bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postgraduate Nursing Student Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills, and Confidence in Appropriately Referencing Academic Work
Authors: Greenwood Melanie , Walkem Kerrie , Smith Lindsay Mervyn , Shearer Toniele , Stirling Christine
Published: July 2014

Preventing plagiarism is an ongoing issue for higher education institutions. Although plagiarism has been traditionally seen as cheating, it is increasingly thought to be the result of poor referencing, with students reporting difficulties citing and referencing bibliographic sources. This study examined the academic knowledge, attitude, skills, and confidence of students in a school of nursing to understand poor referencing. A cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative survey was distributed to postgraduate (N= 1,000) certificate, diploma, and master's students. Quantitative data gathered demographics, cultural and linguistic background, and use of technology. Thematic analysis discovered patterns and themes. Results showed participants understood requirements for referencing; half indicated poor referencing was due to difficulty referencing Internet sources or losing track of sources, and many lacked confidence in key referencing tasks. Despite this, 50% did not make use of referencing resources. Overall, these data suggest incorrect referencing is rarely intentional and predominantly caused by skills deficit. [J Nurs Educ.2014;53(8):447–452.]
Acute Visual Loss Secondary to Sneezing
Authors: Özakin Engin , Kaplan Davut , Özdemir Özcan , Acar Nurdan , Cevik Arif Alper , Özer Ahmet , Dogan Serkan
Published: July 2014

A case is presented of a 24-year-old woman with acute, painless visual loss that occurred after sneezing. The patient had no previous ocular disease history. Ophthalmic work-up revealed a cilioretinal artery occlusion in the right eye. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a secundum atrial septal defect with right-to-left shunt. Sudden visual loss requires thorough investigation to determine the cause. In this case, examination revealed a retinal artery occlusion, whose risk factors include older age, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and giant cell arteritis (temporal) in more than 75% of patients. Especially in patients younger than 40 years, an embolus of cardiac origin (atrial septal defect, patent foramen ovale, or valvular) should be suspected as a cause of retinal artery occlusion.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2014;45:e30–e31.]
Analyzing the Impact of Game Vendors' Actions on the Monetary Value of Virtual Goods
Authors: Hildebrand Kay F. , Majchrzak Tim A.
Published: July 2014

Computer games have become an influential socio-economic phenomenon. Millions of people play online games regularly. At the same time, game vendors' revenues are increasing. As a new emergence, virtual (i.e. in-game) goods are traded for real money. However, not much research has been conducted on the monetary effects of virtual economies. Therefore, the authors present the theoretical background and a study aiming to understand how game vendors' actions reflect on the monetary value of virtual goods. The study is based on a huge dataset gained from Web shops that were monitored over a period of several months. The data was analysed in order to find out whether effects known from real economies apply to their virtual counterparts. A reset of the virtual economy allowed us to exactly follow price developments. The authors present and discuss their findings, as well as derive directions for future research.
E-Government Innovations and Work Transformations
Authors: Ben Esther Ruiz , Schuppan Tino
Published: July 2014

In this article the authors address the question of how IT innovations affects public organizations concretely exploring the emerging attitudes of public government employees towards new forms of work with electronic tools. The authors bring our analysis and theoretical discussion beyond the widely applied technology acceptance models to examine the introduction of electronic tools too focused on technology functionality and short time analysis sights. Organizational and socioeconomic aspects together with the functionality of new concrete technological tools influence the innovation processes including work transformations. Based on the model of innovation proposed by Ebbers and Van Dijk (2007) the article focuses on the analysis of employees' resistance and support in innovation processes of the introduction of public government electronic tools. The authors apply the model to the case of the introduction of the Electronic Records System (ERS) (an electronic tool for the document management of unemployed persons) in a public organization in Germany. The analysis reveals that technology driven innovation ignoring work habits and transformations leads to employees` resistance to change. A conceptual redefinition of Ebbers and Van Dick's model based on the analysis results of the ERS including an extension of the resistance and support concepts as well as indicators is proposed.
Wrestling with Contradictions in Government Social Media Practices
Authors: Haahr Lars
Published: July 2014

Research in government social media practices highlights expectations of co-creation and progression mirrored in maturity models, but research also documents low deployment degree and thereby points to a discrepancy. The paper suggests that the authors instead of co-creation and progression draw on a dialectical approach and understand the development of government social media practices as a wrestling with contradictions. The case of emerging social media practices in a Danish municipality used to illustrate this framework suggests three main categories of contradictions in emerging social media practices: Contradictions between service administration and community feeling as forms of practice, contradictions in organizing between local engagement and central control, and contradictions in the digital infrastructure between proprietary municipal websites and public social media platforms. The paper discusses if a paradox lens will enhance our understanding of inherent contradictions or the dialectical notion of contradiction serve the purpose. The paper contributes to a dialectical theory of contradictions through an analysis of emerging government social media practices.
A Theoretical Model for Digital Reverberations of City Spaces and Public Places
Authors: Zimmerman Christopher , Hansen Kjeld , Vatrapu Ravi
Published: July 2014

The increasing pervasiveness of Internet connected devices and services is altering the perception and practice of public spaces through the provisioning of location-specific digital information. Location-aware technologies allow people to access, annotate, address and attach information to locations, which transforms the space for other people who use the same services. Such locations acquire relevance and reshape social and spatial interactions through increased use on social media as people ‘check-in' to places, photograph or ‘like' them. Collectively the authors are marking-up the city around them. The popularization of location-aware technologies thus contributes to the changing meaning of locations in cities. In contrast to the technological focus in the emerging discourses on smart cities and big data, this paper offers an alternative view of the three lenses of Social, Local and Mobile technologies that describe and explain crowd-sourced socio-technical layers on the city landscape. The proposed integrated theoretical model describes the relevant information linkages between people and places in the online and offline worlds and introduces a new evaluation method for the evaluation of city places: affinity spectrum of social endorsements. The authors conclude with a discussion of the new opportunities for governments to better understand socially emergent ‘urban qualities' and how citizens construct and appreciate them in order better convert city places into public spaces.
Smart Cities and Their Roles in City Competition
Authors: Anthopoulos Leonidas G. , Fitsilis Panos
Published: July 2014

Traditional competition between cities appears to transit to a “smart” competition and to this end smart city ownership, organization and evolution are questioned. In this paper, a worldwide smart city classification is performed in order to address the preferred organization and the technological evolution of smart city. This classification's findings illustrate that State-Owned-Enterprise appears to be the preferred organization in most of the examined cases, while smart cities struggle in a niche international market arena.
Understanding, Modeling and Exploiting User Emotions for Brain-Driven Interface Design
Authors: Carofiglio Valeria , Abbattista Fabio
Published: July 2014

Innovative applications are often complex systems. In designing this kind of application, usability, perceived usefulness and appropriateness of adaptation are the three most commonly assessed variables. However, in order to obtain a more engaging overall user experience, a good designer should perform proper formative and summative usability tests, based on the user's emotional level, which becomes a user-centered evaluation activity. Moreover, traditional methods are not ideal, as information about the user's emotional state should be captured in an implicit and transparent manner, in order to be non-invasive and more effective. Brain Computer Interface has recently witnessed an explosion of systems for studying human emotion by the acquisition and processing of physiological signals. The authors view Adaptive Virtual Environments, as one of the most representative examples of innovative applications, and also as elicitors of a complex user emotion synthesis. Therefore, in this paper the authors propose a user-centered approach to the design and support of the user experience through an adaptive virtual environment, via brain-computer interface. Firstly, the authors focus on the design of an engaging overall experience for potential users, by exploiting their emotional level as a powerful engine in the interaction experience. Secondly, the author work to enhance the user experience by dynamically adapting the interaction to the user's emotional state, so that there will be a more immersive and satisfying interaction.
Harnessing and Evaluating Open Sim for the Implementation of an Inquiry-Based Collaborative Learning (Ib[C]L) Script in Computer Science
Authors: Pellas Nikolaos
Published: July 2014

From 2007 and now on, it is a common premise for scholars and educators to use multi-user virtual worlds (VWs) in order to enhance students' technological literacy with contemporary learning strategies. The corollary of interactivity and social formalization of modeling processes in an open source, server-based (standalone) virtual environment is a unique dimension that allows all users (students and instructor) to design a plethora learning activities in conjunction with the most contemporary pedagogical approaches. Accordingly to these provisions, this study focused on the implementation of a collaborative project-based course in computer science by taking advantage of the open source virtual world Open Simulator (Open Sim). The current case study seeks to present preliminary findings from collaborative experiences of an effort that thirty-five (35) postgraduate and undergraduate students participated with the hybrid instructional format in order to investigate the value of this effort for learning introductory programming lessons. This effort tries to articulate initial perceptions of students' assessments based on an inquiry-based collaborative learning (IB[C]L) script that they involved, and secondarily to demonstrate the multisensory-multimodal potential perspectives or educational implications that are being emerged from the exploitation of three-dimensional (3D) technologically-advanced environments.
A Fuzzy Algorithm for Optimizing Semantic Documental Searches
Authors: Paiva Sara
Published: July 2014

Search for documents is a common and pertinent task lots of organizations face every day as well as common Internet users in their daily searches. One specific document search is scientific paper search in reference manager systems such as Mendeley or IEEExplore. Considering the difficult task finding documents can sometimes represent, semantic search is currently being applied to improve this type of search. As the act of deciding if a document is a good result for a given search expression is vague, fuzziness becomes an important aspect when defining search algorithms. In this paper, the author present a fuzzy algorithm for improving documental searches optimized for specific scenarios where we want to find a document but don´t remember the exact words used, if plural or singular words were used or if a synonym was used. The author also present the application of this algorithm to a real scenario comparing to Mendeley and IEEExplore results.
Event-Driven SOA Based District Heating Service System with Complex Event Processing Capability
Authors: Qiao Xiuquan , Wu Budan , Liu Yulong , Xue Zhao , Chen Junliang
Published: July 2014

With the management refinement of heating supply, the district heating system deploys a large number of meters or sensors to monitor and control the operating status of the heating network. It often needs to process real-time streaming data and coordinate the related enterprise business systems to make low-latency, intelligent decisions on the changes of heating network in time. Therefore, the automatic collection, on-demand dissemination and fusion of real-time sensing data play an increasingly important role in district heating systems. This article proposed an event-driven SOA based district heating system architecture with complex event processing capability, which can easily support the on-demand dissemination and aggregation of monitoring information and realize the event-driven service coordination cross different service domains. Finally, a deployed District Heating Control and Information Service System (DHCISS) in Beijing validates the effectiveness of our approach.
Optimizing Concurrency Performance of Complex Services in Mobile Environment
Authors: Mishra Sudipan , Liu Xumin
Published: July 2014

Hosting services on mobile devices has been considered as the key solution for domains that have special requirement on portability, timeliness, and flexibility on service deployment. Typical examples include, among many others, military, music, healthcare, gaming, and data sharing. Despite the recent boom of mobile computing makes service deployment in mobile environment possible, significant challenges arise due to the limitations in existing mobile hardware/software capable of managing resource intensive applications. The situation gets worse when managing complex services that allow concurrent clients and requests. This paper addresses the issue related specifically to concurrency control improvement in mobile web servers to support the mobile deployment of complex services. The authors identify key factors that affect a system to respond a request, including request related factors, system resource related factors, and context. Based on this, the authors propose a dynamic heavy request classification model (DHRC) to estimate the heaviness of an incoming request using machine-learning methods. The heavy request will be detected, which requires relatively heavy system resources of the mobile server to generate a response. The authors design a dynamic request management strategy (DRMS), which reduces the number of discarded requests by adding heavy requests to a queue and processing them asynchronously. The proposed solution is implemented on Android-based mobile devices as an extension of I-Jetty web server. Experimental studies are conducted and the result indicates the effectiveness of our solution.
Lithofacies of Leda Clay in the Ottawa Basin of the Champlain Sea
Authors: Gadd N R
Published: July 2014

In an attempt ta establish the lithological variation of sediments in a selected part of the Champlain Sea, closely spaced core samples have been used in a number of stratigraphic borings that penetrate the entire suite of fine sediments. Texture, structure, and
colour banding in the sediments reveal a suite of lithologies that reflect the environmental changes from immediately post-last­glacial (iate Wisconsinan) ta late Holocene, excluding active sedimentation of modern alluvium, but including some sediments of relatively young abandoned terraces. Two
trends in grain-size gradation occur: 1) a vertical coarsening upwards within the sediment body as a whole and within each lithic unit and 2) a radial fining from the margin towards the centre of the basin. Offlap of the sea produced the following suite of sedimentary environments, from oldest to
youngest: Prodelta deposits - an early varve-like rhythmite unit that rapidly grades upwards into a massive blue-grey marine clay; this in turn grades upwards into thick bedded, rhythmically or cyclically stratified fine sediments; Delta front deposits - rhythmically or cyclically stratified fine
sediments (clay-silt) in which frequency and quantity of coarse sediment (silt-sand) increase upwards in the suite; they exhibit features of channel erosion and deposition, including mass wasting phenomena; Delta top deposits - mainly coarse sediment in the silt-sand range, exhibiting structures of
open channel and interfluve environments of the emergent delta; associated beds of stratified silt probably represent slackwater conditions or pondings; bodies of these sediments are tabular and extensive; Fluvial deposits - sand and silt derived mainly from erosion and redeposition of aider basin
sediments have typical fluvial features and occur in abandoned channels and terraces of the Holocene proto-Ottawa drainage system. Comparisons of sedimentary suites show that Ottawa valley sediments have many similarities to the Mississippi Delta and Black Sea sediments, while revealing significant
differences that relate to the particular glacio-isostatic conditions of the study region.
Mineral deposit studies in Nova Scotia, Volume 2
Authors: Sangster A L
Published: July 2014

Polymetallic skarn in the Blue Mountain area of southeastern Cape Breton Island occurs within an area of contact metamorphosed Cambrian sedimentary rocks. The skarnforms massive layers, up to 5 m thick, within nodular cale-silicate hornfels. The skarn layers are
stratigraphically controlled and are interpreted to have formed from calcareous sedimentary protoliths. They are composed of prograde garnet-rich material consisting of zoned grossularite, andradite, and magnetite, surrounded and par­tial/y replaced by retrograde amphibole-rich material consisting
of magnesian anthophyllite, epidote, quartz, calcite, and sulphides. Economic elements associated with the skarn include Cu, Co, Bi, Sn, Ag, and Au. The skarn shows features characteristic of Cu-bearing polymetallic calcic skarns associated with barren stocks, and possibly also of gold-bearing
skarns. Porphyry dykes in drill core from the Blue Mountain skarn occurrences are probably related to an underlying Devonian intrusion that produced the hornfels, skarn, and polymetallic mineralization. This postulated intrusion forms part of a transverse, arcuate belt of Devonian plutons that also
includes Deep Cove, Gillis Mountain, and Salmon River. The Blue Mountain dykes are chemically similar to granitic units and dykes in the Deep Cove and Gillis Mountain plutons but are less evolved than the Salmon River rhyolite porphyry. Elevated metal abundances in these intrusions reflect the
mineralization with which they are associated.
Petrological data for southern Nova Scotia plutons relevant to beryl mineralization
Authors: Currie K L , Whalen J B , Longstaffe F J
Published: July 2014

Field, chemical, and O isotopic data indicate that southern Nova Scotia plutons crystallized from magma containing both mantle and crustal components. Although evolved portions of the plutons compositionally resemble plutons parental to rare-metal pegmatite
fields, pegmatites are rare around southern Nova Scotia plutons. Beryl-bearing pegmatites, which crystallized at ~620°C, 4 kilobars under water-saturated conditions, occur only where host rocks were not subjected to previous sillimanite-grade metamorphism. Pegmatites of any kind are scarce
in host rocks of high metamorphic grade. Absence of a pegmatite field can be ascribed to some combination of insufficient amounts of F, Cl, and B, and dehydration and plasticity of high-grade metamorphic host rocks. Significant loss of pegmatites to erosion is considered unlikely. These factors
suggest that the potential for commercially exploitable beryl mineralization is low.
Magnetic anomalies of the Arctic and North Atlantic regions
Authors: Macnab R ,   Members of the Project Team, Verhoef J , Roest W , Arkani-Hamed J
Published: July 2014

A new database of magnetic observations has been developed as a resource for investigating continental margin development and seafloor spreading history in the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans. Containing about 40000 000 data points, the database was constructed
from numerous sets of digital profiles, grids, and maps obtained from 38 organizations in 15 countries. All data sets were carefully reviewed and processed to maximize their degree of homogeneity when merged to produce a 5 km grid. A map produced from this grid offers an unprecedented portrayal of
the magnetic field over the continents and oceans of the study area, and facilitates characterizations of major tectonic elements.
Interim guidelines for operational implementation of SAR applications for lake ice monitoring and mapping: break-up and freeze-up
Authors: Geldsetzer T , van der Sanden J J
Published: July 2014

Preface
Lake ice represents an important component of Canadian landscape and influences hydrological, climatic, biological, cultural and economic systems. The timing of freezeup and break-up affects all of these systems. Within the Government of Canada, monitoring of lake ice freeze-up is of operational
interest to Environment Canada and Parks Canada Agency. Remote sensing methods are required for monitoring large and remote geographical areas, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) capabilities are needed to operate during winter darkness and persistent cloud cover. This report describes methods for
the monitoring of lake ice freeze-up and break-up with the help of images from Canada's RADARSAT-2 satellite and provides guidance for the operational implementation of these methods with the Government of Canada. For information please contact: J.J. van der Sanden, Natural Resources Canada, Canada
Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, joost.vandersanden@nrcan-rncan.gc.ca.
The interface between clinicians and laboratory staff: A field study in northern Tanzania
Authors: Tuijn Coosje J. , Msoka Elizabeth , Mushi Declare L. , Sumari-de Boer Marion , Chilongola Jaffu , Van den Broek Ankie
Published: July 2014

Background: Strengthening the communication and professional relationships between clinicians and laboratory workers is essential in order to positively change clinicians’ attitudes about the reliability of diagnostic tests, enhancing the use of laboratory diagnostics and, ultimately, improving patient care. We developed an analytical framework to gain insight into the factors that influence communication amongst health professionals.Objective: To explore whether the interaction between clinicians and laboratory workers influences the use of laboratory test results in clinical decision making.Methods: Four health facilities in northern Tanzania were selected using convenience sampling, whereas study participants were selected using purposive sampling. The quantitative and qualitative data collection methods included self-administered questionnaires; semistructured, individual interviews; in-depth, individual interviews; and/or focus group discussions with clinicians and laboratory workers. Thematic content analyses were performedon qualitative data based on the framework. Descriptive statistical analyses of quantitative data were conducted using Microsoft Excel.Results: Contact between clinicians and laboratory professionals is seldom institutionalised and collaboration is rare. The clinicians believe collaboration with laboratory staff is a challenge because of the gap in education levels. Laboratory workers’ education levels areoften lower than their positions require, leading to clinicians’ lack of respect for and confidencein laboratory professionals, which compromises the laboratory staff’s motivation.Conclusions: Hospital managers, clinicians and laboratory workers need to recognise the critical and complementary roles each professional plays and the importance of addressing the gap between them. Field application of the framework proved successful, justifying the expansion of this study to a larger geographical area to include additional healthcare institutions
Theologie als (her)interpretatie: Zesentwintig overwegingen
Authors: Dingemans Gijsbert D.J.
Published: July 2014

Theology as (re)interpretation: Twenty-six considerations. The article consists of 26 points of reflection by means of which the nature of theological discourse is considered as a hermeneutical process. These indicators cover aspects such as the relationship between the natural sciences and religious thinking; hermeneutics; philosophy; ultimacy; symbolic meaningfulness; Old Testament roots; historical Jesus; Christological dogmatics; creation and Spirit; kenosis; and social concern. The article concludes in its last reflection with the claim that plurality in both religious discourse and ecclesiastical structures is the challenge for theology, so as to remain relevant in the present-day scientific discourse and religiosity and to be obedient to the vocation of Jesus.
Die Bergrede as ’n moontlike reaksie teen Paulus
Authors: Meiring C F. , Viljoen Francois P.
Published: July 2014

’n Verskeidenheid navorsing is al oor die teologiese verband tussen Matteus en Paulus gedoen. Hierdie navorsing het uiteenlopende gevolgtrekkings opgelewer wat in drie groepe verdeel kan word. Sommige navorsers is van oordeel dat die Matteus-evangelie ’n anti-Pauliniese ondertoon bevat wat veral in die Bergrede waargeneem kan word. Hierdie polemiek word betrek by uitsprake oor die siening of interpretasie van die Tora. ’n Vergelyking tussen Matteus 5:17 en Paulus se siening oor die wet soos in die Romeine-brief (3:19; 6:14; 7:6; 8:2; 10:4; ens.), kan tot so ’n gevolgtrekking kom. Daarmee saam word die prominensie van Petrus in die Matteus-evangelie as bewysgrond gebruik dat Matteus teen Paulus reageer. Die oortuiging kan dus bestaan dat Matteus doelbewus met die skryf van hierdie Evangelie teen Paulus reageer, veral wanneer die insident in Antiogië in gedagte gehou word. ’n Tweede groep meen dat Matteus en Paulus teologies naby aan mekaar is, terwyl daar ook ’n derde groep is wat oordeel dat Matteus en Paulus wel van mekaar verskil, maar mekaar ook komplementeer. Met hierdie artikel word daar gepoog om meer duidelikheid oor die teologiese verhouding tussen Matteus en Paulus te verkry. The Sermon on the Mount as possible reaction against Paul. Much research has been done about the theological relationship between Matthew and Paul. This research has numerous conclusions and can be divided into three groups. Some researchers say that the Gospel of Matthew contains an anti-Pauline text or that an anti-Pauline polemic is recognisable in the Sermon on the Mount. The polemic involves the interpretation of the Torah. A comparison between Matthew 5:17 and Paul’s stance on the law in Romans (3:19; 6:14; 7:6; 8:2; 10:4; etc.) may lead to such a conclusion. Together with this, the prominence of Peter in the Matthean Gospel is used to prove that Matthew reacted against Paul. All of this and with the incident at Antioch in mind, the idea may arise that Matthew deliberately wrote the Gospel to react against Paul. A second group concludes that Matthew and Paul were theologically close and lastly there is a group that says Matthew and Paul differ but also complement each other. This article attempts to give more clarity on the theological relationship between Matthew and Paul.
Actionable Recommendations in the Bright Futures Child Health Supervision Guidelines
Authors: Stanton J.L. , Downs S.M. , Finnell S.M.E.
Published: July 2014

Background: With the growing use of electronic health record systems, there is a demand for an electronic version of the leading American pediatric preventive care guideline, Bright Futures. As computer implementation requires actionable recommendations, it is important to assess to what degree Bright Futures meets criteria for actionability.

Objectives: We aimed to 1) determine the number of actionable recommendations in the current edition of Bright Futures and 2) to recommend a specific format for representing an important class of guidelines in a way that better facilitates computer implementation.

Methods: We consolidated all action statements in Bright Futures into recommendations. We then used two dimensions (decidability and executability) in the Guideline Implementability Appraisal v 2.0 (GLIA) to determine the actionability of the recommendations. Decidability means the recommendation states precisely under what conditions to perform those actions. Executability means actions are stated specifically, unambiguously and in sufficient detail. The results were presented in a figure titled Service Interval Diagram (SID), describing actionable recommendations, age intervals during which they are applicable, and how frequently they should occur in that interval.

Results: We consolidated 2161 action items into 245 recommendations and identified 52 that were actionable (21%). Almost exclusively, these recommendations addressed screening, such as newborn metabolic screening, or child safety, such as car seat use. A limited number (n=13) of recommendations for other areas of anticipatory guidance were also actionable. No recommendations on child discipline, family function or mental health met our criteria for actionability. The SID representing these recommendations is presented in a figure.

Conclusion: Only a portion of the Bright Futures Guidelines meets criteria for actionability. Substantial work lies ahead to develop most recommendations for anticipatory guidance into a computer implementable format.

Citation: Finnell SME, Stanton JL1, Downs SM. Actionable recommendations in the bright futures child health supervision guidelines. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 651–659

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-02-RA-0012
‘Zijn Vlamingen dan ook niet goed geïntegreerd?’ - Een kruispuntanalyse van integratievertogen in Vlaanderen vanuit het standpunt van moeders zonder papieren
Authors: Brouckaert Tine
Published: July 2014

‘Are Flemish people then also not well integrated?’ An intersectional analysis of integration discourses in Flanders from the standpoint of undocumented, single mothers’ is based on a longitudinal ethnographic study of ten undocumented migrant women who were residing in Flanders before and during the second regularisation period in 2009. This article deals with their confrontation with the regularisation criteria that were launched by the government in September 2009. From the point of view of single, undocumented mothers, the criterion of sustainable local anchoring relates to an ambivalent policy objective, which sometimes has contradictory outcomes. Authorities conceptualize integration largely through participation in networks, and in addition, networks are understood in a specific manner, which may disadvantage solidarity and in particular that in the lives of single, undocumented mothers. This article contrasts the way in which the authorities understand ‘networks’ to what participation in networks may mean to ten undocumented mothers, and indicates potential consequences of these different visions for social cohesion and social solidarity.
A tethered-balloon PTRMS sampling approach for surveying of landscape-scale biogenic VOC fluxes
Authors: Greenberg J. P. , Peñuelas J. , Guenther A. , Seco R. , Turnipseed A. , Jiang X. , Filella I. , Estiarte M. , Sardans J. , Ogaya R. , Llusia J. , Rapparini F.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Landscape-scale fluxes of biogenic gases were surveyed by deploying a 100 m Teflon tube attached to a tethered balloon as a sampling inlet for a fast-response proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTRMS). Along with meteorological instruments deployed on the tethered balloon and a 3 m tripod and outputs from a regional weather model, these observations were used to estimate landscape-scale biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes with two micrometeorological techniques: mixed layer variance and surface layer gradients. This highly mobile sampling system was deployed at four field sites near Barcelona to estimate landscape-scale biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission factors in a relatively short period (3 weeks). The two micrometeorological techniques were compared with emissions predicted with a biogenic emission model using site-specific emission factors and land-cover characteristics for all four sites. The methods agreed within the uncertainty of the techniques in most cases, even though the locations had considerable heterogeneity in species distribution and complex terrain. Considering the wide range in reported BVOC emission factors for individual vegetation species (more than an order of magnitude), this temporally short and inexpensive flux estimation technique may be useful for constraining BVOC emission factors used as model inputs.
On-line derivatization for hourly measurements of gas- and particle-phase Semi-Volatile oxygenated organic compounds by Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatography (SV-TAG)
Authors: Isaacman G. , Kreisberg N. M. , Yee L. D. , Worton D. R. , Chan A. W. H. , Moss J. A. , Hering S. V. , Goldstein A. H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Laboratory oxidation studies have identified a large number of oxygenated organic compounds that can be used as tracers to understand sources and oxidation chemistry of atmospheric particulate matter. Quantification of these compounds in ambient environments has traditionally relied on low time-resolution collection of filter samples followed by offline sample treatment with a derivatizing agent to allow analysis by gas chromatography of otherwise non-elutable organic chemicals with hydroxyl groups. We present here an automated in situ instrument for the measurement of highly polar organic semi-volatile and low-volatility compounds in both the gas- and particle-phase with hourly time-resolution. The dual-cell Semi-Volatile Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) with derivatization collects particle-only and combined particle-plus-vapor samples on two parallel sampling cells that are analyzed in series by thermal desorption into helium saturated with derivatizing agent. Introduction of MSTFA, a silylating agent, yields complete derivatization of all tested compounds, including alkanoic acids, polyols, diacids, sugars, and multifunctional compounds. In laboratory tests, derivatization is found to be highly reproducible (< 3% variability). During field deployment, a regularly injected internal standard is used to correct for variability in detector response, derivatization efficiency, desorption efficiency, and transfer efficiency. Error in quantification from instrument fluctuations is found to be less than 10% for hydrocarbons and less than 15% for all oxygenates for which a functionally similar internal standard is available. After internal standard corrections, calibration curves are found to be linear for all compounds over the span of one month with comparable response on both of the parallel sampling cells.
Pliocene to Pleistocene climate and environmental history of Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic, based on high-resolution inorganic geochemistry data
Authors: Wennrich V. , Minyuk P. S. , Borkhodoev V. , Francke A. , Ritter B. , Nowaczyk N. R. , Sauerbrey M. A. , Brigham-Grette J. , Melles M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The 3.6 Ma sediment record of Lake El'gygytgyn/NE Russia, Far East Russian Arctic, represents the longest continuous climate archive of the terrestrial Arctic. Its elemental composition as determined by X-ray fluorescence scanning exhibits significant changes since the mid-Pliocene caused by climate-driven variations in primary production, postdepositional diagenetic processes, and lake circulation as well as weathering processes in its catchment. During the mid- to late Pliocene, warmer and wetter climatic conditions are reflected by elevated Si / Ti ratios, indicating enhanced diatom production in the lake. Prior to 3.3 Ma, this signal is overprinted by intensified detrital input from the catchment, visible in maxima of clastic-related proxies, such as K. In addition, calcite formation in the early lake history points to enhanced Ca flux into the lake caused by intensified weathering in the catchment. A lack of calcite deposition after ca. 3.3 Ma is linked to the development of permafrost in the region triggered by cooling in the mid-Pliocene. After ca. 3.0 Ma the elemental data suggest a gradual transition to Pleistocene-style glacial–interglacial cyclicity. In the early Pleistocene, the cyclicity was first dominated by variations on the 41 kyr obliquity band but experienced a change to a 100 kyr eccentricity dominance during the middle Pleistocene transition (MPT) at ca. 1.2–0.6 Ma. This clearly demonstrates the sensitivity of the Lake El'gygytgyn record to orbital forcing. A successive decrease of the baseline levels of the redox-sensitive Mn / Fe ratio and magnetic susceptibility between 2.3 and 1.8 Ma reflects an overall change in the bottom-water oxygenation due to an intensified occurrence of pervasive glacial episodes in the early Pleistocene. The coincidence with major changes in the North Pacific and Bering Sea paleoceanography at ca. 1.8 Ma implies that the change in lake hydrology was caused by a regional cooling in the North Pacific and the western Beringian landmass and/or changes in the continentality. Further increases in total organic carbon and total nitrogen content after ca. 1.6 Ma are attributed to reduced organic matter decay in the sediment during prolonged anoxic periods. This points to more extensive periods of perennial ice coverage, and thus, to a progressive shifts towards more intense peak glacial periods. In the course of the Pleistocene glacial–interglacial sequence eight so-called "super-interglacials" occur. Their exceptionally warm conditions are reflected by extreme Si / Ti peaks accompanied by lows in Ti, K, and Fe, thus indicating extraordinary high lake productivity.
Global climate simulations at 3000 year intervals for the last 21 000 years with the GENMOM coupled atmosphere–ocean model
Authors: Alder J. R. , Hostetler S. W.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We apply GENMOM, a coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model, to simulate eight equilibrium "time-segments" at 3000 yr intervals for the past 21 000 years forced by changes in Earth-Sun geometry, atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), continental ice sheets and sea level. Simulated global cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is 3.8 °C and the rate of post-glacial warming is in overall agreement with recently published temperature reconstructions. The greatest rate of warming occurs between 15 and 12 ka (2.4 °C over land, 0.7 °C over oceans and 1.4 °C globally) in response to changes in radiative forcing from the diminished extent of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice sheets and increases in GHGs and NH summer insolation. The modeled LGM and 6 ka temperature and precipitation climatologies are generally consistent with proxy reconstructions, the PMIP2 and PMIP3 simulations, and other paleoclimate data-model analyses. The model does not capture the mid-Holocene "thermal maximum" and gradual cooling to pre-industrial global temperature found in the data. Simulated monsoonal precipitation in North Africa peaks between 12 and 9 ka at values ~ 50% greater than those of the PI, and Indian monsoonal precipitation peaks at 12 and 9 ka at values ~ 45% greater than the PI. GENMOM captures the reconstructed LGM extent of NH and Southern Hemisphere (SH) sea ice. The simulated present-day Antarctica Circumpolar Current (ACC) is ~ 48% weaker than observed (62 vs. 119 Sv). The simulated present-day Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of 19.3 ± 1.4 Sv on the Bermuda Rise (33° N) is comparable with the observed value of 17.4 Sv. AMOC at 33° N is reduced by ~ 15% during the LGM, and the largest post-glacial increase (~ 11%) occurs, unforced, during the 15 ka time slice.
Optimization of coagulation-flocculation parameters using a photometric dispersion analyser
Authors: Ramphal S. R. , Sibiya M. S.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The size and structural characteristics of floc particles are important design and control parameters in water treatment and should be rapidly monitored with a reasonable amount of accuracy. In this study, a photometric dispersion analyser (PDA) coupled to standard jar test experiments was used to optimize coagulation-flocculation parameters while monitoring floc size and structure as well as the rate of floc formation during coagulation using alum. The optimal coagulation conditions were as follows: sample pH 8; alum dosage, 3 mg L−1 as Al3+; G value, 172 s−1; rapid mixing time, 20 s. These conditions resulted in unstable treated water having a calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) of −15 mg L−1 as CaCO3 and required a slaked lime dosage of 17 mg L−1 as CaCO3 to equilibrate CCPP to acceptable levels. PDA data revealed that aggregation rate and steady-state variance are primary parameters as both have substantial influence on coagulation-flocculation efficiency. However, the average steady state ratio, although an important parameter, had a lessened impact on coagulation-flocculation efficiency. The results of this study showed that the PDA instrument is an important tool in coagulation kinetic studies and can be employed as an additional tool in the optimization of coagulation conditions.
Characterizing the space–time structure of rainfall in the Sahel with a view to estimating IDAF curves
Authors: Panthou G. , Vischel T. , Lebel T. , Quantin G. , Molinié G.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Intensity–duration–area–frequency (IDAF) curves are increasingly demanded for characterizing the severity of storms and for designing hydraulic structures. Their computation requires inferring areal rainfall distributions over the range of space–time scales that are the most relevant for hydrological studies at catchment scale. In this study, IDAF curves are computed for the first time in West Africa, based on the data provided by the AMMA-CATCH Niger network, composed of 30 recording rain gauges having operated since 1990 over a 16 000 km2 area in South West Niger. The IDAF curves are obtained by separately considering the time (IDF) and space (Areal Reduction Factor – ARF) components of the extreme rainfall distribution. Annual maximum intensities are extracted for resolutions between 1 and 24 h in time and from point (rain-gauge) to 2500 km2 in space. The IDF model used is based on the concept of scale invariance (simple scaling) which allows the normalization of the different temporal resolutions of maxima series to which a global GEV is fitted. This parsimonious framework allows using the concept of dynamic scaling to describe the ARF. The results show that coupling a simple scaling in space and time with a dynamical scaling relating space and time allows modeling satisfactorily the effect of space–time aggregation on the distribution of extreme rainfall.
Quantification of hydrologic impacts of climate change in a Mediterranean basin in Sardinia, Italy, through high-resolution simulations
Authors: Piras M. , Mascaro G. , Deidda R. , Vivoni E. R.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Future climate projections robustly indicate that the Mediterranean region will experience a significant decrease of mean annual precipitation and an increase in temperature. These changes are expected to seriously affect the hydrologic regime, with a limitation of water availability and an intensification of hydrologic extremes, and to negatively impact local economies. In this study, we quantify the hydrologic impacts of climate change in the Rio Mannu basin (RMB), an agricultural watershed of 472.5 km2 in Sardinia, Italy. To simulate the wide range of runoff generation mechanisms typical of Mediterranean basins, we adopted a physically-based, distributed hydrologic model. The high-resolution forcings in reference and future conditions (30-year records for each period) were provided by four combinations of global and regional climate models, bias-corrected and downscaled in space and time (from ~25 km, 24 h to 5 km, 1 h) through statistical tools. The analysis of the hydrologic model outputs indicates that the RMB is expected to be severely impacted by future climate change. The range of simulations consistently predict: (i) a significant diminution of mean annual runoff at the basin outlet, mainly due to a decreasing contribution of the runoff generation mechanisms depending on water available in the soil; (ii) modest variations in mean annual runoff and intensification of mean annual discharge maxima in flatter sub-basins with clay and loamy soils, likely due to a higher occurrence of infiltration excess runoff; (iii) reduction of soil water content and real evapotranspiration in most areas of the basin; and (iv) a drop in the groundwater table. Results of this study are useful to support the adoption of adaptive strategies for management and planning of agricultural activities and water resources in the region.
Physicochemical changes in pyrogenic organic matter (biochar) after 15 months of field aging
Authors: Mukherjee A. , Zimmerman A. R. , Hamdan R. , Cooper W. T.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Predicting the effects of pyrogenic organic matter (OM) addition (either natural or intentional as in the case of biochar amendment) on soil chemistry and crop yields has been hampered by a lack of understanding of how pyrogenic OM evolves in the environment over time. This work compared the physicochemical characteristics of newly made and 15-month-field-aged biochars and biochar–soil mixtures. After aging, biochars made by pyrolysis of wood and grass at 250, 400 and 650 °C exhibited 5-fold increases in cation exchange capacity (CEC), on average; appearance of anion exchange capacity (AEC); and significant decreases in pH, ash content and nanopore surface area. Cross polarization 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses indicated relative increases in O-containing functional groups, including substituted aryl, carboxyl and carbonyl C, and losses of O-alkyl groups. Similar chemical trends were observed for soil–biochar mixtures, suggesting the same biochar aging processes occurred in the soil environment. However, there was evidence for a role of soil OM–microbe–biochar interaction during aging. Field aging of soil with biochar resulted in large increases in C and N content (up to 124 and 143%, respectively) and exchange capacity (up to 43%) beyond that calculated by the weighted addition of the properties of biochar and soil aged separately. These beneficial interactive effects varied with soil and biochar type. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images of biochar particles aged with soil showed colonization by microbes and widespread OM coatings. Thus, sorption of both microbially produced and soil OM are likely processes that enhanced biochar aging. Thus, biochar's full beneficial effects on soil properties likely increase over time, and proper assignment of C sequestration credits to biochar users will require consideration of soil–biochar interactions.