bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Initiation and Multiplication of Petunia Explants (Petunia hybrida L.) in Vitro Propagation
Authors: Kamal Taban Falah , Al-saad Kefaia Ghazi , Noori Ali Mohammed
Published: July 2024

This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Plant Cells and Tissue Culture of the Horticulture and Landscaping Design Department/College of Agriculture/University of Kirkuk-Iraq, to study micropropagation of Petunia plant (Petunia hybrida L.), different plant parts (Explants) were used (shoot tips and nodes) from petunia plants grown in the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station Al-Sayada. The explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with Benzyl adenine at (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) mg.l-1 and Kinetin at (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0) mg.l-1 at initiation and multiplication stages, Data refers highest response (100%) were obtained from all treatments of BA and Kin under study at initiation stage. highest number of branches, Length of the longest branch, total leaves number,(3.00 branches.part-1, 3.15cm, 31.40 leaves.plantlet-1) respectively obtained from culture on MS medium supplemented with BA at 1.0 mg.l-1, while the best rate of leaves number/longest branch 14.87 leaves.branch.-1 at 1.5 mg.l-1. While in multiplication stage after 8 weeks, number of branches and number of leaves/longest branch (8.25 branches.part-1, and 31.37 leaves.branch-1) respectively were obtained from culture on medium supplemented with BA at 1.5 mg.L-1. Length of the longest branch and total leaves number (5.27cm and 52.90 leaves.plantlet-1) respectively were obtained from culture on medium at 1.0 mg.L-1. Moreover, the highest number of branches, Length of the longest branch, total leaves number, and number of leaves/longest branch (3.25 branches.part-1, 23.00 leaves.plantlet-1, and 15.75 leaves.branch-1) respectively obtained from culture on MS medium supplemented with Kin at (6.0) mg.L-1 at initiation stage, while Length of the longest branch 3.11 cm were obtained by Kin at 4.0 mg.L-1. For the multiplication stage, the rates were (4.00 branches.part-1, 34.33 leaves.plantlet-1, and 19.66 leaves. branch-1) respectively obtained from Kin at 4.0 mg.L-1, while Length of the longest branch (4.12cm were obtained from culture on medium supplemented with Kin at 2.0 mg.L-1.
The Effect of Spraying with Nano-Iron Oxide and Adding Potassium on the Growth and Flowering of Baby Rose Plants Rose pygmaea L.
Authors: Mahmood Mahmood K. , Ahmed Mohamed A.
Published: July 2024

This research was conducted within the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at Tikrit University’s College of Agriculture, throughout the agricultural season of 2022-2023. The primary objective was to investigate the impact of nano-iron oxide spraying and the addition of potassium on the growth and flowering dynamics of the baby rose species, Rose Pygmaea L. The experimental design involved two key factors: the first factor encompassed the application of iron oxide nanoparticles at three distinct concentrations (0, 50, 100 mg L-1), while the second factor involved the application of potassium fertilizer at four different concentrations (0, 1, 3, 5 mg L-1). The experimental layout adhered to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with each treatment replicated three times to ensure statistical robustness and reliability of the findings. The outcomes of the study are succinctly presented as follows. The Fe3 treatment, involving the application of nano-iron oxide at a concentration of (100) mg L-1, exhibited remarkable superiority by yielding the highest values for various parameters, including plant height (36.434 cm plant-1), leaf area (473.65 cm plant-1), plant content of total chlorophyll (32.524 mg gm-1 fresh weight), number of flowers (3.672 flowers per plant-1), flower age (20.143 days per plant-1), and flower diameter (30.773 mm per plant-1). These values significantly surpassed the corresponding characteristics observed in the comparison treatment. Similarly, the K4 treatment, involving the addition of potassium fertilizer at a concentration of (5) gm L-1, demonstrated significant differences in the aforementioned attributes, achieving values such as 38.372 cm plant-1 for plant height, 480.81 cm plant-1 for leaf area, 33.971 mg gm-1 fresh weight for total chlorophyll content, 3.533 flowers per plant-1, 20.830 days for flower age, and 31.436 mm per plant-1 for flower diameter. Furthermore, the combined Fe3K4 intervention treatment, which included the simultaneous application of nano-iron oxide (100 mg L-1) and potassium (5 g L-1), showcased notable effects on the growth and flowering characteristics of the baby rose. gave a significant superiority in the above-mentioned characteristics by giving the highest rates and amounted to 41.287 cm plant-1, 617.33 cm plant-1, 36.093 mg gm-1 fresh weight, 4.456 flowers per plant-1, 23.963 days, 35.317 mm per plant-1, respectively, compared to the control treatment, and the percentage increase between the intervention treatment was 74.94%, 136.87%, 56.36%, 210.30%, 158.13%, and 61.87%, respectively.
Improving Vegetative Growth and Mineral Content of Mandarin Saplings (Citrus reticulata Blanko) cv. Clementine through Foliar Spray of Ascorbic Acid and Putrescine
Authors: Hilal Taghreed Ali , Al-Falahy Thamer H. R.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in the lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening affiliated to the College of Agriculture and Landscape Gardening – University of Anbar for the period from April 2023 to December 2023 to investigate the effect of antioxidant (Ascorbic Acid) and polyamine (Putrescine) on some vegetative traits and leaf mineral content of mandarin saplings cv. Clementine. Ascorbic acid sprayed at four levels,0(spraying with water only),300, 600 and 900 mg L-1 and Putrescine was sprayed at three levels,0(spraying with water only), 75 and 150mg L-1, foliar application with ascorbic acid (900 mg.l-1) and putrescine(150 mg.l-1) had a significant effect on most of the vegetative traits and increased mineral content, i.e. (N, P and K) compared with the least value at control, on the same context, the combination between the studied factors have the same effect on individual factors,(ascorbic acid with concentration 900 mg.l-1+ Putrescine at concentration 150 mg.l-1).
The Role of Amino Acid (Arginine) and Humic Substances in the Growth Traits and Chemical Content of Carissa carandas L. plants
Authors: Hamed Sarah SA. , Ahmed Mahmood SH.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in one of the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar, to study the effect of adding humic substance and spraying with arginine on the vegetative and root growth of the Carissa plant. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was the humic substance at four concentrations, which are 0, 1, 2, 3 milligrams per liter, and the second factor was the amino acid arginine at three concentrations, 6, 3, 0 milligrams per liter. The experiment was designed using a Randomized Completely Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications and 3 pots for each experimental unit, with each block consisting of 12 treatments and a total of 108 pots for all blocks. The results of the study summarized the presence of a significant increase in the interaction treatment between arginine at a concentration of 6 milligrams per liter and humic substance at a concentration of 3 milligrams per liter in the rate of surface area, the rate of increase in the number of branches, secondary branch diameter, phosphorus and potassium ratio to nitrogen, relative content in the leaves, reaching 1.343 cm2, 11.333 branches plant-1, 12.000 mm, 0.343%, 1.863%, and 1.390 mg g-1 respectively. Whereas, the control treatment exhibited the lowest rates in all of the aforementioned traits.
Changes in Amino Acid Accumulation and Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Concentrations in Leaves of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seedlings Exposed to UV Light Stress
Authors: Swaid Sajeda Y. , Ali Abdulminam H.
Published: July 2024

Human activities have resulted in air pollution, which has reduced the ozone layer. The increased exposure of the Earth’s surface to the harmful ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation has affected plants, such as date palm, retarding their growth, productivity and photosynthesis. This study aimed to determine how UV-B radiation influences changes in amino acid and nutrients N, P, and K (NPK) content in date palm leaves. Amino acids in germinated seeds subjected to various UV-B doses were quantified, and NPK analysis was performed. Results demonstrated the considerable effects of UV-B radiation on these parameters. Prolonged exposure to UV-B radiation resulted in high amino acid levels, which peaked at 8, 10 h of exposure, and the lowest values were observed after control treatment. The peak in N concentration was recorded after 4 h of exposure and declined at after 8,10 h of exposure. The levels of P increased after 2,4 h of irradiation and decreased after 6, 8 h. By contrast, K content greatly increased after 4 h of UV irradiation and slightly increased after 6,10 h of irradiation. Overall, the amino acid content of the date palm seedlings increased after 6,8 h of exposure to UV-B rays, and NPK levels initially increased after 2, 4 h of UV-B irradiation but decreased after 6,10 h of UV-B irradiation.
Leaf Area Index Estimated of Pine Stand Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Mohammed Ali Maan Bashar Shekho , Al-Bek Muzahim Saeed , Al-Allaf Muhammad Younis
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted on naturally growing pine trees in Dohuk Governorate, northern Iraq, to estimate the leaf area index using remote sensing techniques and also identify changes in forest tree cover and monitor them by foresters to make decisions towards sustainability. I took ground field data during the year 2022m from (30) Sample, measurements were taken of the height and diameter at breast height for each sample, as well as the height of the center of the crown and the number of trees. A function tree was chosen to represent the trees of the sample, along with calculating the number of branches for this tree. The wet weight of the leaves was also taken to calculate the average branch length for each of the three layers of the tree. The samples were dried until the weight was stable, and then the surface area of (150) sample leaves was estimated, and from there, the leaf area index was estimated. Vegetation cover indicators were also calculated by using a satellite data source derived from the Sentinel-2 satellite and calculating the equations for these indicators using (ArcGIS) program, so the paper area guide was prepared based on these indicators by preparing the following equations: (1) Estimating the area index as a function of the Natural Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI) : LAI = 2.40159-34.6505*NDVI + 159.204*NDVI2. (2) Leaf area index as a function of the percentage vegetation index (RVI) : LAI = -0.598472 + 1.13841*RVI. (3) Leaf area index as a function of the Green Natural Differences Index (GNDVI) : LAI = -0.99298 + 10.1345*GNDVI.
Effect of Plant Density and Ethephon Spraying on some Growth Traits of the Sunflower (Helianthus aannus L.) (Shamos variety)
Authors: Abbas Mohammed Altefat , Mohsen Almughir Hayder Abdul Hussain
Published: July 2024

The field experiment was carried out during the spring season (2023), to study the effect of plant density, spraying with ethephon, and their interaction on the growth of sunflower (Shamous variety). The experiment was applied using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), according to the split plot design with three replicates. The main plots included four levels of ethephon (0, 600, 1200, and 1800 ppm), which has the symbol E0, E1, E2 and E3 respectively. The Sub Plot included four planting distances (20, 30, 40, and 50 cm) among plants, which were symbolized as D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively. The results showed a significant effect among planting distances, the distance of 20 cm between plants in D1 achieved the highest average plant height (209.33 cm) and the area index (3.70), while D4, was the highest average leaf area (8990.08 cm2) and the leaves number (30.70 leaves plant-1). The level of ethephon E3, was a high average of leaves No. (28.80 leaves plant-1), the leaf area (7394.66 cm2), and leaf area index (2.95), while the E0 level gave the highest average for plant height (203.25 cm).
Effect of Spraying Ascorbic Acid on Growth and Yield of Soybean Plant Affected by Irrigation Interval
Authors: Hammad Ahmed Jappar , Ali Imad M.
Published: July 2024

In order to determine the impact of ascorbic acid spraying, extent to which the soybean crop was impacted by the irrigation interval, and possible effects of this on certain growth and yield characteristics, a field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2023 at the College of Agriculture research station in the Al-Bu’itha area, Anbar Governorate. The study utilized a split-plot design utilizing a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plots of the experiment included irrigation intervals of 4, 8, and 12 days, while the sub-plots included ascorbic acid spray concentrations of 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg L-1. According to the results ascorbic acid concentration of 2000 mg L-1 exceeded the highest average in terms of plant height and leaf area, achieving measurements of 63.33 cm and 35.08 cm2 plant-1, respectively, in contrast ascorbic acid concentration of 3000 mg L-1 recorded the highest average in terms of dry weight, number of pods and number of seed per pods, as it provided 77.20 gm, 147.26 pod plant-1, and 2.39 seed pod-1, in that order. About the irrigation interval, the 4 day interval produced the best results in terms of plant height, leaf area, dry weight, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, and seed yield; in that order, they produced the following: 77.02 cm, 42.21 cm2 plant-1, 89.46 gm plant-1, 163.11 pod plant-1, 2.55 seed pod-1, and 3.39 kg h-1.
Response of Several Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Cultivars to Foliar Potassium Application on Growth Traits
Authors: Shiaa Harith H. , Ajaj Hamid A. Q.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in the summer season of 2023 at the Hamidhia Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar at latitude and longitude (33.45, 43.38). With aim to study the growth traits of four sesame cultivars under the influence of potassium fertilizer spraying. The experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plot arrangement and three replications. The potassium concentrations (0, 2000, 4000, 6000) mg L-1applied as foliar s applications, allocated to the main plots while the cultivars (Wada’a, Black Malaysian, Magnali 53, Golmarmuros) occupied the sub-plot. The results demonstrated that the Magnali 53 cultivar excelled in plant height (157.87 cm), branch number (6.98 branches per plant), chlorophyll index (55.51 SPAD), leaf area (6853 cm2 per plant), and leaf area index (5.47). On the other hand, the Wada’a cultivar showed superiority in days to flowering with 37.33 days. The concentration of 4000 mg L-1 yielded the highest averages plant height (166.50 cm), branch number (6.08 branches plant-1), chlorophyll index (55.79 SPAD), leaf area (7091 cm2 plant-1), and leaf area index (5.66). The results indicated the significance of the interaction between potassium application concentrations and cultivars in plant height, chlorophyll content, leaf area, and its index.
Effect of some Elements of Integrated Weed Management on the Yield and Its Component of the Sunflower
Authors: Al-Munaim Al-Jourani Ahmed Yahia Abd , Hammood Watheq Falhi
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in the field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the spring season of 2021, aiming to study the effect of Datura root extract and the herbicide Trifluralin on the weeds accompanying the sunflower (Flami variety) and the crop yield and its components. The experiment was implemented based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The distances between the lines (60, 75, and 90) cm represented the main plots, and the subplots were the weed control treatments, involving 1-treatment of spray with Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha-1(T1), 2- treatment of spray with Datura root extract at 18 l.ha-1 (T2), 3- treatment of spray with Trifluralin at 1.2 L.ha-1 + spray with Datura root extract at 9 L.ha-1 (T3), and 4- the weedy treatment (T4). The distance of 60 cm showed the lowest average density of the weeds accompanying the plant, recording 16.58 plants.m-2, and it recorded the highest values of the weed control percentage (63.12%) after 30 days of sequential planting, seed yield (5.242 t.ha-1), and oil yield (1.711 t.ha-1). The distance of 90 cm achieved the highest values of the disc diameter (18.66 cm), the number of seeds per disc (1232.0), and 1000 seed weight (89.95 g). Treatment T1 of spraying herbicide Trifluralin at a rate of 2.4 L.ha-1 achieved the lowest weed density (8.89 plants.m-2). It also recorded the highest values of the percentage of weed control (82.00%) after 30 days of planting, disc diameter (18.50 cm), number of seeds per disc (1289.0 seeds.disc-1), 1000- seeds weight (87.40 g), seed yield (5.744 t.ha-1), and oil yield (2.232 t.ha-1). The interaction between the two study factors significantly affected most of the traits under study. The interaction treatment between the distance of 60 cm and the treatment T1 achieved the lowest number of weeds, reaching 5.00 plants.m-2, the highest percentage of weed control, reaching 88.55% after 30 days of spray, and the highest seed yield of 6.553 t.ha-1. The interaction between the distance of 90 cm and the treatment T3 achieved high averages for the disc diameter (20.47 cm), number of seeds per disc (1466.1 seeds.disc-1), and 1000 seed weight (105.93 g). The results confirm the integration between the effect of the distance between the rows, the herbicide, and the extract in improving these traits.
The Performance of Ten Flax Genotypes under Planting Distances Between Lines Linum usitatissmum L.
Authors: Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim , Hasan Hatem Mohammed , Hamada Tariq Hussein
Published: July 2024

In this study, a factor experiment was used, including ten genetic structures of flax at three distances between the lines, carried out by designing complete random sectors with three repetitions to study the growth characteristics, the yield, and its components, the results showed that the third distance exceeds (40) cm in most traits, including the stem diameter, which reached 2.69 mm, the number of secondary branches 8.97, the number of seeds in the capsule 43.00, the seed yield in the plant and the biological yield 339.70, the genotypes exceeded Sakha 6 in plant height and stem diameter with an average of 95.28 and 2.73, respectively, and Sakha 1 in the number of capsules in the plant and the weight of capsules with an average of 43.51 and 450.56, respectively. As for the interaction, the combined treatment exceeded the distance of 40 cm with the Poland composition and the same distance with the Sakha 1 composition for most of the studied traits.
Response of Four Barley Varieties to the Effect of Seed Rates
Authors: Abas Sinan A. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. , Abood Nihad M.
Published: July 2024

An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2020-2021 in the fields of a farmer in the city of Ramadi - Anbar province - Iraq, according to the randomized complete block design [RCBD] with split-plot arrangement and three replications. The study examined the effect of four seed rates [100, 130, 160, and 190 kg ha-1] on the growth and yield of four barley varieties [IPA256, Amal, Buhooth 22, and Baraq]. Seed rates allocated to the main plot, while the varieties allocated to the sub-plots. The results showed that the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 gave the highest mean leaf area of 14.52 cm2 and the highest 1000-grain weight of 46.88 g. However, the seed rate of 190 kg ha-1 outperformed in crop growth rate, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index, with 14.19 g m-2 day-1, 20.50 ton ha-1, 5.59 ton ha-1, and 27.40%, respectively. The varieties differed significantly in most of the studied traits, with the variety Buhooth 22 outperformed with the highest mean leaf area and biological yield of 13.05 cm2 and 20.69 ton ha-1, respectively. However, the variety IPA256 gave the highest mean crop growth rate, yield per unit area, and harvest index of 14.38 g m-2 day-1, 5.77 ton ha-1, and 32.23%, respectively. The interaction between varieties and seed rates showed that the variety IPA256 with the seed rate of 190 kg ha-1 gave the highest yield per unit area of 6.17 ton ha-1.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of 2.4-D 72% Herbicide in Combating Weedy Leaves Associated with Different Varieties of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Its Effect on Growth Characteristics
Authors: Ahmed Sharif Yaseen Obaid Noori , Hamad Al-Mafrajy Abdulmueen Shabeeb , Mohammed Albarzenje Zakariya Mahmood
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of a farmer in the (Koldara) area, which belongs to the district of Alton Kubri (Dibs District) in Kirkuk Governorate. Planting took place in the spring season on 28/3/2023 after preparing the soil. Phosphate P2O5 fertilizer was added before planting, 011 kg.ha -1, while nitrogen fertilizer was added after planting (320) kg. ha -1 per batch in the form of urea fertilizer (46% N) and in two batches, one batch after planting and the second batch before the flowering of the Sorghum crop. A factorial experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.). With three replicates and two factors: spraying 2.4-D 72% herbicide in an amount of 1500 cm3.ha-1 spray on the soil before planting, six varieties of forage Sorghum : Bohouth, Giza, J, Rabeh, Warka, Inqaz,. The results of the study showed that the 2.4-D herbicide, when used before planting, was effective in reducing the number of weeds with susceptible leaves, as well as the dry weight of the weeds that escaped or were not affected by the herbicide, as well as the high control rate that was achieved as a result of the use of that herbicide and that method of control. This had a positive effect on the characteristics of vegetative growth, as the height of the plant and the number of branches increased, and demonstrated the superiority of the variety Anqaz and Warka in those two important characteristics for fodder purposes.
Effect of Planting Patterns and Plant Space on some Quantitative Traits of Maize Hybrids (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Hussien Malak A. , Kakarash Sakar A. , Mohammed Zakariya M.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out in the fall season of 2023 at Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, with the aim of determine the best hybrids, plant space, and planting pattern to obtain highest grain yield for maize. The experiment was applied by using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the split-plot design, with three replications. Plant space (15,20,25, and 30) and their symbol is (D1, D2, D3, and D4), respectively. Planting pattern (Single row 25x50cm and double row 30x50cm) and their symbol is (P1 and P2) respectively, and hybrids (DKC6050 and DKC6777) and their symbol are (G1 and G2) respectively. The results showed that the G2 hybrid was superior in all traits to G1 hybrid. Plant space D4 was superior in terms of traits (number of rows ear-1, number of grain row-1, number of grain ear-1, and weight of 500 grain), While plant yield was superior to plant space D1 and reached (9.24 ton ha-1). The twin row pattern was superior in all traits to the single row pattern. In the two-factor interaction (G2xD4) excelled in the traits of (number of row ear-1, number of grain row-1, number of grain ear-1, and weight of 500 grain), while the interaction (G1xD1 and G2xD1) excelled in the trait of total grain yield by rchorded (9.23 and 9.24 ton ha-1), the interaction (G2xP1) excelled in all trait. As for the triple interaction (G2xD4xP2) were superior in the traits of (number of row ear-1, number of grain row-1, number of grain ear-1, and weight of 500 grain) while the interaction G1xD1xP2 and G2xD1xP2 were superior in the characteristics of total grain yield (10.49 and 9.53 ton ha-1).
Effect of Adding Organic and Nano-Zinc Fertilizer on Flower Growth Indicators, Yield, Its Components and Medically Active Compounds of Safflower Plants
Authors: Abd Hamidi Jawad Kadhim , Arak Rana Rais
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season 2022-2023 in Babylon provinc - Albu Nafi’ area / Nile district located east of the city of Hilla, 12 km away, to study the effect of different levels of adding organic fertilizer and spraying zinc (80% Zn) with a purity rate of (80%). On some growth and yield traits of the safflower plant and its content of medically active compounds Carthamus tinctorius L. In a factorial experiment with a randomized completely block design (RCBD) and three replicates, the first factor included adding organic matter at four levels, namely 0 tons ha-1 compared to 10 tons ha-1 of poultry waste, 10 tons ha-1 of cow waste, and (5 tons ha-1 of poultry + 5 tons ha-1 of cow waste), and the second factor is spraying nano-zinc in the form of nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) at four levels: Zn0 = 0 g.L-1, Zn1 = 1.00 g.L-1, Zn2 = 2.00 g.L-1 Zn3 = 3.00 g.l-1) and their interaction. The results indicated a significant superiority for adding organic fertilizer, poultry waste, 10 tons ha-1, and it gave the highest significant averages in the characteristics of the number of flower heads, as it reached 42.53 flower heads -1, and the number of seeds in the flower head reached 32.34 seeds flower head -1, the weight of 1000 seeds was 46.14 g.seed-1, the seed yield was 66.07 g.L-1, the oil content of the seeds was 30.94%, fatty Oliec acid was 15.96%, and fatty Linoliec acid was 0.129%, while the nano-zinc spraying treatment gave a concentration of 3 g.L-1. The highest averages for the above traits were 45.90 head-1, 33.67 flower head seeds-1, 49.15 seeds-1, 65.90 g-1, 33.88% and 15.78%.
The Effect of Allelopathic Stress of C3 and C4 Plants on the Growth Characteristics of Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Latif Ghofran Marshoud , Al-Bayati Ayoub Jumaa , Mahdi Shaker
Published: July 2024

The experiment was carried out during winter season 2022-2023 with the aim of determining the effect of the allelopathic effort of the weed plant residues, namely Arugula (Eruca sativa) C3 plant and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) C4 plant, on the wheat yield of two varieties (Adna and Ibaa). The experiment was carried out using an RCBD design in three replications. The results showed that the Ibaa variety was superior to the Adna variety in all the studied traits, including plant height of 79.6 cm, number of effective shoots 5.29 strands. Plant-1, number of grains 28.26 grains. spike-1 per spike, weight of a thousand grains 31.91 grains. g, and grain yield. 3.63 tons.h-1 for both seasons as for the species level, the C3 plant was superior in all the studied characteristics to the C4 plant. It gave a plant height of 83.2 cm, and the number of effective shoots was 5.93 shoots. Plant-1, number of grains was 29.17 grains. The values of adhesion decreased with increasing levels of residues in terms of allelopathic influence, while C4 plants were less affected in these traits.
Effect of Spraying Iron, Zinc and Copper Nanoparticles on the Yield and Quality of Grain for Two Cultivars of Bread Wheat
Authors: Hamagharib Rojbayany Salam Naji , Aziz Aljoburi Jasim Mohammed
Published: July 2024

This experiment was carried out in the winter season 2023-2022 and aimed to study the effect of some micro-nanomaterials in the method of leaf spraying on two cultivars of bread wheat (Al-Fayyad Genotypes V1) early growth and (Dijla Al-Khair Genotypes V2) late growth and using the Randomized complete block design in the experimental station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk. With three replications, nanofertilizers were included for the micro-elements. The micro-nanomaterials (iron), (zinc) and (copper) were used separately and together with each other. The results showed that there were non-significant differences in the Grain yield with a higher average value of the Dijla Genotypes (5.68 tons.ha-1). As for the content of protein, wet and dry Gluten, and the percentage of extraction, of the Fayyad Genotypes was significantly higher in values (11.90%, 30.41%, 10.48%, 78.70%), respectively, compared to the lowest value of the Dijla, which was (11.57%, 28.56%, 10.00 %, 78.16%) respectively. As for the impact of fertilizer additives, the results indicated that there are significant differences between the average traits (Grain yield ton haare-1, protein content %, wet Glutin %, dry Glutin % and extraction %), as the triple addition of the elements outperformed the other additives and gave the highest values (7.891, 12.633, 32.801, 11.49, 79.99) while the control treatments gave the lowest values.
The Effect of Growth Stage of Two Types of Weeds and Spraying with Glutamic Acid on some Natural products, Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Fadhil Abeer A. , Saleh Shakir M. , Aloush Rana H.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during the 2022-2023 agricultural season at the research station of the Field Crops Department - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University. It included 54 experimental units. Each experimental unit contained five lines of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and weed seeds were planted between the wheat lines. The experiment was applied in a completely randomized block design (R.C.B.D), with three sectors, and the treatments were distributed in the arrangement of split plots. The treatments were spraying with glutamic acid during the three growth stages at three concentrations and two types of weeds (Malva praviflora and Raphanus raphanistrum). The results of the statistical analysis of the characteristics of the wheat crop showed a significant superiority in the comparison treatment (without weeds), and with a concentration of 0% glutamic, the highest germination rate for the three growth stages, as well as in the character of plant height, leaf area, total chlorophyll, number of shoots, and number of ears for the wheat crop.
Effects of Mimosa pudica L. Leaves Extracts on Some Physiological Traits of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Abd Al-Behadili Widad Ali , Saleh Mohammed H. , Faraj Salah H.
Published: July 2024

A total of 150 Ross 308 day-old broiler chicks were brought, and they were unsexed. All the requirements were prepared in advance before introducing the meal. The chicks were distributed randomly into five treatments, with three replications for each treatment, 10 birds for each replicate. The treatments were as follows: T1 (control), T2: (addition of the aqueous extract of Mimosa pudica L. leaves at a rate of 1 ml / liter of drinking water), T3: (addition of the aqueous extract of Mimosa
Pudica L. Leaves at a rate of 2 ml / liter of drinking water. T4: (addition of the alcoholic extract of Mimosa pudica L. leaves at a rate of 1 ml / liter of drinking water). T5: (addition of the alcoholic extract of Mimosa pudica L. leaves at a rate of 2 ml / liter of drinking water). Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), high-density lipoprotein, and liver enzymes (GOT and GPT) were measured. The results indicated that there was a significant decrease in the concentration of the total cholesterol and liver enzymes (GOT and GPT), a significant increase in the level of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein for the addition treatments compared to the control treatments.
Effect of Spraying Dates for Gibberellic Acid and Boron on some Yield of the Mung Bean
Authors: Hamad Hassan Karim , Fadhil Ahmed Hasan
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in spring and fall 2023 in the Musayyib project area, 40 km north of Babylon province, in silty loam soil to study the effect of gibberellic acid and boron spraying dates on two mung bean cultivar yield characteristics. Randomized full block design was used for the experiment. The local cultivar had the greatest average pod count 40.57 and 43.43 plant pods-1 for both seasons and varied considerably in all parameters. The local cultivar also had the highest overall seed production and pod seed count. These features averaged 7.692 pod seeds -1 and 1.083 tons ha-1 in fall. The Uzbek cultivar had the greatest average 100 seed weight (6.929 and 6.758 g) for both seasons. The Uzbek cultivar had the maximum spring seed output (9.275 seed pods -1 and 1. 365 tons ha-1). In both seasons, the second spraying date produced the most pods per plant (40.72 and 32.89) pod plant-1. Spring seed production (1.312) tons ha-1 and 100-seed weight (6.038) g were greatest on the third spraying day. Spraying with 200 mg L-1 gibberellin and 200 mg L-1 boron increased most of the studied traits for both seasons and yielded the highest average number of pods (44.64 and 40.15) plant pod-1, the number of seeds per pod (9.139 and 8.632) pod seeds-1, the weight of 100 seeds (6.614 and 5.901) grams, and the total seed yield (1.543 and 1.160) tons ha-1. Most features differed significantly between bi and triple interactions.
Study of The Chemical Composition of Syzygium Cumini (L.) Skeels
Authors: Ali Jawad Kadhim , Dogara Abdulrahman Mahmoud , Khalaf Maha A. , AL-Taey Duraid K. A. , Alsaffar Marwa Fadhil
Published: July 2024

Throughout history, medicinal plants have been the primary source for preventing and treating infectious diseases and other health issues. Researchers are conducting investigations to search for novel, affordable, and secure sources of antibiotics, antioxidants, and antidiabetic compounds. The more effective the medicinal plant is, the higher its demand will be, and the likelihood of non-availability will rise. Different parts of the plant must be explored to accommodate the increased demand. The study examined the chemical composition based on the essential oil of Syzygium cumini. The most abundant compound was Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)- (27.5%). Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (9.89%), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-methylpropyl ester (8.36%). The study involves a thorough examination of the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Syzygium cumini leaves. The study lays the groundwork for future research on the specific plant.
Analysis of Combining Ability and Heterosis in Partial Diallel Cross of Cotton
Authors: Juma Al-Jubouri Atiya Aidan , Madab Dawood Salman
Published: July 2024

Nine cultivars of American plantain cotton (Gosspium hirsutum L) were used. (1-Kafco, -2CI22, 3-Spiro, -4AK259, -5 Backcoat, -6 Montana, -7Lachata, 8- Condor, -9Dn 1047) and partial diallel cross (18 hybrid) which They were obtained according to the method proposed by Kempthorne and Curnow (1961) for the purpose of estimating the genetic parameters and genetic behavior of the traits of seed cotton yield and its components. The genotypes (parents + hybrids) were planted in the 2021/2022 agricultural season in Baiji District - Salah al-Din provainc (latitude 34.92944 and longitude 43.49389), using a completely randomized block design with three replicates. The results showed that the average variance of the genotypes was highly significant for most traits except for the traits (early flowering and number of seeds per boll). The father (Den 1047) gave highly significant and desirable effects for the general combining ability for three traits, followed by the fathers (CA22, Lachatta, and Chondro). This is evidence that These combinations have the largest number of genes with additional action, which play an important role in the inheritance of these traits. The hybrid (Kafco) – The value of the additional genetic variance was greater than the value of dominance genetic variance for the traits (plant height, early flowering, number of total boll, flower cotton yield, and total flower cotton yield). Narrow-sense heritability value was medium for the traits (number of fruiting branches, number of seeds per boll, average weight of the boll, and early yield) and high for the rest of the traits. Therefore, it recommend using the father (Den 1047) in plant breeding and improvement prog because it gives the highest productivity of seed cotton per plant as well as the highest productivity per unit area.
Effect of Cultivars and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Components of Black Barley
Authors: Hardan Hiba Mukhlif , Al-Mohammad Maher H. S. , Al-Silawi Razzaq L. A.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out in Babylon Governorate, Al-Qasim Green University - College of Agriculture -in the fields Continue of the Field Crops Department during the winter agricultural season at 2022-2023 to study the response of three cultivars of black barley “Zanbaka”, “Mosul 1” and “Local Black” to add nitrogen fertilizer at level of 0, 60 and 120 kgNha-1, the combinations of treats were distributed in a factorial experiment according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The data were collected and analyzed according to the variance analysis table and the averages were tested according to least significant difference (LSD) at probability level 0.05. The results showed a significant superiority of “Zanbaka” cultivar in the appearances of main stem height and number of grains in spike, while cultivar “Mosul 1” were significantly superiorin flag area, total chlorophyll, number of spikes, weight of 1000 grains, biological yield, and total grain yield (3.44 tons ha-1), while the fertilizer at level 60 kgNha-1 significantly superior in flag area, total chlorophyll, number of spikes, number of grains, weight of 1000 grains, biological yield, and total grain yield (3.82 tons ha-1). It was significantly superior to the intervention treatment, Zanbaka x 120 kg.ha-1, in terms of main stem height. It also significantly outperformed the intervention treatment of Mosul 1 Cultivar × 60 kgNha-1 In the characteristics of the leaf area, the total chlorophyll pigments index, the weight of a thousand grains, the grain yield of 4.05 tons ha-1, and the harvest index.
Effect of Cultivars and Spraying Phenylalanine on Growth and Yield of Black Barley
Authors: Hardan Hiba Mukhlif , Al-Mohammad Maher H. S. , Al-Silawi Razzaq L. A.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during the winter agricultural season for the year 2022-2023 in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate - Department of Agricultural Research - Diwaniyah Research Station, to study the response of three cultivars of black barley “Zanbaka”, “Mosul 1” and “Black Local” and spraying the amino acid Phenylalanine at concentrations of 0 and 50 and 100 mg L-1, The combinations of treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data was collected and analyzed according to the analysis of variance table, and the means were tested according to the least significant difference test at the 0.05 probability level. The results showed that the “Zanbaka” cultivar was significantly superior in the grain content of total phenols, the effectiveness of free radical scavenging, and the total antioxidant capacity of the grain. It was significantly superior to the spraying treatment at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 in the content of total anthocyanins, total phenolics, the effectiveness of scavenging free radicals, and the total antioxidant capacity. Significantly, the interaction treatment was Zanbaka × 100 Phe. mg kg-1 for main stem height, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, oxidative activity to suppress free radicals, and total antioxidant capacity amounted to 90.79 cm, 153.15 mg kg-1, 289.77 mg kg-1, 72.44%, and 84.90 mg kg-1, respectively. While the Mosul 1×50 Phe.mg L-1 conductor interference treatment was significantly superior for leaf area, total chlorophyll, biological yield, total grain yield, and percentage of fiber were 16.29 cm2, 42.33 and 10.09 tons ha-1, 4.14 tons ha-1 and 29.53 mg kg-1, respectively.
Effect of Some Beneficial Microorganisms on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat Plant
Authors: Hussein Ahmed A. , Abraheem Basheer A. , Shachai Naseer F.
Published: July 2024

With the aim of investigating the effect of some beneficial microorganisms on the yield and its components of the wheat plant Ibaa 99 variety. This experiment was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences of Baghdad University during the winter of 2019-2020, following RCBD with three replications and 8 treatments per replicate: Pseudomonas fluorescens (Ps.), Glomus spp. (Gl.), Mycorrhizae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sa.) baking yeast, as well as the treatments resulting from their combinations, Ps + Gl, Gl + Sa, Ps + Sa, and Ps + Sa + Gl, in addition to the control treatment. The results showed that all treatments were significantly superior to the control treatment in the number of spikelets spike-1, spike length, and number of grains spike-1. The triple treatment Ps+Sa+Gl was significantly superior to all treatments (88.07 grains spike-1), and this treatment was significantly superior to the treatment Ps+Sa and the single treatment Sa to the other treatments in the number of spikelets m-2 and in the grain yield (3962 kg ha-1). Then Sa (3473.39 kg ha-1) was significantly superior to all other treatments, and finally Ps+Gl, Gl+Sa, and Ps+Sa (3010.95, 3079.15, and 3196.82 kg ha-1, respectively) were significantly superior to Ps, Gl, and control. This shows the importance of combining biofertilizers in plant nutrition and in providing 50% of the fertilizer recommendation, with the consequent reduction of pollution and lower production costs.
Genetic Parameters and Heritability of Sunflower Genotypes as Influenced by Different Nitrogen Rates
Authors: Yasir Musaab A. , Abed Ziyad A.
Published: July 2024

This study was carried out to estimate the genetic parameters, heritability in broad sense, Phenotypic coefficient (PCV), Genotypic coefficient (GCV) and phenotypic and genotypic correlation among characteristics of sunflower genotypes. Eight sunflower genotypes were evaluated in the randomized complete block design (RBCD) with three replications under three nitrogen rates (50, 100 and 200) Nkha-1 at spring and fall season. The results indicated that the sunflower genotypes were significantly for all characteristics. The phenotypic coefficient (PCV) was largest than the genotypic coefficient (GCV). The seed yield showed the highest PCV under 200 Nkha-1 (15.73) and the highest GCV (12.48) under 50 Nkha-1. Higher value of heritability in the broad sense was obtained (92.66, 94.13) % for seed weight and seed yield under (200) Nkha-1. while the lowest value of heritability was scored (44.56)% for seed yield in the fall season under 200 Nkha-1. However, characteristics having high stability, like disc diameter and seed weight under all nitrogen fertilizer rates, therefore can be used a selection criteria to improve some sunflower genotypes under nitrogen fertilizers.
The Role of Boron in the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Several Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Cultivars
Authors: Ahmed Nadir Y. , Noaman Abdulsamad H.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2023 in the Al-Hamadiyah area, at the Agricultural Research Station / College of Agriculture, within the latitude (22.44) and longitude (43.39), in sandy loam soil, to study the growth and productivity of four cotton cultivars under the influence of boron spraying. A randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) was used with three replications, in a split plot arrangement, where four concentrations of boron (0, 40, 80, 120) mg L-1, occupied the main plots, while the sub-plots included four cotton cultivars (Coker 310, Spearo, Montana, W888). The results indicate that the cultivar Spearo exhibited the lowest average number of nodes for the first fruiting branch on the main stem and the earliest number of days from planting to flowering, at 5.41 node and 63.39 days respectively. The cultivar Montana surpassed with the highest average leaf chlorophyll content of 28.05 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight. The cultivar Coker 310 excelled with the highest average plant height, number of vegetative branches, and number of fruiting branches, at 165.11 cm, 3.46 branches plant-1, and 13.06 branches plant-1, respectively.
Seed Quality of Two Sunflower Cultivar by Seed Priming Effect with Seaweed Extract
Authors: Abbas Hawraa Ali , Saudi A. H.
Published: July 2024

An experiment was conducted at the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Field Crops Department in the College of Agriculture Engineering Science at the University of Baghdad. The goal was to investigate how treating two different sunflower varieties with seaweed extract would affect the viability and vigor of their seeds. The experiment was designed using CRD distributed factorial experiments over four trials and included two factors. The first factor consisted of seed priming treatments with five different concentrations of seaweed extract (ranging from 1 to 5 gm l-1) and a comparison treatment with only distilled water. The second factor involved testing two cultivars of sunflower (Ishaqi-1 and Ishaqi-2). The results showed that the Ishaqi-2 cultivar outperformed the Ishaqi-1 cultivar in all aspects studied. The highest mean values were observed for traits such as germination rate in the first and second intestines, radicle and plumule length, germination strength, seedling dry weight, and the percentage of normal seedlings in the aging test (63.82%, 94.21%, 4.430 cm, 8.411 cm, 1214.3, 0.4465 gm and 46.70%, respectively). The findings displayed a striking impact of the varying amounts of seaweed extract, with the highest concentration of 4 gm l-1 exhibiting superiority in multiple aspects, such as the germination rate in both initial and subsequent counts, as well as the length of the first root and shoot, overall seedling strength, and dry weight (66.19%, 97.25%, 5.339 cm, 9.194 cm, 1413.5, and 0.4778 gm, respectively). The interaction between the two factors explored in the study displayed varying results in numerous traits, but the most prominent was the stimulation of seeds of the Ishaqi cultivar with the concentration of 2 gm l-1 of seaweed extract.
Evaluating the Suitability of Soil in Al-Khairat District for Growing Forage Crop Alfalfa
Authors: Abdel Al-Shammari Hussein Ali , Jubier Amal Radhi
Published: July 2024

The soil sample for this research was collected in the Al-Khayrat district of Al-Hindiyya district, situated in the Holy Karbala province. The precise location of this area is defined as 44131532 north to 44220923 east. A fraction of the district’s soil was surveyed, and the agricultural soil surveyed comprises 13822.52 hectares after 50 locations were identified with drilling equipment. The auger probe additionally uncovered ten pedons that served as indicators of the local soil. In order to ascertain its contours, a global positioning system (GPS) was implemented. The horizons of the pedons were subsequently described. Samples were collected from each horizon and location and transported to the laboratory for the purpose of performing the requisite laboratory measurements in accordance with the Sys method et al.’s (1993) assessment of the suitability of agriculture for the lucerne crop. Based on the findings, the soil in the study area was categorised into two distinct classes: unsuitable cultivar N1 and completely unsuitable cultivar N2 for lucerne crop cultivation at present. However, when the determinants of future cultivation were eliminated, the unsuitable cultivar was upgraded to the limited suitability cultivar S3, and the completely unsuitable cultivar was downgraded to the unsuitable cultivar.