bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emotional Weight of Childlessness
Authors: Moussa Hadiza , Kang Alice J. , Cooper Barbara M. , Kammerer Natalie
Published: February 2023

Women who experience infertility feel a wide range of emotions such as affection, anxiety, guilt, joy, shame, and loneliness. This chapter undertakes an anthropological analysis of affective life or sensibilité to better understand the experiences of infertile women in Niger. In this way, the chapter psychologizes anthropology and anthropologizes psychology. Through interviews conducted in Niamey, it is found that when a couple is unable to produce a child, the wife is alienated by her husband and husband’s family, which brings about overwhelming feelings of loneliness. Some interviewees report having to hear insults on a regular basis from their relatives within their own home, making them question their own self-worth. Women stigmatized for being childless feel a deep sense of shame and guilt for not being able to fulfill their social duty. At the same time, they can feel hopeful for a miracle. The extensive marginalization of women without children and the constant gaze of and judgment by others are internalized, incurring psychological distress that deserves greater attention.
The Role of Judge Advocates in Prisoner of War and Detention Operations in the U.S. Army: A Short History
Authors: Borch III Fred L.
Published: February 2023

Uniformed lawyers have played important roles in prisoner of war and detainee operations in the U.S. Army. During international armed conflicts like World War II, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf War, military lawyers advised on the status and treatment of enemy fighters captured on the battlefield—in accordance with the Geneva Conventions and customary international law. In the last decades of the twentieth century and early years of the twenty-first century, however, U.S. Army involvement in international armed conflicts—and corresponding POW operations—diminished significantly, and was replaced by military operations in non-international conflicts. Since persons captured or detained in non-international operations like Somalia, Haiti, and Afghanistan could not be prisoners of war as a matter of law, Army lawyers had to create procedures governing the status and treatment of detainees. History demonstrates that prisoner of war and detention operations have been a story of hastily planned and quickly implemented procedures. This ad hoc approach is to be expected, however, since the Army itself puts a priority on winning on the battlefield and a lower priority on prisoner and detainee operations.
A Theory of Compellence with Nuclear Latency
Authors: Volpe Tristan A.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 presents a new theory of compellence with nuclear latency. The core finding is that states need just enough bomb-making potential to make both proliferation threats and promises of nuclear restraint credible. The chapter presents this theory in five parts. The first explores the dilemma challengers face between making proliferation threats and nonproliferation assurances credible. The second part presents hypotheses about when this strategy is likely to succeed or fail as the challenger marches toward the bomb. This logic reveals a sweet spot amount of latency where compellence should be most likely to work because challengers can underwrite both threats and assurances. The third part compares these claims to alternative explanations. The fourth part grounds the boundaries of the sweet spot in actual nuclear technology. The final part of the chapter formulates a research strategy and selects cases to evaluate the theory.
Idealism and our place in the world
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

Are human being special in the world, or are we merely insignificant beings, at best significant only on our planet, but not in reality as a whole? This Big Question about our place has two familiar answers: one that says that we are special, since we have a special connection to God, and one that says that we are not special, since we are merely the result of an accidental arrangement of matter through evolution. This chapter explores a third, idealist, answer to this question, which holds that we are special, since there is an intimate connection between our minds and reality itself. It considers how such an idealist position should be understood, what minimal constraints any defense of idealism should meet, and how idealism might answer the Big Question in a novel way.
Forms of idealism we should reject
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

This chapter critically surveys a series of attempts to defend idealism. I argue that they all face certain problems, and that in the end they should be rejected. This survey includes a discussion of phenomenalism, conventionalism, the subjectivity thesis, fragmentalism, and idealist theories of properties and of truth. I argue that none of these positions meet the minimal constraints presented in chapter 1, but that they point to an option which might be defensible, and which holds that reality is constrained by our minds, even though it is not constructed by them. This is the kind of idealism defended in chapter 3.
The internalist conception of facts
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

When we talk about facts, like the fact that snow is white, do we thereby talk about things? Or is such talk not about things at all, but instead fact-terms have a different semantic function than aiming to pick out a thing which is a fact? This chapter defends the view that facts are not things, and fact-terms are not aiming to refer. In particular, it discusses how quantification over facts is to be understood, and how quantifiers interact with non-referential fact terms and with modal notions. It defends a position labelled internalism, which in a nutshell holds that fact-terms do not aim to refer, and quantifiers generalize over the instances in our own language. Of special importance and difficulty is to formulate this view of quantifiers in a way that makes sense of their interaction with context sensitive instances.
Harmony and ineffability
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

This chapter develops and strengthens the argument outlined in chapter 3 that there is a connection between idealism and harmony, on the one hand, and between harmony and internalism, on the other hand. In particular, the chapter strengthens the argument outlined earlier that internalism guarantees structural harmony to an argument that internalism guarantees complete harmony, a much stronger notion of harmony. A key aspect of this strengthening is a closer investigation into the notion of an ineffable fact, and what a proper source of ineffability might be. Here it is of special significance whether objects might be a proper source of ineffability, which is argued against. The chapter makes clear how conceptual idealism is compatible with ontological realism, and how we constrain logical space without constructing it.
Conceptual idealism: the overall picture
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

This final chapter revisits several issues that came before and puts the overall picture tied to conceptual idealism together. It shows how conceptual idealism answers the Big Question in a novel way, and with it that human beings are metaphysically special in all of reality, since there is an intimate connection between our minds and reality as the totality of facts. We can see that the defense of conceptual idealism meets all three constraints that any reasonable defense of idealism needs to meet. The metaphysical picture tied to conceptual idealism is developed a bit, but the focus is mostly on the meta-philosophical approach that came with its defense. The chapter compares and contrasts the present approach to Kant’s view on metaphysics, and endorses the label of being neo-Kantian, with numerous qualifications. Finally, the immanent metaphysics program is outlined, with a focus on where to go next.
‘Taking their labour and art to the best market’
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice
Published: February 2023

This chapter addresses the political economy of British emigration to the Continent. Throughout the eighteenth century, a thousand engineers and artisans crossed the Channel. After the end of the Napoleonic wars, this flow dramatically increased. As free-trading ideas gained ground, British bans on the emigration of artisans and on the exportation of machinery were lifted in 1824 and 1843, respectively. In most cases, skilled migrants could rely upon the technological gap between Britain, which had begun its industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century, and the Continent, which lagged behind. In several sectors (e.g. linen, iron, railway building), employers played a crucial part in the hiring of British artisans. Given the superiority of British technology, both continental entrepreneurs and British investors preferred to use British machinery and to employ British workers who knew how to operate it. In lace, by contrast, workers themselves were the primary agents of migration. Their movement to the Continent was mostly at the behest of British artisans who crossed the Channel to gain access to continental markets without having to pay duties or the cost of smuggling. The press, information passed by word of mouth, and in some cases recruitment agents could also play a part in prompting the move.
The Gender of Migration
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the gendered dimensions of migration. While in some sectors such as railway building a large part of the workforce was made up of single male workers, in others emigrants moved with their families. Many female linen workers also emigrated while young and single. While the occupational structure of work in Britain at the time has been well researched, this chapter considers whether these patterns were replicated when workers emigrated or whether they underwent transformations. It specifically deals with women in the linen industry, and with women and children in the sector of machine-made lace. Although female lace workers were often highly skilled, they were restricted to low-paid positions in the trade because of gendered notions of skill and occupation. This chapter also discusses child labour on both sides of the Channel, especially in machine-made lace. Last, it focuses on the respective wages of men, women, and children on both sides of the Channel.
‘Driven from his native land to seek employment under a foreign despotism’
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice
Published: February 2023

This chapter addresses migrants’ history of political engagement. When they emigrated, British workers were confronted with political situations that could be very different from those they experienced in Britain. Adjusting could be a challenge. However, far from being a docile population, British workers knew how to market their skills in individual or collective negotiations. In iron or machinery, they bargained on the length of their employment and of the working day, on their wages and the refund of their travel expenses, and on the quality of housing for them and their families. These demands were sometimes accompanied by different forms of rebellion, especially against discipline, rules, or shrinking wages. When they were present on the Continent in large numbers, migrants also set up friendly societies and masonic lodges. In France, some founded trade unions and organised strikes, at a time when both were forbidden in France. In the 1840s, during the Chartist movement, France was the only country outside Britain where branches were set up. The Chartist Northern Star was read aloud in a linen workshop in Brittany, thus echoing Scottish working-class practices of the collective reading of radical texts. Focusing on the rare case of a British insurgent in Paris, the chapter also considers how ‘British’ political opinions could translate in the context of a French revolution.
Voice and Influence in Global Governance
Authors: DeMenno Mercy Berman , Büthe Tim
Published: February 2023

This chapter lays out the analytical framework for addressing the three questions at the core of this volume. First, why have (some) global governance bodies expanded voice opportunities for previously disregarded stakeholders? Second, what prompts such stakeholders to make use of these opportunities and increase their actual engagement in global governance? And third, under what conditions should we expect such previously marginalized or excluded stakeholders to gain actual influence over rule- and decision-making in a global governance body? Building on the literature on stakeholder participation in domestic and global regulatory governance, the chapter develops a conceptual framework and a positive political economy approach to understanding stakeholder participation and possible influence over global rules and decisions. The theoretical discussion in this chapter yields hypotheses that are empirically examined with regard to global finance governance in Part II of this volume and with regard to global health governance in Part III.
Stakeholder Participation Reforms in Global Finance Governance
Authors: Kovarzina Olga , Maggetti Martino
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides an overview of reforms that aimed at increasing participation in the main global finance governance institutions. Special attention is given to the inclusion of previously marginalized stakeholders, which could be member state representatives or non-state actors. On the one hand, the level and quality of stakeholders’ participation may depend on the incentives and opportunities that stakeholders face, which are shaped by the importance of specific governance issues, by the availability of alternatives, and by the domestic context. On the other hand, conditions that affect participation may depend on the institution itself, specifically on its organizational structure and on its willingness to include or exclude specific stakeholders. To explore the variation in organizational features, we selected institutions with different organizational forms: intergovernmental organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank, transgovernmental/transnational bodies such as the FATF and the FSB, and private standard-setters such as the IASB.
Brazil and Argentina in Global Finance Governance
Authors: Moraes Henrique Choer , Aznar Facundo Pérez
Published: February 2023

The participatory status enjoyed by Argentina and Brazil in global financial institutions was upgraded in recent years, when both countries were recognized with a seat at the decision-making table as a result of institutional reforms undertaken at global financial governance settings. By examining the participation of Argentina and Brazil at meetings of the G20, International Monetary Fund (IMF), FSB (Financial Stability Board), and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), this chapter studies the extent to which these countries have taken advantage of their strengthened capacity as new members of these institutions. The institutional reforms studied have (by and large) enabled Argentina and Brazil to voice their views, concerns, and initiatives to a global audience that they could not reach previously. Still, they did so for reasons that are particular to each of their individual circumstances, including their capacity to harness these opportunities
Can Regional Institutions Increase the Legitimacy of Global Governance?
Authors: Moraes Henrique Choer
Published: February 2023

The architecture of global finance governance displays a number of institutions that, despite having a limited membership, set standards with global reach. One way to address this legitimacy challenge has been to establish regional consultative mechanisms aimed at reaching out to non-members. The chapter studies the cases of the regional groups of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and of the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and discusses the extent to which they contribute to bridging the communication gap with non-members. The picture that emerges is a complex one. While regional branches do not dispense with the hierarchy between members and non-members, examples presented here indicate that the existence of regional branches allows some room for exerting influence. Still, the capacity to effectively participate even in these regional mechanisms is uneven, as is the degree of influence exerted.
The Effects of Stakeholder Reforms on Global Health Governance
Authors: Burci Gian Luca
Published: February 2023

Former Legal Counsel of the WHO Gian Luca Burci offers a practitioner’s response to the analyses of the stakeholder participation reforms in global health governance in the country case studies. He points out that technical knowledge, the tactical use of WHO procedures, and their grouping into alliances gives certain previously disregarded states influence that is sometimes disproportionate to their overall political and economic importance. He further argues that complex power dynamics continue to play a role in participation by neglected stakeholders. He also highlights how previously neglected stakeholders participate indirectly through regional organizations and groupings. He finally underlines that a thorough analysis of the relationship between governance reform and participation by neglected government and non-government stakeholders has to take into account a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous factors.
Evolving Norms and Objectives Regarding Stakeholder Participation
Authors: Newton Gülen Atay
Published: February 2023

In response to the analyses of stakeholder participation in global health governance in the country-pairs case studies, Gülen Atay Newton in this chapter reflects upon stakeholder participation at the Global Fund, for which she formerly served as General Counsel. Tackling global issues, she argues, requires both a healthy and ongoing dialogue among all those concerned and sustained discipline in finding collective solutions. It is thus incumbent on the stakeholders themselves to ensure maximum integration and meaningful contribution by all. When some of the stakeholders remain less engaged, be it due to lack of funds, capacity, or interest, the whole experiment will suffer and the partnership’s ability to achieve its mission will be compromised. Power asymmetries must be reduced and should eliminated; weaker participants must be empowered accordingly. Despite ongoing measures to that end, achieving such an optimal equilibrium is a work in progress, particularly at the governance level of the global partnerships and continues to need dedicated attention. Like any capacity-building effort, however, enduring effects are likely to materialize over the medium to long term, with sustained and/or increased allocation of resources.
Conclusion
Authors: Büthe Tim , Pauwelyn Joost , Maggetti Martino , Berman Ayelet
Published: February 2023

This concluding chapter begins with a few reflections about participation and legitimacy in global governance. It then summarizes the empirical findings, including the variation in new or expanded stakeholder voice opportunities in the key bodies for governing global finance and global health, the variation in actual engagement of those stakeholders in the aftermath of de jure reforms, and the variation in stakeholder influence in the aftermath of reforms. Returning to the analytical questions that motivated us to launch the project, we examine the implications of the empirical findings for the hypothesized explanations of differences in voice and influence. Drawing together the findings from across the entire volume, the chapter concludes with reflections on the distinct experiences of governmental versus non-state and civil society stakeholders, and with a comparison of the experience of traditionally disregarded stakeholders across the two policy fields of global finance and global health.
Early symptoms and pointers to early diagnosis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: February 2023

Back pain is very prevalent in the general population but AS/axSpA is not its commonest cause. In the beginning, AS usually causes pain and stiffness felt in the buttock area and lower back due to inflammation of the sacroiliac joints and lower spine in a teenager or a young adult. This inflammatory back pain is worsened on prolonged rest and eased on physical exercise or intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Most patients first seek medical help when their back pain and stiffness become persistent and troublesome; and it may become a major impediment to good sleep. A few patients may present with pain in the hip (groin) or knee joint, or tenderness of some bones, such as the chest wall or the heels. Others may present with an acute inflammation of the eye, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, pain in the limb joints, or tenderness of some bones, such as the chest wall or the heels. Unless the physician has ample clinical experience and a high index of suspicion, many cases will be missed. An early diagnosis and a proper medical management are crucial as it can help alleviate symptoms, reduce the risk of long-term disability and deformity, and enhance quality of life.
IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors and targeted synthetic DMARDs
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: February 2023

Many novel drugs are revolutionizing the care of people with SpA, especially for those who fail to respond to TNFi. IL-17 inhibitors secukinumab (Cosentyx®) and ixekizumab (Taltz®) are very effective for treating people with AS/axSpA, psoriasis, and PsA, but they are not effective for IBD. They slow down disease progression beginning a couple of years after treatment initiation that is initiated in early stages of the disease. IL-23 inhibitors ustekinumab (Stelara®), guselkumab (Tremfya®) and risankizumab (Skyrizi®) are approved for psoriasis and PsA. They have unprecedented efficacy for people with psoriasis and are also effective for PsA but not for AS. Tofacitinib (Xeljaz®) and upadacitinib (Rinvoq®), that are non-biologic drug belonging to a class called JAK inhibitors and taken as a tablet, have been approved the treatment of AS and PsA. They should not be given with biologics. Apremilast (Otezla), another non-biologic drug belonging to PDE4 (phosphodiesterase 4) inhibitor and taken as a tablet, is approved for the treatment of psoriasis and PsA, but not for AS/axSpA. During the current pandemic, it is reassuring to know that use of none of the drugs discussed in this chapter are associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes for patients with SpA.
Surgical treatment
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: February 2023

General anesthesia can be a challenge for the anesthesiologist as they may have difficulty in passing a breathing tube down the trachea (windpipe) so that the airway can be maintained during general anesthesia for surgery. An instrument called a flexible fiber optic laryngoscope helps in putting the breathing tube down the trachea. Do not assume that the surgical team is fully aware of all the limitations due to AS. You should discuss any concerns or apprehensions with the surgeon and arrange a preoperative consultation with the anesthesiologist. Appropriate positioning of the patient is a shared responsibility among the surgeon, the anesthesiologist, and the rest of the operating team. Hip joint replacement is indicated in patients with advanced hip joint impairment is a highly successful surgery. Heart complications, such as severe slowing of the heart or leaky heart valve, may require placement of a cardiac (heart) pacemaker or valve replacement, respectively. Surgical management of the spinal fracture that usually occurs in the cervical spine is discussed in Chapter 22.
Brief illustrative case histories
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: February 2023

The first case in this chapter demonstrates typical symptoms and early diagnosis of AS and its appropriate management. Case 2 is the story of a remarkable person who lived with severe form of AS for 78 years, and faced many life-threatening disease-associated events with steadfast determination. He took upon himself to gain extensive knowledge about AS and also tried to meet other patients to hear their experiences. He, with his rheumatologist, co-authored an excellent book for patients and their families and healthcare providers. In 1977 he formed the world's second-oldest patient support group in 1977, and made more than 45 trips abroad in his zeal to spread the idea of self-help organizations for patients with AS.
How Intuition Sometimes Gets It Wrong
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that intuition can lead to inaccurate and biased judgements under particular sets of conditions as a result of the use of certain types of mental short cuts or ‘heuristics’. The theory of ‘heuristics and biases’, which was the product of a seminal programme of research instigated by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, is centre stage. Two types of heuristics that have particular relevance for business decision-making are discussed: the ‘representativeness’ heuristic and the ‘availability’ heuristic. Heuristics are a reflection of the inherent computational limitations of the human mind. It is for this reason that the chapter begins with a discussion of a concept which is as important to intuition research as gravity is to physics, the concept of ‘bounded rationality’. The theory of heuristics and biases is considered to be a theory of bounded rationality.
How Gut Feeling Sometimes Gets It Right
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The two main ideas of this chapter are ‘ecological rationality’ and ‘fast and frugal’ heuristics. Ecological rationality aims to understand how people can be effective decision-makers by using simple heuristics or ‘rules of thumb’ that fit well with the structure of their actual decision-making environment (hence ‘ecological’). It has three principles: first, the metaphor of the mind as an ‘adaptive toolbox’; second, the mind’s ‘evolved capacities’ are raw materials out of which heuristics are constructed; third, better decisions can be taken using less information—‘less can be more’. Fast-and-fugal heuristics are simple, task-specific strategies for making judgements and taking decisions; they are one of the tools of bounded rationality. Gerd Gigerenzer’s work is centre-stage. His view of intuition aligns with an evolutionary view of the mind as an adaptive toolbox. Gigerenzer criticizes ‘Linda-type’ problems because they overlook the cognitive skills that enable human beings to go automatically beyond the information given to navigate an ambiguous and uncertain world. The chapter looks at three types of ‘fast-and-frugals’, the recognition-, social- and reason-based heuristics, and considers their relevance to and applications in business decision-making.
Why Intuition Often Gets It Right
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that experienced decision-makers are able to make fast, accurate judgements and take effective decisions through the intuitive processes of pattern recognition and pattern matching. The model of how this works is called the ‘recognition-primed decision (RPD) model’. It is one of the cornerstones of the field of ‘naturalistic decision-making’ (NDM) research. The work of the applied psychologist Gary Klein is centre stage. In common with fast-and-frugal heuristics, and unlike heuristics and biases, it is based on the idea that intuition can be a source of decision-making power when exercised by the right person, the right way, under the right circumstances. By emphasizing pattern recognition and pattern matching the RPD model resonates with Herbert Simon’s definition of intuitions as analyses frozen into habit and the capacity for rapid response through recognition. RPD’s applications in business are discussed and a potential new variant of it, ‘intuition-based inquiry’, is presented.
The Expert Sense
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that expert intuition (the ‘expert sense’) is developed through a lengthy process of skill acquisition. The origins of research into expert intuition are to be found in studies of chess masters. The principles of pattern recognition in chess have been extrapolated to management. Both the amount (notionally ‘10,000’ hours) and the quality (deliberate with expert coaching and feedback) of practice are important in the development of intuitive expertise and the expert sense. Skill acquisition proceeds though a number of stages from ‘novice’ through to ‘expert’. Dreyfus’s ‘Skill Acquisition Model’ (SAM) is centre stage. Novices simply follow rules without taking the subtleties of the context into account, whereas expert performance is situational, holistic, and intuitive. On rare occasions experts are able to achieve a high-level state of ‘flow’. Parallels between expert intuition in the professional fields of nursing and management are discussed. Collective intuition, built by learning, dialogue, and feedback between experts, is proposed as a valuable, rare, and difficult-to-imitate source of competitive advantage for an organization. For expert intuitions to be integrated and institutionalized into an organization, they must first be articulated and interpreted.
The Moral Sense
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that moral judgement is based mostly on automatic (System 1, intuitive) processes rather than deliberative (System 2, analytical) processes. The ‘moral intuitions’ which are the product of these System 1 processes resonate with Darwin’s idea of the ‘moral sense’. In intuitive models of moral judgement, the ‘moral mind’ defaults to ‘automatic’ mode; for the ‘manual’ mode to be operative it has to be selected deliberately. The ‘social intuitionist model’ of moral judgement (SIM) and the related idea of ‘moral foundations theory’ (MFT) are explored. The work of Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues and their work on moral intuitions and intuitive ethics is centre stage. Applications of MFT in business are discussed.
Actions
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado
Published: February 2023

The main aim of this chapter is to identify the processes and representations involved in the mirror responses that occur while we are observing other people acting. A large amount of evidence in monkeys and humans indicates that parieto-frontal mirror neurons can represent action goals such as grasping, kicking, climbing, and so on. Observing someone else acting would evoke a transformation of sensory representations of their actions into the motor representations of action goals similar to those that the observer would recruit if they themselves were to execute the observed actions. This would also explain why the more the capacity to represent action goals develops motorically, the greater the possibility of mirroring these goals when actions are observed rather than being executed. Finally, the mirror property has been found to be related to space. Recent studies have shown that not only can the mirror responses be modulated by the fact that the observed actions are executed in our own peripersonal space, but that these responses can also ‘mirror’ the peripersonal space of others.
Emotions
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on studies of mirror neuron responses while observing emotional expressions, showing that these responses are specific to a certain kind of emotional reaction (such as disgust, fear, or laughter) and selectively involve a number of distinct brain structures (i.e. the insula, amygdale, cingulate cortex). This suggests that observing facial or bodily expressions of a given emotion would trigger a transformation of the sensory representations concerning such expressions into visceromotor representations similar to those that usually result from experiencing that emotion personally. The chapter reveals that the same seems to hold true also for social emotions such as regret.
Rational Sentimentalism
Authors: D'Arms Justin , Jacobson Daniel
Published: February 2023

Rational Sentimentalism develops a novel theory of the sentimental values. These values, which include the funny, the disgusting, and the shameful, are profoundly important because they set standards for emotional responses that are part of our shared human nature. Yet moral philosophers have neglected them relative to their prominence in human mental life. The theory is sentimentalist because it holds that these values are emotion-dependent—contrary to some prominent accounts of the funny and the disgusting. Its rational aspect arises from its insistence that the shameful (e.g.) is not whatever elicits shame but what makes shame fitting. Shameful traits provide reasons to be ashamed that do not depend on whether one is disposed to be ashamed of them. Furthermore, these reasons to be ashamed issue in reasons to act as shame dictates: to conceal. Sentimentalism requires a compatible theory of emotion and emotional fittingness. The book explicates a motivational theory of emotion that explains the peculiarities of emotional motivation, as other theories cannot. It argues that a class of emotions are psychological kinds with the same goal across cultures, despite differences in their elicitors. It then develops an account of fittingness that helps to differentiate reasons of fit, which bear on the sentimental values, from other considerations for or against having an emotion. Some significant and controversial conclusions emerge from rational sentimentalism. The sentimental values conflict with one another, and with morality, but nevertheless provide practical reasons that apply to humans—though not to all rational agents.
Mathematics of the Practitioner
Authors: Senthil Babu D.
Published: February 2023

The second chapter on the Mathematics of the Practitioners attempts to show how mathematical knowledge circulated through the realm of practice, primarily in activities of measurement. Memory techniques were central to the circulation and transmission of such practices, helping them transmit beyond the practitioner to non-practitioners. This chapter argues that the mathematical practice of the practitioners in this tradition was grounded in political economy of resource distribution and remained central to that social order. It also points out how the canonical tradition’s practices were distant from these transactions, and hence raise the question about the character of abstraction in mathematization in precolonial Tamil country by situating it in social segregation and fragmentation.
Mathematics Pedagogy for a Public
Authors: Senthil Babu D.
Published: February 2023

The chapter on Mathematics Pedagogy for a Public, examines the onset of the colonial encounter in the world of mathematical knowledge. This encounter took place through the participation of revenue servants, old and new, in the making of the colonial revenue administration, where local numerate professionals were roped in for their ‘familiar’ knowledge. This was also played out in the schools which process was marked by appropriation, negotiation, and at times coercion of the tiṇṇai schools into becoming the vehicles of transmission of the new way of doing mathematics. The chapter shows how the single most liability for the colonial masters—rote memory in education—actually ended up getting institutionalized in the teaching and learning of arithmetic. This constituted a very different public for mathematics.
Conclusion
Authors: Senthil Babu D.
Published: February 2023

The diversity of mathematical practices developed in relation to different publics, compelled us to engage with each trajectory of mathematization, discussed so far, in relation to its material histories, embodied by labour, caste, habits, and rituals. This has allowed us to rethink the ways in which mathematics and its publics have come to interact with each other through processes that entailed idealization of knowledge, hierarchization of schooling, and discrimination of access. In the concluding chapter, we try to ask what was offered to these publics by the practitioners in both the Kaṇakkatikāram tradition and those who made the colonial transitions in the practice of mathematics.
Internationalization and Education-Related Mobility in Asia-Pacific Universities
Authors: Ho K. C. , Sidhu Ravinder , Yeoh Brenda S. A.
Published: February 2023

Under the banner of “internationalization,” universities in the Asia-Pacific have introduced policies, programs, and projects to attract international students and scholars and further their research reputations. This chapter develops a portrait of international student mobilities, revealing the complex dynamic of forces—historical legacies, regulatory and commercial infrastructures, and community networks—that help position universities, cities, and countries as desirable knowledge destinations. A synopsis of achievements points to the success of Asia-Pacific universities in maintaining regional student and scholar flows, programs of development assistance, online teaching, and greater regional and international research cooperation. In this sense, the university plays an increasingly important role in knowledge diplomacy, strengthening relations between countries and regions through internationalization. The authors remain hopeful that the internationalization of universities will not only bring about technological and economic gains, but also usher in new possibilities of social inclusion, gender equality and environmental sustainability.
Public Financing
Authors: Wang Xi , Jacob W. James
Published: February 2023

Asian public funding sources from Asia are increasingly under pressure to reduce allocations toward increasing higher education costs while at the same time raising outcome expectations. This financial outlook is projected to continue well into the future, and in many instances, it is deemed unsustainable in the long run. Within this context, this chapter examines national and subnational policies on public higher education funding. Discussions about the scope and breadth of government financial aid and subsidies are introduced, including the extent to which public funding is made available to non-government owned and operated higher education institutions. An examination of what policies exist in providing financial assistance to some of the most disadvantaged groups (e.g., indigenous, ethnic minority, refugee, and low socio-economic status populations) is also given for select case countries. Policy and practice recommendations are provided in the conclusion for higher education administrators, researchers, and government policymakers and planners.
Returning Talent
Authors: Moon Rennie J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the phenomenon of return migration in the Asia-Pacific region, a major source of the world’s student migrants and where most countries experience a large net outflow of students, raising concerns of talent loss and its potentially negative impact on the development of sending countries. It presents an overview of the major patterns of student flows from Asia as well as a framework based on previous research on the factors affecting return migration. It then discusses the impact of returning talent on home country development and reviews the major policy approaches adopted by countries in the region to encourage return migration. In conclusion, the chapter reflects on the implications of some recent developments, including growing geopolitical rivalries and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, on the prospects for return migration.
Asian Higher Education as Soft Power?
Authors: Lee Jack T.
Published: February 2023

In recent years, several governments are astutely embedding higher education initiatives in their foreign policies to accrue soft power through public diplomacy and extend beyond the realpolitik of military and trade interactions (i.e., hard power). While strategies such as the recruitment of international students and the provision of technical assistance are not new, analyses of soft power demand an integration of concepts from the field of higher education and international relations. This chapter first identifies the key theoretical misconceptions and methodological oversights in using soft power as an analytical lens. The analysis then examines four Asian states with different power resources and their strategies for the internationalization of higher education: Singapore (dynamic small power), Taiwan (constrained power), Japan (classic middle power), and China (emerging superpower). The chapter ends with a discussion on the challenges of converting soft power resources to behavioral outcomes and the implications for future research on soft power.
Higher Education and Nationalism in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Hammond Christopher D.
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores some of the dynamics and tensions between higher education and nationalism in the context of the Asia-Pacific region. A discussion and typology of nationalism is presented, followed by a consideration of the ways nationalism in its various forms evolves and intersects with globalizing higher education. From this analytical perspective, the topics of nation-building, soft power diplomacy, internationalization, global rankings competition, academic freedom, campuses as spaces for activism, and the globalization of nationalism in cyberspace are discussed and illustrated with examples from selected Asia-Pacific contexts. This chapter argues that these developments have particular relevance for educators and higher education institutions in Asia-Pacific societies, as the region is recognized to be on the cusp of assuming a leading global role in the twenty-first century.
Lifelong Learning as a Globally Diffused Policy Discourse in Asia
Authors: Shan Hongxia , Ren Zheng
Published: February 2023

Lifelong learning (LLL), an educational policy discourse originating in the industrialized West, has become a policy mantra in many parts of the world, including Asia. This chapter provides an overview of the development of LLL in Asia, with attention paid to how it converges with and diverges from the dominant LLL discourse in the West. Specifically, it focuses on the major problems that LLL is intended to address, the kind of society that is imagined through the adoption of LLL, the patterns of movement in LLL, and the international actors driving the move towards LLL in Asia. The chapter raises important questions around issues of power, control, and capacity of participation in the diffusion of LLL as a global policy discourse.
China
Authors: Shen Wenqin , Ma Wanhua
Published: February 2023

Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world and China is a country with a long tradition of higher education. Nevertheless, the emergence of modern universities in China was the result of imitation of the West. Deeply rooted in its own historical traditions, the development of higher education in China benefits from Western experience and its international orientation. This chapter reviews the historical background of the development of higher education in China, as well as contemporary developments since 1949, including significant reform and internationalization strategies. Further, the chapter examines the dual structure of private and public higher education, higher education finance, the World Class University Movement, and the massification of higher education in China. In the last section, this chapter analyzes the challenges facing China’s higher education in the future.
Elite Universities in China
Authors: Xue Lan , Yu Zhen , Zhong Zhou
Published: February 2023

Modern Chinese higher education has grown from a humble base since the late nineteenth century into the world’s largest system on many fronts today. China aims to further promote its socio-economic development and global impact through an ambidextrous strategy to build world-class universities with Chinese characteristics. This chapter conceptualizes the idea of elite universities in China, reviews China’s world-class university policies since the 1950s, and maps the current status of China’s elite universities in terms of their objectives, academic performance, funding situations, international collaboration, and global impact. While the pursuit of equity is one of the main characteristics of China’s elite university system, elite universities have served as an important mechanism for social stratification in Chinese society. Despite many achievements, there are still many challenges behind China’s world-class university blueprint，particularly on how to deal with the tensions between top-down directives and bottom-up initiatives.
Australia
Authors: Welch Anthony
Published: February 2023

Ignoring both tens of thousands of years of sophisticated forms of indigenous higher learning, and the influential German model, the earliest university models in Australia were based exclusively on the British model, particularly that of Oxford and Cambridge. This has now developed into a sophisticated range of almost exclusively public universities, albeit with a growing number of small private providers. Based on mutual interest, Australia’s regional connection in the Asia-Pacific has strengthened considerably in recent decades. While most international students are regional, a strongly entrepreneurial approach to international recruitment, driven by long-standing underfunding, has provoked criticisms. Rampant managerialism, too, has provoked widespread criticism within the system. Class and other forms of inequity still pervade the system. A vibrantly diverse student and staff profile is a strength of the system which, however, faces a significantly altered future, post-COVID-19, given its unique dependence on international student fee income.
Higher Education in Malaysia
Authors: Wan Chang Da
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the historical development of higher education in Malaysia. The six decades of higher education since Malaya gained its independence from the British are divided into four phases of development: autonomous, nationalism, liberalization, and neoliberalism. Each of these phases have distinctive characteristics as well as critical issues that have shaped higher education in Malaysia, including: access and equity relating to participation, ethnicity and gender, academic freedom and institutional autonomy, controversy surrounding language and medium of instruction in a multi-ethnic society, privatization that expediated the growth of higher education, and multiple dimensions of internationalization. Recognizing the past and present social-political-economic influences, the chapter concludes by arguing that the next phase of development should bring the focus back on the purpose, role, and function of education and academic research to the betterment of the Malaysian society and humankind.
The Relationship Between Credentials and Learning
Authors: Waters Johanna L.
Published: February 2023

Drawing on examples from the extant literature on Asia and the Pacific, this chapter considers the complex meanings of “credentials” within contemporary international higher education and the ways in which they may or may not relate to the process of “learning.” It draws on arguments about credentialization, massification, and cultural capital accumulation in education to consider how international qualifications/credentials often function primarily as a means of social differentiation and social reproduction, wherein learning is of lesser importance. The chapter argues that credentials and learning have frequently become disconnected within extant debates and in the labor market, drawing in particular on the academic literature considering international student migration and mobilities, which illustrates these arguments especially well. The chapter concludes that, very often, debates around credentials and those focusing on learning fail to overlap in any meaningful way, as the focus on credentials subsumes all other concerns, with impacts for social inequalities.