bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Reforming State, the Concerned Public and Indigenous Political Actors
Authors: Rowse Tim
Published: July 2010

Strangely, two recent critical political histories of Indigenous affairs — by Gunstone and by Short — reproduce a structure of perception that resembles the characteristic structure of 1950s perception: a sense of outrage at the helplessness of Indigenous Australians in the face of overbearing colonial pressure, eclipsing the narrative presence of the Indigenous political agent. By returning to the work of those political scientists, sociologists and anthropologists who observed the political reforms of the 1960s and 1970s, I suggest that a richer conception of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous agency is both possible and necessary. There are three interlocking topics in the writing of Indigenous political history: the changing quality of non‐Indigenous engagement; the Indigenous leadership and its historical formation; the differentiated institutional response of the state. The political history of Indigenous Australians should not be reduced to a narrative of the settler colonial state's persistently limited concessions to the Indigenous grievance — important though that theme may be.
Journalists Writing Australian Political History
Authors: Dickenson Jackie
Published: July 2010

There has been a considerable increase in the number of political histories written by journalists since the 1960s. Three types of journalistic political histories have emerged in this period: the quickie, the longer history and the investigative work, and the works of Warren Denning, Alan Reid and Paul Kelly have been particularly influential in the development of the genre's present characteristics and concerns. This article finds that the genre's increase is the result of a combination of factors: the expansion of a tertiary‐educated readership; the introduction of university training for journalists; increasing economic pressures faced by publishers, and the rise of celebrity culture.
WHAT IS THE PUBLIC VALUE OF GOVERNMENT ACTION? TOWARDS A (NEW) PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO VALUES QUESTIONS IN PUBLIC ENDEAVOURS
Authors: WEST KAREN , DAVIS PAUL
Published: July 2010

There has been a resurgence of interest in values in recent public administration research, based on two distinct arguments. For different reasons, neither approach is likely to secure a robust normative basis for public endeavours. These reasons are assessed, using an alternative body of theory rooted in contemporary social theory that we term, ‘new pragmatism’. New pragmatic ideas are deployed to critique the divorce of values from facts; the abstraction of values from concrete situations; the anthropocentric foundation to social choice; the poorly developed understanding of the process of governance, with its inherent pluralism; and the seeming reluctance to articulate principles of political discourse.
Tests of strict stationarity based on quantile indicators
Authors: Busetti Fabio , Harvey Andrew
Published: July 2010

Quantiles provide a comprehensive description of the properties of a variable, and tracking changes in quantiles over time using signal extraction methods can be informative. It is shown here how departures from strict stationarity can be detected using stationarity tests based on weighted quantile indicators. Corresponding tests based on expectiles are also proposed; these might be expected to be more powerful for distributions that are not heavy‐tailed. Tests for changing dispersion and asymmetry may be based on contrasts between particular quantiles or expectiles. An overall test of the null hypothesis of strict stationarity can be constructed using the indicators from a range of quantiles. Residuals from fitting a time‐varying level or trend may be used to construct tests for relative time invariance. Empirical examples, using stock returns and US inflation, demonstrate the practical value of the tests.
Religious individualization or secularization? Testing hypotheses of religious change – the case of Eastern and Western Germany
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Pickel Gert
Published: July 2010

The individualization thesis advanced by sociologists of religion such as Grace Davie, Danièle Hervieu–Léger, Michael Krüggeler, Thomas Luckmann, Hubert Knoblauch, Wade Clark Roof, Wayne E. Baker, and others has become increasingly widespread especially in Europe within the sociology of religion. In contrast to the secularization theory it assumes that processes of modernization will not lead to a decline in the social significance of religion, but rather to a change in its social forms. According to the individualization theory, traditional and institutionalized forms of religiosity will be increasingly replaced by more subjective ones detached form church, individually chosen, and syncretistic in character. The article examines the empirical applicability of the individualization thesis on the basis of how religiosity and church affiliation have evolved in Germany over the past 50 years. It comes to the conclusion that the rise of individually determined non‐church religiosity cannot compensate for the losses of institutionalized religiosity, since non‐church religiosity remains rather marginal and is interwoven with traditional Christian religiosity. Religious individualization is only a component of the predominant secularization process.
Parental education, children's performance and the transition to higher secondary education: trends in primary and secondary effects over five Dutch school cohorts (1965–99)
Authors: Kloosterman Rianne , Ruiter Stijn , De Graaf Paul M. , Kraaykamp Gerbert
Published: July 2010

According to Boudon, social background affects educational transitions as a result of differences in children's academic performance (primary effects) and differences in transition probabilities given children's level of academic performance (secondary effects). This study addresses historical changes in both primary and secondary effects on the educational transition from primary school to higher secondary education in the Netherlands. In addition, it considers changes over time in the relative importance of these effects. The study compares five cohorts of Dutch pupils, specifically those enrolling in secondary education in 1965, 1977, 1989, 1993 and 1999, and it employs counterfactual analyses. The main findings are that secondary effects have been stable and primary effects have fluctuated to some extent. As a result, the proportion of the total effect of social background accounted for by primary effects has increased somewhat, from 53 per cent to 58 per cent.
Crime, policing and social order: on the expressive nature of public confidence in policing
Authors: Jackson Jonathan , Bradford Ben
Published: July 2010

Public confidence in policing is receiving increasing attention from UK social scientists and policy‐makers. The criminal justice system relies on legitimacy and consent to an extent unlike other public services: public support is vital if the police and other criminal justice agencies are to function both effectively and in accordance with democratic norms. Yet we know little about the forms of social perception that stand prior to public confidence and police legitimacy. Drawing on data from the 2003/2004 British Crime Survey and the 2006/2007 London Metropolitan Police Safer Neighbourhoods Survey, this paper suggests that people think about their local police in ways less to do with the risk of victimization (instrumental concerns about personal safety) and more to do with judgments of social cohesion and moral consensus (expressive concerns about neighbourhood stability, cohesion and loss of collective authority). Across England and Wales the police may not primarily be seen as providers of a narrow sense of personal security, held responsible for crime and safety. Instead the police may stand as symbolic ‘moral guardians’ of social stability and order, held responsible for community values and informal social controls. We also present evidence that public confidence in the London Metropolitan Police Service expresses broader social anxieties about long‐term social change. We finish our paper with some thoughts on a sociological analysis of the cultural place of policing: confidence (and perhaps ultimately the legitimacy of the police) might just be wrapped up in broader public concerns about social order and moral consensus.
On the Use of Allelic Transmission Rates for Assessing Gene‐by‐Environment Interaction in Case‐Parent Trios
Authors: Shin Ji‐Hyung , McNeney Brad , Graham Jinko
Published: July 2010

Allelic transmission rates from parents to cases are frequently stratified by an environmental risk factor E and compared, with heterogeneity interpreted as gene‐environment interaction or G×E. Though generally invalid, such analyses continue to appear. We revisit why heterogeneity is not equivalent to G×E in a range of settings not considered previously. The objective is a fuller understanding of the bias in transmission rates and what is driving it. Extending previously published findings, we derive parental mating‐type probabilities in cases and use them to obtain transmission rates, which we then compare to G×E. Through simulation, we investigate the practical implications of the bias for a transmission‐based test of G×E. We find that general population characteristics distort the picture of G×E obtained from transmission rates: the stratum‐specific mating‐type probabilities under G − E dependence and the allele frequency under independence. Furthermore, the transmission‐based test has inflated error rates relative to a likelihood‐based test. Our investigation provides further insight into how and why transmission‐based tests and descriptive summaries can mislead about G×E. For exploring G×E, we suggest graphical displays of the transmission rates within parental mating types, as they are robust to population stratification and the penetrance model.
See‐Saw Signal Processing in Pinealocytes Involves Reciprocal Changes in the α1‐Adrenergic Component of the Cyclic GMP Response and the β‐Adrenergic Component of the Cyclic AMP Response
Authors: Vanecek J. , Sugden D. , Weller J. L. , Klein D. C.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Pineal cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP are regulated by norepinephrine (NE) acting through α1‐‐and β‐adrenoceptors. β‐Adrenergic stimulation appears to be an absolute requirement and a,‐adrenergic activation amplifies β‐adrenergic stimulation of the cyclic AMP response 10‐fold and the cyclic GMP response 100‐fold, respectively. Chronic deprivation of adrenergic stimulation, due to exposure to constant light (LL) or by surgical denervation, enhances the cyclic AMP response and diminishes the cyclic GMP response as compared to control animals in a 10:14 light/dark (LD) cycle. This phenomenon is termed see‐saw signal processing. In the current study we find these changes do not reflect shifts in the time course orKaof these responses. Dose‐response studies indicate thep‐adrenergic component of cyclic AMP stimulation is enhanced and the α1‐adrenergic component of cyclic GMP stimulation is diminished in LL pinealocytes. Several observations indicate these changes may reflect alterations in Ca2+‐sensitive postreceptor mechanisms.
Biochemical Characterization of α‐Adrenergic Receptors in Human Brain and Changes in Alzheimer‐Type Dementia
Authors: Shimohama Shun , Taniguchi Takashi , Fujiwara Motohatsu , Kameyama Masakuni
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing ligand binding techniques, we studied α‐adrenergic receptors in brains obtained at autopsy from seven histologically normal controls and seven patients with histopathologically verified Alzheimer‐type dementia (ATD). Binding of the α‐adrenergic antagonists [3H]prazosin and [3H]yohimbine to membranes of human brains exhibited characteristics compatible with α1‐ and α2‐adrenergic receptors, respectively. Binding of both ligands was saturable and reversible, with dissociation constants of 0.15 nMfor [3H]prazosin and 5.5 nMfor [3H]yohimbine. [3H]Prazosin binding was highest in the hippocampus and frontal cortex and lowest in the caudate and putamen in the control brains. [3H]Yohimbine binding was highest in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM) and frontal cortex and lowest in the caudate and cerebellar hemisphere in the control brains. Compared with values for the controls, [3H]prazosin binding sites were significantly reduced in number in the hippocampus and cerebellar hemisphere, and [3H]yohimbine binding sites were significantly reduced in number in the NbM in the ATD brains. These results suggest that α1and α2‐adrenergic receptors are present in the human brain and that there are significant changes in numbers of both receptors in selected regions in patients with ATD.
Trypsin Activation, Partial Characterization, and Distribution of Kallikrein‐Like and Thrombin‐Like Proteases in the Neurointermediate Lobe of the Rat Pituitary
Authors: Powers C. Andrew
Published: July 2010

This study examined whether the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) of the rat pituitary contains latent kallikrein‐ and thrombin‐like proteases activated by trypsin. Partial characterization of such proteases was attempted. Also examined were the distribution of proteo‐lytic activity within the NIL and levels in both male and female lobes. NIL homogenates were assayed for proteo‐lytic activity at pH 8.0 before and after incubation with trypsin (10 μg/ml). Trypsin caused a 10‐fold activation of kallikrein‐like activity and a 40‐fold activation of thrombin‐like activity in NIL homogenates. The kallikrein‐like activity was separated into two components using diethylaminoethyl‐Sephadex. The predominant kallikrein‐like protease was a potent kininogenase closely related or identical to glandular kallikrein and was almost exclusively localized to the intermediate lobe. The second kallikrein‐like protease (kallikrein A) was a weak kininogenase sensitive to inhibition by both soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin and was similarly concentrated in both the neural lobe and the intermediate lobe. The thrombin‐like protease was sensitive to inhibition by hirudin (a specific thrombin inhibitor), clotted fibrinogen, and was slightly more concentrated in the neural lobe than in the intermediate lobe. NILs from female rats contained ∼40% less kallikrein activity than NILs from male rats but did not differ in their content of thrombin‐like activity.
Methamphetamine alters vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 function and potassium‐stimulated dopamine release
Authors: Chu Pei‐Wen , Hadlock Gregory C. , Vieira‐Brock Paula , Stout Kristen , Hanson Glen R. , Fleckenstein Annette E.
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 325–332.

This report demonstrates that a repeated ‘challenge’ high‐dose methamphetamine (METH) injection regimen rapidly decreases striatal K+‐stimulated dopamine (DA) release concurrent with decreases in both synaptosomal membrane‐associated (referred to herein as membrane‐associated) and previously reported decreases in non‐synaptosomal membrane‐associated (presumably cytoplasmic) vesicular DA uptake and content. Resembling previously reported effects involving cytoplasmic vesicles wherein uptake was decreased 48 h after treatment, the decrease in membrane‐associated uptake persisted 72 h. Cytoplasmic and membrane‐associated vesicular DA uptakes were decreased 7 days after the challenge regimen. A single METH injection also rapidly decreased K+‐stimulated DA release, membrane‐associated DA content, and membrane‐associated DA uptake; however, unlike after the challenge regimen, the decrease in uptake recovered by 24 h. Pre‐treatment with the D2receptor antagonist, eticlopride, did not attenuate the decrease in membrane‐associated uptake as assessed 1 h after either a single or challenge treatment. However, eticlopride attenuated the decrease in membrane‐associated uptake caused by the challenge regimen as assessed 24 h later. These data reveal complex effects of METH on vesicular function that vary according to the vesicle population under study, dosing regimen, and time after treatment. These may contribute to both the decrease in K+‐stimulated DA release and the persistent dopaminergic deficits caused by METH.
Focal adhesion kinase can play unique and opposing roles in regulating the morphology of differentiating oligodendrocytes
Authors: Lafrenaye Audrey D. , Fuss Babette
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 269–282.

During development cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage undergo significant changes in morphology when they differentiate from migratory oligodendrocyte progenitors, which are mostly bipolar, into post‐migratory pre‐myelinating oligodendrocytes, which extend complex and expanded process networks, and then finally into mature oligodendrocytes, which generate myelin sheaths required for efficient signal propagation within the nervous system. This extensive morphological remodeling occurs in the context of a complex extracellular environment and requires significant rearrangement of the cell’s cytoskeleton. The molecular mechanisms underlying this intricate integration of signals, however, remain poorly understood. A key regulator of extracellular matrix to cytoskeleton signaling is the non‐receptor tyrosine kinase FAK (focal adhesion kinase). Here, we report that FAK can regulate the morphology of differentiating post‐migratory pre‐myelinating oligodendrocytes in a unique and opposing fashion that is dependent on the nature of the extracellular matrix and mediated largely by FAK’s catalytic activity. More specifically, FAK was found to restrict process network expansion in the presence of fibronectin but to promote morphological maturation in the presence of laminin‐2. In addition, FAK’s restraining role predominated for postnatal day 3‐derived cells, while its maturation promoting role prevailed for postnatal day 5‐derived cells. Taken together, our findings reveal a complex role of FAK in regulating the morphology of post‐migratory pre‐myelinating oligodendrocytes.
Defending Byzantine Spain: frontiers and diplomacy
Authors: Wood Jamie
Published: July 2010

The centrality of the Reconquista in the historiography of medieval Spain has meant that there has been little examination of the evidence for interaction on and across political boundaries in pre‐Islamic Spain. This article re‐examines existing theories about the defence of the Byzantine province of Spania that had been established by Justinian in the 550s and was taken by the Visigoths in 625. The two existing and opposing models for the extent, defence, and – therefore – the importance of the province to the empire do not explain the evidence convincingly. Rather, a fluid zone of interaction was established in which diplomacy and ‘propaganda’ was the primary means by which opposition was articulated.
AN UPDATED, MULTI‐METHOD DATABASE OF EPHESOS MARBLES, INCLUDING WHITE, GRECO SCRITTO AND BIGIO VARIETIES*
Authors: YAVUZ A. B. , BRUNO M. , ATTANASIO D.
Published: July 2010

An updated database of Ephesos marbles including 244 samples from 16 quarrying districts is reported. The unknown Greco Scritto quarries near Hasançavuslar and the Bigio marbles from the quarries of Belevi and of Mt Panayir are also presented. The paper, however, is mostly devoted to the identification of the Ephesos white marbles, whereas the problems posed by the Bigio and Greco Scritto varieties are deferred to future work. The samples have been characterized by isotopic analysis, EPR spectroscopy and additional petrographic and optical properties. Owing to the complex geology of the region, the white marbles of Ephesos exhibit rather inhomogeneous properties and are conveniently classified into four marble groups, which can be almost completely discriminated. The problem of distinguishing the Ephesos white marbles from other similar varieties has been dealt with by statistically comparing the Ephesos samples with all the similar, medium‐grained varieties present in the marble database. Although some of the four Ephesos groups can be reliably identified, general solution of the discriminant problem is difficult. Historical archaeological information is needed to reduce the complexity of the problem by eliminating unlikely provenances. In this way relevant problems, such as the discrimination between Ephesos and Proconnesos marbles, can be solved.
THE EDGE SHARPNESS TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING PHOTOGRAPHIC QUALITY
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The edge sharpness technique is explained. An experiment is described in which the technique is used to make a comparative study of image quality on three different types of film exposed from the air in the same camera. At the same time it was found possible to determine the decay of the image due to the effects of camera instability. The relative speeds of the three films were also obtained.
DETERMINATION OF THE ACCURACY OF AERIAL STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Hallert B.
Published: July 2010

Up to now the accuracy of a photogrammetric process has been determined for the procedure as a whole. Special tests have been arranged by the I.S.P. and the O.E.E.P.E. but also in these cases only the final accuracy seems to be tested.

In this paper the test procedure is treated from the point of view of the fundamental operations. The principles for the distinction between systematic and accidental errors of the fundamental operations are demonstrated. The error propagation of the accidental errors to the final co‐ordinates is demonstrated in formulae for some cases which are of particular practical interest. In this way the accuracy determination of the photogrammetric procedure may be considerably facilitated. From simple y‐parallax measurements the probable accuracy of each individual model can be determined.

The principles have been applied to the well known controlled tests which have been arranged by the International Society for Photogrammetry on the Swiss test area Oberriet.

Finally, some results of especially performed determinations of standard errors of y‐parallax measurements in different aerial pictures are demonstrated.
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR ELIMINATION OF DISTORTION IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Hothmer J.
Published: July 2010

The paper is an attempt to deal with all sources contributing towards elimination of distortion. Methods, consequences and obtainable results in the various plotting instruments are discussed. The effect of not completely eliminated distortion or other radial displacement on mapping or aerial triangulation is demonstrated. The various lenses, aerial survey cameras and plotting instruments are considered. Effects on distortion, such as camera calibration, different wavelengths, temperature, flatness of negative plane, etc. are treated. Finally, consequences for elimination of the distortion are indicated for various procedures and cases by means of graphs, lists and tables.
CAMERA PLATE‐REDUCTION BY MEANS OF STAR‐FIELD REFERENCE
Authors: Groves G. V. , Owen G.
Published: July 2010

The theory is developed for determining the direction of a point‐object by photographing it on the same plate as a star field and using the stars as reference points. A minimum of three reference stars is necessary for determining the camera orientation and with more than three stars a least‐squares solution is possible.

The method of analysis involves the solution of simultaneous equations for nine “plate constants”. Once the plate constants have been found, the direction of an object may readily be obtained from the coordinates of its image on the plate. The six elements of orientation of the camera may also readily be found from the plate constants. Part of the theory has been programmed for the Pegasus electronic computer. An appendix gives a convenient method of applying atmospheric refraction corrections to direction cosines.
MODEL FORMATION WITH NARROW‐ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Arthur D. W. G.
Published: July 2010

Narrow‐angle photography poses special problems in the relative orientation procedures. These are investigated here by the properties of orthographic pictures which correspond to ultra narrow‐angle photographs.
SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY TO RAILWAY PROBLEMS
Authors: Montgomerie G. J.
Published: July 2010

Much has been said and written about the techniques of photogrammetry in the field of survey, and in particular great inroads have been made by air survey into the sphere of civil engineering. This paper primarily deals with the use of the photogrammetrist's work in departments of British Railways, especially in that of a Regional Chief Civil Engineer. It is not the intention of the author to deal with any of the intricate technicalities of the science of photogrammetry, and no attempt is made in this paper to engage in its technical area of operations.
SOME NOTES ON STEREOCOMPARATORS
Authors: Harley I. A.
Published: July 2010

A brief description is given of the history of the stereocomparator, followed by a comparison of the major features of five modern instruments: the Wild STK 1, Nistri TA 3 and TA 3/A, S.O.M., Zeiss PSK 1 and Hilger and Watts stereocomparators. Special attention is paid to the production model of the Hilger and Watts stereocomparator, which differs in several important respects from the prototype.
IMAGE LOCATION
Authors: Fish R. W.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the source of position errors in air photography, with particular emphasis on results reported since the 1960 I.S.P. Congress in London. Some proposals are made for work to be done.
THE B8‐STEREOMAT
Authors: Löscher W.
Published: July 2010

The Stereomat System has been adapted to a modified Wild B8 Aviograph Stereoplotter. A brief description is given of the new instrument and the principles employed.
NAVIGATIONAL AND INSTRUMENT AIDS TO AIR SURVEY
Authors: Fish R. W.
Published: July 2010

The author explains one of the chief problems, the composition of a survey aircraft navigation system, facing Commission I of the International Society for Photogrammetry. The tasks to be accomplished by such a system are outlined, and some of the alternative equipment available to carry out the various aspects of this work are discussed.
SOME ASPECTS OF ORTHOPHOTO TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Löscher W.
Published: July 2010

After a brief review of the history of the orthophoto mapping process and its methods, the paper describes the automatic production of orthophotographs in the BS‐Stereomat. Technical details, especially of the electronics of the instrument, are given. The range of applications of an orthophoto is discussed, as well as the method's limitations.
A NEW FAST‐WORKING APPROACH TO ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes the evolution of a new method of analytical control extension in which the measurements are made on single plates in a simple coordinate measuring machine (Monocomparator) but the points measured are not drilled out, or snap marked. The method involves the use of very high vie wring magnifications to which is attributed the near elimination of gross errors of a kind which can otherwise interfere with the smooth flow of computing. The work may proceed fast, and particularly fast in relation to machine time. A high accuracy is obtainable by this method as demonstrated by the final test.
FILM FLATNESS IN SURVEY CAMERAS
Authors: Clark J. M. T.
Published: July 2010

The extent of lack of flatness of the film in air survey cameras was examined by the use of interferometry. Following an assessment of the merits of vacuum back and register glass flattening devices, a roller flattener was developed for use in conjunction with a register glass and with discrete vacuum application. Encouraging results have been obtained in the early stages of its use.
ASPECTS OF COMPARATIVE AIR PHOTO‐INTERPRETATION IN THE DYFI ESTUARY
Authors: Jones A. D.
Published: July 2010

In August 1966 aerial photography, using five film/filter combinations, was obtained of the Dyfi Estuary, on the coast of Cardigan Bay. The paper discusses some of the problems associated with a project involving several emulsions and in which photography of the inter tidal area must be achieved as near low water as possible. Preliminary results confirm that, in general, colour and false colour photographs improve both the speed and reliability of interpretation when compared to monochrome photographs.
AN EXPERIMENT IN ADJUSTMENTS, USING SUPER‐WIDE ANGLE PHOTOGRAPHY TAKEN FOR TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING
Authors: Brazier H. H. , Read D.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes an experiment using three different methods for the production of control for topographic mapping from super‐wide angle photography. The result showed that aerial triangulation by independent models observed on a Wild A9 would show economic advantages in cartographic effort required, control requirements, and accuracy attained in contouring. The experiment also indicated that great benefit in heighting accuracy is derived from the addition of tie strips flown at right angles to the main photographic cover at a suitable interval and that heights supplied by airborne profile recorder are not sufficiently accurate to be economically advantageous where close interval contours are a requirement.
HEIGHTS FROM PARALLAX BAR AND COMPUTER
Authors: Methley B. D. F.
Published: July 2010

The results are given of a series of tests where a stereoscope, parallax bar, and digital computer were used to derive accurate heights of a large number of points in several models. After suitable modifications of the standard formula, the conclusion is reached that results approaching those obtained with plotting machines are possible, provided that the observer has sufficient experience of stereoscopic measurement.
POPULATION CENSUS WITH THE AID OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS: AN EXPERIMENT IN THE CITY OF LEEDS
Authors: Collins W. G. , El‐Beik A. H. A.
Published: July 2010

This study shows how aerial photographs can be of value in a population census.

The census and the enumeration district maps were used initially to obtain population data and the housing stock was derived from the aerial photographs. From these the population densities were determined of a number of sample enumeration districts containing a single type of house.

Another set of enumeration districts was selected and the housing stock again derived from the aerial photographs. By considering the type and quantity of housing stock and the population density of each housing type, the population figures were estimated for each enumeration district.

The values of these population estimates were then compared with the values recorded in the census. The overall population estimate had an error of only 2%, but the estimates for some of the individual enumeration districts showed greater errors. These errors are assessed and analysed and some suggestions are made to improve the methodology used in this study.
A NEW METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING AN ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
Authors: Oswal H. L.
Published: July 2010

The author has developed a novel method of constructing an orthogonal matrix
R
with the help of Newton's successive approximation method of iterating the solution of a linearised set of equations. As the method requires iteration, it may not compete successfully with the Rodrigue's form of
R.
DIGITAL GROUND MODELS: AN ACCOUNT OF RECENT RESEARCH
Authors: Grist M. W.
Published: July 2010

The article discusses a general classification system applicable to digital ground models (D.G.M.) as used in highway design. Examples of the various categories are given, together with details of some advantages and disadvantages. The place of the D.G.M. in the highway design system is described in conjunction with traditional methods. The relationship between accuracy, density and economy of D.G.M. systems is examined. Finally an experiment is described which investigates the accuracy of various D.G.M. systems; it is being conducted by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory.
AERIAL TRIANGULATION IN THE U.S.A.
Authors: Tewinkel G. C.
Published: July 2010

All methods of aerial triangulation are applied in the United States, including independent models, strip adjustments, block adjustments, the bundles method and mixed systems. Seven private firms advertise that they perform analytical aerial triangulation exclusively and 24 others indicated that the practice is included as part of their mapping functions. The bundles system of the National Ocean Survey serves as a detailed example of one system; a new long term effort has begun to reduce the resultant error on the ground to ± 30 mm as an adjunct to geodetic control surveys.

Toutes les méthodes d'aérotriangulation analytique sont appliquées aux Etats‐Unis: modèles indépendents, compensation par bandes, compensation par blocs, par faisceaux, et méthodes mixtes. Sept entreprises privées se consacrent exclusivement aux travaux d'aérotriangulation analytique, et 24 autres l'emploient. On décrit à titre d'exemple, la méthode de compensation par faisceau du National Ocean Survey; on s'est récemment fixé comme but à long terme de réduire les erreurs de détermination au sol à± 30 mm de façon à assurer l'homogénéïté avec les levés géodésiques.

In den USA werden alle Verfahren der Aerotriangulation angewendet, wie die Methode der unabhängigen Modelle, Streifenausgleichungen, Blockausgleichungen, die Bündelmethode und kombinierte Systeme. Sieben Privatfirmen annoncieren, dass sie ausschliesslich analytische Aerotriangulationen ausführen und 24 andere, dass die Aerotriangulation Bestandteil der Kartenherstellung ist. Die beim National Ocean Survey praktizierte Bündelmethode dient als Beispiel für ein System. Auf Grund längerer Bemühungen konnte der Fehler im Gelände auf ± 30 mm reduziert werden, wodurch die Aerotriangulation zur geodätischen Punktbestimmung genutzt werden kann.
THE MICRODENSITOMETER AS AN AID TO THE INTERPRETATION OF MULTISPECTRAL PHOTOGRAPHS FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION PURPOSES
Authors: Francis C. M. G.
Published: July 2010

Most photogeological work in the field of mineral exploration has been concentrated on the production of base maps and the delineation of favourable geological structures (Allum, 1966; Norman, 1969), the latter generally being medium to large scale phenomena. Since the likelihood of discovery of a new mineral deposit by its surface outcrop is slight, indirect methods of prospecting using geochemical, geobotanical and geophysical techniques are used, as well as remote sensing methods using infra‐red linescan and multispectral photography. With the increased data available from the multi‐spectral photography, it is suggested that more sophisticated methods of interpretation are required in addition to the conventional interpretation techniques. In this connexion, the use of the microdensitometer and filtering techniques are described in relation to small scale phenomena associated with mineral deposits.

Jusqu'à présent la plupart des travaux photo‐géologiques faits en vue de l'exploration minière s'appliquent à des gisements de taille moyenne et se traduisent par des cartes générales ou des cartes de delimitation des structures géologiques prometteuses (Allum, 1966; Norman, 1969). Depuis qu'il n'est plus guere permis d'espérer la découverte de nouveaux gisements par la localisation d'affleurements à l'air libre, on utilise des procédés de prospection indirects, faisant appel à la géobotanique et la géophysique, aussi bien qu'à la télédétection. Dans ce dernier domaine, il conviendra par suite de l'accroissement considérable de données enregistrées par les méthodes de prise de vue multispectrales d'élaborer de nouvelles méthodes d'interprétation. On peut, entre autres, faire appel aux techniques de microdensimétrie et de filtrage, utiles dans l'étude des mini‐phénomènes provoqués par la proximité d'un gisement minier.

Die meisten photogeologischen Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Mineraliener‐kundung konzentieren sich auf die Herstellung von Grundkarten und die Ableitung günstiger geologischer Strukturen (Allum, 1966; Norman, 1969), die im allgemeinen mittel‐ bis grossmassstäbige Erscheinungen sind. Weil die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Entdeckung neuer Minerallagerstätten durch deren Vorkommen auf der Erdoberfläche gering ist, werden bei der Prospektierung sowohl indirekte geochemische, geobotanische und geophysikalische Verfahren als auch Methoden der Fernerkundung mit Infrarot‐Abtastesystemen und Multispektralaufnahmen angewendet. Es wird vermutet, dass die aus Multispektralphotos resultierenden grösseren Datenmengen eine Verfeinerung der bisher üblichen konventionellen Interpretationsmethoden erfordern. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Anwendung der Mikrodensitometer‐ und Filterverfahren in bezug auf kleinmassstäbige Erscheinungen, die mit Minerallagerstätten verbunden sind, beschrieben.
RESECTION IN SPACE
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper considers the apparent inconsistency between the number of elements of data required and the number of unknowns to be found in resection.

De l'apparente surabondance des données requises pour effectuer un relèvement dans l'espace par rapport au nombre de paramètres à déterminer.

In der Arbeit wird die scheinbare Unstimmigkeit zwischen der Anzahl der geforderten Elemente von Daten und der Anzahl der Unbekannten beim Rückwärtseinschnitt untersucht.
II. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Ross H. F.
Published: July 2010

Le microscope électronique à balayage donne l'image de la surface d'un objet situé dans une boîte à spécimen où a été fait le vide. Un fin pinceau d'électrons balaie la surface synchroniquement avec un tube cathodique dont l'intensité est modulée en fonction du signal secondaire émanant du spécimen. Le système présente une grande profondeur de champ; on peut donc obtenir différentes perspectives du spécimen en le photographiant sous diverses inclinaisons (perspectives qui sont centrales, mais cependant justiciables d'être traitées comme parallèles pour de forts grandissements) et donc le restituer spatialement. On donne dans la première partie les limitations pratiques de l'appareillage, ainsi que le type et les causes de distorsion de l'image. Dans la deuxième partie, on décrit les caractéristiques d'un appareil de restitution adaptéà un cas standard: grandissement des deux clichés d'un stéréogramme: fixe‐angle d'ouverture du faisceau perspectif négligeable (c'est le cas pour de forte grossissements) et convergence relative des deux positions de la plaque porte‐spécimen est fixe.

Das Abtast‐Elektronen‐Mikroskop liefert Bilder der Oberfläche von Objekten, die sich in einer Vakuum‐Kammer befinden. Ein feiner Elektronenstrahl tastet die Oberfläche in Synchronisation mit einer Kathodenstrahlröhre ab, deren Lichtpunkthelligkeit von dem sekundären Elektronensignal, das von der Probe ausgeht, moduliert wird. Das System gestattet eine grosse Schärfentiefe und erlaubt dadurch verschiedene Projektionen des zu photo‐graphierenden Musters durch Neigung desselben zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Aufnahmen. Aus der Kenntnis der Geometrie der Projektion (die eine Zentralprojektion ist, jedoch für sehr stark vergrösserte Bilder annähernd als Parallel‐ oder Orthogonalfall behandelt werden kann) ist es daher möglich, zu dreidimensionalen Analysen durch Messung von Parallaxen zu kommen. Teil I der Arbeit handelt von den praktischen Problemen, die sowohl aus den Grenzen für die mechanische Konstruktion von Muster‐Halterungen und Auswertegeräten als auch den Verzerrungen der Bilder resultieren. Teil II beschäftigt sich mit praktischen Gesichtspunkten der bewährten Auswerteinstrumente, die speziell für die Lösung eines standard‐isierten Problems der Elektronenmikroskopie konstruiert wurden. Bei diesen wird die Vergrösserung der beiden Halbbilder eines Stereobildpaars konstant gehalten, der Divergenzwinkel der peripheren “Strahlen”, die sich aus dem zentralen “Strahl” ergeben, wird als vernachlässigbar angesehen (was bei Bildern mit starker Vergrösserung der Fall ist) und die Neigungswinkeldifferenz zwischen den zwei Lagen der Probe ist konstant.
SIXTY YEARS OF TRANSITION FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC OPERATIONS
Authors: Brown R. LI.
Published: July 2010

An honorary member and former president of the International Society for Photogrammetry looks back over the past sixty years and concludes with some questions on the future of photogrammetry.

Un membre honoraire, ancien président de la SIP, considère soixante années de photogrammétrie, et pose quelques questions quant à son devenir.

Ein Ehrenmitglied und der frühere Präsident der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie hält Rückblick auf die vergangenen 60 Jahre und schliesst mit einigen Fragen über die Zukunft der Photogrammetrie.
THE ZEISS G‐2 STEREOCORD: A SIMPLE STEREOPLOTTER FOR COMPUTER SUPPORTED PLOTTING
Authors: Hobbie D.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes the operation, output rate and uses of the G‐2 Stereocord stereoplotter, made by Zeiss (Oberkochen) and designed for simple plotting work. The basic equipment of the Stereocord consists of an opto‐mechanical unit for viewing and measuring stereopairs, the electronic Direc‐1 unit for counting and displaying image co‐ordinates x′ y′, px and a commercial desk calculator for computing the X, Y, H ground co‐ordinates. With suitable programs that can be directly selected by pressing a key on the Direc unit, a multitude of calculations can be made in conjunction with calculator controlled measurement. A wide choice of peripheral units for the Stereocord and the desk calculator makes the equipment suitable for many different plotting jobs and above all when used in the point by point mode. As a result, the instrument will not only be of great use in quantitative photo‐interpretation, but also in many areas of photogrammetric work which do not require the ultimate in precision.

L'exposé décrit le Stereocord G‐2 développé par Zeiss (Oberkochen) comme simple appareil stéréorestituteur. Il mentionne son principe de fonctionnement, son rendement et ses possibilités d'emploi. Le Stereocord G‐2 se compose d'une unité de base optique‐mécanique pour l'observation et la mesure des couples de clichés stéréoscopiques, d'une unitéélectronique Direc‐1 pour le comptage et l'affichage des coordonnées‐image x′ y′, px et d'un calculateur de table de type courant pour le calcul des coordonnées‐terrain X, Y, H. Avec des programmes adéquats choisissables à partir de l'unité Direc‐I au moyen d'une touche, on peut exécuter des multitudes de calculs à partir des valeurs que fournissent les mesures pilotées par le calculateur. De nombreuses unités périphériques sont disponibles pour le Stereocord G‐2 et pour le calculateur de table. Elles offrent des possibilités de restitution très variées, la plupart point par point. Le Stereocord G‐2 se révèle particulièrement utile pour les photointerprètes chargès de travaux quantitatifs, ainsi que pour les táches secondaires de la photogrammétrie

Die Abhandlung beschreibt das Handhaben, die Ausgabeart und die Anwendung des Zeiss (Oberkochen) Stereocord G‐2. Das Grundgerät besteht aus einer optisch‐mechanischen Einheit zum Beobachten und Messen von Stereogrammen, einer elektronischen Einheit Direc‐1 zum Zählen und Anzeigen von Bildkoordinaten x′, y'und der Parallaxe px und einem handelsüblichen Tischrechner zum Berechnen der Landeskoordinaten X, Y, H. Mit entsprechenden Programmen, die über Programmtasten am Direc‐1 aufgerufen werden, können eine Vielzahl von Berechnungen durchgeführt werden. Mit den entsprechenden Peripheriegeräten für den Tischrechner ist das Stereocord G‐2 für viele Auswerteaufgaben geeignet, besonders auch für punktweise Auswertungen. Das Gerät kann daher nicht nur für quantitative Photointerpretation, sondern auch für viele photogrammetrische Aufgaben eingesetzt werden.
SOME PRACTICAL RESULTS FROM AERIAL TRIANGULATION IN THE ORDNANCE SURVEY
Authors: Farrow J. E.
Published: July 2010

The Ordnance Survey techniques of analytical aerial triangulation have been widely reported over the years. The author describes some modifications to that system as well as tests on independent model methods of aerial triangulation and investigations into the cause of image deformation.

Résumeé

On a déjà fourni dans cette revue les informations essentielles sur les techniques d'aérotriangulation analytique en oeuvre à l'Ordnance Survey. On décrit ici quelques modifications récentes: on analyse des tests de la méthode des modèles indépendants et on présente les résultats de recherche sur les causes de dèformation de l'image.

Die beim Ordnance Survey angewandten Verfahren der analytischen Aerotriangulation wurden in den letzten Jahren ausführlich beschrieben. Der Verfasser berichtet über einige Veränderungen, die an diesem System vorgenommen wurden und über Versuche mit der Methode der unabhängigen Bildpaare sowie Untersuchungen über die Ursache von Bilddeformationen.
DEVELOPMENTS IN ON LINE TECHNIQUES FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND DIGITAL MAPPING
Authors: Dowman I. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper reviews the development of instruments and systems for on line photogrammetry and examines some of the systems which are in use. Applications of the analytical plotter are described; these include its use for the derivation of data from photography taken with non‐metric cameras, plotting in a plane which is not parallel to the instrument axis system and the plotting of two media photography. Some new equipment and new techniques for editing data from photogrammetric instruments are also described.

Revue des appareils et des systèmes photogrammétriques conçus pour travailler en direct. Applications du restituteur analytique; y compris aux chambres de prises de vue non métriques, à la restitution dans un plan quelconque, et à la photogrammétrie dans deux milieux. Description de nouveaux périphériques et de nouvelles techniques pour la sortie des résultats.

In dem Artikel wird ein Überblick über die Entwicklung der Geräte und Systeme der on‐line Photogrammetrie gegeben, und es werden die gegenwärtig angewandten Systeme analysiert. Anwendungen des Analytical Plotter, darunter auch die Auswertung von Photos, die mit Nicht‐Messkammern aufgenommen wurden, die Auswertung in Ebenen, die nicht parallel zu den Geräteebenen sind, und die Ausmessung von Zweimedienaufnahmen, werden beschrieben.

Abschliessend werden einige neue Ausrüstungen zur Datenausgabe bei photogrammetrischen Auswertegeräten beschrieben.