bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in cohort study data affect external validation of artificial intelligence models for predictive diagnostics of dementia - lessons for translation into clinical practice
Authors: Birkenbihl Colin , Emon Mohammad Asif , Vrooman Henri , Westwood Sarah , Lovestone Simon ,   On behalf of the AddNeuroMed Consortium, Hofmann-Apitius Martin , Fröhlich Holger ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: June 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches pose a great opportunity for individualized, pre-symptomatic disease diagnosis which plays a key role in the context of personalized, predictive, and finally preventive medicine (PPPM). However, to translate PPPM into clinical practice, it is of utmost importance that AI-based models are carefully validated. The validation process comprises several steps, one of which is testing the model on patient-level data from an independent clinical cohort study. However, recruitment criteria can bias statistical analysis of cohort study data and impede model application beyond the training data. To evaluate whether and how data from independent clinical cohort studies differ from each other, this study systematically compares the datasets collected from two major dementia cohorts, namely, the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and AddNeuroMed. The presented comparison was conducted on individual feature level and revealed significant differences among both cohorts. Such systematic deviations can potentially hamper the generalizability of results which were based on a single cohort dataset. Despite identified differences, validation of a previously published, ADNI trained model for prediction of personalized dementia risk scores on 244 AddNeuroMed subjects was successful: External validation resulted in a high prediction performance of above 80% area under receiver operator characteristic curve up to 6 years before dementia diagnosis. Propensity score matching identified a subset of patients from AddNeuroMed, which showed significantly smaller demographic differences to ADNI. For these patients, an even higher prediction performance was achieved, which demonstrates the influence systematic differences between cohorts can have on validation results. In conclusion, this study exposes challenges in external validation of AI models on cohort study data and is one of the rare cases in the neurology field in which such external validation was performed. The presented model represents a proof of concept that reliable models for personalized predictive diagnostics are feasible, which, in turn, could lead to adequate disease prevention and hereby enable the PPPM paradigm in the dementia field.
Correction to: Use of an Integrated Pan-Cancer Oncology Enrichment Next-Generation Sequencing Assay to Measure Tumour Mutational Burden and Detect Clinically Actionable Variants
Authors: Pestinger Valerie , Smith Matthew , Sillo Toju , Findlay John M. , Laes Jean‑Francois , Martin Gerald , Middleton Gary , Taniere Phillipe , Beggs Andrew D.
Published: June 2020

This article was originally published under
a [CC BY NC 4.0] license.
Analysis of solid sorbents for control and removal processes for elemental mercury from gas streams: a review
Authors: Kunecki Piotr , Czarna-Juszkiewicz Dorota , Wdowin Magdalena
Published: June 2020

Due to the restriction such as the Minamata Convention as well as the IED of the European Commission, mercury removal from flue gases of coal-fired power plants (CPP) is an increasingly important environmental issue. This makes this topic very crucial for both the energy industry and scientists. This paper shows how mercury arises from natural resources, i.e., coals, through their combustion processes in CPP and considers the issue of mercury content in flue gases and solid-state coal combustion by-products. The main part of this paper presents a review of the solid sorbents available for elemental mercury control and removal processes, tested on a laboratory scale. The described solutions have a potential for wider usage in exhaust gas treatment processes in the energy production sector. These solutions represent the latest developments in the field of elemental mercury removal from gases. The authors present an overview of the wide range of solid sorbents and their modifications intended to increase affinity for Hg0. Among the presented sorbents are the well-known activated carbon solutions but also novel modifications to these and other innovative sorbent proposals based on, e.g., zeolites, biochars, other carbon-based materials, metal-organic frameworks. The paper presents a wide range of characteristics of the described sorbents, as well as the conditions for the Hg0 removal experiments summarizing the compendium of novel solid sorbent solutions dedicated to the removal of elemental mercury from gases.

Graphic abstract
Evaluation of the saturation property of vegetation indices derived from sentinel-2 in mixed crop-forest ecosystem
Authors: Aklilu Tesfaye Andualem , Gessesse Awoke Berhan
Published: June 2020

The saturation property of vegetation indices posed a known limitation and this study was motivated to understand the saturation property of three widely used vegetation indices in mixed crop-forest ecosystem where limited knowledge existed. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Simple Ratio Index (SRI) and Transformed Vegetation Index (TVI) were computed from sentinel-2 bands and; variations among bands and among vegetation indices were evaluated. The study employed green Leaf Area Index (gLAI) Version 1 product, derived from PROBA-V daily data for discriminating the saturation property of the indices. Although the study applied various methods of image preprocessing and processing, best curve fitting and correlation analysis were the key ones. The three vegetation indices: NDVI, SRI, and TVI computed from sentinel-2 bands: four (red) and five (red edge) coupled with bands 8 and 8a showed some levels of saturation. Nonetheless, TVI computed from bands 8a and 4 is the best outperforming combination, i.e., the least saturated one and it is an interesting output in a sense that a single index with significantly lower values of noise equivalent green Leaf Area Index as well as having strong association with gLAI is obtained that could be very useful for quantification of gLAI in similar ecosystems. For the rest of the bands and vegetation indices combination of the indices via setting thresholds could be one possible solution.
Valuing carbon capture in agricultural production: examples from Sweden
Authors: Linderholm K. , Katterer T. , Mattsson J. E.
Published: June 2020

Agriculture is regarded as a net emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG), but sequesters huge amounts of carbon in soils, bioenergy substrates, and food products. The global accounting system for climate impact based on life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology only takes account of costs (emissions), and not income (carbon and energy binding), leading to the conclusion that agricultural activities should decrease to mitigate climate change. This study considered an alternative accounting system, carbon capture LCA (CC-LCA), that allocates value to carbon sequestration in agricultural products. For two case farms in Sweden (arable, dairy), CC-LCA was applied to (1) calculate the carbon footprint of agricultural production by accounting for net GHG emissions from farm production, rather than gross emissions only, and (2) assess the net impact of mineral nitrogen fertilizer. For the arable farm, CC-LCA revealed net carbon binding of 4 Mg CO2-eq per hectare (net sink), compared with emissions of 1.6 Mg CO2-eq per hectare in LCA. For the dairy farm, both approaches showed emissions of about 10 Mg CO2-eq per dairy cow, mainly due to ruminant digestion. The results also showed that mineral nitrogen fertilizer effectively contributed to carbon sequestration. Compared with an unfertilized wheat crop, a fertilizer dose of 200 kg N ha−1 was estimated to bind about eight-fold more GHG and energy in grain than was released or used during fertilizer production and crop cultivation. Thus, we argue that future strategies aiming for climate-friendly products and practices must acknowledge that agriculture sequesters carbon in products.
Properties of new-generation hybrid layers combining hardfacing and nitriding dedicated to improvement in forging tools’ durability
Authors: Kaszuba Marcin , Widomski Paweł , Białucki Piotr , Lange Artur , Boryczko Bożena , Walczak Mariusz
Published: June 2020

This article deals with the subject of layers produced in a hybrid process combining hardfacing and nitriding. These layers are characterized by improved resistance to wear, which arises from the synergy between favorable materials during hardfacing and nitriding treatment. Tests were conducted on hot-work tool steel (H11) samples. Hardfaced layers consisting of three layers were applied to these samples, where layers were made from two materials—Robotool 46 and Hardface VMolc powder wires. Next, samples of both materials were nitrided using ZeroFlow gas nitriding technology, with control of potential aimed at obtaining a diffusion layer without a white zone of nitrides on the surface. The next step was to investigate the properties of hardfaced layers and of layers hardfaced after nitriding treatment. Conducted tests covered observations of the microstructure, microhardness measurements as a function of distance from the surface, measurement of stresses in the surface layer by means of X-ray diffraction, and tribological tests. Obtained test results show that hybrid layers combining hardfacing and nitriding may be suitable for improving the lifetime of tools applied in hot forging processes.
Ground-Breaking? An Empirical Assessment of the Draft Business and Human Rights Treaty
Authors: Kirkebø Tori Loven , Langford Malcolm
Published: June 2020

In this essay, we examine empirically whether the revised draft of the business and human rights (BHR) treaty is a normative advance on the existing jungle of global instruments. Since the 1970s, almost one hundred global corporate social responsibility (CSR) standards have been adopted, half of them addressing human rights. See Figure 1 from our global CSR database, below. What is novel about the current treaty-drafting process within the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) is that it aims to develop a comprehensive standard that would hold states legally accountable for regulating business. The question is whether this is possible. Drawing on our work on the “commitment curve,” we begin theoretically and point out why one should hold modest expectations about the process and treat strong text with skepticism as much as celebration. Using an empirical methodology, we then compare the HRC's Revised Draft Legally Binding Instrument (Revised Draft LBI) with existing standards, and find that while the draft contains a healthy dose of incremental pragmatism, its significant advances require a degree of circumspection about its strengths and prospects.
Transcending the Binary: Linking Hard and Soft Law Through a UNGPS-Based Framework Convention
Authors: O'Brien Claire Methven
Published: June 2020

Achieving respect for human rights by businesses requires not making the “right” choice between hard and soft law but establishing an architecture to sustain a constructive dialectic between the two. This essay argues that a business and human rights treaty modelled as a framework convention and centered initially on the UN Guiding Principles (UNGPs) offers such a structure while avoiding the shortcomings of treaty proposals advanced to date.
Testing Agnew’s General Strain Theory Among Incarcerated Women in the Republic of North Macedonia
Authors: Stanojoska Angelina , Jurtoska Julija
Published: June 2020

What is the purpose of our study? Being written on a social–psychological level, general strain theory (GST) has been tested among adolescent populations. However, what has been very rarely analysed is the response to strain by different types of offenders and diverse populations. This study is even more valuable if we mention that until the beginning of our research, GST or any other criminological theory had not been tested on any population in the Republic of North Macedonia. Why study an incarcerated population? This population has neglected needs, inhumane living conditions, overcrowded penitentiary institutions, high levels of recidivism and poor use of alternative measures. The experience of incarcerated women is generally less known compared with those of incarcerated men; they have a low level of participation in the total number of crimes in the country, and there is a lack of criminological research on female criminality in general. The data collected focused on the influence of strain and negative emotions on the level of criminality. The results should help us to answer whether strain leads to negative emotions; then does strain influence female criminality and its level; and do negative emotions intermediate in between strain and the level of criminality?
Severe influenza/respiratory syncytial virus infections and hospital antimicrobial stewardship opportunities: impact of a 4-year surveillance including molecular diagnosis
Authors: Bourgeois Marc , Ausselet Nathalie , Gerard Veronique , de Canniere Louis , Scius Nathan , Michaux Isabelle , Huang Te-Din , Bogaerts Pierre , Vandamme Charlotte , Bihin Benoît , Delaere Benedicte
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To assess the prevalence of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults hospitalized for a respiratory infection in the winter months and to evaluate the impact of a viral diagnosis on empirical antimicrobial management (antibiotics and antivirals).

Design:

Observational cohort study.

Setting:

Acute-care university hospital.

Patients:

The study included 963 adult patients hospitalized over a 4-year surveillance period.

Methods:

Annual surveillance timelines were defined according to epidemiological criteria related to the circulation of RSV and influenza viruses in the general population. Patients were screened following a severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) case definition at the emergency department and were enrolled for molecular assay targeting influenza/RSV viruses after oral informed consent. Epidemiological and clinical data were recorded prospectively, microbiological investigations, antimicrobial management, and outcome data were reviewed retrospectively.

Results:

An influenza or RSV virus was documented in 316 of 963 patients (33%). Optimization of antimicrobial management (AM) was achieved in 162 of 265 patients (61%) with a positive viral diagnosis and no bacterial infection at admission (AM treatment not initiated, n = 111; discontinued, n = 51). In contrast, only 128 of 462 patients (28%) with negative microbiological investigations did not have AM treatment initiated (n = 116) or had such treatment discontinued (n = 12). Early, targeted antiviral treatment was prescribed in 235 of 253 patients (93%) confirmed with influenza. Epidemiological, clinical, and outcome data were similar in both groups.

Conclusion:

Epidemiological surveillance associated with influenza/RSV molecular diagnosis in adults hospitalized for severe winter respiratory infections dramatically enhanced antimicrobial management.
ON OBDD-BASED ALGORITHMS AND PROOF SYSTEMS THAT DYNAMICALLY CHANGE THE ORDER OF VARIABLES
Authors: ITSYKSON DMITRY , KNOP ALEXANDER , ROMASHCHENKO ANDREI , SOKOLOV DMITRY
Published: June 2020

In 2004 Atserias, Kolaitis, and Vardi proposed
$\text {OBDD}$
-based propositional proof systems that prove unsatisfiability of a CNF formula by deduction of an identically false
$\text {OBDD}$
from
$\text {OBDD}$
s representing clauses of the initial formula. All
$\text {OBDD}$
s in such proofs have the same order of variables. We initiate the study of
$\text {OBDD}$
based proof systems that additionally contain a rule that allows changing the order in
$\text {OBDD}$
s. At first we consider a proof system
$\text {OBDD}(\land , \text{reordering})$
that uses the conjunction (join) rule and the rule that allows changing the order. We exponentially separate this proof system from
$\text {OBDD}(\land )$
proof system that uses only the conjunction rule. We prove exponential lower bounds on the size of
$\text {OBDD}(\land , \text{reordering})$
refutations of Tseitin formulas and the pigeonhole principle. The first lower bound was previously unknown even for
$\text {OBDD}(\land )$
proofs and the second one extends the result of Tveretina et al. from
$\text {OBDD}(\land )$
to
$\text {OBDD}(\land , \text{reordering})$
.

In 2001 Aguirre and Vardi proposed an approach to the propositional satisfiability problem based on
$\text {OBDD}$
s and symbolic quantifier elimination (we denote algorithms based on this approach as
$\text {OBDD}(\land , \exists )$
algorithms). We augment these algorithms with the operation of reordering of variables and call the new scheme
$\text {OBDD}(\land , \exists , \text{reordering})$
algorithms. We notice that there exists an
$\text {OBDD}(\land , \exists )$
algorithm that solves satisfiable and unsatisfiable Tseitin formulas in polynomial time (a standard example of a hard system of linear equations over
$\mathbb {F}_2$
), but we show that there are formulas representing systems of linear equations over
$\mathbb {F}_2$
that are hard for
$\text {OBDD}(\land , \exists , \text{reordering})$
algorithms. Our hard instances are satisfiable formulas representing systems of linear equations over
$\mathbb {F}_2$
that correspond to checksum matrices of error correcting codes.
El fuego en los procesos constructivos de los montículos del sur de la cuenca de la Laguna Merín (Uruguay): Un aporte de la datación por luminiscencia (OSL/TL)
Authors: Bracco Boksar Roberto , Duarte Christopher , Gutiérrez Ofelia , Tassano Marcos , Norbis Walter , Panario Daniel
Published: June 2020

El estudio de la génesis de los montículos de la cuenca de la Laguna Merín, Uruguay, se focalizó en el aporte de sedimentos y elementos descartados. Investigaciones basadas en la geoquímica de la matriz llevaron a considerar el rol del fuego en su elevación. Ensayamos contrastar su presencia por medio de las técnicas de datación por luminiscencia. Si las edades o paleodosis medidas por luminiscencia ópticamente estimulada (OSL, por sus siglas en inglés) y por termoluminiscencia (TL) de diferentes fracciones de la matriz son similares, próximas o con cierto grado de superposición, entonces el agente de blanqueo tiene que haber sido el calor. La hipótesis fue verificada en montículos de tres sitios arqueológicos ubicados en el sur de la cuenca. La evidencia de que estaríamos frente a prácticas recursivas que producen acumulaciones de sedimento termoalterados nos condujo a los hornos de tierra y losoven moundsde Australia. La presencia de hornos de tierra prehistóricos ya fue reconocida en Uruguay. Losoven moundsson un potente análogo etnográfico-arqueológico que ilustra sobre procesos de formación de acumulaciones de sedimento termoalterado, al mismo tiempo que permite abordar aspectos socioeconómicos y simbólicos. Por último, a partir de las implicaciones de la hipótesis, señalamos la pertinencia de abordar los montículos a dos escalas: la de los comportamientos que los elevaron y la de su realidad como parches dentro del paisaje.
Measuring Media Freedom: An Item Response Theory Analysis of Existing Indicators
Authors: Solis Jonathan A. , Waggoner Philip D.
Published: June 2020

The media's ability to freely gather and disseminate information remains a critical aspect of democracy. Studies link media freedom to other concepts including human rights, corruption, democratic peace and conflict, natural resource wealth, political knowledge and foreign aid. However, media freedom's many facets make it difficult for any single index to fully capture. To develop a more robust measure, this article treats media freedom as a latent variable and analyzes ten extant indicators by fitting an item response theory model. Utilizing a Bayesian approach, the model generates time-series, cross-sectional data on a bounded, unidimensional scale from 0 to 1 that measures media freedom in 197 countries from 1948 to 2017. After numerous validity checks, the authors utilize their new Media System Freedom data to replicate Egorov, Guriev and Sonin's (2009) analysis of media freedom and natural resource wealth. The findings indicate that the published results do not hold once the more robust measure is included.
Dynamic Liquidity Management by Corporate Bond Mutual Funds
Authors: Jiang Hao , Li Dan , Wang Ashley
Published: June 2020

How do corporate bond mutual funds manage liquidity to meet investor redemptions? We show that during tranquil market conditions, these funds tend to reduce liquid asset holdings to meet redemptions, temporarily increasing relative exposures to illiquid asset classes. When aggregate uncertainty rises, however, they tend to scale down their liquid and illiquid assets proportionally to preserve portfolio liquidity. This fund-level dynamic management of liquidity appears to affect the broad financial market: Redemptions from the corporate bond fund sector lead to more corporate bond selling during high-uncertainty periods, which generates price pressures and predicts strong return reversals.
Epidemiological and molecular identification ofTrypanosoma vivaxdiagnosed in cattle during outbreaks in central Brazil
Authors: Bastos Thiago Souza Azeredo , Faria Adriana Marques , Couto Luiz Fellipe Monteiro , Nicaretta João Eduardo , Cavalcante Alliny Souza de Assis , Zapa Dina Maria Beltrán , Ferreira Lorena Lopes , Heller Luciana Maffini , Madrid Darling Mélany de Carvalho , Cruvinel Leonardo Bueno , Rossi Gabriel Augusto Marques , Soares Vando Edésio , Cadioli Fabiano Antônio , Lopes Welber Daniel Zanetti
Published: June 2020

Bovine trypanosomosis has been spreading in Brazil. In the present study, we evaluated the spatial distribution, prevalence and risk factors of this disease in the state of Goiás, Brazil, and performed both molecular and phylogenetical analyses ofTrypanosoma vivax. A total of 4049 blood samples were collected from cattle for a period of 2 years. The parasitological diagnosis was performed using the Woo method and a questionnaire was administered to the farmers to document risk factors associated with the disease in the herd. Positive samples were DNA sequenced and compared to GenBank codes. The prevalence ofT. vivaxwas 8.84%, occurring on 24 ranches only in dairy cattle and mainly in the central and southern portions of the state. The acquisition of new animals infected withT. vivaxand the administration of exogenous oxytocin to cows using the same syringe and needle were the main associated factors (P≤ 0.05). After an outbreak, milk production decreased by 39.62%. The presence of biting flies (tabanids,Haematobia irritansandStomoxys calcitrans) was not a risk factor (P> 0.05) for the occurrence ofT. vivax. The epidemiological data demonstrate the importance of restricting the practice of auctions as well as eliminating the use of exogenous oxytocin in animals during milking. The samples tested by polymerase chain reaction were positive forT. vivaxand were genetically homologous withT. vivaxfound in different states of Brazil and west Africa based on the 18S rRNA gene.
The Trinity is still unconstitutional
Authors: LEFTOW BRIAN
Published: June 2020

I argue that we should not model the Trinity using the concept of constitution, and reply to William Hasker's recent defence of the constitutionalist position, also developing my own views in some respects.
CAPITAL FLOW BONANZAS AS A FUNDAMENTAL INGREDIENT IN SPAIN'S FINANCIAL CRISES, 1850-2015
Authors: Betrán Concha , Pons Maria A.
Published: June 2020

This paper analyses the mechanisms through which capital flows produced financial instability in Spain over a 165-year period. We study why and how capital bonanzas make crises more likely and severe, and whether their incidence varies depending on types of crises (currency, banking and debt crises). We conclude that most of them occurred in different monetary policy regimes, but they were associated with capital bonanzas in a liberal regulatory framework, both of which contributed to a higher likelihood and greater severity of crises. The analysis of the different monetary policy regimes, financial structures and the types of crises allows us to draw some policy implications that emphasise the need for sound financial regulation and supervision.
Dimensional Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of Four Translational Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Ben Hamida I. , Laribi M. A. , Mlika A. , Romdhane L. , Zeghloul S.
Published: June 2020

The optimum selection of a structure for a given application is a capital phase in typological synthesis of parallel robots. To help in this selection, this paper presents a performance evaluation of four translational parallel robots: Delta, 3-UPU, Romdhane-Affi-Fayet, and Tri-pyramid (TP). The problem is set as a multiobjective optimization using genetic algorithm methods, which uses kinematic criteria, that is, global dexterity and compactness, to ensure a prescribed workspace. The results are presented as Pareto fronts, which are used to compare the performances of the aforementioned structures. The obtained results show that the TP robot has the best kinematic performance, whereas the 3-UPU robot is the most compact for a given prescribed workspace.
TAG–glucose (TyG) index in childhood: an estimate of cut-off points and the relation to cardiometabolic risk in 4- to 9-year-old children
Authors: Brito Alice Divina Melo de , Hermsdorff Helen Hermana Miranda , Filgueiras Mariana De Santis , Vieira-Ribeiro Sarah Aparecida , Franceschini Sylvia do Carmo Castro , Novaes Juliana Farias de
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To propose cut-off points for the TAG–glucose (TyG) index in Brazilian children and evaluate the link to cardiometabolic risk.

Design:

A cross-sectional study with children from a municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference and waist:height ratio), biochemical (lipid and glucose profile) and blood pressure (BP) tests were performed. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve, cut-off points for the TyG index were proposed according to sex using homoeostasis model of assessment – insulin resistance (IR) as the reference method.

Setting:

Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

Participants:

Children aged 4–9 years (n 515).

Results:

The TyG index cut-off points to identify the risk of IR were 7·9 and 8·1 for boys and girls, respectively. We observed that 48·7 % of the children had an increased TyG index. The increased TyG index was associated with overweight, total body and central fat, increased BP and altered lipid profile. Children with an increased TyG index had a higher accumulation of cardiometabolic risk factors.

Conclusions:

According to the cut-off points proposed by the current study, children at risk of IR estimated by the TyG index presented a higher cardiometabolic risk, including isolated risk factors, as to the higher accumulation of these.
Concept and analysis of a coupled split-ring resonator for wide-/dual bands, self-filtering, high out-of-band suppression and highly efficient antennas
Authors: Abdalla Mahmoud A. , El Atrash Mohamed , El-Sobky Nour A. , Zahran Sherif R.
Published: June 2020

An inspired metamaterial-based highly efficient monopole antenna displaying wide-/dual-band resonances along with self-filtering properties is presented. The monopole has high out-of-band suppression characteristics that lead to very close to 0 dB band-stop between the antenna dual resonant bands. The antenna operates at the two WLAN services of 2.65–3.25 and 5–7 GHz with stopband with total reflection at 4.5 GHz. The designed filtering characteristics are based on current coupling for the dual-band functions and current neutralization for the stopband function. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a very high radiation efficiency of 97 and 99% at 3 and 6 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed antenna exhibits an omni-directional radiation pattern with coplanar waveguide feed for simple integration with passive/active devices. Moreover, the antenna properties are achieved with a compact antenna size (30 × 30 mm2). With all presented results, the proposed antenna is very competitive over recent relevant antennas. In addition, a very good agreement between theoretical, full-wave simulations and measurements is achieved.
Störungs- und Behandlungskonzepte sowie empirische Evidenz der metakognitiven Therapie nach Wells
Authors: Hansmeier Jana , Exner Cornelia
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die metakognitive Therapie nach Wells wird den neueren kognitiven Therapieansätzen, der so genannten „dritten Welle“ der Verhaltenstherapie, zugeordnet. Sie sieht dysfunktionale metakognitive Annahmen sowie Regulationsprozesse als entscheidend für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung psychischer Störungen an. Aufbauend auf dem metakognitiven Störungsmodell werden in diesem Übersichtsartikel die metakognitiven Modellannahmen erläutert und ihre empirische Relevanz für verschiedene Störungsbilder berichtet. Nach der Darstellung der zentralen Therapieelemente wird auf die aktuelle Befundlage zu Wirksamkeit und Wirkungsmechanismen der metakognitiven Therapie sowohl störungsübergreifend als auch störungsspezifisch eingegangen.
A Road Map to China
Authors: Weber Ulrike , Rademacher Ute
Published: June 2020

Abstract. This case study presents the transfer process of a mentoring program run successfully by a German company to its subsidiary in China with the aim of increasing the number of Chinese women in leadership roles. Drawing on the theoretical framework of the GLOBE study, this case study systematically investigates three key aspects: (1) which cultural dimensions might positively or negatively impact the transfer of the program, (2) how a “cultural transfer” can be implemented, and (3) which results the program yields after its pilot phase. The findings suggest that differences in collectivism and gender egalitarianism and similarities in high performance orientation can pose both risks and opportunities for the successful transfer. Strategies and organizational practices on how to leverage similarities while mitigating risks are developed, resulting in a program that reaches its objectives after its pilot phase.
Improving a Multilevel Turbulence Closure Model for a Shallow Lake in Comparison With Other 1‐D Models
Authors: Sun Lei , Liang Xin‐Zhong , Ling Tiejun , Xu Min , Lee Xuhui
Published: June 2020

Lakes differ from lands in water availability, heat capacity, albedo, and roughness, which affect local surface‐atmospheric interactions. This study modified a multilevel upper ocean model (UOM) for lake applications and evaluated its performance in Lake Taihu (China) with comprehensive measurements against three popular one‐dimensional (1‐D) lake models. These models were based on different concepts, including the self‐similarity (FLake), the wind‐driven eddy diffusion (LISSS), the k‐ε turbulence closure (SIMSTRAT), and a simplified turbulence closure (UOM). The surface flux scheme in these models was unified to exclude the discrepancies in representing air‐lake exchanges. All models in their default formulations presented obvious cold water temperature biases and largely underestimated the lake surface temperature (LST) diurnal range. For each model, these deficiencies were significantly reduced by incorporating new physics schemes or calibrated tunable parameters based on systematic sensitivity tests. The primary modifications for UOM included (1) a new scheme of decreased surface roughness lengths to better characterize the shallow lake, (2) a solar radiation penetration scheme with increased light extinction coefficient and surface absorption fraction to account for the high water turbidity, and (3) turbulent Prandtl number increased by a factor of 20 to reduce the turbulent vertical mixing. All other models were improved in these three aspects (roughness, extinction, and mixing) within their original formulations. Given these improvements, UOM showed superior performance to other models in capturing LST diurnal cycle and daily to seasonal variations, as well as summer‐autumn vertical stratification changes. The new UOM is well suited for application in shallow lakes.
Structural Controls on Crustal Fluid Circulation and Hot Spring Geochemistry Above a Flat‐Slab Subduction Zone, Peru
Authors: Scott B. E. , Newell D. L. , Jessup M. J. , Grambling T. A. , Shaw C. A.
Published: June 2020

Hot spring geochemistry from the Cordillera Blanca and Cordillera Huayhuash, Peru, reveal the influence of crustal‐scale structures on geothermal fluid circulation in an amagmatic region located above a flat‐slab subduction zone. To test the influence of contrasting modes of faulting in these regions, springs were targeted along the Cordillera Blanca detachment fault, within its hanging wall, in the footwall of the detachment, and in the Cordillera Huayhuash. Hot springs along the Cordillera Blanca detachment fault zone are associated with recent extension and normal faulting, and those in its footwall and the Cordillera Huayhuash are located in the Marañon fold and thrust belt where compressional structures dominate. Springs along and in the hanging wall of the Cordillera Blanca detachment fault yield brackish‐saline, alkaline‐chloride waters, with oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine stable isotope values that suggest mixing between meteoric groundwater and saline brine affected by high water‐rock interaction. Geothermometry reservoir temperature estimates (RTEs) of 91–226°C indicate maximum flow path depths of 8.7 or 11 km, depending on geothermal gradient, associated with the Cordillera Blanca detachment fault. In contrast, springs in the footwall and in the Cordillera Huayhuash exhibit a wide range of water types with an isotopic affinity to meteoric water, suggesting a greater influence from shallow groundwater and less water‐rock interaction. For these springs, RTEs of 40–98°C correspond to much shallower circulation (1.6–4 km). Results indicate that the Cordillera Blanca detachment system accommodates significantly deeper circulation of crustal fluids compared to other regional compressional structures.
Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer in Jupiter's Magnetodisk as Observed by Juno
Authors: Zhang X.‐J. , Ma Q. , Artemyev A. V. , Li W. , Kurth W. S. , Mauk B. H. , Clark G. , Allegrini F. , Gershman D. J. , Bolton S. J.
Published: June 2020

The Juno spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter for the past 3 years. During this interval, Juno has collected large datasets of plasma, magnetic field, and wave measurements in Jupiter's magnetosphere. In this study, we conduct statistics on the plasma and wave characteristics in Jupiter's magnetodisk (nightside magnetosphere beyond 20 Jupiter radii, RJ). Distributions of electron fluxes and waves in the magnetodisk exhibit different characteristics in two regions: the plasma sheet with dense plasma and weak wave intensity and the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) occupied by strong waves and rarefied plasma. We discuss that these waves can be generated by field‐aligned high‐energy electrons in the PSBL. We further compare plasma and wave properties in the PSBL of Jupiter's magnetodisk with the PSBL in Earth's magnetotail. This comparison suggests that the PSBL in Jupiter's magnetodisk may be formed by transient magnetic reconnection in the Jovian magnetosphere. The dawn‐dusk asymmetry of the PSBL properties further supports this scenario: the PSBL is more pronounced in the dawn flank of Jupiter's magnetodisk, where magnetic reconnection is predicted to occur by models of the rotation‐dominated magnetosphere. We further discuss properties of the Jovian PSBL and implications on magnetic reconnection in Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Bioerosion on Late Quaternary Planktonic Foraminifera Related to Paleoproductivity in the Western South Atlantic
Authors: Frozza C. F. , Pivel M. A. G. , Suárez‐Ibarra J. Y. , Ritter M. N. , Coimbra J. C.
Published: June 2020

Planktonic Foraminifera are widely used in paleoceanographic reconstructions, although studies of their trophic interactions are still rare, especially those focusing on predation. Drilling holes are the most frequent traces of bioerosion in foraminifer tests, but environmental factors that control bioerosion are not yet understood. To determine if paleoceanographic variables are associated with bioerosion rates in late Quaternary planktonic foraminifers of the western South Atlantic, geochemical and assemblage analyses were made on a 46 kyr record from a piston core. An age model was constructed based on 10 AMS 14C dates. To reconstruct the paleoproductivity, δ13C, benthic/planktonic foraminifer and the relative abundances of Globigerina bulloides and Globigerinoides ruber (high and low productivity, respectively) were used. Bioeroded tests were counted and found in 21 of the 25 identified species, with frequencies ranging from 8.84% to 16.7%. Bioerosion was different in two groups identified by cluster analysis, with a higher intensity during glacial times, showing a strong correlation with paleoceanographic fluctuations. Paleoproductivity estimates and bioerosion rates show a significant correlation, suggesting that bioerosion is more frequent in eutrophic environments and more inhibited in oligotrophic conditions. However, even with a strong correlation between bioerosion and productivity, there is also a negative correlation with sea surface temperature in the study area. Since conditions that promote higher productivity are accompanied by a decrease in surface temperature, the precise distinction between the influence of both variables is hampered. Further research will allow us to explore the potential of planktonic foraminiferal bioerosion as a tool in paleoceanographic studies.
Locally Derived, Meteoric Fluid Infiltration Was Responsible for Widespread Late Paleozoic Illite Authigenesis in the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Boles A. , van der Pluijm B.
Published: June 2020

Isotopic and geochronologic investigation of authigenic, K‐bearing clays in the Appalachian Plateau of the northeastern U.S. Midcontinent yields new insights about the tectonic and diagenetic history of the North American sedimentary cover sequence. In situ texture analysis by High Resolution X‐ray Texture Goniometry indicates preservation of bedding‐parallel diagenetic fabrics with burial depths of 2–5 km, and illite mineralization temperatures are spatially variable, ranging from 80 to 190 °C, correlating to similar depths of 3–6 km. The mineralizing geofluid is surface derived, with δD values ranging from −48‰ to −72‰ (in the range of predicted Pangea meteoric fluid). In addition, we find that mineralizing fluid δD values increase away from the orogenic front, consistent with a rain shadow effect from the high elevation Appalachian orogen. The age of authigenic illite is constrained by 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to 308–318 Ma, reflecting Upper Carboniferous diagenesis. We postulate that far‐field stress transmission from continent‐continent collision created regional permeability pathways for surface fluids, altering the hydrologic architecture of the brittle crust and allowing meteoric fluid infiltration into upper crustal rocks. This interpretation challenges the popular view of tectonically forced, lateral fluid flow from the Appalachian orogen (squeegee hypothesis).
Can Managed Aquifer Recharge Mitigate the Groundwater Overdraft in California's Central Valley?
Authors: Alam Sarfaraz , Gebremichael Mekonnen , Li Ruopu , Dozier Jeff , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: June 2020

Groundwater plays a critical role in sustaining agriculture in California's Central Valley (CV). However, groundwater storage in the CV has been declining by around 3 km3/year over the last several decades, with much larger declines during the 2007–2009 and 2012–2015 droughts. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) can potentially mitigate existing overdraft by recharging excess streamflows (during flood periods) to the aquifers. However, the degree to which the existing CV groundwater overdraft might be mitigated by MAR is unknown. We applied a coupled surface water‐groundwater simulation model to quantify the potential for groundwater overdraft recovery via MAR. To quantify the potential benefit of MAR, we used the coupled surface water‐groundwater model to simulate water allocation scenarios where streamflow above the 90th or 80th percentiles was reallocated to aquifers, subject to constraints on the maximum depth of applied water (0.61 and 3.05 m). Our results show that MAR could recover 9–22% of the existing groundwater overdraft CV‐wide based on a 56‐year simulation (1960–2015). However, the impact of MAR varies strongly among regions. In the southern CV where groundwater depletion is most serious, the contribution of MAR to the overdraft recovery would be small, only 2.7–3.2% in the Tulare basin and 3.2–7.8% in the San Joaquin basin. However, transferring excess winter flow from the northern to the southern CV for MAR would increase the overdraft recovery to 30% in San Joaquin and 62% in Tulare. Our results also indicate that MAR has the potential to supplement summer low flows (52–73%, CV‐wide) and reduce flood peaks.
Expanding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Service Provision in Urban Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Communities: A Pilot Study
Authors: Chacko Anil , Hopkins Karen , Acri Mary , Mendelsohn Alan , Dreyer Benard
Published: June 2020

Objective: Access to evidence-based psychosocial interventions for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a challenge in urban, socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Approaches that leverage existing but underdeveloped workforces and connects these with well-established settings that treat ADHD offers an opportunity to address this barrier. This pilot study focused on a preliminary test of the potential utility of paraprofessional-delivered behavioral parent training (BPT) to parents of children with ADHD being treated in a developmental behavioral pediatric practice. Method: In an open clinical trial of 7 families, Family Peer Advocate paraprofessionals delivered BPT to parents of children with ADHD. Parent reports of their child’s ADHD symptoms/oppositional defiant behaviors and functional impairment were assessed before, weekly during BPT, and immediately after BPT. Parents report of their positive and negative parenting behaviors were assessed before and immediately after BPT. Results: Findings demonstrated that participation in BPT was associated with improvements in child- and parent-level outcomes, with moderate to large effects across outcomes. Conclusions: Integrating existing service systems with oversight through pediatric psychologists offers opportunities to efficiently utilize resources, thereby increasing access to evidence-based interventions for ADHD in urban, socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.

Implications for Impact Statement

This study advances the scope of paraprofessional involvement in formal pediatric settings. In addition, it highlights the potential effectiveness of peer-to-peer delivered services.
Adapting PCIT to Address Mental Health Care Disparities Among Underserved Families Impacted by Pediatric Illness: A Case Series of Bedside PCIT
Authors: Christian-Brandt Allison S. , Santacrose Diana
Published: June 2020

Objective: Medically ill children are at elevated risk for mental health issues ( Blackman, Gurka, Gurka, & Oliver, 2011 ), which can negatively affect health status ( DeMore, Adams, Wilson, & Hogan, 2005 ; Johnston & Martin-Herz, 2010 ). Given that children from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds are disproportionately impacted by medical conditions ( Mehta, Lee, & Ylitalo, 2013 ) and experience marked mental health care disparities ( Marrast, Himmelstein, & Woolhandler, 2016 ), innovative interventions are necessary for meeting the needs of underserved families. Methods: The current study presents an adaptation of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) for medical settings that seeks to reduce barriers to care among underserved children with medical conditions and their families. We present outcomes from a case series of bedside PCIT among 5 low–socioeconomic status, medically ill children (3–6 years old; 2 Hispanic, 1 Black, 2 non-Hispanic White) exhibiting medical trauma and disruptive behavior. Main adaptations to standard PCIT included flexible setting delivery, psychoeducation on parenting a medically ill child, and modification of time-out based on child capacity. Results: All families completed treatment and demonstrated reliable and clinically meaningful change in child traumatic stress, child disruptive behavior, and parenting stress. Systematic behavioral observations also indicated improved parenting practices. Conclusions: Results suggest that PCIT can be adapted for medical settings and has the potential to address care disparities among diverse, low–socioeconomic status families impacted by pediatric medical illness. Continued research on bedside PCIT will further elucidate the feasibility and effectiveness of this adaptation, as compared with standard PCIT and typical behavioral health supports in medical settings.

Implications for Impact Statement

The present case series of an adaptation of parent-child interaction therapy for medically ill children yieled positive child and family outcomes among five low–socioeconomic status families across a variety of medical settings. Results highlight how bedside parent-child interaction therapy could help increase access and continuity of care among underserved pediatric populations while also filling a gap in the literature regarding behavioral parent training tailored for families impacted by pediatric illness.
The Teen Symposium: Engaging Adolescents and Young Adults With Sickle Cell Disease in Clinical Care and Research
Authors: Crosby Lori E. , Strong Heather , Johnson Alisha , Mitchell Monica J.
Published: June 2020

Objective: In the United States, sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most prevalent genetic disorder affecting African American and Hispanic youth. Disparities in care have been reported for this population with adolescents and young adults (AYA) with SCD at increased risk for poor health outcomes. It is essential that AYA with SCD receive high-quality care and have access to disease-modifying therapies, yet engaging them in their care and clinical research studies to discover new treatments remains a challenge. Method: Our team developed an innovative approach to engage AYA with SCD in clinical care and research: the SCD Teen Symposium, which uses motivational interviewing strategies to educate AYA with SCD, their family members, and friends while providing concurrent opportunities for research participation. Results: Over a 6-year period, 81 AYA with SCD (47% male; M age = 14.58, SD = 2.9) and 162 family and friends (48% male; M age = 13.37, SD = 2.1) participated. Participants rated the symposium as acceptable ( M rating = 1.74, SD = 0.85) on a scale from 1 ( excellent) to 5 ( poor), and 72% reported they would recommend it to others. Research was rated as very important ( M rating = 1.21, SD = 0.46) by 81% of attendees on a scale from 1 ( very important) to 4 ( not important), and 82% reported increased trust in research. AYA suggested improvements including separate programming for younger and older teens. Conclusions: Results support the feasibility of the Teen Symposium as a model for increasing trust and potentially increasing participation in research. Future studies will determine whether it can be disseminated by other SCD clinics.

Implications for Impact Statement

This study describes a 1-day research and education event for adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease, the Teen Symposium. After attending the symposium, teens reported more trust in research and that they would participate in research studies in the future.