bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Rootstocks (Gisela 5, Gisela 6, MaxMa, SL 64) on Performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Erdal Aglar  , Kenan Yıldız
Published: March 2014

This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of rootstocks (Gisela 5, Gisela 6, MaxMa 14 and SL 64) on performance of sweet cherry cultivar ‘0 900 Ziraat’ during 2010-2013 years. The trail in randomized block design was established as to factorial design. Each graft combination included 20 trees. The trees was trained as Spanish Bush training system. At the end of study, effect of rootstocks on vegetative growth was found significant. It has been determined that the trees grafted on SL 64 and MaxMa 14 rootstocks were more vigorous than the those grafted on Gisela 5 and Gisela 6. The rootstocks formed significant differences at the precocity. While the first blooming on the trees grafted on Gisela 5 and Gisela 6 rootstocks occurred at the second year after planting, the first blooming on the trees on MaxMa 14 and SL 64 rootstocks occurred at fourth year after planting. It has been determined that occur significant differences on yield per tree and yield efficiency among rootstocks. In terms of yield per tree and yield efficiency, While the lowest value was in SL 64 rootstock, the highest value was recorded in Gisela 5, and it has been determined that the differences between three rootstocks (Gisela 5, Gisela 6 and MaxMa 14) were not significant. While fruits weight varied according to the rootstock used in study, the trees grafted on Gisela 5 had the smallest fruit. Accompanied with differences between MaxMa 14 and SL 64 rootstocks were not significant, the biggest fruits were produced on trees grafted on SL 64 rootstock. As a result of the statistical analysis, it has determined that the rootstocks that used in trial did not create significant differences on soluble solids content (SSC) value. One of the most significant diagnosis was 6 % mortality rate that occurred on trees grafted Gisela 5 and Gisela 6 rootstocks.
The Effect of the Visitor’s Consumption Experience and Tourism Image on Tourist Satisfaction and Revisit Intention of Taiwan’s Night Markets
Authors: Chou Hsiu-Jung
Published: March 2014

The study mainly explores the effect of the visitor’s consumption and tourism image on their satisfaction and revisit intention to Taiwan’s night markets, to analyze the relationship among tourism image, recreational benefits, tourist satisfaction and revisit intention, targeting tourists who paid a visit to night market as samples with 586 questionnaires returned in total. The research outcomes have indicated that: tourism image of night markets reports a positive effect on tourist satisfaction significantly; therefore a positive effect of tourist satisfaction on revisit intention significantly is supported.
Native Fluorescence Spectroscopic Evaluation of Chemotherapeutic Effects on Malignant Cells using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Analysis
Authors: Pu Y. , Tang G. C. , Wang W. B. , Savage H. E. , Schantz S. P. , Alfano R. R.
Published: March 2014

The native fluorescence spectra of retinoic acid (RA)-treated and untreated human breast cancerous cells excited with the selective wavelengths of 300 nm and 340 nm were measured and analyzed using a blind source separation method namely Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF). The results show that the fluorophores of human malignant breast cells change their compositions when they are treated with RA. The reduced contribution from tryptophan, NADH and flavin to the fluorescence of the treated breast cancerous cells was observed in comparison with that of the untreated cells. The results indicate that the decrease of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the RA-treated cells. The possible clinical applications of this native fluorescence study are discussed.
Models of Light Propagation in Human Tissue Applied to Cancer Diagnostics
Authors: Wilson R. H. , Mycek M-A.
Published: March 2014

Optical methods such as reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy are being investigated for their potential to aid cancer detection in a quantitative, minimally invasive manner. Mathematical models of reflectance and fluorescence provide an important link between measured optical data and biomedically-relevant tissue parameters that can be extracted from these data to characterize the presence or absence of disease. The most commonly-used mathematical models in biomedical optics are the diffusion approximation (DA) to the radiative transfer equation, Monte Carlo (MC) computational models of light transport, and semi-empirical models. This paper presents a review of the applications of these models to reflectance and endogenous fluorescence sensing for cancer diagnostics in human tissues. Specific examples are given for cervical, breast, and pancreatic tissues. A comparison of the DA and MC methods in two biologically-relevant regimes of optical parameter space will also be discussed.
Does Helical Tomotherapy Improve Dose Conformity and Normal Tissue Sparing Compared to Conventional IMRT? A Dosimetric Comparison in High Risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Murthy V. , Mallik S. , Master Z. , Sharma P. K. , Mahantshetty U. , Shrivastava S. K.
Published: March 2014

The study was designed to compare Helical Tomotherapy (HT) based IMRT and conventional sliding window (SW IMRT) in patients with high risk prostate cancer. Complementary plans with HT and SWIMRT were compared using DVH parameters. The PTV Prostate was prescribed 74 Gy in 37 fractions and the nodal PTV received 55 Gy in 37 fractions by simultaneous integrated boost. Conformity Index, Homogeneity Index and dose-volume parameters were compared. The conformity index (CI) of HT (0.77, SD = 0.54) plans tended to be better (p = 0.069) compared to SWIMRT (0.70, SD = 0.01) for prostate PTV. CI for nodal PTV was similar. Helical tomotherapy plans were more homogeneous, with homogeneity index (HI) of 0.04 compared to 0.06 in SWIMRT (p = 0.018) for PTV prostate and HI of 0.06 and 0.15 (p = 0.025) for PTV nodes respectively. Median dose to bladder (p = 0.025) and rectum (p = 0.012) were less with HT. However, HT delivered a higher D10Gy and D1Gy to rectum and bladder overlap volumes as a consequence of achieving better homogeneity. Femoral heads were better spared with HT plans (p = 0.012). HT improves dose homogeneity, target coverage and conformity as compared to SWIMRT, with overall improvement in critical organ sparing.
Craniospinal Irradiation Using Helical Tomotherapy: Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Dose Distribution
Authors: Sugie C. , Shibamoto Y. , Ayakawa S. , Mimura M. , Komai K. , Ishii M. , Miyamoto A. , Oda K.
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate acute toxicity of craniospinal irradiation (CSI) using helical tomotherapy (HT) and compare its dose distribution with that of conventional linac-based plans. Twelve patients with various brain tumors were treated with HT-CSI. Median patient age was 14 years (range: 4–37 years). Median CSI dose was 30.6 Gy in 18 fractions (range: 23.4–40 Gy in 13–25 fractions). Toxicities were assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Before CSI, 11 patients (92%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, so acute toxicity was evaluated by comparing patient status before and after CSI. HT-CSI plans were compared with linac-based CSI plans made using Pinnacle3 planning system in 9 patients. All patients completed planned CSI without interruption. Grade 3 or higher toxicities were leukopenia seen in 11 patients (92%), anorexia in 6 (50%), anemia in 5 (42%), and thrombopenia in 5 (42%). Administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, platelet transfusion and total parenteral nutrition were required in 8 (67%), 5 (42%) and 5 (42%) patients, respectively. HT plans were superior to linac-based plans in terms of homogeneity and conformality in planning target volume (PTV). For most organs at risk (OARs), volumes receiving more than 10 Gy (V10 Gy) or 20 Gy (V20 Gy) were lower in HT plans. However, HT plans significantly increased mean doses to the lung, kidneys and liver, and V5 Gy of 6 OARs including the lung. Despite intensive neoadjuvant chemotherapy, acute toxicity of HT-CSI was acceptable. HT provided better dose distribution in PTV than conventional linac. In most OARs, smaller volumes received >10–20 Gy in HT plans, although larger volumes received 5–10 Gy.
Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria (PNSB) Isolated from Aquatic Sediments and Rice Paddy in Iligan City, Philippines
Authors: Del Socorro Magdalene Mae L. , Ladion Wendell Lou B. , Mehid Joan B. , Teves Franco G.
Published: March 2014

The purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are one of the most diverse photosynthetic bacteria. They are adaptable phototrophic organisms known to occur in water columns of rice fields, wastewater environments, aquatic sediments and in activated sludge systems. This research study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize PNSB from aquatic sediments and rice fields in Iligan City. Isolation of the source of organisms was obtained through a Winogradsky’s column. After six weeks of incubation of the column, organisms were further incubated with the Acetate Yeast Extract Medium. Morphological characterization of the isolated PNSB showed Gram-negative, non-spore forming, thin, elongated rods. Cultural characterization showed orange colonies, an indication for the presence of carotenoids. The isolated PNSB utilized citrate, dextrose, and soluble starch as sole carbon sources. Initial identification of the isolated PNSB following evaluation with published articles and identification keys indicates that they belong to the genus Rhodopseudomonas.
Solid Waste Generation Rate in Ozamiz City, Philippines
Authors: Matunog Victoria E. , Awa Anthony L.
Published: March 2014

Improper waste disposal is one of the most important concerns in almost all areas in the Philippines. Republic Act (R. A.) No. 9003, otherwise known as the “Philippine Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000” required Local Government Units (LGUs) to establish a Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan (LGSWMP). Within this context, the local government of Ozamiz City in partnership with Misamis University undertook this study to gather data, on the current status of solid wastes, and to make a projection on the amount of wastes which will be collected for the next ten years. Result showed that among the four categories, biodegradable predominates followed by residual wastes. The household wastes constituted 88.9% by weight and 85.9% by volume of the total wastes. These results can be used in establishing a comprehensive and sustainable Solid Waste Management (SWM) plan which requires appropriate strategies and mechanics in addressing the problem on waste disposal.
Efficiency of Slow Sand Filter in Purifying Well Water
Authors: Bagundol Timoteo B. , Awa Anthony L. , Enguito Marie Rosellynn C.
Published: March 2014

Slow sand filter can be effective for water purification. The formation of “schmutzdecke” on the surface of the sand bed can vary the efficiency of slow sand filter. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of slow sand filter in purifying well water using Labo River sand as the filter medium. Bacteriological analysis and turbidity tests were done on water samples from deep and shallow well before and after filtration at 0.30 m, 0.60 m and 0.90 m filter depths and at 200 L/hr.m2 , 300 L/hr.m2 and 400 L/hr.m2 flow-through rates. Percent removal of E. coli varied and efficiency was generally high at different depths and flow-through rates. However, E. coli removal in different filter depths and flow-through rates was not significant (p<0.05). Percent efficiency in reducing turbidity varied. Efficiency was increasing at increasing depths and flow-through rates. There was a significant difference on the efficiency to reduce turbidity among different sand filter depths (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference on the efficiency to reduce turbidity among the three flow-through rates. A significant interaction between filter depth and the flow-through rate in the removal of E. coli (p<0.05) was observed which means that increasing the depth of the sand filter while slowing the filtration rate improved efficiency in E. coli removal of the raw water. Most of the bacteria and particle removal is ascribed to schmutzdecke development. This study can help address the water problem particularly in local communities that depend greatly on well water for drinking.

Keywords : E. coli, filtration, Labo River, schmutzdecke, turbidity.
Late Cretaceous–early Eocene Laramide uplift, exhumation, and basin subsidence in Wyoming: Crustal responses to flat slab subduction
Authors: Fan Majie , Carrapa Barbara
Published: March 2014

Low‐angle subduction of the Farallon oceanic plate during the Late Cretaceous–early Eocene is generally considered as the main driver forming the high Rocky Mountains in Wyoming and nearby areas. How the deformation was transferred from mantle to upper crust over the great duration of deformation (~40 Myr) is still debated. Here, we reconstruct basin subsidence and compile paleoelevation, thermochronology, and provenance data to assess the timing, magnitude, and rates of rock uplift during the Laramide deformation. We reconstruct rock uplift as the sum of surface uplift and erosion constrained by combining paleoelevation and exhumation with regional stratigraphic thickness and chronostratigraphic information. The amount (and rate) of rock uplift of individual Laramide ranges was less than 2.4–4.8 km (~0.21–0.32 mm/yr) during the early Maastrichtian‐Paleocene (stage 1) and increased to more than ~3 km (~0.38–0.60 mm/yr) during the late Paleocene–early Eocene (stage 2). Our quantitative constraints reveal a two‐stage development of the Laramide deformation in Wyoming and an increase of rock uplift during stage 2, associated with enhanced intermontane basin subsidence. Exhumation and uplift during stage 1 is consistent with eastward migration of Cordilleran deformation associated with low‐angle subduction, whereas the change in exhumation during stage 2 seems to follow a southwestward trend, which requires an alternative explanation. We here suggest that the increase of rock uplift rate during the late Paleocene–early Eocene and the southwestward younging trend of uplift may be a response to the rollback and associated retreating delamination of the Farallon oceanic slab.
Influence of cloud phase composition on climate feedbacks
Authors: Choi Yong‐Sang , Ho Chang‐Hoi , Park Chang‐Eui , Storelvmo Trude , Tan Ivy
Published: March 2014

The ratio of liquid water to ice in a cloud, largely controlled by the presence of ice nuclei and cloud temperature, alters cloud radiative effects. This study quantitatively examines how the liquid fraction of clouds influences various climate feedbacks using the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). Climate feedback parameters were calculated using equilibrated temperature changes in response to increases in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide in CAM Version 3.0 with a slab ocean model. Two sets of model experiments are designed such that cloud liquid fraction linearly decreases with a decrease in temperature down to −20°C (Experiment “C20”) and −40°C (Experiment “C40”). Thus, at the same subzero temperature, C20 yields fewer liquid droplets (and more ice crystals) than C40. Comparison of the results of experiments C20 and C40 reveals that experiment C20 is characterized by stronger cloud and temperature feedbacks in the tropics (30°N–30°S) (by 0.25 and −0.28 W m−2 K−1, respectively) but weaker cloud, temperature, and albedo feedbacks (by −0.20, 0.11, and −0.07 W m−2 K−1) in the extratropics. Compensation of these climate feedback changes leads to a net climate feedback change of ~7.28% of that of C40 in the model. These results suggest that adjustment of the cloud phase function affects all types of feedbacks (with the smallest effect on water vapor feedback). Although the net change in total climate feedback is small due to the cancellation of positive and negative individual feedback changes, some of the individual changes are relatively large. This illustrates the importance of the influence of cloud phase partitioning for all major climate feedbacks, and by extension, for future climate change predictions.
Unraveling the dynamics that scale cross‐shore headland relief on rocky coastlines: 1. Model development
Authors: Limber Patrick W. , Brad Murray A. , Adams Peter N. , Goldstein Evan B.
Published: March 2014

Abstract

We have developed an exploratory model of plan view, millennial‐scale headland and bay evolution on rocky coastlines. Cross‐shore coastline relief, or amplitude, arises from alongshore differences in sea cliff lithology, where durable, erosion‐resistant rocks protrude seaward as headlands and weaker rocks retreat landward as bays. The model is built around two concurrent negative feedbacks that control headland amplitude: (1) wave energy convergence and divergence at headlands and bays, respectively, that increases in intensity as cross‐shore amplitude grows and (2) the combined processes of beach sediment production by sea cliff erosion, distribution of sediment to bays by waves, and beach accumulation that buffers sea cliffs from wave attack and limits further sea cliff retreat. Paired with the coastline relief model is a numerical wave transformation model that explores how wave energy is distributed along an embayed coastline. The two models are linked through genetic programming, a machine learning technique that parses wave model results into a tractable input for the coastline model. Using a pool of 4800 wave model simulations, genetic programming yields a function that relates breaking wave power density to cross‐shore headland amplitude, offshore wave height, approach angle, and period. The goal of the coastline model is to make simple, but fundamental, scaling arguments on how different variables (such as sea cliff height and composition) affect the equilibrium cross‐shore relief of headland and bays. The model's generality highlights the key feedbacks involved in coastline evolution and allows its equations (and model behaviors) to be easily modified by future users.
Random polyesteramides based on ε‐caprolactone and glycine
Authors: Ali Mohamed Abdoulkader , Salhi Slim , Abid Souhir , El Gharbi Rachid , Fradet Alain
Published: March 2014

A series of random polyesteramides (PEAs) based on ε‐caprolactone and glycine were synthesized by a direct melt polycondensation method. Their structure was fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy. High molar mass PEAs were obtained for glycine contents lower than 15 mol‐%. The resulting copolymers are semi‐crystalline and present increasing glass transition temperatures but decreasing melting points at increasing glycine contents. Some of these PEAs exhibit better thermal stability and higher Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength than PCL homopolymer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40573.
Resonance tracking atomic force acoustic microscopy quantitative modulus mapping of carbon nanotubes‐reinforced acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene polymer
Authors: Javier Flores‐Ruiz Francisco , Luis Reyes‐Reyes José , Fernando Chiñas‐Castillo , Javier Espinoza‐Beltrán Francisco
Published: March 2014

This work presents a resonance tracking atomic force acoustic microscopy (RT‐AFAM) quantitative modulus mapping of carbon nanotubes‐reinforced acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene polymer. RT‐AFAM average local modulus values registered were in good agreement with those measured by nanoindentation test. RT‐AFAM mapping modulus, nanoindentation, and transmission electron microscopy imaging showed that carbon nanotubes reinforcement of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene polymer matrix gives an elastic modulus enhancement of approximately 18.3% compared with the polymer matrix alone and showed that this technique provides high spatial resolution and helps to characterize the elastic properties of reinforced thermoplastic polymers and new compound materials at nanoscale. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40628.
A study of graphene oxide‐reinforced rubber nanocomposite
Authors: Mensah Bismark , Kim Sungjin , Arepalli Sivaram , Nah Changwoon
Published: March 2014

Graphene oxide‐reinforced acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber nanocomposites were prepared via solution mixing. The morphology of the graphene oxide was studied, and its successful dispersion within the rubber matrix was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction studies. The strong rubber‐to‐filler interaction was confirmed by swelling and mechanical reinforcing behaviors and thermal stability. Dielectric spectroscopy test indicated a marked improvement of about five times in the real part of permittivity. The electrical conductivity level was close to that of nonconductive materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40640.
A new convective–stratiform rainfall separation scheme
Authors: Li Xiaofan , Zhai Guoqing , Gao Shouting , Shen Xinyong
Published: March 2014

A new convective–stratiform rainfall separation scheme is developed through combination of rain types separated by surface rainfall budget using a cloud‐resolving model simulation data during TOGA COARE. Three rain types associated with vapor convergence, upward motions throughout the troposphere, and dominant liquid microphysical processes form convective rainfall. Maximum convective rainfall requires precipitation efficiency of 100%, but it is not associated with maximum vapor convergence. Vapor and hydrometeor convergences contribute about 40% to maximum rainfall, respectively. Four rain types associated largely with hydrometeor convergence, upward motions in the upper troposphere, and dominant ice microphysical processes form stratiform rainfall.
A DISCRIMINATION TRAINING PROCEDURE TO ESTABLISH CONDITIONED REINFORCERS FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Taylor‐Santa Catherine , Sidener Tina M. , Carr James E. , Reeve Kenneth F.
Published: March 2014

Although conditioned reinforcers are used in many behavioral intervention programs for individuals with developmental disabilities, little research has been conducted to determine optimal methods for establishing conditioned reinforcers. An early method that has received relatively little research attention is to condition a neutral stimulus as a discriminative stimulus and then use the stimulus as a programed consequence during skill acquisition. The current study evaluated the effects of a discrimination training procedure on establishing conditioned reinforcers for three children with autism. For all participants, previously neutral stimuli reinforced behaviors after acquiring discriminative properties during discrimination training. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery for local excision of rectal neoplasms
Authors: Hompes R , Rauh S M , Ris F , Tuynman J B , Mortensen N J
Published: March 2014

Background

Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) may be an option for rectum-preserving excision of neoplasms. Recent cadaveric studies showed improved vision, control and manoeuvrability compared with use of laparoscopic instruments. This study reports the clinical application.

Methods

Consecutive patients eligible for transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) or TAMIS in three participating centres were operated on using a robotic platform and transanal glove port. Patient demographics, lesion characteristics, perioperative data, complications and follow-up of all patients were recorded prospectively.

Results

Sixteen patients underwent robotic TAMIS for rectal lesions with a median (range) distance from the anal verge of 8 (range 3–10) cm. The median size of the resected specimen was 5·3 (0·5–21) cm2. The median docking time and duration of operation were 36 (18–75) and 108 (40–180) min respectively. One conversion to regular (non-robotic) TAMIS was needed owing to difficulties accessing the rectum. Glove puncture necessitated replacement in four procedures, an unstable pneumorectum arose during one operation and one patient developed a pneumoperitoneum. One patient required catheterization for urinary retention. The median hospital stay was 1·3 (0–4) days. The additional cost of the robotic approach was approximately €1000 per procedure (excluding the capital expenditure on the robotic system and its maintenance).

Conclusion

Robotic TAMIS is feasible in patients with rectal lesions. Potential advantages over TEM and non-robotic TAMIS will need to be balanced against the cost of the robotic system.
Women as Expert Witnesses: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Neal Tess M.S.
Published: March 2014

This review of women's participation in the legal system as expert witnesses examines the empirical literature on the perceived credibility and persuasiveness of women compared with men experts. The effects of expert gender are complex and sometimes depend on the circumstances of the case. Some studies find no differences, some find favorable effects for women and others for men, and still others find that expert gender interacts with other circumstances of the case. The findings are interpreted through social role theory and the role incongruity theory of prejudice. Future directions for research are identified and implications are considered for attorneys who select and prepare expert witnesses. Suggestions for men's and women's behavior as expert witnesses are provided. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Squamous‐cell carcinoma of the tongue following therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with abatacept
Authors: Deidda Arianna , Pisanu Claudia , Garau Donatella , Longu Maria Giovanna , Moretti Mario Domenico Luigi , Sanna Maria Elena , Moretti Grazia Maria Rita , Stochino Maria Erminia
Published: March 2014

Key Clinical Message

A patient affected by rheumatoid arthritis developed a squamous‐cell carcinoma probably due to abatacept, according to Naranjo algorithm. The case describes this adverse reaction for the first time and highlights the need for additional studies to establish the long‐term risk profile of abatacept.
Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation and Intermolecular Annulation with Allenes
Authors: Xia Xiao‐Feng , Wang Yu‐Qi , Zhang Lu‐Lu , Song Xian‐Rong , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: March 2014

A new and efficient PdII‐catalyzed intermolecular annulation of N‐benzoylsulfonamide with allenes for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones is reported. This CH functionalization is compatible with ambient air and moisture, and it can be applied to terminal or internal allenes with diﬀerent synthetically attractive functional groups. Control experiments and a kinetic isotope effect study are conducted and a plausible mechanism is proposed.
Tandem CH Activation/Arylation Catalyzed by Low‐Valent Iron Complexes with Bisiminopyridine Ligands
Authors: Salanouve Elise , Bouzemame Ghania , Blanchard Sébastien , Derat Etienne , Desage‐El Murr Marine , Fensterbank Louis
Published: March 2014

Tandem CH activation/arylation between unactivated arenes and aryl halides catalyzed by iron complexes that bear redox‐active non‐innocent bisiminopyridine ligands is reported. Similar reactions catalyzed by first‐row transition metals have been shown to involve substrate‐based aryl radicals, whereas our catalytic system likely involves ligand‐centered radicals. Preliminary mechanistic investigations based on spectroscopic and reactivity studies, in conjunction with DFT calculations, led us to propose that the reaction could proceed through an inner‐sphere CH activation pathway, which is rarely observed in the case of iron complexes. This bielectronic noble‐metal‐like behavior could be sustained by the redox‐active non‐innocent bisiminopyridine ligands.
A Novel Pentadentate Redox‐Active Ligand and Its Iron(III) Complexes: Electronic Structures and O2 Reactivity
Authors: Metzinger Ramona , Demeshko Serhiy , Limberg Christian
Published: March 2014

A novel redox‐active ligand, H4Ph2SLAP (1) which was designed to be potentially pentadentate with an O,N,S,N,O donor set is described. Treatment of 1 with two equivalents of potassium hydride gave access to octametallic precursor complex [H2Ph2SLAPK2(thf)]4 (2), which reacted with FeCl3 to yield iron(III) complex [H2Ph2SLAPFeCl] (3). Employing Fe[N(SiMe3)2]3 for a direct reaction with 1 led to ligand rearrangement through CS bond cleavage and thiolate formation, finally yielding [HLAPFe] (5). Upon exposure to O2, 3 and 5 are oxidized through formal hydrogen‐atom abstraction from the ligand NH units to form [Ph2SLSQFeCl] (4) and [LSQFe] (6) featuring two or one coordinated iminosemiquinone moieties, respectively. Mössbauer measurements demonstrated that the iron centers remain in their +III oxidation states. Compounds 3 and 5 were tested with respect to their potential as models for the catechol dioxygenase. Thus, they were treated with 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐catechol, triethylamine and O2. It turned out that the iron–catecholate complexes react with O2 in dichloromethane at ambient conditions through CC bond cleavage mainly forming extradiol cleavage products. Intradiol products are only side products and quinone formation becomes negligible. This observation has been rationalized by a dissociation of two donor functions upon coordination of the catecholate.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed ortho‐CH Arylation/Alkylation of N‐Benzoyl α‐Amino Ester Derivatives
Authors: Misal Castro Luis C. , Chatani Naoto
Published: March 2014

The palladium‐catalyzed arylation/alkylation of ortho‐CH bonds in N‐benzoyl α‐amino ester derivatives is described. In such a system both the NH‐amido and the CO2R groups in the α‐amino ester moieties play a role in successful CH activation/CC bond formation using iodoaryl coupling partners. A wide variety of functional groups and electron‐rich/deficient iodoarenes are tolerated. The yields obtained range from 20 to 95 %.
Recognition and Site‐Selective Transformation of Monosaccharides by Using Copper(II) Catalysis
Authors: Chen I‐Hon , Kou Kevin G. M. , Le Diane N. , Rathbun Colin M. , Dong Vy M.
Published: March 2014

We demonstrate copper(II)‐catalyzed acylation and tosylation of monosaccharides. Various carbohydrate derivatives, including glucopyranosides and ribofuranosides, are obtained in high yields and regioselectivities. Using this versatile strategy, the site of acylation can be switched by choice of ligand. Preliminary mechanistic studies support nucleophilic addition of a copper–sugar complex to the acyl chloride to be turnover limiting.
On the Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of N‐Heteroaryl–Boryl Radicals, a New Radical Class Based on Five‐Membered Ring Ligands
Authors: Tehfe Mohamad‐Ali , Schweizer Stéphane , Chany Anne‐Caroline , Ysacco Cédric , Clément Jean‐Louis , Gigmes Didier , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Fouassier Jean‐Pierre , Neuburger Markus , Tschamber Théophile , Blanchard Nicolas , Lalevée Jacques
Published: March 2014

The synthesis and physical characterization of a new class of N‐heterocycle–boryl radicals is presented, based on five membered ring ligands with a N(sp2) complexation site. These pyrazole–boranes and pyrazaboles exhibit a low bond dissociation energy (BDE; BH) and accordingly excellent hydrogen transfer properties. Most importantly, a high modulation of the BDE(BH) by the fine tuning of the N‐heterocyclic ligand was obtained in this series and could be correlated with the spin density on the boron atom of the corresponding radical. The reactivity of the latter for small molecule chemistry has been studied through the determination of several reaction rate constants corresponding to addition to alkenes and alkynes, addition to O2, oxidation by iodonium salts and halogen abstraction from alkyl halides. Two selected applications of N‐heterocycle–boryl radicals are also proposed herein, for radical polymerization and for radical dehalogenation reactions.
Combining Electronic and Steric Effects for Highly Stable Unsymmetric Pentacenes
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Pawle Robert H. , Haas Terry E. , Thomas Samuel W.
Published: March 2014

This paper describes the reactivity of unsymmetrically substituted pentacenes to photochemical oxidation. Acenes in general, and pentacenes in particular, are a key family of compounds for a variety of organic electronics applications. The instability of many pentacene derivatives, particularly to oxidation, is an important restriction in their applicability. Several substitution strategies for decreasing the reactivity of pentacene exist, but these almost always involve symmetrically substituted derivatives, restricting the chemical space of structures from which to choose. In this paper, we demonstrate that combining electronic and steric effects yields highly stable unsymmetrically substituted pentacenes.
Process Development of Enantioselective Extraction in Miniaturized Lab Columns
Authors: Holbach Alexander , Jaritsch Dimitri , Godde Julia , Kockmann Norbert
Published: March 2014

Die Enantioselektive Extraktion stellt neben bestehenden Verfahren der Racematspaltung eine kostengünstige und flexible Alternative dar. In einer neuen, miniaturisierten Laborkolonne wurde sie experimentell und theoretisch untersucht. Ein Racemat in einem wässrig/organischen Zweiphasensystem wurde dabei mithilfe eines Selektormoleküls getrennt. Für eine vollständige Separation der Enantiomere sind viele theoretische Trennstufen nötig, da die operative Selektivität des Systems gering ist. Höhere Überschüsse des Selektormoleküls führen dabei zu höheren Enantiomerüberschüssen und geringeren Ausbeuten.
Helical Poly(α,β‐unsaturated ketone) with Bulky Pendant of Binaphthyl from Anionic Polymerization of ((−)‐Menthyl (S)‐6′‐Acrylyl‐2′‐methyloxy‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2‐carboxylate
Authors: Chen Yehui , Yang Liwen , Yang Nianfa , Yang Zhusheng , Zhang Jin
Published: March 2014

((−)‐Menthyl (S)‐6′‐acrylyl‐2′‐methyloxy‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2‐carboxylate (3) was synthesized and anionically polymerized using n‐BuLi as an initiator in toluene. The monomer 3 was levorotatory and had an [α]D25 value of −72.4, but its corresponding polymer poly‐3 was dextrorotatory and showed an [α]D25 value of +162.0. Poly‐3 was confirmed to exist in the form of one‐handed helical structure in solution by means of comparing the specific optical rotation and the CD spectra with that of 3 and the model compounds such as (−)‐menthyl (S)‐6′‐propionyl‐2′‐methyloxy‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2‐carboxylate 2b and (−)‐menthyl (S)‐6′‐heptanoyl‐2′‐methyloxy‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2‐carboxylate 2c. This conclusion was also confirmed by the fact that the g‐value of poly‐3 is about 11 times of that of monomer 3.
Characterizing fatigue associated with sunitinib and its impact on health‐related quality of life in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Cella David , Davis Mellar P. , Négrier Sylvie , Figlin Robert A. , Michaelson M. Dror , Bushmakin Andrew G. , Cappelleri Joseph C. , Sandin Rickard , Korytowsky Beata , Charbonneau Claudie , Matczak Ewa , Motzer Robert J.
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

Using phase 3 trial data for sunitinib versus interferon (IFN)‐α in treatment‐naive patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, retrospective analyses characterized sunitinib‐associated fatigue and its impact on patient‐reported health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).

METHODS

Patients received sunitinib at a dose of 50 mg/day on a schedule of 4 weeks on/2 weeks off (375 patients) or IFN‐α at a dose of 9 MU subcutaneously 3 times per week (360 patients). HRQoL was self‐assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Kidney Symptom Index–15‐item (FKSI‐15) questionnaire, with fatigue assessed using its Disease‐Related Symptoms subscale. Fatigue was also assessed by providers using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). A repeated‐measures model (M1) and random intercept‐slope model (M2) characterized sunitinib‐associated fatigue over time. Another repeated‐measures model examined the relationship between HRQoL scores and CTCAE fatigue grade.

RESULTS

M1 demonstrated that the initial increase in patient‐reported fatigue with sunitinib was worst during cycle 1, with mean values numerically better at subsequent cycles; most pairwise comparisons of consecutive CTCAE fatigue cycle means were not found to be statistically significant. M2 demonstrated that the overall trend (slope) for patient‐reported and CTCAE fatigue with sunitinib was not statistically different from 0. The relationship between most HRQoL scores and CTCAE fatigue was close to linear regardless of treatment, with lower scores (worse HRQoL) corresponding to higher fatigue grade. The majority of HRQoL scores were better with sunitinib versus IFN‐α for the same CTCAE fatigue grade.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients reported worse fatigue during the first sunitinib cycle. However, in subsequent consecutive cycles, less fatigue was reported with no statistically significant worsening. CTCAE fatigue assessment may not fully capture patient treatment experience. Cancer 2014;120:1871–1880. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Genotypes and prevalence of HPV single and multiple concurrent infections in women with HSIL
Authors: Beca Francisco , Pinheiro Jorge , Rios Elisabete , Pontes Patricia , Amendoeira Isabel
Published: March 2014

The contribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types to the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer has been established for a long time. However, the role of phylogenetically related and rare variants remains uncertain, as well as the influence of concurrent multiple HPV genotypes infection. We aimed at studying the prevalence of several HPV genotypes infecting women with single versus concurrent multiple HPV genotypes infection with a HSIL diagnosis in a cervical cytology. We conducted a cross‐sectional study using Thin‐Prep® liquid‐based cervical cytology specimens with the diagnosis of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), in which HPV genotype was sequentially tested. Genotypes were determined with a PapilloCheck® system, a DNA‐Chip for the type‐specific identification of 18 high‐risk and six low‐risk types of HPV. Of the total study population, 176 cases had a diagnosis of HSIL and positive HPV genotyping result, being HPV16 the most prevalent genotype (48.86%; 95%CI: 41.58–56.19) followed by HPV31 (14.20%; 95%CI: 9.75–20.18). Concurrent multiple HPV genotypes were detected in 36.93% (95%CI: 30.15–44.27) of the patients. The prevalence of the 10 most common HPV genotypes detected varied significantly according to the presence of single vs. concurrent multiple HPV genotypes (P = 0.022). Moreover, women with concurrent multiple HPV genotypes were on average 3.53 (95%CI: 0.43–6.64) years younger than women with single genotype infection. Our results suggest that women with multiple genotype HPV infection differ in terms of age and distribution of the most prevalent HPV genotypes. Additionally, we provide further evidence of the predominance of HPV16 in HSIL lesions of the uterine cervix. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:919–923. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of targeted protein degradation in early neural development
Authors: Saritas‐Yildirim Banu , Silva Elena M.
Published: March 2014

As neural stem cells differentiate into neurons during neurogenesis, the proteome of the cells is restructured by de novo expression and selective removal of regulatory proteins. The control of neurogenesis at the level of gene regulation is well documented and the regulation of protein abundance through protein degradation via the Ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway is a rapidly developing field. This review describes our current understanding of the role of the proteasome pathway in neurogenesis. Collectively, the studies show that targeted protein degradation is an important regulatory mechanism in the generation of new neurons. genesis 52:287–299, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis of Carbon‐Encapsulated Li4Ti5O12@C Hollow Microspheres as Superior Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Jun , Liu Wei , Ji Shaomin , Wan Yanling , Yin Huaqi , Zhou Yichun
Published: March 2014

An in situ carbon‐encapsulating solution route for the synthesis of Li4Ti5O12@C composite hollow microspheres has been developed. The finally obtained Li4Ti5O12@C hollow microspheres possess a microsized spherical shape, embedded Li4Ti5O12 nanocrystals, and fully encapsulating conductive carbon shells, which endow this Li4Ti5O12 anode material with high specific capacity, rate capability, and cycle stability. Owing to their unique microstructure characteristics, these hollow Li4Ti5O12@C microsphere composites are promising anode materials for highly efficient Li‐ion batteries with an excellent rate capability (discharge capacity of 169, 152, 130, 116, 93, and 76 mA h g–1 at 0.2, 1, 2, 5, 30 and 60C, respectively) and a significantly enhanced cycling performance.
Direct In Situ Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Fruits by Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes Modified with Nylon‐6 Nanofibers
Authors: Fuenmayor Carlos Alberto , Benedetti Simona , Pellicanò Alessandro , Cosio Maria Stella , Mannino Saverio
Published: March 2014

A simple sensing unit based on a disposable screen printed carbon electrode coated by an electrospun nylon‐6 nanofibrous membrane was developed for in situ selective determination of ascorbic acid (AA) in different types of fruits. The membrane, prepared by electrospinning, represents a selective barrier to possible interferents, such as phenolic compounds, allowing an improved selectivity towards AA. No sample preparation and/or dilution is necessary since the new device is applied directly “pricking” the fruit with the electrode. A good correlation was obtained between the amperometric in situ method and a reference chromatographic methodology (HPLC‐UV) when applied to various fruit samples.
Genetic polymorphisms of 12 X‐chromosomal STR loci in Taiwanese individuals and likelihood ratio calculations applied to case studies of blood relationships
Authors: Chen Meng‐Yi , Ho Chin‐Wen , Pu Chang‐En , Wu Fang‐Chin
Published: March 2014

Allele frequencies for the 12 short tandem repeat loci of the Investigator Argus X‐12 kit were obtained from 514 unrelated Taiwanese individuals (327 males and 187 females). Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium tests with samples demonstrated no significant deviation from expected values for all 12 loci (p > 0.05). The linkage disequilibrium for the 12 loci in the female samples was identical to what was observed in other Han Chinese populations, with only the DXS10103 and DXS10101 loci showing significant linkage disequilibrium after corrected by Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing (p < 0.05/66). No significant differences were observed by population pairwise genetic distance analysis between Taiwanese and other Han Chinese populations. When compared with other Asian, European, and African populations, however, significant differences were observed at more than one locus. The combined mean exclusion chance was 0.99999 in duo cases and 0.99999999 in trio cases. This study used mathematical logic inferred likelihood ratio calculation formulas for full‐sister, half‐sister from the same father, and paternal grandmother–granddaughter relationships. The results for these three real familial cases suggest that these 12 short tandem repeat loci may appropriate for forensic relationship testing.
Childhood cancer survival in Finland (1953–2010): A nation‐wide population‐based study
Authors: Madanat‐Harjuoja L.M. , Pokhrel A. , Kivivuori S.M. , Saarinen‐Pihkala U.M.
Published: March 2014

Population based survival studies are critical in monitoring changes in anticancer therapy, evaluating effectiveness of new treatments as well as identifying possibilities for further improvement. The previous report on cancer survival in Finland covered patients diagnosed in 1953–1995. Data on survival in the European and Nordic pediatric populations have been published with follow‐up ending in 2002. We describe population‐based survival of childhood cancer patients (n = 8270, age 0–14 years) in Finland overall and by disease category with follow‐up extending from 1953 to 2010 and focusing on the modern treatment era. Data were collected from the Finnish Cancer Registry. Age‐standardised observed survival proportions (rates) were calculated using the actuarial (or life‐table) method. Trends in observed survival rates were studied over six diagnostic periods: 1953–1960, 1961–1970, 1971–1980, 1981–1990, 1991–2000 and 2001–2010. The overall 5‐year survival reached 82.1% (95% CI 80.0–84.2) in the most recent period. In most diagnostic categories, the biggest leap in survival was seen between 1961–1970 and 1981–1990, after which slight improvements occurred between 1981–1990 and 1991–2000, with no significant increase thereafter. In analyses by diagnostic group, positive trends in survival over the last three decades were seen for leukemia (p = 0.000), non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (p = 0.002) and CNS tumours (p = 0.02). Although survival of childhood cancer patients overall has significantly improved from 1953 to 2000, improvement thereafter has been marginal. Future treatment efforts should be directed at bone tumours, soft‐tissue sarcoma, neuroblastoma and malignant brain tumours as well as high‐risk leukemia.
In vivo evidence that secretion of HLA‐G by immunogenic tumor cells allows their evasion from immunosurveillance
Authors: Loumagne Laure , Baudhuin Jeremy , Favier Benoit , Montespan Florent , Carosella Edgardo D. , Rouas‐Freiss Nathalie
Published: March 2014

Human leukocyte antigen‐G (HLA‐G) expression by tumors has been evidenced in numerous malignancies in association with poor prognosis and resistance to immunotherapy in humans. Particularly, soluble form of HLA‐G was measured at high concentrations in malignant effusions and plasma from cancer patients, and inhibits antitumor immune cells in vitro through interaction with immunoglobulin‐like transcript (ILT) receptors. Nevertheless, in vivo study demonstrating that HLA‐G secretion by tumor cells allows their escape from immunosurveillance remained to be established. Despite nondescribed murine homolog, direct functional interaction of HLA‐G with murine paired immunoglobulin‐like receptor (PIR)‐B, ortholog of human ILT receptors, enables to investigate its role in vivo. Immunocompetent mice were injected either with syngeneic tumor cells co‐expressing HLA‐G5, the main soluble HLA‐G isoform, and the conformation stabilizer human β2‐microglubulin (hβ2m), or with hβ2m+HLA‐G5− tumor cells. hβ2m expressed at both tumor cell surface acted as a tumor antigen triggering a specific humoral response. Interestingly, although hβ2m+HLA‐G5− tumors were rejected, secreted HLA‐G5 provided hβ2m+HLA‐G5+ tumors a protection against hβ2m‐elicited immune rejection, enabling such immunogenic tumors to grow similarly to a poorly immunogenic tumor. HLA‐G5 tumor expression was associated with local and peripheral immunosuppression, characterized by dampened anti‐hβ2m B‐cell response, quantitative and functional T‐and B‐cell defects, accumulation of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells able to inhibit T‐cell proliferation and reduced T‐ and B‐cell tumor infiltrate. Our study provides the first in vivo proof that soluble HLA‐G counteracts tumor rejection and reinforces the importance to consider HLA‐G as a promising target to optimize current cancer immunotherapies.