bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coal and the Environment: Planning and Management Issues for the Future of the Coalfields
Authors: Roberts P W
Published: October 2006

This paper provides a review of the key issues which confront environmental planners in their attempts to manage change in coalfield areas. Attention is paid to a complex series of matters which currently inhibit the effective management of both old and new coalfield areas and, especially, to the urgent need for national assessment and guidance. A number of emerging matters of concern are suggested as providing topics for future research. These include the identification of the environmental consequences of new coal production strategies, an examination of the effectiveness of new procedures for managing opencasting, an evaluation of the employment impacts of controls upon the burning of high sulphur coal, an estimation of the socioeconomic impact of productivity gains, the assessment of community problems in coalfield areas and the measurement of the effectiveness of the new EIA Directive. These topics are seen as likely to yield research evidence which is essential if environmental planning and management is to be more effective in the future evolution of coalfield areas.
The Choice of Pollution Control Instruments: Why is So Little Notice Taken of Economists' Recommendations?
Authors: Common M S
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the basis is explained on which economists argue for the use of price incentive systems (such as emissions taxation or the creation of a market in tradeable discharge permits) and against the use of regulatory control systems, specifying upper limits on discharges or process and equipment constraints, for the control of pollution. It is noted that practice of pollution control very rarely involves price incentives. It is argued that the question of why practice ignores the recommendation of economists is interesting and important. Some suggestions are made as to where the answer to the question might lie. It is shown that a price incentive system (the taxation of inputs to production which gives rise to polluting discharges) in which economists have shown rather little interest, retains some of the attractive properties of emissions taxation and avoids the need of the latter for the continuous monitoring of emissions, which need may be a factor working against the adoption of conventional price incentive systems for pollution control.
The Potential of Decision Analysis as a Means of Integrating the Environment into Energy Policy Decisionmaking
Authors: Jones M R
Published: October 2006

In recent years, environmental concern has been an increasingly important issue in energy policy decisionmaking. This has been paralleled by rising expectations of public involvement in major policy decisions with significant environmental impacts. However, existing mechanisms for incorporating these concerns in policy formulation and decisionmaking are widely recognised as unsatisfactory. In order to identify the nature of the debate on issues of energy and environment, which any alternative mechanisms must address, the publications of twelve organisations on energy policy were analysed. The analysis indicated that energy policy formulation and decisionmaking is characterised by the existence of multiple objectives, subjectivity, and uncertainty. Decision analysis may be used to address problems of this type. The application of decision analysis to energy policy decisionmaking is discussed, and the potential of the technique is assessed.
Proactive Energy-Environment Policy Strategies: A Role for Input — Output Analysis?
Authors: Pearson P J G
Published: October 2006

This paper contains a consideration of the recent arguments in favour of adopting ‘anticipate and prevent’ or ‘proactive’ energy — environment policy strategies, in place of the ‘reactive’ strategies that are a feature of many current approaches to policymaking in this area. The roles that energy — environment modelling might play in investigating alternative scenarios and proactive policy strategies are then examined. The focus is on the advantages and disadvantages of using Input — Output analysis and related mathematical programming techniques to provide information for the policymaking process. Of course, Input — Output analysis is neither the only nor the ideal approach to energy — environment modelbuilding. However, despite acknowledged conceptual and practical limitations of applying Input — Output analysis in this area, it is suggested there is a case for considering its further application, particularly in the context of the United Kingdom, not least because it enables a general equilibrium approach to be implemented.
Research Policy and Review 30. How to Add Value to Migration Data from the 1991 Census
Authors: Rees P H
Published: October 2006

The form in which migration information is likely to be provided from the 1991 Census is reviewed, and suggestions are made about how this provision can be improved for the academic research community, building on the experience of the 1981 Census. The recommendations add considerable value to the information at relatively low cost.
Agricultural Location Theory 1: Basic Models
Authors: Kellerman A
Published: October 2006

Agricultural location theory deals with both the location — allocation process of land uses by farmers, and the spatial organization of agricultural land uses. The major term in its classical versions is economic rent relating to some form of surplus. Ricardo's theory emphasized the physical qualities of land and urban demand as major determinants in rent production. Von Thünen's theory emphasized distance from farm to market as well as transport costs, yield, market prices, and production costs as rent determinants. Modern versions of the theory provided simple models which relate explicitly to transportation costs. The theory has been criticized mainly for its many limiting assumptions.
Urban Growth and Form: Scaling, Fractal Geometry, and Diffusion-Limited Aggregation
Authors: Batty M , Longley P , Fotheringham S
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we propose a model of growth and form in which the processes of growth are intimately linked to the resulting geometry of the system. The model, first developed by Witten and Sander and referred to as the diffusion-limited aggregation or DLA model, generates highly ramified tree-like clusters of particles, or populations, with evident self-similarity about a fixed point. The extent to which such clusters fill space is measured by their fractal dimension which is estimated from scaling relationships linking population and density to distances within the cluster. We suggest that this model provides a suitable baseline for the development of models of urban structure and density which manifest similar scaling properties. A typical DLA simulation is presented and a variety of measures of its structure and dynamics are developed. These same measures are then applied to the urban growth and form of Taunton, a small market town in South West England, and important similarities and differences with the DLA simulation are discussed. We suggest there is much potential in extending analogies between DLA and urban form, and we also suggest future research directions involving variants of DLA and better measures of urban density.
Labour Turnover Characteristics at the Eurocan Pulp and Paper Mill, Kitimat: A Log-Linear Analysis
Authors: Ofori-Amoah B , Hayter R
Published: October 2006

In this paper log-linear and related methods are applied to reanalyze the quit — stay characteristics of employees at a pulp and paper mill located in Kitimat, British Columbia, between 1970 and 1974. These characteristics had been examined solely on the basis of chi-square and Cramer's V. Our reanalysis, which is based on Aitkin's simultaneous test procedure, residual analysis, and logit models, gives greater precision to previously suggested relationships and reveals new findings. In particular, in this paper the nature of the association among various employee characteristics and quit rates are defined, and the original study is corrected by revealing the relative importance of employment histories and marital status.
Indicators of Quality of Life: Some Methodological Issues
Authors: Rogerson R J , Findlay A M , Morris A S , Coombes M G
Published: October 2006

The importance of combining ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ indicators in assessing the quality of life has been increasingly stated as a research goal. A new methodology for measuring quality of life which is an attempt to satisfy this objective is discussed. It includes a perceptually derived set of weightings and ‘objectively’ measured indicators of social, economic, and environmental characteristics of the largest thirty-eight cities in Britain. The weighting system, the selected indicators, and the resulting rankings of British cities are assessed in comparison with the local prosperity index. The strength of the approach is shown to lie in the fact that this more closely reflects the evaluation process used by the public in assessing the quality of life.
Household Life-Cycle Change in the Urban Council Housing Sector, 1971–81
Authors: Ford R G , Smith G C
Published: October 2006

Significant sociospatial changes have recently taken place within the British council housing sector. In this paper the evolution of life-cycle patterns on Birmingham council estates between 1971 and 1981 is investigated. An analysis of household life-cycle characteristics on 10 representative study estates is carried out using relevant census data. A more detailed examination of change within one of these estates is also conducted. Although household ageing in situ is identified as the primary process, the findings also indicate notable decreases in families with children on those inner-city and suburban estates whose dwelling stocks include high proportions of flats. Such decreases are consistent with recent shifts in local authority policies of housing allocation.
Regional Differences in Manufacturing Performance: The Case of the Canadian Food and Beverage Industry, 1961–84
Authors: Rigby D L
Published: October 2006

In this paper the performance of the food and beverage industry in six regions of Canada between 1961 and 1984 is examined. The impact of spatial variations in commodity prices and techniques of production on the rate of profit are separated. Significant regional disparities in both production and market performance exist within the food sector and lend little support to the industry-mix thesis. Price variations are the principal cause of regional differences in manufacturing profitability. The rate of profit in the food industry declined in all regions, though at a slower rate than in manufacturing as a whole.
High-Technology Restructuring in the USA and Japan
Authors: Florida R , Kenney M
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the comparative responses of the USA and Japan to the rise of new high-technology industries are examined. The United States pattern mainly revolves around the rise of high-technology districts like Silicon Valley and Route 128 which comprise dense networks of small entrepreneurial firms and other related institutions. Despite its tremendous innovative capabilities, this pattern generates significant costs (that is, high turnover of labor, chronic entrepreneurship, and an emphasis on breakthrough innovations at the expense of manufactured products) which are not sufficiently recognized by proponents of the flexible specialization or ‘simple flexibility’ thesis. The Japanese approach to restructuring is contrasted as one of ‘structured flexibility’ where large corporations perform important ‘system governance’ functions in the linking of manufacturing and innovation and act as focal points in just-in-time production complexes. Japan's pattern of ‘structured flexibility’ overcomes many of the limitations of high-technology organization in the USA.
Labour Productivity Growth in Canadian Manufacturing: A Regional Analysis
Authors: Anderson W P
Published: October 2006

In this paper an analysis of growth in labour productivity in the manufacturing sectors of six Canadian regions over the period 1962–84 is presented. A review of trends in labour productivity indicates that significant regional differences persist throughout the study period. Specifically, labour productivities in Atlantic Canada and in Manitoba and Saskatchewan are significantly lower than those in central Canada and the far western provinces. A model that decomposes growth in labour productivity into the contributions of growth in the capital-labour ratio, scale economies, and technical progress while controlling for business cycle effects is estimated for each of five Canadian regions. Alternative specifications are employed in order to help distinguish between the effects of internal scale economies and agglomeration economies. The results support the hypothesis that agglomeration economies make a significant contribution to growth in labour productivity. Although rapid growth in the capital — labour ratio contributed significantly to growth in labour productivity in the Atlantic region, it was not sufficient to erase regional differences.
Mortgage Default: Why Finland is Not like Britain
Authors: Doling J
Published: October 2006

Mortgage default and possession as a result of unemployment has been a feature of Britain and some other Western industrialized countries in the 1980s. This has prompted comments, based on abstract models of the processes involved, about the limits of owner-occupation in the context of the restructuring of labour markets. In this paper it is demonstrated that this is not a universal limitation. Finland which has the prerequisites in terms of high rates of owner-occupation and unemployment does not also have high rates of default. A housing provision framework is used to show that the structural position of the Finnish owner-occupier is consistent with this outcome.
The Internationalisation of the Japanese Construction Industry: The Rise and Rise of Kumagai Gumi
Authors: Rimmer P J
Published: October 2006

The internationalisation of the Japanese construction industry is inextricably caught up with the rise and rise of one company, Kumagai Gumi. Between 1955 and 1983 it accounted for more than 10% of all contracts awarded to the fifty-seven members of the Overseas Construction Association of Japan, a figure that outranked the ‘Big Five’ domestic giants—Kajima, Ohbayashi, Shimizu, Taisei, and Takenaka Komuten. Any scepticism about the choice of Kumagai Gumi as the international pacesetter should be swept away as it captured more than one-third of all overseas contracts won by Japanese construction contractors in 1985 and 1986. Nevertheless, the discussion of Kumagai Gumi's meteoric rise must be seen against the broader international picture. In 1978, only ten Japanese firms were ranked in the ‘top two-hundred’ construction contractors worldwide—a hierarchy dominated by sixty US contractors. By 1985, thirty-four Japanese firms were ranked in the ‘top two-hundred’ firms—the same number as from the United States. Why had this remarkable change occurred? Conventional answers are sought in terms of economic forces and bureaucratic power. Rather than follow this logic we speculate that changes in the nature of Japanese construction exports are correlated with variations on foreign policy, which in turn reflect changes in the dominant factions within the ruling Liberal Democratic Party—an emphasis in accord with Japanese scholars who suggest that since the early 1970s politicians have wrested control over decisionmaking from the bureaucrats. Consequently, attention is focused on overseas contracts won by construction firms, and by Kumagai Gumi in particular, to gauge if the changes in their distribution reflected marked shifts in foreign policy directions associated with three key prime ministers—Tanaka, Fukuda, and Nakasone.
The Changing Spatial Structure of Manufacturing Plant in Great Britain, 1976 to 1987
Authors: Tomkins J , Twomey J
Published: October 2006

This paper is concerned with changes in the stock of manufacturing plant at national, regional, and county levels, over the period 1976–1987. Using information provided by the annual Census of Production, the focus of the analysis is size-specific spatial change in manufacturing unit numbers, where size is defined in terms of employment bands. For Great Britain as a whole, a decline of over 20% in total unit numbers is recorded, with higher rates of decline occurring in the larger units. If the period 1976–1987 is divided into four subperiods, some growth is detected in the last subperiod, particularly in the smaller size bands. Analysis at the regional level indicates a similar pattern, and although ‘northern’ regions appear to be more adversely affected in general than ‘southern’ regions it is concluded that the relatively higher rates of decline amongst larger manufacturing units is a spatially invariant characteristic. Within the regional analysis the influence of size structure upon regional manfacturing change is also examined. Finally, examination of changes occurring at the county level shows a greater disparity of performance, and also shows that regional outcomes can be dominated by the growth or decline of manufacturing in particular counties.
Comparative Analysis of Modelling Land-Use Transport Interaction at the Micro and Macro Levels
Authors: Mackett R L
Published: October 2006

The objective of this paper is to examine the implications of modelling urban systems at the micro and macro levels. The methodological aspects of, and the results from, two models will be considered, namely the MASTER (Micro-Analytical Simulation of Transport, Employment and Residence) model and the LILT (the Leeds Integrated Land-use Transport) model. The MASTER model simulates demographic change, decisions about moving home and changing job, and decisions about transport, such as car ownership, and modal choice for a set of households and their members. The nature of the model permits the analysis of the relationships between household dynamics, car ownership, car availability, and modal choice. The model can identify latent demand for homes and employment, so that the implications of increasing the supply of dwellings and jobs for travel demand, can be traced through these relationships. LILT is an aggregate land-use transport model that was originally based on the Lowry model, but now includes travel demand, plus various other extensions. The models have been applied to the same study-area over the same time-period, so the implications of testing a variety of policies with the two models can be discussed. The focus of this paper is both on the methodological issues and the practical implications of the two approaches, as well as the comparable results from the two models.
Spatial Flows and Competing Central Places: Towards a General Theory of Hierarchical Interaction
Authors: Fik T J , Mulligan G F
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a variation of Fotheringham's competing destinations model using categorized information on spatial flows in a central place system. A competing central place model is developed using spatially defined choice sets for origin — destination pairs by threshold distance and central place order. The competing central place generalization is empirically tested by undertaking a comparative analysis of 1980 domestic airline passenger traffic amongst selected cities in the continental United States. A host of modeling strategies are contrasted and the effects of mass, separation, and competitive forces noted in the presence or absence of hierarchical data. The production-constrained competing central place specification is shown to exhibit not only greater explanatory power than Fotheringham's competing destinations model, but also significant reductions in potential multicollinear relations between regressors. The model is later extended to incorporate an intervening opportunities filter. Competitive flow patterns between paired origins and destinations are then delimited by geographic range, compatibility, and the impeding effects of substitute and/or intervening flows within a hierarchical network.
The Lure of the USA: Some Further Reflections
Authors: Hallsworth A G
Published: October 2006

Wrigley has noted the burgeoning involvement of UK food retailers in the US market. In this paper, attention is drawn to a number of underlying factors that may go some way towards explaining this phenomenon. Of particular interest is the investment climate in the USA as a result of ‘Reaganomics’. Ally this both to the oligopalistic tendencies in the UK food retailing market and to the fears of market saturation and further insights emerge in respect of the trends that Wrigley has observed.
Spatial Search Processes and Spatial Interaction: 1. Sequential Search, Intervening Opportunities, and Spatial Search Equilibrium
Authors: Jayet H
Published: October 2006

In this paper some of the main properties of spatial interaction models deriving from a spatial search process are examined. First, a rigorous definition of the idea of sequentiality of a spatial search process is developed. The departure point of this definition is that if one moves from some region in space to another, so does the spatial repartition of opportunities to be found. Then, the probability of finding an opportunity within the region one leaves decreases, whereas it increases for the region one is going into. Second, it is shown that when a spatial search process is sequential, the corresponding spatial interaction function is one of intervening opportunities. In the last part of the paper a spatial search equilibrium when searchers are competing for the same opportunities is examined. It appears that the effect of competition on one's search process is given by a competing searchers effect, corresponding to the mean duration of vacant opportunities.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Benefits and Costs in River-Basin Schemes: A Cooperative Game Approach
Authors: Dufournaud C M , Harrington J J
Published: October 2006

River-basin developments inevitably require participation by numerous entities (for example, riparians and external funding agencies). The division of the costs and benefits consequent to the scheme is further complicated by time schedules for implementation. In this paper the extension of cooperative game theory to temporal allocations is explored. The approach is illustrated with an example problem involving three riparians and two time periods. Propensities to disrupt are incorporated in the cooperative game in a form that permits the use of linear programming techniques. The results suggest that a considerable range of choices for decisions can be generated by systematic and random investigation near to optimal solutions.
The Differential Impact of a Uniform Access Improvement
Authors: Skaburskis A
Published: October 2006

The neoclassical spatial equilibrium model of household behaviour is used to explain how a uniform improvement in the access surface of a region can have different impacts on the equilibrium locations of renters and homeowners. The differences in the households' propensities to move in response to an access improvement may explain the basis for some urban land-use conflicts.
Physical and Environmental Determinants of Urban Deterioration and Rehabilitation: A Conceptual Framework and a Case Study
Authors: Yone H Law , Shechter M
Published: October 2006

In this paper a comprehensive model of deterioration and rehabilitation processes which relate to physical and environmental factors of residential neighborhoods is proposed and is tested empirically against data of the city of Haifa. The basic hypothesis in the model is that deterioration and rehabilitation are trends in urban processes, expressed through decline and increase in maintenance levels.

Urban processes are presented as a set of functional relationships, with a focus on three behavioral decision-variables that represent cumulative actions of households—turnover, modifications, and maintenance. A distinction is suggested between ‘natural’ and ‘forced’ activities on the basis of which deterioration and rehabilitation processes are classified. The most important findings concern the decisive influence that was found to originate from primarily physical factors on deterioration and rehabilitation.
Shifting the Balance between State and Market: The Reprivatisation of Rental Housing Provision in Britain
Authors: Kemp P A
Published: October 2006

In this paper recent developments in the privatisation of housing in England and Wales are examined. In particular, the renewed attempt by the Conservative Government to privatise the provision of rental housing is examined.
Replacing the Concept of High Technology: Towards a Diffusion-Based Approach
Authors: McArthur R
Published: October 2006

It is argued that definitions of high technology have been inadequate but that rather than seeking a more precise definition along existing lines, alternative approaches should be developed. An approach is proposed which categorises technologies according to their level of diffusion in the economy. A basic distinction between newly emerging and widely diffusing technologies is outlined and an attempt is made to measure their diffusion.
Residential Property Values, the CBD, and Multiple Nodes: Further Analysis
Authors: Richardson H W , Gordon P , Jun M-J , Heikkila E , Peiser R , Dale-Johnson D
Published: October 2006

In this paper, a hedonic regression model of house prices in Los Angeles County is tested with use of 1970 and 1980 data on dwelling characteristics, neighborhood variables, and measures of accessibility to the central business district and subcenter nodes. Many of the coefficient estimates on the dwelling traits and neighborhood variables are robust, and where coefficients change there are obvious explanations. The most dramatic finding is that the distance to the CBD, with a weak but statistically significant influence in 1970, had no influence by 1980, and its declining role was paralleled by a rise in the spatial pull of several of the subcenters in the region. The tests reveal how the polycentricity of the Los Angeles region evolved during the 1970s.
Job Quality in Small Businesses: Electrical and Electronic Engineering Firms in Dorset
Authors: Blackburn R A
Published: October 2006

Studies of employment change have reported with varying emphasis, the superior job-generation performance of small compared with large firms. One deficiency in this area of research, however, is on the attributes of jobs in small firms and this has led to much speculation. Therefore, evidence is examined from a survey of 106 independent electrical and electronic engineering firms in Dorset (Class 33 and 34, 1980 Standard Industrial Classification). The job characteristics investigated include: their skill and gender composition; the full-time and part-time status of staff; the stability of the jobs they provide; their type of wage payment; and the incidence of training provision. A labour-market-segmentation framework is used to emphasise the importance of products, processes, and markets and to displace the notion of size as the prime causal factor in job quality. The central theme is that any stereotypical view of employment conditions in small businesses is misconceived.
Class, Attitudes, and Retrospective Voting: Exploring the Regional Variations in the 1983 General Election in Great Britain
Authors: Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

Voting behaviour in the 1983 general election in Great Britain is linked to people's attitudes and their perceptions of their personal economic situations, as well as to region. Analyses show that regional variations in voting behaviour at that time were in part a function of regional variations in perceptions of economic well-being, but in addition there was variation which suggests regional differences in voting propensity that are not directly linked to the other variables.
Technical Reswitching: A Spatial Case
Authors: Pavlik C
Published: October 2006

In neoclassical economics a form of production function is assumed in which the profit rate and the wage rate, defined as marginal returns to capital and labour, are the partial derivatives of the production function with respect to capital and labour, respectively. Neo-Ricardians have shown that the assumptions inherent to and the conclusions based on these functions are not upheld when the aggregate category of homogeneous capital is subdivided into the categories of physical capital used in the production cycle. However, the disaggregated capital model which is used to show that nonlinearity of the frontiers between wage rate and profit rate, thus providing a demonstration of capital reswitching, does not incorporate space in terms of transportation costs within a regional economy or include trade between regions. Here an expanded version of that model, including both features, is used to demonstrate a case of spatial reswitching.
Research Policy and Review 32. Producer Services and Regional Development: A Review of Some Major Conceptual Policy and Research Issues
Authors: O'Farrell P N , Hitchens D M W N
Published: October 2006

A number of the major research and policy questions concerning the role of producer services in development are addressed. Specifically the authors explore the needs-demand gap; the internalisation — externalisation decision; gaps in regional producer services, and their implications for manufacturing competitiveness; the potential for the autonomous growth of producer service firms; and the roles of the public and private sectors in service provision.
Dealing with Uncertainty and Fuzziness in Development Planning: A Simulation of High-Technology Industrial Location Decisionmaking by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Banai-Kashani A R
Published: October 2006

A planning simulation approach sensitive to the behavioral and contextual environment of industrial location decisionmaking is developed. Its conceptual and methodological basis is in sharp contrast to the neoclassical premise of location theory, in dealing with contingency, collectivity, multiplicity, and uncertainty. Industrial location decisionmaking is approximated with a multidimensional simulation of (intraurban) locational choice. The likelihood of the location of high-technology firms in an ‘incubator’ and/or a ‘research park’ environment is derived by using Saaty's analytic hierarchy process. From the simulation output a means of fine-tuning public and private objectives and priorities is provided, and alternative policies for development planning to affect a desirable outcome of industrial location within a targeted urban redevelopment zone are suggested. The variance in the degree of uncertainty which bears upon the multiple dimensions of the contemporary problem of deciding upon industrial location is shown explicitly.
Löschian Spatial Competition and the Related Labor Market
Authors: Kohlhase J E , Ohta H
Published: October 2006

A single-good Löschian model of spatial pricing is expanded to incorporate elements of the related input market. Technical change in the labor sector induces the entry of new firms. Short-run and long-run impacts of technical change on the spatial product and spatial labor markets are analyzed. The so-called ‘perverse effect’ of spatial competition remains intact in this expanded model under certain conditions. Moreover the labor market is likely to experience a fall in real wages as labor productivity increases.
Why Not in My Backyard? A Radical Interpretation of Public Opposition to the Deep Disposal of Radioactive Waste in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kemp R
Published: October 2006

Public opposition to the disposal of radioactive waste in the United Kingdom has often been characterised as being largely of the “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) variety. In this paper, the history of policy for the management of radioactive waste in the United Kingdom is reviewed, highlighting the numerous shifts in policy and the combination of political and technical factors at work. It is argued that much of the public distrust of plans for radioactive waste and the public perception of the risks of the disposal of radioactive waste is heavily influenced by that history.

Reviewed in particular in this paper is the recent public discussion programme on the deep disposal of radioactive wastes. With use of the writings of C Wright Mills, it is argued that public responses to that programme of discussion reflect certain ‘vocabularies of motive’ which are constrained by the broad framework of policy for the management of radioactive waste in the United Kingdom. Rather than being simply NIMBY responses, many of the public views expressed reflect a hierarchy of concerns about environmental risks: local economic impact, health and the environment, and distrust of the nuclear industry. It is argued that the NIMBY concept may be applied too readily, a convenient attribution of motive which disguises a more fundamental range of technical, environmental, and socioeconomic concerns. The NIMBY concept should therefore be rejected as distorting and unhelpful.
Service Activities and Uneven Spatial Development in Britain and its European Partners: Determinist Fallacies and New Options
Authors: Marshall J N , Jaeger C
Published: October 2006

The growing prominence of service activities in the European economies is part of a major structural change. In this paper, in contrast to the implicit determinism found in much research, the new locational possibilities being created by a reorganisation of service production within both private business and the public sector are emphasised. The present phase of reorganisation offers a ‘window of opportunity’ for policy influence before new patterns become established as a further round of uneven development.
Greenbelts in the Cornbelt: Riparian Wetlands, Intrinsic Values, and Market Failure
Authors: Lant C L , Roberts R S
Published: October 2006

Historical agricultural practices have severely undermined the recreational quality and ecological integrity of Midwestern streams, rivers, and reservoirs. Reestablishing riparian forest corridors would create wetland buffers partially protecting water quality and aquatic ecosystems from agricultural runoff. On the basis of an explicitly spatial market-failure model of land use in the riparian (floodplain) zone, contingent valuation survey methods are used to estimate the recreational and intrinsic benefits of improved ‘river quality’ in selected Iowa and Illinois river basins. It is found that willingness to pay for river quality is related to income and recreational participation, but not to other spatial or socioeconomic variables. Intrinsic values are found to be expressible as economic values similar to that of other public goods. Together with recreational values, they are larger on a per-acre basis, in many instances, than the production of agricultural commodities. This suggests that the purpose of programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program should be enlarged from their present focus on soil conservation to include water quality, aquatic ecosystems, and intrinsic values.
Tertiary Sector Hypertrophy during Development: An Examination of Regional Variation
Authors: Pandit K
Published: October 2006

Third World countries are evidencing a dramatic growth of informal services that has made the size of their tertiary sector relative to the secondary considerably larger than that observed historically in the now industrialized countries. Although this phenomenon of tertiary sector hypertrophy has received much attention in the literature, the possibility of regional variation within the Third World has been relatively unexplored. It is argued that there are strong rationales for expecting a spatial variation in the sectoral partitioning of labor and in tertiary sector hypertrophy, and that the experiences of less developed countries cannot be generalized. Empirical analysis using 1980 data from 108 countries shows that countries in Africa exhibited the highest levels of tertiary hypertrophy at a given income level, followed by Asia and Latin America. Regional differences are apparent in the income level at which the maximum hypertrophy is observed. It is suggested that analyses of structural changes in development need to be sensitive to the spatial, temporal, and contextual milieux.
The Uneven Development of Capitalist States: 2. The Struggle for Cooperative Housing
Authors: Chouinard V
Published: October 2006

In this paper a Marxist theory of the uneven development of capitalist states is used (presented in the previous paper) to help to explain how changing modes of social regulation through the state have influenced struggles over cooperative housing programmes in postwar Canada. It is argued that this process of regulation constitutes an important facet of state development in specific conjunctures. A second facet of uneven state development is also examined: the production of specific experiences of state regulation within localities. Results from case studies of cooperative housing in Toronto are used to illustrate the role of local political relations in shaping people's experiences of state regulation.
The Migration Response to the Economic Turnaround in New England
Authors: Barff R
Published: October 2006

This paper is an investigation of the dynamics of interstate migration flows to and from New England since 1975. The main goal of the research is to study the timing and volume of the lagged migration adjustment to the regional economic turnaround and the temporal stability of patterns of regional inflows and outflows. The paper is an examination of the responsiveness of interstate migration to changing regional economic conditions based on annual interstate migration data and a set of cross-sectional destination-specific Poisson regression models. The results of the analysis add to our understanding of the economic revival in New England and the prospects for longer term employment growth in the region. Our knowledge of migration response and the regional labor-market adjustment process in general is also furthered.
Employment Subcenters and Land Values in a Polycentric Urban Area: The Case of Chicago
Authors: McDonald J F , McMillen D P
Published: October 2006

In some previous empiricial research metropolitan Chicago has been considered as a polycentric urban area. This prior research is reviewed and new results are presented on the identification of employment subcenters and the effects of such subcenters on residential land values. The empirical tests confirm that the O'Hare Airport area has emerged as a significant employment subcenter. Several other employment subcenters exist or have existed in the past, and one subcenter had a positive impact on land values in 1928.
The Technopoles of Southern California
Authors: Scott A J
Published: October 2006

The paper opens with a brief identification of California's pathway (via flexible-production organization) to industrialization and regional growth. The emergence of the aircraft industry in the region during the 1920s and 1930s is described. The formation of the postwar aerospace-electronics industry is then discussed in detail. The geography of Southern California's contemporary technopoles (high-technology industrial districts) is outlined, with a particular emphasis on the aircraft, electronics, biotechnology, and medical-device industries. The functional role of interfirm linkages and local labor markets in the high-technology industrial development of Southern California is analyzed. The paper ends with a few brief allusions to the strengths and vulnerabilities of high-technology industry in the region.
Service Activities and the Evolution of Production Systems: An International Comparison
Authors: Coffey W J , Bailly A S
Published: October 2006

Modern production systems are characterized by an increasing interdependence between services and the production of goods. The nature of such systems cannot be adequately represented by traditional economic typologies that are based upon the ‘product’ of a sector, and that accentuate the distinction between the manufacture of goods and the production of services. The interdependence between goods and services is explored and a more appropriate typology is proposed that is based upon the concept of the economic function of an establishment. This typology is then used to develop a more precise representation of the structure and evolution of production systems at the national scale in Denmark, France, Switzerland, and Canada, and at the urban scale in the last two countries. On the basis of this analysis, a set of alternative models towards which developed economies may be evolving are proposed.
Inner, Final, and Feedback Structures in an Extended Input-Output System
Authors: Adamou N , Gowdy J M
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the input-output model is treated as a complete matrix system of interindustry transactions related to primary inputs and final demand. Such an integration permits the total coefficient matrices to be related to the starting and ending points of the input-output system. It is shown how this formulation may be used for policy analysis by isolating the effects of changes in any one of the areas on any other area, including the feedback effects on the starting point of the initial change. Inner structures show the (weighted) forward and backward linkages between the Leontief and Ghoshian inverses and distribution or share coefficients of the final demand or primary input matrices. Final structures describe how the production and allocation matrices are related simultaneously to both final demand and primary input. Feedback structures show how changes in the distribution or level of final demand or primary inputs work their way through the system and change the original final demand and primary inputs according to how they are related to produced output.
Spatial and Sectoral Aggregation in the Commodity-Industry Multiregional Input-Output Model
Authors: Miller R E , Shao G
Published: October 2006

In this paper, some experiments on the effect of aggregation in multiregional input-output (MRIO) models are reported. Sectoral aggregation and spatial aggregation are examined, separately and jointly, with use of hypothetical MRIO accounts and also with use of the 1977 US MRIO data. The spatial aggregation experiments constitute an extension and update of similar kinds of research reported on in a previous paper by Blair and Miller, in which hypothetical accounts and the 1963 US MRIO data were used. An important difference between the 1963 and 1977 data sets is that the latter are in the commodity-by-industry format.

In the experiments reported here, it has been possible to deal with larger data sets for the least aggregated base cases, and the amount of data that is ‘covered up’ in the aggregations is therefore much larger. Nevertheless, it is still possible to conclude that spatial aggregation in MRIO models need not generate unacceptable error. The term error suggests that the most disaggregated data are always most accurate; because this position is not embraced by all input-output observers, we can alternatively describe the work in this paper as an investigation into the sensitivity of MRIO model results to sectoral and/or spatial aggregation.
Resource Allocation and Planning in Health Care Systems
Authors: Wilson R M , Gibberd R W , Mayhew L D
Published: October 2006

Resource allocation formulae and planning models have both been suggested as methods for calculating how to distribute funds for health care between a number of geographical regions. Recently, consideration has been given to how to link these two methods. An attempt is made in this paper to demonstrate the connection that exists between certain resource allocation formulae and planning models. Although this dependency may be a useful theoretical property, problems exist in that the best allocation formulae correspond to the worse planning models, and vice versa, so that this connection may be difficult to use in practice. Despite this problem, this property can be used to define some alternative allocation formulae, and a number of recommendations for doing this are given.
Embodied Inputs and the Classification of Basic and Nonbasic Activity: Implications for Economic Base and Regional Growth Analysis
Authors: Stabler J C , St. Louis L V
Published: October 2006

Studies of the economic base of regional economies and their growth, which use techniques that rely only on labor force or final demand data, will overstate the amount of nonbasic activity supported by exports, produce upwardly biased multipliers, and misclassify activities into basic and nonbasic categories. Input-output analysis is used to introduce a technique that avoids these errors. The contribution of a basic activity to a regional economy is identified as the value added directly and indirectly throughout the economy as a result of export sales. The proper classification of basic and nonbasic activities and, consequently, the development of accurate multipliers depend upon the identification of embodied as well as direct exports. An application of the technique is provided in an analysis of the economic base of Canada's Prairie region and its growth during the 1970s.
Deregulation and Rural Bus Services: A Study in Rural Wales
Authors: Bell P , Cloke P
Published: October 2006

The last decade has witnessed a significant realignment of the relationships between the public sector and the private, with privatisation and deregulation. There has been much speculation over the potential impact of privatisation on service provision in rural areas, which are thought to be potentially poor arenas of competition. In this paper, evidence is presented of the impact of the deregulation of bus services in rural Wales following the 1985 Transport Act. Although there has been relatively little change in the short term there are significant indications of worsening impacts in the medium and long term, particularly if financial contributions from the local state have to be reduced. The general lack of competition, initiative, and consumer benefits arising in remoter rural areas from deregulation of transport offers some pointers to the likely effects of privatisation in other sectors.
School-Performance Indicators, the Local Residential Environment, and Parental Choice
Authors: Bradford M
Published: October 2006

The results of unadjusted national tests are to be used as school-performance indicators to monitor school effectiveness and to form part of the basis on which parental choice will operate. In this paper, it is argued that educationists, in their desire to show that schools matter, have reinforced the arguments of the political Right, often unintentionally, and have neglected the effects of the social geography of catchments. On the basis of past and present research findings, it is argued that any adjustments to the indicators need to consider the effects of the local environment and perhaps parental choice itself, as well as prior attainment and social class. The impracticality of making such adjustments, the difficulty of establishing a standardised effect of local environments across the country, and the problems of disentangling school effects from those of social geography, cast great doubt on the use even of adjusted indicators as a meaningful basis for parental choice. These indicators, as one of the major mechanisms in the newly constructed education system by which schools will compete for pupils and resources, are thus seriously flawed.