bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRODUKSI BIOETANOL SECARA SHF DAN SSF MENGGUNAKAN Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride DAN New Aule Instant Dry Yeast PADA MEDIA KULIT UBI KAYU
Authors: Jayus Jay , Suwasono Sony , Wijayanti Ike
Published: November 2017

Effort to improve the yield of bioetanol production from cassava peels were be carried out by separated hydrolysis fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) using Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride and New Aule Instant Dry Yeast. The purpose of this research is to measure bioetanol production from cassava peels using three different culture methods i.e SHF1 (A. niger 24 hours +New Aule Instant Dry Yeast); SHF2 (T. viride 24 hours+New Aule Instant Dry Yeast); and SSF (A. niger + T. viride + New Aule Instant Dry Yeast). The research results showed SHF1 (2,58 g/l) produced higher ethanol than that of SHF2 (2,15). The methods of SSF eficiency produced ethanol (2,93 g/l) and faster (18 hours) compared the methods of SHF1 and SHF2 which need 48 hours incubation time to reach maximum level.

Keywords: bioethanol, cassava peels, SHF, SSF, A.niger, T.viride, new aule instant dry yeast
Inexpensive Piezoelectric Elements for Nozzle Contact Detection and Bed Levelling in FFF 3D Printers
Authors: Simpson Mike , Khoury Simon
Published: November 2017

Inexpensive piezoelectric diaphragms can be used as sensors to facilitate both nozzle height setting and bed levelling in FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) 3D printers. A variety of probes have been developed by the authors and others to utilize piezoelectric diaphragms both under the build stage and in the printer head. The reliability, repeatability and sensitivity of these probes has been investigated along with such practical considerations as usability in different environments, the functional life of piezoelectric diaphragms in this use and what improvement to print quality may be obtained. A probe using a piezoelectric diaphragm has been developed and released as an open source product, this probe as well as kits for making probes are available and are proving reliable. The conclusion is that piezoelectric diaphragms are equal to or better than other technologies used for nozzle probing.
Symmetry Reductions for a Generalized Fifth Order KdV Equation
Authors: Bruzón M.S. , Garrido T.M. , de la Rosa R.
Published: November 2017

In this work, Lie symmetry analysis is performed on a generalized fifth-order KdV equation. This equation describes many nonlinear problems with great physical interest in mathematical physics, nonlinear dynamics and plasma physics, among them it is a useful model for the description of wave phenomena in plasma and solid state and internal solitary waves in shallow waters. Group invariant solutions are obtained which allow us to transform the equation into ordinary differential equations. Furthermore, taking into account the conservation laws that the ordinary differential equation admits we reduce the order of the equations. Finally, we obtain some exact solutions.
Pengaruh Video Animasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Kognitif Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Materi Menghargai Jasa Pahlawan di Kelas V SDN Sidokumpul Sidoarjo
Authors: Ayuningsih Kartika
Published: November 2017

Based on the observation that have been done by the research, the learning process in SDN Sidokumpul Sidoarjo is monotonous without using media. Many of students get the score below the minimum criteria of mastery learning (76) in social science. Related to the problem, so the research conduct the study with the purpose to repaired the cognitive learning result in social study by using animation video media. The study use cuantitative experimental design, One-Group Pretest-Posttest. The subject of this study is grade V class C consist of 25 students. Sampling technic  that is used is purposive sampling. The data collection use test sheets are pretest and posttest. The result of this study are 56,32 (average of  pretest) and 83,92 (average of posttest). Including animation video affect to the cognitive learning result in social science the material menghargai jasa pahlawan in class V SDN Sidokumpul Sidoarjo. Then in the N-gain calculation is obtained result 0,63 that is chased the level of criteria is medium.
Agricultural Research Using Social Media Data
Authors: Zipper Samuel C
Published: November 2017

Core Ideas

Social media data provide quantitative and qualitative data on agricultural practices.

Twitter data accurately captures timing of crop planting across the United States.

Maximum positive sentiment in planting tweets aligned with optimal planting period.

Opportunities for mapping emerging agricultural issues and targeted intervention.

Challenges include data availability and representativeness of social media users.

The use of social media in scientific research is rapidly increasing, typically focusing on discrete events of interest to many people and/or spatially mapping a variable of interest. Relatively little research has been done on the utility of social media for monitoring the spatiotemporal patterns of day‐to‐day life, and none within the agricultural sciences. Here, I discuss the potential applications and limitations of social media data for agricultural research. As an example, I demonstrate the ability of Twitter to map state‐level corn and soy planting progress in the conterminous United States. Results compare favorably to traditional survey‐based crop progress monitoring, with mean absolute differences of <10% for most state‐crop combinations. I also highlight the additional contextual information available from social media data including factors contributing to replanting decision‐making and the evolution of farmer sentiment through time. Using analogs from other disciplines, I then discuss key opportunities and challenges for agricultural research using social media. Social media is particularly well‐suited for identifying emerging agricultural issues (e.g., weather, crop pests) and guiding extension and outreach directly to affected areas. However, limited data and unknown representativeness of social media users relative to the overall agricultural population are challenges which must be addressed for social media‐based agricultural research in the future.
Combating WHEAT STEM SAWFLY in Colorado
Authors: Fisher Madeline
Published: November 2017

In 2010, the wheat stem sawfly began causing problems for Colorado's winter wheat farmers. Back then, it was confined to the state's northeast corner, and the impact were small. Today, it's become a serious problem, with 54% of fields surveyed in eastern Colorado having the pest in 2017. What can producers and CCAs do to manage the sawfly in Colorado? Earn 1 CEU in Integrated Pest Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/534.
Applicability of Eddy Covariance to Estimate Methane Emissions from Grazing Cattle
Authors: Coates Trevor W. , Benvenutti Marcelo A. , Flesch Thomas K. , Charmley Ed , McGinn Sean M. , Chen Deli
Published: November 2017

Grazing systems represent a significant source of enteric methane (CH4), but available techniques for quantifying herd scale emissions are limited. This study explores the capability of an eddy covariance (EC) measurement system for long‐term monitoring of CH4 emissions from grazing cattle. Measurements were made in two pasture settings: in the center of a large grazing paddock, and near a watering point where animals congregated during the day. Cattle positions were monitored through time‐lapse images, and this information was used with a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model to interpret EC fluxes and derive per‐animal CH4 emission rates. Initial grazing paddock measurements were challenged by the rapid movement of cattle across the measurement footprint, but a feed supplement placed upwind of the measurements helped retain animals within the footprint, allowing emission estimates for 20% of the recorded daytime fluxes. At the water point, >50% of the flux measurement periods included cattle emissions. Overall, cattle emissions for the paddock site were higher (253 g CH4 m−2 adult equivalent [AE]−1 d−1, SD = 75) and more variable than emissions at the water point (158 g CH4 AE−1 d−1, SD = 34). Combining results from both sites gave a CH4 production of 0.43 g kg−1 body weight, which is in range of other reported emissions from grazing animals. With an understanding of animal behavior to allow the most effective use of tower placement, the combination of an EC measurement platform and a Lagrangian stochastic model could have practical applications for long‐term monitoring of fluxes in grazing environments.

Core Ideas

Grazing systems contribute significantly to GHG emissions from agriculture.

EC fluxes, images, and a footprint analysis were used to estimate cattle emissions.

Daytime estimates were easier to capture while cattle congregated near a water point.

With some simplifications, EC may be viable option for in situ monitoring of cattle.

Atmospheric Pollutants and Trace Gases
Evidence that the Allelic Segregation of starch branching enzyme 1 (sbe1) is the Source of a High Amylose QTL in Maize
Authors: Gyawali Abiskar , Auger Donald
Published: November 2017

‘GEMS‐0067’ is a maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar that is uniquely high in the proportion of amylose endosperm starch relative to amylopectin. We previously identified a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for endosperm amylose content on the short arm of chromosome 5 (5S). In that study, both parental lines, GEMS‐0067 and H99ae, were homozygous recessive for amylose extender 1 (ae1), which is located on the long arm of chromosome 5 (5L). The dominant allele encodes starch branching enzyme 2b (SBE2b). Centered within the 5S QTL interval is another starch branching enzyme, starch branching enzyme 1 (sbe1), which also plays a role in the branching of amylopectin. We sought to determine if this QTL is due to allelic segregation of sbe1 or, instead, a closely linked locus. A Mutator‐induced allele of sbe1 (sbe1‐Mu) was employed to address this question. If sbe1‐Mu behaves as a simple recessive allele, it could eliminate the additive nature of the 5S QTL, which would indicate that segregation of the sbe1 alleles present in the original GEMS‐0067 × H99ae hybrid are responsible for the QTL. If not, it would implicate segregation of alleles at a closely linked locus. Pollen possessing sbe1‐Mu was crossed onto a GEMS‐0067 × H99ae hybrid, which separated the high amylose factor from the low amylose factor. A sample of these progeny was grown and self‐pollinated to generate kernels segregating for sbe1‐Mu. Kernels were genotyped for sbe1 alleles and assayed for relative amylose and amylopectin content. Kernels heterozygous or homozygous for the GEMS‐0067 allele of sbe1 had a higher amylose/amylopectin ratio than kernels possessing the H99ae allele. Importantly, sbe1‐Mu behaves as a simple recessive allele regardless of the other sbe1 allele. This implicates allelic variation of sbe1 as being responsible for the high endosperm amylose QTL.
Physiological Bases of Across‐Environment and Environment‐Specific Responses for Grain Yield in Maize Hybrids Obtained from a Full Diallel Mating Design
Authors: Munaro Eugenia M. , de la Vega Abelardo J. , D'Andrea Karina E. , Messina Carlos D. , Otegui Maria E.
Published: November 2017

Genotype × environment interaction explains a proportion of variation for crop yield performance often higher than the genotypic effect, becoming a major impediment to genetic progress. In this study, a crop model of yield determination in combination with three‐mode principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze genotype × environment × attribute interaction. A full diallel of six maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines was grown in 10 environments in Argentina. The first environment component associated with the common genotype and attribute pattern across environments revealed that the main numerical determinant of plant grain yield (PGY) was kernel weight and not kernel number per plant (KNP). The second environment component established the importance of genotype × year interaction for anthesis‐silking interval (ASI), KNP, and PGY when water deficit prevailed during the critical period of yield determination and revealed a lack of association between ASI and ear growth rate during this period. The three‐mode PCA described the specific patterns of hybrid performance across environments, revealing physiological processes that separate inbred lines that contribute to drought tolerance, but at the expense of limiting PGY under well‐watered conditions. The use of a crop growth model allowed interpretation of the effects of environment conditions on main physiological determinants of grain yield, exposing the effects of water supply/demand ratio as a possible driver of differential performance of inbred lines.
Soil-transmitted helminth eggs assessment in wastewater in an urban area in India
Authors: Grego Sonia , Barani Viswa , Hegarty-Craver Meghan , Raj Antony , Perumal Prasanna , Berg Adrian B. , Archer Colleen
Published: November 2017

Water quality and sanitation are inextricably linked to prevalence and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections, a public health concern in resource-limited settings. India bears a large burden of disease associated with poor sanitation. Transformative onsite sanitation technologies are being developed that feature elimination of pathogens including helminth eggs in wastewater treatment. We are conducting third-party testing of multiple sanitation technology systems in Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) India. To ensure stringent testing of the pathogen removal ability of sanitation technologies, the presence of helminth eggs in wastewater across the town of Coimbatore was assessed. Wastewater samples from existing test sites as well as desludging trucks servicing residential and non-residential septic tanks, were collected. The AmBic methodology (based on washing, sieving, sedimenting and floating) was used for helminth egg isolation. We tested 29 different source samples and found a 52% prevalence of potentially infective helminth eggs. Identification and enumeration of helminth species is reported against the septage source (private residential vs. shared toilet facility) and total solids content. Trichuris egg counts were higher than those of hookworm and Ascaris from desludging trucks, whereas hookworm egg counts were higher in fresh wastewater samples. Surprisingly, no correlation between soil transmitted helminth eggs and total solids was observed.
Separate As(V) from solution by mesoporous Y-Al binary oxide: batch experiments
Authors: Liu Hang , Han Caiyun , Yang Liu , Liu Dekun , Luo Yongming
Published: November 2017

Contaminant arsenic(V) has been regarded as one of the top-priority pollutants to remove from water. In this contribution, different mesoporous Y-Al binary oxides were prepared by the wet impregnation method via varying the molar ratio of Y/Al in the range of 0.029 to 0.116. The manufactured materials were employed as adsorbent to separate arsenic(V) from water. The adsorbent was characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, point of zero charge (PZC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Furthermore, the effect of experimental parameters on adsorption performance was evaluated by batch experiments, including the molar ratio of Y/Al, adsorbent dosages and contact time, initial concentration, initial pH and temperature. The results indicated that the adsorbent presented an optimal adsorption performance for As(V) uptake when the molar ratio of Y/Al was 0.058. The obtained experimental data were best fitted by Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity was 60.93 mg/g at pH 6.6 ± 0.1. Additionally, according to the results of adsorption kinetics, it was pronounced that adsorption process was complied with pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption thermodynamic suggested that the adsorption of As(V) is endothermic and spontaneous natural. Moreover, based on the results of FT-IR, PZC and initial pH, it is demonstrated that ion-exchange and electrostatic interaction were the dominating adsorption mechanism.
Cazadores sin presas, horticultores sin tierra. Una aproximación a las formas actuales de producción y acceso al alimento en el pueblo indígena Hitnu
Authors: Soto-Aguirre Johnatan Andrés
Published: November 2017

El pueblo indígena Hitnu padece una grave crisis alimentaria que durante los últimos años se ha agudizado por múltiples factores. El propósito de este texto es presentar un panorama amplio multi-causal de la situación actual de la producción y acceso a los alimentos de este grupo indígena, con el objetivo de ahondar en la comprensión de la situación que afronta y aportar elementos que permitan superar ciertos abordajes investigativos e intervenciones sociales reduccionistas, en la medida que se concentran en un solo ámbito de la problemática. En el texto se expondrá la necesidad de considerar: los actuales patrones de organización social, las diferencias inter-generacionales, los usos del suelo, la variación del territorio indígena, formas de clasificación social, las relaciones inter-étnicas, la injerencia de grupos externos (transnacionales, guerrillas), las estrechas relaciones económicas con el mundo no indígena, entre otros elementos que permiten complejizar las aproximaciones a la crisis alimentaria. A partir de los datos recabados por medio del trabajo de campo, la etnografía y la revisión bibliográfica, se busca evidenciar la gravedad de la crisis alimentaria del pueblo Hitnu, un caso, como muchos otros en el país, que hace palpable la enorme vulnerabilidad de las comunidades étnicas.
Congreso Colombiano de Arqueología 2017. 10-12 de mayo, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla
Authors: Martín-Rincon Juan Guillermo
Published: November 2017

La arqueología colombiana viene enfrentando diversos retos relacionados con el creciente desarrollo de infraestructura, una legislación que busca proteger el Patrimonio Arqueológico de la Nación pero que parece desfasada de la realidad actual y una desarticulación entre los procesos de formación disciplinaria y las necesidades del país hoy. Estas dificultades llevaron a que la Universidad del Norte y la Asociación Colombiana de Arqueólogos Profesionales – ACARP, convocara en 2016 un nuevo congreso de arqueología para Colombia.
Determining the Mechanism for Low Sludge Yields in the Cannibal Solids Reduction System
Authors: Van Ginkel Steven W. , Miceli Joseph , Kim Bi‐o , Yang Ziming , Young Michelle , Marcus Andrew , Rittmann Bruce E.
Published: November 2017

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and solids concentrations in samples from the Interchange Bioreactor (IBR), and return activated sludge (RAS) from Cannibal facilities having low and high sludge yields, were analyzed to understand the mechanisms behind low sludge production. Low sludge yields correlated to more EPS degradation, higher concentrations of iron, and reducing conditions in the IBR. In the low yield facilities, iron was reduced when the RAS passed through the anaerobic and reducing conditions of the IBR, and this led to more EPS solubilization and degradation. This “futile cycle” of EPS production and degradation appears to may have been most responsible for reducing sludge yields.
Fotografia no contestado: nova interpretação da rendição da família cabocla
Authors: Witte Gerson , Marques Sônia Maria Dos Santos
Published: November 2017

Este artigo faz a leitura de imagem dos aspectos formais e semióticos da fotografia de Claro Jansson e como ela foi interpretada na iconografia da Guerra do Contestado, representando o que seria uma rendição de uma família cabocla como resultado da estratégia de cerco aos redutos sertanejos, realizado pelo Exército Brasileiro. Compara-se a fotografia histórica com outras imagens do fotógrafo, comrelatórios do Exército, livros e revistas que serviram como propaganda governamental para situar o local e data do evento com rendição do líder de reduto, Bonifácio José dos Santos e apresentando elementos culturais para demonstrar a necessidade de uma nova interpretação, relacionada com a execução de prisioneiros que aconteceu na cidade de Canoinhas, em Santa Catarina, no ano de 1915.
A new technique for solving the 1-D burgers equation
Authors: Yang Xiaojun , Yang Yugui , Cattani Carlo , Zhu Mingzheng
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we address a new computational method, which is called the
decomposition-Sumudu-like-integral-transform method, to handle the 1-D
Burgers equation. The proposed method enables the efficient and accurate.
Effect of cyclic temperature impact on coal seam permeability
Authors: Wang Dengke , Yao Banghua , Gao Yanan , Li Weirui , Lv Ruihua
Published: November 2017

The gas permeability of the coal samples, subjected to cyclic temperature
impact under different conditions, was considered in the article. Meanwhile,
the change of the coal sample permeability and fractures were analyzed
through scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results show that the
cyclic temperature impact has largely positive effect on the increase of the
coal sample permeability and that new fractures and permeability growth
increase with the higher temperature difference.
Volume, benefits and factors that influence inter-municipal ICT cooperation in relation to ICT-related social services and healthcare services
Authors: Helin Ari Juhani , Dahlberg Tomi
Published: November 2017

Information and communication technology (ICT) has become an integral part of the daily municipal administration, production and development of municipal services. Social services and health care account for ≥ 50% of municipal ICT expenditure. Municipalities operate and develop their ICT activities with limited ICT resources. This is an incentive for inter-municipal ICT cooperation. Four sets of secondary data are analysed in this article to evaluate how ICT cooperation is carried out in 20 Finnish municipal regions. Transaction cost economics (TCE), resource-based view (RBV), resource dependency theory (RDT) and the concepts of Granovetter’s social network theory are reviewed. The data are used to describe the expected and perceived economic and social benefits of inter-municipal ICT cooperation, and to understand the social connections that influence the execution of inter-municipal ICT cooperation. The data analysis revealed distinctive differences in the amount and forms of ICT cooperation, and regarding its governance. The results suggest that public organisations were able to benefit substantially from well-organised ICT cooperation. The characteristics of social networks were also found to relate to variations in the degree to which ICT cooperation was performed.
Green Cross: Application for analyzing School injuries
Authors: Somerkoski Brita
Published: November 2017

Unintentional injuries are a major cause of untimely deaths among children and adolescents. Violence and injuries in the schools have raised the need to collect the injury data routinely and to find ways to analyze the potential risks of the near-miss cases. The aim of this study is to explore the injury data collection method piloted with the Green Cross software and to describe the characteristics of the school injuries (n=88). The qualitative data consisted of user-interviews and data reports.

As the main result of this study, the Green Cross software provides a decent way to monitor the injuries in the school context in such a way that the accidents, incidents, injuries and near-miss cases become more visible. A novel finding was that many school injuries were unpredictable, connected to human factor issues, persons acting against norms and regulations or using structures or products in a way they are not supposed to be used.
A IDENTIDADE DA COR NOS PROCESSOS DE DESIGN
Authors: Soares Alexsandro Pereira , Barros Davidson Lima
Published: November 2017

O presente artigo tem como ponto de partida o interesse pelo processo de criação e aplicação da cor no design. Trata-se de uma abordagem que relaciona a escolha da cor como um dos pontos relevantes para que um projeto alcance seus objetivos em função do seu público alvo. A análise foi realizada por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas e o propósito deste artigo foi relacionar o estudo de cor e suas relações e estabelecer um a conexão do uso da cor como fator que influencia os consumidores e usuários. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cor. Design. Mensagem visual.
O GARANTISMO PENAL INTEGRAL NO PROCESSO PENAL BRASILEIRO
Authors: Menezes Gabriella Mendes , Guimarães Claudio Alberto Gabriel
Published: November 2017

Entendendo o Garantismo como uma matriz ideológica que exerce notável influência no ordenamento jurídico pátrio, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisa-lo superficialmente sob a ótica de um modelo normativo de direito, bem como suas repercussões e forma de aplicação hodierna no processo penal brasileiro.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Garantismo. Garantismo Penal Integral. Processo Penal.
O uso de plantas da Amazônia na produção de bioprodutos para tratamentos de pele
Authors: Pires Layna Kaanda Souza , Grisotto Marcos Grigolin , Grisotto Rosely Fontes
Published: November 2017

O mercado dos produtos cosméticos vem crescendo a uma taxa anual de cerca de 10%, e com a crescente tendência de preservação ambiental, as indústrias de cosméticos tem voltado suas pesquisas para obtenção de bioprodutos derivados de plantas da região amazônica para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos naturais para mercado da beleza. No curso das mudanças globais, do “desenvolvimento sustentável” e da valorização dos recursos naturais, os setores industriais tem procurado reduzir os impactos ambientais e o uso de recursos não renováveis, como também, internalizar processos produtivos mais adequados neste concorrido setor industrial. Esta revisão tem como objetivo avaliar as informações a respeito de sete espécies vegetais da região amazônica atualmente utilizadas para formulações de produções de bioprodutos na área de estética. As espécies revisadas através de dados de meta-análise foram: açaí (Euterpe oleracea), andiroba ( Carapa guianensis ), bacuri ( Platonia insignis ), castanha-do-Pará ( Bertholletia excelsa ), buriti ( Mauritia vinifera ou M. flexuosa ), cupuaçu ( Theobroma grandiflorum ) e murumuru ( Astrocaryum murumuru ). Com base nos artigos analisados, estão descritas as principais características físico-químicas e compostos que podem possuir atividades relacionadas seus efeitos benéficos. Palavras-chave: : Amazônia; bioprodutos; biodiversidade.
Oral melanosis and severe periodontitis in toombak users: a case report
Authors: Al-Tayar Badr Abdullah Saeed , Tin-Oo Mon Mon , Sinor Mohd Zulkarnain , Hussein Abdikarim Mohamed , Al-ak’hali Mohammed Sultan
Published: November 2017

Background:

Toombak is a traditional type of smokeless tobacco used by people in Yemen, especially in Dawan Valley, Hadramout Province, Yemen. The use of smokeless tobacco may be considered as a predisposing risk factor for several oral diseases.

Case Presentation:

This paper presents two cases. The first is that of a 27-year-old male toombak user with severe periodontitis and oral melanosis. The second case is that of a 44-year-old male toombak user with oral hypermelanosis. The patients were subjected to dental cleaning. Quit toombak counseling was conducted, and the patients were educated about the adverse effects of toombak usage.

Conclusion:

Oral tissues are severely affected by toombak usage. Thus, comprehensive toombak prevention programs should be implemented to reduce toombak-associated diseases.
Особенности проявлений форм вторичного туберкулеза у пациентов с ВИЧ
Authors: Башеев В. Х. , Савченко Е. А. , Гамова Е. Н. , Середенко Е. В. , Шматько З. Л.
Published: November 2017

Резюме. Сочетание туберкулеза и ВИЧ является одной из важнейших проблем современности. Туберкулез является одной из наиболее частых инфекций у ВИЧ – инфицированных больных, приводящей к смерти. Наше исследование включает группу 256 взрослых ВИЧ-инфицированных больных, с целью оценить у них активность легочного туберкулеза. На основе данного исследования разработаны критерии активности вторичных форм туберкулеза, прогрессирующих с распространением процесса, кавернизацией, бронхо- и лимфогенной диссеминацией ациентов с ВИЧ.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A New Frontier for Hepatology in Bangladesh and a Call for Action to Combat
Authors: Alam Shahinul , Hossain M Motahar , Azam Golam , Mustafa Golam , Alam Mahbubul , Sayeed Abu , Khan Mobin , Ahmad Nooruddin
Published: November 2017

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the condition where fat accumulates in liver without significant ingestion of alcohol. NAFLD has become one of the most common liver conditions throughout the world. At the dawn of the history of NAFLD it was thought that NAFLD is disease of obese individual but lean patients are increasingly detected to have NAFLD. It seems that insulin resistance is central to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In addition, oxidative stress and cytokines are important contributing factors, resulting in steatosis and progressive liver damage in genetically susceptible individuals. NAFLD varies considerably by ethnic group and Bangladeshi ethnicity is an independent risk factor for NAFLD. Prevalence of NAFLD in general population of Bangladesh is 4 - 18.4 %, which jumps up to 49.8% in diabetic patients. With the changes in socioeconomic condition and life style, aetiology of chronic liver disease is drifting from infectious to noninfectious diseases and the contribution of NAFLD is progressively increasing. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C have been the leading causes of mortality and morbidity from chronic liver disease in Bangladesh. But with increase in awareness and mass vaccination against HBV, prevalence of both the diseases has been decreasing in the country. The most alarming feature is that there is a high prevalence of NASH among the NAFLD patients. NAFLD is emerging as the largest contributor of chronic liver disease in Bangladesh. This warrants the attention of health policy makers and clinicians to explore this frontier and combat it from right now.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2017; 35(4): 184-191
Establishing Genotype-to-Phenotype Relationships in Bacteria Causing Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: A Prelude to the Application of Clinical Metagenomics
Authors: Ruppé Etienne , Cherkaoui Abdessalam , Lazarevic Vladimir , Emonet Stéphane , Schrenzel Jacques
Published: November 2017

Clinical metagenomics (CMg), referred to as the application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to clinical samples, is a promising tool for the diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Indeed, CMg allows identifying pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), thereby providing the information required for the optimization of the antibiotic regimen. Hence, provided that CMg would be faster than conventional culture, the probabilistic regimen used in HAP could be tailored faster, which should lead to an expected decrease of mortality and morbidity. While the inference of the antibiotic susceptibility testing from metagenomic or even genomic data is challenging, a limited number of antibiotics are used in the probabilistic regimen of HAP (namely beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides and oxazolidinones). Accordingly, based on the perspective of applying CMg to the early diagnostic of HAP, we aimed at reviewing the performances of whole genomic sequencing (WGS) of the main HAP-causing bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus aureus) for the prediction of susceptibility to the antibiotic families advocated in the probabilistic regimen of HAP.
AIM: A Computational Tool for the Automatic Quantification of Scratch Wound Healing Assays
Authors: Cortesi Marilisa , Pasini Alice , Tesei Anna , Giordano Emanuele
Published: November 2017

Cell invasiveness quantification is of paramount importance in cancer research and is often evaluated in vitro through scratch wound healing assays that determine the rate at which a population of cells fills a gap created in a confluent 2D culture. The quantification of the results of this experiment, however, lacks standardization and is often highly time consuming and user dependent. To overcome these limitations, we have developed AIM (Automatic Invasiveness Measure), a freely-available software tool for the automatic quantification of the cell-free region in scratch wound healing assays. This study will completely describe AIM and will show its equivalence to three analysis methods commonly used for the quantification of the scratch area and the measure of true wound extension. Furthermore, the analysis time and the dependency of the results of these techniques on the structure of the time course (total duration and number of points) will be studied. To the best of our knowledge, AIM is the first entirely-automated analysis method for scratch wound healing assays and represents a significant improvement of this technique both in terms of results’ quality and reliability.
Strategies to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5 Zeolite in Hydrocarbon Cracking: A Review
Authors: Ji Yajun , Yang Honghui , Yan Wei
Published: November 2017

ZSM-5 zeolite is widely used in catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon, but the conventional ZSM-5 zeolite deactivates quickly due to its simple microporous and long diffusion pathway. Many studies have been done to overcome these disadvantages recently. In this review, four main approaches for enhancing the catalytic performance, namely synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite with special morphology, hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite, nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite and optimization of acid properties, are discussed. ZSM-5 with special morphology such as hollow, composite and nanosheet structure can effectively increase the diffusion efficiency and accessibility of acid sites, giving high catalytic activity. The accessibility of acid sites and diffusion efficiency can also be enhanced by introducing additional mesopores or macropores. By decreasing the crystal size to nanoscale, the diffusion length can be shortened. The catalytic activity increases and the amount of carbon deposition decreases with the decrease of crystal size. By regulating the acid properties of ZSM-5 with element or compound modification, the overreaction of reactants and formation of carbon deposition could be suppressed, thus enhancing the catalytic activity and light alkene selectivity. Besides, some future needs and perspectives of ZSM-5 with excellent cracking activity are addressed for researchers’ consideration.
Nonlinear-Adaptive Mathematical System Identification
Authors: Sands Timothy
Published: November 2017

By reversing paradigms that normally utilize mathematical models as the basis for nonlinear adaptive controllers, this article describes using the controller to serve as a novel computational approach for mathematical system identification. System identification usually begins with the dynamics, and then seeks to parameterize the mathematical model in an optimization relationship that produces estimates of the parameters that minimize a designated cost function. The proposed methodology uses a DC motor with a minimum-phase mathematical model controlled by a self-tuning regulator without model pole cancelation. The normal system identification process is briefly articulated by parameterizing the system for least squares estimation that includes an allowance for exponential forgetting to deal with time-varying plants. Next, towards the proposed approach, the Diophantine equation is derived for an indirect self-tuner where feedforward and feedback controls are both parameterized in terms of the motor’s math model. As the controller seeks to nullify tracking errors, the assumed plant parameters are adapted and quickly converge on the correct parameters of the motor’s math model. Next, a more challenging non-minimum phase system is investigated, and the earlier implemented technique is modified utilizing a direct self-tuner with an increased pole excess. The nominal method experiences control chattering (an undesirable characteristic that could potentially damage the motor during testing), while the increased pole excess eliminates the control chattering, yet maintains effective mathematical system identification. This novel approach permits algorithms normally used for control to instead be used effectively for mathematical system identification.
On the Deposition Equilibrium of Carbon Nanotubes or Graphite in the Reforming Processes of Lower Hydrocarbon Fuels
Authors: Jaworski Zdzisław , Pianko-Oprych Paulina
Published: November 2017

The modeling of carbon deposition from C-H-O reformates has usually employed thermodynamic data for graphite, but has rarely employed such data for impure filamentous carbon. Therefore, electrochemical data for the literature on the chemical potential of two types of purified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are included in the study. Parameter values determining the thermodynamic equilibrium of the deposition of either graphite or CNTs are computed for dry and wet reformates from natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. The calculation results are presented as the atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) against temperature (200 to 100 °C) for various pressures (1 to 30 bar). Areas of O/C for either carbon deposition or deposition-free are computed, and indicate the critical O/C values below which the deposition can occur. Only three types of deposited carbon were found in the studied equilibrium conditions: Graphite, multi-walled CNTs, and single-walled CNTs in bundles. The temperature regions of the appearance of the thermodynamically stable forms of solid carbon are numerically determined as being independent of pressure and the analyzed reactants. The modeling indicates a significant increase in the critical O/C for the deposition of CNTs against that for graphite. The highest rise in the critical O/C, of up to 290% at 30 bar, was found for the wet reforming process.
Fractional Calculus Based FDTD Modeling of Layered Biological Media Exposure to Wideband Electromagnetic Pulses
Authors: Mescia Luciano , Bia Pietro , Chiapperino Michele , Caratelli Diego
Published: November 2017

Electromagnetic fields are involved in several therapeutic and diagnostic applications such as hyperthermia and electroporation. For these applications, pulsed electric fields (PEFs) and transient phenomena are playing a key role for understanding the biological response due to the exposure to non-ionizing wideband pulses. To this end, the PEF propagation in the six-layered planar structure modeling the human head has been studied. The electromagnetic field and the specific absorption rate (SAR) have been calculated through an accurate finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) dispersive modeling based on the fractional derivative operator. The temperature rise inside the tissues due to the electromagnetic field exposure has been evaluated using both the non-thermoregulated and thermoregulated Gagge’s two-node models. Moreover, additional parametric studies have been carried out with the aim to investigate the thermal response by changing the amplitude and duration of the electric pulses.
On Conceptual Structuration and Coupling Methods of Co-Simulation Frameworks in Cyber-Physical Energy System Validation
Authors: Nguyen Van , Besanger Yvon , Tran Quoc , Nguyen Tung
Published: November 2017

Co-simulation is an emerging method for cyber-physical energy system (CPES) assessment and validation. Combining simulators of different domains into a joint experiment, co-simulation provides a holistic framework to consider the whole CPES at system level. In this paper, we present a systematic structuration of co-simulation based on a conceptual point of view. A co-simulation framework is then considered in its conceptual, semantic, syntactic, dynamic and technical layers. Coupling methods are investigated and classified according to these layers. This paper would serve as a solid theoretical base for specification of future applications of co-simulation and selection of coupling methods in CPES assessment and validation.
Effect of Food Residues in Biofilm Formation on Stainless Steel and Polystyrene Surfaces by Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Poultry Houses
Authors: Paz-Méndez Alba , Lamas Alexandre , Vázquez Beatriz , Miranda José , Cepeda Alberto , Franco Carlos
Published: November 2017

Salmonella spp. is a major food-borne pathogen around the world. The ability of Salmonella to produce biofilm is one of the main obstacles in reducing the prevalence of these bacteria in the food chain. Most of Salmonella biofilm studies found in the literature used laboratory growth media. However, in the food chain, food residues are the principal source of nutrients of Salmonella. In this study, the biofilm formation, morphotype, and motility of 13 Salmonella strains belonging to three different subspecies and isolated from poultry houses was evaluated. To simulate food chain conditions, four different growth media (Tryptic Soy Broth at 1/20 dilution, milk at 1/20 dilution, tomato juice, and chicken meat juice), two different surfaces (stainless steel and polystyrene) and two temperatures (6 °C and 22 °C) were used to evaluate the biofilm formation. The morphotype, motility, and biofilm formation of Salmonella was temperature-dependent. Biofilm formation was significantly higher with 1/20 Tryptic Soy Broth in all the surfaces and temperatures tested, in comparison with the other growth media. The laboratory growth medium 1/20 Tryptic Soy Broth enhanced biofilm formation in Salmonella. This could explain the great differences in biofilm formation found between this growth medium and food residues. However, Salmonella strains were able to produce biofilm on the presence of food residues in all the conditions tested. Therefore, the Salmonella strain can use food residues to produce biofilm on common surfaces of the food chain. More studies combining more strains and food residues are necessary to fully understand the mechanism used by Salmonella to produce biofilm on the presence of these sources of nutrients.
Physiology of the Inactivation of Vegetative Bacteria by Thermal Treatments: Mode of Action, Influence of Environmental Factors and Inactivation Kinetics
Authors: Cebrián Guillermo , Condón Santiago , Mañas Pilar
Published: November 2017

Heat has been used extensively in the food industry as a preservation method, especially due to its ability to inactivate microorganisms present in foods. However, many aspects regarding the mechanisms of bacterial inactivation by heat and the factors affecting this process are still not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to offer a general overview of the most important aspects of the physiology of the inactivation or survival of microorganisms, particularly vegetative bacteria, submitted to heat treatments. This could help improve the design of current heat processes methods in order to apply milder and/or more effective treatments that could fulfill consumer requirements for fresh-like foods while maintaining the advantages of traditional heat treatments.
Behaviour of the Blazar CTA 102 during Two Giant Outbursts
Authors: Larionov Valeri , Jorstad Svetlana , Marscher Alan , Smith Paul , Savchenko Sergey , Morozova Daria , Grishina Tatiana , Kopatskaya Evgenia , Larionova Liudmila , Larionova Elena , Mokrushina Anna , Troitsky Ivan , Troitskaya Yulia , Borman George
Published: November 2017

Blazar CTA 102 underwent exceptional optical and high-energy outbursts in 2012 and 2016–2017. We analyze its behaviour during these events, focusing on polarimetry as a tool that allows us to trace changes in the physical conditions and geometric configuration of the emission source close to the central black hole. We also use Fermi γ -ray data in conjunction with optical photometry in an effort to localize the origin of the outbursts.
The Moderating Effects of Students’ Personality Traits on Pro-Environmental Behavioral Intentions in Response to Climate Change
Authors: Yu Tai-Yi , Yu Tai-Kuei
Published: November 2017

This study developed a model that examined the relationship between undergraduate students’ beliefs, norms and pro-environment behavioral intentions in the context of global climate change (GCC). The model was further evaluated to determine whether latent variables, such as sustainability value, environmental concern, social norms, perceived risk, pro-environmental attitude, as defined by the theory of planned behavior and value-belief-norm theory, significantly influenced students’ intentions towards pro-environmental behavior. The research model was empirically tested using data collected form 275 undergraduate students. Empirical results found support for four interaction effects of personality traits and the related latent variables of environmental attitude, including sustainability value, social norms, environmental concern and perceived risk. The impact of undergraduate students’ environmental attitudes was moderated by personality traits. The findings of this research offer policy makers and enterprises better understandings of undergraduate students’ attitudes and behavioral intentions towards GCC and promote the visibility of this issue.
Applications of Alternative Nucleases in the Age of CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Guha Tuhin , Edgell David
Published: November 2017

Breakthroughs in the development of programmable site-specific nucleases, including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), meganucleases (MNs), and most recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated proteins (including Cas9) have greatly enabled and accelerated genome editing. By targeting double-strand breaks to user-defined locations, the rates of DNA repair events are greatly enhanced relative to un-catalyzed events at the same sites. However, the underlying biology of each genome-editing nuclease influences the targeting potential, the spectrum of off-target cleavages, the ease-of-use, and the types of recombination events at targeted double-strand breaks. No single genome-editing nuclease is optimized for all possible applications. Here, we focus on the diversity of nuclease domains available for genome editing, highlighting biochemical properties and the potential applications that are best suited to each domain.
Telomeres, Aging and Exercise: Guilty by Association?
Authors: Chilton Warrick , O’Brien Brendan , Charchar Fadi
Published: November 2017

Telomeres are repetitive tandem DNA sequences that cap chromosomal ends protecting genomic DNA from enzymatic degradation. Telomeres progressively shorten with cellular replication and are therefore assumed to correlate with biological and chronological age. An expanding body of evidence suggests (i) a predictable inverse association between telomere length, aging and age-related diseases and (ii) a positive association between physical activity and telomere length. Both hypotheses have garnered tremendous research attention and broad consensus; however, the evidence for each proposition is inconsistent and equivocal at best. Telomere length does not meet the basic criteria for an aging biomarker and at least 50% of key studies fail to find associations with physical activity. In this review, we address the evidence in support and refutation of the putative associations between telomere length, aging and physical activity. We finish with a brief review of plausible mechanisms and potential future research directions.