bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prince Rupert and Skeena map - area, British Columbia
Authors: Hutchison W W
Published: March 2016

P rince R upert (east half) and Skeena map- areas cross the Coast Mountains of British Columbia between latitudes 54 ° and 55 ° N , and about the Alaska Panhandle . They are underlain mainly by a northwest - trending zone of gneiss and migmatite that is
flanked and penetrated by large bodies of plutonic rock. Sediments and volcanics in the western half of the area are of uncertain age, but are thought to be Late Palaeozoic or Early Mesozoic . They are regionally metamorphosed to gneisses and schists . Sediments in the eastern half are
unmetamorphosed and are of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age. The plutonic rocks, which constitute almost half the exposed rock in the area, mainly diorite, quartz diorite, granodiorite, and quartz monzonite, and are regarded as post-Early Cretaceous in age. They commonly grade into the
Palaeozoic gneiss complex. Major faults probably underlie some of the pronounced northwest-trending channels. Several old prospects of gold , copper, silver, zinc, iron, limestone, and salt occur within the area .
Marine seismic refraction investigation over the Orpheus Gravity Anomaly off the East Coast of Nova Scotia
Authors: Ewing G N , Hobson G D
Published: March 2016

The interpreted results of one single-end and two expanded split spread refraction profiles are presented. The profiles were obtained off the east coast of Nova Scotia in the vicinity of the Orpheus gravity anomaly. The depth to the crystalline basement is
approximately 1.4 km in the area north of the axis of the anomaly. Insufficient shot to receiver distance precluded the possibility of determining the total depth to pre-Carboniferous basement in the area near the axis and to the south of the axis of the anomaly; the minimum depth to basement at
these locations is at least two kilometres and probably exceeds three kilometres. An analysis of the time-distance graphs indicates a multi-layered sedimentary rock structure, each layer being defined by characteristic compressional wave velocity.
Foraminifera distribution in Tracadie Bay, Prince Edward Island
Authors: Bartlett G A
Published: March 2016

Tracadie Bay is characterized by a lagoonal environment. The bay is shallow (less than 20 feet), under goes wide diurnal and seasonal temperature and pH changes, and is within the brackish water regime. Free circulation with the open Gulf of St. Lawrence is
restricted by a baymouth bar. Sediments derived from the bar and surrounding coastal areas are filling the bay. Intertidal areas are prograding by means of filter trapping of sediment by plant growth. Bay bottom sediments grade from clay through sand. Sedimentation rates are highest adjacent the
baymouth, Sediment sorting is normal. Deeper or central bay sampling stations generally yield finest sediment, and highest faunal content. Organic carbon and calcium carbonate content are highest in finer sediments. The forarniniferal fauna is restricted to 11 genera and 23 species. This population
is much smaller than those of bays having open circulation with the Gulf of St. Laurence or Atlantic Ocean, but comparable to inner lagoon assemblages of southern latitudes. The fauna comprises over 50% calcareous hyaline tests at most stations. At some stations, arenaceous and porcelaneous
tests are absent. This typical northern latitude lagoon lacks the miliolid fauna characteristic of southern areas (e.g. Gulf of r.;exico). However, the Elphidium and Ammonia beccarii association resembles similar assemblages inhabiting inner lagoons of southern latitudes. Total populations vary from
3,400 to 162,20() tests per square metre. The standing crop is lower, 1,400 to 72,000 per square metre, while the average standing crop for the entire bay is 20,180 per square metre. Per cent living varies from 9~ to 64% with an average for the bay of 27%. Large populations of small
tests of some species indicate optimum environmental - vi - conditions. However, large size , distorted shape, and plastogamy of A. beccarii and Elphidium incertum tests indicate areas of marginal environments for these species. The distribution of seven species, Ammonia beccarii, Eggerella ?dvena,
Elphidium incertum, E. margaritaceum, :§. orbiculare, M.iliammina fusca, and Trochammina ~are distinctive in the bay environment. To the author's knowledge there is no previous record of the recent occurrence of A. beccarii this far north. Its absence along the Atlantic coastal areas north of
Cape Cod suggests that it may be a local relict in this bay.
The silurian oil and gas fields of southwestern Ontario
Authors: Koepke W E , Sanford B V
Published: March 2016

Silurian rocks of southwestern Ontario have been a constant source of natural gas since 1889. Oil production was sporadic during early years but has attained significant status since World War Il as a result of developments in Lambton county. Production amounting
to 638 billion cubic feet of natural gas and 5. 5 million barrels of oil has been recorded from Silurian rocks up to December 31, 1964. This represents 97. 5 per cent and 13 . 4 per cent respectively of the province 1s total output. A total of 61 oil and gas fields including Lower, Middle, and Upper
Silurian rocks have been discovered. Reservoirs are of three main types: {l) Blanket sandstones; (2) Bioherm reefs; and (3) Carbonate rocks in synchronous structures associated with underlying reefoid development. Blanket sandstones in the Niagara Peninsula and bioherm reefs-both patch and pinnacle
types-bordering the eastern margin of the Michigan Basin have been the most prolific producers. Pinnacle reefs in Lambton county have acquired considerable economic importance in recent years as natural gas storage reservoirs. This paper summarizes the geological and production data and illustrates
the structure of each Silurian oil and gas field in Ontario with cross - sections and contour and isopachous maps.
Sand and Gravel in the Strait of Georgia area
Authors: Leaming S F
Published: March 2016

Sand and gravel deposits in the Strait of Georgia area constitute units in the succession of unconsolidated deposits formed during the Pleistocene and Recent epoch of earth history. This succession includes drift of at least three glaciations, non-glacial
sediments of an interglacial epoch and sediments of post-glacial origin. The most important formations are those associated with the Fraser glaciation. These include Capilano sediments, Abbotsford, Huntingdon and Mary Hill outwash. Of less importance are post-glacial deposits of Salish sediments,
interglacial Quadra sediments, and older drift. Maps showing the surficial geology of most of the area have been prepared by other officers of the Geological Survey of Canada and form the basis for this report. These maps are available to the public and should be considered essential supplementary
information on specific problems relating to the distribution of sand and gravel in the area. About 400 pits were examined and described.
Description of the Hume, Funeral and Bear Rock formations in the CANDEX et al, Dahadinni M-43A well, District of Mackenzie
Authors: Meijer-Drees N C
Published: March 2016

The upper part of the Bear Rock, the Funeral and the lower part of the Hume Formations are described using information obtained from a study of the cores of the Candex et al. Dahadinni M-43A well. PaJeontological and stratigraphie evidence suggests that these
formations range from ?Lower to Middle Devonian. The Bear Rock Formation and the basal part of the Funeral Formation are sequential deposits. The complete sedimentary succession includes, in ascending order, beds of subtidal, intertidal and supratidal environments. The contacts between the
sedimentary sequences is sharp and each is commonly overlain by a thin pebble bed. The Evaporitic member of the Bear Rock Formation includes sequences of laminated dolostone which grade upward into nodular anhydrite or bedded anhydritic rocks. In the Dolomitic member of the Bear Rock Formation the
sequences consist of laminated limestone that grades upward to dolostone. In the basal part of the Funeral Formation argillaceous beds grade upward to limestone. The upward change in the lithology of the Bear Rock and Funeral Formations is correlated with a postulated change in environment from
offshore and nearshore positions to an onshore position. The interbedded succession of limestone, argillaceous limestone and mari in the upper part of the Funeral and lower part of the Hume Formation may represent a shallow-water and semi-restricted marine environment. An erosional surface below a
thin limestone pebble bed is present in the basal part of the Hume Formation. It represents a hiatus or local unconformity. In the Dahadinni well, the lower part of the Hume Formation and the upper part of the Funeral Formation are duplicated by a fault. The presence of several fractured zones and
steeply to vertical dipping intervals in the Bear Rock Formation and the anomalously thick section of the Evaporitic member in the well suggest that the lower part of the Bear Rock Formation is repeated by folding or faulting. Porosity is present in some dolostone beds that occur interbedded with
the anhydrite. Some brecciated intervals are also porous. The porous beds were not tested in the well but are believed to be water bearing.
Surficial geology of Canso Bank and adjacent areas
Authors: Maclean B , Fader G B , King L H
Published: March 2016

Chart 4013-G delineates the distribution pattern of the unconsolidated sediments on the seafloor across Canso Bank and adjacent areas. Five sedimentary units comprising Scotian Shelf drift. Emerald silt, Sambro sand, LaHave clay, and Sable Island sand and gravel,
which arc common to other parts of the Scotian Shelf, occur with local modification within the map-area. Delineation of the areal sediment distribution and stratigraphic relationships arc based on textural data from bottom samples and acoustic data from echograms and continuous seismic reflection
profiles. The sediment distribution for the most part is related to the Plcistoccnc low stand of eustatic sea level 15 OOO 19 OOO years BP and its sub-sequent rise, together with some modification which is still ta king place in some nearshore and other shallow. areas.
Gravity and magnetic natural resource maps (1972) offshore eastern Canada philosophy and technique in preparation by computer
Authors: Haworth R T
Published: March 2016

The final product of a recent data processing contract issued by the Atlantic Geoscience Centre was a suite of 72 Natural Resource maps published by the Canadian Hydrographic Service representing the most comprehensive published collection of marine gravity and
magnetic data on the eastern Canadian continental shelf. Because of the techniques employed, the charts have a style different from that employed on previous charts in the series. The method of preparation of the charts is described together with consideration of the basic limitations of a contour
chart used as a source of data. Deficiencies in the data collection and processing and chart preparation techniques are discussed.
Geology of the lower paleozoic formations in the subsurface of the fort Simpson area, district of Mackenzie, N.W.T.
Authors: Meijer-Drees N C
Published: March 2016

The subdivision proposed by M. Y. Williams in 1923 for the Cambrian to Lower Silurian rocks i n the Franklin Mountains is extended to the subsurface of the Great Slave and Great Bear Plains, District of Mackenzie, as far as the eastern outcrop margin. Three rock
successions, separated by unconformities, are recognized. The lower succession, including the Mount Clark and Mount Cap Formations, consists of a normal marine sequence of sandstone, shale and carbonate strata of Early and Middle Cambrian age. The middle succession, composed of the Saline River and
Franklin Mountain Formations, comprises evaporitic and elastic sediments of Late Cambrian age and a thick dolomite unit of Late Cambrian to Early or Middle Ordovician age. The uppermost succession, comprising the Mount Kindle Formation, consists mainly of dolomite, is of Late Ordovician to Early
Silurian age, and is widely distributed. A north-trending high area, consisting of Proterozoic rocks, in part similar to the Proterozoic succession at Mount Cap in the Franklin Mountains, existed during deposition of the lower two successions. This high area separated two shallow basins that
probably were joined farther north. Also, there existed between deposition of the middle and upper successions a period of uplift, tilting and erosion that resulted in removal of large amounts of the middle succession. Pre-Devonian erosion, in turn, has removed the upper part of the upper succession
(the Mount Kindle Formation) throughout most of the Great Slave Plain area. The Mount Kindle Formation includes, at the base, a dark grey shale unit, which could have generated hydrocarbons in late Paleozoic time. Porosity, in part related to biostromal units, commonly is present in the overlying
dolomite. The Mount Kindle Formation, therefore, appears to be a fair prospect for the accumulation of hydrocarbons although, to date, none of the exploratory wells drilled in the area has indicated the presence of oil or gas in the formation.
Free air and simple Bouguer gravity maps of Baffin Bay and adjacent continental margins
Authors: Ross D I
Published: March 2016

Free air and simple Bouguer gravity anomaly maps of Baffin Bay are given at a scale of 1:2 million and described along with the regional physiography of the area. The data used in compiling the maps have been obtained on a number of Bedford Institute of
Oceanography cruises and from other Government and Industrial sources. While the coverage is reconnaissance in nature it is sufficient to define the major features in the area. The maps therefore provide a good regional framework within which future detailed surveys can be
interpreted.
Trace element variations in porphyry copper deposits, Babine Lake area, B.C.
Authors: Jambor J L
Published: March 2016

Trace element abundances in bedrock samples were obtained for five hydrothermally altered areas related to Tertiary biotite-feldspar porphyry intrusions in the northern Babine Lake area. Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag, Hg, and S were determined in samples from most of the
properties (Granisle, Bell Copper, Dorothy, North Newman, and South Newman); Rb, Sr, Ti02, Au, and Se were obtained for samples from Granisle and/or Bell Copper. Electron microprobe data are tabulated for primary (phenocryst) and secondary (hydrothermal) biotites from Granisle. The results of the
trace element analyses indicate that Pb, Ag, Hg, and several other elements are probably of limited value in routine bedrock geochemical exploration. However, copper and molybdenum form larger targets than ore zones, and peripheral zinc anomalies are common. Sulphur, largely present as hydrothermal
pyrite, forms the largest target and is the element most systematically associated with copper mineralization in the Babine Lake area. Most of the other elements are only of secondary importance because their anomalies are largely confined within the pyrite haloes or copper
zones.
Tips on organizing arctic geological field work
Authors: Kerr J W
Published: March 2016

The Geological Survey of Canada has developed efficient methods of conducting geo logical field work in the Canadian Arctic Islands, and this report summarizes those methods. It deals with important and potentially dangerous or costly problems, as well as the
routine matters of camp life.
Geological interpretation of bouguer anomaly and magnetic anomalymaps east of the Magdalen Islands, southern Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Watts A B , Haworth R T
Published: March 2016

Bouguer gravity anomaly and magnetic anomaly maps of the area east of the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence, are presented at a scale of 1:250,000. These maps, together with information from previous geological and geophysical studies provide evidence for
(1) a deep sedimentary basin infilled by Carboniferous sediments between southwestern Newfoundland and the Magdalen Islands, (2) a large area of salt accumulation on the eastern Magdalen Shelf, and (3) the continuity of geological structure between the Magdalen Islands and southwestern
Newfoundland.
The relationship between mercury occurrence and mining activity in the Nottaway and Rupert river basins of north-western Quebec
Authors: Maclatchy J E , Jonasson I R
Published: March 2016

Composite samples of ore heads, concentrates and tailings were collected from some base metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) mines in northwestern Quebec. Daily, weekly and monthly composites were analyzed for mercury. It was shown that monthly composites provided the most
representative and reproducible values for mercury in a given ore deposit. Fluctuations due to local variations in ore grade tend to be smoothed out in the longer term composites. The mines in question are near Chibougamau, Chapais, Matagami, Val d 'Or and Noranda and lie within the drainage basins
of the Bell and Rupert river systems. The mines near Chibougamau produce only copper, those near Matagami yield considerably more zinc. whilst those near Noranda-Val d'Or produce copper, zinc and lead in major quantities. Mercury contents of these base metal ores were observed to increase with
increasing zinc content of the ore, indicating that most of the mercury is present as a constituent of sphalerite ( ZnS). Mercury contents of zinc concentrates ranged from 2 ppm (Matagami area) through 20 ppm (Noranda area) up to 150 ppm (Val d'Or area). Mercury in copper concentrates was found to
be much less abundant, usually 1 to 10 per cent of that found for a zinc concentrate from any given mine. In all areas, relatively little mercury was found to carry through into tailings which consist of waste silicates and iron sulphides. In the mines of primary interest, namely those near
Chibougamau and Matagami, less than 0. 20 ppm mercury was found in most tailings composites. Values reached about 1 ppm in the Val d'Or area mines tailings and slightly higher in waste materials from the adjacent Noranda area. In general, tailings were observed to be well confined in ponds and the
little mercury that is potentially available is considered unlikely to influence mercury levels reported for the local drainage systems. Other possible sources of mercury, such as Precambrian shales (slates) which are widespread throughout the Bell-Nottaway and Rupert River basins, are proposed and
discussed. Data for ores and tailings from other regions of Canada are presented for comparative purposes.
Geology of Watterson Lake (West Half) map-area, District of Keewatin
Authors: Eade K E , Chandler F W
Published: March 2016

Watterson Lake (west half) map-area is in the Churchill Structural Province, west of Hudson Bay. Old metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks, the Henik Group, gneissic rocks, and intrusive rocks ranging in composition from quartz monzonite to anorthosite and
gabbro, are all probably Archean. They are overlain by the Hurwitz Group and by the Bate Lake sediments, the relations of which are uncertain. Deformed orthoquartzite of uncertain age, in a single small isolated occurrence, cannot be related to the other sedimentary rocks. An Aphebian quartz
monzonite pluton intrudes the Bate Lake sediments and Archean gneisses. A small part of a large pluton of Nueltin Lake granite of Helikian age occurs in the southeast corner· of the map-area. Sulphide-bearing zones are common in the metamorphosed volcanic rocks, but assays from a number of
occurrences failed to indicate economic values.
Studies in "Standard Samples" of silicate rocks and minerals. part 4: 1974 edition of "Usable" Values
Authors: Abbey S
Published: March 2016

Earlier reviews of the state of international reference samples of silicate rocks and minerals have been revised by the addition of new data and correction of errors. Usable values of varying degrees of reliability, calculated on the "dry basis", are assigned
where possible for major, minor and trace elements in 48 samples. Methods for deriving usable values are discussed.
The Hay River formation and its relationship to adjacent formations, Slave River map-area, N.W.T.
Authors: Williams G K
Published: March 2016

The Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Hay River Forma­tion, composed of about 400 m (1300 ft) of shale, is mappable over an area of about 26 000 km2 (10 000 sq miles) in the southern Northwest Territories and nor­thern Alberta. Hay River strata are underlain by the Slave
Point Formation, a widespread carbonate-evaporite unit, generally considered to be entirely of Middle Devonian age, and are overlain by the Twin Falls Formation, composed of interbedded limestone, siltstone and shale, of Frasnian age. The Hay River Formation is equivalent partly to the following
shale units: Waterways, Ireton, Muskwa, Fort Simpson and Horn River Formations. Carbonate units equivalent to parts of the formation occur in the Grosmont reef­complex and the Swan Hills pinnacle reefs. This study provides evidence that, contrary to majority opinion, there was continuous subsidence
across the Middle-Upper Devonian boundary, i.e. the Slave Point and Hay River Formations have a grada­tional contact. Clinoforms within the Hay River For­mation slope westward; the western 'toes' of the clinoforms become radioactive black shale layers. Several such radioactive layers merge to form
the Muskwa Formation. The following deductions are made: 1) The shale of the Hay River Formation was deposited primarily by lateral sedimentation as a stacked series of westward-advancing mud banks. 2) The Muskwa For­mation is a starved-basin, relatively deep water deposit equivalent to most of the
Hay River Formation. 3) Subsidence at a rate faster than that of clastic deposition is indicated in areas where the Muskwa and Slave Point Formations are in contact. The belief that there was a regional uplift prior to deposition of the Hay River Formation stems largely from evidence derived from
outcrop areas at Gypsum Cliffs in northeastern Alberta and Windy Point on Great Slave Lake. At Gypsum Cliffs, the karst-like contact between the Slave Point and Water­ways Formations and the missing faunal zones could have been produced by solution of previously depos­ited evaporites by less saline,
deepening water. At Windy Point, fossil evidence does not rule out the possibility that the recrystallized reef mass in­cludes rocks equivalent to the Slave Point Formation.
Under-ice scuba techniques for marine geological studies
Authors: McLaren P , Frobel D
Published: March 2016

SCUBA techniques were used in an under- ice diving program to examine coastal processes in a high arctic environment. It proved to be a valuable method of study, and geological techniques of observation, sampling, photography and in situ shear vane measurements
were undertaken successfully. Divers clad in variable - volume dry suits were able to withstand up to an hour in below freezing water. Major problems encountered were cramped and cold feet and the regulator freezing open which resulted in a free flow of air. With experience, many problems were
overcome and a dive procedure developed ensuring maximum work efficiency and safety. The cost, including a compressor, to outfit one diver completely was approximately $3170. 00. It is hoped that more scientists will be able to use this relatively simple technology to arrive at both questions and
answers necessary to understand the arctic marine environment.
Landforms and surface materials at selected sites in a part of the Shield-north-central Manitoba
Authors: Klassen R W , Veillette J J
Published: March 2016

Selected s ites along a 54-mile ( 87-km) stretch of roadway across a part of the Precambrian Shield are described and illustrated by s tereopair airphotos and ground photos. The terrain described is typical of much of glaciated and glacial-lake inundated
Precambrian Shield of north -central Manitoba. Surficial deposits are mostly carved clays that are some tens of feet thick in the flat and broadly rolling terrain of low - lying areas, and are thinly veneered or absent in the hilly terrain of higher areas. Bog and fen occur on most of the low -lying
terrain. Permafrost commonly occurs a few feet below the surface of bogs and in places at a somewhat greater depth beneath the thickly wooded s lopes of certain clay-mantled ridges. Road building and maintenance present certain problems unique to the discontinuous permafrost zone but they appear to
be manageable. The construction and maintenance techniques used appear to provide adequate roads without unduly damaging sensitive terrain and financial resources.
A computer program for polynomial tred-surface analysis
Authors: Agterberg F P , Chung C F
Published: March 2016

This program performs most calculations commonly expected of a polynomial trend surface fitting routine and contains two more or less independent built-in numerical precision tests. In addition, it can print half-confidence intervals for the fitted surfaces and
evaluate individual residuals for statistical significance. Throughout the text it is stressed that this method applies exactly only if the observations satisfy the underlying mathematical model. This condition is rarely realized in practice. The user's judgment will be required to evaluate for his
own data the validity of approximations resulting from a divergence between mathematical model and geological reality.
Manfile: the University of Manitoba computer-based file of worlds nonferrous metallic deposits
Authors: Laznicka P
Published: March 2016

The need for a systematic compilation of data to support metallogenic research on a worldwide scale was met with development of a computer-based mineral deposit file called MANIFILE (University of MANltoba FILE of world's nonferrous metallic deposits). Data for
the file were compiled mainly from published reports scattered through the international, multilingual literature of geoscience. Most data were edited, recalculated or reinterpreted, in order to achieve compatibility. Using the SAFRAS data management system, two sub-files comprising data on about 4
800 deposits, districts and metalliferrous areas of the world were built, which are estimated to account collectively for at least 85 per cent of the world's production and reserves of nonferrous metals. MANIFILE has provided effective support for research at the University of Manitoba in various
ways. including the production of selective retrievals, graphic and map plots, and calculations required for analysis of the data.
Equipment and procedures for the collection and determination of dissolved gases in natural waters
Authors: Dyck W , Pelchat J C , Meilleur G A
Published: March 2016

Using a 1800 radius mass spectrometer with a 4500 gauss magnet and an inlet system that permits partial separation of gas constituents by trapping less volatile components , the following components were determined quantitatively in gases dissolved in natural
waters: H 2BL He, CH 4, Ne, N 2. 0 2, H 2S, Ar, and CO 2· The total amount of dissolved gas was also determined in a calibrated inlet system using an absolute pressure gauge. These t-up permits the analysis of 8 unknown and one standard sample in a normal working day with a practical detection
limit of 0. 5 ppm He, 5 ppm Ne and l-I 2S, and about 200 ppm for the remaining gases based on total amount of dissolved gas. The average precision for all the components is ±16 per cent based on one standard deviation but varies between components de pending on concentration levels and
interferences . Although the mass spectrometer is capable of much greater precision, sampling errors and changes in composition during storage for some components did not warrant greater precis ion. The He loss from water stored in 300-cc glass bottles capped with plastic - lined metal caps for one
month was about 10 per cent. H 2 and CH 4, were found to be most prone to change during storage due to bacterial action. The presence of up to 1 per cent 0 2, even in samples from strongly reducing environments, suggests that it is introduced into the sample during handling in atmospheric air. A
stainless steel water sampler and a portable winch with a depth counter permitted the sampling of drill holes at any depth.
Surficial geology and landslides of Thurso-Russell map area, Ontario
Authors: Gadd N R
Published: March 2016

A broad area of marine clay plain formed by the Champlain Sea has been modified by fluvial action of the proto-Ottawa River system. Development on a regional scale of braided stream or deltaic deposits left a cover of exceptionally well sorted fine grained sand
over the typical sensitive marine clay. These two lithologic units were further incised by fluvial action that developed a number of broad channels between "islands", which are in part rock-defended terraces. Channel bottom sediments of fluvial clay, silt, and sand are identified as being of
freshwater origin by the occurrence in them of the pelecypod Lampsilis sp. at Bear Brook, one mile south of Bourget, Ontario. Radiocarbon dating of a sample of these pelecypods gives a minimum age of 10 200 ± 90 B.P. (GSC-1968) for the main Mer Bleue-Alfred channel of the proto-Ottawa River
system. This channel and other abandoned channels are superposed on, or controlled by, the bedrock fault system. Large retrogressive landslides are located exclusively along the banks of abandoned post-Champlain Sea drainage channels, and all apparently occurred early in the history of channel
development. Recent landslides, such as the May 16, 1971 South Nation River slide, occur in the modern stream where it transects one of the "islands" between abandoned channels. These younger, or modern, slides are deeper but narrower than the earliest retrogressive slides. Modern streams within the
abandoned channels produce small rota­tional bank failures. Bedrock faulting is thought to have played its most significant role in localizing the postmarine drainage system. Steepening of banks in sensitive clay by river erosion is believed to be the dominant causative factor in landslide
development in the map-area. The author presents a working hypothesis to the effect that size and shape parameters of landslides vary through time with the degree of saturation and with the position of the water table within the slide-susceptible exposure. This hypothesis is the subject of
continuing research.
National report for Canada on volcanology
Authors: Baragar W R A
Published: March 2016

Volcanological research in Canada has increased drastically in recent years. This report presents an overview of current activities in Canada with an extensive bibliography containing over 200 references related to volcanology.
Hamilton Bank, Labrador margin: origin and evolution of a glaciated shelf
Authors: van der Linden W J M , Fillon R H , Monahan D
Published: March 2016

Hamilton Bank consists of a thick wedge of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments that was built out over a block-faulted, subsiding Precambrian crystalline basement. Subsidence was in response to the same forces that caused the opening of the Labrador Sea and the
separation of Greenland and North America. The gross final relief was formed through alternating phases of valley erosion and of deposition corresponding to periods of glacio-eustatic lowered and raised sea level. The bank was first glaciated during the lllinoian, and a thick layer of drift was
deposited. Advances and retreats of the Wisconsinan ice sheet on Hamilton Bank are recorded by the distribution of subaqueous glacial and pro glacial landforms. Karnes and kettles and meltwater channels developed beneath a grounded stagnant ice sheet. Outwash plain deposits occur directly seaward of
the meltwater channels. End moraines identify stages of ice movement. The distribution of ground moraine and kames and kettles on Hamilton Bank identifies phases of rapid and slow deglaciation. Deglaciation is estimated to have occurred between 10 OOO and 8 OOO years ago. Postglacial sediment
dynamics has been largely a matter of winnowing and local redeposition of glacial deposits. The bulk of the fine clays that accumulated in the deepest parts of the marginal trough in early postglacial time seems to have been derived from the inner shelf while the Labrador Current was confined to the
outer edge of the shelf. In the past 6 OOO years or so, however, the Labrador Current adopted a course closer to shore, through Cartwright Saddle and the marginal trough. Icebergs calved from the Greenland Icecap are carried southward across Hamilton Bank by the Labrador Current. Where they touch
bottom furrows are gouged up to several meters deep and several kilometers long.
Applications of thermodynamics in metamorphic petrology
Authors: Froese E
Published: March 2016

This paper summarizes the principles of chemical thermodynamics in a form which is convenient for dealing with problems encountered in metamorphic petrology. Particular effort has been made to illustrate thermodynamic concepts by means of graphical
representation. The concept of the equilibrium constant and the choice of standard states are discussed in detail. A brief introduction to non-ideal solutions deals with relatively simple binary solution models based on the method of Margules. Various applications of thermodynamics and guides for
specific calculations are presented, with some emphasis on oxidation and sulphidation reactions.
Early archean basement in the Canadian Shield - a review of the evidence
Authors: Baragar W R A , Mcglynn J C
Published: March 2016

The nature of the basement to Archean volcanic-sedimentary (greens tone) belts was obscured by the Keno1·an Orogeny 2600 m. y. ago and it is now controversial as to whether it was simatic or sialic. Types of evidence observed in the Canadian Shield that
suppo1·t a sialic nature for the early crust are: 1. Unconformities; in six widely-separated localities unconformities between the volcanic-sedimentary assemblages and underlying granitoid rocks are evident in outcrop or interpretable from the geology. 2. Source of sedimentary materials;
sedimentary components of many, or most, greenstone belts have, in part, a granitic provenance marked by the p1·esence of granite-bearing conglomerates and quartz-rich greywackes. While both are in much greater abundance in the upper parts of the successions they may, nevertheless, be present
at almost any level. 3. Radiometric ages. Ages determined on granitoid rocks in five separate localities of the Superior and Slave Provinces exceed 2900 m. y ; ages markedly older than any yet obtained from the greenstone belts. The early sialic crust thus indicated was evidently a soda-rich
granitoid rock; a tonalite, trondhjemite, or sodic granodiorite. A model proposed for development of the greenstone belts envisions a thin, continuous, sialic crust upon which a volcanic pile accumulates. Initially, both are below sea level and erosion is minimal. Withdrawal of material as magma
from below the crust plus the density inversion of basalt over sial causes downwarp and outward spreading of the crust. At the base of the downwarp crustal melting begins and feeds plutons which subsequently rise through the crust and eventually into the volcanic pile. Crustal swelling and upflexing
adjacent to the volcanic trough, marking the lateral transfer of material in crust and mantle, becomes a source of granitic sediment as it rises to sea level. Ultimately, as volcanism wanes, it becomes the major contributor to the "greenstone" succession.
Geological studies in St Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia
Authors: Piper D J W , Keen M J
Published: March 2016

St. Margaret's Bay is a bedrock basin modified by glacial scouring, with a shallow sill at its entrance. Up to 100 m of sediment overlies bedrock; the acoustic properties of this sequence are often masked by multiples or by gas layers, but it is probably mostly
till. Sheet till and drumlins, with different lithologies, have been distinguished. Sediment overlying till reaches local thicknesses of at least 40 m in basins. The nature of this deeply buried sediment is indeterminable, but acoustically it can be compared with the Emerald Silt and LaHave Clay. A
lake filled the central part of the bay shortly after deglaciation, when sea level was below the sill depth. Above the lake level, morphology is suggestive of subaerial erosion; below the lake level topography is rather smooth. The surficial sediment distribution reflects present energy conditions.
Erosion of till is the most important source of sediment at present. Sands are common near the sill, and have in part been washed in from the open continental shelf. Muds fill basins in the central bay. Sandy gravels and sandy gravelly muds are found in the shallower northern and eastern waters of
the bay. In the central basin, sediment is accumulating at about 1. 5 mm/yr.; of this at least half is resedimented from shallow water during storms. The mud is very rich in organic matter, which decomposes to methane. The methane forms a prominent sub-bottom acoustic reflector. Maps of depth to
bedrock, bedrock geology, drumlin distribution, and surficial sediment type are included in the report.
Le Quaternaire de la région du cours inférieur de la Grande Rivière, Québec
Authors: Vincent J -S
Published: March 2016

The Quaternary deposits and associated landforms along the lower course of La Grande River (53°30' to 54°00'N and 76°30' to 79°30'W) have been mapped and their stratigraphy worked out. This report describes the various sediments laid down
during episodes of glaciation and deglaciation and the incursion of the Tyrrell Sea. More recent deposits are also described, and the glacial and postglacial history of the region is reconstructed. A west-southwest ice flow of New Québec ice prevailed during deglaciation. The ice sheet
retreated in lacustrine waters until it reached the Sakami Moraine position. Possibly because of the great depth of water, no De Geer moraines were formed during this phase of retreat. At one point the ice barrier, situated over Hudson Bay, which dammed the lacustrine waters to the south, was broken
and marine waters of the Tyrrell Sea replaced the glacial lake. The Sakami Moraine indicates a halt in the retreat of the ice sheet. Following this halt, the glacier retreated in marine waters towards the east-northeast and formed a sequence of De Geer moraines. The rate of retreat of the ice, east
of the Sakami Moraine, averaged 217 m/year. Marine limit, in the easternmost part of the area mapped, is located at an altitude of 265 m. The sea followed the ice eastward until the topographic slope and isostatic rebound prevented its further progression. As rebound continued, the sea regressed to
its present level. About 6500 years B. P., the sea was at elevation about 175 m at the Sakami Moraine. Since the retreat of the sea, the land has evolved in response to river, coast and wind processes and to mass movements.
Vlf Mapping of Geological Structure
Authors: Telford W M , King W F , Becker A
Published: March 2016

Field measurements with the EM16 instrument, in several areas definitely confirm the usefulness of the VLF method for mapping shallow geological structure. Results obtained across a portion of the Gloucester fault southeast of Ottawa indicate that this technique
is particularly suitable in areas where the geology is simple. The field results generally agree rather well with theoretical model data. The latter, however, indicates that mapping with the EM16 alone produces little quantitative information, although the relative positions of the high and low
resistivity beds are generally clear. For this reason, it is desirable to supplement the EM16 data occasionally with surface impedance measurements to obtain apparent resistivities on both sides of the contact. This is especially true where it is suspected that the observed anomaly is caused by an
accident in the bedrock topography rather than by the opposition of beds of differing resistivity.
Porcupine River formation : a new upper Jurassic Sandstone Unit, northern Yukon Territory
Authors: Jeletzky J A
Published: March 2016

The formal name Porcupine River Formation is introduced for a mappable, lithologically distinctive, shallow marine to nonmarine sandstone unit outcropping on the western flank of the Late Jurassic generation of Richardson Mountain-Porcupine Plain Trough in
northern and west­central Yukon. This formation outcrops from the southwestern headwaters of Blow River at the southeastern end of Barn Mountains in the north to the headwaters of Fishing Creek and Kandik River in Nahoni Range in the south. Northward and southward therefrom the Porcupine River
Formation appears to pinch-out and to become replaced laterally by argillaceous rocks of the Husky Formation and its equivalents. The same happens to the east of its outcrop belt in the central zone of Richardson Mountain-Porcupine Plain Trough. In the west, the outcrop belt of the formation abuts a
part of northwesternmost and west-central Yukon and of east-central Alaska where Upper Jurassic rocks are completely unknown and, presumably, were never deposited because the region was a tectonic landmass. The marine and nonmarine rocks of the Porcupine River Formation were derived from this
western Keele Range-Old Crow Landmass. The outcrop belt of Porcupine River Formation includes three eastward-convex protuber­ances inferred to be the deltaic lobes. From south to north these are: Southeastern Keele Range lobe, Dave Lord Ridge lobe and Barn Mountains lobe. These lobes are
characterized by maximum thickness (from some 400 m or 1320 ft. to at least 777 m or 2550 ft.) and partly to predominantly nonmarine (deltaic to alluvial) facies of the Porcupine River Formation. The deltaic lobes are either separated from each other or flanked by westward-convex protuberances of
strongly attenuated (i.e. from 30 m or 100 ft. to 125 m or 400 ft.), apparently exclusively marine, partly argillaceous facies of Porcupine River Formation which are interpreted as westward-directed embayments of the Porcupine Sea. These embayments are (from south to north): Kandik Embayment, Keele
Embayment, and Driftwood Embayment. The Porcupine River Formation overlies conformably and apparently gradationally the argillaceous rocks of Kingak Formation (restricted). Wherever its upper contact is preserved, the sandstone is overlain conformably and apparently gradationally by the upper tongue
of the Husky Formation. The maximum known time span of the Porcupine River Formation extends from mid- to ?late Callovian to late, but not the latest, late Tithonian. However, it is considerably shorter than that in most of its sections. The age-limits and the alternation of facies of the formation
vary considerably from one deltaic lobe to another and from one marine embayment to another. This variation apparently reflects the strongly localized, semi-independent character of oscillatory Late Jurassic tectonic movements which affected the western flank of the Richardson Mountain-Porcupine
Plain Trough.
Inertial navigation for flight path recovery
Authors: Grasty R L , Gower J F R , Oliver B M
Published: March 2016

A Litton L TN-51 inertial navigation unit with specialized data acquisition system (MIDAS) has been tested for flight path recovery in airborne surveys, and with suitable post-flight data processing, has been shown to be capable of providing better than 35-foot
accuracy at all times du ring a flight. The acquisition system uses a minicomputer that reads out the contents of the inertial unit's computer memory and records it digitally with data from other sensors on video tape. The accuracy and drift characteristics of the system were determined in bench,
truck and airborne tests. The in-flight drift characteristics were determined from repeated passes over coastal navigation markers utilizing a sighting system mounted in the nose of the aircraft. It is shown that control points of known position must be observed at least every 10 to 15 minutes in
order to determine the slow oscillatory drift errors of the inertial system to the required accuracy using a cubic spline. The system was tested experimentally under simulated airborne survey operation by flying in both directions along a 17-mile-long highway. It was found that by using four control
points along the highway to establish the system drift, the positions of 28 intermediate points could be measured with a mean error of less than 32 feet in both longitude and latitude when compared to positions taken from a 1:25 OOO scale map. A significant part of this error can be attributed to
map measurement inaccuracies and to target position error related to altitude variation and sighting. It was concluded that this system can reduce much of the effort related to flight path recovery in airborne surveys.
Biostratigraphy of the Valanginian in Sverdrup Basin, District of Franklin
Authors: Kemper E
Published: March 2016

A sequence of Valanginian rocks was studied in the part of the depocentre of the Sverdrup Basin, now occupied by Amund Ringnes and Ellef Ringnes islands. The about 500 m thick Valanginian sequence is represented mostly by the upper part of the Deer Bay Formation.
Bed by bed collecting of fossils resulted in an improvement of our knowledge of the succession of ammonite species in the report area. Only high-boreal to arctic species occur in the lower part of the particularly thick (about 300 m) lower Valanginian. The upward fauna] sequence is: Temnoptychites,
Thorsteinssonoceras, Polyptychites (Siberiptychites n. subgenus) ex gr. stubendorffi. In the younger lower Valanginian these faunas are replaced by those consisting of true Polyptychites. The latter faunas originating in the more temperate regions of the Boreal Realm consist of P. keyserlingi fauna
below and P. spheroidalis fauna at the top. These beds also contain new, very large Polyptychites species. The lower part of overlying lower upper Valanginian beds contains a new Prodichotomites species which is then replaced by repre sentatives of Homolsomites. No ammonites have been found in the
topmost beds of Deer Bay Formation which only yielded a late Valanginian Buchia fauna.
Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary coal-bearing strata in the Drumheller-ardley Region, Red Deer River Valley, Alberta
Authors: Gibson D W
Published: March 2016

This paper provides detailed information on the character, distribution, and stratigraphic relationships of part of the Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary rock succession along a section of the Red Deer River valley area (East Coulee to Ardley) of Alberta. The strata
comprise a variable sequence of mainly non marine sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, claystone, shale and coal, which can be subdivided readily into five formations. These are, in ascending order, the Horseshoe Canyon, Whitemud, Battle, Scollard, and Paskapoo. The Scollard Formation, formerly
designated as a member of the Paskapoo Formation, is herein elevated to formational rank, and reinterpreted as a new formation of the Edmonton Group. Fifteen major coal seams are recognized within the rock succession in the report-area, and detailed information is provided on their thickness,
distribution, and continuity. The strata comprise part of an eastward-thinning wedge of fluvial -deltaic sediments that were transported and deposited mainly by a system of large and small braided streams along the western margin of the Bearpaw Sea.