bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forcing a Distributed Glacier Mass Balance Model with the Regional Climate Model REMO. Part II: Downscaling Strategy and Results for Two Swiss Glaciers
Authors: Paul Frank , Kotlarski Sven
Published: December 2009

Distributed glacier mass balance models are efficient tools for the assessment of climate change impacts on glaciers at regional scales and at high spatial resolution (25–100 m). In general, these models are driven by time series of meteorological parameters that are obtained from a climate station near a glacier or from climate model output. Because most glaciers are located in rugged mountain topography with a high spatial and temporal variability of the meteorological conditions, the challenge is to distribute the point data from a climate station or the gridbox values from a regional climate model (RCM) in an appropriate way to the terrain. Here an approach is presented that uses normalized grids at the resolution of the mass balance model to capture the spatial variability, and time series from a climate station (Robiei) and an RCM Regional Model (REMO) to provide a temporal forcing for the mass balance model. The test site near Nufenen Pass (Swiss Alps) covers two glaciers with direct mass balance measurements that are used to demonstrate the approach. The meteorological parameters (temperature, global radiation, and precipitation) are obtained for the years 1997–99 (at daily steps) from the climate station Robiei (1898 m MSL) and one grid box of the RCM REMO. The results of the mass balance model agree closely with the measured values and the specific differences in mass balance between the two glaciers and the two balance years are well captured. Despite the disparities in the meteorological forcing from the climate station and REMO, there are only small differences in the modeled mass balances. This gives confidence that the developed approach of coupling the coarse-resolution (18 km) RCM with the high-resolution (25 m) mass balance model is suitable and can be applied to other regions as well as to RCM scenario runs.
Modes of Global Climate Variability during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (60–26 ka)
Authors: Pisias Nicklas G. , Clark Peter U. , Brook Edward J.
Published: December 2009

Recent analysis of 38 globally distributed paleoclimatic records covering Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) 60–26 ka demonstrated that the two leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) explaining the data are the Greenland ice-core signal (“northern” signal) and the Antarctic ice-core signal (“southern” signal). Here singular spectral analysis (SSA) is used to show that millennial-scale variability of each of these two leading EOFs is characterized by two independent modes. The two modes of each EOF share similar relative distributions of variance, identical spectra, and, where each mode has spectral power, coherency spectra, which are significantly above the null hypothesis level at 95% confidence. The only difference between the modes of the northern and southern signals is that they are phase shifted. The phasing and long response time of the low-frequency mode, combined with its relationship to atmospheric CO2 and sea level, are consistent with coupled changes in the ocean, ice sheets, atmosphere, and carbon cycle, whereas the phasing and short response time of the high-frequency mode are consistent with an atmospheric transmission likely induced by changes in hemispheric sea ice distributions and attendant feedbacks.
Calculating Reynolds Stresses from ADCP Measurements in the Presence of Surface Gravity Waves Using the Cospectra-Fit Method
Authors: Kirincich Anthony R. , Lentz Steven J. , Gerbi Gregory P.
Published: December 2009

Recently, the velocity observations of acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) have been successfully used to estimate turbulent Reynolds stresses in estuaries and tidal channels. However, the presence of surface gravity waves can significantly bias stress estimates, limiting application of the technique in the coastal ocean. This work describes a new approach to estimate Reynolds stresses from ADCP velocities obtained in the presence of waves. The method fits an established semiempirical model of boundary layer turbulence to the measured turbulent cospectra at frequencies below those of surface gravity waves to estimate the stress. Applied to ADCP observations made in weakly stratified waters and variable significant wave heights, estimated near-bottom and near-surface stresses using this method compared well with independent estimates of the boundary stresses in contrast to previous methods. Additionally, the vertical structure of tidal stress estimated using the new approach matched that inferred from a linear momentum balance at stress levels below the estimated stress uncertainties. Because the method makes an estimate of the horizontal turbulent length scales present as part of the model fit, these results can also enable a direct correction for the mean bias errors resulting from instrument tilt, if these scales are long relative to the beam separation.
Disentangling the Forcing Mechanisms of a Heavy Precipitation Event along the Alpine South Side Using Potential Vorticity Inversion
Authors: Schlemmer Linda , Martius Olivia , Sprenger Michael , Schwierz Cornelia , Twitchett Arwen
Published: December 2009

Extreme precipitation events along the Alpine south side (AS) are often forced by upper-level positive potential vorticity (PV) anomalies over western Europe. These so-called PV streamers go along with a dynamical forcing for upward motion, a reduction of the static stability in the troposphere (hence facilitating convection), and are associated with low-level winds that transport moisture toward the Alps.

A case of heavy precipitation is examined using the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis data. Piecewise PV inversion (PPVI) and the limited-area Climate High Resolution Model (CHRM) are used to assess the influences of mesoscale parts of the streamer on the precipitation event. The impacts on the vertical stability are quantified by the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and an index of static stability. Very sensitive areas in terms of the stability are located beneath the southern tip of the streamer; smaller changes in the stability are observed in the Alpine region.

The moisture transport toward the Alps is sensitive to the amplitude of the streamer, which influences the amount of water that can be transported along its eastern flank.

The impacts of the topography on the flow are assessed by calculating an average inverse Froude number. Whether or not the air parcels are blocked by or lifted over the barrier (going along with suppressed and enhanced precipitation, respectively) depends on the vertical stability and the impinging wind velocity, two parameters that are inherently linked to the PV streamer and its substructure.
Socioeconomic Status Effects on Using the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT) to Identify the Gifted/Talented
Authors: Carman Carol A. , Taylor Debra K.
Published: December 2009

The Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT) is said to be a culturally neutral measure of ability that assesses both majority and minority students equally. Although research has examined the effects of ethnicity and gender on NNAT performance, little published research has examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and NNAT performance. Correlations and multiple regression were used to examine the relationships between ethnicity, SES, and NNAT performance in a large kindergarten sample. The results suggest a significant relationship between ethnicity, SES, and NNAT performance. Even after adjusting for ethnic differences, children from low-SES families were half as likely as other children to be identified.

Putting the Research to Use

Does the NNAT really identify students with low-SES backgrounds at the same rate as students from average to high SES backgrounds? Although many believe using a nonverbal test levels the field for all students, the research we present does not support this belief. In this sample, students from average to high SES families were twice as likely to be identified than those from low-SES families. Since nonverbal tests are one of the most used methods of screening for G/T in our schools, if districts wish to continue to use the NNAT, it should not be as a solo measure of ability, but rather as part of a multiple measure process. In addition, districts using the NNAT should calculate the differential of any particular test administration on the basis of gender, ethnicity, SES or other variables to determine if any adjustments need to be made to ensure that elusive level playing field.
Zeta-potential and Particle Size Analysis of Human Amelogenins
Authors: Uskoković V. , Castiglione Z. , Cubas P. , Zhu L. , Li W. , Habelitz S.
Published: December 2009

The developing enamel matrix is a highly dynamic system mainly composed of the full-length amelogenin and its proteolytic cleavage products. In this study, size, zeta-potential, and the isoelectric points of nanoparticles of the recombinant full-length human amelogenin (rH174) and two proteolytic products (rH163 and rH146) were analyzed by dynamic light-scattering and electrokinetic measurements. We tested the hypothesis that zeta-potential may be used as a control parameter in directing the self-assembly of amelogenins. Extensive aggregation of amelogenin molecules with the particle size reaching about one micron occurred at a mildly acidic to neutral pH, and coincided with the red shift of the internal fluorescence. Zeta-potential was between ± 15 mV in the same pH range, indicating that amelogenin aggregation occurred when surface potentials were minimal. This suggests that electrostatic interactions may be another crucial factor, aside from hydrophobic interaction, in the aggregation and hierarchical assembly of spherical particles of amelogenins into supramolecular structures of a higher order.
Synergy of TLR2 and H1R on Cox-2 Activation in Pulpal Cells
Authors: Park C. , Lee S.Y. , Kim H.J. , Park K. , Kim J.S. , Lee S.J.
Published: December 2009

Although pulp fibroblasts are a major cell type in dental pulp, their roles in microbial recognition and pulpal inflammation are not well-understood. Considering the pivotal role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the recognition of micro-organisms, we hypothesized that TLRs on pulp fibroblasts may induce inflammatory signals in dental pulp. In human pulp fibroblasts, TLR2, 3, 4, and 5 were constitutively expressed. Stimulation of TLR2 and 3 induced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as CXCL10, CCL5, and/or Cox-2 in pulp fibroblasts. Interestingly, histamine synergistically activated TLR2-mediated Cox-2 expression and PGE2 production. The synergistic effect of histamine is mediated by histamine receptor-1 (H1R). Studies on the intra-cellular signaling pathways revealed that p38 activation is required for the synergistic activation of Cox-2 by TLR2 and histamine. Analysis of these data suggests that TLR2 on pulp fibroblasts, in concert with H1R, can induce an inflammatory response during microbial infection in dental pulp.
NOD1 and NOD2 Mediate Sensing of Periodontal Pathogens
Authors: Okugawa T. , Kaneko T. , Yoshimura A. , Silverman N. , Hara Y.
Published: December 2009

In bacterial infection, Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2 induce innate immune responses by recognizing fragments of the bacterial component peptidoglycan (PGN). To determine the roles of these receptors in detection of periodontal pathogens, we stimulated human embryonic kidney cells expressing NOD1 or NOD2 with heat-killed Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum or their soluble PGNs (sPGNs). All bacteria and their sPGNs could stimulate activation of NF-κB. However, there were differences in NOD1- and NOD2-stimulatory activities among the species of bacteria. P. gingivalis showed weaker NOD1- and NOD2-stimulatory activities than did other bacteria. These differences in activities were confirmed by production of interleukin-8 from oral epithelial cells stimulated with sPGNs. These findings indicate that both NOD1 and NOD2 might be involved in the recognition of periodontal pathogens, and that the weak NOD-stimulatory property of P. gingivalis might be helpful for survival in the periodontal pocket.
Curcumin Produces an Antihyperalgesic Effect via Antagonism of TRPV1
Authors: Yeon K.Y. , Kim S.A. , Kim Y.H. , Lee M.K. , Ahn D.K. , Kim H.J. , Kim J.S. , Jung S.J. , Oh S.B.
Published: December 2009

Curcumin has diverse therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial activities. The vanilloid moiety of curcumin is considered important for activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which plays an important role in nociception. However, very little is known about the effects of curcumin on nociception. In the present study, we investigated whether the anti-nociceptive effects of curcumin are mediated via TRPV1 by using nociceptive behavioral studies and in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the trigeminal system. Subcutaneous injection of capsaicin in the vibrissa pad area of rats induced thermal hyperalgesia. Intraperitoneally administered curcumin blocked capsaicin-induced thermal hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner. Whereas curcumin reduced capsaicin-induced currents in a dose-dependent manner in both trigeminal ganglion neurons and TRPV1-expressing HEK 293 cells, curcumin did not affect heat-induced TRPV1 currents. Taken together, our results indicate that curcumin blocks capsaicin-induced TRPV1 activation and thereby inhibits TRPV1-mediated pain hypersensitivity.
Teach for America and Teacher Ed: Heads They Win, Tails We Lose
Authors: Labaree David
Published: December 2009

Teach for America (TFA) is a marvel at marketing, offering elite college students a win-win option: by becoming corps members, they can do good and do well at the same time. Teacher education (TE) programs are in a hopeless position in trying to compete with TFA for prospective students. They cannot provide students with the opportunity to do well, because they can offer none of the exclusiveness and cachet that comes from being accepted as a TFA corps member. TE has always offered students the chance to do good, but this prospect is less entrancing when they realize that TFA’s escape clause allows graduates to do good without major personal sacrifice. More than that, it promises to be a great career booster that will pay off handsomely in future income and prestige. In short, the competition between TFA and TE is a case of “heads they win, tails we lose.”
Teachers’ Analyses of Classroom Video Predict Student Learning of Mathematics: Further Explorations of a Novel Measure of Teacher Knowledge
Authors: Kersting Nicole B. , Givvin Karen B. , Sotelo Francisco L. , Stigler James W.
Published: December 2009

This study explores the relationship between teacher knowledge and student learning in the area of mathematics by developing and evaluating an innovative approach to assessing teacher knowledge. This approach is based on teachers’ analyses of classroom video clips. Teachers watched 13 video clips of classroom instruction and then provided written comments on the interactions of the teacher, students, and content. The quality of teachers’ analyses, coded using an objective rubric, are shown to be reliable and valid, relating both to another widely used measure of teacher knowledge and to teachers’ own students’ learning (from pre- to posttest).
Developing Responsive Teachers: A Challenge for a Demographic Reality
Authors: García Eugene , Arias M. Beatriz , Harris Murri Nancy J. , Serna Carolina
Published: December 2009

In this article, the authors reflect on the preparation of teachers for English learners (ELs) and articulate the importance of enhancing teacher knowledge through contact and collaboration with diverse ethnolinguistic communities. The authors build on recent research on the preparation of teachers for cultural responsiveness and linguistic diversity and recommend a situated preparation within EL communities that fosters the development of teacher knowledge of the dynamics of language in children’s lives and communities. The authors begin their review by summarizing recent demographic developments for ELs. This section is followed by a brief review of the context of education for ELs. The authors summarize the most recent research on culturally and linguistically responsive teacher preparation and focus on a framework that includes developing teacher knowledge through contact, collaboration, and community.
Teachers’ Collaborative Conversations About Culture: Negotiating Decision Making in Intercultural Teaching
Authors: MacPherson Seonaigh
Published: December 2009

This article presents findings from a study that investigated intercultural teaching through teachers’ collaborative conversations about critical intercultural incidents in schools. The data were generated through Web-CT and face-to-face dialogues between preservice, inservice, and university teachers about critical intercultural incidents identified by the preservice candidates during practicum experiences. Findings focus on teachers’ intercultural decision making within two broad categories: “minding” (making choices, enabling cultures, respecting and sharing power, and arbitrating and agonizing what is just) and “responding” (fostering intercultural communities, opening “safe” spaces, protecting students and surroundings, and “stepping up” to address it). Implications include the role of social and emotional learning and power dynamics in intercultural teaching and the potential for a case-study approach to intercultural teacher education.
“But What Can I Do?”: Three Necessary Tensions in Teaching Teachers About Race
Authors: Pollock Mica , Deckman Sherry , Mira Meredith , Shalaby Carla
Published: December 2009

A core question of teacher education—“What can I do?”—plagues courses on race in particular ways. Teachers struggle for “concrete” applications of “theoretical” ideas about race, question the potential for “everyday” activity to dismantle inequality “structures,” and wrestle with the need for both professional and personal development on racial issues. In this article, we discuss how these three core tensions surfaced in one race-oriented teacher education course. We demonstrate that the teachers who seemed most invigorated and who expressed feelings of efficacy in serving students of color were those who pledged to continue ongoing inquiry into both sides of each tension. We propose that these three tensions require explicit attention in teacher professional development. Indeed, we suggest that to create inquisitive and efficacious teachers, teacher educators can encourage teachers to keep all three tensions in play for the duration of their careers.
Low Self-Control and Fraud
Authors: Holtfreter Kristy , Reisig Michael D. , Leeper Piquero Nicole , Piquero Alex R.
Published: January 2010

Extant research demonstrates that offending and victim populations overlap to some degree, suggesting that a common underlying factor partially explains both outcomes. The current study tests whether low self-control explains the overlap in fraud offending and victimization exposure. Using cross-sectional survey data from a sample of undergraduate students ( N = 305), the results from the regression models show that low self-control is associated with fraud offending. The findings also show that individuals with lower levels of self-control report that they are more likely to behave in ways that elevate their exposure to fraud victimization. Finally, in the fraud offending—victimization exposure multivariate models, the partial regression coefficient for low self-control is positive and statistically significant. In short, the findings demonstrate that the overlap between fraud offending and victimization exposure is partially explained by low self-control.
Review of Intervention Studies Promoting Physical Activity in Hispanic Women
Authors: Perez Adriana , Fleury Julie , Keller Colleen
Published: December 2009

The objectives of this review are to (a) provide a comprehensive review and evaluation of intervention studies designed to promote physical activity among Hispanic women and (b) provide recommendations for future research involving Hispanic women in physical activity intervention research. Computer and manual searches have been conducted of articles in the English-language literature from 1980 to present. Twelve articles are evaluated that emphasize physical activity interventions in Hispanic women. A review of current intervention research provides a starting point for determining salient approaches for intervention and evaluation, issues related to program implementation, and the strengths and limits of existing approaches. During the past 30 years, very few interventions have been conducted that examine physical activity among Hispanic women; those that include Hispanic women across ages support the need for interventions that build on the strengths and address the limitations of this body of research.
Adaptations to Achieve Physical Activity in Rural Communities
Authors: Gangeness Jeanine Esther
Published: December 2009

This multiple, descriptive, explanatory case study design described and explained the perceptions of rural women regarding rural built environments conducive to physical activity. Sources of data included women’s focus groups, city council focus groups, city administrator and clerk interviews, women’s verification individual interviews, individuals referred to the researcher as individuals with perceived power, and analysis of documents. The study involved two rural communities with populations of 1,000 or less, and data were collected between March 2006 and April 2007. Content analysis of each data source and a combined data source analysis for each community was completed using NVivo7. Rural women adapted to conditions of built environments, seasonal concerns, wild animals, traffic control issues, other people, and personal needs. Adaptation emerged as a central theme in the women’s focus groups as a way rural women engaged in physical activity.
Effects of Export Assistance and Distributor Support on the Performance of SMEs
Authors: Sousa Carlos M.P. , Bradley Frank
Published: January 2010

The presumed effect of export assistance programmes and distributor support on the export performance of SMEs, though intuitively rational, has not been tested or validated in any systematic fashion in the export literature. To address this issue the authors develop a new model, which integrates these two constructs as critical variables affecting export performance. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test hypotheses. The research findings, which are based on a survey of 287 senior managers responsible for international markets, suggest that export assistance programmes and distributor support are significant determinants of export performance. Implications of these findings along with the limitations of the study are discussed.
Information Search and Opportunity Identification
Authors: Westhead Paul , Ucbasaran Deniz , Wright Mike
Published: January 2010

This study explores whether habitual entrepreneurs with prior business ownership experience reported higher information search intensities and identified more business opportunities than novice entrepreneurs. Guided by human capital and cognitive theories, four hypotheses were tested with regard to a sample of 625 entrepreneurs in Great Britain. Habitual entrepreneurs were not found to report lower levels of information search intensity than novice entrepreneurs. Habitual entrepreneurs identified more business opportunities than novice entrepreneurs. Portfolio entrepreneurs identified more opportunities than serial and novice entrepreneurs. Respondents reporting higher entrepreneurial capability and information search intensity identified more opportunities. If the goals of policy are to increase the ‘quantity’ of new business start-ups and maximize investment returns, there is a case to target assistance to habitual entrepreneurs, particularly portfolio entrepreneurs. More customized assistance to entrepreneurs is required to improve the ‘quality’ of the entrepreneurial pool. Both novice and habitual entrepreneurs would benefit from schemes that promote more intensive information search and the leverage of entrepreneurial capabilities.
Nascent Entrepreneurship in a Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Kessler Alexander , Frank Hermann
Published: January 2010

This article examines the factors which are crucial in the decision to start business activities or not. For this purpose, we tracked nascent entrepreneurs who began the start-up process (by communicating their intentions to start a business) in order to find out whether or not they finally went into active business ( = founding success). In order to explain founding success, we defined four influencing dimensions: (1) the entrepreneur (person), (2) resources, (3) the environment and (4) the (start-up) process. Our analysis is based on a longitudinal study in which 290 nascent entrepreneurs in Austria were surveyed over a period of three years (1998—2001). After that period, 159 (54.9%) of them had already started business activities, while 131 (45.2%) had not. A binary logistic regression revealed that variables in all four influencing dimensions constitute significant predictors. Among those predictors, the most influential are intrapreneurial experience (human capital), organizational efforts (process), cohabitation (person) and the aim of a full-time start-up (process). Our results support the assumption that using as comprehensive a conception as possible (reflecting all four influencing dimensions) is useful for the purpose of explaining founding success.
Computerized Aid Improves Safety Decision Process for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Glass Nancy , Eden Karen B. , Bloom Tina , Perrin Nancy
Published: December 2009

A computerized safety decision aid was developed and tested with Spanish or English-speaking abused women in shelters or domestic violence (DV) support groups ( n = 90). The decision aid provides feedback about risk for lethal violence, options for safety, assistance with setting priorities for safety, and a safety plan personalized to the user. Women reported that the decision aid was useful and provided much-needed privacy for making safety decisions. The majority (69%) reported severe to extreme danger in their relationship as scored by Danger Assessment (DA); only 60% reported having made a safety plan. After using the safety decision aid, the women felt more supported in their decision ( p = .012) and had less total decisional conflict ( p = .014). The study demonstrated that a computerized safety decision aid improved the safety planning process, as demonstrated by reduced decisional conflict after only one use in a sample of abused women.
An Interactional Perspective on the Relationship of Immigration to Intimate Partner Violence in a Representative Sample of Help-Seeking Women
Authors: Bø Vatnar Solveig Karin , Bjørkly Stål
Published: December 2009

This article reports a study of the possible impact of immigration on interactional aspects of intimate partner violence (IPV) among help-seeking women. Are there differences concerning (a) IPV categories, (b) IPV severity, frequency, duration, regularity, and predictability, (c) guilt and shame, (d) partners’ ethnicity, and (e) children being exposed to interparental IPV, adjusted for sociodemographic variables? A representative sample of IPV help-seeking women ( N = 157) recruited from family counseling, police, and shelters in Norway were interviewed. Multivariate analyses showed that immigrant women had lower income, were less likely to use alcohol and had increased likelihood of having an immigrant partner. No differences were found concerning IPV severity, frequency, guilt, shame, or victimization pertaining to different IPV categories. Immigrant women were better at predicting physical IPV but had an increased risk of physical injury related to sexual IPV. Children’s risk of being exposed to interparental IPV increased if parents were immigrants. Psychosocial consequences of being an immigrant such as having a lower sociodemographic rank rather than IPV aspects constituted the main difference between ethnic Norwegian and immigrant help-seeking women.
Coercive Sexual Experiences, Protective Behavioral Strategies, Alcohol Expectancies and Consumption Among Male and Female College Students
Authors: Palmer Rebekka S. , McMahon Thomas J. , Rounsaville Bruce J. , Ball Samuel A.
Published: December 2009

Alcohol use and sexual assault on college campuses are highly prevalent and the focus of numerous prevention and intervention efforts. Our goals were to gain a greater understanding of the relationship between coercive sexual experiences, utilization of protective behavioral strategies and alcohol expectancies and consumption among male and female college students. We surveyed 370 college students regarding their past year experiences and found that 34% of women and 31% of men reported unwanted sexual contact, 6% of women and 13% of men reported engaging in sexually coercive behavior, and 4% of women and 9% of men reported experiencing both unwanted contact and engaging in sexually coercive behavior. Findings indicated students who experienced unwanted sexual contact reported significant differences in alcohol expectancies. More specifically, those who engaged in sexually coercive behaviors had significantly higher sex-related alcohol expectancies. In addition, recipients of unwanted contact reported higher alcohol consumption, used fewer protective strategies when drinking, and experienced more negative consequences due to their alcohol use. Results suggest that campus alcohol and sexual assault prevention efforts should include information on alcohol expectancies and use of protective strategies.
In Their Own Words: Sophomore College Men Describe Attitude and Behavior Changes Resulting From a Rape Prevention Program 2 Years After Their Participation
Authors: Foubert John D. , Godin Eric E. , Tatum Jerry L.
Published: December 2009

The study conducted involved assessing students from a Southeastern public university during two academic years, after their participation in an all-male sexual assault peer education program. The study findings revealed that 79% of 184 college men reported attitude change, behavior change, or both. Furthermore, a multistage inductive analysis revealed that after seeing The Men’s Program, men intervened to prevent rapes from happening. Participants also modified their behavior to avoid committing sexual assault when they or a potential partner were under the influence of alcohol. Implications for future research were discussed.
The Halo Effect and the Challenge of Management Inquiry: A Dialog Between Phil Rosenzweig and Paul Olk
Authors: Olk Paul , Rosenzweig Phil
Published: December 2009

The ideas found in Phil Rosenzweig’s book “The Halo Effect … and the Eight Other Business Delusions That Deceive Managers” provide the basis for a conversation between Phil and Paul Olk. Besides discussing Phil’s critique of the research methods found in some popular business books, they address implications of the halo effect and the other delusions for teaching and conducting academic research, including the difficulty in conducting research that is both methodologically rigorous and practically relevant, teaching executives, and bridging the relationship between theory and practice.
The Factor Structure and Age-Related Factorial Invariance of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
Authors: Latzman Robert D. , Markon Kristian E.
Published: December 2009

There has been an increased interest in the structure of and relations among executive functions.The present study examined the factor structure as well as age-related factorial invariance of the Delis—Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), a widely used inventory aimed at assessing executive functions. Analyses were first conducted using data provided in the D-KEFS technical manual and were then replicated in an independent sample of male early adolescents aged 11 to 16 years. Results revealed a three-factor solution best fit the data across groups and samples; measurement properties appeared to be invariant across age groups for certain loadings and variant for others. The three factors were labeled Conceptual Flexibility, Monitoring, and Inhibition. These findings provide better understanding of the measurement properties of the D-KEFS and contribute to the larger literature on the structure of measures intended to assess executive functions.
Where Do We Draw the Line? Assigning Cases to Subsamples for MAMBAC, MAXCOV, and MAXEIG Taxometric Analyses
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Ruscio John
Published: December 2009

There are several important decisions that must be made when implementing taxometric procedures such as mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), maximum covariance (MAXCOV), and maximum eigenvalue (MAXEIG). A Monte Carlo study was performed with 10,000 (5,000 categorical, 5,000 dimensional) samples to examine 5 ways to locate the first and last MAMBAC cuts and 24 ways to perform MAXCOV and MAXEIG. For MAMBAC, there was little difference across conditions, with slightly more accurate results obtained when a small, fixed number of cases ( n = 10 or 25) was located beyond the most extreme cuts. For MAXCOV and MAXEIG, the results were more palpable: MAXCOV slightly outperformed MAXEIG, windows achieved significantly better results than intervals, and a larger number of cases per subsample were associated with more accurate results. Alcohol misuse data obtained from a group of male prisoners were used to illustrate relationships observed in the Monte Carlo study.
Violence Risk Assessment and Facet 4 of the Psychopathy Checklist: Predicting Institutional and Community Aggression in Two Forensic Samples
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Heilbrun Kirk
Published: December 2009

The Psychopathy Checklist and Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL/PCL-R) were used to predict institutional aggression and community violence in two groups of forensic patients. Results showed that Facet 4 (Antisocial) of the PCL/PCL-R or one of its parcels consistently achieved incremental validity relative to the first three facets, whereas the first three facets failed to achieve incremental validity relative to Facet 4. One of the two Facet 4 parcels, Parcel G (General Acting Out), was the only PCL-R measure to consistently achieve success in classifying individual cases using the receiver operating characteristic approach. These findings suggest that Facet 4 and its parcels may play a role in violence risk assessment, although the generalizability of these findings to various forensic settings and contexts requires further study.
A Multitrait—Multimethod Examination of the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales in a College Sample
Authors: Beaujean A. Alexander , Firmin Michael W. , Michonski Jared D. , Berry Theodore , Johnson Courtney
Published: December 2009

This study assessed trait validity of the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales’ (RIAS) Verbal Index (VIX) and Nonverbal Index (NIX) scores in a group of college students. Using both observation of patterns and latent variable modeling of a multitrait—multimethod correlation/covariance matrix, the results indicate that the RIAS VIX scores behaved in a manner predicted from the theory behind their construction; namely, they related strongly to other measures of crystallized intelligence ( Gc) and, together, they formed a salient Gc factor. The NIX scores, however, did not behave as predicted—showing as strong, or stronger, associations with measures of Gc than measures of fluid intelligence. Although more studies of this type are needed across different samples before making broad generalizations, the results from the present study support the use and interpretation of the RIAS VIX score, but not the NIX score.
Developing Cultural Sensitivity Through Study Abroad
Authors: Johns Audra , Thompson Cheryl W.
Published: December 2009

Study abroad experiences, as a strategy to develop cultural sensitivity, are increasingly popular in nursing education. At a college where resources for developing study abroad were limited, establishing a partnership with an organization experienced in sending medical teams abroad was a means by which a successful study abroad was integrated into a community health nursing course. This collaborative relationship provided the course faculty the opportunity to focus on development of the cultural learning, while the partnering organization coordinated trip logistics. Through the study abroad, the student goals were identified to be developing cultural sensitivity through immersion in two different cultural groups within the country. Additionally, the student’s goals were to be able to meet the community health course clinical objectives. Students’ written reflections included descriptions of how the trip was “life changing” and altered their view of the health care system, their understanding of the relationship between health and poverty, and their awareness of their own cultural behavior norms that reflect materialism and waste.
Mobilizing the Mobilized: The Electoral Recruitment Paradox
Authors: Kershaw David Carl
Published: December 2009

The campaign mobilization literature argues that contacting will have the most influence on individuals who are socioeconomically or politically disadvantaged. Yet evidence persistently shows that the advantaged are disproportionately contacted. This paradox is explained once one recognizes that contacting during elections serves divergent goals that are tied to the election cycle and to election competitiveness. Broadly speaking, contacting in elections should be seen as having two participatory recruitment stages: a resource gathering stage—with resources coming from the advantaged—and a mass-mobilization stage—where every vote counts only when elections are competitive. This theory is supported with the 2000 Annenberg election data. In the resource gathering stage, income, education, and strong party identification increased the likelihood that an individual was contacted by the campaigns. In contrast, only income predicted mobilization stage campaign contact in nonbattleground states. Finally, a battleground state individual’s likelihood of being contacted slightly decreased as income rose.
Revisiting the ALA/N (α-Lipoic Acid/Low-Dose Naltrexone) Protocol for People With Metastatic and Nonmetastatic Pancreatic Cancer: A Report of 3 New Cases
Authors: Berkson Burton M. , Rubin Daniel M. , Berkson Arthur J.
Published: December 2009

The authors, in a previous article, described the long-term survival of a man with pancreatic cancer and metastases to the liver, treated with intravenous alpha-lipoic acid and oral low-dose naltrexone (ALA/N) without any adverse effects. He is alive and well 78 months after initial presentation. Three additional pancreatic cancer case studies are presented in this article. At the time of this writing, the first patient, GB, is alive and well 39 months after presenting with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with metastases to the liver. The second patient, JK, who presented to the clinic with the same diagnosis was treated with the ALA/N protocol and after 5 months of therapy, PET scan demonstrated no evidence of disease. The third patient, RC, in addition to his pancreatic cancer with liver and retroperitoneal metastases, has a history of B-cell lymphoma and prostate adenocarcinoma. After 4 months of the ALA/N protocol his PET scan demonstrated no signs of cancer. In this article, the authors discuss the poly activity of ALA: as an agent that reduces oxidative stress, its ability to stabilize NFkB, its ability to stimulate pro-oxidant apoptosic activity, and its discriminative ability to discourage the proliferation of malignant cells. In addition, the ability of lowdose naltrexone to modulate an endogenous immune response is discussed. This is the second article published on the ALA/N protocol and the authors believe the protocol warrants clinical trial.
Clock Genes and Cancer
Authors: Wood Patricia A. , Xiaoming Yang  , Hrushesky William J. M.
Published: December 2009

Period genes ( Per2, Per1) are essential circadian clock genes. They also function as negative growth regulators. Per2 mutant mice show de novo and radiation-induced epithelial hyperplasia, tumors, and an abnormal DNA damage response. Human tumors show Period gene mutations or decreased expression. Other murine clock gene mutations are not associated with a tumor prone phenotype. Shift work and nocturnal light exposure are associated with circadian clock disruption and with increased cancer risk. The mechanisms responsible for the connection between the circadian clock and cancer are not well defined. We propose that circadian disruption per se is not uniformly tumor promoting and the mechanisms for tumor promotion by specific circadian clock disturbances will differ dependent upon the genes and pathways involved. We propose that Period clock gene mutations promote tumorigenesis by unique molecular pathways. Per2 and Per1 modulate β-catenin and cell proliferation in colon and non-colon cancer cells. Per2 mutation increases intestinal β-catenin levels and colon polyp formation. Per2 mutation also increases ApcMin/+-mediated intestinal and colonic polyp formation. Intestinal tumorigenesis per se may also alter clock function as a result of increased β-catenin destabilizing PER2 protein. Levels and circadian rhythm of PER2 in ApcMin/+ mouse intestine are markedly decreased, and selective abnormalities in intestinal clock gene and clock-controlled gene expression are seen. We propose that tumor promotion by loss of PERIOD clock proteins is unique to these clock genes as a result of altered β-catenin signaling and DNA damage response. PERIOD proteins may offer new targets for cancer prevention and control.
Circadian Disruption, Fatigue, and Anorexia Clustering in Advanced Cancer Patients: Implications for Innovative Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Innominato Pasquale F. , Mormont Marie-Christine , Rich Tyvin A. , Waterhouse Jim , Lévi Francis A. , Bjarnason Georg A.
Published: December 2009

A disruption of the circadian timing system, as identified by monitoring of marker biorhythms, is common in cancer patients. The recording of the rest—activity rhythm with a wrist actigraph has been commonly used. This noninvasive monitoring allows a robust estimation of circadian disruption. The authors have previously found that altered patterns of circadian rest—activity rhythms are significantly and independently associated with the severity of fatigue and anorexia in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Elevated proinflammatory cytokines could partly account for this circadian disruption and its associated constitutional symptoms. Here, the authors present and discuss the data supporting the hypothesis that circadian disruption is often associated with fatigue and anorexia, which in turn further alter and dampen circadian synchronization, thus, creating a vicious cycle. This body of evidence paves the path for innovative therapeutic approaches targeting the circadian timing system in an effort to diminish constitutional symptoms induced by cancer and some anticancer treatments.
Knowing and Throwing Mudballs, Hearts, Pies, and Flowers
Authors: Fields Deborah A. , Kafai Yasmin B.
Published: December 2009

Little is known concerning how young players learn to participate in various activities in virtual worlds. We use a new integrative approach called connective ethnography that focuses on how a gaming practice spread across a network of youth at an after school club that simultaneously participated in a virtual world, Whyville.net. To trace youth participation in online and offline social contexts, we draw on multiple sources of information: observations, interviews, videos, online tracking and chat data, and hundreds of hours of play in Whyville ourselves. One gaming practice — the throwing of projectiles and its social uses and nuances — became the focal point of our analyses. The discussions address the methodological challenges underlying the synthesis of diverse types of data that allowed us to follow youth across multiple spaces as well as initial insights into how this practice was used to negotiate relationships in multiple spaces through play.
Diabetes in Sports
Authors: Shugart Christine , Jackson Jonathan , Fields Karl B.
Published: December 2009

Context:

Exercise is recommended for individuals with diabetes mellitus, and several facets of the disease must be considered when managing the diabetic athlete. The purpose of this article is to review diabetes care in the context of sports participation.

Evidence Acquisition:

Relevant studies were identified through a literature search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane database, as well as manual review of reference lists of identified sources.

Results:

Diabetics should be evaluated for complications of long-standing disease before beginning an exercise program, and exercise should be modified appropriately if complications are present. Athletes who use insulin or oral insulin secretogogues are at risk for exercise-induced immediate or delayed hypoglycemia. Diabetics are advised to engage in a combination of regular aerobic and resistance exercise. Insulin-dependent diabetics should supplement carbohydrate before and after exercise, as well as during exercise for events lasting longer than 1 hour. Adjustment of insulin dosing based on planned exercise intensity is another strategy to prevent hypoglycemia. Insulin-dependent athletes should monitor blood sugar closely before, during, and after exercise. Significant hyperglycemia before exercise should preclude exercise because the stress of exercise can paradoxically exacerbate hyperglycemia and lead to ketoacidosis. Athletes should be aware of hypoglycemia symptoms and have rapidly absorbable glucose available in case of hypoglycemia.

Conclusion:

Exercise is an important component of diabetes treatment, and most people with diabetes can safely participate in sports at recreational and elite levels with attention to appropriate precautions.
Cardiovascular Health, Part 2: Sports Participation in Athletes With Cardiovascular Conditions
Authors: Baman Timir S. , Gupta Sanjaya , Day Sharlene M.
Published: December 2009

Context:

An athlete’s health may be endangered if he or she continues to compete after diagnosis of certain cardiovascular conditions. The most worrisome risk is sudden cardiac death; the annual rate in US athletes is 1 in 50 000 to 200 000.

Evidence Acquisition:

Part 2 of this review highlights the current guidelines and controversies surrounding compatibility of participation with a variety of cardiac conditions in competitive and recreational athletics. Data sources were limited to peer-reviewed publications from 1984 to the April 2009.

Results:

The guidelines published by the American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology provide a framework for safe competitive and recreational sports participation in athletes with a broad spectrum of inherited and acquired cardiovascular disorders. These guidelines are necessarily conservative because it is not currently possible to individualize risk prediction. Few data are available in many areas, particularly in the noncompetitive arena or in older athletes.

Conclusions:

Published national guidelines are currently the foundation governing return-to-play decisions in athletes with cardiovascular conditions. Further studies are needed to refine risk stratification algorithms to allow athletes with cardiovascular conditions to reap the health benefits of regular exercise and sports participation without undue risk.