bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods of macrophages activation and their modulation for the prospection of new antileishmania drugs: a review
Authors: Muálem de Moraes Alves Michel , Arcanjo Daniel Dias Rufino , Carvalho Rita Cássia Viana de , Amorim Layane Valéria , Santos Ingredy Lopes dos , Santos Rodolfo Ritchelle Lopes , Figueiredo Kayo Alves , Figueiredo Jessica Freire Silva , Sobrinho-Júnior Enoque Pereira Costa , Cruz Lucas Pereira Lima da , Sousa Valeria Carlos , Dos Santos Laiz Pinheiro , Gonçalves Juan Carlos Ramos , Carneiro Sabrina Maria Portela , Ivete Lopes de  Mendonça  , Fernando Aécio de Amorim Carvalho
Published: January 2022

Leishmaniasis are a group of parasitic zoonoses provoked by protozoa from Leishmania genus and belonging to the group of neglected tropical diseases. The search and development for new drugs is necessary not only to investigate the activity against only the parasite, but also to investigate the possible synergistic effect of new drugs with the immune response of the host. In the present review, macrophages are pointed out as potential targets of the investigation of new antileishmanial drugs, and some methodologies in order to assess their activation as response to Leishmania-infected cells are presented. Macrophages are an important role in the cellular immune response, since they are cells from mononuclear phagocytic system, the first line of defense of the host, against parasites from Leishmania genus. Phagocytic capacity, lysosomal activity, increase of nitric oxide and intracellular calcium levels are parameters regarding assessment of macrophages activation which allow them to be more hostile in order to solve the infection and lead the patient to cure. In this context, we bring 19 substances already investigated and that activate macrophages, what makes them promising in the antileishmanial treatment. Therefore, assessment of macrophages activation, are important tools for discovery of immunomodulatory compounds which have potential to act in synergism with host immune response. Such compounds might be promising as monotherapy in the treatment of leishmaniasis, as well as being used as adjuvants in vaccines and/or in combination with conventional drugs.
Development and Clinical Usability of Vocabulary Selection Checklist of Adolescents for Augmentative and Alternative Communication(AAC) Intervention
Authors: Yang SuVin , Park HyunJu ,   Korean Society of Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Published: January 2022

Background and Objective: Although vocabulary selection is one of the important factors in the Augmentative Alternative Communication (AAC) intervention process, it is challenging to identify studies related to methods of specific vocabulary selection, or tools for adolescents. In this study, we examined the usability of the vocabulary selection process by collecting and analyzing speech in various community environments for adolescents, and then producing a vocabulary selection checklist. Method: A vocabulary selection checklist was developed based on the vocabulary collected in various community environments for six middle school students (three males and three females). The clinical usability was investigated by speech language pathologists, special teachers, and parents. The evaluation questions comprised nine categories (i.e., seven objective questions, two subjective questions) associated with appropriateness, ease, and usability of the vocabulary selection checklist, and a 5-point Likert scale was also used. Results: The overall question average score of investigation of clinical usability revealed an average of 4.0 points. This checklist evaluated with the special education teacher (4.1 point), parents (4.0 point), and speech language pathologist (3.8 point) can be used for the vocabulary selection process of AAC intervention. Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it established a checklist to support the vocabulary selection process of adolescent AAC intervention clients, as well as suggested practical use.
Bounds for eigenvalues of the Dirichlet problem for the logarithmic Laplacian
Authors: Chen Huyuan , Véron Laurent
Published: January 2022

We provide bounds for the sequence of eigenvalues

{

λ
i

⁢

(
Ω
)

}

i

{\{\lambda_{i}(\Omega)\}_{i}}

of the Dirichlet problem

L
Δ

⁢
u

=

λ
⁢
u
⁢
 in 
⁢
Ω

,

u
=

0
⁢
 in 
⁢

ℝ
N

∖
Ω

,

L_{\Delta}u=\lambda u\text{ in }\Omega,\quad u=0\text{ in }\mathbb{R}^{N}%
\setminus\Omega,

where

L
Δ

{L_{\Delta}}

is the logarithmic Laplacian operator with Fourier transform symbol

2
⁢

ln
⁡

|
ζ
|

{2\ln\lvert\zeta\rvert}

.
The logarithmic Laplacian operator is not positively defined if the volume of the domain is large enough. In this article, we obtain the upper and lower bounds for the sum of the first k eigenvalues by extending the Li–Yau method and Kröger’s method, respectively. Moreover, we show the limit of the quotient of the sum of the first k eigenvalues by

k
⁢

ln
⁡
k

{k\ln k}

is independent of the volume of the domain. Finally, we discuss the lower and upper bounds of the k-th principle eigenvalue, and the asymptotic behavior of the limit of eigenvalues.
Integral representation of local functionals depending on vector fields
Authors: Essebei Fares , Pinamonti Andrea , Verzellesi Simone
Published: January 2022

Given an open and bounded set

Ω
⊆

ℝ
n

{\Omega\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n}}

and a family

𝐗
=

(

X
1

,
…
,

X
m

)

{\mathbf{X}=(X_{1},\ldots,X_{m})}

of Lipschitz vector fields on Ω, with

m
≤
n

{m\leq n}

, we characterize three classes of local functionals defined on first-order X-Sobolev spaces, which admit an integral representation in terms of X, i.e.

F
⁢

(
u
,
A
)

=

∫
A

f
⁢

(
x
,

u
⁢

(
x
)

,

X
⁢
u
⁢

(
x
)

)

⁢

𝑑
x

,

F(u,A)=\int_{A}f(x,u(x),Xu(x))\,dx,

with f being a Carathéodory integrand.
On cutting blocking sets and their codes
Authors: Bartoli Daniele , Cossidente Antonio , Marino Giuseppe , Pavese Francesco
Published: January 2022

LetPG⁡(r,q){\operatorname{PG}(r,q)}be ther-dimensional projective space over the finite fieldGF⁡(q){\operatorname{GF}(q)}. A set𝒳{\mathcal{X}}of points ofPG⁡(r,q){\operatorname{PG}(r,q)}is a cutting blocking set if for each hyperplane Π ofPG⁡(r,q){\operatorname{PG}(r,q)}the setΠ∩𝒳{\Pi\cap\mathcal{X}}spans Π. Cutting blocking sets give rise to saturating sets and minimal linear codes, and those having size as small as possible are of particular interest. We observe that from a cutting blocking set obtained in [20], by using a set of pairwise disjoint lines, there arises a minimal linear code whose length grows linearly with respect to its dimension. We also provide two distinct constructions: a cutting blocking set ofPG⁡(3,q3){\operatorname{PG}(3,q^{3})}of size3⁢(q+1)⁢(q2+1){3(q+1)(q^{2}+1)}as a union of three pairwise disjointq-order subgeometries, and a cutting blocking set ofPG⁡(5,q){\operatorname{PG}(5,q)}of size7⁢(q+1){7(q+1)}from seven lines of a Desarguesian line spread ofPG⁡(5,q){\operatorname{PG}(5,q)}. In both cases, the cutting blocking sets obtained are smaller than the known ones. As a byproduct, we further improve on the upper bound of the smallest size of certain saturating sets and on the minimum length of a minimalq-ary linear code having dimension 4 and 6.
Upper estimates of heat kernels for non-local Dirichlet forms on doubling spaces
Authors: Hu Jiaxin , Liu Guanhua
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we present a new approach to obtaining the off-diagonal upper
estimate of the heat kernel for any regular Dirichlet form without a killing
part on the doubling space. One of the novelties is that we have obtained
the weighted

L
2

{L^{2}}

-norm estimate of the survival function

1
-

P
t
B

⁢

1
B

{1-P_{t}^{B}1_{B}}

for any metric ball B, which yields a nice tail estimate of the heat
semigroup associated with the Dirichlet form. The parabolic

L
2

{L^{2}}

mean-value
inequality is borrowed to use.
Differentiable functions and their Fourier coefficients
Authors: Tsagareishvili Vakhtang
Published: January 2022

In the paper we consider the properties of Fourier coefficients of functions that possess derivatives of bounded variation. We investigate the convergence of the special series of Fourier coefficients with respect to general orthonormal systems (ONS). The obtained results are the best possible. We also describe the behavior of subsequences of general ONS.
New criteria for dissipativity analysis of Caputo fractional-order neural networks with non-differentiable time-varying delays
Authors: Phuong Nguyen Thi , Thanh Huyen Nguyen Thi , Huyen Thu Nguyen Thi , Sau Nguyen Huu , Thuan Mai Viet
Published: January 2022

In this article, we investigate the delay-dependent and order-dependent dissipativity analysis for a class of Caputo fractional-order neural networks (FONNs) subject to time-varying delays. By employing the Razumikhin fractional-order (RFO) approach combined with linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) techniques, a new sufficient condition is derived to guarantee that the considered fractional-order is strictly (Q, S, R) − γ − dissipativity. The condition is presented via LMIs and can be efficiently checked. Two numerical examples and simulation results are finally provided to express the effectiveness of the obtained results.
Rule by Automation: How Automated Decision Systems Promote Freedom and Equality
Authors: Sparks Jacob , Jayaram Athmeya
Published: January 2022

Using automated systems to avoid the need for human discretion in government contexts – a scenario we call ‘rule by automation’ – can help us achieve the ideal of a free and equal society. Drawing on relational theories of freedom and equality, we explain how rule by automation is a more complete realization of the rule of law and why thinkers in these traditions have strong reasons to support it. Relational theories are based on theabsenceof human domination and hierarchy, which automation helps us achieve. Nevertheless, there is another understanding of relational theories where what matters is thepresenceof valuable relationships with those in power. Exploring this further might help us see when and why we should accept human discretion.
Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
Authors: Murtaja Yousef , Lapčík Lubomír , Sepetcioglu Harun , Vlček Jakub , Lapčíková Barbora , Ovsík Martin , Staněk Michal
Published: January 2022

Two different nanosized mineral fillers (nano calcium carbonate and nanoclay) were used in the high density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) composites pilot plant production. Structural and mechanical properties of the prepared composites were examined in this study. The homogenous filler distribution was confirmed in the tested samples by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. The fillers’ fortifying effect on polymer composites’ mechanical performance was confirmed as indicated by the increased elastic modulus and indentation modulus. Additionally, the possible modulation of the plastic-elastic mechanical behavior was confirmed by the type of the filler as well as its concentration used in the final composites testing articles.
Membrane applications in the food industry
Authors: Staszak Katarzyna , Wieszczycka Karolina
Published: January 2022

Current trends in the food industry for the application of membrane techniques are presented. Industrial solutions as well as laboratory research, which can contribute to the improvement of membrane efficiency and performance in this field, are widely discussed. Special attention is given to the main food industries related to dairy, sugar and biotechnology. In addition, the potential of membrane techniques to assist in the treatment of waste sources arising from food production is highlighted.
The spread of agriculture in south-eastern Europe: new data from North Macedonia
Authors: Mazzucco Niccolò , Sabanov Amalia , Antolín Ferran , Naumov Goce , Fidanoski Ljubo , Gibaja Juan F.
Published: January 2022

North Macedonia is a crucial region for understanding the spread of agriculture into the Mediterranean and Central Europe. To date, however, the area has been subject to relatively limited archaeological research. Here, the authors present use-wear and archaeobotanical analyses on material from two Neolithic sites, Govrelevo and Vrbjanska Čuka, to investigate practices that were previously unstudied in this part of the Balkans, such as sowing, cultivation and harvesting techniques. The results suggest the presence of permanent crop fields located in wetlands, with autumn and spring sowing, and harvesting using curved sickles. The study illuminates early agricultural practices in North Macedonia and adds to our knowledge of the spread of the Neolithic package across Europe.
Validity and Reliability of a Motorized Sprint Resistance Device
Authors: Rakovic Elvir , Paulsen Gøran , Helland Christian , Haugen Thomas , Eriksrud Ola
Published: January 2022

Rakovic, E, Paulsen, G, Helland, C, Haugen, T, and Eriksrud, O. Validity and reliability of a motorized sprint resistance device. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2335–2338, 2022—An increasing number of sprint-related studies have used motorized devices to provide resistance while sprinting. The aim of this study was to establish within-session reliability and criterion validity of sprint times obtained from a motorized resistance device. Seventeen elite, female, handball players (22.9 ± 3.0 years; 176.5 ± 6.5 cm; 72.7 ± 5.5 kg; training volume 9.3 ± 0.7 hours per week) performed two 30-m sprints under 3 different resistance loading conditions (50, 80 and 110 N). Sprint times (t0–5m, t5–10m, t10–15m, t15–20m, t20–30m, and t0–30m) were assessed simultaneously by a 1080 Sprint motorized resistance device and a postprocessing timing system. The results showed that 1080 Sprint timing was equivalent to the postprocessing timing system within the limits of precision (±0.01 seconds). A systematic bias of approximately 0.34 ± 0.01 seconds was observed for t0–5m caused by different athlete location and velocity at triggering point between the systems. Coefficient of variation was approximately 2% for t0–5 and approximately 1% for the other time intervals, although standard error of measurement ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 seconds, depending on distance and phase of sprint. Intraclass correlation ranged from 0.86 to 0.95. In conclusion, the present study shows that the 1080 Sprint is valid and reliable for sprint performance monitoring purposes.
Kinetics and Kinematics of the Free-Weight Back Squat and Loaded Jump Squat
Authors: Thompson Steve W. , Lake Jason P. , Rogerson David , Ruddock Alan , Barnes Andrew
Published: January 2022

Thompson, SW, Lake, JP, Rogerson, D, Ruddock, A, and Barnes, A. Kinetics and kinematics of the free-weight back squat and loaded jump squat. J Strength Cond Res 37(1): 1–8, 2023—The aim of this study was to compare kinetics and kinematics of 2 lower-body free-weight exercises, calculated from concentric and propulsion subphases, across multiple loads. Sixteen strength-trained men performed back squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM) tests (visit 1), followed by 2 incremental back squat and jump squat protocols (visit 2) (loads = 0% and 30–60%, back squat 1RM). Concentric phase and propulsion phase force-time-displacement characteristics were derived from force plate data and compared using analysis of variance and Hedges' g effect sizes. Intrasession reliability was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). All dependent variables met acceptable reliability (ICC >0.7; CV < 10%). Statistically significant 3-way interactions (load × phase × exercise) and 2-way main effects (phase × exercise) were observed for mean force, velocity (30–60% 1RM), power, work, displacement, and duration (0%, 30–50% 1RM) (p < 0.05). A significant 2-way interaction (load × exercise) was observed for impulse (p < 0.001). Jump squat velocity (g = 0.94–3.80), impulse (g = 1.98–3.21), power (g = 0.84–2.93), and work (g = 1.09–3.56) were significantly larger across concentric and propulsion phases, as well as mean propulsion force (g = 0.30–1.06) performed over all loads (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed for mean concentric force. Statistically longer durations (g = 0.38–1.54) and larger displacements (g = 2.03–4.40) were evident for all loads and both subphases (p < 0.05). Ballistic, lower-body exercise produces greater kinetic and kinematic outputs than nonballistic equivalents, irrespective of phase determination. Practitioners should therefore use ballistic methods when prescribing or testing lower-body exercises to maximize athlete's force-time-displacement characteristics.
Range of Motion Predicts Performance in National-Level New Zealand Male Powerlifters
Authors: Spence Alyssa-Joy , Helms Eric R. , Sousa Colby A. , McGuigan Michael R.
Published: January 2022

Spence, AJ, Helms, ER, Sousa, CA, and McGuigan, MR. Range of motion predicts performance in National-level New Zealand male powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 37(1): 123–128, 2023—Previous research established that male powerlifters have less range of motion (ROM) in several movements about the shoulder and hip compared with sedentary male subjects. It is unclear if these differences in ROM are related to strength, training type, and years of training experience or if individuals with less ROM have a better propensity to gain strength. The purpose of this study was to compare strength and ROM in male powerlifters and recreationally strength-trained male subjects and to determine if ROM would be an effective predictor of strength in these groups. Twelve powerlifters and 12 recreationally strength-trained control subjects completed 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat and bench press testing. In a subsequent session, active ROM was measured, and velocity data were collected during submaximal squat repetitions. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the groups for age, height, body mass, training experience, and training frequency. Powerlifters had significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) training duration and absolute squat and bench press 1RM. Powerlifters had significantly less shoulder extension and horizontal abduction, and hip flexion, extension, and adduction than recreationally strength-trained men. Significant negative relationships were found between 2-lift Wilks score (body mass relative strength) and shoulder extension and horizontal abduction, as well as hip flexion and extension. In powerlifters, significant negative relationships were found between competition Wilks score, shoulder extension, and hip flexion. Because these relationships correspond to the bottom position of the squat and bench press, it may be best to ensure that shoulder extension and hip flexion remain sufficient to achieve competition depth.
Exercise Intensity and Rest Intervals Effects on Intracellular Signals and Anabolic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Resistance Training
Authors: Moro Tatiana , Monaco Lucia , Naro Fabio , Reggiani Carlo , Paoli Antonio
Published: January 2022

Moro, T, Monaco, L, Naro, F, Reggiani, C, and Paoli, A. Exercise intensity and rest intervals effects on intracellular signals and anabolic response of skeletal muscle to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 38(10): 1695–1703, 2024—Resistance training (RT) is one of the most important stimuli for muscle hypertrophy, and it may play also an important role on weight loss and fatty acids oxidation. Clearly, RT affects anabolic pathways, but the differences among various training techniques has been poorly investigated. We sought to compare the effect of 2 different intensities of training: high-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) and traditional resistance training (TRT), on muscle signaling pathway. Nine young healthy subjects performed HIIRT and TRT protocol on 2 different occasions and with different legs on leg extension. High-intensity interval resistance training technique consisted of 3 sets of 6 repetitions (reps) at 6 repetition maximum and then 20 seconds of rest and 2 or 3 repetitions (until exhaustion) repeated for 3 times with 2′30″ rest between sets, whereas TRT consisted of 3 sets of 15 reps with 75 seconds of rest between sets. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis were taken at baseline (pre), immediately (0 hours) at the end of training, and 6 hours (6 h) and 24 hours (24 h) after training. Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis were performed to assess muscle signaling pathway activation. In both protocols, rpS6 phosphorylation significantly increased at 6 hours (p < 0.05). Traditional resistance training showed a significant increase at 24 hours of AMPK phosphorylation compared with HIIRT (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences between groups were found for other proteins. mRNA analysis showed no differences between protocols except for striated muscle activator of Rho signaling. The manipulation of resistance training intensity through incomplete/short recovery does not induce different molecular anabolic and metabolic responses compared with a TRT method.

Trial Registration number: NCT04163120 retrospectively registered.
COVID-19 AND POLITICAL PROCESS IN ITALY IN 2021
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Alekseenkova Elena
Published: January 2022

The paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the political process in Italy in 2021. The author analyzes the change of government in February 2021 and the country’s economic recovery and resilience plan, as well as changes in the party-political landscape that occurred in the second year of the pandemic. The study showed that there is an increase in the factors of personalization of power and the strengthening of the executive branch and stagnation of the party landscape in the absence of a clear leader among political forces. The center-right and center-left coalitions are comparable in terms of citizens’ support, but at the same time the level of frustration is growing, reflecting the dissatisfaction of citizens with any of the parties. We can say that there is a certain feeling of the lack of alternative to the proposed development model and the absence of the very request for an alternative. Against this background, the ideas of sovranism so popular recently, it seems, no longer have any prospects.
MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN EUROPE: BETWEEN RELIGION AND POLITICS.
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Shumilin Alexander
Published: January 2022

The article examines the reasons that prompted the governments and expert circles of many EU countries to pay increased attention in the past two years to the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood (BM) religious and political association within the EU. According to the author, this is due not only to the terrorist attacks of Islamists in France and Austria in 2020, but also to the manifestations of the growing influence of this category of Muslim organizations and groups on the social and political life of the countries of the Old World. The article focuses on the analysis of the means, methods and mechanisms characteristic of the groupings associated with the structures of the Muslim Brotherhood in Europe, on their differences from similar organizations in the Middle East. The author turns to the history of the emergence and growth of the influence of the «brothers» in Europe in order to more thoroughly examine the phenomenon of today: while the authority and influence of the BM are noticeably falling in the Arab countries, in the Old World the situation is different for the «brothers» – in many cases they manage to hide their Islamist essence under the cover of left, «progressive» rhetoric, which allows them to fit into the current political and ideological discourse in the host countries. However, with the aggravation of intercivilizational relations in Europe, BM groups are increasingly forced to leave their traditional «hiding places», publicly claiming the status of «defenders of discredited Muslims», but in fact trying to legalize their radical views and positions. The resulting scale of their presence and influence in European societies noticeably frightens the establishment and the population of these countries. The author comes to the conclusion that at the current stage, an aggravation of the confrontation between the political elites in the EU countries and the BM structures is inevitable
RIGHT-WING RADICAL STATE OF MIND IN THE BUNDESWEHR: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Kamkin Aleksandr
Published: January 2022

The article deals with analysis of right-wing radical state of mind among the German armed forces soldiers. The author describes the most significant incidents in German army, which relate to right-wing radicalism, within the last several years, goes into details regarding senior lieutenant Franco A. case as well as uncovering right-wing cell in KSK special force unit. Among the analysis of particular cases the article contains sociological analysis of right-wing radical minds in society in general and in the army. The researcher enlists main characteristics of such feeling in the society and armed forces, as well as main markers of right-wing radicalism. Based on the attempt to forecast actions of the state to prevent further cases of political extremism in Bundeswehr prospects of situation in this sphere are evaluated.
RUSSIAN AND NORTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES COOPERATION IN DEVELOPING ARCTIC TOURISM
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Timoshenko Diana
Published: January 2022

The Arctic as a territory of strategic presence is in the field of close attention of many players in the geopolitical and international economic arena. The Arctic tourism development over the past 15 years is due not only to the influence of business, social and cultural factors, as well as the growing interest of consumers to get a unique experience of travel to northern tourism destinations but is also associated with the development of global economic processes and diplomatic relations, which determine successful bilateral cooperation in interdepartmental and intergovernmental level. Multilateral cooperation and the implementation of jointly adopted tourism development programs within the framework of the activities of international organizations are also of great importance. With the restrictions on international and domestic travel in two recent years, the global tourism market entered a crisis state, which affected the dynamics of tourist arrivals in the Arctic and slowed down this development. The author, drawing attention to the current bilateral and intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in tourism between Russia and the Nordic countries and the Plan of significant events in connection with Russia's chairmanship in the Arctic Council in 2021–2023 proposes to support a peaceful and friendly policy of good-neighbourliness and cooperation in matters of sustainable tourism development in the Arctic, despite the claims of the European Union for interference in Arctic affairs, which were reflected in the European Commission's Joint Communication dated October 13, 2021.
THE CONCEPT OF BASIC INCOME IN THE BRITISH POLITIAL CONTEXT
Authors:   Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kvashnin Yuri
Published: January 2022

The article explores the current debate on basic income in the UK. The growing interest in this concept, which implies the introduction of unconditional and equal for all regular cash payments, is caused by problems common to Western European countries, i.e. an increase in income inequality, the risk of technological unemployment, as well as the need to take urgent measures to support the population at times of pandemic. In the British context, however, ideological and political factors play a significant role, such as a rich intellectual tradition of developing universal approaches to social security and the desire of a number of parties, both national and regional, to use this increasingly popular concept for their own political purposes. It is concluded that in the medium term, the UK's transition to basic income is unlikely, but the very discussion on its introduction can serve as a catalyst for serious social transformations.
Specific Plasticity Loci and Their Synergism Mediate Operant Conditioning
Authors: Momohara Yuto , Neveu Curtis L. , Chen Hsin-Mei , Baxter Douglas A. , Byrne John H.
Published: January 2022

Despite numerous studies examining the mechanisms of operant conditioning (OC), the diversity of OC plasticity loci and their synergism have not been examined sufficiently. In the well-characterized feeding neural circuit ofAplysia,in vivoandin vitroappetitive OC increases neuronal excitability and electrical coupling among several neurons leading to an increase in expression of ingestive behavior. Here, we used thein vitroanalog of OC to investigate whether OC reduces the excitability of a neuron, B4, whose inhibitory connections decrease expression of ingestive behavior. We found OC decreased the excitability of B4. This change appeared intrinsic to B4 because it could be replicated with an analog of OC in isolated cultures of B4 neurons. In addition to changes in B4 excitability, OC decreased the strength of B4's inhibitory connection to a key decision-making neuron, B51. The OC-induced changes were specific without affecting the excitability of another neuron critical for feeding behavior, B8, or the B4-to-B8 inhibitory connection. A conductance-based circuit model indicated that reducing the B4-to-B51 synapse, or increasing B51 excitability, mediated the OC phenotype more effectively than did decreasing B4 excitability. We combined these modifications to examine whether they could act synergistically. Combinations including B51 synergistically enhanced feeding. Taken together, these results suggest modifications of diverse loci work synergistically to mediate OC and that some neurons are well suited to work synergistically with plasticity in other loci.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ways in which synergism of diverse plasticity loci mediate the change in motor patterns in operant conditioning (OC) are poorly understood. Here, we found that OC was in part mediated by decreasing the intrinsic excitability of a critical neuron ofAplysiafeeding behavior, and specifically reducing the strength of one of its inhibitory connections that targets a key decision-making neuron. A conductance-based computational model indicated that the known plasticity loci showed a surprising level of synergism to mediate the behavioral changes associated with OC. These results highlight the importance of understanding the diversity, specificity and synergy among different types of plasticity that encode memory. Also, because OC inAplysiais mediated by dopamine (DA), the present study provides insights into specific and synergistic mechanisms of DA-mediated reinforcement of behaviors.
Las aves del departamento de Loreto, Perú
Authors: Salinas Letty , Arana Alejandra , Arana César
Published: January 2022

Presentamos una lista actualizada de las especies de aves del departamento de Loreto. La lista está basada en la revisión de ejemplares de colecciones científicas, registros históricos, publicaciones y observaciones de campo. Reportamos 1040 especies de aves para Loreto, 72 de ellas en alguna categoría de amenaza, 72 migratorias y 13 endémicas de Perú. Percnostola arenarum, Pithys castaneus y Polioptila clementsi son endémicas de Loreto. Las familias con mayor número de especies son Tyrannidae, Thamnophilidae y Thraupidae. La lista presentada tiene alta confiabilidad debido al respaldo de cerca del 81% de las especies en especímenes de colecciones científicas y apenas el 1.5% solo por reportes de avistamientos realizados por ornitólogos. Las especies de aves de Loreto representan alrededor del 55% del total reportado para el Perú y en Passeriformes el 52% de los estimado para la Amazonía. La distribución de los registros muestra que es necesario explorar áreas cercanas a las fronteras con Colombia y Brasil, así como las cordilleras que comparten con Amazonas y San Martín. En base a la distribución de la avifauna amenazada y endémica se propone priorizar el estudio y protección de áreas montanas y de bosques de arena blanca en particular.
Diversidad y conservación de los murciélagos de Loreto, Perú
Authors: Graham-Angeles Laura , Sánchez-Vendizú Pamela , Diaz Silvia , Pacheco Víctor
Published: January 2022

En este trabajo presentamos una lista actualizada de los murciélagos de Loreto basada en la revisión de bases de datos, colecciones científicas y literatura especializada. Encontramos que Loreto es el departamento con mayor diversidad de murciélagos del Perú, con 114 especies agrupadas en 7 familias (19.9% de la mastofauna peruana), y que incluyen dos de las nueve especies endémicas para Perú: Micronycteris (Micronycteris) matses y Hsunycteris dashe. Además, se encontraron 444 localidades diferentes con registros de especímenes, principalmente ubicadas a lo largo de ríos. Las especies registradas en cuatro o menos localidades únicas fueron consideradas como raras, mientras que las especies registradas en 111 o más localidades únicas fueron consideradas comunes. Presentamos un mapa de las ecorregiones de Loreto con las localidades únicas, tanto históricas como contemporáneas, además de un mapa de densidad de localidades por cada 25 km2 donde se identifican 6 zonas de vacíos de información: 1) norte y centro de Putumayo 2) noroeste de Maynas y noreste de Loreto, 3) centro de Maynas, 4) centro-norte del Datem del Marañón, norte de Alto Amazonas y extremo occidental de Loreto, 5) centro-sur de Requena y extremo oriental de Ucayali y 6) extremo occidental de Ucayali. Finalmente presentamos mapas de distribución para cada especie aquí reportada para Loreto.
Mokslo žinių panaudojimas formuojant įrodymais pagrįstą sveikatos priežiūros darbuotojų saugos ir sveikatos politiką psichosocialinių rizikos veiksnių valdymo kontekste
Authors:   , University Vilnius
Published: January 2022

Use of scientific knowledge in the development of evidence-based safety and health policies for health workers in the context of psychosocial risk management
A primer on hypertension and on the racial / ethnic disparities in diagnosis and management: a comprehensive overview
Authors: Njoloma Ivy , Lewis Nasheria , Sainvil Frantz , Einstein George P , Sciranka Andrew , Tulp Orien L
Published: January 2022

Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide, where it contributes to stroke, cardiovascular and renal disease. Forty percent of adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, two-thirds of whom are living in low and middle-income countries. Most adults with hypertension are not fully aware that they have the condition, therefore it often goes ignored and untreated. Of the 1.28 billion people worldwide, who have been reported to have hypertension, data indicates that one in five females and one in four males are included in that estimate. Moreover, data from World Health Organization reports that less than half of adults (42%) with hypertension are diagnosed and treated adequately and approximately only one in five adults (21%) with hypertension have it under adequate control. One of the worldwide goals for non-communicable diseases is to scale back the prevalence of hypertension by 33% between 2010 and 2030. In African Americans, readily available thiazide diuretics or Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) have been shown to be more effective in lowering blood pressure than Renin Angiotensin System inhibitors (RAS) or β-adrenergic blockers and are also more effective in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) events than RAS inhibitors or adrenergic blockers. The ethnical difference in hypertension and hypertension- related complaint issues are associated with lesser mortality and morbidity pitfalls compared with their white counterparts. These redundant pitfalls from elevated blood pressure have a dramatic effect on life expectancy and career productivity for African American men and women and which is significantly lower than has been reported for Caucasian Americans of either gender. These present challenges remain to be completely understood and give a result to overcome ethnical and racial differences in the frequency and treatment of hypertension. Social determinants of health similar as educational status, access to health care and low income play a crucial part in frequency and blood pressure control rates. Development of appropriate health care programs at the state and public situations to address these issues will be essential to reduce these differences. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the prevalence and ethnic disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension and to suggest steps to improve the outcomes.
Two ways to be a velvet worm
Authors: Monge Julián
Published: January 2022

There are two ways to be a velvet worm. One is to mate vaginally at a young age, give birth in any month and have small, scarce males. The other is to periodically inseminate through the body wall, with sexual equality in size and abundance. The second way seems to be an evolutionary adaptation to habitats that are colder and drier than the habitats of neotropical velvet worms.
New records of fungal pathogens of invertebrates from endemic pine forests in Mexico
Authors: Casique-Valdés Rebeca , Anslan Sten , Galindo-García Fernando , Sanchez-Peña Sergio R.
Published: January 2022

We report fungal pathogens of invertebrates (FPI) (Entomophthorales, Hypocreales, and Orbiliales) from roots of an endemic Mexican pine, Pinus greggii Engelm. ex Parl., at four primary montane forests using next-generation sequencing. We found twenty-nine OTUs from 18 genera of FPI associated to the roots of P. greggii. New records for Mexico are: Beauveria felina (DC.) J.W.Carmich., Dactylella mammillata S.M. Dixon, Dactylella ramosa Matsushima, Drechslerella brochopaga (Drechsler) M. Scholler, Hagedorn & A. Rubner, Hirsutella minnesotensis Chen, Liu & Chen, Leptobacillium leptobactrum (W.Gams) Zare & W.Gams, Metapochonia variabilis Z.F.Zhang, F.Liu & L.Cai, Monacrosporium leptosporum (Drechsler) A. Rubner, and Simplicillium aogashimaense Nonaka, Kaifuchi & Masuma. A largely unknown array of fungal pathogens of invertebrates are likely to be found in Mexican forests.  This work facilitates future analyses of fungal diversity in these primary forests, as well as basic and applied research in biological control.
Update to Internet-only Tables: NAMCS Community Health Centers
Authors: Arias Elizabeth , Xu Jiaquan
Published: January 2022

This report provides estimates of ambulatory care visits made to both physicians and nonphysician clinicians at community health centers in the United States.
Demographic Variation in Health Insurance Coverage: United States, 2020
Authors: Cha Amy
Published: January 2022

This report presents national estimates of different types of health insurance coverage and lack of coverage (uninsured). Estimates are presented by selected sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, race and Hispanic origin, family income, education level, employment status, and marital status.
Laboratory features of cardiovascular injury in COVID-19 and other acute respiratory viral infections
Authors: Khavkina D. A. , Chukhlyaev P. V. , Ruzhentsova T. A.
Published: January 2022

The article presents data from a study of specific cardiac markers in patients with acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by cardiovascular injury. However, with other ARVIs, the prevalence of heart involvement is also high and, according to the literature data, is about 20%. At the same time, laboratory characteristics of these lesions have significant differences in ARVI and COVID-19, which necessitates different approaches to therapy.

Aim. To determine the most significant markers for the diagnosis of cardiovascular involvement in patients with COVID-19.

Material and methods. A total of 60 patients were included in the study: main group (n=30), COVID-19 was laboratory confirmed; comparison group (n=30), other ARVI pathogens were verified. The groups were completely comparable in sex, age and severity of disease course. The average values of troponin, creatine kinase MB, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and D-dimer were compared in patients of both groups in the acute disease phase, corresponding from 1 to 8 days from the symptoms’ onset. Data analysis was performed using a two-sided independent samples t-test using SPSS Statistics version 23.

Results. The higher levels of troponin-I and D-dimer were significantly more common in the main group. The mean value of creatine kinase MB did not exceed the upper limits of reference values. There were no significant differences in NTproBnP levels between the groups. At the same time, in both groups, its level significantly exceeded the age reference values.

Conclusion. The most effective markers of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients should be considered troponin-I, D-dimer and NT-proBNP. Early diagnosis and laboratory monitoring in dynamics is important for the timely detection of cardiac pathology and alteration of therapy regimen.
Melastomataceae Juss. do Complexo de Serras da Bocaina e de Carrancas, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil: inventário e comparação florística
Authors: Lauriano Mateus Henrique , Romero Rosana
Published: January 2022

RESUMO O Complexo de Serras da Bocaina e de Carrancas (CSBC) é formado por 12 serras localizadas no sudoeste do Estado de Minas Gerais que apresentam uma expressiva diversidade florística. O presente estudo teve como objetivos inventariar as espécies de Melastomataceae do CSBC e analisar a similaridade florística com outras 24 áreas dos biomas Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. O inventário no CSBC registrou 74 espécies de Melastomataceae, distribuídas nos gêneros Miconia (33 spp.), Microlicia (12 spp.), Pleroma (11 spp.), Chaetogastra (cinco spp.), Cambessedesia, Fritzschia, Leandra, Pterolepis e Rhynchanthera (duas spp. cada), Acisanthera, Macairea, Marcetia e Siphanthera (uma única sp. cada). A análise de similaridade florística mostrou a formação de dois grupos: CSBC, Serra da Canastra e Serra de São José, relacionado ao Arco Canastra, no Estado de Minas Gerais; e Catolés, Rio de Contas e Pico das Almas, no Estado da Bahia.
No Evidence of Low Genetic Diversity Despite High Levels of Inbreeding and Poor Genetic Connectivity AmongTetrastigma loheri(Vitaceae) Populations in Remaining Forest Areas in Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Obico Jasper John A. , Alburo Hemres , Barcelona Julie F. , Hale Marie , Paguntalan Lisa , Steeves Tammy , Pelser Pieter B.
Published: January 2022

Abstract—Little is known about the effects of habitat fragmentation on the patterns of genetic diversity and genetic connectivity of species in the remaining tropical forests of Southeast Asia. This is particularly evident in Cebu, a Philippine island that has a long history of deforestation and has lost nearly all of its forest cover. To begin filling this gap, data from 13 microsatellite loci developed forTetrastigma loheri(Vitaceae), a common vine species in Philippine forests, were used to study patterns of genetic diversity and genetic connectivity for the four largest of the remaining forest areas in Cebu. Evidence of relatively high levels of inbreeding was found in all four areas, despite no evidence of low genetic diversity. The four areas are genetically differentiated, suggesting low genetic connectivity. The presence of inbreeding and low genetic connectivity in a commonly encountered species such asT. loheriin Cebu suggests that the impact of habitat fragmentation is likely greater on rare plant species with more restricted distributions in Cebu. Conservation recommendations for the remaining forest areas in Cebu include the establishment of steppingstone corridors between nearby areas to improve the movement of pollinators and seed dispersers among them.
A Global Phylogenomic Study of the Thelypteridaceae
Authors: Fawcett Susan , Smith Alan R. , Sundue Michael , Burleigh J. Gordon , Sessa Emily B. , Kuo Li-Yaung , Chen Cheng-Wei , Testo Weston L. , Kessler Michael , Consortium GoFlag , Barrington David S.
Published: January 2022

Abstract— The generic classification of the Thelypteridaceae has been the subject of much controversy. Proposed taxonomic systems have varied from recognizing the approximately 1200 species in the family within the single genus Thelypteris, to systems favoring
upwards of 30 genera. Insights on intrafamilial relationships, especially for neotropical taxa, have been gained from recent phylogenetic studies; however, in the most recent classification, 10 of 30 recognized genera are either non-monophyletic or untested. We sequenced 407 nuclear loci for
621 samples, representing all recognized genera and approximately half the known species diversity. These were analyzed using both maximum likelihood analysis of a concatenated matrix and multi-species coalescent methods. Our phylogenomic results, informed by recently published morphological
evidence, provide the foundation for a generic classification which recircumscribed 14 genera and recognized seven new genera. The 37 monophyletic genera sampled demonstrate greater geographic coherence than previous taxonomic concepts suggested. Additionally, our results demonstrate that
certain morphological characters, such as frond division, are evolutionarily labile and are thus inadequate for defining genera.
Espeletia ocetana(Millerieae, Asteraceae), a New Tall Caulirosula from Colombia
Authors: Becerra María Teresa , Mavárez Jesús
Published: January 2022

Abstract—A new species,Espeletia ocetana(Asteraceae), from about 3500 m a. s. l. in Páramo de Ocetá, Mongua, Boyacá department, Colombia, is described and illustrated. The new species exhibits a caulescent rosette habit (0.7‐1.8 m tall), sessile leaves, elliptic leaf laminae with greyish indumentum, robust bracteate thyrsoid capitulescences spreading laterally from rosette, each holding 16‐37(‐69) capitula, external phyllaries 14.2‐31.1 mm long, and ray florets 13.9‐21.3 mm long arranged in 2.0‐2.9 series. It is markedly different from the majority of other members of the genus, and only slightly similar toE. jaramilloi, from which it can be easily distinguished by its taller stems, wider leaves with a smaller length/width ratio, and longer sheaths. Furthermore,E. ocetanahas capitula with ray florets arranged in fewer series, and with longer phyllaries, ray corollas, ray corolla limbs, ray styles, ray style branches, disc florets, and disc styles. In addition,E. ocetanais distributed allopatrically in regard toE. jaramilloi, and differs as well in its ecological preference for humid to very humid shrubby páramos.Espeletia ocetanais rather abundant in its type locality, which is a relatively well-conserved páramo located within the limits of Parque Natural Regional Siscunsí-Ocetá. However, it is absent from road margins, abandoned agriculture fields, and other areas impacted by human activities. Further studies will be necessary to know appropriately the extent of the geographic distribution ofE. ocetana, its ecological requirements and its phylogenetic affinities with other species.