bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EISCAT
Authors:   EISCAT Scientific Association
Published: October 2011

The EISCAT (European incoherent scatter) project was established for the purpose of advancing our understanding of processes in the upper atmosphere at high latitudes. EISCAT was formed and is operated by research councils in France, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden, and Norway. The facility itself consists of two incoherent scatter radar systems: a tristatic UHF radar at 933.5 MHz and a monostatic VHF radar at 224 MHz. Both transmitters are at Ramfjordmoen, near Tromsö, Norway. Additional receiver stations of the tristatic system are located at Kiruna, Sweden, and Sodankyla, Finland (see figure).
Gulf ring algae
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Although they rank among the tiniest of the microspcopic phytoplankton, coccolithophore algae aid oceanographers studying the Gulf Stream rings and the ring boundaries. The algal group could help to identify more precisely the boundary of the warm rings of water that spin off from the Gulf Stream and become independent pools of warm water in the colder waters along the northeastern U.S. coast.

Coccolithophore populations in the Gulf Stream rings intrigue oceanographers for two reasons: The phytoplankton are subjected to an environment that changes every few days, and population explosions within one coccolithophore species seem to be associated with changes in the characteristics of ocean water, said Pat Blackwelder, an associate professor at the Nova Oceanographic Center in Dania, Fla. She is one of many studying the physics, chemistry, and biology of warm core rings. A special oceanography session on these rings was held at the recent AGU Fall Meeting/ASLO Winter Meeting.
NSF directors asked to resign
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Edward A. Knapp, the Reagan administration's appointee to replace former NSF Director John Slaughter, who left the post to become chancellor o f the University of Maryland, has asked for, and received, the resignation of Deputy Director Donald N. Langenberg. Knapp has also requested the resignations of Assistant Directors Francis S. Johnson (astronomical, atmosphere, earth, and ocean sciences) and Eloise E. Clark (biological, behavioral, and social sciences). This leaves only one post at the top management levels o f NSF: the assistant director for mathematics and physical sciences—a post held, until Slaughter's resignation, by Knapp. The new director is the only one of the former top managers remaining; no assistant directors have yet been named.
Tropical Cyclones: Their Evolution, Structure, and Effects
Authors: Cadet D.
Published: October 2011

This book gives the state of knowledge about tropical cyclones. After the introduction, which stresses the socioeconomic importance of these phenomena, the reader becomes excited to know more about one of the most powerful perturbations of the atmosphere. All the aspects of the phenomenon are treated. Thus, an entire chapter is devoted to the interaction between storm and ocean.

The introduction begins with some history about the first descriptions and understanding of tropical cyclones. It is followed by their socioeconomic impact. Their influence can be illustrated with numbers taken from the book: Each year an average number of 20,000 deaths and economic loss of $6–7 billion
NASA unit sets ambitious course
Authors: Morrison David
Published: October 2011

After two decades of spectacular successes, planetary exploration has fallen upon hard times. It has been five years since a new spacecraft was launched toward the planets, and NASA has under current development only one planetary mission—Galileo, which will orbit Jupiter and probe its atmosphere in 1988. The intellectual challenge of understanding the planets and their common origin and evolution has not, of course, declined, and a great deal of exciting work is being accomplished using data (and samples) from past missions. But planetologists fear the demise of their discipline within a few years if momentum cannot be restored to NASA's program of planetary exploration.
Geochemists seek input
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Geochemistry (USNC/Geochemistry) was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1967 to provide a liaison between the Academy's working arm—the National Research Council—and the national and international community of geochemists. The USNC/Geochemistry wishes to enhance its visibility in the geochemical community by detailing here the structure and functions of the committee and by inviting direct communications from interested persons.

Some projects that give a sense of the activities of the committee include the following items. A symposium on Multiple Fluid Flow in Crystalline Rocks at Elevated Temperatures is being planned by Maria Luisa Crawford at the fall 1983 annual Geological Society of America meeting. The symposium will bring together some overviews of fluid flow processes and the physical, chemical, and kinetic factors governing flow, as well as provide an opportunity for presentations of current research in this broad area.
Tracking monopoles
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

If you believe the interpretation placed by Bias Cabrera of Stanford University on the stepped increase of the current circulation in his superconducting ring device recorded a few months ago, you believe that a magnetic monopole has been observed (Phys. Rev. Lett., 48, 1378, 1982). Certain natural events can be considered statistically reliable observationally if they are demonstrated to occur only once. Cabrera set u p the experiment carefully; he could be right. The results have triggered around of theoretical entertainment, the calculations being aimed at analysing the consequences of the deduced ‘flux’ of monopoles sampled by Cabrera's experiment.
Council sets pace for '82–'84 action
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The December 1982 meeting of the AGU Council, the first in the 1982–1984 biennium, has set a new pace. It is the first Council Meeting in the memory of any of those participating at which every Council member was present in person. This record attests to the importance Section presidents and president‐elects place on their responsibilities as representatives of their sections and as members of what in effect is AGU's Board of Directors; and it is a further tribute to the value they place on AGU.

Both the Council and the AGU Executive Committee held their meetings on December 9, 1982, during the Fall Meeting in San Francisco. President Van Allen, President‐elect Drake, General Secretary Meredith, Foreign Secretary Kisslinger, and Executive Director Spilhaus constitute the Executive Committee. The full Council includes the Executive Committee and the President and President‐elect of each Section. At its meetings the Council usually addresses administrative matters such as budgeting, examines existing operations, and considers proposed new programs. The Executive Committee acts on behalf of the Council between Council meetings; it is specifically charged with approving Chapman conferences, the cosponsorship of other meetings, and several other largely administrative actions.
Lasers: The femtosecond pulse
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Laser applications in geophysics range from making hydrographic depth soundings to a myriad of types of spectrographic measurements on crystals and polycrystalline materials. Reducing the emitted pulse width is a recurring need in many scientific laser applications. In determinations of ocean bottom depth and of mean sea level by airborne laser systems, a pulse width of one nanosecond (10−9 ) is barely sufficient to obtain the d e sired accuracy (±30 cm). In crystal physics measurements, a pulse width of about one or two picoseconds (10−12 s) is required. An object of these specifications is to be able to operate at the time periods of ionic and molecular vibrations. It should be possible to study excitation and kinetic processes in a condensed material before they have relaxed or otherwise come to equilibrium.
Awards set for study abroad
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Senior Scholar Fulbright awards for university teaching and postdoctoral research in 1984–85 are available in all academic fields for terms of 2–10 months in more than 100 countries. Applications and information may be obtained after April 15, 1983, on college and university campuses from the graduate dean, chief academic officer, or the international programs office. Interested persons also may write to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars, 11 Dupont Circle, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036 (telephone: 202‐833‐4985). Please specify the country and field of interest.
Mysteries of bottom water
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Ocean bottom water has historically represented a constant physical entity to most geophysicists. The ocean floor has long been modeled as a classic isothermal, semi‐infinite surface in geophysical calculations. Peter Rhines of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution recently said about the subject of bottom water, ‘We've all been trained to imagine that the deep ocean is steady…. It's not so much a belief, but a practice that became a way of teaching’ (Science, November 12, 1982).
Mn solubility tested in seawater
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

It has been known for the past 2 or 3 years that the concentration of manganese in the upper several hundred meters of ocean water is unlike that of other trace metals such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and nickel. Trace metals are needed as a sort of ‘vitamin supplement’ by marine plants and animals; the surface supply is biologically scavenged and regenerated at depth. Thus ocean concentrations of trace metals increase with depth.

Manganese, by contrast, appears to be concentrated in the photic zone and becomes relatively depleted in the depth interval 50–100 m from the surface. W. Landing and K. Bruland (Ear. Planet. Sci. Lett. 49, 45–56, 1980) described their observations of vertical distributions of manganese in a study of samples from the north Pacific. Recently, W. Sunda, S. A. Huntsman, and A. Harvey, in a study supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have found similar behavior of manganese in samples of coastal seawater and offshore seawater collected off North Carolina (Nature, 20, January 1983). They suggest on the basis of experiments conducted with these samples that the marine biological community itself serves to condition the surface seawater and, with the assistance of photoreduction, cause manganese to dissolve in the otherwise oxygenated zones.
Guth Theory uses Higgs Monopoles
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

If magnetic monopoles exist at all, they may originate from a type of quantum mechanical field called a Higgs field. Higgs fields are an essential part of certain of the grand unified theories of physics, GUTs. It is nice that the so‐called GUT theories can accommodate the production of monopoles in the formational processes of the universe. It is also nice that the GUT theories of particle physics can accommodate the origin of the universe at all. In a report of December's Eleventh Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics (Science, January 28, 1983), a paper by A. H. Guth of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describes a new version of the ‘Big Bang—Big Crunch’ theory of the origin of the universe. Guth's theoretical model explains a number of questions raised previously about the Big Bang expansion and, in so doing, addresses the monopole question.
Scientific Basis of Water Resource Management
Authors: Morel‐Seytoux H. J.
Published: October 2011

The least that one can say about the report is that it is very enjoyable reading. Every chapter has been carefully written, and the literary merit of some chapters is outstanding (particularly those by Klemes, ‘Empirical and Causal Models in Hydrology,’ and by Baker, ‘Geology, Determinism, and Risk Assessment’). The best that one can say about the report is that it does meet its stated objectives of (1) evaluation of the adequacy of present hydrologic knowledge and of the appropriateness of present research programs to provide information for decision making and (2) description of the impact of hydrologic knowledge on the planning and management of water resources. The worst that one can say about the report is that it is not particularly original and that there are few really fresh new arguments developed in it. One notable exception is provided in Chapter 11, by Matalas, Landwehr, and Wolman, which challenges the traditional (implicit) assumption that ‘human activity is an external perturbation of the hydrologic cycle.’ Though not the explicit intent of chapter 4, by Bredehoeft, Papadopulos, and Cooper, with the explosion of the water‐budget myth in groundwater, this chapter illustrates clearly the profound interaction of man (through wells) in the hydrologic cycle, a situation that cannot be comprehended from a study of the system free from human influence.
Seabed mining law in turmoil
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

When it was realized last December that the United States would not sign the United Nations (U.N.) Law of the Sea Convention, it was suspected that the issue of deep seabed mining was a preeminent factor. According to a recent discussion by members of the Marine Resources Project of the University of Manchester, U.K. (New Sci., January 1983), the thinking of many national delegations was focused on the aspects of ocean‐floor nodule mining. The United States would rather make less sweeping agreements, limited to those countries that already have deep‐sea mining investments. Such an agreement has been made on an interim basis between the United States, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. Third World nations, on the other hand, have a vested interest in having the convention signed, because they would share in the profits.
New hydrology program set
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A hydrology program leading to a bachelor of science in hydrology will begin this fall at Tarleton State University, a part of the Texas A&M University system. The 4‐year program aims to prepare students for entry‐level positions leading to professional, hydrology‐related careers and for appropriate graduate academic programs.

Included in the program's core curriculum are courses in calculus, statistics, chemistry, biology, physics, geology, soil science, computer science, and water‐related courses in mechanics, hydraulics, hydrology, groundwater, water treatment, water quality, and water resource management. The program will be guided by a director in conjunction with an external advisory board of professionals knowledgeable about and concerned with the responsible use and management of water resources.
New NAE head
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Robert M. White, president of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and an AGU Fellow, has been elected president of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). White's 4‐year term begins July 1. He succeeds Courtland D. Perkins, who has been NAE president since 1975.

As NAE president, White will serve as vice chairman of the National Research Council (NRC). Frank Press, president of the National Academy of Sciences and former AGU president, is NRC chairman.
Advanced Techniques for Clay Mineral Analysis
Authors: Roberson Herman E.
Published: October 2011

Advanced Techniques for Clay Mineral Analysis is a collection of review articles dealing with nine analytical techniques: thermoanalytical methods, high resolution electron‐microscopy studies, neutron scattering techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance, Mossbauer spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, ultraviolet and visible light spectroscopy, far infrared spectroscopy, and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA).

Each chapter includes some discussion of theory as it relates to a particular technique, but the main emphasis according to J. J. Fripiat, the editor, was to be directed toward summarizing recent developments of clay research applications. In fact there is an unevenness in this regard. Some authors (e.g., P. L. Hall on neutron scattering and J. P. Eberhart on high resolution electron‐microscopy) have devoted a significant proportion of their articles to theoretical discussion, while other authors (T.J. Pinnavaia on electron spin resonance studies of clay minerals and R. D. Mackenzie on thermoanalytical methods) have no general discussion of theory.
Bird demise tied to El Ni˜o
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The first massive disappearance of a total bird population from a tropical atoll has been credited to the 1982 El Niño.

Roughly 17 million seabirds—virtually the entire adult bird population on Christmas Island in the mid Pacific—either perished or fled, leaving behind thousands of nestlings to starve, according to a report from the National Science Foundation. Among those birds that either abandoned the world's largest coral atoll or died are 14 million sooty terns, at least 1.5 million wedge‐tailed shear‐waters, and 1 million birds comprising 16 other species.
Dynamical Meteorology: An Introductory Selection
Authors: Quinet A.
Published: October 2011

This volume contains 15 articles written by 10 different authors. As the preface states, it is aimed to simplify some of the most difficult concepts in dynamical meteorology so that this science might become understandable to the nonprofessional meteorologist.

After introducing the fundamentals of atmospheric hydrodynamics and thermodynamics—which is presumably the most difficult part to write in view of the goal of the publication—the book defines vorticity and divergence and discusses their uses in several fairly well chosen examples. Next, the problem of the analysis of meteorological fields is dealt with. Here, not only simple methods are presented but also some applications to actual cases. This leads to an approach of the geostrophic balance.
AGU Awards announced
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU has named the 1983 recipients of the Bowie, Bucher, Ewing, Fleming, and Macelwane awards. These distinctive honors recognize AGU members who make significant contributions to geophysical knowledge. All of the awards except the Bucher medal will be presented at a ceremony on Wednesday, June 1, at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md. This year the Bucher Medal will be presented at the AGU Fall Meeting.
NASA and SEEP
Authors: Lynch John T.
Published: October 2011

In the recent news note by R. E. Hartle entitled ‘Detecting Electron Precipitation’ (Eos, March 22, 1983, p. 114), it is staled that NASA performed an experiment ‘similar’ to the Navy's Stimulated Emission of Energetic Particles (SEEP) satellite program using sounding rocket X ray detectors. The NASA effort was actually a cooperative part of the SEEP program that was, with the exception of the two small NASA rockets, sponsored entirely by the Office of Naval Research. The SEEP program originated at Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory and Stanford University and was well along before Dr. Goldberg at Goddard Space Flight Center and his coinvestigators at Cornell and the University of Denver were invited to participate.
Knapp confirmed as NSF Director
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Edward A. Knapp was confirmed by the Senate in a voice vote on April 15 as the director of the National Science Foundation (NSF). The Senate vote followed a confirmation hearing by the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee. Knapp, who was nominated by President Reagan to head the foundation in November, had been assistant director for NSF's mathematical and physical sciences (MPS) directorate since July 1982.

Allegations that he has been politicizing NSF have beleaguered Knapp since he asked for resignations or firm commitments to leave from three NSF top administrators in December (two of these administrators had been planning to leave, though no resignation dates had been set). Knapp assured the Senate committee during the April 13 confirmation hearings that he made the decision to ask for the resignations and that, although he had discussed his plan with Office of Science and Technology Policy officials, they did not request that certain people be removed in exchange for particular increases in the NSF budget. Knapp consistently has defended himself against the allegations by saying that he wants his own team at the agency.
Antarctic atmosphere
Authors: Lanzerotti Louis J.
Published: October 2011

The January 1983 issue of the Bulletin of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) contains information on the activities of the Working Group on Upper Atmosphere Physics that are of interest to U.S. scientists. This working group met during the 17th Meeting of SCAR held in Leningrad in July 1982. The working group noted that the southern polar region is uniquely significant in relation to the structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere and therefore SCAR endorsed the coordinated, international Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) in Antarctica.

With regard to Antarctic data obtained during the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS), SCAR urged scientists to initiate international, bilateral, collaborative programs to extract important new results relevant to the IMS. The Secretary of the IAGA Interdivisional Commission on Antarctic Research (T. Hirasawa, National Institute for Polar Research, Tokyo) has available tabular information on IMS Antarctic data and programs. Similar information is contained on the 1982 IMS Source Book, published by AGU.
Sedimentary Petrology
Authors: Miall Andrew D.
Published: October 2011

Stratigraphers and sedimentologists, formerly a taciturn breed, seem now to be writing books at a rate to rival that of the social scientists. Harvey Blatt's new book joins several other recent products covering this topic (Greensmith, Tucker), and similar material is dealt with in several more general textbooks on sedimentary geology (Blatt, Middleton and Murray; Friedman and Sanders; Leeder; Pettijohn). Blatt himself has gone over the ground now in three separate texts. However, such proliferation is not necessarily a bad thing if it eventually produces useful textbooks.
Magnetospheric and interplanetary physics 1979–1982
Authors: Stern David P.
Published: October 2011

The quadrennium 1979–1982 witnessed notable advances in magnetospheric and interplanetary physics and demonstrated some major trends. Examples of both will be listed below, followed by an evaluation of the state of the discipline and of its future.

Standing out among the advances is the enormous volume of data about the magnetospheres of the giant planets collected by Voyagers 1–2 and by Pioneer 11. At the start of 1979 the very existence of Saturn's magnetic field was uncertain, and the role of the satellite Io in Jupiter's magnetosphere was only dimly guessed. Four years later we have extensive information on both magnetospheres, on their underlying planetary fields, ring currents, radio emissions, plasma composition, and nightside configuration, and about such matters as Io's plasma torus and the current filament linking Io to Jupiter, Saturn's inner radiation belt (from neutron albedo), and Titan's wake.

During the same interval great strides were also made toward tracing the behavior of different ion species in the earth's magnetosphere, charting the variability of different ions, and deducing their sources. The effort included widespread international collaboration, with key observations coming from European experiments. Much has been learned, but the data must still be extended to the 20–200 keV energy range, where most of the energy resides. Details have also come to light about the global distribution of ‘beams’ and ‘conies,’ and about the relative abundances of O+, He+, He++, H+ and O+ +. Further properties of field‐aligned voltage drops have been noted, including a suggestion of very narrow electric field structures, observable only with a millisecond time resolution.
Coalinga quakes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A magnitude 6.5 (Richter scale) earthquake hit the city of Coalinga, Calif., about 520 km southeast of San Francisco, at 4:42 p.m. (PDT) on May 2. The earthquake, the largest to strike the region in at least 100 years, occurred on the extreme eastern edge of the 105‐km‐wide zone of active faults that form the San Andreas system in central California, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). More than 1,500 aftershocks, including two that struck May 8 and registered magnitude 5.5, have continued to jolt the area.

No deaths were reported, but injuries exceed 45, according to James Brady of the U.S. Disaster Field Office in Coalinga. Damage, estimated at more than $30 million, has resulted in the displacement of more than 1,000 persons.
Fulbright update
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Opportunities to teach or perform postdoctoral research in the earth and atmospheric sciences under the Senior Scholar Fulbright awards program for 1984–1985 (Eos, March 1, 1983, p. 81) are available in 14 countries, according to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars.

The countries and the specialization opportunities are Algeria, any specialization; Australia, mineral processing research; India, any specialization in geology or geophysics; Israel, environmental studies; Korea, any specialization; Lebanon, geophysics, geotectonics, and structural geology; Morocco, research methods in science education; Pakistan, geology, marine biology, and mineralogy; Poland, mining technology; Sudan, geology and remote sensing; Thailand, planning and environmental change; USSR, any specialization; Yugoslavia, any research specialization; and Zimbabwe, exploration geophysics and solid earth geophysics.
AGU on Capitol Hill: Cobalt Policy
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As the 1979–1980 AGU Congressional Science Fellow, I spent an exciting year working in the personal office of Senator Paul E. Tsongas (D‐Mass.). My academic training provided me with an important analytical framework from which to approach issues. The Senate, of course, knows no disciplinary bounds, and limited staff size precludes concentration on a single issue; hence I found myself responsible for a wide range of topics. Nonetheless, I believe that being comfortable with analytical approaches to evaluating problems enables a Congressional Fellow to participate effectively in the necessary political processing of many diverse issues.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 8(4), April 30, 1983, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete Ulawun report is included; reports on Mount St. Helens and earthquakes are excerpted. The Asama report appeared in the May 10, 1983, Eos.

The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E83–005 at $2.50 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates; $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
Volcanic sulfur dynamics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Gaseous sulfur in the aerosol clouds produced by the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and El Chichón is the current focus of research on the effects of matter injected into the atmosphere by volcanoes. Recent research shows that new particles of sulfuric acid are formed up to 3 months after an eruption and that these particles can continue to grow for more than half a year following an eruption. These sulfuric acid particles may alter the earth's climate by interfering with the transmission of radiation from the sun into the lower atmosphere and of infrared radiation from earth back out to space. Furthermore, evidence published last month claims that sulfur emissions during noneruptive phases may be the main source of volcanic sulfur in the atmosphere.
GALE
Authors: Hobbs Peter V.
Published: October 2011

A cooperative research project to study winter cyclonic development on the east coast of the United States is being planned by an informal consortium of universities and federal research laboratories. Known by the acronym GALE (Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment), the project is designed to provide detailed information on the role of air‐sea interaction, boundary layer, and mesoscale processes in cyclogenesis and frontogenesis off the Carolina coast.

Rapid cyclogenesis off the Carolina coast often leads to severe weather in the heavily populated northeast corridor. Recent examples include the Presidents' Day snowstorm of February 18–19, 1979, which deposited 60 cm of snow on the Middle Atlantic States; the April 6–7, 1982, snowstorm and windstorm in which more than 50 people lost their lives; and the February 11–12, 1983, blizzard that paralyzed the northeast with record‐breaking snowfall and freezing rain that caused 70 deaths. It is hoped that the detailed studies to be carried out in GALE will help improve the forecasting of such east coast cyclones.
Brace to Grace wheaties?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

You have until July 15 to vote to put an AGU Fellow on the Wheaties cereal box.

William F. Brace, head of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, has been nominated as MIT's outstanding athlete in the current Wheaties nationwide “Search for Champions” contest.
Streamflows at record highs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Streamflow was reported well above average in more than half the country during May, with flows at or near record levels for the month in 22 states, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior.

USGS hydrologists said that above average flow was reported at 98 of the 173 USGS key index gauging stations used in their monthly check on surface‐ and ground‐water conditions. High flows were most prevalent in the Mississippi River basin states and in the east, with the exception of Maine, South Carolina, and Georgia. Below‐average streamflow occurred in the Pacific northwest and in small scattered areas in Colorado, Kansas, Texas, and Minnesota.
HDR geothermal exploration
Authors: Heiken G. H. , Ander M. E. , Shankland T. J.
Published: October 2011

Hot dry rock (HDR) is defined as that part of a geothermal anomaly where the fluids needed for production of steam or hot water are lacking. Most of the world's geothermal resource is not present in the form of natural hydrothermal systems but as HDR. Development of this resource through the use of manmade geothermal systems is in progress in several countries. The largest of these experiments, the Fenton Hill HDR geothermal project, is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the governments of West Germany and Japan. This project is located a short distance west of the rim of the Valles Caldera in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. As the Fenton Hill experiments progressed, it became evident that the location and extent of the HDR geothermal resource in other areas should be evaluated and that potential HDR drilling sites be located as part of a comprehensive program needed to encourage its development. Because the HDR resource lacks the sharp physical and chemical contrasts produced by natural fluids, it presents different exploration problems from those of conventional hydrothermal exploration. The purpose of a workshop, held in Los Alamos, New Mexico, June 21–23, 1982, was to review geological, geochemical, and geophysical exploration methods currently used for HDR recognition and resource evaluation and to evaluate new ideas for HDR exploration.
1983 AGU Fellows
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Peter L. Bender—For his innovative work in the development and exploitation of new advanced systems for generation of precise data for a variety of geophysical applications: variations in the earth's rotational rate; lunar orbit and lunar mass distributions; tectonic plate motion; crustal movements in seismic zones; global gravity field; and precise geometric positioning.

Marx Brook—For extensive and original contributions to physics that have resulted in increased understanding of electrification and severe storm dynamics and their effect in the atmospheric processes.
Cyprus Crustal Study Project
Authors: Hall James M.
Published: October 2011

The Cyprus Crustal Study Project is a joint venture of the International Crustal Research Drilling Group (ICRDG) and the Government of Cyprus through its Geological Survey Department. The aim of the project is to carry out a detailed reexamination of the Troodos, Cyprus, ophiolite, using high speed diamond drilling combined with extensive surface geological and geophysical studies. The ICRDG group, comprising about 100 geoscientists from eight countries, includes many participants familiar with ophiolites and with in situ ocean crust through work from Glomar Challenger, thus allowing the ophiolite to be viewed from a new perspective.

Studies are being concentrated on a section through the north flank of the ophiolite between the villages of Agrokipia and Palekhori. Research drilling and associated mapping in this segment are aimed at providing a continuous sample through the upper 4 km of the ophiolite and at sampling the stockworks beneath the sulfide deposits located within the extrusive section. The Troodos massive sulfide deposits are considered to be close analogs of the deposited being formed by active hydrothermal circulation on the crest of the East Pacific Rise.
Arctic air chemistry: Haze analysis
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The microparticulate (i.e., aerosol) and gas concentrations in Arctic air masses are being assessed currently as a result of a large‐scale, multinational cooperative study made this spring. It turns out that many of the ideas about the origin of Arctic haze, industrial pollution, soil particles from the great desert regions of eastern China and Mongolia, and seasonal effects, to name a few, may all be valid. A recent report about the first extended airborne measurements of Arctic haze that were made during March and April of this year stated: “Most of the scientists on board the NOAA plane found the haze to be much denser and more extensive than they anticipated” (Environ. Sci. Technol., June 1983). The results of WP‐30 Orion research aircraft flights over the Arctic ice cap suggest that in some locations the haze extends upward of 8.5 km at this time of the year. The haze was found to exist at all latitudes in the northern polar region with unbroken continuity to an altitude of approximately 3 km. At higher altitudes there was a banding of discontinuous haze layers.
New crater in Costa Rica
Authors: Borgia Andrea , Poore Clark
Published: October 2011

On April 9, 1983, we discovered a new explosion crater buried in the thick rain forest that covers the flanks of Arenal volcano in Costa Rica.

The previously undetected crater, which we named Crater I, is located between the twin volcanic system Arenal‐Chato at 84°41′53″W and 10°27′42″N (Figure 1). It resulted from a phreatic explosion occurring probably during the 1968 explosive phase, in which three other well‐known main craters (A, B, and C) were opened along a fracture on the western side of the Arenal Volcano. Crater I has formed at the physical discontinuity that existed at the boundary of Arenal's lava‐armor that was created during the A.D. 1500 eruption cycle. The explosion, a small directed blast oriented 115° from the north, originated at a depth of approximately 20 m leaving a circular crater 25 m wide and 3 m deep with an axis sloping 15° from the vertical. The crater is made up of nonjuvenile lava blocks and lapilli and is now covered by thick ferns.
Forecasts and predictions
Authors: Swanson Donald A.
Published: October 2011

In recent volcanologic literature, the terms forecast and prediction have generally been considered synonyms. Wadge and Guest [1981], however, in assessing the possibility that Mount Etna would erupt before May 1982, stated that “these are not predictions of specific events but general forecasts … based on the behavior of the volcano during the past seven years.” Lockwood et al. [1976] used the term forecast in anticipating an eruption of Mauna Loa before the summer of 1978 on the basis of historical records. In contrast, Wood and Whitford‐Stark [1982] used the terms forecast and prediction synonymously when they anticipated an eruption of Krafla before the end of May 1982 by projecting records from 1975 to the end of 1981; in terms defined here, this statement was a forecast. The fact that all three of these forecasts proved incorrect indicates the relative uncertainty of simply projecting past records and it suggests the desirability of distinguishing, whenever possible, such general statements from more specific predictions based on repeated measurements of changing phenomena on a short time scale.
Managing the Ocean Resources of the United States: The Role of the Federal Marine Sanctuaries Program
Authors: Pontecorvo Guilio
Published: October 2011

In 1969, the Straton Commission report provided a plan for the systematic development of a national policy on marine affairs. In subsequent years no such systematic approach to a coherent marine policy was undertaken. The de facto policy approach of the 1970s was a plethora of individual legislative acts which provided specific de jure rules, but which left administrators the complex problems of working out the administration of areas of overlapping authority, with conflicting or inconsistent goals and jurisdiction. The major acts of the 1970s, the Fishery Conservation a n d Management Act of 1976; Mammals and Non‐Migratory Birds—The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972; Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972; Endangered Species Act of 1973; Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972; and others, are clear indications of a national commitment to regulation of the markets for the output from the ocean sector. But while the need for intervention in markets was clear to legislators, the failure to employ a systematic approach and provide guidelines adequate to permit the rationalization of complex problems doomed the piecemeal approach to ocean policy to ever increasing administrative problems and ultimately to ineffective government programs.
New pulsar discovered
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The discovery of a fast‐spinning pulsar that is part of a binary system may provide a key to resolving the controversy over the nature of pulsars. Valentin Boriakoff of Cornell University, working with two Italian astronomers, Rosalino Buccheri and Franco Fauci, discovered the pulsar and its companion by using the 305 m radio telescope of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center near Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The astronomers concluded that the newly discovered pulsar is part of a binary system because its pulsing period is not constant, a sure sign that something else is in the vicinity.

Spinning at 163 times per second, the pulsar is rotating slower than the pulsar discovered at Arecibo last November (642 times per second), but the binary nature of the new discovery may help answer the question whether a pulsar's rate of spin is accelerated by the transfer of mass from a companion or whether a pulsar comes into existence already spinning. Most astronomers consider pulsars to be remnants of supernovas or exploding stars that collapsed into extremely small, dense objects and emit intense short bursts of radiation at regular intervals.
New AGU style guide
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new, 16‐page manual for contributors to AGU publications, called AGU Style: A Guide for Contributors, is now available. The guide covers text style and the mechanics of preparing manuscripts for any AGU publication in any format.
USGS to accept private funds
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the federal government's largest earth science research agency, is now authorized to accept contributions from private sources and to collaborate with such sources in projects that support the agency's scientific research and its development of technology and data systems.

Before the USGS can accept outside contributions, however, the proposed project must be deemed to be in the public interest and must be deemed compatible with the basic USGS mission. Among the responsibilities of the USGS, are assessing the nation's land, water, energy, and mineral resources and developing methods to define and mitigate hazards associated with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. Details on criteria and procedures for making contributions and entering into collaborative projects are outlined in the June 2 Federal Register.
Tin in oceans
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

High concentrations of tin in the North Atlantic, discovered by two Florida State University oceanographers, have been linked with waste incineration and the burning of fossil fuels in North America and northern Europe. The oceanographers say that the tin in the North Atlantic was transported there primarily through the atmosphere.

In what the National Science Foundation (NSF) is calling the first systematic study of tin in the oceans, Meinrat O. Andreae, associate professor of oceanography, and James T. Byrd, an oceanography graduate student, found that concentrations of tin are up to 20 times greater in the North Atlantic Ocean than they are in the uncontaminated equatorial and tropical Pacific Ocean. NSF funded the research.
Geothermal Reservoir Engineering
Authors: Mercer James W.
Published: October 2011

The goal of the authors in writing Geothermal Reservoir Engineering was to bring together all the currently available information on geothermal reservoir engineering published before late 1981. The available information not only includes geothermal publications but also related publications in the areas of petroleum reservoir engineering and groundwater hydrology. Such a text would be a needed and worthwhile addition to many libraries, if the goal of the authors were achieved. Unfortunately, Geothermal Reservoir Engineering falls short of its potential contribution.
1983 James B. Macelwane Awards: William L. Chameides
Authors: Kiang C. S.
Published: October 2011

It is with great pleasure that I put forward, as one of the winners of the 1983 Macelwane awards, Dr. William Chameides. Dr. Chaandmeides, Associate Professor of Geophysical Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology, has made several significant contributions to the area of atmospheric chemistry: his doctoral dissertation on the photochemistry of tropospheric ozone remains today, 10 years later, an area of intense scientific investigation; his work on the chemistry of lightning has altered our understanding of the atmospheric Nitrogen cycle, and his most recent groundbreaking research on the impact of photochemistry upon the aqueous phase has already revolutionized our understanding of the chemistry of clouds.
Chapman Conference
Authors: Schock R. N.
Published: October 2011

It is becoming clear that point defects in minerals play a role in processes important to the formation and evolution of the earth. Processes such as diffusion, electrical conduction, thermal conduction, creep, and sound propagation all exhibit behavior that can either be directly attributed to the influence of defects or can be shown to be related to their presence. In some cases (diffusion, electrical conduction, creep), point defects seem to play a central role in the behavior.

The goal of the Chapman Conference, held at Fallen Leaf Lake, Calif., September 5–9, 1982, was to bring together a variety of experts from within the geosciences and those materials‐science disciplines that have traditionally studied the role of point defects in solids to examine the role of defects in minerals. In this sense, the conference was the first of its kind; and while there have been many dealing with point defects, none had dealt with their role in minerals and before an audience comprising a significant number of earth scientists. Of the 71 participants, 17 were decidedly nonearth science in their outlook, and 12 represented five countries other than the United States. An anticipated outcome of the conference was to expose earth scientists to the state of the art in point‐defect science and to expose nonearth scientists to current problems of geochemistry and geophysics.
S2 discovered in comet
Authors: Feldman Paul D.
Published: October 2011

The recent approach of comet IRAS‐Araki‐Alcock (1983d) to within 5 million km of earth on May 11, 1983, was an unprecedented opportunity to study processes occurring within the coma close to the nucleus of a comet (Eos, June 28, 1983, p. 429). It was also a formidable observational challenge since, at closest approach, the angular motion of the comet was 40° per day. The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) Observatory (Eos, June 3, 1980, p. 481) operated from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center, was able to meet the challenge and provided Paul D. Feldman of the Johns Hopkins University and Michael F. A'Hearn of the University of Maryland with an unexpected discovery—the presence of S2 in the comet.
Volcanic sulfur
Authors: Hobbs Peter V.
Published: October 2011

Although I may be overly demanding in expecting a member of the Eos staff to be familiar with recent articles in AGU journals, I am moved to make a mild protest concerning attribution in the “Volcanic Sulfur Dynamics” news item by Mario E. Godinez (Eos, June 14, 1983, p. 411).

Since the news story stated that an important result of the RAVE experiment was to estimate the SO2 flux from Mount St. Helens on just one day, I must point out that both my research group and USGS scientists have monitored the emissions from Mount St. Helens and estimated SO2 (and other) fluxes over extended periods of time. Our results, which were based on in situ airborne measurements carried out over a period of a year, include estimates of the flux rates of SO2, H2S, H2O, sulfates, halides, and various other particles, prior to, during, and after the explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 [Hobbs et al., 1983]. The USGS measurements, which are made remotely through use of an airborne correlation spectrometer, also commenced in 1980 a n d have provided data several times a week since that time [Casadevall et al., 1981]. We have also estimated the fluxes of various materials (including SO2) from eight other volcanos [Radke et al.., 1976; Stith et al.., 1978; Radke, 1982].
Borehole sensor records quake
Authors: Duennebier Frederick K.
Published: October 2011

A permanent, self‐contained borehole seismometer placed at 44°N, 160°E in the northwest Pacific on September 11, 1982, recorded the May 26 Japan quake while being serviced by the R/V Kana Keoki. The signal was recorded digitally (100 samples per second) and is undipped. Data are well above noise level from 0.03 Hz to over 40 Hz, a frequency span of more than 10 octaves, on all three orthogonal seismic components (4.5 Hz geophones). The 30 sec signals are shear and surface waves recorded 84 dB below the peak response of the geophones.
Reduced rates for AIP journals
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

The American Institute of Physics (AIP) offers reduced rates for subscriptions of its journals to individual members of affiliated societies. AGU is an A IP‐affiliated society. The offer is limited to one subscription per person to each journal.