bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protection of FS receivers from the interference produced by HEO FSS satellites in the 18 GHz band: Effect of the roll‐off characteristics of the HEO system satellite antenna beams
Authors: Finamore Anna Carolina , Fortes José Mauro P.
Published: July 2008

This paper focuses on the protection of fixed service (FS) receivers from the aggregate interference produced by the satellites of multiple highly elliptical orbit satellite systems (HEOs). It analyzes the protection given to FS receivers operating in the 18 GHz frequency band by the power flux‐density (pfd) mask contained in Article 21 of the 2003 edition of the Radio Regulations [International Telecommunication Union, 2003.]. This mask establishes the maximum allowable value for the pfd produced by any of the satellites of a non‐geostationary system at the Earth's surface. The protection offered to FS receivers by this mask is analyzed in four interfering environments, each containing three identical HEO systems. Four types of HEO systems, with different orbital characteristics, are considered: three having satellites that operate only in the northern hemisphere and one having satellites that operate in both hemispheres. All satellite antennas are assumed to radiate 0.3° spot beams. Each HEO satellite is modelled so that the maximum pfd it produces at the Earth's surface just meets the RR Article 21 mask and the analysis takes into account the roll‐off characteristics of the satellite antenna beams. To reflect the multiplicity of possibilities concerning the geographical location and technical characteristics of the victim FS receiver (e.g. latitude, longitude, azimuth and elevation of its receiving antenna, antenna gain, receiver noise temperature, etc.) a number of cases were evaluated. The concept of interference in excess [Int. J. Satellite Commun. Networking 2006; 24: 73–95] was used to combine the results corresponding to FS receivers located at the same latitude and having the same receiving antenna elevation angle but for which the location longitude and the azimuth of the pointing direction of its receiving antenna are randomly chosen. Results are expressed in terms of the cumulative distribution function of the interference in excess. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Achieving a balanced organizational structure in professional services firms: some lessons from a modeling project
Authors: Kunc Martin
Published: July 2008

While many factors affect the organizational shape that managers in professional services firms should achieve, one has the greatest importance: the ratio of junior, mid‐level, and senior staff, usually referred to as a firm's leverage. The tensions between short‐term (market demand and firm profitability—a static equilibrium issue) and long‐term issues (organizational structure and professional development—a dynamic equilibrium issue) were analyzed in a modeling for learning project. Managing a professional service firm implies important trade‐offs between satisfying staff development and financial performance. A hiring and promotion proactive policy aimed at satisfying professional staff development leads to an expensive organizational structure without any certainty for future growth perspectives. However, a reactive hiring policy is not better since it burns out mid‐level staff due to delays in training and hiring, which increase staff departures. Therefore, a widely applied “up‐or‐out promotion system” seems to be the right policy for managing professional services firms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing strategy design and planning in public utilities through “dynamic” balanced scorecards: insights from a project in a city water company
Authors: Bianchi Carmine , Montemaggiore Giovan Battista
Published: July 2008

In the last decade there has been an increasing effort to provide public utilities managers with planning and control tools, to take into account not only operational but also strategic issues. Among them are customer satisfaction, internal business process efficiency, business image, and bargaining power against other counterparts (e.g., the municipal administration). Often, however, such an effort has been oriented to generate a large volume of data, focused only on financial indicators and on a static view of the relevant system. This paper shows how the use of “dynamic” balanced scorecards can significantly improve the planning process in a strategic learning perspective. Insights from a project in a municipal water company are analysed and discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System dynamics and cybernetics: a synergetic pair
Authors: Schwaninger Markus , Ríos José Pérez
Published: July 2008

The authors advocate building a bridge between two systems approaches, namely system dynamics (SD) and the viable system model (VSM), which is the main exponent of organizational cybernetics (OC). Such a synthesis is aimed at opening a path towards a better capability of actors to deal with complex issues in both organizations and society. Given their respective strengths—modeling and simulation of content issues in the case of SD, and providing a viable organizational context in the case of OC—a combination of the two approaches is claimed to be potentially fertile. That argument gets twofold support. Firstly, the complementarity of SD and the VSM is cogently shown. Secondly, the authors refer to examples of synergy development through a combination of the two approaches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental analysis of the dynamic structure and behavior of managerial support systems
Authors: Clark Thomas D. , Jones Mary C.
Published: July 2008

This paper provides a System Dynamics approach to assessment of a theoretical model of management support systems (MSS). It extends theory about the structure of MSS using the system dynamics indexed variable approach. Experimentation with relationships among system elements suggests possible MSS management policies and offers insight into how to successfully manage such systems. Several key insights into the interactive behavior of the elements in the system are provided. For example, we show that the level of MSS use lags changes in the problem space as it becomes more complex. This in turn affects MSS quality because it can bring into question the decisions made that were based on the MSS. It is, therefore, necessary to ensure changes in problem space are understood quickly and reacted to in a timely manner.
Characteristics of CO2 corrosion scale formed on P110 steel in simulant solution with saturated CO2
Authors: Yin Zhifu , Zhao Wenzhen , Bai Zhenquan , Feng Yaorong
Published: July 2008

The SEM, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and XPS were employed to systematically characterize the component and microstructure of the corrosion scale formed on P110 steel exposed to carbon dioxide (CO2) environment. A loose and porous microstructure in corrosion scale was observed under turbulent flow condition for 120 h at 100 °C with a carbon dioxide partial pressure of 4 MPa in which the principal component was iron carbonate (FeCO3), whereas at 160 °C the corrosion scale was composed mainly of FeCO3 and a little amount of FeO(OH). In addition, complex carbonate (Mg,Fe)CO3 was produced because some Fe positions in FeCO3 lattice were substituted by Mg. It showed that a double‐layer structure of corrosion scale was observed at 160 °C compared with the result at 100 °C. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale Stochastic Simulations for Tensile Testing of Nanotube‐Based Macroscopic Cables
Authors: Pugno Nicola M. , Bosia Federico , Carpinteri Alberto
Published: July 2008

Thousands of multiscale stochastic simulations are carried out in order to perform the first in‐silico tensile tests of carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based macroscopic cables with varying length. The longest treated cable is the space‐elevator megacable but more realistic shorter cables are also considered in this bottom‐up investigation. Different sizes, shapes, and concentrations of defects are simulated, resulting in cable macrostrengths not larger than ≈10 GPa, which is much smaller than the theoretical nanotube strength (≈100 GPa). No best‐fit parameters are present in the multiscale simulations: the input at level 1 is directly estimated from nanotensile tests of CNTs, whereas its output is considered as the input for the level 2, and so on up to level 5, corresponding to the megacable. Thus, five hierarchical levels are used to span lengths from that of a single nanotube (≈100 nm) to that of the space‐elevator megacable (≈100 Mm).
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of AgCuVO4
Authors: Möller Angela , Jainski Judith
Published: July 2008

Dark red single crystals of AgCuVO4 were obtained from hydroxide fluxes in Ag‐containers at 430 °C. According to X‐ray diffraction data AgCuVO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (Z = 4, a = 925.5(1) pm, b = 677.8(1) pm, c = 540.1(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0753). The Pearson code (oP28) and Wyckoff sequence (dc4a) indicate that AgCuVO4 is related to the olivine‐type of structure, but the first coordination sphere of AgI and CuII differ significantly from the C.N. 6 with irregular square‐pyramidal [AgO5] polyhedra and distorted square‐planar [CuO4] units. These differences in crystal chemistry are discussed and MAPLE as well as ECoN values are given.
Synthesis, Structures and Magnetic Properties of Two Binuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes Bridged by Bis(p‐nitrophenyl) Phosphate or Diphenylphosphinate Ion
Authors: Tian Jin‐Lei , Gu Wen , Yan Shi‐Ping , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui
Published: July 2008

Two new binuclear cobalt(II) complexes, [Co2L1(μ2‐DPP)]2+ (1) (HL1 = N, N, N′, N′‐ tetrakis (2‐benzimidazolylmethyl)‐2‐hydroxyl ‐1,3‐diaminopropane; DPP = diphenylphosphinate) and [Co2L2(μ2‐BNPP)2]+ (2) (HL2 = 2,6‐bis‐[N,N‐di(2‐ pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]‐4‐methylphenol, BNPP = bis(4‐nitrophenyl)phosphate) have been synthesized and their crystal structures and magnetic properties are shown. In 1, each CoII atom has a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination sphere with a N3O2 donor set and the central two CoII atoms are bridged by one alkoxo‐O atom and one μ2‐DPP ion with the Co1‐Co2 separation of 3.542Å. In 2, each CoII atom has a pseudo octahedral environment with a N3O3 donor set and the central two CoII atoms are bridged by a phenolic oxygen atom of L2 and two μ2‐BNPP ions with the Co1‐Co2 separation of 3.667Å. Susceptibility data of 1 and 2 indicate intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling of the high‐spin CoII atoms.
The Synthesis of (η3‐C3H5)Pd{Si[N(tBu)CH]2}Cl and the Catalytic Property for Heck Reaction
Authors: Zhang Ming , Liu Xiaoli , Shi Chaojun , Ren Chunxia , Ding Yuqiang , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: July 2008

Treatment of N‐heterocyclic silylene Si[N(tBu)CH]2 (1) and [(η3‐C3H5)PdCl]2 in toluene led to the formation of the mononuclear complex (η3‐C3H5)Pd{Si[N(tBu)CH]2}Cl (3), the silicon analogue to N‐heterocyclic carbene complex (η3‐C3H5)Pd{C[N(tBu)CH]2}Cl (2). Complex 3 was characterized with 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Investigation shows that (η3‐C3H5)Pd{Si[N(tBu)CH]2}Cl is an active catalyst for Heck coupling reaction of styrene with aryl bromides.
Chelating Complexes of Diethylzinc and ZnCl2 with 2,2‐Bipyridine and 1,6,7,12,13,18‐Hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN) as Ligands
Authors: Krahmer Jan , Beckhaus Ruediger , Saak Wolfgang , Haase Detlev
Published: July 2008

The 1,6,7,12,13,18‐hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN) complex [(Et2Zn)3(μ3‐HATN)] was synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis and ESI‐MS spectrometry. Attempts to prepare ZnCl2 complexes of HATN leads only to the mononuclear [(Cl2Zn)(HATN)] derivative, characterized by X‐ray diffraction, IR‐ and UV/Vis‐spectroscopy as well as ESI‐MS spectrometry. The bright red 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) complex [(Et2Zn)(bipy)] (1) was synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. The UV/Vis‐spectra of the HATN‐complexes show absorptions in regions of far longer wavelengths than the corresponding 2,2′‐bipyridine or 1,10‐phenantroline complexes. Consequently the π*‐LUMO of HATN (5) is lower in energy than the π*‐LUMO of 2,2′‐bipyridine (2) or 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen).
Structural Studies of New Sulfito Mercurates(II) with General Formula xM[XHgSO3]middot;yHgX2·zMX·nH2O (M = NH4, K; X = Cl, Br)
Authors: Weil Matthias , Baumann Stefan , Breitinger Dietrich K.
Published: July 2008

Several solid phases with the general formula xM[XHgSO3]·yHgX2·zMX·nH2O were obtained from aqueous solutions during phase formation studies in the systems M2SO3/HgX2 (M = NH4, K; X = Cl, Br). All phases were structurally characterized on the basis of single crystal X‐ray diffraction data and adopt new structure types. Compounds with x, y, z = 1 and n = 0 are isostructural (structure type I) and crystallise with two formula units in space group P21/m and lattice parameters of a ≈ 9.7, b ≈ 6.2, c ≈ 10.4Å, β ≈ 111°. Compounds with x, y = 1 and z, n = 0 (structure type II) crystallize in space group Cmc21 with four formula units and lattice parameters of a ≈ 5.9, b ≈ 22.0, c ≈ 6.9Å. The structures with x = 2, y, z = 1 and n = 0 are likewise isostructural (stucture type III) and consist of four formula units in space group Pnma with lattice parameters of a ≈ 22.2, b ≈ 6.1, c ≈ 12.4Å. K[HgSO3Cl]·KCl·H2O is the only representative where x = 1, y = 0, z = 1 and n = 1 (structure type IV). It is triclinic (space group $P{\bar 1}$) with four formula units and lattice parameters of a = 6.1571(8), b = 7.1342(9), c = 10.6491(14) Å, α = 76.889(2), β = 88.364(2), γ = 69.758(2)°. Characteristic for all structures types is the segregation of the M+ cations and the anions and/or HgX2 molecules into layers. The [XHgSO3]− anions are present in all structures and have m symmetry, except for K[HgSO3Cl]·KCl·H2O with 1 symmetry (but very close to m symmetry). The different [XHgSO3] units exhibit very similar Hg‐S distances (average 2.372Å) and are more or less bent with ∠(X‐Hg‐S) angles ranging from 159.7 to 173.7°. The molecular HgX2 entities present in structure types I‐III deviate only slightly from linearity with ∠(X‐Hg‐X) angles ranging from 174 to 179°. The structures are stabilised by interaction of the K+ or NH4+ cations that are located between the anionic layers or in the vacancies of the framework, by K‐O contacts or, in case of ammonium compounds, by medium to weak hydrogen bonding interactions of the type N‐H···O.
[1,2‐P2S8]2− – a New Member of the Thiophosphate Family: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectrum of [NH4(2.2.2‐cryptand)]2[1,2‐P2S8] and [NH4(18‐crown‐6)]2[1,2‐P2S8]·H2O
Authors: Gjikaj Mimoza , Wu Peng
Published: July 2008

Colourless block‐shaped crystals of [(NH4)2(2.2.2‐cryptand)2][P2S8] (1) and [(NH4)2(18‐crown‐6)2][P2S8]·H2O (2) could be obtained by the reaction of an aqueous solution of ammonium hexathiohypodiphosphate, (NH4)4P2S6·2 H2O, with sulfur and 2.2.2‐cryptand or 18‐crown‐6. The crystal structures of both compounds have been determined by single‐crystal X‐Ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 2032.7(2), b = 1243.6(2), c = 2244.6(2) pm, β = 98.64(1)°, and Z = 8, whereas compound 2 crystallizes also monoclinic in the space group P21/c with a = 2121.3(2), b = 865.5(1), c = 2345.4(2) pm, β = 91.96(1)°, and Z = 4. It could be established that the title compounds contain a new type of six‐membered [1,2‐P2S4] ring with P – P bond and three S – S linkages. The tetrahedral environment of each phosphorus is completed by a (formally) single and double bonded sulfur atom attached externally to the [1,2‐P2S4] ring. These terminal PS2 units are mesomerically stabilized according to their P – S distances. FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of the title compounds are recorded and interpreted.
Beiträge zum thermischen Verhalten und zur Kristallchemie wasserfreier Phosphate. XXXIX
Authors: Benser E. , Schöneborn M. , Glaum R.
Published: July 2008

Contributions on the Thermal Behaviour and Crystal Chemistry of Anhydrous Phosphates. XXXIX, Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Structural Systematics of Quaternary Vanadium(IV) Oxidephosphates MIIV2O2(PO4)2 (MII: Co, Ni, Cu)

By vapour‐phase assisted solid state reactions single‐crystals of the oxidephosphates α‐CoV2O2(PO4)2 (green), β‐NiV2O2(PO4)2 (yellow), and CuV2O2(PO4)2 (brown) suitable for structural investigations were grown (α‐CoV2O2(PO4)2: P21/c, Z = 2, a = 6.310(1), b = 7.275(1), c = 7.441(2) Å, β = 90.30(2)°, R1 = 0.044, wR2 = 0.083, 1515 independent reflections, 71 variables; β‐NiV2O2(PO4)2: P21/c, Z = 2, a = 7.4013, b = 7.2595, c = 7.4230Å, β = 121.56°, R1 = 0.037, wR2 = 0.084, 1117 independent reflections, 61 variables; CuV2O2(PO4)2: Pbca, Z = 8, a = 7.352(1), b = 12.652(1), c = 14.504(2) Å, R1 = 0.048, wR2 = 0.067, 2886 independent reflections, 136 variables). β‐CoV2O2(PO4)2 and α‐NiV2O2(PO4)2 were obtained as powders only. The α‐forms belong to the α‐Fe2O(PO4) structure family, while the β‐forms are isotypic to NiTi2O2(PO4)2 (Lipscombite/Lazulite structure family). The oxidephosphate structures are characterized by three‐dimensional networks of [PO4] tetrahedra and [MV2O12] groups formed by face‐sharing of [MIIO6] and [VIVO6] octahedra.
The CHIC Model: A Global Model for Coupled Binary Data
Authors: Wilderjans Tom , Ceulemans Eva , Van Mechelen Iven
Published: July 2008

Often problems result in the collection of coupled data, which consist of different N-way N-mode data blocks that have one or more modes in common. To reveal the structure underlying such data, an integrated modeling strategy, with a single set of parameters for the common mode(s), that is estimated based on the information in all data blocks, may be most appropriate. Such a strategy implies a global model, consisting of different N-way N-mode submodels, and a global loss function that is a (weighted) sum of the partial loss functions associated with the different submodels. In this paper, such a global model for an integrated analysis of a three-way three-mode binary data array and a two-way two-mode binary data matrix that have one mode in common is presented. A simulated annealing algorithm to estimate the model parameters is described and evaluated in a simulation study. An application of the model to real psychological data is discussed.
Pathways leading to early growth faltering: an investigation into the importance of mucosal damage and immunostimulation in different socio-economic groups in Nepal
Authors: Panter-Brick Catherine , Lunn Peter G. , Langford Rebecca M. , Maharjan Makhan , Manandhar Dharma S.
Published: July 2008

Early childhood growth retardation persists in developing countries despite decades of nutritional interventions. Adequate food is necessary, but not sufficient, to ensure normal growth where there is ubiquitous exposure to infection. Pathways associated with infection, small intestinal mucosal damage and chronic immunostimulation remain largely undemonstrated in countries other than The Gambia. We conducted a longitudinal study of one squatter and one middle-class group (n 86, 3–18 month olds) to assess these relationships in Nepal. Growth, mucosal damage index (MDI; urinary lactose:creatinine ratio adjusted for body weight), morbidity reports, and blood concentrations of albumin, α-1-acid glycoprotein, IgG and Hb, were recorded monthly. Growth status worsened dramatically from 6 to 18 months, with squatters more stunted (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), P < 0·001) and underweight (weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), P = 0·009) than middle class. IgG increased with age, was elevated in squatter children, and negatively related to WAZ (P = 0·034). MDI showed significant negative associations with growth performance, explaining 9 and 19 % of height and weight deficits (ΔHAZ, P = 0·004; ΔWAZ, P < 0·001). Unexpectedly, these associations were weaker in squatter children, namely in the group which showed poorer growth, elevated morbidity, greater pathogen exposure (IgG) and higher MDI (P < 0·001). In Nepal, as in The Gambia, children exhibit poor growth, mucosal damage and immunostimulation. The relative impact of pathways associated with infection and undernutrition may, however, differ across socio-economic groups: in poorer children, the impact of mucosal damage and immunostimulation could be masked by nutritional constraints. This has important implications for public health interventions.
Shifting body weight-fecundity relationship in a capital breeder: maternal effects on egg numbers of the autumnal moth under field conditions
Authors: Heisswolf A. , Klemola T. , Andersson T. , Ruohomäki K.
Published: July 2008

In the literature, various environmental factors are described as being capable of influencing the reproductive output of insect females irrespective of their body size. Still, female body size or weight is widely used as a proxy for fecundity. In the present study, a seven-year data set on the autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), was used to analyze whether the body weight-fecundity relationship in this capital breeding, cyclic forest defoliating lepidopteran is constant across years. Ambient temperature conditions and density of conspecifics during larval development, the length of the pupal period, as well as moth densities in the parent generation were examined as factors capable of modifying the body weight-fecundity relationship. While the regression slope of potential fecundity (total egg numbers per female) on pupal mass was constant across years, the mean total egg number per given body weight (the regression intercept) was significantly different between years. This residual variance in egg numbers after controlling for the effect of pupal mass was best explained by the pooled geometrid density (autumnal and winter moths) in the parent generation. The total egg number per given body weight decreased with increasing density of geometrid moths in the parent generation. Thus, maternal density effects on offspring fecundity were found in this system. Their rather weak nature suggests, however, that this maternal effect alone does not have the potential of causing cyclic population dynamics in the autumnal moth.
The frequency of colour vision defective students in a school of art and the influence of their defects
Authors: Pickford R. W.
Published: July 2008

1. It has not been possible to show that the frequency of red/green defectives is different in a school of art from that in the population as a whole, or that the distribution of frequencies of sub-types is different, either for men or women.

2. One colour defective out of seven did not know of the defect until tested in this research, four were tested by a doctor at school before coming to the college of art and two were tested informally by friends after coming to the college. In every case where it was used by non-psychologists the Ishihara Test seems to have given unsatisfactory information, and in this research it was very unsatisfactory except for crude screening.

3. All the subjects showed surprising powers of adaptation, partly as a result of realizing their difficulties consciously and learning to avoid colours which would give rise to difficulty.

4. It is clear that with better testing, which reveals the degree and type of defect accurately, and a more understanding approach on the part of a trained psychologist who realizes how to explain a person's colour difficulties and to give him insight into the nature of his problems, much help could be given. It should not be necessary and is not desirable that all red/green defectives should be excluded from schools of art, because some of them may have quite considerable artistic ability.
Family growth in Aberdeen
Authors: Thompson Barbara , Illsley Raymond
Published: July 2008

This paper reports the findings of longitudinal studies of married primigravidae resident in Aberdeen city:

(1) All 1026 primigravidae delivered in 1949 were followed up 5 years later.

(2) A 1-in-6 random sample of primigravidae delivered 1950–53 (330 women) were studied intensively and followed up at 5 and 10 years.

The findings are biased in favour of families of manual workers because more upper social class families left Aberdeen.

Many primigravidae had no definite ideas on family size but they made up their minds or changed their preferences (sometimes to accommodate to reality) as they gained experience of marriage and motherhood. Most women wanted 2 or 3 children and none wanted more than 4 children.

There were striking differentials in fertility at both 5 and 10 years. Women who were under 20 years of age when they had their first baby, those who conceived prenuptially, and those married to a semi-skilled or unskilled manual worker had the largest families at both 5 and 10 years. At 5 years, although on average such women were having intercourse more frequently, they were the least likely to have been regular users of contraceptives.

Two-thirds of all pregnancies which occurred in the first 5 years were ‘unintended’. Only 15% of couples had used contraceptives regularly from marriage and a further 20% became regular users in the 5 years following the birth of their first child. At the end of the first 5 years, 10% of women already had more children ‘than they felt able to manage without excessive strain’. The number increased in the following years but was modified partly by delegation of responsibility for a few children to other women but more especially by the liberal policy to sterilization pursued in Aberdeen. The repetition of the disadvantages in the childhood environment of the largest families is illustrated. It is argued that ‘the pill’, which was not available to the women in the studies reported, may reduce the number of ‘unintended‘ pregnancies in future, but that sterilization may remain the most satisfactory measure of family limitation in a small group of women whose way of life is not conducive to forward planning and sustained rational behaviour.
The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: Fertility and Associated Factors before Migration
Authors: Stanhope J. M. , Prior I. A. M.
Published: July 2008

The Tokelau Island Migrant Study is outlined. It is a multi-disciplinary study of health and social change in the Tokelau islanders, following up emigrants to New Zealand (NZ). In this paper fertility and related aspects are examined, comparing pre-migrants (persons subsequently known to have emigrated to NZ) with non-migrants. Pre-migrant females tended to be younger, to marry later, to be less often childless and to have suffered more miscarriages, than non-migrants. Tokelau parity lagged behind other Polynesian populations due to later marriages, and reached a level below that of the more westernized Rarotongans and NZ Maoris.

Tokelau life expectancy was estimated to be 62·2–62·6 years for males and 62·9–66·4 years for females.
The Use of Oestrogens for Postcoital Contraception
Authors: Coles Ruth
Published: July 2008

Oestrogens as postcoital contraception have been prescribed for 282 women at the Brook Advisory Centre (Avon) since January 1973. A daily dose of 50 mg diethylstilboestrol for 5 days started within 72 hr of unprotected intercourse was used from January 1973. This was changed to 5 mg ethinyl oestradiol in May 1974. There were no pregnancies nor any serious side effects. Follow-up showed that most women had their next period at the expected time.
Fertility and Family Planning in Accra
Authors: Fosu Gabriel B.
Published: July 2008

Data from a sample interview survey conducted in Accra in 1982 show that there is a very high level of knowledge of contraceptive methods among mothers aged 25–39 years (92%). However, only about 41% of the women had ever used any form of contraception, and only 18% were using modern methods at the time of the study. This is low for a city where an official family planning programme has been in operation for 15 years, even when the confounding effects of availability and accessibility of services have been controlled for. Suggestions are made for increasing the effectiveness of such programmes.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Age at First Marriage in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Ashraf Uddin
Published: July 2008

This study examines the factors affecting age at first marriage—place of residence, education, premarital work status, religion, husband's childhood residence, education and occupation. Women's education appears to be the strongest determinant of variation in marriage age, and all the other factors show statistically significant influences.
Changing Determinants of Infant and Child Mortality: On the Basis of the Korean Experience, 1955–73
Authors: Kim Tai-Hun
Published: July 2008

From analysis of the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey data, the changing patterns of demographic and socioeconomic determinants of infant and child mortality are generalized. The pattern for infant mortality is: (1) in a traditional society demographic factors affect infant mortality more than socioeconomic factors; (2) at the early stage of development, demographic factors are replaced by socioeconomic factors as the main determinants; (3) when the difference in living standards between social classes narrows, the socioeconomic differentials in mortality also diminish; and (4) at the stage of high development the effects of demographic factors remain although the absolute differences are very small. But the pattern of changing determinants of child mortality is nearly the reverse of that of infant mortality.
Hepatitis B and the Sex Ratio at Birth: A Comparative Analysis of Four Populations
Authors: Chahnazarian Anouch , Blumberg Baruch S. , London W. Thomas
Published: July 2008

The relationship between hepatitis B infection in parents and the sex ratio at birth of their offspring is examined in four populations. The hepatitis B carrier state in parents may increase the sex ratio of their offspring, but it seems that immunization against hepatitis B is unlikely to affect the sex ratio at birth of future generations.
Seasonal Patterns of Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Kallan Jeffrey E. , Enneking Eugene A.
Published: July 2008

The presence of a seasonal pattern of spontaneous abortion in the United States was found using data from the two most recent cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth (USA). The pattern was bimodal with peaks in March and August.
Determinants of Child Mortality in South-West Uganda
Authors: Vella Venanzio , Tomkins Andrew , Nidku John , Marshall Tom
Published: July 2008

Anthropometric and sociodemographic variables were taken from 4320 children in a baseline survey carried out in March–April 1988 in the district of Mbarara, south-west Uganda. After 12 months a follow-up survey assessed the mortality of the children during the preceding year. Lack of ownership of cattle, recent arrival in the village, using candles for lighting, being of birth order higher than 5 and having a father with less than 8 years of schooling were significantly associated with child mortality. The addition of mid-upper arm circumference significantly improved the logistic model of socioeconomic variables and mortality and did not diminish the predictive power of socioeconomic variables in relation to increased mortality. This suggests that nutritional status and specific socioeconomic factors are both, independently, important predictors of child mortality.
Biosocial aspects of Ainu hirsuteness
Authors: Harvey R. G. , Brothwell D. R.
Published: July 2008

There are as yet few studies of body hair variation in man. Of all human populations, the Ainu of Japan are most famous for their alleged hirsuteness, and the history of this somewhat controversial subject is reviewed. Data are presented on chest, back and facial hair pattern and quantity in a sample of Ainu and Ainu/Japanese hybrids, resulting initially from field work by the Cambridge Expedition to Northern Japan in 1964. Methodological problems are discussed. Social attitudes to hairiness in Japan over the past few centuries are commented on, in view of their possible relevance in maintaining the biological distinctiveness of the Ainu. It is concluded that although the Ainu have more body hair than other Japanese, compared with some other groups—for instance American ‘Whites’—they can not be considered exceptionally hirsute.
Science and world animal production
Authors: McMeekan C. P.
Published: July 2008

Editorial note

The first Hammond Memorial Lecture was given in London in March 1969 by Dr C. P. McMeekan, CBE, formerly Director of the Ruakura Research Centre in New Zealand, afterwards on the staff of, and currently consultant to, the World Bank. Apart from its special interest to those engaged in animal science, the lecture contained much of general interest to natural and social scientists and we are grateful to Dr McMeekan, the Hammond Memorial Trustees and the British Society for Animal Production, under whose auspices the lecture was delivered, for permission to print a substantial portion of it in the Journal of Biosocial Science.

Some of the selected material is provocative. For instance, it would be interesting to know the basis of the assumption that world population having risen to 6000 million by the end of this century, will then stabilize. Again, many will disagree with the estimates of unused usable land. But all of the material stimulates thought and we are glad to have the opportunity of publishing it.

After discussing the outstanding achievements of Sir John Hammond and the progress of animal science generally, Dr McMeekan continued:
Socio-Economic and Cultural Influences on Child Growth in Rural Jamaica
Authors: Desai Patricia , Standard K. L. , Miall W. E.
Published: July 2008

A semi-longitudinal study of growth in children up to 5 years of age in a rural Jamaican community is described. One of its aims was to investigate the relationship between growth and factors in the social environment such as family structure, parental characteristics, housing and income. A strong relationship between growth and socio-economic variables was found. This apparently masked whatever effects the quality of care or separation from parents may have had upon child growth.
The social impact of haemophilia
Authors: Boon R. A. , Roberts D. F.
Published: July 2008

Haemophilia, one of the oldest known genetic disorders, imposes varying degrees of disability on those affected. A survey of 137 haemophiliacs, seventy-eight adults and fifty-nine children, in the north of England was conducted to discover the extent of social, educational and employment problems created by the disease, while investigation of sixty-nine mothers of patients provided information on its impact on family life.

Some problems are adequately met, others not; those of education and employment are the most serious. Educational deficiencies are due to incomplete and interrupted schooling. Choice of employment is severely restricted for them, and stability of employment is adversely affected by episodes of ill-health. But with improved methods of medical treatment the children are losing less school time than the adults did, fewer of them attend schools for the physically handicapped, and this should result in the attainment of better educational standards, and therefore more hope for permanent and satisfactory employment in the future.

The birth of a haemophilic child markedly affects the family, particularly the mother, but again there is a difference in response between the present and the older generation of mothers.
The social responsibility of the scientist
Authors: Morton R. A.
Published: July 2008

Professor Morton was Johnston Professor of Biochemistry in the University of Liverpool, 1994–66. He served on the Council of the Royal Society, 1959–61, and on the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, 1955–61. He was the first Chairman of the British National Committee for Chemical Education and of the Food Additives and Contaminants Committee. He has also served on many committees dealing with vitamins, bread and flour, nutrition and biological research generally. In recent years he has been active on committees of the Natural Environment Research Council.

This lecture was given to a varied audience of staff and students at the University College of Aberystwyth on 25th February 1970. The Executive Editor is pleased to be able to publish this interesting and thought-provoking discourse on a problem of ever-growing importance.
Return of menstruation and fertility in Thai women after contraceptive injections
Authors: McDaniel Edwin B. , Pardthaisong Tieng
Published: July 2008

A study was made of the return of spontaneous menstruation and fertility in 121 Thai women who had received contraceptive injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) at intervals of 3 or 6 months with supplements of oral oestrogen at monthly intervals and who, for various reasons, had discontinued medication after 6 months or more.

Spontanecous menstruation returned in 113 of the women within 6 months, but no direct relation was found between the number of injections, period of usage or total dose of DMPA and the time required for the return of menstruation.

Of the 121 women who discontinued medication, only seventeen stated that they did so because they wished to conceive. Of these, twelve became pregnant within 10 months and three more within 27 months. The 104 women who discontinued medication for other reasons had a much lower pregnancy rate and must be supposed to have used, at least to some extent, other methods of contraception.
Sex Ratios and Sex Sequences of Births in India
Authors: Pakrasi Kanti , Halder Ajit
Published: July 2008

101,220 births in urban areas and 147,331 in rural areas in India, recorded by interview from a 10% sample of households in 3888 villages and 2357 urban blocks, have been analysed. The overall sex ratio was similar to that found in Europe; the only obvious effect of birth order was an apparent high masculinity of first births in both urban and rural areas (probably artifactual); the distribution of the sexes in families in both areas differed somewhat from the binomial expectation; and there was no association between the sexes of pairs of children from adjacent births, but some in the case of pairs separated by one other birth in urban areas or by two other births in rural areas.
Contemporary Trends in the Stability of English Marriage
Authors: Chester Robert
Published: July 2008

From 1959 to 1969 the annual number of petitions for divorce in England and Wales increased by 133%, and the rate of divorce per 1000 married population increased by an estimated 100%. Traditional explanations for the historical increase in divorce, relying on such factors as increased legal and financial opportunity, wartime disturbances and demographic changes, seem inappropriate to deal with recent experience, and it is proposed that normative changes are involved. Cohort analysis suggests that the marriages of the 1960s are more vulnerable to early divorce than those of the 1939/45 war, and that this vulnerability was increasing throughout the period. It seems likely that earlier divorce also implies higher proportions ultimately divorcing.

Total marriage breakdown is impossible to quantify because some separations are informal and leave no record. However, a formula is proposed for totalling divorce petitions and matrimonial proceedings in the lower courts to calculate annual numbers of breakdowns newly coming to public notice. Calculations based on this show an increase in annual numbers of 75% over the period, and of 65% in the rate, thus demonstrating that divorce figures alone give a false impression of trends in marriage breakdown. Although the rates and numbers of unrecorded breakdown are unknown, and may be diminishing, it is concluded that breakdown is probably increasing in volume among contemporary marriages. On the basis of speculative estimates it is also suggested that perhaps one sixth to one quarter of contemporary marriages may ultimately experience some form of breakdown.

The question is posed whether the increases shown represent a generational effect, due to pass, or a new pattern of high manifest breakdown rates. On the basis of trends in the indices of various forms of valueorientated personal behaviour (including divorce), it is suggested that from about 1955 onwards new patterns of behaviour began to emerge. The causation of such patterns is attributed to social structural changes developing since the was which have fostered a more permissive approach to personal behaviour. It is concluded that these trends have influenced the norms of marriage behaviour, and that relatively high rates of marriage breakdown will henceforth be an integral feature of social experience.
Canonical analysis of facial variation
Authors: Brothwell D. R. , Healy M. J. R. , Harvey R. G.
Published: July 2008

Although the face is one of the most variable parts of the human physique, there is little recent work on this region. Consequently, there is a need for an appraisal of the variation, new thinking as regards the methodology of recording and analysis, and further thought as to the possible applications of such methods. The present exploratory study uses information derived from standardized photographs, to try to elucidate the affinities—and thus the population history—of the people of Tristan da Cunha and the Ainu of Japan. The methods used have also permitted a consideration of within-group variation from the point of view of family differences and varying degrees of admixture. The potential biosocial as well as anthropological value of this type of investigation is discussed.
On the psychological attachment of infants to their mothers
Authors: Anderson J. W.
Published: July 2008

The attachment of the infant to the mother can be seen in open parkland when an infant is set free for exercise and play. In an area of safe space, a mother has little cause to restrain her child, nor, owing to other attractions around, to entertain or otherwise divert him. In order to deduce which of the women and infants make up kinship pairs, the observer postulates criteria for recognizing a pair; attachment is then conceived of as factors which identify a mother and her infant in field conditions.

The infant detaches himself from his mother but he maintains proximity to her, particularly around the age of 2 years, when his proximity- and contact-seeking are at their height. Yet, at this age, the infant shows most alertness to remote events. From 2 years old onwards, the presence of age-mates competes for the infant's proximity. Hence, the statistical data presented below is from observations which were made when the likelihood of interruption by neighbouring people was minimal.

Proximity to the mother can be defined as the child's being at rest beside her, or as his playing in her vicinity, or as a pattern of exploratory locomotion with the mother the centre of the territory he covers. In each of these aspects, the behaviour of 1-, 2- and 3-year-olds is distinguished by typical distances from the mother.

The infant's responsiveness to unexpected sights or sounds is inferred from the orientation responses he makes to them. In his postures and the distances he takes up from the mother, his feeling-states of alertness, fear, anger, uncertainty, fatigue and conflict are expressed; when thus activated, he tends to relate himself to his mother.
Study of applicants for abortion at the Royal Northern Hospital, London
Authors: Ingham Charlotte , Simms Madeleine
Published: July 2008

In the second and third quarters of 1970, 155 women applied for abortion to two of the three consultant gynaecologists at the Royal Northern Hospital, London. Of the applicants, 100 were single, forty-two married and thirteen widowed, divorced or separated (WDS). The single women came disproportionately from larger than average families, and fifty-eight were from broken or unhappy homes. Of the total sample, 39% were Church of England and 30% Roman Catholic. By occupation, the largest group was of semi-skilled or unskilled workers (thirty-seven) and the smallest one of professional women (seven). Less than half were Britishborn and one-third were from the Commonwealth. More than half had never attempted to use any method of contraception. The 155 patients between them had had fourteen previous abortions and twenty-five illegitimate children.

Of the 155 women, seventy-one single, twenty-three married and eight WDS obtained an abortion, this proportion of single women being considerably higher than the national average. So also was the proportion of women in the age range 20–34 years. Slightly more women who were Britishborn and C of E by religion obtained abortion than were represented in the sample as a whole. A number of clinic and hospital details were recorded, such as stage of pregnancy at first hospital interview and at abortion, delay in securing hospital appointment and bed. A follow-up, about 18 months later, showed that nearly all the women were glad they had had an abortion; very few had experienced serious depression, feelings of guilt or religious problems afterwards. Most of the women who needed it were now using birth control, mostly the pill. Three patients became pregnant again within a year of their termination. One had a miscarriage and one (a schoolgirl) had a second termination. The third applied for a second abortion, but was refused.

Fifty-three women, approximately one-third, did not have a hospital abortion, but only fifteen of these were categorically refused; the others had spontaneous or private abortions, changed their minds after interview or failed to appear for the operation. Of the fifteen, seven were refused because the pregnancy was too far advanced. Two girls were refused because they had had previous unwanted pregnancies, but had not used contraception on this occasion; one of these was 19 years old and already had had two abortions and an illegitimate baby. The remaining six were refused for various reasons.

Some general conclusions are drawn from the survey and some recommendations made.
Incidence of breast nodules in women receiving multiple doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate
Authors: McDaniel Edwin B. , Pardthaisong Tieng
Published: July 2008

A cross-sectional study was performed on 1527 Thai women, 1270 of whom had received from one to twenty-five consecutive 3-month contraceptive injections of 150 mg of depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and a monthly oral oestrogen supplement. Analysis of data revealed that use of DMPA and breast nodules are independent.
Abortion in New Zealand
Authors: Facer W. A. P. , Simpson D. W. , Murphy B. D.
Published: July 2008

A survey conducted among a national random probability sampleof 2400 respondents aged 15 years and over throughout New Zealand shows that illegal abortion experiences may conservatively be estimated tohave exceeded 22,000 over the last 2 years, that there were an estimated 13,000 successful illegal abortions in this period, and that a majority of the population approve specified abortion law reforms.
Vasectomy in Colombia: a pilot study
Authors: Goldsmith Alfredo , Echeverria Gilda , Goldberg Rona
Published: July 2008

This paper describes the first study of vasectomized men in Latin America; it is based on personal interviews with 172 men who had undergone the operation at least 3 months previously.

The majority of the men chose to have the operation relatively late in life (38·9 years), after they had had a large number of children (5·9 living). Men from all education and occupation levels were represented in the sample; about 25% were practising Catholics. Many cited the effectiveness of vasectomy as a major factor in their decision. More than one-half reported at least one failure with other methods. Principal original sources of information about vasectomy for the majority were the mass media. Most reported that their sexual activity had remained unchanged or had improved since the operation and expressed satisfaction with the results of the operation.

(Summary in Spanish, p. 505.)