bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A modified quasi‐Newton diagonal update algorithm for total variation denoising problems and nonlinear monotone equations with applications in compressive sensing
Authors: Zhang Benxin , Zhu Zhibin
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we present a new algorithm to accelerate the Chambolle gradient projection method for total variation image restoration. The new proposed method considers an approximation of the Hessian based on the secant equation. Combined with the quasi‐Cauchy equations and diagonal updating, we can obtain a positive definite diagonal matrix. In the proposed minimization method model, we use the positive definite diagonal matrix instead of the constant time stepsize in Chambolle's method. The global convergence of the proposed scheme is proved. Some numerical results illustrate the efficiency of this method. Moreover, we also extend the quasi‐Newton diagonal updating method to solve nonlinear systems of monotone equations. Performance comparisons show that the proposed method is efficient. A practical application of the monotone equations is shown and tested on sparse signal reconstruction in compressed sensing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Copper Particles by Non‐thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet
Authors: Lazea‐Stoyanova Andrada , Vlad Angela , Vlaicu Aurel Mihai , Teodorescu Valentin Serban , Dinescu Gheorghe
Published: February 2015

The present study reveals the synthesis of metallic particles at atmospheric pressure using a radiofrequency low‐temperature argon plasma jet. Copper bulk material of the powered electrode acted as solid precursor in the process and the metallic particles were obtained directly in gaseous environment. The particles were collected onto Si (100)‐oriented substrates downstream of the atmospheric plasma jet and were ex situ characterized via optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. We obtained copper particles, reddish brown in color, either of nano‐ or micro‐metric sizes. Additionally, the plasma species and gas temperature were determined by OES. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that conversion of bulk metals into particles is possible at atmospheric pressure using a radiofrequency plasma jet and the development of several applications is recommended.
Long‐term Exercise Adherence After High‐intensity Interval Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Randomized Study
Authors: Aamot Inger‐Lise , Karlsen Trine , Dalen Håvard , Støylen Asbjørn
Published: February 2015

Background and purpose

Exercise adherence in general is reported to be problematic after cardiac rehabilitation. Additionally, vigorous exercise is associated with impaired exercise adherence. As high‐intensity interval training (HIT) is frequently used as a therapy to patients with coronary artery disease in cardiac rehabilitation, the objective was to assess long‐term exercise adherence following an HIT cardiac rehabilitation programme.

Methods

A multicentre randomized study was carried out. Eligible participants were adults who had previously attended a 12‐week HIT cardiac rehabilitation programme, as either a home‐based or hospital‐based HIT (treadmill exercise or group exercise). The primary outcome was change in peak oxygen uptake; secondary outcomes were self‐reported and objectively measured physical activity.

Results

Out of 83 eligible participants, 76 were available for assessment (68 men/8 women, mean age 59 (8) years) at a one‐year follow‐up. Peak oxygen uptake was significantly elevated above baseline values, (treadmill exercise: 35.8 (6.4) vs. 37.4 (7.4) ml kg−1 min−1, group exercise: 32.7 (6.5) vs. 34.1 (5.8) ml kg−1 min−1 and home‐based exercise: 34.5 (4.9) vs. 36.7 (5.8) ml kg−1 min−1 at baseline and follow‐up, respectively), with no significant differences between groups. The majority of the participants (>90%) met the recommended daily level of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity. The home‐based group showed a strong trend towards increased physical activity compared with the hospital‐based groups.

Discussion

The results from this study have shown that both home‐based and hospital‐based HIT in cardiac rehabilitation induce promising long‐term exercise adherence, with maintenance of peak oxygen uptake significantly above baseline values at a one‐year follow‐up. The implication for physiotherapy practice is that HIT in cardiac rehabilitation induces satisfactory long‐term exercise adherence. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the UK too slow in the uptake of new medicines?
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: February 2015

According to the ABPI the UK is slow to introduce new medicines across a range of categories. In this article we look at how the UK's use of new medicines compares with other countries and question how meaningful the ranking system is.
Threshold‐free estimation of functional antibody titers of a group B streptococcus opsonophagocytic killing assay
Authors: Moraschini Luca , Passalacqua Irene , Fabbrini Monica , Y Ros Immaculada Margarit , Rigat Fabio
Published: February 2015

Opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA) are routinely used for the quantification of bactericidal antibodies in blood serum samples. Quantification of the OPKA readout, the titer, provides the basis for the statistical analysis of vaccine clinical trials having functional immune response endpoints. Traditional OPKA titers are defined as the maximum serum dilution yielding a predefined bacterial killing threshold value, and they are estimated by fitting a dose‐response model to the dilution‐killing curve. This paper illustrates a novel definition of titer, the threshold‐free titer, which preserves biological interpretability while not depending on any killing threshold or on a postulated shape of the dose‐response curve. These titers are shown to be more precise than the traditional threshold‐based titers when using simulated and experimental group B streptococcus OPKA experimental data. Also, titer linearity is shown to be not measurable when using threshold‐based titers, whereas it becomes measurable using threshold‐free titers. The biological interpretability and operational characteristics demonstrated here indicate that threshold‐free titers are an appropriate tool for the routine analysis of OPKA data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors Ruling the Uptake of Silica Nanoparticles by Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Agglomeration Versus Dispersions, Absence Versus Presence of Serum Proteins
Authors: Catalano Federico , Accomasso Lisa , Alberto Gabriele , Gallina Clara , Raimondo Stefania , Geuna Stefano , Giachino Claudia , Martra Gianmario
Published: February 2015

The results of a systematic investigation of the role of serum proteins on the interaction of silica nanoparticles (NP) doped in their bulk with fluorescent molecules (IRIS Dots, 50 nm in size), with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are reported. The suspension of IRIS Dots in bare Dulbecco‐modified Eagle's medium results in the formation of large agglomerates (≈1.5 μm, by dynamic light scattering), which become progressively smaller, down to ≈300 nm in size, by progressively increasing the fetal bovine serum (FBS) content of the solutions along the series 1.0%, 2.5%, 6.0%, and 10.0% v/v. Such difference in NP dispersion is maintained in the external cellular microenvironment, as observed by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. As a consequence of the limited diffusion of proteins in the inter‐NP spaces, the surface of NP agglomerates is coated by a protein corona independently of the agglomerate size/FBS concentration conditions (ζ‐potential and UV circular dichroism measurements). The protein corona appears not to be particularly relevant for the uptake of IRIS Dots by hMSCs, whereas the main role in determining the internalization rate is played by the absence/presence of serum proteins in the extracellular media.
A SERS‐Assisted 3D Barcode Chip for High‐Throughput Biosensing
Authors: Wu Lei , Wang Zhuyuan , Fan Kequan , Zong Shenfei , Cui Yiping
Published: February 2015

A surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐assisted 3D barcode chip has been developed for high‐throughput biosensing. The 3D barcode is realized through joint 2D spatial encoding with the Raman spectroscopic encoding, which stores the SERS fingerprint information in the format of a 2D array. Here, the concept of SERS‐assisted 3D barcode is demonstrated through multiplex immunoassay, where simultaneous detection of multiple targets in different samples has been achieved using a microfluidic platform. First, multiple proteins in different samples are spatially separated using a microfluidic patterned antibody barcode substrate, forming a 2D hybridization array. Then the SERS probes are used to identify and quantify the proteins. As different SERS probes are labeled with different Raman reporters, they could be employed as “SERS tags” to incorporate spectroscopic information into the 3D barcode. In this 3D barcode, the 2D spatial information helps to differentiate the samples and targets while the SERS information allows quantitative multiplex detection. It is found that the SERS‐assisted 3D barcode chip can not only accomplish one‐step multiplex detection within 30 min but also achieve an ultrasensitivity down to 10 fg mL−1 (≈70 aM), which is expected to provide a promising tool for high‐throughput biomedical applications.
A Metal‐Free, Free‐Standing, Macroporous Graphene@g‐C3N4 Composite Air Electrode for High‐Energy Lithium Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Luo Wen‐Bin , Chou Shu‐Lei , Wang Jia‐Zhao , Zhai Yu‐Chun , Liu Hua‐Kun
Published: February 2015

The nonaqueous lithium oxygen battery is a promising candidate as a next‐generation energy storage system because of its potentially high energy density (up to 2–3 kW kg−1), exceeding that of any other existing energy storage system for storing sustainable and clean energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the consumption of nonrenewable fossil fuels. To achieve high energy density, long cycling stability, and low cost, the air electrode structure and the electrocatalysts play important roles. Here, a metal‐free, free‐standing macroporous graphene@graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) composite air cathode is first reported, in which the g‐C3N4 nanosheets can act as efficient electrocatalysts, and the macroporous graphene nanosheets can provide space for Li2O2 to deposit and also promote the electron transfer. The electrochemical results on the graphene@g‐C3N4 composite air electrode show a 0.48 V lower charging plateau and a 0.13 V higher discharging plateau than those of pure graphene air electrode, with a discharge capacity of nearly 17300 mA h g−1
(composite). Excellent cycling performance, with terminal voltage higher than 2.4 V after 105 cycles at 1000 mA h g−1
(composite) capacity, can also be achieved. Therefore, this hybrid material is a promising candidate for use as a high energy, long‐cycle‐life, and low‐cost cathode material for lithium oxygen batteries.
A SysML Framework for Modeling Contingency Basing
Authors: Nottage Dustin , Corns Steven , Soylemezoglu Ahmet , Kinnevan Kurt
Published: February 2015

Contingency basing presents a planner with numerous design decisions driven by multiple design criteria such as the number of soldiers, base permanency, base location, and other factors. The operational environment of the base is not static either; design requirements change as the mission changes. In this work, we introduce a model‐based systems engineering approach to elicit design and operational needs while dealing with the design complexity of constructing a contingency base. The model includes the key facility types that can make a contingency base, interactions between facility types, and required utilities for each facility type. The model elements are kept at an abstract level so the details can be altered as required by the customer needs. Pairing the model with an external analysis tool allows for quick development and testing. Properties of the facility types can be altered either in the model or the analysis tool, and reflected in both. Using the model‐ based systems engineering concepts of reusability, these elements can be saved and re‐used in future base designs allowing for a rapid and adaptable design process. In addition, the sharing of information visually with Object Management Group's Systems Modeling Language™ diagrams enhances the ability to collaborate with nonengineering subject matter experts within the design domain. By graphically showing the conditions and layout of the proposed contingency base, Department of Defense personnel not trained in modeling and simulation were able to interact with the engineering designs and identify gaps in the proposed architecture.
Study of reducing ground resistance for transmission tower on rocky mountain tops with constrained area
Authors: Yang Tingfang , Qiu Wei , Li Jinglu
Published: February 2015

An effective device to reduce the earth resistance of grounding systems for power transmission towers on rocky mountain tops with high soil resistivity and constrained area is proposed in this paper. In these scenarios, conventional methods such as using horizontal electrodes to reduce ground resistance require more space and fine‐grained soil for backfill. These methods are not applicable to scenarios where the ground consists of rock or crushed stone. To tackle such limitations, we propose an effective approach with less space and soil requirements. Based on the steady electric current field theory and the electrostatic field, the proposed approach designs a central grounding system by a special steel reinforcement cage. The layout of the cage is strictly based on theoretical calculations. The resistance of the central grounding system can be obtained by calculation and measurement. Results show that this scheme can reduce ground resistance effectively in comparison with the traditional method of imbedding horizontal radial electrodes in high‐resistivity soil on mountain tops where space is limited and excavation conditions are poor. The proposed method has also been validated in practical applications. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Well-Being, Self-Regarding Reasons, and Morality
Authors: Nye Howard L. M. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2015

It seems that we should want to avoid becoming intellectually disabled. It is common for philosophers to infer from this that those of us without intellectual disabilities are intrinsically better off than individuals with intellectual disabilities, and that there are consequently stronger moral reasons for others to preserve our lives than to preserve the lives of intellectually disabled individuals. In this article, I argue against this inference from what states we should prefer for ourselves to how much moral reason others have to maintain these states on our behalves. I argue that there is an important sense in which an outcome contributes to our well-being to a certain degree, namely the extent to which others should want it out of care for us, which plays a central role in determining the moral priority of ensuring the outcome for us over ensuring distinct outcomes for others. But an outcome’s contribution to our well-being in this sense can come apart from the extent to which we should prefer it for ourselves.
Vocabulary Plus Technology
Authors: Wolsey Thomas DeVere , Smetana Linda , Grisham Dana L.
Published: February 2015

Students who can use a term conversantly in academic environments know how to use it precisely in their writing and in their interactions with others; they can be said to deeply know, not just the word term in alphabetic or spoken forms, but the connections to ideas the term embodies. When students are intrigued by words and ideas, they want to dig more intensely. Traditionally, word learning tasks in schools do not mirror the way that words are learned beyond school walls. Vocabulary self‐collection strategy plus (VSS+) is an instructional routine using multimodal and online tools to promote engaged word learning in an authentic way. Generative technologies, such as those employed in VSS+, use the affordances of technology to combine reading and writing skills with genuine inquiry for learning content within learning communities.
Optimization of bioretention systems through application of ecological theory
Authors: Levin Lisa A. , Mehring Andrew S.
Published: February 2015

Current design of bioretention systems is intended to intercept and retain stormwater, enhance infiltration, and remove organic particulates, nutrients, pathogens, metals, and other contaminants using natural processes that derive from the interactions of water, soil, microbes, plants, and animals. Most bioretention systems function as isolated patches of various shapes and sizes surrounded by impervious surface. A significant body of ecological theory has been developed that addresses the relationships among species composition, diversity, and ecosystem function, and how these vary with spatial structure. Here we highlight how such theories may be applied to improve the efficiency or effectiveness of bioretention systems. We consider (1) the role of plant and animal species that function as ecosystem engineers, (2) biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships, (3) complexity and stability, (4) disturbance and succession, and (5) spatial theory. Future testing of the utility of these theories may occur through incorporation of experiments into the design of bioretention systems or through meta‐analysis of systems that span a range of configurations and biotic features. WIREs Water 2015, 2:259–270. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1072

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Science of Water > Water Quality
The politics, geography, and economics of desalination: a critical review
Authors: March Hug
Published: February 2015

In the light of the collapse of the hydraulic paradigm, the intensification of the impact of climate change on the water cycle and rising global demands, desalination is portrayed as the solution to 21st century water issues. Led by state‐led desalination programs, but also with a strong participation of the private sector, the emergence and development of desalination have been geographically uneven in the last decades. Desalination has its drawbacks, not only in terms of environmental sustainability, because of the intensification of the water‐energy nexus, but also due to distributional issues that surround the access to desalinated water. These drawbacks are reviewed in detail and exemplified with reference to the case of Spain. Eventually, this article discusses to what extent desalination constitutes a radical break with the old 20th century hydraulic paradigm and interrogates whether it risks repeating the same mistakes, thus becoming a maladaptive strategy to cope with 21st century global water issues. WIREs Water 2015, 2:231–243. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1073

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Retrospective Study on Search and Rescue Operations in Two Prealps Areas of Italy
Authors: Ciesa Marta , Grigolato Stefano , Cavalli Raffaele
Published: February 2015

Objectives

The rising number of people involved in outdoor recreation and tourism in mountain forest and wilderness areas close to urban areas has led to an increase of rescue efforts in the last decades. The study analyzes rescue operations in 2 mountain areas of the Veneto Prealps in Italy.

Methods

A retrospective review of search and rescue incident reports for a 20-year period was performed. The study also takes into consideration any differences between accidents in the 2 areas in relation to the morphology and mountain activities involved.

Results

There has been an increase in accidents, and the greater participation in mountain activities does not seem to be accompanied by an improvement in knowledge of the specific risks in this kind of environment. Inexperience is reflected in many reasons for callouts and is related to the remarkable rise in the number of rescued but uninjured people; the trend of fatalities and injuries is otherwise stable. Comparison of the 2 areas reveals differences in accidents mainly attributable to diversities in mountain activities involved that led to different health consequences.

Conclusions

Search and rescue missions in mountain areas are dangerous for rescuers and made difficult by the severe environment. The knowledge of accident characteristics is therefore very important and is necessary to reduce risks for tourists and healthcare costs. To tackle the problem of safety there is also a need for more information in the form of preventive education and publicity about the typical hazards.
Health Effects of a Farming Program to Foster Community Social Capital of a Temporary Housing Complex of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Takahashi Sho , Ishiki Mikihito , Kondo Naoki , Ishiki Aiko , Toriyama Takeshi , Takahashi Shuko , Moriyama Hidenori , Ueno Masahiro , Shimanuki Masaaki , Kanno Toshio , Oki Tomoharu , Tabata Kiyoshi
Published: February 2015

Objective

We launched a health promotion program called theHamarassen(“let’s get together”) Farm, which provided farming opportunities for the victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake who resided in temporary housing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of this program on physical and mental health in terms of bone mineral density (BMD) and a sense of purpose in life.

Methods

Among 39 female participants in whom BMD was evaluated, there were 12 Hamarassen participants, 8 self-farming control subjects, and 19 non-farming control subjects. BMD was measured by calcaneal quantitative ultrasound immediately after the project launch and 5 months later. A sense of purpose in life prior to and 2 months after the project’s commencement was measured in 21 additional Hamarassen participants by use of the K-I Scale. Interviews were also conducted to qualitatively evaluate the effects of the Hamarassen program.

Results

The mean BMD T-score improved by 0.43 in the Hamarassen group, by 0.33 in the self-farming group, and by 0.06 in the controls (p=0.02). Among the 21 Hamarassen participants in whom mental health was evaluated, the average score for a sense of purpose in life improved from 20.5 to 24.9 (p=0.001).

Conclusions

The Hamarassen Farm provided disaster victims with opportunities for social participation, interpersonal interaction, and physical exercise; such opportunities may improve physical and psychosocial well-being. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:103-110)
Improving Malawian teachers' mental health knowledge and attitudes: an integrated school mental health literacy approach
Authors: Kutcher S. , Gilberds H. , Morgan C. , Greene R. , Hamwaka K. , Perkins K.
Published: February 2015

Background.

Mental health literacy is foundational for mental health promotion, prevention, stigma reduction and care. Integrated school mental health literacy interventions may offer an effective and sustainable approach to enhancing mental health literacy for educators and students globally.

Methods.

Through a Grand Challenges Canada funded initiative called ‘An Integrated Approach to Addressing the Issue of Youth Depression in Malawi and Tanzania’, we culturally adapted a previously demonstrated effective Canadian school mental health curriculum resource (the Guide) for use in Malawi, the African Guide: Malawi version (AGMv), and evaluated its impact on enhancing mental health literacy for educators (teachers and youth club leaders) in 35 schools and 15 out-of-school youth clubs in the central region of Malawi. The pre- and post-test study designs were used to assess mental health literacy – knowledge and attitudes – of 218 educators before and immediately following completion of a 3-day training programme on the use of the AGMv.

Results.

Results demonstrated a highly significant and substantial improvement in knowledge (p < 0.0001, d = 1.16) and attitudes (p < 0.0001, d = 0.79) pertaining to mental health literacy in study participants. There were no significant differences in outcomes related to sex or location.

Conclusions.

These positive results suggest that an approach that integrates mental health literacy into the existing school curriculum may be an effective, significant and sustainable method of enhancing mental health literacy for educators in Malawi. If these results are further found to be sustained over time, and demonstrated to be effective when extended to students, then this model may be a useful and widely applicable method for improving mental health literacy among both educators and students across Africa.
Interferon-γ Release Assay vs. Tuberculin Skin Test for Tuberculosis Screening in Exposed Healthcare Workers: A Longitudinal Multicenter Comparative Study
Authors: Lucet Jean-Christophe , Abiteboul Dominique , Estellat Candice , Roy Carine , Chollet-Martin Sylvie , Tubach Florence , Carcelain Guislaine ,   and the QUANTIPS Study Group
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE

Healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those caring for patients with tuberculosis (TB), are at high risk of acquiring that disease. The poor specificity of tuberculin skin testing (TST) prompted us to evaluate the effectiveness of the interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) in comparison with TST in a large prospective, multicenter, 1-year study of HCWs with occupational exposure to TB.

METHODS

HCWs from high-risk units at 14 university hospitals were invited to participate and underwent both TST and IGRA (first Quantiferon TB Gold-IT®, QFT-G, then T-SPOT.TB® if QFT-G was indeterminate) at baseline and after 1 year. We collected demographic characteristics, country of birth, history of TB, immunosuppression, past exposure to TB, history of BCG vaccination, results of most recent TST, job category, and duration of current function.

RESULTS

Among 807 HCWs enrolled, current or past TST at baseline was positive (≥15 mm) in 282 (34.9%); the IGRA was positive in 113 (14.0%) and indeterminate in 3 (0.4%). After 1 year, 594 HCWs had both an IGRA and TST (or prior TST≥15 mm) at baseline and an IGRA and TST (if indicated). The conversion rate was 2.5% (9 of 367) with TST and 7.6% (45 of 594) with IGRA, with poor agreement between the 2 tests. Using only QFT-G, conversion (9.9%) and reversion (17.8%) rates were higher for baseline QFT-G positive quantitative values <1 IU/mL.

CONCLUSION

TST and the IGRA yielded discordant results. The value of IGRA in addition to TST remains undetermined; the two should be jointly interpreted in decision-making (clinical trial registration NCT00797836).

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2015;00(0): 1–6
Behaviour of a natural laminar flow aerofoil in flight through atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Reeh Andreas D. , Tropea C.
Published: February 2015

Atmospheric turbulence is encountered frequently in flight and it creates oncoming flow disturbances of varying direction and magnitude for aircraft passing through turbulent zones. The unique measurement set-up on a motorised glider enables the investigation of the flow processes acting on a laminar wing section in flight through atmospheric turbulence. The expected quasi-steady aerofoil characteristics are deduced from an investigation of boundary-layer transition under calm flight conditions. Spanwise frequency–wavenumber spectra and comparisons with linear stability theory (LST) yield insight into the linear and weakly nonlinear stages of transition. Simultaneous measurement of the oncoming flow, characteristic flow quantities on the wing section and the motion of the aerofoil enables correlations between these quantities and provides insight into the unsteady flight physics. Emphasis is placed on the response of laminar–turbulent transition to moderate free-stream turbulence on both sides of the wing section. On the lower side of the aerofoil significant and rapid upstream fluctuations of transition are observed, which correspond closely to variations in the pressure distribution. Wavelet analysis is applied to gain insight into the composition of these streamwise excursions of the transition front in the time-pseudo-frequency domain. It is shown that they are driven by rapid transient base-flow changes and that transition is initiated by a short growth stage of Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves.
Maximum kinetic energy dissipation and the stability of turbulent Poiseuille flow
Authors: Bertram J.
Published: February 2015

Following Malkus’s (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 1, 1956, pp. 521–539) proposal that turbulent Poiseuille channel flow maximises total viscous dissipation $D$, a variety of variational procedures have been explored involving the maximisation of different flow quantities under different constraints. However, the physical justification for these variational procedures has remained unclear. Here we address more recent claims that mean flow viscous dissipation $D_{m}$ should be maximised on the basis of a statistical stability argument, and that maximising $D_{m}$ yields realistic mean velocity profiles (Malkus, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 489, 2003, pp. 185–198). We clarify the connection between maximising $D_{m}$ and other flow quantities, verify Malkus & Smith’s, (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 208, 1989, pp. 479–507) claim that maximising the ‘efficiency’ yields realistic profiles and show that, in contrast, maximising $D_{m}$ does not yield realistic mean velocity profiles as recently claimed. This leads us to revisit Malkus’s statistical stability argument for maximising $D_{m}$ and to address some of its limitations. We propose an alternative statistical stability argument leading to a principle of minimum kinetic energy for fixed pressure gradient, which suggests a principle of maximum $D$ for fixed Reynolds number under certain conditions. We discuss possible ways to reconcile these conflicting results, focusing on the choice of constraints.
An insider view of the hybrid organisation: How managers respond to challenges of efficiency, legitimacy and meaning
Authors: Johansen Svein T. , Olsen Trude H. , Solstad Elsa , Torsteinsen Harald
Published: February 2015

In this paper we look at how managers perceive and manage meetings between different institutional logics in three types of hybrid organisations; a savings bank, a municipality and a hospital. The paper contributes to our understanding of organisational hybridity in two ways: First, drawing on Scott’s three institutional pillars, the paper shows how meetings between different institutional logics involve not just the cultural–cognitive pillar, usually highlighted in work on hybrid organisations, but all of them, including the regulative and the normative pillars. Second, the paper suggests a hierarchical relationship between meetings and responses, ranging from less elaborate responses that primarily involve the regulative pillar to more complex and all-encompassing responses that include not only the regulative and the normative but also the cultural–cognitive pillar, triggering questions and issues about identity and purpose.
Advances in constructing regional geological voxel models, illustrated by their application in aggregate resource assessments
Authors: Maljers D. , Stafleu J. , van der Meulen M.J. , Dambrink R.M.
Published: February 2015

Aggregate resource assessments, derived from three subsequent generations of voxel models, were compared in a qualitative way to illustrate and discuss modelling progress. We compared the models in terms of both methodology and usability. All three models were produced by the Geological Survey of the Netherlands. Aggregate is granular mineral material used in building and construction, and in this case consists of sand and gravel. On each occasion ever-increasing computer power allowed us to model at a higher resolution and use more geological information to constrain interpolations. The two oldest models, built in 2005 and 2007, were created specifically for aggregate resource assessments, the first as proof of concept, the second for an online resource information system. The third model was derived from the ongoing multipurpose systematic 3D modelling programme GeoTOP. We used a study area of 40 × 40 km located in the central Netherlands, which encompasses a section of the Rhine-Meuse delta and adjacent glacial terrains to the north. Aggregate resource assessments rely on the extent to which the occurrence and grain size of sand and gravel are resolved, and on proper representation of clay and peat layers (overburden and intercalations) that affect exploitability. Average model properties (e.g. total aggregate content) are about the same in all three models, except for a difference resulting from converting older lithological classifications to the current one. This difference illustrates that data selection and preparation are paramount, especially when dealing with quality issues. Generally speaking the results of the aggregate resource assessments are consistent and satisfactory for all three models, provided that they are judged at the appropriate scale. However, the assessments based on GeoTOP best approach the desired scale of use for the aggregates industry; in that sense progress was significant and each model was a better fit for the purpose.
The expression of propionicin PLG-1 gene (plg-1) by lactic starters
Authors: Mohamed Sameh E , Tahoun Mahmoud K
Published: February 2015

Propionicin PLG-1 is a bacteriocin produced byPropionibacterium thoeniiP127. Such bacteriocin inhibits wide range of food-borne pathogens such as pathogenicEscherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Yersinia enterocoliticaand a strain ofCorynebacteriumsp. In the present study,plg-1gene expressing propionicin PLG-1 was isolated, sequenced for the first time and the resulting sequence was analysed using several web-based bioinformatics programs. The PCR product containingplg-1gene was transferred to different lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains using pLEB590 as a cloning vector to give the modified vector pLEBPLG-1. LAB transformants showed an antimicrobial activity againstEsch. coliDH5α (most affected strain),Listeria monocytogenes18116, andSalmonella enterica25566 as model pathogenic strains. Such LAB transformants can be used in dairy industry to control the food-borne pathogens that are largely distributed worldwide and to feed schoolchildren in the poor countries where dangerous epidemic diseases and diarrhoea prevail.
Incidence of neoplasia in patients with clinically suspicious nasal lesions and the value of computed tomography imaging in diagnosis
Authors: Asimakopoulos P , Hathorn I , Monaghan H , Williams A T
Published: February 2015

Background:

There is no consensus as to whether all routine bilateral polypectomy specimens should be sent for formal histopathological diagnosis to exclude underlying neoplastic pathology. This study assessed the necessity for histopathological investigation as routine practice in cases of bilateral and unilateral nasal lesions by estimating the incidence of unexpected pathologies. It also evaluated the ability of computed tomography to predict histopathological diagnosis in patients with unilateral nasal lesions.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was conducted of 98 patients undergoing nasal polypectomy over a 12-month period.

Results:

Five of 23 patients with a unilateral lesion on nasendoscopy had inverted papillomas on histopathological examination. None of the 75 patients with clinically bilateral lesions on nasendoscopy showed evidence of neoplasia on histopathological examination. Patients with inverted papillomas had significantly lower total Lund–Mackay scores than those with bilateral polyps. Asymmetry scores of inverted papilloma patients were significantly higher compared to both bilateral and unilateral polyps patients.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that histopathological diagnosis is only necessary in unilateral lesion patients as no unexpected histopathological diagnoses were made in bilateral lesion patients. Computed tomography imaging may have a role in predicting histopathological diagnosis by demonstrating asymmetry and less overall sinus opacification in patients with neoplastic lesions.
Between Religion and Politics: The Military Clergy during the Late Twentieth-Century Dictatorships in Argentina and Chile
Authors: RUDERER STEPHAN
Published: February 2015

This article analyses the history of the military clergy and contrasts its role in the Argentine and Chilean dictatorships on the basis of new, previously inaccessible sources. It is argued here that, in addition to its ideological orientation, two further factors explain differences in the influence of the military clergy on the two regimes: first, the structural position that the Military Vicariates occupied between the Church and the armed forces, and, second, the two dictatorships’ different needs for legitimisation. The analysis provides information relevant to understanding the public role of the Catholic Church and the dimensions of violence during the regimes.
7.4 Intensive sheep and goat production in Cyprus — landmarks of development
Authors: Louca Avraam
Published: February 2015

It can be safely said that animal husbandry is one of the two limbs of the agricultural sector which is called the “backbone” of Cyprus economy.

Following the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960, particular attention was focused on and efforts geared towards the development of livestock production and the attainment of a greater degree of self-sufficiency in meat and dairy products. The gross value of livestock output increased from £6.7 million in 1960 to £34.7 million in 1973. The production of sheep and goat meat, in particular, rose from 3 900 tonnes in 1960 to 10 140 tonnes in 1973 and that of milk from 21 300 to 52 700 tonnes, respectively. With such a high rate of growth, the share of animal husbandry in total agricultural output increased from about 27% in 1961 to about 46% in 1973. In 1978, the contribution of sheep and goats to the national economy was £17.2 million or about 41% of the total livestock income and 14.6% of the gross agricultural output.
Five years of ECT: the relationship between consent status and treatment experiences
Authors: Enriquez Susanna , Tighe Sheila , Fitzgibbon Noreen , Flaithbheartaigh Seamus Ó , Meagher David
Published: February 2015

Objectives:

ECT has received limited systematic study in the Irish setting. Amendments to the Mental Health Act (2001) propose limiting the use of ECT to patients who can provide written informed consent. We report on the use of ECT in Limerick specifically addressing the issue of patient consent and how it relates to response rate.

Method:

Since 2003, the use of ECT within Limerick Mental Health Services has been monitored by a data gathering process that includes the documentation of mood disturbance before and after the procedure.

Results:

In the five years between 2003 and 2007, 153 courses of ECT were given to 126 different patients (frequency 16.7/100,000; Female:Male = 2:1). The principal indication for ECT was depressive illness (95%). Bilateral electrode application was the preferred mode comprising 83% of use. A total of 60% experienced at least a 50% reduction in MADRS score over the course of ECT with 78% experiencing a reduction of 10 points or more on the MADRS. Higher response rate was linked to use of bilateral ECT (p = 0.007; 95% CI 1.3-13.6). A total of 14% of patients were unable to provide written informed consent and these patients had more severe depression at outset (p = 0.007; 95% CI 1.8-11.1) and a trend towards greater reduction in MADRS scores during ECT (p = 0.08). The commonest adverse incident associated with ECT was cognitive impairment (33 patients). The risk of cognitive problems was not related to age, ECT dose, number of treatments, severity of depressive symptoms, treatment response, or consent status.

Conclusions:

Frequency of use, response and adverse effect rates for ECT in Limerick Mental Health Services are similar to other centres. Cognitive impairment was the most frequent adverse event. The choice of electrode placement for ECT requires further consideration. Restricting ECT to patients that can provide written informed consent would prevent its use in many patients with severe illness who experience significant response to treatment.
Cognition in Clinical Psychology: Measures, Methods or Models?
Authors: MacLeod Colin
Published: February 2015

This paper critically examines the recent impact of cognitivism upon the field of clinical psychology, and concludes that certain criteria of scientific adequacy have been compromised. The argument is developed that the introduction of information processing constructs to theoretical models of psychopathology has made a potentially valuable contribution to the discipline; but that the acceptance of mental events as dependent measures has severely undermined the scientific credibility of experimental attempts to evaluate such models. It is proposed that future progress will require the adoption of a particular methodological constraint. Specifically, it is suggested that cognitive explanations of psychopathology can only be tested adequately by evaluating the validity of the behavioural predictions that they generate. Using examples of recent research that has investigated the cognitive characteristics of vulnerability to anxiety and depression, an attempt is made to demonstrate that adherence to this proposed constraint not only is possible, but actually provides a far greater degree of understanding than could be attained through the use of alternative methodologies. It is postulated that the future scientific status of clinical psychology may depend upon our collective response to the issues that are raised in this paper.
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator as a novel treatment option for infective endocarditis: a retrospective clinical study in 32 children
Authors: Levitas Aviva , Krymko Hanna , Richardson Justin , Zalzstein Eli , Ioffe Viktoriya
Published: February 2015

Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening infectious syndrome, with high morbidity and mortality. Current treatments for infective endocarditis include intravenous antibiotics, surgery, and involve a lengthy hospital stay. We hypothesised that adjunctive recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment for infective endocarditis may facilitate faster resolution of vegetations and clearance of positive blood cultures, and therefore decrease morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study included follow-up of patients, from 1997 through 2014, including clinical presentation, causative organism, length of treatment, morbidity, and mortality. We identified 32 patients, all of whom were diagnosed with endocarditis and were treated by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Among all, 27 patients (93%) had positive blood cultures, with the most frequent organisms beingStaphylococcus epidermis(nine patients),Staphylococcus aureus(six patients), andCandida(nine patients). Upon treatment, in 31 patients (97%), resolution of vegetations and clearance of blood cultures occurred within hours to few days. Out of 32 patients, one patient (3%) died and three patients (9%) suffered embolic or haemorrhagic events, possibly related to the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. None of the patients required surgical intervention to assist vegetation resolution. In conclusion, it appears that recombinant tissue plasminogen activator may become an adjunctive treatment for infective endocarditis and may decrease morbidity as compared with current guidelines. Prospective multi-centre studies are required to validate our findings.
Endomyocardial fibrosis and mural thrombus in a 4-year-old girl due to idiopathic hypereosinophilia syndrome described with serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Tai Christiana P. , Chung Taylor , Avasarala Kishor
Published: February 2015

We present the case of a 4-year-old girl with idiopathic hypereosinophilia syndrome, endomyocardial fibrosis, and mural thrombus. This condition is rarely seen in children outside the tropics. Myocardial biopsy is historically the standard for diagnosis. Reports in adult literature, however, have shown the utility of cardiac MRI as a non-invasive tool for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case with serial cardiac MRI in a child.
A Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Flexible-Dose Desvenlafaxine Treatment in Outpatients with Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Feiger Alan D. , Tourian Karen A. , Rosas Gregory R. , Padmanabhan S. Krishna
Published: February 2015

Introduction: This research compares the efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine (administered as desvenlafaxine succinate) versus placebo in treating major depressive disorder.

Methods: In this randomized, double-blind study, outpatients with major depressive disorder ≥18 years of age received desvenlafaxine 200–400 mg/day or placebo for 8 weeks. Efficacy endpoints included (primary) change in 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score at the final evaluation (last observation carried forward, analysis of covariance) and (secondary) Clinical Global Impressions—Improvement and—Severity of Illness scales.

Results: The difference between desvenlafaxine (n=117) and placebo (n=118) on the primary endpoint was not significant (−9.1 vs −7.5, P=.078). Week 8 observed cases (desvenlafaxine, n=80; placebo, n=94) results were significant (−10.7 vs −7.9, P=.008). Differences at the final evaluation (last observation carried forward) were significant for Clinical Global Impressions—Improvement (2.9 vs 2.5, P=.037) and Clinical Global Impressions—Severity of Illness (−1.9 vs −1.2, P=.041). Discontinuation rates due to adverse events (AEs) were 12% and 3% for desvenlafaxine and placebo, respectively (P=.008). The most frequently reported AE associated with desvenlafaxine was nausea (36% vs 9% [placebo]).

Conclusion: In this study, the primary analysis did not show significant differences between desvenlafaxine and placebo; discontinuations due to AEs associated with the desvenlafaxine dose range may have contributed to the lack of statistical separation.
Eating habits and preferences among the student population of the Complutense University of Madrid
Authors: Martínez Álvarez Jesús-Román , García Alcón Rosa , Villarino Marín Antonio , Marrodán Serrano Mª Dolores , Serrano Morago Lucia
Published: February 2015

Objective

Studying eating habits can aid in the design of specific measures that reduce the negative effects of an unhealthy diet on health. In this context, the aim of the present study was to examine the eating habits and food preferences of students and their level of satisfaction with the catering services of the university.

Design

Survey conducted during 2011 using a questionnaire that asked participants abut their sex, age and frequency of use of catering services placed on campus. Participants were also asked about their level of satisfaction with five aspects (hygiene, quality, taste of food, price and convenience of facilities) of the university catering services, what their preferred dishes were and whether they followed a special diet.

Setting

Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.

Subjects

Nine hundred and sixty-four students (381 males; 583 females).

Results

The students used the university food service 2·3 (sd 1·3) times/week. With respect to satisfaction level, 44·1 % gave an average score (3) to the combination of surveyed aspects (hygiene, quality, taste of food, price and comfort of the dining rooms). Regarding food choices, 61·0 % of students preferred pasta dishes, followed by meat (59·1 %) and salads (32·5 %). The least popular dishes were vegetables (16·8 %), fruits (13·6 %), milk products (12·2 %) and legumes (9·8 %). Of the students, 20·1 % followed special diets.

Conclusions

The degree of satisfaction with the university meal service was low and the most common choices of dishes and foods among students were far from the guidelines of the Mediterranean diet. It is necessary to extend policies related to diet to this sector of the population and also to the management and food offer of university canteens.