bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial
Authors: Kalmanovitz Salomón
Published: August 2016

El quinto número de nuestra publicación trae ensayos muy atractivos, comenzando por el de Amanda Ortiz sobre los censos, que equivalían al crédito hipotecario colonial en Santafé de Bogota durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Ella revela la existencia de un sistema de crédito eclesiástico que era restringido, pues solo las élites agrarias tenían acceso a él, en cuantías pequeñas rodeadas de garantías elevadas. El arzobispado respondía por los dineros colocados como censos consignativos redimibles, y lo hacía de modo muy conservador. Existía un crédito mercantil, también restringido a los comerciantes que se prestaban entre sí, acusando entre ambos un sistema de crédito segmentado y limitado que tomaría un siglo en ser sustituido por un régimen más moderno y universal.
Antecedentes del crédito en Colombia: Los Censos en Santafé en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII
Authors: Ortiz Amanda
Published: August 2016

Este artículo estudia cómo operó el crédito eclesiástico en la ciudad de Santafé. Durante el periodo colonial las instituciones eclesiásticas fungieron como acreedoras en transacciones crediticias. En el caso del préstamo de dinero, el censo consignativo redimible fue usado como figura jurídica. En este artículo se toma como instrumento de análisis el caso del préstamo de dinero de los principales de capellanías a través de los censos consignativos redimibles. A partir de la información de 110 solicitudes de dineros de capellanías a préstamo al Arzobispado de Santafé, se describe el crédito eclesiástico de la ciudad, y se estudia el proceso que desarrolló el Arzobispado sobre la evaluación que hizo de las solicitudes y de la decisión que emitió. Se propone un enfoque comparativo del estudio del crédito eclesiástico en la ciudad con otras formas de crédito y se muestra la coexistencia de diversos mercados de crédito bajo la forma de mercados segmentados.
Una nota sobre la evolución de la estructura arancelaria de Colombia 2002- – 2014
Authors: Nieto Víctor Manuel
Published: August 2016

El presente documento tiene como objetivo presentar un panorama general sobre el desarrollo de la política arancelaria entre 2002 y 2014. Para ello, se revisó la evolución del Arancel Externo Común (AEC) de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) y de las modificaciones normativas recomendadas por el Comité de Asuntos Aduaneros, Arancelarios y de Comercio Exterior. Se concluye que desde el momento en el que Colombia no tuvo la obligación de cumplir con el AEC, el Gobierno nacional pudo realizar una política arancelaria más activa. Además, mediante el cálculo del Arancel Nominal Ponderado por Tiempo, que capta las modificaciones normativas realizadas durante cada año, se muestra que el arancel nominal promedio anual ha tenido tendencia decreciente desde 2008 y que se ubicó en un nivel promedio de 6% en 2014. Finalmente, el inventario de modificaciones normativas elaborado muestra que el arancel nominal es un instrumento de política comercial de vital importancia, ya que permite al Gobierno nacional enfrentar cambios en la dinámica de crecimiento del país.
Comportamiento ingestivo diurno de bovinos de ceba en Brachiaria híbrido Mulato II
Authors: Suárez Emiro , Reza Sony , Pastrana Iván , Patiño René , García Fredy , Cuadrado Hugo , Espinosa Manuel , Díaz Eliécer
Published: August 2016

La producción de bovinos en pastoreo se caracteriza por la múltiple interacción de variables, las cuales pueden afectar la conducta ingestiva de los bovinos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento ingestivo diurno y el rendimiento productivo de novillos de engorde en pradera del Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato II. La investigación duró 107 días, entre julio y octubre de 2010, en el Centro de Investigación Turipaná de Corpoica en Cereté, Colombia. Se utilizaron 72 bovinos de ceba, de raza cebú comercial con peso promedio de 314 ± 29 kg, los cuales pastorearon en un área de 12 hectáreas establecidas con Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato II. Se realizaron dos diseños experimentales: el primero, diseño de bloques completos al azar con submuestreo, conformado por tres tratamientos, 5, 6 y 7 animales/ha y dos repeticiones, para analizar la producción, calidad del forraje y ganancia diaria de peso; el segundo, un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres tratamientos y tres repeticiones, correspondientes a nueve unidades experimentales, para el análisis de las variables de comportamiento ingestivo. La disponibilidad de forraje no presentó diferencia significativa (P > 0,05); en cambio, en las actividades de pastoreo, rumia total, rumia echado y rumia parado, el análisis detectó diferencias significativas (P < 0,05); para la ganancia diaria de peso, el análisis mostró diferencia altamente significativa (P < 0,01) en los diferentes tratamientos. Las variables de comportamiento ingestivo evaluadas y la ganancia diaria de peso vivo fueron influenciadas por la carga animal.
Phalacrococcus howertoni Hodges & Hodgson (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), nuevo registro de una escama blanda para la isla de Guadeloupe
Authors: Etienne Jean , Matile-Ferrero Danièle , Kondo Takumasa
Published: August 2016

La escama blanda del croton Phalacrococcus howertoni Hodges & Hodgson (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) se reporta por primera vez en la isla de Guadeloupe, Antillas Francesas, sobre varias plantas, incluyendo nuevos hospedantes, i.e., Spondias cytherea Sonnerat; (Euphorbiaceae), Ocotea membranacea (Sw.) R.A. Howard (Lauraceae), Miconia furfuracea (Vahl) Griseb (Melastomataceae), Ficus citrifolia Mill. (Moraceae) y Piper dilatatum Rich. (Piperaceae).
PARADIGMA PENDIDIKAN UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN YANG BERKELANJUTAN DI TONGYEONG-SI, GYEONGSANGNAMDO, KOREA SELATAN
Authors: Hastangka Hastangka
Published: August 2016

Education for sustainable development has become global paradigm recently. This paradigm is a form of dynamic response and debate faced by the global community such as global warming, energy crisis, climate change, food security, as well as environmental damage. The main idea, in this paradigm was put in three main principles which are to build environmental, socio-economic and cultural sustainability. This study aims to explore and describe how the paradigm in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnamdo, South Korea. This research focuses on the basic philosophical paradigm and implementation of education for sustainable development at a school in the city of Tonyeong (Tongyeong-si), Gyeongsangnamdo, South Korea. The results indicate that the basic philosophy applied in education for sustainable development in the Tongyeong is formed community who have a concern for the environment has its base in the reconstruction of the society will be able to change the surrounding community. This educational paradigm can contribute in strengthening aspects of character education and awareness of the environment for future generations with the support of actors from the government and society through an integrated approach to policy and program activities that are on going, so it has an impact and benefits for better society.
TRAGEDI CHALLENGER (TINJAUAN ETIKA KANTIAN DAN ETIKA UTILITARIAN)
Authors: Sudaryanto Sudaryanto
Published: August 2016

A lot of scientific experiments motivated by utilitarian attitudes. Experiments are expected to give satisfactory results or benefits. If an experiment has been carried out with the correct procedure, then the failure of an experiment is morally acceptable, because the nature of the experiments it is always a risk. The launch of the Challenger can be incorporated into the experimental category. Through the review process, engineering procedures and the launch of Challenger's failure status can be determined in terms of Kantian and Utilitarian ethics. The study is a research library, with a hermeneutic approach. The methodical elements used in this study are description, analysis, synthesis, and reflection. The results of this study indicate that the engineering procedures and Challenger launch decision to ignore the real risks are taken into account technically. Therefore, the failure of the Challenger mission in terms of Kantian and Utilitarian ethics can not be accepted.
The Healthy People 2020 Objectives for Kidney Disease: How Far Have We Come, and Where Do We Need to Go?
Authors: Wetmore James B. , Liu Jiannong , Li Suying , Hu Yan , Peng Yi , Gilbertson David T. , Collins Allan J.
Published: August 2016

The Healthy People 2020 initiative established goals for patients with CKD and ESRD. We assessed United States progress toward some of these key goals. Using data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ESRD database, we created yearly cohorts of patients on incident and prevalent dialysis from 2000 to 2013. Change in event rate or proportion change over the study years was modeled using Poisson regression with adjustment for age, race, sex, and primary cause of ESRD. For all-cause mortality in prevalent patients, Healthy People 2020 sought approximately 0.8% relative annual improvement; actual improvement was 2.7%. Improvement was greatest for patients ages 18–44 years old (3.8%; P<0.01 versus 2.8% for ages 65–74 years old) and 2.3% even for patients ages ≥75 years old. For mortality in incident patients, the relative annual decrease was 2.1% overall, a twofold improvement over the goal; mortality decreased nearly twice as much in black as in white patients (3.2% versus 1.8%; P<0.001). Geographic variation was substantial; the relative annual decrease was 0.6% in the Midwest and more than fourfold greater (2.7%) in the South. Cardiovascular mortality in prevalent patients decreased dramatically at 5.0% per year, far exceeding the annual goal of approximately 0.8%; the decrease was greatest in patients ages ≥75 years old (5.5%; P<0.001 versus ages 65–74 years old; 5.1%). The relative annual increase in percentages of patients with a fistula at dialysis initiation was 2.4%, roughly three times the goal; the increase was greater for black than white patients (3.2% versus 2.3%; P<0.01). Adjusted regional differences varied greater than twofold: 2.0% for the South versus 4.1% for the Midwest. Thus, although gains have been substantial, not all groups have benefitted equally. Goal development for Healthy People 2030 should consider changes in goal paradigms, such as tailoring by geographic region and incorporating patient-centered goals.
Exploring Proenvironmental Behavior of Serbian Youth Through Environmental Values, Satisfaction, and Responsibility
Authors: Jovanović Slavoljub , Gatarić Dragica , Prnjat Zorica , Andjelković Goran , Jovanović Jasmina M. , Lukić Bogdan , Lutovac Miloš D.
Published: August 2016

We assessed the influence of environmental values on the proenvironmental behavior of youth in Serbia by assessing the level of their satisfaction with environmental conditions and their sense of personal environmental responsibility. Participants were 168 15-year-old boys and girls
who were pupils in their final year at primary schools in Belgrade. We found that 9.5% of the variability in the students' proenvironmental behavior could be explained by individual differences regarding their environmental values, environmental satisfaction, and environmental responsibility.
The results obtained from this study should provide curriculum developers, educators, and teachers with a deeper understanding of methods and strategies to use in order to raise environmental awareness and to encourage environmentally responsible behavior among young people in Serbia.
Abusive Supervision and Work Performance: The Moderating Role of Abusive Supervision Variability
Authors: Zhou Lian
Published: August 2016

I drew on situational strength theory to develop and test a cross-level contingent model to explain how the dispersion-based conceptualization of group-level abusive supervision (i.e., abusive supervision variability) affects subordinates' work performance. Analysis of multisource,
longitudinal data of 242 supervisor–subordinate dyads from 82 groups showed that abusive supervision was negatively related to job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). Further, results of moderated path analysis showed abusive supervision variability augmented
the negative impacts of abusive supervision on job performance and OCB, such that these negative relationships would be stronger when the variability of abusive supervision was low as opposed to high. I discuss the implications of abusive supervision variability as it relates to understanding
the impact of abusive supervision on subordinates' performance.
Perceived Employability Moderates Burnout and Depression Among Bank Employees
Authors: Qiao Haishu , Xia Yue , Li Ying
Published: August 2016

Because bank employees have been found to be especially susceptible to burnout and depression, we explored the relationship between these variables, and examined the moderating effect of perceived employability on the burnout–depression relationship in a sample of Chinese bank
employees. As we expected, burnout and perceived employability were, respectively, positively and negatively associated with depression. The results of hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling indicated that perceived employability moderated the relationship between burnout
and depression; higher perceived employability was associated with a weaker relationship between burnout and depression. Interventions aimed at developing the perceived employability of Chinese bank employees may help to improve mental health in this group.
Transformational Leadership and Employees' Feedback Seeking: The Mediating Role of Trust In Leader
Authors: Wang Bin , Qian Jing , Ou Ruili , Huang Chuying , Xu Bei , Xia Yinan
Published: August 2016

Drawing on social exchange theory, we examined the role of transformational leadership in promoting employees' feedback seeking within the dynamics of leader–follower relationships. We used data from a survey of 205 supervisor–subordinate dyads in a high-technology communications
company in China. Results showed that transformational leadership was positively related to employees' feedback seeking. In addition, trust in leader mediated this relationship. Theoretical and practical implications for leadership are discussed.
Growth and convergence under uniform and varying rate of change of technology
Authors: Karnik Ajit
Published: August 2016

This paper seeks to extend the debate on growth and convergence by estimating growth equations which allow for varying rate of change in technology (TFP) as well as the standard assumption of uniform rate. Rate of change of TFP is proxied using an index of patent protection. The dataset used in the paper includes 25 high income countries, 20 middle income countries, 28 low income countries and 16 countries which have transitioned across income categories during the time period considered in this paper. The results of the paper, estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) approach, show significant differences when the rate of change of TFP is assumed to be varying as opposed to being uniform. Significantly, the rate of convergence differs significantly across the subgroups of countries under the assumption of varying rate of change of TFP. Rates of convergence under the assumption of varying rates are clearly higher than those under the uniform rate for high income countries while the results for countries in other income categories are mixed.
Phase I-II clinical trial of hyaluronan-cisplatin nanoconjugate in dogs with naturally occurring malignant tumors
Authors: Cai Shuang , Zhang Ti , Forrest W.C. , Yang Qiuhong , Groer Chad , Mohr Eva , Aires Daniel J. , Axiak-Bechtel Sandra M. , Flesner Brian K. , Henry Carolyn J. , Selting Kimberly A. , Tate Deborah , Swarz Jeffrey A. , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Forrest M. Laird
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To conduct a phase I-II clinical trial of hyaluronan-cisplatin nanoconjugate (HA-Pt) in dogs with naturally occurring malignant tumors.

ANIMALS 18 healthy rats, 9 healthy mice, and 16 dogs with cancer.

PROCEDURES HA-Pt was prepared and tested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; DNA-platinum adduct formation and antiproliferation effects of cisplatin and HA-Pt were compared in vitro. Effects of cisplatin (IV) and HA-Pt (SC) in rodents were tested by clinicopathologic assays. In the clinical trial, dogs with cancer received 1 to 4 injections of HA-Pt (10 to 30 mg/m2, intratumoral or peritumoral, q 3 wk). Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis; CBC, serum BUN and creatinine concentration measurement, and urinalysis were conducted before and 1 week after each treatment. Some dogs underwent hepatic enzyme testing. Tumors were measured before the first treatment and 3 weeks after each treatment to assess response.

RESULTS No adverse drug effects were detected in pretrial assessments in rodents. Seven of 16 dogs completed the study; 3 had complete tumor responses, 3 had stable disease, and 1 had progressive disease. Three of 7 dogs with oral and nasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that completed the study had complete responses. Myelosuppression and cardiotoxicosis were identified in 6 and 2 dogs, respectively; none had nephrotoxicosis. Four of 5 dogs with hepatic enzymes assessed had increased ALT activities, attributed to diaquated cisplatin products in the HA-Pt. Pharmacokinetic data fit a 3-compartment model.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE HA-Pt treatment resulted in positive tumor responses in some dogs, primarily those with SCC. The adverse effect rate was high.

IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE Oral SCC in dogs has characteristics similar to human head and neck SCC; these results could be useful in developing human treatments.
Dextromethorphan and debrisoquine metabolism and polymorphism of the gene for cytochrome P450 isozyme 2D50 in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Corado Carley R. , McKemie Daniel S. , Knych Heather K.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To characterize polymorphisms of the gene for cytochrome P450 isozyme 2D50 (CYP2D50) and the disposition of 2 CYP2D50 probe drugs, dextromethorphan and debrisoquine, in horses.

ANIMALS 23 healthy horses (22 Thoroughbreds and 1 Standardbred).

PROCEDURES Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP2D50 were identified. Disposition of dextromethorphan (2 mg/kg) and debrisoquine (0.2 mg/kg) were determined after oral (dextromethorphan) or nasogastric (debrisoquine) administration to the horses. Metabolic ratios of plasma dextromethorphan and total dextrorphan (dextrorphan plus dextrorphan-O-β-glucuronide) and 4-hydroxydebrisoquine concentrations were calculated on the basis of the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve extrapolated to infinity for the parent drug divided by that for the corresponding metabolite. Pharmacokinetic data were used to categorize horses into the phenotypic drug-metabolism categories poor, extensive, and ultrarapid. Disposition patterns were compared among categories, and relationships between SNPs and metabolism categories were explored.

RESULTS Gene sequencing identified 51 SNPs, including 27 nonsynonymous SNPs. Debrisoquine was minimally detected after oral administration. Disposition of dextromethorphan varied markedly among horses. Metabolic ratios for dextromethorphan ranged from 0.03 to 0.46 (mean, 0.12). On the basis of these data, 1 horse was characterized as a poor metabolizer, 18 were characterized as extensive metabolizers, and 3 were characterized as ultrarapid metabolizers.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that CYP2D50 is polymorphic and that the disposition of the probe drug varies markedly in horses. The polymorphisms may be related to rates of drug metabolism. Additional research involving more horses of various breeds is needed to fully explore the functional implication of polymorphisms in CYP2D50.
Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after intravenous and oral administration to healthy cats
Authors: Vishkautsan Polina , Papich Mark G. , Thompson George R. , Sykes Jane E.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics and adverse effects after voriconazole administration to cats and identify an oral dose of voriconazole for cats that maintains plasma drug concentrations within a safe and effective range.

ANIMALS 6 healthy cats.

PROCEDURES Voriconazole (1 mg/kg, IV) was administered to each cat (phase 1). Serial plasma voriconazole concentrations were measured for 24 hours after administration. Voriconazole suspension or tablets were administered orally at 4, 5, or 6 mg/kg (phase 2). Plasma voriconazole concentrations were measured for 24 hours after administration. Pharmacokinetics of tablet and suspension preparations was compared. Finally, an induction dose of 25 mg/cat (4.1 to 5.4 mg/kg, tablet formulation), PO, was administered followed by 12.5 mg/cat (2.05 to 2.7 mg/kg), PO, every 48 hours for 14 days (phase 3). Plasma voriconazole concentration was measured on days 2, 4, 8, and 15.

RESULTS Voriconazole half-life after IV administration was approximately 12 hours. Maximal plasma concentration was reached within 60 minutes after oral administration. A dose of 4 mg/kg resulted in plasma concentrations within the target range (1 to 4 μg/mL). Adverse effects included hypersalivation and miosis. During long-term administration, plasma concentrations remained in the target range but increased, which suggested drug accumulation.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Voriconazole had excellent oral bioavailability and a long half-life in cats. Oral administration of a dose of 12.5 mg/cat every 72 hours should be investigated. Miosis occurred when plasma concentrations reached the high end of the target range. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered to minimize adverse effects.
Radiographic and computed tomographic evaluation and gait analysis of Brazilian minipigs with syndactyly
Authors: Justolin Pedro L. T. , Rahal Sheila C. , Agostinho Felipe S. , Mamprim Maria J. , Teixeira Carlos R. , Doiche Danuta P. , Babicsak Vivian R.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To characterize a population of Brazilian minipigs with naturally occurring syndactyly by use of plain radiographs and CT images and to evaluate kinetic and temporospatial variables by use of a pressure-sensing walkway.

ANIMALS 10 Brazilian minipigs from 6 to 8 months of age (group 1, 5 healthy pigs [body weight, 10.5 to 18.5 kg]; group 2, 5 pigs with syndactyly [body weight, 7.5 to 18.0 kg]).

PROCEDURES Forelimbs and hind limbs of all pigs were assessed by use of radiography and CT. Gait was analyzed by use of a pressure-sensing walkway.

RESULTS All limbs of all pigs of group 2 had syndactyly. Two forelimbs had complex-1 syndactyly, and 8 forelimbs had complex-2 syndactyly. Four hind limbs had simple syndactyly, 1 hind limb had complex-1 syndactyly, and 5 hind limbs had complex-2 syndactyly. Kinetic and temporospatial values and symmetry indices did not differ between groups. Plantar and palmar surfaces of healthy pigs had 2 areas of maximum pressure, whereas plantar and palmar surfaces of pigs with syndactyly had only 1 area of maximum pressure.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this population of pigs, the most common type of syndactyly was complex-2, and comparison with the healthy group revealed no alteration in kinetic and temporospatial variables. Therefore, results suggested that syndactyly in young minipigs did not cause locomotor disturbances.
Effects of racetrack surface and nail placement on movement between heels of the hoof and horseshoes of racehorses
Authors: Dahl Vanessa E. , Hitchens Peta L. , Stover Susan M.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of racetrack surface and shoe characteristics on formation of wear grooves in the horseshoes of racehorses.

SAMPLES 1,121 horseshoes from 242 Thoroughbred racehorses collected during routine horseshoeing procedures at 4 racetracks with dirt or synthetic surfaces.

PROCEDURES Data for 1,014 horseshoes from 233 racehorses were analyzed. Horseshoes were photographed, and length and width of grooves formed at the heels of the solar surface of horseshoes were measured on the photographs. Effects of racetrack, racetrack surface, and shoe characteristics (eg, shoe size, clips, and nails) on length and width of grooves were assessed by use of a mixed-model anova.

RESULTS Length and width of wear grooves differed significantly on the basis of racetrack, nail placement, and limb side (left vs right). Differences in groove dimensions between types of racetrack surface (dirt vs synthetic) were less apparent than differences among racetracks.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Measurements of the length and width of wear grooves in the horseshoes of racehorses may be useful for understanding some aspects of hoof interactions with various racetrack surfaces. Interpretation of differences in wear grooves for various racetrack surfaces will likely require quantitation of the mechanical behavior of the surfaces.
Ex vivo penetration of low-level laser light through equine skin and flexor tendons
Authors: Duesterdieck-Zellmer Katja F. , Larson Maureen K. , Plant Thomas K. , Sundholm-Tepper Andrea , Payton Mark E.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To measure penetration efficiencies of low-level laser light energy through equine skin and to determine the fraction of laser energy absorbed by equine digital flexor tendons (superficial [SDFT] and deep [DDFT]).

SAMPLE Samples of skin, SDFTs, and DDFTs from 1 metacarpal area of each of 19 equine cadavers.

PROCEDURES A therapeutic laser with wavelength capabilities of 800 and 970 nm was used. The percentage of energy penetration for each wavelength was determined through skin before and after clipping and then shaving of hair, through shaved skin over SDFTs, and through shaved skin, SDFTs, and DDFTs (positioned in anatomically correct orientation). Influence of hair color; skin preparation, color, and thickness; and wavelength on energy penetration were assessed.

RESULTS For haired skin, energy penetration was greatest for light-colored hair and least for dark-colored hair. Clipping or shaving of skin improved energy penetration. Light-colored skin allowed greatest energy penetration, followed by medium-colored skin and dark-colored skin. Greatest penetration of light-colored skin occurred with the 800-nm wavelength, whereas greatest penetration of medium- and dark-colored skin occurred with the 970-nm wavelength. As skin thickness increased, energy penetration of samples decreased. Only 1% to 20% and 0.1% to 4% of energy were absorbed by SDFTs and DDFTs, respectively, depending on skin color, skin thickness, and applied wavelength.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that most laser energy directed through equine skin was absorbed or scattered by the skin. To achieve delivery of energy doses known to positively affect cells in vitro to equine SDFTs and DDFTs, skin preparation, color, and thickness and applied wavelength must be considered.
Determination of the inorganic composition and short term effect of aqueous extracts of root, pod, and stem of Telfairia occidentalis on some hematological parameters in rats
Authors: Ogbonnaya Enyinnaya A , Uadia Patrick O
Published: August 2016

Aims and Objectives: This study is to investigate the inorganic composition and the effect of fourteen (14) -day oral administration of aqueous extracts of root, pod and stem of Telfairia occidentalis in rats.Materials and Methods: Plant samples were analyzed for K, P, Mg, Ca, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Wister rats of both sexes were assigned to sixteen (16) groups of 4 animals per group. Different animal groups received distilled water and   root, stem, and pod extracts at the doses of 250, 750, 1500, 2250, and 3000mg/kg of body weight. All animals were treated for 14 days and sacrificed on the 15th day.Results: The inorganic composition result showed that potassium (K) was the highest in abundance in all the samples (root, pod, and stem), compared to the other mineral elements. The root contained high levels of potassium and manganese; the stem had magnesium, manganese and iron while the pod contained high amount of potassium, manganese and iron. Hematological assay results showed reduction in the values of white blood cell (WBC) count for higher doses of root extract and all doses (except for 1500mg/kg bw) of pod extract. Platelet count (PLT) was significantly high for root extract at 750mg/kg bw. The stem extract showed a consistent decrease in the red blood cell (RBC) count for all dose administered.Conclusion: Telfairia occidentalis root, pod, and stem may be a good source of inorganic elements. The extracts have varying effects on hematological parameters which may be dosage- and duration- dependent.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 75-80
A case of paraplegia due to limb girdle muscular dystrophy with coexisting gitelman’s syndrome
Authors: Manappallil Robin George
Published: August 2016

Muscular dystrophies are a rare group of disorders affecting the skeletal muscles, which are progressive, hereditary and degenerative. A sudden worsening of the condition should raise the possibility of hypokalemia, followed by its evaluation and correction. The patient being reported is a 33 year old lady who presented with generalized but mainly bilateral lower limb proximal muscle weakness; and was diagnosed to have limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), with the support of muscle biopsy and electromyography (EMG) study. However, her laboratory investigations showed hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria, suggestive of an underlying Gitelman’s syndrome (GS). Such a scenario has rarely been reported.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 129-131
Effect of postmenopausal status on insulin sensitivity in myanmar women
Authors: Thet Lwin Aye , Sein Mya Thanda , Latt Tint Swe
Published: August 2016

Background: Animal studies show that ovarian hormone deficiency is associated with development of insulin resistance. In women, the menopause transition marks the cessation of ovarian function and insulin sensitivity would be reduced in postmenopausal women.Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the insulin sensitivity in Myanmar postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal womenMaterial and Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was undertaken in non obese, normal glucose tolerant post menopausal women (n=42, BMI (mean± SD) 21.3±2.8 kg/m2, age 52.6±4.4 years) and premenopausal women (n=33, BMI(mean± SD)  19.7±2.2 kg/m2, age32.7±4.9 years). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by homeostasis model assessment method of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) based on fasting blood glucose and fasting serum insulin level. Blood glucose was determined by glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:No differences in fasting blood glucose level (Mean ±SD 4.87±0.51 vs. 4.76±0.63mmol/L), fasting serum insulin level [median and interquartile range (IQR) 8.1 (6.7-11.8) vs. 8.1(6.5-9.9)    µ IU/ml] and HOMA-IR [median and IQR 1.7 (1.4-2.8) vs. 1.7 (1.2-2.2)] were found between premenopausal and postmenopausal women.Conclusion: Postmenopausal status has no effect on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 36-41
A study on neurodevelopmental outcome and its associated risk factors in very low birth weight babies in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kolkata
Authors: Sur Somen , Das Subhasis , Masani Soumitra
Published: August 2016

Background: Very low birth weight babies are very fragile in nature and usually undergone through stormy neonatal period, which affects significantly their neurodevelopmental outcome in long term basis.Aims and Objectives: 1. Assessment of neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birth weight (VLBW) babies at 12 month corrected gestational age. 2. Study of risk factors associated with such outcome.Materials and Methods: VLBW babies without any major congenital anomaly were included in this study. They were followed up in high risk clinic upto 12 month corrected gestational age. In follow up visits, assessment of tone was done by Amiel Tiesonmethod and 180 degree flip test. Developmental screening was done by Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST II).Data obtained from this study were entered in Microsoft Excel and subsequently analysed with the help of Epi Info (TM) 3.5.3 software.Results: 24.4% among the study population showed neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Of them, 22.2% VLBW infants had muscle tone abnormality; 15.6% were suspect in gross motor development, 8.9% were suspect in fine motor, 11.1% were suspect in personal – social and 8.9% were suspect in language development, which were statistically significant. On assessment of risk factors, it was found that low birth weight, prematurity, non-use of antenatal corticosteroid, hypoglycaemia, intraventricular haemorrhage, sepsis, jaundice, mechanical ventilation, intra uterine growth retardation were significantly associated with various strata of neurodevelopmental outcome.Conclusion: VLBW babies are very prone to develop neurodevelopmental complications. Taking proper care regarding above said risk factors can reduce such complications. Also these babies should follow up properly to detect complication/s at earliest, and take “early intervention’’ steps.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 61-69
Medio-lateral inclination of proximal and distal articular surface of the radius
Authors: Al-Imam Ahmed
Published: August 2016

Background: The radius, also known as the radial bone, is the shorter of the two bones of the forearm. It has proximal and distal articulations with the humerus, ulna, and carpal bones. It is almost universally present,as a skeletal blueprint, in eachtetrapod’s forelimb. The detailed morphometry of radius, has not been fully explored. Specifically, the inclination of its proximal and distal articular surfaces, which can be affected in many pathologies including: fractures-dislocations, joint’s degenerations, tumors, dystrophic calcifications, and pathologic deposits.Aims and Objectives: To derive a statistical inference concerning the inclination of the proximal and distal articular surface of radius.Materials and Methods: In a sample of 30 dry specimens of human radial bone (radius), measurements were done to derive statistical inference concerning: the inclination of proximal and distal articular surfaces (P and D), length of radius (L), mid-point thickness (T), length of head of radius (HL). Materials used for measurements included: electronic Vernier, digital inclinometer, and a tape measure. The most challenging parameter to be measured, was the inclination of articular surfaces, which required multiple reference points: at the interosseous border of radius, proximal and distal ends of radius.Results: The mean values (+/- standard deviation) were: 22.23 +/- 1.89 cm (L), 1.43 +/- 0.2 cm (T), 0.95 +/- 0.135 cm (HL), 6.283 +/- 3.253 (P), and 23.77 +/- 1.874 (D). The 95% Confidence Interval was: 0.90 to 1 (HL), 5.07 to 7.50 (P), and 23.07 to 24.47 (D). Linear regression was absent between most of the studied parameters, with exception for the correlation between the inclination of the proximal articular surface and the value of (P/HL), which revealed a Correlation coefficient (r): 0.958, and the relevant p-value is < 0.00001 (significant at p< 0.01).Conclusion: This study is in line with prior studies concerning the morphometry and inclination of radial articular surfaces. It has a tremendous value in biomedical science, biomechanical applications and prosthesis synthesis, corrective surgical and orthopedic procedures, anthropology, and forensic sciences.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 117-123
Effect of barefoot walking on foot arch structure in Tribal children
Authors: Vangara Shanmukha Varalakshmi , Gopichand Patnaik VV , Bedi Minu , Puri Nidhi
Published: August 2016

Background: The anatomy of human foot owes its adaptation to bipedal locomotion. Support and propulsion are the two main activities of foot which are possible due to segmental nature of foot. Bony architecture contributes to the arches of foot. Continuous stress put on the foot during childhood is expected to have changes in developing bone morphology. Pes planus and pes cavus are the two major foot deformities involving medial longitudinal arch.Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pes planus and pes cavus among tribal children of Andhra Pradesh state in India.Materials and Methods: A sample size of 360 healthy tribal children, between the age group of 3-15 years, was randomly selected from Andhra Pradesh State. Anthropometric variables such as standing height and weight, foot length and width were measured. Height was measured using measuring tape and weight using weighing scale. Foot length and foot width were measured using osteometric board. BMI was calculated using the formula BMI= (weight (kg)*10000)/(height(cm))2. Static foot prints of both feet were taken on graph sheets in both weight bearing and non weight bearing conditions. Arch index proposed by Cavanagh and Rodgers was followed to measure Medial longitudinal arch (MLA). MLA was classifed AI≤0.21 as pes cavus, AI=0.21-0.26 as normal foot and AI≥0.26 pes cavus.Results: Incidence of pes cavus was found to be higher than pes planus. Overall prevalence of pes planus was 26.4% & 25.6% while pes cavus was 58.9% & 66.7% for right and left foot respectively. Pes planus at 3-4 year age group was 60% and 63.3% which decreased to 16.7% and 30% at 14-15 year age group for right and left foot respectively. Pes cavus at 3-4 year age group was 33.3% and 33.3% while at 14-15 year age group was 76.7% and 66.7% for right and left foot respectively.Conclusion: Pes cavus was found to be high among 3-15 year children. Age and gender were associated with foot arch structure. External factors like ethnic variations, hilly areas, bare foot walking; climbing trees might have a great role in infl uencing foot arch structure. Alteration from normal foot structure may infl uence the gait and lead to different injury patterns.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 108-116
New Pie and More Pie—Funding for Canada Council for the Arts: An Interview with Guylaine Normandin and Geneviève Vallerand
Authors: Teitel Darrah
Published: August 2016

The interview took place on 5 February 2016 between when the Canada Council for the Arts had announced major changes to the funding model and when the new funding model would be in effect. It also took place less than 6 months after a federal election, during which the Liberal Party platform included a promise to double funding for Canada Council for the Arts. The interview intended to unpack details, motivations, and challenges behind the new funding model. As well, the interview discussed poor levels of government funding for the arts, inadequate equity, and diversity in Canadian theatre, as well as the struggle many artists have with poverty. The interviewer was Darrah Teitel (Playwright and Grant Recipient) and the subject for the interview was Guylaine Normandin (Director of the Theatre Program for Canada Council for the Arts). Genevieve Vallerand (Head of Media Relations for Canada Council for the Arts) was also present for the conversation.
Risk and Resilience: Models for Personal Finance and the Arts
Authors: Mytnowych Natasha
Published: August 2016

The arts sector has long been a precarious workforce, cobbling together short contracts and part-time gigs, and practitioners face the considerable challenge of balancing time for artistic practice and meeting financial needs. Natasha Mytnowych surveys the obstacles facing artists and creative workers in Canada, uncovering the specifics of what an individual artist or arts worker must do outside of paid hours to keep their lives, their creative practice, and in turn, the sector, afloat, especially as it becomes harder and harder to secure paid artistic work. Mytnowych advocates for new perspectives on arts labour, in particular the importance of de-stigmatizing work outside of one’s primary artistic practice; she recommends recognizes additional work as a legitimate and necessary financial supplement to the pursuit of risky, non-commercial creative projects. Mytnowych also notes that, as the rest of the workforce is becoming more similar to the creative sector, there are opportunities to create resources and practices to help entrepreneurs, contract workers, and others juggling multiple types of employment.
Vancouverism and Its Cultural Amenities: The View from Here
Authors: Dickinson Peter
Published: August 2016

Among urban planners, Vancouver is celebrated for its dense, mixed-use developments that respect view corridors and public green space. In this essay, I explore the cultural impact of Vancouverism. My focus is the City of Vancouver’s Community Amenities Contributions (CAC) program, whereby property developers provide in-kind or cash contributions in exchange for zoning exemptions, and which has led to several successful tenancy partnerships among local arts organizations in different co-located facilities. Providing shared administrative and production space, these facilities often lead to exciting creative exchanges among companies working across disciplines. However, they also bring with them additional baggage: competition between organizations for space; unforeseen capital campaigns; and criticism that developers merely transfer costs associated with CACs onto the market pricing of residential units, contributing to Vancouver’s affordable housing crisis. I analyze these and other place-based issues related to cultural and urban sustainability in Vancouver via two specific case studies.
A Magic Wand
Authors: Maga Carly
Published: August 2016

Do we need magic to fix Canada’s arts funding system? While providing crucial financial support for Canadian artists and organizations, the existing structure of federal, provincial, and municipal funding bodies and philanthropic foundations are still leaving gaps in the dissemination of money and the creation of projects. What would a funding system look like in a perfect world? Eight Canadian theatre makers, producers, and thinkers provide their funding magic tricks.
The Money Tree
Authors: Watson Robert
Published: August 2016

When Shasta’s father loses his job, she is devastated to learn that previously laid plans for her upcoming birthday party must be significantly downsized. As the story progresses, Shasta and Simon meet a mysterious Traveller who gives them a seed that will make a tree grow leaves of money. Through a truly magical journey, the two ultimately learn that being a loyal friend is worth more than a big party or having all the latest toys. In the end, our friends, families, and imaginations are truly our greatest assets. The Money Tree introduces elementary audiences to financial literacy and value, exploring the idea of “needs versus wants” and affirming the power of imagination and creativity. Roseneath Theatre (roseneath.ca) premiered The Money Tree in the fall of 2014 to coincide with Financial Literacy Month in November, and the production was directed by Artistic Director Andrew Lamb. The Money Tree was nominated for two 2015 Dora Mavor Moore Awards: Outstanding New Play—Robert Watson, and Outstanding Ensemble Performance—Joshua Stodart, Rong Fu, and Heather Marie Annis.
Washing Expectations in Domestic Laundering – Consumer Behavior in Mexico
Authors: Hecht Martha , Plata Santiago
Published: August 2016

A study was conducted to understand the impact of technological changes on household washing machines and how consumer behavior has adapted to such changes with respect to purchase drivers and laundry practices. To assess this aspect, from November 2014 until June 2015, 600 users were interviewed and from this group a sample was selected for a closer look on purchase decision and washing practices. Data were obtained through interviews and field visits with consumers in 3 different cities in Mexico. Results showed that consumer have changed their habits and practices through the years due to an improved income, increased women's participation in workforce, higher washing machine penetration and lowered prices/offers to acquire the appliance. Obtained results provide on the one hand an overview of how consumers evolve in case of purchasing a washing machine as well as the way of using the machine and on the other hand how their behavior was still influenced by the elderly.
Water and Energy Consumption in Domestic Laundering Worldwide – A Review
Authors: Gooijer Henk , Stamminger Rainer
Published: August 2016

A literature review was executed to collect data on the resource consumption connected to domestic laundering processes. Data from literature on water and energy consumption were collected. The study focussed on Europe, as for Europe enough date could be collected for a thorough analysis. However, the limited data available for Japan and the USA were also included and discussed.
Textile Quality Depletion due to Household Machine Wash – Ways to Measure and Impacts of Wash Duration and Temperature on Textiles
Authors: Scheid Frederik , Lambert Edith , Maitra Writi , Niestrath Marina , Fäh Daniel , Portmann Christian , Gorny Susanne , Stamminger Rainer
Published: August 2016

Washing machines should not only deliver good removal of stains, but also take care of the garments. Mechanical action produced by the washing machine has a twofold impact: It supports the removal of stains, but it also influences the structure of the textiles negatively and is, therefore, critical to textile care. Most washing machines are currently assessed by consumer organisations and political regulations, such as energy labelling, just for their washing properties. However, a long programme may provide a good washing performance, but might also damage the textiles more than a shorter programme. Test specimens assessing the mechanical impact are well known and published, for example, IEC PAS 62473:2007, however, they are rarely used. Reasons may be poor knowledge about their effectiveness in assessing the mechanical action and their reaction to different washing conditions, for example, load size, temperature and duration of the washing programme. It was the task of this study to verify this relationship and confirm that the thread removal fabric, as specified in IEC PAS 62473:2007, adds additional information to the assessment of a washing process. As a result of a wide variation of washing parameters, it could be shown that this test fabric is almost independent of the washing temperature, but shows a clear correlation with the load size and the length of the washing process. The thread removal specimens add valuable additional information concerning a relevant parameter of the washing process.