bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The unexpected discovery of the ninth polymorph of tolfenamic acid
Authors: Sacchi Pietro , Reutzel-Edens Susan M. , Cruz-Cabeza Aurora J.
Published: April 2021

A new polymorph of tolfenamic acid, form IX, has been crystallised from a simple cooling crystallisation experiment raising the question as to why this polymorph had never been reported before.
An origin of excess vibrational entropies at grain boundaries in Al, Si and MgO: a first-principles analysis with lattice dynamics
Authors: Yokoi T. , Ikawa K. , Nakamura A. , Matsunaga K.
Published: April 2021

Excess vibrational entropies are examined by performing first-principle lattice dynamics for grain boundaries in MgO, Al and Si. Bond-length changes are critical for excess entropy, although their bonding nature is originally very different.
Imidazole-graphyne: a new 2D carbon nitride with a direct bandgap and strong IR refraction
Authors: Zhou Wenyang , Guo Yaguang , Shen Yiheng , Wang Qian , Jena Puru
Published: April 2021

Imidazole-graphyne, assembled by imidazole molecules and acetylenic linkers, is a new 2D carbon nitride with a direct bandgap of 1.10 eV and strong IR refraction.
Carbon nanofiber supported Ni–ZnO catalyst for efficient and selective hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline
Authors: Wu Jie , Li Tianrong , Meng Genping , Xiang Yongsheng , Hai Jun , Wang Baodui
Published: April 2021

The Ni–ZnO/C nanofibers could be used directly for the hydrogenation of the model feed of pyrolysis gasoline without any passivation and exhibited better activity, selectivity, and stability than commercial Ni/Al2O3 catalyst.
Alternative mechanism of action of the DNP PtIV prodrug: intracellular cisplatin release and the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway
Authors: Krasnovskaya Olga , Spector Daniil , Erofeev Alexander , Gorelkin Peter , Akasov Roman , Skvortsov Dmitry , Trigub Alexander , Vlasova Ksenia , Semkina Alevtina , Zyk Nikolay , Beloglazkina Elena , Majouga Alexander
Published: April 2021

A mechanism of action of the previously reported Pt(iv) prodrug with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen in axial positions (DNP), it's therapeutic target and intracellular redox-status are clarified.
Recent advances on bioactive polysaccharides from mulberry
Authors: Ai Jian , Bao Bin , Battino Maurizio , Giampieri Francesca , Chen Chun , You Lijun , Cespedes-Acuña Carlos L. , Ognyanov Manol , Tian Lingmin , Bai Weibin
Published: April 2021

In this review, recent advances in the study of isolation, purification, structural characterization, biological activity and the structure–activity relationship of mulberry polysaccharides are summarized and discussed.
Rotational scan digital LAMP for accurate quantitation of nucleic acids
Authors: Jiang Mengcheng , Liao Peiyu , Sun Yue , Shao Xinyang , Chen Zitian , Fei Peng , Wang Jianbin , Huang Yanyi
Published: April 2021

Droplets generated by centrifugation can be packed as a thin layer by flipping a micro-centrifugal tube with a plastic insert. RS-dLAMP applies line-scan to enable high-speed and contamination-free digital quantification of nucleic acids.
Advances in electrochemical energy storage with covalent organic frameworks
Authors: Singh Vikram , Byon Hye Ryung
Published: April 2021

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging materials for electrochemical energy storage. This review summarizes recent advancements in COFs as battery/capacitor electrodes, proton conducting membranes, and ion conducting solid-state electrolytes.
Silica covering driven intensity enhancement and handedness inversion of the CPL signals of the supramolecular assemblies
Authors: Jiang Pan , Li Hongkun , Liu Wei , Li Yi , Li Baozong , Yang Yonggang
Published: April 2021

Dipeptide-based hybrid materials with enhanced and inversed circularly polarized luminescence signals were fabricated through a dynamic supramolecular templating approach.
Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol over polybenzoxazine-based mesocarbon supported Cu–Zn catalyst
Authors: Deerattrakul Varisara , Chukchuan Anurak , Thepphankulngarm Nattanida , Pornjaturawit Jirayu , Vacharameteevoranun Napas , Chaisuwan Thanyalak , Kongkachuichay Paisan
Published: April 2021

Direct methanol production over Cu–Zn/polybenzoxazine-based mesocarbon catalyst.
Water binding stabilizes stacked conformations of ferrocene containing sheet-like aromatic oligoamides
Authors: Liu Ya-Zhou , Mu Xiao , Chan Cheih-Kai , Robeyns Koen , Wang Cheng-Chung , Singleton Michael L.
Published: April 2021

The encapsulation of discrete water molecules in flexible sheet-like aromatic oligoamide foldamers, as evidenced by structural and spectroscopic studies, stabilizes their structure.
Recovery of FTO coated glass substrate via environment-friendly facile recycling perovskite solar cells
Authors: Chowdhury M. S. , Rahman Kazi Sajedur , Selvanathan Vidhya , Hasan A. K. Mahmud , Jamal M. S. , Samsudin Nurul Asma , Akhtaruzzaman Md. , Amin Nowshad , Techato Kuaanan
Published: April 2021

Organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently emerged as a potential candidate for large-scale and low-cost photovoltaic devices.
Cholesteric mesophase based 1D photonic materials from self-assembly of liquid crystalline block and random terpolymers containing chromonic molecules
Authors: Bosire Reuben , Ndaya Dennis , Kasi Rajeswari M.
Published: April 2021

We describe the influence of competing self-organizing phenomena on the formation of cholesteric mesophase in liquid crystalline brush block terpolymers (LCBBTs) and liquid crystalline random brush terpolymers (LCRBTs) containing chromonic molecules.
Hyaluronic acid–green tea catechin conjugates as a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Lee Fan , Bae Ki Hyun , Ng Shengyong , Yamashita Atsushi , Kurisawa Motoichi
Published: April 2021

Macromolecular HA–EGCG conjugates undergo targeted internalization by CD44-overexpressing fibroblast-like synoviocytes and subsequently cause H2O2-induced cell death and inhibition of IL-6 secretion, thereby suppressing the progression of arthritis.
Amphiphilic polymer-encapsulated Au nanoclusters with enhanced emission and stability for highly selective detection of hypochlorous acid
Authors: Li Yiling , Yi Shuxiao , Lei Zhongli , Xiao Yan
Published: April 2021

Amphiphilic polymer-encapsulated Au nanoclusters with enhanced emission and stability were synthesized and used for the sensitive and selective detection of hypochlorous acid.
Understanding how Lewis acids dope organic semiconductors: a “complex” story
Authors: Marqués Pablo Simón , Londi Giacomo , Yurash Brett , Nguyen Thuc-Quyen , Barlow Stephen , Marder Seth R. , Beljonne David
Published: April 2021

Here we report on DFT calculations investigating the mechanistic aspects in doping organic semiconductors by the use of Lewis acids. Our results highlight the role played by the formation of diboron-containing bridged anions in the doping mechanism.
Catalyst design in C–H activation: a case study in the use of binding free energies to rationalise intramolecular directing group selectivity in iridium catalysis
Authors: Kerr William J. , Knox Gary J. , Reid Marc , Tuttle Tell
Published: April 2021

In C–H activation chemistries, the interpretation of the influence of remote directing groups in a bifunctional molecule depends on the in silico method used to inform catalyst design.
The synergistic role of the photosensitivity effect and extended space charge region in an inorganic–organic WO3/PANI photoanode for efficient PEC water splitting
Authors: Hao Zhichao , Ruan Mengnan , Guo Zhengang , Yan Weiguo , Wu Xiangfeng , Liu Zhifeng
Published: April 2021

The predicaments of poor carrier separation and light absorption need to be overcome in order to maximize the preeminent performances of WO3 in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting.
A pair of particles in inertial microfluidics: effect of shape, softness, and position
Authors: Patel Kuntal , Stark Holger
Published: April 2021

Lab-on-a-chip devices based on inertial microfluidics have emerged as a promising technique to manipulate particles in a precise way. Here, we study the coupled dynamics of soft-particle pairs.
A Na-containing Pt cocatalyst for efficient visible-light-induced hydrogen evolution on BaTaO2N
Authors: Li Huihui , Lu Daling , Chen Shanshan , Hisatomi Takashi , Vequizo Junie Jhon M. , Xiao Jiadong , Wang Zheng , Lin Lihua , Xiao Qi , Sun Yuliang , Miseki Yugo , Sayama Kazuhiro , Yamakata Akira , Takata Tsuyoshi , Domen Kazunari
Published: April 2021

A well-dispersed Pt cocatalyst obtained using Na as a promoter provides enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over BaTaO2N under visible light.
A Phenotypic Comparison of Loudness and Pain Hyperacusis: Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Associated Features in a Multinational Patient Registry
Authors: Williams Zachary J. , Suzman Evan , Woynaroski Tiffany G.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Hyperacusis is a complex and poorly understood auditory disorder characterized by decreased tolerance to sound at levels that would not trouble most individuals. Recently, it has been suggested that individuals who experience otalgia in response to everyday sounds (termed
pain hyperacusis
) may differ clinically from those whose primary symptom is the perception of everyday sounds as excessively loud (termed
loudness hyperacusis
). Despite this theoretical distinction, there have been no empirical studies directly comparing these two populations of hyperacusis patients.

Method

Using data from a multinational patient registry (the Coordination of Rare Diseases at Sanford Registry), we examined self-reported demographics, symptoms, comorbidity, and response to treatment in a sample of 243 adults with hyperacusis, 152 of whom were classified as having pain hyperacusis based on reported symptoms. Bayesian statistical tests were used to investigate both the presence and absence of group differences between patients with loudness and pain hyperacusis.

Results

Individuals with pain hyperacusis presented with a more severe clinical phenotype, reporting a higher frequency of temporary symptom exacerbations (i.e., “setbacks”), less perceived symptom improvement over time, more severe comorbid headache disorders, and reduced benefit from sound therapy. However, the two hypothesized hyperacusis subtypes exhibited more similarities than differences, with the majority of symptoms and comorbidities being equally prevalent across groups. Multiple comorbidities were commonly observed, including tinnitus, primary headache disorders, psychiatric disorders, and functional somatic syndromes. Intolerance of sensory stimuli in other modalities was also frequently reported.

Conclusion

Although this study provides little evidence that loudness and pain hyperacusis are pathophysiologically distinct conditions, our findings indicate that a pain-predominant phenotype may be a meaningful prognostic marker in patients with hyperacusis.
Learning With and Without Feedback in Children With Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Arbel Yael , Fitzpatrick Isabel , He Xinyi
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Intervention provided to school-age children with developmental language disorder often relies on the provision of performance feedback, yet it is unclear whether children with this disorder benefit from feedback-based learning. The study evaluates the effect of performance feedback on learning in children with developmental language disorder.

Method

Thirteen 8- to 12-year-old children with developmental language disorder and 14 age- and gender-matched children with typical language development completed two learning tasks whose objective was to pair nonword novel names with novel objects. The two tasks differed in the presence of performance feedback to guide learning. Learning outcomes on immediate and follow-up tests were compared between the feedback-based and feedback-free tasks. Additionally, an electrophysiological marker of feedback processing was compared between children with and without developmental language disorder.

Results

Children with developmental language disorder demonstrated poorer learning outcomes on both tasks when compared with their peers, but both groups achieved better accuracy on the
feedback-free
task when compared with the
feedback-based
task. Within the feedback-based task, children were more likely to repeat a correct response than to change it after positive feedback but were as likely to repeat an error as they were to correct it after receiving negative feedback. While children with typical language elicited a feedback-related negativity with greater amplitude to negative feedback, this event-related potential had no amplitude differences between positive and negative feedback in children with developmental language disorder.

Conclusions

Findings indicate that 8- to 12-year-old children benefit more from a feedback-free learning environment and that negative feedback is not as effective as positive feedback in facilitating learning in children. The behavioral and electrophysiological data provide evidence that feedback processing is impaired in children with developmental language disorders. Future research should evaluate feedback-based learning in children with this disorder using other learning paradigms.
The Palatal Closure Efficiency Index: A New Speaker-Centered Aerodynamic Metric for the Evaluation of Velopharyngeal Function During Speech
Authors: Zajac David J. , Powell Juliana , Perotta Laura
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Pressure-flow testing provides clinicians with estimates of velopharyngeal (VP) gap size during speech production. Traditionally, adequacy of VP function has been based on absolute area criteria. This clinical focus article provides a brief overview of pressure-flow testing and introduces the palatal closure efficiency index, a speaker-centered metric to interpret findings.

Conclusions

The palatal closure efficiency index provides information on a speaker's ability to achieve VP closure during oral plosives relative to his/her own VP opening during a nasal consonant. This approach provides both clinicians and patients with more meaningful information to interpret pressure-flow findings for both diagnostic and treatment outcome purposes.
Energy partition in a confined flare with an extreme-ultraviolet late phase
Authors: Zhang Q. M. , Cheng J. X. , Dai Y. , Tam K. V. , Xu A. A.
Published: April 2021

Aims. In this paper, we reanalyze the M1.2 confined flare with a large extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) late phase on 2011 September 9, with a focus on its energy partition.

Methods. The flare was observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The three-dimensional (3D) magnetic fields of the active region 11283 prior to the flare were obtained using nonlinear force free field modeling and the vector magnetograms observed by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the SDO. Properties of the nonthermal electrons injected into the chromosphere were obtained from the hard X-ray observations of the Ramaty Hight Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). Soft X-ray fluxes of the flare were recorded by the GOES spacecraft. Irradiance in 1−70 Å and 70−370 Å were measured by the EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) on board the SDO. We calculated various energy components of the flare.

Results. The radiation (∼5.4 × 1030 erg) in 1−70 Å is nearly eleven times larger than the radiation in 70−370 Å, and is nearly 180 times larger than the radiation in 1−8 Å. The peak thermal energy of the post-flare loops is estimated to be (1.7−1.8) × 1030 erg based on a simplified schematic cartoon. Based on previous results of the enthalpy-based thermal evolution of loops (EBTEL) simulation, the energy inputs in the main flaring loops and late-phase loops are (1.5−3.8) × 1029 erg and 7.7 × 1029 erg, respectively. The nonthermal energy ((1.7−2.2) × 1030 erg) of the flare-accelerated electrons is comparable to the peak thermal energy and is sufficient to provide the energy input of the main flaring loops and late-phase loops. The magnetic free energy (9.1 × 1031 erg) before flare is large enough to provide the heating requirement and radiation, indicating that the magnetic free energy is sufficient to power the flare.
Star formation around three co-moving HAeBe stars in the Cepheus Flare
Authors: Saha P. , Maheswar G. , Mathew B. , Kamath U. S.
Published: April 2021

Context. The presence of three more Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) candidates in the Cepheus Flare within a 1.5° radius centered on HD 200775 suggests that star formation is prevalent in a wider region of the LDN 1147/1158, LDN 1172/1174, and LDN 1177 clouds. A number of young stellar objects (YSOs) are found to be distributed toward these cloud complexes along with the HAeBe stars. Various star formation studies clearly indicate ongoing low-mass star formation inside the clouds of this region. Sources associated with less near-infrared excess and less Hα emission raise the possibility that more low-mass YSOs, which were not identified in previous studies, are present in this region.

Aims. The aim is to conduct a search for additional young sources that are kinematically associated with the previously known YSOs and to characterize their properties.

Methods. Based on the Gaia DR2 distances and proper motions, we found that the HAeBe candidates BD+68°1118, HD 200775, and PV Cep are all spatially and kinematically associated with previously known YSOs. Based on the Gaia DR2 data, we identified a number of co-moving sources around BD+68°1118. These sources are characterized using optical and near-infrared color-color and color-magnitude diagrams.

Results. We estimated a distance of 340 ± 7 pc to the whole association that contains BD+68°1118, HD 200775, and PV Cep. Based on the distance and proper motions of all the known YSOs, a total of 74 additional co-moving sources are found in this region, of which 39 form a loose association surrounding BD+68°1118. These sources are predominantly M-type sources with ages of ∼10 Myr and no or very little near-infrared excess emission. The distribution of co-moving sources around BD+68°1118 is much more scattered than that of sources found around HD 200775. The positive expansion coefficients obtained via the projected internal motions of the sources surrounding BD+68°1118 and HD 200775 show that the co-moving sources are in a state of expansion with respect to their HAeBe stars. A spatio-temporal gradient of these sources toward the center of the Cepheus Flare Shell supports the concept of star formation triggered by external impacts.
A search for radio emission from double-neutron star merger GW190425 using Apertif
Authors: Boersma O. M. , van Leeuwen J. , Adams E. A. K. , Adebahr B. , Kutkin A. , Oosterloo T. , de Blok W. J. G. , van den Brink R. , Coolen A. H. W. M. , Connor L. , Damstra S. , Dénes H. , Hess K. M. , van der Hulst J. M. , Hut B. , Ivashina M. , Loose G. M. , Lucero D. M. , Maan Y. , Mika Á. , Moss V. A. , Mulder H. , Oostrum L. C. , Ruiter M. , van der Schuur D. , Smits R. , Vermaas N. J. , Vohl D. , Ziemke J.
Published: April 2021

Context. Detection of the electromagnetic emission from coalescing binary neutron stars (BNS) is important for understanding the merger and afterglow.

Aims. We present a search for a radio counterpart to the gravitational-wave (GW) source GW190425, a BNS merger, using Apertif on the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT).

Methods. We observed a field of high probability in the associated localisation region for three epochs at ΔT = 68, 90, 109 d post merger. We identified all sources that exhibit flux variations consistent with the expected afterglow emission of GW190425. We also looked for possible transients. These are sources that are only present in one epoch. In addition, we quantified our ability to search for radio afterglows in the fourth and future observing runs of the GW detector network using Monte Carlo simulations.

Results. We found 25 afterglow candidates based on their variability. None of these could be associated with a possible host galaxy at the luminosity distance of GW190425. We also found 55 transient afterglow candidates that were only detected in one epoch. All of these candidates turned out to be image artefacts. In the fourth observing run, we predict that up to three afterglows will be detectable by Apertif.

Conclusions. While we did not find a source related to the afterglow emission of GW190425, the search validates our methods for future searches of radio afterglows.
Il était une fois des sociétés qui stockaient du carbone en ville : processus de formation et implications sociétales des terres noires urbaines de l’Europe médiévale (Ve−XIe s.).
Authors: Borderie Quentin , Wouters Barbora , Banerjea Rowena , Nicosia Cristiano , Schutz Grégory , Gama Franck , Augry Stéphane , Wech Pierre
Published: April 2021

Le sous-sol des villes est structuré par plusieurs millénaires d’interactions société-environnement, qui ont créé les strates et sols urbains dont la puissance sédimentaire peut aujourd’hui dépasser une dizaine de mètres. Depuis une trentaine d’années, le développement de la géoarchéologie des environnements artificialisés, et l’application des géosciences à ces formations anthropogènes, a permis de caractériser les processus pédo-sédimentaires et les systèmes d’activités qui en sont à l’origine. Ainsi, il est possible de constater que les strates des Ve–XIe siècles sont majoritairement caractérisées par des couches de terre sombre, d’apparence homogène, épaisses de plusieurs dizaines de centimètres, voire de plusieurs mètres, qui se rencontrent dans tous les espaces urbains anciens d’Europe, depuis Moscou jusqu’à Séville. Cet article présente une synthèse des résultats obtenus par l’étude systématique de ces terres noires, à l’échelle de l’Europe. Les résultats ont été acquis en associant une approche géo-archéologique à des fouilles archéologiques détaillées, et l’application des méthodes de l’archéo-pédologie, de la sédimentologie, de la micromorphologie, de la géochimie (métaux lourds, matières organiques) sur les stratifications archéologiques. Sur plus d’une centaine de sites étudiés en Grande-Bretagne, en Belgique, en France, en Italie, il a été possible de constater que les processus conduisant à la formation de terres noires sont très nombreux, tous liés à une occupation humaine des lieux. La bioturbation joue un rôle important dans la structuration de ces dépôts, conduisant à l’effacement partiel des anciennes interfaces sédimentaires. Les terres noires sont très riches en matières organiques, en déchets issus d’activités humaines domestiques, artisanales, en excréments, ainsi qu’en matériaux architecturaux dégradés. Les terres noires présentent des teneurs en carbone organique très élevées par rapport aux autres formations urbaines anciennes, comprises entre 9 et 35,9 mg/kg. Elles sont polluées au phosphore (jusqu’à 20,34 g/kg) et aux métaux lourds. Les concentrations en plomb atteignent 1830 mg/kg. Ces données permettent de mieux comprendre le comportement urbain des sociétés du début du Moyen Âge, dans leur gestion des déchets, leur rapport à la matérialité des surfaces sur lesquelles elles circulent et comment s’organisent les activités dans les villes.
Anatomy and evolution of the Astoin diapiric complex, sub-Alpine fold-and-thrust belt (France)
Authors: Célini Naïm , Callot Jean-Paul , Ringenbach Jean-Claude , Graham Rodney
Published: April 2021

The structure of the southwestern branch of the Alpine orogen is affected by the extensive Late Triassic evaporites. These evaporites have been involved in polyphased salt tectonics since the early Liassic, coeval with the Tethyan rifting, and are the décollement level for thrusts in the external parts during Alpine orogeny. The role of salt tectonics in this branch of the Alpine arc is re-evaluated in order to determine the relative importance of early deformation related to salt motion with respect to deformation related to main Alpine compressional events. This paper focuses on one structure identified as diapiric since the 1930’s: the Astoin diapir (Goguel, 1939). Analysis of geological maps together with new field work have allowed to better define diapirism in the Upper Triassic evaporites outcrops around Astoin. Study of the diapir and the surrounding depocenters reveals a major involvement of salt in the structuration of the area, since the Liassic. Several salt ridges are linked to a main diapiric structure, explaining why we call it the “diapiric complex” of Astoin. Salt tectonics was initiated during the Liassic rifting, and a few locations show evidence of reactive diapirism whereas in others evidence of passive diapirism as early as the Liassic is seen. Passive diapirism continued during the post-rift stage of Alpine margin history in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous when an allochthonous salt sheet was emplaced. Diapirism also occurred during the Oligocene while the Alpine foreland basin was developing in this part of the European margin of the Alps. Serial interpretative cross-sections have been drawn in order to illustrate the lateral variations of diapirism and structural style. Sequential evolutions for each cross-section are proposed to reconstruct the diapiric complex evolution through time. The Astoin diapir shows a complex structural framework with an important along-strike variation of diapiric activity. Most of the geometries are inherited from salt tectonics that occurred during extension, and in some places these early structures are overprinted by Alpine compressional structures.
The simplest binary word with only three squares
Authors: Gabric Daniel , Shallit Jeffrey
Published: April 2021

We re-examine previous constructions of infinite binary words containing few distinct squares with the goal of finding the “simplest”, in a certain sense. We exhibit several new constructions. Rather than using tedious case-based arguments to prove that the constructions have the desired property, we rely instead on theorem-proving software for their correctness.
Aktuelles zu den häufigen Schwindelsyndromen: Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Zwergal Andreas , Dieterich Marianne
Published: April 2021

Die 8 häufigsten Schwindelsyndrome liegen über 70% aller Schwindelpräsentationen zugrunde. Bei den akuten (meist einzeitigen) Schwindelsyndromen sind die akute unilaterale Vestibulopathie und der vestibuläre Schlaganfall von besonderer Bedeutung, bei den episodischen Schwindelerkrankungen der gutartige Lagerungsschwindel, der Morbus Menière und die vestibuläre Migräne und bei chronischem Schwindel die bilaterale Vestibulopathie/Presbyvestibulopathie, der funktionelle Schwindel und der zerebelläre Schwindel. In der letzten Dekade wurden für die häufigsten Schwindelsyndrome international konsentierte diagnostische Kriterien und Krankheitsbezeichnungen erarbeitet, die einfach im klinischen Alltag angewendet werden können. Die diagnostischen Leitlinien beruhen überwiegend auf einer gezielten Anamnese (Beginn, Dauer, Verlauf, Trigger, Begleitsymptome), klinischen Untersuchung und wenigen apparativen Verfahren zur Diagnosesicherung (vor allem mittels Videookulographie und Audiometrie). Die Therapie der häufigen Schwindelsyndrome basiert in der Regel auf einer Kombination aus physikalischen Verfahren (Lagerungsmanöver, multimodales Gleichgewichtstraining) und pharmakologischen Prinzipien (u.a. Kortikosteroide, Antiepileptika, Antidepressiva, Kaliumkanalblockern, plastizitätsfördernde Medikamente). Allerdings fehlt meist eine hochwertige Evidenz aus prospektiven und kontrollierten Studien. In der klinischen Praxis lassen sich die häufigen Schwindelsyndrome oft effektiv behandeln, sodass eine Chronifizierung oder sekundäre Komorbidität (durch Immobilität, Stürze oder psychiatrische Erkrankungen wie Angst oder Depression) vermieden werden kann.
Syntheses of Heterocycle-2,3-Fused Indoline and Azaindoline ­Derivatives
Authors: Nishi Takahide , Mishima Naoki , Kato Haruna , Yamada Koji
Published: April 2021

We describe a practical method for synthesizing heterocycle-2,3-fused indoline or azaindoline derivatives through haloetherification and cyclization. We applied this method in syntheses of six- to eight-membered heterocycle-2,3-fused indoline and azaindoline derivatives. These derivatives, which contain sp3-hybridized carbons, might be useful as new scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
Excision of Colloid Cyst through Interhemispheric, Transcallosal, Transcavum, Interfornicial Approach
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Sadashiva Nishanth
Published: April 2021

Colloid cysts (CC) occur predominantly in the midline with majority involving roof of the third ventricle. In cases of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), the surgeon can lose orientation when normal intraventricular structures are not encountered during surgery. We report a patient with CSP, who underwent right frontal parasagittal craniotomy, interhemispheric, transcallosal approach to reach the lesion. Lesion may not be seen in its usual location of foramen of Monroe, and entering the cavum may be confusing because no intraventricular landmarks will be seen. Excision of the cyst through the cavum usually requires interfornicial approach, and this structure must be separated gently to avoid injury.
Twin Vaginal Deliveries in Labor Rooms: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Mei Jenny Y. , Mallampati Divya , Pluym Ilina D. , Han Christina S. , Afshar Yalda
Published: April 2021

Objective Twin vaginal deliveries (VDs) are often performed in the operating room (OR) given the theoretical risk of conversion to cesarean delivery (CD) for the aftercoming twin. We aim to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of performing VDs for twin gestations in the labor and delivery room (LDR) versus OR.

Study Design We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision-analysis model that compared the costs and effectiveness of two strategies of twin deliveries undergoing a trial of labor: (1) intended delivery in the LDR and 2) delivery in the OR. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess strength and validity of the model. Primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) defined as cost needed to gain 1 quality-adjusted life year (QALY).

Results In the base-case scenario, where 7% of deliveries resulted in conversion to CD for twin B, attempting to deliver twins in the LDR was the most cost-effective strategy. For every QALY gained by delivering in the OR, 243,335 USD would need to be spent (ICER). In univariate sensitivity analyses, the most cost-effective strategy shifted to delivering in the OR when the following was true: (1) probability of successful VD was less than 86%, (2) probability of neonatal morbidity after emergent CD exceeded 3.5%, (3) cost of VD in an LDR exceeded 10,500 USD, (4) cost of CD was less than 10,000 USD, or (5) probability of neonatal death from emergent CD exceeded 2.8%. Assuming a willingness to pay of 100,000 USD per neonatal QALY gained, attempted VD in the LDR was cost effective in 51% of simulations in the Monte Carlo analysis.

Conclusion Twin VDs in the LDR are cost effective based on current neonatal outcome data, taking into account gestational age and associated morbidity. Further investigation is needed to elucidate impact of cost and outcomes on optimal utilization of resources.

Key Points
Does Fetal Growth Adequacy Affect the Nutritional Composition of Mothers' Milk?: A Historical Cohort Study
Authors: Correia Lia , Cardoso Manuela , Papoila Ana Luísa , Alves Marta , Virella Daniel , Ramalho Renata , Pereira Paula , Macedo Israel , Tomé Teresa , Cohen Álvaro , Pereira-da-Silva Luís
Published: April 2021

Objective The study aimed to assess the association between intrauterine growth of preterm infants and energy and macronutrient contents in their mothers' milk.

Study Design A historical cohort of mothers of preterm infants was assessed according to offspring's intrauterine growth. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) was defined as small-for-gestational age or appropriate for gestational age with fetal growth deceleration. During the first 4 weeks after delivery, the composition of daily pool samples of mothers' milk was measured by using a mid-infrared human milk analyzer. Explanatory models for milk energy, true protein, total carbohydrate, and fat contents were obtained by generalized additive mixed effects regression models.

Results In total, 127 milk samples were analyzed from 73 mothers who delivered 92 neonates. Energy content was significantly higher in mothers with chronic hypertension (average: +6.28 kcal/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–12.01; p = 0.034) and for extremely preterm compared with very preterm infants (average: +5.95 kcal/dL; 95% CI: 2.16–9.73; p = 0.003), and weakly associated with single pregnancies (average: +3.38 kcal/dL; 95% CI: 0.07–6.83; p = 0.057). True protein content was significantly higher in mothers with chronic hypertension (average: +0.91 g/dL; 95% CI: 0.63–1.19; p < 0.001) and with hypertension induced by pregnancy (average: +0.25 g/dL, 95% CI: 0.07–0.44; p = 0.007), and for extremely preterm compared with very and moderate preterm infants (average: +0.19; 95% CI: 0.01–0.38; p = 0.043 and +0.28 g/dL; 95% CI: 0.05–0.51; p = 0.017, respectively). Fat content was weakly and negatively associated with FGR, both in SGA infants and AGA infants with fetal growth deceleration (average: −0.44 g/dL; 95% CI: −0.92 to −0.05; p = 0.079 and average: −0.36 g/dL; 95% CI: −0.74 to −0.02; p = 0.066, respectively).

Conclusion Energy and macronutrient contents in mothers' milk of preterm infants was significantly and positively associated with the degree of prematurity and hypertension. The hypothesis that the composition of milk is associated with FGR was not demonstrated.

Key Points
Kolumne: Was wird die neue Normalität?
Authors: Pietzuch Thomas
Published: April 2021

Für die meisten Unternehmen aus dem Life-Science-Sektor liegt zwischen dem vergangenen und dem aktuellen Frühjahr ein spannender Entwicklungs- und Anpassungsprozess. Musste auf die Herausforderungen der ersten Pandemiewelle vor allem schnell reagiert werden, können wir inzwischen auf einen beträchtlichen Lernprozess zurückgreifen.
Power increases using wind direction spatial filtering for wind farm control: Evaluation using FLORIS, modified for dynamic settings
Authors: Sinner M. , Simley E. , King J. , Fleming P. , Pao L. Y.
Published: April 2021

As wind energy plays a growing role in the energy sector, new methods for controlling wind turbines and wind farms to maximize performance are garnering industry interest. A developing body of research treats the entire wind farm as a control system, with individual turbines acting as agents in a network, allowing farm-level objectives to be considered. Two promising developments in this research are wake steering control, which seeks to increase the power generated at a wind farm by directing the wakes of upstream turbines away from downstream ones, and communication-based spatial filtering, which seeks to improve the quality of information used by turbine- and farm-level controllers by combining measurements of the wind field collected at the individual turbines. The latter method has been shown to improve the estimates of wind direction at the turbines; however, the resulting potential for increased power capture warrants further investigation. With this paper, we begin to address this gap by combining wake steering with wind direction spatial filtering. To do so, we present a preliminary method for assessing the power capture of dynamic controllers using wind farm codes designed for time-averaged simulation. This allows us to generate results much more rapidly than would be possible using high-fidelity wind farm simulators and may be useful in many wind farm control design applications.
Comparative study of thermoplasmonic effects of gold and silver metal nanoparticle
Authors: Pathak Nilesh Kumar , Sarathi Partha , Pandey Gyanendra Krishna
Published: April 2021

We investigated the plasmonic heating effect of noble metal nanoparticles in a water environment using the first-principles approach. In this approach, we have solved the heat transfer equation in the steady state to obtain the heat generation and temperature profile corresponding to two different types of metals. Metals exhibited a surface plasmon resonance property in which maximum absorption of light for smaller size nanoparticles is observed, which can be used to heat up the surrounding environment. Inspired by the same, we have simulated the absorption cross section of different sizes of a metal nanosphere and observed the threshold value of the radius below which absorption is dominant. The maximum absorption of light by the nanosphere produces a hotspot, which can be visualized in terms of the electric field distribution plot. This electric field distribution profile of silver and gold metal nanoparticles is computed under the resonance wavelength using the boundary element method The results thus obtained in terms of the optical cross section are compared with those of the numerical model to establish their veracity. These theoretical works aim to further develop the fundamental understanding of the heating mechanism of plasmonic geometries, which can be used in several applications.
Three-dimensional multiple-relaxation-time discrete Boltzmann model of compressible reactive flows with nonequilibrium effects
Authors: Ji Yu , Lin Chuandong , Luo Kai H.
Published: April 2021

Based on the kinetic theory, a three-dimensional multiple-relaxation-time discrete Boltzmann model (DBM) is proposed for nonequilibrium compressible reactive flows where both the Prandtl number and specific heat ratio are freely adjustable. There are 30 kinetic moments of the discrete distribution functions, and an efficient three-dimensional thirty-velocity model is utilized. Through the Chapman–Enskog analysis, the reactive Navier–Stokes equations can be recovered from the DBM. Unlike existing lattice Boltzmann models for reactive flows, the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic fields are fully coupled in the DBM to simulate combustion in subsonic, supersonic, and potentially hypersonic flows. In addition, both hydrodynamic and thermodynamic nonequilibrium effects can be obtained and quantified handily in the evolution of the discrete Boltzmann equation. Several well-known benchmarks are adopted to validate the model, including chemical reactions in the free falling process, thermal Couette flow, one-dimensional steady or unsteady detonation, and a three-dimensional spherical explosion in an enclosed cube. It is shown that the proposed DBM has the capability to simulate both subsonic and supersonic fluid flows with or without chemical reactions.
Online recognition method of partial discharge pattern for transformer bushings based on small sample ultra-micro-CNN network
Authors: Liu Yanxia , Hu Meizhen , Dai Quanmin , Le Haifeng , Liu Ying
Published: April 2021

Oil impregnated paper bushing is the key equipment connecting a transformer and a power grid. Insulation deterioration may cause partial discharge, which poses a great threat to the safe operation of power systems. In order to realize the online diagnosis for partial discharge and automatic identification of insulation defects of transformer bushings, an ultra-micro-convolutional neural network with only more than 3000 parameters is designed, which adaptively extracts partial discharge characteristics based on small samples, so as to judge the defect category and the reasons. The accuracy rate can reach 97.1%, the computational complexity is lower, the real-time performance is stronger, and it can be easily deployed on various embedded platforms.
Surface gravity waves on randomly irregular floor and the telegrapher’s equation
Authors: Cáceres Manuel O.
Published: April 2021

The simplest model for the evolution of the mean-value of a surface gravity wave propagating in a random bottom has been connected with the telegrapher’s equation. This analysis is based on the comparison of the mean-value solution of dispersive plane-wave modes propagating in a binary exponential-correlated disordered floor with the solution of the homogeneous telegrapher’s equation. Analytical results for the exact dispersion-relation are presented. In addition, the time-dependent analysis of mean-value monochromatic waves is also shown.
Fatty acid profile, silymarin content and production properties of milk thistle (
Authors: Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Shafiei-Koij Fariba , Pirnajmedin Fatemeh , Jami Mina , Radan Zahra
Published: April 2021

Drought stress has an adverse effect on crop production and food quality. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) is an oil and medicinal crop known as an alternative oil crop with high level of unsaturated fatty acids, which makes it a favourable edible oil for use in food production. Silymarin (a mixture of flavonolignans) is the main active medicinal component. Biochemical diversity, changes induced by water deficit stress in secondary metabolites, and their relationships with production traits in native germplasm are poorly understood in milk thistle. Twenty-six ecotypes mainly collected from different regions of Iran were evaluated for oil, fatty acid profile, triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, silymarin and agro-morphological traits under non-stress and water stress conditions for 2 years. Water stress increased oil and silymarin content while decreasing fruit yield and related traits. The most abundant fatty acid averaged over all ecotypes under both moisture conditions was linoleic acid (L, 39%), followed by oleic acid (O, 36%), palmitic acid (P, 9%) and stearic acid (E, 6%). Among the 24 detected TAGs, the five major compositions were OOL, OLL + OOLn (linolenic), POL, OOO, LLL + OLLn and EOL. Superior ecotypes rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified and can be introduced as candidates for food, medicinal and industrial purposes. Associations among different attributes are discussed.
Sarah Elizabeth Smith 1941–2019
Authors: Smith F. Andrew , Cavagnaro Tim , Dickson Sandy
Published: April 2021

Sally Smith (1941–2019) was a world leader in the study of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses between plants and soil fungi that allow a wide range of plants to grow in soils low in nutrients, especially phosphate (Fig. 1). Her work has been relevant to both plant ecology and agricultural productivity. Sally obtained a tenurable position at the University of Adelaide after many years’ employment on short-term contracts. She rapidly developed a large and active group that researched at scales ranging from advanced microscopy through molecular biology and physiology to plant ecology. Sally established long-standing international collaborations and was awarded many honours. She was a keen cook and gardener, and became an avid birdwatcher, travelling the world with her husband Andrew in pursuit of their hobby. Fig. 1.  Sally on her election to the Australian Academy of Science, 2001. Photographer unknown. Reproduced with the permission of the Australian Academy of Science.
Cocksfoot mottle virus (Cocksfoot mottle virus).
Authors: Hodge Brian A. , Stewart Lucy R.
Published: April 2021

Cocksfoot mottle virus (CfMV) is distributed in the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Invasiveness through introduction outside of Europe is probable.
Meloidogyne ethiopica (Root-knot nematode).
Authors: Carneiro Regina Maria Dechechi Gomes , Carneiro Marina Dechechi Gomes
Published: April 2021

M. ethiopica is a polyphagous pest and classed as a tropical and temperate root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Strajnar et al., 2011). M. ethiopica is considered a damaging species as it can multiply on many different types of plants (including both dicotyledons and monocotyledons). Originally considered a tropical species, it has been shown to survive outdoors in temperate areas also. The distribution in Africa is unknown. Only in Chile is it considered an invasive nematode. In Chile it occurs over a range of ca 1000 km and has been detected from the Copiapó valley, ca 800 km north of Santiago, to Talca, ca 250 km south of Santiago and it is found on grapevine (Vitis vinifera), kiwi (Actinida deliciosa C.) and potatoes in 80% of samples (Carneiro et al., 2007) collected in this area. It was introduced in Brazil from Chile on kiwi seedlings, and despite not being invasive in Brazil it has caused serious economic problems to grapevine in Chile (Carneiro et al., 2007). Recently, this species has also been recorded on asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in Peru (Murga-Gutierrezet al., 2012). In Europe it has been detected only in Slovenia, on greenhouse tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) (Širca et al., 2004). It was added to the EPPO Alert List in 2011.
Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.
Authors: Liefting Lia
Published: April 2021

Phytoplasmas are wall-less, phloem-limited unculturable bacteria that are naturally spread by sap-sucking insects. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', subgroup 16SrXII-B, is associated with a wide range of diseases in Australia and New Zealand. Important commercial crop hosts of 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' include grapevine, papaya and strawberry. This phytoplasma is associated with rapid death of its papaya and cabbage tree hosts. In New Zealand, the insect vectors have been confirmed to be the endemic Cixiid planthoppers, Zeoliarus atkinsoni and Z. oppositus, while in Australia no vector has yet been determined, although the leafhopper, Orosius argentatus, has been implicated. Long distance spread of the phytoplasma is possible through infected vegetative propagating material. 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' is on the A1 list of regulated organisms for Canada and Bahrain, and is listed as a quarantine pest for the USA.
Alternaria passiflorae (brown spot of passionfruit).
Authors: Doy Marion
Published: April 2021

Total crop failure can occur under favourable environmental conditions if A. passiflorae is not controlled (Amata et al., 2011).
Caesalpinia violacea (brasiletto).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro
Published: April 2021

A datasheet on Caesalpinia violacea covering, as an economically important tree, its taxonomy, importance, silviculture, distribution, biology and ecology, uses, products and pests.
Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa
Published: April 2021

A datasheet on Trachelospermum jasminoides covering, as an economically important tree, its taxonomy, importance, silviculture, distribution, biology and ecology, uses, products and pests.
Thermal design and optimization of high-pressure helium heat exchanger
Authors: Xie SY , Lyu BK , Xu D , Li LF
Published: April 2021

Helium at a temperature of 20K and high pressure is widely used as a gas source for cryogenic products. In the past, helium was usually cooled by liquid hydrogen immersion. This method needs to consume lots of liquid hydrogen and has poor safety. The cooling time is also too long. This paper designs a high-pressure helium heat exchanger to obtain and store helium with 20K at 35MPa required by a certain system. The heat exchanger can not only meet the gas requirements but also can control the cooling time within 48 hours.