bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimal operation region prediction for networked control robotic manipulators subject to time‐varying delays and disturbances
Authors: Huynh Van Thanh , Lim Chee Peng , Najdovski Zoran , Huong Dinh Cong , Trinh Hieu
Published: April 2024

Due to the disturbances and varying latency, a teleoperated robotic manipulator might not comply with the master control commands. Although prior studies on minimising the impact of network latency and disturbances on teleoperated robots were conducted, there has been very little research on the prediction of minimal operation regions of robotic arms, especially in the worst‐case scenarios when the disturbances and time delays still prevail even after impact minimisation. This study investigates the problem and proposes a novel solution to predicting minimal operation regions of networked control robotic manipulators. The proposed method can be used to forecast safe operation regions in which the manipulators will certainly enter and exclude regions that the robots will never penetrate. Leveraging on a Lyanonov Krasovskii criterion, the method performs region prediction by establishing minimal reachable bounding sets of the nonlinear, perturbed robotic arm's state vectors guided via a time‐varying delay‐dominant network. Though predominantly nonlinear, the entire prediction process is formulated as a tractable Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) optimisation problem, which can be solved efficiently and effectively. Efficacy of the proposed method is validated with simulations where a simulated robotic arm is distorted with time‐varying delays and disturbances.
Tracking control of chained non‐holonomic systems with asymmetric function constraints and external disturbance
Authors: Yang Jing , Wu Yuqiang
Published: April 2024

For a class of chain non‐holonomic systems with external disturbance and function constraints, the tan‐type barrier Lyapunov function is used to solve the constraints of the system, and then the non‐linear disturbance observer is used to deal with the disturbance so that the disturbance error eventually converges exponentially. The control strategy designed by the backstepping method can effectively ensure that signals are bounded without violating the respective constraints. Through the simulation design of a three‐stage wheeled mobile robot, the effectiveness of the control scheme is verified again by the results.
Practical fixed‐time composite‐learning control for full‐state constraint strict‐feedback non‐linear systems: A dynamic regressor extension and mixing based approach
Authors: Cui Man , Wu Zhonghua
Published: April 2024

A practical fixed‐time composite learning control scheme, by combining dynamic regressor extension and mixing (DREM) parameter identification algorithm and adaptive dynamic surface control (DSC) technique, is proposed for a class of strict‐feedback non‐linear systems subjected to linear‐in‐parameters uncertainties and full‐state constraint. To address the problem of state constraint, a non‐linear transformation function is introduced to convert the originally constrained non‐linear system into an unconstrained one. Meanwhile, the hyperbolic tangent function is employed to avoid singularity issues that often appeared in the traditional fixed‐time (FXT) control designs. In order to relax the requirement of persistency of excitation condition, a modified FXT‐DREM parameter identification approach with an interval excitation condition is constructed by introducing a three‐layer transformation technique derived from the classical DREM algorithm. Then, the modified FXT‐DREM parameter identification algorithm is seamlessly integrated into the adaptive DSC framework, resulting in a composite‐learning control scheme. By employing Lyapunov stability analysis, the fixed‐time convergence of both the parameter estimation error and the trajectory tracking error is proved. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed design is demonstrated through simulation test.
A high speed and sensitive protection for distribution network with DGs using ferrite rings as line boundary
Authors: Chang Zhongxue , Yan Jifei , Zhang Chenhao , Song Guobing
Published: April 2024

There exist problems of hard coordination and threshold setting as well as low sensitivity in overcurrent relay due to the bidirectional and small fault current when distributed generators are integrated into the distribution network. This paper introduces ferrite rings (FRs) to act as boundaries of distribution feeders, and a peak time of voltage traveling wave‐based protection is proposed. The characteristics of FRs are analyzed and their feasibility as line boundary is validated. The fault characteristics of internal and external faults are analyzed when FRs are installed at both ends of the protected feeder. The results show that the peak time of the voltage travelling wave of the internal fault is far smaller than that of the external faults. According to the difference, the fault detection method and the protection scheme are proposed. Simulations in PSCAD and experiment validate that the proposed protection principle can reliably distinguish between internal and external faults. Besides, the proposed protection scheme has higher sensitivity compared to ROCOV‐based protection.
Horn array antenna with high aperture efficiency and suppressed grating lobes
Authors: Anjomshoa Mohamad Hossein , Razavi Parizi Seyed Ali
Published: April 2024

In the design of horn array antennas, usually there is a challenge with the grating lobe problem and consequently quite low aperture efficiency. A new configuration for horn array antennas is presented which introduces high aperture efficiency with suppressed grating lobes in both E‐& H‐plane radiation patterns. The proposed array unit cell is a dual‐mode horn loaded by two corrugations in E‐plane. A sample 4 ⨯ 4 array of the proposed unit cell is designed to operate at Ku band. The simulation and measurement results show 13.3% operating bandwidth over which the grating lobes are totally suppressed and the aperture efficiency is above 70%. The antenna measured gain is also 27 dBi with 2 dB variation over the bandwidth. The results show that the aperture efficiency of 98% is achievable making use of the proposed topology.
Design and application of a power frequency electric field measuring device for a high‐humidity environment
Authors: Zhang Yemao , Zhang Guangzhou , Feng Zhihui , Li Ni , Liu Jianben , Ding Lijian , Wu Xiong
Published: April 2024

The power frequency electric field is the most important electromagnetic environmental factor in alternating current power transmission projects. The humidity has a negative influence on available electric field measuring devices, which may lead to discrepancies of up to seven times the actual value at a relative humidity exceeding 80%. The changes in the support and probe shell impedance may be the reason for the error. The optimization measures include modifying the communication mode, designing a suitable structure and circuit for the probe, and using composite insulating material with strong hydrophobicity for the support. A three‐axis omnidirectional electric field measuring device was developed based on wireless communication and composite support. The variation of the measured electric field strength value is less than 1% at relative humidities ranging from 45% to 90% in the laboratory, and the measured results obtained in high humidity at the high‐voltage test site and under the transmission line demonstrated high accuracy. The research demonstrates that the composite support can be used to improve the performance of conventional devices. The proposed device can better meet the needs for accurate measurement of electric field strength in a high‐humidity environment and overcome the technical problems raised by the IEC standard.
The effect application of powder active of cassava to various composted weeds in improving chemical characteristics of vertisol and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiataL.)
Authors: Soetedjo IN Prijo , Nguru St. Elias. , Kapa Maximilian J.
Published: April 2024

Vertisol is a type of soil that is low in some nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphor, and Potassium. These conditions resulted low in soil availability in supporting the growth and yield of the plant. It might be improved by the application of some organic matters such as compost. However, the compositing process takes normally some matter time. It could be improved by the application of an innovation product called powder active of cassava. Research was conducted at the Central Research of Dry land the Farming System University of Nusa Cendana. The research was designed on a Completed Randomized Design with three replications. Treatment combinations were Chromolaena compost, Imperata compost, Tithonia compost, and powder active of cassava (control (0 g), 0.06g, 0.09g). Result of the research showed that all treatments affect significantly to total soil microorganism content, Nitrogen content, available Phosphor, available Potassium, and yield of mungbean. The best application treatment was application 15 g per polybag of Chromolaena compost applied by 0.09 powder active of cassava. The highest yield of mungbean applied by that treatment was 1.78 g/ plant.
Test results of a universal woody green separator
Authors: Dyagilev D.V. , Beliakov E.A.
Published: April 2024

The paper presents the test results of the universal woody green separator “Sibirika 21”, which uses a replaceable knife and brush type drum as a working element. The separator was tested at an active clearcutting area of mature and overmature stands at the following coordinates: By. region, Krapivinsky district, Krapivinsky forestry, Ivanovskoye tract, block No. 16, section No. 17. During testing, it was found that for deciduous trees it is preferable to use a brush drum. In this case, for example, for birch, it was possible to obtain woody greens with 100% purity. As a brush material, it is preferable to use twisted nylon fibers with a square cross-section and a side of 3 mm. When harvesting coniferous foot, the best productivity (up to 600 kg person/hour) and cleanliness (82%) is ensured when using a knife drum.
The diversity of reptiles in different ecological environments of mountainous parts of Kashkadarya region
Authors: Yangiboyev E.Ch. , Mamarakhimov O.M. , Makhmudova M.M. , Nabiev U.A. , Karamatova G.
Published: April 2024

This study presents data on species composition, density, and the diversity indicators of reptiles in the mountainous area of Kashkadarya region, and the ecological factors influencing these indicators. Shannon-Weaver, Brillouin, Margalef species richness, Relative diversity, and Evenness indices were calculated as the main diversity indices. Notably, the research indicates that reptile diversity in the mountainous area is influenced by various factors including human activity (Anthropogenic factors), terrain, vegetation coverage, elevation, and soil composition. Among these factors, elevation and anthropogenic factors were identified as the primary determinants in the surveyed areas.
Aging tests of mini-modules with copper-plated heterojunction solar cells and pattern-transfer-printing of copper paste
Authors: Lachowicz Agata , Badel Nicolas , Barrou Alexis , Barth Vincent , Harrison Samuel , Frasson Nicola , Galiazzo Marco , Cohen Natali , Cohen Eyal , Zhao Jun , Paviet-Salomon Bertrand , Ballif Christophe
Published: April 2024

Abstract: Mini-module aging tests with differently interconnected heterojunction solar cells having industrially viable copper metallization are presented. The plating process comprises 3 steps: firstly, screen printing of a seed-grid layout using a copper-based paste, followed by deposition of a dielectric layer over the entire wafer surface, and finally, selective copper electrodeposition on grid positions. Modules with Smartwire interconnection, fabricated with M6 half-cells, are stable in extended TC and PID tests. DH degradation is at 5% after 2700 h (glass-glass modules without edge sealing). Shingle modules, realized in collaboration with CEA INES and AMAT, exhibit notably higher fill factor compared to reference modules with screen-printed silver paste. This improvement is attributed to the superior line conductivity achieved with plated copper. TC stability of shingle modules is very good, whereas after 2000 h damp-heat aging more than 2% loss in fill factor is observed. Using pattern-transfer-printing technology narrow, high aspect-ratio lines have been obtained: with a seed-grid of pure copper paste, reinforced with electrodeposited copper. Line dimensions and line resistance as well as first cell results are presented.
Riesenzellarteriitis
Authors: Ness Thomas , Nölle Bernhard
Published: April 2024

Die Riesenzellarteriitis (RZA) ist die häufigste primäre Vaskulitis und geht mit potenziell bilateraler Erblindungsgefahr einher. Weder klinisch noch laborchemisch gibt es einen einfachen und eindeutigen Beweis für diese Erkrankung, die i. d. R. eine schnelle und sichere Diagnose und Therapie erfordert. Bei folgenden Augensymptomen sollte der Augenarzt an eine RZA denken: Sehverschlechterung oder Gesichtsfeldausfälle, vorübergehende Sehstörungen (Amaurosis fugax), Doppelbilder, Augenschmerzen sowie neu aufgetretene Kopf- oder Kauschmerzen. Es sollte umgehend eine augenärztliche Untersuchung mit Spaltlampe, Ophthalmoskopie und Gesichtsfeld sowie eine Farbduplexsonografie der A. temporalis erfolgen. Bei hinreichendem klinischem Verdacht auf RZA sollte unverzüglich unter Kortisontherapie eine zeitnahe Vorstellung beim Rheumatologen/Internisten und ggf. eine Temporalarterienbiospie organisiert werden. Zahlreiche Entwicklungen der modernen Bildgebung mit Farb-Duplex-Sonografie,
MRT und PET-CT können mit der klassischen, bewährten Biopsie einer Temporalarterie konkurrieren. Eine frühzeitige Bestimmung von BSG und CRP kann die RZA-Diagnose untermauern. Therapeutisch kann eine steroidersetzende bzw. steroidreduzierende Immunsuppression mit IL-6-Blockade oder Methotrexat erwogen werden. Diese Entwicklungen haben zu einer Überarbeitung sowohl der Klassifikationskriterien als auch der Diagnostik- und Therapieempfehlungen von American College of Rheumatologists und European League against Rheumatism geführt, die hier für die Augenheilkunde zusammengestellt sind.
Intuition oder Evidenz?
Authors: Saftig Jane , Till Maike
Published: April 2024

Im rehabilitativen Setting gibt es eine Vielzahl an Methoden und Maßnahmen, um
individuell auf die Bedürfnisse der Patient*innen einzugehen. Hierbei kann auch
die Tanz- und Bewegungstherapie (TBT) die Gesundheit verschiedener
Patient*innengruppen positiv beeinflussen. Jedoch gibt es bisher keine
systematische Betrachtung der Entscheidungsprozesse von Tanz- und
Bewegungstherapeut*innen für die Auswahl bestimmter Interventionen, definiert
als durchzuführende Technik oder therapeutische Handlung, innerhalb der
TBT-Einheiten.

Ziel dieser Studie ist es deshalb unter Einbezug der Evidenz-basierten Praxis
(EBP) und des theoretischen Ansatzes des Clinical reasoning (CR), relevante
Einflussfaktoren und Strategien bei den Entscheidungsprozessen der TBT zu
explorieren.

Basierend auf den Ansätzen der EBP und CR wurden leitfadengestützte
Expert*inneninterviews (n=5) durchgeführt, deren Daten anschließend in einer
qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse hinsichtlich der Kernelemente der EBP und CR
analysiert wurden.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass externe Evidenzen zu Effekten von TBT-spezifischen
Interventionen die Auswahl von Interventionen durch die Therapeut*innen nur im
geringen Maß beeinflussen. Sofern evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen umgesetzt werden,
ist eine Anpassung an die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Patient*innen notwendig.
Als wesentlicher Einflussfaktor zeigt sich eine hohe klinische Expertise der
Therapeut*innen, welche sich durch ein großes Repertoire an Interventionen,
Selbstvertrauen und die Fähigkeit die Lebensrealität der Patient*innen zu
verstehen und anzuerkennen, auszeichnet. Insbesondere die Bedürfnisse der
Patient*innen, deren Verhalten sowie die verbale Interaktion zwischen
Therapeut*in und Patient*in steuern die Entscheidung für eine geeignete
Handlungsstrategie. In TBT-Gruppensitzungen zeigt sich die Schwierigkeit, die
Themen und Bedürfnisse von Patient*innen in einer geeigneten Intervention zu
vereinen.

Insgesamt lässt sich feststellen, dass Tanz- und Bewegungstherapeut*innen
vielfältige Faktoren in ihre Entscheidungen für geeignete Interventionen
einbeziehen und unterschiedliche Handlungsstrategien anwenden.
Überblick zu Implementierungsstrategien und Maßnahmen zur Förderung
einer qualitätsgesicherten Sport- und Bewegungstherapie bei onkologischen
Patient*innen in Deutschland
Authors: Berling-Ernst Anika , Wiskemann Joachim
Published: April 2024

Die physische und psychische Verfassung von Krebspatient* innen kann Einfluss auf
das Auftreten von Nebenwirkungen, die Lebensqualität sowie den Behandlungserfolg
nehmen. Studien zeigen, dass regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität, insbesondere
strukturierte Sport- und Bewegungstherapien, während des gesamten
Krankheitsverlaufs einer Krebserkrankung äußerst unterstützend wirken.

Trotz dieser Erkenntnisse fehlen häufig die notwendigen Strukturen für eine
umfassende Bewegungstherapie, was Patient*innen und Fachkräften in der Onkologie
berichten. Barrieren wie mangelnde Aufklärung, organisatorische Defizite und
persönliche Hindernisse wie Begleiterkrankungen oder Zeitmangel werden genannt.
Neue Konzepte wie das Netzwerk OnkoAktiv und das Versorgungsmodell „Onkologische
Trainings- und Bewegungstherapie (OTT)“ sind im Auf- und Ausbau, aber klare und
einheitliche Verordnungswege fehlen bisher.

Es wird betont, dass eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit und ein umfassendes
Wissen über Sport- und Bewegungstherapien in der Onkologie entscheidend sind.
Trotz dieser Erkenntnis sind viele Krebspatient*innen unzureichend körperlich
aktiv, und sie werden selten über die Vorteile von Sport- und Bewegungstherapien
informiert. In vielen großen onkologischen Behandlungszentren konnte bereits
eine Sport- und Bewegungstherapie erfolgreich implementiert werden. Strategien
zur nachhaltigen Förderung der körperlichen Aktivität wie die Stärkung der
Selbstwirksamkeit die Schaffung realistischer Ziele und eine individuelle und
supervidierte Trainingsbetreuung werden hierbei als wichtige Faktoren erachtet.
Hervorzuheben ist die Notwendigkeit, Strukturen zu verbessern, das Bewusstsein
zu schärfen und die Forschung zu verstärken.

In ergänzenden Beiträgen zu dieser Übersicht werden zwei von der Deutschen
Krebshilfe finanzierte Projekte ausführlich beschrieben, die zum Ziel haben, die
bestehende Versorgungslücke zu schließen und Bewegungstherapien als integralen
Bestandteil der Krebsbehandlung zu etablieren.
Entzündlich-rheumatische Erkrankungen im Kontext von HIV, Hepatitis B
und C
Authors: Al-Azem Nadine , Dartsch Ruth Charlotte , Steinmüller Mirko , Hasseli Rebecca
Published: April 2024

(Humanes Immundefizienz-Virus) HIV, Hepatitis B und C stellen weltweit häufige
Infektionserkrankungen dar. Sie können nicht nur die Entwicklung von
Immunphänomene begünstigen, sondern sind auch eine Herausforderung in der
Therapie von entzündlich-rheumatischen Erkrankungen. Das Screening von
Patientinnen und Patienten mit entzündlich-rheumatischen Erkrankungen
diesbezüglich sowie die Behandlung der Infektion und die Verlaufskontrollen
unter einer immunmodulierenden Therapie sind für eine adäquate Betreuung sehr
wichtig. Durch den vermehrten Einsatz von immunmodulierenden Basismedikamente
kann es zu einer Reaktivierung oder Verschlechterung einer chronischen Hepatitis
B- oder C-Infektion kommen, die asymptomatisch bis hin zu lebensbedrohlich
verlaufen kann. HIV-Infektionen sind mit dem Auftreten von verschiedenen
entzündlich-rheumatischen Erkrankungen assoziiert. Die Therapie orientiert sich
in der Regel an den allgemeingültigen Empfehlungen. Dennoch müssen Aspekte wie
das höhere Risiko für eine Tuberkulose oder Auftreten von Herpes Zoster in die
Therapieentscheidung für den Einsatz einer Immunmodulation miteinbezogen werden
und eine engmaschige Verlaufskontrolle der HIV-Infektion erfolgen.
Einfluss von NADH-Supplementation in Kombination mit Fitnesstraining auf die Kognition sowie die physische und psychische Leistungsfähigkeit: Studienergebnisse
Authors: Rösler Dietmar , Fuchs Norbert , Mikkeleit Kathrin , Markolin Gertrude , Kocher Barbara , Horn Julia , Schrotter Kerstin , Wegberger Claudia
Published: April 2024

Ziel dieser prospektiven randomisierten placebokontrollierten Doppelblindstudie war die Erhebung des Einflusses einer vierwöchigen NADH-Supplementation in Kombination mit einem Trainingsprogramm auf kognitive Fähigkeiten, Gesundheitszustand und auf die physische und physische Leistungsfähigkeit eines untrainierten Kollektivs. 27 statistisch vergleichbare gesunde Erwachsene nahmen vier Wochen lang an einem gezielten Trainingsprogramm teil und erhielten parallel entweder 10 mg NADH/Tag oder ein wirkstofffreies Placebopräparat. Die Sportintervention allein führte zu einer Verbesserung in sämtlichen getesteten Bereichen (motorische und kognitive Fähigkeiten, gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität). Die NADH-Supplementation resultierte in einer zusätzlichen Verbesserung des Gesamtgesundheitszustands sowie in einer 14,3%igen Steigerung der kognitiven Fähigkeiten im Vergleich zur Placebogruppe.
BHI und andere mitochondriale Parameter zur Diagnostik von mitochondrialen Dysfunktionen
Authors: Schütz Burkhard , Crecelius Meike
Published: April 2024

Mitochondriale Dysfunktionen sind ein zunehmendes Problem in der heutigen Gesellschaft. Ob sie als Ursache für verschiedenste (vor allem chronische) Erkrankungen oder als Folge des heutigen westlichen Lebensstils auftreten: Sie haben in jedem Fall große Auswirkungen auf unser Leben. Da Mitochondrien hauptsächlich für die Energieproduktion verantwortlich sind, schlägt sich eine Dysfunktion insbesondere auf die Leistungsfähigkeit nieder. Neben der Energieproduktion übernehmen sie allerdings noch viele weitere bedeutsame Aufgaben und spielen bei fast jedem Stoffwechselvorgang eine wichtige Rolle. Mithilfe des bioenergetischen Gesundheitsindex (BHI) kann die Leistungsfähigkeit der Mitochondrien gemessen werden, wodurch der Zustand der Zellen beurteilt und die richtige Therapie ausgewählt werden kann.
Mitochondriale Myopathien – Therapiemöglichkeiten durch Sport und Bewegung
Authors: Bloch Wilhelm
Published: April 2024

Mitochondriale Myopathien stellen eine wichtige Gruppe progressiver Erkrankungen der Muskulatur dar. Sie führen vor allem zu einer eingeschränkten aeroben Belastungstoleranz der Muskulatur, die sich in erhöhten Laktatspiegeln und einer geringen, durch die Muskulatur begrenzten Sauerstoffaufnahmekapazität äußert. Pathologisch veränderte Mitochondrien können genetisch bedingt sein oder sekundär durch erworbene Muskelerkrankungen auftreten. In Abhängigkeit von den Ursachen und der Ausprägung der mitochondrialen Myopathie ist körperliches Training in Form von Ausdauer- und Krafttraining einsetzbar, um die funktionelle Belastungsfähigkeit der Patient*innen und zumindest in einem Teil der Fälle die mitochondriale Funktion zu verbessern. Der Beitrag liefert dazu einen Überblick.
Die Rolle der Mitochondrien im Immunmetabolismus
Authors: Mosetter Kurt
Published: April 2024

In den Traditionen der ayurvedischen und chinesischen Medizin werden Erkrankungen mit Schwächezuständen, Müdigkeit, Depression, Neurodegeneration und Immundysregulation über „stärkende Naturstoffe“, aufbauende Maßnahmen für die Darmgesundheit, die „Lebergesundheit“ und einen guten Stoffwechsel behandelt. Nicht die Bekämpfung der Erkrankungen, sondern die Stärkung des natürlichen Energiestoffwechsels sowie der Reparatur stehen dabei im Vordergrund. Eine antientzündliche Ernährung mit verkochtem Gemüse, Linsen, Kichererbsen, Blumenkohl, Brokkoli und der Verzicht auf Toxine, Konservierungs- und Geschmacksverstärker, Zucker, Fruchtzucker, Getreide und Kuhmilchprodukte wird flankiert mit der Gabe von Myrobalan, Heidelbeeren, Goji-Beeren, Curcumin, Ingwer, Ginseng, Arabinogalactanen, Grüntee-Extrakten, Boswellia, Curcumin, Granatapfel, Cordyceps, Reishi, Artemisia usw. Ein gesunder Darm soll über den Stoffwechsel und die Leber den Energiehaushalt aufbauen. Könnte die Unterstützung der mitochondrialen Funktionen eine entscheidende Schnittstelle zwischen einer mehr als 3000 Jahre alten Erfahrungsmedizin und der modernen „Mitochondrien-Medizin“ darstellen?
Die Dauerbrause – oder: „Das Bad der Blutwäsche“
Authors: Freiherr von Rosen Jürgen
Published: April 2024

Die Dauerbrause ist ein Verfahren der Hydrotherapie, das sehr einfach anzuwenden ist. Mit angenehm warmem Wasser wird der Körper eine bis mehrere Stunden über einen Duschkopf bebraust, um akute oder chronische Beschwerden zu behandeln, Krankheiten vorzubeugen sowie Körperfunktionen zu stabilisieren und um Regeneration bzw. Rehabilitation zu unterstützen. Die Dauerbrause regt das Lymphsystem an und fördert Entgiftung, Entschlackung und Ausscheidung. In Deutschland gibt es nur wenige Kurhäuser, die dieses Naturheilverfahren anbieten. Der Beitrag geht auf die Geschichte und Anwendung der Dauerbrause ein und zeigt erfolgreiche Praxisbeispiele.
Flow Chemistry of Metal Carbenoid Species towards Selective Organic Synthesis
Authors: Okamoto Kazuhiro , Nagaki Aiichiro
Published: April 2024

This review deals with C1 carbenoid chemistry, with a focus on lithium carbenoid species generated in flash flow systems. Strict control of the temperature, residence time, and mixing efficiency has led to various transformation reactions involving epoxidation, cyclopropanation, and homologation, among others. The use of other metal species, including trifluoromethylpotassium (CF3K) and magnesium/ zinc carbenoids, in flow systems is also introduced.

1 Introduction

1.1 Lithium Carbenoids in C1 Chemistry

1.2 Flow Chemistry for C1 Lithium Carbenoids

2 Flow Reactions Involving Carbenoid Species

2.1 Deprotonative Generation of Lithium Carbenoid Species

2.2 Generation of Lithium Carbenoid Species via Halogen–Lithium Exchange

2.3 Generation of Lithium Carbenoid Species via Reductive Lithiation

2.4 Generation of Lithium Carbenoid Species via Alkyllithiation

2.5 Generation of Trifluoromethylpotassium Species in Flow

2.6 Generation of Other Metal Carbenoid Species

3 Conclusion
Periviable Premature Rupture of Membranes—Maternal and Neonatal Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Saucedo Alexander M. , Calvert Chase , Chiem Adrian , Groves Alan , Ghartey Kobina , Cahill Alison G. , Harper Lorie M.
Published: April 2024

Objective Periviable premature rupture of membranes (PROM) counseling should describe maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with both immediate delivery and expectant management. Unfortunately, most published data focuses on neonatal outcomes and maternal risk estimates vary widely. We performed a meta-analysis to describe outcomes associated with expectant management compared with immediate delivery of periviable PROM.

Study Design We performed a search on PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PROSPERO, Cochrane library, and ClinicalTrials.gov utilizing a combination of key terms. Published clinical trials and observational cohorts were included if published after 2000. Publications were selected if they included maternal and/or neonatal outcomes for both expectant management and immediate delivery. Gestational age range was limited from 14 to 25 weeks. The primary outcome was maternal sepsis. Secondary outcomes included chorioamnionitis, hemorrhage, laparotomy, and neonatal survival. Pooled risk differences (RDs) were calculated for each outcome using a random-effects model. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Harbord test.

Results A total of 2,550 studies were screened. After removal of duplicates and filtering by abstract, 44 manuscripts were reviewed. A total of five publications met inclusion for analysis: four retrospective and one prospective. Overall, 364 (68.0%) women underwent expectant management and 171 (32.0%) underwent immediate delivery. Maternal sepsis was significantly more frequent in the expectant group (RD, 4%; 95% confidence interval, 2–7%) as was chorioamnionitis (RD: 30%; p < 0.01) and any laparotomy (RD: 28%; p < 0.01). Neonatal survival in the expectant group was 39% compared with 0% in the immediate group (p < 0.01).

Conclusion Women who undergo expectant management following periviable rupture of membranes experience significantly increased risks of sepsis, chorioamnionitis, and laparotomy. Overall, 39% of neonates survive to discharge. Knowledge of these risks is critical to counseling patients with this diagnosis.

Key Points
Development of a Clinical Nomogram for Predicting Shunt-Dependent Hydrocephalus
Authors: Trakulpanitkit Avika , Tunthanathip Thara
Published: April 2024

Background Hydrocephalus (HCP) is one of the neurosurgical conditions that can lead to impaired quality of life, disability, and mortality. The nomogram is a clinical prediction tool that has been studied in a variety of medical conditions. Hence, the primary objective of the present study was to establish the nomogram for predicting shunt-dependent HCP in patients with varied etiologies. The secondary objective was to identify predictors associated with shunt-dependent HCP.

Methods In the present study, 382 adult patients with various etiologies of HCP who had undergone ventriculostomy were included retrospectively. Several clinical factors, imaging findings, and ventricular indexes were analyzed for shunt-dependent HCP in both univariate and multivariable analysis. Based on binary logistic regression, the nomogram was created and internally validated from the final model.

Results Shunt-dependent HCP was observed in 25.7% of the present cohort. Initially, progressive headache, preoperative seizure, Evans index, third ventricle index, cella media index, ventricular score, and mass diameter were candidate predictors from univariate analysis. The final model which had the lowest Akaike information criterion comprised the third ventricle index and cella media index. Therefore, the model's performance had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.712, Moreover, the AUCs of bootstrapping and cross-validation methods were 0.701 and 0.702, respectively.

Conclusion In summary, clinical factors and ventricular measures that were strongly associated with shunt-dependent HCP were used to develop clinical prediction tools that could help physicians make decisions and care for high-risk patients in general practice.
Crossectional Study on the Performance of Screening Questionnaires for Prediction of Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Women
Authors: Ginetti María Belén , Franzoy Julieta , Perri Marcella , Blanco Magali , Ernst Glenda , Salvado Alejandro , Borsini Eduardo Enrique
Published: April 2024

Introduction The clinical manifestations of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are different between genders. Though there are several screening questionnaires for OSA, their performance in females is not fully understood, as women have been historically underrepresented in research studies.

Objective To assess the performance of screening questionnaires and their capacity to identify a moderate to severe apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in women.

Materials and Methods The Epworth sleep scale (ESS), Berlin questionnaire, and STOP-BANG questionnaire (SBQ) were correlated with AHI. Also, the sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve were calculated for each questionnaire and combinations thereof. Multiple regression models were used to identify ≥15 ev/h AHI.

Results Our study included 5,344 patients: 1978 women (37.1%) aged 55.06 ± 14 years with body mass index (BMI): 32.6 ± 8.30 kg/m2, ESS: 7.69 ± 5.2 points, and high-risk Berlin score: 87.25%. An AHI ≥15 ev/h was found in 30.4% of women. In terms of the capacity to identify an ≥15 ev/h AHI in women, the AUC-ROC of ESS >10 and high-risk Berlin was 0.53 and 0.58, respectively. Three components of SBQ in any combination showed: a S of 65.1% (95% CI: 61.2–68.9), a Sp: 61.5% (95% CI: 58.9–64.1), with the AUC-ROC: 0.67.

Conclusions Questionnaires perform differently in women. Therefore, it is necessary to take a gender-specific approach. The SBQ showed a higher discriminative power and more specificity than the ESS and the Berlin questionnaire. The best performance was obtained with any combination of 3 SBQ components. Age, BMI, neck circumference, and hypertension were the strongest predictors.
Circadian Pattern in Restless Legs Syndrome: Implications for Treatment Posology
Authors: Garcia-Malo Celia , Cano-Pumarega Irene , Castro-Villacañas-Farzamnia Andrea , Boi Sara
Published: April 2024

The symptoms of restless legs syndrome (RLS) follow a circadian pattern, as inducated in the current RLS diagnostic criteria. Indeed, subjects with mild-to-moderate RLS suffer or not from RLS symptoms depending on the time of day, resembling an above-threshold state periodically followed by a below-threshold state. Although the circadian clock is crucial in the clinical features of RLS, research assessing the ultimate drivers of circadian rhythmicity is still very limited. In the present review, we show current evidence on circadian variations of neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of RLS (systemic iron metabolism, brain iron homeostasis, adenosine, dopamine, glutamate, and endogenous opioids). Secondly, an overview of available therapies for RLS is presented, including information on current recommendations for symptomatic treatments in RLS.

We discuss the importance of further research into the circadian oscillations that occur in RLS, so that they can be managed, and a protective below-threshold state can be established on an individualized basis. In addition, we also discuss the current dosing of the medications prescribed in RLS symptomatic treatments, and how circadian factors should be considered to better adjust dosing on an individualized basis and increase the therapeutic benefit.
Therapeutic Response to PRRNT in a Rare Case of Metastatic Renal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Authors: Sunny Saumya Sara , Hephzibah Julie , Chacko Raju Titus , Kodiatte Thomas Alex
Published: April 2024

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a rare spectrum of neoplasms that are characterized by neuroendocrine and neural differentiation. The treatment can be challenging in view of the heterogeneity in differentiation and behavior. Primary renal origin NETs are rare and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. There is limited knowledge on their presentation and response to various lines of treatment. We report a case of a patient with a metastatic renal NET from a rare histological subtype of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, known to cause aggressive disease with poor prognosis. A multimodality treatment approach was followed. In spite of surgical management and second-line chemotherapy, the disease progressed. The patient subsequently received peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) using lutetium-177 DOTATATE, following which the patient demonstrated a remarkable clinical and radiological response and is stable to date. In a rare tumor with poor prognosis, the relevance of theranostics and the efficacy of targeted therapies like PRRNT are noteworthy.
Dynamic response of multi-unit floating offshore wind turbines to wave, current, and wind loads
Authors: Lamei A. , Hayatdavoodi M. , Riggs H. R. , Ertekin R. C.
Published: April 2024

Motion of a multi-unit wind-tracing floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) to combined wave–current and wind is obtained in the frequency-domain. The linear diffraction wave theory with a Green function for small current speeds and the blade-element momentum method are used for the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic analysis, respectively. A finite-element method is coupled with the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic equations to obtain the elastic responses of the FOWT to the environmental loads. The wind-tracing FOWT consists of three 5 MW wind turbines installed at the corners of an equilateral triangular platform. The platform is connected to the seabed through a turret-bearing mooring system, allowing the structure to rotate and face the dominant wind direction; hence, the multi-unit FOWT is called the wind-tracing FOWT. In this study, rigid-body responses of the wind-tracing FOWT to waves and wind are compared with those to combined wave, current, and wind loads for several current speeds and various wave heading angles. For a chosen current speed and wave heading angle, hydro- and aeroelastic responses of the wind-tracing FOWT to combined waves, current, and wind are obtained and compared with those of the rigid structure. Discussion is provided on the effect of the wave–current interaction on the motion and elastic responses of the wind-tracing FOWT. The numerical results show that under the rated wind speed, the motion of the wind-tracing FOWT is mainly governed by the wave-induced hydrodynamic forces and moments and the presence of current results in larger elastic motion of the FOWT to the environmental loads.
Nernst coefficient of Pt by non-local electrical measurement
Authors: Chiang Tony , Nordlander Johanna , Mundy Julia A. , Heron John T.
Published: April 2024

The Nernst effect describes a linear relationship between orthogonal components of a magnetic field, a temperature gradient, and a resulting transverse electric field. A non-local electrical measurement, where injection and detection are physically separated on the specimen, serves as a versatile and effective platform for measuring spin and thermal effects due to the avoided interference with a charge current directly. Here, we quantify the Nernst coefficient of Pt, a common material for spin injection in non-local geometries, by a non-local electrical measurement under modulated temperature and magnetic field and finite element analysis for modeling heat transfer. We determine the Nernst coefficient of Pt from room temperature (8.56 nV K−1 T−1) to 10 K (29.3 nV K−1 T−1). Beyond the quantification of the Nernst coefficient, our results show that careful consideration of the thermal properties of the thermal sink and electrode materials is needed when making an interpretation of non-local electrical measurements.
The turbulent jet in the scale-relativity framework
Authors: Nottale Laurent , Lehner Thierry
Published: April 2024

The turbulent jet plays an important role in fluid mechanics since it is a prototype of free turbulent flow which presents many unsolved problems, among which the absence of closure of the governing equations. Despite the chaotic nature of turbulence, it is characterized by the existence of many universal structures, in particular dimensionless invariants such as its opening angle or the correlation coefficient of velocities. After having given new exact solutions of the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS), we suggest a solution to this puzzle in the scale-relativity framework. In this theory, the time derivative of the Navier–Stokes equations is integrated in terms of a macroscopic Schrödinger equation acting in velocity-space. This equation involves a constant ℏv which can be identified with the energy dissipation rate, while the pressure gradient manifests itself as a quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) potential. The squared modulus of its solutions yields the probability density function (PDF) of velocities. The Reynolds stresses can then be derived from this PDF, so that the closure problem is solved in this case. This allows us to obtain a theoretical prediction for the turbulent intensity radial profile (and therefore for the pressure) which agrees with the experimental data. The ratio of axial over radial velocity fluctuations is found to be R=1.3–1.4 from QHO properties, in good agreement with its experimental values; we theoretically predict a jet opening angle α=1/2R3 accounting for its universal value ≈1/5; the mean ratio of turbulent intensity amplitudes over jet centerline axial velocity is predicted to be X=19/80, in good agreement with its universally measured value ≈1/4; from these parameters we derive possible values of the radial turbulent intensity amplitude μ=0.19–0.22 consistent with experiments; finally, we find a correlation coefficient of velocities ρ=1/R3=2 α, suggesting an explanation for the universal value ≈0.4 observed for the turbulent jet and for all free shear flows.
Tunable thermo-phototronic effect in unintentionally doped n-3C–SiC/p-Si heterostructure
Authors: Nguyen Hung , Nguyen Duy Van , Tran Thi Lap , Song Pingan , Hong Min , Dao Dzung Viet , Nguyen Nam-Trung , Bell John , Dinh Toan
Published: April 2024

The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G technology is creating a high demand in sensor signals, prompting a shift toward self-powered sensors as eco-friendly alternatives to the conventional battery-powered ones. The 3C–SiC/Si heterostructure recently has gained significant attention for sensing applications, including self-powered sensors. However, it has remained unclear about the sensing properties and the underlying physics of the sensing mechanism of the unintentionally doped n-SiC/p-Si heterostructure, hindering the design optimization of SiC/Si heterojunction self-powered devices for diverse applications. This study investigates the thermo-phototronic effect and its underlying mechanism in an unintentionally doped n-3C–SiC/p-Si heterostructure for self-powered sensors. The sensors can be self-powered by absorbing energy from photons to generate photovoltage and photocurrent as high as 110 mV and 0.8 μA. In addition, widening the electrode spacing increased the photovoltage of the device by as much as 122% and the photocurrent by as much as 65%. When the temperature gradient is progressively increased by heating one electrode, the photovoltage decreases gradually, while the current exhibits an initial increase of up to 10%, followed by a decline. These tunable characteristics are attributed to the capability of the heterostructure to control the transport of charge carriers and the impact of unintentionally doped n-SiC on the diffusion of charge carriers. The results of this study can be applied in the development of photodetectors, thermal sensors, and position detectors with tunable sensing performance.
Interfacial exchange dynamics of biomolecular condensates are highly sensitive to client interactions
Authors: Rana Ushnish , Wingreen Ned S. , Brangwynne Clifford P. , Panagiotopoulos Athanassios Z.
Published: April 2024

Phase separation of biomolecules can facilitate their spatiotemporally regulated self-assembly within living cells. Due to the selective yet dynamic exchange of biomolecules across condensate interfaces, condensates can function as reactive hubs by concentrating enzymatic components for faster kinetics. The principles governing this dynamic exchange between condensate phases, however, are poorly understood. In this work, we systematically investigate the influence of client–sticker interactions on the exchange dynamics of protein molecules across condensate interfaces. We show that increasing affinity between a model protein scaffold and its client molecules causes the exchange of protein chains between the dilute and dense phases to slow down and that beyond a threshold interaction strength, this slowdown in exchange becomes substantial. Investigating the impact of interaction symmetry, we found that chain exchange dynamics are also considerably slower when client molecules interact equally with different sticky residues in the protein. The slowdown of exchange is due to a sequestration effect, by which there are fewer unbound stickers available at the interface to which dilute phase chains may attach. These findings highlight the fundamental connection between client–scaffold interaction networks and condensate exchange dynamics.
Controlled visible ultrafast lasers based on polarization-dependent photonic devices
Authors: Yang Zixin , Yu Qiang , Yang Qi , Gao Haotian , Pang Xiuyang , Yu Haowei , Hou Xingang , Zu Yuqian , Xie Zhuoyan , Yang Xiaoxin , Su Wei , Leng Jinyong , Wu Jian , Jiang Zongfu , Zhou Pu
Published: April 2024

The realization of controlled modulation of ultrashort pulses in the all-solid-state visible ultrafast lasers is a challenge, limited by the development of advanced optical modulation devices. Here, we reported a Ta2PdSe6 photonic device-based controlled visible ultrafast laser that exploits the polarization-dependent optical response of the Ta2PdSe6 photonic device to modulate the pulse width. Ultrashort pulse widths of 33.3 ps and 36.6 ps can be achieved under the horizontal and vertical polarization emission, respectively. This study presents polarization-dependent photonic devices for solid-state lasers, which might lead to the creation of controlled modulation in visible ultrafast lasers.
An algorithm to enhance the capability of imaging Thomson scattering
Authors: Liu Yi-fan , Yuan Peng , Tao Tao , Liu Yao-yuan , Li Xin-yan , Li Jun , Zheng Jian
Published: April 2024

Collective Thomson scattering (TS) is a powerful technique to accurately diagnose the parameters of laser-produced plasmas. However, when the scattering parameter α, which is inverse to the product of electron Debye length and wavenumber of plasma fluctuations, is significantly larger than 1, which of the conditions is easily satisfied in the experiment, the accuracy of electron density measurement is usually poor just with the single-wavenumber ion-acoustic wave feature of the TS spectrum. This situation can be greatly improved in the imaging TS experiment because the signal intensity is proportional to electron density. A novel algorithm is developed and validated for the data analysis of imaging TS through the combination of signal intensity and spectral profile. The results show that we can obtain the electron density with high confidence, as well as other plasma parameters like electron and ion temperatures.
Interpretation of autoencoder-learned collective variables using Morse–Smale complex and sublevelset persistent homology: An application on molecular trajectories
Authors: Lee Shao-Chun , Z Y
Published: April 2024

Dimensionality reduction often serves as the first step toward a minimalist understanding of physical systems as well as the accelerated simulations of them. In particular, neural network-based nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods, such as autoencoders, have shown promising outcomes in uncovering collective variables (CVs). However, the physical meaning of these CVs remains largely elusive. In this work, we constructed a framework that (1) determines the optimal number of CVs needed to capture the essential molecular motions using an ensemble of hierarchical autoencoders and (2) provides topology-based interpretations to the autoencoder-learned CVs with Morse–Smale complex and sublevelset persistent homology. This approach was exemplified using a series of n-alkanes and can be regarded as a general, explainable nonlinear dimensionality reduction method.