bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF ORAL PENICILLIN V. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ABSORPTION OF DIFFERENT SALTS OF PENICILLIN V IN CHILDREN
Authors: BOLME P. , ERIKSSON M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Different salts of penicillin V (pc‐V): potassium pc‐V (Calciopen® and Kåvepenin®), calcium pc‐V (Penicals®) and benzathine pc‐V (Meropenin®) were given to 37 children (age 2 months to 4 years) with upper respiratory infections. The gastrointestinal absorption of the drug given in a mixture was followed for three hours after administration by determination of the serum levels from capillary samples. Administration of the mixtures containing the potassium pc‐V resulted in a more rapid absorption and in significantly higher plasma concentrations at 30 min than did administration of the preparations containing the calcium and benzathine salts. In four children with coeliac disease, verified by intestinal biopsy, the absorption of potassium pc‐V (Calciopen®) was compared with that of calcium pc‐V (Penicals®). A decreased absorption was found and this was most pronounced when the calcium salt was given.
LOW CONCENTRATION OF PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN NEWBORN BABIES OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: VEJTORP M. , PEDERSEN J. , KLEBBE J. G. , LUND E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured in maternal peripheral vein and in umbilical vein and artery at birth (caesarean section) in 6 diabetic and 5 non‐diabetic pregnancies. The mean birth weight in the control group amounted to 3.9 kg as oversize of the foetus in three cases contributed to the indication for caesarean section. The infants in the diabetic group consisted of “small for gestational age” babies (mean weight 2.8 kg). Free amino acid levels in the normal group and in diabetic maternal blood were in agreement with previous investigations. No difference in amino acid concentrations in the maternal plasma was found, but the concentrations of the umbilical vein plasma were significantly lower in the diabetic group. Foetal hyperinsulinaemia may be a cause of the low amino acid concentrations. Besides, abnormalities of the placenta and maternal vascular complications increase and the mean birth weights decrease significantly through the White classes. Conditions of impairment of placental transfer of amino acids may thus be present. Characteristic features of the foetus may be consistent with the hypothesis as follows: The foetus in diabetic pregnancy is in varying degree exposed to an oversupply of glucose, hyperinsulinaemia, imbalanced uptake and a slightly diminished supply of amino acids.
TEMPORARY INTESTINAL LACTASE DEFICIENCY IN LIGHT‐TREATED JAUNDICED INFANTS
Authors: BAKKEN A. F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The intestinal lactase activity in six newborn jaundiced light‐treated infants with diarrhea and in eight normal controls were compared by lactose tolerance test (LTT). The ability to hydrolyze lactose was minimal in the jaundiced infants during light‐treatment compared to the controls which could absorb lactose very well. Peroral intestinal biopsies were taken from the newborn jaundiced infants during light‐treatment. By histochemical technique no intestinal lactase activity was found in these intestines. When the jaundiced infants with diarrhea were given lactose‐free diet, the stools normalized. The effect was reversed when breast milk was given while the baby was still jaundiced and light‐treated. These findings indicate that the increased amounts of unconjugated bilirubin in the intestine of jaundiced infants during light‐treatment inhibit the intestinal brush‐border lactase. When the icterus fades the lactase is again active. The practical consequence is to give light‐treated infants lactose‐free diet if they get diarrhea, and to reintroduce breast milk or other lactose containing diet when the baby is no longer icteric.
PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDE INCREASE AFTER ORAL FAT LOAD IN MALABSORPTION DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD
Authors: FÄLLSTRÖM S. P. , NYGREN C.‐O. , OLEGÅRD R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were determined before and after a test meal of 2 g neutral fat per kg b.w. in 32 children with different malabsorption syndromes, 8 children with transient growth retardation without demonstrable disease and in 29 controls. The increase of plasma TG 120 min after the test meal was found to discriminate between children with malabsorption syndromes and controls during the studied age period, 1 month – 3 years. In this respect it was superior to faecal fat determination. Children with transient growth retardation who later spontaneously regained satisfactory growth, although along a lower SD score than the initial one, showed a TG increase after the test meal comparable to that of the controls.
LONG‐TERM EFFECT ON MOTHER‐INFANT BEHAVIOUR OF EXTRA CONTACT DURING THE FIRST HOUR POST PARTUM I. First Observations at 36 hours
Authors: CHATEAU PETER DE , WIBERG BRITT
Published: January 2008

Abstract The immediate post partum period may be particularly important for the developing relationship between mother and infant; little is as yet known, however, of the long‐term effects of hospital practice during this period. This study examines the effect of extra contact during the first hour following delivery. An extra skin to skin contact and suckling contact was given to 22 primiparous mothers and their infants. One control group of 20 primiparous mothers and infants and a second one of 20 multiparous mothers and infants was given routine care immediately after birth. All mothers and infants were healthy with normal pregnancies and deliveries. At 36 hours a first observation was made of maternal and infant behaviour during breast feeding in all three groups. At this stage primiparae with extra contact showed behaviour much more like the behaviour of multiparae with routine care. Infants of primiparae with routine care cried most frequently. The behaviour of mothers of boys differed more from group to group than did that of mothers of girls.
LONG‐TERM EFFECT ON MOTHER‐INFANT BEHAVIOUR OF EXTRA CONTACT DURING THE FIRST HOUR POST PARTUM II. A Follow‐up at Three months
Authors: CHATEAU PETER DE , WIBERG BRITT
Published: January 2008

Abstract Primiparous mothers and their infants who had an extra 15–20 minutes' suckling and skin to skin contact during the first hour after delivery, behaved differently at 36 hours post partum compared with a control group without this extra contact. The present study is a 3‐month follow‐up of these mothers and infants by means of direct observation of mother‐infant free play and a personal interview with the mothers. Mothers in the extra contact group spent more time kissing and looking en face at their infants; these infants smiled more often and cried less frequently. A greater proportion of the mothers with extra contact were still breast feeding at 3 months. The influence of extra contact on behaviour was more pronounced in boy–mother than in girl–mother pairs.
LEAD IN UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD CORRELATED WITH THE BLOOD LEAD OF THE MOTHER IN AREAS WITH LOW, MEDIUM OR HIGH ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
Authors: ZETTERLUND B. , WINBERG J. , LUNDGREN G. , JOHANSSON G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Zetterlund, B., Winberg, J., Lundgren, G. & Johansson, G. (Departments of Paediatrics and Analytical Chemistry, University of Umeå, Sweden). Lead in umbilical cord blood correlated with the blood lead of the mother in areas with low, medium or high atmospheric pollution. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:169, 1977.— Lead concentrations in 541 samples of umbilical cord blood from different parts of Sweden were determined. The mean concentration was 7.6 μg lead/100 ml (=0.367 /μmol/1). The blood lead values were also determined for 297 mothers and a mean value of 8.7 μg/100 ml (=0.420 μmol/l) was found. There was a significant correlation between the blood lead level of the mother and the infant as studied in 253 pairs. The slope of the regression line was 0.5 r (r=0.6). Significantly lower blood values for both mother and infant were found in areas with low pollution as estimated from the lead content in moss. No seasonal variation could be ascertained. Hematocrit versus lead concentration was also studied. A flameless atomic absorption method was used with a standard deviation of 0.9 μg lead/100 ml. The storage time and sample treatment were also studied.
C‐PEPTIDE IN JUVENILE DIABETICS BEYOND THE POSTINITIAL REMISSION PERIOD Relation to Clinical Manifestations at Onset of Diabetes, Remission and Diabetic Control
Authors: LUDVIGSSON J. , HEDING L. G. , LARSSON Y. , LEANDER E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Ludvigsson, J., Heeling, L. G., Larsson, Y. and Leander, E. (Department of Paediatrics, Linköping University, Sweden, Novo Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Mathematics, Linköping University, Sweden). C‐peptide in juvenile diabetics beyond the postinitial remission period.—Relation to clinical manifestations at onset of diabetes, remission and diabetic control. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:177, 1977.—A group of 58 diabetics, age 6–17 years and with a duration of diabetes of 3–14 years was studied in order to show whether the nature of the clinical manifestations and the treatment at the onset of the disease are related to the subsequent C‐peptide production and also whether remaining C‐peptide production is related to better diabetic control. The relations between a number of clinical and laboratory variables were analysed including the degree of ketosis and the insulin dose given at onset of diabetes, the incidence of postinitial remission period, the fasting C‐peptide level after the remission period, the level of insulin antibodies and the actual diabetic control expressed as the degree of glucosuria in the patients' urine tests at home. Multiple regression analysis was the main method used. Postinitial remission was positively correlated to initial insulin dose and negatively correlated to duration of ketonuria at onset. C‐peptide, which was found in 24.1% of the patients was positively correlated to age at onset and initial insulin dose, but negatively correlated to ketonuria at onset. Diabetic control was positively correlated to insulin dose at onset and to C‐peptide level, but negatively correlated to insulin antibodies. It could further be shown that patients who had received a more vigorous treatment immediately at onset had both a higher incidence of postinitial remission and a better diabetic control. The results suggest that an early diagnosis followed by rapid normalization of the metabolism at the onset of juvenile diabetes increase the possibility of preservation of some of the endogenous insulin production, which seems to facilitate diabetic control.
INFANTILE PERIARTERITIS NODOSA OR MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME A report on four cases and diagnostic considerations
Authors: AHLSTRÖM HANS , LUNDSTRÖM NILS‐RUNE , MORTENSSON WIGHER , ÖSTBERG GÖREL , LANTORP KURT
Published: January 2008

Abstract Ahlström, H., Lundström, N.‐R., Mortensson, W., Östberg, G. and Lantorp, K. (Department of Paediatrics and Radiology, University Hospital, Lund, the Department of Pathology, General Hospital, Malmö and the Department of Infectious Disease, County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden). Infantile periarteritis nodosa or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrom. A report on four cases and diagnostic considerations. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66: 193, 1977.—Coronary artery aneurysm in childhood is a rare disease and has in most cases been ascribed to infantile periarteritis nodosa (IPN). In recent years a mucocutaneous lymph node syndrom (MLNS) has been found almost exclusively in Japan first described by Kawasaki 1967; this disease frequently involves the coronary arteries and myocardium. Four cases with coronary aneurysms are presented from Sweden and seem to be the first described from Scandinavia. Three of these patients died a sudden death with cardiac arrest. Since MLNS and IPN have identical clinical and pathological features, we suggest that MLNS and IPN constitute a pathologic entity and that to separate them on a clinical or histological basis is nonsensical. The risk of coronary aneurysm and possible sudden death must be considered in patients with uncharacteristic symptoms including prolonged fever, conjunctivitis, exanthema, lesions in the oral mucosa, elevated sedimentation rate, and leukocytosis.
TRANSFER FACTOR AND CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE IN URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN
Authors: ANTTILA R. , GRÖHN P. , KROHN K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Anttila, R., Gröhn, P. and Krohn, K. (The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and the Children's Department, Tampere Central Hospital, Tampere, Finland). Transfer factor and cellular immune response in urinary tract infections in children. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:219, 1977.—Cellular immune responses in vivo and in vitro were studied in 20 children with chronic or relapsing urinary tract infections. Skin tests revealed decreased immune responses to PPD in cases with chronic or recurrent pyelonephritis and to OM, in these cases and in cases of lower urinary tract infections. Blast transformation responses to PPD, OM and PHA were at least as high as in controls. Administration of chromatographically purified fraction from human leucocyte transfer factor resulted in a positive skin reaction with antigen concentration, which before TF administration had caused a negative reaction. The results suggest that the action of the transfer factor component used in this study is based on an immunologically nonspecific stimulation of the cellular immune response.
NEONATAL SEPTIC OSTEOARTHRITIS DUE TO UMBILICAL ARTERY CATHETERISATION
Authors: KNUDSEN FINN URSIN , PETERSEN STEN
Published: January 2008

Abstract Knudsen, F. U. and Petersen, S. (Department of Paediatrics, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark). Neonatal septic osteo‐arthritis due to umbilical artery catheterisation. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:225, 1977.—Three cases of neonatal septic osteo‐arthritis due to umbilical artery catheterisation are described. The clinical features were characteristic. A week after removal of the catheter a septic osteo‐arthritis developed. The etiological agent in all three cases was Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to penicillin. The disease is probably caused by haematogenous spread of septic clots from thrombus formation on the catheter. Symptoms and signs were few and vague. It is suggested that septic osteo‐arthritis due to umbilical catheterisation is more frequent than hitherto believed, and low‐grade forms might remain undiagnosed.
GENERAL HEALTH SCREENING OF FOUR‐YEAR‐OLDS IN A SWEDISH COUNTY: A Strategy for Improving the Effectiveness and the Costefficiency of the Psychological Screening Program
Authors: NILSSON C. , SUNDELIN C. , VUILLE J.‐C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Data presented in a previous paper pointed to the necessity for improving the overall sensitivity of the psychological screening program. The present report indicates possibilities for such an improvement without changing the screening methods. A comparison of the primary data of the true positives, the false positives and all the negatives (non‐referred) revealed the necessity of more stringent referral criteria. It is predicted that the systematic application of these criteria would result in an increase in the rate of true positives form 2.8 to 4.8% of the screened population. In addition a strategy aiming at a reduction of the costs without deteriorating the effectiveness and based on a differential application of the various elements of the screening program is presented.
ON INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF THE HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIC NEONATE
Authors: GÜTTLER FLEMMING , WAMBERG ERIK
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Of 488 006 neonates tested by Guthrie screening 58 showed values above 2.5 mg/100 ml. Thirty‐two showed values between 2.5 nig/100 ml and 15 mg/100 ml. Eighteen of these infants appeared to have phenylketonuria (PKU) and fourteen to have persistent hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). Neither the initial Guthrie test‐value nor the confirmatory test were able to differentiate between these two conditions. Consequently a phenylalanine restricted diet is started in any child with serumphenylalanine values exceeding 10 mg/100 ml (605 μmol/1). The data show that the course of the dietary tolerance of phenylalanine and a 24‐hour phenylalanine load test will differentiate infants with PKU from those with HPA.
MEASLES AS A CAUSE OF FETAL DEFECTS A Retrospective Study of Ten Measles Epidemics in Greenland
Authors: JESPERSEN CARSTEN SAND , LITTAUER JØRGEN , SAGILD UFFE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In a retrospective study of ten epidemics of measles in virgin‐soil populations in Greenland, 368 women were found to be pregnant at the time of their infection with measles. Information on the course of the pregnancies was obtained in 327 of these women and a clinical examination was made of 252 of their children. The risk of fetal death among women infected in the first trimester was found to be high. About half of 20 women infected during their first two months of pregnancy and a fifth of 31 women infected in the third month had abortions. 9% of 64 women infected in the first trimester and going to term had stillbirths. 28 women infected in the first two months of pregnancy had live children, but four of these had congenital malformations, three of extreme rarity and severity, leading to death. The rate of perinatal mortality and prematurity was equal among infants exposed to measles in the first, second and third trimester of fetal life.
FAILURE OF DETERMINATION OF FETAL LUNG MATURATION DUE TO FALSE‐NEGATIVE LECITHIN/SPHINGOMYELIN RATIO IN A CASE OF PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME
Authors: PELEG D. , GOLDMAN J. , BOYANOVER J. , ELIAN E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A case is reported of a baby with Pierre Robin syndrome born at term with adequate lung maturity. The evaluation of fetal lung maturity before birth by means of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and foam test in the amiotic fluid revealed immaturity of the lungs. Examination of the tracheal aspirate following delivery, however, showed adequate lung maturity in the neonate.
TRANSEPIDERMAL WATER LOSS IN NEWBORN INFANTS I. Relation to Ambient Humidity and Site of Measurement and Estimation of Total Transepidermal Water Loss
Authors: HAMMARLUND K. , NILSSON G. E. , ÖBERG P. Å. , SEDIN G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Insensible water loss (IWL) is an important factor in the thermoregulation and water balance of the newborn infant. A method for direct measurement of the rate of evaporation from the skin surface has been developed. The method, which is based on determination of the vapour pressure gradient close to the skin surface, allows free evaporation. From measurements performed on 19 newborns placed in incubators, a linear relation was found between the evaporation rate (ER) and the humidity of the environment at a constant ambient temperature. A 40% lower ER was recorded at a high relative humidity (60%) than at a low one (20%) in the incubator. At measurements on different sites of the body, a high ER was observed on the face and peripheral parts of the extremities, while ER at other sites was relatively low. By determining ER from different parts of the body and calculating the areas of the corresponding surfaces, the total cutaneous insensible water loss for the infant in question could be obtained. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) for the whole body surface area was calculated to be 8.1 g/m2h. On the basis of measurements performed it was found that the total cutaneous insensible water loss can be estimated with a reasonable degree of accuracy by recording ER from only three easily accessible measurement points.
PLASMA‐DIAZEPAM IN INFANTS AFTER RECTAL ADMINISTRATION IN SOLUTION AND BY SUPPOSITORY
Authors: KNUDSEN FINN URSIN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Twenty infants aged 1–2 years who had previously had one attack of febrile convulsions were randomly given a single dose of diazepam rectally, either as a solution (0.7 mg/kg) or by suppository (5 mg). Plasmadiazepam levels were determined repeatedly during the first hour using gas chromatography. Rectal administration of diazepam in solution resulted in anticonvulsant plasma values within 4±1 min. Similar plasma levels were obtained only after 20–30 min in the group treated with suppositories. Diazepam in solution given rectally may therefore be useful in the acute treatment of febrile convulsions, while treatment by suppository would seem to be of little value in this respect. Moreover, diazepam in solution given rectally seems suitable for use at home in case of recurrent febrile convulsions. This treatment, however, cannot be recommended until the anticonvulsant effect and side‐effects have been elucidated further.
NEONATAL THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: PETERSEN STEN , SERUP JØRGEN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Neonatal thyrotoxicosis is a transient hyperthyroidism in infants of mothers with current or previous thyrotoxicosis. The pathogenesis has been accepted to be placental transfer of maternal thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. Of two siblings from a previous thyrotoxic mother the first had marked symptoms of thyrotoxicosis but during the second pregnancy antithyroid treatment was given to the mother and though the child had high levels of thyroid hormones for 6 weeks it had only minimal symptoms of thyrotoxicosis.
THE EARLY DETECTION OF PNEUMOTHORAX WITH TRANSTHORACIC IMPEDANCE IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: NOACK G. , FREYSCHUSS U.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. During the treatment of IRDS with assisted ventilation pneumothorax is a common and dangerous complication where an early diagnosis is important for the successful treatment. In this case report the continuous monitoring of transthoracic electrical impedance has proven to be a sensitive and non‐invasive method to detect the development of pneumothorax long before clinical signs are manifest.
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION BY THE MAMMARY GLAND IN MOTHERS AFTER ARTIFICIAL ORAL COLONISATION OF THEIR INFANTS WITH A NON‐PATHOGENIC STRAIN E. COLI 083
Authors: LODINOVÁ R. , JOUJA V.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Twenty five breast‐fed and 25 formula‐fed infants were colonised by oral administration of a living suspension of E. coli 083. Twenty breast‐fed and 13 formula‐fed infants were followed as controls. Specific antibody titres in serum, stool filtrates and milk, and secretory IgA levels in stool filtrates and milk were determined in samples taken fortnightly from birth until 20 weeks of age. The haemagglutinating antibody in serum and milk increased in the colonised groups, but in stool filtrates an inhibitory effect of breast‐milk was demonstrated. Secretory IgA levels in stool filtrates were significantly higher in colonised infants and breast‐fed controls than in bottle‐fed infants during the period of breast feeding. Then levels in the colonised groups remained high, but in breast‐fed controls they decreased to values found in bottle‐fed controls. Artificial colonisation evoked local antibody and secretory IgA responses in the intestine, as well as an antibody response in the mother's mammary gland. The possible protective effect of those responses is discussed.
INFLUENCE OF ORAL LYSOZYME ADMINISTRATION ON SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN AND INTESTINAL SECRETORY IgA LEVELS IN INFANTS
Authors: LODINOVÁ R. , JOUJA V.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The influence of lysozyme feeding on the production of serum immunoglobuiins and intestinal secretory IgA was studied in full‐term and premature infants, from birth up to the age six months. Serum immunogiobulins were not influenced by lysozyme administration. An increase in secretory IgA was found in stool filtrates of full‐term Iysozyme‐fed infants; no secretory IgA was detected in controls. In this way lysozyme feeding partly substituted for passive transfer of secretory IgA from maternal milk.
FETAL RISKS DUE TO WARFARIN THERAPY DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: RAIVIO KARI O. , IKONEN ENSIO , SAARIKOSKI SEPPO
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Two mothers with heart valve prosthesis were treated with warfarin during pregnancy. In the first case a caesarean section was done one week after replacement of warfarin with heparin. The baby died of cerebral and pulmonary hemorrhage. The second mother had a male infant by caesarean section. The baby showed warfarin‐induced embryopathy with nasal hypopiasia and stippled epiphyses (chondrodysplasia punctata). Nasal hypopiasia with or without stippled epiphyses has now been reported in 11 infants born to mothers treated with warfarin during the first trimester, and a causal association is probable. In view of the risks to both mother and fetus in women with prosthetic cardiac valves it is recommended that therapeutic abortion be advised as the first alternative.
THE OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN OF DDT IN HUMAN MILK
Authors: VUORI ERKKI , TYLLINEN HILKKA , KUITUNEN PEKKA , PAGANUS AILA
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Gas chromatography has been applied for the analysis of organochlorine compounds of 49 samples of human milk. The average total DDT (2,2‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)1,1,1‐trichloroethane) content in human milk was found to be 0.058 mg/kg, ranging from 0.017‐0.17 mg/kg (1.57 mg/kg milk fat, with a range of 0.50‐4.00 mg/kg). Thirty‐four cases contained traces of dieldrin, but the content of dieldrin reached 0.008 mg/kg in only one milk sample. The average content of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) was 0.024 mg/kg of human milk, with a range of 0.011‐0.054 mg/kg (0.65 mg/kg of milk fat with a range of 0.33‐1.10 mg/kg). The ratio of DDT metabolites/DDT varied from 1.1 to 7.8 (mean 2.8). Studies were also made of the effect of the weight, weight loss, diet, smoking habits and parity of the nursing mother upon the content of organochlorine compounds in human milk. A significant positive correlation was observed between the DDT content of human milk fat and cigarette smoking.

The average daily intake of total DDT for Finnish breastfed babies was calculated to be 0.0093 mg/kg, 1.9 times more than the daily intake of 0.005 mg/kg indicated by FAO/WHO as the acceptable value.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF SOME GASTRO‐ENTERO‐PANCREATIC HORMONES
Authors: GOTTFRIED HERBERT , MAMIKUNIAN GREGG , FALKMER STURE , EMDIN STEFAN O. , LANDAW ELLIOT , DADOURIAN BERGE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. By means of a statistical analysis of the occurrence of amino‐acid residues in the polypeptide chains of several gastro‐entero‐pancreatic (GEP) hormones an investigation was undertaken to determine whether any of these hormones might be related to each otherpossibly from an evolutionary point of view. Particular interest was paid to the Occurrence of small charged segments, i.e. those with acidic or basic amino acid residues, since such segments can be presumed to play a role in hormonal receptor binding mechanisms. By this method hormonal relationships were suggested by the observation that these small charged amino‐acid sequences, contained in the hormonal structures, match as a result of non‐randomness. It was found that hagfish and human insulin were related on a molecular level not only to the newly discovered (avian, bovine, human) pancreatic polypeptide (PP) but also to some other GEP hormones (VIP, GIP, glucagon) as well as to calcitonin and to the α‐subunit of the glycoprotein hormones. Interpretation of the statistical data suggests that all these peptide hormones are related by a common hexapeptide sequence which contributed, at an evolutionary point, to their molecular architecture. A hexapeptide segment of APP is statistically related to a sequence of equal size in the carboxy terminal region of the A‐chain of both hagfish and human insulin, providing the first instance of their structural similarity. Correlations between PP, insulin, glucagon, VIP, and calcitonin provide a tentative basis for predicting the production of one or more of these peptide hormones by immature or de‐differentinted cells of neoplasms and non‐neoplastic pathologic lesions of the GEP endocrine system.
CYCLIC AMP AND INSULIN RELEASE
Authors: GRILL V.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The role of cyclic adenosine‐3′,5′‐monophosphate (CAMP) for insulin secretion has been investigated. In isolated islets of Langerhans from the rat, glucose increases cAMP concomitant with insulin secretion. Stimulation of these two parameters is likewise reversible in parallel. The minimal and maximal concentrations of glucose eliciting CAMP and insulin responses are similar. Isomers and epimers of glucose influence insulin and cAMP in a parallel fashion as do sulfonylurea compounds (tolbutamide and glibenclamide). On the contrary, the time‐dependent potentiation of glucose‐induced insulin secretion is not accompanied by gross changes in CAMP. Reciprocally, in the absence of glucose islet CAMP can be markedly elevated by other agents (methyl xanthines, cholera toxin) without major insulin responses. The results indicate that metabolism of cAMP in the beta‐cell is intimately linked to the glucose (and sulfonylurea) action on insulin secretion, although other factors influenced by the hexose are also necessary for the release process. The finding that the cAMP response is impaired in fasting, during the neonatal period and in diabetes mellitus (in the Chinese hamster) suggests an important role for the nucleotide in physiological and pathophysiological states characterized by decreased insulin release.
HYPOGLYCEMIA AND NEUROLOGICAL DISTURBANCES IN CHILDREN WITH DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: EEG‐OLOFSSON O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Hypoglycemia with minor neurological as well as mental symptoms occurs in all children with diabetes mellitus. One third of these children, however, also show more pronounced symptoms, such as seizures and different degrees of lowered consciousness. 257 children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus and controlled at the Children's Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden, were examined by the author clinically and with neurophysiological methods such as electroencephalography and motor nerve conduction velocity during 1960 through 1973. Primary epilepsy occurred in 0.8% which is not different from 0.5% in the metabolically healthy population. On subgroups of the original material two studies have evolved, the second one being of special interest for this report. The study concerns 59 diabetic schoolchildren aged 7 through 15 years. Psychological items have been correlated to clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) variables. Compared to controls the EEG of diabetic children presents lower alpha frequency, more non‐rhythmic low frequency activity and more paroxysmal (mainly epileptogenic) activity. These findings may be explained as being due partly to the general metabolic defect and partly to genetic factors. Five children showed a distinctly abnormal EEG‐pattern. These children can also characterize the general trend of a relation between severe hypoglycemic symptoms, behaviour disturbances, perceptual disturbances, emotional lability, cerebrolesional traits, and EEG with paroxysmal activity. The theory is submitted that a primary “diabetic encephalopathy” exists with an individual sensitivity to react with neurological symptoms in the presence of hypoglycemia. This sensitivity is dependent mainly upon basic genetic factors but is also dependent upon factors such as age, cerebral maturation as well as pre‐, peri‐ and postnatal ones. Mental symptoms are also more or less involved in this circuit. It is important to keep blood glucose at levels that avoid hypoglycemia in sensitive children. Sometimes the ordinary treatment must be fortified with an anti‐convulsive therapy.
DIABETIC VASCULAR DISEASE:The Importance of Insulin Deficiency, Hyperglycemia and Hypophosphatemia on Red Cell Oxygen Unloading1
Authors: DITZEL JØRN
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Diabetes is associated with a fluctuating impairment in oxygen transport of the erythrocytes. This impairment is correlated with hyperglycemia by the formation of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and with inhibitory factors of glycolysis i.e. hypophosphatemia and acidosis which lower the concentration of red cell 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate. Diabetic angiopathy may be the ultimate result of innumerable microvascular responses to discrete hypoxic injuries associated with increased plasma permeation through the vessel walls. It is shown that two additional risk factors for atherosclerosis—smokg and hypertriglyceridemia may also lead to arterial wall hypoxia by changing the position of the oxyhemoglobm dissociation curve.
EMPYEMA IN CHILDREN IN TROPICS
Authors: KHAN ASHFAQ A. , GUPTA B. M. , OLONGA J. , MAGUIRE M. J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Thirty‐six cases of empyema were diagnosed in children over a two year period, giving an overall incidence of 0.11 % of the total hospital admissions. Many of them had measles bronchopneumonia and most were malnourished. 16 children had penicillin resistant staphylococcal infection. 29 of them were treated with closed tube drainage. Thirteen died during the course of treatment, the majority within three days of admission. The rest were followed up over a period of up to six months and showed good recovery. Six of these patients developed pneumothorax during the course of treatment. Various combinations of Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Gentamycin and Cotrimoxazole parenterally were used. Supportive treatment with blood transfusion was found to be beneficial.
DDAVP IN CHILDHOOD NOCTURNAL ENURESIS
Authors: TUVEMO T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A double‐blind study of 18 children aged 6–12 years suffering from primary nocturnal enuresis without signs of underlying organic disease is reported. 20 μg of DDAVP (desamino‐d‐arginine vasopressin, Minirin®) was given intranasally at bedtime. The effect was prompt and satisfactory in 8 children and relatively good in another 8 children. No adverse effects were noted. DDAVP is advocated for temporary use in children with nocturnal enuresis needing immediate help.
JUVENILE CIRRHOSIS AND MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IN A CHILD WITH ALPHA1ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY PiSZ
Authors: RODRIGUEZ‐SORIANO J. , FIDALGO I. , CAMARERO C. , VALLO A. , OLIVEROS R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. An infant with alpha1‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT) deficiency PiSZ presented with liver cirrhosis and showed clinical and laboratory evidence of renal disease when hepatic decompensation developed, shortly before death at 12 months of age. Low serum levels of α1‐AT were only demonstrated late in the disease. SZ phenotype was proved by starch gel electrophoresis. Post‐mortem pathological studies revealed sevre hepatic cirrhosis with intracytoplasmic inclusion of α1‐AT and membranous glomerulonephritis with deposits of complement and immunoglobulins but without the presence of α1‐AT. The present case suggests the importance of studying Pi phenotypes and serum levels of α1‐AT in all cases of idiopathic cirrhosis or renal disease in infancy.
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN SWEDEN Incidence and Age at Diagnosis
Authors: ALM J. , LARSSON A. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A total number of 112 children with congenital hypothyroidism were diagnosed in all Children's Hospitals and Pediatric Wards in Sweden during the 7‐year period 1969–1975. Since it may be assumed that all cases of congenital hypothyroidism, which were diagnosed during that period were seen in one of these hospitals, the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Sweden can be calculated to be 1:6900 live births. In spite of an efficient National Health Care Program for Infants the diagnosis was delayed until after an age of three months in 52% of the cases. This fact supports the view that mass screening of newborns for congenital hypothyroidism has to be introduced in Sweden. However, the beneficial effects of such a program cannot be fully elucidated until it has been considered whether earlier instituted treatment would have improved the outcome of children in whom a diagnosis was made after 3 months of age.
DIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANTATION OF CHILDREN IN EUROPE, 19751
Authors: CHANTLER C. , SCHÄRER K. , GILLI G. , BRUNNER F. P. , GURLAND H. J. , JACOBS C. , SELWOOD N. H. , WING A. J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The number of new paediatric patients accepted for treatment by regular dialysis and transplantation increased more slowly than in previous years. Survival in children above 10 years appeared to be better with all modes of therapy than in younger children. The only improvement in survival noted among the different treatments was in patient and graft survival of living donor transplants. A quarter of all children transferred to home dialysis were less than 10 years of age. Nephronophthisis and Henoch‐Schönlein nephritis emerged as major primary renal diseases. In 1975 the proportion of retransplants in children rose and living donor grafts from fathers were more common than from mothers. Evening dialysis was practised more frequently in both hospital and home dialysis and rehabilitation in these patients seemed to be better than for those dialysed at other times. Renal osteodystrophy was present in at least half of all children dialysed for more than 1 year. The degree of growth retardation was affected by sex, chronological age and the primary renal disease. Body height on dialysis and after transplantation progressively reduced in the majority of children. Growth seemed to be more impaired in boys than in girls on dialysis. Bone age advanced faster than height age especially in girls. The pubertal growth spurt was usually delayed and depressed on long‐term dialysis and the development of genitalia and pubic hair as well as menarche was retarded.
FUNCTION AND DIMENSIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Authors: FOHLIN L. , FREYSCHUSS U. , BJARKE B. , DAVIES C. T. M. , THORÉN C.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The functional and dimensional components of the oxygen transporting system was studied in 17 female and 11 male patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Both groups were 14.9 years old, on average, and had lost about 25% of their weight. Measurements at rest included blood and heart volume, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen uptake (Vo2), RQ, blood lactate (LA) and in 6 of the patients cardiac output. During bicycle ergometry the determinations of heart rate, blood pressure, LA, Vo2 and cardiac output were repeated and maximal aerobic power was determined. A low metabolic rate with bradycardia and hypotension was apparent at rest. Blood and heart volume was decreased proportionally to the weight loss. On a given work load Vo2 was lowered to the same extent as the resting metabolic rate. At maximal effort Vo2 was reduced out of proportion to the circulatory dimensions and maximal heart rate was low. During exercise cardiac output was normally related to Vo2 and stroke volume was maintained, indicating a normokinetic circulation and an unimpaired myocardial function. The main cause of the low maximal aerobic power seems to be the reduced muscle mass.
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE MENINGITIS A Comparison between Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin Therapy with Special Reference to Impaired Hearing
Authors: KOSKINIEMI M. , PETTAY O. , RAIVIO M. , SARNA S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. 131 patients suffering from meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae or parainfluenzae were re‐examined after 1–15 years, using hospital records, questionnaires, and audiological examination, especially to compare chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy. Mortality was 3.8%. Subdural effusions occurred in 14.5% of cases uni‐ or bilaterally. There was deafness in 2.3%, and moderate hearing loss in 8.4%. Convulsions appeared later in 6.9%. The final otucome was good in 60%. The most important factors in prognosis seemed to be the severity of the symptoms and the condition of the patient on admission to hospital. No clear difference was seen between the results of chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy, but total loss of vestibular function was found in 3 cases in the ampicillin group, and in none in the chloramphenicol group. In mortality and deafness, the differences in outcome were similar, although not statistically significant. As these observations show, the therapy used in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis needs re‐evaluation.
THE PLASMA LEVELS OF 25‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D IN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS LIVER DISEASES AND THE RESPONSE OF 25‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D TO VITAMIN D TREATMENT
Authors: SEINO YOSHIKI , SHIMOTSUJI TSUNESUKE , KAI HIROSHI , IKEHARA CHIIKO , YABUUCHI HYAKUJI
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The mean plasma levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OH‐D) were measured before and after the administration of 2000 units of daily oral vitamin D2 for a period of 2 weeks in 9 normal infants and children, 7 infants with neonatal hepatitis and persistent neonatal hepatitis, and 4 infants with congenital biliary atresia. The mean plasma level of 25‐OH‐D increased significantly from 19.5±3.7 (S.E.) ng/ml to 34.0±6.8 (S.E.) ng/ml after administration of vitamin D2 in controls (p<0.05). The mean plasma level of 25‐OH‐D also increased from 8.0±2.1 (S.E.) ng/ml to 22.1±2.6 (S.E.) ng/ml after vitamin D treatment in hepatitis group (p<0.05). In patients with congenital biliary atresia, vitamin D treatment did not affect the plasma levels of 25‐OH‐D.
LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN MILK FROM MOTHERS OF UNJAUNDICED INFANTS
Authors: ODIEVRE M. , LUZEAU R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Lipoprotein lipase activity and free fatty acid concentrations are measured in samples of milk collected from 50 mothers of infants without prolonged neonatal jaundice; in many samples the values are in the same high range as observed in all samples collected from nine mothers of jaundiced infants. These findings are discussed with relevance to the problems of breast‐milk jaundice and factors controlling the milk secretion.
LONG TERM PROGNOSIS OF INFANTS WITH SEVERE IDIOPATHIC RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Authors: KAMPER J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. 75 out of 77 children surviving IRDS with the aid of intermittent positive pressure ventilation have been followed up by age 2.6–7.6 years together with 68 matched controls. The morbidity of lower respiratory tract illnesses was significantly higher in IRDS survivors than in controls affecting a total of 48%, half of whom were admitted to hospital on at least one occasion. Only 3 IRDS survivors had pneumonias beyond their third year, however. One child suffered from a moderate stridor due to a partial laryngeal stenosis and one from some dyspnoea at function caused by broncho‐pulmonary dysplasia. Thoracic X‐ray changes were found significantly more often and more marked in IRDS survivors but on the whole the changes were discrete. Neither the occurrence of pneumonia nor X‐ray changes in the IRDS survivors were statistically relatable to a number of neonatal or therapeutical characteristics. Measurements of heart volume, respiratory frequency, oxygen saturation and acid‐base values did not differ between the groups. Ventilated IRDS survivors, even with some degree of radiographic demonstrable residua, thus seem to have a good long‐term prognosis with regard to lung function, irrespective of a preliminary high morbidity of lower respiratory tract illnesses.
FARBER'S DISEASE AS A CERAMIDOSIS: CLINICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS
Authors: TOPPET M. , VAMOS‐HURWITZ E. , JONNIAUX G. , CREMER N. , TONDEUR M. , PELC S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A Case of Farber's disease associated with athyreosis is reported in a Belgian infant born from consanguineous parents. A detailed clinical observation made from the early onset of symptoms until the death of the patient at age of 22 months, together with radiological, morphological and biochemical data confirmed the diagnosis of Farber's disease and its specific storage process. Cultured fibroblast studies disclosed an abnormal catabolism of ceramides, presumably related to the deficiency in lysosomal ceramidase. Family history confirms that the disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH IN COPENHAGEN 1956–1971
Authors: BIERING‐SØRENSEN FIN , JØRGENSEN TORBEN , HILDEN JØRGEN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. 131 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in the municipality of Copenhagen 1956–71 (incidence 0.92 SIDS cases per 1000 live births) were investigated on the basis of police reports and infant health visitor's records. Fewer SIDS cases were breast‐fed than controls from the second week of life to four months of age. No significant differences were found with respect to the concentrations of fresh cow's milk dilutions, age at introduction of solid food, or number of meals per day. From 1956 to 1971 breastfeeding was declining and solids introduced earlier, while the incidence of SIDS remained constant. The lifespan for SIDS cases who had never been breast‐fed was equal to that of cases who had. There is no evidence that SIDS victims had their first solid food during the last days of life. The results are discussed in the light of the hypersensitivity, immuno‐incompetence, and high solute feeding hypotheses. It is concluded that feeding does not seem to be responsible for the occurrence of SIDS. The lower frequency of breast‐feeding among SIDS cases is ascribed to various factors known to be associated with SIDS.
NASODUODENAL FEEDING IN HIGH RISK NEWBORNS
Authors: MINOLI I. , MORO G. , OVADIA M. F.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Rent reports indicate that nasoduodenal feeding is a suitable technique for high risk newborns, in particular those with a low birth weight. In the period between February 1975 and June 1976, 100 high risk newborns, divided into four cohorts on the basis of birth weight in 500 g divisions, were fed by nasoduodenal tube. The effect of nasoduodenal feeding has been measured in several ways, but particular consideration has been given to weight gain, its caloric cost, the mortality rates observed in the Unit before and after the introduction of this nutritional regime and complications. The use of nasoduodenal feeding abolished the physiological loss of weight which normally occurs during the first week of life and was associated with a subsequent rate of weight gain equal to or better than that observed in infants fed by other routes. The mean caloric intake was greater in smaller infants than in larger ones and it was accompanied by a steady decrease in weight gain per unit of caloric intake with increasing birth weight. In 1974 the overall mortality rate in the Unit was 18% and in 1975 following the introduction of nasoduodenal feeding fell to 11.4%. No serious complications were observed associated with nasoduodenal feeding. The conclusion is that this form of feeding is particularly suitable for infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less.
HYDROPS FETALIS, HYDRAMNIOS AND HEPATIC VASCULAR MALFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH CUTANEOUS HEMANGIOMA AND CHORIOANGIOMA
Authors: SHTURMAN‐LLSTEIN RUBEN , GRECO MARIA ALBA , MYRIE CARMEN , GOLDMAN ELIZABETH K.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A premature baby presented with severe hydrops fetalis due to a multifocal angiomatous malformation of the liver. There were two other small vascular tumors: hemangioma of the skin and chorioangioma. Hydramnios and placental edema were also present. The association of severe hydrops fetalis and hydramnios with angiomatous malformation of the liver was not found in reviewing the literature.