bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artigo bibliográfico após a (antropologia/sociologia da) religião, o secularismo?
Authors: Dullo Eduardo
Published: December 2012

O presente ensaio apresenta ao público brasileiro, a partir de duas coletâneas - Varieties of secularism in a secular age (2010) e Rethinking secularism (2011) - o recente debate sobre o secularismo. Os diversos autores pretendem seguir a crítica de Charles Taylor em A secular age (2007), em que questiona a tese da retração da religião das diversas esferas sociais sem que as mesmas sofram profundas alterações, isto é, ignorando seu caráter relacional. O principal argumento mobilizado é, nesse sentido, a necessidade de reavaliar a dicotomia secular/religioso, compreendendo a mútua constituição dos polos, bem como o efeito desta dicotomia em países fora do "mundo do Atlântico Norte", de tradição judaico-cristã. Diferencia-se, assim, "secularização", "secularismo" e "secular" como três fenômenos relacionados, mas não homogêneos. A proposta subjacente, de pesquisas sobre a "formação do secular", reivindica, portanto, uma análise da positividade do secular ao invés da simples ausência do religioso.
Ensaio de migração de cloretos para concreto: influência do número de fatias extraídas
Authors: Medeiros Marcelo Henrique Farias de , Borba André Yukio , Hoppe Filho Juarez , Helene Paulo Roberto do Lago
Published: December 2012

Ensaios de migração de cloretos são usados para mensurar a capacidade do concreto em inibir o ataque por cloretos. Muitos pesquisadores realizam esse ensaio em uma fatia de concreto extraída da parte central dos corpos de prova cilíndricos, descartando cerca de 75% do concreto usado para moldar os corpos de prova. Esse fato gerou a questão: Seria possível extrair mais fatias de um mesmo corpo de prova sem se perder a confiança nos resultados? O principal objetivo desse trabalho é responder a essa pergunta. Outro objetivo desse estudo foi mostrar a diferença da penetração de cloretos entre as faces finais e as superfícies internas das vigas e lajes de concreto. Os resultados indicaram que é possível usar mais fatias de um único corpo de prova para um teste de migração de cloretos. Além disso, foi demonstrado que houve significativa diferença da penetração de cloretos entre as superfícies acabadas (com desempenadeira - topo do corpo de prova) e as superfícies provenientes das paredes das fôrmas (base do corpo de prova).
The rheology of banded iron formation: constraints from axial compression experiments
Authors: Gonçalves Cristiane Castro , Hirth Greg , Lagoeiro Leonardo
Published: December 2012

Samples of Banded Iron Formation (BIF) with different quartz and hematite contents were deformed in axial compression experiments in a Griggs-type apparatus, at T = 900ºC, P =1.5 GPa and strain rates of 10-5 and 10-6 s-1. The aim is to investigate the mineral phase that controls the rheology of multi-phase rocks and to determine the processes that control the observed rock strength. BIF samples from Quadrilátero Ferrífero region-Brazil were cored perpendicular to the foliation, which is defined by parallel bands of quartz and iron oxide. Sample strength decreases with increasing hematite content and decreasing strain rate. At a strain rate of 10-5 s-1, samples with well-developed compositional banding showed higher strength. At the slower strain rate of 10-6 s-1 no difference between samples with or without compositional banding is observed. For comparison, at 10-6 s-1, the highest quartz content sample is as weak as the highest hematite content sample at 10-5 s-1. Strain is localized in hematite-rich layers. One intriguing observation is that quartz grains within the more deformed hematite-rich bands show more evidence for crystal-plastic deformation than grains in quartz-rich bands.
Kimberlito vargem-1 (Coromandel, MG): bulk sample confirma mineralização diamantífera
Authors: Chaves Mario Luiz de Sá C.
Published: December 2012

O kimberlito Vargem-1, a sudeste de Coromandel (MG), ocorre sob o leito e margens do Rio Santo Inácio, o qual possui depósitos aluvionares lavrados desde longa data. Entretanto, a presença de diamantes na intrusão foi sempre questionada, pois teria uma química mineral desfavorável à mineralização. Agora, amostragem de grande volume, em execução por firma mineradora, revelou a presença de diamantes, com pesos inferiores a 1 ct, em um dos poços pesquisados. Esse fato "abre" nova perspectiva exploratória em dezenas de intrusões já identificadas em tal região.
Filtragem de rejeitos de minério de ferro visando à sua disposição em pilhas
Authors: Guimarães Nilton Caixeta , Valadão George E.S. , Peres Antônio E.C.
Published: December 2012

A metodologia tradicional de disposição de rejeitos em forma de polpa requer grandes áreas para disposição e apresenta grande impacto ambiental e, por conseguinte, as empresas têm dificuldade na aquisição de novos licenciamentos. A proximidade de áreas urbanas e a pressão pública têm despertado a necessidade de se buscarem alternativas a essa metodologia. Uma solução viável para essa questão contribuirá com o processo de licenciamento ambiental, garantindo a sobrevivência da mineração no Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Foram realizados ensaios de filtragem em bancada com amostras de rejeitos nas principais tecnologias de filtragem: a vácuo, sob pressão, capilar e hiperbárica. Os resultados mostraram que, com exceção das lamas, é possível filtrar os rejeitos com uma boa taxa de filtragem e umidade adequada para empilhamento. A filtragem das lamas sob pressão resultou em taxa unitária de filtragem relativamente baixa e alta umidade da torta (próximo a 20%). A torta derivada das lamas poderia ser misturada à torta de rejeitos grossos e/ou o estéril da mina para permitir o seu empilhamento, porém requerendo estudos geotécnicos complementares.
Soil attributes under agroecosystems and forest vegetation in the coastal tablelands of northestern Brazil
Authors: Gomes João Bosco Vasconcellos , Fernandes Marcelo Ferreira , Barreto Antonio Carlos , Araújo Filho José Coelho de , Curi Nilton
Published: December 2012

This study evaluated the changes occurred in a set of soil attributes, particularly those related to the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC), as a function of the replacement of native forest for agricultural ecosystems of regional importance in the coastal tablelands of Northeastern Brazil (orange, coconut, eucalyptus and sugarcane). Six commercial sites under these agroecosystems were compared to neighboring areas of native forest in five areas along this region (Coruripe, Umbaúba, Acajutiba, Cruz das Almas and Nova Viçosa). Soil samples were taken from 0-5 and 5-20 cm depth and analyzed for particle size distribution, bulk density, organic C (OC), particulate organic matter, C in soil solution, microbial biomass C, total cation exchange capacity and water stable aggregates. Linear correlation and multivariate techniques were used for data analysis. The values of base saturation and Al saturation for the 0-20 cm depth layer were also calculated. In all the studied areas, soils under native forest presented better status of physical and chemical attributes than their agroecosystem counterparts, especially in the 0-5 cm layer. For both layers, OC content was the attribute most strongly correlated with the overall changes in all attributes. Unexpectedly, the OC content showed no significant correlation with the sum of silt and clay contents. The set of variables investigated in this study is sensitive to differentiate the quality of soils under perennial and semi-perennial land uses from their counterparts under natural vegetation in the landscapes of the coastal tablelands of Northeastern Brazil.
Aplicabilidade dos diagnósticos de enfermagem como subsídios para indicação do cateter central de inserção periférica
Authors: Costa Leticia Celestino da , Paes Graciele Oroski
Published: December 2012

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a propriedade na aplicabilidade dos Diagnósticos de Enfermagem pelos enfermeiros como subsídio para a indicação do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica (PICC). Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem descritiva, de tipologia mista, apropriando-se de preceitos quantitativos e qualitativos. A população-alvo constituiu-se de 10 enfermeiros devidamente habilitados à inserção do PICC, ativos e vinculados a um hospital estadual especializado. O instrumento aplicado constou de questionário com questões estruturadas e semiestruturadas devidamente escalonado com pontuações previamente definidas. De acordo com os achados, os enfermeiros apresentaram certa dificuldade para empregar os diagnósticos de enfermagem como parâmetro para indicação do PICC. Os enfermeiros habilitados recentemente apresentaram maior desenvoltura nas questões de associação dos fatores de risco e os diagnósticos de enfermagem. Portanto, são de grande relevância a educação continuada e a implementação do processo de enfermagem, visando o avanço teórico e prático da equipe.
Obstinação terapêutica em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: perspectiva de médicos e enfermeiros
Authors: Silva Karla Cristiane Oliveira , Quintana Alberto Manuel , Nietsche Elisabeta Albertina
Published: December 2012

O tema obstinação terapêutica ainda é insuficientemente estudado no Brasil, sobretudo pela enfermagem. Este estudo objetivou compreender as representações sociais de médicos e enfermeiros sobre o investimento excessivo no paciente terminal em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratório-descritiva, fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista focalizada e observação participante e interpretados pela análise de conteúdo. A seleção de cinco enfermeiros e oito médicos para concederem as entrevistas ocorreu por conveniência, a partir das escalas de serviço. Concluiu-se que estes profissionais constroem suas representações sociais sobre obstinação terapêutica partindo dos pedidos obstinados da família do paciente terminal para instituir medidas fúteis; das dificuldades de tomadas de decisão e da ausência de critérios quanto aos investimentos; e do receio das repercussões ético-legais em relação às decisões tomadas.
Discursos de enfermeiros sobre humanização na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva
Authors: Silva Fernanda Duarte da , Chernicharo Isis de Moraes , Silva Rafael Celestino da , Ferreira Márcia de Assunção
Published: December 2012

Pesquisa qualitativa, cujo objetivo foi identificar elementos da prática dos enfermeiros de terapia intensiva que dificultam a implementação da humanização da assistência, analisando-os à luz da Política Nacional de Humanização. Realizaram-se entrevista semiestruturada com 22 enfermeiros de uma unidade de terapia intensiva e análise temática de conteúdo. O usuário, a família e a equipe integram a prática cotidiana de cuidados, mas os dispositivos da humanização contidos na Política, como visita aberta, ambiência, acolhimento, interação com a equipe multiprofissional, oficinas e grupos de trabalho, não são efetivamente implementados para eles. Há dificuldades que indicam necessidade de investimentos na formação e na gestão institucional e do cuidado, de modo que a política de humanização seja efetivamente implantada na unidade de terapia intensiva.
Desvelando o cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente transplantado hepático em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva
Authors: Borges Maria Cristina Leite Araújo , Silva Lucilane Maria Sales da , Guedes Maria Vilaní Cavalcante , Caetano Joselany Áfio
Published: December 2012

Pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa realizada em uma unidade de terapia intensiva cirúrgica de um hospital universitário de Fortaleza-CE, Brasil, com o objetivo de compreender a percepção da equipe de enfermagem sobre as ações de cuidado implementadas em uma UTI pós-operatória que atende a pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático. Participaram 20 profissionais de enfermagem. Utilizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação sistemática. Os resultados apontaram que o cuidado de enfermagem ao transplantado hepático envolve aspectos técnicos e psicossociais amplos, necessitando de conhecimento e experiência. Observou-se que, muitas vezes, o cuidado de enfermagem foi aceito como resultante de uma prescrição médica, e não de uma avaliação individualizada do enfermeiro. Considera-se que a enfermagem precisa apropriar-se de instrumentos próprios da profissão para fortalecer o cuidado autônomo, individual e holístico.
Ventilação mecânica: evidências para o cuidado de enfermagem
Authors: Rodrigues Yarla Cristine Santos Jales , Studart Rita Mônica Borges , Andrade Ítalo Rigoberto Cavalcante , Citó Maria do Carmo de Oliveira , Melo Elizabeth Mesquita , Barbosa Islene Victor
Published: December 2012

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre ventilação mecânica nas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) de um hospital de referência em Fortaleza. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, quantitativo. A amostra foi constituída por 43 enfermeiros, com aplicação de questionário. A coleta de dados ocorreu em fevereiro e março de 2011. Os dados foram transcritos e tabulados no programa Excel, organizados em tabelas, interpretados e fundamentados com base na literatura pertinente. A maioria dos sujeitos é do sexo feminino (88,4%) e não especialistas em UTI (79,0%); o tempo de atuação em UTI prevaleceu de zero a cinco anos (48,8%). A avaliação da ciclagem do ventilador mecânico a volume não foi satisfatória, 65,1%. A participação do enfermeiro é mínima na definição de parâmetros, extubação, desmame e aspiração. Conclui-se que o enfermeiro necessita ampliar o seu conhecimento em ventilação mecânica, e os programas de treinamentos nesta área devem ser incentivados pelas instituições de trabalho, no intuito de qualificar a assistência de enfermagem a estes pacientes.
Experiências de doentes críticos com a ventilação mecânica invasiva
Authors: Dornelles Cristian , Oliveira Gabriele Brito de , Schwonke Camila Rose G.B. , Silva José Richard de Sosa
Published: December 2012

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as experiências vividas por pacientes que fizeram uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de dois hospitais do extremo sul do Brasil. A presente pesquisa foi conduzida na perspectiva qualitativa, sendo realizada com 10 pacientes que salientaram suas principais dificuldades e necessidades durante o período em que fizeram uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva. Os resultados apontam que as dificuldades relatadas relacionaram-se especialmente com a presença da via aérea artificial, sendo elas: sensação de sufocamento, náuseas, lesões decorrentes do tubo endotraqueal, acúmulo de secreções no tubo endotraqueal e cavidade oral e afonia. Além disso, os pacientes referiram necessidades de comunicação, sede e alterações da rotina pessoal. Os achados deste estudo elucidaram a vivência do paciente crítico, mediante esse recurso invasivo, trazendo elementos importantes a serem considerados para o cuidado de enfermagem.
Eficácia de estratégias educativas para ações preventivas da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica
Authors: Gonçalves Fernanda Alves Ferreira , Brasil Virginia Visconde , Minamisava Ruth , Caixeta Carlos Roberto , Oliveira Lizete Malagoni de Almeida Cavalcante , Cordeiro Jacqueline Andréia Bernardes Leão
Published: December 2012

Objetivou-se determinar a eficácia de estratégia educativa para melhorar o desempenho da equipe de enfermagem na realização de procedimentos preventivos da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Ensaio clínico controlado não randomizado, conduzido em 2011, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de Goiânia-Goiás, com a equipe de enfermagem alocada nos grupos intervenção (n=24) e comparação (n=11). Trinta dias após workshops (intervenção), os grupos foram sistematicamente observados usando-se checklist sobre montagem dos ventiladores, posicionamento da cabeceira, mudança de decúbito, uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, higiene brônquica e oral, verificação da pressão do cuff e instalação da sonda enteral. Cada procedimento foi utilizado como unidade de análise e desfecho. A intervenção foi eficaz para higienização da língua (51%), montagem do ventilador (43%) e ordem correta tubo-nariz-boca na higiene brônquica (13%). Estudos em diferentes cenários poderão confirmar a eficácia da estratégia analisada (workshop), assim como identificar outras estratégias educativas úteis para prevenção da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica.
Amputação primária no trauma: perfil de um hospital da região centro-oeste do Brasil
Authors: Senefonte Flavio Renato de Almeida , Rosa Giuliano Rodrigo de Paiva Santa , Comparin Mauri Luiz , Covre Marcos Rogério , Jafar Mauricio de Barros , Andrade Fábio Augusto Moron de , Maldonado Filho Guilherme , Nogueira Neto Ed
Published: December 2012

CONTEXTO: Vivemos num período de epidemia do trauma. A amputação de indicação traumática incide em uma população jovem e economicamente ativa com repercussão onerosa no âmbito socioeconômico, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública. OBJETIVOS: Conhecer a casuística de amputações traumáticas realizadas na Santa Casa de Campo Grande-MS, entre 2005 e 2008. MÉTODOS: Estudo de prevalência, descritivo, longitudinal e retrospectivo. Amostragem de conveniência, realizada com revisão sistemática de prontuários de pacientes submetidos a amputações de membros inferiores e/ou superiores cuja indicação foi trauma incompatível com reconstrução. Foram excluídos os pacientes que já chegaram amputados no pronto-socorro. Avaliaram-se nível de amputação, faixa etária, sexo e escala do sistema MESS para indicação de amputação traumática. Utilizaram-se o teste quiquadrado e o teste exato de Fisher, considerando um intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas 108 amputações no período, na faixa etária de dois anos a 78 anos, com média de 36,7 ± 12 anos e mediana de 35 anos. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino em 72% da casuística. O nível de amputação mais executado foi de amputações menores (pododáctilos e quirodáctilos). A causa mais frequente foi lesão decorrente de acidente de trânsito. CONCLUSÕES: As amputações traumáticas atingiram uma população jovem e produtiva, conforme corroborado pela literatura, com predomínio de acidentes de trânsito com lesões ortopédicas e neurológicas associadas.
Efeitos imediatos do eletrocautério endovascular em varizes de membros inferiores
Authors: Rossi Fabio Henrique , Beteli Camila Baumann , Zamorano Mabel Barros , Silva Lilian Mary da , Metzger Patrik Bastos , Onofre Cybelle Bossolani , Leal Edir Branzoni , Prakasan Akash Kuzhiparambil , França João Italo Dias , Izukawa Nilo Mitsuru , Souza Amanda Rego
Published: December 2012

OBJETIVOS: Determinar a importância das variáveis: Intensidade de Energia (I), Potência (P) e Tempo de Aplicação (T) nas alterações histológicas ocorridas em varizes de membros inferiores submetidas à eletrocauterização endovascular. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo experimental realizado em pacientes submetidos à eletrocauterização endovenosa de fragmento proximal da veia safena magna, de acordo com uma tabela de aleatorização - GI: I=0J, P=0W, T=15s; GII: I=300J, P=60W, T=5s; GIII: I=600J, P=60W, T=10s; GIV: I=900J, P=60W, T=15s; GV: I=450J, P=90W, T=5s; GVI: I=900J, P=90W, T=10s; GVII: I=1350J, P=90W, T=15s; GVIII: I=600J, P=120W, T=5s; GIX: I=1200J, P=120W, T=10s; GX: I=1800J, P=120W, T=15s. Os fragmentos foram submetidos a estudo anatomopatológico com o objetivo de analisar a profundidade das alterações tissulares, assim classificadas: Grupo A - endotélio e média, Grupo B - endotélio, média e adventícia. RESULTADOS: A intensidade das alterações histológicas - Grupo A e B - ocorridas nos fragmentos foram proporcionais à Intensidade de Energia de eletrocauterização (p=0,0001). Essa associação linear também pode ser verificada para as variáveis Potência (p=0,017) e Tempo de Aplicação (p=0,0001). O índice de correlação de Spearman foi maior para variável Tempo de Aplicação: 0,42269 (p=0,002) quando comparada com a variável Potência de Energia: 0,3542 (p=0,005). CONCLUSÃO: O Tempo de Aplicação de Energia é mais importante do que a Potência de Energia utilizada para uma mesma energia de eletrocauterização, na determinação da profundidade dos efeitos histológicos observados na parede das varizes de membros inferiores.
Escrita do gênero relatório de estágio supervisionado na formação inicial do professor brasileiro
Authors: Silva Wagner Rodrigues
Published: December 2012

Neste artigo, a escrita de professores em formação nas licenciaturas em Geografia, História e Matemática é apresentada como objeto de investigação na Linguística Aplicada (LA). A descrição do gênero relatório de estágio supervisionado, produzido pelos professores em formação inicial mencionados, é o principal objetivo desta pesquisa. A metodologia de investigação científica é informada pela abordagem transdisciplinar da LA. Alguns estudos da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF) e do Letramento do Professor são os principais referenciais utilizados. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam uma não sistematização do trabalho pedagógico com a escrita dos relatórios nas licenciaturas focalizadas, o que pode resultar em restrições para o fortalecimento do letramento crítico, idealizado para o futuro professor no local de trabalho. Alguns encaminhamentos teórico-metodológicos são realizados, mais diretamente, para os estudos sobre gêneros desenvolvidos na LSF.
Diferenças culturais percebidas por brasileiros no uso da língua inglesa no exterior e seu tratamento em livros didáticos
Authors: Nogueira Alessandra Sartori
Published: December 2012

Apostando na inseparabilidade entre língua e cultura, o presente estudo tem por objetivo explorar um recorte dessa relação a partir de relatos sobre conflitos culturais vividos por brasileiros em países de língua inglesa. São aqui explorados quatro de sete questionários obtidos, aqueles cujos respondentes relacionaram cultura a questões linguísticas como pronúncia, entonação, gramática e vocabulário, algo que era inesperado. Em seguida, selecionamos em alguns livros didáticos as categorias linguísticas abordadas pelos respondentes, a fim de verificar se há aspectos culturais envolvidos no modo como essas questões linguísticas são tratadas. Os resultados sugerem instâncias em que a relação língua-cultura pode ser materializada e explorada em sala de aula quando do ensino de estruturas linguísticas e pronúncia.
The response of typical South African raw waters to enhanced coagulation
Authors: Dlamini S. P. , Haarhoff J. , Mamba B. B. , Van Staden S.
Published: December 2012

Drinking water treatment plants in South Africa rely almost entirely on surface water sources, which are often compromised due to high return flows and indirect reuse. The typical treatment plants focus on the removal of physical and microbial contaminants which include turbidity, colour, chemical compounds and microorganisms. A relatively new concern to this list is natural organic matter (NOM) which has become a major concern in potable water treatment due to its recent regulation. In this study, eight different raw water samples from the various water types found in the country were seasonally collected and treated for the removal UV absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV254) using enhanced coagulation (EC). The efficacy of EC, which can be employed as a practical technology in the removal of both turbidity and NOM, was evaluated in remaining UV254 from these raw water sources. Jar tests were conducted, with ferric chloride used as the coagulant (due to its extensive use as a coagulant in the water treatment industry in South Africa) and specific pH values (initial water pH, 7.0, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5) were chosen as target values guiding the six different coagulant dosages for the jar tests. The pH of the low-alkalinity (<60 mg/L CaCO3) raw waters were adjusted and raised by the addition of sodium carbonate. The response parameters of the tests were turbidity (NTU), pH and UV254. Algorithms for finding the optimum coagulant dosage for UV254 removal were developed and consistently applied to all the results. Results showed large variations in the nature of NOM across the country from specific ultraviolet absorbance values. From the UV254 values, the concentrations of NOM also varied greatly geographically than temporally. The general trend observed in the EC results suggested that the pH should always be dropped to between 4.5 and 7.0 to lower the amounts of UV254 and turbidity to reasonable levels.
Removal of trichloroethylene in groundwater with two oxidants: siderite catalyzed hydrogen peroxide and sodium persulfate
Authors: Huang Weiying , Liu Fei , Yan Ni , Lu Anhuai , Chen Honghan , Chen Liang , Wang Fei
Published: December 2012

Trichloroethylene (TCE), a widely used solvent, is often determined in groundwater and is one of biologically refractory organic contaminants. The aim of the study is to use a new chemical oxidation method to degrade TCE source pollution in groundwater. Fenton-like reactions (hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by iron minerals generates hydroxyl radicals) and sodium persulfate activation (sodium persulfate activated by heat/iron minerals to produce sulfate radicals) have strong oxidative capacity to degrade a wide range of organic contaminants. In this work, hydrogen peroxide and/or sodium persulfate catalyzed by siderite (designated as STO, SO, PO systems, respectively) degrading TCE in groundwater were investigated. Removal rates of TCE in STO, SO, and PO systems were 100%, 57%, 20%, respectively. The order of TCE removal rates is in agreement with that of hydroxyl radicals generated in the systems, indicating that hydroxyl radicals play a critical role in removing TCE. No by-product except CO2, Cl− and H2O generated as final products in the STO system suggests that TCE was near completely mineralized. The results show that the STO is an effective method to treat TCE contaminated source in groundwater.
Competitive removal of DOM and bromide in raw waters by MIEX and iron coagulation
Authors: Xu Zhizhen , Jiao Ruyuan , Yan Xiaomin , Wang Dongsheng , Drikas Mary , Morran Jim
Published: December 2012

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide as principal precursors to halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have potential risks on the safety of drinking water after disinfection. Removal of DOM and bromide in raw water from two different waterworks using magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX), ferric coagulation and their combination was investigated. Results showed that as MIEX dose increased, DOM and bromide coexisting in raw water could be removed effectively. DOM tended to be mainly removed by MIEX at low dose (<4 mL/L), regardless of the bromide concentration. Bromide could compete for exchange sites with DOM at high MIEX dosage (>4 mL/L). The fluorescence spectra and high performance size-exclusion chromatogram analysis indicated that at low MIEX dosage, bromide decreased the removal of low molecular weight (MW), soluble microbial byproduct-like and aromatic protein-like organic matters, which had lower affinity with MIEX in raw water. The removal of high MW humic acid, which presented greater affinity with MIEX, was not influenced at low MIEX dose but decreased at high MIEX dose with the addition of bromide. The combination of MIEX and ferric coagulation significantly enhanced the removal of DOM and reduced the requisite ferric dose by at least 67% compared to coagulation alone.
Development of polyethersulfone and polyacrylonitrile hollow fiber membranes for clarification of surface water and fungal enzyme broth
Authors: Praneeth K. , Kalyani S. , Ravikumar Y. V. L. , Tardio J. , Sridhar S.
Published: December 2012

Hollow fiber membranes are of great commercial interest with several applications at the forefront of research to carryout bioseparations, drinking water purification, wastewater treatment besides liquid phase separations and gaseous separations. An experimental study was carried out to synthesize hollow fiber membranes from polyethersulfone (PES) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymers to fabricate modules for surface water treatment and clarification of fungal enzyme broth. Design drawings of a manual hollow fiber spinning machine and spinneret were prepared to fabricate the necessary equipment for extrusion of hollow fibers. Effect of various spinning conditions on specific macroscopic fiber properties, such as outer diameter and wall thickness and membrane pore structure was studied. Concentrations of 15–20 wt% PES in n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and PAN in dimethyl formamide (DMF) solvents with important additives and pore formers were prepared. These polymer solutions were extruded through the spinneret and subjected to phase inversion in a water bath. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pure water flux studies. PAN and PES exhibited 99.8 and 95.4% turbidity rejection. PAN exhibited a 5 log reduction of Escherichia coli bacteria for surface water treatment at a low hydraulic pressure of 1 bar with a flux of 54.2 L/m2 h at a water recovery of 80% whereas PES gave a flux of 36.6 L/m2 h with 4 log reduction of E. coli. PAN and PES membranes exhibited 54.9 and 69.3% xylanase enzyme recoveries from fungal broth at reasonable flux with turbidity rejection of 94.8 and 95.7% respectively.
Determining the operational limits of the biosand filter
Authors: Kennedy Timothy J. , Anderson Todd A. , Hernandez E. Annette , Morse Audra N.
Published: December 2012

Worldwide, access to clean drinking water is not available for more than 800 million people. The biosand filter (BSF), an intermittently operated slow sand filter, was developed to address this problem. The BSF is used in homes to improve water quality. Three main objectives were examined in this research: (1) investigate initial startup and recovery performance after cleaning BSF, (2) examine the number of people the BSF may effectively serve, and (3) determine effects of an extended pause period on BSF performance. Laboratory experiments examined the BSF's ability to reduce fecal coliforms (FC) and turbidity for the various objectives. Results indicate that during the startup period, 27 days were needed to achieve 1 log reduction, while only 17 days were needed after cleaning the BSF to achieve 1 log reduction. A maximum of six people can be effectively served by a single BSF based upon the results of the experiment. A 7-day extended pause period determined that the bacterial layer will begin to go dormant or die off when the filter is not used for an extended period.
Biological active groundwater filters: exploiting natural diversity
Authors: de Vet Weren W. J. M. , Jan Knibbe Willem , Rietveld Luuk C. , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M.
Published: December 2012

In the Netherlands, biological trickling filters without chemical pre-oxidation are generally applied to treat anaerobic groundwater, containing methane, iron, ammonium and manganese. Previous research showed that all compounds can be removed in one filter step and that not only the ammonia oxidation (by nitrification), but also the iron oxidation is often a biological process, despite oxygen saturated conditions and neutral pH. However, the optimal conditions for each process differs. In this paper, we report the preliminary results of a demonstration plant (40 m3 h–1) with two consecutive trickling filtration steps. The first highly loaded filter removed 1–1.5 ppm of methane and 5–6 ppm of iron with filtration rates up to 30 m h−1. The second filter step removed 5–6 ppm of ammonium and 0.5–0.6 ppm of manganese virtually completely at 2 m h−1. Quantitative (real time) polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) indicated that the growth of methane-oxidizing bacteria was marginal, but biological iron oxidation by Gallionella bacteria accounted for a quarter to over half of the total iron conversion.
A pilot plant study of the processes of filtration and adsorption of drinking water through granular activated carbons: a comparative study
Authors: Prieto Juan Carlos García , Pérez Galende Patricia , Cachaza Silverio Juan Manuel , García Roig Manuel
Published: December 2012

This study reports a procedure for the evaluation and comparison of the adsorption and filtration capacities of commercial activated carbons in the treatment of drinking water and the design and operation of a pilot plant to simulate the behavior of fast open filters made of granular activated carbon. The milestone of this experimental work was to determine the adsorption and filtration capacities and the physicochemical properties of five commercial activated carbons with a view to determining which activated carbon might replace the open sand filters of the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) of the city of Salamanca (western Spain). Compliance with the requirements and physicochemical characteristics stipulated in the EN 12915 European standard for the different activated carbons tested was analyzed, and studies of the prewashing and behavior of the carbons operating in the filters were performed. In this sense, filtration tests to study the saturation of the bed, the variations in pressure drop and the performance of the removal of organic matter in suspension were carried out. Furthermore, the optimal time and rate of the countercurrent washing of the filters and the expansion of the filter bed were evaluated. In the adsorption assays, the specific surface area, porosity, useful lifetime and capacity of adsorption of the dissolved organic matter –especially humic acids, the major precursors of water chlorination by-products – of the activated carbons were determined. The results not only provided an overview of the actual behavior of different types of commercial activated carbons from their initial installation up to the end of their useful life, but also permitted optimization of the filtration and adsorption processes that could lead to the corresponding economic savings and energy reduction in the use of such activated carbon filter-adsorbers.
Optimized operation of water distribution system using multipurpose fuzzy LP model
Authors: Arai Y. , Koizumi A. , Inakazu T. , Masuko A. , Tamura S.
Published: December 2012

This research is aimed at multiple-objective optimization of water operations in a water supply and distribution system. These objectives include reducing energy use while at the same time meeting water quality needs. The first objective is to propose water operations aimed at minimizing energy consumption. The second is to optimize water supply and distribution from the standpoint of water quality based on total organic carbon and the third is to attempt optimization that satisfies the first two objectives through multipurpose fuzzy linear programming (LP). This study mathematically formulates water operation planning issues focusing on reducing energy consumption and improving water quality in a water distribution system. Estimates show that a reduction in energy use of around 10% can be expected. Fuzzy LP is applied to achieve a balance among multiple objectives. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed multipurpose optimization when applied to trade-offs in water operation.
Discharge coefficient of a broad crested side weir in an earthen channel
Authors: Namaee Mohammad Reza , Jalaledini Mohammad Sadegh , Habibi Mahdi , Yazdi Saeed Reza Sabbagh , Azar Mona Ghafouri
Published: December 2012

Side weirs are widely used to divert flows from rivers and channels. However, the hydraulic behavior of this type of weir is complex and difficult to predict accurately. Previous studies on side weirs have generally focused on side weirs in rectangular channels with a smooth bed. However, one of the applications of side weirs is in irrigation systems which have trapezoidal cross sections and significant bed roughness. The present study investigates the hydraulic behavior of a broad crested side weir in an earthen channel with a rough bed under subcritical flow. These investigations showed that the side weir discharge coefficient is influenced by four main parameters which are upstream Froude number, ratio of the main channel width to the upstream flow depth, ratio of the length of the side weir to the main channel width and ratio of side weir height to the upstream flow depth. The results showed that the discharge coefficient of the side weir gives a lower coefficient value compared to other researchers’ equations. Nearly 90 experimental tests were carried out and finally new equations are proposed for prediction of discharge coefficient of a broad crested side weir in an earthen channel under subcritical conditions which can be mainly used in common irrigation systems.
Profiles of dissolved organic matter and haloacetic acid formation potential in drinking water treatment by a comprehensive fractionation technique
Authors: Jo I. , Echigo S. , Itoh S.
Published: December 2012

A comprehensive fractionation technique was applied to a set of water samples obtained along a real drinking water treatment plant with ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment to obtain detailed profiles of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and to evaluate the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potentials of these DOM fractions. The results indicated that ozonation and GAC treatment showed limited ability to remove hydrophilic fractions (23%), while removal of hydrophobic fractions was 72%. The contribution of hydrophilic fractions to HAA formation increased from 30 to 61% along the treatment train because of better removal for hydrophobic fractions both in concentration and reactivity. Similar trends were also found for trihalomethanes.
Maintenance strategy for trunk mains: development and implementation of a high spatial resolution risk-based approach
Authors: Sorge Christian , Christen Thomas , Mälzer Hans-Joachim
Published: December 2012

This paper describes an enhanced concept for determining the right time and place for maintenance works (in this case rehabilitation and renewal), within the scope of a risk-based maintenance strategy for trunk mains, including a technical and economic risk assessment. The risks considered include damage caused by pipe failure (main burst) like revenue loss, third party property damage as well as damage to intangible assets (loss of company reputation). The innovative part of this concept is the intelligent combination of a remaining-service-life prognosis for pipelines with structural load factor verification, technical condition assessments, geo-referenced analyses and detailed costing. This approach allows a very detailed risk assessment of several thousand pipe sections (high spatial resolution approach). The outcome based on this concept are the required maintenance items (what and where) and a catalogue of maintenance actions (how and when) including maintenance type and costs.
Behavior of hexavalent chromium in the water supply system by IC-ICP-MS method
Authors: Imanaka S. , Hayashi H.
Published: December 2012

The analysis conditions for measuring trace concentration of Cr(VI) based on the ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) method was examined. By optimizing the analysis conditions, the measurement of 0.02 μg-Cr(VI)/L was achieved with a high degree of accuracy. The behavior of Cr(VI) through the water treatment process in Osaka city was investigated and it was determined that there was a tendency that the Cr(VI) concentration slightly fluctuated throughout the water treatment process with the highest concentration being observed in finished water. The Cr(VI) concentration at the outlet of Kunijima purification plant was less than 0.02–0.13 μg/L, while water taps where retention time from the plant was 4–15 h, were less than 0.02–0.10 μg/L. Also, it was found that Cr(III) was oxidized to Cr(VI) by sodium hypochlorite and ozone being used in the water treatment process. Based on this finding, the oxidation reaction of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) was examined. When sodium hypochlorite was added to granular activated carbon (GAC)-treated water and purified water containing Cr(III), the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) proceeded and the Cr(VI) production in GAC-treated water was relatively higher. In addition, it was determined that the Cr(III) oxidation reaction rate depended on water temperature and it was faster when the water temperature was higher.
Effects of wavelengths of medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation on photolyase and subsequent photoreactivation
Authors: Quek Puay Hoon , Hu Jiangyong
Published: December 2012

This study aims to investigate the effect of different wavelengths (254, 266, 280 and 365 nm) in polychromatic medium-pressure (MP) UV radiation on the ability of photolyases in repairing dimers and discusses its impact on subsequent photoreactivation. Photolyase was exposed to various doses and irradiances of the UV wavelengths and the dimer repair abilities of the irradiated photolyase were determined via a spectrophotometric assay. At wavelengths below 300 nm, dimer repair rates were not influenced by the UV irradiation between 0.03 and 0.10 mW cm−2. For 365 nm, photolyase exhibited enhanced dimer repair at 0.05 mW cm−2 and then reduced dimer repair with increasing irradiance. In addition, photolyase was found to have decreasing dimer repair rates when exposed to increasing UV doses at all tested wavelengths. Lower photoreactivation levels after MP UV disinfection as compared to low-pressure (LP) UV disinfection was not attributable to a single wavelength in the polychromatic radiation, but is possibly due to the simultaneous exposure of photolyase to a broad spectrum of radiation, which led to a reduction in the dimer repair ability of photolyase. This study is the first to report the direct effects of UV radiation on photolyase enzyme. The data in the study provide some evidence for the mechanism for which MP UV disinfection suppresses photoreactivation in Escherichia coli, which has only been speculated on so far. The knowledge from this study will provide a basis upon which to investigate other enzymes involved in the repair of UV damage to DNA.
UV/H2O2 treatment: an essential process in a multi barrier approach against trace chemical contaminants
Authors: Kruithof Joop C. , Martijn Bram J.
Published: December 2012

The presence of pesticides, endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals caused PWN to implement multiple barriers for organic contaminant control in their surface water treatment plants. A combination of advanced oxidation by UV/H2O2 treatment and granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is installed. Medium pressure UV experiments in a standard pilot reactor have been carried out into the degradation of a representative selection of pesticides found in PWN's main raw water source, the IJssel Lake. It was observed that atrazine and diuron are more sensitive to direct photodegradation while bentazone and bromacil are primarily degraded by hydroxyl radical oxidation. Addition of H2O2 increased the decay rate of all selected herbicides. Using computational fluid dynamics, irradiance distribution and kinetic models developed by Trojan Technologies Inc., an optimized UV-reactor was designed. In tests with a pilot reactor according to this new design, the predicted performance was confirmed, both for photodegradation and hydroxyl radical oxidation. During the research period, the scope broadened from pesticides to pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds, solvents and algae toxins. At process conditions 0.56 kWh/m3 and 6 mg/L H2O2, 80–100% degradation was achieved for compounds such as mecoprop, clofibric acid and diclofenac. A somewhat lower degradation was found for dicamba, 2, 4-D, bentazone, ibuprofen, carbamazepine and sulphametoxalol. The developed modelling was used to design a full scale UV/H2O2 system with an electric energy of 0.56 kWh/m3 for treatment of 3,000 m3/h. In a site acceptance test, degradation of atrazine was measured at two UV-doses at a fixed H2O2 dose of 6 mg/L. The installation performed as predicted by the design models and design criteria were met. At wtp Andijk, UV/H2O2 is integrated in the existing process train, preceded by conventional surface water treatment (coagulation, sedimentation and filtration) and followed by GAC filtration providing a robust barrier against reaction products from both oxidation and photolytic degradation (assimilable organic carbon, nitrite). Replacing the conventional pretreatment by ion exchange followed by ceramic microfiltration will further improve the economics of UV/H2O2 treatment.
Trihalomethane formation potential of DOC fractions isolated from two Canadian Prairie surface water sources
Authors: Goss Charles D. , Gorczyca Beata
Published: December 2012

This study evaluated the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) composition of two surface waters in Manitoba, Canada, the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, to identify DOC fractions with the greatest potential to form trihalomethanes (THMs). The DOC was fractionated into six fractions based on hydrophobicity and acid base functionality: hydrophobic acid (HPOA), hydrophobic base (HPOB), hydrophobic neutral (HPON), hydrophilic acid (HPIA), hydrophilic base (HPIB), and hydrophilic neutral (HPIN). The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of the isolated fractions was measured. Fractions collected from the Red River showed significant variation in the specific THMFP, normalized to DOC concentration, ranging from 23 to 1,372 μg THM/mg DOC, while the Assiniboine River THMFP ranged from 11 to 575 μg THM/mg DOC. Although the DOC composition of the two rivers was similar, the THMFP for the fractions differed significantly. The Red River HPOB and HPIB fractions had the highest normalized THMFP of 1,002 μg THM/mg DOC and 1,372 μg THM/mg DOC, respectively, while the HPOA fraction showed the lowest with 23 μg THM/mg DOC. Comparatively, the HPOA fraction from the Assiniboine River was found to have a higher specific THMFP of 478 μg THM/mg DOC. These findings suggest that THM formation is dependent on unique organic composition of the local water and that caution should be taken when estimating THMFP from DOC fractions isolated from different water sources.
Characterization and predicting DOM treatability by enhanced coagulation
Authors: Wang Dongsheng , Xie Jiankun , Chow Chris W. K. , Xing Linan , van Leeuwen John
Published: December 2012

The dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays significant role in water safety due to not only the natural occurrence but also man-induced pollution. To characterize and predict DOM treatability becomes therefore a very important and hot topic. In this paper, enhanced coagulation by four typical coagulants (FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and high performance polyaluminum chloride (HPAC)) without pH control was characterized using the chemical fractionation (resin adsorption, RA) and physical fractionation (high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) combined with peak fitting technique). The results show that the DOM removal can be separated into two stages, rapid removal and continual slow removal. The PAC exhibits efficient removal in the rapid part while the traditional salts are more efficient in the latter part. It is also very important for pH control to improve DOM removal by the traditional coagulants. DOM treatability per unit dosage (1 × 10−4 mol/l) for the four coagulants was then calculated in the order of HPAC (26.0%) > PAC (17.3%) > FeCl3 (14.3%) > Al2(SO4)3 (12.0%). Two sets of DOM treatability models, i.e. removal efficiency, for enhanced coagulation of the four coagulants were developed by combining the chemical and physical DOM fractions based on the quantitative analysis of the removal state of raw water. The two sets of models could be transformed to each other. The composition of the removable DOM by enhanced coagulation of the four coagulants was revealed and validated using 29 raw waters (in 13 source waters in three seasons), and as a result the low deviation indicated that the predicted data matched well with the actual data. It provided the possibility for the application in practical operation of water plant.