bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microglial activation during epileptogenesis in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zou Jia , Han Lirong , Rensing Nicholas , Wong Michael
Published: June 2016

Objective

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder, characterized by tumor formation in multiple organs and severe neurologic manifestations, including epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism. Abnormalities of both neurons and astrocytes have been implicated in contributing to the neurologic phenotype of TSC, but the role of microglia in TSC has not been investigated. The objectives of this study were to characterize microglial activation in a mouse model of TSC, involving conditional inactivation of the Tsc1 gene predominantly in glial cells (Tsc1GFAPCKO mice), and to test the hypothesis that microglial activation contributes to epileptogenesis in this mouse model.

Methods

Microglial and astrocyte activation was examined in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice by ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. Cytokine and chemokine expression was evaluated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seizures were monitored by video–electroencephalography (EEG). The effect of minocycline in inhibiting microglial and astrocyte activation, cytokine expression, and seizures was tested.

Results

Microglial cell number and size were increased in cortex and hippocampus of 3‐ to 4‐week‐old Tsc1GFAPCKO mice, which correlated with the onset of seizures. Minocycline treatment prevented the increase in number and cell size of microglia in 4‐week‐old Tsc1GFAPCKO mice. However, minocycline treatment had no effect on astrocyte proliferation and cytokine/chemokine expression and the progression of seizures in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice.

Significance

Microglia cell number and size are abnormal in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice, and minocycline treatment inhibits this microglia activation, but does not suppress seizures. Microglia may play a role in the neurologic manifestations of TSC, but additional studies are needed in other models and human studies to determine whether microglia are critical for epileptogenesis in TSC.
New Age with Chinese Characteristics? Translating Inner Child Emotion Pedagogies in Contemporary China
Authors: Pritzker Sonya E.
Published: June 2016

This article examines the translation of inner child emotion pedagogies in contemporary China. With a focus on several interactions taking place within evening salons, the article observes the pedagogical strategies and metalinguistic practices that translate as well as transform inner child pedagogies in novel ways. I emphasize the ways in which these encounters play upon the boundaries between “inner” and “outer” selves in the teaching of a distinct discursive consciousness regarding the role of language and embodied expression in the healing of the inner self. I argue that this creates both a distillation as well as expansion of western psychotherapeutic ideologies of language, emotion, and the self. I further highlight the ways in which the interactions index a broadly distributed process of concurrent events and sociohistorical circumstances that bring adapted versions of psychotherapeutic and New Age spiritual discourse into China. This article argues that the translation of inner child emotion pedagogies in China unfolds through a process ofliving translation, in which specific encounters serve as instances in which the meaning and implications of semiotic and linguistic registers are continuously remade in an ongoing stream of embodied interactions that are mediated by various ideologies of language, emotion, and personhood.

本文探讨了在当代中国内在小孩情感教学法的翻译。通过”内在小孩疗愈晚间沙龙”的几次互动, 本文重点观察教学策略和元语言实践——即对内在小孩疗愈法的创新翻译和转化。在这种独特的话语意识教学中, 笔者强调, 冲突在”内在”和”外在”自我界限间作用的这种方式, 在治愈内在自我过程中, 对语言和形象化表达的作用。笔者认为, 这在语言、情感和自我方面同时凝练而拓展了的西方心理治疗体系。笔者进一步强调, 互动指向广泛分布的同期事件和社会历史状况的这种方式, 把本土化的心理治疗学和新世代心灵的语言带入了中国。本文认为, 在中国的内在小孩情感疗愈是通过当下翻译来展开的, 在此翻译过程中, 特定冲突被作为微观民族志的实例。这些例子中, 符号学和语言学记录的含义持续地通过语言、情感和人格知识体系在具象化的互动中获得。
A Heartfelt Approach: On and Beyond Neoliberalism
Authors: McElhinny Bonnie
Published: June 2016

Scholars analyzing neoliberalism have a two‐pronged challenge, since “neoliberalism” is both too little, and at moments too extensively, used in applied linguistics and sociolinguistics (see also Allan and McElhinny, n.d.). This article considers what the contributions to this special issue contribute towards the study of neoliberalism with a focus on emotional pedagogies, as it considers where and how the articles also show contestations of and challenges to neoliberalism.
Common artefacts and pitfalls in equine computed and digital radiography and how to avoid them
Authors: Dixon J. , Biggi M. , Weller R.
Published: June 2016

Radiographic technology has rapidly advanced over the last decade with the use of both computed radiography and digital radiography now being common in equine practice. Image quality is critical for optimal diagnostic accuracy, so identification of factors that negatively influence quality is vital. The most commonly encountered problems include positioning errors, exposure anomalies, movement artefacts, labelling errors and image processing faults. The aim of this review is to describe common radiographic faults that will allow the equine practitioner to recognise and learn how to prevent these issues, thus improving image quality. This will aid in improving diagnostic accuracy and will enhance radiation safety by reducing the number of repeat exposures required.
New weld toe magnification factors for semi‐elliptical cracks in plate‐to‐plate butt‐welded joints
Authors: Lie S. T. , Zhao H. S. , Vipin S. P.
Published: June 2016

British Standard 7910:2013 includes a single set of equations for estimating the weld toe magnification factor (Mk) of different types of welded joints with a semi‐elliptical surface crack. In this study, extensive finite element analyses are performed to determine the Mk of plate‐to‐plate butt‐welded joints subjected to axial and bending loading. The Mk values at the crack deepest points and the crack ends are determined. It is found that the Mk results of butt welds are different with those of single T‐butt joints with percentage difference in values being as high as 63.8% and 97.4% for axial and bending loading cases, respectively. Percentage differences of 60.4% and 358.2% for axial and bending loading cases are observed between butt welds and X‐joints. New Mk equations for butt welds are proposed using multiple regression analyses.
Intratumoral heterogeneity of Ki67 expression in early breast cancers exceeds variability between individual tumours
Authors: Focke Cornelia M , Decker Thomas , van Diest Paul J
Published: June 2016

Aims

Regional differences in proliferative activity are commonly seen within breast cancers, but little is known on the extent of intratumoral heterogeneity of Ki67 expression. Our aim was to study the intratumoral heterogeneity of Ki67 expression in early breast cancers and its association with clinicopathological features, such as oestrogen receptor (ER) status, grade and histological subtype.

Methods and results

The Ki67‐labelling index (Ki67‐LI) was assessed in hot, cold and intermediate spots of 233 invasive breast cancers by counting a total of 1020 cells, according to a protocol of the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group. Differences between the spots per tumour were analysed further for clinicopathological subgroups defined by ER status, grade and histological subtype. All clinicopathological subgroups showed significant differences in Ki67‐LI between hot, intermediate and cold spots (P < 0.0001). The coefficient of variance (CV) between the spots was higher in ER‐positive than in ER‐negative cancers (72.6 versus 49.2%, P < 0.0001), and was highest in grade 3 (96.12%), grade 1 (87.27%) and invasive lobular tumours (83.59%) and lowest in medullary (26.48%) cancers. Nested analysis of variance indicated that in both ER‐positive and ER‐negative cancers, variance in Ki67‐LI within tumours contributed more to the total variance (56% for ER‐positive, 60% for ER‐negative cancers) than the variance between tumours.

Conclusion

Intratumoral heterogeneity in Ki67‐LI is a ubiquitous phenomenon across various pathological subgroups of breast cancer that may impact assessment of Ki67 levels for clinical decision‐making, and sheds new light on recommended cut‐offs.
Clinicopathological characteristics predict lymph node metastases in ypT0‐2 rectal cancer after chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Bosch Steven L , Vermeer Thomas A , West Nicholas P , Swellengrebel Hendrik A M , Marijnen Corrie A M , Cats Annemieke , Verhoef Cornelis , van Lijnschoten Ineke , de Wilt Johannes H W , Rutten Harm J , Nagtegaal Iris D
Published: June 2016

Aims

Changes in rectal cancer treatment include increasing emphasis on organ preservation. Local excision after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for rectal cancer with excellent clinical response reduces morbidity and mortality compared to total mesorectal excision, although residual lymph node metastases (LNM) may cause local recurrence. Our aim is to identify clinicopathological factors predicting the presence of residual LNM in rectal cancer patients with ypT0‐2 tumours after neoadjuvant CRT. These risk factors may help to select patients who can be spared radical surgery without compromising oncological outcomes.

Methods and results

Rectal cancer patients with ypT0‐2 tumours after CRT and radical resection from five centres treated between June 1999 and February 2012 were included. Histopathology was reviewed extensively. Clinicopathological characteristics and their association with residual LNM were investigated. Of 657 consecutive CRT‐treated rectal cancer patients 210 with ypT0‐2 disease were included. Residual nodal disease was found in 44 cases (21.0%). Independent predictors of LNM were clinical nodal involvement (cN+) [odds ratio (OR): 2.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–7.48, P = 0.042], high‐grade histopathology assessed in the post‐CRT resection specimen (OR: 6.46, 95% CI: 1.23–34.02, P = 0.028) and residual tumour diameter (RTD) ≥10 mm (OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.06–6.09, P = 0.036). An algorithm combining these factors stratified patients adequately according to LNM risk, independently of ypT category.

Conclusions

Clinical nodal involvement, high‐grade histopathology and RTD ≥10 mm are strong and independent predictors of residual nodal disease in rectal cancer patients with ypT0‐2 tumours after CRT. Risk stratification based on these factors may help to identify patients suitable for organ preserving therapy and should be validated in appropriately selected populations.
Preparation, Characterization, and Dielectric Properties of PP/CaTiO3 Composites for Microwave Substrate Applications
Authors: Drishya Vallvakkattil , Unnimaya Avanoor Neelakantan , Naveenraj Rajaram , Suresh Elattuvalappil Kalathil , Ratheesh Ravendran
Published: June 2016

Calcium titanate (CaTiO3) filled polypropylene (PP) composites have been fabricated through compression molding method. The phase purity of the PP/CaTiO3 composites was studied using X‐ray diffraction studies. Scanning electron microscopy technique has been employed to study the dispersion of the particulate filler in the PP matrix. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of the composites were measured at X‐band frequency region using waveguide cavity perturbation technique. PP/CaTiO3 composite has an effective dielectric constant of 11.74 and loss tangent 0.007 at optimum filler loading. The experimental dielectric constant of filled composites was compared with theoretically predicted dielectric constant values obtained using different modeling approaches. The linear coefficient of thermal expansion of PP/CaTiO3 composites was studied using thermomechanical analyzer.
Thromboprophylaxis adherence to the ninth edition of American college of chest physicians antithrombotic guidelines in a tertiary care centre: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Thériault T. , Touchette M. , Goupil V. , Echenberg D. , Lanthier L.
Published: June 2016

Rationale

Venous thromboembolic disease is a source of significant morbidity in hospitalized patients. The American College of Chest Physicians published the ninth edition of antithrombotic therapy and prevention guidelines (AT9) in 2012, addressing thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients. A notable difference from previous guidelines was utilization of risk assessment models for thrombosis and bleeding to classify patients into risk categories.

Aim

This study's objective was to evaluate thromboprophylaxis adherence to AT9 guidelines in a population of patients at the Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de service sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke.

Method

A cross‐sectional study at the Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de service sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke was performed between June and December 2012. Patients' risk factors for thrombosis and bleeding, and thromboprophylaxis use were documented. The Padua and Caprini models were used to determine thrombotic risk, and the International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism bleeding risk score was used for bleeding risk.

Results

A total of 290 patients were included for analysis. Overall, 200 patients (70%) received some form of thromboprophylaxis. However, according to AT9 guidelines, only 162 patients (55.9%) received recommended prophylaxis, 91 (31.4%) had overuse of prophylaxis and 37 (12.7%) had underuse of prophylaxis. Appropriate prophylaxis use was higher in surgical (61.8%) than in medical (46.7%) patients.

Conclusions

There was a high rate of inappropriate thromboembolic prophylaxis in our centre according to AT9 guidelines, mostly from overuse of prophylaxis. Utilization of risk assessment models in AT9 guidelines adds to the complexity of physician's decisions to prescribe thromboprophylaxis and needs further validation.
‘Wouldn't it be easier if you continued to be a guy?’ – a qualitative interview study of transsexual persons’ experiences of encounters with healthcare professionals
Authors: von Vogelsang Ann‐Christin , Milton Camilla , Ericsson Ingrid , Strömberg Lars
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To describe transsexual persons’ experiences of encounters with healthcare professionals during the sex reassignment process.

Background

Transsexual persons are individuals who use varying means to alter their natal sex via hormones and/or surgery. Transsexual persons may experience stigma, which increases the risk of psychological distress. Mistreatments by healthcare professionals are common. Qualitative studies addressing transsexual persons’ experiences of healthcare are scarce.

Design

Qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

A Swedish non‐clinical convenience sample was used, consisting of six persons who had been diagnosed as transsexual, gone through sex reassignment surgery or were at the time of the interview awaiting surgery. Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken, and data were analysed using manifest qualitative content analysis.

Results

Three categories and 15 subcategories were identified. The encounters were perceived as good when healthcare professionals showed respect and preserved the transsexual person's integrity, acted in a professional manner and were responsive and built trust and confidence. However, the participants experienced that healthcare professionals varied in their level of knowledge, exploited their position of power, withheld information, expressed gender stereotypical attitudes and often used the wrong name. They felt vulnerable by having a condescending view of themselves, and they could not choose not to be transsexual. They felt dependent on healthcare professionals, and that the external demands were high.

Conclusions

Transsexual persons are in a vulnerable position during the sex reassignment surgery process. The encounters in healthcare could be negatively affected if healthcare professionals show inadequate knowledge, exploit their position of power or express gender stereotypical attitudes. A good encounter is characterised by preserved integrity, respect, responsiveness and trust.

Relevance to clinical practice

Improved education on transgender issues in nursing and medical education is warranted. Healthcare professionals should be aware of how their attitudes and their level of knowledge affect the care given during the sex reassignment surgery process.
Cigarette smoking and health‐promoting behaviours among tuberculosis patients in rural areas
Authors: Tsai Shu‐Lan , Lai Chun‐Liang , Chi Miao‐Ching , Chen Mei‐Yen
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore cigarette smoking and health‐promoting behaviours among disadvantaged adults before their tuberculosis diagnosis and after their tuberculosis treatment.

Background

Although tuberculosis infection is associated with impaired immune function, healthy lifestyle habits can play a role in improving the immune system. However, limited research has explored the health‐promoting behaviours and cigarette smoking habits among tuberculosis patients in Taiwan.

Design

A cross‐sectional retrospective study with a convenience sample.

Methods

This study was conducted between May 2013–June 2014 with 123 patients at a rural district hospital in Chiayi County, Taiwan. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, univariate analysis and stepwise regression analysis.

Results

Tuberculosis tended to be associated with less education, male sex, malnutrition, cigarette smoking and unhealthy lifestyle habits before the tuberculosis diagnosis. The percentage of smoking decreased from 46·9% before to 30·2% after the tuberculosis diagnosis. Body mass index and health‐promoting behaviours also significantly improved after tuberculosis treatment. After controlling for potential confounding factors, multivariate analysis identified chronic disease and completed treatment as significant factors that were associated with current health‐promoting behaviours.

Conclusions

A high prevalence of cigarette smoking and low levels of health‐promoting behaviours were observed before the diagnosis and during or after completing tuberculosis treatment.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study's findings indicate the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle changes among tuberculosis patients; aggressive measures should be implemented immediately after the first diagnosis of tuberculosis. Furthermore, health promotion and smoking cessation programmes should be initiated in the general population to prevent activation of latent tuberculosis infection, and these programmes should specifically target men and rural residents.
It is complicated: gender and sexual orientation identity in LGBTQ youth
Authors: Bosse Jordon D , Chiodo Lisa
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore the variations of sexual orientation and gender identity as well as the intersections of those identities in a sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning youth.

Background

Identity development is a key task of adolescence. Among the multiple identities that young people navigate are sexual orientation and gender identity. Challenges with solidifying and integrating aspects of one's identity can contribute to poor physical and mental health outcomes.

Design

Cross‐sectional descriptive survey.

Methods

A convenience sample was recruited via collaborations with community organisations and Internet groups who provide information and services for LGBTQ youth under the age of 25.

Results

Of the 175 respondents, one‐third of the sample reported a gender identity that was not congruent with their sex assigned at birth. Those assigned female sex at birth reported noncongruent gender identities as well as fluid and nonbinary identities such as genderqueer and agender more frequently that respondents assigned male at birth. Individuals with noncongruent gender identities were more likely to identify with a sexual orientation other than lesbian, gay or bisexual than individuals with gender identities congruent with their sex assigned at birth.

Conclusions

Adolescent sexual orientation and gender identity are complex and nuanced. Nurse scientists and clinical nurses can contribute to understanding of these identities, their meaning to the young person and the unique health implications by regularly inquiring about sexual orientation and gender identity in their practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses in clinical practice need to be aware of the sometimes complicated nature of adolescent identity and its related terminology so that they can ask relevant questions and provide culturally safe care.
Cumulative trauma and partner conflict predict post‐traumatic stress disorder in postpartum African‐American women
Authors: Hauff Nancy J , Fry‐McComish Judith , Chiodo Lisa M
Published: June 2016

Aim and objective

To describe relationships between cumulative trauma, partner conflict and post‐traumatic stress in African‐American postpartum women.

Background

Cumulative trauma exposure estimates for women in the USA range from 51–69%. During pregnancy, most trauma research has focused on physical injury to the mother. Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with trauma and more prevalent in African‐American women than women of other groups. Knowledge about both the rate and impact of cumulative trauma on pregnancy may contribute to our understanding of women seeking prenatal care, and disparities in infant morbidity and mortality.

Design

This retrospective, correlational, cross‐sectional study took place on postpartum units of two Detroit hospitals. Participants were 150 African‐American women aged between 18–45 who had given birth.

Methods

Mothers completed the Cumulative Trauma Scale, Conflict Tactics Scale, Clinician Administered Post‐traumatic Stress Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a Demographic Data form. Descriptive statistics, correlations and multiple regressions were used for data analysis.

Results

All participants reported at least one traumatic event in their lifetime. Cumulative trauma and partner conflict predicted PTSD, with the trauma of a life‐threatening event for a loved one reported by 60% of the sample. Nearly, one‐fourth of the women screened were at risk for PTSD. Increased cumulative trauma, increased partner conflict and lower level of education were related to higher rates of PTSD symptoms.

Conclusion

Both cumulative trauma and partner conflict in the past year predict PTSD. Reasoning was used most often for partner conflict resolution.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The results of this study offer additional knowledge regarding relationships between cumulative trauma, partner conflict and PTSD in African‐American women. Healthcare providers need to be sensitive to patient life‐threatening events, personal failures, abuse and other types of trauma. Current evidence supports the need to assess for post‐traumatic stress symptoms during pregnancy.
Constipation is casting a shadow over everyday life – a systematic review on older people's experience of living with constipation
Authors: Tvistholm Nina , Munch Lene , Danielsen Anne Kjaergaard
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore and summarise best evidence of how constipation affects the daily living of older people from their own perspective. Furthermore, to assess how interventions aimed at treating constipation in older people affect patient‐reported outcome such as quality of life.

Background

Constipation is a common and overlooked problem with an impact on everyday life, especially among older people. Older people seem to have individual preconceptions on constipation which can influence the strategies used to prevent and treat constipation.

Design

A systematic review, integrating findings from both qualitative and quantitative studies.

Method

Systematic searches were carried out in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and EMBASE on the 31st of July 2014. A search strategy was constructed with key concepts identified using PICO to identify quantitative studies and PIC(o) to identify qualitative studies. Search terms included constipation, elderly, aged, elderly people, aged people, quality of life, patient experience, patient perspective, meaning, emotion, psychological. Reference lists were searched manually.

Results

A total of nine studies were included in the review, five quantitative and four qualitative. Three main themes crystallised from the results of the included studies: bodily experiences, everyday life shadowed by constipation and adverse psychological effects.

Conclusion

Constipation among older people was connected to subjective and comprehensive experiences. It had a negative impact on physical and mental well‐being as well as the social life of older people. The review also showed that older people had individual and personal strategies, based on their own beliefs.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare professionals need to be aware of the experiences of living with constipation as well as the range of strategies used by patients to prevent and treat constipation. The patient perspective on constipation needs to be integrated in the strategies and actions carried out by healthcare professionals.
Auction Platform Design and the Linkage Principle
Authors: Tamura Wataru
Published: June 2016

This paper examines an auction platform in which the monopoly platform maximizes profits by adjusting participation fees and choosing an auction format. The seller has private information on the quality of the good, and each participating buyer receives a private signal about his valuation of the good. The choice of auction format determines the allocation of trading surplus between the seller and buyers. This paper shows that when the seller's type is affiliated with the buyers' signals, the platform can charge higher participation fees on both sides by choosing a first‐price or descending auction than a second‐price or ascending auction.
Management of a Damaged Implant for Retention of an Overdenture Prosthesis and Fixed Single Crown: Clinical Reports
Authors: Hansen Paul A. , Salinas Arturo A.
Published: June 2016

This article demonstrates a method to salvage an implant that has been damaged or is no longer usable because of a fractured screw that cannot be removed. In the first situation the patient had a Locator abutment that fractured during torqueing of the abutment. Despite the attempt to remove the fractured screw, it was not retrievable, and the internal threads of the implant were damaged in the attempt to remove the screw. Rather than removing the implant or covering it and sleeping the implant, a custom cast post was used to restore the implant to function. A second example describes a patient with a fixed implant crown. The implant was damaged during attempts to remove the fractured screw. A custom post was fabricated and cemented, and a new crown was fabricated.
Is a Fixed Hybrid Prosthesis with Distal Cantilever Appropriate for Maxillofacial Defects? A Report of Two Patients
Authors: Altintas Subutay Han , Kilic Serdar , Yilmaz Altintas Nuray , Cizmeci Senel Figen
Published: June 2016

The most important objectives in restoring the maxillofacial patient are the restoration of function and psychological improvement through esthetics. Acquired maxillary and mandibular defects due to significant trauma or surgery represent a major challenge for the clinician and patient. Dental implant‐retained prostheses represent a well‐documented and reliable treatment option and can also help patients with maxillofacial defects by eliminating denture instability and improving function. Full‐arch fixed dental hybrid prostheses provide functional and psychological advantages and also reduce the load on vulnerable soft and hard tissues in the reconstruction area. Two clinical reports are presented describing the prosthetic rehabilitation using dental implant‐supported fixed hybrid prostheses with clinical and radiographic follow‐up of 3 years.
Access and Benefit Sharing Legislation for Marine Bioprospecting: Lessons From Australia for the Role of Marbank in Norway
Authors: Rosendal G. Kristin , Myhr Anne Ingeborg , Tvedt Morten Walløe
Published: June 2016

Marine bioprospecting offers possibilities for sustainable innovation based on marine genetic resources. How to regulate the use of such marine genetic resources entails several challenges. The rationale for the introduction of legislation on access and benefit sharing (ABS) from the use of genetic resources is elaborated using Norway as a case. Similarities and differences from other initiatives are presented with Australia as the comparative case. Several lessons are transferable to the Norwegian situation, and may also be of high relevance to other countries introducing ABS legislation. In both Norway and Australia, there is an expressed need for an ABS system that can include a model that is based on access permissions rather than mere registration. There are difficulties involved in monitoring the genetic material from access to actual commercial product, and in distinguishing between bioprospecting for scientific and commercial use, which complicates a determination of when benefit sharing should be triggered. We suggest that the idea of benefit‐sharing could be supported by the principle of cost‐sharing.
Traffic Safety Evaluation for Railway Bridges Using Expanded Multisensor Data Fusion
Authors: Park Jong‐Woong , Lee Kyoung‐Chan , Sim Sung‐Han , Jung Hyung‐Jo , Spencer Billie F.
Published: June 2016

The traffic safety of a railway bridge is generally evaluated by levels of structural responses such as acceleration, vertical displacement, and deck twist. Whereas acceleration can be readily measured in general, acquiring displacement and twist responses in field testing is often a challenging task due to lack of appropriate sensors. As most existing displacement transducers are designed to measure at a single location, the deck twist which is calculated from four displacements requires costly and labor‐intensive sensor instrumentation. To effectively address the issue, this study proposes an integral strategy for the traffic safety evaluation of railway bridges using multisensor data. The proposed approach provides a formulation to estimate the dense displacement necessary for obtaining twist responses using acceleration and strain measurements. Wireless sensors are adopted because of their intrinsic advantages in multimetric sensing of heterogeneous data, convenient sensor instrumentation, and high‐fidelity time‐synchronized data acquisition. The proposed approach for dense displacement estimation is numerically and experimentally validated using beam models. Subsequently, a full‐scale experiment on a railway bridge is conducted to evaluate the traffic safety for high‐speed trains at three different speeds of 280 km/h, 300 km/h, and 400 km/h. The acceleration, vertical displacement, and twist are obtained and compared with design limits to determine the traffic safety of the railway bridge.
Breeding new forms of life: a critical reflection on extreme variances of bareback sex
Authors: Hammond Chad , Holmes Dave , Mercier Mathieu
Published: June 2016

Many men who have sex with men (MSM) express feeling marginalized by discourses within public health and sexual health nursing that determine bareback sex is deviant and unsafe. Their resistance to risk‐based discourses can be seen within radical sex practices such as deliberately becoming‐infected with HIV (bug‐chasing) and breeding‐infection (gift‐giving). The metaphors of bug‐chasing and gift‐giving, particularly those spread across global online spaces, can influence the sexual experiences and practices of MSM. A metaphor analysis was conducted of Internet forums discussing HIV chasing and gifting metaphors, and showed a variety of discursive meanings, tactics and effects to the radical sex practice. A radical research approach was used to explore the processes of becoming‐infected and breeding‐infection as determinant steps in the symbolic resistance of risk‐based discourses, as well as the creation of new forms of life and community among MSM. Our analyses demonstrate how the gifting/chasing metaphors express MSM's marginalization as well as their lines of flight from having their practices captured within public health discourses. We hope to offer alternative nursing approaches for thinking through and engaging with transgressive and queer sexual practices.
Nursing expertise: a course of ambiguity and evolution in a concept
Authors: Hutchinson Marie , Higson Mary , Cleary Michelle , Jackson Debra
Published: June 2016

In this article, we clarify and describe the nature of nursing expertise and provide a framework to guide its identification and further development. To have utility and rigour, concept‐driven research and theories of practice require underlying concepts that are robust, valid and reliable. Advancing understanding of a concept requires careful attention to explicating its knowledge, metaphors and conceptual meaning. Examining the concepts and metaphors of nursing expertise, and how they have been interpreted into the nursing discourse, we aimed to synthesise definitions and similarities between concepts and elicit the defining characteristics and properties of nursing expertise. In clarifying the concept, we sought to move beyond the ambiguity that currently surrounds expertise in nursing and unravel it to make explicit the characteristics of nursing expertise from published peer‐reviewed studies and structured literature synthesis. Findings indicate a lack of clarity surrounding the use of the term expertise. Traditional reliance upon intuition as a way of explaining expert performance is slowly evolving. Emerging from the analysis is a picture of expertise as the relationship between networks of contextual reasoning, understanding and practice. Striking absences in the discourse include limited explication of ethical reasoning and theorising a broader interpretation of expertise reflective of contemporary forms of nursing.
Interactions of Oryza sativa OsCONTINUOUS VASCULAR RING‐LIKE 1 (OsCOLE1) and OsCOLE1‐INTERACTING PROTEIN reveal a novel intracellular auxin transport mechanism
Authors: Liu Fei , Zhang Lan , Luo Yanzhong , Xu Miaoyun , Fan Yunliu , Wang Lei
Published: June 2016

Little is known about the transport mechanism of intracellular auxin. Here, we report two vacuole‐localized proteins, Oryza sativa OsCONTINUOUS VASCULAR RING‐LIKE 1 (OsCOLE1) and OsCOLE1‐INTERACTING PROTEIN (OsCLIP), that regulate intracellular auxin transport and homoeostasis.

Overexpression of OsCOLE1 markedly increased the internode length and auxin content of the stem base, whereas these parameters were decreased in RNA interference (RNAi) plants. OsCOLE1 was localized on the tonoplast and preferentially expressed in mature tissues. We further identified its interacting protein OsCLIP, which was co‐localized on the tonoplast.

Protein−protein binding assays demonstrated that the N‐terminus of OsCOLE1 directly interacted with OsCLIP in yeast cells and the rice protoplast. Furthermore, 3H‐indole‐3‐acetic acid (3H‐IAA) transport assays revealed that OsCLIP transported IAA into yeast cells, which was promoted by OsCOLE1.

The results indicate that OsCOLE1 affects rice development by regulating intracellular auxin transport through interaction with OsCLIP, which provides a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of intracellular transport of auxin and the roles of vacuoles in plant development.
Common mycorrhizal networks amplify competition by preferential mineral nutrient allocation to large host plants
Authors: Weremijewicz Joanna , Sternberg Leonel da Silveira Lobo O'Reilly , Janos David P.
Published: June 2016

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi interconnect plants in common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) which can amplify competition among neighbors. Amplified competition might result from the fungi supplying mineral nutrients preferentially to hosts that abundantly provide fixed carbon, as suggested by research with organ‐cultured roots. We examined whether CMNs supplied 15N preferentially to large, nonshaded, whole plants.

We conducted an intraspecific target–neighbor pot experiment with Andropogon gerardii and several AM fungi in intact, severed or prevented CMNs. Neighbors were supplied 15N, and half of the target plants were shaded.

Intact CMNs increased target dry weight (DW), intensified competition and increased size inequality. Shading decreased target weight, but shaded plants in intact CMNs had mycorrhizal colonization similar to that of sunlit plants. AM fungi in intact CMNs acquired 15N from the substrate of neighbors and preferentially allocated it to sunlit, large, target plants.

Sunlit, intact CMN, target plants acquired as much as 27% of their nitrogen from the vicinity of their neighbors, but shaded targets did not. These results suggest that AM fungi in CMNs preferentially provide mineral nutrients to those conspecific host individuals best able to provide them with fixed carbon or representing the strongest sinks, thereby potentially amplifying asymmetric competition below ground.
A Plasmodium‐like virulence effector of the soybean cyst nematode suppresses plant innate immunity
Authors: Noon Jason B. , Qi Mingsheng , Sill Danielle N. , Muppirala Usha , Eves‐van den Akker Sebastian , Maier Thomas R. , Dobbs Drena , Mitchum Melissa G. , Hewezi Tarek , Baum Thomas J.
Published: June 2016

Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, delivers effector proteins into soybean roots to initiate and maintain an obligate parasitic relationship. HgGLAND18 encodes a candidate H. glycines effector and is expressed throughout the infection process.

We used a combination of molecular, genetic, bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses to determine the role of HgGLAND18 during H. glycines infection.

HgGLAND18 is necessary for pathogenicity in compatible interactions with soybean. The encoded effector strongly suppresses both basal and hypersensitive cell death innate immune responses, and immunosuppression requires the presence and coordination between multiple protein domains. The N‐terminal domain in HgGLAND18 contains unique sequence similarity to domains of an immunosuppressive effector of Plasmodium spp., the malaria parasites. The Plasmodium effector domains functionally complement the loss of the N‐terminal domain from HgGLAND18.

In‐depth sequence searches and phylogenetic analyses demonstrate convergent evolution between effectors from divergent parasites of plants and animals as the cause of sequence and functional similarity.
Role of CSF3R mutations in the pathomechanism of congenital neutropenia and secondary acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Klimiankou Maksim , Mellor‐Heineke Sabine , Zeidler Cornelia , Welte Karl , Skokowa Julia
Published: June 2016

Acquired mutations in the intracellular part of CSF3R (colony stimulating factor 3 receptor, granulocyte) have been detected with a frequency of more than 30% in severe congenital neutropenia (CN) patients. CN is a preleukemic syndrome with a risk of approximately 20% to develop leukemia. More than 80% of CN patients who develop acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome reveal CSF3R mutations, suggesting that they are involved in leukemogenesis. Using deep‐sequencing technology, we were able to analyze large cohorts of CN patients for the entire CSF3R sequence as well as to identify cell clones carrying mutations in the intracellular part of CSF3R with very high sensitivity. Acquisition of CSF3R mutations is a CN‐specific phenomenon and is associated with inherited mutations causing CN or cyclic neutropenia, such as ELANE mutations. In the group of CN patients negative for known germ‐line mutations, biallelic CSF3R mutations were identified. In addition, CSF3R mutant clones are highly dynamic and may disappear and reappear during continuous granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) therapy. The time between the first detection of CSF3R mutations and overt leukemia is highly variable.
Vacuous Names in Early Analytic Philosophy: Frege, Russell, and Moore
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: June 2016

Empty proper names give rise to intriguing questions. Frege, Moore and Russell stand at the beginning of analytic philosophy's engagement with these questions. In this paper I will therefore introduce and assess their views on the topic of empty names and draw connections to recent work.
Resource Rights and Territory
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: June 2016

This essay examines the most recent justifications for a people's (or state's) exclusive right to resources as part of a territorial right. Divided into eight parts, the discussion covers contemporary philosophical discussion regarding: the conception of natural resources, the conception of resource rights, the general form of arguments supporting resource rights, arguments from self‐determination, objections to arguments from self‐determination, arguments from residence, arguments from improvement, and new directions for research in the future.
Occupational differences in work engagement: A longitudinal study among eight occupational groups in Norway
Authors: Innstrand Siw Tone
Published: June 2016

The aim of the present study was to explore occupational differences in the experience of engagement both with regard to differences in the level of work engagement as well as in the predicting value of different antecedent variables. Multigroup latent mean analysis was performed on eight different occupational groups in Norway (lawyers, physicians, nurses, teachers, church ministers, bus drivers, and people working in advertising and information technology; N = 3,475). Tests for factorial invariance supported the use of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory scale across occupational groups and that the latent means were comparable across the groups. Results indicated significant occupational differences in the experience of vigor and dedication. The lawyers reported the most vigor and the church ministers the most dedication. Least vigor was reported among the teachers and the advertising group reported to be least dedicated. Cross‐lagged multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis suggested there are different processes behind the development of engagement across occupations. Visualization of how some occupations cluster or differ from each other is important as it might engender theory building and further hypotheses testing.
An overview of technical considerations for Western blotting applications to physiological research
Authors: Bass J. J. , Wilkinson D. J. , Rankin D. , Phillips B. E. , Szewczyk N. J. , Smith K. , Atherton P. J.
Published: June 2016

The applications of Western/immunoblotting (WB) techniques have reached multiple layers of the scientific community and are now considered routine procedures in the field of physiology. This is none more so than in relation to skeletal muscle physiology (i.e., resolving the mechanisms underpinning adaptations to exercise). Indeed, the inclusion of WB data is now considered an essential aspect of many such physiological publications to provide mechanistic insight into regulatory processes. Despite this popularity, and due to the ubiquitous and relatively inexpensive availability of WB equipment, the quality of WB in publications and subsequent analysis and interpretation of the data can be variable, perhaps resulting in spurious conclusions. This may be due to poor laboratory technique and/or lack of comprehension of the critical steps involved in WB and what quality control procedures should be in place to ensure robust data generation. The present review aims to provide a detailed description and critique of WB procedures and technicalities, from sample collection through preparation, blotting and detection, to analysis of the data collected. We aim to provide the reader with improved expertise to critically conduct, evaluate, and troubleshoot the WB process, to produce reproducible and reliable blots.
Use of nutritional supplements by Danish elite athletes and fitness customers
Authors: Solheim S. A. , Nordsborg N. B. , Ritz C. , Berget J. , Kristensen A. H. , Mørkeberg J.
Published: June 2016

The nutritional supplement (NS) industry is one of the fastest growing in the world, and NS use in Denmark is among the highest in Europe. However, the exact use in elite athletes and fitness customers targeted for doping control is unknown. Information from 634 doping control forms obtained in 2014 was evaluated (elite athletes: n = 361; fitness customers: n = 273). The majority of female (92.6%) and male (85.0%) elite athletes and female (100.0%) and male (94.0%) fitness customers declared using one or more NS. The use of non‐ergogenic NS was more prevalent in women than in men and in younger (15–34 years) compared with older (35–49 years) subjects, but it was less prevalent in intermittent compared with endurance and power/strength sports. Additionally, fitness customers who tested positive for doping also reported using more NS than subjects testing negative, indicating an association between NS and doping abuse. The present results demonstrate a very high prevalence of NS usage in both elite athletes and fitness customers. This highlights the importance of a strong national regulation of NS to avoid contamination of NS with doping substances.
The dynamic relationship between cerebellar Purkinje cell simple spikes and the spikelet number of complex spikes
Authors: Burroughs Amelia , Wise Andrew K. , Xiao Jianqiang , Houghton Conor , Tang Tianyu , Suh Colleen Y. , Lang Eric J. , Apps Richard , Cerminara Nadia L.
Published: June 2016

Key points

Purkinje cells are the sole output of the cerebellar cortex and fire two distinct types of action potential: simple spikes and complex spikes.

Previous studies have mainly considered complex spikes as unitary events, even though the waveform is composed of varying numbers of spikelets.

The extent to which differences in spikelet number affect simple spike activity (and vice versa) remains unclear.

We found that complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets are preceded by higher simple spike firing rates but, following the complex spike, simple spikes are reduced in a manner that is graded with spikelet number.

This dynamic interaction has important implications for cerebellar information processing, and suggests that complex spike spikelet number may maintain Purkinje cells within their operational range.

Purkinje cells are central to cerebellar function because they form the sole output of the cerebellar cortex. They exhibit two distinct types of action potential: simple spikes and complex spikes. It is widely accepted that interaction between these two types of impulse is central to cerebellar cortical information processing. Previous investigations of the interactions between simple spikes and complex spikes have mainly considered complex spikes as unitary events. However, complex spikes are composed of an initial large spike followed by a number of secondary components, termed spikelets. The number of spikelets within individual complex spikes is highly variable and the extent to which differences in complex spike spikelet number affects simple spike activity (and vice versa) remains poorly understood. In anaesthetized adult rats, we have found that Purkinje cells recorded from the posterior lobe vermis and hemisphere have high simple spike firing frequencies that precede complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets. This finding was also evident in a small sample of Purkinje cells recorded from the posterior lobe hemisphere in awake cats. In addition, complex spikes with a greater number of spikelets were associated with a subsequent reduction in simple spike firing rate. We therefore suggest that one important function of spikelets is the modulation of Purkinje cell simple spike firing frequency, which has implications for controlling cerebellar cortical output and motor learning.