bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumption of Visually Impaired Students Based on the Theory of Consumer Vulnerability and Resilience
Authors: Coelho Pedro Felipe da Costa
Published: September 2021

This study analyzes the consumption of elementary-school educational service by visually impaired individuals based on the theory of consumer vulnerability and resilience of Baker and Mason (2012). To this end, an ethnographic investigation was performed on a non-governmental organization (NGO) involved in the education of visually impaired students and conducted in accordance with the procedure of Transformative Consumer Research described by Crockett, Downey, Firat et al. (2013). Data were collected through narrative interviews with 16 elementary-school students, six in-depth interviews with managers and teachers from the NGO Lar, and five in-depth interviews with the guardians of the students, in addition to seven months of participant observations. The data were analyzed using the data analysis spiral technique. The results indicate that pressures from the individual, family, school community, and macro forces caused the state of vulnerability. Impotence in the face of practices by school managers and teachers as well as dependence on friendly schools appeared in the form of shock caused by two triggers events: the attempt to enroll students and the first days of school. The resilience of the consumers, the school community, and the NGO contributed to reduce the vulnerability.
Customer Switching Intentions in Commercial Banks: A case of selected commercial banks in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Nzowa Seule
Published: September 2021

The negative consequences of customer switching behaviour in the banking industry cannot be underestimated. Since there are limited studies addressing customer switching intentions and actual switching behaviour in the banking sector of Tanzania, this study intended to bridge the knowledge gap by addressing factors influencing customer switching intentions in the context of Tanzanian commercial banks. The study followed a positivism research paradigm out of which a deductive research approach was adopted. In the same line, an explanatory research design was used. The study was conducted in the city of Dar es Salaam with 400 respondents who were customers from NMB Bank Plc, TPB Bank Plc and NBC Bank Ltd. Multi-stage sampling method was used to generate sample size for this study. Multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the collected data. The findings of Thé study indicated that subjective norms were insignificant in influencing customer switching intentions in commercial banks. These findings suggested that commercial banks customers in the city of Dar es Salaam are not under robust social pressure that requires a vital social group to approve their switching intentions. Further findings revealed that perceived control of bank charges, attitude toward service quality and convenience significantly influenced customer switching intentions in commercial banks.
An investigation of images of women : the development of an awareness campaign to boost self-esteem amongst South African women
Authors:   , De Beer Anneli
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate how images of women in the media that espouse women’s empowerment can indeed have the opposite effect and may even contribute to lowered self-esteem in women. To this end, this project is intended to explore issues such as body image and image manufacture in order to find a possible answer to the question of what is ‘real beauty’ in the South African context. A semiotic approach seeking to review the ways in which women are seen through visual communicative images was undertaken. This visual research revealed the importance of the ‘gendered gaze’ at the centre of issues that relate to self-esteem. An in-depth analysis of the literature, pertaining to self-esteem, interrogated the works of Naomi Wolf, John Berger and Susie Orbach, amongst others. This was carried out in order to understand more about how the dictates of consumerism pervade the work of the style industries. These sectors are well supported by the diet, food and cosmetic surgery industries who tend to effectively increase and add to a sense of body related insecurities. In addition, content analysis of selected South African editions of Cosmopolitan magazine was conducted. The images described represents a significant development period in the emergence of certain beauty ideals in South Africa. The British Unilever marketing campaign, The Dove Campaign For Real Beauty, was used as a base model for the applied design component of this study. In addition an action research approach was employed through a series of interviews and questionnaires directed at mostly female participants in South Africa. This method revealed that self-esteem issues have far reaching implications, affecting women of all ages. As a response to the perceived need for a South African based campaign, this research project informed the development of The Sisterhood Self-Esteem Crusade. In contrast to The Dove Campaign For Real Beauty which was created to promote increased sales of beauty products, The Sisterhood Self-Esteem Crusade’s focus is to interrogate and raise awareness of self-esteem. Underpinning this was an attempt to build confidence, cascade new ways of understanding and to propagate sense making, informed through action research, amongst South African women.
A learning object repository for computer assisted language learning in order to provide resources for language learners in schools in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors:   , Reddy Pregalathan
Published: September 2021

This study, carried out within a critical realist orientation, offers a digital approach to providing language learning resources to learners in KwaZulu-Natal by developing a language learning object repository (LLOR). The purpose of designing and setting up a LLOR prototype was to find a way to augment and supplement the resources provided by text books, the provision of which has hitherto been fraught with service delivery problems. Margaret Archer’s substantive theory of morphogenesis was used to provide a social science framework within Bhaskar’s critical realist meta-approach. The morphogenetic approach suggests that, for technological advances to be accepted as part of everyday educational practice, they must be included in the fabric of the existing social structures of teaching and learning. This had implications for the human computer interaction (HCI) aspects of the artefact, which was developed by both anticipating user needs at the outset and confirming these at intervals; it also looked at the development of digital resources over a period of time in terms of the artefact being part of a larger movement towards using digital resources. The iterative design of the LLOR followed a series of piloting different application stacks, including MediaWiki, TikiWiki CMS and Joomla. Moodle was chosen as the most suitable application as it facilitates the sharing of content using the Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) and can also easily be packaged in an offline self-contained pack for distribution to users who have limited Internet access. Three user groups, comprising experts (those who are proficient with web and computer technologies), teachers (a representative group of teachers who were second language teachers of English) and a representative from the Department of Basic Education (DOBE), were asked to test-drive the LLOR and respond to questions about its ease of use and potential. The LLOR was primarily intended for teachers although it supports students as well. The use of a user-contributed model in the design of the LLOR anticipates i the challenge of providing direct support (editorial), as in adding new resources by only the researcher and also accepting that consumers are more likely to support user-contributed models, if they are also contributors. The key to facilitating access to resources like the LLOR is to make them accessible through different devices especially mobile platforms such as (cell-phones and tablets); future development will prioritise a mobile ready version of the LLOR. The value of the research is thought to lie in furthering an innovative mode of teaching in a digital medium setting where educational communication achieves virtual mode in and out of the physical classroom.
An investigation of cultural dislocation in the work of selected artists
Authors:   , De Vries Jetteke
Published: September 2021

This dissertation sets out to investigate cultural dislocation in the work of Leora Farber (1964), Viviane Sassen (1972), George Alamidis (1954) and my art practice. The paper begins by highlighting the importance of this study and defines terminology for the purpose of this research. In addition an explanation of the research methodology used is provided. The study is contextualised through a discussion of writings by Stuart Hall (1997), Edward Said (1987), Heidi Armbruster (2010), Chloe Sells (2011), Katheryn Woodward (1997), Michel Foucault (1967), Leora Farber (2012) and Lorin Friesen (2013). An analysis of the selected artists’ work reveals an investigation of cultural dislocation within diverse cultural contexts. Farber investigates her position as a second generation Jewish woman in post- colonial, post-Apartheid South Africa through the use of three protagonists. She does this in an attempt to create a lasting Jewish / South African hybrid identity. She explores not only her Jewish heritage and its connotations, but also the changing notions of white identity in post 1994 South Africa. Sassen, in her photographic depiction of obscured African subjects, challenges the viewer’s perceptions of Africa and positions herself as being ‘in-between’ Africa and the Netherlands, where she “will always be the stranger … and will never be part of the culture” (Sassen in Jaeger 2010). Alamidis’ work explores cultural dislocation in the context of migration, eloquently expressed through the use of the identity cards of 1950s Greek immigrants as visual metaphors for the loss of identity. I explore cultural dislocation through the history of three female protagonists (my grandmother, mother and myself) and their migration between the Netherlands and Southern Africa. The protagonists’ cultural narratives provide an historical context for a discussion of my art practice in the form of an exhibition titled Discovering Home. The conclusion outlines the research findings and identifies possible areas of future research. The main research finding reveals that the formation of a new subject identity, post migration, is dependent on a specific (historical) time and (geographical and psychological) space. An area of possible future research, in the context of cultural dislocation, is the use of Foucault’s (1967) theory of heterotopias to explore the idea of the ‘third space’ functioning as a personal heterotopia.
Interpreting services provided during consultations in the medical sector : identifying shortcomings
Authors:   , Khumalo Thabani Robert
Published: September 2021

The study focuses on the interpreting services provided during consultations in the medical setting. It looks broadly at the communication deficiencies created by the difference in the languages spoken by both medical practitioners and patients during consultations. Several times, the researcher’s personal experience has shown that isiZulu speaking patients are frequently consulted by English speaking doctors whenever they visit medical institutions. Consequently, as a result of this situation, these isiZulu speaking patients with limited English proficiency find it difficult to fully express all their medical conditions to the English speaking doctors and vice versa due to the existing language barriers. These language barriers are most likely to give rise to inferior medical assistance to isiZulu speaking patients. Furthermore, the nurses find themselves being ad hoc interpreters in this regard based on the assumption that they are bilingual. However, their linguistic and interpreting ability are not considered. The study therefore investigates the possible shortcomings and also looks at the implications most likely to occur as a result of reluctance to provide professional medical interpreting services. The data is collected from medical practitioners (doctors and nurses) and patients. From the results obtained, the researcher suggests possible recommendations in order to address the identified shortcomings. Lolu cwaningo lumayelana nokutolika ezikhungweni zezempilo. Lugxile ekubhekeni izinkinga zokuxhumna ngokolimi ngenxa yokwehluka kwezilimi ezikhulunywa abasebenzi bezempilo kanye neziguli uma zize ezikhungweni zezempilo. Umcwaningi usebone izikhawu eziningi ukuthi uma iziguli ezikhuluma ulimi lwesiZulu ziya ezikhungweni zezempilo zivame ukusizwa odokotela abakhuluma isiNgisi. Ngenxa yalesi simo , iziguli ezingasazi kahle isiNgisi ziyehluleka ukuchazela odokotela ngokuphelele izinkinga zazo zezempilo, kanjanlo nodokotela bayehluleka ukuxhumana kahle nazo. Lezi zinkinga zokuxhumana, zingaba nomthelela omubi wokuthi iziguli ezikhuluma isiZulu zingatholi usizo olugculisayo lwezempilo. Ngenxa yalesi simo, abahlengikazi bagcina bezithola sebengotolika ngenxa yokuthi kucatshangelwa ukuthi bayakwazi ukukhuluma izilimi zombili. Akube kusabhekwa ukuthi bazazi kangakanani izilimi lezo kanye nokuthi bayakwazi yini ukutolika. Ucwaningo lubheka izingqinamba ezikhona kanye nezingenzeka ngenxa yokungahlinzekwa ngokutolika okusezingeni elifanele ezikhungweni zezempilo futhi kungahlinzekwa abantu abaqeqeshiwe. Imininingwane yokwenza lolu cwaningo iqoqwe kubasebenzi bezempilo (odokotela kanye nabahlengikazi) kanye neziguli. Umcwaningi ube esenza izincomo ezingasiza ukuqeda izinkinga ezitholakele emuva kokuba esethole imiphumela.
Truth and entertainment : historical film as a representation of the past in the works of selected filmmakers
Authors:   , Heath Alistair
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to interrogate the validity of Historical film as a representation of the past and a source of historical knowledge, in the work of Richard Attenborough, Claude Lanzmann, Angus Gibson and Jo Mennel and my film practice, using Robert Rosenstone’s theories, the 6 Codes of Representation (Rosenstone, 1995a) and the 4 Modes of Invention (Rosenstone, 1995a) as a theoretical framework. The main research question is: How can Historical film preserve the historical integrity of a subject whilst entertaining the viewer? Three different film genres were analyzed using this theoretical framework. Films included the Historical Drama Gandhi (1982), the Historical Documentary Mandela (1996) and the Experimental Historical film Shoah (1985). This research interrogates the degrees to which history presented on film can be altered, without becoming an invalid representation of the past. Research outcomes have concluded that the Historical film will inevitably dramatize a subject in order to appeal to a larger audience. However, in making a Historical film, a filmmaker’s decision to stray from historical facts must be supported by a sufficient justification of any significant fabrication, and an explanation of how it benefits the historical subject. This study informed my practical component, consisting of a treatment and storyboard for what I term a hypothetical Historical Experimental film, exploring the Aversion Therapy. These therapies were practiced on SADF conscripts in order to ‘’ cure’ them of ‘illnesses’ such as homosexuality (Kaplan, 2001). It is my hope that this study and proposed film will encourage people to investigate and discuss the Aversion Therapies, creating an awareness of a subject that has had little exposure post 1994.
Towards the development of an oral selection procedure for acceptance into the fashion programme at the Durban University of Technology
Authors:   , Reddy Vasantha
Published: September 2021

The selection criteria common to all Fashion schools/departments/programmes both in South Africa and internationally, is the requirement for the applicants to pass an interview. Research confirms that in institutions where student selection includes an interview, the dropout rate is low. The need for this study arose because of the lack of structure of the current oral protocol or interview selection procedure in Fashion at the Durban University of Technology (DUT), and the need to include a larger number of previously disadvantaged applicants into the Fashion programme. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate the career life histories of the Fashion degree students at the DUT to identify a set of biographical variables that can be used for student selection. Underpinned by the Systems Theory Framework, this study adapted Tinto’s Longitudinal Model of Institutional Departure to investigate pre-entry attributes and interactions within family backgrounds, skills and abilities, and prior schooling that impact the goals and commitments of students. Narrative enquiry using semi-structured in-depth interviews provided data which were processed using the three-dimensional narrative analysis approach. Findings of this study indicate the importance of pre-entry attributes and personality type that is best suited to a career in fashion, and emphasised that intrinsic interests and talents are of primary importance. The results have important implications for student interview selection as it identifies suitable and prepared applicants who will complete and graduate in the minimum time, thereby potentially increasing throughput and output rates in Fashion. Based on the results, the researcher proposed a framework for a standardised and structured interview selection procedure in Fashion at the DUT which enables access to candidates who have the potential for a career in Fashion regardless of their socio-economic or cultural background.
SOPORTE VENTILATORIO NO INVASIVO COMO PUENTE HACIA EL TRASPLANTE PULMONAR. REPORTE DE UN CASO
Authors: Prado A. Francisco J. , Oviedo C Valeria A , Valdebenito P Carlos F. , Giménez Gloria C. , Morales C Pedro I. , Moscoso G Gustavo D.
Published: September 2021

El soporte ventilatorio no invasivo es una herramienta que ha demostrado mejorar la sobrevida de pacientes con falla muscular de la bomba respiratoria y el manejo de enfermedades pulmonares crónicas, incluso la ventilación no invasiva nocturna ha servido de puente hacia el trasplante pulmonar. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 14 años con enfermedad pulmonar crónica hipoxémica severa y falla ventilatoria secundaria, que requirió ventilación prolongada y traqueostomía en espera de trasplante pulmonar. Luego de reevaluar indemnidad de la vía aérea fue decanulada a soporte ventilatorio no invasivo, con uso alternado de mascarilla nasal nocturna y pieza bucal diurna, permitiendo descanso muscular respiratorio eficiente, y mejoría de flujo de tos con técnicas de apilamiento de aire. Este plan permitió una decanulación segura y realizar soporte continuo ventilatorio no invasivo con un programa de rehabilitación cardiorespiratorio. Generalmente, el soporte ventilatorio no invasivo se utiliza en trastornos primarios de la bomba respiratoria. En este caso, se indicó para enfermedad pulmonar crónica hipoxémica, mostrando claros beneficios con oxigenación adecuada, buen rendimiento cardiovascular con mejor tolerancia al ejercicio y entrenamiento en el escenario de preparación al trasplante pulmonar.
Núcleo de apoyo contable y financiero de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí en servicio a la comunidad en tiempos de emergencia sanitaria COVID-19
Authors: Cantos Figueroa Mariana de Lourdes , Moreira Cañarte Mercy Karina , Padilla Hidalgo Merrydi Monserrate
Published: September 2021

Los Núcleos de Apoyo Contable y Fiscal (NAF), se originan como experiencia de la Administración Tributaria de Brasil. Surgen como idea de responsabilidad social propuesta y dirigida por las Administraciones Tributarias de cada país, en coordinación con instituciones de educación superior. El fin es crear espacios de atención permanente donde estudiantes y docentes, previamente capacitados por el Servicio de Rentas Internas ofrezcan orientación básica en materia fiscal a personas naturales sin ningún costo. La Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, a través de proyectos de vinculación responde a necesidades del desarrollo local, considerando el Acuerdo Ministerial No 00126 de 11/03/2020,  estado emergencia sanitario COVID-19, Resolución No RPC-SE-02-No 026-2020, del Consejo de Educación Superior;  las actividades del NAF, se realizaron a través de capacitaciones virtuales para los actores internos y actores externos.  La metodología empleada en la investigación fue revisión tipo bibliográfica del tema de estudio. Entre los resultados más destacados está la capacitación virtual realizada a 3364 participantes, con el objetivo fundamental de incrementar la cultura tributaria de los contribuyentes. Entre las conclusiones más relevantes es que el confinamiento de la población permitió realizar capacitación virtual para difundir las normativas y reglamentos tributarios y evitar pago de multas e intereses.
Optimization of the Proportions for Banana Based Weaning Flour by Variation in Ingredients
Authors: Oshaba Oshaba , Kigozi J. , Atukwase A.
Published: September 2021

The transformation of green banana flour by making various products is an alternative to add value to banana flour hence reducing postharvest losses in banana. This study aimed at optimization of the proportions for the banana based weaning flour for infants between 6 to 24 months of age by variation in ingredients. The composite flour consisted of banana flour (B), soybean flour (S) and grain amaranth flour (A). NutriSurvey2007 software was used to optimize the proportions for the ingredients in accordance with the recommended nutrient requirement for weaning children 6-24 months of age. The formulations developed were 60B:30S:10A, 60B:35S:05A, 55B:30S:15A, 55B:35S:10A, 50B:30S:20A and 50B:35S:15A. The different composites were analyzed for proximate composition, physical- chemical and sensory properties. The data was then fed into the D-Optimal mixture design under Design Expert software 11 to come up with the most desirable formulation that meets the nutrient requirement for weaning children 6-24 months of age. The optimum formulation was found to be 54.4B:35S:10.6A with a gross energy of 366.63 Kcal, protein content of 23.15%, Carbohydrate content of 52.23%, fat content of 7.23%, fiber content of 3.02, ash content of 4.07, moisture content of 10.3, in vitro protein digestibility of 78.97%, acceptability of 6.8 and desirability of 5.3.
INTEGRASI QANUN SYARIAT ISLAM KE DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
Authors: SALIM AGUS
Published: September 2021

Mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran yang telah ditetapkan dalam kurikulum nasional, sehingga semua konten yang terkandung di dalamnya merupakan bahagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari peraturan pemerintah pusat yang kemudian diberlakukan kepada sekolah-sekolah umum di Indonesia. Di sisi lain Aceh memiliki keistimewaan yang diamanahkan oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 Tentang Pemerintahan Aceh. Keistimewaan tersebut adalah pelaksanaan syariat Islam yang secara umum di atur dalam Qanun Nomor 8 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pokok-Pokok Syariat Islam. Pelaksanaan syariat Islam merupakan tanggungjawab pemerintah Aceh baik di tingkat Provinsi maupun Kabupaten/Kota. Oleh karenanya menarik untuk melihat bagaimana integrasi yang dapat dilakukan guna mewujudkan pelaksanaan syariat Islam hingga ke tingkat sekolah, salah satu yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memanfaatkan mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMAN 1 Tapaktuan Aceh Selatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa integrasi pokok-pokok syariat Islam telah dilaksanakan pada saat proses pembelajaran. Proses pembelajaran di kelas berlangsung dengan mentransformasikan pokok-pokok syariat Islam menjadi bagian dari materi yang disampaikan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa integrasi antara pokok-pokok syariat Islam dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan proses pembelajaran di kelas dengan memasukkan materi pokok-pokok syariat Islam ke dalam RPP, hanya saja tidak semua pokok-pokok syariat Islam dapat diintegrasikan dengan RPP guru.
New Particle Formation Events Detection with Deep Learning
Authors: Su Peifeng , Joutsensaari Jorma , Dada Lubna , Zaidan Martha Arbayani , Nieminen Tuomo , Li Xinyang , Wu Yusheng , Decesari Stefano , Tarkoma Sasu , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku , Pellikka Petri
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is an important source of climate-relevant aerosol particles which has been observed at many locations globally. To study this phenomenon, the first step is to identify whether an NPF event occurs or not on a given day. In practice, NPF event identification is performed visually by classifying the NPF event or non-event days from the particle number size distribution surface plots. Unfortunately, this day-by-day visual classification is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and the identification process renders subjective results. To detect NPF events automatically, we regard the visual signature (banana shape) which has been observed all over the world in NPF surface plots as a special kind of object, and a deep learning model called Mask R-CNN is applied to localize the spatial layouts of NPF events in their surface plots. Utilizing only 358 human-annotated masks on data from the Station for Measuring Ecosystem and Atmospheric Relations (SMEAR) II station (Hyytiälä, Finland), the Mask R-CNN model was successfully generalized for three SMEAR stations in Finland and the San Pietro Capofiume (SPC) station in Italy. In addition to the detection of NPF events (especially the strongest events), the presented method can determine the growth rates, start times, and end times for NPF events automatically. The automatically determined growth rates agree with the growth rates determined by the maximum concentration and mode fitting methods. The statistical results valid the potential of applying the proposed method on different sites, which will improve the automatic level for NPF events detection and analysis. Furthermore, the proposed automatic NPF event analysis method provides more consistent results compared with human-made analysis, especially when long-term data series are analyzed and statistically comparisons between different sites are needed for event characteristics such as the start and end times, thereby saving time and effort of scientists studying NPF events.
Exploiting Aeolus Level-2B Winds to Better Characterize Atmospheric Motion Vector Bias and Uncertainty
Authors: Lukens Katherine E. , Ide Kayo , Garrett Kevin , Liu Hui , Santek David , Hoover Brett , Hoffman Ross N.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The need for highly accurate atmospheric wind observations is a high priority in the science community, and in particular numerical weather prediction (NWP). To address this requirement, this study leverages Aeolus wind LIDAR Level-2B data provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) to better characterize atmospheric motion vector (AMV) bias and uncertainty, with the eventual goal of potentially improving AMV algorithms. AMV products from geostationary (GEO) and low-Earth polar orbiting (LEO) satellites are compared with reprocessed Aeolus horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) global winds observed in August and September 2019. Winds from two of the four Aeolus observing modes are utilized for comparison with AMVs: Rayleigh-clear (derived from the molecular scattering signal) and Mie-cloudy (derived from particle scattering). For the most direct comparison, quality controlled (QC’d) Aeolus winds are collocated with quality controlled AMVs in space and time, and the AMVs are projected onto the Aeolus HLOS direction. Mean collocation differences (MCD) and standard deviation (SD) of those differences (SDCD) are determined from comparisons based on a number of conditions, and their relation to known AMV bias and uncertainty estimates is discussed. GOES-16 and LEO AMV characterizations based on Aeolus winds are described in more detail. Overall, QC’d AMVs correspond well with QC’d Aeolus HLOS wind velocities (HLOSV) for both Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy observing modes, despite remaining biases in Aeolus winds after reprocessing. Comparisons with Aeolus HLOSV are consistent with known AMV bias and uncertainty in the tropics, NH extratropics, and in the Arctic, and at mid- to upper-levels in both clear and cloudy scenes. SH comparisons generally exhibit larger than expected SDCD, which could be attributed to height assignment errors in regions of high winds and enhanced vertical wind shear. GOES-16 water vapor clear-sky AMVs perform best relative to Rayleigh-clear winds, with small MCD (-0.6 m s-1 to 0.1 m s-1) and SDCD (5.4–5.6 m s-1) in the NH and tropics that fall within the accepted range of AMV error values relative to radiosonde winds. Compared to Mie-cloudy winds, AMVs exhibit similar MCD and smaller SDCD (~4.4–4.8 m s-1) throughout the troposphere. In polar regions, Mie-cloudy comparisons have smaller SDCD (5.2 m s-1 in the Arctic, 6.7 m s-1 in the Antarctic) relative to Rayleigh-clear comparisons, which are larger by 1–2 m s-1. The level of agreement between AMVs and Aeolus winds varies per combination of conditions including the Aeolus observing mode coupled with AMV derivation method, geographic region, and height of the collocated winds. It is advised that these stratifications be considered in future comparison studies and impact assessments involving 3D winds. Additional bias corrections to the Aeolus dataset are anticipated to further refine the results.
Reviews and syntheses: Trends in primary production in the Bay of Bengal – is it at a tipping point?
Authors: Löscher Carolin R.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Ocean primary production is the basis of the marine food
web, sustaining life in the ocean via photosynthesis, and removing carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. Recently, a small but significant decrease in
global marine primary production has been reported based on ocean color
data, which was mostly ascribed to decreases in primary production in the
northern Indian Ocean, particularly in the Bay of Bengal. Available reports on primary production from the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are
limited, and due to their spatial and temporal variability difficult to
interpret. Primary production in the BoB has historically been described to
be driven by diatom and chlorophyte clades, while only more recent datasets
also show an abundance of smaller cyanobacterial primary producers visually difficult to detect. The different character of the available
datasets, i.e., direct counts, metagenomic and biogeochemical data, and
satellite-based ocean color observations, make it difficult to derive a
consistent pattern. However, making use of the most highly resolved dataset
based on satellite imaging, a shift in community composition of primary
producers is visible in the BoB over the last 2 decades. This shift is
driven by a decrease in chlorophyte abundance and a coinciding increase in
cyanobacterial abundance, despite stable concentrations of total
chlorophyll. A similar but somewhat weaker trend is visible in the Arabian
Sea, where satellite imaging points towards decreasing abundances of
chlorophytes in the north and increasing abundances of cyanobacteria in the
eastern parts. Statistical analysis indicated a correlation of this
community change in the BoB to decreasing nitrate concentrations, which may
provide an explanation for both the decrease in eukaryotic
nitrate-dependent primary producers and the increase in small unicellular
cyanobacteria related to Prochlorococcus, which have a comparably higher affinity to
nitrate. Changes in community composition of primary producers and an
overall decrease in system productivity would strongly impact oxygen
concentrations of the BoB's low-oxygen intermediate waters. Assuming
decreasing nitrate concentrations and concurrent decreasing biomass
production, export, and respiration, oxygen concentrations within the oxygen
minimum zone would not be expected to further decrease. This effect could be
enhanced by stronger stratification as a result of future warming and thus
possibly counteract oxygen decrease as a direct effect of stratification.
Therefore, given a decrease in primary production, the BoB may not be at a
tipping point for becoming anoxic, unless external nutrient inputs increase.
Quantifying Southern Annular Mode paleo-reconstruction skill in a model framework
Authors: Huiskamp Willem , McGregor Shayne
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Past attempts to reconstruct the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) using paleo-archives have resulted in records which can differ significantly from one another prior to the window over which the proxies are calibrated. This study attempts to quantify not only the skill with which we may expect to reconstruct the SAM but also to assess the contribution of regional bias in proxy selection and the impact of non-stationary proxy–SAM teleconnections on a resulting reconstruction. This is achieved using a pseudoproxy framework with output from the GFDL CM2.1 global climate model. Reconstructions derived from precipitation fields perform better, with 89 % of the reconstructions calibrated over a 61 year window able to reproduce at least 50 % of the inter-annual variance in the SAM, as opposed to just 25 % for surface air temperature (SAT)-derived reconstructions. Non-stationarity of proxy–SAM teleconnections, as defined here, plays a small role in reconstructions, but the range in reconstruction skill is not negligible. Reconstructions are most likely to be skilful when proxies are sourced from a geographically broad region with a network size of at least 70 proxies.
Dynamic boreal summer atmospheric circulation response as a negative feedback to Greenland melt during the MIS-11 interglacial
Authors: Crow Brian R. , Prange Matthias , Schulz Michael
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The unique alignment of orbital precession and obliquity during the Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS-11) interglacial produced perhaps the longest period of planetary warmth above pre-industrial conditions in the past 800 kyr. Reconstructions point to a significantly reduced Greenland ice sheet volume during this period as a result, although the remaining extent and volume of the ice sheet are poorly constrained. A series of time-slice simulations across MIS-11 using a coupled climate model indicates that boreal summer was particularly warm around Greenland and high latitudes of the Atlantic sector for a period of at least 20 kyr. This state of reduced atmospheric baroclinicity, coupled with an enhanced and poleward-shifted intertropical convergence zone and North African monsoon, favored weakened high-latitude winds and the emergence of a single, unified midlatitude jet stream. Consequent reductions in lower-tropospheric eddy heat flux over the north Atlantic therefore emerge as a negative feedback to additional warming over Greenland, perhaps partially counteracting conditions otherwise very favorable for widespread melting of the ice sheet. The relationship between Greenland precipitation and the state of the North Atlantic jet is less apparent, but slight summer changes in precipitation appear to be more than offset by increases during the remainder of the year. Such a dynamic state is surprising, as it bears stronger resemblance to the unified-jet state postulated as typical for glacial states than to the modern-day interglacial state.
Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism
Authors: Famin Vincent , Raimbourg Hugues , Andreani Muriel , Boullier Anne-Marie
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Understanding diagenetic reactions in accreted sediments
is critical for establishing the balance of fluid sources and sinks in
accretionary prisms, which is in turn important for assessing the fluid
pressure field and the ability for faults to host seismic slip. For this
reason, we studied diagenetic reactions in deformation bands (shear zones
and veins) within deep mud sediments from the Nankai accretionary prism (SW
Japan) drilled at site C0001 during IODP Expedition 315, by means of
microscopic observation, X-ray diffraction, and major- and trace-element
analyses. Deformation bands are not only more compacted than the host
sediment but are also enriched in framboidal pyrite, as observed under
microscopy and confirmed by chalcophile-element enrichments (Fe, S, Cu, As,
Sb, Pb). In tandem, one shear zone sample displays a destabilization of
smectite or illite–smectite mixed layers and a slight crystallization of
illite relative to its sediment matrix, and another sample shows correlated
increases in B and Li in shear zones and veins compared to the host
sediment, both effects suggesting a transformation of smectite into illite
in deformation bands. The two diagenetic reactions of sulfide precipitation and smectite-to-illite
transformation are explained by a combined action of sulfate-reducing and
methanogen bacteria, which strongly suggests an increased activity of
anaerobic microbial communities localized in deformation bands. This local
bacterial proliferation was possibly enhanced by the liberation of hydrogen
from strained phyllosilicates. We suggest that the proliferation of anoxic
bacteria, boosted by deformation, may contribute to the pore water
freshening observed at depth in accretionary prisms. Deformation-enhanced
metabolic reactions may also explain the illitization observed in major
faults of accretionary prisms. Care is therefore needed before interpreting
illitization, and other diagenetic reactions as well, as evidence of shear
heating, as these might be biogenic instead of thermogenic.
Estimating soil fungal abundance and diversity at a macroecological scale with deep learning spectrotransfer functions
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Shen Zefang , Bisset Andrew , Viscarra Rossel Raphael A.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Soil fungi play important roles in the functioning of ecosystems, but they are challenging to measure. Using a continental scale dataset, we developed and evaluated a new method to estimate the relative abundance of the dominant phyla and diversity of fungi in Australian soil. The method relies on the development of spectro-transfer functions with state-of-the-art machine learning and using publicly available data on soil and environmental proxies for edaphic, climatic, biotic and topographic factors, and visible--near infrared (vis–NIR) wavelengths, to estimate the relative abundances of the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, Mortierellomycota and Mucoromycota and community diversity measured with the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) index. The machine learning algorithms tested were partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF), Cubist, support vector machines (SVM), Gaussian process regression (GPR), XG-boost (XGB) and one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). The spectro-transfer functions were validated with a 10-fold cross-validation (n = 577). The 1D-CNNs outperformed the other algorithms and could explain between 45 and 73 % of fungal relative abundance and diversity. The models were interpretable, and showed that soil nutrients, pH, bulk density, an ecosystem water balance (a proxy for aridity) and net primary productivity were important predictors, as were specific vis–NIR wavelengths that correspond to organic functional groups, iron oxide and clay minerals. Estimates of the relative abundance for Mortierellomycota and Mucoromycota produced R2 ≥ 0.60, while estimates of the abundance of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota produced R2 values of 0.5 and 0.58, respectively. The spectro-transfer functions for the Glomeromycota and diversity were the poorest with R2 values of 0.48 and 0.45, respectively. There is no doubt that the method provides estimates that are less accurate than more direct measurements with conventional molecular approaches. However, once the spectro-transfer functions are developed, they can be used with very little cost, and could serve to supplement the more expensive and laborious molecular approaches for a better understanding of soil fungal abundance and diversity under different agronomic and ecological settings.
The Pandemic Leadership Model: A Study of Medical Student Values During COVID-19
Authors: Bernard Alec , Ortiz Sarah C. , Jones Elizabeth , Heung Michael , Guetterman Timothy C. , Kirst Nell
Published: September 2021

Background: Leadership training is of growing importance in medical education. The COVID-19 pandemic provides unique insight into the qualities and characteristics medical students value in leaders. Little standard information exists regarding best practices, competency-based leadership models or frameworks to guide leadership program development in undergraduate medical education. This study aims to determine what students value in leadership during a pandemic and what implicit leadership framework students use in order to inform medical education curricula.

Methods: We developed a survey instrument aimed to uncover student perceptions of effective and ineffective leadership qualities and examples, both during the current COVID-19 pandemic and during crises in general.

Results: Students identified the overarching themes of Communication, Other-Orientation, Personal Characteristics, Decisive Action, and Use of Information. These five themes were then built into the model of Pandemic Leadership within the context of complexity leadership theory and collective leadership theory. 

Conclusion: This study is unique in its focus on student perceptions of leadership qualities both in general, and during a time of challenge that can serve as a real-world laboratory for leadership. We hope that this information, along with the pandemic leadership model, can serve as the first step to useful and relevant leadership training programs in undergraduate medical education.
Pocket-sized Ultrasound versus Cardiac Auscultation in Diagnosing Cardiac Valve Pathologies: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zeller Lior , Fuchs Lior , Maman Tomer , Shafat Fainguelernt Tali , Fainguelernt Ianiv , Barski Leonid , Liel-Cohen Noah , L. Kobal Sergio
Published: September 2021

Background: Pocket-sized ultrasound devices are used to perform focused ultrasound studies (POCUS). We compared valve malfunction diagnosis rate by cardiac auscultation to POCUS (insonation), both conducted by medical students.

Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted among patients with and without clinically relevant valve dysfunction. Recruitment to the study group was based on the presence of at least one valve pathology of at least moderate severity identified on recent echocardiography study that was required for clinical reasons. Three final-year medical students examined the patients. Each patient underwent auscultation and a POCUS using a pocket-sized ultrasound machine. Sensitivity was defined as the percentage of patients correctly identified as having a valve disorder. Specificity was defined as correct identification of the absence of valve pathology.

Results: The study included 56 patients. In 18 (32%), no valve pathology was found. Nineteen patients (34%) had at least two valvular pathologies. Sixty valve lesions were present in the whole cohort. Students' sensitivity for detecting any valve lesion was 32% and 64% for auscultation and insonation; respectively, specificity was similar. 

 The sensitivity for diagnosing mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, and aortic regurgitation rose significantly by using POCUS compared to auscultation alone. When using POCUS, Students identified valve pathologies in 22 cases (39%) from the patients with at least two valve dysfunctions, and none when using auscultation.

Conclusions: Final-year medical students' competency to detect valve dysfunction by performing cardiac auscultation is poor. Cardiac ultrasound-focused training significantly improved medical students' sensitivity for diagnosing a variety of valve pathologies.
Editorial
Authors: Crespo Miguel , Santilli Luca , Davis-Higuera Michael
Published: September 2021

En esta edición los temas cubren una variedad de aspectos del juego: la periodización para juniors, memoria muscular e imágenes, la derecha invertida, el análisis táctico/notacional, el equipamiento adaptado, y ganar o perder en los torneos de Grand Slam de tenis en silla de ruedas, entre otros.
Ganar o perder en los torneos de Grand Slam en el tenis en silla de ruedas
Authors: Sánchez Alejandro , Ortega Antonio , Sanz David
Published: September 2021

En 2016 fue la primera vez que el torneo de Wimbledon incluyó la modalidad individual de Tenis en Silla de Ruedas (TSR) dentro del programa de su competición, por lo que a día de hoy este deporte tiene presencia en los tres tipos de superficie principales (pista dura, tierra batida, y hierba). Las estadísticas de competición pueden ayudar a entender las diferencias en el juego en función de la superficie. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo será observar las posibles diferencias en el servicio entre los ganadores y perdedores en la élite del TSR tanto en masculino como en femenino en diferentes superficies. Se analizaron un total de 42 partidos compuestos por 101 sets de tres de los Grand Slam de 2016: Australia Open (AO),Roland Garros (RG) y Wimbledon (W). Los resultados mostraron que entre ganadores y perdedores el rendimiento varía en función de la superficie en la que se juega. Las conclusiones de este trabajo pueden ayudar a los entrenadores a adaptar sus entrenamientos en función de la superficie de la competición.
Editorial
Authors: Santilli Luca , Crespo Miguel , Davis Higuera Michael
Published: September 2021

Esta edición contiene varios aspecto del juego como: el escalado de la cancha para el dobles, el análisis por medio de videos y de dispositivos inteligentes para las raquetas, el control emocional, la vida del entrenador durante las giras, la participación multi-deportiva, y los problemas de laalineación incorrecta, entre otros. También incluye un artículo dedicado a los aspectos legales de las sesiones grupales, de lectura imprescindible para entrenadores y organizadores
AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ANTIBAKTERI DARI EKSTRAK DAGING DAN USUS TERIPANG GAMAT (Stichopus Variegatus)
Authors: Roni Asep , Al-muâ€™ti Aditya Septian , Kusriani R. Herni
Published: September 2021

Perairan Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman biota laut yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kesehatan dan salah satunya teripang gamat (stichopus variegatus.) Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan Aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri pada daging dan usus teripang gamat. Ekstraksi teripang gamat dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Selanjutnya, terhadap ekstrak daging dan usus dilakukan pengujian antibakteri dan antioksidan. Uji antibakteri mikrodilusi bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis, sedangkan uji antioksidan dilakukan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Nilai konsentrasi Hambat Minimu (KHM) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dari ekstrak daging teripang adalah 256 Î¼g/mL dan pada ekstrak usus teripang adalah 512 Î¼g/mL. Sedangkan,nilai KHM terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis dari ekstrak daging adalah 64 Î¼g/mL dan KHM ekstrak usus adalah 256 Î¼g/mL. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan, secara kualitatif ditunjukan dengan spot berwarna kuning dengan latar belakang ungu, hal ini menunjukkan senyawa terdapat dalam ekstrak dapat menghambat radikal bebas DPPH. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daging dan ekstrak usus teripang gamat ditunjukkan dengan nilai ã€–ICã€—_50 37.89 Âµg/mL dan 20.46 Âµg/mL. Ekstrak daging dan usus teripang berpotensi antibakteri terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidi, serta memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat.