bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Imidacloprid to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Gulph Mills, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%) and creeping bentgrass (70%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCBD, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (20 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 82°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 80°F; RH, 83%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.0% sand, 47.1% silt, 31.9% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 23.7%; organic matter, 4.5%; water pH, 6—7; soil pH, 5.1; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.375 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made on 20 Sep. The total number of new freshly constructed green June beetle burrows were recorded from each replicate (54 ft2).
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Turcam 76W and Myx910 on a Golf Course Fairway in State College, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and perennial ryegrass (25%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 2 gal water. At treatment time (19 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 77°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 78%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 18.0% sand, 44.4% silt, 37.6% clay; organic matter, 9.9%; soil moisture (oven baked), 26.9%; water pH, 6—7; soil pH, 6.3; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.35 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 28 DAT (16 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Four Insecticides Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Ethoprop (Mocap 10G), imidacloprid (Merit 75SP), isazophos (Triumph 4E), and isofenphos (Oftanol 2F) were applied on 18 Apr (Forsythia in early bloom) OR 2 May (Cornus ftorida in early "full bloom") to 7 × 7 ft plots, which were replicated 5 times in CRB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY consisting primarily of annual bluegrass (30-40%) and creeping bentgrass (60-70%) maintained at 0.5 inch mowing height. All materials were applied by hand. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid formulations were applied with watering cans, using 2 qt water per plot. All applications were made by applying ca. half of the material in one direction and then applying the remainder in the perpendicular direction. The entire test area received 0.25 inch irrigation ca. 1 h after application of the last material on each date. Soil pH was 6.3, water pH of water used for application was 6.2 on 18 April and 6.4 on 2 May. Product efficacy was evaluated on 6 Jun by removing 12 cores (1.85 inch diam, 1.5 inch deep) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 25% early instars (lst-3rd), 25% 4th instar, and 50% 5th instar.
Field Insecticidal Trial Against Certain Pests of Red Ginger, Hawaii, 1994
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu B. K. S.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted from 20 May through 26 Sep in an existing, 4 year old ginger planting at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station (Hilo), HI. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 5 plants per replicate arranged in a RCB experimental design. Selected insecticides were applied at the following rates: Talstar T&O; 0.1 lb AI/100 gal, Pageant DF; 0.5 lb AI/100 gal, Marathon 1G; 0.4 lb Al/acre, Mavrik Aquaflow; 0.08 lb AI/100 gal combined with M-Pede 1855 ml AI/100 gal by volume. Foliar insecticides were applied biweekly beginning 14 Jun through 25 Jul for a total of four applications using a solo back pack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 276 KPa (702 liters/ha). A spreader sticker (Adhere, J. R. Simplot, Lanthrop, CA) was added to all foliar treatments including the control at a rate of 0.39 ml/liter solution. Marathon 1G was applied once, around and within the ginger stalks, and watered immediately after treatment. Treatment efficacy was determined by dissecting the flower bracts and terminal leaf sheath and observing for various insect pests. Flowers were considered infested if a single live (moving) insect was found. The three species of mealybugs and two ant species were each pooled for analysis. The percentages of infested flowers were transformed to arcsine square root and subjected to ANOVA. Back transformed means are presented.
Evaluation of Merit for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants in Commercial Grass Sod, 1994
Authors: Lockley Timothy C.
Published: December 2017

Plots were laid out in one acre squares (210’ × 210’) with three replicates each of treated and untreated check. Treatments of Merit 0.5G at 0.4 lb Al/acre were applied on 1 Aug utilizing a Herd GT-77 Seed Spreader (Herd Seed Co., Logansport, IN) mounted on a Ford tractor. A swath of 21 feet was assigned and the vehicle operated at 4.0 mph. RIFA population levels were assessed in 0.25 acre subplots in the center of each treatment plot immediately prior to and at 6 and 12 weeks post-treatment using a population indexing system (Lofgren and Williams, 1982. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:798-803). Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Tukey test.
Control of European Elm Scale and Elm Leaf Aphid with Soil Applied and Trunk Injected Systemic Insecticides, a two Year Evaluation, 1993-1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney , Cooper Dayna , Eckberg Thomas
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted along a parkway median located in Denver, CO on mature American elms, approximately 26 inches DBH. The site was regularly irrigated but some dieback in trees was present and some root disruption had occurred at the site within the previous two years. Plots consisted of single trees, arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. All Arbor,® trunk injections and Orthene 75S (acephate) soil injections were made 5 Jul, 1993. Soil injections of NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) were made 12 Jul, 1993. Trunk injections used Arbor,® capsules containing either 5 ml of NTN 33893 200SL (imidacloprid) or 4 ml of formulated Avid (abamectin) per injection site. Number of injection sites per tree were determined by placing capsules in the root flare at a rate of one per 6 inches of tree circumference at breast height. Soil injections were effected using a Kioritz® soil injector. Insecticides were diluted into a slurry at a concentration that allowed 1 fl oz to be introduced per injection hole. Injections were made at a rate of 2 per inch DBH, in a regularly distributed pattern within the drip line of the tree. During 1993, evaluations of European elm scale were made on 3 dates, using a different sampling method on each. During the 2 Aug evaluation, 2 terminals were clipped from each tree and the number of instar II nymphs present on 10 leaves/terminal were counted. A similar sample was taken 24 Aug, but data collected was of percent mortality. On the 30 Sep evaluation most nymphs had moved to twigs and data collected was based on counts of nymphs found on five (1%-inch) twig sections collected from each of 4 cardinal points/tree. Subsequent evaluations were made in 1994 on 2 dates. During 7-8 Jun twig samples were collected from each cardinal point. Scales on twigs and elm leaf aphid on foliage were counted at this time. An early fall evaluation was then made of scales of the 1994 generation that had returned to twigs in Sep. Elm leaf aphid evaluations were made 15 Jul, 2 Aug 1993 and 19 Jul 1994 by counting all aphids collected from 2 terminals/tree.
Control of Hackberry Nipplegall Maker and Blistergall Psyllid, 1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on field grown hackberry trees, approximately 12-ft in height, at a nursery in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of individual trees, separated by untreated trees, arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. All treatments were applied 25 May 1994. Soil applications involved use of a Kioritz® soil injector delivering 1 fl oz of insecticide diluted with water in each of 4 injection holes/plant. Foliar applications were made using a hand-held compressed air sprayer. Trunk band applications of Bay NTN 33893 95RTU (imidacloprid) were made by painting a 6 inch wide band on the trunk of the trees using a disposable paintbrush. Evaluations were made 1 Jul and 15 Aug by counting galls on 5 leaves collected randomly from each of 4 cardinal points on the tree.
Control of Spruce Spider Mite on Colorado Blue Spruce, Ft. Collins, Co, 1993
Authors: Cooper Dayna , Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at a non irrigated planting of Colorado blue spruce, ranging 7 to 10 feet in height. Plots consisted of single trees, approximately 8-ft, and the experiment was arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Orthene treatments were applied 3 Jul using a Kioritz soil injector delivering 1 fl oz of diluted insecticide into each injection hole. Number of injections and total amount applied was based on tree size with 2 injections made per inch at DBH. The predatory mite Mesoseiulus longipes was released at the same time at rates of either 250 or 500 mites per tree. Applications of Chipco Sevimol were foliarly applied. Evaluations were made by beating 4 branches, one from each cardinal point, and collecting the mites on a plastic tray which was then rinsed with 95% ethanol and returned to the lab for evaluation.
Apple, Comparison of Schedules Against OBLR, 1994
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in two orchards. In the LaMont orchard the ‘Tdared’ trees were ca. 12 years old, 12 ft high, and planted 12 by 30 ft apart. In the Brown orchard the ‘Tdared’ trees were ca. 13 ft high and planted 15 by 18 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard. Two control schedules were compared: An early schedule in which the first spray was applied at the estimated first egg hatch, followed by two more protective sprays, and a standard schedule in which the first spray was applied at 640 DD (base temperature = 50°F) after the first male flight followed by a second protective spray. Sprays were applied in 100 gpa of water except for the last sprays in the LaMont orchard, which were applied in 200 gpa of water. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals from each of five randomly selected trees per plot for live larvae on 12-14 Jul and 2 Aug. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated on 19-22 Aug by sampling 100-150 apples from each of 5 randomly selected trees per plot. Apples were also examined at harvest and classified in USDA grades of Fancy, #1, and culls to evaluate the severity of damage.
Bioassay, Bacillus Thuringiensis Applied in Different Amounts of Water, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

Using a leaf-disk bioassay, B. thuringiensis products applied in different amts of water per acre were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae. B. thuringiensis products were applied to 10-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ (Oregon Spur II) on seedling roots that had not been sprayed with conventional insecticides while leaves were present. Treatments were applied at their recommended field rates (see table), carried in water of 400, 100 and 50 gal/acre (gpa), using a conventional speed sprayer operating at 200 psi. Each treatment was replicated three times with four trees in each. Leaves were collected from the interior canopy of treated trees at 1, 3 and 7 d after treatment. One punch (2.3 cm diameter) was taken from each of 20 leaves per treatment on each date. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Five dishes were set up in each replicate (75 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Tests of Dipel and Myd-0837 on Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

The B. thuringiensis insecticide, Dipel, and a related experimental B. thuringiensis, MYD-0837, were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 u.1) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in each petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photopervod. Petri dishes were examined after 3 and 7 d and larval survival recorded. Five dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Beauveria Bassiana, Bacillus Thuringiensis, and a Feeding Stimulant on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis-L), two B. thuringiensis products (Dipel and Troy Bt), and a feeding stimulant (Konsume) combined with a B. thuringiensis product were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. The Konsume treatments received a constant 1X rate of Dipel and 4X-0.25X rates of Konsume. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Beauveria Bassiana, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Using a leaf-disk bioassay, two formulations of Biobit Bt (liquid and dry); an experimental B. thuringiensis product, XPL-012 (Novo Nordisk Entotech, Inc.); and Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis-L) were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 15 Sep at the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 6 and 8 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Evaluation of Thuricide 48Lv Against Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Reared on Various Host Plants, Laboratory Bioassay, 1992
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted to determine the relative susceptibility of different larval stages of Douglas-fir tussock moth to the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide Thuricide 48LV. Cultures were established from egg masses collected near Vail, CO and larvae were maintained on either white fir, Douglas-fir, or blue spruce foliage. Once larvae were started on a particular host plant, they were fed only that type of food. They were maintained with fresh foliage as needed, and transferred to clean petri dishes when food was changed. Instar II-IV was used for bioassay and were divided into groups of 10, with ten replications for each food type. Foliage was dipped in a 1:400 dilution of Thuricide 48LV, allowed to air dry and subsequently fed to larvae. Mortality was assessed at various intervals between 48 and 213 hours after initial exposure.
Test of Registered and Experimental Compounds Against Western Tentiform Leafminer, 1994
Authors: Beers Elizabeth H.
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted in a commercial orchard near Mattawa, WA. The trees were second leaf ‘Delicious’ planted in double rows with crabapple pollenizers. There were guard rows between rows containing treated trees, and at least three untreated trees between each plot. Each plot consisted of 4 trees, and a composite sample of 20 leaves (5 leaves per tree) was taken from each plot on each count date. The number of mines per leaf was evaluated by classifying them as sap-feeder, tissue-feeder or emerged mines. All mines on five leaves per plot were dissected to determine status of the leafminer. The experimental design was a RCB with nine treatments and four replicates. Plots were blocked on the basis of the pre-treatment count (total mines/leaf). Treatments were applied on 22 Jun with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi.
Spanworm Control, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 31 May for middle instar BS larval control to 20- by 20-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Columbia, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a RCBD with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-propelled 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 40 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 75% loose cluster and 25% bloom. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot. The larvae were counted and trRn released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test; 0.45 inches of rain were recorded on 1 Jun.
Apple, Control of the Obliquebanded Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis Products in Summer, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees were 2-yr-old ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was ditch irrigated. Treatments were applied on 6 and 17 Jul to five-tree plots replicated five times using a RCBD. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 29 Jul. Each tree was examined and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded.
At Planting and Foliar Insecticides to Control Insects on Snap Beans, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Snap beans were planted on 11 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft rows planted on 3 ft row spacing and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. An untreated guard row separated each plot. Payload 15G treatments were applied pre planting in furrow using a hand-held shaker. Foliar sprays were applied with a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of nymph and adult thrips on 10 trifoliate leaves/plot on the dates indicated in the table. The leaves were washed in soapy water, filtered through a Buchner funnel, and the thrips counted under a binocular dissecting microscope. A visual count of the number of PLH nymphs on 10 trifoliate leaves/plot was taken on 6 Jul. The first foliar sprays were applied on 8 Jun at prebloom and subsequent sprays were applied based on increasing thrips counts on the dates indicated in the table. When the Payload treatments required a foliar spray, they were treated with Orthene 75S at 0.50 lb (AI)/acre.
Bean Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: December 2017

Treatments consisted of double rows (25 ft) with 4 replications. We planted the cultivar ‘Tenderlake’ since previous research data indicate a susceptibility to TPB pod-feeding. In this cultivar, feeding marks on the pods from TPB become noticeably necrotic rather than remaining as only slight pin pricks that occur with more resistant types. Two buffer rows were located between treatments with a 20 ft alley separating replications. Payload granules were applied in the furrow at planting at the rate of 1 lb Al/acre on 23 Jun. An additional Orthene spray was applied to that plot on 9 Aug when foliage counts on 3 Aug indicated that the Payload granules did not control PLH. Spray applications were applied with a tractor-mounted two-row boom powered by CO2 utilizing 40 lbs PSI with 60 gal of water/acre. PLH was evaluated by examining 25 or 50 trifoliate leaves/treatment/replication for nymphs. Bean pods were evaluated for TPB damage and yield on 23 Aug. Yields were based on 25 plants taken at random from each replication in all four treatments. Damage was based on a 1 lb pod sample taken from each of 25 plants/replication. We counted only heavy damage where distinct necrotic feeding probes and/or distorted pods were observed.
Control of Insects on Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Foster R. E.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were planted 24 May at the O’Neall Memorial Farm, Lafayette, Indiana. Plots consisted of single rows, 30 ft long, 5 ft apart, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzle tips delivering 19 gpa at 32 psi. Sprays were applied on 21 Jun, 11 and 20 Jul. Insects were counted on 5 whole plants in each plot. Results are presented as the average number of insects per 5 plants. Cabbages (20 per plot) were harvested and yield data recorded on 25 Jul.
Control of the Codling Moth with Guthion and CM Granulosis Virus, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Gut L. J. , Doerr M. D.
Published: December 2017

Guthion and two formulations of CM granulosis virus, a powder (CGI-9401) and liquid (CGI-9405), were evaluated for their ability to control CM over the entire season. Milk and 45 ml of NU-FILM-P were added to the 25-gal mixture of both virus formulations before application. Powdered milk was used first generation at 1 lb/25 gal, and liquid milk was used second generation at 1 gal/25 gal. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to two-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The CM granulosis virus was applied at intervals of 100 degree days following the first application against each CM generation. The first application of all treatments against the first and second CM generation was based on an accumulation of 250 (11 May) and 1200 (15 Jul) degree days, respectively, after first moth capture in pheromone traps. The posttreatment evaluation was made on 30 Aug. One hundred apples from one tree per plot were examined, and the number of CM injured fruit was recorded.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Bravo’ cabbage was transplanted at Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH, on 1 Jul. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 40 ft long, and separated by 9 ft alleys. Plants were on 1 ft spacing within the rows. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The field was sprayed with Sevin XLR (4EC) at 1 qt form/acre on 26 Jul to reduce flea beetle damage. Treatments were applied 18 Aug, 9 and 21 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gpa at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and inspected for DBM, ICW, and CL small (1st—2nd instars) and large (>3rd instars) larvae, and ICW and CL eggs, on 17, 24 Aug, 1, 7, 14, and 26 Sep. On 30 Sep, three plants per plot were randomly selected from each plot and destructively sampled for the above as well as pupae of each species; the heads of these three plants were weighed. To rate marketability, 15 cabbage heads per plot were inspected on 30 Sep, and rated according to Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800).
Efficacy of Fumigants for Controlling the Root Aphid, 1994
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

Fumigants were tested to control a new root aphid found in the farming area of Kula located on the Hawaiian Island of Maui. The field trial was installed on a cooperating grower’s farm at Kula, Maui in a field that contained broccoli heavily infested by the pest. The experimental plots were adjacent to a broccoli planting that was also heavily infested by the root aphid. The adjacent broccoli crop was removed by the grower 5 weeks after the field trial began. The four treatments tested were Telone II (30 gal/A), Vapam (60 gal/A), Di-Syston 15G (13.4 lbs/A) as a treated check, and an untreated check. The field site was plowed on 24 Nov 1994 and fumigants were applied 2 weeks later using a tractor mounted injector. Head cabbage seedlings in the 6-8 true leaf stage were planted 2 weeks after fumigants were applied. The Di-Syston treatment was applied in-furrow immediately prior to transplanting. A randomized block plot design with three replications was used. Each treatment replication consisted of four rows of cabbage with 25 plants per row at 18 inches inter plant spacing. Treatment plots were separated by a 3 feet buffer. The treatments were evaluated at 3, 7, and 12 weeks after planting to assess aphid populations on the roots. During each evaluation, the roots of 15 plants were taken from each treatment plot and individually bagged. Each root sample was washed in a calcium chloride solution (1 tablespoon/gallon water). The aphids floated to the surface and were counted.
Biological Control of Cabbage Maggot on Cruciferous Crops with Parasitic Nematodes, 1994
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 10 May with radish and turnip seeded on 11 May into three separate adjacent plots at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 20 ft long on 3 ft centers with 2 ft between cabbage plants and approximately 2 inches between radish and turnip plants. Buffers were 3 ft between rows and 1 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 25 May and 9 Jun by digging a shallow, circular trench 3 inches deep and 3 to 5 inches from the base of each cabbage plant. Around each plant, 500 ml of water containing two rates of entomophagus nematodes were deposited. After the application, the trench was filled with loose soil. Nematodes were applied to radish and turnip rows by a watering bucket centered over the row and delivering two rates of nematodes as a dilute drench at the rate of 500 ml per 2 ft of row, 5 inches wide. Crops were irrigated with 1/2 inches of water immediately after application. Cabbage plots were evaluated on 14 Jul by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. Three ft of each radish and 4.5 ft of each turnip row were evaluated on 13 Jun and 7 Jul, respectively. All maggot damage was identified and counted.
Control of Diamondback (DBM) Moth on Cabbage, Spring 1994
Authors: Seal Dakshina R.
Published: December 2017

‘Rio Verdo’ cabbage seeds were planted onto raised beds of rockdale soil on 10 Apr 1994. The beds were covered with black polyethylene mulch. The soil was fumigated with 75% methyl bromide and 25% chloropicrin (Terr-O-Gas) at 242 kg/ha 7 days before planting. Fertilizer (N:P205:K20) was incorporated into the soil on 1 Apr 1994. Plants were drip irrigated, 4 h/d. The seeds were spaced 0.3 m apart within each of two rows per bed that were 0.76 m apart on 1.83-center beds. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) wide by 7.6 m long. Five treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replications. Treatments evaluated were: 1) Dipel (1 lb/A); 2) Agree (1.0 lb/A); 3) Xentari (0.5 lb/A); 4) Treatment 2 was rotated with Treatment 1 at weekly intervals; and 5) a nontreated check. Insecticides were applied weekly on seven dates between 6 May and 20 Jun 1994 with a CO2 backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 124 gal/ha at 40 psi. Treatments were evaluated by recording DBM larvae and pupae/plant of randomly selected 10 plants per treatment plot 24 h after insecticide application.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set on 31 May at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 12 inches apart in 20 ft rows on 3.5 ft centers. Double-row plots were separated by cultivated soil and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All materials were applied on 24 Jun, 1, 11, 22, 25 Jul, and 1 Aug except for PCC 336 which was not applied on the last three dates. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 50 gpa through 3 hollow cone nozzles per row (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles) except for PCC 336 which was applied using a hand-pumped backpack sprayer delivering 79 gpa. CL, DBM, ICW and CSCW populations were counted on 10 heads/treatment approximately 6 days after all applications. Crop quality was assessed on 8 Aug, when 10 heads/treatment were rated on a scale of 0-5 (0 = no damage, 1 = frame leaf damage, 2 = minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = head damage and 5 = severe head damage). All heads receiving a rating of ≤2 were considered marketable. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD (P - 0.05).
Foliar Sprays to Control Ear Invading Insects in Sweet Corn, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John
Published: December 2017

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 1 Jun ‘94. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 30% silk on 20 Jul, 24 Jul and 1 Aug. At harvest (4 Aug), 30 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was Norfolk “A” loamy sand.
Using Garlic and Seaweed Extracts to Deter European Corn Borer and Fall Armyworm on Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1994
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 5 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of 4 rows, 50 ft long on 3 ft centers with 9 inches between plants. Buffers were 12 ft driveways, two additional rows between adjacent plots, and 5 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 31 Jul, 4, 11, and 16 Aug with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 78.7 gal/acre at 60 psi in a band over the row. Nozzle was held approximately ten inches from the top of the plants so that the spray was directed to the upper surfaces of the leaves and the interior area of the whorl. At the time of the first application, plants were approximately 10 inches high in the early whorl stage. During the test period ECB and FAW populations were moderate and low, respectively. A preapplication evaluation showed that 6% of the plants were infested with either larvae. Plots were evaluated on 23 Aug by examining 25 plants randomly harvested from the middle 35 ft of the middle 2 rows of each replicate. All ECB and FAW larvae in the whorl were identified and counted.
Onion Thrips Control Trial, FT. Collins, Co, 1990
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted to investigate potential of a horticultural oil (Safe- T-Cide) and lindane (Gamma-Mean) for control of onion thrips in onions. Plots of transplanted onions (cv. ‘Vega’) were established at the Colorado State University Horticultural Research Farm north of Ft. Collins, CO. Trials were conducted on single row plots, 15-ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. A single application was made, 6 Jul, using a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 25 gal/acre. Plots were evaluated by counting all thrips on 6 sequential plants in the center of each plot.
Insecticidal Control of European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm in Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1995
Authors: Battels D. W. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Southern Experiment Station at Waseca, MN. Sweet corn was planted 14 Jun. Plots consisted of four rows, 25 ft (7.6 m) long on 30 inch (0.8 m) centers with two untreated border rows and 6 ft (1.83 m) alleys separating the plots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. A Hagie highboy sprayer, with two flat fan (8002VS) drop nozzles per row, was used to treat each plot. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 35 gpa (327.4 liters/ha) at 36 psi (2.8 kg/cm2) and 2 mph (1.2 km/hr). Treatment applications were scheduled \ to start at first silk. However, because of unusually rapid development of the sweet corn, the corn was at 100% silk at the time of the first application. Treatments were applied 15 and 24 Aug. The final scheduled application was omitted because of rapid maturity of the corn. Plots were manually infested with about 25 neonate ECB larvae per primary earleaf 17 Aug, two days after the first treatments were applied. Treatments were evaluated 30 Aug by randomly selecting 25 ears per plot (100 per treatment) and recording total larvae, larval size, location and feeding damage.
Efficacy of Neem Oil + Petroleum Oil for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1994
Authors: Kerns D. L.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-rows on 42-in beds on Sep 4 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots were four beds wide by 30 ft long. Each plot was bordered on each side by two blank beds. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted sprayer with two TX-18 hollow cone nozzles per bed, calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 300 psi. All treatment applications included Triton B-1956 surfactant at 0.05% v/v. Treatments were applied on Sep 27, Oct 6 and Oct 12. Evaluations were made five to six days after treatment (Sep 26, Oct 4, Oct 11 and Oct 18) by randomly selecting ten plants per plot and counting the number of live large (>2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Control of Onion Thrips, Ft. Collins, Co 1995, Trial One
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Aldosari Saleh , Sclar D. Casey , Spriggs Aaron , Bishop Jason
Published: December 2017

The experimental site was established at the Colorado State University Department of Horticulture Field Research Center April 29 by seeding into double row beds. Individual plots consisted of single beds, 20-ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Applications were applied 20 July and 10 August using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at 45 psi, making a single pass along both sides of the plot. Furrow irrigation followed each treatment within 6 hours. Evaluations were made by counting thrips from 10 plants per plot.
Armyworm and Pepper Weevil Control on Bell Pepper in West-Central Florida, Spring 1995
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 14 Mar, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high and 32-inch-wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 10 plants with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 7, 13, 20 Apr, 4, 11, 18, 25 May, 1, 9, 14, 21, 29 Jun and 6 July. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. The Neemix 4.5% formulation was inadvertently substituted for the 0.25% formulation for the first three applications. On 16 May, each plot was rated 1 to 12 for increasing defoliation due to armyworm feeding using the Horsfall-Barratt scale. Fruit were harvested on 24 May, 12, 26 Jun and 10 July and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by beet armyworm larvae were determined. Fruit with slight feeding damage only on the stem or calyx were considered marketable. Fruit with either slight or severe damage on the fruit wall were considered unmarketable. Fruit also were examined for the presence of oviposition scars on the outsides of the fruit and for the presence of larval feeding damage on the insides of the fruit caused by the pepper weevil.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes With Admire and Agrimek, 1995
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Baumann Donna
Published: December 2017

‘Snowden’ potatoes were planted in 100 foot rows on 28 Mar,’95. Replicated plots consisted of three treatment rows. The distance between rows was 32 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with an Ag Tech airblast sprayer. Twelve row blocks were sprayed at the rate of 10 gal/acre. A 50 foot unplanted buffer area was created between treatments to prevent contamination by drift. In-furrow soil treatments of Admire were applied on 28 Mar using a hand held single nozzle boom connected to a truck mounted sprayer by way of a 100 foot hose. Treatments were mixed in 15 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 55.25 gal/acre at 32 psi. All Admire treatments were applied to the seed pieces. Treatment number three consisting of Agri-Mek was treated on 23 May. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae, egg masses/10 plants and % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 15 Aug from three 100-ft rows.
Potato, Colorado Potato Beetle Control With Spinosad, 1995
Authors: Olson Brian D. , Thompson Gary D.
Published: December 2017

“Kanona” potatoes were planted 12 May, on 0.9 m row spacing. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes 9.1 m long surrounded by a 3.7 m wide fallow buffer area. The treatments were replicated 4 times and the plots were arranged in a RCBD. Treatments were applied with a bicycle CO2 sprayer operated at 275 kpa with spray nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. The treatments were applied on 23 Jun (45% egg hatch) and the plants were 45 cm high and 45 cm wide. The trial was designed as a 4 by 3 factorial experiment where spinosad, the first product in the naturalyte class, was applied at 5, 20, 40 and 80 g (AI)/ha in spray volumes of 56, 187 and 748 liters/ha and compared to the untreated. The 56 liters/ha spray was applied using a 800067 flat fan nozzle at 4.8 km/h. The 187 and 748 liters/ ha sprays were applied using a 8002 flat fan nozzle at 4.8 and 1.2 km/h, respectively. On 30 Jun, 7 days after application the total number of CPB larvae was counted on five plants per plot. On 6 Jul, the percent visual defoliation of each plot was rated.
Aztec and Mocap on Yield and the Incidence of Wireworm Holes in Potato, 1994
Authors: Pavlista Alexander D.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted at Madrid, NE, on a well drained loamy soil with a pH of 6.8 and 2% organic matter. Fertilization was 130 lb N/acre, 100 lb P/acre, 40 lb K/acre, and 90 lb S/acre. Precut, TOPS 2.5D-treated potatoes variety ‘Krantz’ were planted on 21 April. Soil temperature at planting was about 50 deg F. Ridomil/ Bravo for blight control and Champ were applied. Asana was applied to foliage for Colorado potato beetle control. Turbo was applied at emergence and Eptam post emergence for weed suppression. Temperature and rainfall were normal or slightly above. Irrigation was about ½ inch per week during tuber bulking using a center pivot. Mocap 10G at 2.1 lb, Aztec 2.1%G at 0.48 lb, at 0.64 lb and 0.96 lb/1000 linear feet were applied into the furrow in a 5-7 inch band prior to seedpiece drop. Aztec at 0.64 lb/1000 lin feet was also tested with an application after seedpiece drop. Treatments were replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Plots were two rows spaced 36 inches apart and 40 feet long. They were harvested on 17 Aug. Wireworm holes were counted in 100-tuber subsamples (50 per row)/plot. Ten bait stations, each consisting of one packet of wet corn, one of wheat and one of millet, placed into soil in the trial field. They were collected several weeks later (Jun). Six wireworms were H. memnonius and four were in the genus Melanotus (species unidentified). Four of the wireworms were in the wheat packet and three in the soil around the station. One H. memnonius was in the corn and two Melanotus spp. were in the millet.
Use of Biorational and Standard Insecticides to Control Insects in Potatoes, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 16 March at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25ft long rows on 3ft row spacing, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied on 18, 24 May and 1 June using a three hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water at 40 psi. Insect counts and defoliation ratings were taken on the dates indicated in the table. CPB small and large larvae were sampled on 10 randomly chosen stems/plot and PLH nymphs and aphids were sampled on 10 randomly picked compound leaves/plot. Both rows of each plot were harvested and graded on 28 June to determine yields.
Impact of Insecticides on Tomato Insects 1994
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T.
Published: December 2017

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 16 June at the University of California‘s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 21, 28 Jul, 4, 10, 17, 25 Aug, 1 and 8 Sep. (except Avid which was applied on 21, 28 Jul and 17 and 25 Aug.) A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) at 0.04% was included for all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 26 Jul through 6 Sep., inclusive. On 12-13 Sep., 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicella). Leafminer populations were moderate early, then high late in this test. Some treatments increased leafminer density as compared to the control. Beet armyworm and tomato pinworm populations were moderate and tomato fruitworm populations were high. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.