bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drink Deep, or Taste Not: Thoughts on the Use of Early European Records in the Study of African Material Culture
Authors: Jones Adam
Published: May 2006

In African studies the potential for collaboration between students of history and those of material culture or art has long been recognized. On the one hand, items of material culture, both ancient and modern, can shed light on aspects of the past which remain obscure in written and oral sources; on the other, in order to see a material culture (or parts of it) in perspective, we need to study the historical background of the area concerned. The contribution of material culture to historical knowledge of sub-Saharan Africa has received considerable attention; but the same can hardly be said of the use of historical sources in understanding material culture.

This does not mean that such sources have been neglected. Most of them certainly were in the colonial and immediate post-colonial periods, but things have improved. In many recent books, articles, and exhibitions devoted to Africa's material culture, considerable use has been made of the writings and engravings of early European visitors. Scholars are delighted if they can discover old records of anything resembling the objects that are today found either in museums or still in use in Africa. Indeed, it has become almost obligatory to search old books for textual and visual material. No historian can object to this interest in early sources. Yet looking at what has been published recently, one wonders whether we have nearly reached the end of the road. The same classic travelers' accounts are cited again and again (even the same passages!), and it is beginning to look as if this source of information will soon run dry. What, if anything, remains to be done?
Of Illegal Procedure and Other Impediments to Progress
Authors: Henige David
Published: May 2006

Over a period of several months in mid-1994 I became aware, as if by chain-reaction accident, of four instances in which scholarly journals declined to accept critiques of articles that had previously appeared in them. Interestingly, in none of the four cases was the critique rejected on the grounds of inherent quality, and in all cases the critique was considerably shorter than the original article. In one case a social science journal rejected a submission simply as “too polemical.” Another critical response was declined on the grounds that the critique in question had a “style correspond(ing) to a section on ‘Commentary’ or Debate that [the journal in question] does not have.”

In a third instance, the editors of a journal rejected a criticism of an author's case on the grounds that the earlier article had already managed to “accommodate the sort of criticism” being offered, even though the latter was evidentiary rather than methodological. Finally, the editor of yet another journal solicited and received two opinions about a paper submitted to it that disputed the arguments and conclusions of an article that had appeared there a few years earlier. Both referees (I was one of them) recommended publication, and did so with detailed arguments and suggestions for revisions, which the author successfully undertook. Yet the revised paper was rejected on the grounds that it would be “incomprehensible” to most readers—even though it was less technically dense—and better written—than the published paper that it was refuting!
The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba
Authors: Eisenhofer Stefan
Published: May 2006

The kingdom of Benin has the reputation of being one of the most important examples for a king-oriented state-formation in sub-Saharian Africa. In the past few decades much research has appeared on the early history of this kingdom, the origin of its kingship, and the time of the early Ogiso kings, who are considered by many historians as the autochthonous founders of Benin kingship around 900. These Ogiso rulers are assumed to have been replaced between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries by kings of the later Oba dynasty, which supposedly descends from the Yoruba town of Ife and which continues in office at the present.

The abundance of literature on the early history of the Benin kingdom often hides the fact that, apart from sporadic—and for the most part isolated—reports from travelers, a few archeological accounts, and some vaguely dated objects from Benin, the reconstruction of the early history of Benin is based almost exclusively on the data of the Bini local historian Jacob Egharevba, who published prolifically on Benin history and culture from 1930 to 1970. The most famous of his works is the Short History of Benin—a small publication, where the author deals with the history of the kingdom from its origins until the twentieth century.
A Personal Journey into Custom, Identity, Power, and Politics: Researching and Writing the Life and Times of Buganda's Queen Mother Irene Drusilla Namaganda (1896–1957)
Authors: Musisi Nakanyike B.
Published: May 2006

Biography is on its way to enjoying immense popularity in the teaching of African history. A number of reasons account for this optimism. First is the current impetus from the postmodernist challenge of universalist and essentialist categories—with their emphasis on the individual and their exhaustive exposition of power and language. Second is the existence of massive research projects presently underway, together with the success of already published monographs. And lastly is the popularity and success that African novels have enjoyed in the teaching field of African studies and African history in particular. All three combined make us more sanguine.

The popularity of African novels lies in their ability to convey to the reader how a society might have functioned with or without a state. Since most often a novelist tries to recreate a historical moment, a novel becomes a pedagogical tool of what Klein has called a “reasonable representation of what society may have been like.” In the most popularly utilized novels, an individual is cast at the center of the unfolding story. Most often, the African novel concerns itself with the impact of colonialism and the transition from traditional to contemporary African realities. This is frequently done with the aim of conveying to the reader the processes of adjustment and the pros and cons of this adjustment.

As a must, there is a stern, often cold, and not very understanding colonial agent or agents. He is not alone, but is paired with a sympathetic and liberal missionary (although generally one who imparts conservative Victorian values).
An Inquiry Concerning a Portuguese Editor and a Guinea Text
Authors: Hair P.E.H.
Published: May 2006

When in 1985 I issued an English translation of the 1684 version of the Description of Guinea by Francisco de Lemos Coelho, I referred to the 1973 annotated French translation of one chapter by Nize Isabel de Moraes, and I noted that this included a brief statement to the effect that “une publication de la seconde version, en portugais actualisé, fut entreprise en Lisbonne en 1937 (Inéditos Coloniais, sér. A, num. II).” This statement puzzled me, since the 1953 edition of the Portuguese texts of both versions, by Damiãlo Peres, said nothing about a previous edition, leaving the reader to suppose that the 1953 edition represented the first time these accounts by Lemos Coelho had found their way into print. However, since the reference by Nize Isabel de Moraes was a little imprecise (why “fut entreprise” rather than “fut imprimé,” for instance?), and since I have never been able to see her thesis, which originally contained the French translation and may give additional information about the 1937 enterprise, it has taken me some years to confirm that there was indeed an earlier edition and an earlier editor—albeit in rather curious circumstances, about which I would like to learn more.
Correlation between the four types of acromion and the existence of enthesophytes: A study on 423 dried scapulas and review of the literature
Authors: Natsis K. , Tsikaras P. , Totlis T. , Gigis I. , Skandalakis P. , Appell H.J. , Koebke J.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to correlate the four types of acromial shape with the existence of enthesophytes, which together comprise two important parameters for subacromial impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears. In addition, a review of the literature was carried out. Four hundred twenty‐three dried scapulas were studied at the Department of Anatomy in the University of Cologne, Germany. Four types of acromion were found: the three classical ones as described by Bigliani et al. ([1986] Orthop Trans 10:216) and a fourth one, where the middle third of the undersurface of acromion was convex (Gagey et al. [1993] Surg Radiol Anat 15:63–70). The correlation between the four types of acromion and the presence of enthesophytes at its anterior undersurface was also recorded. The distribution of acromial types was as follows: type I, flat, 51 (12.1%); type II, curved, 239 (56.5%); type III, hooked, 122 (28.8%); and type IV, convex, 11 (2.6%). Enthesophytes were found in 1 of type I (2%), in 19 of type II (7.9%), in 46 of type III (37.7%), and in 0 (0%) of type IV acromions. Overall, 66 (15.6%) out of 423 scapulas had enthesophytes. In all cases, they were localized at the site of the coracoacromial ligament insertion on the acromion. Enthesophytes were significantly (P < 0.05) more common in type III acromions and this combination is particularly associated with subacromial impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears. In type I and in type IV acromions, the incidence of enthesophytes is very small and, according to other studies, with these two acromial types rotator cuff tears are also rare. Clin Anat. 20:267–272, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of gross anatomy in promoting professionalism: A neglected opportunity!
Authors: Escobar‐Poni Bertha , Poni Esteban S.
Published: May 2006

Professionalism is one of the six areas of competency defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Unprofessional behavior is the single most common cause for disciplinary action against medical students in their clinical rotations, residents, and clinical practitioners. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) will like to see professionalism taught and evaluated across medical school. Gross Anatomy, with cadaver laboratory dissection, is in a unique position to preside over a rich number of activities where behaviors of professionalism can be taught, practiced, and rewarded. Such activities will be comparable to the behaviors of professionalism taught in clinical rotations. This article highlights the essential involvement and tools that can be used to teach, evaluate, and promote behaviors of professionalism accessible in the laboratory with cadaver dissection. Clin. Anat. 19:461–467, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of dental occlusion in tetrapods: signal for terrestrial vertebrate evolution?
Authors: Reisz Robert R.
Published: May 2006

Evolutionary changes of the dentition in tetrapods can be associated with major events in the history of terrestrial vertebrates. Dental occlusion, the process by which teeth from the upper jaw come in contact with those in the lower jaw, appears first in the fossil record in amniotes and their close relatives near the Permo‐Carboniferous boundary approximately 300 million years ago. This evolutionary innovation permitted a dramatic increase in the level of oral processing of food in these early tetrapods, and has been generally associated with herbivory. Whereas herbivory in extinct vertebrates is based on circumstantial evidence, dental occlusion provides direct evidence about feeding strategies because jaw movements can be reconstructed from the wear patterns of the teeth. Examination of the evolution of dental occlusion in Paleozoic tetrapods within a phylogenetic framework reveals that this innovation developed independently in several lineages of amniotes, and is represented by a wide range of dental and mandibular morphologies. Dental occlusion also developed within diadectomorphs, the sister taxon of amniotes. The independent, multiple acquisition of this feeding strategy represents an important signal in the evolution of complex terrestrial vertebrate communities, and the first steps in the profound changes in the pattern of trophic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B:261–277, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Theory Simul. 4/2006
Authors: Butté Alessandro , Peklak A. David
Published: May 2006

Cover: In the cover illustration, the evolution of radical (r) and intermediate radical (q) concentrations as a function of time (τ) for a RAFT bulk polymerization is shown. This analysis explains the role of the different kinetic mechanism in RAFT polymerization on inhibition and retardation. Further details can be found in the article by A. Butté* and D. A. Peklak on page 285.
Vulnerability to climate change in Igloolik, Nunavut: what we can learn from the past and present
Authors: Ford James D. , Smit Barry , Wandel Johanna , MacDonald John
Published: May 2006

Significant and rapid climate change is predicted for Arctic regions. These changes are expected to have implications for indigenous communities. This paper argues that the starting point to understand how future climate change may affect communities is analysis of past and present experience of, and response to, climate variability and change. Using a vulnerability approach, the paper provides an historical account of changing vulnerability to climate-related risks among Inuit in Igloolik, Nunavut. The research demonstrates that Inuit in Igloolik have been highly adaptable in the face of climatic stresses. This adaptability has historically been facilitated by traditional Inuit knowledge, resource use flexibility and diversity, group mobility, and strong social networks. However, societal changes, and more recently biophysical changes, have increased the susceptibility of people to climatic risks and have undermined certain aspects of adaptive capacity. The research indicates that the implications of future climate change will be influenced by the interaction between biophysical and societal changes, will vary over time in response to forces internal and external to the community, and will be differentiated among social groups.
Intrathecal treatment withσ1receptor antagonists reduces formalin‐induced phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit 1 and the second phase of formalin test in mice
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Woo , Kwon Young‐Bae , Roh Dae‐Hyun , Yoon Seo‐Yeon , Han Ho‐Jae , Kim Kee‐Won , Beitz Alvin J , Lee Jang‐Hern
Published: May 2006

Although previous reports have suggested that the sigma 1 (σ1) receptor may be involved in pain sensation, its specific site of action has not been elucidated. The aim of present study was to determine the role of the spinalσ1receptor in formalin‐induced pain behavior, spinal cord Fos expression and phosphorylation ofN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunit 1 (pNR1).

Intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with the selectiveσ1receptor antagonist, BD‐1047 (N‐[2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)ethyl]‐N‐methyl‐2‐(dimethylamino)ethylamine dihydrobromide) (10–100 nmol) dose dependently reduced formalin‐induced pain behaviors in second phase, but not first phase, of the formalin test. I.t. injection of BD‐1047 also reduced formalin‐evoked Fos expression and pNR1 at the protein kinase C‐dependent site, serine‐896 (Ser896) and the protein kinase A‐dependent site, serine‐897 (Ser897) in spinal dorsal horn.

i.t. BMY‐14802 ((α‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐4‐(5‐fluoro‐2‐pyrimidinyl)‐1‐piperazinebutanol hydrochloride) (10–100 nmol,σ1receptor antagonist and 5‐HT1Areceptor agonist) dose dependently reduced formalin‐induced pain behaviors in both phases. However, the 5‐HT1Areceptor might not be involved in the antinociceptive effect of BMY‐14802 on the second phase, since i.t. pretreatment with the 5‐HT1Areceptor antagonist propranolol ((S)‐1‐isopropylamino‐3‐(1‐naphthyloxy)‐2‐propanol hydrochloride) (injected 10 min prior to i.t. BMY‐14802) partially blocked the effect of BMY‐14802 on the first phase of the formalin test but did not affect the inhibitory effect of BMY‐14802 on the second phase. In addition, i.t. BMY‐14802 significantly reduced formalin‐evoked Fos expression and pNR1 (Ser896 and Ser897) expression in spinal dorsal horn.

The results of this study suggest that selective blockage of spinalσ1receptors can reduce pain behaviors, spinal cord Fos expression and pNR1 (Ser896 and Ser897) expression associated with the second phase of the formalin test.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 490–498. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706764
The Fat1 cadherin integrates vascular smooth muscle cell growth and migration signals
Authors: Hou Rong , Liu Liming , Anees Syed , Hiroyasu Shungo , Sibinga Nicholas E.S.
Published: May 2006

The significance of cadherin superfamily proteins in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) biology is undefined. Here we describe recent studies of the Fat1 protocadherin. Fat1 expression in VSMCs increases significantly after arterial injury or growth factor stimulation. Fat1 knockdown decreases VSMC migration in vitro, but surprisingly, enhances cyclin D1 expression and proliferation. Despite limited similarity to classical cadherins, the Fat1 intracellular domain (Fat1IC) interacts with β-catenin, inhibiting both its nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. Fat1 undergoes cleavage and Fat1IC species localize to the nucleus; however, inhibition of the cyclin D1 promoter by truncated Fat1IC proteins corresponds to their presence outside the nucleus, which argues against repression of β-catenin–dependent transcription by nuclear Fat1IC. These findings extend recent observations about Fat1 and migration in other cell types, and demonstrate for the first time its anti-proliferative activity and interaction with β-catenin. Because it is induced after arterial injury, Fat1 may control VSMC functions central to vascular remodeling by facilitating migration and limiting proliferation.
Choosing an IT System by Numbers
Authors: von Zugbach Reggie , Wilson James
Published: May 2006

How traditional numerically based approaches to IT system selection
can have seriously distorting effects on the decision‐making process is
highlighted in this case study. The sources of those problems are
isolated and a proven set of remedies for them is offered.
Risk in Foreign Trade: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Block Brian , Koepplinger Herbert , Wolfrum Bernd
Published: May 2006

The results are reported of an empirical study of how German
companies investigate and analyse political risks in foreign countries
prior to direct investment. It would seem that the risk of involvement
in countries with varying social, political and business conditions, can
only be minimised when the factors that influence and motivate
investment are adequately investigated and analysed in advance. However,
examples in recent years, such as Iran, have shown that volatile and
fundamentally unpredictable political factors exert a strong influence
on the economic situation and on direct foreign investment.
Stopping the Rot of Disloyalty
Authors: Benn David
Published: May 2006

A survey recently carried out into security problems reported that
all the senior management questioned were concerned at the scale of
losses suffered by companies. Disloyalty can range from the private use
of office equipment to the disclosure of vital business information to
the competitors. Faced with this threat, the author argues against the
use of private detectives with all the problems of legal action, and
illustrates the benefits of practical and cost‐effective surveillance
equipment. In particular, uses of a development known as the Recording
Briefcase are described. Specialist companies, such as that founded by
the author, now exist to supply a professional service to customers
worldwide with guaranteed confidentiality and anonymity.
In Pursuit of Competitive Advantage
Authors: Swann K.
Published: May 2006

Different approaches and attitudes to advanced manufacturing
technology need to be adopted in pursuit of competitive advantage. The
US sets an example here and it is argued that the UK must invest in AMT
and its management. It is also suggested that the education and training
of managers to handle AMT must become a priority if Britain is not to
lose all the advantages gained over the past ten years.
Wave Phenomena: A Set of Analogies for Organisational
Dynamics
Authors: Block Brian
Published: May 2006

The physical sciences, particularly wave motion and optics are
examined in order to develop a set of analogies which can be applied to
organisational theory and practice. Such concepts as diffraction and
focus exhibit remarkable parallels in both form and content with many
aspects of mainstream organisational and managerial theory. Furthermore,
the pervasiveness of wave motion in the physical sciences is not
dissimilar from the pervasiveness of organisations in the social
sciences. A series of concepts is introduced and, with the aid of
diagrams, placed in a managerial context.
Optimum Product Mix Management under Multiple Batch
Production Utilising a Computer Simulation Model
Authors: Goonatilake Lalith
Published: May 2006

Production planning and control is a complex task in multiple batch
production situations. Work orders arrive in a random manner and,
considering the diverse product array, work centre capacities loaded and
available also change in a random manner. A particular product mix may
suit a particular load pattern generated and, to be realistic, the
optimum product mix must be considered a dynamic parameter rather than a
static one. Considering the multitude of parameters associated, it is
difficult to determine the optimum product mix in a manual system. The
use of a computer simulation model to determine the optimum product mix
and also the criteria to be used in arriving at the pricing strategy
under multiple batch production situations are discussed.
Marketing Graduates in the Financial/ Investment Services
Sector: Students versus Executives
Authors: Leonard Myron , Stephens Keith
Published: May 2006

The attitudes of financial investment service executives towards
hiring college students with marketing backgrounds are examined, as well
as the attitudes of the students toward working in financial
institutions. A large proportion of students indicated having many of
the attributes considered by the executives to be prerequisites for
success.
Managing a Bank′s Salesforce
Authors: Kashani Kamran , Murray John A.
Published: May 2006

Sales management is one of the most complex functions that exists
in a bank. Its complexity has to do with the job′s content: it is
multifaceted, incorporating strategic and organisational elements
– including the ever‐challenging task of managing individual
officers. In this article the complexity of the function is resolved by
proposing a model that highlights the key elements in the sales
management job and their interrelationships. The use of the model as a
planning tool is also illustrated. Recognising that understanding the
job is only the first, albeit an important step in making sales
management an effective instrument in strategy implementation, the
typical problems encountered in managing the process that impede
effectiveness are also identified. The model is based on the authors′
experience with sales management systems and approaches in banks in
Europe.
Maintenance Float Policy: A Critical Component of Capacity Strategy
Authors: Georgantzas Nicholas C. , Chanin Michael N.
Published: May 2006

Several options exist for operations managers to control maintenance intensity. The effects of the maintenance department capability and the redundancy options within the context of capacity strategy are examined. In viewing the operations manager as a monitoring specialist, the firm′s choice is shown to depend on the economic, social, and technological implications inherent in the design of maintenance float policy.
Overhaul and Replacement Decisions for Capital Equipment: A Case
Authors: Gupta A.D. , Majumdar P.K.
Published: May 2006

An attempt has been made to formulate and apply an overhaul and replacement decision model in the context of maintenance of capital equipment in a government utility (power generation) plant. The method of solution used is a recursive one, where the problem involves repetitive decisions over a long period which falls within the dynamic programming area. It is a long‐term sequential discrete optimisation formulation where “minimise total cost” is the criterion for optimisation. Overhaul is considered to be a restorative maintenance action which is taken to improve the condition of the equipment. Maintenance, in the form of overhaul or repair, does not return the equipment to the new condition, as achieved by replacement. The results have been compared with the existing system. The comparison provided at the end of the article brings out the gap between the existing and the proposed practice.
The Fantasy of Glasnost
Authors: Machan Tibor R.
Published: May 2006

Communism appears to have a “better image” in the West
than fascism and Nazism. The apparent reasons for this are revealed and
commented on, and the conclusion is that the West should not be misled
into a compromise with Soviet communism.
The Evolution of Marx's Perspective of Mercantilism
Authors: Wiltgen Richard
Published: May 2006

Marx, like orthodox political economists, developed a concept of
historical and economic change that corresponds to the period and mode
of thought and policy that is today called “mercantilism”.
Marx′s treatment of the subject was varied and uneven and did not
achieve a fully developed state until his conception of value and
capitalism was well defined and he could apply the notion of
mercantilism to his analysis of economic development. In his early
writings, Marx addressed mercantilism doctrine while mainly ignoring
economic developments taking place in the mercantilist era. In the
second period, Marx and Engel′s emphasis was shifted to historical
development. It was during the third period when Marx developed his
theory of surplus value that his conception of mercantilism became
grounded in economic development and attained maturity. Only when Marx′s
concept of mercantilism had practical significance could its
significance be fully developed.
Moral Leadership and Practical Wisdom
Authors: Jeannot Thomas M.
Published: May 2006

Book VI of Aristotle′s Nicomachean Ethics is commented on,
aimed at showing its relevance to some themes in contemporary moral
philosophy. It is argued that the classical approach to morality
(Aristotle) and the Enlightened approach (Kant) need not compose
antinomy. Instead, the Aristotelian emphases on the development of
virtuous character and the nature of practical wisdom coalesce with the
Kantian emphasis on autonomy – what Falk calls “responsible
self‐direction” – in the person of the moral leader. In
particular, great moralists have recognised that moral wisdom is not
mainly a matter of strict obedience to rules. While rules have their
place, the subject matter of ethics cannot be determined by a
quasi‐mathematical formalism. Over‐emphasis on the formalism of the
categorical imperative obscures Kant′s more fundamental emphasis on
autonomy. The autonomous person, able to exercise moral leadership,
cultivates the Aristotelian virtue of phronēsis.
On the Quest for Knowledge and the Duty to Know
Authors: Rohrlich George F.
Published: May 2006

The “social” component of economics comprises
environmental concerns, employment needs, developmental musts and any
agenda that results from differences in economic systems. Why is there
so little in common between problems raised in the textbooks and the
tools and objectives emerging from established economic theory? It is
concluded that, although we cannot always predict the outcomes of our
actions, we should be aware of the underlying dangers and of the
limitations incumbent on their pursuit.
An Appraisal of the Performance of Manufacturing Industry
in Wales
Authors: Silver M.S. , Lowe J.F.
Published: May 2006

The relative performance of manufacturing industry in Wales and the
UK is appraised using a range of performance measures related to a
number of concepts of efficiency, which are outlined. The four
measurement approaches are: productivity analysis and efficiency
frontiers; survey results; the Wharton approach; potential efficiency
and comparative technology used.
Mises and the Praxeological Point of View
Authors: Huussen G.M.
Published: May 2006

The Austrian school developed a specific kind of economic analysis.
Mises′ place in this school of thought and his praxeological point of
view is discussed. His philosophical stance and its methodological
implications are then considered.
Education and Youth Unemployment: A Reappraisal
Authors: Ingham Mike
Published: May 2006

It is a widely held belief that labour market failure amongst young
people is heavily influenced by formal educational attainments. Few
British studies, however, have paid specific attention to the question
of what particular level of academic achievement is valued most highly
by the market within any period of time. This article queries the focus
of earlier research – explicitly concerned with education and
labour market fortune – which implicitly suggested that the
Certificate of Secondary Education was of prime importance in securing
employment for the youngest members of the labour force in recent years.
Moreover, it is demonstrated that omitting controls for influences
frequently held to be important determinants of educational attainment
generates upward bias in the estimated returns to education and thereby
inflates expectations as to the benefits likely to follow from even
seemingly radical reforms to the formal schooling system.
The Historical Perspective of the Problem of Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility
Authors: Drakopoulos Stavros A.
Published: May 2006

The starting‐point of the article is the inconsistency between the established practice of acceptance in many cases, of economic policy (i.e. progressive taxation, national insurance policies) and the theoretical rejection of interpersonal comparisons of utility who see it as an unscientific value judgement. The inconsistency is explained by identifying three groups of theorists: (1) those who thought of comparability as a value judgement and unacceptable for economic policy considerations (positivists), (2) those who agreed with the positivists, on the normative nature of comparability but accepted it as a basis for economic policy, and (3) those who thought of it as part of a scientific economics. The implication was that, despite the dominance of positivist methodology in other sub‐fields, the historical experience points to the difficulty of applying positivist methodology to the issue of comparability. If the inconsistency is thus due to the inappropriateness of the positivist approach, the only possible solution is the explicit abandonment of this approach at least in matters related to the collective aspects of economics.
A Shifting Focus in Computer‐Aided Design Training
Authors: Kathawala Yunus , Scholich Martin
Published: May 2006

Training is one of the key elements to the success of
computer‐aided design (CAD). In the past, CAD educators concentrated
their efforts in design engineers and draftsmen. The trend in the
manufacturing environment towards integration of computerised systems is
discussed. This trend has created a great demand for CAD training
tailored to the needs of users of systems that are linked to CAD.
Big Need not be Bureaucratic
Authors: Cowland John
Published: May 2006

The larger the organisation the more it usually lacks flair and
creativity. 3M proves the rule and has developed mechanisms to foster
the entrepreneurial spirit within the large company.
Marketing Express Coach Services in a Deregulated Environment
Authors: Robbins Derek
Published: May 2006

The regulatory environment dismantled by the 1980 Transport Act
(which deregulated scheduled express coach services) is outlined. This
is followed by a description of the characteristics of the long distance
travel market and implications for providing and marketing scheduled
services, comparing the strategies of successful and unsuccessful
independent operators in the field.
Resource Allocation: Optimisation for Tomorrow’s Demand
Authors: Hargreaves John
Published: May 2006

Optimum allocation of resources is today′s means of designing a
logistic network to deal with tomorrow′s demands. Accepting this and in
order to ensure that a logistic network is being managed efficiently, it
is argued that it is essential to look at what is now achievable, given
the advances in computer technology and Artificial Intelligence. The
parameters necessary for each market segment in the resource allocation
process are defined and the characteristics and problems of data
describing the parameters encountered in practice are presented.
US Electronic Components Distribution and Value‐added Services
Authors: Witt Robert R. , Solomon Marius M.
Published: May 2006

An attempt is made to detect and analyse changes in the electronics
distribution industry with regard to “value‐added” services
provided to its customers. The basic areas of interest covered by this
research are what kinds of additional services are being offered by the
electronics distribution industry and how long these services have been
available to customers; to what extent customers have utilised these
services; how this is expected to change; how much impact service
provision has had on the “bottom line” for electronics
distributors; what has motivated distribution when deciding what, if
any, services to provide; what problems were encountered in each service
area, and finally, what effect service provision has had on the
distribution business as a whole, and what changes are anticipated by
distributors. The findings indicate that both customers and distributors
agree that the previously sales‐oriented posture of the industry is
giving way to a more service‐oriented focus. Several problem areas are
also discussed.
Asia‐Pacific Trading Developments and Relationships
Authors: MacKenzie Peter B.
Published: May 2006

By the year 2000, it is estimated that Asian economies will control
over 40 per cent of the world′s trade. In this context, the trading
developments and relationships in the Asia‐Pacific region are examined
and forecast growth patterns are discussed.
Where US Banks Need Marketing Training
Authors: Michell Paul , Lung Lauren
Published: May 2006

A study of New York corporate banking is described. Twelve major
marketing issues are identified and the role of marketing training in
providing banks with the managerial proficiency for tackling them is
assessed. Training is seen by banks to be of particular value in
developing marketing plans and competitive strategies, for improving
presentation skills and for improving innovative thinking. Banks tend to
segment their training needs by managerial seniority, by strategic and
skills training, and by the perceived quality of different types of
training establishment.
The Business/Industry Placement Scheme for Teachers
Authors: Fendley Alan E. , Harris Neville D.
Published: May 2006

A unique one‐year programme for teachers during which they have an
extended attachment to an organisation, conduct an internal
investigation and a guided period of study on school management is
described. The experience has enriched the curriculum of all schools,
and the attitudes of those seconded, and has enabled some management
skills to be enhanced.
The Role of the Headteacher
Authors: Harris Neville D. , Clark Anne
Published: May 2006

A small‐scale information gathering project in which 11
headteachers were asked to describe their jobs using the
“Managerial Roles” model as developed by Mintzberg is
described. The article gives some clear insights into how heads view
their roles, and will have value for others to review their own
activities.
Polytechnic Performance Indicators from Documentary
Analysis
Authors: Allsop P. , Findlay P. , McVicar M. , Wright P.
Published: May 2006

Action research which considers performance indicators within an
English polytechnic is outlined, with emphasis on the analysis of course
monitoring, review and validation documentation. Extracts from an
interim research report are presented, together with related conclusions
and recommendations.
How do Customers Express Dissatisfaction and What can
Service Marketers do About it?
Authors: Bolfing Claire P.
Published: May 2006

Discusses customer dissatisfaction and how it is expressed. Reports
on a study showing that customers will complain to management if the
problem is severe and if they are encouraged to participate in service
management, whereas if service firms create barriers within the
complaint‐handling process and set up luxury‐oriented and aloof service
images, customers will adopt more harmful negative word of mouth forms
of complaining. Proposes ways of managing customer complaints, for
controlling the more harmful types of dissatisfaction and for maximizing
opportunities to develop loyal customer bases through effective handling
of problems.
Capitalizing on Brand Extensions
Authors: Buday Tom
Published: May 2006

Examines the benefits and drawbacks of brand name extensions.
Proposes a set of questions/guidelines about brand extending for
marketing decision makers: new products′ sales potential, marketing cost
efficiency gained by brand extending, cannibalization of parent product,
and risk of losing brand effectiveness from overextension. Concludes
that a more pragmatic approach to brand extension is required than the
traditional, either right or wrong, categorization.
China’s Consumer Market: How are US Products Perceived?
Authors: King Adam C. , McDaniel Stephen W.
Published: May 2006

Provides information on the largest consumer market in the world
– China. Examines education, age, lifestyle and demographics of
the Chinese population. Considers Chinese perceptions of US products.
Concludes that US companies′ success in China depends on target
marketing, marketing inexpensive products, pricing in line with income,
and promotion of the US origin of the product.
Nine Lessons on Service Quality
Authors: Gummesson Evert
Published: May 2006

Discusses how service quality lags behind product quality. Contends that combining the management aspects of product quality, service quality and computer software quality with customer perceived quality is essential in order to produce a total holistic quality environment. Presents nine lessons learned in the pursuit of service quality. Asserts that the lessons stem from academic research and practical experience. Concludes that regardless of opinions on the quality of services, it is necessary to prepare for more intense competition in the future. Contends that holistic quality is taking TQM further, emphasising the interaction between quality of goods, services and computer software directed towards the internal as well as the external customer.
The Quality Management Maze
Authors: Foster Morris , Whittle Susan
Published: May 2006

Reviews the strengths and weaknesses of quality control, quality assurance, total quality control and total quality management and shows how you can choose the quality management style which best fits your organisation′s needs. Compares approaches to quality management and articulates the differences between total quality management and the rest of the field. Argues that the choice of QM should fit an organization′s business strategy. Contends quality is a strategic issue, central to which is the management of change, which requires a diagnosis of where the organization is now. Suggests managers should look at what competitive advantage a particular approach will deliver for their organization and not at what has been delivered to other organizations.
Labour force ageing and productivity performance in Canada
Authors: Tang Jianmin , MacLeod Carolyn
Published: May 2006

Abstract. This paper studies the direct impact of labour force ageing on productivity growth in 10 Canadian provinces over the period 1981–2001, with an outlook to 2046. It shows that older workers are, on average, less productive than younger workers and that labour force ageing has a modest negative direct impact on productivity growth in Canada. The impact has increased since the middle of the 1990s, will peak in 2001–11, and tail off afterwards. During the peak period, productivity growth in Canada will be reduced by 0.13 to 0.23 percentage points per year, with Newfoundland being hit the hardest. JEL classification: J21, O47
A Defense of Reductionism about Testimonial Justification of Beliefs
Authors: Shogenji Tomoji
Published: May 2006

This paper defends reductionism about testimonial justification of beliefs against two influential arguments. One is the empirical argument to the effect that the reductionist justification of our trust in testimony is either circular since it relies on testimonial evidence or else there is scarce evidence in support of our trust in testimony. The other is the transcendental argument to the effect that trust in testimony is a prerequisite for the very existence of testimonial evidence since without the presumption of people's truthfulness we cannot interpret their utterances as testimony with propositional contents. This paper contends that the epistemic subject can interpret utterances as testimony with propositional contents without presupposing the credibility of testimony, and that evidence available to the normal epistemic subject can justify her trust in testimony.
TasHyd1, a new hydrophobin gene from the biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum, is involved in plant root colonization
Authors: VITERBO ADA , CHET ILAN
Published: May 2006

A hydrophobin‐like clone (TasHyd1) was isolated during a PCR differential mRNA display analysis conducted on Trichoderma asperellum mycelia interacting with plant roots. The open reading frame encodes a 145‐amino‐acid protein showing similarity to Pbhyd1, a Class I hydrophobin from the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. TasHyd1 expression was detected in planta up to 5 days after Trichoderma root inoculation. TasHyd1 is constitutively expressed at low levels in mycelia in young cultures but gene expression is not detected in sporulating hyphae or in non‐germinating spores. Carbon limitation stimulates expression of TasHyd1 whereas nitrogen or phosphate starvation down‐regulate expression. TasHyd1 fused to an HA tag was over‐expressed in Trichoderma and the protein was detected with an anti‐HA antibody in the trifluoroacetic‐acid‐soluble fraction of mycelial cell walls. Over‐expressor mutants were not affected in their mycoparasitic activity when tested in vitro against the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and retained root colonization capacity comparable with that of the wild‐type. TasHyd1 deletion mutants had no significant reduction in in vitro mycoparasitic activity but were altered in their wettability and were severely impaired in root attachment and colonization. These phenotypes were recovered by complementation of TasHyd1, indicating that the protein is a new hydrophobin that contributes to Trichoderma interaction with the plant.
Elevated levels of C‐reactive protein are associated with impaired coronary collateral development
Authors: Gulec S. , Ozdemir A. O. , Maradit‐Kremers H. , Dincer I. , Atmaca Y. , Erol C.
Published: May 2006

Background  In vitro studies have shown that C‐reactive protein (CRP) attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis, which may result in impaired collateral development. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) levels and the extent of coronary collaterals.

Materials and methods  We investigated the association between hsCRP levels and the extent of coronary collaterals according to the Rentrop classification in a cohort of 185 patients who had high‐grade coronary stenosis or occlusion on their angiograms.

Results  Mean age was 62 years and 80% were males. Subjects with a higher grade of collaterals were significantly less likely to have diabetes mellitus (OR; 0·48, 95% and CI; 0·28, 0·83) or acute coronary syndrome (OR; 0·58, 95% and CI; 0·33, 0·99), but they were more likely to have higher number of vessels with significant stenosis (OR; 1·41, 95% and CI; 1·03, 1·93) and to have received statins (OR; 1·84, 1.09, 3.13). The mean hsCRP values reduced significantly as the Rentrop grades increased (trend, P = 0·0006). After adjusting for age, gender, statin use, clinical presentation with acute coronary syndrome, diabetes mellitus and the number of vessels with significant stenosis, each 10‐unit increase in hsCRP values corresponded to a 31% reduced odds of having a higher collateral score (OR; 0·69, 95% and CI; 0·53, 0·90).

Conclusions  Our findings indicate that elevated hsCRP levels are associated with a significant impairment in coronary collateralization. These data suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism through which inflammation may worsen cardiovascular outcomes.
Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions – a review
Authors: Lützow M. v. , Kögel‐Knabner I. , Ekschmitt K. , Matzner E. , Guggenberger G. , Marschner B. , Flessa H.
Published: May 2006

Mechanisms for C stabilization in soils have received much interest recently due to their relevance in the global C cycle. Here we review the mechanisms that are currently, but often contradictorily or inconsistently, considered to contribute to organic matter (OM) protection against decomposition in temperate soils: (i) selective preservation due to recalcitrance of OM, including plant litter, rhizodeposits, microbial products, humic polymers, and charred OM; (ii) spatial inaccessibility of OM against decomposer organisms due to occlusion, intercalation, hydrophobicity and encapsulation; and (iii) stabilization by interaction with mineral surfaces (Fe‐, Al‐, Mn‐oxides, phyllosilicates) and metal ions. Our goal is to assess the relevance of these mechanisms to the formation of soil OM during different stages of decomposition and under different soil conditions. The view that OM stabilization is dominated by the selective preservation of recalcitrant organic components that accumulate in proportion to their chemical properties can no longer be accepted. In contrast, our analysis of mechanisms shows that: (i) the soil biotic community is able to disintegrate any OM of natural origin; (ii) molecular recalcitrance of OM is relative, rather than absolute; (iii) recalcitrance is only important during early decomposition and in active surface soils; while (iv) during late decomposition and in the subsoil, the relevance of spatial inaccessibility and organo‐mineral interactions for SOM stabilization increases. We conclude that major difficulties in the understanding and prediction of SOM dynamics originate from the simultaneous operation of several mechanisms. We discuss knowledge gaps and promising directions of future research.