bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cost-Benefit Approach for Analysing the Impact of eCall Technology on the EU Passenger Vehicles
Authors: Zirra Daniela , Perju-Mitran Alexandra , Căruţaşu George , Pîrjan Alexandru , Cristache Silvia Elena
Published: April 2022

Increasing road traffic safety is a requirement for the growth and development of economies and society in general, and any endeavour contributing to an increase in the safety of road traffic participants must be evaluated and even encouraged, as there is no measurement for the value of human life. An important technological improvement that contributes to road traffic safety by reducing response time in case of an accident is the eCall In Vehicle System, which provides real-time data on-site, even without human intervention. The aim of the present study is to approach the introduction of the eCall In Vehicle System from a cost-benefit standpoint of equipping aftermarket passenger vehicles with this technology. To this end, we propose an analytic research approach in the form of a conclusive study on statistical data, in order to support decisions regarding future implementation.
The NGOs and Covid 19 Pandemic: A New Challenge for Charitable Giving and NGOs’ Mission Models
Authors: Waniak-Michalak Halina , Leitoniene Sviesa , Perica Ivana
Published: April 2022

Since the beginning of 2019 all organisations, including non-profit organisations, have had to learn how to deal with completely new challenges caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Our paper aims to show to what extent the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the mission models of NGOs in areas such as types of beneficiaries, type of services, channels of communication, funding streams, key activities, and key partners. In order to reach this aim, we conducted a theoretical analysis of the charitable giving and models of NGOs activity and adopted a questionnaire survey methodology. A total of 575 NGOs from Poland, Croatia, and Lithuania participated in the study. Our study has found that the impact of the pandemic on NGO mission models varies and that pandemic can have a dual effect on the financial situation of NGOs. Despite the difficulties, some organizations gained from the pandemic (mainly those operating in the health and social care), and others lost.
The Man Who Killed The Dog
Authors: Collings Robert ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: April 2022

How do you forgive yourself for the horrible mistakes you made in your past? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Jimmy is the night shelf stocker at a grocery store. The narrator is working a summer job to pick up extra cash before heading to law school. One night while stacking dry goods, Jimmy confesses to the narrator he is tormented by something that happened when he was younger. He, along with some of his friends, stole a car, took the elderly family dog, and repeatedly pushed it out of a moving car until it died. Years later, Jimmy continues to be truly tortured by what he took part in. He can’t sleep, he is on medication, and tried going to a therapist. The narrator listens, and suggests he goes back to the therapist. Years later the narrator gets a visit from Jimmy’s wife who says Jimmy is tortured, distracted, and barely knows his own children. She begs the narrator to come and help. He refuses. Thirty years later, at the end of the story, the narrator is contacted by a long-term care mental health facility. Jimmy has been a patient for decades. They ask the narrator to visit and he does. Jimmy is unable to speak, but shows the narrator the scar on his hand from where he drove a nail through it.
All My Tomorrows
Authors: Pennington J. Grace ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: April 2022

How important is it to forget the past? If you could trade a year at the end of your life for a day in your past would you do it? In this work of philosophical short fiction, Misha is working the family store (Shop of Yesterdays) by herself for the first time. The store she works at is a memory retrieval facility. All the memories of humanity are stored at the facility and accessible for reexperience. The price, however, for each day relieved is a death one year earlier. On this fateful day a man comes in with less than a year left and asks to sell his remaining day to relieve his “last good day.” After additional inquiry the man tells Misha this was the last day in his life before he “learned something he wasn’t ready for” and he was unable to let go of the information he had learned. It changed, and ruined, his life after that, forever.
Present value of photovoltaics - [PV]2 :
Authors: Kneifel Joshua , Webb David , Donmoyer Luke
Published: April 2022

Homeowners are increasingly interested in installing solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on the roof of their homes. There is a lack of publicly available tools to assist homeowners in making such an investment decision. The Applied Economic Office (AEO) in the Engineering Laboratory (EL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is addressing this need by developing a free, public web interface that provides independent economic analysis for a specific home based on a user s solar installation quote and electricity bill.
Lærerstuderendes erfaringer fra forløb med mindfulness koblet professionsdidaktisk til selvberoenhed og relationskompetence
Authors: Nielsen Birgitte Lund , Vilain Helle , Gøtzsche Katinka
Published: April 2022

ResuméI artiklen præsenteres en kvalitativ analyse af data fra forløb for lærerstuderende med fokus på mindfulness, selvberoenhed og relationskompetence. Kvantitative eksperimentelle data fra samme forløb har vist effekt på de lærerstuderendes mentale trivsel. Mulige årsager og kobling til arbejde med relationer som kommende lærer diskuteres baseret på en tematisk analyse af bl.a. gentagne interview. Fem overordnede pointer fremhæves i relation til oplevet udbytte: 1) Der har været en frugtbar spænding mellem kendthed og anderledeshed, 2) de studerende har oplevet en syntese mellem “hoved og krop”, 3) forløbet er oplevet som modsvar mod en udbredt præstationsorientering og acceleration, 4) læringsfællesskabet på holdet fremhæves som afgørende for de studerendes oplevelse af selvberoenhed, og dette ser ud til at blive understøttet af den scene, der sættes af underviserne, og 5) de lærerstuderende oplever selv at have udviklet nogle kompetencer, som de har en intention om at anvende såvel i mødet med (kommende) elever som med kolleger.

Abstract (UK)The paper presents a qualitative analysis of data from a pedagogical project for student teachers focused e.g. on mindfulness and relational competencies. Previously reported quantitative experimental data from the same project have shown an effect on the student teachers’ mental health. The background for these effects and the connection to the student teachers’ relational work as prospective teachers are discussed based on a thematic analysis of interview data etc. Five key points are highlighted referring to the perceived outcomes: 1) A fruitful tension between something well known and something very different, 2) a synthesis in both body and brain, 3) difference compared to the normal performance orientation and acceleration, 4) a community of learning together has developed and has been experienced as supportive, this is both among peers but also scaffolded by the teacher educators, 5) the student teachers themselves experience to have developed competencies they intend to use with future students and colleagues.
Forensic Auditing and Fraud Management: A Study of Pabod Breweries Limited, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: John Emmanuel Isaac , Ebilite Deborah Chiemeka , Udoye Ogochukwu N.
Published: April 2022

This paper scrutinized the nexus between forensic auditing and fraud management using Pabod Breweries, Port Harcourt, Nigeria as a case study. The primary data employed in the study were sourced from staff of the Pabod Breweries using questionnaires. Percentage and Pearson correlation were the techniques of analysis used in the study. The results of the study showed a significant positive relationship between forensic auditing and detection of fraud in the private sector. Also, the results showed that there is the existence of a significant positive relationship between forensic auditing and fraud prevention in the private sector. Thus, the study concluded that forensic auditing does significantly detect and prevent the occurrence of fraud cases in the private sector. Therefore, the paper recommended that the management of companies should ensure that forensic audits are carried out in their establishments at least once in a year, even if it is not statutorily required, in order to detect fraudulent practices in their organisation. In addition, forensic audit report should be implemented accordingly by the audited organisation in order to prevent fraud and avert white-collar crime in the organisation.
The Impact of Primary Education Investments on Rural Livelihood in Tanzania. A Case of Kilombero District
Authors: Dungu Beatrice George , Yongsheng Zhang
Published: April 2022

Aims: This study explores the impact of primary education investments on rural livelihood in Kilombero district in Tanzania. The role that education initiated in the development of the rural community.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Kilombero district which is one of the districts in the Morogoro Region; the study was conducted in Miwangani village in the Ifakara ward.

Methodology: This study was involved 100 respondents as a sample size whereby 50 respondents were drawn from each village that is miwangani and Mpotu villages.

Results: The main findings indicate that the majority (69%) of the respondents claimed that primary education was free this was justified by the number of items that they used to pay for before the implementation of the free education policy. The outcomes also showed that the free education policy had a major impact on the livelihood of the people as (88%) of the respondents agreed that free education helped to reduce social crimes for the children who were supposed to be at school before the abolition of the fees. The study showed that 77% agreed that free education policy helps rural households to invest in other economic production and about 68% approved those rural households to the access to land for agricultural activities.

Conclusion: This study indicated the contribution of the education primary education programs initiated by the government. Therefore, the contribution can be drawn from various training programs which have been gradually started to build the capacity of the local people to engage in the education process.  In the studied population, it has been observed through interviews and observation that it has improved their standard of living through better houses, diversifying their incomes with shops and glossaries around Ifakara. The sustainability of Tanzania’s education policies and programs is also debatable because the community has been raised more dependably.
Impact of Smartphone on Academic Learning for the Students of Damphu Central School under Tsirang Dzongkhag
Authors: Ghalley Bhuwan Chandra
Published: April 2022

This study explored the influence of utilizing cell phones on pupils’ academic learning at Damphu Central School, Tsirang. This study used a quantitative research technique to collect data from 532 students in grades X-XII using questionnaires to estimate the impact. The empirical findings demonstrated that most respondents utilized their cellphones to access social media apps, with the web browser being the mostly used mobile application for interacting with classmates and teachers. Although the findings revealed a favorable impact on academic ability of the learners, its usage also has a substantial negative influence on respondents’ academic performance due to smartphone-related lifestyle as it diverts students’ attention away from their schoolwork. Those who had them at school, on the other hand, opted to utilize them instead of participating in sports or social activities. Students felt bored and unoccupied in the centers where mobile phones were restricted. Schools will need to establish instructional practices that stimulate social contact and activities in the classroom, particularly during the break. However, prohibiting electronic gadgets in the educational setting is not encouraged. It would otherwise encourage pupils to use them secretly. As a result, its usage in the classroom is promoted from an educational standpoint, fostering collaborative learning and student motivation.
Response Simulation of G+16 Commercial Building with Different Types of Bracing Systems Using ETABS
Authors: Reddy M. Yashwanth , Harihanandh M.
Published: April 2022

Multi-storey structures are affected mainly by tremor compel in the seismic inclined zone. The real issue in the plan of the multi storey structure is the buildings mostly have enough horizontal solidness and oppose sidelong powers to control the lateral float of the structure, assigning respective loadings, analyzing the behaviour of the structure, and predicting the responses of each structural component due to external loads. Our project “Response simulation of G+16 commercial building with different types of bracings like single diagonal, V bracing, inverted V bracing, X bracing and K bracing using ETABS software” is one of the attempts made to analyze and design a commercial building using ETABS. Steel bracings are economical with easy erection, occupy less space and have the flexibility to design to meet the required strength parameter and stiffness. In the model, the author considers the building models with different bracing systems based on the journals the authors investigated. Therefore, the project concentrated some design factors like storey displacement drift and storey stiffness.
A Meso-scale Low System with a Multi-scale Structure, Developed over the East Sea on 20 January 2017: Sensitivity Experiments
Authors: Kim Yu-Jin , Lee Jae Gyoo
Published: April 2022

To reveal the development mechanism of a multi-scale structure with a meso-scale low system that was developed over the East Sea on 20 January 2017, a series of sensitivity experiments on several forcing factors were conducted using the WRF (the Weather Research and Forecastin) model, in which physical processes of condensational heating and surface sensible and/or latent heat fluxes were switched on/off and the northern Korean mountain complex flattened. The main results of the sensitivity experiments indicated that while condensational heating is the most important physical process for the development of the meso-α-scale low (main low), surface heat flux (surface sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) is the most important process that lead to the development of the meso-β-scale low along the trough (shear zone). The important role of surface heat flux is reflected by the process, in which the low-level troposphere became stable when the surface heat flux was switched off, leading to a weakening of convective activity and relevant convergent flow along the trough. This resulted in a weak shear formation, leading to a restraint in the development of the meso-β-scale low in the trough.
Stress Evaluation of SS275 Steel Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Characteristics
Authors: Kim Jong-Min , Lee Chin-Ok , Lim Nam-Hyoung
Published: April 2022

Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) can be used to potentially detect fatigue, creep, stress, and hardness in ferromagnetic materials. Recently, non-destructive measurement equipment using MBN has been developed to measure the residual stress of railway rails in Korea. MBN has different characteristics depending on the type of ferromagnetic steel and residual stress. In this study, MBN signal characteristics based on the stress change of SS275 steel are experimentally analyzed using the developed MBN equipment. The results of this study can be used as basic data for estimating the residual stress of SS275 steel in the future.
Thermal Insulation Performance: Change of Thermal Insulation Paint Applied to CWR Exposed to Vibration
Authors: Park Juyeop , Lee HyunWook , Kang Donghoon
Published: April 2022

Because railroads are specialized means of mass transportation, safety is extremely important because accidents can lead to major disasters. However, every summer, owing to the deformation of the rail caused by the increase in the temperature of the rail, safety problems occur, and there is no fundamental solution to this problem. To address this situation, research has been conducted in which a thermal insulation paint is applied to the continuous welded rail (CWR), and excellent effectiveness has been demonstrated. However, long-term performance impact analysis of vibrations caused by train operation in actual field applications is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the change in thermal insulation performance caused by rail vibration was evaluated. A vibration test was conducted by simulating the vibration environment of the railway site, and the changes in thermal insulation performance and uniformity were observed at specific intervals. The thermal insulation paint showed excellent vibration durability by maintaining the level of performance and uniformity, even after prolonged exposure to vibration.
Seepage Characteristics of Agricultural Reservoir Embankment Based on Installation of Overtopping Prevention Structures
Authors: Ryu Junghyun , Lee Younghak , Yoon Bora , Lee Dalwon
Published: April 2022

In this study, a structure that can effectively prevent overtopping caused by abnormal rainfall was installed in a deteriorative agricultural reservoir, and seepage characteristics were compared and analyzed through model experiments and numerical analysis. The experimental conditions were observed by installing a stepped gabion, vertical gabion, and parapet in combination with a gabion retaining wall, geomembrane, and core on the dam crest. Small horizontal and vertical displacements without defects were found, such as overturning and failure, to effectively prevent overtopping. A comparison of seepage line and pore water pressure results indicates that the seepage water drained smoothly to the toe drain through the filter from the upstream slope. It was perceived that the concentration of seepage water on the upper part of the dam crest might cause leakage to the upper part of the downstream slope and affect the stability of the overtopping prevention structures. The distribution of the hydraulic gradient was found to be stable in all cases on the downstream slope. The upper part of the downstream slope could be vulnerable to leakage, so careful management is required when constructing the geomembrane. Overall, among the three overtopping prevention structures applied, a stepped gabion retaining wall did not cause such problems as overturning and leakage. Therefore, it is considered better than the other types of overtopping prevention structure.
A Study on the Method of Calculating Rainfall Thresholds Based on a Multimethod Approach to Provide Heavy Rain Disaster Impact Information
Authors: Kang Dong Ho , Kim Byung Sik , Song Youngseok , Kim Tae Hyung
Published: April 2022

Various disasters have recently occurred in Korea because of weather changes caused by climate change, and the scale of the damage is also increasing. In terms of the weather phenomena and their socioeconomic impacts, weather-related disasters cause the most damage. Therefore, this study suggests a method of calculating rainfall thresholds to predict the impact of heavy rains. To calculate rainfall thresholds on the basis of a multimethod approach, this study divided Korea into a 1 km × 1 km grid and further split it into four categories: standard watershed, urban, river, and inundation trace maps. This study verified the results of the rainfall thresholds in the standard basin and city center by referring to the relevant data on the rainy season in summer 2020 and the Typhoon Haishen in September. Verification results showed that the flooding that occurred in the grid actually caused the urban flooding in Busan in July 2020. Moreover, the calculation on the grid that caused flooding in Gangneung, which was hit by Typhoon Haishen in September, reflected the actual damage. When used in impact forecasting, the proposed method of calculating rainfall thresholds and predicting rainfall information is expected to be able to provide data on the impact of heavy rains and facilitate rainfall forecasting.
A Study on the Structural Analysis for Sloshing Prevention through Binding between FRP Firefighting Water Tank Members
Authors: Heo Dongpil , Min Sehong
Published: April 2022

The seismic safety of a fire extinguishing water tank must be verified because of the revision of the seismic design standard of fire protection systems. Although, the FRP water tank has weak physical properties, it is often used as a fire extinguishing water tank, confronting the reality that there is no way of checking its structural safety. This study focuses on a reliable structural analysis by extracting and accumulating data on the physical and chemical characteristics of FRP through the National Certification Testing Agency to ensure the structural safety of an FRP water tank. It has been found that sloshing causes the breakage of a water tank and the fluid movement in the lower part of a water tank can be reduced not by using the external reinforcement method but by improving the internal structure through binding of the water tank members. This method can be employed for reinforcing the seismic safety of an FRP water tank with weak physical properties. Accordingly, a water tank with a structure that prevents sloshing caused by an earthquake has been developed. The improvement in the seismic safety of the developed fire extinguishing water tank has been verified through a Solidworks simulation analysis. Therefore, the proposed strategy for the improvement of the seismic safety of a fire extinguishing water tank can be employed as the basic study material for using an FRP water tank with weak physical properties as the seismic fire extinguishing water tank.
Do ditch‐side electric fences improve the breeding productivity of ground‐nesting waders?
Authors: Verhoeven Mo A. , Jelle Loonstra A. H. , Pringle Thomas , Kaspersma Wiebe , Whiffin Mark , McBride Alice D. , Sjoerdsma Pieter , Roodhart Celine , Burgess Malcolm D. , Piersma Theunis , Smart Jennifer
Published: April 2022

Insufficient reproduction as a consequence of predation on eggs and chicks is a major determinant of population decline in ground‐nesting birds, including waders. For many populations, there is an urgent need to maintain breeding populations at key sites, and conservation practitioners need to find viable management solutions to reduce predation.

One tool available to the practitioner is fences that exclude key predators from areas containing breeding birds. Temporary electric fencing is an increasingly popular predator exclusion intervention, but such fences have costs associated with purchase and the time needed to erect and maintain them. Their effectiveness and optimal application are also frequently questioned.

We evaluate the use of temporary ditch‐side four‐strand electric fences in lowland grasslands in two countries, The Netherlands and England, in areas containing high densities of breeding waders.

In both countries and in all years, godwit and lapwing nest survival was significantly higher within areas enclosed by ditch‐side electric fences. Brood survival, assessed for godwits in The Netherlands, was also higher within fenced areas in all years. This demonstrates that using temporary electric fences to enclose ground‐nesting birds can be an effective tool for improving breeding productivity.

In our study, closely managed electric fences were effective at excluding red foxes Vulpes vulpes, but not avian and other mammalian predators. The positive effect that electric fencing had on nest and brood survival therefore likely results from a reduction in the total number of visits by mammalian predators, and especially visits by foxes.

Although it requires a substantial time investment throughout the period of use, our temporary electric fence design provides flexibility compared to other fence designs when it comes to enclosing different areas within a season and between years, as the targets for protection change or as land and flood management dictate. This conservation intervention can help buy the time required to develop and implement longer term solutions for application at larger scales.
Don't trust anybody: Conspiracy mentality and the detection of facial trustworthiness cues
Authors: Frenken Marius , Imhoff Roland
Published: April 2022

Conspiracy theories express mistrust in common explanations and epistemic authorities. Independent of concrete content, the extent of endorsing conspiracy theories has also shown associations with interpersonal mistrust. Arguing from an evolutionary and error‐management perspective, this increased interpersonal mistrust could either represent an enhanced sensitivity to untrustworthiness cues, or a limited ability to recognize trustworthiness, or non‐specific mistrust without differentiations between (un)trustworthiness cues. In two experimental studies (N = 563), we manipulated facial trustworthiness and tested the differentiation of trustworthiness evaluations as a function of conspiracy mentality. We found that conspiracy mentality was associated with a generalized tendency to perceive others as untrustworthy, independent of facial trustworthiness, speaking to non‐specific manifestations of mistrust. However, the association between conspiracy mentality and trust became non‐significant once age was accounted for in Study 1. We discuss how conspiracy mentality may be associated with an increased propensity to view the world as having malevolent intentions.
Staggered Stacking Covalent Organic Frameworks for Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Liang , Xiao Yao , Yang Qi‐Chao , Yang Lei‐Lei , Wan Shu‐Cheng , Wang Shuo , Zhang Lu , Deng Hexiang , Sun Zhi‐Jun
Published: April 2022

The synergistic efficacy of phototherapy and cancer immunotherapy is severely restricted by both the inherent photobleaching and aggregation‐caused quench (ACQ) defects of photosensitizers and the intrinsic antioxidant tumor microenvironment (TME), such as hypoxia and overexpressed glutathione (GSH). To address these issues, a novel porphyrin‐based staggered stacking covalent organic framework (COF), COF‐618‐Cu, is rationally designed as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplifier, owing to its excellent catalase‐like activity, COF‐618‐Cu is capable of consuming endogenous hydrogen peroxide to produce sufficient oxygen to alleviate the tumor hypoxia phenomena. Moreover the overexpressed intracellular GSH is also depleted to decrease the scavenging of ROS, due to the glutathione peroxidase mimic activity of COF‐618‐Cu. Mechanistic studies reveal that the unique staggered stacking mode between COF‐618‐Cu interlayers can effectively relieve both the photobleaching and ACQ effects that are inaccessible to commonly eclipsed COFs. These, combined with their excellent photothermal therapy performance, make COF‐618‐Cu favorable for inducing robust immunogenic cell death and remodeling TME to boost antitumor immunity.
Biomimetic Skins Enable Strain‐Perception‐Strengthening Soft Morphing
Authors: Xiao Peng , Zhou Wei , Liang Yun , Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Yang Qing , Chen Tao
Published: April 2022

Biological soft tissues are typically characterized of strain mechanical stiffening for injury prevention, yet the capability to achieve active awareness via perception strengthening still remains a challenge. However, creatures have projected their 2D or 3D deformation in a safe way via perception regulation. In this work, strain‐perception‐strengthening (SPS) enabled soft skins that allow the dynamic transformation from tactile to pain‐sensing are proposed. The synthetic skin featured with elastic, conductive, and adaptive properties is composed of elastomeric thin‐film and assembled graphene nanosheets with an interlocked structural interface. In the SPS‐enabled sensory system, the strain‐perception‐threshold value can be regulated from ≈7.2% to ≈95.3%. The integrated skin‐like system can effectively imitate the normal tactile and pain feeling of soft tissues (e.g., unidirectional stretching of muscle tendon and irregular stretching deformation of hand skin). Furthermore, inspired by the pufferfish, a bionic pufferfish with synthetic skin is designed, enabling it to sensitively capture the external mechanical stimuli such as tiny airflow and finger touch, and further inflate itself to a 3D deformation determined by the SPS effect. The concept of soft skins with SPS effect demonstrates potential fields in safe human‐machine interaction, smart prosthetics and soft robotics.
Submolecular Ligand Size and Spacing for Cell Adhesion
Authors: Kim Yuri , Koo Thomas Myeongseok , Thangam Ramar , Kim Myeong Soo , Jang Woo Young , Kang Nayeon , Min Sunhong , Kim Seong Yeol , Yang Letao , Hong Hyunsik , Jung Hee Joon , Koh Eui Kwan , Patel Kapil D. , Lee Sungkyu , Fu Hong En , Jeon Yoo Sang , Park Bum Chul , Kim Soo Young , Park Steve , Lee Junmin , Gu Luo , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Kim Tae‐Hyung , Lee Ki‐Bum , Jeong Woong Kyo , Paulmurugan Ramasamy , Kim Young Keun , Kang Heemin
Published: April 2022

Cell adhesion occurs when integrin recognizes and binds to Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) ligands present in fibronectin. In this work, submolecular ligand size and spacing are tuned via template‐mediated in situ growth of nanoparticles for dynamic macrophage modulation. To tune liganded gold nanoparticle (GNP) size and spacing from 3 to 20 nm, in situ localized assemblies of GNP arrays on nanomagnetite templates are engineered. 3 nm‐spaced ligands stimulate the binding of integrin, which mediates macrophage‐adhesion‐assisted pro‐regenerative polarization as compared to 20 nm‐spaced ligands, which can be dynamically anchored to the substrate for stabilizing integrin binding and facilitating dynamic macrophage adhesion. Increasing the ligand size from 7 to 20 nm only slightly promotes macrophage adhesion, not observed with 13 nm‐sized ligands. Increasing the ligand spacing from 3 to 17 nm significantly hinders macrophage adhesion that induces inflammatory polarization. Submolecular tuning of ligand spacing can dominantly modulate host macrophages.
Site‐Specific Electron‐Driving Observations of CO2‐to‐CH4 Photoreduction on Co‐Doped CeO2/Crystalline Carbon Nitride S‐Scheme Heterojunctions
Authors: Cheng Lei , Yue Xiaoyang , Fan Jiajie , Xiang Quanjun
Published: April 2022

Photoexcited dynamic modulation, maximizing the effective utilization of photoinduced electron–hole pairs, dominates the multiple electrons‐involving reduction pathways for terminal CH4 evolution during CO2 photoreduction. Yet, the site‐specific regulation of directional charge transfer by modification of an S‐scheme heterojunction has seldom been discussed. Herein, an atomic‐level tailoring strategy by anchoring single‐atomic Co into CeO2 co‐catalyst rather than carbon nitride supports, which can selectively favor CO2‐to‐CH4 photoreduction, is reported. Through in situ dynamic tracking investigations, this study identifies that surface Co‐embedded bimetallic CeCo conjunction is the key feature driving a strong interconnection of dynamical charge states through S‐scheme heterojunctions. The Co‐embedded modification into CeO2 co‐catalysts is demonstrated to have a critical effect on directional charge control, accelerating the driving of electrons from the carbon nitride donations to site‐specific Co hubs, which thereby promotes electronic transferability for electrons‐involving CH4 formation. As a result, an unprecedented CH4 yield (181.7 µmol g−1) is obtained with a high turnover number (411.4) through a fully gas–solid reaction, demonstrating its potential toward targeted CH4 formation without adding any sacrificial agent.
Toward Practical High‐Energy‐Density Lithium–Sulfur Pouch Cells: A Review
Authors: Chen Zi‐Xian , Zhao Meng , Hou Li‐Peng , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Li Bo‐Quan , Huang Jia‐Qi
Published: April 2022

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries promise great potential as high‐energy‐density energy‐storage devices due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. Evaluation and analysis on practical Li–S pouch cells are essential for achieving actual high energy density under working conditions and affording developing directions for practical applications. This review aims to afford a comprehensive overview of high‐energy‐density Li–S pouch cells regarding 7 years of development and to point out further research directions. Key design parameters to achieve actual high energy density are addressed first, to define the research boundaries distinguished from coin‐cell‐level evaluation. Systematic analysis of the published literature and cutting‐edge performances is then conducted to demonstrate the achieved progress and the gap toward practical applications. Following that, failure analysis as well as promotion strategies at the pouch cell level are, respectively, discussed to reveal the unique working and failure mechanism that shall be accordingly addressed. Finally, perspectives toward high‐performance Li–S pouch cells are presented regarding the challenges and opportunities of this field.
More Powerful Twistron Carbon Nanotube Yarn Mechanical Energy Harvesters
Authors: Wang Zhong , Mun Tae Jin , Machado Fernando M. , Moon Ji Hwan , Fang Shaoli , Aliev Ali E. , Zhang Mengmeng , Cai Wenting , Mu Jiuke , Hyeon Jae Sang , Park Jong Woo , Conlin Patrick , Cho Kyeongjae , Gao Enlai , Wan Gang , Huynh Chi , Zakhidov Anvar A. , Kim Seon Jeong , Baughman Ray H.
Published: April 2022

Stretching a coiled carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn can provide large, reversible electrochemical capacitance changes, which convert mechanical energy to electricity. Here, it is shown that the performance of these “twistron” harvesters can be increased by optimizing the alignment of precursor CNT forests, plastically stretching the precursor twisted yarn, applying much higher tensile loads during precoiling twist than for coiling, using electrothermal pulse annealing under tension, and incorporating reduced graphene oxide nanoplates. The peak output power for a 1 and a 30 Hz sinusoidal deformation are 0.73 and 3.19 kW kg−1, respectively, which are 24‐ and 13‐fold that of previous twistron harvesters at these respective frequencies. This performance at 30 Hz is over 12‐fold that of other prior‐art mechanical energy harvesters for frequencies between 0.1 and 600 Hz. The maximum energy conversion efficiency is 7.2‐fold that for previous twistrons. Twistron anode and cathode yarn arrays are stretched 180° out‐of‐phase by locating them in the negative and positive compressibility directions of hinged wine‐rack frames, thereby doubling the output voltage and reducing the input mechanical energy.
Large‐Scale Integration of a Zinc Metasilicate Interface Layer Guiding Well‐Regulated Zn Deposition
Authors: Guo Ruiting , Liu Xiong , Xia Fanjie , Jiang Yalong , Zhang Huazhang , Huang Meng , Niu Chaojiang , Wu Jinsong , Zhao Yan , Wang Xuanpeng , Han Chunhua , Mai Liqiang
Published: April 2022

Uneven distribution of electric fields at the electrolyte–anode interface and associated Zn dendrite growth is one of the most critical barriers that limit the life span of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. Herein, new‐type Zn–A–O (A = Si, Ti) interface layers with thin and uniform thickness, porosity, and hydrophilicity properties are developed to realize homogeneous and smooth Zn plating. For ZnSiO3 nanosheet arrays on Zn foil (Zn@ZSO), their formation follows an “etching–nucleation–growth” mechanism that is confirmed by a well‐designed Zn‐island‐based identical‐location microscopy method, the geometric area of which is up to 1000 cm2 in one‐pot synthesis based on a low‐temperature wet‐chemical method. Guided by the structural advantages of the ZSO layer, the Zn2+ flux gets equalized. Besides ultralow polarization, the life spans of symmetric cells and full cells coupled with a high‐mass‐loading K0.27MnO2·0.54H2O (8 mg cm−2) cathode, are increased by 3–7 times with the Zn@ZSO anode. Moreover, the large‐scale preparation of Zn@ZSO foil contributes to a 0.5 Ah multilayer pouch cell with high performance, further confirming its prospects for practical application.
Effect of Doping, Photodoping, and Bandgap Variation on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Das Basita , Aguilera Irene , Rau Uwe , Kirchartz Thomas
Published: April 2022

Most traditional semiconductor materials are based on the control of doping densities to create junctions and thereby functional and efficient electronic and optoelectronic devices. The technology development for halide perovskites had initially only rarely made use of the concept of electronic doping of the perovskite layer and instead employed a variety of different contact materials to create functionality. Only recently, intentional or unintentional doping of the perovskite layer is more frequently invoked as an important factor explaining differences in photovoltaic or optoelectronic performance in certain devices. Here, numerical simulations are used to study the influence of doping and photodoping on photoluminescence quantum yield and other device relevant metrics. It is found that doping can improve the photoluminescence quantum yield by making radiative recombination faster. This effect can benefit, or harm, photovoltaic performance given that the improvement of photoluminescence quantum efficiency and open‐circuit voltage is accompanied by a reduction of the diffusion length. This reduction will eventually lead to inefficient carrier collection at high doping densities. The photovoltaic performance may improve at an optimum doping density which depends on a range of factors such as the mobilities of the different layers and the ratio of the charge carrier capture cross sections.
Metal–Organic Framework Derived Copper Chalcogenides‐Carbon Composites as High‐Rate and Stable Storage Materials for Na Ions
Authors: Li Huihua , Zhang Huang , Zarrabeitia Maider , Liang Hai‐Peng , Geiger Dorin , Kaiser Ute , Varzi Alberto , Passerini Stefano
Published: April 2022

Transition metal chalcogenides have been regarded as promising storage materials for sodium ions owing to their high theoretical capacity. Herein, copper‐based metal–organic frameworks (Cu‐BTC) are reported as precursors to fabrica copper chalcogenides‐carbon composites, namely Cu1.8S@C and Cu2‐xSe@C. The materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with high specific capacities (504 mAh g–1 for Cu1.8S@C and 317 mAh g–1 for Cu2‐xSe@C at 0.1 A g–1) and long‐term cycling stability when used as anode materials in cells employing carbon‐coated Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP/C) positive electrodes. The Cu2‐xSe@C||NVP/C cell delivers a specific capacity of 73 mAh g–1 at 1.2 A g–1 (based on cathode mass) and excellent cycling stability (capacity retention of 85% after 500 cycles at 0.12 A g–1) with Coulombic efficiency of ≈99.9%. Moreover, the Cu2‐xSe@C composite performs well as positive electrode storage material in a sodium‐metal cell, offering a high reversible capacity of 216 mAh (per gram of Cu2‐xSe@C) after 1800 cycles at 2 A g–1 and enabling high specific energy and power.
Engineered Circular RNA CircmiR‐29b Attenuates Muscle Atrophy by Sponging MiR‐29b
Authors: Li Jin , Chen Rui , Zheng Yongjun , Yuan Weilin , Yang Tingting , Zhu Xiaolan , Yan Yuwei , Jin Bing , Xu Wanru , Zhang Zhongrong , Li Guoping , Gokulnath Priyanka , Lei Zhiyong , Xiao Junjie
Published: April 2022

Muscle atrophy is commonly caused by various diseases but still lacks effective treatment in clinical practice. Here, an artificial circular RNA (circRNA) named circmiR‐29b, which is designed to be a molecular sponge for miR‐29b containing 12 imperfect bulged miR‐29b binding sites is constructed. CircmiR‐29b shows a favorable functional effect with respect to miR‐29b repression in a specific and drastic manner. CircmiR‐29b can protect against in vitro muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone (Dex), angiotensin II (Ang II), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). Besides, circmiR‐29b attenuates in vivo muscle atrophy induced by denervation, immobilization, and Ang II. More importantly, skeletal muscle specific gene therapy using circmiR‐29b is able to attenuate established muscle atrophy induced by spiral wire immobilization. This work has developed an engineered circmiR‐29b acting as an miR‐29b sponge, and offers a promising therapeutic tool to prevent muscle atrophy.
SOD‐YOLO: A Small Target Defect Detection Algorithm for Wind Turbine Blades Based on Improved YOLOv5
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wen Chuanbo
Published: April 2022

Early and effective detection of wind turbine blade (WTB) surface defects can avoid complex and expensive repair problems and serious safety hazards. The traditional target detection methods have the problems of insufficient detection capability, long model inference time and low recognition accuracy for small targets and long strip defects in WTB datasets. This paper proposes a high‐precision model SOD‐YOLO for WTB surface defect detection based on UAVs image analysis of YOLOv5. First, the WTB images are preprocessed by foreground segmentation and Hough transform to build the WTB defect dataset. Then, a micro‐scale detection layer is added to the original YOLOv5, and the K‐means algorithm is used to re‐cluster anchors and add the CBAM attention mechanism to each feature fusion layer to reduce the loss of feature information for small target defects and other defects. In addition, to improve the detection efficiency, the channel pruning algorithm is used to reduce the model size. The experimental results show that the average accuracy (mAP) of the SOD‐YOLO algorithm on the WTB dataset reaches 95.1%, which is 7.82% better than YOLOv5, and the FPS is 28.3% better. Therefore, SOD‐YOLO is able to detect small target defects and other defects quickly and effectively.
Formula Graph Self‐Attention Network for Representation‐Domain Independent Materials Discovery
Authors: Ihalage Achintha , Hao Yang
Published: April 2022

The success of machine learning (ML) in materials property prediction depends heavily on how the materials are represented for learning. Two dominant families of material descriptors exist, one that encodes crystal structure in the representation and the other that only uses stoichiometric information with the hope of discovering new materials. Graph neural networks (GNNs) in particular have excelled in predicting material properties within chemical accuracy. However, current GNNs are limited to only one of the above two avenues owing to the little overlap between respective material representations. Here, a new concept of formula graph which unifies stoichiometry‐only and structure‐based material descriptors is introduced. A self‐attention integrated GNN that assimilates a formula graph is further developed and it is found that the proposed architecture produces material embeddings transferable between the two domains. The proposed model can outperform some previously reported structure‐agnostic models and their structure‐based counterparts while exhibiting better sample efficiency and faster convergence. Finally, the model is applied in a challenging exemplar to predict the complex dielectric function of materials and nominate new substances that potentially exhibit epsilon‐near‐zero phenomena.
Composite NiCo2O4@CeO2 Microsphere as Cathode Catalyst for High‐Performance Lithium–Oxygen Battery
Authors: Wu Yuanhui , Ding Haoran , Yang Tianlun , Xia Yongji , Zheng Hongfei , Wei Qiulong , Han, Jiajia , Peng Dong‐Liang , Yue Guanghui
Published: April 2022

The large overpotential and poor cycle stability caused by inactive redox reactions are tough challenges for lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs). Here, a composite microsphere material comprising NiCo2O4@CeO2 is synthesized via a hydrothermal approach followed by an annealing processing, which is acted as a high performance electrocatalyst for LOBs. The unique microstructured catalyst can provide enough catalytic surface to facilitate the barrier‐free transport of oxygen as well as lithium ions. In addition, the special microsphere and porous nanoneedles structure can effectively accelerate electrolyte penetration and the reversible formation and decomposition process of Li2O2, while the introduction of CeO2 can increase oxygen vacancies and optimize the electronic structure of NiCo2O4, thereby enhancing the electron transport of the whole electrode. This kind of catalytic cathode material can effectively reduce the overpotential to only 1.07 V with remarkable cycling stability of 400 loops under 500 mA g−1. Based on the density functional theory calculations, the origin of the enhanced electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4@CeO2 is clarified from the perspective of electronic structure and reaction kinetics. This work demonstrates the high efficiency of NiCo2O4@CeO2 as an electrocatalyst and confirms the contribution of the current design concept to the development of LOBs cathode materials.
Electrochemical Methods for Exploiting Low‐Temperature Heat Sources: Challenges in Material Research
Authors: Brogioli Doriano , La Mantia Fabio
Published: April 2022

The exploitation of renewable low temperature heat sources below 100 °C can significantly contribute to the transition to a low‐carbon economy, in particular if applied to small and household scale. The scientific community has taken on the challenge to develop alternative techniques for the exploitation of such sources. Several innovative methods have been recently proposed; among them, many are based on electrochemistry. Here, the various techniques are discussed and a general thermodynamic analysis that allows to compare the performances and to identify the most promising technique is provided. The thermodynamic analysis is then extended to find the possible research lines in material science that could lead to improvements of the performances of the various techniques.
Considering the Role of Ion Transport in Diffuson‐Dominated Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Bernges Tim , Hanus Riley , Wankmiller Bjoern , Imasato Kazuki , Lin Siqi , Ghidiu Michael , Gerlitz Marius , Peterlechner Martin , Graham Samuel , Hautier Geoffroy , Pei Yanzhong , Hansen Michael Ryan , Wilde Gerhard , Snyder G. Jeffrey , George Janine , Agne Matthias T. , Zeier Wolfgang G.
Published: April 2022

Next‐generation thermal management requires the development of low lattice thermal conductivity materials, as observed in ionic conductors. For example, thermoelectric efficiency is increased when thermal conductivity is decreased. Detrimentally, high ionic conductivity leads to thermoelectric device degradation. Battery safety and design also require an understanding of thermal transport in ionic conductors. Ion mobility, structural complexity, and anharmonicity have been used to explain the thermal transport properties of ionic conductors. However, thermal and ionic transport are rarely discussed in direct comparison. Herein, the ionic conductivity of Ag+ argyrodites is found to change by orders of magnitude without altering the thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity measurements and two‐channel lattice dynamics modeling reveal that the majority of Ag+ vibrations have a non‐propagating diffuson‐like character, similar to amorphous materials. It is found that high ionic mobility is not a requirement for diffuson‐mediated transport. Instead, the same bonding and structural traits that can lead to fast ionic conduction also lead to diffuson‐mediated transport. Bridging the fields of solid‐state ionics and thermal transport, it is proposed that a vibrational perspective can lead to new design strategies for functional ionic conducting materials. As a first step, the authors relate the so‐called Meyer–Neldel behavior in ionic conductors to phonon occupations.