bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeito hipolipidêmico do suco de camu-camu em ratos
Authors: Schwertz Maíra Cássia , Maia Jeniffer Resende Patrocínio , Sousa Risonilce Fernandes Silva de , Aguiar Jaime Paiva Lopes , Yuyama Lucia Kiyoko Ozaki , Lima Emerson Silva
Published: April 2012

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial hipolipidêmico do suco de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) em ratos dislipidêmicos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 72 ratos (Rattus norvegicus var. albinus) machos adultos da linhagem Wistar, com peso médio de 200g. O experimento foi dividido em duas fases: indução da dislipidemia e tratamento. Para indução da dislipidemia, todos os ratos receberam ração hiperlipídica (ração comercial adicionada a 10,0% de banha suína, 1,0% colesterol e 0,1% de ácido cólico) durante 21 dias. Na fase de tratamento, 40 ratos dislipidêmicos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n=8), sendo 3 deles submetidos a tratamento com diferentes concentrações de suco de camu-camu (0,4mL.kg-1, 4,0mL.kg-1 e 10mL.kg-1) por 14 dias, 1 grupo submetido a tratamento com quercetina (10mL.kg-1) e 1 grupo hiperlidêmico. Estes dois últimos foram mantidos como parâmetro, ao lado do grupo basal. Para avaliar o efeito modulador do suco de camu-camu no perfil lipídico dos ratos, foram verificadas as concentrações de triacilgliceróis, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta intensidade e lipoproteína de baixa intensidade, no plasma, assim como os níveis de colesterol fecal e hepático. Também foram observados o controle da ingestão de ração e a avaliação da massa corporal. RESULTADOS: As diferentes doses de suco de camu-camu e de quercetina apresentaram efeitos moduladores do perfil lipídico, ou seja, redução de triacilgliceróis, colesterol total, excreção fecal de colesterol, bem como redução do colesterol hepático. Salienta-se que os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a concentração de 10mL.kg-1. Em relação à massa corporal, os ratos que receberam essa concentração de suco de camu e quercetina mantiveram peso significativamente inferior ao obervado nos demais tratamentos, tanto no início quanto ao final da intervenção. Resultado similar foi observado quanto ao consumo de ração. CONCLUSÃO: O suco de camu-camu apresentou efeito modulador do perfil lipídico em ratos dislipidêmicos. Os resultados poderão ser utilizados como referência em futuros trabalhos acerca desse fruto amazônico.
Reprodutibilidade e validade de um questionário de frequência alimentar por grupos de alimentos, em adultos da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Brasil
Authors: Machado Fátima Carina de Souza , Henn Ruth Liane , Olinto Maria Teresa Anselmo , Anjos Luiz Antonio dos , Wahrlich Vivian , Waissmann William
Published: April 2012

OBJETIVO: Testar reprodutibilidade e validade por grupos de alimentos de um questionário de frequência alimentar, desenvolvido para indivíduos adultos residentes no Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Dois questionários de frequência alimentar e três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas foram aplicados a 128 participantes, com idade entre 20 e 69 anos. Os alimentos foram agrupados em 19 grupos previamente definidos. As análises foram realizadas com dados brutos e corrigidos pela energia. RESULTADOS: Apenas nas estimativas de ingestão dos grupos de folhosos e de leguminosas observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois questionários de frequência alimentar. Os coeficientes de correlação, corrigidos pela energia, entre os questionários variaram de 0,53 (embutidos e presuntos) a 0,85 (bebidas alcoólicas e leite e derivados light). Quanto à validade, ambos os questionários produziram tanto estimativas de ingestão mais altas como mais baixas do que a média dos inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. O coeficiente de correlação médio entre cada questionário e os inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas foi de 0,39 para o questionário de frequência alimentar 1, e de 0,40 para o questionário de frequência alimentar 2. Os coeficientes de correlação foram iguais ou maiores que 0,40 para 9 grupos alimentares no questionário de frequência alimentar 1, e para 11 grupos no questionário de frequência alimentar 2. Os percentuais médios de classificação no mesmo terço, pelos dois métodos, foram 49% para o questionário de frequência alimentar 1, e 48% para o questionário de frequência alimentar 2. Os valores de Kappa ponderado variaram de -0,04 (bebidas não-alcoólicas) a 0,69 (leite e derivados light), considerando ambos os questionários. CONCLUSÃO: O questionário de frequência alimentar baseado em grupos de alimentos representa uma boa alternativa para avaliar o hábito alimentar, com a vantagem de ter uma lista reduzida de itens alimentares.
Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
Authors: Guerrero Felix David , Lovis Léonore , Martins João Ricardo
Published: April 2012

Acaricide resistance has become widespread in countries where cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, are a problem. Resistance arises through genetic changes in a cattle tick population that causes modifications to the target site, increased metabolism or sequestration of the acaricide, or reduced ability of the acaricide to penetrate through the outer protective layers of the tick’s body. We review the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of acaricide resistance that have been shown to be functional in R. (B.) microplus. From a mechanistic point of view, resistance to pyrethroids has been characterized to a greater degree than any other acaricide class. Although a great deal of research has gone into discovery of the mechanisms that cause organophosphate resistance, very little is defined at the molecular level and organophosphate resistance seems to be maintained through a complex and multifactorial process. The resistance mechanisms for other acaricides are less well understood. The target sites of fipronil and the macrocyclic lactones are known and resistance mechanism studies are in the early stages. The target site of amitraz has not been definitively identified and this is hampering mechanistic studies on this acaricide.
Use of coccidiostat in mineral salt and study on ovine eimeriosis
Authors: Andrade Júnior Alberto Luiz Freire de , Silva Patrícia Costa da , Aguiar Emerson Moreira de , Santos Francisco Glauco de Araújo
Published: April 2012

Coccidiosis is a serious obstacle to sheep production, which is becoming a limiting factor, especially with regard to lamb production. However, there are few studies on this parasite in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of decoquinate, added to mineral salt, for controlling Eimeria infection in lambs, and to identify which species are infecting sheep in the eastern region of the state. This study was carried out from August 2009 to January 2010, and used 76 animals. These were divided into two treatment groups: one with common mineral salt, and the other with mineral salt enriched with 6% micronized decoquinate. Fecal samples and body weight measurements were taken every 14 days for parasitological diagnosis, weight gain follow-up and quantitative analysis. The study showed that there was a significant difference in OPG only at the 7th collection, but no significant difference in weight gain. The Eimeria species found were E. ahsata. E. crandallis. E. granulosa. E. intrincata. E. ovina. E. faurei. E. ovinoidalis. E. pallida and E. parva. It was concluded that addition of decoquinate to mineral salt gave rise to lower oocyst elimination, thus favoring eimeriosis control in sheep.
Cyathostomin larvae: presence on Brachiaria humidicola grass during the rainy and dry seasons of Brazil
Authors: Santos Claudia Navarro dos , Souza Luciene Soares de , Vieira Vivian Suane de Freitas , Pinheiro Jairo , Rodrigues Maria de Lurdes de Azevedo
Published: April 2012

The presence of cyathostomin larvae is directly associated to climatic conditions of each region. This study aimed to evaluate the ecology of infective larvae on Brachiaria humidicola during the dry and rainy seasons from October 2007 to September 2008 in a tropical region, Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. Stools were collected from the rectum of horses naturally infected with cyathostomins at the beginning of the rainy season (October to March) and dry season (April to September). They were divided into four samples of 500 g and deposited on a grass patch of B. humidicola. Seven days later and every 15 days thereafter samples of feces and grass were collected and processed by the Baermann technique. The mean number of larvae recovered from the grass varied according to the season, with greater recovery of larvae during the peak of the dry season (14,700 L3.kg-¹ DM). There was a statistically significant difference between L3 recovered from feces and grass, but not between L3 recovered from the grass base and apex. These results show that the region’s climate favors the development and survival of infective cyathostomin larvae throughout the year, with a greater number of larvae during the dry season.
Molecular and serological detection of Ehrlichia spp. in cats on São Luís Island, Maranhão, Brazil
Authors: Braga Maria do Socorro Costa de Oliveira , André Marcos Rogério , Freschi Carla Roberta , Teixeira Márcia Cristina Alves , Machado Rosangela Zacarias
Published: April 2012

Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease that affects both humans and animals. The few existing reports on ehrlichiosis in Brazilian cats have been based on observation of morulae in leukocytes and, more recently, on molecular detection of Ehrlichia sp. In this study, we assessed occurrences of Ehrlichia sp. in the blood of 200 domestic cats in São Luís, Maranhão. Of the 200 animals tested, 11 (5.5%) were seropositive for Ehrlichia sp. and two (1%) were positive for Ehrlichia sp. in PCR. We also performed DNA sequence alignment to establish the identity of the parasite species infecting these animals, using the gene 16S rRNA. One cat presented infection with Ehrlichia sp. with 98% identity with E. canis, and another cat infected with Ehrlichia sp. showed 97% identity with E. chaffeensis. This is the first study on molecular detection of Ehrlichia sp. among domestic cats in São Luís, Maranhão.
Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from pregnant dairy cows (Bos taurus) slaughtered
Authors: Macedo Madlaine Frigo Silveira Barbosa de , Macedo César Augusto Barbosa de , Ewald Maria Paula de Carvalho , Martins Guilherme Felippelli , Zulpo Dauton Luiz , Cunha Ivo Alexandre Leme da , Taroda Alessandra , Cardim Sergio Tosi , Su Chunlei , Garcia João Luis
Published: April 2012

The current study aimed to evaluate serology, and isolate and genotype Toxoplasma gondii strains from pregnant dairy cows, slaughtered in an abattoir for human consumption, and their fetuses. Blood from 60 pregnant dairy cows and blood and tissue samples (brain, lung, heart, and liver) from their fetuses were collected and analyzed in a mouse bioassay. Antibodies against T. gondii were observed in 48.3% of cows and 3.7% of fetuses (IFAT, titers ≥ 50 for cows and 25 for fetuses were considered positive). Fourteen fetuses (23.3%) and six cows (10.0%) were identified as positive in the bioassay. T. gondii was isolated from a blood sample of a cow older than 4 years old in the 6th month of pregnancy, and from a blood sample of a fetus in the 6th month of gestation. These isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as being of T. gondii and both strains showed type II alleles for all PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) markers tested. T. gondii type II strain from cattle was isolated for the first time in Brazil. The current study also showed that transplacental transmission of T. gondii naturally occurs in dairy cows (23.3%) from Southern Brazil.
Tamoxifen and CYP2D6: A Contradiction of Data
Authors: Hertz Daniel L. , McLeod Howard L. , Irvin William J.
Published: April 2012

Learning Objectives:

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the significant heterogeneity among the published studies on the link between CYP2D6 genotype and tamoxifen treatment efficacy.Explain the role of CYP2D6 metabolism in the conversion of tamoxifen to its active metabolite, endoxifen, and the potential importance of CYP2D6 polymorphisms to this process.Discuss the role that insufficient genotyping, CYP2D6 inhibition, and tamoxifen combination treatment may have had in the inconsistent findings of past pharmacogenetic studies.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Tamoxifen is an effective antiestrogen used in the treatment of hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. Bioconversion of tamoxifen to endoxifen, its most abundant active metabolite, is primarily dependent on the activity of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), which is highly polymorphic. Over 20 published studies have reported on the potential association between CYP2D6 polymorphism and tamoxifen treatment outcome, with highly inconsistent results. The purpose of this review is to explore differences among 17 independent studies to identify factors that may have contributed to the discrepant findings. This report discusses six putative factors that are grouped into two categories: (a) clinical management criteria: hormone receptor classification, menopausal status, and tamoxifen combination therapy; (b) pharmacologic criteria: genotyping comprehensiveness, CYP2D6 inhibitor coadministration, and tamoxifen adherence. Comparison of these factors between the positive and negative studies suggests that tamoxifen combination therapy, genotyping comprehensiveness, and CYP2D6 inhibitor coadministration may account for some of the contradictory results. Future association studies on the link between CYP2D6 genotype and tamoxifen treatment efficacy should account for combination therapy and CYP2D6 inhibition, and interrogate as many CYP2D6 alleles as possible.
Multi‐scale marine biodiversity patterns inferred efficiently from habitat image processing
Authors: Mellin Camille , Parrott Lael , Andréfouët Serge , Bradshaw Corey J. A. , MacNeil M. Aaron , Caley M. Julian
Published: April 2012

Cost‐effective proxies of biodiversity and species abundance, applicable across a range of spatial scales, are needed for setting conservation priorities and planning action. We outline a rapid, efficient, and low‐cost measure of spectral signal from digital habitat images that, being an effective proxy for habitat complexity, correlates with species diversity and requires little image processing or interpretation. We validated this method for coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, across a range of spatial scales (1 m to 10 km), using digital photographs of benthic communities at the transect scale and high‐resolution Landsat satellite images at the reef scale. We calculated an index of image‐derived spatial heterogeneity, the mean information gain (MIG), for each scale and related it to univariate (species richness and total abundance summed across species) and multivariate (species abundance matrix) measures of fish community structure, using two techniques that account for the hierarchical structure of the data: hierarchical (mixed‐effect) linear models and distance‐based partial redundancy analysis. Over the length and breadth of the GBR, MIG alone explained up to 29% of deviance in fish species richness, 33% in total fish abundance, and 25% in fish community structure at multiple scales, thus demonstrating the possibility of easily and rapidly exploiting spatial information contained in digital images to complement existing methods for inferring diversity and abundance patterns among fish communities. Thus, the spectral signal of unprocessed remotely sensed images provides an efficient and low‐cost way to optimize the design of surveys used in conservation planning. In data‐sparse situations, this simple approach also offers a viable method for rapid assessment of potential local biodiversity, particularly where there is little local capacity in terms of skills or resources for mounting in‐depth biodiversity surveys.
Presentism
Authors: Jankovic Marija
Published: April 2012

Presentism is the view that only the present is real. It is one of the tensed theories of time and considered to be the 'common sense' view of time. In this paper presentism is evaluated with respect to some of the main objections. It is concluded that, although the center of attention of recent debates, thruthmaking problems for presentism can be settled in a satisfying way. The reason could be that in every day thinking and speech, presentism is the theory we actually use. However, further investigation shows that presentism has two unpalatable consequences: the view that time is composed of instants, and reductionism about the ontological status of temporal items. It is argued that both views (especially the first) are enough to dismiss the theory that entails them. Special theory of relativity, then, closes the case against presentism.
Natural foundations of the freedom of choice
Authors: Grujic Petar
Published: April 2012

If understood as a primitive notion, freedom appears a metaphysical construct. In the context of the natural science, free will of an individual in the sense of a freedom of choice, is situated somewhere between the concept of an absolute determinism and pure spontaneity. Both categories may be analysed from the viewpoint of the nature of physical processes (in a wider sense), which presumably underlie the material background of mind, and hence form the organic base of making decision. We consider some aspects of physical phenomena as limiting factors in making decisions. A number of latest inferences in the structure and functioning of brain, as well as some aspects of the relations between physiological phenomena and mind, are discussed. Concepts of determinism and chance will be considered from the point of view of modern physics, both classical and quantum ones. Finally, a case study of an authentic historical situation will be made, which illustrates essential features of the problem of free will and its limits both as anthropological and ethical barriers.
Fundamental uncertainty and Keynes' probability theory
Authors: Radonjic Ognjen
Published: April 2012

Within economic system agents daily make decisions. Those decisions are based on their expectations regarding future. Therefore, theoretical assumption about what do rational decision-makers really know about future and could agents make relatively reliable forecasts has colossal importance. Namely this assumption critically determines theoretical modeling of decision-making process. In economic theory we can make distinction between two opposite and irreconcilable standpoints on this issue. According to proponents of the Subjective Probability and the Rational Expectations Hypothesis future can be predicted exactly, that is, agents are able to mathematically calculate future precisely and to express it in terms of numbers. Consistently behavior of individual agent and society in aggregate can be predicted with great precision. On the other hand, Keynes, first economist who made clear distinction between risk and uncertainty, argued that past experiences and statistical analysis of past data were not reliable guide to future and that behavior of individual agents and society in aggregate could not be neither calculated exactly nor precisely predicted. Consequently, theoretical implications regarding decision-making and behavior of aggregate economic system of the two opposite standpoints are completely different.
Philosophical education as dysfunction of society
Authors: Krstic Predrag
Published: April 2012

This paper tries to extricate philosophical education from the restrictions of social and school systems and to commend some independent and subversive views. This is to be accomplished through a conceptual dissection of the term 'education'. On the one hand, there is education seen as transmitter of the tradition, where to be educated is seen as being able to fit into an established community. There is also another education to which the authority of tradition is a permanent target of resistance, always trying to undermine any educational uniformity. This second history of education, genuinely philosophical, is radically opposed to the history of institutionalized mass-education. However, intention of this paper is not to proclaim this as an 'alternative' model, or to build it up as a new mythology. On the contrary, it is being written as a history of continuous subversion. Viewed from this vantage point, autonomous philosophical education is not a subsystem of a social system. This education has itself as a measurement, and always resists the wider community (the environment) that has accidentally befallen it. Its honor is exactly in this attitude of resistance, in being watchful against any conscription and integration. Understood in this manner, philosophical education is not a useful 'implemented' function of society, but is rather its dysfunction.
Benjamins 'Revolutionäre Gewalt' und Rotte Korahs Der Aufstand gegen Moses als erste Szene des Messianismus (Num. 16)
Authors: Bojanic Petar
Published: April 2012

(nemacki) Sofern wir versuchen, im Aufstand Zeichen und Formen des Messianismus zu finden (Bloch), sofern z. B. Korah im Gegensatz zu aber auch immer zusammen mit Benjamin der erste linke Oppositionelle in der Geschichte der radikalen Politik ist, so ist die letzte und g?ttliche Gewalt, die Gott vollzieht gerade Benjamins reine revolution?re Gewalt, die eben an diesem ersten Revolution?r vollzogen wird. Das Zirkulieren der der Bezeichnung dieser Darlegung im Untertitel, stellt auch umgekehrt eine gute Beschreibung eine Missverst?ndnisses in Zusammenhang mit dem Verst?ndnis der Revolution bei Benjamin dar, denn derjenige, der revolution?re Gewalt aus?bt, befindet sich nicht an dem Ort, an dem wir ihn immer erwarten. F?hrt uns dieses Erwarten st?ndig zu Benjamins Kritik der Gewalt zur?ck? Vor allem aber - was erwarten wir ?berhaupt? Erwarten wir die letzte Gewalt von katastrophalen Dimensionen, die jede k?nftige Gewalt und die Zeit des Wartens beseitigt? Das edle Subjekt der Revolution? Erwarten wir die Wahrheit?.
The teachings of nature and will in Descartes
Authors: Milidrag Predrag
Published: April 2012

The article analyzes Descartes' notion of the teachings of nature as a consequence of the union of the mind with the body in the context of the determination of the will. The paragraphs 3-5 of Second meditations are interpreted concerning the teachings of nature about man.
Aristotle: Necessity, contingency, freedom
Authors: Djuric Drago
Published: April 2012

In this article the author attempts to present Aristotle's argumentation against the universal fatalism, which is, in the view of fatalists, a necessary consequence of the universal application of the principle of bivalence to the contradictory propositions about the future state of affairs. This problem Aristotle examines in his De Interpretatione ch. 9, wich is the main issue here. Presentation flows trough three steps: 1. Aristotle's formulation of the problem, 2. Aristotle's presentation and criticism of the logical determinism and, finally, 3. Aristotle's libertarian solution of the problem. Author points out that through the history of interpretation of the problem there are different views. These views differ not only concerning the spirit of Aristotle's text or his final solution, but concerning the way in which he refuted the universal validity of the logical determinism and fatalism.
Naturalistic fallacy and open question argument: One century of debate
Authors: Cekic Nenad
Published: April 2012

Maybe the most famous and used notion in relatively short history of metaethics is so called 'naturalistic fallacy'. This term was for the first time used by G. E. Moore in his Prinicipia Ethica. Idea of 'naturalistic fallacy' is based upon 'open-question argument'. Discussion of the scope and real results obtained by this argument is open even in metaethics at the beginning of the 21st Century. Today it is clear that open question is not a proof of invalidity of naturalism or any kind of cognitivism. Still, open-question argument is a very useful tool both in metaethics and in normative theories. In this article reader can find direction of the contemporary debate about naturalistic fallacy, naturalism and some modified versions of classical open-question argument.
Über den sinn von Hegels institutionalismus
Authors: Milisavljevic Vladimir
Published: April 2012

(nemacki) In diesem Text wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie die h?ufige Beschreibung von Hegels Rechtsphilosophie als einer 'institutionalistischen' Theorie, die sich vor allem unter dem Einfluss der von Dieter Henrich vorgeschlagenen Hegel-Deutung verbreitet hat, zu verstehen ist. Hinter dieser Beschreibung steckt oft der Vorwurf, dass Hegel das individuelle Subjekt objektivistisch als ein der substanziellen Ordnung des Staates und der Gesellschaft ganz untergeordnetes Moment behandelt (J. Habermas). Es stellt sich aber heraus, dass der Institutionalismus, sowohl in der Rechtstheorie im engeren Sinne (etwa bei M. Hauriou) als auch bei Hegel, durchaus als eine Alternative zum Objektivismus, vor allem zu einer objektivistischen Normauffasung verstanden werden kann. Insbesondere versucht Hegel, einen Ausweg aus den Schwierigkeiten der Kantischen normativistischen Rechts- und Moralphilosophie zu finden: Die Stufenfolge seiner 'Theorie der Institutionen' ist aus der Bem?hung hervorgegangen, die Objektivit?t der Norm mit der wirklichen und t?tigen Subjektivit?t zu vermitteln.
Universal humanity or nationalism
Authors: Ivanovic Miroslav
Published: April 2012

Dilemma between the universal humanity and nationalism was often discussed in the contemporary philosophy of politics. We will considered discussion about this problem between Soloviov and Danilevsky, two great Russian thinkers of the 19th century. The first defended idea of universal humanity and criticized Danilevsky because of nationalism. We will show that Danilevsky's arguments were stronger and that Soloviev's critics were not successful. The discussion was conducting on three levels: methodological, factual and normativ ones.
In praise of autodidactics: Nietzsche as theoretician of rigorous self-education
Authors: Dobrijevic Aleksandar
Published: April 2012

Nietzsche's philosophy of education is permeated with panegyrical notes in praise of autodidactic. However, interpreters of his opus were mostly neglected the importance that Nietzsche devoted to the conception of self-education. In the article the author propose the reading of Nietzsche that indicate that autodidactic stays in foreground of his theoretical concerns.
Aksioloska funkcija qualia
Authors: Draskic-Vicanovic Iva
Published: April 2012

This article presents an analysis of David Hume's epistemological position faced with explanatory gap problem. What did Hume do? Did he resolve the explanatory gap problem or made it insurmountable? The text falls into two main parts: In the first the author tries to show that Hume's attempt to surmount explanatory gap by his analysis of reason's functions was completely unsuccessful. In the second author outlines an extremely interesting role of so called qualia in Hume's gnoseology, defining it as axiological. Namely qualia of affective segment of mind are treated as constituents of moral and aesthetic values and also as causes of actions in physical world.
Effects of acepromazine maleate on platelet function assessed by use of adenosine diphosphate activated– and arachidonic acid– activated modified thromboelastography in healthy dogs
Authors: Conner Bobbi J. , Hanel Rita M. , Hansen Bernard D. , Motsinger-Reif Alison A. , Asakawa Makoto , Swanson Clifford R.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To evaluate the effect of acepromazine maleate administered IV on platelet function assessed in healthy dogs by use of a modified thromboelastography assay.

Animals—6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Dogs received each of 3 treatments (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution [1 to 2 mL, IV] and acepromazine maleate [0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, IV]) in a randomized crossover study with a minimum 3-day washout period between treatments. From each dog, blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture immediately before and 30 and 240 minutes after administration of each treatment. A modified thromboelastography assay, consisting of citrated kaolin–activated (baseline assessment), reptilase-ADP–activated (ADP-activated), and reptilase-arachidonic acid (AA)–activated (AA-activated) thromboelastography, was performed for each sample. Platelet inhibition was evaluated by assessing the percentage change in maximum amplitude for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples, compared with baseline values. Percentage change in maximum amplitude was analyzed by use of Skillings-Mack tests with significance accepted at a family-wise error rate of P < 0.05 by use of Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons.

Results—No significant differences were found in the percentage change of maximum amplitude from baseline for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples among treatments at any time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Platelet function in dogs, as assessed by use of a modified thromboelastography assay, was not inhibited by acepromazine at doses of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg, IV. This was in contrast to previous reports in which it was suggested that acepromazine may alter platelet function via inhibition of ADP and AA.
Effect of a zinc l-carnosine compound on acid-induced injury in canine gastric mucosa ex vivo
Authors: Hill Tracy L. , Blikslager Anthony T.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To examine whether a zinc l-carnosine compound used for treatment of suspected gastric ulcers in dogs ameliorates acid-induced injury in canine gastric mucosa.

Sample—Gastric mucosa from 6 healthy dogs.

Procedures—Mucosa from the gastric antrum was harvested from 6 unadoptable shelter dogs immediately after euthanasia and mounted on Ussing chambers. The tissues were equilibrated for 30 minutes in neutral Ringer's solution prior to incubation with acidic Ringer's solution (HCl plus Ringer's solution [final pH, 1.5 to 2.5]), acidic Ringer's solution plus zinc l-carnosine compound, or zinc l-carnosine compound alone. Tissues were maintained for 180 minutes in Ussing chambers, during which permeability was assessed by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance. After the 180-minute treatment period, tissues were removed from Ussing chambers and labeled with immunofluorescent anti–active caspase-3 antibody as an indicator of apoptosis.

Results—Permeability of the gastric mucosa was significantly increased in a time-dependent manner by addition of HCl, whereas control tissues maintained viability for the study period. Change in permeability was detected within the first 15 minutes after acid application and progressed over the subsequent 150 minutes. The zinc l-carnosine compound had no significant effect on this increase in permeability. Apoptosis was evident in acid-treated tissues but not in control tissues. The zinc l-carnosine compound did not protect against development of apoptosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Addition of HCl caused a dose-dependent increase in gastric permeability over time and apparent induction of apoptosis as determined on the basis of immunofluorescence. However, there was no significant protective effect of a zinc l-carnosine compound. Nonetheless, results suggested the utility of this method for further studies of canine gastric injury.
Evaluation of a B-cell leukemia-lymphoma 2-specific radiolabeled peptide nucleic acid–peptide conjugate for scintigraphic detection of neoplastic lymphocytes in dogs with B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Statham-Ringen Kimberly A. , Selting Kimberly A. , Lattimer Jimmy C. , Henry Carolyn J. , Green Jonathan A. , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Jia Fang , Lewis Michael R.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To evaluate use of a radiolabeled peptide nucleic acid–peptide conjugate (RaPP) targeting B-cell leukemia-lymphoma 2 (BCL2) mRNA for scintigraphic detection of neoplastic lymphocytes in dogs with B-cell lymphoma and to assess associations among RaPP uptake, time to tumor progression (TTP), and BCL2 mRNA expression.

Animals—11 dogs with B-cell lymphoma and 1 clinically normal dog.

Procedures—Scintigraphic images were acquired 1 hour after IV injection of the RaPP. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn around lymph nodes, liver, and spleen; ROI intensity (relative to that of an equally sized region of muscle in the same image) was measured. Each ROI was also subjectively categorized as positive or negative for increased RaPP uptake. Expression of BCL2 mRNA was determined via quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay of a lymph node sample from dogs with lymphoma. Associations among imaging results, TTP, and BCL2 mRNA expression were evaluated.

Results—Increased RaPP uptake was detected in affected tissues of dogs with lymphoma. Dogs with superficial cervical lymph node ROIs categorized as negative (n = 8) for increased RaPP uptake had a significantly longer TTP than did dogs for which this ROI was considered positive (2). Measured intensity of mandibular and superficial cervical lymph node ROIs was negatively associated with TTP. Associations among BCL2 mRNA and ROI intensity or TTP were not significant.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased RaPP uptake at mandibular or superficial cervical lymph node ROIs may be a negative prognostic indicator in dogs with lymphoma. A larger investigation is needed to determine clinical value of the RaPP for disease detection and prognostication.
Hegel and Derrida on Forgiveness: The Impossible at the Core of the Political
Authors: María del Rosario Acosta López
Published: April 2012

In order to illuminate the very complex relationship between ethics and politics in the thought of Jacques Derrida, this paper stages the (dis)encounter between Hegel's and Derrida's notion of forgiveness. It will be shown how for these two authors forgiveness is closely related both with certain ‘impossibility’, and with the disclosure of a condition for rethinking the ethico-political realm. Both Hegel and Derrida seem to suggest that forgiveness opens up a realm in which something must remain ‘absolute’, that is to say, ‘intact, inaccessible to law, to politics, even to morals’. And, for both, it seems to be precisely there, where something arrives at the verge of politics, that a thinking (and a re-thinking) of the ‘political’ becomes possible. The paper explores what kind of impossibility is staged in each case, and how can each one bring into light the risks and limits, but also the scope and significance of the other.
Unhoming Pigeons: The Postal Principle in Lynn Hershman Leeson and Hussein Chalayan
Authors: Turner Lynn
Published: April 2012

In this article I bring together Jacques Derrida and Luce Irigaray's engagements with Sigmund Freud's vexed attempt to step beyond the pleasure principle. Derrida's speculations on the name, the house and the practice of Freud find him inadvertently rewriting the conditions of the autobiographical as that which erases as much as inscribes, while Irigaray requires a sexually different modelling of what we call language if the experience of the girl is to be addressed. Yet Irigaray uncannily repeats the teleological gesture of laying claim to a legacy, diagnosed in Freud by Derrida, even as this legacy is newly imagined as that of the feminine to which Freud remained blind. I then interweave these revised stakes of the fort-da game as they are expressed in two experimental films; Lynn Hershman Leeson's feature Conceiving Ada (USA, 1997) and Hussein Chalayan's short Absent Presence (UK/Turkey, 2005). One self-consciously concerns the recovery of ‘lost’ women from history (da!), the other investigates the treatment of the foreigner staged with an all-female cast (in which the instability of foreign objects can secure no fortification for the scientific subject). The films differently engage fantasies concerning genetics, and differently engage the projection of a legacy as teleological ambition. Privileging Derrida's transformation of the pleasure into the postal principle as that which invokes ‘Tele–without telos’, I ask after the transmissibility of this ambition.
Synthesis of Potent Inhibitors of β-Ketoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthase III as Potential Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhong Wu , Li Rui-Juan , Li Song
Published: April 2012

Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH, an essential enzyme in the mycolic acid biosynthetic pathway, is an attractive target for novel anti-tubercolosis agents. Structure-based design and synthesis of 1-(4-carboxybutyl)-4-(4-(substituted benzyloxy)phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives 7a–h, a subset of eight potential FabH inhibitors, is described in this paper. The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction was employed as a key step. The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were identified by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-MS and HRMS. The alamarBlue™ microassay was employed to evaluate the compounds 7a–h against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The results demonstrate that the compound 7d possesses good in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value [MIC], 12.5 µg/mL).These compounds may prove useful in the discovery and development of new anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Treatment of spinal fractures using Lubra plates
Authors: Theyse L. F. H. , Tryfonidou M. A. , Hazewinkel H. A. W. , Meij B. P. , Krauss M. W.
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this retrospective study was to review the clinical use along with the shortand long-term outcome in patients treated with Lubra plates to stabilize spinal fracture and dislocations that were considered unstable at time of surgery according to the ‘three compartment theory’. The data that were collected included breed, age, gender, body weight of the patients, cause of injury, neurological grade (pre- and postoperative), radiographic findings, surgical treatment, and clinical and radiological outcome. Thirteen dogs and two cats were included with thoracic (1 case), thoracolumbar (3 cases), midlumbar (5 cases) and caudal lumbar (6 cases) vertebral fractures. For stabilization, the small-sized (3 cases), medium-sized (6 cases), and large-sized (6 cases) Lubra plates were used. The clinical outcome was excellent in 10/15 patients, functional in 2/15 and poor in 3/15 with a median follow-up period of nine years (range 2 months to 12 years). The fractures eventually stabilized by ventral spondylosis. No implant failure was seen, however demineralization of the spinous processes necessitated implant removal in one case. Our results suggest that Lubra plating is an appropriate technique for thoracolumbar and lumbar vertebral fractures as well as luxations in dogs and cats. The prognosis for neurological recovery was excellent when the animal had a neurological grade of 3 and was not paralyzed.
Peripheral nerve blocks of the pelvic limb in dogs: A retrospective clinical study
Authors: Bradbrook C. , Gurney M. , Aprea F. , Clark L. , Corletto F. , Vettorato E.
Published: April 2012

Objective: To evaluate the success rate and complications of lumbar plexus (LP) and femoral nerve (FN) blocks, each combined with a sciatic nerve (SN) block, in dogs undergoing pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery.

Design: Retrospective clinical study.

Procedure: The intra-operative and postoperative clinical records of dogs that underwent orthopaedic surgery of the pelvic limb were reviewed. Dogs were divided into two groups according to the analgesic technique used during surgery: dogs that received a peripheral nerve block (group PNB) and dogs in which opioid analgesia alone was used (group C).

Results: The PNB and C groups included 265 and 31 dogs, respectively. Complete statistical analysis was performed in 115/265 dogs of PNB group. The overall success rate of the PNB performed was 77% (89/115): 76% (72/95) and 85% (17/20) for LP-SN and FN-SN blocks, respectively. In group PNB, the prevalence of intra-operative hypotension was 7.8% (9/115). Only one (out of 95 [1.05%]) LP-SN block manifested transient postoperative bilateral pelvic limb paralysis. None of the 265 dogs in group PNB manifested neurological complications at six weeks postoperatively.

Conclusion: The success rate and the absence of neurological complications obtained support the use of LP-SN and FN-SN for loco-regional anaesthesia and analgesia in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery of the pelvic limb.
Nighttime Activity in Individuals with Dementia: Understanding the Problem and Identifying Solutions
Authors: Greenblum Catherine A. , Rowe Meredeth A.
Published: April 2012

Sleep disturbances may occur in more than 50% of individuals with dementia, and nighttime activity can lead to unsafe situations and serious consequences for both the person and his or her caregivers. Nighttime awakenings expose individuals with dementia to two major dangers: falls and unattended home exits. This article is a review of the current research on the causes of sleep disturbances and interventions for nighttime activity in individuals with dementia living at home.
Successful and Unsuccessful Clinical Nursing Students
Authors: Lewallen Lynne Porter , DeBrew Jacqueline Kayler
Published: April 2012

This study describes the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful clinical performance in prelicensure nursing students. Clinical evaluation is an important role of nurse educators; however, many feel uncomfortable with its subjective nature, and commonly used criteria for successful and unsuccessful clinical performance are not available in the literature. Using a qualitative descriptive design, we analyzed telephone interviews with 24 nurse educators. Educators indicated successful students were positive and eager to learn, built relationships, communicated well, think critically, prepared for the clinical experience and showed progress, accepted feedback, and adapted to the clinical setting. Unsuccessful students were unprepared for the clinical experience, were unable to function in the clinical area, were unsafe, violated legal–ethical principles, and had difficulty with communication skills. Specific characteristics differentiated students who are considered satisfactory in the clinical area and those who are not. These behaviors may identify students at risk of failure in clinical courses.
Changing Attitudes About Self-Injury Prevention Management: Lessons Learned
Authors: Rossetti Jeanette , Jones-Bendel Trish , Portell Pauline , Kunz Maureen , Sobotka Mary Jo , King Camille , Marek Kathleen
Published: April 2012

In the behavioral health environment, nurses often use continuous staff monitoring and, at times, physical restraints, to manage the severity of patients’ self-injury. Both options put staff in control, are the most restrictive in nature, and can be financially draining on the hospital’s budget. This can result in negative reactions by both patients and staff. It is important to develop a program that will empower patients to control their behavior and allow staff to be aware of their perceptions and attitudes toward patients who self-injure. This article describes the leadership initiative that drove the development, training, and implementation of a self-injury prevention project and the lessons learned by staff.
Making It Real: Using Standardized Patients to Bring Case Studies to Life
Authors: Webster Debra , Seldomridge Lisa , Rockelli Laurie
Published: April 2012

With increases in the overall number of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), nurse educators must provide experiences that help nursing students learn how to better communicate and care for individuals with this disorder. This article describes how two learning strategies—case studies and standardized patients—were combined to facilitate the development of therapeutic communication and assessment skills. Two case studies on PTSD were written, and actors were trained to portray the individuals in the case studies. Fourteen baccalaureate nursing students enrolled in a senior-level psychiatric nursing clinical course participated in this pilot alternative learning activity. This article describes the learning activity and presents student evaluations of the assignment.
La création d’un observatoire : que s’agit-il de représenter ?
Authors: Le Marec Joëlle , Belaën Florence
Published: April 2012

Résumé Joëlle Le Marec et Florence Belaën proposent dans cet article de rendre compte et d’analyser certaines caractéristiques des observatoires, à partir de la création récente de l’un d’entre eux, l’Observatoire du patrimoine et de la culture scientifiques et techniques (OPCST). Un observatoire témoigne de deux phénomènes contradictoires : il répond à une demande généralisée d’accroissement de la visibilité des actions (ici) culturelles et de leurs effets de la part de ceux qui les mettent en œuvre et les soutiennent, mais dans son existence même, il active une pluralité des formes de production et de légitimation des savoirs chez les nombreux acteurs sollicités pour y participer. Ce texte questionne ce que recouvre le manque de visibilité ou plutôt l’affirmation d’un besoin de visibilité, lié métaphoriquement à l’idée de mieux observer, par la qualification de l’injonction faite aux acteurs de se doter d’outils en lien avec leurs actions.
Observer la ville et l’urbain
Authors: Godier Patrice
Published: April 2012

Résumé Le programme dit POPSU (Plate-forme d’observation des projets et stratégies urbaines) a été institué en 2004 par l’État avec l’ambition de renouveler la connaissance sur la fabrication de la ville et coproduire des savoirs au niveau local. L’article vise à analyser les contours et les caractéristiques de la production issue de ce dispositif. Deux grandes interrogations en découlent : l’une porte sur la traduction entre savoirs et action, de la part de tous les acteurs de la « chose urbaine » : politiques, opérateurs, concepteurs, experts et chercheurs ; l’autre a trait à la réflexivité des acteurs avec l’obligation à redéfinir sans cesse les termes de l’action. À l’heure des grandes opérations urbaines, il y a nécessité de développer ces fonctions pour tous les protagonistes de l’urbain. Mais la question se révèle délicate dans la mesure où elle nécessite du temps et des instruments qui semblent ici faire défaut.
Bilateral Antrochoanal Polyp in an Adult: A Rarity
Authors: Singhal Pawan
Published: April 2012

Antrochoanal polyp is a benign solitary polypoidal lesion which arises in maxillary sinus. It appears radiologically as an opacifying and enlarging lesion in the sinus cavity without bony destruction. They are almost always unilateral and occur more commonly in children and young adults. Here we report a case of bilateral antrochoanal polyp (ACP) in an adult because of its rarity.