bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1929 Table E
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

1929 Table E provides the model memorandum and articles of association for an unlimited company with a share capital2 registered from 1 November 19293 to 30 June 1948.4 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in 1929 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 November 1929 to 30 June 1948.5 From 1 November 1929 to 30 June 1948, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company as an unlimited company with a share capital, under the Companies Act 1929, part 9 (ss 321–336), its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,6 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with 1929 Table E or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.7 From 1 November 1929 to 30 June 1948, the re-registration of a company under the Companies Act 1929, s 16(1), as an unlimited company with a share capital, took place in the same manner and had the same effect as if it were the first registration of the company,8 and so its memorandum and articles of association had to be in accordance with 1929 Table E, or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.9
1948 Table E
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

In addition, from 1 July 1948 to 30 June 1985, the articles of association of any company could adopt all or any of the regulations contained in 1948 Table A, Part 1, or, from 1 July 1948 to 21 December 1980, 1948 Table A, Part 2.5 From 1 July 1948 to 30 June 1985, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act 1948, part 8 (ss 382–397), as an unlimited company with a share capital, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,6 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with 1948 Table E or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.7 The re-registration, under the Companies Act 1948, s 16(1), from 1 July 1948 to 27 October 1967,8 of a company as an unlimited company with a share capital, took place in the same manner and had the same effect as if it were the first registration of the company,9 and so its memorandum and articles of association had to be in accordance with 1948 Table E, or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.10
1985 Table E
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

The provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration of new companies come into force on 1 October 2009,5 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.6 Processing of applications for registration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies Act 1985.7 A company which is registered on or after 1 October 2009 on an application received before that date is called a ‘transitional company’.8 1985 Table E will be the model memorandum and articles of association of a transitional company which is an unlimited company with a share capital.9 It is expected that registration of transitional companies will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.10 All or any of the regulations contained in 1985 Table A can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 July 1985 to 2 October 2009.11
Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 1, and Table B
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 1, provides the default articles of association1 for: a company limited by shares, which was not a private company as defined in the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1960, s 28, registered in Northern Ireland from 1 April 19612 to 30 June 1983 (during that period the default articles for a private company were provided by Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 2); any company limited by shares (public or private) registered in Northern Ireland from 1 July 1983 to 23 September 1986.3 Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 1, was also, apart from arts 24, 52, 55 and 129, incorporated in Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 2. In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 1, could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 1 April 1961 to 23 September 1986.4 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered in Northern Ireland from 1 April 1961 to 23 September 1986 was set out in the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1960, sch 1, Table B,5 or, for a public company limited by shares registered from 1 July 1983 to 23 September 1986, in the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1981, sch 1, part 1.6
Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 2
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

s 28, limited by shares and registered in Northern Ireland from 1 April 19612 to 30 June 1983.3 Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 2, ceased to apply to new companies when it was repealed by the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (SI 1981/838 (NI 19)), sch 3, para 34(1), and sch 4.4 Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 2, incorporates Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, part 1, except for arts 24, 52, 55 and 129. In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 2, could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 1 April 1961 to 30 June 1983.5 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered in Northern Ireland from 1 April 1961 to 30 June 1983 was set out in the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1960, sch 1, Table B.6 From 1 April 1961 to 30 June 1983, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1960, part 8 (ss 332–347), as a company limited by shares which was a private company as defined in s 28, its existing constitution
Northern Ireland 1932 Table C
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

Northern Ireland 1932 Table C provides the model memorandum and articles of association for a company limited by guarantee without a share capital1 registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 19332 to 31 March 1961.3 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1932 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961.4 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, part 9 (ss 276–291), as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,5 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with Northern Ireland 1932 Table C or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.6 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, the re-registration of a company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, s 16(1), as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital, took place in the same manner and had the same effect as if it
Northern Ireland 1986 Table C
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

Northern Ireland 1986 Table C provides the model memorandum and articles of association for a company limited by guarantee without a share capital1 registered in Northern Ireland from 24 September 19862 to 2 October 2009.3 The government proposes to bring into force the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration of new companies on 1 October 2009,4 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.5 Processing of applications for registration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies Act 1985.6 A company which is registered on or after 1 October 2009 on an application received before that date is called a ‘transitional company’.7 Northern Ireland 1986 Table C will be the model memorandum and articles of association of a transitional company which is a company limited by guarantee without a share capital.8 It is expected that registration of transitional companies will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.9
Northern Ireland 1960 Table D
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

registered or re-registered in Northern Ireland from 1 April 19612 to 30 June 1983.3 From 1 July 1983 in Northern Ireland, no company can be formed as, or become, a company limited by guarantee with a share capital.4 It was contemplated in the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (SI 1981/838 (NI 19)), art 10(1),5 that a company could be registered as a company limited by guarantee with a share capital on or after 1 July 1983 if the application to register it had been made before that date. Re-registration of an existing company limited by guarantee with a share capital to change it from private to public or public to private also appears to be possible. In addition, from 1 April 1961 to 23 September 1986, the articles of association of any company could adopt all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 1, or, from 1 April 1961 to 30 June 1983, Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 2.6 From 1 April 1961 to 23 September 1986, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1960, part 8 (ss 332–347), as a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,7 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with Northern Ireland 1960 Table D or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.8
Northern Ireland 1986 Table D
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

It came into force in on 24 September 1986.2 However, since 1 July 1983 in Northern Ireland, it has not been possible for a company to be formed as, or become, a company limited by guarantee with a share capital.3 It seems that Northern Ireland 1986 Table D functions as a model only on the registration or re-registration of an existing company limited by guarantee with a share capital, or as a model which an existing registered company must adhere to when amending its constitution. Northern Ireland 1986 Table D, Part 1, provides a model form of memorandum for a public company limited by guarantee with a share capital and Northern Ireland 1986 Table D, Part 2, provides a model for a private company limited by guarantee with a share capital.4 The provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration and re-registration of existing companies come into force on 1 October 2009,5 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered or re-registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.6 Processing of applications for registration or reregistration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986.7 It is expected that such re-registrations will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.8
Northern Ireland 1932 Table E
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1932 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961.4 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company as an unlimited company with a share capital, under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, part 9 (ss 276–291), its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,5 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with Northern Ireland 1932 Table E or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.6 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, the re-registration of a company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, s 16(1), as an unlimited company with a share capital, took place in the same manner and had the same effect as if it were the first registration of the company,7 and so its memorandum and articles of association had to be in accordance with Northern Ireland 1932 Table E, or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.8
Northern Ireland 1986 Table E
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

The provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration of new companies come into force on 1 October 2009,4 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.5 Processing of applications for registration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986.6 A company which is registered on or after 1 October 2009 on an application received before that date is called a ‘transitional company’.7 1986 Northern Ireland Table E will be the model memorandum and articles of association of a transitional company which is an unlimited company with a share capital.8 It is expected that registration of transitional companies will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.9 All or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1986 Table A can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 24 September 1986 to 2 October 2009.10
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 2
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

The Irish-language version (Tábla A, Cuid 2)3 is the default if the company’s memorandum is in Irish.4 Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 2, incorporates Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 1, apart from arts 24, 51, 54, 84 and 86, and, from 1 April 1978, art 8. In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 2, in either the English-language or the Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.5 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964 is set out in the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), sch 1, Table B.6 From 1 April 1964, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), part 9 (ss 328–343), as a company limited by shares which is a private company as defined in s 33, its existing constitution is treated as its memorandum and articles of association,7 and Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 2, does not apply unless adopted by special resolution.8
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table C
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

model memorandum3 and the default articles of association for such a company.4 The Irish-language version (Tábla C)5 is the default if the company’s memorandum is in Irish.6 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 1, in either the English-language or the Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.7 All or any of the regulations in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table C, in either the English-language or Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of any company limited by guarantee without a share capital registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 3 August 1982.8 A company registered under the Companies Act 1963 as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital must be a public company, because only a company with a share capital can be a private company or a public limited company.9
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table D
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

Republic of Ireland 1963 Table D, Part 2, provided the model articles of association for a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, which was not a private company as defined in the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), s 33,1 registered in the Republic of Ireland from 1 April 19642 to 12 October 1983.3 As from 13 October 1983, a company which is not a private company is a public company.4 From 13 October 1983, no company can be formed as, or become, a public company limited by guarantee with a share capital.5 Republic of Ireland 1963 Table D, Part 3, provides the model articles of association6 for a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, which is a private company as defined in the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), s 33, registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.7 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 1, in either the English-language or the Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.8
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table E
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

company as defined in the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), s 33,1 registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.2 As from 13 October 1983, a company which is not a private company is a public company.3 Republic of Ireland 1963 Table E, Part 3, provides the model articles of association for an unlimited company with a share capital, which is a private company,4 registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.5 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 1, in either the English-language or the Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.6 A model form of memorandum for an unlimited company with a share capital registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964 is set out in Republic of Ireland Table E, Part 1.7 From 1 April 1964, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), part 9 (ss 328–343), as an unlimited company with a share capital, its existing constitution is treated as its
Irish Christians Again
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

In 1977 Punch magazine published its humorous (if somewhat condescending) cartoon on the Northern Ireland Troubles: ‘Oh dear, not the Irish Christians Again’ (Plate 1). This book too is about the historic divisions between Ireland’s main religious communities. In my choice of topic I had before me the formidable precedent of earlier Ford Lectures delivered by F. S. L. Lyons in 1978. These were later published in his influential Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890–1939. Leland Lyons was speaking in the worst decade of the Northern Ireland Troubles and there is a pessimistic fatalism running through his lectures. He was an Ulster Protestant, working in England before returning to Ireland in 1974 to become Provost of Trinity College Dublin.
Protestantism and the Spectre of Popery
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

Recalling his schooldays in the 1930s and 1940s, the Belfast writer Robert Harbinson spoke of learning little history, except ‘the Protestant story’, ‘over and over again’. ‘On leaving school . . . I had no notion of the world’s past other than a few prehistoric tales and dreary details concerning our Protestant faith and the unrelieved darkness of Rome.’ In looking at Protestant identity in Ireland I am aware of the dangers of homogenizing the different Protestant denominations, of assuming a shared religious culture between southern and northern Protestantism, and of minimizing changes over time. But one thing has united Irish Protestants in the past and to some extent still does, particularly in Ulster.
The ‘Outlanders’ of Ulster
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

Arthur Clery thought the southern Protestants capable of absorption into ‘Irishness’. Look north, however, and there you would find the ‘unabsorbable’ ‘outlanders’. ‘To pass Goraghwood is like crossing the highest ridge of the Alps. You leave behind you the kindly people of the South, and come upon the cold and harsh-tongued members of another nation.’ He envisaged shedding east Ulster north of a line drawn from Newry to Derry, ‘our’ boundary, shorn of ‘a disaffected body of turbulent and bigoted aliens’, then being made to coincide with ‘our people’. Such nervousness about the North long pre-dated partition in 1920 and has not been confined to one creed.
‘Our Darkest Days’: Religious Persecution and Catholic Identity
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

Catholics responded to Protestant perceptions outlined in previous chapters with resentment, sometimes expressed in violence (though far less than Protestant mythology has claimed), sometimes in constitutional campaigns to win back what they had lost, and, most of all, in the development of a counter-culture espousing the very traits disliked by Protestants. And since it was their religion for which they were penalized, this became the most important aspect of their identity. The idea of a suffering, persecuted Catholic Church has been a core theme of modern Irish nationalism.
‘Beached’: Religious Minorities in Partitioned Ireland
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

Partition in 1921 created two states, informed by the separate religious identities outlined in previous chapters. Protestants in the South and Catholics in the North felt abandoned. Southern Protestants, of course, had long experience of being a minority, and their economically privileged position remained, even if significantly reduced. The determination of successive southern governments to be seen to act even-handedly towards its minority also assisted pragmatic, if reluctant, Protestant acceptance of the new situation.
Grammatical Diffusion in Australia Free and Bound Pronouns
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

Aboriginal people and their languages have been in Australia for at least 40,000 years. The Wrst settlers, speaking one or more languages, would within a few thousand years have spread out over the whole continent; at that time, a ‘family tree’ model of relationships would probably have been retrievable. This initial phase was then followed by tens of millennia of an ‘equilibrium situation’ (see Dixon 1997: 67–96), during which the overall number of languages would have remained roughly constant; the number might from time to time have doubled or halved, as water resources waxed and waned, but would not have changed in any more extreme fashion. The people were typically multilingual and there was constant social interaction, so that grammatical and phonological features— and lexemes—underwent steady geographical diffusion.
Asthma
Authors: Hasan Arshad S , Suresh Babu K
Published: November 2023

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the airways which causes coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and tightness of the chest. Asthma attacks can be triggered by exposure to allergens, physical exertion, stress, or can be aggravated as a result of common coughs and colds. Over 5 million people in the UK and over 6% of children in the US suffer from Asthma, and a recent increase in prevalence is thought to be attributed to our modern lifestyle, such the changes in housing, diet and a more hygienic environment that have developed over the past few decades. Asthma: The Facts is a practical guide to asthma, suitable for those who suffer from asthma, their families, and the health professionals that treat them. It details how a diagnosis of asthma is reached, and what treatments are available to successfully manage the condition and prevent attacks on a day-to-day basis. The book contains advice on proactive changes which can be made to lifestyles, such as avoiding allergens, as well as how to cope with an attack, and how to administer the relevant treatment effectively. The authors conclude that whilst there is currently no cure for asthma, by taking a proactive, self-directed approach to management, its impact on the patient and their lives can be significantly reduced.
The diagnosis of essential tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

Conclusive diagnoses are important for a number of reasons, including prognosis, optimizing treatment and facilitating research. For example, ET can be treated with primidone, whilst Levodopa is usually effective in Parkinson’s disease, and tremor in both conditions can be treated with propranolol or with deep brain stimulation. Nevertheless, a cure has not been found for either of these disorders and, whilst the treatments may be effective in reducing the severity of the symptoms, they do not slow down or halt progression, and can have side-effects. A correct diagnosis of ET is also very important to the affected individual and their family, as it can have a profound impact on how the tremor is perceived within that family. Children can be informed about it—the risks of being affected, the available therapies—but, most importantly, that it is a clinically recognized disorder and not simply some vague nervous disposition.
The treatment of essential tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

The cause(s) of ET are not fully understood, so, by definition, the causes cannot be treated. It is the symptoms—postural/kinetic tremor and anxiety—that are targeted in ET and, in most (if not all) cases, effective treatments have been developed/discovered by accident (trial and error), or by following successes in the treatment of other similar and not so similar neurological disorders (Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, anxiety, chronic pain, etc). Clinical trials, or the personal experiences of patients, provide the evidence that a particular therapy is effective, and whether there are uncomfortable or intolerable side effects. The therapies available ameliorate the symptoms of ET, but the intervention is not risk free—other physiological and psychological processes in the human body will be affected by the therapies. The key question that doctors and patients face every day is: do the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks? If one relatively low risk treatment proves to be ineffective, a more potent but higher risk treatment would then be considered.
Who gets essential tremor?
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

One of the main characteristics of ET is that it often runs in families—it is inherited, hence its original description as ‘familial essential tremor’. In these cases, there is a defective gene (gene mutation) in the family and ET is highly heritable. However, there are affected individuals with no obvious family his- tory, so the ‘familial’ was dropped. GenETics can predict the probability that a child will be affected in an affected family as it is inherited as a dominant genetic trait, but in the absence of a family history it is currently not possible to predict who else is at risk of getting ET.
Possible causes of essential tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

As already discussed, there are a number of reasons to believe that there will not be a single cause of ET—no single mutant gene or aberrant neuron will be shared by all affected individuals. Other than the characteristic postural and kinetic tremor, everything else in ET is highly variable. The high incidence of ET worldwide makes it extremely unlikely that all affected individuals have the same genetic defect, and this is supported by the preliminary mapping of at least two different ET susceptibility genes, with many more yet to come (Chapter 5).
Resources for patients
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

The International Essential Tremor Foundation (IETF, USA) was founded in 1998 and the National Tremor Foundation (NTF, UK) was founded in 1992. Both charities were set up to provide patients and their families with timely, quality information on ET. This is primarily accomplished via the quarterly published newsletters. Each issue contains summaries of ongoing research progress as presented at professional educational meetings, articles about specific aspects of tremor written by ET specialist advisers and their colleagues, and suggestions on coping with the various problems associated with ET, written by specialists in the treatment of ET as well as by patients themselves who have found their own unique solutions. The IETF offers two electronic discussion boards that are readily accessible, one for parents of children with ET and the other aimed at adults.
Introduction
Authors: Mcnally Louise , Kennedy Christopher
Published: November 2023

Adjectives and adverbs are highly complex and significantly less studied than other major lexical categories such as nouns or verbs. The purpose of this volume is to devote some much needed attention to this complexity. The editors of this volume are semanticists, and it is no accident that all of the chapters presented here touch on semantics in some way. Adjectives and adverbs (or perhaps more precisely, the analysis of modification) force the semanticist to confront three fundamental theoretical issues. The first involves semantic composition. Although early work in Montague semantics generally adopted the so-called “rule-to-rule” hypothesis, which involved associating pairs of syntactic structures or constituent structure rules with semantic composition rules (Bach 1976), since Klein and Sag (1985) it has been more common to assume the arguably simpler and more elegant hypothesis that semantic composition is type-driven, and that idiosyncratic semantic composition rules are not necessary: functors simply apply to their argument co-constituents.’ As will become clear below, the semantics of modification is problematic for at least the simpler versions of type-driven translation when coupled with a simple theory of semantic types.
Making a career: early plays and poems
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

The next print reference to Shakespeare is in Greenes Groats- Worth of Witte (1592), a pamphlet ostensibly by Robert Greene (though possibly written by someone else, probably Henry Chettle) and published after Greene’s death in September 1592; the pamphlet attacks Shakespeare as:

an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you: and beeing an absolute Iohannes fac totum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey.
A
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Achievement signifies the successful completion of a task or an activity—an achievement means creating something of value, an object, an event, or a legacy. Achievement is celebrated in many stories and narratives in which the protagonist prevails against the odds to achieve his or her mission. Thus achievement represents a wider set of cultural values that we encounter in families, organizations, or entire societies. An achievement ‘ethic’ (i.e. set of values, norms, and recipes) has its roots in religious and cultural practices which encourage and reward individual accomplishments, such as creating a fortune, becoming famous, moving up a career ladder, or generally being successful in sport, politics, business, the media, etc. These are seen as ‘good things’. Societies that emphasize and reward achievement tend to reinforce the view that success is all that matters in life. The non-achiever, the failed achiever, or the ‘has been’ can easily become an outsider in such a society.
C
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Capital, as the foundation of capitalism, is in the first instance an economic category. It refers to material wealth owned by individuals or groups that can act as productive resources increasing this wealth. Thus, machinery and buildings are long-recognized forms of capital. The term, however, has also been used to describe other types of resources that enable groups or individuals to build on and profit from them. A company can build on its ‘intellectual capital’, i.e. the stock of knowledge that enables it to gain an advantage against its competitors. Like- wise, brands, logos, and the loyalty of employees and customers represent different forms of ‘symbolic capital’ for organizations. The concept of ‘cultural capital’ was used extensively by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to account for persistent social inequalities based on tastes and lifestyles. He argued that people judge each other and create hierarchies of superiority and inferiority based on how sophisticated or ‘cool’ their tastes are—judging and criticizing people’s tastes sustains social status distinctions.
D
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Death is not often discussed in connection with organizations. But it should be. Many organizations are directly or indirectly in the business of death; they include hospitals, abattoirs, funeral directors, legal firms, coroners, police forces, emergency services, armies, and churches. Many other organizations are involved in documenting, representing, and glamorizing death—film, photography, news journalism among them. But death is something that we all carry with us, wherever we go. Rarely are we separated from a death, that of a friend, a relative, an acquaintance, or our own, by more than a thread. And yet, death sometimes seems to be far from our thoughts for long periods. It is often said that death is the one certain thing about every human life and many of our actions are consciously or unconsciously linked to it.
E
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

What is the economy? This simple enough question is surprisingly neglected by the mainstream (‘neoclassical’) economic tradition (alongside a parallel absence of any close analysis of the closely related concept of the market). If you consult the glossary or index of any undergraduate economics textbook, you are unlikely to find any entry under ‘economy’. The idea that there is a realm of social interaction which is distinct from others in law and that this realm institutionalizes a specific set of rules and practices that we know as economic is today part of our taken-for- granted view of our world.
Three domains of finiteness: a Minimalist perspective
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

This chapter1 examines the role that the traditional notion of finiteness has played in analyses of clause structure and argument licensing in the development of the Minimalist Programme. I focus on three broad domains: the upper, middle, and lower areas of clause structure which roughly correspond to the A-bar, A, and theta-positions of Government and Binding theory, and their corresponding heads, C, T, and V. Following the general format of this volume, the initial sections are intended as a (selective) reading of recent work on this topic, and I use and extend the conclusions from this in the final section.
Diachrony and finiteness: subordination in the dialects of southern Italy
Authors: Ledgeway Adam
Published: November 2023

Although standardly recognized by linguists of many diverse theoretical persuasions, finiteness continues to figure among one of the most poorly understood concepts of linguistic theory (Ledgeway 2000: 187–9). Indeed, there appears to be no generally accepted view of how finiteness is manifested in natural languages, or to what precise entities or categories the terms ‘finite’ and ‘nonfinite’ readily apply (see Joseph 1983: 7–10; Vincent 1998: 146V.; Nikolaeva, Chapter 1 above). While such issues are increasingly the subject of synchronic and comparative investigations, still very little attention has been given to exploring how finiteness and its correlates are affected by linguistic change.
Introduction The European Union: Challenge and Opportunity
Authors: Olsen Johan P
Published: November 2023

This book deals with the role of formally organized institutions in political life and, in particular, the role of democratic institutions of government in mediating between unity and diversity, citizens and their helpers, democratic design and historical drift, and new and old political orders. The purpose is two-fold. The first is to contribute to an improved understanding of the ongoing search for political order in Europe by offering an institutional perspective on the dynamics of change. The second is to use the European case as an opportunity for reflecting on political organization, democratic governance and the role of institutions in non-violent comprehensive change in general.
Droit Public—English Style
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper discusses the growth of public law in England through a pragmatic approach in which the law has been developed on a case-by-case basis. It identifies distinct public law principles that are of general application, independent of private law and comparable to those in civil jurisdictions. Distinguishing between public and private law, it suggests an issue is subject to public law if the public have a legitimate concern as to its outcome and it is not an issue already satisfactorily protected by private law. The relationship between the courts and Parliament is examined, and it is suggested that both arms of government are partners in a common enterprise involving upholding the rule of law.
The Education the Justice System Requires Today
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper discusses the change of culture in legal education, with a greater emphasis being placed on policy and the social and economic consequences of developing the law, following the coming into effect of the new Civil Procedure Rules, the development of public law and the Human Rights Act 1998. It recognises that universities today have a much broader role than merely to provide a vocational course to lawyers wishing to move directly into practice. Universities must emphasise the importance of professional standards and inculcate an understanding of the responsibilities which lawyers owe to the courts if they are to prepare lawyers to enter the legal profession and wider world.
The Rule of Law and a Change in the Constitution
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper provides an account of the new constitutional reforms provided by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and discusses how they came about. It suggests that the traditional constitutional arrangements, including the role of the Lord Chancellor, have successfully protected the rule of law, evolving as the needs of society have changed, without a need for a written constitution. We have benefited from a tradition of mutual respect, restraint and cooperation between the three arms of government. There have been times of tension, but with good sense and good will on all sides they have been successfully managed. It asks whether as part of the process of change we are paying sufficient attention to retaining or replacing the checks upon which, in the past, the delicate balance of our constitution has depended.
Judicial Review—The Tensions Between the Executive and the Judiciary
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper discusses the delicate relationship between the courts, the legislature and the executive. It supports the accretion of law on a case-by-case basis and suggests this has helped develop administrative law principles and maintain the necessary balance between the interests of the public and administrators. The tensions created between the courts and the government by judicial review proceedings are acceptable; such proceedings ensure government actions comply with the law. It discusses how the courts have assisted the efficient working of government by reducing judicial review waiting times and wherever possible, clarifying the principles upon which they will intervene. In reviewing the actions of public authorities, the judiciary, it concludes, are doing no more than their duty to uphold the rule of law.
Freedom Of Expression And The Right To Respect For Private Life And Media Law: General Principles
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the general principles of the ECHR as they are relevant to media law. The main focus of this chapter is Article 10, which concerns the right to freedom of expression, but it also briefly discusses Articles 6(1) concerning reporting of judicial proceedings, Article 8 and the right to respect for privacy, Article 14’s prohibition on discrimination in relation to other Convention rights, Article 15’s restrictions in the time of war, and Article 17 concerning restrictions on activities subversive of Convention rights. Where relevant, we have included case law from domestic courts as well as the European Court. First, we outline some general principles applicable to the interpretation of the Convention.
The Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

The long title to the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 declares its purpose to ‘give further effect to rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights’. As chapter 1 showed, even before the HRA, the ECHR was referred to with increasing regularity in cases concerning freedom of expression. The House of Lords declared on several occasions that it could see no difference between Article 10 and the common law’s approach to the right of freedom of speech. The number of occasions on which the European Court found the UK media law decisions to be in violation of Article 10 suggests that this rosy outlook was not always justified in practice. However, it did mean that Article 10 and its jurisprudence were familiar to the courts in the media law context.
When rights have not been brought home: taking A case to strasbourg
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

By Article 1 ECHR, contracting States assume two fundamental obligations. First, they must ensure that ‘their domestic body of law is compatible with the Convention, and if need be to make any necessary adjustments to this end’; secondly, they must remedy any breaches when they occur. Although the Convention leaves each contracting state to decide how best to ensure enforcement through its domestic law, Article 13 requires an effective remedy before a national authority where a violation has occurred. The substance of a complaint to the European Court of Human Rights is that a State which is a party to the Convention has failed to honour its obligations, and thereby to ‘secure’ one or more of the Convention rights and freedoms ‘to everyone within their jurisdiction’ within the meaning of Article 1.
Court Reporting And Contempt Of Court
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

Court reporting is part of the staple diet of newspapers and broadcasters in the UK and in the other States who are party to the ECHR. From the perspective of Article 10, the starting point is the right of freedom of expression which the media, like all members of the public, have as a result of Article 10(1). From the perspective of defendants, the right to a fair trial which is guaranteed by Article 6 includes the right to a ‘public hearing’ and to a publicly pronounced judgment. However, as the UK domestic experience repeatedly demonstrates, there is ample scope for free reporting to conflict with the interests of defendants or others involved in the judicial process. Article 10(2) recognizes that those exercising freedom of expression have ‘duties and responsibilities’ and that restrictions or penalties may be imposed for a variety of reasons, including ‘for the protection of the … rights of others’ and ‘for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary’. Article 6(1) accepts that: ‘the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.’
Licensing and Regulation of the Media
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

Other chapters have considered the application of the guarantee of freedom of expression to specific subject matters. In this chapter we consider the impact of the ECHR in connection with prior licensing and subsequent regulation of the media. In particular we consider the impact of the requirements of procedural fairness under Article 6 ECHR upon the activities of media regulators.
Commercial Speech And Advertising
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

In the UK, as in most jurisdictions, commercial speech is subject to a large number of restrictions, from the Trade Descriptions Act 1968 regulating misleading advertising to European Directives regulating a number of fields such as tobacco advertising and Codes of Practice which regulate various media such as television and radio. Political advertising on television and radio is prohibited by the Communications Act 2003.
Official Secrets, National Security, Terrorism, And Public Disorder
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

In a wide range of fields, including that of freedom of expression, English courts have historically refused to scrutinize, in any serious manner, claims by the British government that national security would be imperilled by the exercise of an individual’s rights. Thus the House of Lords found in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service, that the government’s assertion of national security overrode the legitimate expectation which trade unions would otherwise have had, to be consulted. English courts have also exhibited reticence to examine national security issues in immigration cases involving Gulf War detainees and those allegedly involved in international terrorism. The most notorious example of judicial deference occurred in the Spycatcher litigation, where a bitterly divided House of Lords, in a decision defying common sense, upheld interlocutory injunctions against newspapers which had wanted to publish information and extracts from Spycatcher, even though, by this time, the book had been published and was widely available in a number of countries including the USA.
William and Mary
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
Revolution, 1688–1689
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A
Published: November 2023

Over the winter of 1688–9 William invaded Britain and seized the Stuart crown. Debate about when he determined to do this has been vigorous, but since there is no direct evidence for the precise date of the decision the dispute will probably never be resolved. It is certain that William had wanted control of British foreign policy since at least 1672. It is equally clear, however, that, at least until the few months before the actual invasion, forcible seizure of the crown was not the most obvious way to secure this control.