bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C Virus Structure and Diagnostic Methods
Authors: Toygar Deniz Müge , Akhan Sıla
Published: July 2023

It is estimated that approximately 185 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The global prevalence of HCV infection is known as 2–3%. Every year, 350,000 of these patients die from complications such as cirrhosis and HCC associated with chronic hepatitis C. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. It is important to reach more patients because of the use of direct-acting antivirals that provide nearly 100% permanent viral response in the treatment of HCV. In line with the 2030 target of the World Health Organization for the elimination of hepatitis C, it is important to raise awareness that HCV is a treatable disease. This chapter aims to briefly review the structure and diagnostic methods of HCV.
Perspective Chapter: Conservation and Enhancement of Soil Health for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Ramteke Pratik , Gabhane Vijay , Kadu Prakash , Kharche Vilas , Ghosh Samrat
Published: July 2023

Despite increasing crop production, indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers in conventional crop production is an essential factor that decreases crop productivity, impacts the sustainability of agricultural production systems, and negatively impacts soil health. Hence, restoring soil health and the environment is urgently needed. It is possible to achieve higher crop productivity through natural fertilizers, such as biofertilizers, vermicompost, green manures, farmyard manure, and crop residues, which are sustainable approaches to nourishing the soil and the environment. The present chapter looks at the significance of healthy soil, how it can be affected by agricultural inputs and practices, and strategies for enhancing soil health.
Cultivating Active Learning and Learner-Centered Pedagogical Practices on MOOCs
Authors: Al-Abdulaziz Fatima , Q. Al Darwesh Ahmad
Published: July 2023

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have innovated the field of education. These courses are delivered online, attracting students from around the world in a single course. We argue that the design of these courses should leverage student-centered pedagogies that encourage fostering critical and analytical skills, two important twenty-first-century learning characteristics. The goal is not only to deliver a content-driven course but also to promote active learning through three types of learner-centered interaction: learner-content, learner-instructor, and learner-learner. Applying concepts and information entail guiding the learners and increasing their responsibility for their own learning. An example of learner-instructor interaction is feedback given by the discussion led by the instructor. Assigned collaborative activities such as small-group projects and group problem-solving assignments could enhance the learner-to-learner interaction.
Negative Aspects of Teacher Burnout Problem on Educational Organization
Authors: Oh Huijeong
Published: July 2023

Teachers are prone to burnout problems due to the nature of their jobs. Teacher burnout is a very serious educational problem in the field of education, and the problem is gradually getting worse. The problem of teacher burnout negatively affects not only the individual teachers but also the overall educational organization. Teacher burnout has a negative correlation with teacher efficacy, teacher enthusiasm, and job satisfaction. These negatively affect classes, school climate, and school culture. In addition, the problem of teacher burnout may lead to the disintegration of the school organization by increasing teachers’ departure from teaching. Thus, the teacher burnout problem acts as a hindrance to the effective functioning of the school organization. Ultimately, it has negative consequences for the achievement of educational goals. Therefore, in order to lead an effective school organization, it is necessary to systematically diagnose the problem of teacher burnout, management, and measures are needed to improve it.
Public Awareness of the Impact of Animal Testing in the Cosmetic Industry
Authors: Radi Sherihan
Published: July 2023

Animal testing in the cosmetics industry is still practiced daily by several companies across the world subjecting animals to painful and cruel tests. The negative impacts of animal testing not only on animals, but also on the environment as well as the cosmetic industry are evident and cannot be concealed.
The purpose of this research is to examine the public awareness of the negative impacts of animal testing in the cosmetic industry, particularly with regard to animals, the environment and the cosmetic industry.
The study will tend to answer the following research questions:
- How aware is the public of the negative impacts of animal testing on animals?
- How aware is the public of the negative impacts of animal testing on the environment?
- How aware is the public of the negative impacts of animal testing on the cosmetic industry?
ETHICAL CHALLENGES RELATED TO THE METAVERSE DEVELOPMENT - HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Boni Michal
Published: July 2023

Metaverse development requires combined tools, as using AI, Virtual Reality, some techniques of 3D, creation of avatars and their identities, blockchain decentralised models, IoT and AI IoT, IoT: communication between devices, management of data consents, the proper infrastructure for data transfers, data portability, interoperability systems, the adequate cyber resilience solutions etc. All those tools and their uses are functioning under the specific value chain, and - in addition - can create the unintended consequences.

Consideration of ethical aspects of Metaverse solutions should take into account all crucial points, as: accountability, responsibility, transparency, privacy & security, non-discrimination, avoiding biases and asymmetry of information, stability of digital identity ( vis a vis concept of EU Digital Identity Wallet), avoiding ransomware attacks and cryptojacking at the area of Metaverse economy, avoiding any harm addressed to human autonomy.

It should be analysed what kind of legal rules are needed and what types of code of conducts could work at the area of Metaverse, and why and how it ought to be based on ethical values.
Comparison Between RT-qPCR and LAMP Methods for a Rapid COVID-19 Diagnosis in an Algerian Sample
Authors: Amira Dahmani Chahinez , Khaldi Ferdous , Derouiche Wassila , Benyagoub Nouria , Ghizlene Amara Zenati Lala , Hamidi Walid , Bencheikh Nesserdine
Published: July 2023

Accurate and rapid diagnostic tests are critical for achieving control of COVID-19, a pandemic illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Diagnostic tests for COVID-19 fall into two main categories: molecular and antigen tests. The reverse transcription real-time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become the gold standard for diagnosis of the COVID-19; however, this test has many limitations that include potential false-negative results and precarious availability of test materials. The isothermal PCR or Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) method has generated substantial interest as an alternative or complement to RT-qPCR, as some might be cheaper and easier to implement at the point of care. To our knowledge, it is the first Algerian study that wanted to compare two different molecular biology methods: RT-qPCR and LAMP for rapid diagnosis of COVID-19. In this review, we wanted to compare the CTs observed by RT-qPCR with those observed by LAMP in the same laboratory.
Multiscale Viral Dynamics Modeling of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Treated with Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents and Incorporating Immune System Response and Cell Proliferation
Authors: Elkaranshawy Hesham , Ezzat Hossam
Published: July 2023

Mathematical models are formulated that describes the interaction between uninfected cells, infected cells, viruses, intracellular viral RNA, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), antibodies, and the hepatocyte proliferation of both uninfected and infected cells. The models used in this study incorporate certain biological connections that are believed to be crucial in understanding the interactions at play. By taking these relationships into account, we can draw logical conclusions with greater accuracy. This improves our ability to understand the origins of a disease, analyze clinical information, manage treatment plans, and identify new connections. These models can be applied to a variety of infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Covid-19. An in-depth examination of the multiscale HCV model in relation to direct-acting antiviral agents is provided, but the findings can also be applied to other viruses.
Patient diversity in global industry clinical trials: why it matters, who should be concerned, and what can be done?
Authors: Misik Vladimir , Bolecek Martin
Published: July 2023

Patient diversity in industry clinical trials is a pressing problem which the US FDA called out recently in their guidance to the industry, and industry started paying attention. However, insufficient patient representation of certain ethnicities should by no means concern the US regulators only: patient diversity should also be a concern of regulators and healthcare professionals in countries which are not adequately represented in development on new products. In this chapter we will review which countries are underrepresented in development of new pharmaceutical products relative to consumption of marketed products and point out the resulting ethical and drug safety implications.
Perspective Chapter: MOOCs to Bridge the Multilevel Digital Divide
Authors: Badiuzzaman Md , Jiang Zixi , Thakur Sweta , Rahman Shafiqur , Mustaneer Rahman Mohammad
Published: July 2023

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) play a significant role in proliferating universal online education regardless of learners’ limitations and backgrounds. Regrettably, the MOOC movement has been challenged by the inequality in accessing essential digital technologies, known as the digital divide. Research has identified multiple forms of digital divide beyond the binary access difference. The evolving forms of the digital divide have been induced in MOOCs due to the access, skill, and outcomes gap, which drives a digital divide cycle. The concept of the multilevel digital divide in MOOCs is a rising concern that demands thoughtful actions by MOOCs stakeholders. This book chapter discusses the intertwined multilevel digital divide and MOOCs and proposes potential solutions to break the digital divide cycle and bridge the gap. Additionally, current MOOCs platforms have digital accessibility issues that hinder learners with disabilities from participating and can result in further inequalities. In order to address the accessibility issues, this chapter describes the application of web content accessibility guidelines and universal design for learning concepts that may assist associated people with MOOCs to bridge the digital divide and promote equitable MOOCs.
Cranberry Effects in Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Cimadon Gabriela , Barili Sabrina , da Silva Alana , Bonadiman Beatriz
Published: July 2023

Cranberry is scientifically known as Vaccinium macrocarpon, belongs to the family of Ericaceae, and grows in humid environments, such as forests and swamps in North American countries. It is widely used by Native American peoples and by Europeans as a food and also in traditional medicine for health benefits such as cardioprotective and anticarcinogenic properties and prevention of stomach ulcers. Some studies have demonstrated the potential against bacteria that reach the urinary tract and cause infections. According to the research by Salo, the fruit is composed of 88% water, acid organic, fruits, vitamin C, flavonoids, catechins, and anthocyanidins. It can be found in the form of dried fruits, extracts, and juices, which usually contain only 10 to 25% cranberry concentrate. In addition, it was revealed that anthocyanidins and the proanthocyanidins present in cranberry are tannins with a natural defense function against microorganisms, such as those responsible for urinary tract infections (UTI). This berry has a potential curative and preventive effect for various diseases, especially urinary tract infection. Therefore, it becomes relevant to clarify the effect of this natural product on urinary tract infections.
DECISION TO USE ELECTRIC VEHICLE AT AIRPORT OPERATION JAKARTA
Authors: Sari Mustika , Dian Octaviani Reni
Published: July 2023

Transport accounts for 26% of global CO2 emissions and is one of the few industrial sectors where emissions are still rising. The use of cars, road transport, and aviation is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. An assessment of new technologies including alternative transportation fuels to break dependence on petroleum is presented, although it seems that technological innovation is unlikely to be the only answer to the problem of climate change. To achieve stabilization of GHG emissions from transport, policy-driven behavioral changes will also be required.
The purpose of this study is to find out the alternatives and solutions taken regarding the decision to choose the use of electrical ground support equipment to reduce emissions at Soekarno Hatta airport in Jakarta. The problem in this study is that there are significant emissions at Soekarno Hatta airport which cause pollution in the Soekarno Hatta airport environment. The research method used is the analytical networking process (ANP). The respondents used were 15 people consisting of experts in the field of an airline, ground handling, and airport authority. Interview technique used by using in-depth interviews. The results of interviews with experts in the fields of an airline, ground handling, and airports said that the four criteria for the problem, namely use of ground power units (GPUs), the Use of low emission vehicles, Energy Saving Control, and the Installation of airport surface management systems. Of the four aspects, using a low emission vehicle is the main criterion for the problem with a weight value of 0.3074. Meanwhile, there are three alternative solutions, namely Environmental Education, Environmental Innovations, and Aircraft carbon management. Of the three alternatives, Aircraft carbon management is the main alternative solution with a weight value of 0.3530.
An Overview of N-heterocyclic carbene: Properties and Applications
Authors: Sakander Norein , Ahmed Ajaz , Rasool Bisma , Mukherjee Debaraj
Published: July 2023

N-Heterocyclic carbenes are regarded as neutral compounds containing a divalent carbon atom with a six-electron valence shell, carbenes are an intriguing class of carbon-containing compounds. The successful isolation and characterization of an N-heterocyclic carbene in 1991 opened up a new class of organic compounds for investigation. They are cyclic molecules that contain one carbene and at least one nitrogen atom within the carbene-containing ring structure. These molecules are widely used as ancillary ligands for the preparation of transition-metal-based catalysts and also possess a unique characteristic feature i.e. Umpolung nature. The underlying principle of many of the NHC-catalyzed reactions is the remarkable ability of NHCs to reverse the normal mode of reactivity of aldehydes (umpolung). NHCs can catalyze transformations proceeding via the umpolung or nonumpolung mode for the synthesis of various functionalized molecules.
Increasing the Value of Waste Hop Biomass by Composting: Closing the Nutrient Cycle on Hop Farms
Authors: Čeh Barbara , Luskar Lucija , Polanšek Julija , Karničnik Klančnik Ana , Trošt Žan
Published: July 2023

Green waste can be turned into compost, which can then be used as an organic fertilizer, thus reducing the environmental impact of food and feed production. After every hectare of hop (Humulus lupulus) has been harvested, 15 tons of fresh waste plant biomass is generated on average per season. Cimposting technology that would result in a high-quality product with minimal environmental impact throughout the on-site composting process of hop biomass after harvest was developed. It is crucial to introduce these practices that do not result in a detrimental leachate impact. We should consider composting procedures that vary in terms of initial biomass particle size, additives, and pile covering. Leachate quantity can differ significantly in terms of the composting procedure and time stamps. There is a strong linear correlation between the amount of precipitation and leachate, so proper arrangements have to be considered. Considering leachate it is recommended that a membrane is used at all times during the maturation phase as well as during any heavy precipitation expected in the thermophilic phase.
Perspective chapter: Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning Courses
Authors: Naseer Sabila , Zahida Perveen Hafiza
Published: July 2023

Digital education is an innovative incorporation of modern technology to assist the teaching learning process. During COVID-19, its urgent need was underscored. In recent years, education is not limited conventional classrooms and textbooks anymore. This chapter highlights that the learning process has become more interactive and appealing due to the emergence of the ever-evolving technology, including its limitations. It has become more accessible, leading to a greater convergence of digital and traditional teaching methods. Due to the advancement of technology, online learning and pieces training have benefits such as flexibility and student-centered learning, reduced costs and increased collaboration, navigation, and exchange of ideas, variety of courses and learning styles, career advancement opportunities, enhanced time management skills, and immediate feedback. On the other hand, it also has some disadvantages. Withdrawal and attrition, more time taking, easier procrastination, self-motivation, and self-engagement, online courses may create a sense of isolation and difficulty in preventing cheating, and prolonged screen exposure causes health problems. The experts’ given solutions on a national and international level to overcome the flaws must be discussed and the state should formulate educational policies to overcome these potential pitfalls and improve the quality of the online learning process.
Perspective Chapter: Training Autonomous Ships for Safe Navigation
Authors: Karakostas Bill
Published: July 2023

The capabilities of autonomous (surface) sea vessels have been improving in recent years, as a result of advances in communication, sensing and navigation systems. An autonomous vessel must be capable of accomplishing its voyage in a safe manner, i.e., without endangering other nearby vessels or disrupting their navigation. This chapter discusses topics related to safe navigation of autonomous vessels, particularly regarding their ability to plan safe sailing routes under dynamic sea traffic conditions. The chapter proposes an autonomous vessel training approach where the learning vessel’s navigation system plans routes in a high fidelity training environment that utilises AIS data. The resulting route is then assessed for safety risks, and a feedback score is used to improve the planning capability. The approach is demonstrated with the scenario of autonomously crossing the English Channel.
Influence of Agriculture on theResilience and Trophic Cascade ina Savanna Bird Community of theSerengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania
Authors: K. Nkwabi Ally , Y. Kavana Pius
Published: July 2023

Agriculture is one of the factors contributing to the global depletion of natural resources. A total of 228 bird species were recorded in the savanna of Serengeti National Park and 146 bird species in agricultural areas. The richness of bird species endemic to the Serengeti ecosystem, regional and Africa-wide geographical ranges were all higher inside Serengeti National Park compared to agricultural land. However, a greater proportion of endemic bird species dropped out in agriculture compared to the proportions of species with wider geographic ranges. With respect to the trophic level in agriculture, there was a greater proportional decrease of species (compared to savanna) at the predator trophic level (vertebrate feeders) than at the insectivore and herbivore trophic levels. Therefore, higher feeding levels were less able to tolerate changes in habitat structure due to agriculture than species at lower feeding levels. These results suggest that Park managers should encourage through education and participation of local communities on the importance of improving their agricultural habitats by promoting the regeneration of patches of native vegetation so that more vulnerable species, such as endemics, and raptors can exist there.
Antibody-Antigen Binding Events: The Effects of Antibody Orientation and Antigen Properties on the Immunoassay Sensitivity
Authors: Susini Vanessa , Sanguinetti Chiara , Ursino Silvia , Caponi Laura , Franzini Maria
Published: July 2023

The sensitivity of an immunoassay depends on a complex combination of the physicochemical characteristics of antigens, antibodies, and reaction surfaces, which are the main elements on which the analytical principle of this technique is based. Among these characteristics is possible to include the type of surfaces, the affinity and avidity constants of antibodies, as well as antigen properties. This chapter focuses on the importance of the capturing surface in determining the analytical sensitivity of an immunoassay. It is an established knowledge that the sensitivity of immunoassays is affected by the orientation, the valence, and the spatial distribution of the capturing antibody. In addition, the size and the number of epitopes on the antigens (monovalent or multivalent) can influence the performances of these assays. In this chapter, the authors discuss how the combination of these factors reflects on the sensitivity of immunoassays.
Perspectives of Endoscopic Spine Surgery in Athletes and Practitioners of Physical Activity
Authors: Paulo Machado Bergamaschi João , Botelho Soares de Brito Marcelo , Falbel Lugão Ariel , Queiroz Soares Thiago , Vitelli Depieri Gustavo , Takao Utino Edgar , da Silva Forti Fábio , Lewandrowski Kai-Uwe , Wirth Fernanda
Published: July 2023

Spinal degenerative diseases are common in physical activity practitioners and even athletes and may require surgical intervention. A great training routine, especially at young ages may lead to raised chances of spine degeneration and back pain. However, endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) seems to be a viable alternative, especially in the case of athletes, as recovery time and time away from the play are much shorter than in open surgery. Open surgery requires longer hospitalization time, has higher rates of infection, and, consequently, longer recovery time. Athletes and practitioners of physical activity can benefit from ESS as it is a minimally invasive procedure, with less tissue damage and shorter recovery time, which in many cases has the same benefits as open procedures for spinal disorders, but often with a shorter return to play (RTP) time.
METs as Gamified Health Indicator to Promote Elderly Active Lifestyle and Technology Acceptance in Ambient Assisted Living
Authors: Fonseca Xavier
Published: July 2023

This paper focuses on ambient assisted living (AAL) scenarios and proposes the use of location-based games (LBGs) as engaging applications for (1) the promotion of an active lifestyle in healthy senior adults (+65) and (2) the enhancement of current acceptance rates of technology used in these scenarios. It offers a high-level software architecture that can be used to integrate health indicators produced from gameplay data of LBGs with AAL healthcare systems, thus serving as data sources capable of contributing to better professional healthcare support. The proposed concept enables care providers in AAL settings to recommend gaming exercises that can be done through LBGs; in turn, such professionals have access to health indicators (metabolic expenditure) of the gameplay, which can then be compared to the WHO recommendations for an active lifestyle of older adults. This concept enables the use of digital LBGs running on commonly available smartphones without the need for extra hardware, as applications that are more engaging and motivational than traditional technologies by design. A test of concept for the proposed architecture is presented, whereby the health indicator METs are offered from multiple gameplay data provided by an LBG and where such indicator is compared to dedicated hardware.
Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects: Differences by Chemical Structure, Chemical Form and Arsenic Methylation Capacity
Authors: Yamauchi Hiroshi , Yoshida Takahiko , Takata Ayako
Published: July 2023

Large-scale chronic arsenic poisoning in several areas worldwide has not been eradicated. Adverse health effects of inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure are associated with decreased arsenic methylation capacity (AMC). The AMC results from 21 children and 39 adults with acute arsenic poisoning support and effectively guide the analysis and evaluation of AMC in chronic arsenic poisoning. Results of the 65th-year follow-up for 6223 cases of infants, who survived subacute arsenic poisoning, contribute to future projections against health effects (cancer and cognitive dysfunction). Currently, arsenolipids from fish and shellfish are attracting attention because of their direct association with brain dysfunction. Accordingly, the European Food Safety Authority is considering legal restrictions on their dietary intake. Modern society overlooks the environmental contamination and health hazards caused by arsenic chemical weapons mainly produced during World War II. This review aims to evaluate the various health effects of AMC reduction in acute, subacute, and chronic arsenic poisoning, in addition to the methylarsenic compounds such as arsenolipids, arsenosugars, and arsenobetaine, as well as arsenic chemical weapons such as lewisite, diphenylchloroarsin, and diphenylcyanoarsine.
Arsenic Toxicity in Fish: Sources and Impacts
Authors: Malik Ayesha , Khalid Fakhira , Hidait Nigah , Mehmood Anjum Khalid , Mahad Saima , Razaq Abdul , Azmat Hamda , Bilal Bin Majeed Muhammad
Published: July 2023

Arsenic has become a major toxicological concern due to its rising concentrations in aquatic bodies. It is added to the water either by natural sources including weathering of rocks, sediments, volcanic eruptions and aquifers, or by anthropogenic sources including herbicides, wood preservatives, metal smelting, drugs, pesticides, burning of coal, agriculture runoff and petroleum refining processes among others. The untreated and uncontrolled discharge of arsenic by industries into the natural water bodies poses serious threat to aquatic fauna by deteriorating water quality and making it unsuitable for fishes. Fish is an important bioindicator of aquatic bodies and excessive arsenic concentration causes its bioaccumulation in fish organs and muscles. This deposited arsenic in the fish imposes serious damage to physiology, biochemical disorders such as poisoning of gills, livers, decrease fertility, tissue damage, lesions, and cell death. It also enters in the cell and produces reactive oxygen species which increases the level of stress which further concentrates the oxidative enzymes and cortisol levels in fish. The uncontrolled discharge of arsenic and its devastating impact on fish diversity is a major concern for aquaculture progress and economic stability. This, along with its other implications is the scope of this chapter.
New Treatments and Validations for Atopic Dermatitis in Humans After Comparative Approach With Canine Models
Authors: Marsella Rosanna
Published: July 2023

This chapter aims to open doors to novel treatments of human Atopic Dermatitis (AD) after validation of successful response in canine AD. Dogs are currently the best model for the human disease and research in this species can benefit people. Interestingly, treatment options used in dogs (e.g., Allergen-specific immunotherapy, oral Janus Kinase Inhibitor and of a biologic targeting Interleukin-31) have equivalents in human medicine. Areas of interest for the future should focus on increasing the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy, modulating non-specific immune response, restoring of cutaneous and gut microbiome by topical application or fecal transplant, and using stem cell therapy. The overall goal is to find treatments that are safe and sustainable to avoid broad spectrum immunosuppressive medications and repair bacterial imbalances in order to minimize the use of antibiotics in these patients.
Non-radiolabeled Study to Evaluate the Metabolism and Residue Kinetics of Veterinary Drugs in Food-producing Animals and Anti-doping Analysis in Equine Sports: Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tong Wei , Huang Rose , Narbe Ruediger , Letendre Laura
Published: July 2023

The chapter will discuss an alternative approach to conduct the metabolism and residue kinetics of veterinary medicine for food-producing animals using high-resolution mass spectrometry in a non-radiolabeled study under the scope of VICH GL46. Section 1, Introduction, will give an overview of high-resolution mass spectrometry, metabolism and residue studies as well as general requirements for traditional radiolabeled metabolism and residue kinetics studies. Limitations of conducting a radiolabeled residue study will also be discussed. Sections 2 and 3 will review the techniques of non-radiolabeled (cold) metabolite profiling/identification with high-resolution mass spectrometry (various data acquisition functions, data mining tools and the semi-quantitative and quantitative methods for metabolites. Section 4 presents two case studies where high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the marker residue and marker to total residue ratio determination in residue studies for gamithromycin in sheep and ciclesonide in horses. Section 5 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the high-resolution mass spectrometry technique and future perspectives for the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in other fields of veterinary drug development.
Perspective Chapter: The Role of Dopamine Receptors in Neuropsychiatric Diseases
Authors: Yaman Burak
Published: July 2023

Dopamine is a key regulator neurotransmitter in the important cognitive and intellectual functions of the brain. This neurotransmitter in a structure of catecholamine is responsible for motivation, movement, reward-punishment, mood, memory, attention and more functions in central nervous system. This large effect area gives dopamine high importance in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. Dopamine shows its effects through dopamine receptors that are G protein coupled receptors ranging from D1 to D5. Changes in the activity of these receptors are associated with diseases like schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease and addiction. This relationship between dopamine receptors and neuropsychiatric diseases have made these receptors main target in the strategy of clinic researches. Cognitive physiological functions of dopamine and the role of dopamine receptors in the common neuropsychiatric diseases is focused in this chapter.
Trends of Climate Variability over Two Different Eco-Regions of Ethiopia
Authors: Gedefaw Mohammed
Published: July 2023

This topic mainly focuses on the climate trends of two eco regions, which represents the whole part of Ethiopia based on climate variations. Ethiopia. Mann Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator test and Innovative trend analysis methods were used to detect precipitation and temperature trends. The observed historical meteorological data from 1980-2016 were used to analyze the trends in this study.The finding of this study showed that, the trends of precipitation was statistically significant positive trend in highland eco-regions.The consistency in precipitation and temperature trends over two Eco-Regions of Ethiopia confirms the robustness of the change in the trends.
Communication and Network for Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Yin Dong
Published: July 2023

Communication and network are the critical issues for autonomous vehicles (AVs). Three main aspects will be illustrated in this chapter, including wireless communication, self-organizing network, and data transmission. As a typical representative of autonomous systems, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are the most widely used and numerous in military and civil fields, most of this chapter focuses on UAVs as technical research objects. Firstly, basic characteristics of wireless communication such as signal propagation and attenuation in different applications and other mobile communication issues for AVs, especially some new technologies, which are adaptable, will be presented. Secondly, the features of AVs network architecture and how to design it will be discussed, while the issues of self-organizing networks for AVs will be investigated. At last, typical data transmission methods such as DDS for AVs will be presented. Also, the critical factors that should be considered in designing the data transmission will be illustrated.
Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Incisional Hernias
Authors: Benek Suat , Bali İlhan , Emir Seyfi , Sözen Selim
Published: July 2023

The incidence of incisional hernia after intra-abdominal surgery is approximately 10–15%. Midline incisions are riskier than other incisions. Smoking, surgical site infections, conditions that impair wound healing, and incorrect surgical technique are among the risk factors, especially obesity. It typically presents as swelling on or near the incision. Computed tomography or ultrasonography can be performed for incisional hernias that cannot be detected by physical examination. Preoperative CT scan is important for the surgical strategy, especially for ventral hernias larger than 10 cm and with loss of space. The surgical strategy may vary depending on the size of the hernia. Tension-free repair is accepted as the standard approach by many authors, and suture repair alone is rarely used. The technique of separating into anterior or posterior components can be used in hernias larger than 10 cm with loss of space. Reconstruction using prosthesis material placed preperitoneally (underlay or sublay) is the most commonly used method today.
Bacterial Leaf Spot of Cucurbits: A Menace to Cultivation
Authors: Jarial Kumud , Singh Jarial Rajender , Bhardwaj Priyanka , Sharma Arpana , Hallan Somya
Published: July 2023

Bacterial leaf spot is one of the important diseases of cucurbits affecting almost all the cultivated cucurbits worldwide. The disease has been reported to cause huge losses to the cucurbits as the symptoms of the disease appear on all plant parts including fruits. The disease is favoured by moderate-to-high temperatures and high humidity. The pathogen perpetuates in the seed and infected crop debris. The management efforts for the disease are still on and there are reports of its management up to more than 50 per cent level under field conditions. No resistant variety to this disease is known. However, the disease can be managed by the use of common antibiotics. The disease is an emerging disease at international and national level. Keeping in view the importance of the disease, the chapter is discussed under following headings such as occurrence, losses, symptoms, pathogenicity and host range, cultural studies, molecular characterisation, survival, disease cycle and epidemiology, host resistance and management, covering all the important aspects in the light of available literature.
Pumpkin Seeds Germination and Seedling Growth under Abiotic Stress
Authors: Asadi Aghbolaghi Masoumeh , Sedghi Mohammad , Parmoon Ghasem , Dedicova Beata
Published: July 2023

An increase in heavy metals (HMs) pollution due to agricultural and industrial activities has become a serious environmental problem. Heavy metal poisoning and its accumulation in food chains are one of the major environmental and health problems of modern societies. Heavy metal poisoning and its accumulation in food chains are major environmental and health risks. Among these metals, lead and cadmium are the metals with the most concern due to their toxicity potential for animals and plants even for humans. The effect of seed aging on the germination and growth of Cucurbita pepo L. seedlings has been evaluated in an experiment with a completely random design where seeds were exposed to deterioration at 45°C and 95% humidity for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 days. The measured characteristics included germination percentage and speed, germination uniformity, and days to reach 10 and 50% of germination. Changes in seed viability were evaluated by using the tetrazolium test. The results of the analysis of variance showed that aging had a significant effect on all studied characteristics at the level of 1%. It was also observed that during aging, the amount of color accepted by the seed tissue is decreasing, which indicated a decrease in the vigor and viability of seeds.
Exploring the Correlates of Arrest for Violent and Serious Crimes in Children and Adolescents: Mental Health Implications
Authors: Chigbu Kingsley
Published: July 2023

Existing studies point to relationships between child abuse and crime perpetration in adulthood. Child abuse and trauma are strongly connected to mental health. In this study, the relationship between child abuse and neglect (AN), out-of-home placement (OP), lead poisoning (LP), and arrest for serious offenses including murder and homicide AC, prior to adulthood was explored. Findings showed that AN significantly predicted arrest for violent and serious crimes. OP did not have a significant relationship with arrest for serious and violent crimes AC. LP was not significantly associated with arrest for serious crime AC. Implications on child protection, mental health, and social work education are discussed.
Green Engineering of Iron and Iron Oxides by Different Plant Extract
Authors: Ali Shaista , Zahid Aliya , Taskeen Shahid Syeda
Published: July 2023

Green synthesis has emerged as a promising and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles, including iron and iron oxide nanoparticles. This method utilizes plant extracts, microorganisms, or other natural resources as reducing and stabilizing agents instead of toxic chemicals to produce nanoparticles with desired properties. One advantage of green synthesis is the ability to control the size, shape, and crystalline structure of the nanoparticles, which can be analyzed using techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The two variable oxidation states (+2 and + 3) provide an opportunity for multiple products with different designing and crystallite structures. Iron and Iron oxide nanoparticles are both important for biological and photochemical activities. The method for green synthesis decides what kind of particles will one get and for what activity it is suitable. Iron nanoparticles are more suitable for biological activities like antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-cancerous, and iron oxide for photoelectrical like band gap studies, conduction and photo-catalysis.
The Application of Multi-Modal Image Fusion Combined with Navigation Technology to Precisely Localize Spinal Cord Lesions
Authors: Zhang Peihai , Yang Xuejun
Published: July 2023

Objective: To study the application value of multi-modal image fusion combined with navigation for precise localization of spinal cord lesions. Methods: From November 2015 to January 2022, a total of 28 patients with spinal cord lesions were enrolled in the study, and intraoperative CT images were obtained by O-arm, and preoperative MRI and intraoperative CT were fused by the navigation system to reconstruct 3D models of the spine and lesion. Complete the localization and resection of spinal cord lesions during navigation, and record basic patient information, image fusion time, and navigation accuracy. Results: All 28 patients successfully localized spinal cord lesions with multi-modal image fusion combined with navigation. The time of image processing was between 7 min and 19 min, and the mean value was 15.3 ± 2.2 min. The navigation error was between 0.9 mm and 5.3 mm, and the mean value was 1.8 ± 0.9 mm. Conclusion: The multi-modal image fusion combined with navigation can be used to precisely localize spinal lesions, providing a more objective basis and a new approach for individualized and precise surgical planning.
Enhancing Well-Being through Knowledge Sharing: Participants’ Paths
Authors: Aoki Kei
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to explore the mechanism of knowledge sharing as a solution to utilizing individual knowledge that is still untapped, such as user innovation. Prior research has indicated a positive relationship between knowledge sharing and well-being. This study examined participants’ motivation and well-being and compared two types of participants: income-oriented individuals (workers) and hobby-oriented individuals (hobbyists). A questionnaire survey investigated the differences between these two groups in terms of their motivation to engage in knowledge sharing (RQ1) and whether there were disparities in their levels of well-being (RQ2). I found that workers exhibited significantly higher altruism levels as motivation for participating in knowledge sharing, in addition to monetary rewards, compared to hobbyists. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the levels of well-being between the two groups. Overall, this study demonstrates that individuals can improve their well-being by using their knowledge and experience to support others, regardless of whether it is related to income, hobbies, or personal enjoyment.
Pharmacogenomics – A Prospective Journey towards Precision Medicine
Authors: Freeman Chrisanne
Published: July 2023

In personalized medicine, genomic data is utilized to focus on individual reactions to drugs. At the point when a gene variation is related to a specific medication reaction in a patient, there is the potential for settling on clinical choices in light of hereditary factors by changing the dose or picking an alternate drug, for instance. Researchers survey gene variations influencing a person’s medication reaction the same way they evaluate gene variations related to certain illnesses: by recognizing hereditary loci related to known drug reactions and afterward testing people whose reaction is obscure. Current methodologies incorporate multi-gene investigation or entire genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles, and these methodologies are simply coming into clinical use for drug revelation and improvement.
Unmanned ground vehicle as a docking element of a ground-aerial robotic system
Authors: Kotarski Denis , Šančić Tomislav , De Bona Martin , Piljek Petar
Published: July 2023

Using semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles to perform various missions can lead to increased safety and efficiency. With all risks and limitations included, great potential exists in the integration of unmanned aerial and ground vehicles into heterogeneous robotic systems. Considering the great advances that have been made in terms of path planning, localization, control, coordinated motion, cooperative exploration, and others, such heterogeneous systems are suitable for a very wide range of tasks. In this research, the architecture that includes the ground robot as a base and the aerial robot as an extension to 3D space is examined. Such an architecture is scalable, it can be used for a wide range of missions from data collection to smart spraying. The ground robot system has been prototyped with a tracked differential drive configuration. Preliminary tests will serve as guidelines for further steps in the system development.
Acupuncture management in the field of assisted reproductive technology
Authors: Yang Jie , Liu Liying , Zheng Xiaoyan , Zhang Jingwen , Lai Yuanyuan
Published: July 2023

Acupuncture is an ancient traditional Chinese medical practice that involves the insertion of fine needles into specific acupuncture points to rebalance energy and improve blood circulation within the body. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a method used to help couples who are unable to conceive naturally fulfill their desire for parenthood. Within ART, acupuncture management is utilized as adjunctive therapy to optimize the reproductive environment and increase the chances of a successful pregnancy. Acupuncture, as an adjunctive treatment modality in ART, offers unique advantages in regulating endocrine function, enhancing blood circulation, and reducing stress. Drawing upon a decade of experience in acupuncture-assisted reproduction and previous research, this chapter provides an overview of the clinical applications of acupuncture in different stages of ART and explores its potential mechanisms of action in the treatment of male infertility and female infertility. It highlights the promising prospects of acupuncture-like adjunctive therapies in the field of ART.
Solid Waste Management
Authors: Huma Khan Nazish , Naz Nida , Nafees Mohammad , Gul Nida , Saeed Tooba
Published: July 2023

In many countries of the world, especially underdeveloped countries, the practice of solid waste management is inefficient. Solid waste management has become a difficult environmental issue. Due to poor waste handling practices, many environmental and health issues arise. In this regard, many countries are trying to find ways to deal with the problem of solid waste. This chapter is an overview of solid waste management practices knocking the waste minimization techniques that play an important role in eliminating environmental problems. In developing countries, the practice of waste handling for infectious and non-infectious waste is of mixed type. Such mismanagement of solid waste paves the way for environmental pollution, leading to adverse effects on human health. Various factors such as poor policies, inefficient organizations, lack of financial support and poor governance, are the major constrains in safe waste management. Therefore, it is considered difficult to manage the recovery and safe disposal of solid waste. This study shows that there should be an appropriate organizational configuration for the separate treatment of different types of solid waste. For this, the authorities concerned must be strengthened financially and in skilled manpower for a good management of solid waste with a good recovery of resources.
Role of miRNA in Glioma Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Outcomes
Authors: Singh Tomar Manendra , Shrivastava Ashutosh
Published: July 2023

Glioma is the most aggressive tumor of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. It comprises 30% of all brain tumors. Even in the presence of current multimodal therapeutic regimens, the life expectancy of more than 2 years is very rare. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs produced naturally in the body and control gene expression. Many evidence-based hypotheses show that miRNA expression is aberrantly influenced in glioma due to amplification or deletion of miRNA genes, inappropriate transcriptional regulation of miRNAs, dysregulated epigenetic alterations, or faults in the miRNA biogenesis machinery. In some circumstances, miRNAs promote tumorigenesis, whereas under other circumstances, they can act as tumor suppressors in glioma. In gliomas, miRNA is involved in cell proliferation signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, tumor cell infiltration, metastasis, and angiogenesis. More and more research is pointing to miRNAs as prospective biomarkers for glioma diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment targets or tools; however, these claims have yet to be validated. Here, we discuss the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as tumor suppressors and oncogenes in the growth of glioma.