bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural History of the Iliac Arteries after Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Suitability of Ectatic Iliac Arteries as a Distal Sealing Zone
Authors: Falkensammer Juergen , Hakaim Albert G. , Oldenburg W. Andrew , Neuhauser Beate , Paz-Fumagalli Ricardo , McKinney J. Mark , Hugl Beate , Biebl Matthias , Klocker Josef
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

To investigate the natural history of dilated common iliac arteries (CIA) exposed to pulsatile blood flow after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) and the suitability of ectatic iliac arteries as sealing zones using flared iliac limbs.

Methods:

Follow-up computed tomograms of 102 CIAs in 60 EVAR patients were investigated. Diameter changes in CIAs ≤16 mm (group 1) were compared with changes in vessels where a dilated segment >16 mm in diameter continued to be exposed to pulsatile blood flow (group 2). Within group 2, cases in which the stent terminated proximal to the dilated artery segment (2a) were compared with those that had been treated with a flared limb (2b).

Results:

The mean CIA diameter increased by 1.0±1.0 mm in group 1 (p<0.001 versus immediately after EVAR) and by 1.5±1.7 mm in group 2 (p<0.001 versus immediately after EVAR) within an average follow-up of 43.6±18.0 months. Diameter increase was more pronounced in dilated CIAs (p=0.048), and it was not significantly different between groups 2a and 2b (p=0.188). No late distal type I endoleak or stent-graft migration associated with CIA ectasia was observed.

Conclusion:

Dilatation of the CIA is significant after EVAR, and it is more pronounced in ectatic iliac arteries. Although ectatic iliac arteries appear to be suitable sealing zones in the short term, continued follow-up is mandatory.
Large Iliac Arteries: A High-Risk Group for Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: McDonnell Ciaran O. , Semmens James B. , Allen Yvonne B. , Jansen Shirley J. , Brooks D. Mark , Lawrence-Brown Michael M.D.
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

To examine if the presence of large iliac arteries is a potential risk factor for the development of a type Ib endoleak (iliac sealing zone) or need for iliac artery—related secondary intervention in patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Methods:

The medical notes and all preoperative and postoperative plain abdominal radiographs and computer tomographic scans were reviewed for a consecutive series of 100 patients (89 men; mean age 75 years, range 56–91) with large iliac arteries (mean 19.7 mm, range 16–22) who had Zenith endovascular stent-grafts inserted for management of aortoiliac aneurysmal disease from January 1999 until September 2002. Endpoints were all-cause mortality, aneurysm-related death, endoleak, secondary intervention, secondary interventions, and stent-graft migration.

Results:

Mean follow-up was 30.1±8.3 months; at the last follow-up, 30% of patients were dead, 3% were aneurysm-related. Seven (7%) patients developed a type Ib endoleak, with the remainder being type II (29%), type Ia (2%), type III (1%), and type V (endotension, 1%). Eight (27.5%) type II endoleaks persisted, with the remainder closing spontaneously with sac shrinkage. The iliac artery—related secondary intervention rate was 10%, and the overall secondary intervention rate was 16%.

Conclusion:

Iliac arteries between 16 and 22 mm in diameter may be treated with a cuff to the iliac limb with an expectation of 90% efficacy. Surveillance is required, with a high index of suspicion for type 1b endoleaks. Early secondary iliac intervention with extension to the external iliac artery is recommended if there is an increase in sac size after 6 months.
Feeding Arteries of the Spinal Cord at CT Angiography before and after Thoracic Aortic Endografting
Authors: von Tengg-Kobligk Hendrik , Böckler Dittmar , Jose Tania M. , Ganten Marika , Kotelis Osos , Nagel Simon , Giesel Frederik L. , Kirchin Miles A. , Delorme Stefan , Schumacher Hardy , Allenberg Jens-Rainer , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

To study the visualization of spinal cord feeding arteries in patients with complex thoracic aortic pathology undergoing endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) using an optimized protocol for multislice computed tomographic angiography (MSCTA).

Methods:

Eighteen consecutive patients (13 men; mean age 63 years, range 45–79) with aortic type B dissections (n=5), chronic expanding aortic dissections (n=5), thoracic aortic aneurysms (n=6), or penetrating aortic ulcers (n=2) underwent 16-slice CTA before and after (mean interval 9 days) EVAR. Pulse rate and neurological status were documented. Quantitative density measurements were taken at regions of interest (ROI) in the ascending thoracic aorta and at the level of the diaphragm. Two experienced radiologists qualitatively assessed the posterior intercostal arteries (PIA; fully visible, partially visible, non-visible), dorsal branches (DB; visible/non-visible), and artery of Adamkiewicz (AKA; visible/non-visible) on multiplanar reformations and maximum intensity projection reconstructions.

Results:

MSCTA was performed successfully in 17/18 patients before and after EVAR (1 patient was excluded after EVAR owing to rising creatinine levels). Before EVAR, MSCTA revealed 197/203 PIAs within the stented area, of which 179 were fully and 18 partially visible. No significant (p=0.37) difference was noted for overall PIA detection within the stented area on post-EVAR MSCTA (185/203 PIA), although only 124 were fully and 61 partially visible. Similar results were obtained for DB visualization. The AKA were seen in 10/17 patients pre EVAR and 9/17 post EVAR. In 2 patients, the AKA was localized within the stented aortic segment. ROI analysis revealed contrast densities of 427±89 HU and 398±84 HU on pre- and post-EVAR MSCTA, respectively. No neurological events were observed.

Conclusion:

The majority of posterior intercostal arteries and dorsal branches remain open after EVAR due to retrograde perfusion. High-resolution MSCTA permits accurate pre-and post-EVAR visualization of spinal cord feeding arteries in patients with thoracic aortic pathology.
Strategies to Reduce the Rate of Type II Endoleaks: Routine Intraoperative Embolization of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery and Thrombin Injection into the Aneurysm Sac
Authors: Muthu Carl , Maani Jason , Plank Lindsay D. , Holden Andrew , Hill Andrew
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

To determine whether the rate of type II endoleaks following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) can be decreased using a branch vessel management strategy.

Methods:

The branch vessel management strategy consisted of routine intraoperative embolization of all patent inferior mesenteric arteries (IMA) and thrombin injection into all aneurysm sacs that showed branch vessel filling on the “sacogram.” Sixty-nine consecutive patients (65 men; median age 77 years, range 58–90) undergoing elective EVAR since the protocol was introduced in July 2003 were included; 69 consecutive patients (65 men; median age 76 years, range 60–90) who underwent EVAR immediately prior to the protocol were used as controls. Primary outcome measures were type II endoleak rates and secondary intervention rates.

Results:

The median follow-up was 36 months (range 0.25–72) for the pre-protocol group and 12 months (range 0.25–24) for the post-protocol group. The type II endoleak rate for the pre-protocol group was 26% compared to 14% for the post-protocol group (p=0.14). This difference was not significant on Kaplan-Meir analysis (p=0.23). The 18 type II endoleaks in the pre-protocol group included 14 lumbar endoleaks, 1 IMA endoleak, and 3 combined lumbar and IMA endoleaks. The 10 type II endoleaks in the post-protocol group included 9 lumbar artery endoleaks and 1 IMA endoleak. Ten (14%) patients in the pre-protocol group required 15 interventions for type II endoleak compared to 2 (3%) in the post-protocol group who required 3 secondary procedures for type II endoleak (p=0.03). This difference was not significant on Kaplan-Meier analysis (p=0.22). Of the 12 interventions for lumbar endoleaks, only 5 (42%) were successful.

Conclusion:

Although there was a trend toward lower type II endoleak rates with our branch vessel management strategy, this did not reach statistical significance. Our data also indicated that there is a high incidence of lumbar endoleaks, and they are difficult to treat. Therefore, we believe there should be ongoing research into means to prevent lumbar endoleaks.
A Simple Technique to Facilitate Antegrade Thoracic Endograft Deployment Using a Hybrid Elephant Trunk Procedure under Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest
Authors: Lin Peter H. , Dardik Alan , Coselli Joseph S.
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

To describe a technique to facilitate antegrade thoracic endograft deployment using a hybrid elephant trunk operation under hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Technique:

When using a nitinol-based endograft in a hybrid endovascular aortic arch repair performed in a hypothermic patient, the endograft does not expand fully when the body temperature is typically maintained below 20°C. Immersing the nitinol-based thoracic endograft in a sterile hot saline bath (48°C) for 1 to 2 minutes prior to deployment warms the stent-graft to a physiological temperature of 38°C, which it maintains for several minutes while being deployed.

Conclusion:

Although the described technique represents an off-label approach to the use of a TAG device, we believe warming a nitinol-based endograft may potentially improve the technical success of this hybrid operation when the patient is under hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Late Aneurysm Rupture after Repressurization of a Thrombosed Stent-Graft
Authors: Geisbüsch Philipp , Schumacher Hardy , Hansmann Jochen , Allenberg Jens-Rainer , Böckler Dittmar
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

To report late abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture after endovascular stent-graft repair despite complete thrombotic stent-graft occlusion.

Case Report:

A 65-year-old man underwent successful endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with a Stentor device in 1995. In the interim course, the patient developed complete thrombotic stent-graft occlusion, which was treated with an axillobifemoral bypass. After 8 years, the patient presented with a reperfused and ruptured infrarenal AAA. Open repair was performed, with a good clinical result and exclusion of the AAA.

Conclusion:

Thrombosed stent-grafts and aneurysms can transmit systemic arterial pressure and cause late rupture. Lifelong surveillance is mandatory in EVAR patients.
Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound Assessment of Carotid Artery Disease: The

C

arotid

A

rtery

P

laque V

i

r

t

u

al

Histology Evaluation (CAPITAL) Study
Authors: Diethrich Edward B. , Margolis M. Pauliina , Reid Donald B. , Burke Allen , Ramaiah Venkatesh , Rodriguez-Lopez Julio A. , Wheatley Grayson , Olsen Dawn , Virmani Renu
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of virtual histology intravascular ultrasound imaging (VH IVUS) of carotid plaque and to assess the feasibility of VH IVUS to identify plaque with embolic potential in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS).

Methods:

Thirty patients (17 men; mean age 74±7 years) were entered nonrandomly into a single-center, prospective, 2-arm study following FDA and Institutional Review Board approval. In one arm, 15 patients underwent VH IVUS examination of carotid plaque with a cerebral protection device immediately followed by carotid endarterectomy (CEA). A comparison of “virtual” with true histology was then performed, classifying plaque type by VH IVUS and histopathology in a blinded study. In the second arm, 15 patients undergoing CAS had a preliminary VH IVUS scan performed with cerebral protection. Debris collected from the filter following stenting was examined histologically and compared with the VH IVUS data.

Results:

The diagnostic accuracy of VH IVUS to agree with true histology in different carotid plaque types was 99.4% in thin-cap fibroatheroma, 96.1% for calcified thin-cap fibroatheroma, 85.9% in fibroatheroma, 85.5% for fibrocalcific, 83.4% in pathological intimal thickening, and 72.4% for calcified fibroatheroma. Filter debris was captured in 2 patients prior to CEA and in 4 patients undergoing CAS for restenosis; VH IVUS classification of plaque composition was consistent with the histological evaluation of filter fragments. Calcified nodules projecting into the carotid artery lumen were associated with a higher incidence of previous neurological symptoms (66.7% versus 33.3%, p<0.05), while patients on aspirin has significantly less necrotic lipid core plaque detected by VH IVUS than patients not taking aspirin (6.4%±4.7% versus 9.7%±2.8%, p<0.05).

Conclusion:

This study showed a strong correlation between VH IVUS plaque characterization and the true histological examination of the plaque following endarterectomy, particularly in “vulnerable” plaque types. The feasibility study to examine VH IVUS data and the filter debris histology in CAS patients supports a larger prospective study.
Increased Risk of Dementia Among Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Peng Yi-Hao , Chen Chih-Yu , Su Ching-Hua , Muo Chih-Hsin , Chen Kuan-Fei , Liao Wei-Chih , Kao Chia-Hung
Published: March 2015

Objective:

We investigated and compared the risk of dementia development in a cohort of patients with tuberculosis (TB).

Methods:

The study involved 6473 patient with newly diagnosed TB, and each patient was randomly frequency matched with 4 people without TB based on age, sex, and index year. The risk of dementia development was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results:

Among the patients with TB, the overall risk of developing dementia was 1.21-fold significantly higher than the non-TB cohort. In the stratified analysis of dementia risks, only the patients with TB who were male or 50 to 64 years of age exhibited a significantly higher risk of dementia development compared with those without TB. An analysis of the follow-up duration revealed that patients with TB had a 1.78-fold increased risk within 1 year of follow-up.

Conclusion:

Patients with TB have a significantly higher risk of developing dementia than that of the general population.
Overcoming the hurdles for a reproducible generation of human functionally mature reprogrammed neurons
Authors: Broccoli Vania , Rubio Alicia , Taverna Stefano , Yekhlef Latefa
Published: March 2015

The advent of cell reprogramming technologies has widely disclosed the possibility to have direct access to human neurons for experimental and biomedical applications. Human pluripotent stem cells can be instructed in vitro to generate specific neuronal cell types as well as different glial cells. Moreover, new approaches of direct neuronal cell reprogramming can strongly accelerate the generation of different neuronal lineages. However, genetic heterogeneity, reprogramming fidelity, and time in culture of the starting cells can still significantly bias their differentiation efficiency and quality of the neuronal progenies. In addition, reprogrammed human neurons exhibit a very slow pace in gaining a full spectrum of functional properties including physiological levels of membrane excitability, sustained and prolonged action potential firing, mature synaptic currents and synaptic plasticity. This delay poses serious limitations for their significance as biological experimental model and screening platform. We will discuss new approaches of neuronal cell differentiation and reprogramming as well as methods to accelerate the maturation and functional activity of the converted human neurons.
Updating Narcissus, the Ur-myth of Media, for Digital Gaming
Authors: Jenkins Eric S.
Published: March 2015

This article illustrates that the Narcissus myth can and has been interpreted as fundamentally about media. Surveying previous interpretations from Mulvey and McLuhan reveals that these rely upon assumptions based in a literate (Mulvey) and electronic (McLuhan) media environment. These interpretations offer insights into the desires and dangers of media, but they do not capture the unique desires of gaming, which are more about the play between self and other than love of self or other. Thus I offer an updated version for digital gaming. This interpretation portrays Narcissus as becoming entranced by the play between self and image, immediacy and hypermediacy, or control and conditions, leading to a better understanding of digital gaming and virtual space as operating via an economy between these pairs rather than an opposition. This economy produces unique desires not encapsulated by previous interpretations of Narcissus, which are frequently applied to gaming.
A preliminary investigation into the effectiveness of a group-delivered sleep management intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Stuttard Lucy , Beresford Bryony , Clarke Sue , Beecham Jeni , Curtis Julie
Published: March 2015

Sleep problems are more prevalent and severe among children with intellectual disabilities and autism compared to typically developing children. Training parents in behavioural approaches to manage sleep problems is advocated. However, delivering such interventions via groups is novel. This article reports the findings from a preliminary evaluation of a group-delivered intervention routinely delivered by a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service Learning Disability team in England. For this purpose, parents ( n = 23) of children with intellectual disabilities were recruited. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Parents’ Sense of Competence Scale and parent-set goals captured outcomes at pre-intervention, post-intervention and 3- and 6-month follow-up. Intervention delivery costs were collected. Take-up was high (86%), and no parent dropped out. Statistically significant improvements in night wakings, parent-set goals and parents’ sense of efficacy were observed. The estimated mean cost of delivering each intervention was British (GBP) £1570. Findings suggest the intervention is a low-cost, acceptable service warranting further evaluation.
An open-label, in-use study assessing the warming sensation accompanying IFF Flavour 316282 and the acceptability and local tolerability of a syrup containing paracetamol and pseudoephedrine for the short-term treatment of symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection
Authors: Furcha Rowland , Monnet Joëlle
Published: March 2015

Objective:

The primary objective was to assess the warming sensation caused by IFF Flavour 316282 in a syrup used for short-term treatment by patients suffering from nasal congestion and mild to moderate body pain, headache, fever or sore throat associated with an upper respiratory tract infection.

Methods:

A single cohort, single treatment arm, open-label study. Subjects received one 30 mL dose of syrup containing IFF Flavour 316282, paracetamol and pseudoephedrine and recorded onset and disappearance of any warming sensation in the mouth/throat. Subjects’ assessments of strength and appeal of the sensation, taste, texture and acceptability of the product was investigated using questionnaires.

Results:

A total of 56 subjects were included; 53 (94.6%) experienced a warming sensation. The median duration of the warming sensation was 114 s (95% confidence interval: 87–120 s). All subjects rated the syrup as excellent, good or fair for treating their symptoms; 100% and 94.6% of subjects respectively described texture and taste as excellent, good or fair. There were no safety concerns, and the syrup was well tolerated. Most subjects liked the warming sensation.

Conclusions:

IFF Flavour 316282 in a syrup for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms is associated with a warming sensation. The syrup is well tolerated, safe and palatable.
Effect of exercise training on clot strength in patients with peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication: An ancillary study
Authors: Mauer Karin , Exaire J Emilio , Stoner Julie A , Saucedo Jorge F , Montgomery Polly S , Gardner Andrew W
Published: March 2015

Objectives:

Patients with peripheral artery disease have walking impairment, greater thrombotic risk, and are often treated with exercise training. We sought to determine the effect of a 3-month-long exercise program on clot strength among patients with peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication.

Methods:

Twenty-three symptomatic peripheral artery disease patients were randomly assigned to a walking exercise program or to an attention control group who performed light resistance exercise. We investigated the effect of exercise training on clot strength and time to clot formation was assessed by thromboelastography.

Results:

After 3 months of exercise, clot strength (maximal amplitude) and time to clot formation (R) did not change significantly from baseline, even after improvements in claudication onset time ( p < 0.01) and peak walking time ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, changes in clot formation parameters were not significantly different between groups. Among the 10 individuals demonstrating a reduction in clot strength (reduced maximal amplitude), one was a smoker (10%) compared to 9 of 13 non-responders (69%) whose maximal amplitude was unchanged or increased ( p = 0.0097).

Conclusion:

In this ancillary study, a 12-week walking program improved ambulatory function in peripheral artery disease patients with claudication, but does not modify clot strength or time to clot formation. Larger studies are needed to confirm these hypothesis generating findings and to determine whether a different amount or type of exercise may induce a change in clotting in this patient population.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Reserve Veterans
Authors: Henderson Lynn A. , Burns Candace
Published: March 2015

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health concern for returning U.S. military personnel who have a higher prevalence rate of PTSD than the general population. Among the military population, reserve service members are at increased risk of developing PTSD compared with full-time active duty service members mainly due to difficulty reintegrating into civilian life. Understanding the social risk factors along with the protective effects social support has on PTSD in veterans will provide occupational health professionals the opportunity to support reserve veterans with adjustment into post-deployment life. This literature review examines PTSD in reserve veterans, with a focus on occupational factors, social factors, guideline recommendations, available resources, as well as provides suggestions for occupational health nurses caring for reserve veterans returning to the workplace.
Deleterious impact ofPseudomonas aeruginosaon cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function and rescue in airway epithelial cells
Authors: Trinh Nguyen Thu Ngan , Bilodeau Claudia , Maillé Émilie , Ruffin Manon , Quintal Marie-Claude , Desrosiers Martin-Yvon , Rousseau Simon , Brochiero Emmanuelle
Published: March 2015

The epithelial response to bacterial airway infection, a common feature of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis, has been extensively studied. However, its impact on cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel function is not clearly defined. Our aims were, therefore, to evaluate the effect ofPseudomonas aeruginosaon CFTR function and expression in non-cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells, and to investigate its impact on ΔF508-CFTR rescue by the VRT-325 corrector in cystic fibrosis cells.

CFTR expression/maturation was evaluated by immunoblotting and its function by short-circuit current measurements.

A 24-h exposure toP. aeruginosadiffusible material (PsaDM) reduced CFTR currents as well as total and membrane protein expression of the wildtype (wt) CFTR protein in CFBE-wt cells. In CFBE-ΔF508 cells, PsaDM severely reduced CFTR maturation and current rescue induced by VRT-325. We also confirmed a deleterious impact of PsaDM on wt-CFTR currents in non-cystic fibrosis primary airway cells as well as on the rescue of ΔF508-CFTR function induced by VRT-325 in primary cystic fibrosis cells.

These findings show that CFTR function could be impaired in non-cystic fibrosis patients infected byP. aeruginosa. Our data also suggest that CFTR corrector efficiency may be affected by infectious components, which should be taken into account in screening assays of correctors.
Future trends in cystic fibrosis demography in 34 European countries
Authors: Burgel Pierre-Régis , Bellis Gil , Olesen Hanne V. , Viviani Laura , Zolin Anna , Blasi Francesco , Elborn J. Stuart
Published: March 2015

Median survival has increased in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) during the past six decades, which has led to an increased number of adults with CF. The future impact of changes in CF demographics has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to estimate the number of children and adults with CF in 34 European countries by 2025.

Data were obtained from the European Cystic Fibrosis Society Patient Registry. Population forecasts were performed for countries that have extensive CF population coverage and at least 4 years of longitudinal data by modelling future entering and exiting flows in registry cohorts. For the other countries, population projections were performed based on assumptions from knowledge of current CF epidemiology.

Western European countries’ forecasts indicate that an increase in the overall number of CF patients by 2025, by approximately 50%, corresponds to an increase by 20% and by 75% in children and adults, respectively. In Eastern European countries the projections suggest a predominant increase in the CF child population, although the CF adult population would also increase.

It was concluded that a large increase in the adult CF population is expected in the next decade. A significant increase in adult CF services throughout Europe is urgently required.
QTLs underlying natural variation of root growth angle among rice cultivars with the same functional allele of DEEPER ROOTING 1
Authors: Kitomi Yuka , Kanno Noriko , Kawai Sawako , Mizubayashi Tatsumi , Fukuoka Shuichi , Uga Yusaku
Published: March 2015

Background

The functional allele of the rice gene DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) increases the root growth angle (RGA). However, wide natural variation in RGA is observed among rice cultivars with the functional DRO1 allele. To elucidate genetic factors related to such variation, we quantitatively measured RGA using the basket method and analyzed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for RGA in three F2 mapping populations derived from crosses between the large RGA–type cultivar Kinandang Patong and each of three accessions with varying RGA: Momiroman has small RGA and was used to produce the MoK-F2 population; Yumeaoba has intermediate RGA (YuK-F2 population); Tachisugata has large RGA (TaK-F2 population). All four accessions belong to the same haplotype group of functional DRO1 allele.

Results

We detected the following statistically significant QTLs: one QTL on chromosome 4 in MoK-F2, three QTLs on chromosomes 2, 4, and 6 in YuK-F2, and one QTL on chromosome 2 in TaK-F2. Among them, the two QTLs on chromosome 4 were located near DRO2, which has been previously reported as a major QTL for RGA, whereas the two major QTLs for RGA on chromosomes 2 (DRO4) and 6 (DRO5) were novel. With the LOD threshold reduced to 3.0, several minor QTLs for RGA were also detected in each population.

Conclusion

Natural variation in RGA in rice cultivars carrying functional DRO1 alleles may be controlled by a few major QTLs and by several additional minor QTLs.
Cell-lineage heterogeneity and driver mutation recurrence in pre-invasive breast neoplasia
Authors: Weng Ziming , Spies Noah , Zhu Shirley X , Newburger Daniel E , Kashef-Haghighi Dorna , Batzoglou Serafim , Sidow Arend , West Robert B
Published: March 2015

Background

All cells in an individual are related to one another by a bifurcating lineage tree, in which each node is an ancestral cell that divided into two, each branch connects two nodes, and the root is the zygote. When a somatic mutation occurs in an ancestral cell, all its descendants carry the mutation, which can then serve as a lineage marker for the phylogenetic reconstruction of tumor progression. Using this concept, we investigate cell lineage relationships and genetic heterogeneity of pre-invasive neoplasias compared to invasive carcinomas.

Methods

We deeply sequenced over a thousand phylogenetically informative somatic variants in 66 morphologically independent samples from six patients that represent a spectrum of normal, early neoplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma. For each patient, we obtained a highly resolved lineage tree that establishes the phylogenetic relationships among the pre-invasive lesions and with the invasive carcinoma.

Results

The trees reveal lineage heterogeneity of pre-invasive lesions, both within the same lesion, and between histologically similar ones. On the basis of the lineage trees, we identified a large number of independent recurrences of PIK3CA H1047 mutations in separate lesions in four of the six patients, often separate from the diagnostic carcinoma.

Conclusions

Our analyses demonstrate that multi-sample phylogenetic inference provides insights on the origin of driver mutations, lineage heterogeneity of neoplastic proliferations, and the relationship of genomically aberrant neoplasias with the primary tumors. PIK3CA driver mutations may be comparatively benign inducers of cellular proliferation.
Predictive validity of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire in detecting post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with psychotic disorders
Authors: de Bont Paul A. J. M. , van den Berg David P. G. , van der Vleugel Berber M. , de Roos Carlijn , de Jongh Ad , van der Gaag Mark , van Minnen Agnes
Published: March 2015

Background

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent in patients with a psychotic disorder. Because a PTSD diagnosis is often missed in patients with psychosis in routine care, a valid screening instrument could be helpful.

Aims

To determine the validity of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ) as a screening tool for PTSD among individuals with psychotic disorders.

Method

Among 2608 patients with a psychotic disorder, the rate of trauma exposure was determined and the TSQ was administered to screen for PTSD. PTSD status was verified in 455 patients using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (trial registration: ISRCTN 79584912).

Results

Trauma exposure was reported by 78.2% of the 2608 patients. PTSD prevalence was estimated at 16% (95% CI 14.6–17.4%) compared with 0.5% reported in the patients' clinical charts. A TSQ cut-off score of six predicted PTSD with 78.8% sensitivity, 75.6% specificity, 44.5% correct positives and 93.6% correct negatives.

Conclusions

The TSQ seems to be a valid screening tool for PTSD in patients with a psychotic disorder.
Specific effect of the fragile-X mental retardation-1 gene (FMR1) on white matter microstructure
Authors: Green Tamar , Barnea-Goraly Naama , Raman Mira , Hall Scott S. , Lightbody Amy A. , Bruno Jennifer L. , Quintin Eve-Marie , Reiss Allan L.
Published: March 2015

Background

Fragile-X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability and neurobiological abnormalities including white matter microstructural differences. White matter differences have been found relative to neurotypical individuals.

Aims

To examine whether FXS white matter differences are related specifically to FXS or more generally to the presence of intellectual disability.

Method

We used voxel-based and tract-based analytic approaches to compare individuals with FXS (n = 40) with gender- and IQ-matched controls (n = 30).

Results

Individuals with FXS had increased fractional anisotropy and decreased radial diffusivity values compared with IQ-matched controls in the inferior longitudinal, inferior fronto-occipital and uncinate fasciculi.

Conclusions

The genetic variation associated with FXS affects white matter microstructure independently of overall IQ. White matter differences, found in FXS relative to IQ-matched controls, are distinct from reported differences relative to neurotypical controls. This underscores the need to consider cognitive ability differences when investigating white matter microstructure in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Incidence and 12-month outcome of childhood non-affective
psychoses: British national surveillance study
Authors: Tiffin Paul A. , Kitchen Charlotte E. W.
Published: March 2015

The schizophrenias are uncommon before the age of 14 but
incidence/prevalence figures are lacking. The 1-year incidence, clinical
features and short-term outcomes in childhood-onset schizophrenia spectrum
disorder were evaluated via the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Surveillance
System. Fifteen children with a provisional diagnosis were reported. Outcome
data were obtained for 12 individuals, 8 of whom met the diagnostic
criteria, equating to an estimated incidence of 0.21/100 000 (95% CI
0.08–0.34). Delusions and thought disorder were a more consistent predictor
of ‘caseness' than hallucinations. Illness outcomes at 1 year were generally
poor. Childhood-onset schizophrenia appears to be a rare but serious
disorder.
The retinal determination genedachshundrestricts cell proliferation by limiting the activity of the Homothorax-Yorkie complex
Authors: Brás-Pereira Catarina , Casares Fernando , Janody Florence
Published: March 2015

The Drosophila transcriptional co-activator protein Yorkie and its vertebrate orthologs YAP and TAZ are potent oncogenes, whose activity is normally kept in check by the upstream Hippo kinase module. Upon its translocation into the nucleus, Yorkie forms complexes with several tissue-specific DNA-binding partners, which help to define the tissue-specific target genes of Yorkie. In the progenitor cells of the eye imaginal disc, the DNA-binding transcription factor Homothorax is required for Yorkie-promoted proliferation and survival through regulation of the bantam microRNA (miRNA). The transit from proliferating progenitors to cell cycle quiescent precursors is associated with the progressive loss of Homothorax and gain of Dachshund, a nuclear protein related to the Sno/Ski family of co-repressors. We have identified Dachshund as an inhibitor of Homothorax-Yorkie-mediated cell proliferation. Loss of dachshund induces Yorkie-dependent tissue overgrowth. Conversely, overexpressing dachshund inhibits tissue growth, prevents Yorkie or Homothorax-mediated cell proliferation of disc epithelia and restricts the transcriptional activity of the Yorkie-Homothorax complex on the bantam enhancer in Drosophila cells. In addition, Dachshund collaborates with the Decapentaplegic receptor Thickveins to repress Homothorax and Cyclin B expression in quiescent precursors. The antagonistic roles of Homothorax and Dachshund in Yorkie activity, together with their mutual repression, ensure that progenitor and precursor cells are under distinct proliferation regimes. Based on the crucial role of the human dachshund homolog DACH1 in tumorigenesis, our work suggests that DACH1 might prevent cellular transformation by limiting the oncogenic activity of YAP and/or TAZ.
Drosophila Vps4 promotes Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling independently of its role in receptor degradation
Authors: Legent Kevin , Liu Hui Hua , Treisman Jessica E.
Published: March 2015

Endocytic trafficking of signaling receptors is an important mechanism for limiting signal duration. Components of the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT), which target ubiquitylated receptors to intra-lumenal vesicles (ILVs) of multivesicular bodies, are thought to terminate signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and direct it for lysosomal degradation. In a genetic screen for mutations that affect Drosophila eye development, we identified an allele of Vacuolar protein sorting 4 (Vps4), which encodes an AAA ATPase that interacts with the ESCRT-III complex to drive the final step of ILV formation. Photoreceptors are largely absent from Vps4 mutant clones in the eye disc, and even when cell death is genetically prevented, the mutant R8 photoreceptors that develop fail to recruit surrounding cells to differentiate as R1-R7 photoreceptors. This recruitment requires EGFR signaling, suggesting that loss of Vps4 disrupts the EGFR pathway. In imaginal disc cells mutant for Vps4, EGFR and other receptors accumulate in endosomes and EGFR target genes are not expressed; epistasis experiments place the function of Vps4 at the level of the receptor. Surprisingly, Vps4 is required for EGFR signaling even in the absence of Shibire, the Dynamin that internalizes EGFR from the plasma membrane. In ovarian follicle cells, in contrast, Vps4 does not affect EGFR signaling, although it is still essential for receptor degradation. Taken together, these findings indicate that Vps4 can promote EGFR activity through an endocytosis-independent mechanism.
The C. elegans COE transcription factor UNC-3 activates lineage-specific apoptosis and affects neurite growth in the RID lineage
Authors: Wang Jinbo , Chitturi Jyothsna , Ge Qinglan , Laskova Valeriya , Wang Wei , Li Xia , Ding Mei , Zhen Mei , Huang Xun
Published: March 2015

Mechanisms that regulate apoptosis in a temporal and lineage-specific manner remain poorly understood. The COE (Collier/Olf/EBF) transcription factors have been implicated in the development of many cell types, including neurons. Here, we show that the sole Caenorhabditis elegans COE protein, UNC-3, together with a histone acetyltransferase, CBP-1/P300, specifies lineage-specific apoptosis and certain aspects of neurite trajectory. During embryogenesis, the RID progenitor cell gives rise to the RID neuron and RID sister cell; the latter undergoes apoptosis shortly after cell division upon expression of the pro-apoptotic gene egl-1. We observe UNC-3 expression in the RID progenitor, and the absence of UNC-3 results in the failure of the RID lineage to express a Pegl-1::GFP reporter and in the survival of the RID sister cell. Lastly, UNC-3 interacts with CBP-1, and cbp-1 mutants exhibit a similar RID phenotype to unc-3. Thus, in addition to playing a role in neuronal terminal differentiation, UNC-3 is a cell lineage-specific regulator of apoptosis.
High capacity for extracellular acid-base regulation in the air-breathing fishPangasianodon hypophthalmus
Authors: Damsgaard Christian , Gam Le Thi Hong , Dang Diem Tuong , Van Thinh Phan , Huong Do Thi Thanh , Wang Tobias , Bayley Mark
Published: March 2015

The evolution of accessory air-breathing structures is typically associated with reduction of the gills, although branchial ion transport remains pivotal for acid-base and ion-regulation. Therefore, air-breathing fishes are believed to have a low capacity for extracellular pH regulation during a respiratory acidosis. In the present study, we investigated acid-base regulation during hypercapnia in the air-breathing fish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in normoxic and hypoxic water at 28-30°C. Contrary to previous studies, we show that this air-breathing fish has a pronounced ability to regulate pHe during hypercapnia, with complete metabolic compensation of extracellular pH within 72 h of exposure to hypoxic hypercapnia with CO2 levels above 34 mmHg. The high capacity for pHe regulation relies on a pronounced ability to increase [HCO3−]plasma. Our study illustrates the diversity in the physiology of air-breathing fishes, such that generalizations across phylogenies may be difficult.
In Situ Incorporation of Pt Nanoparticles in Fluorine-doped SnO2 Nanocomposite Thin Films by a One-step Synthesis
Authors: Kim Hyuncheol , Kang Kyung-Mun , Han Wooje , Chang Young Chul , Park Hyung-Ho
Published: March 2015

Incorporation of one-step-synthesized Pt nanoparticles (NPs) enhanced the electrical properties of direct-patternable fluorine (1.06 atom %)-doped SnO2 thin films without significant degeneration of the structural or optical properties. A fluorine-doped SnO2 thin film with 0.5 atom % Pt NPs showed slightly lower electrical resistivity than the pristine fluorine-doped SnO2 thin film due to the larger positive contribution of the reduction-catalytic effect of Pt NPs than the negative contribution from halide bond formation between fluorine ions and Pt NPs. However, above 0.5 atom % Pt NPs incorporation, the electrical resistivity of the fluorine-doped SnO2 thin film increased because the effects caused by halide bond formation are greater than those of the reduction-catalytic effect. Direct-patterning of fluorine-doped SnO2 thin films, after spin coating, was successfully performed with a line width of 60 µm.
One-pot Synthesis of Cobalt-doped Fe3O4 with Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Ozonation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Liu Jia , Wang Linjiao , Zhang Qing , Wang Qian , Xing Shengtao
Published: March 2015

Cobalt-doped Fe3O4 was prepared by a simple oxidation–precipitation method. Characterization results confirm that Co was successfully doped into Fe3O4. The doped Co increased the surface area, surface hydroxy groups and positive charge density of the product, which accelerated the decomposition of ozone into hydroxyl radicals. Cobalt-doped Fe3O4 exhibited high catalytic activity for the mineralization of 2,4-D by ozone in aqueous solution.
Digital collaborative learning: identifying what students value
Authors: Hemingway Claire , Adams Catrina , Stuhlsatz Molly
Published: March 2015

Digital technologies are changing the learning landscape and connecting classrooms to learning environments beyond the school walls.  Online collaborations among students, teachers, and scientists are new opportunities for authentic science experiences.  Here we present findings generated on PlantingScience (www.plantingscience.org), an online community where scientists from more than 14 scientific societies have mentored over 14,000 secondary school students as they design and think through their own team investigations on plant biology.  The core intervention is online discourse between student teams and scientist mentors to enhance classroom-based plant investigations.  We asked: (1) what attitudes about engaging in authentic science do students reveal, and (2) how do student attitudes relate to design principles of the program? Lexical analysis of open-ended survey questions revealed that students most highly value working with plants and scientists.  By examining student responses to this cognitive apprenticeship model, we provide new perspectives on the importance of the personal relationships students form with scientists and plants when working as members of a research community. These perspectives have implications for plant science instruction and e-mentoring programs.
Is your pacemaker pacing the way it should?
Authors: Chen Alex
Published: March 2015

Responding to an article on pacemaker complications published in the December issue of the British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, Cardiologist, Alex Chen, sent in a Letter to the Editor with his thoughts…
Recommendations for myocardial revascularisation for patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Linden Belinda
Published: March 2015

In her last column, Belinda Linden outlines the 2014 myocardial revascularisation guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardio Thoracic Surgery
Developments and risk analysis in anticoagulation
Authors: Khan Nazish
Published: March 2015

The indications for which an anticoagulant may be prescribed have remained largely unchanged. However, until recently, the only drugs that were routinely prescribed for the management of these diverse indications were the vitamin-K antagonists (namely warfarin), unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). In the last 5 years alone, the pharmacological landscape for both oral and parenteral anticoagulant therapy has changed considerably following the introduction of a number of new therapeutic agents. This article will provide an overview of available anticoagulants, both oral and parenteral, and give some insight into the advantages and disadvantages associated with their use.
Cardiac dysfunction as a result of cancer treatment
Authors: Myatt Rebecca
Published: March 2015

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and anticancer signalling inhibitors significantly increase the risk of cardiac dysfunction. Problems may be reversible or irreversible and occur immediately after treatment or in the long term. This article is intended to raise awareness among cardiac nurses of the anticancer treatments available which may precipitate cardiotoxicity and cardiac dysfunction. As new therapies become available all the time and it is not possible to provide an exhaustive list of drugs, this article provides an overview. Understanding the relevance of previous therapies for long-term cardiac function can enable nurses to provide appropriate education and early intervention.
Simulation and the student pathway to critical care
Authors: Rushton Melanie
Published: March 2015

The aim of this study was to increase student nurses’ confidence prior to embarking on a critical-care placement in a coronary-care unit (CCU). Students often lack knowledge and confidence in relation to critical-care nursing and are often apprehensive about practice placements in these areas. A small-scale pilot study was undertaken with Year-2 student nurses, using high-fidelity simulation scenarios to replicate their forthcoming clinical placements. Simulation is promoted as a way of increasing confidence and competence for nurses; the teaching method provides a safe learning environment. Qualitative research methods were used to obtain descriptive data. The methods of data collection were questionnaires and telephone questionnaires. The students reported feeling more confident about going onto CCU following the scenario. The small number of participants is a limitation and a larger, longitudinal study is needed so that findings can be generalised.
The challenge of measuring blood pressure accurately
Authors: Fallon Noeleen
Published: March 2015

Blood pressure (BP) measurement is one of the standard recordings in clinical practice, but is often prone to inaccuracies. Auscultatory methods of measuring BP using a mercury sphygmomanometer have been the mainstay of clinical BP measurement for over 100 years, but have gradually been replaced by automated measurement methods. Semi-automatic and automatic oscillometric devices are now the commonest methods for BP measurement, and are suitable for both clinic, and home BP measurement. Although this technology is important in acute and primary care settings, nurses must remain competent in manual measurement of BP. Whatever device is used, it must be properly validated, regularly maintained and recalibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. This article will define BP and the factors that control and influence it. The challenges that occur in measuring clinical BP accurately and the advantages and disadvantages of mercury, aneroid and oscillometric sphygmomanometers will be outlined.
Patients who demand or refuse treatment
Authors: Griffith Richard
Published: March 2015

Obtaining consent is usually a routine part of delivering care and treatment to cardiac patients. However, some patients will have strong views on the type of treatment they want for their condition and demand that it be provided or feel equally strongly that they want no treatment and refuse consent. In this continuing series of articles on consent, Richard Griffith considers the legal and professional obligations of cardiac nurses faced with patients who demand or refuse treatment
The gun play situation
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: March 2015

What would you do if you saw children engaged in weapon play in your setting, do you have a policy for it, or guidance, would you become engaged in it yourself or would you try and stop it?
Better world education
Authors: Burmeister Janina
Published: March 2015

The International Baccalaureate Programme is helping to prepare children for a global future as the world continues to get smaller, here we look at the design of the Primary Years Programme.