bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of tobacco and e-cigarettes among youth in Great Britain in 2022: analysis of a cross sectional survey
Authors: Williams Parris , Cheeseman Hazel , Arnott Deborah , Bunce Laura , Hopkinson Nicholas S , Laverty Anthony A
Published: July 2022

INTRODUCTION

Although e-cigarettes can be an effective form of nicotine substitution for adults attempting to quit smoking, their use among children and young people is a concern. Accurate data about this are needed to inform debates over policy and regulation in the UK and elsewhere.

METHODS

Using data from an online survey of 2,613 people aged 11 to 18 years, conducted by the market research company YouGov in March 2022, we present prevalence estimates of e-cigarette and tobacco use.We use logistic regression models to assess differences in e-cigarette use, tobacco use and use of disposable e-cigarettes across a range of covariates including age, sex, tobacco smoking status, social class and country.

RESULTS

Among the 18.0% of those surveyed who reported ever having smoked a cigarette, 83.9% were not regular (at least once per week) smokers and 16.1% were (15.1% and 2.9% of the total sample respectively). Among the 19.2% of those surveyed who had ever used an e-cigarette, 79.2% were not regular users, while 20.8% were (15.2% and 4.0% respectively. Regular e-cigarette use was more common than regular tobacco smoking (4.0% vs 2.9%). E-cigarette use was more common among those who also smoked tobacco, with 9.0% of never e-cigarette users ever smoking tobacco, compared with 89.4% of regular e-cigarette users. Both smoking and e-cigarette use were associated with increasing age and use by others within the home, but not with social class. Use of disposable e-cigarettes was reported by 53.8% of those who have ever used an e-cigarette, and more common among girls than boys.

DISCUSSION

Regular e-cigarette use is now more common than smoking in children and youth, though the majority of this is among those who have also smoked tobacco. Measures to reduce the appeal of e-both e-cigarettes and tobacco to children and young people are warranted.
Direct observation of motor protein stepping in living cells using MINFLUX
Authors: Deguchi Takahiro , Iwanski Malina K. , Schentarra Eva-Maria , Heidebrecht Christopher , Schmidt Lisa , Heck Jennifer , Weihs Tobias , Schnorrenberg Sebastian , Hoess Philipp , Liu Sheng , Chevyreva Veronika , Noh Kyung-Min , Kapitein Lukas C. , Ries Jonas
Published: July 2022

Dynamic measurements of molecular machines can provide invaluable insights into their mechanism, but have been challenging in living cells. Here, we developed live-cell tracking of single fluorophores with nanometer spatial and millisecond temporal resolution in 2D and 3D using the recently introduced super-resolution technique MINFLUX. This allowed us to resolve the precise stepping motion of the motor protein kinesin-1 as it walks on microtubules in living cells. In addition, nanoscopic tracking of motors on microtubule of fixed cells enabled us to resolve their spatial organization with protofilament resolution. Our approach will enable futurein vivostudies of motor protein kinetics in complex environments and super-resolution mapping of dense microtubule arrays, and pave the way towards monitoring functional conformational changes of protein machines at high spatiotemporal resolution in living systems.
Dynamic metabolome profiling uncovers potential TOR signaling genes
Authors: Reichling Stella , Doubleday Peter F , Germade Tomas , Bergmann Ariane , Loewith Robbie , Sauer Uwe , Holbrook-Smith Duncan
Published: July 2022

Although the genetic code of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaewas sequenced 25 years ago, the characterization of the roles of genes within it is far from complete. The lack of a complete mapping of functions to genes hampers systematic understanding of the biology of the cell. The advent of high-throughput metabolomics offers a unique approach to uncovering gene function with an attractive combination of cost, robustness, and breadth of applicability. Here we used flow-injection time-of-flight mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) to dynamically profile the metabolome of 164 loss-of-function mutants in TOR and receptor or receptor-like genes under a time-course of rapamycin treatment, generating a dataset with over 7,000 metabolomics measurements. In order to provide a resource to the broader community, those data are made available for browsing through an interactive data visualization app hosted athttps://rapamycin-yeast-metabolome.herokuapp.com/. We demonstrate that dynamic metabolite responses to rapamycin are more informative than steady state responses when recovering known regulators of TOR signaling, as well as identifying new ones. Deletion of a subset of the novel genes causes phenotypes and proteome responses to rapamycin that further implicate them in TOR signaling. We found that one of these genes,CFF1, was connected to the regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis through URA10. These results demonstrate the efficacy of the approach for flagging novel potential TOR signaling-related genes and highlights the utility of dynamic perturbations when using functional metabolomics to deliver biological insight.
Three species ofMelaleucafrom Western Australia are highly susceptible toAustropuccinia psidiiin controlled inoculations
Authors: Martino Alyssa M , Park Robert F , Tobias Peri A
Published: July 2022

Austropuccinia psidii, the fungus causing myrtle rust, was detected in Western Australia for the first time in June 2022. Few Western Australian plant species have been screened for response to the pathogen.Melaleuca thyoides, Melaleuca marginataandMelaleuca leucadendragrown from seeds sourced from Western Australian populations were all highly susceptible to an isolate of the pathogen from eastern Australia.
Stabilization of a Protein by a Single Halogen-Based Aromatic Amplifier
Authors: El Hage Krystel , Phillips Nelson B. , Chen Yen-Shan , Dhayalan Balamurugan , Whittaker Jonathan , Carr Kelley , Whittaker Linda , Phillips Manijeh H. , Ismail-Beigi Faramarz , Meuwly Markus , Weiss Michael A.
Published: July 2022

The utility of halogenation in protein design is investigated by a combination of quantitative atomistic simulations and experiment. The approach is applied to insulin, a small, therapeutically relevant domain amenable to simulation and semi-synthesis. In a singly halogenated aromatic ring, the simulations predicted regiospecific inductive effects to modulate multiple surrounding electrostatic (weakly polar) interactions, thereby amplifying changes in thermodynamic stability. In accordance with the simulations, stabilization of insulin is demonstrated by single halogen atoms at the ortho position of an invariant phenylalanine (2-F-PheB24, 2-Cl-PheB24 and 2-Br-PheB24; ΔΔGu= -0.5 to -1.0 kcal/mol) located at the edge of a protein crevice. Corresponding meta and para substitutions have negligible effects. The ortho-modified insulin analogs exhibit enhanced resistance to fibrillation above room temperature and retain biological activity in mammalian cells and in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Consequently, halogen-based stabilization of insulin and other therapeutic proteins may provide a biophysical strategy to circumvent the requirement for a distribution “cold chain” in the developing world and enhance the shelf life of pharmaceutical formulations.
Single Cell Multimodal Analyses Reveal Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Basis for Birth Defects in Maternal Diabetes
Authors: Nishino Tomohiro , Ranade Sanjeev S. , Pelonero Angelo , van Soldt Benjamin J. , Ye Lin , Alexanian Michael , Koback Frances , Huang Yu , Sadagopan Nandhini , Padmanabhan Arun , Thomas Reuben , van Bemmel Joke G. , Gifford Casey A. , Costa Mauro W. , Srivastava Deepak
Published: July 2022

Birth defects occur in ∼6% of all live births and can be caused by combinations of genetic and environmental influences1. Large-scale DNA sequencing efforts are revealing genetic influences2,3, but investigations into the contributions of environmental factors have largely been limited to association studies with limited mechanistic insight. Hyperglycemia present in pre-gestational diabetic mothers is among the most frequent environmental contributor to congenital defects and results in an increased incidence of congenital heart defects and craniofacial anomalies4. However, the cell types involved and underlying mechanisms by which maternal hyperglycemia affects these regions are unknown. Here, we utilized multi-modal single cell analyses to reveal that maternal diabetes affects the epigenomic and transcriptomic state of specific subsets of cardiac and craniofacial progenitors during embryogenesis. A previously unrecognized subpopulation of anterior heart field progenitors expressing Alx3 acquired a more posterior identity in response to maternal hyperglycemia, based on gene expression and chromatin status. Similarly, a sub-population of neural crest-derived cells in the second pharyngeal arch, which contributes to craniofacial structures, also displayed abnormalities in cell specification and patterning. Analysis of differentially accessible chromatin regions demonstrated that disrupted patterning was associated with increased intrinsic retinoic acid signaling in affected cell types in response to maternal diabetes and hyperglycemia. This work demonstrates how an environmental insult can have highly selective epigenomic consequences on discrete cell types leading to developmental patterning defects.
Complementarity of neutron, XFEL and synchrotron crystallography for defining the structures of metalloenzymes at room temperature
Authors: Moreno-Chicano Tadeo , Carey Leiah M. , Axford Danny , Beale John H. , Doak R. Bruce , Duyvesteyn Helen M. E. , Ebrahim Ali , Henning Robert W. , Monteiro Diana C. F. , Myles Dean A. , Owada Shigeki , Sherrell Darren A. , Straw Megan L. , Šrajer Vukica , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Tono Kensuke , Tosha Takehiko , Tews Ivo , Trebbin Martin , Strange Richard W. , Weiss Kevin L. , Worrall Jonathan A. R. , Meilleur Flora , Owen Robin L. , Ghiladi Reza A. , Hough Michael A.
Published: July 2022

Room-temperature macromolecular crystallography allows protein structures to be determined under close-to-physiological conditions, permits dynamic freedom in protein motions and enables time-resolved studies. In the case of metalloenzymes that are highly sensitive to radiation damage, such room-temperature experiments can present challenges, including increased rates of X-ray reduction of metal centres and site-specific radiation-damage artefacts, as well as in devising appropriate sample-delivery and data-collection methods. It can also be problematic to compare structures measured using different crystal sizes and light sources. In this study, structures of a multifunctional globin, dehaloperoxidase B (DHP-B), obtained using several methods of room-temperature crystallographic structure determination are described and compared. Here, data were measured from large single crystals and multiple microcrystals using neutrons, X-ray free-electron laser pulses, monochromatic synchrotron radiation and polychromatic (Laue) radiation light sources. These approaches span a range of 18 orders of magnitude in measurement time per diffraction pattern and four orders of magnitude in crystal volume. The first room-temperature neutron structures of DHP-B are also presented, allowing the explicit identification of the hydrogen positions. The neutron data proved to be complementary to the serial femtosecond crystallography data, with both methods providing structures free of the effects of X-ray radiation damage when compared with standard cryo-crystallography. Comparison of these room-temperature methods demonstrated the large differences in sample requirements, data-collection time and the potential for radiation damage between them. With regard to the structure and function of DHP-B, despite the results being partly limited by differences in the underlying structures, new information was gained on the protonation states of active-site residues which may guide future studies of DHP-B.
Study of strain induced martensite and its reversal on sensitization behaviour of metastable austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Wanjari Devashish Vikas , Patil Awanikumar P. , Singh Sushil Kumar , Ullah Inayat , Shukla Sourabh
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of strain-induced martensite (SIM) and its reversal on metastable austenitic stainless steel (MASSs) through the analysis of metallurgical and sensitisation behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present investigation, the samples of Cr-Mn ASS (also known as MASSs) including 15%, 30% and 50% cold worked, solution annealed samples with and without thermal ageing (at 700°C for 3 h) were analysed with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis, microstructure examination and electrochemical behaviour. The scanning electron microscope (SEMJOEL 6380 A) was used to examine the microstructure of the sample, and the double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test was used to determine the degree of sensitisation (DOS) in the samples. The cold worked solution annealed samples without thermal ageing are named as CR15, CR30 and CR50, respectively, and the samples with thermal ageing are named as CR15_TA, CR30_TA and CR50_TA, respectively.

Findings

In CR15, CR30 and CR50 samples, the DOS increased with increase in the extent of cold working, which was attributable to passivation deterioration. Because of the high degree of passivation at the grain boundaries, the DOS of CR15_TA and CR30_TA were practically identical. The DOS in the CR50_TA sample, on the other hand, was lowered due to SIM recovery in the austenite.

Originality/value

The present study sheds light on how to choose the right cold working percentage to avoid sensitisation in MASSs during the fabrication of metal forming components.
Image processing methods decision mechanism for surveillance applications with UAVs
Authors: Ayar Murat , Dalkiran Alper , Kale Utku , Nagy András , Karakoc Tahir Hikmet
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has significantly increased in the past decade and nowadays is being used for various purposes such as image processing, cargo transport, archaeology, agriculture, manufacturing, health care, surveillance and inspections. For this reason, using the appropriate image processing method for the intended use of UAVs increases the study’s success. This study aims to determine the most suitable one among the innovative methods that constitute the image processing system for a UAV to be used for surveillance purposes.

Design/methodology/approach

Analytical hierarchy process has been used in the solution of the decision problem to be handled in three stages, namely, platform, architecture and method. The most suitable alternative and the effect weights of these criteria results were determined at each stage.

Findings

As a result of this study, Jetson TX2 was determined as the most suitable embedded platform, ResNet is the optimum architecture and Faster R-convolutional neural networks was the best method in the image processing layer for a system that will provide surveillance with image processing method using UAV.

Practical implications

In UAV designs, where multiple hardware and software choices and system combinations exist, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches can be used as a system decision mechanism.

Originality/value

The novelty of this work comes from the application of MCDM methods that are used as a multi-layered decision mechanism in UAV design.
Close-proximity, conservative extrapolation of load spectra
Authors: Rodzewicz Miroslaw
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the author’s method of conservative load spectrum (LS) derivation and close-proximity LS extrapolation applying a correction for measurement uncertainty caused by too low sampling frequency or signal noise, which may affect the load histories collected during the flying session and cause some recorded load increments to be lower than the actual values.

Design/methodology/approach

Having in mind that the recorded load signal is burdened with some measurement error, a conservative approach was applied during qualification of the recorded values into 32 discrete load-level intervals and derivation of 32 × 32 half-cycle arrays. A part of each cell value of the half-cycle array was dispersed into the neighboring cells placed above by using a random number generator. It resulted in an increase in the number of load increments, which were one or two intervals higher than those resulting from direct data processing. Such an array was termed a conservative clone of the actual LS. The close-proximity approximation consisted of multiplication of the LSs clones and their aggregation. This way, the LS for extended time of operation was obtained. The whole process was conducted in the MS Excel environment.

Findings

Fatigue life calculated for a chosen element of aircraft structure using conservative LS is about 20%–60% lower than for the actual LS (depending on the applied value of dispersion coefficients used in the procedure of LSs clones generation). It means that such a result gives a bigger safety margin when operational life of the aircraft is estimated or when the fatigue test for an extended operational period is programed based on a limited quantity of data from a flying session.

Originality/value

This paper presents a proposal for a novel, conservative approach to fatigue life estimation based on the short-term LS derived from the load signal recorded during the flying session.
When does a supplier tolerate resellers’ opportunistic behaviors? Transaction benefit and cost perspectives
Authors: Lee Youngsu
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine tolerance of channel partners’ opportunistic behaviors as a viable governance mechanism and to test contingent transaction benefit and cost factors to determine tolerance of opportunistic behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach

Through the theoretical lenses of governance value analysis and transaction cost economics, this study theorizes that a supplier’s tolerance of its reseller’s opportunistic behaviors should depend on transaction benefit factors (e.g. new product creativity and marketing program creativity) and transaction cost factors (e.g. performance ambiguity and opportunity cost). The author empirically tests the moderation model using data from a large-scale survey of 141 mobile phone suppliers in South Korea.

Findings

The empirical results largely support the predictions on the moderating effects. For transaction benefit factors, marketing program creativity increases the supplier’s tolerance, while new product creativity does not increase the supplier’s tolerance. For transaction cost factors, the supplier’s concerns about opportunity cost increase the level of tolerance, while performance ambiguity of a business partner decreases the tolerance level.

Research limitations/implications

Theorizing opportunistic behaviors as a policy variable subject to benefit-cost assessment rather than an assumption provides new insights to interfirm governance research.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first kind to consider transaction benefit and cost factors together in a single contingency framework in tolerance research. Also, this research provides a new perspective on a microlevel marketing factor (i.e. creativity) as an influential factor in governance mechanisms.
“The moment he realized he needed our joint assistance made the difference”: a multiple case study into working elements in the supervision of probation clients with debt
Authors: Beek G. van , de Vogel Vivienne , van de Mheen Dike
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Little is known about effective supervision of offenders with debt. This multiple case study aims to gain insight into working elements in offender supervision on debt. This is important for probation officers to choose the most effective interventions in daily offender supervision.

Design/methodology/approach

This study included five best practice cases based on both interviews with involved professionals and clients and client file information. One case was described in detail to illustrate what probation officers and clients encounter when working on debt. All five cases were analyzed thematically using pattern matching techniques and crosscase syntheses on debt background, current supervision, barriers and working elements.

Findings

Organization processes and lack of aftercare hinder effective supervision. Close collaboration with other professionals (e.g. debt counselors) is important in supervising clients with debt. The client’s own behavior and motivation for supervision are crucial in the success of debt supervision and can be both hindering and effective. Working elements in supervision depend on personal characteristics of professionals involved and on the extent to which elements of a working alliance, particularly trust and bonding, are built.

Practical implications

Support and facilitation from probation organizations regarding primary conditions and collaboration, training professionals in methods of stimulating clients motivation and an effective working alliance are essential to supervise clients with debt adequately.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other in-depth study has yet been conducted on working elements in supervision of probationers with debt.
Time headway distribution analysis of naturalistic road users based on aerial datasets
Authors: Yu Ruilin , Zhang Yuxin , Wang Luyao , Du Xinyi
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Time headway (THW) is an essential parameter in traffic safety and is used as a typical control variable by many vehicle control algorithms, especially in safety-critical ADAS and automated driving systems. However, due to the randomness of human drivers, THW cannot be accurately represented, affecting scholars’ more profound research.

Design/methodology/approach

In this work, two data sets are used as the experimental data to calculate the goodness-of-fit of 18 commonly used distribution models of THW to select the best distribution model. Subsequently, the characteristic parameters of traffic flow are extracted from the data set, and three variables with higher importance are extracted using the random forest model. Combining the best distribution model parameters of the data set, this study obtained a distribution model with adaptive parameters, and its performance and applicability are verified.

Findings

In this work, two data sets are used as the experimental data to calculate the goodness-of-fit of 18 commonly used distribution models of THW to select the best distribution model. Subsequently, the characteristic parameters of traffic flow are extracted from the data set, and three variables with higher importance are extracted using the random forest model. Combining the best distribution model parameters of the data set, this study obtained a distribution model with adaptive parameters, and its performance and applicability are verified.

Originality/value

The results show that the proposed model has a 62.7% performance improvement over the distribution model with fixed parameters. Moreover, the parameter function of the distribution model can be regarded as a quantitative analysis of the degree of influence of the traffic flow state on THW.
Firm objects: new realist insights into the sociohistorical ontology of the business enterprise
Authors: Reveley James
Published: July 2022

Purpose

By engaging with recent debates between management historians over social constructionism, this paper aims to show the merits of adopting a new realist ontology of the business enterprise. In contrast with ANTi-History, the purpose is to provide a philosophically rigorous conception of social objects and to argue that enterprises are a member of this category.

Design/methodology/approach

Insights from Maurizio Ferraris’s documentality theory and Graham Harman’s philosophy of social objects are used to identify the ontological forming ground and developmental pathway of an Antipodean stevedoring company that operated prior to the deregulation of New Zealand’s ports in 1989.

Findings

With regard to social entities in general and firms in particular, continental philosophy’s resurgent realist movement provides a history-aware social ontology that incorporates the grain of truth lying within social constructionism. As exemplified by the writings of Ferraris and Harman, realism provides a viable conception of social objects and, in so doing, a more coherent ontological foundation for the business enterprise than the relational ontology embraced by management history ANTians.

Originality/value

By drawing on two realist perspectives hitherto neglected by management historians, this paper resolves disagreements about the ontology of the business enterprise.
Do mobile device and mobile app innovations trigger lifestylisations? Insights from consumers in developing countries
Authors: Odoom Raphael
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The exponential growth of smartphones is complemented by an astronomical development of mobile apps that have been changing ways in which humans interact with each other, as well as how brands and customers interact. This study aims to examine the effect of mobile device and mobile app innovations on user lifestylisation among consumers from developing countries.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a qualitative approach, data was collected via focus group interviews from 32 participants from across 15 developing countries who were largely emerging cosmopolitans.

Findings

Using the thematic analysis technique, the study finds that consumer lifestylisations, based on consumption and utilisation of mobile devices and mobile apps, hinge on either pre-purchase considerations or post-purchase discoveries that stem from a bouquet of hedonic and/or utilitarian motivations. Two consumer categories are identified, with each category exhibiting unique patterns.

Originality/value

The empirical findings provide valuable theoretical contributions to new knowledge as well as practical implications for mobile gadget manufacturers and mobile app developers domiciled, or those aiming to establish their presence, in developing economies.
Today’s workforce is evolving before your eyes – it’s a moment businesses can’t afford to miss
Authors: Alvino Nicole
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Employee attitudes are changing: it is time to embrace Gigification. Sure enough, employees feel empowered and re-energized to set their own path in life, professionally and personally, but the idea that just offering “flexibility” on where employees work will fix things, is a knee jerk reaction, and does not reflect the nuance of what is really happening. The idea that a job is no longer for life, was seen as a negative turn of phrase, to today’s it is a positive and a way of life to embrace, that means they can take the “gigs” they want, that meet their needs, and move on when it suits them.

Design/methodology/approach

For employers that want to attract the best talent, a rethink is needed addressing the needs of employees, communication, management style, benefits and the digital employee experience, from onboarding to exit.

Findings

This byline will pull in data from Firstup’s latest employee survey of 23,105 workers from across the UK, USA and Europe, and suggest a number of areas that companies can start to look at to embrace gamification, including changes to company culture, using technology to create personal experiences, upskilling the soft skills and new forms of internal communication.

Originality/value

The author offers unique insight based on her extensive experience in this space.
Tourism value chain: synthesizing value webs to support tourism development and planning
Authors: Sutomo Yoan Adi Wibowo , Sianipar Corinthias P.M. , Basu Mrittika , Onitsuka Kenichiro , Hoshino Satoshi
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Tourism encompasses multiple activities along with actors, locations and roles involved. Thus, tourism development and planning should consider value-added activities that form a tourism value chain (TVC). In the literature, the conceptual and practical understanding of TVC is significantly diverse, making it challenging to comprehend the entire framework. This study aims to synthesize a general TVC framework.

Design/methodology/approach

This review uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol to search for and select relevant literature in two databases (Scopus® and Web of Science™). Covering six aspects (logic, scope, value, perspective, type and scale), this study systematically analyzes the selected empirical studies to synthesize a functional framework of TVC as the basis to explore insights for effective TVC practices.

Findings

The results show that existing empirical studies have adopted four types of logic (supply logic, destination logic, global value chain and tourism global value chain), which complement each other in explaining the entire concept of TVC. Besides, the TVC concept is applicable on various scales and in different types of tourism with slight practical differences. Furthermore, values appear in various forms and offer benefits for suppliers and consumers as primary actors in TVC. Findings for the six aspects form tourism value webs as the functional framework of TVC.

Originality/value

This study offers a wide-ranging review of various empirically implemented TVC concepts for comprehensive TVC-based tourism development and planning. This review sets a theoretical foundation for future studies to improve the body of knowledge of TVC and tourism development and planning in general.
The use of trap‐nests to support crop pollinators in agricultural areas
Authors: Gilpin Amy‐Marie , Brettell Laura E. , Cook James M. , Power Sally A.
Published: July 2022

Supporting and promoting invertebrate diversity within agricultural ecosystems has numerous benefits, including the provision of pollination services. Many insects, including wild pollinators, require floral resources for food and structural habitat for nesting. To support pollinators, research studies and agri‐environment schemes have sought to supplement floral resources, but little is known about the value of different types of nesting habitat enhancements (e.g., trap‐nests or bee hotels). We deployed eight replicates of each of three types (bamboo reed, hardwood block and sand/cement brick) of trap‐nests at five orchards in two apple and cherry growing regions (Bilpin and Orange) in Australia. Both reed and hardwood block trap‐nests attracted a diverse array of invertebrates, such as ants, wasps, spiders and bees, including a cleptoparasitic bee species (Thyreus sp.) not previously recorded in the region. Interestingly, two taxa of native bees (Megachile [Megachile] and Megachile [Eutricharaea]) used the artificial nests and were also observed visiting apple crops. There were significantly more native bees using trap‐nests in Orange (n = 65), where orchards are surrounded by agricultural landscapes, than in Bilpin (n = 2), where orchards are surrounded by native forests. Our findings show that artificial nest enhancements are used by native bees, as well as other nontarget invertebrate taxa, some of which can be predators of bees (ants, wasps, and spiders). Nesting habitat augmentation thus has potential to be used as a conservation tool, especially in areas where nesting sites are limited. However, future studies should also consider measures to reduce colonization by non‐target taxa.
Potentially avoidable emergency department transfers from residential aged care facilities for possible post‐fall intracranial injury
Authors: Tulchinsky Igor , Buckley Richard , Meek Robert , Lim Joel Jun Yi
Published: July 2022

Objectives

To determine the percentage of potentially preventable residential aged care facility (RACF) to ED transfers for potential intracranial injury post‐fall. To describe rates of CT brain (CTB) performance, intracranial trauma‐related findings, neurosurgical intervention, and patient outcome.

Methods

Patient lists were obtained from the hospital electronic medical record, screened for eligibility and data abstracted. Potentially preventable was defined as: (1) RACF return from ED within 24 h, regardless of CTB performance or finding; (2) ED management could reasonably have been provided at the RACF. Comparisons between those with CTB performed or not, including external signs of craniofacial trauma, anticoagulant medication use, baseline cognitive impairment and presence of an advanced care directive (ACD) were made.

Results

Of 784 patients, 415 (53%) were classified as potentially avoidable. Of these, 314 (76%) had a CTB. Of all 784 patients, 538 (69%) had a CTB performed. CTB was more likely with presence of external signs of craniofacial trauma (26% [95% CI 23–30] vs 20% [95% CI 15–25], P < 0.001) and anticoagulant use (59% [95% CI 55–63] vs 42% [95% CI 37–49], P < 0.001) but not for presence of cognitive impairment or ACD. From the 538 CTBs, 31 (6%) patients had acute intracranial trauma‐related findings with all having conservative management. None of the 11 (1%) deaths were in the potentially preventable subgroup.

Conclusion

Just over half of the RACF to ED transfers were classified as ‘potentially avoidable’.
Effects of nitrite concentrations on the quality and protein oxidation of salted meat
Authors: Wang Xinyue , Yu Qunli , He Long , Zhang Qing , Ma Jibing
Published: July 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sodium nitrite on the quality and protein oxidation of salted meat during 21 days of curing. The salted meat was treated with sodium nitrite at 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg for curing, and salted meat without sodium nitrite was used as a control. The results showed that in salted meat added with sodium nitrite, the carbonyl group, disulfide bond, dityrosine, surface hydrophobicity, and the transformation rate from α‐helix to β‐sheet were all significantly reduced, whereas the sulfhydryl group content of myofibrillar proteins was significantly increased compared to the control. Meanwhile, the total volatile basic nitrogen and aerobic plate content were significantly decreased, while both the pH and a* value were significantly increased with an increase in nitrite concentration compared to the control group. Importantly, this phenomenon was also observed in salted meat treated with low doses of sodium nitrite (50 mg/kg). In conclusion, the quality of salted beef can be improved by adding low‐dose sodium nitrite to inhibit protein oxidation during the curing process.

Practical Application

A low dose of sodium nitrite inhibited the rate of α‐helix to β‐sheet transformation of myofibrillar proteins in salted meat, reducing the exposure of hydrophobic groups and decreasing the production of protein oxidation products and TVB‐N to improve the quality of salted meat. These results provided a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the application of low‐dose sodium nitrite in meat processing enterprises.
Hermetia illucens L. larvae–associated intestinal microbes reduce the transmission risk of zoonotic pathogens in pig manure
Authors: Zhang Yuanpu , Xiao Xiaopeng , Elhag Osama , Cai Minmin , Zheng Longyu , Huang Feng , Jordan Heather R. , Tomberlin Jeffery K. , Sze Sing‐Hoi , Yu Ziniu , Zhang Jibin
Published: July 2022

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are considered a promising biological reactor to convert organic waste and reduce the impact of zoonotic pathogens on the environment. We analysed the effects of BSF larvae on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. populations in pig manure (PM), which showed that BSF larvae can significantly reduce the counts of the associated S. aureus and Salmonella spp. Then, using a sterile BSF larval system, we validated the function of BSF larval intestinal microbiota in vivo to suppress pathogens, and lastly, we isolated eight bacterial strains from the BSF larval gut that inhibit S. aureus. Results indicated that functional microbes are essential for BSF larvae to antagonise S. aureus. Moreover, the analysis results of the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and S. aureus and Salmonella spp. showed that Myroides, Tissierella, Oblitimonas, Paenalcalignes, Terrisporobacter, Clostridium, Fastidiosipila, Pseudomonas, Ignatzschineria, Savagea, Moheibacter and Sphingobacterium were negatively correlated with S. aureus and Salmonella. Overall, these results suggested that the potential ability of BSF larvae to inhibit S. aureus and Salmonella spp. present in PM is accomplished primarily by gut‐associated microorganisms.
Characteristics and risk factors of severe coronary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A multicenter, Chinese Rheumatism Date Center database study
Authors: Ci Weiping , Zhao Jiuliang , Qi Wanting , Gao Na , Qian Junyan , Zhang Guohua , Wang Yuhua , Pan Lili , Li Mengtao
Published: July 2022

Aim

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with severe coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with increased mortality. This study aimed to assess the characteristics and risk factors of severe CAD in SLE.

Method

This multicenter, cross‐sectional study enrolled consecutive patients with SLE included in the Chinese Rheumatism Date Center registry. Patients with severe CAD including angiography‐confirmed stenosis ≥50% in the left main, ≥70% in other major coronary arteries, or myocardial infarction were classified into the CAD group. Patients without CAD were classified into the control group. Subgroups were stratified according to age (set as above and below 45 and 50 for men and women, respectively) and gender. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors of severe CAD in SLE.

Results

Forty‐three patients had severe CAD from a total of 3744 patients with SLE, 30 of whom were female; 35 belonged to the older age group and 8 belonged to the younger age group. In older patients, independent risk factors included age, 5 major CAD risk factors, SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI‐2K), hyperuricemia, and corticosteroid exposure. In younger patients, the risk factors were 5 major CAD risk factors and positive antiphospholipid antibody (APL). Male risk factors were age and 5 major CAD risk factors, whereas female risk factors were age, 5 major CAD risk factors, SLEDAI‐2K, and positive APL. Three‐vessel disease was most prevalent in patients with severe CAD.

Conclusion

We recommend screening for severe CAD in patients with SLE with age‐ and gender‐stratified risk factors.
Physical activity behaviors in cancer survivors treated with neurotoxic chemotherapy
Authors: Mizrahi David , Goldstein David , Trinh Terry , Li Tiffany , Timmins Hannah C. , Harrison Michelle , Marx Gavin M. , Hovey Elizabeth J. , Lewis Craig R. , Friedlander Michael , Park Susanna B.
Published: July 2022

Aim

There are many barriers to physical activity among cancer survivors. Survivors treated with neurotoxic chemotherapy may develop chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and experience additional barriers related to sensorimotor and mobility deficits. This study examined physical activity behaviors, including physical activity predictors, among cancer survivors treated with neurotoxic chemotherapies.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 252 participants, 3–24 months after neurotoxic chemotherapy, was undertaken. Physical activity was self‐reported (IPAQ). CIPN was self‐reported (FACT/GOG‐Ntx‐13), clinically graded (NCI‐CTCAE), and objectively measured using neurological grading scales and neurophysiological techniques (tibial and sural nerve conduction studies). Balance (Swaymeter) and fine motor skills (grooved pegboard) were assessed. Regression models were used to identify clinical, demographic and CIPN predictors of walking and moderate–vigorous physical activity.

Results

Forty‐four percent of participants did not meet recommended physical activity guidelines (≥150 min/week). Sixty‐six percent presented with CIPN. Nineteen percent of participants with CIPN reported that symptoms interfered with their ability to be physically active. A lower proportion of survivors aged ≥60, with grade ≥1 CIPN or BMI ≥30, reported meeting physical activity guidelines (all p < .05). Regression models identified older age, higher BMI, and patient‐reported CIPN associated with lower walking, while higher BMI and females were associated with lower moderate–vigorous physical activity. Neurologically assessed CIPN did not associate with walking or moderate–vigorous physical activity.

Conclusion

Cancer survivors exposed to neurotoxic chemotherapy have low physical activity levels. Further work should examine the factors causing physical activity limitations in this cohort and designing interventions to improve physical function and quality of life in survivors.
Dynamic changes of intracellular zinc ion level during maturation, fertilization, activation, and development in mouse oocytes
Authors: Kageyama Atsuko , Suyama Ayumi , Kinoshita Ruka , Ito Junya , Kashiwazaki Naomi
Published: July 2022

Although it is well known that calcium oscillations are required for fertilization in all mammalian species studied to date, recent studies also showed the ejection of zinc into the extracellular milieu in a series of coordinated events, called “zinc spark,” during mammalian fertilization. These results led us to the hypothesis that a zinc ion‐dependent signal is important for oocyte maturation, fertilization (activation), and further embryonic development. In this study, we evaluated the amounts and localization of intracellular zinc ions during maturation, fertilization, activation, and embryonic development in mouse oocytes. Our results show that abundant zinc ions are present in both immature and mature oocytes. After in vitro fertilization, the amounts of zinc ions were dramatically decreased at the pronuclear (PN) stage. Artificial activation by cycloheximide, SrCl2, and TPEN also reduced the amounts of zinc ions in the PN stage. On the other hand, PN embryos derived from sperm injection still showed high level of zinc ions. However, the amounts of zinc ions rapidly increased at the blastocysts regardless of activation method. We showed here that the amounts of zinc ions dramatically changed during maturation, fertilization, activation, and development in mouse oocytes.
Can technology change the status quo for pressure injury prevention?
Authors: Gould Lisa J. , White-Chu Elizabeth
Published: July 2022

Linked Article:  Jiang et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:571–579.
Tectono‐sedimentary development of early synrift half‐graben subbasins in the Miocene Pohang Basin, southeastern Korea
Authors: Park Jino , Lee Jeong‐Hyun , Hong Jongsun
Published: July 2022

Early synrift half‐grabens, herein named the Chilpo and Sinheung subbasins, have been newly recognised in the north‐central area of the Miocene Pohang Basin, Korea. The subbasins are closely aligned along an array of NNW‐trending strike‐slip faults and are bounded by ENE‐striking normal faults. The sediment infill of the subbasins consists of a deepening‐ and fining‐upward sequence of alluvial cobble to boulder conglomerate (FA1), alluvial to nearshore granule to pebble conglomerate and sandstone (FA2) and hemipelagic mudstone (FA3). The younger strata sequentially onlap the older strata in the hangingwall basement or transfer zones, whereas the footwall basement is directly onlapped by the younger hemipelagic mudstone. These patterns may have resulted from a series of domino‐style block rotations, in which subsidence along normal faults caused the differential creation of accommodation space, whilst simultaneous uplift in the upslope of rotated hangingwall blocks controlled denudation, the shedding of sediments to downslope areas and asymmetric stacking of sediments in both subbasins. In contrast to the western margin of the Pohang Basin, where large footwall‐derived fan‐delta systems developed along the bounding faults, in the Chilpo and Sinheung subbasins, small hangingwall‐derived alluvial‐fan deltas formed during rifting. The development of these domino‐style half‐grabens would have resulted from the detachment and simultaneous transrotation of the crustal block away from the northwest during accelerated extension in the Pohang Basin. Recent geophysical studies have detected very thin basin‐fill sediments in the north‐central Pohang Basin and faults that are similar in orientation to those identified in this study, thereby supporting our observations. These findings confirm the early opening of the Pohang Basin, supporting the hypothesis that all of the Miocene basins in southeastern Korea formed in a setting of NW–SE extension, and further suggest the development of the wedge‐shaped transtensional basin, in response to the opening of the East Sea (Sea of Japan) after 17 Ma.
Establishment of a deep‐learning system to diagnose BI‐RADS4a or higher using breast ultrasound for clinical application
Authors: Hayashida Tetsu , Odani Erina , Kikuchi Masayuki , Nagayama Aiko , Seki Tomoko , Takahashi Maiko , Futatsugi Noriyuki , Matsumoto Akiko , Murata Takeshi , Watanuki Rurina , Yokoe Takamichi , Nakashoji Ayako , Maeda Hinako , Onishi Tatsuya , Asaga Sota , Hojo Takashi , Jinno Hiromitsu , Sotome Keiichi , Matsui Akira , Suto Akihiko , Imoto Shigeru , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: July 2022

Although the categorization of ultrasound using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) has become widespread worldwide, the problem of inter‐observer variability remains. To maintain uniformity in diagnostic accuracy, we have developed a system in which artificial intelligence (AI) can distinguish whether a static image obtained using a breast ultrasound represents BI‐RADS3 or lower or BI‐RADS4a or higher to determine the medical management that should be performed on a patient whose breast ultrasound shows abnormalities. To establish and validate the AI system, a training dataset consisting of 4028 images containing 5014 lesions and a test dataset consisting of 3166 images containing 3656 lesions were collected and annotated. We selected a setting that maximized the area under the curve (AUC) and minimized the difference in sensitivity and specificity by adjusting the internal parameters of the AI system, achieving an AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.95, 91.2%, and 90.7%, respectively. Furthermore, based on 30 images extracted from the test data, the diagnostic accuracy of 20 clinicians and the AI system was compared, and the AI system was found to be significantly superior to the clinicians (McNemar test, p < 0.001). Although deep‐learning methods to categorize benign and malignant tumors using breast ultrasound have been extensively reported, our work represents the first attempt to establish an AI system to classify BI‐RADS3 or lower and BI‐RADS4a or higher successfully, providing important implications for clinical actions. These results suggest that the AI diagnostic system is sufficient to proceed to the next stage of clinical application.
Sjögren‐Syndrom
Authors: André Fiona , Böckle Barbara C.
Published: July 2022

Das Sjögren‐Syndrom (SjS) ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung aus dem Formenkreis der Kollagenosen, die durch die Trias Sicca‐Symptomatik, Fatigue und Schmerz charakterisiert ist. Die Diagnose wird meist bei Frauen und oft erst spät, im Alter von durchschnittlich 60 Jahren, gestellt. Bei mehr als drei Monate andauernder Sicca‐Symptomatik, die durch andere Differenzialdiagnosen nicht erklärbar ist, können die ACR/EULAR 2016 Klassifikationskriterien für das SjS angewendet werden, um die Diagnose zu stellen. Im Rahmen des SjS können viele Organe betroffen sein. Die Xerosis cutis und der Pruritus sind die häufigsten Hautmanifestationen. Oftmals werden eine leukozytoklastische Vaskulitis und ein subakut kutaner Lupus erythematodes bei SjS‐Patienten diagnostiziert. Zusätzlich haben SjS‐Patienten häufig Myoarthralgien sowie neuropsychiatrische Symptome. Langfristig muss auf das erhöhte Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen sowie Lymphome geachtet werden. Aufgrund der Beteiligung vieler Organe bei SjS‐Patienten ist ein interdisziplinärer Behandlungsansatz erforderlich.