bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polimorfismo no gene IL-10 (-627) em idosos portadores de doença periodontal
Authors: Nakama Daiana Mitiko , Braga Miula Portelinha , Moura Sandra Kiss , Oliveira Deise A. A. Pires , Oliveira Rodrigo Franco , Fernandes Karen Barros Parron , Maciel Sandra Mara , Poli-Frederico Regina Célia
Published: March 2013

Introdução: Fatores genéticos contribuem para o risco de doença periodontal (DP) em idosos. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a doença periodontal e o polimorfismo no gene da interleucina-10 em idosos. Métodos: A presença de DP foi diagnosticada por meio índice de perda de inserção periodontal, segundo critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde. O polimorfismo genético foi analisado por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase seguida da clivagem por RsaI. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 66 idosos (idade média: 68 ± 5,02 anos), sendo 63,3% do gênero feminino; e 36,4%, do masculino. Os idosos portadores do genótipo AA ou alelo A foram estatisticamente associados à DP severa (teste do Qui-Quadrado p
A utilização da bandagem na estabilidade do tornozelo em atletas de basquetebol
Authors: Brum Guilherme Reginatto , Miotto Marcelo , Tadiello Gerson Saciloto , Schmitt Vinícius Mazzochi , De Marchi Thiago , Bonetti Leandro Viçosa
Published: March 2013

Introdução: Entorse é um tipo de lesão musculoesquelética que ocorre por uma força de torção aplicada na articulação e pode ocasionar danos em algumas estruturas do corpo humano. Uma técnica utilizada para a prevenção e tratamento dessas lesões é a bandagem rígida funcional. Objetivo: Analisar a influência da bandagem rígida funcional na estabilidade articular do tornozelo em atletas de basquetebol. Métodos: Avaliaram-se 11 atletas do sexo masculino da categoria sub-15 de basquetebol que foram submetidos à estabilometria com e sem a utilização bandagem funcional rígida na articulação do tornozelo. Resultados: Foi demonstrado que há um aumento da estabilidade nessa articulação com o uso da bandagem, auxiliando na resposta muscular, fornecendo maior sustentação biomecânica e, assim, possivelmente prevenindo as lesões. Conclusão: Quando utilizaram a bandagem rígida funcional, os atletas apresentaram maior estabilidade na articulação do tornozelo na posição ortostática.
Confiabilidade de um método para avaliar as estratégias redutoras da sobrecarga sobre o joelho durante a marcha
Authors: Magalhães Claudio Marcos Bedran de , Resende Renan Alves , Pinheiro Ana Cisalpino , Silva Maria Clarice Lopes da , Kirkwood Renata Noce
Published: March 2013

Introdução: Inclinação lateral do tronco, aumento do momento de força interno abdutor do quadril e do ângulo de rotação externa do pé são estratégias utilizadas durante a marcha que reduzem a sobrecarga do joelho. Objetivo: Verificar a confiabilidade teste-reteste dos procedimentos para avaliar as estratégias que reduzem a sobrecarga sobre o joelho. Métodos: A análise quantitativa da marcha de dez idosas foi obtida por meio do sistema Qualisys-ProReflex. O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI) foi utilizado para a análise da confiabilidade. Resultados: O CCI dos valores máximo, mínimo e de amplitude de inclinação lateral do tronco, momento interno abdutor do quadril e ângulo de rotação externa do pé foram de 0,92, 0,65 e 0,94; 0,70, 0,65 e 0,77, e 0,77, 0,77 e 0,85, respectivamente. Conclusão: O método utilizado neste estudo demonstrou ter confiabilidade de moderada a boa e pode ser empregado em estudos futuros.
Influência do treinamento resistido em hipertensos – relato de caso
Authors: Pelai Elisa Bizetti , Pagotto Priscila , Lorençoni Roselene Modolo Regueiro
Published: March 2013

Introdução: Exercícios resistidos podem promover adaptações favoráveis na função cardiovascular, e têm sido utilizados em programas de reabilitação cardíaca. Objetivos: Neste estudo, objetivou-se estudar os efeitos do exercício resistido sobre a pressão arterial (PA), índices preditores de gordura corporal e qualidade de vida (QV) em indivíduos hipertensos. Métodos: Foram analisados dados de quatro indivíduos hipertensos e sedentários, submetidos a duas avaliações, pré e pós 18 sessões de exercícios resistidos. Resultados: Os resultados não apontaram alterações nos valores de PA. A QV apresentou melhora em todos os voluntários, e a variável relação cintura/quadril (RC/Q) sofreu redução em 50% da amostra. Conclusões: Conclui-se que o treinamento resistido não influenciou nas variáveis estudadas; entretanto, houve melhora na qualidade de vida dos voluntários.
Adipofascial Anterolateral Thigh Flap Safety: Applications and Complications
Authors: Agostini Tommaso , Russo Giulia Lo , Zhang Yi Xin , Spinelli Giuseppe , Lazzeri Davide
Published: March 2013

Background A thinned anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is often harvested to achieve optimal skin resurfacing. Several techniques have been described to thin an ALT flap including an adipocutaneous flap, an adipofascial flap and delayed debulking.

Methods By systematically reviewing all of the available literature in English and French, the present manuscript attempts to identify the common surgical indications, complications and donor site morbidity of the adipofascial variant of the ALT flap. The studies were identified by performing a systematic search on Medline, Ovid, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Current Contents, PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar.

Results The study selection process was adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, and 15 articles were identified using the study inclusion criteria. These articles were then reviewed for author name(s), year of publication, flap dimensions and thickness following defatting, perforator type, type of transfer, complications, thinning technique, number of cases with a particular area of application and donor site morbidity.

Conclusions The adipofascial variant of the ALT flap provides tissue to fill large defects and improve pliability. Its strong and safe blood supply permits adequate immediate or delayed debulking without vascular complications. The presence of the deep fascia makes it possible to prevent sagging by suspending and fixing the flap for functional reconstructive purposes (e.g., the intraoral cavity). Donor site morbidity is minimal, and thigh deformities can be reduced through immediate direct closure or liposuction and direct closure. A safe blood supply was confirmed by the rate of secondary flap debulking.
How to draw the line in biomedical research
Authors: Huang Lisa , Rattner Amir , Liu Han , Nathans Jeremy
Published: March 2013

The use of the least squares method to calculate the best-fitting line through a two-dimensional scatter plot typically requires the user to assume that one of the variables depends on the other. However, in many cases the relationship between the two variables is more complex, and it is not valid to say that one variable is independent and the other is dependent. When analysing such data researchers should consider plotting the three regression lines that can be calculated for any two-dimensional scatter plot.
Multitasking on the run
Authors: Hatten Mary E , Lisberger Stephen G
Published: March 2013

Researchers combine genetics and imaging to reveal that individual granule cells in the cerebellum integrate sensory and motor information.
Use of a Novel 5′‐Regioselective Phosphitylating Reagent for One‐Pot Synthesis of Nucleoside 5′‐Triphosphates from Unprotected Nucleosides
Authors: Caton‐Williams Julianne , Hoxhaj Rudiona , Fiaz Bilal , Huang Zhen
Published: March 2013

5′‐Triphosphates are building blocks for enzymatic synthesis of DNA and RNA. This unit presents a protocol for convenient synthesis of 2′‐deoxyribo‐ and ribonucleoside 5′‐triphosphates (dNTPs and NTPs) from any natural or modified base. This one‐pot synthesis can also be employed to prepare triphosphate analogs with a sulfur or selenium atom in place of a non‐bridging oxygen atom of the α‐phosphate. These S‐ or Se‐modified dNTPs and NTPs can be used to prepare diastereomerically pure phosphorothioate or phosphoroselenoate nucleic acids. Even without extensive purification, the dNTPs or NTPs synthesized by this method are of high quality and can be used directly in DNA polymerization or RNA transcription. Synthesis and purification of the 5′‐triphosphates, as well as analysis and confirmation of natural and sulfur‐ or selenium‐modified nucleic acids, are described in this protocol unit. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 52:1.30.1‐1.30.21. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Threose Nucleic Acid (TNA) Triphosphates and Oligonucleotides by Polymerase‐Mediated Primer Extension
Authors: Zhang Su , Yu Hanyang , Chaput John C.
Published: March 2013

This unit describes the chemical synthesis of α‐L‐threofuranosyl nucleic acid (TNA) triphosphates for thymidine (T), guanosine (G), cytidine (C), and the diaminopurine (D) analog of adenosine and their incorporation into TNA oligonucleotides by enzyme‐mediated polymerization of a DNA primer‐template complex. Starting from suitably protected threofuranosyl nucleosides, TNA triphosphates are synthesized in a single‐pot reaction and purified by ion‐exchange and HPLC chromatography. Purified TNA triphosphates are diluted into stock solutions and used as substrates for the synthesis of TNA oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotide synthesis is accomplished using Therminator DNA polymerase, a commercial variant of the 9oN DNA polymerase bearing the A485L mutation. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 52:4.54.1‐4.54.17. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bridging Time Scales, Disciplines, and Generations to Better Understand the Arctic Marine Ecosystem
Authors: Forest Alexandre , Kedra Monika , Pavlov Alexey
Published: March 2013

Understanding and predicting how ecological and biogeochemical processes in the Arctic Ocean are affected by global changes require an integrated approach. Modifications in the Arctic system may feed back to the Earth's climate, and shifts in food web functions could affect the people who depend on marine resources. Connecting information obtained along the circum‐Arctic, across disciplines and time scales as well as over generations, is thus key to gaining new insights on the interactions that drive the mechanics of change (Arctic in Rapid Transition Implementation Plan; http://www.iarc.uaf.edu/ART/implementation‐plan). Such a framework is needed if the linkages between atmosphere‐ice‐ocean forcing, land‐ocean exchanges, biodiversity, and the productive capacity of the Arctic Ocean are to be properly understood.
Electron beam and UV cationic polymerization of glycidyl ethers PART II: Reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A
Authors: Mascioni Matteo , Ghosh Narendra N. , Sands James M. , Palmese Giuseppe R.
Published: March 2013

Electron‐beam (e‐beam) and ultraviolet (UV)‐induced cationic polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) using the photo‐initiator diaryliodonium hexafluoroantimonate was investigated using in situ NIR spectroscopy. The effect of processing parameters, such as temperature, radiation intensity, and photo‐initiator concentration, on kinetics of the reaction were determined quantitatively. In contrast to the behavior of monofunctional epoxy systems reported previously, the difunctional epoxy forms a high Tg crosslinked network, so a kinetic model that takes into account diffusion limitations associated with vitrification was developed. The combined benefits of the real‐time in situ NIR spectroscopy study and the well‐defined diffusion model resulted in very accurate predictions for cure of epoxy networks by e‐beam‐induced polymerization. The results support the view that e‐beam processing of epoxies is constrained by vitrification in the same way that UV and thermally cured epoxies are. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Luminescent Noble Metal Nanoclusters as an Emerging Optical Probe for Sensor Development
Authors: Yuan Xun , Luo Zhentao , Yu Yong , Yao Qiaofeng , Xie Jianping
Published: March 2013

In the past few years, highly luminescent noble metal nanoclusters (e.g., Au and Ag NCs or Au/Ag NCs in short) have emerged as a class of promising optical probes for the construction of high‐performance optical sensors because of their ultrasmall size (<2 nm), strong luminescence, good photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and unique metal‐core@ligand‐shell structure. In this Focus Review, we briefly summarize the common syntheses for water‐soluble highly‐luminescent thiolate‐ and protein‐protected Au/Ag NCs and their interesting luminescence properties, highlight recent progress in their use as optical sensors with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying their selectivity, and finally discuss approaches to improving their sensitivity. The scope of the works surveyed is confined to highly luminescent thiolate‐ and protein‐protected Au/Ag NCs.
Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensors for the Detection of 2,4,6‐Trinitrophenol and Investigation of their Co‐Crystal Structures
Authors: Dong Ming , Wang Ya‐Wen , Zhang Ai‐Jiang , Peng Yu
Published: March 2013

A full account of our studies of 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP) sensing is provided. A series of chemosensors 2, 3, 4, 5 with a variety of aromatic chromophores for specific recognition of TNP has been designed and then realized through the fluorescence “on/off” mechanism. These chemosensors demonstrated highly selective, sensitive, and fluorescent quenching of TNP with remarkable visual changes through the intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) process. Their host–guest interactions were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopic titrations and their corresponding co‐crystal structures, which showed that the 1:1 host–guest complexes were formed by multiple hydrogen‐bond interactions in solution or in the solid state. The origins of the significant affinity demonstrated during the fluorescence recognition process were further disclosed through DFT calculations of corresponding compounds.
Biomass and bioenergy in the wider land‐use context of the European Union
Authors: Allen Benjamin R , Keegan Dearbhla , Elbersen Berien
Published: March 2013

Demands from land are increasing within the EU. Targets set out under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) are driving the production of energetic biomass for use within the energy sector and, at the same time, changing populations, diets, and societal preferences are leading to increased demands for other types of biomass including food, feed, and fiber. As an inherently multifunctional natural resource, land is already meeting many of these demands as well as providing a wider range of services to society including clean and reliable water, carbon sequestration, and cultural services. However, as demands from land increase, its continued ability to support a range of different sectors sustainably is called into question.

This review considers the EU demand for bioenergy and the biomass used to produce it, to 2020, within the wider land‐use context. It reflects on the different demands facing the EU and global land resources beyond those emanating from the energy sector, their drivers, and the implications for land resources as a central element in the development of sustainable biomass supply chains in the EU. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Minimum Activation Peptide from ilvH Can Activate the Catalytic Subunit of AHAS from Different Species
Authors: Zhao Yuefang , Niu Congwei , Wen Xin , Xi Zhen
Published: March 2013

Acetohydroxyacid synthases (AHASs), which catalyze the first step in the biosynthesis of branched‐chain amino acids, are composed of a catalytic subunit (CSU) and a regulatory subunit (RSU). The CSU harbors the catalytic site, and the RSU is responsible for the activation and feedback regulation of the CSU. Previous results from Chipman and co‐workers and our lab have shown that heterologous activation can be achieved among isozymes of Escherichia coli AHAS. It would be interesting to find the minimum peptide of ilvH (the RSU of E. coli AHAS III) that could activate other E. coli CSUs, or even those of ## species. In this paper, C‐terminal, N‐terminal, and C‐ and N‐terminal truncation mutants of ilvH were constructed. The minimum peptide to activate ilvI (the CSU of E. coli AHAS III) was found to be ΔN14–ΔC89. Moreover, this peptide could not only activate its homologous ilvI and heterologous ilvB (CSU of E. coli AHAS I), but also heterologously activate the CSUs of AHAS from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. However, this peptide totally lost its ability for feedback regulation by valine, thus suggesting different elements for enzymatic activation and feedback regulation. Additionally, the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of ΔN14–ΔC89 when binding CSUs of different species was found to be 9.3–66.5 μM by using microscale thermophoresis. The ability of this peptide to activate different CSUs does not correlate well with its binding ability (Kd) to these CSUs, thus implying that key interactions by specific residues is more important than binding ability in promoting enzymatic reactions. The high sequence similarity of the peptide ΔN14–ΔC89 to RSUs across species hints that this peptide represents the minimum activation motif in RSU and that it regulates all AHASs.
Solving the sign indeterminacy for multiway models
Authors: Bro Rasmus , Leardi Riccardo , Johnsen Lea Giørtz
Published: March 2013

Bilinear and multilinear models such as principal component analysis and PARAFAC have intrinsic sign indeterminacies. For example, any loading vector can be multiplied by −1 if another vector of that particular component is also multiplied by −1 without affecting the loss function values. This sometimes causes problems, for example, with respect to interpretation. In this paper, a method is developed to fix the sign indeterminacy for the PARAFAC, Tucker3 and PARAFAC2 models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescent Platinum(II) Complexes of 1,3‐Bis(N‐alkylbenzimidazol‐ 2′‐yl)benzene‐Type Ligands with Potential Applications in Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lam Elizabeth Suk‐Hang , Tsang Daniel Ping‐Kuen , Lam Wai Han , Tam Anthony Yiu‐Yan , Chan Mei‐Yee , Wong Wing‐Tak , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: March 2013

A series of luminescent platinum(II) complexes of tridentate 1,3‐bis(N‐alkylbenzimidazol‐2′‐yl)benzene (bzimb) ligands has been synthesized and characterized. One of these platinum(II) complexes has been structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Their electrochemical, electronic absorption, and luminescence properties have been investigated. Computational studies have been performed on this class of complexes to elucidate the origin of their photophysical properties. Some of these complexes have been utilized in the fabrication of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) by using either vapor deposition or spin‐coating techniques. Chloroplatinum(II)bzimb complexes that are functionalized at the 5‐position of the aryl ring, [Pt(R‐bzimb)Cl], not only show tunable emission color but also exhibit high current and external quantum efficiencies in OLEDs. Concentration‐dependent dual‐emissive behavior was observed in multilayer OLEDs upon the incorporation of pyrenyl ligand into the Pt(bzimb) system. Devices doped with low concentrations of the complexes gave rise to white‐light emission, thereby representing a unique class of small‐molecule, platinum(II)‐based white OLEDs.
K⋅⋅⋅F/O Interactions Bridge Copper(I) Fluorinated Alkoxide Complexes and Facilitate Dioxygen Activation
Authors: Lum June S. , Tahsini Laleh , Golen James A. , Moore Curtis , Rheingold Arnold L. , Doerrer Linda H.
Published: March 2013

Seven E[Cu(OR)2] copper(I) complexes (E=K+, {K(18C6)}+ (18C6=[18]crown‐6), or Ph4P+; R=C4F9, CPhMeF2, and CMeMeF2) have been prepared and their reactivity with O2 studied. The K[Cu(OR)2] species react with O2 in a copper‐concentration‐dependent manner such that 2:1 and 3:1 Cu/O2 adducts are observed manometrically at −78 °C. Analogous reactivity with O2 is not observed with the {K(18C6)}+ or Ph4P+ derivatives. Solution conductivity data demonstrate that these K[Cu(OR)2] complexes do not behave as 1:1 electrolytes in solution. The K+ ions induce aggregation of multiple [Cu(OR)2]− units through K⋅⋅⋅F/O interactions and thereby effect irreversible O2 reduction by multiple Cu centers. Bond valence analyses for the potassium cations confirm the dominance of the fluorine interactions in the coordination spheres of K+ ions. Intramolecular hydroxylation of ligand aryl and alkyl CH bonds is observed. Nucleophilic reactivity with CO2 is observed for the oxygenated Cu complexes and a CuII carbonate has been isolated and characterized.
Silicateins—A Novel Paradigm in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Enzymatic Synthesis of Inorganic Polymeric Silica
Authors: Müller Werner E. G. , Schröder Heinz C. , Burghard Zaklina , Pisignano Dario , Wang Xiaohong
Published: March 2013

The inorganic matrix of the siliceous skeletal elements of sponges, that is, spicules, is formed of amorphous biosilica. Until a decade ago, it remained unclear how the hard biosilica monoliths of the spicules are formed in sponges that live in a silica‐poor (<50 μM) aquatic environment. The following two discoveries caused a paradigm shift and allowed an elucidation of the processes underlying spicule formation; first the discovery that in the spicules only one major protein, silicatein, exists and second, that this protein displays a bio‐catalytical, enzymatic function. These findings caused a paradigm shift, since silicatein is the first enzyme that catalyzes the formation of an inorganic polymer from an inorganic monomeric substrate. In the present review the successive steps, following the synthesis of the silicatein product, biosilica, and resulting in the formation of the hard monolithic spicules is given. The new insight is assumed to open new horizons in the field of biotechnology and also in biomedicine.
An Imine‐Based Molecular Cage with Distinct Binding Sites for Small and Large Alkali Metal Cations
Authors: Schouwey Clément , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: March 2013

The synthesis of a cylindrical, imine‐based cage composed of two trimeric metallamacrocycles is described. The cage acts as a heterotopic receptor for alkali metal cations. The small cations Li+, Na+, and K+ bind to the outside of the cage with good selectivity for Li+, whereas the larger cations Rb+ and Cs+ are bound inside the cage to form unusual π complexes with a good selectivity for Cs+. Negative heterotopic cooperativity between the two binding sites is observed. The complexation of Cs+ is associated with a color change, which enables the cage to be used as a specific sensor for Cs+.
Alterations in the motor neuron–renshaw cell circuit in the Sod1G93A mouse model
Authors: Wootz Hanna , FitzSimons‐Kantamneni Eileen , Larhammar Martin , Rotterman Travis M. , Enjin Anders , Patra Kalicharan , André Elodie , Van Zundert Brigitte , Kullander Klas , Alvarez Francisco J.
Published: March 2013

Motor neurons become hyperexcitable during progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This abnormal firing behavior has been explained by changes in their membrane properties, but more recently it has been suggested that changes in premotor circuits may also contribute to this abnormal activity. The specific circuits that may be altered during development of ALS have not been investigated. Here we examined the Renshaw cell recurrent circuit that exerts inhibitory feedback control on motor neuron firing. Using two markers for Renshaw cells (calbindin and cholinergic nicotinic receptor subunit alpha2 [Chrna2]), two general markers for motor neurons (NeuN and vesicular acethylcholine transporter [VAChT]), and two markers for fast motor neurons (Chondrolectin and calcitonin‐related polypeptide alpha [Calca]), we analyzed the survival and connectivity of these cells during disease progression in the Sod1G93A mouse model. Most calbindin‐immunoreactive (IR) Renshaw cells survive to end stage but downregulate postsynaptic Chrna2 in presymptomatic animals. In motor neurons, some markers are downregulated early (NeuN, VAChT, Chondrolectin) and others at end stage (Calca). Early downregulation of presynaptic VAChT and Chrna2 was correlated with disconnection from Renshaw cells as well as major structural abnormalities of motor axon synapses inside the spinal cord. Renshaw cell synapses on motor neurons underwent more complex changes, including transitional sprouting preferentially over remaining NeuN‐IR motor neurons. We conclude that the loss of presynaptic motor axon input on Renshaw cells occurs at early stages of ALS and disconnects the recurrent inhibitory circuit, presumably resulting in diminished control of motor neuron firing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cubic Mesoporous Silica (SBA‐16) Prepared Using Butanol as the Co‐Surfactant: A General Matrix for the Preparation of FeCo‐SiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Carta Daniela , Bullita Salvatore , Casula Maria F. , Casu Alberto , Falqui Andrea , Corrias Anna
Published: March 2013

A mesoporous ordered cubic Im3m silica (SBA‐16) characterized by a three dimensional cage‐like structure of pores was used as a host matrix for the preparation of a series of FeCo‐SiO2 nanocomposites with different alloy loading and composition by the wet impregnation method. The mesoporous structure of the SBA‐16‐type support, prepared according to a versatile sol‐gel templated synthetic method, which makes use of n‐butanol as a co‐surfactant, is stable during the treatments necessary to obtain the final nanocomposites, as pointed out by low‐angle X‐Ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 physisorption at 77 K. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction shows that upon reduction at 800 °C, FeCo nanocrystals (6–7 nm) with the typical bcc structure are formed and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis, performed by scanning transmission electron microscopy on one of the samples, shows that the Fe/Co atomic ratio in the alloy nanoparticles is very close to the expected value of two. Electron tomography was used for the first time to gain evidence on the highly interconnected mesoporous structure of SBA‐16 and the arrangement of the nanoparticles within the matrix. It was found that spherical alloy nanocrystals with narrow size distribution are homogeneously distributed throughout the mesoporous matrix and that the resulting FeCo‐SiO2 nanocomposite material displays superparamagnetic behavior with high strength dipolar interactions, as expected for particles with a large magnetic moment.
Urine naloxone concentration at different phases of buprenorphine maintenance treatment
Authors: Heikman Pertti , Häkkinen Margareeta , Gergov Merja , Ojanperä Ilkka
Published: March 2013

In spite of the benefits of buprenorphine‐naloxone co‐formulation (BNX) in opioid maintenance treatment, the naloxone component has not prevented parenteral use of BNX. Current laboratory methods are not sufficient to differentiate between therapeutic and illicit use of buprenorphine, and little is known about urine naloxone concentrations. Measurement of urine naloxone, together with buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine, might help to determine the naloxone source and administration route. A liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated for this purpose. Naloxone, buprenorphine, and norbuprenorphine total concentrations were measured in urine samples from opioid‐dependent patients before and during stable and unstable phases of maintenance treatment with BNX. The limit of quantification in urine was 1.0 µg/L for naloxone, buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine. Before treatment, all samples contained buprenorphine but the median naloxone concentration was 0 µg/L. During the maintenance treatment with BNX all urine samples were positive for naloxone, buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine. The naloxone concentration at a stable phase of treatment (median 60 µg/L, range 5–200 µg/L) was not different from the naloxone concentration at an unstable phase (70 µg/L, 10–1700 µg/L). Applying an upper limit of 200 µg/L to the sample, the median naloxone/buprenorphine ratio was higher in the high than in the low naloxone concentration group (0.9 vs 0.3, respectively). This study suggests that naloxone in urine can act as an indicator of compliance with BNX. Parenteral use of BNX was associated with a high naloxone/buprenorphine ratio. Negative naloxone with positive buprenorphine suggests the use/abuse of buprenorphine alone. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and Immunological Activity of the Lipopolysaccharide Isolated from the Species Alkalimonas delamerensis
Authors: Silipo Alba , Di Lorenzo Flaviana , Fazio Luigi Lembo , Paciello Ida , Sturiale Luisa , Palmigiano Angelo , Parrilli Michelangelo , Grant William D. , Garozzo Domenico , Lanzetta Rosa , Bernardini Maria Lina , Molinaro Antonio
Published: March 2013

We have defined the complete structure and assessed the biological activity of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Alkalimonas delamerensis, an alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from soda lakes in China and East Africa. The structural determination, which was achieved by the use of chemical, spectroscopic and spectrometric approaches, indicates a novel Rough type lipopolysaccharide that is rich in negatively charged groups in the lipid A inner core region. The proinflammatory activity of the pure lipopolysaccharide has also been defined by testing the LPS as a stimulant in human HEK293 cells, which express the CD14/MD2/TLR4 complex (HEK293‐hTLR4), and in bone marrow‐derived macrophages.
Noniterative interface reconstruction algorithms for volume of fluid method
Authors: Vignesh T.G. , Bakshi Shamit
Published: March 2013

In this paper, noniterative interface reconstruction algorithms for volume of fluid (VOF) method are presented. Analytical expressions are derived to determine the coefficients of the curve to achieve a noniterative reconstruction procedure. Static interface reconstruction tests of standard geometries like circle and ellipse are performed. The noniterative algorithm based on Piecewise Linear Interface Calculation from an earlier work is found to reconstruct the VOF value within machine tolerance. Two piecewise continuous algorithms are also proposed in this work, which ensures C0 continuity. The first algorithm, namely, Piecewise Continuous Linear Interface Calculation (PCLIC), uses piecewise continuous linear segments to approximate the interface. The second algorithm uses piecewise continuous quadratic curve and is named as Piecewise Continuous Quadratic Interface Calculation. PCLIC is seen to achieve machine tolerance in reconstructing the VOF value. Piecewise Continuous Quadratic Interface Calculation is found to give a more accurate estimate of the length of the interface than Piecewise Linear Interface Calculation and PCLIC. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using ammonium pore water profiles to assess stoichiometry of deep remineralization processes in methanogenic continental margin sediments
Authors: Burdige David J. , Komada Tomoko
Published: March 2013

In many continental margin sediments, a deep reaction zone exists which is separated from remineralization processes near the sediment surface. Here, methane diffuses upward to a depth where it is oxidized by downwardly diffusing sulfate. However, the methane sources that drive this anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in the sulfate‐methane transition zone (SMT) may vary among sites. In particular, these sources can be thought of as either (i) “internal” sources from in situ methanogenesis (regardless of where it occurs in the sediment column) that are ultimately coupled to organic matter deposition and burial, or (ii) “external” sources such as hydrocarbon reservoirs derived from ancient source rocks, or deeply buried gas hydrates, both of which are decoupled from contemporaneous organic carbon deposition at the sediment surface. Using a modeling approach, we examine the relationship between different methane sources and pore water sulfate, methane, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and ammonium profiles. We show that pore water ammonium profiles through the SMT represent an independent “tracer” of remineralization processes occurring in deep sediments that complement information obtained from profiles of solutes directly associated with AOM and carbonate precipitation, i.e., DIC, methane, and sulfate. Pore water DIC profiles also show an inflection point in the SMT based on the type of deep methane source and the presence/absence of accompanying upward DIC fluxes. With these results, we present a conceptual framework which illustrates how shallow pore water profiles from continental margin settings can be used to obtain important information about remineralization processes and methane sources in deep sediments.
Reciprocal Peer Coaching: A Critical Contributor to Implementing Individual Leadership Plans
Authors: Goldman Ellen , Wesner Marilyn , Karnchanomai Ornpawee
Published: March 2013

Billions of dollars are spent annually on programs to develop organizational leaders, yet the effectiveness of these programs is poorly understood. Scholars advise that value is enhanced by the development of individual leadership plans at program completion, followed by implementation experience with subsequent coaching and reflection. The literature discusses coaching on specific skills in individual plans; research is lacking regarding coaching's value for the individual plan implementation process as a whole. In addition, there is scant literature concerning the use of reciprocal peer coaching in leadership development. This article presents the findings of research aimed at understanding the experience of individuals who completed a leadership development program, prepared individual leadership plans at completion, and then engaged in a process that included reciprocal peer coaching to help them implement their plans. The major contributions of the study concern the importance of the support structure provided, the nature of the benefits identified from giving as well as receiving coaching, and the specification of a transformational learning process regarding both the implementation of individual leadership plans and engagement in reciprocal peer coaching. While the study was conducted in a medical educational setting, the findings have implications for leadership development programs in other areas of education, as well as other organizational settings.
Invited Reaction: The Strategic Value of HRD in Lean Strategy Implementation
Authors: Yorks Lyle , Barto Jody
Published: March 2013

This study by Meera Alagaraja and Toby Egan provides a case study of a Lean strategy implementation in which HRD was an integrated part of the process and offers a model that can give direction for both future research and strategic advocacy on behalf of HRD practice. The case is actually more a study of the importance of cross‐functional and corporate‐SBU collaboration in implementing strategic business plans than of HRD per se. The HRD contribution is contextualized in the strategic implementation process. As such, it offers a comprehensive and contextualized perspective on the process through which the strategic aspirations of HRD can potentially be realized in practice. That said, there is a broader story that needs to be known in order to contextualize and further understand how the study fits into the broader discussion about SHRD.
The Effect of Intravenous Bumetanide in Man with Normal and Low Renal Function
Authors: WHITE MARTIN G.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: Bumetanide was administered intravenously to four groups of patients with varying levels of glomerular filtration rate (average 10 to 108 ml/min/1.73 m2 B.S.A.). The dose of bumetanide was either 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg administered by intravenous “push.” The intravenous administration produced a prompt and marked increase in sodium, chloride, and calcium excretion. The effect was brief, lasting 30 to 60 minutes, but persisted to some extent with the 2.0 mg dose beyond 120 minutes. There was no effect on phosphate excretion or on the parameters of net acid excretion.
The Effect of Loop Diuretics on the Excretion of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl−
Authors: WHITE MARTIN G. , van GELDER JAMES , EASTES GARY
Published: March 2013

Abstract: Bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, and furosemide were administered in two equipotent doses to the same five dogs in three separate studies. Intravascular volume was maintained by the replacement of urinary losses. Fractional chloride excretion was used as a marker of diuretic effect. Comparison of absolute and fractional excretion of Na+, Cl−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ did not demonstrate a significant difference among the three diuretics.
Comparative Ototoxicity of Bumetanide and Furosemide when Used in Combination with Kanamycin
Authors: BRUMMETT ROBERT E. , BENDRICK T. , HIMES D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: The ototoxicity of bumetanide and furosemide was compared in Topeka strain guinea pigs pretreated with kanamycin. The animals, anesthetized with pentobarbital, received a single dose of 400 mg/kg kanamycin subcutaneously and the diuretics via indwelling catheter in the jugular vein 2 hours later. Ototoxic drug effects were determined by measuring the electrophysiological responses of the cochlea to sound stimuli and by determining the presence or absence of cochlear sensory hair cells from the organ of Corti. Both bumetanide and furosemide produced permanent alteration of cochlear activity in the kanamycin‐pretreated animals. The ototoxic effect of bumetanide is five times that of furosemide on a milligram‐for‐milligram basis. The ototoxic potential of bumetanide is one eighth that of furosemide when the doses are adjusted for diuretic potency difference between the two diuretics.
Effects of Loop Diuretics on Carbohydrate Metabolism and Electrolyte Excretion
Authors: ROBINSON DONALD S. , NILSSON CLAES M. , LEONARD ROGER F. , HORTON EDWARD S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: The effects of two loop diuretics, bumetanide and furosemide, on carbohydrate metabolism and electrolyte balance were assessed in 11 normal male subjects in a double‐blind manner. Glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone responses to 5‐hour glucose tolerance test and arginine infusion were measured during the control and drug treatment periods. Three other non‐insulin‐dependent diabetic subjects, receiving diuretic drug for six weeks, underwent a similar protocol. Kaliuresis and natriuresis due to diuretic administration were significant only on day 1 of treatment. There were no significant changes in total body potassium by 40K counting; net potassium loss by balance study was minimal in both the acutely treated subjects and the chronically treated patients. Effects of bumetanide and furosemide on water and electrolyte excretion did not differ. Glucose tolerance was significantly improved with bumetanide but not with furosemide. Plasma insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone levels during the oral glucose tolerance test were unaffected by either drug. Insulin levels with arginine infusion were significantly increased, and growth hormone levels decreased with bumetanide but not with furosemide. No evidence of impaired carbohydrate metabolism in the three chronically treated diabetic subjects was seen. It is concluded that the effects of bumetanide and furosemide on potassium balance and glucose utilization were minimal in this experimental setting.
Effect of Probenecid on the Natriuresis and Renin Release Induced by Bumetanide in Man
Authors: VELASQUEZ MANUEL T. , WAN SUK HAN , BARR JOHN W. , MARONDE ROBERT F.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: In a randomized crossover trial in six normal male subjects, the effect of pretreatment with probenecid on natriuresis and renin release in response to bumetanide was studied. The subjects received 120 mEq sodium and 80 mEq potassium per day. A single dose of 2 mg bumetanide was administered on the fourth morning after pretreatment with either placebo or probenecid. Creatinine and uric acid were measured in serum and urine, plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I, and plasma and urine concentrations of bumetanide were measured by a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay method. Probenecid reduced both natriuresis and hyperreninemia induced by bumetanide. This effect is postulated to be due not to a direct action on sodium excretion but is probably secondary to inhibition of renal tubular secretion of bumetanide. Consequently, these findings appear to support the concept that the quantity of bumetanide delivered to the tubular lumen is an important determinant of its diuretic effect.
The Effects of a Single, Intravenous Dose of Bumetanide Versus Furosemide in Patients with Ascites and Edema Due to Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: KOFF RAYMOND S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: Ascites with or without edema, secondary to alcoholic liver disease, which had failed to respond to conventional in‐hospital medical treatment with thiazides, spironolactone, and salt restriction was treated with a single intravenous dose of 0.5 mg bumetanide or 20 mg furosemide. In this single‐blind, randomized, parallel study in 20 men over 18 years of age, significant diuresis and increased excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride occurred with both drugs. Weight loss was slight but significant within groups but not between drug treatments. Osmolality was significantly decreased after both treatments due to the magnitude of urine volume. Sodium/potassium ratio was significantly increased up to 120 minutes after both treatments. Creatinine excretion and clearance were increased after treatment with bumetanide but not significantly. In the furosemide group, the increase was first significant but after 90 minutes remained decreased. Supine and standing blood pressure and pulse rate changes were negligible. EKG monitoring revealed no abnormalities. No consistent alterations of laboratory tests were identified after treatment, nor were any important clinical adverse responses recognized. A 15‐decibel unilateral high‐frequency hearing loss was observed following bumetanide treatment in one patient with prior evidence of ear disease.
Effect of Guanabenz and Hydrochlorothiazide on Blood Pressure and Plasma Renin Activity
Authors: HOLLAND O. BRYAN , FAIRCHILD CAROL , GOMEZ‐SANCHEZ CELSO E.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: Patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were treated with guanabenz plus placebo (26 patients) or guanabenz plus hydrochlorothiazide (26 patients) for one year. Ambulatory plasma renin activity was determined during placebo treatment, after four weeks and one year of treatment with the study drugs, and one month after discontinuation of guanabenz while continuing the same hydrochlorothiazide dosage. Treatment with guanabenz plus hydrochlorothiazide proved more satisfactory than treatment with guanabenz plus placebo in that fewer patients were treatment failures, a smaller dosage of guanabenz was required, better control of supine blood pressure was achieved, and no increase in guanabenz dosage was needed to maintain chronic blood pressure control. Drowsiness, dry mouth, and dizziness were the side effects noted most commonly. Plasma renin activity was not significantly suppressed by chronic guanabenz therapy. Thus, guanabenz is an effective new antihypertensive that provides optimal blood pressure control when used with a diuretic.
Lofexidine in the Treatment of Hypertension: A Twice‐Daily versus Once‐Daily Dose Comparison with 24‐Hour Blood Pressure Monitoring
Authors: GARRETT BRUCE N. , KAPLAN NORMAN M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: Lofexidine, an antihypertensive imidazoline derivative, was given to ten hypertensives on both a twice‐daily and once‐daily regimen, using routine blood pressure measurements and 24‐hour Remler recording. Plasma renin activity and catecholamines were measured. After a dose titration with twice‐daily doses, the total twice‐daily dose was given once daily for two weeks and the drug abruptly withdrawn. Mean placebo blood pressure was 136/104 mm Hg supine. After twice‐daily therapy, this fell to 118/86 mm Hg, and upon conversion to once‐daily therapy, it rose to 126/89 mm Hg. With the Remler recorder, mean 24‐hour blood pressure was 125/89 during the twice‐daily therapy, 133/94 mm Hg during once‐daily therapy, and 142/99 mm Hg on the day after acute withdrawal; i.e., evaluation in all three treatment periods showed a lack of sustained control with both a wide range and high frequency of blood pressure variation. Plasma renin activity and plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine did not change significantly during the study.
The Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in Medical Education
Authors: COVINSKY JOEL O.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: The clinical pharmacist is an integral member of the Docent team at the University of Missouri—Kansas City School of Medicine with duties in both teaching and patient care. These doctoral‐level clinical pharmacists have sole responsibility for providing instruction in basic pharmacology and pharmacokinetics and for teaching pharmacotherapeutics to medical students and house officers at the Truman Medical Center. The pharmacology programs have been well received and are successful. Student evaluations have been positive, and acquisition of knowledge as measured by the computer‐generated objective exam referred to as the Quarterly Profile Examination indicate progressive acquisition of basic pharmacologic information during periods of exposure to the clinical pharmacist. Analysis of part I of the National Boards of Medical Examiners Test shows that medical students with this instruction achieved higher scores in pharmacology than their mean performance on part I. House officers working with these clinical pharmacists also show progressive acquisition of basic pharmacologic knowledge as measured by the Quarterly Profile Exam. Preliminary evaluation of this nontraditional method of providing pharmacologic instruction indicates that the program is effective.
Efficacy and Side Effects of Flunitrazepam and Pentobarbital in Severely Insomniac Patients
Authors: LINNOILA M. , ERWIN C.W. , BRENDLE A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract: One hundred thirty‐seven current or prospective recipients of hypnotics were screened to obtain a sample of 12 severely insomniac patients for a study concerning efficacy and side effects of 2 mg flunitrazepam and 100 mg pentobarbital as hypnotics. During the baseline period, these 12 subjects showed wide intraindividual variability of sleep and performance. This variability was not reduced by the hypnotics, which on the average did not adversely affect performance. Flunitrazepam, but not pentobarbital, slightly reduced sleep latency. Neither hypnotic prolonged sleep duration or reduced the number of wakings. The generalizability of the results to the population of recipients of hypnotics is discussed.
Worldwide Variation in Chloramphenicol Utilization: Should It Cause Concern?
Authors: Kumana C. R. , Li K. Y. , Chau P. Y.
Published: March 2013

Per capita sales of chloramphenicol in Hong Kong (which presumably reflect adult and pediatric consumption in the community) are between about 11 to 442 fold greater than in several western countries and Australia. Despite such relatively excessive exposure to a potentially marrow‐damaging drug, the certified death rate from aplastic anemia in Hong Kong was only 0.4 per 1000 deaths compared with 1.0 per 1000 in England and Wales. Nor was there any other evidence to indicate that Hong Kong residents suffered an excessive incidence of aplastic anemia. Wherever chloramphenicol use is widespread, prospective investigations should be undertaken in the local population to evaluate the alleged high risks of producing aplastic anemia.