bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marketing opportunities of local products in the catchment area of Csíkszereda town
Authors: Péter Emőke-Katalin
Published: January 2021

Agriculture plays an outstanding role in Romania, since there are nearly three and a half million small farms operating in the country, accounting for almost 90% of the total number of farms, and scarcely more than 32% of the available farm land is cultivated by 35% of the population. In the settlements found in the catchment area of Csíkszereda, the majority of farms consist of family farms smaller than 5 hectares. The marketing of good quality products made from local raw material by traditional methods contributes to the sustenance of the family farms. Researches show that as a result of the education of the farmers on a local level more and more processed products appear in the markets of Csíkszereda town. Farmers involved in the local market intend to expand their farms on the long run. The respondents consider that “a piece of land can be sold only once”, that is why the sustenance of the farm became the main goal of multi-generational effort. Younger farmers are usually more educated and more open to innovation. The vast majority of farmers under 45 find it important to market their products through rural tourism and they are also more eager to join producer groups. Young farmers need to merge traditional methods and knowledge inherited from previous generations with modern opportunities and methods that facilitate production and marketing. Knowledge gained this way makes it possible for small farms to market their products through short supply chains.
JEL code: Q12,Q13
ARTICLE IN PRESS!
Sexual Fluidity and Attitudes towards Bisexuality
Authors: Sbrana Serena , de Miguel Adelia
Published: January 2021

This research created an instrument to assess sexual fluidity-changes over time in attractions and sexual orientation identity and has examined whether experiencing sexual fluidity is related to specific cognitions, attitudes and beliefs among sexually and non-sexually fluid individuals. Participants (435 Spanish young-adult students, 310 females and 125 males) completed an online form which assessed demographic data, sexual orientation, sexual fluidity, and attitudes towards male and female bisexuality. An empirical sexual-fluidity factor has been isolated: women scored higher than men (d = .68) and bisexual people higher than homosexual (d = 1.74) and heterosexual (d = 1.40) groups. There were gender, sexual orientation and sexual fluidity differences in attitudes towards male and female bisexuality. Women considered male and female bisexuality more stable than men (d = .29 & d = .34); sexual-fluid people showed higher positive attitudes towards male and female bisexuality (d ranged .29 - .51) than the non-sexually fluid group; bisexual individuals scored higher in male and female bisexuality attitudes than heterosexual individuals. This study confirms previous researches which showed that females were more likely than male to have fluid sexuality. Attitudes about bisexuality are not a simple question; they are affected by gender, sexual orientation and sexual fluidity factors.
A Reflection on the Concept of Youth as Identity in Literary Journals in Italy a Century Ago
Authors: Striano Apollonia
Published: January 2021

This contribution aims to develop some observations on the concept of identity with specific reference to a particular historical moment, the period just before the First World War, in a particular context, Italy, in which young intellectuals compared their ideas and debated with each other in periodicals. Through the collation of two manifestos, published in two journals in distant geographical areas, and of the experiences of the two publishing houses, we have tried to verify the dogma itself of the writing and the communicative action, perceived as an indispensable stimulus to engagement, to the aesthetic composition of another world and to the tacit evocation of the miracle of a new beauty.
Forensic Accounting and Incidence of Fraud Detection
Authors: Umar Bello , Ibrahim Umar Abbas , Eriki Peter
Published: January 2021

The study described and explained forensic accounting and the incidence of fraud detection in Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to identify personal skills requirements and, assess the types of investigative techniques used in forensic accounting. A literature review was conducted to set up the conceptual and theoretical framework for the study. A quantitative approach was used by administering a structured questionnaire. A total of 101 investigators from Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) were used as sample for the study. We employed Jarque Bera statistics to conduct the analysis using the E views software. There is a significant relationship between forensic accounting personal skills; investigative techniques and fraud detection in Nigeria. The scope of the study was only in Nigeria and all samples were drawn from the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). The study concluded despite all fraudulent activities, forensic accounting is proffering solutions for fraud prevention and detection in Nigeria.  It was recommended for practitioners to engage in further training on forensic accounting personal skills and techniques.
Analysing the Return on Asset to Construct Foretelling Indicator for Bangladeshi Banking Sector
Authors: Afreen Maria
Published: January 2021

Financial institutions and banks are required to follow mechanisms to monitor the positions and create stimulas for sensible risk-taking by divisions a well as individuals. Risk measurement comprises of the quantification of risk exposures, whereas risk management demonstrates to the overall procedures by which managers fulfill these needs to identify the risks and recognise the category of the risks it faces. This research targerts on the economic instability faced by banks in financial arena in terms of the crises affairs in regard of economic distress. Here, the methodology followed is based on the CAMELS framework variables. CAMELS is a short form stands for: capital adequacy (C), asset (A), management (M), earnings (E), liquidity (L) and sensitivity to market risk (S). Based on these nomenclature, a couple of variables should be selected, such as capital asset ratio, cost income ratio, non-performing loan, non-interest income as component series and return on asset (ROA) as the reference series to identify turning points of economic volatility in banking sector of Bangladesh. Thus, by forecasting the directional deviations it could make financial policymakers aware of the changes at early stage in financial markets and banking industry and privilege them to undertake precautionary steps for preventive purposes. The constructed MPI should have a incredible lead time of about 5 to 7 months on an average in case of prediction against leading for the reference series. By renovating financial efficacy of venture banks, Bangladesh also should recover their subsequent banking system to execute these suggestions.
Isolasi, identifikasi dan karakterisasi penyebab penyakit bercak daun pada semai pinus di perum perhutani BKPH Purworejo, KPH Kedu Selatan
Authors: Hidayati Nur , Husna Nurrohmah Siti , Ardhany Fithry ,   Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Pemuliaan Tanaman Hutan
Published: January 2021

Pinus merkusii, a multiuse tree, is cultivated at Indonesian Plantation. Pinus plantation have been threatened by rust/spot leaf disease. The pathogen has infected pinus seedlings at Perum Perhutani, BKPH Purworejo, KPH Kedu Selatan and cause high mortality. The aims of this research to identify pathogen causing rust/spot leaf thus information how to control can be observed. Pathogens were isolated from infected leaves, and grown on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) and observed macroscopis and microscopis and identified. The pathogens also were inoculated to healthy seedlings (Postulat Koch Test). The result shows that pathogen causing rust/spot leaf on seedlings pine is Pestalotia sp with characteristic white colony, hypha has aservuli with conidia that have 25 septums and at the edge, some structure looks like feather whipped 3-5. Potulat Koch test indicated that inoculated healthy seedling shows similar symptom with infected seedlings. Rust/spot leaf has similar sympto and sign. Spot or rust appear on leaves started from edge and spread to base. At first, spots were formed in small size and separate each other but they developed and became larger and wider and fused.
Associations between the Gut Microbiota, Immune Reconstitution, and Outcomes of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Fiorenza Salvatore , Turtle Cameron J.
Published: January 2021

Immune reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) sets the stage for the goal of a successful transplant—the prevention of disease relapse without graft versus host disease (GVHD) and opportunistic infection. In both epidemiologic studies and in controlled animal studies, it is known that the gut microbiome (GM) can profoundly influence normal innate and adaptive immune development and can be altered by microbial transfer and antibiotics. Following allo-HSCT the GM has been shown to influence clinical outcomes but published associations between the GM and immune reconstitution post-allo-HSCT are lacking. In this viewpoint we propose that the extensive knowledge garnered from studying normal immune development can serve as a framework for studying immune development post-allo-HSCT. We summarize existing studies addressing the effect of the GM on immune ontogeny and draw associations with immune reconstitution and the GM post-allo-HSCT.
Analysis of Mechanical Behaviors of Waterbomb Thin-Shell Structures Under Quasi-Static Load
Authors: Zhao Lijuan , Shang Zuen , Zhang Tianyi , Liu Zhan , Han Liguo , Wang and Chongwang
Published: January 2021

Waterbomb structures are origami-inspired deformable structural components used in new types of robots. They have a unique radially deployable ability that enables robots to better adapt to their environment. In this paper, we propose a series of new waterbomb structures with square, rectangle, and parallelogram base units. Through quasi-static axial and radial compression experiments and numerical simulations, we prove that the parallelogram waterbomb structure has a twist displacement mode along the axial direction. Compared with the square waterbomb structure, the proposed optimal design of the parallelogram waterbomb structure reduces the critical axial buckling load-to-weight ratio by 55.4% and increases the radial stiffness-to-weight ratio by 67.6%. The significant increase in the radial stiffness-to-weight ratio of the waterbomb structure and decrease in the critical axial buckling load-to-weight ratio make the proposed origami pattern attractive for practical robotics applications.
Characterization of Collagen Structure in Normal, Wooden Breast and Spaghetti Meat Chicken Fillets by FTIR Microspectroscopy and Histology
Authors: Sanden Karen , Böcker Ulrike , Ofstad Ragni , Pedersen Mona , Høst Vibeke , Afseth Nils Kristian , Rønning Sissel Beathe , Pleshko Nancy
Published: January 2021

Recently, two chicken breast fillet abnormalities, termed Wooden Breast (WB) and Spaghetti Meat (SM), have become a challenge for the chicken meat industry. The two abnormalities share some overlapping morphological features, including myofiber necrosis, intramuscular fat deposition, and collagen fibrosis, but display very different textural properties. WB has a hard, rigid surface, while the SM has a soft and stringy surface. Connective tissue is affected in both WB and SM, and accordingly, this study's objective was to investigate the major component of connective tissue, collagen. The collagen structure was compared with normal (NO) fillets using histological methods and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy and imaging. The histology analysis demonstrated an increase in the amount of connective tissue in the chicken abnormalities, particularly in the perimysium. The WB displayed a mixture of thin and thick collagen fibers, whereas the collagen fibers in SM were thinner, fewer, and shorter. For both, the collagen fibers were oriented in multiple directions. The FTIR data showed that WB contained more β-sheets than the NO and the SM fillets, whereas SM fillets expressed the lowest mature collagen fibers. This insight into the molecular changes can help to explain the underlying causes of the abnormalities.
White Matter Integrity in the Right Hemisphere Correlates with the Reading Span
Authors: Pechenkova Ekaterina , Panikratova Yana , Fomina Maria , Mershina Elena , Bazhenova Daria , Makovskaya Liudmila , Rumshiskaya Alena , Fedorova Olga , Sinitsyn Valentin , Lebedeva Irina , Vlasova Roza
Published: January 2021

Although working memory (WM) is crucial for intellectual abilities, not much is known about its brain underpinnings, especially the structural connectivity. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to look across the whole brain for the white matter integrity correlates of the individual differences in the reading span (verbal WM capacity during reading) in healthy adults. Right-handed healthy native Russian speakers (N = 47) underwent DTI on a 3T Philips Ingenia scanner. Verbal WM was assessed with the Daneman-Carpenter reading span test (Russian version). Fractional anisotropy maps from each participant were entered into the group tract-based spatial statistics analysis with the reading span as a covariate; the results were TFCE-corrected. Reading span positively correlated with the white matter integrity in several sites of the right hemisphere: the body and the splenium of corpus callosum; the posterior limb of internal capsule; posterior corona radiata; and superior parietal white matter. Although the left hemisphere is central for verbal processing, we revealed the important role of the right hemisphere white matter for the verbal WM capacity. Our finding indicates that larger verbal working memory span may originate from additional processing resources of the right hemisphere.
RELATIVITAS RAGAM ‘ĀMIYYAH DAN BAHASA DAERAH DI PONDOK MODERN
Authors: Putra Wahyu Hanafi
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan ungkapan verbal ragam bahasa Arab ‘Āmiyyah santri PP. Darul Falah Sukorejo Ponorogo Jawa Timur dalam kegiatan sehari-hari dan upaya lembaga dalam mempertahankan bahasa daerah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam diskursus sosiolinguistik, lahirnya diealek masyarakat tutur dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya adalah faktor budaya, sosial, geografis, dan agama. Pondok sebagai salah satu media dakwah Islam di nusantara yang sifatnya adalah agent of defense akan membawa peran dan fungsi dalam melestarikan kebudayaan daerah dan memajukan peradaban bangsa yang ditopang dengan nilai-nilai keislaman. Salah satu pondok kombinasi di kabupaten Ponorogo adalah PP. Darul Falah Sukorejo. Dalam pengelolaannya, santri yang mukim di pondok tersebut diwajibkan untuk berkomunikasi dengan bahasa Arab di berbagai kegiatan, sehingga secara tidak langsung membentuk lingkungan berbahasa. Akan tetapi, ada keunikan dalam keberlangsungan komunikasi, yakni penggunaan dialek bahasa Arab ‘Āmiyyah. Konstruksi ‘Āmiyyah yang digunakan meliputi dimensi morfologis dan sintaksis dengan berbagai ragamnya yang hanya dimengerti oleh komunitas santri di pondok tersebut. Kemudian, demi memelihara bahasa daerah santri agar tidak punah, PP. Darul Falah Sukorejo memberikan langkah-langkah konkrit agar bahasa daerah masih tetap eksis, diantaranya adalah dengan membentuk pusat studi bahasa, pekan bahasa daerah, dan festival kebudayaan daerah.
مكانة اللغة العربية في إندونيسيا
Authors: Holilullah Andi , Larhzizer Fouad
Published: January 2021

This research talks about dividing educational institutions in Indonesia into two types: a type established by the government, schools called Islamic public universities, and another type established by individuals or Islamic societies, and called madrasah and private universities. The development of the Arabic language in Indonesia has gone through a long period since the arrival of Islam to this day, and it can be divided into the following stages: a stage of education for the purpose of worship and reading the Qur’an and a stage of digging into the Islamic religion where the goal is to agree in religion to teach the Qur’an with its interpretation and hadiths and books for Islamic studies. The stage of the renaissance of the Arabic language, which was marked by the emergence of new Islamic schools and modern institutes that have taken modern paths in teaching the Arabic language. The development and research phase, which is the search for the most appropriate way to teach the Arabic language, especially with regard to the objectives, contents and strategies used
PEMANFAATAN ISPRING SUITE QUIZMAKER UNTUK PEMBUATAN SOAL-SOAL BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Akmalia Frida -
Published: January 2021

Abstract:

This study aims to optimize the evaluation of Arabic learning by using the Ispring Suite Quizmaker software that can be integrated directly into Microsoft Power Point with images, animations, audios, videos, sets of student ability test and their feedback. With the data that already obtained, the writer does literature study to relate some of the problems with existing theories to find relevant solutions for each issue found. As for the main problems in this study are: 1) Advances in information technology that requires techers to always provide interesting, visual, and interactive learning facilities. 2) Limitations of teacher’s knowledge in making Arabic interactive questions by using software. From some of the existing problems, there are several solutions to overcome them. One was by utilizing the Ispring Suit Quizmaker software where the teacher can make various types of questions easily such as multiple choice, right wrong, match, and stuffing.
Analyzing the Dynamics of Mineral Dissolution during Acid Fracturing by Pore-Scale Modeling of Acid-Rock Interaction
Authors: You Jiahui , Lee Kyung Jae
Published: January 2021

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is commonly used in acid fracturing. Given that the interaction between acid and rock affects multiphase flow behaviors, it is important to thoroughly understand the relevant phenomena. The Darcy-Brinkman-Stokes (DBS) method is most effective in describing the matrix-fracture system among the proposed models. This study aims to analyze the impact of acid-rock interaction on multiphase flow behavior by developing a pore-scale numerical model applying the DBS method. The new pore-scale model is developed based on OpenFOAM, an open-source platform for the prototyping of diverse flow mechanisms. The developed simulation model describes the fully coupled mass balance equation and the chemical reaction of carbonate acidizing in an advection-diffusion regime. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to track the liquid- and gas-phase interface on fixed Eulerian grids. Here, the penalization method is applied to describe the wettability condition on immersed boundaries. The equations of saturation, concentration, and diffusion are solved successively, and the momentum equation is solved by pressure implicit with splitting of operators method. The simulation results of the developed numerical model have been validated with experimental results. Various injection velocities and the second Damkohler numbers have been examined to investigate their impacts on the CO2 bubble generation, evolving porosity, and rock surface area. We categorized the evolving carbon dioxide (CO2) distribution into three patterns in terms of the Damkohler number and the Péclet number. We also simulated a geometry model with multiple grains and a Darcy-scale model using the input parameters found from the pore-scale simulations. The newly developed pore-scale model provides the fundamental knowledge of physical and chemical phenomena of acid-rock interaction and their impact on acid transport. The modeling results describing mineral acidization will help us implement a practical fracturing project.
A Semianalytical Modeling Approach for Hydraulic Fracture Initiation and Orientation from Perforated Wells
Authors: Michael Andreas , Gupta Ipsita
Published: January 2021

Accurate prediction of fracture initiation pressure and orientation is paramount to the design of a hydraulic fracture stimulation treatment and is a major factor in the treatment's eventual success. In this study, closed-form analytical approximations of the fracturing stresses are used to develop orientation criteria for relative-to-the-wellbore (longitudinal or transverse) fracture initiation from perforated wells. These criteria were assessed numerically and found to overestimate the occurrence of transverse fracture initiation, which only takes place under a narrow range of conditions in which the tensile strength of the rock formation is lower than a critical value, and the breakdown pressure falls within a “window.” For a case study performed on the Barnett Shale, transverse fracture initiation is shown to take place for breakdown pressures below 4,762 psi, provided that the formation's tensile strength is below 2,482 psi.

A robust 3D finite volume numerical model is used to evaluate solutions for the longitudinal and transverse fracturing stresses for a variable wellbore pressure, hence developing correction factors for the existing closed-form approximations. Geomechanical inputs from the Barnett Shale are considered for a horizontal well aligned parallel to the direction of the least compressive horizontal principal stress. The corrected numerically derived expressions can predict initiation pressures for a specific orientation of fracture initiation. Similarly, at known breakdown pressures, the corrected expressions are used to predict the orientation of fracture initiation. Besides wellbore trajectory, the results depend on the perforation direction. For the Barnett Shale case study, which is under a normal faulting stress regime, the perforations on the side of the borehole yield a wider breakdown pressure window by 71% and higher critical tensile strength by 32.5%, compared to perforations on top of the borehole, implying better promotion of transverse fracture initiation. Leakage of fracturing fluid around the wellbore, between the cemented casing and the surrounding rock, reduces the breakdown pressure window by 11% and the critical tensile strength by 65%.

Dimensionless plots are employed to present the range of in-situ stress states in which longitudinal or transverse hydraulic fracture initiation is promoted. This is useful for completion engineers; when targeting low permeability formations such as shale reservoirs, multiple transverse fractures must be induced from the horizontal wells, as opposed to longitudinal fracture initiation, which is desired in higher permeability reservoirs or “frac-and-pack” operations.
Eine vrowe, ein sun und ein lewe
Authors: Klein Klaus , Glaßner Christine
Published: January 2021

Ein bislang nicht identifiziertes Fragment des 14. Jahrhunderts im Staatsarchiv Marburg wird dem ‚Buch der Märtyrer‘ zugewiesen und transkribiert.
Mehr ,Passionalʻ
Authors: Busch Nathanael
Published: January 2021

Ein in der Forschung bekanntes Fragment der BSB München (14. Jahrhundert) stellt sich als neuer Textzeuge des ‚Passionals‘ heraus.
Zur Semantik von werden: ist prädikatives werden transitional?
Authors: Musan Renate
Published: January 2021

The paper addresses the longstanding question of whether the copular verb "werden" ('become') is a transitional, i.e. telic, or a nontransitional, i.e. atelic, verb, or verb that is unspecified with regard to telicity. By means of standard tests and historical considerations, it is argued that the verb is telic and refers to accomplishment situations. Nevertheless, there are two types of copular "werden"-clauses with regard to which this view may seem questionable at first sight. First, some "werden"-clauses appear to refer to achievements. This, however, is not a matter concerning the semantics of werden. Rather, the crucial cases are accidentally instantaneous because their predicative complements are absolute predicates. Hence, they do not allow for extended transitions from one state to another. Second, some other "werden"-clauses, expecially those with comparative complements, sometimes appear to refer to processes. However "werden" combined with a comparatival adjective can be shown to be able to refer to clear accomplishment situations. The process-effect is due to a common phenomenon of reinterpretation that leads to iterative transitions between degrees.
System der aspektuell-temporalen Formen des modernen Russischen aus der Sicht der Markiertheitstheorie
Authors: Klimonow Wladimir D.
Published: January 2021

Im folgenden wird zuerst das Modell vorgestellt, das als theoretische Grundlage für die Betrachtung der Semantik der Aspekt-Tempus-Formen dient (Abschnitt 2). Danach werden die syntagmatischen Markiertheitsrelationen der einzelnen aspektuell-temporalen Formen im Rahmen dieses Modells analysiert (Abschnitt 3). Im Abschnitt 4 werden die paradigmatischen Relationen zwischen den Aspekt-Tempus-Formen erörtert. Abschließend (Abschnitt 5) wird das Fazit aus der Untersuchung gezogen.
John his book vs. John's book : possession marking in English
Authors: Vezzosi Letizia
Published: January 2021

The unusual development of the PDE [present-day English] s-genitive can be historically motivated, if the 's form is supposed to be not a mere leftover of the Old English (henceforth OE) casemarking, but the outcome of the merging of two patterns: the inflectional genitive ending (levelled to -s) and the construction "John his book" (henceforth 'possessive-linked genitive') during the Middle and the Early Modem English phases.

As my corpus analysis will show, the semantic and syntactic constraints ruling the occurrence of the 's pattern in the time interval of the rise of the 's-pattern (1400 - 1650) are the same ones as those ruling the occurrence of the possessive-linked genitive.

This hypothesis is further confirmed by cross-language comparison (with the other West Germanic languages, especially Afrikaans).
sprachliche Einfluss auf das Auftreten von Exklusionen bei Kindern
Authors: Friedrich Manuela
Published: January 2021

Obwohl wir bereits nachweisen konnten, dass Exklusionen nicht sprachlich verursacht sind, können sie doch experimentell durch sprachliche Reize, nämlich durch eine spezifische Benennung von Exemplaren ausgelöst werden. Aus diesem Grund soll hier der sprachliche Einfluß auf das Auftreten von Exklusionen und Reduktionen detaillierter untersucht werden. Dabei interessiert vor allem, welche sprachlichen Reize die Art Verarbeitung befördern, die auf der Verhaltensebene als Exklusion oder Reduktion in Erscheinung tritt.
Rethinking the adjunct
Authors: Rosengren Inger
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the present paper is twofold: first, to show that, when defining the adjunct, it is necessary to distinguish in a strict modular way between the syntactic level and the lexico-semantic level. Thus, the adjunct is a syntactic category on a par with the specifier and the complement, whereas the argument belongs to the same set as does (among others) the modifier. The consequence of this distinction is that there is no direct one-to-one opposition between adjuncts and arguments. Nor is there any direct one-to one relation between adjuncts and modifiers.

The second and main purpose of the paper is to account for the well-known difference between the position of a specific set of modifiers (cause, time, place etc.) in, on the one hand, English and Swedish, on the other, German. In English and Swedish the default position of these modifiers is postverbal, whereas in German it is preverbal. Further, in English and Swedish, these modifiers occur in a mirror order compared with their German counterparts, an order which, from a semantic point of view, is not the expected one. I shall demonstrate that this difference is due to the different settings of the verbal head parameter, the former languages being VO-languages and the latter being OV -languages. I shall further argue that in English and Swedish these modifiers are base generated as adjuncts to an empty VP, which is a complement of the main verb of what I shall call the minimal VP (MVP), whereas in German they are adjuncts on top of the MVP. Finally, I shall argue that the postverbal modifiers move at the latest at LF to the top of the MVP, in order to take scope over it, the restriction being 'Shortest move'. The movement results in the correct scope order of the postverbal modifiers.

The proposed structure also accounts for the binding data, in particular for the binding of a specific Swedish possessive anaphor 'sin'. This pronoun, which may occur within the MVP, must not occur within the postverbal modifiers in the empty VP. This supports the assumption that there is a strict borderline between the MVP and the assumed empty VP. The account is also in accordance with the focus data, the specific set of modifiers being potential focus exponents in a wide focus reading in English and Swedish, but not in German.
Secondary predication and aspectual structure
Authors: Rothstein Susan Deborah
Published: January 2021

This paper presents an analysis of secondary predicates as aspectual modifiers and secondary predication as a summing operation which sums the denotation of the matrix verb and the secondary predicate. I argue that, as opposed to the summing peration involved in simple conjunction, there is a constraint on secondary predication; in the 0 case of depictives, the event introduced by the matrix verb must be PART-OF the event introduced by the secondary predicate, where e1 is PART-OF e2 if the running time of e1 is contained in the running time of e2 and if e1 and e2 share a grammatical argument. I argue resultative predication differs from depictive predication in that the PART-OF constraint holds in resultative constructions between the event which is the culmination of e1 and e2: formally, while depictive predication introduces the statement PART-OF(e1,e2), resultative predication introduces the statement PART-OF(cul(e1),e2). I show that this is all that is necessary to explain the well-known properties of resultative predication.
Introduction
Authors: Bittner Dagmar , Dressler Wolfgang U. , Kilani-Schoch Marianne
Published: January 2021

This 18th issue of ZAS-Papers in Linguistics consists of papers on the development of verb acquisition in 9 languages from the very early stages up to the onset of paradigm construction.
Early verb development in one German-speaking child
Authors: Bittner Dagmar
Published: January 2021

This paper deals with the emergence of verb morphology in one German child up to the time mini-paradigms occur in the data. I will focus on the role of protomorphology as a transitional stage between rote learning and the productive use of morphological distinctions.
Early verb development in one Croatian-speaking child
Authors: Katičić Antigone
Published: January 2021

This paper shows the early development of the first approximately 50 verbs found in the recorded speech production of one Croatian girl. The aim is to analyse and interpret the child's verb development in terms of the distinction of a pre- and a protomorphological phase before modularised morphology in language acquisition (Dressler & Karpf 1995). Furthermore, focus will be laid on the emergence of first verb paradigms.
Weak position constraints : the role of prosodic templates in contrast distribution
Authors: Holsinger David J.
Published: January 2021

I argue in this study that consonantal strength shifts can be explained through positional bans on features, expressed over positions marked as weak at a given level of prosodic structure, usually the metrical foo!. This approach might be characterized as "templatic" in the sense it seeks to explain positional restrictions and distributional patterns relative to independently motivated, fixed prosodic elements. In this sense, it follows Dresher & Lahiri's (1991) idea of metrical coherence in phonological systems, namely, "[T]hat grammars adhere to syllabic templates and metrical patterns of limited types, and that these patterns persist across derivations and are available to a number of different processes ... " (251). [...] The study is structured as follows: section 1 presents a typology of distributional asymmetries based on data from unrelated languages, demonstrating that the stress foot of each of these languages determines the contexts of neutralization and weakening of stops. Section 2 elaborates the notion of a template, exploring some of its formal properties, while section 3 presents templatic analyses of data from English and German. Section 4 explores the properties of weak positions, especially weak onsets, in more detail, including discussion of templates in phonological acquisition. Section 5 summarizes and concludes the study.
Crossing word boundaries : constraints for misaligned syllabification
Authors: Wiltshire Caroline R.
Published: January 2021

In this work, I examine a set of languages which appear to require resyllabification postlexically; in less derivational terms, a word's syllabification in isolation differs from its syllabification in a phrase-internal context. Although many people, myself included, have been looking at such cases in isolation over the years, I bring together several examples here to see what features they share and how an Optimality Theory analysis improves upon rule-based derivational approaches.
Satztopik und Diskurstopik in Elaboration-Kontexten
Authors: Grabski Michael
Published: January 2021

The paper starts with a semantic differentiation between the notions of sentence topic and discourse topic. Sentence topic is conceived of as part of a semantic predication in the sense of Y. Kim's work. Discourse topic is defined, as in N. Asher's Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, as a discourse constituent that comprises the content of (part of) the larger discourse.

The main body of the paper serves to investigate the intricate connection between the two types of topic. For restricting the context of investigation, a specific relation between discourse constituents, Elaboration, is chosen. If Elaboration holds between two discourse constituents, one of them can be identified as the explicit discourse topic with respect to the other one. Whereas an elaborating sentence - with or without a sentence topic - is used to infer a 'dimension' for extending the discourse topic, the role of the sentence topic if it occurs is to mark an 'index' for predication along that dimension. The interaction of elaborating sentences and their topics is modelled by means of channel theoretic devices.'
Bd. 21 (2001)
Authors: Teuber Oliver , Fuhrhop Nanna
Published: January 2021

Widmung

Dieser Band ist Ewald Lang gewidmet - zu seinem Abschied als 'amtierender' Direktor des Zentrums für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft. Ewald Lang leitete das Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Typologie und Universalienforschung seit der Gründung 1996 (von 1992-1995 "Forschungsschwerpunkt Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft") und prägte es wesentlich. [...] Der vorliegende Band soll einen Einblick in die Arbeit des ZAS geben; nicht im Sinne eines Ergebnis- oder Jahresberichts, sondern als zeitlich willkürlich gesetzter Querschnitt durch das, was am Zentrum gegenwärtig erforscht wird. Der Kontinuität des Zentrums (und dem Charakter der ZAS Papers) entsprechend repräsentiert er work in progress in unterschiedlichen Stadien, von der Skizze eines Gedankens bis zur Präsentation eines ausgearbeiteten, theoretisch fundierten Konzepts. [...]
'Berliner' Ballen und 'Potsdamer' Bürgermeister : Substantive oder Adjektive?
Authors: Fuhrhop Nanna
Published: January 2021

Wortformen wie Berliner und Potsdamer treten in pränominaler attributiver Funktion auf: eine Position, in der sowohl Adjektive als auch Substantive stehen können. Substantive kommen in der Position vor als sächsische Genitive (Leos Auto), als vorangestellte Genitivattribute (des Vaters Pflicht) oder als Bestandteile einer engen Apposition (Bundeskanzler Schröder). Adjektive stehen an dieser Stelle als adjektivische Attribute (rotes Auto). Gegen jede dieser Interpretationen von Berliner sprechen jeweils formale Argumente, die im wesentlichen darauf hinauslaufen, daß Berliner in Berliner Ballen niemals flektiert wird - weder wie ein Substantiv noch wie ein Adjektiv.

Welcher Wortart sind Wortformen wie Berliner in Berliner Ballen also zuzuordnen? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage folgen zunächst einige (kommentierte) Literaturstellen, anschließend werde ich die Bezeichnung 'Stadtadjektive' einführen, ich nehme also zum Zwecke der Benennung eine Entscheidung vorweg. Darauf folgt die Untersuchung: das Verhalten der Stadtadjektive in Bezug auf Flexion, Derivation, Komposition und Syntax.
Internals from elaboration
Authors: Grabski Michael
Published: January 2021

Elaboration or Narration, as so-called discourse relations (or rhetorical relations), are modelled in Segmented Discourse Structure Theory (SDRT) as relations between discourse constituents (or constituents for short). These are either propositions that come into being by interpretation of sentences occurring in a text; the propositions then have the status of DRSes. Or, constituents are compounds of such DRSes, constructed from DRSes (or compounds of them) by discourse relations. Elaboration and Narration in that sense, rather than referring to text types, provide links between constituents that allow them to combine in ways that, for a recipient, a resulting text is coherent and has (some) elaborative or narrative properties.
"Natural relations": a note on X'-structure
Authors: Grohmann Kleanthes K.
Published: January 2021

With the rise of minimalism, many concepts related to the geometrical relations of phrase structure held fast to in earlier approaches have been reconsidered. This article deals with distinguishing (relational and technical) properties of specifiers and adjuncts in a Bare Phrase Structure framework (X'-Theory). I extend specific aspects of X-structure relevant to the discussion of specifiers vs. adjuncts. I argue that unique specifiers can be derived from the system and that adjunction, possibly multiple, results from Direct Merge only. The final product is a series of relationships in line with recent thoughts and minimalist premises, but formally more similar to earlier conceptions of the X'-schema.

I address conceptual, empirical and theoretical arguments against multiple specifiers and related issues next, that is beyond the predictions immediately following from the tripartitional view of clause structure proposed in Grohmann (2000). After laying out my motivations to critically consider the issue, I present a set of data that casts serious doubt over the justifications offered to replace Agr with v as the accusative casemarker. Having conceptual and empirical back-up, I then tackle the theoretical validity of specifiers, and ways to distinguish unique specifiers from (multiple) adjuncts. I introduce a version of Bare Phrase Structure that does so, yet keeps the spirit of defining structural identification over relational rather than categorial properties.
Natürlicher grammatischer Wandel im System aspektueller Oppositionen des Russischen
Authors: Klimonow Wladimir D.
Published: January 2021

Im Frühaltrussischen koexistierten die drei miteinander konkurrierenden aspektuellen Oppositionen, namlich die alten indoeuropäischen Aspekte (der imperfektive, der perfektive und der perfektische), die alte slavische Opposition Nicht-Iterativität/lterativität und die neuen slavischen Aspekte (=Opposition Imperfektivität/Perfektivitat). Im Laufe der Sprachentwicklung wurden die ersten zwei Oppositionen durch die dritte Opposition verdrängt. Der Verlauf und die Mechanismen dieser Entwicklung werden dargestellt und auf der Grundlage des Konzepts des natürlichen grammatischen Wandels erklärt. Es werden Markiertheitsprinzipien betrachtet, die den natürlichen grammatischen Wandel determinieren. Diese Prinzipien werden als generelle Faktoren typologischen Wandels angesehen, mit deren Hilfe die grammatischen Veränderungen im Sprachsystem erklärt werden können. Die Ausprägung der neuen slavischen Aspekte und die immer starker werdende Einbeziehung der Aspekte in das gesamte Verbalsystem haben entscheidend zur Herausbildung des neuen reduzierten aspektsensitiven Tempussystems beigetragen.
Zur syntaktischen Struktur von 'freien Pradikativen' und 'Adverbialen der Art und Weise'
Authors: Teuber Oliver
Published: January 2021

[I]n der folgenden Skizze [soll] argumentiert werden, dass eine Rückführung unterschiedlicher Lesarten auf unterschiedliche syntaktische Verhältnisse […] unangemessen ist. Vielmehr sol1 aufgezeigt werden, dass es sich um eine ausschließlich semantische Frage handelt, die syntaktische Struktur in jeder Hinsicht aber die immerselbe ist. […] Unser Gegenstandsbereich fasst somit Fälle zusammen, die unter anderen Gesichtspunkten differenziert werden. [...] Diese Gesichtspunkte, nach denen die Differenzierung erfolgt, sind semantischer Natur. Für unsere syntaktische Analyse nehmen wir in Anspruch, dass sie auf alle Adverbialstrukturen zutrifft, mit Ausnahme von Satzadverbialen und (den diesen strukturell gleichen) Adverbialsätzen. Gezeigt wird dies jedoch nur an Fallen wie oben, an Adjektiven in modaladverbialer Funktion. Diese Adjektive fassen wir im übrigen kategorial als das auf, was sie ihrer Form nach sind, nämlich unflektierte Adjektive.
Semantic constraints on case assignment in secondary adjectival predicates in Russian
Authors: Hinterholzl Roland
Published: January 2021

Adjectival secondary predicates can enter into two Case frames in Russian, the agreeing form and the Instrumental. The paper argues that these Case frames go together with two syntactic positions in the clause which are correlated with two different interpretations, the true depictive and the temporally restricted reading, respectively. The availability of the two readings depends on the houndedness of the secondary predicate. Only bounded predicates can enter into both Case frames and only partially non-bounded predicates can appear in the Instrumental. The paper therefore argues that the pertinent two-way SL/IL-contrast is to he replaced by a three-way distinction in terms of boundedness. The paper outlines the syntax and semantics of the true depictive and the temporally restricted interpretation and discusses how adjectival secondary predicates whose salient properties involve a cotemporary interpretation with the matrix predicate and a control relation of an individual argument, differ from temporal adjuncts as well as from non-finite clauses.
On the force of V2 declaratives
Authors: Gärtner Hans-Martin
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses a variant of German V2 declaratives sharing properties with both subordinate relative clauses and main clauses. I argue that modal subordination failure helps decide between two rivaling accounts for this construction. Thus, a hypotactic analysis involving syntactic variable sharing must be preferred over parataxis plus anaphora resolution. The scopal behavior of the construction will be derived from its 'proto-assertional force,' which it shares with similar 'embedded root' constructions.
Scrambling and reference in German
Authors: Lenerz Jürgen
Published: January 2021

Although the linear order of arguments (and adverbials) in German is relatively free, it underlies certain restrictions; these don’t apply to the so-called unmarked order for arguments (Lenerz 1977) and adverbials (Frey/Pittner 1998). It is a common assumption to take the unmarked order as basic and derive all other orders from it by scrambling, whatever its specific characteristics may be (cf., amongst others, Haider/Rosengren 1998). The observable restrictions obtaining for some linear ordering may then be considered as constraints on a movement operation (scrambling). [...] In the following, I will try to present the outlines of a possible explanation for the restriction, based on a proposal governing the proper referential interpretation of indefinite NPs.
Clausal tripartition, anti-locality and preliminary considerations of a formal approach to clause types
Authors: Grohmann Kleanthes K.
Published: January 2021

We will see how it is reasonable to speak of a minimum distance that an element must cross in order to enter into a well-formed movement dependency. In the course of the discussion of this notion of anti-localiry, a theoretical framework unfolds which is compatible with recent thoughts on syntactic computation regarding local economy and phrase structure, as well as the view that certain pronouns are grammatical formatives, rather than fully lexical expressions. The upshot will be that if an element does not move a certain distance, the derivation crashes at PF, unless the lower copy is spelled out as a pronominal element. The framework presented has a number of implications for the study of clause-typing, of which some will be discussed towards the end.
Specifics
Authors: Geurts Bart
Published: January 2021

In all these examples there appears to be mismatch between the position at which an indefinite appears and its preferred interpretation. Following many of the more recent contributions to the literature, I will assume that this is the hallmark of specificity (e.g. Ahusch 1994, Reinhart 1997, Winter 1997, van Geenhoven 1998). Such mismatches are not the norm: indefinites are often interpreted in situ, and there is some reason for taking this to be the default option. The reason is that comparatively 'neutral', i.e. semantically attenuate, indefinites have a preference for in situ readings [...].
What secondary predicates in Russian tell us about the link between tense, aspect and case
Authors: Richardson Kylie
Published: January 2021

In this paper I show that the different case marking possibilities on predicate adjectives in depictive secondary predicates in Russian constitute the uninterpretable counterpart of the interpretable tense and aspect features of the adjective. Case agreement entails that the predicate adjective is non-eventive, i.e., it occurs when the event time of the secondary predicate is identical to the event time of the primary predicate. The instrumental case, however, entails that the secondary predicate is eventive: some change of state or transition occurred prior to or during the event time of the primary predicate. I claim that case agreement occurs in conjoined tense phrases in Russian, while the instrumental case occurs in adjoined aspectual phrases. In English, secondary predication is sensitive both to the structural location of its antecedent and to the event structure of the primary predicate. I suggest that depictives with subject antecedents in English are true adjunction structures, while those with direct object antecedents occur in a conjoined aspectual phrase. This hypothesis finds support in the different movement and semantic constraints in conjunction versus adjunction phrases in both English and Russian.
Case and event structure
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: January 2021

I argue in this paper for a novel analysis of case in Icelandic, with implications for case theory in general. I argue that structural case is the manifestation on the noun phrase of features which are semantically interpretable only on verbal projections; thus, Icelandic case does not encode features of noun phrase interpretation, but it is not uninterpretable either; case is properly seen as reflecting (interpretable) tense and aspect features. Accusative case in Icelandic is available when the two subevents introduced in a transitive verb phrase are identified with each other, and dative case is available when the two parts are distinct (thus Icelandic case manifests aktionsart or inner aspect, in partial contrast to Finnish). This analysis bears directly on the theory of feature checking in the Minimalist Program; specifically, it paves the way for a restrictive theory of feature checking in which no features are strictly uninterpretable: all formal features come in interpretable-uninterpretable pairs, and feature checking is the matching of such pairs, driven by legibility conditions at Spell-Out.