bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic inventory in capacitated supply chain procurement
Authors: Keskinocak Pınar , Chivatxaranukul Kasarin , Griffin Paul M.
Published: January 2008

We study the strategic role of inventory in a sequential two‐period procurement setting, where the supplier's capacity in the first period is limited and the retailer has the option to hold inventory. We compare the equilibrium under a dynamic contract, where the decisions are made at the beginning of each period, and a commitment contract, where the decisions for both periods are made at the beginning of the first period. We show that there is a critical capacity level below which the outcomes under both types of contracts are identical. When the first period capacity is above the critical level, the retailer holds inventory in equilibrium and the inventory is carried due to purely strategic reasons; as capacity increases, so does the strategic role of inventory. The supplier always prefers lower capacity than the retailer, and the difference between supplier‐optimal and supply‐chain optimal capacities, and the corresponding profits, can be significant. Finally, we find that the retailer's flexibility to hold inventory is not always good for the participants or for the channel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and optimization of look‐locker spin labeling for measuring perfusion and transit time changes in activation studies taking into account arterial blood volume
Authors: Francis S.T. , Bowtell R. , Gowland P.A.
Published: January 2008

This work describes a new compartmental model with step‐wise temporal analysis for a Look‐Locker (LL)‐flow‐sensitive alternating inversion‐recovery (FAIR) sequence, which combines the FAIR arterial spin labeling (ASL) scheme with a LL echo planar imaging (EPI) measurement, using a multireadout EPI sequence for simultaneous perfusion and T measurements. The new model highlights the importance of accounting for the transit time of blood through the arteriolar compartment, δ, in the quantification of perfusion. The signal expected is calculated in a step‐wise manner to avoid discontinuities between different compartments. The optimal LL‐FAIR pulse sequence timings for the measurement of perfusion with high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and high temporal resolution at 1.5, 3, and 7T are presented. LL‐FAIR is shown to provide better SNR per unit time compared to standard FAIR. The sequence has been used experimentally for simultaneous monitoring of perfusion, transit time, and T changes in response to a visual stimulus in four subjects. It was found that perfusion increased by 83 ± 4% on brain activation from a resting state value of 94 ± 13 ml/100 g/min, while T increased by 3.5 ± 0.5%. Magn Reson Med 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New phosphorylated derivatives of carboxymethylcellulose with osteogenic activity
Authors: Leone Gemma , Torricelli Paola , Giardino Roberto , Barbucci Rolando
Published: January 2008

New phosphorylated derivatives of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and amidic CMC were realized using trisodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as the phosphating agent. The new polysaccharides were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The characterized polysaccharides were then crosslinked and their rheological and swelling properties determined. The presence of phosphate groups made the three‐dimensional structures more compact and harder than the corresponding non‐phosphated hydrogels. Evaluation of the bioactivity of phosphorylated hydrogels toward osteoblast‐like cells (MG63) showed a significant increase in the osteocalcin production. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal characteristics associated with pregnancy exposure to FDA category C, D, and X drugs in a Canadian population
Authors: Yang Tubao , Walker Mark C. , Krewski Daniel , Yang Qiuying , Nimrod Carl , Garner Peter , Fraser William , Olatunbosun Olufemi , Wen Shi Wu
Published: January 2008

Purpose

To estimate the frequency of exposure to prescription Food and Drug Administration (FDA) category C, D, and X drugs in pregnant women, and to analyze the maternal characteristics associated with such an exposure.

Methods

A 50% random sample of women who gave a birth in Saskatchewan between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2000 was chosen for the study. The rate of exposure to FDA category C, D, or X drugs recorded in the pharmacist database was estimated. Associations of exposure to FDA category C, D, and X drugs with maternal characteristics were evaluated using multiple logistical regression, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as the association measures.

Results

A total of 18 575 women were included in this study. Among them, 3604 (19.4%) had exposure to one or more FDA category C, D, and X drugs during pregnancy. Category C drugs were the most frequently used drugs (15.8%), followed by D drugs (5.2%), and X drugs (3.9%). Women with chronic health conditions had fourfold at increased risk of exposure than women without. Regardless of health status, women who were <20 years of age, who had a parity ≥3, and who were on social assistance plan were at increased risk of pregnancy exposure to these drugs.

Conclusions

About 19.4% pregnant women are exposed to FDA C, D or X drugs during pregnancy. Women with chronic diseases, younger age, increased parity, and under social assistance are at increased risk of exposure to FDA C, D, or X drugs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes reveals protein changes in stress and glycolysis
Authors: Ruiz‐Romero Cristina , Carreira Vanessa , Rego Ignacio , Remeseiro Silvia , López‐Armada María J. , Blanco Francisco J.
Published: January 2008

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degradation. The chondrocyte is the only cell type present in mature cartilage, and it is important in the control of cartilage integrity. The aim of this study was to analyze, by a proteomic approach, the changes that are characteristic of OA chondrocytes, and to identify new OA‐related proteins. Chondrocytes were isolated from the cartilage of ten OA patients undergoing joint replacement and ten donors with no history of joint disease. Whole‐cell proteins were resolved by 2‐DE and stained with SYPRO Ruby. Protein expression patterns of 2‐DE gels from OA and normal chondrocyte proteins were analyzed with PDQuest 7.3.1 software. OA‐related proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF or MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS. The results were validated for ANXA1, GSTO1, GRP78, and HSP90β in cells by Western blotting and in tissue cartilage by immunohistochemistry. Results showed an average of 700 protein spots that were present in the 2‐DE gels. Compared to normal chondrocytes, 19 protein spots were found to be significantly increased in OA cells (ratio OA:N≥2.0, p<0.05), whereas nine were decreased in OA chondrocytes (ratio OA:N≤0.5, p<0.05). Three stress response proteins were increased (HSP90β, GRP78, and GRP94) and three proteins involved in glycolysis were decreased (enolase, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and fructose biphosphate aldolase). Functionally, almost all proteins could be classified as proteins involved in cellular metabolism (33%), structure (21%), or protein targeting (21%).
Development and use of a partial Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis protein array
Authors: Bannantine John P. , Waters W. Ray , Stabel Judith R. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Li Lingling , Kapur Vivek , Paustian Michael L.
Published: January 2008

As an initial step toward systematically characterizing all antigenic proteins produced by a significant veterinary pathogen, 43 recombinant Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) expression clones were constructed, cataloged, and stored. NC filters were spotted with purified proteins from each clone along with a whole cell lysate of M. paratuberculosis. Spots on the resulting dot array consisted of hypothetical proteins (13), metabolic proteins (3), cell envelope proteins (7), known antigens (4), and unique proteins with no similarity in public sequence databases (16). Dot blot arrays were used to profile antibody responses in a rabbit and mouse exposed to M. paratuberculosis as well as in cattle showing clinical signs of Johne's disease. The M. paratuberculosis heat shock protein DnaK, encoded by ORF MAP3840 and a membrane protein (MAP2121c), were identified as the most strongly immunoreactive in both the mouse and rabbit hosts, respectively. MAP3155c, which encodes a hypothetical protein, was most strongly immunoreactive in sera from Johne's disease cattle. This study has enabled direct comparisons of antibody reactivity for an entire panel of over 40 proteins and has laid the foundation for future high throughput production and arraying of M. paratuberculosis surface proteins for immune profiling experiments in cattle.
Thermal stress relaxation in magnesium matrix composites studied by mechanical spectroscopy
Authors: Chowdhury A. S. M. F. , Mari D. , Schaller R.
Published: January 2008

Thermal stress relaxation at the interfaces in magnesium matrix composites has been studied by mechanical spectroscopy. Two specimens were processed by a gas pressure infiltration method. In one sample, the metallic matrix was unidirectionally oriented with respect to the matrix‐reinforcement interface by a Bridgman technique, while the other was kept as infiltrated. The results show a strong dependence of the damping on the orientation of the matrix. The results are compared with a model of thermal stress relaxation by dislocation motion controlled by a solid friction mechanism. A fitting parameter proportional to the mobile dislocation density is obtained showing the entire evolution of the mobile dislocation density with respect to the temperature. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reproducibility of serum protein profiling by systematic assessment using solid‐phase extraction and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Callesen Anne K. , Christensen René dePont , Madsen Jonna S. , Vach Werner , Zapico Edgar , Cold Søren , Jørgensen Per E. , Mogensen Ole , Kruse Torben A. , Jensen Ole N.
Published: January 2008

Protein profiling of human serum by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) is potentially a new diagnostic tool for early detection of human diseases, including cancer. Sample preparation is a key issue in MALDI MS and the analysis of complex samples such as serum requires optimized, reproducible methods for handling and deposition of protein samples. Data acquisition in MALDI MS is also a critical issue, since heterogeneity of sample deposits leads to attenuation of ion signals in MALDI MS. In order to improve the robustness and reproducibility of MALDI MS for serum protein profiling we investigated a range of sample preparation techniques and developed a statistical method based on repeated analyses for evaluation of protein‐profiling performance of MALDI MS. Two different solid‐phase extraction (SPE) methods were investigated, namely custom‐made microcolumns and commercially available magnetic beads. Using these two methods, nineteen different sample preparation methods for serum profiling by MALDI MS were systematically tested with regard to matrix selection, stationary phase, selectivity, and reproducibility. Microcolumns were tested with regard to chromatographic properties; reversed phase (C8, C18, SDB‐XC), ion‐exchange (anion, weak cation, mixed‐phase (SDB‐RPS)) and magnetic beads were tested with regard to chromatographic properties; reversed phase (C8) or affinity chromatography (Cu‐IMAC). The reproducibility of each sample preparation method was determined by enumeration and analysis of protein signals that were detected in at least six out of nine spectra obtained by three triplicate analyses of one serum sample.

A candidate for best overall performance as evaluated by the number of peaks generated and the reproducibility of mass spectra was found among the tested methods. Up to 418 reproducible peaks were detected in one cancer serum sample. These protein peaks can be part of a possible diagnostic profile, suggesting that this sample preparation method and data acquisition approach is suitable for large‐scale analysis of serum samples for protein profiling. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase fragmentation of half‐ and first‐generation polyamidoamine dendrimers by electrospray mass spectrometry using a quadrupole ion trap
Authors: Vincent Thomas J.‐C. , Dolé Romain , Lange Catherine M.
Published: January 2008

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are nanopolymers that can bind with biomolecules such as DNA, drugs or proteins. In order to study these complexes, we first fragmented half‐ and first‐generation PAMAM, G0.5 and G1, respectively, using a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) equipped with an electrospray ionisation source. For both G0.5 and G1 we observed a series of impurities that only can stem from synthesis defects and that are principally due to missing branches and intramolecular cyclisations. Fragmentations of G1 showed regularity in the product ions. These ions result from the loss of 60 Da, obtained by an intramolecular cyclisation, and from the loss of 114 Da, obtained by a four‐centred hydrogen transfer or a retro‐Michael reaction. The fragmentations stemmed either from competitive or from consecutive reactions, even though resonant fragmentation QIT was used. It is shown that the principal fragmentation reaction is a retro‐Michael rearrangement for both G1 and G0.5. In addition, by fragmenting totally deuterated [G1‐d28]Na+ we were able to establish fragmentation pathways. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ionization efficiency scale of organic compounds
Authors: Leito Ivo , Herodes Koit , Huopolainen Merit , Virro Kristina , Künnapas Allan , Kruve Anneli , Tanner Risto
Published: January 2008

An approach that allows setting up under predefined ionization conditions a rugged self‐consistent quantitative experimental scale of electrospray ionization (ESI) efficiencies of organic compounds is presented. By ESI ionization efficiency (IE) we mean the efficiency of generating gas‐phase ions from analyte molecules or ions in the ESI source. The approach is based on measurement of relative ionization efficiency (RIE) of two compounds (B1 and B2) by infusing a solution containing both compounds at known concentrations (C1 and C2) and measuring the mass‐spectrometric responses of the protonated forms of the compounds (R1 and R2). The RIE of B1 and B2 is expressed as logRIE(B1, B2) = log[(R1 · C2)/(C1 · R2)]. The relative way of measurement leads to cancellation of many of the factors affecting IE (ESI source design, voltages in the source and ion transport system, solvent composition, flow rates and temperatures of the nebulizing and drying gases). Using this approach an ESI IE scale containing ten compounds (esters and aromatic amines) and spanning over 4 logRIE units has been compiled. The consistency of the scale (the consistency standard deviation of the scale is s = 0.16 logRIE units) was assured by making measurements using different concentration ratios (at least 6‐fold concentration ratio range) of the compounds and by making circular validation measurements (the logRIE of any two compounds was checked by measuring both against a third compound). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic comparison of δ34S measurements by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and evaluation of full uncertainty budget using two different metrological approaches
Authors: Santamaria‐Fernandez Rebeca , Hearn Ruth
Published: January 2008

A systematic comparison of δ34S measurements by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MCICPMS) using two different standardisation approaches and two different reference materials as working standards is reported for the first time. Full uncertainty budgets have been calculated using the Kragten approach. Internal standardisation by measuring Si ratios and external standardisation by bracketing samples with either NIST RM8553 or NIST RM8554 have been compared to correct for the effects of mass bias. The δ34S value and the associated uncertainty (‰) were found to be slightly different when using different approaches. Corrected 34S:32S ratios for NIST RM8553 and NIST RM8554 differed from those previously reported by 0.1 to 0.5% when using external standardisation. 34S:32S ratios for NIST RM8553 and NIST RM8554 differed from those previously reported by 0.06 to 0.15% when using Si internal standardisation. This indicated that in order to minimise deviation from true ratio values, Si internal standardisation would be a more appropriate option when using a Neptune MCICPMS instrument. δ34S values were obtained for four different methionine samples and expanded uncertainties (k = 2) expressed in δ34S (‰) ranged from 0.7‰ to 1.6‰. Regardless of the approach used for the mass bias correction, three parameters provided the major contributions to the standard uncertainty of the δ34SV‐CDT value. These were the measured 34S:32S in the sample, the measured 34S:32S for the working standard and the known δ34SV‐CDT value of the working standard. Results using both approaches are compared and the Si internal standardisation approach is used to provide results for an inter‐laboratory comparison. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of interface effects on the reflection of circularly polarised light from the thin‐film structure of scarabus beetles
Authors: Brink D. J. , van der Berg N. G. , Prinsloo L. C.
Published: January 2008

Many scarabus beetles, such as Gymnopleurus virens exhibit exceptionally bright iridescent colours caused by a Bragg resonance in the thin‐layered structure of the exocuticle. These layers are rotated by a small angle with respect to each other resulting in a helcoidal stack, which reflects circularly polarised light with the same sense of rotation as that of the stack. Previous work assumed a smooth chiral structure, but in this work we explicitly include the effect of discrete layers and twist angles and investigate the effect of different layer densities on the reflectance spectrum. By comparing modelled results to experimentally recorded spectra it is possible to estimate the actual layer density found in this scarabus beetle. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solute segregation to ferrite grain boundaries in nodular cast iron: experiment and prediction
Authors: Lejček Pavel , Konečná Radomila , Janovec Jozef
Published: January 2008

Grain boundary segregation belongs to the phenomena affecting predominantly mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Although extended studies of interfacial phosphorus segregation have been done in low‐alloy steels, no information is available on segregation of this impurity to ferrite grain boundaries in cast irons. In this contribution we describe chemical composition of grain boundaries of the ferrite phase in nodular cast iron. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements are compared with the prediction of chemical composition based on the recently proposed thermodynamic models (the relationship between the enthalpy of solute segregation and the solid solubility, and the compensation effect). Both these general relationships are applied to predict the segregation of any solute at any grain boundary: this prediction offers a substantial extension of the database on grain boundary segregation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative lateral resolution of a Quantum 2000 X‐ray microprobe
Authors: Scheithauer U.
Published: January 2008

The minimal primary X‐ray beam size of a Quantum 2000 scanning X‐ray microprobe is in the order of 10 µm. This value is obtained by measuring the distance required for a 20–80% signal increase when scanning over a material edge. But for a more precise determination of the quantitative lateral resolution of the instrument the long tail contributions of the primary X‐ray beam have to be taken into account.

To measure these long tail contributions, Pt apertures of different diameters usually used in electron microscopes are utilized. When the primary X‐ray beam is positioned in the center of the aperture, the Pt count rate gives an estimation of the long tail X‐ray contributions from outside the aperture radius. This count rate can then be normalized by a second measurement on homogeneous Pt metal.

In this way, the quantitative lateral resolution function for a Quantum 2000 X‐ray microprobe was determined. In particular, it was found that independent from the primary X‐ray beam size, an aperture size of approximately 450 µm is necessary to reduce the Pt signal to 1% of the reference signal. A knowledge of the quantitative lateral resolution function is essential to estimate the accuracy of trace element detection on small sample features because of the trade‐off between lateral spatial resolution and elemental detection limit. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The emergence and use of diagramming in system dynamics: a critical account
Authors: Lane David C.
Published: January 2008

The paper reviews the leading diagramming methods employed in system dynamics to communicate the contents of models. The main ideas and historical development of the field are first outlined. Two diagramming methods—causal loop diagrams (CLDs) and stock/flow diagrams (SFDs)—are then described and their advantages and limitations discussed. A set of broad research directions is then outlined. These concern: the abilities of different diagrams to communicate different ideas, the role that diagrams have in group model building, and the question of whether diagrams can be an adequate substitute for simulation modelling. The paper closes by suggesting that although diagrams alone are insufficient, they have many benefits. However, since these benefits have emerged only as ‘craft wisdom’, a more rigorous programme of research into the diagrams' respective attributes is called for. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tragfähigkeit von Lochleibungsverbindungen vorgespannter Glasscheiben zur Ausbildung von Anschlüssen im Konstruktiven Glasbau
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Pilsl Mascha , Colomer Segura Carles
Published: January 2008

Im Stahlbau sind wegen der vergleichsweise “unbegrenzten” Duktilität Lochleibungsverbindungen Standardanschlüsse, deren Bemessungsvorschriften einfachen Ingenieurmodellen entstammen. Will man analog Lochleibungsverbindungen im Glasbau einsetzen, trifft man indes nicht auf diese Voraussetzungen, vielmehr sind Spannungsspitzen abpuffernde Zwischenschichten vorzusehen, um Lochleibungsdrücke übertragen zu können. So war das spröde Verhalten von Glas bis jetzt Hauptgrund dafür, dass technische Regeln für die Übertragung von punktförmig eingeleiteten scheibenparallelen Lasten, die den Einbezug von Glasscheiben auch in die Fassadenaussteifung ermöglichen würden, weitgehend fehlen. Am Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau und Leichtmetallbau der RWTH Aachen wurden deswegen umfangreiche experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen an Lochleibungsverbindungen durchgeführt. Darauf aufbauend wurden analytische und numerische Modelle entwickelt mit dem Ziel, ein einfaches Ingenieurmodell herzuleiten, dessen Anwendung in der Praxis dann komplexe Finite‐Elemente‐Berechnungen weitgehend überflüssig machen würde.
Cosulfation of fatty acid alkanolamides and lower molecular weight alcohols
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Noble W. R. , Smith F. D. , Linfield W. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract and Summary

The process for the sulfation of tallow isopropanolamide or of a 50:50 mixture of tallow diglycolamide and isopropanolamide with chlorosulfonic acid was studied. The major obstacle to complete and uniform sulfation was the high viscosity of the sulfation mix. This could be overcome most advantageously by cosulfation with lower molecular weight alcohols, preferably isopropanol. The most fluid reaction mix and product were prepared from the mixed amides. No chlorinated solvent is required for such cosulfations.
Developmental, Hormonal, and Nutritional Regulation of Porcine Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL)
Authors: Deiuliis Jeffrey A. , Shin Jonghyun , Bae Dongryeoul , Azain Michael J. , Barb Richard , Lee Kichoon
Published: January 2008

Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is a newly identified lipase. We report for the first time the porcine ATGL sequence and characterize ATGL gene and protein expression in vitro and in vivo. Adult pig tissue expresses ATGL at high levels in the white adipose and muscle tissue relative to other tested tissues. We show that within the white adipose tissue ATGL is expressed at higher levels in the adipocyte than in the stromal‐vascular fraction. Additionally, ATGL expression increases dramatically in the subcutaneous adipose during adipose development and maturation, as well as during in vitro adipogenesis. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma transcript levels increased concomitant with ATGL gene expression, suggesting a possible role in the regulation of ATGL by adipogenic regulators. In vitro treatment of differentiated primary pig preadipocytes with insulin and forskolin decreased ATGL gene expression in a dose‐dependent manner, suggesting ATGL transcript levels are hormone sensitive. In vivo experimentation showed that calorie‐restriction in gilts resulted in increased ATGL mRNA and protein levels in subcutaneous and peri‐renal fat tissues. Our data demonstrate that ATGL expression reacts to hormonal stimuli and plays a role in catecholamine‐induced lipolysis in porcine adipose tissue.
INTEGRABILITY OF THE DERIVATIVE OF A BLASCHKE PRODUCT
Authors: Girela Daniel , Peláez José Ángel , Vukotić Dragan
Published: January 2008

We study the membership of derivatives of Blaschke products in Hardy and Bergman spaces, especially for the the interpolating Blaschke products and for those whose zeros lie in a Stolz domain. We obtain new and very simple proofs of some known results and prove new theorems that complement or extend the earlier works of Ahern, Clark, Cohn, Kim, Newman, Protas, Rudin, Vinogradov and others.
ON A SEPARATION THEOREM INVOLVING THE QUASI-RELATIVE INTERIOR
Authors: Cammaroto F. , Di Bella B.
Published: January 2008

We establish two separation theorems in which the classic interior is replaced by the quasi-relative interior.
LARGEST 2-GENERATED SUBSEMIGROUPS OF THE SYMMETRIC INVERSE SEMIGROUP
Authors: André J. M. , Fernandes V. H. , Mitchell J. D.
Published: January 2008

The symmetric inverse monoid $\mathcal{I}_{n}$ is the set of all partial permutations of an $n$-element set. The largest possible size of a $2$-generated subsemigroup of $\mathcal{I}_{n}$ is determined. Examples of semigroups with these sizes are given. Consequently, if $M(n)$ denotes this maximum, it is shown that $M(n)/|\mathcal{I}_{n}|\rightarrow1$ as $n\rightarrow\infty$. Furthermore, we deduce the known fact that $\mathcal{I}_{n}$ embeds as a local submonoid of an inverse $2$-generated subsemigroup of $\mathcal{I}_{n+1}$.
GENERATORS OF REGULAR SEMIGROUPS
Authors: KANTOROVITZ SHMUEL
Published: January 2008

A regular semigroup (cf. [4, p. 38]) is a C0-semigroup T(⋅) that has an extension as a holomorphic semigroup W(⋅) in the right halfplane $\Bbb C^+$, such that ||W(⋅)|| is bounded in the ‘unit rectangle’ Q:=(0, 1]× [−1, 1]. The important basic facts about a regular semigroup T(⋅) are: (i) it possesses a boundary groupU(⋅), defined as the limit lims → 0+W(s+i⋅) in the strong operator topology; (ii) U(⋅) is a C0-group, whose generator is iA, where A denotes the generator of T(⋅); and (iii) W(s+it)=T(s)U(t) for all s+it ∈$\Bbb C^+$ (cf. Theorems 17.9.1 and 17.9.2 in [3]). The following converse theorem is proved here. Let A be the generator of a C0-semigroup T(⋅). If iA generates a C0-group, U(⋅), then T(⋅) is a regular semigroup, and its holomorphic extension is given by (iii). This result is related to (but not included in) known results of Engel (cf. Theorem II.4.6 in [2]), Liu [7] and the author [6] for holomorphic extensions into arbitrary sectors, of C0-semigroups that are bounded in every proper subsector. The method of proof is also different from the method used in these references. Criteria for generators of regular semigroups follow as easy corollaries.
ON THE TRANSCENDENCE OF SOME INFINITE SERIES
Authors: HANČL JAROSLAV , ŠTĚPNIČKA JAN
Published: January 2008

The paper deals with a criterion for the sum of a special series to be a transcendental number. The result does not make use of divisibility properties or any kind of equation and depends only on the random oscillation of convergence.
Underwater sand bed erosion and internal jump formation by travelling plane jets
Authors: PERNG A. T. H. , CAPART H.
Published: January 2008

Theory and experiments are used to investigate the water and sediment motion induced along a sea bed by travelling plane jets. Steadily moving jets are considered, and represent an idealization of the tools mounted on ships and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) for injection dredging and trenching. The jet-induced turbulent currents simultaneously suspend sand from the bed and entrain water from the ambient. To describe these processes, a shallow-flow theory is proposed in which the turbulent current is assumed stratified into sediment-laden and sediment-free sublayers. The equations are written in curvilinear coordinates attached to the co-evolving bed profile. A sharp interface description is then adopted to account rigorously for mass and momentum exchanges between the bed, current and ambient, including their effects on the balance of mechanical energy. Travelling-wave solutions are obtained, in which the jet-induced current scours a trench of permanent form in a frame of reference moving with the jetting tool. Depending on the operating parameters, it is found that the sediment-laden current may remain supercritical throughout the trench, or be forced to undergo an internal hydraulic jump. These predictions are confirmed by laboratory experiments. For flows with or without jump in which the current remains attached to the bed, bottom profiles computed by the theory compare favourably with imaging measurements.
‘Kiss My Foot,’ Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy, and the Battle for Raichur, 1520
Authors: EATON RICHARD M.
Published: January 2008

The little-known Battle for Raichur (1520), waged between Krishna Raya of Vijayanagara and Sultan Isma'il ‘Adil Shah of Bijapur, saw a number of firsts in South Asian history: the earliest significant appearance of cannon—whether used offensively as field artillery, or used defensively on the battlements of forts—the earliest known appearance of matchlock firearms, and the first significant use of European mercenaries. It followed the merging of new gunpowder technologies after engagements between Portuguese and Ottoman navies off the Konkan coast. Notably, the side that lost the battle, Bijapur, had the superior firepower. The essay also explores the extraordinary round of diplomacy that followed the battle and the humiliating demands Krishna Raya imposed on the defeated sultan. These demands, and the military and diplomatic manoeuvres that accompanied them, likely sowed the seeds for Vijayanagara's spectacular defeat and destruction forty-five years later, at the Battle of Talikota.
The Frontiers of Memory: What the Marathas Remembered of Vijayanagara
Authors: GUHA SUMIT
Published: January 2008

The past two decades have seen a dramatic renewal of interest in the subject of historical memory, its reproduction and transmission. But most studies have focused on the selection and construction of extant memories. This essay looks at missing memory as well. It seeks to broaden our understanding of memory by investigating the way in which historical memory significant to one historical tradition was slighted by another, even though the two overlapped both spatially and chronologically. It does this by an examination of how the memory of the Marathi-speaking peoples first neglected and then adopted the story of the Vijayanagara empire that once dominated southern India.
THE CREATION OF PATRIARCHY IN JAPAN: WAKITA HARUKO'S “WOMEN IN MEDIEVAL JAPAN” FROM A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ko Dorothy
Published: January 2008

Wakita Haruko. Women in Medieval Japan: Motherhood, Household Management and Sexuality. Translated by Alison Tokita. Clayton, Australia: Monash Asia Institute and Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 2006.
Klinik und Sonographie der Speicheldrüsenkrankheiten - Teil 1
Authors: Studer R.
Published: January 2008

Die Speicheldrüsen können mittels Sonographie – eine rasch verfügbare und kostengünstige Untersuchung – bestens abgeklärt werden. Nur in seltenen Fällen braucht es ein anderes bildgebendes Verfahren. Anamnese und Befunde deuten auf bestimmte Krankheiten hin, die Sonographie grenzt die Differentialdiagnose weiter ein oder bestätigt eine Diagnose. Raumforderungen müssen mittels Feinnadelpunktion weiter abgeklärt werden. Diese ersetzt jedoch nicht die histologische Klärung.
Geometry‐induced residual eddies in estuaries with curved channels: Observations and modeling studies
Authors: Li Chunyan , Chen Changsheng , Guadagnoli Dominic , Georgiou Ioannis Y.
Published: January 2008

Observations using a vessel‐based acoustic Doppler current profiler conducted in two tidal channels with significant curvatures have shown persistent residual eddies. The residual eddies are clearly related to the bend of the channel. For a channel bending toward the north, the residual eddy on the east side of the channel tends to be clockwise, and the residual eddy on the west side of the channel tends to be counterclockwise. Water in these tidal channels is mostly well mixed or weakly stratified. Motivated by these observations, an analytic model is developed to study tidally induced mean circulation in a curved channel with arbitrary depth variations. A sinusoidal channel is used to simulate the effect of curved channels. A series of experiments with different parameters have shown consistently that a pair of residual eddies around the curvature exists. By analyzing the model results, it is found that advection is a major contributor to the residual eddies. Although the pressure gradient and the nonlinear wave propagation may not be negligible, especially for long channels, it is the advection that generates the vorticity of the residual eddies. The conclusion is true for both short and long channels. Here the division between a short and long channel is 0.6 of a quarter of the tidal wavelength. In addition, we also analyzed results from a finite volume numerical model for Lake Pontchartrain, which has curved tidal channels. The results demonstrate similar residual eddies as shown by the analytical model and the observations.
Venus Express observes a new type of shock with pure kinematic relaxation
Authors: Balikhin M. A. , Zhang T. L. , Gedalin M. , Ganushkina N. Y. , Pope S. A.
Published: January 2008

Collisionless shocks are present in the vicinity of many astrophysical objects such as supernova remnants, space jets, stars and planets immersed in the supersonic flow of stellar winds. Understanding the shock structure is crucial for understanding the processes of the redistribution of the upstream flow energy into accelerated particles and formation of downstream thermalized distribution. We report first observations (by Venus Express) of subcritical shocks that do not fit into the well‐established classical structure classification. It is shown that its abnormal structure is due to kinematical collisionless relaxation of downstream ions. The spatial gyrophase mixing leads to formation of a downstream thermalized distribution, instead of various instabilities. This type of subcritical shock with kinematic relaxation has never been discussed before in theoretical models (e.g., C. F. Kennel et al., 1985).
Earthquake nucleation on rate and state faults – Aging and slip laws
Authors: Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Rubin Allan M.
Published: January 2008

We compare 2‐D, quasi‐static earthquake nucleation on rate‐and‐state faults under both “aging” and “slip” versions of the state evolution law. For both versions mature nucleation zones exhibit 2 primary regimes of growth: Well above and slightly above steady state, corresponding respectively to larger and smaller fault weakening rates. Well above steady state, aging‐law nucleation takes the form of accelerating slip on a patch of fixed length. This length is proportional to b−1 and independent of a, where a and b are the constitutive parameters relating changes in slip speed and state to frictional strength. Under the slip law the nucleation zone is smaller and continually shrinks as slip accelerates. The nucleation zone is guaranteed to remain well above steady state only for values of a/b that are low by laboratory standards. Near steady state, for both laws the nucleation zone expands. The propagating front remains well above steady state, giving rise to a simple expression for its effective fracture energy Gc. This fracture energy controls the propagation style. For the aging law Gc increases approximately as the square of the logarithm of the velocity jump. This causes the nucleation zone to undergo quasi‐static crack‐like expansion, to a size asymptotically proportional to b/(b−a)2. For the slip law Gc increases only as the logarithm of the velocity jump, and crack‐like expansion is not an option. Instead, the nucleation zone grows as an accelerating unidirectional slip pulse. Under both laws the nucleation front propagates at a velocity larger than the slip speed by roughly μ′/bσ divided by the logarithm of the velocity jump, where μ′ is the effective elastic shear modulus. For this prediction to be consistent with observed propagation speeds of slow slip events in subduction zones appears to require effective normal stresses as low as 1 MPa.
Hydrography of the West Spitsbergen Current, Svalbard Branch: Autumn 2001
Authors: Cokelet Edward D. , Tervalon Nicole , Bellingham James G.
Published: January 2008

The Atlantic inflow is the primary source of water and heat to the Arctic Ocean. A large portion enters through Fram Strait where it splits into the Yermak and Svalbard Branches. In October to November 2001 the USCGC Healy occupied five oceanographic transects across the Svalbard Branch west and north of Spitsbergen. Temperature and salinity sections show the warm, salty Atlantic Water cooling and freshening as it flows along the continental slope for 553 km. The temperature in the upper 500 m of the water column decreased by 0.25°C/(100 km) implying a heat flux across the sea surface of up to 520 W/m2 if one assumes a nominal current of speed of 0.1 m/s. A temperature‐salinity (T‐S) analysis shows that the shape of the T‐S curves can be explained in terms of the ratio of the atmospheric‐to‐ice‐melt heat flux. The observations imply that ice melt accounts for progressively more surface cooling as the flow moves toward the Arctic Ocean. An autonomous underwater vehicle completed a vertical section in the region of maximum water mass gradient and revealed layer interleaving in fine detail. Data from this cruise extend a long time series of Atlantic layer source temperature beginning in 1910 (Saloranta and Haugan, 2001). The extended observations show that after the temperature of the Atlantic layer inflow reached a peak in 1992, it cooled to a minimum in 1998 and rose again through 2001.
Monocyte‐derived dendritic cells from chagasic patients vs healthy donors secrete differential levels of IL‐10 and IL‐12 when stimulated with a protein fragment of Trypanosoma cruzi heat‐shock protein‐70
Authors: Cuellar Adriana , Santander Sandra Paola , Thomas María del Carmen , Guzmán Fanny , Gómez Alberto , López Manuel Carlos , Puerta Concepción J
Published: January 2008

We analyzed the effect of the truncated heat‐shock protein 70 from Trypanosoma cruzi on maturation of human dendritic cells (DCs) derived from monocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and chagasic patients. The results show that the T‐HSP70 is capable of maturing human DCs inducing an increase in the expression level of the CD83, CD86 and human leukocyte antigen‐DR surface markers, as well as in the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐12, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and IL‐6 cytokines. Results also show the existence of a differential functional activity of matured DCs from chagasic patients vs healthy donors in response to T‐HSP70 protein and to HSP‐70‐derived A72 peptide, as only T‐HSP70‐matured DCs from chagasic patients have an enhanced secretion of IL‐10 and a reduced secretion of IL‐12. Moreover, the addition of A72 peptide to immature DCs from chagasic patients induced an increase in the percentage of cells expressing CD83 and CD86 molecules regarding to the expression level observed by cells from healthy donors. These findings suggest that T. cruzi HSP70 protein may induce a specific maturation profile on chagasic patients' DCs, which would favor the persistence of the parasite in the human host.
Endogenous Melatonin Increases in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Correlates with Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Disarray
Authors: Seifman Marc A , Adamides Alexios A , Nguyen Phuong N , Vallance Shirley A , Cooper David James , Kossmann Thomas , Rosenfeld Jeffrey V , Morganti-Kossmann M Cristina
Published: January 2008

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in secondary damage after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI); and melatonin exhibits both direct and indirect antioxidant effects. Melatonin deficiency is deleterious in TBI animal models, and its administration confers neuroprotection, reducing cerebral oedema, and improving neurobehavioural outcome. This study aimed to measure the endogenous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum melatonin levels post-TBI in humans and to identify relationships with markers of oxidative stress via 8-isoprostaglandin-F2α (isoprostane), brain metabolism and neurologic outcome. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples of 39 TBI patients were assessed for melatonin, isoprostane, and various metabolites. Cerebrospinal fluid but not serum melatonin levels were markedly elevated (7.28±0.92 versus 1.47±0.35 pg/mL, P<0.0005). Isoprostane levels also increased in both CSF (127.62±16.85 versus 18.28±4.88 pg/mL, P<0.0005) and serum (562.46±50.78 versus 126.15±40.08 pg/mL ( P<0.0005). A strong correlation between CSF melatonin and CSF isoprostane on day 1 after injury ( r=0.563, P=0.002) suggests that melatonin production increases in conjunction with lipid peroxidation in TBI. Relationships between CSF melatonin and pyruvate ( r=0.369, P=0.049) and glutamate ( r=0.373, P=0.046) indicate that melatonin production increases with metabolic disarray. In conclusion, endogenous CSF melatonin levels increase after TBI, whereas serum levels do not. This elevation is likely to represent a response to oxidative stress and metabolic disarray, although further studies are required to elucidate these relationships.
Optimal Definition for PWI/DWI Mismatch in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Kakuda Wataru , Lansberg Maarten G , Thijs Vincent N , Kemp Stephanie M , Bammer Roland , Wechsler Lawrence R , Moseley Michael E , Parks Michael P , Albers Gregory W ,   on behalf of The DEFUSE Investigators
Published: January 2008

Although the perfusion-weighted imaging/diffusion-weighted imaging (PWI/DWI) mismatch model has been proposed to identify acute stroke patients who benefit from reperfusion therapy, the optimal definition of a mismatch is uncertain. We evaluated the odds ratio for a favorable clinical response in mismatch patients with reperfusion compared with no reperfusion for various mismatch ratio thresholds in patients enrolled in the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. A mismatch ratio of 2.6 provided the highest sensitivity (90%) and specificity (83%) for identifying patients in whom reperfusion was associated with a favorable response. Defining mismatch with a larger PWI/DWI ratio may provide greater power for detecting beneficial effects of reperfusion.
Measurement of Striatal and Extrastriatal Dopamine Transporter Binding with High-Resolution PET and [11C]PE2I: Quantitative Modeling and Test—Retest Reproducibility
Authors: Hirvonen Jussi , Johansson Jarkko , Teräs Mika , Oikonen Vesa , Lumme Ville , Virsu Pauliina , Roivainen Anne , Någren Kjell , Halldin Christer , Farde Lars , Hietala Jarmo
Published: January 2008

[11C]PE2I is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for the dopamine transporter (DAT). The reproducibility and reliability of [11C]PE2I measurements, especially in the small DAT-rich brain regions, is unknown and of critical importance to the interpretation of the data. Five healthy volunteers were scanned twice during the same day using [11C]PE2I and the HRRT PET scanner. Methods based on metabolite-corrected arterial plasma curve and reference region were used to estimate distribution volumes ( VT) and binding potential ( BP). Within-subject and between-subject variabilities were compared. [11C]PE2I accumulated in the DAT-rich striatum and the midbrain. Equilibrium of specific binding appeared late in the striatum, whereas it was reached earlier in the midbrain. Plasma metabolite analysis showed that the potentially brain-penetrant 4-hydroxymethyl metabolite represented 15% to 20% of total plasma radioactivity. VTand BP measurements were associated with low within-subject variability. Measurement of DAT binding in small brain regions, including the substantia nigra, is reproducible and reliable using [11C]PE2I and high-resolution research tomograph. A scanning time of more than 70 mins is required for the striatum, while less is sufficient for DAT quantification in the midbrain. The previously suggested involvement of the potentially brain-penetrant radioactive metabolite in the quantification should be further studied.
Determination of protein regions responsible for interactions of amelogenin with CD63 and LAMP1
Authors: Zou YanMing , Wang HongJun , Shapiro Jason L. , Okamoto Curtis T. , Brookes Steven J. , Lyngstadaas S. Petter , Snead Malcolm L. , Paine Michael L.
Published: January 2008

The enamel matrix protein amelogenin is secreted by ameloblasts into the extracellular space to guide the formation of highly ordered hydroxyapatite mineral crystallites, and, subsequently, is almost completely removed during mineral maturation. Amelogenin interacts with the transmembrane proteins CD63 and LAMP (lysosome-associated membrane protein) 1, which are involved in endocytosis. Exogenously added amelogenin has been observed to move rapidly into CD63/LAMP1-positive vesicles in cultured cells. In the present study, we demonstrate the protein region defined by amino acid residues 103–205 for CD63 interacts not only with amelogenin, but also with other enamel matrix proteins (ameloblastin and enamelin). A detailed characterization of binding regions in amelogenin, CD63 and LAMP1 reveals that the amelogenin region defined by residues PLSPILPELPLEAW is responsible for the interaction with CD63 through residues 165–205, with LAMP1 through residues 226–251, and with the related LAMP2 protein through residues 227–259. We predict that the amelogenin binding region is: (i) hydrophobic; (ii) largely disordered; and (iii) accessible to the external environment. In contrast, the binding region of CD63 is likely to be organized in a ‘7’ shape within the mushroom-like structure of CD63 EC2 (extracellular domain 2). In vivo, the protein interactions between the secreted enamel matrix proteins with the membrane-bound proteins are likely to occur at the specialized secretory surfaces of ameloblast cells called Tomes' processes. Such protein–protein interactions may be required to establish short-term order of the forming matrix and/or to mediate feedback signals to the transcriptional machinery of ameloblasts and/or to remove matrix protein debris during enamel biomineralization.