bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping Asian anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds to multiple chemical mechanisms
Authors: Li M. , Zhang Q. , Streets D. G. , He K. B. , Cheng Y. F. , Emmons L. K. , Huo H. , Kang S. C. , Lu Z. , Shao M. , Su H. , Yu X. , Zhang Y.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. An accurate speciation mapping of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) emissions has an important impact on the performance of chemical transport models (CTMs) in simulating ozone mixing ratios and secondary organic aerosols. Taking the INTEX-B Asian NMVOC emission inventory as the case, we developed an improved speciation framework to generate model-ready anthropogenic NMVOC emissions for various gas-phase chemical mechanisms commonly used in CTMs in this work, by using an explicit assignment approach and updated NMVOC profiles. NMVOC profiles were selected and aggregated from a wide range of new measurements and the SPECIATE database v.4.2. To reduce potential uncertainty from individual measurements, composite profiles were developed by grouping and averaging source profiles from the same category. The fractions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOC) were corrected during the compositing process for those profiles which used improper sampling and analyzing methods. Emissions of individual species were then lumped into species in different chemical mechanisms used in CTMs by applying mechanism-dependent species mapping tables, which overcomes the weakness of inaccurate mapping in previous studies. Emission estimates for individual NMVOC species differ between one and three orders of magnitude for some species when different sets of profiles are used, indicating that source profile is the most important source of uncertainties of individual species emissions. However, those differences are diminished in lumped species as a result of the lumping in the chemical mechanisms. Gridded emissions for eight chemical mechanisms at 30 min × 30 min resolution as well as the auxiliary data are available at http://mic.greenresource.cn/intex-b2006. The framework proposed in this work can be also used to develop speciated NMVOC emissions for other regions.
Effects of solar activity on noise in CALIOP profiles above the South Atlantic Anomaly
Authors: Noel V. , Chepfer H. , Hoareau C. , Reverdy M. , Cesana G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We show that nighttime dark noise measurements from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP contain valuable information about the evolution of upwelling high-energy radiation levels. Above the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), CALIOP dark noise levels fluctuate by ±6% between 2006 and 2013, and follow the known anticorrelation of local particle flux with the 11-year cycle of solar activity (with a 1-year lag). By analyzing the geographic distribution of noisy profiles, we are able to reproduce known findings about the SAA region. Over the considered period, it shifts westward by 0.3° year−1, and changes in size by 6° meridionally and 2° zonally, becoming larger with weaker solar activity. All results are in strong agreement with previous works. We predict SAA noise levels will increase anew after 2014, and will affect future spaceborne lidar missions most near 2020.
A compact PTR-ToF-MS instrument for airborne measurements of VOCs at high spatio-temporal resolution
Authors: Müller M. , Mikoviny T. , Feil S. , Haidacher S. , Hanel G. , Hartungen E. , Jordan A. , Märk L. , Mutschlechner P. , Schottkowsky R. , Sulzer P. , Crawford J. H. , Wisthaler A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Herein, we report on the development of a compact proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer for airborne measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The new instrument resolves isobaric ions with a mass resolving power (m/Δm) of ~ 1000, provides accurate m/z measurements (Δm < 3 mDa), records full mass spectra at 1 Hz and thus overcomes some of the major analytical deficiencies of quadrupole-MS based airborne instruments. 1 Hz detection limits for biogenic VOCs (isoprene, α-pinene), aromatic VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylenes) and ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone) range from 0.05 to 0.12 ppbV, making the instrument well-suited for fast measurements in the continental boundary layer. The instrument detects and quantifies VOCs in locally confined plumes (< 1km) which improves our capability of characterizing emission sources and atmospheric processing within plumes. A deployment during the NASA 2013 DISCOVER-AQ mission generated high vertical and horizontal resolution in situ data of VOCs and ammonia for validation of satellite retrievals and chemistry transport models.
MASC – a small Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) for wind energy research
Authors: Wildmann N. , Hofsäß M. , Weimer F. , Joos A. , Bange J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Originally designed for atmospheric boundary layer research, the MASC (Multipurpose Airborne Sensor Carrier) RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV) is capable of making in-situ measurements of temperature, humidity and wind in high resolution and precision. The autopilot system ROCS (Research Onboard Computer System) enables the aircraft to fly pre-defined routes between waypoints at constant altitude and airspeed. The system manages to operate in wind speeds up to 15 m s−1 safely. It is shown that a MASC can fly as close as one rotor diameter upstream and downstream of running wind turbines at these wind speeds and take valuable data of incoming flow and wake. The flexible operation of an RPA at the size of a MASC can be a major advantage of the system compared to tower measurements and remote sensing in wind energy research. In the project "Lidar Complex" comparisons of RPA measurements with lidar systems and tower measurements are carried out at two different test sites. First results, including turbulence and wake measurements, from a campaign in autumn 2013 are presented.
Nitrogen mineralization and gaseous nitrogen losses from waterlogged and drained organic soils in a black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forest
Authors: Eickenscheidt T. , Heinichen J. , Augustin J. , Freibauer A. , Drösler M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forests on peat soils have been reported to be hotspots for high nitrous oxide (N2O) losses. High emissions may be attributed to alternating water tables of peatlands and to the incorporation of high amounts of easily decomposable nitrogen (N) into the ecosystem by symbiotic dinitrogen (N2)-fixation of alder trees. Our study addressed the question to what extent drainage enhances the emissions of N2O from black alder forests and how N turnover processes and physical factors influence the production of N2O and total denitrification. The study was conducted in a drained black alder forest with variable groundwater tables at a southern German fen peatland. Fluxes of N2O were measured using the closed chamber method at two drained sites (D-1 and D-2) and one undrained site (U). Inorganic N contents and net N mineralization rates (NNM) were determined. Additionally a laboratory incubation experiment was carried out to investigate greenhouse gas and N2 fluxes at different temperature and soil moisture conditions. Significantly different inorganic N contents and NNM rates were observed, which however did not result in significantly different N2O fluxes in the field but did in the laboratory experiment. N2O fluxes measured were low for all sites, with total annual emissions of 0.51 ± 0.07 (U), 0.97 ± 0.13 (D-1) and 0.93 ± 0.08 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1 (D-2). Only 37% of the spatiotemporal variation in field N2O fluxes could be explained by peat temperature and groundwater level, demonstrating the complex interlinking of the controlling factors for N2O emissions. However, temperature was one of the key variables of N2O fluxes in the incubation experiment conducted. Increasing soil moisture content was found to enhance total denitrification losses during the incubation experiment, whereas N2O fluxes remained constant. At the undrained site, permanently high groundwater level was found to prevent net nitrification, resulting in a limitation of available nitrate (NO3−) and negligible gaseous N losses. N2O flux rates that were up to four times higher were measured in the incubation experiment. They reveal the potential of high N2O losses under changing soil physical conditions at the drained alder sites. The high net nitrification rates observed and high NO3− contents bear the risk of considerable NO3− leaching at the drained sites.
Art's Global Stage: Revisiting Display Today
Authors: Mathur Saloni
Published: June 2014

Keynote address from the symposium Exhibition Complex: Displaying People, Identity, and Culture, held October 18-20, 2012 at the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
“The Great Palace of American Civilization”: Allen Eaton’s Arts and Crafts of the Homelands, 1919-1932
Authors: Greenwold Diana
Published: June 2014

Allen Eaton’s Arts and Crafts of the Homelands exhibition premiered in Buffalo, New York in 1919, where it drew record crowds to the Albright Gallery. Iterations of the display soon opened in Albany, Rochester, and then in several other cities across the United States. Arts and Crafts of the Homelands showcased European craftwork of local immigrant groups to celebrate a model of early twentieth-century American pluralism. This article examines the aims of exhibit organizers, immigrant presenters, and native-born visitors to these exhibitions. The structure of the displays—which highlighted domestic tableaux of old-world objects—obfuscated the contemporary contributions of immigrant groups to American cultural and economic forums. I argue, however, that local groups took advantage of the exhibit’s performance spaces to assert their active presence in American public life.
Creating National Narrative: The Red Guard Art Exhibitions and the National Exhibitions in the Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966 - 1976
Authors: Tsang Winnie
Published: June 2014

The artistic development in China experienced drastic changes during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. Traditional Chinese art was denounced, whereas propaganda art became predominant in shaping the public’s loyalty towards the Communist Party and the country. Two major groups of art exhibitions emerged during the Revolution—the unofficial Red Guard art exhibitions organized by student activists in collaboration with local communes and art schools between 1966 and 1968, and the state-run national exhibitions from 1972 to 1975. These exhibitions were significant to this period because they were held frequently in the capital city Beijing and occasionally elsewhere, and through art they presented unique revolutionary beliefs to the Chinese people in a public setting. While the Red Guard art exhibitions and the national exhibitions certainly created different national narratives, I argue that the national exhibitions were in fact an attempt to revise the national narrative created by the Red Guard art exhibitions in order to re-establish a more utopian, consistent, and official national narrative. This paper unravels the intricate relationship between the two groups of exhibitions by comparing their exhibition venues, ideological focuses, work selection and quality editing.
On the Coevalities of the Contemporary in Cambodia: Review: Sampot: The Collection of Small Things by Chan Dany
Authors: Nelson Roger
Published: June 2014

A review of visual artist Chan Dany’s solo exhibition Sampot: The Collection of Small Things, held at SA SA BASSAC gallery in Phnom Penh from May 23 to July 28, 2013, incorporating some reflections on contemporaneity in Cambodia.
Estrategias de aprendizaje y motivación en la resolución de problemas arimético-algebraicos. Un estudio con alumnado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria
Authors: Gascó Chavarri Javier
Published: June 2014

La presente investigación pretende contribuir a dilucidar las relaciones entre el procedimiento de resolución de problemas aritmético-algebraicos, las estrategias de aprendizaje y la motivación para las Matemáticas. El estudio se realiza con alumnado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO).
Editorial
Authors: Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista
Published: June 2014

Editorial
Ordenadores en el aula: ¿estamos preparados los profesores?
Authors: Gómez Crespo Miguel Angel , Cañas Cortazar A.M. , Gutiérrez Julián M.S. , Martín-Díaz M.J.
Published: June 2014

Integrar las TIC en las aulas de Física y Química supone un gran reto y los factores involucrados son muchos y complejos. El problema fundamental radica en cómo se utilizan las TIC por parte de los estudiantes y, en esto, tienen un papel muy importante la escuela y el uso que los profesores hacen de ellas. Hemos realizado una investigación con 138 profesores de Física y Química para analizar cómo utilizan las TIC en su trabajo de aula, la percepción que tienen sobre cómo las utilizan sus alumnos y las dificultades que surgen al tratar e integrar las TIC en el trabajo de aula. Los resultados muestran que las TIC se utilizan poco y que su uso genera incertidumbre en muchos profesores, por lo que se puede concluir que es necesaria una formación que facilite su integración en las aulas.
Traducción entre lenguajes simbólicos de distintas áreas del conocimiento: el caso del flujo del campo eléctrico
Authors: Pocoví M. Cecilia , Collivadino Carolina
Published: June 2014

Se presenta un estudio de caso genérico (Merriam, 1998) que consta de dos partes. En la primera se compara el sistema simbólico utilizado en la presentación del concepto de flujo de campo eléctrico en los textos de electromagnetismo de nivel universitario básico con aquel utilizado en los textos de cálculo matemático en la presentación del teorema de Gauss. El modelo de codificación dual (Sadoski y Paivio, 2004) provee el marco teórico para el análisis. Los resultados muestran que existe bastante uniformidad en el uso de símbolos en cálculo y en física pero existen discrepancias entre las dos áreas. En la segunda parte, se detecta el grado de traducción simbólica-simbólica que logra un grupo de estudiantes antes de realizar problemas de física sobre el tema. Se sugiere que la falta de una buena interpretación de los símbolos puede contribuir inicialmente a dificultar la comprensión de la idea de flujo de los estudiantes.
La ciencia en los discursos escritos por estudiantes de Bachillerato
Authors: Gálvez Díaz Víctor Armando , Buenfil Burgos Rosa Nidia
Published: June 2014

Este informe describe las representaciones de la ciencia expresadas en textos escritos por alumnos de tres bachilleratos con características socioculturales diferentes. Para conformar su representación de la ciencia, los estudiantes emplean una variedad de elementos discursivos relacionados con diferentes categorías epistemológicas como la realidad, la observación, el método científico, entre otros. Se identifican las tendencias en la expresión de estos elementos discursivo-epistemológicos y se sugieren posibles interpretaciones. El estudio de las representaciones científicas adquiere relevancia en tanto que los valores y las creencias relacionadas con la ciencia y su desarrollo influyen en las actuaciones de los sujetos en contextos, como el escolar, donde la ciencia se encuentra cotidianamente presente.
Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)
Authors: Baert Léon
Published: June 2014

Three new Eustala species are described from the Galápagos archipelago: Eustala occidentalis sp. nov. with a western distribution, Eustala orientalis sp. nov. with an eastern distribution and Eustala meridionalis sp. nov. with a distribution restricted to the southern island Floreana.
Competencies and Responsibilities of Social Science Data Librarians: An Analysis of Job Descriptions
Authors: Xia Jingfeng , Wang Minglu
Published: June 2014

This study examines job announcements for social science data librarians and professionals to identify trends in the profession. A collection of 167 job postings in 2005–2012 from the International Association for Social Science Information Services &Technology website was analyzed on the frequencies of term occurrence and co-occurrence in job qualifications and responsibilities. The study verifies that employers valued non-technical skills as heavily as technical skills, and detects dissimilar emphases of data activities for data librarians and non-librarian professionals: the former on data discovery and collection, and the latter on data analysis and preservation. An increasing requirement of data management planning was also found for data librarians.
Parasite Inspection in Five Commercially Important Oyster Species (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of Pakistan
Authors: Nuzhat Afsar  , Ghazala Siddiqui  , David Roberts
Published: June 2014

A total of five native oyster species namely; Crassostrea gryphoides, C. madrasensis, C. glomerata, Ostrea nomades and Saccostrea cucullata were collected from three sites: Buleji of Sindh coast; Hub and Jiwani of Balochistan coast, Pakistan. Parasitic inclusion was present only in histological sections of O. nomades and S. cucullata at Buleji.Individuals of O. nomades found to be infected with protozoan parasite Nematopsis speciesand Proctoeces sp. trematodeparasite. Additionally, unknown parasitic cyst was observed at outer epithelium in a male gonadal section of S. cucullata. There is no previous record in literature of pathogens in oyster species at Buleji.
Development of an Observational Instrument to Assess Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease in Premature Infants
Authors: Öhman Susanne Georgsson , Sandberg Christina
Published: June 2014

Background: Premature infants are at increased risk of developing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), which for these children is associated with a number of severe symptoms. There is great need for effective instruments and clear symptom criteria to assess the presence and degree of severity of GERD.
Aim: To develop and pilot test an observation instrument for early detection of symptoms of GERD in premature infants.
Method: A combination of three research methods was used – systematic literature review, observation instrument development and a pilot test.
Results: The systematic review identified specific symptoms of GERD. The development of the observational instrument started with the establishment of concordance between the criteria of symptoms according to the literature review and to NIDCAP, “Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program”. In the pilot test the criteria of symptoms were revised by comparing the result and the criteria between infants that clinically were estimated to have had a reflux problem and the ones who did not.
Conclusion: An observation instrument was developed. The clinical evaluation by a pilot test showed that the instrument could be useful to record significant symptoms and combinations of symptoms that may occur in premature infants assessed as having reflux problems.
La naissance comme accident providentiel. Le risque et les allocations familiales au début du XXe siècle au Québec1
Authors: Petitclerc Martin
Published: June 2014

Dans la première moitié du xxe siècle, le développement du savoir assurantiel appliqué aux politiques sociales a permis de repenser les termes de la question sociale. À ce moment, une coalition éclectique de réformateurs, d’intellectuels, de politiciens et de groupes sociaux reformule un large éventail de problèmes sociaux comme des accidents et des risques sociaux, plutôt que le résultat de la faute et de la responsabilité individuelles. Un tel déplacement a permis de contourner plusieurs contraintes du mode de régulation libéral, tout en balisant étroitement les discours et les pratiques de la solidarité au sein de la communauté politique contemporaine. Dans cet article, je me propose d’examiner ces enjeux en me concentrant sur le projet d’allocations familiales de Léon Lebel, un jésuite actif au sein de l’influent mouvement du catholicisme social. Ce projet était très inusité puisqu’il était basé sur une conception matérialiste de la naissance qui en faisait un « accident providentiel » pour le chef de famille, ce qui permettait d’envisager la mutualisation de ce risque par la technologie assurantielle. Bien que ce projet n’ait jamais été appliqué, il s’agit tout de même d’un exemple convaincant de l’importance stratégique du savoir assurantiel et des discours sur le risque – même pour un catholique social comme Lebel – dans les débats sur les politiques sociales pendant une grande partie du xxe siècle.
Placebo Cure Rates in the Treatment of Onychomycosis
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Paquet Maryse
Published: June 2014

Placebo cure rates vary among randomized clinical trials for onychomycosis, but the factors influencing these cure rates have not been systematically investigated. The PubMed database and reference sections of relevant publications were searched for randomized controlled trials of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis that included a placebo control and that assessed cure rates. From 21 studies, the pooled mean ± SD placebo cure rates regarding mycological, clinical, and complete cure were 8.7% ± 3.7%, 3.4% ± 2.2%, and 1.2% ± 1.4%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between oral and topical treatments. None of the cure rates significantly correlated with any of the participant or study design characteristics analyzed. Placebo cure rates in randomized controlled trials of toenail onychomycosis are relatively low and are independent of the study characteristics.
Perioperative Posterior Heel Pain Caused by Multiple Etiologies Including a Neuroma in Continuity of the Posterior Branch of the Sural Nerve
Authors: Barrett Stephen L. , Larson Nathan L.
Published: June 2014

Posterior heel pain after a prior Haglund's deformity surgical correction can be resultant to multiple etiologies: osseous, tendinous, and neural. In this case report, all three potential etiologies were found to be contributing to the postoperative status of the patient. This case report illustrates identification and treatment of a neuroma in continuity of the posterior branch of the sural nerve with preservation of the sural nerve itself via microdissection, which we believe has not been described previously in the literature.
Incidental Pedal Manifestation of Primary Bone Lymphoma
Authors: DeLauro Nicole M. , Sharma Shital , Shah Nrupa , Ahmed Imtiaz
Published: June 2014

Primary lymphoma of bone (PLB) is an uncommon entity and is extremely rare in the foot and ankle. In this case, PLB was identified from the bone specimen after a bunionectomy of the first and fifth metatarsals. The diagnosis was confirmed with pathologic analysis, genetic karyotyping, positron emission and computed tomography scans, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We felt that reporting this case was essential due to the rarity of its pedal occurrence and the lack of preoperative signs or symptoms.
Malignant Melanoma Presenting as a Nonhealing Heel Ulceration
Authors: Fussell Jacqueline Nicole , Troutman David Lee , Hossler Eric , Agarwal Shilpa
Published: June 2014

Malignant melanoma is responsible for more than three-fourths of skin cancer deaths in the United States. Melanomas presenting on acral surfaces are frequently misdiagnosed initially, leading to progression of disease and worse prognosis. This case is presented to reinforce the significance of careful physical examination and early biopsy of atypical ulcerations of the foot.
Doctors of Podiatric Medicine—On a Pathway to Becoming Fully Licensed Physicians and Surgeons?
Authors: Levy Leonard A.
Published: June 2014

Since the 1970s, the profession of podiatric medicine has undergone major changes in the dimensions of its practice as well as its education and training. Herein, I describe how podiatric medicine has evolved to become a profession of independent practitioners who now provide patients with comprehensive medical and surgical care affecting the foot and ankle in community practice, academic health centers, and hospital operating rooms. Preparation for the profession virtually mirrors the education and training of the MD and DO, including a 4-year postbaccalaureate curriculum with a preclinical curriculum that matches that of Liaison Committee on Medical Education–accredited medical schools and most of the clinical curriculum of undergraduate medical education. Completion of the degree of doctor of podiatric medicine prepares graduates to enter hospital-based graduate medical education programs, now 3 years in duration. A description is provided of the current podiatric medical practitioner now prepared at a level that is virtually equal to that of medical and surgical specialists who hold an unrestricted medical license.
Mercury's surface magnetic field determined from proton‐reflection magnetometry
Authors: Winslow Reka M. , Johnson Catherine L. , Anderson Brian J. , Gershman Daniel J. , Raines Jim M. , Lillis Robert J. , Korth Haje , Slavin James A. , Solomon Sean C. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: June 2014

Solar wind protons observed by the MESSENGER spacecraft in orbit about Mercury exhibit signatures of precipitation loss to Mercury's surface. We apply proton‐reflection magnetometry to sense Mercury's surface magnetic field intensity in the planet's northern and southern hemispheres. The results are consistent with a dipole field offset to the north and show that the technique may be used to resolve regional‐scale fields at the surface. The proton loss cones indicate persistent ion precipitation to the surface in the northern magnetospheric cusp region and in the southern hemisphere at low nightside latitudes. The latter observation implies that most of the surface in Mercury's southern hemisphere is continuously bombarded by plasma, in contrast with the premise that the global magnetic field largely protects the planetary surface from the solar wind.
Rupture process of the 2014 Iquique Chile Earthquake in relation with the foreshock activity
Authors: Yagi Yuji , Okuwaki Ryo , Enescu Bogdan , Hirano Shiro , Yamagami Yuta , Endo Suguru , Komoro Takuya
Published: June 2014

The rupture process of the 2014 Iquique, Chile earthquake is inverted from teleseismic P wave data applying a novel formulation that takes into account the uncertainty of Green's function, which has been a major error source in waveform inversion. The estimated seismic moment is 1.5 × 1021 Nm (Mw = 8.1), associated with a 140 km long and 140 km wide fault rupture along the plate interface. The source process is characterized by unilateral rupture propagation. During the first 20 s, the dynamic rupture front propagated from the hypocenter to the large asperity located about 50 km southward, crossing a remarkably active foreshock area at high velocity (of about 3.0 km/s), but small and irregular seismic moment release rate. Our result may suggest that the 20 s long initial phase was influenced by the stress drop due to the foreshock activity near the main shock hypocenter. Moreover, the 2 week long swarm‐like foreshock activity migrating roughly at 5 km/day toward the main shock hypocenter, and possibly associated slow slip, contributed to the stress accumulation prior to the Mw 8.1 megaquake. The main shock initial rupture phase might have triggered the rupture of the large asperity, which had large fracture energy.
Charge Transport in Polycrystalline Graphene: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Cummings Aron W. , Duong Dinh Loc , Nguyen Van Luan , Van Tuan Dinh , Kotakoski Jani , Barrios Vargas Jose Eduardo , Lee Young Hee , Roche Stephan
Published: June 2014

Graphene has attracted significant interest both for exploring fundamental science and for a wide range of technological applications. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is currently the only working approach to grow graphene at wafer scale, which is required for industrial applications. Unfortunately, CVD graphene is intrinsically polycrystalline, with pristine graphene grains stitched together by disordered grain boundaries, which can be either a blessing or a curse. On the one hand, grain boundaries are expected to degrade the electrical and mechanical properties of polycrystalline graphene, rendering the material undesirable for many applications. On the other hand, they exhibit an increased chemical reactivity, suggesting their potential application to sensing or as templates for synthesis of one‐dimensional materials. Therefore, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the structure and properties of graphene grain boundaries. Here, we review experimental progress on identification and electrical and chemical characterization of graphene grain boundaries. We use numerical simulations and transport measurements to demonstrate that electrical properties and chemical modification of graphene grain boundaries are strongly correlated. This not only provides guidelines for the improvement of graphene devices, but also opens a new research area of engineering graphene grain boundaries for highly sensitive electro‐biochemical devices.
Novel design and performance of a medical oxygen concentrator using a rapid pressure swing adsorption concept
Authors: Rao Vemula Rama , Kothare Mayuresh V. , Sircar Shivaji
Published: June 2014

A novel design of a compact rapid pressure swing adsorption system consisting of a single adsorber enclosed inside a product storage tank is proposed for application as a medical oxygen concentrator (MOC). A self‐contained test unit for the process is constructed which is capable of directly and continuously producing 1–3 sl/m of 90% O2 from compressed air. Pelletized LiLSX zeolite is used as the air separation adsorbent. Steady state process performance data [bed size factor (BSF) and O2 recovery (R) as functions of total cycle time (tc)], as well as transient, cyclic, adsorber pressure, and temperature profiles are presented. A four‐step Skarstrom‐like pressure swing adsorption cycle was used. Two options for column pressurization, (a) using compressed feed air cocurrently or (b) using a part of the oxygen‐enriched product gas counter‐currently were evaluated. Option (b) exhibited superior performance. The optimum total cycle time for option (b) was 5–6 s where the BSF was lowest (∼45 kgs/TPD O2) and the corresponding R was ∼29.3%. These numbers indicate that the adsorbent inventory of a MOC can be potentially reduced by a factor of three while offering a ∼10–20% higher O2 recovery compared to a typical commercial unit. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3330–3335, 2014
Somatic mosaicism for the p.His1047Arg mutation in PIK3CA in a girl with mesenteric lipomatosis
Authors: Cohen Ana S. A. , Townsend Katelin N. , Xiang Qing‐San , Attariwala Raj , Borchers Christof , Senger Christof , Picker Wayne , Levi Jasna , Yewchuk Lila , Tan Joelle , Eydoux Patrice , Lum Amy , Yong Siu‐Li , McKinnon Margaret L. , Lear Scott A. , Everett Robert , Jones Steven J. M. , Yip Stephen , Gibson William T.
Published: June 2014

We describe a patient who presented with a localized growth of mature fat tissue, which was surgically removed. MRI imaging identified diffuse increase in visceral adipose tissue. Targeted deep sequencing of the resected tissue uncovered a p.H1047R variant in PIK3CA, which was absent in blood. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum of mosaic PIK3CA mutations. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between macroorchidism and intelligence in FMR1 premutation carriers
Authors: Lozano Reymundo , Summers Scott , Lozano Cristina , Mu Yi , Hessl David , Nguyen Danh , Tassone Flora , Hagerman Randi
Published: June 2014

Characteristics of fragile X syndrome include macroorchidism and intellectual disability, which are associated with decreased FMRP levels. FMRP is highly expressed in many tissues, but primarily in the brain and testis. The relationship between these two characteristics has not previously been studied in the premutation or carrier state. To examine this among premutation carriers and a possible association with IQ, we evaluated macroorchidism status among 213 males including 142 premutation carriers and 71 controls. The prevalence of macroorchidism among premutation carriers was 32.4% (46 out of 142), and 5.6% among controls (4 out of 71, P < 0.0001). Among premutation carriers, the age‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) of macroorchidism was significantly increased with increasing FMR1 mRNA (OR 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–3.25; P = 0.035). With respect to the association between macroorchidism and IQ, after adjustment for number of CGG repeats and age, premutation carriers with macroorchidism had lower verbal IQ (104.67 ± 15.86, P = 0.0152) and full scale IQ (102.98 ± 15.78, P = 0.0227) than premutation carriers without macroorchidism (verbal IQ 112.38 ± 14.14, full scale IQ 110.24 ± 14.21). Similar associations were observed for both verbal IQ (P = 0.034) and full scale IQ (P = 0.039) after being adjusted for age and FMR1 mRNA. These preliminary data support a correlation between macroorchidism and lower verbal and full scale IQ in a relevant proportion of premutation carrier males. Whether this is due to higher levels of FMR1 mRNA or to lower FMRP levels it remains to be established. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in dietary practices and social organization during the pivotal late iron age period in Norway (AD 550–1030): Isotope analyses of merovingian and viking age human remains
Authors: Naumann Elise , Price T. Douglas , Richards Michael P.
Published: June 2014

Human remains representing 33 individuals buried along the coast in northern Norway were analyzed for diet composition using collagen stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. Where possible, both teeth and bone were included to investigate whether there were dietary changes from childhood to adulthood. A general shift was documented from the Merovingian Age 550–800 AD to the Viking Age AD 800–1050 (VA), with a heavier reliance on marine diet in the VA. Dietary life history data show that 15 individuals changed their diets through life with 11 of these having consumed more marine foods in the later years of life. In combination with 87Sr/86Sr data, it is argued that at least six individuals possibly originated from inland areas and then moved to the coastal region where they were eventually interred. The trend is considered in relation to the increasing expansion of the marine fishing industry at this time, and it is suggested that results from isotope analyses reflect the expanding production and export of stockfish in this region. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:322–331, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revealing the Dynamic Structure of Complex Solid Catalysts Using Modulated Excitation X‐ray Diffraction
Authors: Ferri Davide , Newton Mark A. , Di Michiel Marco , Chiarello Gian Luca , Yoon Songhak , Lu Ye , Andrieux Jérôme
Published: June 2014

X‐ray diffraction (XRD) is typically silent towards information on low loadings of precious metals on solid catalysts because of their finely dispersed nature. When combined with a concentration modulation approach, time‐resolved high‐energy XRD is able to provide the detailed redox dynamics of palladium nanoparticles with a diameter of 2 nm in 2 wt % Pd/CZ (CZ=ceria–zirconia), which is a difficult sample for extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements because of the cerium component. The temporal evolution of the Pd(111) and Ce(111) reflections together with surface information from synchronous diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) measurements reveals that Ce maintains Pd oxidized in the CO pulse, whereas reduction is detected at the beginning of the O2 pulse. Oxygen is likely transferred from Pd to Ce3+ before the onset of Pd re‐oxidation. In this context, adsorbed carbonates appear to be the rate‐limiting species for re‐oxidation.
Truth and deception at the rhetorical structure level
Authors: Rubin Victoria L. , Lukoianova Tatiana
Published: June 2014

This paper furthers the development of methods to distinguish truth from deception in textual data. We use rhetorical structure theory (RST) as the analytic framework to identify systematic differences between deceptive and truthful stories in terms of their coherence and structure. A sample of 36 elicited personal stories, self‐ranked as truthful or deceptive, is manually analyzed by assigning RST discourse relations among each story's constituent parts. A vector space model (VSM) assesses each story's position in multidimensional RST space with respect to its distance from truthful and deceptive centers as measures of the story's level of deception and truthfulness. Ten human judges evaluate independently whether each story is deceptive and assign their confidence levels (360 evaluations total), producing measures of the expected human ability to recognize deception. As a robustness check, a test sample of 18 truthful stories (with 180 additional evaluations) is used to determine the reliability of our RST‐VSM method in determining deception. The contribution is in demonstration of the discourse structure analysis as a significant method for automated deception detection and an effective complement to lexicosemantic analysis. The potential is in developing novel discourse‐based tools to alert information users to potential deception in computer‐mediated texts.
Predicting users' domain knowledge in information retrieval using multiple regression analysis of search behaviors
Authors: Zhang Xiangmin , Liu Jingjing , Cole Michael , Belkin Nicholas
Published: June 2014

User domain knowledge affects search behaviors and search success. Predicting a user's knowledge level from implicit evidence such as search behaviors could allow an adaptive information retrieval system to better personalize its interaction with users. This study examines whether user domain knowledge can be predicted from search behaviors by applying a regression modeling analysis method. We identify behavioral features that contribute most to a successful prediction model. A user experiment was conducted with 40 participants searching on task topics in the domain of genomics. Participant domain knowledge level was assessed based on the users' familiarity with and expertise in the search topics and their knowledge of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms in the categories that corresponded to the search topics. Users' search behaviors were captured by logging software, which includes querying behaviors, document selection behaviors, and general task interaction behaviors. Multiple regression analysis was run on the behavioral data using different variable selection methods. Four successful predictive models were identified, each involving a slightly different set of behavioral variables. The models were compared for the best on model fit, significance of the model, and contributions of individual predictors in each model. Each model was validated using the split sampling method. The final model highlights three behavioral variables as domain knowledge level predictors: the number of documents saved, the average query length, and the average ranking position of the documents opened. The results are discussed, study limitations are addressed, and future research directions are suggested.
Hybrid simulated annealing and genetic algorithm for optimizing arterial signal timings under oversaturated traffic conditions
Authors: Li Zichuan , Schonfeld Paul
Published: June 2014

The implementation of system‐wide signal optimization models requires efficient solution algorithms that can quickly generate optimal or near‐optimal signal timings. This paper presents a hybrid algorithm based on simulated annealing (SA) and a genetic algorithm (GA) for arterial signal timing optimization. A decoding scheme is proposed that exploits our prior expectations about efficient solutions, namely, that the optimal green time distribution should reflect the proportion of the critical lane volumes of each phase. An SA algorithm, a GA algorithm and a hybrid SA‐GA algorithm are developed here using the proposed decoding scheme. These algorithms can be adapted to a wide range of signal optimization models and are especially suitable for those optimizing phase sequences with oversaturated intersections. To comparatively evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, we apply them to a signal optimization model for oversaturated arterial intersections based on an enhanced cell transmission model. The numerical results indicate that the SA‐GA algorithm outperforms both SA and GA in terms of solution quality and convergence rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reinforcement learning approach for distance‐based dynamic tolling in the stochastic network environment
Authors: Zhu Feng , Ukkusuri Satish V.
Published: June 2014

This paper proposes a novel dynamic tolling model based on distance and accounts for uncertain traffic demand and supply conditions. The distance‐based tolling controller is modeled as an intelligent agent interacting within the stochastic network environment dynamically by taking actions, which are to decide different distance‐based tolling rates of vehicles. The distance‐based tolls are determined according to various metrics, for example, total traffic flow throughput, delay time, vehicular emissions, which are set as objectives in the modeling framework. The optimal tolling rate is determined by an R‐Markov Average Reward Technique based reinforcement learning algorithm. In the numerical case study, we test the proposed tolling scheme on a benchmark test network—the Sioux Falls network—where specified links are candidate toll links. The result shows that the total travel time of tolling links reduces by 25% over simulation runs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Behaviors Increase More When Children With ASD Are Imitated by Their Mother vs. an Unfamiliar Adult
Authors: Slaughter Virginia , Ong Su Sen
Published: June 2014

Previous research suggests that being imitated by an adult increases the social behaviors of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the current study, we examined whether familiarity with the imitating social partner modulates this effect. Ten children with ASD and their mothers participated. The children's social behaviors were observed prior to and following a 3‐min period in which an adult social partner imitated everything they did. In one condition the partner was the child's mother, and in the other condition the partner was an unfamiliar experimenter. The results revealed significant increases in distal social behaviors (gazes toward the adult, vocalizing) following imitation by both partners. There was a significantly greater increase in proximal social behaviors (including approach, being physically close, and touching) and a greater decrease in playing alone when the imitator was the child's mother as opposed to the experimenter. The findings suggest that the experience of being imitated creates an atmosphere of mutuality and rapport between children with ASD and their social partners, which increases their sociability even in interactions with already familiar adults. Autism Res 2014, 7: 582–589. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cilia and polycystic kidney disease, kith and kin
Authors: Huang Liwei , Lipschutz Joshua H.
Published: June 2014

In the past decade, cilia have been found to play important roles in renal cystogenesis. Many genes, such as PKD1 and PKD2 which, when mutated, cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), have been found to localize to primary cilia. The cilium functions as a sensor to transmit extracellular signals into the cell. Abnormal cilia structure and function are associated with the development of polyscystic kidney disease (PKD). Cilia assembly includes centriole migration to the apical surface of the cell, ciliary vesicle docking and fusion with the cell membrane at the intended site of cilium outgrowth, and microtubule growth from the basal body. This review summarizes the most recent advances in cilia and PKD research, with special emphasis on the mechanisms of cytoplasmic and intraciliary protein transport during ciliogenesis.Birth Defects Research (Part C) 102:174–185, 2014. ©2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alternative polyadenylation in the nervous system: To what lengths will 3′ UTR extensions take us?
Authors: Miura Pedro , Sanfilippo Piero , Shenker Sol , Lai Eric C.
Published: June 2014

Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) can diversify coding and non‐coding regions, but has particular impact on increasing 3′ UTR diversity. Through the gain or loss of regulatory elements such as RNA binding protein and microRNA sites, APA can influence transcript stability, localization, and translational efficiency. Strikingly, the central nervous systems of invertebrate and vertebrate species express a broad range of transcript isoforms bearing extended 3′ UTRs. The molecular mechanism that permits proximal 3′ end bypass in neurons is mysterious, and only beginning to be elucidated. This landscape of neural 3′ UTR extensions, many reaching unprecedented lengths, may help service the unique post‐transcriptional regulatory needs of neurons. A combination of approaches, including transcriptome‐wide profiling, genetic screening to identify APA factors, biochemical dissection of alternative 3′ end formation, and manipulation of individual neural APA targets, will be necessary to gain fuller perspectives on the mechanism and biology of neural‐specific 3′ UTR lengthening.
Comments on: Overview of object oriented data analysis
Authors: Casal Alberto Rodríguez
Published: June 2014

This is a discussion on the paper: “Overview of Object Oriented Data Analysis” by J. Steve Marron and Andrés M. Alonso.
Sensitization enhancement of europium in ZnSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots induced by efficient energy transfer
Authors: Liu Ni , Xu Ling , Wang Hongyu , Xu Jun , Su Weining , Ma Zhongyuan , Chen Kunji
Published: June 2014

Eu‐doped ZnSe:/ZnS quantum dots (formed as ZnSe:Eu/ZnS QDs) were successfully synthesized by a two‐step wet chemical method: nucleation doping and epitaxial shell growing. The sensitization characteristics of Eu‐doped ZnSe and ZnSe/ZnS core/shell QD are studied in detail using photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation spectra (PLE) and time‐resolved PL spectroscopy. The emission intensity of Eu ions is enhanced and that of ZnSe QDs is decreased, implying that energy was transferred from the excited ZnSe host materials (the donor) to the doped Eu ions (the acceptor). PLE reveals that the ZnSe QDs act as an antenna for the sensitization of Eu ions through an energy transfer process. The dynamics of ZnSe:Eu/ZnS core/shell quantum dots with different shell thicknesses and doping concentrations are studied via PL spectra and fluorescence lifetime spectra. The maximum phosphorescence efficiency is obtained when the doping concentration of Eu is approximately 6% and the sample showed strong white light under ultraviolet lamp illumination. By surface modification with ZnS shell layer, the intensity of Eu‐related PL emission is increased approximately three times compared with that of pure ZnSe:Eu QDs. The emission intensity and wavelength of ZnSe:Eu/ZnS core/shell quantum dots can be modulated by different shell thickness and doping concentration. The results provide a valuable insight into the doping control for practical applications in laser, light‐emitting diodes and in the field of biotechnology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.