bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estradiol Stimulates Apolipoprotein A-IV Gene Expression in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Through Estrogen Receptor-α
Authors: Shen Ling , Liu Yin , Wang David Q.H. , Tso Patrick , Woods Stephen C. , Liu Min
Published: July 2014

Although estrogens have been implicated in the regulation of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) gene expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius, previous studies have not defined the molecular mechanism. The aim of this study was to examine the transcriptional mechanisms involved in regulation of apo A-IV gene expression. Using cultured primary neuronal cells from rat embryonic brainstems, we found that treatment with 10nM 17β-estradiol-3-benzoate (E2) or 4,4′,4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol (an estrogen receptor [ER]α agonist), but not 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (an ERβ agonist), significantly increased apo A-IV gene expression, compared with vehicle treatment. This effect of E2 was abolished when the cells were incubated with E2 linked to BSA, which prevents E2 from entering cells, implying that a nongenomic mechanism of E2 is not involved. Two putative estrogen response elements were identified at the 5′-upstream region of the apo A-IV gene promoter, but only 1 of them was able to recruit ERα, leading to increased apo A-IV gene expression, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and luciferase activity analysis. A cyclic regimen of E2 or 4,4′,4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol treatment for 8 cycles (4 d/cycle, mimicking the ovarian cycle of female rats) in ovariectomized female rats significantly reduced food intake and body weight gain and increased apo A-IV gene expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius, relative to vehicle. These data collectively demonstrate that nuclear ERα is the primary mediator of E2's action on apo A-IV gene expression and suggest that increased signaling of endogenous apo A-IV may at least partially mediate E2-induced inhibitory effect on feeding.
Nkx2-5 regulates cardiac growth through modulation of Wnt signaling by R-spondin3
Authors: Cambier Linda , Plate Markus , Sucov Henry M. , Pashmforoush Mohammad
Published: July 2014

A complex regulatory network of morphogens and transcription factors is essential for normal cardiac development. Nkx2-5 is among the earliest known markers of cardiac mesoderm that is central to the regulatory pathways mediating second heart field (SHF) development. Here, we have examined the specific requirements for Nkx2-5 in the SHF progenitors. We show that Nkx2-5 potentiates Wnt signaling by regulating the expression of the R-spondin3 (Rspo3) gene during cardiogenesis. R-spondins are secreted factors and potent Wnt agonists that in part regulate stem cell proliferation. Our data show that Rspo3 is markedly downregulated in Nkx2-5 mutants and that Rspo3 expression is regulated by Nkx2-5. Conditional inactivation of Rspo3 in the Isl1 lineage resulted in embryonic lethality secondary to impaired development of SHF. More importantly, we find that Wnt signaling is significantly attenuated in Nkx2-5 mutants and that enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling by pharmacological treatment or by transgenic expression of Rspo3 rescues the SHF defects in the conditional Nkx2-5+/− mutants. We have identified a previously unrecognized genetic link between Nkx2-5 and Wnt signaling that supports continued cardiac growth and proliferation during development. Identification of Rspo3 in cardiac development provides a new paradigm in temporal regulation of Wnt signaling by cardiac-specific transcription factors.
Insm1 promotes endocrine cell differentiation by modulating the expression of a network of genes that includes Neurog3 and Ripply3
Authors: Osipovich Anna B. , Long Qiaoming , Manduchi Elisabetta , Gangula Rama , Hipkens Susan B. , Schneider Judsen , Okubo Tadashi , Stoeckert Christian J. , Takada Shinji , Magnuson Mark A.
Published: July 2014

Insulinoma associated 1 (Insm1) plays an important role in regulating the development of cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems, olfactory epithelium and endocrine pancreas. To better define the role of Insm1 in pancreatic endocrine cell development we generated mice with an Insm1GFPCre reporter allele and used them to study Insm1-expressing and null populations. Endocrine progenitor cells lacking Insm1 were less differentiated and exhibited broad defects in hormone production, cell proliferation and cell migration. Embryos lacking Insm1 contained greater amounts of a non-coding Neurog3 mRNA splice variant and had fewer Neurog3/Insm1 co-expressing progenitor cells, suggesting that Insm1 positively regulates Neurog3. Moreover, endocrine progenitor cells that express either high or low levels of Pdx1, and thus may be biased towards the formation of specific cell lineages, exhibited cell type-specific differences in the genes regulated by Insm1. Analysis of the function of Ripply3, an Insm1-regulated gene enriched in the Pdx1-high cell population, revealed that it negatively regulates the proliferation of early endocrine cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that in developing pancreatic endocrine cells Insm1 promotes the transition from a ductal progenitor to a committed endocrine cell by repressing a progenitor cell program and activating genes essential for RNA splicing, cell migration, controlled cellular proliferation, vasculogenesis, extracellular matrix and hormone secretion.
Slmb antagonises the aPKC/Par-6 complex to control oocyte and epithelial polarity
Authors: Morais-de-Sá Eurico , Mukherjee Avik , Lowe Nick , St Johnston Daniel
Published: July 2014

The Drosophila anterior-posterior axis is specified when the posterior follicle cells signal to polarise the oocyte, leading to the anterior/lateral localisation of the Par-6/aPKC complex and the posterior recruitment of Par-1, which induces a microtubule reorganisation that localises bicoid and oskar mRNAs. Here we show that oocyte polarity requires Slmb, the substrate specificity subunit of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets proteins for degradation. The Par-6/aPKC complex is ectopically localised to the posterior of slmb mutant oocytes, and Par-1 and oskar mRNA are mislocalised. Slmb appears to play a related role in epithelial follicle cells, as large slmb mutant clones disrupt epithelial organisation, whereas small clones show an expansion of the apical domain, with increased accumulation of apical polarity factors at the apical cortex. The levels of aPKC and Par-6 are significantly increased in slmb mutants, whereas Baz is slightly reduced. Thus, Slmb may induce the polarisation of the anterior-posterior axis of the oocyte by targeting the Par-6/aPKC complex for degradation at the oocyte posterior. Consistent with this, overexpression of the aPKC antagonist Lgl strongly rescues the polarity defects of slmb mutant germline clones. The role of Slmb in oocyte polarity raises an intriguing parallel with C. elegans axis formation, in which PAR-2 excludes the anterior PAR complex from the posterior cortex to induce polarity, but its function can be substituted by overexpressing Lgl.
Crystal Structures of Lanthanoid(III) (Ln(III), Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) Nitrate Complexes with N,N,N′,N′-Tetraethyldiglycolamide
Authors: Okumura Shin , Kawasaki Takeshi , Sasaki Yuji , Ikeda Yasuhisa
Published: July 2014

Novel lanthanoid(III) (Ln(III)) complexes with N,N,N′,N′-tetraethyldiglycolamide (TEDGA), [Ln(TEDGA)3](NO3)3·4H2O (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu), have been synthesized and characterized crystallographically. The [Ln(TEDGA)3]3+ cations exhibit a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic coordination geometry, and the three nitrate ions exist as counter anions of the [Ln(TEDGA)3]3+ cation. These crystals contain four hydrates as water of crystallization. The structural features indicate that the total sizes of the [Ln(TEDGA)3]3+ cations of heavy Ln(III) complexes are smaller and are more compact than those of light Ln(III) complexes.
Regulation of COX-2 expression by miR-146a in lung cancer cells
Authors: Cornett Ashley L. , Lutz Carol S.
Published: July 2014

Prostaglandins are a class of molecules that mediate cellular inflammatory responses and control cell growth. The oxidative conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 is carried out by two isozymes of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed, while COX-2 can be transiently induced by external stimuli, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, COX-2 is overexpressed in numerous cancers, including lung cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that function to regulate gene expression. Previous studies have implicated an important role for miRNAs in human cancer. We demonstrate here that miR-146a expression levels are significantly lower in lung cancer cells as compared with normal lung cells. Conversely, lung cancer cells have higher levels of COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. Introduction of miR-146a can specifically ablate COX-2 protein and the biological activity of COX-2 as measured by prostaglandin production. The regulation of COX-2 by miR-146a is mediated through a single miRNA-binding site present in the 3′ UTR. Therefore, we propose that decreased miR-146a expression contributes to the up-regulation and overexpression of COX-2 in lung cancer cells. Since potential miRNA-mediated regulation is a functional consequence of alternative polyadenylation site choice, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate COX-2 mRNA alternative polyadenylation and miRNA targeting will give us key insights into how COX-2 expression is involved in the development of a metastatic condition.
Prescribing long-acting reversible contraception
Authors: Kochhar Suneeta
Published: July 2014

CONTRACEPTION

The effective prescribing of these methods of contraception requires counselling to ensure that each individual woman receives the most suitable option, explains Suneeta Kochhar
Diversity and useful products in some Verbenaceous member of Melghat and Amravati regions, Maharashtra, India
Authors: INGOLE SHUBHANGI NAGORAO
Published: July 2014

Ingole SN. 2011. Diversity and useful products in some Verbenaceous member of Melghat and Amravati regions, Maharashtra, India. Biodiversitas 12: 146-163. Verbenaceae is a large family of very diverse habit. The present study deals with detailed characteristics, distribution and economically important products of some verbenaceous members of Melghat and Amravati regions. During the survey twenty members belonging to fourteen genera of Verbenaceae were collected. Some members occur abundantly either in wild or cultivated state like Lantana camara L. var. aculeata Mold., Lantana flava Medik., L. nivea Vent., Glandularia bipinnatifida (Schauer)Nutt., Duranta erecta L., Vitex negundo L., Volkameria inermis L., Clerodendrum phlomidis L. f., Clerodendrum splendens G. Don, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. etc. while Petrea volubilis L., Gmelina arborea Roxb., G. philippensis Cham., Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl., S. mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl., Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb., Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. are not much common and occur in limited locations. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, a creeping much-branched herb is found typically in wet places. Tectona grandis L. f. occurs very variable in size according to its habitat and is common dominant tree in forest of Melghat and also planted in plains. Clerodendrum infortunatum L., a gregarious tomentose shrub is exclusively found in shades of forest at limited spots in higher elevations of Melghat. The various members are not only beautiful ornamentals but also the source of important medicinal products useful in a broad range of diseases including skin disorders and snake remedies; they contain alkaloids, sterols, saponin, glucosides, dyes etc. and are economically quite important e.g. as high quality timber. On basis of morphological diversity the generic key is provided.
Returning biodiversity of rehabilitated forest on a coal mined site at Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra
Authors: SUHARTOYO HERY , MUNAWAR ALI , WIRYONO WIRYONO
Published: July 2014

Suhartoyo H, Munawar A, Wiryono. 2012. Returning biodiversity of rehabilitated forest on a coal mined site at Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra. Biodiversitas 13: 13-17. Restoring disturbed mined land is challenging since the outcomes of various rehabilitation procedures on mined sites in terms of vegetation structure, composition and ecological function are not presently understood, especially in the developing countries. This study examined the mechanism of biodiversity recruitment, especially on structural attributes of an undisturbed forest community and rehabilitated forests of different ages on sites disturbed by coal-mining operations at Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra. Un-mined forest was characterized by complex structural features including a dense stand of trees in a range of sizeclasses, an almost closed canopy, and a shrubby understorey. In contrast, young mined sites were characterized by a low density of woody stems, a relatively open canopy and herbaceous ground cover. Soil characteristics of rehabilitated site were progressing towards the reference site. The marked differences in structural complexity between unmined and mined sites suggest that it will take very long time for the mined sites to recover into their original conditions. So, more restoration intervention will be needed to speed the recoveryprocesses.

Key words: restoration, mining, biodiversity, structural complexity.INTRODUCTIONRehabilitation of disturbed areas due to miningactivities is intended to assist the environment in returningto a stable and sustainable land use as soon as possible(Bell 1996; Parker 1997). The nature of the post-miningland use will depend on a number of factors including theecological potential of the mined environment and thewishes of the neighboring society. Currently, in Australia,many mining operations are using native plant species inrehabilitation programs leading to the establishment ofpastures and forests (Bell 1996, 2001; Gardner 2001),however in Indonesia, mining operators are mostly usingfast growing exotic species in their rehabilitation(Suhartoyo 2008), as in many other countries al around theworld (MartÃ­nez-Ruiz et al. 2007; Alday et al. 2010).As more mine operators need to establish their postmining plan
The population condition and availability of feed of cuscus in the Arfak Mountain Nature Reserve, West Papua
Authors: SINERY ANTON SILAS , BOER CHANDRADEWANA , FARIDA WARTIKA ROSA
Published: July 2014

Sinery AS, Boer C, Farida WR. 2012. The population condition and availability of feed of cuscus in the Arfak Mountain Nature Reserve, West Papua. Biodiversitas 13: 86-91. The cuscus is a pouched marsupial grouped in the Phalangeridae family, which is nocturnal, arboreal, herbivore, and in most cases the tail is prehensile. The animals are legally protected due to low reproduction, limited distribution area, and high rate of illegal hunting. The illegal hunting happened not only in the production forest areas but also in the reserve areas such as Nature Reserve of Arfak Mountain, directly or indirectly, affects the life quality of the ecosystem, mainly cuscuses population. Therefore, it is necessary to do efforts to have a better management of the region to ensure the sustenance of manycomponents in it. This research is aimed to know the population density of cuscus in Arfak Mountain Nature Reserve and carried out for two months. The method used was descriptive by using direct and indirect observation. The result shows that cuscuses existing in the Arfak Mountain conservation area were northern common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis), ground cuscus (Phalanger gymnotis) and common spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus). The biggest individual number is of P. orientalis with 39 individuals consisting of 18 males and 21 females, the second is of P. gymnotis with 10 individuals consisting of 4 males and 6 females, and the smallest is of S. maculatus with 9 individuals consisting of 4 males and 5 females. From the total of 58 cuscuses, there are 38 adult and 20 young cuscuses. There are 20 forest plant species identified as feed resources of cuscus in Arfak Mountain Nature Reserve. The parts of forest plant consumed by cuscus are fruits and young leaves. P. gymnotis also consumes small insects such as grasshopper. The cuscuses spread from lowland forest to highland forest (2,900 m asl.)
The threats on the biodiversity of Bisotun Wildlife Refuge and Bisotun Protected Area (BPA & BWR) in the west region of Iran
Authors: REYAHI-KHORAM MAHDI , RIZVANDY MRZIEH , REYAHI-KHORAM REIHANEH
Published: July 2014

Reyahi-Khoram M, Rizvandy M, Reyahi-Khoram R. 2014.Â The threats on the biodiversity of Bisotun Wildlife Refuge and Bisotun Protected Area (BPA & BWR) in the west region of Iran. Biodiversitas 15: 67-74. Nature is necessary for the preservation of species andÂ biodiversity richness; as a result, it has been protected for thousands of years. Bisotun Protected Area and Bisotun Wildlife Refuge (BPA & BWR) with about 95000 hectares is located in Kermanshah province in the west of Iran. The object of this study is to determineÂ the physical properties and analyze the constraints that threaten the BPA & BWR. This research was conducted during the period fromÂ May, 2011 to November, 2012 in BPA & BWR. In this research, various animal and plant species were recognized throughÂ documentary analysis and also directs field observations. The obtained result indicates that major threats have occurred in biodiversityÂ and ecosystem of BPA & BWR during 1980-2010. During these years, the study area has completely failed and lost some of itsÂ biological diversity. Limiting factors that affect wildlife population growth including destruction and conversion of habitats,Â unauthorized hunting and high frequency presence of animal and human, have influenced the restoration potential of wildlife, theÂ habitats and other conservation areas.
Conservation status and distribution pattern of the Indus River Dolphin in River Beas, India
Authors: KHAN MOHD SHAHNAWAZ , PANT ANJANA
Published: July 2014

Khan MS, Pant A. 2014. Conservation status and distribution pattern of the Indus River Dolphin in River Beas, India. Biodiversitas 15:Â 75-79. Decline in the populations of Indus River Dolphins Platanista gangetica minor throughout its range of distribution and aÂ perception that it is a 'keystone species' for riverine ecosystem stirred the idea of proposed study. Deficiency of baseline data on itsÂ distribution and ecology is a major constraint that this (only known sub-population in India) speciesâ€™ conservation is facing in theÂ country. Thus to ascertain its conservation status and distribution pattern, the study was conducted between December 2010 to JuneÂ 2012. During the study, three schools of dolphins have been identified, one each along Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Baguwal-Dhunda andÂ Karmowala-Harike that comprised of adult, sub-adult and calves. The occurrence dolphins was found attributed to preferred habitatÂ features such as deep pools, slow water current, abundant prey base and low disturbance.
Effect of VCO to leucocyte differential count, glucose levels and blood creatinine of hyperglycemic and ovalbumin sensitized Mus musculus Balb/c
Authors: HANDAJANI NOOR SOESANTI , DHARMAWAN RUBEN
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Handajani NS, Dharmawan R. 2009. Effect of VCO to leucocyte differential count, glucose levels and blood creatinine of hyperglycemic and ovalbumin sensitized Mus musculus Balb/c. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 1-8. Chemical medicines and insulin can decrease glucose blood level on hyperglycemic patients with macrovascular side effect. Diabetes and allergy incidences are influenced by quality and quantity of leucocytes. Lauric acid within VCO reports decreased glucose blood level of diabetes and some allergy incidents. The purpose of the study is to know the effect of VCO on glucose blood level, differential leucocytes count and creatinine blood level on hyperglycemic and normoglycemic ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Forty-five (45) male (mice) of Mus musculus Balb/c with average weight of 35 g are divided into 9 groups with 5 repetitions, those are 4 non-alloxan groups and 5 alloxan induced hyperglycemic groups. On 22nd day to 36th day they are sensitized to ovalbumin as allergen. Blood sample was obtained by orbital vena using heparin as anticoagulant in order measuring glucose blood level by GOD method to 6 times, on 1st, 4th, 18th, 22nd, 32nd and 37th days, then are tested by ANOVA followed by DMRT 0.05. On 37th day, differential leucocytes are determined, blood level is counted, and then compared to normal value. The result of this study was that within differential leucocytes count of hyperglycemic mice, neutrophile percentage was much lower than the normal value (3.22%), and lymphocyte percentage were much higher than the normal value (94.54%). Consumed 0.003 mL/35 g VCO more 18 days decreased glucose blood level on hyperglycemic mice, decreased basophile percentage of ovalbumin-sensitized mice, normalized neutrophile percentage no increased creatinine blood level.
Effect of IAA and GA3 toward the growing and saponin content of purwaceng (Pimpinella alpina)
Authors: FATHONAH DASIYEM , SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Fathonah D, Sugiyarto. 2009. Effect of IAA and GA3 toward the growing and saponin content of purwaceng (Pimpinella alpina). Nusantara Bioscience 1: 17-22. The aims of this research are to examine (i) the effect of IAA and GA3 in different concentrations to the growth of the plants and (ii) the saponin contained inside the P. alpina, leaves. The research was done in Sikunang Village, Kejajar Subdistrict, Wonosobo District, Central Java from July to November 2007. The experimental methods were used the Completely Random Design with two factors were used to analyze this experiment. First treatment gives IAA and GA3, second was done by giving different IAA and GA3 concentration. These experiments were repeated three times. Variables measured in this research were the growth of plant which is consisted of the number of leaves, their height, width, wet weight as well as dry weight. The chemical compound of the secondary metabolite in the form of leave saponin was employed. The result was analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued to Duncan Multiple Range Test in 5% level to analyze the real difference between those treatments. The result showed that giving IAA and GA3 differently affect the growth of P. alpina. In variable of the height, the optimal wet weight and dry weight of the plant in GA3 treatment was 50 ppm; optimum number of leaves in GA3 treatment was 50 ppm whereas the leaves width in IAA treatment was 200 ppm and GA3 treatment was 75 ppm and optimum saponin treatment was IAA 200 ppm and GA3 25 ppm.
Ripening for improving the quality of inoculated cheese Rhizopus oryzae
Authors: ESTIKOMAH SOLIKAH ANA , SUTARNO SUTARNO , PANGASTUTI ARTINI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Estikomah SA, Sutarno, Pangastuti A 2010. Ripening for improving the quality of inoculated cheese Rhizopus oryzae. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 1-6. Cheese is dairy product resulted from fermented milk in which the fermentation process can be done by lactic acid bacteria or fungus. Rhizopus oryzae is able to produce lactic acid, protease, and lipase. The ripening process changes the taste and texture. The purpose of this study is ripening to improve the quality of inoculated cheese R. oryzae. In this research, the ripening was conducted the concentration variation of temperature (5oC, 10oC, 15oC), and time (7 days, 14 days). The procedure of research consisted of two steps, namely un-ripened cheese preparation followed by ripening cheese preparation. Cheese produced in this study analyzed the value of pH, fat content, protein content, amino acid levels and identification of microbe with ANOVA then followed by DMRT at 5% level of significance. Data results were analyzed with the like’s nonparametric statistical test, followed by Fridman Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT) at 5% level significance. The results showed that the preferred ripened cheese panelist was at a temperature of 15oC for 14 days. Ripening conditions affect pH, fat content, protein content and do not affect the levels of amino acids that formed ripened cheese. The best quality ripened cheese, i.e. at a temperature of 15°C for 14 days, had a pH value of 4.40, the highest protein content of 9.78%, and fat content of 35.02%. The results of identified microbe in un-ripened cheese and ripened cheese include Enterococcus hirae (Enterococcus faecalis), Bacillus subtilis, and Aspergillus sp.
First record of two hard coral species (Faviidae and Siderastreidae) from Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf, Iran)
Authors: MORADI MAHDI , KAMRANI EHSAN , SHOKRI MOHAMMAD R. , RANJBAR MOHAMMAD SHARIF , HESNI MAJID ASKARI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Moradi M, Kamrani E, Shokri MR, Ranjbar MS, Hesni MA (2009) First record of two hard coral species (Faviidae and Siderastreidae) from Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf, Iran). Nusantara Bioscience 2: 34-37. Two species of hard corals including Cyphastrea chalcidicum (Forskal 1775) (Faviidae) and Coscinaraea monile (Forskal 1775) (Siderastreidae) were collected from the south of Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf, Iran) in the late of 2008. These species were previously reported from southern Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Southeast Africa, and Indo-Pacific. The literature review on the distribution of these two species revealed that these species were firstly recorded from the Persian Gulf. These findings further emphasize the high diversity of coral fauna in the Iranian waters of the northern Persian Gulf.
The effect of coconut water and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) application on the in vitro growth of Paraphalaeonopsis serpentilingua from West Kalimantan
Authors: MUKARLINA MUKARLINA , LISTYAWATI AGUSTINA , MULYANI SRI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Mukarlina, Listiawati A, Mulyani S. 2010. The effect of coconut water and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) application on the in vitro growth of Paraphalaeonopsis serpentilingua from West Kalimantan. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 62-66. The ‘Ekor tikus’ orchid (Paraphalaenopsis serpentilingua J.J. Sm.) is an epidemic orchid in West Kalimantan. Now this orchid is facing a great conservation problem and threatened to be in extinction due to human exploitation. This research was conducted to find out the in vitro growth effect of P. serpentilingua by supplementation of NAA and coconut water in culture medium. The experiment was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design with two factors and five replicates. The result showed that supplemented NAA and coconut water on MS medium affected the emergence timing of buds, the average buds number, the average leaf number/buds, percentage of buds, the emergence timing of root, average root number and percentage of root. Medium that supplemented with 1.5 ppm NAA and 10% coconut water showed the fastest emergence timing of apical bud that is 13 days after planting. Medium supplemented with 0.5 ppm of NAA and 7.5% of coconut water shown the highest average number of bud was 11 buds.
The diet of spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) in natural and captivity habitat
Authors: SARAGIH EVI W. , SADSOEITOEBOEN MARIA JUSTINA , PATTISELANNO FREDDY
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Saragih EW, Sadsoeitoeboen MJ, Pattiselanno F. 2010. The diet of spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) in natural and captivity habitat. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 78-83. The ex-situ conservation of cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) under captivating condition is an alternative solution to protect cuscus from extinction. Diets became the main factor in order to support the domestication process. Particular studies on habitat and diet of cuscus have been carried out however there is still limited information on the nutrition aspects of cuscus food. This study aimed to determine the diet type, palatability, and nutrient in both natural habitat and captivating condition. The results indicated that there were 19 and 8 plant species identified as cuscus diets in both natural habitat and captivating condition. Cuscus prefers fruits with astringent and sour taste which is contained high crude fiber and low fat.
Evaluation structural diversity of Carpinus betulus stand in Golestan Province, North of Iran
Authors: SOHRABI VAHAB , RAHMANI RAMIN , JABBARI SHAHROKH , MOAYERI HADI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Sohrabi V, Rahmani R, Jabbari S, Moayeri H. 2011. Evaluation structural diversity of Carpinus betulus stands in Golestan Province, Northern Iran. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 23-27. In order to investigate structural diversity of Carpinus betulus type in Golestan province, 30 modified Whittaker plots by systematic random system were located. Per plot, the characteristic of trees and shrubs species (Species name, diameter, and height of trees) are recorded. The heterogeneity indices of Simpson, Shannon–Wiener, Simpson’s reciprocal and number of equally common species were used for the quantitative data. Toward better understand from diversity condition in horizontal and vertical composition of stand, the diameter divided in 10 cm classes and Method of Mohajer and the height divided in 10 m height classes and dominant height, then number of diversity of each class extracted by Ecological Methodology software V.7. The results showed with increase of diameter and height classes, decrease species diversity. Also regeneration layers diversity has significant difference with trees layers. Thus, the study of biodiversity changes in different diameter and height category cause ecologically precise perspective in management of forest stands.
Site suitability to tourist use or management programs South Marsa Alam, Red Sea, Egypt
Authors: AMMAR MOHAMMED S. A. , HASSANEIN MOHAMMAD , MADKOUR HASHEM ABBAS , ABD-ELGAWAD AMRO A.
Published: July 2014

Ammar MSA, Hassanein M, Madkour HA, Abd-Elgawad AE. 2011. Site suitability to tourist use or management programsÂ South Marsa Alam, Red Sea, Egypt. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 36-43. Twenty sites in the southern Egyptian Red Sea (Marsa Alam-RasÂ Banas sector) were surveyed principally for sensitivity significance throughout the periode 2002-2003. Sensitivity of the study area wasÂ derived from internationally known criteria, the key words of each criterion and a brief description of its use was described. The present study assigned for the first time a numerical total environmental significance score that gives a full sensitivity significance evaluation forÂ any site to decide to select either for tourist use or management purposes. However, the results of the study still have the availability toÂ arrange sites with respect to one criterion or only two or many of the used criteria whichever needed. Sites selected for protection areÂ categorized as belonging to the following protected area categories: sites 7, 10 (category vi), site 18 (category ib), site 5 (category iv),Â sites 16, 17 (category ii). Sites selected for tourist uses are suggested to be classified into 2 categories: first category sites (sites 1, 3, 8,Â 11, 13, 15) which are recommended as tourist use sites with management of the sensitive resources beside non consumptive recreationalÂ activities like swimming, diving, boating, surfing, wind-surfing, jet skiing, bird watching, snorkelling, etc.; second category sites (sitesÂ 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 14, 19, 20) which are recommended as tourist use sites with both non consumptive and managed consumptive recreationalÂ activities like fishing.
Litter decomposing fungi in sal (Shorea robusta) forests of central India
Authors: SONI KRISHNA KANT , PYASI ABHISHEK , VERMA RAM KEERTI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Soni KK, Pyasi A, Verma RK. 2011. Litter decomposing fungi in sal (Shorea robusta) forests of central India. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 136-144. The present study aim on isolation and identification of fungi associated with decomposition of litter of sal forest in central India. Season-wise successional changes in litter mycoflora were determined for four main seasons of the year namely, March-May, June-August, September-November and December-February. Fungi like Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Rhizopus stolonifer were associated with litter decomposition throughout the year, while Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. oxysporum, Curvularia indica, and C. lunata were recorded in three seasons. Some fungi including ectomycorrhiza forming occur only in the rainy season (June-August) these are Astraeus hygrometricus, Boletus fallax, Calvatia elata, Colletotrichum dematium, Corticium rolfsii, Mycena roseus, Periconia minutissima, Russula emetica, Scleroderma bovista, S. geaster, S. verrucosum, Scopulariopsis alba and four sterile fungi. Fungi like Alternaria citri, Gleocladium virens, Helicosporium phragmitis, and Pithomyces chartarum were rarely recorded only in one season.
The effect of zearalenone mycotoxins at late gestation days on the development and reproductive organs
Authors: IRNIDAYANTI YULIA
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Irnidayanti Y. 2012. The effect of zearalenone mycotoxins administration at late gestation days on the development and reproductive organs of mice. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 1-5. Zearalenone was injected subcutaneously with a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight to pregnant mice on the 13 to 16 days. Control was given only sesame oil. Control and treated mice were killed on day 18 of gestation by cervical dislocation. Observations of maternal body weight, reproductive performance, external and internal malformation were conducted. Histological analysis of fetal ovaries, uterus, and testes was also done. The results revealed that administration of zearalenone to mice at late gestation was not teratogenic. Zearalenone caused a tendency that the primordial follicles and follicular cells relatively decreased in number and the number of the degenerate primordial follicle relatively increased. Effects of zearalenone on the uterus caused a significant increase in the height of lumen epithelial cells and in the thickness of the uterine wall were significant. The lamina propria and myometrium started to differentiate. In the male fetus, zearalenone caused a tendency to decrease in number of the Leydig cells.
Review: Soil solarization and its effects on medicinal and aromatic plants
Authors: KHALID KHALID ALI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Khalid KA. 2012. Review: Soil solarization and its effects on medicinal and aromatic plants. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 36-44. Soil solarization or solar heating is a non-chemical disinfestation practice. Solarization effectively controls a wide range of soilborne pathogens, insects, and weeds. Soil solarization is based on the exploitation of solar energy for heating wet soil mulched with transparent plastic sheets to 40-55ºC in the upper soil layer. Thermal killing is the major factor involved in the pest control process, but chemical and biological mechanisms are also involved. The efficacy of the thermal killing is determined by the values of the maximum soil temperature and amount of heat accumulated (duration x temperature). The use of organic amendments (manure, crop residues) together with soil solarization (biofumigation) elevates the soil temperature by 1-3ºC, and improves pest control due to a generation and accumulation of toxic volatiles. Although cheaper than most chemicals used as soil fumigants, not all crops are worth the plastic prices, particularly in developing countries. Not all soilborne pests and weeds are sufficiently controlled. Cheaper and more environmentally accepted mulching technologies are needed before expanding the range of the controlled pests by solarization. Medicinal and aromatic plant production was affected by soil solarization.
Patterns of fertility in the two Red Sea Corals Stylophora pistillata and Acropora humilis
Authors: AMMAR MOHAMMED S.A. , OBUID-ALLAH AHMED H. , AL-HAMMADY MONTASER A.M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Ammar MSA Obuid-Allah AH, Al-Hammady MAM. 2012. Patterns of fertility in the two Red Sea Corals Stylophora pistillata and Acropora humilis. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 62-75. Patterns of fertilities (total testes and total eggs) for the hermatypic coral Acropora humilis were lower than those in Stylophora pistillata at the four studied sites. Site 3 (El-Hamraween harbor), the site impacted with phosphate, recorded the highest annual mean of testes number and egg number in the two studied species Acropora humilis and S. pistillata. However, site 1, the site impacted with oil pollution and fishing activities, recorded the lowest annual mean of testes number, total testes, egg number and total egg for the two studied species. Thus, phosphorus enrichment seems to be considerably less destructive than oil pollution, and thus may represent an ‘eco-friendly’. Testes were observed fully of sperms during winter season in the sectioned polyps of A. humilis, while eggs were detected during autumn and winter. However, the lack of eggs in S. pistillata occurred only during spring season at all the studied sites. In the studied coral species, the ova were developed first before spermeria. The breeding season of coral reefs differs in both different localities and different species extending from December to July in the northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba and Southern Red Sea (the present study). While in A. humilis, the breeding season extends from February to June in the Great Barrier Reef, in the Gulf of Aqaba and in Hurghada (the present study). Tough control, public awareness and continuous shore patrolling to the activities of oil pollution and fishing activities at the vicinity of site 1 (Ras El-Behar) are urgent. Although existing corals may continue to grow and survive in an area with elevated nutrients levels, it is essential to maintain water quality on coral reefs within ecologically appropriate limits to ensure successful reproduction of coral and provide recruits for the long- term maintenance and renewal of coral populations.
Effects of foliar application herbicides to control semi-parasitic plant Arceuthobium oxycedri
Authors: KAVOSI MOHAMMAD REZA , FARIDI FERIDON , HAJIZADEH GOODARZ
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Kavosi MR, Faridi F, Hajizadeh G. 2012. Effects of foliar application herbicides to control semi-parasitic plant Arceuthobium oxycedri. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 76-80. Epiphytes are plants growing on the stem and branches of other growing plants. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium oxycedri) is one of the important macro epiphytes or semi-parasitic plant, is able to damage Junipers and provide favorable conditions for bother damaging factors such as pest, disease, rodent animals and vulnerability to unfavorable climate conditions. In this study used herbicides in three concentrations (1.35, 1.93, 2.7 g of Roundup, 0.675, 0.964, 1.35 g of Basagran, and 0.9, 1.28, 1.8 g of Gramoxone in1000 mL water) and three replications to examine the impact of each herbicide on A. oxycedri at Junipers forests in areas located at the East Gorgan state region, North of Iran. The results from Basagran on 95.55% dwarf mistletoe indicated that the plant was dried completely up. Roundup dried 61.67% of dwarf mistletoe. Gramoxone causes the lowest percent of dryness (23.89%). By analyzing results about the impact of herbicides on percentage of measuring dryness, there is difference in level significant 1% between herbicides. The impact of each herbicide on A. oxycedri showed that concentration-3 has more impact on increasing dwarf mistletoe dryness but with concentration-2 it has less difference. Ultimately concentration-2 Basagran can be used to reduce costs in order to control dwarf mistletoe.
In vitro rapid multiplication of Stevia rebaudiana: an important natural sweetener herb
Authors: DESHMUKH SHIVAJI , ADE RAVINDRA
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Deshmukh S, Ade R. 2012. In vitro rapid multiplication of Stevia rebaudiana: an important natural sweetener herb. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 105-108. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, belonging to family Asteraceae and natural sweet plant, but due to poor seed viability, fertility, and vigor, Stevia cultivation is a challenging task. In the present study in vitro, rapid multiplication method was established for S. rebaudiana by inoculating explants on M.S. medium, supplemented with different combination of phytoharmone. The maximum number of shoots (18.3±0.8) was obtained on M.S. medium supplemented with BAP + KIN (1.5 + 0.5 mg/L). The highest rooting percentage (95.25) was observed with (IAA 0.1 mg/L). The rooted plants were successfully established firstly in soil with coco peat (1:1) and then directly in ordinary soil.
Review: Physical, physical chemistries, chemical and sensorial characteristics of the several fruits and vegetable chips produced by low-temperature of vacuum frying machine
Authors: SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI , SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO , SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN , SUSILOWATI ARI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sugiyarto, Solichatun, Susilowati A. 2013. Review: Physical, physical chemistries, chemical and sensorial characteristics of the several fruits and vegetable chips by produced low-temperature of vacuum frying machine. Nusantara Bioscience 5: 86-103. Frying process is one of the oldest cooking methods and most widely practiced in the world. Frying process is considered as a dry cooking method because it does not involve water. In the frying process, oil conduction occurred at high temperature presses water out of food in the form of bubbles. Fried foods last longer due to reduced water contents leading to less decomposition by microbes, even fried foods can enhance nutritional value and beautify appearance. Food frying technology can extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, while the frying oil is used to enhance the flavor of the products, but the use of improper frying oil can have harmful effects on human health. Vacuum frying is a promising technology and may become an option for the production of snacks such as fruit and vegetable crisps that present the desired quality and respond to the new health trends. This technique of frying food at a low temperature and pressure makes the nutritional quality of the food is maintained and the quality of the used oil is not quickly declined to become saturated oils that are harmful to human health. This technique produces chips that have physical, physicochemical, chemical, and sensorial properties generally better than chips produced by conventional deep-fat frying methods.
Optimization of in vitro sterilization protocol for obtaining contamination-free cultures of Tilia platyphyllos
Authors: PAYAMNOUR VAHIDEH , BEZDI KAMAL GHASEMI , MEHRDAD MOSTAFA , AHMADI AKRAM
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Payamnour V, Ghasemi Bezdi K, Mehrdad M, Ahmadi A. 2014. Optimization of in vitro sterilization protocol for obtaining contamination free cultures of Tilia platyphyllos. Nusantara Bioscience 6: 7-12. Tilia platyphyllos is one of threatened species of Caspian forests. Tissue culture techniques are applied for culture, regeneration and genetic resources preservation. Utilizing an accurate sterilization procedure is important to reduce the cost, time and energy. The aim of this present study was to provide optimization of in vitro sterilization protocol to obtain contamination-free cultures of T. platyphyllos. Explants were collected randomly from the best individuals of T. platyphyllos, which were located in Tooskestan forest of Gorgan, Iran. Results revealed that the optimum protocol for sterilization was when explants were exposed in pre-sterilizing solution of 600 mg L-1 ascorbic acid, 4 g L-1 captan fungicide and 5% commercial sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution (5% Cl activated) for 20 minutes and then explants were exposed in sterilizing solution containing 600 mg L-1 ascorbic acid and 10% sodium hypochlorite.
The mycobiota associated with paper archives and their potential control
Authors: EL-NAGAREABI SAIFELDIN A.F. , ELSHAFIE ABDULKADIRI E. , AL-HINAI UMAIMA A
Published: July 2014

El-Nagerabi SAF, Elshafie AE, Al-Hinai UA. 2014. The mycobiota associated with paper archives and their potential control. Nusantara Bioscience 6: 19-25. Historical collections kept in archives and libraries represent a cultural and artistic heritage of innumerable value. Recently in Oman, more than seventy thousand documents were collected from different countries and displayed as archives showed evident sign of mold contamination. The objectives of the present study were to screen these archives for mold invasion and a test for the effective control measure. For this, 102 samples were collected from documents of different sources and incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at ambient temperature (25 â—‹CÂ±2). The isolated fungi were identified microscopically and confirmed with DNA extraction, PCR and DNA sequencing. Twenty-two fungal species belonging to 11 genera were recovered. The genus Penicillium (46.8%) was the most prevalent, followed by Aspergillus (30.7%), Cladosporium (7%), Rhizopus (4%), and Chaetomium (3.5%) whereas the remaining 6 genera represent only 8%. Eleven species were previously reported from similar substrates, whereas 11 species and one genus are new records for the mycoflora of archives. Sodium hypochlorite at 0.3-5.2% completely inhibited the fungal growth of the 10 tested fungal isolates with minimum inhibition concentration at 0.7%. Fumigation of books with 0.7-5.2% sodium hypochlorite completely inhibited all fungi without evident damage of the documents or ink discoloration. Therefore, sodium hypochlorite can be recommended as effective and eco-friendly disinfectant for archives comparable to other hazardous chemicals.
Microbial water quality of coastal recreational water in the Gaza Strip, Palestine
Authors: ABUALTAYEF MAZEN T. , RABOU ABDEL FATTAH N. ABD , FOUL AHMED A. ABU , GHABAYEN SAID M. , ELSINWAR HASSAN M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Abualtayef MT, Abd Rabou AN, Abu Foul AA, Ghabayen SM, Elsinwar HM. 2014. Microbial water quality of coastal recreational water in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Nusantara Bioscience 6: 26-32. Wastewater disposal into the Mediterranean coast of the Gaza Strip has many negative effects, whether on the environment or on human health, thus microbiological analysis of seawater samples was carried out. The microbial analysis was confined on two types of fecal indicators (fecal coliform and fecal streptococci), in addition to a single type of bacteria (Pseudomonas). This study was conducted between the beginning of July 2012 to the mid of October 2012 over an area extended from the proposed Khan Younis fishing port to Gaza fishing port, with a length of about 23 km. The study area was divided into five zones. The samples were collected in two rounds: the first round included 75 samples that collected along the study area during the summer season. The second round included 19 samples that collected in the autumn season to compare it with their counterparts that have been collected in the summer season. Laboratory analysis showed the presence of contamination in many of these samples. The results also showed that the pollution was concentrated in and surrounding the mouths of wastewater outfalls. Depending on the microbial analyses, which have been collected in the first round, the fecal coliform appeared in 61% of the samples, while fecal streptococci appeared in all samples and pseudomonas appeared in 33% of the samples. The pollutants were widespread along the study area, which is the result mainly from wastewater discharge into the sea. A risk analysis was done for season variations using the second-moment method; in general, it was found that risk in both seasons was high especially in summer.