bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life after Domestic Homicide: Examining the Psychosocial Implications on Children-Survivor
Authors: Aborisade Richard A. , Oyafunke-Omoniyi Comfort O. , Shontan Abimbola R.
Published: February 2021

Although the problem of domestic violence has received considerable attention, the study of domestic homicide is relatively recent and limited to precipitating conditions or the act itself. Most of the literature on familicide focuses on the personality characteristics of the victim and perpetrator or tries to answer the question, “How did the death happen?” Little notice, however, has been given to the children of the victim and offender who, in the midst of their loss and extreme suffering, inherit the fallout from the death of one parent, and incarceration of the other. The study therefore explored the psychosocial implications of parental absence on account of death and incarceration on surviving children. Qualitative data were obtained from 18 convicted and awaiting trial inmates for spousal homicide in three selected prisons in Lagos state, key informant interviews (KII) with four officials of Office of Public Defenders (OPD), three officials of Directorate of Public Prosecutions (DPP) and two child psychologists. Surviving children of domestic homicide suffer massive upheaval, psychiatric disturbance, ill health, financial difficulties, ostracism, scars from witnessing the domestic violence that preceded the murder and the propensity for future intrafamilial violence. The study concludes that direct and indirect exposure to domestic violence and homicide is negatively associated with children’s emotional, behavioural and developmental well-being. Hence, welfare of such children which should include therapy, relief of suffering, resolution of trauma symptoms, provision of supportive environment and clarification of cognitive or emotional distortions about the homicide should be incorporated in the prosecution process by relevant agencies.
Inflation and Stock Returns: Implication for Nigerian Stock Exchange Market
Authors: Adegboyega Bidemi S.
Published: February 2021

Understanding various hypotheses often dictates the nexus between inflation and stock returns and over the years studies have failed to establish which among these hypotheses are examined in Nigeria. Therefore, this present study examines the long-run relationships and dynamic interactions between stock returns and inflation in Nigeria using quarterly data of the All Share Price Index from the Nigerian Stock Exchange and Inflation rate together with other selected macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, exchange rate and growth in real GDP from 1985Q1 to 2018Q4. The analytical technique of Vector Error Correction Model, Johansen Co-integration technique and Granger Causality test were exploited. From the results, it is evident there exists a long run relationship between stock returns and inflation in Nigeria. The short run dynamic model also revealed that the speed of convergence to equilibrium is moderate implying that there is a short run relationship between stock returns and inflation. However, in order to establish the causal links and its directions between inflation rate and stock returns, the Johansen co-integration shows that there exist a unidirectional relationship between stock return and inflation rate. This is attributable perhaps to the instability of prices of stocks noticed over time and also the study supported the Proxy hypothesis. Based on the above, it is a perfect avenue for investors to use in an attempt to hedge against inflation.
Fourth Pharmacoeconomics International Masterclass: Vital Initiative
Authors: Elsisi Gihan Hamdy , Ahmed Noura
Published: February 2021

The annual Pharmacoeconomics International Masterclass has been organized by Global Healthcare Activities Academy (GHAA) every year since 2017, to enrich the knowledge of healthcare professionals and provide them with the necessary tools to maximize the quality of the healthcare services provided around the world.

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The topics discussed in the Masterclass were choosen to cover as many aspects as possible from different stakeholders whether they were healthcare practitioners, academics, pharmaceutical companies or policy makers. The masterclass is divided into four main session topics, each including more specific sub-topics. The main session topics are the novel values in health economics, the alternative access models for innovative treatment, the pharmaceutical pricing techniques and lastly, the role of academia in PE development.

As the principles of pharmacoeconomics gain more appreciation and acceptance around the world, the Arabic world is starting to take steps towards the implementation of these principles, with countries starting to establish official HTA organization and publishing official guidelines. Taken these changes into account, defining “value” in an accurate, inclusive manner is vital to assure maximum benefit and cost-containment. More concepts regarding quality adjusted life years, novel values, gene replacement therapy values, managing entry agreements, reference and value based pricing were discussed.

The Pharmacoeconomics International Masterclass is a vital and important element for the introduction and development of pharmacoeconomics principles in the Middle East. The benefit of the masterclass comes from the fact that year after year, more in-depth issues are discussed, and bigger challenges are tackled. From the introduction to pharmacoeconomics principles in the 1st masterclass to the discussion of novel values and optimizing the healthcare services provided, each year the topic is more relevant and more crucial for the application of health economics principles in the area. With two paper already published based on discussions and recommendations in the previous masterclasses, the 4th Pharmacoeconomics International Masterclass is expected to produce many fruitful insights and helpful recommendations.
Effects of Dietary Astaxanthin on Growth Performance, Hepatic Antioxidative Activity, hsp70, and HIF-1α Gene Expression of Juvenile Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)
Authors: Xie J-J , Chen X. , Liu Y-J , Tian L-X , Xie S-W , Niu J.
Published: February 2021

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different astaxanthin (AST) levels on growth performance, hepatic antioxidative activity, heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) gene expression of juvenile golden pompano. Fish (mean initial body weight 5.8±0.05g) were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (AST-0, AST-0.005, AST-0.01, AST-0.05, AST-0.1, AST-0.2) containing various supplemented levels of astaxanthin (0%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, respectively) in triplicate for 8 weeks. Growth performance (final body weight, FBW; weight gain, WG), and survival of fish fed diets containing astaxanthin above 0.01% were significantly higher (P<0.05) than of fish fed AST-0 and AST-0.005 diets; feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed the opposite trend (P<0.05). Fish fed 0.01% astaxanthin diet showed the highest value of survival. Hepatic antioxidant status (total antioxidant status, TAS; superoxide dismutase, SOD; carbonyl protein content) of shrimp improved significantly when dietary astaxanthin was over 0.01%. Relative expression profiles of hepatic hsp 70 mRNA and HIF-1α mRNA increased with increased dietary astaxanthin levels. The relative expression profiles of hepatic hsp 70 mRNA and HIF-1α mRNA of shrimp fed diets containing astaxanthin above 0.01% were obviously higher than those of shrimp fed AST-0 and AST-0.005 diets. Linear regression analysis on WG and HIF-1a mRNA indicated that the optimum dietary AST levels for optimal growth and immunity of juvenile pompano were 0.011% and 0.013%, respectively.
Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Vibrio natriegens in Portunus trituberculatus with the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Test
Authors: Bi K.R. , Lu Z.H. , Yan B.L. , Gao H. , Qianaa J.
Published: February 2021

In order to detect Vibrio natriegens in Portunus trituberculatus, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was developed and evaluated. In this study LAMP primers were designed to correspond to the gyrB gene sequences. With Bst DNA polymerase, the LAMP assay was completed within 100 min at 65 C in a water bath. Amplification products were observed directly with agar gel or with the naked eye after the addition of SYBR Green I. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay for the detection of V. natriegens is about 1.32×10-2 fg/mL DNA template, whereas using duplex PCR the detection of V. natriegens was possible up to 13.2 pg/mL DNA template. There were no cross-reactions with other Vibrio strains indicating a high specificity of the LAMP. The novel LAMP assay in this study can be used as a valuable, rapid, and sensitive detection tool for the detection of V. natriegens both in the laboratory and for use in commercial aquaculture
Pinus tabulaeformis Pollen as Replacement for 17-alpha-methyltestosterone in the Diet of Oreochromis niloticus Larvae for Sex Reversal and Growth
Authors: Nian Cherry T. , Tumbokon Barry Leonard M. , Serrano Augusto E.
Published: February 2021

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the use of pollen from Pinus tabulaeformis (PP), as a possible replacement for synthetic 17-alpha-methyltestosterone (MT) in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus larvae diets. In experiment 1, the attractability of a diet containing PP (640mg/kg) compared to a control diet containing no PP was assessed. Experiment 2, lasting 8 weeks, evaluated the effects of PP on growth, food conversion efficiency, survival, and sex inversion compared with that of 17a-methyltestosterone (MT). Results showed that after 60 days of feeding, 100% of Nile tilapia fed the MT diet converted to male; this was statistically similar to the percentage of fish fed the PP diets (81.0% to 89.1% male, p<0.05). Results of the growth trial showed that final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) of fish fed diets containing 0.08 g/kg PP and 0.64 g PP/kg were significantly higher than those fed the MT diet (p<0.05). Feed intake (FI) of all experimental fish were statistically similar (p>0.05). The group fed 0.08 g PP/kg diet exhibited significantly higher SGR than the MT group. The MT group exhibited lower food conversion efficiency (i.e. higher FCR) than the control group. Fish fed diets containing 0.08 and 0.64 g PP/kg exhibited better FCR than those fed the MT diet. Survival was statistically similar for all dietary treatments (p>0.05). In experiment 3, fish larvae were fed: no PP (control diet), a medium dose (0.32 g/kg), and a high dose (0.64 g/kg) of PP for 14 days and assayed for alpha amylase and trypsin activities. Results showed that diets containing PP were significantly more attractive to the fish than the control diet (p<0.05) for the first 5 min. At the 6th min, results were statistically similar for both PP diets. In conclusion, PP could replace MT in effecting sex reversal from female to male with statistically similar results; it could also promote better growth and food conversion efficiency at the minimum dietary level of 0.08 mg PP/kg.
The Nutrient Digestibility of Commercial and Farm-Prepared Feeds for Onchorynchus mykiss, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Salmo trutta labrax
Authors: Yandı İlhan , Akhan Süleyman , Özdemir Atilla , Işıdan Sedef , Ödün Uğur Cansın
Published: February 2021

We compared the digestion rate of commercial, and farm-prepared feeds, in three species (Onchorynchus mykiss, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Salmo trutta labrax) reared at two temperatures (12˚C and 17˚C). Rearing conditions, except for hydrodynamic conditions of the offshore farms, were simulated in the experiment. There were significant differences in overall digestibility between the diets; overall protein digestibility of the farm-prepared feed was much higher than that of the commercial feed (P<0.01). Lipid digestibility of farm-prepared diets was competitive but not significant compared to commercial feeds. The results may be attributed to poorly digestible ingredients of commercial feeds while farm-prepared feeds include mainly fresh anchovy and other ingredients such as hardtack meal, corn meal, wheat flour, and soybean meal. Consequently, farm-prepared diets seem to be much more competitive in respect to both digestibility, and cost, compared to commercial diets. In addition, the nutrient digestion rate of farm-prepared feeds was more balanced and stable.
The Effect of Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles on Carcass Composition, Fatty Acid Composition, Skin and Fillet Coloration of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Aydın Baki , Yılmaz Serpil , Gümüş Erkan
Published: February 2021

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as an alternative protein source on carcass composition, fatty acid composition, skin, and fillet coloration of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four isoproteic (45.5% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.42 MJ/kg) diets were formulated using DDGS (0, 10, 20 and 30%) for a feeding trial of 84 days. Fish (mean initial weight of 19.88 g) were distributed into triplicate treatments at a rate of 25 fish per 200 L tanks and fed to satiation with the experimental diets three times a day. The results of the present study show that the coloration of experimental fish was not modified negatively by the use of DDGS protein sources in diets. Carcass composition values were also not affected by increased DDGS, although some fatty acids were affected. Total saturated fatty acids, total monounsaturated fatty acids, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σn-3 PUFA) and Σn-3 PUFA/total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σn-6 PUFA) values of the fish in the experimental groups were found to be statistically similar. On the other hand, palmiteloic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and Σn-3 PUFA decreased, while linoleic acid, Σn-6 PUFA and ΣPUFA increased significantly. In conclusion, the fatty acid composition of fish muscle was affected by the use of DDGS up to a rate of 30% in rainbow trout diet, while no negative effect on the skin and fillet coloration could be found.
Replacement of Soybean Meal with Rhizoclonium riparium Protein Concentrate in the Diet of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Postlarvae
Authors: Serrano Augusto E. , Declarador Ritche S. , Sedanza Mary Grace C. , Tumbokon Barry Leonard M.
Published: February 2021

The biological value of incorporating Rhizoclonium riparium var. implexum protein concentrate (RPC) meal in the diet of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, postlarvae was evaluated for 60 days. Four diets were prepared: no seaweed inclusion (0%, control diet), 5.25% seaweed inclusion, 10.5% seaweed inclusion, and 15.75% seaweed inclusion with equivalent replacement rates of soybean meal at 0, 15%, 30% and 45%. Final average body weight (FABW) and weight gain (WG) of the shrimp were not significantly affected by the RPC supplementation (P>0.05) except those of shrimp fed the highest level of 15.75% RPC, which showed lower values but were statistically similar to those of the 5.25% group. Specific growth rate (SGR) and protein gained (PG) values of shrimp were not affected by the dietary RPC except those of the 15.75% group, which showed significantly lower values. Neither feed conversion efficiency (FCE) nor protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed a clear trend for graded concentration of RPC. Survival of shrimp was relatively good and statistically similar ranging from 76.0%-84.0%. In conclusion, Rhizoclonium protein concentrate can replace 30% soybean meal in the diet of Penaeus vannamei postlarvae or an equivalent of 10.5% inclusion rate without negative effects on the survival, growth, and feed conversion efficiency of white shrimp.
Evaluation of the Dietary Effect of Hallabong Peel Oil on Growth, Hematological, and Immune Gene Expression in Rock Bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus Challenged with Edwardsiella tarda
Authors: Subramanian D. , Jang Y-H. , Kim D-H. , Balasundaram C. , Heo M-S
Published: February 2021

In the present study we evaluated the dietary effect of Hallabong peel oil (HPO) on growth, disease resistance, and immune gene expression of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus challenged with Edwardsiella tarda after a 4 week feeding trial with 5 treatments: control-C, probiotic–P, HPO (0.1%), HPO (0.5%), and P+HPO, diets. All fish groups were assessed for growth performance, innate immune parameters, serum biochemical profile, and immune gene expression in head kidney on 2nd, and 4th week, and 1st, 3rd and 7th day post infection with Edwardsiella tarda. Fish fed the HPO enriched diets showed increased growth performance with significantly decreased (P>0.05) mortality compared with the control and probiotic diet groups. The positive effects of HPO enriched diet were also found in all assessed innate immune and biochemical parameters which included increased respiratory burst and lysozyme activity, with significantly increased erythrocyte and leukocytes counts, increased serum protein, decreased glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol level in serum compared with control diet fed fish. Moreover, the probiotic bacterial count in the intestine of fish was enhanced with the HPO diet and the P+HPO diet compared to fish fed the probiotic diet. The head kidney of HPO enriched diet fed fish showed up-regulated expression of inflammatory cytokines genes such as TNFα, IL-1β, and FST, after 4th week of feeding trial which was increased ~2 to 3 times on 1dpi and 3 dpi. These results indicate that limonene rich (91.26%), HPO enriched diets enhance growth and immunity and enhance disease resistance of Oplegnathus fasciatus challenged against E. tarda.
Reduction of Particle Size of Rhizoclonium riparium Protein Concentrate Improves Digestibility, Growth, and Feed Efficiency of Penaeus vannamei Post Larvae
Authors: Sedanza M.G.C. , Tumbokon B.L.M. , Serrano A.E. Jr.
Published: February 2021

The present study evaluated the effect of particle size (PS) of Rhizoclonium protein concentrate (RPC) on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) as well as on growth and feed efficiency of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) for a period of 30 days. Results showed that white shrimp could effectively digest Rhizoclonium protein concentrate in their diet. Average ADC values for dry matter (ADMD), crude protein (ADCP), and crude lipid (ADCL) were 71.1%, 84.4%, and 94.6%, respectively. A significant inverse relationship (p<0.05) was estimated between PS and ADMD (r=-0.66, p= 0.02). Particle size of 150 µm resulted in the highest final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). All response parameters exhibited significant inverse correlations with particle size (p<0.05). In conclusion, digestibility of seaweed protein concentrate and its nutritive value could be improved by grinding it to an optimum size of 150 µm before dietary inclusion.
On the Semiotic Interpretation of the Epic Poems “David of Sassoon” and “Beowulf”
Authors: Matevosyan Armine , Mardoyan Liza
Published: February 2021

The article considers the semiotic features underlying in epic poems David of Sassoon and Beowulf. An attempt has been made to examine linguistic and extra-linguistic semiotic units (sign-word; sign-symbol, sign-expression) that are of central importance to the poems mentioned.
Author’s “Ego” in “The Ballad of the Reading Gaol”
Authors: Tonyan Marika
Published: February 2021

Oscar Wilde’s poem “The Ballad of the Reading Gaol” contains various narrative perspectives which convey the author’s and the protagonist’s points of view. In this work the roles of the author and the narrator are not differentiated, they are integrated in the subject of consciousness who manifests his “ego” in different modes: as the participant of the events, as their observer, as the transmitter of the main and secondary characters’ experiences and feelings, etc. The actualization of the existing standpoints becomes possible by means of pragmatic analysis of the text, and at the same time is, naturally, closely connected with the reader’s knowledge of the author’s background. By revealing the narrator’s meanings, the contextual implications, and by finding out the spacial characteristics of the text, an attempt is made at discovering the author’s subjectivity to a hopefully full extent.
Small Talk in English and Armenian
Authors: Vanyan Ani
Published: February 2021

The present article is aimed at presenting an analysis of the pragmatic functions of small talk in the light of general principles of linguistics in order to explore phatic communication (a verbal communication between a speaker and a hearer to maintain social relationship) between the interlocutors in English and Armenian languages. The investigation of the cases under study shows that the functions and ways of expressing small talk have not only gender differences, but also cultural peculiarities. Phatic utterances may also serve as markers of interlocutors’ gender, education, age and social status. In general, the use and avoidance of phatic cues in conversations affect the contact and relations between the interlocutors.
Conceptual Adequacy in Legal Translation
Authors: Chobanyan Nare
Published: February 2021

The aim of the present article is to provide an overview of the main difficulties encountered by legal translators, and work out some practical solutions so that the translator could provide an adequate translation in compliance with the norms of the target legal system. Legal translations raise very complex theoretical and practical problems and, therefore, an interdisciplinary comparative approach to the two legal systems and languages should be manifested by specialized translators. This study demonstrates that despite the common assumption that legal translations are literal, they may be translated differently depending on the context and aim of its translation. When translating a legal document, one is thus faced with the challenge of providing a translation that makes a legal as well as linguistic sense. Consequently, a translator can provide an accurate translation only if he/she has an understanding of the SL and the TL legal systems.
Factive and Fictive in a Literary Critical Text
Authors: Gharagozyan Lilit
Published: February 2021

The aim of the present research is to reveal different stylistic devices that impart expressiveness as well as emotionality to the literary critical text. Being a historical category, scientific style is first of all based on the development of the scientific thought and is characterized by the state of the national language and by the abilities and skills of the author, as well as that of the reader, for whom the scientific text is meant. Scientific prose requires the use of a specific discourse, sometimes with a certain amount of ambiguity and indefiniteness. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in studies concerning the usage of different stylistic devices in scientific discourse, which is a direct indication of a complex dialectical relationship of the two main functional styles. All these elements of emotionality are necessary elements for the literary critical text. They essentially serve as additional reinforcements for the final clarification of the thought which is expressed in a neutral way. It should be noted that the fictive elements play a significant role in scientific discourse, thus contributing to the clarification of scientific theories and principles.
A Valuable Research
Authors: Gasparyan Gayane
Published: February 2021

Raphael Lemkin’s Draft Convention on Genocide and the 1948 UN Convention: A Comparative Discourse Study. S. Gasparyan, Sh. Paronyan, A. Chubaryan, G. Muradyan. Yerevan: YSU Press, 2016, 176 pp.
CLIL as a New Innovative Pedagogy: the Case of Russia and Armenia
Authors: Sidorenko Tatyana , Apresyan Margaret
Published: February 2021

The present paper presents teaching experience and observations in CLIL implementation of the countries that about forty years ago shared a common vision of how to teach foreign languages at the tertiary level, but since then have developed their education policies separately. The article suggests the analysis (based on the experimental activities) of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) from the perspectives of universities of two countries - Russia and Armenia. The analysis was carried out by means of an observation tool for CLIL teaching in Tomsk Polytechnic and Yerevan State Universities. In the overview the authors make the attempt to collect the general theoretical principles and concepts of CLIL, match them with the real classroom data that they have, analyze it and conclude what improvement is needed and what measures are eligible for the national educational context of both countries. The article data do not pretend to overview all the aspects of university language teaching, because they are different in the countries, they reflect to a certain extent the national teaching experience and relate it to the theoretical and practical issues of CLIL and ESP education.
A Comparative Study of the Computation Efficiency of a GPU-Based Ray Launching Algorithm for UAV-Assisted Wireless Communications
Authors: Arpaio Maximilian , Vitucci Enrico , Fuschini Franco
Published: February 2021

Graphics Processing Units (GPU), have opened up new opportunities for speeding up general-purpose parallel computing applications. In this paper, we present the computation efficiency in terms of time performances of a novel ray launching field prediction algorithm which relies on NVIDIA GPUs and its Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). The software tool assesses the propagation losses between a wireless transmitter - carried by an Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) - over a 3D urban environment. Together with other effective features, the software tool is shown to reduce
by several orders of magnitude the computation time of simulations. Performances and cost-benefit analysis of three different NVIDIA GPU configurations are thus investigated over three different urban scenarios, taken as test-cases for Air-to-Ground (A2G) communications for 5G applications and beyond.
ROLE OF ARKA TAILA AND BAAKUCHIKADYAM CHURNA ON VICHARCHIKA: A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL
Authors: Sheetal Yadav  , Anita Sharma  , Dinesh C. Chouhan
Published: February 2021

In the present era skin diseases like atopic dermatitis/eczema get a suitable atmosphere especially in developing countries like India, due to unhygienic living condition, Disturbed life style, Polluted environment and repeated use of chemical additives. This type of diseases make a person feels much more humiliation in society because no one wants to touch them, forbidden by everyone, in that conditions person leads to lack of confidence and feels underestimated mentally as well as physically. Due to this life disturbing condition this disease was chosen for the study.

The study was conducted in 30 clinically diagnosed patients of Vicharchika (Atopic Dermatitis) and randomly divided in to two groups, namely group A and group B. Each group has 15 number of patients. Group A is treated with Arka Taila (external application) used twice in a day for 45 days along with Baakuchikadyam Churna for internal consumption (3-6 grams). Group B is treated with Cutis Capsule (2 Capsules) twice a day orally along with external application of Cutis Cream as required for 45 days.
ROLE OF BASE PLATFORM TO PREPARE PARPATI KALPANA W.S.R. TO RASA PARPATI
Authors: Mamta Parikh  , Prajapati Pradeep Kumar
Published: February 2021

Parpati Kalpana is one of the famous Kalpanas of Rasashastra which is widely used and considered as a boon for digestive disorders. The Parpati name is given to this Kalpana as per its Papad or Parpata – thin flake – like appearance. Parpati Kalpana is mainly divided into Sagandha and Nirgandha Parpati Kalpana. Rasa Parpati is the type of Sagandha Parpati Kalpana. To prepare Parpati kalpana, at least one ingredient should get liquefied at normal heating and should get solidified when it gets cooled down, not only that, to get the thin flake like structure specific pressure needs to be applied. In present study Rasa Parpati was prepared by using Samaguna Kajjali (Equal quantity of Parada and Gandhaka) and to check the cooling effect and the role of base platform; here three different platforms were made i.e. cow dung and wet clay mixed platform, only wet clay platform (Earthen platform) and ice block platform. Total nine samples of Rasa Parpati were prepared, three on each platform to check which platform is convenient to prepare Rasa Parpati. The average thickness of Rasa Parpati was found minimum (2.83 mm) on cow dung and wet clay mixed platform whereas the maximum (4 mm) on ice block platform i.e. 4 mm. Average thickness of Rasa Parpati made on earthen platform was 3.57 mm which is thicker than the Cow dung and wet clay mixed platform and thinner than the ice cube platform. Which indicates the best platform to make thinnest Parpati is cow dung and wet clay mixed platform.
Long-term outcomes of ischaemic stroke patients with diabetes in a multi-ethnic cohort in Singapore
Authors: The Ei Zune , Ng Mei Yen , Ng Geelyn JL , Er Bernadette GC , Quek Amy ML , Paliwal Prakash , Yeo Leonard L , Chan Bernard PL , Sharma Vijay K , Teoh Hock Luen , Khoo Eric YH , Seet Raymond CS
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes increases the risk of ischaemic stroke especially among Asians. This study aims to investigate contemporaneous long-term cardiovascular outcomes of ischaemic stroke patients with diabetes in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. Methods: Consecutive patients with ischaemic stroke were recruited from the National University Hospital, Singapore. Data on age, gender, ethnicity, risk factors (including diabetes status and body mass index [BMI]), stroke severity and mechanisms were collected. These patients were followed up until the day of the first cardiovascular event or July 2016, whichever was earlier. The primary endpoint was the time from enrolment to the first occurrence of a composite of cerebrovascular and coronary artery events. Results: Between July 2011 and December 2013, 720 patients (mean age 60.6 years, 71% men, 43% with diabetes, median National Institute Health Stroke Severity scale 2) were enrolled and followed up. A total of 175 cardiovascular events occurred during a median follow-up of 3.25 years (6.90 events per 1,000 person-month), comprising 163 cerebrovascular and 42 coronary artery events. The adjusted hazard ratio of diabetes was 1.50 (95% CI 1.08–2.10). In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, Malay and Indian ethnicities, BMI <23kg/m2 and a prior diagnosis of diabetes were identified as independent predictors of recurrent cardiovascular events. Conclusion: Our study provides quantitative data on the event rates of ischaemic stroke patients with diabetes. These findings provide insights on stroke predictors in a multi-ethnic Asian population, which may have implications in the design of future interventional studies. Keywords: Asian, body mass index, cardiovascular, stroke phenotype
Reflections on Metafora and its Artistic Function in a Work of Art
Authors:   Associate professors, Named after Alisher Navoi Tashkent State Uzbek Language and Literature, Ahmedov Hoshimjon
Published: February 2021

This article discusses the artistic aspects of using a detail in a work of art as a metaphor. Independent observations have been made of the purpose of the art of the "stone" detail used in folklore and written literature. Mainly the comparative analysis of the story "Stone" by the writer Askad Mukhtor and the poem "Blooming Stone" by the poet Shavkat Rahmon is made. Appropriate conclusions are drawn.
Acrylic Foreign Body in the Orbit: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Dhorje Nikhil Rajendra , Shah Kshitij Dhaval , V Madhusudhan , Kulkarni Pushkaraj Abhay , Bradoo Renuka Anil
Published: February 2021

Introduction 
Foreign body in the eye is one of the leading causes of temporary as well as permanent visual problems in developing world.
Case Report
We are presenting a case of 17 year old male with alleged history of traumatic insertion of foreign body acrylic glass in right orbit due to bursting of cracker in acrylic bottle and its subsequent management.
Discussion
It was removed with endoscopic guidance and floor of orbit was reconstructed to provide stability to eyeball and also to prevent secondary complications. We present this case to highlight importance of multidisciplinary approach in tertiary health care centre.
Hydatid Cyst of Submandibular Region
Authors: Phookan Jyotirmoy , Chatterjee Pritam , De Sritama
Published: February 2021

Introduction
Hydatid cysts in the neck are relatively exceptional. We report a rare case of a hydatid cyst localized in the right submandibular region of the neck with a second cyst in lung discussing diagnostic and management algorithm with brief review of literature.
Case Report
A 6 years old boy presented to us in Gauhati Medical College & Hospital with a gradually enlarging painless swelling in right submandibular region since last 4 months. The patient was thoroughly evaluated. Imaging and FNAC was performed. Suspected common locations were also screened prior to surgery. He was treated with total pericystectomy and followed up regularly. 
Discussion
Hydatid disease is a widespread public health problem in developing countries. The possibility of hydatid disease, especially in endemic regions, may always be considered in the differential diagnosis of mesenchymal neoplasms or soft tissue cystic masses in the neck. Radiologic imaging modalities in such cases are mandatory for the diagnosis. The prognosis is excellent in hydatid cyst cases treated with total removal of the cyst without rupture.
Different Faces of Sinonasal Mass Lesions
Authors: T Devika , Bhat Shubha P , Bhat Vadisha Srinivas , Aroor Rajeshwary , Bhandary B Satheesh Kumar , MK Gautham , KJ Samatha
Published: February 2021

Introduction
Mass in the nasal cavity presents with a wide range of symptoms, when a presumptive diagnosis is often made with the help of imaging and endoscopy. This study focussed on correlating clinical diagnosis with the histopathological diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can be offered to improve the quality of life of the patient.
Materials and Methods
The study included 120 cases who presented with symptoms and signs of mass in the nasal cavity, undergoing surgery or diagnostic biopsy. They were evaluated with a detailed history and clinical examination, diagnostic nasal endoscopy, and relevant radiological investigations. Histopathological examination of the biopsy of the excised specimen was performed by Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Special stains and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed whenever indicated. The clinical diagnosis was correlated with histopathological diagnosis.
Results
Nasal obstruction was the most frequent symptom followed by nasal discharge. Non-neoplastic lesions made up 85% of cases, while16% of cases were proved as neoplastic lesions. Among neoplastic lesions, 7% were benign, and 9% were malignant.  The inflammatory polyp was the most common non-neoplastic lesion. Fischer's exact test showed a correlation between clinical diagnosis and histopathological diagnosis. Non-neoplastic lesions were common in the 4th decade of life; benign lesions were common in the 3rd decade of life, while malignant lesions were common in the 5th decade of life.
Conclusion
Sinonasal masses present with overlapping clinical features, and sometimes the definite diagnosis is possible only by histopathological examination of the specimen. However, in the presence of characteristic clinical features, accurate clinical diagnosis is possible in most cases, and appropriate treatment can be performed without delay, pending histopathological examination.
Usefulness of The Reflux Symptom Index in the Management of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Authors: Thejas Saai Ram , Rajamohan Ganganamoni , Mohan Sindu , Swarna Kowsalya
Published: February 2021

Introduction
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) is highly prevalent in the general population and its impact on health systems is growing dramatically by the day. The contents of the stomach flowing back into the oesophagus, pharynx and larynx because of a transient relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter leads to a spectrum of symptoms diagnosed as LPR and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). The aim was to study in detail the symptoms of LPR and to ascertain if and how they hamper the routine of an individual by using the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI). 
Materials and Methods
The Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) is a self-administered nine-item outcomes instrument for LPR.  Ninety-one patients with clinically diagnosed LPR were taken up for this study and were issued the RSI (translated into the local language for better results) before and after treatment.  Data was assessed at the end of 3 months and 6 months. 
Results
The tabulated data showed significant improvement in the symptomatic index after treatment.  
Conclusion
It can thus be concluded that RSI is still highly valid in the follow-up for patients with LPR because it can be easily administered and gives accurate results with excellent validation.
Midline Nasal Tip Sinus
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Gupta Himani , Singhal Surinder Kumar
Published: February 2021

Introduction
Congenital midline sinus over tip of nose is a rare clinical presentation. Accurate diagnosis should be done to rule out intracranial extension and to prevent recurrence. Appropriate surgical approach depends upon location, extent and degree of intracranial extension. Management entails complete surgical excision of sinus tract.  We discuss a rare case, where external rhinoplasty approach was used for excising recurrent sinus and patient was disease free.
Case Report
A 29 year old male patient with midline nasal tip sinus presented in our institute with history of opening over tip of nose since childhood associated with recurrent episodes of discharge from opening. Our objective is to present clinic-radiological-pathological profile of congenital nasal sinus along with review of literature.
Discussion
Nasal dermoid is rare embryological anomaly of ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Radiological imaging should be considered to rule out any intracranial extension.  Goal of management is complete surgical excision with meticulous pre-operative and surgical planning to avoid complications and recurrence. External rhinoplasty provides best surgical exposure and allows excision of sinus tract.
Complications of Thyroidectomy in Hashimoto Thyroiditis vis-à-vis Benign Goitres
Authors: Lasrado Savita , Aramani Anita , Hegde Aishwarya , Moras Kuldeep , Dsouza Cimona
Published: February 2021

Introduction
 Surgery for Hashimoto  thyroiditis (HT) can be difficult due to dense inflammatory process surrounding the gland and postoperatively patient can develop hypocalcaemia, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, haematoma and infection. Purpose of this study was to compare the rate of post-operative complications in HT with that in benign goitres.  
Materials and Methods
Data of the patients, who underwent thyroidectomy for benign goitres between January 2013 and December 2017, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided in to two groups. Group A included patients confirmed to have Hashimoto thyroiditis (n=148) and  Group B included patients who underwent thyroidectomy for other benign thyroid disorders (n=430).
Results
A total of 578 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for benign thyroid diseases were included in the present retrospective study. Group A consisted of 148 patients who had HT. Group B consisted of 430 patients who had other benign thyroid diseases. The data was analysed using SPSS 23 and p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Patients undergoing thyroidectomy in HT had significantly higher post-operative complication rate (p<0.005). Of the 148 patients with HT, 31.6% (77) had hypocalcaemia while 68.4% (167) with benign goitres had hypocalcaemia. In addition, 51.8% of the patients in the HT group were later diagnosed with malignancy; there were no malignancies present in the group B.
Conclusion
Though patients with HT suffer higher rate of complications after thyroidectomy when compared to benign goitres, careful pre-operative planning and  risk counselling of patients with improved surgical techniques helps to minimize postoperative morbidity.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: ADDRESSING VULNERABILITY OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Raza A. , Imtiaz M. , Ali Z. , Ali S. A.
Published: February 2021

Agriculture sector, being the dominant user of fresh water (70%) is highly vulnerable to climate change in Pakistan. Increase in frequency of floods and drought, rising temperatures and changes in rainfall pattern across the country during the recent years are clear indicators of changing climate. Climate change has serious repercussions for national food security as farmers have limited knowledge and technologies for mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on crop productivity. This situation is expected to decrease yield of major food crops. There exists dire need to make an intensive analysis of situation to identify existing knowledge and technology gaps and suggest doable measures for multiple stake holders like policy makers, scientists and farmers accordingly. This review paper covers the impact of climate change on agriculture and presents strategies to adapt to climate change. Strategies at policy/government level include increased funds for research, improvement of national capacity building (training of trainers) and development of a localized smart early warning system for climate change related events. Key research areas being identified to address vulnerability include development of innovative water use efficient technologies, zone specific agronomic research, applied root research, organic farming to increase soil resilience and research on ground water recharge and quality using simulation models. Farmers shall be sensitized about the issue of climate change through education and every effort shall be made to make proper use of existing farm resources and technologies to live with the changing climate so that national food security is not compromised.
CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD TRAITS UNDER SALINITY STRESS CONDITION IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) GENOTYPES
Authors: Gandahi N. , Baloch A. W. , Sarki S. M. , Lund M. M. , Kandhro M. N.
Published: February 2021

Salinity is one of the key factors reducing the plant growth and productivity of major crops including wheat. However, identifying the multiple genetic parameters associated with salt tolerance during different growth stages is critical for the evaluation and enhancement of wheat genotypes. In this context, a field experiment in non-saline and saline soil was carried out for correlation analysis of 17 morphological, physiological and yield traits in 22 genotypes of wheat. The experiment was carried out at experimental field of NIA, Tandojam during 2018-2019 in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and two treatments (non-saline soil and salinity level of 12 dS m-1). The obtained mean squares showed significant differences among the tested genotypes for all the studied characters, reflecting that there are abundant genetic variations present in these wheat genetic resources for further utilization in wheat improvement programs. The correlation analysis demonstrated that a variety of characters, including spike length (non-saline  r = 0.59**; salinity r = 0.37*), spikelets spike-1 (non-saline r = 0.49**; salinity r = 0.46**), grains spike-1 (non-saline  r = 0.49**; salinity r = 0.43**), biological yield plot-1 (non-saline  r = 0.56**; salinity r = 0.70**), harvest index (non-saline  r = 0.24*; salinity r = 0.26*), relative water content (non-saline  r = 0.53**; salinity r = 0.50**), seed index (non-saline  r = 0.29*; salinity r = 0.52**) and K+ (non-saline  r = 0.28*; salinity r = 0.32**) showed positive and significant associations with grain yield plot-1 in non-saline and salinity stress conditions. The results suggest that these above-mentioned characters may be set as selection criteria in breeding study to improve wheat genotypes for high yielding under saline filed conditions.
IMPLEMENTASI MENJADI JEMAAT YANG MISIONER
Authors: Bambangan Malik
Published: February 2021

Misi dalam konteks Asia adalah suatu pelayanan yang berbeda dengan pola misi yang dikembangkan di wilayah barat secara khusus bagian Eropa. Perbedaan tersebut disebabkan oleh perbedaan budaya, bahasa serta religiusitas masyarakat setempat.  Khusus bagian Asia dalam melaksanakan misi memiliki tantangan tersendiri dengan budaya masyarakat yang masih memiliki kepercayaan khusus kepada agama asal masing-masing.  Hal ini menjadi mengakibatkan perkembangan gereja menjadi terhambat secara kuantitas ditambah lagi dengan penolakan keras dari beberapa daerah bagi pelayanan misi.  Gereja terpanggil untuk mengambil sikap berdasarkan firmn Tuhan sebagai murid Kristus agar melaksanakan amanat Tuhan Yesus.  Menjadi jemaat yang misioner itulah yang menjadi panggilan bagi anggota jemaat, sehingga pemberitaan Injil dapat disampaikan kesetiap suku dan daerah menurut budaya dan bahasa lokal mereka tanpa menemui kendala apapun.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memotivasi jemaat Tuhan agar berperan serta dalam pelayanan misi agung Tuhan Yesus.  Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan menkaji setiap literatur yang berkaitan dengan sumber-sumber yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini.  Dan sebagai hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa jemaat memiliki potensi untuk mengambil bagian dalam pelayanan misi dengan menjadi jemaat yang misioner.  Sebagai kesimpulan dari Jemaat jemaat yang misioner adalah jemaat sebagai murid Kristus bertanggung jawab untuk ikut dalam melaksanakan misi Kritus di muka bumi.
http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/160
Authors:   Ph.D. Islamic Studies Candidate at GCUF., Mumtaz Nadia
Published: February 2021

“Scores of books are being written embellishing them with pictures and maps of the holy places mentioned in the Holy Qur’ān; these are not mere ornamentation, rather they augment understanding with their visual effects. Modern writers with geographical propensity have drawn maps to highlight individual and tribal geography described in the Holy Qur’ān, for instance, separate maps are drawn to depict the Prophets’ journeys to to preach their true faith. For instance, the Messenger’s migration to Madina, and Prophet Mūsā’s journeys. Several maps for all the Holy Campaigns (Ghazawāt), individual and collective maps of Ḥajj places and 5 stations (mīqāt) have been drawn, highlighting geography of routes. The present study aims at introducing, describing, and evaluating books, highlighting the different dimensions of geography employed in Islamic basic source, the Holy Qur’ān.”
http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/173
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Institute of Islamic Studies, Punjab University, Lahore., Ahmed Saeed , Iqbal Muhammad
Published: February 2021

Imam Abdul Wahab Sha'rani (3 AH) and Shah Waliullah (3 AH) made it clear by unveiling the history of jurisprudential differences, its status and nature and the wisdom hidden in them that this difference is not only legitimate and praiseworthy, but also it is a convenience and relief for the Ummah. Both sought common ground from the schools of jurisprudence in general and from the four religions (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali) in particular and made the nation realize how the diversity of jurisprudential religions and sects caused differences with the original religion? How is the beauty that was the distinguishing feature of this religion being the cause of cutting the roots of religion? Undoubtedly, the efforts of these elders will be the first significant intellectual and practical endeavor of Ummah.