bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey of traditional Chinese medicine consumers to investigate the impact of China's legalization of rhino horn trade on stigmatization and likelihood of use
Authors: Cheung Hubert , Mazerolle Lorraine , Possingham Hugh P. , Biggs Duan
Published: September 2021

Rhino poaching continues to threaten species survival despite decades‐long trade bans, with rhino horn use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) contributing to global demand. Conservationists have debated over policy alternatives like trade legalization, and insight into TCM stakeholders is needed to support policymaking. The need for more research became made more urgent with China's 2018 decision to initiate the process of legalizing domestic trade. In this study, we conducted a large‐scale online survey of TCM consumers in Guangdong province, China. We found that while stigmatization of rhino horn use is limited at present, it is likely to drop further with trade legalization. Prescription usage will be the most likely source of increased rhino horn demand if trade is legalized. Given the terms established in China's 2018 policy document, we stress the importance of engaging constructively with policymakers and TCM stakeholders to influence the process of establishing medical standards and regulatory mechanisms such that clinical access in a future legal trade is stringently controlled.
“We'll just draw the curtains!”: Military wives’ postures toward predeployment emotional preparation
Authors: Cafferky Bryan M. , Reyes Carmenoemi Angela D. , Beaver Sarah L. , Shi Lin
Published: September 2021

Objective

This research explored how 13 military wives emotionally prepared for deployments, and how their preparation affected the degree of emotional difficulty experienced on deployment day.

Background

Previous research has identified that military wives emotionally detach or withdraw in order not to become emotionally overwhelmed leading up to deployment, but this may affect their deployment‐day experience.

Method

A grounded theory approach to analyze semistructured interviews yielded emergent themes regarding how these military wives perceived the efficacy of emotionally preparing for deployment and their accompanying preparatory approaches.

Results

When preparing for deployment, these wives primarily adopted either a protective emotional preparation (PEP) approach (characterized by tactics of emotionally retreating, psyching yourself out, and/or circumventing emotional conversations) or a connective emotional preparation (CEP) approach (characterized by preemptive preparation, relying on husbands’ initiative, sharing quality time, or some sort of spiritual connection).

Conclusion

These PEP and CEP approaches seemed to influence the degree of emotional difficulty the wives reported experiencing on the day of deployment (traumatic vs. terribly difficult).

Implications

This PEP–CEP framework could help facilitate informed decisions about emotional preparation and Morse's emotional cycle of deployment. Implications and suggestions for policy and clinical considerations are discussed, including those pertaining to CFLEs, military organizations, and mental health professionals.
Protection or Restriction: The Detriments of Abortion Decriminalization in New York and Proposed Feticide Law
Authors: O'Leary Katie
Published: September 2021

The fight for women's rights is far from over—especially the fight to maintain a woman's constitutional right to choose. From criminal abortion laws to feticide laws whose motives are disguised as domestic violence protections rather than prosecution of pregnant women, states have tried to restrict this fundamental right and a woman's right to abortion free from prosecution remains threatened. This Note proposes a feticide law in New York that holds domestic abusers accountable for the murder of an unborn child, while also protecting women against criminal prosecution for terminating their own pregnancies.
Spatio‐temporal analyses show conflicting evidence of the role of an invasive minnow in the decline of an endangered desert fish endemic to the south‐western U.S.A.
Authors: Trombley Carolyn A. , Schwalb Astrid N. , Hardy Thomas B. , Cottenie Karl
Published: September 2021

Invasive species are often blamed for the declines of native species, although this is often based on anecdotal or incomplete evidence. In the Virgin River (U.S.A.), the red shiner minnow (Cyprinella lutrensis) has been identified as a major factor in woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) decline, a critically endangered endemic minnow. We assessed the evidence for the hypothesis that negative interactions between these two fish drove this decline. We tested three predictions: (1) spatial and temporal patterns were significant predictors of assemblage structure; (2) red shiner would show opposite spatial and temporal patterns to native species; and (3) woundfin would show site‐specific decreases in abundance following red shiner invasion.

We used a long‐term (28 years) dataset of fish abundances in the Virgin River at 10 regularly monitored sites to test our predictions. Using principal coordinates of neighbour matrices with redundancy analysis, we tested our first two predictions by identifying the temporal and spatial structure of the fish assemblages and comparing the patterns of native fish species to those of the invasive fish species. To test our third prediction, we used a breakpoint analysis of site‐specific population data to determine if woundfin showed stable populations prior to red shiner invasion, followed by declines after invasion.

We found that 42% of variation in fish abundances in the river could be explained by spatial patterns, and 12% by temporal patterns. Red shiner showed opposite spatial and temporal patterns to woundfin (but not to other native species), and abundances of red shiner and woundfin were negatively correlated, yielding correlative evidence of negative interactions between red shiner and woundfin. However, our breakpoint analysis did not show the expected patterns and woundfin declined even in sites that did not experience red shiner invasion pointing to alternate mechanisms of decline such as effects of poor water quality.

Our analyses provided correlative but conflicting evidence of red shiner influence on woundfin but were unable to identify a definitive causal mechanism of woundfin decline. We discuss two possible explanations for the contemporary woundfin decline and red shiner invasion: displacement of woundfin via negative interactions, or replacement of woundfin by red shiner in a niche already vacated by woundfin due to environmental or anthropogenic disturbances.

This study demonstrates that the dynamics between native and non‐native species may not be straightforward and can be complicated by other factors such as anthropogenic activities and environmental changes. This research highlights that long‐term monitoring is essential to untangling interactions between native and invasive species to develop effective conservation methods that address underlying causes of decline.
Looking to Critical Criminology to Centre Gender and Violence Against Women in State Crime Studies
Authors: COLLINS VICTORIA E.
Published: September 2021

The state is over‐represented as a perpetrator of violence against women, yet it receives little attention in the state crime/crimes of the powerful literature. In line with the goal of this special issue, the focus here will be to introduce state‐perpetrated gender‐based violence and demonstrate the utility of including gender as an analytic concept for understanding the pervasive and prolonged harms perpetrated by states that disproportionately harm women and girls. Furthermore, I argue for a more integrative approach to the study of state crime/crimes of the powerful, to better include other innovative critical criminological approaches such as queer perspectives, rural criminology, and more in‐depth race analysis to mention but a few.
Beyond the ‘Criminalisation’ of Immigrants: Critical Criminology and the Modern Deportation Regime
Authors: TOSH SARAH
Published: September 2021

Despite a long‐standing body of research contradicting stereotypes that link migration with crime, the image of immigrant as criminal has routinely been used to buttress punitive policy across the globe – particularly within the past 30 years. While the United States is the world leader in rates of deportation, recent decades have also seen renewed anti‐immigrant sentiment, punitive immigration enforcement, and increased deportation in migrant‐receiving countries around the world. Expanding on existing scholarship that disentangles the mechanisms through which migrants are affected by processes otherwise reserved for ‘criminals’, this article demonstrates how the concepts and perspectives of critical criminology are vital to a full understanding of the modern deportation regime. Beyond effects on migrants themselves, I argue that the current deportation regime is harmful for all potential subjects of social control, in its uncritical acceptance and implicit reification of broader societal notions of who and what is ‘criminal’.
Exploring how key performance indicators influence nursing and midwifery practice: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Gray Olivia , McCance Tanya , Brown Donna
Published: September 2021

Aims

To scope the key performance indicators (KPIs) used in nursing and midwifery across the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland and explore how they influence practice in healthcare organizations.

Design

The study adopted a sequential, exploratory mixed‐methods design.

Methods

Phase 1 incorporated a multiple‐choice questionnaire completed by 77 Directors of Nursing recruited using voluntary response sampling. In phase 2, 35 nurses and midwives who were working at executive, senior manager and clinical levels, participated in semi‐structured interviews. Data collection of both phases was conducted from January 2016 to October 2016.

Findings

Quantitative data revealed over 100 nursing and midwifery‐specific KPIs. National requirements were a deciding factor in KPI selection, while clinical involvement was mainly through data collection. Respondents stated that they used patient experience KPIs, but only one was assessed as valid. Thematic analysis identified two themes: The leadership challenge (including ‘voiceless in the national conversation’, ‘aligning KPIs in the practice context’ and ‘listening to those who matter’); and taking action (including ‘establishing ownership and engaging staff’, ‘checks and balances’ and ‘closing the loop’).

Conclusion

The large volume of KPI measurement taking place makes meaningful evaluation of performance and quality of care difficult, both in and across organizations. Nurses and midwives require enhanced knowledge of the nature and purpose of KPIs, as evidence gained from KPI data collection is insufficient to lead to improvements in practice. A practice context that encourages collective leadership, where multiple sources of evidence are gathered and everyone is included in KPI evaluation and subsequent decision‐making, is key.

Impact

This study adds to the body of evidence on KPI understanding. It informs the future effective management of indicators that will facilitate the delivery of meaningful care and reduce the cost, time and effort invested in the implementation of KPIs and data management.
Association between ABHD1 and DOK6 polymorphisms and susceptibility to Hirschsprung disease in Southern Chinese children
Authors: Lan Chaoting , Wu Yuxin , Wang Ning , Luo Yun , Zhao Jinglu , Zheng Yi , Zhang Yan , Huang Lihua , Zhu Yun , Lu Lifeng , Zhong Wei , Zeng Jixiao , Xia Huimin
Published: September 2021

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is an infrequent congenital intestinal dysplasia. The known genetic variations are unable to fully explain the pathogenesis of HSCR. The α/β‐hydratase domain 1 (ABHD1) interferes with the proliferation and migration of intestinal stem cells. Docking protein 6 (DOK6) is involved in neurodevelopment through RET signalling pathway. We examined the association of ABHD1 and DOK6 genetic variants with HSCR using 1470 controls and 1473 HSCR patients from Southern Chinese children. The results clarified that DOK6 rs12968648 G allele significantly increased HSCR susceptibility, in the allelic model (p = 0.034; OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.01~1.24) and the dominant model (p = 0.038; OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.01~1.25). Clinical stratification analysis showed that rs12968648 G allele was associated with increased risk of short‐segment HSCR (S‐HSCR), in the allelic model (p = 0.028; OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.01~1.28) and the additive model (p = 0.030; OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.01~1.28). ABHD1 rs2304678 C allele had higher risk to develop total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) in the allelic model (p = 7.04E‐03; OR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.15~2.43) and the dominant model (p = 4.12E‐03; OR = 1.93, 95%CI = 1.23~3.04). DOK6 rs12968648 and ABHD1 rs2304678 had significant intergenic synergistic effect according to logical regression (p = 0.0081; OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.63~0.93) and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR, p = 0.0045; OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.07~1.46). This study verified two susceptible variations of HSCR on ABHD1 and DOK6. Their roles in HSCR should be conducted in further studies.
Asymmetric viability in reciprocal crosses of zebrafish Danio rerio and pearl danio Danio albolineatus
Authors: Delomas Thomas A. , Dabrowski Konrad
Published: September 2021

Interspecies hybrids have long been studied to further understanding of speciation. Reciprocal crosses sometimes have asymmetric viability, a phenomenon termed ‘Darwin's corollary to Haldane's rule’. It has been proposed that this asymmetry is caused by Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities between nuclear genes and cytoplasmic factors (e.g., maternal transcripts, mitochondrial genome). The molecular basis of this hypothesis has received little empirical investigation, presumably due to the lack of an appropriate model system. We report a case of extreme asymmetry in viability between reciprocal hybrids of zebrafish Danio rerio and pearl danio Danio albolineatus. Hybrids from D. rerio females × D. albolineatus males (n = 4 crosses) were viable, with 83.2 ± 9.6% surviving from fertilization to 5 days post‐fertilization (dpf) and 80.1 ± 14.4% surviving from 5 to 21 dpf. Hybrids from D. albolineatus females × D. rerio males (n = 6 crosses) were inviable after embryonic development. These hybrids developed pericardial oedema at 1 dpf and only 37.2 ± 18.0% survived from fertilization to 5 dpf. Of the 595 larvae alive at 5 dpf, only one juvenile with stunted growth survived to 21 dpf. We propose that given the resources available for the D. rerio model system and the strong asymmetry in viability between reciprocal crosses, these hybrids will allow investigation of the molecular basis for Darwin's corollary to Haldane's rule.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of L‐glutamate signal central inflammatory neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Stampanoni Bassi Mario , Nuzzo Tommaso , Gilio Luana , Miroballo Mattia , Casamassa Alessia , Buttari Fabio , Bellantonio Paolo , Fantozzi Roberta , Galifi Giovanni , Furlan Roberto , Finardi Annamaria , De Rosa Arianna , Di Maio Anna , Errico Francesco , Centonze Diego , Usiello Alessandro
Published: September 2021

Excessive extracellular concentrations of L‐glutamate (L‐Glu) can be neurotoxic and contribute to neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis (MS). The association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) L‐Glu levels, clinical features, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with MS remains unclear. In 179 MS patients (relapsing remitting, RR, N = 157; secondary progressive/primary progressive, SP/PP, N = 22), CSF levels of L‐Glu at diagnosis were determined and compared with those obtained in a group of 40 patients with non‐inflammatory/non‐degenerative disorders. Disability at the time of diagnosis, and after 1 year follow‐up, was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). CSF concentrations of lactate and of a large set of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory molecules were explored. CSF levels of L‐Glu were slightly reduced in MS patients compared to controls. In RR‐MS patients, L‐Glu levels correlated with EDSS after 1 year follow‐up. Moreover, in MS patients, significant correlations were found between L‐Glu and both CSF levels of lactate and the inflammatory molecules interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐6, and IL‐1 receptor antagonist. Altered expression of L‐Glu is associated with disability progression, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These findings identify CSF L‐Glu as a candidate neurochemical marker of inflammatory neurodegeneration in MS.

image
New sonographic feature (C‐sign) to improve the prenatal accuracy of jejunal atresia
Authors: Chen Dan , Tam Kwong Ho , Xiao Yiwei , Geng Juan , Tan Yu , Zhu Xiaochun , Ge Wuping , Zhou Jialiang , Xiao Shangjie , Chen Jiaxin
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To describe a new sonographic feature of the C‐sign for prenatal diagnosis of jejunal atresia and evaluate its role in prenatal jejunal atresia, particularly preceding bowel dilatation and polyhydramnios.

Methods

This was a retrospective study from a tertiary maternal hospital. Patients with prenatal sonographic examination and confirmed small bowel atresia postdelivery were included. All sonographic images were reviewed by two senior sonographers. Comparison of sonographic images between prenatal jejunal and ileal atresia using the C‐sign resembles the shape of the entire duodenum and other traditional sonographic features. The control group without bowel atresia was assessed for the presence of the C‐sign.

Results

The C‐sign and combined bowel dilatation with polyhydramnios were more frequent in jejunal atresia than ileal atresia, but the C‐sign can be used to detect jejunal atresia earlier. The C‐sign can be more likely to diagnose jejunal atresia in persisting bowel dilatation and polyhydramnios. The C‐sign was not reported in any of the control fetuses.

Conclusion

The C‐sign is a new sonographic feature that can be used to improve the prenatal accuracy and early detection of jejunal atresia. However, further prospective validation is needed.
Predictors of mortality in children admitted with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection to a tertiary care hospital in North India
Authors: Sharma Ankita G , Kumar Virendra , Sodani Ravitanaya , Sapre Anuja , Singh Preeti , Saha Abhijeet , Sharma Suvasini , Ray Sandip , Pemde Harish
Published: September 2021

Aim

To compare the demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters of patients with different clinical outcomes (death or discharge) and analyse them to find out the potential predictors for mortality in children hospitalised with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of all patients less than 18 years of age with laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and requiring hospital admission between 16 April 2020 and 31 October 2020.

Results

Of 255 children with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, 100 patients (median age 62.5 months, 59% males, 70% with moderate to severe disease) were hospitalised, of whom 27 died (median age 72 months, 59% males and 30% severely underweight). The subgroup with comorbidities (n = 14) was older (median age 126 months) and had longer duration of stay (median 10 days). Fever and respiratory symptoms were comparable while gastrointestinal symptoms were more common among non‐survivors. Hypoxia at admission (odds ratio (OR) 5.48, P = 0.001), multiorgan dysfunction (OR 75.42, P = 0.001), presence of acute kidney injury (OR 11.66, P = 0.001), thrombocytopenia (OR 4.40, P = 0.003) and raised serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) (OR 4.69, P = 0.02) were independently associated with mortality. The median time from hospitalisation to death was 3 days. The deceased group had significantly higher median levels of inflammatory parameters and a higher incidence of complications (myocarditis, encephalitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock).

Conclusions

Hypoxia at admission, involvement of three or more organ systems, presence of acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia and raised serum C‐reactive protein were found to be independently associated with increased odds of in‐hospital mortality in children admitted with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Localization of 5S rDNA analysis of homologous pairing in tetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (♀) × common carp (♂)
Authors: Zhang Hui , Sun Yu , Zhu Shurun , He Wangchao , Zhou Luojing , Zhao Rurong , Luo Kaikun , Tang Chenchen , Zhang Chun , Liu Shaojun
Published: September 2021

Interspecies crossing and allopolyploidization increase the opportunity for generating new breeding resources for fish farming. Allotetraploid hybrid fish (4nAT) were created by crossing red crucian carp (RCC, Carassius auratus red var., ♀) with common carp (CC, Cyprinus carpio L., ♂). However, the genetic pattern of the heterogeneous genomes during gametogenesis in 4nAT is still unclear, which hinders the understanding of the mechanism of generation of new phenotypes during allopolyploidization in fish breeding. In the present study, fluorescence in situ hybridization of 5S rDNA was employed to track homologous pairing, and the characteristics of bivalents were observed using air‐drying preparation technology and electron microscopy. The results showed two strong signals of 5S rDNA localization from the RCC genome, paired in the pachytene stage and metaphase stage of meiosis I cells in 4nAT, suggesting pairing of homologous chromosomes in 4nAT occurred between identical chromosomes. Furthermore, all bivalent pairs possessed one monochiasmate and were neatly arranged in the equatorial plate during meiosis I, which ensured normal separation of homologous chromosomes in 4nAT. This study elucidated the genetic pattern of heterogeneous genomes in 4nAT, providing important evidence for the genetic stability of 4nAT. These findings are of great significance for aquatic breeding.
The experience of cognitive behavioural therapy in depressed adolescents who are fatigued
Authors: Herring Georgia Tanith , Loades Maria Elizabeth , Higson‐Sweeney Nina , Hards Emily , Reynolds Shirley , Midgley Nick
Published: September 2021

Objective

Fatigue is a common and debilitating symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a recommended psychological treatment for adolescents with moderate to severe depression. This study explored the experience of CBT in fatigued adolescents with MDD.

Design

A qualitative study was conducted using existing data from the qualitative arm of a large randomized control trial, the IMPACT study.

Methods

Data were obtained from semi‐structured interviews conducted after therapy. Participants were 18 adolescents (aged 13–18 years) who reached the clinical threshold for fatigue on diagnostic assessment before starting treatment. The data were analysed using thematic framework analysis.

Results

Three themes and seven sub‐themes were developed. Adolescents appeared to find taking part in initial sessions, engaging in ongoing sessions and completing homework challenging. Perceiving the therapist as genuine seemed to provide a sense of safety which enabled adolescents to open up in sessions. When the therapist was not perceived as genuine, adolescents appeared to find CBT less helpful. The structure of CBT appeared to enable treatment goals to be set, and facilitated an increase in meaningful activity. Ensuring that tasks were perceived as manageable and goals as achievable seemed important for participation. Cognitive restructuring appeared useful, although some adolescents tended to engage in distraction from thoughts as an alternative strategy.

Conclusions

This study provides an initial insight into how fatigued adolescents with MDD experience CBT. Further research is required to establish whether the themes are pervasive and relatedly, how best to treat depression in fatigued adolescents receiving CBT.

Practitioner points

Fatigued adolescents with depression found engaging in CBT sessions and therapeutic homework demanding.

Establishing a collaborative therapeutic relationship, where the therapist was perceived as genuine, appeared helpful for participation.

The structured approach to therapy, combined with flexibility, was experienced as helpful. Adolescents who perceived the pace of sessions to be manageable and therapeutic goals as achievable seemed to find CBT helpful overall.

These findings provide insight into how fatigued adolescents with depression experience CBT and highlight the importance of being aware of fatigue and adapting therapy accordingly.
Effects of a web‐based alcohol drinking prevention program linking school‐to‐home in elementary students
Authors: Kim Younkyoung , Lee Chong Mi , Kang Seo Young
Published: September 2021

Objectives

We investigated the effects of a web‐based alcohol drinking prevention program among early elementary school students in South Korea using the theory of planned behavior. This study utilized a combined family and school intervention approach.

Design

This was a quasi‐experimental study with a non‐equivalent control group.

Sample

A total of 251 third graders (experimental group: 170, control group: 81) from four public schools were included.

Measurements

A web‐based alcohol drinking prevention program was implemented in five weekly sessions. Students’ attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intentions toward alcohol drinking prevention behavior were evaluated through pre‐ and post‐tests.

Results

The average age of the participants was 9 years in both the experimental (82 male and 88 female students) and control (44 male and 37 female students) groups. A significant improvement in attitudes, PBC, and intentions toward alcohol drinking prevention behaviors was found in the experimental group.

Conclusions

A web‐based alcohol drinking prevention program combining family and school interventions for lower elementary school students was effective at increasing intentions toward alcohol drinking prevention behavior. Alcohol drinking prevention programs should target lower elementary school students to effectively postpone the onset of alcohol drinking.
Constraints on tree seedling establishment after fires: passing the germination bottlenecks
Authors: Macedo M. A. , Pinhate S. B. , Bowen E. C. , Musso C. , Miranda H. S.
Published: September 2021

Persistence and colonization by tree species in an environment following a fire depends on the effects on seed germination and seedling development. We used seeds of Kielmeyera coriacea and Qualea parviflora as a model to test the effects of high temperatures on germination and initial development of tree seedlings.

We exposed the seeds to heat flow (70, 100, 130, 150 or 170 °C) for 2 or 5 min and compared the germination with that of unheated seeds (control). Seedlings were then harvested after 3, 7 or 15 days to evaluate aerial and root mass, root:shoot ratio, presence of cotyledon opening, true leaves, and secondary roots.

We found no effect on germination for seeds exposed to temperatures ≥150 °C. However, germination was significantly reduced for seeds exposed to 100 °C for both 2 and 5 min. The mass of 15‐day‐old K. coriacea seedlings was smaller when seeds were heated at 70 °C for 5 min or at temperatures higher or equal to 100 °C. Qualea parviflora seedlings did not show any difference in mass, but there were marginal differences in the presence of roots and the opening of cotyledons. Kielmeyera coriacea seedlings allocated biomass faster than Q. parviflora.

High temperatures affect both quantity and quality of germinable seeds, as well as biomass allocation during initial seedling development. These factors may explain the decrease in seedlings observed after fire, suggesting a bottleneck effect that influences population dynamics and species persistence in systems with frequent fires.
Bridging Agrarianism: The Potential of Value‐Added Craft Cider Production to Support Rural Livelihoods in the Pacific Northwest*
Authors: Weiler Anelyse M.
Published: September 2021

Against the decades‐long trend of aging farmers and farmland consolidation in the United States and Canada, value‐added farm production has been pitched as a lifeline to provide viable rural livelihoods for younger generations. How do producers perceive the possibilities and limitations of value‐added craft production in supporting agrarian livelihoods? More broadly, how are contemporary structural constraints and cultural shifts shaping new agrarian strategies? This article draws on in‐depth interviews and ethnographic data with urban and farm‐based cidermakers in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington State, and Oregon). I find that while craft cider has helped buffer some producers against the volatility of selling raw fruit to large commodity markets, the benefits of this niche market do not widely support continued primary production or farm succession. I underscore the emergence of a livelihood strategy I refer to as “bridging agrarianism” among young cidermakers who wish to maintain a connection to agriculture but are shifting away from full‐time farming due to lifestyle preferences and economic constraints. Bridging agrarianism is manifest in modest forms of on‐site production that carry great symbolic weight. This study provides insight into how current generations of agriculturalists are developing new strategic responses to the political‐economic challenges of farming.
The Danish Purpose in Life test‐Short Form (PIL‐SF): Validation and age effects
Authors: Pacak‐Vedel Anna , Christoffersen Morten , Larsen Lars
Published: September 2021

The present article reports a study conducted to develop and validate a Danish translation of the Purpose in Life test‐Short Form (PIL‐SF) and examine age effects on this eudemonic measure. The study examined the reliability, unidimensionality, and construct validity of the Danish PIL‐SF using a large and representative sample (N = 4,849). The results indicated that the Danish PIL‐SF is a reliable and valid measure of meaning and purpose in life, positively associated with but distinct from hedonic well‐being. The high degree of similarity between the measurement properties of the Danish PIL‐SF, as compared with the English‐language PIL‐SF, supports the validity of the Danish translation. Furthermore, the unidimensional structure of the Danish measure replicates the structure of the English‐language PIL‐SF. Given its large and representative sample, the present study provides the current best estimate of a normative population value for the PIL‐SF. Also, the present study is the first to our knowledge to explore potential relationships between age and the PIL‐SF, and a small positive effect of age on the Danish PIL‐SF was found. Limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Approximate maximum likelihood estimation for one‐dimensional diffusions observed on a fine grid
Authors: Lu Kevin W. , Paine Phillip J. , Preston Simon P. , Wood Andrew T. A.
Published: September 2021

We consider a one‐dimensional stochastic differential equation that is observed on a fine grid of equally spaced time points. A novel approach for approximating the transition density of the stochastic differential equation is presented, which is based on an Itô‐Taylor expansion of the sample path, combined with an application of the so‐called ‐expansion. The resulting approximation is economical with respect to the number of terms needed to achieve a given level of accuracy in a high‐frequency sampling framework. This method of density approximation leads to a closed‐form approximate likelihood function from which an approximate maximum likelihood estimator may be calculated numerically. A detailed theoretical analysis of the proposed estimator is provided and it is shown that it compares favorably to the Gaussian likelihood‐based estimator and does an excellent job of approximating the exact, but usually intractable, maximum likelihood estimator. Numerical simulations indicate that the exact and our approximate maximum likelihood estimator tend to be close, and the latter performs very well relative to other approximate methods in the literature in terms of speed, accuracy, and ease of implementation.
The novel HLA‐A*31:191 allele was identified in a Chinese platelet donor
Authors: Yu Qiyue , Song Jing , Zhang Yanke , Li Haoru , Zhu Faming
Published: September 2021

HLA‐A*31:191 differs from HLA‐A*31:01:02:01 by one single nucleotide substitution at nucleotide 74.
On the sensitivity of trade costs to services trade restrictions†
Authors: Blank Sven , Egger Peter H.
Published: September 2021

Services constitute a significant part of GDP and overall trade in modern economies, but little is known about the magnitude of its obstacles. Great effort has been made to establish measures of services trade frictions on the part of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank. A customary way of using these measures is to employ them in log‐linear regressions to gauge their effect on services trade flows. This may be problematic to the extent that these measures do not capture ad valorem (tariff type price increasing) trade costs. Hence, it is natural to believe that available services trade cost measures may have a nonlinear impact on services trade flows. The present paper documents that this is the case, using nonparametric estimates to quantify the direct impact of important trade cost measures captured by the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index of the OECD on cross‐border services transaction costs and trade.
Background and General Information
Authors: Becht Charles
Published: September 2021

This book is based on the 2020 Edition of ASME B31.3, Process Piping [Code]. Because changes, some very significant, are made to the Code every edition, the reader should refer to the Code for any specific requirements. This book should be considered as providing background information and not specific current Code rules.

The equations in this book are numbered sequentially in each chapter. When equations from ASME B31.3 are reproduced herein the latter equation numbers are given as well.
Examination
Authors: Becht Charles
Published: September 2021

ASME B31.3 requires that examination of the piping be performed by the piping Manufacturer (for components only), Fabricator, and/or Erector as a quality control function. These examinations include radiography, for which ultrasonic examination or in-progress examination can be used as substitutes, visual examination, and, under certain conditions, magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination.
Prelude
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kollmann is one of the most important aeronautical engineers in the story of piston aeroengine development in Germany in WWII. In 12 years, Dr.-Ing. Kollmann progressed from the role of senior engineer to chief engineer of the aeroengine design department in Daimler-Benz. This book is an historical record of his own engineering work in developing high performance piston aeroengines. The original document that Dr.-Ing. Kollmann wrote in 1947 is presented here in English with extensive additional material by the authors.
Turbojet Engines
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

Dr. Kollmann (and his colleagues) were keenly aware that the jet engine was the powerplant of future. They clearly stated this when interrogated by the British intelligence agents in June 1945 (from Report POW/ENG/6, Evaluation Report No. 539, 16 Apr 46). They thought that the piston engine would still be used for some time to come for transport purposes, but they did not think that it had much application in war time. They anticipated that the jet engines would constitute the bulk of the fleet, to the tune of 60-70%. However, they did not foresee a full demise of piston engines.
Original Reference Mataterial
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

This chapter contains the references listed by Dr. Kollmann himself. Some of the cited books can be found on the used book market, e.g., https://www.abebooks.com/books/used-books.shtml (in original German only). They can also be located in big libraries, e.g., the British Library in London.
Appendix
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

It is impossible to write a technical treatise and not to have acronyms. We tried to avoid them as much as possible. All acronyms are defined where they first appear in the next. Nevertheless, for reader’s convenience, most important ones (not all, e.g., those that occur only in one particular section and specific to this treatise only) are summarized here. For German nomenclature of engines and engine manufacturers, see section 12.1.
Introduction
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

Dr. Kollmann’s original manuscript does not have an Introduction per se; it starts with a chapter on aerothermodynamic concepts and equations underlying the design, analysis and optimization of aeroengine turbochargers. Prima facie, the coverage in that chapter should be easy going for an engineer with an undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering. For those who need a deeper dive into the basic theory in order to become comfortable with the rest of the chapters, there are many excellent textbooks, which can be consulted for a good understanding of the subject matter. (A representative selection, based on the SCG’s own experience in using them over the years and/or examining them in depth, is given at the end of this chapter.)
Mechanical Construction
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

In the early days of aerospace turbomachines, the value of curved vanes for higher efficiency was appreciated while designing aeroengine superchargers during WWI1. Consequently, the first design trade-off was between mechanical stress (i.e., the impeller diameter) and efficiency. In particular, a straight vane produces a higher pressure head compared to a backward curved vane. Furthermore, as the impeller RPM and diameter (i.e., the impeller tip speed) increase, the straight vane produces lower bending stresses vis-à-vis the curved vane that tries to “straighten” itself.
Multistage Superchargers
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

The operating point where the compressor speed lines, and the engine’s operating line meet is critical. Thus, improvement of the efficiency at that point is of paramount importance. Through systematic development of the single-stage supercharger by (i) incremental improvements to the compressor impeller, (ii) the arrangement and development of the diffuser vanes, and (iii) the shape of the outer volute/spiral, significant gains in the performance of the single-stage compressor have been made.
Drive System
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

In Figure 7-1, the power to drive the supercharger is plotted as a function of the rated altitude of the engine. For a rated height of 4 to 6 km, the supercharger consumes 10 to 15% of the total engine output. By the time the 22 km altitude is reached, the supercharger consumes (in theory) the same power as the engine driving it, therefore at 22 km rated altitude an engine will provide 1,000 HP to the propeller and require 1,000 HP to the supercharger drive shaft, therefore requiring a total crankshaft output of 2,000 HP.
Respiration mask waveguide optimisation for maximised speech intelligibility
Authors: Kolesnik Kirill , Bryan David , Harley William , Segeritz Philipp , Guest Matthew , Rajagopal Vijay , Collins David J.
Published: September 2021

Both the scarcity and environmental impact of disposable face masks, as in the COVID-19 pandemic, have instigated the recent development of reusable masks. Such face masks reduce transmission of infectious agents and particulates, but often impact a user's ability to be understood when materials, such as silicone or hard polymers, are used. In this work, we present a numerical optimisation approach to optimise waveguide topology, where a waveguide is used to transmit and direct sound from the interior of the mask volume to the outside air. This approach allows acoustic energy to be maximised according to specific frequency bands, including those most relevant to human speech. We employ this method to convert a resuscitator mask, made of silicone, into respiration personal protective equipment (PPE) that maximises the speech intelligibility index (SII). We validate this approach experimentally as well, showing improved SII when using the fabricated device. Together, this design represents a unique and effective approach to utilize and adapt available apparatus to filter air while improving the ability to communicate effectively, including in healthcare settings.
Kinematic and Coordination Variability in Individuals With Acute and Chronic Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Fox Aaron S. , Ferber Reed , Bonacci Jason
Published: September 2021

Altered gait variability occurs in those with patellofemoral pain and may be relevant to pain progression. We examined gait kinematic and coordination variability between individuals with acute and chronic patellofemoral pain and healthy controls. Eighty-three patellofemoral pain runners (37 men and 46 women) and 142 healthy controls (52 men and 90 women) ran on a treadmill while 3-dimensional lower limb kinematic data were collected. Patellofemoral pain runners were split into acute (n = 22) and chronic (n = 61) subgroups based on pain duration (< and ≥3 mo, respectively). Approximate entropy assessed continuous hip, knee, and ankle kinematic variability. Vector coding calculated coordination variability for select joint couplings. Variability measures were compared between groups using 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons with Cohen d effect sizes. The chronic patellofemoral pain subgroup displayed higher frontal plane knee kinematic variability compared with controls (P = .0004, d = 0.550). No statistically significant effects for any coordination variability couplings were identified. Minimal differences in gait variability were detected between those with acute and chronic patellofemoral pain and healthy controls.
Triaxial Accelerometry-Based Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Older Adults Using Four Different Methods
Authors: Hall Anna , Hillebrant-Openshaw Madisen , Baca-Zeff Sierra , van Woerden Irene
Published: September 2021

The amount of physical activity reported using accelerometry can vary depending on the method used. This study examined variability in four different methods of calculating moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among older adults, as well as lifestyle correlates of physical activity. The MVPA data were captured (n = 111; Mage = 70.3 years, SDage = 6.3) using waist-worn ActiGraph wGT3X-BT monitors and examined using 10-min bouted versus sporadic methods, and with cut points calibrated to older and younger adults. The sample, on average, did not meet national guidelines of 150 min/week of MVPA when using bouted methods, irrespective of cut point used. This was not the case for sporadic MVPA. More physical activity was reported for participants with two or more physical hobbies, but no association with social behavior was found. These results demonstrate the wide variability possible in reporting methods for accelerometry data and their relation to adherence rates for national health recommendations.
“I Just Don’t Wanna Deal With the Headache of People Fighting Over the Internet”: A Study of Sponsored Female Climbers’ Digital Labor
Authors: Rahikainen Katariina , Toffoletti Kim
Published: September 2021

Drawing on data from a qualitative study of sponsored and professional female climbers, this article offers a timely examination of the digital labor undertaken by women seeking to forge identities and livelihoods in sport. Female climbers are increasingly turning to social media to generate visibility and sponsorship opportunities in response to the changing social and commercial imperatives of sport, yet the perspective of participants is lacking in existing academic research. The theoretical framework of “athletic labor of femininity” is deployed to explore sportswomen’s decision making when producing social media content. This study departs from previous investigations by considering the sociotechnical aspects of platform algorithms in female climbers’ efforts to remain visible online, and attempts to avoid controversy that can deter followers.
Shock-Wave Properties and Deformation-Induced Structure of Commercial-Purity Titanium
Authors: Pavlenko A. V. , Dobromyslov A. V. , Taluts N. I. , Malyugina S. N. , Mokrushin S. S.
Published: September 2021

The shock compressive wave profiles of commercial-purity titanium samples under different loading conditions have been measured. The spall strength of titanium as a function of the strain rate and temperature of deformation has been found. High-rate plastic deformation mechanisms have been studied. High-rate plastic deformation under the investigated loading conditions has been shown to occur by slip and twinning. The α → ω transformation has been established to begin at 12.2 GPa.
Intermittent neck swelling: an unusual presentation of achalasia cardia
Authors: Kesavan Piriyanga , Joshi Shivani , Gercek Yüksel
Published: September 2021

Achalasia is a rare cause of neck swelling. We report the case of a 75-year-old woman, who presented with an intermittent, unilateral neck swelling, associated with dysphagia, weight loss and regurgitation. The patient underwent a gastroscopy and barium swallow. This confirmed a dilated oesophagus with poor motility and hold up of liquid and food residue above the gastro-oesophageal junction, thus revealing the swelling was secondary to severe achalasia. The patient was managed with botulinum toxin injections and pneumatic dilatations but the results were short lived. She is now having manometry and is being considered for a Heller myotomy or peroral oesophageal myotomy. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of achalasia can result in the development of a neck swelling, which could later cause airway compromise and subsequent mortality. Achalasia should therefore be considered in patients with an initial diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease who do not respond to proton pump inhibitors.