bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who, When, How, and Why Bystanders Intervene in Physical and Psychological Teen Dating Violence
Authors: Debnam Katrina J. , Mauer Victoria
Published: January 2019

Teen dating violence victimization is associated with a host of adverse mental and physical health problems. A number of bystander-focused interventions have been developed to mitigate the occurrence of abuse but with varying effectiveness. There remains a need to understand more about bystander behaviors used by adolescents to ensure that existing intervention components match with bystanders’ attitudes and behaviors about intervening. The current study is a scoping review of existing literature on adolescents’ use of bystander behaviors to determine who, when, how, and why adolescents intervene. Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria, the majority of which used qualitative or observational survey designs. Adolescents who either feel a sense of responsibility and confidence to intervene or are directly involved with or know the individuals involved in the dating violence are more likely to intervene. Adolescents intervene when they are able to define an act as dating violence and tend to intervene when the victim is female and when they have a supportive relationship with at least one teacher in their school. The various ways how bystander intervention is engaged in ranges from verbally or physically confronting the abuser, distracting the abuser, seeking support from an adult, to passively accepting the abuse. Reasons why adolescents intervene include believing the abuse is wrong and that intervening will diffuse the situation and help the victim. A number of barriers to bystander intervention emerged from analysis including individual attitudes and school climate factors. Implications for strengthening bystander intervention programs are discussed.
The Validity and Reliability of Available Intimate Partner Homicide and Reassault Risk Assessment Tools: A Systematic Review
Authors: Graham Laurie M. , Sahay Kashika M. , Rizo Cynthia F. , Messing Jill T. , Macy Rebecca J.
Published: January 2019

At least one in seven homicides around the world is perpetrated by intimate partners. The danger of intimate partner homicide (IPH) associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) has led to the development of numerous IPV reassault and IPH risk assessment tools. Using 18 electronic databases and research repositories, we conducted a systematic review of IPH or IPV reassault risk assessment instruments. After review, 43 studies reported in 42 articles met inclusion criteria. We systematically extracted, analyzed, and synthesized data on tools studied, sample details, data collection location, study design, analysis methods, validity, reliability, and feasibility of use. Findings indicate that researchers in eight countries have tested 18 distinct IPH or IPV reassault risk assessment tools. The tools are designed for various professionals including law enforcement, first responders, and social workers. Twenty-six studies focused on assessing the risk of male perpetrators, although eight included female perpetrators. Eighteen studies tested tools with people in mixed-sex relationships, though many studies did not explicitly report the gender of both the perpetrators and victims/survivors. The majority of studies were administered or coded by researchers rather than administered in real-world settings. Reliable and valid instruments that accurately and feasibly assess the risk of IPH and IPV reassault in community settings are necessary for improving public safety and reducing violent deaths. Although researchers have developed several instruments assessing different risk factors, systematic research on the feasibility of using these instruments in practice settings is lacking.
Systematic Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Revictimization After Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Scoglio Arielle A. J. , Kraus Shane W. , Saczynski Jane , Jooma Shehzad , Molnar Beth E.
Published: January 2019

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a widespread public health problem in the United States. It has been associated with multiple long-term deleterious outcomes including revictimization in adulthood. This systematic review of 25 studies synthesizes research examining possible risk and protective factors that might explain the established link between CSA and future victimizations. Specific risk factors identified included co-occurring maltreatment in the home, risky sexual behavior (particularly in adolescence), post-traumatic stress disorder, emotion dysregulation, and other maladaptive coping strategies. Only one protective factor was identified: perceived parental care. The review also revealed considerable variability in definitions and measurement of both CSA and adult victimization, particularly in terms of how researchers conceptualized age. Many of the studies were limited in generalizability by including only college-age women. These findings have clinical and research implications. Public health interventions working to prevent revictimization among CSA survivors can utilize these findings when designing programs. For researchers, the results highlight the need for standardized definitions of both CSA and revictimization, for well-validated and consistent measurement, and for inclusion of additional population groups in future research.
Promoting Bike Helmet Safety for Urban Children Through a Culturally Tailored Educational Video Intervention
Authors: Ryan Leticia Manning , Solomon Barry S. , Ziegfeld Susan , Gielen Andrea , Malloy Lauren , Foster Daniel , Smith Katherine Clegg , McDonald Eileen
Published: January 2019

Bicycle-related falls are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. Use of bicycle helmets substantially reduces risk of severe traumatic brain injury but compliance with this safety practice is particularly low in urban children. We recruited eleven 8- to 15-year-old youth to participate in focus groups to inform the creation of a video promoting helmet use. Key emerging themes included that youth were responsible for keeping themselves safe and that most youth had cell phones with cases to protect them. A video was created that linked the concept of use of cases to protect phones to use of helmets to protect heads. Soliciting information from urban youth was helpful for developing this educational video.
MicroRNA-132 Plays an Independent Prognostic Role in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Acts as a Tumor Suppressor
Authors: Chen Yan , Zhu Huiyun , Wang Yuqiong , Song Yingxiao , Zhang Pingping , Wang Zhijie , Gao Jun , Li Zhaoshen , Du Yiqi
Published: January 2019

The role of microRNA-132 in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas is still ambiguous. We explored the association between microRNA-132 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma prognosis. The expression of microRNA-132 in 50 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue samples and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines was examined, and the association between its expression and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma prognosis was assessed. Functional analysis and factors downstream of microRNA-132 were investigated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that high expression of microRNA-132 was a significant prognostic factor for 1-year survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ( P = .028). Multivariate analysis for overall survival indicated that high expression of microRNA-132 was an independent prognostic factor for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ( P = .044). Low expression of microRNA-132 was associated with poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Ectopic expression of microRNA-132 significantly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of 2 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that microRNA-132 may exert its effects on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through downregulating mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 and nuclear transcription factor Y subunit α. The results of this study further our understanding of the relationship between microRNA-132 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by showing that microRNA-132 might inhibit the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha.
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Pancreas Serous Cystic Neoplasms: A Radiomics Method on Preoperative MDCT Images
Authors: Wei Ran , Lin Kanru , Yan Wenjun , Guo Yi , Wang Yuanyuan , Li Ji , Zhu Jianqing
Published: January 2019

Objective:

Our aim was to propose a preoperative computer-aided diagnosis scheme to differentiate pancreatic serous cystic neoplasms from other pancreatic cystic neoplasms, providing supportive opinions for clinicians and avoiding overtreatment.

Materials and Methods:

In this retrospective study, 260 patients with pancreatic cystic neoplasm were included. Each patient underwent a multidetector row computed tomography scan and pancreatic resection. In all, 200 patients constituted a cross-validation cohort, and 60 patients formed an independent validation cohort. Demographic information, clinical information, and multidetector row computed tomography images were obtained from Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. The peripheral margin of each neoplasm was manually outlined by experienced radiologists. A radiomics system containing 24 guideline-based features and 385 radiomics high-throughput features was designed. After the feature extraction, least absolute shrinkage selection operator regression was used to select the most important features. A support vector machine classifier with 5-fold cross-validation was applied to build the diagnostic model. The independent validation cohort was used to validate the performance.

Results:

Only 31 of 102 serous cystic neoplasm cases in this study were recognized correctly by clinicians before the surgery. Twenty-two features were selected from the radiomics system after 100 bootstrapping repetitions of the least absolute shrinkage selection operator regression. The diagnostic scheme performed accurately and robustly, showing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.767, sensitivity = 0.686, and specificity = 0.709. In the independent validation cohort, we acquired similar results with receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.837, sensitivity = 0.667, and specificity = 0.818.

Conclusion:

The proposed radiomics-based computer-aided diagnosis scheme could increase preoperative diagnostic accuracy and assist clinicians in making accurate management decisions.
Long-Term Limb Salvage and Amputation-Free Survival After Femoropopliteal Bypass and Femoropopliteal PTA for Critical Ischemia in a Clinical Cohort
Authors: Altreuther Martin , Mattsson Erney
Published: January 2019

Objective:

This population-based retrospective cohort study investigates long-term results of femoropopliteal bypass and femoropopliteal endovascular intervention (PTA) in patients with critical ischemia, with focus on limb salvage and amputation-free survival.

Methods:

All patients who underwent femoropopliteal bypass or femoropopliteal PTA for critical ischemia without other simultaneous intervention between 1999 and 2013 were included. Stratification was according to treatment modality and symptoms, rest pain, or ischemic ulcer/gangrene. We assessed technical success, 30-day complications, length of stay, recurrent interventions, limb salvage, survival, and amputation-free survival in all patients.

Results:

We identified 292 operations in 264 patients, 140 bypass and 152 PTA. In 32 PTA cases, the patients were explicitly deemed unfit for bypass surgery. This group had significantly inferior technical success and limb salvage ( P = .00). In other patients, technical success was 96% for bypass and 93% for PTA, while limb salvage after 5 years was 78% for bypass and 81% for PTA. Reoperation for local complications was performed in 16% after bypass and 2% after PTA ( P = .00). Mean length of stay was 8 days after bypass and 1.9 days after PTA ( P = .00).

Conclusions:

Long-term follow-up showed similar technical success and good limb salvage for both PTA and bypass patients in this clinical cohort. Patients who were unfit for bypass surgery had significantly inferior technical success and limb salvage. PTA was associated with shorter hospital stay and fewer reoperations for local complications. The findings support a PTA first strategy in all cases where technical success is likely.
The Future of Natural History Collections
Authors: Heyning John E.
Published: January 2019

Curators laid off, collections mothballed or transferred to other institutions, university museums shut down entirely—natural science collections and associated programs of specimen-based research are in crisis. The situation is typically characterized as a financial crisis, the result of an economic downswing that affects virtually every sector of society. However, resources for research and collections programs are often slashed disproportionately. Thus, the crisis is not a straightforward financial crisis per se, as the disproportional loss of monetary support is a symptom of the deeper crises swirling around these collections. Unless the underlying causes of these crises are more widely understood and rectified, collections-based institutions will continually suffer excessively during economic hard times.
Lydia Sada de Gonzalez: A Collector in an Emerging Monterrey Art Scene
Authors: de Jesus Gonzalez María
Published: January 2019

Lydia Sada de Gonzalez is a key figure in the cultural development of one of Mexico's most important industrial cities, Monterrey. Following the footsteps of her parents, she continues a family tradition as a patron and collector of art in Mexico. The result is an impressive art collection of colonial Mexican art that not only gives witness to her love of art but more importantly points to the significant contributions she has made to the history the of art. Both as a patron and as a collector, Mrs. Sada de Gonzalez distinguishes herself as an active and vigorous participant in Mexico's art world. Mrs. Sada de Gonzalez has received recognition in Mexico for her contributions to the world of art. Her involvement in the arts has directed and many times redirected the vision of the spectators in and outside of Mexico. Many pieces of her collections have traveled around the world in various exhibitions. In addition, she also has written several articles on her collections and has been a contributing editor of several important publications and thus has made an enormous contribution to the scholarship in the field of Mexican colonial art. This discussion presents a biographical sketch of Lydia Sada de Gonzalez, examines the history of her interest in collecting, and introduces some of her most significant collections. Through careful consideration of the work she has done as a patron of the arts, it is clear that Lydia Sada de Gonzalez plays a significant role in the development of the cultural maturity in the city of Monterrey, in Mexico, and in the international art world.
Assessing Collection Resources and Preservation Issues in Argentinean Museums: A Model Survey and Evaluation of New World Primate Collections
Authors: Martinez R. A. , Alvarez M. , Ascunce M. S. , Avila I. , Mudry M.
Published: January 2019

An assessment of the status of specimens of New World primates (Infraorder Platyrrhini) was made at four Argentinean museums, with an emphasis at the “Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales” (MACN) and the “Museo de La Plata” (MLP). This involved examination and evaluation of skins and skulls to determine general condition and preservation needs. The goals were to: a) collect information on species represented, numbers of individuals, and geographic origin of specimens, and b) assess the condition of specimens and value of collection for multiple research uses, and for educational purposes in general. We present several recommendations to ensure the preservation and optimal use of Argentinean collections in the future. This study is presented as a model for more extensive surveys of museum specimens in Argentina and other parts of the world.
“What Self-Respecting Museum is without One?”: The Story of Collecting the Old World at the Science Museum of Minnesota 1914–1988
Authors: Redman S. J.
Published: January 2019

Many Americans have learned some, if not all, of what they know about ancient world cultures through visiting museums. The museums that Americans visit, much like those of the remainder of the Western world, seem to almost always possess objects reflecting the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Many American museums, however, unlike their European counterparts, were not founded with the intention of focusing on what could be termed Old World or Classical Archaeology. Why then, if American museums did not originally intend to collect these objects, do American institutions hold comparatively large collections from these areas? In order to better understand this phenomenon, I chose to study the collections of three museums in the midwestern United States. Possibly the most instructive institution that I studied was the Science Museum of Minnesota.

In examining the collections of museums in the midwest that lacked an intended focus on Classical Archaeology, such as the Science Museum of Minnesota, we may gain insights into how museum culture in America has formed. This project is significant in that it allows researchers a better understanding of the nature of the museum collections that they study. In the past, the historical context of the collecting process itself has been overlooked when research or display of the objects has taken place. It is my hope that a more complete understanding of these collections will prove to be a catalyst for better future research and collecting.
A National Strategy for the Conservation of Collections
Authors: Beale Arthur
Published: January 2019

This article relates the history from the nineteen seventies through the nineteen eighties of how a national plan for the care of collections was developed through the combined efforts of several national professional organizations. The pioneering work of the National Conservation Advisory Council is reviewed and its 1981 metamorphosis into the National Institute for Conservation, now Heritage Preservation, is described. How various studies and reports produced by the American Association of Museums, some in conjunction with the National and American Institutes for Conservation, helped inform a national strategy for the conservation and documentation of collections, is discussed. As the first elected chair of the board and council of the National Institute for Conservation, the author describes how the new organization contributed to the national planning process with projects like the Bay Foundation initiative to develop curriculum and train collections care specialists, Save Outdoor Sculpture (SOS!), and the Conservation Assessment Program (CAP).
A History of the American Jewish Archives 1947 to Present
Authors: Howse Rachel M.
Published: January 2019

This article traces the history of the American Jewish Archives (AJA), an archival repository and research center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the steps the organization has taken to preserve Jewish culture and identity in the United States. This article will also examine the early development of the AJA's collection, staff development, as well as their recent expansion and launching of new educational facilities along with the nuances that come with working in an ethnic or religious research institution.
The Museum Environment: Adverse Consequences of Well-Intentioned Solutions
Authors: Weintraub Steven
Published: January 2019

The museum environment is a complex subject that cannot be reduced to a simple set of requirements. The enforcement of prescriptive and rigid environmental specifications can result in unintended and adverse consequences, both to the collection and to the overall institution. Although there are practical reasons why guidelines have transformed into rigid specifications, the emphasis needs to shift back to flexible performance-based guidelines.

The successful application of performance-based environmental standards can only be accomplished if conflict is avoided within the planning process. This can be achieved through improved communication and collaboration, which must be initiated at the outset of the process. Also, improvements in how the museum environment is taught are necessary, with an emphasis on the planning process, risk management, and an extensive technical understanding of how environmental control is achieved.
DNA Preservation Research: The Downside and Upside of an Enigma
Authors: Williams Stephen L. , Malone Margaret E.
Published: January 2019

Research leading to a better understanding of the deterioration and preservation processes of DNA could provide a favorable future for natural history collections by reducing unnecessary destructive sampling and by increasing collection use for modern molecular studies. More information is needed to assess the value of existing collections for DNA investigations. Equally important is the need to improve preservation strategies at multiple levels so that future specimens can better accommodate such investigations. On the downside, only a few researchers have touched upon these needs over the past two decades; on the upside, there are currently good opportunities for developing this type of research program. To demonstrate these opportunities, four areas of preservation research are proposed, followed with comments regarding resources.
The Iraqi Museum of Modern Art: Legal Implications of the 2003 Invasion
Authors: Shabout Nada
Published: January 2019

This essay addresses the looting and destruction of the Iraqi Museum of Modern Art and the current state of its collection. Few works were retrieved. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of international attention and funds for restoration and preservation of these works, which is intensified by a lack of organized action to stop the trafficking of the stolen works in view of the destruction of the Museum's archives. These issues are discussed within the context of the national museum and its role in postcolonial societies, in terms of responsibilities of the occupying powers, and in relation to UN Security Council Resolution 1483 of May 22, 2003, reaffirmed in October 16, 2003, in Resolution 1511. Both Resolutions emphasize the temporary role of the Coalition Authority, as well as the protection of Iraq's heritage through establishing a ban on international trade in Iraqi cultural property.
Long after the War is Over, the Controversy Remains: Looting of Cultural Properties by the Nazis during World War II
Authors: VanRollins Patricia
Published: January 2019

This article reviews Nazi confiscations during World War II, focusing on three major points: 1) the theory and rational behind the confiscations; 2) the laws enabling the seizure of property; and 3) the organizations and people responsible for the looting. The story of Maria Altmann illustrates the complexity of international laws involved in recovering looted art works. Altmann v. Austria is a landmark case because it was the first of its kind to reach the U. S. Supreme Court. In January 2006, Mrs. Altmann agreed to binding arbitration in Austria; the three judges unanimously awarded her 5 of the 6 paintings by Gustav Klimt to which she is heir. In late March 2006, the paintings arrived in Los Angeles where the most famous of the paintings, Adele Bloch-Bauer I was placed on display in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Endangered Collections: Legal Obligations for Museums Holding Endangered Species
Authors: Adrain Tiffany
Published: January 2019

Many museums, especially those with natural history collections, hold some material that is covered by a multitude of laws concerning endangered species. Determining whether these laws apply to objects in your collections can be quite confusing without specialist knowledge. New acquisitions must be properly documented and accompanied by the relevant permits. A separate permit may be required to hold the material in the collections. Loans of endangered species material require permits for transport between international and sometimes out-of-state institutions. Objects brought into museums by the public for identification may be subject to at least one of several laws that make their possession illegal without a permit. Museums must ensure that endangered species laws are not violated, even accidentally, when accessioning, loaning, exchanging, and transporting applicable material. Special exemptions can be obtained for museum and scientific research collections including import/export permits, re-export certificates, and the CITES Certificate of Scientific Exchange. The aim of these exemptions is to allow research and education access to museum material while protecting endangered plants and animals from illegal trade.
Popular 20th Century Office Reprographic Processes—A Guide to Identification and Preservation
Authors: Teper Jennifer Hain
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the major reprographic processes from the past two centuries and present specific information on each to aid in identification, maintenance, and care. For each process discussed, the author will present the following: other known terminology that is closely linked to that process; the dates that the process was invented; known dates of commercial application; identifying characteristics; the general durability of both the paper support and the process over time including flexibility and absence of brittleness; the contrast between the image areas and the background; any harmful chemical residues that may cause damage to the material itself or to adjacent materials; and any known adverse reactions to alkaline or acidic environments, other reprographic processes, or preservation treatments. Processes include copybooks and roller copiers; carbon paper; hectographs; stencil duplication; photostatic prints; spirit duplication; diazo prints; Xerography; diffusion transfer; thermography; carbonless paper; Electrofax; and color photocopies.
Carpe Diem: Getting Started on Newspaper Digitization
Authors: Herbert John
Published: January 2019

Historic newspaper digitization is rapidly expanding, yet for the digitization novice, the prospect of launching such a project can be daunting. It is, to say the least, a large and complex initiative to undertake. This paper creates a road map through this difficult maze. It describes the broader landscape, outlines organizational items, and discusses the pros and cons of selecting content and source materials, metadata, article segmentation, copyright, and other technical issues.
Outdoor Public Sculpture An Active Medium of Dialogue
Authors: Decker Juilee
Published: January 2019

Building upon the simple premise that public sculpture takes its meaning from its context, which may be enhanced and modified or diluted and destroyed, in this essay I consider two avenues of exploration. First, I address placemaking through an examination of five modern outdoor sculptures: Alexander Calder's La Grande Vitesse, Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty, Isamu Noguchi's Portal, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen's Free Stamp, and Tom Burr's Deep Purple. Each work activates a space and engages in placemaking. I also consider the negation of placemaking through a critique of a guerrilla art incident by Newsense Enterprises, a pair of self-appointed authority figures charged with the task of “closing” public sculpture. Second, I offer a conception of public sculpture where artist and audience are equal participants. To do so, I consider the intersection of commission and meaning by raising and addressing issues surrounding the creation and “post-creation life” of public sculpture. In developing this term, I have been informed by Hans-Georg Gadamer's philosophical notion of Wirkungsgeschichte, Louise Rosenblatt's “reader-response theory,” and Benedict Anderson's notion of an “imagined community.”
Telling the Tales Revealing the Resources
Authors: Nichols Susan , Hennessey Christine
Published: January 2019

Save Outdoor Sculpture! (SOS!) is a private-public partnership between Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) and Heritage Preservation, charged with completing a national inventory of America's outdoor sculpture and raising public awareness about the value and need to care for those artworks. Through the SOS! program, a network of volunteers across the country rediscovered the art in their own hometowns. They located and identified outdoor sculpture, provided images, measurements, condition data and print resources to support the dynamic body of information maintained by SAAM. The SOS! program produced related professional-quality collections management resources for a lay audience.
Into the New Millennium and Out of the Ordinary the Development of Millennium Park
Authors: Brewer Rachel
Published: January 2019

Millennium Park is Chicago's newest park and cultural arena. An entirely privately funded public space, the park is an intricate combination of art, architecture, landscape design, and performing art spaces. It is fitting that one objective of the park was to celebrate the arrival of the new millennium, for, in creating Millennium Park, the city of Chicago has truly surpassed the examples that came before. This article examines the collection of art, architecture, and green space that makes up the revolutionary public space, Millennium Park. The history, present, and future of Millennium Park are described in conjunction with an examination of each individual element of the collection. These elements include the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, BP Bridge, Lurie Garden, Cloud Gate, Boeing Galleries, Crown Fountain, McCormick Tribune Plaza, Wrigley Square, Millennium Monument, Exelon Pavilions, Harris Theater for Music and Dance, and McDonald's Cycle Center.
The John and Mildred Putnam Sculpture Collection Patronage and the Role of a Campus Sculpture Collection
Authors: Kiefer-Roulet Evelyn
Published: January 2019

Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland Ohio is fortunate to be one of the few colleges and universities in the United States to have a permanent collection of world class sculpture. The thirty seven sculptures included in the John and Mildred Putnam Sculpture Collection as of 2008 are situated in buildings and outdoor locations where they can be experienced casually as part of everyday life rather than being located in a campus gallery or museum. This insures that campus sculpture enriches the learning environment for students, faculty, and visitors alike. All are works of 20th or 21st century sculpture, and because contemporary art can be intellectually challenging and controversial, such a collection is particularly appropriate to a learning environment for its ability to spark dialogue. The John and Mildred Putnam Sculpture Collection was created through the patronage of Peter Putnam. A generous but enigmatic arts patron, Peter Putnam was born in Cleveland and graduated from Princeton University with a Ph.D. in physics.
Risk Management as a Strategic Driver for a Large Archive
Authors: Bülow Anna E.
Published: January 2019

Archives are faced with fast-paced changes in the world in which they operate. In particular, innovation in digital technology have transformed the way people access and retrieve information. In view of this, The National Archives, UK has formulated a vision which aims to lead information management within government, and find new ways of preserving and making information accessible. In this climate, a preservation risk assessment was carried out in order to inform strategic planning as well as guarantee the survival of records. Results have highlighted the degree of environmental problems within the main site. In addition, it illustrated the amount of damage resulting from current policies and practices associated with storage, retrieval, and substitution copying; it also proved policies already in place to be highly effective. The results of the assessment have led to a number of improvements to the repository environment as well as policies on storage and retrieval.
Cleaning Display Cases Dusting or Polishing our Challenges?
Authors: Sakellariou Aristotelis Georgios
Published: January 2019

This article introduces the reader to the considerations that had to be taken when cleaning and refreshing two of its large display cases at the Jewish Museum of Greece. Those display cases contain a mixed collection of variable items namely costumes, photographs, prints and wa-tercolours. The staff of the museum planned in advance, ensuring the safety of the objects and staff. Eventually it is natural for unpredicted problems to occur in the real time process. The Museum acknowledged the convenience of the visitor pathway and, moreover, granted visual access to the treatment actions by encouraging communication with the working staff, enriching the visitor experience. Finally the process was beneficial for evaluating the staff's teamwork and the production of a record, and a methodology to be followed for other display cases of the museum and potentially by other institutions.
What if the Only Legacy of New Media is a Static Image? The Curatorial Struggle in Preserving New Media's Aesthetics and Art Practices1
Authors: Aceti Lanfranco
Published: January 2019

The preservation and exhibition of computer and new media artworks is affected by the necessity to present a traditional and objectified image to the viewers. New media practices and computer arts are characterized by evolutionary processes and technological supports that contribute to shaping and defining the aesthetic. If ‘migration’ and ‘emulation’ represent a curatorial strategy or methods for collections’ management, preservation and display to deal with the obsolescence of computer and media-based artworks, the strategy of ‘extrapolation and objectification’ may represent another opportunity to address some of the difficulties presented by the immateriality of these art forms.

Perhaps the methodologies of display should be changed and the possibilities of new media technologies exploited for new curatorial approaches even when they challenge the authority of both the author and the curator by focusing on the representation of the environmental interaction and the importance of multiple media formats of circulation of contemporary digital cultural expressions.
The Role of Museums in the Preservation and Management of International Heritage Routes
Authors: Chung Yun Shun Susie
Published: January 2019

Heritage routes have been existent since pilgrimages began to religious sites. Routes for trade and discovery are also geographical imprints of heritage. Modern techniques for the preservation and management of heritage routes have been employed since the twentieth century, especially with national measures to protect and enhance them, such as the National Trails System Act, which was passed in 1968 in the United States. Heritage routes are designated by local, regional, and national communities to preserve, manage, and profit from the historical, cultural, and natural resources that are inventoried and documented to create the significance of the trail. Heritage routes and tourism have been a collaborative measure. A national promotion of heritage routes and tourism, the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Trail Project (2003-2006) commemorates the 200th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark expedition. The Texas Plains Trail, organized by the Texas Historical Commission, involves 52 counties in West Texas to coordinate tourism along the trail as well as to promote sustainable development. Thus the preservation and management of heritage routes bring together the wealth of cultural and natural resources into one program. It produces the collaboration of local communities as well as the connection of cultures encompassing geographical boundaries. Museums are a part of the heritage resources that are inventoried in heritage routes. The role of museums in the preservation and management of heritage routes is the subject of this paper.
Museum Collections Management and Care Online Graduate Certificate Program
Authors: Coughlin Mary
Published: January 2019

The Museum Studies Program at the George Washington University created an online graduate certificate program in Museum Collections Management and Care (MCMC) in order to address the need for accessible and affordable training for museum professionals. The distance education program consists of four courses that cover legal and ethical issues, collections management and preventive conservation.
Notes from the Archive: Epistolary Collecting in the University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Authors: Geismar Haidy
Published: January 2019

Reproduced here is an exchange of letters between Anatole Von Hügel, first curator of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at Cambridge University and E.G McAfee, a trader and missionary living and working on the island of Malakula, in the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu). This correspondence documents a form of anthropological collecting that might be called “epistolary” in which museum curators engaged directly, through postal correspondence, over vast spatio-temporal distances, with people living within colonial outposts, without the intermediary of trained field collectors. The exchange provides a valuable insight into the non-academic forces that moulded early museum collections, shows the role of amateur collectors in forging “ethnographic” knowledge, and provides a body of work pertaining to the collection methods of early anthropology museums.
Considering the Alternatives: Documenting Alternative Arts Organizations, Hallwalls and Beyond
Authors: Morse Karen Walton
Published: January 2019

Although alternative arts organizations have been an important part of the development of contemporary art in the United States, they are historically under-documented for a variety of reasons including but not limited to loss of funding, poor record keeping, the oftentimes ephemeral nature of alternative art, and a lack of understanding within the wider community about the role and importance of these organizations. Using Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center as a jumping-off point, this article discusses the importance of documenting and archiving histories of alternative arts organizations locally while offering strategies for doing so.
Promoting Innovation: Standards and Dialogue for Public Art Resources
Authors: Nelsen R. Arvid , Lessick Helen
Published: January 2019

This paper aims to review practices in cataloguing public art collection archives and recent efforts to publicly present those records. We examine how to improve communication between knowledge bases to educate, inform and improve search results. Re-examining contemporary public art — a national, civic collection of permanent, temporary and ephemeral artworks — we explore current online standards and auxiliary applications. This paper reveals the failure of vocabulary standards in traditional collections to reflect contemporary artists’ diverse toolkit to address site and engage audience beyond traditional venues. With this paper we present the University of Minnesota's digitization of Public Art Review, an international print magazine with 23 years of publication history published by Forecast Public Art, and examine municipal collections and grassroots efforts to promote dialog and sharing between communities through Web Resources of Art in Public (WRAP).
Protecting Staff from Pesticides in Museum Collections
Authors: Ornstein Leslie A.
Published: January 2019

This paper examines the practices and procedures that contemporary museums have, or have not, instituted to protect collections staff. It springs from a concern that many museums, especially small local ones, may not be taking basic precautionary measures to protect their staff from the serious threats to their health posed by the historic use of pesticides in museum collections. Though some collection objects are hazardous at time of manufacture (e.g., taxidermy) or are naturally so (e.g., radioactive materials), this paper will focus on safety hazards created by pesticides on collection objects. After a brief discussion of the historic use of pesticides in museum collections and its potential effects on human health, a basic set of budget-friendly guidelines is provided that any museum may institute in order to better protect museum employees charged with the handling of collection objects from most hazards.
Discrepancies in Data
Authors: D'lppolito Michelle
Published: January 2019

The ability of investigative agencies like Interpol and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to effectively recover stolen works of art depends in part on how comprehensive and complete their databases of stolen works are. The scope of these databases and their effectiveness in recovering artwork depends on how many reports of theft are submitted by museums to the investigative agencies. This paper considers how a lack of funding leads to discrepancies in and between museum collection records and databases maintained by investigative agencies, resulting in negative publicity and affect a museum's public image. Ultimately this paper presents some strategies to mitigate these discrepancies and help deter future museum theft by streamlining the investigation process for agencies like Interpol and the FBI.
Collections Risk Assessment at the Royal BC Museum and Archives
Authors: Lee Kasey , Castles Delphine
Published: January 2019

The Royal British Columbia Museum (RBCM) has a large and valuable collection of archival records, artifacts, specimens and associated information pertaining to the Province of British Columbia's human and natural history. In 2004 and again in 2010 the RBCM conducted a comprehensive risk assessment to identify and quantify the potential impact of threats to the collections. Methodology was based on the Cultural Property Risk Assessment Model (CPRAM).

The RBCM risk assessment projects, which included over 30 staff members, were each completed over a period of several months. The results of the latest comprehensive review provide a corporate-wide perspective of the risks to the collection. Some risk related assumptions were confirmed and new issues came to light. As a result of these risk assessments, a Risk Management Implementation Plan has been developed to address the most damaging and imminent threats to the collections. A discussion of the evolution of risk assessment at the RBCM is included.
Risk Assessment and Treatment for the Permanent Exhibition of the National Archaeological Museum in Bulgaria
Authors: Neykova Sevdalina
Published: January 2019

The collections of the National Archaeological Museum in Bulgaria are among the richest in the Balkans. The museum is placed inside the oldest building of its kind in Sofia—the 15th century Buyuk Mosque (The Grand Mosque). Its permanent exhibition consists of approximately 4000 objects of different materials—stone, ceramics, metals, mosaics, frescoes, icons, glass, parchment, paleontological materials, flints, ivory, bone and leather. An assessment of risks related to ten agents of deterioration and influencing both the permanent exhibition and the building was completed in 2009–2010. Risk treatments to reduce those risks were developed.

This method of museum risk assessment was applied for first time in Bulgaria. Because preventive conservation has never been a priority in the National Archaeological Museum, and in Bulgaria in general, many risks were identified as currently affecting the exhibited objects or as having had a negative influence in the past. When the assessment started, many problems were already visible but it wasn't clear which risks affected the collection and building most. The main purposes of the assessment were determining which risks have higher magnitude, therefore greatest expected effect, as well as pointing attention to collections on display.
A Tale of Two Systems
Authors: Hawks Catharine , Waller Robert
Published: January 2019

The two systems of managing health and safety and of managing preservation of cultural property have many parallels. Either, or both, can exist as predominantly habit-based systems. However, when managed from a proactive perspective, they can be considered goal-directed systems. In the first case, the goal is to maintain health and avoid accidents to people. In the second case, the goal is to avoid damage and loss to cultural property. Both goals are clear, widely accepted, and even inarguably noble and worthy, a great advantage for both systems.

Health and safety and cultural property preservation systems will operate best when they are mutually supportive. As a simple example, wearing appropriate gloves while handling objects protects the wearer as well as the collection object/specimen from contamination. Some examples of conflicts between the two risk management systems can also be found. For instance, an old collection of pharmaceuticals can pose many risks. From a health and safety perspective, disposal seems the obvious solution. From a curatorial perspective, keeping contents intact for future analysis may be important. The exercise of developing a creative solution that protects both people and collections can lead to improved understanding among all parties.

Viewing health and safety and cultural property preservation as parallel and closely related risk management systems opens the way to improvements in both. Combining the two encourages synergies that can lead to effective risk management and resource allocation by custodians of our collected heritage.
The “Collections Risk Management” Program at the American Museum of Natural History
Authors: Elkin Lisa Kronthal , Nunan Elizabeth , Fenkart-Froeschl Dieter
Published: January 2019

In addition to the wear and tear of time and exposure that normally endanger museum collections, larger scale events such as September 11, 2001, the Northeast Blackout of 2003, Hurricanes Kathna and Irene and the Virginia Earthquake of 2011 have emphasized the threats to collections and underscored the importance of a comprehensive approach to risk planning. In response, the American Museum of Natural History has been steadfastly committed to identifying a complete picture of its collections priorities, and is accomplishing an overall risk assessment of its research, exhibit and library/archive collections. The assessment model used for this three-phase project is based on the Cultural Property Risk Analysis Model (CPRAM) developed by Robert Waller and colleagues at the Canadian Museum of Nature and adapted to accommodate the specific needs of a large, complex institution. These assessments have provided AMNH administrators with information crucial to making long-term strategy and policy decisions about reducing and mitigating risks to collections.
Old Loans, Found in Collections and Inventories, Oh My
Authors: Endersby Linda Eikmeier
Published: January 2019

Cultural institutions have struggled for decades with the issues of “old loan” and “found in collection” objects. During the 1980s, the museum profession in several states began to pass legislation to address the questions of legal title to these items. In 1991, Missouri passed the “Museum Property Act” (Chapter 184 Mo. Rev. Stat.) This article details that law, examples of its use in practice and efforts to amend the law as recently as 2012. Several specific illustrations come from the history and operation of the Missouri State Museum, which is also authorized by Chapter 184. The State Museum began a complete collections inventory in 2006 and came across several loaned and found in collection objects that fall under the Act. Using these examples and others from peer institutions, this article illustrates successes and challenges in the practical application of the law, including changing methods of communication, costs of the process and the need for inventories.