bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research and Innovation in the Private Forestry Sector: Past Successes and Future Opportunities
Authors: Homyack Jessica , Sucre Eric , Magalska Lauren , Fox Thomas
Published: August 2021

The private forestry sector faces enormous challenges from complex environmental issues concurrent with societal concerns about intensive forest management and application of silvicultural tools. At the same time, research and development spending and the scientific workforce in the forestry sector has declined. However, the forestry sector has a long history of strategic deployment of science and technology to manage timberlands for many uses, including ecological services. To address science and societal needs from future forests, we describe past successes and potential future innovations of the forestry sector across (1) genetics, (2) silviculture and productivity, (3) harvesting and logging technology, (4) environmental sustainability, and (5) remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles. Developing technology is only one component, however; progressing towards sector goals of diversifying the workforce, explicitly valuing research collaborations, and integrating big data across ownerships to guide management decisions will hasten innovation. With the growing complexity of social-ecological-economic challenges, the private forestry sector must enact a tactical approach to addressing stressors with evolving research structures. We offer a vision of a vibrant private forestry sector poised to integrate technological innovation to continue meeting society’s needs through the intersecting effects of climate change and other challenges.
Evidence for profile changes in PSR J1713+0747 using the uGMRT
Authors: Singha Jaikhomba , Surnis Mayuresh P , Joshi Bhal Chandra , Tarafdar Pratik , Rana Prerna , Susobhanan Abhimanyu , Girgaonkar Raghav , Kolhe Neel , Agarwal Nikita , Desai Shantanu , Prabu T , Bathula Adarsh , Dandapat Subhajit , Dey Lankeswar , Hisano Shinnosuke , Kato Ryo , Kharbanda Divyansh , Kikunaga Tomonosuke , Marmat Piyush , Susarla Sai Chaitanya , Bagchi Manjari , Dhanda Batra Neelam , Choudhury Arpita , Gopakumar A , Gupta Yashwant , Krishnakumar M A , Maan Yogesh , Manoharan P K , Nobleson K , Pandian Arul , Pathak Dhruv , Takahashi Keitaro
Published: August 2021

PSR J1713+0747 is one of the most precisely timed pulsars in the international pulsar timing array experiment. This pulsar showed an abrupt profile shape change between 2021 April 16, (MJD 59320) and 2021 April 17 (MJD 59321). In this paper, we report the results from multi-frequency observations of this pulsar carried out with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) before and after the event. We demonstrate the profile change seen in Band 5 (1260 MHz–1460 MHz) and Band 3 (300 MHz–500 MHz). The timing analysis of this pulsar shows a disturbance accompanying this profile change followed by a recovery with a time-scale of ∼159 days. Our data suggest that a model with chromatic index as a free parameter is preferred over models with combinations of achromaticity with DM bump or scattering bump. We determine the frequency dependence to be ∼ν+1.34.
Instigators of COVID-19 in Immune Cells Are Increased in Tobacco Cigarette Smokers and Electronic Cigarette Vapers Compared With Nonsmokers
Authors: Kelesidis Theodoros , Zhang Yuyan , Tran Elizabeth , Sosa Grace , Middlekauff Holly R
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, gains entry into the host cell when its Spike protein is cleaved by host proteases TMPRSS2 and furin, thereby markedly increasing viral affinity for its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). In rodent and diseased human lungs, tobacco cigarette (TCIG) smoke increases ACE2, but the effect of electronic cigarette vaping (ECIG) is unknown. It is unknown whether nicotine (in both TCIGs and ECIGs) or non-nicotine constituents unique to TCIG smoke increase expression of key proteins in COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Methods

Immune (CD45+) cells collected before the pandemic in otherwise healthy young people, including TCIG smokers (n = 9), ECIG vapers (n = 12), or nonsmokers (NS) (n = 12), were studied. Using flow cytometry, expression of key proteins in COVID-19 pathogenesis were compared among these groups.

Results

TCIG smokers and ECIG vapers had similar smoking or vaping burdens as indicated by similar plasma cotinine levels. TCIG smokers compared with NS had a significantly increased percentage of cells that were positive for ACE2 (10-fold, p < .001), TMPRSS2 (5-fold, p < .001), and ADAM17 (2.5-fold, p < .001). Additionally, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) consistently showed greater mean ACE2 (2.2-fold, p < .001), TMPRSS2 (1.5-fold, p < .001), furin (1.1-fold, p < .05), and ADAM17 (2-fold, p < .001) in TCIG smokers compared with NS. In ECIG vapers, furin MFI was increased (1.15-fold, p < .05) and TMPRSS2 MFI tended to be increased (1.1-fold, p = .077) compared with NS.

Conclusions

The finding that key instigators of COVID-19 infection are lower in ECIG vapers compared with TCIG smokers is intriguing and warrants additional investigation to determine if switching to ECIGs is an effective harm reduction strategy. However, the trend toward increased proteases in ECIG vapers remains concerning.

Implications

(1) This is the first human study to report a marked increase in proteins critical for COVID-19 infection, including ACE2, TMPRSS2, and ADAM17, in immune cells from healthy tobacco cigarette smokers without lung disease compared with e-cigarette vapers and nonsmokers. (2) These findings warrant additional investigation to determine whether switching to electronic cigarettes may be an effective harm reduction strategy in smokers addicted to nicotine who are unable or unwilling to quit. (3) The increase in proteases in electronic cigarette vapers remains concerning.
Jewish Workers Meet the Russian Revolution
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This chapter treats Europe’s Russian colonies as a crucial locus of Jewish emancipation. It explores how professional revolutionaries—both Jews and non-Jews—made contact with Yiddish-speaking Jewish workers abroad, integrating the latter into the radical networks centered in the colonies. In the process, many Jewish proletarians became radicalized and more engaged in Russian politics than ever before. The exchanges between Russified intellectuals and working-class Jews in emigration created a new style of revolutionary politics from the bottom up that was sensitive to the special experiences and needs of Jewish workers yet sought to marshal these particularities for the cause of universal emancipation. The chapter closes with an exploration of how émigré networks transported the new political styles developed abroad back to Russia and examines the role that exile politics played in the creation of the Bund, an event usually understood as purely domestic in origin.
Ou-topos?
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This chapter chronicles the new challenges that emerged to face the Russian colonies between 1905 and 1917. These included an increase in enmity between rival factions, internecine violence, and rising external oppression. Together, these factors led to the colonies’ social and spatial unravelling. The beginning of World War I, which further divided émigré communities and led to the forcible conscription of some their residents and the interment and surveillance of others, struck the death knell for their utopian lifestyles. By early 1917 even the most determined of their activists, including Lenin, had lost hope in the colonies’ capacity to give rise to a better world.
Revolution from Abroad
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This chapter treats the Bolshevik revolution and first years of the Soviet regime as the final chapter of the émigré saga. It follows the alumni of the colonies as they returned to the colonies after the February 1917 revolution and examines how their experiences abroad influenced their later actions. The chapter shows how the Bolsheviks used the exile tradition of living the revolution and the close relationships they had formed abroad to consolidate their power. At the same time, it argues that longstanding antipathies imported from Europe intensified revolutionary violence, and that rival interpretations of what it meant to live the revolution advanced by other parties posed persistent challenges to Bolshevik hegemony.
The Civil Law Legal Tradition
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter traces the origins and development of the civil law legal tradition, which assigns to judges only a mechanical, highly constrained form of decision-making. The civil law legal tradition is characterized globally by a historical reliance on Roman law; a modern rationalist code and no body of judge-made case law under the code; textualism and formalism; and the absence of jury trial and an inquisitorial approach to civil and criminal procedure. The civil law tradition allows judicial review, which has been seen as being inherently political, to be exercised soley by a separate institution, called a Constitutional Court, which alone interprets and enforces the Constitution and which is de facto the most important court in the country, even though de jure there are coequal courts of cassation and councils of state. Traditionally, judges received little social deference and were low on the hierarchy of status in civil law countries, whereas scholars and codifiers came first. The civil law legal tradition conceives of the separation of powers in a very wooden, ahistorical way that precludes judges from ever making policy by deciding administrative law and constitutional law cases. It was therefore necessary to create powerful constitutional courts as a specially chosen fourth branch of government in order for judicial review to work in civil law countries. The chapter conclude by looking at the court systems in civil law countries, which typically have three supreme courts: 1) a constitutional court; 2) a court of cassation; and 3) a council of state.
Japan
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter looks at the Japanese experience with judicial review. The Supreme Court of Japan does not enforce those parts of the Japanese Constitution, like Article 9, which prohibits war making; Article 21, which protects freedom of speech; or Article 89, which forbids taxpayer money from being used to hire Shinto priests. The Supreme Court of Japan thus refuses to enforce important articles in the Constitution of Japan. It does rubber stamp and thus legitimize actions taken by the political branches of the government. Why has judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation failed to take root in Japan? Japan does not need either a federal or a separation of powers umpire, since Japan is, firstly, a unitary nation-state with no need for a federalism umpire; and, secondly, a parliamentary democracy with a weak upper house of the legislature. Moreover, Japan has never atoned for the wrongs it committed during World War II nor has it truly admitted to even having done the horrible things that Japan did. A nation cannot get rights from wrongs judicial review and a Bill of Rights unless it admits it has done something wrong. Finally, the Japanese Constitution contains an inadequate system of checks and balances. As a result, the Supreme Court of Japan may not have the political space within which it can assert power.
The Federative Republic of Brazil
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter looks at Brazilian judicial review. Judicial review in Brazil originated because it was borrowed from the U.S. Constitution. It emerged in amplified form in Brazil’s 1988 Constitution because, by 1988, the normative appeal of judicial review was widely appreciated all over the world. Moreover, the Hybrid Model of judicial review in Brazil, whereby the Supreme Federal Tribunal is both, at the apex of a diffuse system of judicial review, and is also a Constitutional Court, reflects widespread appreciation for the value of a system like the German Constitutional Court in a civil law jurisdiction. The power of such a court to issue rulings with erga omnes effect is especially important in civil law countries like Brazil, which lack systems of stare decisis. First, judicial review emerged in Brazil as the result of borrowing. Second, it emerged as a rights from wrongs reaction to abuses of power during Fascism and during the military dictatorship, which ruled Brazil for 1964 until 1984. Third, judicial review is necessary in Brazil for both federalism and separation of powers umpiring reasons. Fourth, judicial review in Brazil also emerged because the constitution-writing elite wanted to entrench its liberal and socialist values to forestall the emergence of yet another military government in the country. And, fifth, the Brazilian Constitution divides and allocates power among so many federal and state entities that the Supreme Federal Tribunal has the political space it needs to play a really big role in governing the country.
Framboid Sizes
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Framboid size-frequency plots show log-normal distributions with a geometric mean diameter of 6.0 μ‎m and with 95% of framboids ranging between 2.9 and 12.3 μ‎m. The largest framboids may be 250 μ‎m in diameter, although spherical aggregates of framboids, known as polyframboids, may range up to 900 μ‎m in diameter. Various spherical clusters of nanoparticles have been described which are less than 0.2 μ‎m in diameter. These do not form a continuum with framboids. There is no evidence for any significant change in framboid diameters with geologic time, and the differences in mean sizes between hydrothermal and sedimentary framboids do not, at present, appear to be statistically significant. By contrast, it appears that the mean diameters of framboids from non-marine sediments are significantly larger (7.6 μ‎m) than marine framboids (5.7 μ‎m). There is some evidence that framboids formed in the water column are smaller than those formed in sediments, but the non-critical use of this possible difference as a proxy for paleoenvironmental reconstructions is not robust. So-called microframboids and nanoframboids are discrete entities which are distinct from framboids. They are nanoparticle clusters and are not produced by the same processes as those involved in framboid formation, nor do they behave in the same way. They are more akin to atomic clusters, which form similar constructs.
Framboid Microarchitecture
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Framboids can be classified in terms of whether their constituent microcrystals are regularly arranged (ordered in a single domain), randomly arranged (disordered), or mixtures of both (partially ordered or multiple domains). The relative proportions of these three types are unknown, but there may be a tendency for the proportion of ordered framboids to increase with geologic age. In single domain microarchitectures the constituent microcrystals are uniform in both size and morphology and are arranged in a single array that is coherent through the framboid. Cubic close packing in these single domains explains most of the textures observed in sections of organized framboid, and this geometry maximizes entropy at high densities. Multiple domain microarchitectures can produce pseudo-icosahedral symmetries with 20 tetrahedral sub-units. Additionally, a number of other geometries have been reported, which do not readily fit either cubic close packed or icosahedral packing. Many apparently randomly ordered framboids show domains of organized microcrystals, which is consistent with the thesis that microcrystal self-organization evolves with time in the framboid. Similar organized domains are shown in some irregular masses of pyrite microcrystals, suggesting that self-organization and the development of the framboidal shape are largely independent processes.
Organic Matter in Framboids
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Organic matter is intrinsically related to framboids since the sulfide in sedimentary pyrite is almost wholly the result of microbial sulfate reduction by mainly heterotrophic microorganisms. However, framboids do not represent fossil bacteria. The organic matter extracted from framboids tends to take on the form of the pyrite, rather than vice versa. The exact nature of this organic material is unknown. However, it appears that microbial biofilm may be an important contributor. Likewise, the organic residues from some framboids often appear similar to sulfur-rich organic geopolymers such as protokerogen. Most of the organic matter in framboids appears to be syngenetic with the framboids, and some framboids seem to have grown in organic substrates.
Epistemology, Philosophy of Science, and Virtue
Authors: Ratti Emanuele
Published: August 2021

This chapter offers an overview of how virtue-based concepts have been used by philosophers of science to shed light on epistemic aspects of science. In the epistemology of science, the word virtue has referred to two different concepts. First, virtue can be understood as excellence, where excellence is a quality of a model, a theory, or a hypothesis. Second, virtue can be understood more narrowly as a stable character trait and/or disposition of scientists themselves. The first meaning is connected to the long-standing debate on the qualities that make a scientific theory a good scientific theory. The second meaning is connected to a much more recent conversation exploring the connections between virtue epistemology and philosophy of science. I explore how these two meanings of virtue have been developed, and I highlight underexplored areas that can advance our understanding of the relation between virtue theory and philosophy of science.
Virtue and Contingent History
Authors: Ruetsche Laura
Published: August 2021

Some philosophers of science suggest that a narrow calculus of rationality—the axioms of probability calculus and the rule of conditionalization—suffices to characterize the epistemic aspect of science, including the phenomena of scientific knowledge and empirical justification. But what if a rationality constricted to a narrow calculus is a rationality inhibited in its pursuit of epistemic aims key to science? This chapter uses virtue as Aristotle understands it to develop a broader picture of rationality, a picture that likens some varieties of rationality to second-nature capacities. It discusses not only the epistemic aims that might be advanced by the exercise of epistemic second natures in the sciences but also the social conditions promoting this advancement.
Learning Agility and the Changing Nature of Leadership
Authors: Dai Guangrong , De Meuse Kenneth P.
Published: August 2021

“Learning Agility and the Changing Nature of Leadership: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice” explores the theoretical foundation and reviews the conceptual evolution of learning agility. Learning agility assessment has been closely connected to high-potential identification and development. It is asserted that the definition of high potential should expand beyond upward mobility to reflect what is needed for leadership effectiveness in today’s volatile and dynamic business environment. Combining the learning agility literature with the findings from recent research on adaptability, the chapter proposes a theory-based model of learning agility to enhance its conceptual clarity. This model appears to encompass existing learning agility assessment tools quite well. Subsequently, the chapter reviews the empirical findings from several learning agility studies, especially its incremental validity in explaining leader success, and examines its relationship with other constructs. The chapter closes with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications.
Developing Learning Agile Behavior
Authors: Harvey Veronica Schmidt , Prager Raphael Y.
Published: August 2021

“Developing Learning Agile Behavior: A Model and Overview” focuses on how the development of learning agility creates a competitive advantage for leaders and their organizations. This chapter summarizes theories relevant to learning agility that have evolved over the past 50 years and the factors likely to influence learning agility development. An integrated learning agility model is proposed, the Learning Agile Process, consisting of (1) identifying the need for change, (2) planning for change, (3) implementing change, and (4) regulating and monitoring change. The model also outlines Learning Agile Behaviors that enable leaders to navigate this process: (1) observing, (2) doing, (3) connecting, (4) thinking, and (5) mobilizing. Thirty practical, learnable strategies for increasing learning agility are also provided. The chapter concludes with questions that remain to be answered in understanding the behaviors that contribute to agile learning.
Being in Learning Mode
Authors: Heslin Peter A. , Mellish Leigh B.
Published: August 2021

Being in learning mode is a leadership development metacompetency that facilitates agile cultivation of required leadership competencies. The chapter “Being in Learning Mode: A Core Developmental Process for Learning Agility” explains how leaders can foster their learning agility by deliberately engaging in the developmental processes involved in being in learning mode. Doing so involves priming a growth mindset within themselves and those they lead, before deliberately cycling through relevant approach, action, and reflection experiential learning processes to develop a targeted competency. Implications are discussed for leaders and organizations concerned with cultivating learning agility, as well as for scholars interested in conducting research on the role of being in learning mode in enabling leaders to be agile learners.
Developing Learning Agile Leaders
Authors: Leisten Jessie , Donohue Jim
Published: August 2021

“Developing Learning Agile Leaders: What We Can Learn From the Top Companies for Leaders” describes the link between learning agile leaders and the organizational practices that support and drive this capability. The basis for the insights was derived from nearly 20 years of practitioner research demonstrating the tactics used by leading global organizations of the twenty-first century (Top Companies for Leaders). Furthermore, the chapter examines how the focus on critical aspects of learning agility (e.g., resilience, engaging leadership, and self-awareness) became a tipping point for creating talent programs and practices that nimbly address the changing corporate landscape. The chapter provides tangible examples of learning agility in action to assist practitioners and academicians in the pursuit of unlocking the power of leaders and their teams.
Holy Motors
Authors: Landesman Ohad
Published: August 2021

Holy Motors (2012, dir. Leos Carax) is a film that poses many challenges for the viewer. It proceeds without any narrative logic, embraces a fragmented and disorienting structure, provides unmotivated character behavior, and produces epistemological confusion. This chapter argues that Carax’s film should be understood primarily as a metacinematic work about both the death of cinema and its concurrent rebirth, and that it represents and complicates cultural and critical anxieties about the impact of new technologies on cinema’s development in the twenty-first century. Holy Motors is used as a rich case study for evaluating the merits and limitations of mourning cinema’s passing era in the midst of the technological revolution. The film, it is argued, invites us to re-evaluate today the early rhetoric of crisis, death, and rupture, prevalent in the early days of digital cinema, and to trace not only what has been arguably lost in the transition, but also what could be ultimately gained from it.
Funny Games
Authors: Schofield Paul
Published: August 2021

This chapter is concerned with Michael Haneke’s Funny Games and the role of imagination in cinematic engagement. Drawing upon the work of Richard Moran, the chapter shows how Funny Games makes the case that a film’s audience is, through its imaginative engagement, morally implicated in the events depicted on screen. I demonstrate that Funny Games develops certain themes found in Moran’s “The Expression of Feeling in Imagination.” While the bulk of Moran’s article is devoted to attacking a particular trend in the philosophical aesthetics literature, wherein film viewing is understood as an exercise in make-believe, Moran ends on a constructive note, recommending additional ways that imagination might be deployed for the purpose of appreciating art. My suggestion is that Funny Games uses the resources of its medium to investigate the role of imagination in our engagement with film in ways first suggested by Moran, thereby engaging philosophically with questions about aesthetics, art, and the philosophy of film.
The Act of Killing
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

One of the most remarkable features of The Act of Killing (2012, dir. Joshua Oppenheimer), a documentary film concerned with the Indonesian genocide of 1965–66, is the breakdown that one of the former perpetrators experiences as a result of playing a victim during a filmed re-enactment of the torture he participated in over forty years earlier. This chapter analyzes the unusual nature of this re-enactment using ideas from cognitive film theory in order to explain two things: first, how such a breakdown could occur; second, how it triggers an empathetic reaction previously unavailable to the perpetrator in which he comes to understand the suffering of the victims of his crimes.
The Return of Medium Specificity Claims and the Evaluation of the Moving Image
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter reviews the traditional notion of medium specificity and its relevance to evaluation, along with recent revivals of the thesis in the work of Berys Gaut and Dominic Lopes. The chapter criticizes various versions of the medium specificity thesis – both past and present -- and offers an alternative approach to the evaluation of moving images.
Philosophizing through the Moving Image
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter defends the possibility of some motion pictures doing philosophy on the grounds that some motion pictures have already done so, including Enie Gehr’s Serene Velocity. Special attention is paid to the avant-garde genre of what the author calls “Minimal Film” (a.k.a. “Structural Film”) and the way in which that arena of practice makes philosophical discourse via the moving image possible.
Warhol’s Empire
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides an interpretation of Andy Warhol’s eight-hour film Empire which excavates some of the philosophical themes that film advances in a way that can be considered to be an instance of movie made philosophy.
Cognitivism, Psychology, and Neuroscience
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter considers a range of devices available to movie makers for controlling audience attention – including variable framing, the criterial prefocusing of emotion, erotetic narration – in light of current research in psychology.
Talk to Her
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter is an interpretation of Pedro Almodovar’s film Talk to Her which argues that the movie provides viewers with the opportunity to reflect upon their ethical assumptions in a way that undermines some of their ingrained associations. In this regard, it is argued that the film, insofar as it is potentially morally educative, is also a positive ethical achievement.
Vertigo
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter treats Alfred Hitchcock’s masterpiece Vertigo as a contribution to the philosophy of romantic love, including, among other things, consideration of its ethical dimensions.
Science Fiction, Philosophy, and Politics
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the 1968 film as an intuition pump designed to potentially move audiences toward a positive attitude toward civil rights by allegorically projecting racial relations in terms of the unjust ape-to-human relations portrayed in the movie.
Yvonne Rainer and the Recuperation of Everyday Life
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the evolution of Yvonne Rainer’s interrogation of the everyday from her practice as a choreographer to her practice as a film maker where embrace of the doctrine that the “personal is political” becomes her dominant theme, making her perhaps the leading avant-garde, feminist auteur.
Three Problems in the Philosophy of Movie Music
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines three issues. First, the question of the nature of movie music. Second the issue of whether there is an implicit musical organizer with respect to the non-diegetic music track. And third, Peter Kivy’s hypothesis that the music track “fills-out” the otherwise “ghostly” visual track.
Revisiting The World Viewed
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that Cavell’s treatise on film is a highly organized and systematic treatment of the cinema. After setting out the structure of Cavell’s book at length, the chapter critically assesses the book’s key conclusions.
Watching Films
Authors: Olkin Rhoda
Published: August 2021

There are two activities in this chapter, both involving watching films. The first activity can be done in class or over one week, and has students pick one film from a provided list and analyze it from the vantage point of the director, the characters, and the story. The second activity is best done over about 10 weeks as it is intended to be a sequential exposure to increasingly complex concepts related to disability. Students watch various preselected YouTube videos and nonfiction films. By viewing the materials over time, students have time to reflect as they move through the sequence. By keeping notes each week students can monitor if and how their own perceptions change.
Rebel Courts
Authors: Provost René
Published: August 2021

Rebel Courts presents an argument that it is possible for non-state armed groups in situations of armed conflict to legally establish and operate a system of courts to administer justice. Neither the concept of the rule of law nor the general principle of state sovereignty stands in the way of framing an understanding of the rule of law adapted to the reality of rebel governance in the area of justice. Legal standards applicable to non-state armed groups in situations of international or non-international armed conflict, including international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and international criminal law, recognise their authority to regularly constitute or establish non-state courts. The lawful operation of such courts is of course subject to requirements of due process, corresponding to an array of guarantees that must be respected in all cases. Rebel courts that are regularly constituted and operate in a manner consistent with due process guarantees demand a certain degree of recognition by international institutions, by states not involved in the conflict, to some extent by the territorial state, and even by other non-state armed groups. These normative claims are grounded in a series of detailed case studies of the administration of justice by non-state armed groups in a diverse range of conflict situations, including the FARC (Colombia), Islamic State (Syria and Iraq), Taliban (Afghanistan), Tamil Tigers (Sri Lanka), PKK (Turkey), PYD (Syria), and KRG (Iraq).
Legality of Rebel Courts—Islamic State and Taliban Justice
Authors: Provost René
Published: August 2021

Chapter 2 assesses the legality of rebel courts pursuant to applicable rules of public international law, with the case studies of the rebel administration of justice by the Islamic State and the Taliban. The Islamic State at one point controlled a territory in Syria and Iraq as large as the United Kingdom. It had a highly developed institutional structure that was quite bureaucratic in nature, including a multi-tier court system that imposed harsh but undeniably effective justice. The Islamic State forcefully rejected notions such as the rule of law and judicial independence and impartiality. The Taliban has a hierarchical governance structure, in which courts are somewhat separate from other sections. Taliban judges are trained Islamic scholars who constantly rotate from province to province, and there are provincial appeal court and central apex courts. The very concept of a “court” used in international law norms applicable to armed conflicts implies some basic attributes that will not be met by any and all adjudicative body. That said, the concept of a “regularly constituted court” in international humanitarian law and of a “court established by law” in human rights law correspond to basic criteria that are not impossible to meet for an armed group. Likewise, the institutional requirement of independence and impartiality that define what is a court, once adapted to the reality of a non-state armed groups operating in a conflict zone, can indeed be met by some armed insurgents.
Conclusion
Authors: Provost René
Published: August 2021

The rebel administration of justice can be a social good provided by non-state armed groups in situations of armed conflict. International humanitarian law and international human rights law provide parameters that can guide this practice, calling for more detailed studies of rebel justice that will allow precise legal analyses. State and non-state law interact in complex patterns in zones of conflict, opening new avenues for an understanding of legal normativity inspired by legal pluralism. Finally, decisions of rebel courts do not lose all significance once war is over. Transitional justice must recognise that the rebel administration of justice is a practice that has factual and legal consequences that keep producing effects long after hostilities have ceased.
Images of Discipline
Authors: Bock Mary Angela
Published: August 2021

This chapter studies the way criminal punishment has been presented visually over time, starting with the last public hanging in the United States, then examining the way contemporary executions are visualized, and concluding with a discussion of the challenges journalists face in covering the prison system. The execution of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro, Kentucky, in 1936 was the last legally adjudicated hanging in the United States. An analysis of the resulting news narratives and discourse from Owensboro residents, when coupled with interviews from contemporary journalists who cover executions, suggests that while visual news practices are markedly different, the prevailing ideological constructs of law enforcement’s patriarchal legitimacy remain constant. Finally, while surveillance cameras and smartphones have offered new views into prison practices, the carceral state remains largely invisible in the news. The chapter ends with a normative discussion of journalism’s responsibilities to the audience, including people who are incarcerated.
Walks of Shame
Authors: Bock Mary Angela
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the cultural trope of the perp walk and the grounded practices involved with their construction. While perp walks are often presented as spontaneous encounters between journalists and a defendant, they are more often produced; the result of interpersonal and institutional negotiations between news organizations and law enforcement. The images from these orchestrations visually frame individuals as guilty, and those who have experienced the ritual report it to be dehumanizing. This research expands on the concept of embodied gatekeeping by detailing the way grounded practice shapes narratives that support and perpetuate faith in the criminal justice system’s legitimate authority. The role of police and prosecutors in orchestrating perp walks is rarely, if ever, acknowledged or covered in journalism. The production of these cultural tropes signifies an important dimension of the way embodied gatekeeping can link the goals of visual journalists and criminal justice officials.
Police and Image Maintenance
Authors: Bock Mary Angela
Published: August 2021

Video evidence of use-of-force incidents has changed the conversation about policing in the United States and undermined faith in law enforcement. This chapter presents a critical discourse analysis of police efforts to maintain a positive public image. First, the chapter identifies three rhetorical strategies used by law enforcement in pursuit of image repair. When they cannot control the original creation and framing of an image through embodied gatekeeping, officials negotiate its recontextualization by controlling the narrative, explaining procedures, or appealing to the public’s respect for authority. Many departments are also crafting their own visual messaging, with social media accounts that highlight good deeds caught on badge cams or with lighthearted in-house video productions such as the 2018 Lip Sync Challenge. A close reading of the Lip Sync Challenge finds that its productions tended to reify, rather than dispute, the white, militaristic, hypermasculine culture that police accountability activists condemn.
What Role Can Science Education Play?
Authors: Sinatra Gale M. , Hofer Barbara K.
Published: August 2021

In international tests, the United States lags behind other developed nations in scientific knowledge, consistently scoring in the middle of the pack, motivating calls to strengthen the science curriculum in the United States, as reflected by the current standards movements in education. As educators, the authors make the case in Chapter 3, “What Role Can Science Education Play?,” that while increases in science instruction in K–12 education would be a net gain for increasing public understanding of science, education alone has its limits in addressing the broader problem. They provide examples from their own research and that of others of national trends that show the value of focusing science education on the process of how scientific knowledge is created and vetted. The authors offer suggestions to educators, communicators, and policy makers for supporting public understanding of science.
How Do Cognitive Biases Influence Reasoning?
Authors: Sinatra Gale M. , Hofer Barbara K.
Published: August 2021

Individuals like to think of themselves as rational actors, careful and considered in their thinking and capable of sound and reliable judgments. Yet people often engage in automatic, reflexive thinking. It takes effort to turn on the reflective, deliberative mind; and humans are basically cognitive misers. In Chapter 4, “How Do Cognitive Biases Influence Reasoning?,” the authors explain how particular cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, the availability heuristic, illusions of understanding, and the appeal of intuitive theories, influence reasoning about scientific issues. They explain how difficult it is to stay open to new perspectives and to fairly evaluate information that challenges what one thinks one knows—or wants to believe is true. They offer suggestions for what individuals and educators can do to engage in and promote the effortful work of reflective thinking and how to check one’s own biases when interpreting complex scientific topics.
How Do Individuals Think About Knowledge and Knowing?
Authors: Sinatra Gale M. , Hofer Barbara K.
Published: August 2021

In everyday encounters with new information, conflicting ideas, and claims made by others, one has to decide who and what to believe. Can one trust what scientists say? What’s the best source of information? These are questions that involve thinking and reasoning about knowledge, or what psychologists call “epistemic cognition.” In Chapter 5, “How Do Individuals Think About Knowledge and Knowing?,” the authors explain how public misunderstanding of scientific claims can often be linked to misconceptions about the scientific enterprise itself. Drawing on their own research and that of others, the authors explain how individuals’ thinking about knowledge influences their science doubt, resistance, and denial. They explain how educators and communicators can enhance public understanding of science by emphasizing how scientific knowledge is created and evaluated and why it should be valued.
Introduction
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W.
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides the introduction to the book. It sets out how it will explore the normative foundations of European contract law by addressing fundamental political questions on contract law in Europe from the perspective of leading contemporary political theories. It states the book’s main aims and starting points, and introduces its methodology. The chapter also explains how the approach and focus of this study differs from all other contributions to contract theory, private law theory, and the theory of European law—in particular how it aims to move the debate beyond acquis positivism, market reductionism, normative intuitionism, private law essentialism, and methodological nationalism.
Context
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W.
Published: August 2021

The chapter presents the states of play in the two debates which this book aims to bring together, i.e. European contract law and political philosophy, and is intended for those readers who are not familiar with these debates. The first section offers an introduction to the Europeanization of contract law. Its main purpose is to set the scene, as it were, without unduly framing the argument. Thus, it introduces the main milestones, players, acts, and controversies. The objective is to provide the reader with a general but concrete sense of what is meant by ‘European contract law’. The second section, similarly, provides a brief introduction to normative political philosophy. It sketches the main traits of some of the leading contemporary political theories, with a special focus on aspects relevant for (European) contract law. Finally, a third section further sets the scene by briefly presenting the various pluralities with which any contemporary theory of contract law is confronted, i.e. the variety of contract types that parties may conclude, the different systems of contract law existing in the Member States of the EU, and the various roles that contract law plays in our lives. The section concludes by briefly introducing the main stances one may adopt, as a law maker or as a theorist, towards these pluralities, i.e. monism, pluralism (constrained or unconstrained), and neutralism.
Democratic Basis
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W.
Published: August 2021

This chapter concerns the relationship between contract law and democracy. The central question is whether contract law, in order to be legitimate, must have a democratic basis, and what this would entail. This leads to a normative institutional comparison between legislators, courts, legal academics, and economic-sectoral experts as the protagonists in contract law making. In addition, beyond the matter of institutional choice, the question of democratic legitimacy may lead to the question of whether there are any limits as to the kind of reasons (‘public reasons’) that can justify the law, in our case European contract law.
Optionality
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W.
Published: August 2021

This Chapter focuses on a distinctive characteristic of an important portion of contemporary rules of contract law that sets them apart not only from public law but also from other branches of private law (e.g. property and family law), i.e. that these rules can be set aside freely by the contracting parties. Contrary to national civil codes, however, positive EU contract law does not include many instances of non-mandatory rules. This raises the question of what exactly justifies the existence of such optional rules: should public institutions be providing elaborate sets of contract law rules if private parties can set them aside as they please, and, if so, what kind of considerations should determine the content of such rules? Similar questions can be asked with respect to other instances of optional contract law, such as choice of law in cross-border contracts.
Perception and Extramission in De quantitate animae
Authors: Kalderon Mark Eli
Published: August 2021

Augustine is commonly interpreted as endorsing an extramission theory of perception in De quantitate animae. A close examination of the text shows, instead, that he is committed to its rejection. The discussion ends with some remarks about what it takes for an account of perception to be an extramission theory and with a review of the strength of evidence for attributing the extramission theory to Augustine on the basis of his other works.
Introduction
Authors: Shoemaker David
Published: August 2021

This introduction to the seventh volume of Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility briefly discusses each of the new chapters being published. They were drawn from the fifth biennial New Orleans Workshop in Agency and Responsibility (NOWAR), held November 14–16, 2019. The chapters cover a wide range of topics relevant to agency and responsibility.
Blame and Blameworthy Presentation
Authors: Strabbing Jada Twedt
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues for the blameworthy presentation view of blame, according to which blame is (a) any attitude that, in virtue of being the type of attitude that it is, presents its target as blameworthy in a negatively valenced way; and (b) expressions of that attitude. This view captures what many (but not all) popular accounts of blame have in common and get right, thus explaining the plausibility of those accounts. The blameworthy presentation view therefore identifies blame’s core. Yet, the view is also a rival to those other accounts and, the chapter argues, is superior to them because of its capaciousness, which allows it to capture the blaming attitudes that the narrower accounts miss.
Disclaiming Responsibility, Voicing Disagreements, and Negotiating Boundaries
Authors: Bagnoli Carla
Published: August 2021

This chapter introduces the novel category of ‘disclaimers’—distinctive normative acts which challenge third-party attributions of responsibility in a community governed by norms of mutual accountability. While the debate focuses on evasive and wrongful refusals to take responsibility for one’s wrongs, this chapter argues that disclaimers are fundamental modes of exercising normative powers, whose main functions are demanding recognition, responding to wrongs, voicing disagreement, exiting alienating conditions, and calling for a fair redistribution of specific responsibilities. In particular, understood as disclaimers, denials of responsibility are shown to be key modes of ethical and political empowerment, which play a significant role in producing normative changes and directing societal transformations.
Disability, Chronic Pain, and Medically Unexplained Symptoms
Authors: Beaumont David
Published: August 2021

The concept of disability (including the WHO definition). Case example: disability cf ‘challenge’. Chronic pain, chronic fatigue, and spina bifida, Author’s keynote speech to New Zealand Disability Support Network. The experience of 100 people with different disabilities: system failure and ‘all some doctors see is my disability’. Author’s personal experience of disability resulting from osteoarthritis in both hips. Effect of aquajogging and gentle walking in easing pain, losing weight, and lifting mood. The experience of pain. Chronic pain syndrome and Professor Clifford Woolf’s (Harvard Medical School) 1983 definition of central sensitization. The role of the brain in the experience of pain. Central sensitization and case examples of carpal tunnel syndrome and low back pain. Regional pain syndrome, pain medication and the patient’s expertise with gabapentin. Number needed to treat of gabapentin is 6–8. Effectiveness of paracetamol. Medically unexplained symptoms explained, the example of fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome. The concept of ‘curing’ compared with ‘healing’. The concept of homeostasis. The WHO’s ICD-11 (2018) and the new overarching concept of bodily distress disorder.