bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Application of Prompt Learning Pretrained Language Model in Machine Translation Task with Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Wang Canjun , Li Zhao , Chen Tong , Wang Ruishuang , Ju Zhengyu
Published: August 2023

With the continuous advancement of deep learning technology, pretrained language models have emerged as crucial tools for natural language processing tasks. However, optimization of pretrained language models is essential for specific tasks such as machine translation. This paper presents a novel approach that integrates reinforcement learning with prompt learning to enhance the performance of pretrained language models in machine translation tasks. In our methodology, a “prompt” string is incorporated into the input of the pretrained language model, to guide the generation of an output that aligns closely with the target translation. Reinforcement learning is employed to train the model in producing optimal translation results. During this training process, the target translation is utilized as a reward signal to incentivize the model to generate an output that aligns more closely with the desired translation. Experimental results validated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The pretrained language model trained with prompt learning and reinforcement learning exhibited superior performance compared to traditional pretrained language models in machine translation tasks. Furthermore, we observed that different prompt strategies significantly impacted the model’s performance, underscoring the importance of selecting an optimal prompt strategy tailored to the specific task. The results suggest that using techniques such as prompt learning and reinforcement learning can improve the performance of pretrained language models for tasks such as text generation and machine translation. The method proposed in this paper not only offers a fresh perspective on leveraging pretrained language models in machine translation and other related tasks but also serves as a valuable reference for further research in this domain. By combining reinforcement learning with prompt learning, researchers can explore new avenues for optimizing pretrained language models and improving their efficacy in various natural language processing tasks.
A Novel Framework of Genetic Algorithm and Spectre to Optimize Delay and Power Consumption in Designing Dynamic Comparators
Authors: Nguyen Hoang Trong , Hoang Trang
Published: August 2023

In integrated circuit (IC) design, analog circuits contribute significantly as the interface between real and digital world signals. Although they make up a relatively small portion of the overall circuit, their design process is often most time-consuming, mostly from the phase of manual iteration of circuit parameters to meet design specifications. Therefore, the design automation of analog circuits with the help of efficient optimization techniques arises as a promising candidate to address the issue. Among optimization algorithms, while the genetic algorithm (GA) has been shown to be effective in finding near-optimal solutions, it has not been extensively applied to the field of analog circuit design. Hence, this paper proposes a method to utilize GA in the optimization of a widely used circuit topology, namely the comparator. The comparator is considered the fundamental block in the design of most analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). For high-speed ADCs, dynamic comparators are usually chosen for the purpose of high speed and power efficiency. In summary, this paper introduces an innovative GA-Spectre architecture to optimize the dynamic comparator with respect to delay and power consumption. The post-optimized results are optimistic with a 72.61 ps delay and 3.11 µW power dissipation.
Robust Electro-Thermal Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electrified Vehicles Applications
Authors: Naguib Mina , Rathore Aashit , Emery Nathan , Ghasemi Shiva , Ahmed Ryan
Published: August 2023

Lithium-ion battery (LIBs) packs represent the most expensive and safety-critical components in any electric vehicle, requiring accurate real-time thermal management. This task falls under the battery management system (BMS), which plays a crucial role in ensuring the longevity, safety, and optimal performance of batteries. The BMS accurately monitors cell temperatures and prevents thermal runaway by leveraging multiple temperature sensors; however, adding a temperature sensor to each individual cell is not practical and increases the total cost of the EV. This paper provides three key original contributions: (1) the development and optimization of a new efficient electro-thermal battery model that accurately estimates the LIB voltage and temperature, which reduces the required number of temperature sensors; (2) the investigation of the ECM parameters’ dependency on the state of charge (SOC) at a wide range of ambient temperatures, including cold temperatures; (3) the testing and validation of the proposed electro-thermal model using real-world dynamic drive cycles and temperature ranges from −20 to 25 °C. Results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed electro-thermal model, which shows good estimation accuracy with an average error of 50 mV and 0.5 °C for the battery voltage and surface temperature estimation, respectively.
Regression Models and Shape Descriptors for Building Energy Demand and Comfort Estimation
Authors: Storcz Tamás , Várady Géza , Kistelegdi István , Ercsey Zsolt
Published: August 2023

Optimal building design in terms of comfort and energy performance means designing and constructing a building that requires the minimum energy demand under the given conditions while also providing a good level of human comfort. This paper focuses on replacing the complex energy and comfort simulation procedure with fast regression model-based processes that encounter the building shape as input. Numerous building shape descriptors were applied as inputs to several regression models. After evaluating the results, it can be stated that, with careful selection of building geometry describing design input variables, complex energy and comfort simulations can be approximated. Six different models with five different building shape descriptors were tested. The worst results were around R2 = 0.75, and the generic results were around R2 = 0.92. The most accurate prediction models, with the highest level of accuracy (R2 > 0.97), were linear regressions using 3rd power and dense neural networks using 1st power of inputs; furthermore, averages of mean absolute percentage errors are 1% in the case of dense neural networks. For the best performance, the building configuration was described by a discrete functional point cloud. The proposed method can effectively aid future building energy and comfort optimization processes.
Challenges and Opportunities for Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Systems in Germany—Part 3: The Return of the Extraction Brine
Authors: Goldberg Valentin , Dashti Ali , Egert Robert , Benny Binil , Kohl Thomas , Nitschke Fabian
Published: August 2023

Lithium (Li) is considered a crucial element for energy transition due to its current irreplaceability in Li-ion batteries, particularly in electric vehicles. Market analysis indicates that Germany’s future automotive sector and planned battery cell production will necessitate significant quantities of global lithium production. At the same time, only 1% of the world’s Li production is currently sourced from Europe. Recently, geothermal brines in Germany have gained attention as a potential local raw material source. These brines exhibit elevated Li concentrations and substantial flow rates in geothermal plants, suggesting the possibility of viable local production. However, a comprehensive full-scale Li extraction process from geothermal brines is yet to be established, and uncertainties persist regarding its long-term behavior. To address this, a generic model based on the geothermal settings of the Upper Rhine Graben was developed, simulating a 30-year operational period for Li extraction. The simulation revealed a 40% depletion of lithium during the observation period, while heat production remained constant. Nonetheless, the model also demonstrated a mean Li production of 231 t per year (equivalent to 1230 t per year of lithium carbonate equivalent), which could significantly enhance the economic prospects of a geothermal power plant and, if applied to multiple plants, reduce Germany’s dependence on global lithium imports. The primary factor influencing productivity is the achievable flow rate, as it directly impacts access to the raw material, hence, emphasizing the importance of detailed reservoir exploration and development in optimizing future lithium production from geothermal brines.
An Overview of the Socio-Economic, Technological, and Environmental Opportunities and Challenges for Renewable Energy Generation from Residual Biomass: A Case Study of Biogas Production in Colombia
Authors: Rocha-Meneses Lisandra , Luna-delRisco Mario , González Carlos Arrieta , Moncada Sebastián Villegas , Moreno Andrés , Sierra-Del Rio Jorge , Castillo-Meza Luis E.
Published: August 2023

The escalating global energy demand, driven by heavy reliance on fossil fuels, worsens environmental degradation and triggers socio-economic shifts in extraction and refinery hubs. In Colombia, the energy matrix is predominantly fossil-based (76%), with hydroelectric power accounting for 70% of electricity generation. However, renewable energy sources only contribute 2% to the national energy mix. To reduce emissions by 20% by 2030, Colombia has presented an energy transition roadmap. The need for bioenergy production in Colombia arises from the residual biomass availability, the potential to provide sustainable energy access, and the potential to mitigate climate change impacts, while addressing energy poverty and enhancing energy security. This study presents an overview of biogas production in Colombia, emphasizing the need for financial resources to overcome barriers. Policy incentives, awareness campaigns, and research and development play a vital role in fostering social acceptance, technology adoption, and optimizing biogas production processes. Collaborative efforts among the government, private sector, and local communities are recommended to ensure wide-scale adoption of biogas, promoting economic, social, and environmental sustainability. By enabling informed decision-making, this research supports the transition to renewable energy sources and the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs), with a particular focus on bioenergy. The aim of this study is to explore the challenges and opportunities associated with biogas production in Colombia, including technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects, and provide recommendations for promoting its sustainable implementation and widespread adoption in the country.
Investigation of the Potential Phlorotannins and Mechanism of Six Brown Algae in Treating Type II Diabetes Mellitus Based on Biological Activity, UPLC-QE-MS/MS, and Network Pharmacology
Authors: Chen Jialiang , Zhou Zheng , Li Ping , Ye Shuhong , Li Wei , Li Ming , Zhu Lin , Ding Yan
Published: August 2023

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has developed into an important health concern worldwide. The discovery of phlorotannins and their efficacy in the treatment of T2DM has become a hotspot for research in various fields. In this study, the potential phlorotannins and mechanism of six brown algae against T2DM were in-depth investigated using biological activity assays, LC-MS, and network pharmacology. First, the ethyl acetate fraction (EA frac.) showed high polyphenolic content and possessed significantly antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory abilities. Further, a total of fifty-nine peaks were obtained from six EA fracs. via UPLC-QE-MS/MS analysis, and fifteen of them were identified as phlorotannins and their isomers or derivatives. In detail, the chemical structures of six phlorotannins were inferred as dibenzodioxine-1,3,6,8-tetraol, bifuhalol, dioxinodehydroeckol, eckol, fucofurodiphlorethol, and fucotriphlorethol; three phlorotannin isomers were deduced to be fucophlorethol, trifucol, triphlorethol A, or triphlorethol B; and the phlorotannin derivative of m/z 263 was determined to be dibenzodioxine-1,2,3,6,8-pentanol or dibenzodioxine-1,2,4,5,7-pentanol. Moreover, 43 T2DM-related targets acted on by these chemicals were identified, and the function of phlorotannin to prevent and treat T2DM was elucidated in a holistic way based on the established compound-target-disease network, and GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.
The Effects of Okara Ratio and Particle Size on the Physical Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Tofu
Authors: Joo Kay Hyun , Kerr William L. , Cavender George A.
Published: August 2023

Okara, the solid byproduct of soymilk production, poses a sustainability concern, despite being rich in fiber and other healthful compounds. In this study, the physical properties of tofu made from soymilk fortified with differing levels of okara—either whole or fine (<180 µm)—and made with the traditional coagulant nigari were examined. The yield increased linearly with the okara concentration with values of 18.2–29.5% compared to 14.5% for the control. The initial moisture in the fortified samples was higher than the control (79.69–82.78% versus 76.78%), and both the expressible moisture and total moisture after compression were also greater in the fortified samples. With a few exceptions, the texture parameters did not differ between samples. Dynamic rheology showed that all samples had G′ > G″. The storage moduli increased at different rates during each gelling step, with G′ before and after gelling increasing with the fortification level, and was greater for the samples with fine particles than with whole particles. Consumer sensory panels using the hedonic scale showed traditional tofu had a slightly higher acceptability, but the panelists indicated they would be more willing to purchase okara-fortified tofu because of the health and sustainability benefits it might have. Thus, tofu could be produced with added okara with predictable but not profound changes in its physical properties.
Decolonising an Irish Surname by Working the Hyphen of Gene-Ealogy
Authors: Fitzpatrick Esther , Fitzpatrick Mike
Published: August 2023

The surname Fitzpatrick is readily identified as Irish. Until recently, the traditional Fitzpatrick surname narrative was of a medieval super-progenitor named Giolla Phádraig. His offspring, the eponymous Mac Giolla Phádraig, it was said, somehow came to dwell in every Irish province; yet this is an Irish surname myth that works to erase the history of ancient ‘Fitzpatrick’ clans. This article demonstrates how deconstructing the surname Fitzpatrick, through working the hyphen of gene-eaology, is a practice of decolonisation. Via genetic data and archival records, dominant clan identities are disrupted, while connections with lost clans are re/membered. Critical analysis dismantles the dominant narrative imposed by colonial strategies and reconnects people with kinship groups and forgotten forebears. Questions arise from the deconstruction of an Irish surname. How might new clan identities be imagined, and how is losing a dominant surname narrative negotiated?
Laboratory Testing and Classification of Mudrocks: A Review
Authors: Jeremias Filipe Telmo , Cripps John
Published: August 2023

Mudrocks are fine-grained clay-rich rocks that comprise different lithotypes forming more than 60% of all sedimentary rocks, and thus, they occur frequently in engineering projects either as natural ground or as made ground. These rocks may display a range of engineering behaviours controlled mostly by their composition and structural features. Due to rapid breakdown and susceptibility to volume changes, they may cause problems both during and after construction. Research into the susceptibility of mudrocks to breakdown aims to predict problematic behaviour and provide guidance for avoiding or mitigating these effects. Low-durability materials that disintegrate during sampling and testing can be especially difficult to assess. The paper reviews laboratory techniques for mudrock characterization as well as describes geological and engineering geological classification schemes generally used to describe and classify these materials. The value of some of the tests and determinations in the evaluation of a series of mudrock data taken from the literature is presented.
Coping and Quality of Life Differences between Emergency and Rehabilitation Healthcare Workers
Authors: Cardile Davide , Corallo Francesco , Ielo Augusto , Cappadona Irene , Pagano Maria , Bramanti Placido , D’Aleo Giangaetano , Ciurleo Rosella , De Cola Maria Cristina
Published: August 2023

Audit and Feedback (A&F) is a systematic process involving the collection of data, which are subsequently compared with the established reference standards and then subsequently disseminated to healthcare providers through feedback meetings. This allows continuous improvement to be ensured in the quality of care processes. Often, the parameters taken into account concern only the patient and the treatment processes, neglecting other variables. Quality of life in the workplace and coping skills are determining variables for the clinical performance of all healthcare professionals. For this reason, in this study, these variables were investigated and differences were highlighted in two different role categories and context: cardiovascular emergency and neurological rehabilitation. A psychological screening was carried out by sending the computerized Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced—Nuova Versione Italiana (COPE—NVI) and Professional Quality of Life Scale—5 (ProQoL) questionnaires to all healthcare workers involved. Ninety-five healthcare providers (mean ± SD age: 47 ± 10.4 years; 37.9% male) answered the questionnaire and were assigned into two groups (G1 and G2) based on the ward in which they worked. These were further divided into two subgroups (R1 and R2) based on their role. The obtained results show that avoidance strategies are used more by health professionals working in rehabilitation (G2) wards than in intensive-care units (G1). Moreover, in G1 nurses, physical therapists and speech therapists (R2) obtained higher scores in terms of turning to religion (TR) and compassion satisfaction (CS), while physicians and psychologists (R1) obtained higher scores on the burnout scale (BO). The TR score for R2 was found to be higher, even in G2. The response trend of the two groups in the different departments was analyzed and commented on.
Continuing Education through the Campus Game: A Sustainable Gamification Project to Improve Doctors’ and Nurses’ Knowledge of Quality and Clinical Risk Management
Authors: Pensieri Claudio , De Benedictis Anna , De Micco Francesco , Saccoccia Sabrina , Ivziku Dhurata , Lommi Marzia , Alloni Rossana
Published: August 2023

The COVID-19 disease has dramatically changed lives worldwide, including education. This is a challenge for traditional learning. In fact, the European Higher Education Area poses the challenge of boosting the quality of teaching through active methodologies supported by digital pedagogy. Gamification is one of these tools and it has considerable attention in the healthcare literature. We aimed to create a game in the Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation in order to offer continuing education on Quality and Clinical Risk procedures to our staff. The 2021 “Campus Game” (178 players) introduced the “Badge Challenge” (Team Building, Procedures, and Security) and 73 questions. The leaderboard of every single match was posted in some of the hospital’s strategic areas and also published online on the company intranet to ensure engagement and competitiveness. Gamification has spontaneously promoted teamworking and a virtuous process of multiprofessional education. We found that, during the Campus Game, there was a 4.9% increase in access to the intranet page containing information on Quality and Patient Safety and an 8% increase in access to the Hospital Policies and Procedures. In the near future, we wish to expand this game, involving hospitals with similar types of activity and levels of attention to quality and safety issues, and also to enhance the network of partners and the principles of Q&S management itself.
Experiencing (Shared) Decision Making: Results from a Qualitative Study of People with Mental Illness and Their Family Members
Authors: Schladitz Katja , Weitzel Elena C. , Löbner Margrit , Soltmann Bettina , Jessen Frank , Pfennig Andrea , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , Gühne Uta
Published: August 2023

(1) Background: There is a fundamental shift in healthcare toward shared decision making (SDM). This study explores SDM from the perspective of individuals affected by mental illness and their family members and investigates factors which promote and hinder the process. (2) Methods: We conducted N = 15 telephone interviews (n = 4 adults affected by mental illness, n = 5 family members, n = 6 both applicable, the majority reporting experiences with affective and anxiety disorders). Data were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to procedures established by Mayring. (3) Results: Individuals affected by mental illness and their family members have a strong desire to be involved in treatment decisions and to participate in finding a diagnosis. Often these stakeholders are denied the opportunity to participate; sometimes enabling behaviors impede participation. The stigmatization of mental illnesses is a major barrier. There are also structural barriers to SDM within the healthcare system. Peer support, self-help associations, and psychosocial counseling services are important to empowering individuals and promoting SDM. (4) Conclusions: SDM has the potential to improve the quality of mental healthcare. Barriers can be mitigated and new approaches for interventions in the psychiatric sector have been identified. This study has also shown the importance of understanding SDM as a process that should begin at the diagnostic phase.
Young People and the Future: School Students’ Concerns and Hopes for the Future after One Year of COVID-19 in Austria—Findings of a Mixed-Methods Pilot Study
Authors: Fehkührer Sonja , Humer Elke , Kaltschik Stefan , Pieh Christoph , Probst Thomas , Diestler Gertraud , Jesser Andrea
Published: August 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in enormous changes in everyday life and numerous burdens for adolescents. This pilot study focused on how young people look to the future in the face of these burdens. Responses to two open-ended questions on concerns and hopes for the future that were part of a larger online survey on the mental health of school students in Austria were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Subsequently, differences in the experiences of boys and girls, young people with and without a migration background and psychologically stressed and non-stressed young people were examined by applying a mixed-methods approach. Data collection took place from 3 February to 28 February 2021. From a total survey sample of 3052 adolescents aged 14–20, a representative sample according to gender and migration background (N = 500) was drawn. Qualitative content analysis revealed several areas of concern about the future, including school-related concerns, concerns about the further development of the pandemic and the associated restrictions, concerns related to a lack of locus of control, health-related concerns and concerns about social relationships. The analysis also indicated young people’s greatest hopes for the future, such as hopes related to further pandemic development, hopes regarding major life goals, school, social relationships and health. Young people’s experiences differ according to gender, migration background and the extent of psychological distress. This study contributes to research on the psychological well-being of adolescents during the pandemic and provides important insights into the subjective experience of young people. It aims to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the concerns and hopes for the future of young people in a time marked by various challenges. The results of the study should be used to develop ideas for measures, such as the expansion of school psychological services and low-threshold support services for students, such as school social work and counseling.
Biological Responses to Local Vibratory Stimulation for the Lower Legs and Lower Back and Criterion Values Based on Sweep Frequencies of Healthy Individuals: An Observational Study
Authors: Kawai Keitaro , Kato Yoshiji , Ito Tadashi , Yamazaki Kazunori , Fukuhara Jo , Sakai Yoshihito , Morita Yoshifumi
Published: August 2023

Declining proprioceptive function is associated with problems such as lower back pain and falls. Therefore, we developed a vibration device using sweep frequency to evaluate several proprioceptors with different response frequency ranges. This study aimed to elucidate the biological responses of healthy individuals to vibratory stimulation at different sites and frequency ranges and to propose cutoff values to determine the decline in proprioceptive function. Mechanical vibration was separately applied to the lower legs and lower back, and proprioceptive function was evaluated by defining the ratio of the center of pressure (CoP) in the anteroposterior direction during mechanical vibration to that during no vibration in the three frequency ranges. The cut-off value was defined as the mean value, with the standard deviation subtracted for each indicator. The cut-off values were higher in the lower legs than in the lower back at all frequency ranges and in the 30–53 Hz and 56–100 Hz frequency ranges for both the lower legs and lower back. In healthy individuals, 9.9% and 8.6% were below the cut-off values in the 30–53 Hz and 56–100 Hz frequency ranges for the lower legs, respectively.
The Complex Architecture of the Vault System of an Early Medieval Church
Authors: Babilio Enrico , Rapuano Silvana
Published: August 2023

The present work focuses on the solid modeling of the church of Santa Sofia in Benevento, Italy, and is related to a multidisciplinary research project that involved methods typical to both the humanities and mathematical engineering. Starting from the history of the church and its current configuration, a twofold objective is pursued: to give a brief account of the methodology used to analyze and virtualize the main phases of Santa Sofia and to report on the problem of modeling the church vault complex. Indeed, the 3D modeling of the church presented different levels of difficulty with some parts very easy to draw and others calling for specific geometrical analysis. In particular, to reconstruct the complex system of vaults of the church, a home-made code based on remapping Coons patches was written. The resulting 3D models of the different archeological and architectural phases of Santa Sofia are an example of virtual heritage and, being a digital content, allow for immediate sharing both to the scientific community and to a general and nonexpert audience, keeping in mind that knowledge is the means used to ensure the enhancement and preservation of cultural heritage.
Stream Barrier Removal: Are New Approaches Possible in Small Rivers? The Case of the Selho River (Northwestern Portugal)
Authors: Costa Francisco , Vieira António
Published: August 2023

The identification and characterization of barriers to river continuity are essential for the preparation of an inventory of hydraulic infrastructure. To this end, it is necessary to define the main identifying and characterizing elements of hydraulic infrastructures and descriptors of ecological continuity, with information that can characterize them from the point of view of their impact on the watercourse. Several authors have defined decision criteria for the removal of existing hydraulic structures in watercourses and their application, reinforcing the environmental benefits of the elimination of these hydraulic structures. In the present work, we proposed to develop a methodology for the evaluation of barriers in the Selho River (Guimarães Municipality, Northwest Portugal), elaborating an Environmental Condition Index (ECI) based on hydromorphological, socioeconomical, and ecological criteria, which allowed the identification of 43 weirs, of which 95% revealed quality inferior to Good. Following the application of a decision support methodology for the removal of hydraulic structures, it was possible to determine that 16 of the 43 weirs evaluated could be subject to removal, 26 would be under conditioned removal, and only 1 would be able to remain unchanged.
Geographical Information System Based Spatial and Statistical Analysis of the Green Areas in the Cities of Abha and Bisha for Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Abuhasel Khaled
Published: August 2023

This study compares the environmental sustainability of two cities in Saudi Arabia, Abha, and Bisha, through their green spaces, by analyzing green spaces in both cities. And the application of spatial statistics tools in the Arc Map program, to measure the spatial relationship between the green areas depending on the measurement of the location, shape, dimensions and areas, as this distribution is linked to statistical laws leading to the construction of a spatial model for the green areas in the two cities, and among these methods is the spatial average, The central phenomenon, the distribution trend, the standard circle, and finally the neighborhood analysis. The study seeks to recognize the parameters that contribute to environmental sustainability through green spaces. Understanding the effectiveness of green spaces in promoting environmental sustainability is crucial for policymakers to make informed decisions about urban planning and development. Sustainability in the environment is making responsible use of natural resources while also taking measures to safeguard the surrounding area to maintain high standards of environmental quality over the long term. The concept entails the preservation of equilibrium among economic, social, and environmental considerations to guarantee the satisfaction of current societal requirements while safeguarding the capacity of forthcoming generations to fulfill their own necessities. Environmental sustainability is crucial for the well-being of the planet and all living beings that inhabit it. Green spaces play a vital role in environmental sustainability. The provision of green spaces is associated with a multitude of advantages, including but not limited to the mitigation of air and noise pollution, temperature regulation, and enhancement of the overall visual appeal of urban areas. The study employed Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial statistical analysis to investigate the spatial arrangement of environmental sustainability in the two urban areas. The study also relied on fieldwork, including a questionnaire, to gather data from the residents of the cities. The research study found that the standard distance measures the average distance between each green space and the mean center. In this case, the standard distance indicates how dispersed or clustered the green spaces are around the mean center. A smaller standard distance value suggests that the green spaces are more clustered around the mean center, while a larger value suggests a more dispersed distribution.
The Great Game between Plants and Viruses: A Focus on Protein Homeostasis
Authors: Sun Hangjun , Jing Xinxin , Wang Chaonan , Wang Pengyue , Huang Ziting , Sun Bingjian , Li Pengbai , Li Honglian , Zhang Chao
Published: August 2023

Plant viruses are tiny pathogenic obligate parasites that cause significant damage to global crop production. They exploit and manipulate the cellular components of host plants to ensure their own survival. In response, plants activate multiple defense signaling pathways, such as gene silencing and plant hormone signaling, to hinder virus propagation. Growing evidence suggests that the regulation of protein homeostasis plays a vital role in the ongoing battle between plants and viruses. The ubiquitin-proteasome-degradation system (UPS) and autophagy, as two major protein-degradation pathways, are widely utilized by plants and viruses in their arms race. One the one hand, these pathways act as essential components of plant’s antiviral defense system by facilitating the degradation of viral proteins; on the other hand, viruses exploit the UPS and autophagy to create a favorable intracellular environment for viral infection. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the events involved in protein homeostasis regulation during viral infection in plants. Gaining knowledge in this area will enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between plants and viruses.
An Overview of the Enhanced Effects of Curcumin and Chemotherapeutic Agents in Combined Cancer Treatments
Authors: Cacciola Nunzio Antonio , Cuciniello Rossana , Petillo Gianluigi Daniele , Piccioni Miriam , Filosa Stefania , Crispi Stefania
Published: August 2023

Due to the progressive ageing of the human population, the number of cancer cases is increasing. For this reason, there is an urgent need for new treatments that can prolong the lives of cancer patients or ensure them a good quality of life. Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of cancer in recent years and the survival rate of patients is increasing, limitations in the use of conventional therapies include the frequent occurrence of side effects and the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. These limitations are prompting researchers to investigate whether combining natural agents with conventional drugs could have a positive therapeutic effect in cancer treatment. Several natural bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols, have been shown to be effective against cancer progression and do not exert toxic effects on healthy tissues. Many studies have investigated the possibility of combining polyphenols with conventional drugs as a novel anticancer strategy. Indeed, this combination often has synergistic benefits that increase drug efficacy and reduce adverse side effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies describing the synergistic effects of curcumin, a polyphenol that has been shown to have extensive cytotoxic functions against cancer cells, including combined treatment. In particular, we have described the results of recent preclinical and clinical studies exploring the pleiotropic effects of curcumin in combination with standard drugs and the potential to consider it as a promising new tool for cancer therapy.
Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects of Pinostilbene and Bortezomib Combination Treatment on Human Multiple Myeloma Cells
Authors: Staskiewicz Anna , Wong Erica , Tucker Michael , Farhin Riya , Park Jonathan , Saade Rana , Alkhazali Tina , Dang Tu , Wang Xinyu
Published: August 2023

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow characterized by bone lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, and renal failure. Bortezomib (BTZ), a common treatment for MM, is a proteasome inhibitor that induces apoptosis in MM cells. However, high doses of BTZ can be very toxic, signifying a need for a synergistic drug combination to improve treatment efficacy. Resveratrol (RES), a phenolic compound found in grapes, has been shown to inhibit MM cell growth. We sought to identify a synergistic combination of BTZ with a RES derivative and analyze the effects on reducing viability and inducing apoptosis in human MM cells. BTZ as well as RES and its derivatives pinostilbene (PIN) and piceatannol (PIC) decreased MM cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner and increased expression of cleaved proapoptotic proteins poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of 5 nM BTZ and 5 μM PIN was identified to have synergistic cytotoxic effects in MM RPMI 8226 cells. MM RPMI 8226 cells treated with this combination for 24 h showed increased cleaved PARP1 and caspase-3 expression and higher percentages of apoptotic cells versus cells treated with the individual compounds alone. The treatment also showed increased apoptosis induction in MM RPMI 8226 cells co-cultured with human bone marrow stromal HS-5 cells in a Transwell model used to mimic the bone marrow microenvironment. Expression of oxidative stress defense proteins (catalase, thioredoxin, and superoxide dismutase) in RPMI 8226 cells were reduced after 24 h treatment, and cytotoxic effects of the treatment were ameliorated by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), suggesting the treatment impacts antioxidant levels in RPMI 8226 cells. Our results suggest that this combination of BTZ and PIN decreases MM cell viability synergistically by inducing apoptosis and oxidative stress in MM cells.
Current Progress of Platelet-Rich Derivatives in Cartilage and Joint Repairs
Authors: Bai Meng-Yi , Vy Vu Pham Thao , Tang Sung-Ling , Hung Truong Nguyen Khanh , Wang Ching-Wei , Liang Jui-Yuan , Wong Chin-Chean , Chan Wing P.
Published: August 2023

In recent years, several types of platelet concentrates have been investigated and applied in many fields, particularly in the musculoskeletal system. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an autologous biomaterial, a second-generation platelet concentrate containing platelets and growth factors in the form of fibrin membranes prepared from the blood of patients without additives. During tissue regeneration, platelet concentrates contain a higher percentage of leukocytes and a flexible fibrin net as a scaffold to improve cell migration in angiogenic, osteogenic, and antibacterial capacities during tissue regeneration. PRF enables the release of molecules over a longer period, which promotes tissue healing and regeneration. The potential of PRF to simulate the physiology and immunology of wound healing is also due to the high concentrations of released growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate vessel formation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. These products have been used safely in clinical applications because of their autologous origin and minimally invasive nature. We focused on a narrative review of PRF therapy and its effects on musculoskeletal, oral, and maxillofacial surgeries and dermatology. We explored the components leading to the biological activity and the published preclinical and clinical research that supports its application in musculoskeletal therapy. The research generally supports the use of PRF as an adjuvant for various chronic muscle, cartilage, and tendon injuries. Further clinical trials are needed to prove the benefits of utilizing the potential of PRF.
NO Is Not the Same as GSNO in the Regulation of Fe Deficiency Responses by Dicot Plants
Authors: Romera Francisco Javier , García María José , Lucena Carlos , Angulo Macarena , Pérez-Vicente Rafael
Published: August 2023

Iron (Fe) is abundant in soils but with a poor availability for plants, especially in calcareous soils. To favor its acquisition, plants develop morphological and physiological responses, mainly in their roots, known as Fe deficiency responses. In dicot plants, the regulation of these responses is not totally known, but some hormones and signaling molecules, such as auxin, ethylene, glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), have been involved in their activation. Most of these substances, including auxin, ethylene, GSH and NO, increase their production in Fe-deficient roots while GSNO, derived from GSH and NO, decreases its content. This paradoxical result could be explained with the increased expression and activity in Fe-deficient roots of the GSNO reductase (GSNOR) enzyme, which decomposes GSNO to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and NH3. The fact that NO content increases while GSNO decreases in Fe-deficient roots suggests that NO and GSNO do not play the same role in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. This review is an update of the results supporting a role for NO, GSNO and GSNOR in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. The possible roles of NO and GSNO are discussed by taking into account their mode of action through post-translational modifications, such as S-nitrosylation, and through their interactions with the hormones auxin and ethylene, directly related to the activation of morphological and physiological responses to Fe deficiency in dicot plants.
Pharmacological Nephroprotection in Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease—Clinical Practice Position Statement of the Polish Society of Nephrology
Authors: Stompór Tomasz , Adamczak Marcin , Kurnatowska Ilona , Naumnik Beata , Nowicki Michał , Tylicki Leszek , Winiarska Agata , Krajewska Magdalena
Published: August 2023

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a modern epidemic worldwide. Introducing renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors (i.e., ACEi or ARB) not only as blood-pressure-lowering agents, but also as nephroprotective drugs with antiproteinuric potential was a milestone in the therapy of CKD. For decades, this treatment remained the only proven strategy to slow down CKD progression. This situation changed some years ago primarily due to the introduction of drugs designed to treat diabetes that turned into nephroprotective strategies not only in diabetic kidney disease, but also in CKD unrelated to diabetes. In addition, several drugs emerged that precisely target the pathogenetic mechanisms of particular kidney diseases. Finally, the role of metabolic acidosis in CKD progression (and not only the sequelae of CKD) came to light. In this review, we aim to comprehensively discuss all relevant therapies that slow down the progression of non-diabetic kidney disease, including the lowering of blood pressure, through the nephroprotective effects of ACEi/ARB and spironolactone independent from BP lowering, as well as the role of sodium–glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors, acidosis correction and disease-specific treatment strategies. We also briefly address the therapies that attempt to slow down the progression of CKD, which did not confirm this effect. We are convinced that our in-depth review with practical statements on multiple aspects of treatment offered to non-diabetic CKD fills the existing gap in the available literature. We believe that it may help clinicians who take care of CKD patients in their practice. Finally, we propose the strategy that should be implemented in most non-diabetic CKD patients to prevent disease progression.
Biofeedback Training after Successful Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane (ILM)-Flap Technique for High Myopic Macular Hole
Authors: Sborgia Alessandra , Niro Alfredo , Pastore Valentina , Albano Valeria , Boscia Giacomo , Piepoli Marina , Di Pardo Camilla , Accurso Tagano Lorenzo , Zerbinati Marta , Landini Luca , Pignataro Maria Grazia , Petruzzella Giovanni , Donghia Rossella , Alqahtani Abdullah S. , Coassin Marco , Dell’Omo Roberto , Boscia Francesco , Alessio Giovanni , Sborgia Giancarlo
Published: August 2023

Background: Microperimetric biofeedback training improved visual acuity and fixation stability in patients who previously underwent macular surgery. We aimed to compare the functional results of biofeedback training with the standard of care in patients who underwent successful inverted Internal Limiting Membrane (ILM)-flap technique for high myopic macular holes (hMMH). Methods: This was a retrospective, comparative, cohort study. Patients with hMMH after surgical hole closure underwent microperimetric biofeedback using structured light stimulus plus acoustic tone (n = 12; Biofeedback) or standard of care with scheduled visits (n = 11; Control). Best-corrected visual acuity, retinal sensitivity at central 12° (RS) and 4° (CRS) with a mean deviation at central 12° (MD), and fixation stability as bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA 68%, 95%, and 99%) were assessed at baseline and month 1, 3, 6, and 12. The Mann–Whitney test was used to test the difference between the groups. Results: Baseline functional parameters were not significantly different among the groups. BCVA significantly improved in each group (Biofeedback, p = 0.002; Control, p ≤ 0.02) at all follow-up visits. CRS significantly improved at 6 (p = 0.03) and 12 (p = 0.01) months in the Biofeedback group and at month 12 (p = 0.01) in the Control group. RS (p = 0.001) and MD (p = 0.005) improved at the last follow-up only in the trained group. After training, BCEA 68% and 95% significantly improved (6 and 12 months, p < 0.05). The Biofeedback group had better results in RS (p ≤ 0.02), CRS (p ≤ 0.02), and BCEA 68%, 95%, and 99% (p ≤ 0.01) compared to the Control at all follow-ups. BCVA and MD were better in the Biofeedback group at month 3 (p = 0.01), and month 3 (p = 0.01) and 12 (p = 0.003), respectively. Conclusions: Microperimetric biofeedback can increase retinal sensitivity and stabilize fixation better than the standard care over months after a successful inverted ILM-flap for hMMH.
Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease in the African American Population
Authors: Logue Mark W. , Dasgupta Shoumita , Farrer Lindsay A.
Published: August 2023

Black/African American (AA) individuals have a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) than White non-Hispanic persons of European ancestry (EUR) for reasons that may include economic disparities, cardiovascular health, quality of education, and biases in the methods used to diagnose AD. AD is also heritable, and some of the differences in risk may be due to genetics. Many AD-associated variants have been identified by candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genome-sequencing studies. However, most of these studies have been performed using EUR cohorts. In this paper, we review the genetics of AD and AD-related traits in AA individuals. Importantly, studies of genetic risk factors in AA cohorts can elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying AD risk in AA and other populations. In fact, such studies are essential to enable reliable precision medicine approaches in persons with considerable African ancestry. Furthermore, genetic studies of AA cohorts allow exploration of the ways the impact of genes can vary by ancestry, culture, and economic and environmental disparities. They have yielded important gains in our knowledge of AD genetics, and increasing AA individual representation within genetic studies should remain a priority for inclusive genetic study design.
Dizziness-Related Disability One Year after a Mild-to-Moderate TBI—A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Kleffelgård Ingerid , Andelic Nada , Bruusgaard Kari , Langhammer Birgitta , Tamber Anne-Lise , Soberg Helene
Published: August 2023

Persisting dizziness and balance problems after mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (mmTBI) may result in considerable disability. The primary aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with dizziness-related disability one year post-injury. Data from 64 participants (mean age 39.4 [SD 13.0] years; 45 [70.3%] women) with mmTBI from a previous randomised controlled trial were analysed using simple and multiple regression analyses (Clinical Trials Registry #NCT01695577). The Dizziness Handicap Inventory one year (12.1, [SD1.6] months) post-injury was the dependent variable. Demographic and injury-related variables, clinical findings, and measures of post-injury symptoms and functioning (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, RPQ; Vertigo Symptom Scale-short form, VSS-SF; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Balance Error Scoring System; and High-Level Mobility Assessment Tool, HiMAT) at baseline (3.5 [SD 2.1] months post-injury) were the independent variables. Dizziness-related disability at one year was associated with pre-injury comorbidity, neck pain, higher RPQ, higher VSS-SF, and lower HiMAT scores (adjusted R2 = 0.370, F = 6.52 p < 0.001). In conclusion, the factors associated with dizziness-related disability one year post-injury, such as pre-injury comorbidity, neck pain, increased post-concussion symptom burden, increased dizziness symptom severity, and reduced balance and mobility, should be addressed early in the rehabilitation process to reduce patient burden.