bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Cyclopentanes Bearing an All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenter by Zirconium‐Catalyzed Double Carboalumination
Authors: Xu Shiqing , Wang Chuan , Komiyama Masato , Tomonari Yasuhiko , Negishi Ei‐ichi
Published: July 2017

Herein, we report a zirconium‐catalyzed enantio‐ and diastereoselective inter/intramolecular double carboalumination of unactivated 2‐substituted 1,5‐dienes, which provides efficient and direct access to chiral cyclopentanes through the generation of two stereocenters, including one all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter, generally with excellent diastereo‐ and high enantioselectivity. This tandem carboalumination process creates two new C−C bonds as well as one C−Al bond, which can be oxidized in situ with O2 or hydrolyzed. Furthermore, the obtained chiral cyclopentanes can be readily functionalized to provide various chiral compounds.
Structural and Electronic Flexibility in Hydrides of Zintl Phases with Tetrel–Hydrogen and Tetrel–Tetrel Bonds
Authors: Auer Henry , Schlegel Robert , Oeckler Oliver , Kohlmann Holger
Published: July 2017

The hydrogenation of Zintl phases enables the formation of new structural entities with main‐group‐element–hydrogen bonds in the solid state. The hydrogenation of SrSi, BaSi, and BaGe yields the hydrides SrSiH5/3−x, BaSiH5/3−x and BaGeH5/3−x. The crystal structures show a sixfold superstructure compared to the parent Zintl phase and were solved by a combination of X‐ray, neutron, and electron diffraction and the aid of DFT calculations. Layers of connected HSr4 (HBa4) tetrahedra containing hydride ions alternate with layers of infinite single‐ and double‐chain polyanions, in which hydrogen atoms are covalently bound to silicon and germanium. The idealized formulae AeTtH5/3 (Ae=alkaline earth, Tt=tetrel) can be rationalized with the Zintl–Klemm concept according to (Ae2+)3(TtH−)(Tt2H2−)(H−)3, where all Tt atoms are three‐binding. The non‐stoichiometry (SrSiH5/3−x, x=0.17(2); BaGeH5/3−x, x=0.10(3)) can be explained by additional π‐bonding of the Tt chains.
Three Arene‐Ru(II) compounds of 2‐halogen‐5‐aminopyridine: Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Wei , Xie Yong‐Rong , Jin Zhi‐Min , Hu Mao‐Lin , Zhou Liang‐Pu
Published: July 2017

Three novel compounds, (η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(2‐fluoro‐5‐aminopyridine) (compound 1), (η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(5‐amino‐2‐chlorpyridine) (compound 2) and (η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(2‐bromo‐ 5‐aminopyridine) (compound 3), were synthesized and characterized. The compound 1 and 3 were determined by X‐ray diffraction, showing a distorted piano‐stool type of geometry with similar bond lengths and angles around the ruthenium. Compound 2 exhibited moderate in vitro activity against A549 and MCF‐7 human cancer cells, the other two lower activities. The UV–vis and fluorescent absorption titrations showed that three compounds binded with CT‐DNA in a minor groove. The intrinsic binding constants (Kb) were calculated to be 2.13(±0.03) × 105 M−1, 2.89(±0.03) × 105 M−1 and 2.45(±0.03) × 105 M−1 for compound 1, 2 and 3, respectively, by using UV–vis absorption titrations data. Among the three compound, the highest value of intrinsic binding constant of compound 2 was consistent with its highest cytoxicity against A549 and MCF‐7 human cancer cells in vitro.
Synthesis of ferrocene‐modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and its burning rate catalytic property
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Wang Li , Yu Haojie , Xia Xia
Published: July 2017

A series of ferrocene‐modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA‐Fc) compounds were synthesized and applied as burning rate catalysts in simulative solid propellant to overcome migration problems. 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies and gel permeation chromatography were used to characterize the synthesized polymers. Their electrochemical behavior was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. Their catalytic performance for the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. Anti‐migration studies were conducted in migration tubes under 50°C. The results show that PGMA‐Fc has a good catalytic effect on lowering the thermal decomposition temperature of AP. Anti‐migration studies show that PGMA‐Fc has better anti‐migration performance than ferrocene and catocene.
An efficient synthesis and cytotoxic activity of 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H–benzo[d]imidazole obtained using a magnetically recyclable Fe3O4 nanocatalyst‐mediated white tea extract
Authors: Shojaee Sara , Mahdavi Shahri Mahnaz
Published: July 2017

A simple and efficient procedure has been developed for the synthesis of biologically relevant 2‐substituted benzimidazoles through a one‐pot condensation of o‐phenylenediamines with aryl aldehydes catalysed by iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs) in short reaction times with excellent yields. In the present study, Fe3O4 MNPs synthesized in a green manner using aqueous extract of white tea (Camelia sinensis) (Wt‐Fe3O4 MNPs) were applied as a magnetically separable heterogeneous nanocatalyst to synthesize 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H–benzo[d]imidazole which has potential application in pharmacology and biological systems. Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopies were used to characterize the 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H–benzo[d]imidazole. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on MOLT‐4 cells showed a dose‐dependent toxicity with non‐toxic effect of 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H–benzo[d]imidazole, up to a concentration of 0.147 µM. The green synthesized Wt‐Fe3O4 MNPs as recyclable nanocatalyst could be used for further research on the synthesis of therapeutic materials, particularly in nanomedicine, to assist in the treatment of cancer.
Molecular weight controlled poly(amic acid) resins end‐capped with phenylethynyl groups for manufacturing advanced polyimide films
Authors: Yuan Lili , Ji Mian , Yang Shiyong
Published: July 2017

To investigate the effect of reactive end‐capping groups on film‐forming quality and processability, a series of molecular weight‐controlled aromatic poly(amic acid) (PAA) resins functionalized with phenylethynyl end groups were prepared via the polycondensation of 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), para‐phenylenediamine (PDA), and 4‐phenylethynyl phthalic anhydride (PEPA) served as molecular‐weight‐controlling and reactive end capping agent. The PAA resins with relatively high concentrations endow enhanced wetting/spreading ability to form PAA gel films by solution‐cast method which were thermally converted to the fully‐cured polyimide (PI) films. The mechanical and thermal properties of PI films were investigated as a function of PAA molecular weights (Mn) and thermal‐curing parameters. Mechanical property, dimensional stability and heat resistance of the fully‐cured PI films with PAA Mn > 20 ×103 g mol−1 are found to be better than that of their unreactive phthalic end‐capped counterparts. The covalent incorporation of chain‐extension structures in the backbones, induced by thermal curing of phenylethynyl groups, might facilitate yielding a higher degree of polymer chain order and consequently improved resistance strength and elongation at break to tensile plastic deformation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45168.
Effects of the coagulation temperature on the properties of wet‐spun poly(vinyl alcohol)–graphene oxide fibers
Authors: Hu Chengming , Li Jinlei , Liu Dagang , Song Renjie , Gu Jiefan , Prempeh Nana , Li Huiyan
Published: July 2017

Graphene oxide (GO) as a positive reinforcement filler was dispersed into a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) dope and wet‐spun into composite fibers. The effects of two EtOH coagulation baths maintained at −5 and 25 °C, respectively, on the morphology, structure, and mechanical properties of the composite fibers were investigated. The results show that gel spinning at −5 °C led to a relatively large shrinkage ratio, thin diameter, and low porosity of the as‐spun fibers. Simultaneously, the low coagulation temperature also greatly contributed to the formation and preservation of the liquid‐crystalline phase of the GO sheets and interrupted the crystalline zone of PVA less. As a result, either the tenacity or the elongation at break of the fibers spun at −5 °C was higher than those of the fibers spun through a coagulation bath at 25 °C. In particular, 1 wt % GO showed the highest reinforcement effects among all of the wet‐spun composite fibers. Hence, controlling the gelling–demixing process at a low temperature will provide more instructive insights for tailoring functional industrial textiles with excellent mechanical properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45463.
Strukturdämpfung von Hybrid‐Türmen für Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Rodenhausen Moritz , Obradovic Dragan
Published: July 2017

Windenergieanlagen werden in Deutschland mit immer größeren Türmen installiert. Die Anforderungen an die strukturelle Auslegung werden ebenfalls immer größer – insbesondere weil wirtschaftliche Aspekte im Fokus stehen. Da Windenergieanlagen zunehmend mit variabler Drehzahl betrieben werden, besteht bei der Auslegung der Türme ein großes Interesse, Lasterhöhungen durch Resonanzen zu vermeiden. Dieser Artikel erörtert den Einfluss der strukturellen Dämpfung auf die mechanischen Lasten von Hybrid‐Türmen. Ein Vorschlag für eine vereinfachte Methode zur Berechnung der strukturellen Dämpfung von Hybrid‐Türmen wird gemacht, welche durch verschiedene Messmethoden validiert wurde.
An exploration of psychotherapists’ experiences in medically driven cancer care settings
Authors: Reitano Giovanna
Published: July 2017

Aim

This study explored psychotherapists’ experiences of medical language used in cancer care settings and the implications for counselling clients in medically driven cancer settings.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with five psychotherapists. Data were collected using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).

Findings

Participants found medical language difficult to understand when communicating with health professionals within multidisciplinary teams (MDT). They also considered focusing on clients’ experiences and saw the therapeutic relationship as more relevant than having knowledge of medical language.

Conclusions/Implications

Knowledge of medical language was found helpful when communicating with health professionals in MDT but was also a potential distraction from clients’ narratives, interfering with the therapeutic alliance. The question as to what extent, if at all, psychological therapists fit into the medical model, or the extent to which language and discourses of power within medical settings can impact on the clients–doctors–therapists’ relationship, remains open.
Counselling professionals’ awareness and understanding of female genital mutilation/cutting: Training needs for working therapeutically with survivors
Authors: Jackson Charlie
Published: July 2017

Background

There is a dearth of literature that has looked at the psychological impact of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), and little is known about the understanding and awareness of FGM/C amongst counselling professionals.

Method

An online survey was completed by 2073 BACP members. The survey covered four broad themes: demographics; awareness and understanding of FGM/C; experience of working therapeutically with survivors; and FGM/C training. Descriptive and inferential analyses were undertaken on quantitative data, and thematic content analysis was undertaken on qualitative data.

Results

Only a small proportion of respondents (10%) had knowingly worked with survivors of FGM/C. Overall, respondents lacked confidence in their awareness and understanding of FGM/C, including their safeguarding duties. Having cultural respect, knowledge and understanding was perceived as the most helpful factor when working with this client group. Less than a quarter of respondents had undertaken any training with regard to FGM/C, although the vast majority expressed a desire to do so.

Discussion

This research has highlighted the importance of improving signposting to existing training and educational resources around FGM/C, as well as the need to develop new resources where appropriate. The importance of embedding cultural competency into core practitioner training, not just training specific to FGM/C, is paramount.
Reporting Child Sexual Abuse within Religious Settings: Challenges and Future Directions
Authors: Harper Craig A. , Perkins Colin
Published: July 2017

The sexual abuse of children within religious settings is an issue that has gained increased popular and professional attention over the past two decades. Various reports have highlighted the scale of such abuse, along with shortcomings in reporting practices. In this article, we outline some contemporary research that sought to understand the psychology that underpins variable reporting practices. In line with this research, we set out two conceptual frameworks that have some potential to help to explain such practices: system justification theory and moral foundations theory. Further, we describe how these frameworks could be adopted in research moving forward in order to make sense of the ways in which members of religious groups respond to allegations of child sexual abuse within their institutions. We close the article by arguing that by gaining a deeper understanding of the psychology underlying reporting practices, it may be possible to communicate more effectively about child sexual abuse within religious institutions, and therefore encourage more widespread reporting of allegations before more children are harmed.

‘We outline some contemporary research that sought to understand the psychology that underpins variable reporting practices’

Key Practitioner Messages

Those most likely to observe or suspect child abuse in religious settings are themselves likely to participate in such settings.

The challenge for these ‘onlookers’ is to overcome the psychological dynamics that push against the recognition and reporting of child abuse in religious settings.

These dynamics can be understood via established psychological theories and frameworks.

Practitioners concerned with improving reporting practice in these contexts can draw on this work to inform training and intervention strategies.
Severe phenotype of X‐linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata
Authors: Damseh Nadirah , Chong Karen , Marshall Christian , Kratz Lisa , Teitelbaum Ronni , Shannon Patrick , Kannu Peter
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

A prenatally ascertained case representing the more severe end of the X‐linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX2).
Tourniquet‐induced common peroneal nerve injury in a pediatric patient after knee arthroscopy – raising the red flag
Authors: Saw Kah Ming , Hee Hwan Ing
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

Peripheral nerve injury following the use of arterial tourniquets is a rare but potentially debilitating complication. Further education on the safe and appropriate practice of tourniquets is imperative to reduce the incidence of tourniquet‐related complications.
Left ventricular blood cyst in an adult case
Authors: Akutsu Hirohiko , Muraoka Arata , Misawa Yoshio
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

We present a 57‐year‐old man with a 1.5‐cm‐diameter blood cyst in the left ventricle, which was incidentally detected by conventional diagnostic echocardiography before colon surgery. The cyst originated from the papillary muscle, and the pathological findings were compatible with a cardiac blood cyst.
Primary cardiac lymphoma with central nervous system relapse
Authors: van Rooijen Cleo R. , Scholtens Asbjorn M. , de Jong C. Niels , Saraber Colette E. , van de Donk Niels W. C. J.
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL), a rare disease, often presents with symptoms resembling other cardiac diseases. The correct diagnosis is crucial, as cardiac lymphoma can be cured with immuno‐chemotherapy. PCL has a high risk of central nervous system recurrence (CNS); therefore, screening for CNS involvement and even prophylaxis may be necessary.
Iodine‐Promoted Semmler–Wolff Reactions: Step‐Economic Access to meta‐Substituted Primary Anilines via Aromatization
Authors: Wang Shi‐Ke , You Xia , Zhao Da‐Yuan , Mou Neng‐Jie , Luo Qun‐Li
Published: July 2017

An atom‐ and step‐economic access to an array of unprotected meta‐substituted primary anilines was disclosed using the Semmler–Wolff reaction, promoted by molecular iodine. Therein, noble metal catalysts and inert atmosphere are unnecessary while the forcing reaction conditions and the lengthy synthesis can be avoided. The synthetic utility of this approach is evident in the de novo syntheses of three bioactive molecules with good total yields.
Inversion of cpADH5 Enantiopreference and Altered Chain Length Specificity for Methyl 3‐Hydroxyalkanoates
Authors: Ensari Yunus , Dhoke Gaurao V. , Davari Mehdi D. , Bocola Marco , Ruff Anna Joëlle , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: July 2017

Expanding the substrate scope of enzymes opens up new routes for synthesis of valuable chemicals. Ketone‐functionalized fatty acid derivatives and corresponding chiral alcohols are valuable building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of chemicals including pharmaceuticals. The alcohol dehydrogenase from Candida parapsilosis (cpADH5) catalyzes the reversible oxidations of chiral alcohols and has a broad substrate range; a challenge for cpADH5 is to convert alcohols with small substituents (methyl or ethyl) next to the oxidized alcohol moiety. Molecular docking studies revealed that W286 is located in the small binding pocket and limits the access to substrates that contain aliphatic chains longer than ethyl substituent. In the current manuscript, we report that positions L119 and W286 are key residues to boost oxidation of medium chain methyl 3‐hydroxy fatty acids; interestingly the enantiopreference toward methyl 3‐hydroxybutyrate was inverted. Kinetic characterization of W286A showed a 5.5 fold increase of Vmax and a 9.6 fold decrease of Km values toward methyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate (Vmax: 2.48 U mg− and Km: 4.76 mm). Simultaneous saturation at positions 119 and 286 library yielded a double mutant (L119M/W286S) with more than 30‐fold improved activity toward methyl 3‐hydroxyoctanoate (WT: no conversion; L119M/W286S: 30 %) and inverted enantiopreference (S‐enantiomer ≥99 % activity decrease and R‐enantiomer >20‐fold activity improvement) toward methyl 3‐hydroxybutyrate.
A multidimensional view of racial differences in access to prostate cancer care
Authors: Pollack Craig Evan , Armstrong Katrina A. , Mitra Nandita , Chen Xinwei , Ward Katelyn R. , Radhakrishnan Archana , Wong Michelle S. , Bekelman Justin E. , Branas Charles C. , Rhodes Karin V. , Grande David T.
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Racial disparities in prostate cancer treatment and outcomes are widespread and poorly understood. In the current study, the authors sought to determine whether access to care, measured across multiple dimensions, contributed to racial differences in prostate cancer.

METHODS

The Philadelphia Area Prostate Cancer Access Study (P2 Access) included 2374 men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer between 2012 and 2014. Men were surveyed to assess their experiences accessing care (response rate of 51.1%). The authors determined appointment availability at 151 urology practices using simulated patient telephone calls and calculated travel distances using geospatial techniques. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association between 5 different domains of access (availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability, and acceptability) and receipt of treatment, perceived quality of care, and physician‐patient communication.

RESULTS

There were 1907 non‐Hispanic white and 394 black men in the study cohort. Overall, approximately 85% of the men received definitive treatment with no differences noted by race. Black men were less likely to report a high quality of care (69% vs 81%; P<.001) and good physician‐patient communication (60% vs 71%; P<.001) compared with white men. In adjusted models, none of the 5 domains of access were found to be associated with definitive treatment overall or with radical prostatectomy. All access domains were associated with perceived quality of care and communication, although these domains did not mediate racial disparities.

CONCLUSIONS

To the authors' knowledge, the current study presents the first comprehensive assessment of prostate cancer care access, treatment, and patient experience, demonstrating that although access was related to overall perceived quality of care and better physician‐patient communication, it did not appear to explain observed racial differences. Cancer 2017;123:4449‐57. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
GABA‐, histamine‐, and FMRFamide‐immunoreactivity in the visual, vestibular and central nervous systems ofHermissenda crassicornis
Authors: Webber Marissa P. , Thomson James W. S. , Buckland‐Nicks Johnny , Croll Roger P. , Wyeth Russell C.
Published: July 2017

Hermissenda crassicornisis a model for studying the molecular and cellular basis for classical conditioning, based on its ability to associate light with vestibular stimulation. We used confocal microscopy to map histamine (HA), FMRF‐amide, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system (CNS), eyes, optic ganglia and statocysts of the nudibranchs. For HA immunoreactivity, we documented both consistently and variably labeled CNS structures across individuals. We also noted minor differences in GABA immunoreactivity in the CNS compared to previous work onHermissenda. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence for GABA inside the visual or vestibular systems. Instead, we found only FMRFamide‐ and HA immunoreactivity (FMRFamide: 4 optic ganglion cells, 4–5 hair cells; HA: 3 optic ganglion cells, 8 hair cells). Overall, our results can act as basis for comparisons of nervous systems across nudibranchs, and suggest further exploration of intraspecific plasticity versus evolutionary changes in gastropod nervous systems.
Amperometric Detection of dsDNA Using an Acridine‐Orange‐Modified Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Jambrec Daliborka , Lammers Klaus , Bobrowski Tim , Pöller Sascha , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Ruff Adrian
Published: July 2017

In the present “genomic era” and in the developing world of DNA chips, DNA detection based on intercalation of specific molecules is of particular interest because the detection process is largely independent of the sequence of the target DNA. In this work, an acridine‐orange‐based intercalation compound, which was tethered to deglycosylated glucose oxidase was synthesized ad hoc and investigated for its ability to interact with dsDNA. Amperometric detection of DNA hybridization was achieved by signal amplification based on the catalytic oxidation of glucose by DNA‐bound glucose oxidase. A clear distinction between dsDNA and ssDNA was achieved by careful design of a DNA‐modified electrode surface and prevention of nonspecific adsorption of the acridine‐orange‐modified enzyme by implementing a potential‐assisted immobilization method.
Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation from Water over CdS Nanoparticles Confined Within an Alumina Matrix
Authors: Zhou Peng , Liu Yuanyuan , Wang Zeyan , Wang Peng , Qin Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyang , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying
Published: July 2017

In this work, CdS nanoparticles embedded in an alumina matrix were successfully synthesized using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as the precursor and template, denoted as CdSLDH. The as‐prepared CdSLDH were characterized by XRD, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, TEM, HRTEM, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence and time‐resolved fluorescence spectra. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate over CdSLDH is much higher than its counterpart without the alumina matrix, that is, almost two times higher under the same conditions. The enhanced hydrogen generation performance can be attributed to the segregation and growth‐inhibiting effects of the alumina matrix. In addition, CdSLDH also displays strong fluorescence properties and a long lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the fourth decade of life depends on birth weight and the DRD4 gene: Implications for understanding the development of emotion regulation
Authors: Savoy Calan , Mathewson Karen J. , Schmidt Louis A. , Morrison Katherine M. , Krzeczkowski John. E. , Van Lieshout Ryan J.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

The long allele of the DRD4 gene can confer different behavioral and emotional phenotypes depending upon environmental exposure, although the physiological changes underlying these phenotypes are not fully known. We sought to extend this work by assessing the interaction of the DRD4 gene and exposure to perinatal adversity (indexed by extremely low birth weight [ELBW]) on resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a neurophysiological measure of emotion regulation, in adulthood.

Methods

We examined the interaction between the DRD4 gene and perinatal adversity on RSA at age 30–35 in a longitudinal cohort of ELBW survivors (n = 49) and NBW controls (n = 63). Buccal DNA samples were genotyped for short and long carriers of the exon III DRD4 VNTR gene. Resting RSA was assessed by electrocardiogram.

Results

We report an interaction between birth weight status and DRD4 gene (F = 9.42, p = 0.003) in predicting RSA, such that DRD4 long carriers had the highest and lowest resting RSA depending on whether they were born NBW or ELBW, respectively. DRD4 short carriers were less sensitive to birth weight. Additionally, reduced RSA was correlated with a history of major depressive disorder, suggesting it was a reliable index of emotion dysregulation.

Discussion

These results suggest that the perinatal environment influences autonomic nervous system functioning in individuals with genotypes that confer additional sensitivity. Whether the long‐term autonomic outcomes of this environmental sensitivity are beneficial or detrimental appears to depend on the quality of the early life environment, and may influence the development of emotion regulatory and psychiatric problems in adulthood.
Do you hear what I see? Vocalization relative to visual detection rates of Hawaiian hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus semotus)
Authors: Gorresen Paulo. Marcos , Cryan Paul M. , Montoya‐Aiona Kristina , Bonaccorso Frank J.
Published: July 2017

Bats vocalize during flight as part of the sensory modality called echolocation, but very little is known about whether flying bats consistently call. Occasional vocal silence during flight when bats approach prey or conspecifics has been documented for relatively few species and situations. Bats flying alone in clutter‐free airspace are not known to forgo vocalization, yet prior observations suggested possible silent behavior in certain, unexpected situations. Determining when, why, and where silent behavior occurs in bats will help evaluate major assumptions of a primary monitoring method for bats used in ecological research, management, and conservation. In this study, we recorded flight activity of Hawaiian hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) under seminatural conditions using both thermal video cameras and acoustic detectors. Simultaneous video and audio recordings from 20 nights of observation at 10 sites were analyzed for correspondence between detection methods, with a focus on video observations in three distance categories for which accompanying vocalizations were detected. Comparison of video and audio detections revealed that a high proportion of Hawaiian hoary bats “seen” on video were not simultaneously “heard.” On average, only about one in three visual detections within a night had an accompanying call detection, but this varied greatly among nights. Bats flying on curved flight paths and individuals nearer the cameras were more likely to be detected by both methods. Feeding and social calls were detected, but no clear pattern emerged from the small number of observations involving closely interacting bats. These results may indicate that flying Hawaiian hoary bats often forgo echolocation, or do not always vocalize in a way that is detectable with common sampling and monitoring methods. Possible reasons for the low correspondence between visual and acoustic detections range from methodological to biological and include a number of biases associated with the propagation and detection of sound, cryptic foraging strategies, or conspecific presence. Silent flight behavior may be more prevalent in echolocating bats than previously appreciated, has profound implications for ecological research, and deserves further characterization and study.
Species richness and traits predict overyielding in stem growth in an early‐successional tree diversity experiment
Authors: Grossman Jake J. , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Hobbie Sarah E. , Reich Peter B. , Montgomery Rebecca A.
Published: July 2017

Over the last two decades, empirical work has established that higher biodiversity can lead to greater primary productivity; however, the importance of different aspects of biodiversity in contributing to such relationships is rarely elucidated. We assessed the relative importance of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, functional diversity, and identity of neighbors for stem growth 3 yr after seedling establishment in a tree diversity experiment in eastern Minnesota. Generally, we found that community‐weighted means of key functional traits (including mycorrhizal association, leaf nitrogen and calcium, and waterlogging tolerance) as well as species richness were strong, independent predictors of stem biomass growth. More phylogenetically diverse communities did not consistently produce more biomass than expected, and the trait values or diversity of individual functional traits better predicted biomass production than did a multidimensional functional diversity metric. Furthermore, functional traits and species richness best predicted growth at the whole‐plot level (12 m2), whereas neighborhood composition best predicted growth at the focal tree level (0.25 m2). The observed effects of biodiversity on growth appear strongly driven by positive complementary effects rather than by species‐specific selection effects, suggesting that synergistic species’ interactions rather than the influence of a few important species may drive overyielding.
Na2(H2en)[B5O8(OH)]2[B3O4(OH)]2 and Na3(HCOO)[B5O8(OH)]: Two Borates Co‐Templated by Inorganic Cations and Organic Compounds
Authors: Wei Qi , He Chao , Sun Li , An Xing‐Tao , Zhang Jie , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: July 2017

The cooperative effect of inorganic and organic co‐templates led to two layered borates: centrosymmetric (CS) Na2(H2en)[B5O8(OH)]2[B3O4(OH)]2 (1; en = ethylenediamine) and noncentrosymmetric (NCS) Na3(HCOO)[B5O8(OH)] (2). Compound 1 features coupled layers extended by two different oxoboron clusters, which are rare in borates. The Na+ cations are located in the channel and hold the coupled layers in tight inorganic B–O–Na layers, while H2en2+ cations reside in channels between inorganic layers. Compound 2 is the first NCS borate directed by inorganic and organic species simultaneously and features acentric [B5O8(OH)]n2n– layers. It exhibits a good second harmonic generation efficiency of about 1.9 times that of potassium dihydrogenphosphate and is phase‐matchable, and the UV cutoff edge below 200 nm makes 2 a potential UV nonlinear optical material. Investigation of the fluorescence properties indicated that the new borates are potential blue fluorescent materials. In addition, structure elucidation revealed that host–guest symmetry matching plays a key role in the formation of CS 1 and NCS 2.
Structure and properties of an ethylcellulose and stearyl alcohol/stearic acid (EC/SO:SA) hybrid oleogelator system
Authors: Gravelle Andrew J. , Blach Carolin , Weiss Jochen , Barbut Shai , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: July 2017

The physical properties of stearyl alcohol:stearic acid (SO:SA) oleogels at varying oleogelator mass ratios were characterized in the presence of the polymer oleogelator ethylcellulose (EC). The large deformation properties of the combined EC/SO:SA oleogels at intermediate ratios (8:2 to 4:6) were similar to that of the corresponding SO:SA formulations. The remaining ratios exhibited a substantial increase in gel strength in the presence of EC, with the hardest composed of stearic acid (0:10). Neither polymorphism, nor thermal behavior of SO:SA were affected by EC, but increases in SFC at 10°C were correlated to harder gels. EC drastically altered the microstructure of the SOSA network producing structures made up of clusters of branching, needle‐like crystals. Overall, the increase in gel strength outside the ratios where pure stearyl alcohol or stearic acid crystals were present, could be attributed to increased solids and reinforcement by the secondary EC network.

Practical applications: The hybrid gelator system investigated here has potential as fat mimetic. The SO:SA ratios which provided the greatest oil‐structuring ability and plasticity were 8:2 and 7:3 SO:SA. This strategy of using complementary gelators should prove useful for optimizing the functionality of oleogels for diverse food applications.

Ethylcellulose improved the gelling efficiency and gel strength of the stearoyl alcohol/stearic acid oleogelator system by altering the crystalline microstructure.
Diastereoselective Formation of Homochiral Helicates through Subcomponent Self‐Assembly
Authors: Struch Niklas , Frömbgen Christopher , Schnakenburg Gregor , Lützen Arne
Published: July 2017

Homochiral helicates were prepared through subcomponent self‐assembly with a C2‐symmetric chiral building block based on a 6,6′‐substituted 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) scaffold. The resulting complexes were analysed through a broad variety of NMR spectroscopy experiments, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, CD and UV/Vis spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. As proven by these experiments, the self‐assembly occurs through a completely diastereoselective and narcissistic self‐sorting manner to form homochiral Fe2L3 helicates. The stereochemistry of the metal centres is directed by the axial chirality of the BINOL‐based backbone; the (M)‐configured ligand forms the (Δ,Δ) complex, and the (P)‐configured ligand forms the (Λ,Λ) complex.
HPLC fingerprinting approach for raw material assessment and unit operation tracking for IVIG production from Cohn I+II+III fraction
Authors: Peljhan Sebastijan , Jakop Tina , Šček Dunja , Skvarča Vid , Goričar Blaž , Žabar Romina , Mencin Nina
Published: July 2017

The plasma‐derived IgG used either for diagnostic purpose or intravenous application (in form of IVIG) in various medical therapies is certainly gaining more and more attention on annual basis. Different manufacturing processes are used to isolate immunoglobulins from human plasma. However, a quest for alternative paths in IgG isolation not only requires development of the most efficient isolation process, but also a rapid and reliable analytics to track the purification. Fast and reliable fingerprint‐based method for characterization of IgG prepared from Cohn I+II+III paste is presented in this paper. The fingerprint method bases on partial separation of proteins in linear gradient on CIMac™ quaternary amine, strong anion exchange group (QA) 0.1 mL column. Partial separation of proteins does not allow simple quantitative analysis of the samples during the IgG isolation from Cohn I+II+III fraction paste, but very accurate qualitative information about the composition of the sample can be obtained in less than 5 min. From the differences in the chromatograms of various samples, the ratio between IgG and impurities in each sample can be easily assessed. The method is suitable for input material control, in‐line monitoring of the downstream processing, final control of the products, as well as in stability studies and enables taking fast and accurate decisions during fractionation process.
Long‐term retreat rates of Israel's Mediterranean sea cliffs inferred from reconstruction of eroded archaeological sites
Authors: Barkai Ofra , Katz Oded , Mushkin Amit , Goodman‐Tchernov Beverly N.
Published: July 2017

Erosion and inland retreat of coastal cliffs present one of the most dynamic earth‐surface processes presently challenging coastlines. The rate of cliff retreat is central to coastal planning and protection of shoreline infrastructure. Until now, the majority of retreat rate estimates have been based on aerial photos from the past century, and therefore do not provide multicentury estimates of retreat rates. Here, we studied Bronze Age to Crusader archeological sites (∼3700 years) located on Israel's coastal cliff and used their spatial relation to the cliff to estimate the long‐term centurial‐millennial retreat rates of the cliff. To accomplish this, original layouts of partially eroded archaeological structures were reconstructed and compared to the modern coastal cliff line. The eroded parts of the studied structures and their original age constrained the maximum timing of the retreat. The resulting retreat rates are significantly lower than those previously calculated using observations of around 100 years. The archeological data also record the episodicity of the cliff failure events. The research highlights both the issue of the loss of valuable archaeological cultural resources, and simultaneously the usefulness of eroding coastal archaeological features to resolve questions of modern significance.
Reconstruction of the burial position of two hominin skeletons (Australopithecus sediba) from the early Pleistocene Malapa cave site, South Africa
Authors: Val Aurore , Backwell Lucinda R. , Dirks Paul H. G. M. , d'Errico Francesco , Berger Lee R.
Published: July 2017

The Malapa site has yielded unusually abundant and well preserved fossils of Australopithecus sediba. While some elements were found in situ during excavation, others were recovered ex situ from blocks of clastic, calcified sediments collected around the site. We have refitted the ex situ elements from Facies D, the sedimentary unit represented by a single debris flow from which most of the Au. sediba remains were collected, with the elements recovered in situ. Results confirm that the fossils in this unit can securely be attributed to two near‐complete skeletons of a juvenile male (MH1), which initially lay in the upper, laminated part of Facies D, and an adult female (MH2), deposited in the lower part of this facies. We propose a description of peri‐ and postmortem events based on the location and orientation of the fossils, using for the first time a 3D reconstruction of the postulated position in which the two hominins were deposited. Macro‐ and microscopic modifications of bone surfaces, and degree of preservation confirm that the individuals were washed into the deposit as articulated—or semi‐articulated—complete bodies, which were subaerially exposed for some time, and had reached natural mummification before being deposited within a debris flow.
An efficient study design to test parent‐of‐origin effects in family trios
Authors: Yu Xiaobo , Chen Gao , Feng Rui
Published: July 2017

Increasing evidence has shown that genes may cause prenatal, neonatal, and pediatric diseases depending on their parental origins. Statistical models that incorporate parent‐of‐origin effects (POEs) can improve the power of detecting disease‐associated genes and help explain the missing heritability of diseases. In many studies, children have been sequenced for genome‐wide association testing. But it may become unaffordable to sequence their parents and evaluate POEs. Motivated by the reality, we proposed a budget‐friendly study design of sequencing children and only genotyping their parents through single nucleotide polymorphism array. We developed a powerful likelihood‐based method, which takes into account both sequence reads and linkage disequilibrium to infer the parental origins of children's alleles and estimate their POEs on the outcome. We evaluated the performance of our proposed method and compared it with an existing method using only genotypes, through extensive simulations. Our method showed higher power than the genotype‐based method. When either the mean read depth or the pair‐end length was reasonably large, our method achieved ideal power. When single parents’ genotypes were unavailable or parental genotypes at the testing locus were not typed, both methods lost power compared with when complete data were available; but the power loss from our method was smaller than the genotype‐based method. We also extended our method to accommodate mixed genotype, low‐, and high‐coverage sequence data from children and their parents. At presence of sequence errors, low‐coverage parental sequence data may lead to lower power than parental genotype data.
TRAIL deletion prevents liver inflammation but not adipose tissue inflammation during murine diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Hirsova Petra , Weng Peggy , Salim Warda , Bronk Steven F. , Griffith Thomas S. , Ibrahim Samar H. , Gores Gregory J.
Published: July 2017

Tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its cognate receptor(s) are up‐regulated in human and murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); however, the consequence of this enhanced expression on NASH pathogenesis remains unclear. TRAIL may either accentuate liver injury by promoting hepatic steatosis and inflammation or it may mitigate the disease process by improving systemic insulin resistance and averting hepatic fibrosis. Herein, we investigated the role of TRAIL in an obesity‐induced murine model of NASH. C57BL/6 wild‐type mice and Trail
–/– mice were placed on a 20‐week standard chow or a high‐fat, high‐fructose, and high‐cholesterol (FFC) diet, which induces obesity, insulin resistance, and NASH. Metabolic phenotype, liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis, and adipose tissue homeostasis were examined. FFC diet‐fed Trail
–/– mice displayed no difference in weight gain and metabolic profile when compared to wild‐type mice on the same diet. All FFC‐fed mice developed significant hepatic steatosis, which was attenuated in Trail
–/– mice. TRAIL deficiency also significantly decreased FFC diet‐induced liver injury as manifested by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase values, hepatic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick‐end labeling‐positive cells, and macrophage‐associated inflammation. FFC diet‐associated hepatic stellate cell activation and hepatic collagen deposition were also abrogated in Trail
–/– mice. In contrast to the liver, TRAIL deletion did not improve FFC diet‐induced adipose tissue injury and inflammation and actually aggravated insulin resistance. Conclusion: NASH pathogenesis may be dissociated from other features of the metabolic syndrome, and liver‐targeted inhibition of TRAIL signaling may be salutary. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:648–662)
Accident analysis of gas cylinder handling work based on occupational injuries data
Authors: Kim Jeong Nam , Jeong Byung Yong , Park Myoung Hwan
Published: July 2017

This study is concerned with the characteristics of occupational injuries and sick leave for gas cylinder handling workers. Possible incidents and sick leave have been identified and analyzed for 223 occupational accidents in the gas cylinder handling work. Management level of accidents for prioritizing prevention measures is induced for the combination of accident agencies, types, and gas cylinder handling work processes. Accidents occurring during the specific gas cylinder handling work process showed different characteristics, depending on the type and agency of the accident. Most critical accidents that require corrective actions for prevention were slips and trips caused by floors, walkways, steps, or ground surfaces and overexertion and bodily reaction and posture caused by gas cylinder in the manual delivery of heavy cylinders process. Also, fall to lower level caused by floors, walkways, steps, or ground surfaces in the loading to and unloading from vehicles process and struck by or against caused by fixtures in the manual delivery of heavy cylinders process were also ranked high. The findings of this study can be used to develop more effective accident prevention policies to reduce occupational accidents in gas cylinder handling works.
Color Doppler Sonography of Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Catalano Orlando , Alfageme Roldán Fernando , Scotto di Santolo Maria , Solivetti Francesco Maria , Wortsman Ximena
Published: July 2017

We illustrate the color Doppler sonographic findings in primary cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma. Eight cases (4 female and 4 male; mean age, 75.4 years) were collected. The most common affected regions were the face (63%) and the hip/buttock (25%). The mean transverse diameter and thickness were 21 and 14 mm, respectively. Fifty percent were oval, and 50% were dome shaped. All lesions were hypoechoic, with variable degrees of heterogeneity. All but 2 lesions were poorly defined. An acoustic reinforcement artifact was present in 3 and epidermal thickening in 2. All tumors had prominent and chaotic hypervascularity with arterial vessels (mean peak velocity, 11 cm/s; mean resistive index, 0.57).
Etiologic and differential diagnostic significance of tumor location in the supraclavicular fossa
Authors: Franzen Achim , Günzel Thomas , Buchali Andre , Coordes Annekatrin
Published: July 2017

Objective

Patients presenting with a cervical mass are common for head and neck specialists and present a diagnostic challenge against the backdrop of a wide variety of etiologies. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the significance of a mass in the supraclavicular fossa for etiology, diagnostic procedure, and therapy.

Study Design

Individual retrospective cohort study.

Methods

We reviewed the data of 211 consecutive cases (116 male, 95 female) with excisional biopsy or tumor removal of a supraclavicular mass.

Results

In 202 of 211 cases, a biopsy was taken from a lymph node. In 182 biopsies, a malignant lymphadenopathy was found (117 metastases, 65 malignant lymphoma). The histologic findings of metastatic diseases were adenocarcinoma (48), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (22). The majority of primary carcinomas were located below the clavicle (94), in the lung (32), in the breast (29), and in the head and neck region (18). In the left supraclavicular fossa, only metastases of the genitourinary tract were significantly more frequent (16 of 17). In nonmalignant tumors (29), tuberculosis (11) was most prevalent. In 79% of biopsies, the neck mass was the first manifestation of the disease.

Conclusion

The location of a cervical mass in the supraclavicular fossa provides a strong indication of malignancy. A biopsy is mandatory in the majority of patients presenting with a supraclavicular mass. In cases of metastatic disease, the location of a cervical mass helps identify the primary site. Histologic findings are essential for further diagnostic steps, therapy, and prognosis.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:646–650, 2018
Recent Progress of Graphene‐Containing Polymer Hydrogels: Preparations, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Pan Chenguang , Liu Libin , Gai Guangjie
Published: July 2017

Polymer hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their mechanical, biological, and physicochemical properties. Incorporation of functional material enlarges their applications. Graphene, as a promising additive, has received great attention due to its large specific surface area, ultrahigh conductivity, strong antioxidant, thermal stability, high thermal conductivity, and good mechanical properties. In this brief review, graphene‐containing polymer hydrogels with special properties are summarized including their preparations, properties, and applications. In addition, future perspectives of polymer hydrogels containing graphene are briefly discussed.