bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling prehistory: from the Crystal Palace Park to ‘Jurassic Park’
Authors: Howgate Michael E.
Published: July 2019

Dinosaurs and related ‘prehistoric’ fossil vertebrates have captured the imagination of children and adults from almost their first discovery in the early nineteenth century, and it is not surprising that physical representations of them would be made. From these early beginnings, there must be thousands of different prehistoric models out there in the ‘Dinosaur Toy universe’. Even before the advent of the movie ‘Jurassic Park’, every toy shop had a display area devoted to them, and specialist toy manufacturers were bringing out very scientifically accurate models. But I want to concentrate on my favourites from the pre‐‘Jurassic Park’ era and particularly those available in the USA and Britain. Some may look a bit like tail‐dragging swamp dwellers, but I like them and so do many other collectors. As well as those the avid dinosaur collector might come across at model fairs and online I will also mention some that are more likely to be seen in museum displays.
Pastas: Open Source Software for the Analysis of Groundwater Time Series
Authors: Collenteur Raoul A. , Bakker Mark , Caljé Ruben , Klop Stijn A. , Schaars Frans
Published: July 2019

Time series analysis is an increasingly popular method to analyze heads measured in an observation well. Common applications include the quantification of the effect of different stresses (rainfall, pumping, etc.), and the detection of trends and outliers. Pastas is a new and open source Python package for the analysis of hydrogeological time series. The objective of Pastas is twofold: to provide a scientific framework to develop and test new methods, and to provide a reliable ready‐to‐use software tool for groundwater practitioners. Transfer function noise modeling is applied using predefined response functions. For example, the head response to rainfall is simulated through the convolution of measured rainfall with a Gamma response function. Pastas models are created and analyzed through scripts, ensuring reproducibility and providing a transparent report of the entire modeling process. A Pastas model can be constructed in seven simple steps: import Pastas, read the time series, create a model, specify the stresses and the types of response functions, estimate the model parameters, visualize output, and analyze the results. These seven steps, including the corresponding Python code, are applied to investigate how rainfall and reference evaporation can explain measured heads in an observation well in Kingstown, Rhode Island, USA. The second example demonstrates the use of scripts to analyze a large number of observation wells in batch to estimate the extent of the drawdown caused by a well field in the Netherlands. Pastas is free and open source software available under the MIT‐license at http://github.com/pastas/pastas.
Enhanced electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of Si‐O‐C ceramics with in‐situ formed 1D nanostructures
Authors: Ding Donghai , Wang Jing , Xiao Guoqing , Li Zipei , Bai Bing , Ren Jincui , He Geping
Published: July 2019

The Si‐O‐C ceramics were prepared by polymer‐derived ceramic method using polysiloxane/FeCl3 as precursor with the FeCl3 content of 1.0 wt%. The microstructure, dielectric properties, and electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing properties in X band of the Si‐O‐C ceramic were investigated. It was found that the pyrolysis temperature has a great influence on the amount of in‐situ formed CNTs and the transformation from CNTs to 1D SiC nanostructures. With the temperature rising from 1000 to 1500°C, the SiC formed with various morphologies including SiC microspheres, needle‐like SiC, and SiC nanowires which were transformed from CNTs. The EMW absorbing properties were dramatically improved when the pyrolysis temperature raised to 1500°C; the minimum reflection loss (RL) was −58.37 dB of sample with a thickness of 2.95 mm at 10.11 GHz, and the absorbing band (RL ≤−20 dB) of sample at a thickness of 3.0 mm covers 3.8 GHz (8.2‐12.0 GHz), which means more than 99% of the EMW were absorbed. The enhancement of EMW absorbing properties of bulk Si‐O‐C ceramics was attributed to the interfacial polarization induced by in‐situ heterogeneous nanostructures with complex interfaces.
Facial involvement and the severity of psoriasis
Authors: Passos Adriana N. , de A. Rêgo Vitória R. P. , Duarte Gleison V. , Santos e Miranda Rafaela C. , de O. Rocha Bruno , de F. S. P. de Oliveira Maria
Published: July 2019

Background

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by well‐demarcated erythematous‐scaly lesions, affecting 0–6.6% of the world population. Facial lesions are neglected in most descriptions in current literature, although some studies indicate that it could be a predictor of psoriasis severity.

Objective

To compare the severity of psoriasis, measured by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), in patients with and without facial lesions.

Material and Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study, whose sample size was 63 individuals for each group. Subjects were included in the HUPES Complex Dermatology Service (Salvador/BA – Brazil) from April 2014 to January 2016. Demographic information was obtained using a prestructured form. Assessments of psoriasis severity and quality of life were done using PASI and DLQI, respectively.

Results

Facial lesions were detected on 63 (50.0%) of the 126 patients included. The pinna was the most frequently affected region (63.5%). Mean PASI in the group with facial involvement was 14.0 vs. 6.0, when facial involvement was absent. DLQI means for these groups were, respectively, 7.5 and 4.7.

Conclusions

Facial involvement in a psoriasis patient was a marker of disease severity, and its identification should influence the therapeutic decision.
Unintentional error in formula preparation and its simulated impact on infant weight and adiposity
Authors: Altazan Abby D. , Gilmore L. Anne , Guo Juen , Rosenberg David M. , Toupo Danielle , Gowins Aaron , Burton Jeffrey H. , Beyl Robbie A. , Chow Carson C. , Hall Kevin D. , Redman Leanne M.
Published: July 2019

Background

Accelerated weight gain in infancy is a public health issue and is likely due to feeding behaviours.

Objectives

To test the accuracy of individuals to dispense infant formula as compared with recommended serving sizes and to estimate the effect of dispensing inaccuracy on infant growth.

Methods

Fifty‐three adults dispensed infant formula powder for three servings of 2, 4, 6, and 8 fl oz bottles, in random order. The weight of dispensed infant formula powder was compared with the recommended serving size weight on the nutrition label. A novel mathematical model was used to estimate the impact of formula dispensing on infant weight and adiposity.

Results

Nineteen percent of bottles (20 of 636) prepared contained the recommended amount of infant formula powder. Three percent were underdispensed, and 78% of bottles were overdispensed, resulting in 11% additional infant formula powder. Mathematical modelling feeding 11% above energy requirements exclusively for 6 months for male and female infants suggested infants at the 50th percentile for weight at birth would reach the 75th percentile with increased adiposity by 6 months.

Conclusions

Inaccurate measurement of infant formula powder and overdispensing, which is highly prevalent, specifically, may contribute to rapid weight gain and increased adiposity in formula‐fed infants.
Bank and sovereign risk pass‐through: Evidence from the euro area
Authors: Erce Aitor
Published: July 2019

Sovereign and bank risk can feed into each other and trigger destabilizing dynamics. In this paper, I use euro‐area countries’ credit default swap data to study what factors and shocks underlie bouts of enhanced correlation between bank and sovereign risk. Sovereign risk pass‐through, where sovereign instability undermines domestic banks’ health, is stronger than bank risk pass‐through, where bank instability taints the sovereign's fiscal outlook. When banks are more exposed to the sovereign or the latter loses its investment‐grade status, sovereign risk transfers to banks particularly strongly. In the other direction, risk transmits to the sovereign from banks more strongly if the banks are larger or if the government is bailing them out. During bailout periods, bank risk pass‐through is more likely if banks hold more domestic sovereign debt, they are more externally indebted, or the sovereign debt stock is higher.
In vitro analysis of the origin and characteristics of gaseous microemboli during catheter electroporation ablation
Authors: van Es René , Groen Marijn H. A. , Stehouwer Marco , Doevendans Pieter A. , Wittkampf Fred H. M. , Neven Kars
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Recent studies demonstrated that irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation may be an alternative method for thermal ablation for pulmonary vein isolation. Development of gaseous microemboli during catheter ablation might lead to asymptomatic ischemic events and is therefore an important research topic. Gas formation during arcing with direct current catheter ablation has been studied in the past, however not for nonarcing IRE‐ablation.

Objective

The aim of the present study was to visualize, quantify, and characterize gas formation during nonarcing millisecond IRE‐pulses using a multielectrode circular catheter.

Methods

In vitro, gas formation during IRE‐pulses was studied using a high‐speed imaging, direct volume measurements, and a bubble counter. Gas formation was compared between cathodal and anodal IRE‐pulses and between a small and large catheter hoop diameter.

Results

High‐speed images showed the location and dynamics of gas formation during cathodal and anodal millisecond IRE‐pulses. The direct volume measurements demonstrated a significantly larger volume for cathodal than for anodal IRE‐pulses (P < .001), and no significant difference between small and large hoop diameters. A strong linear relationship was found between delivered charge and total gas volume (r = 0.99). Bubble counter measurements showed that cathodal IRE‐pulses produced more and larger gas bubbles than anodal IRE‐pulses. The ratio of total gas volume between cathodal and anodal IRE‐pulses is different as predicted from electrolysis theory.

Conclusion

In vitro, millisecond anodal IRE‐pulses produce significantly less and smaller gas bubbles than millisecond cathodal IRE‐pulses. In vivo experiments are required to investigate the clinical implication of these observations.
The hemodynamic effects of a central iliac arteriovenous anastomosis at 6 months in patients with resistant and uncontrolled hypertension
Authors: Eysenck William , van Zalen Jet , Freemantle Nick , Lloyd Guy , Furniss Stephen , Sulke Neil
Published: July 2019

A central iliac arteriovenous anastomosis, termed the “coupler” (ROX Medical), results in a significant reduction in blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. This study assessed functional and hemodynamic changes induced by the device. Twenty‐one patients with resistant and/or uncontrolled hypertension underwent stress echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) at baseline and 6 months post‐coupler implantation. End points were selected to best evaluate cardiac function including Doppler stroke volume (SV), septal and lateral E/E′, and right ventricular systolic velocity S′ (RV S′). CPET VO2 peak demonstrated total cardiopulmonary performance. SV increased from 76.4 SD12.2 mL to 92.1 SD22.7 mL 6 months post‐coupler insertion; P = .002. No changes in RV S′, septal or lateral E/E′, or VO2 peak were observed. Five patients experienced increased diuretic requirement ≥3 times baseline. RV S′ fell from 19.0 SD1.87 cm/s to 16.80 SD3.43 cm/s in these patients (P > .05). A significant increase in SV 6 months post‐coupler insertion was observed. In patients with increased diuretic requirement, the device was associated with a lower RV S′ suggesting occult RV dysfunction as the mechanism of this pre‐specified adverse outcome.
Early restoration of immune and vascular phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients after B cell depletion
Authors: Pérez‐Sánchez Carlos , Cecchi Irene , Barbarroja Nuria , Patiño‐Trives Alejandra M. , Luque‐Tévar María , Pérez‐Sánchez Laura , Ibáñez‐Costa Alejandro , Arias de la Rosa Iván , Ortega Rafaela , Escudero Alejandro , Castro María Carmen , Radin Massimo , Roccatello Dario , Sciascia Savino , Aguirre María Ángeles , Collantes Eduardo , López‐Pedrera Chary ,   BIOSAR Study Group
Published: July 2019

This translational multi‐centre study explored early changes in serologic variables following B lymphocyte depletion by rituximab (RTX) treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and investigated in vitro effects on the activity of other immune cells and the vascular endothelium. Eighty‐five SLE patients, seventy‐five RA patients and ninety healthy donors were enrolled. Two additional cohorts of selected SLE and RA patients were treated with RTX for 3 months. Changes in circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress markers and NETosis‐derived bioproducts were evaluated. Serum miRNomes were identified by next‐generation sequencing, and RTX‐induced changes were delineated. Mechanistic in vitro studies were performed to assess activity profiles. Altered inflammatory, oxidative and NETosis‐derived biomolecules were found in SLE and RA patients, closely interconnected and associated to specific miRNA profiles. RTX treatment reduced SLE and RA patients' disease activity, linked to a prominent alteration in those biomolecules and the reversal of altered regulating miRNAs. In vitro studies showed inhibition of NETosis and decline of pro‐inflammatory profiles of leucocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) after B cell depletion. This study provides evidence supporting an early RTX‐induced re‐setting of the pro‐inflammatory status in SLE and RA, involving a re‐establishment of the homeostatic equilibrium in immune system and the vascular wall.
Not everything is as it seems: commentary on ‘Stereophotogrammetric three‐dimensional photography is an accurate and precise planimetric method for the clinical visualization and quantification of human papilloma virus‐induced skin lesions’
Authors: Skerlev M. , Ljubojević Hadžavdić S. , Sirotković‐Skerlev M.
Published: July 2019

Linked article: M. Rijsbergen et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33: 1506–1512. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15474.
The susceptibility of silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii) to infection with koi herpesvirus (KHV)
Authors: Kim Hyoung Jun , Kwon Se Ryun , Olesen Niels Jørgen , Yuasa Kei
Published: July 2019

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) infections cause high mortality in carp (Cyprinus carpio). This study compared the susceptibility of silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii), also called ginbuna, and koi carp to KHV infection. Silver crucian carp and koi carp were challenged with KHV by both intraperitoneal injection and immersion, respectively, and kept in tanks at 22°C. All KHV‐exposed koi carp died within 14 days post‐infection (dpi), whereas no clinics nor mortality was observed in the KHV‐exposed silver crucian carp. KHV DNA was detected in both koi and silver crucian carp shortly after infection. At 7 dpi, the copy numbers of KHV genome were increased in koi carp but decreased in silver crucian carp. Using reverse transcriptase PCR, KHV mRNA was detected in koi carp but not in silver crucian carp. Cell cultivation on common carp brain (CCB) cell samples from koi carp caused KHV‐associated cytopathic effects in CCB cells. Therefore, we concluded that KHV replicated in koi carp but not in silver crucian carp and that silver crucian carp is not susceptible to infection with KHV.
Improved oxidative stability of peanut oil through addition of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) seed coat polyphenols
Authors: Balasubramaniam Velur Geetha , Sathvika Saravanapandian , Ayyappan Palaniappan , Antony Usha
Published: July 2019

The effect of polyphenols from finger millet seed coat (FMSC) on the oxidative stability of refined peanut oil (RPO) and unrefined peanut oil (UPO), at different concentrations and storage conditions was compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). A significant dose‐dependent reduction of oxidation in RPO compared with UPO was observed. FMSC polyphenols at 800 ppm inhibited oxidation equivalent to BHT (200 ppm), while at 1000 ppm, FMSC effectively reduced the peroxide value (5.1 ± 0.3 and 9.5 ± 0.5 meq/kg oil), acid value (0.97 ± 0.3 and 1.16 ± 0.4 KOH/g), and Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) (18.08 ± 0.39 and 20.32 ± 0.56 mg MDA/kg) in RPO and UPO, respectively, during regular storage (RS; 28 ± 5°C, 7 weeks). Oxidative deterioration was higher in terms of all parameters in the oils during accelerated conditions (AS; 65 ± 5°C, 6 days). The Rancimat induction time confirmed the stability of both RPO and UPO in the presence of polyphenols. Regular storage up to 7 weeks and accelerated storage (AS) up to 3rd day (equivalent to 3 months) were achieved with FMSC polyphenols (1,000 ppm), confirming its potential as a natural antioxidant in vegetable oils.

Practical applications

Peanut oil contains high levels of PUFA that are susceptible to lipid oxidation leading to rancidity and off flavors. The food industry relies largely on synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroquinone (BHQ) and tert‐butyl hydro quinine (TBHQ) to inhibit deterioration caused by fats; however synthetic compounds have shown toxic effects. The study demonstrates the ability of finger millet polyphenols in delaying oxidation in both refined and unrefined peanut oils. Millet polyphenols as potential antioxidants in lipid food systems have the added advantage of providing food safety while maintain quality.
Beyond the unions: The Pembillai Orumai women's strike in the south Indian tea belt
Authors: Raj Jayaseelan
Published: July 2019

The article examines an extraordinary wildcat strike led by women tea workers against a giant tea plantation company and dominant trade unions in the south Indian tea belt of Munnar. It employs situational analysis to examine the larger processes that led to the strike, implications for the workers, and to the wider socio‐economic relations in the tea belt. It is argued here that in addition to the exploitative plantation production and the poor implementation of welfare measures, the strike was largely fuelled by and directed against union corruption and the breach by union leaders of egalitarian relations in the workers' society. At the end, the article calls for an understanding of local conceptions of inequality, injustice, and humiliation as forces that have the potency to initiate and intensify labour resistance under exploitative production relations.
Facial rejuvenation using Er:YAG laser equipped with a spatially modulated ablation module: A clinical, ultrasound, and histological evaluation
Authors: Volkova Natalia V. , Valamina Irene E. , Shvidun D. V. , Rebrieva A. S. , Sadick Neil S.
Published: July 2019

Background

A plethora of noninvasive approaches has been developed in recent years for facial rejuvenation. Energy‐based devices have been one of the most popular treatments for reversing and preventing signs of facial aging such as fine lines, wrinkles, ptosis, and photoaging.

Aims

A new technology (RecoSMA) for skin rejuvenation based on acoustic‐interference method using Er:YAG laser (2936 nm) equipped with a special module that targets both the dermis and the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) was recently demonstrated to be safe and effective in facial rejuvenation.

Patient/Methods

In this follow‐up prospective study, the clinical effects of recoSMA treatment on skin structures and SMAS were evaluated with ultrasound and histological analysis, at 30 and 90 days posttreatment.

Results

Treatment with recoSMA was shown to result in a significant increase in thickness of the epidermis, dermis, and SMAS layer, while levels of collagen I, III, and IV were shown to be elevated at 90 days posttreatment.

Conclusion

Collectively, data show that treatment with recoSMA laser has a profound biological effect in stimulating and reconstructing the elastin/collagen framework necessary for preventing facial aging.
A cleanser formulated with Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane andl‐arginine significantly improves facial acne in male Thai subjects
Authors: Kumtornrut Chanat , Manabe Siyarat Dilokphongyotin , Navapongsiri Marut , Okutani Yuri , Ikegaki Shinichi , Tanaka Noriyuki , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Songsantiphap Chankiat , Wantavornprasert Kittipong , Khamthara Jenvajee , Takagi Yutaka , Asawanonda Pravit
Published: July 2019

Background

Acne is one of the most common skin problems among human populations. A facial cleanser formulated with alkyl ether carboxylate (AEC) and alkyl carboxylate (AC) can improve acne by cleansing sebum on facial skin but cannot effectively remove keratotic plugs in the skin pores. Recently, we confirmed that Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and L‐arginine (Tris/Arg) is able to reduce sebum levels, disrupt keratotic plugs in vitro and decrease pore size on facial skin.

Objective

To compare the efficacy of the Tris/Arg‐formulated cleanser with the AEC/AC cleanser in Thai subjects with acne.

Methods

We designed a randomized, double‐blind, controlled, parallel trial. Thirty‐four male Thai subjects with mild to moderate acne were assigned to one of two groups: one group used the Tris/Arg cleanser while the other used the AEC/AC‐based cleanser twice a day for 4 weeks.

Results

After 4 weeks, significant decreases in noninflammatory acne were observed in both groups, yet significant decreases in inflammatory acne were only observed in the Tris/Arg cleanser group. The sebum level prior to and 30 minutes after facial washing showed no change in either group. The average pore size with keratotic plugs on the cheeks was significantly decreased in the Tris/Arg group. More than half of subjects in both groups observed acne improvement but more subjects in the Tris/Arg group noted pore size improvement.

Conclusion

The Tris/Arg formulated cleanser has a high efficacy for significantly reducing both noninflammatory and inflammatory acne accompanied by decreases in pore size with keratotic plugs in male Thai subjects.
Myelin Water Atlas: A Template for Myelin Distribution in the Brain
Authors: Liu Hanwen , Rubino Cristina , Dvorak Adam V. , Jarrett Michael , Ljungberg Emil , Vavasour Irene M. , Lee Lisa Eunyoung , Kolind Shannon H. , MacMillan Erin L. , Traboulsee Anthony , Lang Donna J. , Rauscher Alexander , Li David K.B. , MacKay Alexander L. , Boyd Lara A. , Kramer John L.K. , Laule Cornelia
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Myelin water imaging (MWI) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique that quantifies myelin in‐vivo. Although MWI has been extensively applied to study myelin‐related diseases in groups, clinical use in individual patients is challenging mainly due to population heterogeneity. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) create a normative brain myelin water atlas depicting the population mean and regional variability of myelin content; and (2) apply the myelin atlas to assess the degree of demyelination in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).

METHODS

3T MWI was performed on 50 healthy adults (25 M/25 F, mean age 25 years [range 17‐42 years]). The myelin water atlas was created by averaging coregistered myelin water fraction (MWF) maps from all healthy individuals. To illustrate the preliminary utility of the atlas, white matter (WM) regional MWF variations were evaluated and voxel‐wisez‐score maps (z< −1.96) from the MWI of three MS participants were produced to assess individually the degree of demyelination.

RESULTS

The myelin water atlas demonstrated significant MWF variation across control WM. No significant MWF differences were found between male and female healthy participants. MSz‐score maps revealed diffuse regions of demyelination in the two participants with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) = 2.0 but not in the participant with EDSS = 0.

CONCLUSIONS

The myelin water atlas can be used as a reference (URL:https://sourceforge.net/projects/myelin-water-atlas/) to demonstrate areas of demyelination in individual MS participants. Future studies will expand the atlas age range, account for education, and other variables that may affect myelination.
Length–weight relationships of four indigenous fish species collected in Assam and Meghalaya, India
Authors: Kaushik Gitartha , Synnah Kduplin , Tariang Kermi‐u , Narayana Ramanujam Sunkam , Bordoloi Sabitry
Published: July 2019

The length–weight relationships (LWRs) of four indigenous fish species; namely Parambassis baculis (Hamilton, 1822); Pethia gelius (Hamilton, 1822); Channa stewartii (Playfair, 1867); and Leiodon cutcutia (Hamilton, 1822) collected from the Ranganadi River in Assam, and the Simsang and Kynshi River in Meghalaya are presented in the present study. The value of the parameter b recorded for P. baculis = 3.347; P. gelius = 3.924; C. stewartii = 2.979; and L. cutcutia = 3.205, with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.993, 0.963, 0.983 and 0.955, respectively. Parameter a was 0.0124 for P. baculis, 0.0037 for P. gelius, 0.0098 for C. stewartii and 0.0273 for L. cutcutia. As information on the LWRs of these fish species is not available in the FishBase database, it should assist future researchers to better analyse the stock of these fishes.
Xylem–phloem hydraulic coupling explains multiple osmoregulatory responses to salt stress
Authors: Perri Saverio , Katul Gabriel G. , Molini Annalisa
Published: July 2019

Salinity is known to affect plant productivity by limiting leaf‐level carbon exchange, root water uptake, and carbohydrates transport in the phloem. However, the mechanisms through which plants respond to salt exposure by adjusting leaf gas exchange and xylem–phloem flow are still mostly unexplored.

A physically based model coupling xylem, leaf, and phloem flows is here developed to explain different osmoregulation patterns across species. Hydraulic coupling is controlled by leaf water potential, ψl, and determined under four different maximization hypotheses: water uptake (1), carbon assimilation (2), sucrose transport (3), or (4) profit function – i.e. carbon gain minus hydraulic risk. All four hypotheses assume that finite transpiration occurs, providing a further constraint on ψl.

With increasing salinity, the model captures different transpiration patterns observed in halophytes (nonmonotonic) and glycophytes (monotonically decreasing) by reproducing the species‐specific strength of xylem–leaf–phloem coupling. Salt tolerance thus emerges as plant's capability of differentiating between salt‐ and drought‐induced hydraulic risk, and to regulate internal flows and osmolytes accordingly.

Results are shown to be consistent across optimization schemes (1–3) for both halophytes and glycophytes. In halophytes, however, profit‐maximization (4) predicts systematically higher ψl than (1–3), pointing to the need of an updated definition of hydraulic cost for halophytes under saline conditions.
Strategies to reduce attrition in weight loss interventions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pirotta Stephanie , Joham Anju , Hochberg Lisa , Moran Lisa , Lim Siew , Hindle Annemarie , Brennan Leah
Published: July 2019

The primary objective of the study was to identify the effect of intervention strategies on attrition within a weight loss programme among adults aged 18 to 65 years. The secondary objective of the study was to assess the impact of such intervention strategies among female‐only weight loss programmes. The literature search was performed in Ovid (CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane [Cochrane Database of Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Methodology Register], and PsycINFO). Studies must have identified weight loss as the main aim and compared the primary weight loss programme alone (control) with the primary weight loss programme coupled with an additional intervention strategy (intervention). Papers must have had a mean participant age between 18 and 65 years and available in English. Fifty‐seven trials met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta‐analysis. Strategies that successfully reduced attrition included the incorporation of financial incentives (n = 8), a multicomponent approach (n = 13), and use of self‐monitoring technology (n = 4). The majority of studies were of low to moderate methodological quality because of insufficient reporting. A limited number of female‐only trials were found (n = 13). Implementation of financial incentives, multicomponent interventions, and self‐monitoring technology help reduce attrition among adult weight loss programmes. Further studies are required to identify the impact of intervention strategies on attrition in women.
Key stakeholders' perspectives on the development of a national transfer document, for older persons, when transferring between the residential and acute care settings: A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: O'Reilly Pauline , O'Brien Brid , Graham Margaret M. , Murphy Jill , Barry Louise , Doody Owen , Fahy Anne , Hoey Carmel , Kiely Michelle , Lang Deirdre , Meskell Pauline , O'Doherty Jane , O'Keefe Jonathon , Tuohy Dympna , Coffey Alice
Published: July 2019

Aims and objectives

This study has aimed to examine key stakeholders' perspectives, views and experiences regarding transfer documents, used when an older person is being transferred from a residential to an acute care setting. The objective of the study was to inform, in part, the development of an effective national transfer document.

Background

For the effective and safe transfer of older persons from residential to acute care settings, it is important to ensure that the transfer document encapsulates relevant, current and person‐centred information to ensure a smooth, quality and safe transition. Evidence highlights that, where documentation has lacked vital and relevant information, the older persons experience negative impacts during the transfer process.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study was conducted, following the COREQ checklist, to establish participants' perspectives, views and experiences of using transfer documents.

Methods

Focus group interviews (n = 8) were conducted with a convenience sample of key stakeholders (n = 68) in an Irish setting. The data were analysed using content analysis.

Results

The findings have highlighted the important aspects for consideration in the development of future transfer documentation. The three broad categories, used to present the data findings, are (a) existing transfer documentation; (b) design framework; and (c) essentials of care.

Conclusions

The transfer document of the future is required to be concise, regularly reviewed and with a user‐friendly colour‐coded design. Essential and current information, with an emphasis on person centeredness, must be in the first page, with more detailed supporting information in the subsequent sections.
Priming and filtering of antiherbivore defences among Nicotiana attenuata plants connected by mycorrhizal networks
Authors: Song Yuanyuan , Wang Ming , Zeng Rensen , Groten Karin , Baldwin Ian T.
Published: July 2019

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with a majority of terrestrial plants to form underground common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that connect neighbouring plants. Because Nicotiana attenuata plants do not respond to herbivory‐elicited volatiles from neighbours, we used this ecological model system to evaluate if CMNs function in interplant transmission of herbivory‐elicited responses. A mesocosm system was designed to establish and remove CMNs linking N. attenuata plants to examine the herbivory‐elicited metabolic and hormone responses in CMNs‐connected “receiver” plants after the elicitation of “donor” plants by wounding (W) treated with Manduca sexta larval oral secretions (OS). AMF colonization increased constitutive jasmonate (JA and JA‐Ile) levels in N. attenuata roots but did not affect well‐characterized JAs‐regulated defensive metabolites in systemic leaves. Interestingly, larger JAs bursts, and higher levels of several amino acids and particular sectors of hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside metabolism were elevated in the leaves of W + OS‐elicited “receivers” with CMN connections with “donors” that had been W + OS‐elicited 6 hr previously. Our results demonstrate that AMF colonization alone does not enhance systemic defence responses but that sectors of systemic responses in leaves can be primed by CMNs, suggesting that CMNs can transmit and even filter defence signalling among connected plants.
Bayesian Variable Selection Using Spike-and-Slab Priors with Application to High Dimensional Electroencephalography Data by Local Modelling
Authors: Mohammed Shariq , Dey Dipak K. , Zhang Yuping
Published: July 2019

Because of the immense technological advances, very often we encounter data in high dimensions. Any set of measurements taken at multiple time points for multiple subjects leads to data of more than two dimensions (a matrix of covariates for each subject). We present a Bayesian variable-selection method to identify the active regions in the brain as a response to a certain stimulus. We build binary classification models of subject level responses by using binary regression with Gaussian models on the latent variables. We also study the scaled normal priors on the latent variables, as they cover a large family of distributions. We use continuous spike-and-slab priors to incorporate variable selection within the modelling. Because of the computational complexity, we build many local (at different time points) models and make predictions by utilizing the temporal structure between the local models. We perform two-stage variable selection for each of these local models. We demonstrate the effectiveness of such modelling through the results of a simulation study. We then present the performance of these models on multisubject neuroimaging (electroencephalography) data to study the effects on the functional states of the frontal cortex and parietal lobe for chronic exposure of alcohol.
Motherhood, homeschooling, and mental health
Authors: Baker Erin E.
Published: July 2019

Homeschooling fits neatly under the umbrella of intensive mothering, a prominent parenting style in the United States. Intensive mothering has been shown to increase the emotional distress of mothers, which may be exacerbated when mothers take on the additional burden of being responsible for the formal education of their children. Given that intensive mothering ideologies negatively impact maternal mental health, it makes sense to examine how homeschooling may exacerbate this outcome. In this paper, I examine the literature on intensive mothering, homeschooling, and mental health to demonstrate a need for further exploration to show how homeschooling mothers, encouraged by intensive mothering ideologies, may be putting their mental health, and more, at risk in their endeavors to be both “good mothers” as well as “good teachers.”
The impact of the Arab Spring on democracy and development in the MENA region
Authors: Khondker Habibul Haque
Published: July 2019

In evaluating the consequences of the Arab Spring 8 years later, this paper not only focuses on the short‐term consequences of the uprisings that swept through a number of countries in the Middle East and North African region but also analyzes the long‐term prospects for democratization and development in the MENA region. The impact of the Arab Spring, despite its promises and the expectations of the rest of the world, has been dismal. While only Tunisia made a successful transition to a democratic polity with a constitution guaranteeing the basic rights of the people, the rest of the Arab Spring countries remain in the grip of the authoritarian rule, and countries such as Syria, Libya, and Yemen have been degenerated into bloody civil wars with dwindling hope of peace and freedom. On economic front, the growth has been tardy, showing little difference with countries that were unaffected by the Arab Spring. Yet, the paper concludes, echoing historian Eric Hobsbawm's view, that revolutionary outcomes need not be judged as failure too quickly as they are likely to be partial success in the long term. The impact may be observed in the area of social opening, newer class alliances, and the emergence of a less rapacious, reformed, hybrid authoritarianism.
The Troubled Families Programme: Learning about policy impact through realist case study research
Authors: Parr Sadie , Churchill Harriet
Published: July 2019

This article aims to critically explore how qualitative case study research that is founded on realist principles can fundamentally enhance social policy evaluation methodologies and, in turn, provide improved learning for policy makers and practitioners. We suggest that these methodological advantages are accrued through the careful construction of theory‐based explanations of “how” policy programmes work thereby addressing the limitations of quasi‐experimental methods—namely, a focus on and prioritisation of outcome measures. The paper situates this key argument within wider, long‐standing debates about evidence‐based policy making and what constitutes “evidence” of impact in social policy. It does so through reflection on the contentious and contradictory knowledge claims that surround the Troubled Families Programme and evaluative claims regarding its efficacy. In conclusion and looking forward, we suggest that there remains much scope to combine “intensive” qualitative case studies with “extensive” quantitative measures within local and national evaluations of complex, multidimensional social policies, such as the Troubled Families Programme.
Managing staged policy implementation: Balancing short‐term needs and long‐term goals
Authors: Carey Gemma , Nevile Ann , Kay Adrian , Malbon Eleanor
Published: July 2019

This study focuses on the agency of governments engaged in implementation processes that take place over a number of years and through multiple stages. The long timeframes associated with staged implementation leave reforms vulnerable to the institutional effects that may ultimately derail policy aspirations. Governments engaged in staged implementation need to be able to plan longitudinally (foresight capacity) and analyse whether implementation processes are creating endogenous sources of institutional change and the likely impact of such change (reflective capacity). In this paper, we argue that being able to exercise foresight capacity and reflective capacity is necessary but not sufficient, if long‐term policy goals are to be realised. Governments must also be able to navigate the inconsistent objectives that arise across the different stages of an implementation process by modifying implementation approaches in ways that reduce the likelihood of unwanted implementation effects occurring—what we have labelled “mitigation capacity.”
Single‐camera special stereo‐digital image correlation applied for accurate virtual fields method identification
Authors: Zhang Zhongya , Zhao Jiaqing , Chi Yuxi
Published: July 2019

A single‐camera special stereo‐DIC (SS‐DIC) is proposed for accurate virtual fields method (VFM) identification. The single‐camera SS‐DIC allows accurate surface 3D deformation measurements using a single colour camera and a specially designed colour separation device. It not only effectively eliminates the unavoidable out‐of‐plane movement/rotation due to unideal in‐plane loading but also delivers uniformly distributed measurement points that brings great simplicity and convenience for internal virtual work calculation in VFM. In addition, since only a single camera is used for stereovision, the proposed SS‐DIC system requires no complicated synchronisation devices. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method are evaluated by heterogeneous deformation experiments of a holed aluminium alloy and 304 stainless steel plate. Combined with a high‐speed colour camera, the proposed method is expected to be a simple and practical method for the calibration of material constitutive model under intermediate and high strain rate conditions using VFM.
Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)
Authors: Houck Emma L. , Cohen Eli B. , Womble Mandy , Lewbart Gregory A. , Petritz Olivia A.
Published: July 2019

Gastrointestinal disorders are an important cause of morbidity in box turtles (Terrapene carolina Carolina), however published information is currently lacking on the normal radiographic anatomy, transit, and emptying times of the gastrointestinal tract. A total of 15 healthy box turtles were recruited for this prospective, anatomic, reference interval study. Three‐view radiographic series (vertical beam dorsoventral, horizontal beam latero‐lateral, and horizontal beam rostrocaudal views) were acquired prior to contrast administration, and following contrast administration at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 min, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post administration, and every 24 h thereafter until all contrast was eliminated (15 mL/kg barium sulfate diluted to 30% weight per volume was administered via orogastric gavage). Vertical beam dorsoventral and horizontal beam latero‐lateral views were of excellent quality to identify gastrointestinal structures. The horizontal beam rostrocaudal view immediately postcontrast administration provided gastric and pyloric identification but had lesser diagnostic use at later time points due to anatomical superimposition. The gastrointestinal tract was composed of a tubular stomach, a pyloric sphincter near midline, a duodenum with a cranial flexure in the right cranial coelomic cavity, small intestines within the right coelom, a small cecal bulb, and a transverse and descending colon. Contrast media entered the large intestine by 24 h in all turtles, and a pyloro‐colic indentation was noted at the proximal descending colon. The large intestinal emptying was highly variable due to the interindividual variability of contrast sequestration within the cecal bulb. Findings from the current study serve as a reference on the gastrointestinal anatomy, transit, and emptying times in healthy eastern box turtles; and introduce a novel, horizontal beam, rostrocaudal view for gastrointestinal contrast studies in chelonians.
Geographical differentiation and cryptic diversity in the monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia (Elapidae), from Thailand
Authors: Ratnarathorn Napat , Harnyuttanakorn Pongchai , Chanhome Lawan , Evans Susan E. , Day Julia J.
Published: July 2019

South‐East Asia has an exceptionally high diversity of snakes, with more than 250 snake species currently recorded from Thailand. This diversity likely reflects the diverse range of geographical and climatic conditions under which they live, but the evolutionary history and population genetics of many snake species in South‐East Asia have been little investigated in comparison with morphological studies. Here, we investigated genetic variation in the monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia, Lesson, 1831, across its distribution range in Thailand using mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b, control region) for ~100 individuals and the nuclear DNA gene (C‐mos) for a small subset. Using population genetic and phylogenetic methods, we show high levels of genetic variation between regional populations of this non‐spitting cobra, including the north‐eastern, north‐central and southern regions, in addition to a population on Pha‐ngan Island, 150 km offshore from the southern peninsula. Moreover, inclusion of the north‐eastern population renders N. kaouthia paraphyletic in relation to other regional Naja species. The north‐eastern population is therefore probably specifically distinct. Given that these cobras are otherwise undifferentiated based on colour and general appearance to the “typical” cobra type of this region, they would represent a cryptic species. As has been shown in other animal groups from Thailand, it is likely that the geographical characteristics and/or tectonic alteration of these regions have facilitated high levels of population divergence of N. kaouthia in this region. Our study highlights the need for dense sampling of snake populations to reveal their systematics, plan conservation and facilitate anti‐snake venom development.
Influence of Power Game between Major Shareholders and CEO on Company Risk-taking ——Empirical Data from China's Securities Market
Authors: Hu Xiaoyu , Wang Qun
Published: July 2019

Based on the theory of behavioural economics, this study starts from the cognitive behaviour and the power game of the major shareholders and CEO to explore the high risk taking of the company brought by irrational decision-making behaviours such as “overconfidence” and “loss avoidance” due to the high concentration of managers' power and major shareholders’ power. Furthermore, the empirical tests show that domination of either the major shareholders or CEO will have a significant positive effect on the company's operational risk. However, the greater power from both parties will inevitably result in power game, and its resulting checks and balances have a significant adjustment effect on the company's risk taking.
Decoupled Scalar Approach for Aircraft Angular Motion Estimation Using a Gyro-Free Inertial Measurement Unit
Authors: Dehghan Manshadi Ali , Saghafi Fariborz
Published: July 2019

In-flight aircraft angular motion estimation based on an all-accelerometers inertial measurement unit (IMU) is investigated in this study. The relative acceleration equation as the representative of a rigid-body kinematics is manipulated to present the state and measurement equations of the aircraft dynamics. A decoupled scalar form (DSF) of the system equations, as a free-singularity problem, is derived. Mathematical modeling and simulation of an aircraft dynamics, equipped with an all-accelerometers IMU, are employed to prepare measurement data. Taking into account the modeling of accelerometer error, the measurement data have been simulated as a real condition. Three extended Kalman filters (EKFs) are used in parallel to estimate aircraft angular motion. Performance of the estimation algorithm is assessed by Monte Carlo analysis. As a result, the presented decoupled scalar approach using a gyro-free IMU (GF-IMU) provides an uncorrelated estimate of the in-flight aircraft motion components.