bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical–Physical Characteristics of Low Clouds and Aerosols in South America Based on Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation
Authors: Su Bo , Lin Dekai , Liu Ziji , Wu Qingyan , Song Wenkai , Zhang Miao
Published: December 2024

Clouds and aerosols, as important factors in the Earth’s climate system, have significant impacts on the atmospheric environment and global climate. This study investigated the optical and physical properties of clouds and aerosols over South America from 2006 to 2021 using CALIPSO Level 2 products. South America was divided into four regions: A (Western Andean Mountains), B (Northern Orinoco and Amazon plains), C (Southern La Plata Plains), and D (Eastern Brazilian Highlands). Seasonal variations in the optical properties of low clouds and their interactions with the lowest-layer aerosols were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that Region C had the highest OPlc (probability of low clouds) and AODlc (AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth) of low clouds, likely due to its flat terrain and westerly influences. Both AODlc and OPlc were higher in September–November compared to other seasons. DRlc (depolarization ratio of low clouds) values were higher in Regions C and D, particularly in September–February, possibly due to topographic effects and more precipitation and higher humidity during this period. The elevated CRlc (color ratio of low clouds) in Region A may be attributed to the Andes blocking warm, moist air, leading to increased precipitation and cloud particle content. HLlc (top height of low clouds) and BLlc (base altitude of low clouds) were positively correlated with geographic elevation, while Tlc (thickness of low clouds) was greater at night, potentially due to enhanced atmospheric stability. Furthermore, strong correlations among certain parameters suggested significant interactions between aerosols and clouds.
Impact of Deep Learning-Based Image Reconstruction on Tumor Visibility and Diagnostic Confidence in Computed Tomography
Authors: Bertl Marie , Hahne Friedrich-Georg , Gräger Stephanie , Heinrich Andreas
Published: December 2024

Deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) has shown potential to enhance computed tomography (CT) image quality, but its impact on tumor visibility and adoption among radiologists with varying experience levels remains unclear. This study compared the performance of two deep learning-based image reconstruction methods, DLIR and Pixelshine, an adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction—volume (ASIR-V) method, and filtered back projection (FBP) across 33 contrast-enhanced CT staging examinations, evaluated by 20–24 radiologists. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured for tumor and surrounding organ tissues across DLIR (Low, Medium, High), Pixelshine (Soft, Ultrasoft), ASIR-V (30–100%), and FBP. In two blinded surveys, radiologists ranked eight reconstructions and assessed four using a 5-point Likert scale in arterial and portal venous phases. DLIR consistently outperformed other methods in SNR, CNR, image quality, image interpretation, structural differentiability and diagnostic certainty. Pixelshine performed comparably only to ASIR-V 50%. No significant differences were observed between junior and senior radiologists. In conclusion, DLIR-based techniques have the potential to establish a new benchmark in clinical CT imaging, offering superior image quality for tumor staging, enhanced diagnostic capabilities, and seamless integration into existing workflows without requiring an extensive learning curve.
Fluorinated Porcine Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Promotes Vascularized Osteogenesis by Coordinating Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell/Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Complexes
Authors: Wu Xiayi , Xu Chunxin , Feng Junming , Wu Shiyu , Liu Runheng , Qiao Wei , Luo Xin , Chen Shoucheng , Li Zhipeng , Chen Zhuofan
Published: December 2024

Biogenic hydroxyapatite is known for its osteoinductive potential due to its similarity to human bone and biocompatibility, but insufficient vascularization compared to autogenous bone during early implantation limits bone integration and osteogenesis. Fluorine has been shown to improve hydroxyapatite’s mechanical properties and the coupling of osteogenic and angiogenic cells. In this study, fluorine-modified biogenic hydroxyapatite (FPHA) with varying fluorine concentrations was prepared and tested for its ability to promote vascularized osteogenesis. FPHA prepared in this study retained the natural porous structure of biological cancellous bone and released F− ions when immersed in cell culture medium. The extraction solutions of FPHA0.25 and FPHA0.50 promoted the formation of capillary-like tubes by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), with FPHA0.25 significantly upregulating vegf mRNA and VEGF protein levels in co-cultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs). Additionally, FPHA0.25 and FPHA0.50 upregulated pdgf-bb mRNA and PDGF-BB protein levels in HUVECs. In vivo experiments using a rabbit cranial defect model demonstrated that FPHA0.25 promoted early bone formation and angiogenesis in the defect area, enhanced VEGF secretion, and increased PDGFR-β expression in endothelial and mesenchymal cells. These findings suggest that fluorine-modified biogenic hydroxyapatite with an optimal fluorine concentration (FPHA0.25) may offer a promising strategy to enhance the body’s innate bone-healing potential by accelerating vascularization.
Unveiling MHC-DAB Polymorphism Within the Western Balkan Salmonid Hotspot: Preliminary Outcomes from Native Trouts of Ohrid Lake and the Drin-Skadar Drainage (Albania)
Authors: Talarico Lorenzo , Rakaj Arnold , Tancioni Lorenzo
Published: December 2024

Due to their involvement in pathogen-mediated immune responses, the hypervariable genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) have become a paradigm for investigating the evolution and maintenance of genetic (adaptive) diversity, contextually providing insight into the viability of wild populations, which is meaningful for conservation. Here, we provide the first preliminary characterization of MHC polymorphism and evolution in trouts from Albania, a known hotspot of Salmonid diversity harboring ecologically and phylogenetically distinct native (threatened) taxa. Overall, 36 trout—including Lake Ohrid-endemic Salmo ohridanus and S. letnica, and both riverine and lacustrine native brown trout (the S. trutta complex) from the Drin-Skadar drainage—were genotyped at the MHC-DAB locus through next-generation amplicon sequencing. We identified 34 alleles (including 30 novel alleles), unveiling remarkable population/taxon MHC-DAB distinctiveness. Despite apparent functional (supertype) similarity, S. letnica and the S. trutta complex showed MHC-typical high sequence/allele diversity and evidence of global/codon-specific positive selection, particularly at antigen-binding sites. Conversely, deep-water-adapted S. ohridanus revealed unexpectedly reduced allelic/supertype diversity and relaxed selection. Evolution by reticulation and signals of trans-species polymorphism emerged from sequence genealogies. Further investigations and increased sampling will provide a deeper understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms yielding the observed pattern of MHC diversity across Albanian trout taxa and populations.
Forces Acting on the Foot of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) During Pedal Anchoring
Authors: Walter Collin , Carroll Jamie , Cramberg Michael , Houser Jeremy J. , Loguda-Summers Debra , Young Bruce A.
Published: December 2024

This study was undertaken to explore the forces acting on the pes during pedal anchoring and to discern if pedal anchoring required the activation of the intrinsic pedal musculature. Replica feet equipped with strain gauges were moved over mud substrate, mimicking locomotion and pedal anchoring. Quantification of the substrate tracks demonstrated that they were similar to those made by freely moving Alligator, that the locomotor and pedal anchoring tracks were significantly different, and that the composition of the artificial feet significantly altered the tracks. Strain gauges revealed significantly different forces at different locations (e.g., digit vs. heel) on the pes and between locomotor and pedal anchoring motions. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrate that the forces acting on the pes during pedal anchoring are different from those during locomotion. Furthermore, varying the composition of the feet used in this study demonstrated the importance of flexion at the metatarsal/phalangeal joints. Resistance to this flexion in living crocodylians requires active muscle contraction, meaning that pedal anchoring is an active, not passive, behavior. These results offer the first insights into the mechanics of pedal anchoring and demonstrate how technologies like 3D printing can be applied to established problems like fossil trackways.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Major Triterpenic Acids of Chios Mastic Gum and Their Semi-Synthetic Analogues
Authors: Stamou Panagiota , Gianniou Despoina D. , Trougakos Ioannis P. , Mitakou Sofia , Halabalaki Maria , Kostakis Ioannis K. , Skaltsounis Alexios-Leandros
Published: December 2024

24Z-Masticadienonic acid (MNA) and 24Z-isomasticadienonic acid (IMNA) are the major triterpenic acids in Chios Mastic Gum (CMG), a resin derived from Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia. Despite their promising pharmacological potential, limited information is available due to the complexity of isolating them in pure form. This study developed a chemo-selective method for isolating MNA and IMNA and investigated their chemical transformation through isomerization of the external double bond and A-ring contraction of the triterpene scaffold. A rapid method for isolating MNA from CMG was first established, followed by a high-yield acid-catalyzed procedure to obtain both 24Z and 24E isomers of IMNA. Additionally, a basic catalyzed isomerization of IMNA led to the formation of two new compounds with A-ring contraction, which could serve as novel scaffolds for the design of new triterpene analogs. The mixture of MNA/IMNA, along with the individual compounds and their semi-synthetic analogs, exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. Notably, 24E-isomasticadienonic acid and 24Z-2-hydroxy-3-oxotirucalla-1,8,24-trien-26-oic acid, a previously unreported compound, significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of Tnf, Il6, and Nfkb1 in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
Anesthetic- and Analgesic-Related Drugs Modulating Both Voltage-Gated Na+ and TRP Channels
Authors: Kumamoto Eiichi
Published: December 2024

Nociceptive information is transmitted by action potentials (APs) through primary afferent neurons from the periphery to the central nervous system. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are involved in this AP production, while transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are non-selective cation channels, are involved in receiving and transmitting nociceptive stimuli in the peripheral and central terminals of the primary afferent neurons. Peripheral terminal TRP vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), ankylin-1 (TRPA1) and melastatin-8 (TRPM8) activation produces APs, while central terminal TRP activation enhances the spontaneous release of L-glutamate from the terminal to spinal cord and brain stem lamina II neurons that play a pivotal role in modulating nociceptive transmission. There is much evidence demonstrating that chemical compounds involved in Na+ channel (or nerve AP conduction) inhibition modify TRP channel functions. Among these compounds are local anesthetics, anti-epileptics, α2-adrenoceptor agonists, antidepressants (all of which are used as analgesic adjuvants), general anesthetics, opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and plant-derived compounds, many of which are involved in antinociception. This review mentions the modulation of Na+ channels and TRP channels including TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPM8, both of which modulations are produced by pain-related compounds.
Z-Ligustilide: A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Atherosclerosis Complicating Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Shen Longyu , Tian Qianqian , Ran Qiqi , Gan Qianrong , Hu Yu , Du Donglian , Qin Zehua , Duan Xinyi , Zhu Xinyun , Huang Wei
Published: December 2024

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the major catalysts of ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and the death and disease burden from AS and its cerebrovascular complications are increasing. Z-ligustilide (Z-LIG) is a key active ingredient in Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. In this paper, we first introduced LIG’s physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics. Then, we reviewed Z-LIG’s intervention and therapeutic mechanisms on AS and its cerebrovascular complications. The mechanisms of Z-LIG intervention in AS include improving lipid metabolism, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, protecting vascular endothelium, and inhibiting vascular endothelial fibrosis, pathological thickening, and plaque calcification. In ischemic cerebrovascular diseases complicated by AS, Z-LIG exerts practical neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke (IS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia (VaD) through anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-neuronal apoptosis, protection of the blood-brain barrier, promotion of mitochondrial division and angiogenesis, improvement of cholinergic activity, inhibition of astrocyte proliferation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This paper aims to provide a basis for subsequent studies of Z-LIG in the prevention and treatment of AS and its cerebrovascular complications and, thus, to promote the development of interventional drugs for AS.
Impact of Contralateral Hemiplegia on Lower Limb Joint Kinematics and Dynamics: A Musculoskeletal Modeling Approach
Authors: Younis Sadia , Bishnoi Alka , Narayan Jyotindra , Mio Renato
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the biomechanical differences between typically developed (TD) individuals and those with contralateral hemiplegia (CH) using musculoskeletal modeling in OpenSim. Ten TD participants and ten CH patients were analyzed for joint angles and external joint moments around the three anatomical axes: frontal, sagittal, and transverse. The analysis focused on hip, pelvis, lumbar, knee, ankle, and subtalar joint movements, leveraging MRI-derived bone length data and gait analysis. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in hip flexion, pelvis tilt, lumbar extension, and ankle joint angles, highlighting the impact of hemiplegia on these specific joints. However, parameters like hip adduction and rotation, knee moment, and subtalar joint dynamics did not show significant differences, with p > 0.05. The comparison of joint angle and joint moment correlations between TD and CH participants highlights diverse coordination patterns in CH. Joint angles show significant shifts, such as HF and LR (−0.35 to −0.97) and PR and LR (0.22 to −0.78), reflecting disrupted interactions, while others like HR and LR (0.42 to 0.75) exhibit stronger coupling in CH individuals. Joint moments remain mostly stable, with HF and HA (0.54 to 0.53) and PR and LR (−0.51 to −0.50) showing negligible changes. However, some moments, like KA and HF (0.11 to −0.13) and PT and KA (0.75 to 0.67), reveal weakened or altered relationships. These findings underscore biomechanical adaptations and compensatory strategies in CH patients, affecting joint coordination. Overall, CH individuals exhibit stronger negative correlations, reflecting impaired coordination. These findings provide insight into the musculoskeletal alterations in hemiplegic patients, potentially guiding the development of targeted rehabilitation strategies.
Eye-Inspired Single-Pixel Imaging with Lateral Inhibition and Variable Resolution for Special Unmanned Vehicle Applications in Tunnel Inspection
Authors: Han Bin , Zhao Quanchao , Shi Moudan , Wang Kexin , Shen Yunan , Cao Jie , Hao Qun
Published: December 2024

This study presents a cutting-edge imaging technique for special unmanned vehicles (UAVs) designed to enhance tunnel inspection capabilities. This technique integrates ghost imaging inspired by the human visual system with lateral inhibition and variable resolution to improve environmental perception in challenging conditions, such as poor lighting and dust. By emulating the high-resolution foveal vision of the human eye, this method significantly enhances the efficiency and quality of image reconstruction for fine targets within the region of interest (ROI). This method utilizes non-uniform speckle patterns coupled with lateral inhibition to augment optical nonlinearity, leading to superior image quality and contrast. Lateral inhibition effectively suppresses background noise, thereby improving the imaging efficiency and substantially increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in noisy environments. Extensive indoor experiments and field tests in actual tunnel settings validated the performance of this method. Variable-resolution sampling reduced the number of samples required by 50%, enhancing the reconstruction efficiency without compromising image quality. Field tests demonstrated the system’s ability to successfully image fine targets, such as cables, under dim and dusty conditions, achieving SNRs from 13.5 dB at 10% sampling to 27.7 dB at full sampling. The results underscore the potential of this technique for enhancing environmental perception in special unmanned vehicles, especially in GPS-denied environments with poor lighting and dust.
The Influence of Work Engagement on Employee Affect and Creativity: Insights from Occupational Mental Health
Authors: Ye Lan , Li Yanwei , Zhang Na , Zhang Jian
Published: December 2024

Affect plays a pivotal role in shaping employees’ work performance and mental health, with growing recognition of its capacity to drive creativity. However, the differential impacts of positive and negative affect on creative performance remain a subject of debate. This study aims to compare the relationships between high- and low-arousal affect, as well as PANA dimensions of affect, and creative performance, emphasizing the mediating role of work engagement from an occupational mental health perspective. A survey was conducted involving 278 employees and their managers across 25 companies in China. The findings reveal significant associations between high-arousal positive affect, low-arousal positive affect, high-arousal negative affect, and low-arousal negative affect with both work engagement and creative performance. Moreover, the results indicate that work engagement partially mediates the relationship between high-arousal affect and creative performance while fully mediating the relationship between low-arousal affect and creativity. These findings underscore the importance of occupational mental health—particularly work engagement—in fostering employee creativity and highlight its critical role in organizational management strategies.
Risk Factors for Love Addiction in a Sample of Young Adult Students: A Multiple Mediation Model Exploring the Role of Adult Attachment, Separation Anxiety, and Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Topino Eleonora , Cacioppo Marco , Dell’Amico Shady , Gori Alessio
Published: December 2024

In certain situations, romantic engagement with a partner can have detrimental effects on an individual’s well-being and overall health, exhibiting features attributable to addictive behaviors. Considering the clinical significance of this phenomenon and its prevalence among adolescents and young adults, the objective of this study was to investigate the potential associations between some risk factors for love addiction in a sample of university students, with a specific focus on adult attachment, separation anxiety, and defense mechanisms. A total of 332 participants (Mage = 23 years; SD = 2.462) completed a survey consisting of the Love Addiction Inventory—Short Form, Relationship Questionnaire, Seven Domains Addiction Scale (Separation Anxiety domain), and Forty Item Defense Style Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation, and a multiple mediation model was also implemented. Results showed that fearful attachment was significantly and positively associated with love addiction. Furthermore, this relationship was mediated by separation anxiety and neurotic/immature defense mechanisms too. These findings contribute to the existing literature on love addiction and provide valuable insights for future research and clinical practice.
Application of Parametric Modeling Techniques for Automated Detailing of Exterior Finishes in Architectural BIM Models: A South Korean Case Study
Authors: Kim Sihyun , Myint Min Htet , Yu Youngsu , Lee Wonbok , Kim Tae Wan , Koo Bonsang
Published: December 2024

The South Korean government has mandated the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) as the main medium for design deliverables in public projects. Such stipulations require detailed BIM models to be submitted in the detailed design phases, which places a burden especially on small- to medium-sized design firms. The requirement means that both the interior and exterior finishes of a building need to be explicitly modeled, which when performed manually is labor intensive and error prone. The goal of this study was to apply parametric modeling techniques to automatically model such details, focusing on the exterior finishes. Through interviews with design experts, four elements were selected: parapets, external wall finishes, downspouts, and inspection ladders. Parametric processes and rules for each finish were developed and subsequently programmed as add-ins in Autodesk Revit. Validation through case studies conducted using three different BIM models resulted in the average scores of 92.28% and 92.44% in terms of accuracy and efficiency, respectively. In particular, downspouts achieved a perfect accuracy score, while external wall finishes achieved a 94.42% reduction in modeling time. Modeling errors, which occurred due to inconsistencies in the test models, also demonstrate the need for specifying uniform modeling conventions of BIM model submissions in the detailed design phases.
Effect of Reinforcement Corrosion on Structural Behavior in Reinforced Concrete Structures According to Initiation and Propagation Periods
Authors: Akduman Seda , Öztürk Hakan
Published: December 2024

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures lose performance over time. One of the most significant environmental factors causing performance degradation is reinforcement corrosion. Corrosion reduces the diameter of the reinforcement and degrades the mechanical properties of both the concrete and the steel. In order to determine the degradation of the structural performance caused by corrosion, it is essential to identify the time periods in which corrosion initiates and propagates, and to thoroughly analyze the parameters that govern these processes. In this study, the corrosion initiation and propagation times were calculated separately for an RC frame exposed to chloride ions. Factors contributing to the further reduction of these processes were identified. Analyses and comparisons were made to determine the structural performance of the calculated RC frame over its service life. The results showed that corrosion reduces the structural performance, especially in regions with high seismic potential, where preventive measures against corrosion are essential. The most important parameter influencing the corrosion mechanism is the corrosion rate, while another important factor is the formation of cracks on the element surface. In cases where cracks are present, the corrosion initiation time is shortened, which means that materials should be selected at the design stage that are suitable for the environment, and the years of maintenance required should be calculated by the design engineers. In addition, the surfaces of RC elements should be monitored, and crack tracking should be carried out.
Multi-Step Prediction of TBM Tunneling Speed Based on Advanced Hybrid Model
Authors: Liu Defu , Yang Yaohong , Yang Shuwen , Zhang Zhixiao , Sun Xiaohu
Published: December 2024

The accurate prediction of tunneling speed in tunnel boring machine (TBM) construction is the basis for the timely adjustment of the operating parameters of TBM equipment to ensure safe and efficient tunneling. In this paper, a multi-step prediction model of TBM tunneling speed based on the EWT-ICEEMDAN-SSA-LSTM hybrid model is proposed. Firstly, four datasets were selected under different geological conditions, and the original data were preprocessed using the binary discriminant function and the 3σ principle; secondly, the preprocessed data were decomposed using the empirical wavelet variation (EWT) to obtain several subseries and residual series; then, Intrinsic Computing Expressive Empirical Mode Decomposition With Adaptive Noise (ICEEMDAN) was used to perform further decomposition on residual sequences. Finally, several subsequences were fed into a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network optimized by the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) for multi-step training and prediction, and the predicted results of each subsequence were added up to obtain the final result. A comparison with existing models showed that the performance of the prediction method proposed in this paper is superior to other models. Of the four datasets, the average accuracy from the first step prediction to the fifth step prediction reached 99.06%, 98.99%, 99.07%, and 99.03%, respectively, indicating that the proposed method has high multi-step prediction performance and generalization ability. In this sense, this paper provides a reference for other projects.
Analysis on Flexural Performance of Prestressed Steel-Reinforced UHPC Beams
Authors: Zhu Ye , Shi Tianyu , Zhu Yanzhu , Zhu Zhiyu , Wang Kun
Published: December 2024

The flexural performance of prestressed steel-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams was investigated through finite element (FE) modeling and nonlinear numerical analysis. Two FE models were established for prestressed steel-reinforced concrete beams and prestressed UHPC beams, respectively, and the accuracy was validated by comparing with the experimental results. On this basis, a comprehensive analysis of load–deflection behavior, load–strain relationships, and failure modes was conducted under varying parameters, including reinforcement ratio, prestress level, steel web thickness, and steel flange thickness. The results indicate that an increase in reinforcement ratio from 1.17% to 1.90% enhanced the ultimate load by 12.05%, while increasing the prestress level from 0.61 to 0.76 improved the cracking load by 114.88% and the ultimate load by 53.73%. Moreover, the beams exhibited superior ductility and cracking resistance compared to conventional concrete structures. A formula for predicting the flexural capacity of prestressed steel-reinforced UHPC beams was derived, showing an average error of less than 3% when compared with FE simulations. This formula provides a reliable basis for the structural design and optimization of high-performance composite beams in engineering practice.
Evaluation of Anti-Angiogenic Therapy Combined with Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy as a Strategy to Treat Locally Advanced and Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Abdallah Mahmoud , Voland Rick , Decamp Malcolm , Flickinger John , Pacioles Toni , Jamil Muhammad , Silbermins Damian , Shenouda Mina , Valsecchi Matias , Bir Arvinder , Shweihat Yousef , Bastidas Juan , Chowdhury Nepal , Kachynski Yury , Eldib Howide , Wright Thomas , Mahdi Ahmad , Al-Nusair Jowan , Nwanwene Kemnasom , Varlotto John
Published: December 2024

Immunotherapy has made recent improvements in disease-free survival (DFS) and/or overall survival (OS) in all stages of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we review the tumor microenvironment and its immunosuppressive effects and discuss how anti-angiogenic therapies may potentiate the anti-carcinogenic effects of immunotherapy. We also review all the past literature and discuss strategies of combining anti-angiogenic therapy and immunotherapy +/− chemotherapy and hypothesize how we can use this strategy for non-small-cell lung cancer in metastatic previously untreated/previously treated settings in previously treated EGFR-mutated NSCLC for the upfront treatment of brain metastases prior to radiation therapy and for the incorporation of this strategy into stage III unresectable disease. We assert the use of anti-angiogenic therapy and immunotherapy when combined appropriately with chemotherapy and radiotherapy has the potential to increase the long-term survivals in both the stage III and metastatic setting so that we can now consider more patients to experience curative treatment.
The Synthesis, Characteristics, and Application of Hierarchical Porous Materials in Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reactions
Authors: Guan Ze-Long , Wang Yi-Da , Wang Zhao , Hong Ying , Liu Shu-Lin , Luo Hao-Wen , Liu Xian-Lin , Su Bao-Lian
Published: December 2024

The reduction of carbon dioxide to valuable chemical products could favor the establishment of a sustainable carbon cycle, which has attracted much attention in recent years. Developing efficient catalysts plays a vital role in the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) process, but with great challenges in achieving a uniform distribution of catalytic active sites and rapid mass transfer properties. Hierarchical porous materials with a porous hierarchy show great promise for application in CO2RRs owing to the high specific surface area and superior porous connection. Plenty of breakthroughs in recent CO2RR studies have been recently achieved regarding hierarchical porous materials, indicating that a summary of hierarchical porous materials for carbon dioxide reduction reactions is highly desired and significant. In this paper, we summarize the recent breakthroughs of hierarchical porous materials in CO2RRs, including classical synthesis methods, advanced characterization technologies, and novel CO2RR strategies. Moreover, by highlighting several significant works, the advantages of hierarchical porous materials for CO2RRs are analyzed and revealed. Additionally, a perspective on hierarchical porous materials for CO2RRs (e.g., challenges, potential catalysts, promising strategies, etc.) for future study is also presented. It can be anticipated that this comprehensive review will provide valuable insights for further developing efficient alternative hierarchical porous catalysts for CO2 reduction reactions.
Synthesis of High-Quality TS-1 Zeolites Using Precursors of Diol-Based Polymer and Tetrapropylammonium Bromide for 1-Hexene Epoxidation
Authors: Sun Yuting , Chang Xinyu , Zhan Junling , Bi Chongyao , Dong Zhehan , Sun Shuaishuai , Jia Mingjun
Published: December 2024

To synthesize high-quality TS-1 zeolites with enhanced catalytic performance for 1-hexene epoxidation is highly attractive for meeting the increased need for sustainable chemistry. Herein, we report that a series of framework Ti-enriched TS-1 zeolites with high crystallinity can be effectively synthesized by the hydrothermal crystallization of a composite precursor composed of diol-based polymer (containing titanium and silicon) and tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr). The pre-addition of a certain amount of TPABr into the polymer-based precursor plays a very positive role in maintaining the high crystallinity and framework Ti incorporation rate of TS-1 zeolites under the premise that a relatively low concentration of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) template is adopted in the following hydrothermal crystallization process. The condition-optimized TS-1 zeolite with a smaller particle size (300–500 nm) shows excellent catalytic activity, selectivity, and recyclability for the epoxidation of 1-hexene with H2O2 as an oxidant, which can achieve a 75.4% conversion of 1-hexene and a 99% selectivity of epoxide at a reaction temperature of 60 °C, which is much better than the TS-1 zeolites reported in the previous literature. The relatively small particle size of the resultant TS-1 crystals may enhance the accessibility of the catalytically active framework Ti species to reagents, and the absence of non-framework Ti species, like anatase TiO2, and low polymerized six-coordinated Ti species could effectively inhibit the ineffective decomposition of H2O2 and the occurrence of side reactions, leading to an improvement in the catalytic efficiency for the epoxidation of 1-hexente with H2O2.
Pervasiveness of Microprotein Function Amongst Drosophila Small Open Reading Frames (SMORFS)
Authors: Platero Ana Isabel , Pueyo Jose Ignacio , Bishop Sarah Anne , Magny Emile Gerard , Couso Juan Pablo
Published: December 2024

Small Open Reading Frames (smORFs) of less than 100 codons remain mostly uncharacterised. About a thousand smORFs per genome encode peptides and microproteins about 70–80 aa long, often containing recognisable protein structures and markers of translation, and these are referred to as short Coding Sequences (sCDSs). The characterisation of individual sCDSs has provided examples of smORFs’ function and conservation, but we cannot infer the functionality of all other metazoan smORFs from these. sCDS function has been characterised at a genome-wide scale in yeast and bacteria, showing that hundreds can produce a phenotype, but attempts in metazoans have been less successful. Either most sCDSs are not functional, or classic experimental techniques do not work with smORFs due to their shortness. Here, we combine extensive proteomics with bioinformatics and genetics in order to detect and corroborate sCDS function in Drosophila. Our studies nearly double the number of sCDSs with detected peptides and microproteins and an experimentally corroborated function. Finally, we observe a correlation between proven sCDS protein function and bioinformatic markers such as conservation and GC content. Our results support that sCDSs peptides and microproteins act as membrane-related regulators of canonical proteins, regulators whose functions are best understood at the cellular level, and whose mutants produce little, if any, overt morphological phenotypes.
Exploring Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and -4 mRNA Expression and Their Receptor Assessment in a Dynamic In Vitro Model of Vascular Calcification
Authors: Cabiati Manuela , Vozzi Federico , Ceccherini Elisa , Guiducci Letizia , Persiani Elisa , Gisone Ilaria , Sgalippa Agnese , Cecchettini Antonella , Del Ry Silvia
Published: December 2024

Background: Vascular calcification (VC) is a dynamic, tightly regulated process driven by cellular activity and resembling the mechanisms of bone formation, with specific molecules playing pivotal roles in its progression. We aimed to investigate the involvement of the bone morphogenic proteins (BMP-2, BMP-4, BMPR-1a/1b, and BMPR-2) system in this process. Our study used an advanced in vitro model that simulates the biological environment of the vascular wall, assessing the ability of a phosphate mixture to induce the osteoblastic switch in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs). Methods: HCASMCs were grown in mono- and co-culture with human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) in a double-flow bioreactor (LiveBox2 and IVTech), allowing static and dynamic conditions through a peristaltic pump. The VC was stimulated by incubation in a calcifying medium for 7 days. A BMP system Real-Time PCR was performed at the end of each experiment. Results: In monocultures, BMP-2 expression increased in calcified HCASMCs in static (p = 0.01) and dynamic conditions. BMP-4 and the biological receptors were expressed in all the experimental settings, increasing mainly in dynamic flow conditions. In co-cultures, we observed a marked increase in BMP-2 and BMP-4, BMPR-1a (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively), and BMPR-2 (p = 0.001) in the calcifying setting mostly in dynamic conditions. Conclusions: The increase in BMP-2/4 in co-culture suggests that these genes might promote the switch towards an osteogenic-like phenotype, data also supported by the rise of both BMPR-1a and BMPR-2. Thus, our findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which dynamic co-culture modulates the BMP system activation in an environment mimicking in vivo VC’s cellular and mechanical characteristics.
New High-Affinity Peptide Ligands for Kv1.2 Channel: Selective Blockers and Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Ignatova Anastasia A. , Kryukova Elena V. , Novoseletsky Valery N. , Kazakov Oleg V. , Orlov Nikita A. , Korabeynikova Varvara N. , Larina Maria V. , Fradkov Arkady F. , Yakimov Sergey A. , Kirpichnikov Mikhail P. , Feofanov Alexey V. , Nekrasova Oksana V.
Published: December 2024

Advanced molecular probes are required to study the functional activity of the Kv1.2 potassium channel in normal and pathological conditions. To address this, a fully active Kv1.2 channel fused with fluorescent protein mKate2 (K-Kv1.2) was engineered that has high plasma membrane presentation due to the S371T substitution, and hongotoxin 1 (HgTx1) fused with eGFP at the C-terminus (HgTx-G) was produced. HgTx-G and HgTx1 N-terminally labeled with Atto488 fluorophore were shown to be fluorescent probes of Kv1.2 in cells with dissociation constants (Kd) of 120 and 80 pM, respectively. K-Kv1.2 and HgTx-G were used as components of an analytical system to study peptide blockers of the channel and helped to find out that Ce1 and Ce4 peptides from Centruroides elegans venom possess high affinity (Kd of 10 and 30 pM) and selectivity for Kv1.2. Using molecular docking and molecular modeling techniques, the complexes of Kv1.2 with HgTx1, Ce1, and Ce4 were modeled, and determinants of the high affinity binding were proposed. New fluorescent probes and selective blockers of Kv1.2 can be used to resolve Kv1.2-related challenges in neuroscience and neuropharmacology.
Dog Aging: A Comprehensive Review of Molecular, Cellular, and Physiological Processes
Authors: Guelfi Gabriella , Capaccia Camilla , Tedeschi Martina , Bufalari Antonello , Leonardi Leonardo , Cenci-Goga Beniamino , Maranesi Margherita
Published: December 2024

The aging process is a multifactorial biological phenomenon starting at birth and persisting throughout life, characterized by a decline in physiological functions and adaptability. This decline results in the diminished capacity of aging organisms to respond to environmental changes and stressors, leading to reduced efficiency in metabolic, immune, and hormonal functions. As behavioral flexibility wanes, older individuals face longer recovery times and increased vulnerability to diseases. While early research proposed nine core hallmarks of mammalian aging, recent studies have expanded this framework to twelve key characteristics: epigenetic changes, genomic instability, telomere shortening, loss of proteostasis, altered metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, disrupted intercellular communication, stem cell depletion, immune system dysfunction, accumulation of toxic metabolites, and dysbiosis. Given the growing interest in the aging area, we propose to add a new hallmark: impaired water homeostasis. This potential hallmark could play a critical role in aging processes and might open new directions for future research in the field. This review enhances our understanding of the physiological aspects of aging in dogs, suggesting new clinical intervention strategies to prevent and control issues that may arise from the pathological degeneration of these hallmarks.
The Use of the Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status and Developmental Milestones in Screening Children for Developmental Delay in India
Authors: Sheel Hina , Suárez Lidia , Marsh Nigel V.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) and Developmental Milestones (PEDS:DM) are cost-effective, self-report tools that can be conveniently utilized in low- and middle-income countries to screen for developmental delays in children. This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of PEDS and PEDS:DM in distinguishing children with typical development (TD) from those with developmental disabilities (DD). It also examined the relationship between parents’ general concerns and specific developmental concerns about their children. Method: The study included 407 children with TD and 59 children with DD, recruited from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds in Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, and the National Capital Region of India. Parents of children aged 4 to 8 years completed the PEDS and PEDS:DM online. Results: The PEDS demonstrated high sensitivity (91%) but low specificity (47%), whereas the PEDS:DM showed poor sensitivity (17%) and specificity (6%). Parents of TD children who expressed general developmental concerns were likely to report specific concerns related to behavior, self-help skills, health, and cognitive development. Parents of DD children with general concerns reported specific issues with fine motor skills, behavior, school performance, cognitive development, and health. Conclusions: These findings suggest that while PEDS and PEDS:DM can support early detection of developmental delays, their interpretation should be approached with caution. The study provides preliminary insights into the applicability of these screening tools for children aged 4–8 years in India.
Comparison of Parental and Children’s Dental Anxiety Levels Using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and Modified Short State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (EMOJI) Scale
Authors: AlAzmah Abdulfatah , Sharanesha Rajashekhara Bhari , Abushanan AlWaleed , Khojah Abdullah bahjat , Dhaafi Alhussain ali , Almakenzi Abdulaziz Ahmed , Alqarni Adel S. , Alagla Maram , Al Ghwainem Abdulhamid , Alghamdi Sara
Published: December 2024

Background: The study aimed to assess dental anxiety (self and proxy reported) using a Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and modified short State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale (Emoji). Methods: 200 children visiting the pediatric dental clinic at the College of Dentistry at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University were recruited to assess their anxiety levels. The anxiety score was measured before and after the treatment using a short STAI scale and MDAS of 200 children using a Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and a modified short STAI (Emoji) Scale. Results: The perception of children with MDAS was found to have the highest mean score of 14.54 ± 3.82 before the dental procedure compared to the mean score of 9.40 ± 2.90 after the dental procedure. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed in MDAS after the dental procedure and, in short, STAI before the dental procedure. Conclusion: All children improved their dental anxiety levels before and after the procedure. Therefore, procedural experience may improve the child’s response.
Child Well-Being, Family Functioning, and Contextual Strain: A Study of Multi-Assisted Low-Income Families
Authors: Martins Paula Cristina , Oliveira Vítor Hugo
Published: December 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of poverty on child well-being and family functioning among low-income families. Specifically, it explored the role of parental stress, family dynamics, and contextual strain on children’s behavioral and emotional outcomes. Using a sample of families receiving welfare support, the research sought to assess the impact of conditional cash transfer programs and the involvement of Child Protective Services on child development and family well-being. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 99 children aged 8–12 from low-income, welfare-assisted families recruited from the Porto Metropolitan Area. Parental stress, parenting attitudes, family functioning, and child outcomes were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Families with and without Child Protective Services involvement were compared, and a cumulative index of contextual strain was developed to measure the multidimensional impact of stressors on child outcomes. Results: The results revealed that 53% of children exhibited clinical or borderline internalizing behaviors, 47% showed externalizing behaviors, and 39% experienced low psychological well-being. High levels of parental stress, low parenting competence, and significant contextual strain were associated with poorer child outcomes. Families involved with Child Protective Services showed no significant differences in parent or family characteristics, but children from these families exhibited fewer behavioral problems. Conclusions: The study highlights the pervasive impact of poverty and contextual strain on child development, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive interventions. Family functioning and parental stress are critical factors influencing child well-being, pointing to the importance of addressing these areas through targeted welfare and support programs to reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty and improve child outcomes.
Immunolocalization of Na(+)-Dependent Glucose Co-Transporters in Chicken Kidneys in Norm and During T-2 Mycotoxicosis (Primary Study)
Authors: Allmang Cristin , Hussar Piret , Dūrītis Ilmārs , Popovska-Percinic Florina
Published: December 2024

The kidney plays an essential role in the proper homeostasis of glucose. In the kidney, glucose transport is carried out across cell membranes by two families of glucose transporters—facilitated diffusion glucose transporters (GLUTs) and Na(+)-dependent glucose co-transporters (SGLT family). Among the transporters, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters play a major role in the kidney‘s ability to reabsorb glucose. Although the localization of glucose transporters has been extensively studied in mammals, there are still knowledge gaps regarding the localization of SGLTs in birds. The aim of this research was to conduct a comparative study of the immunolocalization of the sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the kidneys of healthy and T-2-mycotoxicated chickens. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out using the polyclonal primary antibodies SGLT1 and SGLT2 (Abcam, UK) in kidney tissue derived from seven healthy and seven T-2-mycotoxicated 7-day-old female layer-type Ross chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). The sections were stained using an immunohistochemistry kit (Abcam, UK). In the kidneys of the healthy birds, strong staining of SGLT1 and SGLT2 was observed in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the proximal straight and convoluted tubules. In the kidneys of the birds of the T-2 toxin group, weak expression of SGLT1 and SGLT2 with morphological changes occurred, indicating reduced glucose transport in the urinary system during T-2 mycotoxicosis.
A Degradation Model of Electrical Contact Performance for Copper Alloy Contacts with Tin Coatings Under Power Current-Carrying Fretting Conditions
Authors: Meng Yuan , Ren Wanbin , Zhang Chao
Published: December 2024

The fretting degradation of coating materials is complicated when the Joule heating effect of the load current is non-negligible. In this work, the fretting degradation behavior of tin-coated copper alloy contacts was examined across the current range from 5 A to 30 A and the fretting amplitude range from 200 μm to 400 μm. The uniform degradation process and associated mechanisms, including the wear-dominated stage, softening-dominated stage, and oxidation-dominated stage were recognized and interpreted explicitly. An innovative fusion model for the degradation of electrical contact performance, data-driven and based on physics mechanism, was proposed. The contact voltage was selected as the characterization variable and pre-processed by the threshold-crossing filter method and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The optimal degradation model, considering the coupled effects of current and fretting amplitude, was presented with the use of the support vector regression method. Finally, the prediction accuracy of the model was validated by experiment results.