bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wound Documentation by Using 3G Mobile as Acquisition Terminal
Authors: Ge Kui , Wu Minjie , Liu Hu , Gong Jiahong , Zhang Yi , Hu Qiang , Fang Min , Tao Yanping , Cai Minqiang , Chen Hua , Wang Jianbo , Xie Ting , Lu Shuliang
Published: September 2014

The increasing numbers of cases of wound disease are now posing a big challenge in China. For more convenience of wound patients, wound management in community health care centers under the supervision of a specialist at general hospitals is an ideal solution. To ensure an accurate diagnosis in community health clinics, it is important that “the same language” for wound description, which may be composed of unified format description, including wound image, must be achieved. We developed a wound information management system that was built up by acquisition terminal, wound description, data bank, and related software. In this system, a 3G mobile phone was applied as acquisition terminal, which could be used to access to the data bank. This documentation system was thought to be an appropriate proposal for community wound care because of its objectivity, uniformity, and facilitation. It also provides possibility for epidemiological study in the future.
Partial Removal of Nail Matrix in the Treatment of Ingrown Nails
Authors: Kim Maru , Song In-Guk , Kim Hyung Jin
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to compare the result of electrocauterization and curettage, which can be done with basic instruments. Patients with ingrown nail were randomized to 2 groups. In the first group, nail matrix was removed by curettage, and the second group, nail matrix was removed by electrocautery. A total of 61 patients were enrolled; 32 patients were operated by curettage, and 29 patients were operated by electrocautery. Wound infections, as early complication, were found in 15.6% (5/32) of the curettage group, 10.3% (3/29) of the electrocautery group patients each ( P = .710). Nonrecurrence was observed in 93.8% (30/32) and 86.2% (25/29) of the curettage and electrocautery groups, respectively, (lower limit of 1-sided 90% confidence interval = −2.3% > −15% [noninferiority margin]). To remove nail matrix, the curettage is effective as well as the electrocauterization. Further study is required to determine the differences between the procedures.
Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus
Authors: Lapenta Leonardo , Frisullo Giovanni , Vollono Catello , Brunetti Valerio , Giannantoni Nadia Mariagrazia , Sandroni Claudio , Di Lella Giuseppe , Della Marca Giacomo
Published: September 2014

Super-refractory status epilepticus (SE; ie, SE continuing or recurring despite 24 hours of general anesthesia) is a severe condition with high percentage of mortality and morbidity. Usually, this condition occurs because of serious brain damage; nevertheless, some patients develop super-refractory SE without identifiable etiology. Although not uncommonly encountered in neurointensive care, scientific data on this condition are still lacking in terms of treatment and prognosis. Herein, we report a case of super-refractory SE with recovery after 50 days, despite electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs traditionally related to poor prognosis. A review of the literature on super-refractory SE is also presented.
Assessing a Historically Hispanic Serving Institution Internationalization Process
Authors: Iuspa Flavia
Published: September 2014

This article presents a qualitative study conducted at a Historically Hispanic Serving Institution (HHSI) to further the understanding of its internationalization decision-making process. The study uses the Internationalization Cube model to review the institution’s internal processes and policies toward internationalization and assess how its international activities align with its internationalization efforts. The Internationalization Cube, an eight-cell model, permits the positioning of Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs) based on the analysis of its three dimensions and respective subcategories: policy, support, and implementation. The International Dimension Index (IDI) and the Item Relevancy Index (IRI) were also used to determine the level of alignment between the HHSI position on the Internationalization Cube and its international activities. The study finds that the HHSI is on Position 6 on the Internationalization Cube (priority policy, one-sided support, and systematic/structure implementation), and exhibits all the international activities considered indicators of internationalization but attention is needed to foreign language, international students, study abroad, faculty movement and involvement in international projects. The study concludes that an association exists between the institution’s position on the Internationalization Cube and its international activities, and adjustments in the institution’s policy, support, and implementation dimensions will be required to advance its position on the Internationalization Cube making its internationalization process more sustainable. This study makes a contribution to addressing the need to assess an IHE by presenting a holistic organizational framework instead of a fragmented international activities organizational analysis.
Intestinal absorption and biological effects of orally administered amorphous silica particles
Authors: Yoshida Tokuyuki , Yoshioka Yasuo , Takahashi Hideki , Misato Kazuki , Mori Takahide , Hirai Toshiro , Nagano Kazuya , Abe Yasuhiro , Mukai Yohei , Kamada Haruhiko , Tsunoda Shin-ichi , Nabeshi Hiromi , Yoshikawa Tomoaki , Higashisaka Kazuma , Tsutsumi Yasuo
Published: September 2014

Although amorphous silica nanoparticles are widely used in the production of food products (e.g., as anticaking agents), there is little information available about their absorption and biological effects after oral exposure. Here, we examined the in vitro intestinal absorption and in vivo biological effects in mice of orally administered amorphous silica particles with diameters of 70, 300, and 1,000 nm (nSP70, mSP300, and mSP1000, respectively) and of nSP70 that had been surface-modified with carboxyl or amine groups (nSP70-C and nSP70-N, respectively). Analysis of intestinal absorption by means of the everted gut sac method combined with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer showed that the intestinal absorption of nSP70-C was significantly greater than that of nSP70. The absorption of nSP70-N tended to be greater than that of nSP70; however, the results were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that silica nanoparticles can be absorbed through the intestine and that particle diameter and surface properties are major determinants of the degree of absorption. We also examined the biological effects of the silica particles after 28-day oral exposure in mice. Hematological, histopathological, and biochemical analyses showed no significant differences between control mice and mice treated with the silica particles, suggesting that the silica nanoparticles evaluated in this study are safe for use in food production.
Is nosocomial infection really the major cause of death in sepsis?
Authors: Goldenberg Neil M , Leligdowicz Aleksandra , Slutsky Arthur S , Friedrich Jan O , Lee Warren L
Published: September 2014

No abstract.
Impact of plasma histones in human sepsis and their contribution to cellular injury and inflammation
Authors: Ekaney Michael Liembo , Otto Gordon Philipp , Sossdorf Maik , Sponholz Christoph , Boehringer Michael , Loesche Wolfgang , Rittirsch Daniel , Wilharm Arne , Kurzai Oliver , Bauer Michael , Claus Ralf Alexander
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Circulating histones have been identified as mediators of damage in animal models of sepsis and in patients with trauma-associated lung injury. Despite existing controversies on actual histone concentrations, clinical implications and mechanism of action in various disease conditions, histone levels in human sepsis, association with disease progression and mediated effects on endothelial and immune cells remain unreported. This study aimed to determine histone levels and its clinical implication in septic patients and to elucidate histone-mediated effects ex-vivo.

Methods

Histone levels, endogenous activated protein C (APC) levels and clinical data from two independent cohorts of septic patients were obtained. Histone levels were compared with various control groups including healthy individuals, intensive care unit (ICU) patients without sepsis, ICU patients with multiple organ failure and patients with minor or multiple trauma, all without infection. Endothelial and monocytic cells were stimulated with histones. Cellular integrity and sepsis prototypical cytokines were evaluated. The mechanism of action of histones via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was evaluated using a function blocking antibody. Histone degradation in plasma was studied by immunoblotting.

Results

Histone H4 levels were significantly elevated in patients with sepsis (cohort I; n = 15 and cohort II; n = 19) versus ICU controls (n = 12), patients with multiple organ failure (n = 12) or minor trauma (n = 7), associated with need for renal replacement therapy and decrease in platelet count during disease progression, and remarkably were significantly associated with increased mortality rates in septic patients (ICU-, 28 day- and 90 day mortality rates). There was an inverse correlation between plasma histones and endogenous APC levels. Histone stimulation induced the release of sepsis prototypic cytokines and decreased cell integrity indicated by a significant increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Blocking of TLR4 decreased cellular cytotoxicity on endothelial cells. The calculated half-life of histones in spiked plasma was 4.6 minutes.

Conclusions

Histone levels in septic patients are significantly increased and might mediate disease aggravation by cellular injury and inflammation via TLR4 signaling, which potentially results in multiple organ failure and fatal outcome.
Design of Triple-resonance NMR Reporter Assay
Authors: Nishihara Tatsuya , Nonaka Hiroshi , Sando Shinsuke
Published: September 2014

Mouse lactate dehydrogenase-X (mLDH-X) was designed as a triple-resonance NMR reporter protein. The mLDH-X reporter catalyzes the conversion of a 13C-labeled pyruvic acid derivative (substrate) to a lactic acid derivative (product), which can be detected selectively by 1D 1H–{13C–13C′} triple-resonance NMR. The expression of mLDH-X fused protein was successfully detected by monitoring the triple-resonance 1H NMR signal of the product.
Effects of Perceived Justice for Coaches on Athletes' Trust, Commitment, and Perceived Performance: A Study of Futsal and Volleyball Players
Authors: Nikbin Davoud , Hyun Sunghyup Sean , Iranmanesh Mohammad , Foroughi Behzad
Published: September 2014

This study examines the effects of perceived justice for coaches on athletes' commitment, trust, and perceived performance. A total of 161 futsal and volleyball players in Iran responded to scales measuring three dimensions of perceived justice, namely distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice; commitment; trust; and two dimensions of perceived performance, namely individual performance and team performance. The data were analyzed using the partial least squares method. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis provide support for the measurement model. As expected, all three dimensions of perceived justice were positively and significantly related to commitment and trust. In addition, commitment was significantly related to individual performance and team performance. Further, there was a positive relationship between trust and the three dimensions of perceived performance. The results have important theoretical and practical implications.
The Multilevel Effects of Motivational Climate on the Collective Efficacy in a Cheerleading Team
Authors: Kao San-Fu , Watson Jack C.
Published: September 2014

This study examines the relationships between individual and group motivational climates and collective efficacy in cheerleaders. The authors hypothesize that perceived motivational climate at the individual and group levels may explain the perceived collective efficacy of athletes, for which perceived mastery climate is positively related to collective efficacy and perceived performance climate is negatively related to collective efficacy. A sample of 442 cheerleaders (175 male and 267 female) nested to 27 teams completed the PMCSQ and collective efficacy questionnaire approximately one hour prior to a competition. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was conducted to test the hypotheses. The analyses showed that individual level and group level perceptions of a mastery climate positively predicted perceptions of collective efficacy, whereas individual and group level perceptions of performance climate were non-significant. These findings indicate that creating a supportive and cooperative climate for the athletes may help to improve team confidence.
Give Us a Game: Evaluating the Opportunities That Exist for English Footballers to Play in the English Premier League
Authors: Bullough Steve , Mills Andrew
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed, large-scale retrospective analysis of the number of English footballers that have been developed to play in the English Premier League (EPL) over twenty seasons. Unlike previous research, we examined appearance data as opposed to percentage of squad data enabling a more accurate representation of English players appearing in the EPL. The findings revealed a steady decline in the number and proportion of appearances made by English players in the EPL throughout the twenty season period. However, the results also indicated that the rate of decline had abated since the inception of UEFA's home-grown rule. The results support the view that opportunities for indigenous players have diminished since the EPL's inception. Given the short-term, results-focused culture that prevails in the EPL, this would appear to present a major challenge for governing bodies, particularly those working in elite player development. Discussion surrounding how these challenges might be met is presented.
Analysis of Manoeuvres and Scoring in Competitive Surfing
Authors: Lundgren Lina , Newton Robert U. , Tran Tai T. , Dunn Martin , Nimphius Sophia , Sheppard Jeremy
Published: September 2014

In competitive surfing, the choice of, and ability to perform different manoeuvres are crucial for the score outcome. Summarised information about manoeuvres, their frequency and scoring could help coaches and athletes to make the right decisions regarding which manoeuvre to choose, if conditions allow, during a competition heat. All waves from the quarter-finals and up during the World Championship Tour 2012 were analysed in regards to performed manoeuvre and score received. Reentries were the most common manoeuvre, but aerial manoeuvre waves and tube rides scored higher with an average wave score of 7.40±1.53 and 6.82±2.13 respectively, compared to other lower risk manoeuvres that scored an average of 5.08±2.21 (p<0.001). Consequently, the high-scoring manoeuvres had lower completion rate (§50-60% as compared to §90%). It was concluded that, high performance surfing athletes should be able to execute risk-taking manoeuvres in addition to having a high completion rate on traditional manoeuvres in competition.
Generalized Dandelin’s Theorem Implementation for Arbitrary Rotation Quadrics in AutoCAD
Authors: Хейфец  , Kheyfets Aleksandr , Васильева  , Vasileva Vera
Published: September 2014

A method of Dandelin’s spheres construction for

second order arbitrary rotation surfaces based on parameterization

in AutoCAD package has been proposed. Examples have been

provided. The estimation of accuracy related to definition of focal

points and directrixes by proposed method has been given. It has

been shown that the error is in the range 10–3...10–8. A conclusion

about high efficiency of parameterization as a tool for geometric

modeling has been drawn.
Depression: Current treatments with low-cost strategies
Authors: Phillips Yasmin , Mutsatsa Stanley
Published: September 2014

Depression has profound social, economic and personal consequences for the affected individual, and it shows no signs of abating in the general population. There are several treatment modalities available for this debilitating illness, however, effective as they are, these treatments have pitfalls. Antidepressants are the most common form of treatment for depression; they are relatively cheap and effective, but induce uncomfortable side-effects, some of which can be life threatening. These can include cardiotoxicity, weight gain, serotonin syndrome, sexual dysfunction, dry mouth and urinary retention. Electroconvulsive therapy has been used in the treatment of depression since the late 1930s and is effective particularly in severe depression. It is quick acting, but its use tend to evoke moral and ethical debates. Psychological therapies have been used since the 9th century and are effective and have little side-effects but they are relatively expensive and there is a long waiting list in the NHS for these therapies. Emerging evidence suggest a place for the use of exercise to improve depressive symptoms. The article discusses evidence in support of exercise and ecotherapy in particular to alleviate symptoms of depression and promote recovery. This has implications for mental health nursing practice.
Linear prediction application for modelling the relationships between a large number of stand characteristics of Norway spruce stands
Authors: Siipilehto Jouni
Published: September 2014

The aim was to produce models for a large number of stand characteristics of Norway spruce dominated stands. A total of 227 national forest inventory based permanent stand plots, dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies), were used in modelling eight stand variables as a function of the stand mean biological age and site characteristics. The basic models were able to characterize the average development of the modelled stand variables, but resulted in a relatively high RMSE. Basal area (G) and stem number (N) were the most inaccurate, having a RMSE of 34â41%, while that of mean diameter and height characteristics varied between 16â20%. The expectations and error variances of the basic models were calibrated with known stand variables using linear prediction theory. The best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) with a single stand variable used for calibration proved to be ineffective for unknown G and N, but relatively effective for the unknown mean characteristics. However, calibration with one sum and one mean characteristic proved to be effective, and additional calibration variables enhanced the precision only marginally. The BLUP method provided a flexible approach when characterizing the relationships between a large number of stand variables, thus enabling multiple use of these models because they were not fixed to a specific inventory system.
The attractiveness of the work is affected when production of handcrafted log houses moves indoors
Authors: Hedlund Ann
Published: September 2014

Viewed from a historical perspective, a shift has occurred within the forestry and wood sector towards indoor work. In Sweden, the production of handcrafted log houses has now also begun to move indoors. With a point of departure in development processes within the log house sector involving working indoors, education, work attractiveness, between 2001â2005, the aim of this study was to compare indoor work with outdoor work, based on log house buildersâ experience of working on handcrafted log houses. Methods used in the interactive development project involving apprentices, experienced log house builders and researchers, were participation with continuous documentation of experiences and opinions; questions; interviews; and measurement of the work environment. The Attractive Work Model has been used in order to analyse perceptions and values. The changes, 15 out of 22 areas, were perceived both negatively and positively. Therefore, it can not be said that working on traditional, handcrafted log houses becomes more attractive if it is moved indoors. The majority wanted to work both outdoors and indoors, while most of the others only wanted to work outdoors. The results indicate that there is scope for developing more attractive work indoors by utilising experiences from log house builders and closely related activities such as the forestry and wood sector. Changes made within one area of work attractiveness affect other areas. Further research is needed both with regard to comparisons between indoor and outdoor work and regarding the interaction between the areas that are identified in the Attractive Work Model.
Relationship between biomass and percentage cover in understorey vegetation of boreal coniferous forests
Authors: Muukkonen Petteri , Mäkipää Raisa , Laiho Raija , Minkkinen Kari , Vasander Harri , Finér Leena
Published: September 2014

In the present study, the aboveground biomass of the understorey vegetation of boreal coniferous forests was modelled according to the percentage cover. A total of 224 observations from 22 stands in upland forests and 195 observations from 14 different studies in peatland forests were utilized for the present analyses. The relationships between biomass and percentage cover can be used in ecosystem and carbon-cycle modelling as a rapid nondestructive method for estimation of the aboveground biomass of lichens, bryophytes, herbs and grasses, and dwarf shrubs in upland forests and bottom and field layers in peatland forests.
Canopy stratification in peatland forests in Finland
Authors: Hotanen Juha-Pekka , Maltamo Matti , Reinikainen Antti
Published: September 2014

Abundance and species number of the tree and shrub vegetation in different canopy layers were analysed according to site quality class and drainage succession phase on permanent sample plots on spruce mires (n = 268) and pine mires (n = 628) in the Finnish National Forest Inventory in 1995. The abundances based on the crown coverage were compared with the abundances based on the parallel basal area of the tree stand. The canopy coverages and species number for peatland forests were also compared with those for mineral soil forests on the permanent sample plots (n = 1725) in 1995. In general, effective temperature sum correlated positively, although not very strongly, with the coverages and species number in most of the canopy layers, as well as with the mean range of the diameter distribution. The effects of both site quality class and drainage phase were stronger on pine mires than on spruce mires, most probably due to the longer fertility gradient and large potential free growing space in the former group. On pine mires, drainage increased the abundances and species number in the different canopy layers, as well as the structural inequality of the tree stands. On spruce mires, the increase was principally allocated to the abundances of the dominant and intermediate tree layers. The correlations between the total crown coverage of the tree layers and stand basal area were r = 0.45 for spruce mires and r = 0.70 for pine mires. Compared to mineral soil forests, in addition to having a higher abundance of Betula pubescens, the dominant layer was not as pronounced in peatland forests. On spruce mires, the coverage of the shrub layer on mesotrophic and meso-oligotrophic sites was higher than that in mineral soil forests. The average species number in different canopy layers did not differ significantly between spruce mires and mineral soil forests in corresponding site quality classes. On pine mires, the species number was generally lower (except for the mesotrophic sites) than that in corresponding mineral soil forests.
Optimising the management of a heterogeneous stand
Authors: Pukkala Timo , Miina Jari
Published: September 2014

The study presents a method for taking the heterogeneity of the stand into account in the optimisation of stand management. Heterogeneity refers to within-stand variation in stand density and/or other characteristics. A set of plots, corresponding to different sub-areas of the stand, represents the stand in calculations. Cuttings and other treatments of the plots are done simultaneously. The method was used to analyse how the optimal management depends on the heterogeneity of a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand. The results supported the hypothesis that the heterogeneity of a stand decreases its optimal prior-thinning density. Also the remaining stand basal areas were lower in heterogeneous stands, especially in spruce. The effect of stand heterogeneity prior to the first commercial thinning still affected the timing of the second thinning, which had to be conducted earlier and at lower prior-thinning basal areas in heterogeneous stands. This happened despite the fact that the first thinning greatly decreased the within-stand variation in stand basal area. In addition, heterogeneity decreased the soil expectation value, net income and timber harvests.
The competitive position of the Nordic wood industry in Germany – intangible quality dimensions
Authors: Toivonen Ritva , Hansen Eric , Järvinen Erno , Enroth Raija-Riitta
Published: September 2014

This study examines the importance of various intangible product quality dimensions as perceived by wood-trading retailer and wholesaler companies in Germany. Using perceived importance and perceived performance, the study first examines the dimensionality of intangible product quality and then compares Nordic wood product suppliers with suppliers from other major supply regions. Data was collected from 76 German companies during 2000â2001. Results indicate that intangible product quality can be described in three dimensions, âBehaviour and Imageâ, âServiceability and Environmentâ, and âReliabilityâ. Results also show that Nordic suppliers do not have a strong competitive position in Germany in terms of intangible product quality dimensions. Thus, Nordic suppliers could improve their competitive position by enhancing their service, logistics and other dimensions of the intangible product offering.
Pricing the risk of the quality-guarantee in a stand establishment service
Authors: Kiljunen Nuutti
Published: September 2014

A stand-establishment service concept with quality guarantee was analysed. Here, the quality of stand establishment was assessed as the density of good quality seedlings evenly distributed on the plantation three years after planting. The amount of adequate premiums for the guarantee service and the risks accumulating to the service provider were studied. Monte Carlo simulation was used as a tool for analyzing the risks accumulating to the service provider of the stand-establishment in operational environments of different sizes. The premiums calculated to cover the expected amount of claims caused by the plantations not meeting the pre-set criteria were about 4â8% in addition to the approximated costs of stand establishment. The criteria used for determining the success or failure in a stand have a marked effect on the amount of premiums with a reasonable risk of ruin.
Genetic diversity and population structure of wild pear (Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd.) in Poland
Authors: Wolko Łukasz , Bocianowski Jan , Antkowiak Wojciech , Słomski Ryszard
Published: September 2014

In order to provide molecular characteristics
of wild pear (P. pyraster) resources, six populations
(192 accessions) from different regions of Poland were
investigated with 17 SSR loci. Each of the SSR loci used
was polymorphic, with a mean of 19.5 alleles per locus
and a mean PIC of 0.806. Both the high heterozygosity (Ho
= 0.751) and low Fis (0.007) indicated that the wild pear
populations maintain a relatively high level of diversity,
while the mean Findex of 0.039 and the number of migrants
per generation (Nm = 6.996) revealed a high gene flow and
weak inter-population differentiation. AMOVA analysis
located polymorphisms mainly within populations (96%).
Genetic relations between populations did not show
correlations with geographical distances. The dispersal
influence of gene flow could be the reason of the disrupted
relationship within populations and the low interpopulation
differentiation. We did not find any evidence
to support the hypothesis about influence of interspecies
hybridization with pear cultivars on the level of wild pear
population diversity.
Curvature contraction of convex hypersurfaces by nonsmooth speeds
Authors: Andrews Ben , Holder Andrew , McCoy James , Wheeler Glen , Wheeler Valentina-Mira , Williams Graham
Published: September 2014

We consider contraction of convex hypersurfaces by convex speeds, homogeneous of degree one in the principal curvatures, that are not necessarily smooth.
We show how to approximate such a speed by a sequence of smooth speeds for which behaviour is well known. By obtaining
speed and curvature pinching estimates for the flows by the approximating speeds, independent of the smoothing
parameter, we may pass to the limit to deduce that the flow by the nonsmooth speed converges to a point in finite time
that, under a suitable rescaling, is round in the

C
2

{C^{2}}

sense, with the convergence being exponential.
Numerical study on the standing morphology of an oblique detonation wave under the influence of an incoming boundary layer
Authors: Zhou Jin , Liu Yu , Lin Zhi-yong
Published: September 2014

The influence of an incoming boundary layer to the standing morphology of an oblique detonation wave (ODW) induced by a compression ramp is numerically studied in this paper. The Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model is used to perform simulation of detonationboundary- layer interactions. Three different wall conditions are applied to realize control on the boundary-layer separation scales. Accordingly, different standing morphologies of the ODWs are obtained, including smooth ODW (without transverse wave) under no-slip, adiabatic wall condition with large-scale separation, abrupt ODW (with transverse wave) under no-slip, cold wall condition with moderate-scale separation, and bow-shaped detached ODW under slipwall condition without a boundary layer.
Sensitivity of the Heat-Transfer Coefficient Calculation
Authors: Singer Saša
Published: September 2014

The purpose of the Liščić/Petrofer probe is to determine the cooling intensity during liquid quenching in laboratory and workshop environments. The surface heat-transfer coefficient is calculated by the one-dimensional finite-volume method from the smoothed temperature curve, measured at a near-surface point in the probe. Smoothed reference temperature curves for oil and water, based on measurements made with the probe, are used in a series of numerical experiments to investigate the sensitivity of the calculation with respect to various input parameters of the problem, such as thermal properties of the material, the near-surface thermocouple position, and the diameter of the probe. These results are relevant for other liquid quenchants, at least qualitatively, if not quantitatively. A similar type of analysis is conducted with respect to the variation of numerical simulation parameters in the finite-volume method—the choice of space and time steps for problem discretization. When the input curves are sufficiently smooth, the method itself is very reliable.
Synthetical Experiments and Alkaloid Analogues
Authors: Jackson Catherine M.
Published: September 2014

This essay provides the first historical account of the origins of synthetic organic chemistry, one of the most powerful and productive of late nineteenth-century sciences. It builds on a revised understanding of the program of organic analysis instituted in the early 1830s by Justus Liebig, showing why and how Liebig guided his students August Wilhelm Hofmann and James Sheridan Muspratt in the introduction of synthesis to organic chemistry in early 1840s Giessen. What Muspratt and Hofmann called “synthetical experiments” became Hofmann’s main investigative method, but they did not enable the artificial laboratory production of specified target substances. Instead, synthetical experiments increased chemical understanding of reactions and their products. When applied to aniline, Hofmann’s model for natural alkaloids, they produced the array of artificial organic bases underpinning Hofmann’s major theoretical innovation, the ammonia type. Despite his reliance on artificial bases, this essay shows that Hofmann’s primary and enduring scientific goal was to understand the natural alkaloids. By revealing the essential stabilizing and progressive role of chemists’ daily work at a time when theory was uncertain and contested, it contributes to ongoing studies of science as practice.
A Novel Targeted Learning Method for Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Zhongyang , Rose Sherri , van der Laan Mark
Published: September 2014

We present a novel semiparametric method for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in experimental crosses. Conventional genetic mapping methods typically assume parametric models with Gaussian errors and obtain parameter estimates through maximum-likelihood estimation. In contrast with univariate regression and interval-mapping methods, our model requires fewer assumptions and also accommodates various machine-learning algorithms. Estimation is performed with targeted maximum-likelihood learning methods. We demonstrate our semiparametric targeted learning approach in a simulation study and a well-studied barley data set.
From waste products to raw materials for the development of new foods
Authors: Gómez Almudena , López Rafael , Esturo Aintzane , Bald Carlos , Tueros Itziar , Talens Clara , Raynaud Christine
Published: September 2014

This paper reports on a study into using waste products from the food industry as raw materials for food manufacture. The Value project funded by the European Regional Development Fund compiled information on the generation of waste products from the vegetable processing industry, together with their treatment and recovery. Best available technologies for using the waste for food manufacture were identified. Diagnoses on current waste generation, management, legislation and technologies were used to conduct pilot studies. Waste products were chosen for their recovery potential, importance and the needs of the food industry. This paper focuses on the extraction of high-value-added products from food waste, which can be used as natural additives in food manufacture to provide fibre content and antioxidant properties.
The growth form of dominant grasses regulates the invasibility of Uruguayan grasslands
Authors: Bresciano Daniella , Altesor Alice , Rodríguez Claudia
Published: September 2014

In this paper we report the results of a small‐scale experiment on patches of natural grasslands in Uruguay. We analyzed whether growth form of C4 grasses affects invasion success. The experimental plots represented three patch‐types arising from short‐term grazing effects and were dominated by prostrate C4 grasses, erect C4 grasses and codominated by prostrate C4 grasses and forbs. We seeded the plots with four exotic species: one perennial C4 grass, one annual C3 grass, one perennial forb and one annual legume. Contrary to many studies conducted at small spatial scales, our results suggest that in our system, the processes that control invasibility are not directly linked with resident species richness or biomass, but rather are driven by growth form. Emergence of invaders did not differ among patch‐types, but seedlings survived less in plots dominated by erect grasses. We suggest that the erect growth form of C4 grass species is more successful in preventing invasion by mediating seedling competition for light under the canopy for a longer period of time. Grazing management, through its ability to regulate canopy architecture, is a potentially important tool in controlling invasion.
A new tool for power analysis of fixed plot data: Using simulations and mixed effects models to evaluate forest metrics
Authors: Miller Kathryn M. , Mitchell Brian R.
Published: September 2014

Since 2006, the National Park Service's Northeast Temperate Network (NETN) has been monitoring forest health in 10 national park units in the northeastern U.S. using a protocol adapted from the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Program. To ensure current methods are appropriate for monitoring long‐term trends in forest composition, structure and function, we performed a power analysis of key forest metrics using data collected in each park and covering two four‐year survey cycles. We determined statistical power by repeatedly generating bootstrapped datasets with specified percent change between survey cycles in the value of each metric, and then testing whether a mixed effects model detected a significant change. We applied effect sizes ranging from a 50% decline to a 50% increase in 5% increments. Power analyses indicated that, for most key forest metrics, our monitoring program met the target of detecting a 40% change in a metric over a 12‐year period with 80% power and a Type I error rate of 0.10. Power also tended to improve with subsequent repeated surveys. Native species richness and live‐tree basal area metrics consistently performed well for all parks. Average percent cover of plant groups performed better than quadrat frequency. Regeneration metrics performed best in parks with low or high regeneration rates. Coarse woody debris volume, snag abundance, and invasive species richness did not meet the trend detection target in multiple parks. In most cases, metrics that failed to meet the trend detection target in one or several parks had high proportions of zeros and relatively low overall values for the respective park. In cases where high metric variability was the reason for poor trend detection, results indicated that post‐stratifying can sometimes improve power. We developed the power analysis tool in R to be applicable for a range of data types, including proportional and count data, and for any number of sampling areas (e.g., parks) and sampling units (e.g., plots). Our approach represents one of the few tools available that can assess the power to detect change over time using mixed effects models.
Physiological and Morphological Basis of Improved Water‐Use‐Efficiency in Wheat from Partial Root‐Zone Drying
Authors: Shi Changhai , Dong Baodi , Qiao Yunzhou , Guan Xiaoqing , Si Fuyan , Zheng Xin , Liu Mengyu
Published: September 2014

Water‐saving breeding and cultivation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have always been among the important missions in North China. But there is still a dispute on the regulation of water use in winter wheat. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and morphological mechanisms of water use in two cultivars of winter wheat (KN9204 and drought‐tolerant LH2) via partial root‐zone drying (PRD). The results indicated that the weight of 1000 grains was higher under PRD conditions for both cultivars. Total water consumption per plant significantly decreased by 11.6 and 17.3% for KN9204 and LH2, respectively, and water‐use efficiency (WUE) significantly increased by 17.2 and 20.3% under PRD. The net photosynthetic rate did not differ between PRD and full irrigation (FI) for either cultivar; however, transpiration rate was lower under PRD than FI, which improved WUE at the leaf level. Flag leaf water potential was significantly lower under PRD than FI for both cultivars, while water content was similar for both treatments. The soluble sugars content of leaves of KN9204 was higher under PRD than FI, while the proline content was 45.9% (KN9204) and 15% (LH2) higher under PRD. Stomatal density increased under PRD, but stomatal width and area declined. Overall, the two types of winter wheat had both common and individual means of improving WUE under PRD conditions. The results would further improve the theoretical underpinning of water‐saving breeding and cultivation in winter wheat.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Huangcandou × ‘Jagger’ Wheat Population
Authors: Cai Jin , Bai Guihua
Published: September 2014

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a devastating disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and growing resistant cultivars is one of the most effective strategies to minimize its damage. Huangcandou (HCD) is a Chinese wheat landrace that shows a high level of resistance to FHB spread within a spike (type II). To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for FHB resistance in HCD, 190 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from HCD × ‘Jagger’. Jagger is a susceptible hard winter wheat from Kansas. The population was evaluated for the percentage of symptomatic spikelets (PSSs) per spike after single‐floret inoculation in three greenhouse experiments. Initial marker screening identified 261 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) between the parents. Analysis of these markers in the RIL population identified five QTLs, three from HCD and two from Jagger chromosomes. Two of the three QTLs from HCD were mapped on the short arms of chromosomes 3B, one in the distal end (3BSd) and another near the centromere (3BSc); the third was on the short arm of 3A (3AS). The QTL on 3BSd coincides with the previously reported Fhb1 and explained 26.1% of phenotypic variation. The QTL on 3AS explained up to 10.0% of phenotypic variation. The two QTLs from Jagger on chromosomes 2D and 6D explained 9.5% and 6.7% of phenotypic variations, respectively. A combination of QTLs from HCD and Jagger can enhance FHB type II resistance in wheat.
Solute Electrical Charge Effects on Molecular Diffusion Coefficients in Unsaturated Soils
Authors: Miyasaka Katori , Shiozawa Sho , Nishida Kazuhiro , Yoshida Shuichiro
Published: September 2014

The ratio of the diffusion coefficient of a solute in soil to the diffusion coefficient in bulk water (Dr) has been shown to be proportional to the volumetric water content of the soil (θ) to the power n, and studies of the dependency of Dr on θ have shown that n is approximately 2. This n value can be explained physically using a simple tortuosity model. However, n values of approximately 4 have been found in two soils (sandy and loamy) with low water contents, and these high values have been attributed to an electrically diffuse double layer formed in the soil water near charged solid surfaces, restricting ion diffusion within it. We examined the effect of electrical charge of solute on the molecular diffusion coefficient at low water content in soils with n values of approximately 4. We measured the molecular diffusion coefficient of the solute in the soil (Dp) for electrolytes (NaCl and CaCl2), which may be affected by soil surface charge, and a non‐electrolyte (glycerin; C3H5[OH]3), which should not be affected by the charge, in the two soils over a wide range of water contents. The experimental results showed that Dr for all of the solutes were approximately the same, even at low water contents, indicating that the observed sharp decline of Dr with the decrease in θ is these soils should not be attributed to the electric charge on the particle surface, but to other mechanisms such as drastic change in the geometrical distribution of pore liquid water due to the progress in dehydration.
Hyperarid Soils and the Soil Taxonomy
Authors: Finstad Kari , Pfeiffer Marco , Amundson Ronald
Published: September 2014

In the past decade, pedological research in hyperarid environments worldwide has revealed landscapes and soil features that are regionally prevalent and distinctive, but not well captured in the current soil taxonomy. Hyperarid soils bear genetic features that can differ considerably from those in more humid desert environments. In particular, they often contain horizons cemented with halite (NaCl) or heavily enriched with nitratine (NaNO3). Unlike soils commonly found in more humid regions, they may also lack most vascular plants, pedogenic carbonates, and biotic mixing processes. Based on the global occurrence of indurated salic horizons and nitric horizons in hyperarid soils, we propose that the soil taxonomy be amended to include a petrosalic diagnostic subsurface horizon, a nitric diagnostic subsurface horizon, and Petrosalids great group within the Aridisols order. Additionally, we suggest the definition and establishment of a Hyperaridic Soil Moisture Regime (SMR). In this paper, we use soils from the Atacama Desert to illustrate how pedogenesis in extreme hyperarid environments differs from that in more humid environments, and we review the current literature regarding soils in other hyperarid locations with indurated soluble salt horizons. The changes proposed here would create a more encompassing classification system for the Earth's desert regions, improving our ability to clearly communicate relevant genetic, ecological, and economic information to both land‐managers and researchers.
Effect of Distinctive Frames on Memory for Pictures
Authors: Ensor Kaitlin M. , Hamilton Maryellen
Published: September 2014

Prior research has found that when attention was brought to the frame of a picture using a verbal cue, memory for frames increased while memory for pictures decreased. This study attempted to test whether the same effect would occur without an explicit verbal cue. Specifically, we compared primary and secondary distinctiveness in frame processing in an attempt to integrate the frame without a verbal cue. Primary distinctiveness was manipulated through color, and secondary distinctiveness was manipulated through the shape of the frame. Participants were shown a series of framed pictures and then given a recognition test for the pictures without the frames. The results replicated the diminished memory for pictures only when secondary distinctiveness was used. Implications of these findings on frame selection are discussed.
The Biennial: The Practice of Selection in a Global Art World
Authors: Morgner Christian
Published: September 2014

This article will address two criticisms associated with large-scale art exhibitions known as biennials. According to the first thesis, these exhibitions contribute to the formation of a homogeneous global art world by over-representing exhibits by the same artists. According to the second thesis, artworks from the Western hemisphere are overrepresented compared to artworks from the rest of the world. These theses were evaluated based on a large database (>20,000 entries) including the relevant information from artists who had exhibited at four large biennials (1981-2011): Documenta, Havana Biennial, Istanbul Biennial, and Gwangju Biennale. The first thesis was rejected as 85% of the artists in the entire sample were shown to have participated in only one exhibition. The second thesis was rejected as well, as the analysis revealed that it was artists from non-Western rather than Western origin that had the greater share of exhibitions across all biennials. In fact, even a weaker version of the second thesis—that the proportion of Western artists at non-Western exhibitions was higher than the proportion of non-Western artists at Western exhibitions—was not supported. These results shed some light and invite further empirical research on the practice of selection in a global art world.