bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Skin Diseases among Displaced People in Diyala Province
Authors: Alwan Naseer K. , Shakir Shahab A. , Waheeb Hayder H.
Published: October 2018

Background: Diyala have many internally displaced persons as a consequence of the armed conflict. Those peoples experience serious health problems related to their displacement, including skin disorders.Objective: To determine the prevalence of skin diseases and the use of health care among displaced patients in Diyala.Methods: A case-series study conducted on 246 displaced patients from May to November 2017, who attended Baqubah teaching hospital in Diyala. All patients were diagnosed by dermatologists depending on clinical findings.Results: A total of 246 displaced patient from all age groups mean±SD (21.9±18.59) years, range 1-64) consulate the clinic, of them (29.3%) male and (70.7%) female with male to female ratio (1:2.4). Infectious skin diseases have the highest rate (65.9%), followed by dermatitis (18.4%), acne (5.7%), alopecia (5.3%), and Papulosquamous diseases (4.8%). Parasitic skin infestations (31.7%) and viral infection (24.4%) were the commonest noted infections. Significant associations present between previous consultation and economic status, and between prevalence of skin infections and low economic status. Significant associations between skin diseases and rising crowding index.Conclusion: Infectious skin diseases are common among displaced patients, significantly higher among low economic status. Skin diseases significantly associated with rising crowding index.
 
وبائية الامراض الجلدية بين النازحين في محافظة ديالى
د. نصير كريم علوان دائرة صحة ديالى
 د. شهاب احمد شاكر كلية الطب جامعة ديالى
حيدر حميد وهيب دائرة صحة ديالى
 خلفية الدراسة: نتيجة العنف والنزاع المسلح في ديالى، نزح عدد كبير من الناس فيها. تعاني هذه المجموعات من مشاكل صحية كبيرة تتعلق بنزوحها، بما في ذلك الأمراض الجلدية.
هدف الدراسة: هذه الدراسة تهدف الى تحديد انتشار الامراض الجلدية بين النازحين في ديالى ومدى استخدام خدمات الرعاية الصحية لعلاجها.
الطريقة: دراسة استطلاعية أجريت على ٢٤٦ نازح من المرضى الذين راجعوا قسم الأمراض الجلدية في مستشفى بعقوبة التعليمي في محافظة ديالى للفترة من ١ مايو إلى ٣٠ نوفمبر ٢٠١٧ واستند التشخيص على الصورة السريرية للمرض.
النتائج: خلال فترة الدراسة شُخّص ٢٤٦ نازح بإمراض جلدية مختلفة، تراوحت أعمارهم بين ١-٦٤ سنة، متوسط العمر (٩.٢١) سنة، كانت نسبة الذكور الى الاناث (١: ٢.٤)، ١٧٤ من الإناث (٧٠.٧٪) و٧٢ من الذكور (٢٩.٣٪). وكان المرض الجلدي الأكثر انتشاراً في كل من الذكور والإناث هو الالتهابات الجلدية المعدية (٦٥.٩٪)، يتبعه الأكزيما (١٨.٤٪)، ومن ثم حب الشباب (٥.٧٪) على التوالي. ومثلت الالتهابات الطفيلية أعلى نسب انتشار من بين الالتهابات الجلدية المعدية (٣١.٧٪)، تليها الالتهابات الفيروسية (٢٤.٤٪). أظهرت النتائج علاقة وثيقة بين نسبة انتشار الامراض الجلدية المعدية والحالة الاقتصادية للمرضى، وبين المراجعة لعلاج المرض والحالة الاقتصادية. وجدت الدراسة أيضا علاقة وثيقة بين انتشار الامراض الجلدية المعدية وارتفاع مؤشر ازدحام السكن.
الاستنتاج: الأمراض الجلدية المعدية شائعة بين المرضى النازحين، وهي تزداد بين المرضى ذوي الدخل المحدود. الأمراض الجلدية تؤثر على جميع الفئات العمرية، وترتبط بشكل كبير مع ارتفاع مؤشر ازدحام السكن.
مفتاح الكلمات:  الامراض الجلدية، النازحين، مؤشر الزحام.
Growth of diabetic children in post conflict Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Hadi Zena S. , Al-Kaseer Eman A. , Al-Zubaidi Munib A.
Published: October 2018

Background: previously type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was listed among the causes of severing growth retardation. Iraq was exposed to wars and conflicts that affect health services which in turn affect the glycemic state of diabetic patients.Objective: To report on the growth of diabetic children in post-conflict Iraq.Methods: A total of 100 children with T1DM were included in the study. They were attending the consultancy clinic in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital for the period from 1st of Feb to 30th of May 2017. Weight and height were measured. The growth indices at diagnosis were taken from a case file.Results: A total of 100 children with T1DM included in this study. Their age was 9.3 ± 3.2 years with a male to female ratio of 1. The peak age of children at diagnosis was < 5 years. Of the total diabetic children in this study, (5%) was stunted, (2%) wasted, and (5%) was underweight. Duration of T1DM was a significant determinant of growth indices (height and weight). No significant differences in growth indices (weight, height, and BMI) between males and females with T1DM.Conclusion: the peak of age at diagnosis was < 5 years, the sex ratio was equal and weight and height were almost lower than that supposed to be healthy.
 
نمو الاطفال المصابين بداء السكري في العراق بعد الازمة
د. زينة ستار هادي
د. ايمان عدنان القصير
د. منيب احمد كاظم
الخلاصة:
الخلفية: سابقا كان داء السكري من النوع الاول من بين اسباب تاخر النمو الشديد. العراق تعرض للحروب والصراعات التي اثرت على الخدمات الصحية والتي بدورها اثرت على حالة السكر في الدم لمرضى السكري.
الهدف: تقديم تقريرعن نمو الاطفال المصابين بالسكري في العراق بعد انتهاء الصراع.
طريقة البحث: شملت الدراسة 100طفل مصاب بداء السكري من النوع الاول والذين يراجعون العيادة الاستشارية لمرضى السكري في مستشفى حماية الاطفال للفترة من 1 شباط الى 30 ايار للعام 2017. تم قياس الوزن والطول. مؤشرات النمو عند التشخيص اخذت من ملف المريض.
النتائج: تمت دراسة 100 طفل مصاب بداء السكري من النوع الاول وكان عمرهم 9.3 ± 3.2 ونسبة الذكور للاناث تساوي 1. ذروة عمر الاطفال عند التشخيص كانت اقل من 5 سنوات. من مجموع الاطفال المصابين بالسكري في هذه الدراسة كانت نسبة المصابين بالتقزم 5%, النحافة 2 % ونقصان الوزن 5%. مدة الاصابة بداء السكري من النوع الاول كانت محددا هاما لمؤشرات النمو(الطول والوزن). لاتوجد اختلافات ذات دلالة احصائية في مؤشرات النمو(الوزن, الطول, ومؤشر كتلة الجسم) بين الذكور والاناث المصابين بداء السكري من النوع الاول.
 الاستنتاج: كانت ذروة العمر عند التشخيص أقل من 5 سنوات، وكانت نسبة الجنس متساوية، والوزن والطول كانوا تقريبا اقل مما يفترض ان يكون صحي.
الكلمات الافتتاحية: داء السكري من النوع الاول, والاطفال, والنمو.
GORGIAS: Applying argumentation
Authors: Kakas Antonis C. , Moraitis Pavlos , Spanoudakis Nikolaos I.
Published: October 2018

This paper presents the past and present efforts of developing real-life applications of argumentation with the Gorgias preference-based structured argumentation framework of Logic Programming with Priorities. Since its free availability on the web in 2003, the Gorgias system has been used by different groups in a variety of real-life applications in areas such as medical support, network security, business computing, ambient intelligence and, recently, in the area of cognitive personal assistants. We briefly review the Gorgias framework and its past applications and present an emerging general methodological approach for developing “decision making” applications of argumentation. This approach allows the development of real world applications directly from their high-level requirements expressed in the language of the application without the need for familiarity with the underlying technical details of argumentation. A new tool, called Gorgias-B, supports this high-level development of applications and automatically generates the underlying argumentation theory in Gorgias code. The paper also reports on ongoing real-life applications in two domains: an eye-clinic assistant for first level support, and systems for patient data access and data sharing agreements according to the relevant legislation and contracts or policies of the several stakeholders involved. The proposed approach is quite general for this type of applications of argumentation and, thus, it can be used with any preference-based argumentation framework.
The association between AB blood group and neonatal disease
Authors: McMahon K.E. , Habeeb O. , Bautista G.M. , Levin S. , DeChristopher P.J. , Glynn L.A. , Jeske W. , Muraskas J.K.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:

Numerous studies have examined the association between ABO blood groups and adult disease states, but very few have studied the neonatal population. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between AB blood group and the occurrence of common neonatal disorders such as neutropenia at birth, sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) compared to all other blood groups.

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective review on 3,981 infants born at 22 0/7 to 42 6/7 weeks’ gestational age and compared the relative risk of neonatal diseases in infants with AB blood group to that of infants with all other blood groups (A, B, and O).

RESULTS:

When compared to all other blood groups, AB infants demonstrated an increased risk for developing negative clinical outcomes. AB blood group was significantly associated with a 14–89% increased risk of neutropenia at birth, sepsis, RDS, and ROP. Risks for IVH and PDA were not significant.

CONCLUSION:

We hypothesize that the phenotypic expression of A and B antigens, rather than the antigens themselves, in the AB group may reveal an enhanced susceptibility to injury at the endothelial level resulting in an increased risk for disease development.
Visión pura y la visión del gurú: Una fenomenología del desconcierto
Authors: Bauer Rudolph
Published: October 2018

Comprender la naturaleza del gurú puede ser desconcertante. Una fuente de este desconcierto es que muchas personas piensan que el gurú es una persona, el gurú no es una persona. La naturaleza verdadera y omnipresente del gurú puede ocultarse y el poder del gurú, limitarse, antropomorfizarse y politizarse. Para usar el lenguaje heideggeriano, la dimensión óntica se convertirá en el centro y la dimensión ontológica, forcluida. De hecho, el gurú no es una entidad, el gurú no es una cosa y el gurú ni siquiera es un ser. El gurú es el campo del ser. El guru es el campo de la manifestación del ser de la autorevelación. El gurú es el resplandor de la conciencia primordial. El gurú es la propia conciencia.Abstract Understanding the nature of the guru can be bewildering. A source of this bewilderment is that many people think the guru is person, the guru is not a person. The true and pervasive nature of the guru can be concealed and the power of the guru limited and anthropomorphized, and politicized. To use Heideggarian language the ontic dimension will become the focus and the ontological dimension foreclosed. In fact, the guru is not an entity, the guru is not a thing, and the guru is not even a being. The guru is the field of being. The guru is the field of Being’s manifestation of self -revelation. The guru is the radiance of primordial awareness. The guru is your own awareness.
THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM): AN APPLICATION TO FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
Authors: Toro L. A. , Cardona C. A. , Pisarenko Yu. A. , Frolkova A. V.
Published: October 2018

In this paper the finite element method (FEM) is used to solve three problems that are of the paramount importance in Chemical Engineering. The first problem is related with the bidimensional flow of an ideal fluid around a cylindrical body, and the objective is to determine the velocity distribution of the flow. To model the flow, the potential formulation is used to obtain an analytical solution, and then, the approximated solution obtained by using FEM is compared with the analytical solution. From this comparison, it is deduced that both solutions have a good agreement. The second problem is the calculation of the temperature profile in a two-dimensional body with specified boundary conditions. This problem is modeled by the two-dimensional Laplace equation, and from the problem data and using variables separation, an analytical solution was obtained. Then, FEM was used to obtain an approximate solution and compared with analytical ones. Besides, from this comparison, it is concluded that both solutions agree. Finally, in the third problem the temperature distribution in a bidimensional body with internal heat generation is studied. This problem is modeled by Poisson equation in two dimensions, but due to the boundary conditions and the complications that arise by adding some heat sources in the final FEM discretization, the problem does not have an analytical solution. However, the analysis of FEM solution indicates that this solution is correct.
ANALISA KADAR TIMBAL (Pb) PADA KANGKUNG AIR YANG DIPERJUAL BELIKAN DI PASAR TRADISIONAL KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Nuradi Nuradi
Published: October 2018

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi dengan banyaknya penjual sayuran misalnya kangkung air di pinggir jalan yang mengakibatkan adanya polusi logam berat dari asap kendaraan misalnya Timbal (Pb). Timbal adalah logam berat yang bersifat toksik yang penetapan kadarnya dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer serapan atom (AAS). Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasi laboratorik dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara random sampling. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kimia Analitik Departemen Kimia  Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Hasanuddin pada tanggal 12-13 juni 2017. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan dari 6 sampel terdapat 5 sampel yang memiliki nilai kadar Timbal yang positif. Dari pasar Pabaeng-baeng pagi 1.87 dan siang 0.96, pasar Tamalate pagi 2.79 dan siang 0.96, pasar Pettarani Sukaria pagi 0.95 dan siangnya tidak terdeteksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kangkung air yang diperjual belikan di pasar Tradisional Kota Makassar memiliki kadar timbal (Pb), Pagi 1, Pagi 2, Pagi 3, Siang 1, Siang 2 dan Siang 3 adalah 1.87, 2.79, 0.95,0.96,0.96,0.00 mg/kg. persentase kadar timbal ada sekitar 83,3% mengandung logam berat timbal (Pb) dan 16,7 % yang tidak megandung logam berat timbal (Pb). Saran: diperlukan perhatian khusus dari para pelaku industri untuk tidak membuang limbah yang mengandung logam berat berbahaya kedalam sungai, melalui berbagai kebijakan khusus.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT BUAH PISANG AMBON (Musa paradisiaca Var. Sapientum.L ) SEBAGAI ADSORBEN ZAT WARNA RHODAMIN B DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETER UV-VIS
Authors: Abdullah Tajuddin , Mispari Mispari
Published: October 2018

Telah dilakukan penelitian pemanfaatan limbah kulit pisang ambon (Musa paradisiacal Var. Sapientum.L) sebagai adsorben zat warna rhodamin B dengan metode Spektrofotometer UV-Vis.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kegunaan kulit buah pisang ambon dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben zat warna Rhodamin B setelah diaktivasi menggunakan NaOH 0,5 N dan diukur dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometer uv.vis pada λmaks 553 nm serta mengetahui waktu kontak optimum dan massa / bobot adsorben terhadap adsorpsi zat warna Rhodamin B pada konsentrasi 10 ppm. Pada penentuan waktu kontak optimum dilakukan dengan variasi waktu kontak selama  15, 30, 45, dan 60 menit dengan berat adsorben 0,2 gram masing-masing dicampurkan dengan 20 mL Rhodamin B. Hasil pengukuran didapatkan waktu kontak optimum pada menit ke 30, dengan daya terserap sebesar 59,33%. Pada penentuan massa adsorben optimum dilakukan dengan variasi massa / bobot adsorben 0,2, 0,4, 0,6, dan 0,8 gram masing-masing  dicampurkan dengan 20 mL Rhodamin B selama waktu kontak optimum. Hasil penggukuran menunjukan bahwa massa adsorben optimum pada bobot 0,4 gram dengan daya serap sebesar 70,03%.
AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK DAUN TURI PUTIH (Sesbania grandiflora L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Candida albicans DAN Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Ratnah St , Rahim Ayu Rahmani , Hasyim Hasrina
Published: October 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas ekstrak Daun terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans dan Staphylococcus aureus berdasarkan diameter zona hambat. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi daun Turi Putih dengan metode maserasi, selanjutnya dievaporasi dengan rotavafor dan diuapkan di waterbath sehingga diperoleh ekstrak kering. Dibuat konsentrasi 2%, 4% dan 8%. Pengujian aktivitas dilakukan dengan metode disc diffution. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan Ekstrak Daun Turi Putih (Sesbania grandiflora L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans dan Staphylococcus aureus, dengan hasil Diameter hambatan rata-rata pertumbuhan Candida albicans adalah konsentrasi 8% b/v adalah 12 mm, konsentrasi 4% b/v adalah 10,33 mm, konsentrasi 2% b/v  adalah 9,66 mm Diameter hambatan rata-rata pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus adalah konsentrasi 8%  adalah 11 mm, konsentrasi 4%  adalah 10,33 mm, konsentrasi 2%  adalah 9,33 mmKata kunci : Ekstraksi, Ekstrak Daun Turi Putih (Sesbania grandiflora L.), Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Disc diffution.
UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT DAN LD50 EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KIRINYUH (Euphatorium odoratum Linn) PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus)
Authors: Jumain Jumain , Syahruni Syahruni , Farid Farid
Published: October 2018

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang  Uji Toksisitas Akut dan LD50 Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kirinyuh (Euphatorium odoratum Linn) Pada Mencit (Mus musculus.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai Lethal Dosis 50 (LD50) atau dosis dari ekstrak etanol daun kirinyuh yang dapat membunuh 50% mencit (Mus musculus), sehingga dapat memberikan data dasar keamanan dosis dari daun kirinyuh yang dapat digunakan.  Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode perhitungan Reed dan Muench, yang menggunakan 30 ekor mencit masing-masing 15 ekor betina dan jantan yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan, masing-masing terdiri atas 6 ekor mencit 3 ekor betina dan 3 ekor jantan. Kelompok I  NaCMC 1% sebagai Kontrol , Kelompok II diberi ekstrak etanol daun kirinyuh dengan dosis 10% b/v. Kelompok III diberi ekstrak etanol daun kirinyuh dengan dosis 20% b/v. Kelompok IV diberi ekstrak etanol daun kirinyuh dengan dosis 40% b/v,  sedangkan untuk Kelompok V diberikan dosis tertinggi 80% b/v pada mencit. Sediaan uji diberikan secara oral dengan hanya satu kali pemberian pada awal masa penelitian. Gejala toksik yang dominan yaitu parasimpatomimetik (diare dan urinasi). Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan Nilai LD50 yang diperoleh dari hasil pengujian toksisitas akut ekstrak etanol daun kirinyuh (Euphatorium odoratum Linn) yaitu sebesar 14,1416 g/Kg BB atau 28,82 % ekstrak dan termasuk dalam kategori “Toksik Ringan” Kata kunci : Daun Kirinyuh (Euphatorium odoratum Linn), Ekstrak kental, Toksisitas akut, LD50
ANALISIS KADAR NATRIUM BENZOAT DALAM KECAP MANIS PRODUKSI HOME INDUSTRI YANG BEREDAR DI KOTA MAKASSAR DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-Vis
Authors: Nurisyah Nurisyah
Published: October 2018

Telah dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan untuk menentukan kadar  pengawet natrium benzoat dalam kecap manis produksi home industri yang beredar di Kota Makassar dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis, dan menentukan kesesuaian kadar natrium benzoat tersebut dengan standar yang ditetapkan. Sampel penelitian ini berupa  kecap manis kemasan isi ulang yang diambil dari Pasar Pa’baeng-baeng dan Pasar Terong Kota Makassar. Untuk  menentukan  kandungan  pengawet  natrium benzoat, maka terlebih dahulu dilakukan ekstraksi senyawa benzoat dalam  suasana  asam  dengan  kloroform sehingga terekstraksi sebagai asam benzoat. Ekstrak kloroform dikeringkan lalu dilarutkan dengan etanol. Kemudian diukur serapannya dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis  pada  panjang  gelombang  maksimum 270 nm. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kadar  pengawet natrium  benzoat yang dihitung sebagai asam benzoat pada masing-masing sampel adalah sampel A  sebesar  407,1124  mg/kg;  sampel B  sebesar  499,9675  mg/kg; sampel C  sebesar  347,7474 mg/kg; dan sampel D  sebesar 328,7509 mg/kg.  Berdasarkan  hasil tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kandungan pengawet natrium benzoat dalam ke 4 sampel kecap manis yang dianalisis memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam  SNI 01-2543-1999  dan  Peraturan  Kepala  BPOM RI No. 36 tahun 2013 yaitu tidak lebih dari 600 mg/kg. Kata kunci : Kecap manis, pengawet, natrium benzoat, spektrofotometri UV-Vis
TINGKAT KEPUASAN PASIEN TERHADAP PELAYAN OBAT DI PUSKESMAS BARAKA KECAMATAN BARAKA KABUPATEN ENREKANG
Authors: Sinala Santi , Salim Hiany , Ardilla Nindia Reski
Published: October 2018

Telah dilakukan penelitian di Puskesmas Baraka Kecamatan Baraka Kabupaten Enrekang yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan obat di Puskesmas Baraka. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrument pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan obat di Puskesmas Baraka Kecamatan Baraka Kabupaten Enrekang dalam kategori puas (68,6%). Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan Skala Likert, yaitu untuk jawaban sangat puas diberi nilai 4, puas diberi nilai 3, cukup puas diberi nilai 2, tidak puas diberi nilai 1. Hasil penelitian pada lima dimensi kualitas pelayanan diperoleh presentase skoryaitu kehandalan = 66,4% (puas),daya tanggap = 67,7% (puas), jaminan = 69,2 % (puas), kepedulian = 66,7% (puas), bukti fisik =72,9% (puas).  Kata kunci : Pelayanan Obat, Kepuasan Pasien.
JOB SATISFACTION AMONG NURSES IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HOSPITALS OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD
Authors: Waqar Saman , Hamid Saima
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction is an important factor for retention of health workers within organization. Multiple factors have influenced the job satisfaction among nurses working in the public sector hospitals of Pakistan. This study was conducted to quantify and compare the levels of job satisfaction among nurses of tertiary care public and private hospitals. METHODS: A cross sectional comparative study was conducted in one Public and one Private hospital in Rawalpindi and Islamabad over the period of 6 months. The study included all nurses registered with Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC). Sampling was done by first acquiring the list of all the hospitals from Rawalpindi and Islamabad, 2 hospitals were then selected. Afterwards, the list of all the registered nurses was taken; sample size was determined by applying inclusion / exclusion criteria and by simple random technique by computer generated method. Data was analyzed by using SSS. RESULTS: Results showed that working conditions were more comfortable and working relations with male coworkers were friendlier in private hospital as compared to public hospitals. Satisfaction with the competence of senior nurses, and administrative support in service problems was also more in private hospital. Majority of public hospital nurses were satisfied with their profession because of manageable duty hours, pay and other benefits provided and administrative support in their domestic problems. On the other hand private hospital nurses were more satisfied with positive feedback of their performance, professional growth, and promotion system. CONCLUSION: There is a dire need to improve the conditions regarding working schedule, working environment and management support of nursing staff of hospitals in Pakistan.
DESCRIBING STI/STD AND CONDOM USE BEHAVIOR AMONG POLICE EMPLOYEES IN POLICE TRAINING COLLEGE AT SHEHDADPUR, SANGHAR, SINDH
Authors: Jabbar Abdul , Mureed Sheh , Hassan Walid
Published: October 2018

Background: STI/STD are diseases related with unsafe sexual practices or infections. It is estimated that more than 340 million new cases of curable sexually transmitted infections. Throughout the world in men and women aged15â€“49 years, with the largest proportion in the region of south and south-east Asia, Followed by sub Saharan Africa, and Latin American and the Caribbean.Objectives: To assess the perception and awareness regarding STI/STD and use of condom and to assess the barriers for condom use as prevention of STI/STD among police Employees.Methods: A cross sectional study was design to collect data from male police employees of police training college of Shahdadpur, Sanghar, aged 20 to 50 years, and total study sample was calculated to be 105. A questionnaire was developed for collection of the data, and data was analyzed by using different tools of MS-excel and SPSS 20.0 versions.Results: 90% of the participants were aware about sexually transmitted infections (STIS), 82% were also aware that to be limited only one sexual partner .75% of them were known that condom can protect from STIS. Whereas 90% of the participants believed that by sharing food with any STI patient it does not spread the disease.94% participants were aware that the STIS and HIV/AIDS can be transmitted from mother to her child during pregnancy. Overall 80% were aware about hepatitis A, B, C and HIV/AIDS and remaining 90% were unaware about other STIS.Conclusion: The study concludes that police employees has high level of knowledge about condom usage as prevention of STIs but stigma attached with usage of condoms as they feel shy by purchasing the condoms.
STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN OF 18 TO 36 MONTHS OF AGE IN BHAWALGHAR VILLAGE, DISTRICT LODHRAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Younas Haider Ali , Sikander Siham , Abbasi Mudassar Mushtaq Jawad
Published: October 2018

Background: Stunting is chronic restriction of growth in height indicated by low height-for-age. It is a reliable indicator of long-term under nutrition among young children. Stunted children are more prone to communicable diseases. The main causes of stunting are not providing proper nutritious food, not enough food and of poor quality, improper feeding practices and different infections including malaria, ARI and diarrhea. We conducted this survey to determine the frequency and determinants of stunting among 18 to 36 months old children in Bhawalghar Village, District Lodhran Methods: We did cross-sectional study in Bhawalghar village of district Lodhran. All of the children from 18 to 36 months of age were included in this study from two randomly selected clusters. Results: Gender, parental education, income, type of housing, vaccination coverage, parity of women, height of child and number of food items were identified as determinants of stunting. There was a statistically significant relationship between stunting and the study variables. We found that about half (48%) of the children of age 18-36 months living in Bhawalghar Village, District Lodhran were stunted. Conclusions: Stunting is a major problem among the children of rural Punjab, Pakistan. There is a dire need to improve the nutritional status of the children in this region.
SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES AND PERCEPTIONS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS OF MULTAN MEDICAL & DENTAL COLLEGE, MULTAN
Authors: Noor Asif , Sahu Ejaz Hussain , Abdullah Muhammad Umer , Yousaf Aftab
Published: October 2018

Background: Self-medication can be defined as "the drugs which are used to treat self-diagnosed disorders or indications, or the irregular or continued use of a prescribed drug for persistent or recurrent disease or symptoms." Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was performed to understand the perceptions and practices about self-medication among students admitted to one of medical colleges in Pakistan located in Multan. A structured Questionnaire was distributed to the consenting students. The data were coded, entered and analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Out of 95 medical students 47.7% (n=45) were males and 52.3% (n=55) were females. Results: Among participants, self-medication was found in 98% (n=93) cases. Among self-medication respondents, more than 50% treated themselves only once while 32% twice, 12% thrice and only 2.1 % more than thrice. Self-medication was equally common in 3rd year, fourth year and final year medical students. While 24.2% of respondents perceived as a good practice, 42.1% took it as an acceptable practice while33.7% were of opinion that it was a totally unacceptable practice. The study revealed different reasons for self-medication and found that the most common reason was non-seriousness of disease i.e 43.2%, followed by convenience / time factor 42.1%, Cost saving 13.7% and least one was the non-availability of physician 1.1% . Regarding the use of drugs, antibiotics were the most common class used as self-medication 27.4%, followed by anti allergics 23.2%, vitamins 17.9%, pain killers 16.8% and antacids in 14.7 % cases. Conclusion: The study results indicate that Self-medication was common among medical students from clinical classes and most of students treated themselves at least once.
ASSOCIATION OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS WITH DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY SINDH 2014
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Zaidi Syed Mustansir Hussain , Waseem Hira Fatima
Published: October 2018

Background: Diarrhea founds to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years. Various factors are associated with diarrhea but socio-demographic factors are the main key elements, which associated with diarrhea. Methods: This study was examined association of socio-demographic factors with diarrhea in children less than five years of age of Sindh, Pakistan, using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted from January 2014 to August 2014. Data were collected for 18,108 children in whom 16,449 children had complete data of demographic variables being included in the analysis. Bivariate analysis was done using Pearson's Chi square test and multivariate analysis being done using binary logistic regression. Results: We found increased risk of diarrhea among children lives in rural areas while household wealth index quintile was also associated with diarrhea. Children in the poor, middle and fourth wealth index quintiles being at increased risk of diarrhea compared to children in the richest wealth index quintile. The highest risk of diarrhea was found for the child having mother with no education as well as children aged 12-23 months. Conclusion: Age of child, mother education and wealth index found significant with diarrhea while Male children, child aged 12-23 months, child with no mother education, child from rural areas and child from poor households found with high risk of diarrhea.
WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS ABOUT QUALITY OF MATERNITY CARE AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Authors: Munawar Afifa , Hassan Zafeer Ul , Ayub Aqeela , Shaikh Babar Tasneem , Buriro Nazeer Ali , Ahmed Faheem , Kumar Ramesh
Published: October 2018

Background: Each day, around 800 women deaths occur worldwide from preventable causes related to childbirth and pregnancy. Pakistan is one of the countries with a high share of this burden. The Pakistan Demographic Health Survey 2006-7 estimates for maternal mortality ratio was 276 per 100,000. The study is aimed to establish women's perceptions about quality of maternity care in Tertiary care hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A cross sectional mixed method study conducted including 100 post delivered women in the obstetrical ward at tertiary care Karachi, Pakistan. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. Participants were interviewed after taking the written consent. Both qualitative and quantitative findings were triangulated and analyzed as per objective. Results: Overall incidence of disrespect is 56.5%, more than 52.0% participants subjectively reported feeling humiliated. 40% percent of the respondents assumed the impolite behavior and rude facial expression of health professional during conversation. Most of the participants said about low quality of care, disrespectful and abusive care at labour room however some of them were optimistic about maternal care in the hospital. Conclusion: The study concluded that disrespect and physical abuse was common barrier to utilization of services that ultimately effecting on the quality at the tertiary health care facility.
HEALTHCARE CHALLENGES IN GILGIT BALTISTAN: THE WAY FORWARD
Authors: Asif Amimah Fatima
Published: October 2018

Quality healthcare delivery is the bedrock to exponentially accelerate the development of a country. Unfortunately, in Pakistan healthcare has been neglected since a long time, with the common man bearing the brunt of this acute situation. There are critical challenges in health care, with paucity of trained human resource and deficit of regulated infrastructure and service delivery being the predominant dilemmas. Primary and secondary healthcare are in an unseemly state, to say the least. Maternal and child health care, accident, and emergency departments and mental health are among the most undermined and forsaken areas of healthcare, primarily in the far flung Gilgit Baltistan region of Pakistan. The only way forward is if the political regime, administration and the medical personnel work in concurrence to revise the health infrastructure of the country.
NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, A COMPARISON AMONG STUDENTS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN METROPOLITAN CITY OF PAKISTAN
Authors: Iqbal Toqeer Ahmed , Maiken Zafar Hayat , Bajwa Sana Ghaffar , Malik Sidra Naseem , Qazi Wara
Published: October 2018

Background: Balanced diet and optimal physical activity are necessary to maintain health and prevent diseases. Physical and mental growth of children is affected adversely by nutritional imbalance and lack of physical activity. The main factors which are responsible for nutritional imbalance are inadequate food intake and poor health status due to poverty, lack of access to food and family size. Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease. Children and adolescents are at higher risk to nutritional imbalance. Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, a structured questionnaire was filled by 332 students of different age groups (11_16 years) in different public and private schools of Islamabad and Rawalpindi for 3 months. Sampling technique was simple random sampling. Results: The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS software. Out of 332 respondents111 (33.3%) belonged to low socioeconomic class, 111 (33.3%) of middle class and 110 (33.2%) of high class. The age of respondents was found similar in the three SES categories (p-value = 0.10) While calculating the BMI in three socio-economic classes (SES), we found that incidence of underweight (BMI <18.5) was higher in respondents from low SES while that of preobesity (BMI 25_29) was higher in high SES. No significant difference was found in normal and obese respondents among different SES. The incidence of adequate physical activity was slightly higher in respondents of low SES. Conclusion: the incidence of nutritional imbalance and physical activity is significantly different in population of different socioeconomic status
AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS ROAD SAFETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS FROM LIAQUAT UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES JAMSHORO PAKISTAN
Authors: Hussain Mudassar , Ronis Katrina A.
Published: October 2018

Background: Road safety is not just a traffic law's enforcement problem for police; it is a major public health problem. It is public health concern, a burden of accident-related injuries, disabilities & mortalities on Health Services. Road traffic injuries are predicted to become the 5thleading cause of death globally by 2030, particularly amongst the young age group and middle aged group individuals who represent as most economically productive age group of the country. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted to ascertain the level of awareness and assess the attitude towards road safety measures among medical students in LUMHS Jamshoro. A pre structured and translated questionnaire was developed in order to interview the participants, total of 351 students were included in this study. Data analyses was done on SPSS version 20.0 and MS excel was also used for tables. Results: Over all attitude level towards seat belt usage shows (52.7%) were negative attitude level towards seat belt usage and remaining (47.3%) students had positive attitude. Over all attitude level towards helmet usage shows (47%) were negative attitude level towards helmet usage and (53%) were positive attitude. About 53.3% students were negative attitudes level to speeding. 57.3% students were having negative attitude level to driving after drinking alcohol or taking drugs. About Sixty five percentage students were shows over all negative level of attitude towards law and enforcement. Over all awareness level shows more than fifty percent 191(54.4%) having less level of awareness of road traffic measures and remaining 160(45.6%) were having more level of awareness, there is slightly high awareness in females (49%) then male (40.8%).more than sixty percent 63.5% participants were show over all less awareness about traffic signs and more female (40.6%) are aware then male (31.5%) about road traffic signs. Conclusion: conducted study put emphasis to generate awareness and attitude in medical students through awareness campaign, trainings, and curriculum activities accordingly to change behavior of medical students and control the epidemic of RTA's.
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF UNDERSTANDING PLAGIARISM BY STUDENTS FROM BAQAI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
Authors: Ahmed Syed Zubairuddin , Ahmad Fatima , Merchant Muhammad Sabih , Nazir Muhammad Ashraf
Published: October 2018

Background: Plagiarism is the theft of intellectual property with lack of source acknowledgment. The objective of this study was to determine the information regarding Baqai Medical University student's exposure about knowledge, attitude and practices and their awareness of the repercussions and the policies, systems and procedures of the BMU regarding plagiarized matter. Methods: A study for duration of 6 months was conducted in Baqai Medical University where volunteers answered questionnaires anonymously. There were following four sections in the questionnaire: (a) demographic data, such as gender, level of education; (b) five questions regarding knowledge; (c) five questions regarding practice; and (d) five questions regarding policies, awareness and outcomes. Results: The sample size of the study was 150 participants, among which 61 were males and 89 females, with 70 BDS students, 50 MBBS students and 30 House officers. Overall, 90% of the participants were aware of the meaning of plagiarism. Approximately 20% of the participants were not aware of the standard referencing criteria. 88% of the correspondents considered continuous assessments to improve their writing skills. When asked on how the students believed to improve their skills and avoid plagiarism. Majority of the participants (75.3%) considered time ample enough to work with almost equal correspondence among males and females. 81.3% of the students reported lack plagiarism workshop. 82.7% of the respondents agreed to the consequences of plagiarism. Nevertheless, both males (72.1%) and females (73%)) equally shared their work with friends before submission. Even though 68% of them were aware of the college / university policies, systems and procedures for involving plagiarism, men exhibited an increased awareness ratio (70.5%) as compared to females (66.3%). Conclusion: With the help of this questionnaire, the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the BMU students was determined regarding plagiarism. In the end, recommendations for such type of studies in the future were also provided.
OUT OF POCKET EXPENDITURES FOR TREATING ASTHMA IN ELDERLY POPULATION: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL, ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN
Authors: Batool Nazish , Mehboob Gulrukh , Bahar Shaista
Published: October 2018

Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways which is very common in Pakistan. Worldwide, the economic costs associated with asthma are increased to those of TB and HIV/AIDS combined. Objective: To estimate the out of pocket expenditures (direct & indirect medical cost) and its determinants in asthma patients visiting tertiary care hospitals. Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted on 116 asthmatic patients. The data was collected from all elderly asthma patients (60 or above) who were diagnosed with asthma at least from last 1 year and receiving inpatient and outpatient care. The samples were interviewed by using the close ended questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using the SPSS software version 20.0. Results: Out of total 116 patients, 48% were males while 52% were females. Most of the participants 72% were between age group of 60-65 years. The average out of pocket expenditures in elderly asthma inpatients was Rs.1128, and in outpatients these were Rs.854. The medicines were the major source of OOPS 43%; followed by lab investigators 24% & transportation cost 18%. It was estimated that age was significantly associated with the direct cost having p value 0.026; it was observed that average length of stay, disease duration & severity of disease was significantly associated with the direct as well as with the total cost (direct & indirect medical cost having p value <0.05. Conclusion: Asthma is expensive disease to manage among elderly patients. The affluent charges of managing asthma can put tremendous socioeconomic burden on patients.
MEASLES OUTBREAK IN A RURAL AREA OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: A CASE CONTROL STUDY
Authors: Bullo Mir M Hassan , Baig Mirza Amir , Malik Jawad Faisal , Khan Ejaz Ahmad , Ranjha Muazam Abbas , Shah Syed Ijaz
Published: October 2018

Background: Measles is highly contagious vaccine preventable disease (VPD), and a major public health problem considered as leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like Pakistan. An outbreak of measles was reported in Sharifabad Islamabad on 15th of April 2017, and an investigation was launched to assess the magnitude of outbreak, evaluate risk factors and recommend control measures. Methods: A comprehensive house to house active case search along with vaccine coverage survey was conducted from April 19-22, 2017. A case was defined as "onset of maculopapular rash with fever in a resident of Sharifabad with at least one of the following signs/ symptoms, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Cough, Otitis media or Pneumonia present in between 19 March to 22nd April 2017". Four age & sex matched controls were selected from the neighborhood. Data was collected through interview method using structured questionnaire and vaccination coverage was determined by using Epi survey form. Blood samples were sent for laboratory confirmation. Results: A total of eight cases were identified through active case finding while three were reported by local practitioner. Mean age of cases were 20 months (range 8-36 months). Severely affected age-group was 1-2 years with attack rate of 46%. Around two-third (64%) of cases and a few (16%) of controls were unvaccinated against measles. Contact with measles patient [OR 25.2, CI 3.9-160.1, P=0.00], unvaccinated children [OR 9.2 CI 2.12-40.4, P=0.000], social misconception regarding vaccination [OR 7.8 CI 1.42-42.6, P=0.00], and distance from healthcare facility [OR 5.7 CI 1.15-28.35, P=0.02] were significant risk factors. Vaccine efficacy was 90%. Conclusion: Main reasons of the outbreak were contact with the cases, and low vaccination status. We recommended comprehensive measles vaccination and community awareness sessions. On our recommendations district health authority Islamabad carried out mop up of whole area.
HEALTH LITERACY AMONG THAI ELDERLY POPULATION WITH TYPE-2 DIABETES LIVING IN RURAL AREA OF THAILAND
Authors: Prabsangob Kantapong , Somrongthong Ratana , Kumar Ramesh
Published: October 2018

Background: According to the World Health Organization, health literacy represents the cognitive and social skills, which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health with positive impact on health outcome. Objective: This study aimed to describe the situation of health literacy among Thai elders with type-2 diabetes in a rural Thai community. Methods: We conducted this mix-method study including quantitative and qualitative research approach was used through validated and reliable questionnaire adapted from Ishikawa. We did purposive sampling of 277 participants for quantitative, and conducted 12 in-depth interviews. Study was ethically approved from Chulalongkorn University Thailand. Results: The average age of the participants was 68.62 years. The majority of them had income less than 5,001 Bath, and highest education level at elementary school. Most of them had been diagnosed with DM more than one year (ranged 1-56 years, average 10.05 years). The respondents had fair overall health literacy. Upon consideration as an aspect basis, the mean score of functional health literacy was 3.07 from 4.00, the interactive health literacy was 2.28, and the critical health literacy was 2.41. From the perspective of patients and caregivers, most patients received health-related information from public health officials. They do not like to talk to other diabetes patients about their diabetes. Most patients wanted to have someone who was willing to listen to their problem and help them solve it. Conclusion: Study has concluded that the health literacy among Thai population suffering with diabetes was very poor and not found as per standards that need to be intervened.
AWARENESS OF GENERAL PUBLIC TOWARDS POLIO IMMUNIZATION IN RURAL PUNJAB PAKISTAN
Authors: Iqbal Zafeer ulhassan , Ashraf Hira , Farooq Bisma
Published: October 2018

Background: Poliomyelitis is the acute viral infections of children under the age of five years. Pakistan is among the three countries, along with Nigeria and Afghanistan that are endemic to polio. In 2012, government of Pakistan approved a National Emergency Action Plan (NEAP) for polio eradication. Parents are reluctant towards immunization due to some religious beliefs. In current study we are accessing the attitude and behavior of general population towards polio vaccination. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted during 2017 in 4 district of Punjab (Faisalabad, Sheikhpura, Kasur and Lahore) Pakistan. The pretested, piloted and validated instrument with a 20 items structured questionnaire was used for this research. The response rate was 84% during the course of Study. Results: In study population 79% of the respondents were well aware of the term Polio. The positive response towards polio immunization was analyzed for only 62% of the parents. 70.46% of the parents strongly agreed with the medical therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of the disease whereas 29.54% of the respondents were found to believe that polio might be caused due to the evil effects Conclusion: Study concluded that the general public is well informed about polio vaccination and giving vaccine to their children on regular basis.
CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN PAKISTAN: CASE CONTROL STUDY, 2012-2015
Authors: J A Ansari , Khan Mumtaz A , M A Ranjha , T R Rathore , G Khan , M Salman , Hassan Nazia , Qamar Akram , Ikram Aamer
Published: October 2018

Background: Sporadic cases of CCHF continue to occur since first known fatality in 1976 in Pakistan. This study was conducted to identify the population groups more at risk to acquire CCHF infection. Methods: A case-control study comprising record review of the lab investigations sent to National Institute of Health, Islamabad was conducted from 2012 to 2015. A case was defined as any blood sample confirmed to be CCHF using RT-PCR testing. A total of 255 confirmed cases and 510 sex matched controls were randomly selected during January 2012-December 2015. Controls were selected from the samples which tested negative for CCHF on RTPCR. Data from all suspected cases were collected on a structured questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted to find associations using Epi-Info and SPSS. Results: among 255 confirmed CCHF cases male were 80%. Baluchistan reported maximum number of cases (55%).The most affected age group was above 41 years (n=143, attack rate 0.45/100,000). In multivariate analysis the risk factors remained significantly associated with the CCHF were contact with Positive CCHF case (OR 3.77; 95% CI 2.49-5.71), health care workers (OR 3.76; 95% CI 2.22-6.36), butchers (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.19-4.3.25), animal handlers (OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.12-2.72) and tannery workers (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.22-2.72). Drivers and persons with travel history to endemic areas were significant in univaraite analysis but remained insignificant in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Contact with the positive CCHF case and workers like health care professionals, butchers, animal handlers and tannery workers are at increased risk for CCHF. Educational intervention is recommended to control the CCHF.