bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
9 Foreign Direct Investment from China, India, and South Africa in sub‐Saharan Africa: A New or Old Phenomenon?
Authors: Henley John , Kratzsch Stefan , Külür Mithat , Tandogan Tamer
Published: May 2010

The burgeoning literature on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from emerging markets has largely focused on analysing the motives of investors as reported by parent companies. This chapter, instead, focuses on firm‐level investments originating from China, India, or South Africa in fifteen host countries in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). The analysis is based on a subset of firms drawn from the overall sample of 1,216 foreign‐owned firms participating in the UNIDO Africa Foreign Investor Survey, carried out in 2005. The sample of investments originating from China, India, and South Africa is analysed in terms of firm characteristics, past and forecast performance in SSA over three years, and management's perception of ongoing business conditions. Comparisons are made with foreign investors from the North. The chapter concludes that, while investors in SSA from the three countries are primarily using their investment to target specific markets, they are largely operating in different sub‐sectors. While there appear to be specific features that firms from a given country of origin share, there are no obvious features at an operating level that they all share apart from market seeking.
11 Foreign Direct Investment and Trade in the Southern African Development Community
Authors: Bezuidenhout Henri , Naudé Wim
Published: May 2010

This chapter uses a modified gravity model to estimate the relationship between trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The chapter finds evidence of a significant causal relationship from SADC's exports to inward FDI. Distance (reflecting remoteness and transport costs) and political instability are confirmed to be significant determinants of FDI to SADC. The chapter discerns differences in the patterns and determinants of FDI to SADC, whether it is from the USA and UK or from continental Europe. In the case of FDI to SADC from the USA and UK, it is exports from SADC to these countries that are significant, and not imports, while in the case of continental Europe both exports and imports are significantly associated with FDI to SADC.
Signals
Authors: Skyrms Brian
Published: May 2010

This book presents an exploration of how fundamental signals are to our world. It uses a variety of tools — theories of signaling games, information, evolution, and learning — to investigate how meaning and communication develop. The book shows how signaling games themselves evolve, and introduces a new model of learning with invention. The juxtaposition of atomic signals leads to complex signals, as the natural product of gradual process. Signals operate in networks of senders and receivers at all levels of life. Information is transmitted, but it is also processed in various ways. That is how we think — signals run around a very complicated signaling network. Signaling is a key ingredient in the evolution of teamwork, in the human but also in the animal world, even in micro-organisms. Communication and co-ordination of action are different aspects of the flow of information, and are both effected by signals.
4 Evolution
Authors: Skyrms Brian
Published: May 2010

Darwin was right about the broad outlines of the theory of evolution. Traits are inherited by some unknown mechanism. There is some process that produces natural variation in these traits. The traits may affect the ability of the organism to reproduce, and thus the average number of individuals bearing the traits in the next generation. Therefore, those traits that enhance reproductive success increase in frequency in the population, and those that lead to reproductive success below the average decrease in frequency. This chapter discusses the three essential factors in Darwin's account: (i) natural variation, (ii) differential reproduction, and (iii) inheritance.
7 Learning
Authors: Skyrms Brian
Published: May 2010

This chapter argues that investigation of reinforcement learning is a complement to the study of belief learning, rather than being a ‘dangerous antagonist’. It begins at the low end of the scale, to see how far simple reinforcement learning can get us, and then move up. Exactly how does degree of reinforcement affect the strengthening of the bond between stimulus and response? Different answers are possible, and these yield alternative theories of the law of effect.
10 Inventing New Signals
Authors: Skyrms Brian
Published: May 2010

This chapter presents a simple, tractable model for the invention of new signals. It can be easily studied by simulation, and connections with well-studied processes from population genetics suggest that analytic results are not completely out of reach.
2 Aid, Growth, and Development
Authors: Tarp Finn
Published: May 2010

Foreign aid looms large in the public discourse; and international development assistance remains squarely on most policy agendas concerned with growth, poverty, and inequality in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. The present review takes a retrospective look at how foreign aid has evolved since the Second World War in response to a dramatically changing global political and economic context. I review the aid process and associated trends in the volume and distribution of aid and categorize some of the key goals, principles, and institutions of the aid system. The evidence on whether aid has been effective in furthering economic growth and development is discussed in some detail. I add perspective and identify some critical unresolved issues. I finally turn to the current development debate and discuss some key concerns that should be kept in mind in formulating any agenda for aid in the future.
4 Reconstructing the Aid Effectiveness Debate
Authors: Nissanke Machiko
Published: May 2010

This chapter criticizes the current International Development Association (IDA) aid allocation and debt sustainability framework on the grounds of their over-reliance on the country policy and institutional assessment (CPIA) as the guiding criterion. It argues that CPIA-centred allocation of aid fails to introduce an incentives structure supportive of a genuine donor-recipient partnership, conducive to development. Further, it claims that the CPIA-dependent debt thresholds—central to the new debt sustainability framework—effectively submit sustainability concerns to the policy performance prerogatives of the aid allocation system. Resting on a thin empirical basis, such approach fails to take due account of low-income countries' vulnerability to exogenous shocks, as a key determinant of debt distress. As an alternative to the current CPIA-based scheme, the paper outlines the key features of a state-contingent mechanism, guiding both aid allocation and debt sustainability analysis.
5 The Implications of Horizontal Inequality for Aid
Authors: Brown Graham , Stewart Frances , Langer Arnim
Published: May 2010

This chapter argues that the reduction of horizontal inequalities (HIs) or inequalities between culturally defined groups should inform aid policy in heterogeneous countries with severe HIs. It shows how this would change aid allocation across countries, leading to more aid to heterogeneous countries relative to homogeneous ones, the opposite of the existing bias in aid distribution. It explores how adopting an HI approach would affect the use of particular aid instruments, arguing that different instruments are appropriate according to the attitude and capacity of the government in relation to correcting HIs. Drawing on case studies of Ghana and Nepal it argues that at present there is neglect of HI considerations in aid policy, which can be particularly damaging where aid forms a large part of government resources.
7 Aid to Fragile States: Do Donors Help or Hinder?
Authors: Browne Stephen
Published: May 2010

The record of aid to fragile and poorly-performing states is the real test of aid effectiveness. Rich countries can justify aid to fragile states both through altruism and self-interest. But, with some exceptions, donors have appeared at the wrong times and with the wrong attitudes, even sometimes undermining development progress. State failure has dimensions of both will and capacity. Failure demands constructive engagement by donors, in some cases to save people in weak states from their leaders, and in all cases to save the states from circumstances which they cannot control. This chapter examines the aid relationship with respect to three weak countries. Burma presents a case of comprehensive failure of political will and capacity, but isolating the regime, as some donors have chosen to do, will only perpetuate the plight of the population. Rwanda provides an alarming example of donor complicity in state collapse. The country has now rebounded from the terrible genocide of 1994, but some donors still cannot set aside their political and cultural biases. Zambia has lived through many years of bilaterally-assisted economic mismanagement, and also proved to be a highly unsuitable case for Bretton Woods treatment. It is doing better now that the country is more willing and able to take control of its development agenda. The paper concludes with eight principles for donors to observe in engaging more productively with fragile states.
9 Can New Aid Modalities Handle Politics?
Authors: Haan Arjan de , Everest‐Phillips Max
Published: May 2010

Are recent donor approaches compatible with a political understanding of policy processes in partner or recipient countries? This question is given increased urgency with the recent calls for and commitment to increasing financial flows, scaling-up of aid, and promoting donor coordination. Do these commitments sharpen the potential dilemma between increased aid and the political processes, and the changes that inevitably accompany this? This chapter discusses the nature of the partnership enshrined in the Monterrey consensus, budget support, and poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP) approaches, and assistance directly targeted to the poor, as one way of increasing aid flows to poorest countries. It also discusses approaches to the role of aid in economic growth, and argues for better understanding of the politics of growth. The chapter questions whether the current ‘institutions’ or governance paradigm brings sufficient political context to aid delivery, and discusses the relationship between domestic revenue generation and foreign aid. A concluding section draws out implications for aid delivery, and for a potential role of socio-political analysis in new aid modalities.
11 Practical and Theoretical Implications of the Joint Evaluation of General Budget Support
Authors: Hubbard Michael
Published: May 2010

The chapter discusses implications for practice and theory of the recently completed Joint Evaluation of General Budget Support 2004-06 based on case studies in Burkina Faso, Malawi, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Uganda, and Vietnam. The chapter first looks at the extent to which general budget support, on the evidence of the evaluation, stands up to common criticisms of the effects of aid on government in low income, aid dependent countries. Allowing for much caution owing to the short period of partnership general budget support (PGBS) programmes in some countries, the finding is that there are small but positive impacts. The chapter then considers how the evaluation results affect the way that PGBS is understood in theory: (i) suggesting that PGBS raise entitlements (by increasing confidence that there will be continuing flows of budget support), which encourages policy development and stable donor-government collaboration structures, to which other shorter term aid arrangements gravitate, thereby reducing previous coordination failures; (ii) relations in organizations are then identified on a spectrum from market through club to hierarchy; and (iii) entitlements are accompanied by rules which attempt to raise positive incentive effects of the entitlement and reduce its negative incentive effects. The analysis of rules in relation to PGBS incentives and operating environments (on a spectrum from rigid/uncertain to flexible/predictable) concludes that fine tuning rules in rigid/uncertain operating environments is counterproductive. Integrating PGBS performance assessment frameworks (PAFs) into government plans and monitoring systems will serve to unify rules.
12 New Aid Modalities and Reporting Support for Child Rights: Lessons from Assessing Aid for Basic Social Services
Authors: Jespersen Eva , Benn Julia
Published: May 2010

The chapter reflects on the potential of the OECD-DAC creditor reporting system to systematically capture flows of official development assistance (ODA) in support of realizing children's rights. The growth in modalities for delivering aid, including sector programmes, sector wide approaches (SWAPs), dedicated funds which encompass public-private partnerships such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, as well as the OECD-DAC commitment to promote harmonization and simplification in the provision of ODA and promote government ownership through general budget support raises challenges to assessing ODA for children. The question also needs asking whether singling out and measuring direct assistance to children is meaningful. The chapter goes on to analyse ODA trends for basic social services. It shows that ODA to basic social services as a proportion of total ODA has been on an upward trend during the 1995–2004 period, particularly since 2000, the year in which the Millennium Summit set out the Millennium Agenda including the Millennium Development Goals. It shows that ODA to combat HIV and address AIDS infections has increased rapidly since 2000, but does not alone explain the overall increased aid share for basic social services. The analysis further confirms that social sector programmes and SWAPs are on the rise but still account only for a small portion of total ODA to basic social services although a number of such programmes are targeted specifically to basic services.
2 Terminology: What the Questions Mean
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: May 2010

This chapter explicates key terms in the main questions raised in this book: What does it take for an individual to represent the physical world objectively? What are minimum constitutive conditions necessary for an individual to represent the physical environment in such a way as to attribute, sometimes accurately, specific physical attributes to physical particulars? The objective is to set background assumptions and guard against confusion.
3 Anti‐Individualism
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: May 2010

This chapter discusses the philosophical background that underlies the author's rejection of Individual Representationalism — specifically anti-individualism. In general form, this standpoint is compatible with some types of Individual Representationalism. In the specific form that it takes through reflecting on perception, anti-individualism is incompatible with all types. Anti-individualism is a view about constitutive conditions for individuals to be in certain representational states. It is not specifically about conditions for objective representation. Many mental states whose constitutive conditions it is concerned with, however, do represent an objective (mind-independent or constitutively non-perspectival) subject matter objectively (veridically). By reflecting on anti-individualism in both general and specific forms, one better understands origins of objectivity. The chapter also sketches some general points about the science of perceptual psychology.
5 Individual Representationalism after Mid‐Century: Preliminaries
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: May 2010

This chapter focuses on relations between second-family Individual Representationalism and other standpoints that either reinforced it or began to undermine it. Sense-data theory was the prevailing form of Individual Representationalism in mainstream philosophy during the first half of the 20th century. By the early 1950s, the influence of sense-data theory was fast evaporating. Sense-data theories did not influence subsequent philosophizing except negatively. Apart from their departures from common sense, sense-data approaches were rejected on two main grounds: they were criticized as subjectivistic and atomistic. Philosophical work at mid-century took on a more realist, more objectivist flavour. It emphasized dependence on context, public availability of expression, and interlocking psychological capacities that make cognition and language use possible. Many philosophers insisted on a role for language even in perception and the simplest perception-based thought.
9 Origins
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: May 2010

This chapter elaborates a conception of sense perception as a distinct psychological kind. This kind grounds scientific as well as commonsense explanation. It discusses how human psychology and animal psychology implicitly apply this conception to distinguish sensory registration of information from perceptual representation.
European Governance
Authors: Börzel Tanja A.
Published: May 2010

This chapter argues that the EU's ‘nature of the beast’ is not to be captured by one particular type of governance. Rather, the EU combines forms of governance, which involve the member states to different degrees and are best characterised as ‘governance with the state’. The chapter starts with conceptualising the relationship between state and governance. It draws on the distinction between government or governance by the state and governance without the state. The second part uses this typology to study European governance. It shows that EU policies are largely formulated and implemented in multiple overlapping negotiation systems that mostly involve supranational and state actors and give little room for business and civil society. The chapter concludes by discussing some implications of this governance constellation for the European constitutional structure.
Legitimacy in the Multi-level European Polity
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W.
Published: May 2010

This chapter develops a theoretical framework which distinguishes between the sources for legitimation in European politics, which lies entirely within the state, and the exercise of public authority, which by contrast is often located on the European level. The model of a two-level polity imposes specific limits to the legitimacy of EU institutional action.
More Law, Less Democracy?
Authors: Dobner Petra
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines the practical effects of the dissolution of law and democracy and the normative desirability of promoting democratised law. The first section recalls the mutual constituency of state, democracy, and constitution; identifies the major drivers for processes of deconstitutionalisation; and interprets them as indicators of a loosening relationship between democratic legitimacy and constitutional law within the state. The second shows how and why the move towards global law does not compensate for the losses in democratic legitimacy, and instead adds to it. The third section presents and evaluates the most salient normative approaches in the neo-Kantian tradition, which claim to present an answer to the open question of the democratic legitimacy of global law. Finally, the last section takes a deflated outlook on the prospects of a fully legitimised rule of law in the globalised world.
On Constitutional Membership
Authors: Llanque Marcus
Published: May 2010

The allegiance that moderns feel towards the democratic nation state is now being placed in question by the claims of postnationalism, supranationalism, and cosmopolitanism. But what does affiliation to the democratic nation state actually mean? Although the term used to mark this affiliation is commonly that of ‘citizen’, modern constitutions tend to neglect the concept: they often employ the term to point out a distinction between people and citizens, but rarely define what citizenship entails. Constitutions only hint at the role of the citizen, and the entire picture is revealed only through a mosaic consisting of legislative acts and executive orders as well as constitutional laws. The task must be to draw a more complete picture of what constitutional democracies have in mind when they refer to individual actors as ‘citizens’. The underlying idea of this chapter is that the model of citizenship applied by modern constitutions has emerged from the republican tradition of political thinking, and this can best be described as the constitutional membership model.
Constitutionalism and Democracy in the World Society
Authors: Brunkhorst Hauke
Published: May 2010

This chapter presents a broad-ranging account of the impact of the emergence of ‘world society’ on the ideals of constitutional democracy. This argument is based on the premise that constitutionalism has always maintained the Janus-face of inclusion and exclusion, emancipation and oppression. Although Western constitutionalism has acquired its inclusive qualities at the price of its cosmopolitan claims, it has nevertheless been able to provide a legal means of coordinating conflicting powers within nation-state systems. The democratic possibilities which are inherent in the emergence of a world society can be realised only by promoting an agenda of radical reform which, in conceptual terms, requires us to overcome the limitations of dualistic and representational thinking.
In Defence of ‘Constitution’
Authors: Wahl Rainer
Published: May 2010

This chapter defends the conceptual use of ‘constitution’ as a state-centred concept. It presents the case that the extension of the usage of the concept, whether as a form of ‘higher law’ in the international arena or as a species of ‘societal law’, amounts to a political emptying of the concept. Those who use the language of constitutionalism in such circumstances are seeking to exploit the ‘noble aura’ of the term without being able to realise its necessary prerequisites.
Administration without Sovereignty
Authors: Somek Alexander
Published: May 2010

This chapter draws out some of the issues raised by the ostensibly modest ambition of the Global Administrative Law (GAL) project. It criticizes the claim that the project amounts only to a redescription of modern international law under the dominating influence of administrative rationality. Rather, it marks the triumph of administrative rationality over the legal form itself. The world that GAL describes is not that of the demise of the state under globalising pressures; it marks instead the triumph of the state (the state as administration) over both politics and law.
Fragmented Foundations
Authors: Teubner Gunther
Published: May 2010

This chapter, beginning from the empirical observation that transnational private actors intensively regulate entire areas of life through their own private governance regimes, seeks to reposition the main constitutional question we face today. The critical questions are raised by asking how legal theory should react to these major trends of privatisation and globalisation: how can nation-state constitutionalism be redesigned in a way that might enable constitutionalism's achievements to cope with these developments? It argues that overcoming state-centrism and accepting the polycentric form of globalisation are two sides of the same coin, and they result in the need to accept that the world of nation-state constitutionalism finds a functional equivalent in the emerging production of a global societal law.
The Philosophy of Criminal Law
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

Husak reprints 15 of his earlier essays in the philosophy of criminal law (and add two previously unpublished pieces) collected from philosophy journals, law reviews, and book chapters. These articles cover a broad range of topics about the nature of penal liability, criminal law culpability, defences, and the justification of punishment. Together, these essays present a desert-based analysis of issues in criminal theory that resist the consequentialist approach more familiar among legal scholars. The author's foremost concern is to ensure that the principles and doctrines of the criminal law preserve justice and do not sacrifice individuals for the common welfare. Although Husak draws equally from existing criminal law and contemporary moral and political philosophy, readers need neither a Ph.D. in philosophy nor a J.D. in law to understand and assess his essays.
The Costs to Criminal Theory of Supposing that Intentions are Irrelevant to Permissibility
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes the costs that criminal theory would be forced to pay by adopting the view (currently fashionable among many moral philosophers) that the intentions of the agent are irrelevant to determinations of whether his actions are permissible (or criminal). Among other difficulties, the view that is challenged encounters enormous problems accounting for penal liability for attempted crimes.
Transferred Intent
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

If A tries to kill B but kills C instead, A is guilty of murder by the doctrine of transferred intent. This chapter attempts to identify a principled rationale for this doctrine, and to apply this rationale to cases that deviate from the above paradigm in a variety of interesting respects. It suggests that sometimes it might be fair and just to sentence people for a crime even though their conduct did not satisfy each of its material elements.
Strict Liability, Justice, and Proportionality
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter tries to identify whether and under what conditions strict liability in the penal law is morally objectionable or unobjectionable. It argues that liability without fault for one or more material elements often is worrisome because it results in disproportionate punishments: punishments in excess of the desert of the offender. This position is illustrated by an extended critical discussion of the strict liability drug homicide statutes that have been enacted in New Jersey as well as in other jurisdictions throughout the United States.
Mistake of Law and Culpability
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines how retributivists should decide whether and to what extent a person should be punished for committing a criminal offense when he is ignorant of the law he violates. It contends that no solution is possible without a fundamental rethinking of the content of substantive offenses. Progress might be made on this issue if we model a theory of culpability and mistake of law after the familiar theory of culpability and mistake of fact. This model helps us to appreciate that different mistakes may involve various levels of culpability about different material elements of offenses and thus need not all be treated in the same way.
On the Supposed Priority of Justification to Excuse
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

A host of moral and legal philosophers apparently define excuses to preclude the existence of a justification, but do not define justifications to preclude the existence of an excuse. This chapter argues that these definitions should be rejected; they are poorly motivated and beg questions that should remain open. It is conceptually possible for a person to have both an excuse as well as a justification for the same crime. Moreover, there is no good reason to characterize these defences so that a person should always prefer morally to be justified than to be excused.
The ‘But Everyone Does That!’ Defense
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter theorizes about partial defences — those that reduce the severity of punishment without precluding criminal liability altogether. Many but not all partial defences are partial justifications or excuses which mitigate punishment by reducing the wrongfulness of conduct (in the case of partial justifications) or the blameworthiness of the agent (in the case of partial excuses). The chapter explores the relationship between partial and complete defences and tentatively supports a hypothesis according to which we should recognize a given partial defence if it has an analogue in a complete defence.
The De Minimis ‘Defense’ to Criminal Liability
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines the de minimis plea: the allegation that the wrongfulness of the defendant's criminal conduct is too trivial to justify the imposition of penal liability and punishment. It argues that a critical examination of this neglected defence sheds important light on several of the most central topics in criminal theory: criminalization, the rule of law and the parameters of discretion, the relationship between morality and law, the structure of wrongdoing, the contrast between offenses and defences, the concepts of justification and excuse, and even the nature of retributive justice itself.
‘Already Punished Enough’
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter argues that the suffering some defendants have been made to endure by private parties prior to the imposition of their formal sentence may provide a good reason to reduce the severity of the punishments subsequently imposed by the state. It criticizes reasons often given to reject the criminal's plea that he has already suffered enough for his offense.
Historical Observations
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: May 2010

This chapter traces the historical connections between the law and the state. Topics covered include codifications and the state, textual foundations of the ius commune, and legislative codifications and the legal profession. It shows that even in more recent times, it was often the legal profession, rather than the political legislator, which ultimately determined the sources of the law and their authority in legal discourse.
Non-Legislative Codifications in Modern Law
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: May 2010

The American Restatements of the law have become a major textual authority of the American common law. Today, large parts of the law have been restated, and the Restatements are taken by the participants to the legal discourse as a valid expression of the law. This chapter shows that the American restatement approach has also influenced the developments of transnational restatements of the law. The International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) has largely applied the terminology and formal style of the American Restatements for its Principles of International Commercial Contracts; and a similar approach was taken, on the European level, by the Lando Commission on European Contract Law. Today, the Restatements' formal style is used by the Study Group on a European Civil Code and by the Acquis Group, the main non-legislative actors in the current political process of unifying European private law.
Textual Authorities: a Classification
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: May 2010

This chapter formulates — as a systematic summary of the previous two chapters and as a conceptual basis for the following final chapter — a more adequate, ideal-typical classification of different forms of textual legal authorities. This classification rests on an abstract conceptual distinction of political domination, or legislative authority, on the one hand and non-legislative, or professional, authority on the other hand.
2 The Structure of Well-Being in Two Cities: Life Satisfaction and Experienced Happiness in Columbus, Ohio; and Rennes, France
Authors: Kahneman Daniel , Schkade David A. , Fischler Claude , Krueger Alan B. , Krilla Amy
Published: May 2010

A study using the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) was carried out to examine the determinants of two aspects of well-being: experienced happiness and life satisfaction. Participants were 770 women in Columbus, Ohio and 700 women in Rennes, France. Results are generally similar in the two cities. Life satisfaction reflects the global circumstances of the individual’s life (marital status, income), but happiness reflects the hedonic value of the activities and social interactions to which she allocates her time. The circumstances of a satisfying life have hedonic costs as well as benefits and are associated more consistently with activation/arousal than with happiness. The complex hedonic effects of life circumstances suggest an alternative interpretation of the hedonic treadmill.
11 How Universal Is Happiness?
Authors: Veenhoven Ruut
Published: May 2010

There is a longstanding discussion on whether happiness is culturally relative or not. The following questions are addressed in that context: (1) Do we all assess how much we like our life? (2) Do we appraise our life on the same grounds? (3) Are the conditions for happiness similar for all of us? (4) Are the consequences of happiness similar in all cultures? (5) Do we all seek happiness? (6) Do we seek happiness in similar ways? (7) Do we enjoy life about equally much? The available data suggest that all humans tend to assess how much they like their life. The evaluation draws on affective experience, which is linked to gratification of universal human needs and on cognitive comparison which is framed by cultural standards of the good life. The overall appraisal seems to depend more on the former, than on the latter source of information. Conditions for happiness appear to be quite similar across the world and so are the consequences of enjoying life or not. There is more cultural variation in the valuation of happiness and in beliefs about conditions for happiness. The greatest variation is found in how happy people are.
13 The Impact of Time Spent Working and Job Fit on Well-Being Around the World
Authors: Harter James K. , Arora Raksha
Published: May 2010

Based on Gallup World Poll data collected in seven regions of the world, this chapter studies the relationship between hours worked, perceived job fit, and well-being. Workers who are in more satisfying jobs, where they have the opportunity to do what they do best (job fit), have higher life evaluation and better daily experiences/affect across all regions studied. This finding emerges after controlling for demographics and other subjective life domains. Job fit and hours worked interact such that the addition of hours worked results in increasing declines in positive daily experiences (enjoyment, feeling treated with respect, and choice) for people with low job fit. As daily hours worked increased from 5-10 across workers, daily experiences/affect did not deteriorate as rapidly for those reporting high job fit. Hours worked in a day did not significantly impact negative daily affect/experiences in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia. Job fit explained about 1.5 steps on the ladder of life (life evaluation), across the range of hours worked per week, whereas hours worked per week explained less than one-half step on the ladder of life.
14 Work, Jobs, and Well-Being Across the Millennium
Authors: Clark Andrew E.
Published: May 2010

This chapter uses repeated cross-section data ISSP data from 1989, 1997 and 2005 to consider movements in job quality. It is first underlined that not having a job when you want one is a major source of low well-being. Second, job values have remained fairly stable over time, although workers seem to give increasing importance to the more “social” aspects of jobs: useful and helpful jobs. The central finding of this chapter is that, following a substantial fall between 1989 and 1997, subjective measures of job quality have mostly bounced back between 1997 and 2005. Overall job satisfaction is higher in 2005 than it was in 1989. Last, the rate of self-employment has been falling gently in ISSP data; even so three to four times as many people say they would prefer to be self-employed than are actually self-employed. As the self-employed are more satisfied than are employees, one consistent interpretation of the above is that the barriers to self-employment have grown in recent years.
Chapter 7 Embedding Neoliberalism
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: May 2010

This chapter first examines neoliberalism as a contested concept. It then traces how it has come to be embedded within the globalization process; deconstructs the concept into its different subcategories and dimensions; identifies some of the key actors who have co-opted neoliberalism into their own frames of references, strategies and tactics; and concludes by suggesting some of the forms that arguably might be expected to characterize its evolution in the medium term. It shows that the evolution of neoliberalism over the past thirty years has transformed it from a relatively dogmatic, enforced, pseudo-laissez faire doctrine into a kind of common sense for the 21st century. Embedded neoliberalism involves an acceptance that we live in a multi-level, more open, and market-like globalizing world, in which informal and negotiated policy processes do not merely complement relations among nation-states but constitute a complex, fungible, pluralized political game that is drawing in ever more actors.
Chapter 8 The State in a Globalizing World
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: May 2010

This chapter considers the continuing but also continually changing role of the state and of state actors in this context. It argues that state actors, in having to operate on increasingly multi-level, multi-modal playing fields, are less and less guided by the requirements of reinforcing, defending, and building autonomous states, and more and more guided by the need to politick, to network, to make effective policies, and to refashion state and international apparatuses themselves, not only to reflect global realities but also to pursue their own interests, values, and political projects more effectively. In other words, what the French social philosopher Michel Foucault called raison d'État — or “reason of state,” the dominant governmental rationality of the modern world — is increasingly ceding primacy to raison du monde, “global reasoning,” or a rationality rooted in globalization and transnationalization, whatever the playing field actors are operating on.
Chapter 11 The New Security Dilemma
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: May 2010

International security is undergoing a particularly radical transformation: the New Security Dilemma (NSD). States and people are no longer most threatened by interstate wars — that is, wars between nation-states — as was the case in the “modern” state system of the 17th through 20th centuries. Violent conflict today overwhelmingly involves civil wars, ethnic and religious conflicts, cross-border wars, transnational terrorism, and the like. Indeed, attempts by states to provide international security through traditional state-based military modes and mechanisms are proving increasingly counterproductive in today's environment of complex economic interdependence, multiculturalism, and asymmetric power relations. At the same time, some states are increasingly prioritizing interdependent economic development, the promotion of global governance (despite its structural weaknesses), and “pooled sovereignty” rather than national sovereignty, national interests, autonomy, and the threat of defection. This chapter argues that the Traditional Security Dilemma is being subsumed in a wider and more complex NSD, in which the roles of a more pluralistic universe of social, economic, and political forces are challenging the capacity of states as such to provide security.
Chapter 12 Financial Globalization, Crisis, and the Reorganization of Global Capital
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: May 2010

This chapter focuses on what would seem at first glance to be the most problematic issue area today in the context of the current financial crisis and recession, what has been called “financialization.” The increasingly tight coupling of global financial markets, new forms of financial innovation, the politics of economic growth, and the process of economic development have led to a politics of regulatory change over the past three decades that was long believed to be stable but has proven deeply fragile. The process of so-called financial deregulation was not only promoted by self-interested capitalists, although they were key players, but also by actors in the real economy seeking new forms of investment, regulators and bureaucrats at home and in transgovernmental networks, a wide range of interest and even value groups, political parties and leaders on both right and left, neoliberal intellectuals of various stripes — not just economists — and, of course, voters and consumers. For example, people wanting to own their own homes but lacking the resources to do so were an essential part of the complex set of causes of the so-called subprime mortgage crisis in the United States, which started the process of unraveling.
Structural Characteristics and Antioxidative Capability of the Soluble Polysaccharides Present in Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. Ex Pers.) Fish Phallaceae
Authors: Ker Yaw-Bee , Chen Kuan-Chou , Peng Chiung-Chi , Hsieh Chiu-Lan , Peng Robert Y.
Published: May 2010

Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. ex Pers.) Fish Phallaceae (Chinese name Zhu‐Sūn, the bamboo fungi) has been used as a medicinal mushroom to treat many inflammatory, gastric and neural diseases since 618 AD in China. We hypothesize that the soluble polysaccharides (SP) present in D. indusiata and their monosaccharide profiles can act as an important role affecting the antioxidative capability, which in turn would influence the biological activity involving anti‐inflammatory, immune enhancing and anticancer. We obtained six SP fractions and designated them as D1, a galactoglucan; D2, a galactan; D3, the isoelectrically precipitated riboglucan from 2% NaOH; D4, a myoinositol; D5 and D6, the mannogalactans. The total SP accounted for 37.44% w/w, their molecular weight (MW) ranged within 801–4656 kDa. D3, having the smallest MW 801 kDa, exhibited the most potent scavenging effect against the α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl, •OH−, and
radicals, yielding IC50 values 0.11, 1.02 and 0.64 mg mL−1, respectively. Thus we have confirmed our hypothesis that the bioactivity of D. indusiata is related in majority, if not entirely, to its soluble polysaccharide type regarding the MW and monosaccharide profiles.
Conceptualizing Employee Participation in Organizations
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian , Gollan Paul J. , Marchington Mick , Lewin David
Published: May 2010

The concept of employee participation is common to many different discipline areas in the social sciences. The form participation takes varies considerably depending on the discipline. On the one hand, it can relate to trade union representation through joint consultative committees and collective bargaining, to worker cooperatives or to legislation designed to provide channels for employee representatives to engage in some form of joint decision making with employers. On the other hand, it can encompass myriad mechanisms that employers introduce in order to provide information to their staff or to offer them the chance to engage in joint problem-solving groups or use their skills at work via job-enrichment programmes. This article examines the dynamics of participation, illustrating how different forms have come to prominence at different periods in recent history. It looks at how these specific practices might interact with one another.
A Legal Perspective on Employee Participation
Authors: Patmore Glenn
Published: May 2010

This article examines a specific aspect of regulation: that covering indirect participation at the workplace through employee committees. The purpose of these committees is to provide representative consultation or structured communication between employee representatives and management. This form of participation is regulated through voluntary and collective agreements as well as through legislation. The article focuses on the regulation that institutionalizes consultation through workplace representatives. At the same time, though to a lesser extent, attention is given to the important relationships between employee representatives, managers, and trade unions. This article describes the spectrum of legal regulation, from legal rights, through voluntary entitlements, to prohibitions. It examines a brief history of each jurisdiction's legal arrangements and the legal and practical operation of its laws. The article also shows that the law has had both intended and unintended consequences, and that these have both advanced and defeated its purposes in various jurisdictions.
An Economic Perspective on Employee Participation
Authors: Marsden David , Cañibano Almudena
Published: May 2010

The approach of this article is to look at participation against the canvas of the employment relationship, its organization, core processes, and their outcomes for organizational performance and social well-being. The article starts with a brief historical overview of developments over the past forty years because it is useful to set theories in their wider historical context: why people posed the questions they did at a particular time. It then reviews a selection of the major theoretical approaches that illustrate the broad tent which encompasses the ‘economic approach’. The article considers the diffusion and the ecology of participatory practices and how these have been interpreted. Next, it presents a partial survey of recent quantitative work on the performance effects of participatory practices updating that of Levine and Tyson. Finally, the article examines some of the conceptual problems posed by these studies.
Collective Bargaining as a Form of Employee Participation
Authors: Block Richard N. , Berg Peter
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this article is to examine the differing rationales for collective bargaining in the United States and Europe, and how these rationales affect the nature of participation through collective bargaining. The article shows how the basis for collective bargaining in the United States has been the removal of impediments to economic efficiency caused by disputes over union recognition, while in Europe it has generally been industrial pluralism and worker rights. In the United States, given the economic rationale for collective bargaining, in situations in which collective bargaining is perceived as impairing economic efficiency the scope of participation through collective bargaining is narrowed. On the contrary, the pluralistic and worker rights rationale for collective bargaining in Europe has resulted in deep collective worker participation at all levels on a range of matters ranging from national policy to work scheduling.
Employee Participation Through Non‐Union Forms of Employee Representation
Authors: Kaufman Bruce E. , Taras Daphne G.
Published: May 2010

The distinctive approach considered in this article is indirect participation through forms of non-union employee representation (NER). NER has been practiced in industry for more than a century, with considerable diversity and variation both across countries and over time. This article defines NER and provides a thumbnail sketch of its historical evolution. It describes the various forms of NER and its alternative functions. The article then synthesizes these diverse forms and functions into four distinct models/strategies of NER (called the ‘four faces’ of NER). Furthermore, it provides a brief overview of theorizing on NER. The article surveys the recent empirical literature on NER, with an emphasis on evidence regarding NER's performance and strengths and weaknesses. It ends with a brief recapitulation of the main theme; that is, that NER exhibits great diversity in form, purpose, and outcome, and that sweeping generalizations are therefore hazardous.