bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leguminous ferritin, a natural protein for iron supplementation, Pickering emulsion formation and encapsulation of bioactive molecules
Authors: Hang Jiayi , Chu Yifu , Chen Lingyun
Published: June 2024

Ferritin is a naturally occurring iron storage protein. Leguminous ferritins exhibit unique structural features, including diverse subunit composition and an extension peptide, which contribute to superior thermal stability compared to animal ferritins. The high iron content, remarkable effectiveness, low risk of oxidative damage and thermal stability make the leguminous ferritin an attractive candidate for iron supplementation. Moreover, apoferritin is an excellent nanosized carrier for encapsulating bioactive compounds due to its inherent inner cavity, water solubility, biocompatibility, and reversible self‐assembly behavior. However, the harsh condition during encapsulation by unmodified ferritins may cause damage to sensitive bioactive compounds. Thus, different processing methods are employed to alter the leguminous ferritin structures, including chemical, enzymatic, mild heat treatments, and nonthermal processing to achieve gentler encapsulation conditions for a wide range of bioactive compounds. Another challenge is to improve the stability of leguminous ferritin to withstand gastric digestion. The degradation of ferritin by proteases may lead to premature release of bioactive compounds. Recent works demonstrated that certain phenolic compounds such as proanthocyanidin‐induced protein association, thereby enhancing digestive stability of ferritins, leading to a sustained release and a potentially greater bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Leguminous ferritin also has the potential to serve as a stabilizer for the Pickering emulsion, where the hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds can be encapsulated in the ferritin nanocages and oil phase, respectively. The release and absorption of bioactive compounds in encapsulates and emulsions will need to be further demonstrated through in vivo studies.
Synthesis of triphenol‐diamine‐type hyperbranched benzoxazine and improvement of thermal properties and toughness of typical benzoxazines
Authors: Hu Ling‐Xiao , Wang Zhi‐Cheng , Guo Zhi‐Yi , Liu Tao , Yuan Zhi‐Gang , Derradji Mehdi , Liu Wen‐Bin , Wang Jun
Published: June 2024

A series of triphenol‐diamine‐type hyperbranched benzoxazines are synthesized by using polyformaldehyde, 1,1,1‐tri(4‐hydroxyphenyl) ethane, and primary amines such as p‐phenylenediamine, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane, polyetheramine, and bifuranocyclic diamine via Mannich condensation. Then, copolymers with bifunctional benzoxazine (BA‐a) are prepared to obtain superior properties. The polymerization behavior of the copolymers examined using a differential scanning calorimeter and a Fourier transform infrared indicates that the introduction of hyperbranched benzoxazines facilitates the benzoxazine curing reaction, decreasing the onset and peak temperatures of the curing process. Thermogravimetric analysis results suggest the cured hyperbranched benzoxazine demonstrates good thermal stability and can improve the heat resistance of benzoxazine. In addition, dynamic mechanical analysis suggests the glass transition temperature of the copolymers with BA‐a was increased after copolymerization, thus making all the copolymers obtain higher service temperatures. The test results from the universal testing machine and the fracture morphologies of copolymers indicate the hyperbranched benzoxazines with branched structures cause dendritic folds to appear on the surface of copolymers upon polymerization, preventing rapid cracking and spreading of the thermoset resin by dissipating more impact energy through this irregular dendritic appearance, thus obtaining strength and toughness superior to that of BA‐a resins.
Target repurposing unravels avermectins and derivatives as novel antibiotics inhibiting energy‐coupling factor transporters (ECFTs)
Authors: Haupenthal Jörg , Rafehi Muhammad , Kany Andreas M. , Lespine Anne , Stefan Katja , Hirsch Anna K. H. , Stefan Sven Marcel
Published: June 2024

Energy‐coupling factor transporters (ECFTs) are membrane‐bound ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters in prokaryotes that are found in pathogens against which novel antibiotics are urgently needed. To date, just 54 inhibitors of three molecular‐structural classes with mostly weak inhibitory activity are known. Target repurposing is a strategy that transfers knowledge gained from a well‐studied protein family to under‐studied targets of phylogenetic relation. Forty‐eight human ABC transporters are known that may harbor structural motifs similar to ECFTs to which particularly multitarget compounds may bind. We assessed 31 multitarget compounds which together target the entire druggable human ABC transporter proteome against ECFTs, of which nine showed inhibitory activity (hit rate 29.0%) and four demonstrated moderate to strong inhibition of an ECFT (IC50 values between 4.28 and 50.2 µM) as well as antibacterial activity against ECFT‐expressing Streptococcus pneumoniae. Here, ivermectin was the most potent candidate (MIC95: 22.8 µM), and analysis of five ivermectin derivatives revealed moxidectin as one of the most potent ECFT‐targeting antibacterial agents (IC50: 2.23 µM; MIC95: 2.91 µM). Distinct molecular‐structural features of avermectins and derivatives as well as the differential biological response of the hit compounds in general provided first indications with respect to the structure–activity relationships and mode of action, respectively.
Two‐ and Three‐Spin Hybrid Inorganic‐Organic [2]Rotaxanes Containing Metallated Salen Groups
Authors: Bennett Tom S. , Lockyer Selena J. , Asthana Deepak , Whitehead George F. S. , Vitorica‐Yrezabal Inigo J. , Timco Grigore A. , Winpenny Richard E. P. , McInnes Eric J. L.
Published: June 2024

Mono‐ and bis‐salen functionalised [2]rotaxanes have been synthesised from the esterification of [2]rotaxanes containing phenol‐terminated threads (salen=N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine). The [2]rotaxanes have general formula [RH][Cr7NiF8(O2CtBu)16], where [RH]+ is a thread with a central secondary ammonium site that templates a [Cr7NiF8(O2CtBu)16]− ring. The threads are terminated at one or both ends by carboxylic acid functionalised salen groups. The {M(salen)} groups can be free‐base [M=(H+)2] or metallated [M=Cu2+, Ni2+, (VO)2+]. The [2]rotaxanes have been characterised by single crystal XRD and solid‐ and solution‐state EPR spectroscopy. Where two paramagnetic M ions are involved [M=Cu2+ and/or (VO)2+] the [2]rotaxanes contain three electron spin S=
centres, since the {Cr7Ni} ring has an S=
ground state which is well isolated at low temperatures. These three‐spin [2]rotaxanes have been characterised in solution by pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopies (DEER, also known as PELDOR, and RIDME). The M⋅⋅⋅M and M⋅⋅⋅{Cr7Ni} interactions measured are consistent with dipolar interactions and also with the distances from single crystal XRD. The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Harnessing the Benefits of PEDOT : PSS Conductive Coating for Prolonged Cycle Life of Copper Hexacyanoferrate in Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Baghodrat Mohsen , Glenneberg Jens , Zampardi Giorgia , La Mantia Fabio
Published: June 2024

The utilization of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) as positive electrode material in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) has gained significant attention due to its efficient (de−)intercalation of Zn2+ ions, cost‐effective synthesis, low toxicity, and high working potential. One approach to improve its electrochemical performance is to coat the CuHCF particles with conductive polymers, such as poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT : PSS). In this study, we investigated the impact of the PEDOT : PSS as a coating on the electrochemical behavior and the cycle life of CuHCF for aqueous ZIB applications. Galvanostatic cycling performed at a current rate of 1 C relevant for the stationary application of the CuHCF/PEDOT : PSS electrodes having high mass loadings (10 mg cm−2 of active material) revealed significantly longer cycle life while maintaining a high Coulombic efficiency (≥ 99.5 %). The longest cycle life was achieved with CuHCF coated using a 4.5 wt. % PEDOT : PSS aqueous coating dispersion. These findings demonstrate the potential of conductive polymer coatings as a practical approach to enhance the electrochemical performance of positive electrode materials in aqueous Zinc‐ion batteries.
Adjusting luminescence properties of ZnAl2O4:Mn2+(Mn4+), Li+ phosphors through cation substitution
Authors: Sun Dandan , Zeng Xiaoling , Yu Ying , Fu Yanhua , Yu Lixin
Published: June 2024

ZnAl2O4 with a typical spinel structure is highly expected to be a novel rare‐earth‐free ion‐activated oxide phosphor with red emission, which holds high actual meaning for advancing phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode (pc‐LED) lighting. Among the rare‐earth‐free activators, Mn4+ ions have emerged as one of the most promising activators. Considering the price advantage of MnCO3 generating Mn2+ ions and the charge compensation effect potentially obtaining Mn4+ ions from Mn2+ ions, this research delves into a collection of ZnAl2O4:Mn2+(Mn4+), x Li+ (x = 0%–40%) phosphors with Li+ as co‐dopant and MnCO3 as Mn2+ dopant source prepared by a high temperature solid‐state reaction method. The lattice structure was investigated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy. Results suggest a relatively high probability of Li+ ions occupying Zn2+ lattice sites. Furthermore, Li+ ion doping was assuredly found to facilitate the oxidization of Mn2+ to Mn4+, leading to a shift of luminescence peak from 516 to 656 nm. An intriguing phenomenon that the emission color changed with the Li+ doping content was also observed. Meanwhile, the luminescence intensity and quantum yield (QY) at different temperatures, as well as the relevant thermal quenching mechanism, were determined and elucidated detailedly.
All‐in‐one platform: Versatile, Easy, and User‐friendly System (VEUS) based on automated and expert‐independent antibody immobilization and immunoassay by utilizing customized movement of magnetic particles
Authors: Yoon Jinsik , Kim Jiyeong , Lim Sujeong , Choi Heelak , Bae Junghyun , Kim Kibeom , Song Suk‐Heung , Cho Yoo‐Bok , Park Wook , Jung Yong‐Gyun
Published: June 2024

The ELISA is the most worldwide method for immunoassay. However, the ELISA is losing ground due to low reproducibility of manual experimental processes in both R&D and IVD areas. An automated platform is a good solution, but there are still limitations owning to extremely high cost and requiring large space to set up especially for a small size laboratory. Here, we present a novel all‐in‐one platform called “VEUS” settable on the laboratory table that offers comprehensive automation of the entire multiplex immunoassay process by exploiting antibody conjugated magnetic particles, quality control and then immunoanalytical reaction, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity and high reproducibility. As a proof of concept, the system exhibits a sensitive LOD of 0.6 and 3.1 pg mL−1 within 1 h run, comparable precision that of molecular diagnostic systems based on PCR method, enabling rapid multiplex diagnosis of Influenza A, Influenza B, and COVID‐19 viruses with similar symptoms. Through automation by the all‐in‐one system, it can be used by novice users, something innovative for immunoassays, relying heavily on user experience. Furthermore, it can contribute to streamline entire immunoassay processes of diverse biomarkers with high reproducibility and convenience in laboratories.
A machine learning‐based approach for improving plasmid DNA production in Escherichia coli fed‐batch fermentations
Authors: Xu Zhixian , Zhu Xiaofeng , Mohsin Ali , Guo Jianfei , Zhuang Yingping , Chu Ju , Guo Meijin , Wang Guan
Published: June 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is spearheading a new industrial revolution, which provides ample opportunities for the transformational development of traditional fermentation processes. During plasmid fermentation, traditional subjective process control leads to highly unstable plasmid yields. In this study, a multi‐parameter correlation analysis was first performed to discover a dynamic metabolic balance among the oxygen uptake rate, temperature, and plasmid yield, whilst revealing the heating rate and timing as the most important optimization factor for balanced cell growth and plasmid production. Then, based on the acquired on‐line parameters as well as outputs of kinetic models constructed for describing process dynamics of biomass concentration, plasmid yield, and substrate concentration, a machine learning (ML) model with Random Forest (RF) as the best machine learning algorithm was established to predict the optimal heating strategy. Finally, the highest plasmid yield and specific productivity of 1167.74 mg L−1 and 8.87 mg L−1/OD600 were achieved with the optimal heating strategy predicted by the RF model in the 50 L bioreactor, respectively, which was 71% and 21% higher than those obtained in the control cultures where a traditional one‐step temperature upshift strategy was applied. In addition, this study transformed empirical fermentation process optimization into a more efficient and rational self‐optimization method. The methodology employed in this study is equally applicable to predict the regulation of process dynamics for other products, thereby facilitating the potential for furthering the intelligent automation of fermentation processes.
Advanced three‐dimensional in vitro liver models to study the activity of anticancer drugs
Authors: Zuchowska Agnieszka , Frojdenfal Sonia , Trzaskowski Maciej , Jastrzebska Elzbieta
Published: June 2024

The liver is one of the most important organs in the human body. It performs many important functions, including being responsible for the metabolism of most drugs, which is often associated with its drug‐induced damage. Currently, there are no ideal pharmacological models that would allow the evaluation of the effect of newly tested drugs on the liver in preclinical studies. Moreover, the influence of hepatic metabolism on the effectiveness of the tested drugs is rarely evaluated. Therefore, in this work we present an advanced model of the liver, which reflects most of the morphologically and metabolically important features of the liver in vivo, namely: three‐dimensionality, cellular composition, presence of extracellular matrix, distribution of individual cell types in the structure of the liver model, high urea and albumin synthesis efficiency, high cytochrome p450 activity. In addition, the work, based on the example of commonly used anticancer drugs, shows how important it is to take into account hepatic metabolism in the effective assessment of their impact on the target organ, in this case cancer. In our research, we have shown that the most similar to liver in vivo are 3D cellular aggregates composed of three important liver cells, namely hepatocytes (HepG2), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs). Moreover, we showed that the cells in 3D aggregate structure need time (cell–cell interactions) to improve proper liver characteristic. The triculture model additionally showed the greatest ability to metabolize selected anticancer drugs.
Functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for delivering oridonin to improve anti‐breast cancer cell activity
Authors: Zhang Xin‐yan , Shi Xiao‐zi , Yu Jia‐yuan , Wang Jin , Zhao Yong‐ming
Published: June 2024

In this study, a targeted nanocarrier was developed by functionalizing graphene oxide with polyethyleneimine and folic acid, intended for loading oridonin. The nanocarrier was successfully synthesized and characterized using an ultraviolet spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The nanocarrier demonstrated a remarkable oridonin loading capacity, reaching 424.8 μg/mg, as determined by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography. In vitro drug release experiments exhibited a pH‐dependent release profile, with a higher cumulative release in an acidic environment. The release mechanism followed the Ritger–Peppas equation model. Cytotoxicity assays indicated minimal toxicity of the nanocarrier. Enhanced cellular uptake by MCF7 cells was observed for carriers functionalized with folate and polyethyleneimine. These findings highlight the potential of functionalized graphene oxide as a promising carrier for oridonin delivery in biomedical applications.
Preparing counselors‐in‐training to address religion and spirituality: Fostering competency through the lens of the addiction curriculum
Authors: Hagedorn W. Bryce , Butler Sabrina , Frank Alexandra
Published: June 2024

Beginning with a brief review of the literature related to the importance of religion/spirituality (R/S) in counseling clients with substance use disorders and addictions, this article provides classroom exercises that educators can use in the addiction curriculum to foster student insight and awareness, leading to increased R/S competency.
A pragmatic guide to generic qualitative research in counselor education
Authors: Waalkes Phillip L. , DeCino Daniel A. , Somerville Tiffany , Phelps‐Pineda Monica Maria , Flynn Stephen V. , LeBlanc Joe
Published: June 2024

Few practical guidelines exist for conducting generic qualitative research (GQR) with rigor and intentional purpose. This article offers varied purposes of GQR (practicality and creating change, flexible blending of methods, and innovation) and pragmatic guidance for counselor educators and doctoral students conceptualizing, designing, and conducting rigorous GQR studies.
Development of neurofeedback training competencies for counselors: A Delphi study
Authors: Spears James R. , Romero Devon E. , Robertson Derek L. , Prasath Priscilla Rose
Published: June 2024

A three‐round Delphi method surveyed 17 experts, identifying 108 essential neurofeedback competencies for counselors‐in‐training. This research addresses concerns about the impact of neuro‐informed practices on counselor identity and scope of practice, providing a foundation for incorporating neurofeedback training into counselor education.
Enhancing Binding Affinity to CGG/CGG Triad: Optimizing Naphthyridine Carbamate Dimer Derivatives with Varied Linker Lengths
Authors: Shibata Tomonori , Nakamachi Ayano , Nakatani Kazuhiko
Published: June 2024

This study examines the binding properties of six naphthyridine carbamate dimer (NCD) derivatives with varying linker lengths to the CGG/CGG triad, a non‐canonical DNA structure linked to repeat expansion disorders. By altering the linker length from 2 to 4 methylene groups, we found changes in thermal stability of the ligand‐bound complexes while maintaining a consistent 2 : 1 binding stoichiometry. Among the derivatives, CC23 showed superior binding affinity compared to the parent molecule CC33 (NCD). Spectroscopic analyses revealed that linker length influences the conformational equilibrium of NCD derivatives. Thermal melting temperature measurements demonstrated CC23′s enhanced thermal stability over CC33. These findings underscore the potential of optimized NCD derivatives, like CC23, as tools to modulate CGG repeat structures, offering insights for therapeutic strategies targeting repeat expansion disorders.
Enhancing UAV‐HetNet security through functional encryption framework
Authors: Gupta Sachin Kumar , Gupta Parul , Singh Pawan
Published: June 2024

In the current landscape, the rapid expansion of the internet has brought about a corresponding surge in the number of data consumers. As user volume and diversity have escalated, the shift from conventional, uniform networks to Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) has emerged. HetNets are designed with a primary objective: enhancing Quality of Service (QoS) standards for users. In the context of HetNets facilitated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), a substantial influx of users and devices is observed. Within this multifaceted environment, the potential for malicious intruder nodes to efficiently execute and propagate harmful actions across the network is a distinct concern. Consequently, the entirety of network communication becomes susceptible to a multitude of security threats. To address these vulnerabilities and safeguard communication, the Functional Encryption (FE) technique is employed. FE empowers the protection of data against intrusion attacks. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for implementing FE within UAV‐integrated HetNets, executed in two sequential phases. The initial phase secures communication between User Equipment (UE) and Micro Base Station (MBS), followed by the second phase, which focuses on securing communication among MBS and UAV. The viability of the proposed approach is substantiated through validation using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool. The validation process involves the development of High‐Level Protocol Specification Language (HLPSL) codes. The successful security validation outcome underscores the capacity of the proposed methodology to provide the intended security measures and robustness to the network environment.
Early Maladaptive Schemas and Depression in Caregivers of Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum and Bipolar Disorders
Authors: Karambelas George J. , Byrne Linda K. , Allott Kelly A. , Jayasinghe Anuradhi , Watson Amity E. , Hasty Melissa , Macneil Craig , Filia Kate , Cotton Sue M.
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Early maladaptive schemas represent unhelpful frameworks of cognitions, emotions and subsequent behavioural responses and can be associated with depressive symptoms. Caregivers of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) frequently report experiencing depressive symptoms. It is unclear whether depressive symptoms in caregivers are influenced by schemas. We aimed to compare activated schemas in caregivers of people with schizophrenia spectrum (SSD) and bipolar disorder (BD) diagnoses and to determine whether they were differentially related to depressive symptoms.

Design and Methods

Caregivers completed validated measures of depression and schemas. Independent samples t‐tests and multivariate generalised linear models were used to assess differences in schemas and depressive symptoms between caregiver groups. Interrelationships between schema domains and caregiver depressive symptoms were delineated using correlational analyses and forward stepwise regressions.

Results

One hundred eight caregivers participated in the study (SSD n = 68, BD n = 40). No differences in depressive symptom severity or activated schemas were observed between caregiver groups. All schemas were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and the Disconnection‐Rejection schema domain explained the most variance in depressive symptoms in both caregiver groups.

Conclusions

Schemas contribute to the severity of caregiver depression regardless of whether the person receiving care is diagnosed with SSD or BD. Schema therapeutic frameworks may be beneficial for use with caregivers to address schemas within the Disconnection‐Rejection domain and alleviate depressive symptoms by reducing experiences of social isolation and alienation.
Ambient Electroreductive Carboxylation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Upgrading
Authors: Sarkar Prasenjit , Dash Sandeep , Krause Jeanette A. , Sinha Soumalya , Panetier Julien A. , Jiang Jianbing “Jimmy”
Published: June 2024

Electrosynthesis of alkyl carboxylic acids upon activating stronger alkyl chlorides at low‐energy cost is desired in producing carbon‐rich feedstock. Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, has been recognized as an ideal primary carbon source for those syntheses, and such events also mitigate the atmospheric CO2 level, which is already alarming. On the other hand, the promising upcycling of polyvinyl chloride to polyacrylate is a high energy‐demanding carbon‐chloride (C−Cl) bond activation process. Molecular catalysts that can efficiently perform such transformation under ambient reaction conditions are rarely known. Herein, we reveal a nickel (Ni)‐pincer complex that catalyzes the electrochemical upgrading of polyvinyl chloride to polyacrylate in 95 % yield. The activities of such a Ni electrocatalyst bearing a redox‐active ligand were also tested to convert diverse examples of unactivated alkyl chlorides to their corresponding carboxylic acid derivatives. Furthermore, electronic structure calculations revealed that CO2 binding occurs in a resting state to yield an η2‐CO2 adduct and that the C−Cl bond activation step is the rate‐determining transition state, which has an activation energy of 19.3 kcal/mol. A combination of electroanalytical methods, control experiments, and computational studies were also carried out to propose the mechanism of the electrochemical C−Cl activation process with the subsequent carboxylation step.
Experimental investigation of styrene destruction by DBD plasma and its conversion pathways
Authors: Zheng Huan , Ni Guohua , Sun Hongmei , Zhao Yanjun , Sui Siyuan , Ma Zhongyang
Published: June 2024

This work was devoted to the investigation of the contribution of various species in plasma to styrene decomposition. Different background gases (air, argon, nitrogen, and oxygen) and plasma reactor (in‐plasma, post‐plasma, and post‐plasma with buffer tube) were employed in this experiment. The results showed that degradation and polymerization of styrene occur simultaneously in the plasma treatment process. In the discharge zone, the bombardment of electrons and energetic particles on styrene and its degradation intermediates played a role in breaking its weak bond energy and promoting their conversion. The short‐lived reactive species with high oxidation potential in plasma were the prerequisite for complete degradation of styrene, due to its ability of breaking bonds with large bond energies, such as benzene ring. Away from the discharge zone, long‐lived reactive oxygen species further oxidized and degraded styrene, and its intermediates outside the discharge zone, promoting their mineralization.
Host resources and parasite traits interact to determine the optimal combination of host parasite‐mitigation strategies
Authors: Dean Andrew D. , Childs Dylan Z. , Corripio‐Miyar Yolanda , Evans Mike , Hayward Adam , Kenyon Fiona , McNally Luke , McNeilly Tom N. , Pakeman Robin J. , Sweeny Amy R. , Nussey Daniel H. , Pedersen Amy B. , Fenton Andy
Published: June 2024

Organisms have evolved diverse strategies to manage parasite infections. Broadly, hosts may avoid infection by altering behaviour, resist infection by targeting parasites or tolerate infection by repairing associated damage. The effectiveness of a strategy depends on interactions between, for example, resource availability, parasite traits (virulence, life‐history) and the host itself (nutritional status, immunopathology). To understand how these factors shape host parasite‐mitigation strategies, we developed a mathematical model of within‐host, parasite‐immune dynamics in the context of helminth infections. The model incorporated host nutrition and resource allocation to different mechanisms of immune response: larval parasite prevention; adult parasite clearance; damage repair (tolerance). We also considered a non‐immune strategy: avoidance via anorexia, reducing intake of infective stages. Resources not allocated to immune processes promoted host condition, whereas harm due to parasites and immunopathology diminished it. Maximising condition (a proxy for fitness), we determined optimal host investment for each parasite‐mitigation strategy, singly and combined, across different environmental resource levels and parasite trait values. Which strategy was optimal varied with scenario. Tolerance generally performed well, especially with high resources. Success of the different resistance strategies (larval prevention or adult clearance) tracked relative virulence of larval and adult parasites: slowly maturing, highly damaging larvae favoured prevention; rapidly maturing, less harmful larvae favoured clearance. Anorexia was viable only in the short term, due to reduced host nutrition. Combined strategies always outperformed any lone strategy: these were dominated by tolerance, with some investment in resistance.

Choice of parasite mitigation strategy has profound consequences for hosts, impacting their condition, survival and reproductive success. We show that the efficacy of different strategies is highly dependent on timescale, parasite traits and resource availability. Models that integrate such factors can inform the collection and interpretation of empirical data, to understand how those drivers interact to shape host immune responses in natural systems.
Understanding of the Relationship between the Properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells and the Structure of Ag Network Electrodes
Authors: Yoo Hyesun , Van Quy Hoang , Lee Inpyo , Jo Seung Taek , Hong Tae Ei , Kim JunHo , Yoo Dae‐Hwang , Shin Jinwook , Commerell Walter , Kim Dae‐Hwan , Roh Jong Wook
Published: June 2024

The relation between the structure of the silver network electrodes and the properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells is systemically investigated. The Ag network electrode is deposited onto an Al:ZnO (AZO) thin film, employing a self‐forming cracked template. Precise control over the cracked template's structure is achieved through careful adjustment of temperature and humidity. The Ag network electrodes with different coverage areas and network densities are systemically applied to the CIGS solar cells. It is revealed that predominant fill factor (FF) is influenced by the figure of merit of transparent conducting electrodes, rather than sheet resistance, particularly when the coverage area falls within the range of 1.3–5%. Furthermore, a higher network density corresponds to an enhanced FF when the coverage areas of the Ag networks are similar. When utilizing a thinner AZO film, CIGS solar cells with a surface area of 1.0609 cm2 exhibit a notable performance improvement, with efficiency increasing from 10.48% to 11.63%. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the increase in FF from 45% to 65%. These findings underscore the considerable potential for reducing the thickness of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) in CIGS modules with implications for practical applications in photovoltaic technology.
Prevalence and prognosis of aortic valve diseases in patients hospitalized with heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Schupp Tobias , Abel Noah , Schmidberger Moritz , Höpfner Mila Kathrin , Schmitt Alexander , Reinhardt Marielen , Forner Jan , Lau Felix , Akin Muharrem , Rusnak Jonas , Akin Ibrahim , Behnes Michael
Published: June 2024

Aims

Data regarding the characterization and outcomes of patients with heart failure (HF) with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is scarce. This study investigates the characteristics and prognostic impact of native aortic valve diseases (AVD) in patients with HFmrEF.

Methods and results

Consecutive patients hospitalized with HFmrEF (i.e. left ventricular ejection fraction 41–49% and signs and/or symptoms of HF) were retrospectively included at one institution from 2016 to 2022. The prognostic impact of native aortic valve stenosis (AS), aortic valve regurgitation (AR) and mixed AVD (MAVD) was investigated for the primary endpoint of long‐term all‐cause mortality during a median follow‐up of 30 months. Kaplan–Meier, univariable and multivariable Cox proportional analyses were applied. From a total of 2106 patients hospitalized with HFmrEF, the prevalence of AS and AR was 16.5% and 31.2%, respectively (MAVD 7.8%). The presence of moderate/severe AS was associated with a higher risk of long‐term all‐cause mortality (44.8% vs. 28.7%; p = 0.001) and HF‐related rehospitalization (18.6% vs. 12.0%; p = 0.001), even after multivariable adjustment (mortality: hazard ratio [HR] 1.320; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.035–1.684; p = 0.025; HF‐related rehospitalization: HR 1.570; 95% CI 1.101–2.241; p = 0.013). Interestingly, even mild AS was associated with increased risk of long‐term all‐cause mortality compared to patients without AS (HR 1.477; 95% CI 1.101–1.982; p = 0.009). In contrast, the presence of AR was not associated with long‐term outcomes after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusions

The presence of AS, but not AR, was independently associated with increased risk of all‐cause mortality and HF‐related rehospitalization in patients with HFmrEF. Even milder stages of AS were associated with impaired prognosis.
Diabetic myocardial disorder. A clinical consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC and the ESC Working Group on Myocardial & Pericardial Diseases
Authors: Seferović Petar M. , Paulus Walter J. , Rosano Giuseppe , Polovina Marija , Petrie Mark C. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Tschöpe Carsten , Sattar Naveed , Piepoli Massimo , Papp Zoltán , Standl Eberhard , Mamas Mamas A. , Valensi Paul , Linhart Ales , Lalić Nebojša , Ceriello Antonio , Döhner Wolfram , Ristić Arsen , Milinković Ivan , Seferović Jelena , Cosentino Francesco , Metra Marco , Coats Andrew J.S.
Published: June 2024

The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF) has been firmly established; however, the entity of diabetic myocardial disorder (previously called diabetic cardiomyopathy) remains a matter of debate. Diabetic myocardial disorder was originally described as the occurrence of myocardial structural/functional abnormalities associated with T2DM in the absence of coronary heart disease, hypertension and/or obesity. However, supporting evidence has been derived from experimental and small clinical studies. Only a minority of T2DM patients are recognized as having this condition in the absence of contributing factors, thereby limiting its clinical utility. Therefore, this concept is increasingly being viewed along the evolving HF trajectory, where patients with T2DM and asymptomatic structural/functional cardiac abnormalities could be considered as having pre‐HF. The importance of recognizing this stage has gained interest due to the potential for current treatments to halt or delay the progression to overt HF in some patients. This document is an expert consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC and the ESC Working Group on Myocardial & Pericardial Diseases. It summarizes contemporary understanding of the association between T2DM and HF and discuses current knowledge and uncertainties about diabetic myocardial disorder that deserve future research. It also proposes a new definition, whereby diabetic myocardial disorder is defined as systolic and/or diastolic myocardial dysfunction in the presence of diabetes. Diabetes is rarely exclusively responsible for myocardial dysfunction, but usually acts in association with obesity, arterial hypertension, chronic kidney disease and/or coronary artery disease, causing additive myocardial impairment.
Activation of Peroxodisulfate Coupled with Photocatalysis by Pyrrolic N‐Rich Fe‐N4 Sites for High Efficiency Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride
Authors: Mao Wenkang , Ju Jinjing , Li Dan , Wu Daishe , Xu Feigao
Published: June 2024

Photocatalysis is an efficient technology for the degradation of pollutants. However, there is still much room for improvement in its degradation efficiency. In this study, a pyrrolic N‐rich g‐C3N4 (PN‐g‐C3N4) framework was synthesized with transition metal M (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Mn) atomic sites coordinated onto it. Then, a series of single atomic metals M anchored to PN‐g‐C3N4 (M/PN‐g‐C3N4) are constructed for peroxodisulfate activation. Their order of catalytic activity follows Fe>Cr>Ni>Cu≈Co>Mn, in particular the degradation rates of the TCH for Fe‐PN‐g‐C3N4 are 3.74 times higher than that of undoped PN‐g‐C3N4. These carefully regulated pyrrolic N‐rich Fe sites demonstrate outstanding performance in degrading organic pollutant. As an exemplary model, the Fe/PN‐g‐C3N4 catalyst efficiently drives the catalytic oxidation of TCH through Fenton‐like reaction under visible light, showcasing exceptional cycle stability and a broad effective pH range of 3.0–11.0. The synergy between photocatalysis and Fe doped catalysis results in increased generation and separation of charge carriers, along with the cyclic transformation of the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple. This combination significantly enhances the Fenton‐like performance, making it a highly effective process for pollutant degradation.
Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic growth factors on virulence gene expression of foodborne pathogens in vitro and in food model systems; a review
Authors: Hosseini Hedayat , Mahmoudi Razzagh , Pakbin Babak , Manafi Leila , Hosseini Setayesh , Pilevar Zahra , Brück Wolfram Manuel
Published: June 2024

Since foodborne diseases are one of the major causes of human hospitalization and death, one of the main challenges to food safety is the elimination or reduction of pathogens from food products throughout the food production chain. Pathogens, such as Salmonella species, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium species, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter species, etc., enter the consumer's body through the consumption of contaminated food and eventually cause disease, disability, and death in humans. In particular, the expression of virulence genes of these pathogens in various food environments containing them has been repeatedly reported, which is a key issue for the survival and pathogenicity of the pathogen. Hence, in this review, the interventions to prevent and control foodborne diseases, such as the application of natural preservatives, redox potential, heat treatments, high‐pressure processing, and gaseous atmosphere, are discussed based on the literature. Moreover, the effects of various environmental conditions on bacterial gene expression are comprehensively reviewed. In conclusion, the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the growth and pathogenicity of bacteria are very complicated. The information obtained from the current study can be used to develop new control strategies, improve food safety, and ensure human health.
Rethinking institutional arbitrage: De jure exposure and de facto enforcement
Authors: Xu Jian
Published: June 2024

Research Summary

This article disentangles the de jure and de facto dimensions of institutional distances to examine their impact on firms embedded across heterogeneous jurisdictions. I argue that significant transaction costs occur only when the de facto implementations of regulations from both home and foreign jurisdictions become irreconcilable. Using an original dataset of the enforcement actions of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), I find that institutional arbitrage becomes infeasible for non‐US‐based firms with de jure exposure to the FCPA when the de facto judicial constraints over bureaucratic discretion are weak in these firms' home countries targeted by FCPA enforcement. De facto FCPA enforcement makes such US‐listed firms more likely to divest from their home markets or voluntarily delist from US stock markets.

Managerial Summary

Mangers should consider the divergence or convergence between the de jure and de facto dimensions of institutional distance in evaluating their international business strategies. In analyzing the operational obstacles for engaging in cross‐jurisdictional activities, notably institutional arbitrage schemes, managers should realize that such obstacles do not simply arise from contradictions in officially stipulated regulations, but also from whether and the extent to which such de jure contradictions are activated. Assessing the feasibility of corporate political activities and other legally ambiguous nonmarket strategies as risk‐mitigation measures thus needs to take into account this distinction. MNEs' global strategies should also recognize the increasingly intertwined national and supranational legal systems and their interactions as sources of operational risks.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping in the brain reflects spatial expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis and myelination
Authors: Cohen Zoe , Lau Laurance , Ahmed Maruf , Jack Clifford R. , Liu Chunlei
Published: June 2024

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI modality used to non‐invasively measure iron content in the brain. Iron exhibits a specific anatomically varying pattern of accumulation in the brain across individuals. The highest regions of accumulation are the deep grey nuclei, where iron is stored in paramagnetic molecule ferritin. This form of iron is considered to be what largely contributes to the signal measured by QSM in the deep grey nuclei. It is also known that QSM is affected by diamagnetic myelin contents. Here, we investigate spatial gene expression of iron and myelin related genes, as measured by the Allen Human Brain Atlas, in relation to QSM images of age‐matched subjects. We performed multiple linear regressions between gene expression and the average QSM signal within 34 distinct deep grey nuclei regions. Our results show a positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) between expression of ferritin and the QSM signal in deep grey nuclei regions. We repeated the analysis for other genes that encode proteins thought to be involved in the transport and storage of iron in the brain, as well as myelination. In addition to ferritin, our findings demonstrate a positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) between the expression of ferroportin, transferrin, divalent metal transporter 1, several gene markers of myelinating oligodendrocytes, and the QSM signal in deep grey nuclei regions. Our results suggest that the QSM signal reflects both the storage and active transport of iron in the deep grey nuclei regions of the brain.
The propagation of business expectations within the European Union
Authors: Sebbesen Anja , Oberhofer Harald
Published: June 2024

This paper empirically investigates the propagation of firm expectations within the European Union (EU). To this end, we combine information from EU‐wide official business surveys with input–output data. Econometrically, we model interdependencies in economic activities via input–output linkages and apply space‐time models with common factors. The resulting evidence provides indication for the existence of substantial spillover effects in expectation formation. They are transmitted both upstream and downstream the European value chain, but the latter channel matters more.
A retrospective cohort study and review of the literature about germline mosaicism in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy prenatal counseling: How to estimate the recurrence risk in clinical settings?
Authors: Verebi Camille , Gravrand Victor , Bienvenu Thierry , Leturcq France , Nectoux Juliette
Published: June 2024

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are the most common inherited neuromuscular diseases. Following the identification of a pathogenic causative variant in the DMD gene of a proband, potential carriers can be informed of their risk of having offspring with the disease. Germline mosaicism is a variant that is confined to the gonads that can be transmitted to offspring and is usually reported when a non‐carrier of a DMD pathogenic variant has two or more offspring carrying the variant in question. On average, one third of cases are the result of a de novo variant, and as DMD and BMD are prone to germline mosaicism, its inclusion in genetic counseling is mandatory. In this retrospective cohort study, we presented clinical data from an unpublished DMD/BMD cohort of 332 families with incidence of germline mosaicism in families with de novo transmission of 8.1%. This is also the first systematic literature review searching PubMed to provide an accurate assessment of the current literature on germline mosaicism in DMD and BMD, including 17 case reports and 20 original studies. The incidence of documented germline mosaicism in de novo event families ranged from 6.0 to 40%, with a mean of 8.3%. The estimated recurrence risk for mothers of a patient with a proven de novo causal variant ranged from 4.3 to 11%, with a mean of 5.8% for a male fetus. By providing an up‐to‐date and comprehensive overview of the literature, this review aims to improve our understanding of germline mosaicism in DMD and to promote the development of effective strategies and reliable data for occurrence risk assessment in genetic counseling of de novo event families.
Ramifications of leaders' unethical pro‐organizational behavior on employees: Dual‐stage moderation of ethical mindset
Authors: Cai Yahua , Zheng Weili , Schuh Sebastian C. , Lin Xiaowan
Published: June 2024

Although leaders' unethical pro‐organizational behavior (UPB) have been identified as one of the key drivers of employees' unethical actions in organizations, our understanding of when and why leader UPB unfolds these adverse effects is still at an early stage. By integrating social cognitive theory with the literature on ethical mindset, the present research sheds light on the cognitive processes and boundary conditions that underpin the effects of leader UPB on followers. We argue that leader UPB may undermine followers' moral efficacy, which in turn translates into heightened follower UPB and general unethical behaviors (UBs). More importantly, we propose that ethical mindset moderates the two stages of the processes, such that followers' outcome‐based ethical mindset weakens the effects of leader UPB on follower moral efficacy but strengthens the link between follower moral efficacy and their UPB and UB. The results of two field studies and one experiment provide consistent support for the hypothesized model. Theoretical and practical implications as well as avenues for future research are discussed.
Isolation, Plant Growth‐Promoting Properties, and Whole‐Genome Sequence of a Novel Paenibacillus Species
Authors: Tran Dinh Minh , Huynh To Uyen , Do Tu Oanh , Nguyen Anh Dzung
Published: June 2024

This work aimed to isolate and characterize a novel chitin‐degrading bacterium from Yok Don National Park, Vietnam, for crop production studies. Among the chitinolytic isolates, strain YSY‐4.3 was selected, which grew rapidly and produced a large halo around the colony. 16S rDNA analysis indicated that the strain is a novel species in the genus Paenibacillus, and an in vitro evaluation showed that the strain produced phytohormones (IAA, GA3, and zeatin), biofilms, and siderophores; possessed cellulase; and exerted antifungal activity. The whole genome of the strain was 5,628,400 bp with 49.3% GC content, 5056 coding sequences, 48 tRNA, and 1 rRNA. It shared the highest values of digital DNA–DNA hybridization (67.4%) and average nucleotide identity (89.54%) with those of Paenibacillus woosongensis B2_4 (CP126084.1), suggesting a novel species. Of the coding sequences, 4287 proteins were identified by COG, and 2561 were assigned by KEGG. The genome contained at least 51 genes involved in plant growth and resistance to heavy‐metal toxicity and 359 carbohydrate‐active enzymes. The chitinolytic system of the strain was composed of 15 enzymes, among them, PsChiC, which contained a GH18 catalytic domain and a GH5 catalytic domain, had not been previously reported. In addition, the genome possessed 15 gene clusters encoding antimicrobial metabolites, 10 of which are possible novel clusters. This study expands knowledge regarding novel chitinolytic bacteria from Yok Don National Park and provides a valuable gene resource for future studies.