bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement, emotion, and consciousness
Authors: Izard Carroll
Published: July 2002

Rolls presents a good integrative summary of the neural bases of emotions, adds new findings and insights, and takes a stance on controversial issues such as separate or distinct brain systems for processing emotion information and for planning and action. This commentary raises questions about his explanations of emotion activation, response to novelty, the evolution of emotions, and the phenomenal experience of emotions in human consciousness.
Merge: Contorted architecture, distorted facts, and purported autonomy
Authors: Samuel Arthur G.
Published: July 2002

Norris, McQueen & Cutler claim that Merge is an autonomous model, superior to the interactive TRACE model and the autonomous Race model. Merge is actually an interactive model, despite claims to the contrary. The presentation of the literature seriously distorts many findings, in order to advocate autonomy. It is Merge's interactivity that allows it to simulate findings in the literature.
The contents of consciousness: From C to shining C++
Authors: Joseph Michael H. , Joseph Samuel R. H.
Published: July 2002

We suggest that consciousness (C) should be addressed as a multilevel concept. We can provisionally identify at least three, rather than two, levels: Gray's system should relate at least to the lowest of these three levels. Although it is unlikely to be possible to develop a behavioural test for C, it is possible to speculate as to the evolutionary advantages offered by C and how C evolved through succeeding levels. Disturbances in the relationships between the levels of C could underlie mental illness, especially schizophrenia.
Navigating the complex dynamics of memory and desire: Mathematics accommodates continuous and conditional dynamics
Authors: McCollum Gin
Published: July 2002

The mathematical approach to such essentially biological phenomena as perseverative reaching is most welcome. To extend these results and make them more accurate, levels of analysis and neural centers should he distinguished. The navigational nature of sensorimotor control should be characterized more clearly, including the continuous dynamics of neural processes hut not limited to it. In particular, discrete conditions should be formalized mathematically as part of the biological process.
The essence of cognitive development
Authors: Spencer John P.
Published: July 2002

Psychologists have long debated the underlying cause of infants' perseverative reaching. Thelen et al. explain the error in terms of general processes that make goal-directed actions to remembered locations. The context- and experience-dependent nature of their model implies that there is no single cause of the A-not-B error, and, more generally, no core essence to cognitive development.
Functional memory versus reproductive memory
Authors: Anderson Norman H.
Published: July 2002

A functional theory of memory has already been developed
as part of a general functional theory of cognition. The traditional
conception of memory as “reproductive” touches on only
a minor function. The primary function of memory is in constructing
values for goal-directedness of everyday thought and action. This
functional approach to memory rests on a solid empirical
foundation.
Self-deception vs. self-caused deception: A comment on Professor Mele
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: July 2002

Mele's study of philosophical and psychological
theories of self-deception informatively links the conceptual and
dynamic aspects of self-deception and explicates it without positing
mutually inconsistent beliefs, such as those occurring in two-person
deception. It is argued, however, that he does not do full justice to
the dissociation characteristic of self-deception and does not
sufficiently distinguish self-deception from self-caused
deception.
Perception and content
Authors: Noë Alva
Published: July 2002

It is argued that to have an experience is to be in a
phenomenal state with A-conscious content. Perceptual contents
are always both P-conscious and A-conscious.
Objects, please remain composed
Authors: Goldstone Robert L.
Published: July 2002

The holistic representation of objects as coordinates in a
psychological space should be supplemented with decompositional
processes that break objects down into components. There is strong
psychological evidence for object decomposition, and structured
representations are also needed because of their computational
efficiency. Structured and unstructured representations can be
unified by a process that extracts regularities at multiple levels
of an object.
Why is capacity limited? Missing dynamics and developmental controversies
Authors: Heath Richard A. , Hayes Brett K.
Published: July 2002

The discovery of a quaternary complexity limitation to mature
cognitive operations raises important theoretical issues. We propose
that cognitive limitations arise naturally in a complex dynamic
information processing system, and consider problems such as
the distinction between parallel and serial processes and the
representativeness of the empirical data base used by Halford
et al. to support their relational complexity scheme.
If the key's not there, the light won't help
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: July 2002

Howe and colleagues demonstrate that deliberate practice
is necessary for proficient levels of competence, a fact that is
uncontroversial. They fail, however, to demonstrate the role of
biology in talent, because the studies they cite are almost all
irrelevant to the issue.
Natural born talents undiscovered
Authors: Howe Michael J. A. , Davidson Jane W. , Sloboda John A.
Published: July 2002

This Response addresses eight issues raised in the
commentaries: (1) the question of how innate talents should
be defined; (2) relationships between the talent account and
broader views concerning genetic variability; (3) the quality
of the empirical evidence for and against the talent account;
(4) the possible involvement of innate influences on specific
abilities; (5) the possibility of talent-like phenomena in autistic
savants; (6) alternative explanations of exceptional expertise at
skills; (7) practical and educational implications of the talent
account and alternative positions. Finally, (8), we conclude by
discussing the impact of the commentaries on our own views.
Subjectivity is no barrier
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: July 2002

Palmer's “subjectivity barrier” seems to be erected on a popular but highly suspect conception of visual experience, and his “color room” argument is invalid.
Determinism, omniscience, and the multiplicity of explanations
Authors: Midgley Mary
Published: July 2002

Complete determinism is, as Karl Popper said, “a daydream
of omniscience.” Determinism is usually conceived as linked with
a particular science whose explanations are deemed fundamental. As Rose
rightly points out, biological enquiry includes many different kinds of
question. Genetic determinism, making genes central to biology, is
therefore biased and misguided. The crucial unit must be the whole
organism.
Asymmetry among Hering primaries thwarts the Inverted spectrum argument
Authors: MacLaury Robert E.
Published: July 2002

Purest points of Hering's six primary colors reside at different levels of lightness such that inversion of each hue pair would be detectable in subjects' choice of foci on the Munsell array. An inverted spectrum would not impose the isomorphism constraint on a contrast of red-green or yellow-blue, whatever we conclude about inference in functionalism.
Biological determinism lives and needs refutation despite denials
Authors: Rose Steven
Published: July 2002

Commentators are divided between those who welcome and
creatively extend the agenda of Lifelines and those who
defend what it criticises. My response covers style; history, politics,
and ethics; concepts of freedom, active organisms, and determinism;
the uses of metaphor; reductionism and levels of analysis; Darwin
and Darwinists; heritability and intelligence; human universals
and biological determinism.
On actions of epimorphic subgroups on homogeneous spaces
Authors: SHAH NIMISH A. , WEISS BARAK
Published: July 2002

For an inclusion $F < G < L$ of connected real algebraic groups such that $F$ is epimorphic in $G$, we show that any closed $F$-invariant subset of $L/\Lambda$ is $G$-invariant, where $\Lambda$ is a lattice in $L$. This is a topological analogue of a result due to S. Mozes, that any finite $F$-invariant measure on $L/\Lambda$ is $G$-invariant.

This result is established by proving the following result. If in addition $G$ is generated by unipotent elements, then there exists $a\in F$ such that the following holds. Let $U\subset F$ be the subgroup generated by all unipotent elements of $F$, $x\in L/\Lambda$, and $\lambda$ and $\mu$ denote the Haar probability measures on the homogeneous spaces $\overline{Ux}$ and $\overline{Gx}$, respectively (cf. Ratner's theorem). Then $a^n\lambda\to\mu$ weakly as $n\to\infty$.

We also give an algebraic characterization of algebraic subgroups $F<{\rm SL}_n(\mathbb{R})$ for which all orbit closures on ${\rm SL}_n(\mathbb{R})/{\rm SL}_n(\Z)$ are finite-volume almost homogeneous, namely the smallest observable subgroup of ${\rm SL}_n(\mathbb{R})$ containing $F$ should have no non-trivial algebraic characters defined over $\mathbb{R}$.
Invariant jets of foliations along hyperbolic sets
Authors: McSWIGGEN PATRICK D.
Published: July 2002

It is shown that under certain conditions a hyperbolic set will possess an invariant structure in addition to the invariant submanifolds. This invariant structure is in the form of a ‘jet of a foliation’ along the leaves.
Statistics of closest return for some non-uniformly hyperbolic systems
Authors: COLLET P.
Published: July 2002

For non-uniformly hyperbolic maps of the interval with exponential decay of correlations we prove that the law of closest return to a given point when suitably normalized is almost surely asymptotically exponential. A similar result holds when the reference point is the initial point of the trajectory. We use the framework for non-uniformly hyperbolic dynamical systems developed by L. S. Young.
The ghosts of the cat
Authors: BEHRENDS EHRHARD
Published: July 2002

Let $A\in SL(2,{\Bbb Z})$ be given and $n\in{\Bbb N}$. $A$ induces a map $A_n$ on ${\Bbb Z}^2_n$ by $(x,y)\mapsto(a_{11}x+a_{12}y,a_{21}x+a_{22}y)$ mod $n$. $A_n$ can be thought of as a discrete approximation of the similarly defined map on the unit square. It is known that the $A_n$ have a surprisingly small period: there always is an $r\le3n$ such that $A^r_n$ is the identity on ${\Bbb Z}^2_n$.

One can visualize the properties of the iterates of $A_n$ by considering the sets $P,A_nP,A^2_nP,\ldots$ for a fixed subset $P$ of ${\Bbb Z}^2_n$. (Here the cat comes into play: $P$ has often been chosen to be the digitalized picture of a cat, in particular when treating the special case of the Anosov map $A={2\ 1\atopwithdelims() 1\ 1}$.) It turns out that in the sequence $(A^k_nP)_k$ mostly ‘chaotic’ pictures occur as one would expect. However, some kind of regular behaviour can also be observed for certain powers $A^k_n$ before the end of the period.

It is the aim of this paper to describe these phenomena and to explain why and how they occur. In order to quantify the chaotic behaviour of the maps on ${\Bbb Z}^2_n$ under consideration, we introduce suitable functions.

Our methods are elementary. Only basic results from the geometry of numbers will be used.
Seniors as volunteers: an international perspective on policy
Authors: VELLEKOOP BALDOCK CORA
Published: July 2002

The purpose of the paper is to describe and contrast public policies regarding
the participation of older people in volunteer work in three countries: the
United States, Australia and the Netherlands. Data were collected in
1997–1998 through analysis of policy documents and through 50 interviews
with researchers, policy makers and volunteer co-ordinators. The study found
considerable differences between the three countries in the provision of
government policies and programmes for senior volunteering. It was
concluded that such differences could be explained in the context of the
definition of seniors' social participation employed by policy-makers in each
country.
Gender and Class in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: July 2002

Few nonspecialists know that Belgium was the first continental European
country to benefit and suffer from the Industrial Revolution. Resulting in part
from this heritage and also building on an even older tradition of textile
manufacturing dating back to the High Middle Ages, Belgium is home to a number
of high-quality museums and institutions showcasing and researching the age of
industry and its corresponding social movements. Two such organizations are the
Archive and Museum of the Socialist Workers Movement (AMSAB) and the Museum of
Industrial Archaeology and Textiles (MIAT) in the city of Ghent. On April
27–30, 1999, these two institutions joined forces to organize an
international conference on “Gender and Class in the 20th Century.”
For several days, participants from Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, Great
Britain, and Belgium gathered to listen and respond to a variety of
presentations covering the whole range of issues related to the conference
theme, from sexuality at the point of production to the discursive construction
of poverty as female in the contemporary global age.
Mission Impossible? The IMF and the
failure of the market transition in Russia
Authors: RUTLAND PETER
Published: July 2002

Until the second
half of the 1990s, Western commentary about the former Soviet Union and the new
Russia basically divided into two camps. On the one side stood those who not only
welcomed the end of the USSR but looked forward to the ‘brave new
world’ they hoped would be built on the debris left behind by the old
order. Having failed to anticipate the demise of Soviet communism,< the
optimists now predicted a bright new capitalist future for Russia. With excellent access to those in power, they
were clearly the most favoured group with Western governments in general and the
American government in particular. Certainly, within the US foreign policy elite
it was broadly assumed that successful reform in Russia and Russia's
integration into the larger capitalist system, was both feasible and necessary.
As Strobe Talbott, the architect of American strategy towards Russia, observed in
the early days of the Clinton administration, reform in Russia was not just about
Russia but the shape of the new international order waiting to be born in the
wake of the Cold War. Others were always more
sceptical.
Where is the Third World now?
Authors: THOMAS CAROLINE
Published: July 2002

As we enter
the new millennium, the Third World, far from disappearing, is becoming global.
The dynamic of economic driven globalization is resulting in the global
reproduction of Third World problems. Growing inequality, risk and vulnerability
characterize not simply the state system, but an emerging global social order.
This is part of an historical process underway for five centuries: the expansion
of capitalism across the globe. Technological developments speed up the process.
The demise of the communist bloc and the associated rejection of ‘real
existing socialism’ as a mode of economic organization have provided a
specific additional fillip to the reconfiguration of the ‘Third
World’. The 1980s, and more particularly the 1990s, have witnessed the
mainstreaming of liberal economic ideology via the Washington consensus. This approach to development has been legitimated in several
global conferences such as United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) and the Copenhagen Social Summit. It has been applied
practically through institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
the World Bank and World Trade Organization (WTO). In its wake we have seen a
deepening of existing inequalities between and within states, with a resulting
tension—contradiction even—between the development targets agreed by
the United Nations (UN), and the policies pursued by international organizations
and governments to facilitate such results.
Studies in the nonlinear evolution of the Rayleigh–Taylor
and Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities and their role
in inertial confinement fusion
Authors: ORON D. , SADOT O. , SREBRO Y. , RIKANATI A. , YEDVAB Y. , ALON U. , EREZ L. , EREZ G. , BEN-DOR G. , LEVIN L.A. , OFER D. , SHVARTS D.
Published: July 2002

Hydrodynamic instabilities, such as the Rayleigh–Taylor
and Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities, play a central
role when trying to achieve net thermonuclear fusion energy
via the method of inertial confinement fusion
(ICF). The development of hydrodynamic instabilities on
both sides of the compressed shell may cause shell breakup
and ignition failure. A newly developed statistical mechanics
model describing the evolution of the turbulent mixing
zone from an initial random perturbation is presented.
The model will be shown to compare very well both with
full numerical simulations and with experiments, performed
using high power laser systems, and using shock tubes.
Applying the model to typical ICF implosion conditions,
an estimation of the maximum allowed target, in-flight
aspect ratio as a function of equivalent surface roughness,
will be derived.
A dynamic optimal trajectory generator for Cartesian Path following
Authors: Red Edward
Published: July 2002

This paper considers a dynamic and adaptive trajectory generator for negotiating paths using S-curves. Applying constant jerk transitions between the constant acceleration and deceleration periods of the trajectory, the trajectory will optimally transition to the desired speed setting. Optimal is defined to be the minimum time to transition from the current speed to the set speed for the move segment when jerk and acceleration are limited. The S-curve equations will adapt to instantaneous changes in speed setting and path length. An integrated motion planner will determine allowable speeds and transitional profiles based on the remaining move distance.
Optimal location of a robot path when considering velocity performance
Authors: Aspragathos N. A. , Foussias S.
Published: July 2002

A method for searching the best location of a path in the robot workspace considering the velocity performance of the robot is presented. After a thorough investigation of the robot performance indices, a new measure for the velocity efficiency
of a robot moving its end-effector along a path is introduced. This measure is an approximation of the minimum of the Manipulator Velocity Ratio (MVR) along the path. The minimum is calculated from a finite set of MVRs determined at specified points of the path using an algorithm for an approximate motion of the end effector along the path.

The introduced measure is used as the objective function in an optimisation problem, where an optimal location of the path is searched. The objective function is procedural and non continuous, so a Genetic Algorithm is used to search the space for the optimal location of the path. The proposed method is tested using a simulated PUMA-like robot, which has to move its end-effector along a straight-line segment. At the end of the paper, the results obtained in these tests are presented and discussed.
Fuzzy navigation strategy: application to two distinct autonomous mobile robots
Authors: Benreguieg Mahieddine , Hoppenot Philippe , Maaref Hichem , Colle Etienne , Barret Claude
Published: July 2002

Most motion controls of mobile robots are based on the classical
scheme of planning-navigation-piloting. The navigation function, the main
part of which consists in obstacle avoidance, has to react with the shortest
response time. The real-time constraint hardly limits the complexity of sensor
data processing. The described navigator is built around fuzzy logic controllers.
Besides the well-known possibility of taking into account human know-how,
the approach provides several contributions: a low sensitivity to erroneous or
inaccurate measures and, if the inputs of the controllers are normalised, an
effective portability on various platform. To show these advantages, the same
fuzzy navigator has been implemented on two mobile robots. Their mechanical
structures are close, except for size and the sensing system.
Path constrained time-optimal trajectory planning for X-Y robots via an
efficient dynamic programming method
Authors: Yen Chen-Wen V. , Liu Tsong-Zen
Published: July 2002

By exploiting an important property of the time optimal control law structure, this paper introduces a new dynamic programming approach for X-Y robot minimum time path following problem. Compared with the conventional dynamic programming method, the proposed approach significantly reduces the computational cost. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach are demonstrated via computer simulations. In
addition, via experimental studies, this paper also addresses practical difficulties in implementing the minimum-time control law.
High-speed manipulation by using parallel wire-driven robots
Authors: Kawamura Sadao , Kino Hitoshi , Won Choe
Published: July 2002

A new type of a parallel wire-driven robot is proposed in order to reach ultra-high speed. The driving principle of parallel wire systems is described. Since wires can only pull and not push on an object, at least n+1 wires are needed in order to move the
object in a n-dimensional space. In this paper, taking account of the effect of such redundancy on actuation, the motion stability in wire length coordinates is analyzed by using a Lyapunov function. Using “Vector Closure”, it is proven that the hand position and orientation converge to the corresponding desired values and the internal force also converges to the desired one. Moreover, by making good use of non-linear elasticity of
parallel wire driven robots, it is claimed that the internal force arising from redundant actuation can effectively reduce vibration when the high-speed robot stops at desired points. As a result, ultra-high speed with more than 40 g(g:gravitational acceleration) can be
attained by using relatively small actuators.
A COMPARISON OF STANDARD GAMBLE, TIME TRADE-OFF, AND ADJUSTED TIME
TRADE-OFF SCORES
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Glasziou P. P. , Simes R. J. , Lumley T.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To adjust patients' time trade-off (TTO) scores
using information on their utility functions for survival time to derive a
measure of health state utility equivalent to the standard gamble (SG).

Methods: A sample of 199 cardiovascular patients were asked three
TTO and SG questions (to assess their own health state), and three certainty
equivalent questions (to assess their utility function for survival time) in
an interview.

Results: Patients' utility functions for time were
increasingly concave, but being unable to model this successfully, a constant
function with an averaged level of concavity was used. The raw TTO scores were
significantly higher than SG scores, while the adjusted TTO scores were
equivalent to the SG.

Conclusions: Raw time trade-off scores will give biased estimates
of health state utility when patients' utility functions for time are not
linear, but these can be adjusted to yield true utilities. The constant
proportional risk-posture assumption of the conventional QALY model, on which
previous attempts to adjust time trade-offs have been based, was not supported
by the data.
A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Authors: Dewar Diane M. , Lambrinos James , Mallick Rajiv , Zhong Yuhong
Published: July 2002

Objective: An economic evaluation of the resources used for
mechanically ventilated patients using various measures for the benefits of
extending life.

Methods: Regression analysis is applied to New York State
discharge data for patients under DRG 475 during 1992–96 to predict
age-specific survival rates and payments per life saved. Sensitivity analysis
is used to compare benefits of extending life associated with different
economic values of life with the payments per life saved at each age.

Results: Payments per life saved decreased over time, primarily
due to reduced reimbursements. Payments exceeded the age-adjusted and the
quality-of-life and age-adjusted benefits for all economic values of life at
ages 90 and older.

Conclusions: Since the benefits of extending life associated with
DRG 475 exceed the payments per life saved at most ages, economic evaluations
may be best applied with psychosocial evaluations to allocate resources more
ethically.
WHY BAYESIAN ANALYSIS HASN'T CAUGHT ON IN HEALTHCARE DECISION MAKING
Authors: Winkler Robert L.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this paper is to discuss why Bayesian statistics are not used more in healthcare decision making and what might be done to increase the use of Bayesian methods. First, a case is made for why Bayesian analysis should be used more widely. Serious weaknesses of commonly used frequentist methods are discussed and contrasted with advantages of Bayesian methods. Next, the question of why Bayesian methods are not used more widely is addressed, considering both philosophical differences and practical issues. Contrary to what some might think, the practical issues are more important in this regard. Finally, some steps to encourage increased use of Bayesian methods in healthcare decision making are presented and discussed. These ideas are straightforward but are by no means trivial to implement, largely because it is difficult to fight tradition and make major paradigm shifts quickly. The primary needs are improved Bayesian training at the basic level (which means textbooks and other materials as well as training of those who teach at the basic level), procedures to make Bayesian analysis easier to understand and use (better software and standard methods for displaying and communicating Bayesian outputs will help here), and the education of decision makers about the advantages of Bayesian methods in important healthcare decision-making problems.
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS WITH INCOMPLETE PANELS
Authors: Baltagi Badi H. , Chang Young-Jae
Published: July 2002

This paper compares the performance of several
single and system estimators of a two equation simultaneous
model with unbalanced panel data. The Monte Carlo design
varies the degree of unbalancedness in the data and the
variance components ratio due to the individual effects.
One useful result for applied researchers is that the feasible
error components 2SLS and 3SLS procedures based on simple
ANOVA type estimators of the variance components perform
well with incomplete panels and are recommended in practice.
TESTING FOR THE COINTEGRATING RANK OF A VAR PROCESS WITH
AN INTERCEPT
Authors: Saikkonen Pentti , Lütkepohl Helmut
Published: July 2002

Testing the cointegrating rank of a vector autoregressive
process with an intercept is considered. In addition to
the likelihood ratio (LR) tests developed by Johansen and
Juselius (1990, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,
52, 169–210) and others we also consider an alternative
class of tests that is based on estimating the trend parameters
of the deterministic term in a different way. The asymptotic
local power of these tests is derived and compared to that
of the corresponding LR tests. The small sample properties
are investigated by simulations. The new tests are seen
to be substantially more powerful than conventional LR
tests.
EFFICIENT ESTIMATION OF GENERALIZED ADDITIVE NONPARAMETRIC
REGRESSION MODELS
Authors: Linton Oliver B.
Published: July 2002

We define new procedures for estimating generalized
additive nonparametric regression models that are more
efficient than the Linton and Härdle (1996, Biometrika
83, 529–540) integration-based method and achieve
certain oracle bounds. We consider criterion functions
based on the Linear exponential family, which includes
many important special cases. We also consider the extension
to multiple parameter models like the gamma distribution
and to models for conditional heteroskedasticity.
ESTIMATION OF AUTOREGRESSIVE ROOTS NEAR UNITY USING PANEL DATA
Authors: Moon Hyungsik R. , Phillips Peter C.B.
Published: July 2002

Time series data are often well modeled by using
the device of an autoregressive root that is local to unity.
Unfortunately, the localizing parameter (c) is not
consistently estimable using existing time series econometric
techniques and the lack of a consistent estimator complicates
inference. This paper develops procedures for the estimation
of a common localizing parameter using panel data. Pooling
information across individuals in a panel aids the identification
and estimation of the localizing parameter and leads to consistent
estimation in simple panel models. However, in the important
case of models with concomitant deterministic trends, it is
shown that pooled panel estimators of the localizing parameter
are asymptotically biased. Some techniques are developed to
overcome this difficulty, and consistent estimators of
c in the region c < 0 are developed
for panel models with deterministic and stochastic trends.
A limit distribution theory is also established, and test
statistics are constructed for exploring interesting hypotheses,
such as the equivalence of local to unity parameters across
subgroups of the population. The methods are applied to the
empirically important problem of the efficient extraction of
deterministic trends. They are also shown to deliver consistent
estimates of distancing parameters in nonstationary panel models
where the initial conditions are in the distant past. In the
development of the asymptotic theory this paper makes use of
both sequential and joint limit approaches. An important limitation
in the operation of the joint asymptotics that is sometimes
needed in our development is the rate condition n/T
→ 0. So the results in the paper are likely to be most
relevant in panels where T is large and n is
moderately large.
ASYMPTOTICS OF NONSTATIONARY FRACTIONAL INTEGRATED SERIES
Authors: Liu Ming
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we study the asymptotics of nonstationary
fractional integrated time series, the long memory time
series with d ≥ ½, with special
attention focused on the cases when d =
(2p + 1)/2 for integer n
no less than 0. There is considerable empirical evidence showing
long memory of this magnitude in many economic time series including
the inflation rate and the stock market volatility. A study of the
large-sample property is therefore both needed and useful. Also, we
found the asymptotics of nonstationary fractional integrated time
series useful in the study of the large-sample theory of the
Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin test (1992,
Journal of Econometrics 54, 159–178).
Seed dispersal by black-handed tamarins, Saguinus midas niger (Callitrichinae, Primates): implications for the regeneration of degraded forest habitats in eastern Amazonia
Authors: Oliveira Ana Cristina M. , Ferrari Stephen F.
Published: July 2002

The feeding behaviour of free-ranging black-handed tamarins, Saguinus midas niger, was monitored over 6 mo in a forest fragment in eastern Amazonia. The tamarins' diet included arthropods and plant exudates, but was predominantly frugivorous (87.5% of feeding records, 18 plant species) in all months. The seeds of at least six species were ingested whole and defecated intact. Ingested seeds were relatively large, but those with diameter > 1 cm or length > 2 cm were discarded. Seeds took 2–4 h to pass through the digestive tract, and more than half (50.6%) were dispersed to a habitat different from that in which they were ingested. A fifth (19.3%) of all seeds were dispersed from primary to secondary forest, indicating that S. m. niger may play an important rôle in forest regeneration, a rôle that will become increasingly important in the fragmented landscape of eastern Amazonia.
Effects of dung presence, dung amount and secondary dispersal by dung beetles on the fate of Micropholis guyanensis (Sapotaceae) seeds in Central Amazonia
Authors: ANDRESEN ELLEN
Published: July 2002

The study of seed fate is crucial for understanding fruit-frugivore interactions. One factor that can greatly
influence the fate of seeds dispersed through mammal defecation, is the dung that accompanies the seeds. Dung attracts
dung beetles and rodents; the former eat and bury dung, the latter feed on seeds. In this study the fate of Micropholis
guyanensis subsp. guyanensis seeds surrounded by no dung and by 5, 10 and 25 g of howler monkey dung was
followed until seedling establishment. The depths at which dung beetles bury the seeds were measured, and the effect
of burial depth on seedling emergence was determined. Although initial seed fates differed among treatments, the
same percentage of seedlings established from seeds without faecal material, and from seeds with 5, 10 and 25 g of
dung. However, a significantly higher proportion of seedlings established from buried seeds when compared to seeds
that remained on the surface. The percentage of seedlings establishing in a controlled germination experiment decreased
significantly with increasing burial depth. The effect of dung beetle activity should be taken into consideration when
assessing the role that mammal endozoochory plays on seed dispersal ecology of tropical plants. These results provide
further evidence for the emerging realization that the study of secondary seed dispersal and post-dispersal events is
crucial for a more complete understanding of plant regeneration.
Environmental heterogeneity, recruitment limitation and the mesoscale distribution of palms in a tropical montane rain forest (Maquipucuna, Ecuador)
Authors: SVENNING J.-C.
Published: July 2002

The study presented here investigated the importance of environmental heterogeneity and clumping for
the mesoscale distribution patterns of five palm species in old-growth Andean forest (Maquipucuna, Ecuador). Seedlings, juveniles and adults were recorded in 167 plots located throughout the 3-km × 3-km study area. Mountain (Cerro
Sosa or Cerro Sta. Lucia), altitude, aspect, topographic-edaphic conditions and forest structure were also recorded. The
following questions were investigated: (1) Are the distributions related to environmental heterogeneity? (2) Are the
distribution patterns consistent with severe recruitment limitation? The distribution patterns of four species were related
to environmental heterogeneity, especially to that created by the mountainous landscape itself, and at least four of the
five species also exhibited strong clumping that was clearly linked to spatially restricted recruitment and could not be
explained by the environmental parameters. Thus, both niche specialization and recruitment limitation probably play
important roles in Andean palm community ecology. Consistent differences among the two mountains in forest structure and the frequency of certain palm stages most likely reflected extractivism.
Patterns and correlates of interspecific variation in foliar insect herbivory and pathogen attack in Brazilian cerrado
Authors: MARQUIS ROBERT J. , DINIZ IVONE R. , MORAIS HELENA C.
Published: July 2002

Patterns of insect herbivore and leaf pathogen attack are described for 25 plant species (10 trees, 10
shrubs and five herbs) at a Brazilian savanna (cerrado) site. Plant and leaf traits were correlated with interspecific
variation in attack by herbivores and pathogens in order to account for differences among plant species. Across all
species, pathogen damage was 1.5 times higher than insect damage (17.3% vs. 6.8%, respectively). Most insect damage
occurred to young leaves while they were expanding (end of the dry season). In contrast, pathogen attack was low on
young expanding leaves at the end of the dry season, increased as those leaves matured in the wet season, but
continued to increase through the next dry season. Protein-binding capacity was negatively associated with interspecific
differences in insect damage to mature leaves. Protein availability and plant height were positive predictors of pathogen
attack among plant species, while leaf expansion rate was a significant negative predictor. Interspecific differences in
leaf phenology had little effect on the amount of damage caused by either insects or pathogens. However, new leaves
produced during the wet season suffered less insect damage than leaves produced during the dry season, the time of
greatest leaf production. Timing of young leaf production affected pathogen attack but the season of escape depended
on plant species. In contrast, there was no evidence for escape in space as common species were less likely to suffer
high pathogen attack than rare species. New and mature leaf toughness, and time for a leaf to reach full expansion all
increased from herbs to shrub to trees, while mature leaf nitrogen decreased in that order.
Gap-phase regeneration in selectively logged lowland swamp forest, northeastern Costa Rica
Authors: WEBB EDWARD L.
Published: July 2002

For sustainable logging to be achieved in tropical forests, there must be successful gap-phase regeneration to restock the logged-over area. This study examined three aspects of gap-phase regeneration in selectively logged lowland swamp forest of northeast Costa Rica. First, logging gaps were censused immediately after extraction to determine the density of advanced regeneration. Stem density and basal area of residual trees ≥ 10 cm dbh in logging gaps was >85% lower than undisturbed forest, and all trees in gaps had sustained structural damage. The common canopy species Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae) was the most abundant species in gaps whereas the timber tree Carapa nicaraguensis (Meliaceae) was absent from all censused gaps. This suggests that canopy replacement, particularly by Carapa, will depend on trees <10 cm dbh or by seed input into logging gaps. Second, the diversity of the understorey was compared with 6-y old single-tree and multiple-tree logging gaps. Multiple-tree logging gaps were the most diverse, but dominated by two ruderal species; however many shade-tolerant species were present in those gaps. This indicates that controlled selective logging can result in a localized shift in species composition, but that logging gaps should return to pre-logging composition with time under a carefully implemented, controlled harvesting regime. Finally, this study found a significant effect of a fringing Carapa tree on logging gap seedling density. Thus, seed arrival into gaps is a barrier to logging gap regeneration, particularly for a large-seeded tree species. Gap-phase regeneration by a large-seeded tree species in managed forest would benefit from seed broadcasting into gaps.
Seasonal rhythms and phenological plasticity of savanna woody species in a fallow farming system (south-west Burkina Faso)
Authors: Devineau Jean-Louis
Published: July 2002

Leafing, flowering and fruiting of the 24 most representative species of trees and shrubs in Sudanian savannas and fallows near Bondoukuy (Burkina Faso) were studied for 2 y (May 1992 to June 1994). The period of defoliation was generally brief, and leaf flushing, flowering and fruiting occurred mostly in the dry season. The phenological behaviour varied nonetheless across species and individuals. A classification taking into account synchrony/asynchrony and duration in foliation, flowering, fruit ripening and seed dispersal phases allowed comparison of species' phenological plasticity. Species were distributed along a scale of increasing plasticity, from trees to shrubs. Along this scale, species of the Leguminosae appeared to be separated from those of the Combretaceae, the latter being generally considered as characterising fallow farming systems. These results provide new evidence about the effect of phylogenetic constraints on the phenological behaviour of the woody species of the Sudanian savannas.

RÉSUMÉ. La feuillaison, la floraison et la fructification des 24 espèces d'arbres et d'arbustes les plus représentatives des jachères et savanes soudaniennes de la région de Bondoukuy (Burkina Faso), ont été étudiées pendant 2 ans (mai 1992 à juin 1994). La défeuillaison est généralement brève et l'émergence des feuilles, la floraison et la fructification se produisent principalement pendant la saison sèche. Les comportements phénologiques varient cependant entre les individus et entre les espèces. Une classification prenant en compte le degré de synchronisme ainsi que la durée de la feuillaison, de la floraison, de la maturation des fruits et de la dispersion des graines a permis de comparer la plasticité phénologique des espèces. Celles-ci sont distribuées selon un gradient de plasticité croissante des arbres aux arbustes. Sur ce gradient les Légumineuses se dissocient des Combrétacées, espèces qui sont par ailleurs généralement considérées comme caractéristiques des jachères. Ces résultats sont une nouvelle illustration de l'effet des contraintes phylogénétiques sur le comportement phénologique des espèces ligneuses des savanes soudaniennes.
Enforcing agreements: notaries and
courts in early modern Rome
Authors: AGO RENATA
Published: July 2002

In an article which recently appeared in Social History, Craig Muldrew
has argued that ‘the culture of the early modern market was explicitly
“moral” and not only in “severely dysfunctional years”“.
During the sixteenth century, population growth brought with it a shortage of
currency and a significant increase in trade through barter; moreover, the
scarcity of currency produced an increase in debt or credit relations, which
were based mostly on agreements that were verbal rather than written.
Both tendencies were possible because the parties to credit agreements
knew each other personally, and consequently believed that they could
trust each other; thus, the system was held together by confidence and
trust. In the course of the century, however, the increasing complexity of
the market and the enlargement of exchange areas placed a strain on the
ethical foundations of the market. The alteration can be demonstrated by
the rapid increase in litigation over contracts and debts. Muldrew argued
that markets expanded due to population growth in the sixteenth century,
and that ‘increasingly complex networks of credit transactions were
created’ with the result that ‘the need to maintain trust … [was]
emphasized even more strongly’. But during the period the maintenance
of trust occurred more and more through the intervention of a legal
tribunal, while the cultural norms that directed creditor–debtor relations
altered.

According to Muldrew, without more complex arrangements, credit
transactions can spread only in limited social environments in which the
participants share some basic moral principles: people know one another,
they know who can be trusted and who cannot, and they grant extensions
for payments from others because at times they request them for
themselves. Credit relationships are thus ‘embedded’ in a moral economy
that relies on trust, and which rests on respect for agreements guaranteed
by the logic of reciprocity. A growth in the number of transactions and the
development of credit networks, together with the fact that these
agreements are mostly oral ones, however, tends to undermine the
traditional system of trust, forcing the parties to turn to civil justice more
and more frequently.

On the basis of the records from Roman archives (where commercial
development occurred early but in a milieu in which the papacy influenced
the economic culture), this study aims to show that the extension and the
very existence of credit networks have to be viewed not only in the
context of currency scarcity but also with regard to the peculiarities of the
pre-industrial economy. To be more precise, in early pre-consumer
societies where transactions were largely unwritten, litigation occurred as
a way of establishing the terms of transactions.
AN EXPLORATORY CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF INTERLANGUAGE
PRAGMATIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Rose Kenneth R.
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the results of an exploratory cross-sectional study of pragmatic
development among three groups of primary school students in Hong Kong who completed a
cartoon oral production task (COPT) designed to elicit requests, apologies, and compliment
responses. The first two of these speech acts are among the most well represented in the
pragmatics literature and are also included in the Hong Kong English language syllabus for
primary schools. The latter has also been studied extensively but is not part of the syllabus. Data
was collected in Cantonese using the same instrument. Although a number of developmental
patterns are revealed—particularly in choice of request strategy, frequency of supportive
moves, and use of adjuncts with apologies and compliment responses—there is little
evidence of sensitivity to situational variation or pragmatic transfer from Cantonese. This study
adds to the small, but growing, body of research on pragmatic development in a second
language.
TALKING AND TESTING: DISCOURSE APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT
OF ORAL PROFICIENCY.Richard Young and Agnes Weiyun He (Eds.).
Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1998. Pp. x + 395. NLG 138 cloth.
Authors: Connor-Linton Jeff
Published: July 2002

The goal of this volume is to provide a rich, interdisciplinary foundation of empirical studies
describing the discourse of Language Proficiency Interviews (LPIs), focusing on
“interactional competence.” The studies not only show how difficult it is to validly
assess oral proficiency; they also show that discourse analysis of LPIs—as the editors point
out—is very much in its infancy. Most of these studies face research design challenges
(e.g., small sample size, sample comparability, coding reliability, or a combination of these), yet
they illustrate the potential contributions of various (mostly qualitative) discourse analytic
approaches to an understanding and assessment of oral proficiency.
PRAGMATICS.George Yule. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1996. Pp. xiv + 138. $10.95 paper. and MEANING IN INTERACTION: AN
INTRODUCTION TO PRAGMATICS.Jenny Thomas. London: Longman,
1995. Pp. xv + 224. $26.60 paper.
Authors: Houck Noël
Published: July 2002

These books represent two of the most recent additions to the growing number of
introductory texts designed to be used as main or supporting resources in academic courses on
pragmatics. Although each is intended for use by readers with little or no background in the field,
they differ considerably.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IELTS: A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE ON READING COMPREHENSION.Caroline
Clapham. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xiii + 303. $52.95 cloth,
$26.95 paper.
Authors: Chapelle Carol A.
Published: July 2002

Can scores on L2 reading tests be interpreted as indicators of reading ability alone, or
must they be considered indicators of the test takers' reading ability in addition to
their knowledge of the subject matter chosen for a particular test? This book reports the results of
a large-scale study investigating this question through analysis of ESL/EFL learners'
performance on subject-specific reading tests.