bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pair of naturally occurring antibodies may dampen complement‐dependent phagocytosis of red cells with a positive antiglobulin test in healthy blood donors
Authors: Alaia V. , Frey B. M. , Siderow A. , Stammler P. , Kradolfer M. , Lutz H. U.
Published: June 2009

Background and Objective  It is known that red blood cells (RBC) from healthy blood donors with a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) for IgG continue to circulate despite carrying elevated numbers of IgG molecules. To unravel the properties of these RBC‐bound IgG, we studied them not only on whole RBC populations, but also on density‐fractionated RBCs.

Materials and Methods  The properties of acid‐eluted RBC‐bound IgG and plasma IgG were studied by ELISA for binding to RBC proteins and opsonins, and by blotting. In vitro phagocytosis was studied on density‐separated RBCs.

Results  IgG‐DAT‐positive blood donors carried most IgG molecules on dense RBCs and had more RBCs of high density than DAT‐negative controls. Their densest RBCs were older than the oldest RBCs of DAT‐negative controls, based on the band 4·1a/b ratio. In vitro phagocytosis of senescent RBCs from IgG‐DAT‐positive donors was 1·5 to 2 fold higher than that of senescent control cells, but the same or less in the presence of physiological IgG concentrations, implying that RBC‐bound IgGs impaired complement‐dependent uptake. The IgG molecules on these DAT‐positive RBCs comprised anti‐band 3 naturally occurring antibodies (NAbs) and were two‐ to fivefold enriched in anti‐C3 and framework‐specific anti‐idiotypic NAbs as compared to controls. Correspondingly, anti‐C3 and framework‐specific anti‐idiotypic NAbs were proportionally elevated in the plasma of two‐thirds of DAT+ donors.

Conclusions  Extra‐binding of anti‐C3 together with anti‐idiotypic NAbs to senescent RBC‐associated C3 fragments may suppress complement‐dependent RBC phagocytosis and may prolong the in vivo life span of RBCs.
Strategies of leaf expansion in Ficus carica under semiarid conditions
Authors: González‐Rodríguez A. M. , Peters J.
Published: June 2009

Leaf area expansion, thickness and inclination, gas exchange parameters and relative chlorophyll content were analysed in field‐grown fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves over time, from emergence until after full leaf expansion (FLE). Ficus carica leaves showed a subtle change in shape during the early stages of development, and FLE was reached within ca. 30 days after emergence. Changes in leaf thickness and inclination after FLE demonstrated good adaptation to environmental conditions during summer in areas with a Mediterranean climate. Changes in gas exchange parameters and relative chlorophyll content showed that F. carica is a delayed‐greening species, reaching maximum values 20 days after FLE. Correlation analysis of datasets collected during leaf expansion, confirmed dependence among structural and functional traits in F. carica. Pn was directly correlated with stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration (E), leaf area (LA) and relative chlorophyll content up to FLE. The effect of pruning on leaf expansion, a cultural technique commonly applied in this fruit tree, was also evaluated. Although leaf development in pruned branches gave a significantly higher relative leaf area growth rate (RGRl) and higher LA than non‐pruned branches, no significant differences were found in other morphological and physiological traits, indicating no pruning effect on leaf development. All studied morphological and physiological characteristics indicate that F. carica is well adapted to semiarid conditions. The delayed greening strategy of this species is discussed.
Wild grapevine:silvestris, hybrids or cultivars that escaped from vineyards? Molecular evidence in Sardinia
Authors: Zecca G. , De Mattia F. , Lovicu G. , Labra M. , Sala F. , Grassi F.
Published: June 2009

Vitis viniferassp.silvestris,the spontaneous subspecies ofV. viniferaL., is believed to be the ancestor of present grapevine cultivars. In this work, polymorphism at 13 SSR loci was investigated to answer the following key question: are wild plants (i) truesilvestris, (ii) hybrids between wild and cultivated plants or (iii) or ‘escapes’ from vineyards? In particular, the objective of the present study was to identify truly wild individuals and to search for possible hybridization events. The study was performed in Sardinia, the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, which is characterized by a large and well‐described number of both grape cultivars and wild populations. This region was ideal for the study because of its spatial isolation and, consequently, limited contamination from outside material. The results of this study show that domesticated and wild grapevine germplasms are genetically divergent and thus are realsilvestris. Pure lineages (both domesticated and wild) show very high average posterior probabilities of assignment to their own clusters, with a low level of introgression.
Growth, Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Responses in Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under Short‐term Salinity Stress and its Recovery
Authors: Panda S. K. , Khan M. H.
Published: June 2009

Spatio‐temporal differences under short‐term NaCl‐salinity (0, 50, 100, 150 mm l−1) stress for 24 h and post‐NaCl recovery after 24 h on the growth, water relations, ionic composition, proline and antioxidants of 12‐day‐old roots, stem and leaves of Vigna radiata were observed. Fresh and dry weight, relative water content and K+ ion decreased, whereas, Na+ ion and Na+/K+ ratio increased significantly in roots, stem and leaves. Post‐NaCl recovered roots, stem and leaves showed similar results with lower values. Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments decreased significantly in the leaves. Peroxide and lipid peroxidation level increased significantly with higher ratio in stressed compared to recovered leaves. Ascorbate and proline content increased significantly with no significant change in glutathione content in stressed roots, stem and leaves. Significant decrease in protein content, SOD, CAT, POX, APX and GR activities was observed in roots with no significant change in stem and leaves. The recovered parts showed similar results except increased POX and GR activities showing a tissue‐specific response to NaCl‐salinity stress. Improved tolerance to salt stress may be accomplished by increased capacity of antioxidative defence system and by lower level of lipid peroxidation and improvement in the plant water status, activities of some of the antioxidants in the recovered parts suggest that significant tissue differences in response to salt stress in V. radiata is closely related to differences in the activities of antioxidants, ion and proline content.
Antioxidative Enzymes and Sucrose Synthase Contribute to Cold Stress Tolerance in Chickpea
Authors: Kaur S. , Gupta A. K. , Kaur N. , Sandhu J. S. , Gupta S. K.
Published: June 2009

Chickpea is sensitive to low temperature (<10°C) during its reproductive stage. Low temperature adversely affects the development of pods and seeds. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in seed development and potential of antioxidative enzymes in protecting seeds and podwalls from the deleterious effects of cold stress in advanced cold tolerant chickpea breeding lines. Healthy pod set was observed in these tolerant lines in the end of December where as low temperature susceptible PBG‐1 did not flower. Two lines ICCV 96029 and ICCV 96030 showed susceptible characters such as reduced flowering, blackened and shrivelled seeds and yellowish pods in comparison to other cold stress tolerant lines due to sudden dip of temperature (<1 °C) during the first week of January. These two lines were, therefore, treated as susceptible checks in comparison to other tolerant lines. A significantly higher activity and specific activity of sucrose synthase was observed in seeds of most of the cold tolerant lines in comparison with ICCV 96029 and ICCV 96030, thereby providing sugars as well as sugar nucleotides for their growth and starch synthesis during unfavourable low temperature. The developing seeds and podwalls of tolerant genotypes had higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e. catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutahione reductase in comparison with ICCV 96029 and ICCV 96030. It appears that the higher activities of antioxidant enzymes in podwall protect the developing seeds from cold stress.
Simulation study on the effects of excluding offspring information for genetic evaluation versus using genomic markers for selection in dog breeding
Authors: Stock K. F. , Distl O.
Published: June 2009

Different modes of selection in dogs were studied with a special focus on the availability of disease information. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in the German shepherd dog was used as an example. The study was performed using a simulation model, comparing cases when selection was based on phenotype, true or predicted breeding value, or genomic breeding value. The parameters in the simulation model were drawn from the real population data. The data on all parents and 40% of their progeny were assumed to be available for the genetic evaluation carried out by Gibbs sampling. With respect to the use of disease records on progeny, three scenarios were considered: random exclusion of disease data (no restrictions, N), general exclusion of disease data (G) and exclusion of disease data for popular sires (P). One round of selection was considered, and the response was expressed as change of mean CHD score, proportion of dogs scored as normal, proportion of dogs scored as clearly affected and true mean breeding value in progeny of popular sires in comparison with all sires. When no restrictions on data were applied, selection on breeding value was three times more efficient than when some systematic exclusion was practised. Higher selection response than in the exclusion cases was achieved by selecting on the basis of genomic breeding value and CHD score. Genomic selection would therefore be the method of choice in the future.
Fine mapping quantitative trait loci under selective phenotyping strategies based on linkage and linkage disequilibrium criteria
Authors: Ansari‐Mahyari S. , Berg P. , Lund M.S.
Published: June 2009

In fine mapping of a large‐scale experimental population where collection of phenotypes are very expensive, difficult to record or time‐demanding, selective phenotyping could be used to phenotype the most informative individuals. Linkage analyses based sampling criteria (LAC) and linkage disequilibrium‐based sampling criteria (LDC) for selecting individuals to phenotype are compared to random phenotyping in a quantitative trait loci (QTL) verification experiment using stochastic simulation. Several strategies based on LAC and LDC for selecting the most informative 30%, 40% or 50% of individuals for phenotyping to extract maximum power and precision in a QTL fine mapping experiment were developed and assessed. Linkage analyses for the mapping was performed for individuals sampled on LAC within families and combined linkage disequilibrium and linkage analyses was performed for individuals sampled across the whole population based on LDC. The results showed that selecting individuals with similar haplotypes to the paternal haplotypes (minimum recombination criterion) using LAC compared to random phenotyping gave at least the same power to detect a QTL but decreased the accuracy of the QTL position. However, in order to estimate unbiased QTL parameters based on LAC in a large half‐sib family, prior information on QTL position was required. The LDC improved the accuracy to estimate the QTL position but not significantly compared to random phenotyping with the same sample size. When applying LDC (all phenotyping levels), the estimated QTL effect were closer to the true value in comparison to LAC. The results showed that the LDC were better than the LAC to select individuals for phenotyping and contributed to detection of the QTL.
A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting the length of small intestine in a White Duroc × Chinese Erhualian intercross resource population
Authors: Gao J. , Ren J. , Zhou L.H. , Ren D.R. , Li L. , Xiao S.J. , Yang B. , Huang L.S.
Published: June 2009

The small intestine is a vital organ in animal gastrointestinal system, in which a large variety of nutrients are absorbed. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the length of porcine small intestine, phenotypic values were measured in 1034 individuals at 240 d from a White Duroc × Chinese Erhualian intercross F2 population. The length of small intestine showed strong correlation with growth traits and carcass length in the F2 population. A whole‐genome scan was performed based on 183 microsatellites covering the pig genome in the F2 population. A total of 10 QTL for this trait were identified on 8 pig chromosomes (SSC), including four 1% genome‐wide significant QTL on SSC2, 4, 7 and 8, one 5% genome‐wide significant QTL on SSC12, and five 5% chromosome‐wide significant QTL on SSC5, 7, 13 and 14. The Erhualian alleles were generally associated with shorter length of the small intestine except the alleles on SSC7 and 13. The QTL on SSC4 overlapped with the previously reported QTL for the length of small intestine. Several significant QTL on SSC2, 8, and 12 were consistent with previous reports. The significant QTL detected on SSC7 was reported for the first time. All QTL identified in this study corresponded to the known region significantly associated with growth traits, supporting the important role of the length of small intestine in pig growth.
Amplification of chickpea‐specific SSR primers in Cajanus species and their validity in diversity analysis
Authors: Datta S. , Kaashyap M. , Kumar S.
Published: June 2009

With 2 figures and 3 tables

Paucity of polymorphic molecular markers in pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., has been a major limiting factor in application of molecular tools for its genetic improvement. As the development of microsatellite markers requires considerable time, expertise and research infrastructure, transfer of markers from other related genera offers an alternative option to increase the number of available markers. Since microsatellite sequences are conserved across Fabaceae taxa, transferability of 100 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)‐specific SSR markers was studied in two genotypes each of five wild and one cultivated species of Cajanus. The results revealed a significant transferability (46%) of chickpea microsatellites to Cajanus. In cultivated pigeonpea, chickpea‐specific SSRs showed 38–39% transferability, while among wild Cajanus species, it ranged from 26% in Cajanus sericeus ICP 15760 to 40% in C. sericeus ICP 15761. The transferable primers exhibited extensive polymorphism in Cajanus with an average number of 4.11 alleles per marker. High level of polymorphism exhibited by chickpea microsatellite markers in the present study indicates their usefulness in diversity analysis, mapping agronomically important traits and marker‐assisted breeding in pigeonpea.
The Influence of Powdered Coconut Water (ACP‐318®) in In Vitro Maturation of Canine Oocytes
Authors: Silva AEF , Cavalcante LF , Rodrigues BA , Rodrigues JL
Published: June 2009

Contents

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of powdered coconut water (ACP‐318®) diluted in high glucose (11.0 mm) TCM199 in the achievement of nuclear in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocytes. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) (n = 632) were randomly allocated into three experimental groups named as group 1 (control group), group 2 (5% powdered coconut water) and group 3 (10% powdered coconut water). The percentage of meiotic resumption (MR) (GVBD to MII) was 39.1% (81/207), 50.2% (108/215) and 46.6% (98/210) for groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively (p < 0.05). There were no differences in MR rates among groups 2 and 3. The medium with ACP‐318® slightly enhanced the nuclear maturation of canine oocytes when a comparison was established with rates of maturation exhibited by oocytes in the experimental group 1 without ACP‐318® (p < 0.05). The results suggest that oocytes’ nuclear morphology integrity and meiosis achievement were positively influenced when exposed to high glucose TCM199 supplemented with 5% powdered coconut water. Further investigation must be performed for a better understanding of powdered coconut water influence in cellular events during IVM of dog oocytes.
Regulatory T cells/T‐helper cell 17 functional imbalance in uraemic patients on maintenance haemodialysis: A pivotal link between microinflammation and adverse cardiovascular events
Authors: ZHANG JIANBIN , HUA GAN , ZHANG XIAOGANG , TONG RUYAN , DU XIAOGANG , LI ZHENGRONG
Published: June 2009

Aim:  Adverse cardiovascular events resulting from accelerated atherosclerosis are the leading cause of mortality in uraemic patients on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). Chronic inflammation due to antigen‐specific responses is an important factor in the acceleration of atherosclerosis. The balance between CD4+ CD25+ forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3)+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper (Th)17 cells has been reported to play an important role in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to assess the Treg/Th17 pattern in uraemic patients on MHD and to explore the significance of Treg/Th17 imbalance in the development and outcome of acute cardiovascular events.

Methods:  A total of 42 uraemic patients on MHD were evaluated. Of the 42, 22 patients with a history of acute cardiovascular events served as the MHD1 group and 20 patients without acute cardiovascular events served as the MHD2 group. Thirty patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) without acute cardiovascular events just before haemodialysis therapy served as the CKD control group and 30 healthy volunteers as the normal control group. The Treg and Th17 frequencies were measured by flow cytometry. The retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and Foxp3 expressions were measured by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Serum cytokines and C‐reactive protein were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunoturbidimetry.

Results:  Patients with uraemia exhibited an obvious imbalance of Treg/Th17 function when compared to the normal control group, displaying increased peripheral Th17 frequency, Th17‐related cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐17, IL‐6 and IL‐23) and RORγt mRNA levels. These patients also displayed decreased Treg frequency, Treg‐related cytokines (IL‐10, transforming growth factor‐β1) and Foxp3 mRNA levels. This imbalance was more pronounced in the MHD2 group, while there was no significant difference between the MHD1 and CKD control group (P < 0.01 between normal control and uraemic patients; P > 0.05 between CKD control and MHD1; and P < 0.05 between MHD1 and MHD2). It was also observed that the imbalance of Treg/Th17 was not only consistent with the cardiovascular disease but also correlated with a microinflammatory state.

Conclusion:  The Treg/Th17 balance was disturbed by uraemia, especially in patients with adverse cardiovascular events. This Th17/Treg imbalance might act synergistically with microinflammation on immune‐mediated atherosclerosis and contribute to the high incidence of adverse cardiovascular events.
Effect of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade on visfatin levels in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: EYILETEN TAYFUN , SONMEZ ALPER , SAGLAM MUTLU , CAKIR ERDINC , CAGLAR KAYSER , OGUZ YUSUF , VURAL ABDULGAFFAR , YENICESU MUJDAT , YILMAZ MAHMUT ILKER
Published: June 2009

Aim:  Plasma visfatin levels are elevated in diabetic nephropathy in parallel to the severity of proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate. The aim of this study was to find out whether the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockage has any effect on the plasma visfatin levels.

Methods:  Thirty‐two patients with diabetic proteinuria (>500 mg/day) with a normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and 33 healthy subjects were enrolled. Patients were treated with ramipril 5 mg daily for 2 months. Proteinuria, GFR, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), visfatin, flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) index measurements were performed both before and after the treatment.

Results:  The plasma visfatin, and hsCRP levels of the patients were significantly higher and the FMD was significantly lower (P < 0.001 for all). The visfatin levels were significantly correlated to FMD, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, proteinuria, eGFR, HOMA‐IR and hsCRP. Ramipril treatment resulted in a significant decrease in plasma visfatin, proteinuria, hsCRP, HOMA‐IR and increase in FMD (P < 0.001) in patients (P < 0.001 for all).

Conclusion:  The present study suggests that plasma visfatin levels are related to the endothelial functions, inflammation and the severity of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Treatment with ramipril causes a significant decrease in visfatin levels along with the improvement of proteinuria, endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory state in diabetic nephropathy.
Randomized clinical trial on acute effects of i.v. iron sucrose during haemodialysis
Authors: GARCIA‐FERNANDEZ NURIA , ECHEVERRIA AITZIBER , SANCHEZ‐IBARROLA ALFONSO , PÁRAMO JOSÉ ANTONIO , COMA‐CANELLA ISABEL
Published: June 2009

Aim:  Haemodialysis induces endothelial dysfunction by oxidation and inflammation. Intravenous iron administration during haemodialysis could worsen endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to ascertain if iron produces endothelial dysfunction and the possible neutralizing effect of N‐acetylcysteine when infused before iron. The oxidative and inflammatory effects of iron during haemodialysis were also assessed.

Methods:  Forty patients undergoing haemodialysis were studied in a randomized and cross‐over design with and without N‐acetylcysteine infused before iron sucrose (50 or 100 mg). Plasma Von Willebrand factor (vWF), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) levels, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, CD11b/CD18 expression in monocytes, interleukin (IL)‐8 in monocytes and plasma IL‐8 were studied at baseline and during haemodialysis.

Results:  Haemodialysis produced significant (P < 0.001) increase in plasma vWF, sICAM‐1, malondialdehyde, IL‐8 and CD11b/CD18 expression in monocytes, as well as decrease in total antioxidant capacity. Iron induced significant increase in plasma malondialdehyde and IL‐8 in monocytes, but had no effect on total antioxidant capacity, CD11b/CD18 expression, plasma IL‐8, vWF and sICAM‐1. The addition of N‐acetylcysteine to 50 mg of iron produced a significant (P = 0.040) decrease in malondialdehyde.

Conclusion:  Standard (100 mg) and low (50 mg) doses of iron during haemodialysis had no effects on endothelium. Iron only had minor effects on inflammation and produced an increase in oxidative stress, which was neutralized by N‐acetylcysteine at low iron dose. Haemodialysis caused a significant increase in oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction markers.
Excessive granulation tissue at the harvest site following pterygium surgery with conjunctival autograft: a clinicopathological case report
Authors: Dayanir Volkan , Kaplan Ahmet , Polatli Ozlem
Published: June 2009

Abstract

A 31‐year‐old woman had an uneventful primary pterygium surgery with a conjunctival autograft. Four days following the surgery a red‐violet‐coloured lesion appeared at the bare autograft harvest site that was excised at postoperative 1 month leaving the autograft site bare again. The lesion recurred in a week. The excision was repeated but this time the sclera was closed by end‐to‐end suturation of conjunctiva. The lesion did not recur during the 3 months of follow up. Pathological examination revealed the lesion to be composed of granulation tissue composed of an overlying stratified epithelium and underlying marked vascularization, fibroblasts and lymphomonocyte cells. Excessive granulation tissue may form when there is a deviation in wound healing. Removal of the excessive granulation and restoration of the continuity of the surrounding epithelium should be curative.
Use of a patient consultation questionnaire and weighted numerical scoring system for the prediction of colorectal cancer and other colorectal pathology in symptomatic patients: A prospective cohort validation study of a Welsh population
Authors: Ballal M. S. , Selvachandran S. N. , Maw A.
Published: June 2009

Objective  There is currently no system in widespread use that accurately prioritizes colorectal referrals in symptomatic patients with an acceptable degree of sensitivity and specificity. We have validated a weighted numerical scoring system for the prioritization of such colorectal referrals in an attempt to rectify this, with detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) the primary outcome.

Method  We conducted a prospective study of symptomatic patients referred by primary care to the colorectal service in a district general hospital. A computer‐generated weighted numerical score (WNS) was derived from the primary symptoms and symptom combinations. Patients underwent colorectal investigations and a final diagnosis was established. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CRC detection as determined by the WNS, Department of Health (DOH) and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines was determined. Primary Care compliance with guidelines was analysed.

Results  A definitive diagnosis was established in 3457 patients. One hundred and eighty‐six (5.4%) had CRC. The mean score for the cancer patients (76.9, 95%CI 72–81) was significantly higher than that of non‐cancer patients (52, 95%CI 52–53) P < 0.001. Receiver Operator Curve analysis demonstrates a high discriminatory power for the Patient Consultation Questionnaire (PCQ) with an area under curve of 0.76. Compliance by primary care with the nationally recommended referral guidelines was poor with only 55% and 58% compliance with DOH and National Institute for Clinical Excellence referral guidelines for suspected cancer respectively.

Conclusion  The PCQ and the WNS is an efficient, objective system that allows the accurate prioritization of colorectal referrals with a high sensitivity for cancer and other serious colorectal pathologies.
Organizational Justice and Individuals' Withdrawal: Unlocking the Influence of Emotional Exhaustion
Authors: Cole Michael S. , Bernerth Jeremy B. , Walter Frank , Holt Daniel T.
Published: June 2009

abstract

This study examined the relationships between organizational justice and withdrawal outcomes and whether emotional exhaustion was a mediator of these linkages. Data were obtained from 869 military personnel and civil servants; using structural equation modelling techniques, we examined an integrative model that combines justice and stress research. Our findings suggest that individuals' justice perceptions are related to their psychological health. As predicted, emotional exhaustion mediated the linkages between distributive and interpersonal (but not procedural and informational) justice and individuals' withdrawal reactions. Results showed that distributive and interpersonal justice negatively related to emotional exhaustion and emotional exhaustion negatively related to organizational commitment which, in turn, negatively influenced turnover intentions. These findings were observed even when controlling for the presence of contingent‐reward behaviours provided by supervisors and individuals' psychological empowerment.
Change Management Choices and Trajectories in a Multidivisional Firm
Authors: Stensaker Inger G. , Langley Ann
Published: June 2009

This paper draws on a comparative case study of the implementation of a planned change initiative across three different divisions of a multidivisional oil company to investigate the influences guiding division‐level change agents in their choice of a change management approach and the impact of different approaches on change outcomes. While the contingency perspective suggests that change management approaches should be chosen to fit with change content and context, we found that change agents navigated amongst three concerns: substantive concerns related to goal attainment, political concerns related to conformity to corporate demands, and relational concerns concerning relations with employees. We identified three different change management trajectories across the three divisions based on alternative ways of balancing the concerns. The data show that, regardless of the change management approach adopted, change tends to be diluted in implementation. However, the various trajectories have differential consequences for other important dimensions such as corporate approval and relationships with employees.
Flexible Work and Turnover: an Empirical Investigation across Cultures
Authors: Stavrou Eleni , Kilaniotis Christos
Published: June 2009

We explored the relationship between three bundles of flexible work arrangements (FWAs) and turnover for two of GLOBE's societal clusters, namely Anglo and Nordic. We collected data through a large‐scale international survey and found significant differences in the FWA–turnover relationship between the two clusters. Specifically, as unsocial hours (overtime, shift work, weekend work) and part‐time arrangements (part‐time and job‐sharing) increase in the Anglo cluster, so does turnover. Further, as schedule flexibility (telework, work from home and flexi‐time) increases in the Nordic cluster, turnover decreases. The results raise issues about the universal applicability of FWA policies and practices among nationally and internationally operating organizations.
ISO‐9000 Certification and Ownership Structure: Effects upon Firm Performance
Authors: Lafuente Esteban , Bayo‐Moriones Alberto , García‐Cestona Miguel
Published: June 2009

ISO certification has become a pervasive mechanism adopted by firms to improve their operational performance. In this paper, we examine the operational and organizational factors that increase the likelihood of adopting ISO certification and the impact that ISO certification and ownership structure have upon firm performance. Using a sample of 163 Spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1996–2000 we perform a rare events logit model and a regression analysis. Our findings show that firms producing intermediate goods that have implemented just‐in‐time practices are more likely to adopt ISO certification. Furthermore, we report a strong influence of the ownership structure upon ISO adoption policy, especially when a multinational firm is the largest shareholder. Empirical evidence supports that ISO certification and ownership structure positively impact firm performance. However, our results indicate that the positive impact of ISO certification on performance diminishes in firms where ownership is highly concentrated.
Explaining stunting in nineteenth‐century France
Authors: POSTEL‐VINAY GILLES , SAHN DAVID E.
Published: June 2009

We examine the share of French men with stunted growth during the nineteenth century using data on potential army conscripts. The share of stunted men (those whose height was below 1.62 metres) in France's 82 departments declined dramatically across the century, especially in the south and west. Our models examine the role of education expenditure, health care personnel, local wages, asset distribution, and a dummy variable for Paris as determinants of stunting, decomposing changes over time into the effects of levels and returns to the various explanatory variables used in the model of heights. All covariates are strongly significant, with education spending being particularly important. Our evidence clearly indicates that living in congested Paris contributed to poor health.
Relationship between ALS and the degree of cognitive impairment, markers of neurodegeneration and predictors for poor outcome. A prospective study
Authors: Rusina R. , Ridzoň P. , Kulišt'ák P. , Keller O. , Bartoš A. , Buncová M. , Fialová L. , Koukolík F. , Matěj R.
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a common neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons and may be associated with impaired cognition. Reliable prognostic factors for ALS patients are still missing.

Methods:  We prospectively included 67 patients, 42 women and 25 men, with clinically defined ALS. The disease severity was assessed and the patients underwent SPECT, lumbar puncture with determination of tau, hyperphosporylated tau (p‐tau) and beta‐amyloid and a detailed neuropsychological assessment using a standardized test battery. In patients who died, a detailed neuropathologic evaluation was performed.

Results:  The mean survival duration was 26.8 months. The delay between the first signs and confirmation of the diagnosis was 12.75 months. Cognitive impairment did not have an impact on the evolution of the disease. There was no correlation between neuropsychological and SPECT findings. Higher age at onset, more pronounced handicap and elevated beta‐amyloid in the CSF were associated with shorter survival times. In brain tissue from nine of the deceased patients with ALS and dementia, all showed signs of comorbidity, six had hallmarks of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and three showed Alzheimer disease pathology. Brain tissues form 11 deceased ALS patients who did not show signs of dementia, had only changes compatible with a diagnosis of motor neuron disease.

Conclusion:  In our prospective study, age, disease severity and CSF beta‐amyloid levels taken together were a risk factor suggesting shorter survival times. Dementia is relatively frequent in ALS and may be a consequence of either FTLD or result from co‐existing Alzheimer disease.
Early versus delayed initiation of entacapone in levodopa‐treated patients with Parkinson’s disease: a long‐term, retrospective analysis
Authors: Nissinen H. , Kuoppamäki M. , Leinonen M. , Schapira A. H.
Published: June 2009

Background:  We analysed data from three clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with wearing‐off to determine whether early enhancement of levodopa therapy with entacapone can lead to better long‐term outcomes than delayed entacapone treatment.

Methods:  Post‐hoc analysis of pooled data from three randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies and their long‐term, open‐label extension phases. In all three studies, patients on levodopa/dopa‐decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI) were first randomized to entacapone (‘early‐start’ group) or placebo (‘delayed‐start’ group) for the initial 6‐month double‐blind phase, after which all patients received open‐label levodopa/DDCI and entacapone treatment for up to 5 years.

Results:  A total of 488 PD patients with wearing‐off were included in the analysis. A statistically significant benefit of early initiation of levodopa/DDCI and entacapone was found, with an improvement in Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III (motor) score of −1.66 (95% confidence intervals [−3.01, −0.31]) points compared with the delayed‐start treatment group (P < 0.05). Levodopa/DDCI and entacapone therapy was well tolerated. There was no excess of dyskinesia in the early‐start group.

Conclusions:  These data suggest that early rather than delayed addition of entacapone to levodopa/DDCI in PD patients with wearing‐off provides a modest clinical benefit over levodopa/DDCI that is maintained for up to 5 years.
Hypoceruloplasminemia‐related movement disorder without Kayser‐Fleischer rings is different from Wilson disease and not involved in ATP7B mutation
Authors: Lirong J. , Jianjun J. , Hua Z. , Guoqiang F. , Yuhao Z. , Xiaoli P. , Xiaomin Z. , Yuwen Z. , Yu M. , Jie C. , Jihong D. , Yueshi M. , Zhenyao M. , Chunjiu Z.
Published: June 2009

Objective:  To explore the relationship between hypoceruloplasminemia‐related movement disorder (HCMD) without Kayser‐Fleischer rings in Wilson disease (WD) and ATP7B gene mutation.

Methods:  Clinical feature, serum ceruloplasmin (CP), total serum copper, non‐CP‐bound serum copper (nCC), urine copper, and ATP7B gene sequence were investigated in 24 patients with HCMD.

Results:  The patients with HCMD exhibited a long‐term stable course of diseases. Serum CP in HCMD group (0.178 ± 0.025 g/l) was lower than healthy control group (0.291 ± 0.049 g/l, P < 0.05). Total serum copper in HCMD group was 0.578 ± 0.284 μg/l and was lower than normal lower limit obviously (≤0.80 μg/l). nCC was 0.143 ± 0.073 μg/l and reached 29.18 ± 19.61% of total serum copper. Urine copper in HCMD group was 303.82 ± 225.68 μg/24 h and was higher than normal upper limit obviously (≤70 μg/24 h). A heterozygous nonsense mutation of single nucleotide acid was found in one patient with spasmodic torticollis. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were found and their frequencies were not different between health control group and HCMD group. Four patients exhibited consistent sequence of ATP7B gene listed by GeneBank without any mutation and SNP.

Conclusion:  Hypoceruloplasminemia‐related movement disorder without Kayser‐Fleischer rings, which exhibits mild low serum CP and a long‐term stability of disease course, is different from WD and not associated with ATP7B gene mutation. Further investigation of molecular biology should be encouraged.
Role of topical peptides in preventing or treating aged skin
Authors: Gorouhi F. , Maibach H. I.
Published: June 2009

Synopsis

Ageing, a basic biological process seen in all living creatures, is not preventable. Surgical and topical modalities have been invented and substances were applied topically to alter the ageing process. Peptides and proteins, frequently used for this purpose, were categorized into four groups: signal peptides, enzyme‐inhibitor peptides, neurotransmitter‐inhibitor peptides and carrier peptides. We comprehensively review eligible studies ‐including controlled ex vivo or in vivo efficacy studies on any topical peptide or protein that has been administered to treat signs and symptoms of ageing.
The Influence of Lynn White, jr.'sMedieval Technology and Social Change
Authors: Worthen Shana
Published: June 2009

Lynn White, jr. publishedMedieval Technology and Social Changein 1962. A reflection of his lifelong interest in the Middle Ages, combined with his realization of the benefits of studying a civilization through its material culture, White's work helped to create the field of the history of medieval technology. Controversial, inspiring, and accessible, the influence of this book continues to affect the work of a wide variety of scholars. White's contentious ‘stirrup thesis’ suggested that the stirrup's introduction to Europe from Asia in the Carolingian period enabled the development of feudalism, which concept was itself highly problematic. His work on the plow, the horse harness, and three‐field crop rotation, and the degree to which they affected Europe's post‐Roman population shift, is still debated. Mechanical power may not have led to a medieval industrial revolution as White claimed, but wind, water, and chemical power developments, along with the development of the crank, still substantially altered medieval agricultural and industrial production.Medieval Technology and Social Change, for all its flaws, is still a highly readable work of history, in part because of its multi‐disciplinary use of archeology, etymology, economic history, art history, and iconography to frame its central sociocultural and technological arguments, and it is used widely by historians of the Middle Ages, technology, agriculture, and military history alike. This article surveys the historiography of the book, especially its influence on and discussions in recent histories.
Women and War in Latin America, 1950–2000
Authors: Bayard de Volo Lorraine
Published: June 2009

War is broadly and historically considered to be the most masculine of domains, and histories of war tend to reflect this conception. As the historian's lens adjusts to focus on women and war, it expands the scope through which to study war and we engage more closely with categories of people not traditionally viewed as central to war stories: mothers of soldiers, prostitutes, rape victims. Scholarship on war, even when it includes women, tends to focus upon the great powers. With further adjustments to the historical lens, Latin American wars also come into view. Women have long participated in struggles for liberation and other wars in Latin America, yet scholarship on this history is still fairly new and emergent. This article provides a synthesis of scholarship on women and war in Latin America from 1950 to 2000. Such a synthesis entails going beyond the more familiar accounts of women as maternal peacemakers or combatants to include women's support for military dictatorships, prostitutes’ work as rebel spies, and maternal anti‐draft activists. As we incorporate a broader array of women's roles in war, we stand to gain new insights into the history of war itself – how war has been conducted, the mundane but absolutely essential tasks required to keep a military functioning, and the popular support necessary to fill the ranks.
Life Threatening Complication Associated with Anesthesia in a Dog with Masticatory Muscle Myositis
Authors: NANAI BEATRIX , PHILLIPS LESLEY , CHRISTIANSEN JEFFREY , SHELTON G. DIANE
Published: June 2009

Objective— To report a serious complication in a dog with masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) that occurred during general anesthesia for diagnostic testing.

Study Design— Case report.

Animals— A 2‐year‐old male Pug.

Methods— MMM was diagnosed in a Pug with a 2‐week history of trismus by electrodiagnostics, histopathology, and 2M antibody test. During anesthesia tongue protrusion occurred and because of trismus, an inability to reposition the tongue resulted in venous congestion and severe swelling. Forceful physical attempts and subsequent removal of the rostral digastricus and masseter muscle attachments from the mandible did not increase jaw mobility. Mandibular symphysiotomy was necessary to resolve lingual venous congestion and to reposition the tongue into the oral cavity.

Results— Tongue swelling rapidly subsided after symphysiotomy allowing the tongue to be repositioned into the oral cavity. After treatment of MMM with corticosteroids, jaw range of motion improved and at 6 months was ∼70% normal.

Conclusions— Trismus could not be overcome by detachment of the masseter and digastricus muscle insertions from the mandible, and symphysiotomy was required to reposition the tongue in the oral cavity.

Clinical Relevance—

In dogs with MMM, tongue position should be monitored during anesthesia to avoid inadvertent protrusion and swelling from venous congestion. Use of anesthetic monitoring equipment on the tongue, such as a pulse oximeter probe, should be avoided in these patients.
Cemented Total Knee Replacement in 24 Dogs: Surgical Technique, Clinical Results, and Complications
Authors: ALLEN MATTHEW J. , LEONE KENDALL A. , LAMONTE KIMBERLY , TOWNSEND KATY L. , MANN KENNETH A.
Published: June 2009

Objective— To characterize the performance of cemented total knee replacement (TKR) in dogs.

Study Design— Preclinical research study.

Animals— Skeletally mature, male Hounds (25–30 kg; n=24) with no preexisting joint pathology.

Methods— Dogs had unilateral cemented TKR and were evaluated at 6, 12, 26, or 52 weeks (6 dogs/time point) by radiography, bone density analysis, visual gait assessment, and direct measurement of thigh circumference and stifle joint range of motion as indicators of functional recovery. At study end, the stability of the cemented tibial component was determined by destructive mechanical testing.

Results— Joint stability was excellent in 16 dogs (67%) and good in 8 dogs. None of the tibial components had evidence of migration or periprosthetic osteolysis whereas 1 femoral component was loose at 52 weeks. There was an early and significant decrease in tibial bone density, likely because of disuse of the operated limb. Dogs returned to full activity by 12 weeks. The tibial cement–bone interface maintained its strength over 52 weeks.

Conclusions— Cement provides stable fixation of the tibial component in canine TKR.

Clinical Relevance— Cemented TKR yields adequate clinical function and stifle joint excursion in the dog. Clinical studies are needed to determine the long‐term fate of cemented TKR implants, to assess the influence of implant design on implant fixation and wear, and to obtain objective functional data.
Canine Total Knee Replacement: Surgical Technique and One‐Year Outcome
Authors: LISKA WILLIAM D. , DOYLE NANCY D.
Published: June 2009

Objective—To describe a surgical technique for total knee replacement (TKR) in dogs with severe osteoarthritis (OA) and report 1‐year outcome.

Study Design—Prospective clinical case study.

Animals—Dogs (n=6) with severe stifle OA.

Methods—Preoperative and postoperative evaluations were compared after 6 dogs had TKR. Data gathered included radiographs, goniometric measures of passive range of motion, ground reaction forces, and girth measurements of the thigh before surgery and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year.

Results—Stifle extension and excursion angles were significantly improved by 3 months after TKR. Mean peak vertical force and impulse were significantly improved by 6 months.

Conclusions—TKR is a viable treatment option for dogs with severe stifle OA.

Clinical Relevance—With continued refinement of surgical technique, instrumentation, and implants, TKR could become a reliable treatment for dogs with disabling, painful nonseptic stifle OA.
Partial Right Ventriculectomy Using the Incised Patch Technique to Treat Double Chambered Right Ventricle and Chylothorax in a Cat
Authors: BROCKMAN DANIEL J. , BORER KATE E. , BAINES STEPHEN J. , HUGHES DEZ , FUENTES VIRGINIA LUIS
Published: June 2009

Objective—To report successful surgical treatment of double chambered right ventricle (DCRV) in a cat.

Study Design—Clinical report.

Animals—Cat with DCRV.

Methods—DCRV was diagnosed in a 5‐month‐old male Maine Coon cat using echocardiography and angiocardiography. At 2 years, despite medical therapy, chylothorax developed. A section of the right ventricular free wall that spanned the fibromuscular obstruction was excised under total venous inflow occlusion (TVIO) using the incised pericardial patch technique.

Results—Short‐term recovery was complicated by return of chylothorax but this resolved after thoracocentesis and diuretic therapy. Three years after surgery, the cat is free of clinical signs and no longer on any medical therapy.

Conclusions—Partial right ventriculectomy can be performed under TVIO through an incised pericardial patch.

Clinical Relevance—DCRV in cat can be successfully treated by partial right ventriculectomy performed under TVIO through an incised pericardial patch.