bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Relational Analysis of Exceptionalism: Connecting Liberalism with Confucian Multilateralism and Emotion
Authors: Shih Chih-yu , Kuo Jason
Published: June 2024

The literature on exceptionalism is preoccupied with its distinctive national sources and resultantly differing styles. Exceptionalism has thus become almost synonymous with culture and identity, rather than international relations (IRs). The paper instead argues that exceptionalism reveals a relational identity that both informs and is informed by a multilateral relation prior to the emergence of exceptionalism. It also argues that all relational systems seek expansion and coexistence. Based upon a comparative study of Confucian and liberal multilateral relationalities, a similar cycle of engagement, conversion, disengagement, and learning is applicable to both. Two exceptionalisms in multilateral relationality differ, however. American exceptionalism embraces a transcendent identity with which to contrast with the rest, who share the same identity and are expected to follow the same rules. Chinese exceptionalism contrarily envisions a superior, benevolent identity to ensure harmony and peace among all, who share no collective identity. The paper traces how Confucianism diverges from liberalism with regard to what accounts for multilateralism—inclusiveness versus rule-based governance, and benevolent exceptions versus universal rights—and the resulting orientations during encounters with strangers. The last section before the conclusion corresponds to the growing attention in IRs theorising to the factor of emotion. Such rational–emotional connectivity—between exceptionalism and emotion—can further attest to the promise of the relational agenda in explaining pluriversal IRs.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON S-GLYCOPROTEINS PURIFIED FROM DIFFERENT S-GENOTYPES IN SELF-INCOMPATIBLE BRASSICA SPECIES II. IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITIES
Authors: Hinata Kokichi , Nishio Takeshi , Kimura Jun
Published: June 2024

Antisera were prepared by immunization of apparently purified S-glycoproteins; one from an S allele of Brassica campestris and two from S alleles of B. oleracea. Each antiserum was reactive not only with the homologous S-glycoprotein but also with the heterologous ones, i.e. with the S-glycoproteins of the other S alleles of the same locus. In double diffusion tests, a spur against the heterologous S-glycoproteins suggested heterogeneity of the glycoproteins. The heterogeneity appears to involve a component of the molecule in which the genotypic specificity of an S-glycoprotein resides, probably, for the recognition site. Some molecular components are common to all tested S-glycoproteins and in this respect are like the public antigens of the MHC locus of mammals. The common molecular components were recognized between the S-allele-specific glycoproteins within B. oleracea and also between them and those of B. campestris. No S-specific substances were detected in buffer soluble homogenates of style, ovary or anther. However, these homogenates contained substances that had structures similar to the corresponding common parts of the S-glycoproteins.
TOPOISOMERASE INVOLVEMENT IN MULTIPLICITY REACTIVATION OF PHAGE T4
Authors: Miskimins Robin , Schneider Silke , Johns Virginia , Bernstein Harris
Published: June 2024

The products of phage T4 genes 39, 52 and probably 60 have been previously characterized as forming a type II DNA topoisomerase. Other evidence suggested that this topoisomerase promotes normal initiation of DNA replication, and that when it is defective its loss is partially compensated for by the host gyrase. We present evidence here that mutants defective in genes 39, 52 and 60 have reduced ability to carry out multiplicity reactivation (MR, a form of recombinational repair) of phage DNA damaged either by mitomycin C (MMC) or psoralen plus near-UV light (PUVA). We also observed that there is not extensive superhelicity in the intracellular phage DNA either in the presence or absence of the phage topoisomerase. This tends to rule out the possibility that the topoisomerase influences MR by controlling the general superhelicity of the phage DNA. The dependence of MR on topoisomerase could occur in several possible ways. However, we favor the explanation that the lesions are bypassed by a postreplication recombinational repair process that is influenced by the topoisomerase through its role in initiating replication.
SEPARATION OF LINKED MARKERS IN CHINESE HAMSTER CELL HYBRIDS: MITOTIC RECOMBINATION IS NOT INVOLVED
Authors: Rosenstraus Maurice J , Chasin Lawrence A
Published: June 2024

A search for mitotic recombination was carried out using mutant subclones of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Recombination events were sought between the linked loci specifying the enzymes hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl tranferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It was shown by fluctuation analysis that markers at these two loci co-segregate from doubly heterozygous pseudotetraploid hybrid cells more than 90% of the time. The minority class of segregants, which had lost one marker without losing the other, were genetically analyzed to distinguish between the possibilities of mitotic recombination and deletion of chromosomal material. Nine clones in which a linkage disruption had occurred were studied, using further cell hybridization and segregation. In three cases, a recessive lethal loss of genetic information was indicated, suggesting the deletion mechanism. In six cases, it was demonstrated that no new linkage relationships had been established concomitant with linkage disruption. Thus, in all nine clones, the evidence indicated that mitotic recombination was not involved in the events that disrupted linkage between these two loci. If mitotic recombination takes place at all in this system, the rate must be less than about 10−6 per cell per generation.
Virtual Group Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for Dementia: Mixed-Methods Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Spector Aimee , Abdul Wahab Nur Diyanah , Stott Joshua , Fisher Emily , Hui Esther K , Perkins Luke , Leung Wing Gi , Evans Rachel , Wong Gloria , Felstead Cerne
Published: June 2024

Background and Objectives

Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is an evidence-based group intervention for people with dementia, with benefits for cognition and quality of life when delivered face-to-face. Many people are unable to attend face-to-face groups for reasons including health and transport issues. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of online or “virtual” CST (vCST).

Research Design and Methods

Single-blind, randomized controlled feasibility design with qualitative interviews. Forty-six people with mild-to-moderate dementia were randomly allocated to attend either 14 sessions of twice-weekly vCST (n = 24) or treatment as usual (TAU, defined as usual care; n = 22) over 7 weeks. Cognition, quality of life, and depression were assessed pre- and posttreatment. Qualitative interviews (n = 16) with participants and carers were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

High levels of attendance, adherence, fidelity to the manual, and completion of outcomes were recorded. Recruitment appeared feasible although randomization may not have been acceptable to some. There were no statistical differences noted between vCST and TAU in any of the outcomes evaluated, although both quantitative and qualitative data indicated acceptability, with qualitative reports of improved outcomes including cognition.

Discussion and Implications

vCST appeared feasible to deliver but did not result in any changes in outcomes, as expected from an underpowered feasibility trial. CST is the main psychosocial intervention delivered for dementia in UK memory services and globally, with many services moving towards virtual CST delivery. Therefore, a fully powered RCT of the effectiveness of vCST is feasible and justified.
Temporal trends in disparities in COVID-19 seropositivity among Canadian blood donors
Authors: Yu Yuan , Knight Matthew J , Gibson Diana , O’Brien Sheila F , Buckeridge David L , Russell W Alton
Published: June 2024

Background

In Canada’s largest COVID-19 serological study, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in blood donors have been monitored since 2020. No study has analysed changes in the association between anti-N seropositivity (a marker of recent infection) and geographic and sociodemographic characteristics over the pandemic.

Methods

Using Bayesian multi-level models with spatial effects at the census division level, we analysed changes in correlates of SARS-CoV-2 anti-N seropositivity across three periods in which different variants predominated (pre-Delta, Delta and Omicron). We analysed disparities by geographic area, individual traits (age, sex, race) and neighbourhood factors (urbanicity, material deprivation and social deprivation). Data were from 420 319 blood donations across four regions (Ontario, British Columbia [BC], the Prairies and the Atlantic region) from December 2020 to November 2022.

Results

Seropositivity was higher for racialized minorities, males and individuals in more materially deprived neighbourhoods in the pre-Delta and Delta waves. These subgroup differences dissipated in the Omicron wave as large swaths of the population became infected. Across all waves, seropositivity was higher in younger individuals and those with lower neighbourhood social deprivation. Rural residents had high seropositivity in the Prairies, but not other regions. Compared to generalized linear models, multi-level models with spatial effects had better fit and lower error when predicting SARS-CoV-2 anti-N seropositivity by geographic region.

Conclusions

Correlates of recent COVID-19 infection have evolved over the pandemic. Many disparities lessened during the Omicron wave, but public health intervention may be warranted to address persistently higher burden among young people and those with less social deprivation.
Internal Conflicts and the Moderating Role of Property Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Property Taxation
Authors: Affroumou Tiemele Aristide , Amedanou Isaac
Published: June 2024

We investigate the implications of internal conflicts for property tax revenues and highlight the moderating role of property rights in Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1996 to 2019. Estimates based on fixed-effects regressions indicate that internal conflicts reduce property tax revenues, and property rights play a moderating role in the influence of internal conflicts on property tax revenues. Specifically, when property rights are clearly defined, the effect of internal conflicts is quantitatively weaker compared to situations where property rights are ambiguous or poorly enforced. Moreover, in addition to the positive impact of protecting property rights on property tax revenues, the estimates also provide evidence of government effectiveness, further reinforcing the interconnected relationship among internal stability, property rights protection and property tax revenues. Finally, among other factors tested, some, such as the level of development, the share of natural resources and the urban population, are also relevant in determining property tax revenues.
Vietnam’s liquefied natural gas demand—potential to import liquefied natural gas from the USA
Authors: Le Minh Thong , Tran Van Hiep , Nguyen Thanh Thuy
Published: June 2024

Vietnam, a dynamic and rapidly developing country in Southeast Asia, is experiencing a surge in energy demand due to its booming economy and growing population. However, with the strong commitment of the Vietnamese government to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 at COP 26, Vietnam needs to implement robust measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with energy transition as a top priority. To meet this growing energy demand and minimize greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector, Vietnam is turning its attention to liquefied natural gas (LNG), an environmentally friendly and versatile energy source. With the USA emerging as a major global exporter of LNG based on the shale gas revolution, Vietnam has recognized the potential to import LNG from the USA to meet its energy needs in a sustainable manner. The purpose of this article is to analyse the reasons why Vietnam has prospects for importing LNG from the USA.
Estimation of the Electric Field in Atom Probe Tomography Experiments Using Charge State Ratios
Authors: Tegg Levi , Stephenson Leigh T , Cairney Julie M
Published: June 2024

Kingham [(1982). The post-ionization of field evaporated ions: A theoretical explanation of multiple charge states. Surf Sci116(2), 273–301] provided equations for the probability of observing higher charge states in atom probe tomography (APT) experiments. These “Kingham curves” have wide application in APT, but cannot be analytically transformed to provide the electric field in terms of the easily measured charge state ratio (CSR). Here we provide a numerical scheme for the calculation of Kingham curves and the variation in electric field with CSR. We find the variation in electric field with CSR is well described by a simple two- or three-parameter equation, and the model is accurate to most elements and charge states. The model is applied to experimental APT data of pure aluminium and a microalloyed steel, demonstrating that the methods described in this work can be easily applied to a variety of APT problems to understand electric field variations.
Continuum and line emission from accretion shocks at T tauri stars – I. Correlations with shock parameters
Authors: Kwan John
Published: June 2024

Fourteen models are calculated with the shock velocity ranging from 200 to 330 km s$^{-1}$ and pre-shock hydrogen nucleon density ranging from $2.5\times 10^{12}$ to $4\times 10^{13}$ cm$^{-3}$. Among them the summed emergent flux of all spectral lines accounts for about 0.1–0.3 of the total veiling flux. The hydrogen Balmer continuum accounts for 0.17–0.1, while a nearly constant fraction close to 0.5 comes from emission produced by the stellar atmosphere. The main results derived from the veiling continuum energy distributions are two strong correlations: (1) the Balmer jump (BJ) increases as FK, the shock kinetic energy flux, decreases; and (2) at a fixed fraction of surface coverage by accretion shocks $r_{\lambda }$, the ratio of veiling to photospheric continuum flux at wavelength λ decreases as FK decreases. Using the BJ–FK and $r_{4500\,\mathring{\rm A}}$–FK relations, the observed excess continua of 10 T Tauri stars are modelled. For BP Tau and 3 Orion stars our accretion luminosities are higher than published values by a factor of a few. For the six Chamaeleon I stars, our observed accretion luminosities are about 27–78 per cent higher than corresponding published values. Comparison of model results on the He i λ5876 Å flux with observed data indicates that, while those stars with dominant λ5876 Å narrow components can be readily accounted for by the calculated models, those with much stronger broad components cannot, and suggests that for the latter objects the bulk of their excess continua at 5876 Å do not originate from accretion shocks.
The 5′-terminal stem–loop RNA element of SARS-CoV-2 features highly dynamic structural elements that are sensitive to differences in cellular pH
Authors: Toews Sabrina , Wacker Anna , Faison Edgar M , Duchardt-Ferner Elke , Richter Christian , Mathieu Daniel , Bottaro Sandro , Zhang Qi , Schwalbe Harald
Published: June 2024

We present the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) solution structure of the 5′-terminal stem loop 5_SL1 (SL1) of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. SL1 contains two A-form helical elements and two regions with non-canonical structure, namely an apical pyrimidine-rich loop and an asymmetric internal loop with one and two nucleotides at the 5′- and 3′-terminal part of the sequence, respectively. The conformational ensemble representing the averaged solution structure of SL1 was validated using NMR residual dipolar coupling (RDC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. We show that the internal loop is the major binding site for fragments of low molecular weight. This internal loop of SL1 can be stabilized by an A12–C28 interaction that promotes the transient formation of an A+•C base pair. As a consequence, the pKa of the internal loop adenosine A12 is shifted to 5.8, compared to a pKa of 3.63 of free adenosine. Furthermore, applying a recently developed pH-differential mutational profiling (PD-MaP) approach, we not only recapitulated our NMR findings of SL1 but also unveiled multiple sites potentially sensitive to pH across the 5′-UTR of SARS-CoV-2.
Increased transcriptional elongation and RNA stability of GPCR ligand binding genes unveiled via RNA polymerase II degradation
Authors: Bao Lijun , Zhu Junyi , Shi Tingxin , Jiang Yongpeng , Li Boyuan , Huang Jie , Ji Xiong
Published: June 2024

RNA polymerase II drives mRNA gene expression, yet our understanding of Pol II degradation is limited. Using auxin-inducible degron, we degraded Pol II’s RPB1 subunit, resulting in global repression. Surprisingly, certain genes exhibited increased RNA levels post-degradation. These genes are associated with GPCR ligand binding and are characterized by being less paused and comprising polycomb-bound short genes. RPB1 degradation globally increased KDM6B binding, which was insufficient to explain specific gene activation. In contrast, RPB2 degradation repressed nearly all genes, accompanied by decreased H3K9me3 and SUV39H1 occupancy. We observed a specific increase in serine 2 phosphorylated Pol II and RNA stability for RPB1 degradation-upregulated genes. Additionally, α-amanitin or UV treatment resulted in RPB1 degradation and global gene repression, unveiling subsets of upregulated genes. Our findings highlight the activated transcription elongation and increased RNA stability of signaling genes as potential mechanisms for mammalian cells to counter RPB1 degradation during stress.
PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEIN 6 regulates plasmodesmal function in Arabidopsis vasculature
Authors: Li Zhongpeng , Liu Su-Ling , Montes-Serey Christian , Walley Justin W , Aung Kyaw
Published: June 2024

Plasmodesmata connect adjoining plant cells, allowing molecules to move between the connected cells for communication and sharing resources. It has been well established that the plant polysaccharide callose is deposited at plasmodesmata, regulating their aperture and function. Among proteins involved in maintaining callose homeostasis, PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEINSs (PDLPs) promote callose deposition at plasmodesmata. This study explored the function of PDLP5 and PDLP6 in different cell types. We discovered that PDLP5 and PDLP6 are expressed in nonoverlapping cell types in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The overexpression of PDLP5 and PDLP6 results in the overaccumulation of plasmodesmal callose at different cell interfaces, indicating that PDLP5 and PDLP6 are active in different cell types. We also observed 2 distinct patterns of starch accumulation in mature leaves of PDLP5 and PDLP6 overexpressors. An enzyme-catalyzed proximity labeling approach was used to identify putative functional partners of the PDLPs. We identified SUCROSE SYNTHASE 6 (SUS6) as a functional partner of PDLP6 in the vasculature. We further demonstrated that PDLP6 physically and genetically interacts with SUS6. In addition, CALLOSE SYNTHASE 7 (CALS7) physically interacts with SUS6 and PDLP6. Genetic interaction studies showed that CALS7 is required for PDLP6 function. We propose that PDLP6 functions with SUS6 and CALS7 in the vasculature to regulate plasmodesmal function.
Phosphorylated transcription factor PuHB40 mediates ROS-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear exposed to high light
Authors: Zhang Lu , Wang Lu , Fang Yongchen , Gao Yuhao , Yang Shulin , Su Jun , Ni Junbei , Teng Yuanwen , Bai Songling
Published: June 2024

Plants are increasingly vulnerable to environmental stresses because of global warming and climate change. Stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation results in plant cell damage, even cell death. Anthocyanins are important antioxidants that scavenge ROS to maintain ROS homeostasis. However, the mechanism underlying ROS-induced anthocyanin accumulation is unclear. In this study, we determined that the HD-Zip I family member transcription factor PuHB40 mediates ROS-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis under high-light stress in pear (Pyrus ussuriensis). Specifically, PuHB40 induces the PuMYB123-like–PubHLH3 transcription factor complex for anthocyanin biosynthesis. The PuHB40-mediated transcriptional activation depends on its phosphorylation level, which is regulated by protein phosphatase PP2A. Elevated ROS content maintains high PuHB40 phosphorylation levels while also enhancing the PuHB40-induced PuMYB123-like transcription by decreasing the PuPP2AA2 expression, ultimately leading to increased anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our study reveals a pathway regulating the ROS-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in pears, further clarifying the mechanism underlying the abiotic stress-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis, which may have implications for improving plant stress tolerance.
Complementary environmental analysis and functional characterization of lower glycolysis-gluconeogenesis in the diatom plastid
Authors: Dorrell Richard G , Zhang Youjun , Liang Yue , Gueguen Nolwenn , Nonoyama Tomomi , Croteau Dany , Penot-Raquin Mathias , Adiba Sandrine , Bailleul Benjamin , Gros Valérie , Pierella Karlusich Juan José , Zweig Nathanaël , Fernie Alisdair R , Jouhet Juliette , Maréchal Eric , Bowler Chris
Published: June 2024

Organic carbon fixed in chloroplasts through the Calvin–Benson–Bassham Cycle can be diverted toward different metabolic fates, including cytoplasmic and mitochondrial respiration, gluconeogenesis, and synthesis of diverse plastid metabolites via the pyruvate hub. In plants, pyruvate is principally produced via cytoplasmic glycolysis, although a plastid-targeted lower glycolytic pathway is known to exist in non-photosynthetic tissue. Here, we characterized a lower plastid glycolysis–gluconeogenesis pathway enabling the direct interconversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and phospho-enol-pyruvate in diatoms, ecologically important marine algae distantly related to plants. We show that two reversible enzymes required to complete diatom plastid glycolysis–gluconeogenesis, Enolase and bis-phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM), originated through duplications of mitochondria-targeted respiratory isoforms. Through CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, integrative ‘omic analyses, and measured kinetics of expressed enzymes in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, we present evidence that this pathway diverts plastid glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into the pyruvate hub, and may also function in the gluconeogenic direction. Considering experimental data, we show that this pathway has different roles dependent in particular on day length and environmental temperature, and show that the cpEnolase and cpPGAM genes are expressed at elevated levels in high-latitude oceans where diatoms are abundant. Our data provide evolutionary, meta-genomic, and functional insights into a poorly understood yet evolutionarily recurrent plastid metabolic pathway.
Watching the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam from a distance: Implications for sustainable water management of the Nile water
Authors: Abdelmohsen Karem , Sultan Mohamed , Yan Eugene , Abotalib Abotalib Z , Save Himanshu , Emil Mustafa , Elhaddad Hesham , Abdelmalik Karim
Published: June 2024

Increased demands for sustainable water and energy resources in densely populated basins have led to the construction of dams, which impound waters in artificial reservoirs. In many cases, scarce field data led to the development of models that underestimated the seepage losses from reservoirs and ignored the role of extensive fault networks as preferred pathways for groundwater flow. We adopt an integrated approach (remote sensing, hydrologic modeling, and field observations) to assess the magnitude and nature of seepage from such systems using the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), Africa's largest hydropower project, as a test site. The dam was constructed on the Blue Nile within steep, highly fractured, and weathered terrain in the western Ethiopian Highlands. The GERD Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Terrestrial Water Storage (GRACETWS), seasonal peak difference product, reveals significant mass accumulation (43 ± 5 BCM) in the reservoir and seepage in its surroundings with progressive south-southwest mass migration along mapped structures between 2019 and 2022. Seepage, but not a decrease in inflow or increase in outflow, could explain, at least in part, the observed drop in the reservoir's water level and volume following each of the three fillings. Using mass balance calculations and GRACETWS observations, we estimate significant seepage (19.8 ± 6 BCM) comparable to the reservoir's impounded waters (19.9 ± 1.2 BCM). Investigating and addressing the seepage from the GERD will ensure sustainable development and promote regional cooperation; overlooking the seepage would compromise hydrological modeling efforts on the Nile Basin and misinform ongoing negotiations on the Nile water management.
Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis of the relationship between periodontitis and risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers
Authors: Mi Shuyi , Cai Shangwen , Lou Guochun , Xue Meng
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The aim of the present study is to explore the possible association between periodontitis and upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers, including esophageal and gastric cancers, utilizing the Mendelian randomization method.

Methods

In this research, we utilized the Mendelian randomization method to examine the causal association between periodontitis and UGI cancers. Genome-wide association studies data for periodontitis were obtained from the Gene-Lifestyle Interactions in Dental Endpoints consortium, while UGI cancers’ data were accessed from FinnGen’s Biobank. After rigorously screening instrumental variables for periodontitis, we analyzed them with UGI cancers primarily using the inverse variance weighted. Finally, to identify outliers, the results were subjected to a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis.

Results

Inverse variance weighted (fixed effect) results revealed that periodontitis is a risk factor for gastric cancer (OR = 1.7735, 95% CI: 1.1576 to 2.7170, P = 0.0085). As for esophageal cancer, no statistically significant correlation was observed. Furthermore, no outliers were detected in any of the results.

Conclusion

Our two-sample Mendelian randomization study obviously demonstrates a significant positive association between periodontitis and gastric cancer, while no statistically significant correlation was found for esophageal cancer.
Protectors and guardians: observations from Australia
Authors: Barnett Katy
Published: June 2024

The role of protectors, guardians and other third-party officers is not well-explored in Australian case law. This article seeks to provide guidance for Australian practitioners, with reference to overseas case law, as cases involving these roles will become increasingly prominent in future years. The article discusses the definition of “protector”, the nature of different powers, the fiduciary aspects of the role and the possibility that a court may find a trust to be illusory, or “look through” the trust. The advantages and disadvantages of protectors are canvassed along with tips for drafters of trust deeds.
Plant Virus Impacts on Yield and Plant–Pollinator Interactions Are Phylogenetically Modulated Independently of Domestication in Cucurbita spp.
Authors: Hinshaw Chauncy , López-Uribe Margarita M. , Rosa Cristina
Published: June 2024

Plant defenses are conserved among closely related species, but domestication can alter host genotypes through artificial selection with potential losses in host defenses. Therefore, both domestication and host phylogenetic structure may influence plant virus infection outcomes. Here, we examined the association of phylogeny and domestication with the fitness of infected plants. We inoculated three pairs of domesticated and wild/noncultivated squash ( Cucurbita spp.) with a combination of two viruses commonly found to coinfect cucurbits, zucchini yellow mosaic virus and squash mosaic virus, and recorded fitness traits related to flowers, pollination, fruit, and seed viability in the field over 2 separate years. In an additional field experiment, we recorded the relative abundance of both viruses via RT-qPCR. We found a gradient of susceptibility across the six tested lineages, and phylogenetic structure, but not domestication, contributed to differences in infection outcomes and impacts on several fitness traits, including fruit number, fruit weight, and germination. Plant virus infection also impacted the quantity and quality of floral rewards and visitation rates of specialist bee pollinators. There were no detectable differences in viral load between the six host taxa for either virus individually or the ratio of zucchini yellow mosaic virus to squash mosaic virus. Our results highlight the importance of phylogenetic structure in predicting host susceptibility to disease across wild and domesticated plants and the ability of several hosts to maintain fitness in the field despite infection. Broader consequences of plant pathogens for beneficial insects, such as pollinators, should also be considered in future research.
The way towards ethical anesthesia care: no aim – no game – no fame or blame?
Authors: Meco Basak Ceyda , Guclu Cigdem Yildirim , Berger-Estilita Joana , Radtke Finn M.
Published: June 2024

Purpose of review

This review explores the intricacies of ethical anesthesia, exploring the necessity for precision anesthesia and its impact on patient-reported outcomes. The primary objective is to advocate for a defined aim, promoting the implementation of rules and feedback systems. The ultimate goal is to enhance precision anesthesia care, ensuring patient safety through the implementation of a teamwork and the integration of feedback mechanisms.

Recent findings

Recent strategies in the field of anesthesia have evolved from intraoperative monitorization to a wider perioperative patient-centered precision care. Nonetheless, implementing this approach encounters significant obstacles. The article explores the evidence supporting the need for a defined aim and applicable rules for precision anesthesia's effectiveness. The implementation of the safety culture is underlined. The review delves into the teamwork description with structured feedback systems.

Anesthesia is a multifaceted discipline that involves various stakeholders. The primary focus is delivering personalized precision care. This review underscores the importance of establishing clear aims, defined rules, and fostering effective and well tolerated teamwork with accurate feedback for improving patient-reported outcomes. The Safe Brain Initiative approach, emphasizing algorithmic monitoring and systematic follow-up, is crucial in implementing a fundamental and standardized reporting approach within patient-centered anesthesia care practice.
The drug titration paradox: a control engineering perspective
Authors: Sarraf Elie
Published: June 2024

Purpose of review

The drug titration paradox describes that, from a population standpoint, drug doses appear to have a negative correlation with its clinical effect. This paradox is a relatively modern discovery in anesthetic pharmacology derived from large clinical data sets. This review will interpret the paradox using a control engineering perspective.

Recent findings

Drug titration is a challenging endeavor, and the medication delivery systems used in everyday clinical practice, including infusion pumps and vaporizers, typically do not allow for rapid or robust titration of medication being delivered. In addition, clinicians may be reluctant to deviate from a predetermined plan or may be content to manage patients within fixed goal boundaries.

This drug titration paradox describes the constraints of how the average clinician will dose a patient with an unknown clinical response. While our understanding of the paradox is still in its infancy, it remains unclear how alternative dosing schemes, such as through automation, may exceed the boundaries of the paradox and potentially affect its conclusions.
Utilization and Surgical Outcomes of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Levin Gabriel , Wright Jason D. , Burke Yechiel Z. , Hamilton Kacey M. , Meyer Raanan
Published: June 2024

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the rate and surgical outcomes of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN).

METHODS:

We conducted a cohort study that used the prospective American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Women with EIN on postoperative pathology who underwent minimally invasive hysterectomy from 2012 to 2020 were included. The cohort was dichotomized based on the performance of SLN biopsy. Patients' characteristics, perioperative morbidity, and mortality were compared between patients who underwent SLN biopsy and those who did not. Postoperative complications were defined using the Clavien-Dindo classification system.

RESULTS:

Overall, 4,447 patients were included; of those, 586 (13.2%) underwent SLN biopsy. The proportion of SLN biopsy has increased steadily from 0.6% in 2012 to 26.1% in 2020 (P<.001), with a rate of 16% increase per year. In a multivariable regression that included age, body mass index (BMI), and year of surgery, a more recent year of surgery was independently associated with an increased adjusted odds ratio of undergoing SLN biopsy (1.51, 95% CI, 1.43–1.59). The mean total operative time was longer in the SLN biopsy group (139.50±50.34 minutes vs 131.64±55.95 minutes, P=.001). The rate of any complication was 5.9% compared with 6.7%, the rate of major complications was 2.3% compared with 2.4%, and the rate of minor complications was 4.1% compared with 4.9% for no SLN biopsy and SLN biopsy, respectively. In a single complications analysis, the rate of venous thromboembolism was higher in the SLN biopsy group (four [0.7%] vs four [0.1%], P=.013). In a multivariable regression analysis adjusted for age, BMI, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, uterus weight, and preoperative hematocrit, the performance of SLN biopsy was not associated with any complications, major complications, or minor complications.

CONCLUSION:

The performance of SLN biopsy in EIN is increasing. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for EIN is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism and a negligible increased surgical time.
JournalADE: Creation and validation of a novel program for automated data extraction (ADE) to assess authorship gender representation
Authors: Larson Emily L. , Pandya Shivani , Stewart Sara , Schmerler Jessica , Jabori Sinan Kallo , Xun Helen , Jain Kriti , LaPorte Dawn , Aiyer Amiethab
Published: June 2024

Background:

Analyses of gender in academic authorship are key to characterizing representation in surgical fields, but current methods of manual data collection are time-consuming and error prone. The purpose of this study was to design a program to automatically extract publication data and verify the accuracy of this program in comparison to manually-collected data in a pilot study of three orthopaedic surgery journals.

Methods:

Publications from three orthopaedic subspecialty journals between January 2019 and June 2021 were identified via PubMed search. For each publication, online publication date, journal issue month, first author name, and senior author name were collected from PubMed listings by hand and programmatically in a Python script (JournalADE). Gender was determined using Gender API.

Results:

The percent of publications for which manually- and program-collected online publication dates were within 14 days of each other was above 95% for all journals. There was 98.3% (95% CI=97.84-98.76%) agreement for online publication date, with a mean difference of 6.43 (SD 0.87) days. Journal issue month agreement was 99.6% (95% CI=99.37-99.83%). Agreement for first author gender was 97.33% (95% CI=96.75-97.91%) and for senior author gender was 96.77% (95% CI=96.14-97.4%). Estimated labor time for manual collection was 100 hr, compared to 15 min for JournalADE.

Conclusions:

When comparing the JournalADE- and manually-collected data, rates of agreement were high at a fraction of the time. This supports the efficacy of JournalADE and sets the stage for its use in future studies of gender in authorship.
Temporal Shape Changes of Pedicle Screw-rod Constructs After Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Ikezawa Munenari , Tanioka Satoru , Nishikawa Hirofumi , Aydin Orhun Utku , Hilbert Adam , Miyazaki Takahiro , Fujimoto Masashi , Ishida Fujimaro , Kamei Yusuke , Suzuki Hidenori , Mizuno Masaki , Frey Dietmar
Published: June 2024

Study Design.

Retrospective multicenter study.

Objective.

To examine the shape change of screw-rod constructs over time after short-segment lumbar interbody fusion and to clarify its relationship to clinical characteristics.

Summary of Background Data.

No study has focused on the shape change of screw-rod constructs after short-segment fusion and its clinical implications.

Methods.

One hundred eight patients who had single-level lumbar interbody fusion with pedicle screws and cages were enrolled. Three-dimensional (3D) images of screw-rod constructs were generated from baseline CT on the day after surgery and follow-up CT and were superposed on the right and left side, respectively, using the iterative closest point algorithm. The shape change was quantitatively assessed by computing the median distance between the 3D images, which was defined as the shape change value. Among the 5 time-course categories of follow-up CT (≤1, 2–3, 4–6, 7–12, and ≥13 months), the shape change values were compared. The relationships between the shape change values and clinical characteristics, such as age, CT-derived vertebral bone mineral density, screw and rod materials, and postoperative interbody fusion status, cage subsidence, and screw loosening, were evaluated.

Results.

A total of 237 follow-up CTs were included (≤1 [34 scans], 2–3 [33 scans], 4–6 [80 scans], 7–12 [48 scans], and ≥13 months [42 scans]) because many patients underwent multiple follow-up CTs. There were significant differences in shape change values among the time-course categories (P<0.001 in Kruskal-Wallis test). Most shape changes occurred within 6 months postoperatively, with no significant changes observed at 7 months or more. There were no significant relationships between the shape change values and each clinical characteristic.

Conclusions.

The temporal shape changes of screw-rod constructs following short-segment lumbar interbody fusion progressed up to 6 months after surgery but not significantly thereafter.
High percentage of bone marrow CD8+ tissue-resident-like memory T cells predicts inferior survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Cai Letong , Lai Wenpu , Yao Danlin , Gu Yinfeng , Liang Chaofeng , Liu Lian , Lai Jing , Yu Zhi , Zha Xianfeng , Yu Xibao , Wu Xiuli , Chen Shaohua , Luo Oscar Junhong , Li Yangqiu , Wang Chunyan , Qin Pengfei , Huang Xin , Xu Ling
Published: June 2024

Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells infiltrating solid tumors could influence tumor progression and the response to immune therapies. However, the proportion and prognostic value of TRM cells in the bone marrow (BM) of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are unclear. In this study, we used flow cytometry to assay the phenotype of 49 BM samples from patients newly diagnosed with AML (ND-AML). We found that the BM CD8+effector memory (TEM) cells highly expressed CD69 (CD8+TRM-like T cells), and their percentage was significantly increased in patients with ND-AML compared with that in healthy individuals (HI). The high percentage of CD8+TRM-like subset was associated with poor overall survival in our ND-AML cohort. The Kaplan–Meier Plotter database verified a significantly reduced survival rate among patients with high expression of CD8+TRM-like T cell characteristic genes (CD8A,CD69, andTOX), especially the M4 and M5 subtypes. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the BM CD8+TRM-like subpopulation exhibited exhausted T cell characteristics, but its high expression of CD27 and CD28 and low expression of CD57 suggested its high proliferative potential. The single-cell proteogenomic dataset confirmed the existence of TRM-like CD8+T cells in the BM of patients with AML and verified the high expression of immune checkpoints and costimulatory molecules. In conclusion, we found that the accumulation of BM CD8+TRM-like cells could be an immune-related survival prediction marker for patients with AML.
BTLA deficiency promotes HSC activation and protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury
Authors: Shen Xiaoyun , Mai Rongyun , Han Xiao , Wang Qi , Wang Yifan , Ji Tong , Tong Yifan , Chen Ping , Zhao Jia , He Xiaoyan , Wen Tong , Liang Rong , Lin Yan , Luo Xiaoling , Cai Xiujun
Published: June 2024

Background and Aims:

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is unavoidable even despite the development of more effective surgical approaches. During hepatic IRI, activated HSC (aHSC) are involved in liver injury and recovery.

Approach and Result:

A proportion of aHSC increased significantly both in the mouse liver tissues with IRI and in the primary mouse HSCs and LX-2 cells during hypoxia-reoxygenation. “Loss-of-function” experiments revealed that depleting aHSC with gliotoxin exacerbated liver damage in IRI mice. Subsequently, we found that the transcription of mRNA and the expression of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) protein were lower in aHSC compared with quiescent HSCs. Interestingly, overexpression or knockdown of BTLA resulted in opposite changes in the activation of specific markers for HSCs such as collagen type I alpha 1, α-smooth muscle actin, and Vimentin. Moreover, the upregulation of these markers was also observed in the liver tissues of global BLTA-deficient (BTLA−/−) mice and was higher after hepatic IRI. Compared with wild-type mice, aHSC were higher, and liver injury was lower in BTLA−/− mice following IRI. However, the depletion of aHSC reversed these effects. In addition, the depletion of aHSC significantly exacerbated liver damage in BTLA−/− mice with hepatic IRI. Furthermore, the TGF-β1 signaling pathway was identified as a potential mechanism for BTLA to negatively regulate the activation of HSCs in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusions:

These novel findings revealed a critical role of BTLA. Particularly, the receptor inhibits HSC-activated signaling in acute IRI, implying that it is a potential immunotherapeutic target for decreasing the IRI risk.
Biomarkers in acute kidney injury and cirrhosis
Authors: Lima Camila , Macedo Etienne
Published: June 2024

The use of biomarkers for managing acute kidney injury (AKI) is still not routinely used in clinical practice due to the lack of robust evidence on their impact on patient outcomes. In cirrhotic patients’ serum creatinine (sCr) limitations are more pronounced, as malnutrition, altered volume status, and muscle mass loss are more frequently encountered. This can make the diagnosis of AKI challenging, and therefore, additional markers may be necessary for a more accurate evaluation. This review will discuss the renal biomarkers of filtration and injury in patients with cirrhosis, focusing on their possible clinical application. A combined evaluation of a panel of biomarkers could provide a comprehensive assessment of kidney function and help distinguish between hepatorenal syndrome and chronic kidney disease in situations involving liver or combined liver and kidney transplantation. We will demonstrate that some biomarkers have more evidence of their utility in cirrhotic patients, such as cystatin C for filtration. In contrast, others require further studies, such as proenkephalin, which is only used in liver transplantation and appears superior to cystatin C as the inflammatory state does not influence it in cirrhotic patients. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) as a biomarker of injury in renal dysfunction in cirrhotic patients is still unclear despite extensive analysis in various scenarios, including liver diseases. On the other hand, the utility of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is well established in renal dysfunction and evaluating other outcomes.
How to cultivate sustainable physical health and wellness in transplant recipients: the emerging and enduring role of exercise scientists
Authors: Sakkas Giorgos K. , Giannaki Christoforos D. , Wilund Kenneth R. , Karatzaferi Christina
Published: June 2024

Purpose of review

The aim of the current review is to highlight the importance of exercise training as an important section of transplant recipient rehabilitation process and explain the role of the exercise scientist in the development, implementation, and assessment of the exercise regime.

Recent findings

Transplant patients face a unique set of challenges in their recovery and rehabilitation process, often requiring a multifaceted approach to address the physical, emotional, and psychological aspects of their condition. Exercise training has emerged as a crucial component in the care of these patients, providing a means to improve functional capacity, enhance quality of life, and mitigate the adverse effects of transplant-related complications. Exercise scientists who are trained to assess patient's physical limitations, develop and deliver personalized exercise programs, and monitor their progress are uniquely positioned to play a crucial role in the treatment of patients with chronic conditions that require exercise training as a mean of improving and maintaining health and quality of life.

Exercise scientists are the appropriate professionals for providing transplant recipients with the recommended exercise training for maintaining and improving their health status as part of the overall plan of long-term care and support.
Pilot Testing Educational Videos for Black Caregivers Receiving Home Hospice Care
Authors: Park Taeyoung , Parillon Brittney , Cruz-Oliver Dulce M. , Sloan Danetta H. , Reid M. Cary , Czaja Sara , Adelman Ronald , Dignam Ritchell , Phongtankuel Veerawat
Published: June 2024

Black caregivers face distinct challenges in symptom management when providing end-of-life care. Educational interventions may improve caregiver preparedness and competency by providing information on symptom management. This study pilot tested 4 culturally tailored caregiver educational videos about symptom management for Black caregivers receiving home hospice care at a large, urban, nonprofit hospice organization to determine feasibility and acceptability, along with their potential impact on caregiver outcomes. All participants (N = 10) agreed to watch the 4 videos and found the videos to be helpful; 90% (n = 9) shared that they would recommend them to other Black caregivers receiving home hospice care. Total preparedness scores increased from a mean score of 23.5 preintervention to 28.3 postintervention. Caregiver competency scores increased from 13.8 at preintervention to 14.3 at postintervention. Caregivers' comfort and knowledge scores increased from preintervention to postintervention for all 7 end-of-life topics presented in the 4 videos. This study found that it was feasible and acceptable to show Black caregivers culturally tailored educational videos related to issues regarding symptom management. Many found the videos to be helpful and the topics to be relatable. There were trends toward improvement in preparedness and competency. Future studies examining efficacy are needed to determine the impact of this intervention.