bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status Groups And Propertyholding In The Damascus Hinterland, 1828–1880
Authors: Reilly James A.
Published: December 2011

Questions of land tenure and land ownership are central to the socioeconomic history of the Ottoman Middle East. Most people lived in the countryside, where they grew foodstuffs that fed themselves as well as the town populations. Moreover, the rural economy was the main source of economic surplus appropriated by the urban ruling classes.
Abū Ḥayyan al-Tawḥīdī and the Brethren of Purity
Authors: Hamdani Abbas
Published: December 2011

Since the famous tenth-century man of letters Abū Hayyān al-Tawĥīdī (Ca. 320/932–414/1023) named four specific contemporary writers as the authors of the otherwise anonymous encyclopedic work Rasā'il Ikhwān al-Safā', it became almost traditional for both medieval and modern scholars to accept his story as fact.
The Waqf of Muhammad Bey Abu Al-Dhahab in Historical Perspective
Authors: Crecelius Daniel
Published: December 2011

Whoever builds a mosque for God, even like the nest of a bird to lay her eggs, God will build for him an abode in paradise.1.

In 1774, the Mamlukshaykh al-baladMuhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab began the construction of a large mosque-madrasa-takiyyain one of central Cairo's prime locations. The complex bearing the name of the donor lies within a rough triangle formed by the main gate of al-Azhar, the Khan al-Zarakisha, and thewikālaof the 16th-century Mamluk ruler Qansuh al-Ghawri and forms the most important part of Muhammad Bey's waqf. Extensive agricultural lands and urban properties were included in the waqf by the donor to support the personnel of the mosque, school, andrakiyya, to pay for the religious activities stipulated by the terms of the waqf, and for the upkeep of the buildings.
Arabic Thought in the Liberal AgeTwenty Years After
Authors: Reid Donald M.
Published: December 2011

Albert Hourani's survey of “The Present State of Islamic and Middle Eastern Historiography” has one obvious lacuna: it fails to mention the author's own(Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939).1This masterpiece, published in 1962 when its author was forty-seven, has left its mark on a whole generation of English-speaking scholars of the Middle East.

Hisham Sharabi writes: “I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Albert Hourani, whose pioneering work,Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1789–1939, is an indispensable reference to any study of modern Arab intellectual history.”2
British Concoction or Bilateral Decision? Revisiting the Genesis of Soviet-Egyptian Diplomatic Relations
Authors: Ginat Rami
Published: December 2011

Diplomatic relations between Egypt and the USSR were established in August 1943. The motives behind the Egyptian government's decision to take this step have so far remained obscure. In fact, this subject has not yet been probed thoroughly or systematically and has not been given appropriate attention by either Soviet or Middle Eastern research. Studies dealing with Soviet-Egyptian relations or with Soviet policy toward the Middle East tend to allude only briefly to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Cairo and Moscow in 1943. The explanation for this lack of interest is probably the widespread belief among scholars that Soviet interests and political activity in the Middle East during the Stalinist period were marginal, focusing mainly on nurturing local communist parties. These studies have held that a full-fledged Middle Eastern policy crystallized gradually only after Stalin's death in March 1953.
Ghaylan al-Dimashqi: The Isolation of a Heretic in Islamic Historiography
Authors: Judd Steven C.
Published: December 2011

The meaning and significance of accusations of heresy are difficult to ascertain, regardless of the religious setting or historical milieu in which they appear. Scholars studying medieval European religious history have described heresy as opposition to the Christian church's doctrinal authority, emphasizing that heretics were not only religious but also political dissenters. They questioned church doctrine per se, but also, perhaps more significantly, challenged the church's authority to determine doctrine. In early Islamic history, concepts of heresy and orthodoxy are somewhat more difficult to define. After the Rashidun, there was no dominant religious voice in the community. Instead, a variety of opposing parties struggled for the right to define doctrine. In such circumstances, there could be no orthodoxy, since none had sufficient moral authority or coercive power to impose their views to the exclusion of all others. Consequently, there could be no heresy either, because heretics are simply those whom the dominant religious authority deems to be outside the bounds of orthodoxy. Only after proponents of a particular set of views gained sufficient power to impose their views on others could heterodoxy become heresy.
The Question of Âli Paşa's Political Testament
Authors: Davison Roderic H.
Published: December 2011

Mehmed Emin âli Paşa (1815–1871), one of the leading Ottoman statesmen of the Tanzimat period, was the purported author of a political testament that was published in 1910, though said to have been written just before his death. When finally published, it was in French rather than in Turkish. The “Testament politique,” with the signature “Aali” at the end, appeared in two sections in successive issues of theRevue de Paris. In the same year it also appeared as a separate brochure.1Its authenticity has, ever since, been a question. Discussions of the point have reached no satisfactory conclusion.2Now that the papers in the Basbakanlīk Arsivi in Istanbul are available to research, there is opportunity for a new judgment. Several documents in the Yīldīz collection there pertain to Âli Pasa's political testament.
Opposition to Change In Rural Libya
Authors: Fathaly Omar I. , Palmer Monte
Published: December 2011

In the fall of 1969 the Libyan monarchy was overthrown by a group of young military officers headed by Mouamir Quadafi. In the months prior to the revolution the tribal-based Monarchy had found it difficult to cope with the stress of rapid social and economic change, and had found itself immobilized by the conflict between Libya's traditional tribal and religious elite and a small but influential modernizing elite composed of students, technocrats and younger military officers. This new elite, a byproduct of Libya's oil wealth, had become particularly distressed by the arbitrariness and inefficiency of the Monarchy, the severe maldistribution of the oil revenues, and the existence of what they felt to be a poorly planned and managed development program which had largely failed to penetrate Libya's predominatly rural areas.
Islam et Evolution
Authors: Madkour Ibrahim
Published: December 2011

A la fin du XIVe siè de l'Hé il est opportun de dire un mot de la position de l'Islam vis-à-vis de l 'évolution. On croit àtort qu'il est une religion immobile et qu'il est essentienllement conservateur, Au contraire dans sa longue histoire, il a passé par des périodes où son mouvement était éclatant. Certes y-a-til dans son enseignement des étéments immobiles, mais il y en d'autres qui sont assez mobiles et vivants. C'est sur cette distinction que nous voulons nous arrêter un peu.
Toward the Study of the Psychodynamics of Mothering and Gender in Egyptian Families
Authors: Hatem Mervat
Published: December 2011

Feminist interest in the social origins and the emotional/psychological development of gender roles has led to a new theoretical debate on thecritical importanceof mothering. The feminist contribution in this area lies in the formulation of a successful theoretical synthesis of Marxist and psychoanalytic insights to explain the development of gendered roles and personalities in contemporary capitalist society. In contrast to conventional Freudian approaches, which posit the universality of the psychological/emotional processes by which the self is developed, the feminist critics emphasize the historically (and socially) specific nature of the family, mothering patterns, and the way such patterns influence the development of gendered personalities in the West.
BRITAIN AND THE GHAWR ABI עUBAYDA WAQF CONTROVERSY IN
TRANSJORDAN
Authors: Fischbach Michael R.
Published: December 2011

From 1924 to 1928, authorities of the British Mandate in Transjordan expended considerable
energy trying to prove that the extensive lands on the Transjordanian side of the Ghawr (Jordan
River Valley) known as Ghawr Abi עUbayda were not waqf but mīrī lands, as several parties had claimed over the years.1 British authorities established both an investigative commission and a special court to rule on the question as part of their wider attempt to regulate land matters in the new Emirate of Transjordan. These legal remedies succeeded not because the British resorted to unilateral colonial fiat but because of their strict accordance with Ottoman law, to the detriment of local custom regarding land usage. By enforcing these laws through the decisions of the commission and the court, the British hoped to forestall the disposal of land for what they considered partisan political purposes, thus averting political unrest and a loss of revenue.
JOSEPH J. HOBBS, Mount Sinai (Austin: University of
Texas Press, 1995). Pp. 374. $50.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Miller James A.
Published: December 2011

Geographers study places, and the geographer Joseph Hobbs has studied a place that holds
sanctity in the three monotheistic religions, has been caretaken by Greek orthodox monks in the
Egyptian wilderness, is replete with a microscopic landscape of holiness, and is now subjected to
thousands of tourists each year. Mount Sinai, the Jebel Musa of the southern massif of the
peninsula, has attracted hermits, ascetics, and pilgrims since the earliest generations of
Christianity. Hobbs's story is a disquisition on Mount Sinai, which is, above and beyond its
dramatic physical setting and curious human characteristics, a place of no small spiritual
dimensions.
A COMMENT ON RICHARD T. ANTOUN, “CIVIL SOCIETY, TRIBAL
PROCESS, AND CHANGE IN JORDAN: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW”
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: December 2011

The nub of Richard J. Antoun's interesting article (IJMES
32:441–63) is that the scholarly attention given to formal associations and institutions in
the Middle East has overshadowed those implicit or vernacular processes of cooperation and
reconciliation that actually constitute the core of “civil society,” and that are
adapting to such changes as transnational migration and telecommunications. This warning against
ethnocentrism from such a distinguished ethnographer of Jordan is timely and valuable. However,
some dimensions are missing from Antoun's analysis, and maybe his case is overstated.
EUGENE L. ROGAN, Frontiers of the State in the Late
Ottoman Empire, Cambridge Middle East Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1999). Pp. 289.
Authors: Reilly James A.
Published: December 2011

Eugene Rogan's book on Transjordan in the later Ottoman period offers a narrative and
an analysis that will interest Middle East historians in various fields. Using central Ottoman
archives, local Jordanian records and memoirs and European accounts, Rogan paints an intriguing
and nuanced picture of a frontier society's experience of incorporation into the modern
state. The book frames its material in a way that allows historians in other fields to compare the
Transjordanian experience to their own specialized areas. The author's major thesis is that
the modern state was introduced into Transjordan by the Ottomans and their associates in the
19th century, laying the groundwork for the redefinition of the country as a political entity by the
British and Hashemites after World War I. In arguing his thesis, Rogan is sensitive to regional
variations in local society and politics. Each of the עAjlun, Salt, and Karak districts is
finely drawn, allowing the reader to understand the distinct features of each district's
engagement with late-Ottoman modernity. The book explores the indigenous population's
relationship with newly arrived immigrants, colonists, merchants, and missionaries. Themes of
general historical interest include state formation, population movements, integration into regional
markets, crystallization of modern identities, and the creation of new forms of consciousness. The
icing on the cake is Rogan's fluent prose and nimble use of character sketches, which
together make this one of those rare scholarly books that is also a pleasure to read.
Distributions, Size Compositions and Diets of Two Abundant Benthic Ambush-Feeding Teleosts in Coastal Waters of South-Western Australia
Authors: Platell Margaret E. , Potter Ian C.
Published: December 2011

The scorpaenidMaxillicosta scabriceps(Teleostei) and the platycephalidPlatycephalus longispinis(Teleostei) were trawled seasonally for a year from shallow (5–15 m) and deeper (20–35 m) waters in four distantly-located regions of the inner continental shelf of south-western Australia. The former species was more abundant in southern regions, which is consistent with its temperate distribution, while the latter species was more abundant in deep than shallow waters. Unlike M.scabriceps, P. longispiniswith total lengths < 110 mm were rarely caught, indicating that this latter species only moves on to the sandy substrate of the inner shelf when it reaches a certain size. AsM. scabricepsincreased in size, the contributions of mysids, amphipods and oxyrhyncan crabs to the diet declined, while those of carid decapods and brachyrhyncan crabs increased. The invertebrate fauna ingested by the smallest length-class of P.longispinis, 110–139 mm, was similar to that of the same and largest length-class ofM. scabriceps.However, unlikeM. scabriceps, this length-class ofP. longispinisconsumed teleosts, despite having a relatively smaller mouth. The contribution of teleosts subsequently increased asP. longispinisincreased in size, a feature reflected by the relatively low dietary breadth of large fish. The marked shift in the types of prey ingested byP. longispinisas it increased in size accounted for the fact that, in contrast toM. scabriceps, there was limited dietary overlap between the larger and smaller members of this platycephalid. The ability of P.longispinisto ingest other fish is presumably related to the fact that platycephalids lie just under the substrate surface and are thus concealed from their potential prey, and that they are able to emerge rapidly and pursue their prey.
From conformational chaos to robust regulation: the structure and function of the multi-enzyme RNA degradosome
Authors: Górna Maria W. , Carpousis Agamemnon J. , Luisi Ben F.
Published: December 2011

The RNA degradosome is a massive multi-enzyme assembly that occupies a nexus in RNA metabolism and post-transcriptional control of gene expression inEscherichia coliand many other bacteria. Powering RNA turnover and quality control, the degradosome serves also as a machine for processing structured RNA precursors during their maturation. The capacity to switch between destructive and processing modes involves cooperation between degradosome components and is analogous to the process of RNA surveillance in other domains of life. Recruitment of components and cellular compartmentalisation of the degradosome are mediated through small recognition domains that punctuate a natively unstructured segment within a scaffolding core. Dynamic in conformation, variable in composition and non-essential under certain laboratory conditions, the degradosome has nonetheless been maintained throughout the evolution of many bacterial species, due most likely to its diverse contributions in global cellular regulation. We describe the role of the degradosome and its components in RNA decay pathways inE. coli, and we broadly compare these pathways in other bacteria as well as archaea and eukaryotes. We discuss the modular architecture and molecular evolution of the degradosome, its roles in RNA degradation, processing and quality control surveillance, and how its activity is regulated by non-coding RNA. Parallels are drawn with analogous machinery in organisms from all life domains. Finally, we conjecture on roles of the degradosome as a regulatory hub for complex cellular processes.
SIMULATION TRAINING FOR OBSTETRIC PROCEDURES AND EMERGENCIES
Authors: GUNDRY R , SIASSAKOS D , CROFTS JF , DRAYCOTT TJ
Published: December 2011

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has estimated that 1500 women die every day from preventable complications of pregnancy and childbirth. While barriers to accessing healthcare are undoubtedly multi-factorial, studies have repeatedly shown that providing skilled healthcare workers can result in untold benefits for women and babies in developing countries. The phenomenon of preventable maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality is not limited to the developing world. The Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths (CEMD) and Stillbirths and Infant Deaths (CESDI) in the UK have repeatedly identified substandard care as a major contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality. In 2008 The King's Fund publishedSafe Births: Everybody's business,an independent enquiry into the safety of maternity services in England. This recommended that simulation-based training to assess clinical, communication and team skills should be available to all maternity staff, and that training should form a core activity. Many hospitals in the UK have been running in-house courses for staff for over a decade with measurable improvements in neonatal outcomes. The value of these training schemes is recognised and rewarded through reduced insurance premiums for participating hospital trusts as part of clinical negligence schemes. Gaining competence in managing obstetric emergencies presents particular challenges for trainees. Most emergencies are, thankfully, uncommon but some constitute life-threatening events where management naturally falls to the most experienced available clinician. The skills required are often particular to emergencies and therefore novel to trainees. Utilising emergencies as training opportunities is further complicated by the presence of a conscious patient.
Dynamic Martian magnetosphere: Transient twist induced by a rotation of the IMF
Authors: Modolo R. , Chanteur G. M. , Dubinin E.
Published: December 2011

Simulation studies of the Martian environment are usually restricted to stationary situations under various steady conditions of the solar wind and solar radiation. Dynamic transients and their implications have so far attracted little attention although global simulation models can provide valuable insights to understand disagreements between simulations and in situ observations. We make use of a three dimensional multispecies hybrid simulation model to investigate the response of the Martian plasma environment to a sudden rotation of the IMF. The simulation model couples charged and neutral species via three ionisation mechanisms: the absorption of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, the impact of solar wind electrons, and the charge exchange between ions and neutral atoms. When a rotational discontinuity conveyed by the solar wind reaches the Martian environment the bow shock adapts quickly to the new solar wind conditions in contrast to the induced magnetosphere, especially the magnetic lobes in the wake. Timescales necessary to recover a stationary state can be estimated from such simulations and have some implications for space observations especially in the use of magnetic field proxies and for organizing particle measurements made by a spacecraft like Mars Express without an onboard magnetometer.
Real barchan dune collisions and ejections
Authors: Hugenholtz Chris H. , Barchyn Thomas E.
Published: December 2011

From high‐resolution satellite imagery of barchan sand dunes, we provide geomorphological evidence of collisions that result in the ejection of a barchan from the wake of another barchan dune. Previous interpretations suggest this outcome is evidence of soliton or solitary wave behaviour; however, the physical mechanisms for mass exchange are not fully understood, resulting in debate. Our evidence and interpretation indicates that mass is transferred to the upwind barchan by shadowing a portion of downwind barchan's stoss slope. Turbulent, unsaturated airflow erodes the surface between the dunes, creating a smaller dune that ejects from the wake region. Previous observations lacked the spatial resolution required to document this process; therefore, our observations clarify the collision dynamics of barchans. A broader implication of our observations is the role of collisions in maintaining an “equilibrium” size distribution in barchan swarms.
Comparison of the electron density measurements using Thomson scattering and emission spectroscopy for laser induced breakdown in one atmosphere of helium
Authors: Nedanovska E. , Nersisyan G. , Morgan T. J. , Hüwel L. , Lewis C. L. S. , Riley D. , Graham W. G.
Published: December 2011

Thomson scattering from laser-induced plasma in atmospheric helium was used to obtain temporally and spatially resolved electron temperature and density profiles. Electron density measurements at 5 μs after breakdown are compared with those derived from the separation of the allowed and forbidden components of the 447.1 nm He I line. Plasma is created using 9 ns, 140 mJ pulses from Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. Electron densities of ∼5 × 1016 cm−3 are in good agreement with Thomson scattering measurements, benchmarking this emission line as a useful diagnostic for high density plasmas.
Synchrotron X-Ray Powder Diffraction Studies of Structural Phase Transitions in Perovskite Oxides
Authors: Kennedy Brendan J. , Qasim Ilyas , Reynolds Emily , Tan Teck-Yee , Zhou Qingdi
Published: December 2011

The utilization of the high resolution powder diffractometer at the Australian Synchrotron to obtain accurate and precise structures of some perovskite-type oxides is described. The structure of CdTiO3 has been studied from room temperature to 1000°C by high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. It was found that CdTiO3 remains orthorhombic in the Pbnm space group over the entire temperature range, with the expansion in the cell volume well fitted to the expression . The magnitudes of the TiO6 tilts are estimated from the refined structural parameters and these progressively reduce as the temperature is increased. The effect of Sr content on the room temperature structure of the double perovskites Ba2–xSrxInTaO6 is also described. At room temperature Ba2InTaO6 crystallizes in a cubic structure in space group . Doping with Sr results in tilting of the corner sharing octahedra with a concurrent lowering of symmetry with the sequence of structures being
3D Cross-hole resistivity tomography to monitor water percolation during irrigation on cracking soil
Authors: Greve A. K. , Acworth R. I. , Kelly B. F. J.
Published: December 2011

Irrigation water entering soil cracks can quickly move past the root-zone without being utilised by plants. To assess the efficiency of irrigation practices, reliable methods to monitor water percolation are needed. Three-dimensional (3D) cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out during three irrigation events on soil with different surface-crack intensities. Changes in the resistivity distribution during the irrigation events were related to water movement. The propagation of resistivity change during irrigation events differed for different degrees of soil cracking. For surface cracks of <2 mm width before the irrigation, the resistivity change propagated evenly down-gradient, indicating matrix flow. During irrigation on soil with 30-mm-wide surface cracks, the resistivity change first occurred in the lower parts of the profile before propagating to the top. This suggests preferential flow filling cracks from the bottom up. The differences in initial soil moisture that resulted in these two flow behaviours were reflected in the pre-irrigation resistivity profile. Subsurface temperature changes during the irrigation confirmed the different flow behaviour. 3D Cross-hole ERT allows monitoring of percolation patterns as well as the pre-irrigation moisture states that cause these patterns. This makes 3D cross-hole ERT an excellent tool for researching irrigation management.
Melatonin delays clutch initiation in a wild songbird
Authors: Greives Timothy J. , Kingma Sjouke A. , Beltrami Giulia , Hau Michaela
Published: December 2011

The hormone melatonin is known to play an important role in regulating many seasonal changes in physiology, morphology and behaviour. In birds, unlike in mammals, melatonin has thus far been thought to play little role in timing seasonal reproductive processes. This view is mainly derived from laboratory experiments on male birds. This study tests whether melatonin is capable of influencing the timing of clutch initiation in wild female songbirds. Free-living female great tits (
Parus major
) treated with melatonin-filled implants prior to the breeding season initiated their first clutch of the season significantly later than females carrying an empty implant. Melatonin treatment did not affect clutch size. Further, melatonin treatment did not delay the onset of daily activity in the wild nor adversely affect body mass in captivity compared with controls. These data suggest a previously unknown role for this hormone in regulating the timing of clutch initiation in the wild.
Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the innate immune response to enteroviruses and its possible role in regulating type 1 diabetes
Authors: Lind K , Hühn M H , Flodström-Tullberg M
Published: December 2011

OTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIES

Metabolic diseases, host responses, cancer, autoinflammatory diseases, allergy.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease arising as a consequence of a misdirected T cell response to the pancreatic beta cell. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the innate immune system as a regulator of disease development. Genome-wide association studies have identified diabetes-associated polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins with functions related to the innate immune response. Moreover, enteroviruses, known to activate a strong innate immune response, have been implicated in the disease pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the innate immune response elicited by enteroviruses and how this response may regulate T1D development.
The estimation of glomerular filtration rate in an Australian and New Zealand cohort
Authors: HOSSAIN FIROZ , KENDRICK‐JONES JAMIE , MA TIAN M , MARSHALL MARK R
Published: December 2011

Background:  Accurate estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) allows early detection of renal disease and maximizes opportunity for intervention.

Aim:  To assess the accuracy of estimated GFR (eGFR) in an Australian and New Zealand cohort with chronic kidney disease using the 4‐variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (MDRD4V), the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) equations, and the Cockcroft and Gault equation with actual and ideal body weight.

Methods:  Retrospective review of patients who had measured GFR (mGFR) by 51Cr‐EDTA clearance and simultaneous measurements of serum biochemistry and anthropometrics. eGFR was compared with mGFR using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland–Altman measures of agreement.

Results:  178 patients had 441 radioisotope measurements of GFR. Mean mGFR of was 22.6 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The MDRD4V equation using the ‘black’ correction factor was most accurate with a mean eGFR of 19.74 (CCC 0.733, bias −2.86). The CKD‐EPI equations also using the ‘black’ correction factors were almost as good at 19.11 (CCC 0.719, bias −3.49). The Cockcroft–Gault creatinine clearance values had the poorest agreement with mGFR. In the 18 nonwhite non‐Asian patients, the MDRD4V and CKD‐EPI equations were generally less accurate although the use of the ‘black’ correction factor resulted in greater accuracy for both equations.

Conclusion:  The MDRD4V equation was the most accurate. However, its accuracy might be less for nonwhite non‐Asian patients if the ‘black’ correction factor is omitted. Further study of the estimation of GFR in Australian and New Zealand ethnic subgroups would be helpful.
Non‐invasive measures of tissue autofluorescence are increased in Type 1 diabetes complications and correlate with a non‐invasive measure of vascular dysfunction
Authors: Januszewski A. S. , Sachithanandan N. , Karschimkus C. , O’Neal D. N. , Yeung C. K. , Alkatib N. , Jenkins A. J.
Published: December 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 726–733 (2012)

Objective  To determine if ocular and skin autofluorescence, reflecting advanced glycation end‐products, and vascular stiffness correlate in non‐diabetic and Type 1 diabetic subjects and if levels differ by diabetes status.

Research design and methods  Patients with Type 1 diabetes (n = 69, 19 with and 50 without vascular complications) and 60 subjects without diabetes (control) had ocular and skin autofluorescence and pulse‐wave analysis performed in the fasted state. Correlations between measures within groups used the Pearson or Spearman correlation‐coefficient and measures between groups were compared by anova.

Results  Lens and skin autofluorescence correlated in control (r = 0.58, P = 0.0001) and in Type 1 diabetes (r = 0.53, P = 0.001). Corneal autofluorescence correlated with lens (r = 0.53, r = 0.52, P = 0.0001) and skin autofluorescence (r = 0.34, P = 0.01 and r = 0.49, P = 0.00001) in control and Type 1 diabetes respectively. In Type 1 diabetes, small and large artery elasticity correlated inversely and systemic vascular resistance correlated positively with skin autofluorescence (all P = 0.001), and with lens and corneal autofluorescence (all P < 0.03). In Type 1 diabetes tissue advanced glycation end‐products correlated with C‐reactive protein and inversely with the estimated glucose disposal rate and with circulating advanced glycation end‐product levels. Relative to non‐diabetic subjects, lens, corneal and skin fluorescence were increased (all P < 0.001) and small artery elasticity was decreased in diabetes (P = 0.04). Lens, corneal and skin autofluorescence were greater (all P = 0.0001) in patients with Type 1 diabetes with complications compared to those without complications, but small artery elasticity did not differ significantly.

Conclusions  Ocular and skin autofluorescence and vascular stiffness correlate in non‐diabetic and Type 1 diabetes subjects and are increased in Type 1 diabetes. Tissue advanced glycation end‐products correlate with vascular risk factors, including circulating advanced glycation end‐products.
Guidelines for the Identification of Unknown Samples for Laboratories Performing Forensic Analyses for Chemical Terrorism*
Authors: Magnuson Matthew L. , Duane Satzger R. , Alcaraz Armando , Brewer Jason , Fetterolf Dean , Harper Martin , Hrynchuk Ronald , McNally Mary F. , Montgomery Madeline , Nottingham Eric , Peterson James , Rickenbach Michael , Seidel Jimmy L. , Wolnik Karen
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Since the early 1990s, the FBI Laboratory has sponsored Scientific Working Groups to improve discipline practices and build consensus among the forensic community. The Scientific Working Group on the Forensic Analysis of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism developed guidance, contained in this document, on issues forensic laboratories encounter when accepting and analyzing unknown samples associated with chemical terrorism, including laboratory capabilities and analytical testing plans. In the context of forensic analysis of chemical terrorism, this guidance defines an unknown sample and addresses what constitutes definitive and tentative identification. Laboratory safety, reporting issues, and postreporting considerations are also discussed. Utilization of these guidelines, as part of planning for forensic analysis related to a chemical terrorism incident, may help avoid unfortunate consequences not only to the public but also to the laboratory personnel.
BENEATH THE SKIN: STATISTICS, TRUST, AND STATUS
Authors: Smith Richard
Published: December 2011

Overreliance on statistics, and even faith in them—which Richard Smith in this essay calls a branch of “metricophilia”—is a common feature of research in education and in the social sciences more generally. Of course accurate statistics are important, but they often constitute essentially a powerful form of rhetoric. For purposes of analysis and understanding, they have their limitations. In particular they tend to tell us more about correlation than causality. The extended example Smith discusses here—The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett—shows that while statistics can be valuable guides to where further investigation needs to take place, such investigation needs the tools of other disciplines, such as philosophy and anthropology, if it is to discover matters of fundamental importance.
The Arabo‐Islamic migrations in Madagascar: first genetic study of the GM system in three Malagasy populations
Authors: Capredon M. , Sanchez‐Mazas A. , Guitard E. , Razafindrazaka H. , Chiaroni J. , Champion B. , Dugoujon J.‐M.
Published: December 2011

The Antemoro are an ethnic group from the southeast coast of Madagascar who claims an Arab origin. Cultural signatures of an Arabo‐Islamic influence have been found in this region. Nevertheless, their origins are very contentious. Through this study, we want to determine whether this ethnic group had a particular GM profile that differentiated it from other Malagasy populations, and whether there were detectable genetic traces of the Arabo‐Islamic migration. The Gm polymorphisms of IgG immunoglobulins was analysed in a population of Antemoro (N = 85), two other Malagasy populations from northern Fihereňa (N = 82) and southern Fihereňa (N = 50) and in a Comorian population (N = 171). This last group was used to enlarge the database for genetic comparisons. Results revealed significant contributions from Africa (60%, 0.092 ≤FST ≤ 0.280) and Southeast Asia (40%, 0.043 ≤ FST ≤ 0.590) to the Antemoro genetic pool. No direct genetic relationships with the Middle East. These results bring new insights into the population history of Madagascar.
Pravastatin normalizes endothelium‐derived contracting factor‐mediated response via suppression of Rho‐kinase signalling in mesenteric artery from aged type 2 diabetic rat
Authors: Ishida K. , Matsumoto T. , Taguchi K. , Kamata K. , Kobayashi T.
Published: December 2011

Aim:

Although pravastatin has known pleiotropic effects against adverse cardiovascular conditions, little is known about its effects on endothelium‐derived contracting factor (EDCF)‐mediated signalling. We aimed to determine the effects of pravastatin on the production of and responses to EDCF in superior mesenteric arteries isolated from rats at the chronic stage of type 2 diabetes.

Methods:

Contractions to acetylcholine (ACh) were examined in superior mesenteric artery rings from aged type 2 diabetic Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (56–60 weeks old), from control age‐matched non‐diabetic Long‐Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats and from pravastatin‐treated (10 mg kg−1, p.o., daily for 4 weeks) OLETF rats. Mesenteric artery expressions of cyclo‐oxygenases (COXs), microsomal‐PGE synthases (mPGESs), RhoA and Rho‐kinase proteins, and also the level of phosphorylated ezrin, radixin and moesin (PERM), a substrate for Rho‐kinase, were detected by Western blotting.

Results:

Arteries from OLETF rats exhibited (vs. LETO rats) (1) enhanced ACh‐induced EDCF‐mediated contractions, which were inhibited by the Rho‐kinase inhibitor Y27632, (2) reductions in the ACh‐stimulated release of both PGE2 and superoxide and (3) increased COX‐1 and PERM protein expressions. Mesenteric arteries from OLETF rats treated with pravastatin exhibited (vs. untreated OLETF) (1) reduced ACh‐induced contraction, (2) suppressed ACh‐induced PGE2 production and superoxide generation and (3) reduced ACh‐induced PERM protein expression.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that pravastatin exerts beneficial effects against abnormal EDCF signalling by suppressing Rho‐kinase and promoting antioxidant activity in the mesenteric arteries of rats at the chronic stage of type 2 diabetes.
Idealizing Parenthood Functions to Justify Policy Neglect of Parents’ Economic Burdens
Authors: Eibach Richard P. , Mock Steven E.
Published: December 2011

Despite the fact that raising children contributes to the public good, parents receive little government assistance with their childrearing expenses. We suggest that people believe parents deserve little public assistance in part because they accept common myths that idealize the emotional rewards of parenthood. We review research demonstrating that parents accept these parenthood idealizing myths to alleviate dissonance about their costly investments in children whereas nonparents accept these myths to defend against the idea that the system unjustly exploits parents. Furthermore, when these parenthood idealizing myths are experimentally primed both parents and nonparents become less supportive of expanding government assistance to parents. We conclude by reviewing suggestions for how this research into the psychological functions of parenthood idealizing myths can help design more effective messaging strategies to persuade people to support policies that would expand public assistance to parents.
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Granitoids at Sharang Eocene Porphyry Mo Deposit in the Main‐Stage of India‐Asia Continental Collision, Northern Gangdese, Tibet
Authors: ZHAO Junxing , QIN Kezhang , LI Guangming , LI Jinxiang , XIAO Bo , CHEN Lei
Published: December 2011

The Sharang porphyry Mo deposit is the first discovered Mo porphyry‐type deposit in the Gangdese Metallogenic Belt. The orebody is hosted by the Eocene multi‐stage composite intrusive complex which is emplaced in the Upper Permian Mengla Formation and cut by the Miocene dykes. Granite porphyry is recognized as the ore‐bearing porphyry in the complex, which consists of quartz diorite, quartz monzonite, granite, prophyritic granite and post‐mineral lamprophyre. Granodiorite porphyry and dacite porphyry intrude the granite porphyry. Geochemical data indicate that Sharang complex has a High‐K calc‐alkalinc to shoshonitic, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous composition. The Sharang complex rocks are enriched in large ion lithophile elements, depleted in high‐field strength elements, Nb, Sr, P and Ti. REE patterns show slight enrichments in light REE relative to heavy REE and weak negative Eu anomalies. All rocks in this complex have a wide range of initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.705605∼0.712496) and lower εNd(t) values (−0.61∼−7.80). The geochemical data suggest highly oxidized‐evolved magma and old continental materials may have been the magma source for the Sharang intrusive complex that host porphyry Mo mineralization. Eocene pre‐ore and ore‐forming rocks at Sharang may have formed by partial melting of mantle wedge and by mixing with old continental crust at the lower crust level. In contrast the post‐ore rocks may have formed by partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle.
Septic arthritis, navicular bursitis and osseous cyst‐like lesion in a foal
Authors: Griffin J. F. , Coleman M. C. , Quist E. , Spaulding K. A. , Dabareiner R. M. , Giri D. K. , Pool R. R.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical, imaging and pathological findings in a Quarter Horse colt admitted to the Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for lameness of the left forelimb and left hindlimb. A presumptive diagnosis of left forelimb septic navicular bursitis was made ultrasonographically. A cyst‐like lesion of the calcaneus was diagnosed radiographically and better characterised with computed tomography. The cyst‐like lesion of the calcaneus was caused by infection withActinobacillussp. and extended into the adjacent tarsocrural, proximal intertarsal and talocalcaneal joints causing septic arthritis. The owner elected for euthanasia due to the poor prognosis. The diagnoses were confirmed on histopathology.
An Energy-Based Axial Isothermal- Mechanical Fatigue Lifing Procedure
Authors: Wertz John , Herman Shen M.-H. , Scott-Emuakpor Onome , George Tommy , Cross Charles
Published: December 2011

An energy-based fatigue lifing procedure for the determination of full-life and critical-life of in-service structures subjected to axial isothermal-mechanical fatigue (IMF) has been developed. The foundation of this procedure is the energy-based axial room-temperature fatigue model, which states: the total strain energy density accumulated during both a monotonic fracture event and a fatigue process is the same material property. The energy-based axial IMF lifing framework is composed of the following entities: (1) the development of an axial IMF testing capability; (2) the creation of a testing procedure capable of assessing the strain energy accrued during both a monotonic fracture process and a fatigue process at various elevated temperatures; and (3), the incorporation of the effect of temperature into the axial fatigue lifing model. Both an axial IMF capability and a detailed testing procedure were created. The axial IMF capability was employed in conjunction with the monotonic fracture curve testing procedure to produce fifteen fracture curves at four operating temperatures. The strain energy densities for these fracture curves were compared, leading to the assumption of constant monotonic fracture energy at operating temperatures below the creep activation temperature.
Effect of Moderate Magnetic Annealing on the Microstructure, Quasi-Static, and Viscoelastic Mechanical Behavior of a Structural Epoxy
Authors: Tehrani Mehran , Al-Haik Marwan , Garmestani Hamid , Li Dongsheng
Published: December 2011

In this study, the effect of moderate magnetic fields on the microstructure of a structural epoxy system was investigated. The changes in the microstructure have been quantitatively investigated using wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and pole figure analysis. The mechanical properties (modulus, hardness, and strain rate sensitivity parameter) of the epoxy system annealed in the magnetic field were probed with the aid of instrumented nanoindentation, and the results are compared to the reference epoxy sample. To further examine the creep response of the magnetically annealed and reference samples, short 45 min duration creep tests were carried out. An equivalent to the macroscale creep compliance was calculated using the aforementioned nanocreep data. Using the continuous contact compliance (CCC) analysis, the phase lag angle, tan (δ), between the displacement and applied force in an oscillatory nanoindentation test was measured for both neat and magnetically annealed systems through which the effect of low magnetic fields on the viscoelastic properties of the epoxy was invoked. The comparison of the creep strain rate sensitivity parameter, A/d(0), from short term(80 s), creep tests and the creep compliance J(t) from the long term (2700 s) creep tests with the tan (δ) suggests that former parameter is a more useful comparative creep parameter than the creep compliance. The results of this investigation reveal that for the epoxy system cured under low magnetic fields both the quasi-static and viscoelastic mechanical properties have been improved.
Rare-earth-metal oxide buffer for epitaxial growth of single crystal GeSi and Ge on Si(111)
Authors: Dargis Rytis , Arkun Erdem , Clark Andrew , Roucka Radek , Smith Robin , Williams David , Lebby Michael , Demkov Alexander A.
Published: December 2011

Ternary and binary rare-earth oxides that are used as a template buffer, which accommodates the crystal lattice mismatch between substrate and a semiconductor layer, are discussed here. The oxides were grown on Si(111) substrates and exhibit the cubic bixbyite crystal structure. Stabilization of the cubic bixbyite structure of ternary erbium-neodymium oxide and lanthanum oxide was analyzed using structural investigation of the epitaxially grown oxides and ab initio density functional theory calculations. The authors demonstrate that despite the more energetically favorable hexagonal structure of bulk lanthanum oxide a pseudomorphic single crystal cubic lanthanum oxide layer grows under nonequilibrium conditions of a molecular beam epitaxy process on gadolinium oxide. Growth of hexagonal lanthanum oxide begins when the critical thickness of the layer is reached. Germanium was epitaxially grown on the cubic bixbyite lanthanum sesquioxide. Due to a higher surface energy, germanium starts to grow in the form of twinned islands on the oxide layer that later merge, forming a closed layer. X ray diffraction reveals mostly single crystal structure of the germanium layer with stacking twins located only at the interface with the lanthanum oxide layer.
A Theileria parva Isolate of Low Virulence Infects a Subpopulation of Lymphocytes
Authors: Tindih Heshborne S. , Geysen Dirk , Goddeeris Bruno M. , Awino Elias , Dobbelaere Dirk A. E. , Naessens Jan
Published: December 2011

Theileria parvais a tick-transmitted protozoan parasite that infects and transforms bovine lymphocytes. We have previously shown thatTheileria parvaChitongo is an isolate with a lower virulence than that ofT. parvaMuguga. Lower virulence appeared to be correlated with a delayed onset of the logarithmic growth phase ofT. parvaChitongo-transformed peripheral blood mononuclear cells afterin vitroinfection. In the current study, infection experiments with WC1+γδ T cells revealed that onlyT. parvaMuguga could infect these cells and that no transformed cells could be obtained withT. parvaChitongo sporozoites. Subsequent analysis of the susceptibility of different cell lines and purified populations of lymphocytes to infection and transformation by both isolates showed thatT. parvaMuguga sporozoites could attach to and infect CD4+, CD8+, and WC1+T lymphocytes, butT. parvaChitongo sporozoites were observed to bind only to the CD8+T cell population. Flow cytometry analysis of established, transformed clones confirmed this bias in target cells.T. parvaMuguga-transformed clones consisted of different cell surface phenotypes, suggesting that they were derived from either host CD4+, CD8+, or WC1+T cells. In contrast, allin vitroandin vivoT. parvaChitongo-transformed clones expressed CD8 but not CD4 or WC1, suggesting that theT. parvaChitongo-transformed target cells were exclusively infected CD8+lymphocytes. Thus, a role of cell tropism in virulence is likely. Since the adhesion molecule p67 is 100% identical between the two strains, a second, high-affinity adhesin that determines target cell specificity appears to exist.
AUTOMORPHISMS AND DERIVATIONS OF NILRADICALS OF BOREL SUBALGEBRAS IN KAC–MOODY ALGEBRAS
Authors: MORITA JUN , ZHAO KAIMING
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we determine derivations of the nilradicals of Borel subalgebras in Kac–Moody algebras (and contragredient Lie algebras) over any field of characteristic 0. The result solves a conjecture posed by Moody 30 years ago which generalizes a result by Kostant for finite-type simple Lie algebras. We also determine automorphisms of those subalgebras in symmetrizable Kac–Moody algebras.
Social Regulation of Gene Expression in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Authors: Maruska Karen P. , Fernald Russell D.
Published: December 2011

Reproduction is a critically important event in every animals' life and in all vertebrates is controlled by the brain via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. In many species, this axis, and hence reproductive fitness, can be profoundly influenced by the social environment. Here, we review how the reception of information in a social context causes genomic changes at each level of the HPG axis.