bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive INGO Accountability to Strengthen Perceived Program Effectiveness: A Logical Thing?
Authors: Hengevoss Alice
Published: January 2023

The accountability of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) has come under closer public and academic scrutiny. Critics call for a more comprehensive approach to accountability—one that addresses a wider set of stakeholders, and beneficiaries in particular. There is an increase in empirical evidence suggesting that comprehensive accountability has positive implications for the organizational performance. This article develops a framework for comprehensive INGO accountability and tests its implications on program effectiveness. The framework describes three accountability meta-logics: the resource logic, outcome assessment logic, and discursive logic. Applying partial least squares structural equation modeling, the impact of these meta-logics on perceived program effectiveness as well as their drivers is tested. The analysis is based on a unique data set from an international survey among 201 INGO leaders from 21 countries. The findings suggest that comprehensive accountability indeed strengthens the perceived program effectiveness. The study emphasizes the managerial argument that implementing comprehensive accountability, not only is the “right thing” to do, but also has the strategic advantage of strengthening perceived mission achievement.
The osteoporosis treatment gap in Switzerland between 1998 and 2018
Authors: Lippuner Kurt , Moghadam Bita Yousefi , Schwab Patrick
Published: January 2023

Summary

The annual number of patients treated for osteoporosis between 1998 and 2018 in Switzerland increased until 2008 and steadily decreased thereafter. With a continuously growing population at fracture risk exceeding an intervention threshold, the treatment gap has increased and the incidence of hip fractures has stopped declining in the past decade.

Introduction

The existence of an osteoporosis treatment gap, defined as the percentage of patients at risk for osteoporotic fractures exceeding an intervention threshold but remaining untreated, is widely acknowledged. Between 1998 and 2018, new bone active substances (BAS) indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis became available. Whether and if so to what extent these new introductions have altered the treatment gap is unknown.

Methods

The annual number of patients treated with a BAS was calculated starting from single-drug unit sales. The number of patients theoretically eligible for treatment with a BAS was estimated based on four scenarios corresponding to different intervention thresholds (one based solely on a bone mineral density T score threshold and three FRAX-based thresholds) and the resulting annual treatment gaps were calculated.

Results

In Switzerland, the estimated number of patients on treatment with a BAS increased from 35,901 in year 1998 to 233,381 in year 2018. However, this number grew regularly since 1998, peaked in 2008, and steadily decreased thereafter, in timely coincidence with the launch of intravenous bisphosphonates and the RANKL inhibitor denosumab. When expressed in numbers of untreated persons at risk for osteoporotic fractures exceeding a given intervention threshold, the treatment gaps were of similar magnitude in 1998 (when the first BSAs just had become available) and 2018. There was a strong association, which does not imply causation, between the proportion of patients treated and hip fracture incidence.

Conclusion

In Switzerland, the osteoporosis treatment gap has increased over the past decade. The availability of new BAS has not contributed to its decrease.
Pre-reduction of United Manganese of Kalahari Ore in CO/CO2, H2/H2O, and H2 Atmospheres
Authors: Davies J. , Tangstad M. , Schanche T. L. , du Preez S. P.
Published: January 2023

The incorporation of hydrogen, which is a relatively unexplored reductant used during ferromanganese (FeMn) production, is an attractive approach to lessen atmospheric gaseous carbon release. The influence of hydrogen on the pre-reduction of carbonate-rich United Manganese of Kalahari (UMK) ore from South Africa was investigated. Experiments were performed in 70 pct CO 30 pct CO2 (reference), 70 pct H2 30 pct H2O, and 100 pct H2 gas atmospheres at 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. Calculated phase stability diagrams and experimental results showed good correlation. The pre-reduction process involved two reactions proceeding in parallel, i.e., the pre-reduction of higher oxides and the decomposition of carbonates present in the ore. A thermogravimetric (TG) furnace was employed for the pre-reduction of the ore in various atmospheres. The calculated weight loss percentage was used to determine the degree and rate of pre-reduction. It was found that the oxidation state of higher Fe- and Mn-oxides was lowered when treated in 70 pct H2 30 pct H2O and 70 pct CO 30 pct CO2, whereas FeO was metalized when using 100 pct H2. As for the intrinsic carbonates, the majority thereof were decomposed in the CO/CO2 atmosphere at 900 °C, and ≥ 700 °C in the H2/H2O and H2 atmospheres. Additionally, the degree and rate of reduction were accelerated by increasing the pre-reduction temperature and by employing a hydrogen-containing gas atmosphere (70 pct H2 30 pct H2O, and 100 pct H2). Scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis revealed the presence of three phases in the pre-reduced ore: (i) Mn- and Fe-rich, (ii) Mg- and Ca-rich, and (iii) Mg-, Si-, K-, and Na-rich. It was also found that there were no appreciable differences in porosity and decrepitation of the ores treated in the CO/CO2 and hydrogen-containing atmospheres. The use of a hydrogen atmosphere showed potential for the pre-reduction of carbonate-containing manganese ores as it accelerated the decomposition of the carbonates as well as facilitated the metallization of Fe-oxides present in the ore.
Have Therapeutics Enhanced Our Knowledge of Axial Spondyloarthritis?
Authors: Harrison S. R. , Marzo-Ortega H.
Published: January 2023

Purpose of Review

An overview of how the treatment landscape of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) has shaped our understanding of the disease.

Recent Findings

Prior to the millennium, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the only treatment for axSpA, yet only 30% of patients responded and many developed side effects. In 2003, the first biological disease-modifying drug (bDMARD) was licensed for axSpA which substantially improved outcomes in comparison to NSAIDs. In 2022, there are now several bDMARDs for axSpA; however, they too are not universally efficacious in treating axial inflammation and may have deleterious effects on extramusculoskeletal manifestations. Nevertheless, successful or not, each bDMARD gives invaluable insight into axSpA immunobiology.

This review discusses how much we have learned from the use of bDMARDs in axSpA, how this has redefined our understanding of the disease, and how we might use this knowledge to develop new and better treatments for axSpA in the future.
Valorization of faba bean (Vicia faba) by-products
Authors: Krenz Lina Maja Marie , Grebenteuch Sandra , Zocher Kathleen , Rohn Sascha , Pleissner Daniel
Published: January 2023

From
harvesting to consumption of the faba bean (Vicia faba), different plant residues such as stems, leaves, pods, and seed husks remain as by-products. The harvest residues constitute about 50% (w/w) of the whole aboveground biomass, while the empty pods and the seed husks account for 11% and 6% (w/w) on average, respectively. Due to the environmental and dietary benefits, the global production of faba beans is most likely to increase in the future. Concomitantly, the amounts of by-products will rise as well. So far, mainly the harvest residues have been widely studied, whereas the pods and husks have received less consideration. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide an overview of the composition of the faba bean plant residues and to illustrate their potential of being used as feedstock in food, feed, or even non-food applications. This literature survey clearly reveals that all the residual materials of faba beans contain valuable compounds and might be suitable for a multitude of different applications. The residual material should thus not be disposed of but further valorized in order to exploit the full potential of the biomass.
Emerging MoS2 Wafer-Scale Technique for Integrated Circuits
Authors: Ye Zimeng , Tan Chao , Huang Xiaolei , Ouyang Yi , Yang Lei , Wang Zegao , Dong Mingdong
Published: January 2023

As an outstanding representative of layered materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has excellent physical properties, such as high carrier mobility, stability, and abundance on earth. Moreover, its reasonable band gap and microelectronic compatible fabrication characteristics makes it the most promising candidate in future advanced integrated circuits such as logical electronics, flexible electronics, and focal-plane photodetector. However, to realize the all-aspects application of MoS2, the research on obtaining high-quality and large-area films need to be continuously explored to promote its industrialization. Although the MoS2 grain size has already improved from several micrometers to sub-millimeters, the high-quality growth of wafer-scale MoS2 is still of great challenge. Herein, this review mainly focuses on the evolution of MoS2 by including chemical vapor deposition, metal–organic chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and thermal conversion technology methods. The state-of-the-art research on the growth and optimization mechanism, including nucleation, orientation, grain, and defect engineering, is systematically summarized. Then, this review summarizes the wafer-scale application of MoS2 in a transistor, inverter, electronics, and photodetectors. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are outlined for the wafer-scale growth and application of MoS2.
Synthesis, characterization, safety design, and application of NPs@BC for contaminated soil remediation and sustainable agriculture
Authors: Zheng Tong , Ouyang Shaohu , Zhou Qixing
Published: January 2023

Biochar (BC) and nanoparticle-decorated biochar (NPs@BC) have emerged as potential high-performance function materials to facilitate simultaneous soil remediation and agricultural production. Therefore, there is an urgent need to incorporate environmental sustainability and human health targets into BC and NPs@BC selection and design processes. In contrast to extensive research on the preparation, modification, and environmental application of BC to soil ecosystems, reports about the adapted framework and material selection strategy of NPs@BC under environmental and human health considerations are still limited. Nevertheless, few studies systematically explored the impact of NPs@BC on soil ecosystems, including soil biota, geochemical properties, and nutrient cycles, which are critical for large-scale utilization as a multifunctional product. The main objective of this systematic literature review is  to show the high degrees of contaminant removal for different heavy metals and organic pollutants, and to quantify the economic, environmental, and toxicological outcomes of NPs@BC in the context of sustainable agriculture. To address this need, in this review, we summarized  synthesis techniques and characterization, and  highlighted  a linkage between the evolution of NPs@BC properties with the framework for sustainable NPs@BC selection and design based on environmental effects, hazards, and economic considerations. Then, research advances in contaminant remediation for heavy metals and organic pollutants of NPs@BC are minutely discussed. Eventually, NPs@BC positively acts on sustainable agriculture, which is declared. In the meantime, evaluating from the perspective of plant growth, soil characterizations as well as carbon and nitrogen cycle  was conducted, which is critical for comprehending the NPs@BC environmental sustainability. Our work may develop a potential framework that can inform decision-making for  the use of NPs@BC to facilitate promising environmental applications and prevent unintended consequences, and is expected to guide and boost the development of highly efficient NPs@BC for sustainable agriculture and environmental applications.

Graphical Abstract
The Counterinsurgent Imagination
Authors: MacKay Joseph
Published: January 2023

Counterinsurgency, the violent suppression of armed insurrection, is among the dominant kinds of war in contemporary world politics. Often linked to protecting populations and reconstructing legitimate political orders, it has appeared in other times and places in very different forms – and has taken on a range of politics in doing so. How did it arrive at its present form, and what generated these others, along the way? Spanning several centuries and four detailed case studies, The Counterinsurgent Imagination unpacks and explores this intellectual history through counterinsurgency manuals. These military theoretical and instructional texts, and the practitioners who produced them, made counterinsurgency possible in practice. By interrogating these processes, this book explains how counter-insurrectionary war eventually took on its late twentieth and early twenty-first century forms. It shows how and why counterinsurgent ideas persist, despite recurring failures.
Verbal Irony Processing
Authors: Skalicky Stephen
Published: January 2023

Ironic language is a salient reminder that speakers of all languages do not always mean what they say. While ironic language has captured the attention of theorists and scholars for centuries, it is only since the 1980s that psycholinguistic methods have been employed to investigate how readers and hearers detect, process, and comprehend ironic language. This Element reviews the foundational definitions, theories, and psycholinguistic models of ironic language, covering key questions such as the distinction between literal and ironic meaning, the role of contextual information during irony processing, and the cognitive mechanisms involved. These key questions continue to motivate new studies and methodological innovations, providing ample opportunity for future researchers who wish to continue exploring how ironic language is processed and understood.
Wittgenstein on Religious Belief
Authors: Schönbaumsfeld Genia
Published: January 2023

Wittgenstein published next to nothing on the philosophy of religion and yet his conception of religious belief has been both enormously influential and hotly contested. In the contemporary literature, Wittgenstein has variously been labelled a fideist, a non-cognitivist and a relativist of sorts. This Element shows that all of these readings are misguided and seriously at odds, not just with what Wittgenstein says about religious belief, but with his entire later philosophy. This Element also argues that Wittgenstein presents us with an important 'third way' of understanding religious belief – one that does not fall into the trap of either assimilating religious beliefs to ordinary empirical or scientific beliefs or seeking to reduce them to the expression of certain attitudes.
Paul Dukas
Authors: Watson Laura
Published: January 2023

As a noted composer and critic, Paul Dukas was a major figure in fin-de-siècle and early twentieth-century French music. Best known for L'Apprenti sorcier, he was internationally recognised as an artist and intellectual ofdistinction who contributed significantly to Parisian musical cultures and critical debates.
The Flageolet in England, 1660-1914
Authors: MacMillan Douglas
Published: January 2023

The flageolet occupies a unique niche in musical history, and this book traces its history from its beginnings to its peak of popularity in the nineteenth century.
Technology, Maturity, and Craft: Making Vinyl Records in the Digital Age
Authors: Holt Robin , Wiedner Rene
Published: January 2023

Drawing from Michel Foucault’s reading of Immanuel Kant’s essay “What is Enlightenment?,” and specifically his definition ofascesis, we associate maturity with a capacity for, and interest in, forming the self. On the basis of an empirical study of making vinyl records following the successful commercialization of digital media, we identify micro-disciplinary techniques of self-forming that emerge as enthusiasts steadily learn the craft of vinyl record manufacturing. It is, we argue, through technology, rather than against it, that organizational immaturity can be resisted. Craftwork involves testing and transforming, rather than just acquiring, traditional skills. Maturity involves an ongoing struggle of selectively and reflectively engaging with technologies via attempts to be the subject of one’s own subjection. The former contributes to the latter.
On the role of inertia in channel flows of finite-size neutrally buoyant particles
Authors: Yousefi Ali , Costa Pedro , Picano Francesco , Brandt Luca
Published: January 2023

We consider suspensions of finite-size neutrally buoyant rigid spherical particles in channel flow and investigate the relevance of different momentum transfer mechanisms and the relation between the local particle dynamics and the bulk flow properties in the highly inertial regime. Interface-resolved simulations are performed in the range of Reynolds numbers

$3000 \leq Re \leq 15\ 000$

and solid volume fractions

$0 \leq \phi \leq 0.3$

. The Lagrangian particle statistics show that pair interactions are highly inhomogeneous and dependent on the distance from the wall: in their vicinity, the underlying mean shear drives the pair interactions, while a high degree of isotropy, dictated by more frequent collisions, characterizes the core region. Analysis of the momentum balance reveals that while the particle-induced stresses govern the dynamics in dense conditions,

$\phi =0.3$

, and moderate Reynolds numbers,

$Re <10\ 000$

, the turbulent stresses take over at higher Reynolds numbers. This behaviour is associated with a reduced particle migration toward the channel core, which decreases the importance of the particle-induced stress and increases the turbulent activity. Our results indicate that Reynolds stresses and the associated velocity fluctuations, characteristics of near-wall turbulence, prevail at high inertia over the resistance to deformation presented by the particles for volume fractions lower than 30 %.
Linear instability of a supersonic boundary layer over a rotating cone
Authors: Song Runjie , Dong Ming
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we conduct a systematic study of the instability of a boundary layer over a rotating cone that is inserting into a supersonic stream with zero angle of attack. The base flow is obtained by solving the compressible boundary-layer equations using a marching scheme, whose accuracy is confirmed by comparing with the full Navier–Stokes solution. Setting the oncoming Mach number and the semi-apex angle to be 3 and 7

$^\circ$

, respectively, the instability characteristics for different rotating rates (

$\bar \varOmega$

, defined as the ratio of the rotating speed of the cone to the axial velocity) and Reynolds numbers (

$R$

) are revealed. For a rather weak rotation,

$\bar \varOmega \ll 1$

, only the modified Mack mode (MMM) exists, which is an extension of the supersonic Mack mode in a quasi-two-dimensional boundary layer to a rotation configuration. Further increase of

$\bar \varOmega$

leads to the appearance of a cross-flow mode (CFM), coexisting with the MMM but in the quasi-zero frequency band. The unstable zones of the MMM and CFM merge together, and so they are referred to as the type-I instability. When

$\bar \varOmega$

is increased to an

$O(1)$

level, an additional unstable zone emerges, which is referred to as the type-II instability to be distinguished from the aforementioned type-I instability. The type-II instability appears as a centrifugal mode (CM) when

$R$

is less than a certain value, but appears as a new CFM for higher Reynolds numbers. The unstable zone of the type-II CM enlarges as

$\bar \varOmega$

increases. The vortex structures of these types of instability modes are compared, and their large-

$R$

behaviours are also discussed.
COVID-19, the Global Financial Crisis, and the Regulation of Labor Migration
Authors: Yaroshenko Oleg M. , Harashchuk Volodymyr М. , Moskalenko Olena V. , Melnychuk Nataliia O. , Burniagina Yuliia M.
Published: January 2023

The development of globalization processes in the world economy allows reconciling supply and demand for staff regardless of the employee's country of origin and leads to international labor migration. The experience of highly developed countries shows that a country's economy and its subsequent growth largely depend on the effective recruitment and use of skilled labor. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a drastic restriction on population mobility and, consequently, worsened the economic and social situations in countries where labor migration was a widespread phenomenon. The ensuing economic crisis has not only altered trends in labor migration but has also brought new challenges to its legal regulation. The article aims to determine the features of migration trends and policy in the COVID-19 environment, examine them in the context of new regulations adopted to protect the labor rights of migrants under the current circumstances, suggest effective measures to regulate the situation in the labor market, and address the economic crises in the countries of destination and origin. The examination of this issue involved a complex methodological framework where the general scientific dialectical method was central to the research. The conducted research provides a foundation for overcoming the social and economic crises caused by COVID-19, which contributes to its practical significance.
Recent Books on the History of Money
Authors: Adjepong-Boateng Kofi
Published: January 2023

The literature on monetary history has tended to present as ‘revolutionary’ the switch from barter and slave money to the introduction of paper money in regions like West Africa, while describing monetary reform processes in Britain, North America, and other Western capital markets as ‘evolutionary’. In part, the resulting tension comes from believing that colonial currency systems were imposed by the colonial states, while those that emerged elsewhere did so as a result of private transactions involving individual market participants. When read concurrently, four books published recently advance our understanding of the differences between theories that explain the emergence of money as a result of private transactions and those which describe the importance of state involvement in introducing and maintaining currency systems. These works highlight how closely similar the emergence of a modern currency system was in Britain, the United States, and several parts of Africa. By ‘modern’, I am referring here to currency systems that ultimately led to single national currencies which eventually came to be managed by central banks.
The People and Places of Experimental Theatre Scholarship: A Computational Overview
Authors: Escobar Varela Miguel
Published: January 2023

The “experimental” playwrights of continental Europe have been experimental not because they have imitated modern literature or poetry, but because they have sought to express themselves in theatrical terms, and the great directors, like Jouvet, Barrault, Viertel, and Brecht have been there to make their plays “exist” on the stage.
Gothic visibilities and International Relations: Uncanny icons, critical comics, and the politics of abjection in Aleppo
Authors: Windfeld Frederik Carl , Hvithamar Marius Hauge , Hansen Lene
Published: January 2023

The war in Syria has been communicated to global audiences through images of dead and injured children, decapitated and tortured bodies, and ruined cities. The article shows how news media coverage of the war's impact on the city of Aleppo invoked a Gothic tradition. Drawing on Kristeva and Freud's concepts of the abject and the uncanny, the article argues that the Gothic tradition can further International Relations research on the constitution of Selves and Others. The Gothic Other is constituted through the (Gothic) Self's repulsion, fascination, and desire, and the Gothic tradition revolves around an understanding of the invisible as an in-between space of fear and anticipation. The ability to recognise Gothic themes in an image depends on one's familiarity with the Gothic tradition, hence images are theorised as having a Gothic potentiality. The article focuses on how the Anglo-Saxon Gothic tradition enabled Western readers to identify Gothic themes in news coverage of the war in Aleppo. The article adopts a multimethod strategy including a content analysis of 457 images published by Western news media; a discourse analysis of news stories; an analysis of three Gothic, uncanny iconic motifs; and an author-created comic drawing on Gothic elements from the published photographs.
Optimal robotic assembly sequence planning with tool integrated assembly interference matrix
Authors: Champatiray Chiranjibi , Raju Bahubalendruni M. V. A. , Mahapatra Rabindra Narayan , Mishra Debasisha
Published: January 2023

Manufacturing industries are looking for efficient assembly planners that can swiftly develop a practically feasible assembly sequence while keeping costs and time to a minimum. Most assembly sequence planners rely on part relations in the virtual environment. Nowadays, tools and robotic grippers perform most of the assembly tasks. Ignoring the critical aspect renders solutions practically infeasible. Additionally, it is vital to test the feasibility of positioning and assembling components while employing robotic grippers and tools prior to their implementation. This paper presents a novel concept named by considering both part and tool geometry to propose “tool integrated assembly interference matrices” (TIAIMs) and a “tool integrated axis-aligned bounding box” (TIAABB) to generate practically feasible assembly sequence plans. Furthermore, the part-concatenation technique is used to determine the best assembly sequence plans for an actual mechanical component. The results show that the proposed approach effectively and efficiently deals with real-life industrial problems.
Clinical stakeholder preferences for paediatric cardiac surgery outcome reporting in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Suna Jessica M. , Marathe Supreet P. , Venugopal Prem , Justo Robert , Alphonso Nelson , Merlo Gregory , Hall Lisa
Published: January 2023

Background:

Outcome reporting is an essential element of quality assurance. Evaluation of the information needs of stakeholders of outcome reporting is limited. This study aimed to examine stakeholder preferences for the content, format, and dissemination of paediatric cardiac surgery performance data in Australia and New Zealand.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews were completed with a purposive sample of Queensland stakeholders to evaluate their attitudes and expectations regarding reporting of paediatric cardiac surgery outcomes. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Two researchers used an interpretive description approach to analyse the transcripts qualitatively.

Results:

Nineteen stakeholders were interviewed including fifteen clinicians, four parents, one hospital administrator, and one consumer advocate were interviewed. Mortality was highlighted as the area of greatest interest in reports by clinical and consumer groups. The majority preferred hospital rather than individual/clinician-level reporting. Annual reports were preferred by clinicians who requested reports be distributed electronically.

Conclusions:

The evidence generated from outcome reporting in paediatric cardiac surgery is highly desired by clinicians, administrators, parents, families, and advocacy groups. Clinical users prefer information to assist in clinical decision-making, while families seek personalised information at crucial time points in their clinical journey.
Patient-reported outcome measures in congenital heart surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Francis Jeevan , Prothasis Sneha , George Joseph , Stoica Serban
Published: January 2023

Background:

Patient-reported outcome measures are commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments. CHD remains the most common congenital malformation. There has been a gradual shift in evaluating the outcome of surgery for CHD from mortality to morbidity and now to self-reported outcomes.

Aims:

We aimed to review studies assessing patient-reported outcome measures as a useful marker of outcome for patients, both children and adults, who underwent surgery for CHD.

Methods:

A systematic database search was conducted of original articles that explored the application of patient-reported outcome measures in the CHD surgical setting in PubMed and SCOPUS from inception to February 2022.

Results:

Our search yielded 1511 papers, of which six studies were included in this review after screening abstract and full-text, with a total sample size of 5734 patients. The main areas of discussion were the utility of patient-reported outcome measures, determinants of patient-reported outcome measures, and the need for a congenital cardiac surgery-specific patient-reported outcome measure for paediatric patients and their parents/guardians and adult patients.

Conclusion:

This systematic review reports the use of patient-reported outcome measures to be a useful indicator to gain insight into the patients’ perspective to provide holistic and patient-centred management. However, further studies are required to assess the utility of patient-reported outcome measures in a congenital cardiac surgical setting.
Introduction—The 2004 Presidential Election Forecasts
Authors: Campbell James E.
Published: January 2023

This symposium presents seven presidential election forecasting models and their predictions of the popular two-party vote in the 2004 election. The modern age of election forecasting is now into its third decade. Models have been tested quite publicly in the heat of battle—with some doing well, others not quite so well, and still others making way for new models. In this introduction, I provide a brief overview of the models, a summary of this year's forecasts, and some thoughts about how the forecasts should be judged.
Pinning a Face on the Electoral College: A Survey of the Class of 2000
Authors: Alexander Robert , Brown David , Kaseman Jason
Published: January 2023

The 2000 presidential election was an historic election. Many Americans revisited that institution given its perfunctory three paragraphs in their high school civics texts—the Electoral College. The closeness of the election and the ambiguity of electoral versus popular votes made many question how presidents are chosen. The realization that citizens vote not for candidates, but for electors further complicated understanding. Although many experts detailed the reasons for the Electoral College, the problems associated with it, and the infamous elections resulting from it, little was said about those for whom we actually cast our ballots. Simply put, we know surprisingly little about those who serve as electors. The conventional wisdom is that electors are chosen for their party service and/or their financial contributions. Beyond this impressionistic understanding, a great vacuum of knowledge exists.
Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked (ICON) Scientific and Societal Relevance
Authors: Sikand M. , Avery E. , Friedrichsen C. , Roy T.
Published: January 2023

This article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state and future of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, and Networked (ICON) principles in the Science and Society section of the American Geophysical Union (Goldman et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002099). The ICON approach pioneers a new way of doing science that Integrates physical, chemical, biological, or social attributes across scales, Coordinates with consistent protocols and methods to enable transferability, is Open through the research lifecycle with findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable principles, and ensures mutual benefit to Network across a broad range of stakeholders. Scientific discoveries, rapid scientific and technological advancements, and solutions improve our ability to face challenges and benefit society. Without innovative approaches and integrity, we cannot solve the challenges of the 21st century, such as educational, agricultural, and health equity as well as climate change and environmental sustainability. Many societal challenges require evolved frameworks and measures to address complex problems. Here, we present three independent commentaries that discuss the connection of science to three broad areas of society and present challenges and untapped opportunities in these areas. The broad areas are Citizen Science, Collaboration across Natural Sciences and Social Sciences, and Education Policy which embody the ICON processes that can create a better understanding of the role of science in society and sustainable development. The ICON processes described in these broad areas offer universal lessons and can be adapted to other areas of impact in society.
The Influence of Radiation on the Prediction of Tropical Cyclone Intensification in a Forecast Model
Authors: Wu S.‐N. , Soden B. J. , Alaka G. J.
Published: January 2023

This study examines the influence of radiative heating on the prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) intensification in the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model. Previous idealized modeling and observational studies demonstrated that radiative heating can substantially modulate the evolution of TC intensity. However, the relevance of this process under realistic conditions remains unclear. Here, we use observed longwave radiative heating to explore the performance of TC forecasts in HWRF simulations. The performance of TC intensity forecasts is then investigated in the context of radiative heating forecasts. In observations and HWRF forecasts, high clouds near the TC center increase the convergence of radiative fluxes. A sharp spatial gradient (≥60 W/m2) in the flux convergence from the TC center outward toward the environment is associated with subsequent TC intensification. More accurate simulation of the spatial structure of longwave radiative heating is associated with more accurate TC intensity forecasts.
New Perspectives for Nonlinear Depth‐Inversion of the Nearshore Using Boussinesq Theory
Authors: Martins Kévin , Bonneton Philippe , de Viron Olivier , Turner Ian L. , Harley Mitchel D. , Splinter Kristen
Published: January 2023

Accurately mapping the evolving bathymetry under energetic wave breaking is challenging, yet critical for improving our understanding of sandy beach morphodynamics. Though remote sensing is one of the most promising opportunities for reaching this goal, existing depth‐inversion algorithms using linear approaches face major theoretical and/or technical issues in the surf zone, limiting their accuracy over this region. Here, we present a new depth‐inversion approach relying on Boussinesq theory for quantifying nonlinear dispersion effects in nearshore waves. Using high‐resolution datasets collected in the laboratory under diverse wave conditions and beach morphologies, we demonstrate that this approach results in enhanced levels of accuracy in the surf zone (errors typically within 10%) and presents a major improvement over linear methods. The new nonlinear depth‐inversion approach provides significant prospects for future practical applications in the field using existing remote sensing technologies, including continuous lidar scanners and stereo‐imaging systems.
Penetrative Convection Modifies the Dynamics of Downslope Gravity Currents
Authors: Doda T. , Ulloa H. N. , Ramón C. L. , Wüest A. , Bouffard D.
Published: January 2023

Gravity currents contribute to the transport of heat and mass in atmospheric and aquatic environments. In aquatic systems subject to daily surface cooling, gravity currents propagate through turbulent convective surroundings. Yet, the effects of thermal convection on aquatic gravity currents remain to be quantified. This paper demonstrates how the interaction between penetrative convection and downslope gravity currents impacts the fluid dynamics and transport across littoral aquatic systems. We performed field experiments in a wind‐sheltered lake experiencing differential cooling to resolve the dynamics of thermally driven gravity currents in convective environments. Our in situ observations reveal that convective plumes penetrate gravity currents, generating large vertical fluctuations that foster the erosion of the stratified layer. This enhanced vertical mixing destroys the stratified downslope flow and limits the basin‐scale transport. Our results demonstrate that the interaction between penetrative convection and downslope gravity currents controls the littoral‐pelagic connectivity in aquatic ecosystems.
Sea Level Changes Affect Seismicity Rates in a Hydrothermal System Near Istanbul
Authors: Martínez‐Garzón P. , Beroza G. C. , Bocchini G. M. , Bohnhoff M.
Published: January 2023

Small stress changes such as those from sea level fluctuations can be large enough to trigger earthquakes. If small and large earthquakes initiate similarly, high‐resolution catalogs with low detection thresholds are best suited to illuminate such processes. Below the Sea of Marmara section of the North Anatolian Fault, a segment of 150 km is late in its seismic cycle. We generated high‐resolution seismicity catalogs for a hydrothermal region in the eastern Sea of Marmara employing AI‐based and template matching techniques to investigate the link between sea level fluctuations and seismicity over 6 months. All high resolution catalogs show that local seismicity rates are larger during time periods shortly after local minima of sea level, when it is already rising. Local strainmeters indicate that seismicity is promoted when the ratio of differential to areal strain is the largest. The strain changes from sea level variations, on the order of 30–300 nstrain, are sufficient to promote seismicity.
Orbital‐Insolation Controlled Porites Coral δ13C Seasonality Variations Since the Mid‐Holocene in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Wang Hao , Yu Kefu , Han Tao , Xu Shendong , Tao Shichen , Dang Shaohua , Yu Xiaopeng
Published: January 2023

Coral skeleton δ13C is a routinely measured indicator in modern insolation change research, but the knowledge of environmental and climatic signals recorded in its seasonality during geological time is sparse. In this study, we present eight Porites coral δ13C records from the mid‐late Holocene to the present from the northern South China Sea (NSCS). Compared with the main control factors for modern δ13C changes, coral δ13C seasonality in the NSCS since the mid‐Holocene shows a long‐term decreasing trend, which is consistent with the change trend as orbital‐induced (precession) insolation seasonal amplitude. By excluding other influencing factors, we speculate that the stronger coral δ13C seasonality (18.8%) over the mid‐Holocene than modern period is attributable to the metabolic effect, which predicts the stronger coral δ13C seasonality under stronger insolation seasonality. Our study has implications for coral δ13C seasonality as a potential indicator to record past insolation information under different climatic backgrounds.
Computing the Ensemble Spread From Deterministic Weather Predictions Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Brecht Rüdiger , Bihlo Alex
Published: January 2023

Ensemble prediction systems are an invaluable tool for weather forecasting. Practically, ensemble predictions are obtained by running several perturbations of the deterministic control forecast. However, ensemble prediction is associated with a high computational cost and often involves statistical post‐processing steps to improve its quality. Here we propose to use deep‐learning‐based algorithms to learn the statistical properties of an ensemble prediction system, the ensemble spread, given only the deterministic control forecast. Thus, once trained, the costly ensemble prediction system will not be needed anymore to obtain future ensemble forecasts, and the statistical properties of the ensemble can be derived from a single deterministic forecast. We adapt the classical pix2pix architecture to a three‐dimensional model and train them against several years of operational (ensemble) weather forecasts for the 500 hPa geopotential height. The results demonstrate that the trained models indeed allow obtaining a highly accurate ensemble spread from the control forecast only.
Retracted: New Types of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions on Mars: Funnel and Skirt Distributions
Authors: Guo Z. Z. , Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Liu Y. Y. , Xu Y. , Wang Z. , Yu Y. , Wang J. , Chen G.
Published: January 2023

Using high‐resolution Solar Wind Electron Analyzer data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft, we report two new types of electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) in the Martian plasma environment. The first type of electron PADs, showing pitch angle primally around , is termed funnel distribution, which was observed near the terminator and at about 1,200 km altitude. The second type of electron PADs, showing pitch angle primally around , is termed skirt distribution, which was detected on the nightside and at about 1,250 km altitude. The electrons of funnel and skirt distributions do not exhibit any photoelectron signatures and are shown to originate from the solar wind. Through the fitting analysis, we find that the electrons showing both funnel and skirt PADs are thermal electron populations and suprathermal electron populations. In addition, the possibilities that such two types of electron pitch angle distributions corresponding to magnetic field configurations are also discussed.
Vertical Dependency of Aerosol Impacts on Local Scale Convective Precipitation
Authors: Sun Yue , Wang Yuan , Zhao Chuanfeng , Zhou Yue , Yang Yikun , Yang Xingchuan , Fan Hao , Zhao Xin , Yang Jie
Published: January 2023

Aerosol effects on convective precipitation is critical for understanding human impacts on extreme weather and the hydrological cycle. However, even their signs and magnitude remain debatable. In particular, aerosol effects on vertical structure of precipitation have not been systematically examined yet. Combining 6‐year space‐borne and ground‐based observations over the North China Plain, we show a boomerang‐shape aerosol effect on the top height of convective precipitation, from invigoration to suppression. Further analyses reveal that the aerosols play distinct effects on precipitation rate at different layers. Particularly, near surface precipitation rate shows no significant responses to aerosol and precipitation‐top height due to strong evaporation. The competition of energy between released from condensation and freezing and absorbed by evaporation contributes to different responses of precipitation‐top height to aerosol and can explain the boomerang‐shape aerosol effect.
Widespread Frequent Methane Emissions From the Oil and Gas Industry in the Permian Basin
Authors: Veefkind J. P. , Serrano‐Calvo R. , de Gouw J. , Dix B. , Schneising O. , Buchwitz M. , Barré J. , van der A R. J. , Liu M. , Levelt P. F.
Published: January 2023

Emissions of methane (CH4) in the Permian basin (USA) have been derived for 2019 and 2020 from satellite observations of the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) using the divergence method, in combination with a data driven method to estimate the background column densities. The resulting CH4 emission data, which have been verified using model data with known emissions, have a spatial resolution of approximately 10 km. The CH4 emissions show moderate spatial correlation with the locations of oil and gas production and drilling activities in the Permian basin, as well as with emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Analysis of the emission maps and time series indicates that a significant fraction of methane emissions in the Permian basin is from frequent widespread emissions sources, rather than from a few infrequent very large unplanned releases, which is important considering possible CH4 emission mitigation strategies. In addition to providing spatially resolved emissions, the divergence method also provides the total emissions of the Permian basin and its main sub‐basins. The total CH4 emission of the Permian is estimated as 3.0 ± 0.7 Tg yr−1 for 2019, which agrees with other independent estimates based on TROPOMI data. For the Delaware sub‐basin, it is estimated as 1.4 ± 0.3 Tg yr−1 for 2019, and for the Midland sub‐basin 1.2 ± 0.3 Tg yr−1. In 2020 the emissions are 9% lower compared to 2019 in the entire Permian basin, and respectively 19% and 27% for the Delaware and Midland sub‐basins.
On the Polar Bias in Ice Core 10Be Data
Authors: Adolphi F. , Herbst K. , Nilsson A. , Panovska S.
Published: January 2023

Cosmogenic radionuclide records from polar ice cores provide unique insights into past cosmic ray flux variations. They allow reconstructions of past solar activity, space weather, and geomagnetic field changes, and provide insights into past carbon cycle changes. However, all these applications rely on the proportionality of the ice core radionuclide records to the global mean production rate changes. This premise has been long debated from a model and data‐perspective. Here, we address this issue through atmospheric mixing model experiments and comparison to independent data. We find that all mixing scenarios, which do not assume complete tropospheric mixing, result in a polar bias. This bias is more prominent for geomagnetic field changes than solar modulation changes. The most likely scenario, supported by independent geomagnetic field records and marine 10Be during the Laschamps geomagnetic field minimum, results in a dampening of geomagnetic field induced changes by 23%–37% and an enhancement of solar‐induced changes by 7%–8%. During the Holocene, we do not find conclusive evidence for a polar bias. We propose a correction function that allows deconvolving the glacial ice core record in order to restore proportionality to the global mean signal.
Dust Devil Frequency of Occurrence and Radiative Effects at Jezero Crater, Mars, as Measured by MEDA Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS)
Authors: Toledo D. , Apéstigue V. , Arruego I. , Lemmon M. , Gómez L. , Montoro F. , Hueso R. , Newman C. , Smith M. , Viudez‐Moreiras D. , Martínez G. , Lorenz R. , Vicente‐Retortillo A. , Sanchez‐Lavega A. , Juarez M. de la Torre , Rodriguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Carrasco I. , Yela M. , Jimenez J. J. , García‐Menendez E. , Navarro S. , Gomez‐Elvira F. J. , Harri A.‐M. , Polkko J. , Hieta M. , Genzer M. , Murdoch N. , Sebastian E.
Published: January 2023

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, onboard the Perseverance rover, is a meteorological station that is operating on Mars and includes, among other sensors, the radiometer Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS). From RDS irradiance observations, a total of 374 dust devils (DDs) were detected for the first 365 sols of the mission (Ls = 6°–182°), which along with wind and pressure measurements, we estimated a DD frequency of formation at Jezero between 1.3 and 3.4 DD km−2 sol−1 (increasing as we move from spring into summer). This frequency is found to be smaller than that estimated at the Spirit or Pathfinder landing sites but much greater than that derived at InSight landing site. The maximum in DD frequency occurs between 12:00 and 13:00 local true solar time, which is when the convective heat flux and lower planetary boundary layer IR heating are both predicted to peak in Jezero crater. DD diameter, minimum height, and trajectory were studied showing (a) an average diameter of 29 m (or a median of 25 m) and a maximum and minimum diameter of 132 ± 63.4 and 5.6 ± 5.5 m; (b) an average minimum DD height of 231 m and a maximum minimum‐height of 872 m; and (c) the DD migration direction is in agreement with wind measurements. For all the cases, DDs decreased the UV irradiance, while at visible or near‐IR wavelengths both increases and decreases were observed. Contrary to the frequency of formation, these results indicate similar DD characteristics in average for the studied period.