bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Drug Delivery Capacity of 3D Coordination Polymer for Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Saqlain Madiha , Muhammad Zohaib Hafiz , Ahmad Khan Maroof , Qamar Samina , Masood Sara , Lauqman Muhammad , Ilyas Mubashar , Irfan Muhammad , Li Hui
Published: February 2025

We synthesized {[Cd2(dTMP)2(4,4'‐azpy)2(H2O)2] ⋅ 3(O)}n a novel three‐dimensional metal nucleotide coordination polymer (CP‐1). An assessment of the CP‐1 binding affinity for anticancer drugs was conducted using molecular dynamic simulations. The virtual screening results depict that CP‐1 has a lot of potential for encapsulating the anthracycline anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). It hasn′t yet been investigated how to accomplish high loading capacity, efficiency, and controlled release of DOX in dTMP‐based 3D metal coordination polymers. Utilizing DOX as a drug model and our system as a drug‐loading vehicle, we used UV‐visible and circular dichroism titrations to examine the effects of its encapsulation and release. The mechanism of drug loading and release was investigated through pH‐responsive behavior by adjusting the pH value to 8, 7, 6, and 5. The results indicate the CP‐1 has a robust affinity for DOX at pH 7, which facilitates its loading on 3D porous coordination polymer. However, the maximum cumulative drug release of 87.11 % was observed at pH 5. The higher correlation coefficient (R2) was obtained at pH 5 with the Higuchi equation. It indicated that the drug released was primarily controlled with the diffusion mechanism. The CP‐1 polymer‘s ability to encapsulate DOX while also permitting a possible controlled‐release mechanism is confirmed by the combined insights from the experimental findings, energy graphs, RMSD analysis, and radius of gyration (Rg) data from MD simulations.
Natural and Magnetic Circular Dichroism from the Infrared to the UV of a Hetero[4]Helicene Radical Cation
Authors: Fusè Marco , Lupi Michela , Machalska Ewa , Mazzeo Giuseppe , Abbate Sergio , Bloino Julien , Viglianisi Caterina , Menichetti Stefano , Longhi Giovanna
Published: February 2025

Dithiabridged triarylamine hetero[4]helicenes are an interesting class of chiral compounds characterized by a high racemization barrier which makes them an attractive material for several applications. Their rich redox chemistry allows one to obtain radical cations stable at room temperature, that can be isolated in two configurationally stable enantiomers. While several studies have been reported on systems with transition metals possessing low‐lying electronic states, the characterization of purely organic openshell systems by VCD is still scarce. This may be due to the instability of radical‐cation species and to the dark color assumed by the solution at the high concentration required by VCD. The oxidation of this molecular system shifts the first electronic transition towards the Near‐IR (NIR) region, at approximately 1250 nm. By combining ECD, VCD, MCD, NIR‐CD and computational methodologies rooted in density functional theory, we have investigated one molecule of this class of compounds and shed some light on the chiroptical properties accessible via redox‐switch.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Single‐Crystal Europium Tungstate Hydroxide Nanobelts for Enhanced Humidity Sensing
Authors: Bao Jusheng , Yang Haiying , Xie Weicheng , Xu Kun , Zhang Ting , Li Shaojun , Chen Junming , Liu You
Published: February 2025

Humidity sensing is crucial for environmental monitoring and industrial processes; however, existing sensors often face challenges in sensitivity and response time. This study addresses these challenges by introducing a novel material, EuWO4(OH) nanobelts, synthesized through a hydrothermal method. These nanobelts exhibit exceptional sensing performance, with a response value of 2.3×103 at 85 % RH, a rapid response time of 6.3 s, and a recovery time of 0.6 s. Unlike traditional materials, EuWO4(OH) nanobelts offer superior stability and reproducibility, making them a promising candidate for advanced humidity sensors. The distinctive electronic properties and high crystallinity of EuWO4(OH) nanobelts contribute to their high sensitivity and rapid response, which sets them apart from existing sensors. This study not only elucidates the potential of EuWO4(OH) nanobelts for humidity sensing but also provides a new direction for the development of next‐generation humidity sensors.
A study on the social integration of international secondary students in Canadian high schools
Authors: Lou Yingling
Published: February 2025

Research on the international secondary students (ISS) is scarce compared with the proliferating literature on their tertiary counterparts. This paper focuses on social integration experiences of ISS from diverse ethnic backgrounds, the undergirding macro‐, meso‐, and micro‐mechanisms, and the supports needed for their successful integration. It draws on a subset of data from a longitudinal qualitative study through an interdisciplinary conceptual framework. This study employs multiple case study designs with critical intercultural hermeneutics as an interpretive approach. Research methods involve (a) serial interviews with six ISS that spanned the 2022–2023 school year; (b) in‐depth interviews with their parents, homestays, teachers, and agents; (c) online observations of the students’ virtual communities; (d) documents; and (e) research journals. It uncovers three mechanisms undergirding ISS’ social integration challenges: lack of ethnic proximity, a departmentalised classroom system and capital defence. This study suggests that stakeholders and researchers of ISS must obviate deficit‐oriented and assimilationist perspectives, which attribute social integration challenges solely to ISS’ limited knowledge of mainstream culture and language. Instead, a paradigm shift is necessary to redefine the criteria for successful social integration as harmonious interaction with students from diverse ethno‐cultural backgrounds, encompassing both culturally dominant and minority groups, with educators playing a central role in fostering this integration.
Board Supervision Capability and Sustainability Report Disclosure Quality: Evidence From Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Enterprises in Taiwan's Construction Industry
Authors: Yu Hui‐Cheng
Published: February 2025

This study explores the effect of board supervision capability on sustainability reporting quality among publicly listed small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises in Taiwan's construction industry from 2018 to 2022. Ordinal logit regression analyses are conducted. The results reveal that board supervision capability determines whether a firm will voluntarily engage in sustainability reporting strategies, which is a key factor for effectively meeting stakeholder needs. Further analysis of board supervision capability in firms of different ages indicates that the relationship between board supervision capability and sustainability reporting quality varies by firm age. This study also provides empirical evidence confirming that board supervision capability is among the key factors affecting sustainability reporting quality.
Multimodal near‐infrared molecular imaging of ex vivo endometrial carcinoma via CD47‐based targeted tracer
Authors: Lei Jing , Tian Dianfeng , Zhang Bo , Guo Hongrui , Su Huancheng , Wei Jinzheng , Li Shuai , Li Sufen , Liu Chao , Yang Xiaofeng , Zhang Sanyuan
Published: February 2025

The detection and complete eradication of early‐stage small tumors during hysteroscopy remains a significant clinical challenge in preserving fertility for young women with endometrial cancer (EC). The purpose of this study is to verify the feasibility of CD47 as an optical molecular imaging (OMI) target for human EC and to achieve precise localization and identification in hysteroscopic surgery. The results demonstrated that CD47 was overexpressed in EC through bioinformatics, immunohistochemistry, and qRT‐PCR. In EC cell lines, CD47‐targeted near‐infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR‐PIT) induced cytotoxicity in a light dose‐dependent manner. Laser confocal microscopy revealed that CD47 intervention significantly increased the phagocytic effect of macrophages on EC cells. In the mice model of partial tumor resection mediated by CD47‐targeted OMI, compared to group A (immune therapy alone), group C (NIR‐PIT treatment) mice showed a reduced tumor recurrence rate after NIR‐PIT intervention. However, the difference did not reach statistical significance. We then evaluated the effect of CD47‐targeted NIR‐PIT maintenance therapy on tumor recurrence in mice. The results indicated that, compared to untreated animals, the tumor growth rate was slower in the NIR‐PIT group using CD47‐Alexa Fluor 790 (CD47‐AF790), allowing for more sustained tumor control. The freshly isolated whole uterus specimens from EC patients were co‐incubated with CD47‐AF790, and a significantly enhanced contrast of NIR visible images of tumor tissue was observed, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity (tumor‐to‐background ratio >5.05). Finally, under fluorescence microscopy, specific fluorescent signals are observed on tumor cells. In conclusion, accurate localization and excision of EC can be accomplished by employing CD47 optical molecular contrast agents with OMI technology. This method shows potential as a viable and promising approach for the precise diagnosis of EC.
Stem cell therapies in the clinic
Authors: Acharya Shrinivas , Shaha Suyog , Bibbey Michael Griffith , Mukherji Malini , Zhao Zongmin , Mitragotri Samir
Published: February 2025

Stem cell therapies have emerged as a transformative approach in modern medicine, with the potential to address and possibly cure a broad spectrum of diseases. These therapies utilize living stem cells that can perform complex biological functions not replicable by traditional drugs. Stem cell therapies have an expanding therapeutic landscape, with several products already approved and numerous clinical trials underway. Among the various stem cell types, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are most widely studied. In this review, we provide a detailed analysis of the current clinical landscape of stem cell therapies. We review 27 stem cell products that have received regulatory approvals and discuss 800 ongoing clinical trials, with a focus on HSCs and MSCs. We also discuss the critical challenges to be addressed to facilitate the clinical translation of stem cell therapies.
Does Augmented Reality Apps Trigger Loyalty Toward the Brand? A Myth or Reality: The Case of UK and UAE Consumers
Authors: Irshad Waseem , Zhou Erhua , Rasheed Hafiz Muhammad Wasif , Mumtaz Muhammad Usman , Khurshid Rashid
Published: February 2025

With the growing integration of digital innovations in retail, a critical challenge persists: how can augmented reality (AR) applications be utilized to entice the intended target markets to engage and remain loyal? To this end, this study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the effects of AR‐based apps on consumers' brand loyalty in the beauty goods sector with specific reference to the UK and the UAE. Using the S‐O‐R framework as the theoretical framework of the research, the study examines the influence of experiential values such as playfulness and aesthetics in brand loyalty mediated by customer satisfaction. The results from a questionnaire completed by 550 female AR Mobile App users were examined by testing nine hypotheses. Emphasizing the research findings, it can be further determined that while evaluating the experiential value, there appears to be a significant emphasis on brand loyalty. However, aesthetic value has had minimal influence on consumers within the UAE. Also, AR psychological engagement could have been higher and interacted with satisfaction and brand loyalty in the two regions. Thus, this research extends the understanding of AR research by examining the implications for consumer behavior in the region and providing practical recommendations for managers who want to use AR apps to improve brand loyalty.
Consumer Behavior's Evolution, Emergence, and Future in the AI Age Through the Lens of MR, VR, XR, Metaverse, and Robotics
Authors: Spais George , Jain Varsha
Published: February 2025

A critical discussion of the evolution of consumer behavior, ethical consideration, and encouraging the new future directions in the AI era, we highlight the ten main ideas regarding the evolution, emergence, and future of consumer behavior in the AI Age through the lens of immersive technologies and their significance in the changing landscape of consumer behavior research. In light of the significant gaps in understanding how immersive technologies influence consumer behavior, the urgent need for in‐depth knowledge in this area in the AI era is emphasized. Analytically, (1) the literature findings based on critical studies, (2) the connection of several thought‐provoking specific and nuanced research questions, comprehensive theories, frameworks, and contextual examples and suggestions of new frameworks or adaptations for each immersive technology, and (3) the overview of the new research directions, thrusts, and methodological approaches per study area within consumer behavior literature related to metaverse, automation, and robotics serve as a crucial foundation for our objectives and expected contributions of our article. The organization of these ideas logically allows us to see a clear progression from the transformative impact of AI and immersive technologies on consumer behavior to the need for interdisciplinary research and a focus on corporate responsibility in the digital age.
Small‐Diameter Stents in Cardiovascular Applications
Authors: Raj Bhavana , PG Prajitha , Sapa Harika , Shaji Shona Sara , T Sreejith , KP Althaf Umar , K Kaladhar , Varma Praveen
Published: February 2025

Small‐diameter stents play a crucial role in treating congenital heart diseases and variety of vascular conditions that have application from paediatrics to geriatric conditions, and a comprehensive review in this direction is lacking. This review explores historical development, design innovations, material compositions and mechanistic insights into functions of small‐diameter stents, with a specific emphasis on biodegradable options. The necessity for stents that can adapt to growth of paediatric patients is discussed, highlighting the transition from durable polymers to bioresorbable materials such as polylactic acid (PLA) and magnesium alloys. While acknowledging the advancements made in reducing complications like restenosis and thrombosis, the review addresses the challenges that persist, including the need for improved biocompatibility and minimization of late adverse cardiac events associated with certain stent technologies. A detailed examination of various stent generations emphasizes the importance of drug release kinetics, structural integrity and potential for personalized interventions based on patient‐specific factors. The exploration of novel therapeutic compounds, including nanoparticles and interfering RNA, illustrates the ongoing research aimed at enhancing stent efficacy. Ultimately, the review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of current landscape while identifying the gaps that future research must address to develop the ideal stent for diverse patient populations.
Liquid Chromatography–High‐Resolution Mass Spectroscopy‐Based Metabolomics for Identification Cytotoxic Compounds From Acalypha Indica L. on MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells as Potential Anticancer Agents
Authors: Hayati Elok Kamilah , Sabarudin Akhmad , Aulanni'am  , Rozi Fachrur , Septaningsih Dewi Anggraini , Rafi Mohamad
Published: February 2025

Acalypha indica is a weed used in traditional cancer treatments. In this study, we present the first attempt to use a metabolomic approach to identify cytotoxic compounds from A. indica extract with potential anticancer properties. The leaves of A. indica were extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n‐hexane. The cytotoxic activity against MCF‐7 cells was evaluated, revealing 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values ranging from 51.88 ± 7.80 to 226.86 ± 13.27 µg/mL. Metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectroscopy identified 27 metabolites and principal component analysis successfully differentiated the extracts, indicating variability in the compounds extracted using each solvent. To identify the cytotoxic compounds, orthogonal partial least‐squares discriminant analysis was used to correlate metabolite profiles with IC50 values from the cytotoxic assay. From the results obtained, we successfully predicted six compounds contributing to the anticancer activity of A. indica, namely hernanol, 13(S)‐HpOTrE, (±)9‐HpODE, (+)‐catechin, traumatic acid, and one compound as assumed to be theobromine. In silico analysis predicted that (+)‐catechin and hernanol bind to the alpha‐estrogen receptor with an affinity similar to that of doxorubicin.
Mentha pulegium L. and Salvia officinalis L. Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Their Application in Agriculture and Food Packaging
Authors: Khodja Nabyla Khaled , Brahmi Fatiha , Zebiri Feriel , Ouchene Amina , Bradai Yasmine Djedjiga , Madani Khodir
Published: February 2025

Plants are a valuable source of diverse natural active compounds with distinct biological characteristics and mechanisms. Considering plant extracts and phytochemicals have biological action both in vitro and in vivo, plants are being used as alternative sources in agriculture and food industry. Mentha pulegium L. and Salvia officinalis L. from the Lamiaceae family are some of the most popular and widely utilized medicinal plants due to their bioactive compounds such as essential oils (EOs) and phenolics, which have powerful antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics. It is evident that these plants have also a variety of applications due to their various components and concentrations. This study aimed to provide an overview on the two species’ composition and biological activities to review the applications of their crude extracts and EOs in agriculture as natural pesticides to protect different cultures and in food industry to produce biobased food packaging.
Oligomerization of STING and Chemical Regulatory Strategies
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhuo Shao‐Hua , Li Yan‐Mei
Published: February 2025

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays a crucial role in innate immunity. Upon the recognition of cytosolic dsDNA, STING undergoes several structural changes, with oligomerization playing a key role in initiating a cascade of immune responses. Therefore, controlling the STING pathway by manipulating STING oligomerization is a practical strategy. This review focuses on the detailed mechanism of STING oligomerization, highlighting its decisive role. It also describes oligomerization‐based strategies to regulate STING protein, such as the use of small‐molecule agonists and biomacromolecules, highlighting their interaction modes and potential therapeutic applications. This knowledge may lead to the development of innovative approaches for treating cancer and immune disorders.
Cleavage of structured RNAs is accelerated by high affinity DNAzyme agents
Authors: Kolpashchikov Dmitry M , Gerasimova Yullia
Published: February 2025

DNAzymes (Dz) have been suggested as sequence‐specific agents for cleaving RNA for therapeutic purposes. This concept paper discusses the challenges of Dz 10‐23 in cleaving folded RNA substrates. Dz with traditionally designed RNA binding arms (Tm ~ 37oC) have low affinity to the folded RNA substrates, which limits the overall cleavage rate. The RNA cleavage can be facilitated using Dz with high‐affinity arms. However, this strategy is efficient only for cleaving RNA into folded RNA products. The unfolded products inhibit multiple substrate turnover. In a more general approach, Dz should be equipped with additional RNA binding arms to achieve tight RNA binding. This can be accomplished by bivalent and multivalent Dz constructs that have multiple catalytic cores. In all cases, high selectivity toward single nucleotide variations can be achieved in addition to multiple turnovers. The presence of RNase H stabilizes the Dz:RNA complex and reduces its selectivity but significantly increases RNA cleavage efficiency. This work proposes changes in the algorithms of Dz design, which can help in constructing potent Dz agents for RNA inhibition both in cell cultures and in vivo. The concept article is supplemented with a quiz testing knowledge of the main concepts used in this work.
The Role of IVUS in Coronary Complications
Authors: Ugo Fabrizio , Franzino Marco , Massaro Gianluca , Maltese Ludovica , Cavallino Chiara , Abdirashid Mohamed , Benedetto Daniela , Costa Francesco , Rametta Francesco , Sangiorgi Giuseppe Massimo
Published: February 2025

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an essential tool in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of coronary artery disease. In daily practice, IVUS is particularly useful for plaque characterization, optimizing stent implantation, and identifying the cause of in‐stent restenosis. In acute coronary syndromes, it helps to detect culprit lesions that are not clearly visible on angiography and plays a key role in the diagnostic algorithm for myocardial infarction with non‐obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Additionally, IVUS is frequently used in complex and calcified lesions to guide optimal plaque modification strategies and improve procedural and long term outcomes. Beyond these common applications, IVUS is crucial in managing coronary complications, such as coronary dissection, perforation, intramural hematoma, and side‐branch occlusion. In these challenging cases, IVUS allows us to overcome some of the limitations of angiography. This review explores the role of IVUS in bail out situations, offering practical tips and techniques for navigating coronary complications and improving procedural success in a safer and more refined manner.
Saline‐Enhanced Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Combined Orbital Atherectomy and Intravascular Lithotripsy in Complex Right Coronary Artery Stenosis With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Naeem‐Shaukat Zubair , Ehtisham Javed , Shaukat Naeem , Helal Ayman
Published: February 2025

Managing coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses significant challenges, particularly in reducing contrast volume to prevent worsening renal function. We present the case of a 67‐year‐old male with an initial presentation of inferior STEMI and 2:1 Mobitz Type II AV block, who underwent successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for a thrombotic occlusion in the right coronary artery (RCA) then staged procedure for calcium modification and stenting. This report highlights two key aspects of the procedure: using saline instead of contrast for optical coherence tomography (OCT) to minimize contrast exposure, and and employing combination of orbital atherectomy followed by intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for calcium modification in a heavily calcified lesion. The case underscores the importance of individualized procedural strategies to optimize outcomes in patients with complex coronary anatomy and comorbid CKD. In conclusion, using saline‐enhanced OCT provides adequate imaging and helps to minimize contrast use to prevent kidney injury while the combined use of orbital atherectomy and IVL allowed for optimal calcium modification, enabling excellent stent deployment in a severely calcified coronary disease.
Maturity‐Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) With HNF1B p.Glu105Lys Mutation Achieving Significant Insulin Reduction on Tirzepatide: A Case Report
Authors: Sue Mihiro , Watanabe Mayu , Inoue Ayumi , Katayama Akihiro , Teshigawara Sanae , Matsushita Yuichi , Takeda Masaya , Iseda Izumi , Eguchi Jun , Hida Kazuyuki
Published: February 2025

This report describes the first case of maturity‐onset diabetes in young (MODY) with HNF1B mutation started administration of the dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, tirzepatide. A 26‐year‐old female with a 15‐year history of diabetes mellitus was diagnosed with MODY, which is characterized by decreased insulin secretion. She was treated with tirzepatide, which significantly improved her glycemic management; insulin secretion increased the fasting serum C‐peptide immunoreactivity from 0.36 to 1.09 ng/mL. The patient discontinued glimepiride, and her total daily insulin dose was reduced from 88 to 4 units. This report highlights the glucose‐lowering effects of tirzepatide in a patient with MODY who has the HNF1B p.Glu105Lys mutation.
Recent Advances in Protein Engineering and Synthetic Applications of Amino Acid Transaminases
Authors: Israr Muhammad , Padhi Santosh Kumar , Zhou Yi , Wu Shuke
Published: February 2025

Amino acid transaminases (ATs) have garnered considerable attention in recent years as promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of high‐value chiral chemicals, including both natural and non‐canonical amino acids. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of amino groups from amino acids to keto acids, playing a pivotal role in various biological processes and industrial applications. Characterized by their high turnover rates, remarkable enantioselectivity, and broad substrate specificity, ATs exhibit exceptional versatility and potential. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the classification, reaction mechanisms, and activity assays of ATs. More crucially, we delve into the recent advancements in protein engineering of ATs through directed evolution and rational/semi‐rational design strategies, which have been instrumental in addressing limitations such as low catalytic efficiency and stability. Furthermore, we survey the recent synthetic applications of ATs in the production of aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, highlighting smart amino donors and coupling methods that effectively shift the equilibrium of transamination reactions, as well as enzyme cascades that further expand the scope of reactions. By bridging gaps in research on ATs, this review aims to provide valuable insights and guide for future developments in the field of biocatalysis, ultimately fostering their continued utilization and advancement.
Structural Requirements of Synthetic Anionophores for Inorganic Phosphate and Phosphate Esters
Authors: Torres‐Huerta Aaron , Norvaisa Karolis , Cataldo Alessio , Tits Pierre‐Olivier , Panda Priyanka Rani , Dias Christopher M. , Davis Anthony P. , Bodman Samantha E. , Butler Stephen J. , Valkenier Hennie
Published: February 2025

The transmembrane transport of anions is a promising application of synthetic anion receptors. Numerous anionophores have been developed for chloride over the past decades. Despite the biological relevance of phosphate and phosphate esters, very few reports on their transport by synthetic systems exist. Here we report a systematic study on the transport of diphenyl phosphate, phenyl phosphate, and inorganic phosphate by five different anionophores. The transport of these phosphates into liposomes was monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, 31P NMR spectroscopy, and an ion selective electrode. The results of these experiments showed that diphenyl phosphate is readily transported by most chloride ionophores. The transport of phenyl phosphate is more challenging but can be enhanced by better shielding of the phosphate group. Inorganic phosphate is the most challenging to transport and this was achieved using a macrocyclic anionophore with eight preorganised H‐bond donors. These results pave the way for the development of anionophores for inorganic phosphate as well as phosphate esters.
Assessment of risk of malignancy with application of Sydney classification for reporting of lymph node cytopathology in pediatric population: An institutional experience
Authors: Sable Mukund , Panda Manisha , Acharya Prapti , Mishra Pritinanda , Purkait Suvendu , Sethy Madhusmita , Ayyanar Pavithra , Adhya Amit Kumar , Patra Susama
Published: February 2025

Background

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been used as the first line approach to lymphadenopathy, which is a common presentation in pediatric age group. The Sydney system for reporting of lymph node (LN) cytology has been proposed to assess the reliability, performance, and accuracy of the aspiration procedure. This study intends to assess the role of FNAC in the pediatric population according to the Sydney system.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study from a tertiary care center in Eastern India. All the patients in the age group of 0–18 years evaluated during years 2016–2024 were reclassified according to the Sydney system. Based on the cytology and histology diagnoses, the cases were categorized into true‐negative, true‐positive, false‐negative, and false‐positive. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, and risk of malignancy (ROM) was calculated for each category.

Results

Of 803 cases of pediatric LN‐FNACs, 35 (4.35%) cases were reported as inadequate (L1), 689 (85.8%) cases as benign (L2), four (0.49%) cases as atypical cells of undetermined significance (L3), 22 cases as suspicious for malignancy (L4), and 53 (6.6%) cases as malignant (L5). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy was 72.34%, 98.48%, 97.14%, 83.33%, and 87.61%, respectively. The ROM was 16.67% for L2 and 100% for both L4 and L5 categories.

Conclusions

FNAC is a highly accurate and specific test for LN pathology, especially in the pediatric population. The incorporation of the Sydney system helps to achieve uniformity and reproducibility in LN cytology diagnosis.
Analysis of density matrix embedding theory around the non‐interacting limit
Authors: Cancès Eric , Faulstich Fabian M. , Kirsch Alfred , Letournel Eloïse , Levitt Antoine
Published: February 2025

This article provides the first mathematical analysis of the Density Matrix Embedding Theory (DMET) method. We prove that, under certain assumptions, (i) the exact ground‐state density matrix is a fixed‐point of the DMET map for non‐interacting systems, (ii) there exists a unique physical solution in the weakly‐interacting regime, and (iii) DMET is exact up to first order in the coupling parameter. We provide numerical simulations to support our results and comment on the physical meaning of the assumptions under which they hold true. We show that the violation of these assumptions may yield multiple solutions to the DMET equations. We moreover introduce and discuss a specific ‐representability problem inherent to DMET.
Bio‐Based Cationic Surfactants from 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural for Antimicrobial Applications: The Role of Cationic Substitutes, Alkyl Chains, and Ester Linkages
Authors: Seitkalieva Marina M. , Vavina Anna V. , Strukova Elena N. , Samigullina Aida I. , Sokolov Maxim R. , Kalinina Maria A. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: February 2025

A novel series of bio‐based cationic surfactants, synthesized from the platform chemical 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5‐HMF), fatty acids, and bio‐based amines, has been developed, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional surfactants. These compounds, referred to as surface‐active ionic liquids (SAILs), have critical micelle concentration (CMC) values lower compared to conventional quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants, indicating enhanced surface activity. The surface properties of the SAILs are predominantly influenced by the type of substitution in the cationic head group, with morpholinium‐based surfactants having significantly lower CMC values than diethyl ammonium ones. The length of the alkyl chain also plays a significant role in determining the physicochemical and biological characteristics of these surfactants, which vary depending on the chain length. Surfactants with longer alkyl substituents demonstrate enhanced thermal stability and surface activity. The newly synthesized amphiphiles exhibit antimicrobial activity comparable to known quaternary ammonium cationic agents but with lower cytotoxicity. Importantly, these surfactants show controlled degradation under temperature‐driven hydrolysis and basic conditions while maintaining stability in acidic environments. These findings highlight the potential of developed bio‐based surfactants to deliver high performance with reduced environmental impact, positioning them as potential candidates for antimicrobial applications and industrial uses focusing on sustainability goal.
PF6‐ and Na+ Co‐intercalation in Graphite Cathode of Sodium Dual‐Ion Batteries by Enhanced Surface Concentration Effect
Authors: Li Fan , Shen Yong-Feng , He Bin , Li Wen-Cui
Published: February 2025

Dual‐ion batteries are attracting much attention due to the joint participation of anions and cations in the energy storage process. However, this unique battery configuration imposes high demands on the cathode, which typically presents an inferior rate performance. Herein, we employ graphite in different microcrystalline sizes as cathodes, associated with high concentration electrolyte to construct sodium dual‐ion batteries. The results of in‐situ XRD and Raman evidence that the surface effect is enhanced by suitably small graphite microcrystals, where a greater surface involvement affords more electro‐activated regions for the ions. Furthermore, the analysis of sputtering XPS confirms that the PF6‐ is accompanied by the co‐intercalation of Na+ into cathodes by constructing the model of concentration effect, thus accelerating the kinetic process. In conclusion, the co‐intercalation of PF6‐ together with Na+ is demonstrated under the influence of enhanced surface concentration effect in cathodes, and thus the cathodes exhibit a superior rate performance with a capacity of 103.6 mAh g‐1 at a rate of 2 C and a rate retention of 94.8% even at 50 C. This work provides new insights to explain the mechanism of ion intercalation in dual‐ion batteries and offers a perspective for the construction of high energy storage systems.
Linking spatial variations in life‐history traits to environmental conditions across American black bear populations
Authors: Metthé Lisyanne , Dussault Christian , Hamel Sandra
Published: February 2025

Spatial variations in food availability may influence life‐history traits of wildlife species, particularly in capital‐breeding species that store energy when food is widely available and catabolize it during energy‐intensive reproductive periods. The reproductive success of capital breeders is thus highly dependent on the accumulation of fat reserves. Reproductive success may also improve with access to alternative food resources provided by environments with strong human footprint and anthropogenic disturbances, but these environments may also increase mortality risks of wildlife. We performed a systematic review to extract reproduction and survival traits reported in studies on the American black bear (Ursus americanus), a capital breeder. Based on 94 studies widely distributed across North America, we conducted meta‐regression analyses to assess whether interpopulation variation in age at primiparity, litter size of cubs, annual cub survival, and annual survival of adult females were associated with environmental conditions, that is, habitat quality, habitat productivity, and anthropogenic disturbances. We found that mean age at primiparity decreased from around 5 to 4 years old in areas with the highest habitat quality and productivity as well as the highest human population densities compared with those with poor habitat quality and productivity and low human population densities. Mean litter size increased by approximately 13% (from 2 to 2.25 cubs per litter) in areas with the highest compared with the lowest proportion of deciduous forest, while cub survival increased by about 13% (from 60% to 73%) in areas with the highest compared with the lowest coverage of agricultural crops. Adult female survival decreased from 92% to 85% in areas where hunting was allowed. These results provide new insights into the factors associated with variations in reproductive success and survival across populations of a widely distributed species, demonstrating the impact of both natural and anthropogenic factors. Our study highlights the necessity of considering the ongoing changes in the distribution and growth of potential food resources, as well as the growing encroachment of humans into wildlife habitats, when planning management and conservation actions at the scale of a species distribution range.
A Hobson’s Choice Co‐ligand in Imparting Spin Crossover in Fe(II) complexes based on 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole ligands
Authors: Sundaresan Sriram , Carrella Luca M. , Eppelsheimer Julian , Rentschler Eva
Published: February 2025

In this manuscript we report the synthesis of three methanol solvatomorphs of Fe(II) complexes with the 2‐(2‐phenyl)‐5‐[N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole
(LPh‐ODA) ligand and three different NCE co‐ligands where E = S, Se and BH3 (C1‐C3).  The complexes obtained were characterized by single crystal X‐ray crystallography and SQUID magnetometry between 2 and300 K. Complexes C1 and C2 remain in the high spin state over the entire measured temperature window, whereas complex C3 exhibits a solvent dependent spin transition with a T1/2 of 166 K. Upon heating the sample to 400 K and removing methanol, the complex exhibited a two‐step spin transition with the first step having a T1/2 of 215 K and a second step having a T1/2 of 137 K.
Spontaneous Pain and Pain Sensitivity in Response to Prolonged Experimental Sleep Disturbances—Potential Sex Differences
Authors: Olia Keeyon , Goldstein Michael R. , Engert Larissa C. , Besedovsky Luciana , Dang Rammy , Bertisch Suzanne M. , Sethna Navil , Haack Monika
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Insomnia is a highly prevalent condition that predisposes individuals to many chronic pain disorders, with most of them showing pronounced sexual dimorphism. We investigated whether experimental insomnia‐like sleep disturbances (ESD) affect spontaneous pain and pain sensitivity, and whether sex modulates pain responses.

Methods

Twenty‐four healthy participants (50% females, age 28.3 ± 5.9 years) participated in a study consisting of two 19‐day in‐laboratory protocols—an ESD protocol consisting of repeated nights of short and disrupted sleep with intermittent nights of undisturbed sleep and a control sleep (CS) protocol consisting of 18 nights with an undisturbed 8‐h sleep opportunity. Spontaneous pain was assessed using electronic rating scales during daytime and night‐time wake periods. Pain sensitivity was assessed through pressure and heat pain threshold measures every other day of the protocol.

Results

Females responded with higher daytime pain ratings in the ESD compared to the CS condition, while males responded with lower pain ratings (p < 0.05 for condition*sex). Spontaneous pain ratings were higher at night‐time than during daytime and worsened across successive nights of sleep disturbances, independent of sex (p < 0.05 for condition*study day*daytime‐night‐time). Females developed greater pressure pain sensitivity, while males developed greater pain sensitivity to heat in the ESD compared to the CS condition (p < 0.05 for condition*sex).

Conclusion

Pain responses to sleep disturbances strongly vary by sex and may contribute to sex differences in the prevalence and symptom burden of many chronic pain conditions. Because the study was not a priori powered on sex, findings are preliminary and require follow‐up in larger samples. Findings further suggest to specifically target night‐time pain in sleep disturbed individuals, for example, through optimised timing of analgesic‐acting medications.

Significance

Exploration of sex as a modulator suggest that sleep disturbances amplify spontaneous pain and pressure pain sensitivity to a greater extent in females than in males, and this may contribute to females' overrepresentation and disproportionate symptom burden observed for many pain‐related disorders for which insomnia is comorbid or a risk factor.
Numerical Study of Hydrate Dissociation and Heat Stimulation by Hot Water Injection in Gas Hydrate Reservoirs
Authors: Shen Kaixiang , Wang Yingsheng , Yan Xiangyang , Zhou Jiawei , Zhang Kewei , Jiang Youshi
Published: February 2025

Hot water injection has been a simple and promising method of thermally stimulating the extraction of hydrates, which promotes the dissociation of natural gas hydrates and improves gas production. However, the temperature region influenced by injecting hot water requires further research and evaluation. In this study, a computational model of the temperature field in the hydrate reservoir during hot water injection with the finite volume method, considering coupled gas–liquid two‐phase flow, heat conduction, and hydrate dissociation, was developed. The model focuses on hot water injection vertical wells completed with slotted liners in the Shenhu Sea area hydrate reservoir, which can consider the heterogeneity of porosity, permeability, and saturation. It also analyzes the effects of injection volume, injection rate, hot water temperature, and other factors on the variations in temperature and pressure distribution. The results indicate that selecting the appropriate injection volume, the temperature of hot water, and the injection rate can promote hydrate decomposition and expand the range of heat stimulation reservoir temperature. Reservoir heterogeneity leads to heterogeneity of the hydrate dissociation front and temperature influence range, and the influence range of heat stimulation is larger than homogeneous reservoir.
Recent Progress in Photocathode Interface Engineering for Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction to C1 or C2+ Products
Authors: Kim Jae Hak , Hong Sung Hyun , Ahn Sang Hyun , Kim Soo Young
Published: February 2025

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems harness light absorption to initiate chemical reactions, while electrochemical reactions facilitate the conversion of reactants into desired products, ensuring more efficient and sustainable energy conversion in PECs. Central to optimizing the performance of PECs was the pivotal role played by interface engineering. This intricate process involves manipulating material interfaces at the atomic or nanoscale to enhance charge transfer, improve catalytic activity, and address limitations associated with bulk materials. The careful tuning of factors such as band gap, surface energy, crystallinity, defect characteristics, and structural attributes through interface engineering led to superior catalytic efficiency. Specifically, interface engineering significantly enhanced the efficiency of semiconductor‐based PECs. Engineers strategically designed heterojunctions and manipulated catalyst surface properties to optimize the separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers, minimizing recombination losses and improving performance overall. This review categorizes the discussion into four sections focusing on the interface engineering of PECs, providing valuable insights into recent research trends. Overall, the synergy between PECs and interface engineering holds tremendous promise for advancing renewable energy technologies and addressing environmental challenges by offering innovative solutions for sustainable energy conversion and storage.
Efficient Ternary Organic Photovoltaic Films for Fast Exciton Separation to Generate Free Radicals for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Yang Linji , Huang Ciyuan , Zhou Yang , Zhang Libin , Sun Ke , Luo Houjin , Liang Yinna , Wang Yilin , Yang Tao , Ma Wei , Ren Donglou , Liu Cong , Zhang Heng , Chen Kai , Zhu Hongxiang , Xiong Jianhua , Zou Bingsuo , Wang Shuangfei , Liu Tao
Published: February 2025

Given the effectiveness of organic pollutants photodegradation and the excellent photovoltaic nature of organic solar cells (OSCs), this work first innovatively integrated the cross‐fields of OSCs and environmental photocatalysis. Using knowledge of OSC morphology, an insertion strategy involved adding a suitable quantity of guest acceptor (Y6‐O) to the PM6 donor polymer and BTP‐2F‐ThCl host small molecule acceptor system. Y6‐O leads to tighter π–π packing, reduced domain size, and improved domain purity, resulting in favorable morphology for charge generation and transfer in devices and an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 17.1% to 18.1%. Moreover, terpolymer organic photovoltaic films were applied to wastewater treatment, gaining ions Sb(III) and Sb(V) removals of 100% in 15 min, and guaiacol photodegradations of 90% in 1 h. This work significantly prompts the development of organic photovoltaics and wastewater treatment and opens views for multifunctional organic photovoltaic material applications.
Riding a Vascular Time Train to Spatiotemporally Attenuate Thrombosis and Restenosis by Double Presentation of Therapeutic Gas and Biomacromolecules
Authors: Rao Jingdong , Suo Di , Ma Qing , Mo Yongyi , Bei Ho‐Pan , Wang Li , Tang Chuyang Y. , Yiu Kai‐Hang , Wang Shuqi , Yang Zhilu , Zhao Xin
Published: February 2025

Endothelial injury is a common occurrence following stent implantation, often leading to complications such as restenosis and thrombosis. To address this issue, we have developed a multi‐functional stent coating that combines a dopamine‐copper (DA‐Cu) base with therapeutic biomolecule modification, including nitric oxide (NO) precursor L‐arginine, endothelial glycocalyx heparin, and endothelial cell (EC) catcher vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In our stent coating, the incorporated Cu acts as a sustainable catalyst for converting endogenous NO donors into NO, and the immobilized arginine serves as a precursor for NO generation under the effect of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The presence of heparin endows the stent coating with anticoagulant ability and enhances eNOS activity, whilst rapid capture of EC by VEGF accelerates re‐endothelialization. After in vivo implantation, the antioxidant elements and produced NO alleviate the inflammatory response, establishing a favorable healing environment. The conjugated VEGF contributes to the formation of a new and intact endothelium on the stent surface to counteract inappropriate vascular cell behaviors. The long‐lasting NO flux inhibits smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and prevents its excessive proliferation, reducing the risk of endothelial hyperplasia. This innovative coating enables the dual delivery of VEGF and NO to target procedural vascular repair phases: promoting rapid re‐endothelialization, effectively preventing thrombosis, and suppressing inflammation and restenosis. Ultimately, this innovative coating has the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes following stent implantation.
Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Silicate Content on the Postfire Mechanics of Epoxy Glass‐Fiber Composites Using Facile Chocolate Bar‐Inspired Structures
Authors: Sunder Sruthi , Rozo Maria Jauregui , Inasu Sneha , Meinel Dietmar , Schartel Bernhard , Ruckdäschel Holger
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the postfire mechanical properties of epoxy glass‐fiber reinforced composites (EP GFRCs) using increasing concentrations of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and inorganic silicate (InSi) to modify the char and fire residue. A facile chocolate bar‐inspired structure was introduced for fire exposure and subsequent flexural testing of the GFRCs. The resin matrix used here was a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) resin, cured with dicyandiamide (DICY), and accelerated by Urone. The microstructures of the degraded composites after three‐point bending tests, were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x‐ray computed tomography (XCT) imaging. A previous study showed that increasing the APP and InSi content significantly enhanced flame retardancy, via improved char formation under fire conditions. However, flexural properties and fire resistance were adversely affected after fire exposure, highlighting a trade‐off effect. Fiber breakage and delamination of the composites increased upon failure with increasing APP + InSi content in the composite due to unconsolidated char. The experimental values for the postfire flexural mechanics were in good agreement with the two‐layer model proposed in literature. This paper presents a preliminary basis for postfire mechanical testing of epoxy composites for use in fire‐safe structures, using a combination of standardized testing norms.