bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sublethal Effects of Wild-Type and a vIF-2α-Knockout Frog virus 3 on Post-Metamorphic Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica)
Authors: Bienentreu Joe-Felix , Grayfer Leon , Schock Dannah M. , Guerreiro Matthew , DeWitt-Orr Stephanie J. , Robert Jacques , Brunetti Craig R. , Lesbarreres David
Published: March 2019

Ranaviruses have been associated with rising numbers of mass die-offs in amphibian populations globally. With life-stages occupying different environments and presenting distinct physiologies, amphibian of different ages are likely to play an important role in pathogen persistence. To assess the potential role of post-metamorphic amphibians as a Ranavirus reservoir, we performed a bath-exposure study on wood frogs using environmentally relevant doses (~103 and ~104 PFU/mL) of wild-type (WT) and knockout Frog virus 3 (FV3), deficient for the vIF-2α immune-evasion gene, the effects of which have never been addressed in post-metamorphic anurans. We observed 42% infection prevalence and low mortality (10%) across the virus challenges, with half of the mortalities attributable to ranavirosis. Prevalence and viral loads followed a dose-dependent pattern. Notably, when exposed to the vIF-2α knockout (DvIF-2α) FV3, individuals exhibited significantly decreased growth and increased lethargy in comparison to WT FV3 treatments. Although 85% of individuals in the virus treatments exhibited stereotypic signs of ranavirosis throughout the experiment, at termination (40 days post exposure) most individuals were clear of signs of infection. Overall, this study provides evidence that even a single short time exposure to environmentally relevant doses of Ranavirus may cause sublethal infections in post-metamorphic amphibians, thus indicating their possible role as a reservoir for this pathogen.
Understanding Developmental Characteristics of a Child in Christian Faith among Sunday-School Children in Kenya
Authors: Mambo Alice W.
Published: March 2019

This paper extensively presents the theme of Christian education with a focus on the Sunday school children in Kenya. The author reviews the developmental stage characteristics of the Sunday school children of the Anglican Church to express the aspect of child Christian education in the contemporary society. While Parents are entrusted with the primary responsibility of nurturing, shaping, training and equipping their children to be God-honoring, obedient, and productive members in society; this responsibility in the modern society has been passed on to secular surrogates who do the educating in their place.  It is nonetheless still the key responsibility of parents that their children receive rightful Christian education.The study is limited to children between ages two to eleven years in the church Sunday school in a Kenyan context. More so, the guidelines in this study are limited to the Sunday school for the Christian education of children in the Anglican Church of Kenya with which the author is more conversant.
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) from East Java and Bali
Authors: Chaerani Chaerani , Prabowo Heri , Indrayani I G.A.A
Published: March 2019

Entomopathogenic nematode of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae is one of the best biological control agents of insect pests. Native isolates maybe more efficacious in controlling insect pests than imported ones because they have adapted to local environment. This study aimed to isolate and identify both nematode families from East Java and Bali
using DNA analysis. Sixty eight soil samples obtained from sandy soils in 16 sites of coastal regions and agricultural fields were tested for the presence of nematodes by baiting method with mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Five Heterorhabditis and two Steinernema were recovered from 7 soil samples (10% of total samples) of 7 sites (44% of total sites). Sequence analysis of
internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions of ribosomal DNA revealed that all Heterorhabditis belonged to indica species, with 99–100% nucleotide sequence similarities to published sequences. One of the Steinernema isolates had short infective juvenile body length (360 μm to 547 μm) and shared 99% nucleotide similarity to that of S. huense, a member of “carpocapsae” group. The other Steinernema isolate (DKS1) showed longer infective juvenile body length (from 548 μm to 762 μm) and shared 95% nucleotide similarity to the sequence of S. pakistanense, which belongs to “bicornutum” group. More detailed studies with respect to morphology are required for species confirmation of DKS1 isolate. Further exploration to
diverse habitat will likely to result in more previously unrecorded entomopathogenic nematode species in Indonesia.
Effect of acupuncture on insomnia in menopausal women: A Study protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Li Shanshan , Yin Ping , Yin Xuan , Bogachko Anna , Liang Tingting , Lao Lixing , Xu Shifen
Published: March 2019

Background

China today has high occurrences of insomnia in women experiencing menopausal transition. Some studies have shown that acupuncture might be effective in treating primary insomnia and insomnia related to depression and stroke. Although there are some programs supporting insomnia during the menopausal transition, there are few randomized controlled trials to provide evidence regarding their effectiveness. We design a randomized controlled trial of suitable sample size to verify the effectiveness of acupuncture in patients with insomnia during the menopausal transition and to form an optimized acupuncture treatment protocol.

Method/Design

In this randomized, single-site, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 84 eligible patients will be recruited and randomly assigned to either the acupuncture group (n = 42) or the sham control group (n = 42) in 1:1 ratio. Participants will receive 18 sessions of treatment in total for eight consecutive weeks. Treatments will be given three times per week in the first four weeks and then twice a week for the next two weeks followed by once a week treatment for the final two weeks. Treatment will utilize eight main acupoints (GV20, GV24, GV29, RN6, RN4, SP6, HT7, EX-HN22), and extra two acupoints based on syndrome differentiation. The primary outcome will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The secondary outcomes will be measured by sleep parameters recorded in the Actigraphy (SE, TST, SA), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Menopause Quality of Life (Men-QOL). The primary outcomes will be assessed at baseline, four-week, eight-week, and first and the third month after the end of treatment.

Discussion

If the results confirm that acupuncture is effective and safe for the treatment on insomnia in menopausal women, they could provide evidence for clinical application.
Multiple asystoles in a patient undergoing total knee arthroplasty - a case report
Authors: Burgdorff Anna-Maria , Flöther Lilit , Wohlrab David
Published: March 2019

Background

Unexpected cardiac arrest in patients during surgery is associated with high mortality. Reasons are often multifactorial and not exactly clear.

Case presentation

Therefore, this case report describes a patient, who developed reversible asystoles during knee surgery under general anesthesia. All diagnostic cardiac examinations were unremarkable. After surgery the patient showed no further symptoms.

Conclusion

To prevent cardiac arrest due to non-cardiac reasons, patients with high risk for asystole caused by vasovagal reflex or pain need to be identified. Preoperative conditions like hypovolemia need to be improved and additional monitoring should be used. Further investigations to find the influence of non-cardiac disease and long-term medication are necessary.
Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Viral Anterior Uveitis in Southern Taiwan—Diagnosis with Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Hsiao Yu-Ting , Kuo Ming-Tse , Chiang Wei-Yu , Chao Tsai-Ling , Kuo Hsi-Kung
Published: March 2019

Background

To report the epidemiology and clinical features of viral anterior uveitis in patients in southern Taiwan.

Methods

A retrospective, case series study. HLA-B27 negative anterior uveitis patients with increased intraocular pressure or corneal edema seen at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from January 1, 2007 to January 31, 2018 had their aqueous sent for polymerase chain reaction analysis. Their records were reviewed for demographic data, ocular findings, and laboratory results.

Results

In the aqueous samples obtained from 102 eligible eyes, 42 eyes were herpesviridae-positive, which included 9 with herpes simplex virus (8.8%), 5 with varicella-zoster virus (4.9%), 27 with cytomegalovirus (26.5%), and 1 with Epstein-Barr virus (1%). Herpesviridae-positive patients were more likely to be male, and have glaucoma. Glaucoma and pseudophakic eyes were significantly associated with CMV-positive eyes.

Conclusion

PCR analysis of the anterior chamber fluid is important for the confirmation of the diagnosis of viral anterior uveitis. Cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis is not uncommon in patients in southern Taiwan, and it may follow an uneventful cataract extraction in immunocompetent patients.
Macular Vessel Density, Perfusion Density, Foveal Avascular Zone in Emmetropia and Myopia: Quantitative Assessment Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Authors: Jiang XM , Zheng C , Tan Q , Du FF , Zhou M
Published: March 2019

Background

To assess vessel density, perfusion density among emmetropic and myopic person, and to demonstrate detailed changes in superficial retinal microvascular network.

Methods

This was a single-centered, cross-sectional study of 120 participants. Emmetropic, low, moderate and high myopic group each account for 1/4. Enface 3mmx3mm optical coherence tomography angiography images were obtained using Cirrus™ HD-OCT 5000. Quantifiable measure of vessel density, perfusion density and foveal avascular zone were performed by AngioVue software.

Results

Gender, age, SBP, DBP, MOPP and IOP showed no differences among emmetropic and myopic groups. In inferior quadrant, vessel density and perfusion density of emmetropic and low myopia group showed statistical significance from moderate and high myopia group (all P<0.05). In temporal quadrant, vessel density and perfusion density of emmetropic, low and moderate myopia group showed statistical significance from high myopia group (all P<0.05).In emmetropic group, vessel density and perfusion density showed no difference among superior, inferior, temporal and nasal quadrants. In low myopic group, vessel density and perfusion density of temporal quadrant showed statistical significance from superior, inferior and nasal quadrants (all P<0.05). In moderate and high myopic group, vessel density and perfusion density of superior quadrant showed statistical significance from temporal quadrant (all P<0.05) and inferior quadrant(all P<0.05) . And vessel density of nasal quadrant showed statistical significance from inferior quadrant in moderate myopic group(P=0.039) .

Conclusion

Along with the increase of myopia degree, vessel density and perfusion density of inferior and temporal quadrants showed a statistically significant tendency of decrease. Vessel density and perfusion density of nasal quadrant showed a relatively decreasing tendency. Closer attention should be paid to moderate myopia.
Results and lessons learnt from a randomized controlled trial: Prophylactic treatment of vestibular migraine with metoprolol (PROVEMIG)
Authors: Bayer Otmar , Adrion Christine , Tawil Amani Al , Mansmann Ulrich , Strupp Michael
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND
Vestibular migraine (VM) is the most frequent cause of recurrent spontaneous attacks of vertigo causally related to migraine. The objective of the PROVEMIG trial was to demonstrate that metoprolol succinate is superior to placebo treatment in the prevention of episodic vertigo- and migraine-related symptoms in patients with VM.
METHODS
This phase 3, two-arm parallel-group, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial was designed to be conducted at tertiary referral centres at neurology and ENT departments of eight German university hospitals. The planned sample size was a total of 266 patients to be allocated. Adults aged 18 years or above diagnosed with probable or definitive VM according to the Neuhauser criteria 2001 were randomly assigned 1:1 to six months blinded metoprolol (maintenance dosage of 95 mg daily) versus placebo treatment policy. The primary efficacy outcome was the self-reported number of vertiginous attacks per 30 days documented by means of a paper-based daily symptom diary. The pre-specified time period of primary interest was defined within month 4 to 6. Secondary outcomes included the patient-reported number of migraine days and vertigo days, the Dizziness Handicap Inventory and clinical assessments. Adverse events were reported throughout the whole 9-month study period.
RESULTS
At the time of trial termination, no evidence for a difference in the incidence of vertiginous attacks between both treatment groups was detected. For the full analysis set, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 0.983 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.902 to 1.071) for metoprolol vs. placebo. There was a significant decline in the overall monthly vertigo attacks by the factor 0.830 (95% CI, 0.776 to 0.887). Results were consistent for all subjective and objective key measures of efficacy. The treatment was well tolerated with no unexpected safety findings.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to poor participant accrual not related to the tolerability of the study medication or safety concerns PROVEMIG had to be discontinued after randomizing 130 patients. Additional preparatory work is much-needed in the development, psychometric evaluation and interpretation of clinically meaningful endpoints in trials on episodic syndromes like VM taking into consideration the two-dimensional aspect of this disease entity.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
EudraCT no 2009-013701-34, prospectively registered on 08 April 2011, https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2009-013701-34/DE.
Consumer Perceptions of Green Industry Retailers
Authors: Campbell Julie H. , Campbell Benjamin L.
Published: March 2019

A survey of Connecticut consumers was used to investigate perceptions of various green industry retailers. Consumer perceptions of independent garden centers (IGC), home improvement centers (HIC), and mass merchandisers (MM) business practices and their perceived value were assessed. Analysis of variance and ordinary least squares regression models were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that customer service, knowledgeable staff, and high-quality plants are important factors when consumers are deciding where to shop. IGCs were ranked highest in perceived customer service, knowledgeable staff, and plant quality, followed by HICs. MMs were ranked lowest for the majority of measured business practices, with the most notable exception being price. Additionally, IGCs, HICs, and MMs are perceived differently across age cohorts.
Decoherence and relaxation of topological states in extended quantum Ising models
Authors: Weisbrich Hannes , Belzig Wolfgang , Rastelli Gianluca
Published: March 2019

We study the decoherence and the relaxation dynamics of topological
states in an extended class of quantum Ising chains which can present a
multidimensional ground state subspace. The leading interaction of the
spins with the environment is assumed to be the local fluctuations of
the transverse magnetic field. By deriving the Lindblad equation using
the many-body states, we investigate the relation between decoherence,
energy relaxation and topology. In particular, in the topological phase
and at low temperature, we analyze the dephasing rates between the
different degenerate ground states.
The survival of business enterprises and access to finance: the case of 4 African countries
Authors: Worku Yohannes , Muchie Mammo
Published: March 2019

Microfinance institutions render essential services to start-up small, micro, medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) by way of extending loans to entrepreneurs. SMMEs operating in South Africa have relatively better access to microfinance loans in comparison with those operating in Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia. A survey was conducted in order to compare the relative ease of access to microfinance loans in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia based on a survey conducted in the four Sub-Saharan African countries. The ease of access to microfinance loans was assessed based on criteria defined by Barry and Tacneng (2014). A total of 401 SMMEs participated in the study. Loan applicants were asked to provide answers to questions that indicated the ease of securing loans and meeting loan repayment conditions. Emphasis was placed on the demand for collateral as a requirement for extending loans to applicants, the assessment of entrepreneurial and auditing skills of loan applicants, the difficulty of meeting loan repayment conditions, and adherence to regulations and guidelines recommended by governments. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate methods of data analyses were used for data analyses. The study found that about 21% of SMMEs were satisfied with the ease of securing loans, whereas the remaining 79% of SMMEs did not. The ease of access to microfinance loans varied by country in which South African loan applicants were the most satisfied in comparison with the remaining three countries. Securing microfinance loans, as well as fulfilling loan repayment conditions were easiest in South Africa, and most difficult in Ethiopia. In terms of ease of securing loans and meeting loan repayment conditions, the order of nations was ranked as South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia. In all four countries, the ease of access to microfinance loans was influenced by country of business operation, extent of benefits realized by SMMEs, and highest level of formal education.
The Relation of Fiber Intake, Cholesterol, and Physical Activity with Blood Cholesterol Level of Women Adult in Bogor Aerobic Studio
Authors: Maharani Adinda , Marjan Avliya Quratul , Puspareni Luh Desi
Published: March 2019

This study aims to analyze the relation between fiber intake, cholesterol, nutritional status, and physical activity with blood cholesterol level on adult women. The study design was a cross sectional study. The study involved 60 adult women (aged 40-64 y.o) in the Sanggar Senam Bugar Sehat Bogor as respondent. The analysis used was Chi-square test to assess the relation between variables. The result showed a signinificant relation of physical activity (p value=0,027, OR=0,098 ; 95% CI=0,012-0,809), fiber intake (p value=0,046, OR=7,724 ; 95% CI=0,918-64,260), and cholesterol intake (p value=0,000, OR=16,00 ; 95% CI=3,398-75,345) with blood cholesterol level. It is concluded that blood cholesterol levels are influenced by eating pattern, physical activities, and routine medical check up.
Formulation of Flakes Bran Flour Substitution with Fortified Zinc for Fertile-Age Women
Authors: Ulfa Atikah , Marjan Avliya Quratul , Maryusman Taufik
Published: March 2019

There are about 32.9% Indonesian women susceptive to obesity and free radical exposure. Free radicals are resistible to Zn-cofactors and a-tocopherols. The aims of this study was to make flakes formulations with zinc fortification, then analyze the physical and chemical character of flakes (hardness and color degree), and analyze carbohydrate, protein, fat, zinc, and α-tocopherol. The experimental design used for this study was a complete randomized design. The results showed the best formulas that substitution by bran was 25 % and fortified seng was 118,9 mg. The chemical properties of the best formulas should has increased the levels of protein, fat, and Zinc. One serving (55g) of flakes has 208,4 Kal; 3,38 g protein; 0,27 g fat; 48,12 g carbohydrate ; 1,89 mg seng; and 3,53mg α-tocopherol.
Green Tea Daily Consume Reduced Free Radicals on Moderate Smokers
Authors: Kushargina Rosyanne , Rimbawan Rimbawan , Setiawan Budi
Published: March 2019

Smoking can enhance free radicals on blood plasma. Many previous studies proved that tea is a source of antioxidants which might reduce free radicals. Green tea is known to have the higher antioxidant capacity compared to black tea. This study aims to analyze the effect of green tea on reduction of free radicals on moderate smokers, using a pre-post experimental design. Green tea infusions were prepared with commercially available dried tea leaves (Green Tea Gamboeng Series) from the Research Centers of Tea and Cinchona Gambung, West Java. Nine moderate smokers (11-21 cig/day) aged 30-45 years were instructed to drink 200 ml green tea three times a day for four weeks. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of blood serum was measured at baseline and after four weeks intervention period. The level of TAC significantly increased from 1.18 m mol/L to 1.34 m mol/L after four weeks intervention (P=0.000). These results prove that drinking 200 ml of green tea three times a day for four weeks has a significant benefit reducing free radicals of moderate smokers. Moderate smokers are advised to consume green tea continuously to sustain these positive effects.
The Effect of Healthy Breakfast Education with Islamic Comic Media on The Level of Knowledge of Elementary School Students
Authors: Hafizhatunnisa Hafizhatunnisa , Damayanti Amilia Yuni , Darni Joyeti
Published: March 2019

The aims of this study was to look at the effect of healthy breakfast education with Islamic Comic Media on the level of knowledge of elementary school students. This study was a quasi-experimental type with pre-posttest control group design. The sampling was simple random method as many as 64 students, group A was given islamic comic media (n=32) and group B as control of the group (n=32). Nutrition knowledge level were obtained from filling out questionnaires. The influence of nutritional education media on increasing knowledge in both groups analyzed by Wilcoxon test, and continued with the Mann Whitney test. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant increase in the level of knowledge in islamic comic group (p = 0,000). There is the influence of giving Islamic comic about healthy breakfast to elementary school-age students' knowledge.
Environmental and economic performance evaluation of municipal wastewater treatment plants in India: a life cycle approach
Authors: Kamble Sheetal , Singh Anju , Kazmi Absar , Starkl Markus
Published: March 2019

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Moreover, an economic evaluation was also addressed using life cycle cost (LCC) approach. Emissions associated with electricity production for operating the WWTPs, emissions from the treated effluent and hazardous heavy metals emissions have been identified as the main contributors to the overall environmental impact. Among the WWTPs considered, soil biotechnology (SBT) obtained the lowest environmental impact in all the evaluated impact categories, except for eutrophication potential. While the aerated lagoons (AL) system presented the worst results due to the high electricity and chemicals consumption. Moreover, the results obtained from the evaluation of benefit from treated effluent reuse clearly indicate that there is a drop in the toxicity potential when the rate of effluent reuse is increased. On the other hand, the present worth of SBT was estimated to be Rs. 40 million/millions of litres per day (MLD) which is the highest as compared to other technologies. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is the second highest (Rs. 24.7 million/MLD), which is mainly contributed by civil, electro-mechanical and membrane cost. The results of LCA and LCC provide specific insights about the factors which play a major role during the life cycle of wastewater treatment technology and its associated impacts.
Los migrantes regionales en Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Desafíos en el acceso a derechos sociales
Authors: Nicolao Julieta
Published: March 2019

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la inserción social de los migrantes regionales en el municipio de Bahía Blanca (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) con especial énfasis en su acceso a los derechos sociales reconocidos en la Ley de Migraciones Nº 25.871, durante la etapa 2010-2018. A través de un estudio cualitativo, el trabajo identifica los nudos críticos en el acceso y utilidad de los recursos y servicios de salud y educación pública por parte de esta población, poniendo de relieve un conjunto de condiciones institucionales, culturales y sociales que limitan la realización práctica de la ciudadanía.
In vivo Evaluation and Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment Outcome of siRNA Loaded Dual Targeting Drug Delivery System
Authors: Zhang Chi , Gu Zhichun , Shen Long , Liu Xianyan , Lin Houwen
Published: March 2019

Background:

To deliver drugs to treat Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), nanoparticles should
firstly penetrate through blood brain barrier, and then target neurons.

Methods:

Recently, we developed an Apo A-I and NL4 dual modified nanoparticle (ANNP) to deliver
beta-amyloid converting enzyme 1 (BACE1) siRNA. Although promising in vitro results were obtained,
the in vivo performance was not clear. Therefore, in this study, we further evaluated the in vivo
neuroprotective effect and toxicity of the ANNP/siRNA. The ANNP/siRNA was 80.6 nm with good
stability when incubated with serum. In vivo, the treatment with ANNP/siRNA significantly improves
the spatial learning and memory of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, as determined by mean escape
latency, times of crossing the platform area during the 60 s swimming and the percentage of the distance
in the target quadrant.

Results and Conclusion:

After the treatment, BACE1 RNA level of ANNP/siRNA group was greatly
reduced, which contributed a good AD treatment outcome. Finally, after repeated administration, the
ANNP/siRNA did not lead to significant change as observed by HE staining of main organs, suggesting
the good biocompatibility of ANNP/siRNA. These results demonstrated that the ANNP was a good
candidate for AD targeting siRNA delivery.
Functional Biomolecule Delivery Systems and Bioengineering in Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Szychlinska Marta A. , D'Amora Ugo , Ravalli Silvia , Ambrosio Luigi , Di Rosa Michelino , Musumeci Giuseppe
Published: March 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease which involves articular cartilage, and leads to total joint disability in the advanced stages. Due to its avascular and aneural nature, damaged cartilage cannot regenerate itself. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering represent a promising route in OA therapy, in which cooperation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds contribute to cartilage regeneration. However, this approach still presents some limits such as poor mechanical properties of the engineered cartilage. The natural dynamic environment of the tissue repair process involves a collaboration of several signals expressed in the biological system in response to injury. For this reason, tissue engineering involving exogenous “influencers” such as mechanostimulation and functional biomolecule delivery systems (BDS), represent a promising innovative approach to improve the regeneration process. BDS provide a controlled release of biomolecules able to interact between them and with the injured tissue. Nano-dimensional BDS is the future hope for the design of personalized scaffolds, able to overcome the delivery problems. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an attractive alternative to BDS, due to their innate targeting abilities, immunomodulatory potential and biocompatibility. Future advances in cartilage regeneration should focus on multidisciplinary strategies such as modular assembly strategies, EVs, nanotechnology, 3D biomaterials, BDS, mechanobiology aimed at constructing the functional scaffolds for actively targeted biomolecule delivery. The aim of this review is to run through the different approaches adopted for cartilage regeneration, with a special focus on biomaterials, BDS and EVs explored in terms of their delivery potential, healing capabilities and mechanical features.
Effect of Powdered Activated Carbon as Advanced Step in Wastewater Treatments on Antibiotic Resistant Microorganisms
Authors: Ravasi Damiana , König Roger , Principi Pamela , Perale Giuseppe , Demarta Antonella
Published: March 2019

Background:

Conventional wastewater treatment plants discharge significant amounts of
antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes into natural water bodies contributing to the
spread of antibiotic resistance. Some advanced wastewater treatment technologies have been shown to
effectively decrease the number of bacteria. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of knowledge about the
effectiveness of these treatments on antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes. To the
best of our knowledge, no specific studies have considered how powdered activated carbon (PAC)
treatments can act on antibiotic resistant bacteria, although it is essential to assess the impact of this
wastewater treatment on the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Methods: To address this gap, we evaluated the fate and the distribution of fluorescent-tagged antibiotic/
antimycotic resistant microorganisms in a laboratory-scale model simulating a process configuration
involving powdered activated carbon as advanced wastewater treatment. Furthermore, we studied
the possible increase of naturally existing antibiotic resistant bacteria during the treatment implementing
PAC recycling.

Results:

The analysis of fluorescent-tagged microorganisms demonstrated the efficacy of the PAC adsorption
treatment in reducing the load of both susceptible and resistant fluorescent microorganisms in
the treated water, reaching a removal efficiency of 99.70%. Moreover, PAC recycling did not increase
the resistance characteristics of cultivable bacteria neither in the sludge nor in the treated effluent.

Conclusion:

Results suggest that wastewater PAC treatment is a promising technology not only for the
removal of micropollutants but also for its effect in decreasing antibiotic resistant bacteria release.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Pyrazole Derivatives, Containing (Thio) Semicarbazide, as Dual Anti-Inflammatory Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Liang Zhaochang , Huang Yuping , Wang Shiben , Deng Xianqing
Published: March 2019

Background:

Several series of pyrazole derivatives containing (thio) semicarbazide (4a-4h, 5a-5l, 6a-6f, 7a-7c) were designed and synthesized to screen dual inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

Methods:

The products were characterized by1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. In vitro LPS-induced TNF-α model and in vivo xylene-induced ear-edema model were used to evaluate their antiinflammatory activity. Their in vitro antimicrobial activities were evaluated using a serial dilution method against several gram-positive strains, gram-negative strains and a fungi strain.

Results:

Bioassays indicated that most of the compounds markedly inhibited the expression of TNF- α at the concentration of 20 µg/mL Compounds 5i, 6b, and 7b had comparable in vivo antiinflammatory activity to the reference drug dexamethasone at the dose of 50 mg/kg. In addition, several compounds showed antimicrobial activity against different strains, and compounds 5g and 5h exhibited potent inhibitory activities with the MIC value of 8 µg/mL against the Streptococcus pneumoniae CMCC 31968 and Staphylococcus aureus CMCC 25923, respectively. Compound 7b, which exhibited both anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, should be studied as it is or after derivatization.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that pyrazoles, with (thio)-semicarbazone moieties, have the potential to be developed into new anti-inflammatory agents.
A Series of Furan-based Hydrazones: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity
Authors: Altintop Mehlika Dilek , Sever Belgin , Eklioğlu Özlem Atli , Baysal Merve , Demirel Rasime , Özdemir Ahmet
Published: March 2019

Background:

Hydrazones, frequently occurring motifs in many bioactive molecules, have
attracted a great deal of interest as potent antimicrobial agents.

Objective:

The aim of this work was to design and synthesize new hydrazone-based antimicrobial
agents.

Methods:

4-[2-((5-Arylfuran-2-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl]benzonitrile derivatives (1-10) were obtained
via the reaction of 4-cyanophenylhydrazine hydrochloride with 5-arylfurfurals. Compounds 1-10
were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects using a broth microdilution method. Their cytotoxic
effects on NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line were determined using XTT assay. The
most effective antimicrobial agents were investigated for their genotoxic effects using Ames MPF
assay. In silico docking and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) studies
were also performed using Schrödinger’s Maestro molecular modeling package.

Results:

The antifungal effects of the compounds were more significant than their antibacterial effects.
Compound 5 bearing 3-nitrophenyl moiety was the most potent antifungal agent against Candida
albicans, Trichoderma harzianum and Fusarium species, whereas compound 10 bearing 4-
chloro-2-nitrophenyl moiety was the most effective antifungal agent on Aspergillus ochraceus. According
to XTT and Ames MPF assays, these compounds were neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic at the
concentrations tested. Docking studies suggested that these compounds showed good affinity to the
active site of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) (PDB code: 5V5Z) and interacted with the key
residues such as Hem601 and Cys470. Based on in silico ADME studies, the compounds are expected
to have high oral bioavailability.

Conclusion:

According to the in vitro and in silico studies, compounds 5 and 10 stand out as potential
orally bioavailable antifungal agents for further studies.
Novel Strobilurin Derivatives Containing Carboxylate Unit as Potential Antifungal Agents
Authors: Bao Longzhu , Wang Shuangshuang , Song Di , Wang Jingjing , Yue Xiali , Cao Xiufang
Published: March 2019

Background:

Due to the extensive use of a single fungicide to control crop diseases, the
increase of resistant individuals leads to control failures. The search for molecules with fungicidal
activity is still ongoing. Strobilurin is one of the most popularly used fungicides in the agrochemical
field. A large number of strobilurin derivatives with both high activity and low toxicity have been
developed.

Methods:

In the present study, a series of novel ortho-substituted benzyl carboxylates were efficiently
synthesized by the reaction of (E)-methyl 2-(2-(bromom-ethyl)phenyl)-2-methox-yiminoaceta
with various carboxylic acids. Their structures were confirmed and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C
NMR, and ESI-MS analysis. Their fungicidal activities against common phytopathogenic fungi from
six major cash crops were screened based on the pesticides guidelines for the laboratory bioactivity
tests.

Results:

The primary fungicidal activity test results indicate that all compounds showed a certain
inhibitory effect on the growth of 13 plants pathogenic fungi at a concentration of 100 ppm, and
Compd. 3 has the most obvious inhibitory effect on all fungi. Further fungicidal activity studies
indicate that some of these novel strobilurin derivatives containing carboxylate unit exhibited
potential in vitro fungicidal activities at the dosage of 6.25 mg/L-1.

Conclusion:

A series of the ortho-substituted benzyl carboxylates derivatives containing β-
methoxyacrylate moiety were designed and synthesized by modifying the side chain of traditional
strobilurin fungicide. Compd. 3, Compd. 2 and Compd. 16 were identified as the most promising
candidates for further study.
Bioinspired Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles and its Efficacy on Seed Viability and Seedling Growth in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)
Authors: Jahagirdar Ajinkya S. , Shende Sudhir , Gade Aniket , Rai Mahendra
Published: March 2019

Background:

Copper is an important micronutrient required for the growth of the plants.
It activates enzymes and helps in protein synthesis in plants. Nanoparticles in the size range from 1
to 100 nm possess unique properties, such as the high surface area to volume ratio, size-dependent
capabilities and unique optical properties, and hence, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were evaluated
for growth promotion of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.).

Objective:

The main aim of the study was to synthesize CuNPs using neem extracts, and evaluate
their activity on viability of seeds and growth of seedlings in V. radiata.

Methods:

Here, we synthesized CuNPs by the neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract, which was
treated with copper sulphate and ascorbic acid. The reduction of copper sulphate to CuNPs was confirmed
by the UV-Visible spectrophotometer and was further characterized by XRD, FTIR, NTA,
and Zeta potential measurement. The efficacy of biogenic CuNPs (size <50 nm) was evaluated on
germination and growth promotion of V. radiata seeds. The copper content was confirmed in CuNPs
treated plants after analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).

Results:

CuNPs were synthesized by the neem (A. indica) leaf extract as brown precipitation. Preliminary
detection was performed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, which showed a peak at 619
nm. Further characterization by X-ray diffraction confirmed the Face Centered Cubic crystal structure.
Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of amino acids as
functional groups in the leaf extract. Nanoparticle tracking and analysis (NTA) demonstrated an
average size of 41±21 nm with the concentration of 3.3×109 particles/ml. Zeta potential value was
found to be -18.2 mV. The growth promotion effect showed the maximum germination recorded at
100 ppm of CuNPs; while copper ions showed an adverse effect on root growth. The AAS analysis
demonstrated the increased copper content in the CuNPs treated seedlings than that of the control.

Conclusion:

It is a first report to demonstrate the positive effect of biogenic CuNPs on growth, nutrition
and enhanced seed germination, and hence, CuNPs could be used as a nano-fertilizer after further
extensive nursery trials.
Brief Exercise Counseling and High-Intensity Interval Training on Physical Activity Adherence and Cardiometabolic Health in Individuals at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Bourne Jessica E , Little Jonathan P , Beauchamp Mark R , Barry Julianne , Singer Joel , Jung Mary E
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Worldwide incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly increasing. Given the numerous negative health consequences associated with T2D, prevention of this disease has become a priority. Lifestyle changes, including regular exercise, can reduce the onset of T2D in those at elevated risk. However, long-term adherence to exercise is often poor in this population. Existing lifestyle interventions targeting exercise are labor intensive and costly for staff and participants. Evidence-informed counseling delivered in a manner that reduces dependence on staff and facilitates self-regulatory skills could alleviate time and financial barriers while promoting independent exercise.

OBJECTIVE

This protocol outlines the design, recruitment, and proposed analysis of a brief, 2-week evidence-informed exercise counseling intervention combined with either high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT).

METHODS

Small Steps for Big Changes is a 2-arm randomized controlled trial that will examine the effectiveness of combining brief exercise counseling with HIIT or MICT on adherence to moderate and vigorous exercise over 1 year. Cardiorespiratory fitness will be assessed at baseline, post intervention (2 weeks), and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Physical activity behavior will be examined at baseline, post intervention, and 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up. The impact of the intervention on psychosocial outcomes pertinent to exercise adherence will be examined.

RESULTS

Data collection was complete in March 2017. Data analysis is currently underway, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2019.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this brief intervention have the potential to inform future public health efforts designed to increase exercise in individuals at risk of T2D.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02164474; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02164474 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/74Hx1ipj6)

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR

DERR1-10.2196/11226
Mobile Phone–Based Smoking-Cessation Intervention for Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Bendtsen Marcus , Linderoth Catharina , Bendtsen Preben
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Several large studies have shown that the risk of cardiovascular, respiratory, and wound-healing complications (including death) within 30 days of surgery is greater for smokers than for nonsmokers. However, there is evidence that even short-term perioperative smoking cessation may reduce postoperative morbidity. Over the past few years, it has become more evident that short message service (SMS)–based interventions can help individuals quit smoking.

OBJECTIVE

The overall aim of this project is to fill the knowledge gap on whether an SMS-based smoking-cessation intervention can be effective in helping patients stop smoking perioperatively. The aim of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of an SMS-based intervention on smoking behavior of patients undergoing elective surgery.

METHODS

A two-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial will be conducted at 20 surgical departments in southeast Sweden. Smokers undergoing elective surgery who own a mobile phone will be included. Power calculations indicate that it will be necessary to randomize 434 participants. One group will be given access to a novel 12-week SMS program, which includes daily SMS messages with behavior change–enforcing text content and hyperlinks to interactive modules, while the other group will not be given access to the intervention. Both groups will have access to the surgical departments’ current routine for smoking cessation prior to surgery. Primary outcome measures, prolonged abstinence, and point prevalence of smoking cessation will be measured through questionnaires at 3, 6, and 12 months after randomization. Logistic regression models adjusted using baseline characteristics will be explored to identify potential effects of the intervention.

RESULTS

Recruitment started in late October 2018 and is expected to last for a maximum of 30 months. The first results are expected to be available approximately 3 months after the final date of recruitment.

CONCLUSIONS

Owing to the structural problems and scarcity of time and resources, patients at most Swedish surgical departments are simply instructed to quit smoking, and perhaps, referred to a primary health care clinic. An SMS-based smoking-cessation aid can be effective in helping individuals quit smoking and is a very simple and time-efficient tool for surgical departments to use.

CLINICALTRIAL

ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN33869008; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN33869008

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR

PRR1-10.2196/12511
Role of Health Literacy in Health-Related Information-Seeking Behavior Online: Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)
Authors: Lee Hee Yun , Jin Seok Won , Henning-Smith Carrie , Lee Jongwook , Lee Jaegoo
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

The internet has emerged as a main venue of health information delivery and health-related activities. However, few studies have examined how health literacy determines online health-related behavior.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the current level of health-related information-seeking using the internet and how health literacy, access to technology, and sociodemographic characteristics impact health-related information-seeking behavior.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study through a survey with Minnesotan adults (N=614) to examine their health literacy, access to technology, and health-related information-seeking internet use. We used multivariate regression analysis to assess the relationship between health-related information-seeking on the internet and health literacy and access to technology, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics.

RESULTS

Better health literacy (β=.35, SE 0.12) and greater access to technological devices (eg, mobile phone and computer or tablet PC; β=.06, SE 0.19) were both associated with more health-related information-seeking behavior on the internet after adjusting for all other sociodemographic characteristics. Possession of a graduate degree (β=.28, SE 0.07), female gender (β=.15, SE 0.05), poor health (β=.22, SE 0.06), participation in social groups (β=.13, SE 0.05), and having an annual health exam (β=.35, SE 0.12) were all associated with online health-related information-seeking.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that access to online health-related information is not uniformly distributed throughout the population, which may exacerbate disparities in health and health care. Research, policy, and practice attention are needed to address the disparities in access to health information as well as to ensure the quality of the information and improve health literacy.
Diagnostic test accuracy for use of machine learning in diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Moon Sun Jae , Hwang Jin Seub , Kana Rajesh , Torous John , Kim Jung Won
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Over the recent years, machine learning algorithms have been more widely and increasingly applied in biomedical fields. In particular, its application has been drawing more attention in the field of psychiatry, for instance, as diagnostic tests/tools for autism spectrum disorder. However, given its complexity and potential clinical implications, there is ongoing need for further research on its accuracy.

OBJECTIVE

The current study aims to summarize the evidence for the accuracy of use of machine learning algorithms in diagnosing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Complete (with OpenDissertations), PsyINFO and IEEE Xplore Digital Library databases were searched on November 28th, 2018. Studies, which used a machine learning algorithm partially or fully in classifying ASD from controls and provided accuracy measures, were included in our analysis. Bivariate random effects model was applied to the pooled data in meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was used to investigate and resolve the source of heterogeneity between studies. True-positive, false-positive, false negative and true-negative values from individual studies were used to calculate the pooled sensitivity and specificity values, draw SROC curves, and obtain area under the curve (AUC) and partial AUC.

RESULTS

A total of 43 studies were included for the final analysis, of which meta-analysis was performed on 40 studies (53 samples with 12,128 participants). A structural MRI subgroup meta-analysis (12 samples with 1,776 participants) showed the sensitivity at 0.83 (95% CI-0.76 to 0.89), specificity at 0.84 (95% CI -0.74 to 0.91), and AUC/pAUC at 0.90/0.83. An fMRI/deep neural network (DNN) subgroup meta-analysis (five samples with 1,345 participants) showed the sensitivity at 0.69 (95% CI- 0.62 to 0.75), the specificity at 0.66 (95% CI -0.61 to 0.70), and AUC/pAUC at 0.71/0.67.

CONCLUSIONS

Machine learning algorithms that used structural MRI features in diagnosis of ASD were shown to have accuracy that is similar to currently used diagnostic tools.