bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial‐channel relation learning for brain tumor segmentation
Authors: Cheng Guohua , Ji Hongli , Ding Zhongxiang
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Recently, research on brain tumor segmentation has made great progress. However, ambiguous patterns in magnetic resonance imaging data and linear fusion omitting semantic gaps between features in different branches remain challenging. We need to design a mechanism to fully utilize the similarity within the spatial space and channel space and the correlation between these two spaces to improve the result of volumetric segmentation.

Methods

We propose a revised cascade structure network. In each subnetwork, a context exploitation module is introduced between the encoder and decoder, in which the dual attention mechanism is adopted to learn the information within the spatial space and channel space, and space interaction learning is employed to model the relation between the spatial and channel spaces.

Results

Extensive experiments on the BraTS19 dataset have evaluated that our approach improves the dice coefficient (DC) by a margin of 2.1, 2.0, and 1.4 for whole tumor (WT), tumor core (TC), and enhancing tumor (ET), respectively, obtaining results competitive with the state‐of‐art approaches working on brain tumor segmentation.

Conclusions

Context exploitation in the embedding feature spaces, including intraspace relations and interspace relations, can effectively model dependency in semantic features and alleviate the semantic gap in multimodel data. Our approach is also robust to variations in different modality.
Nuevo Amanecer‐II: Results of a randomized controlled trial of a community‐based participatory, peer‐delivered stress management intervention for rural Latina breast cancer survivors
Authors: Nápoles Anna María , Santoyo‐Olsson Jasmine , Stewart Anita L. , Ortiz Carmen , Samayoa Cathy , Torres‐Nguyen Alma , Palomino Helen , Coleman LaVerne , Urias Aday , Gonzalez Nayeli , Cervantes Silvia Araceli , Totten Vicken Y.
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective

We report results of a community‐based multisite, randomized controlled trial of Nuevo Amanecer (NA‐II), a 10‐week stress management program for rural, low literacy Latina breast cancer survivors.

Methods

Trained peers delivered NA‐II to Spanish‐speaking Latinas with non‐metastatic breast cancer in three rural communities. Women were randomized to receive the program immediately or wait 6 months. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Primary outcomes were breast cancer‐specific quality of life domains; secondary outcomes included general distress symptoms and stress management skills. Intention‐to‐treat analyses using repeated‐measures linear regression models estimated changes in slope between groups.

Results

Of 153 participants (76 randomized to intervention, 77 to control group), 92% were retained at 6 months. Mean age was 54.8 years (SD = 10.5); 80% had less than high school education. There were no statistically significant treatment × time effects on quality of life. Compared to women in the control group, intervention group women reported greater improvements in anxiety at 6 months (−0.20 vs −0.02, P = .049; range 0‐4) as well as three stress management skills: relaxation at 3 months (+0.98 vs −0.07, P < .0001; range 0‐4) and 6 months (+0.82 vs +0.04, P < .001), awareness of tension at 3 months (+0.31 vs −0.19, P < .01; range 0‐4) and 6 months (+0.29 vs −0.11, P < .05), and coping confidence at 3 months (+0.12 vs −0.23, P < .01; range 0‐4).

Conclusions

Stress management programs delivered by trained peers in rural community settings can reduce anxiety and improve stress management skills among Latina breast cancer survivors.
Synthesis of peptide conjugates with vitamins for induction of antigen‐specific immunotolerance
Authors: Yuzuriha Kazuki , Yoshida Ayaka , Li Shunyi , Kishimura Akihiro , Mori Takeshi , Katayama Yoshiki
Published: July 2020

In this report, we designed conjugates of an antigen peptide with the immunosuppressive vitamins all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and vitamin D3 for efficient induction of antigen‐specific immunotolerance. We established a synthetic scheme for the preparation of the peptide‐vitamin conjugates, which the chemically unstable vitamins tolerated. Among the obtained conjugates, the ATRA conjugate successfully suppressed inflammatory effects in macrophages and dendritic cells and induced antigen presentation in dendritic cells. This synthetic method of conjugate is conceivably applicable to other antigen peptides for induction of antigen‐specific immunotolerance.
Communities of learning as support for one knowledge and innovation management system: A case study
Authors: Gutiérrez Ángel , Lleras Ernesto , Díaz Julia
Published: July 2020

The problem was creating a Knowledge and Innovation Management System at Bogotá's Water Supply and Sewage Company (Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá) as a public service business. This article proposes the creation of a community of learning as a space for innovation within the organization. Acknowledging the theoretical bases that have been established for the notions of community of learnings at the Universidad de los Andes, we test a practice methodology that, within the organization, fosters the creation and strengthening of a community of learning composed of mentors and apprentices. They have the capability of proposing new practices in their organization.
Prostaglandin Total Synthesis Enabled by the Organocatalytic Dimerization of Succinaldehyde
Authors: Bennett Steven H. , Coulthard Graeme , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: July 2020

Prostaglandins have been attractive targets in total synthesis for over 50 years, resulting in the development of new synthetic strategies and methodologies that have served the broader chemical community. However, these molecules are not just of academic interest, a number of prostaglandin analogues are used in the clinic, and some are even on the WHO list of essential medicines. In this personal account, we describe our own approach to the family of prostaglandins, which centers around the synthesis of a key enal intermediate, formed from thel‐proline catalysed dimerization of succinaldehyde. We highlight the discovery and further optimization of this key reaction, its scale up, and subsequent application to a range of prostaglandins.
On Hadamard and Kronecker products in covariance structures for genotype × environment interaction
Authors: Martini Johannes W. R. , Crossa Jose , Toledo Fernando H. , Cuevas Jaime
Published: July 2020

When including genotype × environment interactions (G × E) in genomic prediction models, Hadamard or Kronecker products have been used to model the covariance structure of interactions. The relation between these two types of modeling has not been made clear in genomic prediction literature. Here, we demonstrate that a certain model based on a Hadamard formulation and another using the Kronecker product lead to exactly the same statistical model. Moreover, we illustrate how a multiplication of entries of covariance matrices is related to modeling locus × environmental‐variable interactions explicitly. Finally, we use a wheat and a maize data set to illustrate that the environmental covariance E can be specified easily, also if no information on environmental variables – such as temperature or precipitation – is available. Given that lines have been tested in different environments, the corresponding environmental covariance can simply be estimated from the training set as phenotypic covariance between environments. To achieve a high level of increase in predictive ability, the environmental covariance has to be defined appropriately and records on the performance of the lines of the test set under different environmental conditions have to be included in the training set.
Gastroenteropankreatische neuroendokrine Neoplasien – Heterogenität, Management und Perspektiven der Versorgung und Forschung
Authors: Luley K , Gebauer J. , Gebauer N. , Tharun L. , Buchmann I. , Barkhausen J. , von Bubnoff N. , Lindner K. , Keck T. , Lehnert H. , Schmid S. M.
Published: July 2020

Unter dem Überbegriff neuroendokrine Neoplasien (NEN) wird eine molekular und biologisch sehr heterogene Gruppe von Tumoren zusammengefasst, deren gemeinsames Merkmal der Ursprung aus neuroendokrinen Zellen ist. Die ebenfalls sehr heterogene Subgruppe der gastroenteropankreatischen neuroendokrinen Neoplasien (GEP-NEN) ist am besten klassifiziert und untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet eine Systematik zu aktueller Klassifikation, Diagnostik und zu Therapieoptionen von GEP-NEN. Zur besseren Übersicht wurde bewusst darauf verzichtet, nach der Primärlokalisation der Tumoren vorzugehen. Stattdessen wurde eine thematische Gliederung gemäß Klassifikation, klinischem Phänotyp, Diagnostik und Therapie gewählt.
Seltene Erkrankungen in der Pädiatrie – von der Diagnostik und Behandlung einzelner Erkrankungen zum Aufbau von Netzwerkstrukturen
Authors: Hoffmann G. F. , Mundlos C. , Dötsch J. , Hebestreit H.
Published: July 2020

Die Versorgung von Menschen mit seltenen Erkrankungen (SE) stellt das Gesundheitssystem vor große Aufgaben. Dieses betrifft in besonderem Maße die Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, denn mehr als 80 % aller SE werden im Verlauf des Kindesalters symptomatisch. Oft fehlten und fehlen trotz rascher diagnostischer und therapeutischer Fortschritte belastbare Behandlungs- und Betreuungskonzepte mit ausreichender personeller Kontinuität und Expertise im ambulanten wie auch stationären Bereich.

Derzeit leben in Deutschland ca. 4 Mio. Patienten mit einer SE, und jeder Kinder- und Jugendmediziner, ob in der Praxis oder in der Spezialambulanz im Universitätsklinikum, wird immer wieder mit diesen Patienten beschäftigt sein. In den letzten Jahren konnten die diagnostischen und jetzt zunehmend auch ursächlich therapeutischen Möglichkeiten entscheidend verbessert werden. Dieser Prozess ist äußerst dynamisch, wie die aktuellen Entwicklungen und Diskussionen um die ursächlichen genetischen Therapien der spinalen Muskelatrophie zeigen. Zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung der medizinischen Fortschritte in unser Gesundheitssystem wurde unter entscheidender Einbeziehung der Selbsthilfe, die für die Betroffenen von SE und ihre Angehörigen essenzielle Arbeiten leistet, 2013 ein Nationaler Aktionsplan für Menschen mit Seltenen Erkrankungen erarbeitet und verabschiedet. Dieser sieht sektorenübergreifende Versorgungsstrukturen und die Strukturierung von Zentren für seltene Erkrankungen vor. Innovationsfondprojekte haben inzwischen konkrete Verbesserungen der Versorgung von Patienten mit SE erfolgreich erprobt, und die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ) hat eine neue Kommission für SE unter Einbeziehung der Patientenvertretung Allianz Chronischer Seltener Erkrankungen (ACHSE) e. V. und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Humangenetik eingerichtet. Diese soll sich dieser speziellen Thematik widmen sowie diese positiven Entwicklungen beratend unterstützen. Mit diesem Artikel nehmen wir eine aktuelle Standortbestimmung vor und geben Anregungen für Diskussionen.
GRACE gravitational measurements of tsunamis after the 2004, 2010, and 2011 great earthquakes
Authors: Ghobadi-Far Khosro , Han Shin-Chan , Allgeyer Sébastien , Tregoning Paul , Sauber Jeanne , Behzadpour Saniya , Mayer-Gürr Torsten , Sneeuw Nico , Okal Emile
Published: July 2020

The 2004 Sumatra, 2010 Maule, and 2011 Tohoku great earthquakes triggered tsunamis as large as a few decimeters over a few 100 km in the open ocean. The transient ocean mass redistribution propagating as tsunamis changed the Earth’s gravity field enough to perturb the GRACE satellites’ orbits at ~ 500 km above the surface. The on-board microwave ranging system detected inter-satellite acceleration anomalies of up to 1.0–4.0 nm/s2. There is good agreement between GRACE measurements and tsunami models for the three events. Complementarily to buoys, ocean bottom pressure sounders, and satellite altimeters, GRACE is sensitive to the long-wavelength spatial scale of tsunamis and provides an independent source of information for assessing alternate early earthquake and tsunami models. Our study demonstrates an innovative way of applying GRACE and GRACE Follow-On data to detect transient geophysical mass changes which cannot be observed by the conventional monthly Level-2 and mascon solutions.
Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SUS) and their products in the leaves of Miscanthus × giganteus and Zea mays at low temperature
Authors: Bilska-Kos Anna , Mytych Jennifer , Suski Szymon , Magoń Justyna , Ochodzki Piotr , Zebrowski Jacek
Published: July 2020

Main conclusion

The changes in the expression of key sugar metabolism enzymes (SPS and SUS), sucrose content and arrangement of chloroplast starch may play a significant role in the cold response inM. giganteus and maize plants.

To understand the mechanism of the chilling-response of two closely-related C4plants, we investigated the changes in the expression of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SUS) as well as changes in their potential products: sucrose, cellulose and starch in the leaves ofMiscanthus × giganteusandZea mays. Low temperature (12–14 °C) increased SPS content inMiscanthus(MG) and chilling-sensitive maize line (Zm-S), but not in chilling-tolerant one (Zm-T). In Zm-S line, chilling also caused the higher intensity of labelling of SPS in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. SUS labelling was also increased by cold stress only in MG plants what was observed in the secondary wall between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, as well as in the vacuoles of companion cells. Cold led to a marked increase in total starch grain area in the chloroplasts of Zm-S line. In turn, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed a slight shift in the cellulose band position, which may indicate the formation of more compact cellulose arrangement in Zm-T maize line. In conclusion, this work presents new findings supporting diversified cold-response, not only between two C4plant species but also within one species of maize.
The FOCCUS study: a prospective evaluation of the frequency, severity and treatable causes of gastrointestinal symptoms during and after chemotherapy
Authors: Andreyev H. Jervoise N. , Lalji Amyn , Mohammed Kabir , Muls Ann C. G. , Watkins David , Rao Sheela , Starling Naureen , Chau Ian , Cruse Sarah , Pitkaaho Ville , Matthews Jennifer , Caley Laura , Pittordou Victoria , Adams Carolyn , Wedlake Linda
Published: July 2020

Background

The underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are poorly researched. This study characterised the nature, frequency, severity and treatable causes for GI symptoms prospectively in patients undergoing chemotherapy for GI malignancy.

Methods

Patients receiving chemotherapy for a GI malignancy were assessed pre-chemotherapy, then monthly for 1 year using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, a validated patient-reported outcome measure. Patients with new, troublesome GI symptoms were offered investigations to diagnose the cause(s). Their oncologist was alerted when investigations were abnormal.

Results

A total of 241 patients, 60% male, median age 63 years (range 30–88), were enrolled; 122 patients were withdrawn, 93%, because of progressive disease or death. During the study, > 20% patients reported chronic faecal incontinence and > 10% reported moderate or severe problems with taste, dysphagia, belching, heartburn, early satiety, appetite, nausea, abdominal cramps, peri-rectal pain, rectal flatulence, borborygmi, urgency of defecation or tenesmus. Thirty percent reported continuing passage of hard stools and 30% on-going diarrhoea. Moderate or severe fatigue affected 40% participants at its peak and persisted in 15% at 1 year. Toxicity dictated change in chemotherapy for 13–29% patients/month. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events underestimated gastrointestinal morbidity. Pre-chemotherapy screening identified previously undiagnosed pathology: exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (9%), vitamin B12 deficiency (12%) and thyroid dysfunction (20%). Patients often refused investigations to diagnose their chemotherapy-induced symptoms; however, for every three investigations performed, one treatable cause was diagnosed: particularly small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (54%), bile acid malabsorption (43%), previously not described after chemotherapy, and unsuspected urinary tract infection (17%).

Conclusions

Patients undergoing chemotherapy for GI malignancy commonly have difficult GI symptoms requiring active management which does not occur routinely. The underlying causes for these symptoms are often treatable or curable. Randomised trials are urgently needed to show whether timely investigation and treatment of symptoms improve quality of life and survival.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02121626
Die Lohnungleichheit von Vollzeitbeschäftigten in Deutschland: Rückblick und Überblick
Authors: Fitzenberger Bernd , Seidlitz Arnim
Published: July 2020

In Westdeutschland stieg zwischen 1980 und 2010 die Lohnungleichheit von Vollzeitbeschäftigten deutlich an. Der Anstieg beschränkte sich zunächst auf den oberen Bereich der Lohnverteilung und setzte sich ab Mitte der 1990er Jahre sowohl im oberen als auch im unteren Bereich der Lohnverteilung fort. Im Zeitraum 1995 bis 2010 ging die Entwicklung mit starken Reallohnverlusten im unteren Bereich der Lohnverteilung einher. Nach 2010 stiegen die Reallöhne über die gesamte Lohnverteilung deutlich an, aber die Lohnungleichheit für Vollzeitbeschäftigte verblieb auf hohem Niveau trotz eines leichten Rückgangs am untersten Ende der Verteilung ab 2015. Dieser Beitrag dokumentiert und interpretiert die Entwicklung der Lohnungleichheit und geht auf mögliche Datenprobleme ein.
Cumulative Sport-Related Injuries and Longer Term Impact in Retired Male Elite- and Amateur-Level Rugby Code Athletes and Non-contact Athletes: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Hind Karen , Konerth Natalie , Entwistle Ian , Theadom Alice , Lewis Gwyn , King Doug , Chazot Paul , Hume Patria
Published: July 2020

Background

Rugby union and rugby league are popular team contact sports, but they bring a high risk of injury. Although previous studies have reported injury occurrence across one or several seasons, none have explored the total number of injuries sustained across an entire career. As the first to do so, the aim of this study was to report on cumulative injuries and their perceived long-term impact in retired rugby code athletes compared to athletes from non-contact sports.

Methods

One hundred and eighty-nine former rugby code athletes (rugby union n = 145; rugby league n = 44) and 65 former non-contact athletes were recruited to the UK Rugby Health Project between September 2016 and December 2018. Details on sports participation, sports injuries and concussion history, sports injury-related surgeries, and previous and current health were obtained from a validated, online self-report questionnaire.

Results

Former elite rugby code athletes (n = 83) reported more total injuries per player (median 39, IQR 35) than former amateur rugby code athletes (n = 106; median 23, IQR 30; p = 0.014) and non-contact sports athletes (n = 65; median 7.5, IQR 15; p < 0.001). Concussion was the most frequently reported injury for the elite and amateur rugby code groups, followed by upper/lower back and knee ligament injuries. These injuries also presented with the highest recurrence. Rugby code groups reported a higher continued impact of previous concussion, neck injuries, shoulder dislocation, ACL tears, and knee ligament injuries (p = 0.003–0.045). The reported prevalence of osteoarthritis was more than twofold greater in the elite rugby code group than in non-contact athletes (51% v 22%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of back pain and/or severe and regular joint pain was high across all groups (47–80%), particularly the elite rugby code group. The total number of joint injuries and sport injury-related surgeries was higher in those who reported current osteoarthritis and current severe and regular joint pain (p < 0.001–p = 0.028).

Conclusion

Across multiple injury types, past participation in rugby union and rugby league, particularly at elite level, is associated with a high cumulative injury load and a continued impact of previous injuries post-retirement. Given the high number of reported concussions (and their recurrence) and associations between previous injuries during a player’s career and current musculoskeletal conditions, efforts should be prioritized to reduce the occurrence and recurrence of injuries in rugby codes at all levels of the sport. Strategies should also be developed for supporting the specific physical health needs of rugby code athletes post-retirement.
Is Organic Farming Risky? An Evaluation of WFRP in Organic and Conventional Production Systems
Authors: Belasco Eric , Schahczenski Jeff
Published: July 2020

Farm-level data from the Farm Financial Management Database (FINBIN) are used to evaluate the effectiveness of Whole Farm Revenue Protection (WFRP) insurance in diverse farming operations. A panel of diverse Minnesota farms is used to establish actual production history and compute hypothetical performance over three years. This study characterizes the relative riskiness between organic and conventional farms and their comparative insurance performances by avoiding potential adverse selection issues in other studies. Empirical evidence is provided to dispute past empirical findings suggesting that organic farms are riskier than conventional farms, as measured by lower loss ratios.
Interventional Neuroradiology: A Review
Authors: Pelz David M. , Lownie Stephen P. , Mayich Michael S. , Pandey Sachin K. , Sharma Manas
Published: July 2020

Interventional neuroradiology (INR) has evolved from a hybrid mixture of daring radiologists and iconoclastic neurosurgeons into a multidisciplinary specialty, which has become indispensable for cerebrovascular and neurological centers worldwide. This manuscript traces the origins of INR and describes its evolution to the present day. The focus will be on cerebrovascular disorders including aneurysms, stroke, brain arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulae, and atherosclerotic disease, both intra- and extracranial. Also discussed are cerebral vasospasm, venolymphatic malformations of the head and neck, tumor embolization, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, inferior petrosal venous sinus sampling for Cushing’s disease, and spinal interventions. Pediatric INR has not been included and deserves a separate, dedicated review.
The Clash of Scientific Assessors: What the Conflict over Glyphosate Carcinogenicity Tells Us about the Relationship between Law and Science
Authors: PASKALEV Vesco
Published: July 2020

The recent reauthorisation of glyphosate in the European Union is a uniquely suitable opportunity to study the relationships between law and science because, unlike many other controversies that are commonly perceived through the science/democracy dichotomy, in this case the disagreement was between the “scientific” assessments of two purely “expert” bodies, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This paper takes a close look at some details of the two assessments to show how scientific assessments are shaped by the legal environment to such an extent that it is impossible to separate “legal” from “technical” issues at any level; they are entangled together “all the way down”. Furthermore, it identifies three side effects of this entanglement that were previously unnoticed. First, obscure legal rules may provide (usually unintended) leverage to some of the parties. In turn, this forces everybody into proxy wars on the issue where the leverage is, at the expense of all other concerns that they may legitimately have. Finally, despite the strict legal regimentation of the scientific assessment, significant space for judgment remains, and discretion is never removed, only shifted to different places or levels.
On a class of random walks in simplexes
Authors: Nguyen Tuan-Minh , Volkov Stanislav
Published: July 2020

We study the limit behaviour of a class of random walk models taking values in the standard d-dimensional (
$d\ge 1$
) simplex. From an interior point z, the process chooses one of the
$d+1$
vertices of the simplex, with probabilities depending on z, and then the particle randomly jumps to a new location z′ on the segment connecting z to the chosen vertex. In some special cases, using properties of the Beta distribution, we prove that the limiting distributions of the Markov chain are Dirichlet. We also consider a related history-dependent random walk model in [0, 1] based on an urn-type scheme. We show that this random walk converges in distribution to an arcsine random variable.
Validation study of an ex vivo porcine auricular model for simulation training in otoplasty
Authors: Li L , Okhovat S , Milner T , Sheikh S
Published: July 2020

Objective

To perform a validation assessment of a novel porcine ex vivo model for otoplasty training.

Methods

A total of nine otolaryngology trainees performed a standard approach otoplasty on a porcine ear. They completed a series of tasks including posterior skin incision, anterior scoring, Mustardé suture placement and concha–mastoid suture placement. Trainees completed a post-task questionnaire assessing face validity, global content validity and task-specific content validity.

Results

Trainees’ median scores for the porcine model were: 4 for face validity (interquartile range, 3–4), 5 for global content validity (interquartile range, 4–5) and 4 for task-specific content validity (interquartile range, 4–4).

Conclusion

This study is the first to formally validate the ex vivo porcine auricular model as a useful tool for training in otoplasty. The model should be incorporated into simulation training for otoplasty in order to improve learning, enable acquisition of specific surgical skills and improve operative outcomes.
One-dimensional steady-state model for stimulated Raman and Brillouin backscatter processes in laser-irradiated plasmas
Authors: Ge Zhe Yi , Zhang Guo Bo , Ke Yan Zhao , Yang Xiao Hu , Wu Fu Yuan , Chen Shi Jia , Ma Yan Yun
Published: July 2020

A one-dimensional steady-state model for stimulated Raman backscatter (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin backscatter (SBS) processes in laser-irradiated plasmas is presented. Based on a novel “predictor-corrector” method, the model is capable to deal with broadband scattered light and inhomogeneous plasmas, exhibiting robustness and high efficiency. Influences of the electron density and temperature on the linear gains of both SRS and SBS are investigated, which indicates that the SRS gain is more sensitive to the electron density and temperature than that of the SBS. For the low-density case, the SBS dominates the scattering process, while the SRS exhibits much higher reflectivity in the high-density case. The nonlinear saturation mechanisms and competition between SRS and SBS are included in our model by a phenomenological method. The typical anti-correlation between SRS and SBS versus electron density is reproduced in the model. Calculations of the reflectivities are qualitatively in agreement with the typical results of experiments and simulations.
Epidemiology of viral disease outbreaks in Odisha, India (2010–2019)
Authors: Kshatri J.S. , Turuk J. , Sabat J. , Subhadra S. , Ho L.M. , Rath S. , Palo S.K. , Bhattacharya D. , Dwibedi B. , Pati S.
Published: July 2020

Despite consistent public health efforts, the burden of viral disease in India remains high. The present study was undertaken to understand the aetiology, frequency and distribution of viral disease outbreaks in the state of Odisha between 2010 and 2019. This was a prospective study conducted at the Virology Research and Diagnostic Laboratory located at ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, wherein all the outbreaks of viral aetiologies were investigated and analysed to provide a comprehensive picture of the state of viral disease outbreaks in the region. A total of 191 suspected viral outbreaks were investigated by the team from VRDL during September 2010 and September 2019 reported from all the 30 districts of Odisha. Annual number of suspected cases ranged from 185 to 1002. The most commonly suspected outbreaks were of viral hepatitis (55 outbreaks; 1223 cases) followed by dengue (45 outbreaks; 1185 cases), chickenpox (30 outbreaks; 421 cases), viral encephalitis (27 outbreaks; 930 cases), measles (23 outbreaks; 464 cases), chikungunya (10 outbreaks; 593 cases) and rubella (1 outbreak; 60). The outbreaks peaked in frequency and intensity during the months of July and September. The epidemiology of viral disease outbreaks in the region is presented in the study. Health system preparedness based on evidence is essential for early detection and adequate response to such viral outbreaks.
Emotion socialization in mothers with mood disorders: Affective modeling and recollected responses to childhood emotion
Authors: Labella Madelyn H. , Ruiz Sarah K. , Harris Susan J. , Klimes-Dougan Bonnie
Published: July 2020

Growing evidence suggests that emotion socialization may be disrupted by maternal depression. However, little is known about emotion-related parenting by mothers with bipolar disorder or whether affective modeling in early childhood is linked to young adults’ recollections of emotion socialization practices. The current study investigates emotion socialization by mothers with histories of major depression, bipolar disorder, or no mood disorder. Affective modeling was coded from parent–child interactions in early childhood and maternal responses to negative emotions were recollected by young adult offspring (n= 131, 59.5% female,Mage = 22.16,SD= 2.58). Multilevel models revealed that maternal bipolar disorder was associated with more neglecting, punishing, and magnifying responses to children's emotions, whereas maternal major depression was associated with more magnifying responses; links between maternal diagnosis and magnifying responses were robust to covariates. Young adult recollections of maternal responses to emotion were predicted by affective modeling in early childhood, providing preliminary validity evidence for the Emotions as a Child Scale. Findings provide novel evidence that major depression and bipolar disorder are associated with altered emotion socialization and that maternal affective modeling in early childhood prospectively predicts young adults’ recollections of emotion socialization in families with and without mood disorder.
A note on distinct distances
Authors: Raz Orit E.
Published: July 2020

We show that, for a constant-degree algebraic curve γ in ℝD, every set of n points on γ spans at least Ω(n4/3) distinct distances, unless γ is an algebraic helix, in the sense of Charalambides [2]. This improves the earlier bound Ω(n5/4) of Charalambides [2].

We also show that, for every set P of n points that lie on a d-dimensional constant-degree algebraic variety V in ℝD, there exists a subset S ⊂ P of size at least Ω(n4/(9+12(d−1))), such that S spans
$\left({\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {|S|} \\ 2 \\\end{array}} \right)$
distinct distances. This improves the earlier bound of Ω(n1/(3d)) of Conlon, Fox, Gasarch, Harris, Ulrich and Zbarsky [4].

Both results are consequences of a common technical tool.
Health Impacts of Volcanic Activity in Oceania
Authors: Cuthbertson Joseph , Stewart Carol , Lyon Alison , Burns Penelope , Telepo Thompson
Published: July 2020

Volcanoes cause a wide range of hazardous phenomena. Close to volcanic vents, hazards can be highly dangerous and destructive and include pyroclastic flows and surges, ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars, thick ashfalls, and gas and aerosol emissions. Direct health impacts include trauma, burns, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. Far-reaching volcanic hazards include volcanic ashfalls, gas and aerosol dispersion, and lahars. Within Oceania, the island arc countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tonga, and New Zealand are the most at-risk from volcanic activity. Since 1500ad, approximately 10,000 lives have been lost due to volcanic activity across Oceania, with 39 lives lost since 2000. While volcano monitoring and surveillance save lives, residual risks remain from small, sudden, unheralded eruptions, such as the December 9, 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand which has a death toll of 21 at the time of writing. Widespread volcanic ashfalls can affect the habitability of downwind communities by contaminating water supplies, damaging crops and buildings, and degrading indoor and outdoor air quality, as well as disrupting transport and communication networks and access to health services. While the fatality rate due to volcanic eruptions may be low, far greater numbers of people may be affected by volcanic activity with approximately 100,000 people in PNG and Vanuatu displaced since 2000. It is challenging to manage health impacts for displaced people, particularly in low-income countries where events such as eruptions occur against a background of low, variable vaccination rates, high prevalence of infectious diseases, poor sanitation infrastructure, and poor nutritional status. As a case study, the 2017-2018 eruption of Ambae volcano, Vanuatu caused no casualties but triggered two separate mandatory off-island evacuations of the entire population of approximately 11,700 people. On the neighboring island of Santo, a health disaster response was coordinated by local government and provided acute care when evacuees arrived. Involving primary care clinicians in this setting enhanced local capacity for health care provision and allowed for an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on evacuee communities.
Don’t @ Me: Experimentally Reducing Partisan Incivility on Twitter
Authors: Munger Kevin
Published: July 2020

I conduct an experiment which examines the impact of moral suasion on partisans engaged in uncivil arguments. Partisans often respond in vitriolic ways to politicians they disagree with, and this can engender hateful responses from partisans from the other side. This phenomenon was especially common during the contentious 2016 US Presidential Election. Using Twitter accounts that I controlled, I sanctioned people engaged partisan incivility in October 2016. I found that messages containing moral suasion were more effective at reducing incivility than were messages with no moral content in the first week post-treatment. There were no significant treatment effects in the first day post-treatment, emphasizing the need for research designs that measure effect duration. The type of moral suasion employed, however, did not have the expected differential effect on either Republicans or Democrats. These effects were significantly moderated by the anonymity of the subjects.
Institutional Design and Elite Support for Climate Policies: Evidence from Latin American Countries
Authors: Freire Danilo , Mignozzetti Umberto , Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

Which institutional features do Latin American elites favor for local climate change policies? Climate change mitigation requires active local-level implementation, but it remains unclear which institutional arrangements maximize support for environmental rules. In this paper, we run a conjoint experiment with elite members of 10 Latin American countries and ask respondents to evaluate institutional designs drawn from a pool of 5,500 possible local climate governance arrangements. We find that Latin American elites prefer international organizations to formulate climate policies, support imposing increasing fines on violators, and favor renewing agreements every 5 years. We also find that elites support both international institutions and local courts to mediate conflicts, but they distrust non-governmental organizations and reject informal norms as a means of conflict resolution. Our results identify possible challenges in crafting local climate mitigation policies and offer new insights about how to integrate local and international levels in environmental agreements.
Initial Orbit Determination and Event Reconstruction From Estimation of Particle Trajectories About (101955) Bennu
Authors: Leonard J. M. , Adam C. D. , Pelgrift J. Y. , Lessac‐Chenen E. J. , Nelson D. S. , Antreasian P. G. , Liounis A. J. , Moreau M. C. , Hergenrother C. W. , Chesley S. R. , Nolan M. C. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: July 2020

The OSIRIS‐REx mission has observed multiple instances of particles being ejected from the surface of near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu. The ability to quickly identify the particle trajectories and origins is necessary following a particle ejection event. Using proven initial orbit determination techniques, we can rapidly estimate particle trajectories and ejection locations. We present current results pertaining to the identification of particle tracks, an evaluation of the estimated orbits and the excess velocity necessary to induce the particle ejection from the surface, and the uncertainty quantification of the ejection location. We estimate energies per particle ranging from 0.03 to 11.03 mJ for the largest analyzed events and velocities ranging from 5 to 90 cm/s, though we exclude the highest‐velocity particles in this technique. We estimate ejection times for eight events and constrain six of the analyzed ejection events to have occurred between about 16:30 and 19:00 local solar time, with the largest events occurring between 16:30 and 18:05.
Comparison of High‐Speed Optical Observations of a Lightning Flash From Space and the Ground
Authors: van der Velde Oscar A. , Montanyà Joan , Neubert Torsten , Chanrion Olivier , Østgaard Nikolai , Goodman Steven , López Jesús A. , Fabró Ferran , Reglero Victor
Published: July 2020

We analyze a nighttime negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash in Colombia observed from the ground with a high‐speed camera at 5,000 images per second and from space by the Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) on the International Space Station (ISS), the Lightning Imaging Sensor also on the ISS (ISS‐LIS), and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on GOES‐16. The space instruments measure the oxygen band at 777.4 nm, allowing for direct comparisons of measurements, and the ground‐based camera observes in a wide visible band. After conversion to energy emitted at the cloud top, we find a good linear correspondence of the optical energies measured by the three space instruments, except that GLM values were 3 times higher. We attribute this mainly to the difference in viewing angles between spacecraft and the cloud. Over the entirety of the ASIM observed flash, optical pulses were detected by GLM and LIS, only when the energy reported by ASIM was greater than 332 J and 949 J, respectively. Their detection rate corresponds to 14% and 2.5%, respectively, of the flash duration observed by ASIM. The temporal variation of the high‐speed camera luminosity matched well the features observed by ASIM around the time of the stroke but reached ~3.9 times higher peak intensity during the return stroke, attributed to its broader spectral sensitivity band and a viewing angle advantage.
Pervasive Warming Bias in CMIP6 Tropospheric Layers
Authors: McKitrick R. , Christy J.
Published: July 2020

The tendency of climate models to overstate warming in the tropical troposphere has long been noted. Here we examine individual runs from 38 newly released Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Version 6 (CMIP6) models and show that the warm bias is now observable globally as well. We compare CMIP6 runs against observational series drawn from satellites, weather balloons, and reanalysis products. We focus on the 1979–2014 interval, the maximum span for which all observational products are available and for which models were run using historically observed forcings. For lower‐troposphere and midtroposphere layers both globally and in the tropics, all 38 models overpredict warming in every target observational analog, in most cases significantly so, and the average differences between models and observations are statistically significant. We present evidence that consistency with observed warming would require lower model Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) values.
Textural and Compositional Changes in the Lithospheric Mantle Atop the Hawaiian Plume: Consequences for Seismic Properties
Authors: Tommasi Andréa , Mameri Lucan , Godard Marguerite
Published: July 2020

We characterized the texture, composition, and seismic properties of the lithospheric mantle atop the Hawaiian plume by petrostructural analysis of 48 spinel peridotite xenoliths from four localities in three Hawaiian islands. Coarse‐porphyroclastic peridotites with variable degrees of recrystallization, recorded by growth of strain‐free neoblasts onto the deformed microstructure, predominate. Full evolution of this process produced equigranular microstructures. Some peridotites have coarse‐granular microstructures. Coarse‐granular and coarse‐porphyroclastic peridotites have strong orthorhombic or axial‐[100] olivine crystal‐preferred orientations (CPOs). Recrystallization produced some dispersion and, locally, changed the olivine CPO towards axial‐[010]. Enrichment in pyroxenes relative to model melting trends and pyroxenes with interstitial shapes and CPO uncorrelated with the olivine CPO imply refertilization by reactive melt percolation. The unusual spatial distribution of the recrystallized fraction, Ti enrichment, and Rare Earth Element fractionation in recrystallized, equigranular, and coarse‐granular peridotites support that these microstructures are produced by static recrystallization triggered by melt percolation. However, there is no simple relation between microstructure and chemical or modal composition. This, together with marked variations in mineral chemistry among samples, implies multiple spatially heterogeneous melt‐rock reaction events. We interpret the coarse‐porphyroclastic microstructures and CPO as representative of the original oceanic lithosphere fabric. Annealing changed the microstructure to coarse‐granular, but did not modify significantly the olivine CPO. Recrystallization produced moderate dispersion of the CPO. “Normal” oceanic lithosphere seismic anisotropy patterns are therefore preserved. Yet Fe enrichment, refertilization, and limited heating of the base of the lithosphere may reduce seismic velocities by up to 2%, partially explaining negative velocity anomalies imaged at lithospheric depths beneath Hawaii.
Heavy Ion Charge States in Jupiter's Polar Magnetosphere Inferred From Auroral Megavolt Electric Potentials
Authors: Clark G. , Mauk B. H. , Kollmann P. , Paranicas C. , Bagenal F. , Allen R. C. , Bingham S. , Bolton S. , Cohen I. , Ebert R. W. , Dunn W. , Haggerty D. , Houston S. J. , Jackman C. M. , Roussos E. , Rymer A. , Westlake J. H.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we exploit the charge‐dependent nature of auroral phenomena in Jupiter's polar cap region to infer the charge states of energetic oxygen and sulfur. To date, there are very limited and sparse measurements of the >50 keV oxygen and sulfur charge states, yet many studies have demonstrated their importance in understanding the details of various physical processes, such as X‐ray aurora, ion‐neutral interactions in Jupiter's neutral cloud, and particle acceleration theories. In this contribution, we develop a technique to determine the most abundant charge states associated with heavy ions in Jupiter's polar magnetosphere. We find that O+ and S++ are the most abundant and therefore iogenic in origin. The results are important because they provide (1) strong evidence that soft X‐ray sources are likely due to charge stripping of magnetospheric ions and (2) a more complete spatial map of the oxygen and sulfur charge states, which is important for understanding how the charge‐ and mass‐dependent physical processes sculpt the energetic particles throughout the Jovian magnetosphere.
Author Correction: EpCAM-dependent extracellular vesicles from intestinal epithelial cells maintain intestinal tract immune balance
Authors: Jiang Lingling , Shen Yingying , Guo Danfeng , Yang Diya , Liu Jiajun , Fei Xuefeng , Yang Yunshan , Zhang Buyi , Lin Zhendong , Yang Fei , Wang Xiaojian , Wang Keyi , Wang Jianli , Cai Zhijian
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Structural phase transition, equation of state and phase diagram of functional rare earth sesquioxide ceramics (Eu1−xLax)2O3
Authors: Irshad K. A. , Srihari V. , Kalavathi S. , Shekar N. V. Chandra
Published: July 2020

The intriguing functional nature of ceramics containing rare earth sesquioxide (RES) is associated with the type of polymorphic structure they crystallize into. They prefer to be in the cubic, monoclinic or hexagonal structure in the increasing order of cation size, RRE. Since the functional properties of these ceramics varies with RRE, temperature and pressure, a systematic investigation delineating the cation size effect is indispensable. In the present work we report the structural stability and compressibility behaviour of the RES ceramics, (Eu1−xLax)2O3, of RESs with dissimilar structure and significant difference in cationic radii. The selected compositions of (Eu1−xLax)2O3 have been studied using the in-situ high pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction and the structural parameters obtained through Rietveld refinement. The cubic structure, which is stable for 0.95 Å $$\le$$≤ RRE$$<\,0.98$$<0.98 Å at ambient temperature and pressure (ATP), prefers a cubic to hexagonal transition at high pressures. The biphasic region of cubic and monoclinic structure, which is stable for 0.98 Å $$\le$$≤ RRE$$<\,1.025$$<1.025 Å at ATP, prefers a cubic/monoclinic to hexagonal transition at high pressures. Further, in the biphasic region of monoclinic and hexagonal structure, observed for 1.025 Å $$\le$$≤RRE$$<\,1.055$$<1.055 Å, the monoclinic phase is found to be progressing towards the hexagonal phase with increasing pressure. The pure hexagonal phase obtained for 1.055 Å $$\le$$≤ RRE$$\le$$≤ 1.10 Å is found to be structurally stable at high pressures. The bulk moduli are obtained from the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state fit to the compressibility data and its dependance on the cation size is discussed. The microstrain induced by the difference in cation size causes an internal pressure in the crystal structure leading to a reduction in the bulk modulus of $$\textit{x}=0.2$$x=0.2 and 0.6. A pressure–concentration (P–x) phase diagram upto a pressure of 25 GPa is constructed for (Eu1−xLax)2O3. This would provide an insight to the fundamental and technological aspects of these materials and the RESs in general.