bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nursery‐Box Total Fertilization Technology (NBTF) Application for Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chinese Irrigated Riceland: N–Soil Interactions
Authors: Zhang Aiping , Gao Ji , Liu Ruliang , Chen Zhe , Yang Shiqi , Yang Zhengli , Shao Hongbo , Zhang Qingwen , Yoshikazu Nagai
Published: November 2014

High N fertilizer and flooding irrigation applied to rice in anthropogenic‐alluvial soil often result in N leaching and low use efficiency of applied fertilizer N from the rice field in Ningxia irrigation region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Sound N management practices need to be established to improve N use efficiency while sustaining high grain yield levels and minimize fertilizer N loss to the environment. We investigated the effects of Nursery Box Total Fertilization technology (NBTF) on N leaching at different rice growing stages, N use efficiency and rice yield in 2010 and 2011. The four fertilizer N treatments were 300 kg N ha−1 (CU, Conventional treatment of urea at 300 kg N ha−1), 120 kg N ha−1 (NBTF120, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 120 kg N ha−1), 80 kgN ha−1 (NBTF80, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 80 kg N ha−1) and no N fertilizer application treatment (CK). The results showed that the NBTF120 treatment increased N use efficiency, maintained crop yields and substantially reduced N losses to the environment. Under the CU treatment, the rice yield was 9634 and 7098 kg ha−1, the N use efficiency was 31·6% and 34·8% and the leaching losses of TN were 44·51 and 39·89 kg ha−1; NH4+‐N was 5·26 and 5·49 kg ha−1, and NO3−‐N was 27·94 and 26·22 kg ha−1 during the rice whole growing period in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Compared with CU, NBTF120 significantly increased the N use efficiency and decreased the N losses from the paddy field. Under NBTF120, the N use efficiency was 56·3% and 51·4%, which was 24·7% and 16·6% higher than that of CU, and the conventional fertilizer application rate could be reduced by 60% without lowering the rice yield while decreasing the leaching losses of TN by 16·27 and 14·36 kg ha−1, NH4+‐N by 0·90 and 1·84 kg ha−1, NO3−‐N by 110·6 and 10·14 kg ha−1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our results indicate that the CU treatment resulted in relatively high N leaching losses, and that alternative practice of NBTF which synchronized fertilizer application with crop demand substantially reduced these losses. We therefore suggest the NBTF120 be a fertilizer application alternative which leads to high food production but low environmental impact. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion behavior of TiO2‐coated Ti–6Al–7Nb surfaces obtained by anodic oxidation in sulfuric or acetic acid
Authors: Cotolan N. , Pop A. , Marconi D. , Ponta O. , Muresan L. M.
Published: November 2014

The morpho‐structural and electrochemical properties of the oxide film formed on the implants surface play a decisive role for the bio‐compatibility of titanium‐based prosthesis. The aim of the present work is to investigate and compare the corrosion behavior of titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated Ti–6Al–7Nb prepared by anodic oxidation in two different electrolytes (1 M acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solutions) and at two different oxidation potentials. The corrosion behavior of oxidized samples was investigated in Hank's simulated physiological solution, using cyclic polarization method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the obtained results were compared with those recorded on bare Ti–6Al–7Nb in the same experimental conditions. The oxidation in CH3COOH was proven to be more beneficial for the corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–7Nb samples than the oxidation in H2SO4 of same concentration.
Corrosion resistance evaluation of Ni‐P\nano‐ZrO2 composite coatings by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and machine vision method
Authors: Stankiewicz A. , Winiarski J. , Stankiewicz M. , Szczygieł I. , Szczygieł B.
Published: November 2014

Ni‐P\nano‐ZrO2 composite coatings were obtained on the AISI 304 steel substrate by the electroless method from a bath containing dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). This cationic surfactant prevents ZrO2 agglomeration in the bath and affects the ZrO2 content in the coating, hence it alters functional properties of the coatings. It has been found in this study that corrosion resistance of the composite coatings depends on the surfactant concentration in the bath. The estimation of corrosion resistance was carried out by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The degree of the sample surface coverage with corrosion products was determined by the machine vision method. The coating obtained from the 0.88 g/dm3 DTAB solution showed the best protective properties. The machine vision method was shown to be an effective complementary tool to evaluate protective properties of the coatings.
Evaluation of corrosion of materials for application in geothermal systems in Central Europe
Authors: Iberl P. , Alt N. S. A. , Schluecker E.
Published: November 2014

The systematic and comprehensive evaluation of corrosion experiments in geothermal waters in Central Europe shows that the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) provides information on the potential chemical resistance of materials. The analysis exhibits that tested stainless steels (PREN ≥ 45), nickel‐based alloys (PREN ≥ 44) and titanium materials show a resistant behaviour in the North German – Polish Basin. In the Upper Rhine Graben most carbon steels, nickel based alloys (PREN > 40) and titanium materials are stable. Austenitic and duplex steels are resistant with a PREN ≥ 35 for temperatures up to 80 °C and with a PREN ≥ 45 for higher temperatures. In the Molasse Basin carbon steels and stainless steels are stable.
Electrochemical characterization of hot pressed CoCrMo–HAP biocomposite in a physiological solution
Authors: Ribeiro A. M. , Alves A. C. , Silva F. S. , Toptan F.
Published: November 2014

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) coatings are being widely used on implant materials in order to improve the bioactivity, however, failure at the implant/coating interface is still a major concern. Functionally graded metal matrix composite structures, on the other hand, are being considered as an alternative to the coatings. The present study aims to study the corrosion behaviour of CoCrMo matrix 10% (vol.) HAP reinforced composites processed by hot pressing technique. Electrochemical tests consisting of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed in phosphate buffer saline solution at body temperature. The corroded surfaces were analysed by field emission gun scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Electrochemical studies and microstructural investigations of the corroded surfaces revealed that HAP particle addition resulted in localized corrosion on the surface discontinuities including gaps at the matrix/reinforcement interface and the pore sites near the interface.
Fire side erosion–corrosion protection of boiler tubes by nanostructured coatings
Authors: Kumar M. , Singh H. , Singh N.
Published: November 2014

This article presents a systematic evaluation of erosion–corrosion (E–C) behavior of nanostructured Ni–20Cr coatings on two boiler steels. A nanostructured Ni–20Cr powder was synthesized using ball milling technique by the investigators. The powder was deposited on SAE‐213‐T22 and SA 516‐Grade 70 steels by high‐velocity oxy‐fuel (HVOF) spraying under set parameters. The uncoated and coated samples were exposed to super heating zone of a power plant boiler at 750 °C under cyclic conditions for 15 cycles. Each cycle consisted of 100 h of heating followed by 1 h of cooling. Attempt was made to study the kinetics of E–C using weight change and thickness loss data of the samples. Several characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM/EDS, and X‐ray mappings analyses were used to characterize the eroded–corroded samples. The coating was found to reduce the E–C rate of T22 steel and SA 516 steel by 85 and 84%, respectively, in terms of thickness loss. Moreover, the investigated nanostructured Ni–20Cr coating was found to be more effective to reduce the E–C rates of the steels in comparison with its conventional (Ni–20Cr) micron‐size counterpart. E–C resistance shown by the investigated coating under actual boiler conditions may be attributed to the presence of protective NiO and Cr2O3 phases in its oxide scale and its superior as‐sprayed microhardness.
Corrosion resistance of titanium dioxide anodic coatings on Ti–6Al–4V
Authors: Vera M. L. , Linardi E. , Lanzani L. , Mendez C. , Schvezov C. E. , Ares A. E.
Published: November 2014

The Ti–6Al–4V alloy is used for biomedical implants due to its corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, associated with the spontaneous formation of TiO2 oxide. However, the native film may be flawed and after some time of implantation in the body it may release metal ions. Oxides of higher thickness than naturally grown can be produced by anodic oxidation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the corrosion resistance of anodic TiO2 coatings, evaluating the influence of the thickness and crystalline structure of the coatings. Amorphous coatings were obtained from 27 to 140 nm that crystallized in anatase and rutile phases by heat treatment. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic measurements in 0.9% sodium chloride, which is the main component of physiological solution.

Evaluation of the electrochemical parameters showed that anodic coatings are more efficient barrier than the natural TiO2 oxide.

As the oxidation processes influenced the electrochemical properties of metals by altering the resistance to corrosion, therefore they become important to study the electrochemical behavior of the oxides by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Effects of electrical stimulation pattern on quadriceps isometric force and fatigue in individuals with spinal cord injury
Authors: Deley Gaelle , Denuziller Jeremy , Babault Nicolas , Taylor John Andrew
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Variable frequency trains (VFT) or train combinations have been suggested as useful strategies to offset the rapid fatigue induced by constant frequency trains (CFT) during electrical stimulation. However, most studies have been of short duration with limited functional application in those with spinal cord injury (SCI). We therefore tested force and fatigue in response to VFT, CFT, and combined patterns in strength training‐like conditions (6‐s contractions).

Methods

Ten SCI individuals underwent either CFT or VFT patterns until target torque was no longer produced and then switched immediately to the other pattern.

Results

Target torque was reached more times when VFT was used first (VFT: 6.7 ± 0.8 vs. CFT: 3.5 ± 0.2 contractions, P < 0.05) and when it was followed by the CFT pattern (VFT‐CFT: 10.3 ± 1.2 vs. CFT‐VFT: 6.9 ± 1.2 contractions, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that for the same initial forces the VFT pattern is less fatiguing than CFT and that when combining train types, VFT should be used first. Muscle Nerve 52: 260–264, 2015
A branch‐and‐price algorithm for the (k,c)‐coloring problem
Authors: Malaguti Enrico , Méndez‐Díaz Isabel , José Miranda‐Bront Juan , Zabala Paula
Published: November 2014

In this article, we study the (k,c)‐coloring problem, a generalization of the vertex coloring problem where we have to assign k colors to each vertex of an undirected graph, and two adjacent vertices can share at most c colors. We propose a new formulation for the (k,c)‐coloring problem and develop a Branch‐and‐Price algorithm. We tested the algorithm on instances having from 20 to 80 vertices and different combinations for k and c, and compare it with a recent algorithm proposed in the literature. Computational results show that the overall approach is effective and has very good performance on instances where the previous algorithm fails. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2014 Vol. 65(4), 353–366 2015
Yield stress analysis of electrorheological suspensions containing core–shell structured anisotropic poly(methyl methacrylate) microparticles
Authors: Seo Youngwook P. , Choi Hyoung Jin , Seo Yongsok
Published: November 2014

An electrorheological (ER) model (Seo‐Seo model) was applied to the yield stress analysis of the electrorheological fluids containing core–shell structured, snowman‐like anisotropic poly(methyl methacrylate) micro particles. The model predictions were compared with the experimental data, to reveal a good agreement with the shear stress behavior, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The obtained static yield stress was compared with the dynamic yield stress calculated by the CCJ model. The analysis results indicated that static yield stress was higher than the dynamic yield stress. The master curve describing the apparent viscosity was obtained by appropriate scaling of both axes showing that a combination of dimensional analysis and flow curve analysis using the Seo‐Seo model yielded a precise description of an ER fluid's rheological behavior. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dopant‐induced microstructural, optical, and electrical properties of TiO2/PVA composite
Authors: Praveena S.D. , Ravindrachary V. , Bhajantri R.F. , Ismayil
Published: November 2014

The optical, electrical, and microstructurtal properties of pure and TiO2/Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite polymer films were carried out using FTIR, XRD, UV‐Visible, DC electrical conductivity, and Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) techniques. The FTIR study reveals that the Ti+ ions of TiO2 interacts with the OH groups of PVA via intra/inter molecular hydrogen bonding and forms charge transfer complex (CTC). These formed CTC will affect the optical property of the composite film, which is reflected from UV‐Visible study. Using the observed UV–Visible spectra, optical energy band gap is estimated and its value decreases with increasing dopant concentration. The positron annihilation studies show that the considerable effect on free volume related microstructure of the PVA due to doping and complex formation. These microstructural modifications are also enhances PVA crystallinity which is reflected from XRD studies. It is also observed that the TiO2 particle forms cluster within the PVA due to the aggregation of particles and these particle cluster size increases with dopant concentration. These microstructural variations due to doping affects the DC electrical conductivity and its variations are understood based on the intra chain one‐dimensional interpolaron hopping conduction mechanism. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:987–997, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Simultaneous UHPLC/DAD/(+/−)HESI–MS/MS Analysis of Phenolic Acids and Nepetalactones in Methanol Extracts of Nepeta Species: A Possible Application in Chemotaxonomic Studies
Authors: Mišić Danijela , Šiler Branislav , Gašić Uroš , Avramov Stevan , Živković Suzana , Nestorović Živković Jasmina , Milutinović Milica , Tešić Živoslav
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Nepeta species contain a variety of secondary metabolites, including iridoid monoterpenes – nepetalactones and phenolic acids – that are considered the main bioactive constituents. This work represents the first attempt to comparatively explore variations in these two major groups of secondary metabolites within the genus.

Objective

To develop an efficient analytical methodology for simultaneous analysis of nepetalactones and phenolic acids in methanol extracts of selected Nepeta species, and to evaluate its potential application in chemotaxonomic studies.

Material and methods

A UHPLC combined with linear‐trap quadrupole (LTQ) orbitrap MS method was used to characterise chemical diversity and complexity of phenolics among 12 selected Nepeta species. A targeted metabolomic approach using UHPLC coupled to a diode array detector (DAD) and combined with (+/−) heated electrospray ionisation (HESI) MS/MS was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of six hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and four nepetalactones.

Results

Phenolic profiling provided a valuable database of bioactive compounds in the plant group studied, including phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids) and flavonoids (flavones, flavonols and flavanones). Principal component analysis and cluster analysis suggested the applicability of 10 targeted compounds as chemomarkers for chemotaxonomic studies. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between metabolites involved in different biosynthetic pathways (phenylpropanoid or monoterpenoid).

Conclusion

The described targeted metabolomic approach proved to be highly beneficial in designing a phytochemical overview of the genus Nepeta, and might have applications in further clarification of phylogenetic relations. Furthermore, it has the potential to be implemented in a routine quality control of plant material and herbal preparations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Evaluation of Reduction of Fe(III) in 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐Nitroso‐2,7‐Naphthalene Disulphonic Medium as an Alternative Ferric Reducing Activity Power Assay
Authors: de Souza Maryane Woth , Moya Horacio Dorigan
Published: November 2014

Introduction

The growing interest in determination of anti‐oxidant capacity through non‐labour, effective and less costly methods encouraged the development of the spectrophotometric procedure presented in this study.

Objective

To investigate the reduction reaction of Fe(III) in 3‐hydroxy‐4‐nitroso‐2,7‐naphthalenedisulphonic anion (NRS) medium as an alternative ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) assay for determining the total reduction capacity (RC).

Materials and methods

The absorbance values at 730 nm were used to determine the RC of aqueous extracts of nine Brazilian plants. The results were compared with the values obtained with the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and with the total polyphenol content (TPC). The RCs of phenolic derivatives, flavonoids, amino acids and other anti‐oxidant compounds were determined.

Results

Paired t‐test with RC values obtained with both assays (proposed FRAP and DPPH) showed no statistically significant difference. In addition, the RC values from the proposed FRAP assay are proportional to those found with TPC values (r =0.916). In addition, the conditional reduction potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple (0.685 V vs NHE (normal hydrogen electrode)) and the molar absorptivities at 730 nm of the Fe(NRS)33− and Fe(NRS)34− complexes (1.88 × 103 and 1.77 × 104 L/cm × mol, respectively) were calculated because these values were not available.

Conclusion

The proposed assay is adequate for determination of the RC of plant extracts, and the results infer that other samples derived from plants (e.g. beers and wines) and even biological samples (e.g. serum and urine) also could be analysed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current peptidomics: Applications, purification, identification, quantification, and functional analysis
Authors: Dallas David C. , Guerrero Andres , Parker Evan A. , Robinson Randall C. , Gan Junai , German J. Bruce , Barile Daniela , Lebrilla Carlito B.
Published: November 2014

Peptidomics is an emerging field branching from proteomics that targets endogenously produced protein fragments. Endogenous peptides are often functional within the body—and can be both beneficial and detrimental. This review covers the use of peptidomics in understanding digestion, and identifying functional peptides and biomarkers. Various techniques for peptide and glycopeptide extraction, both at analytical and preparative scales, and available options for peptide detection with MS are discussed. Current algorithms for peptide sequence determination, and both analytical and computational techniques for quantification are compared. Techniques for statistical analysis, sequence mapping, enzyme prediction, and peptide function, and structure prediction are explored.
Detection and identification of O‐GlcNAcylated proteins by proteomic approaches
Authors: Vercoutter‐Edouart Anne‐Sophie , El Yazidi‐Belkoura Ikram , Guinez Céline , Baldini Steffi , Leturcq Maïté , Mortuaire Marlène , Mir Anne‐Marie , Steenackers Agata , Dehennaut Vanessa , Pierce Annick , Lefebvre Tony
Published: November 2014

O‐GlcNAcylation (O‐linked beta‐N‐acetylglucosaminylation) is a widespread PTM confined within the nuclear, the cytosolic, and the mitochondrial compartments of eukaryotes. Recently, O‐GlcNAcylation has been also detected in the close vicinity of plasma membranes particularly in lipid microdomains. The detection of this PTM can be easily done if appropriate controls and precautions are taken using a wide variety of tools including lectins, antibodies, or click‐chemistry‐based methods. In contrast, the identification of the proteins bearing O‐GlcNAc moieties and the localization of the precise sites of O‐GlcNAcylation remain challenging. This is due to the lability of the glycosidic bond between hydroxyl group of serine or threonine and N‐acetylglucosamine using conventional fragmentation techniques such as CID. To tentatively overcome this technical limitation, electron‐capture dissociation, or electron‐transfer dissociation MS/MS are now used. Thanks to these breakthroughs, a large number of O‐GlcNAc sites have been identified to date but these methodologies remain far from being used in routine.
Early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using serum biomarkers
Authors: Zhou Jilin
Published: November 2014

The early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) remains the biggest obstacle to the global TB control, TB being the second leading cause of infectious disease death worldwide. As such, one of the pioneering investigations is made by Xu et al. (Proteomics 2015, 15, 58–67), which is of promising clinical application significance when used in clinics and in TB screening in the population. Xu et al. revealed that statistical differences among three serum proteins (S100A9, SOD3, and MMP9) exist between TB cases and other lung disease cases. The combination of the three biomarkers could give 92.5% sensitivity and 95% specificity to discriminate TB from healthy controls.
Approach to Loschmidt's tetracyclic benzene isomer and related tetra‐ and tricyclic isomers by intramolecular carbene additions
Authors: Roth Heinz D. , Sauers Ronald R.
Published: November 2014

Potential carbene precursors have been considered for three tetracyclic benzene isomers: carbene 13.. for tetracyclo[3.1.0.01,3.03,5]hexane, 11; carbene 19.. for tetracyclo[3.1.0.01,4.02,3]hexane, 10, considered by Loschmidt as a structure for benzene; and carbene 20.. for Ladenburg's prismane, 4. The bicyclic (CH)6 isomer, 20.., avoids intramolecular cycloaddition; it is converted instead to Dewar benzene, 2; the system 13.. – 11.. is a “foiled” carbene system; finally, we were unable to characterize the putative precursor, 19.., for Loschmidt's hydrocarbon; an attempt to generate it by adding an electron to the corresponding carbene cation, 19.+, resulted in conversion to anti‐10. The trajectory of this conversion indicates that “19..” lies at or below the inflection point of the trajectory connecting a putative transition state with anti‐10. The free energies of all six species lie in the range 120–165 kcal/mol, well above any species that may be involved in the topomerization of benzene. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized time‐dependent approaches to vibrationally resolved electronic and Raman spectra: Theory and applications
Authors: Liang Wanzhen , Ma Huili , Zang Hang , Ye Chuanxiang
Published: November 2014

In this review, we summarize the computationally efficient time‐dependent approaches to calculating the vibronic spectra including one‐photon/two‐photon absorption (OPA/TPA), emission, circular dichroism (CD), and resonance Raman/hyper‐Raman scattering (RRS/RHRS) spectra with inclusion of the mode‐mixing, Frank–Condon (FC) and Herzberg–Teller (HT) effects. At first, a unified dependency of spectral differential cross sections (SDCSs) on a generalized linear polarizability is derived in view of the relationship between SDCSs and the linear or nonlinear polarizabilities. Then, the Green's function technique is adopted to calculate the polarizability to avoid the tedious summation over the large number of vibrational states. To demonstrate the computational accuracy and efficiency, we apply the generalized time‐dependent approaches to calculate the OPA(E)/TPA, RRS, and RHRS spectra of a series of radicals and organic molecules. The computational accuracy is demonstrated by a close comparison between the simulated spectra and the available experimental data. In the spectral calculations, we apply our recently developed analytical energy‐derivative approaches for the excited states within the framework of time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to calculate the electronic‐structure parameters which enter the expressions of SDCSs, such as the excited‐state geometries, energy gradient, harmonic vibrational frequencies, the geometrical derivatives of transition dipole moments, and so forth. It is found that the integrated approach which combines the time‐dependent approach to SDCSs with the analytical energy‐derivative approaches for TDDFT excited‐state structure parameters breaks the bottlenecks of vibronic spectroscopy calculation down. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LSQC: Low scaling quantum chemistry program
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Chihong , Zhao Dongbo , Li Shuhua
Published: November 2014

A low scaling quantum chemistry program, called LSQC, is described in this article. This version includes two linear scaling methods, generalized energy‐based fragmentation (GEBF) approach and cluster‐in‐molecule (CIM) approach. In the GEBF approach, a variety of electron structure methods (including ab initio and density functional theory) are available for the calculations of ground‐state energies, geometry optimizations, vibrational spectra, and other molecular properties for large systems. In the CIM approach, the electron correlation energies of large systems can be approximately obtained at the second‐order Møller−Plesset perturbation theory and couple cluster levels. In this article, the details and the capabilities of the LSQC program are presented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of false‐positive reactions for amphetamine analogs after maoto treatment using two urinary drug‐screening kits
Authors: Nakae Hajime , Hebiguchi Miwa , Shirasaki Seiko , Okuyama Manabu , Masuda Yutaka
Published: November 2014

Aims

Ephedra preparations are known to cause a false‐positive reaction for amphetamine analogs when a Triage® kit is used for urinary drug screening. Maoto, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine that consists of Ephedra herb, cinnamon bark, apricot kernel, and Glycyrrhiza, is used for the treatment of colds and influenza. We compared two urinary drug‐screening kits for false‐positive reactions for amphetamine analogs after treatment with maoto from five different manufacturers over 12 h.

Methods

Six healthy adult volunteers received five different preparations of maoto in random order. One packet of maoto was given on each study day. Urine samples were collected before treatment, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after drug treatment. Two urinary drug‐screening kits (Triage® and Medical Stat®) were used for testing.

Results

Twenty‐nine of 30 samples produced a false‐positive reaction for amphetamine analogs using the Triage® kit at 3 h after treatment. No significant difference was observed among the products of the five pharmaceutical companies (P = 0.5771). All samples produced a negative reaction using the Medical Stat® kit.

Conclusions

Urine samples that gave false‐positive reactions with the Triage® kit gave negative reactions with the Medical Stat® kit. This suggests that comparison of results from the Triage® kit and the Medical Stat® kit may be useful in screening urine samples for amphetamine analogs. The quality of maoto from five pharmaceutical companies appears to be the same with regard to interaction with the drug screening tests, adverse effects, and excretion in the urine.
Therapeutic effect of rikakuto‐go‐kanzokankyoto for dysphagia due to esophageal disease
Authors: Fukatani Ryo , Shimazu Kengo , Sugao Masataka , Ito Takashi
Published: November 2014

Case

Case 1: A 62‐year‐old man had dysphagia due to esophageal obstruction from lung cancer. His dysphagia was relieved after rikakuto‐go‐kanzokankyoto (RK) treatment. Case 2: A 59‐year‐old man had dysphagia from esophageal cancer that almost completely obstructed the esophagus. After RK treatment, he was able to eat food again. Case 3: An 80‐year‐old woman with multiple myeloma suffered radiation esophagitis due to radiation therapy to her metastasized thoracic vertebra. With RK treatment, she was able to eat food again.

Conclusion

The quality of life was improved in each case. RK seems to have potential beneficial effects for various esophageal diseases in terminally ill patients.
ROG1 encodes a monoacylglycerol lipase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Vishnu Varthini Lakshmanaperumal , Selvaraju Kandasamy , Srinivasan Malathi , Nachiappan Vasanthi
Published: November 2014

Lipid metabolism is extensively studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we report that revertant of glycogen synthase kinase mutation‐1 (Rog1p) possesses monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase activity in S. cerevisiae. The lipase activity of Rog1p was confirmed in two ways: through analysis of a strain with a double deletion of ROG1 and monoglyceride lipase YJU3 (yju3Δrog1Δ) and by site‐directed mutagenesis of the ROG1 lipase motif (GXSXG). Rog1p is localized in both the cytosol and the nucleus. Overexpression of ROG1 in a ROG1‐deficient strain resulted in an accumulation of reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that Rog1p is a MAG lipase that regulates lipid homeostasis.
Protein–protein interaction studies provide evidence for electron transfer from ferredoxin to lipoic acid synthase in Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Frohnecke Nora , Klein Sandra , Seeber Frank
Published: November 2014

The only known redox system in the apicoplast, a plastid‐like organelle of apicomplexan parasites, is ferredoxin and ferredoxin‐associated reductase. Ferredoxin donates electrons to different enzymes, presumably including lipoate synthase (LipA), which is essential for fatty acid biosynthesis. We recombinantly expressed and characterized LipA from the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, generated LipA‐specific antibodies and confirmed the apicoplast localization of LipA. Electron transfer from ferredoxin to LipA would require direct protein–protein interaction. Such a robust interaction between the two proteins was demonstrated in both yeast and bacterial two‐hybrid systems. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence for a role of ferredoxin as an electron donor to LipA.
MicroRNA‐1 promotes apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma cells by targeting apoptosis inhibitor‐5 (API‐5)
Authors: Li Dong , Liu Yu , Li Hua , Peng Jing-Jing , Tan Yan , Zou Qiang , Song Xiao-Feng , Du Min , Yang Zheng-Hui , Tan Yong , Zhou Jin-Jun , Xu Tao , Fu Zeng-Qiang , Feng Jian-Qiong , Cheng Peng , chen Tao , Wei Dong , Su Xiao-Mei , Liu Huan-Yi , Qi Zhong-Chun , Tang Li-Jun , Wang Tao , Guo Xin , Hu Yong-He , Zhang Tao
Published: November 2014

Although microRNA-1 (miR-1) is a known liver cancer suppressor, the role of miR-1 in apoptosis of hepatoma cells has remained largely unknown. Our study shows that ectopic miR-1 overexpression induced apoptosis of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API-5) was found to be a potential regulator of miR-1 induced apoptosis, using a bioinformatics approach. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between miR-1 and API-5 expression was observed in human liver cancer tissues and adjacent normal liver tissues. Negative regulation of API-5 expression by miR-1 was demonstrated to promote apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Our study provides a novel regulatory mechanism of miR-1 in the apoptosis of hepatoma cells.
Advice on exercise for pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Authors: Chawla Shalini , Anim‐Nyame Nick
Published: November 2014

Reports on advice about exercise for women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are reviewed and how exercise could influence long‐term cardiovascular risk is assessed. Exercise in pregnancy seems to be beneficial in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. However, the intensity of the exercise to be recommended remains unclear. Further research is required to inform national and international guidelines for women who develop hypertension during pregnancy.
Finding the Right Words: The Influence of Keyword Characteristics on Performance of Paid Search Campaigns
Authors: Klapdor Sebastian , Anderl Eva M. , von Wangenheim Florian , Schumann Jan H.
Published: November 2014

Despite its importance for both e-commerce and traditional offline vendors, managing paid search campaigns is often based on trial and error. In particular, neither research nor practice has extensively addressed identifying relevant keywords and setting appropriate matching options. The authors develop a model based on a keyword's intrinsic and extrinsic information content to shed light on how keyword characteristics affect campaign performance. Intrinsic information includes linguistic aspects and user- and content-related features, which can be indirectly changed through extrinsic information such as matching options. Using an advertiser-level data set from multiple industries, this study evaluates the impact of these criteria on click-through and conversion rates. The authors find that the query variation index, which measures whether a keyword contains sufficient information to identify a user's information need correctly, is an effective predictor of keyword performance. Moreover, they show that the relationship between two of the main predictors, namely, query variation and advertiser names, and a keyword's performance is moderated by the advertiser's choice of matching options.
Mt Everest Base Camp Medical Clinic “Everest ER”: Epidemiology of Medical Events During the First 10 Years of Operation
Authors: Némethy Mária , Pressman Andrew B. , Freer Luanne , McIntosh Scott E.
Published: November 2014

Objectives

As the highest peak on the planet, Mt Everest provides a truly austere environment in which to practice medicine. We examined records of all visits to the Everest Base Camp Medical Clinic (Everest ER) to characterize the medical problems that occur in these patients.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of medical records from the first 10 years of operation (2003 to 2012) was performed.

Results

Medical reasons accounted for 85.3% (3045) of diagnoses, whereas 14.0% (500) were for trauma. The most common medical diagnoses were pulmonary causes such as high altitude cough and upper respiratory infection, comprising more than 38% of medical diagnoses. For traumatic diagnoses, 56% were for dermatologic causes, most commonly for frostbite and lacerations. Pulmonary and dermatologic diagnoses were also the most frequent causes for evacuation from Everest Base Camp, most commonly for high altitude pulmonary edema and frostbite, respectively.

Conclusions

Medical professionals treating patients at extreme altitude should have a broad scope of practice and be well prepared to deal with serious trauma from falls, cold exposure injuries, and altitude illness.
Open Access and the Humanities
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: November 2014

If you work in a university, you are almost certain to have heard the term 'open access' in the past couple of years. You may also have heard either that it is the utopian answer to all the problems of research dissemination or perhaps that it marks the beginning of an apocalyptic new era of 'pay-to-say' publishing. In this book, Martin Paul Eve sets out the histories, contexts and controversies for open access, specifically in the humanities. Broaching practical elements alongside economic histories, open licensing, monographs and funder policies, this book is a must-read for both those new to ideas about open-access scholarly communications and those with an already keen interest in the latest developments for the humanities. This title is also available as Open Access via Cambridge Books Online.
Impact of Natural Disaster Combined with Nuclear Power Plant Accidents on Local Medical Services: a Case Study of Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital after the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Kodama Yuko , Oikawa Tomoyoshi , Hayashi Kaoru , Takano Michiko , Nagano Mayumi , Onoda Katsuko , Yoshida Toshiharu , Takada Akemi , Hanai Tatsuo , Shimada Shunji , Shimada Satoko , Nishiuchi Yasuyuki , Onoda Syuichi , Monma Kazuo , Tsubokura Masaharu , Matsumura Tomoko , Kami Masahiro , Kanazawa Yukio
Published: November 2014

Objective

To elucidate the impacts of nuclear plant accidents on neighboring medical centers, we investigated the operations of our hospital within the first 10 days of the Great East Japan Earthquake followed by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident.

Methods

Data were extracted from medical records and hospital administrative records covering 11 to 20 March 2011. Factual information on the disaster was obtained from public access media.

Results

A total of 622 outpatients and 241 inpatients were treated. Outpatients included 43 injured, 6 with cardiopulmonary arrest, and 573 with chronic diseases. Among the 241 inpatients, 5 died, 137 were discharged, and the other 99 were transferred to other hospitals. No communication methods or medical or food supplies were available for 4 days after the earthquake. Hospital directors allowed employees to leave the hospital on day 4. All 39 temporary workers were evacuated immediately, and 71 of 239 full-time employees remained. These employees handled extra tasks besides patient care and patient transfer to other hospitals. Committed effective doses indicating the magnitude of health risks due to an intake of radioactive cesium into the human body were found to be minimal according to internal radiation exposure screening carried out from July to August 2011.

Conclusions

After the disaster, hospitals located within the evacuation zone of a 30-km radius of the nuclear power plant were isolated. Maintenance of the health care system in such an event becomes difficult. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:471-476)
Review of clinical guidelines for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their application to an Irish context
Authors: Kavanagh G. , O’Hanrahan S. , Hughes G. , McNicholas F.
Published: November 2014

Background:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with international prevalence rates estimated to be 5%. It is currently the most common disorder treated in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in Ireland. There have been a number of guidelines worldwide produced to aid clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD; however, there are no guidelines available specifically for the Irish population and healthcare system.

Objectives:

The aim of this paper is to review the available clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of ADHD in children adolescents across North America, Canada, Europe and the United Kingdom and to apply these to an Irish context.

Methods:

A number of international guidelines were reviewed. A proposed pathway for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD has been devised with the recommendation that a formalised consensus guideline should be implemented.

Conclusion:

This review paper has highlighted that there is consensus between the guidelines for the diagnosis of ADHD with a thorough clinical history remaining the gold standard. They further agree on the importance of identifying co-morbid disorders. When it comes to the treatment, the guidelines are less unified. This current paper has devised a proposed care pathway for ADHD in Ireland to ensure high quality cost effective care within its healthcare system.
Centrifugal, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of isolated ageostrophic anticyclones in the two-layer rotating shallow water model and their nonlinear saturation
Authors: Lahaye Noé , Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: November 2014

Instabilities of isolated anticyclonic vortices in the two-layer rotating shallow water model are studied at Rossby numbers up to two, with the main goal to understand the interplay between the classical centrifugal instability and other ageostrophic instabilities. We find that different types of instabilities with low azimuthal wavenumbers exist, and may compete. In a wide range of parameters, an asymmetric version of the standard centrifugal instability has larger growth rate than the latter. The dependence of the instabilities on the parameters of the flow, i.e. Rossby and Burger numbers, vertical shear and the ratios of the layers’ thicknesses and densities, is investigated. The zones of dominance of each instability are determined in the parameter space. Nonlinear saturation of these instabilities is then studied with the help of a high-resolution finite-volume numerical scheme, by using the unstable modes identified from the linear stability analysis as initial conditions. Differences in nonlinear development of the competing centrifugal and ageostrophic barotropic instabilities are evidenced. A nonlinear mechanism of axial symmetry breaking during the saturation of the centrifugal instability is displayed.
Films in narrow tubes
Authors: Dietze Georg F. , Ruyer-Quil Christian
Published: November 2014

We consider the axisymmetric arrangement of an annular liquid film, coating the inner surface of a narrow cylindrical tube, in interaction with an active core fluid. We introduce a low-dimensional model based on the two-phase weighted residual integral boundary layer (WRIBL) formalism (Dietze & Ruyer-Quil, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 722, 2013, pp. 348–393) which is able to capture the long-wave instabilities characterizing such flows. Our model improves upon existing works by fully representing interfacial coupling and accounting for inertia as well as streamwise viscous diffusion in both phases. We apply this model to gravity-free liquid-film/core-fluid arrangements in narrow capillaries with specific attention to the dynamics leading to flooding, i.e. when the liquid film drains into large-amplitude collars that occlude the tube cross-section. We do this against the background of linear stability calculations and nonlinear two-phase direct numerical simulations (DNS). Due to the improvements of our model, we have found a number of novel/salient physical features of these flows. First, we show that it is essential to account for inertia and full interphase coupling to capture the temporal evolution of flooding for fluid combinations that are not dominated by viscosity, e.g. water/air and water/silicone oil. Second, we elucidate a viscous-blocking mechanism which drastically delays flooding in thin films that are too thick to form unduloids. This mechanism involves buckling of the residual film between two liquid collars, generating two very pronounced film troughs where viscous dissipation is drastically increased and growth effectively arrested. Only at very long times does breaking of symmetry in this region (due to small perturbations) initiate a sliding motion of the liquid film similar to observations by Lister et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 552, 2006, pp. 311–343) in thin non-flooding films. This kickstarts the growth of liquid collars anew and ultimately leads to flooding. We show that streamwise viscous diffusion is essential to this mechanism. Low-frequency core-flow oscillations, such as occur in human pulmonary capillaries, are found to set off this sliding-induced flooding mechanism much earlier.
The other optimal Stokes drag profile
Authors: Montenegro-Johnson Thomas D. , Lauga Eric
Published: November 2014

The lowest drag shape of fixed volume in Stokes flow has been known for some 40 years. It is front–back symmetric and similar to an American football with ends tangent to a cone of $60^{\circ }$. The analogous convex axisymmetric shape of fixed surface area, which may be of interest for particle design in chemistry and colloidal science, is characterised in this paper. This ‘other’ optimal shape has a surface vorticity proportional to the mean surface curvature, which is used with a local analysis of the flow near the tip to show that the front and rear ends are tangent to a cone of angle $30.8^{\circ }$. Using the boundary element method, we numerically represent the shape by expanding its tangent angle in terms decaying odd Legendre modes, and show that it has 11.3 % lower drag than a sphere of equal surface area, significantly more pronounced than for the fixed-volume optimal.
The inherently three-dimensional nature of magnetized plasma turbulence
Authors: Howes Gregory G.
Published: November 2014

It is often asserted or implicitly assumed, without justification, that the results of two-dimensional investigations of plasma turbulence are applicable to the three-dimensional plasma environments of interest. A projection method is applied to derive two scalar equations that govern the nonlinear evolution of the Alfvénic and pseudo-Alfvénic components of ideal incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma turbulence. The mathematical form of these equations makes clear the inherently three-dimensional nature of plasma turbulence, enabling an analysis of the nonlinear properties of two-dimensional limits often used to study plasma turbulence. In the anisotropic limit, k⊥ ≫ k∥, that naturally arises in magnetized plasma systems, the perpendicular 2D limit retains the dominant nonlinearities that are mediated only by the Alfvénic fluctuations but lacks the wave physics associated with the linear term that is necessary to capture the anisotropic cascade of turbulent energy. In the in-plane 2D limit, the nonlinear energy transfer is controlled instead by the pseudo-Alfvén waves, with the Alfvén waves relegated to a passive role. In the oblique 2D limit, an unavoidable azimuthal dependence connecting the wavevector components will likely cause artificial azimuthal asymmetries in the resulting turbulent dynamics. Therefore, none of these 2D limits is sufficient to capture fully the rich three-dimensional nonlinear dynamics critical to the evolution of plasma turbulence.
An analysis of cattle farmers' perceptions of drivers and barriers to on-farm control of Escherichia coli O157
Authors: TOMA L. , LOW J. C. , VOSOUGH AHMADI B. , MATTHEWS L. , STOTT A. W.
Published: November 2014

Structural equation modelling and survey data were used to test determinants' influence on farmers' intentions towards Escherichia coli O157 on-farm control. Results suggest that farmers more likely to show willingness to spend money/time or vaccinate to control Escherichia coli O157 are those: who think farmers are most responsible for control; whose income depends more on opening farms to the public; with stronger disease control attitudes; affected by outbreaks; with better knowledge and more informed; with stronger perceptions of biosecurity measures’ practicality; using a health plan; who think farmers are the main beneficiaries of control; and whose farms are dairy rather than beef. The findings might suggest that farmers may implement on-farm controls for E. coli O157 if they identify a clear hazard and if there is greater knowledge of the safety and efficacy of the proposed controls.