bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical Processing of Dynamic Sound Envelope Transitions
Authors: Zhou Yi , Wang Xiaoqin
Published: December 2010

Slow envelope fluctuations in the range of 2–20 Hz provide important segmental cues for processing communication sounds. For a successful segmentation, a neural processor must capture envelope features associated with the rise and fall of signal energy, a process that is often challenged by the interference of background noise. This study investigated the neural representations of slowly varying envelopes in quiet and in background noise in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of awake marmoset monkeys. We characterized envelope features based on the local average and rate of change of sound level in envelope waveforms and identified envelope features to which neurons were selective by reverse correlation. Our results showed that envelope feature selectivity of A1 neurons was correlated with the degree of nonmonotonicity in their static rate-level functions. Nonmonotonic neurons exhibited greater feature selectivity than monotonic neurons in quiet and in background noise. The diverse envelope feature selectivity decreased spike-timing correlation among A1 neurons in response to the same envelope waveforms. As a result, the variability, but not the average, of the ensemble responses of A1 neurons represented more faithfully the dynamic transitions in low-frequency sound envelopes both in quiet and in background noise.
An Engineered Zinc Finger Protein Activator of the Endogenous Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Provides Functional Neuroprotection in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Laganiere Josee , Kells Adrian P. , Lai Jeffrey T. , Guschin Dmitry , Paschon David E. , Meng Xiangdong , Fong Lauren K. , Yu Qi , Rebar Edward J. , Gregory Philip D. , Bankiewicz Krystof S. , Forsayeth John , Zhang H. Steve
Published: December 2010

Loss of dopaminergic neurons is primarily responsible for the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD); thus, neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative strategies remain critical to the treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease. Here we explore a novel approach to neurotrophic factor-based therapy by engineering zinc finger protein transcription factors (ZFP TFs) that activate the expression of the endogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene. We show that GDNF activation can be achieved with exquisite genome-wide specificity. Furthermore, in a rat model of PD, striatal delivery of an adeno-associated viral vector serotype 2 encoding the GDNF activator resulted in improvements in forelimb akinesia, sensorimotor neglect, and amphetamine-induced rotations caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. Our results suggest that an engineered ZFP TF can drive sufficient GDNF expression in the brain to provide functional neuroprotection against 6-OHDA; therefore, targeted activation of the endogenous gene may provide a method for delivering appropriate levels of GDNF to PD patients.
Transgenic Targeting of Recombinant Rabies Virus Reveals Monosynaptic Connectivity of Specific Neurons
Authors: Weible Aldis P. , Schwarcz Leslie , Wickersham Ian R. , DeBlander Leah , Wu Haiyan , Callaway Edward M. , Seung H. Sebastian , Kentros Clifford G.
Published: December 2010

Understanding how neural circuits work requires a detailed knowledge of cellular-level connectivity. Our current understanding of neural circuitry is limited by the constraints of existing tools for transsynaptic tracing. Some of the most intractable problems are a lack of cellular specificity of uptake, transport across multiple synaptic steps conflating direct and indirect inputs, and poor labeling of minor inputs. We used a novel combination of transgenic mouse technology and a recently developed tracing system based on rabies virus (Wickersham et al., 2007a,b) to overcome all three constraints. Because the virus requires transgene expression for both initial infection and subsequent retrograde transsynaptic infection, we created several lines of mice that express these genes in defined cell types using the tetracycline-dependent transactivator system (Mansuy and Bujard, 2000). Fluorescent labeling from viral replication is thereby restricted to defined neuronal cell types and their direct monosynaptic inputs. Because viral replication does not depend on transgene expression, it provides robust amplification of signal in presynaptic neurons regardless of input strength. We injected virus into transgenic crosses expressing the viral transgenes in specific cell types of the hippocampus formation to demonstrate cell-specific infection and monosynaptic retrograde transport of virus, which strongly labels even minor inputs. Such neuron-specific transgenic complementation of recombinant rabies virus holds great promise for obtaining cellular-resolution wiring diagrams of the mammalian CNS.
Expectation and Surprise Determine Neural Population Responses in the Ventral Visual Stream
Authors: Egner Tobias , Monti Jim M. , Summerfield Christopher
Published: December 2010

Visual cortex is traditionally viewed as a hierarchy of neural feature detectors, with neural population responses being driven by bottom-up stimulus features. Conversely, “predictive coding” models propose that each stage of the visual hierarchy harbors two computationally distinct classes of processing unit: representational units that encode the conditional probability of a stimulus and provide predictions to the next lower level; and error units that encode the mismatch between predictions and bottom-up evidence, and forward prediction error to the next higher level. Predictive coding therefore suggests that neural population responses in category-selective visual regions, like the fusiform face area (FFA), reflect a summation of activity related to prediction (“face expectation”) and prediction error (“face surprise”), rather than a homogenous feature detection response. We tested the rival hypotheses of the feature detection and predictive coding models by collecting functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the FFA while independently varying both stimulus features (faces vs houses) and subjects' perceptual expectations regarding those features (low vs medium vs high face expectation). The effects of stimulus and expectation factors interacted, whereby FFA activity elicited by face and house stimuli was indistinguishable under high face expectation and maximally differentiated under low face expectation. Using computational modeling, we show that these data can be explained by predictive coding but not by feature detection models, even when the latter are augmented with attentional mechanisms. Thus, population responses in the ventral visual stream appear to be determined by feature expectation and surprise rather than by stimulus features per se.
Neuronal Early Endosomes Require EHD1 for L1/NgCAM Trafficking
Authors: Lasiecka Zofia M. , Yap Chan Choo , Caplan Steven , Winckler Bettina
Published: December 2010

In neurons, the endosomal system is essential for membrane receptor trafficking to dendrites and axons and thereby participates in various neuronal functions, such as neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. A multitude of regulators coordinates trafficking through endosomes, but most of them have not been studied in detail in neurons. In non-neuronal cells, EHD1 (Eps15 homology-domain containing protein 1) functions in the recycling endosome and is required for endosome-to-plasma membrane transport of multiple cargos. In this study, we analyze the role of EHD1 in neurons. In particular, we investigate whether EHD1 is required for polarized trafficking of the dendritically targeted transferrin and the axonal adhesion molecule L1/NgCAM (neuron–glia cell adhesion molecule) and, if so, in what compartment it is required. We find that endosomal recycling of both L1/NgCAM and transferrin is impaired when EHD1 is downregulated. We show that EHD1 colocalizes with L1/NgCAM and transferrin mostly in EEA1 (early endosome antigen 1)-positive early endosomes and less extensively with recycling endosomes. Using live imaging, we observe that EHD1 is stably associated with endosomal membranes during their maturation into EEA1-positive compartments and often persists on them longer than EEA1. Finally, we show that downregulation of EHD1 causes a delay of L1/NgCAM in exiting EEA1-positive endosomes, resulting in impaired targeting of L1/NgCAM to the axonal membrane. We conclude that, in neurons, EHD1 functions in early endosomes rather than (or possibly in addition to) recycling endosomes. These findings point to the existence of neuronal adaptations of the endosomal system.
A Novel Auxiliary Subunit Critical to BK Channel Function inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chen Bojun , Ge Qian , Xia Xiao-Ming , Liu Ping , Wang Sijie J. , Zhan Haiying , Eipper Betty A. , Wang Zhao-Wen
Published: December 2010

The BK channel is a Ca2+- and voltage-gated potassium channel with many important physiological functions. To identify proteins important to its functionin vivo, we screened forCaenorhabditis elegansmutants that suppressed a lethargic phenotype caused by expressing a gain-of-function (gf) isoform of the BK channel α-subunit SLO-1. BKIP-1 (for BK channel interacting protein), a small peptide with no significant homology to any previously characterized molecules, was thus identified. BKIP-1 and SLO-1 showed similar expression and subcellular localization patterns and appeared to interact physically through discrete domains.bkip-1loss-of-function (lf) mutants phenocopiedslo-1(lf) mutants in behavior and synaptic transmission and suppressed the lethargy, egg-laying defect, and deficient neurotransmitter release caused by SLO-1(gf). In heterologous expression systems, BKIP-1 decreased the activation rate and shifted the conductance–voltage relationship of SLO-1 in a Ca2+-dependent manner and increased SLO-1 surface expression. Thus, BKIP-1 is a novel auxiliary subunit critical to SLO-1 functionin vivo.
Phospholipase D2 Ablation Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-Linked Synaptic Dysfunction and Cognitive Deficits
Authors: Oliveira Tiago Gil , Chan Robin B. , Tian Huasong , Laredo Mikael , Shui Guanghou , Staniszewski Agnieszka , Zhang Hong , Wang Lili , Kim Tae-Wan , Duff Karen E. , Wenk Markus R. , Arancio Ottavio , Di Paolo Gilbert
Published: December 2010

Growing evidence implicates aberrant lipid signaling in Alzheimer's disease (AD). While phospholipases A2 and C have been recently shown to mediate key actions of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) through a dysregulation of arachidonic acid and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate metabolism, respectively, the role of phospholipase D (PLD) has so far remained elusive. PLD produces phosphatidic acid (PA), a bioactive lipid involved in multiple aspects of cell physiology, including signaling and membrane trafficking processes. Here we show that oligomeric Aβ enhances PLD activity in cultured neurons and that this stimulatory effect does not occur upon ablation of PLD2 via gene targeting. Aβ fails to suppress long-term potentiation in PLD2-deficient hippocampal slices, suggesting that PLD2 is required for the synaptotoxic action of this peptide.In vivoPLD activity, as assessed by detection of phosphatidylethanol levels using mass spectrometry (MS) following ethanol injection, is also increased in the brain of a transgenic mouse model of AD (SwAPP). Furthermore,Pld2ablation rescues memory deficits and confers synaptic protection in SwAPP mice despite a significant Aβ load. MS-based lipid analysis ofPld2mutant brains in the presence or absence of the SwAPP transgene unmasks striking crosstalks between different PA species. This lipid analysis shows an exquisite acyl chain specificity and plasticity in the perturbation of PA metabolism. Collectively, our results point to specific molecular species of PA as key modulators of AD pathogenesis and identify PLD2 as a novel potential target for therapeutics.
Ligand-Directed Trafficking of the δ-Opioid ReceptorIn Vivo: Two Paths Toward Analgesic Tolerance
Authors: Pradhan Amynah A. A. , Walwyn Wendy , Nozaki Chihiro , Filliol Dominique , Erbs Eric , Matifas Audrey , Evans Christopher , Kieffer Brigitte L.
Published: December 2010

δ-Opioid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate nociceptive and emotional responses. It has been well established that distinct agonists acting at the same G-protein-coupled receptor can engage different signaling or regulatory responses. This concept, known as biased agonism, has important biological and therapeutic implications. Ligand-biased responses are well described in cellular models, however, demonstrating the physiological relevance of biased agonismin vivoremains a major challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term consequences of ligand-biased trafficking of the δ-opioid receptor, at both the cellular and behavioral level. We used δ agonists with similar binding and analgesic properties, but high [SNC80 ((+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide)]- or low [ARM390 (N,N-diethyl-4-(phenyl-piperidin-4-ylidenemethyl)-benzamide)]-internalization potencies. As we found previously, a single SNC80—but not ARM390—administration triggered acute desensitization of the analgesic response in mice. However, daily injections of either compound over 5 d produced full analgesic tolerance. SNC80-tolerant animals showed widespread receptor downregulation, and tolerance to analgesic, locomotor and anxiolytic effects of the agonist. Hence, internalization-dependent tolerance developed, as a result of generalized receptor degradation. In contrast, ARM390-tolerant mice showed intact receptor expression, but δ-opioid receptor coupling to Ca2+channels was abolished in dorsal root ganglia. Concomitantly, tolerance developed for agonist-induced analgesia, but not locomotor or anxiolytic responses. Therefore, internalization-independent tolerance was produced by anatomically restricted adaptations leading to pain-specific tolerance. Hence, ligand-directed receptor trafficking of the δ-opioid receptor engages distinct adaptive responses, and this study reveals a novel aspect of biased agonismin vivo.
Dopamine D1Receptors and Nonlinear Probability Weighting in Risky Choice
Authors: Takahashi Hidehiko , Matsui Hiroshi , Camerer Colin , Takano Harumasa , Kodaka Fumitoshi , Ideno Takashi , Okubo Shigetaka , Takemura Kazuhisa , Arakawa Ryosuke , Eguchi Yoko , Murai Toshiya , Okubo Yoshiro , Kato Motoichiro , Ito Hiroshi , Suhara Tetsuya
Published: December 2010

Misestimating risk could lead to disadvantaged choices such as initiation of drug use (or gambling) and transition to regular drug use (or gambling). Although the normative theory in decision-making under risks assumes that people typically take the probability-weighted expectation over possible utilities, experimental studies of choices among risks suggest that outcome probabilities are transformed nonlinearly into subjective decision weights by a nonlinear weighting function that overweights low probabilities and underweights high probabilities. Recent studies have revealed the neurocognitive mechanism of decision-making under risk. However, the role of modulatory neurotransmission in this process remains unclear. Using positron emission tomography, we directly investigated whether dopamine D1and D2receptors in the brain are associated with transformation of probabilities into decision weights in healthy volunteers. The binding of striatal D1receptors is negatively correlated with the degree of nonlinearity of weighting function. Individuals with lower striatal D1receptor density showed more pronounced overestimation of low probabilities and underestimation of high probabilities. This finding should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of risky choice, and extreme or impaired decision-making observed in drug and gambling addiction.
Effects of Parametrical and Trial-to-Trial Variation in Prior Probability Processing Revealed by Simultaneous Electroencephalogram/Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Scheibe Christina , Ullsperger Markus , Sommer Werner , Heekeren Hauke R.
Published: December 2010

Prior knowledge of the probabilities concerning decision alternatives facilitates the selection of more likely alternatives to the disadvantage of others. The neural basis of prior probability (PP) integration into the decision-making process and associated preparatory processes is, however, still essentially unknown. Furthermore, trial-to-trial fluctuations in PP processing have not been considered thus far. In a previous study, we found that the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in a precueing task is sensitive to PP information (Scheibe et al., 2009). We investigated brain regions with a parametric relationship between neural activity and PP and those regions involved in PP processing on a trial-to-trial basis in simultaneously recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Conventional fMRI analysis focusing on the information content of the probability precue revealed increasing activation of the posterior medial frontal cortex with increasing PP, supporting its putative role in updating action values. EEG-informed fMRI analysis relating single-trial CNV amplitudes to the hemodynamic signal addressed trial-to-trial fluctuations in PP processing. We identified a set of regions mainly consisting of frontal, parietal, and striatal regions that represents unspecific response preparation on a trial-to-trial basis. A subset of these regions, namely, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the inferior parietal lobule, showed activations that exclusively represented the contributions of PP to the trial-to-trial fluctuations of the CNV.
The Flexible Approach Hypothesis: Unification of Effort and Cue-Responding Hypotheses for the Role of Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine in the Activation of Reward-Seeking Behavior
Authors: Nicola Saleem M.
Published: December 2010

Dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens is thought to contribute to the decision to exert effort to seek reward. This hypothesis is supported by findings that performance of tasks requiring higher levels of effort is more susceptible to disruption by manipulations that reduce accumbens dopamine function than tasks that require less effort. However, performance of some low-effort cue-responding tasks is highly dependent on accumbens dopamine. To reconcile these disparate results, we made detailed behavioral observations of rats performing various operant tasks and determined how injection of dopamine receptor antagonists into the accumbens influenced specific aspects of the animals' behavior. Strikingly, once animals began a chain of operant responses, the antagonists did not affect the ability to continue the chain until reward delivery. Instead, when rats left the operandum, the antagonists severely impaired the ability to return. We show that this impairment is specific to situations in which the animal must determine a new set of approach actions on each approach occasion; this behavior is called “flexible approach.” Both high-effort operant tasks and some low-effort cue-responding tasks require dopamine receptor activation in the accumbens because animals pause their responding and explore the chamber, and accumbens dopamine is required to terminate these pauses with flexible approach to the operandum. The flexible approach hypothesis provides a unified framework for understanding the contribution of the accumbens and its dopamine projection to reward-seeking behavior.
A Refractory Period for Rejuvenating GABAergic Synaptic Transmission and Ocular Dominance Plasticity with Dark Exposure
Authors: Huang Shiyong , Gu Yu , Quinlan Elizabeth M. , Kirkwood Alfredo
Published: December 2010

Dark exposure initiated in adulthood reactivates robust ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex. Here, we show that a critical component of the response to dark exposure is the rejuvenation of inhibitory synaptic transmission, resulting in a decrease in functional inhibitory synaptic density, a decrease in paired-pulse depression, and a reexpression of endocannabinoid-dependent inhibitory long-term depression (iLTD). Importantly, pharmacological acceleration of the maturation of inhibition in dark-exposed adults inhibits the reexpression of iLTD and the reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity. Surprisingly, dark exposure initiated earlier in postnatal development does not rejuvenate inhibitory synaptic transmission or facilitate rapid ocular dominance plasticity, demonstrating the presence of a refractory period for the regulation of synaptic plasticity by visual deprivation.
Near Dark: An Appreciation
Authors: Braudy Leo
Published: December 2010

A reconsideration of Kathryn Bigelow's 1987 revisionist vampire film, Near Dark, in terms of its small-town ambience, visual openness, melancholic mood of nostalgia, outsider characters, and genre mix of horror and belated Western.
Ghost of the Fields: An Interview with Patrick Keiller
Authors: Power Nina
Published: December 2010

An interview with Patrick Keiller, British director of essay films on the occasion of the release of Robinson in Ruins, the follow-up to London and Robinson in Space. Keiller discusses his engagement with history, politics, landscape, biophilia, and the mysterious character of Robinson.
General anesthesia during double balloon enteroscopy – Hungarian experiences
Authors: Zubek László , Szabó Léna , Gál János , Lakatos Péter László , Papp János , Élő Gábor
Published: December 2010

A kettős ballonos enteroszkópia elvégzéséhez megfelelő mélységű anesztézia szükséges a vizsgálat hossza és kellemetlensége miatt. A szakirodalom alapján a vizsgálatoknál leggyakrabban éber szedációt alkalmaznak világszerte.
Célkitűzés:
A szerzők vizsgálták, hogy a beavatkozás biztonságosan elvégezhető-e intubációs narkózisban, illetve bizonyítani kívánták, hogy az általános érzéstelenítés választható szedálási módszer kettősballon-enteroszkópiákhoz a páciens fizikális állapotától függetlenül.
Módszer:
Retrospektív vizsgálatot végeztek a Semmelweis Egyetem I. Belgyógyászati Klinikáján intubációs narkózisban kettősballon-enteroszkópián átesett betegek körében. A betegeket csoportosították nem, kor és fizikális státus alapján. Az altatási jegyzőkönyvben rögzítették az altatás hosszát, a felhasznált gyógyszerek mennyiségét és az előforduló aneszteziológiai szövődményeket.
Eredmények:
Száznyolc intubációs narkózis adatait összesítették. Maradandó aneszteziológiai szövődmény nem történt, a leggyakoribb altatási mellékhatások a hipotenzió (30,55%), a deszaturáció (21,29%) és az apnoe (17,59%) voltak. Ezek a szövődmények szignifikánsan gyakoribbak voltak a több társbetegséggel rendelkező csoportban, viszont gyakoriságuk nem nőtt a gyógyszerek mennyiségének növekedésével vagy a vizsgálat hosszával.
Következtetések:
Vizsgálatuk megerősíti, hogy az intubációs narkózis legfontosabb előnye más altatási módszerekhez képest a stabil légút biztosítása, a gyakori szövődménynek számító deszaturáció és apnoe könnyű elháríthatósága, illetve az aspiráció megakadályozása. A több társbetegséggel rendelkező betegcsoportban az észlelt altatási szövődmények száma ugyan meredeken növekedett, de ezek intubációs narkózisban könnyen elháríthatóak voltak, ezért ebben a csoportban fokozottan ajánlott ez az altatási mód. A jó egészségi állapotú betegcsoportokban a betegek választása alapján az éber szedáció mellett alternatíva lehet az intubációs narkózis. Orv. Hetil., 2010,
48,
1976–1982.
Pure 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis
Authors: Ságodi László , Ladányi Erzsébet , Kiss Ákos , Tar Attila , Lukács Valéria , Minik Károly , Vámosi Ildikó
Published: December 2010

A szerzők 46,XY tiszta gonáddiszgenezis (Swyer-szindróma) esetük kórtörténetét mutatják be. A Swyer-szindróma jellemzői a 46,XY karyotypus, primer amenorrhoea, női belső nemi szervek, kétoldali csíkgonád és a női fenotípus. A szindróma számos jól ismert gén mutációjával áll összefüggésben, amelyek szerepet játszanak a heredifferenciálódás kaszkádjában. SRY-génmutáció csak 10–15%-ban fordul elő, az esetek többségében a nemi differenciálódásban szerepet játszó más gének hibái okozzák a kórképet.Esetbemutatás:A 16 éves leány primer amenorrhoea miatt kereste fel az endokrinológiai részleget. Fizikális vizsgálattal női fenotípust észleltek, magassága 166 cm, testsúlya 56,5 kg volt, az emlők és a genitális szőrzet fejlődése Tanner-I., illetve -II. stádiumnak felelt meg. A külső nemi szervei női típusúak voltak. Kismedencei MRI hypoplasiás uterust és mindkét oldalon 5×10 mm méretű petefészket mutatott ki. A kromoszómavizsgálat 46,XY karyotypust igazolt. Az SRY és SF1 gének vizsgálata nem bizonyított mutációt vagy deletiót. A szérum folliculusstimuláló hormon és a luteinizáló hormon koncentrációi emelkedettek voltak. A szérumtumormarker-vizsgálat nem mutatott ki kóros eltérést. A diagnózis megállapítása után profilaktikus gonadectomiát végeztek, a szövettani vizsgálat kétoldali csíkgonádot igazolt. A műtét után bevezetett hormonpótló kezelésre a szekunder nemi jelek fejlődésnek indultak, és 1,5 év múlva menarche jelentkezett.Következtetések:A szerzők hangsúlyozzák, hogy serdülőkorban primer amenorrhoea esetén mindig el kell végezni a karyotypus-vizsgálatot. A diagnózis megállapítása után a diszgenetikus gonádok eltávolítása javasolt a malignus elfajulás veszélye miatt. Orv. Hetil., 2010,48,1991–1995.
Attitude of patients and customers regarding online drug purchase – a Hungarian community pharmacy survey
Authors: Fittler András , Bősze Gergely , Botz Lajos
Published: December 2010

Az internet térhódításával szabadon elérhetővé váltak a betegek és fogyasztók számára olyan termékek, így a gyógyszerek is, amelyek korábban kizárólag korlátozott hozzáféréssel, orvosi rendelésre voltak csak elérhetők. Tanulmányunkkal az internetes gyógyszerrendelés helyzetét kívántuk felmérni a gyógyszertárakba betérő, azaz az egészségügyi ellátást már igénybe vevő hazai betegek és fogyasztók körében. Öt magyar város kilenc gyógyszertárában 434, specifikusan a gyógyszer- és gyógyhatású készítmények termékkörre irányuló kérdőív segítségével gyűjtöttünk adatokat. Felmérésünk alapján a válaszadók 6,2%-a rendelt már gyógyszert vagy gyógyhatású terméket interneten keresztül, és még legalább ugyanennyien tervezik ezt a közeljövőben. Interneten keresztül gyógyszert jellemzően a 30–49 év közöttiek, a felsőfokú végzettséggel rendelkezők és a nők rendeltek. Többségük előtt nem volt ismert az ilyen módon forgalmazott és a gyógyszertárban kapható termékek közötti esetleges minőségi eltérés. Ezek az adatok arra figyelmeztetnek, hogy már a rutin-betegellátás során is fokozott figyelemmel kell lenni az ilyen módon beszerzett és szedett készítményekre. Orv. Hetil., 2010,
48,
1983–1990.
Analysis of an alternative method for the study of bromeliad-associated fauna in plants with different foliar organization
Authors: Müller Gerson A. , Name Fernando T. , Pacheco Frederico C.L. , Marcondes Carlos B.
Published: December 2010

The efficiency of an alternative method of collection (by suction of water) for the study of Culicidae and Chironomidae (Diptera), Scirtidae (Coleoptera) and Coenagrionidae (Odonata) in bromeliads with different foliar architecture in a restinga at Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, was studied. The alternative method was less efficient to collect Culicidae and Chironomidae (Wilcoxon test p < 0.05) and was more efficient to Scirtidae and Coenagrionidae (Wilcoxon test p > 0.05) from Aechmea lindenii. This method was less efficient to collect insects of all groups from Vriesea friburgensis (Wilcoxon test p < 0.05). The alternative method was efficient to estimate the diversity of these insects in both species of bromeliads. The higher mobility of immature forms of beetles and dragonflies, and the availability of only one tank in Aechea lindenii, contrasting to several tanks in Vriesea friburgensis that help the suction of these immature, probably influenced the results, which indicated that the suction method should not replace the dismantling in the study of Culicidae and Chironomidae. This method can be useful to get immature forms of Scirtidae and Coenagrionidae in one-tank bromeliads.
The central role of RNA in the genetic programming of complex organisms
Authors: Mattick John S.
Published: December 2010

Notwithstanding lineage-specific variations, the number and type of protein-coding genes remain relatively static across the animal kingdom. By contrast there has been a massive expansion in the extent of genomic non-proteincoding sequences with increasing developmental complexity. These non-coding sequences are, in fact, transcribed in a regulated manner to produce large numbers of large and small non-protein-coding RNAs that control gene expression at many levels including chromatin architecture, post-transcriptional processing and translation. Moreover, many RNAs are edited, especially in the nervous system, which may be the basis of epigenome-environment interactions and the function of the brain.
Análise do Sistema de Informação do Programa de Controle do Câncer de Mama (SISMAMA) mediante avaliação de 1.000 exames nas cidades de Barra Mansa e Volta Redonda
Authors: Santos Sissy Bullos Lins dos , Koch Hilton Augusto
Published: December 2010

OBJETIVO: Fazer uma análise do Sistema de Informação do Programa de Controle do Câncer de Mama (SIS-MAMA), implantado em 2009 pelo Ministério da Saúde. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Tratou-se de um estudo retrospectivo, feito mediante análise de 1.000 fichas de requisição e resultado de mamografias realizadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) nos municípios participantes desta pesquisa, no período de tempo compreendido entre agosto e outubro de 2009. Foram analisados a qualidade das informações enviadas através do processamento desses dados e os desvios gerados pelo não preenchimento ou pelo inadequado preenchimento dos dados nessas fichas. RESULTADOS: O problema mais frequentemente encontrado foi a omissão de dados nas fichas, principalmente no quesito cirurgias anteriores, constatando-se 302 omissões (30,2%). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do Sistema necessitar de alguns ajustes, pelo lapso temporal transcorrido entre sua criação até sua implementação, esses ajustes não afetam diretamente a validade do Sistema, encontrando-se como principal fator de erros na alimentação do banco de dados do Ministério da Saúde o não preenchimento de informações relevantes para o fechamento dos laudos, e a falta de familiarização e capacitação dos profissionais envolvidos nesse processo e no repasse de dados do resultado da mamografia.
Visualizadores de imagens médicas gratuitos: é possível trabalhar apenas com eles?
Authors: Barra Filipe Ramos , Barra Renato Ramos , Barra Sobrinho Alaor
Published: December 2010

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar visualizadores de imagens médicas gratuitos disponíveis na internet capazes de funcionar como cliente PACS (picture archiving and communication system) e avaliar suas principais funções e a viabilidade do uso em computadores pessoais. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi feita pesquisa, no Google e em sites especializados, por programas gratuitos disponíveis para o Windows. Foram encontrados cerca de 70, sendo 11 capazes de funcionar como cliente PACS, e selecionados seis destes para análise: ClearCanvas Workstation, KPACS, Onis, Synedra View Personal, Mito e Tudor DicomViewer. Com base nas necessidades dos autores, 16 funções foram avaliadas. RESULTADOS: Dos seis programas avaliados, dois possuem 10 das 16 funções avaliadas e um possui apenas duas. Três realizam MPR (reconstrução multiplanar), um realiza MIP (reconstrução por projeção de intensidade máxima), dois realizam VR (renderizações volumétricas), dois funcionam como servidor PACS, dois geram CDs, um realiza fusão de imagens, três permitem utilizar múltiplos monitores e apenas um não é compatível com Windows 7. CONCLUSÃO: Diversos programas gratuitos estão disponíveis e não existe nenhum completo. Cabe ao usuário analisar e selecionar o programa que melhor se enquadra nas suas necessidades, porém, os programas Onis, Synedra e ClearCanvas se destacam, cada um com suas peculiaridades. É totalmente viável o uso de programas gratuitos para o dia-a-dia do radiologista.
Avaliação por ressonância magnética das fístulas perianais: ensaio iconográfico
Authors: Lima Claudio Marcio Amaral de Oliveira , Junqueira Flávia Pegado , Rodrigues Mônica Cristina Salazar , Gutierrez César Augusto Salazar , Domingues Romeu Côrtes , Coutinho Junior Antonio Carlos
Published: December 2010

A fístula perianal é uma condição incomum com tendência a recorrência, que usualmente é decorrente de infecção prévia não observada à cirurgia. A ressonância magnética mostra com acurácia a anatomia da região e a relação da fístula com o diafragma pélvico e a fossa isquiorretal, classificando-a em cinco tipos. A ressonância magnética é superior a qualquer outra modalidade para a detecção de focos infecciosos na região perianal, incluindo a exploração cirúrgica. Tem a capacidade de guiar o procedimento cirúrgico, reduzindo a taxa de recorrência em 75% em pacientes com doença complexa.
Estrutura horizontal e vertical do componente arbóreo em fase de regeneração natural na mata Santa Luzia, no município de Catende-PE
Authors: Silva Wegliane Campelo da , Marangon Luiz Carlos , Ferreira Rinaldo Luiz Caraciolo , Feliciano Ana Lícia Patriota , Aparício Perseu da Silva , Costa Junior Roberto Felix
Published: December 2010

O estudo foi desenvolvido no fragmento denominado Mata Santa Luzia, situado no Município de Catende, PE, nas coordenadas 8º72'49" S e 35º72'47" W, altitude de 239 m, com os objetivos de avaliar a regeneração natural total de espécies arbóreas no fragmento florestal e verificar a diversidade e estrutura das espécies nessa área. Para a estimativa da regeneração natural das espécies arbóreas no fragmento, foram locadas de forma sistemática 15 subparcelas permanentes de 25 m² (5 x 5 m), equidistantes em 50 m. O nível de inclusão adotado foi de CAP < 15 cm e as medições de altura (h), divididas em três classes, em que a classe 1 contemplou indivíduos com 1,0 < h < 2,0 m, a classe 2 com indivíduos 2,0 < h < 3,0 m e a classe 3 com indivíduos com h > 3,0 m. No fragmento foram amostrados 107 indivíduos vivos, pertencentes a 25 famílias botânicas e 36 táxons. Dessas, 33 foram identificadas em nível de espécie, duas em nível de gênero e uma se apresentou como indeterminada. As cinco espécies com maiores valores para regeneração natural total (RNT) foram assim distribuídas: Rheedia gardneriana Planch. & Triana (9,9%), Cupania racemosa (Vell.) Radlk (7,7%), Brosimum discolor Schott (7,4%), Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. (6,1%) e Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (5,9%). Provavelmente, essas espécies no futuro serão as principais responsáveis pela manutenção da estrutura e fisionomia da floresta.
Physiological response of American bullfrog tadpoles to stressor conditions of capture and hypoxia
Authors: Rocha Guilherme C , Ferreira Cláudia M , Teixeira Patrícia C , Dias Danielle C , França Fernanda M , Antonucci Antonio M , Marcantonio Adriana S , Lauretto Marcelo
Published: December 2010

The American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), recently named Lithobates catesbeianus is currently farmed for commercial purposes throughout various regions of Brazil. Stressful situations such as problems of management, inadequate facilities and environmental changes with consequent reduction of immunity are common in intensive production. The assessments of these situations of stress allow us detect these problems decreasing the injuries causes by confinement. The main objective of this study was to use the biological markers of plasma cortisol and glucose level and hematological parameters to evaluate the response of bullfrog tadpoles submitted to stressed mechanisms of capture and hypoxia. The animals were subjected to three treatments: stress due to individual capture with a hand net; stress due to batch capture with a hand net; and stress due to capture by emptying. The results obtained demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences in the parameters tested when comparing the treatments with and without exposure to air (normoxia and hypoxia). Based on these results we can conclude that the stressful stimuli tested were not adequate to alter the biomarker tested. For the cortisol, probably this should have occurred due to the synergistic action between this hormone and thyroxin, which induces metamorphosis in these animals.
As duas ontologias críticas de Foucault: da transgressão à ética
Authors: Sardinha Diogo
Published: December 2010

Sob a inspiração de Bataille, Foucault propõe, em 1963, uma ontologia crítica fundada na ideia de transgressão. Esta não é nem uma atitude, nem um comportamento, e não pertence por conseguinte nem ao domínio da ética, nem ao da moral. Pelo contrário: a transgressão é um acontecimento do ser que ocorre nos limites do ser, acontecimento no qual esses limites são simultaneamente violados, revelados e abolidos. Vinte anos mais tarde, depois de seu regresso à antiguidade clássica, Foucault propõe uma outra ontologia crítica, que se apoia desta vez sobre a ética. Em ambos os casos, trata-se de pensar o ser e os limites. Porém, a transgressão despedaça o sujeito, ao passo que a ética o molda e o protege.
Dynamic nature of human rights: Rawls's critique of moral universalism
Authors: Ivic Sanja
Published: December 2010

Human rights do not represent an absolute truth. Otherwise, they would represent ideology, which is contradictory to the basic idea of human rights itself. Consequently, there is a need for redefinition of the main presuppositions of modern conception of human rights represented in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This paper argues that Rawls's conception of human rights is significant for the refiguration of human rights. It represents the path towards postmodern idea of human rights and the recognition of difference.
Características agronômicas de cultivares de alho em Diamantina
Authors: Oliveira Fábio Luiz de , Doria Haroldo , Teodoro Ricardo B , Resende Francisco V
Published: December 2010

Um estudo foi realizado, durante o período da safra 2007, com objetivo de avaliar as características agronômicas período de emergência das plântulas, altura de plantas, diâmetro de bulbos frescos e curados, números de bulbilhos por bulbo e produtividade comercial de quatorze cultivares de alho em Diamantina-MG. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, cujos tratamentos foram as cultivares de alho Gigante do Núcleo, Gigante de Lavínia, Gigante Roxo, Gigante Roxão, Chinês Real, Chinês São Joaquim, Cateto Roxo, Cateto Roxo (livre de vírus), Hozan, Amarante, Peruano, Caturra, Gravatá e Amarante Gouveia. As cultivares Hozan, Gigante de Lavínia, Chinês Real e Peruano apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo inicial, com maiores valores em altura de plantas, até os 60 dias. Com relação ao número de bulbilhos/bulbo destacaram-se as cultivares Gratavá (16,5), Cateto Roxo PfLv (15,75), Cateto Roxo (15,25) e Chinês Real (15,25), diferindo das demais. A 'Gigante de Lavínia' destacou-se com a maior produtividade comercial (12,61 t ha-1), seguida pelas cultivares Gravatá (10,87 t ha-1), Chinês Real (10,65 t ha-1), Cateto Roxo Pf Lv (10,63 t ha-1) e Caturra (9,68 t ha-1). A Amarante Gouveia, a cultivada na região, apresentou produtividade de 7,50 t ha-1, valor inferior à média nacional (8,47 t ha-1).
Competição de cultivares de brócolos tipo cabeça única em Campo Grande
Authors: Lalla Juliana G de , Laura Valdemir A , Rodrigues Adriana PDC , Seabra Júnior Santino , Silveira Denis S da , Zago Vinícius H , Dornas Marlos F
Published: December 2010

O experimento foi conduzido na horta da UNIDERP, Campo Grande-MS, de junho a setembro de 2005. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de diferentes cultivares de brócolos tipo cabeça única disponíveis no mercado para as condições edafoclimáticas de Campo Grande. Foram avaliadas oito cultivares comerciais: BRO68 (Rogers), Marathon (Sakata), Green Parasol (Takii), Centenário (Takii), Legacy (Asgrow), Magestic Crown (Asgrow), AF649 (Sakata) e Brócolis de Cabeça (Topseed). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por dez plantas. Foram realizadas seis colheitas, a partir de 89 dias após a semeadura, de acordo com formação da inflorescência e o ponto de colheita, independente do tamanho. Foram avaliadas as características massa fresca (g) e diâmetro da inflorescência (cm) e produtividade (t ha-1). Para cultivo em Campo Grande, as cultivares Centenário, AF649, BRO68 e Marathon são as mais indicadas para plantio entre junho a setembro, pela maior produtividade.
Discursos sobre homossexualidade e gênero na formação docente em biologia
Authors: Souza Leandro Corsico , Dinis Nilson Fernandes
Published: December 2010

Este artigo pretende discutir concepções sobre gênero e sexualidade na formação em ciências biológicas. Para tanto, foram aplicados questionários com questões sobre esses temas aos/às graduandos/as do Curso de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Os resultados apontaram para a rejeição de posições preconceituosas a respeito das minorias sexuais e de gênero. Por outro lado, as respostas também indicaram alguns problemas: a noção da homossexualidade como algo contagioso permanece, e a indiferença e o desinteresse criam obstáculos para uma melhor aceitação da diversidade sexual. Por fim, discute-se a influência das disciplinas de licenciatura nos resultados e as possibilidades de mudanças curriculares na capacitação de docentes em ciências biológicas para lecionar sobre gênero e diversidade sexual.
O ensino da promoção da saúde na graduação de fonoaudiologia na cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Casanova Isis Alexandrina , Moraes Ana Alcídia de Araújo , Ruiz-Moreno Lidia
Published: December 2010

As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) para os cursos da saúde recomendam o ensino da promoção da saúde no sentido de adequar os currículos ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o ensino da promoção da saúde em cursos de fonoaudiologia da cidade de São Paulo, identificando sua inserção curricular, estratégias educativas e mudanças propiciadas pelas DCN. A coleta de dados compreendeu análise documental dos planos de ensino e entrevistas com coordenadoras de cursos de fonoaudiologia. Os dados obtidos a partir dos planos de ensino foram sistematizados, considerando: denominação, inserção curricular, carga horária, objetivos, conteúdos e estratégias didáticas. Os núcleos que orientaram a análise temática das entrevistas foram concepções e mudanças curriculares. A promoção da saúde é abordada nas disciplinas em que predominam práticas tradicionais e, durante o estágio, em diferentes cenários de atuação. Na visão das coordenadoras, o ensino da promoção da saúde é relevante para a atuação do fonoaudiólogo no SUS, embora seja necessário incrementar o número de professores com experiência na área de saúde pública.
Crop rotation biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effects on sugarcane yield
Authors: Ambrosano Edmilson José , Azcón Rozario , Cantarella Heitor , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria Bovi , Schammass Eliana Aparecida , Muraoka Takashi , Trivelin Paulo César Ocheuze , Rossi Fabrício , Guirado Nivaldo , Ungaro Maria Regina Gonçalves , Teramoto Juliana Rolim Salomé
Published: December 2010

A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) vem sendo cultivada no Brasil para produção de açúcar e agroenergia. Em seu sistema de produção, após um ciclo de 4 a 8 anos, é possível a rotação com plantas de cobertura, antes do seu replantio, para melhoria do solo e geração de renda. Estudou-se a caracterização e produtividade de biomassa de leguminosas (como adubos-verdes) e girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), a ocorrência natural de micorrizas, o teor de açúcar e a produtividade em colmos da cana-de-açúcar IAC 87-3396 e a viabilidade econômica desse sistema com cultivo após as opções de rotação, com quantificação da produtividade durante três cortes consecutivos. O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. IAC-Caiapó, girassol cv. IAC-Uruguai e mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrimum Piper and Tracy) foram as culturas que apresentaram maior percentagem de colonização por fungos micorrízicos. O girassol foi a planta de cobertura que mais extraiu nutrientes do solo, seguido por amendoim (Arachis hipogaea L.) cv. IAC-Tatu e feijão-mungo (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). A colonização por fungos micorrízicos mostrou correlação positiva com a altura de plantas de cana no primeiro corte (p = 0,01 e R = 0,52), mas não se correlacionou com a produtividade de colmos ou açúcar. No primeiro corte, o girassol foi a cultura de rotação que ocasionou o maior aumento de produtividade, da ordem de 46% em colmos e de 50% na quantidade de açúcar, em comparação com a testemunha. Com exceção dos amendoins, todas as culturas em rotação aumentaram a renda líquida do sistema na média de três cortes de cana-de-açúcar.
Yield performance and leaf nutrient levels of coffee cultivars under different plant densities
Authors: Paulo Edison Martins , Furlani Jr. Enes
Published: December 2010

Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) plantations using adapted cultivars to regional environmental conditions with optimal plant population density and adequate nutrition are expected to show high yield responses. The triennial production and leaf macronutrient concentrations of four coffee cultivars were studied under different plant population densities. Catuaí Amarelo (IAC 47), Obatã (IAC 1669-20), Acaiá (IAC 474-19) and Icatu Amarelo (IAC 2944) were planted in densities of 2,500; 5,000; 7,519; and 10,000 plants ha-1 with one plant per hole and two plants per hole in the 2,500 plant ha-1. Plants were homogeneously fertilized without liming. As the population density increased the triennial coffee productivity increased, the yield per plant decreased, and leaf concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) increased. Coffee plants under dense systems presented equal or higher leaf macronutrient concentrations compared to the plants under conventional population. Taller cultivars presented the highest nutrient concentration values, and Obatã, a dwarf cultivar, the lowest values. Higher coffee yields and lower leaf P, Ca and S concentrations were observed in plots with one plant compared to the plots with two plants. In general, the coffee cultivars had leaf N and S concentrations above the reference limits reported in the literature, but leaf concentrations of other macronutrients were within adequate ranges.
Estudo das propriedades mecânicas e elétricas de fibras de curauá modificada com polianilina
Authors: S. Junior Fernando G. de , Picciani Paulo H. S. , Rocha Eli V. da , Oliveira Geiza E. de
Published: December 2010

Fibras naturais têm sido empregadas em diversos compósitos, principalmente na indústria automobilística. Dentre as diversas fibras naturais, a fibra de curauá é atraente por apresentar elevada propriedade mecânica associada a baixos valores de densidade. Neste trabalho a fibra de curauá é modificada quimicamente pelo recobrimento de uma camada condutora de polianilina, PAni. O material obtido foi caracterizado pelas técnicas espectrometria de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TG) e microscopia ótica. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas demonstraram que a metodologia empregada foi eficiente para formar um recobrimento parcial, porém efetivo, uma vez que o recobrimento permitiu a formação de caminhos condutores ao longo de toda a fibra. As propriedades eletro-mecânicas das fibras também foram avaliadas e os compósitos apresentaram um grande potencial para a construção de sensores de pressão a baixos custos.