bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1976
Authors: Linduska James J. , Olson Stephanie J.
Published: March 2022

‘Defender’ cabbage was transplanted in 2 row plots 33-feet long on Aug 24’76. Plants were spaced 18-inches in row with 36-inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows and the treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. The granular insecticide sidedress treatments were applied with a double spout electric drive Gandy applicator (Model 901-2). The treatments were applied 4-6 inches on either side of the row by placing the Gandy hose outlets behind the inside cultivator teeth. Over the foliage treatment with granules was applied with the same equipment but the material was distributed in a 12 inch band over the row. All sprays were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/A with 40 psi. Treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow-type sprayer using CO2 for spray discharge. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and each row was covered by 3 nozzles. Treatments were applied on Sep 8, 17, and 23; Oct 1 and 11. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage - odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage - crown damage and/or all leaves with holes. None of the products were phytotoxic. Insect pressure was lighter than normal in 1976. The treatment labeled CC 3824 is a granular formulation of Orthene. The compound is systemic in nature and can be absorbed by the foliage or by the roots.
Sweet Corn, First Brood European Corn Borer Control, 1978
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

The sweet corn utilized in this study was planted Apr 28’78 on the Ralph Cousins Farm, Derry, NH. Each plot consisted of a 30-foot row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied to the whorls either 2 or 3 times starting at the whorl stage (18-20 inches tall) and extending into the pretassel stage. Spray applications were made using a one gallon B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at 40 psi and a volume of 26 gallons/acre. Dyfonate 10GK was applied as a single application either directed over the whorls using a Gandy plot applicator and broadcasted using a Cyclone seeder. The broadcast treatment was applied alongside the randomized block to prevent cross contamination. Evaluations were made on Jul 20’78 by examining all the stalks and ears in each treatment and determining the percentage injured by the first brood European corn borer larvae.
Control of Budworms in Sweet Corn With Insecticides Applied to the Soil, 1977
Authors: Chalfant R. B.
Published: March 2022

The sweetcorn was planted on Apr 4 ’77. Plots were I row, 40-ft in length and were separated by 1 row of untreated corn. Row spacing was 3 ft. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Soil was a loamy sand and received 4.5 in rain + 8 in irrigation. The granules were applied in a band just behind the packer wheel or into the furrow just in front of the packer wheel using a gravity flow device (Mason jar with 1 hole in the lid inverted over a directed plastic tube). The Furadan drench was applied with a sprinkling can in 100 gal water/acre. Budworm injury was recorded May 10 just before tasseling. All ears were harvested and weighed on Jun 14.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms and Fall Armyworms in Sweet Corn, 1977
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis John
Published: March 2022

‘N & k 199’ sweet corn was planted, 10-inch spacing in 3-ft rows, on Jun 13’77. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of three rows 25 ft long with a single untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Insecticides were applied to the ear and to an area about 15 inches above and below the ear with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 25 gal/acre at 40 psi pressure, using a Spraying Systems Cone Jet Y-8 nozzle. Treatments were initiated at first silk on Aug 5 and continued at 2-3 day intervals through Aug 15, a total of 5 applications in all. Twenty-five ears were harvested from each replicate on Aug 19 and checked for earworms and fall armyworms. The following categories were selected for evaluation of earworm injury: 1) Clean - no evidence of earworm; 2) Medium - injury less than 1.5 inches below tip; ear could be clipped; and 3) Severe - damage well below ear tip and of such nature that ear could not be clipped or salvaged for use. Heavy fall armyworm feeding undoubtedly destoryed many earworm eggs and small larvae. Fall armyworm injury was evaluated by classifying the ears as Damaged or with Severeinjury - all ears in the severe group were a total loss.
Fall Armyworm Control on Sweet Corn Seedlings, 1978
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was seeded, 12-inch spacing Sep 19 on 30-inch by 8-inch high beds of Myakka fine sand mulched with polyethylene plastic. Plots were single rows 20-feet long replicated 5 times in a randomized complete blocks design. Sprays were applied Oct 6 and 13 in an 18 inch band over the plants at 50 gal/acre and 40 psi. Three and 5 days after each application, 10 plants were removed from each plot and the number of larvae counted.
Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle on Pickling Cucumber, 1978
Authors: York A. C. , Walker G. L.
Published: March 2022

‘Greenpak’ cucumbers were seeded in rows on 10-ft centers on May 10 with a Planet Jr. Weed Control (marginal) was obtained by applying Prefar 6 qt/A-Alanap 8 qt/A immediately after seeding. Treatments were foliar with the exception of Furadan and UC 21865. Furadan was applied pre-plant in a 12 in. band using a Gandy Ro-Bander applicator and lightly incorporated. UC 21865 was applied in 50 gallon per acre water before planting in an 8-)0 in. band and lightly incorporated. Foliar materials were applied on 18 May, 25 May, 31 May, 8 Jun, and 15 Jun using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 3, D4-45 nozzles per row delivering 75 gallons per acre in a 36 in. band at 72 psi. insect control was evaluated by counting the number of dead beetles per 5 ft row. Crop was harvested 3 times and total yield is presented.
Aphid Control on Leaf Lettuce, 1978
Authors: Simonet D. E. , Postema E. H.
Published: March 2022

Lettuce was planted with a John Deere 33 planter on Jun 28, 1978, at the Muck crops Branch, OARDC, Williard, Ohio. Three row groups 15-inches apart and 40-ft long were planted with 34-inches between groups. Three replicates of 12 3-row treatments and one untreated check were arranged in a randomized block design with a 3-row border on either side of each treatment. Soil type was irrigated muck. Insecticides were applied on Jul 25 with a tractor at a rate of 50 gal/acre and 30 psi using a directed spray. A pre-treatment count showed that 71% of the population was green peach aphid and 29% were potato aphids with 25.2 ± 10.34 (x ± S.D.) total aphids/plant. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated based on total aphids counted on 10 plants from the center row of each treatment.
European Cornborer Control on Sweet Peppers, 1978
Authors: Anderson T. E. , Kennedy G. G.
Published: March 2022

Bare root transplants were set in a field at the North Carolina State University, Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, N. C. on May 23‘78. Individual plots consisted of 20 plants in a single row 20-feet long. They were separated in rows by 5-feet of bare ground and between rows by one unplanted row. Overhead irrigation was supplied as needed. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block experimental design. Foliar sprays were applied weekly from Jul 7 through Aug 18 using a CO2 powered, back-pack sprayer equipped with 3 hollow-cone nozzles calibrated to deliver 35 gal/A at 30 psi. Furadan 10G was applied in a band 2 in. deep and 6 in. from the base of the plant on Jul 12. To insure a cornborer infestation, 10 egg masses were pinned to the foliage throughout each plot. All mature green fruit were harvested on Jul 18, Aug 8 and 24.
Effects of Phosvel and Sevin on Green Peach Aphid Populations, 1974
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘California Wonder’ pepper plants were trans-planted on May 10‘74. The plots consisted of a single row of peppers, 25-feet in length, buffered on either side by an untreated guard row. The plants were spaced 12-inches within the row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gallon of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/A with 40 psi. Treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow-type sprayer using CO2 for spray discharge. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and the row was covered by 3 nozzles. Plots were sprayed May 31; Jun 12, 26; Jul 2, 10, 18, 24; and Aug 16 and 27. Peppers were harvested on Jul 23, 31; Aug 7, 12, and 19.
Redbacked Cutworm Control on Peppermint, 1978
Authors: Schuster David J. , Berry Ralph E.
Published: March 2022

Plots (50 x 50 ft), replicated 3 times, were used to evaluate efficacy of Lorsban 4E (0.5 and 1.0 lb ai/acre) and Orthene 75S (1.0 lb ai/acre) to control redbacked cutworm larvae. Four ft2 samples were taken from each replicate prior to treatment and 7 and 14 days following treatment. Samples were screened in the field. Treatments were applied with a CO2 bicycle sprayer with T-jet 8003 flat fan nozzles calibrated to deliver 18 gal/A at 30 psi. The soil type was Deschutes fine sandy loam with an organic matter content of 1.0%. The soil temperature at application was 31°C at 2-inch.
Potato, Wireworm Control, Pasco, Washington, 1977
Authors: Toba H . H. , Turner J . E.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a grower’s center-pivot, sprinkler-irrigated field. The soil type was Ritzville (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) silt loam; it contained less than 0.5% organic matter. On Mar 31 and Apr 7, soil samples were taken with a 5 1/2-in. diam posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 in. in the vicinity of the test site (ca. 10 acres) to estimate the wireworm population; 5 wireworms were found in 90 samples. Soil temperature at depths of 9, 12, and 18 in. was ca. 10°C. Two adjacent blocks were used; one was treated by preplant broadcast and one by sidedress applications at planting. Both blocks were divided into 2 subblocks, each of which contained several insecticide treatments and an untreated check. Each plot measured 50-ft long and 60rows wide (34-in. apart), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design within each subblock. On Apr 27 and 28, broadcast treatments were applied; granules were applied with a hand-operated grass seeder, and EC formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt and applied with a hand-held, 2-row sprayer with a boom consisting of 4 Teejet (No. 8001) nozzles at a rate of ca. 12.8 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 psi. The plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 in. within 2 hr after appli-cation. On Apr 30, potato seed pieces were planted by the grower and on May 3 and 4, sidedress treatments were applied 2 rows at a time, 3-4 in. to each side of and level with the seed piece. Granules were applied with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in 1-In. bands, and EC formulations were diluted to a volume of 1 pt and applied at a pressure of 30 psi with Teejet 35 (No. 4916) nozzles with a tractor-mounted applicator. On Oct 5 and 6, tubers were harvested from rows 2 and 5 of each plot (15 ft/row). All were washed and examined, then the percentages, by weight, of injured and culled tubers were determined. “Injured” was defined as any penetration of c tuber by a wireworm, and “culled” was defined as any injury severe enough to meet the description of “damage” in Sec. 51.1554 of the U.S. standard for Potatoes. The percentages were transformed to arcsine percentage and analyzed by analysis of variance (split-plot design) and Duncan’s multiple range test. The methods of application were considered main-plot treatments, and the compounds or formulations were subplot treatments. Subplot treatments that were not used in both main plot treatments were not included in the analysis.
Lepidopterous Larval Control on Tomatoes, 1980
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Hayashi J. T.
Published: March 2022

An experimental tomato planting (VFN Bush) was transplanted Jun 17’80 at University of California South Coast Field Station. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Replicates were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 25 ft long with 5-ft buffer between replicates. Insecticides were applied weekly from Aug 12 through Sept 30 (8 applications) by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row at an operating pressure of 100 psi and delivery rate of 101 gal/acre. Nozzles were hollow cone, D2 orifice, 25 core and 50-mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Biofilm). All mature green, pink and red fruit were harvested Sep 17 and Oct 1. Fruit were inspected for tomato pinworm damage, external damage (primarily beet armyworm) and internal damage (primarily tomato fruit-worm). The 2 harvests were combined. At the last harvest all replicates were visually inspected for tomato russet mite damage. Data (Arcsin transformation) were analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1979
Authors: Arnett H. Harold
Published: March 2022

An eight year old stand of alfalfa located at the Newland’s Field Station, Fallon, Nevada was used for this study. Treatments were applied at near full bud stage when 30 - 40% of the plants were showing alfalfa weevil damage. Plots were 25 x 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Sprays were applied with a CO2 activates plot sprayer calibrated to deliver 17.2 gpa at 30 psi. Treat-ments were made on May 21 ‘79. Post treatment counts were taken on May 24, 28 and Jun 5 and were based on 10 (180 degree) sweeps of a standard net from each rep.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1980
Authors: Levine Eli
Published: March 2022

Foliar treatments of registered and experimental insecticides to control first generation European corn borer were evaluated at the south farm of the University of Illinois (Champaign County). Corn (B73 x M017) was planted in 30 In rows on May 28. Each plant in the study was artificially infested with approximately 35 freshly hatched larvae on July 9 and again on July 11. Mean extended leaf height of these plants at infestation was 54 in. Insecticides were applied on July 18, just as larvae were beginning to tunnel into the plants (mean extended leaf height = 65 in). Liquid insecticides were applied directly over the whorls with a CO2 back pack sprayer (even flat fan nozzle, 3 mph, 20 psi, 10 gal of water/ acre). Granular insecticides were applied to the whorls of each plant with a shaker can (number of holes was calibrated for each insecticide). Each treatment consisted of a single row containing 25 plants with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Untreated rows (no larvae and no insecticide treatment) bounded each treatment row. Insecticide treatments were evaluated for corn borer damage (number and length of cavities) in late August by spliting the stalks of 40 plants from each treatment (10 plants/treatment x 4 reps) in half from the tassel to the ground. No phytotoxicity was observed with any of the banded compounds.
Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1979
Authors: Roberts James E. , Kondratieff Boris
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted May 10 in Montgomery County, VA., to evaluate planting time applications of eight granular insecticides for the control of corn rootworm larvae. Treatments were applied in a 7-in band over the row in front of the presswheel. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots for each treatment consisted of 4 x 50 ft rows on 36-in centers. Root damage was determined by digging and washing 6 plants on July 11 from each row. Treatments were evaluated by root damage ratings (Iowa 1-6 system). Data was analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The soil type was silt loam. The field had a history of Furadan use. Rainfall for May, June and July was above normal. Air temperature for the period was below normal.
Control of Boll Weevils on Cotton, 1980
Authors: Burris Gene , Clower D.F. , Rogers R. L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 8 x 65 ft plots, arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications and 25 ft alleys. Nemacur 1.5 lb ai/acre was applied “in furrow” to control nematodes and thrips. Insecticide treatments were applied using a John Deere 6000 high clearance sprayer equipped with an auxiliary compressed air system with 2 X-3 hollow cone spray tips per row delivering 2.5 GPA of total solution. Applications were made on July 1, 5, 10, 15, 21, 29, August 6, 11, 16 and 22. Twenty five squares/plot/replicate were examined from the center rows within 48 hr after treatments. Cotton was machine harvested from two rows and weights were converted to lb seed cotton per acre.
Control of Carmine Spider Mites on Cotton, 1980
Authors: Turtle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Eleven acaricidal compounds were evaluated for the control of the carmine spider mite at the Yuma Experiment Station during Sept and Oct. The population increase of mites followed a scheduled control program for lepidoptera larvae (particularly the pink bollworm). The test was a block design with 4 replications per treatment. Plots within the blocks were 2-row, skip 2 with 6 ft alleys in row between plots. Sprays were applied Sept 10 with a pressurized CO2 backpack sprayer (40 psi) at the rate of 40 gpa. Post treatment counts were made from 25 leaves/ plot picked at random and processed in the laboratory with a mite washer and separator technique.
Chemical Control of Thrips on Irrigated Cotton, 1980
Authors: Young Jerry H. , Gould Paul M. , Mussett Kevin , Price Richard G.
Published: March 2022

Westburn M, OK DM-4 and OK PM-5 (the last two are experimental lines) were planted June 4 at Tipton, OK at 20 lb per acre. They were in a 2 by 3 factorial design, replicated 4 times. Plots were 8 rows wide (40-inch) and 150 ft long. Each plot was divided into two equal subplots, one half was planted with seed treated with 6.4 oz of Orthene/cwt. Thrips counts were taken weekly by collecting 20 plants/plot and extracting thrips in a Berlese funnel. Plant, height, number of true leaves and number of fruiting bodies were taken on 25 plants per plot twice weekly from June 16 through harvest. Fleahopper and predators were collected with a D-VAC.
Control of Foliage Feeding Lepidoptera in Peanuts, 1980
Authors: Berberef Richard , Baldwin Jack , Sander Douglas
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted on May 20 with 0.9 m row spacing in light, sandy soil. Insecticides were applied on Aug 23 utilizing 2 flat spray nozzles over each row and a total volume of 70 g/acre. Treatments were replicated 4 times on 6 row x 15 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insect populations were sampled in the middle 4 rows of each plot. On each date 5 samples/ plot, each consisting of 0.6 m of row, were checked for H. zea and S. exiqua. Plants were beaten to removed larvae for counting. Twenty-five terminals/plot were collected at random and examined for S. bosqueella. Counts for this species were converted to larvae/m of row based on terminal counts made over the experimental area. Generations of all species had commenced a few days before insecticides were applied. Larval populations increased due to continued oviposifion after treatments were applied.
Rice Water Weevil, 1980
Authors: Morgan D. R. , Slaymaker P. H. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

Rice was planted in Crowley silt loam May 9 and flodded June 13. Three tests were each arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 (Test 2) or 4 (Test 1 and 3) replications. Granular treatments (Test 1) were applied with a hand shaker just prior to flooding on June 13 to plots 3.5 x 15 ft. Spray treatments (Test 2) were applied 1 day preflood with CO2 powered sprayer except for Furadan 3G which was applied with a hand shaker. Plots were 6 x 15 ft. Plots in Test 3 were circular (5 ft dia). Each was surrounded by sheet aluminum flashing used as a levee to prevent water movement between plots. The 5 day postflood treatments were applied to the water surface on June 18. Cymbush, Pydrin and Ambush were each mixed with the hydrocarbon Exxon 5357-9. Plots in all tests were sampled for root-feeding rice water weevil larvae on July 8 and 9 by taking 5 soil cores (9 dia x 7 cm deep) from drill rows in each plot. The samples were processed by working each through a No. 40 U.S. Standard soil testing sieve and floating larvae out in brine.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Corn Seedling Maggot Control on Sorghum, Batangas, Philippines, 1980
Authors: Venugopal M.S. , Litsinger J.A. , Apostol R.F.
Published: March 2022

In a farmer’s field in Cale village, Tanauan, Batangas province, Philippines, 36 insecticide seed dressings were tested at 3 g ai/kg seed for seeding maggot control on sorghum planted on Aug 18. Seeds agitated in a plastic bag with 25% gum arabic-water solution and insecticide were sown (15kg/ha) to 5-m2 plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Percentage deadhearts were recorded twice, 14 and 28 days after crop emergence, from 10 randomly selected plants per plot.
Effects of Selected Insecticides on Control of Soybean Arthropods, 1979
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Clement Robin A.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were examined to determine their effects on pest and beneficial arthropods associated with soybean. Insecticides were applied Aug 30 in ‘Essex’ soybean grown on the Carroll Balderson Farm near Montross Virginia. A randomized block experimental design was used with 3 replications. Individual plots were 4 rows 50 ft long and spaced 3 ft apart. Each spray concentrate was applied to the soybean foliage with a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer at 30 psi that delivered 27 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 1-, 5-, 8-, and 14-days after application by comparing the number of Mexican bean beetles, green clover worms, and predators per 20 sweeps (15 inch diameter net) in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots.
Soybean, Corn Earworm Control, 1980
Authors: Sullivan M. J. , Chapin J.W. , Turnipseed S.G.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were planted using a 38 inch row spacing. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. The experimental unit was an 8 row plot, 30 ft long. The middle 6 rows were treated and counts were made on the 2 middle treated rows. All materials were applied as foliar sprays using a knapsack sprayer, 50 psi, 3-X cone nozzle to give a total volume of 5.6 gal/acre. Insects were counted using the beat cloth method; 2, 1M beats/replicate. The majority of the earworms were considered large (≥ 0.5 inch long).
Control of E. Hirtipennis on Burley Tobacco, 1980
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

Burley tobacco ‘Va 509’ was transplanted on May 23 at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Insecticides were applied on 14-day schedule for a total of 4 applications, beginning June 11. Sprays were applied with a 5-row high clearance sprayer using one full-cone nozzle per row which delivered 20 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plots were 150 ft x 5 rows wide arranged in 3 randomized complete blocks. Rows were spaced 40 Inches apart; plants were spaced 18 inches within rows. Live flea beetle counts were based on the average number/10 plants. Flea beetle damage was based on the average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 in) from the top of the plant. Soil type was Hermitage silt-loam at pH 6.3.
Fruittree Leafroller Contkol on Black Oak by Spraying, 1980
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Eads Clark O.
Published: March 2022

Near Lake Gregory, in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, 32 heavily infested trees of a homeowner were laid out in a randomized block experiment. Untreated check and treatments consisted of single tree plots replicated 4 times. Thorough coverage sprays, buffered to pH 6.5 and at 8.8 gal/tree, were applied with a power sprayer at 400 psi. At time of spraying the 25 foot tall trees on May 9 most buds were broken with young shoots out ca 3 inches; most young leaves were ca 0.5 inch long. At time of sampling on June 9 most normal leaves were fully expanded to 4 to 7 inches, and 50 per cent of larvae were fifth instar, and 38 per cent were fourth. Light- and medium-injury categories were also sampled but were less sensitive to differences than categories noted here. Heavy injury indicates 80 percent of leaf destroyed. A sample from each tree consisted of 10 peripheral terminals from ca 12 feet high, each terminal having ca 6 leaves. Counts were transformed to angles and subjected to analyses of variance; mean separations were for 19:1 odds by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1979,1980
Authors: Parrella M.P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K.R. , Helmkamp A. L.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were applied to selected bedding plants and phytotoxic effects were determined. The following chemical materials were selected based on their ability to control many pests commonly found on bedding plants and due to a lack of information necessary for their labeling in a nursery: Lannate 1.8L, Orthene 75S, Pirimor 50W, Pramex 2E, SPB-1382 2E, Vydate 2L. One application of each material was made per species of bedding plant. However, the most popular bedding plants were evaluated for phytotoxicity during all seasons in California. Materials were applied until run-off with a hand gun operating from a 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) piston pump at 125 psi. Plants were sprayed outdoors at both locations and transferred onto black plastic sheets on the ground under shade. The soil was an amended Univ. of California mixture with a pH of ca 7.4. Data on phytotoxicity were recorded on a weekly basis for 4 weeks following the treatment. Damage was evaluated based on the overall appearance of the plants compared to an untreated check: 0 = no damage; 1 = slight damage, no effect on marketability; 2 = moderate damage, marketability reduced, 3 = heavy damage, unmarketable. If new growth occurred during the 4 weeks following spray application, this was evaluated for phytotoxicity. Observations on phytotoxicity were made by at least 2 Individuals on each date and where possible only the inner most plants within replicates were counted.
Chemical Tests Against the Pearl Scale in Arizona Turf, 1978
Authors: Hoffman Elizabeth , Langston Dave , Smith Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Eight compounds were screened for insecticidal activity against the pearl scale. Because of the irregular distribution of scales in the soil, dead patches of turf were selected as centers for 2m diameter circular plots. Each plot contained only one dead patch (30-70 cm diameter) surrounded by healthy turf. Treatments and controls were assigned at random (6 replicates/treatment and 6 untreated controls) to plots. On May 12, five prefreatment cylindrical core samples (19 x 150 mm) were taken at 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 cm from each plot on a line to four cardinal points of the compass (total 20 cores/plot). The samples were washed through a soil sieve to recover and count encysted scales. All compounds except methyl bromide were applied as drenches from one gallon watering cans at a rate of 1.47 kg/ha (8 lb/acre) ai. All plots except those receiving methyl bromide fumigation received five treatments, one each on June 13, 23, 29, Jul 6 and 25. On May 22, methyl bromide plots were chisel-plowed with a tractor breaking soil to a depth of 150 mm. Methyl bromide was applied at a rate of 55 kg/h and held under a polyethylene tarp for 24 hr. On Nov 24 post treatment core samples were taken as before, but at 45°, 135°, 225° and 315° from North on each plot. Samples were processed and counted as before.
Residual Activity of Candidate Insecticidal Formulations for Quarantine Control of the Caribbean Fruit Fly, 1979-80
Authors: Cawley B. M. , Fons J.
Published: March 2022

During quarantine control formulation tests conducted in 71 nW trailer vans in Miami, Florida, aluminum and carpet squares were exposed concurrently with caged insects to evaluate initial effects (reported separately by von Windeguth and Arner). Acrylic carpet and painted aluminum were cut into 152 mm2 squares and exposed, two of each type, at floor level along the sides of trailers one square width from side wall near the center point of the trailer. The exposure period was 30 minutes, and during the last 20 minutes, one rear door of the trailer was opened. Approximately 100 adult, colony-reared flies were caged in 0.47 L paper cans with screened ends. Caged flies were chilled at 0°C until inactive, the cage cover removed, and the cage placed open-end down on the treated surface for one hour. Both surface types were tested at 4 and 28 hr after trailer treatment, and each surface was used only once. Three replications were made, each with residues collected on a different date. Flies were allowed free access to food and water and held at ca. 21°C until mortality counts 24 hr posttreatment. Control mortality was corrected according to Abbott’s formula.
Insecticides to Control Adult Cat Fleas, 1980
Authors: Rust Michael K. , Reierson Donald A. , Silverman Jules
Published: March 2022

Flea infestations commonly occur in carpeted areas of homes and apartments where cats and dogs are kept as pets. The most common carpet in new homes was selected for these studies. In consisted of 196 double multi-fiber nylon strands/sq in, was backed with jute, and was about 5/8-inch deep. Pieces of carpet were sprayed with insecticide and adult fleas were confined to residual deposits. Two series of tests were made with adult cat fleas 1 to 4 days old that were offspring of adults placed on laboratory cats. Flea eggs dropping from the cats were collected in glass jars fitted to the bottom of cages in which the cats were housed. Larvae were reared in a mixture of dog chow, dried beef blood and brewer’s yeast and pupated in find sand. Pupal cocoons screened from the sand were isolated in 1-qt jars. An inverted funnel fitted with #16 screen was fastened to a jar lid to allow adults that emerged from the cocoons to be separated for the tests. When liquids were applied for Series 1, discs of carpet (3.5 in diam) were sprayed at 20 psi with an automated lab paint gun sprayer equipped with a fine-fan nozzle. Dusts were worked lightly into discs with a stainless steel spatula. Aerosols were sprayed from a distance of ca 6-8 inch. In Series 2, a 1-gal compression sprayer with a fine-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Multeejet No. 800067) was used to treat ca 3 sq ft carpet. Spray was applied at 4, 2 and 1 qt/800 sq ft rates. A more dense, 15/16-inch shag carpet containing 400 double strands of nylon fiber/sq in was included in Series 2. For each test series 20±5 fleas were confined 24 hours to each of 3 treated and untreated pieces of carpet placed at the bottom of 3.5-in diam x 15-in plexiglass cylinders. After exposure, all fleas were forced into a basin of cool water where dead and live could be counted. Fleas were considered dead if they exhibted no coordinated movement or could not remain upright on the surface of the water. Percent mortality was corrected with Abbott’s formula. Each treatment was tested after being aged indoors at 73°F for 1 day and 1, 3 and 6 weeks.
Control of German Cockroaches in Low-Income Apartments, 1980
Authors: Rust Michael K. , Reierson Donald A.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of various baits, sprays and aerosols was determined against German cockroaches in 1 and 2 bedroom apartments near Los Angeles. The extent of cockroach infestation was monitored with standard trapping utilizing two 1-qt jars provisioned with fresh white bread. Clay powder in each trap prevented cockroaches from escaping and serves as a desiccant. Two traps were installed in the kitchen for 1 week prior to the treatments and for 1 week at intervals after the apartments were treated. Aqueous sprays were applied with a 1-gal B&G compression sprayer equipped with a Spraying Systems Multeejet no. 800067 nozzle. An average of ca 1.1 qt finish spray/apartment was applied along intersections, baseboards, cracks and crevices, behind and underneath appliances, and into areas likely to harbor cockroaches. Most spray was applied in kitchen and bathroom areas, but closets, storage areas, and furniture were treated when the occupant indicated cockroaches had been seen in these areas. In tests with total release foggers, cans of spray were triggered in the center of the kitchen and the closed apartment was not reopened for at least 4 hours. When baits were tested, they were installed in 12 specific sites that included corners of cabinets and near appliances where cockroaches would most likely encounter the bait in the kitchen, bathroom and storage areas. Whitmire #270 Dursban crack and crevice aerosol was thoroughly applied to cracks and crevices in the kitchen and bathrooms. Counts from each post-treatment period were compared to the initial total number of cockroaches trapped. The significance of the reduction in total number of cockroaches trapped/apartment/week was analyzed with a Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test.
Control of Red Harvester Antwith Sprays, Drenches and Baits, 1980
Authors: Price Richard , Ree Bill , Plnkston Ken , Young Jerry , Peden Martha
Published: March 2022

Control of red harvester ants was evaluated in 2 separate tests. Test 1 was conducted near Stillwater, Oklahoma on 16 acres of open pasture land. Test 2 was conducted along a roadside outside of Perkins, Oklahoma. Treatments in b6th tests were randomized and replicated 10 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked prior to the start of the tests. Treatments for Test 1 and 2 were applied on Jun 3 and 23 respectively. Mounds were checked at weekly intervals after treatment. If more than 2 ants were observed per mound, the colony was recorded as active. Treatments were applied over 1 m2 as centered on each nest opening as follows: drenches consisted of 3.81 applied from a garden sprinkler can; sprays consisted of 300 ml applied with a 7.61 B&G stainless steel sprayer at 30 psi; bait was evenly distributed over the surface of the mounds.
Cattle-

Hypoderma

Lineatum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1980
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford and Angus yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexas Co., TX, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypodermalineatum (Villers), are treated with new animal systemic insecticides detected as having possible efficacy for grub control in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R.O., 1980, Insect. Acaric. Tests 5:216-7). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or derma I ly by whole-body spray of 4 l/animal at > 1033KPa [usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts)]. In other tests, insecticides may be administered derma I ly by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection of a specific weight of insecticide (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate) per body weight. Normally cattle are treated initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. After treatment in May or June, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same heard are examined monthly from August to February of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number In untreated cattle. The most recent report of tests with new systemics in cattle was presented by Drummond, R.O., 1980, Insect. Acaric. Test 5:216-7).
Cattle Lice Control, 1980
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Jones C. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental cattle originated at several locations in eastern Wyoming. All animals were approximately one year old. Experimental groups, consisting of from 5 to 10 animals, were either heifers, bulls, steers or mixtures of steers and heifers. Cattle treated with MK-933 were first weighed then injected subcutaneously in the neck. A control group was injected with carrier only. BAY Vb 9328 was applied as a whole-body spray of 5 qt/animal at 300 psi. A control group was sprayed with water alone. Rabon and Ectrin ear tags were placed in either one or both ears using the Allflex superfast tag system. Both Ectiban formulations were applied on two separate dates. Ectiban dust was applied by hand to restrained cattle at 2 oz each. Ectiban EC was applied as a whole-body spray of 6 qt/animal at 150 psi. All cattle were inspected for lice on the treatment date prior to treatment, then at various times posttreatment. Total number of lice were recorded in the inspection areas which were 1, 15-cm hair part on the poll and 3, 15-cm hair parts on the head, brisket, neck, backline and rump-tailhead. Viability of lice was determined posttreatment by microscopic examination of specimens.
Insecticide and Acaricide Tests - Past, Present and Future
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide and Acaricide Tests (l&A Tests) is published by the Entomological Society of America (ESA). It appears in the ESA by-laws, has an elected editorial board (two representatives from Section F and one each from Sections B, D, and E), and is represented on the ESA publication council b) its editor. Volume I, l&A Tests was published in 1976, and subsequent volumes have been published annually in the spring. I&A Tests continues to serve motion, improvements in insecticide and acaricide testing methods, and to provide a permanent reference of information on the performance of materials for insect and mite control.
Mouse-

Cuterebra

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1980
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebrafontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally with candidate insecticides formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks to prevent grooming, and their bodies are dipped into 100-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg and 1%. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae usually found in the inguinal region. Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percentage kill data. Details of the test have been presented by Gingrich, R.E., et al., 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(3): 742-5, and Drummond, R.O., and R. E. Gingrich, 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(4): 1211-2. Recent results were presented by Drummond, R. O., 1980, Insect. Acaric. Tests 5:230-1. In special tests with 4 known systemic insecticides, technical material was dissolved in diethyl succinate and injected subcutaneously into female mice on a mg/kg basis similar to the oral treatment. In other tests, some female mice were collared and dipped as well as male mice.
Apple, Pandemls and Orange Tortrix Control Programs, 1980
Authors: Pickel C. , Riedl H.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for control of pandemis and orange tortrix near Watsonville, CA on mature Newton pippins and Red delicious trees. Plots were replicatea three times and were three acre blocks. Sprays were applied with an airblast sprayer at 100 gal/acre. Two applications were completed, the first on Mar 10 during bloom and the second on Jul 5, timed for pandemis hatch by pheromone trap catches. Evaluations were made after bloom (Apr 10), mid-season (Jul 28) and harvest (Sep 19). Sample sizes were 100 fruit clusters, 500 fruit, and 250 fruit per replicate, respectively. Live worms were counted on Mar 10 since damage was difficult to assess at that time. On Oct 30, 10 fruit spurs/rep were inspected for European red mite eggs.
Pear, Insect and Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Riedl Helmut , Hanson L. A.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted in a 15-year old block at the U. C. Deciduous Fruit Field Station in San Jose, CA, to determine seasonal Impact of spray programs with Pydrin and SD 57706 on major pear pests. Four treatments (and a check) each consisting of three 6-tree (2x3) replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Sprays were applied until run-off with a hand gun sprayer at 300 psi. Leaves (120/trearmenr) were collected twice during the season and brushed to determine numbers of psylla immatures and phytophagous mites. Fruit (300/ treatment) was examined in July and at harvest for codling moth damage.
Peach, Insecticide Test, 1980
Authors: Bode William M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 15-year-old trees with a handgun operated at 400 psi pressure. Treatments were replicated 5 times as single tree plots in a complete randomized block design. Treatments were applied on April 17 (pink bud). May 2 (petal fall), May 22, June 6, and June 26, except Larvin 500 which was not available for application on April 17 and May 2, and Systox which was replaced by Imidan 50WP on June 26. On each tree 4 branches were marked for sampling. Aphid populations were expressed as the average number of colonies per 4 branches. Shoots infested by oriental fruit moth larvae were counted on the same 4 branches of each tree. For determinations of fruit damage, 50 peaches were examined on each tree.
Effects of Insecticides on the Green Peach Aphid, 1980
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were located at the Columbia View and Smith Tract orchards of the WSU Tree Fruit Research Center, Wenatchee. Plots were arranged in a completely random design with 4 single tree replicates per plot. Plots were sprayed to the point of drip with a hand gun sprayer at 400-500 psi. Three twigs, 5 to 7 inches in length, were selected from each tree and examined under the microscope in the laboratory. The number of aphids on each twig were counted and recorded.
Control of Strawberry Root Weevil on Strawberry, 1980
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Chase David L.
Published: March 2022

Plots were single rows 50 ft long and 3.5 ft apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The soil was a sandy loam. The plants were topped after harvest. Treatments for irrigated plots were applied with a power sprayer in 43 gal of water/acre concentrated in 12-inch bands over the rows and they received ca. I Inch of water by sprinkler irrigation immediately after treatment. Non-irrigated plots were treated the same way except the chemicals were applied 2-3 days after the field was irrigated. The treatments were evaluated Apr 2 by digging 4 plants from each plot and counting the weevil larvae present in the soil.
Citrus Bud Mite Control in Orange Co., 1980
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J.
Published: March 2022

Several acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus bud mite in a lemon grove near Irvine, California. Treatments were applied on May 6 by handgun (450 psi) with about 1350 gal per acre; four two-tree replicates per treatment. At one end of this plot four materials were applied with low volume equipment at 100 gal per acre; four four-tree replicates per treatment. Five buds on each of four terminals were dissected for each replicate, and the percent buds infested was calculated. Pretreatment infestation levels averaged close to 40% in each treatment.
Citrus Red Mite Control in Riverside, 1980
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J.
Published: March 2022

A number of acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus red mite in a lemon grove in Riverside, California. Treatments were applied on Apr 23-24 by handgun (450 psi) with about 1200 gal per acre, or 10-15 gal per tree. There were four single-tree replicates per treatment. Adult female mites were counted on 32 leaves per tree (8 terminals).
Citrus Rust Mite Control in San Diego Co., 1980
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J. , Jones V. P. , Friese D. D.
Published: March 2022

Several acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus rust mite in a lemon grove between Oceanside and Vista, California. Treatments were applied on Aug 13 by handgun (450 psi) with about 1200 gal per acre. There were four single-tree replicates per treatment. Mites were counted with a 14X hand lens or 12X hand lens with grid; four subsamples of 1 cm2 each were counted on each fruit, and 10 fruit were counted on each tree.
Citrus Rust Mite Control in San Diego Co., 1979
Authors: Brown R. D.
Published: March 2022

A number of acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus rust mite in a Valencia orange grove near Bonsall, California. Treatments were applied on Aug 16-17 by handgun (450 psi) with about 1500 gal per acre, or 15-20 gal per tree. There were three one-tree replicates per treatment. Mite infestation levels were measured by counting mites with a 14X hand lens or 12X hand lens with grid: four subsamples of 1 cm2 each per fruit, 10 fruit per replicate. There was damage to fruit on the water controls, but not on any of the treatments.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Selhime A. G.
Published: March 2022

Candidate acarlcides were evaluated for efficacy against citrus rust mite as dilute full coverage sprays to 4-year-old nonbearing navel orange trees. Materials were applied with a truck-mounted hydraulic pump and handgun with 31.6 kg/cm2 at the pump. Each treatment was applied to 4 tree plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates. Leaf samples (20 Ivs/rep) were collected periodically, and live adult rust mites were counted and recorded from four I0X binocular microscope fields/leaf (2 fields upper and 2 fields lower leaf surface). Vendex 50 WP was used as a standard acaricide, and an untreated control series was included in each test.
European Corn Borer Control in Snap Bean, Ground Trial, 1980
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted Jun 10 at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots were 2-row, 50 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Corn borer egg masses in the ‘black-head’ stage were pinned to the plants Jul 25 at a rate of 22 egg masses/row. Applications of insecticides were made Jul 25 and Aug 1 with a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at ca 40 psi. Evaluation of plots was done Aug 28-29 by checking all plants from 50 row-ft of each plot for corn borer Injury to pods and vines.