bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The echinoidHolaster laevisfrom the Albian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Winterswijk area, eastern Netherlands
Authors: Jagt J.W.M. , Oosterink H.W.
Published: July 2016

A single internal mould of the holasterid echinoidHolaster laevis(Brongniart, 1822) constitutes the first record of this species from the upper portion (‘Upper Holland Marl’) of the Holland Formation (Rijnland Group), of middle-late Albian age, in the Winterswijk area (eastern Netherlands). The geographic range ofH. laeviscan thus be extended to this part of western Europe, with previous records from southern England (Wiltshire, Devon) and the Département Ain in east-central France.
Mid-Holocene water-level changes in the lower Rhine-Meuse delta (western Netherlands): implications for the reconstruction of relative mean sea-level rise, palaeoriver-gradients and coastal evolution
Authors: van de Plassche O. , Makaske B. , Hoek W.Z. , Konert M. , van der Plicht J.
Published: July 2016

We present a revised relative mean sea-level (MSL) curve for the Rhine-Meuse delta, western Netherlands, for the period 7900-5300 cal yr BP. The revision is based on a series of new and previously unpublished local groundwater-level index data from buried Late Glacial aeolian dunes in the lower Rhine-Meuse delta, and reinterpretation of existing data.

The new index data consist of (AMS and conventional) radiocarbon dates of samples, collected from the base of peat formed on dune slopes, near Vlaardingen (21 index points), Hillegersberg (one index point), and Hardinxveld-Giessendam (10 index points). The Vlaardingen data represent the coast-nearest Rhine-Meuse delta local water-level record, which therefore is highly indicative for sea-level change. Pollen and macrofossil analysis, and dating of paired samples was carried out to assess the reliability of the groundwater-level index data.

The revision of the MSL curve involves: (1) a significant (0 to >1 m) upward adjustment for the period 7900-7300 cal yr BP; (2) a downward adjustment of <0.25 m for the period 6650-5300 cal yr BP. The new data indirectly support the reliability of the part of the curve for the period 7300-6650 cal yr BP. A longitudinally fairly uniform river gradient of 2.5-3.0 cm/km in the lower Rhine-Meuse delta during the period 6650-5600 cal yr BP can be inferred from the data sets. A significant river gradient extended further towards the coastline than previously thought and it may be that also the revised MSL curve reflects river-gradient effects. An increased floodbasin effect (stronger intra-coastal tidal damping) seems to have developed in the lower Rhine-Meuse delta in de period 7500-6600 cal yr BP, and was probably a complex response to a major avulsion of the Rhine.
Lithological analysis of 45 presumed pingo remnants in the northern Netherlands (Friesland): substrate control and fill sequences
Authors: Kluiving S.J. , Verbers A.L.L.M. , Thijs W.J.F.
Published: July 2016

A number of 45 presumed pingo remnants have been analysed on lithological criteria while measured parameters of pingo remnants can be compared on a spatial scale. Methods used were hand augering and radiocarbon dating. Out of 45 cored sites thirty sites proved to represent pingo remnants after having tested the results according to the set of descriptive criteria. Does a difference in filling types in a spatial analysis influence the choice of early settlers in this region? Results show that two groups of pingo remnants can be distinguished by the nature of the pingo filling. Type 1 pingo remnants with predominantly peat filling are found in the lower valleys between the higher glacial till ridges. Type 2 pingo remnants with equal loam and peat filling are predominantly found on the higher glacial till ridges. Type 2 pingo remnants generally have a greater depth, are more ellipsoid in shape, and have a steeper slope angle than type 1 pingo remnants on the lower terrain. Results indicate that the substrate character influenced the development of infilling of pingo remnants. Marshy environments may have existed for a prolonged period throughout the Holocene in pingo remnants on the glacial ridges, while pingo remnants on the lower terrain are filled in by peat bogs. Landscape evolution based on the results of a distinct dataset of pingo remnants can help to solve archaeological problems of settlement issues when combined with new palaeobotanic data and high resolution dates.
Late Moscovian terrestrial biotas and palaeoenvironments of Variscan Euramerica
Authors: Cleal C.J. , Opluštil S. , Thomas B.A. , Tenchov Y. , Abbink O.A. , Bek J. , Dimitrova T. , Drábková J. , Hartkopf-Fröder Ch. , van Hoof T. , Kędzior A. , Jarzembowski E. , Jasper K. , Libertin M. , McLean D. , Oliwkiewicz-Miklasinska M. , Pšenička J. , Ptak B. , Schneider J.W. , Schultka S. , Šimůnek Z. , Uhl D. , Waksmundzka M.I. , van Waveren I. , Zodrow E. L.
Published: July 2016

A synthesis of the upper Moscovian sedimentological and palaeontological record of terrestrial habitats across the Variscan foreland and adjacent intramontane basins (an area which is referred to here as Variscan Euramerica) suggests a contraction and progressive westward shift of the coal swamps. These changes can be correlated with pulses of tectonic activity (tectonic phases) resulting from the northwards migration of the Variscan Front. This tectonic activity caused disruption to the landscapes and drainage patterns where the coal swamps were growing, which became less suitable to growth of the dominant plants of the swamps, the arborescent lycopsids. They were progressively replaced by vegetation dominated by marattialean ferns, which through a combination of slower growth and larger canopies resulted in less evapo-transpiration. This in turn caused localised reductions in rainfall, which further affected the ability of the lycopsids to dominate the swamp vegetation. These changes were initially localised and where the coal swamps were able to survive the lycopsids and pteridosperms show little change in either species diversity or biogeography, indicating that at this time there was minimal regional-scale climate change taking place. By Asturian times, however, the process had accelerated and the swamps in Variscan Euramerica became progressively replaced by predominantly conifer and cordaite vegetation that favoured much drier substrates. Except in localised pockets in intramontane basins of the Variscan Mountains, the last development of coal swamps in Variscan Euramerica was of early Cantabrian age. Further west, lycopsid-dominated coal swamps persisted for a little longer. The last remnants of the lycopsid-dominated coal swamps in the Illinois Basin disappeared probably by middle-late Cantabrian times, as the cycle of contracting wetlands and regional reductions in rainfall generated its own momentum, and no longer needed the impetus of tectonic instability. This tectonically-driven decline in the Euramerican coal swamps was probably responsible for an annual increase in atmospheric CO2of c. 0.37 ppm, and may have been implicated in the marked increase in global temperatures near the Moscovian – Kasimovian boundary, and the onset of the Late Pennsylvanian interglacial.
Unravelling the enigmas of the ‘silver sands’ in the Dutch/German/Belgian border area
Authors: van Loon A.J.
Published: July 2016

Bright white sands consisting almost exclusively of quartz (sometimes called ‘silver sands’) occur throughout the world; those in Europe commonly date from the late Paleogene and early Neogene. They have a clearly sedimentary origin, and they may have originated in various types of environments, but precise data are lacking because sedimentary research into these deposits (that have a high economic value) has been scarce. It is most likely that diagenetic processes are largely responsible for their exceptional appearance, but it is highly unlikely that all silver sands were subject to the same diagenetic conditions.

The precise origin of most of the silver sands is still enigmatic. In the case of the silver sands in the Dutch/German/Belgian border area, it appears that long-lasting in situ leaching by humic acids (resulting in an extremely low percentage of heavy minerals), in combination with differential cementation (and later partial dissolution of the cement), must be held responsible for the wide variety of the characteristics of these sands, including locally sharp boundaries with the underlying sands, lack of precipitates at the contact plane with the underlying sands, and the joint occurrence of strongly weathered and fresh specimens of the same heavy-mineral species.
Silica sand resources in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Meulen M.J. , Westerhoff W.E. , Menkovic A. , Gruijters S.H.L.L. , Dubelaar C.W. , Maljers D.
Published: July 2016

Silica sand, (almost) pure quartz sand, is a valuable and scarce mineral resource within the shallow Dutch subsurface. High-grade deposits are exploited in the southeasternmost part of the country, as raw material for the glass, ceramic, chemical and other process industries. Dutch land-use policy requires that scarce mineral resources (including silica sand) are taken into consideration in spatial planning and when preparing for largescale engineering or construction works. For this purpose, and in order to review the long-term possibilities for home production of silica sand, we determined resource potential nationally.

Our approach was (1) to establish the relevant conditions and processes associated with the deposition of the currently exploited sands, (2) identify lithostratigraphic units that are genetically similar or are otherwise known to contain quartz-rich sands, and (3) query the Dutch geological survey's borehole database for potential silica sand occurrences within those units. As we have to rely on non-dedicated data, the latter step was undertaken using a largely qualitative set of lithological search parameters. Finally, a limited number of available chemical analyses was used for preliminary verification purposes.

Using this approach, we identified three prospective areas: one in the north of the province of Limburg and east of the province of Noord-Brabant(~750 km2), one in the central south of Noord-Brabant (~45 km2), and one in the east of the Gelderland and Overijssel provinces (~1,200 km2). For each area, first-order characteristics of possible silica sand resources are presented (type of deposit, depth, approximate thickness). In the terms of current reporting conventions, we resolved silica sand occurrence to the level of ‘reconnaissance mineral resource’ or ‘exploration result’, and our results do not constitute a formal resource declaration. Available chemical data suggest that the resources in the first two areas could be or become economic, although the grades are lower than those of the currently exploited resources. The third area is less promising in that respect, but available data is too limited to reject the area in this stage. Even so, we tentatively conclude that home production of silica sand can probably be maintained after the reserves in Limburg are depleted.
A new species of the durophagous mosasaur Carinodens (Squamata, Mosasauridae) and additional material of Carinodens belgicus from the Maastrichtian phosphates of Morocco
Authors: Schulp A.S. , Bardet N. , Bouya B.
Published: July 2016

Five new dentaries, representing three individuals of the poorly known durophagous mosasaur Carinodens are described from the Maastrichtian phosphates of Morocco. Contrary to previous assumptions, the dentary of Carinodens holds 17-18 teeth, rather than 13. One pair of dentaries represents a new species, Carinodens minalmamar, characterised by laterally flattened teeth with two relatively pronounced sulci, a tooth count of 18, and a more slender general aspect of the dentary itself. The new material requires adjustment of previous reconstructions, assumptions on jaw mechanics, and palaeobiological interpretations of Carinodens.
Assessing CH4 and CO2 emissions from wetlands in the Drenthe Province, the Netherlands: a modelling approach
Authors: Petrescu A.M.R. , van Huissteden J. , de Vries F. , Bregman E.P.H. , Scheper A.
Published: July 2016

Assessment of land use related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on larger spatial scales is usually achieved by modelling. Surface flux measurements are expensive and measurement locations too widely scattered to serve as spatially reliable flux estimates. Here we assess CO2 and CH4 fluxes from wetland nature reserves in the Dutch province of Drenthe, using the PEATLAND-VU model. Since surface flux observations in the province are absent and cannot be obtained in a short (<1 year) time frame, we extrapolated model validation from elsewhere to the research area. In this way a cost-effective methodology is developed for landuse-related greenhouse gas emission assessments, which can be applied by local governments at a subnational scale.

Nature development and restoration in the Netherlands involves usually the restoration of high water tables in former agricultural areas and extensivation or abandonment of agricultural activities. Wet peat soils are known to emit considerable quantities of CH4, while drained agricultural soils emit CO2 from decomposition of the soil organic matter. Therefore, these landuse changes may affect GHG emissions and an assessment of their effects is useful for environmental policy.

The PEATLAND-VU Model was used to simulate the CH4 and CO2 emissions for the years 2005-2007 and for May/June 2008. Previous field validation of the model elsewhere was checked for local validity with CH4 and CO2 flux measurements in short field campaigns in May/June 2008, at two locations, Visvliet and Balloërveld. These sites represent respectively eutrophic and oligotrophic peat and peaty soils, and showed large differences in fluxes. These flux differences were simulated correctly by the model by adapting the vegetation net primary production and methane oxidation parameters. Next, model simulations were run for eight combinations of vegetation and soil type. Using the simulated fluxes and the areal extent of the soil combinations, a GIS-based upscaling over all nature reserves was made.

This study shows that river valley floors with mesotrophic and eutrophic peat soils dominate the greenhouse fluxes of the area. CH4 fluxes are high in wet terrain, while the CO2 fluxes are high when water table is lower. The fluxes from oligotrophic peat soils are comparatively low. Nature development can contribute to a decrease of the total greenhouse gas flux from peat soils and to conservation of soil organic matter.
Holocene, Weichselian Late-glacial and earlier Pleistocene deposits of the upper Cam valley at the Hinxton Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK
Authors: Boreham S. , Rolfe C.J.
Published: July 2016

A section through Pleistocene deposits and temporary exposures of valley-side and valley-fill Late-glacial and Holocene sediments in the upper Cam valley at Hinxton Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK are described. Stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis are used to create a model of sediment transport, landscape change and vegetation history at the site. This study offers a new understanding of the stratigraphy and context of the Holocene, Weichselian Late-glacial and earlier Pleistocene deposits of the upper Cam valley, and provides an insight into valley-side sediment transport processes and the three-dimensional sediment architecture of the valley-fill sediments.
A late Miocene astropectinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and associated ichnofossils from Liessel, province of Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands
Authors: Jagt J.W.M. , Fraaije R.H.B. , van Bakel B.W.M.
Published: July 2016

A fragmentary and partially dissociated arm of an astropectinid starfish, assigned to the genusAstropectenGray, 1840, is recorded from decalcified and limonitised, fine-grained sandstone concretions and slabs of late Miocene (Tortonian) age, collected from the former gravel and sand pit ‘de Hoogdonk’ near Liessel, province of Noord-Brabant. Added are two examples of the ichnofossilAsteriacites lumbricalisvon Schlotheim, 1820, both preserved in convex hyporelief and co-occurring with other, indeterminate traces. Although astropectinids have been recorded previously from Miocene and Pliocene deposits in the Netherlands, the present is the first record of fossilised traces of starfish.
A tribute to the late Felder brothers – pioneers of Limburg geology and prehistoric archaeology; introduction
Authors: Jagt J.W.M. , Jagt-Yazykova E.A. , Schins W.J.H.
Published: July 2016

All contributions in the current memorial volume are briefly commented upon, with the emphasis on how these issues touched upon, or were linked to, the long and productive professional careers of the late Felder brothers, in the fields of geology, palaeontology and human prehistory. Pertinent literature references are added, some of which are covered in the various papers, while others illustrate their wide range of interests and prolific publishing lives.
Leymeriaster campestris, a new early Campanian hemiasterid echinoid from southern Limburg, the Netherlands
Authors: van der Ham R.W.J.M. , Jagt J.W.M. , Janssens H.J.
Published: July 2016

In the type area of the Maastrichtian Stage (northeast Belgium, southeast Netherlands), two species of the rare hemiasterid echinoid genusLeymeriasterwere known to date. Here we describe a third,L. campestrissp. nov., from the so-called ‘Laagje van Müller’ (Gemmenich Member, Vaals Formation) at Vaals-Eschberg, southern Limburg (the Netherlands), which is of early Campanian age. It differs from its late Maastrichtian congeners in the area,L. maestrichtensisandL. eluvialis, in that the pore pairs in the frontal groove of ambulacrum III are not in small depressions and the adjacent interambulacral margins are not thickened, raised and/or overhanging. It differs fromL. maestrichtensisby the lack of a clear notch in the ambitus in ambulacrum III, and fromL. eluvialisin the presence of a distinctly longer groove in ambulacrum III.Leymeriaster campestrissp. nov. is the first undoubted species of CampanianLeymeriasterknown from northwest Europe.
Late Middle Pleistocene glaciofluvial sedimentation in western Norfolk, England
Authors: Gibbard P.L. , Boreham S. , West R.G. , Rolfe C.J.
Published: July 2016

Investigation of landforms on the eastern margin of the East Anglian Fenland basin has demonstrated that they represent a series of glaciofluvial delta-fan and related sediment accumulations (the Skertchly Line) deposited at the margin of an ice-lobe that entered the depression. This ‘Tottenhill glaciation’ dated to ca 160 ka, or the late Wolstonian (= late Saalian) Stage, is equivalent to that during the Netherlands' Drenthe Substage (Marine Isotope Stage 6). Of these landform complexes, an additional site at Shouldham Thorpe, previously nominated as the stratotype for deposits linked to a pre-Anglian Stage, Midlands'-derived Ingham/‘Bytham river’, has now been studied. Examination of the internal structure and form of the feature, using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), supported by section logging, borehole records, local landscape morphology and previous description, together indicate that the deposits rest on an eroded surface of Lowestoft Formation diamicton (Anglian Stage) and must therefore be of post-, rather than pre-Anglian age. The investigations indicate that the Shouldham deposits were laid down as a glacio-marginal subaerial (‘terminoglacial’) fan at the ice-front. In common with other sequences in the Skertchly Line complexes, deposition at Shouldham Thorpe was accompanied by minor ice-front movement, this fan potentially being deposited before retreat to the Tottenhill locality. The implications of the results are discussed.
The Pleistocene terrace staircases of the present and past rivers downstream from the Vosges Massif (Meuse and Moselle catchments)
Authors: Harmand D. , Cordier S.
Published: July 2016

This paper aims to provide a synthesis and update concerning the fluvial terraces of the rivers flowing from the Vosges Massif (Moselle and palaeo Upper-Moselle-Meuse, Meurthe, Sarre). The terraces of these rivers are especially well-developed in the marly depressions of the Eastern Paris Basin, justifying an extensive field mapping expedition. The main rivers exhibit terrace staircases with 8 to 13 stepped terrace steps within 100m of the present valley floor. The fluvial sediments mainly originate from the Vosges Massif (crystalline basement and Permo-Triassic sandstones and conglomerates). Another peculiarity of the study area is the presence of several palaeovalleys, typically related to fluvial capture events which occurred to the detriment of the River Meuse. Many palaeomeanders have also been recognised in the Paris Basin (Meuse catchment), and the Rhenish Massif (Moselle and Sarre valleys). Despite some similarities, palaeoenvironmental reconstructions provide evidence for the terrace staircases being distinct from one valley / section of valley to another. These differences are related to the morphostructural framework and to the climate forcing (presence/absence of glaciers in the upper catchment of the rivers). The chronological framework suggests that the terrace sequences and the main capture events may be older than previously thought.
Fluvial and aeolian landscape evolution in Hungary – results of the last 20 years research
Authors: Gábris Gy. , Horváth E. , Novothny Á. , Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger Zs.
Published: July 2016

Present study provides a review of the latest results on fluvial and aeolian landscape evolution in Hungary achieved by our team during the last 20 years.

– The Hungarian river terrace system and its chronology was described with special emphasise on the novel threshold concept. A revised terrace system was created by the compilation of novel terrace chronology and MIS data. Evolution of river terraces was not only governed by climatic factors but tectonic ones too. Incision rate of the Danube, and uplift rate of the Transdanubian Range (TR) was around 0.1-0.3 mm/a in the marginal zones of the TR (mostly based on the published U-series data) and was above 1 mm/a in its axial zone (based on 3He exposure age dating of strath terraces).

– According to a detailed geomorphological investigation of the different channel-planform morphologies in the Middle Tisza region and Sajó-Hernád alluvial fan, six phases of river pattern change and four incision periods were detected during the last 20,000 years.

– Wind polished rock surfaces dated by in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be suggest that deflation was active in Hungary as early as 1.5 Ma ago. According to these exposure age data, Pleistocene denudation rate of the study area (Balaton Highland) was 40-80 m/Ma.

– In sand covered areas the alternations of wind-blown layers and buried fossil soils provide information about climate and environment changes. In this study, periods of sand movement were mostly determined by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods and five aeolian sand accumulation periods were recognised during the last 25 000 years.

– A new loess stratigraphical view was elaborated using the most recent dating methods (luminescence, AAR). The lower part of Mende Upper (MF1-2) pedokomplex is suggested to represent the last interglacial period (MIS 5e). During the last interglacial/glacial period (MIS 5 - MIS 2) several soil-forming periods existed but the preservation of these paleosoils is variable depending on their paleogeomorphological position.
Geomorphologic context and proposed chronostratigraphic position of Lower Palaeolithic artefacts from the Op de Schans pit near Kesselt (Belgium) to the west of Maastricht
Authors: Meijs E.P.M. , van Peer Ph. , de Warrimont J.P.L.M.N.
Published: July 2016

In July 2007 an important archaeological find was made in the Op de Schans loess pit near Kesselt (Belgian Limburg) immediately to the west of the Dutch city of Maastricht. During an archaeological rescue dig, three Lower Palaeolithic artefacts were recovered from the infill of an ancient erosion gully: a bifacial side-scraper, an atypical biface and a cortical flake. Typologically, the artefacts can be classified as Acheulean. In this region, harbouring several such brickyard pits, these are the oldest artefacts yet found, prompting further investigations into the stratigraphic position of the archaeological layer. The Op de Schans pit, which has yielded several Middle Palaeolithic occupation horizons, is located in the middle of an ancient sediment trap. Because of this exceptional geomorphologic situation, multiple ancient sediments have been preserved which elsewhere were entirely removed during subsequent erosion phases. Here five separate loess beds with intercalated interglacial palaeosols are present, overlying the deposits of the River Maas (Meuse). This sequence has been used as a hypothetical framework for elaborating a chronostratigraphic model. The archaeological level in question, discovered at the base of a subsequently infilled erosion gully, can most likely be chronostratigraphically dated to around the start of Marine Isotope Stage 10 (MIS 10), in the era of the Pottenberg discordance (approx. 390 ka). However, the possibility cannot be excluded that the gully in which the artefacts were found dates from an early phase of MIS 12 (approx. 480 ka). The age may in fact be greater still, as the artefacts have been eroded out of their original, primary context and subsequently deposited in the gully. Hypothetically, they may even have been taken up from the Maas loam of the Kesselt Maas terrace (MIS 13) that here is situated directly below the archaeological horizon. This would make the maximum age of the artefacts recovered from the gully around 500 ka.
Palaeoclimatic changes in northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau revealed by magnetostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility analysis of thick loess deposits
Authors: Lu H.Y. , Wang Xianyan , Wang Xiaoyong , Sun X.F. , Yi S.W. , Zhou Y.L. , Liu Q.Y. , Swinehart J. , Vandenberghe J.
Published: July 2016

Reconstruction of a complete Quaternary record of climatic changes in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is not well obtained, because of high relief and extensive surface erosion. In this study, two long cores obtained from thick loess deposits in the region, both contain clear alternations of loess and paleosols, indicating distinct climate changes during the Quaternary. The palaeomagnetic stratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence dating indicate that the loess deposition began approximately 2.0 Ma ago, with continuous accumulation until the Holocene. Dust accumulation rates in this region are much higher than those in the central Chinese Loess Plateau, suggesting an extended dust source and/or robust transport agent. Variations of magnetic susceptibility of the loess are a good proxy index of warm/wet and cold/dry alternations and are correlated with the intensity of pedogensis. The magnetic susceptibility record reveals that a relatively cold/dry climate dominated the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the Quaternary, punctuated by warm/wet phases. A stepwise strengthening of the plateau summer monsoon, with a significant strengthening at around 1200-1000 ka and at least 7 phases of strengthening of the plateau summer monsoon in the past 800 ka are interpreted from the core data. The cores provide evidence that strengthened warm/wet climates occurred at around 80-130, 190-250, 290-340, 385-420, 500-625, 690-720 and 755-780 ka, which may correlate to warm/wet phases in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The palaeoclimate changes probably were regulated by the glacial-interglacial alternations.
Changing depositional environments in the Colombian Fúquene Basin at submillennial time-scales during 284-27 ka from unmixed grain-size distributions and aquatic pollen
Authors: Vriend M. , Groot M.H.M. , Hooghiemstra H. , Bogotá-Angel R.G. , Berrio J.C.
Published: July 2016

In a ~60 m long record reflecting the period from 284 ka to 27 ka we analysed grain size distributions (GSD), organic carbon content, and aquatic pollen assemblages at 1-cm increments. The 4768-points time series show with ~60 yr resolution the dynamic history of Lake Fúquene (2540 m alt., 4° N lat.) of the northern Andes during two full interglacial-glacial cycles. GSD show proportions of clay, fine silt, coarse silt, and sand evidencing the location of the sediment source (proximal vs distal) in relation to the drilling site, and available energy to transport sediments in the catchment area. Loss-on-ignition (LOI) values reflect estimates of the abundance of organic matter (OM) in the sediments. Aquatic pollen were grouped into assemblages characteristic of deep water, shallow water, swamp, and wet lake shore environments, reflecting a hydrological gradient sensitive for lake level changes.

The End-Member Modelling Algorithm (EMMA) showed that 4 end-members (EMs) explain an optimal proportion (70%) of the observed variation. EMMA is able to unmix GSD of lacustrine sediments in a genetically meaningful way allowing EMs to be interpreted in past depositional and environmental settings. Most unexplained variability is located in the fraction of coarse sediment. OM content was estimated on the basis of LOI data and formed a fifth EM that mainly indicates presence of peat. Changes concur with submillennial-scale variability established in other proxies from this record (Groot et al., 2011). Periods with distinct sediment compositions are 284-243 ka (mainly MIS 8), 243-201 ka (mainly MIS 7), 201-179 ka (mainly MIS 7/6 transition), 179-133 ka (mainly MIS 6), 133-111 ka, (mainly MIS 5e) 111-87 ka (mainly MIS 5d-5b), 87-79 ka (mainly MIS 5a), 79-62 ka (mainly MIS 4), and 62-27 ka (MIS 3) showing sedimentological regimes are climate driven.
Studies in the Lichen Family Pannariaceae VII. on Some Poorly Known Parmeliella-Like Species from the Southern Hemisphere.
Authors: Jørgensen Per M.
Published: July 2016

TwoParmeliella-like lichen species are described as new:Santessoniella pulchella, known from warm temperate parts of eastern Australia and northern New Zealand, andSiphulastrum squamosum, a relatively common species on stumps ofNothofagusin southern Chile. Both differ fromParmeliellas. str. in the hemiamyloid, finally red-brown hymenial iodine reaction and the apical structures of the asci, as well as in thallus details (anatomy and chemistry).Parmeliella majorDarb. is a synonym ofP. thysanota(Sirt.) Zahlbr., which thus proves to be a circumpolar species in the Southern Hemisphere, though not yet discovered in South Africa. A new species,Parmeliella lacerate, is described from the Republic of South Africa, and related toParmeliella chilensis(Hue) P. M. Jørg., comb. nov.
Glottalization of Taiwan Min checked tones
Authors: Pan Ho-hsien
Published: July 2016

This study explores the glottalization of Taiwan Min checked tones 3 and 5 with a CV [ptkʔ] syllable structure. Electroglottography (EGG) supplements acoustic data on disyllabic words with checked tones collected from 40 speakers from five dialect regions. The results indicated that a final coda can be realized as a full oral/glottal stop closure, an energy dip at vowel's end, an aperiodic voicing at vowel's end, or a coda deletion. Over 80% of /ʔ/ codas and less than 20% of /ptk/ codas were deleted. The undeleted /ptk/ codas were more likely to be produced with a full stop closure among tone 3 and sandhi tones. Glottal contact quotient (CQ_H) distinguished tones 3 and 5 from unchecked tones 31 and 51, respectively. In sandhi positions, the vowels of tone [5] /3/ were produced with a longer CQ_H, lower H1*-A3* and a higher Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP), suggesting a longer close phase, a more abrupt glottal closure and more periodic voicing than tone [3] /5/. In juncture position, coda deletion and the merging of H1*-A1*, H1*-A3* and A1*-A2* of tones [3] /3/ and [5] /5/ suggest a sound change among checked tones.
A Sum Connected with Quadratic Residues
Authors: Carlitz L.
Published: July 2016

Let p be a prime > 2 and m an arbitrary positive integer; define

where (r/p) is the Legendre symbol. We consider the problem of finding the highest power of p dividing Sm. A little more generally, if we put

where a is an arbitrary integer, we seek the highest power of p dividing Sm(a). Clearly Sm = Sm(0), and Sm(a) = Sm(b) when a ≡ b (mod p).
Generalizations of Montel-Lindelöf’s Theorem on Asymptotic Values
Authors: Ohtsuka Makoto
Published: July 2016

Montel [10] proved in 1912 the following theorem: Let w = f(z) be an analytic function in the horizontal strip B : 0 < x < + ∞, 0 < y < 1 (z = x + iy) which is continuous on 0 < x < + ∞, 0 ≦ y < 1 and omits at least two values. If f (x) converges to a value w0 as x → + ∞, then f(z) converges to W0 as z tends to in 0 < x < + ∞, 0 ≦ y < 1 − ε for any ε such that 0 < ε < 1.
Gromov’s convergence theorem and its application
Authors: Katsuda Atsushi
Published: July 2016

One of the basic questions of Riemannian geometry is that “If two Riemannian manifolds are similar with respect to the Riemannian invariants, for example, the curvature, the volume, the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian, then are they topologically similar?”. Initiated by H. Rauch, many works are developed to the above question. Recently M. Gromov showed a remarkable theorem ([7] 8.25, 8.28), which may be useful not only for the above question but also beyond the above. But it seems to the author that his proof is heuristic and it contains some gaps (for these, see § 1), so we give a detailed proof of 8.25 in [7]. This is the first purpose of this paper. Second purpose is to prove a differentiable sphere theorem for manifolds of positive Ricci curvature, using the above theorem as a main tool.
On a proof of divisibility lemma, I
Authors: Shikata Y. , Klingenberg W.
Published: July 2016

A method to show the existence of infinitely many closed geodesies on a manifold with non degenerate Riemannian metric is to use socalled divisibility lemma which is conjectured to hold in [K].

Our purpose in this series of papers is, then, to show first the divisibility lemma in a modified form on k-sphere Sk (k≧3) with (strongly) non degenerate Riemannian metric and to deduce the existence of infinitely many closed geodesies on Sk (k≧3) using the modified divisibility lemma by equivariant modifications of flows.
General Néron desingularization
Authors: Popescu Dorin
Published: July 2016

Let R⊂ R′ be an “unramified” extension of discrete valuation rings in the sense that a local parameter p of R is also a local parameter in R⊂. Suppose that the inclusion R→R⊂ induces separable extensions on fraction and residue fields.
The modular equation and modular forms of weight one
Authors: Hiramatsu Toyokazu , Mimura Yoshio
Published: July 2016

This is a continuation of the previous paper [8] concerning the relation between the arithmetic of imaginary quadratic fields and cusp forms of weight one on a certain congruence subgroup. Let K be an imaginary quadratic field, say K = with a prime number q ≡ − 1 mod 8, and let h be the class number of K. By the classical theory of complex multiplication, the Hubert class field L of K can be generated by any one of the class invariants over K, which is necessarily an algebraic integer, and a defining equation of which is denoted by

Φ(x) = 0.
A note on cubic equivalences
Authors: Saito Hiroshi
Published: July 2016

The present note is intended to be a supplement to [9], in which the following is proven: Let V be a smooth projective variety over the field of complex numbers C, T a smooth quasi-projective variety, Z a cycle in T × V of codimension p. If Z(t) is l-cube equivalent to zero for general t e T, then, setting r = dim V − p,

vanishes for l′ < l, where {tZ} is the correspondence defined by Z.
On the Gorensteinness of Rees algebras over local rings
Authors: Ikeda Shin
Published: July 2016

Let (A, m, k) be a Noetherian local ring and I an ideal of A. We set and call this graded A-algebra the Rees algebra of I. The importance of the Rees algebra R(I) is in the fact that Proj R(I) is the blowing up of Spec A with center in V(I). The Cohen-Macaulayness of Rees algebras was studied by many mathematicians. In [GS] S. Goto any Y. Shimoda gave a criterion for R(m) to be Cohen-Macaulay under the assumption that A is Cohen-Macaulay. Their results have been generalized to R(I) in [HI].
Random walks on free products, quotients and amalgams
Authors: Cartwright Donald I. , Soardi P. M.
Published: July 2016

Suppose that G is a discrete group and p is a probability measure on G. Consider the associated random walk {Xn} on G. That is, let Xn = Y1Y2 … Yn, where the Yj’s are independent and identically distributed G-valued variables with density p. An important problem in the study of this random walk is the evaluation of the resolvent (or Green’s function) R(z, x) of p. For example, the resolvent provides, in principle, the values of the n step transition probabilities of the process, and in several cases knowledge of R(z, x) permits a description of the asymptotic behaviour of these probabilities.
Liouvillian solutions of second order differential equation without Fuchsian singularities
Authors: Matsuda Michihiko
Published: July 2016

Consider a homogeneous linear differential equation of the second order whose coefficients are rational functions of the independent variable x over the field C of complex numbers. We assume that the coefficient of the first order derivative vanishes:
An Extension of Ito’s Differentiation Formula
Authors: Al-Hussaini Ata N. , Elliott Robert J.
Published: July 2016

Introduction 1. If denotes the local time of a continuous semi-martingale X at a Bouleau and Yor [1] have obtained a form of Ito’s differentiation formula which states that for absolutely continuous functions F(x)
m-full ideals
Authors: Watanabe Junzo
Published: July 2016

An ideal a of a local ring (R, m) is called m-full if am: y = a for some y in a certain faithfully flat extension of R. The definition is due to Rees (unpublished) and he had obtained some elementary results (also unpublished). The present paper concerns some basic properties of m-full ideals. One result is the characterization of m-fullness in terms of the minimal number of generators of ideal, generalizing his result in a low dimensional case (Theorem 2, § 2).
Some Remarks to Ono’s theorem on a generalization of Gauss’ genus theory
Authors: Sasaki Ryuji
Published: July 2016

Let K\k be a finite Galois extension of finite algebraic number fields with Galois group g. We denote by Gm the multiplicative group defined over the rational number field Q and put

.
The Hilbert series of rings of matrix concomitants
Authors: Teranishi Yasuo
Published: July 2016

Throughout this paper, K will be a field of characteristic zero. Let K ‹x1,…, xm › be the K-algebra in m variables x1…, xm and Im, n the T-ideal consisting of all polynomial identities satisfied by m n by n matrices. The ring R(n, m) = K ‹x1,…, xm ›/Im, n is called the ring of m generic n by n matrices.
Modular forms of degree n and representation by quadratic forms V
Authors: Kitaoka Yoshiyuki
Published: July 2016

Let A, B be integral symmetric positive definite matrices of degree m and two, respectively, and suppose that A[X] = B is soluble over Zp for every prime p. If m ≥ 7 and min B = min B[x] (Z2 ∋ x i≠ 0) is sufficiently large, then A[X] = B is soluble over Z. We gave a conditional result for m = 6 in [7] under an assumption on the estimate from above of a kind of generalized Weyl sums. Here we give an unconditional result for special sequences of B.
Cylindrical probabilities and the differentiation of vector measures
Authors: Jefferies Brian
Published: July 2016

There are many results in probability theory on vector spaces which rely implicitly on the approximation of a given cylindrical probability by cylindrical probabilities with moments; for example, this is the basic idea behind the proof of the Radon equivalence of the weak and strong topologies of a metrizable space (Schwartz [13] p. 162). The technique of approximation by cylindrical measures with moments can be systematically developed. In particular, it follows that if each member of a family of cylindrical probabilities with moments is decomposable, then the limits of these cylindrical probabilities are often regular and so they are σ-additive.
Modules with linear resolution over a polynomial ring in two variables
Authors: Yoshino Yuji
Published: July 2016

Let k be a field and let S be a polynomial ring k[x1, x2,…, xn] over k in n variables. An S-module M is called a module with linear resolution if M has a free resolution;

where, after taking suitable bases of free modules, all fi’s are matrices consisting of linear forms of S. The reader should be referred to Eisenbud- Goto [2, Sections 0 and 1] for elementary facts concerning modules with linear resolution.
A Lipman’s type construction, glueings and complete integral closure
Authors: Barucci Valentina
Published: July 2016

Given a semilocal 1-dimensional Cohen-Macauly ring A, J. Lipman in [10] gives an algorithm to obtain the integral closure Ā of A, in terms of prime ideals of A. More precisely, he shows that there exists a sequence of rings A = A0 ⊂ A1 ⊂… ⊂ Ai ⊂…, where, for each i, i ≥ 0, Ai+1 is the ring obtained from Ai by “blowing-up” the Jacobson radical ℛ i of Ai+ i.e. Ai+l = ∪n(ℛin:ℛin). It turns out that ∪ {Ai;i≥0} = Ā (cf. [10, proof of Theorem 4.6]) and, if Ā is a finitely generated A-module, the sequence {Ai; i ≥ 0} is stationary for some m and Am = Ā, so that
Homogeneous line bundles over a toroidal group
Authors: Abe Yukitaka
Published: July 2016

A connected complex Lie group without non-constant holomorphic functions is called a toroidal group ([5]) or an (H, C)-group ([9]). Let X be an n-dimensional toroidal group. Since a toroidal group is commutative ([5], [9] and [10]), X is isomorphic to the quotient group Cn/Γ by a lattice of Cn. A complex torus is a compact toroidal group. Cousin first studied a non-compact toroidal group ([2]).

Let L be a holomorphic line bundle over X. L is said to be homogeneous if is isomorphic to L for all x ε X, where Tx is the translation defined by x ε X. It is well-known that if X is a complex torus, then the following assertions are equivalent:
Infinitely divisible probability measures on a discrete Gelfand pair
Authors: Heyer H.
Published: July 2016

Infinitely divisible probability measures on discrete spaces admitting a commutative convolution have been studied in various frameworks. For generalized convolutions related to Delphic structures an important contribution was made by Gilewski and Urbanik in [5]. In [11] Schwartz based his detailed analysis on convolutions arising from orthogonal series. Both of these approaches can be included into the framework of discrete hypergroups chosen f.e. by Gallardo and Gebuhrer in [4]. The main result common to these sources is the fact that, roughly speaking, all infinitely divisible probability measures are of Poisson type. Although the double coset spaces of Gelfand pairs are commutative hypergroups admitting an extended harmonic anafysis, the analytic methods developed in the theory of Gelfand pairs (see Dieudonné [3] and Heyer [7]) provide a more direct access to specific results like the characterization of divisible (idempotent, infinitely divisible) measures. For discrete Gelfand pairs (and their double coset spaces) Letac and his school have achieved remarkable results (see Letac [8], [9] and the references therein). The still unpublished thesis [1] of S. Ben Mansoor contains much information about divisible probability measures on cubes. In our exposition we reprove Ben Mansoor’s main theorem 3.5.4 with additional care, and discuss the special case of the ra-dimensional cube which was the basic object of study already in Letac, Takács [10]. It turns out that the main obstacle to be overcome in establishing the Poisson representation of infinitely divisible probability measures is the presence of idempotent factors, a problem that has been excluded f.e. in the work [4] of Gallardo and Gebuhrer.
Correction to “Isospectral surfaces of small genus,” (Nagoya Math. J. Vol. 107 (1987), 13-24)
Authors: Brooks Robert , Tse Richard
Published: July 2016

It was brought to our attention by Zoran Luicic and Milica Stojanovic, via Peter Gilkey, that some of the diagrams in our paper are not correct.

The particular problems are the gluing diagrams for the pair of isospectral surfaces of genus 4, which occur on page 20. It is easy to check that the gluing diagrams given there give rise to a surface of the wrong genus. The problem arose because of carelessness in some of the identifications of some of the edges of the fundamental domain.
On the Transition Probability of a Renewal Process
Authors: Hida Takeyuki
Published: July 2016

J. L. Doob, D. Blackwell, W. Feller and other authors have obtained several results concerning the renewal theorem. Especially Doob [1] has considered the renewal process and has showed that it becomes a stationary Markov process if we add a certain initial random variable to it. In the present note, we shall study this stationary Markov process and try to determine its transition probability by virtue of a pair of partial differential equations.

The author would like to express his hearty thanks to prof. A. Amakusa who has encouraged him with kind discussions throughout the course of preparing the present note.
On the Dimension of Modules and Algebras, VII. Algebras with Finite-Dimensional Residue-Algebras
Authors: Jans J. P. , Nakayama Tadasi
Published: July 2016

It was shown in Eilenberg-Nagao-Nakayama [3] (Theorem 8 and § 4) that if Ω is an algebra (with unit element) over a field K with (Ω: K) <∞ and if the cohomolgical dimension of Ω, dim Ω, is ≦ 1, then every residue-algebra of Ω has a finite cohomological dimension. In the present note we prove a theorem of converse type, which gives, when combined with the cited result, a rather complete general picture of algebras whose residue-algebras are all of finite cohomological dimension.
On Infinitesimal Holonomy and Isotropy Groups
Authors: Nomizu Katsumi
Published: July 2016

We have proved in [2] that if the restricted homogeneous holonomy group of a complete Riemannian manifold is contained in the linear isotropy group at every point, then the Riemannian manifold is locally symmetric, that is, the covariant derivatives of the curvature tensor field are zero. The proof of this theorem, however, depended on an insufficiently stated proposition (Theorem 1, [2]). In the present note, we shall give a proof of a more general theorem of the same type.
On Algebraic Groups Defined by Norm Forms of Separable Extensions
Authors: Ono Takashi
Published: July 2016

Let K be any field, and L a separable extension of K of finite degree. L has a structure of vector space over K, and we shall denote this space by V. The space of endomorphisms of V will be denoted by Let x be any element of L, and N(x) the norm of x relative to the extension L/K. N is then a function defined on V with values in K. We shall call N the norm form on V. The multiplicative groups of non-zero elements of K and L will be denoted by K* and L* respectively. Let H be any subgroup of if K*. Then the elements z of L* such that N(z)∈H form a subgroup of L*, which we shall denote by GH. On the other hand the elements s of such that N(sx) = Λ(s)N(x) with Λ(s)∈H for all X∈V, form obviously a subgroup of GL(V), which we shall denote by becomes an algebraic group if H=K* or {1}. In case will mean the group of linear transformations of V leaving semi-invariant the norm form of L/K and in case will mean the group of linear transformations of V leaving invariant the norm form of L/K.
A Note on Annihilator Relations
Authors: Hinohara Yukitoshi
Published: July 2016

In a Frobenius algebra A over a field K, there exists a linear function λ of A into K which does not map any proper ideal of A onto 0. Then the map φ : x → xφ where

λ(xy) = λ(yxφ) for all y ε A,

defines an automorphism φ of A onto itself. This automorphism is called Nakayama’s automorphism. Now the following result is well known.