bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing noise and spurious convection in convective data assimilation
Authors: Lange Heiner , Craig George C. , Janjić Tijana
Published: September 2017

The occurrence of noise and spurious convective cells in analyses of convective‐scale data assimilation (DA) is a problem that is not quantified sufficiently to develop reliable set‐ups for the DA of radar observations in an ensemble Kalman filter. This article presents two approaches to quantifying these phenomena using a local ensemble transform Kalman filter testbed, where simulated radar observations are assimilated with varying spatial and temporal DA parameters. Firstly, the dynamical coupling of cold pools and emerging cells of organized deep convection is quantified in terms of spatio‐temporal correlations, so that spurious perturbations can be identified. Secondly, the abundance of gravity‐wave noise is characterized by the variance of the vertical velocity field during DA cycling and the ensemble forecasts. This evaluation is performed separately for subsets of model points inside observed storms, in their vicinity and in the surrounding clear‐air regions. Varying horizontal localization lengths, observation averaging scales and the length of the assimilation cycling interval are compared, with respect to the two diagnostic approaches. It is concluded that the cold‐pool coupling method and the partitioned variance of vertical velocity fields are viable measures to quantify the influence of DA parameters and algorithms on the balance of analysis states that are used to initiate forecasts of convection.
A multi‐scale analysis of the extreme rain event of Ouagadougou in 2009
Authors: Lafore Jean‐Philippe , Beucher Florent , Peyrillé Philippe , Diongue‐Niang Aïda , Chapelon Nicolas , Bouniol Dominique , Caniaux Guy , Favot Florence , Ferry Frédéric , Guichard Françoise , Poan Emmanuel , Roehrig Romain , Vischel Théo
Published: September 2017

This study presents a multi‐scale analysis of an extreme rain event that occurred in Burkina Faso on 1 September 2009 with an absolute record of 263 mm rainfall observed at Ouagadougou. This high‐impact weather system results from the combination of several favourable ingredients at different scales. The sea‐surface temperature anomaly patterns in July–August 2009 of both the Atlantic cold tongue, the Tropical Atlantic Dipole and the Mediterranean Sea are favourable factors for the northward penetration of the West African monsoon. The intense convective activity of the last 10‐day period in August is associated with the crossing of a convectively coupled Kelvin wave increasing the African easterly wave (AEW) activity, and of an equatorial Rossby wave.

At the synoptic scale this event corresponds to the passage of a train of three AEWs with increasing magnitude. Behind the first AEW trough axis, an intense and deep southerly monsoon burst develops. It contributes to the amplification of the second AEW and its breaking is associated with the formation of an intense meso‐vortex on the southern flank of the African easterly jet. Compared to the fast‐moving squall line, the dominant type of precipitating weather system over the Sahel, the Ouagadougou precipitating system appears to be a moist vortex propagating slowly, allowing rainfall accumulation, without wind gusts or convective cold pools observed at the surface. The main precipitation area is located about 2° longitude downshear (westward due to the African easterly jet) of the centre of this strong meso‐vortex.
Effects of the changing heating profile associated with melting layers in a climate model
Authors: Zhu Hongyan , Maloney Eric , Hendon Harry , Stratton Rachel
Published: September 2017

The impact of modifying the melting behaviour at the freezing level in the GA2.0 version of the Met Office Unified Model is investigated. By allowing snow to melt over a greater depth, biases in rainfall over the Maritime Continent (MC) are found to be improved, and there is an indication of benefits to the simulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation.

Moistening diagnostics under weak temperature gradient theory are used to explain how and why changes to the treatment of melting influence tropical rainfall biases. The modified melting experiment increases the lower tropospheric diabatic heating rate per unit column‐integrated convective heating in the MC, which helps to increase lower tropospheric vertical moisture advection per unit column convective heating, making conditions more favourable for convection there. Changes of the opposite sense occur in tropical ocean regions of the west Pacific and Indian Ocean. Changes in lower tropospheric radiative heating per unit convection produced by the different treatment of melting are particularly influential in engendering mean precipitation changes between the experiments. Differences in precipitation in the MC region between the control and melting experiments and opposite changes in oceanic regions to the east and west are linked through changes in the Walker circulation, making it unclear which region is most influential for forcing the improvement in the pattern of precipitation biases. Sensitivity experiments that artificially enhance convection in one region through imposition of sea‐surface temperature anomalies produce a negative precipitation response in the other region.
Understanding the ACCESS model errors over the Maritime Continent using CloudSat and CALIPSO simulators
Authors: Nguyen Hanh , Franklin Charmaine , Protat Alain
Published: September 2017

Precipitation and cloud properties from the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS1.3) atmospheric model are evaluated over the Maritime Continent during the monsoon season using satellite observations. The model rainfall errors in December–February are characterized by a wet bias east of 120°E and a dry bias west of that longitude. A closer look at the complex land–sea composition of the Maritime Continent reveals that ACCESS1.3 overestimates rainfall over the islands and underestimates it in the surrounding waters. These rainfall biases are associated with a distinct low‐level convergence bias over land, a divergence bias over ocean, and a high‐level cloud fraction overestimate over land and ocean. The complementary information offered by CloudSat and CALIPSO evaluations further shows that the model overestimates high‐ and low‐level cloudiness and light rain and drizzle but underestimates the occurrence of mid‐level clouds.

Sensitivity tests are carried out to study the model response to physics parametrizations to understand these model errors. In particular, modifications to the existing parametrization such as changes to the convection scheme, to the rainfall characteristics or to the circulation, appear to qualitatively help reduce model errors. These results show that rainfall and high‐level cloud fraction can be improved, but the model still suffers from a lack of occurrence of hydrometeors in the mid‐levels in all sensitivity tests. Increasing cloudiness and moisture in the low‐ and mid‐levels may be crucial to generating deeper convection and higher ice water content in the model.
Stakeholder‐enhanced environmental flow assessment: The Rufiji Basin case study in Tanzania
Authors: O'Keeffe J. , Graas S. , Mombo F. , McClain M.
Published: September 2017

Environmental flows are now a standard part of sustainable water management globally but are only rarely implemented. One reason may be insufficient engagement of stakeholders and their priority outcomes in the environmental flow‐setting process. A recent environmental flow assessment (EFA) in the Kilombero basin of the Rufiji River in Tanzania concentrated on a broad‐based investigation of stakeholders' use and perceptions of the ecosystem services provided by the river as a framework for the assessment of flow regimes that would maintain them.

The EFA process generally followed the Building Block Methodology but within an enhanced stakeholder engagement framework. Engagement began with the involvement of institutional stakeholders to explain the purpose of the EFA and to elicit their priority outcomes. Extensive interactions with direct‐use stakeholders followed to investigate their uses of and priorities for the rivers. Results were used by the EFA specialist team in choosing flow indicators and defining measurable environmental objectives. The specialists then met to reach a consensus of the flow requirements. The EFA results were lastly reported back to stakeholders.

During the Kilombero EFA, we learned that stakeholders at all levels have a good awareness of the natural services provided by a healthy river and can contribute to the setting of environmental objectives for the rivers and floodplain. These can be factored into the biophysical assessments of river flows required to maintain habitats, processes, water quality, and biodiversity. It is therefore important to allocate significant resources to stakeholder engagement. It now remains to be seen if enhanced stakeholder engagement, including the increased understanding and capacity built among all stakeholders, will increase support for the implementation of the recommended flows.
Different Measures of Print Exposure Predict Different Aspects of Vocabulary
Authors: Zhang Su Zhen , Georgiou George K. , Xu Jining , Liu Jian Mei , Li Miao , Shu Hua
Published: September 2017

The authors examined whether different measures of print exposure assess the same underlying concept and how these different measures relate to vocabulary breadth and depth. One hundred forty‐seven students attending the third year of kindergarten in Jining, China, were assessed on nonverbal IQ, vocabulary breadth and depth, and their knowledge of book titles. Parents also participated in the study by filling out a questionnaire on the frequency of shared book reading and the number of children's books at home, recording their daily parent–child reading activities (diary), and completing the children's title and author recognition checklists. Results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that the measures of print exposure were loading on three interrelated factors. The items measuring the frequency of shared book reading at home along with diary formed one factor, the children's title recognition checklist and number of children's books at home formed a second factor, and children's knowledge of book titles formed a third factor. In addition, the results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that whereas all factors accounted for unique variance (3–6%) in vocabulary breadth, only children's knowledge of book titles predicted vocabulary depth, after controlling for children's age, parents’ education and income, and children's nonverbal IQ. Taken together, these findings suggest that different measures of print exposure may capture different aspects of print exposure and that these aspects may exert a different role in vocabulary breadth and depth.
Silver sorption isotherms onto bentonites: Comparing mathematical models
Authors: Constantino L. V. , Lopes E. T. , Frachini E. C. , Monteiro A. M. , Santos M. J.
Published: September 2017

Herein is reported the application of models on sorption isotherms for removal of silver ions from aqueous solution using 2 bentonites: SWy‐2 and BaVC‐1, low‐cost sorbents. Physicochemical attributes were determined for both materials, and sorption experiments were carried out in batch system. The pH before and after sorption decreased from 7.8 to 6.1 and 8.4 to 6.7 for SWy‐2 and BaVC‐1, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Toth, Kolbe‐Corrigan, Khan, and Radke‐Prausnitiz models were applied to the data. The models showed good fit with R2 above 0.999 and RMSE < 2%. The adjustable parameters indicated high affinity of silver ions to BaVC‐1 sorption sites, demonstrating high sorption capacity and thermodynamic feasibility. In general, SWy‐2 showed most heterogeneous sorption sites, while BaVC‐1 showed most homogeneous sites. Moreover, BaVC‐1 has shown larger surface area and smaller particle size, which can explain its better sorption performance as compared with SWy‐2.
First‐Row Transition Metal Based Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Alkaline Conditions: Basic Principles and Recent Advances
Authors: Lu Fei , Zhou Min , Zhou Yuxue , Zeng Xianghua
Published: September 2017

Owing to its abundance, high gravimetric energy density, and environmental friendliness, hydrogen is a promising renewable energy to replace fossil fuels. One of the most prominent routes toward hydrogen acquisition is water splitting, which is currently bottlenecked by the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Numerous of electrocatalysts have been developed in the past decades to accelerate the OER process. Up to now, the first‐row transition metal based compounds are in pole position under alkaline conditions, which have become subjects of extensive studies. Recently, significant advances in providing compelling catalytic performance as well as exploring their catalytic mechanisms have been achieved in this area. In this review, we summarized the fundamentals and recent progresses in first‐row transition metal based OER catalysts, with special emphasis on the pathways of promoting catalytic performance by concrete strategies. New insight into material design, particularly the role of experimental approaches in the electrocatalytic performance and reaction mechanisms of OER are expected to be provided.
Optimizing Energy Transduction of Fluctuating Signals with Nanofluidic Diodes and Load Capacitors
Authors: Ramirez Patricio , Cervera Javier , Gomez Vicente , Ali Mubarak , Nasir Saima , Ensinger Wolfgang , Mafe Salvador
Published: September 2017

The design and experimental implementation of hybrid circuits is considered allowing charge transfer and energy conversion between nanofluidic diodes in aqueous ionic solutions and conventional electronic elements such as capacitors. The fundamental concepts involved are reviewed for the case of fluctuating zero‐average external potentials acting on single pore and multipore membranes. This problem is relevant to electrochemical energy conversion and storage, the stimulus‐response characteristics of nanosensors and actuators, and the estimation of the accumulative effects caused by external signals on biological ion channels. Half‐wave and full‐wave voltage doublers and quadruplers can scale up the transduction between ionic and electronic signals. The network designs discussed here should be useful to convert the weak signals characteristic of the micro and nanoscale into robust electronic responses by interconnecting iontronics and electronic elements.
Stirring Affects Starch Granule Morphology and the Functional Properties of Rice Flour
Authors: Jiao Guiai , Wei Xiangjin , Tang Shaoqing , Sheng Zhonghua , Xie Lihong , Shao Gaoneng , Fiaz Sajid , Hu Peisong , Xu Qingguo
Published: September 2017

Stirring is widely used to process rice flour, but its influence on the flour's functional properties is generally ignored. Here, the effect of various treatments given to the flour prepared from three cultivars contrasting for their grain amylose content is investigated. The major effect of stirring is to disaggregate the starch granules, releasing a population of small particles which are readily degraded by endogenous amylase. The presence of the small particles increases the flour's solubility, swelling power, and peak viscosity, as well as the adhesive force and springiness of the retrograded gel. It also decreases the onset and peak gelatinization temperatures and the enthalpy of the flour, as well as the hardness of the retrograded gel. Stirring aids the gelatinization of rice flour and has a negative effect on the retrogradation of the rice flour gel.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Moniker Fits the Science
Authors: Boregowda Siddaraju V. , Booker Cori N. , Phinney Donald G.
Published: September 2017

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained widespread use in regenerative medicine due to their demonstrated efficacy in a broad range of experimental animal models of disease and their excellent safety profile in human clinical trials. Outcomes from these studies suggest that MSCs achieve therapeutic effects in vivo in nonhomologous applications predominantly by paracrine action. This paracrine-centric viewpoint has become widely entrenched in the field, and has spurred a campaign to rename MSCs as “medicinal signaling cells” to better reflect this mode of action. In this Commentary, we argue that the paracrine-centric viewpoint and proposed name change ignores a wealth of old and new data that unequivocally demonstrate the stem cell nature of MSCs, and also overlooks a large effort to exploit homologous applications of MSCs in human clinical trials. Furthermore, we offer evidence that a stem cell-centric viewpoint of MSCs provides a comprehensive understanding of MSC biology that encompasses their paracrine activity, and provides a better foundation to develop metrics that quantify the biological potency of MSC batches for both homologous and nonhomologous clinical applications.
Angiotensin‐(1‐7)‐mediated Mas1 receptor/NF‐κB‐p65 signaling is involved in a cigarette smoke‐induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mouse model
Authors: Zhang Yong , Li Yang , Shi Ce , Fu Xiaomin , Zhao Lingdi , Song Yongping
Published: September 2017

Angiotensin‐(1‐7) [Ang‐(1‐7)] has been shown to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation via Mas receptor; however, its effect in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unknown. To explore the effect of Ang‐(1‐7) on a cigarette smoke (CS) exposure‐induced COPD model, 40 C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups (n = 10) and exposed to air or CS for 8 weeks. After that, they were treated with saline or Ang‐(1‐7) at 0.3 mg/kg for 2 weeks by subcutaneous infusion using osmotic pump. The day following drug/vehicle challenge, lung function was examined and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 1, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α protein levels in BAL fluid were determined using ELISA; the corresponding mRNA levels in lung tissues were measured using RT‐PCR. Mas1 receptor, pIκBα, IκBα, nuclear NF‐κB‐p65 protein, pERK1/2, ERK2, pp38, and p38 proteins expression in lung tissues were examined by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. Ang‐(1‐7) challenge had no effect on the decreased lung function and emphysema induced by CS exposure. However, Ang‐(1‐7) treatment blocked CS exposure‐induced lung inflammatory responses and lung fibrosis, as determined by Masson's Trichrome staining. Exposure to CS for 8 weeks caused irreversible loss of lung function and emphysema, which could not be reversed by Ang‐(1‐7) treatment. Thus, the beneficial effect of Ang‐(1‐7) may be confined to pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.
A tale of Mexico's most exploited—and connected—watersheds: the Basin of Mexico and the Lerma‐Chapala Basin
Authors: Carrera‐Hernandez Jaime J.
Published: September 2017

Water management policies and their impacts for both the Basin of Mexico and the Lerma‐Chapala basin—where nearly 25% of Mexico's inhabitants are found—are described. This work shows that the prevailing water management policy has been the augmentation of water supply and neither policies have focused on water savings nor management of water demand. The effects of the large extraction rates on both basins have caused drying‐up of streams due to drawdown rates that reach 2.5 m/year with an associated land subsidence in different cities in these basins. Water management in Mexico needs to change from a water supply approach to a water efficiency approach, where water needs to be efficiently used. Water management will only improve when policies consider both technical and social perspectives. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1247. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1247

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Rights to Water

Science of Water > Water Extremes
The COSMO and COSMO‐RS solvation models
Authors: Klamt Andreas
Published: September 2017

The conductor‐like screening model COSMO, a variant of the dielectric continuum solvation models, has become very popular due to its algorithmic simplicity, numerical stability, and its great insensitivity with respect to outlying charge errors. The advanced model COSMO‐RS, i.e., COSMO for realistic solvation, is a statistical thermodynamics theory based on COSMO polarization charge densities, which overcomes many of the limitations and theoretical shortcomings of dielectric continuum models. Due to its ability to treat mixtures at variable temperatures, it has become very popular in chemical engineering and in wide areas of physical and medicinal chemistry. COSMO‐RS may currently be considered the most accurate model for the prediction of solvation energies. This article provides a short description of the basic concepts of both models, of the differences with other solvation models, and of their application areas. Finally, Direct‐COSMO‐RS, a recent direct integration of the COSMO‐RS concept into quantum chemical calculations, is briefly described. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2018, 8:e1338. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1338

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Real‐time time‐dependent electronic structure theory
Authors: Goings Joshua J. , Lestrange Patrick J. , Li Xiaosong
Published: September 2017

Real‐time time‐dependent electronic structure theory is one of the most promising methods for investigating time‐dependent molecular responses and electronic dynamics. Since its first modern use in the 1990s, it has been used to study a wide variety of spectroscopic properties and electronic responses to intense external electromagnetic fields, complex environments, and open quantum systems. It has also been used to study molecular conductance, excited state dynamics, ionization, and nonlinear optical effects. Real‐time techniques describe non‐perturbative responses of molecules, allowing for studies that go above and beyond the more traditional energy‐ or frequency‐domain‐based response theories. Recent progress in signal analysis, accurate treatment of environmental responses, relativistic Hamiltonians, and even quantized electromagnetic fields have opened up new avenues of research in time‐dependent molecular response. After discussing the history of real‐time methods, we explore some of the necessary mathematical theory behind the methods, and then survey a wide (yet incomplete) variety of applications for real‐time methods. We then present some brief remarks on the future of real‐time time‐dependent electronic structure theory. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2018, 8:e1341. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1341

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Estimation of covariance and precision matrix, network structure, and a view toward systems biology
Authors: Kuismin Markku O. , Sillanpää Mikko J.
Published: September 2017

Covariance matrix and its inverse, known as the precision matrix, have many applications in multivariate analysis because their elements can exhibit the variance, correlation, covariance, and conditional independence between variables. The practice of estimating the precision matrix directly without involving any matrix inversion has obtained significant attention in the literature. We review the methods that have been implemented in R and their R packages, particularly when there are more variables than data samples and discuss ideas behind them. We describe how sparse precision matrix estimation methods can be used to infer network structure. Finally, we discuss methods that are suitable for gene coexpression network construction.WIREs Comput Stat2017, 9:e1415. doi: 10.1002/wics.1415

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Linear Models

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational and Molecular Biology

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis
Better bullets to shoot small mammals without poisoning scavengers
Authors: McTee Michael , Young Matt , Umansky Andre , Ramsey Philip
Published: September 2017

Recreational shooters kill millions of small mammals each year and scavengers that ingest the carcasses can be poisoned if lead bullets are used. Less toxic bullets exist, but their performance and potential risk to deposit lead in carcasses is understudied. In May 2016, shooters controlled populations of Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus) at ranches in Idaho and Montana, USA, by shooting them with .17 HMR (Hornady Magnum Rimfire), .22 LR (long rifle), and .223 Rem (Remington) rifles with expanding and nonexpanding lead and nonlead bullets. We recorded whether bullets instantly incapacitated ground squirrels and then counted the number of bullet fragments in each carcass to estimate concentrations of residual lead. All types of lead bullets left lead in at least one‐third of the Columbian ground squirrels. Unexpectedly, estimated concentrations of lead in carcasses did not differ between expanding and nonexpanding bullets within the .17 HMR and .22 LR calibers, partially because of the high variability in fragmentation. The greatest estimated concentrations of lead were in Columbian ground squirrels shot with expanding ammunition in .17 HMR and .223 Rem, which had an average of 23.6 mg and 91.2 mg Pb/carcass, respectively. Nonlead bullets incapacitated similar to lead bullets. Our results indicate that nonlead bullets eliminate the risk of additional lead exposure to scavengers while maintaining the lethality of lead bullets. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Synthesis and Solution Behavior Studies of a Bifunctional Fluorenyl Dioxotetraamine and Its Copper(II) Complex
Authors: Wang Yi‐Ning , Luo Qin‐Hui
Published: September 2017

The fluorenyl dioxotetraamine L4 was designed and prepared. The solution behavior of L4 and its interaction with the CuII ion were studied by pH potentiometric, fluorimetric and spectrophotometric titration. In the dioxane/water solution, it was found that the molecule L4 showed an “off‐on” or “on‐off” fluorescent response in the absence or presence of the CuII ion with the increase of the pH value. Moreover, influenced by the CuII ion, the fluorescence of the dioxotetraamine L4 can be almost quenched when the pH value was slightly higher than 4.0, which is rarely reported and useful to detect the CuII ion under acidic condition.
Surgical Head Coverings: A Literature Review
Authors: Spruce Lisa
Published: September 2017

Microorganisms that cause surgical site infections may either be present on the patient's skin or mucous membranes or transmitted to the patient by health care personnel, the environment, or other items in the perioperative setting. This literature review analyzes the evidence used to support the recommendation that perioperative personnel should cover their heads, hair, and ears in the semirestricted and restricted areas. A literature search produced 27 articles related to bacterial shedding from skin and hair, pathogenic organisms present on the hair and ears, and case reports of infectious organisms passed from health care providers to patients. Although there is no conclusive evidence that wearing a head covering can help prevent surgical site infections, the potential benefits to patients when compared with the risks suggest that perioperative team members should cover their heads, hair, and ears in the semirestricted and restricted areas to provide the best possible protection for surgical patients.
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Perioperative Nursing and Leadership: Developing Skills for Improved Performance
Authors: Beydler Kathy Williams
Published: September 2017

Many responsibilities of perioperative professionals involve concrete tasks that require high technical competence. Emotional intelligence, referred to as EQ, which involves the ability to relate to and influence others, may also be important for perioperative professionals. High EQ has been linked to higher performance in the workplace, higher job satisfaction, lower turnover intentions, and less burnout. Perioperative professionals who demonstrate a combination of technical skills and EQ could be more attuned to the humanity of health care (ie, providing more holistic care for the patient). Perioperative nurses who value providing holistic care for their patients may possess many of the elements of EQ. Leaders who recognize the importance of their own EQ and actively assist staff members to enhance and develop their EQ competency may help to create a competitive advantage by establishing a workforce of nurses who possess strong technical skills and high EQ.
A Communication Training Program to Encourage Speaking‐Up Behavior in Surgical Oncology
Authors: D'Agostino Thomas A. , Bialer Philip A. , Walters Chasity B. , Killen Aileen R. , Sigurdsson Hrafn O. , Parker Patricia A.
Published: September 2017

Patient safety in the OR depends on effective communication. We developed and tested a communication training program for surgical oncology staff members to increase communication about patient safety concerns. In phase one, 34 staff members participated in focus groups to identify and rank factors that affect speaking‐up behavior. We compiled ranked items into thematic categories that included role relations and hierarchy, staff rapport, perceived competence, perceived efficacy of speaking up, staff personality, fear of retaliation, institutional regulations, and time pressure. We then developed a communication training program that 42 participants completed during phase two. Participants offered favorable ratings of the usefulness and perceived effect of the training. Participants reported significant improvement in communicating patient safety concerns (t40 = –2.76, P = .009, d = 0.48). Findings offer insight into communication challenges experienced by surgical oncology staff members and suggest that our training demonstrates the potential to improve team communication.
An Integrative Review of Postoperative Accelerated Recovery Protocols
Authors: Oliveira Ramon AntÔnio , Guatura Gabrielle Meriche GalvÃo Bento da Silva , Peniche Aparecida de Cássia Giani , Costa Ana Lúcia Siqueira , Poveda Vanessa de Brito
Published: September 2017

We undertook an integrative literature review of articles pertaining to perioperative nursing care provided to patients using postoperative accelerated recovery protocols. To select the articles, we searched the MEDLINE, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Literatura Latino‐Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde databases. We identified 329 studies, 13 of which met our inclusion criteria and described perioperative nursing care activities. Nursing activities noted in these articles were hypothermia prevention and maintenance of normothermia, restriction of IV fluids, assessment of vital signs, management of symptoms and pain, support of early ambulation, care for tubes and drains, oral administration of carbohydrate‐rich foods, assessment of ability to tolerate diet, and encouragement to resume activities of daily living. There was a lack of research on this topic by nursing professionals; additional research by nursing professionals is needed regarding nurses’ roles in providing this care.
Clinical Issues—October 2017
Authors: Fearon Mary C.
Published: September 2017

This Month

• Bowel isolation technique in minimally invasive surgery

Key words: minimally invasive surgery, bowel isolation technique, bowel resection.

• Covering hair that has escaped a surgical cap

Key words: OR attire, head covering, sterile technique.

• Surgical head coverings

Key words: skull caps, bouffant caps, quality control, quality initiative.

• Use of ear loop masks in the OR

Key words: surgical mask, OR attire.

• Staffing in the hybrid OR

Key words: RN circulator, hybrid OR, staffing.
Mycosphaerellaceae: Chaos or clarity?
Authors: Videira S.I.R. , Groenewald J.Z. , Nakashima C. , Braun U. , Barreto R.W. , de Wit P.J.G.M. , Crous P.W.
Published: September 2017

The Mycosphaerellaceae represent thousands of fungal species that are associated with diseases on a wide range of plant hosts. Understanding and stabilising the taxonomy of genera and species of Mycosphaerellaceae is therefore of the utmost importance given their impact
on agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Based on previous molecular studies, several phylogenetic and morphologically distinct genera within the Mycosphaerellaceae have been delimited. In this study a multigene phylogenetic analysis (LSU, ITS and rpb2) was performed based
on 415 isolates representing 297 taxa and incorporating ex-type strains where available. The main aim of this study was to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among the genera currently recognised within the family, and to clarify the position of the cercosporoid fungi among them. Based
on these results many well-known genera are shown to be paraphyletic, with several synapomorphic characters that have evolved more than once within the family. As a consequence, several old generic names including Cercosporidium, Fulvia, Mycovellosiella, Phaeoramularia
and Raghnildiana are resurrected, and 32 additional genera are described as new. Based on phylogenetic data 120 genera are now accepted within the family, but many currently accepted cercosporoid genera still remain unresolved pending fresh collections and DNA data. The present study
provides a phylogenetic framework for future taxonomic work within the Mycosphaerellaceae.
Public-Private Partnership Projects in Infrastructure
Authors: Delmon Jeffrey
Published: September 2017

Infrastructural investment is critical to economic growth, quality of life, poverty reduction, access to education, health care, and the achievement of many of the goals of a robust economy. But infrastructure is difficult for the public sector to get right. Public–private partnerships (PPPs) can help; they can provide more efficient procurement, focus on consumer satisfaction and lifecycle maintenance, and provide new sources of investment, in particular through limited recourse debt. But PPPs present challenges of their own. This book provides a practical guide to PPPs for policy makers and strategists, showing how governments can enable and encourage PPPs; providing a step-by-step analysis of the development of PPP projects; and explaining how financing works, what contractual structures look like, and how risk allocation works in practice. It includes specific discussion of each infrastructure sector, with a focus on the strategic and policy issues essential for successful development of infrastructure through PPPs. This second edition includes new sections on institutional frameworks, mechanisms for leveraging public financing, small scale PPP projects and more.
Distributive Justice and World Trade Law
Authors: Suttle Oisin
Published: September 2017

What does justice demand in international trade regulation? And how far does World Trade Organization (WTO) law respond to those demands? Whether our focus is developing countries, struggling industries, or environmental protection, distributive conflict is a pervasive feature of international economic law. Despite this, we lack an adequate theory of distributive justice for this domain. Drawing on philosophical approaches to global justice, this book advances a novel theory of justice in trade regulation, and applies this to explain and critique the law of the WTO. Integrating theoretical and doctrinal approaches, it demonstrates the potential for political theory to illuminate and inform the progressive development of WTO law, including rules on border measures, discrimination, trade remedies and domestic regulation. Written from an interdisciplinary perspective, accessible to lawyers, philosophers and political scientists, the book will appeal both to theorists interested in building bridges from theory to practice, and practitioners seeking new perspectives on existing problems.
Postapocalyptic Fantasies in Antebellum American Literature
Authors: Hay John
Published: September 2017

Even before the Civil War, American writers were imagining life after a massive global catastrophe. For many, the blank slate of the American continent was instead a wreckage-strewn wasteland, a new world in ruins. Bringing together epic and lyric poems, fictional tales, travel narratives, and scientific texts, Postapocalyptic Fantasies in Antebellum American Literature reveals that US authors who enthusiastically celebrated the myths of primeval wilderness and virgin land also frequently resorted to speculations about the annihilation of civilizations, past and future. By examining such postapocalyptic fantasies, this study recovers an antebellum rhetoric untethered to claims for historical exceptionalism - a patriotic rhetoric that celebrates America while denying the United States a unique position outside of world history. As the scientific field of natural history produced new theories regarding biological extinction, geological transformation, and environmental collapse, American writers responded with wild visions of the ancient past and the distant future.
The Right to Privacy
Authors: Richardson Megan
Published: September 2017

Using original and archival material, The Right to Privacy traces the origins and influence of the right to privacy as a social, cultural and legal idea. Richardson argues that this right had emerged as an important legal concept across a number of jurisdictions by the end of the nineteenth century, providing a basis for its recognition as a universal human right in later centuries. This book is a unique contribution to the history of the modern right to privacy. It covers the transition from Georgian to Victorian England, developments in Second Empire France, insights in the lead up to the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) of 1896, and the experience of a rapidly modernising America around the turn of the twentieth century. It will appeal to an audience of academic and postgraduate researchers, as well as to the judiciary and legal practice.
Soldiers, Politicians, and Civilians
Authors: Pion-Berlin David , Martínez Rafael
Published: September 2017

Are interactions between soldiers, politicians, and civilians improving? Every nation has to come to grips with achieving a more enduring harmony between government, the armed forces, and society if it aspires to strengthen its democracy. While there is an abundance of studies on civil-military affairs, few examine all three of these actors, let alone establish any standards with which to assess whether progress is being made. This ambitious book devises a novel framework equipped with six dimensions, each of which opens a unique window into civil-military affairs, and which form a more integrated view of the subject. Those dimensions are accompanied by a set of benchmarks and metrics that assess progress and compare one country against another. The framework is applied to case studies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, with the conviction that insights could be gleaned that may be relevant elsewhere. Ultimately, by unpacking the civil-military relation into its various dimensions, this study has shed light on what it takes to transform what was once a politically-minded military into an organization dedicated to serving a democratic state and society.
Humean Laws in an unHumean World
Authors: KIMPTON-NYE SAMUEL
Published: September 2017

I argue that anunHumeanontology of irreducibly dispositional properties might be fruitfully combined with what has typically been thought of as aHumeanaccount of laws, namely, thebest-system account, made popular by David Lewis (e.g., 1983, 1986, 1994). In this paper I provide the details of what I argue is the most defensible account of Humean laws in an unHumean world. This package of views has the benefits of upholding scientific realism while doing without any suspect metaphysical entities to account for natural law. I conclude by arguing that the Humean laws-unHumean ontology package is well placed to provide an account of objective, nontrivialchances, a famous stumbling block for the Humean laws-Humean ontology package developed by Lewis.
Continuum-wise expansivity and entropy for flows
Authors: ARBIETO ALEXANDER , CORDEIRO WELINGTON , PACIFICO MARIA JOSÉ
Published: September 2017

We define the concept of continuum-wise expansivity for flows, and we prove that continuum-wise expansive flows on compact metric spaces with topological dimension greater than one have positive entropy.
William Stillman: championing Crispi in late Victorian Britain
Authors: Laven David
Published: September 2017

Christopher Duggan made extensive use of the correspondence of the AmericanTimesjournalist William James Stillman in writing his important biography of Francesco Crispi. This article focuses on Stillman’s published works that deal with the Italian statesman, principally his 1898 history of Italy since 1815, the first and only English-language biography of Crispi until Duggan’s, and the journalist’s own autobiography. It argues that, despite Stillman’s much vaunted love for Italy, he in fact despised most Italians, and saw in Crispi’s virtues a rejection of typical Italian conduct. While Stillman was extreme but not altogether unusual among British and American commentators on Italy in his passionate support for Crispi, his contempt for Italians was surprisingly widespread among late Victorian observers of the new nation.
Limited Obstruction
Authors: FONG CHRISTIAN , KREHBIEL KEITH
Published: September 2017

Many institutions—including American federal bureaucracies and legislatures world-wide—are characterized by one set of actors who possess the right to determine which policies will be enacted and an opposing set of actors who possess the right to delay the enactment of those policies. However, this interaction is not well understood. We provide a model that shows that a modest procedural right to delay but not veto the enactment of policies affords considerable influence over the policy agenda, so long as policymaking is time-consuming and time is scarce. In an application to the US Senate, our model exhibits properties that are consistent with common empirical claims about partisanship, polarization, and gridlock. It also justifies the considerable variation in the amount of delay imposed on the passage of various bills and the historic reluctance of the Senate to adopt reforms that would expedite the tedious cloture process.
LANDAU’S THEOREM FOR SOLUTIONS OF THE -EQUATION IN DIRICHLET-TYPE SPACES
Authors: CHEN SHAOLIN , PONNUSAMY SAMINATHAN
Published: September 2017

The main aim of this article is to establish analogues of Landau’s theorem for solutions to the$\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x2202}}$-equation in Dirichlet-type spaces.
Impact ofβ2-1 fructan on faecal community change: results from a placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy adults
Authors: Clarke Sandra T. , Brooks Stephen P. J. , Inglis G. Douglas , Yanke L. Jay , Green Judy , Petronella Nicholas , Ramdath D. Dan , Bercik Premysl , Green-Johnson Julia M. , Kalmokoff Martin
Published: September 2017

Healthy adults (n30) participated in a placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blinded, cross-over study consisting of two 28 d treatments (β2-1 fructan or maltodextrin; 3×5 g/d) separated by a 14-d washout. Subjects provided 1 d faecal collections at days 0 and 28 of each treatment. The ability of faecal bacteria to metaboliseβ2-1 fructan was common; eighty-seven species (thirty genera, and four phyla) were isolated using anaerobic medium containingβ2-1 fructan as the sole carbohydrate source.β2-1 fructan altered the faecal community as determined through analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms and 16S rRNA genes. Supplementation withβ2-1 fructan reduced faecal community richness, and two patterns of community change were observed. In most subjects,β2-1 fructan reduced the content of phylotypes aligning within theBacteroides, whereas increasing those aligning within bifidobacteria,Faecalibacteriumand the family Lachnospiraceae. In the remaining subjects, supplementation increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and to a lesser extent bifidobacteria, accompanied by decreases within theFaecalibacteriumand family Lachnospiraceae.β2-1 Fructan had no impact on the metagenome or glycoside hydrolase profiles in faeces from four subjects. Few relationships were found between the faecal bacterial community and various host parameters; Bacteroidetes content correlated with faecal propionate, subjects whose faecal community contained higher Bacteroidetes produced more caproic acid independent of treatment, and subjects having lower faecal Bacteroidetes exhibited increased concentrations of serum lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide binding protein independent of treatment. We found no evidence to support a defined health benefit for the use ofβ2-1 fructans in healthy subjects.
Foreign Aid Procurement Policies of Development Partners in Africa: The Case of Ghana
Authors: Borson Fred
Published: September 2017

Major development projects in many African countries are often financed by development partners through development aid procurement. Development partners implement specific procurement policies aimed at promoting development in countries receiving aid. This article examines the policies of development partners applicable to aid funded procurement. It argues that some development partner policies could limit the policy space available to implement prioritized development goals domestically.
“At Home Too Everything Is Falling Apart”: Waste, Domestic Disorder, and Gender in Alison Lurie's Early Fiction
Authors: DINI RACHELE
Published: September 2017

This paper examines the gendered aspects of consumer waste, dirt, and domestic mess in three early novels by Alison Lurie –Love and Friendship(1962),The Nowhere City(1965), andThe War between the Tates(1974), set in 1969 – which I argue provide an incisive account of the transformation of gender relations over the course of the 1950s and 1960s. By focussing on the signifying potential of material objects in these texts, I seek to demonstrate Lurie's relevance to the “thingly turn” in literary criticism, to reignite interest in an author whose work has received surprisingly little scholarly attention, and to instigate a wider discussion of waste in her work as a whole, where it in fact proliferates. In broader terms, I hope to complicate existing scholarship on waste in literature (including my own in this area to date), which remains almost exclusively focussed on male authors.
Why didn't they ask Evans?
Authors: Turney Chris S. M.
Published: September 2017

Arguably the best known scientific Antarctic venture was the British Antarctic Expedition of 1911–1913 led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott. Whilst the so-called race to the geographic South Pole with Roald Amundsen's Norwegian Antarctic expedition excited international interest, the tragic death of Scott and his returning Polar Party was a striking reminder of the hazards of operating in the south. Recent work has highlighted the possible role expedition second-in-command Lieutenant Edward ‘Teddy’ Evans played in the deaths of Scott and his men. Here I report newly discovered documents which, when placed in a wider context, raise significant questions over Evans’ behaviour during the expedition. The evidence focuses on the shortage of food at key depots, the apparently deliberate obfuscation of when Evans fell down with scurvy and the failure to pass on orders given by Scott. It is concluded that Evans actions on and off the ice can at best be described as ineffectual, at worst deliberate sabotage. Why Evans was not questioned more about these events on his return to England remains unknown.