bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trade union attitudes to training and development:
Authors: Costine Pat , Garavan Thomas N.
Published: July 2002

Examines the attitudes of trade unions to training and development
and how this has evolved over the last 25 years. Identifies forces which
are bringing about a change in attitude and the key challenges for the
future.
New ventures and entrepreneurship in an Eastern European context:
Authors: Nelson Edwin G. , Taylor John
Published: July 2002

As part of the Romanian Government′s plan to create a market
economy, state firms are required to restructure by disaggregating,
commercializing and privatizing their operations. The Government is also
encouraging the development of a small and medium‐sized enterprises
(SME) sector, and one of the best prospects for the creation of SMEs is
for them to be spun off from state firms as they disaggregate and
downsize. Among the barriers to this are the lack of experience in
creating new venture spin‐offs and the lack of entrepreneurial managers
to take charge of them. Suggests conceptual mapping as a means to
explore implications of restructuring and opportunities for training
interventions. Describes a training and development project, the key to
which is the commitment of senior management to the process of change.
Describes and evaluates a process‐based training programme designed for
senior managers, based on the experience of six workshops for 60
participating firms in Russia.
Enhancing the quality of learning in human resource development
Authors: Canning Roy
Published: July 2002

Examines how value is created through the use of human resource development intervention in organizations. Begins by looking at the concept of quality within a training context, identifying key principles that need to underpin any quality learning model. Then goes on to show that evaluation is only one of a number of dimensions to the concept of quality and argues the case for a radical rethink of training practice in this area. Finally, presents an alternative quality learning model and a research agenda outlined for the future.
Training needs analysis: weaknesses in the conventional approach
Authors: Leat Michael James , Jack Lovell Murray
Published: July 2002

Preliminary study into the changing task roles of administrative support staff suggests that their training and development may be unduly and unhelpfully influenced both by management whim and by the flaws inherent in the application of conventional performance appraisal techniques. Drawing from a review of the literature, questions the reasons for undertaking performance appraisals and develops the argument that conventional appraisal methodology typically concentrates on the “summary” (or comparative) effectiveness of employees at the expense of meaningful diagnostic evaluation. Further suggests that in order to determine training and developmental needs effectively, techniques need to be devised which combine analysis at a number of different levels. Presents a conceptual model, and proposes behavioural expectation scales as tenable mechanisms for facilitating gainful diagnosis and constructive needs analysis.
Training and development needs assessment: a practical model for partner institutes
Authors: Al‐Khayyat Ridha
Published: July 2002

This article introduces a practical model of training and development needs assessment for partner institutes. A detailed description of the model’s components is presented with a suggested implementation sequence in order to successfully overcome obstacles. The literature revealed no solutions for the unique problems faced by partner institutes when conducting training needs assessment exercises. The proposed model is competency‐based, which allows for the incorporation of various data gathering techniques, the elimination of redundancies and role conflict, and therefore, the integration of the partner institute with member organization’s infrastructure to systematically and effectively assess the actual training and development needs of the industry to which they belong.
The links between organisational learning and total quality: a critical review
Authors: McAdam Rodney , Leitch Claire , Harrison Richard
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the possibility of combining the fields of organisational learning and total quality to produce combined concepts, methodologies, tools and techniques, which will give increased business benefits and employee emancipation. To focus the study the field of organisational learning is primarily limited to that of the learning organisation and total quality is taken as an umbrella term for a range of mechanistic change initiatives. A critical review of the definitions, historical contexts through the lens of critical theory reveals the underlying mechanistic organisational assumptions of total quality and the more organismic or people‐related assumptions of the learning organisation. A conceptual case is then established for fundamentally integrating both methods to form a holistic framework from which integrated methodologies, tools and techniques can be devised. Two existing models are compared and contrasted to test the validity of the proposed conceptual case. The conclusion to the paper invites those working in the areas of the learning organisation and total quality to rise to the challenge and initiate the steps to create these transforming methods.
In‐career professional development: the case of Irish second‐level teachers
Authors: Garavan Thomas N.
Published: July 2002

Focuses on professional development policy for Irish second‐level teachers. Attempts to conceptualise current thinking about professional development policies as they relate to the teaching profession. Reviews existing policy for the provision of professional development before attempting to make some generalisations about existing policy making and identify future policy and focus.
AR‐modelling bispectrum estimation – A comparison of existing methods and new contributions
Authors: Gallego Antolino , Ruiz Diego P.
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with bispectrum estimation via autoregressive (AR) modelling of a process contaminated by additive Gaussian noise (white and coloured). Two main contributions are provided in this work. First, a comparison between the existing third order recursion (TOR) and the constrained third order mean (CTOM) methods is presented. Basically, the second method is shown to be a smoothing windowed version (i.e. a covariance‐type estimator) of the first one, achieved at the expense of the loss of the recursivity in the AR‐model order. This prior analysis has induced us to develop an alternative scheme to tackle this type of problem, which, while maintaining the main feature of the CTOM method as a covariance type estimator, is a recursive‐in‐order algorithm. This recursivity is obtained carrying out an appropriate minimization procedure of some prediction squared errors also defined here. The paper also compares, by means of simulations, this proposed method and the two existing ones.
Two‐dimensional finite element analysis of a synthetically loaded stator in a piezoelectrically driven ultrasonic motor
Authors: Üstündagˇ Afsin , Ludwig Reinhold , Levin Peter L. , Schmidt Joachim , Hagedorn Peter
Published: July 2002

Ultrasonic motors have attractive properties which compare favourably with electromagnetic motors for certain applications. Their operation is based on piezoelectrically exciting bending waves in the stator and transferring energy to the rotor via friction. Prototypes are typically constructed by trial and error; theoretical studies have proved to be difficult. Describes a two‐dimensional model for the stator of a travelling wave ultrasonic motor. The authors have developed a finite element program that is capable of modelling piezoelectric driven systems in the time domain, and their objective is to simulate the excitation of the travelling waves in the stator. They are in fact able to simulate travelling waves. Although the plane strain model cannot account for all excitation modes, they observe the elliptical motion of the material particles on the surface, implying that rotor motion can be mechanically induced.
Digital plane waves
Authors: Hillion Pierre
Published: July 2002

Notes that Scalar digital plane waves are made of a finite or infinite sequence of discrete pulses which are solutions of a wave equation. Discusses the 1D and 2D wave equations and shows how the 1D and 2D Laplace transforms may be used in connection with digital signals. Gives some examples of digital plane waves and, as an illustration, gives three different applications of this technique.
Direct dual finite element solution method for the determination of capacitance, conductance or inductance in static linear problems
Authors: Spink D.M.
Published: July 2002

Presents a direct solution method for the determination of the capacitance, conductance or inductance of static linear problems with the dual finite element method. The direct solution method provides an entirely energy‐based method for the calculation of these global parameters and differs from the conventional solution techniques in that no recourse is required to the intermediate determination of the potential distribution. The direct solution method can be seen as the reduction of a dual circuit parameter network for the finite element representation. Compares the dual‐circuit parameter description with another, well‐known variational method called “Tubes and Slices”. Shows that by aligning the finite element mesh with the approximate positions of the equipotentials and flux lines in the system, the dual finite element model can be simplified to the equivalent of Tubes and Slices model and that both methods can produce exactly the same results.
Hybrid filter operation during nonlinear load current pulsations
Authors: Fracckowiak Leszek , Strzelecki Ryszard
Published: July 2002

Examines some basic aspects of hybrid filters, operating effectively when current pulsations of a non‐linear variable load occur. The operation of two hybrid filter systems, each equipped with an active power filter, working as: a) a controlled additional current source, b) a controlled additional voltage source, recognized by the authors in previous publications as the most advantageous solution has been examined. For both systems, vectorial equations in α,β co‐ordinates, describing their operation, have been presented. On the basis of these equations a common frequency model of three‐phase three‐wire hybrid filters has been elaborated. This model has been used for the evaluation of the filtration efficiency of line current harmonics, taking into consideration the applied methods and algorithms to separate filtered harmonics, above all at a pulsating load current. Some conclusions from the theoretical analysis have been verified by simulation of a line loaded by converter with an output current pulsating at frequencies 10 and 20Hz.
Implicit Runge‐Kutta methods in magnetodynamic problems
Authors: Nicolet A.
Published: July 2002

Presents the implicit Runge‐Kutta methods as an interesting alternative to Crank‐Nicolson and backward Euler methods to solve differential algebraic systems arising in nonlinear transient magnetodynamic problems. An algorithm for diagonally implicit Runge‐Kutta methods is proposed that requires minor modifications of existing codes.
Multiline singularities applied to low‐frequency scattering by a prolate spheroid
Authors: Sten Johan C.‐E.
Published: July 2002

Building on the Rayleigh‐Stevenson approach fictitious internal source distributions responsible for the leading near‐field contribution of the long wavelength scattering by a non‐dissipative dielectric prolate spheroid are derived. The equivalent multiline sources arising from every polarization of the incoming field on the segment between the foci can be regarded as the result of an ultimate contraction of the volume polarization in the spheroid, or plainly as prolonged multipoles. In the low‐frequency asymptotic solution of the first‐order in terms of ω the solutions involve line and strip currents, and biline and quadriline charges, the density distributions of which obey simple polynomial laws. Numerical examples are provided, demonstrating their significance in the calculation of near‐zone fields in comparison with the direct radiation of elementary sets of point sources approximating the multiline distributions. The range of validity of the low‐frequency expansion is estimated by comparing with results obtained using the T‐matrix method.
Electromagnetic torque components in the synchronous salient‐pole machine
Authors: Spalek Dariusz
Published: July 2002

Centres on the decomposition of the total electromagnetic torque of electrical machines for two components. The proposed idea of decomposition relies on the physical meaning of currents that appear in electromagnetic field region. The first torque component acts on external and conduction currents, the second on the material medium particles currents. Proves the main equations with the help of differential Maxwell’s equations. An example has been shown of the calculation of electromagnetic torque components for a synchronous salient‐pole generator.
Integral boundary conditions in FEM approaches with the minimization of constitutive error
Authors: Fresa R. , Martone R.
Published: July 2002

A method based on the minimization of the constitutive error has been successfully applied to finite element formulations of Maxwell equations. Error based techniques present a number of appealing characteristics, including the possibility of providing an estimation of the error distribution and to split the equation system in two decoupled subsystems. However, except for very simple cases, a direct numerical translation of the boundary conditions can cause a number of drawbacks: on one side the lack of symmetry and positive definition of the matrix, on the other side the impossibility of splitting the unknowns. This paper is aiming to discuss the problem and to propose a technique to effectively impose a wide class of boundary conditions within the framework of error based formulations. To show the performance of the technique, some examples are proposed.
Separation of crackles and squawks from vesicular sounds using a wavelet‐based filtering technique
Authors: Hadjileontiadis Leontios J. , Patakas Dimitrios A. , Margaris Nikolaos J. , Panas Stavros M.
Published: July 2002

An automated way of revealing the diagnostic character of discontinuous adventitious sounds (DAS), i.e. crackles and squawks, by isolating them from vesicular sounds (VS), based on their nonstationarity, is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm combines multiresolution analysis with hard thresholding in order to compose a wavelet‐based stationary‐non‐stationary filter (WTST‐NST). Applying the WTST‐NST filter to fine/coarse crackles and squawks, selected from three lung sound databases, the coherent structure of the DAS is revealed and they are separated from VS. When compared to other separation tools, in noiseless case, the WTST‐NST filter performed more accurately, objectively, and with lower computational cost. Owing to its simple implementation it can easily be used in clinical medicine.
An approach via the central limit theorem to randomization of Fourier’s transform
Authors: Jumarie Guy
Published: July 2002

By using the central limit theorem, it is possible to consider the Fourier’s transform of a stochastic process with independent increments as a Gaussian random variable of which the mathematical expectation and the variance are respectively integrals of the mean and the variance of this process. One can then use this result to analyze the statistical properties of linear feedback systems in the frequency domain, that is to say in terms of transfer functions. The advantage of this approach is that one can deal with linear systems subject to squared white noises, in a very simple manner.
Bispectrum estimation using AR‐modelling
Authors: Ruiz Diego P. , Gallego Antolino
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present a new autoregressive (AR) method for bispectrum estimation defined in terms of its third‐moment sequence. The method is based on the segmentation of data into coupled records, and can be considered to be a modification of the “third order recursion method”(TOR). Its foundation resides in considering the data of the process at the left and the right of each record (needed for the calculation of third moment sequence) as not null and taking them as the data corresponding to the preceding and succeeding record respectively. Several simulated examples show that this method allows model parameters to be obtained with greater precision, most of all when only few data are available per record. The influence of factors such as number of data and records, model order, and added white and coloured Gaussian noise on the parameters’ estimation is also considered.
Modelling and computer simulation study of laser‐plasma interaction in semiconductor
Authors: Rajendran K.
Published: July 2002

Computer simulations were done extensively in order to study non‐linear dynamics of laser‐plasma interaction in InSb semiconductor. We constructed the modified Duffing kind of non‐linear semiconductor plasma oscillator equation. Collision frequency is found to be dominant parameter to influence the bifurcation, chaos, hysteresis and bistable effects of plasma wave. Small windows of higher period cascade above the critical value of laser parameter (α1α2) in the chaos region are observed. Laser‐plasma exhibits too much chaotic regime at lower value of laser driving frequency (δ). Hysteresis and bistable regions of plasma wave are presented and the conditions for their occurence are identified. The unstable regions completely merge at higher value of effective collision frequency (γ).
Dynamic operation of an electromagnetic actuator taking nonlinearity and eddy currents into account
Authors: Nowak Lech
Published: July 2002

The paper deals with a coupled field‐circuit simulation of transient and dynamic states in a non‐linear axisymmetrical electromagnetic device. The mathematical model of the dynamic phenomena includes: an equation of transient electromagnetic field in a non‐linear conducting and moving medium, equations of the converter electric circuits and the equation of mechanical motion. The numerical implementation of the algorithm is based on the finite element method. The Crank‐Nicholson scheme for time discretization has been applied. In order to include nonlinearity, the Newton‐Raphson process has been adopted. The influence of the saturation effect on the dynamic characteristics of the device has been investigated.
Optimizing ferromagnetic characteristics to reduce Newton iterations
Authors: Pahner Uwe , Belmans Ronnie , Hameyer Kay
Published: July 2002

The standard Newton iteration scheme to solve a non‐linear system of equations obtained from the finite element methods is based on the updating of the field dependent element reluctivity. Usually, the manufacturer of the ferromagnetic material provides a BH‐characteristic as diagram or in the form of a table of data samples. The influence of the material properties, in particular their accurate numerical representation, is significant for the rate of convergence during the Newton iterations. Here, a numerical optimization aiming at a technically smooth non‐linear characteristic is performed to obtain a higher rate of convergence of the Newton iteration scheme.
Optimization by space‐densifying curves as a natural generalization of the Alienor method
Authors: Mora Gaspar
Published: July 2002

The Alienor method offers a powerful approximation technique for the optimization of continuous multivariable functions defined on a compact set H of Rn. Its computational efficiency is completed by the fact that it gave rise to the theory of space‐densifying curves. Presents a survey of these curves, analysing their most important properties and characteristics. Finally, the concept of theoretic calculation time (t.c.t.) associated with each curve suggests an interesting geometric problem on the existence of a curve with minimal t.c.t.
Frank H. George Memorial Lecture
Authors: Addis T.R.
Published: July 2002

A strictly pragmatic stance is taken in asking the question “What features must be present that makes behaviour intelligent?” The Turing Test is shown to be insufficient to support any useful discussion; intelligence measures (IQ tests) suggest specialisation and little else. On the other hand, Discontinuity Theory identifies “insight” and Information Theory provides a means of measuring the practical consequence of “insight” as well as providing an argument for the need of “purpose” in intelligent behaviour. The Peircian trichotomy of inference into Induction, Deduction and Abduction supports a range of specialisation for the different aspects of reasoning. These aspects can be improved through experience leading to the notion of “wisdom” and a practical measure for the anthropomorphism of intelligence. The simplest kind of intelligence is constructed as a computer program demonstrating that intelligent machines as they are currently conceived are unlikely to be independent of their human context.
Grammar‐Theoretic Models of Multi‐agent Systems
Authors: Kelemen Jozef , Evans D.J.
Published: July 2002

Gives a broad understanding of multi‐agent systems and relates it to the generative paradigm of studying complex systems. Demonstrates the functioning of the multi‐agent paradigm in some approaches in artificial intelligence and in some closely related fields. After sketching a specific approach to formalization of multi‐agent systems using tools and techniques of the theory of formal grammars and languages, gives a preview of the main developmental lines of the theory of grammar systems.
Defuzzification under Constraints and Forbidden Zones
Authors: Yager Ronald R. , Filev Dimitar P.
Published: July 2002

Examines the problem of fuzzification in situations in which in addition to the usual fuzzy output of the controller there exists some ancillary restriction on the allowable defuzzified values. Provides two basic approaches to address this problem. In the first approach, enforces the restriction by selecting the defuzzified value through a random experiment in which the values which have non‐zero probabilities are in the allowable region; this method is based on the RAGE defuzzification procedure and makes use of a non‐monotonic conjunction operator. The second approach, which, in the spirit of the commonly used methods, is a kind of expected value, converts the problem to a constraint optimization problem.
An Investigation of the Ethical Standards of Information Systems Academicians
Authors: Shenas Delavar G.
Published: July 2002

Presents results of data obtained regarding faculty attitudes concerning the ethical propriety of and estimated faculty involvement with 38 activities. A questionnaire was sent to 480 randomly selected information systems (IS) academicians. Insights into the ethical standards of IS faculty are provided by the data, as well as the indication that a significant minority of faculty are estimated to be involved in most activities contrary to normative standards of ethical conduct, as prescribed by peers. Also identifies several attitudinal differences, based on demographic characteristics of respondents and institutions.
On the continuity of fuzzy entropies
Authors: Bassanezi Rodney C. , Román‐Flores Heriberto E.
Published: July 2002

The entropy as a measure of diversity has been used by ecologists to characterize a community by its stability process. After the introduction of the concept of a fuzzy subset by Zadeh (1965), many definitions of entropies were given emphasizing the subjectivity in evaluations. A pioneering work which relates the classical meaning of entropy (Shannon index) with the modern fuzzy theory was due to De Luca and Termini (1972); Knopfmacher (1975) formulated a generalization of the axiomatics given by De Luca and Termini; Batle and Trillas (1979) obtained a result which is essentially analogous to Knopfmacher’s by considering a finite fuzzy measure space and the Sugeno’s integrals; and Trillas and Riera (1978) introduced the concept of fuzzy algebraic entropics. Analyses the continuity properties for these fuzzy entropies and establishes conditions which guarantee the convergence E(fn) → E(f), where (fn) is a sequence of fuzzy sets and E is an entropy.
Applying fuzzy logic to robot navigation
Authors: Lee Edward T.
Published: July 2002

Briefly reviews co‐ordinate‐based navigation, behaviour‐based navigation, navigation with a conic mirror and navigation with a spherical mirror. Proposes to include fuzzy languages and fuzzy instructions to perform robot navigation. Gives illustrative examples. One main characteristic of this approach is to trade precision with speed. This approach may also be applied to object motion tracking and fault‐tolerant task scheduling.
Explanation as a solution reconstruction in causal networks and expert systems
Authors: Chen Z.
Published: July 2002

Examines the issue of explanation in causal networks and expert systems through the perspective of solution reconstruction. Such reconstruction is complementary to the notion of system reconstruction as studied in systems theory. Compares explanations in causal networks with explanations in expert systems. Proposes the general concept of viewing explanation as user‐oriented solution‐reconstruction. In other words, the explanation is a solution deconstructed not only in terms of system variables, but also in terms of factors involving the user’s understanding of the problem solved by the system.
Pansystems optimization, generalized principles of optimality, and fundamental equations of dynamic programming
Authors: Chen Beifang
Published: July 2002

Clarifies the relationship between the Bellman principle of optimality and the recursive functional equation of dynamic programming by optimum operators of pansystems methodology. Instead of the Bellman principle of optimality, two generalized principles of optimality are proposed by which a necessary and sufficient condition for the fundamental equation is obtained. A discrete generalized dynamic programming model is set up in detail. Some discrete optimization problems which cannot be treated by ordinary dynamic programming may be solved by the generalized model with the construction of appropriate optimum operators.
The notion of system as a conceptual bridge between the sociology of organizations and organizational efficiency
Authors: Parra‐Luna Francisco
Published: July 2002

It seems that sociology (the science of society) has not until now seriously undertaken the operational definition of the concept of “organizational efficiency” or “social performance”. The reason for this huge and inexplicable oversight might be that sociology does not use as a routine the systemic and sociocybernetic approaches. In fact, it does not seem possible to define operationally the concept of organizational efficiency since only a systemic and sociocybernetic conception of the organization could provide in principle the subconcepts of globality, inputs, outputs, transformation and feedback so absolutely indispensable for expressing this definition in terms of the relation between the means used (X) and the ends achieved (Y). Even the outputs “Y” and the inputs “X” have to be previously viewed from a globalizing systemic angle, which means grasping the needs and satisfaction of the system from its point of view.
ALIENOR and TWONE: a comparative study
Authors: Bendiab O. , Cherruault Y.
Published: July 2002

Compares two methods (Alienor and Twone) for solving numerically global optimization problems involving continuous functions defined on bounded and connected subsets of 2. The Alienor method is about 12 years old, whereas Twone’s is only 12 months old. Considers that Twone is the generalization of the Alienor method. These methods are deterministic and use a reducing transformation allowing expression of two variables as a function of one variable.
The decomposition method applied to a diffusion model
Authors: N’Dour M. , Cherruault Y.
Published: July 2002

Uses the decomposition method for solving a diffusion equation. The partial differential equation is reduced to a differential system. Uses a new relationship for calculating Adomian polynomials and for solving the system of differential equations. Applies the results obtained to the Fisher model and makes a comparison with published work.
A likely cybernetic perennial: studies in cognitive systems theory
Authors: Musès C.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the work of Robert Vallée and considers in particular his latest contribution, Cognition et Système.
An approach to infection‐proof networks
Authors: Tanaka Hideyuki
Published: July 2002

Considers the question: if a system is recognized as a network and networks face an informational risk, which sort of networks should be employed to reduce the risk? Shows that if infection type is strong, then the worst infected groups are subnetworks with the strong number of the network. If infection type is weak, then the worst infected groups are pivotal sets with the pivotal number of the network. Also shows that under the restriction of process capacity if n ≤ (3/2) × k + 1, then a strong and weak infection proof network exists. If n > (3/2) × k + 1, then finds a weak infection proof network with the smallest strong number such that 2 × q ‐ 1, if r = 0, 2 × q if 1 ≤ r ≤ k‐2 and 2 × q + 1 if k‐2 < r ≤ k ‐ 1.
Intelligent agent‐based information warfare advisor (“Bob‐in‐a‐box”)
Authors: Moore Carl , Baek Seung , Liebowitz Jay , Kilmer LTC Robert , Minehart Robert
Published: July 2002

An intelligent agent‐based information warfare advisor is being developed for the Strategic Crisis Exercise at the US Army War College. This paper will provide some background on intelligent agents and will then describe the proposed architecture for building this intelligent agent‐based information warfare (IW) advisor (called “Bob‐in‐a‐box” ‐ named after our IW domain expert, Bob Minehart).
Abstract neural automata
Authors: Guangcheng Xi
Published: July 2002

Considers neurons, neural networks and neural fields from the viewpoint of abstract automata. Introduces Abstract neural automata (ANA) to explain and to provide a mathematical description of neural functions and theory. Surveys some current literature including that concerned with Boltzmann machines and the author’s own view of an associative Boltzmann neural model. Provides definitions and theorems to support the author’s theses on cognition, the human brain and the role of ANA in the understanding of neural networks.
Information systems based on neural network and wavelet methods with application to decision making, modeling and prediction tasks
Authors: Karras D.A. , Karkanis S.A. , Mertzios B.G.
Published: July 2002

This paper suggests a novel methodology for building robust information processing systems based on wavelets and artificial neural networks (ANN) to be applied either in decision‐making tasks based on image information or in signal prediction and modeling tasks. The efficiency of such systems is increased when they simultaneously use input information in its original and wavelet transformed form, invoking ANN technology to fuse the two different types of input. A quality control decision‐making system as well as a signal prediction system have been developed to illustrate the validity of our approach. The first one offers a solution to the problem of defect recognition for quality control systems. The second application improves the quality of time series prediction and signal modeling in the domain of NMR. The accuracy obtained shows that the proposed methodology deserves the attention of designers of effective information processing systems.
The effect of evolving ink chemistry on the reclamation of paper fibre
Authors: Thompson R.C.
Published: July 2002

Environmental, economic and market pressures have led to a dramatic increase in the production of recycled paper fibre in recent years and the growing demand for higher quality grades is now focusing attention on the recycling of office wastes. Although the role of chemistry in the recycling process for paper is well established, the introduction of newer inks and adhesives into the recycling chain has added to the existing problems of “getting the chemistry right”. This article examines the impact on the deinking of secondary paper fibre resulting from evolving ink technologies, catalysed by developments in the printing processes.
Wood adhesives from peanut skin tannin‐formaldehyde resins modified with phenols
Authors: Akaranta O. , Wankasi D.
Published: July 2002

Peanut skin tannin extract‐formaldehyde condensates were modified with resorcinol and cashew nut shell liquid. The copolymer resins formed were used as thermosetting and cold‐setting exterior grade wood adhesives for Sapele veneer panels. Results obtained showed that, on addition of paraformaldehyde, the resins modified with resorcinol cured at ambient temperatures while those modified with cashew nut shell liquid cured at higher temperatures. The bonded panels developed strength and durability satisfying the requirements of International Standard Specification for phenolic resin adhesives.
Special library financial management: the essentials of library budgeting
Authors: Seer Gitelle
Published: July 2002

Librarians have always been faced with the need to demonstrate the value of the services and products for which they budget. The budget is a powerful management and public relations tool and essential for explaining goals and objectives. This article compares the features, advantages and disadvantages of two budget models, the line item budget and the program budget. Examined throughout are patrons’ needs. The article also provides a step‐by‐step guide to the budget process, including the need for timelines, definitions of common accounting terms, and specific suggestions for budget preparation and presentation. The need to formalize and strengthen the relationship between the library and the finance department is also addressed. Finally, an overview of strategic planning is provided, describing the relationship between strategic planning and budgeting.
Risk‐assessed Educational Management
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: July 2002

Recent initiatives in educational resource management in the UK, and
with parallels elsewhere, have placed much emphasis on performance
indicators, league tables, competition and financial viability. Through
all this, risk assessment has entered into educational parlance.
Inevitably, there are those ready to offer their consultancy skills.
Analyses one such, which purports to apply a method first developed in
an internal audit context. The considerable limitations of this risk
assessment model are exposed. This leads into a discussion of risk
assessment models more generally, and their strengths and weaknesses,
together with improvements and refinements that may be made. It is clear
that considerable caution needs to be exercised before using risk
assessment models. Only after careful research and piloting should such
models be contemplated in practice.
Professional Development for Teachers
Authors: Black D.R. , Harvey T.J. , Hayden M.C. , Thompson J.J.
Published: July 2002

Outlines the programme “Professional Development for Teachers in
International Schools” which was developed from a modular programme
already in existence at the School of Education, at the University of
Bath. The Professional Development Programme is taught both in the UK
Summer School and overseas. There are two types of module, taught and
school‐based, for which there is no predetermined order of study. The
programme leads to an Advanced Certificate, Advanced Diploma or Master′s
Degree in Education. The pilot programme was held at the International
School of Tanganyika during Easter 1992 and the programme has
subsequently evolved and expanded and now includes not only teachers in
international schools but also teachers in other English medium schools
in countries in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Far East.
“To Train or to Educate?”
Authors: Holcomb John H.
Published: July 2002

Do we train or do we educate? The argument has been met since early
Egypt. Are we simply to pass on the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of
previous generations or are we to develop students who can think
abstract thought, solve problems, establish theories and models? Argues
that these questions must be addressed directly as we search for a
purpose of schools and schooling.
New Directions in the National Curriculum
Authors: Richardson Neil
Published: July 2002

Suggests a framework to clarify one approach to learning in schools, a
process of appreciation that brings the students′ own lessons into
formal education. Much simpler than the National Curriculum, the
directions here do not rely on subject expertise but some
“low‐tech” ideas of systems practitioners.
Devolution and Teachers′ Wellbeing
Authors: McKay Ian
Published: July 2002

Centres on difficulties that teachers experience in the movement of
educational decision making from central bureaucracy to the district or
school level. Devolution brings major changes to teachers′ roles and
bears on underlying assumptions about education. Devolution in the USA,
UK, and in New Zealand, parallels presuppositions about education within
Australia. Tasmanian schools form the focus, as the author was
conducting research in Tasmanian high schools when major transformation
in school administration was occurring.
Schools as Organizations for Adult Management Learning
Authors: Seymour Roland , Arnott Sheila
Published: July 2002

Previous research has indicated that the work environment in schools is
not conducive to management learning development particularly in the
case of middle managers such as heads of departments. Reports further
detailed research involving middle managers in 49 secondary schools in
the Midlands and North West of the UK. The research instrument used is
the learning organization questionnaire, and the analysis highlights
particular weaknesses in the organizational structure and climate in
schools in relation to management learning. Indicators are given for
planned and managed development activities in schools which could help
to overcome the reported problems of middle managers.
A Comparative Exposition of Western and Vedic Theories of the
Institution of Education
Authors: Patel Nandish
Published: July 2002

It would not be unreasonable to assume that among educationists there is
an implicit understanding of the development of education in Western
societies as being directly related to the progress of industrial and
commerical society. This view has credence in parts but is not entirely
supportable, since it legitimizes the concurrent view that the
development of knowledge regarding the institution of education has been
linear with respect to time. On the contrary, many aspects of modern
education which we accept as being temporally progressive had existed in
Hindu Vedic society in the distant past over 9,000 years ago. Moreover,
educationists in that society practised aspects of education which are
not found in contemporary practice, aspects which deserve the attention
of modern researchers of the institution of education.
What Has Happened since the Little Red Schoolhouse
Authors: Holcomb John H.
Published: July 2002

Briefly looks at the changes in education since the 1920s which have
been necessitated by the changes in society with reference to
supervision of instruction, child protection laws, child labour laws,
compulsory attendance laws and new educational programmes.
Changing expectations
Authors: Penn Helen
Published: July 2002

The articles in this issue have highlighted some of the confusions
surrounding early years services. The consensus seems to be that
providing more nursery education is not a sufficient solution, even if
it could be afforded. What other options are possible? Looks very
briefly at two different systems of early childhood services, in Denmark
and Spain, and considers some of their implications for the UK.
Post‐secondary department heads: expectations for academic leadership and authority
Authors: Jones David R. , Holdaway Edward A.
Published: July 2002

Describes a study which examined expectations for academic leadership of, and sharing of authority by, departmental heads in a community college, a technical institute, and a university in Alberta, Canada. Information was obtained from questionnaires completed by 20 deans, 123 incumbent department heads, and 17 faculty association executive members; and also from interviews with 17 department heads and three senior administrators. Several substantial differences were noted in the information provided by respondents classified by position and type of institution.
Use of geographical information systems (GIS) mapping procedures to support educational policy analysis and school site management
Authors: Bruno James E.
Published: July 2002

Observes, while most school site management personnel are familiar with the multitude of visual representations of statistical data, via graphs and charts, the value of visual representations of geographical information remains largely unknown in educational management. Explains that geographical information systems (GIS), in addition to determining the exact geographical street address location of a client, can also overlay important SES, thematic information such as demographic characteristics (per capita household income, percentage, minority, etc.), and man‐made, and when natural geographical barriers are combined a powerful visual representation or picture of a client service area emerges. Describes how these visual representations of educational service areas can then be used to support educational policy analysis and school site management. Presents several illustrations of how GIS mapping procedures can be applied to school site management, planning and policy analysis. Draws three illustrations of GIS mapping from the school management areas of co‐ordination of school site outreach services to educational policy areas of ensuring “equity” in access to instructional services. Explores extensions of GIS mapping procedures to other areas in educational policy analysis and school site management.
LMS: the managerial climate and its effects on the interpersonal climate of the school
Authors: Leo Doyle John
Published: July 2002

Reports that the introduction of the local management of schools (LMS) was one of the main features of the Education Reform Act (1988). Considers the effects of LMS on four London schools in contrasting socio‐economic areas, in order to evaluate the impact of of LMS on the ethos of the four schools and its effects on staff attitude, thus enabling an examination of the success of LMS as an agent of change.
Management by fact: a model application of performance indicators by an educational leadership department
Authors: Messner Phillip E. , Ruhl Max L.
Published: July 2002

Describes ongoing monitoring of a US department of educational leadership’s performance indices and reports on the processes that support a management by fact (MBF) strategy. Elucidates the university’s key quality indicators (KQI) process. KQI statements were introduced into department course syllabi. Graduates from department graduate education programs were surveyed regarding their perceptions about the KQI outcome statements. Each respondent indicated the degree to which the department had “prepared” them in each of the desired outcomes; and also the degree to which the outcome was perceived to be “relevant” for the conduct of their professional duties. The department learned that strategic planning can lead to cumulative improvements and quality of efforts can be moved forward in higher education institutions through a focus on departmental‐level teaching and learning systems.
Part‐time university education
Authors: Keast David A.
Published: July 2002

The article outlines the results of survey research on part‐time programming at Canadian universities and the needs and characteristics of undergraduate student populations with potential for part‐time degree completion. Data on Canadian universities were examined in four major categories of variables including institutional backgrounds, part‐time degree programmes and programme administration, evening and weekend course offerings and course administration, and services for part‐time students. Data from student groups were examined in six categories including demographics, academic backgrounds, finances and employment, educational expectations and student services, technology and alternative delivery methods, and advantages and disadvantages of part‐time attendance. Findings suggest changes may be necessary in university functioning in order to serve part‐time student populations better. Implications for institutional policy and practice are discussed in four general areas: part‐time enrolments and degrees; evening and weekend programming; demographics, student services and cost‐effectiveness; and technology and alternative delivery.
An organised anarchy or a community of diverse virtue ethics? The case of the Elam School of Fine Arts
Authors: Macpherson Reynold
Published: July 2002

There is a widely accepted myth in New Zealand that the Elam School of Fine Arts in the University of Auckland is an organised anarchy, internally divided and cantankerously unbiddable, and further, that this is largely inevitable given the nature of artists and designers. Its unique culture, however, is shown in this paper to have been generated and reinforced over decades by the exigencies of environment, partitioned and media‐based curricular structures, intense and volatile relationships, and, occasionally, inappropriate leadership services. Despite this history, Elam has sustained a major role in shaping New Zealand’s cultural identity, and continues to produce some of the country’s most outstanding visual artists and designers. The paradox involved is partially explained by persistent evidence of self‐managing teams, creative problem‐solving, and independent excellence, that suggest deep and plural commitments to a virtue ethic.
The methodology of a minor miracle: killing a myth through strategic planning in the Elam School of Fine Arts
Authors: Macpherson Reynold
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the planning processes used in one of New Zealand’s premier schools of fine art. Elam has a culture of exuberant individualism, high productivity and disciplinary sectionalism. There is a belief that it is cantankerously and inevitably unbiddable, and yet, paradoxically, it is well enough organised to shape New Zealand’s cultural identity, consistently producing some of its finest visual artists and designers. Processes were drawn from action research, organisational development and educative leadership theory to develop a collective purpose with goals and objectives, and program plans and budgets for 1998. It is shown that there was no “minor miracle” involved, just the death of a myth about Elam’s incapacity to learn as a School.
Rework of CSP: the effect on surface intermetallic growth
Authors: Nguty T.A. , Ekere N.N. , Philpott J.D. , Jones G.D.
Published: July 2002

High‐density packaging devices have unique characteristics which make their assembly, test and repair very difficult. The only realistic method of rework is to replace the defective component with a new or re‐balled component. Although a wide range of rework techniques is available, degradation in assembly reliability may accompany the process. The formation of brittle secondary intermetallic compounds following CSP rework can adversely affect the mechanical properties of the joint, particularly when they make up a significant proportion of its thickness. Reports on the effects of different CSP rework techniques on intermetallic layer formation. Two PCB pad‐cleaning methods and three flux/paste deposition methods are investigated. The reworked joints are analysed using optical microscopy to determine the extent of intermetallic growth. Their quality is also assessed using shear strength testing prior to, and after, thermal ageing at 1008C to accelerate the growth of intermetallic compounds and evolution of the solder grain structure.