bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 1999 All‐America City Awards
Authors: McGrath Michael , Rein David
Published: June 2004

This article provides an in‐depth look at the ten 1999 All‐America City Award winners and brief descriptions of the twenty finalists who participated in the National Civic League's annual award for civic accomplishment.
Making Something Out of Almost Nothing: Social Capital Development in Newark, New Jersey's, Enterprise Community
Authors: Schulgasser Daniel M.
Published: June 2004

In 1994, Newark, New Jersey, was turned down for a coveted designation as a Federal Empowerment Zone. Instead, it was named an Enterprise Community, a lesser designation that includes a much smaller grant from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Unlike some cities, however, Newark took the Enterprise Community designation seriously and launched an ambitious project linking the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. In this article Daniel Schulgasser, Newark's coordinator of federal and state aid, recounts the city's four‐year experience with the Enterprise Community process and analyzes how successful the program was in its objective of developing networks of civic engagement within the community.
Meshfree point collocation method for elasticity and crack problems
Authors: Lee Sang‐Ho , Yoon Young‐Cheol
Published: June 2004

A generalized diffuse derivative approximation is combined with a point collocation scheme for solid mechanics problems. The derivatives are obtained from a local approximation so their evaluation is computationally very efficient. This meshfree point collocation method has other advantages: it does not require special treatment for essential boundary condition nor the time‐consuming integration of a weak form. Neither the connectivity of the mesh nor differentiability of the weight function is necessary. The accuracy of the solutions is exceptional and generally exceeds that of element‐free Galerkin method with linear basis. The performance and robustness are demonstrated by several numerical examples, including crack problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of a colocated finite volume scheme for the Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Faure S.
Published: June 2004

The aim of this article is to describe a colocated finite volume approximation of the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equation and study its stability. One of the advantages of colocated finite volume space discretizations over staggered space discretizations is that all the variables share the same location; hence, the possibility to more easily use complex geometries and hierarchical decompositions of the unknowns. The time discretization used in the scheme studied here is a projection method. First, we give the full discretization of the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations, then, we state the stability result and prove it following the methods of Marion and Temam. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
“Wait and see” strategy in localized neuroblastoma in infants: An option not only for cases detected by mass screening
Authors: Fritsch Peter , Kerbl Reinhold , Lackner Herwig , Urban Christian
Published: June 2004

Neuroblastomas in infants may regress or mature spontaneously. Consequently, some authors have applied a “wait and see” strategy for tumors found by urinary mass screening. Recently, improved technique and increasing frequency of ultrasound examinations have led to an increase of neuroblastoma cases in pre‐ and post‐natal period. We describe five cases, four diagnosed by routine ultrasound examination and one detected by urinary mass screening, who were monitored with a “wait and see” strategy in order to spare surgery. Median age at diagnosis was 4 months (range 2–10 months). All tumors were adrenal neuroblastomas. All patients met the following criteria: localized tumors, tumor size less than 5 cm in diameter, absence of invasive growth, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) less than 50 µg/mg creatinine, and informed consent of parents. Monitoring was performed by monthly ultrasound examinations and urine catecholamine analysis. Median follow‐up is 14 months (5–28 months). Three tumors showed spontaneous regression, one is still under observation. In one patient the tumor increased in size and was resected after 14 months of observation displaying favorable histology, but chromosome 1p imbalance. Previous reports describe the adoption of a “wait and see” strategy in selected cases of localized neuroblastoma detected by mass screening. Our study confirms that this strategy may be similarly applied in incidentally or clinically detected cases. However, possible benefit has to be carefully balanced against possible risks. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Funipuncture for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy
Authors: Senat M. V. , Fischer C. , Ville Y.
Published: June 2004

The most widely used method for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy for fetal abnormalities (TOPFA) consists of injecting of potassium chloride (KCl) into the fetal heart and is likely to be painful after 22 weeks of gestation. We studied ten consecutive women undergoing TOPFA between 22 and 38 weeks. This technique for fetocide consisted of a single umbilical vein puncture under ultrasound guidance with injections of sufentanil 5 µg followed by KCl 2 g. No electrocardiographic modifications could be observed and maternal plasma potassium levels did not show any significant variation throughout the procedure. Fetal umbilical phlebotomy for fetal analgesia followed by fetocide therefore appears to be a safe procedure for the mother and allows the fetus to die without pain when late termination of pregnancy (TOP) is indicated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of common aneuploidies using quantitative fluorescent PCR
Authors: Bili Chrysanthy , Divane Aspasia , Apessos Angela , Konstantinos Tassis , Apostolos Athanasiadis , Ioannis Barbarigos , Periklis Theodoropoulos , Florentin Lina
Published: June 2004

Objective

Quantitative fluorescence‐polymerase chain reaction (QF‐PCR) has recently been used for the detection of common chromosomal aneuploidies in prenatal diagnosis. Here we describe our experience in prenatal diagnosis of 1100 samples.

Methods

Extraction of DNA was performed from amniotic fluid, chorionic villus samples (CVS), fetal blood and fetal tissue samples, using a simple, rapid protocol. Fluorescent multiplex PCR products of single tandem repeats (STRs) located on chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y were then analyzed on an automated laser fluorescent sequencer. All samples were analyzed with at least two polymorphic markers for chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 and one for the X chromosome. The amelogenin locus was used for sexing. Analysis was performed twice on affected samples. When miscellaneous results were obtained extra markers were used.

Results

We evaluated the usefulness of different markers in the Greek population. In a total of 1100 samples, 25 chromosome aberrations were identified, including trisomy 13, 18 and 21, XYY, triploidies 69,XXX and 69,XXY and one Turner mosaic. All results but three were consistent with conventional cytogenetic analysis. One mosaic was missed. Most bloodstained samples were successfully analyzed.

Conclusion

Successful analysis of a large number of prenatal samples proves QF‐PCR to be an efficient adjunct in routine prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pregnancy outcome in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency and normal karyotype
Authors: Senat M. V. , De Keersmaecker B. , Audibert F. , Montcharmont G. , Frydman R. , Ville Y.
Published: June 2004

Objective

This study was conducted to evaluate pregnancy outcome and mid‐ and long‐term prognosis of cases with nuchal translucency ≥4 mm and normal karyotype.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of 160 cases who presented with a nuchal translucency ≥4 mm when the CRL was between 45 and 84 mm was undertaken. Cystic hygromas were excluded. When the karyotype was normal a detailed anomaly scan was performed at 20 to 24 weeks followed by serial ultrasound examination. Clinical examination of the neonates was performed by a paediatrician. Long‐term follow‐up was completed through a questionnaire filled in by parents, GPs and paediatricians.

Results

160 fetuses had an NT ≥4 mm. 44.3% had an abnormal karyotype. Of the 55.7% with normal karyotypes, 74 % did not show any abnormalities on follow‐up ultrasound scan. Mid‐ and long‐term outcome was known in 91% of the cases. 6.4% had a malformation diagnosed only at birth. Among the normal neonates, 11.1% are considered to have a significant neurological handicap or orthopaedic problems at 12 to 72 months of age.

Conclusion

In an unselected population, NT ≥4 mm is associated with a high incidence of chromosomal and non chromosomal abnormalities. Even when the fetal karyotype and serial ultrasound examinations are considered to be normal, the risk of fetal malformation and developmental delay should not be underestimated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal magnetocardiography: development of the fetal cardiac time intervals
Authors: Kähler Christiane , Schleußner Ekkehard , Grimm Barbara , Schneider Alina , Schneider Uwe , Nowak Hannes , Seewald Hans J.
Published: June 2004

Objectives

To analyse the physiologic development of fetal cardiac time intervals throughout gestation using fetal magnetocardiography (FMCG).

Methods

FMCG data of 163 uncomplicated pregnancies (19th and 42nd gestational week) were analysed. Mean value, standard deviation, minimum and maximum of the duration of the P‐wave, the QRS‐complex, the PR and the QT‐interval were plotted against gestational age.

Results

QRS‐complex, P wave and QT‐interval showed a significant lengthening between the 20th and 42nd gestational week. The mean of the QRS complex raised from 36±4.7 ms (week 21–24) up to 48±5.2 ms (⩾37th week), (p=0.0001). The mean of the P‐wave was between 47±5.9 ms (week 21–24) and 53±9.5 ms (⩾37th week), (p=0.05) and the mean of the QT‐interval was 198±18 ms (week 21–24) and increased up to 244±23.9 ms (⩾37th week), (p=0.009). The PR‐interval did not show a correlation with gestational age.

Conclusion

FMCG provides sufficient information about all parts of the fetal cardiac conduction system from the 19th gestational week on. It offers the possibility to analyse the shape and the duration of the PQRST‐complex. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple and effective approach for detecting maternal cell contamination in molecular prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Antoniadi T. , Yapijakis C. , Kaminopetros P. , Makatsoris C. , Velissariou V. , Vassilopoulos D. , Petersen M. B.
Published: June 2004

The presence of maternal cells in fetal samples constitutes a serious potential source for prenatal misdiagnosis. Here we present our approach for detecting maternal cell contamination (MCC) at prenatal diagnosis for eight monogenic disorders (autosomal recessive: β‐thalassaemia, sickle‐cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, prelingual deafness; autosomal dominant: achondroplasia, Huntington disease, myotonic dystrophy, neurofibromatosis type I; X‐linked: spinobulbar muscular atrophy). Our aim was to apply a simple and low‐cost approach, which would easily and accurately provide information on the fetal tissue MCC status. MCC testing was applied to cases of recessive inheritance where the primary mutation screening of the fetus revealed the presence of the maternal mutation, to cases concerning dominant inheritance and to cases of multiple gestation. The potential presence of maternal cells was determined by the amplification of the 3′‐HVR/APO B, D1S80, THO1 and VNTRI of vWf polymorphic loci, which have previously demonstrated high heterozygosity in Caucasians. Among 135 prenatal diagnoses, 44 finally needed to be tested for MCC (32.6%). MCC was detected in four cases, where DNA was isolated directly from chorionic villi samples (CVS), and in one case with DNA isolated directly from amniotic fluid (AF). In almost 90% of cases a simple test of one polymorphic locus provided sufficient information about MCC. The choice of the appropriate locus is therefore essential, while the simultaneous screening of both parents provides the means for distinguishing non‐informative sites about MCC. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perinatal hepatic infarction in twin–twin transfusion
Authors: O'Sullivan M. J. , Dempsey E. M. , Kirwan W. O. , Ryan C. A.
Published: June 2004

We report a case of a twin pregnancy which was complicated by a twin–twin transfusion in which the recipient twin was noted to have an intra‐abdominal echogenic mass. This twin died at two days of age of hepatic infarction. The donor twin was healthy at birth, at thirty weeks' gestation, and did not have any subsequent problems. Fetal intra‐abdominal echogenicity may be a marker of hepatic infarction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum in a fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia type 2
Authors: Kalache Karim D. , Lehmann Katarina , Chaoui Rabih , Kivelitz Dietmar E. , Mundlos Stefan , Bollmann Rainer
Published: June 2004

A fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia type 2 (TD2) associated with cloverleaf skull and abnormal development of the corpus callosum is reported. This case represents the first prenatal direct visualization of a partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) using high‐resolution ultrasonography and colour power Doppler, which was confirmed by post‐mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The causal link between cloverleaf skull in TD and partial ACC is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case report of prenatally diagnosed ophthalmo‐acromelic syndrome type Waardenburg
Authors: Kara F. , Yesildaglar N. , Tuncer R. A. , Semerci N. , Onat N. , Yilmazer Y. Ç. , Sipahi T. , Erkaya S.
Published: June 2004

Ophthalmo‐acromelic syndrome type Waardenburg is an extremely rare autosomal recessive syndrome comprising eye malformations ranging from true anophthalmia to mild microphthalmia with acromelic malformations. We report a case of ophthalmo‐acromelic syndrome type Waardenburg diagnosed prenatally. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal uniparental isodisomy 10 and mosaicism for an additional marker chromosome derived from the paternal chromosome 10 in a fetus
Authors: Schlegel Monika , Baumer Alessandra , Riegel Mariluce , Wiedemann Ute , Schinzel Albert
Published: June 2004

An Erratum has been published for this article in Prenatal Diagnosis 22(11) 2002: 1056.

We report a case of maternal isodisomy 10 combined with mosaic partial trisomy 10 (p12.31‐q11.1). Chromosome examinations from a CVS sample showed a karyotype 47,XY,+mar/46,XY. The additional marker chromosome which was present in 6/25 interphase nuclei was shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to have been derived from a pericentromeric segment of chromosome 10. DNA analysis was performed from umbilical cord blood from the fetus after termination of the pregnancy at 18 weeks. The results showed that the two structurally normal chromosomes 10 were both of maternal origin, whereas the marker chromosome derived from the father. Autopsy of the fetus revealed hypoplasia of heart, liver, kidneys and suprarenal glands, but, apart from a right bifid ureter, no structural organ abnormalities. This fetus represents the second reported instance of a maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) 10. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Executive women in development: Career paths, life choices, and advancing to the top
Authors: Shaw‐Hardy Sondra
Published: June 2004

Women have been an important part of the national philanthropy movement, and as pathfinders they are providing new leadership styles at the highest levels of fundraising management.
Focus on the future: A partnership of women in the campaign to renovate the YWCA of Columbus, Ohio
Authors: Schwarzwalder Karen
Published: June 2004

The YWCA of Columbus, Ohio, structured a capital campaign that succeeded through an innovative partnership of women leaders.
Lessons from the campaign trail
Authors: Levitt Madelyn M.
Published: June 2004

In asking for gifts, you win some and you learn from the others. Here are ten fundamental commandments of fundraising.
Beyond a hit list: Income planning for small nonprofitorganizations
Authors: Wyzbinski Patricia , Moore Pam , Gelzer Scott
Published: June 2004

The planning process that is familiar to many nonprofit organizationsis discussed as a solid method for annual income planning. The stepsin the process are presented for use by staff, board members, and othervolunteers.
Staffing fundraising in small organizations
Authors: Weaver Marissa C.
Published: June 2004

This chapter presents strategies for small organizations to make themost of human resources to support their development efforts.Recruitment of volunteers through several employment programs isdiscussed, as are methods for making the volunteer experience workfor both the individual and the organization.
Building a fundraising base that reflects the cultural diversityof the organization
Authors: Klein Kim
Published: June 2004

Organizations will be stronger and have a more diverse funding base if thepeople involved in fundraising reflect the diversity of the communities they serve. This chapter explains how organizations can strengthen theirfunding base by bringing all constituencies—based on gender, race, age,and so on—into fundraising.
Information systems: Managing the database
Authors: Lange Scott , Hunsaker Charles
Published: June 2004

It is possible to avoid information overload in a major campaign and the mental paralysis that it can precipitate. An effective campaign information system organizes the necessary information and discounts the rest.
Green giving: Engagement, values, activism, and community life
Authors: Bazerman Charles
Published: June 2004

This chapter identifies features of a fundraising appeal that elicited extraordinary giving by tapping into individual commitment during a campaign to preserve a California community's highly valued coastal property.
Content analysis of fundraising letters
Authors: Ritzenhein Donald N.
Published: June 2004

A content analysis of the arguments used in fundraising letters reveals how fundraisers resolve the altruism versus exchange models of persuasion, the organizational patterns of their arguments, and the degree to which they use emotional and logical proofs.
How writers in nonprofit organizations develop grant proposals
Authors: Haas Molly Flaherty
Published: June 2004

Effective grant proposal writers in nonprofits report that they write differently depending on their organization's relationship with the grant‐making organization, distinguishing between proposals written for a familiar local funding source and those written for a more distant source.
A new foundation for a new millennium
Authors: Ridings Dorothy S.
Published: June 2004

The foundation of the future will differ significantly from the prototype of today, according to both informal data collection and formal research undertaken by the Council on Foundations.
Challenges of international grantmaking
Authors: Campbell Colin G. , Lewis Priscilla
Published: June 2004

The traditional definition of international grantmakers' support for peace and security projects has broadened to include health, education, and human rights programs. Foundations can also help educate Americans about the role of investing resources in cooperative international efforts to solve global problems.
Changing perspectives: Evolution not revolution
Authors: Glass Sandra A.
Published: June 2004

If grantmakers and grantseekers can communicate more frequently and more frankly, the organizational changes that take place in foundations in the next century can be productive and rewarding.
Do Hispanic nonprofits foster Hispanic philanthropy?
Authors: Cortés Michael
Published: June 2004

Neglect of Hispanic communities by most nonprofit organizations may help explain why relatively few Hispanics practice conventional forms of philanthropy. However, there is evidence that Hispanics in the United States support informal, traditional voluntary associations in their own communities. Historically, cultural traditions and informal mutual assistance have led to the formation of nonprofit corporations controlled by members of the Hispanic communities they serve. In the past two decades, the number of formal Hispanic nonprofits has grown rapily. It remains to be seen if the recent increase in Hispanic tax‐exempt organizations will change patterns of giving among the nation's growing Hispanic population.
Hispanic women: Nurturing tomorrow's philanthropy
Authors: Parra Olga Villa
Published: June 2004

This chapter explores the rich dynamics Hispanic women bring to the philanthropic tradition. Little is written on Hispanic women in the field of philanthropy. This chapter presents a conversation that raises a few questions, provides examples of a few inspiring role models, and looks to the future importance of Hispanic women in the world of philanthropy. The U.S. Census Bureau gives population data for Hispanic women, their rising numbers, and their continued success in business. But we must continue to have ongoing conversations about charity, benevolence, and philanthropy. The notion of doing something for the good of the community is not new to Hispanic women. How they understand philanthropy and the common good is the focus of this chapter.
The effectiveness of fundraising training in Hispanic religious organizations
Authors: Wagner Lilya , Hall‐Russell Cheryl
Published: June 2004

The Indiana University Center on Philanthropy conducted the Hispanic Stewardship Development Partnership project over a three‐year period, focusing on the development and implementation of fundraising training and practice in seven U.S. Hispanic church and parachurch organizations. This chapter presents research and conclusions on the effectiveness of fundraising training and the results of practical application of principles and practices by the partners in the project. These suggestions are valuable for practitioners working with the Hispanic sectors of U.S. society.
The Internet and the regulation of the nonprofit sector
Authors: Johnston Michael
Published: June 2004

Because the Internet is often touted as a communications technology that can reinvigorate politics and democracy, it is intriguing to see that there is so little opportunity for citizens to give their input on the regulation of nonprofits and the Internet. This chapter calls for an opportunity for citizens to participate in this debate on future regulation, through government or a nonprofit consultative process.
Love and work: Rethinking our models of professions
Authors: Pribbenow Paul P.
Published: June 2004

Philanthropic fundraising as a profession is still relatively misunderstood by both its members and the wider public. Defining the public purpose and roles of fundraisers provides an opportunity to see the profession of philanthropic fundraising as an example of how love transforms work.
The future of corporate giving
Authors: Burlingame Dwight F. , Smith Craig
Published: June 2004

Current issues facing corporate giving, including strategic repositioning of corporate philanthropy, the global reach of corporations, and the role of thechnology, lead to a new understanding of how the business, nonprofit, and public sectors intersect and work together to serve the public.
The fifth way: The new corporate philanthropy at the millennium
Authors: Scanlan Eugene A.
Published: June 2004

The new entrepreneur presents challenges to traditional models of corporate philanthropy. How do fundraisers deal with the independence, aggressiveness, and creativity of these so‐called civic venture capitalists as we seek support from them and their companies?
Law, politics, and charities in the post‐liberal era
Authors: Hall Peter Dobkin
Published: June 2004

In their preoccupation with legal technicalities, attorneys, nonprofit scholars, and trustees, by ignoring public expectations about the citizenship responsibilities of nonprofits, imperil the future of the sector.
The 800‐pound canary in philanthropy's coal mine: Trends in religious giving
Authors: Ronsvalle John , Ronsvalle Sylvia
Published: June 2004

The practice of religion promotes philanthropic behavior, and trends in religious giving offer important signs of the state of the philanthropic sector and of the quality of life in the United States.
How resources affect and stimulate collaboration
Authors: Wuichet Pamela A.
Published: June 2004

Organizations often require external pressure to collaborate, including the offer or lure of funding, but securing additional resources cannot be the sole or even primary reason for working together if organizations want to succeed in achieving goals beyond their individual means.
Universities and foundation support: Working with faculty and administrators
Authors: Schneider John C.
Published: June 2004

Foundation relations of officers in academic institutions play an important role in working with faculty and administrators at every stage of the grant‐seeking process, from initial inquiries to stewardship of grants.
The new rules for engaging donors of color: Giving in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Carson Emmett D.
Published: June 2004

To engage donors of color, nonprofit organizations must understand the importance and interconnectedness of morality, market, and mission.
The public and private persona of philanthropy: The donor challenge
Authors: Karoff H. Peter
Published: June 2004

Donors face complex challenges in bridging the gap between their private selves and the public interest, and they may never be able to do so unless they are motivated, educated, nudged, and supported in the process.
The role of the prospect's other advisers in the planned giving process: The charitable lead trust as an example
Authors: Manterfield Eric A.
Published: June 2004

One of the planned giving professional's most important functions may be adviser education.
Creative uses of retirement plan benefits in charitable planning
Authors: Donikian André R.
Published: June 2004

Retirement benefits present special challenges in financial and estate planning. For individuals planning a major charitable gift, a wise choice of which asset to give can produce substantial tax savings.
The role of consulting in planned giving programs
Authors: McJunkin Jack F.
Published: June 2004

Even as the professional qualifications of planned giving officers continue to improve and the number of planned giving programs is on the increase, there remains a role for consultants to support, interpret, and influence the practice of planned giving.
Life and legacy planning: The evolving role of the planned giving officer
Authors: Weinstein Stanley , Ross Steve
Published: June 2004

An evolving role for the planned giving officer can blend technical and nontechnical expertise in a shifting tax environment.
Enforcement: Legal standing and private remedies
Authors: Brody Evelyn
Published: June 2004

As illustrated by the recent controversy over the American Red Cross's handling of contributions for victims of the September 11 attacks, the legal rights of donors generally depend on state attorneys general for vindication. This chapter considers some“self‐help” techniques that donors can employ, and considers forces other than formal laws that govern the charity‐donor relationship.
By what means? Accountability and the law
Authors: Peters Geoffrey
Published: June 2004

What happens when voluntary accountability fails? Who is responsible, what are the consequences and what institutions seek to bring those consequences to bear? This brief synopsis attempts to outline the answers to those questions under the American legal system.
Nonprofit accountability and the National Center for Charitable Statistics
Authors: Pollak Thomas H. , Lampkin Linda M.
Published: June 2004

Ultimately, nonprofits are accountable to members of the public as they are enjoy the benefits of tax‐exempt status and receive tax‐deductible donations from individuals and organizations. The National Center for Charitable Statistics describes its efforts to provide more high quality data on charities that will help give researchers, policymakers, and the public the ability to assess the impact and increase the accountability of these organizations.
On accountability: A state charity official's prospective
Authors: Moore Daniel
Published: June 2004

State charity regulation is an important form of oversight for nonprofit activities. There are initiatives underway to improve consistency among the states and adapt policies to the growing practice of seeking donations online.
Giving back the Silicon Valley way: Emerging patterns of a new philanthropy
Authors: Hero Peter deCourcy
Published: June 2004

This chapter, drawn from research by the Community Foundation Silicon Valley, illustrates how Silicon Valley philanthropists view the principles of venture capital investment applied to charitable giving and discusses what is needed for a return‐on‐investment mentality to be translated into social good and the advancement of civil society.
Unleashing new resources and entrepreneurship for the common good: A philanthropic renaissance
Authors: Reis Thomas K. , Clohesy Stephanie J.
Published: June 2004

This review describes the major waves of change affecting philanthropy in the United States; discusses social entrepreneurship, venture philanthropy, and Internet‐based philanthropy; maps the catalysts of philanthropy; and outlines a scenario for action to capitalize on these changes.
Between a rock and a hard place: The Data Protection Act of 1998 and U.K. fundraising practice
Authors: Lee Stephen
Published: June 2004

In providing an overview of data protection and privacy principles and a description of how these have developed over the past five to ten years, the author also illustrates how direct marketing strategy must evolve to take account of these issues in the future.
Getting ahead of the curve with integrated fundraising
Authors: Warwick Mal
Published: June 2004

Use of the Internet as a communications tool may be effectively integrated within an overall fundraising mix. Here is practical advice regarding the factors to consider when developing an Internet strategy.
Cultivating on‐line donor relationships through e‐mail technology
Authors: Olsen Merritt J. , Frazier Matthew M.
Published: June 2004

E‐mail can be used effectively in donor communications, and effective segmentation can enhance donors' satisfaction with the communications they receive.
Using a communication perspective to manage diversity in the development office
Authors: Bartolini William F.
Published: June 2004

A communication perspective can be helpful in understanding ourselves and others, and in developing an organizational culture that welcomes diversity.
Philanthropic studies curricula in higher education
Authors: Ashcraft Robert F.
Published: June 2004

Undergraduate, graduate, and extended programs in philanthropic studies are one of the fastest‐growing academic fields in higher education. Most curricular models are located within nonprofit management education programs. The American Humanics, Inc. undergraduate model is of particular interest because of its link between a liberal arts education philosophy and professional preparation for careers in the nonprofit sector.
Bilder aus dem Zellinnern
Authors: Bührke Thomas
Published: June 2004

Seit über zehn Jahren arbeiten Wolfgang Baumeister und Kollegen vom Max‐Planck‐Institut für Biochemie in Martinsried an der Entwicklung der Elektronentomographie. Jetzt gelang es ihnen mit dieser Methode erstmals, Bilder aus dem Zellinnern eines Vielzellers aufzunehmen.
Eiszeiten auf dem Mars
Authors: Bührke Thomas
Published: June 2004

Seit vier Jahren liefert die NASA‐Sonde Global Surveyor hochaufgelöste Bilder vom Mars. Auf einigen sind in der Eiskappe des Nordpols (Abbildung 1) stufenförmige Ablagerungen erkennbar. Ein Team um Jacques Laskar vom Institut für Himmelsmechanik in Paris brachte diese jetzt mit vergangenen Klimaperioden in Verbindung [1].
Chaos für die Schule!: Nichtlinearität und Strukturbildung
Authors: Nordmeier Volkhard , Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: June 2004

Modellsysteme können Schülern die Grundlagen der nichtlinearen Physik anschaulich vermitteln. Sie schlagen so einen Bogen von der Schulphysik zur aktuellen Forschung. Ein solches Modellsystem ist das chaotische Wasserrad, das Lehrer auf einfache Weise für den Schulunterricht nachbauen können. Im Wesentlichen steuert der Zufluss des Wassers das Verhalten des Wasserrads. Wächst er, so durchläuft das Rad von der geordneten, gleichförmigen Drehung bis zum Chaos verschiedene Phasen von Bewegungsfiguren. Das Experiment kann grundlegende Modelle und Begriffe der Chaostheorie demonstrieren: lokale und globale Bifurkationen und verschiedene Übergänge ins Chaos.
Xerxes' falsche Tochter: Radiokarbon‐Datierung
Authors: Morgenroth Gerhard
Published: June 2004

In Pakistan tauchte eine weibliche Mumie auf, deren Alter zunächst auf 2500 Jahre geschätzt wurde. Einer solcher Fund in Asien, noch dazu einer Tochter des altpersischen Großkönigs Xerxes, war eine archäologische Sensation. Doch die Mumie ist eine Fälschung. Das Erlanger AMS‐Labor konnte durch Bestimmung des 14C‐Gehalts von Knochen‐ und Gewebeproben zweifelsfrei belegen, dass die Tote 1995 noch lebte. AMS steht für Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, zu Deutsch Beschleuniger‐Massenspektrometrie. Dieses Verfahren separiert mit einem kleinen Teilchenbeschleuniger, Ablenk‐Kondensatoren und ‐Magneten die Kohlenstoff‐Isotope aus der Probe. Wegen seiner hohen Empfindlichkeit benötigt es nur sehr kleine Proben.
Dienstreisen in Sachen Mathematik
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: June 2004

Freunde beschrieben ihn übereinstimmend als schrägen Vogel, der mit wenig mehr als ein paar Plastiktüten oder einer Ledermappe durch die Welt gondelte. Seit seiner Promotion mit 21 Jahren war er immer auf dem Sprung. Ein Biograf vergleicht seine Reiserouten sogar mit der Bewegung Brownscher Teilchen — deren Mathematik den Gesuchten ebenfalls beschäftigt hat.
Kreise um das Schwarze Loch
Authors: Schödel Rainer
Published: June 2004

Seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre mehren sich die Hinweise darauf, dass im Zentrum der Milchstraße ein massereiches Schwarzes Loch existiert. Dennoch konnten alternative Modelle zur Erklärung der Materiekonzentration nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Die Beobachtung des Umlaufs eines Sterns mit einer Periode von nur 15 Jahren um das zentrale unsichtbare Objekt in unserer Milchstraße legt jedoch nun zwingend nahe, dass sich dort tatsächlich ein Schwarzes Loch mit 3, 7 Millionen Sonnenmassen verbirgt [1].
Neue Physik im Vakuum
Authors: Ziegler Thomas
Published: June 2004

Einige Theorien zur Vereinheitlichung der vier bekannten Naturkräfte sagen neue Teilchen, Kräfte oder die Existenz von mehr als drei Raumdimensionen voraus. Mit der heute erreichbaren Messgenauigkeit sollten sich diese bei geringen Abständen in einem Abweichen von bekannten Gesetzen, wie dem Newtonschen Abstandsgesetz der Gravitation, bemerkbar machen. Bei solchen Experimenten stellt die Casimir‐Kraft die wichtigste Unsicherheit in der Beschreibung des Messaufbaus dar. Theoretiker von der Purdue University und dem Wabash College haben nun eine Lösung dieses Problems vorgeschlagen [1].
Holographie mit Neutronen
Authors: Krexner Gerhard
Published: June 2004

Jeder kennt sie, die räumlich wirkenden Hologramme, die es seit dreißig Jahren etwa zu kaufen gibt. Sie werden mit sichtbarem Laserlicht erstellt. Grundsätzlich spricht nichts dagegen, Hologramme auch mit Materiewellen anzufertigen. Einer internationalen Forschergruppe gelang kürzlich am Institut Laue‐Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble erstmals die holographische Abbildung eines Atomgitters mit Neutronen [1].
Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Italian infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infections, and association between respiratory syncytial virus infection risk factors and disease severity
Authors: Lanari M. , Giovannini M. , Giuffré L. , Marini A. , Rondini G. , Rossi G. A. , Merolla R. , Zuccotti G.V. , Salvioli G.P.
Published: June 2004

This study was designed to collect data on the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in Italy in infants hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections, and to evaluate which of the recognized risk factors might be associated with disease severity. Thirty‐two centers throughout Italy participated in the study. Over a 6‐month period (November 1,1999 to April 30, 2000), we evaluated all children < 2 years of age hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections. All subjects were tested for RSV within 24 hr of hospitalization by using an immuno‐enzymatic diagnostic test (Abbott Testpack, RSV). Logistic regression was used to identify the factors that might be associated with more severe disease or could increase the likelihood of RSV positivity in hospitalized infants.

Out of a total of 1,232 children enrolled, 40.6% were found to be RSV‐positive (RSV+). The peak of the RSV epidemic occurred in February, while the lowest prevalence of RSV positivity was seen in November (P < 0.05). A high proportion of study subjects had low birth weight and low gestational age. The clinical diagnosis at hospitalization was bronchiolitis in 66.7%, pneumonia in 15.3%, and wheezy bronchitis in 18.1%. In the bronchiolitis group, a higher prevalence of RSV+ was found in patients with gestational age  ≤ 33 weeks or 34–35 weeks, as compared to those with a gestational age ≥ 36 weeks (P < 0.04). No differences were found in the proportion of RSV+ patients in the three gestational age subgroups with pneumonia and wheezy bronchitis (P > 0.05, each comparison). Independent of the clinical diagnosis at admission, RSV infection was associated with more severe respiratory impairment. Environmental smoke exposure was higher in subjects with bronchiolitis than in those with wheezy bronchitis (P < 0.04), and RSV+ was positively related with the birth order (P < 0.05). The presence of older siblings and birth order plays an important role in RSV infection.

The collected data show that, in Italy, RSV is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Gestational age, birth order, birth weight, and exposure to tobacco smoke affected the prevalence and severity of RSV‐related lower respiratory tract disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:458–465. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory impedance response to a deep inhalation in children with history of cough or asthma
Authors: Marchal François , Schweitzer Cyril , Moreau‐Colson Catherine
Published: June 2004

The aim of this study was to describe the change in respiratory impedance induced by a deep inhalation (DI) in children who developed a positive response to inhalation of methacholine (Mch). Eighteen children aged 4.5–12.5 years, presenting with chronic cough or doctor‐diagnosed asthma, were studied at baseline after inhalation of Mch and after inhalation of a bronchodilator. Respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) were measured by the forced oscillation technique, varying transrespiratory pressure at 12 Hz around the head. The tidal flow (V′) and volume (V) dependence of Rrs before and after the DI was characterized according to the equation Rrs = K1 + K2 · |V′| + K3 · V.

DI induced no significant change at baseline or after inhalation of a bonchodilator. During Mch challenge, Rrs and K1 were significantly lower, and K3 and Xrs significantly less negative after DI than before, during both inspiration and expiration; there was no change in K2.

We conclude that DI results in a decrease in Rrs in children with induced bronchoconstriction. The associated changes in Xrs, K1, and K3, and lack of decrease in K2, suggest that dilatation of airways occurs at the bronchial level, with little contribution of the upper airways or of a change in breathing patterns. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:411–418. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histology of childhood bronchiolitis obliterans*
Authors: Mauad Thais , Dolhnikoff Marisa
Published: June 2004

Childhood bronchiolitis obliterans (CBO) is an uncommon disease characterized by persistent signs and symptoms of obstructive respiratory disease after an acute bronchiolar injury. It is considered to be a complication of viral infection, most often of adenovirus, and is usually classified as a constrictive‐type bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). Few reports have described its histology. We present the histopathological features of 34 pediatric patients with a diagnosis of BO, comprising 30 open lung biopsies (OLB), 2 lobectomies, and 2 autopsies. Quantitative analysis was performed on the OLB to better characterize the morphological changes observed in these lungs.

Of 37 patients, 25 were male and 9 were female, ranging from 7 months to 15 years of age. Airway diameter in terminal bronchioles varied from 50–600 μm. Ninety‐seven percent of the CBO were of constrictive type, with variable degrees of airway obstruction. Chronic inflammation in the bronchioles was mild in 63% of the patients. Aggregates of foamy macrophages, mucostasis, and bronchiectasis appeared in, respectively, 93%, 40%, and 30% of the biopsies. There was more hyperinflation than atelectasis (40.1% and 24.3%, respectively). Lobectomies and autopsies showed more severe bronchiolar obliteration, associated with bronchiectasis.

The results show that CBO is characterized histologically mainly by a constrictive pattern, with variable degrees of inflammation and airway obliteration. Secondary signs of airway obstruction are invariably present. Mild histological changes may predominate and should be carefully evaluated by the pathologist. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:466–474. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of duration of hospitalization in respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Kneyber Martin C.J. , Moons Karel G.M. , Groot Ronald de , Moll Henriëtte A.
Published: June 2004

Identification of variables that predict duration of RSV‐associated hospitalization may be useful in the identification of preventive and therapeutic strategies. A recently published prediction model (Michigan model) for the duration of hospitalization in RSV infection demonstrated good discrimination between children with and without an increased likelihood of a hospital stay  ≥ 7 days, based on variables such as log weight, congenital heart disease, failure to thrive, premature birth, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, other pulmonary diseases, miscellaneous conditions, early mechanical ventilation, and early ribavirin treatment (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area, 0.89). Validation of this model is of particular interest for Europe, since the mean duration of hospitalization in The Netherlands is approximately twice that in the USA. The objective of the current study was 1) to validate the Michigan model for RSV hospitalized patients in a large university hospital in The Netherlands, and 2) to develop our own prediction model for a prolonged hospital stay. Data from 177 children younger than 12 months of age admitted with confirmed RSV infection to the Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam between 1992–1995, were used for valiation of the Michigan model and derivation of the Rotterdam model.

Mean duration of hospitalization for the Rotterdam database was 10.3 (±6.3) days, with a median of 9 days; 138 (78%) patients had a hospital stay  ≥ 7 days. The Michigan model performed poorly when applied to the Rotterdam database, with an ROC area of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.57–0.73). The Rotterdam prediction model (hospital stay  ≥ 9 days, the median in our database) considered weight and need for oxygen supplementation. The ROC area was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.57–0.73). When using data from patients for the 1995–1996 season, the ROC area was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.34–0.72). The Michigan and the Rotterdam models failed to identify a considerable number of patients who had a prolonged hospital stay, with a low false‐positive rate. We conclude that neither the Michigan, nor the Rotterdam model reliably predicted the duration of hospitalization based on demographic and clinical variables. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:453–457. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attenuation of pressure swings along the endotracheal tube is indicative of optimal distending pressure during high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in a model of acute lung injury
Authors: van Genderingen Huibert R. , van Vught Adrianus J. , Duval Elisabeth L.I.M. , Markhorst Dick G. , Jansen Jos R.C.
Published: June 2004

We tested the hypothesis that during high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation, the oscillatory pressure ratio (OPR) is minimal at the optimal mean airway pressure (Paw). OPR is defined as the ratio of pressure swings at the distal end and the proximal opening of the endotracheal tube. Optimal Paw was assumed to be the lowest Paw at which the physiological shunt fraction was below 0.1. Acute lung injury was produced by saline lung lavage of pigs who were then subjected to a stepwise increase of Paw to impose underinflation, optimal inflation, and overdistention (inflation phase), followed by a stepwise decrease of Paw (deflation phase).

OPR reached a minimum of 0.10 ± 0.01 at Paw = 31 ± 4 cm H2O during the inflation phase and a minimum of 0.04 ± 0.01 at Paw = 18 ± 1 cm H2O during the deflation phase. Optimal Paw was 31 ± 4 cm H2O on the inflation limb and 14 ± 2 cm H2O on the deflation limb. Paw at the minimal OPR was not significantly different from the optimal Paw during the inflation phase, and slightly but significantly higher (4.1 ± 1.6 cm H2O) during the deflation phase.

In conclusion, a consistent relationship was found between OPR and Paw, with a minimum in all animals. The minimal OPR coincides fairly well with the Paw where oxygenation is optimal. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:429–436. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amphotericin B‐induced hepatorenal failure in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Mohan Uthara R. , Bush Andrew
Published: June 2004

Although nephrotoxicity is a common and well‐recognized side effect of amphotericin B, hepatotoxicity is rare. We report on a 9‐year‐old girl with cystic fibrosis who developed fulminant renal and hepatic dysfunction following a short course of intravenous amphotericin B for a suspected aspergillus infection, although she did not have clinical evidence of invasive aspergillosis. The toxicity became apparent after changing to liposomal amphotericin. This association of renal and hepatotoxicity with liposomal amphotericin B has not previously been reported in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:497–500. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effect of dexamethasone and hydrocortisone on alveolar growth in rat pups
Authors: Fayon Michael , Jouvencel Philippe , Carles Dominique , Choukroun Marie Luce , Marthan Roger
Published: June 2004

Glucocorticoids are widely used in perinatology, since they decrease the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome and chronic lung disease. However, evidence is now increasing that their use in this age group may result in impaired alveolar lung growth and general development. The aim of this study was to determine whether a low dose of hydrocortisone (1 mg/kg/day for 11 days) was deleterious to lung growth in rat pups, as compared to an equivalent dose of dexamethasone.

While both dexamethasone and hydrocortisone increased alveolar diameter with thinning of the interairspace walls, only dexamethasone reduced the overall internal surface area of the lung available for respiratory exchange. Changes were more marked with dexamethasone as compared to hydrocortisone, which did not appear to affect alveolar septation.

In conclusion, a prolonged course of low‐dose hydrocortisone may be deleterious for alveolar lung growth in rat pups, but the changes are less marked than those caused by dexamethasone. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:443–448. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.