bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Strength of Social Norms Across Human Groups
Authors: Gelfand Michele J. , Harrington Jesse R. , Jackson Joshua Conrad
Published: October 2017

Social norms are a defining feature of human psychology, yet our understanding of them is still underdeveloped. In this article, we present our own cross-cultural research program on tightness-looseness (TL)—which draws on field, experimental, computational, and neuroscience methods—to illustrate how going beyond Western borders is critical for understanding social norms’ functions and their multilevel consequences. Cross-cultural research enables us to account for the universal features of norm psychology but also explains the great cultural diversity we see in social norms around the globe.
Types of Generalization: Introduction to Special Section of Perspectives on Psychological Science on Cultural Psychology
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: October 2017

Cultural psychology represents one of the broadest types of generalization of psychological findings. We all need to pay attention to cultural findings because many of our most treasured “truisms” fail to generalize when looked at across cultural contexts.
Injuries in Cricket
Authors: Pardiwala Dinshaw N. , Rao Nandan N. , Varshney Ankit V.
Published: October 2017

Context:

Cricket is a popular global sport that requires a combination of physical fitness, skill, and strategy. Although a noncontact sport, overuse and impact injuries are common since players engage in a wide range of physical activities, including running, throwing, batting, bowling, catching, and diving. Significant or match time-loss injuries are defined as those that either prevent a player from being fully available for selection in a major match, or during a major match, cause a player to be unable to bat, bowl, or keep wicket when required by either the rules or the team’s captain. This review describes the various region-wise injuries sustained in cricket along with their epidemiology, biomechanics, treatment, and prevention.

Evidence Acquisition:

Data were collected from peer-reviewed articles (obtained via PubMed search) published through November 2016 that involved the medical, biomechanical, and epidemiological aspects of cricket injuries.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Results:

Cricket was one of the first sports to publish recommended methods for injury surveillance in 2005 from England, South Africa, Australia, the West Indies, and India. While the incidence of injuries is about the same, the prevalence of injuries has increased due to game format changes, increasing number of matches played, and decreased rest between matches. Bowling (41.3%), fielding, and wicket keeping (28.6%) account for most injuries. Acute injuries are most common (64%-76%), followed by acute-on-chronic (16%-22.8%) and chronic ones (8%-22%). The most common modern-day cricket injury is hamstring strain, and the most severe is lumbar stress fracture in young fast bowlers.

Conclusion:

With improved understanding of the scientific and medical aspects of cricket, along with advances in surgical and nonsurgical treatment techniques, the time to return to play has shortened considerably. While the prevalence of cricket injuries has increased, their severity has decreased over the past decades.
Prolonged hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation after acute coronary syndrome in the GENESIS-PRAXY cohort
Authors: Tang Andrew R , Rabi Doreen M , Lavoie Kim L , Bacon Simon L , Pilote Louise , Kline Gregory A
Published: October 2017

Background

Glucocorticoid excess has been linked with cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the long-term cortisol response in patients after acute coronary syndrome.

Design

The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of salivary cortisol in the post-acute phase of acute coronary syndrome and to describe the association of late-night salivary cortisol with cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

We used late-night salivary cortisol measurements post-discharge to estimate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in 309 patients aged 18–55 years enrolled in the GENESIS-PRAXY study from January 2009–April 2013. We evaluated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and its association with hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, family history, prior acute coronary syndrome, psychiatric diseases, acute coronary syndrome severity, as well as mortality and rate of rehospitalization at 12 months.

Results

Persistently elevated late-night salivary cortisol>2.92 nmol/l was seen in 99 (32.0%) patients: within the range of what may be seen in Cushing’s disease. Elevated late-night salivary cortisol was associated with previous acute coronary syndrome (13.3% vs 24.2%, p = 0.02), peripheral vascular disease (3.8% vs 13.1%, p = 0.002), and smoking (32.9% vs 46.5% p = 0.02). Elevated late-night salivary cortisol was associated with higher hemoglobin A1c values (5.6 ± 3.0 vs 6.1 ± 2.9, p = 0.008) and lower high density lipoprotein values (0.94 ± 0.53 vs 0.86 ± 0.50, p = 0.01). There were no differences in psychiatric symptom scores, acute coronary syndrome severity or mortality, and rate of rehospitalization at 12 months.

Conclusions

Many patients post-acute coronary syndrome have prolonged, marked activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Late-night salivary cortisol co-associates with several cardiovascular risk factors. Further studies are needed to confirm the exact role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.
Police Views of Suicidal Persons and the Law Criminalizing Attempted Suicide in Ghana: A Qualitative Study With Policy Implications
Authors: Osafo Joseph , Akotia Charity S. , Quarshie Emmanuel N.-B. , Boakye Kofi E. , Andoh-Arthur Johnny
Published: October 2017

The penal code of Ghana condemns suicide attempt. The present study sought to explore the views of the police on persons who attempt suicide and the law criminalizing the act. Qualitative in-depth interviews were used to explore the views of 18 officers of the Ghana Police Service. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis technique. Findings showed that the police officers profiled suicide attempters as needy, enigmatic, ignorant, and blameworthy. Majority ( n = 14) of them disagreed with the law and suggested a repeal, whereas only four of them agreed with the law. Regardless of their positions on criminalization, they showed an inclination to help, rather than arrest, when confronted with such persons in line of their duty. Educating the police on suicidal behavior may help to deepen their understanding and help improve the way they handle suicidal persons. This may also strengthen police suicide prevention gatekeeping obligations.
The Historical Legacy of Party System Stability in Kerala
Authors: Sunilraj Balu , Heath Oliver
Published: October 2017

Kerala has one of the most stable party systems in India, and represents a clear exception to the Indian norm of volatility, instability and electoral change. In this article, we explore the geographical structure of this stability, and examine the extent to which current political divisions are a reflection of the divisions that existed at the inception of mass democracy in Kerala more than 50 years ago. First, we examine the extent to which historical legacies of party formation shape contemporary patterns of voting behaviour. Second, we examine the extent to which these historical legacies were established along social lines to do with caste, religion and class. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results.
The Roots and Varieties of Political Conservatism in India
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: October 2017

A country that has not gone through a revolution, India has been the crucible of several reform movements as early as the nineteenth century. But none of them intended to break with the past. They even sometimes prepared the ground for revivalism. In parallel, Hindu traditionalism developed in reaction to social and cultural change. In the twentieth century, these schools of thought found political expressions in the Congress party where they inhibited the fights against the caste system and land reform. These trends continued after 1947, in reaction to Nehruvian views, till conservative Congressmen created the Swatantra party and then the Congress (O).
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Rare Cause of Pathological Fracture of the Femur
Authors: Soni Parita , Aggarwal Nidhi , Rai Anand , Kumar Vivek , Stephan Kamholz , Taek Yoon , Yizhak Kupfer
Published: October 2017

The incidence rate of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the United States is approximately 0.005%; men are at slightly higher risk than women. Bony involvement or pathological fracture rarely occurs in CLL, and it may be the initial presentation. An 85-year-old woman presented with acute respiratory failure secondary to pneumonia. Symptomatology included dyspnea. She was found to have pathological fracture of the femur caused by CLL. The diagnosis of CLL had been made 6 years previously, but the patient had refused therapy. On admission, the patient required endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and admission to the medical intensive care unit. Endotracheal intubation extubation was successful after 48 hours. The patient then complained of severe left knee pain. Bone radiograph and femoral computed tomography scan revealed acute pathological fracture of the left distal femur. There was no history of trauma. The fracture was stabilized with extension lock splint. Pathological fracture in patients with CLL is associated with hypercalcemia, Richter’s transformation, or multiple myeloma. This patient exemplifies the fact that pathological fracture can be caused by CLL in the absence of hypercalcemia, Richter’s transformation, or multiple myeloma and can be the initial presentation of CLL.
Surgical Treatment of Segond Fractures in Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Ferretti Andrea , Monaco Edoardo , Wolf Megan Rianne , Guzzini Matteo , Carli Angelo De , Mazza Daniele
Published: October 2017

Background:

The Segond fracture is an avulsion-type fracture located on the anterolateral aspect of the tibia associated with a ligament recently termed the anterolateral ligament. This injury has been described as pathognomonic for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and is associated with a higher grade pivot shift.

Purpose:

To present and report 2-year clinical outcomes of a surgical technique for acute ACL reconstruction with fixation of a concomitant Segond fracture.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who underwent acute reconstruction for a complete ACL tear with concomitant Segond fracture fixation between January 2010 and December 2014; surgery was performed by a single surgeon. Patients underwent direct Segond fracture repair by either suture alone, suture anchor, or cannulated screw fixation based on the size of the lesion, followed by a 2-incision hamstring autograft intra-articular reconstruction. Pre- and postoperative KT-1000 arthrometer assessment, Lachman test, and pivot-shift test were performed, and patients were administered validated subjective outcome surveys.

Results:

Twelve patients met inclusion criteria for this review. The measured pre- and postoperative objective and subjective scores were significantly improved in all patients. Side-to-side anterior laxity was significantly improved in all patients based on Lachman and KT-1000 arthrometer testing. A significant pivot shift demonstrated preoperatively (3+, n = 11 [92%]; 2+, n = 1 [8%]) was corrected after fixation, except in 1 patient (8%), who maintained a 1+ pivot shift. Lysholm, Tegner, and International Knee Documentation Committee subjective and objective scores were significantly improved. At a minimum 2-year follow-up, no patients reported rerupture, and only 1 patient (8%) underwent a subsequent procedure (a meniscectomy). No major or minor complications were reported, and all patients returned to their previous activity levels at a mean of 6 months postoperatively.

Conclusion:

Direct repair of the Segond fracture and plication of the anterolateral capsule in patients with an ACL rupture and a high-grade pivot shift demonstrate good clinical outcomes, restoration of rotational stability, and maintenance of knee range of motion at 2 years postoperatively, with no major complications.
Scramble for Souls: Scrutinizing the Nature, Growth, and Competing Claims of Ori-Oke in Ilorin, Nigeria
Authors: Nwosu Patrick U. , Odeh Lemuel E. , Alamu Akiti G. , Mohammed A. Y.
Published: October 2017

This article examines the evolution of Ori-Oke (Yoruba term for prayer mountain) as a religious phenomenon in Ilorin, Nigeria. Based on the participatory spirituality theory of J. N. Ferrer, the article discusses the impact of Ori-Oke on people’s daily life and how its spirituality strives to provide satisfying answers to the deepest questions of human existence. It highlights the characteristics of Ori-Oke spirituality and prayer formats. The article concludes with reflections on the reasons Ori-Oke is trending and the future it holds for peaceful coexistence and dialogue among religions in Nigeria.
A critical epithelial survival axis regulated by MCL-1 maintains thymic function in mice
Authors: Jain Reema , Sheridan Julie M. , Policheni Antonia , Heinlein Melanie , Gandolfo Luke C. , Dewson Grant , Smyth Gordon K. , Sansom Stephen N. , Fu Nai Yang , Visvader Jane E. , Holländer Georg A. , Strasser Andreas , Gray Daniel H. D.
Published: October 2017

Key Points

MCL-1 is essential, but BCL-2 and BCL-XL are dispensable, for TEC survival and thymic function. Epidermal growth factor upregulates MCL-1 in TECs.
Philadelphia chromosome–like acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Tasian Sarah K. , Loh Mignon L. , Hunger Stephen P.
Published: October 2017

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), also referred to as BCR-ABL1–like ALL, is a high-risk subset with a gene expression profile that shares significant overlap with that of Ph-positive (Ph+) ALL and is suggestive of activated kinase signaling. Although Ph+ ALL is defined by BCR-ABL1 fusion, Ph-like ALL cases contain a variety of genomic alterations that activate kinase and cytokine receptor signaling. These alterations can be grouped into major subclasses that include ABL-class fusions involving ABL1, ABL2, CSF1R, and PDGFRB that phenocopy BCR-ABL1 and alterations of CRLF2, JAK2, and EPOR that activate JAK/STAT signaling. Additional genomic alterations in Ph-like ALL activate other kinases, including BLNK, DGKH, FGFR1, IL2RB, LYN, NTRK3, PDGFRA, PTK2B, TYK2, and the RAS signaling pathway. Recent studies have helped to define the genomic landscape of Ph-like ALL and how it varies across the age spectrum, associated clinical features and outcomes, and genetic risk factors. Preclinical studies and anecdotal reports show that targeted inhibitors of relevant signaling pathways are active in specific Ph-like ALL subsets, and precision medicine trials have been initiated for this high-risk ALL subset.
Effective “activated PI3Kδ syndrome”–targeted therapy with the PI3Kδ inhibitor leniolisib
Authors: Rao V. Koneti , Webster Sharon , Dalm Virgil A. S. H. , Šedivá Anna , van Hagen P. Martin , Holland Steven , Rosenzweig Sergio D. , Christ Andreas D. , Sloth Birgitte , Cabanski Maciej , Joshi Aniket D. , de Buck Stefan , Doucet Julie , Guerini Danilo , Kalis Christoph , Pylvaenaeinen Ilona , Soldermann Nicolas , Kashyap Anuj , Uzel Gulbu , Lenardo Michael J. , Patel Dhavalkumar D. , Lucas Carrie L. , Burkhart Christoph
Published: October 2017

Pathogenic gain-of-function variants in the genes encoding phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) lead to accumulation of transitional B cells and senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy, and immune deficiency (activated PI3Kδ syndrome [APDS]). Knowing the genetic etiology of APDS afforded us the opportunity to explore PI3Kδ inhibition as a precision-medicine therapy. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo effects of inhibiting PI3Kδ in APDS. Treatment with leniolisib (CDZ173), a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, caused dose-dependent suppression of PI3Kδ pathway hyperactivation (measured as phosphorylation of AKT/S6) in cell lines ectopically expressing APDS-causative p110δ variants and in T-cell blasts derived from patients. A clinical trial with 6 APDS patients was conducted as a 12-week, open-label, multisite, within-subject, dose-escalation study of oral leniolisib to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects on lymphoproliferation and immune dysregulation. Oral leniolisib led to a dose-dependent reduction in PI3K/AKT pathway activity assessed ex vivo and improved immune dysregulation. We observed normalization of circulating transitional and naive B cells, reduction in PD-1+CD4+ and senescent CD57+CD4− T cells, and decreases in elevated serum immunoglobulin M and inflammatory markers including interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor, CXCL13, and CXCL10 with leniolisib therapy. After 12 weeks of treatment, all patients showed amelioration of lymphoproliferation with lymph node sizes and spleen volumes reduced by 39% (mean; range, 26%-57%) and 40% (mean; range, 13%-65%), respectively. Thus, leniolisib was well tolerated and improved laboratory and clinical parameters in APDS, supporting the specific inhibition of PI3Kδ as a promising new targeted therapy in APDS and other diseases characterized by overactivation of the PI3Kδ pathway. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02435173.
Innovative Contracting for Pharmaceuticals and Medicaid's Best-Price Rule
Authors: Sachs Rachel , Bagley Nicholas , Lakdawalla Darius N.
Published: October 2017

In recent years, drug manufacturers and private payers have expressed interest in novel pricing models that more closely link a drug's price to its value. Indication-based pricing, outcome-based pricing, drug licenses, and drug mortgages have all been discussed as alternatives to paying strictly for volume. Manufacturers and payers have complained, however, that Medicaid's “best-price rule” inhibits their ability to enter into these new pricing arrangements. This article examines the best-price rule and assesses to what extent, if any, it might frustrate the goal of paying for value. We conclude that the best-price rule is not as serious a problem as it is sometimes made out to be but that it is also not simply a convenient excuse for refusing to try something new. The law here is complex, and moving to a pay-for-value model for drugs will require close coordination among manufacturers, payers, and regulators.
Cashing in on Coal
Authors: Nyabola Nanjala
Published: October 2017

Kenya’s plan to build a coal-burning power plant on the doorstep of an historic island has sparked some of the country’s most intense environmental organizing in years, reports journalist Nanjala Nyabola. Activists say the plan, part of Kenya’s foreign-policy pivot to China, would devastate marine life and the economy of one of the East African nation’s most important tourist destinations. In response to their legal appeals, a judge granted a stay on the project, but its future remains unclear.
“Death by Deportation”
Authors: Cengel Katya
Published: October 2017

Thousands of mentally ill people residing legally in the United States have been deported after committing crimes as minor as shoplifting. Journalist Katya Cengel reports on Cambodians who fled the country’s killing fields as children and who, after being repatriated, are struggling to make a life for themselves in their unfamiliar homelands. She introduces us to Khe Khoeun, a former refugee now living with relatives in Cambodia, and describes how those with mental health problems are singularly ill-equipped to navigate America’s complicated immigration court system.
Jackpot Tax Avoidance
Authors: Sharife Khadija
Published: October 2017

World Policy Institute fellow Khadija Sharife investigates the tax avoidance strategies of one of the world’s biggest lottery corporations. While the company, GTech (now known as IGT), profits off the poor, it has shielded hundreds of millions in revenue from the tax man by “inverting” its headquarters overseas and relying on tax havens.
The New Normative
Authors: Harlap Itay
Published: October 2017

Over the past decade, LGBT figures have become increasingly visible on Israeli television in its various channels and genres, especially cis-gendered gay men. In recent years, however, the representation of gay people on Israeli television has undergone a considerable shift, whereby many television texts feature gay men as fathers. These texts usually present gay parenthood as a positive phenomenon and sometimes even as more successful than heteronormative parenthood. The recasting of gay parenthood as positive is achieved through various devices, some of which are familiar from other places around the world, while others touch on unique features of Jewish-Israeli reality. In this article, I lay out the various strategies through which gay fatherhood is recast as positive on Israeli television and present the possible costs of this positive (and normative) representation of gay fatherhood. I focus on the television serial drama Ima VeAbbaz (Mom and Dads), whose protagonists are two gay men who have a child with a straight woman. I argue that the show manages to deviate from the usual representation of the gay father, thereby offering an ideological alternative to conventional and conservative (even if accepting) perspectives on gay parenting.
The PAR proteins: from molecular circuits to dynamic self-stabilizing cell polarity
Authors: Lang Charles F. , Munro Edwin
Published: October 2017

PAR proteins constitute a highly conserved network of scaffolding proteins, adaptors and enzymes that form and stabilize cortical asymmetries in response to diverse inputs. They function throughout development and across the metazoa to regulate cell polarity. In recent years, traditional approaches to identifying and characterizing molecular players and interactions in the PAR network have begun to merge with biophysical, theoretical and computational efforts to understand the network as a pattern-forming biochemical circuit. Here, we summarize recent progress in the field, focusing on recent studies that have characterized the core molecular circuitry, circuit design and spatiotemporal dynamics. We also consider some of the ways in which the PAR network has evolved to polarize cells in different contexts and in response to different cues and functional constraints.
Can injured adult CNS axons regenerate by recapitulating development?
Authors: Hilton Brett J. , Bradke Frank
Published: October 2017

In the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neurons typically fail to regenerate their axons after injury. During development, by contrast, neurons extend axons effectively. A variety of intracellular mechanisms mediate this difference, including changes in gene expression, the ability to form a growth cone, differences in mitochondrial function/axonal transport and the efficacy of synaptic transmission. In turn, these intracellular processes are linked to extracellular differences between the developing and adult CNS. During development, the extracellular environment directs axon growth and circuit formation. In adulthood, by contrast, extracellular factors, such as myelin and the extracellular matrix, restrict axon growth. Here, we discuss whether the reactivation of developmental processes can elicit axon regeneration in the injured CNS.
Adenohypophysis placodal precursors exhibit distinctive features within the rostral preplacodal ectoderm
Authors: Sanchez-Arrones Luisa , Sandonís África , Cardozo Marcos Julián , Bovolenta Paola
Published: October 2017

Placodes are discrete thickenings of the vertebrate cranial ectoderm that generate morpho-functionally distinct structures, such as the adenohypophysis, olfactory epithelium and lens. All placodes arise from a horseshoe-shaped preplacodal ectoderm in which the precursors of individual placodes are intermingled. However, fate-map studies indicated that cells positioned at the preplacodal midline give rise to only the adenohypophyseal placode, suggesting a unique organization of these precursors within the preplacode. To test this possibility, we combined embryological and molecular approaches in chick embryos to show that, at gastrula stage, adenohypophyseal precursors are clustered in the median preplacodal ectoderm, largely segregated from those of the adjacent olfactory placode. Median precursors are elongated, densely packed and, at neurula stage, express a molecular signature that distinguishes them from the remaining preplacodal cells. Olfactory placode precursors and midline neural cells can replace ablated adenohypophyseal precursors up to head-fold stage, although with a more plastic organization. We thus propose that adenohypophyseal placode precursors are unique within the preplacodal ectoderm possibly because they originate the only single placode and the only one with an endocrine character.
Spermatogonial kinetics in humans
Authors: Di Persio Sara , Saracino Rossana , Fera Stefania , Muciaccia Barbara , Esposito Valentina , Boitani Carla , Berloco Bartolomeo P. , Nudo Francesco , Spadetta Gustavo , Stefanini Mario , de Rooij Dirk G. , Vicini Elena
Published: October 2017

The human spermatogonial compartment is essential for daily production of millions of sperm. Despite this crucial role, the molecular signature, kinetic behavior and regulation of human spermatogonia are poorly understood. Using human testis biopsies with normal spermatogenesis and by studying marker protein expression, we have identified for the first time different subpopulations of spermatogonia. MAGE-A4 marks all spermatogonia, KIT marks all B spermatogonia and UCLH1 all Apale-dark (Ap-d) spermatogonia. We suggest that at the start of the spermatogenic lineage there are Ap-d spermatogonia that are GFRA1High, likely including the spermatogonial stem cells. Next, UTF1 becomes expressed, cells become quiescent and GFRA1 expression decreases. Finally, GFRA1 expression is lost and subsequently cells differentiate into B spermatogonia, losing UTF1 and acquiring KIT expression. Strikingly, most human Ap-d spermatogonia are out of the cell cycle and even differentiating type B spermatogonial proliferation is restricted. A novel scheme for human spermatogonial development is proposed that will facilitate further research in this field, the understanding of cases of infertility and the development of methods to increase sperm output.
An essential role for IGF2 in cartilage development and glucose metabolism during postnatal long bone growth
Authors: Uchimura Tomoya , Hollander Judith M. , Nakamura Daisy S. , Liu Zhiyi , Rosen Clifford J. , Georgakoudi Irene , Zeng Li
Published: October 2017

Postnatal bone growth involves a dramatic increase in length and girth. Intriguingly, this period of growth is independent of growth hormone and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Recently, an IGF2 mutation was identified in humans with early postnatal growth restriction. Here, we show that IGF2 is essential for longitudinal and appositional murine postnatal bone development, which involves proper timing of chondrocyte maturation and perichondrial cell differentiation and survival. Importantly, the Igf2 null mouse model does not represent a simple delay of growth but instead uncoordinated growth plate development. Furthermore, biochemical and two-photon imaging analyses identified elevated and imbalanced glucose metabolism in the Igf2 null mouse. Attenuation of glycolysis rescued the mutant phenotype of premature cartilage maturation, thereby indicating that IGF2 controls bone growth by regulating glucose metabolism in chondrocytes. This work links glucose metabolism with cartilage development and provides insight into the fundamental understanding of human growth abnormalities.
An interview with Jayaraj Rajagopal
Authors: Maartens Aidan
Published: October 2017

Jayaraj (Jay) Rajagopal is a Principal Investigator at the Center for Regenerative Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. A Howard Hughes Medical Institute Faculty Scholar, his lab works on the development and regeneration of the lung. He uses stem cell and animal models to develop novel insights that hopefully will provide inspiration for therapies to help treat human lung disease. He was awarded the Dr Susan Lim Award for Outstanding Young Investigator at the 2017 International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) meeting in Boston (MA,USA), where we met him to talk about how a fish tank started a life-long fascination with the lung, the transition to running his own lab, and his optimism for the future of both basic stem cell research and its clinical translation.
Differences in titin segmental elongation between passive and active stretch in skeletal muscle
Authors: DuVall Michael M. , Jinha Azim , Schappacher-Tilp Gudrun , Leonard Timothy R. , Herzog Walter
Published: October 2017

Since the 1950's muscle contraction has been explained using a two filament system in which actin and myosin exclusively dictate active force in muscle sarcomeres. Decades later, a third filament called titin was discovered. This titin filament has recently been identified as an important regulator of active force, but has yet to be incorporated into contemporary theories of muscle contraction. When sarcomeres are actively stretched, a substantial and rapid increase in force occurs, which has been suggested to arise in part from titin-actin binding that is absent in passively stretched sarcomeres. However, there is currently no direct evidence for such binding within muscle sarcomeres. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether titin binds to actin in actively but not in passively stretched sarcomeres by observing length changes of proximal and distal titin segments in the presence and absence of calcium. We labeled I-band titin with fluorescent F146 antibody in rabbit psoas myofibrils and tracked segmental elongations during passive (no calcium) and active (high calcium) stretch. Without calcium, proximal and distal segments of titin elongated as expected based on their free spring properties. In contrast, active stretch differed statistically from passive stretch demonstrating that calcium activation increases titin segment stiffness, but not in an actin-dependent manner. The consistent elongation of the proximal segment was contrary to what was expected if titin's proximal segment was attached to actin. This rapid calcium-dependent change in titin stiffness likely contributes to active muscle force regulation in addition to actin and myosin.
Changes in the levels and phosphorylation status of Akt, AMPK, CREB, and FoxO1 in hypothalamus of rainbow trout under conditions of enhanced glucosensing activity
Authors: Otero-Rodiño Cristina , Velasco Cristina , Álvarez-Otero Rosa , López-Patiño Marcos A. , Míguez Jesús M. , Soengas José L.
Published: October 2017

There is no available information in fish about mechanisms linking glucosensing activation and changes in the expression of brain neuropeptides controlling food intake. Therefore, we assessed in rainbow trout hypothalamus the effects of raised levels of glucose on the levels and phosphorylation status of two transcription factors, FoxO1 and CREB, possibly involved in linking those processes. Moreover, we also aimed to assess the changes in the levels and phosphorylation status of two proteins possibly involved in the modulation of these transcription factors such as Akt and AMPK. Therefore, we evaluated in pools of hypothalamus incubated for 3h and 6h at 15 °C in modified Hanks’ medium containing 2, 4, or 8 mM D-glucose the response of parameters related to glucosensing mechanisms, neuropeptide expression, and levels and phosphorylation status of proteins of interest. The activation of hypothalamic glucosensing systems and the concomitant enhanced anorectic potential occurred in parallel with activation of Akt and inhibition of AMPK. The changes in these proteins would relate to neuropeptide expression through changes in the levels and phosphorylation status of transcription factors under their control, such as CREB and FoxO1, which displayed inhibitory (CREB) or activatory (FoxO1) responses to increased glucose.
In vitro reconstitution of chaperone-mediated human RISC assembly
Authors: Naruse Ken , Matsuura-Suzuki Eriko , Watanabe Mariko , Iwasaki Shintaro , Tomari Yukihide
Published: October 2017

To silence target mRNAs, small RNAs and Argonaute (Ago) proteins need to be assembled into RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs). Although the assembly of Drosophila melanogaster RISC was recently reconstituted by Ago2, the Dicer-2/R2D2 heterodimer, and five chaperone proteins, the absence of a reconstitution system for mammalian RISC assembly has posed analytical challenges. Here we describe reconstitution of human RISC assembly using Ago2 and five recombinant chaperone proteins: Hsp90β, Hsc70, Hop, Dnaja2, and p23. Our data show that ATP hydrolysis by both Hsp90β and Hsc70 is required for RISC assembly of small RNA duplexes but not for that of single-stranded RNAs. The reconstitution system lays the groundwork for further studies of small RNA-mediated gene silencing in mammals.
Middle Managers and Corruptive Routine Translation: The Social Production of Deceptive Performance
Authors: den Nieuwenboer Niki A. , Cunha João Vieira da , Treviño Linda Klebe
Published: October 2017

Our study offers an understanding of how middle managers may use routines as tools to induce their subordinates to engage in widespread unethical behavior. We conducted a 15-month ethnography at a desk sales unit within a large telecommunications firm and discovered that middle managers coerced their subordinates into deceiving upper management about the unit’s performance. Based upon our findings and relying on the routine dynamics literature, we propose that middle managers engaged in a process that we label “corruptive routine translation.” It involves the translation by middle managers of upper management’s more abstract and higher level performance routine into a corrupted, lower level version of that routine that is enacted by frontline employees. In corruptive routine translation, middle managers respond to performance obstacles by identifying and exploiting structural vulnerabilities to generate and conceal deceptive performance. We also illustrate how routines are interdependent across levels within an organization’s hierarchy, implicating upper management, middle management, and lower level employees in the collective phenomenon that is the social production of deceit. Our model contributes to the routines dynamics literature as well as to the literature on ethics at work by highlighting the corruptive routine translation process through which middle managers use routines as tools to induce deceptive performance in their subordinates.
Solid-State 1H and 27Al NMR Studies of DMSO-Kaolinite Intercalates
Authors: Fafard Jonathan , Terskikh Victor , Detellier Christian
Published: October 2017

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides a powerful tool to describe local nuclear environments. In this work, unique structural information on kaolinite and on kaolinite dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) intercalate were provided by solid-state 1H and 27Al magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR. The interlayer chemistry of kaolinite (K) was examined by intercalating a select group of highly polar organic molecules or salts into kaolinite as a first step. Once the interlayer space is expanded, the intercalated compounds can be replaced in a second step. Intercalating DMSO into kaolinite to form the DMSO-K intercalate is, thus, a particularly useful first step toward the intercalation of a large variety of molecules, including polymers and ionic liquids. Well developed characterization methods are essential to define the structural modifications of kaolinite, and MAS NMR is a useful complement to other techniques. The use of 1H and 27Al MAS NMR for this purpose has been relatively rare. 1H NMR, nevertheless, can give unique information about kaolinite hydroxyls. Because quadrupolar interactions are sensitive to the local octahedral Al(III) geometry, solid-state 27Al NMR can follow subtle structural modifications in the octahedral sheet. In the present work, the 1H MAS NMR chemical shifts of KGa-1b were unambiguously attributed to the internal surface hydroxyls at 2.7 ppm and to the internal hydroxyls at 1.7 ppm. The 1H MAS NMR chemical shifts of the two methyl groups in DMSO-K are not equivalent and can be attributed to the 2.9 and 4.2 ppm peaks. The 27Al MAS NMR spectra of KGa-1b obtained under different magnetic fields revealed that most of the quadrupolar effects were highly reduced at 21.1 T, whereas the spectra at lower field, 4.7 T, were dominated by quadrupolar effects. The two octahedral Al(III) sites are not equivalent and can be distinguished in the low-field spectral simulation. Increased quadrupolar constants were observed and showed the major perturbations of the local Al symmetry that resulted from DMSO intercalation. Both the 1H and 27Al MAS NMR studies at different magnetic fields afforded important information about the local environments of the kaolinite hydroxyl groups and structural Al(III).
Mothers Parenting a Child With Intellectual Disability in Urban India: An Application of the Stress and Resilience Framework
Authors: John Aesha , Zapata Roblyer Martha
Published: October 2017

We examined relevance of the key constructs of the stress and resilience framework in the urban Indian context. Analyses of interviews with urban Indian mothers (N = 47) of a 3–6 year old child with intellectual disability generated themes on maternal appraisals of the child's disability, perceived stressors, and resources. Mothers seemed to utilize a combination of fact-based and religious explanation to make sense of their child's disability. Parental stressors ranged from child-related factors (diagnosis, behavioral problems) to financial and family-level challenges. However, participants also reported a number of personal, family-level, and societal resources that helped them cope with the stressors. Study findings are discussed in the context of implications for practice, policy, and research.
Consensus Statement of the International Summit on Intellectual Disability and Dementia Related to Nomenclature
Authors: Janicki Matthew P. , McCallion Philip , Splaine Michael , Santos Flavvia H. , Keller Seth M. , Watchman Karen
Published: October 2017

A working group of the 2016 International Summit on Intellectual Disability and Dementia was charged to examine the terminology used to define and report on dementia in publications related to intellectual disability (ID). A review of related publications showed mixed uses of terms associated with dementia or causative diseases. As with dementia research in the non-ID population, language related to dementia in the ID field often lacks precision and could lead to a misunderstanding of the condition(s) under discussion, an increasingly crucial issue given the increased global attention dementia is receiving in that field. Most articles related to ID and dementia reporting clinical or medical research generally provide a structured definition of dementia or related terms; social care articles tend toward term use without definition. Toward terminology standardization within studies/reports on dementia and ID, the Summit recommended that a consistent approach is taken that ensures (a) growing familiarity with dementia-related diagnostic, condition-specific, and social care terms (as identified in the working group's report); (b) creating a guidance document on accurately defining and presenting information about individuals or groups referenced; and (c) using definitions and data, such as subjects' ages, sex, level of ID, residential situation, basis for dementia diagnosis, presence of Down syndrome (or other risk conditions), years from diagnosis, and if available, scores on objective measures of changing function, in reports on neuropathologies or cognitive decline or impairment.
The pleasures of muscular bonding in Bring It On and Pitch Perfect
Authors: Colling Samantha
Published: October 2017

This article explores girl teen films from the perspective of pleasure and affect. It starts from the premise that ideologies do not explain pleasures but pleasures can explain why we may be drawn towards certain films. Taking a material-semiotic approach that prioritizes embodiments of feeling, the body and affect the article articulates the ways in which films are designed to invite particular kinaesthetic pleasures. Certain moments in girl teen films are designed to generate a kinaesthetic experience of muscular bonding. This article explores how muscular bonding is created in the films Bring It On, directed by Reed (2000) and Pitch Perfect, directed by Moore (2012). The first celebrates the contained, bourgeois feminine body while the other carnivalizes this body with elements of the grotesque, but both show how Hollywood girlhood is made to feel pleasurable through the kinetic portrayal of collectivity. By focusing on how notions of fun (which sit in accord with postfeminist and neo-liberal ideologies) feel pleasurable we can understand why we might potentially be drawn to this version of girlhood.
The undeniable pleasures of Tabu’s return
Authors: Harvey James
Published: October 2017

Miguel Gomes’s Tabu (2012) was met with widespread critical appreciation upon release, with much attention lavished upon its rich, romantic imagery, texture and tone. The film divides itself historically (split between contemporary Lisbon and colonial Mozambique) and stylistically (between 35mm and 16mm film), which brought further acclaim for its nuanced take on history and form. However, this historical context provides the backdrop for a love story, leaving Portugal’s colonial legacy as a haunting subtext for the romance that unfolds. Tabu is notable for its stylistic flair, aesthetic beauty and evocation of sensation, over and above its arguable moral duty to engage with the past. As such, the film’s treatment of colonialism has been viewed as aesthetic opportunism. In response, this article explores Tabu’s treatment of film history as a form of critical nostalgia, showing how it harnesses what Robert Stam and Ella Shohat described as the ‘undeniable pleasures’ of Eurocentric media.
The pleasure of repetition: The Bombay cinema and the South American telenovela
Authors: Seijo-Richart María
Published: October 2017

South American television soap operas (telenovelas) follow the same strand of melodrama as mainstream Hindi cinema, referred to here as Bombay cinema. Characters tend to be archetypes and the emphasis is on generating an emotional reaction. Both types of screen fiction attract legions of loyal fans, with series or films even acquiring cult status. At the same time, the critics and the educated elite of their respective countries brand the forms ‘repetitive’ because telenovelas and Bombay cinema rely on predictable formulae and many productions are remakes or transpositions, especially from foreign sources. I propose that the audiences of telenovelas and Bombay cinema derive pleasure precisely from repetition. Accusations of a lack of originality disregard the influence in their narratives of the oral storytelling tradition, in which what was important was not whether the audience knew the story but how engagingly it was told. Moreover, the predictability of the formula allows audiences to experience intense emotions safely and even to flaunt social rules.
Evaluation of paclobutrazol application method on quality characteristics of ornamental pepper
Authors: França Christiane de Fátima Martins , Da Costa Lucas Cavalcante , Ribeiro Wellington Souto , Mendes Teresa Drummond Correia , De Sousa Santos Mirelle Nayana , Finger Fernando Luiz
Published: October 2017

The effects of three paclobutrazol (PBZ) application methods on ornamental characteristics of two pepper cultivars (‘Biquinho Vermelha’ and ‘Bode Amarela’) were evaluated. Plant growth regulator at 10 μM PBZ was added at transplanting by drenching 250 mL PBZ solution on the pot substrate, foliar spray of 10 mL PBZ solution or by submerging seedlings root + substrate for 10 seconds in the PBZ solution. Control plants were treated with tap water applied directly on the substrate. Plant height, canopy compactness, fruits and leaves number, and leaf chlorophyll content were evaluated when 50% of the plants had approximately 30% of mature fruits (commercial maturity). PBZ applied by drenching influenced positively the ornamental characteristics of ‘Bode Amarela’. Otherwise, the best PBZ application method for ‘Biquinho Vermelha’ was not established. The results suggest that search for suitable PBZ application method that no affects the pepper ornamental characteristics must be done specifically for each pepper cultivar.
Non-structural carbohydrate metabolism and postharvest conservation of gerbera flowers
Authors: Oliveira Souza Alves Ana Maria , Oliveira Santos Pimentel Jaianne Francielle , Da Silva Gustavo Ferreira , Mapeli Nilbe Carla , Mapeli Ana Maria
Published: October 2017

The species Gerbera jamesonii Adlam has great economic importance in the ornamental sector, due to exuberance of floral stems. However, florists face some challenges such as postharvest handling and difficulty of conservation. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the non-structural carbohydrate content in different floral stages of G. jamesonii var. Dawn and evaluate the effect of preservative solutions during the postharvest storage of this species. For this purpose, it was quantified TSS, RS and NRS from the seven stages of gerbera stems ontogeny (E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6 and E7). The preservative solutions used were: T1) distilled water; T2) citric acid (100 mg L-1); T3) glucose (20 g L-1); T4) gibberellic acid (GA3 , 5 mg L-1); T5) calcium chloride (CaCl2 , 20g L-1) and T6) Sodium Thiosulphate (STS, 20 mM). The effect of preservative solutions were assessed daily, considering the longevity of flowers, variation in the absorption of preservative solution, pH of the solution and fresh mass variation. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. There was a difference in carbohydrate metabolism during floral opening and senescence. In the orange bracts there was a lower TSS content, while in the inflorescences it was observed a reduction in the yellowish, greenish-green and greenish stages. The content of RS increased in the bracts, whereas in the inflorescence there was no difference. The NRS content was higher in the orange bracts, showing lower rates in the inflorescences in yellowish and yellowish greenish stages. The preservative solutions had an impact, on the floral stem longevity, varying according to the solutions used, i.e. CaCl2 and STS reduced the durability of gerbera flower in 9.25 and 11.5 days, respectively, compared to stems kept in distilled water. The glucose solution did not promote a significant difference compared to water. Therefore, we conclude that there is variation in the metabolism of non-structural carbohydrates during the floral development of G. jamesonii var. Dawn and the tested solutions were not effective in promoting postharvest conservation of gerbera.
Das Coming-out der Staaten
Authors: Ayoub Phillip M.
Published: October 2017

In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten ist die LGBT-Bewegung (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) in einer im Vergleich zu anderen Menschenrechtsbewegungen beispiellosen Geschwindigkeit gewachsen. Phillip M. Ayoub zeichnet die jüngere Geschichte dieser transnationalen Bewegung in Europa nach. Er zeigt, wie das »Coming-out« die marginalisierte Gesellschaftsgruppe ins Zentrum der politischen Debatte rückte und ihr zu längst fälligen Rechten verhalf. Neben der Analyse der von der Bewegung vertretenen Normen steht vor allem die Frage im Zentrum, warum die gesellschaftsrechtliche Anerkennung der LGBT-Minderheiten in den jeweiligen Staaten so unterschiedlich verläuft.