bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of stress path on the dilatation angle of soils
Authors: Korhonen O , Lojander M , Löfman M S , Koskinen M , Korkiala-Tanttu L K
Published: April 2021

Modelling the horizontal displacements in subsoil is essential in many geotechnical design situations. Especially dilatation angle should be correctly defined in order to ensure accurate modelling. Hence, this paper studies how the direction of stress path affects the dilatation angle of various soils. The study utilizes numerous anisotropically consolidated and drained compression triaxial tests, and the samples represent normally consolidated soft clay, stiff over-consolidated silt and dry sand. The plastic potential function is derived based on the triaxial test results, using stress values in which the dilatation angle is identical to the direction of stress path. The shape of potential function is assumed to be similar to the yield function, but with different parameters (non-associated modelling of strains). Finally, deformations are calculated by using the concept of potential energy, which is a second order function in mean effective stress - deviatoric stress-space. Simulated values are then compared to triaxial test measurements, and the agreement between values is found to be rather good.
Settlements of spread footing foundations on quick clay stabilized with lime and cement
Authors: Juvik E S , Bache B K F , Berre S S
Published: April 2021

Since the early 70’s ground improvement by use of stabilizing agents such as lime and cement has been widely used for solving geotechnical problems; either as a way to improve slope stability, reduce settlements or vibrations, or to reinforce the inside of braced excavations. On a recently constructed motorway project in south of Trondheim, two bridges were founded with spread footings on a medium stiff, quick Norwegian clay stabilized with lime and cement. The post-tensioned concrete bridges are 78 m and 110 m long, with respectively 4 and 5 spans. In this article, evaluation of various foundation solutions is performed based on cost estimates. This showed that the cost of founding the bridges on stabilized ground to be the most viable alternative. Further, the article discusses the calculation methods used to evaluate settlement properties of the foundations. Settlement measurement is performed for about two years after completion of the structures. A comparison of the calculated deformations and measured settlements is conducted in this work. Settlements are measured to be 3-10 mm after one and a half year, except for one abutment that measured 21 mm of vertical displacements. Then the deformations nearly stop for many of the foundations. The measurements show a higher deformation rate in the first six months after casting of the bridge slab, than expected from the calculations. After some time, the measurements coincide well within the upper and lower bounds in the calculations done in the geotechnical design. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.
Penetration of driven piles into pre-crushed blasted rock: Case Jätkäsaari
Authors: Vasilopoulos K , Korkiala-Tanttu L , Rantala K
Published: April 2021

This paper deals with the ability of three driven pile types to penetrate a 0/300 mm pre-crushed blasted rock used as a fill material in the area of Jätkäsaari, Helsinki. The aim of this study was to test whether driven piles can be used as a foundation method in this fill instead of the more expensive drilled piles. In order to achieve that, a test area was created in Ahdinallas, Jätkäsaari. Piles with similar capacities of 300×300 reinforced concrete, RR170/12,5 steel pipe and TRM170/13 ductile iron were driven. The ground conditions in the test-piling area comprised of a 25-30 meter pre-crushed blasted rock layer, underneath of which was a 2-5 meter moraine layer. Thirty-three piles were driven in total, all equipped with a rock shoe. The area was laser-scanned prior and after piling. A pile driving record was kept, and inclinometer, torch, and PDA/CAPWAP measurements were made on the piles. All the piles that penetrated only the pre-crushed blasted rock stayed intact and were successful. Steel pipe and ductile iron piles however, penetrated the material with more ease and less hits/meter. As long as a pile would surely penetrate only a pre-crushed blasted rock layer, all of the tested pile types would be suitable for use as a foundation method. If there is a chance, however, that larger rock pieces are present, steel pipe piles or ductile iron piles would be a safer choice.
Effect of de-icing salt as winter maintenance for corrosion of steel piles on bridges
Authors: Uotinen V-M , Perälä A , Laurila J , Peura P
Published: April 2021

Corrosion can have significant long-term effects on the structural resistance of steel piles in ground. There is a possibility that this effect can be intense if ground contains chlorides, sulphites or other aggressive chemicals. Also de-icing salt (NaCl) used on roads during winter maintenance may have effect on the corrosion of steel piles. In this research project a series of site investigations and laboratory tests have been conducted to investigate the effect of de-icing salt for corrosion on steel piles. Totally 12 sites were investigated, partly from locations where de-icing salt has been used and partly where de-icing salt has not been used. Most of the piles were part of bridge structures, but the study includes also data from a few special test piles. Investigated steel piles have been in ground for five to 24 years. The results show that the corrosion and its rate are low. The detrimental effect of de-icing salt on corrosion is negligible.
Vibrations from driven concrete piles in layered soft soils close to a railway embankment
Authors: Lodahl M R , Riis A E , Brødbæk K T , Leth C T
Published: April 2021

Driven concrete piles are a well-known method for foundations for various structures on soft soils. In Aalborg, Denmark, the area around an old liquor factory is to be redeveloped. Due to soft soils in the upper 15 to 30 m, all buildings are to be built on foundations based on driven, concrete piles. On the western site boundary is a railway embankment, which is also placed on soft soils. Vibrations from driven piles are a well-known problem and can lead to damage to nearby structures.

The procedure for installing piles under the new buildings called for a desk study to be performed concerning the surface vibrations, caused by the pile driving. Moreover, a field test programme was set up, measuring surface vibrations due to pile driving on the site. A total of 24 piles were monitored during driving, logging peak point velocity used to quantify the vibration magnitude at various distances. All data was processed, and a model was set up to predict magnitude of vibrations from pile driving as a function of distance from the pile. This paper presents the derived model and comparisons with other published models.
Transport infrastructure and geotechnical engineering: ELGIP position paper
Authors: Paniagua P , L’Heureux J-S , Grøneng G , Woning M , Breedeveld J , Rogbeck Y , Löfroth H
Published: April 2021

The European Large Geotechnical Institutes Platform (ELGIP) is a group of 14 European research organizations, leading in geotechnical engineering, which aims to promote internationally the profession, its network and its societal relevance. One ELGIP vision is that all transport infrastructure should aim for an optimal geotechnical design. The present paper shows the relationship between the pressing challenges on European transport infrastructures and the crucial role that geotechnical engineering plays in solving them, emphasising the need for improved knowledge and understanding of ground properties in transport infrastructure.
Uncertainties in modelling undrained shear strength of clays using Critical State Soil Mechanics and SHANSEP
Authors: D’Ignazio M , Phoon K K , Länsivaara T T
Published: April 2021

The determination of the undrained shear strength of clays relies upon the goodness of the available in-situ and laboratory tests. Often, limited soil investigation data is available, or the collected data may suffer of low quality associated with poor test execution or sampling operations. The use of reliable correlations can then play an important role in geotechnical design. In that perspective, it is vital to choose the most appropriate correlation models that are suitable with the local soil conditions and that are possibly characterized by low uncertainty. The SHANSEP empirical model describes the undrained shear strength of clays in terms of normalized properties, where the soil strength is defined by means of the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) and two material coefficients that require empirical calibration. The SHANSEP model can be further combined with analytical solutions based on Critical State Soil Mechanics (CSSM) in order to define the undrained shear strength as a function of two fundamental properties, such as the preconsolidation stress (or the OCR) and the friction angle at critical state. The paper deals with the uncertainties associated with modelling the undrained shear strength of clays using a hybrid CSSM-SHANSEP model. The performance of the model is assessed by comparing the predicted undrained shear strength to an existing multivariate database of field vane data points from Finland. For each data point, the friction angle is estimated indirectly from the plasticity index using a correlation in the literature, while the OCR is taken directly from the database. Bias and uncertainties of the CSSM-SHANSEP model associated with the multivariate database are evaluated. Finally, a sensitivity study on the model parameters is presented.
The composition of micronutrients and toxic elements in household waste compost uses black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)
Authors: Rahmat A , Ramadhani W S , Prasetyo D , Aini S N , Yanfika H , Mutolib A
Published: April 2021

Indonesia’s population is increasing every year, so many household needs need to be met. As a result, a lot of household waste has accumulated in FDS (Final Disposal Sites). This condition is very disturbing to the health of the people living around the FDS. Therefore it is necessary to compost household waste which can minimize the pile of garbage in the FDS. One of the methods is using BSF larvae. BSF (Black Soldier Fly) larvae are larvae that can consume various kinds of organic waste, such as household waste, quickly. The experimental results show that household waste compost has micronutrients that comply with Indonesian composting standards (SNI 19-7030-200). Micronutrient elements from household waste compost using BSF are Zink (60.55ppm), Manganese (36.55ppm), and Boron (12.07 ppm). Also, compost from household waste using BSF, the toxic elements cannot be detected, so it is safe to be applied as a nutrient for plants.
Current status of domestic wastewater management system in Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Harahap J , Gunawan T , Suprayogi S , Widyastuti M
Published: April 2021

Almost all cities in Indonesia have not had sewer systems that are qualified for the excellent standard. As a province capital, Banda Aceh has also been facing several domestic wastewater management problems. Based on several previous reports, the water body in Banda Aceh has been contaminated by domestic wastewater pollution. Therefore, serious attention is needed to overcome the problem, such as analysis, investigations, and concepts. This paper aimed to review domestic wastewater management in Banda Aceh and describe the concepts that can be used to solve those problems. The analytical methods used in this study were spatial and descriptive analysis. This study’s result was the development of concepts of domestic wastewater management system for preliminary planning in Banda Aceh, which has been considered to be needed as the alternative solution.
Implementation of cleaner production to improve wastewater treatment performance
Authors: Amala K , Soesilo B , Kusnoputranto H.
Published: April 2021

Wastewater management in hospitals is needed to process wastewater generated from each hospital’s activities to reduce polluters’ burden in its disembodied. Wastewater management, in general in hospitals, applies the end of the pipe, which certainly does not completely solve existing environmental problems. The implementation of clean production is expected to improve wastewater treatment performance by identifying inefficiency opportunities in wastewater treatment and efforts to reuse processed water. The research was conducted by conducting laboratory analysis of wastewater treatment results using chemical and biological physics parameters and looking at the opportunities that can be done from the inefficient wastewater treatment described using flow diagrams. The analysis results showed that the processed wastewater from the wastewater treatment process still meets the standard requirements based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters so that it can be utilized back into raw water for hospitals. Identification of aspects found in the existence of inefficiencies is humans, methods, materials, and machinery. The application of cleaner production to provide recommendations for other hospitals to improve wastewater treatment performance as well as wastewater treatment utilization. Implementation of cleaner production to improve wastewater treatment performance through identification in each process and investigate the potential application of cleaner production that can be applied to the system..
Farmers’ perception to climate change and adaptation to sustain black pepper production in North Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: Evizal R , Prasmatiwi F E
Published: April 2021

Lampung Province is the largest black pepper production area in Indonesia mainly in North Lampung District. However, in the last decade the area and production is declining. This research aims to study farmers’ perceptions of climate change and challenge to sustain black pepper production in North Lampung. The study was carried out in North Lampung District using survey method at two sub-districts of major producing area of black pepper that purposively sampled namely Abung Barat and Abung Tengah sub-district in March-June 2019. A total of 93 respondent farmers from 4 villages were randomly sampled. The conclusions are: (1) Sustainability of black pepper production in North Lampung faces challenges regarding declining of planting areal, low productivity, climate change, and low interest of the younger generation in black pepper farming; (2) Farmers in the two sub-districts mostly agree that the current climate is different from the climate 10 years ago and they have perception that as impact of climate change pepper yield is decreased by 25-49%; (3) To sustain black pepper production and to adapt climate change, farmers are practicing mixed culture system of pepper-coffee-and other cash crops, using live support of legume tree, and continuing rehabilitation or replanting of black pepper plantation
Financial benefits of the environmentally friendly aquaponic media system
Authors: Zainal AG , Yulianto H , Rudy  , Yanfika H
Published: April 2021

Fish cultivation is one of the ways to increase the productivity of fishery technology development. Technology innovation of fishery in Indonesia has existed since long ago, especially in Lampung province. The technological development of trout cultivation makes the fishery business more effective, efficient, economical, highly competitive, and environmentally friendly. This research aimed to identify the plus value of fish cultivation that has economic value. The aquaponics system’s principle was aimed to make trout cultivation to become environmentally friendly. This research was conducted in Lampung province at South Lampung regency and Central Lampung regency. The research had been done from May to August 20th, 2020. The data used in this research were the kind of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from the community of fish cultivation at Central Lampung supported by a related agency. The method of research was aimed to analyze the worthiness of the business. Based on the result of research, it can be concluded that the trout cultivation of catfish and mustard greens with aquaponics technology was worth and profitable as economical. The principal of aquaponics technology was utilizing nutrient, food waste, and fish metabolism in case of symbiotic mutualism among fish, plants, and bacteria. Aquaponics technology of closed recirculation produced fish optimally by saving water use and could exploit the waste of fish cultivation so that the aquaponics system could become the system of fish cultivation that is environmentally friendly.
A review: Domestic wastewater management system in Indonesia
Authors: Harahap J , Gunawan T , Suprayogi S , Widyastuti M
Published: April 2021

Increasing access to proper sanitation in urban areas in Indonesia has not been accompanied by the availability of a domestic wastewater disposal system that is safe for the environment. The existing domestic wastewater management system is felt to be unable to prevent pollution. Several studies have reported contamination of water bodies in several cities originating from domestic wastewater that has not been appropriately managed. This paper aims to discuss the developments of the domestic wastewater management system in Indonesia by exploring the current conditions and challenges. The service capacity and application of domestic wastewater treatment technology at wastewater treatment plants already operating in Indonesia will be discussed to find out the existing comparisons. Several regulations related to the domestic wastewater management system also be reviewed to find out the policy direction of pollution prevention efforts. From the conditions exposed, it is necessary to evaluate and adjust the existing concepts to the progress of developments in the field. More significant effort is needed to find solutions for problems and realize the domestic wastewater management system’s implementation to achieve the desired goals.
Cantrang and environment protection: Policy analysis of handling the risk of implementation of the Ban in Lampung Bay
Authors: Duadji N , Tresiana N
Published: April 2021

Cantrang is a trawl net and has been banned from use in Indonesian territory because it impacts environmental sustainability. Research is based on overfishing and exploitation that endanger ecosystem sustainability. The use of cantrang is illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing that damages marine resources and ecosystems. The research location was in Lampung Bay (Lempasing Fishery Port) Bandar Lampung, carried out for four months, from January to April 2019. This study aims to analyze the risk of implementing the cantrang ban. Data collection techniques with documentation study, interviews, observation. Cantrang prohibition is reviewed with a management approach to impact risk. The study results identified risks, namely political conflicts between stakeholders, fishermen’s social unrest, horizontal conflicts between fishermen and environmental damage, a decline in fishermen’s economy, and a high implementation budget to address risks. Risk analysis is an option that can be used by local governments in responding to central policies by taking into account the following aspects of marine ecosystem preservation; and the sustainability of fishermen’s economic resources in Lampung Province.
Vibration problem due to railway loading
Authors: Alami F , Afriani L
Published: April 2021

Train is one of transportation mode is increasingly polular in Indonesia nowdays, although in developed countries this transportation has long been a very advanced mode of mass transportation. Problems due to railroad tracks adjacent to densely populated settlements cannot be avoided. Problems such as noise levels can interfere with the health and comfort of the environment, vibrations in the surrounding environment due to passing trains cause some damage to civilian buildings such as residents’ houses and high rise buildings as well. This field study shows the potential problem due to mass train loading (Babaranjang) in Bandar Lampung.
Producing organic pot from cassava stem waste for water spinach (Ipomea reptans Poir) as waste management strategy
Authors: Asmara S , Rahmawati W , Suharyatun S , Kurnia B , Listiana I , Widyastuti R A D
Published: April 2021

Cassava stem waste in Lampung Province has not been utilized to its maximum potential, so there is a need for an alternative treatment to process the cassava stem waste into a useful material. One way to do this is by turning the stem waste into an organic pot. There are several aims in this study, which are to design the composition of the raw materials and adhesives needed to develop organic pot for media to grow land variant of kangkung (Ipomea reptansPoir), second, to determine the physical properties of organic pots made from cassava stem waste raw material, coconut fiber, and tapioca adhesive. The raw materials used are cassava stem powder, coconut fiber, and tapioca adhesive with three levels of treatment, namely P1(60% cassava steam, 10% coconut coir, 30% adhesive), P2 (50% cassava steam, 10% coconut coir, 40% adhesive), and P3 (50% cassava steam, 20% coconut coir, 30% adhesive). Research results from 15 Organic pots with 3 levels of treatment P1, P2, P3, based on physical characteristics and planting test of the three organic pot treatments, can be penetrated by roots and fully decomposed after 23 days and show good growth.
Level of income, knowledge, and impact of climate change on fishing household in Limau Subdistrict, Tanggamus Regency
Authors: Mutolib A , Rahmat A , Yanfika H , Listiana I , Rudy  , Haryanto Yoyon
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study was to analyze the level of income, knowledge, and impact of climate change on fishing household. This research was conducted in Pekon Tegineneng, Limau Subdistrict, Tanggamus Regency. Limau Subdistrict is the center of marine capture fishery in Tanggamus Regency. Data collection was carried out from July to August 2020 with total respondent reached 80 fishing households. Respondents were determined through the approach of simple random sampling. The data collected consisted of both qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection was performed through the method of survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and interview with key informants. Data were analyzed by the qualitative descriptive approach. The level of monthly income and expenditure per fishing household amounted to Rp. 4,110,000 and Rp. 3,971,200, respectively. Knowledge level of fisherman about climate change was considered excellent as most fishermen have already known the phenomena of climate and environmental changes. The impact of climate change on fishing household included: difficulty to predict fishing season, change in fishing location (away from the shore), reducing and unpredictable fishing frequency and fishing time, also declining of fish catch.
Migration management to reduce the risk of climate change: government perspective
Authors: Hidayati I , Ibnu F , Latifa A , Setiawan B , Romdiati H , Noveria M
Published: April 2021

This research is driven by the phenomenon of the increasing trend of population migration from agricultural and coastal areas due to climate change. The impact of climate change that is felt most severely by the population is the reduction in agricultural production, which then impacts decreasing household income. To meet household economic needs, some residents respond by migrating outside the village in search of work. This research uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interview techniques, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and observation. The research locations were East and North Lombok Regency, NTB Province. The results showed no management of migration due to the impact of climate change by the NTB provincial government and district governments. There are no programs aimed at facilitating migration due to the impacts of climate change. Therefore it is necessary to include migration as a strategic issue in the adaptation and mitigation action plan to address the impacts of climate change at both the national and regional levels with the Ministry of Manpower and its aides-de-camp as the sector leading.
The vulnerability of urban area on climate change and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF): Case study in Semarang City
Authors: Seftiani S , Astuti Y
Published: April 2021

Climate change affects the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases related to the increasing of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) cases, especially in the urban area. Semarang City is one of the urban areas in Indonesia that have experienced climate change. It is indicated by an increase in temperature and unpredicted rainfall pattern over the last few years, which is associated with high cases of DHF in Semarang City since 2005. This paper aims to explore the vulnerability of Semarang City to DHF due to climate change. This study was performed using qualitative research method approaches. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with the local government and Semarang City residents. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles and gray literature analyzing the relation between climate change and DHF. A thematic network analysis was used to analyze and interpret the resulting data to describe Semarang City’s vulnerability to DHF due to climate change. Data shows that Semarang City’s vulnerability to climate change and DHF affect by geographical, social-demographic, and economic factors.
Social entrepreneurship for beneficiaries of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) toward sustainable development
Authors: Setiawan H H , Nuryana M , Susantyo B , Purwanto A B , Sulubere M B , Delfirman
Published: April 2021

The Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) is a conditional cash transfer for poor families for accessibility to education, health and social welfare services. So that PKH plays a role in social, environmental and economic sustainability. This study aims to find a social entrepreneurship model for the beneficiaries or the so-called Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) towards sustainable development. This model will be expanded by the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia into a national program. Data collection was conducted in July 2020. The method used was qualitative. The research location was determined purposively based on certain characteristics, namely rural areas (West Bandung and Garut), urban areas (Serang and Pekalongan) and coastal areas (Cilacap and Subang). This study reveals three important problems, namely business journey, the parties involved and the social entrepreneurship model aimed at sustainable development. The results showed that the KPM PKH business journey went through a process and was not immediately successful. Parties involved in the business journey include family, local government, PKH facilitators, financial institutions, and local customers. The business models developed in the research area include business incubation, mentoring, online marketing, joint business groups and nurseries.
Land cover and Proboscis monkey habitats in Berau Delta, East Kalimantan
Authors: Atmoko T , Mardiastuti A , Bismark M , Prasetyo L B , Iskandar E
Published: April 2021

The proboscis monkey is an endangered primate endemic to Borneo. Most of their habitats are outside conservation areas and are under threat from conversion to other land uses, such as those found in the Berau Delta. Habitat loss and destruction significantly affect the quality and viability of the proboscis monkey population. This study aims to determine land cover and proboscis monkey habitat types in Berau Delta. Land cover was obtained from the interpretation of the Lansat 8 OLI 2019 satellite image. Vegetation data were collected using a line plot transect method and continued with cluster analysis. The results showed that mangrove forest has the largest coverage (35.92%), followed by secondary forest (17.10%) and riparian forest (12.96%). At least 74 species of woody plants belonging to 61 genera and 37 families in a 2.4 ha observation plot. The range of species diversity index was from 0.80 to 2.88, and; evenness index values range from 0.58 to 0.82. The habitat was categorized into two main clusters: mangrove cluster (Buasin Cape, Guntung Estuary) and riverine cluster (Lati River, Saodang Kecil Island, Batu-Batu, Bebanir Lama). The mangrove forest habitat consists of Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera sp, Sonneratia alba, and Avicennia alba. The riparian habitats are dominated by Sonneratia caseolaris, Vitex pinnata, Cerbera manghas, Brownlowia argentata, Heritiera littoralis, Syzygium lineatum, Nauclea officinalis, Xylocarpus granatum, Syzygium sp.1, and A. alba. The average of total and lower branches height of trees in the Lati River and Basin Cape were higher than in other habitats, forming a continuous canopy.
The potency of Citronella oil and Clove oil for pest and disease control in tropical fruit plants
Authors: Istianto M , Emilda D
Published: April 2021

One of the main obstacles in tropical fruit cultivation is pests and diseases. It is necessary to apply safe pest control for consumers and the environment. Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI) studies the potency of several essential oils for pests and disease control on tropical fruit for many years. These studies aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Citronella and clove oils in controlling pests and diseases. These studies were conducted in laboratory and field conditions by comparing the development of pest and disease symptoms on essential oils treated plants and untreated control or among several essential oils treated plants. The results showed that clove oil could inhibit the development of powdery mildew in rambutan and Phytophthora palmivora that caused diseases in durian. Citronella oil decreased ant attack and scarring symptoms on mangosteen fruits. Research activities to test the effectiveness of these two essential oils in field conditions need to be intensified so that this technology is truly effective, efficient, and right on target.
Effectivity assessment of interpretive signs for biodiversity conservation
Authors: Mutiara M M , Rachmawati E , Sunkar A
Published: April 2021

The interpretive sign is to communicate specific educational and/or management learning, behavioral and emotional messages to visitors. Interpretive signs are most commonly used for self-guiding trails, or for wayside exhibits at points of interest. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of interpretation signs on biodiversity at the Dramaga IPB Campus. The research was conducted at the Dramaga IPB Campus, Bogor in January-March 2020. This research was conducted through field observations, literature and document studies, and interviews using a questionnaire to 90 respondents classified into the general public, students, and lecturers. The signs effectiveness assessment is approached based on three components: layout, design, and media content. The results showed that the media for interpretation of the Dramaga Campus of IPB as the center for tropical biodiversity information was considered ineffective. This is because there are only seven criteria out of 14, which are considered effective based on the assessment of field observations and the results of respondents’ assessments. The criteria that are considered effective are not obstructed by other objects, protected from sunlight and rain, using illustrations, appropriate board height, the suitability of themes, and illustrations’ suitability. Eight areas are considered effective, and five areas that are considered ineffective.
The effect of chemical extraction with heat on the bamboo fibre strength
Authors: Zariatin D L , Siregar A S , Suwandi A , Foster R
Published: April 2021

Bamboo is a renewable material widely used as a reinforced composite. One of the steps in making bamboo composites is soaking or heating using NaOH. The process is intended to eliminate small animals that may live in the bamboo. The attainment of strength and toughness is the most crucial requirement in structural material. This study compared the Apus, Atter, and Black bamboo fiber‘s strength by administering several methods and applying three different extraction times. The methods are the 5% NaOH chemical extraction method at a temperature of 70°C (heated), the 5% NaOH chemical extraction method (permeated) at room temperature, and the extraction method without treatment nor administering heat. The highest tensile strength among the three methods for each Apus, Atter, and Black bamboo is 194.25 N/mm2, 142.67 N/mm2, and 178.46 N/mm2, respectively. Among the mothed used in this research, heating the bamboo in 5% NaOH solution with a 70°C temperature is more effective than soaking it at room temperature. The strength was increased up to 112%, 98%, and 190% for Apus, Atter, and Black bamboo. Black bamboo shows a significant improvement by using a chemical extraction process.
Plant-based pesticide using citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) extract to control insect pests on rice plants
Authors: Telaumbanua M , Savitri E A , Shofi A B , Suharyatun S , Wisnu F K , Haryanto A
Published: April 2021

The main enemy in rice production is the attack of stinky bugs, brown planthoppers, grasshoppers, ladybugs, aphids, and others. This attack inhibits the growth of rice plants, thereby reducing production or even thwarting the harvest. Chemical pesticide application can reduce pests and diseases. However, the long-term use of chemical pesticides can disrupt the ecosystem. This study aims to study the application of plant-based pesticides to the presence of pests and predatory insects for rice plants. The research was begun with the preparation of citronella-based pesticide from citronella extract obtained by mixing citronella with water at a weight ratio of 2:1. The extract was mixed with water at a ratio of 1 liter for 50 ml of citronella extract. The application of the prepared pesticide was carried out by spraying 21-DAP (day after planting) rice plants at two plots sizing 400 m2each. The types and numbers of pests and predatory insects were observed before every pesticide application. Spraying was repeated weekly for the following 4 weeks. Results showed a decrease of insects in experimental plots A and B after the application of pesticides. After the fourth application, only one type of insect (green grasshopper) was found in plot A, and no insect was found in plot B. However, four types of insects were found in the control plot. The application of citronella-based pesticides is also related to the decrease of predatory insects’ population.
Model of solar energy utilization in Bunaken Island Communities
Authors: Rumbayan M , Sompie S R U , Ruindungan D G S , Panjaitan N V
Published: April 2021

The ambitious planning of renewable energy utilization in Indonesia to achieve 23% in the country’s energy mix by 2025 pushes the development of model community using a Photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone system. The issue about island electricity access is happening in Bunaken as one of the famous tourist spots in Indonesia. Island communities are facing limited access toward the availability of electrical energy day and night time. This article aims to develop a model for solar energy utilization in Bunaken island communities for tourism spots. The design and cost-benefit analysis have been done for Bunaken community for lighting and handphone charging. The result indicated that the utilization of PV stand-alone system in Bunaken can be introduced by solar luggage package for the communities who willing to support their small-medium enterprise.
Disease detection in banana trees using an image processing-based thermal camera
Authors: Anasta N , Setyawan F X A , Fitriawan H
Published: April 2021

Banana is a fruit plant that is widely produced in Indonesia. Unfortunately, this plant is very susceptible to diseases, which can reduce the crop’s quality and quantity. This paper proposes disease detection in banana plants using a thermal camera. The detection is carried out using image processing techniques with multilevel thresholding methods. The image is captured using a thermal camera; then, the image is preprocessed to suit what is desired. After that, the image produced by the thermal camera is carried out by an image registration process so that the position is the same as the image taken using a digital camera. The image processing result is compared with the ground truth image obtained from a digital camera to determine the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method’s effectiveness is measured using the parameters Recall, Precision, F-measure, and Accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed method is quite effective because it produces parameter values above 80%, namely the recall value of 85.4%, the Precision of 89.35%, the F measure of 87.33%, and the accuracy of 92.8%.
Potential of PALSAR SCANSAR data for oil palm plantation in growth monitoring and mapping
Authors: Carolita I , Rosid M S , Ibrahim A , Dirgahayu D , Noviar H , Supriatna J
Published: April 2021

The main objective of this study is to analyze the potential use of L-band radar data with 100 meter spatial resolution for age estimation of oil palm. Age of oil palm are very important parameter to be investigated, because age and condition of oil palm are the main factors for yield forecasting, biomass estimation, replanting plan, fertilization plan, etc. As sensitive to roughness and moisture, the variations of oil palm backscatter that received by SAR satellite caused by the differences of oil palm age. This condition give possibility to investigate the relation between backscatter and age. Four radar images were acquired using the Scanning synthetic aperture radar/Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ScanSAR/ALOS)-2 sensor over the oil palm plantation in Tandun Riau, July 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The information about ages from very young up to mature were gathered from oil palm plantation of PTP N V in Tandun.. The growth model equation was built to describes the development of backscatter of oil palm from young age to mature age. Method to get growth model is regression analysis. The growth model that has been obtained is logarithmic equation with R2 around 0,90 for HH SAR polarization. Growth model then can be used for age estimation and produce oil palm map based on it’s age that can be used for yield estimation, as well as for oil palm’s condition monitoring including it’s health.
Adopting sustainable development in reconstruction Post War City of Mosul Architecture-Case Study
Authors: Abdul Razzaq Mohsen Al-Samurai Ayad , Subhi Ramdan Al-Qaraghuli Anwar
Published: April 2021

Reconstruction represents an opportunity to achieve sustainable development for each cities and buildings destroyed by wars and disasters. Many previous studies highlighted reconstruction although their presentation in most cases was general and selective in adopting some aspects but not others. The research problem was determined by the lack clear vision to the possibility for adopting sustainable development, with its multiple dimensions, is in reconstruction of both cities and buildings, so that the Objective of the Research is to present the most organized and clear knowledge in a way that serves the reality of the local situation by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach for several studies and applied experiences. The research has realized distinction for the importance of each of the organizational, institutional and Cultural dimensions in reconstruction along with all the economic, social and environmental dimensions in a way that achieves sustainable development based on multiple Basis, principles, and techniques that contribute in their entirety to the advancement of the reality of cities and buildings after wars and disasters, which therefore requires the necessity of taking them into account in the local experience of reconstruction.
The Importance of Sports Infrastructure for Residential Neighbourhoods’ Centres
Authors: Hadi Nassr Eman , Ghazi Al-Neaimi Khansaa
Published: April 2021

Sports infrastructure is considered to be the fundamental, physical, and design unit required to facilitate performing sport activities, and had become one of the important requirements in residential neighbourhoods’ centres and a complementary part of infrastructure that aims to serve all community groups. It’s also an important complementary part for residential neighbourhoods’ centres as it creates areas for the different activities, in addition to its great social and economic impact in the contemporary community. It’s also linked to the provision and type of sport institutes of a community (for example: gardens and recreation centres being utilized for sport uses). That’s why it’s important to search in the concepts that determine this structure in residential neighbourhoods’ centres, which represent the issue of this research that states: there is no clear perception about the importance of the sports infrastructure in the integration of residential neighbourhood centres, which make them suffer from shortage or neglect. This research aims to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that includes presenting the theoretical concepts and influencing variables of the sports infrastructure and its possible values and clarifying its role in the integration of residential neighbourhood centres. In addition to the sustainable vision for these centres where the research assumes that sports infrastructure is part of the integration of the growing residential neighbourhoods’ integrated centres.
Impact of physical expansion on community services
Authors: Hussein Ali Hamed , Hussein Al-Janabi Ali
Published: April 2021

Community services are considering as the basic services for society, that the population increasing generates great pressure on those services. So, the research problem was represented, by increasing the population, the accompanying changes in land use, and physical expansion, which lead to an increase in the demand for community services. The research aims to study the reality of the community services and extent of their compliance with physical expansion and their conformity for planning criteria. The theoretical side deals with a number of concepts, including and physical expansion in the city, as well as the concept of community services and their types and planning criteria. While the practical side included presented the reality of the community services in the study area (Al-Shuala city), and measuring and analyzing the impact of physical expansion on those services. Finally, the research is reached to a number of conclusions, the most important one, which is study area, is satisfied clear deficit, and the actual need for community services. The research recommended, need to adopt approaches to sustainable urban planning, changing some land uses, and moving them in and outside the city.
Use the application of geographic information systems in the distribution of the electrical network
Authors: Kamel Al-Rawe Moheb
Published: April 2021

The distribution of the electrical network on the spatial structure, especially within cities, and for the end-users to different spatial obstacles, through this research, the importance of using geographical information systems applications in the process of distributing and managing the electrical system can be identified. This study evaluates the spatial relationship between the electric distribution company and the nature of the link between them and among the end users in the study area (the city of Tal Afar), to find a way to optimize the distribution and management of how electricity is distributed. The study indicates that the study area contains only one transformer of 132KVA class distributed 16 lines of 11KV class and 5 lines of 33KV class, and a second transformer of 11KV class distributed 4 lines of 11KV class and one line of 33KV class to serve about 16,837 housing units, Which has an average consumption of 5.06KV, which indicates that the transformers are burdened with approximately 663KV, which confirms the importance of proper management according to modern technology through which to invest time and costs easily.
The axis of pedestrian movement between traditional and contemporary thought
Authors: Adnan Abdulmounaam Sally
Published: April 2021

Traditional residential revival in the city of Baghdad has been characterized by achieving environmental, social and economic integration and meeting the humanitarian requirements, taking into consideration the compatibility between the material and spiritual sides, focusing primarily on achieving the safety of the pedestrian movement which provides the best protection. As well as walking on foot is one of the oldest means of transport necessary and necessary and indispensable for access to various events and so on their positive impact on human health. At a time when most of the modern residential neighborhoods are deficient in achieving this trend, which generated a clear confusion in the movement of pedestrian because there is no homogeneity facilitates the transition process. Therefore, the research will examine ways to achieve this homogeneity by developing appropriate solutions and treatments to reduce this confusion and reach conclusions and recommendations.
Drawbacks of Structural Fracture Control Approaches: A Case Study of Nigerian System
Authors: Okwilagwe O. , Akinlabi S. A. , Okokpujie I. P. , Ishola F. , Akinlabi E. T.
Published: April 2021

Fracture mechanics describes the susceptibility of structures and components to failure due to fracture, fatigue, creep, wear, or corrosion, as well as the prevention and control of crack propagation. Nigeria lacks sound fracture mechanics approaches. The frequent failure of structure is evident, particularly in the building sector, where there have been reported cases of building collapse resulting in the loss of lives and property. However, it is generally attributed to a design deficiency, the use of substandard materials or wrongful selection of materials, inferior quality control methods, inadequate maintenance programs, and the absence of standard regulatory bodies. There’s a growing need for structures that poses structural integrity to be able to withstand and support a given structural load without deforming or fracturing. This can be achieved through the meticulous selection of base materials, development, and implementation of a fracture control plan, the unique design process in the construction and manufacturing industry.
Estimating the effective bending rigidity of multi-layer graphene
Authors: Aljedani Jabr , Chen Michael J , Cox Barry J
Published: April 2021

We present a novel analytical prediction for the effective bending rigidity γ
eff of multi–layer graphene sheets. Our approach involves using a variational model to determine the folding conformation of multi–layer graphene sheets where the curvature of each graphene layer is taken into account. The Lennard–Jones potential is used to determine the van der Waals interaction energy per unit area and the spacing distance between graphene layers. The mid–line of the folded multi–layer graphene is described by a solution derived in previous work for folded single– and multi–layer graphene. Several curves are obtained for the single–layer solution using different values of the bending rigidity γ, and compared to the mid–line of the folded multi–layer graphene. The total area between these curves and the mid–line is calculated, and the value of γ
eff is determined by the single–layer curve for which this area is minimized. While there is some disagreement in the literature regarding the relationship between the bending rigidity and the number of layers, our analysis reveals that the bending rigidity of multi–layer graphene follows an approximate square–power relationship with the number of layers N, where N < 7. This trend is in line with theoretical and experimental studies reported in the literature.