bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Citizen Record: An Instrument for Nursing Care / Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão: Instrumento Para o Cuidado de Enfermagem
Authors: Gomes Pollyana de Azevedo Rocha , Farah Beatriz Francisco , Rocha Rejane Silva , Friedrich Denise Barbosa de Castro , Dutra Herica Silva
Published: October 2019

Objetivo: Analisar a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a implantação e o uso do Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão (PEC) no cuidado de enfermagem. Método:Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa realizada com 11 enfermeiros da Atenção Básica. Resultados: Emergiram três categoriais: O Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão sob a ótica dos enfermeiros da Atenção Básica (AB); A Implantação do Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão nas Unidades de Atenção Básica (UBS); Contribuições e desafios na utilização do PEC para o cuidado de enfermagem. Identificou-se que PEC é uma ferramenta que pode contribuir para a melhoria do funcionamento das UBS e para a qualificação do cuidado de enfermagem.Conclusão:O PEC colabora nos processos de trabalho do enfermeiro no assistir, administrar e pesquisar. Para funcionamento do PEC nas UBS é preciso implementar suporte e manutenção da rede lógica e internet; capacitação dos profissionais no uso da informáticae organização de educação permanente.
Changes in The Quotidian of Women Living With Hiv: Ambulatorial Analysis, Rio De Janeiro State, Brazil / Mudanças no Cotidiano de Mulheres Vivendo Com Hiv: Análise Ambulatorial, Rj, Brasil
Authors: Souza Fabiana Barbosa Assumpção de , Leandro Sampaio Ariana Carolina , Pereira Gomes Marcia , Alves da Silva Girlene , Brugger e Silva André Luís , Bicalho de Almeida Érika
Published: October 2019

Objetivos: Investigar as mudanças no cotidiano e analisar o enfrentamento de mulheres após o diagnóstico do HIV/aids e a introdução da Terapia Antirretroviral (TARV). Método: Estudo descritivo e prospectivo de natureza qualitativa. Realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com vinte e duas mulheres HIV positivas, matriculadas no ambulatório de imunologia de um hospital universitário do Rio de Janeiro. Aprovado pelo Comitê de ética da instituição CAAE: 45955315.0.0000.5285. Resultados: A maioria das mulheres enfrentou de maneira positiva as mudanças no seu cotidiano após a descoberta da doença, buscando viver com qualidade de vida embora ainda apresentem dificuldades na retomada de suas vidas. Com relação à TARV houve dificuldade no início da terapia, no entanto com o passar do tempo houve uma adaptação principalmente com o apoio da família. Conclusão: É fundamental que haja um maior apoio as mulheres durante o diagnóstico e tratamento do HIV, para que as mesmas possam elaborar melhor suas estratégias de enfrentamento.
The Motherhood Experience of Women Crack Users: Experiences Shared Between Children and Mothers / A Experiência da Maternidade em Mulheres Usuárias de Crack: Vivência Entre Mãe e Filho
Authors: Camargo Paola de Oliveira , De Oliveira Michele Madagará , Herreira Lieni Fredo , Palma Josiane Santos , Martins Maria de Fátima Duarte , Jardim Vanda Maria da Rosa
Published: October 2019

Objetivo: conhecer a visão da mulher usuária de crack em relação a experiência da maternidade. Método: estudo qualitativo, com cinco mulheres que utilizaram crack na gestação. Dados coletados entre maio e agosto de 2014, através da observação participante, construção de diário de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise seguiu o Interpretativismo, de Clifford Geertz. Resultados: o uso de crack não é fator fundamental no processo de maternidade das mulheres usuárias, alguns fatores podem influenciar na relação entre mãe e filho e na experiência da mulher neste processo, como o desejo de ser mãe, planejamento da gravidez e contexto familiar. Conclusão: deve-se pensar em políticas públicas de saúde intersetoriais, visando atender as usuárias de forma integral, diminuindo a desigualdade social e propondo uma abordagem que destaque as possibilidades, especificidade e singularidade do indivíduo.
Multiprofessional Care Towards the Crack-Related Hospital Admissions / O Cuidado Multiprofissional na Prevenção de Internações Relacionadas ao Uso de Crack
Authors: Nazaré Oliveira Eliany , Martins Moreira Roberta Magda , Da Silva Oliveira Lycélia , Dos Santos Olímpio Anny Caroline , De Souza Silva Rita Wigna , De Almeida Pereira Paulo Jorge
Published: October 2019

Objetivo: Analisar a relação do cuidado multiprofissional ofertado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para Álcool e Outras Drogas (CAPS AD) com o número de internação hospitalar relacionada diretamente com o consumo de drogas em usuários de crack. Métodos: Estudo documental com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 213 prontuários de usuários de crack de um CAPS AD, referente ao perfil socioeconômico, atendimentos individuais, em grupo e internação hospitalar. As informações foram processadas no SPSS versão 22. Resultados: Observou-se predomínio de homens (76,5%), com idade entre 11 a 47 anos, solteiros (60,8%) que possuíam ensino fundamental incompleto (53,5%). Os atendimentos com maior significância estatística foram enfermagem, psiquiatria, clínica médica e técnico em enfermagem, bem como  grupos de atividade física, arteterapia e prevenção de recaída. Conclusão: É necessário realizar assistência contínua e integral ao usuário de crack, com equipe multiprofissional atuando de forma complementar para minimizar as internações referentes ao consumo da droga.
The Nurse Approach Towards the Detection of Antecedent Signs and Symptoms of Sepsis in Patients at a Nursing Ward / O Enfermeiro na Detecção dos Sinais e Sintomas que Antecedem Sepse em Pacientes na Enfermaria
Authors: César Oliveira Simone , Taboas Corrêa Bruna , Nogueira Dodde Hanna , Lombardo Pereira Gicélia , Gerbassi Costa Aguiar Beatriz
Published: October 2019

Objetivo: Descrever os sinais e sintomas que antecedem a sepse em pacientes internados na Clínica Médica de um Hospital Federal no Rio de Janeiro identificados pelo Enfermeiro; analisar como o Enfermeiro correlaciona os sinais e sintomas com a Sepsis-1, Sepsis-2 e Sepsis-3. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, a população foram 10 Enfermeiros em plantões diurnos na enfermaria da Clínica. A coleta de dados foi um questionário estruturado, abordando identificação dos sinais e sintomas que antecedem a sepse, englobando as características e particularidades da sepse. Resultados: Evidenciou-se que possuem entendimento sobre o conceito de sepse, entretanto apresentaram dificuldades em correlacionar alguns dos sinais e sintomas dos tipos de sepse. Conclusão: Ciente que a sepse é um problema de saúde e o Enfermeiro presta cuidado direto ao paciente, percebe-se a importância na identificação dos sinais e sintomas que a antecedem para oferecer assistência de qualidade e auxiliar na redução dos casos.Descritores: Enfermagem, Sepse, Sinais e sintomas, Síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica.
Quality of Life According to The Viewpoint of Hiv/Aids Bearing People: Future Perspectives in Educational Practices / Qualidade de Vida sob a Ótica de Portadores de Hiv/Aids: Perspectivas Futuras nas Práticas Educativas
Authors: Ramos Costa Maria Antônia , Teston Elen Ferraz , Spigolon Dandara Novakowski , Dias Lais de Oliveira , Soares Camila de Cássia
Published: October 2019

Objetivo: Descrever a percepção da qualidade de vida de indivíduos com HIV/AIDS. Método: Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. Participaram 21 indivíduos cadastrados em um município no Paraná. Os dados foram analisados pelo método da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Identificou-se dois eixos: 1. Desvelando o conhecimento sobre HIV/AIDS. O conhecimento foi satisfatório sobre contágio, uso do preservativo e tempo de detecção do vírus; alguns desconheciam sobre transmissão gestacional e ignoravam a utilização do preservativo; 2. Reconhecendo os determinantes na qualidade de vida após o diagnóstico. Apontou desconfortos no início do tratamento, alterações na rotina, nos aspectos sociais, financeiros, e insatisfação com a prática de atividade física e sexual. Conclusão: As percepções da qualidade de vida destes indivíduos são influenciadas pelas alterações e agravantes biopsicossociais no modo de viver, por isso é importante o planejamento dos profissionais de saúde nas práticas educativas destes indivíduos.Qualidade de vida, Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, Atenção integral a saúde.
The Difficult Daily Life of Heart Failure Bearing Patients / O difícil cotidiano dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca
Authors: Abreu e Souza Thereza Cristina Terra de Oliveira de , Correia Dayse Mary da Silva , Nascimento Daiana Cordeiro , Christovam Barbara Pompeu , Batista Deyse Conceição Santoro , Cavalcanti Ana Carla Dantas
Published: October 2019

Objetivo: analisar as principais limitações relatadas por pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Método: análise secundária de um estudo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 15 pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca no período de março a julho de 2011, dentre os 167 em atendimento ambulatorial. A coleta de dados primários deu-se a partir de uma entrevista semi-estruturada, com posterior análise de Bardin, e para presente análise secundária foi utilizada como estratégia a interpretação retrospectiva. Resultados: predominância do sexo feminino (73,3%); ensino fundamental incompleto (80,2%); hipertensos (80,2%); dislipidêmicos (53,4%); diabéticos (33,3%). Quanto às limitações no cotidiano, destacam-se: deambulação prejudicada, padrão de sono precário, fadiga, dispneia, perda de autonomia, dependência de terceiros, padrão de sono precário, baixa frequência da atividade sexual. Conclusão: na insuficiência cardíaca, uma doença crônica, é fundamental que o enfermeiro busque por orientações e estratégias, as quais possam desenvolver a capacidade de  autocuidado, prevenção e promoção da saúde.
Early diagnosis of skin cancer by ultrasound frequency analysis
Authors: Kia Shabnam , Setayeshi Saeed , Pouladian Majid , Ardehali Seyed Hossein
Published: October 2019

The diagnosis of cancer by modern computer tools, at the very first stages of the incident, is a very important issue that has involved many researchers. In the meantime, skin cancer is a great deal of research because many people are involved with it. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an innovative method based on tissue frequency analyzes to obtain the accurate and real‐time evaluation of skin cancers. According to the Biological resonance theory, body cells have natural and unique frequencies based on their biological fluctuations, which, if the structure, profile and cellular status change, its frequency also varies. This concept and theory is considered as the basis for analyzing skin tissue health in the proposed method. Reflected ultrasound waves from tissue have been processed and studied based on frequency analysis as a new method for early detection and diagnosis of accurate location and type of skin diseases. The developed algorithm was approved through 400 patients from CRED; its ability to evaluate benign and malignant skin lesions was shown (AUC = 0.959), with comparable clinical precision; as for the selected threshold, sensitivity, and specificity were 93.8% and 97.3%, respectively. Therefore, this method can detect skin malignancy with an accurate, noninvasive and real‐time procedure.
Signal and contrast to noise ratio evaluation of fluoroscopic loops for interventional fluoroscope quality control
Authors: Goode Allen R. , Snyder Carl , Snyder Angela , Collins Patricia , DeLorenzo Matthew , Lin Pei‐Jan
Published: October 2019

Modern fluoroscopes pose a challenge for the clinical physicist for annual testing and continued upkeep. These fluoroscopes are critical to providing care to patients for complex interventions, and continue to evolve in automated image quality adjustments. Few tools in software or hardware currently exist to assist the physicist or technologist in gauging fluoroscope constancy or readiness for procedures. Many modalities such as mammography, computed tomography or even magnetic resonance imaging are much more evolved with respect to testing or quality control. In this work we sought to provide simple reproducible tools and methods for spot evaluating or continued quality testing of interventional fluoroscopes.
High‐Throughput Combinatorial Optimizations of Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on All‐Vacuum Deposition
Authors: Li Jinghui , Du Peipei , Li Shunran , Liu Jing , Zhu Menghua , Tan Zhifang , Hu Manchen , Luo Jiajun , Guo Deqiang , Ma Lin , Nie Zhaogang , Ma Ying , Gao Liang , Niu Guangda , Tang Jiang
Published: October 2019

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) based on lead halide perovskites demonstrate outstanding optoelectronic properties and are strong competitors for display and lighting applications. While previous halide perovskite LEDs are mainly produced via solution processing, here an all‐vacuum processing method is employed to construct CsPbBr3 LEDs because vacuum processing exhibits high reliability and easy integration with existing OLED facilities for mass production. The high‐throughput combinatorial strategies are further adopted to study perovskite composition, annealing temperature, and functional layer thickness, thus significantly speeding up the optimization process. The best rigid device shows a current efficiency (CE) of 4.8 cd A−1 (EQE of 1.45%) at 2358 cd m−2, and best flexible device shows a CE of 4.16 cd A−1 (EQE of 1.37%) at 2012 cd m−2 with good bending tolerance. Moreover, by choosing NiOx as the hole‐injection layer, the CE is improved to 10.15 cd A−1 and EQE is improved to a record of 3.26% for perovskite LEDs produced by vacuum deposition. The time efficient combinatorial approaches can also be applied to optimize other perovskite LEDs.
Influence of strain and fermentation time on the production, composition, and properties of xanthan gum
Authors: Miranda Andrea Lobo , Costa Samantha Serra , Assis Denilson de Jesus , de Jesus Cristiane Santos , Guimarães Alaíse Gil , Druzian Janice Izabel
Published: October 2019

The objective of this study was to monitor the influence of Xanthomonas spp. and fermentation time on the production, properties, and composition of xanthan gum, verifying how these variables affect the biopolymer synthesis and properties. Three strains were monitored for 168 h of fermentation. Every 24 h, a sample was collected to determine cell growth, gum production, and substrate consumption. Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, rheology, molecular characterization, thermogravimetric analysis, sugars, and acids analyzes were performed to characterize the gums produced and to identify possible differences in these properties and composition. The results showed the influence of strain and the fermentation time in production (Pr645 = 0.047 g L−1 h−1, Pr290 = 0.039 g L−1 h−1, Pr1155 = 0.149 g L−1 h−1) and gum quality, since the viscosity was highest in the first 48 h for strains 290 (148.71 MPa s−1) and 645 (135.28 MPa s−1), while for Strain 1155, the maximum value identified for this property was 90.48 MPa s−1. These results are of practical importance, since they allow obtaining better quality xanthan, enabling reduction of production costs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48557.
Revisiting “the 1990s debutante”: Scholar‐led publishing and the prehistory of the open access movement
Authors: Moore Samuel A.
Published: October 2019

The movement for open access publishing (OA) is often said to have its roots in the scientific disciplines, having been popularized by scientific publishers and formalized through a range of top‐down policy interventions. But there is an often‐neglected prehistory of OA that can be found in the early DIY publishers of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Managed entirely by working academics, these journals published research in the humanities and social sciences and stand out for their unique set of motivations and practices. This article explores this separate lineage in the history of the OA movement through a critical‐theoretical analysis of the motivations and practices of the early scholar‐led publishers. Alongside showing the involvement of the humanities and social sciences in the formation of OA, the analysis reveals the importance that these journals placed on experimental practices, critique of commercial publishing, and the desire to reach new audiences. Understood in today's context, this research is significant for adding complexity to the history of OA, which policymakers, advocates, and publishing scholars should keep in mind as OA goes mainstream.
Parenting stress in caregivers of young children with ASD concerns prior to a formal diagnosis
Authors: DesChamps Trent D. , Ibañez Lisa V. , Edmunds Sarah R. , Dick Catherine C. , Stone Wendy L.
Published: October 2019

Robust findings demonstrate that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high levels of parenting stress that are associated with negative outcomes for families. Although the majority of research on parenting stress has focused on parents of children with an existing diagnosis, parents of young children with concerns about ASD‐related behaviors also face many unique challenges before the time of diagnosis. However, no study to date has examined patterns of parenting stress among parents of children with ASD concerns prior to a formal ASD diagnosis. Therefore, the current study investigated longitudinal trajectories of parenting stress among parents of young children with ASD concerns compared to parents of children with non‐ASD developmental concerns (e.g., language delay), and parents of children with no developmental concerns. Known predictors of parenting stress were also examined. Results from multilevel model analyses revealed that parents of children with ASD concerns experienced consistently higher levels of parenting stress across early child development compared to parents of children with non‐ASD developmental concerns and those with no concerns. Additionally, parenting efficacy, psychological functioning, social satisfaction, and child social communication behaviors predicted levels of parenting stress for all parents. Autism Res 2020, 13: 82–92. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This study examined parenting stress across time among parents of young children with ASD concerns before receiving a diagnosis. Parents of children with ASD concerns reported consistently higher levels of parenting stress compared to parents of children with other developmental concerns and parents of children with no concerns. Also, ASD concerns predicted parenting stress in addition to other parent and child predictors of parenting stress. These findings highlight the need to better support families before an ASD diagnosis.
News in fusion
Authors: Lübke Stefanie , Löwer Andreas , Papendieken Michaela , Filiz Önel Susanne
Published: October 2019

Die Bildung eines synzytialen Muskels beruht auf der Fähigkeit von einkernigen Myoblasten zu fusionieren. Wesentliche Prozesse während der Myoblastenfusion von Drosophila und Säugetieren sind dabei die Zellerkennung und Zelladhäsion, die Bildung eines Zug‐ und Druckkräfte generierenden Zentrums durch Polymerisation von monomerem zu F‐Aktin, die Bildung einer Fusionspore sowie die Vermischung des Zytoplasmas und die Integration der Myoblasten in die wachsende Myotube. In den letzten 20 Jahren wurden viele Schlüsselgene der Myoblastenfusion am Modellorganismus Drosophila melanogaster identifiziert. Keines dieser Gene kodiert für ein Fusogen. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden in den letzten Jahren bei Mäusen zwei Proteine identifiziert, die direkt an der Umstrukturierung der Plasmamembran während der Bildung einer Fusionspore beteiligt sind und die fusogene Eigenschaften besitzen. Diese Proteine können uns zukünftig helfen zu verstehen, was während der Myoblastenfusion an der Zellmembran passiert.
Zuckerbrot und Peitsche
Authors: Will Maria , Jerominek Markus
Published: October 2019

Pfeilwurzgewächse gehören zu den wenigen Beispielen für sehr schnelle pflanzliche Bewegungen. Diese kennt man unter anderem von fleischfressenden Pflanzen oder der Mimose. Das bekannteste Beispiel ist die Schließbewegung der Fangblätter von Venusfliegenfallen (Dionaea). Hier sind elektrische Impulse die Ursache für eine schnelle Reaktion auf den Reiz. Die Frage, wie das explosionsartige Einrollen des Griffels der tropischen Pfeilwurzgewächse zustande kommt, konnten bisherige Untersuchungen noch nicht zufriedenstellend beantworten. Elektrophysiologische Experimente helfen dabei, den Mechanismus hinter der Griffelbewegung besser zu verstehen.
Biomimetic Assembly of a Polydopamine Layer on Graphene as an Electron Gate for Fluorescent MicroRNA Detection in Living Cells
Authors: Li Xinyi , Wang Ting , Luo Yonglan , Asiri Abdullah M. , Chen Song , Sun Xuping
Published: October 2019

A novel strategy was developed for microRNA detection based on the fluorescence quenching of polydopamine (PDA)‐coated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets (RGO@PDA). Compared with graphene oxide (GO), the reduction of GO and modification of the surface of RGO by PDA not only improve the stability, dispersity, biocompatibility, and cellular uptake without degeneration of the unique electronic properties of graphene, but also add an electron gate for harvesting electrons, as well as enabling efficient and forward electron transfer to avoid unwanted electron transfer and realize highly sensitive miRNA detection; thus a lower detection limit can be achieved in this sensing system. Remarkably, nanoprobes consisting of RGO@PDA and fluorescein‐labeled single‐stranded DNA can naturally enter cancer cells without the aid of transfection agents, as well as resisting enzymatic lysis and showing almost no effect on the cell viability. More importantly, intense and time‐dependent fluorescence responses were observed from the important tumor marker microRNA‐21 (miR‐21) in living cells; thus suggesting that the proposed sensing platform shows great promise for applications in disease diagnosis and fundamental research into biochemistry.
Repurposing of Diagnostic Whole Exome Sequencing Data of 1,583 Individuals for Clinical Pharmacogenetics
Authors: van der Lee Maaike , Allard William G. , Bollen Sander , Santen Gijs W. E. , Ruivenkamp Claudia A. L. , Hoffer Mariëtte J. V. , Kriek Marjolein , Guchelaar Henk‐Jan , Anvar Seyed Y. , Swen Jesse J.
Published: October 2019

For ~ 80 drugs, widely recognized pharmacogenetics dosing guidelines are available. However, the use of these guidelines in clinical practice remains limited as only a fraction of patients is subjected to pharmacogenetic screening. We investigated the feasibility of repurposing whole exome sequencing (WES) data for a panel of 42 variants in 11 pharmacogenes to provide a pharmacogenomic profile. Existing diagnostic WES‐data from child‐parent trios totaling 1,583 individuals were used. Results were successfully extracted for 39 variants. No information could be extracted for three variants, located in CYP2C19, UGT1A1, and CYP3A5, and for CYP2D6 copy number. At least one actionable phenotype was present in 86% of the individuals. Haplotype phasing proved relevant for CYP2B6 assignments as 1.5% of the phenotypes were corrected after phasing. In conclusion, repurposing WES‐data can yield meaningful pharmacogenetic profiles for 7 of 11 important pharmacogenes, which can be used to guide drug treatment.
Molecular Engineering of Simple Metal‐Free Organic Dyes Derived from Triphenylamine for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Ferdowsi Parnian , Saygili Yasemin , Jazaeri Farzan , Edvinsson Tomas , Mokhtari Javad , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Liu Yuhang , Grätzel Michael , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: October 2019

Two new metal‐free organic sensitizers, L156 and L224, were designed, synthesized, and characterized for application in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The structures of the dyes contain a triphenylamine (TPA) segment and 4‐(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐yl)benzoic acid as electron‐rich and ‐deficient moieties, respectively. Two different π bridges, thiophene and 4,8‐bis(4‐hexylphenyl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene, were used for L156 and L224, respectively. The influence of iodide/triiodide, [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine), and [Cu(tmby)2]2+/+ (tmby=4,4′,6,6′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) complexes as redox electrolytes and 18 NR‐T and 30 NR‐D transparent TiO2 films on the DSC device performance was investigated. The L156‐based DSC with [Cu(tmby)2]2+/+ complexes as the redox electrolyte resulted in the best performance of 9.26 % and a remarkably high open‐circuit voltage value of 1.1 V (1.096 V), with a short‐circuit current of 12.2 mA cm−2 and a fill factor of 0.692, by using 30 NR‐D TiO2 films. An efficiency of up to 21.9 % was achieved under a 1000 lx indoor light source, which proved that dye L156 was also an excellent candidate for indoor applications. The maximal monochromatic incident‐photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency of L156–30 NR‐D reached up to 70 %.
2 D MXene‐based Energy Storage Materials: Interfacial Structure Design and Functionalization
Authors: Fang Ruyi , Lu Chengwei , Chen Anqi , Wang Kun , Huang Hui , Gan Yongping , Liang Chu , Zhang Jun , Tao Xinyong , Xia Yang , Zhang Wenkui
Published: October 2019

Transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), a burgeoning group of 2 D layer‐structure compounds, have multiple merits, such as high electrical conductivity, tunable layer structure, small band gap, and functionalized redox‐active surface, and are receiving significant attention as one of the most promising class of energy storage materials. The synthesis methods, structural configuration, and surface chemistry of MXenes directly influence their performance. This Minireview focuses on interfacial structure design and functionalization of MXenes and MXene‐based energy storage materials and the effect of structural configuration and surface chemistry on their electrochemical performance. Additionally, the structure–property relationships between interfacial structure, functional group, interlayer spacing, and the corresponding energy storage performance are summarized in detail. Finally, light is shed on the perspectives for the future research on advanced MXene‐based energy storage materials including scientific and technical challenges.
Neural crest development: insights from the zebrafish
Authors: Rocha Manuel , Singh Noor , Ahsan Kamil , Beiriger Anastasia , Prince Victoria E.
Published: October 2019

Our understanding of the neural crest, a key vertebrate innovation, is built upon studies of multiple model organisms. Early research on neural crest cells (NCCs) was dominated by analyses of accessible amphibian and avian embryos, with mouse genetics providing complementary insights in more recent years. The zebrafish model is a relative newcomer to the field, yet it offers unparalleled advantages for the study of NCCs. Specifically, zebrafish provide powerful genetic and transgenic tools, coupled with rapidly developing transparent embryos that are ideal for high‐resolution real‐time imaging of the dynamic process of neural crest development. While the broad principles of neural crest development are largely conserved across vertebrate species, there are critical differences in anatomy, morphogenesis, and genetics that must be considered before information from one model is extrapolated to another. Here, our goal is to provide the reader with a helpful primer specific to neural crest development in the zebrafish model. We focus largely on the earliest events—specification, delamination, and migration—discussing what is known about zebrafish NCC development and how it differs from NCC development in non‐teleost species, as well as highlighting current gaps in knowledge.
Oxidative Formation and Redox Properties of 9‐Methylisocorroles
Authors: Wicht Richard , Bahnmüller Stefanie , Thüsing Anne , Wolfram Benedikt , Bröring Martin
Published: October 2019

Cationic nickel(II), palladium(II), and copper(II) isocorrole complexes were obtained from linear tetrapyrrolic 2,2′‐bidipyrrin precursors by metal‐templated oxidative macrocyclization reactions using silver(I) tetrafluoroborate as the oxidant in 40–69 % yield. The new compounds were characterized by optical and resonance methods. Two products from overoxidation and attack of nucleophiles were identified by means of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elucidating possible H atom transfer processes during and after the macrocyclization step. The redox behavior was studied by UV/Vis‐spectroelectrochemistry, and the complexes were found to show different stabilities of the electrogenerated radicals, depending on the nature of the central transition metal ion. A one‐electron reduction step at low potential is common for all species, but reversible only in the case of nickel, and an irreversible reaction of a copper derivative was found to produce copper corrole.
In‐situ photopolymerized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane‐derived monolithic capillary columns with quinidine functionality for enantioseparation by nano‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Liu Siyao , Fu Xinyue , Löffler Ronny , Lämmerhofer Michael
Published: October 2019

The successful fabrication of monolithic capillary columns for enantiomer separations was achieved within vinylized fused silica capillaries via fast “one‐pot” photo‐initiated free radical polymerization reaction. A mixture consisting of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, O‐[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethylcarbamoyl]‐10,11‐dihydroquinidine was copolymerized in the presence of n‐butanol, ethylene glycol and photo‐initiator 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone. The morphology of the resultant polymeric hybrid inorganic‐organic material and its permeability as well as porosity can be controlled by adjusting the composition of the monomers and binary porogenic solvent. The chromatographic characteristics of the columns have been investigated. Separation factors of N‐acetyl‐phenylalanine (Ac‐Phe) and dichlorprop dropped with decrease of chiral functional monomer. Permeability was better when the macroporogen ethyleneglycol was present at higher concentrations during the polymerization. In general, the chiral compounds were well separated (dichlorprop: α = 1.53, Rs up to 4.14; Ac‐Phe: α = 1.36, Rs up to 2.69) by nano‐HPLC with an optimized enantioselective monolithic capillary column which can be prepared within a few minutes.
Chemical characterization and biological activity of essential oils from the aerial part and root ofFerula haussknechtii
Authors: Arjmand Zahra , Dastan Dara
Published: October 2019

Ferulagenus belongs to Umbelliferae family. Plants with this kind of genus are distributed in an extended region such as central Asia and Mediterranean area.Ferulaspecies are used in traditional medicine as a remedy in different kinds of illnesses and also in different kinds of industries. TheFerula haussknechtiiH. Wolff ex Rech. f. is one of the flora species in Iran which in this research the essential oil of its aerial parts and root was extracted by Clevenger apparatus. After that, theirs compounds were recognized using gas chromatography methods (GC‐MS and GC‐FID) and their amount was determined. Antibacterial activity of essential oils was examined, and phytochemical screening on the plant's extracts was done too. GC‐MS/FID method identified 62 compounds in root and 64 compounds in aerial parts of this plant which were 94.6 and 92.8 percent of their respective whole essential oil. Camphene, α‐pinene, and isoverbanol had the most percent in both essential oils. Antibacterial tests on root and aerial parts of plant essential oils on 4 g‐negative and 5 g‐positive bacteria were done. Results concluded that essential oils were effective on theBacillus pumilus,Staphylococcus epidermidis,andStaphylococcus aureus(17‐18mm, 7.5 mg/mL); therefore, this plant can be useful in medicine and food industry as an antibacterial agent.
Combined biocompatible medium with molecularly imprinted polymers for determination of aflatoxins B1 in real sample
Authors: Song Lixin , He Juan , Chen Ningning , Huang Zhipeng
Published: October 2019

A kind of molecularly imprinted polymers modified with biocompatible medium was prepared by suspension polymerization. The obtained hybrid materials were used as the adsorbents for the solid‐phase extraction of aflatoxins B1 in real samples. A structural analog of the target, 6‐methyl‐4‐phenylchroman‐2‐one was used as the pseudo‐template, owing to their lower toxicity and cheaper price compared with aflatoxins B1; and methacrylic acid and glycidyl methacrylate were used as the co‐monomers. Scanning electron microscopy and size distribution analysis were used to characterize the obtained polymers. The extraction parameters were optimized to achieve the desired extraction performance. The polymer solid‐phase extraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was successfully applied to determine aflatoxins B1 from soy sauce without the process of protein removal. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the detection results of aflatoxins B1 in lab‐made column in soy sauce samples was carried out, with a recovery rate of 96%. The established method presented a linear range from 10 to 1000 ng/mL with the coefficient of determination of 0.9994 and the limit of detection of 0.05 ng/mL. Likewise, the inherent selectivity of lab‐made column towards aflatoxins B1, Ochratoxin A, and Zearalenone was demonstrated.
Elective neck dissection during salvage laryngectomy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gross Jennifer H. , Vila Peter M. , Simon Laura , Rizvi Zain H. , Zenga Joseph , Jackson Ryan S. , Pipkorn Patrik
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The primary objective was to determine the rate of occult cervical nodal metastasis in patients undergoing elective neck dissection (END) during salvage laryngectomy. The secondary objective was to compare survival and postoperative complication rates between patients undergoing END versus observation.

Methods

A medical librarian performed a comprehensive search for END outcomes in laryngeal cancer patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy after primary chemoradiation therapy. Seventeen retrospective studies and 1 prospective study met inclusion criteria, with a total of 1,141 patients (799 END, 350 observed).

Results

The rate of nodal positivity was 11% among patients who underwent END during their salvage laryngectomy. Three studies and 155 patients were included in a 5‐year overall survival (OS) analysis with no significant difference in OS (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82‐2.22). After inclusion of six studies and 494 patients (249 END, 245 observed), the risk of fistula formation was not statistically different (95% CI: 0.61‐2.56). Due to significant heterogeneity between studies and inadequate data, most patients could not be included in the meta‐analysis of outcomes.

Conclusion

Salvage laryngectomy patients undergoing END have an occult nodal positivity rate of 11%. Meta‐analysis showed no statistically significant differences in 5‐year OS between patients undergoing END versus observation. Laryngoscope, 130:899–906, 2020
The minimal clinically important difference of the dyspnea index in laryngotracheal stenosis
Authors: Gray Alan J. , Huston Molly , Didericksen Devin , Meyer Tanya K. , Merati Albert , Brisebois Simon
Published: October 2019

Objective

The Dyspnea Index (DI) is a validated patient‐reported outcome (PRO) instrument that has been used in the management of laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS). The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is an established concept to help determine the change in a PRO instrument that reflects meaningful change for the patient. It is not known what change in the DI is of clinical significance in airway surgery. This study aims to determine the MCID for the DI in patients undergoing surgical treatment for LTS.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study in which 26 patients with LTS completed the DI (score range 0 to 40) before and 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively, in addition to a Global Ratings Change Questionnaire (GRCQ), scored from −7 to +7, at the postoperative interval. A hypothesis test was carried out to test the association between GRCQ and change in DI. The MCID for change in DI was determined using anchor‐based analysis.

Results

Overall mean change in DI was −11, and mean change in GRCQ was +5. Change in DI scores were significantly different among the improvement and no improvement groups (P value <0.002). Area under the receiver operating curve was 0.92, demonstrating high discriminatory ability of the change in DI score. A change of −4 was determined to be the threshold that discriminated between significant improvement and no improvement.

Conclusion

A decrease of 4 in the DI can be considered as the MCID for patients with LTS after surgical treatment.

Level of Evidence

2b Laryngoscope, 130:1775–1779, 2020
Trophic ecology of Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in conjunction with body size and climatic variability in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Portner Elan J. , Markaida Unai , Robinson Carlos J. , Gilly William F.
Published: October 2019

Over the past two decades, the Gulf of California (GOC) has experienced three strong El Niño events (1997–1998, 2009–2010, and 2015–2016), each of which was followed by a drastic reduction in mantle length of mature Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas (from >60 cm to <20 cm). However, it is unclear how the oceanographic changes associated with strong El Niño events affected the midwater organisms on which D. gigas feed, limiting our ability to assess the relative importance of temperature and food availability in the phenotypic response of D. gigas to environmental variability. We quantified the diet of D. gigas in the GOC before, during, and following the past three El Niño events and found that although its diet varied little across a large range of body sizes (8–85 cm), significant and predictable diet variability was observed with respect to sea surface temperature and chlorophyll‐a concentration. Consumption of large numbers of relatively small, high calorie prey in both relatively cool (anchovies) and relatively warm, productive conditions (myctophids) is likely necessary to support growth to large body sizes before maturation. When warm, unproductive conditions prevailed in the GOC, only small squid were present and had diets dominated by euphausiids and pteropods, prey with relatively low caloric value. Using a time series of diet data, this work provides unique insights into the response of a midwater forage community to oceanographic variability and the effects of environmental variability on the trophic ecology of an oceanic predator.
The correlation of the perforators and the accessory saphenous vein in a profunda femoris artery perforator flap for additional venous anastomosis: A cadaveric study and clinical application
Authors: Karakawa Ryo , Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Fuse Yuma , Hayashi Akitatsu , Tanakura Kenta , Heber Ulrike M. , Weninger Wolfgang J. , Tzou Chieh‐Han J. , Meng Stefan , Yano Tomoyuki
Published: October 2019

Background

The profunda femoris artery perforator (PAP) flap is gaining popularity in microsurgical reconstruction. To establish a safer flap elevation technique, we focused on the topology of the accessory saphenous vein in the medial thigh area. We hypothesize that including the accessory saphenous vein in a PAP flap results in safer PAP flap transfer with two venous drainage systems. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical relationship between the perforators and the accessory saphenous vein in the PAP flap using fresh cadavers and to describe the relationship through two clinical cases.

Methods

For the anatomical study, 19 posterior medial thigh regions from 10 fresh cadavers were dissected. We recorded the number, site of origin, the length, and the diameter of the pedicle. We also documented the course, the length, and the diameter of the accessory saphenous vein. PAP flap transfer with additional accessory saphenous vein anastomosis was performed in two clinical cases; a 40‐year‐old female with tongue cancer and a 51‐year‐old female with breast cancer.

Results

In all cadaveric specimens, the accessory saphenous vein was found above the deep fascia. The average distance between the proximal thigh crease and the intersection of the anterior edge of the gracilis muscle and the accessory saphenous vein was 7.7 ± 2.5 cm. The diameter of the accessory saphenous vein averaged 3.1 ± 1.1 mm. The average accessory saphenous vein length from its takeoff from the great saphenous vein to the anterior edge of the gracilis muscle was 4.2 ± 1.3 cm. In clinical cases, the flap size was 6 x 18 cm and 8 x 21 cm and the follow‐up length was 12 and 3 months, respectively. In both cases, the postoperative course was uneventful and the flap survived completely.

Conclusion

Anatomical study confirmed that the accessory saphenous vein did exist in all specimens and it could be included in the PAP flap with sufficient length and relatively large diameter. Although further clinical investigation will be required to confirm its efficacy, a PAP flap including the accessory saphenous vein may decrease the chances of flap congestion.
A dual‐tuned 17O/1H head array for direct brain oximetry at 3 Tesla
Authors: Lakshmanan Karthik , Dehkharghani Seena , Madelin Guillaume , Brown Ryan
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To design and build a dual‐tuned 17O/1H coil for direct brain oximetry at 3T.

Methods

A dual‐tuned 17O/1H coil comprising 2 degenerate mode birdcage coils was constructed to facilitate high‐sensitivity 17O and 1H imaging. In vivo 17O brain images were acquired in a healthy volunteer using a fermat looped orthogonally encoded trajectories sequence, together with high‐resolution structural brain 1H images.

Results

Natural abundance 17O images with a nominal resolution of 8 mm3 were acquired in under 20 minutes exhibiting clear delineation of the physiological 17O distribution. One‐millimeter isotropic 1H structural brain images demonstrated excellent quality and anatomical detail using routine clinical imaging sequence parameters and parallel acceleration.

Conclusion

A dual‐tuned 17O/1H array was constructed to enable high‐sensitivity 17O and 1H imaging under standard clinical 3 T scanning conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Westerlund Heidi , Karlsen Sidsel , Partti Heidi
Published: October 2019

This book highlights the importance of visions for intercultural music-teacher education in a time of increasing social complexity. This complexity spans a wide range of diversity dynamics related to various traditions of knowledge formation, multiple forms of cultural and artistic participation, feelings of national and ethnic belonging, and political instabilities which render possible shifting conditions for experiencing trust/distrust and societal unity/polarization. We argue that in music teacher education it is necessary to reflect on these intimate connections between music, education, and society and make our field an arena for dealing with substantial social change. In educating future music teachers to become change agents who can, if needed, challenge music education traditions, hierarchies, practices and structures, the professional ethos and standards need to be transformed so as to make teachers better equipped to handle the changing conditions created by new and emerging forms of diversity.Visions for Intercultural Music Teacher Educationpresents contributions that deal with these challenges in a variety of ways, through the perspectives of music teacher educators located around the world.
Structure and Fragmentation: The Current Tensions and Possible Transformation of Intercultural Music Teacher Education in South Africa
Authors: Odendaal Albi
Published: October 2019

The issues of multiculturalism and interculturalism are part of the daily discourse and painful history of South Africa. As such, South African music teacher educators have a unique contribution to make to the international discourse on diversity in music education. This chapter draws on Activity Theory to conceptually position the practices of music teacher education in South Africa, and to place the practices in a wider socio-political environment. Interviews were conducted with four music teacher educators in this interpretative descriptive study, in order to understand their conceptions of multicultural and intercultural music teacher education. Three common practices that are critically framed by the teachers are identified: immersion, interaction and documentation. These practices are then considered in the broader contexts of the structure of the university and the fragmentation of society. The chapter argues on the basis of this analysis that the historically accumulating structural tensions inherent in music teacher education in South Africa should lead to transformation of the activity, but only if music teachers themselves become cognisant of the contradictions inherent in the current practices and collaboratively and creatively expand beyond them.
Intercultural Game in Music Teacher Education: Exploring El Sistema in Sweden
Authors: Sæther Eva
Published: October 2019

El Sistema, the originally Venezuelan music teaching movement is spreading worldwide, suggesting Western classical music as a tool for counteracting poverty and segregation. In Sweden, this represents an interesting and perhaps provoking twist, as the hegemony of classical music in music teacher education has since long been replaced by the hegemony of popular music. Based on fieldwork during the implementation of El Sistema in Malmö, the most multicultural town in Sweden, this chapter analyses El Sistema through the concept of habitus crises, an important ingredient in the development of intercultural pedagogic competencies. Through the understanding of El Sistema as a glocal phenomenon, the potential of the El Sistema intervention is discussed. The discussion is framed by a mapping of the tension fields that El Sistema teachers are navigating. The experiences of the El Sistema teachers in Malmö point towards a music teacher training that actively prepares for teaching in segregated, multi-cultural and socio-economic vulnerable areas. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future music teacher training in interacting ethnospaces: stimulating habitus crises and promoting transformative learning.
Expanding Learning Frames in Music Teacher Education: Student Placement in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in Lebanon
Authors: Brøske Brit Ågot
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss how intercultural music projects can contribute to expansive learning in music teacher education. Based on cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), I explore expansive learning on the student-music-teacher and institutional levels. The inspirational starting point for the chapter is the professional placement of student music teachers in the Palestinian refugee camp Rashedieh in South Lebanon. Both students and staff from the Norwegian Academy of Music are involved in this project, and both the context and the content of the setting are experienced by student-music-teachers and staff as highly unfamiliar, unpredictable, and challenging—although highly valuable. A particular focus of the discussion relates to the concepts of complexity and contradictions, and how they can function as potential sources for change, development, and expansive learning. I argue that student-music-teachers’ involvement in intercultural projects can create rich opportunities for expansive, intercultural learning. However, in order to achieve this, we have to design educational programs that enhance reflection and dialogue, provide a solid intercultural competence, and create possibilities for existential meetings and placement settings in which student-teachers experience being “the other”. Consequently, students, teachers, and institutions can learn something that is “not yet there”, and be prepared for the crucial challenges of the future.