bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Heidelberg Screen for Pattern Mutants of Drosophila: A Personal Account
Authors: Wieschaus Eric , Nüsslein-Volhard Christiane
Published: August 2016

In large-scale mutagenesis screens performed in 1979–1980 at the EMBL in Heidelberg, we isolated mutations affecting the pattern or structure of the larval cuticle in Drosophila. The 600 mutants we characterized could be assigned to 120 genes and represent the majority of such genes in the genome. These mutants subsequently provided a rich resource for understanding many fundamental developmental processes, such as the transcriptional hierarchies controlling segmentation, the establishment of cell states by signaling pathways, and the differentiation of epithelial cells. Most of the Heidelberg genes are now molecularly known, and many of them are conserved in other animals, including humans. Although the screens were initially driven entirely by curiosity, the mutants now serve as models for many human diseases. In this review, we describe the rationale of the screening procedures and provide a classification of the genes on the basis of their initial phenotypes and the subsequent molecular analyses.
Forests, Climate, and Public Policy: A 500-Year Interdisciplinary Odyssey
Authors: Bonan Gordon B.
Published: August 2016

Forests regulate climate at local, regional, and global scales through exchanges of momentum, energy, moisture, and chemicals with the atmosphere. The notion that forests affect climate is not new. A vigorous debate about deforestation, land use, and climate change occurred during the colonial settlement of North America and continued through the 1800s, but the arguments of conservationists and foresters for forest–climate influences were dismissed by meteorologists. Modern climate science shows that forests warm climate annually by decreasing surface albedo, cool climate through surface roughness and evapotranspiration and by storing carbon, and have additional effects through atmospheric chemistry. Land use is a key aspect of climate policy, but we lack comprehensive policy recommendations. Like our predecessors, we are seeking a deeper understanding of Earth's climate, its ecosystems, and our uses of those ecosystems, and just as importantly we are still searching for the right interdisciplinary framework in which to find those answers.
Patents and Innovation in Economic History
Authors: Moser Petra
Published: August 2016

A strong tradition in economic history, which relies primarily on qualitative evidence and statistical correlations, has emphasized the importance of patents as a primary driver of innovation. Recent improvements in empirical methodology—through the creation of new datasets and advances in identification—have produced research that challenges this traditional view. The findings of this literature provide a more nuanced view of the effects of intellectual property and suggest that when patent rights have been too broad or too strong, they have actually discouraged innovation. This review summarizes the major results from this research and presents open questions.
A Cap-to-Tail Guide to mRNA Translation Strategies in Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Jan Eric , Mohr Ian , Walsh Derek
Published: August 2016

Although viruses require cellular functions to replicate, their absolute dependence upon the host translation machinery to produce polypeptides indispensable for their reproduction is most conspicuous. Despite their incredible diversity, the mRNAs produced by all viruses must engage cellular ribosomes. This has proven to be anything but a passive process and has revealed a remarkable array of tactics for rapidly subverting control over and dominating cellular regulatory pathways that influence translation initiation, elongation, and termination. Besides enforcing viral mRNA translation, these processes profoundly impact host cell-intrinsic immune defenses at the ready to deny foreign mRNA access to ribosomes and block protein synthesis. Finally, genome size constraints have driven the evolution of resourceful strategies for maximizing viral coding capacity. Here, we review the amazing strategies that work to regulate translation in virus-infected cells, highlighting both virus-specific tactics and the tremendous insight they provide into fundamental translational control mechanisms in health and disease.
Genomic Analysis of Viral Outbreaks
Authors: Wohl Shirlee , Schaffner Stephen F. , Sabeti Pardis C.
Published: August 2016

Genomic analysis is a powerful tool for understanding viral disease outbreaks. Sequencing of viral samples is now easier and cheaper than ever before and can supplement epidemiological methods by providing nucleotide-level resolution of outbreak-causing pathogens. In this review, we describe methods used to answer crucial questions about outbreaks, such as how they began and how a disease is transmitted. More specifically, we explain current techniques for viral sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, transmission reconstruction, and evolutionary investigation of viral pathogens. By detailing the ways in which genomic data can help us understand viral disease outbreaks, we aim to provide a resource that will facilitate the response to future outbreaks.
Human Cytomegalovirus Latency: Approaching the Gordian Knot
Authors: Goodrum Felicia
Published: August 2016

Herpesviruses have evolved exquisite virus-host interactions that co-opt or evade a number of host pathways to enable the viruses to persist. Persistence of human cytomegalovirus (CMV), the prototypical betaherpesvirus, is particularly complex in the host organism. Depending on host physiology and the cell types infected, CMV persistence comprises latent, chronic, and productive states that may occur concurrently. Viral latency is a central strategy by which herpesviruses ensure their lifelong persistence. Although much remains to be defined about the virus-host interactions important to CMV latency, it is clear that checkpoints composed of viral and cellular factors exist to either maintain a latent state or initiate productive replication in response to host cues. CMV offers a rich platform for defining the virus-host interactions and understanding the host biology important to viral latency. This review describes current understanding of the virus-host interactions that contribute to viral latency and reactivation.
Viruses and the Diversity of Cell Death
Authors: Danthi Pranav
Published: August 2016

Cell death is a common outcome of virus infection. In some cases, cell death curbs virus replication. In others, cell death enhances virus dissemination and contributes to tissue injury, exacerbating viral disease. Three forms of cell death are observed following virus infection—apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. In this review, I describe the core machinery needed for each of these forms of cell death. Using representative viruses, I highlight how distinct stages of virus replication initiate signaling pathways that elicit these forms of cell death. I also discuss viral strategies to overcome the deleterious effects of cell death on virus propagation and the consequences of cell death for host physiology.
Unraveling the Effect of Immunogenicity on the PK/PD, Efficacy, and Safety of Therapeutic Proteins
Authors: Smith Alison , Manoli Hugh , Jaw Stacey , Frutoz Kimberley , Epstein Alan L. , Khawli Leslie A. , Theil Frank-Peter
Published: August 2016

Biologics have emerged as a powerful and diverse class of molecular and cell-based therapies that are capable of replacing enzymes, editing genomes, targeting tumors, and more. As this complex array of tools arises a distinct set of challenges is rarely encountered in the development of small molecule therapies. Biotherapeutics tend to be big, bulky, polar molecules comprised of protein and/or nucleic acids. Compared to their small molecule counterparts, they are fragile, labile, and heterogeneous. Their biodistribution is often limited by hydrophobic barriers which often restrict their administration to either intravenous or subcutaneous entry routes. Additionally, their potential for immunogenicity has proven to be a challenge to developing safe and reliably efficacious drugs. Our discussion will emphasize immunogenicity in the context of therapeutic proteins, a well-known class of biologics. We set out to describe what is known and unknown about the mechanisms underlying the interplay between antigenicity and immune response and their effect on the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of these therapeutic agents.
Study on Plastic Coated Overburnt Brick Aggregate as an Alternative Material for Bituminous Road Construction
Authors: Sarkar Dipankar , Pal Manish , Sarkar Ashoke K.
Published: August 2016

There are different places in India where natural stone aggregates are not available for constructional work. Plastic coated OBBA can solve the problem of shortage of stone aggregate to some extent. The engineers are always encouraged to use locally available materials. The present investigation is carried out to evaluate the plastic coated OBBA as an alternative material for bituminous road construction. Shredded waste plastics are mixed with OBBA in different percentages as 0.38, 0.42, 0.46, 0.50, 0.54, and 0.60 of the weight of brick aggregates. Marshall Method of mix design is carried out to find the optimum bitumen content of such bituminous concrete mix prepared by plastic coated OBBA. Bulk density, Marshall Stability, flow, Marshall Quotient, ITS, TSR, stripping, fatigue life, and deformations have been determined accordingly. Marshall Stability value of 0.54 percent of plastic mix is comparatively higher than the other mixes except 0.60 percent of plastic mix. Test results are within the prescribed limit for 0.54 percent of plastic mix. There is a significant reduction in rutting characteristics of the same plastic mix. The fatigue life of the mix is also significantly higher. Thus plastic coated OBBA is found suitable in construction of bituminous concrete road.
Nantenna for Standard 1550 nm Optical Communication Systems
Authors: Sethi Waleed Tariq , Vettikalladi Hamsakutty , Fathallah Habib , Himdi Mohamed
Published: August 2016

Nanoscale transmission and reception technologies will play a vital role and be part of the next generation communication networks. This applies for all application fields including imaging, health, biosensing, civilian, and military communications. The detection of light frequency using nanooptical antennas may possibly become a good competitor to the semiconductor based photodetector because of the simplicity of integration, cost, and inherent capability to detect the phase and amplitude instead of power only. In this paper, authors propose simulated design of a hexagonal dielectric loaded nantenna (HDLN) and explore its potential benefits at the standard optical C-band (1550 nm). The proposed nantenna consists of “Ag-SiO2-Ag” structure, consisting of “Si” hexagonal dielectric with equal lengths fed by “Ag” nanostrip transmission line. The simulated nantenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 3.7% (190.9 THz–198.1 THz) and a directivity of 8.6 dBi, at a center frequency of 193.5 THz, covering most of the ITU-T standard optical transmission window (C-band). The hexagonal dielectric nantenna producesHE20δmodes and the wave propagation is found to be end-fire. The efficiency of the nantenna is proven via numerical expressions, thus making the proposed design viable for nanonetwork communications.
Neuroimmunology of Huntington’s Disease: Revisiting Evidence from Human Studies
Authors: Rocha Natalia P. , Ribeiro Fabiola M. , Furr-Stimming Erin , Teixeira Antonio L.
Published: August 2016

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, which leads to progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disorders. Although the cause of HD is well described—HD is a genetic disorder caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion in the gene encoding for huntingtin (HTT) on chromosome 4p16.3—the ultimate cause of neuronal death is still uncertain. Apart from impairment in systems for handling abnormal proteins, other metabolic pathways and mechanisms might contribute to neurodegeneration and progression of HD. Among these, inflammation seems to play a role in HD pathogenesis. The current review summarizes the available evidence about immune and/or inflammatory changes in HD. HD is associated with increased inflammatory mediators in both the central nervous system and periphery. Accordingly, there have been some attempts to slow HD progression targeting the immune system.
Naïve Bayesian Precipitation Type Retrieval from Satellite Using a Cloud-Top and Ground-Radar Matched Climatology
Authors: Grams Heather M. , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Gourley Jonathan J.
Published: August 2016

Satellite-based precipitation estimates are a vital resource for hydrologic applications in data-sparse regions of the world, particularly at daily or longer time scales. With the launch of a new generation of high-resolution imagers on geostationary platforms such as the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite series R (GOES-R), an opportunity exists to advance the detection and estimation of flash-flood-scale precipitation events from space beyond what is currently available. Because visible and infrared sensors can only observe cloud-top properties, many visible- and infrared-band-based rainfall algorithms attempt to first classify clouds before deriving a rain rate. This study uses a 2-yr database of cloud-top properties from proxy Advanced Baseline Imager radiances from GOES-R matched to surface precipitation types from the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system to develop a naïve Bayesian precipitation type classifier for the four major types of precipitation in MRMS: stratiform, convective, tropical, and hail. Evaluation of the naïve Bayesian precipitation type product showed a bias toward classifying convective and stratiform at the expense of tropical and hail. The tropical and hail classes in MRMS are derived based on the vertical structure and magnitude of radar reflectivity, which may not translate to an obvious signal at cloud top for a satellite-based algorithm. However, the satellite-based product correctly classified the hail areas as being convective in nature for the vast majority of missed hail events.
Additive Techniques – the third industrial revolution
Authors: Нагулин К. , Nagulin K. , Курынцев С. , Kuryntsev S. , Горунов А. , Gorunov A.
Published: August 2016

This paper reports two basic methods of additive techniques, a method of layer-by-layer agglomeration or metal powder melting and a method based on metal surfacing technique. A thorough description of the routine methods of additive techniques their advantages and disadvantages, a product range and field of product application are presented. Basic problems arising at the use of additive techniques and produce manufactured such as the certification of initial material, technology certification, production process control in its development, test procedure of parts manufactured are touched upon. The peculiarities of behavior of blanks obtained through additive techniques at further technological operations, for example, at laser welding are described. Basic trends in researches carried out by leading scientists in the field mentioned are emphasized.
Urgency of “industry 4.0” concept introduction in modern mechanical engineering
Authors: Ингеманссон Александр , Ingemansson Aleksandr
Published: August 2016

The contents of the “Industry 4.0” concept are revealed. The basic principles of “Industry 4.0” concepts, “Internet things” and the contents of the so-called the “Fourth industrial revolution” are described. The promising trend in mechanical engineering due to the creation and integration of cyber-physical systems including technological, control, transport and other equipment is characterized. The review of current software and hardware tools for efficiency increase in mechanical engineering management of – MES-, APS-, SCADA-, MDC- systems. The purposeful trends and criteria of efficiency estimate in the introduction of cyber-physical systems for the realization of the “Industry 4.0” concept in mechanical engineering are characterized.
The Concept of Scientific Bases of Management
Authors: Коротков  , Korotkov Eduard
Published: August 2016

The development of science and education is accompanied by the emergence of the need to incorporate

the new knowledge that arises naturally in the theory and practice of economics. In higher education this is

manifested by the inclusion of new disciplines in the educational program, the creation of new departments,

ensuring the teaching of these disciplines. We need a convincing rationale for the selection of a new

discipline, development of its content that reflects practical needs for new knowledge and their scientific

significance, scientific basis. The chair of scientific basis of production management, which was formed at

the initiative of the rector of the Moscow engineering and economic Institute, doctor of economic Sciences,

Professor Kozlova Olympiada V., in the sixties, had to solve these problems. This amounted to a great

and difficult work of formation of the concept of management as a new scientific direction in the prevailing

complex social and economic sciences, reflecting both the needs of production development and trends in

the development of scientific thought.
Theoretic and Methodological Supplying of Organizational Behavior
Authors: Громова  , Gromova Olga
Published: August 2016

Investigations carried out at the Department of the theory of management, are the development of theoretical

works previously performed by teachers of the Department. The grant received by the Department from

the Ministry of education, facilitated the preparation and production of tutorial, workshop and collection of

tables and diagrams on the subject “Organizational behavior”. In the development of this area was prepared

and released an updated textbook on discipline “The theory of organization and organizational behavior”.

All this caused the necessity of modernization of the theoretical-methodological support the development

of competences, taught by the Department of educational basis, the contents of which is presented by this

article.
Communication Skills
Authors: Райченко  , Raychyenko Alyeksandr
Published: August 2016

A key role in the formation, functioning and development of modern social organization plays communication,

as a basis to establish, maintain and develop constructive relationships, connections and interactions that

ensure consistent and effective achievement of personal, group and social goals. The ability to install,

functionally diversify and expand communication in and outside the organization, largely determined by the

skill level of the leader, determined, first of all, by business and personal qualities of constructive interactive

leader. Development of professional achievements of effective communication the founder and the first

head of the department of scientific bases of management of the Moscow engineering-economic institute

has formed at its creation, in the making and provides, for the past fifty years, deserved recognition, full

support and the progressive development of ideas, effective creative collaboration of students, supporters

and followers of the doctor of economic sciences, professor Olimpiada Vasilievna Kozlova.
Scientific School of the Department of Theory of Management: Founders, Followers, Disciples
Authors: Шрамченко  , SHramchyenko Tamara
Published: August 2016

The article presented a brief description of the most salient features of founders, followers, students of the

scientific school of the Department of theory of management of the State University of Management, who

worked there for fifty years. Today the staff of the department gratefully remembers the contributions of

notable scholars and practitioners in the shaping and development of the country’s first scientific school of

management theory.
E. V. Vaskovsky and Contemporary Civilistic Methodology
Authors: Гаджиев Гадис , Gadzhiyev Gadis
Published: August 2016

In the present paper a contribution of Russian scholar E. V. Vaskovsky to the development of the doctrine of legal science methodology is considered. It is demonstrated, how a theoretical and dogmatic approach to jurisprudence was supplemented over time by economic approach, focused on assessment of efficiency of legal norm. This combination or «aggregation» of scientific methods of law and economics has led to a new understanding of normativity in the regulation of social relations. The author concludes that the teachings of E. V. Vaskovsky on the juridical method, as well as his contribution to the issue of interpretation of the rules of law and filing the gaps in law — are still actual today and furthermore have become ever more topical.
E. V. Vaskovsky as Representative of Legal Positivism in Domestic Legal Science
Authors: Липень Сергей , Lipyen Syergyey
Published: August 2016

The article presents the views of E. V. Vaskovsky (1866-1942) on the problem of a ratio of legality and a discretion in law-implementing, as well as other problems of legal science. The scholar was a consistent advocate of legality, consistent supporter of one of the main ideas of legal positivism. Other ideas relating to this scientific trend were reflected in the works of E. V. Vaskovsky. These ideas are: the limitation of the subject matter of the formal-dogmatic legal science, understanding of law as a set of compulsory norms emanating from public authorities, the basic meaning of a normative legal act in the system of sources of law, critical attitude to new theories of interpretation of law, limits of judicial discretion, etc. The value of views of E. V. Vaskovsky in the development of legal positivism must be taken into account and employed by scientific researches and used in training courses on the history of political and legal doctrines.
Judicial Interpretation of the Law
Authors: Гук Павел , Guk Pavel
Published: August 2016

The article deals with the interpretation of the law by the judiciary. Normative legal acts in the process of their application can not always regulate social relations, resulting in the uncertainty of their application. Judicial interpretation of the law by the highest judicial authorities provides necessary assistance to the law enforcement authority having, which gives certainty and unity of their application to specific legal disputes. Judicial interpretation in the enforcement process remains valid at the present time that requires the theoretical and practical research. Theory of judicial interpretation of the law will tend to develop skills to understand the specifics of formation and application of acts of judicial interpretation.
Energy Legislation in the General System of Business Law
Authors: Занковский Сергей , Zankovskiy Sergey
Published: August 2016

The article considers the problems of energy legislation in the context of improving the legislation on entrepreneurship. In the judgment of the author the construction of the energy legislation is a possibility provided it is of a centrifugal nature with the general principles making the basis for such acts attempted to solve the outstanding problems. One of such principles which is to be legislatively enacted could be the principle of import substitution adopted to do away with dependence on foreign-made goods. The role of energy law can only be understood provided we have the relevant contemporary system of laws. This can be possibly achieved from the doctrinal point of view. The author analyses legal business regulation existing in the pre revolutionary and soviet period. It helps to understand better what is to borrowed from the experience of the past to be used to regulate said relationships. The author calls for necessity to issue the Code of Laws of the Russian Federation as the first step to make legislation systematized. The next step to be taken could be the adoption of comprehensive legal acts, say, Energy Code which could eventually make so-called legislation blocks. The latter could , in turn, serve the basis for so-called central legislative act to regulate business law.
Awareness among glaucoma patient at upper Egypt
Authors: A. M. Mansour Magda , Abd El-aziz Nermeen Mahmoud , Mekkawy Mimi , M. Ahmed Rania
Published: August 2016

Aim: To assess the awareness among glaucoma patients at Upper Egypt Governorate hospitals.Research design: Descriptive cross sectional research design was used in this studySetting: The study was conducted in ophthalmology outpatient clinics (male & female) at Assiut University Hospital & Al-rmad Hospital, Elmina and Sohag Governorate.Subjects: The sample of this study total coverage of glaucoma patients included (1000), the researcher taking the sample during one year, this sample aged 50 years and above.Tool of study: One tool was used in this study include three parts, part I: patient demographic characteristics, part II: medical data, part III: knowledge about risk factors and self-practice regard glaucoma.Results: The most of patients age ranged between 60:80 year, nearly three quarter (74.6%) of them were females, and 80% of them comes from urban areas. The majority of studied sample (84.5%) unaware about glaucoma disease and show statistical significant difference between awareness of them and their education, P≤0.05. Also, there was no significant difference between knowledge of studied sample and their residence.Conclusion: The majority of glaucoma patients complain from poor of knowledge & practice.Recommendation: Design & implement of health educational program about glaucoma are needed to improve patient knowledge & practice regard glaucoma.
Erste Ergebnisse der archäologischen Untersuchungen des byzantinischen Aigai (Aiolis)
Authors: Doğer Lale , Armağan Eda
Published: August 2016

In this paper, a pre-assessment of the Byzantine era of Aigai will be presented. Besides the western Anatolian cities of Pergamum, Ephesus and Smyrna, Aigai is the only city which achieved to cope with the rough terrain among the Aspordenon Mountains north of Smyrna. This city located 17 km east of the Yeni Şakran town in the province Izmir, also known as Köseler castle due to its location on Mount Gün near the Köseler village in the province of Manisa, and is one of the twelve cities within the Aeolian region mentioned by Herodotus. Thanks to the detailed studies by R. Bohn and C. Schuchhardt on inscriptions from Aigai, the city was first introduced to the academical world in 1889. Archaeological studies started in 2004 and were conducted by Prof. Dr. Ersin Doğer. While the archaeological and written sources about the history and civilization of pre-Byzantine Aigai are rather well-known, in this paper it will be attempted to give an overview of the scarce written sources about the Byzantine era and to evaluate them in the light of so-far unpublished architecture and small finds. Since 2004, area based excavations have been carried out in the necropolis of the city, at Demirkapı and the insula situated east of the Tiberius gate which are the entrance points of the city, in the Bouleuterion, Agora and Macellum to its east, in the cisterns nos. I and II and in the easternmost part of the acropolis. The residential areas, built by the last inhabitants of the region, the Byzantines, by using spolia of older buildings, are badly preserved. The architecture, which, due to its location on a hillside, has been harmed by landslides and torrents, but also by human destruction such as treasure hunts and stone borrowing, is very fragile. The only preserved architecture so far is a sacral building dated to the 12th or 13th century. Abundant pottery and glass small finds, together with some metal objects and coins, enable us to get an idea of the Byzantine era in Aigai and provide a foresight to further studies.
Returning to the krites tou stratopedou: previous and recent considerations
Authors: Gkoutzioukostas Andreas
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the role and the function of the krites tou stratopedou mentioned in Michael Attaleiates’ History. The previous conclusions of modern research are summarized and the evidence of the primary sources concerning the krites tou stratopedou and other officials that accompanied Romanos Diogenes on his third campaign against the Seljuks are analysed.
Vertical transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in early pregnancy: two cases, two different courses
Authors: Herrera Kimberly , Bernasko James , Garry David , Vahanian Sevan , Kaplan Cynthia
Published: August 2016

Background:

Vertical Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission is actively being studied. Prior cases of ZIKV in pregnancy have suggested an association with infection and adverse fetal outcomes. We describe two cases of maternal illness and their respective pregnancy courses.

Case 1: A 30-year-old Hispanic female presented with rash, fatigue, and chills after noticing mosquito bites in Honduras. Fetal anatomy appeared normal on ultrasound at 16 and 17 weeks. ZIKV RNA reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) was identified in her serum and amniotic fluid. She opted for pregnancy termination. Fetal serum and tissue analysis confirmed ZIKV infection.

Case 2: A 28-year-old Hispanic female presented with rash, fever, and fatigue after sexual intercourse. Her ZIKV serum RNA RT-PCR was positive and amniotic fluid was negative. Fetal anatomy appeared normal at 20 and 22 weeks and her pregnancy remains ongoing.

Conclusion:

The effects of maternal ZIKV infection in early pregnancy can vary.
Exil und Werk. Dantes Selbstbehauptung
Authors: Stierle Karlheinz
Published: August 2016

Riassunto

Considerare la relazione tra »esilio« e »opera« significa aprire una nuova prospettiva per la comprensione della Commedia. Nel primo trattato del suo Convivio, probabilmente lo scritto più vicino alla catastrofe del suo esilio da Firenze, Dante si lamenta del suo destino. All’infamia dell’esilio oppone il progetto di cercare la fama con un’opera inaudita. Il Convivio stesso, lavoro concepito con ambizione immensa, fallisce, ma prepara il suolo per la Commedia, opera solitaria e centro della seconda metà della sua vita. In questa opera, con cui Dante si oppone al trauma del suo esilio, l’esilio stesso è onnipresente. La »selva oscura« dell’inizio del primo canto si può intendere come trasposizione e condensazione dell’esilio reale di Dante. Ma aldilà della visione suprema con cui si conchiude il canto finale del Paradiso, l’esilio, tante volte preannunciato a Danteviaggiatore, lo aspetta ancora. L’ultimo orizzonte dell’»altro viaggio« invece è l’opera stessa, che al lettore si presenta come opera già compiuta.
»Dove si puote ciò che si vuole«. Gottes Bildkunst im X. Canto des Purgatorio
Authors: Oster Patricia
Published: August 2016

Riassunto Nel canto decimo della seconda cantica, il pellegrino Dante, passando dall’Antipurgatorio al Purgatorio, si trova di fronte a un’opera d’arte creata da Dio stesso. La mimesi divina solleva la questione della legittimità di un’arte che trascende la sua funzionalità religiosa per aspirare ad una nuova dimensione estetica. Il »visibile parlare« dell’opera divina sostituisce la funzionalità allegorica con una nuova esperienza estetica, il cui senso oltrepassa la dimensione strettamente religiosa. Questo processo si può osservare anche nell’arte di Giotto.
Das Universum als gefühlte Wahrheit jenseits des Wissens. Zum XXXIII. Gesang von Dantes Paradiso
Authors: Klettke Cornelia
Published: August 2016

Riassunto

Il contributo evidenzia la particolare importanza che l’amore riveste per il cristiano alla ricerca della Verità. Lo sfondo concettuale del Canto XXXIII deriva dalla teologia di San Bernardo, la cui figura guida Dante-pellegrino verso la fine del suo viaggio. Teologia, questa, che prevede un nuovo rapporto del cristiano con un Dio-Padre misericordioso e con la Madre di Dio. Dante inscena la contemplazione mistica di Dio attraverso una serie di paragoni che non scaturiscono dall’esperienza che il poeta fa di Dio bensì, grazie ad una figuratività comprensibile per l’intelletto umano, costituiscono solo una rappresentazione attenuata dell’intuita sublimità del Divino. La vicinanza a Dio, di cui un estasiato può aver fatto esperienza nella propria visione, può essere resa solo indirettamente da chi scrive. L’Autore cerca di accostarsi all’essenza di Dio attraverso tre grandi immagini - il nodo, i cerchi trinitari e la quadratura del cerchio - rivelando le loro conformità strutturali: tutte e tre le immagini sono geometrizzazioni del Divino. Ogni volta viene esplicitamente messo in rilievo l’incrocio del concetto visivo con l’indicibile e irrappresentabile sentimento d’amore, collocando così la Verità in una sfera irraggiungibile. Come Cristo nel velo della Veronica, così Dante-uomo reale si trasforma e s’imprime, per così dire, nel tessuto sacro del suo »sacrato poema«. La nostra lettura intende mettere in risalto come il testo dantesco, soprattutto alla fine della Commedia, esalti l’amore, inteso come idea portante del Cristianesimo, quale culmine della sua intera opera.
Topography effects in AFM force mapping experiments on xylan-decorated cellulose thin films
Authors: Ganser Christian , Niegelhell Katrin , Czibula Caterina , Chemelli Angela , Teichert Christian , Schennach Robert , Spirk Stefan
Published: August 2016

Xylan-coated cellulose thin films has been investigated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and force mapping experiments. The birch xylan deposition on the film was performed under control by means of a multiple parameter surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (MP-SPR) under dynamic conditions. The coated films were submitted to AFM in phase imaging mode to force mapping with modified AFM tips (sensitive to hydrophilic OH and hydrophobic CH3 groups) in order to characterize and localize the xylan on the surfaces. At the first glance, a clear difference in the adhesion force between xylan-coated areas and cellulose has been observed. However, these different adhesion forces originate from topography effects, which prevent an unambiguous identification and subsequent localization of the xylan on the cellulosic surfaces.
Value Creation with Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Geosteering Operations
Authors: K. Kullawan  , R. B. Bratvold  , J. E. Bickel
Published: August 2016

Due to escalated drilling costs, the petroleum industry has been attempting to access the largest possible hydrocarbon resources with the lowest achievable costs. Multiple well objectives are set prior to the start of drilling. Then, a geosteering approach is implemented to help operators achieve these objectives.A comprehensive literature survey has been performed on geosteering case histories, including many cases with multiple objectives. We found that the listed objectives are often conflicting and expressed in different measures. Furthermore, none of the cases from the reviewed literature has discussed a systematic approach for dealing with multiple objectives in geosteering contexts. Without implementing a well-structured approach, decision makers are likely to make judgments about the relative importance of each objective based on previous experiences or on approximate methods. Research shows that such decision-making approaches are unlikely to identify optimal courses of action.In this paper, we propose a systematic method for making multi-criteria decisions in geosteering context. The method is constructed such that it is applicable for real-time operations. Results show that different decision criteria can have significant impact on well success as measured by its trajectory, future production, cost, and operational efficiency.
New distribution records of Pteronura brasiliensis (Zimmerman, 1780) (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Roraima, northern Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Pacca Luciana Gosi , Côrtes Lara Gomes , Rodrigues Lívia De Almeida , Morato Ronaldo Gonçalves
Published: August 2016

A survey of the Giant Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis (Zimmerman, 1780), in the state of Roraima, northern Brazilian Amazonia, is presented. We include 52 new records, increasing the total geographic coordinate points for the species in this area by 360%. Additionally, this study reports the first occurrence of the P. brasiliensis in the lavrado region, a unique and endemic ecosystem of South America with high biodiversity, which claims for protection and adequate land use planning.
Material Matters
Authors: Cramb Alan W. , Arunachalam V.S.
Published: August 2016

Whoever said that the steel industry is dead? It is alive and flourishing, this time with an efficiency and environmental cleanliness that will make the semiconductor industry proud! The renaissance is not local, limited to a few developed economies, but global, based on innovations in iron and steel technology and on technology spillover from other areas. The appetite for steel has not decreased: Developing economies such as China and India need millions of tons to build their inadequate and overstretched infrastructure, and the developed countries demand new steels with superior properties for applications in areas previously reserved for other materials. Today the global production of steel is assessed not by mere tonnages but by their quality.

A major attraction of the iron and steel industry is its compatibility with the materials cycle: Iron and steel scrap has become the new raw material, curtailing the global hunger for newly mined iron ores. In a sense, this recycling is an atonement of the excesses of the earlier decades when mining and metallurgical industries paid little attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. Experts now agree that these and increasing competition from other materials drove the industry to its near extinction. How real then is this renaissance and what are the technology drivers for the growth? Will steel regain its pride of place among materials used by society? In the following article, Alan Cramb reviews the spectacular growth of this industry and predicts an exciting future for it. Silicon, it seems, is not eliminating steel from our materials consciousness!
Emergence of Chalcopyrites as Nonlinear Optical Materials
Authors: Ohmer Melvin C. , Pandey Ravindra
Published: August 2016

Chalcopyrite nonlinear optical (NLO) semiconductors are presently enjoying a major renaissance. This rebirth of interest is due primarily to the success of recent materials research-and-development (R&D) programs that have dramatically improved the availability of large crackfree high-quality crystals. This overview provides a general review of chalcopyrites, of their application in laser systems that exploit second-harmonic generation (SHG) or optical parametric oscillation (OPO), and of the materials-selection criteria for laser crystals to assist in focusing R&D efforts. It also suggests broader application areas. The overview concludes with a number of specific recommendations for further R&D efforts to advance this materials technology.

The archetype infrared NLO chalcopyrites are AgGaSe2 (a I-III-VI2 semiconductor) and ZnGeP2 (a II-IV-V2 semiconductor). Using samples of naturally occurring pyrites, Pauling correctly established the chalcopyrite's crystal structure (diamondlike where Zn and Ge cations are ordered) in 1932 after two previous false starts by others. Levine, who has extensively studied the nonlinear susceptibilities of a number of bond types, stated in 1973 that the chalcopyrite structure is so favorable for NLO properties that it will be difficult to ever find materials with larger nonlinearities in the infrared spectral region. That statement has proved to be prophetic.

Goodman of Great Britain first reported that chalcopyrites were semiconductors. However the first observation that these materials were semiconductors is generally attributed to A.F. Ioffe and N. A. Goryunova of the A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (IPT) in St Petersburg, Russia.
Materials for Sports
Authors: Froes F.H. Sam , Haake Steve , Fagg Simon , Tabeshfar Kamran , Velay Xavier
Published: August 2016

The interplay between materials science and sports equipment takes many forms. Certainly a broad cross section of materials is used in sporting equipment to improve performance and safety, and to reduce cost. The new materials used in sports equipment originate from a long history of innovation, drawing from and contributing to other technologies. Amateurs and professionals play sports, so rules on the use of new technology vary immensely. This allows for a short circuit of new technology into the market-place in some cases and restriction or prohibition of opportunities in others. Also materials selection and development for sports equipment must stretch beyond consideration of the object itself to include the human interface and design of a system that best makes use of the materials. Sports after all are about human capability and interaction. The equipment is just a facilitator. Certainly more efficient ways exist of placing a ball into a hole than hitting it with a long metal stick from hundreds of yards away. This is perhaps the most unique element of materials development for sports. The rules governing materials development are not just laws of science and of government but rules put into place just for “sport.” Because of the connection of sports to the lives of so many people, either as participants or spectators, materials science of sporting equipment is also a great platform for educating students about materials selection and behavior.
Titanium Golf Clubs
Authors: Shira Chet , Froes F.H. Sam
Published: August 2016

The basic requirement golfers have about clubs is simple: “Help me to lower my score.” To the materials scientist, this means designs using the best materials. Golf clubs can be separated into three categories—woods (for long-distance hitting), irons (medium distance and accuracy), and putters (to get the ball into the hole on the green). In this article, we will discuss how material developments—in association with changes in design—have contributed to lower scores. It is very difficult to compare past achievements with those of today, perhaps with the exception of driving distances. However clubs have evolved tremendously, and it is difficult to imagine that Bobby Jones using hickory shafts could compete—at least in distance—with John Daly, Freddy Couples, or Tiger Woods, the present-day warriors armed with equipment often constructed from highstrength steel or graphite-epoxy shafts and an oversized hollow titanium head. Today professional golfers are driving farther, hitting greens with greater regularity, and sinking longer putts with the equipment they now have available attesting that the clubs constructed from advanced materials are contributing to better performance.
The Role of Materials in the Design of an Improved Cricket Bat
Authors: Grant C.
Published: August 2016

The origins of the game of cricket are not known, but the first recorded game took place in London, England, on February 25, 1719. The basic rules of the game were formulated at a meeting of a self-appointed group of noblemen, held at the Star and Garter public house, Pall Mall, in 1774. These rules form the basis of the modern game.

Only under-arm bowling was allowed originally, and bats incorporated a curved blade to sweep the ball along the ground. Over-arm bowling where the ball was allowed to pitch or bounce was introduced late in the 18th century. This was quickly accepted and led to bats with straight blades to accommodate a variable bounce. Following a famous incident in 1793 in which a wide bat was used to completely cover the wickets, a new rule was quickly introduced to restrict the width of the blade to four and a quarter inches—a rule that survives to the present day.

The weight of the bat is not restricted by the rules, and the modern tendency is to use heavier bats. In the middle of the present century, a typical bat would weigh between 34 and 36 ounces. Currently bats of 40–44 ounces are widely available, and bats of 48 ounces and more are not uncommon among professional players. Although a heavier bat is widely believed to be capable of propelling the ball faster, there is a penalty. Heavier bats cause players to tire more quickly, and this affects their timing. Individual players tend to have a personal preferred weight of bat.
Silicon-Based Optoelectronics
Authors: Coffa Salvatore , Tsybeskov Leonid
Published: August 2016

The enormous progress of communication technologies in the last years has increased the demand for efficient and low-cost optoelectronic functions. For several present and future applications, photonic materials—in which light can be generated, guided, modulated, amplified, and detected—need to be integrated with standard electronic circuits in order to combine the information-processing capabilities of electronics data transfer and the speed of light. Long-distance communications, local-area-networks data transfer, and chip-to-chip or even intrachip optical communications all require the development of efficient optical functions and their integration with state-of-the-art electronic functions. Silicon is the material of choice for reliable and low-cost optoelectronic integrated circuits because it is the leading semiconductor in the electronic arena and since a wellestablished processing technology exists for this material. However Si is characterized by an indirect bandgap and by a weak electro-optic effect. It is therefore not suitable for the implementation of fundamental optical functions such as light emission and modulation. At the moment, hybrid integration of compound-semiconductor optical functions with Si electronic functions is providing the gateway from electronic to photonic technology. However several strategies are being considered to engineer the optical functions of Si and to realize fully Si-based or at least Si-compatible optoelectronics.
From Surface Materials to Surface Technologies
Authors: Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: August 2016

The following article is an edited version of the Von Hippel Award address, given by recipient Gabor A. Somorjaiat the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting. Somorjai received the Materials Research Society's highest honor for “his extraordinary multidisciplinary contributions to the atomic-level understanding of materials surfaces and surface processes with technological importance in hetergeneous catalysis, corrosion, and tribology.”
The Dynamics of Mobile Ions in Ionically Conducting Glasses and Other Materials
Authors: Ngai K.L. , Moynihan C.T.
Published: August 2016

The range of applications for ionically conducting materials in technology is very broad and includes batteries; fuel cells; sensors; electrochromic displays; catalysts, oxygen, and hydrogen pumps; and bionics. In most of these applications, the mobility of the ions is a determining factor for optimum performance. Examples are liquid-electrolyte and plastic Li+ ion batteries for portable electronics, solid oxide fuel cells such as the oxygen ion-conducting stabilized zirconia electrolyte for energy conversion, and exchange of different ions in oxide glasses for the fabrication of micro-optic lenses. Therefore research on the dynamics of ionic transport that clarifies the mechanisms limiting the mobility of the ions is useful. These dynamic processes are also fascinating from a basic research point of view and qualitatively follow general patterns independent of the chemical and physical structures of the materials, suggesting that some fundamental physical mechanism is at work. On a quantitative level, the ionic-transport properties depend on the structures of the materials seemingly in well-defined patterns, which can be used to advantage in choosing materials for specific applications.