bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American War of Independence
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: February 2012

What had once been the preserve of popular writers trumpeting American battlefield prowess against British military conservatism has become an increasingly sophisticated field of study, albeit not without its professional challenges. Indeed, in the years since the rise of new military history in the 1960s and 1970s, academic historians have entered the fray and contributed deeper analyses and more sophisticated, critical, and nuanced narratives to the field. Three broad concentrations characterize histories of the American War of Independence. The first, a traditional vein, lends itself to the operational and institutional realms of the war, those of campaigns, battles, logistics, and of the armies and navies. Almost a Miracle by John Ferling (see Ferling 2007, cited under General Overviews) stands out for its breadth and its stress on the war’s contingent nature. Some works purposefully overlap with the other concentrations—political and diplomatic, and social and cultural. One landmark study, Charles Royster’s A Revolutionary People at War (Royster 1979, cited under Continental Army), considers military service within a cultural context, while E. Wayne Carp’s To Starve the Army at Pleasure (Carp 1984, cited under Continental Army) overlaps the political realm. Political and diplomatic emphases continue as a vibrant subset. One of the more significant works, Brendan Simms’s Three Victories and a Defeat (Simms 2009, cited under Diplomacy), places the war within Britain’s larger diplomatic and grand strategic context. Naturally, social and cultural histories have also played a role in the direction and shape of scholarship, such as in Caroline Cox’s A Proper Sense of Honor (Cox 2004, cited under Continental Army), which clearly evinces the impact of Royster 1979. Standing back, these three broad threads, each distinctive, but not without some degree of overlap, constitute the main thrusts in the history of the American War of Independence. Necessarily, any bibliography dealing with a subject examined so often, and so well, must be highly selective.
World War II, Russo-German War
Authors: Mawdsley Evan
Published: February 2012

The Russian-German War lasted from the German invasion of 22 June 1941 until 8 May 1945 and is often known by its Russian name as the “Great Fatherland (or ‘Patriotic’) War” (Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina). It was the largest military campaign ever fought, and the most costly in terms of human life. The outcome determined German defeat in World War II. Unlike many other campaigns of the war, it was primarily a land conflict, although an advanced one at a technical level. Another distinguishing feature was that one of the two major powers involved suffered prolonged occupation of much of its territory by the other, and so occupation policy and popular resistance to it (the “partisan” war) were significant dimensions. Related to this was the importance of ideology, which meant that many of the normal restraints of modern interstate warfare were ignored. This bibliography outlines major sources relating to the conduct of the war, and to the Soviet war effort; it also deals with the German war effort insofar as this was related to the fighting in Russia. Events before 22 June 1941, inter-Allied relations in 1941–1945 period, and the origins of the Cold War, although important topics in their own right, are beyond the scope of this outline.
Nuclear Weapons
Authors: McKay J.R.
Published: February 2012

Since the end of World War II, nuclear weapons have fascinated humanity, providing a sense of security for many while also inspiring great fear. The first and only uses of nuclear weapons to date, against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, were harbingers of a new and seemingly dangerous era. Although the influence of nuclear weapons on international politics is difficult to dispute, given the extremely limited actual use of these weapons, one could argue that their effect relied on perceptions or imagination of their power rather than on a body of experience associated with their actual use. Scholars could reasonably claim to have as much experience as the military in the field of nuclear warfare. The academic efforts examining the effects of nuclear weapons in international relations contributed to the development of specific fields of study that emerged in the Cold War, such as strategic studies, as well as direct contributions to policymaking in that era. There are many interrelated subtopics associated with nuclear weapons to consider. These include the development and use of nuclear weapons, their effects and related developments in terms of delivery mechanisms, concepts, major theorists, nuclear strategy, proliferation and efforts to counter it, the evolution of the arsenals held by various states, and the potential for and implication of nonstate actors developing nuclear capabilities. This article is limited to the two categories of nuclear weapons: those employing a fission reaction (atomic bombs, colloquially known as the A-bomb) and those employing a fission reaction in concert with a fusion reaction (thermonuclear weapons or hydrogen bombs, colloquially known as the H-bomb). Both of these are distinct from radiological devices that use a small explosion to spread nuclear material, and the latter is not discussed.
Chinese Cinema
Authors: Zhang Yingjin
Published: February 2012

Chinese cinema in this bibliography covers Chinese-language cinema, including films in Mandarin, Cantonese, and Taiwanese (or Minnan dialect) as well as Sinophone productions by the Chinese diasporas. To save space, hereafter “China” refers to mainland China, also known as the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since 1949. Chinese cinema has become an important player in world cinema since the 1980s for several reasons. First, three new-wave film movements emerged in three geopolitical territories during the 1980s: the Hong Kong New Wave, Taiwan New Cinema, and China’s Fifth Generation. Second, leading international film festivals have regularly awarded top prizes to Chinese cinema since the 1980s, and some Chinese films have entered art-house theaters in the West. Third, academic interests in Chinese studies and film studies have increased in recent decades as new theories and methodologies have gradually transformed disciplinary scholarship. Nonetheless, the development of Chinese cinema does not follow a straight line of progress; rather, it has seen ups and downs and unexpected turns. From the early 1990s to the late 1990s, a previously vibrant Taiwan film industry quickly disappeared in the face of Hollywood advancement. Also during the 1990s, Hong Kong cinema lost much of its market share in Taiwan, and its annual feature productions dropped from 242 in 1993 to 143 in 1994; the average number has stayed around fifty in 2006–2009. By contrast, feature productions in China increased from 88 per year in 2001 to 526 in 2010. What is most impressive is the growth of China’s exhibition market. Its annual total box office revenues skyrocketed from RMB 840 million in 2001 to RMB 10,200 million in 2010. Much of this growth has come from Chinese blockbuster films, almost always involving coproductions with Hong Kong. The spectacular growth of Chinese cinema explains recent attention to research in Industry and Market, but other exciting areas of Chinese film studies include film history (especially China before 1949), Gender and Sexuality, and Genre and Types. Martial arts films are considered a significant Chinese contribution to world cinema, and recent independent productions of Documentary films in China have received multidisciplinary attention. As scholars and filmmakers extend their vision beyond national borders, a new area has emerged in Diaspora, Sinophone, Transregional, which further complicates the question of Nation and Nationalism in Chinese cinema.
Dorothy Arzner
Authors: Geller Theresa
Published: February 2012

In 1936, Dorothy Arzner (b. 1897–d. 1979) was the first woman to join the Directors Guild of America; it would be seventy-four more years before a woman, Kathryn Bigelow, would win an Academy Award for directing. To date, women remain profoundly underrepresented in the DGA, constituting about 7 percent of the guild. Within the context of such pronounced and continuing discrimination against women in this field, Arzer’s success in the industry is all the more compelling. Although other women directors predated Arzner, her productive and successful career as a Hollywood film director in the studio system remains unparalleled. Between 1927 and 1943, she made seventeen features, most of them critically well received and profitable. Her extensive body of work, along with inventing the prototype for the boom mike (by attaching a microphone to a fishing pole), certainly makes her an important figure in American film history. That she was a woman in this field, however, is often the first and most salient detail commented on in biographies and other literatures, despite the fact that Arzner herself resisted the importance others placed on her gender. Because of her unique career as a prolific female film director—indeed, only a handful of women have comparable careers to this day—she figured centrally in the recovery projects of second-wave feminism in the 1970s and 1980s. Feminist film historians looked to Arzner as a forerunner of the women’s film movement, spearheaded by filmmakers Laura Mulvey, Chantal Ackerman, and Yvonne Rainer. Accordingly, Arzner’s films were rediscovered, screened at women’s film festivals, and interpreted in terms of a female aesthetic—an aesthetic demonstrated across various forms of cultural production. Although the gender essentialism that informed the claims to a female aesthetic waned, interest in Arzner remained. Her films—mostly women’s melodramas—provide a counterpoint to the ways Hollywood cinema represents women as spectacle. More recently, Arzner has figured centrally in discussions of lesbian and gay film history and queer cinema broadly defined. Her “masculine” appearance and lesbianism—including a life-long relationship with choreographer Marion Morgan—continue to be of interest to many, including director Todd Haynes, who has spoken of filming a biopic of Arzner’s life. Subject of documentaries, creative work, and several scholarly book-length studies and essays, Dorothy Arzner, her life and her films, continues to fascinate spectators and scholars alike.
Film Theory
Authors: Gabbard Krin
Published: February 2012

Film theory came into its own in the late 1960s and early 1970s, thanks primarily to essays published in journals such as Screen in the United Kingdom and Cahiers du cinema and Communications in France. The first American journal to sign on to the cause was Camera Obscura, which carried the subtitle “A Journal of Feminism and Film Theory” on its first cover in 1976. But thoughtful attempts to make sense of movies appeared almost as soon as the first feature films. Although not included in this bibliography, the cinema aesthetics of Vachel Lindsay and the psychological analyses by Hugo Münsterberg might be called the first wave of film theory. But the argument between Sergei Eisenstein (montage creates meaning) and André Bazin (cinema and reality are ontologically related) represents the beginnings of film theory as we now know it. Shortly after it developed as an academic discipline in the 1970s, cinema and media studies established an affinity for “grand theory,” the exhaustively explanatory theses rooted in the work of Sigmund Freud, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Karl Marx and subsequently developed by French philosophers and critics such as Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault, and Louis Althusser. Before the advent of theory, cinema study had been historical, formalist, and naively evaluative. Theory brought a level of professionalism to the discipline and helped it gain academic legitimacy. The reign of theory, however, was contested even as it was emerging. Many of the critics of grand theory looked to less ambitious modes of theorizing, most notably cognitive psychology. Meanwhile, scholars insisting on the importance of gender, race, social class, and nation have developed new modes of theorizing that bear little resemblance to the paradigms of grand theory. Regardless, in the early years of the 21st century, few areas in cinema and media study have not been thoroughly theorized and re-theorized.
Reality Television
Authors: Murray Susan
Published: February 2012

While we can locate the start of the most recent wave of American reality TV in the 2000–2001 season with the premiere of Survivor and Big Brother, the history of the genre reaches back to the very earliest days of broadcast television, with programs such as Queen for a Day and Candid Camera. The current, and perhaps most significant and long-lasting, wave of reality television developed out of a moment of financial destabilization for the broadcast networks. In an environment of rising production costs, intense competition from cable networks, and the appearance of a range of new digital technologies that threatened the very basics of the financing and production of broadcast television, networks welcomed reality formats—many of which were created and sold by European packagers—into their prime-time schedules. The genre has become so profitable over the past decade that not only has it formed the base of network prime-time schedules, but it has also seeped into virtually all cable programming, often helping form a cable network’s brand identity. Media scholars quickly took note of these industrial changes and also considered how cultural and political changes might also be fueling the popularity of the genre at the turn of the 21st century—particularly the increased acceptance of surveillance and the intensification of neoliberal strategies and discourses. As a result, reality television became a catalyst for not just the restructuring of the television business, but also for the study of television in an academic environment. Over the preceding decade, the focus and methods of television studies had been remade as scholars considered the social, economic, philosophical, and political implications of a genre that makes claims to the Real, the ordinary, and the spectacular simultaneously. This article details some of the most relevant and important works related to the project of understanding the global phenomenon of reality television.
Robert Altman
Authors: Self Robert T.
Published: February 2012

Robert Altman (b. 1925–d. 2006) had a directing career that stretched over fifty years, from the end of World War II to 2006. After spending his early adult life making industrial documentaries and directing television dramas, Altman finally broke into Hollywood at the age of forty-four. Thereafter, until his death at eighty-one, he proved to be one of the most prolific and experimental directors in American movie history. His iconoclastic narratives and his impressionistic cinematic style were widely denounced by movie audiences as confusing, boring, and pessimistic, but they were acclaimed by film fans and professionals as imaginative, original, and progressive. He told innovative fictions with dozens of characters (twenty-four in Nashville, forty-eight in A Wedding, and forty-four in Gosford Park) to reflect his belief that human life is connected in inexplicable, fortuitous, and impalpable ways that he called “subliminal reality.” He experimented with the causal structures and traditional themes of classical Hollywood genres. He explored the aesthetic limits of the zoom lens, pioneered multitrack sound recording, and consistently employed a lyrical film style. His films generally depicted characters estranged from themselves and from others and debilitated by the forces of the modern world. After Popeye in 1980, he worked independently and critically outside the Hollywood production system in Paris and New York, in the academy, and in theater. He liked to claim that he made gloves in an industry that sold shoes and proudly proclaimed that he had “final cut” on all of his films. Nevertheless, the Motion Picture Academy nominated him five times for Best Director awards—for MASH (1970), Nashville (1975), The Player (1992), Short Cuts (1993), and Gosford Park (2001), and gave him a Lifetime Achievement Oscar in 2004. Three of his films, MASH, Nashville, and McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971) have been named by the Library of Congress to the National Film Registry. Only MASH, however, at the beginning of his Hollywood career, enjoyed box-office success. Nonetheless, his thirty-three films in the last quarter of the twentieth century established him as one of the most prolific and important directors of an American art cinema. Dozens of movie reviews accompanied the release of his films and reflected the inevitable division between hostility toward his films and praise for their genius. The critical studies referenced here largely reflect the fact that film critics and academic analysts, whether or not they liked it, treated his work with serious respect for its importance in film history. In the years since his death the amount of research being conducted on his films has grown dramatically, due in part to the opening of the large Altman Archive at the University of Michigan library, and due to the increased appreciation for the value of his work.
Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Caplan Bruce
Published: February 2012

Clinical neuropsychology is the psychological specialty that seeks to elucidate brain-behavior relations through the study of the neurobehavioral consequences of various forms of brain damage or dysfunction in humans. Historically, clinical neuropsychologists were concerned primarily with assessment and diagnosis of brain dysfunction (especially localization of lesions), but recent conceptualizations emphasize evaluation of individuals’ “neuropsychological topography” (i.e., establishing their cognitive strengths and weaknesses) and also encompass rehabilitation of neuropsychological deficits. The assessment aim of clinical neuropsychology is achieved through administration of tests of such cognitive functions as attention, language, perception, memory, and executive abilities, as well as measures of personality and emotional state. These strategies are increasingly applied to medical conditions (e.g., heart failure, diabetes, liver disease) primarily affecting body systems not commonly thought of as “neurological” but which may have consequences for the functional integrity of the brain. Clinical neuropsychological assessment has also come to play an important role in forensic proceedings, especially in personal injury cases where there may be traumatic brain injury–related cognitive decline or those where various forms of competence are at issue. Other contemporary developments involve the use of neuropsychological tests to predict daily life activities (e.g., money management, driving, return to work) and to help shape multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs. This article begins with a brief review of the history of clinical neuropsychology. A section on relevant neuroanatomy addresses the various brain bases of the behavioral phenomena of interest. The growing roster of medical and psychiatric conditions studied with clinical neuropsychological methods is noted and the methods themselves are reviewed, as are the several factors—other than brain functioning—that can influence performance on neuropsychological tests. Recent developments in forensic contributions of neuropsychology and the remediation of cognitive deficits are discussed. The work also provides lists of the major texts and professional journals as well as information about pertinent professional organizations and issues in education and training.
Trait Perspective
Authors: Donnellan M. Brent , Hopwood Christopher
Published: February 2012

Personality traits, or relatively enduring and global patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving, are thought to be a foundational element of personality by many researchers. Gordon Allport is widely recognized as the founder of academic personality psychology, and his perspectives on the trait concept continue to be influential today. Following Allport, many contemporary trait psychologists theorize that traits are rooted in biological processes but shaped by life experiences. Moreover, contemporary trait psychologists believe personality traits have causal implications, meaning that they affect how individuals interpret and respond to the challenges of life as well as the responses that individuals evoke from others. To be sure, personality traits work together and in concert with situational factors to generate behavior, which is an idea with a long history in psychology. Despite the popularity of trait concepts in lay theories of human behavior, the existence and importance of personality traits has been a controversial topic in academic psychology. The goal of this bibliography is to introduce readers to the trait concept and to the debates surrounding personality traits by providing references to both classic and contemporary readings. The first sections (see General Overviews) provide references that give an overview of personality traits, cover issues in the concept of Defining Traits, and discuss the role of personality traits in the broader field of personality psychology. These introductory sections are followed by an overview of The Person-Situation Debate, a critical conflict in the history of trait psychology. We refer to classic readings in this debate and cover Responses to the Person-Situation Debate. These reactions to the person-situation debate have come to define, in part, how modern trait psychologists view their field. Trait psychology is often strongly identified with personality assessment; thus the next section in this bibliography covers issues in Assessing Personality Traits including measurement validity, reliability, and the utility of various measurement methods. Improvements in assessment have led to one of the major accomplishments in trait psychology: the delineation of a common structure for higher order personality traits in the form of the “Big Five” domains (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability or neuroticism, and openness). The next section includes readings on Evaluating the Structure of Personality Traits and includes papers from both proponents and critics of the Big Five/five-factor models. A major accomplishment following the person-situation debate was a more precise articulation of the developmental course, biological correlates, and impacts of traits for understanding adaptation across the lifespan. Thus, the final three sections include readings about Personality Trait Development Across the Lifespan, Biological Perspectives on Traits, and Personality Traits and Life Outcomes.
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score for Evaluating Organ Failure and Outcome of Severe Maternal Morbidity in Obstetric Intensive Care
Authors: Oliveira-Neto Antonio , Parpinelli Mary A. , Cecatti Jose G. , Souza Joao P. , Sousa Maria H.
Published: February 2012

Objective. To evaluate the performance of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score in cases of severe maternal morbidity (SMM).Design. Retrospective study of diagnostic validation.Setting. An obstetric intensive care unit (ICU) in Brazil.Population. 673 women with SMM. Main Outcome Measures. mortality and SOFA score.Methods. Organ failure was evaluated according to maximum score for each one of its six components. The total maximum SOFA score was calculated using the poorest result of each component, reflecting the maximum degree of alteration in systemic organ function.Results. highest total maximum SOFA score was associated with mortality, 12.06 ± 5.47 for women who died and 1.87 ± 2.56 for survivors. There was also a significant correlation between the number of failing organs and maternal mortality, ranging from 0.2% (no failure) to 85.7% (≥3 organs). Analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) confirmed the excellent performance of total maximum SOFA score for cases of SMM (AUC = 0.958).Conclusions. Total maximum SOFA score proved to be an effective tool for evaluating severity and estimating prognosis in cases of SMM. Maximum SOFA score may be used to conceptually define and stratify the degree of severity in cases of SMM.
Vesiculation fromPseudomonas aeruginosaunder SOS
Authors: Maredia Reshma , Devineni Navya , Lentz Peter , Dallo Shatha F. , Yu JiehJuen , Guentzel Neal , Chambers James , Arulanandam Bernard , Haskins William E. , Weitao Tao
Published: February 2012

Bacterial infections can be aggravated by antibiotic treatment that induces SOS response and vesiculation. This leads to a hypothesis concerning association of SOS with vesiculation. To test it, we conducted multiple analyses of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced from thePseudomonas aeruginosawild type in which SOS is induced by ciprofloxacin and from the LexA noncleavable (lexAN) strain in which SOS is repressed. The levels of OMV proteins, lipids, and cytotoxicity increased for both the treated strains, demonstrating vesiculation stimulation by the antibiotic treatment. However, the further increase was suppressed in thelexANstrains, suggesting the SOS involvement. Obviously, the stimulated vesiculation is attributed by both SOS-related and unrelated factors. OMV subproteomic analysis was performed to examine these factors, which reflected the OMV-mediated cytotoxicity and the physiology of the vesiculating cells under treatment and SOS. Thus, SOS plays a role in the vesiculation stimulation that contributes to cytotoxicity.
Conservative Management of Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumors of Jaws
Authors: Güler Nurhan , Şençift Kemal , Demirkol Özge
Published: February 2012

Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate different surgical treatment methods for keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs) and the outcome of those treatments over a 9-year period.Patients and Methods. A retrospective review was performed on 43 KCOTs in 39 patients. In radiographic evaluations for diagnosis, follow ups and before and after treatment, panoramic, 3D CT and MR images were used. The three groups of different surgical treatment were (1) enucleation for small unilocular lesions without certainty of histology; (2) enucleation with Carnoy's solution, for small unilocular lesions after previous histological confirmation of KOCT; (3) marsupialization followed by enucleation with Carnoy's solution implemented for large often multilocular KCOTs with intact or destruction of cortical bone without infiltration of neighbouring tissue.Results. 43 KCOT cases were mostly localized in mandible (76.7%), radiologically unilocular (72%), and parakeratocysts (88.4%). Inflammation and satellite cysts (daughter cysts) were detected histopathologically in 14 (32.5%) and 7 (16.3%), respectively. Among the 43 cysts, 20 (46.5%) were associated with the impacted third molar and of 21 (48.8%) was in tooth bearing area, and 5 (11, 6%) located on edentulous areas. It was located mostly in the anterior region of maxilla (90%) and in mandibular molar and ramus (62.8%). The treatments of KCOTs were 18 (41.9%) for group 1, and 10 (23.3%) group 2, and 15 (34.8%) group 3. A statistically significant relationship was found between the radiographic appearance and treatment methods . No recurrence was found on months follow up.Conclusion. We concluded that successful treatment methods were enucleation and Carnoy's solution in small lesions and marsupialization in lesions that have reached a very large size, but because KCOT was observed in second decade mostly, long-term follows up are suggested.
The Role of Bcl-2 Family Proteins in Therapy Responses of Malignant Astrocytic Gliomas: Bcl2L12 and Beyond
Authors: Kouri Fotini M. , Jensen Samuel A. , Stegh Alexander H.
Published: February 2012

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal brain cancer with a median survival of less than two years after diagnosis. Hallmarks of GBM tumors include soaring proliferative indices, high levels of angiogenesis, diffuse invasion into normal brain parenchyma, resistance toward therapy-induced apoptosis, and pseudopallisading necrosis. Despite the recent advances in neurosurgery, radiation therapy, and the development of targeted chemotherapeutic regimes, GBM remains one of the deadliest types of cancer. Particularly, the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) in combination with radiation therapy prolonged patient survival only marginally, and clinical studies assessing efficacies of targeted therapies, foremost ATP mimetics inhibiting the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), revealed only few initial responders; tumor recurrence is nearly universal, and salvage therapies to combat such progression remain ineffective. Consequently, myriad preclinical and clinical studies began to define the molecular mechanisms underlying therapy resistance of GBM tumors, and pointed to the Bcl-2 protein family, in particular the atypical member Bcl2-Like 12 (Bcl2L12), as important regulators of therapy-induced cell death. This review will discuss the multi-facetedmodi operandiof Bcl-2 family proteins, describe their roles in therapy resistance of malignant glioma, and outline current and future drug development efforts to therapeutically target Bcl-2 proteins.
Gaps in transitional care: what are the perceptions of adolescents, parents and providers?
Authors: Sonneveld H. M. , Strating M. M. H. , van Staa A. L. , Nieboer A. P.
Published: February 2012

Background  Several studies have investigated preferences and experiences of adolescents with different chronic conditions and their parents. Some have included the provider's perspective. Studies comparing the three perspectives on satisfaction with (transitional) care for different chronic conditions, however, are lacking. The main aim of this paper was to explore differences and similarities in perspectives between adolescents with chronic conditions, their parents and providers on transitional care. A secondary aim was to explore the extent to which such perspectives are disease‐specific.

Methods  This quantitative study included 127 adolescents with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), neuromuscular disorder with chronic ventilation (NMD), or diabetes Type I; 166 parents; and 19 care providers. To assess the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and parents on transitional care, we used the ‘Mind the Gap’ instrument. The survey for providers included a checklist of shortcomings in transitional care.

Results  Adolescents rate current care significantly worse than parents on opportunities to make their own decisions and be seen without parents present. Adolescents also rated providers' current social skills lower than parents. Adolescents are more satisfied than their parents about transitional care process aspects such as co‐ordination and communication between providers, but both groups indicated that the care process offers most room for improvement. Providers reported other aspects such as adolescents' lack of responsibility with regard to self‐care and parents' difficulties with ceding control to their children. When looking at the three disease groups – JRA, NMD, diabetes, we found only small differences. According to providers, shortcomings in the care process with respect to guidelines, protocols and co‐ordination are most prevalent.

Conclusion  Adolescents, parents and providers all report that there is room for improvement with regard to aspects of the care delivery process in transitional care. With respect to disease‐specific issues we only found small differences.
Physical health, mental health, and behaviour problems among early adolescents in foster care
Authors: Woods S. B. , Farineau H. M. , McWey L. M.
Published: February 2012

Background  Adolescents with chronic illness in the general population are at increased risk of mental health and behaviour problems. Depression is also associated with delinquency. Adolescents in foster care are more at risk for chronic illness and mental health issues. We investigated whether adolescents in long‐term foster care with chronic illness have associated higher rates of internalizing and externalizing problems and delinquency. We also investigated if depression mediates the relationship between physical health and externalizing behaviours.

Methods  Data are from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well‐Being; adolescents age 11 and older residing in long‐term foster care (n= 188). Children whose caregivers reported on the occurrence of a chronic illness were compared using anova on internalizing and externalizing subscale scores and total scores of the Youth Self Report (YSR) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and modified Self‐Report of Delinquency (MSRD) scores of delinquency and total number of delinquent acts. Bootstrapping analyses were used to test our hypothesis that depressive symptoms (Children's Depression Inventory) function as a mediator.

Results  Adolescents with a chronic illness reported greater internalizing (YSR: F= 7.069, P= 0.009; CBCL: F= 4.660, P= 0.032) and externalizing (YSR: F= 5.878, P= 0.016; CBCL: F= 3.546, P= 0.061) problems, a greater number of delinquent acts (6.66, F= 5.049, P= 0.026) and heightened overall delinquency (F= 5.049, P= 0.026). Depression significantly mediated the effects of overall health on delinquency (95% CI, 0.03–1.76).

Conclusions  It is important to consider the complex interrelationships between physical health, mental health, and behaviour for adolescents in foster care. These findings support the need for comprehensive services for these youths, including specialized assessments and collaboration between protective services and healthcare systems.
The perils of overprotective parenting: fathers' perspectives explored
Authors: Brussoni M. , Olsen L. L.
Published: February 2012

Background  The dominant discourse of popular media appears to paint a disparaging picture of parents deemed overly concerned about their children's safety. Child injury prevention interventions frequently focus on influencing parenting behaviours. Fathers are increasingly involved in childcare, highlighting the need to understand their perspectives on overprotective parenting as it relates to considerations of injury prevention while actively engaged with their children.

Methods  Qualitative interviews were carried out with 32 fathers of children aged 2–7 years in a Canadian urban setting. Interview questions investigated fathers' injury prevention attitudes and practices, and their beliefs regarding overprotection. Data analysis was guided by grounded theory methods.

Results  Fathers noted the subjective nature of overprotection, citing family, social and situational factors that shaped their views. Fathers viewed overprotective parents as experiencing excessive fears that were manifested in lack of willingness to risk physical or psychological injury. They described overprotective parenting as including over‐involvement in and excessive restriction of children's activities; and expressed concerns that the results of these behaviours would be children lacking self‐confidence and crucial life skills.

Conclusion  Fathers viewed as problematic overprotective parenting behaviours that limit access to opportunities for physical risk taking in an attempt to prevent mostly minor injuries. The injury prevention field may benefit from considering fathers' perspectives when designing programmes to minimize the likelihood that safety initiatives may be perceived as promoting overprotection of children. Framing safety messages in ways that align with fathers' views could involve promoting appropriate protection and encouraging an active lifestyle.
Increased peripheral blood CD4+ T cell responses to deamidated but not to native gliadin in children with coeliac disease
Authors: Lammi A , Arikoski P , Vaarala O , Kinnunen T , Ilonen J
Published: February 2012

T cell recognition of gliadin from dietary gluten is essential for the pathogenesis of coeliac disease (CD). The aim of the present study was to analyse whether gliadin-specific T cells are detectable in the circulation of children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease by using a sensitive carboxfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution method. Peripheral blood CD4+ T cell responses were analysed in 20 children at diagnosis of CD and compared to those in 64 healthy control children carrying the CD-associated human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 or -DQ8 alleles. Deamidated gliadin (gTG)-specific T cells were detectable in the peripheral blood of more than half the children with CD (11 of 20, 55%) compared to 15 of 64 (23·4%) of the control children (P = 0·008). Proliferative responses to gTG were also significantly stronger in children with CD than in controls (P = 0·01). In contrast, T cells specific to native gliadin were detectable at comparable frequencies in children with CD (two of 19, 10·5%) and controls (13 of 64, 20·3%). gTG-specific T cells had a memory phenotype more often than those specific to native gliadin in children with CD (P = 0·02), whereas controls had similar percentages of memory cells in both stimulations. Finally, gTG-specific CD4+ T cells had a higher expression of the gut-homing molecule β7 integrin than those specific to the control antigen tetanus toxoid. Collectively, our current results demonstrate that the frequency of circulating memory CD4+ T cells specific to gTG but not native gliadin is increased in children with newly diagnosed CD.
Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance
Authors: Dungait Jennifer A. J. , Hopkins David W. , Gregory Andrew S. , Whitmore Andrew P.
Published: February 2012

Mechanisms to mitigate global climate change by sequestering carbon (C) in different ‘sinks' have been proposed as at least temporary measures. Of the major globalCpools, terrestrial ecosystems hold the potential to capture and store substantially increased volumes ofCin soil organic matter (SOM) through changes in management that are also of benefit to the multitude of ecosystem services that soils provide. This potential can only be realized by determining the amount ofSOMstored in soils now, with subsequent quantification of how this is affected by management strategies intended to increaseSOMconcentrations, and used in soilCmodels for the prediction of the roles of soils in future climate change. An apparently obvious method to increaseCstocks in soils is to augment the soilCpools with the longest mean residence times (MRT). Computer simulation models of soilCdynamics, e.g. RothC and Century, partition these refractory constituents into slow and passive pools withMRTs of centuries to millennia. This partitioning is assumed to reflect: (i) the average biomolecular properties ofSOMin the pools with reference to their source in plant litter, (ii) the accessibility of theSOMto decomposer organisms or catalytic enzymes, or (iii) constraints imposed on decomposition by environmental conditions, including soil moisture and temperature. However, contemporary analytical approaches suggest that the chemical composition of these pools is not necessarily predictable because, despite considerable progress with understanding decomposition processes and the role of decomposer organisms, along with refinements in simulation models, little progress has been made in reconciling biochemical properties with the kinetically defined pools. In this review, we will explore how advances in quantitative analytical techniques have redefined the new understanding ofSOMdynamics and how this is affecting the development and application of new modelling approaches to soilC.
Effect of acetic acid, caproic acid and tryptamine on voluntary intake of grass silage by growing cattle
Authors: Krizsan S. J. , Randby Å. T. , Westad F.
Published: February 2012

The objective of this study was to identify and quantify fermentation end‐products, detected with chromatographic techniques, that were negatively related to intake of grass silage by cattle. Further, the aim was to verify the intake‐depressing effect of these compounds in a feeding trial. A set of twenty‐four silages that had been used in a previous study to model variations in intake owing to fermentation quality was reanalysed with liquid and gas chromatography. Known and unknown chromatogram peaks were subjected to a regression analysis to determine which were negatively related to intake. Compounds were identified and quantified using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry system; acetic acid (AcA), caproic acid and tryptamine were chosen for verification. Growing steers were offered wilted silage with these three compounds added, separately or as a mixture, in proportions similar to the maximum values detected in the silages of the previous study. Dietary addition of AcA, either separately or mixed with the other two compounds, reduced silage dry matter (DM) intake. However, the reduction in silage DM intake equalled the amount provided by the added substances, so that no differences in total DM intake were observed for any of the dietary treatments.
An invasive tree alters the structure of seed dispersal networks between birds and plants in French Polynesia
Authors: Spotswood Erica N. , Meyer Jean‐Yves , Bartolome James W.
Published: February 2012

Aim  We studied how the abundance of the highly invasive fruit‐bearing tree Miconia calvescens DC. influences seed dispersal networks and the foraging patterns of three avian frugivores.

Location  Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia.

Methods  Our study was conducted at six sites which vary in the abundance of M. calvescens. We used dietary data from three frugivores (two introduced, one endemic) to determine whether patterns of fruit consumption are related to invasive tree abundance. We constructed seed dispersal networks for each island to evaluate how patterns of interaction between frugivores and plants shift at highly invaded sites.

Results  Two frugivores increased consumption of M. calvescens fruit at highly invaded sites and decreased consumption of other dietary items. The endemic fruit dove, Ptilinopus purpuratus, consumed more native fruit than either of the two introduced frugivores (the red‐vented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer, and the silvereye, Zosterops lateralis), and introduced frugivores showed a low potential to act as dispersers of native plants. Network patterns on the highly invaded island of Tahiti were dominated by introduced plants and birds, which were responsible for the majority of plant–frugivore interactions.

Main conclusions  Shifts in the diet of introduced birds, coupled with reduced populations of endemic frugivores, caused differences in properties of the seed dispersal network on the island of Tahiti compared to the less invaded island of Moorea. These results demonstrate that the presence of invasive fruit‐bearing plants and introduced frugivores can alter seed dispersal networks, and that the patterns of alteration depend both on the frugivore community and on the relative abundance of available fruit.
Effects of partial circadian adjustments on sleep and vigilance quality during simulated night work
Authors: CHAPDELAINE SIMON , PAQUET JEAN , DUMONT MARIE
Published: February 2012

In most situations, complete circadian adjustment is not recommended for night workers. With complete adjustment, workers experience circadian misalignment when returning on a day‐active schedule, causing repeated circadian phase shifts and internal desynchrony. For this reason, partial circadian realignment was proposed as a good compromise to stabilize internal circadian rhythms in night shift workers. However, the extent of partial circadian adjustment necessary to improve sleep and vigilance quality is still a matter of debate. In this study, the effects of small but statistically significant partial circadian adjustments on sleep and vigilance quality were assessed in a laboratory simulation of night work to determine whether they were also of clinical significance. Partial adjustments obtained by phase delay or by phase advance were quantified not only by the phase shift of dim light salivary melatonin onset, but also by the overlap of the episode of melatonin production with the sleep–wake cycle adopted during simulated night work. The effects on daytime sleep and night‐time vigilance quality were modest. However, they suggest that even small adjustments by phase delay may decrease the accumulation of sleep debt, whereas the advance strategy improves subjective alertness and mood during night work. Furthermore, absolute phase shifts, by advance or by delay, were associated with improved subjective alertness and mood during the night shift. These strategies need to be tested in the field, to determine whether they can be adapted to real‐life situations and provide effective support to night workers.
Dissociated local arousal states underlying essential clinical features of non‐rapid eye movement arousal parasomnia: an intracerebral stereo‐electroencephalographic study
Authors: TERZAGHI MICHELE , SARTORI IVANA , TASSI LAURA , RUSTIONI VALTER , PROSERPIO PAOLA , LORUSSO GIORGIO , MANNI RAFFAELE , NOBILI LINO
Published: February 2012

Sleep has been shown to be a global phenomenon in which the presence of local processes of both activation and deactivation are finely orchestrated. Dysfunctional and independent action of the systems involved in non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and wakefulness is deemed to be at the basis of arousal parasomnias. We show, in a patient with confusional arousals, persistence of sleep in the hippocampal and frontal associative cortices in contrast to the presence of awakening in the motor, cingulate, insular, amygdalar and temporopolar cortices. The clinical features of the confusional arousals in this patient are highly consistent with a dysfunctional coexistence of local cortical arousal and local cortical sleep.
Repeated leaf wounding alters the colonization ofMedicago truncatularoots by beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: LANDGRAF RAMONA , SCHAARSCHMIDT SARA , HAUSE BETTINA
Published: February 2012

In nature, plants are subject to various stresses that are often accompanied by wounding of the aboveground tissues. As wounding affects plants locally and systemically, we investigated the impact of leaf wounding on interactions ofMedicago truncatulawith root‐colonizing microorganisms, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungusGlomus intraradices, the pathogenic oomyceteAphanomyces euteichesand the nitrogen‐fixing bacteriumSinorhizobium meliloti. To obtain a long‐lasting wound response, repeated wounding was performed and resulted in locally and systemically increased jasmonic acid (JA) levels accompanied by the expression of jasmonate‐induced genes, among them the genes encoding allene oxide cyclase 1 (MtAOC1) and a putative cell wall‐bound invertase (cwINV). After repeated wounding, colonization with the AM fungus was increased, suggesting a role of jasmonates as positive regulators of mycorrhization, whereas the interaction with the rhizobacterium was not affected. In contrast, wounded plants appeared to be less susceptible to pathogens which might be caused by JA‐induced defence mechanisms. The effects of wounding on mycorrhization and pathogen infection could be partially mimicked by foliar application of JA. In addition to JA itself, the positive effect on mycorrhization might be mediated by systemically induced cwINV, which was previously shown to exhibit a regulatory function on interaction with AM fungi.