bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MJO Initiation Processes over the Tropical Indian Ocean during DYNAMO/CINDY2011*
Authors: Li Tim , Zhao Chongbo , Hsu Pang-chi , Nasuno Tomoe
Published: January 2015

A multination joint field campaign called the Dynamics of MJO/Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in Year 2011 (DYNAMO/CINDY2011) took place in the equatorial Indian Ocean (IO) in late 2011. During the campaign period, two strong MJO events occurred from the middle of October to the middle of December (referred to as MJO I and MJO II, respectively). Both the events were initiated over the western equatorial Indian Ocean (WIO) around 50°–60°E. Using multiple observational data products (ERA-Interim, the ECMWF final analysis, and NASA MERRA), the authors unveil specific processes that triggered the MJO convection in the WIO. It is found that, 10 days prior to MJO I initiation, a marked large-scale ascending motion anomaly appeared in the lower troposphere over the WIO. The cause of this intraseasonal vertical motion anomaly was attributed to anomalous warm advection by a cyclonic gyre anomaly over the northern IO. The MJO II initiation was preceded by a low-level specific humidity anomaly. This lower-tropospheric moistening was attributed to the advection of mean moisture by anomalous easterlies over the equatorial IO. The contrast of anomalous precursor winds at the equator (westerly versus easterly) implies different triggering mechanisms for the MJO I and II events. It was found that upper-tropospheric circumnavigating signals did not contribute the initiation of both the MJO events. The EOF-based real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) indices should not be used to determine MJO initiation time and location because they are primarily used to capture large zonal scale and eastward-propagating signals, not localized features.
Examining the Roles of the Easterly Wave Critical Layer and Vorticity Accretion during the Tropical Cyclogenesis of Hurricane Sandy*
Authors: Lussier Louis L. , Rutherford Blake , Montgomery Michael T. , Boothe Mark A. , Dunkerton Timothy J.
Published: January 2015

The tropical cyclogenesis sequence of Hurricane Sandy is examined. It is shown that genesis occurs within a recirculating Kelvin cat’s-eye flow of a westward-propagating tropical wave. The cat’s-eye flow is able to provide a protective environment for the mesoscale vortex to grow and is characterized by gradual column moistening and increased areal coverage of deep cumulus convection. These findings are generally consistent with a recently proposed tropical cyclogenesis sequence referred to as the “marsupial paradigm.” Sandy’s cyclogenesis provides a useful illustration of the marsupial paradigm within a partially open recirculating region, with the opening located south of the pouch center. It is suggested that the opening acts to enhance the genesis process because it is adjacent to an environment characterized by warm, moist air, conditions favorable for tropical cyclogenesis. From a dynamical perspective, accretion of low-level cyclonic vorticity filaments into the developing vortex from several sources (the South American convergence zone, an easterly wave located west of the pre-Sandy wave, and cyclonic vorticity generated along Hispaniola) is documented. Organization and growth of the nascent storm is enhanced by this accretion of cyclonic vorticity. A Lagrangian trajectory analysis is used to assess potential contributions to Sandy’s spinup from a Caribbean gyre and the easterly wave that formed Hurricane Tony. This analysis indicates that these features are outside of the Lagrangian flow boundaries that define the pre-Sandy wave and do not directly contribute to spinup of the vortex. Finally, the effectiveness of forecasts from the U.S. and European operational numerical weather prediction models is discussed for this case.
Caregiver Preferences Regarding Personal Health Records in the Management of ADHD
Authors: Ronis Sarah D. , Baldwin Constance D. , McIntosh Scott , McConnochie Kenneth , Szilagyi Peter G. , Dolan James
Published: January 2015

Objective. Personal health records (PHRs) may address the needs of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Among parents, we assessed acceptance, barriers, and intentions regarding use of PHR for their children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods. Survey of parents from 3 practices in Rochester, NY. Stepwise logistic regression analysis explored factors predicting respondents’ intentions for future use of PHR, accounting for care coordination needs, caregiver education, socioeconomic status, and satisfaction with providers. Results. Of 184 respondents, 23% had used the PHR for their child, 82% intended future use. No difference was observed between users and nonusers regarding gender, age, race, or education. Users were more likely than nonusers to reside in the suburbs ( P = .03). Caregivers were more likely to plan future use of the PHR if they felt engaged as partners in their child’s care (adjusted odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 4.5). Conclusions. Parents are enthusiastic about PHRs. Future work should focus on engaging them as members of the health care team.
Impact of Co-management at the Primary-Subspecialty Care Interface on Follow-up and Referral Patterns for Patients With Concussion
Authors: Feyissa Eminet Abebe , Cornell Erin , Chandhok Laura , Wang David , Ionita Cristian , Schwab Jennifer , Kostyun Regina , Wilion Felicia , Rubin Karen
Published: January 2015

Background: Co-management is a collaborative care model that consists of structured tools to define and document care delivered by 2 or more providers. We evaluated the impact of implementing co-management at the interface between pediatric primary care providers (PCPs) and subspecialists. Methods: Participating PCPs (n = 9) were trained on management of concussion using the co-management tools. Co-managed patients with concussion were prospectively enrolled (n = 148) and compared to a retrospective audit of non–co-managed patients (n = 50). Results: PCPs using co-management demonstrated adherence to the tools. PCPs were significantly more likely to provide follow-up care to patients when using the co-management tools. All participating PCPs reported that co-management enhanced their expertise in caring for patients with concussion. Conclusions: Co-management can enhance PCPs’ capacity to independently manage the care of patients with concussion. Co-management led to an observed change in practice that merits further exploration in terms of cost, quality, and clinical outcomes.
Functional Status and Social Contact Among Older Adults
Authors: Pavela Gregory
Published: January 2015

This article tests whether functional status is associated with likelihood of social contact among older adults. Data come from the Second Longitudinal Study on Aging, a longitudinal nationally representative sample of 9,447 noninstitutionalized individuals aged 70 and over at baseline in 1995. Functional status is measured using an index of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Social contact is measured by asking respondents whether they had gotten together socially or talked on the phone with friends/neighbors or family in the past 2 weeks. Greater number of functional limitations is associated with a decreased likelihood of social contact at follow-up via the phone with friends (odd ratio [ OR] = 0.94, p < .01) and family ( OR = 0.96, p < .01), and a decreased likelihood of getting together with friends ( OR = 0.93, p < .01) and family ( OR = 0.97, p < .01). Results indicate that functional limitations have a broad impact on self-reported social contact among older adults.
Parental Disapproval and Gay and Lesbian Relationship Quality
Authors: Reczek Corinne
Published: January 2015

Parental disapproval of a different-sex romantic relationship is associated with reduced relationship quality and stability. However, little is known about how disapproval from parents matters for gay and lesbian relationship quality and stability. This article examines how 60 adults in gay and lesbian relationships understand and negotiate parental disapproval. Findings reveal three main ways parental disapproval is perceived to matter for the quality of gay and lesbian relationships. First, respondents describe experiencing increased relationship strain. Second, disapproval from parents is understood as promoting relationship resilience. Third, respondents separate themselves from parents to protect and bolster their relationship quality. In conversation with previous work on different-sex relationships, findings suggest that gay and lesbian adults perceive and negotiate strain from parents in ways that are both similar to, but also unique from, different-sex contexts. The implications for theory and research on intimate relationship quality in the context of family of origin relationships are discussed.
Psychosocial Distress in Patients with Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Buchmann Luke , Ashby Shaelene , Cannon Richard B. , Hunt Jason P.
Published: January 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study is to evaluate levels of psychosocial distress in thyroid cancer patients. An analysis of factors contributing to levels of distress is included.

Study Design

Individual retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Head and neck cancer clinic at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 118 newly diagnosed thyroid cancer patients were included in the study. Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluated levels of and factors contributing to distress.

Results

Almost half (43.3%) of patients had significant distress. Those with self‐reported psychiatric history, use of antidepressant medication, and history of radiation treatment had higher levels of distress. On multivariate analysis, patient endorsement of emotional issues predicted a higher distress level.

Conclusions

Thyroid cancer patients have high distress levels. Identification of thyroid cancer patients with high distress levels is important to offer additional support during cancer therapy.
Organizing for ontological change: The kernel of an AIDS research infrastructure
Authors: Ribes David , Polk Jessica Beth
Published: January 2015

Is it possible to prepare and plan for emergent and changing objects of research? Members of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study have been investigating AIDS for over 30 years, and in that time, the disease has been repeatedly transformed. Over the years and across many changes, members have continued to study HIV disease while in the process regenerating an adaptable research organization. The key to sustaining this technoscientific flexibility has been what we call the kernel of a research infrastructure: ongoing efforts to maintain the availability of resources and services that may be brought to bear in the investigation of new objects. In the case of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, these resources are as follows: specimens and data, calibrated instruments, heterogeneous experts, and participating cohorts of gay and bisexual men. We track three ontological transformations, examining how members prepared for and responded to changes: the discovery of a novel retroviral agent (HIV), the ability to test for that agent, and the transition of the disease from fatal to chronic through pharmaceutical intervention. Respectively, we call the work, ‘technologies’, and techniques of adapting to these changes, ‘repurposing’, ‘elaborating’, and ‘extending the kernel’.
‘For men arousal is orientation’: Bodily truthing, technosexual scripts, and the materialization of sexualities through the phallometric test
Authors: Waidzunas Tom , Epstein Steven
Published: January 2015

We trace the history of the phallometric test – which measures erections of men exposed to visual erotic stimuli to characterize sexualities – in order to account for its functioning as a ‘truthing technology’. On the basis of a content analysis of 410 key scientific journal article abstracts, we argue that since its invention in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s, phallometry has been employed within three distinct assemblages: as a test of predominance of sexual desire, as a test for therapeutic efficacy, and as a threshold test of sexual risk. Drawing on works of theorists of materialization and proponents of script theory, we argue that within each assemblage phallometric testing materializes male desire and renders it measurable via a ‘technosexual script’. We consider the performative effects of phallometry in establishing scientific conceptions of normal and abnormal sexualities. At the same time, through attention to debates among practitioners and broader controversies surrounding the employment of phallometry, we examine the limits of researchers’ abilities to establish the broader credibility of the test and capture the phenomenon of sexual desire. This analysis contributes to the study of truthing technologies (or ‘truth machines’) as a class, while also helping to build bridges between science and technology studies and sexuality studies.
Ultrasonic consolidation of thermoplastic composite prepreg for automated fiber placement
Authors: Rizzolo Robert H , Walczyk Daniel F
Published: January 2015

To address the industrial need for manufacturing advanced thermoplastic composite parts with less energy, waste, and time and at lower cost, the feasibility of automated fiber placement using ultrasonic consolidation (UC) is investigated as an alternative to hot gas torch, laser, and infrared (IR) heating. The flexural stiffness and strength of simple flat parts made using UC and also thermal pressing per manufacturer’s specifications are measured by three-point bending and compared. Whereas UC proved to be more effective in welding polyethylene terephthalate/carbon prepreg tape than thermal pressing for both unidirectional and quasi-isotropic layups, the opposite was true for high-density polyethylene/glass, although optimal welding process parameters may not have been used. Finally, a simple transient conduction model is used to predict temperature rise in the thickening laminate and is compared to experimental measurements.
Constellations of Human Rights
Authors: Falcón Sylvanna M.
Published: January 2015

This article explores the production of human rights discourse by examining the organization and social actors involved in its construction. The author proposes a triad constellation configuration for situating the varied engagements of human rights by different constituencies at the United Nations level: dominant understandings, counterpublic approaches, and social praxis. Dominant understandings are affiliated with the Western-legal apparatus, counterpublic approaches embrace antiracist and feminist epistemologies, and social praxis is about the mediation between the first two constellations. This article argues that the social praxis constellation is where the discourse of human rights can be inventive and dynamic because an envisioning of human rights moves beyond the rubric of civil, political, social, economic, and cultural rights.
Determination of material model parameters from orthogonal cutting experiments
Authors: Laakso Sampsa Vili Antero , Niemi Esko
Published: January 2015

Flow stress models in finite element analysis of metal cutting require material parameters that are essential considering the accuracy of the simulations. This article presents a method to acquire material parameters from cutting experiments using the extended Oxley’s shear zone theory. The novelty in this approach is to use measured chip geometry and temperature instead of determining them analytically to calculate strain and strain rate. These values are used to calculate the resultant cutting forces with the extended Oxley’s model and Johnson–Cook flow stress model. Flow stress model parameters are optimized to fit the calculated forces to those measured from cutting experiments. The Johnson–Cook parameters acquired with this method perform better than those found in the literature.
Lateral response of cable-guided hoisting system with time-varying length: Theoretical model and dynamics simulation verification
Authors: Wang Jinjie , Cao Guohua , Zhu Zhencai , Wang Yandong , Peng Weihong
Published: January 2015

The lateral response of the moving hoisting conveyance in cable-guided hoisting system is investigated in this paper. The equations of motion are derived by Hamilton's principle while the equivalent mass and stiffness of the guide cables are formulated. Galerkin method is employed to transform the governing equation into a set of ordinary differential equations. Subsequently, an ADAMS simulation model based on multi-degree of freedom is established to validate the theoretical model. Meanwhile, a high-efficiency simulation approach is proposed, in which the contact force is replaced with fixed joints and distance sensors. The numerical solution for equations set is obtained using Newmark- β method and the convergence of the solution is discussed, then the presented theoretical model is compared with the previous models describing the rigid rail-guided hoisting system. The results indicate that the numerical simulations are in reasonably good agreement with the ADAMS simulations and this presented model includes the previous models. The influence of parameters on the lateral response is analyzed, which reveals the maximum lateral displacement is linearly proportional to the excitation amplitude. Also, the appropriate preload can be determined by the theoretical model, which is beneficial for vibration control.
More Power to the Unconscious
Authors: Lin Zhicheng , Murray Scott O.
Published: January 2015

Substantial evidence suggests that unconscious processing can be characterized as a lesser or weaker version of conscious processing. To test this notion, we designed a novel repeated-cuing procedure based on exogenous attention: The location of the attentional cue was first fixed across blocks (fixed-cue blocks), and then the cue was removed in subsequent blocks (no-cue blocks). The visibility of the cue was also manipulated. We found that when the cue was invisible, the response to a prespecified stimulus in the fixed-cue blocks was faster if the stimulus was at the cued location than if it was at the uncued location. But when the cue was visible, this cuing effect was abolished, potentially because of an awareness-dependent, location-based inhibition mechanism, as revealed by an attentional bias against the previously cued location in the no-cue blocks. We call this bias negative attentional aftereffect. These results provide novel evidence against the weaker-version characterization of unconscious effects, highlighting dissociable components of orienting and inhibition in exogenous cuing through awareness and temporal dynamics.
Atmospheric patterns driving Holocene productivity in the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean): A multiproxy approach
Authors: Ausín Blanca , Flores Jose A , Sierro Francisco J , Cacho Isabel , Hernández-Almeida Iván , Martrat Belén , Grimalt Joan O
Published: January 2015

High-resolution paleoproductivity variations have been reconstructed in a productive cell in the Alboran Sea for the Holocene. Fossil coccolithophore assemblages have been studied along with the [Formula: see text]-estimated sea-surface temperature (SST) and other paleoenvironmental proxies. The appearance of this cell is suggested at 7.7 ka cal. BP and was linked to the establishment of the western anti-cyclonic gyre. From that time until the present, the nannofossil accumulation rate of Florisphaera profunda has revealed successive episodes of weakening and strengthening of upwelling conditions in the Alboran Sea that have been simultaneous to changes in Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) formation in the Gulf of Lions. A two-phase scenario operating at millennial–centennial time scale is proposed to explain this climatic and oceanographic variability: (1) coeval with more arid climate conditions, weaker northerlies or north-westerlies blowing over the Gulf of Lions would have triggered a slackening of WMDW formation. This together with a minor Atlantic Jet (AJ) inflowing into the Alboran Sea would have led to less vertical mixing and, hence, a more stable water column in the study area; (2) wetter climate conditions would have prevailed in the region, while stronger northerlies or north-westerlies would have enabled WMDW reinforcement in the Gulf of Lions simultaneous to an intensification of the AJ that migrated southward. This would have increased vertical mixing, intensifying upwelling conditions in the study area. Here, the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is considered to be an important forcing mechanism for this variability, influencing WMDW formation, which in turn has been linked to short-term productivity variations during the last 7.7 ka in the Alboran Sea.
PCDHB14- and GABRB1-like nervous system developmental genes are altered during early neuronal differentiation of NCCIT cells treated with ethanol
Authors: Halder D , Mandal C , Lee BH , Lee JS , Choi MR , Chai JC , Lee YS , Jung KH , Chai YG
Published: January 2015

Ethanol (EtOH) exposure during embryonic development causes dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we examined the effects of chronic EtOH on gene expression during early stages of neuronal differentiation. Human embryonic carcinoma (NCCIT) cells were differentiated into neuronal precursors/lineages in the presence or absence of EtOH and folic acid. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis demonstrated that EtOH deregulates many genes and pathways that are involved in early brain development. EtOH exposure downregulated several important genes, such as PCDHB14, GABRB1, CTNND2, NAV3, RALDH1, and OPN5, which are involved in CNS development, synapse assembly, synaptic transmission, and neurotransmitter receptor activity. GeneGo pathway analysis revealed that the deregulated genes mapped to disease pathways that were relevant to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD, such as neurotic disorders, epilepsy, and alcohol-related disorders). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the impairment of the neurological system or suboptimal synapse formation resulting from EtOH exposure could underlie the neurodevelopmental disorders in individuals with FASD.
‘Spacing’ Minority Relations
Authors: Gilani Sabrina
Published: January 2015

This article considers the mutually constitutive relationship between law and geography and relates this back to the issue of minority protection and cultural recognition. Introducing a new method of inquiry, spatio-historical analysis, this article argues that a historical study of a legal and political geography can fundamentally enhance a sociolegal analysis of contemporary structures and processes of governance vested with the aim of protecting and promoting cultural diversity. Using the tribal areas of Pakistan as a case study, this article examines how the colonial history of the tribal areas brings into question its contemporary status in Pakistani constitutional law. It further problematizes the idea that the tribal areas’ unique legal position can be attributed to the state’s recognition and promotion of the Pakhtun community’s right of normative autonomy. This article demonstrates how a spatio-historical model of analysis can reveal previously less visible sites of power and forms of domination that bring into question the historical linking of race and space and the significance of this relationship to questions about appropriate forms and expressions of normative autonomy within liberal societies.
Climate Change, Disasters and Development: Testing the Waters for Adaptive Governance in India
Authors: Varma Navarun , Kelkar Ulka , Bhardwaj Saurabh , Singh Prasoon , Mishra Arabinda
Published: January 2015

Amidst complex social-ecological dynamics of localities and future uncertainties posed by global environmental challenges like climate change, there is a need of practicing the principles of learning and flexibility in public policy process. In this study we illustrate the importance of adaptive governance paradigm as an approach for bringing coherence between climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in India. We comment on the type and extent of integration between climate policy and disaster management in the evolving policy landscape of India and cite certain paradoxes in actual practice. We look towards Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) as a diagnostic tool for informing policy in place of the dominant donor–recipient models of knowledge generation and dissemination. In our diagnosis of urban and rural flooding in India, we found lack of transparency, coordination, local sensitivity and inclusivity in governance leading to a trust deficit among citizens and government institutions, compliance issues, struggle for change in power structures and access to more information while there is willingness for meaningful learning among different stakeholders given the opportunities for social learning. We suggest that pedagogy for ongoing capacity building programmes in India for climate policy and disaster management should incorporate such tools to enable an environment of social learning in consultations and facilitate cognitive abilities to comprehend knowledge from diverse sources. It is only through governance mechanisms for shared understanding which can usher the much desired fit between science, policy and practice.
Trifurcation of MCD: First Budget as Essential Tool of Governance
Authors: Singhania Monica , Sharma Mayank
Published: January 2015

Trifurcation of Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) in May 2012 posed a big challenge in terms of distribution of assets and liabilities in limited time considering the notification was issued only in December 2011. One of the biggest tasks was to prepare the budget of three newly formed corporations, namely, North, South and East Delhi Municipal Corporation, and its presentation and adoption on the very first day of their formation. This was essential to authorize the three newly formed corporations to start functioning, from day one, as distinct legal entities and to incur expenditure for development, socio-economic welfare and day to day administration. While trifurcating the budget, the importance of each head of revenue and expenditure and its significance in monitoring and control of associated physical activities was especially considered.

We showcase in a step-by-step approach the installation and innovative development of budgetary system in the trifurcated MCD so as to highlight the use of this management tool as a prerequisite to good governance. From social perspective, budget plays a significant role in urban local bodies to enable them to meet their socio-political obligations. Good estimations are extremely important in order to be able to strike appropriate balance among multiple obligations. Trifurcation of budget was undertaken not only by adopting objective criteria based on availability of data but also keeping in mind the social and developmental obligations of the newly formed Corporations.
Allan Douglas Barton: A scholar who spanned theory and practice
Authors: Shelton Wendy , Jacobs Kerry
Published: January 2015

Biography is now established as a valid form of research in the accounting history literature and there have been calls for biographic work that goes beyond the focus on practitioners, early academics and theorists to consider those who have made other kinds of contribution. As a member of the Australian Accounting Hall of Fame, Allan Douglas Barton’s contribution is notable for its breadth and depth. Barton played a critical role in the growth of accounting as a discipline distinct from economics. He was also important in the growth of academic communities in Adelaide, Sydney and Canberra. In addition, he reflected a strong commitment to spanning theory and practice through significant service in University leadership, diverse committee work and extensive engagement in public policy and reform. This biographic study of Barton provides a template for future work considering a broader and multifaceted contribution spanning theory and practice, research and leadership, reflection and policy.
Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomic Is Changing the Field of Nutrition
Authors: Alpert Patricia T.
Published: January 2015

Epidemiological nutrition research has established the correlation between dietary intake and chronic diseases. Today, several years after the mapping of the human genome, vast amounts of knowledge generated from genetics and health research have prompted a new evolutionary field in nutrition: nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Much is being revealed about the way genes affect dietary intake (nutrigenetics) and how foods influence one’s genetics (nutrigenomics). This article looks at this new “frontier” in nutrition science.
Penal subjectivities: Developing a theoretical framework for penal consciousness
Authors: Sexton Lori
Published: January 2015

This article develops a new theoretical framework, penal consciousness, that examines the ways in which prisoners orient to and make meaning of their punishment. Penal consciousness identifies the processes from which penality emerges by simultaneously privileging the subjective consciousness of individual prisoners and locating this consciousness within the structure of the larger carceral system. In doing so, the penal consciousness framework moves beyond the limited, objective view of punishment as legal sanction to a more expansive view of penality that privileges subjectivity and meaning. From the inductive analysis of 80 qualitative interviews with prisoners, two dimensions of punishment emerged as key to understanding penality: salience and severity. Findings reveal that severity of punishment is predicated on the level of abstraction at which punishment is experienced, while salience of punishment is determined by the “punishment gap” between an individual’s expectations and experiences of punishment. By examining punishment as the nexus between the objective and the subjective, the penal consciousness framework enables punishment as it is understood by prisoners to differ markedly from what is conceived of as punishment by lawmakers, but at the same time to be contingent upon it. This allows punishment to be examined in situ rather than in its ideal, articulated, or abstract form—an important advancement from conventional understandings of punishment.
Crime, punishment and the moral emotions: Righteous minds and their attitudes towards punishment
Authors: Canton Rob
Published: January 2015

There is considerable criminological interest in the place of emotion in influencing views about crime and punishment. It is increasingly recognised that while politicians insist that it is ‘evidence’ that guides their policy, this claim obscures some of the emotional influences on attitudes to crime and punishment. Yet the scholarly debate has been limited by, first, an exaggerated and contrived distinction between emotion and cognition; and, second, an over-general conception of emotion which loses some critical distinctions among different types. Specifically, the emotions of punishment meet the defining criteria of moral emotions. Some of the ways in which crime and punishment may trigger our moral emotions are discussed and the ‘moral foundations’, postulated by Jonathan Haidt and his colleagues, are applied to an understanding of views about punishment. This analysis explains why views about punishment are often defended so tenaciously and debate is unsatisfactory and ill-tempered. An appreciation of the influences that shape attitudes to crime and punishment is a precondition of trying to change them.
Curbing corruption, financial development and income inequality
Authors: Batabyal Sourav , Chowdhury Abdur
Published: January 2015

In recent years, many of the Commonwealth countries have experienced a reduction in income inequalities due to the development of financial markets and intermediaries. At the same time, widespread corruption among public officials, civil servants, or politicians from these countries have been well documented. A key public policy question is whether the return to financial sector development at the level of massive corruption, exacerbate income inequality, offsetting the benefits of financial development. Using a panel data of 30 Commonwealth countries over the period of 1995–2008, it is found that the high rates of corruption in the Commonwealth countries are crowding out the return to financial development. The return to financial development on income inequality, at the level of higher corruption, are positive for all countries and significantly larger for the low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries, which suggest that the complementary nature of policies that simultaneously reduce corruption and promote financial development have a greater impact in reducing income inequality than implementing these policies separately.
Book review: Islam, Shafiqul and Susskind, Lawrence E. 2013: Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach To Managing Complex Water Networks
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Jayanta
Published: January 2015

Islam, Shafiqul and Susskind, Lawrence E. 2013: Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach To Managing Complex Water Networks. New York: RFF Press. xviii + 334 pp. £72.51 hardback, £20.67 paperback. ISBN: 9781617261022 (cloth), 9781617261039 (paper).
Record/Film/Book/Interactive TV
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: January 2015

Although home video scholars often position the EVR (CBS’s Electronic Video Recording) as a failure, I argue that it is best understood as a threshold format that articulated new possibilities for television by linking it to existing but divergent technologies and practices: the phonograph, film cartridges, print, and interactivity. As developed through original document research built from the Motorola archives, newspapers, biographies, promotional materials, and a range of trade journals, I show how the EVR contributed to ongoing negotiations over the meaning of television and demonstrate the value of threshold format as an analytic lens attuned to formats that boast little or no material existence but which occupy pivotal positions within ongoing experiments into how “old” technologies can be refigured to offer new possibilities and opportunities. Whereas successfully standardized formats tend to obscure the possibilities that came before them, attending to threshold formats redirects our attention to forgotten ambitions and potentials.
Effects of Video Prompting Techniques on Teaching Daily Living Skills to Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Domire Sarah C. , Wolfe Pamela
Published: January 2015

Video-based instruction is becoming a common intervention in today’s classrooms. Previous research has focused primarily on video modeling techniques that required the student to watch an entire video of the task before attempting to complete the task independently. Video prompting is a form of video instruction that breaks down target skills into steps that are then performed directly after viewing each clip. The present review examined studies using video prompting techniques to teach functional and daily living skills to individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The focus of the review was on evaluation of the effectiveness of video prompting and the factors that affect student attention to the video, retention of target behavior, production of target behavior, and motivation. Results showed that video prompting was an effective intervention for teaching a wide array of target skills and that students with ASD were able to generalize and maintain the acquired skills. Video prompting was also shown to be more effective than both static picture prompts and video modeling techniques in terms of percentage of correct independent responding. Suggestions for practice and future research are discussed.
Which Bond Matters More? Assessing the Differential Strengths of Parental Bonding Measures on Adolescent Delinquency Over Time
Authors: Craig Jessica M.
Published: January 2015

Although Hirschi’s social bonds theory, especially the attachment component, has received a large amount of empirical support in the literature, research has not clarified whether it matters if the juvenile is attached to his or her mother or his or her father. This study addresses this issue by analyzing the impact of three attachment measures—the juveniles’ perceived attachment to their mother, their father, and both parents combined—on self-reported delinquency using a nationally representative data source. Cross-sectional and longitudinal results reveal mixed results. A discussion of the results and directions for future research are presented.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Falls in People With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Morris Meg E. , Menz Hylton B. , McGinley Jennifer L. , Watts Jennifer J. , Huxham Frances E. , Murphy Anna T. , Danoudis Mary E. , Iansek Robert
Published: January 2015

Background. Falls are common and disabling in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). There is a need to quantify the effects of movement rehabilitation on falls in PD. Objective. To evaluate 2 physical therapy interventions in reducing falls in PD. Methods. We randomized 210 people with PD to 3 groups: progressive resistance strength training coupled with falls prevention education, movement strategy training combined with falls prevention education, and life-skills information (control). All received 8 weeks of out-patient therapy once per week and a structured home program. The primary end point was the falls rate, recorded prospectively over a 12 month period, starting from the completion of the intervention. Secondary outcomes were walking speed, disability, and quality of life. Results. A total of 1547 falls were reported for the trial. The falls rate was higher in the control group compared with the groups that received strength training or strategy training. There were 193 falls for the progressive resistance strength training group, 441 for the movement strategy group and 913 for the control group. The strength training group had 84.9% fewer falls than controls (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.151, 95% CI 0.071-0.322, P < .001). The movement strategy training group had 61.5% fewer falls than controls (IRR = 0.385, 95% CI 0.184-0.808, P = .012). Disability scores improved in the intervention groups following therapy while deteriorating in the control group. Conclusions. Rehabilitation combining falls prevention education with strength training or movement strategy training reduces the rate of falls in people with mild to moderately severe PD and is feasible.
Brain Reward Activity to Masked In-Group Smiling Faces Predicts Friendship Development
Authors: Chen Pin-Hao A. , Whalen Paul J. , Freeman Jonathan B. , Taylor James M. , Heatherton Todd F.
Published: January 2015

This study examined whether neural responses in the ventral striatum (VS) to in-group facial expressions—presented without explicit awareness—could predict friendship patterns in newly arrived individuals from China 6 months later. Individuals who initially showed greater VS activity in response to in-group happy expressions during functional neuroimaging later made considerably more in-group friends, suggesting that VS activity might reflect reward processes that drive in-group approach behaviors.
A qualitative analysis of how parents assess acute pain in young children
Authors: Loopstra Candice , Strodl Esben , Herd David
Published: January 2015

An accurate and comprehensive pain assessment is crucial for adequate pain management in pre- and early verbal children during painful medical procedures. This study used an inductive approach to explore the processes involved in parental pain assessment and to develop a new model of Parental Assessment of Acute Child Pain. Participants were 19 parents of children aged under 3 years who had previously or were potentially about to experience an intravenous cannula or nasogastric tube insertion. Parental affect regulation, while witnessing their child in acute pain/distress, appeared to be critical to the processes involved in assessing their child’s pain.
HSPH1 inhibition downregulates Bcl-6 and c-Myc and hampers the growth of human aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Zappasodi Roberta , Ruggiero Giusi , Guarnotta Carla , Tortoreto Monica , Tringali Cristina , Cavanè Alessandra , Cabras Antonello D. , Castagnoli Lorenzo , Venerando Bruno , Zaffaroni Nadia , Gianni Alessandro M. , De Braud Filippo , Tripodo Claudio , Pupa Serenella M. , Di Nicola Massimo
Published: January 2015

Key Points

In human aggressive B-NHLs, HSPH1 favors c-Myc and Bcl-6 expression, and its inhibition provides significant antilymphoma activity. HSPH1 is expressed in function of Bcl-6 and c-Myc and constitutes a valuable alternative lymphoma therapeutic target of aggressive B-NHLs.
R-MPV followed by high-dose chemotherapy with TBC and autologous stem-cell transplant for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma
Authors: Omuro Antonio , Correa Denise D. , DeAngelis Lisa M. , Moskowitz Craig H. , Matasar Matthew J. , Kaley Thomas J. , Gavrilovic Igor T. , Nolan Craig , Pentsova Elena , Grommes Christian C. , Panageas Katherine S. , Baser Raymond E. , Faivre Geraldine , Abrey Lauren E. , Sauter Craig S.
Published: January 2015

Key Points

We conducted a phase-2 study in newly diagnosed PCNSL utilizing R-MPV and HDC with ASCT. Excellent disease control and OS (2-year PFS: 79%) were observed, with an acceptable toxicity profile and minimal neurotoxicity.
Polycomb genes, miRNA, and their deregulation in B-cell malignancies
Authors: Wang Gang Greg , Konze Kyle D. , Tao Jianguo
Published: January 2015

Posttranslational modifications of histone proteins represent a fundamental means to define distinctive epigenetic states and regulate gene expression during development and differentiation. Aberrations in various chromatin-modulation pathways are commonly used by tumors to initiate and maintain oncogenesis, including lymphomagenesis. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that polycomb group (PcG) proteins, a subset of histone-modifying enzymes known to be crucial for B-cell maturation and differentiation, play a central role in malignant transformation of B cells. PcG hyperactivity in B-cell lymphomas is caused by overexpression or recurrent mutations of PcG genes and deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) or transcription factors such as c-MYC, which regulate PcG expression. Interplays of PcG and miRNA deregulations often establish a vicious signal-amplification loop in lymphoma associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Importantly, aberrant enzymatic activities associated with polycomb deregulation, notably those caused by EZH2 gain-of-function mutations, have provided a rationale for developing small-molecule inhibitors as novel therapies. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of PcG-mediated gene silencing, interplays of PcG with other epigenetic regulators such as miRNAs during B-cell differentiation and lymphomagenesis, and recent advancements in targeted strategies against PcG as promising therapeutics for B-cell malignancies.
Obesity as a susceptibility factor to indoor particulate matter health effects in COPD
Authors: McCormack Meredith C. , Belli Andrew J. , Kaji Deepak A. , Matsui Elizabeth C. , Brigham Emily P. , Peng Roger D. , Sellers Cortlandt , Williams D'Ann L. , Diette Gregory B. , Breysse Patrick N. , Hansel Nadia N.
Published: January 2015

Our goal was to investigate whether obesity increases susceptibility to the adverse effects of indoor particulate matter on respiratory morbidity among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Participants with COPD were studied at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg·m−2. At each time point, indoor air was sampled for 5–7 days and particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic size ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 2.5–10 μm (PM2.5–10) was measured. Respiratory symptoms, health status, rescue medication use, exacerbations, blood biomarkers and exhaled nitric oxide were assessed simultaneously.

Of the 84 participants enrolled, 56% were obese and all were former smokers with moderate-to-severe COPD. Obese participants tended to have less severe disease as assessed by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease stage and fewer pack-years of smoking. There was evidence that obesity modified the effects of indoor PM on COPD respiratory outcomes. Increases in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were associated with greater increases in nocturnal symptoms, dyspnoea and rescue medication use among obeseversusnon-obese participants. The impact of indoor PM on exacerbations, respiratory status and wheeze also tended to be greater among obeseversusnon-obese participants, as were differences in airway and systemic inflammatory responses to indoor PM.

We found evidence that obesity was associated with exaggerated responses to indoor fine and coarse PM exposure among individuals with COPD.
Neuraminidase inhibitors, superinfection and corticosteroids affect survival of influenza patients
Authors: Lee Nelson , Leo Yee-Sin , Cao Bin , Chan Paul K.S. , Kyaw W.M. , Uyeki Timothy M. , Tam Wilson W.S. , Cheung Catherine S.K. , Yung Irene M.H. , Li Hui , Gu Li , Liu Yingmei , Liu Zhenjia , Qu Jiuxin , Hui David S.C.
Published: January 2015

We aimed to study factors influencing outcomes of adults hospitalised for seasonal and pandemic influenza.

 Individual-patient data from three Asian cohorts (Hong Kong, Singapore and Beijing; N=2649) were analysed. Adults hospitalised for laboratory-confirmed influenza (prospectively diagnosed) during 2008–2011 were studied. The primary outcome measure was 30-day survival. Multivariate Cox regression models (time-fixed and time-dependent) were used.

Patients had high morbidity (respiratory/nonrespiratory complications in 68.4%, respiratory failure in 48.6%, pneumonia in 40.8% and bacterial superinfections in 10.8%) and mortality (5.9% at 30 days and 6.9% at 60 days). 75.2% received neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI) (73.8% received oseltamivir and 1.4% received peramivir/zanamivir; 44.5% of patients received NAI ≤2 days and 65.5% ≤5 days after onset of illness); 23.1% received systemic corticosteroids. There were fewer deaths among NAI-treated patients (5.3%versus7.6%; p=0.032). NAI treatment was independently associated with survival (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.28, 95% CI 0.19–0.43), adjusted for treatment-propensity score and patient characteristics. Superinfections increased (adjusted HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.52–3.11) and chronic statin use decreased (adjusted HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23–0.84) death risks. Best survival was shown when treatment started within ≤2 days (adjusted HR 0.20, 95% CI 0.12–0.32), but there was benefit with treatment within 3–5 days (adjusted HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.21–0.58). Time-dependent analysis showed consistent results of NAI treatment (adjusted HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.27–0.57). Corticosteroids increased superinfection (9.7%versus2.7%) and deaths when controlled for indications (adjusted HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.14–2.62). Early NAI treatment was associated with shorter length of stay in a subanalysis.

NAI treatment may improve survival of hospitalised influenza patients; benefit is greatest from, but not limited to, treatment started within 2 days of illness. Superinfections and corticosteroids increase mortality. Antiviral and non-antiviral management strategies should be considered.