bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cocooning Behaviour of Overwintering Codling Moth Larvae
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: January 2010

Codling moth larvae seeking overwintering sites usually spin up during hours of darkness on the trunks and larger branches of apple trees rather than in the soil or in debris under the trees. The number on the ground depends on the suitability for cocooning sites of the bark on the tree and on the amount and type of debris on the ground. Gould and Geissler (1941) found that larvae did not spin up in bare and compact soil and Steiner (1929) observed that most larvae returned to the tree to spin cocoons when there was little or no litter beneath the trees. Baker (1944) reported eight to nine per cent spun up on the ground beneath unscraped trees, and 18 per cent where the loose bark scales were removed. Others (Headlee (1929). Worthley (1932), Gnadinger et al. (1940), Woodside (1941), and Stultz (1946), found that under natural conditions from 0 to 14 per cent spun up in the soil, in the cover crop, or in the debris on the ground.
Life-History and Habits of the Sunflower Maggot, Strauzia longipennis (Wied.) (Diptera: Trypetidae), in Manitoba
Authors: Westdal P. H. , Barrett C. F.
Published: January 2010

The sunflower maggot is native to North America. It has been recorded from Maine and New Brunswick through Quebec to Alberta and California and as far south as New Mexico and Florida. It was collected by Criddle at Aweme, near Treesbank, Manitoba, in 1905 and is known to have been present in cultivated sunflowers in southern Manitoba since 1944. Heavy infestations have occurred since 1948.
Morphometrics, Parasites, and Predators of Migrant Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Saskatchewan in 1940
Authors: Paul L. C. , Putnam L. G.
Published: January 2010

Parker et al. (1955) reported the spectacular outbreaks and migrations of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.) in 1938 and 1939 in the north-central states of South Dakota, North Dakota and Montana, U.S.A. They recorded the extension of the flights northward into the Canadian provinces of Manitoba Saskatchewan and Alberta, and mentioned that the progeny of the migrants invading southern Saskatchewan in 1939 moved further north in 1940.
A New Species of Mecomma Fieber from Canada, with Reference to M. mimetica Carv. and South. and M. dispar (Boh.) in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: January 2010

Carvalho and Southwood (1955) made a world revision of the Cyrtorhinus-Mecomma complex, and listed 11 species and three subspecies of Mecomma. Those reported from North America are: ambulans (Fall.), gilvipes (Stål), luctuosa (Prov.), luctuosa pacifica Carv. and South., antennata Van D., and mimetica Carv. and South.

In the present paper, Mecomma bradora, n.sp., is described from Quebec, and the distinguishing external and genitalic characters are given. Additional notes on the habits, morphology, and distribution of Mecomma mimetica are given, and the status of Mecomma dispar (Boheman) in North America is discussed.
Notes on the Occurrence and Morphology of Bryobia lagodechiana Reck in British Columbia (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Morgan C. V. G.
Published: January 2010

Bryobia lagodechiana Reck, 1953, was originally found on bedstraw, or cleavers, Galium sp., growing at an elevation of about 6,890 to 7,220 feet above sea level in the Lagodekhsky reserve of the Armenian S.S.R. (Reck, 1953; Bagdasarian, 1957). A mite believed, on the basis of illustrations and descriptions only, to be the same species was found by the author in one locality in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. It was first observed on June 6, 1958, when about 10 female mites were noticed feeding on common horsetail, Equisetum arvense L., growing at an elevation of 3,300 to 3,500 feet near Orofino Creek on Mount McCaig, known locally as Orofino Mountain. The site, which was partially shaded by fairly heavy stands of tall coniferous trees, was somewhat boggy, and would undoubtedly be flooded during the spring run-off of Orofino Creek. Luxurious pure stands of this horsetail are common in such sites and, except for moss, it is often the predominant plant in many creek-bottom areas. An additional 20 female mites were collected at the same site on June 12, 1958. No males, or immature stages, were seen on either date. This is the first record outside southern Russia of the occurrence of a mite closely resembling B. lagodechiana, and the first report of the occurrence of any species of Bryobia on plants of the family Equisetaceae. The slide-mounted specimens are in the Canadian National Collection.
Principles and Methods of Zoogeography: The Field Approach
Authors: Gressitt J. Linsley
Published: January 2010

Zoogeographic studies can be pursued in the laboratory or library, but far preferably should be largely based on careful, first-hand field work. A familiarlty with species in the field is a prerequisite to a thorough understanding of both their zoogeography and their systematics. Naturally, knowledge of the actual relationships of the species, and of the geology and geographical history of the areas involved, are also prerequisites to a complete understanding of the zoogeography of a group of insects.
Influence of Plants other than the Food Plants of their Host on Host-Finding by Tachinid Parasites
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: January 2010

Earlier work indicated that food plants of the tenthredinid sawflies attacked by Drino bohemica Mesn. and Bessa harveyi Tns. influence host-finding by these tachinid parasites (Monteith, 1955, 1958a). There is a high degree of interaction between stimuli produced by the host larvae and by their food plants (Monteith, 1955, 1958b).

It was observed during field studies that the percentage parastism by B. harveyi of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), varied with increasing height above the ground and in different sections of tamarack trees, Larix larician (DuRoi) K. Koch, on which the sawfly larvae were feeding. It appeared that shrubs and trees other than L. laricina influenced host-finding by B. harveyi.
Taxonomy of the Genus Cecidomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with Special Reference to the Species Occurring on Pinus banksiana Lamb
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: January 2010

Several species of resin midges (or pine-pitch midges) have been recorded from species of Pinus in North America. These are all at present referred to the genus Retinodiplosis Kieffer 1912; for reasons given below this genus is here treated as a subjective synonym of Cecidomyia Meigen 1803. At least two species of Cecidomyia have been recorded from jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Michigan (Bradlev (1946), Barker and Wong (1948), anonymous (1946), Prentice and Hildahl (1957, 1958) and Mc-Daniel (1938)); they were sometimes determined as Retinodiplosis sp., sometimes tentatively or definitely as R. resinicola (O.S.). Study of specimens of Cecidomyia from P. banksiana collected during the past three years by officers of the Forest Biology Regional Research Laboratories, Canada Department of Agriculture, has shown that three species of the genus occur on this host. All three are described as new in this paper. C. resinicola (O.S.) 1871, originally described from Virginia pine, Pinus virginiana Mill., was not present in this material nor among Michigan specimens from P. banksiana in the U.S.N.M.; it almost certainly does not occur on P. banksiana.
Note on Parasitism of Two Coccinellids, Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Muls. and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timb. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Ontario
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: January 2010

In the Belleville, Ontario, district parasitism of 646 adults of Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Muls. by Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was approximately seven per cent and of 363 adults of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timb. 16 per cent in 1959. Mature parasite larvae emerged from both species of host adults after 20.9 ± 6.2 days of host feeding in the laboratory. The duration of the pupal stage was 10.7 ± 0.4 days and of the adult stage 8.9 ± 5.2 days (22°C. and 65 per cent R.H.). The host beetle usually remained inactive after the emergence of the parasite. Its feet were often entangled in the silk of the parasite's cocoon, and it died within 10 days. P. coccinellae emerged from adults of C. maculata obtained from fourth-instar larvae collected in the field and reared to the adult stage in the laboratory, and also from pupae collected in the field. This is the first authenticated record of this parasite attacking a host stage other than the adult in the field (Clausen 1910), and the second record for this species in Canada (Hudon 1959). Parasitized females of C. maculata laid fertile eggs up to 10 days before the emergence of P. coccinellae.
Estimation of Adult Populations of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: January 2010

This paper is one in a series on techniques for estimating populations of various stages of the larch sawfly (Ives, 1055; Ives and Prentice, 1958; Ives and Turnock, 1959) to provide's basis for the evaluation of mortality factors. The larch sawfly overwinters in a cocoon in the soil and adults emerge during the spring and summer (Turnock, 1960). This paper describes the methods and results of sampling adults as they emerge from the soil.
Notes on Matsucoccus macrocicatrices Richards (Homoptera: Margarodidae) and its Association with Septobasidium pinicola Snell in Eastern Canada
Authors: Watson W. Y. , Underwood G. R. , Reid J.
Published: January 2010

Three known species of scale insects belonging to the genus Matsucoccus occur on pine trees in northeastern North America: M. gallicolis Morr., on pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill., and scrub pine, Pinus virginiana Mill. (Parr, 1939); M. resinosae Bean and Godwin on red pine, P. resinosa Ait. (Bean and Godwin, 1955); and M. macrocicatrices Richards on eastern white pine, P. strobus L. (Richards, 1960). This last species. in contrast with the others, is closely associated with the fungus Septobasidium pinicola Snell. From 1957 to 1959 personnel of the Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, and the Forest Biology Laboratory, Fredericton, collected some 500 specimens from 21 areas in Ontario and the Maritime Provinces. These collections, augmented by herbarium specimens provided by the Forest Pathology Laboratory, Maple, from five other areas in Ontario, not only the insect specimens necessary for the dercription of the species, but information on its biology and distribution.
Life History and Behaviour of the Leafhopper Macropsis fuscula (Zett.) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in British Columbia
Authors: Tonks N. V.
Published: January 2010

Macropsis fuscula (Zett.), which is a species common in Europe, was first reported in North America in 1952 when specimens were collected from loganberry on Lulu Island, British Columbia. High infestations persisted on Lulu Island until the destruction of most of the loganberry canes there during a severe freeze in November, 1955. New cane grourth was normal in 1956, hot no leaf-hoppers could be found. Only a few nymphs were found in 1957, but there was an average of 14 nymphs per 100 fruit buds in 1958, and 48 nvmphs in 1959, compared to 32 nymphs during the last season of high infestations in 1955. Re-infestation from hardy wild hosts common in the area probably largely accounts for the rapid re-establishment of this pest on cultivated loganberry.
The Effect of Physical Factors on the Activity and Development of Adults and Larvae of the White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck)
Authors: Sullivan C. R.
Published: January 2010

This paper presents the results of quantitative studies designed to determine, under field conditions, the influence of weather on the activity and development of adults and larvae of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck). The investigation forms part of a general program to determine the physical and biological requirements of the insect, with the ultimate objective of assessing the role of the environmental complex in limiting weevil development and survival to particular stand conditions. The problem arose when it became apparent that this information was pertinent to studies designed to determine the effectiveness of applied silviculture in the control of the insect. In addition, it provided the opportunity of assessing the effectiveness of applying quantitative bioclimatic methods in the field.
Notes on Life-History and Parasites of Syngrapha epigaea (Grt.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Wood G. W. , Neilson W. T. A.
Published: January 2010

It is perhaps because of their unimportance as insect pests that larvae of the genus Syngrapha have been so little studied. Syngrapha epigaea is no exception to this; but since it is one of the most common species of larvae found in commercial blueberry fields of eastern Canada, the following notes on its life-history and parasitism are here recorded.
Growth, Reproduction and Longevity in one Biotype of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Cartier J. J.
Published: January 2010

Three biotypes of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), were reported from Southern Quebec by Cartier (1957, 1959). Of these, biotype R1 was adopted as the standard culture in studies of aphid resistance in peas. As the criterion of weight of individuals is frequently used in measuring resistance, the present study was undertaken to secure data on growth, reproduction and longevity of aphids of this biotype.
Attractiveness of Some Onion Varieties Grown in Muck Soil to Oviposition by the Onion Maggot (Hylemya antiqua(Meig.)) (Anthomyiidae: Diptera)
Authors: Perron J. P. , Jasmin J. J. , Lafrance J.
Published: January 2010

Experiments conducted in the greenhouse and in the field by Perronet al.(1958) on 44 varieties ofAlliumrevealed that the varieties Nebuka and Hishiko ofA. fistulosum(L.) were significantly more resistant to attacks by the onion maggot,Hylemya antiqua(Meig.), than varieties ofA. cepa(L.). This is a report of experiments conducted in 1957 and 1958 in the greenhouse and in the field on the attractiveness of seven of these varieties to oviposition byH. antiqua.
Some New and Little-Known North American Tabanidae (Diptera)
Authors: Pechuman L. L.
Published: January 2010

Casual examination of a series of three Silvius would indicate they are distinct from any described species. Examination in detail, however, shows a close relationship to S. pollinosus Williston. Since the material on hand is limited, it is probably better to regard them as representing a subspecies of pollinosus than to give this new form full specific rank.
Four New Species of Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Western United States
Authors: Peterson B. V. , DeFoliart G. R.
Published: January 2010

During recent years intensive studies have been carried out on the black-fly fauna of Utah and of Wyoming by the senior author and junior author respectively. As a result of these investigations a number of new black-fly specieswere collected, four of which are described below.

The following descriptions and measurements were made from alcohol-preserved specimens, hut where available, pinned, dried specimens were also used in preparation of the descriptions. Most of the drawings were made from slide mounts with the aid of a Ray-O-Scope microprojection apparatus; the others were made from cleared spechens retained in glycerin and were drawn with the aid of a squared-grid ocular in a stereoscopic microscope.
Lecanium coryli L. (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in Saskatchewan
Authors: Peterson L. O. T.
Published: January 2010

Richards (9) recognized five species of Lecanium for Canada – namely L. coryli L., L. cerasifex Fitch, L. tiliae L., L. nigrofasciatum Pergande and L. caryae Fitch. L. coryli L. and L. cerasifex Fitch were distributed from British Columbia to Nova Scotia; L. tiliae L. occurred only in British Columbia.

Further, Richards (9) drew the following conclusions:

1.) L. coryli is the L. corni Bouché of Marchal (1908) and of most European workers but is not the L. corni of North American workers.

2.) L. corni Bouché of Sanders (1909) and subsequent North American workers is a mixture of two species, L. corni Bouché of Marchal and L. cerasifex Fitch of Richards.

3.) L. tiliae is L. coryli of Marchal (1908) and subsequent workers.
A New Species of Pityophthorus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from Alberta
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: January 2010

Swaine (1918) recognized 31 species of Pityophthorus. Subsequently 91 new species have been described (Blackman 1920, 1921, 1922a, 1922b, 1928; Swaine 1925; Schedl 1930, 1931) making a total of 122. Some have been transferred to other genera, and others have been placed in synonymy (Blackman 1928; Wood 1957) leaving 115 species now recognized. The following description of a new species was prepared after examination of 50 species of Pityophthorus, including examples from the U.S. National Museum, the Canadian National Collection, and Forest Biology Laboratories across Canada. The loan of this material is greatly appreciated. No species have been described previously from alpine larch, Larix lyallii Parl. The description is based on examination at a magnification of 50 times.
A New Species of Bracon from the Pine Root Collar Weevil
Authors: Shenefelt R. D. , Millers I.
Published: January 2010

During the course of investigations of the life history of the pine root collar weevil, Hylobius radicis Buchanan, in Wisconsin, a larval parasite was encountered by the junior author. The Braconid adults which emerged represent an undescribed species of the genus Bracon.
Unusual Occurrence of the Virginia Pitch-Nodule Moth, Petrova wenzeli (Kearfott), in Canada (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Miller William E.
Published: January 2010

Recent study of three Ontario Petrova specimens in the Canadian National Collection, tentatively identified as P. albicapitana (Busck), showed them to be the Virginia pitch-nodule moth, P. wenzeli (Kearfott). This insect was previously unknown outside the range of its Virginia pine host, Pinus virginiana Mill. (Miller and Altmann, 1958). Following this discovery, the Canadian Forest Insect Survey assembled nearly 300 specimens labeled as Petrova albicapitana for restudy, and among these 2 more P. wenzeli specimens were identified by the writer. With the writer's differentiation guide given below, Forest Insect Survey personnel distinguished two more P. wenzeli moths from a large group of P. albicapitana specimens reared subsequently.
Taxonomy of Cocoons and Puparia, and their Contents, of Canadian Parasites of Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

This is the second in a series of papers on the taxonomy of the cocoons and puparia, cast larval skins, and other remains of parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera that are found in or near the remains of parasitized hosts after the parasites have emerged. The structures of taxonomic significance in the separation of the species were described and discussed in a previous paper (Finlayson, 1960). The present paper deals with the known Canadian parasites of the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.). Parasites of D. hercyniae that were dealt with in the previous paper are not described or illustrated here.
First Record of the Family Camillidae in the New World (Diptera)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: January 2010

The discovery of Camilla glabra (Fallen) in Ottawa, Canada, is the first record of the existence in the New World of any member of the interesting little family Camillidae. A single male specimen taken June 15, 1954, by D. G. F. Cobb while collecting insects in her garden, would seem to indicate the species is established here.

The family Camillidae consists of the single genus Camilla Haliday, which for many years was assigned to the family Drosophilidae. Frey, (1921) considered it sufficiently differentiated from the Drosophilidae to warrant separate status and erected the family Camillidae to receive it. Duda (1934), Wheeler (1952, p. 164), and Collin (1956) all recognized the group as a family distinct from the Drosophilidae. More recently, Hennig (1958, p. 665) placed it as a separate family in the Drosophiloidea, pointing out that while it has certain characters in common with Curtonotidae and Drosophilidae, it shows even more affinities with Diastatidae and Ephydridae.
A New Record of Leptinillus validus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Leptinidae) in North America
Authors: Clark R. C.
Published: January 2010

In November, 1957, several specimens of adult beetles were collected from beaver pelts taken in the Lake George area of New Brunswick by a local trapper, Mr. Donald Millican. These were referred to me and were later identified as Leptinillus validus (Horn), an ectoparasite of the beaver, Castor canadensis Kuhl, by Mr. W. J. Brown of the Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa. This is the first record of the species having been found in New Brunswick.
Some Notes on the Dipterous Enemies of Aphids Harmful for Apple Growing in Nova Scotia
Authors: Evenhuis H. H.
Published: January 2010

During a stay at the Research Station, Canada Department of Agriculture at Kentville, Nova Scotia, from July 3 to October 16, 1959, I had the opportunity to make some observations on the natural enemies of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.), the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.), and the green apple aplud, Aphis pomi Deg. An inventory of these enemies was made in the Annapolis Valley in apple orchards. sprayed according to the principles of the spray schedule of Dr. A. D. Pickett. This schedule avoids spraying with fungicides and insecticides such as sulphur and phosphorus compounds, which are very harmful to the enemies of a number of pests, studied by Dr. Picktett and his staff (cf. Pickett 1959). The dipterous predators and their enemies are dealt with in this paper.
A Note on Resistant Root Maggots, Hylemya spp., as Pests of Flue-cured Tobacco in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Begg J. A.
Published: January 2010

The maggot complex of Hylemya a cilicrura (Rond.) and H. liturata (Meig.) attacked flue-cured tobacco transplants in southwestern Ontario in increasing numbers from 1958 to 1960. Previously they had been of very minor importance to tobacco in this area.

Resistance was suspected near Delhi, in Norfolk County, when abnormal infestations developed in soil treated with aldrin or heptachlor. Planting-water treatments of aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, or lindane also failed to give appreciable control. Similar increases in house-fly populations, coincidental with decreased susceptibility to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, have been noted (2).
Disease in a Field Population of the Introduced Essex Skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Arthur A. P.
Published: January 2010

The Essex skipper, Thymelicus (Adopaea) lineola (Ochs.), is said to have been introduced from Europe to the area of London, Ontario, about 1910 but attracted Iittie attention until 1955 (MacNay, 1956). Since then it has been found over most of southern Ontario (MacNay, 1959) and presently is causing damage to fields of timothy, Phleum pratense L., near Priceville, Ontario. As the larvae eat the leaves of timothy and orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata L., this species is a potential pest of forage crops.
Microctonus aethiops(Nees) auctt. andPerilitus rutilus(Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), European Parasites ofSitonaWeevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Loan Conrad , Holdaway F. G.
Published: January 2010

Microctonus aethiops(Nees) auctt. (Fig. 1) andPerilitus rutilus(Nees) are parasites of adultSitonaweevils in Europe. They were released in Canada as control agents of the sweetclover weevil,Sitona cylindricollisFahr. (Fig. 2). The immature stages and biology of the species were studied as a prerequisite to attempts at biological control. A similar investigation of the braconidPygostolus falcatus(Nees) was completed (Loan and Holdaway, 1961). Jackson (1928) described some aspects of the biology ofP. rutilus, and additional data are given in the present paper.
Life-History and Habits in Newfoundland of Swammerdamia lutarea (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), a Pest New to North America
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: January 2010

In June, 1954, hawthorn trees and shrubs in St. John's, Newfoundland, were severely attacked by small leaf-eating caterpillars. Larvae were talzen from a hawthorn tree, Cratageus sp., at Bowring Park, St. John's West, during the first week of July, 1954, and reared in the laboratory. Moths that emerged were identified as of Swammerdamia lutarea (Haw.) by Dr. T. N. Freeman, Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, who also noted (in litt.) that this was apparently the first record of the species in North America. Dr. L. G. Davis (in litt.), Economic Insect Survey Section, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., later confirmed this observation. Swammerdamia lutarea is now common throughout St. John's and has also been found at Brigus, approximately 50 miles to the west.
An Improved Container for Shipping Live Insects
Authors: Nicholls C. F. , Maybee G. E.
Published: January 2010

Live insects have been shipped from the Belleville laboratory for many years by rail in wooden chests insulated with cork, lined with metal and cooled with natural ice. These chests were cumbersome and had to be re-iced en route or heavy mortality resulted. In 1959, a more reliable method was developed for shipping adult Aphidoletes thompsoni Moehn (Diptera: Cecidomyjidae), a predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) by air express. It incorporates the use of a lightweight container and a patented coolant in cans. Although it was developed specifically for A. thompsoni it was also used successfully for shipping other species.
New Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) from Tamarack
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: January 2010

Names have been requested for the following Ichneumonidae for use in publications on the parasites of a lepidopterous twig borer (Argyresthia lariccella Kft.) on tamarack (Larix laricina DuRoi).

Phaeogenes laricellae, new species

This species is closely related to P. epinotiae Cush. but may be distinguished by the very elongated and flattened thorax (of normal build in epinotiae), the smooth and shining clypeus (mostly coriaceous in epinotiae), and the small sub-apical ridge on the female hind coxa (hind coxa unarmed in female epinotiae).
Influence of Various Numbers of Prey on Rate of Development, Oviposition, and Longevity of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in the Laboratory
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: January 2010

The predacious mites of the subfamily Phytoseiinae are common predators of the phytophagous mites in apple orchards in Nova Scotia. There is little information in the literature on the value of these predators in the control of phytophagous mites or on the food necessary for their development and reproduction. Ballard (1953) found that at 78°F. at least two males of Tetranychus bimaculatus Har. were required daily by Typhlodroms fallacis (Garm.) to complete the protonymphal or the deutonymphal instar. The males and mated females consumed daily an average of 3.9 and 7.5 males respectively from the larva1 to the adult stage. Chant (1960) found that T. pyri required 25 larvae of Panonychus ulmi (Koch), during 26 days to complete development at 64°F. in the absence of plant material or free water. These authors did not study the effects of different amounts of food on the development of these two species of phytoseiids.
The Biology of a Hyperparasite,Euceros frigidusCress. (Ichneumonidae) and Description of the Planidial Stage
Authors: Tripp Howard A.
Published: January 2010

For more than a decade the sawfly,Neodiprion swaineiMidd., has been a serious defoliator of jack pine,Pinus banksianaLamb., in the Province of Quebec. In 1955 an intensive research program involving several research officers was initiated at the Forest Biology Laboratory, Quebec, to study the insect. Investigations began near the centre of the infestation at the headwaters of the Gatineau River (47° 55′N., 75° 25′W.). The project dealing with the parasites became the responsibility of the author and constituted approximately 25 pcr cent of the total investigations. Integrated with this project were studies on population dynamics, effect of defoliation on jack pine, and predators of the sawfly with emphasis on the small mammals. The primary object of the parasite studies was to concentrate on the life cycles and descriptions of the immature stages and to publish on each species as sufficient information was obtained. Ultimately, it is planned to publish jointly with other members of the team on the role of parasites in the overall mortality complex ofNeodiprion swainei.
Scolytid Vectors of the Dutch Elm Disease in Ontario
Authors: Watson W. Y. , Sippell W. L.
Published: January 2010

Although many possible vectors of the Dutch elm disease, Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism.) C. Moreau, have been listed by Collins et al. (1936) and others, only two, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.), the European elm bark beetle, and Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichh.), the native elm bark beetle, are known to transmit the disease with any regularity. In this capacity alone thcse two species of beetles are important pests of elm. The persistent spread of the Dutch elm disease in southern Ontario (Hord and Quirke, 1955) made it imperative that adequate surveys be maintained to indicate yearly changes in the occurrence of the introduced vector, and to ascertain more precisely the distribution of the native vector relative to the distribution of elm in Ontario. Consequently the Forest Insect Survey of the Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, intensified its elm bark beetle program in 1956, and from then to 1959, 138 positive samples of these two scolytid beetles have been received. An analvsis of these records and their relationihip to the current incidence of the Dutch elm disease in Ontario are presented in this paper.
Food-Gathering Behaviour of Honey, Bumble, and Leaf-Cutter Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Alberta
Authors: Hobbs G. A. , Nummi W. O. , Virostek J. F.
Published: January 2010

In the prairie region of Western Canada certain species of bumble bees are the principal pollinators of red clover, Trifolium pratense L. (Hobbs, 1957). Certain bumble and leaf-cutter bees are the only effective pollinators of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in Western Canada (Hobbs and Lilly, 1954; Hobbs, 1956; Peck and Bolton, 1946; Stephen, 1955). Unfortunately, bumble and leaf-cutter bees are seldom very abundant.
A Revision of the Genus Roederioides Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

The genus Roederioides was erected by Coquillett in 1901 for the single species juncta Coquillett, described from Saranac Inn, New York. The species has since been recorded only from Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. A second species has been described from the Madeiras by Frey. This paper describes five new species from North America and presents a revised description of the genus.

The type of the genus, juncta, was collected in association with black flies, and recent collections have been made from black fly swarms. It is possible that juncta, and possibly other species of the genus, are predators of black flies, both as adults and as larvae.
A Study of the Flight of the Douglas-fir Beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): III Flight Capacity
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: January 2010

The flight capacity (duration and velocity) is an important phase of the flight behaviour of economically significant insects such as the Douglas-fir beetle, because it influences the feasibility of control or preventive measures which might be considered. An understanding of the flight capacity and how it varies in relation to environmental factors is necessary to evaluate the beetles' power of dispersal under different seasonal conditions. This would help to detect new areas of infestation by directing or narrowing the search. It also would help evaluation of the hazard at hand in timber surrounding the infestation and be a further aid in determining the size of areas of sanitation required around the comparatively beetle-free areas needed for special purposes, such as parks.
A Critical Review of the Studies on the So-called Stink or Repugnatorial Glands of Heteroptera with Further Comments
Authors: Gupta A. P.
Published: January 2010

The discovery that most plant-bugs emit, when disturbed, a kind of highly penetrant and nauseous odour is not of recent origin. However, it has since then been thought that the presence of such odoriferous scents exists probably in direct adaptation to the needs and habits of their possessors. The frequent occurrence of such an odour consequently stirred the curiosity of the earlier workers to determine the exact source of this scent. No documentary account of such an attempt was, however, available until 1833 when Leon Dufour published an account of the anatomy and physiology of Hemiptera. It was thus revealed by him that the real source of the odour was actually a gland, on each side, in the ventral part of the metathorax, opening to the exterior by means of very small apertures, lying one on each side of the metasternum between the second and third pairs of legs. He worked on many hemipterous bugs, and inCimex lectulariusmentions, for the first time, in addition to the glands, a median reservoir which may be oval or round and membranous in appearance. Dufour's publication gave further impetus to the following workers, and thereafter we find persistent attempts having heen made from time to time to work out the morphology of the glands. It may be mentioned that in view of the later discoveries of the chemical nature and the odour of the secretion in various insects, the use of the term Scent-apparatus would be more precise than stink or repugnatorial scent-apparatus, employed by most of the workers up to this day, for the secretion is not repugnant in many insects; in some it has even an agreeable odour like that of ripe bananas or ether. Brindley (1930) also seems to prefer the use of the term Scent-apparatus.
North American Börnerina Bramstedt and Betulaphis Glendenning (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

Börnerina Bramstedt is a genus of aphids that breeds only on species of Alnus L. Inclusive of the new species described herein the genus is composed of two species, of which B. depressa Bramstedt is the European representative.

Betulaphis Glendenning is a larger genus than Börnerina and as the name implies is restricted to species of Betula L. Although the genus was described in North America there have been no North American records subsequent to the original description (Glendenning, 1926). Elsewhere, the genus is known to occur in Europe, Iceland, Greenland and New Zealand. In this paper three species are recorded for North America, two of which are described as new.
A Field Key to the North American Species of Hylobius (Curculionidae)
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: January 2010

There are five known North American species in the genus Hylobius; H. pales (Hbst.), H. congener Dalla Torre, H. pinicola (Couper), H. radicis Buch., and H. warreni Wood. In recent years four of these species have increased considerably in economic importance in central and eastern Canada and the eastern United States; H. pales and H. radicis attacking pines and H. pinicola and H. warreni attacking spruces and pines. H. congener occurs only in small numbers and little is known about its ecology. It is important, therefore, to be able to separate these species readily in the field.
Effect of Adaptation on Stimulation of Flight in Aedes aegypti (L.) in a Changing Environment
Authors: Haufe W. O.
Published: January 2010

In subarctic Canada conventional methods of correlation and regression analyses were inadequate in relating periodicities in mosquito flight to fluctuating physical environments (Haufe, 1958). The periodicity for individual species shifted in relation to sidereal time. In addition to a random component in the variation, a gradual shift was associated with the advance of the season for consecutive cycles of activity. For the most abundant species it appeared as older individuals constituted an increasing proportion of the natural populations. The relative variations in absolute values of light and hygrothermal conditions identified with 24-hour flight periodicities were inconsistent with seasonal variations in 24-hour meteorological cycles. If light was a primary factor in the activation of natural populations in the 24-hour cycles, observed variations in correlations would suggest variable adaptation of mosquitoes to previous light conditions and to other physical and biological factors.
A New Species of Dasiops (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) Injurious to Apricots
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: January 2010

This paper describes a new species of the genus Dasiops Rondani, which is known to be a primary pest of apricot fruits in California (Moffitt and Yaruss, 1961). In common with other Lonchaeidae, the adult of this species is small (about three mm. long) and rather stout; with a shining, metallic blue-black body; the female possesses a long, piercer-wpe ovipositor (Figs. 5-7) similar to that of otitids and trypetids. Other characters that serve to distinguish the family include: black halteres, hairy frons which is narrower in the male than in the female (Figs. 1, 2), a single, reclinate upper frontal bristle, diverging postvertical bristles, a row of bristles near posterior nargin of the mesopleuron, one or more sternopleural bristles and (usually) bare ptero- and hypopleuron. The genus Dasiops can be distinguished from other genera of Lonchaeidae by the presence of tiny, forwardly directed poststigmatal bristles which arise in the depression above the mesothoracic spiracle just cephalad of the anterodorsal corner of the mesopleuron.
Observations on Males and Females of Sitophilus granarius (L.), the Granary Weevil, GG Strain, Exposed for Six Generations to Allethrin and Piperonyl Butoxide
Authors: Sevintuna C. , Musgrave A. J.
Published: January 2010

In a recent discussion of the subject of insect resistance to insecticides, Brown (1958) has claimed that true resistance is characterized by a five-fold to ten-fold decrease in susceptibility. It is a genetic phenomenon arising as a result of selection. There is no evidence that insecticides are mutagenic, nor can resistance be induced by exposing insects to sublethal doses. A decrease in susceptibility that cannot be regarded as resistance is regarded as a condition of tolerance. In addition, the term “vigour tolerance”, intioduced by Hoskins and Gordon (see Brown, 1958) defines instances of enhanced tolerance due to extra vigour: true specific resistance is marked by a change of slope in the dosage-mortality regression line, while “vigour tolerance” is suggested if the regression line shifts but does not change in slope.
Taxonomy and Biology of Pineus strobi (Hartig) and P. coloradensis (Gillette) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)
Authors: Doane Charles C.
Published: January 2010

During 1958 a general infestation of Pineus coloradensis (Gillette) was observed on red or Norway pine, Pinus resinosa Ait. This insect is widely distributed throughout western United States where it attacks a number of pines. The Annand collection has a slide with specimens of P. coloradensis (Gillette) taken from red pine on the Universitv of California campus dated February 10, 1925. However, there are few reports of any Pineus species attacking red pine in its natural range from the region of the Great Lakes to the Atlantic coast. Shenefelt and Benjamin (1955) have reported the white pine bark aphid or a closely related form on red pines in Wisconsin. Bean and Godwin (1955) also mentioned the presence of an unidentified species of Pineus on red pine.
An Evaluation of Some Larval Growth Criteria in European Pine Shoot Moth Larvae
Authors: Haynes Dean L. , Butcher J. W.
Published: January 2010

In recent ecological studies on the European pine shoot moth, (Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.)), where a major objective was to evaluate the influence of different hosts on oviposition preference, larval mortality, insect size, rate of development, and sex ratio, the inadequacy of conventional growth measurements was much too apparent. There was a need to document relatively small differences in larval size and rate of growth on several hosts or from one stand to another. Measurements which showed growth but not weight or volume losses have limited value where the insect under study has a long non-feeding period. Such measurements as body length, and especially head capsule width, obviously belonged in this category. On the other hand, it was felt that dry weight measurements would show both gain and loss. Further, a volume estimate (or body index) would be even more useful, if one could be devised which bore a linear relationship to dry weight. Such an index, while it might involve more than one measurement, nevertheless could be made without destroying the larvae.
Further Hymenopterous Parasites Newly Recorded from the Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: January 2010

The author (1959) reported on four species of Hymenoptera that had not been previously recorded as parasites of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.). During further studies at Ottawa four more new records were obtained: Three species were primary parasites, namely, Netelia sayi (Cush.) (Ichneumonidae), Nepiera marginata (Prov.) (Ichneumonidae), and Microplitis alaskensis Ashm. (Braconidae); and one species, Catolaccus cyanoideus Burks (Pteromalidae), was a secondary parasite. N. marginata and M. alaskensis were also reared from larvae collected at Kapuskasing, Ontario.
The External Morphology of Two Eastern Species of the Genus Anoplonyx (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), with Special Reference to Anoplonyx luteipes (Cresson)
Authors: Bracken D. F.
Published: January 2010

The genus Anoplonyx Marlatt belongs to the more generalized of the Nematinae and is clearly defined taxonomically by Ross (1937). This genus is comprised of very few known species, four in North America and four in Europe; all are associated with trees of the genus Larix. The species are similar in appearance and difficult to distinguish, especially in the adult stage.

Considerable confusion existed concerning the identification of the members of this genus in North America up until Wong (1955) published a key to separate the late feeding stages of Anoplonyx larvae found in Canada. The two species dealt with herein are apparently native to Eastern Canada and have generally been identified as one species, “Marlatt's Larch Sawfly”, A. laricis (Marlatt). Here they are identified as A. luteipes (Cresson) (= laricis Marlatt), and A. canadensis Harrington, as listed bv Ross (1951).
Movement on the Soil Surface, of Adult Ctenicera aeripennis destructor (Brown) and Hypolithus bicolor Esch. (Coleoptera: Elateridae), as Indicated by Funnel Pitfall Traps, with Notes on Captures of other Arthropods
Authors: Doane J. F.
Published: January 2010

The two most important economic species of Elateridae in Saskatchewan are Ctenicera aeripennis destructor (Brown) and Hypolithus bicolor Esch. Adults of both species have been observed moving on the soil surface, but the extent and the seasonal duration of this movement has never been fully investigated.

The activity of several species of wireworm adults has been studied by trapping with baits, or by collection from underneath various types of cover where they seek refuge (Hawkins 1936, Campbell and Stone 1939 and Cohen 1942). This type of trap however, gives no assurance that the beetles will stay under the refuge for any definite period, and docs not permit a quantitative estimate nf the population.
The Cleptoparasitic Habits and the Immature Stages ofEurytoma piniBugbee (Hymenoptera: Chalcidae), a Parasite of the European Pine Shoot Moth,Rhyacionia buoliana(Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: January 2010

Eurytoma piniBugbee (Bugbee, 1958), a common parasite of the European pine shoot moth,Rhyacionia buoliana(Schiff.), in Ontario, was previously recorded from this host asE. appendigaster(Swed.) (Coppel and Arthur, 1953) and asE. thylodermatisAshm. (Miller, 1953). Bugbee (1958) recorded it from various lepidopterous hosts that mine in plant tissues. These include: the Nantucket pine tip moth,Rhyacionia frustrana(Comst.); the bagworm,Thyridopteryx ephemeraefomis(Haw.); the ragweed borer,Epiblema strenuana(Walkr.); the lima bean borer,Etiellasp.; the pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella(Saund.);Acrobasis rubrifasciellaPackard; andEucosma scudderiana(Clemens). Bugbee stated that the range ofE. piniprobably includes all of the pine growing regions of North America.
Notes on Anthocoris melanocerus Reuter (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as a Predator of the Pear Psylla in British Columbia
Authors: Madsen Harold F.
Published: January 2010

The role of natural enemies in the control of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerst., has been of minor importance in the published history of this pest in North America. Jensen (1957) listed six species of parasites that attack the pear psylla nymph, but only one, Psylledontus insidiosus Cwfd. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), is recorded from North America. Slingerland (1896) stated that the predators Chrysopa oculata Say (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were observed in the field feeding on psyllid eggs, nymphs and adults. Georgalla (1957) reported that Anthocoris nemorum L. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) fed upon pear psylla eggs and nymphs, but made no reference to effect upon psyllid populations.
A Note on Oviposition and Larval Habits of the Milkweed Beetle,Tetraopes tetrophthalmusForst. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Gardiner L. M.
Published: January 2010

The stout, red-and-black adults of the milkweed beetle are common during June and July on the leaves and flowers ofAsclepiasspp. over most of the range of these plants. It has long been known that the larvae inhabit the soil, feeding on the roots of the host. Craighead (1923) found larval galleries extending from root to root in the soil, and upwrards to immediately below the soil surface, where pupation occurs. My own observations corrolborate Craighead's; larvae were found in the soil feeding on the outside of the milkweed roots. Thus the larvae are free-living, terricolous insects, much like white grubs.
A Comparison of the Developmental Rates of One- and Two-Year Cycle Spruce Budworm
Authors: Shepherd R. F.
Published: January 2010

The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), is indigenous to most of the boreal forests in Canada and adjacent Eastern and Western United States. Throughout most of this range the budworm maintains a one-year cycle, overwintering as second instar larvae. In some mountainous areas of Alberta and British Columbia, a form of the budworm has a two-year cycle and over-winters as second instar larvae in the first year and as fourth instar larvae in the second year. The habitat temperatures of these two forms were investigated and related to rates of development in an attempt to discover the environmental factor which maintains the two-year cycle budworm as a distinct form even though it is geographically surrounded by the one-year cycle budworm.