bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlating Personality Traits With Acute Stress Responses in Earthquake Simulations: An HRV and RESP Analysis
Authors: Li Jing , Zhu Jingzheng , Guan Cheng , Shen Tong , Zhou Biao
Published: November 2024

Earthquakes, as significant natural disasters, still cannot be accurately predicted today. Although current earthquake early warning systems can provide alerts several seconds in advance, acute stress responses (ASR) in emergency situations can waste these precious escape seconds. To investigate the correlation between personality and ASR, this study collected the temperament and character of all participants using the Chen Huichang‐60 Temperament Scale and the DISC Personality Inventory. In addition, this study simulated growing earthquakes in an earthquake experience hall, collecting heart rate variability and respiration signal variations throughout the process from subjects. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Toeplitz Inverse Covariance‐Based Clustering methods were used to analyse the differences and connections between them. Furthermore, this study employed a deep learning model that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) to predict ASR across personalities. This model used datasets from the majority dataset of a certain personality and a single participant, respectively, and showed different performance. The results are as follows. After categorising participants based on personality test results, MANOVA revealed significant differences between the personality groups Influence‐Choleric and Influence‐Sanguine (p = 0.001), Influence‐Phlegmatic and Steadiness‐Sanguine (p = 0.023), Influence‐Sanguine and Steadiness‐Sanguine (p < 0.001) and Influence‐Sanguine and Steadiness‐Phlegmatic (p < 0.001), as well as across different earthquake stages (p < 0.01). The clustering method quantified stress responses over time for different personalities and labelled ASR levels for use in supervised learning. Ultimately, the CNN‐LSTM model performed predictions of ASR using both personality and individual datasets, achieving the AUC of 0.795 and 0.72, demonstrating better prediction and classification effectiveness with the former. This study provides a new personality‐based method for earthquake stress management, creating possibilities for longitudinal stress research and prediction. It aids the general public in comprehending their own acute stress and allows authorities and communities to make practical, efficient disaster evacuation plans based on the overall situation of public ASR.
Residual compressive strength of EPS lightweight concrete under heating–air cooling regime
Authors: Maghrebi Leila , Sabeur Hassen , Miled Karim
Published: November 2024

This paper presents an experimental study on the evolution of the residual compressive strength of expanded polystyrene (EPS) lightweight concrete submitted to different heating–air cooling regimes. Cubic concrete specimens with three EPS volume fractions (10%, 30%, and 50%) and three EPS beads diameters (2, 4, and 6 mm) were tested. Various temperature plateaus were applied ranging from 100 to 700°C by steps of 100°C, with an average temperature rise rate of 5°C/min. The plateaus were kept maintained for 2 h. Then, a compressive test was performed on each lightweight concrete specimen after allowing it to cool down to room ambient temperature for 24 h. The results showed a significant decrease in the EPS concrete residual compressive strength with increasing EPS volume fraction. Further, it was observed that the variation in the EPS beads diameter for the same volume fraction of polystyrene has a small effect on the residual compressive strength of EPS concrete. Finally, it was found also that lightweight concrete retains 80% of its strength at ambient temperature up to the plateau temperature of 500°C followed by an important degradation above 500°C.
External Field‐Assisted Metal–Air Batteries: Mechanisms, Progress, and Prospects
Authors: Cao Ruien , Liu Limin , Yu Wei , Ding Shujiang
Published: November 2024

Metal–air batteries are an appealing option for energy storage, boasting a high energy density and environmental sustainability. Researchers focus on the catalyst design to solve the problem of sluggish cathode reaction kinetic. However, in some cases, where thermodynamic regulation is required, the role of catalysts is limited. Based on catalysts changing reaction kinetics, external fields can change the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction, further reduce overpotential, and accelerate the reaction rate. By selecting appropriate external fields and adjusting controllable variables, greater flexibility and potential are provided for reaction control. This paper reviews the basic principles by which several external fields influence metal–air batteries. Additionally, some design strategies of photoelectrode materials, the similarities and differences of different magnetic field effects, and some research progress of the ultrasonic field, stress field, and microwave field are systematically summarized. Multifield coupling can also interact and produce additive effects. Furthermore, introducing external fields will also bring about the problem of aggravated side reactions. This paper proposes some research methods to explore the specific reaction mechanism of external field assistance in more depth. The primary objective is to furnish theoretical direction for enhancing the performance of external field‐supported metal–air batteries, thereby advancing their development.
Desalination of Nakhon Ratchasima groundwater in Thailand by membrane capacitive deionization
Authors: Thungsuai Kunchaya , Thanayupong Eknarin , Pimpha Nuttaporn , Chaleawlert‐umpon Saowaluk
Published: November 2024

A single‐pass mode of membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) stack unit was fabricated for alternative desalination in local brackish groundwater. Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat), Thailand, is in the northeastern region and mostly faced the salinity groundwater problem. A commercial coconut shell‐based activated carbon (PAC) was used for electrode material due to an available and cost‐effective choice. Comparing two different specific surface areas of PAC (1153 and 2145 m2 g−1) for the electrode material was studied regarding a basic electrosorption capacity. It revealed that the more hydrophilic surface of PAC and lower internal resistance, the higher electrosorption performance was observed, regardless of the specific surface area in the case of a similar pore structure. The MCDI stack unit with a large active area (16 × 16 cm2) of 80 pairs of electrodes (a large lab‐scale unit) demonstrated a sufficient removal efficiency in single‐pass mode to reduce salinity and hardness in Korat groundwater, composed of multi‐coexisting ions (TDS ~ 2000 mg L−1). A relative selectivity coefficient (RSC) demonstrated that highly charged cations with smaller hydrated ionic radii predominantly played a crucial role in removal efficiency. While the initial concentration was strongly affected by the same charged ions. Total removal efficiency (REtotal) and ion removal efficiency (REion) revealed performance stability during 20 days of operation and produced purified water with acceptable standards for consumption. Finally, this finding demonstrated the possibility of applying the PAC1‐MCDI stack unit for natural groundwater desalination with a satisfactory desalination performance. We hope that the data in this study can be beneficial guidance for further practical MCDI system improvement and setup in a local area of Thailand, dealing with the salinity groundwater problem.

Practitioner Points

Desalination of brackish groundwater by membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI).

Hydrophilic surface of activated carbon materials predominantly influenced a higher electrosorption performance.

Relative selectivity coefficient mainly relied on ionic charges and hydrated ionic radii.

Using MCDI for local brackish groundwater desalination applications produced water safe for consumption.
Novel Vehicle Technologies for Shared Automated Mobility Services with Real-Life Pilots
Authors: Flötteröd Yun-Pang , Münster Marco , Brost Mascha , Ochs Sven , Zofka Marc René , Lambauer Karl , Schratter Markus , Scheibe Sebastian
Published: November 2024

As part of the European project SHOW (GA No 875530), 3 types of innovative automated vehicles, i.e., a U-Shift, a modular vehicle with an interchangeable capsule, a free-moving FZI-shuttle and a VIF-robotaxi, were deployed at 3 sites in Germany and Austria. Two of the vehicles provided both passenger and cargo transport services. The piloting period varied from 7 to 13 months. In total, all automated vehicles travelled 30,000 km and transported 14,000 people. No critical failures occurred. Passengers’ enthusiasm and high acceptance of AVs are noteworthy. Further technical challenges still need to be addressed, particularly regarding interaction with other road users, to achieve fully automated operation.
On International Collaboration Within Research Projects for Large-Scale Piloting of Shared Automated Mobility
Authors: Cornet Henriette , Riggs William , Gkemou Maria , Dreher Stephane
Published: November 2024

Automated vehicles (AVs) are being tested and deployed globally, offering benefits such as reduced accidents, enhanced public transportation, and optimized operational costs. These advancements vary by region, with Europe focusing on shared AV fleets in public transport, Japan investing in infrastructure and safety technologies, and the U.S. being mostly driven by private sector innovations. This paper highlights the importance of international collaboration in AV development and deployment, emphasizing the need for thorough planning before any mutual project initiation. Effective collaboration so far is revealed to be more feasible and fruitful at the research level rather than high policy levels, especially when projects have similar scales, scopes, and timelines. Despite resource constraints, international collaboration is crucial for exchanging on practices and will become more and more important for harmonizing regulations and bringing innovation around AV technology. This chapter explores best practices and lessons learned for collaboration between the EU, the U.S., and Japan, using case studies built in SHOW (GA No 875530), to guide future international efforts in sustainable automated transport.
Unlocking the Full Spectrum of User Perspectives on Automated Mobility Using the ‘Supertesters’ Method
Authors: Schallauer Dominik , Soteropoulos Aggelos , Dollinger Annika , Mirnig Alexander , Fröhlich Peter , Tengg Allan , Moschig Alexander , Prutej Walter , Schoiswohl Petra
Published: November 2024

As vehicle automation advances, integrating automated vehicles into the existing transportation system is crucial, considering technical but also social factors. This chapter investigates two Austrian pilot sites, Graz and Pörtschach, by assessing user preferences through a novel “supertester” approach that included experiential elements as well as interviews, questionnaires and workshops. The supertester approach is a within-subjects empirical method in which the same group of individuals experiences various use cases. Employing this approach allowed a comparative analysis across diverse settings, use cases, vehicle types and user perspectives. The study underscores the critical role of fundamental safety functions and the relation between different vehicle types and corresponding expectations of passengers.
Societal Impacts of Automated Mobility for Public Transport: Insights from a Modified Delphi Study and Expert Interviews
Authors: Ferran Víctor , Magallón Ignacio , Rodríguez Paola
Published: November 2024

This chapter reports findings from a study using a consensus method with an expert and stakeholder panel (n = 78) to analyse the societal implications of Cooperative, Connected and Automated Vehicles (CCAV) in public transport. To address the uncertainty about the wider societal impacts of CCAV, this study combines the results of a modified Delphi study, insights from interviews conducted at pilot sites deploying CCAV in real-word environment, and expert interviews from various CCAM-focused European initiatives. The modified Delphi study assesses direct consequences of CCAV such as accessibility and equity of public transport, user-perceived safety, and the impact on job creation/destruction and re-skilling as well as indirect effects of CCAV such as variation in house prices. These impacts are assessed within four scenarios related to different services and business models being deployed and tested across Europe in the Horizon 2020 SHOW project (GA No 875530).
Lossy Image Compression with Foundation Diffusion Models
Authors: Relic Lucas , Azevedo Roberto , Gross Markus , Schroers Christopher
Published: November 2024

Incorporating diffusion models in the image compression domain has the potential to produce realistic and detailed reconstructions, especially at extremely low bitrates. Previous methods focus on using diffusion models as expressive decoders robust to quantization errors in the conditioning signals. However, achieving competitive results in this manner requires costly training of the diffusion model and long inference times due to the iterative generative process. In this work we formulate the removal of quantization error as a denoising task, using diffusion to recover lost information in the transmitted image latent. Our approach allows us to perform less than 10% of the full diffusion generative process and requires no architectural changes to the diffusion model, enabling the use of foundation models as a strong prior without additional fine tuning of the backbone. Our proposed codec outperforms previous methods in quantitative realism metrics, and we verify that our reconstructions are qualitatively preferred by end users, even when other methods use twice the bitrate.
Study on the Influence of Basalt Fiber on Concrete Performance
Authors: Wei Peipei , Zhang Xiaofei , Yin Chuan , He Jiulong , Kong Ming , Chen Xiaoxuan , Yang Runxue
Published: November 2024

Basalt fiber has excellent quality, and adding appropriate amount of basalt fiber into concrete can enhance the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Basalt fiber concrete has a broad development and application prospect. This paper summarizes the research progress of basalt fiber concrete in recent years and its application in water conservancy projects, analyzes the reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber in concrete, and puts forward some suggestions for further research and development of basalt fiber concrete.
Study on the New Preparation Method and Properties of Green Self-Compacting Transparent Concrete
Authors: Liu Junliang , Fang Guangxiu , Lu Jiaxing , Jin Han
Published: November 2024

Through reading and integrating a large amount of literature, this paper innovatively proposed a new method of making transparent concrete. On this basis, we added fly ash and slag powder to replace cement according to different volume ratios, and developed four new types of green self-compacting transparent concrete with different mix ratios. By testing the compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus and thermal conductivity of these concrete, found that according to (20%, 20%) added fly ash and slag powder cement instead of new green self-dense light transparent concrete in all aspects of the best performance, test results show that the 28 days compressive strength of 36.2 Mpa, 28 days of tensile strength 4 Mpa, 28 days of elastic modulus of 27.1 Gpa. This new type of green self-dense transparent concrete not only has high compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus, but also has excellent transparent thermal conductivity. The experimental results show that the average illumination of four self-dense transparent concrete of 25W bulb is 152XL, and the average illumination of 40W bulb is 246XL and the average temperature is 32.125 ℃. In addition, the photothermal conductivity of the four different mix ratios showed good consistency, indicating that the addition of fly ash and slag powder has no negative impact on the light transmittance of the transparent concrete. This new type of transparent concrete not only has high mechanical properties, but also has good transparent thermal conductivity, which has wide application prospects and provides reference for subsequent research and application.
Superposed Element Method for the Temperature Field Simulation in Mass Concrete Structures Containing Cooling Pipes
Authors: Ding Jianxin , Yang Qingzhou
Published: November 2024

Pipe cooling is an important measure for controlling the temperature in mass concrete structures, so it is one of the key problems to specifically simulate the effect of the cooling pipes in temperature field analysis. Because the size of cooling pipe is quite small from that of mass concrete structure, its exact simulation is the focus of simulation calculation. In this paper, a new method called SEM (superposed element method) is proposed to analyze the temperature field of mass concrete with cooling pipes in it. First, the structure is divided into two independent meshes. One is the global mesh without cooling pipes, and the other is the local mesh of the cooling pipes together with its adjacent region. Then the elements within the local mesh is treated based on FEM, and the two independent meshes are coupled together through the coupling surface by the coordination of heat conduction. Finally, using the SEM proposed in this paper, the numerical model with a single pipe was analyzed and the calculation precision was validated. The convenient process of grid discretization and good performance in both precision and efficiency show the feasibility of the new method in engineering application.
Effect of Machine-Made Sand Rate on the Compressive Strength, Workability, and Impermeability of Sleeper Concrete
Authors: Liu Zhenchao
Published: November 2024

The exploitation and utilization of river sand along the SGR Phase II A Project in Kenya was rare. This work aims to explore the effect of the machine-made sand rate on the compressive strength, workability, and impermeability of sleeper concrete. The research demonstrated that the 28d compressive strength (46.30 MPa) of sleeper concrete (KD-45) were the optimal when the machine-made sand rate in the sleeper concrete was 45%. These results indicated that the compactness of the KD-45 was improved, leading to an increase in compressive strength. The slump (175 mm) and extensibility (455 mm) of the sleeper concrete KD-45 were the highest as the machine-made sand rate was 45% in the sleeper concrete. This result proved that the workability and flowability of KD-45 pre mixed sleeper concrete were excellent. The electrical flux (840 °C) of KD-45 was lowest when the machine-made sand rate in the sleeper concrete was 45%. This phenomenon demonstrated that the ability of sleeper concrete KD-45 to resist chloride ion penetration was higher compared to other sleeper concrete. These properties meet the requirements of C40 sleeper concrete. Therefore, this work presents novel insight on the performance improvement of sleeper concrete based on the machine-made sand rate.
Basic Properties and Microstructure of Coal Gangue Pervious Concrete Under Acid Rain Environment
Authors: Xia Junwu , Yu Linli , Zhu Zhichun , Li Pengxu , He Yuan , Yu Jun
Published: November 2024

To systematically investigate the durability performance of coal gangue pervious concrete (CGPC) under acid rain environment, various factors are taken into account, including designed porosity, acid rain pH value, and erosion time. These factors affect the mass, compressive strength, and permeability coefficient of CGPC. Moreover, the research delves into the erosion mechanism of acid rain. The results indicate that the compressive strength of CGPC shows an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease under acid rain environment. The permeability coefficient slightly decreases in the early stage of acid rain erosion, followed by an increase in the later stage. In the acid rain, the reaction between $${\text{SO}}_{{4}}^{{2 - }}$$

SO

4

2
-

and Ca2+ generates expansive products such as gypsum. Initially, these products fill the pores, increasing the structural density. However, as erosion progresses, the continuous accumulation of gypsum leads to the formation of expansive microcracks, resulting in a reduction in strength.
Experimental Study on Axial Compressive Properties of Early Strength and High Ductility Cement-Based Composite Concrete
Authors: Jiang Weihong , Duan Wenhong , Yuan Jiaquan , Xiong Li , Li Huimei , Mou Lin , Yang Xiaohua , Huang Xiaomin , Xu Weibing , Yang Kun
Published: November 2024

Cement concrete is widely used in various levels of highways, and it is prone to diseases such as cracking, potholes, and local collapse during operation. The maintenance and repair of existing cement concrete has become an important task in the daily operation and maintenance of roads and bridges. However, traditional cement-based repair materials have problems such as long maintenance periods and low bonding strength with existing concrete. In view of this, this article proposes an early strength and high ductility cement composite material, aiming to achieve good curing age, compressive performance, and relatively low price. The compressive performance tests of a new type of composite material were conducted to study the effects of PVA fiber content, fly ash (FA) content, and sand cement ratio on the axial compression performance. The results show that the FA content is 50wt.% When the PVA fiber content is around 2% and the sand cement ratio is 0.36, the compressive performance of early strength and high ductility cement composite materials at different ages is better. Under optimal mix ratio conditions, the axial compressive strength of early strength and high ductility cement-based composite materials at 2 h, 1 day, 3 days, and 28 days reaches 18.1, 27.5, 34.4, and 37.6 MPa; The peak strain at each age is greater than 0.5%.
Research on Anti-shear Performance of Steel-Mixed Combination Beam Bridge Single-Nail Shear Connector
Authors: Yang Haiyuan
Published: November 2024

In order to study the shear performance of single spigot shear connectors when applied in practical engineering, the shear performance research is carried out with the engineering background of a waveform steel web steel-mixed girder bridge under construction in a certain area, using the finite element modeling method to establish a local model in the connecting part of the steel box girder and the concrete plate, and combining with the practical engineering to carry out the simulation launching test of the spigot connectors and comparing the results of the load displacement curve with the classical theoretical curve, the results match well and verify the modeling correctness. The results of load displacement curve are compared with the classical theoretical curve, and the results are in good agreement, which verifies the correctness of modeling. On this basis, the influence of steel strength and concrete strength on the shear performance of the peg is investigated, and it is found that the shear capacity increases with the increase of peg strength and concrete strength, and the peg strength has a greater influence on the shear capacity than the concrete strength.
Research on the Fracture Evolution Characteristics and Mesoscopic Fracture Mechanism of Fissured Basalt Based on PFC2D
Authors: Chen Jun , Liu Ning , Wang Chaoyi , Gao Yaohui
Published: November 2024

The surrounding rock of large underground engineering projects is often composed of hard rock, and defects such as mineral particles and micro-cracks in the hard rock, significantly affect the mechanical properties of the rock. To investigate the influence of micro-crack distribution on the mechanical behavior, damage evolution, and fracture mechanism of rock, a numerical simulation model of basalt with single crack was established using the particle flow code PFC2D, based on the widely distributed cryptocrystalline basalt in the Baihetan Hydropower Station. In this study, the laws of crack initiation, propagation, and connection in the basalt under loading were deeply studied; the influence of different crack angles on the deformation and strength of the rock mass was discussed; the evolution characteristics and fracture mechanism of the whole process of the basalt under different confining pressures were revealed. The results of this study are significant for further studies into the mechanical properties characterizing fissured rock masses, as well as providing guiding principles for the design of cavern support.
Temperature Control Sensitivity Analysis and Research on Thin-walled Hydraulic Tunnel Lining Concrete
Authors: Zhang Bu , Wang Zhenhong
Published: November 2024

The phenomenon of concrete cracking is a major problem plaguing the engineering community, and one of the major factors causing cracking is temperature loading, while thin-walled concrete, such as hydraulic tunnel lining and other similar projects, makes the impact of this phenomenon more prominent due to its special structure and role. To address this problem based on the concrete temperature field theory, combined with the three-dimensional finite unit method of temperature control methods in engineering analysis and research, it is concluded that surface water conservation and water cooling can effectively reduce the base temperature difference to reduce the temperature stress; early low temperature water flow may cause excessive temperature gradients, resulting in large temperature stress; surface insulation layer can be applied to effectively mitigate the rate of temperature drop and environmental temperature changes on the concrete.
Experimental Study of the Fiber Improvement Test on the Unsaturated Soil
Authors: Guo Lina , Chen Yun , Luo Minmin
Published: November 2024

At present, the engineering properties of unsaturated soil have been studied intensively in the soil mechanics community. The shear strength of unsaturated soil is particularly important for the engineering properties of soil. In this study, GDS unsaturated back pressure shear apparatus (UBPS) is employed to control the matrix suction to 50 kPa to conduct the direct shear test of consolidation and drainage on the unsaturated soil and the unsaturated fiber soil. Through the analysis of the test data, the fiber material is found to be able to improve the shear strength of unsaturated soil when controlling the matrix suction, but the improvement effect is not as good as in the case without considering the matrix suction. It can be concluded that the matrix suction is an important factor that must be taken into account in soil improvement engineering since most soils are unsaturated under natural condition.
Investigating Effect of Bentonite Support Fluid on Soil-Pile Interface Behavior by Ultra-Weak Fiber Bragg Gratings
Authors: Li Zhihong , Gu Yu , Jia Xiaonan , Hu Xuehui , Zhang Xuqun , Li Zhaofeng
Published: November 2024

Engineering practice indicates that the use of bentonite support fluid in borehole may significantly reduce the pile bearing capacity. To estimate the reduction quantitively, the static load test in field was performed on two kinds of piles with and without bentonite fluid, i.e., the slurry displacement (SD) pile and continuous flight auger (CFA) pile. Test site was selected in Huangpu District of Guangdong, and two CFA piles and one SD pile were installed. Sensing technology of ultra-weak fiber Bragg grating was applied to measure the soil-pile interface behavior, with a series of sensors attached to the longitudinal steel bar. Evolution of shaft resistance with the static load was thereby captured. Test results show that the bentonite support fluid reduces the shaft resistance by 52 and 61% in granitic residual soil and completely decomposed granite soil, respectively. Field excavation suggests that the reduction is attributed to the existence of residual bentonite layer between the pile concrete and soil, instead of the filter cake formed by bentonite filtration.
Study on Improvement Measures of Hydraulic Engineered Cementitious Composites Layer Bonding Performance
Authors: Wang Yupu , Li Jiazheng , Shi Yan
Published: November 2024

The layer bonding performance is very vital for the utilization of hydraulic engineered cementitious composites (HECC). The layer bonding performance involves the interlayer performance of HECC and HECC, and the layer performance of HECC and normal mortar (NM). The bonding strength of the untreated layer is very low, only half of that of the whole specimen without layer. Based on the fact, this article proposes three different improvement measures to improve the bonding performance of the layers: pickling surface, using interface agents, and using high-speed stirring devices to stir layer. The layer bonding performance is tested by the layer flexural strength. The test results show that: muriatic acid and acetic acid pickling can improve the interlayer bonding performance by 10% to 30%, while citric acid will reduce it by more than 90%; different interface agents have different improvement effects, among which The epoxy resin mortar interface agent has the most obvious improvement effect, reaching 44.9%; high-speed stirring of the layer eliminates the layer in a certain sense, improving the layer bonding performance by 349%, and has the most obvious effect among all methods.
Microscopic Investigation of Granular Materials in Filter Layer Based on LBM-DEM Method
Authors: Ma Qirui , Peng Xing , Zhang Congpeng
Published: November 2024

Soil erosion is one of the most serious problems that threaten the safety of embankments and earth-rock dams. When water flows through the base soil, fine particles subjected to hydrodynamic action will be washed away, which will lead to internal erosion of the embankment project. The inverted filter structure is one of the effective methods to eliminate or reduce the risk of infiltration and erosion, with a history of nearly a century of engineering practice. This article is based on the three-dimensional LBM-DEM fluid solid coupling simulation method. By setting different particle size ratios and hydraulic gradients in the filter medium, the particle contact erosion and subsequent migration and transportation of fine particles in the filter layer structure were comprehensively reproduced, verifying the effectiveness of traditional empirical formulas. This study demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the three-dimensional LBM-DEM coupling method in practical engineering applications from a microscopic view, laying the foundation for the next large-scale simulation of embankment filter layers and the revelation of microscopic mechanisms.
Research on Service and Crack Control of Concrete in Ultra-High Altitude Environment
Authors: Yao Zaifeng , Liu Lei , Han Shuanye , Wang Yaning , Lv Xiang
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the cracking prevention and control of concrete engineering in ultra-high altitude areas. Combined with the hydration-temperature-humidity-constraint coupling model, the cracking risk assessment of bridge piers under extreme environment was carried out. The effect of deformation compensation crack control in concrete cracking risk control was revealed. Finally, the concrete cracking risk was assessed after long-term temperature changes. The results show that wind speed, air temperature, light, humidity and freeze–thaw greatly affect the cracking control of concrete. The cracking risk in the surface layer of the bridge piers is maximum around 2–4 days. The maximum cracking risk coefficient is between 0.6  and  0.95. And the risk of core cracking increases progressively after 14 days. When the HME-V® crack-resistant product is added, the unit expansion deformation of concrete increases during the temperature rise phase. Furthermore, the unit volume shrinkage is decreased during the temperature drop phase. A significant deformation compensation is produced. The risk of early and long-term cracking in the core and surface layers of the concrete structure is significantly reduced. The effect of crack control is remarkable. In summary, pre-cracking control in the surface layer of bridge piers is crucial. The risk of long-term cracking in the core is significantly higher than that in the early stage, and long-term cracking control should also be emphasized.
Development and Application of High Permeability and Low Shrinkage Synchronous Grouting Materials
Authors: Liu Quanwei , Zhu Zhijing , Li Weihao , Ye Shoujie , Liu Rentai , Chen Mengjun , Liu Linsheng
Published: November 2024

In order to develop a synchronous grouting material with good comprehensive performance, this paper selected cement, fly ash, mineral powder and slag by orthogonal experimental design method to carry out the proportioning test research, which provided the most suitable slurry proportion for engineering construction. The effects of group proportioning on fluidity, compressive and flexural strength, impermeability and volumetric stability were investigated. The results show that the increase of mineral powder content improves the fluidity performance of the system; the slurry nodules with high cement dosage have higher mechanical properties and impermeability; the secondary hydration of fly ash plays a slower role, so it reduces the early strength of the material and increases the late strength; the slag reduces the impermeability and drying shrinkage of the nodules. The research focuses on the characteristics of synchronous grouting in a subway station construction project in Qingdao. It investigates the mechanical and engineering properties of a new type of material and applies it to the field of engineering control. To some extent, this material can replace cement and effectively prevent tunnel water leakage, reduce operation and maintenance costs, and extend the operation and maintenance cycle, showing significant potential for widespread application.
Experimental Study on Creep Behavior of Prestressed Concrete
Authors: Ge Tao , Yan Le
Published: November 2024

In order to study the influencing factors and variation patterns of the creep performance of prestressed concrete, the creep deformation of concrete specimens caused by long-term constant pressure and the instantaneous elastic deformation at the initial moment of applying this load were measured through experiments. The creep coefficient is mainly related to water reducing agents and additives, and the creep coefficient of concrete with single addition of fly ash at the same age is higher than that of concrete with double addition of fly ash and slag micro powder. Therefore, current research has not revealed the variation pattern of creep in prestressed concrete structures and the mechanism of its impact on prestressed relaxation. The measurement values of concrete creep and elastic modulus provided in this paper can be used as a reference for engineering construction control.
Study on Seismic Performance of Waste Fiber Recycled Concrete Column Reinforced with CFRP
Authors: Zhou Jinghai , Li Shouyu , Zhou Jiagui , Kang Tianbei
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the effect of CFRP reinforced in different ways on the mechanical properties of WFRC columns is investigated by using numerical simulations. By studying the stress cloud, hysteresis curve, skeleton curve and energy dissipation performance, the development of seismic performance of WFRC columns reinforced by CFRP was investigated. The results show that the damage patterns of CFRP-reinforced specimens are basically the same as those of unreinforced specimens, but the seismic performance is slightly improved.
Sensitivity Analysis of Influencing Factors of Vertical Bearing Capacity of Rock-Socketed Piles Based on Orthogonal Test
Authors: Sun Zongjun , Han Yingfeng , Liu Fei , Min Rui
Published: November 2024

In order to investigate the sensitivity of influencing factors of rock-socketed piles’ vertical bearing capability. The field static load test of embedded rock piles was performed in the article, and the pile-soil interaction model was built using ABAQUS software. The orthogonal test is properly designed to examine the sensitivity of the influencing elements of embedded rock piles by varying the relevant pile, pile side soil and bedrock parameters. The conclusions are as follows: (A) From large to small, the following factors have varying degrees of influence on the bearing capacity of rock-socketed piles: rock internal friction angle, pile diameter, rock elastic modulus, pile elastic modulus, rock poisson's ratio, soil density, soil thickness, rock-socketed depth, rock friction coefficient, rock cohesion, pile density, soil poisson's ratio, soil friction coefficient, soil elastic modulus, rock density, soil cohesion, pile poisson's ratio and soil internal friction angle; (B) Rock internal friction angle, pile diameter, rock elastic modulus, pile elastic modulus, rock poisson's ratio, soil density, soil thickness, and depth of the rock-socketed piles all have a greatly significant impact on the vertical bearing capacity of these piles. The bearing capacity of rock-socketed piles is significantly impacted by the rock friction coefficient and rock cohesiveness. The research results can provide a basis for the design of rock-socketed piles and the prediction of bearing capacity of rock-socketed piles.
Gender bias in visual generative artificial intelligence systems and the socialization of AI
Authors: Locke Larry G. , Hodgdon Grace
Published: November 2024

Substantial research over the last ten years has indicated that many generative artificial intelligence systems (“GAI”) have the potential to produce biased results, particularly with respect to gender. This potential for bias has grown progressively more important in recent years as GAI has become increasingly integrated in multiple critical sectors, such as healthcare, consumer lending, and employment. While much of the study of gender bias in popular GAI systems is focused on text-based GAI such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini (formerly Bard), this article describes the results of a confirmatory experiment of gender bias in visual GAI systems. The authors argue that the potential for gender bias in visual GAI systems is potentially more troubling than bias in textual GAI because of the superior memorability of images and the capacity for emotional communication that images represent. They go on to offer four potential approaches to gender bias in visual GAI based on the roles visual GAI could play in modern society. The article concludes with a discussion of how dominant societal values could influence a choice between those four potential approaches to gender bias in visual GAI and some suggestions for further research.
Use of the Thermal Camera to Assess the Perfusion of the Nipple-Areola Complex and Lower Adipoglandular Flap in Post-Explantation Mastopexy
Authors: Lacouture Alberto M. , Guerrero Marco E. , Lacouture Natalia A. , Manzur Ricardo E.
Published: November 2024

Thermography is a valuable tool for assessing tissue temperature. In recent years, explantation surgery has increased due to the fact that, despite technological advancements, breast implants have a limited lifespan and eventually require explantation, whether for pathological, aesthetic, or personal reasons. Among the complications that can arise in breast surgery are necrosis of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) and fat necrosis of the lower dermoglandular flap, which may affect the outcomes. Considering that the blood supply and perfusion of the breast were altered during the initial surgical procedure, and the technique previously used is often unknown, it is crucial to ensure adequate vascularization of the NAC and the flap. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the thermal camera for intraoperative and postoperative monitoring of the NAC and the lower adipoglandular flap, with the goal of determining tissue perfusion and identifying hypoperfused areas for immediate management, thus providing a new safety parameter in breast surgery.

Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Has COVID-19 led to more sudden cardiac deaths in football?
Authors: Ukaj Ana , Meyer Tim , Egger Florian
Published: November 2024

Introduction

It is unclear whether the number of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and survived sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) has increased among football players during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to compare the SCD/SCA burden between the pre-pandemic period and COVID-19 pandemic in football players worldwide.

Methods

The COVID-19 pandemic and an equivalent pre-pandemic period (each lasting 1151 days) were analyzed for SCD/SCA by extracting data from the prospective FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) Sudden Death Registry. Particular focus was placed on cardiac diseases acquired through the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, such as myocarditis and coronary artery disease (CAD), potentially leading to SCD/SCA.

Results

There were 454 SCD/SCA (survival rate: 24%) and 380 SCD/SCA (survival rate: 27%) during the pre-pandemic period and COVID-19 pandemic, respectively (p = 0.27). In the pre-pandemic period, out of 191 confirmed and suspected diagnoses, there were 6 (3%) cases of myocarditis and 69 (36%) cases of CAD and during the pandemic out of 136 confirmed and suspected diagnoses, there was 1 (1%) case of myocarditis and 58 (43%) cases of CAD.

Conclusion

The burden of SCD/SCA, particularly myocarditis and CAD, in football players worldwide seemingly has not been higher during the COVID-19 pandemic than during a comparable period before.

Graphical abstract
Enhanced cell survival in prepubertal testicular tissue cryopreserved with membrane lipids and antioxidants rich cryopreservation medium
Authors: Dcunha Reyon , Aravind Anjana , Bhaskar Smitha , Mutalik Sadhana , Mutalik Srinivas , Kalthur Sneha Guruprasad , Kumar Anujith , Hegde Padmaraj , Adiga Satish Kumar , Zhao Yulian , Kannan Nagarajan , Prasad Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava , Kalthur Guruprasad
Published: November 2024

The present study explores the advantages of enriching the freezing medium with membrane lipids and antioxidants in improving the outcome of prepubertal testicular tissue cryopreservation. For the study, testicular tissue from Swiss albino mice of prepubertal age group (2 weeks) was cryopreserved by slow freezing method either in control freezing medium (CFM; containing DMSO and FBS in DMEM/F12) or test freezing medium (TFM; containing soy lecithin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, vitamin C, sodium selenite, DMSO and FBS in DMEM/F12 medium) and stored in liquid nitrogen for at least one week. The tissues were thawed and enzymatically digested to assess viability, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in the testicular cells. The results indicate that TFM significantly mitigated freeze–thaw-induced cell death, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation compared to tissue cryopreserved in CFM. Further, a decrease in Cyt C, Caspase-3, and an increase in Gpx4 mRNA transcripts were observed in tissues frozen with TFM. Spermatogonial germ cells (SGCs) collected from tissues frozen with TFM exhibited higher cell survival and superior DNA integrity compared to those frozen in CFM. Proteomic analysis revealed that SGCs experienced a lower degree of freeze–thaw-induced damage when cryopreserved in TFM, as evident from an increase in the level of proteins involved in mitigating the heat stress response, transcriptional and translational machinery. These results emphasize the beneficial role of membrane lipids and antioxidants in enhancing the cryosurvival of prepubertal testicular tissue offering a significant stride towards improving the clinical outcome of prepubertal testicular tissue cryopreservation.
Interventional anti-reflux management for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in lung transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Krahelski Oliver , Ali Iihan , Namgoong Christopher , Dave Kavita , Reed Anna , Ashrafian Hutan , Reddy Marcus , Khan Omar , Das Bibek , Fehervari Matyas
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and aspiration are risk factors in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in the lung transplant population. The aim of this study was to investigate if allograft function and survival improved after anti-reflux surgery (ARS) in lung transplant recipients.

Methods

In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane library databases from inception until 13/01/2024. Articles reporting outcomes of ARS following lung transplantation were included. A random effects model was used for meta-analysis.

Results

The search identified 20 which were used for quantitative analysis. Overall, FEV1 and rate of change of FEV1 had improved following ARS by 0.141 L/s (95% CI; −02.82, −0.001) and −1.153 mL/d (95% CI; −12.117, −0.188), respectively. Survival hazard ratio post-ARS was 0.39 (95% CI; 0.19, 0.60). Nissen fundoplication was the most effective anti-reflux procedure with the greatest effect on reduction in the rate of change of FEV1, with an improvement of −2.353 mL/d (95% CI; −3.058, −1.649).

Conclusion

ARS in lung transplant recipients improves allograft function and survival. Given the increased incidence of GORD in lung transplant recipients, there should be a low threshold for investigation of GORD and subsequent ARS.
Biomechanical modelling infers that collagen content within peripheral nerves is a greater indicator of axial Young’s modulus than structure
Authors: Doman Eleanor A. , Ovenden Nicholas C. , Phillips James B. , Shipley Rebecca J.
Published: November 2024

The mechanical behaviour of peripheral nerves is known to vary between different nerves and nerve regions. As the field of nerve tissue engineering advances, it is vital that we understand the range of mechanical regimes future nerve implants must match to prevent failure. Data on the mechanical behaviour of human peripheral nerves are difficult to obtain due to the need to conduct mechanical testing shortly after removal from the body. In this work, we adapt a 3D multiscale biomechanical model, developed using asymptotic homogenisation, to mimic the micro- and macroscale structure of a peripheral nerve. This model is then parameterised using experimental data from rat peripheral nerves and used to investigate the effect of varying the collagen content, the fibril radius and number density, and the macroscale cross-sectional geometry of the peripheral nerve on the effective axial Young’s moduli of the whole nerve. Our results indicate that the total amount of collagen within a cross section has a greater effect on the axial Young’s moduli compared to other measures of structure. This suggests that the amount of collagen in a cross section of a peripheral nerve, which can be measured through histological and imaging techniques, is one of the key metrics that should be recorded in the future experimental studies on the biomechanical properties of peripheral nerves.