performed with 20 weaned barrows of Danish Landrace breed. After a 5‐day adaptation period cultures of the fungus Fusarium moniliforme were mixed into the animals' feed in concentrations that resulted in a daily intake of fumonisin B1 of 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg feed. Feeding with the toxin was observed to exert no significant effect on body weight gain or feed consumption in the animals, no clinical signs were observed and no mortality traceable to toxic effects occurred. In computer tomography examinations performed in the second and fourth weeks mild and more severe pulmonary oedema was diagnosed in the experimental animals. The processes developing in the pulmonary parenchyma were corroborated by the mathematical and statistical evaluation procedures applied. The haematological parameters examined revealed no change attributable to toxic effects, while with respect to the biochemical parameters, an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity dependent on dosage, indicating a pathological change in the liver, was ascertained in all three experimental groups. The free sphinganine to sphingosine ratio (SA/SO), which is regarded as the most sensitive bioindicator of fumonisin toxicosis, showed an increase proportionate to toxin concentration for all three dosages. Dissection revealed mild cases of pulmonary oedema in three of the animals given doses of 10 p.p.m. (n = 4), two mild and two severe cases in those exposed to 20 p.p.m. (n = 5), and severe cases in all five animals given 40 p.p.m. The oedema of non‐inflammatory origin was confirmed by histopathological examinations.

The findings of this experiment which indicate that in this study FB1 administered in substantially lower concentrations than those reported in the literature resulted in severe pathological changes, point to the importance of studies involving even lower doses.
Effectiveness of Doxycycline in the Prevention of an Experimental Infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Pigs
Authors: Luque I. , Tarradas C. , Carrasco L. , Torroella E. , Artigas C. , Perea A.
Published: March 2003

The effectiveness of medication with doxycycline in feed in the control of pleuropneumonia in pigs was tested using an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 aerosol challenge model. Two groups of 10 animals were used for the challenge, a ‘medicated group’ and an ‘unmedicated group’. A third group of four animals was used as a ‘control group’. Pigs from the medicated group were provided with feed containing 250 p.p.m. doxycycline (HIPRAMIX/DOXI) for 8 consecutive days and were challenged on the fifth day of treatment. No clinical signs were observed in pigs from the ‘control group’. Four animals from the ‘unmedicated group’ died within the first 48 h after challenge with clinical and lesional evidence of an acute form of pleuropneumonia. Clinical signs of animals surviving the first 48 h were progressively less severe and showed lesions similar to those described for subacute‐chronic forms of the disease. However, only one animal from the ‘medicated group’ showed clinical signs of a chronic form of pleuropneumonia. Reisolation of A. pleuropneumoniae was more evident from lung tissues of animals fed the doxycycline‐free feed (70 %), coinciding with the presence of both acute and subacute lesions. However, the micro‐organism could be reisolated from only one animal which belonged to the ‘medicated group’. It is concluded that the treatment of pigs with 250 p.p.m. doxycycline (HIPRAMIX/DOXI) prevents disease caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
Kinetics of Antibody Production and Clinical Profiles of Calves Experimentally Infected with Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Barbuddhe S. B. , Malik S. V. S. , Gupta L. K.
Published: March 2003

Clinical and serum antibody profiles were studied during oral Listeria monocytogenes infection of calves. No clinical signs, except for pyrexia with mild diarrhoea and staggering gait, were observed in the infected calves. Specific antibodies to listeriolysin O (LLO) appeared as early as day 8 of an oral infection and peaked by days 16–32 of infection. Antibodies to LLO were observed to persist over the period of 126 days observed in the study. LLO being a major virulence factor and capable of inducing a humoral response could therefore be used as an antigen for development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infections in animals.
Characterization of Lesions Caused by a South American Virulent Isolate (‘Quillota’) of the Hog Cholera Virus
Authors: Quezada M. , Cayo L. , Carrasco L. , Islas A. , Lecocq C. , Gómez‐Villamandos J. C. , Sierra M. A.
Published: March 2003

In this study, macroscopic and histopathological lesions produced by a virulent South American isolate (‘Quillota’) of hog cholera virus were studied. The virus was inoculated in doses of 105 TCID50 in each of 35 pigs of 20 kg live weight. The animals were slaughtered from 4 to 18 days post‐inoculation. The presence of virus antigens in lymphatic tissue was confirmed by both direct immunofluorescence and Avidin‐Biotin‐Peroxidase techniques in formalin‐embedded tissue samples. Histological sections were stained with haematoxylin‐eosin and Mallory's phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin methods. The ‘Quillota’ isolate used in this study caused a disease characterized by vascular lesions (splenic infarcts, haemorrhages in the lymph nodes and the urinary system and disseminated microthrombosis), and necrosis of lymphocytes, particularly in the B‐areas of the lymphoid organs, lesions that are characteristic of the acute form of the disease. Other lesions observed were a non‐purulent meningoencephalitis, the necrosis of the epithelial cells of tonsils, the presence of fibrin nets in the red pulp and a marked thickening of the alveolar septa.
Capillaria hepatica Infection in Wild Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the Urban Area of Milan, Italy
Authors: Ceruti R. , Sonzogni O. , Origgi F. , Vezzoli F. , Cammarata S. , Giusti A. M. , Scanziani E.
Published: March 2003

Forty‐seven wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) collected from the urban area of Milan (Italy) were screened for Capillaria hepatica liver infection. The liver of each rat was grossly and histologically examined for the presence of C. hepatica adults, eggs and typical C. hepatica‐induced lesions. In 17 rats (36 %) liver lesions consistent with C. hepatica infection were detected. Grossly, white–yellow nodules of 1–5 mm in diameter were present, either scattered on the liver surface or localized in a single lobe. Histologically, granulomatous liver lesions associated with eggs and/or worms were observed. The degree of gross liver involvement was moderate in most of the positive cases (71 %). About 30 cases of C. hepatica infection in humans have been documented world‐wide, most of which are reported in children from 1 to 5 years of age. Our results suggest that the potential transmission of C. hepatica to children in the study area should be considered an important health issue.
Immunogenicity and Efficacy of the Oral Rabies Vaccine SAD B19 in Foxes
Authors: Neubert A. , Schuster P. , Müller T. , Vos A. , Pommerening E.
Published: March 2003

Studies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of SAD B19 attenuated rabies virus vaccine in foxes under laboratory conditions were conducted. Twenty‐seven foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were offered a vaccine bait containing 106.3 FFU/ml SAD B19. Blood samples were collected 60, 110 and 190 days post‐vaccination. On day 190 post‐vaccination the animals and 14 controls were challenged with a canid street rabies virus. Twenty‐four of the 26 vaccinated foxes (92.3%) survived the challenge, whereas all the controls died from rabies. The two vaccinated foxes that did not survive the challenge did not show any detectable level of rabies neutralizing antibodies at any time after vaccination. The geometric mean titres (GMT) of foxes that seroconverted after vaccination were 43.5, 33.9 and 43.5 IU/ml 60, 110 and 190 days post‐vaccination, respectively. Furthermore, to test the vaccine virus under sub‐optimal conditions five naive and nine previously vaccinated vixens received 2 ml SAD B19 (106.7 FFU/ml) by direct administration of the vaccine virus into the oral cavity shortly before or during pregnancy. All vixens seroconverted above the threshold of 0.5 IU/ml. No booster effect was observed in the immune response of the previously vaccinated animals.
The Effect of Tilmicosin on Cardiac Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase Activities
Authors: YAZAR E. , ALTUNOK V. , ELMAS M. , TRAŞ B. , BAŞ A. L. , ÖZDEMIR V.
Published: March 2003

In this study, the effect of tilmicosin on cardiac superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities was investigated. Forty male BALB/c mice were used as material. Ten mice served as a control group, and 30 mice were injected with tilmicosin (25 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously, with a single injection). After drug administration, they were monitored for 3 days. Tilmicosin caused decreases in cardiac superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities.
Determination of Intracellular Concentrations of Free and Two Types of Liposome‐Encapsulated Enrofloxacin in Anatolian Shepherd Dog Monocytes
Authors: Baş A. L. , Şimşek A. , Çorlu M. , Yazar E. , Elmas M. , Deǧim Z. G.
Published: March 2003

In this study, it was evaluated the accumulation of free and two types of liposome‐encapsulated enrofloxacin (LEE) at the doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 μg/ml, which were clinically relevant concentrations into monocytes of healthy Anatolian shepherd dogs. Enrofloxacin was encapsulated with two different types of liposome in multilamellar large vesicles (MLV). Type A MLV composed of 15 mg egg phosphatidylcholine and 35 mg cholesterol, Type B MLV composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol and enrofloxacin, in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1. The mean sizes of Type A and Type B liposome were found to be 7.65 and 4.27 μm, respectively. However, the mean encapsulation rate determined of Type A (13 ± 2%) was found lower than Type B liposome (44 ± 3%). The amounts of intracellular enrofloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Type B LEE accumulated significantly higher level into monocytes when compared to free drug or Type A liposome. This study showed that Type B LEE markedly concentrated within monocytes and may improve the antibacterial efficacy of the antibiotic.
Differentiation of Twelve Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotypes by Outer Membrane Lipoprotein Gene‐based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Authors: Cho W.‐S. , Chae C.
Published: March 2003

Twelve Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes were differentiated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified fragments from the outer membrane lipoprotein (omlA) gene. All 12 reference serotypes and 80 field isolates produced the expected 950‐base pair (bp) fragment of the omlA gene by PCR. Combining the RFLP patterns obtained with SfaNI, Bst71I, AluI, NciI, nine distinct patterns were observed in the 12 serotype reference strains. The PCR‐based RFLP analysis of omlA genes allows differentiation among the 12 serotypes, with the exception of group 1 (serotypes 1, 9 and 11), and group 2 (serotypes 2 and 8). When the PCR products from the 70 field isolates were subjected to RFLP analysis, 68 showed the same RFLP patterns as their respective serotype reference strain. Two isolates that could not be typed had the same RFLP patterns as those of serotype 5. These results suggest that PCR‐based RFLP analysis of the omlA genes may be of value in differentiating among 12 A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes.
An Outbreak of Lymphadenitis Associated with Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia in Omani Goats
Authors: Johnson E. H. , Al‐Busaidy R. , Hameed M. S.
Published: March 2003

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a commonly isolated organism from human clinical specimens and is gaining significance as a pathogen in immunocompromised patients and nosocomial infections. In most cases it is difficult to establish the source of human infections. In veterinary medicine, S. maltophilia is not generally considered a primary pathogen. In the present study, we report the occurrence of 16 cases of caprine abscess from which S. maltophilia was isolated in pure culture from 15 animals. In six animals, the abscesses were confined to the pre‐scapular lymph nodes but in the remaining nine, the cutaneous abscesses were multiple and extended from the neck to the inguinal area. The possibility is suggested that goats in Oman, which often live in close proximity to humans, might potentially serve as a reservoir of infection.
Subannual Temporal Variation in Faunal Distributions at the TAG Hydrothermal Mound (26° N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge)
Authors: Copley Jonathan T. P. , Tyler Paul A. , Van Dover Cindy L. , Schultz Adam , Dickson Penny , Singh Sandipa , Sulanowska Margaret
Published: March 2003

Abstract. This paper evaluates the dynamics of two faunal assemblages colonizing high‐ and low‐temperature habitats of the TAG hydrothermal mound on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. Timelapse video and photographic transects were used to monitor changes in shrimp and anemone populations from June 1994 to March 1995. During this period, holes were drilled in the vicinity of the target populations by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). The a priori expectation of a rapid redistribution of motile alvinocaridid shrimp to occupy the optimal thermal and chemical habitat in response to changes in the pattern of hydrothermal activity was met by the observation of an increase in hydrothermal activity and shrimp population density at the site where a timelapse video system was deployed. The importance of hydrothermal activity as a control on the distribution of vent shrimp is suggested by tidal variations in the distribution of shrimp on a minidiffuser chimney. Sediment deposition during ODP drilling resulted in a temporary disturbance of the shrimp occupying the flat part of the mound surface seen by the timelapse video. In contrast to the changes observed in shrimp distribution, little change was observed in the distribution of anemones across the mound in two photographic transects 10 months apart, with the exception of a localized disturbance where anemones were buried by sediment around an ODP hole. Differences in the response of the shrimp and anemones to changes in the hydrothermal system may result from differences in their motility and rates of biological activity, or reflect a lower trophic position in the case of the shrimp.
Nutrients, Chlorophyll a and Phytoplankton in the İskenderun Bay (Northeastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Polat Sevim
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The monthly changes in chlorophyll a, phytoplankton abundance and nutrient concentrations at two stations, one at the inshore and the other at the deep waters of the northern part of İskenderun Bay, were investigated between 1994 – 1995. The vertical distribution of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass were also studied at the deep station. The concentrations of NO3+NO2‐N, PO4‐P and SiO4‐Si of surface water at both stations were 0.31 – 1.63 µg‐at · l‐1, 0.08 – 0.60 µg‐at · l‐1 and 0.50 – 2.7 µg‐at · l‐1, respectively. The highest concentrations were measured at the inshore station and clear differences were found between the inshore and deep‐water stations. Chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 0.17 to 2.78 µg · l‐1 and the highest value was measured in March. At the inshore station, which was affected by land run‐off, phytoplankton abundance reached the highest value (21,308 cells · l‐1) in October 1995, with a marked dominance of Pseudonitzschia pungens (20,200 cells · l‐1). The nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations at the inshore station were higher than those at the deep station. One reason for this is the land‐based nutrient input into the coastal area here. In spite of these effects, the bay is not eutrophicated because of circulation events in the northeastern Mediterranean.
Coral Recruitment and Regeneration on a Maldivian Reef 21 Months after the Coral Bleaching Event of 1998
Authors: Loch Karen , Loch Wolfgang , Schuhmacher Helmut , See Wolf R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. This paper describes the quantitative inventory of stony corals on a Maldivian reef after the bleaching event of 1998. The detailed data, collected in March 1999 and March 2000, comprise survival, new recruitment and regenerates. They were obtained in 6 transects laid out randomly on the reef flat, on 22 Acropora tables on 6 sites at the reef edge and on 39 Porites lobata blocks and 1 Diploastrea heliopora colony. The present cover of living zooxanthellate corals is reduced to ca. 2 – 5 % of its previous state. Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae were practically wiped out, while Poritidae survived partly and Agariciidae (esp. Pavona) are now the dominant group. New settlements on dead Acropora tables were mainly Agariciidae, followed by Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae. Regenerates on Porites were pronounced and the apparent yearly increase in mass was about threefold that of Diploastrea, which is 3 – 4 mm per year. The influence on reef ecology in terms of coral substrate and species, possible sources of larvae, change of guilds in reef builders, other species and the prospect for further development of the reef, with respect to growth versus erosion, is discussed.
Use of Cell‐Specific PAM‐Fluorometry to Characterize Host Shading in the Epiphytic DinoflagellateGambierdiscus toxicus
Authors: Villareal Tracy A. , Morton Steve L.
Published: March 2003

Abstract.Cell‐specific fluorescence characteristics were used to characterize the light tolerance of the toxic benthic dinoflagellateGambierdiscus toxicus. The fluorescence parameter Fv: Fmwas measured using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry on individual cells collected from foliose red algae growing in the sub‐tidal margin of South Water Cay, Belize. Samples were collected over several days during sunny and cloudy conditions and compared to samples incubatedin situ. The data from individual cells were used to generate both Fv: Fmfrequency histograms and averages. Maximum individual cell values of Fv: Fmreached 0.81 in pre‐dawn samples, a value near the theoretical maximum for PAM fluorometry. In field samples from macroalgal hosts, average Fv: Fmvalues declined only slightly during the day, but cells incubated in bottles under 47 % incident sunlight showed a significant mid‐day depression. In freshly collected samples, near‐maximum Fv: Fmvalues could be found in individual cells during the entire day; however, the frequency histograms indicated a greater range in Fv: Fmvalues during the afternoon than in the morning. In contrast, cultures ofG. toxicusshowed a tight distribution around a mean. Field samples showed a rapid recovery to near‐maximum Fv: Fmwithin 2 min when assayed using a standardized actinic light series. Similar results were obtained in laboratory cultures ofG. toxicusgrown at 73 µmol photons · m‐2· s‐1, but not at 383 µmol photons · m‐2· s‐1. These data provide empirical support for suggestions thatG. toxicusexploits the three‐dimensional structure of the algal host thallus to minimize light exposure. This strategy permitsG. toxicus, a high‐light intolerant species in culture, to thrive in shallow, well‐lit tropical seas. It may also partially explain the observed preference ofG. toxicusfor complex, foliose macroalgae as hosts.
Adherence of Candida albicans to bladder mucosa: development and application of a tissue explant assay
Authors: Lyman  , Navarro  , Garrett  , Roberts  , Pizzo  , Walsh
Published: March 2003

In order to study the interactions between Candida species and uroepithelial tissue, a tissue explant assay was developed using bladder mucosa harvested from New Zealand white rabbits. Blastoconidia of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata attached to the uroepithelial tissue in similar quantities. However, there was significantly more adherence to the uroepithelium by pre‐germinated C. albicans compared with C. albicans blastoconidia. Furthermore, the amount of uroepithelial tissue injury was directly related to the length of exposure of the tissue to Candida. Thus, this tissue explant assay may provide a useful method for investigating properties related to fungal adherence to transitional uroepithelium and organism‐mediated tissue injury.
Epidemiology of dermatomycoses of humans in Central Poland. Part II—Non‐dermatophyte infections of nails and periungual walls
Authors: Seneczko  , Jeske  , Lupa  , Głowacka Anna , Ochęcka‐Szymańska Aldona
Published: March 2003

This study presents the epidemiology of dermatomycoses and their etiological agents of people living in the Łódź region, Central Poland, over the years 1987–1996. The study comprised a total of 25 737 patients. Positive mycological results were obtained for 14 084 patients (54.7%). The total number of 14 295 of positive mycological results included 6902 (48.3%) isolations of non‐dermatophyte fungi. Among these positive results, isolations from subjects with infections of nails and periungual walls amounted to 2034 (29.5%). Candida albicans (59.9%) and Aspergillus sp. (17.3%) were major etiological factors of those infections. The decade in question was marked by a steady growth in incidence of the infections studied, especially over the years 1994–1996.
Otomycosis: prevalence, clinical symptoms, therapeutic procedure
Authors: Kurnatowski P. , Filipiak A.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  Local lesions observed in otitis, create favourable conditions for the growth of fungi and development of mycoses both in the external and middle ear, as well as in post‐operative cavities, especially in cases of open‐type surgery. The objective of this study was: (1) to determine the prevalence of mycotic infections in inflammatory conditions of the ear; (2) to evaluate the relationship between the presence of fungi and clinical symptoms of inflammation; and (3) to construct a model of therapeutic procedure. The study concerned 345 individuals, including 295 patients (381 ears) who presented with symptoms of otitis. The mycological examinations revealed presence of fungi in 30.4% cases (116 ears). Positive culture results were obtained predominantly in patients with post‐operative suppuration (52.8%). Otomycosis was more often associated with fungi of the genus Candida (3/5) than with fungi of the genus Aspergillus (2/5). The analysis of symptoms in otomycoses showed that in bacteria‐induced otitis, pruritus, discharge, post‐operative defective hearing and headaches are most common; the analysis of signs showed that reddened epidermis and lining of the tympanic cavity are statistically more frequent. The therapeutic protocol adopted in otomycoses yields good results: 89% – complete cure.
Case Report. Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phialophora verrucosa developed in a patient with non‐HIV acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Ohira S. , Isoda K. , Hamanaka H. , Takahashi K. , Nishimoto K. , Mizutani H.
Published: March 2003

Summary. A 53‐year‐old woman had asymptomatic multiple nodules on her gluteal region for 6 months. She had a history of systemic corticosteroid treatment for Evans' syndrome. Recently she had developed an immunodeficiency condition with CD4+ cell depletion without an HIV infection and a normal serum gamma globulin level. A smear from the purulent exudate of the nodules revealed many brown‐coloured hyphae, spores and few large dark‐brown cells. A short, hairy, dark‐brown coloured colony was cultivated on Sabouraud glucose agar. Slide culturing revealed only a Phialophora‐type conidia formation, and the fungus was diagnosed as Phialophora verrucosa. Severe immunosuppressive condition (non‐HIV acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) of this patients after systemic corticosteroid treatment for Evans' syndrome predisposed an opportunistic cutaneous fungal infection due to P. verrucosa. Cases with cutaneous infection due to P. verrucosa reported in Japan are summarized and discussed.
Chitin synthase 1 gene of Arthroderma benhamiae isolates in Japan
Authors: Kano R. , Hirai A. , Hasegawa A.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  In the present study, the chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene of eight clinical isolates of Arthroderma benhamiae in Japan was investigated. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the CHS1 gene fragments from clinical isolates of A. benhamiae and from standard strains of Americano‐European race and African race A. benhamiae indicated more than 90% similarities among these dermatophytes. An especially high degree of similarity was noted in nucleotide sequence CHS1 gene fragments, with more than 99% among eight clinical isolates and standard strains of the Americano‐European race of A. benhamiae. The phylogenetic analysis of their sequences revealed that the eight clinical isolates and the standard strains of the Americano‐European race of A. benhamiae were included in the same cluster, and that the African race of A. benhamiae formed a cluster that was distinct from the Americano‐European race of A. benhamiae, A. simii and A. vanbreuseghemii.
The mode of seed formation in Allium senescens and two Korean Allium species
Authors: Kim B. J. , Kwon Y. C. , Kwack Y. H. , Lim M. S. , Park E. H.
Published: March 2003

The genus Allium includes several important vegetable and ornamental species, and is an economically important crop. The objective of this study was to determine the mode of reproduction in A. senescens L. (2n=6x= 48) and two Allium species collected in Korea. Chromosome numbers of embryo sac mother cells (EMCs) at diplotene of meiosis were 2n = 48 and unreduced in A. senescens. However, normal sexual reproduction was observed at diplotene in both A. senescens var. minor (2n = 2x= 16) and A. nutans L. (2n=4x= 32). Parthenogenetic embryogenesis also occurred in A. senescens at high frequencies among the three Allium species. Antipodal embryos in A. nutans were formed in unpollinated flowers. Normal seeds were not formed in flowers of A. senescens that had been emasculated and kept in sealed conditions. However, normal seeds were formed in the flowers that were pollinated 2 days after anthesis. In conclusion, diplospory, parthenogenesis, and pseudogamy occur in A. senescens.
Analysis of embryo, endosperm, cytoplasmic and maternal effects for heterosis of protein and lysine content in indica hybrid rice
Authors: Shi C. H. , Zhu J. , Wu J. G. , Yang X. E. , Yu Y. G.
Published: March 2003

The heterosis controlled by genetic main effects and genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects for protein content and lysine content traits of indica hybrid rice, Oryza sativa L., was studied by using a genetic model for quantitative traits of triploid endosperm. The experiment was conducted over 2 years in a factorial design that included nine cytoplasmic male‐sterile lines as females and five restorer lines as males. It was revealed that heterosis of protein content and lysine content were simultaneously controlled by genetic main effects and GE interaction effects. Maternal general heterosis and maternal interaction heterosis were observed. Embryo heterosis or cytoplasm heterosis for lysine content and endosperm heterosis for protein content were more important in general heterosis. Embryo interaction heterosis and cytoplasm interaction heterosis were more important for protein content, but endosperm heterosis was only important for lysine content in GE interaction heterosis. It was shown that some indica hybrid crosses had significant positive heterosis for protein content. Negative heterosis for lysine content was observed in most hybrid crosses.
Nectar secretion in winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus— quantitative and qualitative variability among 71 genotypes
Authors: Pierre J. , Mesquida J. , Marilleau R. , Pham‐Delègue M. H. , Renard M.
Published: March 2003

The genotypic variability in nectar secretion among 71 genotypes of winter oilseed rapes was tested for floral nectar volume, sugar composition and concentration. Differences were found between seed quality genotypes: double low [99] oilseed rape varieties tended to secrete much more nectar than single low [0 +] and double high [++] varieties. Male‐sterile lines (Ogura CMS) secreted one‐half to one‐third the amount of their isogenic male‐fertile counterparts. Restored lines behaved as conventional rape varieties. On average, amounts of nectar were 2 μl/flower and ranged from 0.7 to 6 μl/flower. Among the genotypes under test, the male‐sterile lines were not the least productive. The analysis of (Samourai) winter oilseed rape showed that total sugar concentrations in nectar were highest at the beginning of the flowering period (30g/100 ml) and lowest towards the end (10g/100 ml). At a given date, total sugar contents in nectar of [0 +] varieties were significantly higher than those of [++] varieties and were due to higher fructose contents. Differences between genotypes within the same type also occurred, depending on the day of sampling. Oilseed rape nectar was confirmed to be predominantly composed of hexose (glucose and fructose). From the results of these investigations, it is concluded that the opportunity exists to select oilseed rape genotypes, including male‐sterile lines, that secrete sufficient amounts of nectar to attract honey‐bees to ensure pollination of male‐sterile lines for hybrid seed production.
High genetic diversity of Spanish common wheats as judged from gliadin alleles
Authors: Metakovsky E. V. , Gómez M. , Vázquez J. F. , Carrillo J. M.
Published: March 2003

Gliadin alleles were identified in 100 common wheat cultivars registered and/or grown in Spain during the last 40 years. A very high level of genetic polymorphism was found: in total, 103 allelic variants including one null‐allele were found at the six major Gli loci in the Spanish wheats studied. An average genetic diversity for these six loci was found to be higher (H=0.844) than in any group of wheat cultivars studied previously. Spanish wheats bred in Spain demonstrated even higher genetic diversity (H=0.868), probably because of the occurrence in this group of some landraces (local varieties) assumed to be strongly differentiated to fit local environments. The high level of genetic diversity of wheats grown in Spain was maintained by the introduction of distantly related wheat germplasm from different sources, especially from Italy and CIMMYT. A slight decrease of genetic diversity in recently registered cultivars might be caused by the excessive introduction of French wheats. Thirteen new alleles found in Spanish wheats were catalogued, including Gli‐D2w which encodes the first Gli‐D2‐controlledγ‐gliadin to be found.
Evaluation of resistance of apricot cultivars to a Spanish isolate of plum pox potyvirus (PPV)
Authors: Martínez‐Gómez P. , Dicenta F. , Weber W. E.
Published: March 2003

The resistance of 12 apricot cultivars to the Dideron type Spanish isolate RB3.30 of plum pox potyvirus was evaluated in controlled conditions in an insect‐proof greenhouse. The results of the evaluation demonstrated the resistance of the cultivars ‘Stella’, ‘Stark Early Orange’, ‘Goldrich’, ‘Harcot’, ‘NJA2’, ‘Pandora’ and ‘Avilara’ to the isolate, and the susceptibility of the cultivars ‘A1453’, ‘Bulida’,‘Currot’, ‘Real Fino’ and ‘Canino’
Hexaploid triticales from hybrids of ‘Langdon’ durum D‐genome substitutions with ‘Gazelle’ rye
Authors: Xu S. J. , Joppa L. R.
Published: March 2003

The formation of unreduced gametes in some hybrids between disomic D‐genome substitutions (DS) of durum wheat cv.‘Langdon’ and rye provides a convenient approach for the rapid introduction of D‐genome chromosomes into hexaploid triticale. Meiotic pairing at metaphase I and seed fertility in spontaneous and colchicine‐induced amphidiploids derived from F1 hybrids between a set of ‘Langdon’ DS and ‘Gazelle’ rye were analysed. The purpose was to determine the effects of the substitution of D‐genome chromosomes for their A‐ and B‐genome homoeologues on hexaploid triticale and to select stable disomic D‐genome substitutions of hexaploid triticale. The results showed that the disomic substitutions with D‐genome slightly increased the frequency of univalents (1.0‐3.13) compared with the ‘Langdon’ control primary hexaploid triticale (0.76). Substitutions 2D(2A) and 3D(3B) were partly desynaptic. The substitutions 1D(1A), 1D(1B) and 7D(7B) exhibited high seed fertility but the others had decreased fertility. Except for 2D(2A), 5D(5A), 3D(3B) and 5D(5B), 10 of the 14 possible hexaploid triticale D‐genome disomic substitutions have been obtained. The results suggest that the poor compensation ability of some D‐genome chromosomes for their homoeologous A‐ and B‐genome chromosomes is a major factor affecting meiotic stability and fertility in the hexaploid triticale D‐genome substitutions.
Heritability, variance components and correlation of morphological and phenological traits in hazelnut
Authors: Yao Q. , Mehlenbacher S. A.
Published: March 2003

Most traits of interest in hazelnut are quantitative, yet there is little information available on heritability, variance components, or correlations. In this study, 13 morphological and four phenological traits were observed for 3 years on 41 parental genotypes, and for 2 years on seed‐lings representing 35 progenies. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates obtained by regression of offspring means on midparent values were all high, ranging from 0.56 for amount of kernel fibre to 0.89 for nut depth. Data on the parent genotypes was used to analyse variance components and showed that genotypic variance accounted for most of the phenotypic variance for all traits, and there was very little variation among trees within genotypes. Genotype‐year interaction accounted for only a very small part of the phenotypic variance for most traits, and changes in genotype rank were few and minor. Thus, selection based on genotype means is appropriate. The largest genotype‐year interaction components were observed for time of nut maturity, time of stigma exsertion, time of catkin elongation, number of nuts per cluster and amount of kernel fibre. For these five traits, evaluation over a period of years is advised. Correlation coefficients were large and positive for four nut size traits, indicating some redundancy in these measurements. Three of the phenological traits (time of stigma exsertion, time of catkin elongation, and time of leaf budbreak) were also highly and positively correlated. A large genetic correlation (0.44 < r < 0.73) was noted between good blanching and early phenology (catkin elongation, stigma exsertion and leaf budbreak), although plots of individual seedling values showed a large degree of scattering. Genetic correlations also indicated that seedlings with small nuts also tend to have compressed nuts, short husks and catkins that elongate later, but plots of individual seedling values showed large scattering. Correlations among the six traits directly related to the objectives of the Oregon State University hazelnut breeding programme (kernel weight, per cent kernel, nut shape index, blanching ability, relative husk length and nut maturity) were very low, indicating that they can be handled as independent traits.
Recurrent selection for maysin, a compound in maize silks, antibiotic to earworm
Authors: Widstrom N. W. , Snook M. E.
Published: March 2003

A thorough knowledge of the inheritance of maysin, a flavone glycoside with antibiosis to corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie, in the silks of maize will assist breeders in choosing the most efficient method of incorporating this trait into elite inbreds. Two breeding populations, one having exotic origin (EPM), the other from southern inbred lines (SIM) were subjected to six cycles of recurrent selection for increased silk maysin. Ten per cent of the individuals evaluated in populations were selected for recombination as S1 progenies in each cycle. Progress was evaluated as C0 to C6 population cycles in a randomized complete‐block experiment with five replications in 1997 and 1998. Maysin fresh weights in silks of the C0 populations were 0.54% for EPM and 0.36% for SIM. Responses of 0.19% per cycle in EPM and 0.22% per cycle in SIM resulted in an EPM (C6) population with 1.76% maysin and an SIM (C6) population with 1.69% maysin. Silk maysin concentrations above 0.2% begin to substantially reduce larval growth and prevent completion of the life cycle when husk coverage is sufficient to force the insect to feed on silks while entering the ear. Chlorogenic acid and two analogues of maysin, apimaysin and 3′‐methoxymaysin, were found in such minor quantities in silks that they could not be credited with any impact on antibiotic activity against the insect. Selection has effectively increased silk maysin concentration in both EPM and SIM. Trait responses for maysin are highly heritable and will allow the plant breeder to introgress resistance to the corn earworm into elite material easily.
Development of yellow‐seeded Brassica napus of double low quality
Authors: Rahman M. H. , Joersbo M. , Poulsen M. H.
Published: March 2003

Two yellow‐seeded white‐petalled Brassica napus F7 inbred lines, developed from interspecific crosses, containing 26–28% emcic acid and more than 40 μmol glucosinolates (GLS)/g seed were crossed with two black/dark brown seeded B. napus varieties of double low quality and 287 doubled haploid (DH) lines were produced. The segregation in the DH lines indicated that three to four gene loci are involved in the determination of seed colour, and yellow seeds are formed when all alleles in all loci are in the homozygous recessive state. A dominant gene governed white petal colour and is linked with an erucic acid allele that, in the homozygous condition, produces 26–28% erucic acid. Four gene loci are involved in the control of total GLS content where low GLS was due to the presence of recessive alleles in the homozygous condition in all loci. From the DH breeding population a yellow‐seeded, yellow‐petalled, zero erucic acid line was obtained. This line was further crossed with conventional B. napus varieties of double low quality and, following pedigree selection, a yellow seeded B. napus of double low quality was obtained. The yellow seeds had higher oil plus protein content and lower fibre content than black seeds. A reduction of the concentration of chromogenic substances was found in the transparent seed coat of the yellow‐seeded B. napus.
Development and variability analysis of microsatellite markers in peach
Authors: Aranzana M. J. , Garcia‐Mas J. , Carbó J. , Arús P.
Published: March 2003

A genomic DNA library enriched with AG/CT repeats has been developed from the peach cultivar ‘Merrill O'Henry’. The enrichment method was efficient, with 61% of the clones obtained carrying a microsatellite sequence and a yield of one polymorphic microsatellite every 2.17 sequenced clones. From 35 microsatellites detected, 24 were polymorphic in a set of 25 cultivars including 14 peaches and 11 nectarines. A total of 82 alleles were found with the polymorphic microsatellites, with an average of a 37% of observed heterozygosity. Microsatellites with a high number of repeats were generally those having the largest number of alleles. All cultivars except two (‘Spring Lady’ and ‘Queencrest’) could be individually distinguished with the markers used. Just three selected microsatellites were enough for the discrimination of 24 out of the 25 possible genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped all nectarines in a single cluster. Peaches, with 75 of the 82 alleles found, were more variable than nectarines, with only 64. Microsatellites appear to be powerful and suitable markers for application in peach genetics and breeding.
Partly fertile interspecific hybrid between a black gram × green gram derivative and an adzuki bean
Authors: Gupta V. P. , Plaha P. , Rathore P. K.
Published: March 2003

A true‐breeding black gram (Vigna mungo) × green gram (Vigna radiata) derivative was reciprocally crossed with adzuki bean, Vigna angularis. Pollinated pistils were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) (70 p.p.m.) 24 and 48 h after pollination. One fertile pod containing two hybrid seeds was obtained, when V. angularis was used as the male parent. One of these seeds germinated and a partly fertile interspecific hybrid was obtained. Its hybridity was confirmed at the seedling stage based on the presence of the green epicotyl colour of the adzuki bean. Pubescence of epicotyl, stem, leaf margins and pod, and the colour of the mature pod, characteristics of the black gram × green gram derivative, were also expressed in the hybrid. In addition, the hybrid exhibited two novel traits — the presence of racemose inflorescence and plant regeneration ability — not present in the parents. The study of this hybrid and four offspring revealed that green epicotyl colour of adzuki bean, and the pubescence of stem and leaf margins of the black gram × green gram derivatives were dominantly inherited traits. Colours of epicotyl and stem bases were found to be linked.
Genetic relationships of sesame germplasm collection as revealed by inter‐simple sequence repeats
Authors: Kim D. H. , Zur G. , Danin‐Poleg Y. , Lee S. W. , Shim K. B. , Kang C. W. , Kashi Y.
Published: March 2003

Inter‐simple sequence repeats (ISSR) polymorphism was used to determine genetic relationships among 75 Sesamum indicum L. accessions of Korean and exotic sesame. Fourteen reliable ISSR primers were selected for the assessment of genetic diversity, yielding 79 amplification products. Of these polymerase chain reaction products, 33% revealed polymorphism among the 75 accessions. Genetic distances ranged from 0 to 0.255, with a mean genetic distance of 0.0687. The 75 accessions were divided into seven groups on the basis of unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The largest group consisted of 25 Korean cultivars, eight Korean breeding lines and 17 world‐wide accessions. The other groups included 25 accessions, several of which contained useful traits. The dendrogram did not indicate any clear division among sesame accessions based on their geographical origin. However, all Korean sesame cultivars except ‘Namsankkae’ were clustered in the same group, indicating a narrow gene pool. Some of the Korean breeding lines were spread along the dendrogram, showing enlargement of genetic diversity. The genetic diversity data uncovered in this study can be used in future breeding programmes.
Identification of a microsatellite marker associated with Pm3 resistance alleles to powdery mildew in wheat
Authors: Bougot Y. , Lemoine J. , Pavoine M. T. , Barloy D. , Doussinault G.
Published: March 2003

The Pm3 resistance locus, located on chromosome 1A in wheat, confers race‐specific resistance to the obligate biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis (DC) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of powdery mildew. Several Pm3 alleles are still effective in controlling the disease in Europe. A genetic map was constructed to map the Pm3g allele in the recombinant inbred line progeny from the cross ‘RE9001’ (susceptible) ×‘Courtot’ (resistant). Two microsatellite markers were closely mapped to Pm3g. The PSP2999 marker, which cosegregates with this allele, was shown to detect the presence of the Pm3g resistance allele in other cultivars. A collection of 56 wheat cultivars or advanced lines carrying one Pm3 allele was used to assess the allele‐specific amplification of the PSP2999 marker. The same amplification pattern was obtained for lines with Pm3a, Pm3b, Pm3e, Pm3f and Pm3g alleles. Twenty genotypes carrying Pm3d showed a specific amplification pattern. This marker allowed the detection of the Pm3d allele in highly resistant lines whose resistance gene combinations were unknown. It was concluded that PSP2999 is a useful marker to detect Pm3 alleles in parents and to manage them in breeding programmes.