bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photo-Oxidation of Various Organic Compounds, Including Pollutants, by Europium (III) in Fuel Cell Systems
Authors: Blind Felix , Fränzle Stefan
Published: December 2024

The ongoing anthropogenic climate crisis necessitates a reassessment of numerous technical domains, including the energy sector. An alternative to conventional fuel cells is provided by photo fuel cells, which possess at least one photoactive electrode (e.g., TiO2). However, it should be noted that such fuel cells are often constrained in terms of the range of potential fuels that can be utilized. Considering prior research on the distinctive photochemistry of europium, it was hypothesized hypothesis that a photocell based on the photo-oxidation of diverse organic compounds by trivalent europium might be theoretically feasible. As demonstrated in multiple experiments, it is feasible to construct and operate a fuel cell utilizing these diverse, straightforward substrates. In this context, peak powers of up to 14 μW have already been observed with the fuel cell described. It is noteworthy that an average electrical power of up to 6.28 μW was observed over a period of 168 h (7 days). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that simple alcohols (ethanol) could be completely oxidized with trivalent europium under suitable conditions. From various studies with different ethanol concentrations, it could be seen that a certain amount of water was needed to break down simple alcohols and organic compounds in general.
Rethinking Climate Justice: Insights from Environmental Sociology
Authors: Islam Md Saidul
Published: December 2024

This paper reexamines climate justice through the framework of environmental sociology, offering fresh perspectives on the intersection of social and ecological systems in the face of escalating global climate crises. It emphasizes that inequality lies at the heart of global climate politics, often obstructing pathways toward achieving a true climate solution. Drawing from established traditions within environmental sociology—such as the new ecological paradigm, the post-growth society, and the environmental justice paradigm—the paper advocates for profound systemic and structural reforms in political and economic systems to tackle entrenched inequalities. By integrating these frameworks, the paper proposes a comprehensive model of climate justice, encompassing material, procedural, compensatory, and transformative dimensions of justice. This holistic approach not only addresses environmental sustainability but also prioritizes social equity, ensuring that marginalized communities are included in the global response to climate change. The paper thus positions this model as a critical component of broader environmental and social transformation.
Methodology for Obtaining ETo Data for Climate Change Studies: Quality Analysis and Calibration of the Hargreaves–Samani Equation
Authors: Ferreira Antónia , Cameira Maria do Rosário , Rolim João
Published: December 2024

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important part of the water cycle, essential for climate studies, water resource management, and agricultural planning. However, accurate estimation of ETo is challenging when meteorological data are insufficient or of low quality. Furthermore, in climate change studies where large amounts of data need to be managed, it is important to minimize the complexity of the ETo calculation. This study presents a comprehensive approach that integrates data quality analysis with two calibration methods—annual and cluster-based—to improve ETo estimates based solely on temperature data from a set of weather stations (WS). First, the quality and integrity of meteorological data from several WS were analyzed to reduce uncertainty. Second, the Hargreaves–Samani equation (HS) is site calibrated using two approaches: (a) annual calibration, where the radiation coefficient (kRs) is adjusted using a data set covering the entire year; (b) cluster-based calibration, where independent radiation coefficients are adjusted for clusters of years and months. The methodology was evaluated for the Alentejo region in Southern Portugal, using data from 1996 to 2023. When using the original HS equation with a kRs = 0.17 °C−0.5, ETo was estimated with errors from 14.9% to 22.9% with bias ranging from −9.0% to 8.8%. The annual calibration resulted in kRs values between 0.157 and 0.165 °C−0.5 with estimation errors between 13.3% and 20.6% and bias ranging from −1.5% to 1.0% across the different weather stations. Calibration based on clusters of months and years produced unclear results. Dry season months showed better results using cluster-based calibration, while wet season months performed poorly regardless of the calibration approach. The results highlight the importance of meteorological data quality and site-specific calibration for refining temperature-based ETo estimation methods, and for the region studied, the gains do not justify the increased complexity of the cluster-based approach.
Essential Oils as Dermocosmetic Agents, Their Mechanism of Action and Nanolipidic Formulations for Maximized Skincare
Authors: Javed Shamama , Mangla Bharti , Salawi Ahmad , Sultan Muhammad H. , Almoshari Yosif , Ahsan Waquar
Published: December 2024

Essential oils (EOs) are known for their diverse bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, skin-barrier repairing and anticancer, and therefore, hold profound potential to be used in cosmetic and skincare products. Owing to these properties, EOs have long been utilized to address a range of dermatological issues, from acne and inflammation to aging and dryness. However, problems associated with EOs beset their practical applications, which include high volatility, oxidation, hydrophobic nature, low bioavailability, skin irritation, chemical transformation and poor stability in air and light. A prospective of nanolipidic formulations, including the nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) system for improved skin delivery of these EOs highlights the possibility of their use in topical applications, which offer several advantages such as improved bioavailability and stability, lower toxicity and higher drug content. These nanoformulations protect the EOs from environmental degradation and improve their penetration into deeper skin layers, leading to prolonged therapeutic benefits. The delivery of bioactive agents using a conventional topical preparation exhibits low penetration, frequent applications, poor adherence and prolonged therapy duration, whereas the novel delivery system exhibits improved stability of the drug, enhanced skin penetration, enhanced retention and better therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive compendium of information on EOs, which are widely used in skincare, along with their nanolipidic formulations for maximized skincare uses. The mechanism of action of EOs as skin bioactive agents, challenges associated with their use, advances in nanolipidic formulations and their market value as cosmetic skincare products are also explored.
Evidence-Based Guidance for One Health Preparedness, Prevention, and Response Strategies to Marburg Virus Disease Outbreaks
Authors: Muvunyi Claude Mambo , Ngabonziza Jean Claude Semuto , Bigirimana Noella , Ndembi Nicaise , Siddig Emmanuel Edwar , Kaseya Jean , Ahmed Ayman
Published: December 2024

Objectives: Marburg virus disease (MVD) is on the WHO list for pandemic-prone pathogens. The current outbreak in Rwanda provides an opportunity to map outbreaks and generate information to inform policymaking, resource mobilization, and guide the implementation of cost-effective response strategies. Methods: We synthesized available information about MVD to build holistic, up-to-date evidence to inform policymakers, public health leaders, and healthcare and public health services providers in their development and implementation of cost-effective preparedness, prevention, and control measures. Results: We have identified 20 outbreaks of MVD that occurred in 14 countries between 1967 and 2024; these outbreaks led to 580 confirmed cases and 423 deaths in total. We summarize the available information about the main clinical signs, diagnostic tools, primary reservoir, transmission dynamics, and case management protocol. We also document the best practices in the prevention and control of MVD outbreaks, including the implementation of a multisectoral One Health strategy for preparedness, prevention, and response to MVD outbreaks that incorporates the strict implementation of WASH and infection prevention measures, contact tracing, and the isolation of infected and suspected humans and animals, and enhances the implementation of the International Health Regulations, particularly efficient cross-country coordination. Conclusions: In the absence of a licensed treatment or vaccine for MVD, the response strategy to MVD should focus on preventive measures, including community engagement to promote the reduction in contact between humans and reservoirs, the supportive care and isolation of patients, and proper waste management. High risk populations such as frontline responders, including healthcare providers and community health workers, should be prioritized so that they can access all currently available protection measures.
Modification of Premises for the Black Hole Information Paradox Caused by Topological Constraints in the Event Horizon Vicinity
Authors: Jacak Janusz Edward
Published: December 2024

We demonstrate that at the rim of the photon sphere of a black hole, the quantum statistics transition takes place in any multi-particle system of indistinguishable particles, which passes through this rim to the inside. The related local departure from Pauli exclusion principle restriction causes a decay of the internal structure of collective fermionic systems, including the collapse of Fermi spheres in compressed matter. The Fermi sphere decay is associated with the emission of electromagnetic radiation, taking away the energy and entropy of the falling matter without unitarity violation. The spectrum and timing of the related e-m radiation agree with some observed short giant gamma-ray bursts and X-ray components of the luminosity of quasars and of short transients powered by black holes. The release of energy and entropy when passing the photon sphere rim of a black hole significantly modifies the premises of the information paradox at the falling of matter into a black hole.
Key Node Identification Method Based on Multilayer Neighbor Node Gravity and Information Entropy
Authors: Fu Lidong , Ma Xin , Dou Zengfa , Bai Yun , Zhao Xi
Published: December 2024

In the field of complex network analysis, accurately identifying key nodes is crucial for understanding and controlling information propagation. Although several local centrality methods have been proposed, their accuracy may be compromised if interactions between nodes and their neighbors are not fully considered. To address this issue, this paper proposes a key node identification method based on multilayer neighbor node gravity and information entropy (MNNGE). The method works as follows: First, the relative gravity of the nodes is calculated based on their weights. Second, the direct gravity of the nodes is calculated by considering the attributes of neighboring nodes, thus capturing interactions within local triangular structures. Finally, the centrality of the nodes is obtained by aggregating the relative and direct gravity of multilayer neighbor nodes using information entropy. To validate the effectiveness of the MNNGE method, we conducted experiments on various real-world network datasets, using evaluation metrics such as the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model, Kendall τ correlation coefficient, Jaccard similarity coefficient, monotonicity, and complementary cumulative distribution function. Our results demonstrate that MNNGE can identify key nodes more accurately than other methods, without requiring parameter settings, and is suitable for large-scale complex networks.
Exploring Refugee School Teachers’ Roles in Culturally Diverse Adult Classrooms in Greece
Authors: Martínez-Medina Ramón , Chania Effrosyni
Published: December 2024

This study examined the experiences of 15 refugee school teachers in Athens, focusing on their strategies for working with culturally diverse adult students. Through semi-structured interviews, the research investigated the evaluation of intercultural education that is imparted to adult refugees, the challenges in the program’s implementation for adult refugees, the importance and the necessity of intercultural competence for instructors when working within refugee structures, and the possible ways of influencing the ethnic diversity of adult refugee immigrants that affect teachers’ perspectives regarding their education and social integration. The findings reveal a mix of progress and challenges in cultural education, exacerbated by the global financial crisis and infrastructure deficiencies. Intercultural competence emerges as vital for fostering inclusive learning environments, while embracing ethnic diversity shifts the focus from assimilation to celebration. Success indicators include cultivating a collective consciousness, promoting interaction between cultures, fostering empathy, and providing adequate resources. These insights offer valuable implications for enhancing refugee education and integration efforts in Athens and beyond.
Possible Impacts of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Growth and Development of Grain Legumes
Authors: Adireddy Rajanna G. , Anapalli Saseendran S. , Reddy Krishna N. , Mubvumba Partson , George Justin
Published: December 2024

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most abundant greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere and the substrate for the photosynthetic fixation of carbohydrates in plants. Increasing GHGs from anthropogenic emissions is warming the Earth’s atmospheric system at an alarming rate and changing its climate, which can affect photosynthesis and other biochemical reactions in crop plants favorably or unfavorably, depending on plant species. For the substrate role in plant carbon reduction reactions, CO2 concentration ([CO2]) in air potentially enhances photosynthesis. However, N uptake and availability for protein synthesis can be a potential limiting factor in enhanced biomass synthesis under enriched [CO2] conditions across species. Legumes are C3 plants and symbiotic N fixers and are expected to benefit from enhanced [CO2] in the air. However, the concurrent increase in air temperatures with enhanced [CO2] demands more detailed investigations on the effects of [CO2] enhancement on grain legume growth and yield. In this article, we critically reviewed and presented the online literature on growth, phenology, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, productivity, soil health, and insect behavior under elevated [CO2] and temperature conditions. The review revealed that specific leaf weight, pod weight, and nodule number and weight increased significantly under elevated [CO2] of up to 750 ppm. Under elevated [CO2], two mechanisms that were affected were the photosynthesis rate (increased) and stomatal conductivity (decreased), which helped enhance water use efficiency in the C3 legume plants to achieve higher yields. Exposure of legumes to elevated levels of [CO2] when water stressed resulted in an increase of 58% in [CO2] uptake, 73% in transpiration efficiency, and 41% in rubisco carboxylation and decreased stomatal conductance by 15–30%. The elevated [CO2] enhanced the yields of soybean by 10–101%, peanut by 28–39%, mung bean by 20–28%, chickpea by 26–31%, and pigeon pea by 31–38% over ambient [CO2]. However, seed nutritional qualities like protein, Zn, and Ca were significantly decreased. Increased soil temperatures stimulate microbial activity, spiking organic matter decomposition rates and nutrient release into the soil system. Elevated temperatures impact insect behavior through higher plant feeding rates, posing an enhanced risk of invasive pest attacks in legumes. However, further investigations on the potential interaction effects of elevated [CO2] and temperatures and extreme climate events on growth, seed yields and nutritional qualities, soil health, and insect behavior are required to develop climate-resilient management practices through the development of novel genotypes, irrigation technologies, and fertilizer management for sustainable legume production systems.
On the Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Evaporative Spray Cooling Technology for Data Centre Applications
Authors: Gao Ning , Ali Syed Mughees , Persoons Tim
Published: December 2024

Two-phase evaporative spray cooling technology can significantly reduce power consumption in data centre cooling applications. However, the literature lacks an established methodology for assessing the overall performance of such evaporation systems in terms of the water-energy nexus. The current study develops a Lagrangian–Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling approach to examine the functionality of these two-phase evaporative spray cooling systems. To replicate a modular system, a hollow spray cone nozzle with Rosin–Rammler droplet size distribution is simulated in a turbulent convective natural-air environment. The model was validated against the available experimental data from the literature. Parametric studies on geometric, flow, and climatic conditions, namely, domain length, droplet size, water mass flow rate, temperature, and humidity, were performed. The findings indicate that at elevated temperatures and low humidity, evaporation results in a bulk temperature reduction of up to 12 °C. A specific focus on the climatic conditions of Dublin, Ireland, was used as an example to optimize the evaporative system. A new formulation for the coefficient of performance (COP) is established to assess the performance of the system. Results showed that doubling the injector water mass flow rate improved the evaporated mass flow rate by 188% but reduced the evaporation percentage by 28%, thus reducing the COP. Doubling the domain length improved the temperature drop by 175% and increased the relative humidity by 160%, thus improving the COP. The COP of the evaporation system showed a systematic improvement with a reduction in the droplet size and the mass flow rate for a fixed domain length. The evaporated system COP improves by two orders of magnitude (~90 to 9500) with the reduction in spray Sauter mean diameter (SMD) from 292 μm to 8–15 μm. Under this reduction, close to 100% evaporation rate was achieved in comparison to only a 1% evaporation rate for the largest SMD. It was concluded that the utilization of a fine droplet spray nozzle provides an effective solution for the reduction in water consumption (97% in our case) for data centres, whilst concomitantly augmenting the proportion of evaporation.
The Viscoelastic Behavior of Legume Protein Emulsion Gels—The Effect of Heating Temperature and Oil Content on Viscoelasticity, the Degree of Networking, and the Microstructure
Authors: Langendörfer Lena Johanna , Guseva Elizaveta , Bauermann Peter , Schubert Andreas , Hensel Oliver , Diakité Mamadou
Published: December 2024

Legume proteins are increasingly used in structuring various foods under the influence of heating and stirring energy. Based on available studies, this structuring potential is not yet fully understood. This raises the question of the suitability of legume isolates and concentrates for structuring in emulsion gels and the effect of heat and oil on the gel properties. In this study, soy- and pea-based suspensions and emulsions were prepared with the least gelling concentration using different oil concentrations (0%, 7.5%, 15%, 22.5%, and 30%). The viscoelastic properties were measured before and after heating cycles (65 °C and 95 °C). Scanning electron microscopy images complemented the results. All gels measured showed viscoelastic solid behavior. Thermal treatment showed a positive effect on the gel properties for most samples, especially for concentrates (reduction in the loss factor and networking factor > 1). The concentrates showed much higher networking factors and tighter cross-linking than the isolates. The rheological and microstructural properties of the emulsion gels are influenced by a number of factors, such as carbohydrate content, protein chemistry, the protein purification method, and initial viscosity. Moreover, the influence of oil on the rheological properties depends on the material used and whether oil droplets act as an active or inactive filler.
Optimum Processing Conditions for Flavor-Enhancing Green Laver Chips Using Reaction Flavor Technology
Authors: Heo Jeong-Min , Lee Changheon , Cha Yong-Jun , Yu Daeung
Published: December 2024

The optimum processing conditions for green laver chips were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) to improve taste and reduce off-flavors by applying reaction flavor and air-frying techniques. The optimum composition (w/w) for the chips included 20% green laver, 20% hairtail surimi, and 60% flour. Additional ingredients included distilled water (90 mL) with GDL (3 g), NaHCO₃ (2 g), salt (1 g), sugar (12 g), roasted soybean powder (1.5 g), and reaction flavor solution (RFS, 10 mL). The mixture was kneaded, shaped, dried at 50 °C for 2 h, and air-fried at 195 °C for 80 sec. The resulting green laver chips showed overall acceptance and brittleness values of 7.00 ± 0.74 and 5.89 ± 0.59 N, respectively, with absolute residual errors of 8.43% and 7.07%. The optimum reaction flavor precursors for green laver chips were determined to be threonine (1.0 g%), proline (1.0 g%), glycine (1.4 g%), methionine (0.05 g%), and glucose (2 g%). Flavor analysis revealed that green laver chips with reaction flavor (GLCR) contained 13 alkylpyrazines with corn-like and nutty odors, and 2-acetylpyrrole, which contributed a popcorn-like odor. In contrast, green laver chips without reaction flavor (GLC) predominantly contained straight-chain aldehydes with undesirable odors. The heating process in the air fryer appeared to reduce the aldehyde content and promote pyrazine formation, significantly enhancing GLCR’s flavor.
Pregnant Women’s Awareness of Periodontal Disease Effects: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alkhurayji Khalid Saad , Althumairi Arwa , Alsuhaimi Abdulmunim , Aldakhil Sultan , Alshalawi Abdulrahman , Alzamil Muath , Asa’ad Farah
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Periodontal disease is an infection of the surrounding and supporting tissues of the teeth. Several associations have been identified for systemic conditions. This study aimed to assess the awareness of pregnant women regarding the link between premature and low-weight births with periodontal diseases. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, we collected data from the target participants through the Pregnant Women’s Periodontal Awareness Questionnaire, employing a convenience sampling technique between November and December 2023. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics. The statistical significance of all estimations was set at a p-value of ≤0.05. Results: Most participants were ≥31 years of age (210 participants; 67.3%). The percentage of pregnancies occurring in women who were multigravida was 69.6%. Only 29.5% of the participants were knowledgeable about low-weight and premature births with periodontal diseases. The findings indicate an association between the education level and trimester (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Pregnant women’s awareness regarding periodontal disease is low, and one-third of them do not visit dental clinics during pregnancy. Expanding access to dental care and reducing anxiety about treatment outcomes can strengthen the relationship between oral health and general health.
Working Carers in Europe and How Their Caring Responsibilities Impact Work–Family Life Conflict: Analysis of the European Quality of Life Survey
Authors: Hlebec Valentina , Monarres Miriam Hurtado , Šadl Zdenka
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Ageing of the population is a pertinent characteristic in developed societies that raises questions of who provides care and how care is provided to frail and dependent old people. The majority of care is provided by family members, friends, and neighbours, many of whom are of working age and active in the labour market. The aim of this study is to research how work and care are intertwined and how they cause conflict for individuals in Europe. Methods: A hierarchical regression analysis of European Quality of Life Survey data was performed to evaluate the amount of explained variance of work–life conflict according to caring situation, working conditions, and demographic characteristics of an adult European population. A stratified, clustered multistage sample design was used to select 15,656 adult respondents working as employees. Results: The results show that the three blocks explain about 18% of work–life conflict, with working conditions being the most influential block, followed by demographic characteristics and caring situation. Conclusions: The frequency of caring, use of formal care, and quality of formal services significantly mitigate work–life conflict, together with the number of working hours, commuting, fear of losing one’s job, fear of having insufficient income in old age, and the ease of making ends meet. Care regimes also have a considerable effect on work–life conflict. Countries have the power and responsibility to support working carers in their multiple and often conflicting roles by allowing flexible work arrangements, the right to reduce the number of working hours safely, employment protection during care, emergency leave, and short- and long-term leave, as well as by investing in community-based long-term care models and services.
Beyond Intention: Barriers to Undergoing a Blood Pressure Check in the South-West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Ketema Bezawit , Kaba Mirgissa , Bekele Mosisa , Kantelhardt Eva Johanna , Kroeber Eric Sven , Addissie Adamu
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Hypertension is often asymptomatic, progresses slowly, and leads to multiple secondary diseases. Thus, a regular blood pressure check is recommended. The objective of this study is to assess the intention to undergo a blood pressure check and its associated factors among adults in Southwest Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Methods: A healthcare-facility-based cross-sectional design was utilized. A standardized questionnaire, adapted from previous research, was administered by trained interviewers. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors the intention to undergo blood pressure checks is associated with, utilizing SPSS version 27. Results: Four hundred twenty-one participants provided a complete response, yielding a 99.7% response rate. Of these participants, 153 (36%) had had their blood pressure checked at some point. The vast majority of the study participants (387, 91.9%) did not know the normal blood pressure range. The median score for intention to undergo blood pressure check was 11 (interquartile range 10–13). Female participants were 59% less likely (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.408, 95% confidence interval 0.208–0.801) to intend to undergo a blood pressure check than male participants. Participants in the poorest wealth quintile were 82% less likely (AOR 0.183, 95% CI = 0.063–0.533) to intend to undergo a blood pressure check than those in the richest quintile. Participants who intended to undergo a blood pressure check had a significantly favorable attitude (t = 10.801, p < 0.001) and lower perceived behavioral control (t = −2.865, p < 0.001) compared with those who had no intention of checking. Conclusion: A high intent to undergo a blood pressure check should prompt healthcare facilities to offer regular blood pressure check-up services. Behavioral change communication interventions should address the attitude and perceived behavioral controls of individuals associated with the intention to undergo a blood pressure check. In doing so, special attention should be given to female and economically disadvantaged populations.
Foliar Application of Nettle and Japanese Knotweed Extracts on Vitis vinifera: Consequences for Plant Physiology, Biochemical Parameters, and Yield
Authors: Monteiro Eliana , Correia Sofia , Baltazar Miguel , Pereira Sandra , Ferreira Helena , Bragança Radek , Cortez Isabel , Castro Isaura , Gonçalves Berta
Published: December 2024

Climate change is expected to affect grapevine physiology, berry quality, and yield in the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR). In this study, nettle (NE) and Japanese knotweed (JKE) extracts were tested to verify their biostimulant effect on the physiological and biochemical parameters of grapevine leaves and in vine yields. In fact, some parameters were improved after foliar application of the plant extracts, namely the photosynthetic activity and consequently, the levels of photosynthetic pigments (Clb), starch, and total soluble sugars. We also observed a reduction in lipid peroxidation, which could play a crucial role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage induced by the climatic conditions prevalent in this region. Therefore, we confirmed that the foliar application of plant extracts, along with the enhancement of secondary metabolites and the upregulation of plant defense genes, as previously reported, resulted in the enhancement of grapevine physiology, while also increasing the yield at harvest. In the future, these plant extracts could serve as a vital tool for winegrowers in mitigating the effects of expected changes in climatic conditions.
Dynamic Transformations in Fruit Color, Bioactive Compounds, and Textural Characteristics of Purple-Fleshed Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) Across Fruit Developmental Stages Under Humid Tropical Climate
Authors: Shameena Sajitha , Lekshmi Prabhakaran Radhamma Geetha , Gopinath Pratheesh Pradeep , Gidagiri Praveen , Kanagarajan Selvaraju
Published: December 2024

Purple-fleshed dragon fruit is gaining popularity worldwide due to its distinctive characteristics and health benefits. This climbing cactus, introduced to humid tropical climates, presents challenges in assessing fruit quality. The dynamic transformations in fruit color, bioactive compounds, and textural attributes across 11 developmental stages from 10 to 32 days after flowering under humid tropical conditions were studied. Color analysis revealed significant intensification of red-violet hues, with L* values decreasing by 14.74% and a* values increasing from −8.14 to 32.96. The color transformation is initiated in the pulp at 25 days and the peel at 27 days after flowering. Betalain synthesis commenced after 20 days with rapid accumulation between 25 and 32 days, correlating with color development. Antioxidant activity increased from 79.38% at 10 days to 86.76% at 20 days, followed by a steady decline. Phenolic content peaked at 121.40 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g at 25 days before declining, while the flavonoid content decreased with the advancement of fruit development. Concurrent reduction in peel thickness and fruit firmness was also observed. These findings show that purple-fleshed dragon fruit can adapt well to humid tropical conditions, with a 32-day developmental cycle, offering vital insights into quality and maturation phases.
The Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Fruit Cracking Alleviation by Exogenous Calcium and GA3 in the Lane Late Navel Orange
Authors: Shi Guoji , Zhou Xun , Tong Cuiling , Zhang Dejian
Published: December 2024

Fruit cracking is very common in the production and cultivation of citrus, and can lead to decreases in its yield and quality. Bacteria can easily invade cracked fruit and cause mildew, accelerate the spread of diseases and pests, affect the appearance of the fruit, and reduce its economic benefits. In order to explore a method for alleviating citrus cracking, the Lane Late navel orange, which is a citrus that easily cracks, was studied via treatment with 1.0 g·L−1 chelated calcium (Ca) or 50 mg·L−1 gibberellin (GA3). The fruit cracking rate, external and internal quality, active oxygen metabolism and expression levels of related genes, cell wall structure components, and metabolism-related enzyme activity and the expression levels of related genes were determined. The results showed that Ca and GA3 treatment significantly reduced the fruit cracking rate and increased the longitudinal and transverse diameter, single-fruit weight, pulp quality, and peel quality, but had no significant effect on the internal quality of the fruit. Ca and GA3 treatment also improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), enhanced the scavenging ability for active oxygen species, and thus reduced the contents of H2O2 and MDA and decreased the superoxide anion production rate. At the same time, Ca and GA3 treatment decreased the activities of protopectin-degrading enzymes (PME, PL, and PG) and cellulase (CX), prevented the degradation of pectin and cellulose in the cell wall, and increased their contents in the peel, thus improving the ductility and toughness of the peel and reducing the occurrence of cracked fruit. Ca and GA3 treatment significantly increased the relative expression levels of antioxidase-related genes (CsSOD and CsCAT) in fruit peel and decreased the relative expression levels of CsPPO and cell wall metabolism-related genes (CsPME, CsPL, CsPG, and CsCX). In summary, this study confirmed that exogenous calcium and gibberellin can reduce the fruit cracking rate by regulating the scavenging ability for active oxygen species and the cell wall metabolism of the Lane Late navel orange at the physiological and molecular level, laying a theoretical foundation for further analysis of citrus fruit cracking mechanisms and clarifying that spraying exogenous calcium and gibberellin on the citrus fruit surface is an effective production measure for preventing and alleviating fruit cracking. In particular, gibberellin is better than exogenous calcium.
Multi-Model Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Streamflow Conditions in the Kasai River Basin, Central Africa
Authors: Lesani Samane , Zahera Salomon Salumu , Hassanzadeh Elmira , Fuamba Musandji , Sharifinejad Ali
Published: December 2024

The Congo River Basin is the second-largest watershed globally, flowing through nine countries before reaching the Atlantic Ocean. The Kasai River Basin (KARB), containing about one-fourth of Congo’s freshwater resources, plays a strategic role in sustaining navigation, food production, and hydroelectricity generation in Central Africa. This study applies a multi-model framework suited for data-scarce regions to assess climate change impacts on water availability in the KARB. Using two conceptual hydrological models calibrated with four reanalysis datasets and fed with bias-corrected outputs from 19 climate models under two representative climate pathways (RCPs), we project changes in the mean annual discharge ranging from −18% to +3%, highlighting the sensitivity of impact assessments to model and input data choices. Additionally, streamflow signatures (Q10, Q50, Q90) are projected to decline by approximately 9%, 18%, and 13%, respectively, under RCP 8.5. Annual hydropower potential is estimated to decrease by 14% and 5% under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. These findings provide actionable insights for water management practices in the KARB, including guiding the development of adaptive strategies to optimize water allocation, mitigate risks of scarcity, and support sustainable agricultural and industrial activities in the region.
β-Carotene Impacts the Liver MicroRNA Profile in a Sex-Specific Manner in Mouse Offspring of Western Diet-Fed Mothers: Results from Microarray Analysis by Direct Hybridization
Authors: Abrego-Guandique Diana Marisol , Galmés Sebastià , García-Rodríguez Adrián , Cannataro Roberto , Caroleo Maria Cristina , Ribot Joan , Bonet Maria Luisa , Cione Erika
Published: December 2024

Maternal unbalanced diets cause adverse metabolic programming and affect the offspring’s liver microRNA (miRNA) profile. The liver is a site of β-carotene (BC) metabolism and a target of BC action. We studied the interaction of maternal Western diet (WD) and early-life BC supplementation on the epigenetic remodeling of offspring’s liver microRNAs. Mouse offspring of WD-fed mothers were given a daily placebo (controls) or BC during suckling. Biometric parameters and liver miRNAome by microarray hybridization were analyzed in newly weaned animals. BC sex-dependently impacted the liver triacylglycerol content. The liver miRNAome was also differently affected in male and female offspring, with no overlap in differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs between sexes and more impact in females. Bioinformatic analysis of DE miRNA predicted target genes revealed enrichment in biological processes/pathways related to metabolic processes, regulation of developmental growth and circadian rhythm, liver homeostasis and metabolism, insulin resistance, and neurodegeneration, among others, with differences between sexes. Fifty-five percent of the overlapping target genes in both sexes identified were targeted by DE miRNAs changed in opposite directions in males and females. The results identify sex-dependent responses of the liver miRNA expression profile to BC supplementation during suckling and may sustain further investigations regarding the long-term impact of early postnatal life BC supplementation on top of an unbalanced maternal diet.
Chemical Characterization and Assessment of the Neuroprotective Potential of Euphrasia officinalis
Authors: Ververis Antonis , Kyriakou Sotiris , Paraskeva Hariklia , Panayiotidis Mihalis I. , Plioukas Michael , Christodoulou Kyproula
Published: December 2024

Euphrasia officinalis L., commonly known as eyebright, is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine for eye disorders and memory loss. Due to its abundance of compounds with proven neuroprotective properties, there has been growing interest in exploring eyebright’s potential health benefits, particularly for preventing or treating neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Here, seven distinct extracts were generated using solvents of different polarities, consecutively, from plants grown in Greece. The extracts were chemically characterized and assessed for their antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-neurotoxic potentials. Our findings demonstrated eyebright’s notable antioxidant capacity with five extracts exhibiting significant anti-neurotoxic properties by enhancing cell viability by 17.5 to 22.6% in human neuroblastoma cells exposed to neurotoxic amyloid-beta peptides. The ethyl acetate and butanolic extracts were the most effective across all assays, likely due to their high concentrations of active compounds. Therefore, eyebright may be harnessed for developing functional foods, supplements, and pharmaceuticals with potential benefits against Alzheimer’s disease. This study marks the first identification of neuroprotective properties in a Euphrasia species, highlighting its broader therapeutic potential and paving the way for further research.
New Insights into Bioactive Peptides: Design, Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationship
Authors: Mercurio Flavia Anna , Leone Marilisa
Published: December 2024

In recent decades, peptides have attracted significant attention not only from Academia but also from big Pharma as novel potential therapeutic compounds [...]
Protein Structural Modeling and Transport Thermodynamics Reveal That Plant Cation–Chloride Cotransporters Mediate Potassium–Chloride Symport
Authors: Henderson Sam W. , Nourmohammadi Saeed , Hrmova Maria
Published: December 2024

Plant cation–chloride cotransporters (CCCs) are proposed to be Na+-K+-2Cl− transporting membrane proteins, although evolutionarily, they associate more closely with K+-Cl− cotransporters (KCCs). Here, we investigated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) VvCCC using 3D protein modeling, bioinformatics, and electrophysiology with a heterologously expressed protein. The 3D protein modeling revealed that the signatures of ion binding sites in plant CCCs resembled those of animal KCCs, which was supported by phylogenomic analyses and ancestral sequence reconstruction. The conserved features of plant CCCs and animal KCCs included predicted K+ and Cl−-binding sites and the absence of a Na+-binding site. Measurements with VvCCC-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes with VvCCC localizing to plasma membranes indicated that the oocytes had depleted intracellular Cl− and net 86Rb fluxes, which agreed with thermodynamic predictions for KCC cotransport. The 86Rb uptake by VvCCC-injected oocytes was Cl−-dependent, did not require external Na+, and was partially inhibited by the non-specific CCC-blocker bumetanide, implying that these properties are typical of KCC transporters. A loop diuretic-insensitive Na+ conductance in VvCCC-injected oocytes may account for earlier observations of Na+ uptake by plant CCC proteins expressed in oocytes. Our data suggest plant CCC membrane proteins are likely to function as K+-Cl− cotransporters, which opens the avenues to define their biophysical properties and roles in plant physiology.
The Transcription Factor StuA Regulates Oxidative Stress-Responsive Genes in Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: Fazolin Petrucelli Monise , Martins-Santana Leonardo , Oliveira Vanderci M. , Sanches Pablo R. , Rossi Antonio , Martinez-Rossi Nilce M.
Published: December 2024

Fungi can remarkably sense and adapt to various extracellular stimuli and stress conditions. Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant defenses, leads to cellular damage and death. In Trichophyton rubrum, oxidative stress is managed by a complex antioxidant system, including thioredoxins, glutathione, catalases, peroxidases, and superoxide dismutase, with glutathione playing a crucial role. The fungus also responds to oxidative stress through critical pathways such as the glycerol high-osmolarity pathway, activator protein 1 transcription factor, and responsive regulator SKN7. To better understand the role of the transcription factor StuA in regulating oxidative stress-related genes within these pathways, we conducted gene expression studies in ΔstuA mutant and wild-type strains of T. rubrum cultivated in keratin and under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Our results revealed significant downregulation of essential antioxidant genes, including glutathione transferases and catalases, in the ΔstuA mutant. Moreover, catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were impaired in the mutants under stress conditions, highlighting the impact of this mutation. These findings underscore the critical role of StuA in the oxidative stress response and fungal pathogenesis and provide new insights into T. rubrum’s adaptive mechanisms.
Recent Advances in Gene Mining and Hormonal Mechanism for Brown Planthopper Resistance in Rice
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Gu Dongfang , Liu Daoming , Hassan Muhammad Ahmad , Yu Cao , Wu Xiangzhi , Huang Shijie , Bian Shiquan , Wei Pengcheng , Li Juan
Published: December 2024

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds half the world’s population and serves as one of the most vital staple food crops globally. The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål), a major piercing–sucking herbivore specific to rice, accounts for large yield losses annually in rice-growing areas. Developing rice varieties with host resistance has been acknowledged as the most effective and economical approach for BPH control. Accordingly, the foremost step is to identify BPH resistance genes and elucidate the resistance mechanism of rice. More than 70 BPH resistance genes/QTLs with wide distributions on nine chromosomes have been identified from rice and wild relatives. Among them, 17 BPH resistance genes were successfully cloned and principally encoded coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) protein and lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), as well as proteins containing a B3 DNA-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat domain (LRD) and short consensus repeat (SCR) domain. Multiple mechanisms contribute to rice resistance against BPH attack, including transcription factors, physical barriers, phytohormones, defense metabolites and exocytosis pathways. Plant hormones, including jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins (CKs), brassinosteroids (BRs) and indoleacetic-3-acid (IAA), play crucial roles in coordinating rice defense responses to the BPH. Here, we summarize some recent advances in the genetic mapping, cloning and biochemical mechanisms of BPH resistance genes. We also review the latest studies on our understanding of the function and crosstalk of phytohormones in the rice immune network against BPHs. Further directions for rice BPH resistance studies and management are also proposed.
Tumor Methylation Burden (TMeB) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A New Way of Thinking About Epigenetics
Authors: Fabrizio Federico Pio , Muscarella Lucia Anna
Published: December 2024

Lung cancer represents a substantial proportion of cancer-associated mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for most of these cases [...]
Strength and Durability Characteristics of Sustainable Pavement Base Course Stabilized with Cement Bypass Dust and Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst
Authors: Rasheed Sajjad E. , Fattah Mohammed Y. , Hassan Waqed H. , Hafez Mohamed
Published: December 2024

This study explores the potential of a composite binder comprising cement bypass dust (CBD) and spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst for sustainable pavement base stabilization. Various CBD/FCC ratios (30:70, 50:50, 70:30) and binder contents (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) were evaluated through laboratory testing. The 50:50 CBD/FCC mixture demonstrated optimal performance, achieving an unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 15.6 MPa at 28 days with 10% binder content. The mix exhibited improved stiffness (E50 modulus up to 13,922 MPa) and resistance to degradation under wetting–drying cycles, attributable to synergistic cementitious and pozzolanic reactions. Microstructural analysis revealed a denser matrix, validating the enhanced performance. These findings suggest CBD and FCC, as promising materials for sustainable pavement construction, align with circular economy principles.
Ischemic Stroke in Women: Understanding Sex-Specific Risk Factors, Treatment Considerations, and Outcomes
Authors: Eng Pei Chia , Tan Lyeann Li Ying , Kimball Tamara N. , Prapiadou Savvina , Tan Benjamin Y. Q.
Published: December 2024

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability and has become a significant public health concern among women. Overall, women have more ischemic stroke events than men, in part due to their longer life span, and also suffer from more severe stroke-related disabilities compared to men. Women are also more likely than men to present with atypical non-focal neurological symptoms, potentially leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Female-specific risk factors, especially those related to pregnancy, are often under-recognized. A woman’s risk for ischemic stroke evolves throughout her lifespan, influenced by various factors including the age of menarche, pregnancy and its complications (such as parity, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, and preterm delivery), postpartum challenges, oral contraceptive use, and menopause. Additionally, vascular risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation are more prevalent among older women. Despite comparable treatment efficacies, women generally experience poorer outcomes after stroke. They also face higher rates of post-stroke depression, further complicating recovery. Although significant strides have been made in reducing the incidence of ischemic stroke, our understanding of the unique risks, underlying causes, and long-term consequences for women remains limited. While sex hormones may explain some differences, a lack of awareness regarding sex-related disparities can result in suboptimal care. This review aims to illuminate the unique risks and burdens of ischemic stroke faced by women, advocating for a more nuanced understanding to enhance prevention and treatment strategies.