bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green Roof Evaluation: A Holistic ‘Long Life, Loose Fit, Low Energy’ Approach
Authors: Langston Craig
Published: January 2016

Green roofs have potential to improve the social and environmental performance of detached housing in Australia, yet often they are overlooked due to prohibitive capital cost and a range of other perceptions that are difficult to quantify. A classic evaluation problem is invoked that must balance short and long term benefits. Using two distinct designs of the same floor area, green roof and traditional housing prototypes are analysed to determine the relative ‘breakeven’ point when long-term benefits become feasible. It is discovered that green roofs are unlikely to be viable in their own right, but when coupled with an overall design strategy of long life (durability), loose fit (adaptability) and low energy (sustainability) they can deliver least cost (affordability) over time as well as unlock valuable social and environmental rewards. This outcome can be realised within 25% of a home’s expected design life of at least one hundred years. The results demonstrate that residential green roofs, when integrated as part of a holistic approach, can be both individually and collectively justified on key economic, social and environmental criteria, and are therefore able to claim a valuable contribution towards wider sustainable development goals.
The "New World is An Other World": Hungarian Transatlantic Emigrants' Handbooks and Guidebooks, 1903-1939
Authors: Vida István Kornél
Published: January 2016

The process of migration includes the movement between relatively distant geographical locations as well as often facing considerable cultural differences between the sending and receiving countries. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, millions of emigrants from East Central Europe and Southern Europe sought their personal dreams in America, but had painfully little information at their disposal about the country, and were consequently in for a considerable “culture shock.” This paper examines the possible sources of information for soon-to-become transatlantic migrants from Europe in general, and from Hungary in particular. It analyzes the various types of “booster literature,” along with the people who had an interest in its publication, and offers a case study of handbooks and guidebooks written specifically for Hungarian emigrants to America during the first two decades of the twentieth century.
The Kodály and Rajkó Methods: Voices, Instruments, Ethnicity, and the Globalization of Hungarian Music Education in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Hooker Lynn M.
Published: January 2016

Music is one of the fields in which Hungary has distinguished itself around the world, and music education is an arena in which Hungarian methods have had a profound impact. The basic principles of Hungarian music-pedagogical methods, developed by Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967) and his disciples and thus known as the Kodály method, are systematic instruction in sight-singing using “movable-do” solfège and rhythmic syllables, with the ideal of developing music literacy in all children through high-quality music, mainly classical and folk repertoire for choirs. Another type of well-known Hungarian music, so-called “Gypsy music,” is specifically denied legitimacy both in Kodály’s writings and those of some of his students, for two reasons: much of it is primarily instrumental instead of vocal, and it is considered “bad.” Yet Romani (Gypsy) musicians from Hungary have also become famous internationally, some from quite a young age. The Rajkó Ensemble, established in 1952 as the Gypsy Orchestra of the Young Communists’ League, brought Hungarian and Hungarian-Gypsy music to over a hundred countries over the years. Interviews with Rajkó members, some conducted by the author and some previously published, reveal those musicians struggling to claim the legitimacy not only of their music but of their music pedagogy, implicitly comparing the Rajkó method to the Kodály method. After a brief discussion of the Kodály method and its history, this essay gives some examples of how that method has dealt with talented Romani youth in Hungary; compares the Kodály method to methods of teaching instrumental music in Roma communities and in the Rajkó Ensemble; and considers how American ideals of multicultural education challenge some of Kodály’s tenets.
Translating Shakespeare for the Hungarian Stage: Contemporary Perspectives
Authors: Szele Bálint
Published: January 2016

This paper presents trends in today’s Shakespeare translation in Hungary based on interviews with Hungarian translators and scholars. Instead of a collection of names and dates of translators and translations, it focuses on the organic development of Hungarian Shakespeare translation, which has been going on for more than two hundred years, and tries to fit new developments into the tradition of translating Shakespeare in a theoretical framework. “Hungarian Shakespeare,” now seen as a broad collection of Hungarian translations and adaptations, lives on, is kept alive in theaters, but it is undergoing a process of simplification. It was very hard work to do away with the forced prudishness and mannerism of the nineteenth century Shakespeare translations. After World War II, during the dominance of Communist culture, it was not allowed for several translations of Shakespeare to co-exist, so a politically appointed committee was set up to decide which one fit into the official canon. Only the selected texts could be printed and used in performances. After the political changes in Hungary in 1989, there was an upsurge of interest in Shakespeare, and since the 1990s there has been an unprecedented plurality of Shakespeare translations. I aim to examine the processes that led to the development of today’s easy-to-understand and naturalistic translations, and to the abandonment of century-old classical ones.
Judith Szapor, Andrea Pető, Maura Hametz, & Marina Calloni, eds. Jewish Intellectual Women in Central Europe 1860-2000 - Twelve Biographical Essays
Authors: MacDonald Ágnes Vashegyi
Published: January 2016

Reviewed by Ágnes Vashegyi MacDonald
Ilona Kovács, ed. Katonalevelek - Az amerikai magyarok második generációja az amerikai hadseregben a második világháború idején, 1942-1945 [Soldier Letters- Second Generation American Hungarian Soldiers in the US Army during World War II, 1942-1945]
Authors: Rosen Ilana
Published: January 2016

Reviewed by Ilana Rosen
Factores determinantes del uso de Internet en la comercialización del aceite de oliva. Análisis del sector en Cataluña
Authors: Cristóbal Fransi Eduard , Montegut Salla Yolanda , Gómez Adillón Maria Jesús
Published: January 2016

Las cooperativas son entidades con una gran presencia económica y social en España, y tienen una gran influencia en la economía rural de las zonas donde están ubicadas. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es el análisis del uso de las nuevas tecnologías por parte de las cooperativas agroalimentarias, centrándose en las productoras de aceite de oliva para determinar los principales factores que condicionan su comportamiento en la Red. En el presente estudio se analizan sus sitios web y se determina qué tipo de información aporta, tanto datos generales como datos de comercialización. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se busca la relación que pueda existir entre el tamaño de la cooperativa, su actividad exportadora o la actividad de comercio electrónico con la presencia online, mediante una regresión logística. De esta manera podremos conocer si realmente la implantación de nuevas tecnologías en las cooperativas permite desarrollar una óptima actividad económica.
The Relationship between Iranian EFL University Professors’ Code Switching and their Characteristics such as Age, Gender and Educational Levels
Authors: Moghadam Reza Nemati , Davoudi Mohammad
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine Iranian EFL university professors’ code switching behavior in terms of variables such as age, gender and educational levels The participants of this study were 120 (64 males and 56 females) Iranian EFL university professors who were teaching English in different universities. A questionnaire was administered to examine the professors’ attitude towards code switching in L2 classrooms. The questionnaire was followed by an open-ended interview to supplement the data.The results of this study gave credit to the usefulness of code switching strategies, especially interactive type of code switching in speaking. Also, it was found that the professors’ age and educational levels could positively influence their use of code switching strategy whereas no significant relationship was found between code switching behaviour and gender.
The Effectiveness of Teaching Stress Management on Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life in Divorcées
Authors: Ehteshamzadeh Parvin , Dashtbozorgi Zahra , Homaii Rezvan , Zarei Zahra , Hamid Laleh
Published: January 2016

This research aims to study the influence of stress management training in self-efficacy and quality of life of the divorcées in Ahvaz. The research sample consists of 15 divorcées in a control group and 15 in an experimental group, selected by simple random sampling. The self-efficacy Rolandick and Life Quality SF_36 Questionnaires were used in this research. The research project was of pre-test and post-test type with control group. Pre-test was administered for both groups and then stress management teaching as the independent variable was administered on experimental group, after completion of, post-test was administered on both groups. The MANCOVA was used to analyze data. The results showed that compared to the control group, stress management training increased self-efficacy and quality of life beliefs of divorcées in the experimental group.
Moderating Effects of Teachers’ Teaching Experience on Home Learning Associated with Literacy Skills among Chinese Preschoolers
Authors: Yee Chan Mei , Arshat Zarinah
Published: January 2016

This study was designed to determine the influence of home learning on Chinese preschoolers’ literacy skills is likely to be moderated by the level of teacher’s teaching experience. There were 136 preschoolers aged ranged between three to six years old with their parents and teachers recruited in this study using a Multi-Stage Cluster sampling technique. The results of the Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis indicate that teacher’s teaching experience has a significant moderating effect on the strengths of the relationship between home learning and preschoolers’ literacy skills. Further research is needed to investigate more deeply to identify whether these relationships are upheld over time and with diverse sample. 
The Effect of Health Indicator on Economic Growth of Iran
Authors: Rashki Kemmak Asma
Published: January 2016

The most important factors in the economic production subordinating, are work force and human capital. These factors and their functions depend on the role of hygiene, individual health and related index in improving the economy of a country. Therefore, one economic growth stimulating factor can be evaluated by using health index thorough effecting labor and human capital. Accordingly, this paper tries to study the effect of health index on economic growth during 1975 to 2012 and it does this by self-explanatory approach with distributed lag (ARDL) and the estimated long-term and short-term effects of these measures on economic growth. Results show the fact that health index related variables like fertility rate, life expectancy will bring economic index and capital growth increasing and it leads to more economic growth. These results are available in long-term and short-term period.
A Study on the Development of Products Appearance Designs of “ART DECO” Style
Authors: Chang Yan
Published: January 2016

Objective: The analysis on the development of the products appearance designs of the “ART DECO” style provides reference and theoretical basis for the design of modern products. The research on the world products appearance designs of certain phase help correct people’s cognition of the concept. Method: From the early twentieth Century to the 40s of twentieth Century, nearly half a century, the style of product designs aimed at the content. Different stages, different factions, different designers and design works classification research have been conducted. Conclusion:By studying the development of the products appearance designs with the “ART DECO” style, two basic developmental orientations can be concluded: characteristics of a product is a revival direction for traditional decoration; it is also a regressive direction for abstract decoration.
Psychometric Properties of the Padua Inventory in an Iranian Sample
Authors: Seyedsalehi Nasim , Nasir Rohany , Sulaiman Wan Shahrazad Wan , Seyedsalehi Ashkan , Seyedsalehi Sadaf
Published: January 2016

To test the validity and reliability of Padua Inventory (PI) on an Iranian population in Shiraz city Iran, this research has been conducted. In the current study, items of PI following translation into Persian were carried out. Along the way, a sample consisting of two groups of subjects as follows: patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who were referred to mental health centers located in Shiraz (n = 100), and healthy individuals (n = 100) who were randomly selected employees of mental health centers, located in Shiraz city. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach’s alpha showed a good level of the reliability and confirmed PI factorial structure that was consistent with previous studies. The results showed a significant statistical difference between OCD patients and control participants regarding PI scores with patients showing higher scores to provide evidence of construct validity of PI as an instrument.
Accuracy of FDG PET/CT in the Evaluation of Solitary Pulmonary Lesions—Own Experience
Authors: Opoka Lucyna , Kunikowska Jolanta , Podgajny Zbigniew , Szołkowska Małgorzata , Błasińska-Przerwa Katarzyna , Burakowska Barbara , Oniszh Karina , Rudziński Piotr , Bestry Iwona , Roszkowski-Śliż Kazimierz
Published: January 2016

Introduction: In recent years, positron emission tomography (PET) has been increasingly applied in the diagnosis of neoplastic lung diseases. In contrast to conventional imaging studies, PET-CT enables the visualisation of not only the morphology of the suspicious lesion, but also its metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of PET-CT in the initial assessment of patients with indeterminate solitary pulmonary lesions. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on a group of 82 patients with indeterminate lung nodule diagnosed at the National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in the period from January 2008 to May 2011. CT and PET-CT were performed in all of the patients. Histological or cytological examination of the biopsy specimens obtained from bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy and intraoperatively were the reference tests. Results: Malignancy was documented in 40 patients (48.8%). Histopathological analysis of all tumours revealed 12 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 18 cases of adenocarcinoma and 1 case of carcinoid, whereas in 9 patients the diagnosis of “non-small cell cancer not otherwise specified” was made. All lesions except one were of solid character on chest CT. SUVmax values exceeding 2.5 were found in 38 cancer patients (true positives, TP). The mean value of SUVmax was 9.1 (1–26.8). Forty-two lesions were documented as benign (51.2%). SUVmax values equal to or less than 2.5 were found in 37 patients (true negatives, TN). The mean value of SUVmax in this group was 1.9 (0.5–8.6). The diagnostic value of PET-CT SUVmax exceeding 2.5 in the prediction of neoplastic origin of solitary pulmonary lesions was: sensitivity—95% (95% CI 84–99%), specificity—88% (95% CI 75–95%) and accuracy—91.5% (95% CI 83–96%). Positive predictive value (PPV) was 88.4% (95% CI 76–95%), and negative predictive value (NPV) was 94.8% (95% CI 83–99%). False negative results concerned two patients, with final diagnosis of carcinoid and adenocarcinoma; false positive results were obtained in 5 patients with various inflammatory lesions. Conclusions: In the present study, PET-CT appeared to have high sensitivity (95%), but lower specificity (88%) for predicting the malignant character of solitary pulmonary lesions. Overall diagnostic value of PET-CT SUVmax > 2.5 was high—PPV was 88.4%, NPV was 94.8%. In the authors’ opinion, the PET-CT value may increase when clinical data as well as other radiological documentation (with retrospective assessment) are taken into consideration.
Middle Lobe Syndrome: An Extraordinary Presentation of Endobronchial Tuberculosis
Authors: Garg Tinu , Gera Kamal , Shah Ashok
Published: January 2016

Tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree, termed as endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB), is more common in young adults and females. This clinical entity is poorly understood and the diagnosis is frequently delayed as sputum smears are often negative for acid fast bacilli and the chest radiograph can be normal, resulting in diagnostic confusion. Bronchoscopy continues to play a key role in its diagnosis. Though atelectasis is not uncommon in these patients, EBTB presenting as a middle lobe syndrome (MLS) has rarely been documented. MLS refers to chronic or recurrent collapse of the right middle lobe and has a myriad of causes. The pathogenesis of this entity too is not fully established. We report this exceptional clinical manifestation in a 19-year-old male, who presented for evaluation of respiratory symptoms for 6 months along with constitutional complaints. Imaging suggested the presence of MLS and bronchoscopy established the diagnosis of endobronchial tuberculosis. GeneXpert evaluation of bronchial aspirate detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Histopathology confirmed the presence of granulomatous lesions. Subsequently, the cultures of bronchial aspirate and post-bronchoscopy sputum grew M. tuberculosis. Appropriate therapy with anti-tuberculosis drugs resulted in a remarkable symptomatic and radiological improvement. EBTB presenting as a MLS is a distinct rarity.
Suicidalitet ur evolutionärt och neurofysiologiskt perspektiv
Authors: Beskow Jan , Ehnvall Anna , Klensmeden Gunilla , Nyberg Ullakarin
Published: January 2016

SAMMANFATTNINGUnder de fyra miljarder år som livet funnits på jorden har det visat enenorm anpassnings- och utvecklingskapacitet. Framväxandet av detmoderna samhället under de senaste 250 åren har emellertid lett tillsåväl fysiska som psykosociala felkonstruktioner, som kan vara svåraatt hantera. Neurofysiologiskt ligger problemen på flera olika nivåersåsom svårigheter att differentiera mellan sexualitet och behovetav sensuell kontakt, det synnerligen snabba arousalsystemet ochtill detta knutna kroppsliga reaktioner samt svårigheter i samspeletmellan system 1 och 2 i den mänskliga storhjärnan.ABSTRACTIn a first article (Suicidologi nr 1 2015), the authors suggested thatit is necessary to meet suicidal persons in their present painfulsituation from a problem-oriented perspective. In a second article(Suicidologi nr 2 2015), they suggested that the goal of the destructivedrive is to kill their own perceived incapable self, or perhapsthe contrary, to find ways to resist this drive and thus survive. In thisthird article, the evolutionary and neurophysiological backgroundas well as inherent weaknesses of importance for problem-solvingand suicidality is described. The construction of the modern societyduring the last 250 years has created both physical and psychosocialrisks leading to injuries and deaths. Concerning neurophysiologythere are problems on different levels, which may be of importancefor suicidality, such as difficulties to differentiate between sexualityand sensuality and difficulties to control the sometimes very rapidarousal system
Leder med aktuelt
Authors: Mehlum Lars
Published: January 2016

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Prostate Cancer Grading: A Decade After the 2005 Modified Gleason Grading System
Authors: Kryvenko Oleksandr N. , Epstein Jonathan I.
Published: January 2016

Since 1966, when Donald Gleason, MD, first proposed grading prostate cancer based on its histologic architecture, there have been numerous changes in clinical and pathologic practices relating to prostate cancer. Patterns 1 and 2, comprising more than 30% of cases in the original publications by Gleason, are no longer reported on biopsy and are rarely diagnosed on radical prostatectomy. Many of these cases may even have been mimickers of prostate cancer that were described later with the use of contemporary immunohistochemistry. The original Gleason system predated many newly described variants of prostate cancer and our current concept of intraductal carcinoma. Gleason also did not describe how to report prostate cancer on biopsy with multiple cores of cancer or on radical prostatectomy with separate tumor nodules. To address these issues, the International Society of Urological Pathology first made revisions to the grading system in 2005, and subsequently in 2014. Additionally, a new grading system composed of Grade Groups 1 to 5 that was first developed in 2013 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and subsequently validated in a large multi-institutional and multimodal study was presented at the 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology meeting and accepted both by participating pathologists as well as urologists, oncologists, and radiation therapists. In the present study, we describe updates to the grading of prostate cancer along with the new grading system.
Fibroblast growth factors as tissue repair and regeneration therapeutics
Authors: Nunes Quentin M. , Li Yong , Sun Changye , Kinnunen Tarja K. , Fernig David G.
Published: January 2016

Cell communication is central to the integration of cell function required for the development and homeostasis of multicellular animals. Proteins are an important currency of cell communication, acting locally (auto-, juxta-, or paracrine) or systemically (endocrine). The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family contributes to the regulation of virtually all aspects of development and organogenesis, and after birth to tissue maintenance, as well as particular aspects of organism physiology. In the West, oncology has been the focus of translation of FGF research, whereas in China and to an extent Japan a major focus has been to use FGFs in repair and regeneration settings. These differences have their roots in research history and aims. The Chinese drive into biotechnology and the delivery of engineered clinical grade FGFs by a major Chinese research group were important enablers in this respect. The Chinese language clinical literature is not widely accessible. To put this into context, we provide the essential molecular and functional background to the FGF communication system covering FGF ligands, the heparan sulfate and Klotho co-receptors and FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinases. We then summarise a selection of clinical reports that demonstrate the efficacy of engineered recombinant FGF ligands in treating a wide range of conditions that require tissue repair/regeneration. Alongside, the functional reasons why application of exogenous FGF ligands does not lead to cancers are described. Together, this highlights that the FGF ligands represent a major opportunity for clinical translation that has been largely overlooked in the West.
Characterization of the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal and potential implications for the conservation and management of Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica)
Authors: Paudel Shambhu , Levesque Juan C. , Saavedra Camilo , Pita Cristina , Pal Prabhat
Published: January 2016

The Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) (GRD) is classified as one of the most endangered of all cetaceans in the world and the second scarcest freshwater cetacean. The population is estimated to be less than 2,000 individuals. In Nepal’s Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali river systems, survival of GRD continues to be threatened by various anthropogenic activities, such as dam construction and interactions with artisanal fisheries. A basic description of the geographic scope, economics, and types of gear used in these fisheries would help managers understand the fishery-dolphin interaction conflict and assist with developing potential solutions. The main goal was to provide new information on the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal. The specific objectives were to identify, compile, and investigate the demographics, economics, fishing characteristics, and perception of fishermen about GRD conservation in the Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali rivers so conservation managers can develop and implement a potential solution to the GRD-fishery interaction problem in Nepal. Based on 169 interviews, 79% of Nepalese fishermen indicated fishing was their primary form of income. Fishermen reported fishing effort was greater in summer than winter; greatest in the afternoon (14:30 hrs ± 0:27) and during low water level conditions; and gear was set 4.8 ± 0.2 days/week. Fishermen reported using eight different types of monofilament nets (gillnets and cast nets). Sixty percent used gillnets less than 10 m long, and nearly 30% preferred gillnets between 10 and 100 m long; a few used gillnets longer than 100 m. Most fishermen reported they believed education, awareness, and changing occupations were important for GRD conservation, but they indicated that alternative occupational options were currently limited in Nepal. Nepalese fishermen acknowledged that fisheries posed a risk to GRD, but they believed water pollution, and dam/irrigation developments were the greatest threats.
Validation of the “Quality of Life in School” instrument in Canadian elementary school students
Authors: Ghotra Satvinder , McIsaac Jessie-Lee D. , Kirk Sara F.L. , Kuhle Stefan
Published: January 2016

Background.School is an integral component of the life of a child, and thus quality of school life is an important part of the overall quality of life experienced by a child. There are a few instruments available to measure the quality of school life but they are often not available in English, or they are not appropriate for use alongside other instruments in a survey of young children. The Quality of Life in School (QoLS) instrument is a short, self-report measure to assess elementary school students’ perception of their quality of school life in four domains. The instrument was developed in Israel and has been validated among Hebrew-speaking children. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the QoLS measure in Canadian elementary school children.

Methods.A total of 629 children attending grades 4–6 were recruited in a population-based cross-sectional study. The QoLS measure was administered to participating children by trained research assistants. In addition, their socio-demographic details and academic data were also obtained. The psychometric testing included exploratory factor analysis and reliability estimation using internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha). Construct validity was investigated using the known groups comparisons for discriminative validity and via convergent validity.

Results.A four-factor structure was generated explaining 39% of the total variance in the model. The results showed good internal consistency and acceptable floor and ceiling effects. Cronbach’s Alpha ranged from 0.75 to 0.93. Known groups comparisons showed that the QoLS measure discriminated well between subgroups on the basis of gender, grade, and academic achievement, thus providing evidence of construct validity. The convergent validity was also appropriate with all the four domains demonstrating moderate to strong correlations to each other and to the total QoLS score.

Conclusions.QoLS appears to be a valid and reliable measure for quality of school life assessment in young Canadian children.
The identification of immune genes in the milk transcriptome of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)
Authors: Hewavisenti Rehana V. , Morris Katrina M. , O’Meally Denis , Cheng Yuanyuan , Papenfuss Anthony T. , Belov Katherine
Published: January 2016

Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) pouch young, like other marsupials, are born underdeveloped and immunologically naïve, and are unable to mount an adaptive immune response. The mother’s milk provides nutrients for growth and development as well as providing passive immunity. To better understand immune response in this endangered species, we set out to characterise the genes involved in passive immunity by sequencing and annotating the transcriptome of a devil milk sample collected during mid-lactation. At mid-lactation we expect the young to have heightened immune responses, as they have emerged from the pouch, encountering new pathogens. A total of 233,660 transcripts were identified, including approximately 17,827 unique protein-coding genes and 846 immune genes. The most highly expressed transcripts were dominated by milk protein genes such as those encoding early lactation protein, late lactation proteins,α-lactalbumin,α-casein andβ-casein. There were numerous highly expressed immune genes including lysozyme, whey acidic protein, ferritin and major histocompatibility complex I and II. Genes encoding immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, chemokines and immune cell receptors were also identified. The array of immune genes identified in this study reflects the importance of the milk in providing immune protection to Tasmanian devil young and provides the first insight into Tasmanian devil milk.
Acute hypothalamic suppression significantly affects trabecular bone but not cortical bone following recovery and ovariectomy surgery in a rat model
Authors: Yingling Vanessa R. , Mitchell Kathryn A. , Lunny Megan
Published: January 2016

Background.Osteoporosis is “a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences.” Bone morphology and tissue quality co-adapt during ontogeny for sufficient bone stiffness. Altered bone morphology from hypothalamic amenorrhea, a risk factor for low bone mass in women, may affect bone strength later in life. Our purpose was to determine if altered morphology following hypothalamic suppression during development affects cortical bone strength and trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) at maturity.

Methods.Female rats (25 days old) were assigned to a control (C) group (n= 45) that received saline injections (.2 cc) or an experimental group (GnRH-a) (n= 45) that received gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist injections (.24 mg per dose) for 25 days. Fifteen animals from each group were sacrificed immediately after the injection protocol at Day 50 (C, GnRH-a). The remaining animals recovered for 135 days and a subset of each group was sacrificed at Day 185 ((C-R) (n= 15) and (G-R) (n= 15)). The remaining animals had an ovariectomy surgery (OVX) at 185 days of age and were sacrificed 40 days later (C-OVX) (n= 15) and (G-OVX) (n= 15). After sacrifice femurs were mechanically tested and scanned using micro CT. Serum C-terminal telopeptides (CTX) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were measured. Two-way ANOVA (2 groups (GnRH-a and Control) X 3 time points (Injection Protocol, Recovery, post-OVX)) was computed.

Results.GnRH-a injections suppressed uterine weights (72%) and increased CTX levels by 59%. Bone stiffness was greater in the GnRH-a groups compared to C. Ash content and cortical bone area were similar between groups at all time points. Polar moment of inertia, a measure of bone architecture, was 15% larger in the GnRH-a group and remained larger than C (19%) following recovery. Both the polar moment of inertia and cortical area increased linearly with the increases in body weight. Following the injection protocol, trabecular BV/TV was 31% lower in the GnRH-a group compared to C, a similar deficit in BV/TV was also measured following recovery and post-OVX. The trabecular number and thickness were lower in the GnRH-a group compared to control.

Conclusion.These data suggest that following a transient delay in pubertal onset, trabecular bone volume was significantly lower and no restoration of bone volume occurred following recovery or post-OVX surgery. However, cortical bone strength was maintained through architectural adaptations in the cortical bone envelope. An increase in the polar moment of inertia offset increased bone resorption. The current data are the first to suppress trabecular bone during growth, and then add an OVX protocol at maturity. Trabecular bone and cortical bone differed in their response to hypothalamic suppression during development; trabecular bone was more sensitive to the negative effects of hypothalamic suppression.
Measurement of Rayleigh wave ellipticity and its application to the joint inversion of high‐resolution S wave velocity structure beneath northeast China
Authors: Li Guoliang , Chen Haichao , Niu Fenglin , Guo Zhen , Yang Yingjie , Xie Jun
Published: January 2016

We present a new 3‐D S wave velocity model of the northeast (NE) China from the joint inversion of the Rayleigh wave ellipticity and phase velocity at 8–40 s periods. Rayleigh wave ellipticity, or Rayleigh wave Z/H (vertical to horizontal) amplitude ratio, is extracted from both earthquake (10–40 s) and ambient noise data (8–25 s) recorded by the NorthEast China Extended SeiSmic Array with 127 stations. The estimated Z/H ratios from earthquake and ambient noise data show good consistency within the overlapped periods. The observed Z/H ratio shows a good spatial correlation with surface geology and is systematically low within the basins. We jointly invert the measured Z/H ratio and phase velocity dispersion data to obtain a refined 3‐D S wave velocity model beneath the NE China. At shallow depth, the 3‐D model is featured by strong low‐velocity anomalies that are spatially well correlated with the Songliao, Sanjiang, and Erlian basins. The low‐velocity anomaly beneath the Songliao basin extends to ~ 2–3 km deep in the south and ~5–6 km in the north. At lower crustal depths, we find a significant low‐velocity anomaly beneath the Great Xing'an range that extends to the upper mantle in the south. Overall, the deep structures of the 3‐D model are consistent with previous models, but the shallow structures show a much better spatial correlation with tectonic terranes. The difference in sedimentary structure between the southern and northern Songliao basin is likely caused by a mantle upwelling associated with the Pacific subduction.
Internal tides and tidal cycles of vertical mixing in western Long Island Sound
Authors: McCardell Grant , O'Donnell James , Souza Alejandro J. , Palmer Matthew R.
Published: January 2016

In estuaries, tidal period variations in the rate of vertical mixing have been observed to result from various causes: in Liverpool Bay and the York River, they have been attributed to tidal straining of the along‐channel density gradient modulating stratification; in the Hudson River they arise from tidal modulation of the height of the tidal current bottom boundary layer (BBL). Along continental shelves, tidal period fluctuations in mixing have been observed to result from the dissipation of internal waves (IWs). Western Long Island Sound (WLIS) moored instrument records indicate that large near‐bottom increases in dissolved oxygen (DO) and heat and a decrease in salt occur during the middle of the flood tide: an analysis of water mass signatures indicates that the transport involved is vertical and not horizontal. Temperature data from a vertical thermistor array deployed in the WLIS for 16 days in August 2009 clearly show a tidal cycle of IW activity creating a mean thermocline depression at midflood of approximately 25% of the water depth with individual IW thermocline depressions of as much as 50% of the water depth. Contemporaneous ADCP measurements show increases in shear due to IWs during the flood. Near‐bottom internal wave activity is maximal at and after midflood and is correlated with near‐bottom temperature and DO tendencies at both tidal and subtidal scales. We conclude that internal tides are an important vertical mixing mechanism in the WLIS through both increased shear from IWs and displacement of the pycnocline into the region of high shear in the BBL.
A nudged chemistry‐climate model simulation of chemical constituent distribution at northern high‐latitude stratosphere observed by SMILES and MLS during the 2009/2010 stratospheric sudden warming
Authors: Akiyoshi H. , Nakamura T. , Miyasaka T. , Shiotani M. , Suzuki M.
Published: January 2016

Stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) is a dramatic phenomenon of the winter stratosphere in which the distribution of chemical constituents, associated chemical tendency, and transport of chemical constituents differ significantly inside and outside of the polar vortex. In this study, the chemical constituent distributions in the major SSW of 2009/2010 were simulated by the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 3.2‐Chemistry‐Climate Model (CCM) nudged toward the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts‐Interim Re‐Analysis data. The results were compared with Superconducting Submillimeter‐Wave Limb‐Emission Sounder (SMILES) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations. In addition, ozone tendency due to ozone transport and chemical ozone loss in the high‐latitude lower stratosphere before and after the SSW was analyzed for the period from 1 January 2010 to 11 February 2010. The evolution and distribution of ozone and HCl inside/outside the polar vortex associated with the vortex shift to the midlatitudes in January are quite similar between SMILES and MLS. Those of ClO are also similar, considering the difference in the local time for the measurement. Analyses of the nudged CCM run indicate that inside the polar vortex at 50 hPa, the ozone concentration increased moderately owing to partial cancelation between the large negative ozone tendency due to chemical ozone destruction and large positive ozone tendency due to horizontal ozone influx from outside of the vortex as well as downward advection. In the region of a high ozone concentration with the same area as that of the polar vortex at 50 hPa, the large increase in ozone was primarily due to a downward advection of ozone. SMILES and MLS observations, nudged CCM simulations, and ozone tendency analyses revealed a highly longitudinal dependent ozone tendency at high latitudes during the SSW.
Carbon emissions from decomposition of fire‐killed trees following a large wildfire in Oregon, United States
Authors: Campbell John L. , Fontaine Joseph B. , Donato Daniel C.
Published: January 2016

A key uncertainty concerning the effect of wildfire on carbon dynamics is the rate at which fire‐killed biomass (e.g., dead trees) decays and emits carbon to the atmosphere. We used a ground‐based approach to compute decomposition of forest biomass killed, but not combusted, in the Biscuit Fire of 2002, an exceptionally large wildfire that burned over 200,000 ha of mixed conifer forest in southwestern Oregon, USA. A combination of federal inventory data and supplementary ground measurements afforded the estimation of fire‐caused mortality and subsequent 10 year decomposition for several functionally distinct carbon pools at 180 independent locations in the burn area. Decomposition was highest for fire‐killed leaves and fine roots and lowest for large‐diameter wood. Decomposition rates varied somewhat among tree species and were only 35% lower for trees still standing than for trees fallen at the time of the fire. We estimate a total of 4.7 Tg C was killed but not combusted in the Biscuit Fire, 85% of which remains 10 years after. Biogenic carbon emissions from fire‐killed necromass were estimated to be 1.0, 0.6, and 0.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 at 1, 10, and 50 years after the fire, respectively; compared to the one‐time pyrogenic emission of nearly 17 Mg C ha−1.
Glacier crevasses: Observations, models, and mass balance implications
Authors: Colgan William , Rajaram Harihar , Abdalati Waleed , McCutchan Cheryl , Mottram Ruth , Moussavi Mahsa S. , Grigsby Shane
Published: January 2016

We review the findings of approximately 60 years of in situ and remote sensing studies of glacier crevasses, as well as the three broad classes of numerical models now employed to simulate crevasse fracture. The relatively new insight that mixed‐mode fracture in local stress equilibrium, rather than downstream advection alone, can introduce nontrivial curvature to crevasse geometry may merit the reinterpretation of some key historical observation studies. In the past three decades, there have been tremendous advances in the spatial resolution of satellite imagery, as well as fully automated algorithms capable of tracking crevasse displacements between repeat images. Despite considerable advances in developing fully transient three‐dimensional ice flow models over the past two decades, both the zero stress and linear elastic fracture mechanics crevasse models have remained fundamentally unchanged over this time. In the past decade, however, multidimensional and transient formulations of the continuum damage mechanics approach to simulating ice fracture have emerged. The combination of employing damage mechanics to represent slow upstream deterioration of ice strength and fracture mechanics to represent rapid failure at downstream termini holds promise for implementation in large‐scale ice sheet models. Finally, given the broad interest in the sea level rise implications of recent and future cryospheric change, we provide a synthesis of 10 mechanisms by which crevasses can influence glacier mass balance.
Cooperative adaptive guidance and control paradigm for marine robots in an emergency ship towing scenario
Authors: Bruzzone G. , Bibuli M. , Zereik E. , Ranieri A. , Caccia M.
Published: January 2016

This paper focuses on the control strategy needed by marine robots to be able to follow moving paths within a cooperative framework. This control aspect is essential in order to effectively perform emergency ship towing operations. In particular, these robots coordinate their motion, with the aim of performing an autonomous tying operation, linking the messenger line of a distressed ship to a salvage tugboat. Automatic guidance algorithms are developed in order to provide cooperation and coordination of robots' motion, in such a way to perform the knotting maneuver between the two employed vehicles. In particular, the major contribution of the present work in terms of adaptive control methodology consists in extending a well‐known path following strategy for multi‐vehicle cooperation to cope with moving reference paths. Extensive experimental testing validates the proposed concept, also pointing out the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed system in real‐case scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic Aerobic Photo‐oxidation of a Methyl Group on a Heterocycle to Produce an Aldehyde via Homolytic CI Bond Cleavage caused by Irradiation with Visible Light
Authors: Nagasawa Y. , Tachikawa Y. , Yamaguchi E. , Tada N. , Miura T. , Itoh A.
Published: January 2016

A new catalytic method was developed for photo‐oxidizing the methyl group on aromatic heterocycles such as benzothiazole, benzoxazole, and quinoline to produce the corresponding aldehyde. This is the first report of the metal‐free catalytic synthesis of benzothiazole‐2‐carboxaldehydes using molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant.

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Iridium(III)‐Catalyzed Direct CH Sulfonamidation of 2‐Aryl‐1,2,3‐triazole N‐Oxides with Sulfonyl Azides
Authors: Zhu Bingfeng , Cui Xiuling , Pi Chao , Chen Dong , Wu Yangjie
Published: January 2016

We have developed a method for the direct sulfonamidation of 2‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazole N‐oxides using sulfonyl azides as the amino source to release molecular nitrogen as the sole by‐product. This protocol exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and proceeds efficiently under external oxidant‐free conditions. Various 2‐(2‐sulfonamidoaryl)‐1,2,3‐triazoles were prepared in up to 97% yields for 25 examples with excellent regioselectivity.

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Propylene Polymerization over MgCl2‐Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalysts Containing Tri‐Ether as the Internal Donor
Authors: Zahedi Roya , Afshar Taromi Faramarz , Mirjahanmardi Seyed Heidar , Nekoomanesh Haghighi Mehdi , Jadidi Khosrow , Jamjah Roghayeh
Published: January 2016

1‐Methoxy‐2,2‐bis(methoxymethyl)butane as a new internal donor was synthesized by the reaction of 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)propane with sodium hydride as the base and methyl iodide as the alkyl halide. The tri‐ether compound was characterized by NMR and FTIR techniques. The MgCl2‐supported titanium catalysts were incorporated with varying amounts of 1‐methoxy‐2,2‐bis(methoxymethyl)butane as the internal donor (ID) and also without the internal donor were synthesized, and then the prepared catalysts were characterized. The concentration of titanium, magnesium, and chloride were determined by spectrophotometry and by complexometric and argentometric titration, respectively. The polymerization of propylene was carried out with the prepared catalysts in conjunction with triethylaluminum as a cocatalyst and hydrogen as a chain transfer agent, with and without cyclohexylmethyldimethoxysilane as the external donor. The effects of a new internal donor on MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts for propylene polymerization were investigated, and then these results were compared to the obtained polypropylenes results, which were obtained using the conventional Ziegler–Natta catalyst containing diisobutyl phthalate as the internal donor. The highest isotacticity, melting temperature, and crystallinity degree of polypropylene were obtained using Cat‐D with an ID/Mg molar ratio equal to 0.44, and the highest catalytic activity is related to Cat‐B with an ID/Mg molar ratio equal to 0.22.

The Ziegler–Natta catalysts incorporated with various ID/Mg molar ratios of 1‐methoxy‐2,2‐bis(methoxymethyl)butane were synthesized. The polymerization of propylene was carried out with the prepared catalysts. The highest catalytic activity is related to Cat‐B with an ID/Mg molar ratio equal to 0.22. The catalyst with an optimum ID/Mg molar ratio equal to 0.44 is a favorable catalyst for polymerization of propylene.
Genetics of psychosis of Alzheimer disease
Authors: Shah Chintan , DeMichele‐Sweet Mary Ann A. , Sweet Robert A.
Published: January 2016

Psychotic symptoms, comprised of delusions and hallucinations, occur in about half of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD with psychosis, AD+P). These individuals have greater agitation, aggression, depression, functional impairment, and mortality than individuals without psychosis (AD−P). Although the exact etiopathogenesis of AD+P is unclear, the rapidly developing field of genomics continues to expand our understanding of this disease. Several independent studies have demonstrated familial aggregation and heritability of AD+P. Linkage studies have been suggestive of loci on several chromosomes associated with AD+P. Association studies examining apolipoprotein E gene, the best established genetic risk factor for late‐onset AD, did not find any significant association of this gene with AD+P. Other candidate gene studies focusing on monoamine neurotransmitter systems have yielded equivocal results. A genome‐wide association study and studies examining copy number variations recently have detected suggestive associations, but have been underpowered. Approaches to increase sizes of AD+P samples for genome wide association studies are discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Construction of Hetero‐Four‐Layered Tripalladium(II) Cyclophanes by Transannular π⋅⋅⋅π Interactions
Authors: Lee Haeri , Noh Tae Hwan , Jung Ok‐Sang
Published: January 2016

A synthetic strategy for the generation of new molecular species utilizing a provision of nature is presented. Nano‐dimensional (23(2)×21(1)×16(1) Å3) hetero‐four‐layered trimetallacyclophanes were constructed by proof‐of‐concept experiments that utilize a suitable combination of π⋅⋅⋅π interactions between the central aromatic rings, tailor‐made short/long spacer tridentate donors, and the combined helicity. The behavior of the unprecedented four‐layered metallacyclophane system offers a landmark in the development of new molecular systems.