bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Straight Girls and Queer Guys
Authors: Pullen Christopher
Published: September 2017

Exploring the archetypal representation of the straight girl with the queer guy in film and television culture from 1948 to the present day, Straight Girls and Queer Guys considers the process of the ‘hetero media gaze’ and the way it contextualizes sexual diversity and gender identity. Offering both an historical foundation and a rigorous conceptual framework, Christopher Pullen draws on a range of case studies, including the films of Doris Day and Rock Hudson, the performances of Kenneth Williams, televisions shows such as Glee, Sex and the City and Will and Grace, the work of Derek Jarman, and the role of the gay best friend in Hollywood film. Critiquing the representation of the straight girl and the queer guy for its relation to both power and otherness, this is a provocative study that frames a theoretical model which can be applied across diverse media forms.
Introduction
Authors: Pullen Christopher
Published: September 2017

In Daniel Ribeiro’s groundbreaking film The Way He Looks [original title Hoje eu quero voltar sozinho] (2014, Brazil) which tells the story of the blind queer youth Leonardo (see Chapter 6), the subtitle ‘not every love happens at first sight’ offers an allusion to the notion of the gaze, a central premise of this book. We know that while Leonardo cannot possess the physical gaze, his sense of feeling, relating his close friendship with the straight girl Giovana, and the quest for his ultimate soulmate Gabriel, enables him to challenge normative perceptions of the gaze. This book consequently considers such opportunities, and tensions, in exploring the relationship between the straight girl and the queer guy within film and television, evident in drama and documentary forms. The straight girl and the queer guy relate to each other, while defining each character’s identity potential, at the same time as they are constructed by the audience as subject to a dominant gaze....
Queer Gazes and Identifications
Authors: Pullen Christopher
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the hetero media gaze in relation to queer subjectivity and narcissism, exploring the prototypical filmic representation of queer desire in early Hollywood cinema, and the later impact of New Queer Cinema. Considering the case studies Rope (Alfred Hitchcock 1948, US) and Suddenly Last Summer (Joseph L. Mankiewicz 1959, US), as prototypes of queer desire and the formation of the queer gaze, and Swoon (Tom Kalin 1992, US) as a contemporary queer text, issues of adaptation and historical biography are centrally framed. Later the significance of the queer auteur is explored, evident in Caravaggio (Derek Jarman 1986, UK), Edward II (Derek Jarman 1991), The Living End (Gregg Araki 1992, US) and Mysterious Skin (Gregg Araki 2005, US) considering the aesthetics of the painterly and historical image, in developing the notion of the queer gaze.
Documentary and Performance
Authors: Pullen Christopher
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the representation of the straight girl and the queer guy within varying documentary media forms, considering the notions of social agency and performativity. Foregrounding both documentary theory and performance studies, the documentary biographical film drama Carrington (Christopher Hampton 1995, UK), offers a historical precedent in the representation of the straight girl and queer guy, all the while foregrounding notions of devotion and intensity. The context of the social actor is further examined in more recent documentary case studies such as Fag Hags: Women Who Love Gay Men (Justine Pimlott 2005, Canada), My Husband Is Gay (Benetta Adamson 2005, UK) and My Husband Is Not Gay (TLC 2015, US), framing the intense relationships between straight girls and queer guys – in many instances relating legal marriages and questioning issues of fidelity. Also the performative potential of reality television is explored in Would Like to Meet (BBC 2001, UK), Boy Meets Boy (Bravo 2003, US) and Queer Eye for the Straight Guy (Bravo 2003–7, US), through examining the confines and opportunity of television formats.
Achieving Humanity: Convergence between Henri Bergson and Muhammad Iqbal
Authors: Diagne Souleymane Bachir
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the ‘convergence’ between the philosophers Muhammad Iqbal and Henri Bergson on key philosophical concepts. At the centre of this encounter is the theory of the self (khudi). This vision of ego-unity challenges the empiricist and rationalistic theory of the self as a unity of consciousness and is rooted in the intuitive experience of reality rather than the fragmented sense-based experience of the world. For both philosophers, this intuitive experience of reality reveals an inherent unity of the vitality-empowered cosmos. This cosmology manifests itself in human societies, where the intuitively inspired creative openness of mystics and prophets founds and drives them forward towards new possibilities and horizons.
The Quiet Man Gets Noisy: Sergio Leone, the Italian Western and Ireland1
Authors: Frayling Christopher
Published: September 2017

This chapter questions conceptions of ‘authenticity’ by looking at how Italian Westerns responded to well-established ethnic images within Hollywood Westerns, which were themselves ‘inauthentic’ in the first place: those of ‘Irishness’. As Italians forged their own interpretation of the Western myth, transposing numerous elements from Hollywood while cutting the genre adrift from its nation-building imperative, it asks, in what form did the Hollywood genre's ubiquitous negotiation with a stereotyped Irish ethnicity survive, and what significance did this hold in this cultural moment? Taking Sergio Leone's Duck, You Sucker! (Giù la testa, 1971) as a key case study, it charts the labyrinthine intertextual journey through Hollywood's representations of Irish culture on which Leone and his crew embarked The chapter concludes that in the Italian Western, ‘Irishness’ exists as part of a larger signifying structure surrounding a reworked, magnified and updated cinematic imaginary, rather than a purposeful reference to contemporary events in Ireland.
Emancipation all’italiana: Giuseppe Colizzi and the Representation of African Americans in Italian Westerns
Authors: Broughton Lee
Published: September 2017

This chapter offers an alternative take on representations of ethnicity in the Spaghetti Western. In particular, it examines its representations of African Americans, and asks what this might tell us about the politics of race in Italy and the USA in the 1960s. It focuses on the content of two Italian Westerns directed by Giuseppe Colizzi: Ace High (I quattro dell'Ave Maria, 1968) and Boot Hill (La collina degli stivali, 1969). It argues that local historical, cultural, and political circumstances resulted in the Italian Western introducing progressive representations of African Americans out West that prefigured the appearance of similarly progressive representations in American Western.
Spaghetti Westerns and Asian Cinema: Perspectives on Global Cultural Flows
Authors: Ritzer Ivo
Published: September 2017

This chapter aims to undertake a consideration of Italian Westerns from the perspective of theories of cultural globalization, emphasising the fact that Italian Westerns never were exclusively an Italian product. It takes the Italian Western's iterative negotiation with Asian identities as a case study to chart multidimensional routes of cultural transfer. Deploying scholarly approaches around the ‘transnational’, it frames the Italian Western as a junction in a global network of cultural exchange, both borrowing from and influencing Asian cinematic discourses. Using The Warrior's Way (Sngmoo Lee, 2010) as a key example, the chapter considers the Italian Western's most significant legacy as its decoupling of the Western from its ideological and historical reference points, freeing the format up for myriad, heterogeneous cultural contexts.
Cowboys and Indians: Transnational Borrowings in the Indian Masala Western
Authors: Smith Iain Robert
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates the cultural politics of transnational borrowings through an analysis of the ‘Masala Western’ — a cycle of Indian films that began in the early 1970s which borrowed and recombined tropes from American Westerns, Italian Westerns, Japanese sword films, and the South Asian ‘dacoit’ (bandit) films, among other inflences. While the genre is more often referred to as the ‘Curry Western’, Masala — the South Asian term for spice mix — more clearly evokes the cultural mixing and blending at the heart of this phenomenon. The chapter will examine the Masala Western utilising a memetic model of cultural hybridization.
Introduction
Authors: Falconer Rachel
Published: September 2017

Surveying the range of Kathleen Jamie's corpus to date, from the earliest collection of verse (Black Spiders,
1982) to her poetry collection The Overhaul (2012), her volume of nature essays, Sightlines (2012), and her mixed media work, Frissures (2013), this introduction assesses Kathleen Jamie’s contribution to contemporary poetry on a national and international scale. Restless, complex and intelligent, yet always lucid and clear, Jamie's imagination is of that rare kind that resonates with every kind of reader, from general readers to specialists. This introduction argues that Kathleen Jamie has emerged as a writer of singular originality, skill and artistic vision. Her vision casts light on the way we live in relation to non-human beings in the twenty-first century, and it stimulates us into imagining how we might live better, with a greater awareness, appreciation and responsiveness to our environment than we currently do.
Inlet
Authors: Jamie Kathleen
Published: September 2017

I have seen your face

Among the pebbles

In a Highland pool.

Seeping into grass

The sea at spring tide

Leaves bladderwrack there.

You will have noticed

A planetary rose-hip

Hanging from the sky,

A slippery plank

Bridging the inlet

And the last of the sea,...
Mr and Mrs Scotland Are Taking a Vacation in the Autonomous Region
Authors: Riach Alan
Published: September 2017

In the work of Jamie, Scotland is contextualised with co-ordinate points that arise from the foundations of her understanding of socially gendered, power-structured identities, in which nationality is only one redefinable part. In Mr and Mrs Scotland Are Dead, the promise of mortal demise delivered upon conventional, reactionary, intimidated articulations of 'Scottishness' is complemented by fully-charged assertions of value in social, gendered and regenerated self-determination. The poems deliver nuanced explorations of experience being discovered, tentatively, as well as inhabited, fully. The ideas and locations take her far from Scotland but as the title insists, her native country is not, by these works, erased. This dynamic in Jamie's writing extends to her prose, where her sensitivity to particularities and power of critical judgement combine in situations of hard extremity and of liminality and transition. Her work brings together some of the most delicate perceptions and argumentative, oppositional propositions, in modern Scottish writing. In connection with the theme of Scottishness, this essay addresses the use of Scots language in Jamie's work. Attention is paid to the ways she threads together Scottish and Tibetan history and politics, by giving Scots voices to historical Chinese and Tibetan travellers, in The Autonomous Region.
Transcending the Urban: The Queen of Sheba
Authors: Bell Amanda
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines The Queen of Sheba (1984) for evidence of the seeds of Jamie's ecological interests. It focuses on five poems which chart the growth of a female sensibility, from childhood through early parenthood and into independent self-awareness. The poems analysed are ’Mother-May-I’, ‘Child with pillar box and bin bags’, ‘Fountain’, ‘Flashing green man’, and ‘Skeins o Geese’. In these poems, the urban is represented by the constructed human environment and the rules for normative behaviour; the rural by the natural, nonhuman, world outside, best characterised as ’the anti-urban’. The chapter demonstrates how, although usually considered in terms of Scottish identity, The Queen of Sheba marks the first stages of Jamie's interrogation of the place of the human in the world. It concludes that the collection can be seen as a paradigm for the development of an ecopoetics
‘Proceeding Without a Map’: Kathleen Jamie and the Lie of the Land
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores questions of poetic territory in Jamie’s poetry, with particular focus on Jizzen,
The Tree House and The Overhaul. Wheatley considers Jamie’s political and historical poems, and their refusal to align poetic map-making with nation-building projects. Her poems about Scottish landmarks imaginatively explore local histories, rather than presuming to overturn them. She is aware of the complexities of land-ownership in Scotland and her poems make no claims of ownership of Romantic bowers or forest groves. In a distinct refusal of the bardic self-aggrandizements of Yeats or English Romantic poets, Jamie celebrates provisional sheltering spaces found on cliff-sides or coast-lines. Poetic territory remains provisional, just as political-cultural arrangements of landscape prove transient, in Jamie’s recent poetry.
‘Sweet-Wild Weeks’: Birth, Being and Belonging in Jizzen
Authors: Simpson Juliet
Published: September 2017

The last tercet of ‘February’ concentrates a fiercely tender chiaroscuro of birth and being, which is arguably the pulse-beat and enigma of Jamie’s early collection, Jizzen. ‘Birth’, figured, here, as a plenitude of the ordinary, is charged with an abrupt luminosity of extraordinary connection that patterns the animal and earthy, with being, belonging and ‘birthright’. This essay takes Jamie’s treatment of ‘birth’ in Jizzen, as a starting-point for exploring its multi-faceted physical, poetic and aesthetic potency. First, is as an event unfolding oblique supernatural insight – the baby’s heart ‘nesting’ in St. Kevin’s arms (‘Prayer’) – and, second, as linked with a paradox of identity that finds its strength and power – its spiritualism of being – from an encounter with native land, people and ‘mother’ tongue, ostensibly non-mythic and banal. Finally, the essay suggests Jizzen’s many-layered entwining of ‘birth’ as bound up with a deeper, at times conflicting imagery, poetics and language of fullness and loss, connection and disconnection – of ‘birthing’ in and through multiple registers of language, place and identity in a series of constant re-encounters with and re-patterning of what may be ‘foreign’ and yet still ‘belong’.
Nature and Embodiment in This Weird Estate
Authors: Collins Lucy
Published: September 2017

In an essay entitled ‘Pathologies’ Jamie reflects on the role of the microscopic other in endangering human wellbeing and continuing life. This ‘inner natural world’ is both complex and contingent however; developments at the interface between creativity and technology have for some time problematized the concept of the body as singularly ‘human’ in character. Jamie’s engagement with the intricacy of bodily experience and representation, in particular with notions of the ‘other within’, is explored in a new way in a short sequence of poems published as This Weird Estate in 2007. These poems were written in response to anatomical representations of the early 19th century, several of which relate specifically to reproductive disease; they consider this most proximate of encounters—that of the child in the womb with the body of the mother—as a site within which other forms of nature exert an invisible yet powerful force. This chapter situates these poems at the interface of the poet’s engagement with generational change and ecological responsibility.
Into the Centre of Things: Poetic Travel Narratives in the Work of Kathleen Jamie and Nan Shepherd
Authors: Bell Eleanor
Published: September 2017

Reflecting on her experiences of the Cairngorms in The Living Mountain (written 1940s, published 1977), Nan Shepherd writes, 'Here then may be lived a life … so untouched by any mode of apprehension but their own, that the body may be said to think. Each sense heightened to its most exquisite awareness, is in itself total experience.' For Shepherd, the ‘total experience’ offered by the mountains opened up deeper channels of the self. This chapter reflects on certain aspects of the gendered nature of the genre. In doing so, it will make specific parallels between the work of Shepherd and Kathleen Jamie, both travel writers and Scottish poets, whose texts although produced over half a century apart, are united in their questioning of their natural entitlement to place. Yet Jamie has also been very realistic about the genre, critical of its inherent masculine bias. For Jamie, the spiritual aspects of travel writing have to be continually renegotiated, their cultural, social and political dimensions taken into account. In comparing Shepherd’s The Living Mountain and a selection of Jamie’s travel writings, this chapter examines the social and cultural context of each writer’s spiritual and feminist quest, illuminating, in turn, their own particular ‘findings’.
‘Connective Leaps’: Sightlines and The Overhaul
Authors: Gairn Louisa
Published: September 2017

The Overhaul and Sightlines extend Jamie’s call for attentive, observational writing; what she describes as a “new kind of work that renegotiate[s] our place in the natural world.” This involves not only revisiting our human relationship with “wild” nature, but also acknowledging ourselves as a species with its own natural history: a locus of nature as well as culture. The question of home and belonging is thus an enduring theme in Jamie’s work. Jamie’s keen observations of nature, place and people recognise the limitations as well as the potential of human dwelling in the natural world. Rejecting romanticism, she suggests that while we are certainly capable of appreciating the transcendent in nature, we are also “animal bodies” (Sightlines 5), “a species […] hoping for the marvellous” (The Overhaul 3) who encounter the world through the physical as much as the aesthetic. This chapter considers The Overhaul
and Sightlines as explorations in ecopoetics, searching for alternative ways of negotiating our relationship with the natural world. These two collections interrogate the writer’s ability to restore a “sense of ourselves as creatures”, the vital element of reconnection with the more-than-human world which Gaston Bachelard identified as one of poetry’s greatest gifts.
Life Lines, Sight Lines: Collaborative Works
Authors: Spencer Eleanor
Published: September 2017

Kathleen Jamie has long been interested in the complex intersections of personal and national identity. This chapter takes up the theme of the individual poetic voice working in collaboration with other voices - other artists, writers, and members of local and national communities. The discussion focuses on two volumes, A Flame in Your Heart, a collection of verse co-written with fellow poet Andrew Greig, and her most recent volume, Frissure, a mixed media work composed in collaboration with the visual artist Brigid Collins. This chapter argues that Jamie is a poet with a strong sense of place and social connection. Her strikingly original voice is paradoxically one that emerges out of (and in) dialogue with others.
Bollywood and Postmodernism
Authors: Wright Neelam Sidhar
Published: September 2017

‘New Bollywood’ has arrived, but its postmodern impulse often leaves film scholars reluctant to theorise its aesthetics. How do we define the style of a contemporary Bollywood film? Are Bollywood films just uninspired Hollywood rip-offs, or does their borrowing signal genuine innovation within the industry? Applying postmodern concepts and locating postmodern motifs in key commercial Hindi films, this book reveals how Indian cinema has changed in the twenty-first century. Equipping readers with an alternative method of reading contemporary Indian cinema, the book takes Indian film studies beyond the standard theme of diaspora, and exposes a new decade of aesthetic experimentation and textual appropriation in mainstream Bombay cinema. A bold celebration of contemporary Bollywood texts, this book radically redefines Indian film and persuasively argues for its seriousness as a field of cinematic studies.
Introduction: The Bollywood Eclipse
Authors: Wright Neelam Sidhar
Published: September 2017

This book examines changes in Bollywood's film production during the twenty-first century, and particularly after its economic liberalisation, giving rise to a ‘New Bollywood’. It shows how the Indian cinema has acquired evidently postmodern qualities and explains what postmodernism means in the context of Bollywood cinema. It also considers what postmodernism tells us about the change and function of Bollywood film language after the twenty-first century. The book describes Bollywood's ‘postmodern turn’ as a form of transformation that reworks or revisits previous aesthetic trends in order to produce a radically different aesthetic. ‘New Bollywood’ refers to contemporary films characterised by a strong postmodern aesthetic style which was not as present in the 1990s. This introductory chapter discusses the meaning of ‘contemporary Bollywood’, postmodernism as a means of reading and interpreting films, and the structure of the book.
Anti-Bollywood: Traditional Modes of Studying Indian Cinema
Authors: Wright Neelam Sidhar
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses Indian film criticism, with a particular focus on traditional modes of studying Indian cinema. It first traces the history of the development of the Bombay film industry from the 1910s to the 2000s, arguing that the 1960s and 1980s are decades from which we can best study Indian cinema's most popular form of filmmaking: the masala genre. It then considers traditional approaches to Indian film and some popular themes in Indian film studies, including nationalism, diaspora, postcolonialism and cultural identity. It also examines introductory guidebooks and other literary sources that it accuses of having misled readers towards restrictive (if not outmoded and derogatory) definitions of the cinema they seek to understand. The chapter concludes with an overview of categories used to explore Bollywood's current manifestation, namely, third cinema, world cinema, Asian cinema, global contemporary Indian cinema and transnational cinema.
Contemporary Bollywood Remakes
Authors: Wright Neelam Sidhar
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines postmodern aesthetics in the contemporary Bollywood remake through an in-depth analysis of one of the genre's earliest, most prominent examples: the Devdas lineage. Two of the most popular and widely regarded versions of Devdas are discussed: Bimal Roy's 1955 classic and Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 2002 version. The chapter considers how Bollywood uses figural excess to rework and distinguish itself aesthetically from previous canonical Indian film texts, drawing upon Scott Lash's views on postmodernism as a ‘regime of signification’. It also explores how Bollywood cinema hybridises with Hollywood modes of filmmaking in order to de-authenticate and dismantle both American and its own cinematic codes and conventions. Finally, it describes synaesthesia in Indian cinema and offers a reading of two more films, Dil Chahta Hai and Kaante.
Conclusion: A Bollywood Renaissance?
Authors: Wright Neelam Sidhar
Published: September 2017

This book has highlighted some of the fundamental changes that have occurred in Bollywood cinema after its economic liberalisation at the turn of the twenty-first century. Through an analysis of various film texts, it has demonstrated how Bollywood, as well as being global and transnational, has reached a postmodern stage that has provided new ways of reading Indian cinema. It has also examined the Bollywood remake, arguing that remaking was contemporary Bollywood's most significant and effective means of achieving creative innovation. Furthermore, it has described some of the devices at the core of New Bollywood's unique cinematic language, such as figural excess and hyperrealism, which enable the cinema to operate differently as an art form and film language. The book concludes by offering a redefinition of contemporary Bollywood cinema, proposing the value of postmodernism as a new alternative method for studying, teaching and articulating Bollywood in the West. It also reflects on Bollywood's future prospects.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Roger , Ostle Robin
Published: September 2017

This book is about the life and academic legacy of Mustafa Badawi, who may be regarded as the father of the study of modern Arabic literature in the United Kingdom and the United States based on the impact of his career and his publications. Badawi's arrival at Oxford University in 1964 as lecturer in modern Arabic literature transformed the teaching of and research into this subject in western academia. Trained in the University of Alexandria and in the UK in English literature, Badawi applied his passion for teaching, researching and translating English literature and criticism to the modern literature of his native language. This book begins with Alexandria, the city that exerted a key formative influence on the cosmopolitan culture characteristic of Badawi as individual and scholar. It goes on to document Badawi's intellectual and literary journey through his life as scholar, critic and translator and ends with a discussion of Badawi's academic legacy.
Beginning and End: Exploring the Qur͗anic ‘Grand Story’
Authors: Mahmoud Mohamed
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the Qur'anic ‘grand story’, which refers to the underlying, basic conceptual scheme that informs Qur'anic stories and bestows meaning and coherence on them. Ths basic conceptual scheme is predicated on a relationship between humankind and God that leads to either salvation or damnation. In expressing this relationship, the Qur'anic narrative form turns God into a person with a dramatic presence and human attributes. The chapter reflects on the beginnings as expressed by the creation story and on the eschatological future. It cites the cosmic beginning as the seed of the Qur'anic grand story; this beginning is a preparation of the physical stage for the climactic moment of the human beginning when God creates Adam. It also explains how the creation story and the specificity of the ‘Adamic beginning’ relate to the grand story.
Modern Arabic Literature as Seen in the Late Nineteenth Century: Jurji Murqus’s Contribution to Korsh and Kirpichnikov’s Vseobshchaya Istoriya Literatury*
Authors: Kilpatrick Hilary
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses modern Arabic literature as seen in the late nineteenth century by focusing on Jurji Ibrahim Murqus's contribution to Vseobshchaya Istoriya literatury (Universal History of Literature), edited by V. F. Korsh and A. I. Kirpichnikov. Murqus was a Syrian academic migrant who left Damascus in 1860. He studied at the Faculty of Oriental Languages of the University of St Petersburg and taught Arabic at the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages in Moscow. This chapter presents a slightly abridged rendering of Murqus's text, which concentrates on the evolution of the Arabic language, on prose writers and on translators. It also considers Murqus's position where prose genres are concerned, with particular emphasis on his recognition of the significance of travel writing, as well as his views on translation. Finally, it suggests that Mustafa Badawi would have disputed some of Murqus's statements on sound scholarly grounds.
Ataturk Becomes ͑Antar: Nationalist-vernacular Politics and Epic Heroism in 1920s Egypt
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the emergence of colloquial Arabic poetry as populist-political commentary in Egypt by offering a reading of Mahmud Bayram al-Tunisi's series of texts, which figured political contestation in the thematic-formal mould of the sira shaʻbiyya. It first provides an overview of the sira shaʻbiyya (folk epic, folk romance) before discussing at least four Bayramic sira compositions, all of which narrate the Turkish–Greek conflict over possession of Asia Minor in the context of postwar intra-European negotiations for neocolonial primacy. The texts, labelled ‘Sira Kemaliyya’, chronicle the conflict between Greece and Turkey in 1919–1922, highlighted by the exploits of Turkish ‘epic hero’ and nationalist leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The chapter explains how Bayram manages the duality of heroic posturing as a heavy-handed colonialist tactic versus the effective heroism of Mustafa Kemal.
The Trust as Patrimony: An Introduction
Authors: Valsan Remus
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the reader to some of the complex issues surrounding the relation between trust and patrimony from the perspective of comparative private law. It considers fundamental questions that underscore the dilemmas of comparative law; for example, why we need to search for, and pin down, a common denominator for the broad spectrum of trusts and trust-like institutions, or whether supra-national and system-neutral legal institutions can exist? In particular, the views of French jurist Raymond Saleilles are discussed. The chapter also considers the problem of defining trust from a comparative private law angle and especially the debate over whether trust belongs to property, obligations, persons or somewhere else. Finally, it examines the nature of the rights of trust beneficiaries and the private law concept of patrimony in the civilian tradition.
Scottish Trusts in the Common Law
Authors: Smith Lionel D
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how the Scottish trust is — and is not — found in the common law. First, how it is not: the trust of the common law tradition cannot be understood according to the principles that underlie the trust of Scotland. But then, how it is: the common law does have an institution that corresponds almost exactly to the Scottish trust. Before analysing the ubiquitous presence of Scottish trusts in the common law, the chapter considers trust as it relates to the administration of the estate of the deceased, the position of estate beneficiaries, and trustees and personal representatives in the common law. It also discusses some recent developments in trusts in the common law world and concludes with an analysis of the implications of such developments for trust beneficiaries and non-contractual creditors.
Discussion and Conclusions
Authors: Amar Zohar , Lev Efraim
Published: September 2017

This chapter draws some conclusions from the researches laid out in the previous chapter. It considers the extent of the Indian contribution to the inventory of medicinal substances in the early Islamic period, as well as how evidence of such contributions seems so scarce in comparison. The chapter also discusses the distribution of these drugs and how they were spurred on by ‘strong market forces’ — namely, the new trading routes and economic conditions created by the Arab conquests and their governmental policies. Literature and translations were just one way to transmit medical knowledge from the Classical to the Arab world and from there to the West; others were trade, diplomacy, pilgrimage, and waves of conquests. The chapter thus shows how the Arabs rendered a transformation of the entire medieval world, including the comprehensive dominance of Greek pharmacology along with Persian and Ayurvedic drugs.
Heroines in Flight: Narrating Invisibility and Maturity in Women’s Gothic Writing of the Romantic Period
Authors: Wright Angela
Published: September 2017

Chapter One examines the phenomenon of heroines in flight in Gothic texts by women, arguing that although it is a truth well known that mothers are invariably dead or dying when such flights occur, the reasons underscoring that recognised truth require further scrutiny. Wright notes that Jane Austen’s narrator in Northanger Abbey brilliantly parodies this well-known trope as early as 1797, drawing upon the fictional models of Ann Radcliffe, Maria Regina Roche, Eliza Parsons and Eleanor Sleath. And yet, she suggests, closer study of all these novels reveals that the mothers therein portrayed are less dead than one might imagine; they may be imprisoned, disguised or wronged, perhaps, but they are nonetheless disturbingly present. In this chapter Wright sets out to recover the undead mother and, in doing so, interrogates why so many heroines of women’s Gothic take flight during the Romantic period.
Madwomen and Attics
Authors: Talairach-Vielmas Laurence
Published: September 2017

The chapter examines the evolution of the figure of the madwoman in Gothic narratives, focusing particularly on representations of emotions and on the ways in which definitions of madness evolved in the nineteenth century, from ‘passion’ to ‘moral insanity’ and ‘hystero-catalepsy’. Recognising that locking madwomen up has always been one of the most significant features of Gothic fiction, their imprisonment putting an end to deviance and thus maintaining the status quo, it also charts the changes in madwomen’s places of confinement - coffins and deadhouses more and more replacing attics in Victorian narratives that then capitalised on fears of premature interment. In the second half of the nineteenth century, such images of madwomen locked up in attics were revisited, as madness and ‘badness’ became the object of medical investigation and as research into mental physiology attempted to probe the mysteries of brain mechanisms. Sensation novelists such as Wilkie Collins and Mary Elizabeth Braddon rewrote the clichés of the genre, finding their sources of inspiration in real-life cases and denouncing the wrongful incarceration of women in lunatic asylums
‘A Woman’s Place’
Authors: Wallace Diana
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that Gothic is the mode of writing that has most effectively articulated and symbolised the terrors of the domestic space. For women, possession, confinement and loss of identity are all shadows which haunt the home, particularly those who inhabit – or fear inhabiting - the roles of housewife and mother. In ‘The Uncanny’ (1919), Freud explored the ambivalent relationship between the heimlich and the unheimlich, the way in which the ‘homely’ doubles as the ‘unhomely’. In Gothic texts, the homely is often associated with the hellish and with the sense of a split female self. This chapter examines a range of works by Norah Lofts, Christina Stead, Sylvia Plath, Shirley Jackson, Penelope Mortimer, Barbara Comyns and Emma Donoghue in order to explore how they use Gothic tropes and devices to convey women’s ambivalence towards the realm of the domestic and their role within it.
The Female Gothic Body
Authors: Mulvey-Roberts Marie
Published: September 2017

This chapter begins by demonstrating that the property and inheritance rights of the early ‘transgressive’ Gothic heroine could be seized by controlling her body through marriage, domestic violence or imprisonment. The Bluebeard legend was then rewritten by women writers, including Ann Radcliffe and Elizabeth Gaskell, so as to embrace female empowerment, while Wilkie Collins and Elizabeth Braddon appear to have been influenced by the wrongful confinement within an asylum of Rosina Bulwer Lytton by her husband, Gothic novelist Edward. Throughout history women’s bodies have frequently been regarded as sites of monstrosity and the chapter argues that this cultural abjection is represented within the Gothic in various ways, from the gorgon to the vampire. Fear of the feminine continues to be articulated through the female body and its constituent parts. While the threat of miscegenation through the female body’s reproductive capacity is fragmented in Frankenstein, adaptations of Shelley’s novel by feminist writers, including Shelley Jackson and Elizabeth Hand, celebrate the autonomous patchwork self and scarred female body as representations of a painfully achieved female subjectivity. Other misogynist myths, such as the vagina dentata and the Medusa’s castrating gaze, are similarly deconstructed in other feminist fiction.
Spectral Femininity
Authors: Munford Rebecca
Published: September 2017

‘Spectral Femininity’ examines the troubling spectres of femininity that have haunted the Gothic imagination since the eighteenth century. Etymologically related as much to the field of looking as to the realm of phantoms, the ‘spectre’ occupies a vital place in the Gothic’s vocabulary of haunting, revenance and (in)visibility. From the repressed daughters and buried mothers of the eighteenth-century Gothic, to the infernal images of wraithlike women in the macabre imaginings of Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Baudelaire, femininity is peculiarly susceptible to ‘spectralisation’. With reference to the Freudian uncanny, Derrida’s notion of spectrality and the work of Terry Castle, Munford analyses Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca, Shirley Jackson’s The Haunting of Hill House and Ali Smith’s Hotel World, in all of which images of spectral femininity are used to explore questions of historical dispossession, experiences of social invisibility, and anxieties about sexual identity and generational conflict. As Derrida reminds us, the spectre ‘begins by coming back’; never fully exorcised, the spectral is always that which refuses to be laid to rest. The chapter concludes that, while images of spectral femininity often function as sites of dread and anxiety, they also work to signify powerful images of irrepressible female desire and agency.
Queering the Female Gothic
Authors: Haefele-Thomas Ardel
Published: September 2017

Queering the Female Gothic’ examines work by women writers from the 1890s onwards who use the Gothic to create covert and/or overt queer situations and characters. These are often used to explore cultural and social concerns, such as restrictive patriarchal and hetero-normative family structures, the medical pathologisation of female and genderqueer bodies, institutions of racism and sexism within colonial and slave narratives, and contemporary issues surrounding the intersections of sexuality, race, class and gender identity. The chapter examines the work of a number of American and British women authors who have employed the Gothic as a proverbial safe space in which to explore these concerns; they include Vernon Lee, Florence Marryat, Carson McCullers, Toni Morrison, Maryse Condé, Jane Chambers, Jewelle Gomez, Sarah Waters, Yvonne Heidt and Cate Culpepper. Not only do their fictions encompass queer characters and scenarios in terms of gender identities outside of the male/female binary and the full spectrum of queer sexual orientation, but the authors themselves, taken as a group, embody the full spectrum as far as gender identity and sexual orientation are concerned.
Virtual Gothic Women
Authors: Spooner Catherine
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that recurring fictions of uncanny disembodiment and an ‘electronic elsewhere’ accompanied electronic media throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Women’s position within this alliance has been complex: often the mediums through which technologies are Gothicised, as in spirit photography, provide a hinge between the embodied human subject and a pure realm of disembodiment. This uneasy positioning of a Gothicised female subject across the Cartesian mind/body dualism is reiterated in contemporary fictions that engage with the possibilities of digital technologies. Virtual Gothic heroines are liberated into a realm of pure mind, but remain haunted by the needs and sensations of the body. The chapter demonstrates how an increasingly disembodied and uncanny femininity was mediated through emergent media such as photography, telegraphy and cinema. The later part of the chapter focuses on three novels that provide an insight into the historical development of Gothicised digital technologies and so-called ‘virtual’ environments since the early 1980s, raising searching questions about the role of the body in a culture of disembodiment: these are William Gibson’s Neuromancer (1984), Neal Stephenson’s The Diamond Age (1995) and Scarlett Thomas’s The End of Mr Y (2006).
Cultural Crossovers
Authors: Perriam Chris , Waldron Darren
Published: September 2017

The chapter focuses on what France and Frenchness means in dominant discourses that circulate in Spain and the values attached to Spain and Spanishness in France. It offers a contextual and historical background to such values and associations, with reference to the perspectives of sexual politics and LGBTQ cultural exchange. The presentation of a two-way traffic of cultural, political and historical exchange between France and Spain is nuanced by taking into account the multidimensional identities and affiliations of people with regards to nationality and diasporic affinities between the two countries.
Conclusion
Authors: Perriam Chris , Waldron Darren
Published: September 2017

In this book we have been tracing cinematically mediated, cross-cultural flows and exchange of tastes, opinions, experiences, desires and values between France and Spain and, as a space of reception, Britain. Through our encounters with events and audiences (including the responses of 440 individuals), we have been asking how LGBTQ experiences and communities are inflected by divergences and commonalities mobilised by certain films and their reception. The various encounters between audience and film, between comment and image, and, indeed, present and past, have revealed some specific ways in which tastes, values, desires and fantasies translate between LGBTQ communities in three wide geographical locations. They have shown how thematic preoccupations of a social or political nature connect across languages through films which either were programmed at festivals and in special screenings or that we separately identified as being perceived as key interventions in terms of their tone, their attack or their structuring of issues. By looking through an LGBTQ lens at what France means for Spain and vice versa, and how certain viewers from Britain themselves apprehend or embrace those meanings, we have tried to forge new articulations between film audience research and our knowledge of sexuality in transnational contexts. This has been facilitated by the emerging range of different films covering varied issues and subject positions. In particular, the major themes that run through the responses – love and relationships, ageing, what is or might be living as a lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans or queer Catalan, citizen of France or Spanish subject – have shaped the discussion. The responses we gathered, as well as being concerned, often in self-questioning ways, with individual identity – like Antonio responding to ...
Introduction
Authors: Settle Louise
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the reader to the key theoretical and methodological concepts and provides an overview of the historical context. Key historiographical trends are discussed and the new contributions of this book are outlined. The chapter ends with detailed chapter summaries which outlines the book’s key arguments.
Reforming the ‘Fallen’: Voluntary Organisations, Probation and the Informal Regulation of Prostitution
Authors: Settle Louise
Published: September 2017

This chapter focus on the informal regulation of prostitution by examining the role of religious voluntary organisations in ‘rescuing fallen women’. Instead of punishing women who were caught soliciting by sending them to prison, the police and magistrates often turned to probation and voluntary organisations in an attempt to rehabilitate these women using a more penal welfare approach. The first half of this chapter will outline the ways in which probation sentences were used to police women who committed prostitution offences and examine the close links that existed between the new probation service and voluntary institutions. The second section will look more closely at the daily activities of these voluntary organisations, focusing particularly on the Magdalene Asylums, the Scottish National Vigilance Association (SNVA) and the Women Patrols. These case studies explore the ideologies, aims and methods of these organisation and how the daily routines and experiences of the ‘inmates ‘changed during the period. These case studies will allow us to examine how the collaborations that were established between these voluntary organisations, the police and the probation service influenced the regulation of prostitution and women’s experiences of the criminal justice system.
Women’s Experiences of Prostitution
Authors: Settle Louise
Published: September 2017

This chapter uses poor law, census, police, magistrates and prison records relating to over eight-hundred women, alongside in-depth case studies of individuals, to examine the major themes that shaped the lives of women involved in prostitution in Scotland during the early twentieth century. The chapter explores various reasons why women entered or exited prostitution at certain stages during their lives; particularly their socio-economic backgrounds, their health, use of alcohol or involvement in crime and other events that shaped their lives and relationships, including the different types of relationships that existed among ‘prostitutes’, ‘pimps’ and ‘brothel-keepers. Despite the limitations of the available sources which are heavily mediated, this collective biography approach provides some important insights into the lives and experiences of the women involved in prostitution. Importantly, this evidence begins to reveal a level of women’s historical agency that has often been difficult for historians to ascertain.
Conclusion
Authors: Settle Louise
Published: September 2017

This chapter summaries the main arguments of the book and brings them together to re-affirm the key conclusions. The final section then reflects on some of the possible relevance this research has for current policy debates relating to prostitution and the law.
Identities
Authors: Marks Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers how different forms of surveillance capture, fashion and potentially distort identity, sometimes without the subject knowing. It raises questions about how surveillance personnel and procedures establish and monitor authentic and inauthentic identities, as well as the strategies individuals and groups take to counteract malevolent scrutiny in order to retain control of their identities. Going beyond visual surveillance of actual bodies, the chapter examines the importance of computers and Big Data in creating new forms of identity. It also touches upon the intriguing area of the post-human and the ways in which creatures who seek personhood, such as replicants and robots, complicate notions of human identity. This chapter interprets an array of novels and films considered in other chapters (including The Truman Show, The Handmaid’s Tale, Blade Runner and Gattaca), while introducing new texts, such as Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange and Alex Proyas’s I, Robot. All these works probe at the boundaries of what it is to be human or fully human, and how surveillance functions to define, dehumanise and disempower.