bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prologue Washington, D.C., 1932
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

An army of the unemployed marched on Washington in 1932, disrupting the capital and the sedate existence of its press corps. A good many Washington reporters had grown accustomed to gathering news through press releases and briefings, routines they called “no more exciting than knitting.” Now they were sent out to cover a “bonus expeditionary force” of desperate veterans of the World War, who had come to urge the passing of a bill that would grant early payment of a promised veteran’s bonus, not due for another dozen years. When the government attempted to dislodge the marchers from their camps near Pennsylvania Avenue, the protest turned violent. United Press reporter Bill Kerby normally patrolled the quiet corridors of the Interior Department, but he was standing on Pennsylvania Avenue, just a few blocks from the Capitol, when the first fighting erupted between the veterans and the police. Bricks flew, shots rang out, and in the commotion some of the bonus marchers seized Kerby as a hostage.
Flash: The Wire Services
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

When the busload of reporters in the motorcade arrived at the Dallas Trade Mart, where President John F. Kennedy was due to deliver a luncheon address on November 22, 1963, the presidential party was nowhere in sight. Marianne Means of the Hearst Headline Service took advantage of the lull to call her bureau in Washington. “How’s Kennedy?” the deskman immediately asked. He had just read a UPI dispatch that the president had been shot. Means shouted to the pack of reporters, who scrambled back on the bus and headed for the hospital. They were in Texas, covering the president, Means mused, “but we had less idea what had happened to him than those in Washington reading the wire services.”
Off the Women’s Page
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

Reporting on politics and governance was men’s work-at least in the opinion of those who did the hiring for much of the twentieth century. Women who aspired to Washington reporting were directed to the women’s pages, to cover embassy parties, social receptions, and other soft-news features. Mary McGrory had inched her way up from book reviewer for the Washington Evening Star to writing light editorials about squirrels and dogs, to doing a series of Capitol Hill profiles for the Sunday paper. One day in1954, when she was thirtyfive, the Star’s national editor, Newbold Noyes, stopped at her desk to ask, “Say, Mary, aren’t you ever going to get married?” If not, he had in mind expanding her assignments by sending her to cover the Army-McCarthy hearings. Noyes suggested that she could add some color and humor to their news accounts by reviewing the hearings in the style of a drama critic. Indeed, Joe McCarthy cast himself perfectly as the villain of the script and her barbed commentary on the proceedings drew favorable notice from the press corps. The New York Times bureau chiefJames Reston was sufficiently impressed with McGrory’s writing to offer her a job as a reporter on his prestigious staff, as long as she did not mind also working part-time at the bureau’s telephone switchboard. Chagrined, McGrory passed up the offer and remained at the Star, where her columns later earned her a Pulitzer Prize.
The Camera’s Eye
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

For years, print reporters discounted television news as little more than a headline service. Television executives conceded that the full text of a half-hour news broadcast would barely fill three-quarters of the columns on the front page of the New York Times. To compensate for the sparseness of its story, television news necessarily relied on visuals. In the early days of the industry, CBS pioneered a double-projector system that enabled on-camera broadcasters to narrate silent film footage projected behind them, but when that device grew stale producers sought to inject some “style and character” through ambient noise and filmed interviews. Those efforts evolved just as CBS’s Washington bureau completed construction of a newsroom flanked by a row of windowless cubicles that resembled display cases rather than offices. The odd arrangement had been designed to allow the cameras to roll up to the correspondents who would report from their desks, but that plan was scrapped after management in New York decreed that only anchorman Walter Cronkite and commentator Eric Sevareid would be filmed sitting down. Other Washington correspondents were to report standing up in front of the agencies they covered or anywhere else outside. In a pinch, they could use the traffic island across from the bureau. These “stand-ups” would vary the look of the program at a reasonable cost. To further reinforce the “CBS news image,” management instructed correspondents to identify themselves, their network, and their location when they signed off, as in: “This is CBS News correspondent Roger Mudd on Capitol Hill.’’
Washington, Deceit
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

On a quiet Saturday afternoon in August 1963 John Corry was working the desk at the Washington bureau of the New York Times when word came that the Washington Post’s publisher, Philip L. Graham, had committed suicide. Having recently transferred from New York, Corry was surprised when the reporter to whom he had assigned the story demurred, saying that he could not bring himself to call the bereaved family for details. Then call the police, said Corry. The nonplused reporter replied that he had never before had to contact the Washington police, leading Corry to wonder whether anyone on the Washington staff could find the nearest police station. The only courts that reporters at the Times’s bureau covered were federal, and not much had changed by June 1972, when police arrested five men inside the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate. To Fred Graham, who covered the Supreme Court for the Times, the burglary seemed like the sort of local police story that “the nation’s leading newspaper did not normally pursue.” The next day’s New York Times ran a short unsigned piece deep inside the paper, in contrast to the Washington Post’s first Watergate story, which made the front page.
A lost cause?, 1812–1815
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: November 2023

Napoleon’s grip on Spain finally did finally loosen. By the end of 1812, the Spanish nationalist resistance based in Cádiz had survived all French assaults, formed a government, and written Spain’s first constitution. As Napoleon diverted troops from Spain to aid his disastrous Russian campaign, Spanish guerrillas continued to gnaw at the fabric of French control. Britain’s Duke of Wellington (though he had not yet received that title) sallied on a rampage out of his base in Portugal and repeatedly trounced French armies. More Anglo-Spanish victories followed in 1813 and, toward the end of that year, Fernando VII finally emerged from his French captivity, vowing to recover control over Spain’s colonies in América, as we will see. In the meantime, the cause of América was losing momentum.
The Difficult Question of Multiculturalism
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

Multiculturalism is among the most discussed topics in American education in the twentieth century. Historically, the concept of multiculturalism has had many names. Nonetheless, no matter what the terminology, multiculturalism in education has always been based on two premises: the acknowledgment of the diverse population of the United States, and the intent to help students understand the world and the American society in which they live.
The First Steps: 1900-1928
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

From 1900 to 1928, the demographic makeup of the United States changed radically owing to the heavy influx of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and the schools, in particular, felt its impact. Many music educators, like their colleagues in general education, found themselves facing a multicultural classroom for the first time. As a result, music educators gradually came to know and accept the folk songs and dances from many European countries.
Multiculturalism in International Music Education
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

The topic of multiculturalism has become one of worldwide concern, and many countries have addressed this issue both in education and in music education. Sometimes it is focused on the need to reestablish indigenous musics in the music education curriculum. Many countries (Zambia, Malaysia, and Nigeria among them) had their own musics supplanted by the study of Western art music during colonization and since independence have been trying to find ways to incorporate their own various music traditions in the schools. Some places (the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada) are dealing with incorporating the music cultures of immigrant populations, much as in the United States. Still others, like Germany, are just beginning to incorporate a perspective that includes world musics in their curriculum. The development of multicultural music education in some cases runs parallel to that of the United States; in other cases, it provides contrasts.
Introduction “My Country, My Honor, My Life”: Bravery And Death In War
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

October 18, 1776. Captain William Glanville Evelyn, resplendent in his British uniform, stood tall in a coal-black landing barge, the first orange rays of daylight streaming over him and glistening on the calm waters of Pelham Bay above Manhattan. Men were all about him, in his craft and in countless others. They were soldiers, part of an operation that had begun hours earlier during the cold, dark night. Evelyn and his comrades could not have been happier to see the sun. Their feet and hands were numbed by a cruel autumn chill that penetrated even into their bones. As it grew lighter with each minute, the men, swaying gently in their landing boats, squinted toward the coast, searching for signs of the enemy. They saw nothing.
“Fear Is Not An American Art”: The Coming Of The War
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Warfare was woven into the fabric of life in colonial America. Not everyone was affected equally by war, but hardly any American escaped the sullen impact of hostilities. Wars were frequent, many men soldiered, and many soldiers died. Still other soldiers, the least fortunate in ways, came home from these wars, but not in one piece, physically or mentally. Nor were those who bore arms alone in experiencing the terrors of war. Civilians who dwelled on the exposed frontier in wartime lived with the constant fear of a possible surprise attack. Virtually every citizen in every generation in every colony paid war taxes, endured wartime scarcities, coped with war-induced inflation, and struggled through post war economic busts. A handful of well- connected officials and businessmen profited handsomely in every conflict from lucrative war contracts. In the century and a half before 1776 it would have been difficult to find anyone born in the English colonies in North America who had not lost a loved one—a son, a father, a brother, a husband—to war. If one was lucky, the loss was temporary, only for a few months during the period of service. But sometimes it was forever.
Choices, 1775
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

It seemed to some in England that every ship arriving from America brought bad tidings. The first account of the staggering losses suffered by the regulars at Lexington and Concord reached London late in May. The disbelieving government rejected the story as an American fabrication, but within a week the nation knew that the news had been painfully accurate. Two months later word arrived of the loss of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, followed the very next day by an account of the battle for Bunker Hill and the stupendous price that the British army had paid to take it. Later in the summer the press reported the arrival in Plymouth of the Charming Nancy, a handsome three master, whose passenger list included nearly two hundred soldiers wounded on Charlestown Heights, “some without legs, and others without arms; and their clothes hanging on them like a loose morning gown,” according to one story. Disembarking with them were scores of widows and children of the slain soldiers. It was, wrote one scribe, “a most shocking spectacle.”
“Hastening Fast T O A Crisis”: June 1775 –June 1776
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Washington had been to Boston once before. In 1756 he had come to plead with the commander of British forces in America for a commission in the British army. He returned in 1775 hoping to defeat the British army. After eight hard days on the road from Philadelphia, Washington arrived at Cambridge, across the Charles River from Boston, on July 2. The Continental army had been assembled on a makeshift parade ground for the occasion, but a sudden heavy rainstorm caused a postponement in the festivities. The next day, the new commander met his army amid what one soldier thought was “a great deal of grandor.”Washington read a short speech that included the 101st Psalm, a song of mercy and judgment, and a vow to “destroy all the wicked of the land [and] … cut off all wicked doers from the city of the Lord.” Several soldiers noted his speech in their journals and letters, but none appear to have been especially impressed by its content or delivery. One even remarked: “nothing hapeng extrorderly we preaded [paraded] there times” and were dismissed.
Choices, 1777
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

The summer and fall of 1776 had been a heady time for Ambrose Searle, secretary to Admiral Howe. The “Ragamuffins”—his term for the American army—”as usual, were defeated,” he often noted in his diary. Not long after the Continental army was driven from Manhattan, Searle encountered General Howe and warmly congratulated him on “his repeated Successes.” On Christmas Eve Searle expressed confidence that campaign 1776 had brought on the “dying Groans of Rebellion” in America. Two days later he received “very unpleasant News.” He learned of “a whole Brigade of Hessians … being taken Prisoner at Trenton.” Suddenly, he was “exceedingly concerned.…n Action yesterday.” It was more bad news, this time regarding the British setback at Princeton. Searle understood immediately that Washington’s bold thrusts were of pivotal importance. The American victories, he said, would “revive the drooping Spirits of the Rebels.” The war, which he had believed to be nearly over, was to continue, possibly for a very long time.
“We Rallied And Broke”: The Cam Paign For Philadelphia, September – December 1777
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

When Washington learned in June that Burgoyne’s army was advancing on Ticonderoga, he thought “there can be little room to doubt” that Howe would “cooperate with [Burgoyne’s] Northern army.” But he could not be certain, and for a spell Washington even suspected that Burgoyne’s expedition up Lake Champlain was “a feint—calculated to amuse & distract.” Word of the loss of Ticonderoga disabused him of that notion. Convinced now that Burgoyne and Howe would seek “to form a Junction up” the Hudson, Washington immediately moved his Continentals northward, well above Manhattan.
Choices, 1779
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

In the sweltering summer of 1778, La Chimera, a French frigate, docked at Chester, below Philadelphia, and Conrad-Alexander Gérard came ashore. Three congressmen were there to greet him and escort him to the city, where that same afternoon he was the guest at a dinner party at the residence of Benedict Arnold. Although still recovering from the wound he had sustained at Saratoga, General Arnold had returned to active duty just before the Continental army departed Valley Forge, and Washington had asked him to become the military governor of Philadelphia, eastern Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey until he was physically able to take the field again. Arnold consented and entered Philadelphia with the detachment that Washington sent to reclaim the city when the British abandoned it. He took up residence in the Penn mansion, the house that had been Howe’s headquarters only days before, and it was in that capacious dwelling that Arnold and several congressmen entertained Gérard, who was a very special guest. He was France’s minister plenipotentiary to the United States. Gérard, who hailed from an upper-middle-class family of Alsatian public servants, had been trained in the law before turning to diplomacy. Close to Vergennes—he had been his first secretary—Gérard had been the foreign minister’s choice to negotiate the Franco-American treaties. His every move that summer in Philadelphia was something of a spectacle to the callow Americans, most of whom had never met anything quite so exotic as a Frenchman, not to mention the House of Bourbon’s first emissary to the United States.
“A Band Of Brotherhood”: The Soldiers, The Army, And The Forgotten War In 1779
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Congress no longer attempted to dictate to Washington and it said nothing when, following the departure of the French fleet in November 1778, he divided and dispersed the army for the winter. He posted some infantrymen at Danbury, Connecticut, others at West Point in the Hudson Highlands, and the remainder in Middlebrook, New Jersey, where he established his headquarters. The cavalry, which was to locate forage, was spread from New England to the Shenandoah Valley.
“We H Ave Occasioned A Good Deal Of Terror”: The War At Sea
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

The new American-built Alliance, a thirty-six-gun frigate, eased out of Boston harbour early in January 1779. France was its destination. The Alliance made the Atlantic crossing in the uncommonly rapid time of twenty-six days, but its voyage was not uneventful. Near Newfoundland it almost foundered in a merciless storm that tore off the main topmost. Later, the English among its mixed crew mutinied. Their hope was to take the commandeered vessel and its most famous passenger, General Lafayette, to England, where they hoped to find a hero’s welcome and a monetary reward. But the uprising was suppressed, with the help of the sword-wielding Lafayette, and thirty-eight mutineers were clasped in irons. Not a day too soon the lookout spotted Brittany on the western coast of France, and Alliance limped into port at Brest.
“A Year Filled With Our Disgraces”: Defe At In The South, 1780
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

New York City could hardly have been more bleak as 1779 drew to a close. Winter, cold and gravy, had turned streets into slush and deposited a blanket of snow on homes and shops. Residents faced a scarcity of fuel and spot food shortages. For the rebel inhabitants, Gotham was a city occupied by a foreign invader. For its Tory residents, mostly refugees from other colonies, the city was a safe haven, but not home. Yet, as seldom during the long years since Saratoga, the hopes of the Loyalists soared in December. As snow swirled and sidewalks iced over, the Tories noticed feverish activity along the waterfront. Troop transports, ordnance vessels, and hospital ships were being outfitted. The British were unmistakably preparing for a campaign. Just before Christmas, company after company of soldiers—some 8,700 men in all— marched through the unkempt streets to board the transports. On Christmas Day, General Clinton and his staff rode to the harbor and boarded a ship of the line. Something big was up. The city buzzed with word that the gathering armada was bound for Charleston, but not even the ships’ captains knew the destination of the task force. For security reasons, each of them had been given a sealed envelope revealing where the armada was headed, but they were instructed not to open the packets until the ships were at sea.
“Southern Means And Southern Exertions”: Hope And Des Pair, June–December 1780
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

The French army of 6,500 men under General Rochambeau had been expected to make landfall in Rhode Island early in June. Like almost everything else in this war, it arrived late. The French soldiers, resplendent in their distinctive formfitting white uniforms and black hats, did not come ashore until July 15. The huge French task force had slipped undetected through the Royal Navy’s Atlantic cordon, and the entire French army was unloaded and its defences nearly completed before Admiral Arbuthnot was aware of its arrival. Clinton’s hopes of assailing the French while they were vulnerable, perhaps driving them away before they established a toehold in America, were dashed. An angry Clinton did nothing that summer, save to ask London to recall Arbuthnot.
“America Is Ours”: Vict Ory At Yorkt Own, 1781
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

High summer bore down in the northern states as the French army began its trek from Rhode Island to New York to link up with Washington’s Continentals. Moving along under a merciless sun, and in great swirling clouds of dust, the French soldiers found New England’s climate so hot that Rochambeau for the most part terminated each day’s march at noon, though some of the afternoon hours were spent in finding food. “The Americans sup- plied us with nothing,” said one disgusted soldier, and he added that the French “were obliged to purchase everything and to provide ourselves with the most trifling things.” Near White Plains on July 6—eighteen days after starting out, and eleven months after their arrival in America, the French army joined with the Continental army. The Americans spontaneously cheered and applauded the sight of their allies in their white uniforms. The next day, the French passed in review before Washington and Rochambeau, and the following day, under a pale blue sky, the Continentals reciprocated with a parade of their own. One French officer thought the rebels looked “rather good,” though another observed that many American soldiers were barefoot and an alarming number were either barely adolescents or somewhat old for the rigors of military service. He thought it hopeful that “a quarter of them were negroes, merry confident, and sturdy.”
“M Ay We H Ave Peace In Our Time”: Peace And Demobilization, 1782–1783
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Though no one could be certain, most thought Yorktown was so decisive that it would lead to peace negotiations. Even so, some 14,000 redcoats still occupied New York and another 10,000 were divided between Charleston, Wilmington, and Savannah. Until peace was made, defenses had to be maintained and opportunities exploited. Washington, for instance, would have liked to follow Yorktown with a siege of Charleston—its seizure “wd infallibly terminate the war at one Stroke,” he said—but de Grasse sailed away at the end of October. Left in limbo, Washington emphasized that by standing on a “most respectable Footing …for War,” the United States could avoid “disgracefull Disasters” and, simultaneously push London toward the peace table. Washington’s only concrete move immediately after Yorktown was to order Lafayette, with two thousand men, to join with Greene in South Carolina, but that was frustrated when the young Frenchman requested leave to return home.It was a portent that this war was truly winding down.
Color-Blind Justice
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

Civil War officer, Reconstruction "carpetbagger," best-selling novelist, and relentless champion of equal rights, Albion Tourgée battled his entire life for racial justice. Now, in this engaging biography, Mark Elliott offers an insightful portrait of a fearless lawyer, jurist, and writer, who fought for equality long after most Americans had abandoned the ideals of Reconstruction. Elliott provides a fascinating account of Tourgée's life, from his childhood in the Western Reserve region of Ohio (then a hotbed of abolitionism), to his years as a North Carolina judge during Reconstruction, to his memorable role as lead plaintiff's counsel in the landmark Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson. Tourgée's brief coined the phrase that justice should be "color-blind," and his career was one long campaign to made good on that belief. A redoubtable lawyer and an accomplished jurist, Tourgée wrote fifteen political novels, eight books of historical and social criticism, and several hundred newspaper and magazine articles that all told represent a mountain of dissent against the prevailing tide of racial oppression. Through the lens of Tourgée's life, Elliott illuminates the war of ideas about race that raged through the United States in the nineteenth century, from the heated debate over slavery before the Civil War, through the conflict over aid to freedmen during Reconstruction, to the backlash toward the end of the century, when Tourgée saw his country retreat from the goals of equality and freedom and utterly repudiate the work of Reconstruction. A poignant and inspiring study in courage and conviction, Color Blind Justice offers us an unforgettable portrayal of Albion Tourgée and the principles to which he dedicated his life.
Why Write a Book on Lupus?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The first time someone hears the words “lupus erythematosus,” he or she usually says “What? ” When I first started my practice, patients identified the term with Peter Lupus, one of the characters on Mission Impossible, a popular television series in the late 1960s. Sometimes it looks as though finding a cure for lupus is an impossible mission, but there is much we do know, and the aim of this book is to share that knowledge.
The Enemy Is Our Cells
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 reviewed the normal inflammatory and immune response network. Several features unique to lupus and other autoimmune processes alter this sys- tem to produce tissue injury that is not observed by the body’s normal immunological surveillance system. These features will be summarized briefly here in order to help us understand the many antibodies that play an important role in lupus.
Must We Draw Blood?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Unfortunately, the history and physical examination are not enough to diagnose or manage lupus, so yes, we must draw blood. Blood testing can make a difference. It is essential in order to diagnose a disease correctly and to gauge the patient’s response to therapy. And specific tests are employed to monitor the safety of medications that might be used to treat the disease. Finally, some lupus patients have specific complications that can be diagnosed only by blood testing. This chapter offers an overview of the tests doctors order and why.
Pants and Pulses: The Lungs and Heart
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Every grammar school child learns that the heart and lungs are the heart of the engine that runs the human body. If you suffer from chest pains or notice shortness of breath, you are reminded of the importance of these two organs. And for those of us treating lupus patients, studying the effect of systemic lupus on the heart and lungs is critical. Most lupus patients have complaints pertaining to the chest. This chapter will review the pulmonary and cardiac manifestations of lupus. Figures 14.1 and 14.2 depict the principal anatomic areas in the lungs and heart that are relevant to our discussion.
Taming Inflammation: Anti-inflammatory Therapies
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Even though most patients with SLE don’t like it, more than 90 percent take medication. Of the many drug therapies for lupus, and among the most pre- scribed and accepted are what doctors call “the anti-inflammatories.” These remedies include aspirin products and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs. A survey has documented that at any given time, 80 percent of all SLE patients are taking one of these agents on a regular or intermittent basis. This chapter will endeavor to help lupus patients negotiate the tricky ins and outs of NSAIDs in an effort to maximize potential benefits while minimizing toxicity.
Fighting Infections, Allergies, and Osteoporosis
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

In most recent surveys, infection has now taken second place as one of the most common causes of death among lupus patients, after cardiovascular complications. Why are lupus patients so susceptible to infection and what can be done about it? Should at-risk patients receive vaccinations, or would that make the disease worse? And what about allergies and allergy shots? Moreover, one of the major problems facing women after they go through the change of life is osteoporosis, and women with lupus are especially vulnerable to this disease. This chapter outlines a practical approach for dealing with infections and vaccines while promoting awareness of the issues involved in infection, allergy, and lupus. Finally, the management of osteoporosis is reviewed as it applies to lupus.
Economic Impact of Lupus in the United States and Disability Issues
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Few efforts have analyzed the impact that 14–22 million Americans with 120 different autoimmune conditions have on our economy. Two studies have con- firmed that 2.5 percent of our Gross Domestic Product is spent on managing musculoskeletal conditions. This approximated $193 billion dollars in the late 1990s. Further extrapolation of these figures suggest that lupus costs the public somewhere between $10 and $20 billion a year in direct and indirect costs. The average lupus patient has an average of $10,000 to $20,000 in health care related expenses annually.
New Therapies for Lupus and Future Directions
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

What advances will take place in the next 15 years? Will we be able to cure lupus or prevent it? Is there anything to look forward to? Let’s take a look at what the future holds—and it is indeed promising! If developments proceed at the expected rate, my crystal ball suggests that by the year 2020, an integrated health-care system will be in place, allowing all lupus patients to receive optimal treatment regardless of socioeconomic status or medical insurability. A national data network should reveal exactly how many lupus patients there are as well as their gender and their racial, ethnic, and occupational background. The gene or combination of genes that predispose one to SLE and the environmental factors (viruses, chemicals, drugs, etc.) that turn these genes on will be known. It should be possible to identify individuals at risk for developing the disease and perhaps to vaccinate them so as to prevent autoimmune reactions. By 2020, we will know why 90 percent of patients with lupus are women, and we’ll be able to manipulate hormones to decrease the disease’s severity.
Diction and Intelligibility
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

Acoustical vowels are those that are harmonic with a specific pitch. Speech vowels only accidentally, if then, encourage the vibrations of the vocal folds to be harmonic with the pitch. The belief that singing is just speaking on pitch is erroneous. Regional accents abound in any chorus, and they often determine what each singer believes to be a correct vowel. Singing a “pure” vowel is probably an impossibility; see the Discussion below. Any tinkering with mouth openings or thinking one vowel while singing another are efforts at finding an acoustically compatible vowel; therefore they are vowel modifications, often just imprecise ones. Using speech vowels or “pure” vowels exclusively can only result in vocal problems that undermine the singing of your choir. For both the choir and the director, the advantages of using acoustical vowels and vowel modifications far outweigh the task of learning to do them.
Whose Diet?: An Introduction to the Hominin Fossil Record
Authors: Wood Amanda G , Bernard Henry
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the hominin fossil record by using two alternative hominin taxonomies, a “splitting” one and a “lumping” one, and reviews the taxa within each of six crude grades. It uses tables to provide summaries of each taxon, including the regions of the skeleton represented within each hypodigm. Finally, we focus on the fossil evidence from the relatively well-dated East African hominin fossil record that spans the time interval between 2.5 and 1.5 Myr. We indicate the quality and quantity of the fossil evidence available within each taxon for the anatomical regions (i.e., the dentition, jaws, and face) relevant to the reconstruction of diet. Taxonomy Within paleoanthropology, most taxon-based reconstructions of diet are made at the level of the species rather than the individual. The way individual fossils are distributed among hominin taxa will obviously affect the parameters of those taxa, and therefore they potentially influence the inferences that are drawn about the diets of the taxa. It is thus important that species-level inferences about an important functional adaptation such as diet are based on a sound taxonomy.
The Evolution of the Hominin Diet from a Dental Functional Perspective
Authors: Lucas Peter W
Published: November 2023

No other part of the modern human body suffers from disruptions as our mouths; they are so frequently diseased that an entire health profession, dentistry, specializes in them. Its various parts do not seem to fit together properly. The teeth, which develop in the jaws, often have insufficient space to erupt into its cavity. This causes rotation, twisting, tilting, impaction, and sometimes even a reversal of development, where even if some tooth germs form, they fail to mineralize and are resorbed. All this has been documented very thoroughly in dental journals along with a battery of techniques for coping with these problems. What have not been thoroughly examined are the root causes or the functional consequences of these disturbances, basically because the dentition tends to be treated as semiredundant. The dental profession adopts treatment protocols that are protective of dental state and of structures known to be vulnerable, notably the temporomandibular joint, but has done relatively little to investigate dental function in a broad context. Yet it is not just dentists who feel this way. Physical anthropologists have long regarded the size reduction of the dentition in the genus Homo (Brace, Rosenberg, and Hunt, 1987; Calcagno and Gibson, 1991) as indicative of its gradual loss of function due to increased tool use (Brace, 1963, 1964). Recently, Wrangham and colleagues (1999) have suggested that cooking, rather than tool use, explains a trend toward the reduction of tooth size as far back as 1.9 million years ago.
Energetic Models of Human Nutritional Evolution
Authors: Leonard William R , Robertson Marcia L , Snodgrass J Josh
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, biological anthropologists have increasingly begun to rely on energetic models for understanding patterns and trends in hominin evolution (e.g., Leonard and Robertson, 1994, 1997a; Aiello and Wheeler, 1995; Leonard, 2002). The study of energetics is important to evolutionary research for several reasons. First, food energy represents a critical interface between organisms and their environment. The search for food energy, its consumption, and ultimately its allocation for biological processes are all critical aspects of an organism’s ecology (McNab, 2002). In addition, the energy dynamic between organisms and their environments—energy expenditure in relation to energy consumed—has important adaptive consequences for both survival and reproduction. Energy thus provides a useful currency for measuring fitness. Indeed, the two components of Darwinian fitness—survival and reproduction—are reflected in the way that total energy budgets for animals are typically divided (see fig. 18.1). “Maintenance” energy expenditure represents the costs of keeping an animal alive on a day-to-day basis.
Masters of Deceit: Red Spies and Red Hunters in the McCarthy Era
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

In The Early Years of the cold war, when teams of scientists around the world were racing to discover the structure of DNA, an American chemist stood out among the contenders as the individual most likely to answer the fundamental question about the nature of life. One of the most brilliant scientists of the century, Linus Pauling was the leader of revolutions in quantum chemistry and molecular biology. The California professor had written several seminal works in chemistry, including his groundbreaking Nature of the Chemical Bond, and he published forty-three scientific papers from 1950 to 1952 alone. European scientists, excited by Pauling’s latest research, organized a meeting in London in May 1952 to discuss his recent discoveries.
Roger Williams
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

The founder of Rhode Island and of the first Baptist Church in America, an original and passionate advocate for religious freedom, a rare New England colonist who befriended Native Americans and took seriously their culture and their legal rights, Roger Williams is the forgotten giant among the first English colonists. Now, Edwin S. Gaustad, a leading expert on the life of Roger Williams, offers a vividly written and authoritative biography of the most far-seeing of the early settlers--the first such biography written for a general audience. Readers follow Roger and Mary Williams on their 1631 journey to Boston, where he soon became embroiled in many controversies, most notably, his claim that the colonists had unjustly taken Native American lands and his argument that civil authorities could not enforce religious duties. Soon banished for these troubling (if farsighted) views, Williams wandered for fourteen weeks in bitter snow until he bought land from the Narragansett Indians and founded Providence, which soon became a sanctuary for religious freedom and a refuge for dissenters of all stripes. The book discusses Williams’ journey back to London, where he sought legal recognition of his colony, spread his enlightened views on Native Americans, and (alongside John Milton) fought passionately for religious freedom. Gaustad also describes how the royal charter of Rhode Island, obtained by Williams in 1663, would become the blueprint of religious freedom for many other colonies and a foundation stone for the First Amendment. Here then is a vibrant portrait of a great American who is truly worthy of remembrance.
Founder Of Rhode Island
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

During his five years in the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies, Roger Williams was always the outsider: complaining about this or that practice, agitating for this or that reform. But as of the middle of 1636, he was the insider. Now he could not protest against the authorities, for suddenly he had become the authority. He had a town and a colony to run, and how did one do that, anyway?
The Champion Of Religious Liberty
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

When Roger Williams Arrived In London In 1643, HE HAD three major matters on his mind. First, he was determined to gain some kind of legal recognition for his colony. Second, he wanted to find a wider audience for his observations on Native Americans. And third, he desired to make the case, as strongly and as passionately as possible, on behalf of religious freedom. This was the driving force for Williams for a half-century or more.
Roger Williams And America
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

When Roger Williams Was Exiled From Massachusetts In 1635, John Cotton explained that Williams had not so much been banished as “enlarged” to the whole wild country beyond the Bay Colony’s borders. Cotton was speaking with some sarcasm. No one, centuries later, would be more surprised than Cotton to learn that Williams has indeed been “enlarged.” His influence has grown, while that of Cotton has diminished. The pleas of the Rhode Island radical for liberty of conscience spoke more for an age that would come than it did to his own time.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Assault
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

A trauma is an extremely painful emotional experience that poses threat of injury or death and makes the person feel terrified and helpless. Thus, trauma includes both objective aspects of threat and subjective aspects of extreme negative emotions. Accordingly, a car accident may or may not be traumatic. If it severely disrupts the person’s life and causes substantial emotional distress, we call it a trauma. If it causes some transitory fear and does not leave much of a mark on the person, we wouldn’t call it a trauma. Therefore, a trauma is in part defined by what is traumatic for you. Also, a traumatic experience does not necessarily mean that you yourself have been threatened. One can become traumatized by witnessing someone else being killed or injured, or even by hearing about a disaster that happened to significant others. For example, witnessing someone burning in a fire is traumatic as is the visit of army representatives to notify a mother that her son was killed in the war.
Common Reactions to Assault
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss again some of the common reactions to assault. Throughout this discussion, we urge you to think about your own reactions and how your own experiences are similar or different from what we describe. If you are currently in therapy, it is helpful to discuss this with your therapist as well. You may find it helpful to write down your thoughts and observations about yourself. The act of writing down some of the reactions and problems will help you see more clearly what you are experiencing as a result of the assault, and this in turn will help you and your therapist design your treatment program. You may identify a notebook or diary that you can devote to this program.
Other Cognitive Techniques
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

Sometimes our thinking is troublesome in another way. Unwanted thoughts may pop into our head in a way that interferes with our functioning. Thought-stopping is a distraction technique that is used in cognitive therapy to decrease intrusive, unwanted thoughts about the assault or other distressing events. This technique is a way for you to combat a distressing thought which appears at a time that you cannot do exposure, such as in the middle of a meeting with your boss or in the middle of a party. Thought stopping is intended for unending thinking that goes nowhere, such as obsessions, ruminations, and “crying over spilt milk.” Often we do have to think about it in order to find a solution. However, when you find yourself caught in futile thinking, just looping around the same unpleasant thought or in a “why me” mood, it may be helpful to use thought-stopping to shut these thoughts off. At that point, it may be better to stop thinking about your problem. However, the use of thought-stopping for your assault-related thoughts is only temporary. In a later time during the day, you will need to come back to the thought for challenging and cognitive restructuring. Thought-stopping is a technique that you can use for relief. It is not a substitute for the careful working through discussed in the previous chapter or for imaginal exposure to the memory of the assault.
Introduction
Authors: Troy Gil , Cannato Vincent J
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time, back in 1980, when people heard about “AIDS, “ they thought of assistants or helpers, not a deadly disease. An “Apple “ was something you ate, not something you would boot up. Windows could break but did not crash. “Trump “ was a term from bridge, not the brand name of a celebrity tycoon. “Madonna “ evoked feelings of spirituality rather than provoking controversy about a pop star’s aggressive sexuality. The “Moonwalk “ referred to the astronaut Neil Armstrong’s famous first steps on the moon not the singer Michael Jackson’s silky-smooth dance move. And most people thought PC meant “partly cloudy, “ not “personal computer “ or “politically correct. “
The Reorientationof Liberalism In The 1980s
Authors: Greenberg David
Published: November 2023

For most of the twentieth century, liberalism reigned as the dominant ideology in American political life. Despite periods of conservative retrenchment in the 1920s and 1950s and radical agitation in the 1930s and 1960s, the first two-thirds of the last century represented a heyday for the liberal creed. Mid-century observers deemed liberalism the nation’s consensus philosophy and considered the Democrats—the primary instrument of liberalism—the nation’s majority party.
Reaganomics: The Rebirth Of The Free Market
Authors: Phillips-Fein Kim
Published: November 2023

Early in 1981, Ronald Reagan proposed a new economic program to Congress, boldly entitled “America’s New Beginning. “1 The heart of his vision was tax reduction: across-the-board rate cuts by 30 percent over three years. “In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem, “ he declared in a speech. “It is time to reawaken this industrial giant, to get government back within its means and to lighten our punitive tax burden. “2
Where is graceland? 1980s pop culture through music
Authors: Greenberg Steve
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 1979 the disco boom, which had dominated the pop music landscape over the previous three years, ended abruptly. That summer, in Chicago, a radio Disco Jockey named Steve Dahl led an antidisco rally at Comiskey Park between games of a White Sox double-header. A box overflowing with fan’s disco records was detonated in the outfield as the overwhelmingly white male crowd shouted “Disco sucks. “ Racial and homophobic epithets were thrown into the mix, reflecting disdain for disco’s roots in the black and gay communities. The ensuing riot forced the White Sox to forfeit the second game of the double-header.1
Pragmatically Speaking
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

It is mainly philosophers, linguists, and other exotic breeds who are concerned with the literal meaning of simple statements. Ordinary people are more interested, as the philosopher J. L. Austin put it, in “how to do things with words.” Austin pointed out that we can do a variety of things when we speak. We do such things as asserting, denying, questioning, requesting, promising, threatening, offering, wagering, thanking, apologizing, insulting, flattering, welcoming, congratulating, excommunicating, declaring war, christening, and dismissing someone from a job. In some cases we actually perform the act by speaking, as when you make a promise or when the judge sentences you to a spell in prison. However, the act is valid only if certain conditions are met. I cannot legitimately promise something that is beyond my capabilities to accomplish and I cannot sentence you to prison unless I have been given that authority.