bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Influence of Emulsion Droplet Size on the Skin Penetration of Tetracaine
Authors: Izquierdo P. , Wiechers J.W. , Escribano E. , García-Celma M.J. , Tadros T.F. , Esquena J. , Dederen J.C. , Solans C.
Published: July 2007

Objectives/Aims: The influence of emulsion droplet size on the skin penetration of a model drug, tetracaine, was studied. For this purpose, in vitro dermal and transdermal delivery of tetracaine from 6 emulsions (3 macro-emulsions with droplet sizes >1 µm and 3 nano-emulsions with droplet sizes <100 nm) were tested. Methods: Two approaches were used: in the first one, the composition of the emulsions was kept constant, while in the second one, the surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase was kept constant by varying the overall surfactant concentration. Results: The results from emulsions differing only in droplet size did not provide statistically significant evidence for the anticipated increase in transdermal or dermal delivery (after 24 h) when reducing emulsion droplet size. The same results were obtained when the surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase was kept constant, indicating that there is no influence of emulsion droplet size on the skin penetration of tetracaine within the droplet size range studied. Conclusion: This is in contrast to what has been reported in various publications that claim penetration to increase with reducing droplet size. It should be noted that the results reported so far are based on emulsions that apart from droplet size also differed in composition and/or system components.
The Realistic Modeling of Biological Systems: A Workshop Synopsis
Authors: Broderick Gordon , Rubin Eitan
Published: July 2007

There is a growing awareness for the need to understand the basic design principles of living systems. In May of 2005, a diverse group of researchers from the fields of biomedicine, physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science were brought together in Mizpe Hayamim, Israel to contemplate the current and future trends in computational modeling of biology. In the following work we provide an overview of the discussions that took place and describe some of the research projects that were presented. We also discuss how these seemingly disparate efforts may be integrated and directed at the development of meaningful computational models of biological systems. The wide range of techniques presented in Mizpe Hayamim served to demonstrate not only the breadth of scale found in biology but also the diversity in criteria for the development and application of numerical models in the field. One of the key issues remains the reconciliation of different model types and their effective use as a single composite representation. By attempting to formulate a unifying theme that transcends traditional boundaries between disciplines, it is hoped that this workshop provided a first rallying point that will promote a new level of interaction and synergy in the field.
Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Human Varicose Veins: Involvement of Matrix Gla Protein in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling
Authors: Cario-Toumaniantz Chrystelle , Boularan Cédric , Schurgers Leon J. , Heymann Marie-Françoise , Le Cunff Martine , Léger Jean , Loirand Gervaise , Pacaud Pierre
Published: July 2007

This study was designed to identify the global pattern of differentially expressed genes in human varicose veins. Using suppressive subtractive hybridization, we identified overexpression of genes known to be associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, including collagen III, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases I, dermatopontin, matrix Gla protein (MGP) and tenascin C. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the differential expression of these genes. The overexpression of MGP transcript was associated with increased MGP level in varicose veins, in particular the undercarboxylated form of the protein. Smooth muscle cells from varicose veins showed increased proliferation rate and enhanced matrix mineralization. This observation correlated with the presence of ectopic mineralization areas in the varicose vein walls. The use of warfarin, to inhibit MGP activity, or siRNA targeting MGP transcript induced a reduction in the exacerbated proliferation of varicose vein smooth muscle cells. Our results suggest that high expression of MGP in varicose veins may contribute to venous wall remodeling by affecting proliferation and mineralization processes probably through impaired carboxylation of MGP. In addition, suppressive subtractive hybridization results also produce a profile of differentially expressed genes in varicose veins, in particular extracellular matrix components. Further study of these genes will provide insights into their specific roles in the etiology of venous disease.
From Cenesthesias to Cenesthopathic Schizophrenia: A Historical and Phenomenological Review
Authors: Jenkins Gary , Röhricht Frank
Published: July 2007

Background: Abnormal bodily sensations, ‘cenesthesias’, are frequently described psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenia. ‘Cenesthopathic schizophrenia’ is included but undefined within the category ‘other schizophrenia’ (F20.8) in the ICD-10 classification. Method: This narrative review pursues the development of the concept of cenesthopathic schizophrenia, from its foundation in the late 18th century to the present (phenomenology of cenesthesias). It explores its applicability and relevance as a diagnostic entity in psychiatry today. The review is based on a critical reading of papers identified through Medline (1951 to date), Psychinfo (1887 to date) and EMBASE (1974 to date) searches (using subject headings: cenesthesias, cenesthopathy, cenesthopathic schizophrenia) as well as a hand-search of related references in selected papers. Results: Current knowledge supports the notion of a distinct subgroup of schizophrenia patients with marked and dominating abnormal bodily sensations. Conclusions: Further research is necessary to identify other characteristics of the subgroup, to clarify the neurobiological and psychological basis of the phenomena and to determine as to whether the subgroup benefits from distinct treatment.
Characterization of Buckwheat 19-kD Allergen and Its Application for Diagnosing Clinical Reactivity
Authors: Choi Soo-Young , Sohn Jung-Ho , Lee Yong-Won , Lee Eun-Kyung , Hong Chein-Soo , Park Jung-Won
Published: July 2007

Background: The 19-kD protein of buckwheat (BW) has been suggested to be a major allergen, but its characteristics and clinical significance are poorly defined. Methods: cDNA of the 19-kD BW allergen was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Allergenicity and cross-allergenicity were confirmed by inhibition immunoblotting or by ELISA inhibition. The recombinant (r19-kD) protein was assessed for clinical utility in the diagnosis of BW reactivity in 18 BW-allergic and 19 BW-asymptomatic sensitized subjects using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results: The 19-kD BW allergen, which is composed of 135 amino acids, has a weak homology to the vicilin-like allergens of cashew (Ana o 1), English walnut (Jug r 2) and 7 S globulin from Sesamum indicum. The r19-kD protein can inhibit sIgE binding to native 19-kD BW allergen. The maximum percentage inhibition of sIgE binding to crude BW extract was 56%. About 83.3% of the BW allergy patients had sIgE bound to r19-kD protein, compared to only 1 of the 19 BW-asymptomatic sensitized subjects. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the skin prick tests [0.925 (95% confidence interval: 0.839–1.012), p < 0.001] as well as r19-kD protein sIgE ELISAs [0.860 (95% confidence interval: 0.725–0.995), p <0.001] were higher than that of BW sIgE coated allergen particle test results [0.803 (95% confidence interval: 0.661–0.945), p = 0.002]. Conclusions: The 19-kD BW allergen may be the major allergen from BW. For the diagnosis of clinical reactivity to BW, the r19-kD protein sIgE ELISA test was more discriminative than the coated allergen particle sIgE measurement using whole BW extract.
Chemical Modification of Birch Allergen Extract Leads to a Reduction in Allergenicity as well as Immunogenicity
Authors: Adler Würtzen Peter , Lund Lise , Lund Gitte , Holm Jens , Millner Anders , Henmar Helene
Published: July 2007

Background: In Europe, specific immunotherapy is currently conducted with vaccines containing allergen preparations based on intact extracts. In addition to this, chemically modified allergen extracts (allergoids) are used for specific allergy treatment. Reduced allergenicity and thereby reduced risk of side effects in combination with retained ability to activate T cells and induce protective allergen-specific antibody responses has been claimed for allergoids. In the current study, we compared intact allergen extracts and allergoids with respect to allergenicity and immunogenicity. Methods: The immunological response to birch allergen extract, alum-adsorbed extract, birch allergoid and alum-adsorbed allergoid was investigated in vitro in human basophil histamine release assay and by stimulation of human allergen-specific T cell lines. In vivo, Bet v 1-specific IgG titers in mice were determined after repetitive immunizations. Results: In all patients tested (n = 8), allergoid stimulations led to reduced histamine release compared to the intact allergen extract. However, the allergoid preparations were not recognized by Bet v 1-specific T cell lines (n = 7), which responded strongly to the intact allergen extract. Mouse immunizations showed a clearly reduced IgG induction by allergoids and a strongly potentiating effect of the alum adjuvant. Optimal IgG titers were obtained after 3 immunizations with intact allergen extracts, while 5 immunizations were needed to obtain maximal response to the allergoid. Conclusion: The reduced histamine release observed for allergoid preparations may be at the expense of immunological efficacy because the chemical modifications lead to a clear reduction in T cell activation and the ability to induce allergen-specific IgG antibody responses.
Recombinant Major Urinary Proteins of the Mouse in Specific IgE and IgG Testing
Authors: Krop Esmeralda J.M. , Matsui Elizabeth C. , Sharrow Scott D. , Stone Martin J. , Gerber Peter , van der Zee Jaring S. , Chapman Martin D. , Aalberse Rob C.
Published: July 2007

Background: Recombinant allergens are preferred over natural allergen extracts in measuring antibodies. We tested the use of recombinant variants of the major mouse allergen Mus m 1 in detection of mouse-specific antibodies in sera of laboratory animal workers and children. Methods: Six recombinant major urinary proteins (MUPs) were produced and antibody-binding capacity was compared to natural Mus m 1 and to mouse urine extract. In a specific subset, cross-reactivity of MUP with Mus m 1 and between the different recombinant MUPs was determined. Results: For IgE antibodies, MUP8 showed high cross-reactivity with Mus m 1. MUP8-specific IgE was found in 55% of the mouse urine IgE-positive sera. Specific IgG and IgG4 antibodies against natural Mus m 1 correlated strongly with antibodies against recombinant MUP8 and were cross-reactive. IgG4 levels against MUP8 and mouse urine extract correlated, but detection of mouse urine-specific IgG4 in the absence of MUP-specific IgG4 was not uncommon. Cross-reactivity of IgG antibodies between MUP8 and Mus m 1 as well as between the different MUPs was high and inhibition varied between 54 and 99%. Conclusion: The mouse allergen Mus m 1 can be replaced in antibody testing by recombinant MUP8. Other MUPs, except MUP4, are interchangeable with MUP8. However, mouse urine extract showed better detection of both mouse-specific IgE and IgG4 levels. Other components in the mouse urine, like mouse albumin and other yet unidentified components, also induce IgE and IgG(4) antibodies.
Differential Role of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in the Induction of Airway Hyperreactivity and Th2 Immune Response in Antigen-Induced Asthma with Respect to Natural Killer T Cell Function
Authors: Nagata Yuko , Kamijuku Hajime , Taniguchi Masaru , Ziegler Steven , Seino Ken-ichiro
Published: July 2007

Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease, in which CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells play an importantpathogenic role. Also, recent reports indicated that a cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), is essential for the development of antigen-induced asthma. Here we examined the relationship between NKT cells and TSLP in a mouse model of asthma. NKT cells express TSLP receptor as well as IL-7 receptor α-chain. TSLP acts on NKT cells to preferentially increase their IL-13 production but not IFN-γ and IL-4. In an allergen-induced asthma model, the development of airway hyperreactivity, a cardinal feature of asthma, was increased in TSLP transgenic mice, whereas this effect was not observed in TSLP transgenic mice lacking NKT cells. Interestingly, in the NKT cell-lacking TSLP transgenic mice, pulmonary eosinophilia and increase in IgE did not improve. Pulmonary lymphocytes from the NKT cell-lacking TSLP transgenic mice produced much less IL-13 upon CD3 stimulation than those from NKT cell-competent TSLP transgenic mice. These resultssuggest that, in allergen-induced asthma, TSLP acts on NKT cells to enhance airway hyperreactivity by upregulating their IL-13 production, whereas eosinophilia and IgE production are not influenced.
Cytoplasmic Expression of Type VII Collagen Is Related to Prognosis in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Baba Yoshifumi , Iyama Ken-ichi , Honda Shinobu , Ishikawa Shinji , Miyanari Nobutomo , Baba Hideo
Published: July 2007

Objective: Type VIIcollagen, the major component of anchoring fibrils, has been suggested to be involved with tumor cell invasion in a laminin-5-dependent manner in skin squamous cell carcinoma. However, the significance of type VII collagen expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been unknown to date. Therefore, we examined the expression of type VIIcollagen in ESCC, and confirmed the association between type VIIcollagen expression and clinicopathologic characteristics. Methods: We immunohistochemically examined the expression of type VII collagen and laminin-5 γ2 chain in surgical specimens of primary tumors in 109 patients with ESCC. Results: Positive cytoplasmic expression of type VII collagen was detected in 35%. Significant correlation between the expression of type VII collagen and laminin-5 γ2 chain expression was observed. In the type VII collagen-negative group, the 5-year survival rate was significantly better than in the positive group. Multivariate analysis indicated that the positive expression of type VII collagen was an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions: The expression of type VII collagen was closely related to poor prognosis. Type VII collagen cytoplasmic expression could be a useful marker for evaluating the tumor cell properties, including prognosis, in patients with ESCC.
Short Schedule of Cisplatin and Vinorelbine: A Dose-Finding Study in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Zucali Paolo Andrea , Soto Parra Hector Jose , Cavina Raffaele , Campagnoli Elisabetta , Latteri Fiorenza , De Vincenzo Fabio , Ceresoli Giovanni Luca , Fazio Maria , Alloisio Marco , Santoro Armando
Published: July 2007

Objectives: A dose-finding study of a new cisplatin/vinorelbine schedule was done to increase activity of the combination, and improve compliance of non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Methods: Beginning with cisplatin 40 mg/m2 on days 1, 2 and vinorelbine 20 mg/m2 on days 1, 3, increasing dose levels up to the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) were tested in a series of 6-patient cohorts. If 3 of 6 patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity in the first 3 cycles, the previous dose was considered the recommended dose (RD). Once the MTD was reached, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor was prophylactically added to the treatment of a new patient cohort to improve the therapeutic ratio. Results: We enrolled 35 stage IIIA/B or IV patients between August 2001 and February 2002. The RD was cisplatin 45 mg/m2 and vinorelbine 25 mg/m2, with relative dose intensities (RDIs) of 95 and 97%, respectively, and an actual received dose intensity (ARDI) of 28.62 and 16.07 mg/m2/week, respectively. Overall grade 3–4 toxicities were: neutropenia (71%), febrile neutropenia (25%), anemia (8%), and constipation (17%). The overall response rate was 64.3% (CI: 44.1–81.4%). Conclusions: ARDI and RDI of our modified cisplatin/vinorelbine regimen were not inferior to those of conventional weekly schedules; its acceptable toxicity profile and manageability may justify its use in clinical practice.
The influence of host and temperature on the vertical migration of Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Pudasaini Mahesh P. , Viaene Nicole , Moens Maurice
Published: July 2007

The influence of both host and temperature on the vertical migration of
Pratylenchus penetrans was examined in a series of experiments using maize,
carrot, black salsify, pea, bean and potato. Plants were grown in a pot
placed on top of a plastic pipe of variable length in a growth chamber. This
pipe was planted into a second pot to maintain the humidity in the pipe.
Nematodes were inoculated at the bottom of the pipe and were allowed to
migrate upwards for 14 days after which the pipe was cut into 5 cm sectors
from which the nematodes were extracted and counted. More nematodes migrated
at 21°C than at 16 or 11°C. Migration of P. penetrans towards a host
decreased with increasing distance between the nematodes and all hosts, with
maize and bean eliciting the most attraction. They were the only hosts able
to stimulate nematode migration up to the distal end of 31 cm pipes. Potato
and carrot were the least influential hosts. Hosts differently influenced
the migration only of second-stage juveniles (J2), with a greater percentage
of J2 moving under maize and bean than under carrot. Under all hosts, adults
migrated in greater proportions with increasing distance than did other
stages. The attractiveness of hosts was age dependent. Generally,
infectivity decreased with distance travelled by the nematode.
Diversity and evolutionary relationships of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from the Central Andean region of Colombia
Authors: López-Núñez Juan Carlos , Cano Liliana , Góngora-B. Carmenza , Stock S. Patricia
Published: July 2007

A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) was conducted in the Central
Andean region of Colombia. Out of a total of 945 soil samples, 28 (3%) were
positive for entomopathogenic nematodes. Of them, 26 samples (92.8%)
contained Steinernema and two (7.2%) harboured Heterorhabditis isolates.
Characterisation of the recovered isolates was done by analysis of rDNA
sequences. The large subunit of rDNA (28S) was considered for diagnosis of
Steinernema species whereas the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of
rDNA was used to identify Heterorhabditis isolates recovered in this study.
Five Steinernema spp. were isolated and identified as S. websteri and four
new, undescribed species. Steinernema websteri was isolated from two sites:
Naranjal and Paraguaicito stations. At Naranjal, this species was recovered
from a coffee plantation and a forest habitat surrounding these plantations.
At Paraguaicito, the same species was recovered from a coffee-guamo habitat.
Steinernema sp. 1 was collected from nogal cafetero (Cordia allaidora)
groves and forest habitats at Paraguaicito station. Steinernema sp. 2 was
found in coffee-guamo habitats both at Naranjal and Paraguaicito stations.
Steinernema sp. 3 was the only EPN species recovered at Santa Barbara
station in association with plantain. This species was also found at La
Catalina station in association with forest habitats and also from soil
samples taken from a landscaped area with Heliconia sp. and grass cover
(Arachis pintoi) at Cenicafé La Granja station and a coffee-guamo habitat at
Naranjal station. Steinernema sp. 4 was found at La Catalina in a forest
habitat, also associated with Steinernema sp. 3 (isolate JCL002) and
Heterorhabditis sp. 1 (isolate JCL 003). The Heterorhabditis isolates were
identified as two undescribed Heterorhabditis spp. Heterorhabditis sp. 1
(isolate JCL003) was recovered at La Catalina station associated with a
forest habitat. Heterorhabditis sp. 2 (isolate JCL040) was collected from a
coffee-guamo habitat at Naranjal station. Although limited to one geographic
region, this study suggests entomopathogenic nematodes in Colombia are quite
diverse and are perhaps widely distributed in this country. A more intensive
survey covering all geographic regions is currently underway.
Getting to the root of neuronal signalling in plant-parasitic nematodes using RNA interference
Authors: Fleming Colin C. , McKinney Susan , McMaster Steven , Johnston Michael J.G. , Donnelly Philip , Kimber Michael J. , Maule Aaron G.
Published: July 2007

A variety of genes expressed in preparasitic second-stage juveniles (J2) of
plant-parasitic nematodes appear to be vulnerable to RNA interference (RNAi)
in vitro by coupling double-stranded (ds)RNA soaking with the artificial
stimulation of pharyngeal pumping. Also, there is mounting evidence that the
in planta generation of nematode-specific double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) has
real utility in the control of these pests. Although neuronally-expressed
genes in Caenorhabditis elegans are commonly refractory to RNAi, we have
discovered that neuronally-expressed genes in plant-parasitic nematodes are
highly susceptible to RNAi and that silencing can be induced by simple
soaking procedures without the need for pharyngeal stimulation. Since most
front-line anthelmintics that are used for the control of nematode parasites
of animals and humans act to disrupt neuromuscular coordination, we argue
that intercellular signalling processes associated with neurons have much
appeal as targets for transgenic plant-based control strategies for
plant-parasitic nematodes. FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) are a large family
of neuropeptides which are intimately associated with neuromuscular
regulation, and our studies on flp gene function in plant-parasitic
nematodes have revealed that their expression is central to coordinated
locomotory activities. We propose that the high level of conservation in
nervous systems across nematodes coupled with the RNAi-susceptibility of
neuronally-expressed genes in plant-parasitic nematodes provides a valuable
research tool which could be used to interrogate neuronal signalling
processes in nematodes.
A scaled-up Seinhorst elutriator for extraction of cyst nematodes from soil
Authors: Been Thomas H. , van Bekkum Petra J. , van Beers Thea G. , Beniers Annelies
Published: July 2007

In order to process large soil samples containing potato cyst nematodes, the Seinhorst (1964) cyst elutriator was scaled up to process both sandy and marine-clay soils in batches of up to 2.5 kg. Several modifications were implemented. To maintain the required upward current of 3.01 min−1, an inflow of 8.01 min−1 was necessary in the enlarged, 7.5 cm diam. sedimentation tube. Also water inflow is now regulated using a flow meter with pressuriser. Several experiments were undertaken, using artificial sandy soil and marine-clay soil, both naturally infested with potato cyst nematodes. In the final experiment, using the 8.01 min−1 inflow for 4 min, there was a loss of 0.65% and 0.74% of cysts, and eggs and juveniles, respectively. This indicates that the yield (99%) of the scaled-up elutriator matches that of the original Seinhorst elutriator and, therefore, is suitable for statutory and scientific research.
Estimation of virulence of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) based on its reproductive ability
Authors: Aikawa Takuya , Kikuchi Taisei
Published: July 2007

As a means for estimating the virulence level of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, we focused on its reproductive ability. Using six nematode isolates, which had high, intermediate or low levels of virulence, the number of nematodes that reproduced on Botrytis cinerea and in branch sections of Pinus thunbergii during 5 days was investigated. A significant positive correlation was found between nematode virulence and the number of nematodes reproducing either on the fungal culture or in the branch section. However, the rate of population increase with rise of virulence was clearly faster on the fungal culture than in the branch section. Our results suggest that the virulence level of B. xylophilus can be estimated approximately by evaluating the reproductive ability on B. cinerea or in branch sections of P. thunbergii tree. The effectiveness of branch section as a material for estimating the nematode virulence is discussed, taking into account the various factors associated with nematode virulence.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Chromolaena odorata act as nematicidal agents and reduce infection of lettuce roots by Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Thoden Tim C. , Boppré Michael , Hallmann Johannes
Published: July 2007

1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) represent a class of secondary plant
compounds that are active in defence against herbivory. They are present in
Chromolaena odorata, one of the most invasive weeds of Asia and Africa. In
vitro studies demonstrate that pure PAs from C. odorata roots have
nematicidal effects on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, even at
concentrations of 70-350 ppm. In vivo experiments show that mulch or aqueous
crude extracts from C. odorata roots reduce the infection of lettuce by M.
incognita. Thus, the use of PA-containing plants appears to be a valuable
element for integrated nematode management.
Steinernema texanum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Texas, USA
Authors: Nguyen Khuong B. , Stuart Robin J. , Andalo Vanessa , Gozel Ugur , Rogers Michael E.
Published: July 2007

Steinernema texanum n. sp. is characterised by morphometrics of the infective juvenile with body length = 756 μm, distance from anterior end to the excretory pore = 59 μm, tail = 73 μm, ratio a = 25, H% = 59 and E% = 81. The lateral field pattern of the new species is 2, 7, 2, and is typical for the species. The male of the first generation can be recognised by the spicule and the gubernaculum lengths and shapes, position of the excretory pore, D% = 67 and GS% = 75. The female can be recognised by the vulva with very low epiptygma and two wart-like structures anterior to the tail tip that are always present on the ventral side. Steinernema texanum n. sp. is characterised genetically by the sequence of the ITS region (sequence length = 956 bp, the length of ITS1 = 263 bp, ITS2 = 286 bp, composition of its sequence and by 18 autapomorphies) and by sequence of D2D3 regions (sequence length = 860 bp, its composition and 15 autapomorphies). Steinernema texanum n. sp. is closely related to species in the feltiae-group, which include S. akhursti, S. feltiae, S. hebeiense, S. jollieti, S. kraussei, S. kushidai, S. litorale, S. monticolum, S. oregonense, S. sangi, S. silvaticum and S. weiseri. Isolates of the new species were obtained using the Galleria-baiting technique from soil samples taken near Kingsville, Texas, USA.
Identification of reference genes for qRT-PCR studies of gene expression in giant cells and syncytia induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Hofmann Julia , Grundler Florian M.W.
Published: July 2007

Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes, such as cyst and root-knot nematodes,
induce feeding structures in the host root that undergo extensive changes in
the gene expression. This phenomenon has previously been studied by gene
chip analysis and qRT-PCR. Housekeeping genes are often used routinely as
internal references for relative qRT-PCR analyses. However, due to the
strong influence of nematode infection on host cell metabolism and
physiology, expression of housekeeping genes may be altered considerably,
thus limiting reliability of qRT-PCR analyses. Therefore, in the present
work we tested UBQ10, ACT2, EF1a, UBP22 and 18S rRNA as potential candidates
for relative qRT-PCR studies of gene expression in nematode infection sites
in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Among the tested candidates only UBP22 and
18S rRNA were stably expressed and, therefore, are reliable reference genes
for studying cyst and root-knot nematode infections.
The control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) by Pseudomonas oryzihabitans and its immunological detection on tomato roots
Authors: Vagelas Ioannis K. , Pembroke Barbara , Gowen Simon R. , Davies Keith G.
Published: July 2007

Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, a bacterium associated with the entomopathogenic
nematode Steinernema abbasi, was evaluated for its potential to colonise
roots and thereby control a field population of root-knot nematodes.
Immunological techniques were developed to detect root colonisation of P.
oryzihabitans on tomato roots using a specific polyclonal antibody raised
against vegetative bacterial cells. In vitro, bacterial cell filtrates were
also shown significantly to inhibit juveniles hatching. In a glasshouse pot
experiment, there were 22 and 82% fewer females in roots of plants treated
with suspensions containing 103 and 106 cells ml−1 of P. oryzihabitans,
respectively. In addition, there were significantly fewer egg masses
produced; however, the numbers of eggs per egg mass did not differ
significantly. The relationship between root colonisation and nematode
control is discussed.
Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) on golf courses in eastern Canada
Authors: Simard Louis , Bélair Guy , Stock S. Patricia , Mauléon Hervé , Dionne Julie
Published: July 2007

A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes from 38 golf courses was conducted in
different climatic areas of Ontario and Québec provinces, Canada, during
autumn 2002 and 2003. Soil samples were collected on golf course greens,
fairways and roughs. Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from soil
using wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and carrot weevil (Listronotus
oregonensis) larvae as bait. Of the 436 samples (218 sites), 11 contained
entomopathogenic nematodes for this study. All entomopathogenic
nematode-positive samples were isolated from roughs. Isolates were
characterised using DNA satellite probes and 28S rDNA sequence data. Both
methods confirmed the identities of nematode isolates as Steinernema
carpocapsae, S. feltiae and S. kraussei.
Application of a real-time PCR method for the detection of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in wood samples from lodgepole pine
Authors: Leal Isabel , Green Margaret , Allen Eric , Humble Leland , Rott Michael
Published: July 2007

A real-time PCR polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method was
developed to detect and differentiate Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood
nematode, PWN) from other wood-inhabiting nematode species. A primer set and
a specific Taqman® fluorescent probe were designed to amplify target B.
xylophilus heat shock protein 70 sequences. After optimization, this
real-time PCR assay was shown to be highly specific and sensitive, detecting
at least 0.005 ng of B. xylophilus genomic DNA, as well as DNA extracted
from single nematodes. The practical application of this real-time PCR
diagnostic method for the detection of B. xylophilus from actual wood
samples of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, Dougl. var. latifolia) trees
containing a heterogeneous population of nematodes, rather than pure
cultures or individual nematodes, is demonstrated. This method works well in
the presence of potential inhibitors associated with wood after Baermann
extraction and thus eliminates the need to produce pure nematode samples
through further culturing and/or isolation of nematodes with a high-power
microscope.
Chance and Legal History
Authors: van Caenegem R.C.
Published: July 2007

The author presents four cases, where he analyses the role of chance. (1) An accident of chronology caused a dynamic king, interested in legal matters, to rule in England in the second half of the twelfth century. Consequently a modernized English common law was established before the neo-Roman law of the Schools and the officialities could intervene. (2) Finding the complete Corpus iuris civilis in northern Italy in the second half of the eleventh century, was the result of a chance discovery and not due to a search party sent to Greece in order to obtain a copy of Justinian's lawbook. (3) The 'reception' of Roman law in late fifteenth-century Germany was caused, inter alia, by the circumstance that Emperor Maximilian happened to be surrounded by an 'Academy' of humanists and to have Roman-imperial ambitions. (4) The formation of the Seventeen Provinces of Emperor Charles V was the result of a conscious Burgundian and Habsburg policy. But their sixteenth-century separation into present-day Belgium and Holland was the result of their Spanish ruler, King Philip II. He himself had come to rule over the Low Countries because of a fortuitous series of infant deaths in the Spanish dynasty in 1497–1499, which led to the accession of a Habsburg prince to the Spanish throne and eventually to a Spanish king ruling over the Low countries.
The oldest part of the Lois des pers dou castel de Lille (1283–1308/1314) and the infancy of case law and law reporting on the continent
Authors: Heirbaut D.
Published: July 2007

The 'Lois des pers dou Castel de Lille' is a very interesting source of medieval law, which has been neglected by historians, as it is a very chaotic document. However, several chronological layers can be distinguished and the oldest part, the bulk of the 'Lois de Lille', dates from 1283–1308 and is very rich in information not found in other sources. It expressly mentions the spokesmen of the Lille castelleny court, the intellectual authors of its judgements. In fact, the very first version of the 'Lois de Lille' were the notes taken by these spokesmen, with originally two separate sets because of the gulf between the knights and the other judges of the court. Thus, the 'Lois de Lille' prove that occasional law reporting was not that much younger on the continent than in England and it is to be wondered how many other texts which look like mere collections of legal rules hide case law and embryonic law reports.
The political responsibility for Royal pardons in Belgium during the 19th century (1830–1900)
Authors: Monballyu J.
Published: July 2007

In Belgium, the Royal Prerogative of pardoning convicted criminals was legally embedded in the Constitution of 14th February, 1831. It allowed the King to reduce a sentence or to grant a discharge of a sentence given by a court. Any Royal decision to pardon had, however, to be countersigned by a member of the Government, who took on the political responsibility of the decision towards Parliament. In most cases, the task fell upon the Minister of Justice. During the 19th century, in both Houses of the Belgian Parliament, the Minister of Justice was repeatedly questioned about the way the prerogative of pardoning was exercised. This usually occurred when a death sentence had been commuted to a lesser sentence. In such cases, members of the Chamber of Representatives or of the Senate would ask for an explicit justification of a particular pardon. Only exceptionally would a Government Minister be challenged about the legality of a decision either granting or refusing a pardon.

Because of the constitutional convention which prevents exposing directly the political position of the King, Jules d'Anethan (Minister of Justice 1843–1847) defended the Minister's right to refuse to give any reasons for a decision regarding a pardon. He only acknowledged Parliament's right to question a Minister about his general policy on pardons. In his view, it was not within Parliament's powers to ask a Minister of Justice why a pardon had been granted or refused in a specific case. That view tended to limit considerably a Minister's responsibility for Royal pardons: it became no more than an empty shell.

Another Minister of Justice, Théophile De Lantsheere (1871–1878), took an opposite view. He refused to state his general policy on pardons, but he accepted to explain the specific reasons why a Royal decision granting or refusing a pardon had been made. In his view, a pardon was in the first place a matter for the Minister's conscience. Parliament was therefore entitled to assess his particular actions. However, in the line of his predecessors' and successors' view, he believed that the reasons why the King had insisted on a pardon or refused to grant a pardon should not be mentioned to Parliament. Pardon was an issue between King and Government, not between King and Parliament. As the saying goes in Belgian constitutional law: The Crown should never be laid 'bare'.
Causa in D. 44,4,2,3
Authors: Waelkens Laurent
Published: July 2007

In Roman law, D. 44,4,2,3 is the reference-text for stipulation without cause. Causality is a characteristic feature of early-modern legal thinking, but it may seem alien to a text from the 3rd century A.D. Would it therefore be possible to understand that text without reading into it the stipulation without cause? If one looks for a single meaning of causa in all the passages of the Digest where the phrase appears, the term seems to have a complex significance, including both a law-suit, litigation, a legal act and a legal fact. In that light, D. 44,4,2,3 takes on another dimension, as the text explains a particular feature of the exceptio doli. This study may thus offer a caveat for differentiating, when reading a text of Roman law, between its original ancient use and its reception during the ius commune era.
An unedifying monument? J.M. Kemper and some early controversies around the French civil code
Authors: Wijffels Alain
Published: July 2007

Against allegations that the 1820 draft of a Civil code for the Kingdom of the Netherlands was too doctrinal and theoretical, one of J.M. Kemper's arguments during the parliamentary discussions consisted in pointing out that far from being academic, the provisions of the draft which further elaborated on general principles expressed in the French Civil Code were in fact meant to settle through legislation controversies which had appeared in French legal practice and case law after the enactment of that code. Kemper's unsuccessful argumentation was especially developed in the course of the debate in the Lower House on the draft's preliminary articles relating to (i) the non-retrospective effect of statutes and (ii) nullity as a default-sanction for violation of statutory rules.
Bibliotheca frisica juridica, Bio-bibliografische notities over enkele weinig bekende Friese juristen
Authors: Feenstra R.
Published: July 2007

This is the first part of a series on little known Frisian jurists from the end of the 15th until the beginning of the 17th century who have left printed editions of their works. The present contribution deals with three of them: Haring Sinnema (ca. 1465 – 1513), professor in Cologne and member of the Reichskammergericht, author of a primer on civil and canon law (1491); Boëtius Epo (1529 – 1599), professor at the counter-reformist University of Douai since its erection in 1562, whose works mainly concern canon law; Johannes Basius (ca. 1540 – 1596), agent and adviser of Prince William of Orange, author of Paradoxarum disputationum iuris civilis libri IIII (1575), known for excessive criticism on some wellknown humanist contemporaries.
Arthroscopic Evaluation of Radiofrequency Chondroplasty of the Knee
Authors: Voloshin Ilya , Morse Kenneth R. , Allred C. Dain , Bissell Scott A. , Maloney Michael D. , DeHaven Kenneth E.
Published: July 2007

Background

Considerable debate exists over the use of radiofrequency-based chondroplasty to treat partial-thickness chondral defects of the knee. This study used second-look arthroscopy to evaluate cartilage defects previously treated with bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty.

Hypothesis

Partial-thickness articular cartilage lesions treated with bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty will show no progressive deterioration.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

One hundred ninety-three consecutive patients underwent bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty over 38 months; 15 (25 defects treated with bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty) underwent repeat arthroscopy for recurrent or new injuries. Time from the initial to repeat arthroscopy ranged from 0.7 to 32.7 months. At both procedures, the location, size, grade, and stability of lesions were evaluated, recorded, and photographed arthroscopically.

Results

At the initial procedure, 25 lesions treated using bipolar radiofrequency—based chondroplasty ranged from 9 to 625 mm2 (mean, 170.2 ± 131.2 mm2; median, 120 mm2); at second look, lesion size was 9 to 300 mm2 (mean, 107.7 ± 106.7 mm2; median, 100 mm2). At second look, 3 (12%) demonstrated unstable borders with damage in the surrounding cartilage that appeared to be progressive. Eight (32%) lesions were unchanged in size. Eight (32%) demonstrated partial filling with stable repair tissue, and 6 (24%) demonstrated complete filling with stable repair tissue. Lesions in the tibiofemoral compartments showed better response to radiofrequency chondroplasty than did those within the patellofemoral joint (P < .05).

Conclusion

Only 3 of 25 lesions demonstrated progression. More than 50% showed partial or complete filling of the defect. Bipolar radiofrequency chondroplasty is an effective way to treat partial-thickness cartilage lesions; however, long-term effects of this treatment on cartilage remain unknown.
A Modified Operation for Achilles Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Uchiyama Eiji , Nomura Akiko , Takeda Yasushi , Hiranuma Kenji , Iwaso Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

Background

Treatment of Achilles tendon rupture has long been at the center of debate.

Hypothesis

A new technique in surgical Achilles tendon repair allows for more stability and earlier rehabilitation.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

One hundred Achilles tendon rupture patients (70 men, 30 women; age range, 16-54 years; mean age, 32 years) were treated by a newly modified method of repair. Twenty-one of these patients were high-level athletes, and 79 were recreational-level athletes. The average length of follow-up was 2.4 years (range, 1-6.3 years), and none of the ruptures included avulsion fractures. After adjusting the tendon to an adequate length using a Tsuge suture, each fibrous bundle was gathered in a longitudinal direction and fixed with a Bunnell-type suture. The same postoperative physical therapy protocol was applied to all patients: at 1 week, early full weightbearing with a walking cast was initiated, and at 2 weeks, patients began range of motion (ROM) exercises and were instructed to wear a hinged ankle-foot orthosis that permitted full plantar flexion but limited full dorsiflexion. From 6 weeks, patients started practicing double-legged heel raises.

Results

At an average of 10 weeks, ankle ROM was comparable to that of the nonoperated leg, and double-legged heel raises were achieved at an average of 7.6 weeks. On average, patients were able to do 20 continuous single-legged heel-raising motions (equivalent to manual muscle testing grade 5) at 15.4 weeks, and jogging started at 12.3 weeks. High-level athletes returned to their original sports level at an average of 5 months. Two reruptures (2%) were experienced, but no other complications occurred.

Conclusion

This surgical technique allows for strong repair stability and subsequent early weightbearing and ROM exercises.
Predictors for Hamstring Graft Diameter in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Tuman Jeffrey M. , Diduch David R. , Rubino L. Joseph , Baumfeld Joshua A. , Nguyen Henry S. , Hart Joseph M.
Published: July 2007

Background

The ability to accurately predict the diameter of autograft hamstring tendons has implications for graft choice and fixation devices used in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Purpose

To determine whether simple anthropometric measurements such as height, mass, body mass index (BMI), age, and gender can be used to accurately predict the diameter of hamstring tendons for ACL reconstruction surgery.

Study Design

Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

The authors conducted medical record reviews and telephone interviews of 106 consecutive patients with ACL reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinosus-gracilis autograft from 2004 to 2006. Data included anthropometric measurements (height, mass, gender, and age at the time of surgery). Hamstring diameter was obtained using cylindrical sizers in 0.5-mm increments and recorded in the patient's surgical record. Correlation coefficients (Pearson r) and stepwise, multiple linear regression were used to determine the relationship between the outcome variable (hamstring graft diameter) and the predictor variables (age, gender, height, mass, and BMI). Independent sample t tests were used to compare hamstring graft diameter between genders.

Results

Hamstring graft diameter was related to height (r = .36, P < .001), mass (r = .25, P = .005), age (r = —.16, P = .05), and gender (r = —.24, P = .006) but was not related to BMI (P > .05). Height was a statistically significant prediction variable (R2 = .13, P < .001). From the current data, a regression equation was calculated that suggested that a patient <147 cm (58 in) tall is likely to have a quadrupled hamstring graft diameter <7 mm in diameter (graft size = 2.4 + 0.03 × height in cm). Women had significantly smaller hamstring graft diameters (7.5 ± 0.7 mm) than did men (7.9 ± 0.9 mm, P = .01).

Conclusions

Of the parameters studied, height was the best predictor of hamstring tendon diameter, particularly in women.
Structural Covariates of Homicide Rates
Authors: McCall Patricia L. , Nieuwbeerta Paul
Published: July 2007

Most previous empirical comparative studies of homicide examine homicide rates across nations or subnational units within a single country. This study is the first in which a European cross-national city comparison is made. The article aims to provide insight into the extent that the homicide rates are related to the social and economic forces characterizing a sample of European cities. Derived from theories rooted in classic works, including social disorganization, strain, and urbanism, are six hypothesized effects of structural forces on homicide rates. Analyses show that cities' deprivation and population structure indexes are strong predictors of homicide rates. The predicted effects of unemployment rates, population heterogeneity, and age structure on homicide rates, however, were not consistently corroborated by these results. Comparing Eastern and Western European countries, the authors also find support for the influence of the country's level of development on city-level homicide rates.
Adjudication Outcomes in Intimate and Non-Intimate Homicides
Authors: Auerhahn Kathleen
Published: July 2007

Most prior research on intimate partner (IP) homicide sanctioning is limited by research designs that analyze outcomes only for defendants charged or convicted of IP homicide, or that focus on female offenders. These studies preclude comparisons of criminal justice responses to intimate and non-intimate homicide cases, as well as comparisons of male and female offenders. Using an original data set of homicide cases adjudicated guilty in Philadelphia during the period 1995 to 2000 ( N = 1137), intimate and non-intimate homicide cases are examined in bivariate and multivariate contingency table analyses. Contrary to earlier research suggesting harsher treatment for women convicted of IP homicide, the results indicate that male defendants convicted of IP homicide are treated more severely than female defendants at all examined stages of the criminal justice process. Additionally, male defendants are sanctioned more harshly for IP than for non-IP homicides. Explanations for the divergence of these findings from those of earlier studies are discussed.