bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of climate change and ozone recovery for the future timing of major stratospheric warmings
Authors: Ayarzagüena Blanca , Langematz Ulrike , Meul Stefanie , Oberländer Sophie , Abalichin Janna , Kubin Anne
Published: April 2013

Future changes in the occurrence rates of major stratospheric warmings (MSWs) have recently been identified in chemistry‐climate model (CCM) simulations, but without reaching a consensus, potentially due to the competition of different forcings. We examine future variations in the occurrence rates of MSWs in transient and timeslice simulations of the ECHAM/MESSy atmospheric chemistry (EMAC) CCM, with a focus on the individual effect of different external factors. Although no statistically significant variation is found in the decadal‐mean frequency of MSWs, a shift of their timing toward midwinter is detected in the future. The strengthening of the polar vortex in early winter is explained by recovering ozone levels following the future decrease in ozone‐depleting substances. In midwinter, a stronger dynamical forcing associated with changes in tropical sea surface temperatures will lead to more MSWs, through a similar mechanism that explains the stratospheric response to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Combined targeting of AKT and mTOR using MK‐2206 and RAD001 is synergistic in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Ewald Florian , Grabinski Nicole , Grottke Astrid , Windhorst Sabine , Nörz Dominik , Carstensen Lisa , Staufer Katharina , Hofmann Bianca T. , Diehl Frank , David Kerstin , Schumacher Udo , Nashan Björn , Jücker Manfred
Published: April 2013

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare, but devastating disease arising from the epithelium of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. There are neither effective systemic therapies nor satisfying treatment options for inoperable CCA. Histopathological and biochemical studies of CCA show frequent dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 and the impact of AKT signaling following mTOR inhibition in the treatment of CCA. RAD001 significantly inhibits proliferation of CCA cell lines, however, a concentration‐dependent and isoform specific feedback activation of the three AKT isoforms (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) was observed after mTOR inhibition. As activation of AKT might limit the RAD001‐mediated anti‐tumor effect, the efficacy of combined mTOR and AKT inhibition was investigated using the allosteric AKT inhibitor MK‐2206. Our results show that inhibition of AKT potentiates the efficacy of mTOR inhibition both in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model in vivo. Mechanistically, the antiproliferative effect of the pan‐AKT inhibitor MK2206 in the CCA cell line TFK‐1 was due to inhibition of AKT1 and AKT2, because knockdown of either AKT1 or AKT2, but not AKT3, showed a synergistic reduction of cell proliferation in combination with mTOR treatment. Finally, using an AKT isoform specific in vitro kinase assay, enzymatic activity of each of the three AKT isoforms was detected in all tissue samples from CCA patients, analyzed. In summary, our preclinical data suggest that combined targeting of mTOR and AKT using RAD001 and MK‐2206 might be a new, effective strategy for the treatment of CCA.
Theoretical model of a piezoelectric composite spinal fusion interbody implant
Authors: Tobaben Nicholas E. , Domann John P. , Arnold Paul M. , Friis Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2013

Failure rates of spinal fusion are high in smokers and diabetics. The authors are investigating the development of a piezoelectric composite biomaterial and interbody device design that could generate clinically relevant levels of electrical stimulation to help improve the rate of fusion for these patients. A lumped parameter model of the piezoelectric composite implant was developed based on a model that has been utilized to successfully predict power generation for piezoceramics. Seven variables (fiber material, matrix material, fiber volume fraction, fiber aspect ratio, implant cross‐sectional area, implant thickness, and electrical load resistance) were parametrically analyzed to determine their effects on power generation within reasonable implant constraints. Influences of implant geometry and fiber aspect ratio were independent of material parameters. For a cyclic force of constant magnitude, implant thickness was directly and cross‐sectional area inversely proportional to power generation potential. Fiber aspect ratios above 30 yielded maximum power generation potential while volume fractions above 15% showed superior performance. This investigation demonstrates the feasibility of using composite piezoelectric biomaterials in medical implants to generate therapeutic levels of direct current electrical stimulation. The piezoelectric spinal fusion interbody implant shows promise for helping increase success rates of spinal fusion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 975–981, 2014.
Transmitted HIV drug resistance in treatment‐naive Romanian patients
Authors: Temereanca Aura , Ene Luminita , Mehta Sanjay , Manolescu Loredana , Duiculescu Dan , Ruta Simona
Published: April 2013

Transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) remains an important concern for individuals unexposed to antiretroviral treatment. Data on the prevalence of TDR, available mainly for HIV‐1 subtype B, are now also emerging for other subtypes. In Romania, a steady predominance of subtype F was reported among both long‐term survivor children and newly infected adults. The pol gene of 61 drug‐naïve patients infected with HIV, diagnosed between 1997 and 2011 was sequenced in order to analyze the prevalence of primary resistance mutations and to correlate these with the infecting genotype. Only 5/61 specimens were classified as infected recently using the BED‐Capture Enzyme Immunoassay. Subtype F1 was prevalent (80.3%), however, other HIV‐1 clades are increasingly identified, especially in the group of subjects infected recently. An HIV transmission cluster, associated to injecting drug use was identified by phylogenetic analysis. The overall prevalence of TDR was 14.75%, mainly associated with NRTI resistance (13.11%), TAMs and M184V being the most common mutations. A declining trend of TDR was recorded from 26.08% in 1997–2004 to 7.89% in 2005–2011. No primary resistance was identified among recent seroconvertors. All HIV‐1 strains had minor mutations in the protease and RT genes, often detected at polymorphic positions. The declining rates of TDR might be related to the high efficacy of HAART and to the increasing number of treated patients with virological success who have a low risk of transmission. The recent increase of HIV‐1 infections which involve other subtypes impose a continuous surveillance of the genetic composition of the epidemic. J. Med. Virol. 85:1139–1147, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Octreotide LAR and bolus octreotide are insufficient for preventing intraoperative complications in carcinoid patients
Authors: Massimino Kristen , Harrskog Ola , Pommier SuEllen , Pommier Rodney
Published: April 2013

Background and Objectives

Surgery in carcinoid patients can provoke a carcinoid crisis, which can have serious sequelae, including death. Octreotide prophylaxis is recommended to prevent carcinoid crisis, however there are few reports of outcomes and no large series examining its efficacy. We hypothesized that a 500 µg prophylactic octreotide dose is sufficient to prevent carcinoid crisis.

Methods

Records of carcinoid patients undergoing abdominal operations during years 2007–2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Octreotide use and intraoperative and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Ninety‐seven intraabdominal operations performed by a single surgeon were reviewed. Ninety percent of patients received preoperative prophylactic octreotide. Fifty‐six percent received at least one additional intraoperative dose. Twenty‐three patients (24%) experienced an intraoperative complication. Intraoperative complications correlated with presence of hepatic metastases but not presence of carcinoid syndrome. Postoperative complications occurred in 60% of patients with intraoperative complications versus 31% of those with none (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Significant intraoperative complications occur frequently in patients with hepatic metastases regardless of presence of carcinoid syndrome and despite octreotide LAR or single dose prophylactic octreotide. Occurrence of such events correlates strongly with postoperative complications. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether the administration of prophylactic octreotide is beneficial. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:842–846. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative mitochondrial proteomic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma from patients
Authors: Ye Yunbin , Huang Aimin , Huang Chuanzhong , Liu Jingfeng , Wang Bin , Lin Kecan , Chen Qiang , Zeng Yongyi , Chen Huijing , Tao Xuan , Wei Guangya , Wu Yanbin
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To define mitochondrial protein markers related to liver cancer.

Experimental design

Mitochondrial subproteomes of 20 patient‐derived liver carcinoma and tumor‐free control tissues were performed by 2DE coupled with MALDI‐TOF/TOF. The altered patterns of three identified proteins were validated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.

Results

The results showed that compared with tumor‐free control samples, nine proteins were downregulated and six proteins were upregulated in carcinoma samples. The increased expression of Arg1 mRNA and protein was validated by Western blot, Q‐RT‐PCR, paraffin tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, a literature review shows that Heat shock protein 10 (Hsp10), single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein (SSBP1), and peptidyl‐prolyl cis‐trans isomerase A (PPIA), which were identified as being increased in the tumor samples in this study, may be closely related to protein folding and translation.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

These results show that in addition to changes in the signaling pathways, such as the Ras‐Raf‐MEK‐ERK pathway, altered mitochondrial DNA replication and protein folding in liver cancer are also worth studying further. Collectively, these results suggest that specific mitochondrial proteins are uniquely susceptible to alterations in expression and carry implications for the investigation of their potential as therapeutic and prognostic markers. Further studies focusing on these proteins will be used to predict treatment response and reverse the apoptosis resistance.
The effect of starvation stress on Lactobacillus brevis L62 protein profile determined by de novo sequencing in positive and negative mass spectrometry ion mode
Authors: Butorac Ana , Dodig Ivana , Bačun‐Družina Višnja , Tishbee Arye , Mrvčić Jasna , Hock Karlo , Diminić Janko , Cindrić Mario
Published: April 2013

RATIONALE

We describe a novel negative chemically activated fragmentation/positive chemically activated fragmentation (CAF−/CAF+) technique for protein identification. The technique was used to investigate Lactobacillus brevis adaptation to nutrient deprivation.

METHODS

The CAF−/CAF+ method enables de novo sequencing of derivate peptides with negative and positive ion mode matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Peptide sequences obtained from MS/MS spectra were matched against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non‐redundant (nr) database and confirmed by the mass spectrometry data of elucidated peptide mass sequences derived from the annotated genome. This improved protein identification method highlighted 36 differentially expressed proteins in the proteome of L. brevis after 75 days of starvation.

RESULTS

The results revealed the key differences in the metabolic pathways that are responsible for the survival of L. brevis in a hostile environment. Proteomics analysis demonstrated that numerous proteins engaged in glucose and amino‐acid catabolizing pathways, glycerolipid metabolizing pathways, and stress–response mechanisms are differentially expressed after long‐term starvation. Amino acid and proteomics analysis indicated that starved L. brevis metabolized arginine, glycine, and histidine from dead cells as alternative nutrient sources. The production of lactic acid also varied between the parent cells and the starved cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Differentially expressed proteins identified exclusively by peptide sequence reading provided promising results for CAF−/CAF+ implementation in a standard proteomics workflow (e.g., biomarker and mutation discovery and biotyping). The practical performance of a reliable de novo sequencing technique in routine proteomics analysis is emphasized in this article. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A predictive science approach to aid understanding of electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of small molecules using density functional calculations
Authors: Galezowska Angelika , Harrison Mark W. , Herniman Julie M. , Skylaris Chris‐Kriton , Langley G. John
Published: April 2013

RATIONALE

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) dissociation pathways can vary markedly between compound classes and can result in challenging and time‐consuming interpretation of the data. Compound, class and substructure specific fragmentation rules for protonated molecules require refinement to aid the structural elucidation process.

METHODS

The application of a predictive science approach using density functional theory (DFT) calculations has been investigated to estimate the abundances of first‐generation product ions observed using an ion trap mass spectrometer. This has been achieved by application of Boltzmann population theory to electrospray ionisation (ESI)‐MS and MS/MS data.

RESULTS

Tandem ESI‐MS data for this preliminary study were used to investigate the internal stabilities of protonated species and their product ions. The calculated relative abundances of 11.3%, 96.5%, and 1.1% for the product ion (m/z 192) of three quinazoline structural isomers are compared with the experimental values of 16%, 90% and 0% observed in the first‐generation product ion mass spectra.

CONCLUSIONS

Close correlation between calculated and experimental data has been demonstrated for these initial data. Applying this approach and establishing fragmentation rules, based on structure specific and common fragmentation behaviour, would improve and expedite the structural elucidation process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical Graphene Aptasensor for Ultra‐Sensitive Detection of Anthrax Toxin with Amplified Signal Transduction
Authors: Kim Duck‐Jin , Park Hae‐Chul , Sohn Il Yung , Jung Jin‐Heak , Yoon Ok Ja , Park Joon‐Shik , Yoon Moon‐Young , Lee Nae‐Eung
Published: April 2013

Detection of the anthrax toxin, the protective antigen (PA), at the attomolar (aM) level is demonstrated by an electrical aptamer sensor based on a chemically derived graphene field‐effect transistor (FET) platform. Higher affinity of the aptamer probes to PA in the aptamer‐immobilized FET enables significant improvements in the limit of detection (LOD), dynamic range, and sensitivity compared to the antibody‐immobilized FET. Transduction signal enhancement in the aptamer FET due to an increase in captured PA molecules results in a larger 30 mV/decade shift in the charge neutrality point (Vg,min) as a sensitivity parameter, with the dynamic range of the PA concentration between 12 aM (LOD) and 120 fM. An additional signal enhancement is obtained by the secondary aptamer‐conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs‐aptamer), which have a sandwich structure of aptamer/PA/aptamer‐AuNPs, induce an increase in charge‐doping in the graphene channel, resulting in a reduction of the LOD to 1.2 aM with a three‐fold increase in the Vg,min shift.
Characteristics of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Their Involvement in International New Ventures
Authors: Zolin Roxanne , Schlosser Francine
Published: April 2013

We studied 561 young firms in Australia to understand the involvement of immigrant entrepreneurs (IEs) in international new ventures (INVs). We found that IEs are overrepresented in INVs and have many characteristics known to facilitate INV success, including more founders, university degrees, international connections, and technical capability. Our study has implications for immigration policy and economic policy and the efficient use of a nation's human capital. This research challenges a necessity‐based stereotype of immigrant entrepreneurs by identifying areas in which immigrant entrepreneurs have natural competitive advantages over native entrepreneurs (NEs). This research makes a contribution to the theory of immigrant entrepreneurship by identifying the significant role of immigrant entrepreneurs in INVs and the suitability of immigrant entrepreneurs for the development of INVs. We inform diverse streams of research in transnational and immigrant entrepreneurship with broader strategic work on the creation of INVs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This research was partly funded by an Australian Academy of Social Sciences research grant. A previous version of this paper was presented at Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BCERC), 2011, Syracuse.
Cognitive ethology
Authors: Ristau Carolyn A.
Published: April 2013

Cognitive Ethology, the field initiated by Donald R Griffin, was defined by him as the study of the mental experiences of animals as they behave in their natural environment in the course of their normal lives. It encompasses both the problems defined by Chalmers as the ‘hard’ problem of consciousness, phenomenological experience, and the ‘easy’ problems, the phenomena that appear to be explicable (someday) in terms of computational or neural mechanisms. Sources for evidence of consciousness and other mental experiences that Griffin suggested and are updated here include (1) possible neural correlates of consciousness, (2) versatility in meeting novel challenges, and (3) animal communication which he saw as a potential ‘window’ into their mental experiences. Also included is a very brief discussion of pertinent philosophical and conceptual issues; cross‐species neural substrates underlying selected cognitive abilities; memory capacities especially as related to remembering the past and planning for the future; problem solving, tool use and strategic behavioral sequences such as those needed in anti‐predator behaviors. The capacity for mirror self‐recognition is examined as a means to investigate higher levels of consciousness. The evolutionary basis for morality is discussed. Throughout are noted the admonitions of von Uexküll to the scientist to attempt to understand the Umwelt of each animal. The evolutionary and ecological impacts and constraints on animal capacity and behavior are examined as possible.WIREs Cogn Sci2013, 4:493–509. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1239

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

Psychology > Comparative Psychology
Metastases from Neuroendocrine Tumors to the Breast Are More Common than Previously Thought. A Diagnostic Pitfall?
Authors: Crona Joakim , Granberg Dan , Norlén Olov , Wärnberg Fredrik , Stålberg Peter , Hellman Per , Björklund Peyman
Published: April 2013

Background

Metastases from neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) to the breast have been described as a rare phenomenon. Presentation, imaging results, and cytopathologic findings of these tumours may closely mimic those of a mammary carcinoma.

Methods

This study was a retrospective review of 661 patients with metastatic NETs, of whom 280 were females, treated at Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Patients with pathological breast lesions were identified. Histopathological slides from available NET breast lesions were analyzed for mammary carcinoma and neuroendocrine markers.

Results

We have identified 20 female patients with NET metastases to the breast, 11/235 with small intestinal NETs, 8/55 with lung NETs, and 1/6 with thymic NETs. There were no male patients with NET metastatic to the breast. Four patients had their breast lesion initially diagnosed as mammary carcinoma. Retrospectively, these lesions showed negative staining for mammary carcinoma markers.

Conclusions

Metastases to the breast from neuroendocrine tumors may be more common than previously thought. Patients with a lesion to the breast and symptoms typical for NET may benefit from additional histopathological investigation, because NET metastases and mammary carcinoma have different immunohistochemical profiles.
Minimally invasive surgical techniques for pancreatic cancer: ready for prime time?
Authors: Mesleh Marc G. , Stauffer John A. , Asbun Horacio J.
Published: April 2013

Background

Minimally invasive surgical techniques for pancreatic cancer are being applied with increasing frequency. With support of the literature, the location of the tumor within the pancreas is the factor which determines if these techniques can be safely used routinely by pancreatic surgeons.

Methods

Literature supporting minimally invasive techniques for all types of resections for pancreatic cancer was reviewed.

Results

Multiple meta‐analysis regarding laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy all support the routine use of laparoscopy for these lesions. There are several case series describing the safety and efficacious use of laparoscopy in pancreaticoduodenectomy, and results have been promising in these highly specialized centers.

Conclusions

The location of the tumor within the pancreas remains the most critical factor in the use of laparoscopy as the standard of care. Lesions in the body and tail, which are readily resected with a distal or subtotal pancreatectomy should be performed laparoscopically unless there is a clear reason why not to do so. Lesions in the head of the pancreas have been shown to be removed safely and effectively with laparoscopy. However, the technical skills necessary and the ability to teach these to trainees are the limiting factors to widespread use. Further series are necessary to assess if the laparoscopic approach to pancreaticoduodenectomy will play a similar role as the one it plays in the surgical treatment for distal lesions.
Structural equation modelling analysis of evolutionary and ecological patterns in AustralianBanksia
Authors: He Tianhua
Published: April 2013

Evolutionary history of species, their geographic ranges, ecological ranges, genetic diversity, and resistance to pathogen infection, have been viewed as being mutually linked through a complex network of interactions. Previous studies have described simple correlations between pairs of these factors, while rarely separated the direct effects among multiple interacting factors. This study was to separate the effect of multiple interacting factors, to reveal the strength of the interactions among these factors, and to explore the mechanisms underlying the ecological and evolutionary processes shaping the geographic range, genetic diversity and fitness of species. I assembled comparative data on evolutionary history, geographic range, ecological range, genetic diversity, and resistance to pathogen infection for thirteenBanksiaspecies from Australia. I used structural equation modelling to test multivariate hypotheses involving evolutionary history, geographic range, genetic diversity and fitness. Key results are: (1) Species with longer evolutionary times tend to occupy larger geographic ranges; (2) higher genetic diversity is directly associated with longer flowering duration inBanksia; and (3) species with higher genotypic diversity have higher level of resistance to infection caused by the pathogenPhytophthoracinnamomi,whereas heterozygosity has the opposite relationship with capacity of resistance to the infections caused by this pathogen. These results revealed a mutually linked and complex network of interactions among gene, species, environment and pathogen in evolutionary and ecological scales. These findings also have great practical significance and help to provide preemptive management options in pathogen control.
Effects of Ultrasonic Parameters on the Crystallization Behavior of Palm Oil
Authors: Chen Fangfang , Zhang Hong , Sun Xiaoyang , Wang Xingguo , Xu Xuebing
Published: April 2013

The crystallization behavior of palm oil (PO) without and with the application of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) was investigated as the function of irradiation time (20, 60, 120, and 240 s), ultrasonic intensity (47.5, 95, 270, and 475 W) and temperature (20, 25, 30, and 36 °C). The effects on the crystallization behavior of PO were evaluated by ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and polarized light microscopy. Results indicated that all these parameters affected crystallization behavior. HIU significantly reduced the induction time and accelerated the crystallization rate at operating temperatures above 25 °C, but there was no significant difference at 20 °C due to high supercooling. The effects of HIU were more significant at higher power level and longer irradiation time, however, the thermal effect of ultrasound also increased with longer sonication time. The optimal sonication time was approximately 120 s which accelerated the crystallization rate of PO the most. The morphology studies suggested that HIU changed the growth mechanisms of crystals and generated smaller and uniformly crystals. At 36 °C, with extremely low supercooling condition, a combined effect was observed that prevented the separation of solid phase and liquid phase of the crystallized sample, and then led to a uniform distribution of crystals.
A crucial role for Lyn in TIMP‐1 erythroid cell survival signalling pathway
Authors: Bridoux Lucie , Etique Nicolas , Lambert Elise , Thevenard Jessica , Sowa Marie-Line , Belloy Nicolas , Dauchez Manuel , Martiny Laurent , Charpentier Emmanuelle
Published: April 2013

TIMP‐1, a well‐known MMP inhibitor, displays other biological activities such as cell survival, proliferation and differentiation in hematopoietic cells. In this report, we investigated the role of the Src‐related kinase Lyn in TIMP‐1 induced UT‐7 erythroleukemic cell survival. We showed that (i) tyrosine 507 of Lyn was dephosphorylated and Lyn kinase activity enhanced by TIMP‐1, (ii) Lyn silencing suppressed TIMP‐1 anti‐apoptotic activity and (iii) Lyn was activated upstream the JAK2/PI 3‐kinase/Akt pathway. Our data suggest a novel role for Lyn in erythroid cell survival.
BoerhaaviadiffusaL. attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells via modulating oxidative stress and down-regulating NF-κβ and transforming growth factor β1
Authors: Prathapan A. , Vineetha V. P. , Abhilash P. A. , Raghu K. G.
Published: April 2013

The present study evaluated the antihypertrophic potential of the ethanolic extract ofBoerhaavia diffusa(BDE), a well-known edible cardiotonic plant reported in Ayurveda against angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells. Markers of hypertrophy such as cell size, protein content and the concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were analysed for the confirmation of hypertrophy induction. Angiotensin II (100 nm) caused an increase in cell volume (69·26 (sd1·21) %), protein content (48·48 (sd1·64) %), ANP (81·90 (sd1·22) %) and BNP (108·57 (sd1·47) %). BDE treatment significantly reduced cell volume, protein content and the concentrations of ANP and BNP (P≤ 0·05) in H9c2 cells. The activity of various antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of reduced glutathione, which was lowered due to hypertrophy, were increased in BDE-treated cells. The BDE treatment also reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls in cells. In addition, the expression patterns of NF-κβ and transforming growth factor β1 were found to be increased during hypertrophy, and their expressions were reduced on BDE treatment.In vitrochemical assays showed that BDE inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme and xanthine oxidase in a dose-dependent manner with an estimated 50 % effective concentration (EC50) value of 166·12 (sd2·42) and 60·05 (sd1·54) μg/ml, respectively. The overall results clearly indicate the therapeutic potential ofB. diffusaagainst cardiac hypertrophy, in addition to its nutritional qualities.
n-3 PUFA status in school children is associated with beneficial lipid profile, reduced physical activity and increased blood pressure in boys
Authors: Damsgaard Camilla T. , Stark Ken D. , Hjorth Mads F. , Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Astrup Arne , Michaelsen Kim F. , Lauritzen Lotte
Published: April 2013

Dietaryn-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) improve dyslipidaemia and hypertension and may affect insulin resistance and adiposity. Increasing numbers of children show signs of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but few studies have investigated the association withn-3 LC-PUFA status. We examined the relationship between fasting whole-blood EPA or DHA (w/w% of the total fatty acids, FA%) and markers of the MetS (anthropometry, blood pressure, plasma lipids and glucose homeostasis) cross-sectionally in seventy-three 8–11-year-old Danish children from the OPUS School Meal Pilot Study (OPUS is an acronym of the project ‘Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet’ and is supported by a grant from the Nordea Foundation). Also, we explored the potential mediating effects of physical activity and energy intake. Girls had higher body fat percentage (BF%), diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma TAG, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and glycosylated Hb than boys. Sexes did not differ in fish or macronutrient intake or whole-blood fatty acids. After adjustment for sex, age and total whole-blood fatty acid concentration, BF% and HDL:TAG increased with whole-blood EPA (β>0·25,P< 0·05), and HDL increased 0·35 (sem0·13) mmol/l per FA% EPA increase (β = 0·30,P= 0·008). Unexpectedly, DHA was positively associated with mean arterial pressure in boys (6·3 (sem1·7) mmHg/FA% DHA increase, β = 0·62,P= 0·001) and reduced physical activity in both sexes ( − 44 (sem19) counts/min per FA%, β = − 0·22,P= 0·024). The associations with blood pressure and HDL remained after adjustment for physical activity, BF% and energy intake. The present study confirmed the beneficial association betweenn-3 LC-PUFA status and lipid profile seen in adults, but showed unexpected relationships with physical activity, BF% and blood pressure. This is the third time we have observed such tendencies in Danish children.
The role of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in human health
Authors: Beulens Joline W. J. , Booth Sarah L. , van den Heuvel Ellen G. H. M. , Stoecklin Elisabeth , Baka Athanasia , Vermeer Cees
Published: April 2013

Recent reports have attributed the potential health benefits of vitamin K beyond its function to activate hepatic coagulation factors. Moreover, several studies have suggested that menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2, may be more effective in activating extra-hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins than phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1. Nevertheless, present dietary reference values (DRV) for vitamin K are exclusively based on phylloquinone, and its function in coagulation. The present review describes the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the following criteria for setting DRV: optimal dietary intake; nutrient amount required to prevent deficiency, maintain optimal body stores and/or prevent chronic disease; factors influencing requirements such as absorption, metabolism, age and sex. Dietary intake of menaquinones accounts for up to 25 % of total vitamin K intake and contributes to the biological functions of vitamin K. However, menaquinones are different from phylloquinone with respect to their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics, which affects bioavailability, metabolism and perhaps impact on health outcomes. There are significant gaps in the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the criteria for setting DRV. Therefore, we conclude that further investigations are needed to establish how differences among the vitamin K forms may influence tissue specificities and their role in human health. However, there is merit for considering both menaquinones and phylloquinone when developing future recommendations for vitamin K intake.
Local ecological knowledge as a tool for assessing the status of threatened vertebrates: a case study in Vietnam
Authors: Cano Luis Santiago , Tellería José Luis
Published: April 2013

This study draws on the local ecological knowledge of 58 hunters from seven communes in the Ngoc Son Ngo Luong Nature Reserve (Hoa Binh province, North Vietnam) to examine the local status of 40 threatened vertebrates. The reserve forms part of a biodiversity-rich mountainous corridor. Respondents were shown photographs of the species and asked to rate their abundance on a scale of 0–3 (0, extinct; 3, very abundant) in two periods: pre-1975 (before Doi Moi) and in 2009. The results show that 39 species have lived in the area and five are now extinct (Delacour's langur Trachypithecus delacouri, northern white-cheeked crested gibbon Nomascus leucogenys, dhole Cuon alpinus, oriental small-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus, Indochinese tiger Panthera tigris corbetti) and the presence of another six is doubtful (Phayre's leaf-monkey Trachypithecus phayrei ssp. crepuscula, sun bear Helarctos malayanus, binturong Arctictis binturong, fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus, leopard Panthera pardus, wreathed hornbill Anorrhinus undulatus). The results show a general decline in numbers and abundance, with mammals declining fastest, especially carnivores and primates. The differences in abundance between species have narrowed since 1975, converging towards trends of general impoverishment at similar low abundances. The survey results were similar among communes and also concord with the findings of research in nearby areas. This study demonstrates the usefulness of local ecological knowledge for planning, decision-making and management of protected areas in the absence of historical records or financial resources for conducting intensive fieldwork in remote and little-known areas.
Large carnivore attacks on humans in central India: a case study from the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve
Authors: Dhanwatey Harshawardhan S. , Crawford Joanne C. , Abade Leandro A. S. , Dhanwatey Poonam H. , Nielsen Clayton K. , Sillero-Zubiri Claudio
Published: April 2013

We examined human and ecological attributes of attacks by tigers Panthera tigris and leopards Panthera pardus on humans in and around the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve in the Chandrapur District of central India to provide recommendations to prevent or mitigate conflicts between people and large carnivores. During 2005–2011 132 carnivore attacks on humans occurred, 71 (54%) of which were lethal to humans. Tigers and leopards were responsible for 78% and 22% of attacks, respectively. Significantly more victims were attacked while collecting minor forest products than during other activities. Probability of attack significantly decreased with increasing distance from forests and villages, and attacks occurred most frequently in the forested north-eastern corridor of the study area. Human activities near the Reserve need to be regulated and limited as much as possible to reduce human mortality and other conflicts. Increasing access to alternative fuel sources (e.g. biogas, solar) may reduce the pressure of timber harvesting on protected areas. Residents should be trained in identifying carnivore sign and in ways to reduce their vulnerability when working outdoors.
Forest cover outside protected areas plays an important role in the conservation of the Vulnerable guiña Leopardus guigna
Authors: Gálvez Nicolás , Hernández Felipe , Laker Jerry , Gilabert Horacio , Petitpas Robert , Bonacic Cristián , Gimona Alessandro , Hester Alison , Macdonald David W.
Published: April 2013

Habitat loss and fragmentation are affecting populations of forest dwelling mammalian carnivores worldwide. In southern Chile, a biodiversity hotspot, anthropogenic activities have resulted in high loss of native forest cover. The guiña, or kodkod cat, Leopardus guigna is a small forest-dwelling felid with a narrow range in the temperate forest of southern Chile. The few existing studies of the species have suggested that it is almost exclusively restricted to large tracts of native forest. This paper reports a study in the temperate forest within a fragmented Andean piedmont landscape which demonstrates that smaller forest fragments in the farmland matrix are playing a key role in the persistence of the guiña. We estimated occupancy in both continuous native forest and remnant forest fragments and, with single-species/single-season models, evaluated the extent to which forest cover, habitat type and proximity to protected areas have a modulating effect on occupancy. A continuous survey during 2008–2009, in three seasons of 90–100 days each, accumulated 6,200 camera trap days and returned 47 photographs of guiña. Total detection in fragments was higher than in continuous forests, with detection confirmed in almost 70% of studied fragments. We found that probability of a site being occupied significantly increased with forest cover (adult/secondary forest, scrubland) and probability was low (< 0.2) in sites with < 50% of surrounding forest cover. Our study highlights the importance of remnant forest fragments in the mosaic of extensive agriculture for the spatial dynamics of a guiña population and hence for the future conservation of the species.
Using community knowledge in data-deficient regions: conserving the Vulnerable dugong Dugong dugon in the Sulu Sea, Malaysia
Authors: Rajamani Leela
Published: April 2013

Community knowledge of the status, threats and conservation issues affecting the dugong Dugong dugon was investigated in the Sulu Sea, Malaysia. Interviews with local fishermen were conducted in 12 villages from the tip of Tanjung Inaruntung to Jambongan Island, in northern Sabah, Malaysia. According to the respondents dugong numbers are low and sightings are rare. Dugongs have been sighted around Jambongan, Tigabu, Mandidarah and Malawali Islands. The apparent decline of the dugong in this area is possibly because of incidental entanglement in nets, and opportunistic hunting. Seagrasses are present and have economic importance to the community. The fishermen have difficulty in understanding issues of conservation in relation to dugongs. I recommend that conservation initiatives begin with dialogue and an education programme, followed by incentives for development of alternative livelihoods. Using community knowledge for conservation purposes may be the only option in data-deficient regions, especially where financial constraints are high and the need for management intervention for threatened species is urgent.
Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan: a hot spot for wild felids
Authors: Tempa Tshering , Hebblewhite Mark , Mills L. Scott , Wangchuk Tshewang R. , Norbu Nawang , Wangchuk Tenzin , Nidup Tshering , Dendup Pema , Wangchuk Dorji , Wangdi Yeshi , Dorji Tshering
Published: April 2013

The non-uniformity of the distribution of biodiversity makes allocation of the limited resources available for conservation of biodiversity a difficult task. Approaches such as biodiversity hotspot identification, endemic bird areas, crisis ecoregions, global 200 ecoregions, and the Last of the Wild are used by scientists and international conservation agencies to prioritize conservation efforts. As part of the biodiverse Eastern Himalayan region, Bhutan has been identified as a conservation priority area by all these different approaches, yet data validating these assessments are limited. To examine whether Bhutan is a biodiversity hot spot for a key taxonomic group, we conducted camera trapping in the lower foothills of Bhutan, in Royal Manas National Park, from November 2010 to February 2011. We recorded six species of wild felids of which five are listed on the IUCN Red List: tiger Panthera tigris, golden cat Pardofelis temminckii, marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata, leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis, clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa and common leopard Panthera pardus. Our study area of 74 km2 has c. 16% of felid species, confirming Bhutan as a biodiversity hot spot for this group.
Modelling the interplay between childhood and adult adversity in pathways to psychosis: initial evidence from the AESOP study
Authors: Morgan C. , Reininghaus U. , Fearon P. , Hutchinson G. , Morgan K. , Dazzan P. , Boydell J. , Kirkbride J. B. , Doody G. A. , Jones P. B. , Murray R. M. , Craig T.
Published: April 2013

Background

There is evidence that a range of socio-environmental exposures is associated with an increased risk of psychosis. However, despite the fact that such factors probably combine in complex ways to increase risk, the majority of studies have tended to consider each exposure separately. In light of this, we sought to extend previous analyses of data from the AESOP (Aetiology and Ethnicity in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses) study on childhood and adult markers of disadvantage to examine how they combine to increase risk of psychosis, testing both mediation (path) models and synergistic effects.

Method

All patients with a first episode of psychosis who made contact with psychiatric services in defined catchment areas in London and Nottingham, UK (n = 390) and a series of community controls (n = 391) were included in the AESOP study. Data relating to clinical and social variables, including parental separation and loss, education and adult disadvantage, were collected from cases and controls.

Results

There was evidence that the effect of separation from, but not death of, a parent in childhood on risk of psychosis was partially mediated through subsequent poor educational attainment (no qualifications), adult social disadvantage and, to a lesser degree, low self-esteem. In addition, there was strong evidence that separation from, but not death of, a parent combined synergistically with subsequent disadvantage to increase risk. These effects held for all ethnic groups in the sample.

Conclusions

Exposure to childhood and adult disadvantage may combine in complex ways to push some individuals along a predominantly sociodevelopmental pathway to psychosis.
‘We can't keep going on like this’: identifying family storylines in young onset dementia
Authors: ROACH PAMELA , KEADY JOHN , BEE PENNY , WILLIAMS SION
Published: April 2013

In this study, we identify the dominant storylines that were embedded in the narratives of younger people with dementia and their nominated family members. By implementing a longitudinal, narrative design underpinned by biographical methods we generated detailed family biographies with five families during repeated and planned research contacts (N=126) over a 12–15-month period between 2009 and 2010. The application of narrative analysis within and between each family biography resulted in the emergence of five family storyline types that were identified as: agreeing; colluding; conflicting; fabricating; and protecting. Whilst families were likely to use each of these storylines at different points and at different times in their exposure to young onset dementia, it was found that families that adopted a predominantly ‘agreeing’ storyline were more likely to find ways of positively overcoming challenges in their everyday lives. In contrast, families who adopted predominantly ‘conflicting’ and ‘colluding’ storylines were more likely to require help to understand family positions and promote change. The findings suggest that the identification of the most dominant and frequently occurring storylines used by families may help to further understand family experience in young onset dementia and assist in planning supportive services.
Self-Ownership, Autonomy, and Property Rights
Authors: Ryan Alan
Published: April 2013

Writers of very different persuasions have relied on arguments about self-ownership; in recent years, it is libertarians who have rested their political theory on self-ownership, but Grotian authoritarianism rested on similar foundations, and, even though it matters a good deal that Hegel did not adopt a full-blown theory of self-ownership, so did Hegel's liberal-conservatism. Whether the high tide of the idea has passed it is hard to say. One testimony to its popularity was the fact that G. A. Cohen for a time thought that the doctrine of self-ownership was so powerful that an egalitarian like himself had to come to terms with it; but he has since changed his mind. I have tackled the topic of self-ownership glancingly elsewhere, but have not hitherto tried to pull together the observations I have made in passing on those occasions. The view I have taken for granted and here defend is that self-ownership is not an illuminating notion—except in contexts that are unattractive to anyone of libertarian tastes.
X-ray powder diffraction data for deoxyschisandrin
Authors: Zhang Li Li , Pan Qing Qing , Xiao Dan , Wu Xiao Qing , Wang Qing , Li Hui
Published: April 2013

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for deoxyschisandrin, C24H32O6, are reported [a = 13.083(3) Å,b = 19.563(9) Å,c = 8.805(6) Å,β = 90.472(0)°, unit-cell volumeV = 2253.82 Å3,Z = 4, and space groupP21]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with theP21space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
Estimating vaccine effectiveness against severe influenza in England and Scotland 2011/2012: applying the screening method to data from intensive care surveillance systems
Authors: THOMAS H. L. , ANDREWS N. , GREEN H. K. , BODDINGTON N. L. , ZHAO H. , REYNOLDS A. , McMENAMIN J. , PEBODY R. G.
Published: April 2013

Methods for estimating vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe influenza are not well established. We used the screening method to estimate VE against influenza resulting in intensive care unit (ICU) admission in England and Scotland in 2011/2012. We extracted data on confirmed influenza ICU cases from severe influenza surveillance systems, and obtained their 2011/2012 trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) status from primary care. We compared case vaccine uptake with population vaccine uptake obtained from routine monitoring systems, adjusting for age group, specific risk group, region and week. Of 60 influenza ICU cases reported, vaccination status was available for 56 (93%). Adjusted VE against ICU admission for those aged ⩾65 years was −10% [95% confidence interval (CI) −207 to 60], consistent with evidence of poor protection from the 2011/2012 TIV in 2011/2012. Adjusted VE for those aged <65 years in risk groups was −296% (95% CI −930 to −52), suggesting significant residual confounding using the screening method in those subject to selective vaccination.
The future of Aid for Trade: challenges and options
Authors: HALLAERT JEAN-JACQUES
Published: April 2013

The Aid for Trade Initiative needs to be revamped. This article describes the challenges the Initiative faces and describes the pros and cons of possible reforms. The Aid for Trade Initiative succeeded in mobilizing quickly a large amount of financial resources. However, because the Doha Round talks stalled, the aid mobilized could not support the implementation of a multilateral agreement. Instead, it was spent on various projects, some of them not clearly related to trade. This affected developing countries confidence in the Initiative. To make matters worse, in the midst of a fiscal crisis that threatens development budgets, the Initiative had difficulties showing convincing results. In order to preserve resource mobilization, the WTO is expanding the scope of the Initiative to new areas only remotely related to trade and the trade and development nexus. This is unlikely to build confidence. The WTO should rather narrow the scope of the Initiative in order to make it more focused and efficient.