bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal risk factors for autism
Authors: GUINCHAT VINCENT , THORSEN POUL , LAURENT CLAUDINE , CANS CHRISTINE , BODEAU NICOLAS , COHEN DAVID
Published: November 2011

Objective. To identify pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal risk factors for pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Methods. We searched the Medline database through March 2011 for relevant case–control and population‐based studies on pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal hazards related to PDD, including autism. We identified 85 studies for this review. Data were extracted systematically and organized according to risk factors related to family history, pregnancy, gestational age, delivery, birth milestones and the neonate's condition at birth. Results. During the prenatal period, risk factors for PDD were advanced maternal or paternal ages, being firstborn vs. third or later, maternal prenatal medication use and mother's status as foreign born. During the perinatal and neonatal periods, the risk factors for PDD were preterm birth, breech presentation, planned cesarean section, low Apgar scores, hyperbilirubinemia, birth defect and a birthweight small for gestational age. The influence of maternal pre‐eclampsia, diabetes, vomiting, infections and stress during pregnancy requires further study in order to determine risk for PDD. Discussion. Despite evidence for the association of some pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal risk factors associated with PDD, it remains unclear whether these risks are causal or play a secondary role in shaping clinical expression in individuals with genetic vulnerability. A plausible hypothsesis is that improvements in obstetric and neonatal management have led to an increased rate of survivors with pre‐existing brain damage. Given the variety of risk factors, we propose that future studies should investigate combinations of multiple factors, rather than focusing on a single factor.
Biomechanical evaluation of a microstructured zirconia implant by a removal torque comparison with a standard Ti‐SLA implant
Authors: Bormann Kai‐Hendrik , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius , Kniha Heinz , Dard Michel , Wieland Marco , Gahlert Michael
Published: November 2011

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical bone tissue response to novel microstructured zirconia implants in comparison to sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA) titanium implants through the analysis of removal torque (RTQ) measurements.

Materials and methods

Ti‐SLA implants with a sandblasted, large‐grit and acid‐etched surface were compared with zirconia implants with an acid‐etched surface. All implants had the same shape, a diameter of 4.1 mm and a length of 10 mm. A total of 136 implants were placed in the maxillae of 17 miniature pigs. Six animals were sacrificed after both 4 and 8 weeks and five animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks, thus providing a total of 102 implants for RTQ testing (34 implants were reserved for future histological analysis). The RTQ analysis was successfully performed, using a mixed model regression with P‐values calculated using the nonparametric Brunner‐Langer method, on 100 of the 102 implants, two were excluded from the analysis.

Results

The adjusted mean RTQ values for Ti‐SLA implants were 131 Ncm (95%CI: 107–155) at 4 weeks, 128 Ncm (108–148) Ncm at 8 weeks, and 180 Ncm (153–207 Ncm) at 12 weeks of healing, whereas RTQ values for the zirconia implants were 110 Ncm (86–134), 97 Ncm (76–118) and 147 Ncm (121–174) at the corresponding time intervals. A comparison of the implant materials resulted in P‐values of P = 0.114 at 4 weeks, P = 0.034 at 8 weeks and P = 0.105 at 12 weeks (significance set at P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Within the limits of the present study, it could be confirmed that the biomechanical bone‐tissue response of the investigated zirconia implants is non‐inferior to that of the well‐documented, roughened titanium surface, at each time point, within the set tolerance. There were no statistically significant differences between the two materials after a healing period of 4 and 12 weeks. The RTQ values of both implant types increased significantly from the 8‐week to the 12‐week time point.
Geographic variation in resource use by specialist versus generalist butterflyfishes
Authors: Lawton Rebecca J. , Cole Andrew J. , Berumen Michael L. , Pratchett Morgan S.
Published: November 2011

Localised patterns of resource use can be constrained by multiple factors. Comparison of resource use at multiple locations with differing resource availability can allow fundamental specialists to be distinguished from species that simply feed predominantly on prey types that are locally abundant. This study investigates geographic variation in the feeding ecology of coral‐feeding butterflyfishes to examine whether patterns of resource use and levels of dietary specialisation vary among distinct locations, corresponding with changes in resource availability. Our specific aims were to investigate whether the dietary niche breadth of four butterflyfishes varies among five geographically separated locations and assess whether each species utilises similar resources in each location. Resource availability and dietary composition of four butterflyfishes were quantified at three sites across each of five geographic locations throughout the Pacific. Niche breadth, niche overlap, and resource selection functions were calculated for each species at each site and compared among locations. Availability of dietary resources varied significantly among locations and sites. Chaetodon vagabundus, C. citrinellus and C. lunulatus had low levels of dietary specialisation and used different resources in each location. Chaetodon trifascialis had high levels of dietary specialisation and used the same few resources in each location. Our results indicate that relative levels of dietary specialisation among different butterflyfishes do hold at larger spatial scales, however, geographical variation in the dietary composition of all butterflyfishes indicates that prey availability has a fundamental influence on dietary composition. Highly specialised species such as C. trifascialis will be highly vulnerable to coral loss as they appear to be largely inflexible in their dietary composition. However, the increased feeding plasticity observed here for C. trifascialis suggests this species may have a greater capacity to respond to coral loss than previously assumed.
Oral sampling and human papillomavirus genotyping in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Steinau Martin , Reddy Deepa , Sumbry Anitra , Reznik David , Gunthel Clifford J. , del Rio Carlos , Lennox Jeffrey L. , Unger Elizabeth R. , Nguyen Minh Ly T.
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 288–291

Background:  Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with several health complications especially in combination with HIV infections. Screening may be useful, but methodologies and results have varied widely in previous studies. We conducted a pilot study in an HIV‐positive population to evaluate HPV detection in four different oral sample types.

Methods:  Upon enrollment, an oral‐rinse (OR) sample was collected in 10 ml saline. Additional samples of the buccal mucosa, tonsils, and oral lesion if present were collected with cytology brushes. DNA was extracted using LC‐MagNAPure, and the Linear Array HPV genotyping Assay (Roche) was used for HPV genotyping.

Results:  In samples from 100 HIV‐positive participants, HPV was detected in 39 (%) of the oral rinses, 13 (%) mucosal and 11 (12.9%) tonsil brushings. Of seven lesion brushings collected, four were HPV positive. All participants with HPV detected in mucosal, tonsil, or lesion brushings were also positive in the OR sample. Among the rinse samples, 27 different genotypes were detected with HPV84 (n = 6), HPV55 (n = 5), and HPV83 (n = 5) being the most common. Multiple infections were detected in 17 samples (range 2–9, mean 1.9 types). As potential cofactors, only receptive oral sex was significantly associated with HPV (P = 0.018, odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–6.9).

Conclusion:  Sampling is a significant factor for oral prevalence studies. Oral rinse provides the best representation for HPV in the oral cavity. To evaluate associated cofactors other than receptive oral sex, larger studies with case–control design are necessary.
Preprosthetic Orthodontic Intervention for Management of a Partially Edentulous Patient with Generalized Wear and Malocclusion
Authors: BIDRA AVINASH S. , URIBE FLAVIO
Published: November 2011

Prosthodontic management of patients with generalized wear of dentition has been well documented in the literature. Although prosthodontic treatment is designed to correct minor malocclusion and interdental spacing, patients with severe malocclusion accompanied by generalized wear may require preprosthetic orthodontic intervention. Few articles have described the comprehensive treatment of adult orthodontic patients with severe wear of teeth. This article describes the multidisciplinary management of an adult patient with multiple missing posterior teeth, malocclusion, and severe wear of anterior teeth. Preprosthetic orthodontic treatment was planned using occlusograms, visualized treatment objective, and sectioned diagnostic waxing for movement of teeth, according to the prosthodontic treatment plan. Temporary anchorage devices were used to accomplish complex orthodontic tooth movements. The definitive treatment included reestablishing appropriate esthetics, and occlusion and restoration of the entire maxillary arch and posterior mandibular dentition with metal ceramic and full gold restorations. At a 2.5‐year follow‐up, positions of teeth and integrity of the restorations remained stable. Importance of preprosthetic orthodontic treatment and challenges in management of complex esthetic and functional rehabilitations are discussed in this article.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Knowledge of occlusograms, visualized treatment objectives, and temporary anchorage devices can aid in multidisciplinary treatment planning for complex esthetic and functional rehabilitations.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 24:88–102, 2012)
Turbulent pressure support in the outer parts of galaxy clusters
Authors: Parrish Ian J. , McCourt Michael , Quataert Eliot , Sharma Prateek
Published: November 2011

We use 3D magnetohydrodynamics simulations with anisotropic thermal conduction to study turbulence due to the magnetothermal instability (MTI) in the intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters. The MTI grows on time-scales of ≲1 Gyr and is capable of driving vigorous, sustained turbulence in the outer parts of galaxy clusters if the temperature gradient is maintained in spite of the rapid thermal conduction. If this is the case, turbulence due to the MTI can provide up to 5–30 per cent of the pressure support beyond r500 in galaxy clusters, an effect that is strongest for hot, massive clusters. The turbulence driven by the MTI is generally additive to other sources of turbulence in the ICM, such as that produced by structure formation. This new source of non-thermal pressure support reduces the observed Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) signal and X-ray pressure gradient for a given cluster mass and introduces a cluster mass and temperature-gradient-dependent bias in SZ and X-ray mass estimates of clusters. This additional physics may also need to be taken into account when estimating the matter power spectrum normalization, σ8, through simulation templates from the observed amplitude of the SZ power spectrum.
An Ethics Expertise for Clinical Ethics Consultation
Authors: Rasmussen Lisa M.
Published: November 2011

A major obstacle to broad support of clinical ethics consultation (CEC) is suspicion regarding the nature of the moral expertise it claims to offer. The suspicion seems to be confirmed when the field fails to make its moral expertise explicit. In this vacuum, critics suggest the following:

(1)

Clinical ethics consultation's legitimacy depends on its ability to offer an expertise in moral matters.

(2)

Expertise in moral matters is knowledge of a singular moral truth which applies to everyone.

(3)

The claim that a clinical ethics consultant can offer knowledge of a singular moral truth in virtue of her professional training is absurd, false, or gravely immoral.

Therefore,

(4)

The field is illegitimate.
Teaching Health Law
Authors: Berry Roberta M.
Published: November 2011

This essay describes an interdisciplinary educational experiment in health law. The experiment was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), received Institutional Review Board approvals, incorporated inter-disciplinary faculty and graduate students from several universities in Atlanta, and employed problem-based learning (PBL). After discussing my motivation to undertake this experimental approach to teaching health law, I explain how the course was developed and structured and how we are assessing its results. I also offer some reflections on why other health law teachers might be motivated to incorporate some features of our experimental approach into their own classes, and some thoughts on how they might do so based on lessons learned.

I undertook this experiment to test in an educational setting an approach to problem solving that I have developed for addressing certain kinds of seemingly intractable policy problems. I call this a “navigational approach” to “fractious problems.”
A multi‐season national estimate of adult influenza vaccination by US office‐based pediatricians, 2006–2011
Authors: Toback Seth. L. , Ambrose Christopher S.
Published: November 2011

Please cite this paper as: Toback and Ambrose (2012) A multi‐season national estimate of adult influenza vaccination by US office‐based pediatricians, 2006–2011. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 231–234.

There is no national estimate of adult influenza vaccination by US office‐based pediatricians. De‐identified patient‐level data from an electronic healthcare claims database submitted to private and public insurers were analyzed for pediatric offices from the 2006–2007 through 2010–2011 seasons. An average of 321 000 (range: 225 000–434 000) influenza vaccinations per year were estimated to be administered to adults; 52%, 22%, and 26% were given to adults 19–49, 50–64, and ≥65 years of age, respectively. Consistent with the 2010 changes to national guidelines, recommending influenza vaccination of all individuals 6 months of age and older, pediatricians appear to be providing an increasing proportion of adult vaccinations against influenza to adults 19–49 years of age (probably parents of their pediatric patients).
Solitary Fibrous Tumors and Hemangiopericytomas of the Meninges: Overlapping Pathological Features and Common Prognostic Factors Suggest the Same Spectrum of Tumors
Authors: Bouvier Corinne , Métellus Philippe , de Paula André Maues , Vasiljevic Alexandre , Jouvet Anne , Guyotat Jacques , Mokhtari Karima , Varlet Pascale , Dufour Henry , Figarella‐Branger Dominique
Published: November 2011

Meningeal solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) and hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) are distinct entities in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors while they belong to the same spectrum of tumors in other locations. Well‐defined histological prognostic factors are also lacking for these tumors. In order to clarify the relationship between SFT and HPC and to find histological and immunohistochemical prognostic factors, we carried out a retrospective study in 89 patients. The following histological parameters were recorded: hypercellularity, collagenic areas, cytonuclear atypias, necrosis, mitotic count per 10 high‐power fields, vasculo‐nervous adherences defined by engulfment of vessel or nerve by the tumor, brain infiltration. We found overlapping histological and immunohistochemical features between SFT and HPC. The most relevant histological prognostic factors in the whole cohort for both progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis were hypercellularity, high mitotic count (>5 per 10 high‐power fields) and necrosis. On the basis of these results, we propose a new grading scheme for these tumors which was of pronostic value for both PFS and OS in uni‐ and multivariate analysis. As extent of surgery was also a prognostic factor for both PFS and OS in univariate analysis, we propose that management of SFT/HPC might be based both on quality of removal and histological grade.
Effect of jatrorrhizine on delayed gastrointestinal transit in rat postoperative ileus
Authors: Zhang BeiBei , Cao AiLi , Zhou JiYan , Hu ZhiBi , Wu DaZheng
Published: November 2011

Objectives

Postoperative ileus is major cause of postoperative complication and prolonged hospitalization. Jatrorrhizine, which is a protoberberine alkaloid isolated from the medicinal plants Berberis aristata and Coptis chinensis, has been found to increase contractility of gastric antral and ileum smooth muscles of rat gastrointestinal tract. We have investigated whether jatrorrhizine could offset gastrointestinal transit in rat with postoperative ileus.

Methods

Postoperative ileus was induced by laparotomy with intestinal manipulation under anaesthesia. Gastrointestinal transit was evaluated by measurement of gastric emptying, geometric centre and the migration of Evans blue.

Key findings

Postoperative ileus significantly delayed gastric emptying and intestinal transit. Jatrorrhizine dose-dependently (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg) offset delayed gastric emptying and intestinal transit (geometric centre and the migration of Evans blue) in postoperative ileus. Pretreatment of animals with atropine inhibited the action of jatrorrhizine on gastric emptying and intestinal transit, but pretreatment of animals with SB204070 did not influence the effect of jatrorrhizine on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in postoperative ileus.

Conclusions

Jatrorrhizine offset postoperative ileus-induced delayed gastric emptying and intestinal transit in rats, an action mediated via the cholinergic pathway, but not involving activation of 5-HT4 receptors.
Miniaturization of grayscale images
Authors: Yang Joel K. W. , Duan Huigao , Law Jaslyn B. K. , Yee Low Hong , Cord Bryan
Published: November 2011

Printing of binary patterns onto substrates has been the strength of resist-based binary lithography that has advanced the semiconductor industry. When patterning grayscale structures however, grayscale-lithography processes that are often difficult to use are considered. Here, we describe a process using binary-lithography to create arbitrary grayscale patterns. Particularly, we demonstrate a novel algorithm for the miniaturization of grayscale images that preserves grayscale information when imaged in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The brightness level of each pixel was adjusted by controlling the density of nanometer-scale pixel elements. Using 17 shades of gray, we demonstrate the electron-beam lithography patterning of an M.C. Escher mezzotint and the Lena image with pixel elements consisting of 10-nm-diameter nanoposts spaced by gaps as small as 10 nm. The patterned images were tens of microns in size and faithfully reproduce the original images under SEM inspection. The process described could find applications in the fabrication of deep sub-wavelength elements with gradually varying dimensions in nanophotonic devices, and in creating grayscale images as anti-counterfeit features on substrates.
Anticancer Activity of Nigella sativa (Black Seed) — A Review
Authors: Randhawa Mohammad Akram , Alghamdi Mastour Safar
Published: November 2011

Nigella sativa (N. sativa) seed has been an important nutritional flavoring agent and natural remedy for many ailments for centuries in ancient systems of medicine, e.g. Unani, Ayurveda, Chinese and Arabic Medicines. Many active components have been isolated from N. sativa, including thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, thymol, carvacrol, nigellimine-N-oxide, nigellicine, nigellidine and alpha-hederin. In addition, quite a few pharmacological effects of N. sativa seed, its oil, various extracts and active components have been identified to include immune stimulation, anti-inflammation, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant and anticancer effects. Only a few authors have reviewed the medicinal properties of N. sativa and given some description of the anticancer effects. A literature search has revealed that a lot more studies have been recently carried out related to the anticancer activities of N. sativa and some of its active compounds, such as thymoquinone and alpha-hederin. Acute and chronic toxicity studies have recently confirmed the safety of N. sativa oil and its most abundant active component, thymoquinone, particularly when given orally. The present work is aimed at summarizing the extremely valuable work done by various investigators on the effects of N. sativa seed, its extracts and active principles against cancer. Those related to the underlying mechanism of action, derivatives of thymoquinone, nano thymoquinone and combinations of thymoquinone with the currently used cytotoxic drugs are of particular interest. We hope this review will encourage interested researchers to conduct further preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate the anticancer activities of N. sativa, its active constituents and their derivatives.
Bioactivity Enhancement of Herbal Supplements by Intestinal Microbiota Focusing on Ginsenosides
Authors: Wang Huai-You , Qi Lian-Wen , Wang Chong-Zhi , Li Ping
Published: November 2011

Intestinal microbiota contribute to diverse mammalian processes including the metabolic functions of drugs. It is a potential new territory for drug targeting, especially for dietary herbal products. Because most herbal medicines are orally administered, the chemical profile and corresponding bioactivities of herbal medicines may be altered by intestinal microbiota. Ginseng is one of the most commonly used herbs and it is an attractive natural product to study its effect in the body. In this review, after briefly introducing the interactions of herbal products and gut microbiota, we discuss the microbiota-mediated metabolism of ginsenosides in ginseng and red ginseng. In particular, the major metabolite compound K and its pharmacological advances are described including anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. In summary, the intestinal microbiota may play an important role in mediating the metabolism bioactivity of herbal medicines.
Effects of Auricular Acupuncture on Heart Rate, Oxygen Consumption and Blood Lactic Acid for Elite Basketball Athletes
Authors: Lin Zen-Pin , Chen Yi-Hung , Fan Chia , Wu Huey-June , Lan Lawrence W. , Lin Jaung-Geng
Published: November 2011

This study investigated the effects of auricular acupuncture on athletes' recovery abilities after exercise. Subjects were selected from twenty-four male elite university basketball players, randomly divided into two groups: auricular acupuncture group (AAG), and normal control group (NCG), each group containing twelve subjects. Auricular acupuncture was experimented to each AAG athlete while no auricular acupuncture was conducted to each NCG athlete. Each subject in both groups performed a ride on the stationary bike until exhausted. The data of heart rate (HRmax), oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and blood lactic acid were measured at four points of time: during the rest period after warm-ups and at the 5th, 30th and 60th minutes post-exercise, respectively. One-way ANOVA and repeated Scheffé methods were used to test the differences of the data between these two groups. The results showed that both HRmax and blood lactic acid in AAG were significantly lower than those in NCG at the 30th and 60th minutes post-exercise. This suggests that auricular acupuncture can enhance athletes' recovery abilities after aggressive exercise.
WEIGHTED QUASI-ARITHMETIC MEANS AND A RISK INDEX FOR STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: YOSHIDA YUJI
Published: November 2011

In this paper, the weighted quasi-arithmetic means are discussed from the viewpoint of utility functions and downward risks in economics. Representing the weighting functions by probability density functions and the conditional expectations, an index for downward risks in stochastic environments is derived. This paper discusses the relation among the index, the first-order stochastic dominance and the risk premium in economics, and further it investigates the relation between the index and value-at-risks which are known as another estimation for downward risks in finance. Finally, this paper shows a lot of examples of the weighted quasi-arithmetic mean and the aggregated mean ratio for various typical utility functions with various typical utility functions and probability density functions.
SPUTTERED TiO2 FILMS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL'S ANTIREFLECTION COATING
Authors: CHEN Y. , ZHOU J. C. , ZHAO B. X. , SUN J. J.
Published: November 2011

TiO2 films were prepared by the magnetron sputter system with various oxygen partial pressure ratios, for the application of photovoltaic (PV) cells, TiO2 single-layer and SiO2/TiO2 double-layer antireflection (AR) coatings were deposited on Si substrate. The experimental results indicate that TiO2 film deposited at oxygen partial pressure ratio of 15.4% exhibits smooth surface morphology, amorphous structure, and good optical transmittance, which is suitable for AR coating in the PV cell structure system. Furthermore, the weighted average reflectance in the range of 400–900 nm was about 10.3% and 3.7% for the TiO2 single-layer and SiO2/TiO2 double-layer AR coatings, respectively. With a double-layer AR coating, a 50.8% improvement in the efficiency of a Si PV cell was achieved.
SYNTHESIS, PIEZOELECTRIC, DIELECTRIC AND CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES ON Dy2O3 SUBSTITUTED (Bi0.94Na0.94)0.5Ba0.06TiO3 CERAMICS
Authors: SAMBASIVA RAO K. , WORKINEH HAILEEYESUS , SWATHI A. , KALYANI B. S.
Published: November 2011

Polycrystalline ( Bi 0.94-x Dy x Na 0.94)0.5 Ba 0.06 TiO 3 ceramics (x = 0, 0.04, and 0.08, designated as BNBT6, BNBT6: 4Dy and BNBT6: 8Dy, respectively) were prepared by conventional high temperature sintering method. The X-ray diffraction patterns show pure perovskite structure with no secondary phases. Lattice parameters and unit cell volumes have decreased due to Dy2O3 substitution. SEM micrographs revealed denser samples (ρrel > 97%) with uniformly distributed grain sizes. The room temperature piezoelectric properties of Dy2O3 substituted sample at x = 0.04 were relatively higher: d33 = 147 pC/N, k p = 28% and Q m = 128. The samples exhibited infinitesimal change in thickness (≈ 15 nm) to an applied voltage of 100 V, which could be utilized in actuator applications. Relaxor behavior and broad dielectric maxima with diffuse phase transition were observed. The value of RT dielectric constant has increased while dielectric loss was decreased due to Dy2O3 substitution. Conductivity in the materials obeys Jonscher's universal power law. The conductivity in the low frequency region is associated with short range translational hopping while it is associated with the reorientational hopping in the high frequency region. The charge carrier concentration term remained constant over the entire temperature range of (30–500°C).
HIGH EPITAXIAL FERROELECTRIC RELAXOR Mn-DOPED Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 THIN FILMS ON MgO SUBSTRATES
Authors: LIU M. , LIU J. , COLLINS G. , MA C. R. , CHEN C. L. , ALEMAYEHU A. D. , SUBRAMANYAM G. , DAI C. , LIN Y. , HE J. , JIANG J. C. , MELETIS E. I. , BHALLA A. , ZHANG Q. Y.
Published: November 2011

Environment friendly ferroelectric relaxor Ba ( Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8) O 3 thin films with the addition of 2% Mn dopant were grown on (001) MgO substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Microstructure studies with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the as-grown Ba ( Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8) O 3 thin films are c-axis oriented with an atomic sharp interface. The films have good single crystallinity and good epitaxial quality. The interface relationship was determined to be [100]Mn:BZT//[100]MgO and (001)Mn:BZT//(001)MgO . Nanoscale order/disorder relaxor structures were found with nano-columnar structures. The microwave dielectric measurements (15–18 GHz) indicate that the films have excellent dielectric properties with large dielectric constant value, high tunability, and low dielectric loss, promising the development of room temperature tunable microwave elements.
Pre-Treatment Deep Curettage Can Significantly Reduce Tumour Thickness in Thick Basal Cell Carcinoma While Maintaining a Favourable Cosmetic Outcome When Used in Combination with Topical Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Christensen Eidi , Mørk Cato , Foss Olav Andreas
Published: November 2011

Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has limitations in the treatment of thick skin tumours. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pre-PDT deep curettage on tumour thickness in thick (≥2 mm) basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Additionally, 3-month treatment outcome and change of tumour thickness from diagnosis to treatment were investigated. At diagnosis, mean tumour thickness was 2.3 mm (range 2.0–4.0). Pre- and post-curettage biopsies were taken from each tumour prior to PDT. Of 32 verified BCCs, tumour thickness was reduced by 50% after deep curettage(P≤0.001). Mean tumour thickness was also reduced from diagnosis to treatment. At 3-month followup, complete tumour response was found in 93% and the cosmetic outcome was rated excellent or good in 100% of cases. In conclusion, deep curettage significantly reduces BCC thickness and may with topical PDT provide a favourable clinical and cosmetic short-term outcome.
Nuclear Power Plant Operator Reliability Research Based on Fuzzy Math
Authors: Xiang Fang , Yangping Zhou , Fu Li
Published: November 2011

This paper makes use of the concept and theory of fuzzy number in fuzzy mathematics, to research for the response time of operator in accident of Chinese nuclear power plant. Through the quantitative analysis for the performance shape factors (PSFs) which influence the response time of operators, the formula of the operator response time is obtained based on the possibilistic fuzzy linear regression model which is used for the first time in this kind of research. The research result shows that the correct research method can be achieved through the analysis of the information from a small sample. This method breaks through the traditional research method and can be used not only for the reference to the safe operation of nuclear power plant, but also in other areas.
Viscosity Solutions of Uniformly Elliptic Equations without Boundary and Growth Conditions at Infinity
Authors: Galise G. , Vitolo A.
Published: November 2011

We deal with fully nonlinear second‐order equations assuming a superlinear growth in u with the aim to generalize previous existence and uniqueness results of viscosity solutions in the whole space without conditions at infinity. We also consider the solvability of the Dirichlet problem in bounded and unbounded domains and show a blow‐up result.
Model for Electrical Field Distribution in the Human Esophagus during Stimulation with Patch and Ring Electrodes
Authors: Brock Christina , Lontis Romulus E. , Lundager Flemming H. , Kunwald Peter , Drewes Asbjørn M. , Gregersen Hans
Published: November 2011

Introduction. Electrical stimulation is used in experimental human pain models. The aim was to develop a model that visualizes the distribution of electrical field in the esophagus close to ring and patch electrodes mounted on an esophageal catheter and to explain the obtained sensory responses.Methods. Electrical field distribution in esophageal layers (mucosa, muscle layers, and surrounding tissue) was computed using a finite element model based on a 3D model. Each layer was assigned different electrical properties. An electrical field exceeding 20 V/m was considered to activate the esophageal afferents.Results. The model output showed homogeneous and symmetrical field surrounding ring electrodes compared to a saddle-shaped field around patch electrodes. Increasing interelectrode distance enlarged the electrical field in muscle layer.Conclusion. Ring electrodes with 10 mm interelectrode distance seem optimal for future catheter designs. Though the model needs further validation, the results seem useful for electrode designs and understanding of electrical stimulation patterns.
Pathogenetic, Clinical, and Prognostic Features of Adult t(4;11)(q21;q23)/MLL-AF4Positive B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Marchesi F. , Girardi K. , Avvisati G.
Published: November 2011

Translocation t(4;11)(q21;q23) leading to formation ofMLL-AF4fusion gene is found in about 10% of newly diagnosed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adult patients. Patients expressing this chromosomal aberration present typical biological, immunophenotypic, and clinical features. This form of leukemia is universally recognized as high-risk leukemia and treatment intensification with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in first complete remission (CR) could be a valid option to improve prognosis, but data obtained from the literature are controversial. In this review, we briefly describe pathogenetic, clinical, and prognostic characteristics of adult t(4;11)(q21;q23)/MLL-AF4positive ALL and provide a review of the clinical outcome reported by the most important cooperative groups worldwide.
Analysis of Two‐Layered Random Interfaces for Two Dimensional Widom‐Rowlinson′s Model
Authors: Wang Jun , Shao Jiguang , Wang Bingtuan
Published: November 2011

The statistical behaviors of two‐layered random‐phase interfaces in two‐dimensional Widom‐Rowlinson′s model are investigated. The phase interfaces separate two coexisting phases of the lattice Widom‐Rowlinson model; when the chemical potential μ of the model is large enough, the convergence of the probability distributions which describe the fluctuations of the phase interfaces is studied. In this paper, the backbones of interfaces are introduced in the model, and the corresponding polymer chains and cluster expansions are developed and analyzed for the polymer weights. And the existence of the free energy for two‐layered random‐phase interfaces of the two‐dimensional Widom‐Rowlinson model is given.
Performance of a New HPV Cervi-Collect Collection and Transportation Kit
Authors: Chernesky M. , Huang S. , Jang D. , Erickson B. , Salituro J. , Engel H. , Gilchrist J. , Neuscheler P. , Mak W. B. , Abravaya K.
Published: November 2011

Background. Liquid-based Pap (L-Pap) media are used for Pap and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing.Objectives. To compare RealTime High Risk (HR) HPV testing of a new collection kit (Cervi-Collect) and PreservCyt L-Pap specimens. To determine ease of use and safety of Cervi-Collect.Methods. L-Pap samples (n=203) were tested with HC2 and RealTime HR HPV and Cervi-Collect with RealTime HR HPV. Discordant samples were genotyped.Results. L-Pap and Cervi-Collect specimens tested by RealTime HR HPV showed 93.1% agreement (Kappa 0.86). RealTime HR HPV and HC2 on L-Pap had 90.3% agreement (Kappa 0.80). RealTime HR HPV on Cervi-Collect and HC2 on L-Pap showed 88.2% agreement (Kappa 0.76). Sixteen of 21 samples which were HC2 negative and RealTime HR HPV positive on L-Pap or Cervi-Collect contained HR HPV genotypes. Eleven healthcare collectors were in strong agreement on a usability and safety questionnaire.Conclusion. Cervi-Collect samples were easy to collect and showed strong agreement with L-Pap samples tested with RealTime HR HPV or HC2.
Effects of Early Postnatal Allopregnanolone Administration on Elevated Plus Maze Anxiety Scores in Adult Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Darbra Sònia , Pallarès Marc
Published: November 2011

Background/Aims: Recent findings suggest that neurosteroids are involved in brain development. The present study focused on the long-term effects of developmentally altered allopregnanolone (AlloP) levels on anxiety-like behavior in adulthood. Method: We administered AlloP (10 mg/kg) to rat pups once a day from the 5th to the 9th day after birth. A dose-response study on midazolam in the elevated plus maze test was carried out in adulthood (experiment 1) in order to screen GABAA-benzodiazepine function alterations. Given that the anxiety-like responses were not affected by AlloP, we doubled the initial AlloP dose (experiment 2). One group of pups was left undisturbed with their dams in order to control the effects of daily handling. Only males were behaviorally tested. Results: Neonatal AlloP administration (10 mg/kg) did not alter the behavioral response to midazolam in adulthood at the doses tested. Neonatal AlloP administration at the higher dose (20 mg/kg) induced an anxiolytic-like profile in adulthood (increased entries into and time spent in the open arms), without affecting motor activity. The behavioral effects of neonatal AlloP administration were both selective and independent of daily handling. Conclusion: Alterations in AlloP levels during maturation could partly explain the interindividual differences shown by adult subjects in response to environmental stress.
Histological Presence of Helicobacter pylori Bacteria in the Trabeculum and Iris of Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Zavos Christos , Kountouras Jannis , Sakkias Georgios , Venizelos Ioannis , Deretzi Georgia , Arapoglou Stergios
Published: November 2011

Purpose: To investigate the role of Helicobacter pylori in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) pathophysiology by detecting its presence in eye biopsies of POAG patients during trabeculectomy. Patients and Methods: Fifty-one consecutive patients who underwent trabeculectomy for POAG not responsive to antiglaucoma therapy, and 35 consecutive anemic controls were examined for H. pylori presence mainly by gastric mucosa histology. In POAG patients, eye biopsies were also obtained and stained for H. pylori presence in situ. Results: Forty-three of 51 (84.3%) POAG patients and 17 of 35 (48.6%) controls were tested H. pylori positive (p = 0.0004). In 5 H. pylori-positive POAG patients, H. pylori bacteria were identified in the trabeculum and iris specimens. Conclusion: For the first time, H. pylori bacteria have been detected histologically in eye biopsies of POAG patients.
Historical Impact to Drive Research in Peptic Ulcer Disease
Authors: Banić M. , Malfertheiner P. , Babić Z. , Ostojić R. , Kujundzic M. , Fatović-Ferenčić S. , Plesko S. , Petričušić L.
Published: November 2011

The story of gastric acid secretion began with early ideas on gastric secretion (Spallanzani and de Réaumur, 17th century) and with first descriptions of food digestion (Dupuytren and Bichat, Beaumont, early 18th century), followed by proof that gastric juice contained acid (Prout, early 18th century). The research continued with first descriptions of gastric glands as the source of gastric acid and its changes upon digestive stimulus (Purkinje and Golgi, mid and late 19th century). The theory of ‘nervism’ – the neuro-reflex stimulation of gastric secretion by vagal nerve (Pavlov, early 20th century) was contrasted by a histamine-mediated concept of gastric secretion (Popielski and Code, mid 20th century). Thus, gastric acid and pepsin (Schwann, early 19th century) were found to be essential for food digestion and studies also pointed to histamine, being the most potent final common chemostimulator of oxyntic cells. The discoveries in etiopathogenesis of mucosal injury were marked by the famous dictum: ‘No acid, no ulcer’ (‘Ohne saueren Magensaft kein peptisches Geschwür’, Schwarz, 1910) that later induced the term of ‘mucosal defense’ and the notion that the breaking of ‘gastric mucosal barrier’ represents the initial step in the process of mucosal injury (Davenport, Code and Scholer, mid 20th century). The prostaglandins were shown to influence all major components of gastric mucosal barrier, described with the term ‘cytoprotection’ (Vane, Robert and Jacobson, 1970s). Beginning in the latter half of 19th century, the studies on gastric bacteriology that followed enabled the discovery of association between Campylobacter (Helicobacter) pylori and peptic ulcers (Warren and Marshall, 1980s) that led to worldwide major interventions in treating peptic ulcer disease. The surgical approach to peptic ulcer had been outlined by resection procedures (Billroth, Pean, Moynihan, late 19 century) and vagotomy, with or without drainage procedures (Jaboulay, Latarjet, Dragstedt, mid 20th century). Antacids, protective agents, anticholinergics, and later gastrin antagonists and prostaglandins were used for decades in the treatment of peptic ulcer, with differing effects. The advent of the concept of H2-receptor antagonists (Black, 1970s) and the discovery of acid (proton) pumps in parietal cells (Ganser, Forte and Sachs, late 1970s) paved the way for potent (H2 antagonists) and profound acid inhibition (proton pump inhibitors) that revolutionized the treatment of acid-related disorders, including peptic ulcer disease. Worldwide, peptic ulcer and its complications remain the cause of significant morbidity, especially in older age groups, representing a major burden for ambulatory and hospital healthcare resources.
Bladder Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor: A Novel Rare Neoplasm
Authors: Kyrou Dimitra , Staios Dimitris , Papatsoris Athanasios G.
Published: November 2011

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) have recently been defined as a group of neoplasms that have in common the co-expression of melanocytic and smooth muscle markers. We report a novel case of a rare bladder PEComa and we review the relevant literature.
Acid-NSAID/Aspirin Interaction in Peptic Ulcer Disease
Authors: Hunt Richard H. , Yuan Yuhong
Published: November 2011

The presence of gastric acid plays a critical role in the mechanisms of NSAIDs/aspirin-associated gastric and duodenal mucosal injury and ulceration. The role of gastric acid and its relationship to NSAIDs/aspirin in mucosal damage, ulcer and ulcer complications continues to be an important concern because of the increasing worldwide use of NSAIDs and aspirin. Acid suppression continues to be an important prevention strategy for NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcer and ulcer complications. While a coxib or an NSAID and PPI in combination are considered to have comparable safety profiles, the evidence from direct comparisons in high-risk patients is limited, and the cardiovascular safety of coxibs and NSAIDs remains a concern especially in patients with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. An evaluation of individual gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks and benefits, selection of the most appropriate NSAID and dose for each particular patient should always be emphasized. Twice daily PPI is more appropriate to protect a patient who is taking NSAIDs twice daily. PPI co-therapy is still recommended in patients receiving dual antiplatelet treatment, although conflicting results have been reported about adverse drug interactions between PPIs and clopidogrel.
Multidimensional Predictors of Fatigue among Octogenarians and Centenarians
Authors: Cho Jinmyoung , Martin Peter , Margrett Jennifer , MacDonald Maurice , Johnson Mary Ann , Poon Leonard W. ,   for the Georgia Centenarian Study
Published: November 2011

Background: Fatigue is a common and frequently observed complaint among older adults. However, knowledge about the nature and correlates of fatigue in old age is very limited. Objective: This study examined the relationship of functional indicators, psychological and situational factors and fatigue for 210 octogenarians and centenarians from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Methods: Three indicators of functional capacity (self-rated health, instrumental activities of daily living, physical activities of daily living), two indicators of psychological well-being (positive and negative affect), two indicators of situational factors (social network and social support), and a multidimensional fatigue scale were used. Blocked multiple regression analyses were computed to examine significant factors related to fatigue. In addition, multi-group analysis in structural equation modeling was used to investigate residential differences (i.e., long-term care facilities vs. private homes) in the relationship between significant factors and fatigue. Results: Blocked multiple regression analyses indicated that two indicators of functional capacity, self-rated health and instrumental activities of daily living, both positive and negative affect, and social support were significant predictors of fatigue among oldest-old adults. The multiple group analysis in structural equation modeling revealed a significant difference among oldest-old adults based on residential status. Conclusion: The results suggest that we should not consider fatigue as merely an unpleasant physical symptom, but rather adopt a perspective that different factors such as psychosocial aspects can influence fatigue in advanced later life.
White Matter Hyperintensity as a Factor Associated with Delayed Mood Disorders in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Kim Joon-Tae , Park Man-Seok , Yoon Geum-Jin , Jung Hyun-Jung , Choi Kang-Ho , Nam Tai-Seung , Lee Seung-Han , Choi Seong-Min , Kim Byeong-Chae , Kim Myeong-Kyu , Cho Ki-Hyun
Published: November 2011

Background: Mood disorder is a frequent complication of stroke. Comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders are very common, indicating that it is advisable to assess both disorders at the same time. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of post-stroke depression (PSD) and poststroke anxiety (PSA) at baseline and to evaluate factors related to delayed PSD and PSA at 3 months after stroke onset. Methods: This was a prospectively registered and retrospectively analyzed study of patients with acute ischemic stroke between January 2009 and March 2010. Patients included in this study were interviewed in order to evaluate their Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores. In this study, each depression and anxiety score was dichotomized into ‘nondepressive and nonanxious’ (HADS-D and HADS-A ≤7) and ‘depressive and anxious’ (HADS-D and HADS-A >7). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent factors of depressive and anxious symptoms 3 months after stroke onset. Results: Of the 133 patients, 47.4% were ‘depressive’ and 56.4% were ‘anxious’ at baseline. The depressive and anxious groups had a significantly higher frequency of severe white matter hyperintensity (WMH) than the nondepressive and nonanxious groups (p < 0.05). The independent factors of PSD and PSA at 3 months were deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMH) and modified Rankin scale 0 to 1 at 3 months. Conclusion: In conclusions, the results of our study demonstrated that delayed depression and anxiety after ischemic stroke were related to the severity of DWMH and unfavorable outcomes at 3 months, regardless of anti-anxiety treatment. Our results suggested that WMH might be associated with pathomechanism of delayed depression and anxiety.
Effects of Exercise Training in Heart Transplant Recipients: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hsieh Ping-Lun , Wu Ying-Tai , Chao Wan-Ju
Published: November 2011

Objectives: Muscle wasting and exercise intolerance are common in heart transplant recipients. Most studies on the effects of exercise training have used relatively small sample sizes and are heterogeneous in nature. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to systematically review the relevant studies and investigate the effects of exercise training on exercise capacity and muscle strength in heart transplant recipients. Methods: A systematic search was adopted from electronic databases and relevant references, using medical subject heading key words related to heart transplantation and exercise. Only randomized controlled trials with exercise intervention versus usual care were included. The data were expressed as the weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Altogether 6 studies were included. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was reported in 4 trials (117 patients), and muscle strength was reported in 3 trials (67 patients). Peak VO2 was significantly increased by 2.34 ml/kg/min (95% CI 0.63–4.05). One-repetition maxima of the chest press (23.28 kg, 95% CI 0.64–45.91) and leg press (28.84 kg, 95% CI 5.70–51.98) were significantly improved by exercise training. Conclusion: Exercise training is recommended for heart transplant recipients to improve peak VO2 and muscle strength despite the small number of trials included in this meta-analysis.