bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designed for Satisfaction
Authors: Fay Lindsey , Daneshvar Zahra , Julien-Bell Sarah , Haynes Shannon , Santiago Joshua E.
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

This study aimed to assess the extent to which single-family room (SFR) designs enhance family presence and satisfaction and to examine the impact of built environment factors such as proximity, access, privacy, technology, lighting, and acoustics on these outcomes.

Background:

The SFR neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) presents a highly intricate setting with distinctive design attributes. This study investigated a NICU environment moving from an open-bay model to a single-family unit.

Methods:

A comprehensive research study was conducted by a NICU patient care manager and researchers specializing in design and health communication. Quantitative data were collected from NICU family participants by electronic surveys and 30 hours of observation focused on occupancy. Qualitative data were gathered through 7 focus groups and 1 interview.

Results:

The findings reveal that single-family designs can facilitate enhanced feelings of safety, privacy, and satisfaction among families but support the desire for enhanced social opportunities among parents. The patient room was predominantly occupied by the patient, nursing staff, and family.

Conclusions:

This study further validates that SFR NICUs are beneficial for families when compared to open-bay designs.

Implications for Practice and Research:

As NICUs continue to increase in size, research should understand the impact this has on parental access to staff and concerns about isolation. This study highlights the importance of privacy, acoustics, and the implementation of technology in enhancing parental satisfaction. Optimizing NICU design positively influences parents’ experiences, reinforcing the ongoing commitment to improving the environment for infant care.
Primary Central Nervous System Burkitt’s Lymphoma in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Zhao Jian , Hassani Mohammad Arian , Song Jincheng , Sun Xiuhua
Published: September 2024

Objective:

The objective of this research is to examine the therapy and outlook of pediatric primary central nervous system Burkitt lymphomas.

Methods:

This study involves a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of a child with primary central nervous system Burkitt lymphoma who underwent treatment in our department. In addition, pertinent literature was reviewed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

Results:

The patient was admitted to the neurosurgery department with symptoms of headache and vomiting. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple lesions in the right frontal and temporal lobes, dorsal thalamus, and posterior medulla oblongata. Most of the tumor mass was surgically removed from the right ventricle and diagnosed as Burkitt lymphoma. Abnormal lymph nodes were not found outside of the central nervous system. The patient achieved complete remission (CR) after receiving 6 cycles of treatment (R-AA-BB-CC-AA-BB-CC) based on the regimen of the Southern Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment Collaboration Group 2017. As of November 23, 2023, the patient remained alive with no evidence of recurrence.

Conclusions:

Primary central nervous system Burkitt lymphoma is rare in children, and there is no universally accepted treatment protocol. However, the regimen outlined by the South China Children’s Cancer Group-Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in 2017 (SCCCG-NHL-2017) can serve as a useful reference for treating pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Impostor Phenomenon and Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Faculty
Authors: Williams Ty
Published: September 2024

Background:

Impostor phenomenon (IP), or syndrome, is a behavioral health phenomenon where individuals discount personal accomplishments, success, and aptitude. It negatively affects high-functioning individuals in nursing and other health care professions.

Purpose:

This study aimed to investigate IP in advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) faculty.

Methods:

This descriptive correlational study included the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS).

Results:

The sample included 478 APRN faculty members representing 50 states and Washington DC. The majority (n = 324) of CIPS scores were moderate (n = 198) or frequent (n = 133), indicating that scores may be clinically relevant. Moderate levels were associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing negative sequelae, including decreased job satisfaction and increased burnout. Comparing CIPS scores yielded no statistically significant differences between APRN roles. Significant predictors included age, years of teaching, and rank of associate professor.

Conclusions:

Findings can inform strategies to improve retention, recruitment, and job satisfaction.
Jaundice as a Rare Presentation of Neuroblastoma in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Xie Peng , Yang Lan , Wei Lingge , Ma Huan , Yang Jigang
Published: September 2024

Neuroblastoma presenting as obstructive jaundice due to compression of the extrahepatic bile duct is very rare. An 11-month-old girl had sudden onset of jaundice. Initial imaging suggested a dilated biliary system caused by hepatic hilum mass. 18F-FDG PET/CT showed a lesion with increased 18F-FDG accumulation associated with surrounding enlarged lymph nodes. Surgical pathology confirmed the diagnosis of a poorly differentiated neuroblastoma associated with multiple lymph node metastases.
18F-FDG PET/CT for Detection of Immunotherapy-Induced Hypophysitis—A Case-Control Study
Authors: Fischer Alessa , Martínez-Gómez Julia M. , Mangana Joanna , Dummer Reinhard , Erlic Zoran , Nölting Svenja , Beuschlein Felix , Maurer Alexander , Messerli Michael , Huellner Martin W. , Skawran Stephan
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Hypophysitis occurs in up to 10% of patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). MRI shows no abnormalities of the pituitary gland in one third of patients. A delayed diagnosis increases the risk for life-threatening adrenal crisis, underscoring the need for early detection. This study evaluates the diagnostic accuracy FDG PET/CT in detecting ICI-induced hypophysitis in a cohort of melanoma patients.

Materials and Methods

Patients with metastatic melanoma and ICI-induced hypophysitis, who underwent FDG PET/CT 90 days before to 10 days after diagnosis, were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group of patients undergoing ICI treatment without signs of hypophysitis. The ratio of SUVmax of the pituitary gland to the SUVmean of the blood pool (target-to-background ratio [TBR]) was calculated. Diagnostic accuracy of the TBR was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristics curve analysis.

Results

A total of 28 patients was included. The majority of patients with hypophysitis received ipilimumab/nivolumab (64.3%, 9/14). Visual assessment of the TBR distribution demonstrated a positive correlation with decreasing time to diagnosis. To evaluate diagnostic performance, only patients with FDG PET/CT 50 days before to 8 days after diagnosis (11/14) were included. TBR was significantly higher in these compared with the control group (median [interquartile range], 2.78 [2.41] vs 1.59 [0.70], respectively; P = 0.034). A sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 90.9% were achieved at a TBR threshold of 2.41 (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve = 0.769).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that, in patients undergoing ICI treatment for metastatic melanoma, a pituitary TBR of approximately 2.4 may indicate impending ICI-induced hypophysitis.
Catheter-Related Thrombosis With Extremely High FDG Uptake on 18F-FDG PET
Authors: Ishikawa Sho , Nakamoto Ryusuke , Yamamoto Takeshi , Miyake Kanae Kawai , Nakamoto Yuji
Published: September 2024

A 38-year-old woman with exertional dyspnea and decreased ejection fraction underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT, which showed extraordinarily high FDG uptake in a catheter-related thrombus formed along a central venous catheter. The thrombus’s uptake (SUVmax, 127.3) was comparable to or greater than uptake seen in the bladder’s urine. This abnormal uptake was unusual for thrombi, suggesting additional factors like undiluted FDG solution stasis due to a fibrin sheath formation around the catheter and first-pass effect. A new peripheral venous route should be secured to administer FDG in case of suspected catheter-related thrombus to avoid potential complications including a pulmonary embolism.
18F-FAPI PET/CT Imaging in a Case of Synovial Sarcoma
Authors: Ni Haopeng , Dong Yanzhao , Abdalbary Sahar Ahmed , Liu Zhenfeng , Lu Hui
Published: September 2024

Synovial sarcoma is a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin, known for its propensity for metastasis and challenging early diagnosis, primarily affecting adolescents and young adults. This case report illustrates the utility of 18F-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor PET/CT in an 18-year-old woman with synovial sarcoma primarily located in the left calf and metastases in the left thoracic cavity.
Distraction Osteotomy Combined With Orthodontics: An Effective Way to Decrease Short-term Recurrence in Treating Child Craniofacial Microsomia
Authors: Ding Bo , Zang Tianying , Tang Xiaojun , Zhang Zhiyong , Zhao Shanbaga , Liu Bingyang , Ma Lunkun , Liu Wei
Published: September 2024

Background:

This study aims to investigate strategies for reducing early relapse following mandibular distraction osteotomy (MDO) in craniofacial microsomia (CFM) patients.

Methods:

Forty CFM patients were divided into 2 groups: 20 underwent MDO alone, while 20 received MDO combined with orthodontic treatment (MDO-O). Preoperative, prefixation, and postfixation CT data in DICOM format were collected and reconstructed using Proplan software. Spatial geometric analysis was conducted to assess the inclination angle of the occlusal plane (OP), and OP deviation was directly measured using the software.

Results:

Patients in the MDO-O group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in OP inclination at the end of the fixation period compared with those who underwent MDO alone (P=0.003).

Conclusions:

Combining MDO with a bite plate and bite glue sticks in CFM patients during the mixed dentition period enhances OP outcomes, effectively reducing short-term recurrence.
Personalized Rehabilitation of Atrophic Customized Subperiosteal Implants
Authors: Santiago Pedro H. , Tavares Marconi G. , Grillo Ricardo
Published: September 2024

Severe maxillary atrophy and edentulism can pose a range of challenges in implant planning and oral rehabilitation. Modern dentistry has allowed for a review of the concepts and surgical protocols of subperiosteal implants, presenting them as a solution for the rehabilitation of atrophic maxillary and mandibular bone deficiencies. This study aims to address a series of 3 patients with severe maxillary atrophy, as evidenced by presurgical and postsurgical radiographic images, as well as computer-assisted planning and analysis of patient anatomy for rehabilitation with custom sintered subperiosteal implants. Promising results these clinical cases, highlighting the precise technique, biocompatibility, and durability of these materials. The absence of postoperative complications was evident, with high success rates in procedures and patient reports. Importantly, periodic follow-up is needed to assess the longevity and effectiveness of the technique used.
Trends in Revision Facial Feminization Surgery
Authors: Ihnat Jacqueline , Hu Kevin Gao , Wood Sasha , Sutherland Ryan , Allam Omar , Parikh Neil , Alperovich Michael
Published: September 2024

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) can be an important part of an individual’s transition; however, outcomes have not been well explored in the literature. This study aims to elucidate trends in FFS with a focus on drivers of secondary FFS to further improve care for TGNB patients. A manual chart review was conducted on patients from a single institution from 2012 to 2023 with a diagnosis of transsexualism (F64) who had undergone one or more surgeries associated with any 1 or more of 95 CPT codes related to gender-affirming surgery. Patients who underwent >1 FFS procedure were separated into staged, unplanned, and revision FFS. Three hundred twenty-seven patients were included in the analysis, with 111 of these patients undergoing FFS. Those who underwent FFS were significantly older (P<0.001), had a lower BMI (P<0.001), and began socially transitioning and hormone therapy at an older age (P<0.001 and P=0.001) than those who did not undergo FFS. 44.1% of patients who underwent FFS also underwent secondary FFS, with 26.1% of FFS patients undergoing unplanned secondary FFS. Patient factors, including BMI, age at first FFS, smoking status, race, ethnicity, and order of FFS in relation to other gender-affirming surgeries, were not significantly associated with differences in rates of unplanned secondary FFS. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring the surgical approach to a patient’s transition to their unique situation, as well as the need for future studies to identify factors influencing the need for revision FFS and to enhance surgical outcomes for patients undergoing gender-affirming procedures.
Intraoperative factors associated with unplanned return to the operating room after emergent hemorrhage control surgery
Authors: Wilson Kayla M. , Mery Marissa W. , Bengtson Erika , McWilliam Sarah E. , Bradford James M. , Teixeira Pedro G. R. , Dubose Joseph J. , Cardenas Tatiana C. , Ali Sadia , Brown Carlos V. R.
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Unplanned return to the operating room (uROR) is associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality. Little is known regarding intraoperative factors associated with uROR after emergent surgery in trauma patients. The objective of this study was to identify intraoperative factors associated with uROR after emergent hemorrhage control procedures in bleeding trauma patients.

METHODS

We used anesthetic record of intraoperative management to perform a retrospective study (2017–2022) of bleeding trauma patients who were taken for an emergent hemorrhage control operation.

RESULTS

A total of 225 patients met the inclusion criteria, 46 (20%) had uROR, and 181 (80%) did not. While there was no difference in demographics, mechanism, admission physiology, or time from emergency department to operating room, the uROR patients had a higher Injury Severity Score (30 vs. 25, p = 0.007). While there was no difference in volume of crystalloid infused (3,552 ± 2,279 mL vs. 2,977 ± 2,817 mL, p = 0.20), whole blood (2.2 ± 0.9 vs. 2.0 ± 0.5, p = 0.20), or platelets (11.6 ± 8.6 vs. 9.2 ± 9.0, p = 0.14), the uROR group received more packed red blood cells (11.5 ± 10.6 vs. 7.8 ± 7.5, p = 0.006) and plasma (9.6 ± 8.3 vs. 6.5 ± 6.6, p = 0.01), and more uROR patients received ≥10 U of packed red blood cells (48% vs. 27%, p = 0.006). Damage-control surgery (DCS) was more common in uROR patients (78% vs. 45%, p < 0.0001). After logistic regression, ≥10 U of packed cells in the operating room (4.3 [1.5–12.8], p = 0.009), crystalloid (1.0 [1.0–1.001], p = 0.009), International Normalized Ratio (INR) (7.6 [1.3–45.7], p = 0.03), and DCS (5.7 [1.7–19.1], p = 0.005) were independently associated with uROR.

CONCLUSION

Massive transfusion, crystalloid resuscitation, persistent coagulopathy, and DCS are the most significant risk factors for uROR. During hemorrhage control surgery in bleeding trauma patients who receive ≥10 U of blood, providers must maintain a keen focus on minimizing crystalloid and ongoing balanced resuscitation, particularly during damage-control procedures.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
The Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus From Central Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Ozcaliskan Ilkay Hatice , Samur Gulhan
Published: September 2024

The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neither glycemic parameters nor lipid profile components were significantly associated with vitamin D status (P > .05 for each). The mean waist circumference and body fat mass tended to be higher in the group with vitamin D deficiency than in the group with no vitamin D deficiency (P = .046, P = .015, respectively). Vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher waist circumference and body fat mass rather than adverse glycemic and lipidemic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Referring Patients With Type 2 Diabetes to a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist in New Mexico
Authors: Lamoreux Rebecca , Coakley Kathryn E. , Cohen Deborah , Gonzales-Pacheco Diana
Published: September 2024

In 2020, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in New Mexico was 12.4%. Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) are crucial in T2DM management. This cross-sectional study evaluated NM clinicians’ referral of patients with T2DM to RDNs, including referral practices and barriers. Data were collected from NM clinicians treating patients with T2DM (n = 132). Six percent of clinicians were unsure of RDN benefit for T2DM patients, but 52% reported referring less than 10% of T2DM patients to an RDN. The most common referral barrier was lack of access to an RDN. NM clinicians recognize the importance of RDNs, but barriers often prevent referral.
Is There an Association Between Serum Levels of Vitamin D, Sleep Quantity, and Sleep Quality in Health Care Workers?
Authors: Moaddab Seyed-Yaghob , Bonyadi Negar , Faramarzi Elnaz , Bonyadi MohammadReza , Somi Mohammdhossein , Sanaie Sarvin , Hamedi-Kalajahi Fatemeh , Molani-Gol Roghayeh
Published: September 2024

The association between serum vitamin D levels and sleep quantity and quality was evaluated in this cross-sectional study, which was conducted on 1428 health care workers enrolled in the health care worker cohort study. Demographic characteristics, anthropometry, blood pressure, sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Inventory (PSQI), and serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D were noted. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in health care workers was 26.6% and 49.5%, respectively. Generally, 90.3% of the participants rated their sleep as fairly good or very good and the mean PSQI score was 4.69 ± 2.5. Only a small number of participants had sleep efficiency less than 65% (2.3%). There was no significant association between vitamin D levels and PSQI components (P > .05), possibly because most participants had good sleep quality.
3D spatial distribution ofSostmRNA and Sclerostin expression in response toin vivomechanical loading
Authors: Meslier Quentin A. , Hoffmann Jacy , Oehrlein Robert , Kurczy Daniel , Monaghan James R. , Shefelbine Sandra J.
Published: September 2024

Bones adapt to external mechanical loads through a process known as mechanoadaptation. Osteocytes are the bone cells that sense the mechanical environment and initiate a biological response. Investigating the changes in osteocyte molecular expression following mechanical loading has been instrumental in characterizing the regulatory pathways involved in bone adaptation. However, current methods for examining osteocyte molecular expression do not preserve the three-dimensional structure of the bone, which plays a critical role in the mechanical stimuli sensed by the osteocytes and their spatially controlled biological responses.

In this study, we used WISH-BONE to investigate the spatial distribution ofSost-mRNA transcripts and its encoded protein, sclerostin, in 3D mouse tibia midshaft followingin vivotibia loading. Our findings showed a decrease in the percentage ofSost-positive osteocytes predominantly at 25% and 37% of the bone length, and in the posterior-lateral side of the tibia after loading. Sclerostin-positive osteocytes in the loaded legs were found to be similar to the contralateral legs after 2 weeks of loading.

This work is the first to provide a 3D analysis ofSostand sclerostin distribution in loaded versus contralateral mouse tibia midshafts. It also highlights the importance of the bone region analyzed and the method utilized when interpreting mechanoadaptation results. WISH-BONE represents a powerful tool for further characterization of mechanosensitive genes regulation in bone and holds potential for advancing the development of new treatments targeting mechanosensitivity-related bone disorders.
The mean and variance of infection load reveal unseen host evolution
Authors: Walsman Jason Cosens , Streipert Sabrina H , Briggs Cheryl J , Wilber Mark Q
Published: September 2024

Some hosts are more heavily infected than others, but this fact has been relatively neglected in the microparasite literature compared to the macroparasite literature. We develop a model that allows a host population’s mean and variance of microparasite load to fluctuate dynamically over time, dependent on underlying processes. Our model uses empirically reasonable, non-linear functional forms, e.g., for the probability of infected hosts surviving as a function of load. Despite non-linearities, we derive an approximation that assumes a lognormal distribution of load, improving computational and analytical tractability. We show negative feedbacks between load mean and variance at equilibrium. These feedbacks determine how a change in the host-microparasite system shifts mean and variance in load, directly as well as indirectly. We parameterize this model with empirically supported parameter values for a focal frog-fungal pathogen system. We illustrate system changes through evolution of host defenses against microparasites that may drive evolutionary recovery from disease-induced declines. We find that different forms of host defenses have different implications for load, e.g., constitutive resistance has little impact on the standard deviation while inducible resistance decreases it, with different outcomes for host fitness, pathogen fitness, and our ability to infer underlying dynamics from population-level data.
Muscle synergies to reduce the number of electromyography channels in neuromusculoskeletal modelling: a pilot study
Authors: Romanato M. , Spolaor F. , Sawacha Z.
Published: September 2024

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Graphical abstract.In the black squares, we present recorded experimental data. The black box on the left contains information about the experimental data used for calibration purposes, including kinematics, kinetics, and surface electromyography (sEMG) data. The black box on the right contains information about the experimental data used for testing the algorithm, which includes kinematics and a reduced set of sEMG data. In the red boxes, we depict two parallel calibration processes. The bottom red box outlines the muscle synergies calibration algorithm, which takes as input the sEMG recordings from the calibration set (black box on the left) and provides subject-specific parameters for reconstructing missing muscle excitations from a new set of collected sEMGs. The top red box illustrates the sEMG-driven musculoskeletal model calibration, which takes input from kinematics, kinetics, and sEMG data, yielding a calibrated model with subject-specific neuromuscular parameters. The blue box describes how subject-specific muscle forces are estimated from a new dataset with limited sEMG recordings. A complete set of muscle excitations is estimated based on these few recordings and the subject-specific parameters obtained in the muscle synergies calibration algorithm box. These excitations, along with the kinematics data, drive the calibrated musculoskeletal model obtained in the sEMG-driven musculoskeletal model calibration box. Dotted arrows represent inputs, and solid lined arrows represent outputs.
Mechanisms of AAV2 neutralization by human alpha-defensins
Authors: Porter Jessica M. , Oswald Mackenzi S. , Busuttil Kevin , Emmanuel Shanan N. , Bennett Antonette , McKenna Robert , Smith Jason G.
Published: September 2024

Antiviral immunity compromises the efficacy of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors used for gene therapy. This is well understood for the adaptive immune response. However, innate immune effectors like alpha-defensin antimicrobial peptides also block AAV infection, although their mechanisms of action are unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated AAV2 neutralization by human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1), a myeloid alpha-defensin, and human defensin 5 (HD5), an enteric alpha-defensin. We found that both defensins bind to AAV2 and inhibit infection at low micromolar concentrations. While HD5 prevents AAV2 from binding to cells, HNP1 does not. However, AAV2 exposed to HD5 after binding to cells is still neutralized, indicating an additional block to infection. Accordingly, both HD5 and HNP1 inhibit externalization of the VP1 unique domain, which contains a phospholipase A2enzyme required for endosome escape and nuclear localization signals required for nuclear entry. Consequently, both defensins prevent AAV2 from reaching the nucleus. Disruption of intracellular trafficking of the viral genome to the nucleus is reminiscent of how alpha-defensins neutralize other non-enveloped viruses, suggesting a common mechanism of inhibition. These results will inform the development of vectors capable of overcoming these hurdles to improve the efficiency of gene therapy.

Author Summary

AAVs are commonly used as gene therapy vectors due to their broad tropism and lack of disease association; however, host innate immune factors, such as human alpha-defensin antimicrobial peptides, can hinder gene delivery. Although it is becoming increasingly evident that human alpha-defensins can block infection by a wide range of nonenveloped viruses, including AAVs, their mechanism of action remains poorly understood. In this study, we describe for the first time how two types of abundant human alpha-defensins neutralize a specific AAV serotype, AAV2. We found that one defensin prevents AAV2 from binding to cells, the first step in infection, while both defensins block a critical later step in AAV2 entry. Our findings support the emerging idea that defensins use a common strategy to block infection by DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus. Through understanding how innate immune effectors interact with and impede AAV infection, vectors can be developed to bypass these interventions and allow more efficient gene delivery.
Structure of the complete extracellular bacterial flagellum reveals mechanism for flagellin incorporation
Authors: Einenkel Rosa , Qin Kailin , Schmidt Julia , Al-Otaibi Natalie S. , Mann Daniel , Drobnič Tina , Cohen Eli J. , Gonzalez-Rodriguez Nayim , Harrowell Jane , Shmakova Elena , Beeby Morgan , Erhardt Marc , Bergeron Julien R. C.
Published: September 2024

The bacterial flagellum is essential for motility, adhesion, and colonization in pathogens likeSalmonella entericaandCampylobacter jejuni. Its extracellular structure comprises the hook, hook-filament junction, filament, and filament cap. The native structures of the hook-filament junction and the cap remain elusive, leaving the molecular details of cap-mediated filament assembly largely uncharacterized. Here, we report the structure of the complete extracellular flagellum, encompassing the hook, hook-filament junction, filament, and cap. This structure reveals intermediates of filament assembly, providing a molecular blueprint for flagellin folding and insertion at the filament tip. Mutagenesis and functional assays demonstrate the crucial roles of the cap’s terminal regions in flagellin incorporation, and of the structural integrity of the hook-filament junction. Finally, the structure of the cap and hook-filament junction prior to filament assembly reveals the structural basis for the initiation of filament assembly. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive insights into flagellum assembly and how flagellin incorporation is coupled with its secretion.
SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a Protein Impairs Syncytiotrophoblast Maturation, Alters ZO-1 Localization, and Shifts Autophagic Pathways in Trophoblast Cells and 3D Organoids
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Karvas Rowan M , Jones Brittany , McColl Eliza , Diveley Emily , Jash Sukanta , Sharma Surendra , Kelly Jeannie , Theunissen Thorold , Mysorekar Indira U
Published: September 2024

SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a significant risk to placental physiology, but its impact on placental homeostasis is not well understood. We and others have previously shown that SARS-CoV-2 can colonize maternal and fetal placental cells, yet the specific mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigate ORF3a, a key accessory protein of SARS-CoV-2 that exhibits continuous mutations. Our findings reveal that ORF3a is present in placental tissue from pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 and disrupts autophagic flux in placental cell lines and 3D stem-cell-derived trophoblast organoids (SCTOs), impairing syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and trophoblast invasion. This disruption leads to protein aggregation in cytotrophoblasts (CTB) and activates secretory autophagy, increasing CD63+ extracellular vesicle secretion, along with ORF3a itself. ORF3a also compromises CTB barrier integrity by disrupting tight junctions via interaction with ZO-1, mediated by its PDZ-binding motif, SVPL. Colocalization of ORF3a and ZO-1 in SARS-CoV-2-infected human placental tissue supports our in vitro findings. Deleting the PDZ binding motif in the ORF3a protein (ORF3a-noPBM mutant) restored proper ZO-1 localization at the cell junctions in an autophagy-independent manner. Lastly, we demonstrate that constitutive ORF3a expression induces SC-TOs to transition towards a secretory autophagy pathway likely via the PBM motif, as the ORF3a-NoPBM mutants showed a significant lack of CD63 expression. This study demonstrates the functional impact of ORF3a on placental autophagy and reveals a new mechanism for the activation of secretory autophagy, which may lead to increased extracellular vesicle secretion. These findings provide a foundation for exploring therapeutic approaches targeting ORF3a, specifically focusing on its PBM region to block its interactions with host cellular proteins and limiting placental impact.
Carbapenem-ResistantEnterobacter hormaecheiUses Mucus Metabolism to Facilitate Gastrointestinal Colonization
Authors: Sinha Ritam , Ottosen Elizabeth N. , Ngwaga Tshegofatso , Shames Stephanie R. , DiRita Victor J.
Published: September 2024

The emergence and global spread of carbapenem-resistantEnterobacter cloacaecomplex species presents a pressing public health challenge. Carbapenem-resistantEnterobacterspecies cause a wide variety of infections, including septic shock fatalities in newborns and immunocompromised adults. The intestine may be a major reservoir for these resistant strains, either by facilitating contamination of fomites and transfer to susceptible individuals, or through translocation from the gut to the bloodstream. For this reason, we sought to establish a neonatal mouse model to investigate the mechanisms underpinning gut colonization by carbapenem-resistantEnterobacter hormaechei. We describe a new mouse model to study gut colonization byEnterobacterspecies, leading to vital insights into the adaptation of carbapenem-resistantE. hormaecheito the gut environment during the early stages of intestinal colonization. We observed successful colonization and proliferation ofE. hormaecheiin the five-day old infant mouse gut, with primary localization to the colon following oral inoculation. We also uncovered evidence thatE. hormaecheiuses mucus as a carbon source during colonization of the colon. Our findings underscore the importance of oxygen-dependent metabolic pathways, including the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, andN-acetyl-D-glucosamine metabolism, in gut colonization and proliferation, which aligns with previous human studies. These insights are essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies that can serve as decolonization therapies in at-risk populations.

Importance

Bloodstream infections caused byEnterobacterspecies pose a significant clinical threat. The intestine acts as the primary site for colonization and serves as a reservoir for infection. To combat this pathogen, it is crucial to understand how carbapenem-resistantEnterobacterspecies colonize the gut, as such knowledge can pave the way for alternative therapeutic targets. In this study, we developed a novel neonatal mouse model for gastrointestinal colonization byEnterobacterspecies and discovered that mucus plays a key role as a carbon source during colonization. Additionally, we identified two mucus catabolism pathways that contribute to intestinal colonization by carbapenem-resistantE. hormaechei. This new mouse model offers valuable insights into host-pathogen interactions and helps identify critical gastrointestinal fitness factors ofEnterobacter, potentially guiding the development of vaccines and alternative therapeutic strategies to minimize intestinal carriage in patient populations at risk for infection withEnterobacterspecies.
Candida albicansandStaphylococcus aureusreciprocally promote secretion of virulence factors
Authors: Pasman Raymond , Krom Bastiaan P. , Kramer Gertjan , Brul Stanley , Zaat Sebastian A.J. , Zhang Jianbo
Published: September 2024

Co-infections ofCandida albicansandStaphylococcus aureuscan significantly increase morbidity and mortality. This synergism is linked to the interactions betweenC. albicansandS. aureusthat allow for staphylococcal co-invasion and dissemination. While it is known that extracellular virulence factors (ECVFs) contribute to this process, the effects ofC. albicans-S. aureusco-culturing on ECVF composition remain unknown. In this study we used mass spectrometry-based proteomics to investigate the effect of co-culturing on the extracellular proteins released by theS. aureusandC. albicans. Co- culturing ofC. albicansandS. aureuspromoted the secretion of 7 cytolytic, 11 proteolytic, and 3 lipolytic ECVFs. Interestingly, co-culturing ofC. albicansAls1p/Als3p mutant alleviated the increase for the majority of the differentially changedC. albicansECVFs, but not forS. aureusECVFs, highlighting the importance of Als1p/Als3p in the secretion ofC. albicansECVFs. Of 27 detectedS. aureusECVFs, 17 were significantly increased in co-culturing. Among these, maintenance of pH alone inS. aureusmonoculture increased five haemolytic proteins, i.e., alpha haemolysin (Hly/Hla), beta haemolysin (Hlb), and gamma haemolysin (HlgA-C) to a similar extent as the co-culture. In contrast, maintenance of pH diminished the increase of protease-like proteins, (phospho)lipases, delta hemolysin, and leukotoxin, suggesting that both pH-dependent and pH-independentC. albicansfactors affectS. aureusECVFs. A cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the secretome from co-culture has higher cytotoxicity towards human oral cells (Ca 9-22 and HO1N1) than monoculture. Finally, co-culturing increased the levels of non-extracellular virulence factors from bothC. albicansandS. aureus. Taken together, the co-culturing ofC. albicansandS. aureusreciprocally promotes their virulence potential, which may provide insights into the synergistic lethality during their co-infectionin vivo.
Order-by-disorder in the antiferromagnetic
J1−J2−J3
transverse-field Ising model on the ruby lattice
Authors: Duft Antonia , Koziol Jan A. , Adelhardt Patrick , Mühlhauser Matthias , Schmidt Kai P.
Published: September 2024

We investigate the quantum phase diagram of the J1−J2−J3 antiferromagnetic transverse-field Ising model on the ruby lattice. In the low-field limit we derive an effective quantum dimer model, analyzing how the extensive ground-state degeneracy at zero field is lifted by an order-by-disorder scenario. We support our analysis by studying the gap closing of the high-field phase using series expansions. For J2>J3, we find a columnar phase at low fields, followed by a clock-ordered phase stabilized by resonating plaquettes at intermediate field values, and an emergent three-dimensional (3D)-XY quantum phase transition to the polarized high-field phase. For J3>J2, an order-by-disorder mechanism stabilizes a distinct k=(0,0) order and a quantum phase transition in the 3D-Ising universality class is observed. Further, we discuss the possible implementation of the columnar- and clock-ordered phase in existing Rydberg atom quantum simulators. When taking into account the full algebraically decaying long-range interactions on the ruby lattice, we find that long-range interactions favor the same ground state as the quantum fluctuations induced by a transverse field, which could make the ruby lattice a promising candidate for the realization of a clock-ordered phase.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Theory of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Fibers for Highly Multimode Excitations
Authors: Wisal Kabish , Warren-Smith Stephen C. , Chen Chun-Wei , Cao Hui , Stone A. Douglas
Published: September 2024

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is often an unwanted loss mechanism in both active and passive fibers. Highly multimode excitation of fibers has been proposed as a novel route toward efficient SBS suppression. Here, we develop a detailed, quantitative theory which confirms this proposal and elucidates the physical mechanisms involved. Starting from the vector optical and scalar acoustic equations, we derive appropriate nonlinear coupled mode equations for the signal and Stokes modal amplitudes and an analytical formula for the SBS (Stokes) gain with applicable approximations, such as the neglect of shear effects. This allows us to calculate the exponential growth rate of the Stokes power as a function of the distribution of power in a highly multimode signal. The peak value of the gain spectrum across the excited modes determines the SBS threshold—the maximum SBS-limited power that can be sent through the fiber. The theory shows that the peak SBS gain is greatly reduced by highly multimode excitation due to gain broadening and relatively weaker intermodal SBS gain. The inclusion of exact vector optical modes in the calculation is crucial in order to capture the incomplete intermodal coupling due to mismatch of polarization patterns of higher-order modes. We demonstrate that equal excitation of the 160 modes of a commercially available, highly multimode circular step index fiber raises the SBS threshold by a factor of 6.5 and find comparable suppression of SBS in similar fibers with a D-shaped cross section.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Modeling the 3D Spatiotemporal Organization of Chromatin Replication
Authors: Forte G. , Buonomo S. , Cook P. R. , Gilbert N. , Marenduzzo D. , Orlandini E.
Published: September 2024

We propose a polymer model to investigate the dynamics of chromatin replication in three dimensions (PolyRep). Our results indicate that replication complexes, the replisomes, may self-assemble during the process and replicate chromatin by extruding it (immobile replisome) or by moving along the template filament (tracking replisome), reconciling previous discordant experimental evidence in favour of either scenario. Importantly, the emergence of one of the two morphologies depends in a major way on the replication origin distribution as well as on the presence of nonspecific interactions between unreplicated chromatin and firing factors—polymerases and other components of the replisome. Nonspecific interactions also appear instrumental to creating clusters of factors and replication forks, structures akin to the replication foci observed in mammalian cells . PolyRep simulations predict different mechanisms for foci evolution, including unanticipated loop-mediated fusion dynamics. We suggest that cluster formation, which our model suggests to be a generic feature of chromatin replication, provides a hitherto underappreciated but robust pathway to avoid stalled or faulty forks, which would otherwise diminish the efficiency of the replication process.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Unveiling the dynamic capabilities' influence on sustainable performance in MSMEs: a systematic literature review utilizing ADO-TCM analysis
Authors: Mishra Ruchi , Kiran K.B.
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This research endeavors to conduct a thorough and holistic analysis of the foundational elements that empower the cultivation of dynamic capabilities in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). The purpose of this study is to determine whether these capabilities have a noticeable impact on the sustainable performance of these enterprises. The study aims to support future research efforts in understanding this phenomenon by filling this knowledge gap and presenting a conceptual framework, thereby enhancing the scholarly discourse in this field.

Design/methodology/approach

The study consists of a systematic review of 126 articles meticulously chosen through a series of screening stages employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. This examination is conducted within the organized framework of antecedents, decisions and outcomes-theory, context and methods (ADO-TCM), ensuring a structured and comprehensive analysis.

Findings

The study uncovers significant insights, identifying four key antecedents: resource base, organizational learning, managerial expertise and external environment management. These factors are instrumental in fostering dynamic capabilities within the enterprise, leading to sustainable entrepreneurial success and a competitive advantage over rivals.

Research limitations/implications

By comprehending the mechanisms by which dynamic capabilities are established within the enterprise, this study provides a valuable resource for entrepreneurs, professionals and managers, offering them practical insights to leverage.

Originality/value

This systematic literature review is the initial attempt to explain how dynamic capabilities can be used to enhance and accomplish sustainable performance in the context of MSMEs.
Food authenticity, culture, and tourism: analysing the dimensions of local gastronomic image among foreign tourists in Fiji
Authors: Gupta Vikas , Sharma Karishma
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This research aims to assess the dimensions of local gastronomic image by identifying the vital gastronomic image traits utilised by foreign tourists for their evaluation of local foods while investigating any perceived disparities in the gastronomic image among Eastern and Western tourists.

Design/methodology/approach

It combined mixed-methods research involving 17 in-depth interviews with restaurant stakeholders in Fiji and analysis of responses from 221 foreign tourists using multivariate and descriptive statistical methodologies. A total of 25 local gastronomic image traits were assessed to understand tourists’ perceptions, which were further refined into foundational constructs through exploratory factor analysis.

Findings

Results highlighted that dishes like Kokoda, Palusami and Lovo are top favourites among both Eastern and Western tourists due to their less spicy nature. Findings also revealed that tourists positively evaluated four cognitive/perceptual dimensions of local gastronomic image: taste and freshness, culture and food authenticity, emotional food image, and quality and price value. Among all constructs, “freshness and taste” most significantly impacted foreign tourists’ satisfaction with their gourmet/culinary experiences, while “digestibility and nutritional value” showed the least value.

Originality/value

This research contributes to understanding how a destination’s gastronomic image influences tourists’ perceptions and how it can be effectively utilised to showcase the cultural uniqueness of destinations like Fiji.
Possibilities and missed opportunities for generative dialogue: professional networking, online platforms and the English classroom
Authors: Barber Chelsey , Fecho Bob
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Social media is increasingly vital for educators to extend their professional networks and engage in meaningful conversations. This study aims to explore how Reddit facilitates these interactions as a platform for generative dialogical exchange. For English educators, generative dialogue is paramount for professional development and classroom practice.

Design/methodology/approach

To better understand this dynamic, we outline Hermans and Hermans-Konopka’s (2010) framework of generative dialogical exchange, review relevant literature related to the implications of social media use by educators and argue for the importance of Reddit as a site of exploration into dialogical exchange. After describing our artifact selection, we offer relevant data and conclude with understanding and implications.

Findings

We argue that although online educator communities, particularly those on Reddit, offer opportunities for broad dialogical exchange for English educators, these can be marked by a push and pull between the expansion of the dialogical space and a tendency to rein it back in through reinforcing traditional power dynamics.

Originality/value

Reddit is an understudied site for extending professional networks and fostering conversations among educators, providing a novel approach to understanding these dynamics through dialogical theory.
CEO characteristics and audit report lag: evidence from Egypt
Authors: Amin Mosa Abdelgelil , Abdelmaged Eman Mohamed , Ibrahim Awad Elsayed , Abdelfattah Tarek
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) characteristics and audit report lag (ARL) in Egypt, an emerging economy characterized by high power distance and a culture of secrecy. The study utilizes a theoretical framework that integrates agency theory, stewardship theory, and upper echelons theory as the foundation for examining this relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample consists of 587 firm-year observations from non-financial firms listed on the EGX100, covering the period from 2012 to 2019. The primary variable of the study (ARL) is measured using different proxies. The analysis utilizes both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and logistic regression models, with additional analysis considering CEO power and using board gender diversity as a moderating variable.

Findings

The study finds that CEO characteristics significantly affect ARL, demonstrating a negative association between CEO ownership, founder status, family ties, duality and ARL. These findings remain robust after a series of tests using alternative measures. Additional analysis reveals that CEO power is negatively and significantly related to ARL. Interestingly, the negative association between CEO characteristics and ARL is more pronounced in boards without female members.

Originality/value

Although extensive research has been conducted on the factors determining ARL, few studies have examined the impact of CEO characteristics on ARL, particularly in emerging economies such as Egypt. The business environment in Egypt is characterized by high power distance and a secretive culture, providing a unique context for this study.