bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Hexahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Reductive Indolization
Authors: Dierks Anna , Fliegel Lukas , Schmidtmann Marc , Christoffers Jens
Published: December 2020

The reductive indolization is a two‐step protocol performed in one flask: First, the acid‐mediated Fischer indolization of a cyclic ketone with phenylhydrazine forms an iminium ion which is subsequently reduced by a hydrido borate reagent to the indoline as the final product. We utilized this new strategy for the preparation of hexahydrocarbazole derivatives with a side chain in the quaternary C4a‐position. Starting materials were several N1‐ and aryl‐substituted phenylhydrazines and a cyclic ketone with propanoic ester moiety, which is the product of the conjugated addition of cyclohexanone to ethyl acrylate. Furthermore, benzannulated congeners as well as a pyrido[4,3‐b]indole derivative were accessed. The hexahydrocarbazole defines a molecular scaffold with two points of diversification. Therefore, several derivatives at N9 and at the C4a‐side chain were prepared.
One‐Pot Access towards 4,5‐Disubstituted 2‐Amino‐1H‐imidazoles Starting from Mannich Substrates and their Transformation Utilities
Authors: Makra Zsófia , Bényei Attila , Puskás László G. , Kanizsai Iván
Published: December 2020

An efficient protocol for the preparation of 4,5‐functionalised 2‐amino‐1H‐imidazoles as fragment‐like structures was developed in isolated yields up to 95 %. The demonstrated one‐pot manner includes an intramolecular oxidative annulation and ring cleavage sequence starting from Mannich precursors. The suggested one‐pot sequential synthetic methodology is easy to apply in automatic and robotic chemistry laboratories for which a rapidly increasing demand is foreseen because of the ongoing revolution in the field of continuous manufacturing of pharmaceutical drug substances and products. Further transformation utilities such as Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé 3CR and the formation of marine alkaloid analogs were also represented.
Facile Thiol–Ene Click Protocol Using Benzil as Sensitizer and White LED as Light Source
Authors: Das Anupam , Thomas K. R. Justin
Published: December 2020

The thiol–ene reaction leading to a series of thioether derivatives by simple metal and oxidant free visible light promoted photosensitized protocol, following anti‐Markonikov hydrothiolation of unactivated aryl and alkyl olefins at room temperature is demonstrated. Benzil served as a green photosensitizer in this reaction and white LED lights as a light source. This radical based thiol–ene reaction is operationally simple and tolerates a wide variety of functional groups present in olefins.
Synthesis of (E)‐3‐Alkylideneindolin‐2‐ones by an Iron‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Condensation of Csp3–H Bonds of Oxindoles and Benzylamines
Authors: Gopalaiah Kovuru , Tiwari Ankit
Published: December 2020

A novel synthetic route for the construction of (E)‐3‐alkylideneindolin‐2‐ones through iron‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative condensation of oxindoles with benzylamines has been developed. This oxidative reaction involves a sequence of C–H activation, amine self‐condensation, nucleophilic addition, and C–C double bond formation. The synthetic importance of this protocol has been demonstrated by preparing tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anticonvulsant and antitumor agents, and other valuable 3‐alkylideneindolin‐2‐one derivatives. Key intermediates are isolated and a plausible mechanistic pathway for the reaction has been discussed.
Computational and Experimental Insights into Asymmetric Rh‐Catalyzed Hydrocarboxylation with CO2
Authors: Pavlovic Ljiljana , Pettersen Martin , Gevorgyan Ashot , Vaitla Janakiram , Bayer Annette , Hopmann Kathrin H.
Published: December 2020

The asymmetric Rh‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds was originally developed by Mikami and co‐workers but gives only moderate enantiomeric excesses. In order to understand the factors controlling the enantioselectivity and to propose novel ligands for this reaction, we have used computational and experimental methods to study the Rh‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation with different bidentate ligands. The analysis of the C−CO2 bond formation transition states with DFT methods shows a preference for outer‐sphere CO2 insertion, where CO2 can undergo a backside or frontside reaction with the nucleophile. The two ligands that prefer a frontside reaction, StackPhos and tBu‐BOX, display an intriguing stacking interaction between CO2 and an N‐heterocyclic ring of the ligand (imidazole or oxazoline). Our experimental results support the computationally predicted low enantiomeric excesses and highlight the difficulty in developing a highly selective version of this reaction.
Development of Pen‐type Portable Electrochemical Sensor Based on Au‐W Bimetallic Nanoparticles Decorated Graphene‐chitosan Nanocomposite Film for the Detection of Nitrite in Water, Milk and Fruit Juices
Authors: Lavanya Akkaraboyina Lakshmi , Kumari K. Gowri Bala , Prasad K. R. S. , Brahman Pradeep Kumar
Published: December 2020

The development and fabrication of a simple, portable, and sensitive detection tool to precisely monitor nitrite level is of growing importance in electrochemistry research, given the strong interest in the protection of drinking water quality, treatment of wastewater, food production, and control of remediation processes. This work describes the fabrication of a simple, cost‐effective, pen‐type electrochemical sensor based on bimetallic gold and tungsten nanoparticles electrochemically decorated on graphene‐chitosan modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) for the trace detection of nitrite in real samples. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDS. The electrochemical behavior of the sensor was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance electrochemical spectroscopy (EIS). Results revealed that the proposed sensor displayed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards electro‐oxidation of nitrite with an irreversible redox reaction. The AuNPs‐WNPs@Gr‐Chi/PGE sensor exhibited excellent analytical performance with a wide linear range from 10 to 250 μM towards nitrite. The LOD and LOQ were calculated to be 0.12 μM and 0.44 μM, respectively. The designed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for the detection of nitrite in water, milk, and natural fruit juice samples.
Extracellular ice formation in special intercellular air spaces in Stachys byzantina C. Koch
Authors: Schott Rena T , Neinhuis Christoph , Roth‐Nebelsick Anita
Published: December 2020

In the present study, the sites of extracellular ice formation within leaves and petioles of Stachys byzantina C. Koch were identified and anatomically studied by different imaging techniques. Naturally acclimated plant parts were analyzed during the winter season in various states (fixed, native, before freezing, frozen and after thawing) by using digital microscopy, cryo scanning electron microscopy or via µ‐CT. Besides ice bodies occurring in normal intercellular spaces within the mesophyll, larger ice accumulations developed at special sites close to the vascular bundle of the petiole and the adaxial leaf veins. At those sites, ice accumulated in mainly four continuous intercellular spaces, which are reversibly expandable. In those spaces, various “connective zones” allowed the cells to remain connected during the freezing process. Two of these large intercellular spaces are located on the abaxial side, the other two on the adaxial side. This symmetrical arrangement continues into the petiole. Due to the dehydrating effect of extracellular ice formation, the living tissue showed considerable shrinkage during freezing. However, almost no freezing induced wilting could be detected, probably due to the stabilizing effect of collenchyma and lignified vascular tissue.
Determination with a Genetic Algorithm of Reactant Coverages on H2/H2O Electrodes Based on Electrochemical Kinetics Under Reversible SOFC/EC Operation▴
Authors: Koga Y. , Hasegawa K. , Lee H. , Kameda K. , Iida Y. , Ihara M.
Published: December 2020

A scheme to quantify surface coverages of reactants at triple phase boundary (TPB) by electrochemical measurements was constructed to evaluate the electrode performance of solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysis cells (SOFC/EC). The developments of electrode requires that the intrinsic properties of materials separated from the effect of geometric structure of the electrode. The proposed reaction model at TPB of H2/H2O electrodes is composed of competitive adsorptions and Langmure‐type surface reactions under the relationship between oxygen activity (aO) and the electrode potential. To determine the reaction constant (ka) and four adsorption equilibrium constants at TPB (KH, KH2O, KO and KOH), a mashine learning approach with a genetic algorithm as an optimization method and the experimental data of reversible SOFC/ECs with different H2/H2O partial pressures as the learning data was developed. As a result, even though all experimental curves of the current density vs. aO in SOFC operation were fitted by numerous sets of the five constants, the coverages under different conditions could be uniquely determined. Results suggest that TPB at 900 °C was almost vacant with a small amount of H2O in SOEC operation, and was not vacant and the OH coverage increased with increasing aO in SOFC operation.
miR‐223 improves intestinal inflammation through inhibiting the IL‐6/STAT3 signaling pathway in dextran sodium sulfate‐induced experimental colitis
Authors: Zhang Juanjuan , Wang Chenyang , Guo Zhen , Da Binlin , Zhu Weiming , Li Qiurong
Published: December 2020

Introduction

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not yet been clarified and is closely related to several pro‐inflammatory factors. MicroRNA‐233 (miR‐223) might be involved in the development of IBD; however, the mechanism underlying its pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, we attempted to determine the role of miR‐223 in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced colitis and explore the involvement of the IL‐6/STAT3 pathway in the development of intestinal mucosal inflammation.

Materials and Methods

Except control (WT) group, male C57BL/6 mice were provided DSS, then treated for with miR‐223 agomir or antagomir including DSS group, DSS + miR‐223 agomir (DSS + A) group, and DSS + miR‐223 antagomir (DSS + AN) group. The colitis symptoms were observed, the disease activity index (DAI) score were recorded daily, and colonic inflammation was evaluated by histopathological scoring. The expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), cytokines and IL‐6/STAT3 pathway‐related proteins were measured.

Results

miR‐223 expression in the terminal ileum and colon was increased in the DSS group compared with the WT group. Colitis symptoms were significantly alleviated in the DSS + A group and exacerbated in the DSS + AN group after administration of the miR‐223 agomir and antagomir, respectively. MPO, tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐17 were decreased and IL‐10 was increased in the DSS + A group, but these changes were reversed in the DSS + AN group. Gp130, p‐STAT3, Bcl‐2, and Bcl‐xl in the colon declined in the DSS + A group, but these levels increased in the DSS + AN group.

Conclusions

The upregulation of miR‐223 by agomir administration alleviated colonic inflammation in a DSS‐induced colitis model, which was likely mediated by inhibiting the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines via the IL‐6/STAT3 signaling pathway. These findings provide evidence that miR‐223 might have potential therapeutic implications in IBD.
Rethinking priority: The dawn of the relative priority rule and the new “best interests of creditors” test in the European Union
Authors: Krohn Axel
Published: December 2020

This article identifies one aspect of the cross‐class cram‐down from the EU Directive on restructuring and insolvency that has not drawn wide attention to date. In addition to giving EU Member States the option of a “relative priority rule,” the European legislator has introduced a new “best interest of creditors” test, which does not—like in Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code—use the value that a party could expect in a hypothetical liquidation as a comparator but refers to the “next‐best‐alternative scenario.” First, this article addresses the concepts of the absolute and relative priority rule from the Directive and explores the motives for introducing the relative priority rule. In particular, a demand for more flexibility in restructuring negotiations, the call for an instrument to overcome structural hold‐out positions of preferential (priority) creditors in some Member States, as well as a trend in Europe to break with the “traditional laws of insolvency law” of law and economics seem to have inspired the legislator in drawing up the relative priority rule. This article then deals with the new “best interest” test and examines its interaction with the relative priority rule. It is shown that the concept of combining the new “best interest” test with the relative priority rule is coherent in theory. However, this article remains skeptical as to whether this interaction can succeed in practice, as the new “best interest” test is likely to add another stress point to the negotiations of restructuring plans.
Cortical spreading depression aggravates early brain injury in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Tang Yue , She Deyuan , Li Pengcheng , Pan Li , Lu Jinling , Liu Peng
Published: December 2020

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been observed during the early phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the effect of CSD on the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxyhemoglobin (CHbO) during the early phase of SAH has not yet been assessed directly. We, therefore, used laser speckle imaging and optical intrinsic sinal imaging to record CBF and CHbO during CSD and cerebral cortex perfusion (CCP) at 24 hours after CSD in a mouse model of SAH. SAH was induced by blood injection into the prechiasmatic cistern. When CSD occurred, the change trend of CBF and CHbO in Sham group and SAH group was the same, but ischemia and hypoxia in SAH group was more significant. At 24 hours after SAH, the CCP of CSD group was lower than that of no CSD group, and the neurological function score of CSD group was lower. We conclude that induction of CSD further aggravates cerebral ischemia and worsens neurological dysfunction in the early stage of experimental SAH. Our study underscores the consequence of CSD in the development of early brain injury after SAH.
The development of awareness of racism in adolescents of color over 4 years of high school
Authors: Seider Scott , Graves Daren , Diaz Brianna
Published: December 2020

This mixed methods, longitudinal study considered the developing awareness of racism of adolescents of color over 4 years of high school. A series of latent growth models were fit to consider participating adolescents' (n = 643) developing awareness of interpersonal and institutional forms of racism over five waves of surveys. Additionally, four waves of interviews with a subset of adolescents (n = 70) were analyzed through a multistep process consistent with qualitative research methods that seek to balance etic/outsider and emic/insider perspectives Participating adolescents demonstrated significant, linear growth in their awareness of interpersonal and systemic forms of racism between middle and late adolescence. Participating adolescents also most frequently cited examples of racism in the systemic domain of power to demonstrate their understanding of racism, and their invocation of examples of systemic racism grew more frequent as they advanced through high school. The present study revealed that, on average, adolescents' awareness of racism increases significantly between middle and late adolescence, but also that there is considerable heterogeneity in the ways that adolescents of color recognize and understand racism.
Using photovoice to understand and amplify youth voices to prevent sexual and relationship violence
Authors: Banyard Victoria , Edwards Katie , Herrington Ramona , Hopfauf Skyler , Simon Briana , Shroll Linda
Published: December 2020

Aims

Efforts to improve prevention of sexual and relationship violence (SRV) among adolescents call for more centering of youth voices, experiences, and skills to design prevention programs that incorporate youth engagement rather than those that are designed by adults for youth. Amplifying the voices of historically marginalized youth are especially needed. Photovoice (PV) is a participatory action method that can empower youth and generate prevention knowledge.

Methods

The current project used PV to engage youth in late middle and early high school to discuss how they could work to prevent SRV in their community. A convenience sample of nine youth (predominately Native American) participated over seven sessions.

Results

A key theme they generated is that SRV prevention needs to be viewed as relational. Participants described the complexity of prevention, including how youth need social support to thrive and prevent SRV and that asking for help can be challenging. Results also highlighted that youth can provide help and support, but it is not always welcome in addition to underscoring that youth are resilient and can be prevention leaders.

Conclusion

Innovations in SRV prevention, especially for older adolescents, should work to engage youth as prevention partners. Participatory research methods like photovoice can be an important part of that process.
The simple right ventricle contraction pressure index: A novel method for echocardiographic assessment of right ventricle dysfunction in acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Acar Emrah , Ozgul Neryan , Izci Servet
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The simple right ventricular contraction pressure index (sRVCPI) is a new echocardiographic variable for estimating the right ventricular systolic function. Our aim was to investigate the association between the sRVCPI, the pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI), and mortality rate in acute pulmonary embolism (APE).

Methods

We included in this study 116 patients diagnosed with APE by pulmonary computed tomography angiography or ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy. They were divided into two groups based on the simplified PESI < or >1. Tricuspid regurgitation velocity and TAPSE were measured and used for sRVCPI calculation.

Results

Mortality was higher in patients with a higher sRVCPI (P < .001). In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using a cut‐off level of 312.8 mm Hg mm, sRVCPI predicted mortality with a sensitivity of 86.8% and specificity of 69.5% (ROC area under curve: 0.712; 95%CI 0.597‐0.882; P < .001). The sRVCPI was lower in the sPESI >1 than in the sPESI <1 group (364.3 ± 31.9 vs 511.6 ± 26.1; P < .001). There was an inverse correlation between sRVCPI and the sPESI score (−0.784; P < .001).

Conclusion

The sRVCPI correlated with the sPESI score and was associated with mortality in patients with APE. This easily measurable variable may be used to predict short‐term mortality in APE patients.
Transitioning into an online dental hygiene degree‐completion program
Authors: Nguyen Kristie , Gottlieb Riki , Kanji Zul
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The University of British Columbia's (UBC) Dental Hygiene Degree‐Completion (DC) program has offered an academic pathway for dental hygienists to earn a degree exclusively through an online delivery format since 2006. The students’ experiences transitioning to online learning and related student support needs have not been previously studied. Thus, this study investigated students’ experiences as they entered an online dental hygiene DC program

Methods

An online survey with open‐ended and closed‐ended questions was distributed to all 53 currently enrolled dental hygiene DC students in September 2019

Results

Thirty‐two students completed the survey for a 60% response rate. Most student respondents (78%) had no prior experience with online education. Only 59% of respondents were confident in their abilities to navigate a Web‐based learning environment. Three‐quarters (75%) of respondents felt like a valued member of the Faculty of Dentistry community but only 47% felt they belonged to the larger university community. Most (72%) were familiar with the support resources within the Faculty but fewer than half (41%) were aware of additional resources outside of the Faculty. Students aged 30 years and older felt more comfortable reaching out to faculty and staff members (90% vs. 55%; P = 0.05). Students with prior online learning experience were more aware of student support resources outside of the Faculty (57% vs. 36%; P = 0.05)

Conclusion

Lessons learned from this study have informed several recommendations to better support student transition to online learning that can be applicable to this program and in other institutions.
Microscopic anatomical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric characterization of the terminal airways of the lung in cetaceans
Authors: Otero‐Sabio Cristina , Centelleghe Cinzia , Corain Livio , Graïc Jean‐Marie , Cozzi Bruno , Rivero Miguel , Consoli Francesco , Peruffo Antonella
Published: December 2020

The lungs of cetaceans undergo anatomical and physiological adaptations that facilitate extended breath‐holding during dives. Here, we present new insights on the ontogeny of the microscopic anatomy of the terminal portion of the airways of the lungs in five cetacean species: the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus); the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), the Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris); the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus); and the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). We (a) studied the histology of the terminal portion of the airways; (b) used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize the muscle fibers with antibodies against smooth muscle (sm‐) actin, sm‐myosin, and desmin; (c) the innervation of myoelastic sphincters (MESs) with an antibody against neurofilament protein; and (d) defined the diameter of the terminal bronchioles, the diameter and length of the alveoli, the thickness of the septa, the major and minor axis, perimeter and section area of the cartilaginous rings by quantitative morphometric analyses in partially inflated lung tissue. As already reported in the literature, in bottlenose and striped dolphins, a system of MESs was observed in the terminal bronchioles. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of smooth muscle in the terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar septa in all the examined species. Some neurofilaments were observed close to the MESs in both bottlenose and striped dolphins. In fin, sperm, and Cuvier's beaked whales, we noted a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle going from the terminal bronchioles to the alveolar sacs. The morphometric analysis allowed to quantify the structural differences among cetacean species by ranking them into groups according to the adjusted mean values of the morphometric parameters measured. Our results contribute to the current understanding of the anatomy of the terminal airways of the cetacean lung and the role of the smooth muscle in the alveolar collapse reflex, crucial for prolonged breath‐holding diving.
Apoptosis‐induced T‐cell lymphopenia is related to COVID‐19 severity
Authors: Cizmecioglu Ahmet , Akay Cizmecioglu Hilal , Goktepe Mevlut Hakan , Emsen Ayca , Korkmaz Celalettin , Esenkaya Tasbent Fatma , Colkesen Fatma , Artac Hasibe
Published: December 2020

Increased levels of acute‐phase reactants and lymphopenia are predictors of disease severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This study aimed to investigate the role of apoptosis in the etiology of lymphopenia in patients with COVID‐19. This multicentered, prospective, and case‐control study was conducted with polymerase chain reaction (+) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) patients, and an age–gender‐matched control group. Samples were taken at the time of diagnosis and analyzed via flow cytometry within 24 h. The participants' demographic data and initial laboratory tests were also recorded. In total, 33 patients with COVID‐19 (mean age = 45.4 ± 17.2) and 25 controls (mean age = 43.4 ± 17.4) participated in the study. All patients were identified as having mild (16), moderate (5), or severe (12) disease severity. Both early and late apoptotic cells in B and T lymphocytes were increased in all patients with COVID‐19 (p < .05). Early apoptotic (EA) B and T lymphocytes were also higher in severe cases compared to mild cases (p = .026). There was no significant difference between lymphopenia and apoptosis in patients with COVID‐19. However, patients with lymphopenia (n = 14) and severe COVID‐19 (p = .013) had increased EA T lymphocytes. This study's results show that B and T lymphocytes' apoptosis increases in patients with COVID‐19. In addition, enhanced T lymphocyte apoptosis is associated with disease severity in lymphopenic patients with COVID‐19.
Respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 response: Microbiota as lactobacilli could make the difference
Authors: Zrelli Samia , Amairia Safa , Zrelli Malek
Published: December 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by respiratory syndrome coronavirus qualified as SARS‐CoV‐2. Viral penetration requires binding of the viral spike (S) protein to a specific cellular receptor (ACE2) highly expressed in a nasal goblet and ciliated cells. In several countries, the COVID‐19 evolution was relatively benign compared to others and despite noncompliance with health recommendations on several occasions. In this overview, we attempt to define the criteria that could explain such a difference. Among these criteria, the specificity of Lactobacillus genus strains, as a part of nasal microbiota, could play a role of a barrier against viral penetration and could strengthen the host's immune system in some populations rather than others. In fact, several studies have shown the role of lactic acid bacteria, including lactobacilli, in the prevention of viral respiratory infections. This could provide important information on a possible mechanism of the virus spreading.
Berberine impairs coxsackievirus B3‐induced myocarditis through the inhibition of virus replication and host pro‐inflammatory response
Authors: Dai Qian , He Xiaomei , Yu Hua , Bai Ying , Jiang Lu , Sheng Halei , Peng Jin , Wang Maolin , Yu Jiang , Zhang Kebin
Published: December 2020

Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma coptidis, is reported to possess antiviral activity. Our previous study has shown that BBR alleviates coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) replication in HeLa cells. However, the anti‐CVB3 activity of BBR is still unclear in vivo. In this study, we explored the effect of BBR on CVB3‐induced viral myocarditis in mice. These results demonstrated the beneficial effect of BBR on alleviating CVB3‐induced myocarditis in vivo, which sheds new light on the utility of BBR as a therapeutic strategy against CVB3‐induced viral myocarditis.
Changes in volatile organic composition of olive oil extracted from cv. ‘Leccino’ fruit subjected to ethylene treatments at different ripening stages
Authors: Dourou Athanasia‐Maria , Brizzolara Stefano , Famiani Franco , Tonutti Pietro
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Olive, as a non‐climacteric fruit, is presumed to be ethylene independent with regard to ripening triggering/coordination. Nevertheless, studies have demonstrated that postharvest ethylene treatments induce changes in composition and properties also of non‐climacteric fruits, including aroma profiles, a key quality parameter of extra virgin olive oils. Olive fruit of cv. ‘Leccino’ harvested at two distinct ripening stages (less advanced ripening, LAR; and more advanced ripening, MAR, with Jaén index of 4.58 and 5.10, respectively) were subjected to ethylene (1000 ppm in air) treatment for 24 h before oil extraction.

RESULTS

Based on multivariate analysis of volatile organic compound (VOCs), the effect of ethylene treatment appeared to be more pronounced in MAR samples. However, differences in organoleptic analysis were also detected in ethylene‐treated LAR olive oils. Ethylene seems to selectively affect linolenic/linoleic acid metabolism, particularly concerning the C5 pathway, and reduce specific defect‐associated compounds.

CONCLUSION

Exogenous ethylene applied to cv. ‘Leccino’ olives before processing was effective in inducing specific changes in the VOC profiles of the resulting oil. The effect was different depending on the ripening stage of the harvested olives. The lipoxygenase pathway (including the production of C5 compounds) and fermentative‐related compounds appeared to be affected by the treatment. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of margin status on survival after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Morris Lindsay K. , Altahan Alaa , Gandhi Jatin , Mays John , Giri Upama , Fleming Martin , Martin Mike G.
Published: December 2020

Background

Data about the impact of surgical margin positivity on patient outcomes following radical nephrectomy (RN) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is limited. We evaluate the effect of positive surgical margins (PSMs) on relapse‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS.)

Methods

Clinicopathologic data of patients who underwent RN for RCC was analyzed based on margin status. χ2 and Student t test were used to compare groups. Cox regression analysis was used for the analysis. Kaplan–Meier method was used for survival curves.

Results

A total of 485 patients who underwent RN for RCC were analyzed. Most patients with T1/T2 stage had NSM. Most patients with T4 had PSM. T3 patients were split between the two groups. Analysis of the T3 group showed shorter RFS in the PSM group at 3 years (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.3, p = .01), and 5 years (HR: 4.3, p = .01.) OS analysis showed worse OS in PSM but not statistically significant. There was a significant association between PSM and laterality (p = .023) and histologic type (p = .025.)

Conclusions

PSM was associated with shorter RFS after RN in T3 RCC patients. There was a trend towards worse OS in the PSM group, but it did not reach statistical significance. Laterality and histologic type were associated with surgical margin status.
The use of telemedicine to maintain breast cancer follow‐up and surveillance during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Sonagli Marina , Cagnacci Neto Renato , Leite Fernanda Perez Magnani , Makdissi Fabiana Baroni Alves
Published: December 2020

As a result from restricted economic activities and social distancing due to the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, we observed a 49.4% decrease in outpatient appointments at our Institution. to minimize this impact on screening and oncological follow‐up of breast cancer patients, telemedicine appointments were established. The authors demonstrate how a cancer center in the largest city in Brazil has managed outpatient appointments during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This is a retrospective study of patients who had their appointments through telemedicine at the AC Camargo Cancer Center between June 2020 and October 2020, during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Of the 77 patients who had telemedicine appointments, 36 (46.8%) accounted for breast cancer follow‐up, 20 (26%) for breast cancer screening, 10 (13%) for benign breast disease evaluation, 7 (9%) for a second opinion, and 4 (5.2%) for general orientations. Routine surveillance/follow‐up exams were requested for 45 (58.4%) patients and breast image exams and a request to return for a personal appointment for 30 (39%) patients. Two (2.6%) patients were requested to schedule a personal appointment immediately for a physical exam. In conclusion, telemedicine may be a feasible alternative to reduce personal outpatient appointments for cancer follow‐up and breast cancer screening during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Intraoperative near‐infrared imaging of parathyroid glands: A comparison of first‐ and second‐generation technologies
Authors: Akbulut Serkan , Erten Ozgun , Gokceimam Mehmet , Kim Yoo S. , Krishnamurthy Vikram , Heiden Katherine , Jin Judy , Siperstein Allan , Berber Eren
Published: December 2020

Background

Intraoperative near‐infrared imaging (NIFI) of parathyroid glands (PG) by first‐generation technology had limited image quality and depth penetration. Second‐generation NIFI has recently been introduced. Our aim was to compare (1) capability to detect PG and (2) image quality between older and newer technologies.

Methods

Accurately detecting PG, as well as, quality of autofluorescence (AF) was compared between an older charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera and a newer complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS). χ2, t test, and analysis of variance were used for analysis.

Results

There were 300 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy (PTX) and/or thyroidectomy (THY) with NIFI, 200 with CCD, and 100 with CMOS. Although both NIFI technologies detected >94% of PG, CMOS was superior to CCD. Comparing AF quality, mean pixel intensity of PG compared with the background was higher with CMOS compared with CCD. When comparing PG detected by NIFI before visual identification by a surgeon, both CCD and CMOS had similar results (25% vs. 22%; p = .3).

Conclusion

Both NIFI cameras were excellent at detecting PG. Second‐generation NIFI (CMOS) displayed higher detection rates and AF intensity. Although surgeons identified majority of PG before NIFI detection, 25% of PG were identified with NIFI first, suggesting future advancements of this technology may expand its applications during parathyroid/thyroid operations.
Nomograms for predicting overall and recurrence‐free survival after trimodality therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Merritt Robert E. , Abdel‐Rasoul Mahmoud , Souza Desmond M. D' , Kneuertz Peter J.
Published: December 2020

Background

Locally advanced esophageal carcinoma is treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation and esophagectomy. Patients may still experience recurrence and death despite undergoing potentially curative trimodality therapy. This study describes predictive nomograms for recurrence‐free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after the completion of trimodality therapy.

Methods

A total of 215 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma underwent trimodality therapy from September 2010 to April 2018. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to create nomograms for OS and RFS. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were calculated for OS and RFS comparing high‐risk and low‐risk cohorts.

Results

On multivariate analysis, clinical N‐stage, tumor differentiation, tumor regression grade, anastomotic leak, body mass index, age, and number of lymph nodes removed were predictive variables for overall survival. Clinical N‐stage, tumor differentiation, tumor regression grade, anastomotic leak, age, and positive lymph nodes were significant predictors of RFS in a multivariate model. The nomogram for OS had good predictive ability (Harrell's Concordance index [C‐index]: 0.71 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.66–0.76]). The nomogram for RFS also performed well (C‐index: 0.70 [95% CI: 0.65–0.74]).

Conclusion

Our nomograms can accurately predict OS and RFS after trimodality therapy and may provide guidance regarding adjuvant therapy and surveillance.
Rate constants of CH3O2 + NO2 CH3O2NO2 and C2H5O2 + NO2 C2H5O2NO2 reactions under atmospheric conditions
Authors: Kohno Nanase , Li Jiaru , Sakamoto Yosuke , Kajii Yoshizumi
Published: December 2020

Peroxy (RO2) radicals derived from short‐chain alkanes were detected by an improved technique involving combined fluorescence assay by gas expansion and laser‐induced fluorescence (FAGE‐LIF) and chemical conversion under atmospheric conditions (298 K and 1 bar). The suitability of the system for measuring RO2 kinetics was tested using the CH3O2 + NO2 + M CH3O2NO2 + M reaction. CH3O2 radicals were generated by the OH + CH4 → CH3 + H2O reaction and subsequent O2 addition. The CH3O2 radicals were monitored using the LIF intensity of the OH radicals, which were converted from CH3O2 radicals by chemical reaction with NO and O2. The decay rates of CH3O2 radicals were measured at various NO2 concentrations, and the bimolecular rate constant was determined to be k = (3.9 ± 0.3) ×  10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The result is consistent with the literature value, thus demonstrating the validity of the improved system. We also constructed a fitting equation for the simultaneous determination of the forward and reverse reaction rates because the thermal decomposition of CH3O2NO2 was not negligible. From the global fitting analysis using the fitted equation, the decomposition rate of CH3O2NO2 was determined to be k = 2.0 ± 0.6 s−1. Furthermore, we investigated the C2H5O2 + NO2 + M C2H5O2NO2 + M reaction. The forward reaction rate was approximately 1.7 times faster than that of the CH3O2 + NO2 + M reaction:  = (6.5 ± 0.4)  ×  10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, and the reverse reaction rate was 3.6 ± 0.7 s−1. These results agree with the previous estimates.
Growth response of calcifying marine epibionts to biogenic pH fluctuations and global ocean acidification scenarios
Authors: Johnson Mildred Jessica , Hennigs Laura Margarethe , Sawall Yvonne , Pansch Christian , Wall Marlene
Published: December 2020

In coastal marine environments, physical and biological forces can cause dynamic pH fluctuations from microscale (diffusive boundary layer [DBL]) up to ecosystem‐scale (benthic boundary layer [BBL]). In the face of ocean acidification (OA), such natural pH variations may modulate an organism's response to OA by providing temporal refugia. We investigated the effect of pH fluctuations, generated by the brown alga Fucus serratus' biological activity, on the calcifying epibionts Balanus improvisus and Electra pilosa under OA. For this, both epibionts were grown on inactive and biologically active surfaces and exposed to (1) constant pH scenarios under ambient (pH 8.1) or OA conditions (pH 7.7), or (2) oscillating pH scenarios mimicking BBL conditions at ambient (pH 7.7–8.6) or OA scenarios (pH 7.4–8.2). Furthermore, all treatment combinations were tested at 10°C and 15°C. Against our expectations, OA treatments did not affect epibiont growth under constant or fluctuating (BBL) pH conditions, indicating rather high robustness against predicted OA scenarios. Furthermore, epibiont growth was hampered and not fostered on active surfaces (fluctuating DBL conditions), indicating that fluctuating pH conditions of the DBL with elevated daytime pH do not necessarily provide temporal refugia from OA. In contrast, results indicate that factors other than pH may play larger roles for epibiont growth on macrophytes (e.g., surface characteristics, macrophyte antifouling defense, or dynamics of oxygen and nutrient concentrations). Warming enhanced epibiont growth rates significantly, independently of OA, indicating no synergistic effects of pH treatments and temperature within their natural temperature range.
Objective and Long‐Term Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a 1064‐nm Picosecond Laser With Fractionated Microlens Array for the Treatment of Atrophic Acne Scar in Asians
Authors: Manuskiatti Woraphong , Punyaratabandhu Preawphan , Tantrapornpong Ploypailin , Yan Chadakan , Cembrano Kathryn Anne G.
Published: December 2020

Background and Objective

Fractional 1064‐nm picosecond‐domain laser has recently been utilized for the treatment of atrophic acne scars and showed promising results. However, data on the safety and efficacy of this procedure in dark‐skinned patients are limited. This prospective, self‐controlled study was conducted to objectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of a 1064‐nm picosecond laser coupled with a microlens array (MLA) for the treatment of atrophic acne scars on Asian skin.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Twenty‐six subjects of Fitzpatrick skin types (FSTs) III and IV with atrophic acne scars were enrolled. All subjects were treated with a 1064‐nm picosecond laser (spot size of 8 mm, fluence of 1.0 J/cm2, a repetition rate of 10 Hz) in combination with the MLA handpiece for an average of three passes, for 6 monthly sessions. Objective (measurement of scar volume using three‐dimensional (3D) photography and skin roughness analysis using ultraviolet A‐light video camera) and subjective (clinical evaluation by two blinded dermatologists) assessments were obtained at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the final treatment.

Results

Statistically significant reduction of the scar volume from baseline at 1, 3, and 6 months after the final treatment were observed by 3D photography and ultraviolet A‐light video camera. At the 6‐month follow‐up, 50% (13 of 26) of the subjects were rated as having at least 50% improvement of the scars. The rate of improvement significantly increased from the 1‐month follow‐up to the 6‐month follow‐up (P = 0.013). Similarly, at the 6‐month follow‐up, the scar volume (P = 0.024) and skin roughness (P = 0.001) also significantly improved, in comparison with the baseline. Mild postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) was observed to develop in approximately 18% of all the treatment sessions. All cases of PIH were temporary and resolved within 4 weeks on average.

Conclusions

The 1064‐nm picosecond laser with MLA is a safe therapeutic alternative for the treatment of atrophic acne scars in dark‐skinned individuals. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Preventing wildlife crime with a focus on orangutans: Applying social influence techniques to public education efforts
Authors: Sattler David N. , Berg Holly , Grattan Sadie R. , Nelson Alyssa , Poppe Megan , Harnish Richard J. , Shank Makayla
Published: December 2020

Orangutans are projected to become critically endangered or extinct this century if humans continue to destroy their habitat. Threats include legal and illegal clearcutting of rain forests to establish palm oil plantations, climate change, and transnational organized crime. This study examines how self‐benefit and other benefit appeals, knowledge of threats, concern about habitat loss, and liking orangutans are associated with (a) intent to protect habitat due to licit threats and crimes against wildlife, and (b) seeking information to save habitat. Upon entry to a zoo, 251 (118 men, 128 women, and 5 unknown) persons viewed posters highlighting the benefits of habitat conservation to self or others and completed a survey. Concern, threat knowledge, liking, and self‐benefit and other benefit appeals accounted for 28% of the variance associated with intent to take action to protect the habitat. Integrating social influence principles into zoo displays and addressing barriers that prevent conservation behavior are discussed. The ideas in this paper are relevant to many primates and endangered species.
Consumer engagement behaviors in the online wildlife trade: Implications for conservationists
Authors: Feddema Kim , Harrigan Paul , Nekaris K. Anne Isola , Maghrifani Dila
Published: December 2020

This study investigates consumer engagement behaviors in the online wildlife trade, drawing implications for conservationists. The first study undertook a quantitative content analysis of 500 Facebook posts in wildlife trade lateral exchange markets to show how creative strategies, media type and persuasion tactics influence the number of likes and comments that posts receive. The second study then undertook a thematic discourse analysis to develop a rich understanding of the culture, beliefs and motivations that influence how consumers engage in the markets. Findings showed that an overwhelming majority of posts use a functional or informational strategy and that when posts use overt persuasion tactics the number of comments decrease. A conceptual model of how cultural factors may impact the success of marketing strategies is then proposed. These findings have implications for conservationists who seek to build engagement with wildlife trade consumers online.
Application of preference selection index method in performance (mechanical properties and sliding wear) based ranking of AA2024‐Al2O3/SiC alloy composites
Authors: Kumar M. , Bhaskar S. , Kumar Shakyawal N. , Kumar A.
Published: December 2020

In this research work, alumina/silicon‐carbide ceramic particulates are used to reinforce AA2024 with the objective of improvement in its mechanical performance so that it could be successfully applied for sliding wear applications e. g. counter‐surface of drum/disc in automobiles. The designed formulation was fabricated via semi‐automatic stir casting technique following standard industrial practice. Thereafter, the sample specimens were prepared as per ASTM standard dimensions and the physical/mechanical/sliding wear performance were evaluated and discussed. Taguchi design‐of‐experiment method was applied for designing of experimental runs and input control parameter optimization. The worn surface morphology studies were analyzed for understanding prevalent wear mechanism using field emission scanning electron microscope along with energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy. Further, multi‐criteria‐decision‐making tool namely, preference selection index method (computationally simple and easy to understand) have been applied in‐order‐to rank the composites of the formulation. The obtained test results have ∼95 % confidence level. It has been observed that alloy‐matrix mechanical properties improve with reinforcement that enhances the sliding wear performance. It has been verified that the composite sample with equal amount of reinforcements shows superior mechanical as well as sliding wear performance and ranked highest by preference selection index method methods. This infers that design engineer may use multi‐criteria‐decision‐making technique like preference selection index in selection of materials reasonably.
Investigating the performance of square ring under uniform squeeze rate and internal pressure
Authors: Alunda B.O. , Agumba D.O. , Ondicho I.O. , Otieno L.O. , Chepkoech M. , Mutua N.A. , Hawong J.S.
Published: December 2020

Transportation and controlling fluid flow under high pressures in pumps, valves, boilers and heat exchangers is a common exercise in the industries. The main challenge, however that has confronted designers and manufacturers of pumps and valves along with those responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of such types of machinery is managing leakages at the positions where the seals are used. One fundamental feature of seal packing is the ability of the seal to ′flow′ into the groove spaces and effectively block fluid from passing through them. The square ring has shown good ‘flow’ behavior in addition to offering low contact stresses. This research seeks to investigate the performance of the square ring. The Hertz contact theory and photoelastic experimental hybrid method are used in the study of the performance of the square ring under a squeeze rate of 20 % and varying internal pressure. It was observed that while increasing the applied internal pressure, the deformation length and angle increased due to the high stresses produced by the applied pressure. Additionally, was initiated at an internal pressure of 0.98 MPa.