bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Australian foreign policy and the vernacular of national belonging
Authors: Linnane Katie
Published: September 2018

Across the 1990s, a ‘culture war’ raged between Australian Prime Ministers Keating and Howard. At its crux, their discursive battles reflected divergent and competing conceptions of Australian nationhood, and Australia’s place in the world. For Keating, Australia’s future and interests resided in a comprehensive engagement with Asia. For Howard, Australia’s identity was situated firmly within the Anglo-sphere. This chapter examines how such articulations of national identity related to foreign policy during the Keating and Howard governments. Through an exploration of foreign policy language, it will illuminate the efforts made by Australian governments to link foreign policy objectives with particular conceptions of Australian national identity. Specifically, this chapter will highlight the deliberate attempts by Keating and then by Howard to fuse elements of their foreign and domestic agendas in pursuit of a vision that took in very particular and radically different conceptions of Australian identity. It aims to pose important questions about what Australian foreign policy language might reveal about contested notions of national identity, and following that, how foreign policy can be understood as part of a political project to define what it means to be Australian.
The Romani ‘camp-dwellers’ in Rome: between state control and ‘collective-identity closure’
Authors: Armillei Riccardo
Published: September 2018

In Italy, Romani peoples have been subjected to social exclusion and marginalisation for centuries. Policy responses have been based on meeting the needs of a ‘nomadic’ population. Over the years, permanent ghettos evolved, characterised by institutional abandonment, neglect and extreme decay. This chapter will pay attention to the realities of these establishments from the perspective of the Romanies. It will examine how Romani ‘camp-dwellers’ managed to exercise what remained to them of their free agency. In this context, the camp is not just an exogenous institutional means of control and segregation but also an endogenous tool of ‘resistance’ to government exclusionary efforts. This study argues that the camp should also be seen as the outcome of an explicit strategy. This was prompted partly by the ‘camps policy’ and the tendency to categorise all Romani peoples as ‘nomads’. But it was also produced by the Romanies themselves who have internalised the external logic and used it as a way of defending their status quo. While perceiving mainstream society as a threatening environment, the ‘camp’ became a powerful weapon to protect the in-group (us) against the out-group (them) heightening what I call ‘collective identity-closure’.
Sweden, military intervention and the loss of memory
Authors: Rosamond Annika Bergman , Agius Christine
Published: September 2018

Within the space of roughly two decades, Sweden has changed from a neutral country to one that is currently engaged in a range of activities and practices that are far removed from the definition of neutrality. Its engagement with NATO, contribution of forces to Kosovo, Afghanistan and Libya, and its role as a leading framework nation in the emergent EU Battle Groups suggest at first glance the shifting demands of global security practices. The rationale of the move away from traditional state-centric security, however, obscures a more complex picture. In this chapter, we investigate specific aspects of these changes in relation to Swedish security policy, specifically robust forms of military intervention. We argue that rather than reflecting global security practices, deeper endogenous processes are at work. Significantly, such engagements are part of disembedding norms around neutrality and revising public and elite memory of Sweden as a neutral state. By focusing on identity and memory, we posit that Sweden’s current military engagements are concerned with rewriting identity and with a view to making new memories (or a ‘memory bank’) of wartime experiences. This has played a crucial part in not only justifying and naturalizing specific practices and actions, but also reconstituting identity in the process.
Pollution and purity: caste-based discrimination and the mobilisation of Dalit sameness
Authors: Svensson Ted
Published: September 2018

Since the late 1990s, Dalit (‘Untouchable’) activists have sought to respond to and contest caste-based discrimination by significantly expanding the scope of Dalit sameness. The idea of a shared, expansive Dalit identity beyond local or national contexts has allowed both for a global layer of activism to develop and for formerly disparate groups or communities to affiliate themselves with the cause against casteist perceptions of pollution, hierarchy and status. Consequently, Dalit identity to some—especially Indian activists long committed to its realisation and relevance—turns into an increasingly ambiguous and evasive subject position, while others relate to it is a novel, enabling nodal point for communal belonging and for contesting entrenched forms of marginalisation. In sum, these developments, nonetheless, equal acts of opposition and resistance. Drawing on interviews with Dalit activists in India, Nepal and the UK, the chapter explores how the above reformulation of Dalit sameness, on the one hand, affects the possibility to speak of a singular envisioning of transcending casteism and, on the other, destabilises established certainties regarding what pollution and purity signify.
Introduction
Authors: Jobson Richard
Published: September 2018

After an initial discussion of recent developments in the Labour Party, this introduction examines New Labour’s critique of ‘Old Labour’. New Labour often declared that Old Labour had been a fundamentally nostalgic party. Although this idea was underdeveloped and lacked analytical depth, it provides a starting point for an examination of Labour’s relationship with nostalgia. Through an engagement with existing studies on memory (and, more specifically, nostalgia), identity and power, this chapter moves on to outline how the idea of the group ‘nostalgia-identity’ offers a useful conceptual lens through which to assess Labour’s post-war development. It provides an overview of the academic literature on Labour and highlights the ways in which a study that explores the impact of nostalgia on the party’s trajectory offers something innovative. This introduction ends with an assessment of the extent, contours and significance of Labour’s male traditional industrial working-class identity in 1951.
Reinventing the Labour Party, 1983–92
Authors: Jobson Richard
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the ways in which nostalgia shaped the political development of Neil Kinnock’s Labour Party between 1983 and 1992. It scrutinises claims, often made retrospectively by members of the New Labour project, that the Kinnock era was a period of limited modernisation. Moreover, it argues that Kinnock and his allies successfully negotiated Labour’s nostalgia in a manner that enabled them to reorient the party’s programmatic commitments away from the past. In this regard, the key turning point was the 1985-6 Jobs and Industry Campaign. When viewed through the lens of party nostalgia, other events, including Kinnock’s famous attack on the Militant Tendency at Labour’s annual conference in 1985, do not represent the kind of pivotal moments that academics have previously indicated they were. Furthermore, in 1992, despite significant policy reorientations, the party’s nostalgically imbued identity remained intact and unreformed.
The functioning metropolis
Authors: Greenhalgh James
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the strategies employed by the local governments of Manchester and Hull to govern the space of their cities in the immediate post-war period by examining policies and projects that sought to control the built environment. The techniques of spatial governance local governments deployed ranged from zoning large areas, to prohibiting certain types of business, display or activity and included control of land, buildings and even the air. The chapter argues that in the immediate post-war period local corporations attempted to expand their ability to control their cities in a holistic sense through the application and expansion of national planning legislation. Their aim was the assertion of a long-term, rational approach to the physical development of their cities, but their means were often mundane or small-scale: control of fun-fairs, the regulation of air or advertising as well as the siting of shops were all part of corporations holistic view of the functional city. These attempts were contested by the agencies of the national state, commercial elites and the inhabitants of the cities, illustrating the deeply contested character of modernity in the post-war.
The spaces of everyday life
Authors: Greenhalgh James
Published: September 2018

Building on the conclusions and individual agency highlighted in the last chapter, this chapter uses examples of the clashes between local government and inhabitants on the social housing estates of Manchester and Hull to show how the practices of everyday life could subvert and challenge the spatial practices of urban governance, shedding light on the lived experience and agency of the inhabitants of mid-twentieth-century social housing. Expectations about how certain spaces should function, what it was appropriate to do in them and the beneficial outcomes they were supposed to produce meant mapping certain expectations about how societies and individuals interacted onto places like parks, grass verges or community centres. Corporations’ and planners’ perceptions of how space should function is thus used here to demonstrate how spatial policies evidenced governmental anxieties over working-class association, concerns about suburban anomie and a growing disquiet about youth and delinquency.
Northern Ireland, the public sphere and activist media
Authors: Hoey Paddy
Published: September 2018

Modern traditions of activist media grow out of the increased opportunities for intervention into the public sphere created by the Internet and modern technology. In recent years online media activism has been said to have been at the centre of uprisings during the Arab Spring, the development of countercultural movements like Occupy and the populist right. In Northern Ireland, this form of activism emerged but it failed to diminish much older, deeply historic tradition of activist journalism and writing in Irish republicanism. Journals, pamphlets, newspapers and free sheets all persisted in the years after the signing of the Good Friday peace agreement providing a challenge to the narratives of digital utopianism and its claims for a public sphere dynamically and completely restructured by the Internet.
Contemporary Irish republicanism since 1998: the Shinners1
Authors: Hoey Paddy
Published: September 2018

Borrowing on a tradition of radical journalism dating back more than 200 years, modern Irish republicans, in particular, Sinn Féin, have used activist media to articulate their ideological since the late 1960s and the start of the Troubles. At times of marginalisation from the political mainstream through broadcasting bans and structural bias in the media, republicans used their own activist newspapers, pamphlets and promotional materials to convey their political messages. In the same period Sinn Féin began and finished the journey from being the marginal political wing of the Provisional IRA to being arguably the most prominent political party in Irish nationalist politics. Its transformation from minority voice of an armed organisation which saw violence as central to its goals to the main voice of republicanism that had accepted ceasefires and the political path was remarkable. Activist media was central to ideological journey of the Shinners, providing an internal space in which to articulate and interrogate dynamic shifts in ideology and an outward face to communicate these developments.
Contemporary Irish republicanism since 1998: dissos and dissenters1
Authors: Hoey Paddy
Published: September 2018

Sinn Féin’s elevation to the undoubted voice of establishment republicanism did not come without its ideological challenges which charged it with selling out ideological values of the movement which dated back at least to the 1916 Rising. These initially came from dissident republican organisations (the dissos) like Republican Sinn Féin and the 32 County Sovereignty Movement with links to armed groups still pledged to maintain violent opposition to the British presence in Ireland. Newer groups emerged to challenge older forms of traditional and militarist ideology, specifically éirígí and Republican Network for Unity, who used the Internet and activist media to communicate their positions on the changes to republicanism. Between these two blocs, an interesting group of non-aligned activists emerged in the early 2000s using old media like newspapers and new technology of the Internet to discuss alternatives to Sinn Féin’s reformism and acceptance of the compromises made necessary by the Peace Process. These writers contributed a new strand of dissenting opinion which was supported the peace but was critical of the process.
Sinn Féin and the life and death of the republican newspaper
Authors: Hoey Paddy
Published: September 2018

Sinn Féin’s far reaching commitment to activist materials since the late 1960s included a devotion to the newspapers An Phoblacht/ Republican News. It was almost quixotically committed to producing AP/ RN and the paper became a far-reaching organ of political identity. During the Hunger Strikes of 1980/ 81 it was the authentic voice of those on the protests. Later, during the reforms of Peace Process era it articulated the changes in policy. However, Sinn Féin activists were keen to develop a mainstream vehicle for the newly dominant and optimistic strand of republicanism, one that might compete against the media outlets that had been overtly critical and hostile towards the party dating back to the beginning of the Troubles. The Belfast Media Group whose primary paper, the Andersonstown News, became associated with articulating Sinn Féin’s position throughout the 1990s and 2000s launched the republican daily newspaper Daily Ireland in 2005 in competition with the Irish News, the paper that has traditionally captured sales among the nationalist population of Northern Ireland. It was an experiment in assessing how far the shifts in the cultural and political tectonic plates of nationalism played into the media consumption habits of the people.
New forms of republican (in)activism: éirígí and RNU
Authors: Hoey Paddy
Published: September 2018

While Fourthwrite and the Blanket articulated new emerging strands of republican ideology in opposition to the reforms of Sinn Féin, they made no attempt at entering the political arena in any meaningful way. However, two new groups, largely made-up of disgruntled former Sinn Féin activists, emerged to attempt to counter the narrative of the party. éirígí emerged in 2006 with a dynamic online presence allied to hugely active repertoire of eye catching political stunts and events which mirrored the work of contemporary anti-corporate activists. Its inventive activist media activities, from website to social media, public events to YouTube videos and guerrilla activism saw it cut a swathe that belied its relatively low membership and resource base. Despite this dynamism it failed to attract a membership base big enough to run for office and has since declined in prominence. Republican Network for Unity which also emerged in the late 2000s, sought not primarily centre its activism on media materials specifically but to resurrect a republican tradition of street protest and occupations that pushed the anti-Good Friday Agreement agenda. It also, initially, achieved a public profile that belied its resource base, but which was not sustained.
Introduction
Authors: Ibata Hélène
Published: September 2018

In the decades that followed the creation of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1768, the sister arts tradition appeared to be as alive as it had been at the beginning of the century. The literary aspirations of British visual artists were nurtured by academic precepts which claimed that by rivalling and adapting the best poetic work, painters would assert their art’s intellectual value and prove that it was a ‘liberal’ occupation, rather than a ‘mechanical’ trade. While the Royal Academy promoted ‘history painting’ and the emulation of epic poetry as the best demonstration of the mental skills employed in painting, a new generation of visual artists sought inspiration in the most exalting and tumultuous productions of the British literary genius, and found in Shakespeare, Milton or Macpherson’s ...
The Philosophical Enquiry, theories of the sublime and the sister arts tradition
Authors: Ibata Hélène
Published: September 2018

This first chapter emphasises what Burke’s Enquiry owes to the existing discourse on the sublime (to Longinus and Addison in particular), in order to highlight its innovations, more specifically its aesthetically stimulating irrationalism and sensualism. It then focuses on Burke’s unique distinction between visual and verbal representation, his rejection of their common mimetic basis, and his argument that only the non-mimetic, suggestive medium of the verbal arts, language, may impart the sublime. At a time when parallels between the arts prevailed, this was an isolated point of view, which introduced a new paragone situation, and a challenge to visual artists. The end of the chapter examines a number of competing theories of the sublime that were compatible with painting, which makes it possible to enhance the specificity of the Enquiry and the paradox of its appeal to visual artists.
Turner: from sublime association to sublime energy
Authors: Ibata Hélène
Published: September 2018

This final chapter concludes the study with another major figure of British art, Joseph Mallord William Turner. Turner’s lifelong ambition to emulate the powers of poetry is shown to have led him to provide one of the most adequate pictorial responses to the challenge initiated by Burke’s Enquiry. After examining the various channels through which eighteenth-century theories of the sublime reached Turner, the argument focuses on his radical transformation of the pictorial medium, as a means to overcome the mimetic limitations of visual representation and articulate the presentation of the unpresentable. His art is understood as the culmination of the reflection about the artistic medium which had been set in motion by the quest for the sublime, and by the growing awareness of inadequacies inherent to mimetic pictorial representation. It may be seen as the place where the aesthetics of the Enquiry were taken to their radical conclusion, leading to a resolute change of paradigms in visual representation.
Conclusion
Authors: Ibata Hélène
Published: September 2018

I believe it is fruitful to let the wheels of intertextuality rotate fully in order to see how the interplay of influence works in unexpected ways. Sometimes the most profound influence is the one you discover afterward, not the one you find immediately.

(Umberto Eco, ‘Borges and My Anxiety of Influence’...
Introduction
Authors: Heffernan David
Published: September 2018

The introduction provides a general overview of the ‘reform’ treatises as a body of sources. The fact that there are approximately six-hundred of these documents is noted. The authors of the documents are examined with specific reference to their ethnic background and status within Irish officialdom. The different forms in which treatises were written and the major themes are then overviewed. Finally, issues such as intertextuality and how writers borrowed from one another are looked at.
Conquest or conciliation? The policy debate in Henrician Ireland, c.1515–15461
Authors: Heffernan David
Published: September 2018

The first chapter examines the ‘reform’ treatises written more or less during the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII and how they impacted upon the development of government policy in Ireland up to 1546. I argue that most writers were overwhelmingly in favour of a programme of renewed conquest, beginning in those parts of Leinster immediately adjoining the Dublin-centred Pale, and that they believed this would finally be initiated following the Kildare Rebellion in the mid-1530s. However owing to Henry VIII’s unwillingness to fund such a conquest a cheap strategy of conciliation known as ‘surrender and regrant’ was briefly experimented with in the early 1540s. The chapter also examines the policy debate, and treatises written on, religious reform and regional reform of Munster and Ulster through the establishment of provincial councils and settlement of colonies.
‘Reform’ treatises and the inception of the Tudor conquest in mid-sixteenth-century Ireland, 1546–1565
Authors: Heffernan David
Published: September 2018

The chapter begins in 1546 when a military incursion was launched by the Dublin government against the Irish lordships of the O’Mores and O’Connors in the Irish midlands of Laois and Offaly. I argue that this military venture was the first step in the Tudor conquest of Ireland. Eventually in the 1550s the plantation of this region was undertaken, thus initiating the general pattern whereby Ireland would be conquered and resettled down to the end of the seventeenth century. The chapter then goes on to examine the other major policy issues of the mid-Tudor period, specifically the growing threat posed to the Tudor state by Shane O’Neill’s ascendancy in Ulster and the incursion of Scottish settlers from the Outer Hebrides into the north-east of Ireland. Finally, consideration is given to the long viceregal administration of the third earl of Sussex and the criticism it drew from Irish officials in the late 1550s and early 1560s owing to its recourse to the ‘cess’ and other practices. Throughout the chapter how these issues arose in the treatises is discussed and the ideas put forward contextualised.
Complaint, reform and conflict: Treatise writing in late Elizabethan Ireland, 1579–1594
Authors: Heffernan David
Published: September 2018

This chapter proposes a revision of our understanding of political discourse in late Elizabethan Ireland and public policy there more generally. Previously it has largely been contended that officials in Ireland at this time began to believe that the country was beyond ‘reform’ and that a harsh brand of military subjugation would have to be employed to create a tabula rasa on which an English society could be constructed. Converse to this the chapter argues that officials were actually deeply critical of Tudor policy in Ireland itself at this time. Accordingly they argued that what was needed was a more conciliatory approach to the governance of the country and reformation of the gross levels of militarisation and corruption which had become endemic there. These views were clearly laid out in a literature of complaint which emerged in the ‘reform’ treatises being written at this time. The chapter is primarily an exploration of this literature of complaint. It also examines the treatises attendant upon the inception of the Munster Plantation. Finally, it examines attitudes towards the problem posed by Ulster in the 1580s and early 1590s and queries what policies were promoted for the province in the years preceding the outbreak of the Nine Years War in 1594.
Conclusion
Authors: Heffernan David
Published: September 2018

This provides a conclusion to the book. This is largely an analysis of the different themes which arise in the ‘reform’ treatises with which the book has been concerned.
Centre-left parties and the European Union
Authors: Hertner Isabelle
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter outlines the challenges that centre-left parties face in the European Union, explaining that the EU limits their room for manoeuvre. It then explains how the analysis fits into and builds on existing research on intra-party democracy, centre-left parties in Europe, the Europeanisation of political parties, and multi-level party politics. Next, this chapter briefly introduces the principal-agent framework that will be applied to Labour, PS and SPD throughout the book. Finally, the introductory chapter outlines the main research questions that this study addresses, the methodology, including the sources used and original data collection, and introduces the format and structure of the book.
Labour, the PS, and the SPD: organising for multi-level governance
Authors: Hertner Isabelle
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides some essential contextual information on the Labour Party, the Parti Socialiste, the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschland, and the Party of European Socialists’ organisations. The chapter first summarises each party’s historical background. Second, it describes the three different faces of each party organisation (on the ground, in public, and in central office). It argues that amongst the three parties, Labour has become the most ‘centralised’, as the leadership at Westminster has assumed much power in the formulating policy. The PS is also a highly centralised party, as the most important decisions are taken by a small circle of leaders in Paris. At the same time, the PS continues to be dominated by rival factions that form around potential presidential candidates. The SPD, by contrast, is a more decentralised party in which power is shared by the regional associations and the national party federation. Thus, the three parties - whilst being centre-left, multi-level, and multi-faceted parties of government - organise very differently. Still, there are challenges that the parties share, such as the lack of grassroots engagement and the rise of rival left-wing social movements.
Principals, agents, and the delegation of power inside political parties
Authors: Hertner Isabelle
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 sets out the principal-agent framework of power delegation that is applied to the Labour Party, the PS and SPD throughout the book. It first presents a brief overview of the literature that uses principal-agent frameworks to analyse power delegation inside political systems and political parties. Next, it highlights the problems that power delegation can cause inside parties, and explained how parties can address them. The chapter then outlines the conceptual framework that will subsequently be applied to the Labour Party, the PS and SPD, introducing four possible modes of power delegation between the three faces of the party organisations and the three levels. Next, the research questions guiding the empirical analysis in are introduced. As this book is primarily concerned with power delegation in the formulation of European policy and the processes of selecting EU specialists, both of these activities have been briefly described. Last but not least, this chapter mentions a number of factors that are likely to shape the parties’ dealings with the EU, namely: the legal regulations of internal party organisations; the parties’ EU positions; the financial resources available to the parties; and the status as parties in government or opposition.
Lions or toothless tigers? The parties in central office and the EU
Authors: Hertner Isabelle
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 investigates the EU’s impact upon the power dynamics within Labour, the PS and SPD in central office. It first analyses each party’s executive committee(s)’s role in the formulation of European policies. This is followed by an investigation into the parties’ international departments, which form part of the central party bureaucracy. Finally, each section also examines the party in central office’s relationship with the Party of European Socialists. The focus of the analysis lies on the party in central office’s role in the formulation of European policies and, to a much smaller extent, the selection of EU specialists. In doing so, the chapter reveals a complex picture of power dynamics between the different faces of the party. It demonstrates that the parties in central office were not ‘lions’ in the sense that they did not hold the power to formulate policies about and through the EU. At the same time they were not entirely powerless in EU matters, as the label ‘toothless tigers’ would imply. Rather, Labour, the PS and SPD in central office were ‘toothless tigers with claws’ that complemented the work of the party in public office.
Winners or losers? The parties in public office and the EU
Authors: Hertner Isabelle
Published: September 2018

Chapter 7 studies the role played by the party in public office in the formulation of European policies and the selection of EU specialists. It first analyses the House of Commons, the National Assembly and the Bundestag’s EU scrutiny powers and the internal organisation of EU affairs. Second, it investigates the parliamentary parties’ dealings with the EU. The chapter finds that MPs have delegated a large amount of policy-making power to their respective government and to MEPs, often without exerting much formal control. Especially when in power, MPs tended to leave EU policies to their government. Thus, whilst the party in public office has some advantages over the party in central office and the party on the ground (above all, policy expertise and resources) it is not the clear ‘winner’. Still, this chapter also identifies a number of differences, which can be explained by comparing the institutional structures; the ways in which the parties prioritised their EU expertise in parliament; and the parties’ general attitude towards the EU. Overall, centre-left MPs have not pulled their weight in the formulation of European policies, or the scrutiny of government and the Members of the European Parliament. This is a story of missed opportunities.
Divisions of inheritance
Authors: Macknight Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2018

The Assembly abolished primogeniture on 15 March 1790 and introduced the law on partible inheritance on 8 April 1791. Under the ancien régime nobles had benefited from more flexible arrangements with a welter of possibilities for allocating inheritance. The legal systems varied across the country with written law operating in most of the south and local customary systems in the north. Decision-making was also influenced by social status. This chapter focuses on the apportioning of patrimony, especially nobles’ responses to the notion of equality among siblings that underpinned revolutionary reforms in legislation. It engages with debates conducted among scholars of the Middle Ages and early modern era about law, gender, and emotion, and presents new findings from analysis of nobles’ wills, marriage contracts, and letters from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Landed estates in operation
Authors: Macknight Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2018

In historical scholarship the economics of elite landowning in modern France remained for a long time ‘an almost virgin field’. As Theodore Zeldin observed, ‘historians have been interested far more in the history of peasant ownership’. Understanding peasant experiences is crucial for rural history that scholars such as Lefebvre, Le Roy Ladurie, and others placed at the very heart of French history, especially as it was practised within France. This chapter explains the economic operations of landed estates and the tripartite relations between owners, managers, and labourers. The analysis draws on Bourdieu’s writings about gift exchange and reproduction of social capital, and it uses correspondence, accounts, contracts and other archival evidence to document rural social relationships in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Holding the fort in the world wars
Authors: Macknight Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2018

To what extent did the world wars change the nature of class relations on and around landed estates? How were gender relations and gender roles in aristocratic households affected by the absence and return of men? Were nobles able to afford to repair the damage to property resulting from military operations or wartime neglect? Drawing on Bourdieu’s writings about conversions and reconversions of capital, this chapter details noblewomen’s endeavours to maintain properties during men’s wartime absence and through the financial difficulties of the interwar decades. It documents the interactions between nobles, local authorities and representatives of the Monuments historiques, as well as liaison between heritage associations and state officials during and after the Vichy regime.
The labouring body
Authors: Harrigan Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how French texts echoed shared ideas about labour in the plantation context. Plantation labour employed the bodies of slaves in new, proto-industrial processes. Within this context the concept of accumulation was central to understanding slaves and the free. Commentators show the importance of numeracy to colonial knowledge, which organised labour, space, and productivity. This knowledge implied forms of belonging and exclusion. Slave labour remained human labour and could be disrupted by social dynamics and desire. The distinctions between slave and free even encompassed time, which was inseparable from accumulation and power. Comparison with free indentured labourers illustrates the condition of the slave, and comparison with animals demonstrates what was gratifying or repellent about slave labour.
Spheres of knowledge
Authors: Harrigan Michael
Published: September 2018

Slaves were frequently said to be inferior in their intellectual faculties, yet most commentators thought of these distinctions as non-essential, or even what would later be called ‘cultural’. Religion was also the language through which commentators engaged with slaves, and was the measure of their capacities. Testimonies about slaves’ use of language hint that it was thought defective or comical, but it might also edify, or testify to the inventiveness of Creole populations and culture. Manifestations of sensibility in the contact with – even the sale of – slaves illustrates how radically condition separated human experience. Slaves were said to be faithful, but anecdotal and fictional manifestations hint at concerns about their self-interest. In a plantation environment in which restricted knowledge was of great urgency, the secrecy of slaves might be of some concern. This was particularly troubling in cases of magic or poisoning. This was a serious concern for ecclesiastics, and testifies to how radically European, African and Creole epistemologies might be separated.
African security in the twenty-first century
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

This book explores the evolving African security paradigm in light of the multitude of diverse threats facing the continent and the international community today and in the decades ahead. It challenges current thinking and traditional security constructs as woefully inadequate to meet the real security concerns and needs of African governments in a globalized world. The continent has becoming increasingly integrated into an international security architecture, whereby Africans are just as vulnerable to threats emanating from outside the continent as they are from home-grown ones. Thus, Africa and what happens there, matters more than ever. Through an in-depth examination and analysis of the continent’s most pressing traditional and non-traditional security challenges—from failing states and identity and resource conflict to terrorism, health, and the environment—it provides a solid intellectual foundation, as well as practical examples of the complexities of the modern African security environment. Not only does it assess current progress at the local, regional, and international level in meeting these challenges, it also explores new strategies and tools for more effectively engaging Africans and the global community through the human security approach.
Understanding the security environment
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the reader with background material and a basic understanding of Africa’s uniqueness. It looks at the highly diverse and unique set of security challenges--from traditional to non-traditional—facing the continent and provides an overview of the nature of the threat to the continent and its people. It also sets the stage for an in-depth examination of the key threats to African security (and by extension to the global community) and identifies some emerging trends that present both opportunities and challenges for improving security in the decades ahead.
Terrorism and extremism
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

Since September 2001, the struggle against international terrorism and extremism across the globe has become a defining security paradigm of the 21st century. Africa is now an inescapable and increasingly critical part of this new security equation. This presents an enormous political and socio-economic challenge for many African countries and organizations that are already over burden trying to cope with longstanding and other newly arising security threats. Terrorism and extremism, however, are certainly not new to Africa, but what has changed in the post-September 11th world for Africa is the apparent melding of domestic and international terrorism and extremism. Accordingly, much of the success or failure to counter these threats will be as much affected by the actions and policies of external forces than on the capabilities (or lack thereof) of African governments and institutions.
Health and disease
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

More often viewed as a developmental or a humanitarian challenge rather than a security challenge, addressing the vast array of African public health problems has increasingly come to be seen as a critical human security priority. While many have criticized the securitization of health issues, the cross-cutting linkages to other political, social, and economic issues are real and so too are their implications for security. In addition, most health challenges in Africa were previously seen as localized problems threatening only the well-being of specific populations, but in today’s globalized world they can have profound negative implications far beyond the original source of the problem. While some international public health threats, such as disease pandemics, are nothing new the ability of new disease epidemics to transcend international borders and continents at a speed and breadth is heretofore unknown in human history.
The African response
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

Paradoxically, as much as Africa’s current problems are often rooted in the past, the continent today finds itself squarely at the forefront of new security thinking. Although the international community historically has played a critical role in shaping the African security agenda, true security—and solutions—begins at home. The often misappropriated mantra of ‘African solutions for African problems’ has taken on real and significant meaning in recent years with the development and implementation of new national, sub-regional, and regional approaches to advancing peace and security. This chapter examines these approaches, past shortcomings of the modern African state and its limitations, and looks at ways the African Union, regional NGOs, and civil society are seeking to fashion a cooperative security culture for 21st century needs. Without doubt many obstacles and challenges still remain, but these efforts are already proving useful in recasting the continent’s security priorities and, moreover, in establishing a direction for future engagement by Africans and non-Africans alike.
The international response
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

While candidly acknowledging that African governments, institutions, and societies need to take more responsibility and ought to do more to address their security challenges, they just cannot do it alone. Given the increasingly complex and interdependent nature of the African security environment the continent simply lacks the resources and capacity to tackle current and future problems. Thus, the active involvement and constructive participation of the wider global community is essential. This chapter calls for international involvement that is intelligently focused, prudently implemented, and done in partnership with Africans. Involvement that requires listening to African concerns and geared toward addressing African needs and not any external agenda. This will require an across the board overhaul of international programs, tools, and strategic vision. It also means a vastly reduced role for militaries and short-term fixes and a greater emphasis on finding the ways and means that empower people and societies through political, social and economic development.
Tall tales and true: Richard Marsh and late Victorian journalism
Authors: Freeman Nick
Published: September 2018

Focusing largely on short stories of the 1890s and 1900s, this essay examines Richard Marsh's many similarities and connections with late-Victorian newspapers, particularly the tabloid press typified by George Purkess's Illustrated Police News. It argues that Marsh used the direct and accessible language of popular journalism to clothe his outlandish sensation fiction in the trappings of believability, while at the same time exploiting the literary possibilities of the news itself, notably in his responses to the infamous Jack the Ripper murders in Whitechapel in 1888 in stories such as 'The adventure of the phonograph' (Curios, 1898) and 'A member of the Anti-Tobacco League' (Under One Flag, 1906).
Mrs Musgrave’s stain of madness: Marsh and the female offender
Authors: Höglund Johan
Published: September 2018

This chapter ties Richard Marsh’s Mrs Musgrave – And Her Husband (1895) to the anxiety surrounding the degeneration debate. Simultaneously crime novel, detective novel and Gothic fiction, Mrs Musgrave – And Her Husband mobilises the discourses of eugenics and criminal anthropology as they were articulated by figures such as Francis Galton and Cesare Lombroso. The chapter argues that the novel provides a unique contribution to the debate surrounding hereditary criminality by simultaneously and deliberately validating and critiquing the racist and sexist matrix that arguably informed late-nineteenth-century British culture and society. Unlike much other late-nineteenth-century fiction, the novel employs a pattern where racial and sexual discourses are repeatedly set on course only to be derailed, and derailed only to be brought back on track again.
Speculative society, risk and the crime thriller: The Datchet Diamonds
Authors: Margree Victoria
Published: September 2018

Marsh’s The Datchet Diamonds (1898) weaves together crime and romance elements with a financial plot concerning stock market speculation. Drawing on New Economic Criticism, this chapter argues that the novel is fascinatingly ambivalent in its treatment of speculation, appearing to condemn it as dishonourable and criminal while surreptitiously endorsing the very risk-taking behaviour on which it relies. The novel’s ‘decent-man-tempted’ protagonist is rendered attractive to readers through his willingness coolly to stare down danger and play the odds, putting him in uncomfortable proximity to the models of criminal masculinity that the text presents. As a crime thriller, The Datchet Diamonds works by soliciting readerly enjoyment of exposure to risk: as such, it reveals the limitations of crime scholarship that has focused too narrowly upon ‘ideologically conservative’ detective fiction, pointing instead to the willingness of readers to identify with transgressor-protagonists, to see laws broken and social hierarchies questioned.
‘The crowd would have it that I was a hero’: populism, New Humour and the male clerk in Marsh’s Sam Briggs adventures
Authors: Bartlett Mackenzie
Published: September 2018

This chapter situates the adventures of Marsh’s male clerk Sam Briggs (1904–1915) within the context of the ‘New Humour’ of the late-Victorian and Edwardian periods, in order to explore the intersections between populism, comedy and mass readership at the turn of the twentieth century. Specifically, the chapter examines how Marsh tapped into the burgeoning lower-middle-class literary marketplace by deploying slapstick, satire and farce to interrogate some of the most pressing issues of his day, including the expansion of London and the effects of suburban sprawl, the ambiguous social and economic position of the male clerk, the crisis in masculinity, the contentious debates about evolution and degeneration, the rapid advancements in industry and technology and the profound consequences of the First World War.
‘In that Egyptian den’: situating The Beetle within the fin-de-siècle fiction of Gothic Egypt
Authors: Bulfin Ailise
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses the relationship between Marsh’s bestselling novel of Egyptian malevolence, The Beetle: A Mystery (1897), and a subgenre of Gothic Egyptian fiction which developed partially in response to contentious Anglo-Egyptian political relations. Marsh began writing his novel in 1895, the same year General Herbert Kitchener launched his famous and ultimately successful campaign to quell Islamic-nationalist rebellion in northern Sudan, then indirectly under Anglo-Egyptian control. This chapter exposes the links between the novel and colonial politics, placing The Beetle within the context of Anglo-Egyptian and Sudanese conflict, rather than broadly reading it against general imperial concerns. The chapter provides a fuller picture of both the remarkable revival of the Gothic literary mode at the fin de siècle and the society in which this literary phenomenon occurred. The chapter also reveals how Marsh’s text dramatically exceeded Gothic Egyptian genre conventions in its emphasis on pagan as well as colonial monstrosity.
‘Something on which you may exercise your ingenuity’: diamonds and curious collectables in the fin-de-siècle fiction of Richard Marsh
Authors: Allsop Jessica
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses a selection of Marsh’s diamond fictions in order to show how his curious stones are active in narratives expressing anxieties over masculine mastery of imperial objects and the viability of overseas commodities and global trade. The curiously animate, materially unstable and malevolently metamorphic stones pose questions as to the consequences of the exploitation of Empire. They challenge the expertise of collectors, dealers, and jewellers, indicating the perils of speculation, and of the return of the exotic to the heart of the Empire. The chapter analyses how Marsh’s diamond narratives generate anxiety over a fin-de-siècle market economy and concepts of value, contributing to the fin-de-siècle imaginary an impression of beleaguered masculinity, problematic objects, and an unstable global market.
Introduction: The Emergent Critical History of Intellectual Disability
Authors: McDonagh Patrick , Goodey C. F. , Stainton Tim
Published: September 2018

Intellectual disability is an unstable concept, and its fundamental instability is magnified when we track its history and relation to other concepts. This introductory chapter explores some of the challenges of investigating the forces shaping the concept of intellectual disability in Europe and Britain across the centuries: not only those generated by shifting language and terminology, but also the demands imposed by the interdisciplinary nature of this project, which takes us through histories of literature, religion, law, education, philosophy, psychology and medicine, in addition to engaging with cultural and social history. Further, the fundamental slipperiness of the idea of intellectual disability raises the question of whether it could even be said to exist in forms similar to that which it assumes today. This introduction also includes a review of literature exploring the history of intellectual disability, and an overview of the chapters to follow.