bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is a gene‐centric human proteome project the best way for proteomics to serve biology?
Authors: Rabilloud Thierry , Hochstrasser Denis , Simpson Richard J.
Published: July 2010

With the recent developments in proteomic technologies, a complete human proteome project (HPP) appears feasible for the first time. However, there is still debate as to how it should be designed and what it should encompass. In “proteomics speak”, the debate revolves around the central question as to whether a gene‐centric or a protein‐centric proteomics approach is the most appropriate way forward. In this paper, we try to shed light on what these definitions mean, how large‐scale proteomics such as a HPP can insert into the larger omics chorus, and what we can reasonably expect from a HPP in the way it has been proposed so far.
Gradient‐based scales and similarity laws in the stable boundary layer
Authors: Sorbjan Z.
Published: July 2010

Three gradient‐based scaling systems for the stably stratified boundary layer are introduced and examined by using data collected during the SHEBA field programme in the Arctic. The resulting similarity functions for fluxes and variances are expressed in an analytical form, which is expected to be essentially unaffected by self‐correlation in a very stable regime. The flux Richardson number Rf is found to be proportional to the Richardson number Ri, with the proportionality coefficient varying slightly with stability, from 1.11 to 1.47. The Prandtl number decreases from 0.9 in nearly neutral conditions to 0.7 for larger values of Ri. The negative correlation coefficient between the vertical velocity and temperature, − rwθ, has a local maximum at Ri of about 0.08, and monotonically decreases with larger values of the Richardson number. The turbulent kinetic energy budget indicates that for Ri > 0.7, turbulence must be non‐stationary, i.e. decaying or sporadic. Turbulence within the stably stratified boundary layer can be classified by four regimes: ‘nearly neutral’ (0 < Ri < 0.02), ‘weakly stable’ (0.02 < Ri < 0.12), ‘very stable’ (0.12 < Ri < 0.7), and ‘extremely stable’ (Ri > 0.7). Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Ice effects on flow distributions within the Athabasca Delta, Canada
Authors: Andrishak R. , Hicks F.
Published: July 2010

The Peace‐Athabasca Delta (PAD) is a unique and ecologically sensitive area made up of many interconnected lakes, wetlands, streams and rivers. The hydrology of the Delta is heavily influenced by inflows from the Athabasca River and the complex river ice regime within it. In this study, a detailed one‐dimensional network hydraulic model of the Athabasca River Delta (comprising the southern portion of the PAD) is presented and applied to demonstrate how variable stream‐flow and ice cover conditions affect the distribution of flow among the major channels conveying water to Lake Athabasca and the rest of the Delta.

The current channel network model, based on new measurements concentrated at the main channel junctions combined with carefully designed geometry throughout the un‐surveyed reaches, is shown to provide flow allocations to the major channels that are within 3% of the corresponding observations. At the three main flow‐split junctions, steady flow simulations at varying discharge, Lake Athabasca level, and ice thickness were performed to assess their impact on the percentage of flow carried by each channel. Each junction was found to exhibit a unique response arising from its physical geometry and location within the Delta.

Transient simulations for the historical period 1960–2007 demonstrate that water demand on the Athabasca River upstream of the PAD may have a significant impact on the availability of fish habitat in winter. Imposing a 20 m3/s water demand increased the total occurrences of a no‐flow condition in the Fletcher Channel, analogous to it freezing to the bed, by 53%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Headwater reservoirs weaken terrestrial‐aquatic linkage by slowing leaf‐litter processing in downstream regulated reaches
Authors: Mendoza–Lera C. , Larrañaga A. , Pérez J. , Descals E. , Martínez A. , Moya O. , Arostegui I. , Pozo J.
Published: July 2010

Leaf litter breakdown is a key process, providing matter and energy to communities inhabiting many headwater streams that flow through forests. This detrital pathway is affected by many human landscape transformations; but it is little known about the impact of small headwater reservoirs on leaf litter decay in streams. Alder leaf litter breakdown rates and associated fauna were studied upstream and downstream of five small water supply reservoirs (surface‐release in rainy autumn‐winters), in the Nerbioi‐Ibaizabal drainage basin (Basque Country, Spain), to assess the effect of impoundment on headwater streams function. Breakdown rates were significantly lower below the dams, mainly associated with a reduction of the density and the biomass of shredders. Among the shredders, Nemouridae and especially Protonemura were less abundant downstream of the dam. Alterations in the physicochemical characteristics of the water due to the reservoirs were negligible throughout our study, and temperature showed only slight variations that could not explain the reduction of the rates. The effect on shredders is likely to be related to differences in the riparian environment and flow regulation by the dams. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible modeling of competing risks in survival analysis
Authors: Belot Aurélien , Abrahamowicz Michal , Remontet Laurent , Giorgi Roch
Published: July 2010

Prognostic studies often involve modeling competing risks, where an individual can experience only one of alternative events, and the goal is to estimate hazard functions and covariate effects associated with each event type. Lunn and McNeil proposed data manipulation that permits extending the Cox's proportional hazards model to estimate covariate effects on the hazard of each competing events. However, the hazard functions for competing events are assumed to remain proportional over the entire follow‐up period, implying the same shape of all event‐specific hazards, and covariate effects are restricted to also remain constant over time, even if such assumptions are often questionable. To avoid such limitations, we propose a flexible model to (i) obtain distinct estimates of the baseline hazard functions for each event type, and (ii) allow estimating time‐dependent covariate effects in a parsimonious model. Our flexible competing risks regression model uses smooth cubic regression splines to model the time‐dependent changes in (i) the ratio of event‐specific baseline hazards, and (ii) the covariate effects. In simulations, we evaluate the performance of the proposed estimators and likelihood ratio tests, under different assumptions. We apply the proposed flexible model in a prognostic study of colorectal cancer mortality, with two competing events: ‘death from colorectal cancer’ and ‘death from other causes’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint modeling of missing data due to non‐participation and death in longitudinal aging studies
Authors: Rajan Kumar B. , Leurgans Sue E.
Published: July 2010

Specific age‐related hypotheses are tested in population‐based longitudinal studies. At specific time intervals, both the outcomes of interest and the time‐varying covariates are measured. When participants are approached for follow‐up, some participants do not provide data. Investigations may show that many have died before the time of follow‐up whereas others refused to participate. Some of these non‐participants do not provide data at later follow‐ups. Few statistical methods for missing data distinguish between ‘non‐participation’ and ‘death’ among study participants. The augmented inverse probability‐weighted estimators are most commonly used in marginal structure models when data are missing at random. Treating non‐participation and death as the same, however, may lead to biased estimates and invalid inferences. To overcome this limitation, a multiple inverse probability‐weighted approach is presented to account for two types of missing data, non‐participation and death, when using a marginal mean model. Under certain conditions, the multiple weighted estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. Simulation studies will be used to study the finite sample efficiency of the multiple weighted estimators. The proposed method will be applied to study the risk factors associated with the cognitive decline among the aging adults, using data from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How best to measure the levator hiatus: evidence for the non‐Euclidean nature of the ‘plane of minimal dimensions’
Authors: Kruger J. A. , Heap S. W. , Murphy B. A. , Dietz H. P.
Published: July 2010

Objective

To clarify whether the ‘plane of minimal dimensions’ of the levator hiatus on three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound accurately represents the minimal anatomical transverse hiatal dimension during a Valsalva maneuver.

Methods

In this retrospective study of 3D transperineal ultrasound and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, datasets from 19 female participants were used to measure the transverse diameter of the levator hiatus using the plane of minimal dimensions on maximum Valsalva maneuver. The term ‘apparent minimal transverse diameter’ (aMTD) was used to define the transverse diameter measured using axial ultrasound and comparable axial or coronal MR images. Coronal MR images, using the plane of the vagina as a reference, were also obtained on maximum Valsalva. The transverse diameter measured between the caudal margin of the pubococcygeus/puborectalis on the MR coronal image is denoted by the term ‘true minimal transverse diameter’ (tMTD). Statistical comparisons between the aMTD and tMTD were made using Student's t‐test.

Results

No significant difference was demonstrated between the aMTD as measured by ultrasonography and MRI. However, there were significant differences found between the aMTD measured by both ultrasound and MRI and the tMTD measured on coronal MR images (both P < 0.01), with mean ( ± SD) values of 4.36 ± 0.85, 4.13 ± 1.09 and 3.23 ± 0.49 cm, respectively.

Conclusion

This study highlights the complexity and 3D nature of the levator hiatus and pelvic floor muscles. Investigators have previously assumed that the plane of minimal dimensions of the hiatus can be measured in a flat plane, however, the 3D nature of the hiatus means that the true levator hiatus occupies a warped (non‐Euclidean) plane. Hiatal measurements on Valsalva may be subject to systematic error if performed in a single section, i.e. using a flat (Euclidean) plane. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hospitalization, Frequency of Interventions, and Quality of Life after Endoscopic, Surgical, or Conservative Treatment in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Rutter Karoline , Ferlitsch A. , Sautner T. , Püspök A. , Götzinger P. , Gangl A. , Schindl M.
Published: July 2010

Objective

Patients with chronic pancreatitis usually have a long and debilitating history of disease with frequent hospital admissions, episodes of intractable pain and multiple interventions. The sequences of treatment at initial presentation, endoscopy, surgery, or conservative treatment may affect the time course and admissions needed for disease control, thereby determining quality of life and overall outcome.

Methods

A total of 292 patients with initial endoscopic, surgical, or conservative pharmacological treatment were retrospectively analyzed regarding frequency of interventions, days in hospital, symptom‐free intervals, morbidity, and mortality. Quality of life (QoL) at the latest follow‐up was measured by two standardized quality of life questionnaires (EORTC C30 and PAN26).

Results

Endoscopic treatment was initially performed in 150 (51.4%) patients, whereas 99 (33.9%) underwent surgery and 43 (14.7%) patients were treated conservatively at their initial presentation. Patients who underwent surgery had a significantly shorter time in the hospital (25.3 ± 24.6, 34.4 ± 35.1, 61.1 ± 37.9;P< 0.001), fewer subsequent therapies (0.43 ± 1.0, 2.1 ± 2.4, 3.1 ± 3.0;P≤ 0.001), and a longer relapse‐free interval (P= 0.004) compared with endoscopically treated patients. The overall complication rate was 32% both after surgery and endoscopy. Infectious‐related complications occurred more often after surgical treatment (P≤ 0.001), whereas patients after endoscopic intervention developed acute or chronic pancreatitis or pseudocyst formation (P= 0.023).

Conclusions

Patients who undergo surgery as their initial treatment for chronic pancreatitis require less consecutive interventions, a shorter hospital stay, and have a better quality of life compared with any other treatment. Surgery should therefore be considered early for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis, when endoscopic or conservative treatment fails and patients require further intervention.
Long‐Term Results of Esophagogastric Devascularization and Splenectomy Associated with Endoscopic Treatment in Schistosomal Portal Hypertension
Authors: Makdissi Fabio Ferrari , Herman Paulo , Pugliese Vincenzo , de Cleva Roberto , Saad William Abrão , Cecconello Ivan , D’Albuquerque Luiz Augusto Carneiro
Published: July 2010

Background

Esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy (EGDS) is the most performed operation for prophylaxis of esophageal varices bleeding recurrence in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Lower rebleeding rates are obtained through the association of postoperative endoscopic treatment; however, there is a dearth of studies showing long‐term results.

Methods

Clinical, laboratory, and endoscopic data of 97 patients submitted to EGDS with at least 5 years of follow‐up, were analyzed.

Results

The mean follow‐up was 116.4 months. Bleeding recurrence occurred in 24.7% of patients; however, this percentage was 14.6% when only variceal hemorrhage was considered. Bleeding recurrence occurred in four patients even after endoscopic evaluation demonstrated esophageal varices eradication. In the late follow‐up we observed normalization of anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and a prothrombin activity time increase. No clinical or laboratory hepatic insufficiency was observed.

Conclusions

The EGDS procedure with postoperative endoscopic treatment led to good clinical results and avoided hemorrhagic recurrence in 75.3% of schistosomal patients. There was improvement of laboratory measures of hepatic function, as well as correction of hypersplenism. Variceal hemorrhagic recurrence may occur even when esophageal varices eradication is reached.
Compartment Surgery in Treatment Strategies for Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: A Single‐center Experience
Authors: Santos Carlos Eduardo Rodrigues , Correia Mauro Monteiro , Thuler Luiz Claudio Santos , Rosa Bruno Rodrigues , Accetta Antonio , de Almeida Dias Jurandir , de Mello Eduardo Linhares Riello
Published: July 2010

Background

Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) are rare tumors and radical surgery is still the only curative treatment. We aim to estimate postoperative morbidity and mortality and identify significant prognostic factors for survival of patients with RPS and then evaluate the effect of en bloc resection on survival.

Methods

This was a retrospective follow‐up study of 91 patients with RPS who underwent surgery at the Section of Abdominopelvic Surgery of the National Cancer Institute‐Brazil (INCA) between June 1992 and January 2008. Overall and 2‐, 5‐, and 10‐year disease‐free survival rates were calculated and univariate and Cox multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

The most common complaints were abdominal pain and mass. Resection was possible in 83.5% and curative resection in 55.3%. Six patients died within the postoperative period (mortality = 6.6%) and 28 had complications (30.8%). Leiomyosarcomas and liposarcomas predominated, as well as G3. The median tumor diameter was 20.5 cm. There were 124 organs resected in association, with only 42 proven invaded. The 5‐year overall survival and disease‐free survival rates were 32.0 and 36.8%, respectively. Cell differentiation, curative or palliative resection, blood transfusion, and re‐resection were significant variables. Compartment surgery had no impact on survival, but it increased the duration of surgery, the need for blood transfusion, and overall morbidity.

Conclusions

This study suggests that early diagnosis and curative resection of retroperitoneal sarcomas can improve long‐term survival. Adjacent organs with evidence of direct invasion must be removed en bloc; others should be spared.
Evaluation of Need for Operative Intervention in Blunt Splenic Injury: Intraperitoneal Contrast Extravasation has an Increased Probability of Requiring Operative Intervention
Authors: Fu Chih‐Yuan , Wu Shih‐Chi , Chen Ray‐Jade , Chen Yung‐Fang , Wang Yu‐Chun , Huang Hung‐Chang , Huang Jui‐Chien , Lu Chih‐Wei , Lin Wei‐Ching
Published: July 2010

Background

Angioembolization is an effective adjunct to the management of blunt splenic injuries (BSI) that are not surgically treated. However, in some cases patients are unable to undergo angioembolization due to changes in their hemodynamic condition. In this study we attempt to define the characteristics of patients who need angioembolization in high‐grade BSI.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients with BSI between January 2004 and June 2008. Patients with contrast extravasation (CE) on computed tomography (CT) scan were enrolled. The demographics, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), the amount of blood transfused, and the type of CE were analyzed.

Results

A total of 69 patients were enrolled. Patients with intraperitoneal CE in BSI required a higher rate of immediate operation due to changed hemodynamics. Furthermore, these patients displayed higher ISS and higher blood transfusion amounts.

Conclusions

In BSI patients, intraperitoneal CE is associated with a higher possibility of requiring surgical intervention. Early surgical intervention should be considered in BSI patients with intraperitoneal CE or with ISS ≥ 25.
Youth ReACT for Social Change: A Method for Youth Participatory Action Research
Authors: Foster-Fishman Pennie G. , Law Kristen M. , Lichty Lauren F. , Aoun Christina
Published: July 2010

Although participatory action research has become an increasingly popular method with youth, involving them in problem identification, analysis, intervention, and/or feedback, few PAR projects tend to involve youth in all of these phases—particularly the data analysis phase. Yet involvement in the data analysis phase of a research effort can help to promote critical awareness of the targeted issues, potentially increasing the effectiveness of subsequent PAR stages. In addition, although many YPAR projects aim to promote the critical consciousness of their youth participants, some projects struggle to promote this awareness, often because the methods used are not well matched to the developmental needs of their participants. In this paper we present the ReACT Method, a PAR approach specifically designed to promote local knowledge production and critical consciousness by engaging youth in the problem identification, data analysis, and feedback stages of research. Given the lack of attention in the literature to the methods used for engaging youth in these processes, we provide detailed descriptions of the methods we developed to engage youth in problem identification and qualitative data analysis.
13C‐NMR Regioisomeric Analysis of EPA and DHA in Fish Oil Derived Triacylglycerol Concentrates
Authors: Suárez Erick Reyes , Mugford Paul F. , Rolle Alfred J. , Burton Ian W. , Walter John A. , Kralovec Jaroslav A.
Published: July 2010

The regio‐isomeric distribution of the omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) cis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the triacylglycerols (TAG) of anchovy/sardine fish oil was determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis under quantitative conditions. From the measurements of sn‐1,3 and sn‐2 carbonyl peak areas it was established that EPA was mainly located in the sn‐1,3 positions, whereas DHA primarily occupied the sn‐2 position. Reconstituted TAG prepared by Candida antarctica lipase‐B (CALB) glycerolysis of the ethyl ester (EE) or the free fatty acid (FFA) forms of anchovy/sardine fish oil, displayed a different pattern: EPA was equally distributed, while DHA was preferentially attached to the sn‐1,3 positions. TAG concentrates of varying EPA and DHA molar fractions were prepared by CALB‐catalyzed glycerolysis of the corresponding EE and FFA. 13C‐NMR analysis of the purified products revealed a lack of CALB regioselectivity for EPA and a slight sn‐1,3 regioselectivity for DHA. Since this pattern was observed in all cases of this study, it was concluded that the lipase regioselectivity during TAG synthesis is independent of both the acyl donor type (carboxylic acid or ester) and the fatty acid content of the oil substrate.
Antioxidant responses to an acute ultra-endurance exercise: impact on DNA stability and indications for an increased need for nutritive antioxidants in the early recovery phase
Authors: Neubauer Oliver , Reichhold Stefanie , Nics Lukas , Hoelzl Christine , Valentini Judit , Stadlmayr Barbara , Knasmüller Siegfried , Wagner Karl-Heinz
Published: July 2010

Antioxidant requirements have neither been defined for endurance nor been defined for ultra-endurance athletes. To verify whether an acute bout of ultra-endurance exercise modifies the need for nutritive antioxidants, we aimed (1) to investigate the changes of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in response to an Ironman triathlon; (2) to particularise the relevance of antioxidant responses to the indices of oxidatively damaged blood lipids, blood cell compounds and lymphocyte DNA and (3) to examine whether potential time-points of increased susceptibility to oxidative damage are associated with alterations in the antioxidant status. Blood that was collected from forty-two well-trained male athletes 2 d pre-race, immediately post-race, and 1, 5 and 19 d later was sampled. The key findings of the present study are as follows: (1) Immediately post-race, vitamin C, α-tocopherol, and levels of the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, the ferric reducing ability of plasma and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays increased significantly. Exercise-induced changes in the plasma antioxidant capacity were associated with changes in uric acid, bilirubin and vitamin C. (2) Significant inverse correlations between ORAC levels and indices of oxidatively damaged DNA immediately and 1 d post-race suggest a protective role of the acute antioxidant responses in DNA stability. (3) Significant decreases in carotenoids and γ-tocopherol 1 d post-race indicate that the antioxidant intake during the first 24 h of recovery following an acute ultra-endurance exercise requires specific attention. Furthermore, the present study illustrates the importance of a diversified and well-balanced diet to maintain a physiological antioxidant status in ultra-endurance athletes in reference to recommendations.
Exchange Rate Regimes and Independent Central Banks: A Correlated Choice of Imperfectly Credible Institutions
Authors: Bodea Cristina
Published: July 2010

Theory and empirical evidence show that low inflation is a precondition for economic growth. Independent central banks and fixed exchange rates are institutional mechanisms that help keep inflation low by lending monetary policy credibility to governments. However, the two institutions are commonly analyzed as substitutes that tie the hands of inflation prone governments. Thus, the literature has difficulties describing why governments would adopt both institutions and the interaction between them. This paper presents a model that allows policymakers the simultaneous choice of monetary institutions and shows that imperfectly credible institutions will overlap: when exchange rates are fixed but adjustable and central bank independence is not fully ascertainable, governments choose both institutions. More generally, the paper generates hypotheses about the conditions that make fixed exchange rates and independent central banks complements or substitutes, thus contributing to an explanation of the diversity of global monetary institutions in the post–Bretton Woods period.
The Eternal Embrace: Ghostly Maidens in Sidney McCall's Fiction
Authors: BLOUIN MICHAEL J.
Published: July 2010

At the turn of the century, “Japan” was being imagined for the American public in a variety of ways. Sidney McCall, wife of Hegelian Ernest Fenollosa and close friend of Romanticist Lafcadio Hearn, sought a way to incorporate “Japan” into Fenollosa's broader Idealist arch while simultaneously preserving the titillation of Hearn's “ghostly tales.” By so doing, McCall attempted to reconcile divided notions of “femininity” in early Japanology (and American discourse at large). She utilized the form of the novel itself to work systematically through the schism between “feminine mystique” and “maternal feminism”; this uncertainty was resolved, for McCall, in her Idealist fictions from “Japan.”
From Pinstripe Wool to Ripstop Poplin: The US President, Symbolic Politics, and the Salute
Authors: NISLEY THOMAS JAY
Published: July 2010

In the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan began the tradition of returning military personnel's salutes. At his inauguration, President Barack Obama returned the salutes of the troops as they paraded by the reviewing stand. Some may suggest these actions are simply a sign of respect by Presidents for the service of the military. Nevertheless, we must also understand how Presidents have used military ritual and symbols to enhance their powers. By embracing military symbols, the President is transformed from a civilian to a military figure. This transformation diminishes Congress's ability to exercise its constitutional war power. Congress is less likely to challenge a President perceived as part of the military than one perceived as the civilian chief executive.
New wave generation
Authors: MERCIER MATTHIEU J. , MARTINAND DENIS , MATHUR MANIKANDAN , GOSTIAUX LOUIS , PEACOCK THOMAS , DAUXOIS THIERRY
Published: July 2010

We present the results of a combined experimental and numerical study of the generation of internal waves using the novel internal wave generator design of Gostiaux et al. (Exp. Fluids, vol. 42, 2007, pp. 123–130). This mechanism, which involves a tunable source composed of oscillating plates, has so far been used for a few fundamental studies of internal waves, but its full potential is yet to be realized. Our study reveals that this approach is capable of producing a wide variety of two-dimensional wave fields, including plane waves, wave beams and discrete vertical modes in finite-depth stratifications. The effects of discretization by a finite number of plates, forcing amplitude and angle of propagation are investigated, and it is found that the method is remarkably efficient at generating a complete wave field despite forcing only one velocity component in a controllable manner. We furthermore find that the nature of the radiated wave field is well predicted using Fourier transforms of the spatial structure of the wave generator.
First report of larval stages ofFasciola hepaticain a wild population ofPseudosuccinea columellafrom Cuba and the Caribbean
Authors: Gutiérrez A. , Vázquez A.A. , Hevia Y. , Sánchez J. , Correa A.C. , Hurtrez-Boussès S. , Pointier J.-P. , Théron A.
Published: July 2010

A wild population of the lymnaeid snailPseudosuccinea columellainfected by larval stages ofFasciola hepaticawas discovered in the Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. One of 100 snails was infected in a rice culture field. This is the first time this species has been found acting as intermediate host ofF. hepaticaunder natural conditions, not only for Cuba but also for the Caribbean area.
Why is there no gender in the English School?
Authors: BLANCHARD ERIC M.
Published: July 2010

Why has English School theory, even as it has been re-imagined as critical international society theory, ignored the workings of gender in international politics? This article stages an encounter between the English School and feminists in International Relations (IR), first demonstrating the broad compatibility of the two approaches. I argue that to conduct a conversation between English School and IR feminist approaches, it is necessary to reconstruct the English School's three traditions – Realist, Rationalist, and Revolutionist – so as to allow a greater role for gender as a category of analysis. I then review the work of two key English School scholars, Hedley Bull and Barry Buzan with this reconstruction in mind. Finally, I argue that IR theorists who have participated in the recent English School revival should consider integrating gender into its theoretical and research agenda, and show several examples of how a hybrid approach can be brought to bear on the expansion of international society, diplomacy, and human rights.
Thinking as a Team: Towards an Explanation of Nonselfish Behavior
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: July 2010

For most of the problems that economists consider, the assumption that agents are self-interested works well enough, generating predictions that are broadly consistent with observation. In some significant cases, however, we find economic behavior that seems to be inconsistent with self-interest. In particular, we find that some public goods and some charitable ventures are financed by the independent voluntary contributions of many thousands of individuals. In Britain, for example, the lifeboat service is entirely financed by voluntary contributions. In all rich countries, charitable appeals raise large amounts of money for famine relief in the Third World. The willingness of individuals to contribute to such projects is an economic fact that requires an explanation.
Positive-entropy integrable systems and the Toda lattice, II
Authors: BUTLER LEO T.
Published: July 2010

This paper constructs completely integrable convex Hamiltonians on the cotangent bundle of certain k bundles over l. A central role is played by the Lax representation of a Bogoyavlenskij–Toda lattice. The classification of these systems, up to iso-energetic topological conjugacy, is related to the classification of abelian groups of Anosov toral automorphisms by their topological entropy function.
Catalan loops
Authors: LONG LING , SMITH JONATHAN D. H.
Published: July 2010

Motivated by a problem from number theory about the relationship between Fermat curves and modular curves, a new class of loops is introduced, the Catalan loops. In the number-theoretic context, these loops turn out to be abelian precisely when the Fermat curves and modular curves coincide. General Catalan loops arise on certain transversals to diagonal subgroups in special linear groups over rings with a topologically nilpotent element. The transversals consist of products of certain affine shears. In a Catalan loop, the multiplication and right division are given by rational functions. The left division is algebraic, corresponding to a quadratic irrationality. The left division embodies generating functions for the Catalan numbers. Structurally, Catalan loops are shown to be residually nilpotent.
Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: VICKERS I. , FITZGERALD M. , MURCHAN S. , COTTER S. , O'FLANAGAN D. , CAFFERKEY M. , HUMPHREYS H.
Published: July 2010

The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was included in the routine infant immunization schedule in Ireland in September 2008. We determined the serotype of 977 S. pneumoniae isolates causing invasive disease between 2000–2002 and 2007–2008, assessed for the presence of the recently described serotype 6C and determined the susceptibility of isolates during 2007–2008 to penicillin and cefotaxime. Serotype 14 was the most common serotype during both periods and 7·7% of isolates previously typed as serotype 6A were serotype 6C. During 2000–2002 and 2007–2008, PCV7 could potentially have prevented 85% and 74% of invasive pneumococcal disease in the target population (i.e. children aged <2 years), respectively. The level of penicillin non-susceptibility was 17% in 2007–2008. Ongoing surveillance of serotypes is required to determine the impact of PCV7 in the Irish population and to assess the potential of new vaccines with expanded valency.
Internal structure of the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja volcano, La Palma, Canary Islands, from land magnetotelluric imaging
Authors: Garcia X. , Jones A. G.
Published: July 2010

Large‐scale mass wasting is a natural part of the evolution of volcanic islands, where deformation and indications of flank instability, such as large‐scale faulting and seismic and aseismic slip are common. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands) provides an ideal setting to address fundamental questions about the structure, evolution and stability of island volcanoes. The island of La Palma is still in a shield‐building stage, and it has been postulated that the western side of the island lies over a pre‐existing zone of weakness that can nucleate ruptures. We undertook an audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) survey over the proposed unstable western flank to try to image structures that may be associated with the zone of weakness. The magnetotelluric method (MT) is a geophysical technique used to map the presence of fluids or image important structural contrasts. The goals of this study were (1) to delineate the unstable flank, (2) to map the structures underneath and (3) to determine the presence and geometry of fluids. The results show a 1 km thick top resistive layer overlaying an area of reduced resistivity (enhanced conductivity), interpreted as a layer consisting of an alteration zone and also fluids. Our results confirm previous studies that suggested the existence of a western flank lying over collapse debris material and hyaloclastites, and also they allow us to map part of the subaerial southern extent of the Cumbre Nueva units that lie beneath the more recent Cumbre Vieja rocks. In addition, dimensionality analysis maps the rotation of the dike emplacement off ridge, along the western flank in an en echelon fashion.
Displacement field in contraction‐driven faults
Authors: Shin Hosung , Santamarina J. Carlos , Cartwright Joseph A.
Published: July 2010

We investigate the distribution of strain and deformation in the host sediment that arises once a contraction‐driven shear fault has localized and propagated under a zero‐lateral strain condition. Numerical modeling of displacement distributions compares well with those measured using 3D seismic data. The parameters that determine the displacement field for a single normal fault embedded in sediments are fault height, overburden effective stress, stiffness, and residual friction angle (or post‐peak strength). Proximity to the free boundary biases the displacement pattern, which becomes asymmetric. Although the measured displacements and numerical predictions are similar, the measured magnitude requires pronounced low stiffness of the sediment as well as low post peak shear strength. This requirement suggests that sediments hosting contraction‐driven shear faults most likely have high porosity and high clay fraction and have undergone diagenetic reactions involving significant mineral dissolution. The diagenetic evolution of the sediment and its current composition may explain the global scaling relationship between the measured displacement and fault height for polygonal fault systems.
Mechanics of active magmatic intraplating in the Rio Grande Rift near Socorro, New Mexico
Authors: Pearse J. , Fialko Y.
Published: July 2010

We investigate long‐term deformation due to the Socorro Magma Body (SMB), one of the largest active intrusions in the Earth's continental crust, using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations and finite element simulations. InSAR data spanning 15 years (1992–2007) indicate that the magma body is associated with a steady crustal uplift at a rate of about 2 mm yr−1. Previous work showed that while the pattern of surface uplift is consistent with an elastic inflation of a large sill‐like magma body, the SMB could not have formed via steady elastic inflation because the latter would be outpaced by magma solidification. We resolve this problem using coupled thermo‐visco‐elastic models, and place constraints on the intrusion history as well as the rheology of the ambient crustal rocks. We demonstrate that observations rule out the linear Maxwell response of the ductile crust, but are consistent with laboratory‐derived power law rheologies. Our preferred model suggests that the age of the SMB is of the order of 103 years, and that the apparent constancy of the present‐day uplift may be due to slow heat transfer and ductile deformation in a metamorphic aureole of a giant sill‐like magma intrusion, rather than due to a steady increase in the magma overpressure. The SMB is a contemporaneous example of “magmatic intraplating,” a process by which large volumes of mafic melt stall and spread at midcrustal depths due to density or rheology contrasts.
Defining the updip extent of the gas hydrate stability zone on continental margins with low geothermal gradients
Authors: Gorman Andrew R. , Senger Kim
Published: July 2010

The distribution of gas hydrate on a continental slope is often characterized as a wedge that pinches out on the seafloor. This part of the hydrate stability zone is particularly relevant for studies of the dynamics of hydrate accumulations, such as processes related to slope stability or hydrate dissociation leading to methane release into the overlying ocean. For regions with very low geothermal gradients, we have produced a series of thermobaric models of the shallow hydrate stability zone that contain an unexpected geometrical distribution of hydrated sediments. In these models, the shallowest part of the stability field thickens and bulges landward. Such a feature is more likely to happen in regions where low geothermal gradients are further lowered by high sedimentation rates. Also, the effect is greater beneath colder oceans. Although a hydrate stability zone bulge would be difficult to image with conventional seismic methods, there are numerous locations around the world where such a system could develop.
Influence of fault slip rate on shear‐induced permeability
Authors: Tanikawa Wataru , Sakaguchi Masumi , Tadai Osamu , Hirose Takehiro
Published: July 2010

We measured permeability in sandstone and granite sheared at slip rates from 10−4 to 1.3 m/s under low‐normal stress at confining pressures up to 120 MPa. As the slip rate increased, the permeability of Berea sandstone decreased by an order of magnitude, whereas that of Indian sandstone and Aji granite increased by 3 orders of magnitude at high slip rates. A fine‐grained gouge layer of thickness developed during slip, and the wear rate was increased abruptly at high slip rates. Microcracks and mesoscale fractures formed at slip rates above 0.13 m/s. Numerical modeling showed that the slip surface temperature increased by several hundred degrees for slip velocities above 0.13 m/s and exceeded the α‐β phase transition temperature of quartz at 1.3 m/s. Both the temperature rise and the temperature gradient at the slip surface were high at fast slip rates. We attributed reduced permeability after slip in porous sandstone to the low‐permeability gouge layer. An abrupt permeability increase in low‐permeability rocks at high slip rates was caused by heat‐induced cracks. An increase in the rate of wear of gouge with increasing slip velocity was caused by frictional heating that reduced the rock strength. The host‐rock permeability that separated reductions and increases in permeability was about 10−16 m2 at 10 MPa effective pressure. Our results suggest that abrupt increases in shear stress during slip in a low‐permeability fault zone caused by thermal cracking, which may decrease the total slip displacement. The abrupt permeability increase at high slip rates in low‐permeability rocks agrees with hydrogeochemical phenomena observed after earthquakes.
The Virtual Physiological Human T
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Authors: Cooper Jonathan , Cervenansky Frederic , De Fabritiis Gianni , Fenner John , Friboulet Denis , Giorgino Toni , Manos Steven , Martelli Yves , Villà-Freixa Jordi , Zasada Stefan , Lloyd Sharon , McCormack Keith , Coveney Peter V.
Published: July 2010

The Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) is a major European e-Science initiative intended to support the development of patient-specific computer models and their application in personalized and predictive healthcare. The VPH Network of Excellence (VPH-NoE) project is tasked with facilitating interaction between the various VPH projects and addressing issues of common concern. A key deliverable is the ‘VPH T
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’—a collection of tools, methodologies and services to support and enable VPH research, integrating and extending existing work across Europe towards greater interoperability and sustainability.

Owing to the diverse nature of the field, a single monolithic ‘toolkit’ is incapable of addressing the needs of the VPH. Rather, the VPH T
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should be considered more as a ‘toolbox’ of relevant technologies, interacting around a common set of standards. The latter apply to the information used by tools, including any data and the VPH models themselves, and also to the naming and categorizing of entities and concepts involved.

Furthermore, the technologies and methodologies available need to be widely disseminated, and relevant tools and services easily found by researchers. The VPH-NoE has thus created an online resource for the VPH community to meet this need. It consists of a database of tools, methods and services for VPH research, with a Web front-end. This has facilities for searching the database, for adding or updating entries, and for providing user feedback on entries. Anyone is welcome to contribute.
Supporting the education evidence portal via text mining
Authors: Ananiadou Sophia , Thompson Paul , Thomas James , Mu Tingting , Oliver Sandy , Rickinson Mark , Sasaki Yutaka , Weissenbacher Davy , McNaught John
Published: July 2010

The UK Education Evidence Portal (eep) provides a single, searchable, point of access to the contents of the websites of 33 organizations relating to education, with the aim of revolutionizing work practices for the education community. Use of the portal alleviates the need to spend time searching multiple resources to find relevant information. However, the combined content of the websites of interest is still very large (over 500 000 documents and growing). This means that searches using the portal can produce very large numbers of hits. As users often have limited time, they would benefit from enhanced methods of performing searches and viewing results, allowing them to drill down to information of interest more efficiently, without having to sift through potentially long lists of irrelevant documents. The Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)-funded ASSIST project has produced a prototype web interface to demonstrate the applicability of integrating a number of text-mining tools and methods into the eep, to facilitate an enhanced searching, browsing and document-viewing experience. New features include automatic classification of documents according to a taxonomy, automatic clustering of search results according to similar document content, and automatic identification and highlighting of key terms within documents.
The e-Social Science research agenda
Authors: Halfpenny Peter , Procter Rob
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we use the experience of the first 5 years of the UK Economic and Social Research Council’s National Centre for e-Social Science as a basis for reflecting upon the future development of the e-Social Science research agenda.
Methodological commons: arts and humanities e-Science fundamentals
Authors: Anderson Sheila , Blanke Tobias , Dunn Stuart
Published: July 2010

The application of e-Science technologies to disciplines in the arts and humanities raises major questions as to how those technologies can be most usefully exploited, what tools and infrastructures are needed for that exploitation, and what new research approaches can be generated. This paper reviews a number of activities in the UK and Europe in the last 5 years which have sought to address these questions through processes of experimentation and targeted infrastructure development. In the UK, the AHeSSC (Arts and Humanities e-Science Support Centre) has played a coordinating role for seven projects funded by the Arts and Humanities e-Science Initiative. In Europe, DARIAH (Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities) has sought to develop a deeper understanding of research information and communication in the arts and humanities, and to inform the development of e-infrastructures accordingly. Both sets of activity have indicated a common requirement: to construct a framework which consistently describes the methods and functions of scholarly activity which underlie digital arts and humanities research, and the relationships between them. Such a ‘methodological commons’ has been formulated in the field of the digital humanities. This paper describes the application of this approach to arts and humanities e-Science, with reference to the early work of DARIAH and AHeSSC.
PathGrid: a service-orientated architecture for microscopy image analysis
Authors: Walton N. A. , Brenton J. D. , Caldas C. , Irwin M. J. , Akram A. , Gonzalez-Solares E. , Lewis J. R. , Maccallum P. H. , Morris L. J. , Rixon G. T.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes ‘PathGrid’—an analysis and data integration system, developed initially to meet the demands in the analysis of medical microscopy imaging data. An overview of the current system is given, describing the techniques used in developing the data handling infrastructure and the analysis algorithm development. The use of software created in the context of systems designed for the astronomy domain is noted, specifically infrastructure from the astronomy virtual observatory movement for data discovery, access and workflow management, and astronomical image analysis software adapted for the analysis of high-throughput astronomy imaging surveys. This paper notes the applicability of the techniques from the astronomy domain. The testbed infrastructure deployment is described, emphasizing its speed and ease of use and support. The validity of the analysis techniques is confirmed through the pilot study described here—with the application to a large sample of immunohistochemistry microscopy data obtained in part for assessing the oestrogen receptor status of breast cancers. The analysis showed that the specificity and sensitivity values for the automatic scoring using PathGrid were within the errors of those obtained via a ‘gold standard’ manual pathologist scoring.