bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural identity affiliation and alcohol use and related consequences among American Indian and White adolescents: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Schick Melissa R. , Egan Alana , Crawford Michael , Nalven Tessa , Goldstein Silvi C. , Spillane Nichea S.
Published: October 2022

Background

Adolescent alcohol use is a significant public health concern and rates of alcohol use are higher among American Indian (AI) adolescents than national samples of non‐AI youth. A potential factor in understanding AI alcohol use is cultural identity, which can vary widely based on experiences of historical trauma. We used latent class analysis to examine cultural identity in AI and White adolescents and their alcohol use outcomes in relation to the latent class solutions.

Methods

The samples included 3189 AI adolescents (Mage = 14.76, 48.9% female) and 1579 White adolescents (Mage = 15.56, 48.7% female) living on or near a reservation. Participants completed self‐report measures of AI and White cultural identity affiliation, alcohol use, and alcohol‐related problems. We examined (1) the best‐fitting latent class solution with respect to American Indian (AI) and White cultural identity; (2) equivalence of the latent class solution; and (3) alcohol use outcomes across the optimal latent class solution.

Results

Latent profile analyses indicated an optimal 3‐class solution in both the AI and White samples, which differed by level of affiliation with AI and White cultural identity. While the optimal number of classes were similar across racial groups (configural profile similarity), the nature of the classes differed (structural profile dissimilarity). The three classes represented low overall scores on AI and White cultural identity (Marginalized), a mixture of high and low scores on AI and White cultural identity (Third Culture), and overall high scores on AI and White cultural identity (Bicultural). Alcohol‐related problems predicted membership in the Third Culture class compared with the Marginalized class and the Bicultural class. Specifically, youth in the Third Culture class reported significantly fewer alcohol‐related problems than youth in the Marginalized and Bicultural classes. Alcohol use did not predict latent class membership.

Conclusions

The future‐oriented nature of the Third Culture class may provide protection against adverse alcohol‐related outcomes. Research is needed to test interventions that target greater future orientation and future plans to integrate culture into adolescents' lives.
Depressive symptoms and mortality‐findings from Helsinki birth cohort study
Authors: Eriksson Mia D. , Eriksson Johan G. , Korhonen Päivi , Koponen Hannu , Salonen Minna K. , Mikkola Tuija M. , Kajantie Eero , Wasenius Niko S. , von Bonsdorff Mikaela , Kautiainen Hannu , Laine Merja K.
Published: October 2022

Background

Individuals with depression and depressive symptoms have a higher mortality rate than non‐depressed individuals. The increased comorbidity and mortality associated with depression has remained largely unexplained. The underlying pathophysiological differences between depressive subtypes, melancholic and non‐melancholic, may provide some explanation to this phenomenon.

Methods

One thousand nine hundred and ninety five participants (mean age 61 years) from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study were recruited for this prospective study and followed up for a mean of 14.1 years. Information regarding medical history, lifestyle, and biochemical parameters were obtained. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Standardized mortality ratios were calculated.

Results

Participants were followed up for a total of 28,044 person‐years. The melancholic depressive group had an increased adjusted risk of mortality [HR 1.49 (95% CI: 1.02–2.20)] when compared to the non‐depressive group. Comparing mortality to the whole population of Finland using standardized mortality ratios (SMR) both the non‐melancholic [1.11 (95% CI: 0.85–1.44)] and melancholic depressive [1.26 (95% CI: 0.87–1.81)] groups had higher mortality than the non‐depressive group [0.82 (95% CI: 0.73–0.93)].

Conclusions

Melancholic depressive symptoms are most strongly related to a higher mortality risk.
Ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells of chickens commonly reared under backyard poultry farming in Mizoram, India
Authors: Doley Probal Jyoti , Sarma Kabita , Kalita Pranab Chandra , Goswami Ranjana , Kalita Arup , Sarkar Rupan , Gollahalli Eregowda Chethan , Roychoudhary Parimal , Choudhary Om Prakash
Published: October 2022

The present study was undertaken to characterize the ultrastructural morphology of the blood cells of commonly reared chickens in the state of Mizoram, India under backyard poultry farming. For this study, 2 ml of whole blood was aseptically collected from the wings veins of 12 chickens of three different breeds namely the Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red and processed for ultrastructural imaging under standard protocols. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the matured erythrocytes of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red appeared elliptical in shape while the leukocytes and thrombocytes appeared round in shape with variable surface modifications. Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the granules of the heterophils of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red appeared predominantly fusiform in shape, the granules of the eosinophils appeared round in shape and that of the basophils appeared pleomorphic in shape. The cytoplasm of the monocytes, medium‐to‐large lymphocytes and thrombocytes of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red under TEM appeared to be vacuolated and granular while that of the small lymphocytes appeared to be granular but non‐vacuolated. The study concluded that the ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells of the three breeds of chicken studied were almost similar to the blood cells of other birds reported earlier.
Emollients for prevention of atopic dermatitis: 5‐year findings from the BEEP randomized trial
Authors: Bradshaw Lucy E. , Wyatt Laura A. , Brown Sara J. , Haines Rachel H. , Montgomery Alan A. , Perkin Michael R. , Lawton Sandra , Sach Tracey H. , Chalmers Joanne R. , Ridd Matthew J. , Flohr Carsten , Brooks Joanne , Swinden Richard , Mitchell Eleanor J. , Tarr Stella , Jay Nicola , Thomas Kim S. , Allen Hilary , Cork Michael J. , Kelleher Maeve M. , Simpson Eric L. , Lartey Stella T. , Davies‐Jones Susan , Boyle Robert J. , Williams Hywel C.
Published: October 2022

Background

The effectiveness of emollients for preventing atopic dermatitis/eczema is controversial. The Barrier Enhancement for Eczema Prevention trial evaluated the effects of daily emollients during the first year of life on atopic dermatitis and atopic conditions to age 5 years.

Methods

1394 term infants with a family history of atopic disease were randomized (1:1) to daily emollient plus standard skin‐care advice (693 emollient group) or standard skin‐care advice alone (701 controls). Long‐term follow‐up at ages 3, 4 and 5 years was via parental questionnaires. Main outcomes were parental report of a clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and food allergy.

Results

Parents reported more frequent moisturizer application in the emollient group through to 5 years. A clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis between 12 and 60 months was reported for 188/608 (31%) in the emollient group and 178/631 (28%) in the control group (adjusted relative risk 1.10, 95% confidence interval 0.93 to 1.30). Although more parents in the emollient group reported food reactions in the previous year at 3 and 4 years, cumulative incidence of doctor‐diagnosed food allergy by 5 years was similar between groups (92/609 [15%] emollients and 87/632 [14%] controls, adjusted relative risk 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.45). Findings were similar for cumulative incidence of asthma and hay fever.

Conclusions

Daily emollient application during the first year of life does not prevent atopic dermatitis, food allergy, asthma or hay fever.
Viral infections and drug hypersensitivity
Authors: Pichler Werner J. , Brüggen Marie‐Charlotte
Published: October 2022

Virus infections and T‐cell‐mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) can influence each other. In most instances, systemic virus infections appear first. They may prime the reactivity to drugs in two ways: First, by virus‐induced second signals: certain drugs like β‐lactam antibiotics are haptens and covalently bind to various soluble and tissue proteins, thereby forming novel antigens. Under homeostatic conditions, these neo‐antigens do not induce an immune reaction, probably because co‐stimulation is missing. During a virus infection, the hapten‐modified peptides are presented in an immune‐stimulatory environment with co‐stimulation. A drug‐specific immune reaction may develop and manifest as exanthema. Second, by increased pharmacological interactions with immune receptors (p‐i): drugs tend to bind to proteins and may even bind to immune receptors. Without viral infections, this low affine binding may be insufficient to elicit T‐cell activation. During a viral infection, immune receptors are more abundantly expressed and allow more interactions to occur. This increases the overall avidity of p‐i reactions and may even be sufficient for T‐cell activation and symptoms. There is a situation where the virus‐DHR sequence of events is inversed: in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), a severe DHR can precede reactivation and viremia of various herpes viruses. One could explain this phenomenon by the massive p‐i mediated immune stimulation during acute DRESS, which coincidentally activates many herpes virus‐specific T cells. Through p‐i stimulation, they develop a cytotoxic activity by killing herpes peptide‐expressing cells and releasing herpes viruses. These concepts could explain the often transient nature of DHR occurring during viral infections and the often asymptomatic herpes‐virus viraemia after DRESS.
Cholangioscopic classification of post‐living donor liver transplantation biliary strictures can predict their natural history and response to therapy
Authors: Sharma Zubin Dev , Karunakaran Monish , Bansal Rinkesh Kumar , Gandhi Ashish , Singh Manish Kumar , Soin Arvinder Singh , Puri Rajesh , Sud Randhir
Published: October 2022

Background

The study aimed to assess the morphology of post‐living donor liver transplant (LDLT) anastomotic biliary strictures using cholangioscopy and assess the impact of morphology on its prognosis.

Methods

A single centre, prospective, observational study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital from August 2014 to July 2016. Single operator cholangioscopy (SOC) was used to assess post‐LDLT anastomotic biliary strictures at presentation in 24 patients. Analysis included demographic and biochemical characteristics, time to stricture development, endoscopic procedural details, time to remodelling and development of recurrence on follow‐up.

Results

Two distinct patterns of strictures were identified, type I with minimal inflammatory changes and type II with severe inflammatory changes. Guidewire cannulation was successful in 23 out of 24 (95.8%) patients. There was no significant difference between the two types of strictures based on aetiology of liver disease, CTP and MELD scores, time taken for the development or laboratory parameters at presentation. However, type II strictures required more sessions of dilatation (4 vs. 2; P = 0.002), longer duration for resolution (282.5 vs. 201.5 days, P = 0.095) and more number of stents.

Conclusions

Addition of cholangioscopy tends to improve stricture cannulation rates at ERCP. It offers a useful classification of post‐LDLT strictures with prognostic and therapeutic significance. Type II strictures tend to require more sessions of endotherapy than type I strictures over a longer duration for remodelling.
Calling time on responsible drinking: A qualitative study of perceptions of information on alcohol product labels
Authors: Davies Emma L. , Cooke Richard , de Visser Richard O. , Conroy Dominic
Published: October 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to explore (a) how people interpret responsible drinking messages on alcohol product labels, and (b) the acceptability of including health information on labels.

Design

Qualitative interviews.

Methods

Face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 people aged 21–63; 18 were classified risky drinkers using AUDIT‐C. They were shown three sets of alcohol product labels: one including three responsible drinking messages (drink responsibly), one with three positively worded health messages (drinking less reduces risks) and one with three negatively worded health messages (drinking more increases risks). Health messages included information about cancer, liver and heart disease.

Results

Thematic analysis identified three themes: ambiguity about alcohol labelling; identifying oneself as responsible; and acceptability of enhanced product labelling. Participants were critical of responsible drinking messages and wary of conflicting health information in the media. They positioned themselves as responsible, knowledgeable drinkers and distanced themselves from problem drinkers. They did not appear to support the inclusion of health information on labels; however, novel information was considered more impactful.

Conclusions

Responsible drinking messages were seen by our sample as an alcohol industry ploy. Although health messages about cancer were seen as potentially impactful, the ability of consumers to position themselves as unproblematic drinkers means that they may not see the information on the label as relevant to themselves. Understanding factors that increase the personal relevance of messages is needed, alongside an exploration of a wider range of methods for alcohol health communication.
A decision‐making support system module for customer segmentation and ranking
Authors: Hadad Yossi , Keren Baruch
Published: October 2022

Many businesses have their own method of segmentation and of customer evaluation to help them give the appropriate managerial attention to each segment and each customer. This paper proposes a more refined and objective decision‐making support system module that allows segmentation and full ranking of customers. It offers several improvements and advantages over the state‐of‐the‐art methods. The module is based on customer criteria with quantitative values that can be extracted from the organizational information system. Customer scores are calculated objectively on the basis of measurable criteria without the need for human evaluation. The module determines the relative location of each customer within that customer's segment (for example, Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze), tracks changes that occur over time, and enables a full and precise ranking of the customers according to company‐defined criteria. The module can be computerized and results can be generated quickly at any time, using up‐to‐date data. The module's design was based on feedback from a survey conducted among 39 managers and its applicability was successfully demonstrated in a real‐world case study. The decision‐makers in the organization where the case study was conducted stated that they would apply the proposed method quarterly (four times a year) instead of once a year. It was also found that the proposed method saves about 90% of the time and resources required to prepare a customer portfolio management and customer ranking compared to the subjective method that was used.
Courageous classrooms: Embracing antiracist legal pedagogy
Authors: Bloom Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2022

Law schools have a tremendous responsibility to train lawyers who will be well‐positioned to challenge the racial disparities and systemic inequities created and perpetuated by the legal system. This article offers a pedagogical approach to creating an antiracist classroom space that equips students with the skills attorneys need to work in cross‐cultural, antiracist solidarity with a diverse population of clients to address critical legal issues and dismantle oppressive legal systems. It draws from a law school course that teaches essential lawyering skills to first‐year law students through social justice work on behalf of public interest organizations. The article introduces concrete experiential exercises that can be used to support faculty in any clinical or doctrinal law school classroom in furthering antiracist pedagogical goals and their own antiracist development. These exercises are designed to help students (1) build a collective understanding of racial justice terminology; (2) co‐construct powerful, client‐centered stories that counter harmful, stereotypical narratives; and (3) make critical connections between their lived experiences and the structures and systems they are critiquing to help shape their professional identities.
Combining generalist and specialist social work in activation policies: A participatory action research
Authors: Dingenen Dries , Raeymaeckers Peter
Published: October 2022

In the last decades, activation policies and practices aimed at getting people off benefits and into work have been at the forefront of social policy. One of the challenges of activation practices is that social services with a narrow specialist focus fall short in supporting vulnerable target groups. A growing body of social work literature recognises that both generalist and specialist social works play an important role in supporting vulnerable target groups that face wicked problems. We conducted a participatory action research on how specialist social workers may adopt the principles of generalist social work in counselling and guiding people with multiple and complex needs towards the labour market.
Composition–structure–property relationships of transparent Ca–Al–Si–O–N oxynitride glasses: The roles of nitrogen and aluminum
Authors: Ali Sharafat , Ellison Adam , Luo Jian , Edén Mattias
Published: October 2022

We explore the formation and composition–structure–property correlations of transparent Ca–Al–Si–O–N glasses, which were prepared by a standard melt‐quenching technique using AlN as the nitrogen source and incorporating up to 8 at.% of N. Their measured physical properties of density, molar volume, compactness, refractive index, and hardness—along with the Young, shear, and bulk elastic moduli—depended roughly linearly on the N content. These effects are attributed primarily to the improved glass‐network cross‐linking from N compared to O, rather than the formation of higher‐coordination AlO5and AlO6groups, where27Al magic‐angle‐spinning nuclear magnetic resonance experimentation revealed that aluminum is predominately present in tetrahedral coordination as AlO4units. Yet, several physical properties, such as the refractive index along with the bulk, shear, and Young's elastic moduli, increase concomitantly with the Al content of the glass. We discuss the incompletely understood mechanical–property boosting role of Al as observed both herein and in previous reports on oxynitride glasses, moreover suggesting glass‐composition domains that are likely to offer optimal mechanical properties.
Copepod functional traits and groups show divergent biogeographies in the global ocean
Authors: Benedetti Fabio , Wydler Jonas , Vogt Meike
Published: October 2022

Aim

The distribution of zooplankton functional traits is a key factor for regulating food web dynamics and carbon cycling in the oceans. Yet, we lack a clear understanding of how many functional groups (FGs) exist in the zooplankton and how their traits are distributed on a global scale. Here, we model and map the environmental habitats of copepod (i.e. the main component of marine zooplankton) FGs to identify regions sharing similar functional trait expression at the community level.

Taxon

Marine planktonic Neocopepoda.

Location

Global ocean.

Methods

Factor analysis on mixed data and hierarchical clustering were used to identify copepod FGs based on five species‐level functional traits. An ensemble of species distribution models was used to estimate the environmental niches of the species modelled and the community weighted mean (CWM) values of the traits studied. Ocean regions were defined based on their community‐level mean trait expression using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering.

Results

Eleven global copepods FGs were identified. They displayed contrasting latitudinal patterns in mean annual habitat suitability that could be explained by differences in environmental niche preferences: two FGs were associated with polar conditions, one followed the global temperature gradient, five were associated with tropical oligotrophic gyres and the remaining three with boundary currents and counter currents. Four main regions of varying CWM trait values emerged: the Southern Ocean, the northern and southern high latitudes, the tropical gyres and the boundary currents and upwelling systems.

Conclusions

The present FGs will improve the representation of copepods in global marine ecosystem models. This study improves the understanding of the patterns and drivers of copepods trait biogeography and will serve as a basis for studying links between zooplankton biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in a context of climate change.
Intraspecific trait variation in a dryland tree species corresponds to regional climate gradients
Authors: Vasey Georgia L. , Weisberg Peter J. , Urza Alexandra K.
Published: October 2022

Aim

Intraspecific trait variation is fundamental to understanding a species' adaptive capacity. Assessing phenotypic variation at different ecological scales is useful for evaluating species' vulnerability to changing environmental conditions. Here, we quantify the ecological scale of variation of phenotypic functional traits for a widespread dryland tree species and evaluate the strength of trait‐environment relationships across spatial gradients and in response to interannual variability in weather conditions.

Location

Western United States.

Taxon

Conifer tree (Pinaceae): Pinus monophylla.

Methods

Nine reproductive and foliar morphological traits were measured from 23 sampling locations in nine mountain ranges, stratified across broad‐scale gradients of precipitation timing and quantity and local gradients of elevation. We partitioned trait variation within and among nested ecological scales (mountain range, site, tree, and tree growth year). We then used multivariate methods to quantify the association between environmental variables and ecological trade‐offs associated with both reproductive and foliar traits.

Results

Most variation was explained at the scale of individual trees (18%–46%) and between growth years (20%–30%), with smaller but variable contributions at the scale of sites (8%–25%) and mountain ranges (0%–15%). Trait values had low correlation with environmental variables (13%); however, 94% of the trait‐environment covariance was explained by two major axes of variation: (1) the drought‐stress gradient covarying with reproductive traits, and (2) precipitation patterns covarying with foliar morphology.

Main conclusions

High levels of individual trait variation indicate within‐population adaptive capacity. Consistent relationships among range‐wide patterns of foliar and reproductive traits and broad‐scale climate gradients provide indirect evidence of local adaptation and may inform seed sourcing for restoration or the potential for assisted migration efforts. Quantification of intraspecific trait variation across multiple ecological scales is important for understanding the potential climate change response of dryland tree species.
The RNA N6‐methyladenosine demethylase ALKBH9B modulates ABA responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tang Jun , Yang Junbo , Lu Qiang , Tang Qian , Chen Shuyan , Jia Guifang
Published: October 2022

The mRNA modification N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) plays vital roles in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The RNA m6A demethylase ALKBH9B can remove m6A in alfalfa mosaic virus RNA and plays roles in alfalfa mosaic virus infection in Arabidopsis. However, it is unknown whether ALKBH9B also exhibits demethylation activity and has a biological role in endogenous plant mRNA. We demonstrated here that mRNA m6A modification is induced by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and that ALKBH9B has m6A demethylation activity on endogenous mRNA. Knocking out ALKBH9B led to hypersensitivity to ABA treatment during seed germination and early seedling development. We further showed that ALKBH9B removes the m6A modification in the ABA INSENSITIVE 1 (ABI1) and BRI1‐EMS‐SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) transcripts following ABA treatment, affecting the stability of these mRNAs. Furthermore, we determined that ALKBH9B acts genetically upstream of the transcription factors ABI3 and ABI5, and its regulatory function in ABA responses depended on ABI3 and ABI5. Our findings reveal the important roles of the m6A modification in ABA responses and highlight the role of ALKBH9B‐mediated m6A demethylation in regulating ABA responses post‐transcriptionally.
Clinical indicators of acute deterioration in persons who reside in residential aged care facilities: A rapid review
Authors: Chambers Shirley , Spooner Amy , Parker Christina , Jack Leanne , Schnitker Linda , Beattie Elizabeth , Yates Patsy , MacAndrew Margaret
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To identify the clinical indicators of acute deterioration in residents and the factors that influence residential aged care facility staff's identification of these.

Design

Rapid review and narrative synthesis.

Methods

The WHO and Cochrane Rapid Review Methods Group recommendations guided the review processes. CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 2000 to January 2022. Data related to clinical indicators of deterioration were categorized using the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure assessment framework, and factors influencing detection were grouped as consumer (resident and family), aged care workforce, and organization factors.

Results

Twenty publications were included of which 14 informed clinical indicators; nine highlighted factors that influence staff's identification of these and three informed both. Included article were collectively below moderate quality. Most clinical indicators were grouped into the ‘Disability’ category with altered level of consciousness, behavior, and pain identified most frequently. Few studies reported more traditional indicators of deterioration used in the general population – changes in vital signs. The most common factors influencing the detection of acute deterioration were organizational and workforce‐related including resource, knowledge, and confidence deficits.

Conclusion

Findings suggest subtle changes in resident's health status, rather than focusing primarily on physiologic parameters used in early warning tools for acute care settings, should be recognized and considered in the design of early warning tools for residential aged care facilities.

Clinical Relevance

Early warning tools sensitive to the unique needs of residents and support for aged care facility staff are recommended to improve the capacity of aged care facility care staff to identify and manage acute deterioration early to avoid hospitalization.
Local violence and transitions to marriage and cohabitation in Mexico
Authors: Caudillo Mónica L. , Lee Jaein
Published: October 2022

Objective

To assess whether local violence is associated with the timing and type of women's first union formation.

Background

Local violence may cause disruptions to marriage markets and psychological and behavioral changes that may affect union formation patterns.

Method

The authors exploited the variation in homicide rates caused by a shift in national drug‐enforcement policy in Mexico in December 2006. Competing‐risks Cox models and union histories from a nationally representative survey of women (N = 33,292) were used to assess whether a recent increase in violence was associated with the timing of the first union transition, which could be either marriage or cohabitation. Analyses were conducted separately by education level.

Results

A recent increase in the local homicide rate was associated with delayed first marriage formation for less educated women. Supplementary analyses suggested that a decrease in the number of employed men per women, as well as reduced social interaction due to fear of victimization could be plausible causal mechanisms. No statistically significant associations were found between a recent increase in violence and transitions to first cohabitation for the less educated, or with any first union transition for the moderately and more educated.

Conclusion

Among less educated women, a recent increase in violence was associated with a delayed entrance into marriage as a first union transition.

Implications

By increasing their barriers to marriage, local violence may contribute to the accumulation of disadvantage among disadvantaged women and families.
Root placement patterns in allelopathic plant–plant interactions
Authors: Wang Chao‐Yong , Li Lei‐Lei , Meiners Scott J. , Kong Chui‐Hua
Published: October 2022

Plants actively respond to their neighbors by altering root placement patterns. Neighbor‐modulated root responses involve root detection and interactions mediated by root‐secreted functional metabolites. However, chemically mediated root placement patterns and their underlying mechanisms remain elusive.

We used an allelopathic wheat model system challenged with 60 target species to identify root placement responses in window rhizobox experiments. We then tested root responses and their biochemical mechanisms in incubation experiments involving the addition of activated carbon and functional metabolites with amyloplast staining and auxin localization in roots.

Wheat and each target species demonstrated intrusive, avoidant or unresponsive root placement, resulting in a total of nine combined patterns. Root placement patterns were mediated by wheat allelochemicals and (–)‐loliolide signaling of neighbor species. In particular, (–)‐loliolide triggered wheat allelochemical production that altered root growth and placement, degraded starch grains in the root cap and induced uneven distribution of auxin in target species roots.

Root placement patterns in wheat–neighbor interactions were perception dependent and species dependent. Signaling (−)‐loliolide induced the production and release of wheat allelochemicals that modulated root placement patterns. Therefore, root placement patterns are generated by both signaling chemicals and allelochemicals in allelopathic plant–plant interactions.
Variable skin findings in two siblings with KDSR mutations manifesting in PERIOPTER syndrome
Authors: Wijsmans Daphne , Spanoudi‐Kitrimi Ifigenia
Published: October 2022

Pathogenic variants in the KDSR gene give rise to a Mendelian disorder called PERIOPTER syndrome. The disease is caused by a disruption in ceramide synthesis, with an impact on both skin and bone marrow. Patients with PERIOPTER syndrome show intermittent thrombocytopenia and/or associated anemia as well as disorders of keratinization. We present two siblings with identical compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the KDSR gene, but with different clinical manifestations.
Ethical leadership supports safety voice by increasing risk perception and reducing ethical ambiguity: Evidence from the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Cakir M. Selim , Wardman Jamie K. , Trautrims Alexander
Published: October 2022

Misconduct by business and political leaders during the pandemic is feared to have impacted people's adherence to protective measures that would help to safeguard against the spread of COVID‐19. Addressing this concern, this article theorizes and tests a model linking ethical leadership with workplace risk communication—a practice referred to as ‘safety voice’ in the research literature. Our study, conducted with 511 employees from UK companies, revealed that ethical leadership is positively associated with greater intention to engage in safety voice regarding COVID‐19. We also find that this association is mediated by relations with the perceived health risk of COVID‐19 and ambiguity about ethical decision making in the workplace. These findings therefore underscore the importance of good ethical conduct by leaders for ensuring that health and safety risks are well understood and communicated effectively by organizational members particularly during crises. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our study and highlight further opportunities for future research to address the ethical dimensions of leadership, risk management, and organizational risk communication.
Predicting the development of dependency on the teacher in late childhood: The role of peer victimization and peer beliefs
Authors: Brigham Emily F. , Troop‐Gordon Wendy
Published: October 2022

Evidence indicates that being overly dependent on the teacher places children's academic and socioemotional development at risk. However, little is known about what predicts dependency on the teacher or how the quality of interactions occurring within the classroom peer system may impact how children relate to their teacher the following school year. The current study tested the proposition that peer victimization may result in negative perceptions of classmates (i.e., peer beliefs), leading to overreliance on teachers. Data were collected from 365 children in the fall and spring of their third/fourth grade year and the fall of their fourth/fifth grade year (195 girls; Mage = 8.92 years; 86.8% white). Peer‐reports of peer victimization and self‐reports of peer beliefs were collected at each wave of the study. Teacher‐reports of dependency were collected in the fall of the first and second years of the study. Path analyses showed that for boys peer victimization directly predicted higher levels of dependency on the next year's teacher, and, for boys and girls, peer victimization indirectly predicted dependency through lower levels of prosocial peer beliefs. Supplemental analyses assessing teacher‐child conflict and closeness confirmed that findings were unique to dependency. These results underscore how children's perceptions of their classmates may contribute to dependency in their relationships with teachers and highlight the need for further research into the transactional and cumulative impact of difficulties within peer and teacher relationships.
Encouraging a peer in need: The impacts of social anxiety and peer familiarity
Authors: Dys Sebastian P. , Burrows Catherine A. , Usher Lauren V. , Almas Alisa N. , Degnan Kathryn A. , Fox Nathan A. , Henderson Heather A.
Published: October 2022

Extant research has produced conflicting findings regarding the link between social fearfulness and prosocial behavior, with some studies reporting negative relations and others reporting null effects. Furthermore, these studies have focused predominantly on toddlerhood, and few have examined prosociality between peers. The present study investigated whether the link between social anxiety and prosocial behavior (i.e., providing encouragement) varied depending on interpersonal and situational factors (i.e., one's familiarity with a peer, and the level of support sought by a peer, respectively). We tested this question using a multimethod approach, which included ecologically valid stress‐inducing task and dyadic design with a sample of 9‐ to 10‐year‐olds (N = 447). Results revealed that social anxiety was related negatively to providing encouragement among familiar and unfamiliar dyads. In familiar dyads, however, this main effect was qualified by an interaction with the level of support sought by one's peer. Compared to those low in social anxiety, children high in social anxiety provided relatively less encouragement in response to higher levels of support seeking from their peers. The findings are considered in relation to theorizing regarding the effect of overarousal on children's prosocial behavior.
A Numerical Study on the Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Heavy Duty Natural Gas/Diesel RCCI Engine
Authors: Zhou Weijian , Zhou Song , Xi Hongyuan , Shreka Majed , Zhang Zhao
Published: October 2022

Due to energy shortages and environmental issues, the application of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in internal combustion engines has received extensive attention. Through the verification of the model, RCCI combustion can be accurately simulated. In this study, the combustion and the emission performance of a single-cylinder heavy-duty natural gas/diesel RCCI engine have been optimized through numerical simulation. Six important parameters including start of injection (SOI) timing, intake valve closing temperature, intake valve closing pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), swirl ratio, and spray angle have been investigated. The goal is to meet the requirements of European VI emission regulations while maintaining a high gross indicated efficiency (GIE). A strategy to achieve clean and efficient combustion of RCCI engine is proposed. The results showed that the addition of EGR can effectively reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. SOI had the greatest impact on RCCI combustion and emission performance. Earlier SOI can improve the uniformity of the fuel mixture in the cylinder. Under the combined optimization of six important parameters, NOx, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide emissions can meet European VI emission regulations, and fuel consumption can meet Environmental Protection Agency consumption regulations, improving the GIE.
Design Optimization of a High-Speed Twin-Stage Compressor for Next-Gen Aircraft Environmental Control System
Authors: Giuffre' Andrea , Colonna Piero , Pini Matteo
Published: October 2022

The environmental control system (ECS) is the largest auxiliary power consumer, i.e., around 75% of non-propulsive power, among the aircraft subsystems. The adoption of a novel ECS architecture, based on an electrically-driven vapor compression cycle system, can enable a twofold increase of coefficient of performance at cruise conditions, as compared to the conventional air cycle machine. The core of this technology is a high-speed, miniature centrifugal compressor, consisting of two impellers mounted in back-to-back configuration, and running on gas bearings, operating with refrigerant. The fluid dynamic design optimization of the twin-stage compressor, to be installed in the vapor compression cycle test rig under realization at Delft University of Technology, is documented in this paper. First, the scaling analysis for centrifugal compressor is extended to provide guidelines for the design of twin-stage machines. Then, a multi-objective conceptual design optimization is performed by resorting to an in-house reduced-order model (ROM), coupled to a genetic algorithm. The fluid dynamic performance and the structural integrity of the optimal design are assessed by means of a hybrid framework, encompassing computational fluid dynamics and ROMs, and by finite element analysis. The results show that it is possible to design a twin-stage compressor for the target application, featuring an average efficiency higher than 70%, a maximum compression ratio exceeding 9, and an operating range of 0.27 at the design rotational speed, despite the detrimental effects of motor cooling and miniature size.
Integrated Approach for Estimating Extreme Hydrodynamic Loads on Elevated Pile Cap Foundation Using Environmental Contour of Simulated Typhoon Wave, Current, and Surge Conditions
Authors: Wei Kai , Shang Daimeng , Zhong Xi
Published: October 2022

Typhoon is a disastrous weather system, which usually induces strong waves, currents, and surges along the coastal area, and causes severe hydrodynamic loads on the elevated pile cap foundation, which is widely used to support the sea-crossing bridge. Estimating the hydrodynamic loads under typhoons is essential to ensure the bridge's safety. This paper develops an environmental contour-based framework that can estimate the extreme hydrodynamic loads induced by typhoons while considering the correlation among environmental conditions. The elevated pile cap foundation of the Xihoumen Rail-cum-road Bridge was used to illustrate the framework. The SWAN + ADCIRC model was employed to simulate the environmental conditions under typhoons. The pair-copulas were adopted to construct joint probability distributions, and the environmental contours with a given return period were then established by the inverse first-order reliability method. Given the hydrodynamic model and short-term peak value of the structural response, the AK-LHS method was then used to find the maximum hydrodynamic loads based on the environmental contours. The environmental contour constructing methods and selection methods of short-term peak values were compared and discussed. The main findings include: (1) ignoring correlations of the environmental conditions overestimates the extreme hydrodynamic loads and results in a conservative design; (2) the estimation of extreme hydrodynamic loads is affected by the selection and fitting of short-term peak values significantly; and (3) the extreme hydrodynamic loads estimated by either Rosenblatt transformation or Nataf transformation shows similar results.
Highly flexible and superhydrophobic MOF nanosheet membrane for ultrafast alcohol-water separation
Authors: Xu Li-Hao , Li Shen-Hui , Mao Heng , Li Yan , Zhang Ao-Shuai , Wang Sen , Liu Wei-Min , Lv Jing , Wang Tao , Cai Wei-Wei , Sang Le , Xie Wen-Wen , Pei Chan , Li Zheng-Zheng , Feng Ying-Nan , Zhao Zhi-Ping
Published: October 2022

High-performance pervaporation membranes have potential in industrial separation applications, but overcoming the permeability-selectivity trade-off is a challenge. We report a strategy to create highly flexible metal-organic framework nanosheet (MOF-NS) membranes with a faveolate structure on polymer substrates for alcohol-water separation. The controlled growth followed by a surface-coating method effectively produced flexible and defect-free superhydrophobic MOF-NS membranes. The reversible deformation of the flexible MOF-NS and the vertical interlamellar pathways were captured with electron microscopy. Molecular simulations confirmed the structure and revealed transport mechanism. The ultrafast transport channels in MOF-NS exhibited an ultrahigh flux and a separation factor of 8.9 in the pervaporation of 5 weight % ethanol-water at 40°C, which can be used for biofuel recovery. MOF-NS and polydimethylsiloxane synergistically contribute to the separation performance.
Refactored genetic codes enable bidirectional genetic isolation
Authors: Zürcher Jérôme F. , Robertson Wesley E. , Kappes Tomás , Petris Gianluca , Elliott Thomas S. , Salmond George P. C. , Chin Jason W.
Published: October 2022

The near-universal genetic code defines the correspondence between codons in genes and amino acids in proteins. We refactored the structure of the genetic code in
Escherichia coli
and created orthogonal genetic codes that restrict the escape of synthetic genetic information into natural life. We developed orthogonal and mutually orthogonal horizontal gene transfer systems, which permit the transfer of genetic information between organisms that use the same genetic code but restrict the transfer of genetic information between organisms that use different genetic codes. Moreover, we showed that locking refactored codes into synthetic organisms completely blocks invasion by mobile genetic elements, including viruses, which carry their own translation factors and successfully invade organisms with canonical and compressed genetic codes.
How butterfly wings got their pattern
Authors: Espeland Marianne , Podsiadlowski Lars
Published: October 2022

Gene regulatory elements play a crucial role in the pattern formation of butterfly wings
‘Recoded’ bacteria shrug off viral attacks
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: October 2022

Modified cells don’t allow invaders to replicate and don’t share DNA
Citric Acid in Rice Root Exudates Enhanced the Colonization and Plant Growth-Promoting Ability of Bacillus altitudinis LZP02
Authors: Jiao Huiwen , Xu Weihui , Hu Yunlong , Tian Renmao , Wang Zhigang
Published: October 2022

In a previous study, the mechanism by which citric acid in rice root exudates enhanced the colonization of
Bacillus altitudinis
LZP02 was discovered. The present study verified that citric acid increased the recruitment and rice growth-promoting ability of
B. altitudinis
LZP02.
Use of Pleural Fluid Digital PCR Analysis to Improve the Diagnosis of Pleural Tuberculosis
Authors: Li Zihui , Sun Qi , Du Boping , Jia Hongyan , Dong Jing , Lyu Lingna , Zhu Chuanzhi , Xing Aiying , Yang Xinting , Wei Rongrong , Chen Xiaoyou , Zhang Zongde , Pan Liping
Published: October 2022

Pleural TB is one of the most frequent causes of pleural effusion, especially in areas with high burden of TB. Due to the paucibacillary nature of the disease, the diagnostic sensitivities of all available bacteriological and molecular tests remain poor.
Emergence of a Superplasmid Coharboring Hypervirulence and Multidrug Resistance Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae Poses New Challenges to Public Health
Authors: Jia Xinmiao , Zhu Ying , Jia Peiyao , Liu Xiaoyu , Yu Wei , Li Xue , Xu Yingchun , Yang Qiwen
Published: October 2022

This self-transmissible superplasmid, which simultaneously carries hypervirulence and MDR genes, greatly enhances the challenges to clinical prevention and control and anti-infection treatment. Thus, active surveillance of this type of superplasmid is needed to prevent these efficient resistance/virulence plasmids from disseminating in hospital settings.
Structure, metamorphism, and mica40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the southern Purcell anticlinorium and its transition into the central Kootenay arc, Omineca belt, southeastern British Columbia
Authors: Rioseco Nicole A. , Pattison David R.M. , Camacho Alfredo
Published: October 2022

The Purcell anticlinorium (PA) and the Kootenay arc (KA) are two adjacent Mesozoic tectonic domains in the southeastern Omineca belt of the Canadian Cordillera. Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Belt-Purcell Supergroup (BPSG) core the PA and have open, upward-facing structures. Deeper levels of the BPSG (Aldridge Formation) preserve a Mesoproterozoic phyllitic cleavage (S1) and biotite zone mineral assemblages. The KA, on the west flank of the PA, has a younger Neoproterozoic through Paleozoic stratigraphy. The central part of the KA, the focus of this study, experienced Jurassic recumbent folding and greenschist facies metamorphism that was overprinted by Early Cretaceous ductile deformation (S2schistosity) and Barrovian metamorphism. The interface between the PA and KA is taken as the easternmost occurrence of the S2schistosity. K–Ar and40Ar/39Ar mica dates in the PA range from 1318 to 240 Ma and show no consistent spatial distribution. They are interpreted to reflect partial resetting of Ar following initial cooling in the Mesoproterozoic, indicating that the PA was never sufficiently buried or heated during younger tectonism to uniformly reset the mica cooling ages. In the KA,40Ar/39Ar dates range from 139 to 55 Ma and reflect previously documented periods of Mesozoic and Cenozoic metamorphism, magmatism, and exhumation. The PA–KA interface occurs above a west-dipping ramp in the Laurentian basement. The thick Mesoproterozoic sequence of turbidites and sills in the PA may have acted as a rigid buttress against which the more ductile rocks of the central KA “piled up” during Early Cretaceous compressional orogenesis.