bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penerapan Strategi Picture Word Inductive Model dalam Menyusun Teks Deskriptif Berbahasa Inggris untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas VII-1 SMP Negeri 1 Brang Rea
Authors: Latifah Elmy
Published: July 2021

Makalah ini menyajikan hasil penelitian tindakan kelas dalam pembelajaran menulis berbahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VII-1 SMP Negeri 1 Brang Rea semester genap tahun ajaran 2018/2019 dalam pembelajaran menulis berbahasa Inggris, terutama dalam mendeskripsikan benda, orang atau tempat tertentu melalui strategi pembelajaran Picture Word Inductive Model.

Subyek penelitian adalah 31 siswa kelas VII-1 SMP Negeri 1 Brang Rea semester genap tahun ajaran 2018/2019. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 3 siklus. Selama seluruh siklus, siswa bekerja dalam kelompok berempat. Pada siklus pertama siswa mendeskripsikan benda tertentu dengan strategi penggunaan Picture Word Inductive Model (PWIM), sementara pada siklus kedua siswa mendeskripsikan orang tertentu dengan prosedur seperti dalam siklus 1. Pada siklus ke tiga, siswa mendeskripsikan tempat tertentu tanpa menggunakan strategi PWIM.

Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan bersamaan dengan pengamatan selama tindakan, sementara analisis data dilaksanakan bersamaan pada saat refleksi tindakan. Dari hasil analisis/refleksi bisa diketahui apakah tindakan akan dihentikan (apabila telah mencapai target) atau dilanjutkan untuk mencapai target. Penelitian dengan menggunakan analisis data berupa triangulasi metode, menunjukkan hasil bahwa ada peningkatan hasil belajar siswa kelas VII-1 SMP Negeri 1 Brang Rea semester genap tahun ajaran 2018/2019 dalam mengikuti pembelajaran menulis berbahasa Inggris ketika menggunakan strategi PWIM.

Dapat disimpulkan bahwa PWIM signifikan guna meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran menulis berbahasa Inggris terutama dalam mendiskripsikan benda/orang/tempat tertentu bagi kelas VII-1 semester genap tahun ajaran 2018/2019. Implikasi pedagogis dari penelitian ini adalah, penggunaan strategi PWIM bisa membantu siswa dalam menggali banyak kosa kata untuk kemudian disusun menjadi sebuah paragrap dan teks deskriptif berbahasa Inggris. Dengan melihat gambar benda/orang/tempat tertentu, siswa mendapatkan inspirasi kata apa saja yang akan mereka tulis untuk menyusun sebuah teks deskriptif.
Bárcsak a magyar AB lenne ilyen „szűklátókörű”! : A Bundesverfassungsgericht EU elleni „lázadása” és az alkotmányos párbeszéd EU elleni „lázadása” és az alkotmányos párbeszéd
Authors: Bakó Beáta
Published: July 2021

Különösen kritikus fogadtatásra lelt a szakirodalomban a német szövetségi alkotmánybíróság, a Bundesverfassungsgericht 2020. májusi PSPP-ítélete, amelyben a német alkotmánybíróság először mondta ki egy EU-s aktusról, sőt, emellett egy EUB-ítéletről is, hogy az ultra vires, azaz túllépi az EU-s hatásköröket. Mivel a magyar Alkotmánybíróság hagyományosan odafigyel a német joggyakorlatra, ráadásul a 22/2016 AB-határozattal épp a német gyakorlat mintájára alakította ki az EU-jog alkotmányossági felülvizsgálatának kereteit, jelen tanulmány azt vizsgálja, hogy a Bundesverfassungsgericht történelmi ítélete és az azt közvetlenül megelőző gyakorlatában megmutatkozó jogértelmezés mennyiben befolyásolhatja a magyar AB-t, tekintetbe véve a két alkotmánybíróság EU-joghoz való hozzáállásában megmutatkozó párhuzamosságokat és különbségeket.
Az ENSZ Menekültügyi Főbiztossága és az 1956-os magyar menekültek nemzetközi jogvédelme
Authors: Kecskés D. Gusztáv
Published: July 2021

Az 1956-os magyar menekültek mintegy kétszázezres tömegének ellátása, tovább szállítása és letelepítése a nemzetközi menekültsegélyezés rendkívüli sikere volt, amelyben az ENSZ-család intézményei, különösen az ENSZ Menekültügyi Főbiztossága (UNHCR) kiemelkedő szerepet játszottak. Az 1956-os magyar menekültválság és a nemzetközi befogadás rövid felidézése után a tanulmány bemutatja, milyen lépéseken keresztül valósult meg az UNHCR jogvédő tevékenysége a magyar menekültek irányában a menekültstátusz megadásának kérdésétől a munkaerőpiaci védelmen át az új hazába való beilleszkedéshez szükséges iratok beszerzésében nyújtott segítségig. Láthatjuk, hogy a Főbiztosság éberen követte a Kádár-vezette magyar kormányzatnak a menekültekkel kapcsolatos jogalkotó tevékenységét és annak gyakorlati megvalósítását is. A cikk végül megvonja az UNHCR magyarokkal kapcsolatos jogvédő tevékenységének mérlegét. A tanulmány főként az UNHCR Levéltár (Genf) dokumentumainak felhasználásával készült, de utalás történik a NATO Levéltárának (Brüsszel), az ENSZ Genfi Hivatala Levéltárának, a Vöröskereszt és Vörösfélhold Társaságok Nemzetközi Szövetsége Levéltárának (Genf) és a Magyar Nemzeti Levéltárnak az irataira is. A hidegháború kontextusában a magyar menekülteket befogadó nyugati országoknak nem okozott nehézséget a menekültstátusz megállapítása a Magyarországról érkezők számára. Az üldözöttség elismerése és az üldözők azonosítása nem tűnt kétségesnek. A menedékjog megadása egyben a kommunista országok kudarcának és a Nyugat jóindulatának propagandisztikus kifejezése is volt. A szovjet blokk szívéből, Magyarországról a „Szabad Világba” érkező menekülttömeg kezelésének professzionális szervezése pedig felértékelte a Főbiztosságot a nyugati döntéshozók szemében. Az UNHCR magyar menekültekkel kapcsolatos jogvédő lépéseit nagy gondosság és jogi alaposság jellemezte. A Főbiztosság az Alapszabályában lefektetett jogvédő munkáját igazi „védőügyvédként”, következetesen, éberen és empatikusan, a menekültek szempontjait jóhiszeműen szem előtt tartva végezte a befogadó országok és Magyarország hatóságai előtt egyaránt. A Menekültügyi Főbiztosság magyar menekültekkel kapcsolatos jogvédő tevékenysége sikeresnek tekinthető. A befogadó országok hatóságai számos esetben kifejezték, hogy igényt tartanak az UNHCR szakértő véleményére. A menekültstátusz megadásának általános elfogadtatásában, a döntés jogi alátámasztásában fontos ösztönző szerepet töltött be a Főbiztosság, különösen annak híres menekültjogi szaktekintélye: Paul Weis. Az UNHCR nemzetközi jogvédő tevékenységét jelentősen megkönnyítette, hogy a befogadó országok kormányai támogatóan, a szervezetet partnernek tekintve vettek részt az 1956-os magyar menekültek befogadásában.
Jogalkotási hatásvizsgálat a fizetési meghagyásos eljárás értékhatára kapcsán : Egy társadalomtudományi kérdés megválaszolása ROC analízissel
Authors: Örkényi László
Published: July 2021

A jogalkotó a fizetési meghagyások elleni ellentmondások arányára hivatkozással 2018. január 1-jétől 3 millió forintra emelte a fizetési meghagyásos eljárás kötelező igénybevételének értékhatárát a peres ügyek számának csökkentése érdekében. A módosítást megelőzően végzett hatásvizsgálat részletei ismeretlenek, ezért kérdésként vetődik fel, hogy van-e egyáltalán kapcsolat az értékhatár és a bírósági peres ügyforgalom alakulása, valamint a fizetési meghagyással érvényesített követelés összege és az ellentmondás valószínűsége között. Ha van ilyen kapcsolat, akkor az milyen erős, és lehetséges-e a magánjogi igényeknek a mögöttük meghúzódó érdemi jogvita léte vagy hiánya szerinti csoportosítása az érvényesített követelés összege alapján. A kérdések megválaszolása érdekében áttekintettem a releváns bírósági ügyforgalmi adatokat, majd leíró statisztikai és kapcsolatvizsgálati módszerekkel, valamint ROC analízis segítségével elemeztem a 2012-ben indult fizetési meghagyásos és bírósági peres eljárásokat az érvényesített követelés összege és az eljárás kimenetele szempontjából. Azt találtam, hogy csak alig mutatható ki összefüggés az értékhatár és a peres ügyek száma között. A követelés összege pedig csak nagyon laza kapcsolatban van az érdemi jogvita létével és az eljárás kimenetelével, ezért az nem a legmegfelelőbb klasszifikátor a jogalkotó által preferált igényérvényesítési út kijelölése érdekében. Egyéb szempontok alapján azonban helyes döntés volt az értékhatár emelése, de annak még magasabb összegben, akár 6 millió forintban való meghatározása is indokolható lett volna.
BEST PRACTICE IMPLEMENTASI SUPERVISI AKADEMIK UNTUK MENINGKATAN PROFESIONAL GURU DI MTs KECAMATAN KAJORAN MELALUI BIMBINGAN DAN LATIHAN
Authors: FAIZIN SYAIFUL
Published: July 2021

Guru profesional adalah SDM yang memiliki kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi sosial, dan kompetensi profesional. Guru profesional merupakan SDM unggul berkompeten pada aspek : (1) memiliki keahlian mendidik dalam bidangnya, (2) memiliki rasa tanggung jawab yang berkomitmen dan peduli terhadap tugasnya, dan (3) memiliki rasa kesejawatan, menghayati tugasnya sebagai guru serta mampu menjaga kode etik profesinya. Fakta di lapangan, banyak guru yang belum berkompeten dalam bidangnya, belum memiliki tanggung jawab, komitemen dan kepedulian terhadap peserta didik serta belum memiliki rasa kesejawatan, penghayatan terhadap profesi dan mampu menjaga kode etik profesinya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan supervisi akademik melalui metode bimbingan dan latihan profesional guru. Tujuan penyusunan best practice untuk menentukan langkah-langkah implementasi supervisi akademik untuk peningkatan sumber daya manusia di MTs Kecamatan Kajoran Melalui Bimlat. Pelaksanaan supervisi akademik melalui Bimlat adalah (1) penyusunan administrasi pembelajaran lengkap dari 49 %, menjadi 83 % guru telah melengkapi administrasi pembelajaran; (2) pemanfataan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dari 32 % menjadi 73 %; (3) pemanfaatan media pembelajaran dari 33 % menjadi 79 %; (4) penggunaan model pembelajaran kontekstual dari 34 % menjadi 80 %; (5) pemanfaatan internet pada proses pembelajaran dari 30 % menjadi 78 %; (6) ketepatan menaati jadwal pembelajaran dari 61 % menjadi 93 % serta (7) kesadaran melakukan inovasi pembelajaran dari 49 % menjadi 83 %. Implementasi supervisi akademik melalui bimbingan dan latihan profesional guru dapat meningkatkan profesional guru pada aspek yang menjadi permasalahan di MTs Se Kecamatan Kajoran.
BEST PRACTICE STRATEGI LAYANAN BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING SELAMA SCHOOL FROM HOME PADA SISWA MELALUI MEDIA WHATSAPP INTERAKTIF
Authors: SUPRAPTINI SUPRAPTINI
Published: July 2021

Penulisan Best Practice ini bertujuan  untuk: (1) Mengakomodir layanan bimbingan konseling yang dibutuhkan siswa selama school from home, sehingga dapat meminimalis dari setiap permasalahan yang dihadapi. (2) Membantu individu agar dapat mencapai kehidupan dengan kualitas pribadi yang memahami realitas, dalam pemenuhan kebutuhannya dengan kerangka kerja yang telah ditentukan dan (3) Melatih siswa tentang apa yang seharusnya dilakukan dalam hidupnya, dengan mempergunakan norma yang berlaku, bertingkah laku secara tanggung jawab, serta memahami dan mampu menghadapi kenyataan. Teknik yang digunakan dalam layanan kegiatan adalah  secara daring  dengan melalui media WhatsApp interaktif.  Pelayanan Bimbingan dan Konseling bersifat For All, Agar tetap bisa memberikan layanan dalam situasi yang tidak memungkinkan bisa bertemu secara langsung/tatap muka, maka WhatsApp Interaktif ditetapkan sebagai media yang familier, terjangkau, dan bisa diakses oleh sebagian besar siswa. Keberhasilan yang diperoleh dalam pelaksanaan pembimbingan mencapai 80 % siswa  mengikuti kegiatan dari jumlah peserta yang ada.
KARAKTER RAJIN (RELIGIUS, AKTIF, JUJUR, INOVATIF DAN NASIONALIS) DALAM KITAB SYI’IR NGUDI SUSILO KARYA K.H BISRI MUSTOFA) MENUJU GENERASI KHAIRA UMMAH
Authors: MUSTAQHFIRIN MUSTAQHFIRIN
Published: July 2021

Konsep pendidikan karakter  dari Syi’ir Ngudi Susilo karya KH Bisri Mustofa, dapat diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, karena relevansi tujuan Pendidikan Nasional. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research), suatu penelitian yang bertujuan mengumpulkan data dan informasi dengan bantuan bermacam-macam material yang terdapat di ruang perpustakaan, metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan sumber karya tulis kepustakaan, analisis data yang digunakan reduksi data, penyajian, kesimpulan dengan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisis, menggolongkan, mengorganisasi data, sehingga kesimpulan dan verifikasi dapat dilakukan. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa konsep pendidikan karakter  dalam kitab Syi’ir Ngudi Susilo sangat relevan dengan tujuan pendidikan Nasional,  Karakter RAJIN (Religius, dengan membiasakan anak melaksanakan perintah Allah SWT. Aktif, dengan pembiasaan membagi waktu antara bermain dan belajar, peduli pada lingkungan dengan menjaga kebersihan dan kerapian. Jujur dalam berperilaku sebagai modal tercapainya kemuliaan, kejujuran menuntun kearah keselamatan. Inovatif  memiliki gagasan dan ide-ide baru untuk mencapai kemaslahatan hidup, tidak mudah menyerah dan berputus asa harus memiliki cita-cita luhur dan sejati. Nasionalis, menanamkan rasa cinta tanah air dan peduli terhadap masa depan bangsa, pemuda sekarang adalah pemimpin masa depan) sehingga terwujud generasi Khaira Ummah
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MENGIDENTIFIKASI INFORMASI DALAM TEKS DISKRIPTIF MELALUI PENDEKATAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW PADA SISWA KELAS VII 6 SMP NEGERI 1 NGANJUK TAHUN PELAJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: INDRYATI Rr. ERY KUSUMA
Published: July 2021

Beberapa penyebab rendahnya pretasi belajar  siswa SMP Negeri 1 Nganjuk, diantaranya sebagai berikut: (1) Kurangnya perhatian guru pada pengajaran menulis di kelas, (2) Strategi mengajar guru kurang bervariasi, (3) Penguasaan kosa kata dan tata bahasa siswa yang rendah.,dan (4) Siswa cenderung mencontoh karya temannya atau karya terdahulu di buku-buku pelengkap pelajaran lainnya. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Apakah penerapan  Pendekatan Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw dalam pembelajaran pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, dapat mengidentifikasi Informasi dalam Teks Diskriptif siswa kelas VII 6 SMP Negeri 1 Nganjuk  tahun pelajaran 2018/2019?, dan (2) Bagaimanakah mengidentifikasi Informasi Dalam Teks Diskriptif siswa kelas VII 6 SMP Negeri 1 Nganjuk  tahun pelajaran 2018/2019  setelah penerapan  Pendekatan Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw? Analisis data dihitung dengan mean (rata-rata hitung) dan persentase (%) . Keterangan nilai kuantitatif rata-rata hitung dengan angka dalam bentuk skor 0 – 100 (bilangan bulat) sedangkan secara kualitatif keterangan nilai dengan huruf, sebagai berikut: (1) 91 – 100% = A (amat baik) - (tuntas); (2) 75 – 90% = B (baik) - (tuntas); (3) 70 – 74% =  C (cukup) - (tidak tuntas); (4) 40 – 69%  =  D (kurang) - (tidak tuntas); dan (5) < 40%  =  KS (kurang sekali)  - (tidak tuntas) Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa: (1) Melalui penerapan Pendekatan Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw, maka kemampuan mengidentifikasi Informasi dalam Teks Diskriptif  pada Siswa Kelas VII 6 SMP Negeri 1 Nganjuk Tahun Pelajaran  2018/2019  dapat meningkat dari sebelumnya; dan (2) Peningkatan kemampuan mengidentifikasi Informasi dalam Teks Diskriptif  pada Siswa Kelas  VII 6 SMP Negeri 1 Nganjuk Tahun Pelajaran  2018/2019  adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Nilai rata-rata meningkat 12,66 (dari 71,56/hasil prasiklus menjadi 84,22 pada siklus II). (b) Jumlah siswa berhasil meningkat 18 siswa (dari 13/ prasiklus menjadi 31 siswa pada siklus II). (c) Persentase keberhasilan meningkat 56,26% (dari  40,63%/ prasiklus menjadi 96,88% pada siklus II)
PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS PUISI MELALUI KARTU KATA (KAKA) SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN
Authors: KAIYAN KAIYAN
Published: July 2021

Pada pembelajaran bahasa Indoensaia pada kompetensi dasar menulis puisi bebas dengan pilihan kata yang tepat sering menjadi masalah, khusunya pada siswa kelas V-A di SDN Jemirahan kecamatan Jabon. Diketahui bahwa masalah utama dari pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia pada kompetensi dasar menulis puisi bebas di kelas V-A di SDN Jemirahan ini adalah sedikitnya penguasaan kosa kata yang dimiliki siswa dalam pembuatan puisi dan benturan antara pengalaman belajar yang dimiliki siswa di kelas sebelumnya dengan konsep yang dipelajari atau yang diajarkan guru. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dengan dua siklus dengan mengadopsi model kemmis and taggart. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut peneliti mencoba menghadirkan KAKA sebagai media pembelajaran untuk lebih menemukan dan menerapkan perolehan konsep menulis puisi bebas, sehingga peneliti mengambil permasalahan  Bagaimanakah peningkatan keterampilan menulis puisi melalui KAKA sebagai media pembelajaran siswa klelas V-A SD Negeri Jemirahan Jabon Sidoarjo? Berdasarkan data pada kondisi awal diperoleh 12,5 % memperoleh nilai minimal ketuntasan belajar > 70, dengan observasi perbaikan diperoleh peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa pada siklus I terdapat 62,5 % mencapai nilai Standar Ketuntasan Belajar yaitu > 70, pada siklus II terdapat 87,5% mencapai nilai ketuntasan yaitu > 70. Dari hasil perbaikan pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan oleh peneliti maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa KAKA sebagai media pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan keterampilan menulis puisi pada siswa kelas V-A SD Negeri Jemirahan Jabon Sidoarjo.
UPAYA MENINGKATAN MUTU PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI SUPERVISI AKADEMIK DAN BIMBINGAN BERKELANJUTAN
Authors: DAHLIM DAHLIM
Published: July 2021

Kegagalan  pembelajaran  pada  satuan  pendidikan  dapat  diatasi  dengan  usaha  dan peran kepala sekolah yang mampu mendeteksi dini kelemahan guru dalam proses belajar mengajar, salah satu usaha yang dilakukan kepada guru MAN 1 Buton Tengah yaitu dengan kegiatan supervisi dan bimbingan berkelanjutan terkait masalah yang diperoleh. Penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Sekolah (School Action Research), yaitu sebuah penelitian yang merupakan kerjasama antara peneliti dan guru,  dalam meningkatkan  kemampuan  guru agar menjadi  lebih baik dalam menyiapkan dan mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran serta kemampuan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, dengan teknik persentase untuk melihat peningkatan yang terjadi dari siklus ke siklus. Dengan metode ini peneliti berupaya menjelaskan data yang dikumpulkan melalui komunikasi langsung atau wawancara, observasi/pengamatan, dan diskusi yang berupa  persentase  atau  angka-angka.  Hasil  Analisis  data  yang  dilakukan  di atas, adapun kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini yaitu: a). Kegiatan supervisi akademik dan bimbngan bekelanjutan terkait pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam menyusun perangkat pembelajaran yang berkualitas baik. b). Kegiatan supervisi akademik dan bimbngan bekelanjutan terkait pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran.
Effects of homeopathic medicines on macrophage - E. cuniculi interaction in vitro
Authors: Bonamin Leoni Villano , Nagai Mirian Yaeko DO , Dalboni Luciane Costa , Cardoso ThaynÃ¡ Neves , Correia Michelle S , Palombo Renata Rossetini , Pinto Sandra AG , Coelho Cideli de Paula , Lallo Maria Anete
Published: July 2021

Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) is a fungus that behaves as an intracellular parasite infecting different types of cells. In rabbits and immunosuppressed animals of other species, including humans, it parasites neural tissues causing a highly characteristic neurological syndrome, for which repertory analysis indicates Phosphorus. Successful treatment of 7 naturally infected rabbits with Phosphorus confirmed that this medicine probably is the remedy of the â€˜epidemic geniusâ€™ of microsporidiosis. In the present study, an in vitro model was used to evidence the intracellular relationship between macrophages and E. cuniculi after treatment of co-cultures with different potencies of Phosphorus. RAW 254.7 macrophages were co-cultivated with E. cuniculi and treated with Phosphorus 6cH, 30cH and 200cH. Controls were untreated co-cultures and cultures treated with vehicle (0.06% final alcohol concentration). Phagocytosis and lysosome activity were after after 1 and 24 hours of incubation by means of the calcofluor and acridine orange staining methods, followed by automatic image analysis (MetamorphÂ®). Cytokine production was assessed with the MAGPIXÂ®-Luminex system. The vehicle increased IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP1 production (p
In vitro interaction between murine carcinoma cells and macrophages after treatment with Carbo animalis
Authors: Bonamin Leoni Villano , Cardoso ThaynÃ¡ Neves , Pinto Sandra AG , Correia Michelle S , Hurtado Elizabeth Cristina Perez
Published: July 2021

Clinical reports show improvement of the quality of life of cancer patients following treatment with homeopathic medicine Carbo animalis, although the literature on this subject is still rare and the mechanisms of action unknown. Previous results obtained by our group indicated that treatment of mice with Carbo animalis 6cH increased the migration of macrophages and B1 cells (phagocyte progenitors) to Ehrlich tumor primary site. In the present study we analyzed the interaction of macrophages with murine breast cancer cells (4T1) after treatment with Carbo animalis in different homeopathic dilutions: 6cH, 30cH and combination 30cH + 6cH (MIX). All dilutions and vehicles were physically and chemically analyzed for conductance and composition of microparticles in suspension by means of energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Exposure of macrophages co-cultured with 4T1 cells to treatments over a period of 48 hours led to the following significant changes: 1) reduction of TNF-alpha production in co-cultures compared to simple macrophage culture, indicating an inhibitory effect of the tumor on macrophage activity; b) higher expression of pseudopodia and IL-6 production after exposure to all treatments; c) increase of the cell number per microscopic field, increase in the interaction (cell-cell contact) between macrophages and 4T1 cells and increase in production of GM-CSF, IL-12p40 and MCP-1 after treatment with Carbo animalis 6cH; d) increase of VEGF production in cells treated with Carbo animalis 30cH. There was no change in nitric oxide production with any treatment. Physical-chemical analysis of the drugs revealed significant increase in the conductivity of Carbo animalis 30cH and MIX samples compared to the vehicle (30% alcohol). The microparticles exhibited an extremely diverse composition, including Na, Si, Cl, F, Pb, S, Ca, Mg, Al, K, Nb, B and Be . Only Carbo animalis 6cH exhibited boron and beryllium with frequency above 50% per particle, and this drug induced the most significant changes on the macrophage-tumor interaction. However, the role of these elements in the immunomodulatory activity observed both in vivo and in vitro still deserves further investigation.
Study of the effects of Silicea terra and Zincum metallicum in various dilutions on the oxidative activity of macrophages in vitro
Authors: Bonamin Leoni Villano , Pinto Sandra AG , Alvares-Saraiva Anuska , Hurtado Elizabeth Cristina Perez
Published: July 2021

Silica (silicon dioxide) is found in nature, being composed of 2 chemical elements abundant on the Earth's crust, oxygen and silicon. As homeopathic medicine, silica is used for treatment of chronic ulcers due to its ability to modulate the macrophage activity. Zinc is a cofactor of several immune mediators, especially thymulin, which is also capable of modulating the macrophage activity and recruitment of B1 cells in mice. In the present study, we assessed the homeopathic medicines Silicea terra and Zincum in an in vitro experimental model to determine their effects on the interaction between RAW 264.7 macrophages and BCG (Bacillus Calmette-GuÃ©rin). In this step of the study, we assessed oxidative activity through measurement of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite/nitrate in the cell culture supernatant after 24 hours of treatment. Several homeopathic potencies were used for both drugs (6cH, 30cH, 200cH). The tests were performed in duplicate, and the data were analyzed by means one-way ANOVA. The results show no effect on nitric oxide (NO) production, but reduction of hydrogen peroxide production (pâ‰¤ 0.001) after treatment with the vehicle (0.03% alcohol). Such reduction was reversed with treatments Silicea terra30cH and Zincum metallicum 30cH (pâ‰¤ 0.001). Treatment with Silicea terra 200cH induced significant reduction of hydrogen peroxide production, even when compared to the vehicle (pâ‰¤ 0.005). Taken together, the results indicate that only treatment of BCG-challenged macrophages with Silicea terra 200cH was able to significantly reduce the oxidative activity of these cells after 24 hours of incubation. Since NO production in vitro usually occurs after 96 to 120 hours of incubation, one might infer that the negative result obtained in the present study might be associated with the time-point of assessment. Other aspects of the macrophage-BCG interaction are still under evaluation.
Physical properties and biological activity of diluted solutions
Authors: Lobyshev Valentin , Tomkevich Maria
Published: July 2021

No
DSC reveals variation in enthalpy associated with free water molecules in water-ethanol solution exposed to x-rays and magnetic field
Authors: Sukul Nirmal Chandra , Sarkar Tandra , Konar Atheni , Sohel Md. Amir , Sengupta Asmita , Sukul Anirban
Published: July 2021

Aqueous ethanol is the standard medium for all drugs used in homeopathy. X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo are 2 homeopathic drugs prepared by exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and static magnetic field, respectively.Mother tinctures (MT)weresuccessively diluted with solvent 1:100 and succussed in several steps to prepare centesimal potencies 8 cH, 14 cH and 32 cH. The solvent was processed in the same way. Although identical in chemical composition (0.03 molar ethanol) and water content (96%) these preparations like the Mother tinctures and three potencies of X-ray and Magnetispoli amboexhibit different therapeutic pathological effects. Potency 8cH of each preparation was diluted with water to reach concentrations 4%, 20%, 40% and 80% ethanol. The aim of the study was to establish whether these potencies exhibited variation in free water molecules. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of MT and potencies exhibited almost similar freezing and melting points, but they remarkably differed in freezing and melting enthalpy and free water molecules. The various dilutions of potency 8cH exhibited variation in enthalpies and free water molecules, being this variation independent of the amount of water added. We conclude that exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and magnetic field, with subsequent dilution and agitation induces changes in the solvent involving free water molecules. All X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo potencies were analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy for free water molecules. The results were compared to the ones of DSC, being more or less similar.
From Hahnemann to the Physiology of the Complex Systems in Practice
Authors: Carillo Jr Romeu , Mendes Maria Filomena Xavier , Gosik Maria Solange , Do Cabo Domingos José Vaz , Kalile Raquel Bruno , Lino Renata Garcia
Published: July 2021

Background: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons and has two forms, one familial and the other sporadic. Wilson´s disease is a genetic disorder, autosomal recessive, which causes changes in copper metabolism.

Methodology: In this paper, the author presents two clinical cases of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Wilson's disease (WD), showing the evolution of each one from the beginning of the homeopathic treatment, whose prescription was based on the theory of Complex Systems of Carillo.

Results and Discussion: Understanding the pathophysiology of each chronic disease, and recognizing the syndromic nature of the absolute majority of natural chronic diseases, allows us to use the most indicated drugs for every case and shows the best way to prescribe these medications. Treating chronic diseases based on clear and well-defined principles. Based in this principle, the concepts of Prioritization of Systems, related organic injury,emunctorial block and equalization are applied in both clinical cases.The identification of the latter avoids homeopathic aggravations, essential for patients in severe states.

Conclusion: The theoretical bases for the understanding of clinical cases, in the Complex Systems Model of Carillo, with its 8 elements, namely: Structure (material body); Self-regulation (immaterial); Organization Pattern; Dissipation; Autopoiesis; Adaptation; Cognition and Consciousness, allow an expanded understanding of the health disease process.
N2O5 uptake onto saline mineral dust: a potential missing source of tropospheric ClNO2 in inland China
Authors: Wang Haichao , Peng Chao , Wang Xuan , Lou Shengrong , Lu Keding , Gan Guicheng , Jia Xiaohong , Chen Xiaorui , Chen Jun , Wang Hongli , Fan Shaojia , Wang Xinming , Tang Mingjin
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2), an important precursor of Cl atoms, significantly affects atmospheric oxidation capacity and O3 formation. However, sources of ClNO2 in inland China have not been fully elucidated. In this work, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with eight saline mineral dust samples collected from different regions in China, and substantial formation of ClNO2 was observed. ClNO2 yields, φ(ClNO2), showed large variations (ranging from < 0.05 to ~0.77) for different saline mineral dust samples, largely depending on mass fractions of particulate chloride. In addition, for different saline mineral dust samples, φ(ClNO2) could increase, decrease or show insignificant change as RH increased from 18 % to 75 %. We further found that current parameterizations significantly overestimated φ(ClNO2) for heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 onto saline mineral dust. Assuming a uniform φ(ClNO2) value of 0.10 for N2O5 uptake onto mineral dust, we used a 3-D chemical transport model to assess the impact of this reaction on tropospheric ClNO2 in China, and found that weekly mean nighttime maximum ClNO2 mixing ratios could be increased by up to 85 pptv during a severe dust event in May 2017. Overall, our work showed that heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with saline mineral dust could be an important source of tropospheric ClNO2 in inland China.
Impact of stratospheric air and surface emissions on tropospheric nitrous oxide during ATom
Authors: Gonzalez Yenny , Commane Róisín , Manninen Ethan , Daube Bruce C. , Schiferl Luke D. , McManus J. Barry , McKain Kathryn , Hintsa Eric J. , Elkins James W. , Montzka Stephen A. , Sweeney Colm , Moore Fred , Jimenez Jose L. , Campuzano Jost Pedro , Ryerson Thomas B. , Bourgeois Ilann , Peischl Jeff , Thompson Chelsea R. , Ray Eric , Wennberg Paul O. , Crounse John , Kim Michelle , Allen Hannah M. , Newman Paul A. , Stephens Britton B. , Apel Eric C. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Nault Benjamin A. , Morgan Eric , Wofsy Steven C.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We measured the global distribution of tropospheric N2O
mixing ratios during the NASA airborne Atmospheric Tomography (ATom)
mission. ATom measured concentrations of ∼ 300 gas species and
aerosol properties in 647 vertical profiles spanning the Pacific, Atlantic,
Arctic, and much of the Southern Ocean basins, nearly from pole to pole,
over four seasons (2016–2018). We measured N2O concentrations at 1 Hz
using a quantum cascade laser spectrometer (QCLS). We introduced a new spectral
retrieval method to account for the pressure and temperature sensitivity of
the instrument when deployed on aircraft. This retrieval strategy improved
the precision of our ATom QCLS N2O measurements by a factor of three (based
on the standard deviation of calibration measurements). Our measurements show that most
of the variance of N2O mixing ratios in the troposphere is driven by
the influence of N2O-depleted stratospheric air, especially at mid- and
high latitudes. We observe the downward propagation of lower N2O mixing
ratios (compared to surface stations) that tracks the influence of
stratosphere–troposphere exchange through the tropospheric column down to
the surface. The highest N2O mixing ratios occur close to the Equator,
extending through the boundary layer and free troposphere. We observed
influences from a complex and diverse mixture of N2O sources, with
emission source types identified using the rich suite of chemical species
measured on ATom and the geographical origin calculated using an
atmospheric transport model. Although ATom flights were mostly over the
oceans, the most prominent N2O enhancements were associated with
anthropogenic emissions, including from industry (e.g., oil and gas), urban sources, and biomass
burning, especially in the tropical Atlantic outflow from Africa. Enhanced
N2O mixing ratios are mostly associated with pollution-related tracers
arriving from the coastal area of Nigeria. Peaks of N2O are often
associated with indicators of photochemical processing, suggesting possible
unexpected source processes. In most cases, the results show how
difficult it is to separate the mixture of different sources in the atmosphere,
which may contribute to uncertainties in the N2O global budget. The
extensive data set from ATom will help improve the understanding of N2O
emission processes and their representation in global models.
Human and livestock faecal biomarkers at the prehistorical encampment site of Ullafelsen in the Fotsch Valley, Stubai Alps, Austria – potential and limitations
Authors: Lerch Marcel , Bromm Tobias , Geitner Clemens , Haas Jean Nicolas , Schäfer Dieter , Glaser Bruno , Zech Michael
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The Ullafelsen at 1869 m a.s.l. in the Tyrolean Stubai Alps next to Innsbruck is an important (geo-)archaeological reference site for the Mesolithic period. Buried fireplaces on the Ullafelsen plateau were dated at 10.9–9.5 cal. kyrs BP and demonstrate together with thousands of flint stone artifacts the presence of hunter-gatherers during the Early Holocene. Most recently, we demonstrated the great potential of n-alkane and black carbon biomarkers for contributing to a better understanding of pedogenesis and landscape evolution. In order to study the importance of human and/or animals for occupation of this relevant geoarchaeological site, we carried out steroid and bile acid analyses on two modern faeces samples from cattle and sheep and on 37 soil samples from seven soil profiles at the Ullafelsen. The modern animal faeces show a dominance of 5β-stigmastanol and deoxycholic acid for ruminants (cattle and sheep), which is in agreement with literature data. The OAh horizons, which have accumulated and developed since the Mesolithic, revealed high contents of steroids and bile acids; the E (LL) horizon coinciding with the Mesolithic living floor is characterized by medium contents of steroids and bile acids. By contrast, the subsoil horizons Bh, Bs and BvCv contain low contents of faecal biomarkers indicating that leaching of steroids and bile acids into the podsolic subsoils is not an important factor. Deoxycholic acid is the most abundant bile acid in all soil samples and gives evidence for strong faeces input of ruminants. The steroid and bile acid patterns and ratios indicate a negligible input of human faeces on the Ullafelsen. β-Sitosterol as plant-derived steroid has also a strong influence on the faecal biomarker pattern in our soils. Root input into the subsoils is likely reflected by β-sitosterol contents. In conclusion, our results reflect a strong faecal input by livestock, rather than by humans as found for other Anthrosols such as Amazonian Dark Earths. Further studies need to focus on the question of the exact timing of faeces deposition.
Regional validation of the use of diatoms in ice cores from the Antarctic Peninsula as a Southern Hemisphere Westerly Wind proxy
Authors: Tetzner Dieter R. , Thomas Elizabeth R. , Allen Claire S. , Grieman Mackenzie M.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds are among the most important drivers of recently observed environmental changes in West Antarctica. However, the lack of long-term wind records in this region hinders our ability to assess the long-term context of these variations. Ice core proxy records yield valuable information about past environmental changes, although current proxies present limitations when aiming to reconstruct past winds. Here we present the first regional wind study based on the novel use of diatoms preserved in Antarctic ice cores. We assess the temporal variability in diatom abundance and its relation to regional environmental parameters spanning a 20-year period across three sites in the southern Antarctic Peninsula and Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. Correlation analyses reveal that the temporal variability of diatom abundance from high elevation ice core sites is driven by changes in wind strength over the core of the Southern Hemisphere Westerly Wind belt. Validating the use of diatoms preserved in ice cores from the Southern Antarctic Peninsula and Ellsworth Land as a proxy for reconstructing past variations in wind strength over the Pacific sector of the Southern Hemisphere Westerly Wind belt.
The atmosphere of WASP-76b seen with CARMENES: looking for CaII IRT and HeI
Authors: Casasayas-Barris Núria , Orell-Miquel Jaume , Stangret Monika , Nortmann Lisa , Yan Fei , Palle Enric , Snellen Ignas , Oshagh Mahmoud , Sánchez-Lopez Alejandro
Published: July 2021

Currently, one of the most used techniques to study the atmosphere of the exoplanets is transmission spectroscopy by means of high-resolution facilities (R > 105). This methodology has led to the detection of several species in the atmosphere of exoplanets, showing that ultra-hot Jupiters (Teq > 2000 K) are one of the most intriguing exoplanets, possessing the richest atmospheres measured to date. Here, using two transit observations with the high-resolution spectrograph CARMENES, we study the atmosphere of one of the most famous ultra-hot Jupiters: WASP-76b. We take advantage of the redder wavelength coverage of CARMENES, in comparison with the facilities used in previous studies of this same planet, and focus our analysis on the CaII IRT triplet at 850nm and the metastable HeI triplet at 1083nm. In line with recent studies, we detect ionised calcium in the atmosphere of WASP-76b and, additionally, find possible evidence of HeI. We contextualise our findings with previous atmospheric studies of other ultra-hot Jupiters and, in particular, with those showing the presence of CaII and HeI absorption in their transmission spectrum. We show that this planet is a potential candidate for further follow up studies of the HeI lines using high-resolution spectrographs located at larger telescopes, such as CRIRES+.
Sun Planet Interactions Digital Environment on Request (VESPASPIDER) for Europlanet RI H2024: status after 2 years
Authors: André Nicolas , Spider Team
Published: July 2021

The H2020 Europlanet-2020 programme, which ended on Aug 31st, 2019, included an activity called PSWS (Planetary Space Weather Services), which provided 12 services distributed over four different domains (A. Prediction, B. Detection, C. Modelling, D. Alerts) and accessed through the PSWS portal (http://planetaryspaceweather-europlanet.irap.omp.eu/):A1. 1D MHD Solar Wind Prediction Tool – HELIOPROPA,A2. Propagation Tool,A3. Meteor showers,A4. Cometary tail crossings – TAILCATCHER,B1. Lunar impacts – ALFIE,B2. Giant planet fireballs – DeTeCt3.1,B3. Cometary tails – WINDSOCKS,C1. Earth, Mars, Venus, Jupiter coupling- TRANSPLANET,C2. Mars radiation environment – RADMAREE,C3. Giant planet magnetodiscs – MAGNETODISC,C4. Jupiter’s thermosphere, D. Alerts.In the framework of the ongoing Europlanet-2024 programme, SPIDER will extend PSWS domains (A. Prediction, C. Modelling, E. Databases) services and give the European planetary scientists, space agencies and industries access to 6 unique, publicly available and sophisticated services in order to model planetary environments and solar wind interactions through the deployment of a dedicated run on request infrastructure and associated databases.C5. A service for runs on request of models of Jupiter’s moon exospheres as well as the exosphere of Mercury,C6. A service to connect the open-source Spacecraft-Plasma Interaction Software (SPIS) software with models of space environments in order to compute the effect of spacecraft potential on scientific instruments onboard space missions. Pre-configured simulations will be made for Bepi-Colombo and JUICE missions,C7. A service for runs on request of particle tracing models in planetary magnetospheres,E1. A database of the high-energy particle flux proxy at Mars, Venus and comet 67P using background counts observed in the data obtained by the plasma instruments onboard Mars Express (operational from 2003), Venus Express (2006–2014), and Rosetta (2014–2015);E2. A simulation database for Mercury and Jupiter’s moons magnetospheres and link them with prediction of the solar wind parameters from Europlanet-RI H2020 PSWS services.A1. An extension of the Europlanet-RI H2020 PSWS Heliopropa service in order to ingest new observations from Solar missions like the ESA Solar Orbiter or NASA Solar Parker Probe missions and use them as input parameters for solar wind prediction;The developments performed during the second year of the project will be discussed in the presentation.The Europlanet 2020 Research Infrastructure project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 654208.
The ExoClock Project: an open integrated and interactive platform to continuous monitor the targets of the Ariel space mission
Authors: Kokori Anastasia
Published: July 2021

The ExoClock Project (www.exoclock.space) is an open, integrated, and interactive platform, designed to maintain the ephemerides accuracy of the Ariel targets. Ariel is ESA's medium class space mission prepared for launch in 2028 to study a large number of exoplanets to better understand their nature. ExoClock aims to monitor the Ariel targets and provide transit timings to increase the mission efficiency. 
In the project we use all currently available data (literature observations, observations conducted for other purposes, both from ground and space) to make the best use of resources. ExoClock is open to contributions from a variety of audiences — professional, amateur and industry partners — and it aims to continuous monitor the Ariel targets with a verified list of ephemerides. Apart from its role to support Ariel, ExoClock acts as a service by providing the verified ephemerides for further use by the wide exoplanet community. In this presentation the nature, updates and the current status of the ExoClock project will be described in detail. Moreover, the first results will be presented briefly and finally, strategies and lessons learned from the operation of the project so far will be shared with the community.
 
 

 

 
The high-energy radiation environment of the habitable-zone super-Earth LHS 1140b
Authors: Spinelli Riccardo , Borsa Francesco , Ghirlanda Giancarlo , Ghisellini Gabriele , Campana Sergio , Haardt Francesco , Poretti Ennio
Published: July 2021

In the last few years many exoplanets in the habitable zone (HZ) of M-dwarfs have been discovered. The HZ is defined by the range of distances from a star in which a planet can maintain liquid water on its surface. M-dwarf stars (with effective temperatures between  2300 and 3800 K and masses
In-cruise checkouts of the BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA): Implications for performance and operations at Mercury
Authors: Stark Alexander , Hussmann Hauke , Wickhusen Kai , Lüdicke Fabian , Hüttig Christian , Gwinner Klaus , Thomas Nicolas , Lara Luisa M. , BELA team the
Published: July 2021

The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA) is one of ten payloads on-board the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) on cruise to Mercury as part of the ESA and JAXA mission BepiColombo. BELA is a single beam laser altimeter operating at 1064 nm. The nominal pulse repetition is 10 Hz, while the pulse energy of each transmitted pulse is 50 mJ. The detector features a silicon avalanche photo diode (APD) with enhanced quantum efficiency for infrared radiation. The detected return pulse signal can be amplified using 16 predefined gain settings within the Analogue Electronics Unit (AEU). Finally, the amplified signal is digitized with a sampling frequency of 80 MHz, i.e. in samples of 12.5 ns, and is analysed by an on-board signal processing unit, the Range Finder Module (RFM). Within this pulse processing, nominal values for time of flight are determined for up to four alternative return pulse candidates. Additional parameters such as pulse width and pulse energy are obtained.Since launch in 2018 the receiver, power converter, and data processing modules of BELA were checked regularly twice a year. The instrument showed excellent performance and all tested parts are operating nominaly. However, the transmitter was not operated because the line-of-sight of the lasers is right in the direction of the BepiColombo transfer module. Hence, the instrument’s data acquisition and processing were tested with dark noise measurements.The expected power of the return pulse from Mercury’s surface will vary roughly between 1 and few hundred nW, depending on altitude and surface slope. In order to face this large variability, 16 gain settings with signal amplifications between 4 and 44 dB will be used for different phases within the orbit. The measurements during the cruise checkouts were used to characterize the noise of the receiver as a function of the commanded gain. By simulating realistic return pulse signals over one revolution about Mercury the commanded gain setting for each spacecraft altitude will be optimized with the ultimate goal of reaching the highest accuracy in the range measurement. Here we will report on the results of the first 5 BELA cruise checkouts, performed between 2019 and June 2021.BELA is a joint German–Swiss project with the participation of Spain. LML acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofısica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709) and from project PGC2018-099425-B-I00 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE).
Determination of magnetopause and bow shock shape based on convolutional neural network modelling of MESSENGER data
Authors: Lavrukhin Alexander , Parunakian David , Nevsky Dmitry , Julka Sahib , Granitzer Michael , Windisch Andreas , Amerstorfer Ute
Published: July 2021

The magnetosphere of Mercury is relatively small and highly dynamic, mostly due to the weak planetary magnetic field. Varying solar wind conditions principally determine the location of both the Hermean bow shock and magnetopause. In 2011 – 2015 MESSENGER spacecraft completed over 4000 orbits around Mercury, thus giving a data of more than 8000 crossings of bow shock and magnetopause of the planet, this makes it possible to study in detail the bow shock, the magnetopause and the magnetosheath structures.In this work we determine crossings of the bow shock and the magnetopause of Mercury by applying machine learning methods to the MESSENGER magnetometer data. We attempt to identify the crossings during the whole duration of the orbital mission and model the average three-dimensional shapes of these boundaries. The results are compared with those previously obtained in other works.This work may be of interest for future Mercury research related to the BepiColombo spacecraft mission, which will enter the orbit around the planet in December 2025.