bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulus modality and Go/NoGo effects on P3 during parallel visual and auditory continuous performance tasks
Authors: Tekok‐Kilic Ayda , Shucard Janet L. , Shucard David W.
Published: July 2002

Task and modality effects on P3 latency, amplitude, and scalp topography were studied during parallel versions of visual (VCPT) and auditory (ACPT) continuous performance tasks using a Go/NoGo paradigm (A‐X CPT). Both the ACPT and VCPT incorporated five conditions including Go and NoGo stimulus sequences as well as three other nontarget conditions. The goal was to evaluate the functional significance and modality specificity of the P300 response and the NoGo P3. Analyses were performed using both raw and normalized data to make comparisons across modalities. For both modalities, the Target X (Go) and three nontarget conditions elicited maximum P3 amplitudes over the posterior scalp sites and qualified as classical P300 responses. The NoGo condition was associated with an increase in central‐frontal amplitude compared to the Target X condition. The scalp topography of the P300/P3 for Go and NoGo conditions, as well as all other conditions, was the same for both modalities, supporting the modality independent nature of both P300 and the NoGo P3. Min‐Max normalization of P3 amplitudes did not change the condition‐topography relationships.
Event‐related potentials and serial position effects in a visual probe recognition task
Authors: Crites Stephen L. , Devine James V. , Lozano Dora I. , Moreno Selene
Published: July 2002

In two experiments, we explored the utility of using event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) evoked during picture recognition to examine the cognitive and neural processes underlying primacy and recency effects. Each experiment consisted of 210 trials in which a recognition probe followed a 12‐picture sequence (105 match and 105 nonmatch trials). The 105 match‐probe trials consisted of 35 trials in which the probe matched a prime memory set item (Positions 1–3), 35 in which the probe matched a middle memory set item (Positions 6–8), and 35 in which the probe matched a recent memory set item (Positions 10–12). Behavioral results revealed recency but not primacy effects in both experiments. Recent probes, compared with prime and middle probes, evoked ERPs that were more positive from approximately 300 to 400 ms; this enhanced positivity occurred in a positive component peaking around 315 ms and a negative component peaking around 365 ms. These findings fit more closely with the notion of short‐term memory as an activation of elements in long‐term memory than as a distinct memory store (or stores) separate from long‐term memory.
Heart period variability and psychopathology in urban boys at risk for delinquency
Authors: Pine Daniel S. , Wasserman Gail A. , Miller Laurie , Coplan Jeremy D. , Bagiella Emilia , Kovelenku Pavel , Myers Michael M. , Sloan Richard P.
Published: July 2002

To examine associations between heart period variability (HPV) and psychopathology in young urban boys at risk for delinquency, a series of 69 7–11‐year‐old younger brothers of adjudicated delinquents received a standardized psychiatric evaluation and an assessment of heart period variability (HPV). Psychiatric symptoms were rated in two domains: externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. Continuous measures of both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology were associated with reductions in HPV components related to parasympathetic activity. These associations could not be explained by a number of potentially confounding variables, such as age, ethnicity, social class, body size, or family history of hypertension. Although familial hypertension predicted reduced HPV and externalizing psychopathology, associations between externalizing psychopathology and HPV were independent of familial hypertension. Psychiatric symptoms are associated with reduced HPV in young urban boys at risk for delinquency.
Understanding/acceptance and adaptation: Is the non-normative thinking mode adaptive?
Authors: Jou Jerwen
Published: July 2002

The finding of a correlation between normative responses to judgment and reasoning questions and cognitive capacity measures (SAT score) suggests that the cause of the non-normative responses is computational in nature. This actually is consistent with the rational competence view. The implications of this finding for the adaptation view of cognition are discussed.
The “locality assumption”: Lessons from history and neuroscience?
Authors: Foster Jonathan K.
Published: July 2002

This commentary seeks to place Farah's (1994) arguments
in the historical context of ideas about mind-brain relationships. It
further seeks to draw a conceptual parallel between the issues
considered by Farah in her target article and questions which have
concerned neuroscientists since the nineteenth century regarding the
functional organization of the brain. Specific reference is made to
the relationship between use of the concept of “locality”
in cognitive neuropsychology and use of the concept
of “localization” in neuroscience.
Biased steps toward reasonable conclusions: How self-deception remains hidden
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Pezza Leith Karen
Published: July 2002

How can self-deception avoid intention and conscious
recognition? Nine processes of self-deception seem to involve
biased links between plausible ideas. These processes allow
self-deceivers to regard individual conclusions as fair and
reasonable. Bias is only detected by comparing broad patterns,
which individual self-deceivers will not do.
Empirical status of Block's phenomenal/access distinction
Authors: Mangan Bruce
Published: July 2002

P/A (Block's phenomenal/access) confounds a logical
distinction with an empirical claim. Success of P/A in its logical
role has almost no bearing on its plausibility as an empirical thesis
(i.e., that two kinds of consciousness exist). The advantage of P/A
over a single-consciousness assumption is unclear, but one of
Block's analogies for P (liquid in a hydraulic computer) may
be used to clarify the notion of consciousness as cognitive
“hardware.”
Where is the body in the mental model for a story?
Authors: Graesser Arthur C.
Published: July 2002

Researchers in the field of discourse processing have
investigated how mental models are constructed when adults
comprehend stories. They have explored the process of encoding
various classes of inferences “on-line” when these
mental microworlds are constructed during comprehension. This
commentary addresses the extent to which these inferences and
mental microworlds are “embodied.”
Cortical plasticity and LTP
Authors: Moore Christopher I. , Sur Mriganka
Published: July 2002

In the developing and adult cortex, just as in the adult
hippocampus, LTP is unable to account for a variety of types of
functional plasticity.
Neural constraints on cognitive modularity?
Authors: Scholl Brian J.
Published: July 2002

Is (some) innate cognitive modularity consistent
with a lack of innate neural modularity? Quartz &
Sejnowski's (Q&S's) implicit negative answer to
his question fuels their antinativist and antimodular cognitive
conclusions. I attempt here to suggest a positive answer and to
solicit discussion of this crucial issue.
Understanding Bayesian procedures
Authors: Gregson Robert A. M.
Published: July 2002

Chow's account of Bayesian inference logic and procedures is replete with fundamental misconceptions, derived from secondary sources and not adequately informed by modern work. The status of subjective probabilities in Bayesian analyses is misrepresented and the cogent reasons for the rejection by many statisticians of the curious inferential hybrid used in psychological research are not presented.
When actions are carved at the joints
Authors: Gattis Merideth , Bekkering Harold , Wohlschläger Andreas
Published: July 2002

We focus on Byrne & Russon's argument that
program-level imitation is driven by hierarchically organized goals,
and the related claim that to establish whether observed behavior is
evidence of program-level imitation, empirical studies of imitation
must use multi-stage actions as imitative tasks. We agree that goals
play an indispensable role in the generation of action and imitative
behavior but argue that multi-goal tasks, not only multi-stage tasks,
reveal program-level imitation.
Genetic influence and cognitive abilities
Authors: Plomin Robert
Published: July 2002

Much has been learned about genetic influence on cognitive
abilities that might be helpful in thinking about genetic influence
on other abilities such as art and sports, which have not yet been
investigated using genetic research strategies. Some new findings
on cognitive abilities go beyond merely demonstrating genetic
influence. Misinterpretations of the meaning of genetic influence
are discussed.
Gestalt isomorphism and the primacy of the subjective perceptual experience
Authors: Lehar Steven
Published: July 2002

The Gestalt principle of isomorphism reveals the primacy
of subjective experience as a valid source of evidence for the
information encoded neurophysiologically. This theory invalidates
the abstractionist view that the neurophysiological representation
can be of lower dimensionality than the percept to which it gives
rise.
Locus equations in models of human classification behavior
Authors: Smits Roel
Published: July 2002

The potential role of locus equations in three existing models
of human classification behavior is examined. Locus equations can play
a useful role in single-prototype and boundary-based models for human
consonant recognition by reducing model complexity.
An appeal for liberalism, or why van Gelder's notion of a dynamical system is too narrow for cognitive science
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: July 2002

Van Gelder identifies the notion of a dynamical system with
that of a quantitative system. According to an alternative view, a
dynamical system is a state-determined system. This suggests a more
profitable way to understand the roles of computation and dynamics in
cognitive explanation.
Color relations and the power of complexity
Authors: Hardin C. L.
Published: July 2002

Color-order systems highlight certain features of color phenomenology while neglecting others. It is misleading to speak as if there were a single “psychological color space” that might be described by a rather simple formal structure. Criticisms of functionalism based on multiple realizations of a too-simple formal description of chromatic pheno-menal relations thus miss the mark. It is quite implausible that a functional system representing the full complexity of human color phenomenology should be realizable by radically different qualitative states.
Personality correlates of the dopaminergic facilitation of incentive motivation: Impulsive sensation seeking rather than extraversion?
Authors: Pickering Alan D.
Published: July 2002

Depue & Collins associate dopaminergically mediated
incentive motivational processes with extraversion. In this commentary
I consider dopaminergic indices from neuroimaging investigations which
correlate more closely with impulsive sensation seeking personality
traits than with extraversion. Measures of relevant behavioural
processes also appear to correlate with personality measures other
than extraversion.
The case for cognitive penetrability
Authors: Schyns Philippe G.
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn acknowledges that cognition intervenes in determining
the nature of perception when attention is allocated to locations or
properties prior to the operation of early vision. I present
evidence that scale perception (one function of early vision) is
cognitively penetrable and argue that Pylyshyn's criterion
covers not a few, but many situations of recognition. Cognitive
penetrability could be their modus operandi.
Some costs of over-assimilating data to the implicit/explicit distinction
Authors: Sabbagh Mark A. , Clegg Benjamin A.
Published: July 2002

We applaud Dienes & Perner's efforts while raising some
concerns regarding their assimilation of diverse data into a unifying
framework. Some of the findings need not fit the framework they suggest.
It is also not always clear what, above logico-semantic consistency,
assimilation adds to the data that do fit their framework. These
concerns are highlighted with reference to their arguments regarding
the developmental data and the neuropsychological data, respectively.
How are saccades generated?
Authors: Findlay John M. , Walker Robin
Published: July 2002

Our target article discussed how emerging knowledge of the physiological processes involved in the control of saccadic eye movements provided the basis for a functional framework in which to understand the programming of such movements. The commentators raised many interesting issues in their varied responses that ranged from detailed discussion of the physiological substrate through issues of saccade control in reading. New evidence at the physiological level demonstrates that some elaborations are needed to the framework we proposed. Most clearly, the spatial selection process operates in a manner different from our suggestion of an increase in activity in the salience map. Some commentators make the interesting and welcome proposal that the functional processes we outline may in fact be implemented with an even more unified physiological substrate (continuity between collicular fixation and build-up cells) than we envisaged. Extensions to the framework are discussed involving the planning of sequential saccades, saccades made in crossmodal situations, the influences of learning and memory, and binocular saccades. We consider carefully the commentaries proposing explicit attentional and/or executive processes in the programming of saccades. We integrate the comments of researchers investigating saccade control in neurological and neuropsychiatric patients and finally discuss whether the framework can account for saccades made in the course of reading.
Bilingual is as bilingual does: Metalinguistic abilities of Arabic-speaking children
Authors: EVIATAR ZOHAR , IBRAHIM RAPHIQ
Published: July 2002

The study explores the effects of the relationship between exposure to two languages in
childhood and metalinguistic abilities. Arabic-speaking children who had been exposed to both
spoken and literary Arabic were compared to Russian–Hebrew bilinguals and Hebrew
monolinguals. All of the children were in kindergarten or first grade. The tests included language
arbitrariness, phonological awareness, and vocabulary. As compared to the Hebrew monolinguals,
the Russian–Hebrew bilinguals revealed the following pattern: higher performance on
arbitrariness and phonological awareness tasks and lower performance on the vocabulary
measure. The results of the Arab children mimicked those of the Russian–Hebrew
bilinguals and differed from those of the Hebrew monolinguals. We conclude that exposure to
literary Arabic requires the same intensive language analyses as those demanded of children
exposed to languages as different as Russian and Hebrew.
Kuzmin's theorem revisited
Authors: SCHWEIGER F.
Published: July 2002

Iosifescu pointed out that earlier attempts to generalize Kuzmin's theorem to fibred systems have a gap. In this paper a new proof is given. The convergence rate is worse, but the result applies to multi-dimensional continued fractions and complex continued fractions.
Existence, uniqueness and ratio decomposition for Gibbs states via duality
Authors: PINTO A. A. , RAND D. A.
Published: July 2002

We give an elementary proof of existence and uniqueness of Gibbs states for Hölder weight systems on subshifts of finite type. This uses a notion of duality for such subshifts. The approach of Paterson [2] is used to construct a measure with a prescribed Jacobian and the duality is used to produce an invariant measure from this
Possible rates of entropy convergence
Authors: BLUME FRANK
Published: July 2002

We introduce entropy convergence rates as isomorphism invariants
for measure-preserving systems and prove several general facts concerning
these rates for aperiodic systems, completely ergodic systems and rank-one
systems. We will for example show that for any completely ergodic
system $(X,T)$ and any non-trivial partition $\alpha$ of $X$ into two sets
we have $\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}H(\alpha_0^{n-1})/g(\log_2n)=\infty$,
whenever $g$ is a positive increasing function on $(0,\infty)$ such that
$g(x)/x^2$ is integrable.
The cohomology and $K$-theory of commuting homeomorphisms of the Cantor set
Authors: FORREST ALAN , HUNTON JOHN
Published: July 2002

Given a $\mathbb{Z}^d$ homeomorphic action, $\alpha$, on the Cantor set, $X$, we consider the higher order continuous integer valued dynamical cohomology, $H^*(X,\alpha)$. We also consider the dynamical $K$-theory of the action, the $K$-theory of the crossed product $C^*$-algebra $C(X)\times_{\alpha}\mathbb{Z}^d$. We show that these two invariants are essentially equivalent. We also show that they only take torsion free values. Our work links the two invariants via a third invariant which is based on topological complex $K$-theory evaluated on an associated mapping torus.
On the completeness of multifractal spectra
Authors: SCHMELING JÖRG
Published: July 2002

We study the behavior of multifractal spectra on the boundary of their domains of definition. In particular, we show that the dimension of the set of points having minimal (or maximal) pointwise dimension is not necessarily zero. However, this situation may be neglected in the sense of Baire category for Gibbs measures on expanding conformal repellers.
On finitely Bernoulli one-sided Markov shifts and their cofiltrations
Authors: RUBSHTEIN BEN-ZION
Published: July 2002

The problem under consideration is: when is a Markov endomorphism (one-sided shift) $T=T_P$ with transition matrix $P$, isomorphic to a Bernoulli endomorphism $\tilde{T}_\rho$ with an appropriate stationary vector $\rho=\{\rho_i\}_{i\in I}$? An obvious necessary condition is that there exists an independent complement $\delta$ of the measurable partition $T^{-1}\varepsilon$ with $\distr \delta = \rho$. In this case the cofiltration (decreasing sequence of measurable partitions) $\xi(T)=\{T^{-n}\varepsilon\}^{\infty}_{n=1}$ generated by $T$ is finitely isomorphic to the standard Bernoulli cofiltration $\xi(\tilde{T}_{\rho})=\{\tilde{T}^{-n}_{\rho}\varepsilon\}^{\infty}_{n=1}$ and $T$ is called finitely $\rho$-Bernoulli.

We show that every ergodic Markov endomorphism $T_P$, which is finitely Bernoulli, can be represented as a skew product over $\tilde{T}_{\rho}$ with $d$-point fibres $(d\in \mathbb{N})$. We compute the minimal $d=d(T_P)$ in these skew-product representations by means of the transition matrix, and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions under which $d(T_P)=1$, i.e. $T_P$ is isomorphic to $\tilde{T}_{\rho}$. The cofiltration $\xi(T)$ of any finitely Bernoulli ergodic Markov endomorphism $T=T_P$ is represented as a $d$-point extension of the standard cofiltration $\xi(\tilde{T}_{\rho})$, and we show that the minimal $d=d_{\xi}(T)$ in these extensions is equal to $d(T)$. In particular, $d(T)=1\Longleftrightarrow d_{\xi}(T)=1$, that is, a Markov endomorphism $T$ is isomorphic to $\tilde{T}_{\rho}$ iff $\xi(T)$ is isomorphic to the Bernoulli cofiltration $\xi(\tilde{T}_{\rho})$.
Down but not out? The Kurds in international politics
Authors: FAWCETT LOUISE
Published: July 2002

The capacity of the Kurds—a scattered, divided and stateless people—to make headline news never ceases to astonish. Perhaps most sensational were the extraordinary events early in 1999 which accompanied the seizure in Kenya and subsequent extradition to Turkey of Abdullah Ocalan, leader of the Kurdish Workers Party, with its now familiar acronym, the PKK. Ocalan's arrest, and his sentencing to death by a Turkish court in June 1999, are only the most recent in a series of Kurdish-related events that have captured the imagination of the international public. The post-Cold War period alone has witnessed the massacre, by chemical weapons, of Kurdish villagers in Iraq after the Iran–Iraq war (1980–88) and a failed Kurdish uprising and massive refugee crisis after the Gulf War (1991), to be followed by the creation of a Kurdish enclave in northern Iraq. In 1992, far away in Berlin, which saw some particularly ugly scenes at the time of Ocalan's capture, three Iranian Kurdish opposition leaders were murdered. So significant has been the Kurdish imprint on the contemporary International Relations agenda, that some have suggested that the Kurdish issue today can be likened in some respects to that of Palestine.
Capital mobility and European financial and monetary integration: a structural analysis
Authors: BAINES ADAM
Published: July 2002

This study demonstrates the link between rising levels of capital mobility and European financial and monetary integration. State policies are driven and constrained by the financial structure of the international political economy. However, political adaptation to structural conditions can itself force changes in the structure – a process of ‘structuration’. Practically, the study outlines the rise of capital mobility in the post-war period, and argues that the creation of a European Financial Area was an imperative of the associated deregulatory dynamic. The consequences of this development for state sovereignty are outlined in terms of the Capital Mobility Hypothesis. The proposition is advanced that political motivation to reassert some degree of state autonomy is the driving force behind the move to a single currency. In taking this innovative policy step, the EU countries will have challenged the financial structure by reasserting some degree of political control over the way finance flows around the global economy.
A practical calibration process using partial information for a commercial
Stewart platform
Authors: Chai Kok-Soon , Young Ken , Tuersley Ian
Published: July 2002

Most of the calibration methods proposed for the Stewart platform require complex computation or low noise data for the platform's accuracy to be determined. They are not suitable for practical use in a production environment, where the
measurement and calibration method should be simple and robust. Using an external laser measuring device to determine the actual accuracy of a Stewart platform, a practical and simple leg length compensating calibration method, that improves the accuracy of the Stewart platform by a magnitude of around 7, is proposed. The procedures and computation algorithms of the calibration method are shown.
Variable structure control applied to underactuated robots
Authors: Lee Kangsik , Coates Sheri , Coverstone-Carroll Victoria
Published: July 2002

Variable structure control is applied to an underactuated two and
three-link robot. Control laws are developed to invert the robot from its
stable, downward equilibrium position to an inverted position. This maneuver is
accomplished by pumping energy into the system with the variable structure
controller. A linear balancing controller is activated once the robot nears the
inverted position. Numerical simulations are presented for both the two and
three-link robot.
Task Planning of Assembly of Flexible Objects and Vision-Based Verification
Authors: Miura Jun , Ikeuchi Katsushi
Published: July 2002

The ability of manipulating flexible objects, such as rubber belts and paper sheets, is important in automated manufacturing systems. This paper describes a novel approach
to vision-guided assembly of flexible objects. The operation dealt with in this paper is to assemble a rubber belt with fixed pulleys. By analyzing possible states of the belt based
on the empirical knowledge of the belt, we can derive a method to have not only the action planning but also the visual verification planning. We have implemented a belt
assembly system using the two manipulators and a laser range finder as the sensor, and succeeded in performing the belt-pulley assembly. The extension of our approach to other kinds of assembly of flexible objects is also discussed.
A symbolic and numeric procedure for manipulator rigid-body dynamic significance
analysis and simplification
Authors: Corke Peter I.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes an automated procedure for analysing the significance of
each of the many terms in the equations of motion for a serial-link robot manipulator. Significance analysis provides insight into the rigid-body dynamic effects that are significant locally or globally in the manipulator's state space. Deleting those terms that do not contribute significantly to the total joint torque can greatly reduce the computational burden for online control, and a Monte-Carlo style simulation is used to investigate the errors thus introduced. The procedures, freely available, are a hybrid of symbolic and numeric techniques implemented using a standard computer algebra package.
Sliding mode with adaptive estimation force control of robot manipulators

interacting with an unknown passive environment
Authors: Tsaprounis C.J. , Aspragathos N.A.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a force control algorithm for robot manipulators is introduced, where the dynamics of non-rigid environment interacting with the robot is assumed unknown. The controller design is based on the combination of sliding mode control techniques and the adaptive estimation theory, so the introduced controller compensates the structured or unstructured uncertainty of the environment. The main source of feedback information is received from a wrist force sensor. The designed controller includes additional absorption terms in order to minimise end-point velocity error and to suppress the impact effects at the beginning of the force application.
THE EFFICACY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYO
TRANSFER
Authors: Corabian Paula , Hailey David
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the current status of in vitro fertilization and embryo
transfer (IVF-ET) as a treatment for various types of infertility. We reviewed
studies on the efficacy and safety of IVF-ET and intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (ICSI) plus IVF-ET, compared with conventional treatment or no
treatment for various infertility diagnoses. Material retrieved included
English language publications between 1992 and January 1997 that reported the
results of prospective controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, and
retrospective comparative studies with large series, and reviews presenting
risks, complications, and longer-term health consequences associated with
IVF-ET and ICSI. No adequate prospective comparative studies of sufficient
power on the use of IVF-ET for specific infertility diagnoses have been
reported to date. Most of the published reports concerning results with IVF-ET
as a treatment of infertility have been based upon small, uncontrolled
studies, with various methodological weaknesses. Reported results are not
directly comparable. There are few follow-up data on outcomes after pregnancy
is established or on long-term health consequences of the use of IVF-ET on
mothers and their babies. IVF-ET has diffused widely without comprehensive
assessment of its efficacy and safety. The available evidence supports its use
only for severe bilateral tubal occlusion. For other diagnoses of infertility
the evidence is limited and does not establish whether IVF-ET is effective.
Long-term, well-designed, prospective clinical trials are required to
determine when and for what indications IVF-ET is effective and what its
health effects are on both mothers and their babies.
SMALL-SAMPLE LIKELIHOOD-BASED INFERENCE IN THE ARFIMA MODEL
Authors: Lieberman Offer , Rousseau Judith , Zucker David M.
Published: July 2002

The autoregressive fractionally integrated moving
average (ARFIMA) model has become a popular approach for
analyzing time series that exhibit long-range dependence.
For the Gaussian case, there have been substantial advances
in the area of likelihood-based inference, including development
of the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood
estimates and formulation of procedures for their computation.
Small-sample inference, however, has not to date been studied.
Here we investigate the small-sample behavior of the conventional
and Bartlett-corrected likelihood ratio tests (LRT) for
the fractional difference parameter. We derive an expression
for the Bartlett correction factor. We investigate the
asymptotic order of approximation of the Bartlett-corrected
test. In addition, we present a small simulation study
of the conventional and Bartlett-corrected LRT's.
We find that for simple ARFIMA models both tests perform
fairly well with a sample size of 40 but the Bartlett-corrected
test generally provides an improvement over the conventional
test with a sample size of 20.
ET INTERVIEW: PROFESSOR G.S. MADDALA
Authors: Lahiri Kajal
Published: July 2002

Over the last three decades, G.S. Maddala (universally known as
“G.S.”) has been a familiar name to all doing econometric
work. His substantial contributions to the discipline through numerous
books and articles single him out as one of the most distinguished
econometricians of our time. Because of his extraordinary ability to
synthesize and exposit complex methodological results in simple
intuitive terms, he has influenced econometric research in other areas
of social science also. According to the Social Science Citation Index, G.S. has been one of the top five most cited econometricians
during each of the years 1988–1993. He writes econometrics in plain
English with a characteristic sense of wit and humor. There cannot be
too many empirical economists around the world who have not been influenced
by G.S.'s writings in some way or other. Often he has taken a critical
look at evolving econometric techniques, particularly those that have no
practical applications, and has not hesitated to go against the tide of the
profession.
Soil seed bank and growth rates of an invasive species, Piper aduncum, in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Rogers Howard M. , Hartemink Alfred E.
Published: July 2002

Secondary fallow vegetation in parts of the Papua New Guinea lowlands is dominated by the shrub Piper aduncum L. that originates from South America. Here we report on its seed bank, growth rate and biomass accumulation. P. aduncum accounted for 69 % (408 m−2) of the seed bank in the forest and 53 % (1559 m−2) of the seed bank under fallow. About 90 % of the tree seed bank at the fallow site was dominated by P. aduncum whereas this was 78 % in the forest soil. Two-year-old P. aduncum had grown to 4.5 m height and had accumulated 48 Mg dry matter (DM) per ha of above ground biomass. The rate of biomass accumulation increased from 10 Mg DM ha−1 y−1 in the first year to 40 Mg DM ha−1 y−1 in the second year when 76 % of the biomass consisted of mainstems. The highest growth rate of 134 kg DM ha−1 d−1 occurred when P. aduncum was 17-mo-old. Aggressive invasion and monospecific stands of P. aduncum are explained by its dominance in the seed bank, fast growth, and high rates of biomass accumulation. P. aduncum is a major competitor to indigenous tree species and presents a threat to Papua New Guinea's rich biodiversity.
The control of reasoning in resource-bounded agents
Authors: SCHUT MARTIJN , WOOLDRIDGE MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Autonomous agents are systems capable of autonomous decision-making in real-time environments. Computation is a valuable resource for such decision-making, and yet the amount of computation that an autonomous agent may carry out will be limited. It follows that an agent must be equipped with a mechanism that enables it to make the best possible use of the computational resources at its disposal. In this paper we review three approaches to the control of computation in resource-bounded agents. In addition to a detailed description of each framework, this paper compares and contrasts the approaches, and
lists the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Agent Systems and Applications
Authors: AYLETT RUTH , BRAZIER FRANCES , JENNINGS NICK , LUCK MICHAEL , NWANA HYACINTH , PREIST CHRIS
Published: July 2002

As the number of deployed multi-agent applications increases, further and better experience with the technology is gained, enabling a strong evaluation of the field from a more practical perspective. In particular, questions relating to how the theory of multi-agent systems impacts on practice, and how the practical development itself compares with other technologies, can be answered in the light of a heightened level of maturity. Given the tensions between theoreticians and practitioners in computing in general, let alone their spats in AI or multi-agent systems in particular, the discussion on agent systems and applications was both vigorous and enthusiastic
THE EXPECTED NUMBERS OF UNRESOLVED POSITIVE CLONES FOR VARIOUS
RANDOM POOL DESIGNS
Authors: Hwang F. K. , Liu Y. C.
Published: July 2002

A pool design is random if it varies according to a
probability distribution. There are four types of random
design proposed in the literature: random incidence design,
random k-set design, random distinct k-set
design, and random k-size design. Recently Hwang
gave an approximation to estimate the number of unresolved
positives for random distinct k-set design. In
this article, we give exact formulas for all four types
of random designs for estimating the number of unresolved
positives. We also do some numerical comparisons of the
four designs.
EVIDENCE OF LEXICAL TRANSFER IN LEARNER SYNTAX
Authors: Helms-Park Rena
Published: July 2002

This article reports the findings of a study in which transfer of verb properties was
investigated via syntactic data elicited from second language (L2) learners. It was hypothesized
that a learner's first language (L1) would influence the acquisition of verbs in those L2
semantic classes where so-called L1-L2 translation equivalents could be found. To investigate
lexical transfer, the performance of Hindi-Urdu speakers on tests of English causatives was
compared with that of Vietnamese speakers, because there are significant differences between
causativization patterns in Hindi-Urdu and Vietnamese. To account for proficiency-based
variation in performance, learners were placed in one of three levels of lexical proficiency in
English, and Mann-Whitney comparisons were made between Hindi-Urdu and Vietnamese
speakers at corresponding proficiency levels. It was found that the performance of the Hindi-Urdu
and Vietnamese groups differed significantly in several semantic contexts. Generally, the results
suggest that there is some transfer of semantic information from the L1 verb lexicon to the
emerging L2 verb lexicon. More specifically, the findings suggest that verb properties are
transferred selectively and that transfer plays a role in the difficulty or ease involved in the
shedding of overgeneralized lexical rules.
COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION: JUDGMENTAL BIASES, RESEARCH
METHODS, AND THE LOGIC OF CONVERSATION.Norbert Schwarz.
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996. Pp. vii + 112. $22.50 paper.
Authors: Harding Carol
Published: July 2002

Professor Schwarz is the most recent contributor to the John M. MacEachran Memorial
Lecture Series. In this timely essay, Schwarz takes a position critical of traditional psychological
research asserting that: “Our [psychologists'] focus on individual thought processes
has fostered a neglect of the social context in which individuals do their thinking and this neglect
has contributed to the less than flattering portrait that psychology has painted of human
judgment” (p. 1). He posits that “fallacies of human judgment” reported in
studies of cognition and communication are actually fallacies of the
research—specifically, the researchers' failure to take into account the human
mind's capacity to make sense of things, particularly through communication embedded in
social context. His point is an important one. When involved in conversation (even in the
research laboratory), humans may suspend their abstract knowledge of the logic of language and
attend to irrelevant and misleading information—especially if they assume that the
speaker's intentions are to convey information and to make sense. Schwarz reports that
“ordinary kinds of talk” build on Gricean conversational implicatures, inferences
that “go beyond the semantic meaning of what is being said by determining the pragmatic
meaning of the utterance” (p. 11). Researchers underestimate the power of these
inferences and, by presenting decontextualized, at times absurd, information, they fail to
accurately measure their subjects' “human judgment,” but instead observe
their subjects' diligent, and often expert, attempts to make sense of the message.
EARLY IMMERSION EDUCATION IN IRELAND: NA NAIONRAI.Tina Hickey. Dublin: Institiuid Teangeolaiochta Eireann, 1997. Pp. v + 219. Pp. x +
438. Ir£ 10 cloth.
Authors: Regan Vera
Published: July 2002

Hickey's volume is a welcome addition to the already important body of literature on
the immersion experience. This comprehensive account of preschool immersion education in
Ireland provides interesting insights into areas not previously looked at. Although its focus is on
Ireland, its relevance is universal and it compares the Irish experience to similar ones in New
Zealand, Catalonia, Canada, and Wales.
Conversational patterns of two-year-old twins in

mother–twin–twin triads
Authors: BARTON MICHELLE E. , STROSBERG RANDI
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the general nature of conversational interaction

in mother–twin–twin triads. Four sets of firstborn twins (2;3)
were

videotaped during 15 minutes of free play with their mothers. Analyses

revealed that triadic conversations were approximately five times longer,

and elicited more turns from all speakers, than dyadic conversations

between a mother and a single twin. Twins also responded as often to

comments and requests made to another person as to those directed to

themselves, but responded more often to questions addressed directly to

them than to others, indicating reliable monitoring of language not

addressed to them. These results largely parallel those reported for

mother–infant–sibling triads and indicate the unique effects
of triadic

exchanges are not due to the relative linguistic levels of the child

partners.
An inverse problem connected to double orthogonality in Bergman spaces
Authors: ANDERSSON MATS ERIK
Published: July 2002

An orthonormal basis of analytic functions in the Bergman space is a doubly
orthogonal system if it simultaneously is an orthogonal system in a larger domain.
The case when one of the basis elements is a monomial is characterized as belonging
to a pair of domains of concentric discs.
Search and Rescue Location and Identification: Experience with SARTs
Authors: Bermejo Díaz A. C. , Poleo Mora A. J. , Armas I. P.
Published: July 2002

This paper summarizes the current situation on maritime navigation transponders, including those used in the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) and those installed in Rescue Co-ordination Centres (RCCs) and on board Search and Rescue boats, and discusses the possible future trends. The paper then describes the methods used and conclusions reached during a variety of tests carried out in Tenerife Roads, RCC Tenerife and on board Sociedad Estatal de Salvamento vessels, in order to determine the accuracy and efficiency of various ships' identification, positioning, location, tracking and homing systems in normal and distress situations. The systems tested included Radar/Automatic Radar Plotting Aids (ARPAs), Search and Rescue Transponders (SARTs), Target Enhancers and Radar Reflectors.
US Satellite Navigation Program Status
Authors: McCullough Carl
Published: July 2002

This, and the following paper, were first presented during the European GNSS98
Symposium held at the Centre de Congrès Pierre Baudis, Toulouse, France, from 20 to 23
October 1998; however, both authors have provided updated scripts for use in this Volume
of the Journal.

This paper provides an update of the development and implementation of the United States
of America Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Wide Area Augmentation System
(WAAS) and Local Area Augmentation Systems (LAAS). It also addresses FAA efforts to
implement these satellite navigation technologies into the US National Airspace System
(NAS), as well as interoperability efforts concerning Satellite Based Augmentation Systems
(SBAS) between the FAA and other worldwide Civil Aviation Authorities.
Evaluating the ecological effects of Mediterranean marine protected areas: habitat, scale and the natural variability of ecosystems
Authors: CHARTON J.A. GARCÍA , WILLIAMS I.D. , RUZAFA A. PÉREZ , MILAZZO M. , CHEMELLO R. , MARCOS C. , KITSOS M.-S. , KOUKOURAS A. , RIGGIO S.
Published: July 2002

The capability to detect and predict the responses of marine populations and communities to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) depends on the ability to distinguish between the influences of management and natural variability due to the effects of factors other than protection. Thus, it is important to understand and quantify the magnitude and range of this natural variability at each scale of observation. Here we review the scale of responses of target populations and communities to protection within Mediterranean MPAs, against their ‘normal’ spatio-temporal heterogeneity, and compare those with documented cases from other temperate and tropical marine ecosystems. Additionally, we approach the problem of the relative importance of habitat structure, considered as a set of biological and physical elements of the seascape hierarchically arranged in space at multiple scales, to drive natural variability. We conclude that much more effort has to be made to characterize heterogeneity in relation to Mediterranean MPAs, and to quantify and explain relationships between target species and their habitats as sources of such variability. These studies should be based on sound sampling designs, which (1) generate long-term data sets, and would ideally (2) be based on a Mediterranean-wide comparison of a number of protected and unprotected localities, (3) be designed from a multi-scaled perspective, and (4) control for factors other than protection, in order to avoid their confounding effects. The need for appropriate spatial and temporal replication, nested designs and power analysis is advocated.
Effects of ecotourists on bird behaviour at Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida
Authors: BURGER JOANNA , GOCHFELD MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Increasingly, natural areas are exposed to people who come to view, study or photograph wildlife. In order to develop appropriate management plans for both avian and human use of natural environments it is essential to understand how people affect foraging birds. The foraging behaviour of five species of water-birds at Loxahatchee (Arthur B. Marshall National Wildlife Refuge), part of the Everglades, in Southern Florida was observed, between 1992 and 1994, from a dike that received many visitors. Species examined included common gallinule (Gallinula chloropus), sora rail (Porzana carolina), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), little blue heron (Egretta caerulea) and Louisiana heron (E. tricolor). These birds were observed before people were near, while people were present, and following the departure of people. Variation in feeding behaviour was largely explained by whether people were present, the number of people present, and the amount of noise made by the people. For all species, time devoted to feeding and number of strikes or pecks decreased while people were present. The percentage of time spent foraging and the number of strikes decreased as the noise made by people increased. Birds that were closer to the path flew away from people more often than birds that were further away. Birds usually swam or flew away from the path while people were present.
Constraint solving and preference activation for interactive
design
Authors: LOTTAZ CLAUDIO , STALKER RUTH , SMITH IAN
Published: July 2002

This article contains a description of a constraint
solver that determines complete solution spaces. These
spaces are defined by sets of constraints in continuous
variables. Interactive design is supported through improvements
to existing algorithms that have increased system performance.
In addition, heuristics for activating the best set of
preferred constraints for a design task are presented,
and two ways are proposed for interactively exploring design
alternatives. IDIOM is an application framework that has
successfully tested these algorithms for interactive apartment
layout design.
Machine learning for simulation-based support of early collaborative
design
Authors: IVEZIC NENAD , GARRETT JAMES H.
Published: July 2002

The research and development of a simulation-based
decision support system (SB-DSS) capable of assisting early
collaborative design processes is presented. The requirements
for such a system are included. Existing collaborative
DSSs are shown to lack the capability to manipulate complex
simulation-based relationships. On the other hand, advances
within the machine learning in design community are shown
to have a potential for providing, but have not yet addressed,
simulation-based support for collaborative design processes.
The developed SB-DSS is described in terms of its four
principal components. First, the behavior-evaluation (BE)
model is used to both structure individual, domain-specific
decision models and organize these models into a collaborative
decision model. Second, a probabilistic framework for the
BE model enables management of the uncertainty inherent
in learning and using simulation-based knowledge. Significantly,
this framework provides a constraint satisfaction environment
in which simulation-based knowledge is used. Third, a statistical
neural network approach is used to capture simulation-based
knowledge and build the probabilistic behavior models based
on this knowledge. Fourth, since a probability distribution
theory does not exist for the nonlinear neural network
approaches, Monte Carlo simulation is introduced as a method
to sample the trained neural networks and approximate the
likelihoods of design variable values. Consequently, constraint
satisfaction problem-solving capability is obtained. In
addition, a mapping of the SB-DSS architecture onto a collaborative
design agent framework is provided. Experimental evaluation
of a prototype SB-DSS system is summarized, and performance
of the SB-DSS with respect to search and usability metrics
is documented. Initial results in developing the simulation-based
support for collaborative design are encouraging. Lastly,
a categorization of the machine learning approach and a
critique of the proposed categorization scheme is presented.
Generated designs: Structure and composition
Authors: EARL C.F.
Published: July 2002

Generated designs are formed through rules that
change, and structures that interpret, descriptions. The
structure of design descriptions is examined with particular
reference to generative shape descriptions acting as the
infrastructure for attributes. Structure is represented
by relations among the parts of descriptions. In particular,
a closure structure allows relations to be described by
the parts themselves. Design processes use descriptions
in combination. It is shown how to combine separate descriptions
in parallel and sequentially. Rules change descriptions.
It is shown how to aggregate local changes consistently
across a design and to use rules with structure on their
component shapes to highlight selected emergent features.
Further, multiple attribute descriptions, including shape
and associated properties, are constructed. Their structures
are represented algebraically.