bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family caregivers' advocacy in voluntary stopping of eating and drinking: A holistic multiple case study
Authors: Eppel‐Meichlinger Jasmin , Stängle Sabrina , Mayer Hanna , Fringer André
Published: November 2021

Aim

To gain insight into the experiences of family caregivers who accompanied a loved one during voluntary stopping of eating and drinking and to identify similarities and differences between cases of voluntary stopping of eating and drinking to develop a conceptual model.

Design

A qualitative holistic multiple case study.

Methods

We conducted narrative interviews with family caregivers (N = 17). We first analysed them inductively within the cases, followed by a cross‐case analysis to merge the experiences into a conceptual model.

Results

Family caregivers who could accept their loved one's wish to die stood up for the last will, especially when the cognitive abilities declined. They had to take on the role of an advocate to protect their self‐determination from others who tried to interrupt the process. In their advocacy, they found themselves constantly in moral discrepancies. Usually without support, they provided nursing care until death. The subsequent processing phase was characterized by evaluating the dying situation and placing voluntary stopping of eating and drinking in their value scheme.
Multi‐verse optimizer based PI‐type active disturbance rejection generalized predictive control parameter tuning for ship motion
Authors: Ren Jia , Chen Zengqiang , Sun Mingwei , Sun Qinglin
Published: November 2021

The motion control of ships is the crucial of the transportation industry. The ship is an under‐actuated system with large inertia and nonlinearity, it also will be influenced by various interference during the voyaging. This work proposed a multi‐verse optimizer (MVO) tuned PI‐type active disturbance rejection generalized predictive control (PI‐ADRGPC) method. The PI‐ADRGPC is used to control the ship motion, and the MVO is employed to tune the parameters of PI‐ADRGPC. To verify the performance of the proposed method, a set of simulations with different interference are tested. The results indicate that compared with particle swarm optimization, dragonfly algorithm and moth‐flame optimization, the MVO tuned PI‐ADRGPC has better performance under different interference in the ship motion control. The Monte Carlo test also indicates that the robustness of the system is strong.
Temperature‐Controlled Conversion of Boc‐Protected Methylene Blue: Advancing Solid‐State Time‐Temperature Indicators
Authors: Merkes Jean Michel , Banala Srinivas
Published: November 2021

Cold‐chain management is of high importance in preserving perishable products and in retaining quality. A visible marker on packages indicating complete maintenance of the cold chain assures safe consumption of products by end‐users and assists in reducing waste. Time‐temperature indicators (TTIs) are integrated markers that provide information about exposure of packages to adverse temperature and have been gaining increased attention by consumers. Here we present a methylene‐blue‐based derivative, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐N10‐Boc‐phenothiazine‐3,7‐diamine (BocPTDA), that can be used as a solid‐state organic TTI dye, exhibiting an irreversible change from colorless to blue green upon heating. The conversion properties, studied using a silicagel‐coated plate, confirmed that BocPTDA undergoes a color change above 20 °C. At temperatures of 4 °C and below, no visible changes are exhibited, making BocPTDA a well‐suited marker for monitoring abrupt temperature deviations indicating improper cold‐chain management. Thus, application of BocPTDA‐based TTI systems on packages could inform consumers about the cold‐chain maintenance, assuring quality and safe consumption.
EM‐based likelihood inference for one‐shot device test data under log‐normal lifetimes and the optimal design of a CSALT plan
Authors: Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Castilla Elena
Published: November 2021

One‐shot devices result in an extreme case of interval censoring, wherein one can only know whether the failure time is either before or after the test time. The study of one‐shot device testing has been developed considerably recently, both in terms of estimation and optimal design under different lifetime distributions. However, one‐shot device testing analysis under lognormal lifetime distribution has not been studied yet. While the hazard function for exponential distribution is always a constant, and that of Weibull and gamma are either increasing or decreasing, the lognormal distribution has increasing ‐ decreasing behavior of hazard which is encountered often in practice as units usually experience early failure and then stabilize over time in terms of performance. In this paper, we develop the EM algorithm for the likelihood estimation based on one‐shot device test data under lognormal distribution and also the design of optimal CSALTs (constant stress accelerated life tests) under this set up with budget constraints. A simulation study is carried out to assess the performance of the methods of inference developed here and some real‐life data are analyzed for illustrative purpose.
A new multivariate CUSUM chart for monitoring of covariance matrix with individual observations under estimated parameter
Authors: Ajadi Jimoh Olawale , Wong Angus , Mahmood Tahir , Hung Kevin
Published: November 2021

Multivariate charts for process dispersion detect changes in the variance‐covariance matrix of a process. Most of the existing multivariate charts for monitoring the dispersion of individual observations were designed based on exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charting schemes. However, an alternative to the EWMA scheme is the cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart, which has proven to be better in some cases. In the last decades, few studies have been conducted on methods based on multivariate CUSUM (MCUSUM) schemes to monitor the covariance matrix of individual observations. Consequently, we propose a new MCUSUM dispersion chart. Besides, most of the existing methods have been developed by assuming that the process parameters are known and that the process distribution is normal; these assumptions are not always true in practice. Hence, we compare the performance of the proposed chart and its counterparts based on the estimation effects under normal and non‐normal distributions. The results show that the proposed chart outperforms the other charts in terms of minor shifts in the process. Similarly, the proposed chart is the most robust to the normality assumption among the compared charts. The average value of the conditional average run length was used as the performance measure. Finally, the proposed method was also implemented with a simulated dataset to support the stated proposal findings.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of D‐Glucaro‐δ‐lactam Containing Oligosaccharides as Putative Heparanase Inhibitors
Authors: Ni Minghong , Stancanelli Eduardo , Kayal Yasmin , Candido Marialuisa , Guerrini Marco , Vlodavsky Israel , Naggi Annamaria , Liu Jian , Petitou Maurice
Published: November 2021

Heparanase is an endo‐β‐glycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate chains at the level of the glycosidic bond of selected glucuronic acid residues. Heparin fragments, that can compete with heparan sulfate for binding to heparanase, have been reported as weak heparanase inhibitors. To reinforce their inhibitory activity, a known β‐glucuronidase inhibitor has been introduced at their reducing end to directly interfere with the active site of the enzyme. We report here the synthesis of such oligosaccharides, displaying D‐glucaro‐δ‐lactam at their reducing end. Thanks to the trichloroacetimidate glycosylation method, we could devise experimental conditions allowing O‐glycosylation of the lactam ring, and we thus chemically prepared trisaccharides that were further elongated and sulfated using enzymatic methods. Heparanase inhibitory activity was not significantly improved by the presence of the D‐glucaro‐δ‐lactam ring.
Kamishoyosan is effective for female patients with oral and nasal cavity problems
Authors: Tanaka Hidenori , Irie Yasuhito , Nakae Hajime
Published: November 2021

Case

There were eight female patients who kamishoyosan (KSS) should be prescribed based on Kampo medical findings. The severity of the various symptoms was evaluated based on the numerical rating scale (NRS) score using KSS medication before and after 4 weeks. Effectiveness of KSS for each chief complaint such as glossalgia, dysgerusia, disorder of saliva, dysosmia, and stomatitis was evaluated on NRS decrease over 5.

Outcome

KSS was effective in five (62.5%) of the eight patients after medication. The NRS score before medication was 8.3 (7–10), and the NRS score after the medication was 3.6 (1–8).

Conclusion

KSS is effective for female patients with oral and nasal cavity problems.
High prevalence of ulcerative appendicitis in patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Heuthorst Lianne , Mookhoek Aart , Wildenberg Manon E. , D'Haens Geert R. , Bemelman Willem A. , Buskens Christianne J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Previous studies have indicated that the appendix may be a priming site of ulcerative colitis (UC). Appendectomy is inversely associated with the development of UC, and is suggested to have a beneficial effect on the disease course in patients with refractory disease.

Objective

The aim of the current study was to assess histological features of appendices from patients with UC and their clinical relevance.

Methods

Patients with UC in remission and active UC (therapy refractory) that underwent appendectomy between 2012 and 2019 were included. Histological features of UC appendices were compared to those of patients with acute appendicitis and colon carcinoma. The Robarts Histopathology Index (RHI) was used to assess appendiceal inflammation. In patients with active UC, histological and clinical characteristics were compared between patients with and without endoscopic response following appendectomy.

Results

In total, 140 appendix specimens were assessed (n = 35 UC remission, n = 35 active UC, n = 35 acute appendicitis, n = 35 colon carcinoma). Histological features of appendices from UC patients looked like UC rather than acute appendicitis. The presence of active appendiceal inflammation was comparable between patients in remission versus active disease (53.7% vs. 46.3%, p = 0.45) and limited versus extensive disease (58.5% vs. 41.5%, p = 0.50). Endoscopic response (Mayo 0–1) following appendectomy, assessed in 28 therapy refractory patients, was more frequently seen in patients with higher RHI scores (RHI > 6: 81.8% vs. RHI ≤ 6: 9.1%, p = 0.03) and limited disease (proctitis/left sided 63.6% vs. pancolitis 36.4%, p = 0.02).

Conclusion

The presence of active appendiceal inflammation is common in UC and does not correlate with colonic disease activity. More than 50% of UC patients in remission showed active histological disease in the appendix. Favorable response to appendectomy for refractory UC was seen in cases with ulcerative appendicitis. These findings might support the role of the appendix as a pivotal organ in UC.
Could MT2 be a singularity variable?
Authors: Park Chan Beom
Published: November 2021

Abstract

The algebraic singularity method is a framework for analyzing collider events with missing energy. It provides a way to draw out a set of singularity variables that can catch singular features originating from the projection of full phase space onto the observable phase space of measured particle momenta. It is a promising approach applicable to various physics processes with missing energy but still requires more studies for use in practice. Meanwhile, in the double-sided decay topology with an invisible particle on each side, the MT2 variable has been known to be a useful collider observable for measuring particle masses from missing energy events or setting signal regions of collider searches. We investigate the relation between the two different types of kinematic variables in double-sided decay topology. We find that the singularity variables contain the MT2 variable in many cases, although the former is not a strict superset of the latter.
Visuospatial working memory and the construction of a spatial situation model in listening comprehension: An examination using a spatial tapping task
Authors: Lin Yun , Matsumi Norio
Published: November 2021

The present study investigated how visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is involved in the construction of a spatial situation model for spatial passages presented auditorily. A simple spatial tapping condition, a complex tapping condition as a target-tracking task, and a control condition, were used to analyze the role of VSWM. To understand how individuals who differ in verbal working memory (VWM) capacity (determined with a listening span test) process spatial text during dual-task performance, individual differences in VWM capacity were analyzed. In two experiments, the participants listened to a spatial text at the same time as performing a spatial concurrent task or no concurrent task. The results of the free recall test in Experiment 1 showed that there were no differences between the tapping conditions in the high VWM capacity group; the low VWM capacity group had a lower performance in both spatial tapping tasks compared to the control condition. The results of the map drawing test in Experiment 2 showed that complex spatial tapping impaired performance in comparison to simple spatial tapping and the control condition in the high VWM capacity group; in the low VWM capacity group, both spatial tapping tasks impaired recall performance. In addition, the participants with high VWM capacity demonstrated better performance. Overall, the results suggest that individuals with high VWM capacity have more resources to process verbal and spatial information than those with low VWM capacity, indicating that VWM capacity is related to the degree of the involvement of VSWM.
Sexual Double Standards: Contributions of Sexual Socialization by Parents, Peers, and the Media
Authors: Endendijk Joyce J. , Deković Maja , Vossen Helen , van Baar Anneloes L. , Reitz Ellen
Published: November 2021

(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. There is large variation in whether people endorse SDS in their expectations about the sexual behavior of women and men (i.e., SDS-norms). To explain these individual differences, we examined associations between SDS-norms of Dutch adolescents (aged 16–20 years,N = 566) and what parents, peers, and the media teach adolescents about appropriate sexual behavior of boys and girls (i.e., SDS-socialization). Adolescents completed an online survey at school. Regarding SDS-socialization, more traditional SDS-norms conveyed by the media and peers, but not of parents, and less perceived sexual activity of female peers, were associated with more traditional SDS-norms. Only for boys, exposure to sexy girls/women on social media and sexual music videos of female artists were associated with more traditional SDS-norms. Thus, SDS-socialization by peers and the media and opposite gender models (for boys) are important in light of adolescents’ SDS-norms.
Associations Between Psychosocial Well-Being, Stressful Life Events and Emotion-Driven Impulsiveness in European Adolescents
Authors: Do Stefanie , Coumans Juul M. J. , Börnhorst Claudia , Pohlabeln Hermann , Reisch Lucia A. , Danner Unna N. , Russo Paola , Veidebaum Toomas , Tornaritis Michael , Molnár Dénes , Hunsberger Monica , De Henauw Stefaan , Moreno Luis A. , Ahrens Wolfgang , Hebestreit Antje
Published: November 2021

Knowing the extent to which mental well-being and stressful life events during adolescence contribute to personality characteristics related to risk-taking behaviors, such as emotion-driven impulsiveness, is highly relevant for the development of health promotion measures. This study examined whether psychosocial well-being and different stressful life events are associated with emotion-driven impulsiveness. In total, 3,031 adolescents (52% girls; Mage = 13.6 years) were included from the I. Family Study, a cross-sectional examination on lifestyle-related behaviors conducted across eight European countries in 2013/14. Linear mixed-effects regression models showed that higher psychosocial well-being was associated with lower emotion-driven impulsiveness independent of socio-demographic, health-related, and parental variables. A higher number of stressful life events was associated with higher emotion-driven impulsiveness. Psychosocial well-being and stressful life events need to be further considered in the development and tailoring of health promotion strategies that aim to reduce emotion-driven impulsiveness.
Large scale tensor regression using kernels and variational inference
Authors: Hu Robert , Nicholls Geoff K. , Sejdinovic Dino
Published: November 2021

We outline an inherent flaw of tensor factorization models when latent factors are expressed as a function of side information and propose a novel method to mitigate this. We coin our methodology kernel fried tensor (KFT) and present it as a large-scale prediction and forecasting tool for high dimensional data. Our results show superior performance against LightGBM and Field aware factorization machines (FFM), two algorithms with proven track records, widely used in large-scale prediction. We also develop a variational inference framework for KFT which enables associating the predictions and forecasts with calibrated uncertainty estimates on several datasets.
Endocrine disorders in patients with Fabry disease: insights from a reference centre prospective study
Authors: Bothou Christina , Beuschlein Felix , Nowak Albina
Published: November 2021

Context

Fabry Disease (FD) is a rare X-linked storage disease characterised by a-galactosidase A deficiency and diffuse organ accumulation of glycosphingolipids. Enzyme replacement and chaperone therapies are only partially effective. It remains unclear if FD-related endocrine disorders contribute to the observed morbidity.

Objective

To investigate the function of the endocrine system in patients with FD.

Design

We conducted an observational prospective study from 2017 to 2020.

Setting and patients

We included 77 patients with genetically confirmed FD (27 men, 20/27 Classic, 7/26 Late Onset phenotype, 50 women, 41/50 and 9/50 respectively), who are systematically followed by our reference centre.

Results

36/77 (46.8%) patients had VitD deficiency (25(0H)VitD <20 μg/L) despite the fact that 19/36 (52.8%) were substituted with cholecalciferol. Only 21/77 (27.3%) patients had normal VitD levels without VitD substitution. 11/77 (14.3%) had significant hypophosphatemia (p < 0.80 mmol/L). Three new cases (3.9%) of subclinical, two (2.6%) of overt and six (7.8%) of known hypothyroidism were identified. Of note, men had significantly higher renin levels than women [61.4 (26.1–219.6) vs.25.4 (10.9–48.0) mU/L, p = 0.003]. There were no major abnormalities in adrenal, growth and sex-hormone axes. Patients of Classic phenotype had significantly higher High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p = 0.002) and in men those levels were positively correlated with globotriaosylsphingosin (Lyso-Gb3) values. 10/77 (13%) of the patients were underweight.

Conclusions

VitD supplementation should be considered for all patients with FD. Thyroid screening should be routinely performed. Malnutrition should be prevented or treated, particularly in Classic phenotype patients. Overall, our data suggest that FD specialists should actively seek and diagnose endocrine disorders in their patients.
Experimental simulation of proppant permeability in hydraulic fracturing at extended time under bottom-hole conditions
Authors: Guenaoui Ali Seyfeddine , Dobbi Abdelmadjid , Lebtahi Hamid , Zerrouki Ahmed Ali
Published: November 2021

During hydraulic fracturing treatment, huge quantities of gel are pumped into the formation to initiate the fracture, maintain it open and transport the proppant. The fracture dimensionless conductivity (Fcd) is a key parameter to optimize the fracturing design, to estimate the productivity Index (PI) and the folds of increase (FOI). However, these parameters are affected by the gel residues which decrease the fracture conductivity; thus, the proppant cleanup is a very important step to avoid additional damage caused by fracturing fluid due to high gel concentration and the extended time of gel staying in the fracture before cleanup. Throughout the life of Hassi Messaoud, Algeria field, hydraulic fracturing technique has been aggressively used mainly in four producing formations in the Cambrian, with hard formation characteristics, an average permeability range and low reservoir pressure (0.15–0.45 psi/ft) and high stress value between 6000 and 9000 psi. In this paper, an experimental simulation is applied using a self-made cell to determine the effect of different parameters on the fracture conductivity under various bottom-hole conditions where different variables were used: effect of Proppant type, guar gel concentration, temperature, breaker concentration and closure pressure at extended time. An important drop in fracture conductivity was observed varied between 10 and 80% under stresses at interval of 2000 psi and 8000 psi, gel concentration up to 200 lb/1000 gal at extended time and temperature.
A Critical Review of Social Resilience Properties and Pathways in Disaster Management
Authors: Saja A. M. Aslam , Teo Melissa , Goonetilleke Ashantha , Ziyath Abdul M.
Published: November 2021

Resilience as a concept is multi-faceted with complex dimensions. In a disaster context, there is lack of consistency in conceptualizing social resilience. This results in ambiguity of its definition, properties, and pathways for assessment. A number of key research gaps exist for critically reviewing social resilience conceptualization, projecting resilience properties in a disaster-development continuum, and delineating a resilience trajectory in a multiple disaster timeline. This review addressed these research gaps by critically reviewing social resilience definitions, properties, and pathways. The review found four variations in social resilience definitions, which recognize the importance of abilities of social systems and processes in disaster phases at different levels. A review of resilience properties and pathways in the disaster resilience literature suggested new resilience properties—“risk-sensitivity” and “regenerative” in the timeline of two consecutive disasters. This review highlights a causal pathway for social resilience to better understand the resilience status in a multi-shock scenario by depicting inherent and adaptive resilience for consecutive disaster scenarios and a historical case study for a resilience trajectory in a multiple disaster timeline. The review findings will assist disaster management policymakers and practitioners to formulate appropriate resilience enhancement strategies within a holistic framework in a multi-disaster timeline.
Utilizing the Chinese Diaspora by Russian Firms: Capabilities and Legitimacy Implications
Authors: Kostova Tatiana , Panibratov Andrei , Rysakova Liana
Published: November 2021

This article examines the impact of foreign diasporas on host country firms. It contributes to diaspora research by focusing on the context of emerging market host countries and the specific case of Chinese diaspora in Russia. Drawing on the concepts of organizational capabilities and organizational legitimacy, we explain how the Chinese diaspora can be beneficial for the competitiveness of Russian firms, and how Russian firms can uniquely leverage these potential benefits through engagement with individual Chinese diasporans and diaspora institutions. Our article adds to the diaspora literature in several ways. First, unlike the majority of past research, which tends to focus on the benefits for the diaspora's home country, we highlight the potential impact on host country firms, specifically their capabilities and legitimacy at home and abroad. Second, our model can be viewed as a direct response to the many calls in the literature to study the microfoundations of firms’ capabilities. Third, we add to the legitimacy literature by proposing that engagement with a foreign diaspora can help host country firms establish and maintain their legitimacy both at home and on a global scale. Although our framework is informed by the Chinese diaspora in Russia, we discuss its generalizability to other contexts.
Comparison of methods to identify individuals with obesity at increased risk of functional impairment among a population of home-dwelling older adults
Authors: Nordengen Anne Lene , Øyri Linn Kristin Lie , Ulven Stine Marie , Raastad Truls , Holven Kirsten Bjørklund , Ottestad Inger
Published: November 2021

Obesity is associated with increased muscle mass and muscle strength. Methods taking into account the total body mass to reveal obese older individuals at increased risk of functional impairment are needed. Therefore, we aimed to detect methods to identify obese older adults at increased risk of functional impairment. Home-dwelling older adults (n 417, ≥ 70 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional study. Sex-specific cut-off points for two obesity phenotypes (waist circumference (WC) and body fat mass (FM %)) were used to divide women and men into obese and non-obese groups, and within-sex comparisons were performed. Obese women and men, classified by both phenotypes, had similar absolute handgrip strength (HGS) but lower relative HGS (HGS/total body mass) (P < 0·001) than non-obese women and men, respectively. Women with increased WC and FM %, and men with increased WC had higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass (P < 0·001), lower muscle quality (HGS/upper appendicular muscle mass) (P < 0·001), and spent longer time on the stair climb test and the repeated sit-to-stand test (P < 0·05) than non-obese women and men, respectively. Absolute muscle strength was not able to discriminate between obese and non-obese older adults. However, relative muscle strength in particular, but also muscle quality and physical performance tests, where the total body mass was taken into account or served as an extra load, identified obese older adults at increased risk of functional impairment. Prospective studies are needed to determine clinically relevant cut-off points for relative HGS in particular.
Impact of data extraction errors in meta-analyses on the association between depression and peripheral inflammatory biomarkers: an umbrella review
Authors: Lee San , Lee Keum Hwa , Park Kyung Mee , Park Sung Jong , Kim Won Jae , Lee Jinhee , Kronbichler Andreas , Smith Lee , Solmi Marco , Stubbs Brendon , Koyanagi Ai , Jacob Louis , Stickley Andrew , Thompson Trevor , Dragioti Elena , Oh Hans , Brunoni Andre R. , Carvalho Andre F. , Radua Joaquim , An Suk Kyoon , Namkoong Kee , Lee Eun , Shin Jae Il , Fusar-Poli Paolo
Published: November 2021

Background

Accumulating evidence suggests that alterations in inflammatory biomarkers are important in depression. However, previous meta-analyses disagree on these associations, and errors in data extraction may account for these discrepancies.

Methods

PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched from database inception to 14 January 2020. Meta-analyses of observational studies examining the association between depression and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were eligible. Errors were classified as follows: incorrect sample sizes, incorrectly used standard deviation, incorrect participant inclusion, calculation error, or analysis with insufficient data. We determined their impact on the results after correction thereof.

Results

Errors were noted in 14 of the 15 meta-analyses included. Across 521 primary studies, 118 (22.6%) showed the following errors: incorrect sample sizes (20 studies, 16.9%), incorrect use of standard deviation (35 studies, 29.7%), incorrect participant inclusion (7 studies, 5.9%), calculation errors (33 studies, 28.0%), and analysis with insufficient data (23 studies, 19.5%). After correcting these errors, 11 (29.7%) out of 37 pooled effect sizes changed by a magnitude of more than 0.1, ranging from 0.11 to 1.15. The updated meta-analyses showed that elevated levels of TNF- α, IL-6, CRP, but not IL-1β, are associated with depression.

Conclusions

These findings show that data extraction errors in meta-analyses can impact findings. Efforts to reduce such errors are important in studies of the association between depression and peripheral inflammatory biomarkers, for which high heterogeneity and conflicting results have been continuously reported.
From volunteer work to informal care by stealth: a ‘new voluntarism’ in social democratic health and welfare services for older adults
Authors: Ågotnes Gudmund , Moholt Jill-Marit , Blix Bodil H.
Published: November 2021

In the context of current and expected demographic changes, the issues of which services the welfare state should offer and, ultimately, the very function of the welfare state are currently debated in Norway. The political discourse on health and care services for older adults has morphed into an accepted reality in which the system must be altered, prompting policy makers and stakeholders to find new and novel solutions to problems associated with population ageing. In this paper, we discuss one such proposed solution: the transformation of health and care services for the older adult population through the increased involvement of volunteers. We ask how volunteer efforts are articulated and delineated through official accounts and discuss the implications of such an articulation and delineation. We seek answers to these questions through a critical discourse analysis of recent governmental white papers. We investigate, in other words, volunteer efforts as a political instrument. We argue that the official representation of how efforts in health and care services should be re-aligned take the form of a distinct discourse of ‘voluntarism’. Within this ‘voluntarism’, volunteer efforts have been altered from a third sector comprising charity and non-profit organisations that contribute within or as a supplement to the largely public-run welfare system to a limitless and extensive concept that is blurring the boundaries to informal care.
English spelling: where do-tionand-sioncome from?
Authors: Bulley Michael
Published: November 2021

In Issue 135 (Volume 34, Number 3, September 2018) ofEnglish Todaythere was an article by Blasius Achiri-Taboh entitled ‘English spelling: Adding /ʃən/ (or /ʒən/) to base-words and changing from-tionto-sion.’ The author's stated aim was to provide help for deciding the forms of these words and whether-tionor-sionwas the correct ending. All the words he cited were ones that can be traced back to Latin or French. That is to say, they are Latinate words that became part of the English language either in a French form as a result of the Norman invasion in the 11thcentury or later as a modification of a classical form in the Renaissance period. This historical fact was not mentioned in the article. I acknowledge that the purpose of the article was to give guidelines for spelling, particularly perhaps for non-native speakers, and that it might be going too far to suggest that, if you wanted to be able to spell these words correctly, you could learn Latin and maybe French too, but it seemed to me that the author's assertions misrepresented the nature of those English words. I should like therefore to discuss certain points of the article, in the order they were presented.
Exotica, Fashion and Immortality: The New Use of Gold in Han Dynasty China (206bce–ce220)
Authors: Wang Shengyu
Published: November 2021

This article explores the use of gold in the elite tombs of Han dynasty China, the popular use of which originated outside the Chinese cultural milieu, and its integration into the Han portfolio of materials representing people's expectations for the afterlife, such as immortality and well-being. In contrast to jade, which had a long history of use in China, gold was in itself a ‘new’ element of Chinese culture. This article outlines the introduction of gold objects from Europe and Central Asia via the Eurasian Steppe and borderland of China from around the eighth centurybce. The unprecedented use of gold in the Han-specific jade suits, and the process by which foreign types of zoomorphic motifs were adopted and connected with local motifs, are explored. In light of the political change from multiple competing states before the first unification in Chinese history in the third centurybce, and the development in ideology and concept of an ideal and eternal afterlife, this article explains the reasons and meanings of the new use of gold in Han dynasty China and the composite system of motifs, materials and objects.
Leftward deviation of the primary septum or dividing left atrial shelf?
Authors: Hubrechts Jelena , Pollenus Julie , Gewillig Marc
Published: November 2021

Isolated leftward prolapse or deviation of the primary atrial septum is a rare CHD that can mimic abnormal pulmonary venous return at first sight. We present a case of a newborn infant, referred for surgical correction of totally anomalous pulmonary venous return into the right atrium, with the peri-operative finding of a leftward deviation of the superior margin of the primary atrial septum. The distinction with a dividing atrial shelf could not be confirmed with certainty. Fifty-three similar cases from the literature are incorporated. A detailed review of the current account on atrial septation is studied. The embryological and clinical features of a dividing partition of the left atrium are discussed.
OBJECTIVE INTENTIONALISM AND DISAGREEMENT
Authors: Tan David
Published: November 2021

Intentionalist theories of legal interpretation are often divided between objectivist and subjectivist variants. The former take an interpretation to be correct depending on what the reasonable/rational lawmaker intended or what the reasonable/rational audience thinks they intended. The latter take an interpretation to be correct where the interpretation is what the speaker actually intended. This paper argues that objectivism faces serious problems as it cannot deal with disagreement: reasonable and rational persons can often disagree as to what the interpretation of a text should be. It also defends subjectivism against criticisms by objectivists.
Investigating the role of spatial spillovers as determinants of land conversion in urbanizing Canada
Authors: Qiu Feng , Tong Qingmeng , Zhang Junbiao
Published: November 2021

Although the impacts of income, population growth, and other important determinants of land-use change have been widely studied, there is less understanding of how spatial spillovers matter. Utilizing a spatial econometric approach, we investigate the main determinants of natural landscape conversion, focusing on quantifying local and global spatial spillovers. The empirical investigation applies to the Edmonton Metropolitan Region and the Calgary Regional Partnership in Canada. Key results include: (1) determinants of land conversion have significant spillover effects; (2) income, population density, road density, natural land endowment and land suitability for agriculture are all found to have influences on natural land conversion both in the own and neighboring areas; and (3) local (i.e., within the immediate neighboring areas) and global (in the entire study region) spillovers are different in strength and direction. Our work provides useful information for understanding the spillover issues in land conservation, resource governance, and optimal conservation design.
ARCHI – Entwicklung eines Fragebogens zur Architektur kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer Einrichtungen
Authors: Scheiderer Marie-Léne , Reuter Lynn Marie , Brockmann Katharina , Reis Daniela , Martin David , Längler Alfred , Fricke Oliver
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Untersuchungen unterschiedlicher Disziplinen zeigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen baulichen Besonderheiten von Krankenhäusern, insbesondere psychiatrischen Krankenhäusern, und verschiedenen Parametern des Genesungsverlaufs von Patienten und Patientinnen. Welche architektonischen Aspekte im Praxisalltag relevanter sind als andere, ist bisher noch nicht untersucht. Methodik: Um eine Brücke zwischen Theorie und Praxis zu schlagen, wird im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Fragebogen entwickelt, der abbildet, welche architektonischen Aspekte in Kliniken bzw. Versorgungseinrichtungen für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie von therapeutisch Arbeitenden als hilfreich oder hinderlich für die therapeutische Arbeit wahrgenommen werden. Die Itementwicklung und -auswahl erfolgt durch eine Literaturrecherche und mehrere Expertenrunden. Die Daten aus online durchgeführten Expertiseinterviews werden nach Mayring inhaltlich analysiert und kategorisiert. Ergebnisse: Die entstandenen Kategorien zeigen, welche Aspekte im Klinikalltag als praxisrelevant wahrgenommen werden und stellen so die Basis für 20 offene und geschlossene Items des Fragebogens dar. Schlussfolgerungen: Durch die Ergebnisse der Expertisebefragung können in der Literatur gefundene Aspekte, u. a. Großzügigkeit der Räume, Familienorientierung, Altersangemessenheit und eine positive Atmosphäre, bestätigt werden.
Analyzing Triassic and Permian Geomagnetic Paleosecular Variation and the Implications for Ancient Field Morphology
Authors: Handford B. T. , Biggin A. J. , Haldan M. M. , Langereis C. G.
Published: November 2021

Studying paleosecular variation (PSV) can provide unique insights into the average morphology of the geomagnetic field and the operation of the geodynamo. Although recent studies have expanded our knowledge of paleomagnetic field behavior through the late Mesozoic, relatively little is known regarding the Triassic period (ca. 251.9–201.3 Ma). This study compiles the first Triassic virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) database for the analysis of PSV, as part of a longer Post‐Permo‐Carboniferous Reversed Superchron (PCRS) time interval (265‐198 Ma). VGP angular dispersion and its dependence on apparent paleolatitude are compared against a new PCRS compilation and published PSV compilations for intervals across the last ∼320 Ma. We find that the Post‐PCRS displays near latitudinal invariance of VGP dispersion while the PCRS displays very strong latitudinal dependence. PSV behavior during the Post‐PCRS appears indistinguishable to that previously reported for the interval preceding the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (Pre‐CNS; 126–198 Ma). The near‐constant behavior between time intervals with significantly different apparent average polarity reversal frequencies does not support a suggested relationship between VGP dispersion and reversal frequency. The dispersion observed for the PCRS is consistent with the results of previous studies and represents behavior that is potentially unique over the last ∼320 Ma. A recently published approach to obtain a description of field morphology from equatorial VGP dispersion shows the PCRS geomagnetic field to have been more strongly axial dipole dominated than any interval since. This observation may be causally linked to the PCRS being the longest known superchron in the Phanerozoic geomagnetic polarity timescale.
Spring Dust in Western North America and Its Interannual Variability—Understanding the Role of Local and Transported Dust
Authors: Kim Dongchul , Chin Mian , Cruz Carlos A. , Tong Daniel , Yu Hongbin
Published: November 2021

Mineral dust over western North America is an important aerosol type contributing up to one half of surface aerosol concentrations in spring. In the present study, we use data from in‐situ and remote‐sensing observations and the NASA Unified WRF (NU‐WRF) model to investigate the sources and interannual variations of the springtime fine‐mode dust over western North America. The horizontal distribution, seasonality, and interannual variability of the springtime dust over the region are characterized with observations of fine dust concentrations at the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments sites and dust optical depth from the Aerosol Robotic Network measurements. We have conducted detailed modeling and analysis for April in selected years of 2005, 2008, and 2009, to understand the causes of interannual variabilities of the springtime dust with model experiments that separate the dust generated from local deserts with that transported across the Pacific Ocean. The results suggest that although several permanent deserts and semi‐arid regions in western North America are the major source of surface fine dust concentrations in the immediate vicinity, long‐range transpacific transported dust is a dominant dust source in springtime, especially over the coastal regions and areas remote from the local deserts. Interannual variability of fine dust over western North America is explained with both local dust emission and long‐range transported dust.
Hydrodynamic‐Driven Changes in the Source and Composition of Sedimentary Organic Matter via Grain Size Distribution in Shallow Lakes
Authors: Xu Xiaoguang , Shi Ruijie , Lv Chengxu , Liu Huazu , Yang Wei , Qian Shenhua , Fujibayashi Megumu , Zhi Yue , Wang Guoxiang , Nomura Munehiro , Nishimura Osamu , Li Wei
Published: November 2021

Sediment organic matter (SOM) differs in composition and function in different size fractions in relation to material and energy flows. The hydrodynamic effects on a lake's autochthonous (terrestrial plants) and allochthonous (microalgae, aquatic plants, and bacteria) inputs and transformation, and the components of SOM are still far from clear. To elucidate the SOM composition as driven by the hydrodynamic conditions associated with sedimentary grain size, we performed an ecosystem‐level investigation in the shallow lake Izunuma, Japan, measuring source‐specific fatty acids and the current velocity. High organic matter concentrations occurred in the finer fractions. Bacteria were dominant in the <32 μm fraction, microalgae were mainly present in the <32 and 63–125 μm fractions, aquatic plants appeared to be evenly distributed in all size fractions, and terrestrial plants mainly comprised the >125 μm fraction. Although the linear correlation between current velocity and sedimentary total organic carbon (TOC) was not statistically significant, the relationship between current velocity frequency and sedimentary TOC was significant. The highest Pearson coefficient occurred at a current velocity of 6 cm/s in sand. The relationship between allochthonous inputs and current velocity frequency was similar to that of TOC. Autochthonous organics had the greatest coefficient with two peaks at 4.5 and 8 cm/s. The threshold for sand resuspension varied with organic sources, while this phenomenon was absent in cohesive mud. Hydrodynamic forces affected the grain size of sediments and drove the gradient distribution of the SOM sources, which should be considered when managing freshwater lakes in light of future climate change.
Risk factors for subjective cognitive decline: the CABLE study
Authors: Wen Chen , Hu Hao , Ou Ya-Nan , Bi Yan-Lin , Ma Ya-Hui , Tan Lan , Yu Jin-Tai
Published: November 2021

Increasing evidences supported that subjective cognitive decline (SCD) might be a potential first symptomatic manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The rapidly growing number of SCD individuals who seek medical help and advice also makes it urgent to develop more precise strategy for SCD. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the risk factors for SCD. Logistics and linear regression models were performed to investigate 41 factors for SCD in 1165 participants without objective cognitive impairment. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to confirm the constant trend toward higher prevalence of SCD with an increasing number of risk factors. A high overall prevalence of SCD was found in total participants (42%). Eight factors were eventually identified as risk factors for SCD, including four stable factors associated with both SCD statues and severity (older age, thyroid diseases, minimal anxiety symptoms, and day time dysfunction; odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.74 to 2.29) as well as four suggestive factors associated with either SCD statues or severity (female sex, anemia, lack of physical exercises, and living alone; OR ranging from 1.30 to 2.29). The prevalence of SCD gradually increased with the number of risk factors clustering increased in individuals (p for trend <0.001). Five of these eight factors were further proved among individuals with SCD-plus features. These findings revealed several risk factors for SCD, providing some new clues for formulating priority strategies for early prevention of SCD.
Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with upper temperature tolerance in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus
Authors: Ma Aijun , Huang Zhihui , Wang Xin-an , Xu Yuhui , Guo Xiaoli
Published: November 2021

Temperature tolerance is an important trait from both an economic and evolutionary perspective in fish. Because of difficulties with measurements, genome-wide selection using quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting Upper temperature tolerance may be an alternative for genetic improvement. Turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) is a cold-water marine fish with high economic value in Europe and Asia. The genetic bases of upper temperature tolerance (UTTs) traits have been rarely studied. In this study, we constructed a genetic linkage map of turbot using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 190 SSR and 8,123 SNP were assigned to 22 linkage groups (LGs) of a consensus map, which spanned 3,648.29 cM of the turbot genome, with an average interval of 0.44 cM. Moreover, we re-anchored genome sequences, allowing 93.8% physical sequences to be clustered into 22 turbot pseudo-chromosomes. A high synteny was observed between two assemblies from the literature. QTL mapping and validation analysis identified thirteen QLTs which are major effect QTLs, of these, 206 linked SNP loci, and two linked SSR loci were considered to have significant QTL effects. Association analysis for UTTs with 129 QTL markers was performed for different families, results showed that eight SNP loci were significantly correlated with UTT, which markers could be helpful in selecting thermal tolerant breeds of turbot. 1,363 gene sequences were genomically annotated, and 26 QTL markers were annotated. We believe these genes could be valuable candidates affecting high temperatures, providing valuable genomic resources for the study of genetic mechanisms regulating thermal stress. Similarly, they may be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs to improve turbot performance.