bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing human factors design guidelines for marine electronics — the case of S-mode
Authors: Vu Viet Dung , Lützhöft Margareta , Imset Marius
Published: May 2023

Human factors issues with navigation equipment have been identified as a challenge to safe and efficient maritime operations. A reason behind the issues is the lack of guidance from regulatory agencies, particularly regarding interface design. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has taken measures to address the situation, an example of which is the development of Circular MSC.1/Circ.1609 Guidelines for the Standardisation of User Interface Design for Navigation Equipment. This article presents a case study on the development of MSC.1/Circ.1609. An in-depth analysis was conducted using multiple sources of data to identify influential factors behind key events and provide recommendations for similar future initiatives. The data used in the study include interviews with major stakeholders, official reports of the development work, and personal records of members of the development team. The study finds the development of MSC.1/Circ.1609 to be affected by the politics of decision-making at the IMO, the difficulties associated with developing implementable technical regulations, and the rigid nature of IMO working procedures. The findings suggest that successful human factors regulations should address the requirements of both end-users and implementors, which are equipment manufacturers in this case. This study also identifies characteristics of IMO working principles that should be considered to improve the application of human factors in the maritime field.
The Short Local Algebras of Dimension 6 with Non-projective Reflexive Modules
Authors: Ringel Claus Michael
Published: May 2023

Let A be a finite-dimensional local algebra over an algebraically closed field, let J be the radical of A. The modules we are interested in are the finitely generated left A-modules. Projective modules are always reflexive, and an algebra is self-injective iff all modules are reflexive. We discuss the existence of non-projective reflexive modules in case A is not self-injective. We assume that A is short (this means that $$ J^3 = 0$$

J
3

=
0

). In a joint paper with Zhang Pu, it has been shown that 6 is the smallest possible dimension of A that can occur and that in this case the following conditions have to be satisfied: $$ J^2$$

J
2

is both the left socle and the right socle of A and there is no uniform ideal of length 3. The present paper is devoted to showing the converse.
A prediction tool for maintenance costs estimation during the design process of a ship engine room
Authors: Gualeni Paola , Vairo Tomaso
Published: May 2023

When dealing with maintenance in ships engine room, the space available around machinery and systems (clearance) plays an important role and may significantly affect the cost of the maintenance intervention. In a first part of a current research study Gualeni et al. (Ship Technol Res, 10.1080/09377255.2021.2020949, 2022), a quantitative relation between the maintenance costs increment due to the clearance reduction is determined, using a Bayesian approach to General Linear Model (GLM), with reference to a single item/component of a larger system Sánchez-Herguedas et al. (Reliability Eng Syst Saf 207: 107394, 2021). This paper represents the second part of the activity and it enforces a systemic view over the whole machinery or system Sanders and Klein (Proc Comput Sci 8:413–419, 2012). The aim is to identify not only the relation between maintenance costs and clearance reduction, but also how the clearance reductions of the single components/items interact and affect the whole system/machinery accessibility and maintainability, meant as relevant emerging properties.

The system emerging properties are investigated through the design and application of a Hidden Markov Model Salvatier et al. (Peer J Comput Sci 2: e55, 2016); i.e., the system is modeled by a Markov process with unobservable states. The sequence of states is the maintainability of the system (which incorporates each one of the single components) while the evidence is the increase in cost of maintenance related to the space reduction.

By predicting a sequence of states, it is therefore possible to predict the interactions between the system components clearances and determine how the emerging maintainability property is affected by the engine room design.
Generation of Textured Surfaces by Vibration-Assisted Ball-End Milling
Authors: Yuan Yanjie , Yu Kunkun , Zhang Chen , Chen Qi , Yang Weixiang
Published: May 2023

Textured surfaces have been widely applied in many fields due to their excellent functional performances. Although several micro-scale surface texturing techniques have been used to fabricate surface textures, most are either very expensive, have material limitations, or lack flexibility. In this study, a novel textured surface generation method using vibration-assisted ball-end milling with a non-resonant vibrator is proposed. Firstly, the configuration of the vibration-assisted ball-end milling system is introduced. Then, the trajectories of the cutting edges are modeled and analyzed. Furthermore, an analysis of a non-resonant vibrator is conducted. Finally, surface texture machining experiments are conducted, and the feasibility of the proposed vibration-assisted ball-end milling method for surface texture fabrication is verified.
Anomaly-based intrusion detection system for IoT application
Authors: Bhavsar Mansi , Roy Kaushik , Kelly John , Olusola Odeyomi
Published: May 2023

Internet-of-Things (IoT) connects various physical objects through the Internet and it has a wide application, such as in transportation, military, healthcare, agriculture, and many more. Those applications are increasingly popular because they address real-time problems. In contrast, the use of transmission and communication protocols has raised serious security concerns for IoT devices, and traditional methods such as signature and rule-based methods are inefficient for securing these devices. Hence, identifying network traffic behavior and mitigating cyber attacks are important in IoT to provide guaranteed network security. Therefore, we develop an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) based on a deep learning model called Pearson-Correlation Coefficient - Convolutional Neural Networks (PCC-CNN) to detect network anomalies. The PCC-CNN model combines the important features obtained from the linear-based extractions followed by the Convolutional Neural Network. It performs a binary classification for anomaly detection and also a multiclass classification for various types of attacks. The model is evaluated on three publicly available datasets: NSL-KDD, CICIDS-2017, and IOTID20. We first train and test five different (Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis, K Nearest Neighbour, Classification and Regression Tree,& Support Vector Machine) PCC-based Machine Learning models to evaluate the model performance. We achieve the best similar accuracy from the KNN and CART model of 98%, 99%, and 98%, respectively, on the three datasets. On the other hand, we achieve a promising performance with a better detection accuracy of 99.89% and with a low misclassification rate of 0.001 with our proposed PCC-CNN model. The integrated model is promising, with a misclassification rate (or False alarm rate) of 0.02, 0.02, and 0.00 with Binary and Multiclass intrusion detection classifiers. Finally, we compare and discuss our PCC-CNN model in comparison to five traditional PCC-ML models. Our proposed Deep Learning (DL)-based IDS outperforms traditional methods.
Anthropogenic fine aerosol and black carbon distribution over urban environment
Authors: Sankar Tapan Kumar , Ambade Balram , Mahato Dilip Kumar , Kumar Amit , Jangde Rajendra
Published: May 2023

Real-time black carbon (BC) and fine particulate matter (PM) were collected from January to December 2017 with a portable Aethalometer and air sampler in the urban environment of Jamshedpur, India. In the present study, the diurnal and seasonal variations of BC and meteorological variables were analysed. The diurnal variation of BC ranged from 2.1 to 15.5 gm-3, with the lowest concentration during the monsoon season and the highest during the winter season, because in monsoon most of the BC and PM are settled down. The annual mean BC mass concentration was observed at 6.22 ± 3.95 µgm−3. While, fine PM2.5 varied from 41.6 to 260.3 µgm-3, with an annual mean of 97.49 ± 63.52 µgm−3. During monsoon, the BC mass concentration shows a value of ˂ 3 µgm−3. Additionally, the percentage contribution of BC in PM2.5 was determined to be around 5.06% (winter), 6.32% (summer), 5.20% (monsoon), and 7.21% (post-monsoon). The change in BC concerning different meteorological parameters was systematically studied, in which an exciting inverse relationship was noticed between BC concentration and temperature. The correlation between BC and wind speed was also established as a negative connection during study periods. It also observed a negative correlation with precipitation. Finally, the air back trajectory was analysed using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT), which revealed that the essential campaign of aerosol-bounded air parcels was mostly coming from the western part of India, with some marine air masses also joining from the Bay of Bengal during summer and post-monsoon. Overall study shows that highest BC and PM2.5 was observed in the winter season because of mixed layer height (MLH).
Patterns in transitional shear turbulence. Part 2. Emergence and optimal wavelength
Authors: Gomé Sébastien , Tuckerman Laurette S. , Barkley Dwight
Published: May 2023

Low Reynolds number turbulence in wall-bounded shear flows en route to laminar flow takes the form of oblique, spatially intermittent turbulent structures. In plane Couette flow, these emerge from uniform turbulence via a spatio-temporal intermittent process in which localised quasi-laminar gaps randomly nucleate and disappear. For slightly lower Reynolds numbers, spatially periodic and approximately stationary turbulent–laminar patterns predominate. The statistics of quasi-laminar regions, including the distributions of space and time scales and their Reynolds-number dependence, are analysed. A smooth, but marked transition is observed between uniform turbulence and flow with intermittent quasi-laminar gaps, whereas the transition from gaps to regular patterns is more gradual. Wavelength selection in these patterns is analysed via numerical simulations in oblique domains of various sizes. Via lifetime measurements in minimal domains, and a wavelet-based analysis of wavelength predominance in a large domain, we quantify the existence and nonlinear stability of a pattern as a function of wavelength and Reynolds number. We report that the preferred wavelength maximises the energy and dissipation of the large-scale flow along laminar–turbulent interfaces. This optimal behaviour is due primarily to the advective nature of the large-scale flow, with turbulent fluctuations playing only a secondary role.
Response of hypersonic compression corner flow to upstream disturbances
Authors: Hao Jiaao , Cao Shibin , Guo Peixu , Wen Chih-Yung
Published: May 2023

Hypersonic flow over a two-dimensional compression corner is investigated using computational fluid dynamics and global resolvent analysis in this study, which is a continuation of the work done by Hao et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 919, 2021, p. A4). The same baseline free-stream conditions with a Mach number of 7.7 and a unit Reynolds number of 4.2 × 106 m−1 are considered. The ramp angles range from 0° (equivalent to a flat plate) to 12° (slightly below the critical angle of global instability). During this process, the base flow evolves from no separation to incipient separation to large separation. The resolvent analysis reveals that the optimal response to upstream disturbances localised near the leading edge is in the form of steady streamwise streaks for all interaction strengths, which arise from transient growth in the flat-plate boundary layer due to the lift-up mechanism and significantly grow near the corner due to the Görtler instability. The most amplified spanwise wavelength decreases as the ramp angle is increased and scales with the incoming boundary-layer thickness.
A discussion on Il colore della Repubblica. ‘Figli della guerra’ e razzismo nell'Italia postfascista, by Silvana Patriarca, Turin, Einaudi, 2021. With Valeria Deplano, Guri Schwarz and Silvana Patriarca
Authors: Cassata Francesco
Published: May 2023

Over the last 30 years, Silvana Patriarca, a professor of Contemporary History at Fordham University, New York, has deeply and consistently investigated the construction of the Italian national narrative: its ‘long term’ genealogy, its characteristics, its tensions. Her first book, Numbers and Nationhood (Patriarca 1996), focused on the co-production of statistical knowledge and the national image of Italy during the Restoration and the Risorgimento, rereading the interplay of science, culture, and politics in the formation of bourgeois ‘public opinion’ in the liberal period. In Italian Vices (Patriarca 2010), she dissected the rhetoric and tropes of the national character, its ostensible fragility, and the different political uses of the recurring discourse on Italian vices and virtues, from the Risorgimento to the Republic.
Theches: an elusive mountain
Authors: Brennan Shane G. , Tuplin Christopher J.
Published: May 2023

This article deals with the location of Mount Theches, the vantage point from which Xenophon’s Ten Thousand famously got their first sight of the sea after a long and arduous march across eastern Anatolia. It discusses what the written sources can and cannot tell us about this iconic spot, comments on the currently favoured identification (stressing its dependence on an assumption about the route the army followed to and from the vantage point), and presents three other places that can come into contention if different assumptions are made about the route. The aim is not to insist that one or other of these is the correct solution but rather to underline the point that, since we do not (and are never likely to) know how the Ten Thousand approached Theches, and since there are many points in the Pontic Mountains behind Trabzon from which the sea can be glimpsed in the far distance, the identity of Theches is a problem that does not admit of more than conjectural solution. This prompts broader reflections on the textual and the topographical, and the relationship between landscape and narrative.
The episcopal palace of Parnassos in Cappadocia and its Early Byzantine floor mosaics
Authors: Arslan Melih , Niewöhner Philipp , Yeğin Yavuz
Published: May 2023

The Roman mansio or way station and Byzantine bishopric of Parnassos in Cappadocia is chiefly known through inscriptions and bishops’ lists and identified with the small Turkish village of Parlasan/Değirmenyolu. It came as a surprise when a salvage excavation unearthed a large building with sumptuous floor mosaics beyond the outskirts of the village. Previous excavation reports misrepresented the building as a basilica church, when it was in fact an apsed hall and may be identified as the reception unit of an elite residence, as this article shows. A large central room had an elevated apse where the landlord would have sat. An animal mosaic in front of the apse is comparable to similar compositions in fourth-to-sixth-century urban palaces but avoids any reference to pagan mythology and employs stylistic features that are otherwise known from church floors. A mosaic inscription identifies the reception unit as belonging to the bishop and thus as part of the episcopal palace. This discovery is augmented by the find of a Late Roman sarcophagus and three Early Christian gravestones. Later, after the original palace was mostly destroyed, the building complex underwent a second, utilitarian phase that appears to date from the Invasion Period, when the Arabs raided central Anatolia from the seventh to ninth centuries.
The Neutral Coma of Comets: A Review
Authors: Delsemme A. H.
Published: May 2023

Most records of the first half billion years of the solar system have been wiped out from the planets and from their satellites by their evolution and their morphological differentiation. However, two sources of information seem still to be available on this early period: some meteorites give us clues on the non-volatile fraction that condensed from the primeval nebula, whereas the clues on a more volatile fraction, possibly condensed at a colder temperature, may come from the comets.
Spectral Classification of Comets
Authors: Bouska J.
Published: May 2023

Up to now a few hundred of spectra of several tens of comets have been obtained at different observatories over the whole world. On the one hand, there are high dispersion spectra photographed with slit spectrographs attached to large telescopes, and on the other, small dispersion spectra obtained by means of objective prisms. These objective prism spectra, showing the principal emission bands only, are known for a considerable number of comets, and its appearance is usually described verbally.
Analysis of NH Spectrum
Authors: Krauss M.
Published: May 2023

The A3Π – X3Σ− transition of NH is a common feature of cometary spectra. Since the NH molecule is likely to be formed by photodissociation of molecules such as ammonia or hydrazine, identifying the final states of the photolysis would shed light on the identity of the parent. Stief and DeCarlo noted that the photolysis of ammonia at 123.6 nm results in emission at 324.0 nm in the c1Π – a1Δ system. They suggested that in the absence of collisions in the coma, the NH(a1Δ) should accumulate if ammonia is the source of NH radicals. The absence of the singlet system in this view would suggest another parent molecule than ammonia as the source of the NH radical. However, the pumping rate of the UV transitions in a comet is also very small. This note will show that the transition rate for the a1Δ – X3Σ− transition is sufficiently fast to deplete any a1Δ concentration formed in the original photolysis process.
Mission Strategy for Cometary Exploration in the 1980’s
Authors: Farquhar Robert W.
Published: May 2023

Ballistic intercept missions to comets have been strongly endorsed as the best way to initiate a program of cometary exploration (Roberts, 1971). This mission mode is the simplest and least expensive, and can provide a large science return. Currently, a near-perihelion intercept of Encke’s comet in 1980 is receiving serious consideration for the initial cometary mission. Assuming that the 1980 Encke mission will be carried out as planned, a question that should be considered is: what is the next logical step in an evolutionary sequence of cometary missions? Two possibilities are:

Investigate a particular comet in detail. That is, perform a rendezvous mission.

Study the physical characteristics of several types of comets. This goal could be achieved by carrying out a series of intercept missions to comets that have exhibited diverse behavior.
Right to Roam? Nineteenth-Century Commons and Caroline Lesjak's The Afterlives of Enclosure
Authors: Livesey Ruth
Published: May 2023

It is August 2022, and I am sitting in the British Library completing a shamefully late review (this one) when I see the headline: “Trespassers Demand Right to Roam Minister's 12,000 Acre Estate.” One hundred fifty protesters led by activist Nadia Shaikh and complete with a Morris dancing troupe walked into the Englefield estate of Richard Benyon, the UK government minister responsible for access to nature, as part of a campaign around public access to land. Benyon's ancestral estate contains sizeable areas of former common land enclosed by his ancestor, also Richard Benyon, in 1802. Nick Hayes, author of The Book of Trespass, who was at the protest, added:

Over the next twenty years [Richard Benyon] moved an entire village out of sight of Englefield house to make way for his deer park. Then, in 1854, a stopping order was granted by his friends in parliament to close the public road that ran in front of his house. Today the Ramblers’ “Don't Lose Your Way” website reveals a former footpath running through the estate, identifiable on old Ordnance Survey maps, but which has since been extinguished.

Like many other activists over the past three hundred years or more, Shaikh organized a walking—and singing and dancing—resistance to the legal fact of enclosure that leaves only 8 percent of English land with free access. As Raymond Williams reminded readers in The Country and the City (1973), the “mathematical grids of enclosure awards, with their straight hedges and straight roads, are contemporary with the natural curves and scattering of the park scenery.”
Harnessing potential of maize (Zea mays) genetic resources for exploring yield and yield-related traits under organic farming in hill region
Authors: Kapoor Chandan , Singh Shweta , Avasthe R. K. , Sankar S Mukesh , Pattanayak A. , Raj Chandramani , Singh Matber
Published: May 2023

To explore trait variation, assess relative performance and establish association among yield and its associated traits in maize under organic system, 373 maize genotypes that consisted of landraces, open-pollinated varieties and single-cross hybrids were tested under organic management in Sikkim midhills. Data of 8 years (2009–2015 and 2019) for 12 agronomic traits viz., plant height, days to 50% tasselling, days to 50% silking, days to 75% dry husk, grain yield per ha, anthesis–silking interval, cob length, cob diameter, kernel rows per cob, kernels per row, number of cobs per plot and test weight were taken for analysis. Conventionally bred maize hybrids yielded 95.36% higher than the landraces and 58.60% higher than the open-pollinated varieties. Landraces displayed highest mean anthesis–silking interval of 7.18 days. In open-pollinated varieties, test weight showed a positive association with grain yield (0.37) while plant height (0.33) and kernels per row (0.34) were positively correlated to grain yield in case of landraces. Number of cobs per plot showed a very strong association with grain yield in hybrids (1.0). Kernels per cob and test weight contributed 24% to the variation in grain yield in open-pollinated varieties while anthesis–silking interval, days to maturity, number of cobs/plot, test weight and kernel per row accounted for 97% of the variation in grain yield in landraces. Grain yield in single-cross hybrids is contributed maximum (97%) by days to tasselling, silking, anthesis–silking interval, plant height and number of cobs per plot. The study indicates attaining high number of cobs per unit area along with emphasis on traits such as kernels per row, cob length and diameter for achieving higher yields in single-cross hybrids, selection of high test weight genotypes for open-pollinated varieties and emphasis on cob length, kernels per row and plant height for yield improvement in landraces.
Full‐Waveform Tomography of the African Plate Using Dynamic Mini‐Batches
Authors: van Herwaarden Dirk‐Philip , Thrastarson Solvi , Hapla Vaclav , Afanasiev Michael , Trampert Jeannot , Fichtner Andreas
Published: May 2023

We present a seismic model of the Africa Plate, constructed with the technique of full‐waveform inversion. The purpose of our model is to serve as a foundation for quantitative geodynamic and geochemical interpretation, earthquake‐induced ground motion predictions, and earthquake source inversion. Starting from the first‐generation Collaborative Seismic Earth Model, we invert seismograms filtered to a minimum period of 35 s and compute gradients of the misfit function with respect to the model parameters using the adjoint state method. We use dynamically changing mini‐batches of the complete data set to compute approximate gradients at each iteration. This approach has three significant advantages: (a) it reduces computational costs for model updates and the inversion, (b) it enables the use of larger datasets without increasing iteration costs, and (c) it makes it trivial to assimilate new data since we can extend the data set without changing the misfit function. We invert data from 397 unique earthquakes and 184,356 unique source‐receiver pairs. We clearly image tectonic features such as the Afar triple junction and low‐velocity zones below the Hoggar, Aïr, and Tibesti Mountains, pronounced more than in earlier works. Finally, we introduce a new strategy to assess model uncertainty. We deliberately perturb the final model, perform additional mini‐batch iterations, and compare the result with the original final model. This test uses actual seismic data instead of artificially generated synthetic data and requires no assumptions about the linearity of the inverse problem.
High‐Frequency Variability Induced in the Southern California Bight by a Wind Event in Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay, Baja California
Authors: Ramos‐Musalem K. , Gille S. T. , Cornuelle B. D. , Mazloff M. R.
Published: May 2023

Although the California Current System extends as far south as the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula (BCP), some past model domains have employed an open boundary near the Mexico‐US border, excluding Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay (SVB), a hook‐like coastal feature at mid‐length of the BCP. An earlier modeling study has shown the SVB to be a previously unknown forcing region that governs SSH variability in the Southern California Bight (SCB). Motivated by that evidence, our aim is to understand the variability that originates from the SVB and to identify what is lost in a numerical model of the SCB when the SVB is excluded. To do this we use an idealized configuration of the MITgcm, without tides, using the bathymetry with the bay and comparing it to model runs where the bay is removed. Our results show that a short wind event (≤4 hr) blowing over SVB can enhance variability everywhere in the domain. First, the event excites a seiche in the bay at frequency 5.2 cpd. Then, seiche energy leaks into the domain in the form of gravity waves that are topographically amplified in the SCB, coastal trapped waves (CTWs) that travel north along the coast, and internal waves, that enhance vertical velocity variance at particular depths by up to 27% compared to experiments without the SVB. Given the frequency of wind events like the one modeled, our results suggest that the SVB is a continuous source of gravity waves, internal waves, and CTWs to the SCB.
Thank You to Our 2022 Reviewers
Authors: Faccenna Claudio , Asimow Paul , Behr Whitney , Edmonds Marie , Feinberg Joshua , Kaus Boris , Lithgow‐Bertelloni Carolina R. , Paul Anne , Paytan Adina , van der Beek Peter , Williams Branwen
Published: May 2023

Key Points

The editors thank the 2022 peer reviewers
RANKL+ senescent cells under mechanical stress: a therapeutic target for orthodontic root resorption using senolytics
Authors: Zhou Yue , Nishiura Aki , Morikuni Hidetoshi , Deng Wenqi , Tsujibayashi Toru , Momota Yoshihiro , Azetsu Yuki , Takami Masamichi , Honda Yoshitomo , Matsumoto Naoyuki
Published: May 2023

In dentistry, orthodontic root resorption is a long-lasting issue with no effective treatment strategy, and its mechanisms, especially those related to senescent cells, remain largely unknown. Here, we used an orthodontic intrusion tooth movement model with an L-loop in rats to demonstrate that mechanical stress-induced senescent cells aggravate apical root resorption, which was prevented by administering senolytics (a dasatinib and quercetin cocktail). Our results indicated that cementoblasts and periodontal ligament cells underwent cellular senescence (p21+ or p16+) and strongly expressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANKL) from day three, subsequently inducing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive odontoclasts and provoking apical root resorption. More p21+ senescent cells expressed RANKL than p16+ senescent cells. We observed only minor changes in the number of RANKL+ non-senescent cells, whereas RANKL+ senescent cells markedly increased from day seven. Intriguingly, we also found cathepsin K+p21+p16+ cells in the root resorption fossa, suggesting senescent odontoclasts. Oral administration of dasatinib and quercetin markedly reduced these senescent cells and TRAP+ cells, eventually alleviating root resorption. Altogether, these results unveil those aberrant stimuli in orthodontic intrusive tooth movement induced RANKL+ early senescent cells, which have a pivotal role in odontoclastogenesis and subsequent root resorption. These findings offer a new therapeutic target to prevent root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
Design of bacteriophage T4-based artificial viral vectors for human genome remodeling
Authors: Zhu Jingen , Batra Himanshu , Ananthaswamy Neeti , Mahalingam Marthandan , Tao Pan , Wu Xiaorong , Guo Wenzheng , Fokine Andrei , Rao Venigalla B.
Published: May 2023

Designing artificial viral vectors (AVVs) programmed with biomolecules that can enter human cells and carry out molecular repairs will have broad applications. Here, we describe an assembly-line approach to build AVVs by engineering the well-characterized structural components of bacteriophage T4. Starting with a 120 × 86 nm capsid shell that can accommodate 171-Kbp DNA and thousands of protein copies, various combinations of biomolecules, including DNAs, proteins, RNAs, and ribonucleoproteins, are externally and internally incorporated. The nanoparticles are then coated with cationic lipid to enable efficient entry into human cells. As proof of concept, we assemble a series of AVVs designed to deliver full-length dystrophin gene or perform various molecular operations to remodel human genome, including genome editing, gene recombination, gene replacement, gene expression, and gene silencing. These large capacity, customizable, multiplex, and all-in-one phage-based AVVs represent an additional category of nanomaterial that could potentially transform gene therapies and personalized medicine.
A mutation in switch I alters the load-dependent kinetics of myosin Va
Authors: Marang Christopher , Scott Brent , Chambers James , Gunther Laura K. , Yengo Christopher M. , Debold Edward P.
Published: May 2023

Myosin Va is the molecular motor that drives intracellular vesicular transport, powered by the transduction of chemical energy from ATP into mechanical work. The coupling of the powerstroke and phosphate (Pi) release is key to understanding the transduction process, and crucial details of this process remain unclear. Therefore, we determined the effect of elevated Pi on the force-generating capacity of a mini-ensemble of myosin Va S1 (WT) in a laser trap assay. By increasing the stiffness of the laser trap we determined the effect of increasing resistive loads on the rate of Pi-induced detachment from actin, and quantified this effect using the Bell approximation. We observed that WT myosin generated higher forces and larger displacements at the higher laser trap stiffnesses in the presence of 30 mM Pi, but binding event lifetimes decreased dramatically, which is most consistent with the powerstroke preceding the release of Pi from the active site. Repeating these experiments using a construct with a mutation in switch I of the active site (S217A) caused a seven-fold increase in the load-dependence of the Pi-induced detachment rate, suggesting that the S217A region of switch I may help mediate the load-dependence of Pi-rebinding.
Trust within human-machine collectives depends on the perceived consensus about cooperative norms
Authors: Makovi Kinga , Sargsyan Anahit , Li Wendi , Bonnefon Jean-François , Rahwan Talal
Published: May 2023

With the progress of artificial intelligence and the emergence of global online communities, humans and machines are increasingly participating in mixed collectives in which they can help or hinder each other. Human societies have had thousands of years to consolidate the social norms that promote cooperation; but mixed collectives often struggle to articulate the norms which hold when humans coexist with machines. In five studies involving 7917 individuals, we document the way people treat machines differently than humans in a stylized society of beneficiaries, helpers, punishers, and trustors. We show that a different amount of trust is gained by helpers and punishers when they follow norms over not doing so. We also demonstrate that the trust-gain of norm-followers is associated with trustors’ assessment about the consensual nature of cooperative norms over helping and punishing. Lastly, we establish that, under certain conditions, informing trustors about the norm-consensus over helping tends to decrease the differential treatment of both machines and people interacting with them. These results allow us to anticipate how humans may develop cooperative norms for human-machine collectives, specifically, by relying on already extant norms in human-only groups. We also demonstrate that this evolution may be accelerated by making people aware of their emerging consensus.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Human Metabolome in Multi-Ethnic Populations
Authors: Feofanova Elena V. , Brown Michael R. , Alkis Taryn , Manuel Astrid M. , Li Xihao , Tahir Usman A. , Li Zilin , Mendez Kevin M. , Kelly Rachel S. , Qi Qibin , Chen Han , Larson Martin G. , Lemaitre Rozenn N. , Morrison Alanna C. , Grieser Charles , Wong Kari E. , Gerszten Robert E. , Zhao Zhongming , Lasky-Su Jessica ,   NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed), Lin Honghuang , Haessler Jeffrey , Brody Jennifer A. , North Kari E. , Taylor Kent D. , Clish Clary B. , Wilson James G. , Lin Xihong , Kaplan Robert C. , Kooperberg Charles , Psaty Bruce M. , Rich Stephen S. , Rotter Jerome I. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Boerwinkle Eric , Yu Bing
Published: May 2023

Circulating metabolite levels may reflect the state of the human organism in health and disease, however, the genetic architecture of metabolites is not fully understood. We have performed a whole-genome sequencing association analysis of both common and rare variants in up to 11,840 multi-ethnic participants from five studies with up to 1666 circulating metabolites. We have discovered 1985 novel variant-metabolite associations, and validated 761 locus-metabolite associations reported previously. Seventy-nine novel variant-metabolite associations have been replicated, including three genetic loci located on the X chromosome that have demonstrated its involvement in metabolic regulation. Gene-based analysis have provided further support for seven metabolite-replicated loci pairs and their biologically plausible genes. Among those novel replicated variant-metabolite pairs, follow-up analyses have revealed that 26 metabolites have colocalized with 21 tissues, seven metabolite-disease outcome associations have been putatively causal, and 7 metabolites might be regulated by plasma protein levels. Our results have depicted the genetic contribution to circulating metabolite levels, providing additional insights into understanding human disease.
Superior zero thermal expansion dual-phase alloy via boron-migration mediated solid-state reaction
Authors: Yu Chengyi , Lin Kun , Chen Xin , Jiang Suihe , Cao Yili , Li Wenjie , Chen Liang , An Ke , Chen Yan , Yu Dunji , Kato Kenichi , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , You Li , Kuang Xiaojun , Wu Hui , Li Qiang , Deng Jinxia , Xing Xianran
Published: May 2023

Rapid progress in modern technologies demands zero thermal expansion (ZTE) materials with multi-property profiles to withstand harsh service conditions. Thus far, the majority of documented ZTE materials have shortcomings in different aspects that limit their practical utilization. Here, we report on a superior isotropic ZTE alloy with collective properties regarding wide operating temperature windows, high strength-stiffness, and cyclic thermal stability. A boron-migration-mediated solid-state reaction (BMSR) constructs a salient “plum pudding” structure in a dual-phase Er-Fe-B alloy, where the precursor ErFe10 phase reacts with the migrated boron and transforms into the target Er2Fe14B (pudding) and α-Fe phases (plum). The formation of such microstructure helps to eliminate apparent crystallographic texture, tailor and form isotropic ZTE, and simultaneously enhance the strength and toughness of the alloy. These findings suggest a promising design paradigm for comprehensive performance ZTE alloys.
Cerebral organoids transplantation repairs infarcted cortex and restores impaired function after stroke
Authors: Cao Shi-Ying , Yang Di , Huang Zhen-Quan , Lin Yu-Hui , Wu Hai-Yin , Chang Lei , Luo Chun-Xia , Xu Yun , Liu Yan , Zhu Dong-Ya
Published: May 2023

Stroke usually causes prolonged or lifelong disability, owing to the permanent loss of infarcted tissue. Although a variety of stem cell transplantation has been explored to improve neuronal defect behavior by enhancing neuroplasticity, it remains unknown whether the infarcted tissue can be reconstructed. We here cultured human cerebral organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and transplanted them into the junction of the infarct core and the peri-infarct zone of NOD-SCID mice subjected to stroke. Months later, we found that the grafted organoids survived well in the infarcted core, differentiated into target neurons, repaired infarcted tissue, sent axons to distant brain targets, and integrated into the host neural circuit and thereby eliminated sensorimotor defect behaviors of stroke mice, whereas transplantation of dissociated single cells from organoids failed to repair the infarcted tissue. Our study offers a new strategy for reconstructing infarcted tissue via organoids transplantation thereby reversing stroke-induced disability.
Employing active learning in the optimization of culture medium for mammalian cells
Authors: Hashizume Takamasa , Ozawa Yuki , Ying Bei-Wen
Published: May 2023

Medium optimization is a crucial step during cell culture for biopharmaceutics and regenerative medicine; however, this step remains challenging, as both media and cells are highly complex systems. Here, we addressed this issue by employing active learning. Specifically, we introduced machine learning to cell culture experiments to optimize culture medium. The cell line HeLa-S3 and the gradient-boosting decision tree algorithm were used to find optimized media as pilot studies. To acquire the training data, cell culture was performed in a large variety of medium combinations. The cellular NAD(P)H abundance, represented as A450, was used to indicate the goodness of culture media. In active learning, regular and time-saving modes were developed using culture data at 168 h and 96 h, respectively. Both modes successfully fine-tuned 29 components to generate a medium for improved cell culture. Intriguingly, the two modes provided different predictions for the concentrations of vitamins and amino acids, and a significant decrease was commonly predicted for fetal bovine serum (FBS) compared to the commercial medium. In addition, active learning-assisted medium optimization significantly increased the cellular concentration of NAD(P)H, an active chemical with a constant abundance in living cells. Our study demonstrated the efficiency and practicality of active learning for medium optimization and provided valuable information for employing machine learning technology in cell biology experiments.
Contribution of local and surrounding anthropogenic emissions to a particulate matter pollution episode in Zhengzhou, Henan, China
Authors: Wang Yaobin , Wang Feng , Min Ruiqi , Song Genxin , Song Hongquan , Zhai Shiyan , Xia Haoming , Zhang Haopeng , Ru Xutong
Published: May 2023

In this study, we simulated the spatial and temporal processes of a particulate matter (PM) pollution episode from December 10–29, 2019, in Zhengzhou, the provincial capital of Henan, China, which has a large population and severe PM pollution. As winter is the high incidence period of particulate pollution, winter statistical data were selected from the pollutant observation stations in the study area. During this period, the highest concentrations of PM2.5 (atmospheric PM with a diameter of less than 2.5 µm) and PM10 (atmospheric PM with a diameter of less than 10 µm) peaked at 283 μg m-3 and 316 μg m-3, respectively. The contribution rates of local and surrounding regional emissions within Henan (emissions from the regions to the south, northwest, and northeast of Zhengzhou) to PM concentrations in Zhengzhou were quantitatively analyzed based on the regional Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). Model evaluation showed that the WRF/Chem can accurately simulate the spatial and temporal variations in the PM concentrations in Zhengzhou. We found that the anthropogenic emissions south of Zhengzhou were the main causes of high PM concentrations during the studied episode, with contribution rates of 14.39% and 16.34% to PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The contributions of anthropogenic emissions from Zhengzhou to the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Zhengzhou were 7.94% and 7.29%, respectively. The contributions of anthropogenic emissions from the area northeast of Zhengzhou to the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Zhengzhou were 7.42% and 7.18%, respectively. These two areas had similar contributions to PM pollution in Zhengzhou. The area northeast of Zhengzhou had the lowest contributions to the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Zhengzhou (5.96% and 5.40%, respectively).
PSO tuned interval type-2 fuzzy logic for load frequency control of two-area multi-source interconnected power system
Authors: Soliman Ahmed Mohammed Attiya , Bahaa Mostafa , Mehanna Mohammed A.
Published: May 2023

Nowadays, most of modern power systems integrate concentrated renewable energy resources power plants like solar and wind parks in addition to central conventional plants. The output power from these concentrated renewable energy resources varies continuously according to weather conditions like solar irradiance value or wind speed and direction, the variation for their output power may be in mega watts. In this work, Robust secondary load frequency controller (LFC) based on one of artificial intelligent technique which called interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2FLC) has been proposed for two-area multi-source interconnected power system with central solar park power plants in each area while considering non-linearities in the power system. IT2FLC has accommodated vagueness, distortions and imprecision for the power system input signals which caused by weather fluctuations and system non-linearities. In addition to LFC, another controller based also on IT2FLC has been proposed to control the output power from the central solar parks in each area of generation during cloudy periods instead of maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) in order to enhance the stability for the power system during disturbance periods. In order to enhance the performance of the proposed LFC, particle swarm optimization technique (PSO) has been utilized to optimize the proposed LFC gains to minimize the steady state error, over/under shooting value, settling time and system oscillation for the investigated power system frequency. The performance and the superiority of the proposed PSO tuned IT2FLC is evaluated and compared with another LFC based on PSO tuned cascaded PID controller while applying severe demand load and solar irradiance changes. the simulation has been carried out using matlab/simulink program.
Optical-referenceless optical frequency counter with twelve-digit absolute accuracy
Authors: Ishizawa Atsushi , Nishikawa Tadashi , Hitachi Kenichi , Akatsuka Tomoya , Oguri Katsuya
Published: May 2023

A simpler and more accurate measurement of absolute optical frequencies (AOFs) is very important for optical communications and navigation systems. To date, an optical reference has been needed for measuring AOFs with twelve-digit accuracy because of the difficulty in measuring them directly. Here, we focus on an electro-optics-modulation comb that can bridge the vast frequency gap between photonics and electronics. We demonstrate an unprecedented method that can directly measure AOFs to an accuracy of twelve digits with an RF frequency counter by simply delivering a frequency-unknown laser into an optical phase modulator. This could open up a new horizon for optical-referenceless optical frequency metrology. Our method can also simultaneously achieve a 100-fold phase-noise reduction in a conventional signal generator. This corresponds to an increase in the transmission speed of wireless communications of by about seven times.
Three-month outcomes of faricimab loading therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration in Japan
Authors: Mukai Ryo , Kataoka Keiko , Tanaka Koji , Miyara Yasunori , Maruko Ichiro , Nakayama Makiko , Watanabe Yuto , Yamamoto Akiko , Wakatsuki Yu , Onoe Hajime , Wakugawa Sorako , Terao Nobuhiro , Hasegawa Taiji , Hashiya Nozomu , Kawai Moeko , Maruko Ruka , Itagaki Kanako , Honjo Jyunichiro , Okada Annabelle A. , Mori Ryusaburo , Koizumi Hideki , Iida Tomohiro , Sekiryu Tetsuju
Published: May 2023

This multicenter study aimed to assess the short-term effectiveness and safety of faricimab in treatment-naïve patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) in Japan. We retrospectively reviewed 63 eyes of 61 patients with wAMD, including types 1, 2, and 3 macular neovascularization as well as polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Patients received three consecutive monthly intravitreal injections of faricimab as loading therapy. Over these 3 months, visual acuity improved gradually compared to baseline. Moreover, the central foveal thickness decreased significantly at 1, 2, and 3 months compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). At 3 months after initiation of faricimab therapy, a dry macula (defined as absence of intraretinal or subretinal fluid) was achieved in 82% of the eyes. Complete regression of polypoidal lesions was observed in 52% of eyes with PCV. Subfoveal choroidal thickness also decreased significantly at 1, 2, and 3 months compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). Although retinal pigment epithelium tears developed in two eyes, there were no other ocular or systemic complications observed during the 3 months of loading therapy. In conclusion, loading therapy using faricimab resulted in improved visual acuity and retinal morphology in Japanese patients with wAMD without particular safety issues.
The prevalence and burden of Rome IV bowel disorders of gut brain interaction in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Purssell Huw , Bennett Lucy , Street Oliver , Hanley Karen Piper , Hanley Neil , Vasant Dipesh H. , Athwal Varinder S.
Published: May 2023

Rome IV bowel disorders of gut brain interaction (DGBI) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are highly prevalent entities with overlapping pathophysiology and risk factors. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and burden of Rome IV irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in patients with NAFLD. Patients diagnosed with NAFLD were recruited from a specialist liver clinic. All participants completed assessments to determine liver fibrosis severity, including liver stiffness measurement (LSM), completed the Rome IV diagnostic questionnaire for bowel disorders of gut brain interaction, the IBS symptom severity score (IBS-SSS), and the EQ-5D-5L to measure of quality-of-life (QoL). 142 patients with NAFLD (71 (50%) female, mean age 53.5 (SD ± 14.9), BMI 35.2 (SD ± 8.1) kg/M2) were recruited. 79 (55.6%) patients met criteria for a Rome IV bowel DGBI, including 50 patients (35.2%) who met the criteria for IBS (mean IBS-SSS 277.2 (SD ± 131.5)). There was no difference in liver fibrosis scores between those with and without Rome IV IBS (FIB-4 scores p = 0.14, LSM p = 0.68). Patients with NAFLD and Rome IV IBS had significantly worse QoL scores (EQ-VAS p = 0.005 and EQ-5D-5L index p = 0.0007), impairment of usual activities of daily living (p = 0.012) and were more likely to report anxiety or depression (p = 0.038). Rome IV bowel DGBI such as IBS are highly prevalent in patients with NAFLD attending liver clinics and are associated with impaired QoL and psychosocial distress.