bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music Criticism in a New Key
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

In March 1833 Schumann arrived in Leipzig after a four-month stay in Zwickau and nearby Schneeberg, the home of his brother Carl and sister-in-law Rosalie. As noted in the previous chapter, the first movement of his G-minor Symphony was performed at both locations: in Zwickau on 18 November 1832 and in Schneeberg in mid-February of the following year. On returning to Leipzig, Schumann took an apartment with Carl Gunther, a law student, in Franz Riedel’s Garten, an establishment on the outskirts of the city. He continued to work on his G-minor Symphony (certainly on the last movement, and perhaps also on the second and third as well), the first movement of which was rendered, but only with limited success, at Clara’s “grand concert” of 29 April at the Gewandhaus. But at about the same time, which Schumann described as the beginning of his “richest and most active period;’ his thoughts turned to a project that would have tremendous consequences not only for his own career but also for the future course of music journalism: the founding of a new journal for music.
Fierce Battles and Blissful Songs
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

When he returned from Zwickau to Leipzig on 14 April 1839, Schumann must have felt as though his world was disintegrating around him. The two weeks before had brought one upheaval after another in rapid succession: word of his brother Eduard’s illness, the hurried leave-taking of Vienna, then Eduard’s death. For a time Schumann contemplated moving the Neue Zeitschrift to Zwickau and assuming responsibility for the family business; he may even have approached Friese, his journal’s publisher for the last several years, to be a partner in the enterprise. These plans were dropped soon enough, though the book firm did, in a sense, remain in the family; it was eventually sold to Friedrich Fleischer, who married Eduard’s widow Therese in November of the following year.

But in the meantime, a storm of greater magnitude was brewing. Writing from Paris on 9 April, Clara informed Schumann of her discovery of a clandestine correspondence between her friend Emilie List and Wieck, who was threatening to disinherit her, confiscate her earnings, and initiate a lawsuit against the lovers unless Clara promised to break off all relations with Schumann.
The Chamber Music Year: 1842
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

The first major crisis of Schumann’s married life occurred in 1842, the year during which he would extend his conquest of the principal musical genres into the realm of chamber music. The precariously maintained checks and balances between personal and professional concerns that nurtured Schumann’s productivity during the previous year threatened to come undone in the months preceding the composition of the String Quartets, op. 41, nos. 1-3, the Piano Quintet, op. 44, the Piano Quartet, op. 47, and the Phantasiestucke, op. 88, for piano trio. The crisis of 1842 was precipitated by a concert tour on which Schumann and Clara embarked on 18 February. Intended primarily to showcase Clara’s pianism (although Schumann’s First Symphony figured on several programs), the tour thrust the couple into a veritable whirlwind of rehearsals, soirees, public performances, and social calls in Bremen, Oldenburg, and Hamburg. But in the weeks just before departing, Schumann complained of feeling “very ill:’ “always sick and melancholy”; for several days he was not even well enough to leave home. As documented in Schumann’s Reisenotizen (travel notes), later filled out as a discursive account, the composer was in a “horrible state of health” by the time that he and Clara arrived in Hamburg in early March.
Schumann’s New Way
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

Notwithstanding the challenges of the period from 1841 to 1843, these years represented a relatively stable phase in Schumann’s often unstable life. Now he could look back with justifiable pride, had he wanted to, on a not insignificant series of accomplishments, both personal and professional. The victor in a messy legal dispute over the woman he loved, and the father of two children, he was well on the way toward achieving bourgeois respectability. A staple of Leipzig’s musical life, his reputation as a composer, consolidated through the symphonic and chamber works of 1841 and 1842, would soon spread far and wide in the wake of the Peri’s successes; Schumann was within striking distance of the artistic renown he had dreamed of for over a decade. But lives seldom if ever hold to an undisturbed course; the artist-life in particular is more apt to be rent by turmoil, frustrated by reversals, and besieged by psychological trauma. Such was the case with Robert Schumann in 1844.
The Final Phase
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

Municipal Music Director in Dusseldorf

In mid-November 1849, Schumann received an invitation from Ferdinand Hiller, who had just accepted a post in Cologne, to assume the latter’s old position as municipal music director in Dilsseldorf. The offer was tempting, especially since Schumann had been hoping for a salaried position for some time: in July 1847 he expressed interest in the directorship of the Vienna Conservatory; during the summer of 1849 he set his sights on the directorship of the Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts and even allowed some of the members of his Chorverein to make inquiries on his behalf regarding Wagner’s vacant post at the Dresden Hoftheater. Still, he was reluctant to make a hasty decision on Hiller’s offer, and his reservations were compounded by memories of Mendelssohn’s unfortunate experiences as music director in the capital of the Rhine Province, working with an odd assortment of professionals and dilettantes. In a letter to Hiller of 19 November 1849, Schumann requested further details on salary, cost of living, moving expenses, the size of the chorus and orchestra, flexibility in the arrangement of his schedule, and last, an appropriate sphere of activity for Clara: “You know her; she can’t be unoccupied.” In any event, he could not take up residence in Dilsseldorf until Easter of the following year owing to the Leipzig premiere of Genoveva in the winter of 1850 (as we know, the production was postponed until June).
The Syntactic and Semantic Background
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio
Published: November 2023

In this book we analyse some phenomena concerning the temporal and aspectual interpretation in Italian and English, extending some of the conclusions to the Romance domain and to some Germanic languages. The level of investigation is the interface between semantics and morphosyntax. We consider some questions concerning the rules and the principles governing the expression of the semantic information concerning tense and aspect by means of temporal and aspectual morphemes realised on the verb.
The Present Perfect in Germanic and Romance
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider the properties and the distribution of the present perfect in some Germanic and Romance languages. The reason the phenomena concerning the present perfect are especially interesting is that this tense raises an interesting problem, the so-called present perfect puzzle, discussed at length in the literature. Such a problem cannot be trivially explained by means of either a semantic theory or a pragmatic one, and it has never been addressed from a morphosyntactic perspective. As we will see better in 3.1.5., the present perfect puzzle consists of the impossibility, in certain languages, for a present perfect to cooccur with certain temporal adverbials: John has left(* at four). We will show that a morphosyntactic account of the verbal systems of the languages in question is the necessary starting point for any semantic (or pragmatic) theory of the present perfect. In particular, we will see that our application of the minimalist approach, which we have sketched in the previous chapters, to the verbal domain will be especially fruitful, in that it will provide the technical background for the crosslinguistic analysis we are going to develop here.
The Double Accessibility Reading in Italian and English
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we briefly consider the properties of the so-called Double Accessibility Reading (DAR), comparing Italian with British English (BEn) and American English (AEn). We will argue that the two varieties of English differ from each other and that, interestingly, BEn has several properties in common with Italian, as opposed to AEn. In 6.1. we describe the DAR effects, and in §6.2. we investigate the conditions it is possible to find it under in Italian. For this purpose we consider the interpretation of the indicative—in particular, the imperfect—and of the subjunctive in the contexts created by credere (believe) and dire (say). In 6.3. we compare Italian with English. Interestingly, English has neither the imperfect indicative nor the subjunctive. However, we will show that, in spite of this, Italian and English are actually much more similar to one another than what appears at first glance and that a more sophisticated analysis of the feature mechanisms can account for the properties of these constructions in both languages.
The Child from Six to Nine
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne
Published: November 2023

The year from age six to nine are often the time during which parents enroll children in music study. The child now has some sense of independence, is ready to accept others beyond parents and family as authority figures, has a longer concentration span, knows numbers and letters, and has had some reading experience.

When your child enters the first grade, he must adjust to a more formal school situation, even though he may have spent several years in day care or nursery school. This adjustment usually means a longer school day, more time spent sitting quietly for instruction, homework, and a more organized home schedule. Your child may now be spending the entire day away from home, and may find that demands of school life must be taken more seriously.

For some children, starting music lessons when entering first grade may be difficult, especially if the child is highly active, does not deal easily with longer separation from home, cannot cope with fulfilling expectations of several authority figures, or has language or reading problems. To this child, music lessons may seem to steal from the dwindling amount of playtime resulting from a full school day.
Introduction: Who Decides?
Authors: Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

When we are ill, we desperately want our doctors to do everything within their power to heal us, regardless of the costs. Medical technology has advanced so far, however, that literal adherence to this credo for every human frailty would consume much more than our country’s entire economic output, and, in the process, cause economic collapse. Our potential medical demands are limitless. Bringing our massive medical prowess to bear on every physical and mental deficiency would mean treating each person’s occasional insomnia, periodic lethargy, seasonal allergies, and minor aches and pains as if they were life-threatening illnesses. It would mean hours of psychological counseling each week, and personal fitness coaches and dietary trainers for everyone (not just for movie stars and other Californians). Ambulances staffed 24 hours a day would have to be as common as fire hydrants, parked throughout each town to respond instantaneously to any medical emergency. This is obviously hyperbole, but it illustrates what it would mean to take seriously the sentiment that nothing is more valuable than one’s health and thus cost should be no object when it comes to medical care.
Physician Bedside Discretion
Authors: Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

The preceding discussion explains that fundamentally three different mechanisms are conceivable for making health care spending decisions. Cost-sensitive treatment decisions can be made by patients, by physicians, and by third parties (primarily private and governmental insurers, but also various regulatory or review organizations). Elsewhere in our economy, cost/benefit trade-offs are usually made through the purchasing decisions of individual consumers. Chapter 2 explains that this simple market mechanism is not generally available or desirable for health care because the unpredictability of illness causes us to purchase insurance, and the complexities of medical judgment cause us to delegate vast authority to our physicians. Some role for consumer rationing may be preserved to the extent that insurance is incomplete (requiring, for instance, patients to pay deductibles and coinsurance) and to the extent that informed-consent requirements place the ultimate authority in the hands of patients. But because insurance will never be entirely abandoned, and because patients will always rely to some significant degree on their physicians’ recommendations, medical spending decisions are necessarily made through the agency of insurance and the agency of physicians.
Motivating Physicians With Financial Incentives
Authors: Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

So far, we have determined that it is permissible to induce physicians in some manner to consider the costs of treatment, whether this inducement occurs through education, peer supervision, practice guidelines, or other behavioral influences. A more difficult question is whether to condone the particular form of physician rationing that occurs when doctors are influenced to perform this function through various financial incentive arrangements. The problem with more acceptable, nonfinancial means for changing physicians’ behavior is that they are notoriously ineffective. They either do not accurately address the way in which physicians approach clinical problems, or they fail to alter physicians’ fundamental motivations and therefore are too easily ignored or circumvented. For instance, various education efforts have been shown to be somewhat successful while they are being conducted, but when they cease, physicians’ behavior lapses back to its original pattern. Even practice guidelines and reconmendations issued by prestigious organizations such as the NIH have little demonstrable effect on doctors.

In contrast, there is no dispute about whether financial incentives will work; indeed, the controversy is over whether they are too potent. Financial incentives clearly affect physicians’ behavior, as they do everyone else in society. Unlike categorical clinical rules, incentives are well suited to the judgmental and individualized discretion that characterizes much of clinical practice.
Informed Consent to Rationing
Authors: Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the extent to which resource allocation mechanisms and decisions must be disclosed to patients. Certainly some disclosure is required, but how much and at what time? These are crucial legal and ethical questions regardless of whether health care spending decisions are made by doctors, insurance companies, or government regulators. In any event, someone other than the patient is deciding, so the patient clearly has a right at least to know, if not to alter, the decision.

The right to know is especially crucial for those rationing mechanisms and incentives whose legitimacy depends on the autonomy rationale. The previous chapter, for instance, develops a detailed defense of using financial incentives to encourage economizing by physicians. This defense is based almost entirely on the principle of patient consent to economic conflicts of interest. If patients are not informed of these incentives, or are given no choice over whether to accept them, the foundational consent is obviously undermined. The disclosure issue is compelling even where financial inducement is absent. Regardless of whether physicians are forced to make rationing decisions by third-party rules, or whether they are induced to do so by educational or professional incentives, the messenger who delivers the news is under a fiduciary obligation of candor which the law of informed consent is designed to enforce.
Conclusion: Deciding Who Decides
Authors: Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

Who makes medical spending decisions is of vital but underrecognized importance. That is why I have analyzed the issue in such exhaustive detail. The danger is that we have wound our way through such a complex maze of arguments that even the most attentive readers will have lost their bearings. This chapter will attempt to map a path through this maze.

The best way to understand where we started and where we have ended is to recall the point made in Chapter 1: Health care rationing, like most social policy decisions, can be debated at three fundamentally different levels: (1) what should be done, (2) who decides what to do, and (3) how to choose the proper decision maker. Most of this book has been addressed to the level (2) debate. I have not attempted to answer the level (1) question of which patients should receive which treatments or even what the more general substantive criteria should be for allocating medical resources. Instead, I have compared the merits and flaws of making these health care spending decisions by patients at the time of treatment, by doctors at the bedside, or through rules established by commercial or governmental institutions. This chapter summarizes the main points of this level (2) analysis, and makes a foray into the level (3) inquiry.
Nationalism and Social Division In Black Arts Poetry of The 1960s
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: November 2023

Who is being spoken to, and how, is a key issue in the material to which I now turn, as is the sort of dynamic of expulsion that characterized Magic Johnson’s 1992 experiences in the NBA. At the same time, however, both of these issues signify differently in Johnson’s situation—where they refer primarily to masculine identification—than they do in the context I am now considering, in which masculinity gives way to—and simultaneously grounds—black identity. I have already alluded to this process in my brief consideration of Haki Madhubuti’s “Don’t Cry, Scream” (1969); and it is perfectly emblematized in Nikki Giovanni’s contemporaneous exhortation, “Learn to kill niggers / Learn to be Black men” (“True Import;’ p. 319), in which the accession to manhood that Giovanni demands coincides with the achievement of “Blackness” that she extols, both these developments deriving from the execution of cathartic violence against those who are yet “niggers” (according to a strict reading of the first line’s syntax), by those very “niggers,” who will thus emerge as “black men” (if we imagine a comma before “niggers” that renders it in the vocative case).
The Position of NPs
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1, I showed that Mohawk has the classical properties of a non configurational language: any NP can be omitted; NPs are freely ordered with respect to each other and the verb; some discontinuous nominal expressions are allowed. I also briefly reviewed Jelinek’s (1984) theory that in such languages the pronominal agreement morphemes are the real arguments of the verb and the NPs are independent adjuncts. This approach is attractive because it explains the non configurational properties almost immediately. Thus, compare the following two paradigms: In (1), the non configurational properties of Mohawk are illustrated; (2) shows the behavior of ordinary temporal adverbs in English. The parallelism is essentially perfect. An English clause can have zero, one, or more than one temporal adverbs. Moreover, if it has one such adverb, it can appear either at the beginning or at the
Discontinuous Constituents
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

In chapters 2 and 3, a reasonably comprehensive theory of non configurationality as it is found in polysynthetic languages was presented. In particular, I explained why overt NPs cannot appear in argument positions and why they can appear in adjunct positions in terms of familiar principles of Universal Grammar together with the Morphological Visibility Condition. This structural fact, in turn, explains why anaphora, quantification, and extraction work so differently in Mohawk and English, without having to posit any parameters specific to the principles that govern those domains. The theory also accounts for two characteristics of non configurational languages discussed by Hale (1983). Both the fact that overt NPs are optional and the fact that they do not have fixed structural positions follow immediately from the claim that they have the status of adjuncts, as emphasized in Jelinek’ s (1984) original presentation.However, we have not yet considered carefully the third of Hale’s characteristics of nonconfigurationality: the existence of discontinuous expressions. These are quite common in Warlpiri. Some examples can be found in Mohawk and other polysynthetic languages as well:
Agreement and the Structure of NP
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5, we saw that details about agreement on the verb and its relationship to the arguments of that verb revealed aspects of the structure of clauses in polysynthetic languages. This chapter examines agreement on nouns to gain similar insight into the internal structure of NPs. Nominal in the polysynthetic languages share several unusual properties that distinguish them from nominal in a language like English. Morphologically, nouns in these languages often have agreement prefixes that are cognate, in curious ways, to the agreement prefixes of verbs. Syntactically, the internal structure of nominal in these languages is often quite simple: NPs do not have determiners or complements, for example; even possessors are much more restricted than one might expect. Ideally, these peculiarities should follow from the Morphological Visibility Condition, plus the theory of agreement developed in chapter 5. In this chapter, I will show that this ideal can be met, once one considers the implications of the MVC for the “R” argument of nouns.
Preface
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

The writer of this tale has made an humble effort to add something to the scanty stock of native American literature. Any attempt to conciliate favour by apologies would be unavailing and absurd. In this free country, no person is under any obligation to write; and the public (unfortunately) is under no obligation to read. It is certainly desirable to possess some sketches of the character and manners of our own country, and if this has been done with any degree of success, it would be wrong to doubt that it will find a reception sufficiently favourable.
Chapter V
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

This was regarded by some very zealous persons as a ruse de guerre of the old Adversary, which, if not successfully opposed, would end in the establishment of his kingdom.
Chapter VIII
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

More than two years glided away without the occurrence of any incident in the life of our heroine that would be deemed worthy of record, by any persons less interested in her history than Mary Hull, or the writer of her simple annals. The reader shall therefore be allowed to pass over this interval, with merely a remark, that Jane had improved in mortal and immortal graces; that the development of her character seemed to interest and delight Mr. Lloyd almost as much as the progress of his own child, and that her uniform patience had acquired for her some influence over the bad passions of her aunt, whose rough points seemed to be a little worn by the continual dropping of Jane’s virtues.
Chapter XII
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

Jane entered upon the duties of her new vocation with more energy and interest than could have been reasonably expected from a young lady who had so recently entered into an engagement, and one which opened upon her the most flattering prospects. She already felt the benefits resulting from the severe discipline she had suffered in her aunt’s family. She had a rare habit of putting self aside: of deferring her own inclinations to the will, and interests, and inclinations of others.
Chapter XIV
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

“Oh evil, my dear, evil enough to grieve and frighten you. Your wretched cousin David Wilson has got himself into a scrape at last, from which all the arts of all his family cannot extricate him. You know,” she continued, “that we saw an account in the New-York paper of last week, of a robbery committed on the mail-stage: the robbers have been detected and taken, and Wilson, who it seems had assumed a feigned name, is among them.”
Chapter XVI
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

We have anticipated our story, tempted by a natural desire to conclude the history of Mrs. Wilson, that its deep shade might not interfere with the bright lights that are falling on the destiny of our heroine. After the dissolution of her engagement with Erskine, Jane continued her humble vocation of school-mistress for some months. Rebecca Lloyd had from the beginning been one of her pupils, and a favourite among them; and so devotedly did the child love her instructress, that Mr. Lloyd often thought impulse was as sure a guide for her affections as reason for his.
America on Canvas, America in Manuscript: Imaging the Democracy
Authors: Johns Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In 1871 in Democratic Vistas Walt Whitman dismissed American drama, verse, and art in no uncertain terms: “Do you [call] that perpetual, pistareen, paste-pot work, American art?” (PW 2: 388-89) When several years ago I considered this snub in the context of evidence in the popular anthologies in the Library of Congress, I appreciated his disdain for much of his era’s literary production. I already knew from years of looking at storerooms of museums and old exhibition catalogs that many bad pictures had been relentlessly exhibited during the years that ambition exceeded training. However, because I admired many strong paintings created during even the early years of Whitman’s career, I wondered if there were not an underlying reason for his contempt for images that would tell us something about the very relation in cultural production between “canvas” and “manuscript.” Could there even have been a “Whitman” in paint in the 1850s and 1860s-at least one artist who would have evoked Whitman’s admiration? This essay offers some thoughts on the question. Near the heart of the matter may be the different social “work” taken up by journalists and image makers across Whitman’s lifetime, missions fundamental to the nineteenth-century nature of print and images and their publics. The very function of the printed text, especially in journalism, was to unite the reader with the writer and thus with other readers as well (in recent terms, to interpellate the reader in the same relation to the material as the writer constructs). Much of the population at midcentury shared at least an intuitive grasp of verbal rhetoric and felt at home with words. They did not feel this way about images, however.
Making Capital: War, Labor, and Whitman in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Kinney Katherine
Published: November 2023

I begin with the question many, perhaps all, critics have asked when considering Whitman’s relation to the Civil War: “What is to be done with the bodies?” Whitman’s literal handling of soldiers’ bodies, his rendering of them in poetry and prose, and the reader’s response to the textual specificity of wounds, dismemberment, disease, and death have posed a critical crux for understanding the poet of the body and the Union. In his reading of Drum-Taps, Michael Moon connects these levels of bodily contact, arguing that the “proximity of the writing to the kinds of bodies it tries to incorporate . . . frequently renders the relations of these bodies to each other and to the reader uncanny” (173). In this essay I want to consider the perhaps even more pressing significance of this proximity within Whitman’s wartime prose, particularly his Memoranda During the War and its later incorporation into Specimen Days, and to expand this consideration to a second level of proximity, one generating equally uncanny relations: the presence of the wounded and writing in the nation’s capital city. In early 1863, “Whitman wrote a letter to Emerson announcing his intention to write “a little book” about the war and emphasizing the significance of the capital in his design. The familiar quote, “America, already brought to Hospital in her fair youth---brought and deposited here in this great whited, sepulchre of Washington itself-•-” (Corr 1: 69), begins a dramatic, even melodramatic description of Washington city as a corrupt political space redeemed by the presence of sacrificial youth:
Porn: Tempest on a Soapbox
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Imagine this movie: A helpless and troubled, though attractive, woman is married off to an ineffectual man. Later, a second man coerces her into selling herself sexually, and somehow, she falls in love with her coercer. When her husband learns of the affair he attempts to rape her, and then, when she continues the affair, he mutilates her.
Management Information in Decision-Making
Authors: Steinwachs Donald M
Published: November 2023

The challenge for management information systems (MIS) in meeting the information needs of health care managers and providers is substantial. The changing health care environment demands new management strategies to ensure organizational survival and to prosper. This chapter focuses on managed care organizations (MCOs) and the MIS role in management decisions regarding the allocation of resources to meet health care needs. The objectives of the chapter are (1) to examine some of the major health care issues facing MCOs, (2) to explore the role of MIS in meeting needs for information to manage care in ways that protect quality and contain costs, and (3) to identify specific MIS strategies for meeting information needs and assessing their state of readiness for implementation.
Case Investigation
Authors: Armenian Haroutune K
Published: November 2023

These are some examples of problems that require investigation of a case or a series of cases. In many situations in the health services, evaluative judgment is based on data from a case or a series of cases. It is important to understand the process of decision-making under such circumstances and to be familiar with approaches that systematize the information-gathering and inferential processes.
Analytic Approaches
Authors: Hoover Donald R
Published: November 2023

This chapter illustrates the application of analytic (statistical) methods to epidemiologic research on a major health service problem: drug use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It begins with an evaluation of case studies that originally drew this problem to the attention of the medical community and progresses to intervention trials that set the stage for program development. The analytic methods for the epidemiologic research described in this chapter can be applied to other problems in health services and policy.
“Preservation Must Depend on Private Initiative”
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

When Appleton founded SPNEA in 1910, it was unlike any other preservation enterprise in the United States. Showing the imprint of progressivism, it assumed the task specifically of protecting endangered buildings and declared a commitment to scientific method, expert management, and the market economy. Organized as a regional movement from its corporate base, it also neatly interlocked with existing institutions. Appleton knew that historic preservation faced formidable obstacles. Many Yankees who possessed credentials that matched his own speculated on land and economic development. Lower-class residents, on the other hand, usually occupied the more ancient structures that had been abandoned by gentrifying Yankees. When Appleton formed SPNEA and enlisted his allies, he appealed not to these occupants, but to the upper classes with whom he had always associated. As was the case with the preservation movement in Virginia, this elite defined its interests as those of the region. With the sanction of the state, the commitment of progressivism, the in dependence of private initiative, and the blessings of wealth and education, they had the authority to define what was important in the past and, implicitly, in the future.
“A Mecca for Tourists and a Joy to All”
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

During its first three decades SPNEA acquired forty buildings and aided in the preservation of many more. From the first days it acknowledged having an open-ended acquisitions policy. Henry Erving predicted that bankruptcy and disaster would follow. “I can but think, Mr. Appleton,” he wrote in 1921, that the aims and desires perhaps of the Society are almost too ambitious. I don’t think it possible for it to take up every old house that is offered however meritorious or otherwise My idea of the Society’s function is that it should have two or three bits of property-the best obtainable-and do the very best thing-everything that is necessary in fact-to those particular places.
Introduction
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

On 30 January 1933 an official government announcement made public President Hindenburg’s decision to appoint Adolf Hitler chancellor of the German Reich. In the last hours and days preceding this move, the forces favoring democracy attempted to block the slide into dictatorship by any means at their disposal. For the German labor movement, this entailed a recourse to its traditional means of public demonstrations and parades. The most notable protest action occurred in the capital city of Berlin. One day prior to Hitler’s rise to power, on 29 January 1933, the “Iron Front,” an antifascist coalition of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), the German General Trade Union Federation and the SPD’s paramilitary group, the Reichs banner, organized mass demonstrations in the streets of Berlin. The plan was to arrange for a series of feeder marches in various locations throughout that city which were, in turn, to converge on the central Lustgarten for a closing rally. The outpouring of support was truly overwhelming. Even before the feeder marches got off to a start in the working-class suburbs of Berlin, it became obvious that the response sur passed all expectations. Each assembly point turned into the scene of massive demonstrations comprising tens of thousands of protesters. A sea of banners, red flags and other symbols of opposition to the course of the German government added its own distinctive note of determinacy to this last-ditch effort to avert catastrophe. Around noon, the protests began to move toward the city center. Songs and music accompanied the endless columns streaming through the busy streets. Long before the speeches began, the central Lustgarten was filled to the brim, and the continuously advancing marchers were directed toward neighboring open spaces and streets.
The Era of United Fronts
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

While most of continental Europe was deeply affected by the ravages of the Great Depression and the accompanying social unrest, no country experienced the process of political polarization quite like Spain. Whereas the volatility of Spanish politics in the 1930s became most visible through the protracted civil war at the end of that decade, in actuality the outbreak of that conflagration can only be understood as a corollary to intense social and political conflicts in the five years preceding Franco’s coup d’etat of 17 July 1936. Indeed, it is appropriate to characterize Spanish society in the years 1931-37, particularly 1933-34 and 1936, as experiencing an open, prerevolutionary crisis. After eight years of a moderate dictatorship, the inauguration of Spain’s second republic, with the accompanying broadening of civil liberties and rights, ushered in a period of tremendous hopes and illusions for the population, roughly half of which still depended on employment in agriculture. The ruling coalition of liberal republicans and moderate social democrats provided the political environment in which the laboring population felt at least partially protected from the exactions of predominantly Basque and Catalan industrial and commercial capitalists and Andalusian latifundistas. According to Gabriel Jackson, industrial wages generally rose between 1931 and 1935, and agricultural workers’ income doubled “ between the summers of 1931 and 1932.” Yet, at the same time, more fundamental problems of social in equality remained untouched. Measures aiming at land reform were weak and ineffective. And the rapidly rising self-confidence of the Spanish working class found no other social outlet than its manifestation in occasional bloody revolts and ever more radical political demands-demands which the agricultural and industrial elite, handicapped by structural inefficiency and conjunctural decline, could never have fulfilled, even had they wanted to.
The Promise of the Plan
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

On Sunday evening, 23 August 1931, an extraordinary assembly of men and women gathered in the Amsterdam Koloniaal lnstituut for a conference which was to last until Friday morning, 29 August 1931. Economic experts arrived from all five continents to participate in the deliberations of the meeting, called to debate “World Social Economic Planning: The Necessity for Planned Adjustment of Productive Capacity and Standards of Living.” While the topic was certainly not a standard theme for international congresses at the time, and whereas the geographic spectrum rep resented lent an unusual dimension to this gathering, what was perhaps most remark able was the breadth of social and professional interests represented at this meeting. Economists and industrialists, statesmen and trade unionists, journalists and architects, factory inspectors and factory owners, engineers and communists; a remarkable assortment of individuals hailing from every imaginable social and professional background assembled in the Koloniaal Instituut for what became known as the 1931 World Social Economic Planning Congress. Among the well-known per sonalities present were RudolfWissell, the former German secretary of labor; Fritz Naphtali, the head of the German trade union research association; Friedrich Pol lock, a leading member of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research; French jour nalist and politician Bertrand de Jouvenel; Dutch social democrat F. M. Wibaut, the eminencegrise behind Amsterdam’s exemplary municipal housing development project; Albert Thomas, the director of the Geneva International Labor Bureau; the Brookings Institute economist Lewis L. Lorwin; Valeri V. Ossinsky, the leading Soviet economic expert; H.S. Person, the managing director of the American Frederick Taylor Society; and leading industrialists from many countries. It was an unprecedented meeting of minds concerned about the state of disarray of economies and societies in 1931. Person formulated the concerns of the participants in the following manner: “We have come to the conclusion that individualistic enterprise has in deed constructed a magnificent and efficient economic machine, but that it has finally reached a stage of evolution in which individualistic industry is unable to keep it in order and operate it properly.
Text and Act
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Text and Act, a collection of essays and reviews published over the last dozen years, offers a brilliant evaluation of the early music movement, transforming the debate about `early music' and `authenticity'. Taking a wide-ranging cultural view of the phenomenon, Taruskin shows that the movement, far from reviving ancient traditions, in fact represents the only truly modern style of performance on offer today, and is therefore far more valuable and authentic than the historical verisimilitude it ostensibly aims at could ever be.
What-or Where-Is the Original?
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

So what‘s to review? The music? That would be an impertinence. The scribes? Impertinent again, and gratuitous: they‘ve been taking their lumps for centuries (besides, with every passing year they look smarter). There aren‘t even any editors to kick around. True, Howard Mayer Brown, Frank D‘Accone, and Jessie Ann Owens are listed as editors in the publisher‘s brochure, but all they have done is choose the items to be photographed, write the introductions to some of them, and farm out the rest. Indeed, in their general introduction to the series they hint at the Death of the Editor. That will be something to return to, perhaps,- but to cavil, in the presence of such bounty, either with the concept of this series or with the way it has been implemented would be most impertinent of all.
The Crooked Straight, and the Rough Places Plain
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

One of the bonniest postconcert mots ever to reach my ears was uttered after a performance by a touring English early-music group, by the leader of one of its best-known American counterparts. ‘‘They’re one of the best straight groups I’ve heard,” he said. After his listeners had recovered from the apparent sexual innuendo, he continued: ‘‘It’s like this: There are the straight players and the crooked players. I can respect the straight players, but my heart is with the crooked players.” That is how I feel about this release, and for the same reason, I can (and do) respect it, but my heart is not with it.
Ethnographic Background and Post-Contact History of the Area
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

It is a cold day in early March-ten degrees Fahrenheit, but with only a light breeze. My wife (Phyllis Morrow) and I have been invited to go pike fishing with a friend. The night before he had gassed up the snow machine and we had checked our lures and tackle. While we were talking he also gave his ice chisel a few licks with a file. Now, after breakfast, we help load the sled with the chisel, a shovel, a small axe, the lures and twine, some jigging sticks, a box of shells for the shotgun, less a Jew in his pockets, some extra clothing, a gunnysack, some dried fish, buttered pilot crackers, and a half-gallon thermos of tea. My wife climbs on top of this load, and I ride behind on the runners.
Yup’ik Gourmands: Food and Ethnicity
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

This year there was an early freeze-up. By the second week in November the most adventuresome are driving small cars on the river. The real go-getters have already had their nets in for a week or more, but I prefer to wait and take fewer risks. There is little snow, and getting to the river is a slow, bumpy process, but once there the going is smooth and fast. In the sled are the two ice chisels, a shovel, an axe, numerous pieces of rope, the nets, a curved pole with two large blunt hooks attached to the end, and the wooden pieces used to move the rope from hole to hole under the ice. This piece consists of a ten foot piece of one-by-six-inch pine with a hole drilled through it at either end. To one hole is attached a four foot piece of heavy twine with a white salmon net float at the end. The other hole serves as a pivot point, with a bolt holding it between the two forks of a wishbone-shaped piece. This is made from three one-by-sixes, with the outside pieces about five feet long, and the middle one a foot and a half shorter to form a space for the longer piece with the float. My fishing partner and I drive carefully along the river, but I am still almost passed by my sled, which tips over once. Nothing is lost however. We head to our usual spot, a shallow eddy which has been productive in the past. When we arrive there is one other net about one hundred yards away, but otherwise the spot is empty. We begin with a discussion of where we have set in
Subsistence Discourse as Practice
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

It is a bright day in March, sunny and windy. I snow-machine over to my partner’s house and arrive just as he is finishing getting ready. We put our daypacks around the snow-machine handlebars, our shotguns in our laps, and take off There is some new snow, which makes the ride easier in spots, but also promises the possibility of bogging down where it has settled deeply. We decide to hunt along the Gweek River (kuik means “river”) above Bethel, and head out along the line of bluffs parallel to the Akiachuk trail. My friend spots the first flock of ptarmigan, and gets one before they spook. We follow them, hoping to get another chance when they land, but they eventually fly out of sight. Our general approach is to ride along the ridges and rims of little valleys and cul-de-sacs, or travel with one of us on each side of the brush lining a waterway. Often it is possible to ride in the drifted snow along the edges of the brush, but sometimes the only option is to bump along on the tundra.
Introduction
Authors: Shubert Adrian
Published: November 2023

So begins the “Lament for the Death of Ignacio Sanchez Mejias,” by the great Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca. Sanchez Mejias was a close friend of Lorca’s and a literary figure in his own right as well as a bullfighter, and Lorca cast his death in the ring in August 1934 as much more than just a tragic accident, investing it with a broader, even mythical, significance. Lorca had long seen the bullfight as bearing some deep meaning. In a letter to the Italian writer Giovanni Papini he had described it as “a religious mystery . . . the public and solemn enactment of the victory of virtue over the lower interests . . . the superiority of spirit over matter, of intelligence over instinct, of the smiling hero over the frothing monster.”1 With this interpretation Lorca joined a long line of people, foreigners and Spaniards alike, who have found the bullfight a mine of meaning about Spain and its people, a privileged window on the Spanish character, if not the Spanish soul. This window has produced a kaleidoscope of revelations, and it is worthwhile having a brief look at a few of them.
Regulation
Authors: Shubert Adrian
Published: November 2023

The history of the opposition to the corrida is almost as long as that of the bullfight itself. The arguments against it have been primarily religious, economic, and moral, although their relative importance has changed over time. Until the eighteenth century the religious argument, that bullfighting was un-Christian, was the most prominent. This was the basis of the prohibition contained in Pius V’s bull of 1567, De salutisgregis domini (On the Health of the Lord’s Flock).
Epilogue: The Death of Manolete
Authors: Shubert Adrian
Published: November 2023

At 6:42 in the afternoon of August 28,1947, a Miura bull named Islero gored Manuel Rodriguez, “Manolete,” in the ring at Linares. The matador died early the next morning. The death of the undisputed star of the moment shocked the nation and dominated the press for days afterward. Some papers even brought out special editions. His house in Cordoba was surrounded by an immense crowd, and more than twenty thousand people filed through to view the corpse. The family received thousands of telegrams, including one from Generalisimo Franco himself.