bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimuli involved in dental anxiety: What are patients afraid of?: A descriptive study
Authors: Vanhee Tania , Mourali Sandrine , Bottenberg Peter , Jacquet Wolfgang , Vanden Abbeele Astrid
Published: November 2019

Background

Dental anxiety is a psychological response inducing aversion following a dental ill‐defined stimulus, non‐imminent and perceived as potentially dangerous. It is better to intervene during childhood than to resolve in adulthood when dental anxiety is more settled. Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of dental anxiety‐provoking stimuli in young patients.

Design

A questionnaire was submitted to 566 children between 3 to 18 years in health institutions and schools in Brussels, Belgium. The items were divided into 3 groups: environment (ENV), local anaesthesia (LA), and intervention (INT) and summarized through averaging per group. Descriptive analysis and non‐parametric testing were combined with logistic regression after discretization, above mild, for the group averages.

Results

About 7.2% of the respondents expressed high to severe dental anxiety. Several items presented a clear bimodal distribution dividing the population in fearless and fearing patients, for example, sight and feel of the syringe, sight and taste of blood and extraction. Others presented with a gradually lower incidence with increasing fear level. Fear for the environment was generally low. Gender and ethnic origin contribute significantly to the prediction of fear caused by LA. For fear caused by INT, first the place of questioning enters the models, thereafter follow: negative experience, frequency of dental visit, and gender (P < .05).

Conclusions

While the dental environment is in general not causing fear, the invasive part of the anaesthesia and the invasive dental procedures are involved. Fear seems to be related to culture, previous experience, and gender.
Configuration in smart service systems: A practice‐based inquiry
Authors: Wessel Lauri , Davidson Elizabeth , Barquet Ana Paula , Rothe Hannes , Peters Oliver , Megges Herlind
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we develop a new perspective on configuration processes inherent to smart service systems that brings human actors to the theoretical foreground, is informed by practice theory, and is grounded in an intervention study of smart locating systems used in home care of persons with dementia. Maintaining control of the location of persons with dementia is a major source of caregiver burden, and assistive technologies such as smart locating systems hold the promise of enhancing quality of life and reducing caregiver burden. Drawing from research on smart service systems, organizational configuration research, and practice theory, we articulate a conceptual model of configuring in practice to explain how practice elements and the capabilities of smart technologies become mutually configured. Our analysis of study participants' experiences with the locating systems identified three distinctive configurations, characterized as enhanced smartness, degraded smartness, and fragile smartness, which developed through configuring processes. The configuring in practice model we develop here helps explain why unexpected and anticipated configurations develop and thus the conditions that facilitate or inhibit value cocreation in smart service systems.
Reversible and irreversible domain wall dynamics in [011]C oriented relaxor ferroelectric single crystals
Authors: Fang Hong , Wang Lihai , Kuai Weijie , Du Juan , Jiang Guicheng , Lu Xiaoyan , Zhao Minglei , Wang Chunming , Su Wenbin , Zheng Limei , Wang Chunying , Wang Chunlei
Published: November 2019

Domain wall motions mainly affect all kinds of properties of ferroelectric materials, such as piezoelectricity, dielectric response, and mechanical loss, and the extrinsic contributions associated with domain wall motions have always been an important issue. In this study, the reversible and irreversible extrinsic contributions to the dielectric properties of [011]C‐oriented 0.27Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3‐0.46Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.27PbTiO3:Mn single crystals have been extracted by the Rayleigh analysis. We found that in the unpoled samples, the extrinsic contributions of reversible and irreversible domain wall motions to dielectric properties significantly reduced, whereas after poling, only the irreversible extrinsic contribution decreased. The pinning effect in the 2R domain structure is much weaker than that in the 4R domain structure, leading to the low enhancement of Qm and a slight decrease in piezoelectricity caused by acceptor doping in 2R domain structure. This study explores the domain wall dynamics of acceptor‐doped single crystals and mainly guides on further performance optimization in PbTiO3‐based relaxor single crystals.
Submicronic spherical inclusion black pigment by double‐shell reaction sintering
Authors: Chen Shile , Fu Shenyu , Lang Ying , Tian Chuanjin , Wei Hongkang , Wang Chang‐An
Published: November 2019

The C@ZrSiO4 pigments offer a viable alternative to spinel black pigments, but they have poor tinting strength due to low encapsulation rate. The aggregate and irregular morphology limits their application. Herein, as a three‐in‐one solution for the above issues, we report a highly dispersed submicronic inclusion black pigment with deep dark hue by double‐shell reaction sintering method for the first time. The morphological advantage of spherical CSs (carbon spheres) @ZrSiO4 pigments has successfully stimulated a significant increase in chromatic performance with L* value of 13.58. In addition, the suspension stability of the pigments in solution was verified, and the effect of the order of double shell on the encapsulation efficiency was studied.
Perspectives on Multi‐Material Craft in Basic Education
Authors: Pöllänen Sinikka Hannele
Published: November 2019

In Finland, the National Core Curriculum for basic education from 2014 discusses holistic and multi‐material craft, which includes technical work and textile work aiming to break down the gender‐based tradition in craft education. However, teachers have been confused about the concept of multi‐materiality; it has raised tension between textile work and technical work, and teachers have not found practical pedagogical solutions for teaching these subjects. In this systematic literature review, the main aim is to open the concept of multi‐materiality and give examples to implement multi‐materiality in craft during basic education. Twenty articles dealing with craft, multi‐materiality, material or materialisation formed the basis of the analysis. According to the results, the concept of multi‐materiality is open, it does not define the means by which the design and making process is supposed to be implemented or who is the actor. However, the clear impetus is non‐gender‐based and material‐free knowledge‐building and learning activities in craft education. The pedagogical examples presented in this article indicate that multi‐materiality is not an end itself. In advancing creativity, critical thinking, discovering and understanding of the technological and cultural world through multi‐materiality, student learning can have different starting points and can be implemented in diverse ways.
Endocardial contact mapping of the left atrial appendage in persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Takahashi Yoshihide , Akiyoshi Kikou , Sekigawa Masahiko , Yagishita Atsuhiko , Yamamoto Tasuku , Maeda Shingo , Kawabata Mihoko , Goya Masahiko , Hirao Kenzo , Sasano Tetsuo
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Isolation of the left atrial appendage (LAA) is often performed in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Propagation patterns in the LAA during AF remain to be elucidated. We sought to characterize propagation patterns in the LAA during AF in persistent AF.

Methods

Persistent AF patients undergoing catheter ablation were studied. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was performed during continuous AF. If AF was not terminated by PVI, bi‐atrial mapping was performed using a multi‐electrode catheter during AF. Maps were collected at each site for 30 seconds and analyzed offline with a novel software, CARTOFINDER. This software made automatic determinations of whether activation was focal or rotational. The left atrium (LA) was divided into five regions, of which the LAA was one, and the right atrium (RA) into three.

Results

Eighty patients were studied (62 ± 10 years, 65 males). On average, 9.6 ± 2.2 and 4.1 ± 1.2 maps were created in the LA and RA, respectively. The LAA was mapped in 70 patients, resulting in 85 maps. In the LAA, activation was identified as focal more often than rotational (64 [91%] vs 10 [14%] patients, P < .001), seven patients displayed both. The number of focal activation events was greatest in the LAA (28.5 events/30 seconds [interquartile range, 15‐54]) of the eight atrial regions. During focal activation, sites designated as earliest activation frequently covered a wide area, rather than being localized to a discrete site (5.4 ± 3.1 electrodes).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that focal activation is a major mechanism underlying the arrhythmogenicity of the LAA in persistent AF.
l‐tetrahydropalmatine suppresses osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro via blocking RANK‐TRAF6 interactions and inhibiting NF‐κB and MAPK pathways
Authors: Zhi Xin , Wang Lipeng , Chen Huiwen , Fang Chao , Cui Jin , Hu Yan , Cao Liehu , Weng Weizong , Zhou Qirong , Qin Longjuan , Song Hongyuan , Wang Yajun , Wang Yao , Jiang Hao , Li Xiaoqun , Wang Sicheng , Chen Xiao , Su Jiacan
Published: November 2019

Bone homeostasis is delicately orchestrated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Various pathological bone loss situations result from the overactivated osteoclastogenesis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)‐activated NF‐κB and MAPK pathways is vital for osteoclastogenesis. Here, we for the first time explored the effects of l‐tetrahydropalmatine (l‐THP), an active alkaloid derived from corydalis, on the formation and function of osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. In RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow monocytes cells (BMMCs), l‐THP inhibited osteoclastic differentiation at the early stage, down‐regulated transcription level of osteoclastogenesis‐related genes and impaired osteoclasts functions. Mechanically, Western blot showed that l‐THP inhibited the phosphorylation of P50, P65, IκB, ERK, JNK and P38, and the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that DNA binding activity of NF‐κB was suppressed, ultimately inhibiting the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1). Besides, Co‐immunoprecipitation indicated that l‐THP blocked the interactions of RANK and TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) at an upstream site. In vivo, l‐THP significantly inhibited ovariectomy‐induced bone loss and osteoclastogenesis in mice. Collectively, our study demonstrated that l‐THP suppressed osteoclastogenesis by blocking RANK‐TRAF6 interactions and inhibiting NF‐κB and MAPK pathways. l‐THP is a promising agent for treating osteoclastogenesis‐related diseases such as post‐menopausal osteoporosis.
Microbial contamination associated with the processing of grilled pork, a ready‐to‐eat street food in Benin
Authors: Anihouvi Dona G. H. , Kpoclou Yénoukounmè E. , Assogba Mahunan F. , Iko Afé Ogouyôm H. , Lègba Gertrude , Scippo Marie‐Louise , Hounhouigan Djidjoho J. , Anihouvi Victor B. , Mahillon Jacques
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to assess the microbial contamination associated with the traditional processing of fresh pork into grilled pork in Benin. Sixty samples of meat, including fresh pork and processed pork were randomly collected from different processing/selling sites, and the main foodborne microorganisms were sought using standard methods. The Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria load in all samples ranged between 2.7 and 7.4 Log10 CFU g−1, with 16.7% of samples exceeding the acceptable limit of <7.0 Log10 CFU g−1 recommended by the Health Protection Agency for this criterion. Likewise, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens loads exceeded the acceptable limit in 20.8, 20.8, and 12.5% of the samples, respectively. None of the samples contained Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocytogenes. Sources of contamination of grilled pork were identified and grouped into five types of causes related to processors, processing methods, equipment used, raw materials, and processing/selling environment. Similarly, a microbiological hazard analysis of grilled pork processing practices identified the sensitive steps where additional hygiene measures needed to be implemented.
Clinical utility of FibroScan as a non‐invasive diagnostic test for primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Joshita Satoru , Yamashita Yuki , Sugiura Ayumi , Uehara Takeshi , Usami Yoko , Yamazaki Tomoo , Fujimori Naoyuki , Matsumoto Akihiro , Tanaka Eiji , Umemura Takeji
Published: November 2019

Background and Aim

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, slowly progressive, autoimmune liver disease. Some PBC patients display disease progression regardless of medical treatment. Therefore, it is important to accurately diagnose the clinical stage of PBC. This study investigated clinical merits of vibration‐controlled transient elastography using FibroScan for assessing disease stage in PBC.

Methods

A total of 74 treatment‐naïve PBC patients (84% female, median age: 64 years), 69 of whom having undergone histological assessment and five clinically diagnosed as at the cirrhosis stage, were enrolled for clinical comparisons of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) with other established indices.

Results

The number of patients with Nakanuma stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 18, 33, 17, and 6, respectively. The median LSM values for Nakanuma stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 5.05, 5.90, 8.90, and 23.70 kPa, respectively, and correlated significantly with disease progression based on Nakanuma's classification (r = 0.501, P < 0.001). LSM was also significantly related to other non‐invasive serological markers (Mac‐2 binding protein glycosylation isomer: r = 0.606, FIB‐4 index: r = 0.493, and aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index: r = 0.577; all P < 0.001). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosing Nakanuma stage ≥ 2, stage ≥ 3, and stage 4 were 0.744, 0.763, and 0.907, respectively. A combination of LSM ≥ 7.0 kPa and Mac‐2 binding protein glycosylation isomer ≥ 1.00 cut‐off index could predict late‐stage PBC (i.e. moderate to advanced disease progression) with a sensitivity of 0.58, specificity of 0.82, and accuracy of 0.74.

Conclusions

Liver stiffness measurement using FibroScan provided simple, accurate, and non‐invasive assessment of disease stage in PBC patients.
Greenhouse gas emissions of the production chain behind consumption of products in Austria: Development and application of a product‐ and technology‐specific approach
Authors: Windsperger Bernhard , Windsperger Andreas , Bird David Neil , Schwaiger Hannes , Jungmeier Gerfried , Nathani Carsten , Frischknecht Rolf
Published: November 2019

Globalization has been one main driver affecting our whole economy. Thus, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) associated with imports and exports should get addressed in addition to the national emission inventory according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is focused on territorial emissions only. To enable a correct calculation for imports and exports and to find the most emission‐intensive products and their origin, a product‐ and technology‐specific approach would be favorable which has not been applied up to now. This article addresses this research gap in developing and applying such an approach to calculate the GHGs behind consumption of products in Austria. It is based on physical flows combined with life‐cycle‐based emission factors and emission intensities derived from sector‐ and country‐specific energy mix, for calculating all emissions behind the production chain (resources to final products) of products consumed in Austria. The results have shown that consumption of products in Austria leads to about 60% more emissions than those of the national inventory and that the main part of these emissions comes from the provision of products. The most emission‐intensive products are coming from the chemical and the metal industry. In particular, imports are the main driver of these emissions and are more emission intensive than those produced in Austria. As a result, it is necessary to look at practical measures to reduce emissions along the production chain not only in Austria, but especially abroad as well.
Characterisation of the developing heart in a pressure overloaded model utilising RNA sequencing to direct functional analysis
Authors: Parnall Matthew , Perdios Chrysostomos , Pang Kar Lai , Rochette Sophie , Loughna Siobhan
Published: November 2019

Cardiogenesis is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, with blood flow playing a critical role in cardiac remodelling. Perturbation of any of these factors could lead to abnormal heart development and hence the formation of congenital heart defects. Although abnormal blood flow has been associated with a number of heart defects, the effects of abnormal pressure load on the developing heart gene expression profile have to date not clearly been defined. To determine the heart transcriptional response to haemodynamic alteration during development, outflow tract (OFT) banding was employed in the chick embryo at Hamburger and Hamilton stage (HH) 21. Stereological and expression studies, including the use of global expression analysis by RNA sequencing with an optimised procedure for effective globin depletion, were subsequently performed on HH29 OFT‐banded hearts and compared with sham control hearts, with further targeted expression investigations at HH35. The OFT‐banded hearts were found to have an abnormal morphology with a rounded appearance and left‐sided dilation in comparison with controls. Internal analysis showed they typically had a ventricular septal defect and reductions in the myocardial wall and trabeculae, with an increase in the lumen on the left side of the heart. There was also a significant reduction in apoptosis. The differentially expressed genes were found to be predominately involved in contraction, metabolism, apoptosis and neural development, suggesting a cardioprotective mechanism had been induced. Therefore, altered haemodynamics during development leads to left‐sided dilation and differential expression of genes that may be associated with stress and maintaining cardiac output.
Bergstrom, Blume, and Varian: Voluntary contributions and neutrality
Authors: Faias Marta , Moreno‐García Emma , Myles Gareth D.
Published: November 2019

Bergstrom, Blume, and Varian provided a neutrality result for the private provision of public goods that has inspired a considerable literature. The result has significant implications for income redistribution and broader policy interventions. This paper reviews the basic result and its applications, and discusses extensions to general private provision economies.
Optimal interregional redistribution and local borrowing rules under migration and asymmetric information
Authors: Dai Darong , Liu Liqun , Tian Guoqiang
Published: November 2019

Assuming two types of regions that differ only in the discount rate, Huber and Runkel show that optimal federal redistribution is from impatient to patient regions, and optimal local public debt is higher in impatient regions than that in patient regions. This paper extends their analysis by allowing for interregional migrations and by considering two alternative regional goals. When the regional governments maximize their respective residents’ welfare, considering the interregional migrations does not change Huber and Runkel's analysis. When the regional governments maximize their respective natives’ welfare, incorporating migrations would reverse Huber and Runkel's conclusions when migration intensity is sufficiently high and the regional difference is sufficiently large.
Long‐term peroral administration of bitter apricot seeds influences cortical bone microstructure of rabbits
Authors: Kovacova Veronika , Sarocka Anna , Blahova Jana , Sranko Patrik , Omelka Radoslav , Galbavy Drahomir , Kolesarova Adriana , Martiniakova Monika
Published: November 2019

Apricot seeds due to the presence of cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin belong to the popular “alternative cancer cures", although anticancer effect of amygdalin remains controversial. This in vivo study points to the effect of long‐term peroral administration of bitter apricot seeds on bone microstructure of rabbits since chronic amygdalin toxicity in relation to bone parameters has not been investigated yet. Rabbits (n = 16) were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 4 animals each. Three experimental groups S1, S2 and S3 received commercial feed for rabbits mixed with crushed bitter apricot seeds at doses 60, 300 and 420 mg/kg bw during five months, respectively. The control (C) group received no apricot seeds. The long‐term consumption of apricot seeds had no impact on total body weight, femoral weight and femoral length of rabbits. Also, microcomputed tomography (3D analysis) of cortical and trabecular bone tissues did not reveal any significant impact of amygdalin toxicity on relative bone volume, BMD, cortical bone thickness, bone surface, trabecular number, thickness, and their separation. On the other hand, histological (2D) analysis demonstrated evident changes in cortical bone microstructure consistent with a decreased density of secondary osteons in the middle part of substantia compacta due to a replacement of Haversian bone tissue by plexiform bone tissue, vasoconstriction in the primary osteons' vascular canals, Haversian canals, and decreased sizes of secondary osteons in rabbits from S1, S2 and S3 groups. These negative changes are associated with different vascularization and biomechanical properties of cortical bones.
The regulatory effect of genistein on P450 aromatase and follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor in mouse experimental model of menopausal metabolic syndrome
Authors: Chu Xiao‐Li , Zhang Tao , Kong Fan‐Xiu , Xiao Yu‐Yang , Chi Xiao‐Xing
Published: November 2019

In order to investigate the mechanism of genistein (Gen) in the treatment of climacteric syndrome, an in vivo study was performed to investigate the beneficial effects of genistein on the expression of P450 aromatase (P450 arom) and follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) in the mouse ovary and uterus. Fifty female ICR mice (45 ± 5g, n = 50), aged 12 months, were divided into the following five groups with 10 animals in each: blank control group (CG), low‐dose genistein group (L‐Gen), middle‐dose genistein group (M‐Gen) and high‐dose genistein group (H‐Gen) (received 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg of genistein, respectively), and oestrogen group (EG; received 0.5 mg/kg diethylstilbestrol). The expression levels of the FSHR protein were determined by an immunohistochemical staining method. The expression of P450 arom, Cytochrome P450 19 (CYP19) and FSHR was quantified by real‐time PCR. Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression levels of the FSHR protein in the M‐Gen (average stained area: 20.79) and the H‐Gen (average stained area: 21.21) groups were significantly stronger than in the CG (average area was 17.24) group (p < .05). The expression levels of CYP19 mRNA and P450 arom were positively correlated with the dose of genistein. Specifically, the relative expression levels in the H‐Gen and EG groups were more than 1.5 times higher than in the CG group (p < .05). Genistein played a significant role in regulating aromatase and FSHR gene expression to improve perimenopausal ovarian and uterine function.
Influence of elevated protein and tannin‐rich peanut skin supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, carcass traits and immune‐related gene expression of grazing meat goats
Authors: Ryel Min Byeng , McTear Kristie , Wang Hong Hae , Joakin Morris , Gurung Nar , Abrahamsen Frank , Solaiman Sandra , Sue Eun Jung , Hon Lee Jung , Dietz Lucas A. , Zeller Wayne E.
Published: November 2019

The aim of the present study was to define whether elevated rumen‐undegradable protein (RUP) and tannin‐rich peanut skin (PS) supplementation would affect animal growth performance, average daily gain (ADG), blood metabolites, carcass traits associated with lipogenic and immune‐related gene expressions in meat goats grazing winter wheat (WW). Thirty‐six Kiko‐crossbreed male goats at approximately 6 months of age were blocked by body weight (BW; 25.6 ± 1.1 kg) and randomly assigned to one of the four treatments with two replicates based on a 2 × 2 factorial design. Diets contained PS replacing alfalfa meal (ALM), without or with RUP supplementation. Both PS and ALM were incorporated into grain mix portion of the diet and pelletized, with remaining diets fed ad libitum of WW forage for a period of 51 days. Lipogenic genes examined included SCD, ACLY, YWHAZ, PPIA and FABP4, while immune‐related genes examined included ACTB (as a control gene), H3F3A, PPIA, IRF3, STAT2, HERC3 and IFIT3 antibody genes. The meat goats on PS‐pellet‐supplemented group with or without RUP supplementation grew 38.5% faster ADG (p < .001) when compared to control‐supplemented group. When goats received PS diet, empty body weight, hot carcass, cold carcass, shoulder, hind shank, rack, loin and fat thickness were greater (p < .05) than control diet. Animals on PS‐pellet had higher ACLY, YWHAZ, PPIA and FABP4 gene expression (p < .05) when compared to ALM‐pellet control, with RUP by PS‐pellet interactions (p < .01). Goats receiving additional RUP supplementation had increased (p < .05) STAT2 gene expression, whereas goats receiving PS‐pellet supplementation showed increased STAT2 (p < .05) and a tendency to increase IRF3 (p = .07) gene expressions. In conclusion, the addition of PS‐pellet or RUP supplementation has the potential to improve ADG and altered selected lipogenic and immune‐related gene expressions.
Physical and viscoelastic properties of carrots during drying
Authors: Ozturk Oguz K. , Takhar Pawan S.
Published: November 2019

It is essential to understand the physical and mechanical properties of a product since these properties affect the structure, texture, and ultimately consumer acceptance. The effect of drying conditions on dynamic viscoelastic properties, stress relaxation function and creep compliance, and physical properties, such as moisture distribution, color parameters, and shrinkage, was studied. An increase in drying temperature and duration resulted in a decrease in moisture content and volume, which were highly correlated (R = .988). Water evaporation followed the falling rate period, demonstrating that the water transport was limited by internal resistances. The decomposition of carotenoids led to a decrease in magnitude of color parameters (L, a, and b), between 30.1% and 51.6% with 4 hr drying. It was observed that the material shrinkage and moisture content highly affected the mechanical properties; increased stress relaxation modulus and decreased creep compliance values of the sample. The creep behavior, expressed with Burger's model (R2 ≥ .986), was highly dependent on moisture content. The linear viscoelastic region of carrots was found to be at strains lower than 3%. The three‐element Maxwell model well fitted to describe the viscoelastic behavior of carrots (R2 ≥ .999, RMSE ≤ 2.08 × 10−4). The storage moduli (G′) were higher than loss moduli (G″), indicating that samples presented solid‐like behavior. The findings can be used to improve the textural attributes of carrots and carrot‐based products.
An in situ investigation on the origins and processing of circumstellar oxide and silicate grains in carbonaceous chondrites
Authors: Zega Thomas J. , Haenecour Pierre , Floss Christine
Published: November 2019

We report on the isotopic, chemical, and structural properties of four O‐rich presolar grains identified in situ in the Adelaide ungrouped C2, LaPaZ Icefield (LAP) 031117 CO3.0, and Dominion Range (DOM) 08006 CO3.0 chondrites. All four grains have oxygen‐isotopic compositions consistent with origins in the circumstellar envelopes (CSE) of low‐mass O‐rich stars evolved along the red‐giant and asymptotic‐giant branch (RGB, AGB, respectively) of stellar evolution. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses, enabled by focused‐ion‐beam scanning electron microscope extraction, show that the grain from Adelaide is a single‐crystal Mg‐Al spinel, and comparison with equilibrium thermodynamic predictions constrains its condensation to 1500 K assuming a total pressure ≤10−3 atm in its host CSE. In comparison, TEM analysis of two grains identified in the LAP 031117 chondrite exhibits different microstructures. Grain LAP‐81 is composed of olivine containing a Ca‐rich and a Ca‐poor domain, both of which show distinct orientations, suggesting changing thermodynamic conditions in the host CSE that cannot be precisely constrained. LAP‐104 contains a polycrystalline assemblage of ferromagnesian silicates similar to previous reports of nanocrystalline presolar Fe‐rich silicates that formed under nonequilibrium conditions. Lastly, TEM shows that the grain extracted from DOM 08006 is a polycrystalline assemblage of Cr‐bearing spinel. The grains occur in different orientations, likely reflecting mechanical assembly in their host CSE. The O‐isotopic and Cr‐rich compositions appear to point toward nonequilibrium condensation. The spinel is surrounded by an isotopically solar pyroxene lacking long‐range atomic order and could have served as a nucleation site for its condensation in the interstellar medium or the inner solar protoplanetary disk.
Anti‐inflammatory effect of lanoconazole on 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate‐ and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl chloride–induced skin inflammation in mice
Authors: Nakamura Aki , Uratsuji Hideya , Yamada Yoshihito , Hashimoto Kei , Nozawa Naoki , Matsumoto Tatsumi
Published: November 2019

Background

Lanoconazole (LCZ) is a topical antifungal agent clinically used to treat fungal infections such as tinea pedis. LCZ has not only antifungal effects but also anti‐inflammatory effects, which have the potential to provide additional clinical benefits. However, the characteristic features of the inhibitory effects of LCZ on skin inflammation remain unclear.

Objective

We evaluated the inhibitory effects of topical application of LCZ, and compared the effects of LCZ with those of other antifungal agents including liranaftate, terbinafine and amorolfine.

Methods

Each antifungal agent was topically applied on 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate‐induced irritant dermatitis and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl chloride‐induced contact dermatitis in mice (BALB/c). The ear thickness, myeloperoxidase activity and inflammatory mediator contents were evaluated.

Results

LCZ dose‐dependently suppressed 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate‐induced irritant dermatitis, suppressed the production of neutrophil chemotactic factors such as keratinocyte‐derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein‐2, and inhibited neutrophil infiltration to the inflammation site. Moreover, 1% LCZ reduced the ear swelling in mice with 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl chloride‐induced contact dermatitis in accordance with the inhibition of interferon‐γ production. The inhibitory potency of LCZ on these types of dermatitis in mice was stronger than that of other types of antifungal agents.

Conclusion

The anti‐inflammatory effects of LCZ were exerted through the inhibition of inflammatory mediator production. These effects may contribute to the relief of dermatitis symptoms in patients with tinea pedis.
Labor off‐farm employment and household forest management investment in Jiangxi, China: A perspective from gender influence of rural labor
Authors: Xie Fangting , Kang Xiaolan , Du Juan , Liu Xiaojin , Zhu Shubin
Published: November 2019

That numerous rural laborers migrate to urban areas to find off‐farm jobs has become an outstanding economic phenomenon in China. To examine the impact of rural labor off‐farm employment on household forest management, we built binary logistic models and Tobit models by applying a sample survey data of 500 households in rural Jiangxi in 2018. Households’ participation and investment in forest management were measured by their labor and cash input. The results indicated that more off‐farm laborers in household would hold back their participation in cash input. In contrast, a higher rate of female off‐farm employment encouraged household monetary input. And households with more female agricultural laborers were more likely to participate in labor input. Neither off‐farm employment nor female off‐farm employment significantly influences households’ labor input. Off‐farm employment of the householder negatively influenced labor and cash input. Policy factors, such as obtaining forestry subsidies and forestry loans, joining forestry co‐operative organizations, and better attitude to the logging quota system, also promoted households’ participation and investment in forest management. Household head's age and education, forestry land status also affected participation in forest management. Our analysis could provide basis for managers to formulate policies to support sustainable forest management.

Recommendations for Resource Managers:

The econometric models applied in this research could reflect the influence of rural labor off‐farm employment on household forest management behavior and provide a quantitative basis for formulating forest management policies.

There were great differences between rural households’ forest management cash input behavior and labor input behavior and households were more active in labor input compared with cash input.

The gender structure of rural labor off‐farm employment could impact households’ forest management participation and investment.

To achieve sustainable forest management, managers should pay attention to enhancing female forestry technique training and encouraging forest land transfer and consolidation in the collective forest regions of China.
Comparison of wall removal type versus wall retaining type of decompression for treating large mandibular odontogenic cysts
Authors: Wang Lei , Ma Chunyue , Li Xin , Wang Liang , Cui Chang , Guo Bing , Qin Xingjun
Published: November 2019

Objective

To evaluate the differences between two types of decompression for treating large mandibular odontogenic cysts.

Materials and methods

This retrospective, cohort study included patients who were diagnosed for large mandibular odontogenic cysts from January 2015 to April 2018 and underwent two different types of decompression based on removal or retention of the cyst wall. The primary outcome was the percentage of the residual cyst area within 1 year after surgery. We used the propensity score matching (PSM) to balance the covariates of the two groups, and the primary outcome was analyzed by the non–inferiority test.

Results

A total of 93 cases were included in our study. After 1 year, the wall removal group was non–inferior to the wall retaining group in terms of cyst area, cyst volume, and the difference between the HU values of the original cyst region and the normal mandible. In subgroup analysis, we found there were no differences between two groups in the percentage of patients in whom the cystic area was reduced by 90% after 1 year.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the wall removal group showed better results than the cyst wall retaining group in large mandibular odontogenic cysts.
Lumbar Transgrade Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation Lead Placement in Patients with Post‐Surgical Anatomical Changes: A Technical Note
Authors: Chapman Kenneth B. , Ramsook Ryan R. , Groenen Pauline S. , Vissers Kris C. , van Helmond Noud
Published: November 2019

Background

Stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG‐S) has been shown to be an efficacious treatment option for refractory neuropathic pain syndromes. However, placement of the percutaneous leads for trial implantation can be challenging in patients with prior spinal surgical interventions resulting in anatomical changes and adhesions.

Methods

This technical report describes the transgrade placement of DRG‐S leads in 4 patients with back pain surgery histories in whom secondary to specific anatomical pathologies the traditional anterograde placement of DRG‐S leads was not feasible.

Results

We used a transgrade placement approach, entering superior and contralateral to the target level of placement, resulting in uncomplicated and effective placement of DRG‐S leads.

Conclusions

Transgrade lead placement for DRG‐S may be an efficacious alternative to traditional anterograde DRG lead placement in cases where interlaminar access below the level of the DRG is not available, or desirable. Further studies are needed to clarify the safety and applicability of this approach.
Light‐ and temperature‐entrainable circadian clock in soybean development
Authors: Wang Yu , Yuan Li , Su Tong , Wang Qiao , Gao Ya , Zhang Siyuan , Jia Qian , Yu Guolong , Fu Yongfu , Cheng Qun , Liu Baohui , Kong Fanjiang , Zhang Xiao , Song Chun‐Peng , Xu Xiaodong , Xie Qiguang
Published: November 2019

In plants, the spatiotemporal expression of circadian oscillators provides adaptive advantages in diverse species. However, the molecular basis of circadian clock in soybean is not known. In this study, we used soybean hairy roots expression system to monitor endogenous circadian rhythms and the sensitivity of circadian clock to environmental stimuli. We discovered in experiments with constant light and temperature conditions that the promoters of clock genes GmLCLb2 and GmPRR9b1 drive a self‐sustained, robust oscillation of about 24‐h in soybean hairy roots. Moreover, we demonstrate that circadian clock is entrainable by ambient light/dark or temperature cycles. Specifically, we show that light and cold temperature pulses can induce phase shifts of circadian rhythm, and we found that the magnitude and direction of phase responses depends on the specific time of these two zeitgeber stimuli. We obtained a quadruple mutant lacking the soybean gene GmLCLa1, LCLa2, LCLb1, and LCLb2 using CRISPR, and found that loss‐of‐function of these four GmLCL orthologs leads to an extreme short‐period circadian rhythm and late‐flowering phenotype in transgenic soybean. Our study establishes that the morning‐phased GmLCLs genes act constitutively to maintain circadian rhythmicity and demonstrates that their absence delays the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development.
Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of vortioxetine in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Inoue Takeshi , Sasai Kiyofumi , Kitagawa Tadayuki , Nishimura Akira , Inada Isao
Published: November 2019

Aim

The burden of major depressive disorder (MDD) in Japan is high. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine in Japanese patients with MDD.

Methods

Japanese patients aged 20–75 years with recurrent MDD and a Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≥ 26 were randomized to vortioxetine 10 or 20 mg or placebo in a phase‐3, double‐blind, 8‐week study. The primary end‐point was change in MADRS total score from baseline. Secondary end‐points included MADRS response and remission rates, change in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression‐17 item (HAM‐D17) score, and other measures of depressive symptoms, including Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI‐S), Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI‐I), and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Cognitive function was assessed using Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) score and Perceived Deficits Questionnaire‐5 item (PDQ‐5) score.

Results

Vortioxetine 10 mg (n = 165) and 20 mg (n = 163) reduced MADRS total score by 2.66 and 3.07 points versus placebo (n = 161) after 8 weeks (P < 0.01 for each dose), respectively. MADRS response and remission rates were also significantly greater with vortioxetine than with placebo (P < 0.05 for both doses). Vortioxetine 10 and 20 mg significantly improved HAM‐D17 score, CGI‐I score, and SDS total score after 8 weeks. PDQ‐5 score was significantly improved in subjects administered vortioxetine, while DSST scores showed no significant difference. Vortioxetine was generally well tolerated.

Conclusion

Vortioxetine at both the 10‐ and 20‐mg/day doses demonstrated robust antidepressant efficacy in Japanese patients with MDD, and was well tolerated over the 8‐week treatment period.
Advances in pathophysiology and neuroimaging: Implications for sleep and dementia
Authors: Ward Stephanie A. , Pase Matthew P.
Published: November 2019

The burden of dementia is increasing globally. In the absence of curative treatment, preventive strategies to delay or reduce progression of dementia are crucial. This relies on the identification of modifiable risk factors. The effects of dementia on sleep are well recognized; however, there is now growing evidence suggesting a bidirectional relationship between sleep pathologies and dementia. SDB, poor quality sleep and extremes of sleep duration are commonly experienced by both middle‐aged and older populations. All have been associated with increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline in a number of observational studies, albeit inconsistently. The mechanisms by which these sleep disorders may contribute to neurodegeneration are manifold, and include impacts of fragmented sleep on the clearance of neurotoxins, and in SDB by the additive effects of intermittent hypoxia on beta‐amyloid production, hypoxic cell death, neuroinflammation and damage to cerebral vasculature. Untangling the mechanisms by which sleep pathologies may impact risk of dementia is a challenge. Many insights into the pathophysiology of these relationships have been derived from animal‐ and population‐based studies. Neuroimaging modalities offer important opportunities to further understand the link between sleep pathologies and dementia risk in vivo, especially in the critical preclinical phase of AD. In this review, we canvas updates in dementia pathophysiology, the evidence linking sleep pathologies with dementia and outline the advances in determining this potential pathophysiological link that have eventuated from the application of neuroimaging.
Dehumanization of the Opposition in Political Campaigns
Authors: Cassese Erin C.
Published: November 2019

Objective

This article documents dehumanization in the 2016 presidential contest.

Methods

Using a mixed‐method approach, I analyze dehumanized portrayals of Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton in visual campaign rhetoric and on common survey measures of dehumanization.

Results

Images from the campaign discourse reflect animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization of the presidential candidates. The survey data reveal that voters dehumanize opposition candidates and party members in both subtle and blatant ways that also reflect this animalistic–mechanistic distinction.

Conclusion

The findings affirm the external validity of measurement strategies for dehumanization by showing the correspondence between campaign imagery and common survey‐based measurement tools. This work situates dehumanization as a psychological process relevant to the study of campaigns and elections.
Clinical supervisor training: using critical incidents to identify learning outcomes
Authors: Attrill Stacie , Dymmott Alison , Wray Amanda
Published: November 2019

Background

Student supervision training varies by design and mode and is typically evaluated via satisfaction and confidence rating surveys that consider participants’ subjective perceptions and attitudes. This study investigated the effectiveness of a 2‐day interprofessional student supervision training workshop by identifying participants’ confidence and their learning outcomes, through their responses to a clinical supervision scenario.

Methods

Four workshops were held with 112 of 142 workshop participants who consented to respond to a pre‐ and post‐training questionnaire investigating confidence ratings and to a critical clinical supervision scenario that identified key features, actions and subsequent intended outcomes. Critical incident theory was used in the study design and data analysis.

Results

Confidence in supervision knowledge and skills improved after the workshop. Participants identified similar key features of the scenario before and after the workshop; however, there were qualitative differences in their planned actions and intended outcomes. Pre‐workshop, participants focused on feedback and communication strategies to identify and resolve challenges using a didactic approach. Comparatively, post‐workshop, the participants’ response to the scenario suggested that they would collaborate with the student to explore the situation and plan strategies in partnership and to mutually understand the issues. Participants’ pre‐workshop learning goals related to their post‐workshop learning attainment, but findings suggested a deeper understanding and application of the learning after the workshop.

Discussion

Using a critical incident scenario in conjunction with confidence ratings in the evaluation of a student supervision workshop suggested that participants acquired an integrated understanding of students’ learning in clinical placement and provided a framework to guide future training.
A LiDAR–optical data fusion approach for identifying and measuring small stream impoundments and dams
Authors: Swan Benjamin , Griffin Robert
Published: November 2019

This article outlines a semi‐autonomous approach for using a fusion of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and optical remote sensing data to identify and measure small impoundments (SIs) and their dams. Quantifying such water bodies as hydrologic network features is critical for ecosystem and species conservation, emergency management, and water resource planning; however, such features are incompletely mapped at national and state levels. By merging an airborne LiDAR‐derived point cloud with a normalized water index using airborne optical imagery we demonstrate an improvement upon single‐source methods for identifying these water bodies; classification accuracies increased over 10% by using this multi‐source fusion method. Furthermore, the method presented here illustrates a cost‐effective pathway to improve the National Inventory of Dams (NID) and includes a framework for estimating dam heights, with results showing strong correlations between derived dam heights and those recorded in the NID (r=.78). With the steady increase in available LiDAR coverage, the 87,000+ dams in the NID could be updated using this technique, a method which could also be expanded for global inventories of SIs and dams.