bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Mechanical Strain on Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Transistors
Authors: Gleskova H. , Wagner S. , Soboyejo W. , Suo Z.
Published: April 2014

We evaluated a-Si:H TFTs fabricated on polyimide foil under uniaxial compressive or tensile strain. The strain was induced by bending or stretching. All experiments confirmed that the on-current and hence the electron linear mobility depend on strain å as μ = μ0 (1 + 26·ε), where tensile strain has a positive sign. Upon the application of stress the mobility changes instantly and then remains unchanged in measurements up to 40 hours. In the majority of the TFTs the off-current and leakage current do not change. In tension, the TFTs fail mechanically at a strain of ∼ 3x10-2 but recover if the strain is released ‘immediately’.
Analysis of rail yard and terminal performances
Authors: Marinov Marin , Giovanni Leonardo Di , Bellisai Giulia , Clevermann Julian , Mastellou Anastasia , Victόria Diogo , Deleva Lalka
Published: April 2014

One of the latest trends in the transport field is the increasing interest for the rejuvenation of the railway. It is considered to be a logical consequence of the gradual switch towards a more sustainable future in transports. Terminals and stations are considered to be the junction points between the various lines that constitute the railway network and can simply be described as points of arrival, departure and interchange of passengers or commodities. The most commonly used indicators that measure the level of their performance are time and cost. This study aims at exploring possible improvements that could be implemented to the infrastructure and the operation of terminals and stations in order to increase the efficiency level. Firstly, drawing upon grounded theory about rail infrastructure and terminals, a description is conducted, followed by a comparative analysis of the different types of existing terminals and stations. Secondly, the suggested improvements are presented in accordance with their time frame completion. The main contribution of this study is to illustrate the high significance of terminals, stations and yards, acknowledging them as crucial parts of the railway network, because as characterized and demonstrated in this study, their performance are key factors to the whole network performance, making the identification of their critical points and respective possible solutions, the final objective of this paper. In addition to this, emphasis is given to the need of improving and developing the existing terminal infrastructure and operations.
Investigating Habitat use, Prey Consumption, and Dispersal Response as Potential Coexistence Mechanisms using Morphologically Similar Species of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Pitcher K A , Yee D A
Published: April 2014

Differences in habitat use and dispersal responses among competing species are mechanisms that may influence patterns of coexistence. Predaceous diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are a model group for testing these potential coexistence mechanisms because they are abundant, interact in finite habitats, and are mobile among habitats. We focused on two morphologically similar species, Laccophilus fasciatus rufus (Aubé) and Laccophilus proximus (Say), to determine if mechanisms exist that help to explain patterns of their coexistence. Behavioral observations and feeding trials in the laboratory, a field experiment, and a mesocosm experiment were used to determine if habitat use, prey consumption, or dispersal rates of these two species were inherently different or changed when in the presence of intra- or interspecific competitors. We found no difference between habitat use or prey consumption between species in constant depth aquaria, and no effect of intra- or interspecifics on their behaviors. In variable depth aquaria, L. proximus occupied significantly shallower habitat when compared with L. ƒ. rufus; in the former this difference only occurred between conspecific treatments. Field collections confirmed that L. proximus occupied shallower habitats than L. f. rufus. In field mesocosms, L. proximus displayed higher dispersal rates than L. ƒ. rufus. These species also do not appear food limited in the field, suggesting that adult competition for food is unlikely. L.f. rufus and L. proximus exhibit different habitat use and dispersal responses, but this does not seem to be in response to intra- or interspecific competitive interactions.
Suicide Among Young Alaska Native Men: Community Risk Factors and Alcohol Control
Authors: Berman Matthew
Published: April 2014

Objectives. I examined community risk factors that explained variation in suicide rates among young rural Alaska Native men, evaluating the effectiveness of local alcohol control as a public health policy to reduce this population’s historically high vulnerability.

Methods. I compiled suicide data, alcohol control status, and community-level social, cultural, and economic characteristics for Alaska Native men aged 15 to 34 years in 178 small Alaska communities from 1980 to 2007. Poisson regression equations explained variation in suicide rates as a function of endogenous alcohol control and community characteristics.

Results. Suicide rates were higher in communities prohibiting alcohol importation under state law, but the effect was not significant after controlling for other community characteristics. More remote communities, those with fewer non-Natives, and those with evidence of cultural divides had higher suicide risks. Communities with higher incomes, more married couples, and traditional elders had lower risks.

Conclusions. Alcohol control is ineffective in preventing suicide among Alaska Natives; suicide instead appears related to particular complex community characteristics that are either protective or increase risk. Communities have limited means to pursue economic and cultural development strategies that might offer more protection.
American Indian and Alaska Native Infant and Pediatric Mortality, United States, 1999–2009
Authors: Wong Charlene A. , Gachupin Francine C. , Holman Robert C. , MacDorman Marian F. , Cheek James E. , Holve Steve , Singleton Rosalyn J.
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We described American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) infant and pediatric death rates and leading causes of death.

Methods. We adjusted National Vital Statistics System mortality data for AI/AN racial misclassification by linkage with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records. We determined average annual death rates and leading causes of death for 1999 to 2009 for AI/AN versus White infants and children. We limited the analysis to IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties.

Results. The AI/AN infant death rate was 914 (rate ratio [RR] = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55, 1.67). Sudden infant death syndrome, unintentional injuries, and influenza or pneumonia were more common in AI/AN versus White infants. The overall AI/AN pediatric death rates were 69.6 for ages 1 to 4 years (RR = 2.56; 95% CI = 2.38, 2.75), 28.9 for ages 5 to 9 years (RR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.92, 2.34), 37.3 for ages 10 to 14 years (RR = 2.22; 95% CI = 2.04, 2.40), and 158.4 for ages 15 to 19 years (RR = 2.71; 95% CI = 2.60, 2.82). Unintentional injuries and suicide occurred at higher rates among AI/AN youths versus White youths.

Conclusions. Death rates for AI/AN infants and children were higher than for Whites, with regional disparities. Several leading causes of death in the AI/AN pediatric population are potentially preventable.
Kidney Cancer Incidence and Mortality Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1990–2009
Authors: Li Jun , Weir Hannah K. , Jim Melissa A. , King Sallyann M. , Wilson Reda , Master Viraj A.
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We describe rates and trends in kidney cancer incidence and mortality and identify disparities between American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and White populations.

Methods. To improve identification of AI/AN race, incidence and mortality data were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) patient records. Analysis focused on residents of IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties; Hispanics were excluded. We calculated age-adjusted kidney cancer incidence (2001–2009) and death rates (1990–2009) by sex, age, and IHS region.

Results. AI/AN persons have a 1.6 times higher kidney cancer incidence and a 1.9 times higher kidney cancer death rate than Whites. Despite a significant decline in kidney cancer death rates for Whites (annual percentage change [APC] = −0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.5, 0.0), death rates for AI/AN persons remained stable (APC = 0.4; 95% CI = −0.7, 1.5). Kidney cancer incidence rates rose more rapidly for AI/AN persons (APC = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.2, 5.8) than for Whites (APC = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.4, 2.8).

Conclusions. AI/AN individuals have greater risk of developing and dying of kidney cancers. Incidence rates have increased faster in AI/AN populations than in Whites. Death rates have decreased slightly in Whites but remained stable in AI/AN populations. Racial disparities in kidney cancer are widening.
Linkages to Improve Mortality Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives: A New Model for Death Reporting?
Authors: Anderson Robert N. , Copeland Glenn , Hayes John Mosely
Published: April 2014

Racial misclassification is a well-documented weakness of mortality data taken from death certificates. As a result, mortality statistics for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) present, at best, an inaccurate and misleading assessment of mortality in this population.

Studies evaluating the quality of race/ethnicity reporting on death certificates have linked data from death certificates to other data sources collected when the decedent was still alive (e.g., Census, Current Population Survey). Such studies have shown substantial misclassification of AI/AN decedents.

Despite limitations, linking mortality data from death certificates with data from other sources collected when decedents were living provides opportunities to evaluate and correct misclassification of populations such as AI/AN persons and facilitates the calculation and presentation of more accurate mortality statistics.
Alcohol-Attributable Mortality Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999–2009
Authors: Landen Michael , Roeber Jim , Naimi Tim , Nielsen Larry , Sewell Mack
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We describe the relative burden of alcohol-attributable death among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in the United States.

Methods. National Death Index records were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN. We calculated age-adjusted alcohol-attributable death rates from 1999 to 2009 for AI/AN and White persons by sex, age, geographic region, and leading causes; individuals of Hispanic origin were excluded.

Results. AI/AN persons had a substantially higher rate of alcohol-attributable death than Whites from 2005 to 2009 in IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties (rate ratio = 3.3). The Northern Plains had the highest rate of AI/AN deaths (123.8/100 000), and the East had the lowest (48.9/100 000). For acute causes, the largest relative risks for AI/AN persons compared with Whites were for hypothermia (14.2) and alcohol poisoning (7.6). For chronic causes, the largest relative risks were for alcoholic psychosis (5.0) and alcoholic liver disease (4.9).

Conclusions. Proven strategies that reduce alcohol consumption and make the environment safer for excessive drinkers should be further implemented in AI/AN communities.
Geographic Variation in Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality, Age of Onset, and Stage at Diagnosis Among American Indian and Alaska Native People, 1990–2009
Authors: Perdue David G. , Haverkamp Donald , Perkins Carin , Daley Christine Makosky , Provost Ellen
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We characterized estimates of colorectal cancer (CRC) in American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) compared with Whites using a linkage methodology to improve AI/AN classification in incidence and mortality data.

Methods. We linked incidence and mortality data to Indian Health Service enrollment records. Our analyses were restricted to Contract Health Services Delivery Area counties. We analyzed death and incidence rates of CRC for AI/AN persons and Whites by 6 regions from 1999 to 2009. Trends were described using linear modeling.

Results. The AI/AN colorectal cancer incidence was 21% higher and mortality 39% higher than in Whites. Although incidence and mortality significantly declined among Whites, AI/AN incidence did not change significantly, and mortality declined only in the Northern Plains. AI/AN persons had a higher incidence of CRC than Whites in all ages and were more often diagnosed with late stage CRC than Whites.

Conclusions. Compared with Whites, AI/AN individuals in many regions had a higher burden of CRC and stable or increasing CRC mortality. An understanding of the factors driving these regional disparities could offer critical insights for prevention and control programs.
Cervical Cancer Incidence and Mortality Among American Indian and Alaska Native Women, 1999–2009
Authors: Watson Meg , Benard Vicki , Thomas Cheryll , Brayboy Annie , Paisano Roberta , Becker Thomas
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We analyzed cervical cancer incidence and mortality data in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) women compared with women of other races.

Methods. We improved identification of AI/AN race, cervical cancer incidence, and mortality data using Indian Health Service (IHS) patient records; our analyses focused on residents of IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. Age-adjusted incidence and death rates were calculated for AI/AN and White women from 1999 to 2009.

Results. AI/AN women in CHSDA counties had a death rate from cervical cancer of 4.2, which was nearly twice the rate in White women (2.0; rate ratio [RR] = 2.11). AI/AN women also had higher incidence rates of cervical cancer compared with White women (11.0 vs 7.1; RR = 1.55) and were more often diagnosed with later-stage disease (RR = 1.84 for regional stage and RR = 1.74 for distant stage). Death rates decreased for AI/AN women from 1990 to 1993 (−25.8%/year) and remained stable thereafter.

Conclusions. Although rates decreased over time, AI/AN women had disproportionately higher cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The persistently higher rates among AI/AN women compared with White women require continued improvements in identifying and treating cervical cancer and precancerous lesions.
A Systematic Review of Community Interventions to Improve Aboriginal Child Passenger Safety
Authors: Ishikawa Takuro , Oudie Eugenia , Desapriya Ediriweera , Turcotte Kate , Pike Ian
Published: April 2014

We evaluated evidence of community interventions to improve Aboriginal child passenger safety (CPS) in terms of its scientific merit and cultural relevance.

We included studies if they reported interventions to improve CPS in Aboriginal communities, compared at least pre- and postintervention conditions, and evaluated rates and severity of child passenger injuries, child restraint use, or knowledge of CPS. We also appraised quality and cultural relevance of studies.

Study quality was associated with community participation and cultural relevance. Strong evidence showed that multicomponent interventions tailored to each community improves CPS. Interventions in Aboriginal communities should incorporate Aboriginal views of health, involve the community, and be multicomponent and tailored to the community’s circumstances and culture.
Breast Cancer Mortality Among American Indian and Alaska Native Women, 1990–2009
Authors: White Arica , Richardson Lisa C. , Li Chunyu , Ekwueme Donatus U. , Kaur Judith S.
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We compared breast cancer death rates and mortality trends among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and White women using data for which racial misclassification was minimized.

Methods. We used breast cancer deaths and cases linked to Indian Health Service (IHS) data to calculate age-adjusted rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by IHS-designated regions from 1990 to 2009 for AI/AN and White women; Hispanics were excluded. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) were calculated for 1999 to 2009 as a proxy for prognosis after diagnosis.

Results. Overall, the breast cancer death rate was lower in AI/AN women (21.6 per 100 000) than in White women (26.5). However, rates in AI/ANs were higher than rates in Whites for ages 40 to 49 years in the Alaska region, and ages 65 years and older in the Southern Plains region. White death rates significantly decreased (annual percent change [APC] = −2.1; 95% CI = −2.3, −2.0), but regional and overall AI/AN rates were unchanged (APC = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.1, 1.7). AI/AN women had higher MIRs than White women.

Conclusions. There has been no improvement in death rates among AI/AN women. Targeted screening and timely, high-quality treatment are needed to reduce mortality from breast cancer in AI/AN women.
Death Rates From Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Among American Indians/Alaska Natives in the United States, 1990–2009
Authors: Reilley Brigg , Bloss Emily , Byrd Kathy K. , Iralu Jonathan , Neel Lisa , Cheek James
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We used race-corrected data and comprehensive diagnostic codes to better compare HIV and tuberculosis (TB) mortality from 1999 to 2009 between American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Whites.

Methods. National Vital Statistics Surveillance System mortality data were adjusted for AI/AN racial misclassification through linkage with Indian Health Service registration records. We compared average annual 1990 to 2009 HIV and TB death rates (per 100 000 people) for AI/AN persons with those for Whites; Hispanics were excluded.

Results. Although death rates from HIV in AI/AN persons were significantly lower than those in Whites from 1990 to 1998 (4.2 vs 7.0), they were significantly higher than those in Whites from 1999 to 2009 (3.6 vs 2.0). Death rates from TB in AI/AN persons were significantly higher than those in Whites, with a significant disparity during both 1990 to 1998 (3.3 vs 0.3) and 1999 to 2009 (1.5 vs 0.1).

Conclusions. The decrease in death rates from HIV and TB was greater among Whites, and death rates remained significantly higher among AI/AN individuals. Public health interventions need to be prioritized to reduce the TB and HIV burden and mortality in AI/AN populations.
Ovarian and Uterine Cancer Incidence and Mortality in American Indian and Alaska Native Women, United States, 1999–2009
Authors: Singh Simple D. , Ryerson A. Blythe , Wu Manxia , Kaur Judith S.
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We examined geographic differences and trends in incidence and mortality of ovarian and uterine cancer in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women.

Methods. We linked mortality data (1990–2009) and incidence data (1999–2009) to Indian Health Service (IHS) records. Death (and incidence) rates for ovarian and uterine cancer were examined for AI/AN and White women; Hispanics were excluded. Analyses focused on Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties.

Results. AI/AN and White women had similar ovarian and uterine cancer death rates. Ovarian and uterine cancer incidence and death rates were higher for AI/ANs residing in CHSDA counties than for all US counties. We also observed geographic differences, regardless of CHSDA residence, in ovarian and uterine cancer incidence and death rates in AI/AN women by IHS region; Pacific Coast and Southern Plains women had higher ovarian cancer death rates and Northern Plains women had higher uterine cancer death rates.

Conclusions. Regional differences in the incidence and mortality of ovarian and uterine cancers among AI/AN women in the United States were significant. More research among correctly classified AI/AN women is needed to understand these differences.
Leading Causes of Death and All-Cause Mortality in American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: Espey David K. , Jim Melissa A. , Cobb Nathaniel , Bartholomew Michael , Becker Tom , Haverkamp Don , Plescia Marcus
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We present regional patterns and trends in all-cause mortality and leading causes of death in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs).

Methods. US National Death Index records were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN. We analyzed temporal trends for 1990 to 2009 and comparisons between non-Hispanic AI/AN and non-Hispanic White persons by geographic region for 1999 to 2009. Results focus on IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in which less race misclassification occurs.

Results. From 1990 to 2009 AI/AN persons did not experience the significant decreases in all-cause mortality seen for Whites. For 1999 to 2009 the all-cause death rate in CHSDA counties for AI/AN persons was 46% more than that for Whites. Death rates for AI/AN persons varied as much as 50% among regions. Except for heart disease and cancer, subsequent ranking of specific causes of death differed considerably between AI/AN and White persons.

Conclusions. AI/AN populations continue to experience much higher death rates than Whites. Patterns of mortality are strongly influenced by the high incidence of diabetes, smoking prevalence, problem drinking, and social determinants. Much of the observed excess mortality can be addressed through known public health interventions.
Effectiveness of Circle of Life, an HIV-Preventive Intervention for American Indian Middle School Youths: A Group Randomized Trial in a Northern Plains Tribe
Authors: Kaufman Carol E. , Whitesell Nancy Rumbaugh , Keane Ellen M. , Desserich Jennifer A. , Giago Cindy , Sam Angela , Mitchell Christina M.
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of Circle of Life (COL), an HIV-preventive intervention developed specifically for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) middle school youths.

Methods. By partnering with a tribal community, we conducted a longitudinal wait-listed group randomized trial with 635 seventh and eighth graders in 13 schools of a Northern Plains tribe. We surveyed participants at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months from 2006 to 2007.

Results. COL was found to increase HIV knowledge in the short term, but had no effect on sexual activity compared with those who did not receive it. However, COL was found to be effective for delaying the onset of sexual activity, with the greatest reduction in risk occurring for those receiving COL at early ages.

Conclusions. Community partnership was key to successful project design, implementation, and analysis. The project confirmed the importance of the timing of interventions in early adolescence. COL may be a key resource for reducing sexual risk among AI/AN youths.
Health Behaviors and Risk Factors Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 2000–2010
Authors: Cobb Nathaniel , Espey David , King Jessica
Published: April 2014

Objectives. We provided contextual risk factor information for a special supplement on causes of death among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). We analyzed 11 years of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data for AI/AN respondents in the United States.

Methods. We combined BRFSS data from 2000 to 2010 to determine the prevalence of selected risk factors for AI/AN and White respondents residing in Indian Health Service Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties. Regional prevalence estimates for AI/AN respondents were compared with the estimates for White respondents for all regions combined; respondents of Hispanic origin were excluded.

Results. With some regional exceptions, AI/AN people had high prevalence estimates of tobacco use, obesity, and physical inactivity, and low prevalence estimates of fruit and vegetable consumption, cancer screening, and seatbelt use.

Conclusions. These behavioral risk factors were consistent with observed patterns of mortality and chronic disease among AI/AN persons. All are amenable to public health intervention.
Mechanical Performance of Mega Steel Frame-Prestressed Composite Bracing Structure
Authors: Baijian Tang , Jianhua Shao , Xingzhu Pei , Sheng Gu
Published: April 2014

The mega structure has been widely studied and applied due to the clear force transferring way, good structural integrity and flexible layout of diverse building functions. Based on the structure of mega truss or mega frame, the research and application of the mega structure with many kinds of bracing structures become a hot topic in recent years. Mega steel frame-prestressed composite bracing structure with a rigid-flexible composite bracing system composed of rigid Λ-shape steel brace and inverted Λ-shape flexible cable is a new kind of mega structure and this composite bracing system is set up in the mega steel frame. By establishing the three-dimensional finite element model and considering the material and geometric nonlinearity, the structural performance under static load in whole process was analyzed and the energy dissipation as well as failure mode under earthquake is also investigated for this new system in this paper. The results indicate that the lateral deformation is mainly decided by horizontal load and the corresponding curve of lateral displacement has the characteristic of flexure mode as a whole, whereas the deflection of mega beam is mainly governed by vertical load and pretension of cables. The internal force equilibrium of composite brace is decided by vertical load and the degree of force unbalance is about 15% when the fluctuation of vertical load is 20%, but the change of anti-symmetric horizontal load has no effect on the internal force equilibrium. The composite braces not only help the mega beam to bear the vertical load but also greatly enhance the lateral stiffness of main structure and so the lateral stiffness of whole system is relatively uniform. Due to the TMD effects of substructure and additional dampers, the seismic energy is mainly dissipated by dampers and substructure and then the main structure is able to maintain elastic. The desired failure mode of MFPCBS under lateral loads is as follows: the web members of mega beam appear to yield at first, and then the braces between mega column limbs, Λ-shape rigid bracing truss, floor beams between mega column limbs and mega column limbs in order.
Transportation Optimization of Ribbon Floating Bridges: Analytical and Experimental Investigation
Authors: Viecili Giannin , Halim Abd El Halim Omar Abd El , Braimah Abass , El-Desouky Osama
Published: April 2014

Floating bridges are an economical and practical alternative for crossing water obstacles, especially in times of emergencies and conflicts. Ribbon pontoon floating bridges are a special type of floating bridge designed, built, stockpiled and deployed by the military and emergency management organizations in times of need. They are light-weight, fast to erect, and use the buoyancy of water to aid in supporting their self-weight and traffic loads imposed on the bridge. With increasing vehicular weights and fast bridge traversing time requirements, it has become necessary to develop reliable analytical tools capable of designing and analyzing floating bridges. It is critical to ensure that ribbon pontoon floating bridges can accommodate heavier vehicles, and at the same time reduce the spacing between successive vehicles to achieve greater transportation and economic efficiency. This paper presents the outline and results of an analytical and experimental research program designed to study the dynamic behavior of ribbon pontoon floating bridges under two-axle vehicular loading. An innovative experimental model was designed, constructed, and used in the experimental study. The developed analytical model predicted, with reasonable accuracy, maximum bridge displacements at different vehicle speeds and weights when compared with the experimental results.
Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmias During Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Chow Elaine , Bernjak Alan , Williams Scott , Fawdry Robert A. , Hibbert Steve , Freeman Jenny , Sheridan Paul J. , Heller Simon R.
Published: April 2014

Recent trials of intensive glycemic control suggest a possible link between hypoglycemia and excess cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hypoglycemia might cause arrhythmias through effects on cardiac repolarization and changes in cardiac autonomic activity. Our aim was to study the risk of arrhythmias during spontaneous hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular risk. Twenty-five insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of cardiovascular disease or two or more risk factors underwent simultaneous continuous interstitial glucose and ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring. Frequency of arrhythmias, heart rate variability, and markers of cardiac repolarization were compared between hypoglycemia and euglycemia and between hyperglycemia and euglycemia matched for time of day. There were 134 h of recording at hypoglycemia, 65 h at hyperglycemia, and 1,258 h at euglycemia. Bradycardia and atrial and ventricular ectopic counts were significantly higher during nocturnal hypoglycemia compared with euglycemia. Arrhythmias were more frequent during nocturnal versus daytime hypoglycemia. Excessive compensatory vagal activation after the counterregulatory phase may account for bradycardia and associated arrhythmias. QT intervals, corrected for heart rate, >500 ms and abnormal T-wave morphology were observed during hypoglycemia in some participants. Hypoglycemia, frequently asymptomatic and prolonged, may increase the risk of arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. This is a plausible mechanism that could contribute to increased cardiovascular mortality during intensive glycemic therapy.
Treatment of Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetic Patients With DiaPep277: Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Phase 3 Trial
Authors: Raz Itamar , Ziegler Anette G. , Linn Thomas , Schernthaner Guntram , Bonnici Francois , Distiller Larry A. , Giordano Carla , Giorgino Francesco , de Vries Liat , Mauricio Didac , Procházka Vlastimil , Wainstein Julio , Elias Dana , Avron Ann , Tamir Merana , Eren Rachel , Peled Dana , Dagan Shlomo , Cohen Irun R. , Pozzilli Paolo ,   the DIA-AID 1 Writing Group
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate safety and efficacy of DiaPep277 in preserving β-cell function in type 1 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

DIA-AID 1 is a multinational, phase 3, balanced-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical study. Newly diagnosed patients (N = 457, aged 16–45 years) were randomized to subcutaneous injections of DiaPep277 or placebo quarterly for 2 years. The primary efficacy end point was the change from baseline in the area under the glucagon-stimulated C-peptide curve. Secondary end points were the change from baseline in mixed-meal stimulated C-peptide secretion and in fasting C-peptide and achieving target HbA1c ≤7% (≤53 mmol/mol). Partial remission (target HbA1c on insulin ≤0.5 units/kg/day) and hypoglycemic event rate were exploratory end points.

RESULTS

DiaPep277 was safe and well tolerated. Significant preservation of C-peptide secretion was observed in the DiaPep277-treated group compared with the placebo (relative treatment effects of 23.4%, P = 0.037, and 29.2%, P = 0.011, in the modified intent-to-treat [mITT] and per-protocol [PP] populations, respectively). The mixed-meal stimulation failed to distinguish between the groups. There was a trend toward efficacy in fasting C-peptide levels, though not statistically significant. Significantly more DiaPep277-treated than placebo-treated patients maintained target HbA1c (mITT 56% versus 44%, P = 0.03; PP 60% versus 45%, P = 0.0082) and entered partial remission (mITT 38% versus 29%, P = 0.08; PP 42% versus 30%, P = 0.035). DiaPep277 treatment reduced the relative hypoglycemic event risk (mITT by 20%; PP by 28%).

CONCLUSIONS

DiaPep277 safely contributes to preservation of β-cell function and to improved glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Exact solution of D-dimensional Schrödinger equation generated from certain central power-law potentials
Authors: Bhagawati Nabaratna
Published: April 2014

By applying Extended Transformation method we have generated exact solution of D-dimensional radial Schrödinger equation for a set of power-law multi-term potentials taking singular potentials $$V(r) = ar^{ - \tfrac{1} {2}} + br^{ - \tfrac{3} {2}}$$, $$V(r) = ar^{\tfrac{2} {3}} + br^{ - \tfrac{2} {3}} + cr^{ - \tfrac{4} {3}}$$, V(r) = ar + br −1 + cr 2 and V(r) = ar 2+br −2+cr −4+dr −6 as input reference. The restriction on the parameters of the given potentials and angular momentum quantum number ℓ are obtained. The multiplet structure of the generated exactly solvable potentials are also shown.
School Support, Parental Involvement, and Academic and Social-Emotional Outcomes for English Language Learners
Authors: Niehaus Kate , Adelson Jill L.
Published: April 2014

This study examined the relationships among school support, parental school involvement, and academic and social-emotional outcomes for children who are English language learners (ELLs). The sample included 1,020 third-grade ELLs who participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-K). Results from structural equation modeling showed that higher levels of school support predicted more parental involvement, more parental involvement predicted fewer social-emotional concerns for ELL children, and fewer social-emotional problems were linked to higher achievement scores. Contrary to expectations, results showed that ELL students had lower achievement and more social-emotional concerns when they attended schools that provided more support services. The authors discuss possible explanations for these findings as well as directions for future research and implications for policy and practice.
Proximal Processes in Urban Classrooms
Authors: Wallace Tanner LeBaron , Chhuon Vichet
Published: April 2014

We examine adolescents’ interpretations of instructional interactions to understand the academic and developmental implications of pedagogy for urban youth of color. In doing so, we seek to advance existing knowledge regarding student engagement in two ways—enhancing the ecological validity of such theories and making the links to teacher practice explicit. Urban youth of color ( N= 28) were recruited from two urban high schools in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and two youth development programs in Saint Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The following three emergent findings summarize engagement-relevant interpretations of instructional interactions made by the adolescents in our study: (a) feeling heard in class, (b) going all in, and (c) taking students seriously.
Profile of occupational accidents reporting to a rural Plantation Hospital: A record review
Authors: Naveen R , Swaroop N , Agrawal Suyash , Tirkey Anup Kumar
Published: April 2014

Background: Plantation industries in India employ over 1 million people and are among the largest private employers in India. Plantations employ both skilled and un-skilled labour’s. The risks of occupational accidents are higher among this population due to the unfavorable working conditions.Objectives: To study the profile of occupational accidents and to describe the time trend of these   occupational accidents. To assess changes if any in the profile of occupational accidents reporting to a rural plantation hospital over the last decade.Methodology: A descriptive hospital record review of all the patients presenting with occupational accident from January 2008 to December 2009.Results: 439 patients were registered with history of accidents; among them 196 were occupational accidents. Majority of the victims of the accident were in the age group of 21 – 40 years and were among males. Most common type and site of injuries were superficial injuries on the upper limbs. There is no significant change in the profile on occupational accidents over the last decade. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v3i2.6138
Noise Effects of Generator Sets at Construction Sites
Authors: Sellappan Elancheliyan
Published: April 2014

Noise and vibration can be the cause of serious disturbance and inconvenience to anyone exposed to them and in certain circumstances noise and vibration can be a serious hazard to health, causing        permanent damage to hearing system. Noise exposure levels of construction workers are difficult to determine due to the day to-day variation in occupation and shift length of each worker and the itinerant and seasonal nature of the job. Nevertheless, it is clear that the construction worker is exposed to very high sound levels for considerable lengths of time. Different types and sizes of equipment's, machineries and tools are used by construction industries. Diesel Generator for power is a very important one among the equipment used in the construction industries, used in large numbers and as clusters and also located very near to the work area. The noise level produced by these generators is much higher than the permissible limit. But the construction work group took very little effort to avoid or minimize this noise level to permissible level. Many people even though they may not need electricity for their work got in and exposed in this zone of danger. At this site eight generators have been used by various working groups. This paper assesses the potential noise impacts associated with power generators used in construction activities of the DCT project site and the effective steps to control this noise. A 12-hour noise survey was conducted to establish background noise levels in the project area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v3i2.6145
Multimedia Instruction in Foreign Language Classrooms: Effects on the Acquisition of the French Perfective and Imperfective Distinction
Authors: Izquierdo Jesús
Published: April 2014

Abstract:

This study examined multimedia instruction (MI) effects on the development of the French prototypical and non-prototypical past forms among Hispanophone learners. During 4 weeks of classroom instruction, participants were exposed to MI in one of 4 conditions: learners at early stages of past-tense development received MI including prototypical (n = 12) or non-prototypical past-tense (n = 12) forms, and learners at late developmental stages were exposed to MI including non-prototypical (n = 17) or prototypical forms (n = 13). Before, immediately after, and 3 weeks after the experiment, participants completed 1 paper-and-pencil and 2 computerized tests. ANOVAs revealed past-tense growth among learners at early developmental stages only. Neither prototypical nor non-prototypical growth was documented among learners at late developmental stages. These findings highlight the need to consider MI design variations as learners’ L2 grammar evolves.
Total Rhythm in Three Dimensions: Towards a Motional Theory of Melodic Dance Rhythm in Swedish Polska Music
Authors: Kaminsky David
Published: April 2014

In this article I present an ethnotheory of the music/dance relationship in Swedish polska, based on dance fieldwork and interviews I have conducted with polska dance musicians. I discuss three mechanisms that these musicians use to communicate movement patterns to dancers: iteration (entrainment via repetition), metaphor (timbral weight conveying motional weight), and sympathy (musicians' movements mapping dance movements). I then discuss how musicians use these mechanisms to control four motional parameters: pulsation (rate and consistency of tempo), lean (degree and direction of tilt over the dance axis) viscosity (level of perceived air resistance), and libration (degree and timing of vertical motion). The work is intended in part as a case study of how theories of both music and dance can benefit from a focused analysis of the relationship between those two domains, as well as how studies of music/dance relations can benefit from the application of ethnographic research techniques.
Is Dance a Language? Movement, Meaning and Communication
Authors: Bannerman Henrietta
Published: April 2014

This essay explores western theatre dance as meaningful, despite its difference from language or discourse. I contend that although like language dance communicates through cultural codes, it does not convey literal messages but then neither is dance dominated by a requirement for factual specificity. I argue, however, that dance is structured like a language and I provide an analysis of the methods according to which language functions on an everyday basis. I review linguistic categories and argue for their counterparts in dance including vocabulary and syntax, the utterance and the speech act. The speech act is an important instance of language use which I hold is represented in dance; and in addressing this topic I shed new light on the performative quality of dance. The various theoretical issues discussed in the essay are illustrated by examples taken from modern and postmodern dance as well as from classical ballet.
First Steps towards Self-Employment – Microcredit for Enterprise in Scotland
Authors: McHugh Neil , Gillespie Morag , Loew Jana , Donaldson Cam
Published: April 2014

While lending for small businesses and business start-up is a long-standing feature of economic policy in the UK and Scotland, little is known about the support available for those taking the first steps into self-employment, particularly people from poorer communities.

This paper presents the results of a project that aimed to address this gap. It mapped provision of support for enterprise, including microcredit (small loans for enterprise of £5,000 or less) and grants available to people in deprived communities. It found more programmes offering grants than loans. Grants programmes, although more likely to be time limited and often linked to European funding, were generally better targeted to poor communities than loan programmes that were more financially sustainable.

The introduction of the Grameen Bank to Scotland will increase access to microcredit, but this paper argues that there is a place – and a need – for both loans and grants to support enterprise development across Scotland. A Scottish economic strategy should take account of all levels of enterprise development and, in striving towards a fairer Scotland, should ensure that the poorest people and communities are not excluded from self-employment because of the lack of small amounts of support necessary to take the first steps.
The Eclipse of Scottish Cinema
Authors: Petrie Duncan
Published: April 2014

The 1990s marked the beginning of a period of unprecedented film production activity in Scotland, part of the wider outpouring of artistic expression – notably in literature, theatre and painting – that occurred in the aftermath of the 1979 Scottish Assembly debacle and which came to constitute a kind of cultural devolution in the absence of political self-determination. The ‘new Scottish cinema’ provided a steady stream of films like Rob Roy (1995), Trainspotting (1996), Small Faces (1996), Regeneration (1997), My Name is Joe (1998), Mrs Brown (1998), Orphans (1998) and Ratcatcher (1999). These were underpinned by a fledging infrastructure that included significant new sources of finance for feature development and production, short film schemes designed to develop new talent and encouragement and assistance for incoming international productions. Therefore, it is all the more disappointing that since the achievement of political devolution in 1999, this creative energy and excitement has largely dissipated with the result that there is now less funding available for Scottish film-making than in the period before the return of a parliament and executive to Edinburgh. This article explores the implications of this ‘cultural eclipse’, exploring the power of the moving image to contribute in powerful ways to national projection and identity and charting the ways in which cinematic representations of Scotland have changed and developed before considering some of the reasons why the creative energy of the 1990s was subsequently dissipated. This state of affairs is contrasted with the success of film and television in Denmark, another small European nation that has adopted a markedly more enlightened approach to policy-making and institution-building.
Metallothioneins, Unconventional Proteins from Unconventional Animals: A Long Journey from Nematodes to Mammals
Authors: Isani Gloria , Carpenè Emilio
Published: April 2014

Metallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous low molecular weight cysteine-rich proteins characterized by high affinity for d10 electron configuration metals, including essential (Zn and Cu) and non-essential (Cd and Hg) trace elements. The biological role of these ancient and well-conserved multifunctional proteins has been debated since MTs were first discovered in 1957. Their main hypothesized functions are: (1) homeostasis of Zn and Cu; (2) detoxification of Cd, and Hg; and (3) free radical scavenging. This review will focus on MTs in unconventional animals, those not traditionally studied in veterinary medicine but of increasing interest in this field of research. Living in different environments, these animals represent an incredible source of physiological and biochemical adaptations still partly unexplored. The study of metal-MT interactions is of great interest for clinicians and researchers working in veterinary medicine, food quality and endangered species conservation.
Time-Dependent Effects of Anesthetic Isoflurane on Reactive Oxygen Species Levels in HEK-293 Cells
Authors: Sun Yongxing , Cheng Baiqi , Dong Yuanlin , Li Tianzuo , Xie Zhongcong , Zhang Yiying
Published: April 2014

The inhalation anesthetic isoflurane has been reported to induce caspase activation and apoptosis, which may lead to learning and memory impairment. However, the underlying mechanisms of these effects are largely unknown. Isoflurane has been shown to induce elevation of cytosol calcium levels, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, reduction in mitochondria membrane potential, and release of cytochrome c. The time course of these effects, however, remains to be determined. Therefore, we performed a pilot study to determine the effects of treatment with isoflurane for various times on ROS levels in HEK-293 cells. The cells were treated with 2% isoflurane plus 21% O2 and 5% CO2 for 15, 30, 60, or 90 min. We then used fluorescence imaging and microplate fluorometer to detect ROS levels. We show that 2% isoflurane for 60 or 90 min, but not 15 or 30 min, induced ROS accumulation in the cells. These data illustrated that isoflurane could cause time-dependent effects on ROS levels. These findings have established a system to further determine the time course effects of isoflurane on cellular and mitochondria function. Ultimately, the studies would elucidate, at least partially, the underlying mechanisms of isoflurane-induced cellular toxicity.