bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of two Caenorhabditis elegans kinesins KLP-6 and UNC-104 reveals a common and distinct activation mechanism in kinesin-3
Authors: Kita Tomoki , Chiba Kyoko , Wang Jiye , Nakagawa Atsushi , Niwa Shinsuke
Published: January 2024

Kinesin-3 is a family of microtubule-dependent motor proteins that transport various cargos within the cell. However, the mechanism underlying kinesin-3 activations remains largely elusive. In this study, we compared the biochemical properties of two Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-3 family proteins, KLP-6 and UNC-104. Both KLP-6 and UNC-104 are predominantly monomeric in solution. As previously shown for UNC-104, non-processive KLP-6 monomer is converted to a processive motor when artificially dimerized. We present evidence that releasing the autoinhibition is sufficient to trigger dimerization of monomeric UNC-104 at nanomolar concentrations, which results in processive movement of UNC-104 on microtubules, although it has long been thought that enrichment in the phospholipid microdomain on cargo vesicles is required for the dimerization and processive movement of UNC-104. In contrast, KLP-6 remains to be a non-processive monomer even when its autoinhibition is unlocked, suggesting a requirement of other factors for full activation. By examining the differences between KLP-6 and UNC-104, we identified a coiled-coil domain called coiled-coil 2 (CC2) that is required for the efficient dimerization and processive movement of UNC-104. Our results suggest a common activation mechanism for kinesin-3 family members, while also highlighting their diversification.
Comment on 'The clinical pharmacology of tafenoquine in the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria: An individual patient data meta-analysis'
Authors: Sharma Raman , Chen Chao , Tan Lionel , Rolfe Katie , Fiţa Ioana-Gabriela , Jones Siôn , Pingle Anup , Gibson Rachel A , Goyal Navin , Sharma Hema , Bird Panayota
Published: January 2024

A single 300 mg dose of tafenoquine, in combination with chloroquine, is currently approved in several countries for the radical cure (prevention of relapse) of Plasmodium vivax malaria in patients aged ≥16 years. Recently, however, Watson et al. suggested that the approved dose of tafenoquine is insufficient for radical cure, and that a higher 450 mg dose could reduce P. vivax recurrences substantially (Watson et al., 2022). In this response, we challenge Watson et al.'s assertion based on empirical evidence from dose-ranging and pivotal studies (published) as well as real-world evidence from post-approval studies (ongoing, therefore currently unpublished). We assert that, collectively, these data confirm that the benefit–risk profile of a single 300 mg dose of tafenoquine, co-administered with chloroquine, for the radical cure of P. vivax malaria in patients who are not G6PD-deficient, continues to be favourable where chloroquine is indicated for P. vivax malaria. If real-world evidence of sub-optimal efficacy in certain regions is observed or dose-optimisation with other blood-stage therapies is required, then well-designed clinical studies assessing safety and efficacy will be required before higher doses are approved for clinical use.
Plant height variation and genetic diversity between Prunus ledebouriana (Schlecht.) YY Yao and Prunus tenella Batsch based on using SSR markers in East Kazakhstan
Authors: Orazov Aidyn , Yermagambetova Moldir , Myrzagaliyeva Anar , Mukhitdinov Nashtay , Tustubayeva Shynar , Turuspekov Yerlan , Almerekova Shyryn
Published: January 2024

Background

Genetic differences between isolated endemic populations of plant species and those with widely known twin species are relevant for conserving the biological diversity of our planet’s flora. Prunus ledebouriana (Schlecht.) YY Yao is an endangered and endemic species of shrub almond from central Asia. Few studies have explored this species, which is closely related and morphologically similar to the well-known Prunus tenella Batsch. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of studies of three P. ledebouriana populations and one close population of P. tenella in Eastern Kazakhstan in order to determine the particular geographic mutual replacement of the two species.

Methods

The populations were collected from different ecological niches, including one steppe population near Ust-Kamenogorsk (P. tenella) and three populations (P. ledebouriana) in the mountainous area. Estimation of plant height using a t-test suggested a statistically significant difference between the populations and the two species (P < 0.0001). DNA simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were applied to study the two species’ genetic diversity and population structure.

Results

A total of 19 polymorphic SSR loci were analyzed, and the results showed that the population collected in mountainous areas had a lower variation level than steppe populations. The highest level of Nei’s genetic diversity index was demonstrated in the 4-UK population (0.622) of P. tenella. The lowest was recorded in population 3-KA (0.461) of P. ledebouriana, collected at the highest altitude of the four populations (2,086 meters above sea level). The total genetic variation of P. ledebouriana was distributed 73% within populations and 27% between populations. STRUCTURE results showed that two morphologically similar species diverged starting at step K = 3, with limited population mixing. The results confirmed the morphological and genetic differences between P. tenella and P. ledebouriana and described the level of genetic variation for P. ledebouriana. The study’s results proved that the steppe zone and mountain altitude factor between P. tenella and isolated mountain samples of P. ledebouriana.
CONTINUIDAD DE LOS CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS DOMICILIARIOS DURANTE LA PANDEMIA POR COVID-19
Authors: Bettancourt Ortega Lorena , Cabrera - Cisternas Camila , Castro-Rojas Abby , Masnú-Berríos Sofía , Quiroz-Gallardo Fabiola , Ruidíaz-Veliz Paz , Santana-Jorquera Ninoska
Published: January 2024

OBJETIVO: Determinar las estrategias utilizadas para dar continuidad a los cuidados paliativos en pandemia. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistematizada en seis bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, EBSCO, WOS y BVS desde marzo a junio 2022. Se utilizaron descriptores normalizados MESH “Terminal care”, “Nursing care” y “COVID-19” y sinónimos que fueron combinados con el operador booleano “AND”. Se incluyen todos los artículos en inglés, español y portugués publicados durante la pandemia por COVID-19 (2019-2022), seleccionándolos luego según criterios de elegibilidad. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 13 artículos, siendo 12 en inglés y 1 en español, en su mayoría de Europa. Las estrategias encontradas se clasificaron en 5 categorías principales: Reorganización de los servicios, planificación anticipada, apoyo a los profesionales, apoyo al paciente y familia; y uso de la tecnología de la información. CONCLUSIÓN: La pandemia por COVID-19 trajo consecuencias para todo el sistema de salud. Una de las afectadas fue el área de cuidados paliativos, donde se debió trabajar sólo con los recursos disponibles. De esta situación surgieron estrategias positivas para continuar dando una buena calidad de vida al paciente en sus últimos momentos, siendo el uso de la tecnología el más utilizado, sin dejar de lado el papel protagónico de la enfermera.
Слон из папье-маше для санкт-петербургской Кунсткамеры, "Природа"
Authors: Федотова А.А.
Published: January 2024

В экспозиции музея Зоологического института РАН (Санкт-Петербург) имеются чучело и скелет азиатского слона, смонтированные в 1806– 1807 гг. Методика изготовления и высокая анатомическая точность чучела весьма необычны для начала XIX в., а имя мастера считалось утерянным. На основе архивных документов установлено, что чучело было изготовлено для Кунсткамеры Императорской академии наук мастером папье-машистом Карлом Тимпоном, а скелет собран под руководством адъюнкта П. А. Заславского, причем теоретической основой монтировки послужили рисунки из книги нидерландского анатома Петруса Кампера (1802). Сам слон был дипломатическим подарком от эмира Бухары и прожил в зверинце императорской охоты с осени 1796 г. до весны 1806 г.
Донные отложения дельты Дона и содержание техногенных радионуклидов в них, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Матишов Г.Г. , Польшин В.В. , Ильин Г.В. , Усягина И.С.
Published: January 2024

До настоящего времени в бассейне Азовского моря наблюдается геохимическая циркуляция искусственных радионуклидов, попавших в природную среду после аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС. Одним из путей их миграции является р. Дон, протекающая по водосборной территории, подвергшейся радиоактивному загрязнению. Представленные результаты исследований позволяют изучить закономерности накопления искусственных радионуклидов на отдельных участках дельты Дона и выявить основные факторы, контролирующие этот процесс. Проанализированы новые данные по распределению донных отложений и удельной активности техногенных и природных радионуклидов в них в северной части донской дельты. Установлено, что содержание потенциально опасного техногенного радиоизотопа Сs в осадках поверхностного слоя дна проток этого участка дельты характеризуется спектром значений от 1,3 до 43,5 Бк/кг и зависит от литотипа донного грунта. По результатам радиометрических измерений максимумы удельной активности Сs зафиксированы в тонкодисперсных илистых отложениях, а минимумы – в отложениях, в составе которых преобладает песок с включениями раковинного материала. В распределении техногенного Сs, как и природных радионуклидов K, Ra, Th, отмечена тенденция роста концентраций в направлении от границы взморья к вершине дельты, что связано с условиями транспортировки и аккумуляции осадочного материала. По результатам проведенных исследований сделан вывод, что удельная активность Сs в поверхностном слое донных отложений в изученном районе низкая, не вызывающая опасности для морской экосистемы. Полученные новые данные о составе донных отложений и содержании техногенных и природных радионуклидов в них будут полезны при анализе радиоэкологической обстановки в южном регионе России.
Акцессорные минералы пород коробковской свиты Стойло-Лебединского железорудного узла Курской магнитной аномалии, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Кузнецов В.С. , Резникова О.Г.
Published: January 2024

Объектом исследований в настоящей работе выступают железистые кварциты и сланцы коробковской свиты, вскрытые в карьерах Лебединского и Стойленского железорудных месторождений Курской магнитной аномалии. В изучаемых породах установлен и впервые охарактеризован с помощью современных методов исследования вещества комплекс акцессорных минералов – апатита, сфалерита, рутила, ильменита, гранатов, циркона, оливина, ортопироксена, барита и других. При этом циркон, оливин, ортопироксен описаны для сланцев коробковской свиты впервые, а для гранатов и цирконов по их физическим свойствам и химическому составу впервые выделено несколько разновидностей. В железистых кварцитах описана разнообразная сульфидно-теллур-висмутовая минерализация. Установленные особенности состава акцессорных минералов сланцев позволяют охарактеризовать условия седиментации изучаемых пород. Столь широкий спектр акцессорных минералов указывает на наличие в областях сноса пород различного петрографического состава. Выявленные различия в видовом соста- ве акцессорных минералов в железистых кварцитах и сланцах обусловлены генетическими особенностями предшествующих осадков пород курской серии, а сходство объясняется влиянием наложенных метаморфогенно-гидротермальных процессов.
Результаты экспериментальных исследований поглощения радиоизотопов Sr и Мn водорослями-макрофитами Баренцева моря, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Усягина И.С. , Воскобойников Г.М. , Пуговкин Д.В. , Салахов Д.О. , Ильин Г.В.
Published: January 2024

Экспериментально показана высокая аккумулирующая способность у бурой литоральной макроводоросли северных морей Fucus vesiculosus в отношении двух короткоживущих -излучающих радионуклидов, Sr и Мn. Актуальность данных исследований обусловлена распространением техногенных радионуклидов в растениях этого вида в Баренцевом море, наличием потенциальных источников радиоактивности в прибрежье Кольского полуострова и возрастающим вниманием к использованию морских водорослей в различных сферах жизнеобеспечения населения. В лабораторных опытах обнаружено, что исследуемые радионуклиды связываются тканями водорослей. Обратного поступления в водную среду из водорослей поглощенных радиоизотопов в течение эксперимента зарегистрировано не было. Максимальная скорость накопления изотопов у F. vesiculosus отмечена в первые сутки проведения эксперимента, ее значение для Sr в 2 раза выше, чем для Мn. Средняя удельная активность Sr в водорослях достигла равновесного значения на шестые сутки экспозиции, а для Мn – на вторые сутки экспозиции. Жизнеспособность и функциональная активность растений на протяжении всего эксперимента (14 суток) подтверждалась относительно высоким уровнем интенсивности фотосинтеза и увеличением биомассы талломов фукуса во всех экспериментальных сосудах с добавлениями изотопов Sr и Мn, а также в контроле. В процессе опыта выявлена возможность поглощения изотопов Sr и Мn эпибионтами фукуса и отмершими частицами растений, не влияющая, однако, на результаты эксперимента. Предлагается использовать полученные результаты для прогностичеcких оценок радиоэкологической ситуации при различного рода инцидентах с использованием, хранением и транспортировкой радиоактивных материалов в Баренцевом море, а F. vesiculosus в качестве индикатора радиоактивного загрязнения среды морских экосистем Арктики.
Prevalence, Cysts Distributions, Associated Risk Factors and Economic Importance of Cysticercus Tenuicollis in Small Ruminant Slaughtered at Jigjiga Municipal Abattoir, Somali Regional state, Ethiopia
Authors: Ahmed Mustafe Abdi , Haji Abshir Ahmed , Hussen Ahmed Hasan , Mahamed Samatar Abshir
Published: January 2024

A cross-sectional study was done between November 2019 and April 2020 with the goal of identifying the prevalence of cysticercus tenuicollis in small ruminants, evaluating possible risk factors associated with it, and estimating the amount of the direct economic losses associated with condemned organs. A total of 545 small ruminants slaughtered at Jigjiga municipal abattoir were randomly selected and managed through ante-mortem and post-mortem examinations. From the total inspected shoats, 98 (17.9%) were recorded to be affected with C. tenuicollis. From the 349 inspected goats, C. tenuicollis was found in 71 (20.3%), and from the 196 inspected sheep, 27 (13.8%). The prevalence of C. tenuicollis according to their sex was higher in male sheep 16 (14.9%) and goats 51 (22.6%) than female sheep 11(12.35%) and goat 20 (16.12%). The infection rate of C. tenuicollis in regards to age group revealed that a higher incidence was recorded in adult goats 60 (22%) and sheep 20 (14.3%) than young goats 11 (14.4%) and sheep 7 (12.2%). Goats 27 (26.2%) and sheep 8 (20.5%, originated from Babile were more infected compared to goats and sheep from Jigjiga (23.7%, 17.3%) and Kebribayah (10.8%, 7.3%) respectively, with a statistically significant variations (P<0.05) among goats coming from various areas. Related to body condition scores and the disease, higher prevalence was noted in poor body condition of sheep and goat (18.6%, 27%) than medium (13.7%, 19.6%) and good (10.6%, 14%) body scores respectively, with significant difference in goat (P<0.05). Anatomical distribution of Metacestode revealed the highest proportions of C.tenuicollis in omentum followed by liver than any other organs. During the active abattoir investigation, a total of about 385,621.236 ETB (10,810.8 USD$) were lost due to organ condemnation. The findings imply that C. tenuicollis is widespread, may cause health Problems for shoats, and may lead to economic loss for the country. This indicates that the problem must be controlled by reducing the number of stray dogs, deworming dogs, avoiding backyard executions, and properly disposing of infected viscera.
Optimizing Halal Supply Chains in the Food Industry: Enhancing Sales Management through ERP System Integration
Authors: Anggara Ali Akbar , Kaukab M. Elfan , Randikaparsa Irawan
Published: January 2024

Halal Supply Chain Management is a comprehensive system grounded in Islamic Sharia principles, encompassing the entire production chain—from procurement and production to storage, sales, shipping, and distribution—ensuring the integrity of halal products from Farm to Plate. The term 'Halal integrity' encompasses material, production process, information, and all aspects associated with product creation through distribution. Achieving this integrity requires seamless integration in each production process, necessitating an integrated information system. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) stands out as a solution, serving as an integrated information system capable of harmonizing all company processes, facilitating the monitoring of each operation. This research delves into the development of an information system designed to guarantee the halal, cleanliness, safety, and quality of products until they reach consumers. Specifically, the study focuses on the Sales Management module, which oversees the sales and distribution processes. The outcomes of this research showcase the creation of an ERP-based system for sales and distribution, employing the Accelerated SAP (ASAP) research methodology.
Exploring the Dynamics of Student Perception of Administrative and Support Services in Higher Education
Authors: Emmanuel Samuel Hayatu
Published: January 2024

This research provides a comprehensive understanding of international students' experiences in Philippine HEIs, offering valuable insights for institutions to enhance administrative services and support mechanisms for this diverse demographic. This mixed-methods study delved into the dynamics of international students' experiences in higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Philippines, with focus on visa application, admission, enrolment, instructional delivery, awareness of support services, satisfaction levels, and coping mechanisms. Drawing insights from 234 international students across two universities in Baguio City, the findings underscore the positive perceptions of students in critical areas. Notably, the visa application, admission, enrolment efficiency, and instructional delivery all received strong agreement, indicating a high level of satisfaction among the international student population. A nuanced awareness pattern emerges, with a notable discrepancy between traditional support services (such as library materials and medical services) and online services (including networking events and free campus internet). While the overall satisfaction with support services is evident, the dissatisfaction with free campus internet services stands out as a specific concern. The findings indicate a diversity of strategies, from self-care and positive reframing to engagement with social media and seeking guidance from teachers and school counsellors used as coping strategies utilized by students. However, the prevalence of entertainment-focused coping mechanisms, such as watching movies and television, signals the importance of a holistic approach to student well-being beyond academic support.  Institutions are recommended to focus on refining communication strategies for online services and addressing specific concerns raised by students. Additionally, fostering a supportive environment that recognizes and accommodates the diverse needs of international students is crucial.
An Application of Hemp as Fiber Material in Art Applications from Past to Present: A Brief Artist Perspective
Authors: Dunlap Kirstin A. , Dölle Klaus
Published: January 2024

Hemp has been a longstanding material choice for textile creations. As far back as early Chinese civilizations humans have been using hemp for items including paper, clothing, rope, and various other household items. As trading moved westward, more civilizations began to pick up on cultivating hemp for textile uses. This was easily done due to the simplistic growing conditions necessary for hemp. Items made from processed hemp have since been found and collected from all over the globe and are now preserved in history and art museums. These items began getting recognition by art communities in more recent years. After World War II fiber art became a recognized art medium instead of its previous classification of utilitarian craftwork. Since then, fiber art has flourished, and it is celebrated in art museums and similar works worldwide. Now, old and new items and textiles utilizing hemp are preserved through art museums and collections.
Lipid Profile of Meat Parts of Cow Slaughtered at Obinze Abattoir, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Amini George I. , Ujowundu Cosmas O. , Onwuliri Viola A. , Ujowundu Favour N. , Achilike Johnbosco J. , Amaefule Kizito I. , Ugwuibe Onyewuchi G.
Published: January 2024

Meat, a vital component of human nutrition, offers essential nutrients for balanced diets and growth. However, it’s cholesterol and fatty acid (FA) compositions impact cardiovascular health. This study aimed to describe the cholesterol content and fatty acid profile in various cow meat parts. Samples from torso, stomach, skin, intestine and lean meat were collected from an abattoir in Obinze, Imo State, Nigeria. Analytical methods involved gas chromatography fitted with flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) for fatty acid profile and Liebermann-Burchard method for cholesterol determination. Cholesterol concentrations varied across the meat parts, with torso meat exhibiting the highest (115±6.48 mg/kg) and stomach meat the lowest (67.76±5.69 mg/kg). Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) like stearic and palmitic acids were prominent. The monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid presented various concentrations: skin (26.19±2.00 mg/kg), torso (24.33±5.50 mg/kg), lean meat (13.10±1.30 mg/kg), stomach (12.511±2.91 mg/kg) and intestine (4.02±0.86 mg/kg). Meat parts contained fatty acids that are beneficial to human health not only in terms of essential fatty acids such as linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, but also the polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexanoic acids. An understanding of these compositional variations provides valuable insights for shaping dietary choices and reducing cardiovascular risks associated with elevated cholesterol levels.
Assessing of Residual Legume Effect on Growth and Yield Parameters of rabi Maize under Irrigated Conditions
Authors: Kishore A. Sai , Sreelatha D. , Reddy M. Malla , Kumar M. V. Nagesh , Kumar T. Sukruth
Published: January 2024

An experiment was conducted to study the residual influence of preceding legumes and nitrogen levels on growth and yield parameters of rabi maize at Maize Research Centre, AgriculturalResearch Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, during kharif and rabi of 2021 and 2022. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with 18 treatments consisted of C1N1: groundnut100% RDN- maize, C1N2: groundnut75% RDN- maize, C2N1: soybean100% RDN- maize, C2N2: soybean75% RDN- maize, C3N1: greengram100% : greengram100% RDN- maize, C3N2: greengram75% RDN- maize as main-plots and 3 subplots viz.100% RDN, 125% RDN, 150% RDN (kharif and rabi respectively) during twoyears of study. Among the different cropping systems, the preceding kharif greengram with 100% RDN on rabi zero-till maize showed higher growth interms i.e. plant height, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD reading) at 30 DAS, cob length, cob girth and yield in both years. However, with respect to nitrogen levels, application of 150% RDN to rabi maize showed significantly higher growth and yield followed by 125% RDN and lowest was seen in 100% RDN in rabi respectively. On the other hand, the interaction effect with the preceding legume residues on succeeding rabi maize with addition of varied nitrogen levels was found non-significant in 2021-22 and 2022-23.
Comparative Metabolic Profiling of Drought-Tolerant and Drought-Sensitive Maize Inbred Lines under Drought Stress
Authors: Lakhani Amiben , Benherlal P. S.
Published: January 2024

This study investigates the metabolic responses of plant species under mild drought stress, by comparing drought tolerant UASBM 13 and drought sensitive UASBM10 maize inbred lines. Study emphasized the synthesis and upregulation of crucial metabolites associated with antioxidant activities and cell wall lignification. Metabolites such as syringentin, naringenin chalcone, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, Sinapoyl Malate, and resveratrol were explored for their potential roles in mitigating drought-induced oxidative stress and fortifying cellular structures. Under mild stress, naringenin chalcone exhibited consistent upregulation, indicating its involvement in antioxidant activity and cell wall lignification. The study observed significant upregulation of sinapic acid, Sinapoyl Malate, and resveratrol in tolerant lines, suggesting their role in drought tolerance. Additionally, metabolites related to cell wall lignification were induced in response to drought stress, contributing to the overall drought tolerance in plants. The findings highlight the intricate metabolic mechanisms involved in plant adaptation to drought stress and the potential applications of these metabolites in enhancing drought resilience.
Effects of Climate Change and Phenological Monitoring of the Indigenous Godello Variety in a Territory of Heroic Viticulture and Biosphere Reserve
Authors: Fernandez-Conde Mª Eva , Bisarya Dipti , Taglinao Liwayway Perlado , Cortiñas J. Antonio
Published: January 2024

In the year 2023, the phenological behaviour of the indigenous Godello variety of vineyard was evaluated at Souto Chao, located in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula, which is a wine-growing region and considered as the place of Designation of Origin (Ribeira Sacra DO). In 2017 and 2018, a similar study was carried out on the same plants of Godello variety, but this latest study aimed to ascertain the nature and extent of changes in the crop’s phenology within the timeframe between the initial two years analysed (2017 and 2018) and the present year, 2023. The scale used for study was the one proposed by the BBCH of Lorenz. The average length of the vegetative cycle in the initial two years was 167 days (161 and 174 days in 2017 and 2018, respectively), while in 2023 it was 164 days. The results obtained show a longer vegetative cycle in 2018, with significant differences between the beginning and end of the different phenological phases. Of the three years analysed, 2018 stands out showing a significant deviation from the average. Moreover, there is a close relationship between the phenological behaviour of the Godello variety and certain climatic parameters. Temperature is the most decisive factor, specifically the average annual minimum temperature, which was lower in 2018. In addition, the highest thermal requirements were observed in that same year, with figures slightly above 5200 GDD. As for the historical harvest dates, there are only two recorded years in which the grape harvest took place in August, namely in 2017 and 2023. In this geographical region, the grape harvest, with the exception of the two years mentioned above, usually takes place in September, as was the case in 2018. The vulnerability of viticulture to climate change depends on the magnitude of the impacts.  Global warming is the great challenge for the wine business and will force changes in vineyard management to curb its most damaging effects. Its most obvious effects, such as the rise in average global temperature or the decrease and redistribution of rainfall, increasingly in the form of occasional and intense storms, have gone from perception to certainty.
Incidence of Wilt Disease on Fenugreek Caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht in Rajasthan, India
Authors: Kumar Vikash , Yadav A. L. , Kumar Rakesh , Anuj
Published: January 2024

Fenugreek is an annual legume crop with small seeds and self-pollinated plant, belonging to the family Fabaceae. It ranks as the third largest seed spice in India following coriander and cumin. The crop suffers from several diseases, among them wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is one of the major economically important diseases in many fenugreek growing states of India including Rajasthan. The survey for fenugreek wilt disease during Rabi (winter) season 2021-22 and 2022-23 revealed that wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum is an imperative pathological problem. Average per cent disease incidence was 24.03 per cent recorded in surveyed districts of Rajasthan. Highest average disease incidence (29.31%) was reported in Nagaur followed by Sikar (24.85%), while lowest in Bikaner (17.93%) district.
Optimizing Bio-fertilizers to Address Food Security and Advance Nutritional Sustainability
Authors: Tiwari Awanindra Kumar , Moond Vishnu , Choudhari Rupeshkumar Jagannath , Badekhan Almaszabeen , Tejasree P. , Baral Kirttiranjan , Bharti Raman
Published: January 2024

This chapter delves into the pivotal role of biofertilizers as a sustainable solution in addressing the intertwined challenges of food security and nutrition. Biofertilizers, derived from beneficial microorganisms, offer a promising alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers, enhancing soil fertility, crop productivity, and overall ecosystem health. The abstract explores the multifaceted benefits of biofertilizers in bolstering agricultural yields, improving soil health, and fostering nutrient-rich crops, consequently contributing to a more resilient and nourishing global food system. Additionally, it examines the hurdles and opportunities in widespread adoption, emphasizing the necessity for continued research, technological innovation, and comprehensive educational initiatives to maximize their potential impact on sustainable agriculture and human nutrition.
Graded styrene–butadiene rubber vulcanizates
Authors: Ikeda Yuko
Published: November 2002

Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates with graded network chain densities were prepared by a conventional method of rubber science and technology. The characteristics of the gradient and gradient direction of the network chain density were examined from the perspective of the mechanical properties of the graded SBR vulcanizates. In the matrix of the graded SBR vulcanizates, silica particles were generated in situ, and the tensile properties were investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polm Sci 87:61–67, 2003
Correlation of renal tubular epithelial cell–derived interleukin‐18 up‐regulation with disease activity in MRL‐Faslpr mice with autoimmune lupus nephritis
Authors: Faust Justus , Menke Julia , Kriegsmann Jörg , Kelley Vicki Rubin , Mayet Werner J. , Galle Peter R. , Schwarting Andreas
Published: November 2002

Objective

MRL‐Faslpr mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune disease that mimics systemic lupus erythematosus in humans. Infiltrating T cells expressing interferon‐γ (IFNγ) are responsible for the autoimmune kidney destruction in MRL‐Faslpr mice, and interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) released by mononuclear phagocytes stimulates T cells to produce the IFNγ. Since MRL‐Faslpr T cells are characterized by an overexpression of the IL‐18 receptor accessory chain, we sought to determine the impact of IL‐18 on the progression of lupus nephritis in MRL‐Faslpr mice.

Methods

IL‐18 expression in sera and kidney tissues from MRL‐Faslpr mice was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. IL‐18 production by primary cultured tubular epithelial cells (TECs) from MRL‐Faslpr and BALB/c mice were examined by RT‐PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. The interactions of TEC‐derived IL‐18 and MRL‐Faslpr T cells were studied in coculture assays. IL‐18–related effects on TEC viability and adhesion molecule expression were determined by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and cell proliferation assays.

Results

Up‐regulation of mature IL‐18 was restricted to nephritic MRL‐Faslpr kidneys and increased in parallel with the severity of lupus nephritis. IL‐18 expression was not confined to infiltrating monocytes but was primarily detected in TECs. Similarly, interleukin‐1β–converting enzyme expression, which is required for the processing of precursor IL‐18, was localized in TECs. De novo synthesis of IL‐18 by MRL‐Faslpr TECs was confirmed by RT‐PCR and Western blotting. Functional assays revealed that activated TECs induced IFNγ production in MRL‐Faslpr T cells through IL‐18. IL‐18, in turn, increased apoptotic TEC death and up‐regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.

Conclusion

Taken together, our findings suggest that IL‐18–producing TECs may directly be involved in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.
Spinal adenosine receptor activation inhibits inflammation and joint destruction in rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis
Authors: Boyle David L. , Moore James , Yang Li , Sorkin Linda S. , Firestein Gary S.
Published: November 2002

Objective

To examine the effect of spinal cord adenosine (Ado) receptor stimulation on rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA).

Methods

Long‐term intrathecal (IT) catheters were implanted into rats to provide spinal access for drug delivery. Animals were immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant at the tail base. Eight days later and every other day thereafter until day 20, rats were treated IT with the selective Ado A1 receptor agonist cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) or vehicle. In some experiments, animals received an additional daily intraperitoneal injection of the nonselective Ado antagonist theophylline. Paw swelling was measured by water displacement plethysmometry. The effect of IT CHA on the activation of activator protein 1 (AP‐1) was determined by electromobility shift assay. Spinal cord c‐Fos expression was determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Spinal CHA significantly inhibited inflammation in AIA, with a mean ± SEM 20.9 ± 16.9% increase in paw swelling in the IT CHA group compared with 81.3 ± 10.6% in the saline group. The antiinflammatory effect of CHA was mediated through Ado receptors since the effect was reversed by coadministration of systemic theophylline. In addition, radiographs showed significantly less bone and cartilage destruction in the CHA‐treated animals. Synovial expression of AP‐1, which is a key regulator of metalloproteinase expression, was lower in IT CHA–treated animals. C‐Fos expression was localized to spinal laminae I–VI, with a modest decrease observed in the superficial laminae in IT CHA–treated rats.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that the spinal cord can regulate peripheral inflammation. Therapeutic strategies that target the central nervous system might be useful in arthritis.
Association of baseline levels of markers of bone and cartilage degradation with long‐term progression of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Garnero Patrick , Landewé Robert , Boers Maarten , Verhoeven Arco , Van Der Linden Sjef , Christgau Stephan , Van Der Heijde Désirée , Boonen Annelies , Geusens Piet
Published: November 2002

Objective

The known risk factors for radiologic progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are not optimally discriminative in patients with early disease who do not have evidence of radiologic damage. We sought to determine whether urinary C‐terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I (CTX‐I) and type II (CTX‐II) collagen (markers of bone and cartilage destruction, respectively) are associated with long‐term radiologic progression in patients with early RA.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 110 patients with early RA who were participating in the COBRA (Combinatietherapie Bij Reumatoïde Artritis) clinical trial and followup study, a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of oral pulse prednisolone, methotrexate, plus sulfasalazine with sulfasalazine alone. We investigated the relationship between baseline levels of urinary CTX‐I and CTX‐II and the mean annual progression of joint destruction over a median of 4 years, as measured by changes in the modified Sharp score (average of 2 independent readers).

Results

In multivariate logistic regression analysis, baseline urinary CTX‐I and CTX‐II levels in the highest tertile were the strongest predictors of radiologic progression (Sharp score increase >2 units/year; odds ratio 7.9 and 11.2, respectively), independently of treatment group, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, rheumatoid factor (RF), and baseline joint damage (Sharp score). The likelihood ratios for a positive test were 3.8 and 8.0 for CTX‐I and CTX‐II, respectively, which compared favorably with the likelihood ratios for the ESR (3.0), baseline joint damage (1.6), and RF (1.8). When patients were grouped according to the presence (Sharp score ≥4, n = 49) and absence (Sharp score <4, n = 61) of joint damage at baseline, CTX‐I and CTX‐II levels were predictive only in those without baseline joint damage (odds ratio 14.9 and 25.7, respectively).

Conclusion

High baseline levels of urinary CTX‐I and CTX‐II independently predict an increased risk of radiologic progression over 4 years in patients with early RA, especially those without radiologic joint damage. Urinary CTX‐I and CTX‐II may be useful for identifying individual RA patients at high risk of progression very early in the disease, before erosions can be detected radiographically. Such patients may be in special need of treatments that inhibit bone and cartilage degradation.
Total assignment of NMR spectral lines of synthesized mono‐ and diacyl derivatives of diosgenyl saponins
Authors: Li M. , Han X. W. , Liu X. M. , Yu B. , Xing G. W. , Hui Y. Z. , Bao X.
Published: November 2002

Identification was made of a series of synthesized mono‐ and diacyl derivatives of diosgenyl saponins at various positions of the sugars. The complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectral lines were achieved by careful analysis of their homo‐ and heteronuclear two‐dimensional NMR spectra. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The subject that won't go away
But perhaps we are ahead of the game. Design as research
Authors: Lawson Bryan
Published: November 2002

Design is central to the discipline of
architecture. Despite this, the
question as to whether design
constitutes a form of research seems
to raise more questions and strong
feelings than any other aspect of the
UK Government's research
assessments of university architecture
schools (arq 6/1, p5). No one is better
fitted to set out the arguments than
Bryan Lawson: an architect and
psychologist, he has acted as an
assessor for the last two exercises, has
extensive knowledge of the university
sector and has undertaken research on
the design processes of such influential
designers as Robert Venturi and Denise
Scott Brown, Herman Hertzberger and
Ken Yeang. (See also leader, p99, and
letters, pp101–106 in this issue.)
Inhibitory effect of diazepam on muscarinic receptor‐stimulated inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate production in rat parotid acinar cells
Authors: Kujirai Masao , Sawaki Kohei , Kawaguchi Mitsuru
Published: November 2002

This study examined the effect of diazepam (DZP) on phosphoinositide turnover, which plays an important role in the regulation of salivary secretion, in rat parotid acinar cells.

DZP (10−9 M to 10−5 M), a potent agonist of both central‐ and peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptors, dose‐dependently decreased inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) production stimulated by carbachol, a muscarinic receptor agonist, in the cells.

DZP produced a maximum inhibitory response at a concentration of 10−5 M, with IP3 production decreased to 63% of maximal levels. The concentration inducing half maximal inhibition of IP3 production was approximately 3.5×10−8 M.

An inhibitory response to DZP was produced by a short‐term pretreatment (<3 min) of the cells and prevented by antagonist and competing ligand for the central‐ and peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptors, flumazenil and PK 11195, respectively.

DZP showed a non‐competitive inhibition of carbachol‐stimulated IP3 production. It did not directly inhibit the activities of GTP‐binding regulatory proteins and phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate‐specific phospholipase C (PLC) in the parotid gland membranes, though choline chloride inhibited PLC activity.

DZP (10−5 M) attenuated the increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the cells following stimulation of the muscarinic and α1‐adrenoceptors.

These results suggest that in the parotid acinar cells, DZP inhibits muscarinic receptor‐stimulated IP3 production through benzodiazepine receptors and that PLC activity which produces IP3 is inhibited by chloride. The decreases in IP3 and [Ca2+]i in the cells may be connected with the suppression of salivary secretion induced by DZP.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 945–952. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704968
Molecular characterization of mouse gastric epithelial progenitor cells
Authors: Mills Jason C. , Andersson Niklas , Hong Chieu V. , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S. , Gordon Jeffrey I.
Published: November 2002

The adult mouse gastric epithelium undergoes continuous renewal in discrete anatomic units. Lineage tracing studies have previously disclosed the morphologic features of gastric epithelial lineage progenitors (GEPs), including those of the presumptive multipotent stem cell. However, their molecular features have not been defined. Here, we present the results of an analysis of genes and pathways expressed in these cells. One hundred forty-seven transcripts enriched in GEPs were identified using an approach that did not require physical disruption of the stem cell niche. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR studies of laser capture microdissected cells retrieved from this niche confirmed enriched expression of a selected set of genes from the GEP list. An algorithm that allows quantitative comparisons of the functional relatedness of automatically annotated expression profiles showed that the GEP profile is similar to a dataset of genes that defines mouse hematopoietic stem cells, and distinct from the profiles of two differentiated GEP descendant lineages (parietal and zymogenic cell). Overall, our analysis revealed that growth factor response pathways are prominent in GEPs, with insulin-like growth factor appearing to play a key role. A substantial fraction of GEP transcripts encode products required for mRNA processing and cytoplasmic localization, including numerous homologs of
Drosophila
genes (e.g.,
Y14
,
staufen
,
mago nashi
) needed for axis formation during oogenesis. mRNA targeting proteins may help these epithelial progenitors establish differential communications with neighboring cells in their niche.
Synthetic small inhibiting RNAs: Efficient tools to inactivate oncogenic mutations and restore p53 pathways
Authors: Martinez Luis Alfonso , Naguibneva Irina , Lehrmann Heike , Vervisch Arlette , Tchénio Thierry , Lozano Guillermina , Harel-Bellan Annick
Published: November 2002

Single base pair mutations that alter the function of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes occur frequently during oncogenesis. The guardian of the genome, p53, is inactivated by point mutation in more than 50% of human cancers. Synthetic small inhibiting RNAs (siRNAs) can suppress gene expression in mammalian cells, although their degree of selectivity might be compromised by an amplification mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that a single base difference in siRNAs discriminates between mutant and WT p53 in cells expressing both forms, resulting in the restoration of WT protein function. Therefore, siRNAs may be used to suppress expression of point-mutated genes and provide the basis for selective and personalized antitumor therapy.
Human CD8+T cells do not require the polarization of lipid rafts for activation and proliferation
Authors: Kovacs Birgit , Maus Marcela V. , Riley James L. , Derimanov Geo S. , Koretzky Gary A. , June Carl H. , Finkel Terri H.
Published: November 2002

Lipid rafts are important signaling platforms in T cells. Little is known about their properties in human CD8+T cells. We studied polarization of lipid rafts by digital immunofluorescence microscopy in primary human T cells, using beads coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs (CD3/28 beads). Unlike CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells did not polarize lipid rafts when stimulated with CD3/28 beads, when the anti-CD28 antibody was substituted with B7.2Ig, or if an anti-CD8 antibody was added to the CD3/28 beads. This phenomenon was also observed in human antigen-specific CD8+T cells. On stimulation with CD3/28 beads, the T cell antigen receptor clustered at the cell/bead contact area in both CD4+and CD8+T cells. Examination of lipid rafts isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed the constitutive expression of p56Lck in the raft fractions of unstimulated CD8+T cells, whereas p56Lck was recruited to the raft fraction of CD4+T cells only after stimulation with CD3/28 beads. Stimulation with CD3/28 beads induced marked calcium flux, recruitment of PKC-θ and F-actin to the cell/bead contact site, and similar proliferation patterns in CD4+and CD8+T cells. Thus, polarization of lipid rafts is not essential for early signal transduction events or proliferation of human CD8+lymphocytes. It is possible that the lower stringency of CD8+T cell activation obviates a requirement for raft polarization.
Cytoskeletal-assisted dynamics of the mitochondrial reticulum in living cells
Authors: Knowles Michelle K. , Guenza Marina G. , Capaldi Roderick A. , Marcus Andrew H.
Published: November 2002

Subcellular organelle dynamics are strongly influenced by interactions with cytoskeletal filaments and their associated motor proteins, and lead to complex multiexponential relaxations that occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Here we report spatio-temporal measurements of the fluctuations of the mitochondrial reticulum in osteosarcoma cells by using Fourier imaging correlation spectroscopy, over time and distance scales of 10
−2
to 10
3
s and 0.5–2.5 μm. We show that the method allows a more complete description of mitochondrial dynamics, through the time- and length-scale-dependent collective diffusion coefficient
D
(k,τ), than available by other means. Addition of either nocodazole to disrupt microtubules or cytochalasin D to disassemble microfilaments simplifies the intermediate scattering function. When both drugs are used, the reticulum morphology of mitochondria is retained even though the cytoskeletal elements have been de-polymerized. The dynamics of the organelle are then primarily diffusive and can be modeled as a collection of friction points interconnected by elastic springs. This study quantitatively characterizes organelle dynamics in terms of collective cytoskeletal interactions in living cells.