bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy for Suspect Lesions on Diagnostic Accuracy in Melanoma
Authors: Pellacani Giovanni , Farnetani Francesca , Ciardo Silvana , Chester Johanna , Kaleci Shaniko , Mazzoni Laura , Bassoli Sara , Casari Alice , Pampena Riccardo , Mirra Marica , Lai Michela , Magi Serena , Mandel Victor D. , Di Matteo Sergio , Colombo Giorgio Lorenzo , Stanganelli Ignazio , Longo Caterina
Published: June 2022

Importance

Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have concluded that given data paucity, a comparison of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) with dermoscopy is complex. They recommend comparative prospective studies in a real-world setting of suspect lesions.

Objective

To test the hypothesis that RCM reduces unnecessary lesion excision by more than 30% and identifies all melanoma lesions thicker than 0.5 mm at baseline.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This randomized clinical trial included 3165 patients enrolled from 3 dermatology referral centers in Italy between January 2017 and December 2019, with a mean (SD) follow-up of 9.6 (6.9) months (range, 1.9-37.0 months). The consecutive sample of 3165 suspect lesions determined through dermoscopy were eligible for inclusion (10 patients refused). Diagnostic analysis included 3078 patients (48 lost, 39 refused excision). Data were analyzed between April and September 2021.

Interventions

Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to standard therapeutic care (clinical and dermoscopy evaluation) with or without adjunctive RCM. Information available guided prospective clinical decision-making (excision or follow-up).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Hypotheses were defined prior to study initiation. All lesions excised (baseline and follow-up) were registered, including histopathological diagnoses/no change at dermoscopy follow-up (with or without adjunctive RCM). Number needed to excise (total number of excised lesions/number of melanomas) and Breslow thickness of delayed diagnosed melanomas were calculated based on real-life, prospective, clinical decision-making.

Results

Among the 3165 participants, 1608 (50.8%) were male, and mean (SD) age was 49.3 (14.9) years. When compared with standard therapeutic care only, adjunctive RCM was associated with a higher positive predictive value (18.9 vs 33.3), lower benign to malignant ratio (3.7:1.0 vs 1.8:1.0), and a number needed to excise reduction of 43.4% (5.3 vs 3.0). All lesions (n = 15) with delayed melanoma diagnoses were thinner than 0.5 mm.

Conclusions and Relevance

This randomized clinical trial shows that adjunctive use of RCM for suspect lesions reduces unnecessary excisions and assures the removal of aggressive melanomas at baseline in a real-life, clinical decision-making application for referral centers with RCM.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04789421
Construction of CoNiFe Trimetallic Carbonate Hydroxide Hierarchical Hollow Microflowers with Oxygen Vacancies for Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Liu Yihao , Chen Guanyu , Ge Riyue , Pei Ke , Song Chenxi , Li Wenxian , Chen Yingying , Zhang Yuan , Feng Lingyan , Che Renchao
Published: June 2022

It is of great challenge to design transition multimetallic carbonate hydroxides with delicate hollow features and defects for efficient electrolytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, a sequential self‐templating method to synthesize CoNiFe trimetallic carbonate hydroxide hierarchical hollow microflowers (CN‐xFe HMs) with oxygen vacancies (VO) is reported. The synergistic merits of hollow structure, Fe substitution, and VO endow the CN‐xFe HMs with high active‐site exposure density and increased electrical conductivity. Specially, the optimized CN‐xFe HMs validate the excellent OER performance with an overpotential of 258 mV to drive 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 48.7 mV dec−1. Theoretical calculations reveal that Fe substitution and VO can synergistically regulate the electronic states to achieve near‐ideal adsorption/desorption capacity for oxygenated intermediates. Moreover, the successful synthesis of other six metals substituted CoNiM (M = Cu, Zn, Cr, Mo, Er and La) carbonate hydroxides provides a universal protocol to construct transition multimetallic electrocatalysts with hollow structures for gaining highly efficient energy conversion reactions.
Graphene Growth across the Twin Boundaries of Copper Substrate
Authors: Huang Deping , Duan Yinwu , Zhang Leining , li Xin , Zhang Yongna , Ding Feng , Guo Jing , Huang Xiaoxu , Li Zhancheng , Shi Haofei
Published: June 2022

Twin crystals, the formation energy of which is much smaller than that of ordinary grain boundaries, widely exist in the annealed copper and are hard to eliminate. The study of the effects of twin boundaries on graphene growth is of great significance to the understanding of graphene epitaxy. However, there are few studies on the effects of twin boundaries on the graphene growth process. Here, this article experimentally demonstrates that graphene islands are subjected to different compressive strains from the opposite copper crystal plane after growing across the twin boundary. Further results reveal that graphene can grow across different twin boundaries, such as atom steps, narrow valleys, and even micron‐scale ridges, without forming linear defect. Therefore, strain‐induced graphene doping can be manipulated with the type of twin boundaries and the location on the twin crystals. The transition region where the degree of doping changes monotonically across the twin boundary further confirms the different spatial doping phenomena of graphene islands. This work provides a new perspective for understanding the effect of twin boundaries on the graphene epitaxy, which is expected to have a potential impact on growing high‐quality graphene on twinned copper substrates.
Se‐Containing MOF Coated Dual‐Fe‐Atom Nanozymes With Multi‐Enzyme Cascade Activities Protect Against Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Tian Ruizhen , Ma Hongyin , Ye Wei , Li Yijia , Wang Shiping , Zhang Zherui , Liu Shengda , Zang Mingsong , Hou Jinxing , Xu Jiayun , Luo Quan , Sun Hongcheng , Bai Fuquan , Yang Yi , Liu Junqiu
Published: June 2022

The atomically monodispersed dual‐atom nanozyme not only possesses the advantages of homogeneous active centers and high atomic utilization efficiency but also exhibits amazing synergistic effect for higher catalytic activities than single‐atom nanozyme. However, how to construct dual‐atom nanozyme with multi‐enzyme cascade capacity for protecting against brain tissue damage is a great challenge. Herein, for coping with the secondary damage to brain tissue caused by the explosive generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) during cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion, a multi‐enzyme cascade antioxidant system is constructed by encapsulating dual‐Fe‐atom nanozyme (Fe2NC) in a selenium‐containing MOF (Se‐MOF) shell layer. The designed dual‐Fe‐atom nanozyme exhibits higher superoxide dismutase‐like, catalase‐like, and even oxidase‐like activities than single‐atom Fe (Fe1NC) nanozyme, and moreover, the Se‐MOF shell layer not only acts as a glutathione peroxidase mimic, but also improves the stability and biocompatibility of the Fe2NC nanozyme obviously. The synergistic effect of Fe2NC has been demonstrated to be the main reason for the higher activity by density functional theory calculations. In vitro and in vivo results reveal that the multifunctional antioxidant Fe2NC@Se nanoparticles can counteract oxidative damage and inhibit neural apoptosis after cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury by effectively eliminating intracellular ROS and potentially inhibiting the ASK1/JNK apoptotic signaling pathway.
Understanding Rapid Intercalation Materials One Parameter at a Time
Authors: van den Bergh Wessel , Stefik Morgan
Published: June 2022

Demand for fast, energy‐dense storage drives the research into nanoscale intercalation materials. Nanomaterials accelerate kinetics and can modify reaction path thermodynamics, intercalant solubility, and reversibility. The discovery of intercalation pseudocapacitance has opened questions about their fundamental operating principles. For example, are their capacitor‐like current responses caused by storing energy in special near‐surface regions or rather is this response due to normal intercalation limited by a slower faradaic surface‐reaction? This review highlights emerging methods combining tailored nanomaterials with the process of elimination to disambiguate cause‐and‐effect at the nanoscale. This method is applied to multiple intercalation pseudocapacitive materials showing that the timescales exhibiting surface‐limited kinetics depended on the total intercalation length scale. These trends are inconsistent with the near‐surface perspective. A revised current‐model without assuming special near‐surface storage fits experimental data better across wide timescales. This model, combined with tailored nanomaterials and the process of elimination, can isolate material‐specific effects such as how amorphization/defect‐tailoring modifies both insertion and diffusion kinetics. Avenues for both faster intercalation pseudocapacitance and increased energy density are discussed. A relaxation time argument is suggested to explain the continuum between battery‐like and pseudocapacitive behaviors. Future directions include synthetic methods emphasizing tailored defects and analytical methods that minimize assumptions.
Designing Rewritable Dual‐Mode Patterns using a Stretchable Photoresponsive Polymer via Orthogonal Photopatterning
Authors: Xu Wen‐Cong , Liu Chengwei , Liang Shuofeng , Zhang Dachuan , Liu Yazhi , Wu Si
Published: June 2022

The fabrication of dual‐mode patterns in the same region of a material is a promising approach for high‐density information storage, new anti‐counterfeiting technologies, and highly secure encryption. However, dual‐mode patterns are difficult to achieve because the two patterns in one material may interfere with each other during fabrication and usage. The development of noninterfering dual‐mode patterns requires new materials and patterning techniques. Herein, a novel orthogonal photopatterning technique is reported for the fabrication of noninterfering dual‐mode patterns on an azopolymer P1. P1 is a unique material that exhibits both photoinduced reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions and good stretchability. In the first step of orthogonal photopatterning, patterned photonic structures are fabricated on a P1 film via masked nanoimprinting controlled by photoinduced reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions. In the second step, the P1 film is stretched and irradiated with polarized light through a photomask, which generates a chromatic polarization pattern. In particular, the photonic structures and chromatic polarization in the dual‐mode pattern are noninterfering. Another feature of dual‐mode patterns is that they are rewritable via photo‐, thermal, or solution reprocessing, which are useful for recycling and reprogramming. This study opens an avenue for the development of novel materials and techniques for photopatterning.
Single‐Layer‐Particle Electrode Design for Practical Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tu Shuibin , Lu Ziheng , Zheng Mengting , Chen Zihe , Wang Xiancheng , Cai Zhao , Chen Chaoji , Wang Li , Li Chenhui , Seh Zhi Wei , Zhang Shanqing , Lu Jun , Sun Yongming
Published: June 2022

Efforts to enable fast charging and high energy density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are hampered by the trade‐off nature of the traditional electrode design: increasing the areal capacity usually comes with sacrificing the fast charge transfer. Here a single‐layer chunky particle electrode design is reported, where red‐phosphorus active material is embedded in nanochannels of vertically aligned graphene (red‐P/VAG) assemblies. Such an electrode design addresses the sluggish charge transfer stemming from the high tortuosity and inner particle/electrode resistance of traditional electrode architectures consisting of randomly stacked active particles. The vertical ion‐transport nanochannels and electron‐transfer conductive nanowalls of graphene confine the direction of charge transfer to minimize the transfer distance, and the incomplete filling of nanochannels in the red‐P/VAG composite buffers volume change locally, thus avoiding the variation of electrodes thickness during cycling. The single‐layer chunky particle electrode displays a high areal capacity (5.6 mAh cm−2), which is the highest among the reported fast‐charging battery chemistries. Paired with a high‐loading LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode, a pouch cell shows stable cycling with high energy and power densities. Such a single‐layer chunky particle electrode design can be extended to other advanced battery systems and boost the development of LIBs with fast‐charging capability and high energy density.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated C‐2 Functionalization and Deoxygenative Strategies in Heterocyclic N‐Oxides
Authors: Singh Jitender , Patel Roshan I. , Sharma Anuj
Published: June 2022

Heterocyclic N‐oxides are prevalent in numerous natural products with broad applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, material sciences, and asymmetric synthesis. Owing to their profound biological and physiological activity and unique chemical reactivity, the importance of these compounds has stimulated substantial interest among organic synthetic chemists. More importantly, C‐2 functionalization of heterocyclic N‐oxides, including pyridine‐, isoquinoline‐, pyrazine‐, quinoxaline‐, and quinoline N‐oxides, is among the most important strategies for heterocyclic functionalization. Besides, deoxygenation of heterocyclic N‐oxides has also emerged as a reaction of significance in organic chemistry. In the past decade, visible light photoredox catalyzed C‐2 functionalization and deoxygenation of these heterocyclic N‐oxides have drawn substantial attention owing to their mild reaction conditions. This review has been categorized based on visible‐light‐mediated nondeoxygenative C‐2 functionalization (alkylation, fluoroalkylation, arylation, acylation, and amination), deoxygenative C‐2 functionalization (sulfonylation, alkynylation, alkylation, and acylation), and deoxygenation (without C−H functionalization) of heterocyclic N‐oxides. For most part of the work, the substrate scope, limitation, and mechanism of the reactions have been discussed.

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Metal Porphyrins as Single Site Catalyst Models Explored by Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: A New Perspective in Electrocatalysis
Authors: Facchin Alessandro , Durante Christian
Published: June 2022

M–N–C materials featuring M–Nx single site catalysts, where for example M = Co, Mg, or Fe coordinating x atoms of nitrogen, have been intensely investigated as promising candidates to replace Pt group metals in a variety of electrocatalytic reactions, for example in the O2 reduction reactions (ORR). However, despite the recent emerging of atomic resolution techniques, there is still a lack of understanding of the precise configuration of the M–Nx single site. For example, metal porphyrins are known to act as catalysts for O2 and they are indeed good model systems for mimicking M–N4 sites. In particular, it would be of interest to gain more information on the precise dynamic of the catalytic process at atomic scale, especially in an electrochemical environment, i.e., at electrode/electrolyte interphase. An approach that is becoming more and more consolidated is to combine the information coming from electrochemistry and scanning tunneling microscopy techniques in electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC‐STM) and the result is that a precise dynamic of the catalytic site at atomic scale can be investigated. This review aims to emphasize the main results and advances of EC‐STM in investigating small molecule electrocatalysis and specifically O2 reduction at metal porphyrins M–N4 model system.
Clinical significance of postpancreatectomy acute pancreatitis defined by the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery
Authors: Ikenaga Naoki , Nakata Kohei , Fujita Nobuhiro , Abe Toshiya , Ideno Noboru , Ishigami Kousei , Nakamura Masafumi
Published: June 2022

Aim

The International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) developed a structured definition of postpancreatectomy acute pancreatitis (PPAP) in 2021. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of PPAP as defined by the ISGPS criteria.

Methods

We evaluated the medical records and postoperative computed tomography (CT) findings of 247 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Postoperative hyperamylasemia (POH) was defined as an elevation in serum amylase levels over the upper baseline limit (≥133 U/L) on postoperative days 1 and 3. PPAP was defined as acute pancreatitis satisfying the following three requirements: POH, clinically relevant deterioration, and radiologic features consistent with acute pancreatitis.

Results

Postoperative hyperamylasemia and PPAP were prevalent in 9.7% (24/247) and 3.6% (9/247) of the patients, respectively. PPAP grade B occurred in eight patients, seven of whom experienced Clavien–Dindo grade IIIA complications, including postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and extended periods of postoperative hospitalization. PPAP grade C occurred in one patient, who died from the exacerbation of underlying interstitial pneumonia following the POPF occurrence. Acute pancreatitis determined by CT was observed in 15.3% (38/247) of the patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and was strongly associated with severe morbidity (P < .0001) and longer postoperative hospitalization (P < .0001). POH preceded acute pancreatitis on CT in only 23.7% (9/38) of those cases, resulting in a low incidence rate of PPAP.

Conclusion

Post‐pancreatectomy acute pancreatitis is a major postoperative complication of pancreatic resection; however, based on the current ISGPS criteria, its prevalence is low. Defining PPAP promotes universal evaluation and understanding of this new concept.
Cochlear nerve deficiency in SOX11‐related Coffin‐Siris syndrome
Authors: Alburaiky Salam , Taylor Juliet , O'Grady Gina , Thomson Glen , Perry David , England Eleina M. , Yap Patrick
Published: June 2022

The phenotypic spectrum of SOX11‐related Coffin‐Siris syndrome (CSS) is expanding with reports of new associations. SOX11 is implicated in neurogenesis and inner ear development. Cochlear nerve deficiency, absence or hypoplasia, is commonly associated with cochlear canal stenosis or with CHARGE syndrome, a monogenic condition that affects inner ear development. SOX11 is a transcription factor essential for neuronal identity, highly correlated with the expression of CHD7, which regulates SOX11. We present two unrelated probands, each with novel de novo SOX11 likely pathogenic variants and phenotypic manifestations of CSS including global developmental delay, growth deficiency, and hypoplastic nails. They have unilateral sensorineural hearing loss due to cochlear nerve deficiency confirmed on MRI. SOX11 is implicated in sensory neuron survival and maturation. It is highly expressed in the developing inner ear. Homozygous ablation of SOX11 in a mouse model resulted in a reduction in sensory neuron survival and decreased axonal growth. A heterozygous knockout mice model had hearing impairment with grossly normal inner ear structures like the two probands reported. We propose cochlear nerve deficiency as a new phenotypic feature of SOX11‐related CSS. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful in delineating the cochlear nerve deficiency and other CSS‐related brain malformations.
A Metal‐free Access to HinderedN‐Alkyl Sulfoximines via In‐Situ Generated Aza‐Oxyallyl Cations from Functionalized Alkyl Bromide
Authors: More Satish G. , Mane Kishor D. , Suryavanshi Gurunath
Published: June 2022

Herein, we report a catalyst‐free and mild synthetic method for the construction of hinderedN‐alkyl sulfoximines derivative. A wide range of hindered di‐alkyl sulfoximines can be readily obtained from the reaction ofα‐bromo‐hydroxamates with a variety of sulfoximines, including diaryl, aryl‐alkyl, di‐alkyl and heteroaryl sulfoximines.
Exact solutions to the time‐dependent supersymmetric Jaynes‐Cummings model and the Chiao‐Wu model
Authors: Shen J.‐Q. , Zhu H.Y.
Published: June 2022

The present paper obtains the exact solutions to the time‐dependent supersymmetric two‐level multiphoton Jaynes‐Cummings model and the Chiao‐Wu model that describes the propagation of a photon inside an optical fiber. On the basis of the fact that the two‐level multiphoton Jaynes‐Cummings model possesses a supersymmetric structure, an invariant is constructed in terms of the supersymmetric generators by working in the sub‐Hilbert‐space corresponding to a particular eigenvalue of the conserved supersymmetric generators (i.e., the time‐independent invariant). By constructing the effective Hamiltonian that describes the interaction of the photon with the medium of the optical fiber, it is further verified that the particular solution to the Schrödinger equation is the eigenfunction of the second‐quantized momentum operator of photons field. This, therefore, means that the explicit expression (rather than the hidden form that involves the chronological product) for the time‐evolution operator of wave function is obtained by means of the invariant theories.
Weakly nonlocal irreversible thermodynamics
Authors: Ván P.
Published: June 2022

Weakly nonlocal thermodynamic theories are critically revisited. A relocalized, irreversible thermodynamic theory of nonlocal phenomena is given, based on a modified form of the entropy current and new kind of internal variables, the so called current multipliers. The treatment is restricted to deal with nonlocality connected to dynamic thermodynamic variables. Several classical equations are derived, including Guyer‐Krumhansl, Ginzburg‐Landau and Cahn‐Hilliard type equations.
FRW minisuperspace with local N=4 supersymmetry and self‐interacting scalar field
Authors: Vargas Moniz P.
Published: June 2022

A supersymmetric FRW model with a scalar supermultiplet and generic superpotential is analysed from a quantum cosmological perspective. The corresponding Lorentz and supersymmetry constraints allow to establish a system of first order partial differential equations from which solutions can be obtained. We show that this is possible when the superpotential is expanded in powers of a parameter λ≪1. At order λ0 we find the general class of solutions, which include in particular quantum states reported in the current literature. New solutions are partially obtained at order λ1, where the dependence on the superpotential is manifest. These classes of solutions can be employed to find states for higher orders in λ. Our analysis further points to the following: (i) supersymmetric wave functions can only be found when the superpotential has either an exponential behaviour, an effective cosmological constant form or is zero; (ii) If the superpotential behaves differently during other periods, the wave function is trivial ( = 0, i.e., no supersymmetric states). We conclude this paper discussing how our FRW minisuperspace (with N = 4 supersymmetry and invariance under time‐reparametrization) can be relevant concerning the issue of supersymmetry breaking.
Hubbard Hamiltonian in the dimer representation Large‐U case
Authors: Matlak M. , Aksamit J. , Grabiec B. , Nolting W.
Published: June 2022

The nonperturbative approach, presented in this paper, can, in principle, be applied to clusters of any size, as well as, to another type of model Hamiltonians.
Spectral composition of electromagnetic fluctuations induced by a lossy layered system
Authors: Dorofeyev I. , Jersch J. , Fuchs H.
Published: June 2022

We calculate the spectral characteristics of fluctuating electromagnetic fields generated by a half‐space covered with a film of an arbitrary thickness. Materials of the half‐space and the film are described by different complex permittivities. Expressions for spectral power densities of fluctuating fields and all spatial derivatives expressed via Fresnel coefficients for “p” and “s” waves are derived. Various limiting cases for propagating and evanescent waves in cases of different film thickness are considered. Possible contributions to spectral power densities from interface excitations and wave‐guide modes are discussed by analyzing the Fresnel factors in the expressions. Using the results for spatial derivatives a closed analytical expression for a multipolar force acting on a small particle near a half‐space is found for multipoles of all orders. The case for a dipole interaction follows directly from a general solution.
Quasiclassical theory of charge transport in disordered interacting electron systems
Authors: Schwab P. , Raimondi R.
Published: June 2022

We consider the corrections to the Boltzmann theory of electrical transport arising from the Coulomb interaction in disordered conductors. In this article the theory is formulated in terms of quasiclassical Green's functions. We demonstrate that the formalism is equivalent to the conventional diagrammatic technique by deriving the well‐known Altshuler‐Aronov corrections to the conductivity. Compared to the conventional approach, the quasiclassical theory has the advantage of being closer to the Boltzmann theory, and also allows description of interaction effects in the transport across interfaces, as well as non‐equilibrium phenomena in the same theoretical framework. As an example, by applying the Zaitsev boundary conditions which were originally developed for superconductors, we obtain the P(E)‐theory of the Coulomb blockade in tunnel junctions. Furthermore we summarize recent results obtained for the non‐equilibrium transport in thin films, wires and fully coherent conductors.
On explicit solutions to the stationary axisymmetric Einstein‐Maxwell equations describing dust disks
Authors: Klein C.
Published: June 2022

We review explicit solutions to the stationary axisymmetric Einstein‐Maxwell equations which can be interpreted as disks of charged dust. The disks of finite or infinite extension are infinitesimally thin and constitute a surface layer at the boundary of an electro‐vacuum. The Einstein‐Maxwell equations in the presence of one Killing vector are obtained by using a projection formalism. This leads to equations for three‐dimensional gravity where the matter is given by a SU(2,1)/S[U(1,1)× U(1)] nonlinear sigma model. The SU(2,1) invariance of the stationary Einstein‐Maxwell equations can be used to construct solutions for the electro‐vacuum from solutions to the pure vacuum case via a so‐called Harrison transformation. It is shown that the corresponding solutions will always have a non‐vanishing total charge and a gyromagnetic ratio of 2. Since the vacuum and the electro‐vacuum equations in the stationary axisymmetric case are completely integrable, large classes of solutions can be constructed with techniques from the theory of solitons. The richest class of physically interesting solutions to the pure vacuum case due to Korotkin is given in terms of hyperelliptic theta functions. Harrison transformed hyperelliptic solutions are discussed. As a concrete example we study the transformation of a family of counter‐rotating dust disks. To obtain algebro‐geometric solutions with vanishing total charge which are of astrophysical relevance, three‐sheeted surfaces have to be considered. The matter in the disk is discussed following Bičák et al. We review the ‘cut and glue’ technique where a strip is removed from an explicitly known spacetime and where the remainder is glued together after displacement. The discontinuities of the normal derivatives of the metric at the glueing hypersurface lead to infinite disks. If the energy conditions are satisfied and if the pressure is positive, the disks can be interpreted in the vacuum case as made up of two components of counter‐rotating dust moving on geodesics. In electro‐vacuum the condition of geodesic movement is replaced by electro‐geodesic movement. As an example we discuss a class of Harrison‐transformed hyperelliptic solutions. The range of parameters is identified where an interpretation of the matter in the disk in terms of electro‐dust can be given.
Weakly interacting electrons and the renormalization group
Authors: Binz B. , Baeriswyl D. , Douçot B.
Published: June 2022

We present a general method to study weak‐coupling instabilities of a large class of interacting electron models in a controlled and unbiased way. Quite generally, the electron gas is unstable towards a superconducting state even in the absence of phonons, since high‐energy spin fluctuations create an effective attraction between the quasi‐particles. As an example, we show the occurrence of d‐wave pairing in the repulsive Hubbard model in two dimensions. In one dimension or if the Fermi surface is nested, there are several competing instabilities. The required renormalization group formalism for this case is presented to lowest (one‐loop) order on a most elementary level, connecting the idea of the “parquet summation” to the more modern concept of Wilson's effective action. The validity and restrictions of the one‐loop approximation are discussed in detail. As a result, three different renormalization group approaches known in the literature are shown to be equivalent within the regime of applicability. We also briefly discuss the open problem of a two‐dimensional Fermi system at Van Hove filling without nesting.
Vorticity and the Nernst effect in cuprate superconductors
Authors: Ong N.P. , Wang Y. , Ono S. , Ando Y. , Uchida S.
Published: June 2022

We present a review of the vortex‐Nernst effect in the 3 cuprate families La2‐xSrxCuO4, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8, and YBa2Cu3Oy, and discuss the scenario that the superconducting transition in the hole‐doped cuprates corresponds to the destruction of long‐range phase coherence rather than the vanishing of the order‐parameter amplitude.
Metal oxide gate electrodes for advanced CMOS technology
Authors: Fröhlich K. , Hušeková K. , Oszi Z. , Hooker J.C. , Fanciulli M. , Wiemer C. , Dimoulas A. , Vellianitis G. , Roozeboom F.
Published: June 2022

We have prepared RuO2 and SrRuO3 thin films for application as gate electrodes in CMOS technology. RuO2 and SrRuO3 films exhibit satisfactory stability in oxygen atmosphere at elevated temperatures. RuO2 films decompose in reducing atmosphere. Extracted work function values for RuO2 electrode are around 5.1 eV, confirming that RuO2 is a suitable candidate for pMOS gate electrode application.
Pulsed laser deposition of Fe‐ and Fe, Cu‐doped ZnO thin films
Authors: Guzmán E. , Hochmuth H. , Lorenz M. , von Wenckstern H. , Rahm A. , Kaidashev E.M. , Ziese M. , Setzer A. , Esquinazi P. , Pöppl A. , Spemann D. , Pickenhain R. , Schmidt H. , Grundmann M.
Published: June 2022

Fe‐ and Fe, Cu‐doped ZnO films have been grown on 10 × 10 mm2 c‐plane sapphire by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The targets were prepared from ZnO, Fe2O3, and/or CuO powder. The structural, electrical and magnetical properties of thin films grown under different conditions have been investigated. As expected, the doped ZnO thin film properties depend sensitively on the dopant material.
Influence of the doping concentration of YBa2Cu3O7‐δ drain‐source channels on the properties of superconducting field‐effect devices
Authors: Logvenov G.Yu. , Sawa A. , Schneider C.W. , Mannhart J.
Published: June 2022

Systematic electric‐field‐effect studies of the charge transport in doped YBa2Cu3O7‐δ films were conducted. The results verify that the superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7‐δ can be controlled by electric fields, as predicted by the generic phase diagram of the cuprates.
Superparamagnetism in Co ion‐implanted epitaxial anatase TiO2 thin films
Authors: Kim D.H. , Yang J.S. , Kim Y.S. , Chang Y.J. , Noh T.W. , Bu S.D. , Kim Y.‐W. , Park Y.D. , Pearton S.J. , Park J.‐H.
Published: June 2022

We investigated the magnetic properties of Co doped anatase TiO2 thin films. To incorporate Co into epitaxial anatase TiO2 thin films, we implanted them with Co+ ions. The temperature dependence of the magnetization of the implanted films, taken in zero‐field‐cooling (ZFC) and field‐cooling conditions, exhibits the main features of superparamagnetic system: the ZFC curves are rounded at the blocking temperature (TB) and a paramagnetic‐like behavior above TB. After annealing the films, TB increased with increasing annealing temperature. These phenomena can be explained by the formation of Co (or ferromagnetic Co compound) particles and their growth during annealing, as directly observed with transmission electron microscopy.
Domain wall creep in mixed c‐a axis Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 thin films
Authors: Paruch P. , Giamarchi T. , Triscone J.‐M.
Published: June 2022

Creep motion of ferroelectric domain walls in epitaxial Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 thin films was studied by atomic force microscopy. The dynamical exponent μ was found to be smaller than in previous reports, with values significantly lower than 1 observed in samples with a‐axis inclusions.
The 2‐matrix of the spin‐polarized electron gas: contraction sum rules and spectral resolutions
Authors: Ziesche P. , Tasnádi F.
Published: June 2022

The spin‐polarized homogeneous electron gas with densities ρ↑ and ρ↓ for electrons with spin ‘up’ (↑) and spin ‘down’ (↓), respectively, is systematically analyzed with respect to its lowest‐order reduced densities and density matrices and their mutual relations. The three 2‐body reduced density matrices γ↑↑, γ↓↓, γa are 4‐point functions for electron pairs with spins ↑↑, ↓↓, and antiparallel, respectively. From them, three functions G↑↑(x,y), G↓↓(x,y), Ga(x,y), depending on only two variables, are derived. These functions contain not only the pair densities according to g↑↑(r) = G↑uarr;(0,r), g↓↓(r) = G↓↓(0,r), ga(r) = Ga(0,r) with r = |r1 ‐ r2|, but also the 1‐body reduced density matrices γ↑ and γ↓ being 2‐point functions according to γs = ρsfs and fs(r) = Gss(r, ∞) with s = ↑,↓ and r = |r1 ‐ r′1|. The contraction properties of the 2‐body reduced density matrices lead to three sum rules to be obeyed by the three key functions Gss, Ga. These contraction sum rules contain corresponding normalization sum rules as special cases. The momentum distributions n↑(k) and n↓(k), following from f↑(r) and f↓(r) by Fourier transform, are correctly normalized through fs(0) = 1. In addition to the non‐negativity conditions ns(k),gss(r),ga(r) ≥ 0 [these quantities are probabilities], it holds ns(k) ≤ 1 and gss(0) = 0 due to the Pauli principle and ga(0) ≤ 1 due to the Coulomb repulsion. Recent parametrizations of the pair densities of the spin‐unpolarized homogeneous electron gas in terms of 2‐body wave functions (geminals) and corresponding occupancies are generalized (i) to the spin‐polarized case and (ii) to the 2‐body reduced density matrix giving thus its spectral resolutions.
Unconventional superconductivity and magnetism in Sr2RuO4 and related materials
Authors: Eremin I. , Manske D. , Ovchinnikov S.G. , Annett J.F.
Published: June 2022

We review the normal and superconducting state properties of the unconventional triplet superconductor Sr2RuO4 with an emphasis on the analysis of the magnetic susceptibility and the role played by strong electronic correlations. In particular, we show that the magnetic activity arises from the itinerant electrons in the Ru d‐orbitals and a strong magnetic anisotropy occurs (χ+‐ < χzz) due to spin‐orbit coupling. The latter results mainly from different values of the g‐factor for the transverse and longitudinal components of the spin susceptibility (i.e. the matrix elements differ). Most importantly, this anisotropy and the presence of incommensurate antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic fluctuations have strong consequences for the symmetry of the superconducting order parameter. In particular, reviewing spin fluctuation‐induced Cooper‐pairing scenario in application to Sr2RuO4 we show how p‐wave Cooper‐pairing with line nodes between neighboring RuO2‐planes may occur. We also discuss the open issues in Sr2RuO4 like the influence of magnetic and non‐magnetic impurities on the superconducting and normal state of Sr2RuO4. It is clear that the physics of triplet superconductivity in Sr2RuO4 is still far from being understood completely and remains to be analyzed more in more detail. It is of interest to apply the theory also to superconductivity in heavy‐fermion systems exhibiting spin fluctuations.
Partitioning in multiconfiguration perturbation theory
Authors: Surján P.R. , Rolik Z. , Szabados Á. , Köhalmi D.
Published: June 2022

A simple and effective formulation of multi‐configuration perturbation theory is reviewed emphasizing the various possibilities for partitioning the Hamiltonian. We study different principles how traditional partitionings (like that of Møller and Plesset or Epstein and Nesbet) can be generalized to the multi‐configurational case. Level shift parameters are introduced with the purpose of fine‐tuning the partitioning. Variational conditions for optimizing level shift parameters in multi‐configuration theory are investigated, both for N‐particle levels and for quasiparticle (one‐electron) energies.
Ordering of p‐n‐alkylbenzoic acids (nBAC) having four, five, and six alkyl chain carbon atoms – a computational analysis
Authors: Ojha D.P.
Published: June 2022

A computational analysis of ordering in p‐n‐alkylbenzoic acids, having 4 (4BAC), 5 (5BAC), and 6 (6BAC) alkyl chain carbon atoms, has been carried out based on quantum mechanics and intermolecular forces. The evaluation of atomic charge and dipole moment at each atomic centre has been carried out through an all‐valance electron (CNDO/2) method. The modified Rayleigh‐Schrodinger perturbation theory along with multicentered‐multipole expansion method has been employed to evaluate long‐range intermolecular interactions while a ‘6‐exp’ potential function has been assumed for short‐range interactions. The total interaction energy values obtained through these computations were used to calculate the probability of each configuration at room temperature, nematic‐isotropic transition temperature and above transition temperature using the Maxwell‐Boltzmann formula. A comparative picture of molecular parameters like total energy, binding energy and total dipole moment has been given. A model has been developed to describe the nematogenicity of these acids in terms of their relative order with molecular parameter introduced in this article.
Selection between hexagonal, square and stripe patterns in a polarization instability: an experimental investigation
Authors: Aumann A. , Ackemann T. , Lange W.
Published: June 2022

The paper reports on experimental results on pattern selection in a nonlinear optical system based on a single‐mirror feedback‐scheme. Zeeman pumping in sodium vapor is utilized as optical nonlinearity. Above a certain power threshold the unstructured state with defined polarization becomes simultaneously unstable against a pattern forming and a polarization instability. In the resulting patterns the right‐ and left‐hand circular polarization components of the light field tend to separate in space. The pattern selection depends crucially on the polarization ellipticity of the input beam. Transitions between positive and negative hexagons via stripes or squares are observed. They are determined by the symmetry of the interaction between the spin of the light field and the atomic spin and are considered as experimental demonstrations of general principles of pattern formation.
Transverse pattern formation and its control in photorefractive optics
Authors: Denz C. , Jander Ph. , Schwab M. , Sandfuchs O. , Belić M. , Kaiser F.
Published: June 2022

A wealth of periodic transverse patterns is observed in nonlinear optical, photorefractive single‐feedback systems. It is the extension of a photorefractive medium in the direction of propagation of the laser beam that allows for the formation of stable hexagons, squares, rhombuses and dodecagons above the first bifurcation of the system. In this article we review the formation of these periodic patterns and present linear and nonlinear stability analyses that predict the type of pattern to appear. Amplitude equations for the interactions of unstable sidebands are introduced. We compare numerical and experimental results on two‐dimensional transverse pattern formation. We present control methods for the invasive and non‐invasive manipulation of different pattern states using a Fourier filtering technique.
Quantum extended supersymmetries
Authors: Grigore D.R. , Scharf G.
Published: June 2022

We analyse some quantum multiplets associated with extended supersymmetries. We study in detail the general form of the causal (anti)commutation relations. The condition of positivity of the scalar product imposes severe restrictions on the (quantum) model. It is problematic if one can find out quantum extensions of the standard model with extended supersymmetries.
Unusual current‐voltage characteristics of single crystalline and bicrystalline La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 films
Authors: Sawa A. , Schneider C.W. , Mannhart J.
Published: June 2022

The current‐voltage characteristics of single crystalline and bicrystalline La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 films were measured and analyzed. Several epitaxial films, as well as 45° [001]‐tilt grain boundaries, display current‐voltage characteristics which are asymmetric with respect to polarity reversal of the bias current. One epitaxial film has a polarity dependent resistance of ∼340kΩ and of ∼670kΩ in forward and in reverse direction, respectively.
Baryons as Fock states of 3,5, … quarks *
Authors: Diakonov D. , Petrov V.
Published: June 2022

We present a generating functional producing quark wave functions of all Fock states in the octet, decuplet and antidecuplet baryons in the mean field approximation, both in the rest and infinite momentum frames. In particular, for the usual octet and decuplet baryons we get the SU(6)‐symmetric wave functions for their 3‐quark component but with specific corrections from relativism and from additional quark‐antiquark pairs. For the exotic antidecuplet baryons we obtain the 5‐quark wave function.
3D parton imaging of the nucleon in high‐energy pp and pA collisions*
Authors: Frankfurt L. , Strikman M. , Weiss C.
Published: June 2022

We discuss several examples of how the transverse spatial distribution of partons in the nucleon, as well as multiparton correlations, can be probed by observing hard processes (dijets) in high‐energy and pA (dA collisions. Such studies can complement the information gained from measurements of hard exclusive processes in ep scattering. The transverse spatial distribution of partons determines the distribution over pp impact parameters of events with hard dijet production. Correlations in the transverse positions of partons can be studied in multiple dijet production. We find that the correlation cross section measured by the CDF Collaboration, σeff = 14.5±1.7+ 1.7‐2.3 mb, can be explained by “constituent quark” type quark–gluon correlations with rq ≊ rN / 3, as suggested by the instanton liquid model of the QCD vacuum. Longitudinal and transverse multiparton correlations can be separated in a model‐independent way by comparing multiple dijet production in pp and pA collisions. Finally, we estimate the cross section for exclusive diffractive Higgs production in pp collisions at LHC (rapidity gap survival probability), by combining the impact parameter distribution implied by the hard partonic process with information about soft interactions gained in pp elastic scattering.
SU(3) systematization of baryons: Theoretical methods and mixing with the antidecuplet*
Authors: Guzey V. , Polyakov M.V.
Published: June 2022

We take a fresh look at the SU(3) systematization of all known baryons with mass less than 2000 MeV. We describe well‐known and new theoretical tools used in grouping elementary particles into unitary multiplets and present the emerging picture of the unitary multiplets and their mixing. The issue of multiplet mixing is discussed in detail with an emphasis on the mixing with the antidecuplet. While SU(3) does not strongly require that the antidecuplet mixes with any established octet or decuplet, it is still possible to mix the antidecuplet with a JP=1/2+ octet. However, the mixing parameters cannot be reliably determined this way. Instead, one should consider decays of the antidecuplet members.
Highlights in hadron spectroscopy *
Authors: Koch H.
Published: June 2022

Highlights in hadronic spectroscopy are discussed ranging from the historic beginning to the recently discovered narrow states. An outlook towards future developments is given.
Brownian motion: a paradigm of soft matter and biological physics
Authors: Frey E. , Kroy K.
Published: June 2022

This is a pedagogical introduction to Brownian motion on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Einstein's 1905 paper on the subject. After briefly reviewing Einstein's work in a contemporary context, we pursue several lines of further developments and applications to soft condensed matter and biology. Over the last century Brownian motion has been promoted from an odd curiosity of marginal scientific interest to a guiding theme pervading all of the modern life sciences.
Brownian motors
Authors: Hänggi P. , Marchesoni F. , Nori F.
Published: June 2022

In systems possessing a spatial or dynamical symmetry breaking, thermal Brownian motion combined with unbiased, non‐equilibrium noise gives rise to a channelling of chance that can be used to exercise control over systems at the micro‐ and even on the nano‐scale. This theme is known as the “Brownian motor” concept. The constructive role of (the generally overdamped) Brownian motion is exemplified for a noise‐induced transport of particles within various set‐ups. We first present the working principles and characteristics with a proof‐of‐principle device, a diffusive temperature Brownian motor. Next, we consider very recent applications based on the phenomenon of signal mixing. The latter is particularly simple to implement experimentally in order to optimize and selectively control a rich variety of directed transport behaviors. The subtleties and also the potential for Brownian motors operating in the quantum regime are outlined and some state‐of‐the‐art applications, together with future roadways, are presented.
From Einstein's 1905 postulates to the geometry of flat space‐time
Authors: Mermin N.D.
Published: June 2022

Minkowski diagrams in 1+1 dimensional flat space‐time are given a strictly geometric derivation, directly from two gedanken experiments incorporating the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light and the principle of (special) relativity. Rectangles of photon trajectories play a central role in determining the simultaneity convention and in establishing the invariance of the interval.
Gravitation: geometry and dynamics
Authors: Schäfer G.
Published: June 2022

The paper reviews general relativity, Einstein's theory of gravitation. Emphasis is put on the invariance groups of general coordinate and local Lorentz transformations. The presentation of the dynamics is based on Schwinger's action principle and the Hamiltonian approach. The machinery of accelerated reference frames in Minkowski space is discussed. Observer‐relevant results from post‐Newtonian calculations are presented, experimental tests of the foundations and the predictions of the theory are summarized.
Cosmological constant and vacuum energy
Authors: Volovik G.E.
Published: June 2022

The general thermodynamic analysis of the quantum vacuum, which is based on our knowledge of the vacua in condensed‐matter systems, is consistent with the Einstein earlier view on the cosmological constant. In the equilibrium Universes the value of the cosmological constant is regulated by matter. In the empty Universe, the vacuum energy is exactly zero, λ=0. The huge contribution of the zero point motion of the quantum fields to the vacuum energy is exactly cancelled by the higher‐energy degrees of freedom of the quantum vacuum. In the equilibrium Universes homogeneously filled by matter, the vacuum is disturbed, and the energy density of the vacuum becomes proportional to that of matter, λ=ρvac∼ρmatter. This consideration applies to any vacuum in equilibrium irrespective of whether the vacuum is false or true, and is valid both in Einstein's general theory of relativity and within the special theory of relativity, i.e. in a world without gravity.