bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two kinds of differential object marking in Portuguese and Spanish
Authors: Schwenter Scott A.
Published: October 2014

Portuguese is typically not considered a differential object marking (DOM) language, while Spanish, with its accusative a, is one of the most well-known DOM languages. This chapter uses quantitative multivariate analysis to argue that Portuguese – both Brazilian (BP) and European (EP) – displays a clear-cut DOM system. Unlike Spanish, however, the Portuguese DOM system is limited to strictly anaphoric direct object referents. Both BP and EP oppose null objects with overt pronominal marking of anaphoric DOs, even though the pronouns employed differ in each variety. In both Spanish and Portuguese, animacy, definiteness and specificity constrain the encoding of direct object referents in similar ways; most notably, the hierarchical ordering of these constraints is the same across the two languages.
Sociolinguistic continuities in language contact situations:
Authors: Carvalho Ana Maria
Published: October 2014

This chapter presents a sociolinguistic analysis of Uruguayan Portuguese, a variety that has been in contact with Spanish in bilingual communities along the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. First, it discusses the historical reasons behind the presence of Portuguese in Uruguay, and the social context that has allowed for the maintenance of Portuguese-Spanish bilingualism. Next, it summarizes the main features of Uruguayan Portuguese, i.e., rural characteristics and contact phenomena, and presents sociolinguistic patterns that represent sociolinguistic continuities with Brazilian Portuguese. This study concludes that even when two cognate languages are in contact, the linguistic systems will not necessarily converge into one, due to social and ideological factors that may keep the separation of languages socially relevant.
A historical perspective of Afro-Portuguese and Afro-Spanish varieties in the Iberia Peninsula
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: October 2014

This study traces the linguistic history of 15th – 18th century Spanish and Portuguese contact varieties in Spain and Portugal. The plausibility of literary imitations – the sole source of information – is discussed. Several likely common denominators emerge from the discussion, including apparently consistent phonological and morphosyntactic patterns that are also attested in existent creole languages.
Portuguese remnants in the Afro-Hispanic diaspora
Authors: Schwegler Armin
Published: October 2014

During the transatlantic slave trade, several pidgin Portuguese contact varieties originally spoken in sub-Saharan Africa came into contact with New World Spanish. In the Americas, the resulting Afro-Iberian diaspora involved thousands of speakers, and was far-flung, extending from Cuba to Bolivia and beyond. This paper studies rare and precious remnants of this Afro-Iberian contact in four very distinct New World vernaculars: the Yungas of Highland Bolivia, the Chota Valley of Ecuador, Palenquero creole of Colombia, and the ritual language Palo Monte of Cuba. Most prominent among these remnants is the invariant third-person pronoun ele ~ (n)elle ‘he, she, it; they’, shown here to be a “deep feature” derived from (Afro-)Port. ele ‘he’ and eles ‘they’.
Yod-dropping in b-imperfect verb forms  in Amman
Authors: Al-Wer Enam
Published: October 2014

This article presents analysis of data from the emerging dialect of Amman within the framework of ‘dialect contact’ and ‘new dialect formation’ (Trudgill, 1986, 2004). In particular, it focuses on the conjugation of 3rd person singular and plural verb forms with or without /j/. The dialect of Amman can be described as the output of contact between speakers of two major dialect groups: Jordanian and Palestinian. In both groups of dialects, the imperfective takes the form b + Imperfect form, but whereas in Jordanian dialects Yod is dropped from the stem in the b-imperfect form in all environments, in Palestinian dialects it is dropped in open syllables only. The analysis reveals two important innovative patterns of conjugation: (i) Yod is dropped everywhere except where it carries ‘person’ information, and (ii) in hamza-initial verbs (‘glottal-initial verbs’ such as /ʔakal/ ‘to eat’) speakers with Jordanian heritage introduce a new form for 1st person singular and reallocate an existing form to the 3rd person singular masculine.
Splitting Neg:
Authors: Soltan Usama
Published: October 2014

The goal of this paper is to revisit sentential negation patterns in Cairene Egyptian Arabic and propose a novel analysis for their morphosyntactic properties in this Arabic dialect. In particular, it is argued that the distribution of negation patterns takes place in the mapping from the syntax to the morphology, that the head hosting negation is higher than T on the clausal hierarchy, and that the Neg-domain in this dialect is split into two separate heads, one encoding semantic negation, and another expressing formal negativity. Implications of the proposed analysis are discussed with regard to the interaction between negation and polarity items, variation in negation across different Arabic dialects, and negation patterns in negative disjunction and negative concord structures.
Multiple agreement in Arabic
Authors: Ouali Hamid
Published: October 2014

This article analyzes multiple subject verb agreement in complex tense clauses in light of the Feature Inheritance (FI) approach (Chomsky 2008, 2013). After establishing that these complex tense clauses are bi-clausal with two TP projections and one CP, I argue that they present a challenge to FI according to which C is the locus of φ-features. I propose an analysis where I maintain that T is lexically specified for φ-features and show how this view can account for all the multiple agreement facts.
On the L1 development of final consonant clusters in Cairene Arabic
Authors: Ragheb Marwa , Davis Stuart
Published: October 2014

This study presents data on the first language development of final consonant cluster acquisition in Cairene Arabic. We compare the production of final consonant clusters of two siblings (an older brother and a younger sister) acquiring Cairene Arabic in a monolingual setting when both were 2 years, 8 months (2;8). Since one child had more target-appropriate clusters than the other at that age, we get a glimpse of the developmental path of final consonant cluster acquisition in Cairene Arabic. Our findings include that pharyngeal-initial final clusters are acquired early and that gemination is the common “repair” strategy for clusters not yet acquired. We conclude by relating our findings to theories regarding the nature of first language phonological acquisition.
Atlantic Sturgeon Annual Spawning Run Estimate in the Pamunkey River, Virginia
Authors: Kahn J. E. , Hager C. , Watterson J. C. , Russo J. , Moore K. , Hartman K.
Published: October 2014

On February 6, 2012, the National Marine Fisheries Service listed five distinct population segments (DPSs) of Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus encompassing their entire U.S. range, including one DPS in Chesapeake Bay, as either threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Designation of DPSs is a management tool that identifies significant, discrete, geographically defined portions of a species’ range, which can be listed as unique management units. At the time of listing, all DPSs except the Chesapeake Bay DPS comprised several rivers with known reproduction. After the Chesapeake Bay DPS was established, an additional spawning population was confirmed in the Pamunkey River, which is part of the York River system. We used the Schumacher–Eschmeyer formula for multiple census to estimate the number of adult Atlantic Sturgeon that spawned in the Pamunkey River during 2013. Gill nets were placed between river kilometers 27 and 67 in the upper Pamunkey River for 10 weeks during spawning season. The Schumacher–Eschmeyer model gave an estimate of 75 adult Atlantic Sturgeon (95% confidence interval = 17–168 adults) for the 2013 spawning population. This study represents the first estimate of annual spawning population abundance for any river in the Chesapeake Bay DPS and is only the third estimate of Atlantic Sturgeon abundance rangewide.

Received March 24, 2014; accepted July 14, 2014
Isotropic actomyosin dynamics promote organization of the apical cell cortex in epithelial cells
Authors: Klingner Christoph , Cherian Anoop V. , Fels Johannes , Diesinger Philipp M. , Aufschnaiter Roland , Maghelli Nicola , Keil Thomas , Beck Gisela , Tolić-Nørrelykke Iva M. , Bathe Mark , Wedlich-Soldner Roland
Published: October 2014

Although cortical actin plays an important role in cellular mechanics and morphogenesis, there is surprisingly little information on cortex organization at the apical surface of cells. In this paper, we characterize organization and dynamics of microvilli (MV) and a previously unappreciated actomyosin network at the apical surface of Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. In contrast to short and static MV in confluent cells, the apical surfaces of nonconfluent epithelial cells (ECs) form highly dynamic protrusions, which are often oriented along the plane of the membrane. These dynamic MV exhibit complex and spatially correlated reorganization, which is dependent on myosin II activity. Surprisingly, myosin II is organized into an extensive network of filaments spanning the entire apical membrane in nonconfluent ECs. Dynamic MV, myosin filaments, and their associated actin filaments form an interconnected, prestressed network. Interestingly, this network regulates lateral mobility of apical membrane probes such as integrins or epidermal growth factor receptors, suggesting that coordinated actomyosin dynamics contributes to apical cell membrane organization.
Asynchronous remodeling is a driver of failed regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Dadgar Sherry , Wang Zuyi , Johnston Helen , Kesari Akanchha , Nagaraju Kanneboyina , Chen Yi-Wen , Hill D. Ashley , Partridge Terence A. , Giri Mamta , Freishtat Robert J. , Nazarian Javad , Xuan Jianhua , Wang Yue , Hoffman Eric P.
Published: October 2014

We sought to determine the mechanisms underlying failure of muscle regeneration that is observed in dystrophic muscle through hypothesis generation using muscle profiling data (human dystrophy and murine regeneration). We found that transforming growth factor β–centered networks strongly associated with pathological fibrosis and failed regeneration were also induced during normal regeneration but at distinct time points. We hypothesized that asynchronously regenerating microenvironments are an underlying driver of fibrosis and failed regeneration. We validated this hypothesis using an experimental model of focal asynchronous bouts of muscle regeneration in wild-type (WT) mice. A chronic inflammatory state and reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity are observed in bouts separated by 4 d, whereas a chronic profibrotic state was seen in bouts separated by 10 d. Treatment of asynchronously remodeling WT muscle with either prednisone or VBP15 mitigated the molecular phenotype. Our asynchronous regeneration model for pathological fibrosis and muscle wasting in the muscular dystrophies is likely generalizable to tissue failure in chronic inflammatory states in other regenerative tissues.
Chibby promotes ciliary vesicle formation and basal body docking during airway cell differentiation
Authors: Burke Michael C. , Li Feng-Qian , Cyge Benjamin , Arashiro Takeshi , Brechbuhl Heather M. , Chen Xingwang , Siller Saul S. , Weiss Matthew A. , O’Connell Christopher B. , Love Damon , Westlake Christopher J. , Reynolds Susan D. , Kuriyama Ryoko , Takemaru Ken-Ichi
Published: October 2014

Airway multiciliated epithelial cells play crucial roles in the mucosal defense system, but their differentiation process remains poorly understood. Mice lacking the basal body component Chibby (Cby) exhibit impaired mucociliary transport caused by defective ciliogenesis, resulting in chronic airway infection. In this paper, using primary cultures of mouse tracheal epithelial cells, we show that Cby facilitates basal body docking to the apical cell membrane through proper formation of ciliary vesicles at the distal appendage during the early stages of ciliogenesis. Cby is recruited to the distal appendages of centrioles via physical interaction with the distal appendage protein CEP164. Cby then associates with the membrane trafficking machinery component Rabin8, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small guanosine triphosphatase Rab8, to promote recruitment of Rab8 and efficient assembly of ciliary vesicles. Thus, our study identifies Cby as a key regulator of ciliary vesicle formation and basal body docking during the differentiation of airway ciliated cells.
Move your microvilli
Authors: Fischer Robert S.
Published: October 2014

Polarized epithelial cells create tightly packed arrays of microvilli in their apical membrane, but the fate of these microvilli is relatively unknown when epithelial cell polarity is lost during wound healing. In this issue, Klingner et al. (2014. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201402037) show that, when epithelial cells become subconfluent, actomyosin contractions locally within the apical cortex cause their microvilli to become motile over the dorsal/apical surface. Their unexpected observations may have implications for epithelial responses in wound healing and disease.
High Performance Computing Symposium 2013 (HPCS 2013)
Authors: Dursi Jonathan , Abukhdeir Nasser Mohieddin , Daley Mark , Jurisica Igor , Mewhort Doug , Meyer Ralf , Slater Gary
Published: October 2014

The Program committee of HPCS2013 would like to thank those who contributed to
HPCS2013, through the technical program, the Birds of Feather sessions, the vendor overviews, the networking sessions, or for attending and grilling the speakers in all of theses sessions with great questions and contributing to fantastic discussions.

We'd particularly like to highlight the best paper award presented at the conference, going to ‘‘The Making of Big Brain’’, presented by Marc-Étienne Rousseau for the Big Brain team;
the best student paper for ‘‘Towards a Resource Reservation Approach for an Opportunistic
Computing Environment’’, presented by Eliza Gomes; and the best visualization, to a movie of
an amazing globe-to-individual-building level simulation of the evolution of a toxic plume over
a city, presented by Bertrand Denis of the Canadian Meteorological Centre.

It was a great conference, and we look forward to seeing you in Halifax for HPCS2014!
The bigger society: considering lived consumption experiences in managing social change around obesity
Authors: Cronin James , McCarthy Mary , Brennan Mary , McCarthy Sinéad
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to argue that the limited success in addressing rising rates of obesity is underscored by health promotion practices and policies’ failure to consider the instrumental and symbolic functioning of food as part of identity formation, relationship construction and socio-cultural conditioning over consumers’ life course events. The aim of this paper is to ignite the power of critical approaches that seek social change through contextualising the subjectivities of obese individuals’ personal lived experiences with food.

Design/methodology/approach

– Taking a transformative consumer research approach which recognises the range of theories and paradigms required to comprehend and positively influence well-being, this paper draws on the work of Foucault and Bourdieu to study the discourses of 21 obese adult consumers.

Findings

– The research shows that food behaviours conducive to weight gain are enmeshed in participants’ biographies and everyday experiences across the arenas of identity, environment and the body. Transposable dispositions are formed across these arenas which often can be at odds with practices of self-care and frame how individuals use food in their responses to significant life occurrences.

Practical implications

– The findings provide an avenue to potentially guide policymakers in shaping health-promotion programmes which assist consumers in self-regulation without compromising their relational identities, interests and self-knowledge.

Originality/value

– This paper makes several important contributions to the managerial understanding of obesity, including the consideration of “obesogenecity” beyond its relativity to the temporal surroundings of “built” and social fields in the here and now, and more relative to the illimitable occasions, times, spaces or stages consumers traverse through their lives.
The effect of customer information during new product development on profits from goods and services
Authors: Witell Lars , Gustafsson Anders , D. Johnson Michael
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– This study aims to investigate how customer information obtained at different phases of a new product development (NPD) process influences profits from new offerings.

Design/methodology/approach

– A survey was conducted in the context of NPD in goods and services. A unique database was constructed that merged key informant survey responses with financial data for 244 firms. This database was used to replicate and extend previous research by posing a number of hypotheses regarding the role of obtaining customer information in NPD.

Findings

– The results show that obtaining customer information during NPD influences the profits from new offerings, which vary depending on the phase of the NPD process. The financial rewards from obtaining customer information for goods are highest in the early phases of the NPD process and decline in later phases. The financial rewards for services, on the other hand, are high in the early and late phases of the NPD process.

Research limitations/implications

– The research is based on a survey combined with objective financial data, that is, a combination of different data sources. The research would have benefitted from longer data series and a higher response rate.

Originality/value

– This study replicates and extends previous research by testing the role of obtaining customer information in both manufacturing and service firms by combining survey data with objective financial data.
The intertwined relationships of power, justice and dependence
Authors: J. Hoppner Jessica , A. Griffith David , Yeo ChangSeob
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study, drawing from exchange theory, is to examine how the intertwined relationships between power, justice and relative dependence influence relationship performance in buyer – seller relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

– A two-wave structural equation model with latent variable interactions was estimated on a dataset of 283 buyer – seller relationships.

Findings

– Exercised coercive and reward power follow different processes, direct and indirect, to influence relationship performance. The use of coercion was found to be substantively more detrimental to the buyer – seller relationship than the use of rewards were beneficial. Relative dependence tempers the negative influence of coercion.

Research limitations/implications

– Managers of buyer – seller relationships need to be judicious in their use of coercion and rewards. In their efforts to manage relationship performance, whenever possible, managers should seek to avoid punishing their partner more so than they should seek to reward them.

Originality/value

– Although proposed under a single theoretical perspective, power and justice have developed as separate streams within the extant literature. Examining these constructs together can increase the current understanding of how to manage buyer – seller relationships.
The interplay of products from the same product line: the role of brand reputation
Authors: Palmeira Mauricio
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The main aim of this paper is to examine the role of brand reputation on the impact of value product on perceptions of a premium product from the same brand. As a secondary goal, it tests and extends existing findings from judgment tasks to a choice task.

Design/methodology/approach

– Two online experiments are presented. In Study 1 (1a and 1b), participants provided quality and price judgments to products. Brand reputation was manipulated by comparing common store brands to non-store brands (Study 1a) and to upscale store brands (Study 1b). In Study 2, we examined whether findings indicating a positive effect of a value store brand on a premium store brand extends to a choice context. Participants made choices between a premium store brand and a national brand in the presence of either a value store brand or a value national brand.

Findings

– It was found that brand reputation plays an important role in the interplay of products in line extensions. While the positive impact of a value brand on a premium brand is at its strongest level for a regular store brand, it still has a moderate size for a non-store brand without a defined reputation, as well as for an upscale store brand. Second, using a choice task, we reject an important rival explanation for the impact of a value store brand on a premium store brand observed in previous research.

Research limitations/implications

– The authors have focused on consumers’ expectations of products. While research has shown that these expectations play an important role in evaluations, future research may directly examine perceptions after consumption. The findings also offer an opportunity for future research to examine the differences in perceptions between store and non-store brands at different positioning levels, as well as other factors that affect brand reputation.

Practical implications

– The findings have two practical implications. First, our results indicate that when a manufacturer produces two products in the same category at different levels of quality, there is some benefit in letting consumers know about this relationship. The authors consistently found no negative impact on the brands and often a positive impact on the premium brand. While effects are stronger for common store brands, they are likely to emerge for any type of brand, albeit weaker.

Originality/value

– This paper contributes to the nascent literature on multi-tier brands and vertical extensions in several ways. First, the role of brand reputation was examined and how it interacts with positioning in line extension context. Second, we show that the effect of a value brand on a premium brand is stronger for store brands, but still existent for non-store brands. These results offer implications for practice and open opportunities for future research on multi-tier store brands.
The franchise relationship in China: agency and institutional theory perspectives
Authors: Marie Doherty Anne , Chen Xiaomin , Alexander Nicholas
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to explore the franchise relationship in China, focusing on the relational constructs of power, control, support and conflict in this developing franchise environment. Agency theory has dominated franchise research. A more rounded theoretical interpretation of the franchising relationship is offered by employing both agency theory and institutional theory perspectives.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study adopts an interpretive approach, employing in-depth interviews with franchisors and franchisees in nine franchise organisations operating in the retail sector in China. It contributes a fuller understanding of how to manage the research process in China.

Findings

– The study reveals how the relational constructs of power, control, support and conflict are manifest in the franchise relationship in China. The explanatory power of agency theory is apparent when viewed in terms of the vertical agency problem. However, free-riding outside the franchise system, in the form of counterfeiting, mitigates against the occurrence of free-riding within it. With regard to institutional theory, we demonstrate that the regulatory institutional pillar is a crucial foundation for the franchise relationship.

Practical implications

– The study offers insights for franchisors and franchisees considering franchise relationships in China.

Originality/value

– For the first time in the literature, this study offers insights into key elements of the franchise relationship in China. Employing both agency and institutional theories facilitates a rounded explanation of the developing franchise environment in China.
Acculturation and consumer loyalty among immigrants: a cross-national study
Authors: Segev Sigal , Ruvio Ayalla , Shoham Aviv , Velan Dalia
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of acculturation on immigrant consumers’ loyalty. The authors posit that the acculturation orientation of immigrants determines their consumer loyalty to both ethnic and mainstream brands and stores.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using a sample of Hispanic consumers in the USA and consumers from the former Soviet Union in Israel, this study tests a model in which two acculturation continua, original culture maintenance and host culture adaptation, serve as antecedents for immigrants’ consumer loyalty.

Findings

– Acculturation determines the extent of immigrants’ consumer loyalty. Both acculturation continua are associated with distinct loyalty patterns that are similar across the two immigrant groups.

Research limitations/implications

– Despite sampling limitations, the paper demonstrates that immigrants’ acculturation orientation influences their loyalty to ethnic and mainstream brands and stores. Shared by ethnic consumers in two culturally diverse markets, this relationship transcends geographic boundaries.

Practical implications

– The results provide insights for marketers with respect to the development of segmentation and positioning strategies and tactical implementations that address the preferences of ethnic consumers.

Social implications

– This paper highlights the importance of understanding the unique needs of ethnic consumers and addressing them. Successful integration of immigrant consumers into the marketplace can also help in their integration into the host society at large.

Originality/value

– Findings shed light on the commonalities and differences among immigrant groups in different national settings. The paper highlights the role of cultural transition as a key experience that affects immigrants regardless of specific environmental or situational circumstances.
How funny was that? Uncovering humor mechanisms
Authors: Spielmann Nathalie
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to uncover humor mechanisms. Humor mechanisms influencing consumer behaviors seem relatively under-researched. In consequence, the effectiveness of humorous appeals is often questioned and research has yet to provide clear guidelines regarding why, for whom and when these appeals work. After uncovering ads that contain the two main types of humor mechanisms, the distraction and combined-influence hypotheses are tested in combination with dispositional and situation involvement.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using a focus group to define the ways consumers perceive humor, two pre-tests established a measure to identify arousal-safety (A-S) and incongruity resolution humor mechanisms. Two main studies (n = 486) test these mechanisms for two types of consumer groups (low and high NFC) in studies meant to replicate content-free and content-based media contexts.

Findings

– The results show that consumers are likely to have higher attitudes towards the humor ads that contain A-S. When considering the type of ad mechanism used, the results support the distraction hypotheses even for consumers with high NFC and even when in high situational involvement. No support for the combined-influence hypothesis is uncovered.

Originality/value

– It is shown that humorous mechanism is an important consideration when creating humor ads. The results also add more detailed support for the distraction hypothesis. From these results, marketers have a better understanding of humor mechanisms and practitioners of how to position their humorous advertising depending on the outcome behaviors they wish to encourage. Marketers are also advised to create humorous advertising that is simple rather than complex.
Multichannel advertising: does print advertising affect search engine advertising?
Authors: Olbrich Rainer , D. Schultz Carsten
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The study contributes to our understanding of search engine advertising in two main ways. Firstly, we analyze the comparative effectiveness of its campaign parameters. Secondly, we examine the effect of print advertising on search engine advertising

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on advertising data for a three-year period, we test the hypotheses by means of a path model with the aid of partial least squares.

Findings

– The advertising budget and the degree of keyword matching yield the greatest effect on the number of signed contracts. The click-through rate and the bid amount contribute, to a lesser extent, to explaining this financial target variance. The number of keywords had no significant effect. The study did not yield significant evidence of print advertising, directly affecting the number of search engine advertisement impressions, but showed an indirect effect of print advertising on the number of conversions, induced directly by search engine advertising.

Research limitations/implications

– The multichannel relationship of print and search engine advertising, including its campaign parameters, provides a starting point for future research to provide a coherent methodology for capturing the necessary data, processing the underlying information and evaluating the advertising effects.

Practical implications

– The multichannel effect needs to be quantified and taken into account when evaluating print advertising and search advertising campaigns and the future advertising mix is planned.

Originality/value

– The study extends the field of search engine advertising in the direction of multichannel effects. In comparison to previous research, empirical evidence on the multichannel usage of print advertising and search engine advertising, related to an overall economic target, is provided.
Exploring the “feminisation of poverty” in relation to women’s work and home-based enterprise in slums of the Global South
Authors: Chant Sylvia
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore links between a revisionist view of the “feminisation of poverty” in developing countries and women’s work and home-based enterprise in urban slums.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper’s discussion of the “feminisation of poverty” draws substantially from ethnographic field research conducted in The Gambia, The Philippines and Costa Rica. This research led the author to propose the notion of a “feminisation of responsibility and/or obligation”. The latter approach draws attention to issues such as gendered disparities of labour, time and resource inputs into household livelihoods, which are often most marked in male-headed units, and are not captured in conventional referents of the “feminisation of poverty”, which are rather narrowly confined to incomes and female household headship.

Findings

– An integral element of the author’s critique is that the main policy response to classic “feminisation of poverty” thinking, to date, has been to “feminise” anti-poverty initiatives such as Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) and microfinance programmes.

Originality/value

– The paper argues that the “feminisation of poverty” compounds the tensions women already face in terms of managing unpaid reproductive and/or “volunteer” work with their economic contributions to household livelihoods, and it is in the context of urban slums, where housing, service and infrastructure deficiencies pose considerable challenges to women’s dual burdens of productive and reproductive labour. The paper emphasizes that to more effectively address gender inequality while also alleviating poverty, policy interventions sensitive to women’s multiple, time-consuming responsibilities and obligations are paramount.
Determinants of zakah (Islamic tax) compliance behavior
Authors: Al Jaffri Saad Ram , Haniffa Roszaini
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of the paper was to examine factors influencing business zakah compliance behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

– The theory of reasoned action (TRA) was adopted to investigate whether attitude, subjective norm and intention were the determinants of zakah compliance behavior based on questionnaire survey of 227 active businessmen in one district in Malaysia.

Findings

– Results indicate intention to be a significant predictor for zakah compliance behavior. Intention is further found to be influenced by both attitude and subjective norm, and it mediates the relationship between both factors with business zakah compliance behavior.

Practical implications

– As attitude, subjective norm and intention are found to influence business zakah compliance behavior, zakah institutions should give serious attention on these factors to improve their zakah collection in the future.

Originality/value

– The study supports the argument that in a loosely regulated environment like zakah, the TRA can still effectively explain the behavior of zakah compliance.
Managing the intellectual capital within government-university-industry R&D partnerships
Authors: Carayannis Elias , Del Giudice Manlio , Rosaria Della Peruta Maria
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– As the complexity and scope of technical and social challenges increase, solutions to those challenges must be addressed by collaborative research and intellectual capital sharing efforts involving multiple organizations. One prominent type of research collaborative is the government-university-industry R&D partnership, an organizational form found in many countries. These collaboratives pose special management challenges, as they must combine the efforts of researchers coming from very different institutional and organizational cultures in order to capitalize their own intellectual capital. Many such partnerships have failed due to the inability to bridge these cultural gaps. The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for establishing and managing these partnerships, using principles and constructs drawn from institutional theory, organizational learning, alliance theory, and innovation management.

Design/methodology/approach

– The examples of the NASA Laboratories, which are incubating several companies, are analyzed to show how this framework can highlight key attributes of successful research collaboratives.

Findings

– The recurring pattern from these diverse case studies shows that the presence of internal and external champions, appropriate technology, and patient risk capital make a difference in winning in a competitive environment. However, part of the same pattern perhaps is the lack of any identifiable recipes for success - critical factors appear to be situation specific.

Originality/value

– In light of the findings from the seven case studies the authors presented, they recommend using a hybrid portfolio approach in assessing the success of technology transfer and commercialization efforts.
Reclaiming user leadership in peer support practice
Authors: Stamou Elina
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore user leadership in peer support practice by reviewing existing evidence and models of delivery, investigating the recently developed term of “authentic” peer support and reflecting on challenges and opportunities for the future.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper presents and discusses views and evidence on peer support policy and practice, found in the current literature, grass roots peer support experts’ presentations and contributions to conferences, a national peer support network, key policy documents and the work of Together for Mental Wellbeing.

Findings

– Peer support benefits are widely documented as is its history, rooted in user leadership. More recently, peer support is acknowledged in a number of key mental health policy documents as seen to be key in the response to current quality and cost agendas. There has been a simultaneous increase of “formal” peer support as practiced by large service providers and a gradual shift away from its “user led” origins. Against the background of the current economic climate and implications for mental health services, there seems to be a need to pause and reflect on current peer support practice and rethink the way forward.

Originality/value

– This paper's emphasis on the authenticity of peer support covers new ground in relation to an important topical debate.
Transporting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) project to Japan: preliminary observations and service evaluation in Chiba
Authors: Kobori Osamu , Nakazato Michiko , Yoshinaga Naoki , Shiraishi Tetsuya , Takaoka Kota , Nakagawa Akiko , Iyo Masaomi , Shimizu Eiji
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the implementation and evaluation of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) training course for clinicians in Chiba, the sixth-largest province in Japan.

Design/methodology/approach

– Individual CBT for obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, or social anxiety disorder was delivered by trainees of the Chiba CBT training course in a single study design.

Findings

– The results demonstrated that individual CBT delivered by trainees led to statistically significant reductions in symptom severity for all three disorders. Feedback from the trainees indicated that the training course achieved its aims.

Research limitations/implications

– Barriers to the dissemination of CBT in Japan such as opportunities for training and possible solutions are discussed.

Originality/value

– This paper evaluates the Chiba CBT training course, which is a Japanese adaptation of the UK Improving Access to Psychological Therapies Project and the first post-qualification CBT training course in Japan.
Dependence of diverse consumers on detritus in a tropical rain forest food web as revealed by radiocarbon analysis
Authors: Hyodo Fujio , Matsumoto Takashi , Takematsu Yoko , Itioka Takao
Published: October 2014

Energy and material flows from dead organic matter, or detritus, to generalist predators have a potential impact on the food web dynamics. However, little is known about how commonly generalist predators depend on detritivorous prey, or the detritus on which the detritivores have fed in terrestrial food webs.

To examine this, we measured the diet ages of terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate consumers (>30 species) at multiple trophic levels in a tropical rain forest, with a particular focus on ants and termites by using radiocarbon (14C). Here, we defined diet age as the lag time between the primary production and the utilization by consumer organisms.

The diet ages varied from 0 to >50 years and corresponded to known feeding habits of the consumers. Herbivores such as bees, butterflies, a frugivorous bird and bat, and nectar‐feeding ants had young diet ages (0–3 years). Meanwhile, detritivores such as termites had old diet ages, which increased according to the food resources in the order of litter (6 years), soil (10 years) and wood (≥19 years). The diet ages of predators such as wolf spiders, hunting wasps, army ants, tree shrews and an insectivorous bat were intermediate (2–8 years), indicating the dependence of many predators on detritivores. Because known dietary components of the predators include herbivores and detritivores, the intermediate ages likely indicate the coupling of energy and material flows between plant‐based and detritus‐based food webs.

Diet ages of soil‐feeding termite and army ant differed significantly, although a previous study reported that their nitrogen isotope ratios were indistinguishable despite the differing feeding habits. This indicates that radiocarbon can distinguish the two factors, trophic enrichment and the below‐ground processes (humification), both of which could influence the nitrogen isotopic signatures of the terrestrial consumers.

Our results show that radiocarbon would provide insights into structures of terrestrial food webs as well as time frame of energy and material flows through the webs.
Cascading effects of host plant inbreeding on the larval growth, muscle molecular composition, and flight capacity of an adult herbivorous insect
Authors: Portman Scott L. , Kariyat Rupesh R. , Johnston Michelle A. , Stephenson Andrew G. , Marden James H.
Published: October 2014

A primary function of adult winged insects is dispersal. Limiting larval dietary intake (partial starvation) has been shown to affect the flight muscle metabolism of adult moths reared on artificial diet, but a more ecologically relevant question is whether natural variation in host plant quality can lead to differences in the flight capacity of adult insects.

Recent studies have shown that inbreeding compromises plant antiherbivore defences. We created inbred and outbred progeny from locally collected horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.) and examined how host plant inbreeding affects the growth, development, and flight muscle physiology of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta L.), a specialist herbivore on Solanaceae. We tested the hypothesis that within population genetic variation in host plant quality, resulting from inbreeding, can create significant changes to the larval development and flight physiology of an adult insect.

We found that Manduca larvae reared on inbred horsenettle plants grew faster and developed into larger pupae compared to larvae reared on outbred plants. Adult flight metabolic rate was greater in adults reared on inbred plants compared to outbred plants, and this elevation was independent of body mass when we excluded one plant family that produced small, low metabolic rate moths regardless of breeding regime. Differences in mass‐specific flight metabolism were associated with changes in alternative splicing of troponin t, a flight muscle protein that regulates muscle contraction.

These results show that host plant inbreeding can create effects that cascade through larval and pupal development to affect dispersal‐related traits of the adult stage. Hence, plant inbreeding may also impact herbivore population dynamics, particularly their ability to spread away from, and possibly into, isolated patches of inbred plants creating increased herbivore pressure on these plant populations. More generally, our findings reveal that changes in population biology at one trophic level can affect the metabolic physiology and flight capacity of an animal at a higher trophic level.
Senescence in duckweed: age‐related declines in survival, reproduction and offspring quality
Authors: Barks Patrick M. , Laird Robert A.
Published: October 2014

As they grow old, most organisms experience progressive physiological deterioration resulting in declining rates of survival and reproduction – a seemingly maladaptive phenomenon known as senescence.

Although senescence is usually defined with respect only to survival and reproduction, a third component of fitness, offspring quality, may also decline with age. Few studies, however, have assessed age‐related changes in offspring quality using measures that truly reflect fitness.

In a controlled environment, we tested for age‐related declines in three demographic components of fitness (survival, reproduction and offspring quality) in Lemna minor, a small aquatic plant in the subfamily Lemnoideae (the duckweeds) with a short life span and rapid rate of asexual reproduction. Our primary measure of offspring quality, the intrinsic rate of increase, more closely approximates fitness than measures used in previous studies such as size, life span and total reproductive output.

We observed strong age‐related declines in all three components of fitness: old plants had lower rates of survival and reproduction, and produced lower‐quality offspring than younger plants.

Theoretical and empirical research on the evolutionary biology of senescence should devote more attention to offspring quality. This often unrecognized component of fitness may change with age – as we have shown in L. minor – and may be shaped by, and feed back into, the same evolutionary forces that give rise to senescence.
The consequences of co‐infections for parasite transmission in the mosquito Aedes aegypti
Authors: Duncan Alison B. , Agnew Philip , Noel Valérie , Michalakis Yannis
Published: October 2014

Co‐infections may modify parasite transmission opportunities directly as a consequence of interactions in the within‐host environment, but also indirectly through changes in host life history. Furthermore, host and parasite traits are sensitive to the abiotic environment with variable consequences for parasite transmission in co‐infections.

We investigate how co‐infection of the mosquito Aedes aegypti with two microsporidian parasites (Vavraia culicis and Edhazardia aedis) at two levels of larval food availability affects parasite transmission directly, and indirectly through effects on host traits.

In a laboratory infection experiment, we compared how co‐infection, at low and high larval food availability, affected the probability of infection, within‐host growth and the transmission potential of each parasite, compared to single infections. Horizontal transmission was deemed possible for both parasites when infected hosts died harbouring horizontally transmitting spores. Vertical transmission was judged possible for E. aedis when infected females emerged as adults. We also compared the total input number of spores used to seed infections with output number, in single and co‐infections for each parasite.

The effects of co‐infection on parasite fitness were complex, especially for V. culicis. In low larval food conditions, co‐infection increased the chances of mosquitoes dying as larvae or pupae, thus increasing opportunities for V. culicis’ horizontal transmission. However, co‐infection reduced larval longevity and hence time available for V. culicis spore production. Overall, there was a negative net effect of co‐infection on V. culicis, whereby the number of spores produced was less than the number used to seed infection. Co‐infections also negatively affected horizontal transmission of the more virulent parasite, E. aedis, through reduced longevity of pre‐adult hosts. However, its potential transmission suffered less relative to V. culicis.

Our results show that co‐infection can negatively affect parasite transmission opportunities, both directly as well as indirectly via effects on host life history. We also find that transmission is contingent on the combined effect of the abiotic environment.