bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The origin of Asian monsoons: a modelling perspective
Authors: Tardif Delphine , Fluteau Frédéric , Donnadieu Yannick , Le Hir Guillaume , Ladant Jean-Baptiste , Sepulchre Pierre , Licht Alexis , Poblete Fernando , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Cenozoic inception and development of the Asian
monsoons remain unclear and have generated much debate, as several
hypotheses regarding circulation patterns at work in Asia during the Eocene
have been proposed in the few last decades. These include (a) the existence of
modern-like monsoons since the early Eocene; (b) that of a weak South Asian
monsoon (SAM) and little to no East Asian monsoon (EAM); or (c) a prevalence
of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations, also referred to
as Indonesian–Australian monsoon (I-AM). As SAM and EAM are supposed to have
been triggered or enhanced primarily by Asian palaeogeographic changes, their
possible inception in the very dynamic Eocene palaeogeographic context
remains an open question, both in the modelling and field-based communities.
We investigate here Eocene Asian climate conditions using the IPSL-CM5A2 (Sepulchre et al., 2019)
earth system model and revised palaeogeographies. Our Eocene climate
simulation yields atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia substantially
different from modern conditions. A large high-pressure area is simulated over the
Tethys ocean, which generates intense low tropospheric winds blowing
southward along the western flank of the proto-Himalayan–Tibetan plateau
(HTP) system. This low-level wind system blocks, to latitudes lower than
10∘ N, the migration of humid and warm air masses coming from the
Indian Ocean. This strongly contrasts with the modern SAM, during which
equatorial air masses reach a latitude of 20–25∘ N over India and
southeastern China. Another specific feature of our Eocene simulation is the
widespread subsidence taking place over northern India in the midtroposphere (around 5000 m), preventing deep convective updraught that would
transport water vapour up to the condensation level. Both processes lead to
the onset of a broad arid region located over northern India and over the
HTP. More humid regions of high seasonality in precipitation encircle this
arid area, due to the prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) migrations (or Indonesian–Australian monsoon, I-AM) rather than
monsoons. Although the existence of this central arid region may partly
result from the specifics of our simulation (model dependence and palaeogeographic uncertainties) and has yet to be confirmed by proxy records,
most of the observational evidence for Eocene monsoons are located in the
highly seasonal transition zone between the arid area and the more humid
surroundings. We thus suggest that a zonal arid climate prevailed over Asia
before the initiation of monsoons that most likely occurred following Eocene
palaeogeographic changes. Our results also show that precipitation
seasonality should be used with caution to infer the presence of a monsoonal
circulation and that the collection of new data in this arid area is of
paramount importance to allow the debate to move forward.
A new dataset of satellite observation-based global surface soil moisture covering 2003–2018
Authors: Chen Yongzhe , Feng Xiaoming , Fu Bojie
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Soil moisture is an important variable linking the atmosphere and the terrestrial ecosystems. However, long-term satellite monitoring of surface soil moisture is still lacking at global scale. In this study, we conducted data calibration and fusion of 11 well-acknowledged microwave remote sensing-based soil moisture products since 2003 through neural network approach, with SMAP soil moisture data applied as the fundamental training target. The training efficiency proves to be high (R2 = 0.95) due to the selection of 9 quality impact factors of microwave soil moisture products and the elaborate organization structure of multiple various neural networks(5 rounds of simulation; 8 substeps; 74 independent neural networks; and > 106 regional subnetworks). We achieved global satellite monitoring of surface soil moisture during 2003–2018 at 0.1° resolution. This new dataset, once validated against the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) records, is supposed to be superior to the existing products (ASCAT-SWI, GLDAS Noah, ERA5-Land, CCI/ECV and GLEAM), and is applicable to studying both the spatial and temporal patterns. It suggests an increase in global mean surface soil moisture, and reveals that the surface moisture decline on rainless days is highest in summers over the low-latitudes but highest in winters over most mid-latitude areas. Notably, the error propagation with the extension of the simulation period to the past is well controlled, indicating that the fusion algorithm will be more meaningful in future when more advanced sensors are in operation. The dataset can be accessed at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.912597 (Chen, 2020).
Training citizen scientists through an online game developed for data quality control
Authors: Strobl Barbara , Etter Simon , van Meerveld H. J. Ilja , Seibert Jan
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Some form of training is often necessary for citizen
science projects. While in some citizen science projects, it is possible to
keep tasks simple so that training requirements are minimal, other projects
include more challenging tasks and, thus, require more extensive training.
Training can be a hurdle to joining a project, and therefore most citizen
science projects prefer to keep training requirements low. However, training
may be needed to ensure good data quality. In this study, we evaluated
whether an online game that was originally developed for data quality
control in a citizen science project can be used for training for that
project. More specifically, we investigated whether the CrowdWater game can
be used to train new participants on how to place the virtual staff gauge in
the CrowdWater smartphone app for the collection of water level class data.
Within this app, the task of placing a virtual staff gauge to start
measurements at a new location has proven to be challenging; however, this
is a crucial task for all subsequent measurements at this location. We
analysed the performance of 52 participants in the placement of the virtual
staff gauge before and after playing the online CrowdWater game as a form of
training. After playing the game, the performance improved for most
participants. This suggests that players learned project-related tasks
intuitively by observing actual gauge placements by other citizen scientists
in the game and thus acquired knowledge about how to best use the app
instinctively. Interestingly, self-assessment was not a good proxy for the
participants' performance or the performance increase through the training.
These results demonstrate the value of an online game for training. These
findings are useful for the development of training strategies for other
citizen science projects because they indicate that gamified approaches
might provide valuable alternative training methods, particularly when other
information materials are not used extensively by citizen scientists.
Coupled online learning as a way to tackle instabilities and biases in neural network parameterizations: general algorithms and Lorenz 96 case study (v1.0)
Authors: Rasp Stephan
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Over the last couple of years, machine learning parameterizations have emerged as a potential way to improve the representation of subgrid processes in Earth system models (ESMs). So far, all studies were based on the same three-step approach: first a training dataset was created from a high-resolution simulation, then a machine learning algorithm was fitted to this dataset, before the trained algorithm was implemented in the ESM. The resulting online simulations were frequently plagued by instabilities and biases. Here, coupled online learning is proposed as a way to combat these issues. Coupled learning can be seen as a second training stage in which the pretrained machine learning parameterization, specifically a neural network, is run in parallel with a high-resolution simulation. The high-resolution simulation is kept in sync with the neural network-driven ESM through constant nudging. This enables the neural network to learn from the tendencies that the high-resolution simulation would produce if it experienced the states the neural network creates. The concept is illustrated using the Lorenz 96 model, where coupled learning is able to recover the “true” parameterizations. Further, detailed algorithms for the implementation of coupled learning in 3D cloud-resolving models and the super parameterization framework are presented. Finally, outstanding challenges and issues not resolved by this approach are discussed.
The catastrophic thermokarst lake drainage events of 2018 in northwestern Alaska: Fast-forward into the future
Authors: Nitze Ingmar , Cooley Sarah , Duguay Claude , Jones Benjamin M. , Grosse Guido
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Northwestern Alaska has been highly affected by changing climatic patterns with new temperature and precipitation maxima over the recent years. In particular, the Baldwin and northern Seward peninsulas are characterized by an abundance of thermokarst lakes that are highly dynamic and prone to lake drainage, like many other regions at the southern margins of continuous permafrost. We used Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Planet CubeSat optical remote sensing data to analyze recently observed widespread lake drainage. We then used synoptic weather data, climate model outputs and lake-ice growth simulations to analyze potential drivers and future pathways of lake drainage in this region. Following the warmest and wettest winter on record in 2017/2018, 192 lakes were identified to have completely or partially drained in early summer 2018, which exceeded the average drainage rate by a factor of ~ 10 and doubled the rates of the previous extreme lake drainage years of 2005 and 2006. The combination of abundant rain- and snowfall and extremely warm mean annual air temperatures (MAAT), close to 0 °C, may have led to the destabilization of permafrost around the lake margins. Rapid snow melt and high amounts of excess meltwater further promoted rapid lateral breaching at lake shores and consequently sudden drainage of some of the largest lakes of the study region that likely persisted for millenia. We hypothesize that permafrost destabilization and lake drainage will accelerate and become the dominant drivers of landscape change in this region. Recent MAAT are already within the range of predictions by UAF SNAP ensemble climate predictions in scenario RCP6.0 for 2100. With MAAT in 2019 exceeding 0 °C at the nearby Kotzebue, Alaska climate station for the first time since continuous recording started in 1949, permafrost aggradation in drained lake basins will become less likely after drainage, strongly decreasing the potential for freeze-locking carbon sequestered in lake sediments, signifying a prominent regime shift in ice-rich permafrost lowland regions.
The Role of Telemedicine on Ecuador During COVID-19 Crisis: A Perspective from a Volunteer Physician
Authors: Nicolalde Bryan
Published: May 2020

Ecuador is one of the most affected countries of COVID-19 in Latin American. The government invited physicians to become a volunteer to attend call center and practice telemedicine in order to relief an oversaturated health system. Due lack of availability and digital illiteracy the government implement just standard calls. The difficulties that can be faced are secondary to establishing the severity of a patient only with subjective measures and to achieving effective coordination of telemedicine with public health systems. The role played by the doctor during this crisis is fundamental from the educational, preventive and psychological point of view.
La segmentación laboral durante la recuperación económica: empleo atípico y rotación
Authors: Cárdenas del Rey Luis
Published: May 2020

En este trabajo se aborda el estudio de la evolución del empleo entre 2005 y 2018 en la economía española utilizando el marco teórico de la Teoría de la Segmentación Laboral (TSL). En primer lugar, se cuantifica el empleo atípico en el 50% del total de la afiliación, tras una caída transitoria provocada esencialmente por la crisis económica se produce un fuerte auge, especialmente entre los jóvenes. En segundo lugar, se comprueba que la inestabilidad de los contratos temporales se ha incrementado, al caer la duración media de los contratos, lo cual parece ir asociado a al aumento de los contratos de muy corta duración (7 días o menos). Estos cambios se explican esencialmente porque cuatro subgrupos profesionales, característicos del segmento secundario, tienen un mayor peso en la estructura de contratación. Lo cual puede ser atribuido a una mayor rotación como resultado de las políticas de “flexibilización” laboral introducidas en la última década.
Percepções de docentes universitários sobre o ambiente de trabalho
Authors: do Nascimento Vagner Ferreira , Daibem Ana
Published: May 2020

Estudo descritivo-interpretativo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em universidade pública do interior do Brasil. Teve como objetivo conhecer as percepções de professores universitários sobre o ambiente de trabalho. O estudo foi realizado por meio de entrevista guiada por um roteiro semiestruturado. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se que esse ambiente está degradado, seja pelas relações de trabalho pouco harmoniosas, seja por problemas de gestão da dinâmica de trabalho e de condução das atividades. Esse ambiente apresenta riscos à saúde do docente e carece de maior atenção dos gestores, especialmente, quanto à promoção do espaço de trabalho, com maior igualdade e justiça.
Assessing the Role of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Poverty Alleviation: A Case of Barn Mining Area, Ward 25 Matopo: Matabeleland South Province
Authors: Marther Sibanda Sindiso , Jephias Mapuva , Prudence Tambura
Published: May 2020

This paper sought to assess the role of artisanal and small-scale mining in poverty alleviation, focusing on Barn mining area ward 25 Matopo (Matabeleland South Province). The study adopted a mixed method approach in data collection, comprising the use of questionnaires, interview guides, observation tools and focus group discussions. The study found that ASM contributes to income generation and employment creation and has become a major source of livelihood in many mineral resource endowed areas of Zimbabwe. It was concluded that ASM as an economic activity has improved livelihoods as the income affords the miners an improved standard of life in addition to the ability to buy agricultural inputs and sending their children to school. However, several challenges associated with ASM were identified. These include lack of financial and institutional assistance, gold wars and other unfound agreements made between miners and claim owners. Loss of life in mine accidents, spread of sexually transmitted diseases are some of the negative impacts identified. The study recommended that for the benefits of ASM to be realised in terms of poverty alleviation, ASM activities should be decriminalized and financial support availed to miners.
The Unique Affordances of Plainness in George Eliot'sSilas MarnerandMiddlemarch
Authors: Rodriguez Rachel
Published: May 2020

Beautiful young women abound in George Eliot's oeuvre, from Hetty Sorrel to Gwendolen Harleth, but most of Eliot's novels also feature marriageable women who are described as plain, or even ugly. George Eliot struggled throughout her life to come to terms with society's judgment of her appearance, and its ramifications in her love life. Rather than being ridiculed or ostracized, Eliot's ugly women are granted a unique perspective on men and the roles available to a Victorian woman other than Angel in the House. Shielded from the male gaze, their gaze is more direct and discerning; spared from male flattery, their speech is direct and witty. In providing readers with female characters who are plain but happy, George Eliot illustrates the unique affordances offered to “ugly” women, herself included.
Competencias investigativas de estudiantes de V año de Economía en modalidad de graduación, FAREM Estelí
Authors: Alonso Valenzuela Samaria Ilù
Published: May 2020

En el presente ensayo se aborda las competencias que presentan estudiantes de la carrera de economía de la FAREM Estelí, en la realización del trabajo final de investigación. Las competencias son habilidades y destrezas básicas e genéricas que un estudiante debe de tener en investigación. Las competencias básicas se refieren al entendimiento sobre los fenómenos sociales y económicos; y las genéricas se refiere a las competencias que el estudiante debe de tener para poder aplicar los conocimientos en el ámbito de la investigación; tales como capacidad de análisis, organización, planificación, gestión de la información, gestión del trabajo en equipo, comportamiento ético, uso de las tecnologías de la información, entre otros. Las competencias que se adquieren al largo de la carrera deben ser aplicadas a cada una de las fases de la investigación; desde la fase inicial con el planteamiento del tema de investigación, hasta la presentación de su trabajo final.
La innovación tecnológica como repuesta integral para enfrentar el cambio climático
Authors: Moreno Delia Del Socorro
Published: May 2020

El cambio climático es el desafío ambiental más complejo y de mayor gravedad que actualmente, enfrenta la humanidad, convirtiéndose en una de las tareas agendadas de alta prioridad de los gobiernos miembros de la Comisión Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). Estas medidas requieren acciones colectivas para estabilizar los niveles de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), así como políticas de regulación para limitar las emisiones y fomentar el impulso de acciones de innovación para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Acertadamente la innovación tecnológica es una aliada estratégica y sumamente necesaria para enfrentar este flagelo que pone en riesgo la vida humana. Por la complejidad de estos procesos, conlleva a tomar en cuenta las políticas de desarrollo de los países y los recursos disponibles para incentivar la innovación tecnológica que materialice la adopción de las mismas basado en las realidades y condiciones de cada territorio.
Indicadores de ciencia y tecnología en procesos de investigación, innovación y emprendimiento de la UNAN-MANAGUA
Authors: Bonilla Anduray Juan De Dios , Pedroza Manuel Enrique
Published: May 2020

Los Procesos de Investigación, Innovación y Emprendimiento están vinculados en las instituciones de educación superior cuya naturaleza está ligada al desarrollo humano y la producción de nuevos conocimientos. En la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, UNAN-Managua, se desarrollan los procesos de CTI-ES, orientados por su Plan Estratégico Institucional 2015-2019. En este sentido, la implementación del Modelo I+D+i, permite la interacción de los procesos internos y externos a la institución en forma integral, holística, sistémica y antropocéntrica, facilitando el desarrollo del eje de Integración, Innovación y Modernización del Plan Estratégico Institucional. Por medio de indicadores de CTI-ES se visibiliza la producción de nuevos profesionales para fortalecer la vinculación universidad-empresa-sociedad. La universidad enfrenta el reto de trascendencia social y científica, al aportar para resolver los problemas sociales, tecnológicos, ecológicos e industriales, propios de la era del conocimiento, la información y los aprendizajes, por medio de la investigación, la innovación y los emprendimientos.
Realidades interculturales entre las mujeres miskitas, creole y mestizas en la ciudad de Bilwi, municipio Puerto Cabezas, RACCN
Authors: López Ramírez Dayaisi Grissell
Published: May 2020

El presente artículo sobre las realidades interculturales entre las mujeres de los grupos étnicos Miskito, Creole, y Mestizo en la ciudad de Bilwi, Municipio Puerto Cabeza, RACCN. La ciudad de Bilwi se caracteriza por ser multiétnica y plurilingüe, debido a la diversidad de etnias presentes en la población. Se observa y analiza su vida cotidiana y sus relaciones interculturales desde la cosmovisión de las mujeres costeñas, con el propósito de identificar como se construyen y entretejen. Lo que se logró identificar, es que los grupos étnicos figuran a la mujer dentro de sus prácticas culturales como indispensables, al igual que dentro de sus sistema de creencias y herencia cultural, la identidad de las mujeres en cuanto a sus orígenes étnicos está presente, el protagonismo de las mujeres está fuertemente ligados a los procesos de interculturalidad y la conformación de las familias inter-étnicas abren paso a las percepciones de las mujeres en cuanto al ser mujer costeña dentro de la Ciudad de Bilwi. Todo con el propósito de poder proyectar la importancia de las investigaciones que engloban el mejor entendimiento de las culturas, las poblaciones y la realidad social que se vive en la Región de la Costa Caribe Norte de Nicaragua, desde la cosmovisión, vivencias y experiencias de la misma población Costeña bajo la mira de las mujeres, pues son indispensables para el desarrollo integral de la Ciudad de Bilwi.
Ciudades y Comunidades Sostenibles: Revisando el Objetivo # 11 del Desarrollo Sostenible a través de la metodología Design Thinking.
Authors: Gómez Salazar Ernesto Alejandro , Landero Norbin Gerardo , García Mendoza Nelson Gabriel
Published: May 2020

Este artículo es analizar el Objetivo del Desarrollo Sostenible # 11 “Ciudades y Comunidades Sostenibles” y sus implicaciones en el diseño, gestión y planificación de la ciudad. El trabajo es el resultado del Taller Design Thinking realizado con estudiantes del tercer año de la carrera Antropología Social de la UNAN- Managua, Nicaragua. La Metodología: el proceso se realizó mediante el enfoque socialcualitativo en función de la metodología Design Thinking y el método etnográfico, de forma específica se aplicaron las técnicas lluvias de ideas, cuatro esquinas, bosquejo. Conclusiones: A través de los métodos utilizados y los resultados del taller, los principales indicadores propuestos por los estudiantes fueron Desarrollo Humano, Social, Ambiental, Socioeconómico y Políticas Públicas. La construcción de ciudades y comunidades sostenibles es posible mediante la integración de elementos biogeográficos, productivos y sociales en función de generar medios de vida sostenibles, todo lo anterior refleja la perspectiva de pensamiento cohesionada entre los estudiantes, las cuales apuntan a mejorar la calidad de vida de las generaciones actuales y futuras. Originalidad: el escrito constituye un punto de partida para el análisis, diseño y gestión de la ciudad desde un enfoque interdisciplinario; mediante la metodología Design Thinking los problemas de las ciudades y comunidades son oportunidades para diseñar estrategias de vida y mejoras en función de la sostenibilidad entre ciudades y comunidades teniendo como referencia los modelos de desarrollo que cada grupo cultural construye.
Actividad biocida de extractos de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) en el estadio larval III del mosquito Aedes aegypti L.
Authors: Carballo Castillo Nohemí , Bermúdez Hernández Diana , Miranda Calero Samantha , Rivers Carcache Ena , Lacayo Romero Martha , Rocha Lester
Published: May 2020

En la actualidad el mosquito (Aedes aegypti) es el principal vector para la transmisión de virus causantes de enfermedades infecciosas de alta reactividad patogénica como el dengue, chikungunya y zika, que asociadas a factores de riesgo o poca atención médica pueden ser letales. Adicionalmente los sistemas de salud se enfrentan con el creciente problema de la carencia de un método de control de este mosquito que prolifera fácilmente y que cada vez presenta mayor resistencia a insecticidas históricamente efectivos, limitando las opciones disponibles para su erradicación, constituyendo un punto clave en la salud pública mundial. La presente investigación evaluó la actividad larvicida de extractos de hoja y semilla de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) obtenido mediante dos métodos de extracción (Soxhlet y reposo) como una alternativa para el control del A. aegypti en su estadio larvario III. De igual manera se evalúo el efecto del solvente utilizado para la obtención de los extractos y el efecto de las condiciones del medio y ambientales sobre la mortalidad de la larva. Los resultados reflejaron que las diferencias existentes en la composición proximal de las muestras dependen no solo de la matriz (hoja o semilla) sino también de la procedencia de las mismas. Asimismo, se constata el efecto larvicida de los extractos de semilla y hoja de guanábana sobre el estadio larval III del mosquito, sin embargo, su efectividad está en dependencia del método de extracción. Los controles indicaron que el ambiente y el medio no influyeron en el momento de evaluar la letalidad.
Análisis de la composición proximal y potencial insecticida de la semilla de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) para el control del gusano cogollero del maíz (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith)
Authors: Guerra Blandino María , Poveda Suárez José , Miranda Calero Samantha , Rivers Carcache Ena , Ruíz Urbina Juan , Lacayo Romero Martha , Bolaños Ortega Fátima , Pedroza Chamorro Henry
Published: May 2020

La guanábana (Annona muricata L.) es una especie tropical de interés mundial creciente debido a sus múltiples propiedades y sus aplicaciones en el campo de la salud y la agricultura. A fin de contribuir con el conocimiento del acervo existente y promover su utilización en la solución de problemáticas nacionales la presente investigación analizó la composición proximal y el potencial insecticida de las semillas de guanábana sobre el gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), un lepidóptero que amenaza el cultivo de maíz, uno de los rubros de mayor importancia en el país. En la investigación se incluyeron frutos disponibles en el comercio local clasificándolos según marcadores morfológicos internacionales. La composición proximal de las muestras de harina de semilla se determinó utilizando las metodologías descritas por Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) obteniendo como resultado: 4.29% de humedad, 95.71% de materia seca, 1.34% de cenizas, 31.14% de extracto etéreo, 2.59% de nitrógeno y 16.19% de proteína. Para la determinación del potencial insecticida se realizó un bioensayo (48 horas) donde se evaluó el efecto de los extractos de semilla completa y endospermo obtenidos mediante el método Soxhlet sobre el tercer estadio larval de gusanos cogolleros criados en el laboratorio desde su eclosión. Los extractos fueron aplicados al alimento (hojas de maíz) y se establecieron cinco concentraciones entre 0.70-25.00%. En endospermo la concentración letal media (CL50) fue de 2.13%, mientras que para semilla completa fue 1.85%. En ambos extractos la mayor mortalidad se reportó a las 8 horas posterior a la aplicación.
Valoración de la eficiencia de remoción de arsénico en agua con carbón activado de jícaro sabanero (Crescentia alata) y su combinación con óxidos de hierro
Authors: Rojas Cerda Kathia Vanessa
Published: May 2020

El arsénico es una de las sustancias químicas más peligrosas en el mundo, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, por su potencial de producir una serie de enfermedades desde diabetes y anemia hasta cánceres de pulmón y piel, entre otras. Por lo que es muy importante el desarrollar técnicas que permitan su remoción del agua para consumo humano. Este estudio evaluó la eficiencia de remoción de arsénico usando dos medios adsorbentes: carbón activado artesanal y óxidos de hierro en experimentos realizados por duplicado para carbón y por triplicado para el tratamiento secuencial de óxidos de hierro-carbón. Se utilizaron dos tamaños de carbón activado (2 - 4 y 0.6 mm), dos tiempos de contacto (6 y 12 h) y tres concentraciones de trabajo (10, 25 y 50 µg As/L). Los análisis de arsénico remanente en agua se realizaron mediante la metodología estándar internacional de absorción atómica por generación de hidruros. Los mayores porcentajes de remoción de arsénico se obtuvieron aplicando el tratamiento secuencial con óxidos de hierro y carbón activado, 54, 50 y 58 %, respectivamente, para las tres concentraciones tratadas. El análisis de varianza realizado no detectó diferencias significativas entre los resultados obtenidos para 6 y 12 h de contacto, pero sí para los diferentes tamaños de carbón. Por lo que se recomienda usar el tiempo de contacto menor (6 h) y las partículas de carbón de menor tamaño (0.6 mm) para la remoción de Arsénico.
Work and Sources of Income of Inhabitants of Wrocław in the Years 1956–1970 in the Light of Classified Advertisements Placed in Słowo Polskie
Authors: Targosz Katarzyna
Published: May 2020

The article analyses a group of classified advertisements placed in the Lower Silesian daily Słowo Polskie in the years 1956–1970 that referred to jobs and alternative sources of income of inhabitants of Wrocław. Classified advertisements of the Gomulka period have become the mirror of social problems and methods of survival in those hard times. Based on them, we can reconstruct everyday life in the People’s Republic of Poland. Classified advertisements reflect numerous processes that took place in the Polish society after the period of post-war chaos and Stalinist regime. They show increasing consumer aspirations, decreased level of fear in the society and various faces of the so-called “small stabilization.”
Volume-Assured Pressure Support Mode Plus Pirfenidone as Resuscitation Therapy in Patients with Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Briones Claudett Killen , Briones Claudett Mónica , Domenica Estupiñan , Garcia Stalin , Cabrera Cesar , Solis Jaime , Andrade Michelle
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Treatment among advanced stage idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is quite challenging, especially considering that no major evidence has been released about it. This Case Report demonstrates and discusses the benefit of non-invasive mechanical ventilation in volume-assured pressure support (AVAPS) mode plus pirfenidone based on the relief of apatient’ssymptoms in combination with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) evidence. Material and methods: An 83-year-old female patient with multiple hospital admissions within a six-month period initially presented with cardiac symptoms which were later attributed to apossible exacerbation of her primary diagnosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusion: The addition of non-invasive mechanical ventilation in AVAPS mode plus pirfenidone can improve the survival rates even in patients with current exacerbations of acute respiratory failure due to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Lung Density in the Trajectory Path—A Strong Indicator of Patients Sustaining a Pneumothorax during CT-Guided Lung Biopsy
Authors: Saade Charbel , Zien-El-Dine Salah , Ghosn Youssef , Hamieh Nadine , Dekmak Batoul , Ghieh Diamond , Maroun Gilbert , El-Merhi Fadi
Published: May 2020

Introduction: The purpose is to evaluate the prognostic significance of lung parenchymal density during percutaneous coaxial cutting needle lung biopsy (PNLB). Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of 179 consecutive patients (106 males, 73 females; mean age 59.16 ± 16.34 years) undergoing PNLB was included. Mean lobar parenchymal lung density, mean densities anterior to the lesion and posterior to the chest wall in the needle trajectory path were measured in HU. Lesion location and needle trajectory were also measured. Fisher’s exact test and Chi-square test were conducted to analyze the categorical variables. ANOVA test was done to examine continuous and normally distributed variables. Statistical significance was considered when p < 0.05. Results: Mean lobar parenchymal lung density (p < 0.05) and mean parenchymal lung density relative to the needle trajectory path were below -800 HU in patients who sustained a pneumothorax. Increase in the number of pleural passes was significantly associated with the risk of patients having pneumothorax (p < 0.05). The mean distance from the skin to the lesion and needle trajectory angle were not statistically different among patients with and without pneumothorax (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Lobar parenchymal density and lung parenchymal density anterior to the lesion and posterior to the chest wall in the needle trajectory path could be used as predicting parameters in patients undergoing PNLB who sustained a pneumothorax. These findings can help interventional radiologist further assess risk of pneumothorax when preforming such procedure.
Prevalence of Inducible Laryngeal Obstruction among Patients Diagnosed as Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Abdelwahab Heba , Aboelnass Amal , Ayman Amer , Elsaid Amany , Farrag Nesrine , Hamad Ahmed
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Inducible laryngeal obstruction (ILO) is an important cause of a variety of respiratory symptoms and can mimic bronchial asthma (BA). This study was planned to measure the prevalence of ILO among patients diagnosed with BA and to detect its effect on BA control and severity. Material and methods: Patients aged 18 years or older who were previously diagnosed with BA were enrolled. Laryngeal obstruction was induced using the patient’s specific trigger (e.g. exercise). Visualization of vocal folds was accomplished using a 70-degree rigid laryngoscope (Karl Storz). A visual grade score was utilized to determine the severity of laryngeal obstruction. Results: Results showed that 38.3% (n = 46) of the patients had ILO with the majority being classified as grade 2 (80.4%) (n = 37). The most common subtype was glottic ILO (63%). Bronchial asthma duration, level of control, and severity were not associated with ILO (P values: 0.2, 0.3 and 0.8 respectively). Conclusion: Asthma and ILO commonly co-exist. An accurate classification of patients is very important and must be considered in order to determine whether the symptoms are directly related to ILO or whether they are caused by BA. Ceasing inappropriate treatment may be necessary. Objective diagnostic modalities of ILO are essential.
Posterior Mediastinal Paravertebral Müllerian Cyst (Cyst of Hattori): Literature Review
Authors: Saade Abdalla Al-Zawi Abdalla ,   Philip Idaewor, Asaad Amira , Harsten Rebeeca , Salih Vanessa , English Jessica , Salih Ali , Barron Marina , Ozua Peter , Alsanjari Nazar , Osayi Kingsley , Shah Samir
Published: May 2020

Mediastinal cysts are typically of bronchogenic, thymic or neurenteric origin, but may also represent oesophageal duplication. Posterior paravertebral mediastinal Müllerian cysts of undetermined pathogenesis are very rare occurrences. The first case of a ciliated cyst arising in the mediastinum, of probable Müllerian origin, was reported by Hattori in 2005, which gave rise to the name cyst of Hatorri (COH) The number of reported cases in literature of a similar nature have since then increased significantly. One of the main concerns about this pathology is the possibility of malignant transformation of the Müllerian tissue. Over the course of this paper we will discuss the pathogenesis, immunohistochemistry and its role in differential diagnosis as well as optimal treatment of such cysts.
Amiodarone and Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
Authors: Papanikolaou Ilias , Makou Ioanna , Markatis Eleftherios
Published: May 2020

Amiodarone, a common anti-arrhythmic drug, is well known for its pulmonary toxicity [...]
Klausurtraining Strafrecht
Authors: Kindhäuser Urs , Schumann Kay H. , Lubig Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Klausuren im Strafrecht sind oftmals mit einer Vielzahl von Problemen gespickt. Das Klausurtraining Strafrecht zeigt, wie es durch Systematisieren und richtige Schwerpunktsetzung gelingen kann, innerhalb der knappen Zeit dennoch eine gute Klausur zu schreiben.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic
Authors: Aquila Isabella , Sacco Matteo Antonio , Abenavoli Ludovico , Malara Natalia , Arena Vincenzo , Grassi Simone , Ausania Francesco , Boccuto Luigi , Ricci Cristoforo , Gratteri Santo , Oliva Antonio , Ricci Pietrantonio
Published: May 2020

Context.—

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is significantly changing methodologic approaches in all branches of the health system. From a forensic point of view, this event is partly changing the manner in which forensic pathologists and all those who work in autopsy services operate, but above all, it is changing the patterns established for years by which cadavers are analyzed postmortem.

Objective.—

To present a review of the literature and a proposal for COVID-19 autopsy protocols. To contain the infection risk, a revision of all the protocols that until now have been applied to the examination of bodies that require autopsy services is required.

Data Sources.—

Currently, the diagnosis and postmortem analysis of positive or suspected COVID-19 cases plays a crucial role in scientific research. A review of the main recommendations proposed by international scientific societies regarding the risk of infection during autopsy was carried out. Scientific papers currently available via the PubMed NCBI search engine on COVID-19 postmortem diagnosis were also examined.

Conclusions.—

Throughout the history of medicine, autopsy has been fundamental to the understanding of multiple pathogenic processes that are investigated postmortem. The purpose of the study is to propose an operating protocol that can be useful for all clinical and forensic autopsies, with particular reference to the correct methods to be applied to the examination of positive or suspected COVID-19 cases, regarding both the autopsy procedure and the collection and analysis of biological samples.
A Comprehensive Review of Core Resilience Elements and Indicators: Findings of Relevance to Children and Youth
Authors: Liebenberg Linda , Joubert Natacha
Published: May 2020

Resilience is core to improving Canadians’ mental health. It is therefore important to expand our understanding of key resilience elements – individuals assets, relational and contextual resources - as they develop throughout the life course; as they relate to Canadian heterogeneity, including Indigenous, immigrant and refugee, African-Canadian and LGBTQ2 communities; and, in the context of chronic/daily stress as well as extreme stress, trauma, violence and marginalised socioeconomic settings. Meaning-making frameworks and processes appear as essential mechanisms in the enactment of personal agency, guiding the use of resilience assets and resources to achieve and maintain positive mental health. This brief report shares findings of a comprehensive literature review, discussing their relevance to children and youth, concluding with implications for related programs and policy.
Non-stick on Pad Defect Reduction through Clamp and Insert Design Augmentation
Authors: Jr. Antonio Sumagpang , Rodriguez Rennier , Gomez Frederick Ray
Published: May 2020

With new and continuous technology development and breakthroughs, few to several challenges in semiconductor assembly manufacturing are inevitable. One critical assembly process often affected with these technology trends and changes is the wirebond process. In due course, this paper focused on the elimination of non-stick on pad (NSOP) assembly defect at the wirebond process. Fishbone analysis and why-why analysis were done to comprehensively investigate the root-cause and eventually address the problem. High NSOP rejection rate was identified to be attributed to clamp and insert design, and was verified through series of analysis, design of experiment (DOE) and validation runs. Results revealed that by using the modified clamp and insert design with more holes would address NSOP rejection with around 90% defect reduction.
CCTV High-Speed Analysis Algorithm for Real-time Monitoring of Building Access
Authors: Chae Seung-Un , Kwon Hyun-Song , Park Sung-Ryong , Cho Wan-Ho , Kwon Oh-Sung , Lee Jae-Sung
Published: May 2020

The most important information required to help people escape from disasters such as fires is knowing the number of people that are trapped in the building and their mobility situation. For this purpose, CCTV can be installed and used at entrances, but they do not need to rely on visual monitoring. This paper describes the system of automatically detecting access personnel information from video frame images collected from the CCTV in real time. We propose to improve the region growing method commonly used in the digital image processing field without the degradation of the recognition rate. The proposed method is based on a pyramid-type hierarchical area structure, and is designed to compress the resolution of the top layer to 1/16 of the bottom layer. In this hierarchical structure, the top layer is a casting that primarily serves as a trigger to decide whether to proceed with further analysis and, if necessary, a lower level analysis. In addition, CPU consumption time was reduced by ensuring that only areas related to the high-level triggered areas are processed at the lower-level layers. As a result of the experiment, the proposed layer area analysis method was able to reduce the execution time to 13.96% and the overall processing time to 69.92% over the existing one-layer analysis method.
Determining the Effective Range of Radar Horizontal Reflectivity-Rainfall Intensity Relationship
Authors: Kang Minseok , Yoo Chulsang
Published: May 2020

This study evaluated the applicability of the reflectivity-rainfall (Z-R) relationship using horizontal reflectivity. We reviewed the derivation procedure of the Z-R relationship and transformed the equation to estimate the parameters of drop size distribution from the observational data. The parameters of drop size distribution were estimated for the paired data of horizontal reflectivity and rainfall rate observed at the Gwanaksan and Biseulsan radar stations by applying this equation. Subsequently, the representative values of these estimated parameters were used to derive the Z-R relationship. Finally, we evaluated the performance of the Z-R relationship for representing the observed horizontal reflectivity-rainfall intensity data. It was observed that the difference between the theoretical estimation and the observed data increases as the radar reflectivity decreases. Moreover, the results confirmed that the Z-R relationship based on the assumption of exponentially distributed drop size distribution may not be applicable for all reflectivity ranges.
Study on Development and Feasibility of Bench Tester for UV Flame Detector
Authors: Jung Jongjin
Published: May 2020

In this study, the concept of bench test was established to replace the real distance test conducted outdoors for determining the sensitivity of UV flame detectors. In addition, the experimental apparatus of the bench test was developed and its validity was confirmed. The fire source of bench experiments used a microburner (6 mm diameter) using liquefied petroleum gas, and the bench test was performed with a flame height of 5 cm. The flame detector used in the experiment was a UV flame detector, and the amount of light was measured up to 2.4 m at a distance of 0.2 m from the fire source. The amount of light was used by converting the output signal of the UV sensor of the flame detector into an electrical signal. The fire source of the real distance test used normal heptane (n-Heptane) and measured the light up to 36 m at 5 m intervals. As a result of comparing the distance-light quantity measured in the two experiments, a straight line with the same slope was obtained and it was confirmed that bench test is possible indoors. The results of this study, if used by manufacturers in the development of flame detectors, will enable quality and performance improvements.
Numerical Study on Vertically Rising Time of Plumes in Stairwells of High-rise Buildings
Authors: Kim Doo-young , Ahn Chan-sol
Published: May 2020

The vulnerabilities of high-rise buildings to fires and the safe evacuation of the occupants therein have been consistently highlighted in the media. Unexpected natural disasters that occur frequently such as earthquakes increase the potential risk in large cities. If an earthquake with a magnitude that exceeds the load for safety design occurs and causes a fire in a high-rise building, it would lead to serious casualties among the occupants evacuating the building. This study represented the stairs in high-rise buildings using several full-scale models and examined the characteristics of a high temperature plume rising vertically from the ignition source using numerical analysis with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). We analyzed the effects of calorific value and ventilation in the middle floors and examined the time taken by a plume rising vertically from the stairs to reach each floor. Furthermore, the empirical line suggested by McCaffrey (1979) was used to compare the characteristics of a plume rising vertically inside stairs and in a limited space with those of a plume rising vertically in an open space. Based on the time taken by a plume front to rise, which is calculated based on numerical analyses, this study identified and suggested an experiment equation to make it possible to predict the time taken by a plume to rise from the stairs in a typical high-rise building.
Numerical Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures Under Various Fire Scenarios
Authors: Hwang Ju-young , Kwak Hyo-Gyoung , Lee Yonghoon
Published: May 2020

Since structural damage by fire in modern Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures causes significant loss of human life and property, it is important to evaluate the residual capacity of fire-damaged RC structures exposed to high temperatures. In this study, the behavior of fire-damaged RC frame structures (single-bay & three-bay frame), considering non-mechanical strain, was investigated by applying numerical analysis. The behavior mechanism was analyzed by numerical results of the single-bay frame and similar behavior was observed in each member of the three-bay frame. Principally, regarding the three-bay frame structure, the time of fire-resistance was evaluated under various fire scenarios, which included symmetrical and asymmetrical fires within the structure. The results of numerical analysis showed that, as the story load action on the structure increases, the fire-resistance time decreases. Finally, asymmetric fires should be considered for safety assessment against fire because the fire-resistance time under asymmetric fire conditions is shorter than that under symmetric fire conditions for all load conditions.
Development of a Multi-Criteria Evaluation Framework and Its Application for Earthquake Shelter Selection
Authors: Kim Nahyeong , Joo Jeongwon , Kim Minyeong , Park Kijung
Published: May 2020

The importance of designated earthquake shelters has been emphasized in South Korea. However, the lack of an appropriate evaluation process for shelter candidates often leads to an ad-hoc selection of earthquake shelters, resulting in inefficient disaster management. To address this issue, this study proposes an evaluation framework based on multi-criteria decision-making to measure the suitability of earthquake shelters quantitatively. First, available indicators for shelter evaluation are extracted from the relevant literature, which are then streamlined and grouped using text mining to represent evaluation areas. Next, the selected indicators are standardized to the same value scale, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to derive the relative importance of each evaluation area to compute the weighted sum total score of each candidate. The developed evaluation framework is applied to a case study of earthquake shelter selection in the city of Songdo-dong. The results show that there are additional shelter candidates suitable for earthquake evacuation in addition to the current designated shelters. This study can serve as a basis for objective shelter selection that would improve the identification and utility of designated shelters.