bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Evidence of Creative Benefit Accompanying Dyslexia: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Erbeli Florina , Peng Peng , Rice Marianne
Published: April 2021

Research on the question of creative benefit accompanying dyslexia has produced conflicting findings. In this meta-analysis, we determined summary effects of mean and variance differences in creativity between groups with and without dyslexia. Twenty studies were included ( n = 770 individuals with dyslexia, n = 1,671 controls). A random-effects robust variance estimation (RVE) analysis indicated no mean ( g = −0.02, p = .84) or variance ( g = −0.0004, p = .99) differences in creativity between groups. The mean summary effect was moderated by age, gender, and creativity domain. Compared with adolescents, adults with dyslexia showed an advantage over nondyslexic adults in creativity. In addition, a higher proportion of males in the dyslexia group was associated with poorer performance compared with the controls. Finally, the dyslexia group showed a significant performance disadvantage in verbal versus figural creativity. Regarding variance differences, they varied across age and creativity domains. Compared with adults, adolescents showed smaller variability in the dyslexia group. If the creativity task measured verbal versus figural or combined creativity, the dyslexia group exhibited smaller variability. Altogether, our results suggest that individuals with dyslexia as a group are no more creative or show greater variability in creativity than peers without dyslexia.
Disability Self-Worth and Positive Personal Meaning in Disability: Correlates of Hope Among U.S. Residents With Physical Disabilities
Authors: Zapata Mercedes A.
Published: April 2021

Research is beginning to indicate that positive disability identity is associated with positive psychosocial outcomes among people with disabilities. Personal disability identity (PDI) refers to self-concept as a person with a disability. Two studies were conducted to examine (a) the psychometric properties of new PDI subscales and (b) the association between the new subscales and hope, a cognitive motivational construct. In Study 1, the author examined the structural validity and internal consistency of recently developed measures of PDI (i.e., disability self-worth and personal meaning in disability) in a sample of 247 adults with physical and sensory disabilities. In Study 2, the author examined the association between the two PDI subscales and hope (i.e., pathways and agency) in a subsample of 147 U.S. residents. In Study 1, internal consistency of all instruments was supported and confirmatory factor analyses supported the structural validity of the PDI subscales in a sample representing a broader disability subgroup than the original measurement development study, which had exclusively examined adults with visual impairment and blindness (Zapata, 2019). In Study 2, findings from hierarchical linear regression indicated that scores on disability self-worth and personal meaning were significantly and positively associated with hope scores ( p < .001), after accounting for demographic and disability characteristics. Study 1 found preliminary evidence to support the use of two new PDI subscales (i.e., disability self-worth and personal meaning) in academic research among adult U.S. residents with physical and sensory disabilities. Study 2 introduced disability self-worth and personal meaning as predictors of hope. Given prior research on the relationship between hope and positive adjustment among people with disabilities, these findings contribute to the emerging literature on the predictive role of disability identity in positive life outcomes among adults with disabilities.
Higher Education Timescapes: Temporal Understandings of Students and Learning
Authors: Brooks Rachel , Abrahams Jessie , Gupta Achala , Jayadeva Sazana , Lažetić Predrag
Published: April 2021

This article draws on data from six European countries (Denmark, England, Germany, Ireland, Poland and Spain) to explore the higher education timescapes inhabited by students. Despite arguments that degree-level study has become increasingly similar across Europe – because of global pressures and also specific initiatives such as the Bologna Process and the creation of a European Higher Education Area – it shows how such timescapes differed in important ways, largely by nation. These differences are then explained in terms of: the distinctive traditions of higher education still evident across the continent; the particular mechanisms through which degrees are funded; and the nature of recent national-level policy activity. The analysis thus speaks to debates about Europeanisation, as well as how we theorise the relationship between time and place.
A Tiered Approach for Training Paraeducators to Use Evidence-Based Practices for Students With Significant Disabilities
Authors: Brock Matthew E.
Published: April 2021

Paraeducators play an important role in the education of students with significant disabilities. They can best contribute to improving student outcomes when they are skilled in using evidence-based practices. Tiered training is a practical and promising solution for how teachers can train teams of paraeducators to use evidence-based practices. Like a Response to Intervention (RTI) model for students, tiered staff training involves providing initial training for groups of paraeducators, monitoring their performance, and then providing follow-up coaching to only the paraeducators who need extra support. In this article, each step of tiered training is described with examples. This step-by-step guide is informed by a series of research studies in which tiered training was tested with more than 60 paraeducators who serve students with significant disabilities in public schools.
What Makes Adolescents Free Time Use Differently?
Authors: Lee Yong-Kwan
Published: April 2021

This study examined allocation of adolescents’ free time differs depending on financial and spatial availability by exploiting the exogenous change on the school day. Using Korea Time Use Survey data, I found that adolescents allocate free time created by Saturday without school to mainly leisure activities. I also found that adolescents’ private education and social activity time are not affected by parents’ income, but adolescents living in big (small-medium) cities spend more time on private education, social and cultural activities (screen-based activities). These results suggest that the determinants of adolescents’ free time allocation differ from those of their time use patterns, and reducing the education environment heterogeneity by region is important in bridging adolescents’ inequality of educational opportunity.

Subject classification codes: I24, I28, J13, J22
The Impact of Self-Congruity and Evaluation of the Place on WOM: Perspectives of Tourism Destination Residents
Authors: Šegota Tina , Chen Ning (Chris) , Golja Tea
Published: April 2021

Residents’ voluntary word-of-mouth (WOM), especially positive WOM, is scarcely investigated. Since different human–place relationship factors influence residents’ WOM, further understanding of how residents evaluate the place affects their voluntary behaviors is essential. Using PLS-based structural equation modeling, this study investigates the linkages between residents’ self-congruity, place satisfaction, engagement, expectations, and WOM. Results based on 313 residents of Ljubljana (Slovenia) and Pula (Croatia) suggest that (1) place satisfaction and place expectations only directly affect one-to-one positive WOM; (2) actual and ideal self-congruities affect place satisfaction, engagement, and expectations; (3) place engagement has a substantial direct impact on both one-to-many and many-to-many WOM; and that (4) actual and ideal social self-congruities have a direct influence on many-to-many WOM. In general, this study adds to the literature by detailing how different WOMs are motivated by various factors via different psychological mechanisms.
FACT effectiveness in primary care; a single visit RCT for depressive symptoms
Authors: Arroll B , Frischtak H , Roskvist R , Mount V , Sundram F , Fletcher S , Kingsford DW , Buttrick L , Bricker J , van der Werf B
Published: April 2021

Background

Patients with depressive symptoms are common in primary care. Brief, simple therapies are needed.

Aim

Is a focussed acceptance and commitment therapy (FACT) intervention more effective than the control group for patients with depressive symptoms in primary care at one week follow up? Design and setting: A randomised, blinded controlled trial at a single primary care clinic in Auckland, New Zealand.

Methods

Patients presenting to their primary care practice for any reason were recruited from the clinic waiting room. Eligible patients who scored ≥2 on the PHQ-2 indicating potential depressive symptoms were randomised using a remote computer to intervention or control groups. Both groups received a psychosocial assessment using the “work-love-play” questionnaire. The intervention group received additional FACT-based behavioural activation activities. The primary outcome was the mean PHQ-8 score at one week.

Results

57 participants entered the trial and 52 had complete outcome data after one week. Baseline PHQ-8 scores were similar for intervention (11.0) and control (11.7). After one week, the mean PHQ-8 score was significantly lower in the intervention group (7.4 vs 10.1 for control; p<0.039 one sided and 0.078 two sided). The number needed to treat to achieve a PHQ-8 score ≤6 was 4.0 on intention to treat analysis (p = 0.043 two sided). There were no significant differences observed on the secondary outcomes.

Conclusion

This is the first effectiveness study to examine FACT in any population. The results suggest that it is effective compared with control, at one week, for patients with depressive symptoms in primary care.
Describing the good professor from the perspective of theological students in French-speaking Africa
Authors: Davis C Bryan
Published: April 2021

The study presented in this article used a mixed-methods research model to identify and describe the professor qualities that were preferred by a group of theological students in French-speaking Africa. In the quantitative strand of this research, questionnaire data identified student preference for professor qualities related to student development, knowledge, teaching methods, and connecting theory with practice. Qualitative data was then collected in a focus group setting in which the participants articulated what these professor qualities meant to them, why some qualities were more important, and how they recognized these qualities in the classroom. From this data, five phenomenological themes emerged that describe the good professor as an intellectual and moral authority. According to these five themes, the good professor is knowledgeable of the subject matter and how to teach it, as well as making it practical to students. Good professors also listen to students, respond benevolently, and are committed to the long-term intellectual development of students.
Identity: The ongoing integration of our heritage and our allegiance
Authors: Dale Moyra
Published: April 2021

Identity is a key issue as people negotiate transition between communities in today’s world. This article proposes a model of identity as a process of integration between the node of origin or heritage – where we have come from – and the node of desire or allegiance – where we place our loyalty. The node of origin may be the intersection of different contributing communities. Ways of using our bodies and community rituals are formative of our identity. Models embody community values. The process of integration (or disintegration) between the nodes of womb and heart shapes who we are becoming. Giving allegiance to Jesus brings changes across both nodes, redefining other loyalties and relationships. The node of origin is not displaced but repurposed. We gain new models. A shift of community, particularly of faith, can include disjuncture on the way to resolution, but not abandonment. Dual belonging enables both origin and allegiance to be honoured. This model suggests that discipleship requires three tasks: of narrative, of relationship and of practice (re-formed behaviour).
Public Vulnerability to the Police: A Quantitative Inquiry
Authors: Hamm Joseph A. , Searle Rosalind , Carr James D. , Rivers Louie
Published: April 2021

The recent protests regarding the state of policing in the United States clearly demonstrate that how the police do their job creates a salient potential for harm to the public. This study applies a multidimensional paradigm of risk perception to quantify evaluations of police-caused harm. Using data from a national (U.S.) convenience sample ( n = 1,890) that oversampled individuals who self-identified as black or Muslim, we tested whether these evaluations vary systematically (using confidence intervals), whether they covary with police legitimacy (using structural equation modeling), and the extent to which that covariance differs by demographic status (using multiple groups structural equation modeling). Our results suggest that black and Muslim individuals evaluate police-caused harm differently than do majority group members (white and Christian) on most, but not all, of the measured dimensions. We also find that those evaluations are predictive of trust and provide evidence of some level of consistency across communities.
Evaluating Stakeholder Engagement: Stakeholder-Centric Instrumentation Process (SCIP)
Authors: Martínez Jenny , Piersol Catherine Verrier , Holloway Sherrie , Terhorst Lauren , Leland Natalie E.
Published: April 2021

Evaluating engagement in a research partnership can capture the success and impact of the research team–stakeholder partnerships. This article describes the Stakeholder-Centric Instrumentation Process (SCIP), an iterative method to develop an evaluation that reflects research team–stakeholder collective values, language, and priorities. We describe our implementation of the SCIP and provide the Stakeholder-Centric Engagement Evaluation, an evaluation developed in collaboration with our advisory committee. Mean scores across three administrations of the tool remained constant. We monitored responses received from our advisory committee during each administration for changes in scores that guided refinements to our stakeholder engagement strategy. Face validity and acceptability questions showed high satisfaction for the tool’s time required to complete, ( M = 4.50, SD = 0.86), clarity ( M = 4.56, SD = 0.78), and relevance ( M = 4.67, SD = 0.49) (maximum score = 5). The SCIP methodology and the Stakeholder-Centric Engagement Tool can be used during study planning and data collection to capture research team–stakeholder collaborations that reflect stakeholder priorities.
Orbán’s Ordonationalism as Post-Neoliberal Hegemony
Authors: Geva Dorit
Published: April 2021

This essay examines Hungary’s Viktor Orbán, and his cultivation of a new form of authoritarian and hyper-nationalist neoliberalism, which I call ordonationalist. With particular emphasis placed on tracing resurgence of the national state, ordonationalism points to the neoliberal intensifications, but also the ruptures to neoliberalism through post-neoliberal advances, exemplified by the Hungarian state. Ordonationalism combines: (1) a newly empowered nationalist state invested in flexibilizing domestic labour and controlling access to domestic capitalist accumulation; (2) a national state captured by political actors as a means towards controlling access to domestic capital accumulation; (3) a novel regime of social reproduction, linking financialization, flexibilization of labour, steep decline in supporting social reproduction, and supporting consumption as a source of social reproduction. This project is hegemonic. However, the contradictions between radical neoliberalization and radical nationalism generate ever-more instances where an authoritarian state steps in to solve crises generated by its contradictions.
Nudge Economics as Libertarian Paternalism
Authors: Gane Nicholas
Published: April 2021

Given the growing prominence of nudge economics both within and beyond the academy, it is a timely moment to reassess the philosophical and political arguments that sit at its core, and in particular what Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein call libertarian paternalism. The first half of this paper provides a detailed account of the main features of this form of paternalism, before moving, in the second half, to a critical evaluation of the nudge agenda that questions, among other things, the gendered basis of paternalistic governance; the idea of ‘nudging for good’; and the political values that underpin nudge. The final section of this paper builds on the existing work of John McMahon by asking whether libertarian paternalism should be understood as a new, hybrid form of neoliberalism, or, rather, as a post-neoliberal form of governance that has emerged out of, and flourished in, the post-crisis situation.
Impulsivity and entrepreneurial behaviour: Exploring an unreasoned pathway
Authors: Pietersen Michael L , Botha Melodi
Published: April 2021

While entrepreneurial behaviour is generally seen to arise from a reasoned, judgement-then-action pathway, evidence of an alternative is emerging. Yet, this alternative – an unreasoned, impulse-driven pathway remains to be empirically explored. We develop a novel measure to capture this unreasoned pathway and test a mediation model explaining how multidimensional trait impulsivity impacts entrepreneurial behaviour via this pathway. Employing structural equation modelling with longitudinal survey data from owner-managers and several robustness tests, we find compelling support for our model. We demonstrate a lack of reasoning, exhibited through placing more salience on an entrepreneurial opportunity’s desirability than feasibility, as a critical pathway explaining how impulsivity encourages entrepreneurial behaviour and overcomes the inhibitory effects of uncertainty in entrepreneurial pursuits. These results advance a rapidly unfolding scholarly debate regarding whether all entrepreneurial behaviour ought to be ascribed a reasoned, intendedly rational role, the implications of which extend to theories of entrepreneurial behaviour and the inclusion of an unreasoned pathway within them.
An unusual case of clavicular prosthesis migration causing traumatic injury to the ascending aorta
Authors: Mittal Aaina , Hussain Azhar , Ali Hazem , Jakaj Genti , Khan Habib , Noorani Alia , Deshpande Ranjit
Published: April 2021

Traumatic aortic injuries can be a lethal event. Almost 88% of patients with traumatic aortic injuries die within the first hour and only 2% survive long enough to develop a chronic aneurysm. Injury to the ascending aorta, whether acute or chronic, are typically managed with surgery, and those in the descending aorta, are managed conservatively or in some cases with stents. We present a rare case of a 53-year old gentleman with intra-aortic migration of a left clavicular prosthesis used for restoration of the left shoulder girdle.
Sociological research on information and communication technologies in Japan
Authors: Akiyoshi Mito
Published: April 2021

This review of the Japanese sociological literature on information and communication technologies showcases some of the best studies in the field published in Japan since 2005. It provides an overview with a special focus on the internet, the computer, the mobile phone and other devices, and social media. Two events during the period covered in this review spurred research on public consequences: the East Japan Earthquake of 2011 and the 2013 Amendment of Public Offices Election Act. Long-term structural issues such as inequalities of various kinds and labor relations also influence researchers’ interests.
Body mass index increase in preschoolers with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses treated with risperidone
Authors: Avrahami Matan , Peskin Miriam , Moore Tyler , Drapisz Adi , Taylor Jerome , Segal-Gavish Hadar , Balan-Moshe Livia , Shachar Issac , Levy Tomer , Weizman Abraham , Barzilay Ran
Published: April 2021

Objective:

Use of risperidone in preschool-aged children is growing, with rising concerns of adverse metabolic consequences. Longitudinal data on risperidone-related weight gain in preschoolers are scarce. We aimed to evaluate changes in body mass index (BMI) that are associated with risperidone treatment in preschoolers.

Method:

We analyzed naturalistic, longitudinal data on 141 preschool children (112 boys, 29 girls) receiving psychiatric care. Mean patient age at baseline was 5.0 years (SD=0.8) and average follow-up period was 1.3 years (SD=0.8), with >8 mean BMI measurements per patient. We studied the effect of risperidone exposure ( n=78) on age-and-sex-standardized BMI (BMI Z-score) implementing mixed models with random subject intercepts to account for repeated measures, covarying for multiple confounders including demographics, stimulant treatment and psychiatric diagnoses. We employed similar models to study dose and duration effects.

Results:

Risperidone treatment was significantly associated with an increase in BMI (effect size of exposure=0.45 SD (SE=0.06), t (949)=7.7, p<0.001) covarying for stimulant exposure and other confounders, independent of treatment indication. Females exhibited stronger effects (risperidone treatment × sex interaction t=2.32, p=0.02)). Risperidone daily dose was associated with increase in BMI (for each additional 1 mg, effect size=0.28 SD (SE=0.07), t(419)=3.76, p<0.001).

Conclusion:

Similar to older populations, risperidone treatment in preschoolers is associated with significant weight gain, with evidence for dose effects. Findings provide critical data that can inform clinicians.
Vaccine Hesitancy and Differential Susceptibility to Media Coverage: A Critical Documentary Led to Substantial Reductions in Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake in Denmark
Authors: Humlum Maria Knoth , Skipper Niels , Thingholm Peter Rønø
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To investigate whether negative media coverage of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine led to a decrease in the uptake of the first dose of the HPV vaccine (HPV1) in Denmark and, importantly, whether some groups of individuals were more susceptible to negative media coverage.

Methods

We measured HPV vaccine uptake of 12-year-old girls born in 2001 to 2004 using Danish administrative data. A quasi-experimental design was employed to assess whether a documentary that was critical of the HPV vaccine and aired in March 2015 affected HPV uptake.

Results

The documentary led to a quick and substantial decrease in the monthly propensity to vaccinate, which dropped 3 percentage points—or about 50%—in response to the documentary. Responses differed substantially across subgroups, and girls from families with high socioeconomic status (SES) were more susceptible to the negative media coverage.

Conclusions

Susceptibility to negative media coverage varied substantially across subgroups, highlighting the need for policy makers to appropriately target and differentiate initiatives to improve vaccine compliance rates.
Predicting the Effectiveness of Endemic Infectious Disease Control Interventions: The Impact of Mass Action versus Network Model Structure
Authors: Malloy Giovanni S. P. , Goldhaber-Fiebert Jeremy D. , Enns Eva A. , Brandeau Margaret L.
Published: April 2021

Background

Analyses of the effectiveness of infectious disease control interventions often rely on dynamic transmission models to simulate intervention effects. We aim to understand how the choice of network or compartmental model can influence estimates of intervention effectiveness in the short and long term for an endemic disease with susceptible and infected states in which infection, once contracted, is lifelong.

Methods

We consider 4 disease models with different permutations of socially connected network versus unstructured contact (mass-action mixing) model and heterogeneous versus homogeneous disease risk. The models have susceptible and infected populations calibrated to the same long-term equilibrium disease prevalence. We consider a simple intervention with varying levels of coverage and efficacy that reduces transmission probabilities. We measure the rate of prevalence decline over the first 365 d after the intervention, long-term equilibrium prevalence, and long-term effective reproduction ratio at equilibrium.

Results

Prevalence declined up to 10% faster in homogeneous risk models than heterogeneous risk models. When the disease was not eradicated, the long-term equilibrium disease prevalence was higher in mass-action mixing models than in network models by 40% or more. This difference in long-term equilibrium prevalence between network versus mass-action mixing models was greater than that of heterogeneous versus homogeneous risk models (less than 30%); network models tended to have higher effective reproduction ratios than mass-action mixing models for given combinations of intervention coverage and efficacy.

Conclusions

For interventions with high efficacy and coverage, mass-action mixing models could provide a sufficient estimate of effectiveness, whereas for interventions with low efficacy and coverage, or interventions in which outcomes are measured over short time horizons, predictions from network and mass-action models diverge, highlighting the importance of sensitivity analyses on model structure.

Highlights

• We calibrate 4 models—socially connected network versus unstructured contact (mass-action mixing) model and heterogeneous versus homogeneous disease risk—to 10% preintervention disease prevalence. • We measure the short- and long-term intervention effectiveness of all models using the rate of prevalence decline, long-term equilibrium disease prevalence, and effective reproduction ratio. • Generally, in the short term, prevalence declined faster in the homogeneous risk models than in the heterogeneous risk models. • Generally, in the long term, equilibrium disease prevalence was higher in the mass-action mixing models than in the network models, and the effective reproduction ratio was higher in network models than in the mass-action mixing models.
Do All Roads Lead to Innovativeness? A Study of Public Sector Organizations’ Innovation Capabilities
Authors: Gullmark Petter
Published: April 2021

Although much has been written about public sector innovation in the last two decades, we still do not fully understand how public sector organizations become innovative. Therefore, this study inductively explored how four Norwegian municipalities developed innovation capabilities. I found that public sector organizations develop two forms of innovation capability in a path-dependent manner: low-routinized innovation capability and highly routinized innovation capability. In the former, dynamic managerial capabilities in the form of individuals’ entrepreneurial and leadership skills comprise the source of innovation capability. In contrast, in the latter, innovation capability emerges from dynamic organizational capabilities, that is, a set of innovation-stimulating routines, processes, tools, and structures. Notably, I found that regardless of the form of innovation capability, both spur the continuous development and implementation of various radical and incremental public sector innovations. Based on these findings, this study offers several contributions to the literature on public sector innovation and to the dynamic capabilities research agenda.
Occurrence of spontaneous fistulas detected by contrast filling during computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage placement of splenic and perisplenic fluid collections
Authors: Bäumler Wolf , Dollinger Marco , Rennert Janine , Beutl Michael , Stroszczynski Christian , Schicho Andreas
Published: April 2021

Background

Fistulas are serious complications of splenic and perisplenic fluid accumulations, which are often difficult to detect by routine imaging methods.

Purpose

To evaluate the occurrence of spontaneous fistulas detectable during computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage placement (CTGDP) with contrast filling of splenic or perisplenic fluid collections and to assess characteristics in comparison with perihepatic or peripancreatic fluid accumulations, also being treated with CTGDP.

Material and Methods

In 127 CTGDP-procedures, pre-interventional CTs conducted with intravenous contrast agent were compared to post-interventional CTs including contrast filling of the drain to identify spontaneous fistulas. Patient and case characteristics were evaluated, and therapeutic consequences of fistula identification were analyzed.

Results

A total of 43 perisplenic, 40 peripancreatic, and 44 perihepatic drains were evaluated; 13 (30.2%) perisplenic, 7 (17.5%) peripancreatic, and 10 (22.7%) perihepatic fistulas were observed. Concerning the frequency of fistulas, no significant difference was found between the patient groups ( P = 0.39). All fistulas were solely proven in CT scans including contrast filling of the drain. Seven fistulas (23.3%) required additional interventions. Perihepatic drains were significantly more often associated with recent surgery ( P < 0.001). The mean size of peripancreatic drains was significantly greater (11.8 ± 3.9 F; P < 0.001) than in perihepatic or perisplenic fluid collections.

Conclusion

Spontaneous fistulas detected during CTGDP of splenic or perisplenic fluid collections are common. Post-interventional contrast filling of the drain drastically improves the detection rate of perisplenic, peripancreatic and perihepatic fistulas simultaneously initiating appropriate follow-up interventions.
Review of Post-Fire Inspection Procedures for Concrete Tunnels
Authors: Menz Nick , Gerasimidis Simos , Civjan Scott , Czach John , Rigney Joe
Published: April 2021

It is well known that concrete structures can lose strength and long-term durability after a fire. The literature on the remaining capacity of tunnel structures after fire is quite scattered, however, and few published post-fire inspection guides exist. This paper reviews the available literature on the post-fire inspection and evaluation of concrete tunnels. The effects of fire on concrete and steel are discussed, including loss of strength, thermal spalling of concrete, and loss of strength in the bond between concrete and steel. In addition, studies on the residual strength of concrete members are presented. Available post-fire inspection strategies and methods are also discussed. Finally, the results of a survey of post-fire tunnel inspection practices at state Departments of Transportation and transit organizations across the United States are presented. Several models available in both structural building codes and experimental studies allow for the estimation of residual concrete compressive and steel tensile strength after heating and cooling from a given temperature. Furthermore, a variety of post-fire assessment methods are available, which include methods to assess the general post-fire condition of concrete tunnels, as well as methods to more directly assess the residual condition of concrete. Lastly, the review of literature and the survey of United States transit organizations revealed a lack of existing post-fire inspection procedures for concrete tunnels, and a need for further research on the subject.
Understanding Gap Acceptance Behavior at Unsignalized Intersections using Naturalistic Driving Study Data
Authors: (Eric) Li Yingfeng , Hao Haiyan , Gibbons Ronald B. , Medina Alejandra
Published: April 2021

Even though drivers disregarding a stop sign is widely considered a major contributing factor for crashes at unsignalized intersections, an equally important problem that leads to severe crashes at such locations is misjudgment of gaps. This paper presents the results of an effort to fully understand gap acceptance behavior at unsignalized intersections using SHPR2 Naturalistic Driving Study data. The paper focuses on the findings of two research activities: the identification of critical gaps for common traffic/roadway scenarios at unsignalized intersections, and the investigation of significant factors affecting driver gap acceptance behaviors at such intersections. The study used multiple statistical and machine learning methods, allowing a comprehensive understanding of gap acceptance behavior while demonstrating the advantages of each method. Overall, the study showed an average critical gap of 5.25 s for right-turn and 6.19 s for left-turn movements. Although a variety of factors affected gap acceptance behaviors, gap size, wait time, major-road traffic volume, and how frequently the driver drives annually were examples of the most significant.
Are Roundabouts Safe and Economically Viable Replacing Conventional Diamond Interchange Ramp Terminals?
Authors: Claros Boris , Burdett Beau , Chitturi Madhav , Bill Andrea , Noyce David A.
Published: April 2021

Roundabout implementations at traditional intersections have been shown to be effective at reducing severe crashes. Roundabouts have also been implemented at interchange ramp terminals; however, limited research is available. In this study, 25 roundabout ramp terminal implementations were evaluated. The methodological approach consisted of Empirical Bayes for safety effectiveness and crash cost changes, crash type weighted distribution, crash rate analysis of bypass configuration, and cost of implementation. Roundabouts were effective at reducing fatal and injury crashes when replacing existing interchange diamond ramp terminals: 65% reduction for roundabouts replacing stop-controlled ramp terminals and 41% reduction for roundabouts replacing signal-controlled ramp terminals. Observed crash type weighted distributions are provided to visualize the frequency and location of crashes within roundabout ramp terminals for design considerations. Exit ramp and outside crossroad approaches with right-turn bypass showed significantly lower crash rates than designs without bypass. The crash cost analysis showed that roundabouts replacing diamond ramp terminals yielded crash cost savings of between $95,000 and $253,000 per site per year (69% to 54% decrease in crash costs). Considering crash costs savings only, the cost of implementation should be less than $1.9 million for a roundabout replacing a stop-controlled ramp terminal and less than $5.1 million for a roundabout replacing a signal-controlled ramp terminal to accomplish benefit-cost ratios greater than one for a service life cycle of 20 years. Costs are in 2019 dollars.
Psychometric Properties of Cognitive and Metacognitive Learning Strategies Scale Among Chinese Senior Secondary School Students
Authors: Wang Faming , Leung Shing On , Jiang Chunlian
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to investigate the validity of the Cognitive and Metacognitive Learning Strategies Scale (CMLSC) for mathematics learning in Chinese context. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, measurement invariance across gender groups, and criterion-related validity were conducted on 698 Chinese senior secondary school students. Results supported that the adapted CMLSC was reliable and valid. A bifactor model with one general and four specific factors (i.e., rehearsal, elaboration and organization, critical thinking, and metacognitive self-regulation) was found. Residual invariance across gender groups was also achieved. This adapted CMLSC is expected better to understand students’ mathematics learning strategies in Chinese culture.
Toward Generalized Concern: The Development of Compassion and Links to Kind Orientations
Authors: Peplak Joanna , Malti Tina
Published: April 2021

Compassion underlies kindness and as such, is important for creating harmonious societies. We examined children and adolescents’ personal experiences of compassion and then how youth with different compassion profiles differed in their kindness (i.e., dispositional sympathy and prosocial behavior). An ethnically diverse sample of 8-, 11-, and 15-year-olds ( N = 32; 66% girls) provided narratives of times they felt compassion. Next, in another diverse sample of 7-, 11-, and 15-year-olds ( N = 168; 49% girls), we assessed youths’ potential for global compassion (i.e., compassion that transcends intergroup boundaries) using a novel interview procedure. We also collected self- and caregiver-reports of dispositional sympathy and prosocial behavior. Youths’ narratives revealed that youth often experienced compassion toward peers and relatives following both physical and psychological sufferance and often mentioned responding to the suffering other with helping behavior. On average, youth reported moderate levels of global compassion (i.e., compassion toward a suffering victimizer) and developmental trends revealed that 15-year-olds reported lower feelings of compassion than 11-year-olds. Next, latent profile analysis showed that compassion-oriented youth (i.e., youth who displayed moderate-high levels of global compassion) were rated as more prosocial than non-compassion-oriented youth (i.e., those who displayed low levels of global compassion). We discuss findings in relation to theory and research on the development of kindness in general and in intergroup contexts.
Professionalism, Payment by Results and the Probation Service: A Qualitative Study of the Impact of Marketisation on Professional Autonomy
Authors: Tidmarsh Matt
Published: April 2021

This article utilises Foucauldian understandings of the sociology of the professions to explore how marketising reforms to probation services in England and Wales, and the implementation of a ‘Payment by Results’ (PbR) mechanism in particular, have impacted professional autonomy. Drawing on an ethnographic study of a probation office within a privately owned Community Rehabilitation Company, it argues that an inability to control the socio-economic organisation of probation work has rendered the service susceptible to challenges to autonomy over technique. PbR was proffered as a means to restore practitioner discretion; however, the article demonstrates that probation staff have been compelled to economise their autonomy, adapting their conduct to conform to market-related forms of accountability. In this sense, it presents the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms to probation as a case study of the impact of marketisation on the autonomy of practitioners working within a public sector profession.
Work Identity Pause and Reactivation: A Study of Cross-Domain Identity Transitions of Trailing Wives in Dubai
Authors: Rowson Tatiana S , Meyer Adriana , Houldsworth Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

This study takes a cross-domain identity transition perspective to explore the development of work-related identities by trailing wives in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Biographical-narrative interviews with 28 expatriate wives were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that these women approached their cross-domain identity transition sequentially through a process of work identity pause and reactivation. Gendered family demands and contextual constraints led them to temporarily pause their work identity while adjusting to non-work domain changes. The reactivation of the work identity domain prompted them to redevelop a work identity aligned to their new reality. Four manifestations of identity redevelopment status emerged: hobbyists, adaptors, explorers and re-inventors. For some women, their emerging work identity was just a way to escape the ‘expat wife’ stigma, for others it was an opportunity to develop a new career. This article introduces the concepts of identity pause and reactivation.
Using an impact hammer to perform biomechanical measurements during osteotomies: Study of an animal model
Authors: Lamassoure Léo , Giunta Justine , Rosi Giuseppe , Poudrel Anne-Sophie , Bosc Romain , Haïat Guillaume
Published: April 2021

Osteotomies are common surgical procedures used for instance in rhinoplasty and usually performed using an osteotome impacted by a mallet. Visual control being difficult, osteotomies are often based on the surgeon proprioception to determine the number and energy of each impact. The aim of this study is to determine whether a hammer instrumented with a piezoelectric force sensor can be used to (i) follow the displacement of the osteotome and (ii) determine when the tip of the osteotome arrives in frontal bone, which corresponds to the end of the osteotomy pathway. Seven New Zealand White rabbit heads were collected, and two osteotomies were performed on their left and right nasal bones using the instrumented hammer to record the variation of the force as a function of time during each impact. The second peak time τ was derived from each signal while the displacement of the osteotome tip D was determined using video motion tracking. The results showed a significant correlation between τ and D ( ρ2 = 0.74), allowing to estimate the displacement of the osteotome through the measurement of τ. The values of τ measured in the frontal bone were significantly lower than in the nasal bone ( p<10−10), which allows to determine the transition between the nasal and frontal bones when τ becomes lower than 0.78 its initial averaged value. Although results should be validated clinically, this technology could be used by surgeons in the future as a decision support system to help assessing the osteotome environment.
“Small town girls” and “country girls”: Examining the plurality of feminine rural subjectivity
Authors: Crann Sara E
Published: April 2021

Despite growing scholarly interest in the identities and experiences of girls, little attention has been paid to the identities and experiences of rural girls, and in particular how girls’ subjectivities are discursively constituted in rural spaces. Using interviews and focus group discussions with girls and young women who attended a girls’ empowerment program, this paper draws on feminist poststructuralism and positioning theory to examine how rural gendered subjectivities are constructed and negotiated by girls and young women within the social, spatial, and discursive boundaries of a rural Canadian community. I examine how the girls and young women positioned themselves and were positioned by others as “small town girl” and “country girl” subjects, and how rural positionality was accomplished through invoking real and imagined notions of more urban “others.” It is through these contrasts to urban subjecthood that the variability of rural positionality is made visible. The findings of this study complicate and extend the dominant narrative of the urban-rural binary, and gendered identities and performances within rural spaces, by demonstrating the plurality of feminine rural subjectivity. This study offers new applications for the role of girls’ empowerment programs in shaping girls’ identities, experiences, and perspectives.
Is temperature still the most limiting factor for growth in northern boreal forests?
Authors: Schreel Jeroen DM
Published: April 2021

Over the last few decades – at a range of northern sites – changes in tree-ring width and latewood density have not followed mean summertime temperature fluctuations. This discrepancy sharply contrasts an earlier correlation between those variables. As the origin of this inconsistency has not been fully deciphered, questions have emerged regarding the use of tree-ring width and latewood density as a proxy in dendrochronological climate reconstructions. I suggest that temperature is no longer the most limiting factor in certain boreal areas, which might explain the observed divergence.
Experience, experts, statistics, or just science? Predictors and consequences of reliance on different evidence types during the COVID-19 infodemic
Authors: Lu Hang , Chu Haoran , Ma Yanni
Published: April 2021

As an unprecedented global disease outbreak, the COVID-19 pandemic is also accompanied by an infodemic. To better cope with the pandemic, laypeople need to process information in ways that help guide informed judgments and decisions. Such information processing likely involves the reliance on various evidence types. Extending the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model via a two-wave survey ( N = 1284), we examined the predictors and consequences of US-dwelling Chinese’s reliance on four evidence types (i.e. scientific, statistical, experiential, and expert) regarding COVID-19 information. Overall, Risk Information Seeking and Processing variables such as information insufficiency and perceived information gathering capacity predicted the use of all four evidence types. However, other Risk Information Seeking and Processing variables (e.g. informational subjective norms) did not emerge as important predictors. In addition, different evidence types had different associations with subsequent disease prevention behaviors and satisfaction with the US government’s action to address the pandemic. Finally, discrete emotions varied in their influences on the use of evidence types, behaviors, and satisfaction. The findings provide potentially valuable contributions to science and health communication theory and practice.
Leading Sustainable CSR Efforts: A Case of Sneha Opportunity School by NLCIL
Authors: R Vikraman , Sarkar Shulagna , K Vishnukumar , A Selvarasu
Published: April 2021

CSR is not a new practice and has been existing since ages; yet the role of a leader in driving responsible and sustainable CSR efforts is crucial. CSR is not just one-time activity and holds a high responsibility in ensuring the self-sustenance of the effort. There are very few organisations which guides its CSR efforts being sustainable. NLC India limited is one such organisation which believes in sustainable CSR efforts. The article explains the role of responsible leadership in being the drive behind enabling need based sustainable CSR efforts. The article shares the case of Sneha Opportunity School (SOS) at Neyveli, which is successful in its effort with the visionary leaders exhibiting responsible leadership over the years. Qualitative data has been collected using individual interviews of various stakeholders of the CSR initiative of SOS. The qualitative data shares perspectives on responsible leadership and SOS operations. The article also presents a model of responsible leadership in organisations leading to sustainable CSR efforts.
Low-Skilled Return Migrants as Adult Learners: A Case of Mongolian Migrants Returning From South Korea
Authors: Jang Kyoungjin , Lkhagvadulam Battuya , Chang Wonsup
Published: April 2021

This is an exploratory study on returning migrants as adult learners preparing to return to their home countries. We examined the educational needs and learning experiences of nine Mongolian migrants returning from South Korea who participated in vocational education programs for imminent returnees. Our qualitative analysis found that returning migrants have (a) the need to bring viable skills back to their home countries, (b) the need to learn how to start a business, and (c) the need to prove their experience and skills acquired in South Korea. Participants’ vocational education experiences revealed that current educational practices (a) provide knowledge that is too basic and abstract to meet migrants’ needs, and (b) lack variety to meet individuals’ needs to develop their skills; however, (c) they did enable migrants to share information and ideas about their upcoming return to Mongolia. Based on the findings, we identified key issues that must be considered to support migrants’ sustainable return to their home countries. The study’s limitations and suggestions for future research are provided to support various types of return migrants and their needs.