bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sorghum stem aerenchyma formation is regulated by SbNAC_D during internode development
Authors: Casto Anna L. , McKinley Brian A. , Yu Ka Man Jasmine , Rooney William L. , Mullet John E.
Published: November 2018

Sorghum bicolor is a drought‐resilient C4 grass used for production of grain, forage, sugar, and biomass. Sorghum genotypes capable of accumulating high levels of stem sucrose have solid stems that contain low levels of aerenchyma. The D‐locus on SBI06 modulates the extent of aerenchyma formation in sorghum stems and leaf midribs. A QTL aligned with this locus was identified and fine‐mapped in populations derived from BTx623*IS320c, BTx623*R07007, and BTx623*Standard broomcorn. Analysis of coding polymorphisms in the fine‐mapped D‐locus showed that genotypes that accumulate low levels of aerenchyma encode a truncated NAC transcription factor (Sobic.006G147400, SbNAC_d1), whereas parental lines that accumulate higher levels of stem aerenchyma encode full‐length NAC TFs (SbNAC‐D). During vegetative stem development, aerenchyma levels are low in nonelongated stem internodes, internode growing zones, and nodes. Aerenchyma levels increase in recently elongated internodes starting at the top of the internode near the center of the stem. SbNAC_D was expressed at low levels in nonelongated internodes and internode growing zones and at higher levels in regions of stem internodes that form aerenchyma. SbXCP1, a gene encoding a cysteine protease involved in programmed cell death, was induced in SbNAC_D genotypes in parallel with aerenchyma formation in sorghum stems but not in SbNAC_d1 genotypes. Several sweet sorghum genotypes encode the recessive SbNAC_d1 allele and have low levels of stem aerenchyma. Based on these results, we propose that SbNAC_D is the D‐gene identified by Hilton (1916) and that allelic variation in SbNAC_D modulates the extent of aerenchyma formation in sorghum stems.
Nutrient sink limitation constrains growth in two barley species with contrasting growth strategies
Authors: Burnett Angela C. , Rogers Alistair , Rees Mark , Osborne Colin P.
Published: November 2018

Mineral nutrients exert important limitations on plant growth. Growth is limited by the nutrient source when it is constrained by nutrient availability and uptake, which may simultaneously limit investment in photosynthetic proteins, leading to carbon source limitation. However, growth may also be limited by nutrient utilization in sink tissue. The relative importance of these processes is contested, with crop and vegetation models typically assuming source limitations of carbon and mineral nutrients (especially nitrogen). This study compared the importance of source and sink limitation on growth in a slower‐growing wild perennial barley (Hordeum bulbosum) and a faster‐growing domesticated annual barley (Hordeum vulgare), by applying a mineral nutrient treatment and measuring nitrogen uptake, growth, allocation, and carbon partitioning. We found that nitrogen uptake, growth, tillering, shoot allocation, and nitrogen storage were restricted by low nutrient treatments. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that low nutrient levels do not limit growth via carbon acquisition: (a) Carbohydrate storage does not increase at high nutrient levels. (b) Ratio of free amino acids to sucrose increases at high nutrient levels. (c) Shoot allocation increases at high nutrient levels. These data indicate that barley productivity is limited by the capacity for nutrient use in growth. Models must explicitly account for sink processes in order to properly simulate this mineral nutrient limitation of growth.
Impact of electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating substituents on the electrochemical and charge transport properties of indacenodithiophene‐based small molecule acceptors for organic solar cells
Authors: Tahir Mudassir Hussain , Mubashir Tayyaba , Shah Tanveer‐Ul‐Hassan , Mahmood Asif
Published: November 2018

Quantum mechanism calculations were performed to study the relationship between strength of electron‐donating, electron‐withdrawing groups and electronic, photochemical, charge transport properties. Electron‐donating groups blueshifted the ultraviolet (UV)/visible spectra, while electron‐withdrawing groups redshifted the UV/visible spectra. Inverse relationship observes between Hammett parameter and reorganization energy. Small molecules acceptors with electron‐withdrawing substituents showed higher electron mobility. This study can pave way for experimental chemists to synthesize efficient small molecule acceptors.
Chemical stability enhancement of crown ether grafted sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) fuel cell membrane by cerium ion fixation
Authors: Park Junghwa , Park Yongman , Kim Dukjoon
Published: November 2018

In operation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell or direct methanol fuel cell, ·OH radicals are the major cause for the degradation of polymer electrolyte membrane. In order to enhance its antioxidation stability, cerium ion (Ce3+, CE), an ·OH radical quencher, is introduced to membrane, as it converts the ·OH radicals into inactive chemicals. In this study, aminoethyl‐15‐crown‐5 (CRE) is grafted on the sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) (SPAEK) to prevent the migration of CE ions from the membrane for long‐term antioxidation stability, as CRE forms a coordination complex with CE. The chemical and physical structures of the CRE grafted SPAEK are examined using proton nuclear magnetic resonance, energy dispersive X‐ray, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering spectroscopy. The physical properties of the CRE grafted SPAEK membrane are investigated and compared with those of the CRE blended and CE blended ones. While the grafting of CRE does not significantly affect the thermal and mechanical and water uptake behaviors of membranes, it leads to a significant improvement of antidegradation effect compared with other blend systems according to Fenton's test. The proton conductivity decreases with addition of CE but its effect is lessened by introduction of CRE. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 101–109
Quantification of Calcyclin and Heat Shock Protein 90 in Sera from Women with and without Preeclampsia by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Güzel Coşkun , van den Berg Caroline B. , Duvekot Johannes J. , Stingl Christoph , van den Bosch Thierry P. P. , van der Weiden Marcel , Steegers Eric A. P. , Steegers‐Theunissen Regine P. M. , Luider Theo M.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The objective of present study is to determine serum levels and placental distribution of two interacting proteins calcyclin and heat shock protein 90 in preeclampsia.

Experimental design

Maternal serum levels of calcyclin and heat shock protein 90 are compared throughout pregnancy from the first trimester till term among women with preeclampsia (n = 43) and age‐matched normotensive pregnant controls (n = 46). A serum‐based 2D LC‐MS assay using Parallel Reaction Monitoring is applied to quantify both calcyclin and heat shock protein 90.

Results

Serum levels of calcyclin are significantly lower in patients with preeclampsia in the second trimester of pregnancy as compared to controls (p < 0.05). Serum levels of heat shock protein 90 are significantly higher in patients with preeclampsia in the third trimester as compared to controls (p < 0.001).

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Both interacting proteins calcyclin and heat shock protein 90 are notably changed in preeclamptic patients compared to controls. Calcyclin is already decreased before the onset of preeclampsia in the second trimester and HSP90 is strongly increased in the third trimester. This suggests that these proteins may play a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and ought to be investigated in large cohort studies as molecular biomarkers.
Parsing redox potentials of five ferredoxins found within Thermotoga maritima
Authors: Maiocco Stephanie J. , Arcinas Arthur J. , Booker Squire J. , Elliott Sean J.
Published: November 2018

Most organisms contain multiple soluble protein‐based redox carriers such as members of the ferredoxin (Fd) family, that contain one or more iron–sulfur clusters. The potential redundancy of Fd proteins is poorly understood, particularly in connection to the ability of Fd proteins to deliver reducing equivalents to members of the “radical SAM,” or S‐adenosylmethionine radical enzyme (ARE) superfamily, where the activity of all known AREs requires that an essential iron–sulfur cluster bound by the enzyme be reduced to the catalytically relevant [Fe4S4]1+ oxidation state. As it is still unclear whether a single Fd in a given organism is specific to individual redox partners, we have examined the five Fd proteins found within Thermotoga maritima via direct electrochemistry, to compare them in a side‐by‐side fashion for the first time. While a single [Fe4S4]‐cluster bearing Fd (TM0927) has a potential of −420 mV, the other four 2x[Fe4S4]‐bearing Fds (TM1175, TM1289, TM1533, and TM1815) have potentials that vary significantly, including cases where the two clusters of the same Fd are essentially coincident (e.g., TM1175) and those where the potentials are well separate (TM1815).
Natural language processing‐based assessment of consistency in summaries of product characteristics of generic antimicrobials
Authors: Shimazawa Rumiko , Kano Yoshinobu , Ikeda Masayuki
Published: November 2018

To investigate consistency in summaries of product characteristics (SmPCs) of generic antimicrobials, we used natural language processing (NLP) to analyze and compare large amounts of text quantifying consistency between original and generic SmPCs. We manually compared each section of generic and original SmPCs for antimicrobials listed in the electronic Medicines Compendium in the United Kingdom, focusing on omissions and additions of clinically significant information (CSI). Independently, we quantified differences between the original and generic SmPCs using Kachako, a fully automatic NLP platform. Among the 137 antimicrobials listed in the electronic Medicines Compendium, we identified 193 pairs of original and generic antimicrobial SmPCs for the 48 antimicrobials for which generic SmPCs existed. Of these 193 pairs, 157 (81%) were consistent and 36 were inconsistent with the original SmPC. When the cut‐off value of RATE (the index of similarity between two SmPCs) was set at 0.860, our NLP system effectively discriminated consistent generic SmPCs with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 61%. We observed CSI omissions but not additions in the SmPC subsection related to pharmacokinetic properties. CSI additions but not omissions were found in the subsections dealing with therapeutic indications and fertility, pregnancy and lactation. Despite regulatory guidance, we observed substantial inconsistencies in the information in the United Kingdom SmPCs for antimicrobials. NLP technology proved to be a useful tool for checking large numbers of SmPCs for consistency.
Effective Use of UV‐Ozone Oxide in Silicon Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Zin Ngwe , Bakhshi Sara , Gao Munan , Ali Haider , Kashkoush Ismail , Schoenfeld Winston V.
Published: November 2018

It is long recognized that high‐quality surface cleaning is critical for an increased performance of solar cells and semiconductor devices. In this contribution, the effectiveness of UV‐ozone cleaning by comparing it against the industry standard RCAand UV‐assisted deionized water (DI‐O3) techniques has been demonstrated. UV‐ozone cleaning results in an effective surface passivation quality that is comparable to both RCAand DI‐O3 cleans, realizing a recombination current density (J0) of 7 fA cm−2 as compared to 5 and 8 fA cm−2 for RCAand DI‐O3 cleans, respectively. Repeating the UV‐ozone clean on samples (i.e., growing of UV‐ozone oxide and stripping it in HF) more than twice results in a cleaning efficiency that is nearly identical to RCAclean. Based on a high resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis, the post‐annealed thickness of the UV‐ozone oxide layer was found to reduce in comparison to the pre‐annealed condition. This is likely due to oxygen diffusion from the UV‐ozone oxide layer into the overlaying AlOx layer. Additionally, it has been found that a reduction in UV‐ozone oxide deposition time to just 5 min still provides a comparable cleaning efficiency to the RCAclean, and also results in good passivation quality (5–8 fA cm−2) on both planar and textured samples.
The triptolide‐induced apoptosis of osteoclast precursor by degradation of cIAP2 and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis of TNF‐transgenic mice
Authors: Wang Shengli , Liu Zhigang , Wang Jingchun , Wang Yifei , Liu Jianhua , Ji Xinying , Wang Xinchun
Published: November 2018

This study aims to discuss the effect of triptolide (TPL) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the mechanism related to osteoclast precursor (OCP) and osteoclast (OC). TNF‐transgenic RA mice were treated with different doses of TPL by gavage. After the administration was finished, the curative effects were evaluated and compared, and the OCP apoptosis rates, the OC number, and the OC differentiation ability in vitro were detected. Finally, splenocytes of wild‐type mice were cultured in vitro and induced to differentiate into OCP, and the cell apoptosis rate, cIAP2, and apoptotic effectors expression level were detected after cIAP2 overexpression and TPL administration. After TPL administration, the RA symptoms in the TPL groups were all better, the apoptosis rate of OCP was higher, and the amount of OC in vitro were lower than that in the control group (all P < 0.05), and all of the changes in the high‐dose group were more obvious than the low‐dose group. In splenocytes cells cultured in vitro, cIAP2 overexpression could decrease the apoptosis rate of OCPs and increase the OC number, and TPL treatment could down‐regulate the cIAP2 and promote OCP apoptosis and OC reduction. In conclusion, TPL could induce OCP apoptosis and inhibit OC formation to effectively treat RA by mediating cIAP2 degradation.
Using the hybrid gain algorithm to sample data assimilation uncertainty
Authors: Houtekamer Pieter Leopold , Buehner Mark , De La Chevrotière Michèle
Published: November 2018

At the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC), an ensemble variational (EnVar) data assimilation system is used for the global deterministic prediction system and an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is used for the global ensemble prediction system. These two systems are co‐developed and co‐evolving at the CMC and in this study we explore how to maximize the impact of having two algorithms.

Following earlier work at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), we perform experiments with a pure EnKF and an EnKF system that is recentered on the EnVar solution, as well as with a hybrid gain configuration, in which the EnKF system is recentered on the mean of the EnKF and EnVar analyses. Encouraged by the results of the hybrid gain algorithm, we modify it to leave half of the members unchanged and to recenter the other half on the EnVar analysis. With this multi‐analysis approach, we sample the different design decisions made for the EnKF and EnVar and see corresponding improvements, notably for the stratospheric analysis.

An evaluation using humidity‐sensitive radiance channels shows more mixed results of the hybrid gain and multi‐analysis approaches. An investigation of the spread–skill relation showed that the background ensembles were overdispersive for humidity and this issue was resolved by a reduction of the additive error for humidity. This highlights the fact that diagnostic information from two analysis systems can be used to identify where those systems have room for improvement. Finally, for various aspects of data assimilation systems, we weigh the benefits of algorithmic diversity against the corresponding additional development cost.
Enzymatic Reaction Generates Biomimic Nanominerals with Superior Bioactivity
Authors: Jiang Ying‐Ying , Zhou Zi‐Fei , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Chen Fei‐Fei , Lu Bing‐Qiang , Cao Wen‐Tao , Zhang Yong‐Gang , Cai Zheng‐Dong , Chen Feng
Published: November 2018

In vivo mineralization is a multistep process involving mineral‐protein complexes and various metastable compounds in vertebrates. In this complex process, the minerals produced in the mitochondrial matrix play a critical role in initiating extracellular mineralization. However, the functional mechanisms of the mitochondrial minerals are still a mystery. Herein, an in vitro enzymatic reaction strategy is reported for the generation of biomimic amorphous calcium phosphate (EACP) nanominerals by an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)‐catalyzed hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a weakly alkalescent aqueous condition (pH 8.0–8.5), which is partially similar to the mitochondrial environment. Significantly, the EACP nanomineral obviously promotes autophagy and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells by activating an AMPK related pathway, and displays a high performance in promoting bone regeneration. These results provide in vitro evidence for the effect of ATP on the formation and stabilization of the mineral in the mineralization process, demonstrating a potential strategy for the preparation of the biomimic mineral for treating bone related diseases.
Leistungsfähigkeit reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme auf Zugstabsystemen und deren Anschlusskonstruktionen
Authors: Häßler Dustin , Häßler Mai , Hothan Sascha , Krüger Simone
Published: November 2018

Zur brandschutztechnischen Ertüchtigung von Stahlkonstruktionen werden reaktive Brandschutzsysteme aufgrund der geringen Beschichtungsdicken und der profilfolgenden Applikation in zunehmendem Maße eingesetzt. Da die für Zugstabsysteme eingesetzten Bauteile meist eine stark konvex gekrümmte Oberfläche aufweisen und der Anschlussbereich über eine vergleichsweise komplexe Geometrie verfügt, stellt dies besonders hohe Anforderungen an die Leistungsfähigkeit von reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen. Anhand von realmaßstäblichen Brandversuchen wurden das Aufschäumungs‐ und Rissverhalten, der Einfluss der Trockenschichtdicke, die Erwärmung der einzelnen Stahlbauteile sowie der Einfluss der Bauteilorientierung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Abnahme der Oberflächenkrümmung oder eine Erhöhung der Massenkonzentration der Stahlbauteile zu einer geringeren Aufheizrate des Stahls führt. Darüber hinaus ist festzustellen, dass die Leistungsfähigkeit des reaktiven Brandschutzsystems von der Bauteilorientierung der Zugstabsysteme beeinflusst wird. Die durchgeführten Brandversuche können zur Entwicklung geeigneter Prüfszenarien für die Beurteilung von reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen auf Zugstabsystemen und deren Anschlusskonstruktionen verwendet werden, wodurch eine Erweiterung des zulassungsbasierten Anwendungsbereichs ermöglicht wird.
Use of HSS and VHSS in steel structures in civil and offshore engineering
Authors: van Es Sjors , Slot Henk , Steenbergen Henri , Maljaars Johan , Pijpers Richard
Published: November 2018

In Memoriam of Prof. Dr. Bernt Johansson

The use of high‐strength steels (HSS, 460 < fy ≤ 700 MPa) and particularly very high‐strength steels (VHSS, fy > 700 MPa) is limited in steel structures in civil and offshore engineering. This is due to a lack of experience in structures made of these materials and a lack of understanding of the structural performance of HSS and VHSS. The main questions that are unanswered concern the topics of static strength, fracture toughness, fatigue, material (in)homogeneity and manufacturing. With regard to the static strength, it is unclear as to whether requirements currently stated in the Eurocodes for the yield‐to‐tensile strength ratio (fy/fu) as well as the Von Mises yield criterion are applicable to structural designs in HSS and VHSS. With regard to fracture toughness, it is unclear as to whether the crack arrest capability of HSS and VHSS is currently sufficiently covered in Eurocode requirements. Furthermore, Eurocode requirements for maximum plate thickness are quite restrictive if they are extrapolated to HSS and VHSS. Other questions relate to the homogeneity of the material. Are HSS and VHSS sufficiently resistant to lamellar tearing and is material testing in different orientations necessary? This study gives an overview of the relevant questions, outlines the requirements in the current Eurocode system, presents answers to these questions where possible and provides a recommended research focus for the coming years.
Influence of the cooling time on the mechanical properties of welded HSS‐joints
Authors: Stroetmann Richard , Kästner Thoralf , Hälsig André , Mayr Peter
Published: November 2018

In Memoriam of Prof. Dr. Bernt Johansson

The influence of the cooling time t8/5 has been examined as part of the ongoing AiF‐FOSTA P1020 research project for the development of a new design approach for welded joints on high‐strength steels. Four thermomechanically rolled and quenched steel grades were investigated. The temperature‐time course of a MAG welding process was thermo‐physically simulated in a quenching and deformation dilatometer to evaluate the material behaviour. Subsequently, the influence of the cooling time on the mechanical properties of welds was examined using a flat tensile test specimen with a centric hole. The results of the examinations form the scientific basis for a significant improvement of the current execution rules for welded joints between high‐strength steels taking into account mismatching of base material and filler metal.
Structural performance of CHS X‐joints fabricated from high‐strength steel
Authors: Lee Cheol‐Ho , Kim Seon‐Hu
Published: November 2018

In Memoriam of Prof. Dr. Bernt Johansson

Representative steel design standards have limited the use of high‐strength steels to tubular joints, partly because of concerns about their unique material characteristics. However, the mechanical background behind the limitations is unclear, and its validity needs to be re‐evaluated. In this study, a set of CHS (circular hollow section) X‐joints fabricated from cold‐formed tubes was tested under static axial compression. Then, as supplemental work, extensive test‐validated numerical analyses were carried out to investigate further the behaviour of high‐strength steel CHS X‐joints. In both the testing and the analyses, where three steel grades covering ordinary to very high‐strength steels were considered, the high‐strength steel joints showed satisfactory structural performance comparable with that of ordinary steel joints in terms of strength and ductility.
Dark matter for b → sμ+μ− anomaly in a gauged U(1)X model
Authors: Baek Seungwon , Yu Chaehyun
Published: November 2018

Abstract

We propose a new physics model which has a cold dark matter candidate and can explain the b → sμ
+
μ
− anomaly at the same time. Our model includes a scalar quark

$$ \tilde{q} $$

q
˜

and a scalar lepton

$$ \tilde{\ell} $$

ℓ
˜

which are SU(2)
L
-doublet as well as a Dirac fermion N which is SU(2)
L
-singlet. The new particles are charged under a gauged U(1)
X
group which is spontaneously broken to a discrete Z
2 symmetry by a dark scalar S. The remnant Z
2 symmetry stabilizes the dark matter. Box diagrams with

$$ \tilde{q} $$

q
˜

,

$$ \tilde{\ell} $$

ℓ
˜

, and N running inside the loop can generate the correct Wilson coefficients C
9

μ

 = − C
10

μ

to accommodate the b → sμ
+
μ
− anomaly while avoiding constraints such as

$$ {B}_s-{\overline{B}}_s $$

B
s

−

B
¯

s

mixing. The dark matter annihilation into a second generation lepton pair via t-channel

$$ \tilde{\ell} $$

ℓ
˜

-exchanging process plays an important role in producing the current dark matter relic abundance of the universe, showing a strong interplay between the flavor and dark matter physics. We also discuss dark-gauge-interaction-dominated and Higgs-portal-dominated scenarios for dark matter physics.
5d partition functions with a twist
Authors: Crichigno P. Marcos , Jain Dharmesh , Willett Brian
Published: November 2018

Abstract

We derive the partition function of 5d

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

gauge theories on the manifold

$$ {S}_b^3 \times {\varSigma}_{\mathfrak{g}} $$

S
b
3

×

Σ
g

with a partial topological twist along the Riemann surface,

$$ {\varSigma}_{\mathfrak{g}} $$

Σ
g

. This setup is a higher dimensional uplift of the two-dimensional A-twist, and the result can be expressed as a sum over solutions of Bethe-Ansatz-type equations, with the computation receiving nontrivial non-perturbative contributions. We study this partition function in the large N limit, where it is related to holographic RG flows between asymptotically locally AdS6 and AdS4 spacetimes, reproducing known holographic relations between the corresponding free energies on S
5 and S
3 and predicting new ones. We also consider cases where the 5d theory admits a UV completion as a 6d SCFT, such as the maximally supersymmetric

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

Yang-Mills theory, in which case the partition function computes the 4d index of general class S theories, which we verify in certain simplifying limits. Finally, we comment on the generalization to

$$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_3 \times {\varSigma}_{\mathfrak{g}} $$

ℳ
3

×

Σ
g

with more general three-manifolds ℳ3 and focus in particular on

$$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_3 = {\varSigma}_{\mathfrak{g}}^{\prime}\times {S}^1 $$

ℳ
3

=

Σ
g

′
×

S
1

, in which case the partition function relates to the entropy of black holes in AdS6.
Pediatric Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis in the USA: A National KID Database Analysis
Authors: Safdieh Gabriella , Silberman Jason , Nguyen Joseph , Doyle Shevaun M. , Blanco John S. , Scher David M. , Green Daniel W. , Widmann Roger F. , Dodwell Emily R.
Published: November 2018

Background

Prior reports suggest that osteoarticular infections may be increasing over time.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to determine if incidence rates, median in-hospital costs, and length of stay (LOS) of osteomyelitis, septic arthritis (SA), and combined infections have changed over time for pediatric patients, and how they compare to previously reported rates.

Methods

The Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID), a US national sample of pediatric hospital discharge records from 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012, was used to determine yearly estimated counts of infections in children 20 years of age or younger. US census data was used to calculate yearly incidence rates. Trend tests using linear contrast analysis were used to compare estimated median LOS and inflation-adjusted median costs over time for each type of infection.

Results

From 1997 through 2012, the incidence rate of osteomyelitis increased from 7.9 to 10.5 per 100, 000, SA was unchanged from 5.3 to 5.2 per 100, and combined infections increased from 0.8 to 1.3 per 100, 000. Median LOS from 1997 to 2012 showed no significant change for osteomyelitis (5.0 to 4.9 days), SA (4.4 to 4.1 days), or combined infections (6.5 to 6.8 days). Median in-hospital costs from 1997 to 2012 increased for osteomyelitis ($7735 to $11, 823), SA ($5041 to $10, 574), and combined infections ($12, 691 to $16, 260).

Conclusion

In pediatric patients, the estimated incidence rate of SA appeared stable, while rates of osteomyelitis and combined infections increased. These estimated rates fall within previously reported ranges. Despite stable LOS, costs have increased over time.
Students as stakeholders in assessment: how students perceive the value of an assessment
Authors: Ricci Michelle , St-Onge Christina , Xiao Jing , Young Meredith
Published: November 2018

Introduction For assessment to fill an educational role, students must see the results generated by assessment as valuable, and actively engage with this feedback in order to support learning. Few studies include examinees as stakeholders in validation beyond general notions of acceptability. Here, we explore students as stakeholders in the validation of a newly implemented assessment.
Methods A student-relevant validity framework based on the unified theory of validity was created and adapted to a survey format. Likert-style items were used to examine first- and second-year medical students’ perceptions of a new cumulative assessment, with several open-ended items. Analysis included: mean ratings per subscale of validity evidence, thematic analysis of comments, and a correlation between questionnaire subscores and exam performance.
Results Seventy-seven students participated (20.5%). Student perceptions of the assessment were favourable, with significantly different ratings across validity evidence (Response Process (4.8 (SD = 0.7); scored/6), Content (4.6(0.9)), Consequential (4.4(0.8)), Internal Structure (4.2(0.9)), and Relationship to Other Variables (4.0(1.0))). Exam performance correlated with subscores for Relationship to Other Variables (r = 0.34, p < 0.005) and Response Process (r = 0.24, p < 0.05).
Discussion Students perceived the assessment as facilitating learning, providing ‘checkpoints’, and were disappointed when it did not meet their expectations regarding the purpose of assessment. If students perceive that results do not reflect their future performance in clinical environments, or do not align with their perceived purpose of assessment, the educational value of assessment may be limited.
Reflecting on what? The difficulty of noticing formative experiences in the moment
Authors: Holmes Cheryl L. , Hubinette Maria M. , Maclure Malcolm , Miller Harry , Ting Daniel , Costello Greg , Reed Melanie , Regehr Glenn
Published: November 2018

Introduction In the spirit of enacting an educational model of guided, collective reflection to support positive professional identity construction in healthcare learners, we implemented a reflection-based course for medical students transitioning to clerkship with three goals: to sensitize learners to the hidden curriculum; to provide a safe and confidential forum to discuss their experiences; and to co-construct strategies to deal with the pressures in the clinical environment
Methods We used a design-based research protocol. Twelve students participated in ten sessions starting during their transition to clerkship. Faculty debriefed after each session, adjusting the format of the subsequent sessions. Data included student logs, transcripts of the course sessions, faculty debriefings, and the course evaluation. Data were analyzed via an iterative process of independent coding and discussion.
Results The main adjustments to the course were to eliminate didactic content in favour of using prompts prior to course sessions and de-emphasizing written reflection. Participants felt the course achieved its three goals and students reported enhanced resiliency during transition to clerkship, although, despite prompting, students offered no examples of their joining in with the negative behaviours around them.
Conclusions The course was successful in its key objectives. However, a key aspect of reflection, students noticing their own behaviour in the moment as something that needs to be reflected on, was challenging.
An ICME Framework for Incorporating Bulk Residual Stresses in Rotor Component Design
Authors: Venkatesh Vasisht , Green Ralph , O’Connell Jaime , Cernatescu Iuliana , Goetz Robert , Wong Terry , Streich Brian , Saraf Vikas , Glavicic Mike , Slavik Don , Sampath Rajiv , Sharp Andrew , Song Bill , Bocchini Pete
Published: November 2018

Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) is an emerging discipline that aims to integrate computational materials science tools into a holistic system that can accelerate materials development, transform the engineering design optimization process, and unify design and manufacturing. A team of aerospace Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers have executed a critical program to address the United States Air Force (USAF) funded Foundational Engineering Problem (FEP) on residual stress within nickel-base superalloy components. This program was aimed at establishing methods to link predictive tools to component design functions and product realization activities with industry-wide standardized protocols. The multi-disciplinary approach links supplier and OEM materials and process models with structural analysis tools to enable manufacturing parameter selection based on disk design criteria. By linking analytical tools between the supplier and OEM, process parameters may be optimized for reduced scrap, while optimizing disk designs for design requirements. A significant challenge to doing this is qualifying and integrating sources of variation in the materials and process models with design and structural analysis tools. This paper reviews ICME infrastructure tools and methods that were used to demonstrate and validate linked residual stress-based materials and manufacturing model capabilities with design activities to achieve an optimized final component. This work was funded by the United States Air Force through the Metals Affordability Initiative (MAI).
Normative data from linear and nonlinear quantile regression in CANTAB: Cognition in mid‐to‐late life in an epidemiological sample
Authors: Abbott Rosemary A. , Skirrow Caroline , Jokisch Martha , Timmers Maarten , Streffer Johannes , van Nueten Luc , Krams Michael , Winkler Angela , Pundt Noreen , Nathan Pradeep J. , Rock Philippa , Cormack Francesca K. , Weimar Christian
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Normative cognitive data can help to distinguish pathological decline from normal aging. This study presents normative data from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, using linear regression and nonlinear quantile regression approaches.

Methods

Heinz Nixdorf Recall study participants completed Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery tests: paired‐associate learning, spatial working memory, and reaction time. Data were available for 1349‐1529 healthy adults aged 57‐84 years. Linear and nonlinear quantile regression analyses examined age‐related changes, adjusting for sex and education. Quantile regression differentiated seven performance bands (percentiles: 97.7, 93.3, 84.1, 50, 15.9, 6.7, and 2.3).

Results

Normative data show age‐related cognitive decline across all tests, but with quantile regression revealing heterogeneous trajectories of cognitive aging, particularly for the test of episodic memory function (paired‐associate learning).

Discussion

This study presents normative data from Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in mid‐to‐late life. Quantile regression can model heterogeneity in age‐related cognitive trajectories as seen in the paired‐associate learning episodic memory measure.
Human stem cell–derived monocytes and microglia‐like cells reveal impaired amyloid plaque clearance upon heterozygous or homozygous loss of TREM2
Authors: Claes Christel , Van Den Daele Johanna , Boon Ruben , Schouteden Sarah , Colombo Alessio , Monasor Laura Sebastian , Fiers Mark , Ordovás Laura , Nami FatemehArefeh , Bohrmann Bernd , Tahirovic Sabina , De Strooper Bart , Verfaillie Catherine M.
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Murine microglia expressing the Alzheimer's disease–linked TREM2R47H mutation display variable decrease in phagocytosis, while impaired phagocytosis is reported following loss of TREM2. However, no data exist on TREM2+/R47H human microglia. Therefore, we created human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) monocytes and transdifferentiated microglia‐like cells (tMGs) to examine the effect of the TREM2+/R47H mutation and loss of TREM2 on phagocytosis.

Methods

We generated isogenic TREM2+/R47H, TREM2+/−, and TREM2−/− hPSCs using CRISPR/Cas9. Following differentiation to monocytes and tMGs, we studied the uptake of Escherichia coli fragments and analyzed amyloid plaque clearance from cryosections of APP/PS1+/− mouse brains.

Results

We demonstrated that tMGs resemble cultured human microglia. TREM2+/− and TREM2−/− hPSC monocytes and tMGs phagocytosed significantly less E. coli fragments and cleared less amyloid plaques than wild‐type hPSC progeny, with no difference for TREM2+/R47H progeny.

Discussion

In vitro phagocytosis of hPSC monocytes and tMGs was not affected by the TREM2+/R47H mutation but was significantly impaired in TREM2+/− and TREM2−/− progeny.
Retinal signs and risk of incident dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study
Authors: Deal Jennifer A. , Sharrett A. Richey , Albert Marilyn , Bandeen‐Roche Karen , Burgard Sheila , Thomas Sonia Davis , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Knopman David , Mosley Thomas , Klein Barbara , Klein Ronald
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The easily‐imaged retinal microvasculature may reflect the brain microvasculature and therefore be related to dementia.

Methods

In a population‐based study of 12,482 adults aged 50‐73 years (22% African American), we estimated the relationship of retinal characteristics from fundus photography (1993‐1995) with incident all‐cause dementia (1993‐1995 to 2011‐2013) and with etiologic subtype of dementia/mild cognitive impairment (2011‐13).

Results

A total of 1259 (10%) participants developed dementia over a mean 15.6 years. Moderate/severe (vs. no) retinopathy (hazard ratio [HR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36–2.55) and central retinal arteriolar equivalent (narrowest quartile vs. widest three quartiles; HR, 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09–1.45) were associated with all‐cause dementia. Results were qualitatively stronger (but not statistically significantly different) in participants with diabetes. Retinopathy was associated with a joint outcome of cerebrovascular‐related, but not Alzheimer's disease–related, dementia/mild cognitive impairment (HR, 2.29; 95% CI: 1.24–4.23).

Discussion

Exploration of measures in the eye may provide surrogate indices of microvascular lesions relevant to dementia.
Revolution by Customary International Law?
Authors: Kelly J. Patrick
Published: November 2018

B.S. Chimni's Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective announces a provocative normative approach to customary international law (CIL) designed to develop progressive norms by deemphasizing state practice and promoting deliberative reasoning as the basis for opinio juris rather than the general acceptance of states. Many of his historical concerns are compelling: the unfairness and dubious validity of the persistent objector principle, the lack of access and attention to non-European state practice, and the questionable legitimacy of CIL norms developed without the participation of a majority of states or their consent. While Chimni makes a compelling case for the problematic origins of much of CIL, his approach to reform raises serious legitimacy and practical questions that undermine the viability of his proposed solution. Problems such as extreme poverty, environmental degradation, and nuclear weapons are best resolved through democratic political institutions rather than weak and undemocratic international tribunals. I will analyze Chimni's approach first as a theory of customary law and then as a theory of the role of international tribunals. Finally, I will raise concerns about his normative goals.
Maxentius, the Dioscuri, and the Legitimisation of Imperial Power
Authors: McIntyre Gwynaeth
Published: November 2018

Mythological twin brothers played key roles in the establishment and preservation of the city of Rome. This article examines the use of one particular set of brothers, Castor and Pollux, by rival forms of government in the early fourth centuryce. In his work on the representations of the Dioscuri on Roman coinage, Gricourt argues that the Dioscuri symbolise the same ideas on Maxentius’ coins as on other such imperial coinage, namely their role in maintaining the eternal order of the universe and their roles as protectors of soldiers.1More recently, however, Marlowe and Hekster have successfully argued that Maxentius’ ideology was a counterclaim to that presented by the Tetrarchy.2Developing this notion further with respect to Maxentius’ coinage, this article argues that, for the Tetrarchs, Castor and Pollux served as the ideal figures to symbolise the importance ofconcordiain the collective rule of like-minded individuals. Maxentius, however, used Castor and Pollux in connection with other symbols of the city of Rome (such as Romulus, Remus, and the she-wolf) on his coins to promote his restoration of the city of Rome (in conjunction with titles such asprincepsandconservator urbis suae). The examination of this ideological conflict between Maxentius and the Tetrarchy, through their use of Castor and Pollux on their coinage, sheds light on the mutability of myth and its role in the promotion of particular aspects of mythological narratives and figures to support an individual’s own claims to power.
Sideshadowing Actium: Counterfactual History in Lollius’Naumachia(Horace,Epistles1.18)
Authors: Cowan Robert
Published: November 2018

Among the personal hobbies which Horace recommends his young friend Lollius conduct at a discreet distance from hispotens amicusis the re-enactment of the battle of Actium, which should only be undertaken in the privacy of his father’s estate. Critics have noted that the potential offence in this seemingly affirmative celebration of the ‘miracle of Actium’ lies in the casting of Lollius’ brother as his opponent, thus acknowledging the civil nature of the battle which was at least downplayed, if not elided, in official discourse. They have overlooked, however, the further subversive element in Horace’s reference to ‘whichever of the two (alterutrum)’ Victory crowns. This presents the counterfactual possibility, both in theEpistleand in thenaumachiawhich serves as a parallel mimesis, that Antony might have won the battle of Actium. This instance of ‘sideshadowing’ demands to be set in a number of contexts, such as the use of counterfactuals in historiographical depictions of battles and the phenomenon whereby some publicnaumachiaehad outcomes contrary to that of the historical battle they were re-enacting. In particular, the very possibility of an Antonian victory renders the Augustan principate contingent, in opposition to the providential, teleological inevitability with which it, and especially its foundational battle, were depicted elsewhere in Augustan poetry. Such an interpretation is supported by Lucan’s allusion to this passage in his Dyrrachium episode, the only other non-Lucretian instance ofalterutrumin extant Latin poetry.
Invocations of the Muse in Homer and Hesiod: A Cognitive Approach
Authors: Franek Juraj
Published: November 2018

In this paper, I offer a cognitive analysis of the invocations of the Muse in earliest Greek epic poetry that is based on recent advances in cognitive science in general and the cognitive science of religion in particular. I argue that the Muse-concept most likely originated in a feeling of dependence on an external source of information to provide the singer with the subject matter of their song. This source of information is conceptualised as an ontological type (or template) ‘person’ by means of the hyperactive agency detection, and the Muse’s full access to strategic information, along with other characteristics, establishes her as a minimally counter-intuitive concept (that is to say a concept that conforms to most of our intuitive expectations and runs counter to a few of them), which, in turn, significantly increases the probability of the acquisition and transmission of the Muse-concept within the culture.
Geographic Disparities in the Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm in Canada
Authors: Somji Mohamed , Kaufmann Anthony M.
Published: November 2018

Background

We aimed to interrogate the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) database in order to determine the geographic distribution and outcomes of microvascular decompression (MVD) for the treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS).

Methods

The CIHI database was searched from 2004 to 2017 for relevant diagnostic and procedure codes. A new database was populated with the following categories: year, institution, province, number of interventions per year, and mean length of stay. Descriptive statistics were generated. Provincial utilization rates of MVD for HFS were calculated.

Results

During the period 2004-17, we identified 671 MVDs performed for HFS at 20 centers across Canada. During the study period, 286 MVDs (42.6%) were performed at one center in Manitoba. Another 131 (19.5%) and 72 (10.7%) were performed at one center in British Columbia and Ontario, respectively. The remaining 182 (27.1%) MVDs for HFS were performed at 17 centers across the rest of Canada where the mean number of cases performed per year was 1.1 (SD=0.9, range 0.2-2.9). When out-of-province cases were re-allocated to place of residence, the adjusted provincial utilization of MVD for HFS ranged between 0.5 and 6.1 patients per million per year.

Conclusions

Microvascular decompression for HFS is performed relatively rarely and there is a tremendous geographic variation in utilization across Canada. Although most of these surgeries are performed by a few surgeons, more than half of Canadian centers perform an average of less than 1 case per year. Further examination of the impact of these discrepancies appears warranted.
Party innovation, hybridization and the crisis: the case of Podemos
Authors: Lisi Marco
Published: November 2018

The literature on populist parties has tended to look at this new phenomenon as distinct from traditional party models. While there are a number of studies focusing on specific dimensions, there have been few attempts to systematically examine the features of these new players through the eyes of distinct party types. This work uses the case of Podemos to highlight what distinguished this new party from mainstream parties. We consider the following dimensions: the genetic model, ideological and programmatic stances, its organization, and the profile of its electoral base. It is shown that Podemos presents hybrid characteristics, combining those of traditional party models with the characteristics transposed from the digital culture. The findings also show that populist parties evolve similarly to mainstream parties and this evolution depends not only on electoral and strategic pressures, but also on the process of institutionalization. The lessons of Podemos will allow us to discuss comparable cases from contemporary democracies, thus strengthening our findings and generating more robust evidence about the (alleged) novelty of populist parties with regard to party models.