bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finitude, réflexion, sens. La systématique métaphysique d'André Stanguennec
Authors: Guibal Francis
Published: December 2014

On tente ici de présenter et d’interroger la pensée métaphysique d’A. Stanguennec telle qu’elle se trouve élaborée dans les trois volumes de sa Dialectique Réflexive . On rappelle d’abord les antécédences herméneutiques qu’elle se découvre dans l’histoire de la philosophie à travers les pensées de la substance, du sujet et de leur interaction. On l’accompagne ensuite dans son déploiement systématique à travers les trois grandes idées spéculatives de l’Homme, du Monde et de Dieu. On examine alors la réflexion critique qui la conduit à préférer logiquement l’attribution du sens à l’analogie de l’être ainsi qu’une orientation onto -théologique à une perspective théo -ontologique. On finit par des interrogations qui portent sur une dialectique plus spéculative que critique et un monisme ontologique réduisant indûment la réflexivité anthropologique à la réactivité cosmologique ; le « Dieu » que laisse entrevoir finalement cette systématique logico -métaphysique ne serait-il pas encore à la mesure d’une pensée pure qui récuse peut-être trop rapidement les orientations pratiquement signifiantes de l’expérience religieuse ?
Overcoming Burnout: How to Revitalize Your Career
Authors: Espeland Karen E.
Published: December 2014

Burnout is becoming increasingly common in the health care profession. Indicators of burnout include feeling overworked, frustrated, emotionally drained, and less productive. Burnout leads to interpersonal conflicts, physical symptoms, compulsive activities, decreased productivity, and negative emotions. Individuals who experience burnout believe they cannot change their situation. Job burnout can be overcome after the cause is pinpointed. To revitalize a career and move away from a burnout state, individuals need to change their thought processes and viewpoints about the people and things that may be contributing to their burnout.
La revolución cubana y la economía, 1959-2012. Los ciclos de política y el ciclo azucarero
Authors: Santamaría García Antonio
Published: December 2014

Este artículo sostiene que el principal problema económico de Cuba tras la extinción de la URSS ha sido el fin de dos siglos de especialización en producir azúcar, pues la aparición de un nuevo socio, Venezuela, no proporcionó un mercado alternativo. Además muestra que las políticas aplicadas no han afrontado radicalmente la situación, y analiza las reformas recientes, que diseñan un programa para aliviarlos, pero sin modificar el sistema socio-económico y político.
Neuroliberalismo: la confrontación como mecanismo de selección social
Authors: Biagini Hugo E. , Fernández Peychaux Diego A.
Published: December 2014

El presente artículo recurre a la nomenclatura alternativa de ‘neuroliberalismo’ para explicitar cómo el discurso hegemónico del mercado elabora una ‘fantasía ideológica’ que, apoyada en lo que denominamos ética gladiatoria, resignifica los conceptos clásicos del liberalismo. En la primera parte, nos centraremos en la descripción del neuroliberalismo como una teoría de selección social. En la segunda parte, buscamos explicitar su operatividad como aparato de adoctrinamiento aplicado sobre individuos vulnerables a unas condiciones de posibilidad que se escapan a su control. Así, la globalización neoliberal se perpetúa alborozadamente consentida por individuos reprimidos por una satisfacción preadaptada al paradigma de la lucha por la existencia.
La lucha por la supervivencia de la embriología en una institución privada en la España del siglo XX: las crisis del Institut Biològic de Sarrià
Authors: Velasco Morgado Raúl
Published: December 2014

Durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, el jesuita Jaime Pujiula Dilmé (1869-1958) dominó con una autoridad casi clásica el cultivo de la embriología en nuestro país. El gran éxito de su proyecto personal, el Institut Biològic de Sarrià, sufrió un primer revés durante la II República con la llegada del gobierno de Azaña al poder. La Compañía de Jesús fue disuelta y sus bienes confiscados. El religioso, no obstante, fue capaz de solventar esta crisis mediante un acuerdo con la Societat Medicofarmacèutica dels Sants Cosme i Damiá, en cuyas dependencias volvió a montar su instituto. Más difícil resultó sobrevivir a la crisis vivida durante la Dictadura Franquista. La edad del Padre y su fuerte personalidad, autoritaria y personalista, dificultó la creación de una escuela a su alrededor. El medro de uno de sus colaboradores, el Padre Joan Puiggrós Sala (1899-¿?), significó la desaparición progresiva de la embriología en el centro y la ocupación del nicho que ésta iba dejando por la bacteriología aplicada, mucho más rentable económicamente en aquellos tiempos de penurias.
Revisión y reflexión sobre la sanidad pública española
Authors: Miranda Camarero Mª Victoria
Published: December 2014

El abordaje personal de uno de los temas más alarmantes  para nuestro país y la defensa de aquello en  lo que creo y que quiero conservar como profesional  el Sistema Nacional de Salud, es lo que me ha llevado a profundizar y analizar el estado actual de la sanidad pública en España.

Considero que el fin de la asistencia sanitaria no es sólo  salvar vidas, sino reducir la incapacidad, mitigar el dolor, hacer lo más llevaderas posibles las enfermedades, resolver las incertidumbres sobre el estado de salud actual y futuro, disminuir la inquietud física y emocional, proporcionar confort y sobre todo generar en la persona la mayor cantidad de confianza posible en “su” sistema sanitario.
Towards validation of ammonia (NH3) measurements from the IASI satellite
Authors: Van Damme M. , Clarisse L. , Dammers E. , Liu X. , Nowak J. B. , Clerbaux C. , Flechard C. R. , Galy-Lacaux C. , Xu W. , Neuman J. A. , Tang Y. S. , Sutton M. A. , Erisman J. W. , Coheur P. F.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Limited availability of ammonia (NH3) observations is currently a barrier for effective monitoring of the nitrogen cycle. It prevents a full understanding of the atmospheric processes in which this trace gas is involved and therefore impedes determining its related budgets. Since the end of 2007, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite has been observing NH3 from space at a high spatiotemporal resolution. This valuable data set, already used by models, still needs validation. We present here a first attempt to validate IASI-NH3 measurements using existing independent ground-based and airborne data sets. The yearly distributions reveal similar patterns between ground-based and space-borne observations and highlight the scarcity of local NH3 measurements as well as their spatial heterogeneity and lack of representativity. By comparison with monthly resolved data sets in Europe, China and Africa, we show that IASI-NH3 observations are in fair agreement but that they are characterized by a smaller variation in concentrations. The use of hourly and airborne data sets to compare with IASI individual observations allows to investigate the impact of averaging as well as the representativity of independent observations for the satellite footprint. The importance of considering the latter and the added value of densely located airborne measurements at various altitudes to validate IASI-NH3 columns are discussed. Perspectives and guidelines for future validation work on NH3 satellite observations are presented.
Quantifying the effects of harvesting on carbon fluxes and stocks in northern temperate forests
Authors: Wang W. , Xiao J. , Ollinger S. V. , Desai A. R. , Chen J. , Noormets A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Harvest disturbance has substantial impacts on forest carbon (C) fluxes and stocks. The quantification of these effects is essential for the better understanding of forest C dynamics and informing forest management in the context of global change. We used a process-based forest ecosystem model, PnET-CN, to evaluate how, and by what mechanisms, clear-cuts alter ecosystem C fluxes, aboveground C stocks (AGC), and leaf area index (LAI) in northern temperate forests. We compared C fluxes and stocks predicted by the model and observed at two chronosequences of eddy covariance flux sites for deciduous broadleaf forests (DBF) and evergreen needleleaf forests (ENF) in the Upper Midwest region of northern Wisconsin and Michigan, USA. The average normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and the Willmott index of agreement (d) for carbon fluxes, LAI, and AGC in the two chronosequences were 20% and 0.90, respectively. Simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) increased with stand age, reaching a maximum (1200–1500 g C m−2 yr−1) at 11–30 years of age, and leveled off thereafter (900–1000 g C m−2 yr−1). Simulated ecosystem respiration (ER) for both plant functional types (PFTs) was initially as high as 700–1000 g C m−2 yr−1 in the first or second year after harvesting, decreased with age (400–800 g C m−2 yr−1) before canopy closure at 10–25 years of age, and increased to 800–900 g C m−2 yr−1 with stand development after canopy recovery. Simulated net ecosystem productivity (NEP) for both PFTs was initially negative, with net C losses of 400–700 g C m−2 yr−1 for 6–17 years after clear-cuts, reaching peak values of 400–600 g C m−2 yr−1 at 14–29 years of age, and eventually stabilizing in mature forests (> 60 years old), with a weak C sink (100–200 g C m−2 yr−1). The decline of NEP with age was caused by the relative flattening of GPP and gradual increase of ER. ENF recovered more slowly from a net C source to a net sink, and lost more C than DBF. This suggests that in general ENF may be slower to recover to full C assimilation capacity after stand-replacing harvests, arising from the slower development of photosynthesis with stand age. Our model results indicated that increased harvesting intensity would delay the recovery of NEP after clear-cuts, but this had little effect on C dynamics during late succession. Future modeling studies of disturbance effects will benefit from the incorporation of forest population dynamics (e.g., regeneration and mortality) and relationships between age-related model parameters and state variables (e.g., LAI) into the model.
A decision-support methodology for assessing the sustainability of natural risk management strategies in urban areas
Authors: Edjossan-Sossou A. M. , Deck O. , Al Heib M. , Verdel T.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This paper attempts to provide a decision support framework that can help risk managers in urban areas to improve their decision-making processes related to sustainable management. Currently, risk management strategies should no longer be selected based primarily on economic and technical insight. Managers must address the sustainability of risk management by assessing the impacts of their decisions on the sustainable development of a given territory. These assessments require tools that allow ex ante comparisons of the effectiveness and the likely economic, social and ecological impacts of the alternative management strategies. Therefore, this paper reports a methodological and operational framework, which aims to incorporate sustainability principles in a particular decision by taking all the dimensions that affect sustainability into account. This paper is divided into two main parts: one on the theoretical aspects of the proposed methodology and the other on its application to a flood risks management case in a municipality located in Meurthe-et-Moselle county (France). The results of the case study have shown how the methodology can be suitable for determining the most sustainable decision.
Future accreted terranes: a compilation of island arcs, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamounts, and continental fragments
Authors: Tetreault J. L. , Buiter S. J. H.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Allochthonous accreted terranes are exotic geologic units that originated from anomalous crustal regions on a subducting oceanic plate and were transferred to the overriding plate by accretionary processes during subduction. The geographical regions that eventually become accreted allochthonous terranes include island arcs, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamounts, continental fragments, and microcontinents. These future allochthonous terranes (FATs) contribute to continental crustal growth, subduction dynamics, and crustal recycling in the mantle. We present a review of modern FATs and their accreted counterparts based on available geological, seismic, and gravity studies and discuss their crustal structure, geological origin, and bulk crustal density. Island arcs have an average crustal thickness of 26 km, average bulk crustal density of 2.79 g cm−3, and three distinct crustal units overlying a crust–mantle transition zone. Oceanic plateaus and submarine ridges have an average crustal thickness of 21 km and average bulk crustal density of 2.84 g cm−3. Continental fragments presently on the ocean floor have an average crustal thickness of 25 km and bulk crustal density of 2.81 g cm−3. Accreted allochthonous terranes can be compared to these crustal compilations to better understand which units of crust are accreted or subducted. In general, most accreted terranes are thin crustal units sheared off of FATs and added onto the accretionary prism, with thicknesses on the order of hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. However, many island arcs, oceanic plateaus, and submarine ridges were sheared off in the subduction interface and underplated onto the overlying continent. Other times we find evidence of terrane–continent collision leaving behind accreted terranes 25–40 km thick. We posit that rheologically weak crustal layers or shear zones that were formed when the FATs were produced can be activated as detachments during subduction, allowing parts of the FAT crust to accrete and others to subduct. In many modern FATs on the ocean floor, a sub-crustal layer of high seismic velocities, interpreted as ultramafic material, could serve as a detachment or delaminate during subduction.
Relative tectonic activity classification in the Kermanshah area, western Iran
Authors: Arian M. , Aram Z.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Due to the closing of the subduction zone and the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates, the High Zagros region has always been affected by a wide range of tectonic variations. In this research, the Gharasu River basin, which is located in the Kermanshah area, was selected as the study area, six geomorphic indices were calculated, and the results of each one were divided into three classes. Then, using the indices, relative tectonic activity was calculated, and their values were classified and analysed in four groups. Regions were identified as very high, high, moderate and low. In analysing the results and combining them with field observations and regional geology, the results were often associated and justified with field evidence. The highest value is located on the Dokeral anticline in the crush zone in Zagros. Most of the areas with high and moderate values of Index of Active Tectonics (IAT) are also located in the crush zone in Zagros. Crushing in this zone is because of the main fault mechanism of the Zagros region. The result in this paper confirms previous research in this region. At the eastern end of the study area, the value of Iat is high, which could be the result of the Sarab and Koh-e Sefid fault mechanisms.
Assessment of the viability of using saline reclaimed water in grapefruit in medium to long term
Authors: Romero-Trigueros Cristina , Nortes Pedro A. , Pedrero Francisco , Mounzer Oussama , Alarcón Juan J. , Bayona Jose M. , Nicolás Emilio
Published: December 2014

Citrus trees are strongly affected by salinity, especially in countries where irrigation is required as a semi-arid Mediterranean agronomic region. The aims of the study were i) to identify the best reliable plant-based water status indicator for field grown grapefruit trees irrigated with saline reclaimed water during five years of cultivation by measuring seasonal changes in physiological parameters (i.e. gas exchange and stem water potential measurements), leaf structural traits (i.e. leaf chlorophyll content, area-based leaf nitrogen and area-based dry mass), phytotoxic elements and yield; ii) to estimate phytotoxicity thresholds at leaf level. Our results showed that the chlorophyll content was the parameter with the highest number of measures with significant differences (p≤0.05, ANOVA) between trees irrigated with reclaimed water and control trees throughout growing stages. Moreover, Chl a increased linearly with area-based leaf nitrogen (R2=0.63; p<0.001) and area-based dry mass (R2=0.64; p<0.001). We also determined the salt-induced phytotoxicity thresholds at which a reduction in yields occurs; these levels were Na: 0.1 g/100 g, Cl: 0.6 g/100 gand B: 100 ppm. In conclusion, we revealed the importance of leaf chlorophyll measurements as a significance diagnostic indicator of salt stress on field grown grapefruit trees. This parameter was also related to plant-based water status indicators such as stem water potential, stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis. Additionally, a salt accumulation potential at leaf level was shown, leading to possible risk in crop sustainability in the medium to long term.
Effects of wheat cultivar, metabolizable energy level, and xylanase supplementation to laying hens diet on performance, egg quality traits, and selected blood parameters
Authors: Mirzaee Masoud , Torki Mehran , Habibian Mahmood
Published: December 2014

A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted to evaluate the effects of two dietary apparent metabolizable energy (AME) levels (2,720 and 2,580 kcal kg-1 diet) and enzyme (0 and 0.3 g kg-1 diet, Grindazym® GP 15,000 with mostly xylanase activity) supplementation on the performance of laying hens fed diets based on two wheat cultivars (Marvdasht and Sardari). Experimental diets were formulated to have a constant energy to protein ratio and were fed to 65-wk-old Lohmann LSL-Lite laying hens for 7 wk. The lower level of AME reduced egg production and egg mass (p<0.05) and increased feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). Enzyme addition increased feed intake of the birds fed a diet with Sardari cultivar (p<0.05) but had no effect on feed intake of the birds fed a diet with Marvdasht cultivar (p>0.05). Nevertheless, birds receiving diets based on Marvdasht cultivar had higher feed intake and egg mass than that of those receiving diets based on Sardari cultivar (p<0.05). The birds fed diets based on Marvdasht cultivar produced less undesired eggs and had better yolk color as compared with the birds fed diets based on Sardari cultivar (p<0.05). The serum concentration of glucose increased by enzyme supplementation when birds receiving lower AME level (p<0.05). These results indicate that enzyme supplementation may have a positive effect on the feed intake of laying hens when fed on wheat-based diets; however, this effect is cultivar dependent and does not necessarily mean that enzyme supplementation always benefit production.
An analysis of the composition of gain and growth of primal cuts of Iberian pigs of 10 to 150 kg body weight as affected by the level of feeding and dietary protein concentration
Authors: Nieto Rosa , Lara Luis , Barea Roberto , García-Valverde Rosa , Conde-Aguilera Jose A. , Aguilera Sánchez Jose F.
Published: December 2014

A meta-analysis was made of data from a total of 211 growing-finishing Iberian (IB) pigs from four separate and independent sets of trials. Within each set of trials, a factorial arrangement of treatments was used, involving several concentrations of ideal protein in the diets and two or three levels of feed intake. Pigs were slaughtered at several stages of growth from 10 to 150 kg body weight (BW). The partition of dietary protein in the body of the pigs, the empty-body gain (EBG), the chemical composition of EBG, growth of primal cuts in the cold eviscerated carcass (without head, feet, and tail), and mass of dissected tissues in trimmed shoulder and ham were determined. Linear regression equations allowed estimating N requirements for maintenance as 175 mg/(kg BW0.75 · kg dry-matter intake) · d-1 and an average value for the net efficiency of utilization of the dietary protein apparently absorbed of 0.386. In pigs offered adequate protein to energy diets, EBG was predicted as a function of average BW and feeding level (p<0.001). Multiple regression equations were constructed, which derived nutrient (g kg-1) or energy (MJ kg-1) composition of EBG as a function of empty-body weight (EBW), dietary protein to energy ratio, and level of feeding (p<0.001). These predictive equations, not applicable to pigs of lean and conventional genotypes, can contribute to the design of optimal feeding strategies to improve the efficiency of IB pig production systems and to achieve high quality standards in end products for the market.
Biological water contamination in some cattle production fields of Argentina subjected to runoff and erosion
Authors: Chagas Celio I. , Kraemer Filipe B. , Santanatoglia Oscar J. , Paz Marta , Moretton Juan
Published: December 2014

Grain production has displaced livestock to marginal lands in most of the productive regions in Argentina since 1990. In the fertile Rolling Pampa region, extensive cattle production has been concentrated in lowlands subjected to flooding, salt excess, erosion and sedimentation processes but also in some feedlots recently located in sloping arable lands prone to soil erosion. We studied the concentration of microbiological contamination indicators in runoff water and sediments accumulated in depressions along the tributary network from these lands devoted to cattle production. The aims of this work were: (i) to gather a reliable set of data from different monitoring periods and scales, (ii) to search for simple and sensible variables to be used as indicators for surface water quality advising purposes and (iii) to corroborate previous biological contamination conceptual models for this region. Concentration of pollution indicators in these ponds was related to mean stocking rates from nearby fields and proved to depend significantly on the accumulated water and sediments. Viable mesophiles and total coliforms were found mainly attached to large sediments rather than in the runoff water phase. Seasonal sampling showed that the time period between the last significant runoff event and each sampling date regarding enterococci proved to be a sensible variable for predicting contamination. Enterococci concentration tended to increase gradually until the next extraordinary runoff event washed away contaminants. The mentioned relationship may be useful for designing early warning surface water contamination programs regarding enterococci dynamics and other related microbial pollutants as well.
The effects of agricultural trade openness on food price transmission in Latin American countries
Authors: Flachsbarth Insa , Garrido Alberto
Published: December 2014

Trade of agricultural commodities has grown significantly in most Latin American countries (LAC) over the last two decades. However, after the international food price surges in 2006-08 and 2011-12 concerns about food access of the poor arose. Within a panel framework containing six LAC (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru), we used a single equation error correction model to identify possible cointegrating relationships between the food consumer price index (CPI) and a set of trade related and domestic variables. The main focus of the study was to examine how different levels of trade openness impact international food price transmission to domestic markets. Our results confirm that deeper market integration increases global price transmission elasticities. In other words, more agricultural trade openness proves to elevate food CPIs during global price spikes. Thus, for poor consumers world price shocks can be deteriorating in the short-run and domestic food prices will slowly converge to a higher long-run equilibrium. Especially in increasingly integrated economies, effective policies to buffer food price shocks should be put in place, but must be carefully planned with the required budget readily available. We also found that exchange rate appreciations can buffer price shocks to a certain extent and that monetary policies seem to be an appropriate means for stabilizing food prices to safeguard food access of the poor population.
From the juvenile to the adult vegetative phase in olive seedlings: the transition along the stem axis
Authors: Casanova Laura , Suárez M. Paz , Fernández-Cabanás Victor M. , Morales-Sillero Ana M. , Jiménez M. Rocío , Rallo Pilar
Published: December 2014

Sexual reproduction in olive is carried out for purposes such as breeding. The seedlings evolve from the juvenile to the adult stage, and until now, only the discrete developmental phases have been investigated in detail. However, the transition process has been poorly studied in fruit trees, especially in olive. In this paper, juvenile to adult transition has been explored in 30 olive seedlings coming from the Table Olive Breeding Program of the University of Sevilla, Spain. Despite of the great variability found in the olive leaf morphological parameters, mean values increased linearly from the bottom (juvenile) to the top (adult tissue) of the seedling. An upward lineal decrease in the rooting ability was also observed for the set of seedlings evaluated. No significant differences were found for the maximum net photosynthesis (PNmax) or maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax), although the lowest values were measured at <0.5 m. For all of the analysed parameters, the transitional tissue showed intermediate values. These results show for the first time in olive that the transition along the seedling stem axis follows a clear lineal tendency with a stepwise loss of juvenile characters being the shift from juvenile to adult phase in olive not an abrupt change but a gradual process. The usefulness of a fibre optic probe with a reduced sampling surface coupled to near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated. NIR analysis has been confirmed to be a useful tool to discriminate the juvenile and adult leaves, but not the transition ones.
Decisive situations influencing continuous positive airway pressure initiation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome – A critical incident technique analysis from the personnel’s perspective
Authors: Karlsson Susanne , Elfström Maria , Sunnergren Ola , Fridlund Bengt , Broström Anders
Published: December 2014

Background: Continuous positive airway pressure is an effective treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, but adherenceto treatment is low. Interventions such as encouragement, education and cognitive behavioural therapy have affected adherenceto continuous positive airway pressure treatment positively. Currently there are no studies regarding the situation for personnelduring the initiation process of treatment.Purpose: The purpose was to describe situations influencing the initiation of continuous positive airway pressure in patientswith obstructive sleep apnea syndrome from a personnel perspective.Materials and methods: A qualitative approach using critical incident technique was used. Data were collected through semistructuredinterviews. Thirty one informants were strategically selected from sixteen centres in Sweden.Results: Motivation, a prepared patient, communicational aspects and participation of family were described as pedagogicalcircumstances. External conditions, practical experience, the patient’s state of health and adaption to the mask were describedas practical circumstances. The personnel handled the situations in a theoretical, practical and/or an emotional way.Conclusions: A better understanding of situations creating barriers or being facilitators, as well as ways to handle these situations,can be used to develop the role of personnel during the initiation process in order to increase continuous positive airwaypressure adherence.
Los hospitales catellanos y la Mesta : el acuerdo de 1434
Authors: Barquero Goñi Carlos
Published: December 2014

La principal finalidad de este trabajo es dar a conocer el contenido de una concordia acordada en 1434 entre la Mesta y la Orden del Hospital en Castilla. Desde el siglo xii los hospitalarios castellanos eran propietarios de ganado. A partir del siglo XIII la Orden empezó a cobrar derechos a los rebaños trashumantes que pasaban por su señorío de La Mancha. Esto fue la causa de un conflicto con la Mesta ya en el siglo xv, que fue resuelto gracias al acuerdo de 1434. Sin embargo, los pleitos del prior del Hospital con la Mesta resurgieron a fines del siglo xv. Curiosamente, por la misma época la Orden puso mucho menos interés en defender los intereses de los concejos de su señorío frente a las demandas de la Mesta.The main subject of this paper is an agreement of 1434 between the Mesta and the Military Order of the Hospital in Castile. The Castilian Hospitallers were owners of cattie since the Tweifth Century. The Order began to impose taxes on the migrating flocks in the Hospitaller lordship of La Mancha in the Thirteenth Century. This was the reason of a conflict with the Mesta in the Fifteenth Century. The probiem was solved by the agreement of 1434. However, the prior of the Hospital in Castile again quarrelled with the Mesta at the end of the Fifteenth Century. In spite of that, the Hospitallers did not help so much to the counciis of their lordships against the Mesta.
La preparación de la reforma en Galicia : Alonso Carrillo de Albornoz y la diócesis auriense en 1489
Authors: Ríos Rodríquez María Luz
Published: December 2014

En la primavera del año de 1489 el obispo de Caíanla, don Alonso Carrillo de Albornoz se establece en Santiago de Compostela. Llega como delegado del obispo de Avila, fray Hernando de Talavera, quien ¡unto con otros eclesásticos había sido designado por Inocencio VIII — a instancias de los Reyes Católicos— para acometer la reforma eclesiástica en Galicia. Su misión consiste en recabar una información fidedigna de la situación eclesiástica y por tanto también de uno de sus más graves problemas: las intromisiones de los laicos en los asuntos eclesiásticos. Un resultado directo de esta misión se conserva en el obispado de Cúrense, al realizarse allí en ese mismo año de 1489, un «memorial, tumbo e inventario» que recoge diversa información sobre los beneficios y préstamos de toda la diócesis.During the spring of 1489, the Bishop of Caíanla, don Alonso Carrillo de Albornoz setíled down in Santiago de Composíela. He arrived as a delégale ofttie Bishop of Avila, fray Hernando de Talavera who, together with other ecclesiastics, had been appointed by the Pope Innocent VIIF —by suggestion of the Catholic Kings— to develop the ecclesiastic reform in Galicia. His mission was to gather reliable Information about the ecclesiastic situation and thus, about one of its most serious problems: the intromissions of the laymen in the ecclesiastics affairs. One of the direct results of that mission is preserved in the bishopric of Cúrense, where during that year of 1489, was written a «memorial, tumbo and inventory» with some Information about benefices and «préstamos» of all the diócesis.
Los continos de don Cristábal Colón
Authors: Szászdi León-Borja István
Published: December 2014

La presente investigación lia procurado dar a conocer a un grupo de servidores de Cristóbal Colón, mal conocido hasta ahora. Los continos colombinos eran oficiales, de gran lealtad y privanza, que muchas veces pertenecían a la nobleza urbana castellana. Los continos del Almirante fueron los precursores de los criados de los Virreyes de Indias. No todos alcanzaron el éxito social en el Nuevo Mundo, pero tenemos constancia que algunos lograron fama, poder y buenos enlaces en la sociedad antillana.The present papar is the description of the vital role of a group of men, poorly studied unta the present date, that served Chrístopher Columbus, whose faithfulness and loyalty cause our admiration. Far from being ordinary servants, these officers were well qualified and belonged most of the times to the urban nobillty. The continos of Columbus were the predecessors of the colonial criados of the Spanish Viceroys in the New World. Their success in colonial society should not be taken for granted, but some of them became notorious and were well married.
Estudio comparativo de la carta de población de Tortosa (1149), carta de población de Lleida (1150) y la carta de franquicia de Mallorca (1230)
Authors: Pacual Ramos Eduardo
Published: December 2014

El objetivo principal de este artículo es un análisis diplomático comparativo de la Carta de población de Tortosa (1149), de la influencia que ejercerá en la Carta de población de Lleida (1150) y posteriormente en la Carta de franquicia de Mallorca (1230) Dentro del conjunto de Cartas de población de mediados del siglo XII la Carta puebla de Tortosa supuso la avanzadilla del derecho local, con un estilo sencillo y un cuidado especial en conceptos y formulaciones, no corrientes en la época, que suministró el modelo de ordenación en Lleida y Mallorca. Tomando como referencia la Carta de Tortosa se pasa analizar los capítulos que manifiestan influencia que en el caso de la Carta de población de Lleida es esencialmente calcada e influyendo en la Carta de franquicia de Mallorca en diez de los treinta y siete capítulos.The main aim of this article is a diplomatic comparativo analysls of the tortosa civil rights bill, its influence upon then Lleida civil rights bilí and, later, upon the Majorcan exemption rights bill. Looking at the civil rights bill of the middie of the xiith century as a whole, the Tortosa civil rights bill meant a step forward in local law, with its simple style ant Its special care as far as concepts and formulations, umsual at that time, which provided the modei of futuro regulations in Lleida and Majorca. Taking as reference the Tortosa bill, the chapters that demónstrate its influence can be analysed. In the case of Lleida civil rights bill is a complete copy and it has a marked influence on ten of the thirtyseven chapters of the Majorcan exemption rights bill.
La señoralización de Álava
Authors: González Mínguez César
Published: December 2014

A partir de 1332, tras la disolución de la Cofradía de Arriaga, la práctica totalidad del territorio alavés se integró en el realengo castellano. La nobleza alavesa quedó pasajeramente eclipsada en los años siguientes, para emerger de nuevo a partir del triunfo de Enrique II, gracias a las donaciones que el mismo hizo a los nobles que le ayudaron en su luclia por el trono castellano. En este contexto se analiza el paso de Berantevilla desde el realengo al complejo señorial del linaje de los Estúñiga.Most of the territory oMiava became part of the domains of the Castillian King (realengo) atter the dissolution of the Cofradía de Arriaga, in 1332. The nobles families oMiava remained thus momentarily dimmed during the following years only to glitter once again as a consequence of the triumph of Henry II and the privileges he conferred upon then for their support in his struggle for the Castillian throne. In this context we analyse the change of Berantevilla from the king's realengo or domain to that of the noble lineage of the Estúñiga family.
Respuesta tardía a la descalificación y crítica destructiva de dos profesores de Universidad que no toleran a quienes mantienen ideas y puntos de vista destintos a los suyos en la investigación y docencia de la Paleografía
Authors: Riesco Terreo Ángel
Published: December 2014

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La aljama de los judíos de Alba de Tormes en la Edad Media
Authors: García Casar María Fuencisla
Published: December 2014

Alba de Tormes fue una de las veinticuatro localidades salmantinas que contó con población judía a lo largo de los siglos medievales. Destacó la pujante aljama por su activa participación en los asuntos del concejo, por la estima que alcanzaron sus médicos, por la confianza de la que hizo gala el Estudio salmantino al confiar a judíos albenses la recaudación de sus rentas y, muy especialmente destacó, por ser con toda probabilidad el origen de la familia Zacut, cuyo miembro más preclaro fue el astrónomo y matemático Abrahán Zacut, cuyos cálculos astronómicos manejó su contemporáneo Cristóbal Colón.Alba de Tormes has been one of 24 localities of Salamanca which counted with Jewish population during the medieval centuries. The puissant aljama was conspicuous because of its active participation in the counsel affairs, the esteen that has been caugth up with theír Jewish doctors, the reliance that was the pride of the Studies of Salamanca, by trusting to Jewish from Alba de Tormes the collection of their rents and specially, probabiy because of being the little country of the great astronomic and mathematic Abrahán Zacut, whose astronomical calculations were managed by his contemporaneous Christopher Colombus.
La carne y el pescado en el sistema alimentario judío en la España medieval
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se ofrece una panorámica general acerca de la carne y el pescado como elementos fundamentales de la alimentación de los judíos en la España medieval. Para ello, se tratan diversas cuestiones, como las prescripciones alimentarias que la religión judía impone en relación con la carne y el pescado, el lugar que dictios alimentos ocupaban en la alimentación cotidiana de los judíos fiispanos, y la organización pública de la alimentación en las comunidades hispanohebreas de época medieval en cuanto afecta a la carne y al pescado.This work is a general description about thíe meat and the fisfi, as fundamental elements of ttiejewish meal during the spanish l\Aiddle Ages. For that purpose, several questions are deait, such as the food prescriptions thatjewish religión imposes in relation to the meat and the fish; the rol that these food played in the daily meal of the spanish jewish, and the public organization of the food stuffs concernig the meat and the fish, in the spanish hebraic community during the Middie Ages.
El Temple como Casa de Banca : consideraciones historiográficas y bibliográficas
Authors: Torre Muñoz De Morales Ignacio de la
Published: December 2014

El presente artículo analiza la evolución historiográfica del estudio de las operaciones financieras templarías, desde su inicio en 1889 hasta la actualidad, poniendo de manifiesto sus logros y limitaciones. Además, el escrito realiza una profunda descripción de la bibliografía necesaria para estudiar las referidas actividades y, por extensión, una profunda relación bibliográfica para el estudio de la Orden. La última bibliografía publicada sobre la Orden es de 1965, y este artículo puede ser empleado como referencia de obras posteriores a esa fecha. Por otro lado, el artículo presenta una extensa referencia de fuentes primarias sobre la Orden Templarla existentes en archivos europeos.This article studies the historiography which deals with the financial activities of the Templar knights, from its inception in 1889 unta today highiighting its main achievements and limitations. Furthermore, the paper undertakes a profound description of the appropriate bibliography to study the Órder of Temple. The last bibliography on the Order was published in 1965, and this article could be employed as a guide to works published since then. Finally, this paper presents a deep reference of primary sources about the Templar Order.
Viajes a Flandes e Inglaterra : ¿cabotaje o recta via?
Authors: Ortega Villoslada Antonio
Published: December 2014

El inicio de ios viajes atlánticos de los marinos del Mediterráneo hacia Flandes e Inglaterra se produce en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII mediante los viajes directos entre Galicia y la Bretaña francesa. Sin embargo, la navegación de cabotaje no se producirá hasta la primera mitad del siglo XIV.The beginning of the Atlantic voyages of the marines of the Mediterranean toward Flanders and England, came about during the second half of the XIII century by means of the direct voyages between Galicia and the French Brittany. Whereas the coasting trade navigation was not standarized until the first half of the XIV century.
Sobre la ubicación del real y del trazado de la cava que mandó hacer Alfonso XI en el istmo frente a Gibraltar en 1333
Authors: López Fernández Manuel
Published: December 2014

En el mes de junio de 1333, Alfonso XI de Castilla puso sitio a Gibraltar. Asentó uno de sus campamentos en el istmo y al poco tiempo los musulmanes de Granada y Algeciras bloquearon a los castellanos en el banco arenoso que separa Sierra Carbonera del Peñón, no tardando en amenazar el real cristiano. Por este motivo el rey dispuso que se hiciera una cava de costa a costa y esperar a retaguardia de la misma el desarrollo de los acontecimientos. Las crónicas son generosas en detalles por lo que se refiere al cerco a Gibraltar en 1333, pero no llegan a puntualizar los temas que aquí abordamos.In June 1333, King Alfonso XI of Castille sorrounded Gibraltar He pitchied one of his camps in ttie isthmus, and soon tfie muslims of Granada and Algeciras raised a blockade against the castillians, in the sand bank between Sierra Carbonera and ttie Peñón, not delaying tfieir attack to the Christian site. For that reason, the King ordered to dig a ditch from coast to coast, brough up the rear and waited for next events. The chronicles are abundant in details about the Gibraltar siege in 1333, but they dont give details about the subjects we deal with in this work.
Castilserás : de encomienda calatraveña a patrimonio de la Corona
Authors: Morán Martín Remedios
Published: December 2014

La Dehesa de Castilserás, zona de escaso valor económico, pero de gran valor estratégico, por su situación junto a las minas de Almadén, tuvo un peculiar proceso histórico convirtiéndose en aneja a las minas y manteniendo una situación de relativa indefinición a favor de la Orden de Calatrava. pero supeditada primero a la explotación minera y después, por merced real, a la tala de leña y pasto de los carreteros. Su situación geográfica determina su evolución jurídica, terminando por incorporarse a la Corona mediante breve papal de Pío VI, que de nuevo plantea un caso singular de incorporación de un señorío de una orden militar a la Corona, por vías diferentes a las que ya en este momento se estaban planteando en los Consejos de Castilla y Hacienda durante el último tercio del siglo XVIII.The Pasture of Castilserás, an area of low economic value, but with a high strategic value, by its situation next to the Almadén mines, had a peculiar historic process, becoming an annex of the mines, and maintaining a situation of relative indefinition in favour of the Order of Calatrava, but subject, first to the mine exploitation and after to the felling of firewood and pastures for the cart drivers, by a royal grace. On the other hand, its geographical situation, determines its legal evolution, to finish joining the Monarchy through a Papal brief of Pius VI, that introduces again a singular case of the joint of a Military Order lordship to the crown, by different ways from those that already where implemented in the councils of Castile and Finance, during the last third of the XVIII century.
La ciudad de Zamora en la Edad Media : reseña y balance historiográfico
Authors: Ladero Quesada Manuel Fernando
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se analiza la producción histohográfica sobre la ciudad de Zamora en la Edad Media a lo largo de la segunda mitad del pasado siglo. Se señalan las principales líneas de investigación cultivadas, las lagunas aun existentes y se valora criticamente un buen número de los trabajos mencionados. Se incluye un amplio anexo bibliográfico.In this report, the historiographic production of the city of Zamora in the Middle Ages in the second part of Twenty Century is analised. There are named the main lines of the investigation, the blanks that still existing and the critical values of a certain number about the mencionated reports. There is also included a wide bibliographic appendix.
Nombramientos de escribanos públicos en Ávila, y sus circunstancias, en tiempos de los Reyes Católicos
Authors: Casado Quintanilla Blas
Published: December 2014

Recogemos aquí algunos de los abundantes testimonios que la documentación castellana de finales del siglo XV nos ha dejado acerca de los nombramientos de escribanos públicos, en este caso de Ávila, a partir de tres supuestos: uno, nombramientos por defunción del escribano que ostentaba el oficio de escribanía; dos, la pérdida del oficio por haber incurrido el escribano público, o sus ascendientes, en el delito de «judaizar": tres, nombramientos debidos a situaciones especiales. Nos referimos, por último, a los abusos, protagonizados por las autoridades locales de algunas poblaciones, y vinculados a la toma de posesión de escribanos públicos.We gather here some oí the abundant testimonies that the Castilian documents of the end of the 15th century have left us, about the appointments of the Notarles publics, in this case of Avila, starting from three assumptions: first, the appointment of a new Notary public due to the death of the old one: second, the loss of the profession for committing the crime of judaize; third, the appointments for special situations. We mention, to finish, the abuses of the local authorities of some cities, in relation with the taking over of the Notarles publics.
La representación cartográfica del mundo en la Edad Media
Authors: Franco Aliaga Tomás , López-Davadillo Larrea Julio
Published: December 2014

El Cristianismo y el Islamismo son dos paradigmas no sólo en el orden religioso y moral sino también en el científico, es decir, en la interpretación del origen del mundo y consecuentemente en la representación del mismo. Ya no se guia el hombre por la razón y la experiencia, por ejemplo, para explicar los movimientos de la tierra. Como creyente se ve obligado a seguir las pautas que le marcan los textos sagrados. La investigación deja paso a la fantasía y la cartografía se transforma en un mosaico de símbolos no siempre fáciles de interpretar. El Cristianismo rompe con la tradición clásica y vive una primera fase de absoluta simplificación cartográfica, como se comprueba en los mapamundis en 0-T y en los Beatos. En el Islamismo, por el contrario, se deja sentir desde el primer momento la influencia helenística, cuyos pueblos y bibliotecas han caído bajo el dominio de aquél.Christianity and Islamism are two paradigms not only at a religious and moral level but also at a scientiflc one. That is, concerning the origins of the world and subsequently its representation. Man no longer explains the Earth movements based on reason and experience, but as a believer he feels drawn to following the guidance indicated by the holy texts. Investigation gives way to fantasy and cartography changes into a wealth of symbols not always easy to interpret. Christianity breaks off with classical traditions and begins a phase of absolute cartographic simplification, as one can see on the worid maps in 0-T and in the Beatos. Islamism, on the other hand, showed a Greek influence from the beginning, whose peoples and libraries have now fallen under the domain of the former.
Enrique IV de Castilla : un rey cruzado
Authors: Echevarría Arsuaga Ana
Published: December 2014

La figura de Enrique IV de Castilla ha sido desfigurada por la literatura propagandística proisabelina y, siguiendo sus pasos, por la historiografía moderna, por lo que se impone una recuperación de lo que este rey significó para el tránsito de Castilla a la Edad Moderna. Este artículo, en la línea de la aportación de José Luis Martín al estudio de dicho rey, se centra en la actuación de Enrique IV en la política exterior relativa al reino de Granada, y en la propaganda legitimadora de su reinado a través de la utilización de la cruzada como elemento sacralizador de la figura del rey.The image of Enrique IV of Castile has been mistreated by pro-lsabeline propaganda and, following its path, by modern scholarship. It is necessary, therefore, to insist in the importance of this king in the development of Early Modern Castile. This article, which intends to be complementary to José Luis Martín's approach to the subject, focuses on the policies of Enrique IV concerning the kingdom of Granada. It also deals with the use of the crusading ideology as legitimizing propaganda for the Castilian monarchy.