bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMMUNICATION OF STRUCTURE IN PLANKTONIC POPULATIONS1
Authors: Margalef Ramon
Published: March 2010

Two alternative approaches are usual in the study of ecosystems. One emphasizes biomass and production and deals with the system in terms of matter and energy; the other is more concerned with structure. Both approaches are complementary and for their synthesis we need quantitative expressions for structure and for structure transmission along time. Information theory can be helpful. Biotic diversity is an expression of the capacity for carrying information of the ecosystem (= “channel width”) at the level of individuals. Diversity can be appreciated also at other levels, e.g., at the biochemical level (pigment composition of phytoplankton). Many factors, in planktonic communities chiefly turbulence of water, introduce an amount of noise. Ecosystems can accumulate “history” or increase maturity— succession—only if “noise” remains relatively low. As changes in the energy flow across the ecosystem are related to diversity, this is an area where the study of relations between mass, energy and structure may be rewarding.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRRADIANCE, BEAM TRANSMITTANCE AND SCATTERING IN THE SEA NEAR BERMUDA1
Authors: Ivanoff Alexandre , Jerlov Nils , Waterman Talbot H.
Published: March 2010

Comparative measurements of a number of optical properties of the sea were made at 6 stations and at depths down to 245 m near Bermuda. In situ determinations included attenuation of natural radiant energy and reflectance between 375 and 651 mµ, beam transmittance and scattering, as well as polarization 90° to the beam. In the laboratory, scattering and degree of polarization were determined at 90° from water samples, while scattering was also measured at 45° to the beam. Both photovoltaic cells and photomultipliers were used as required.

The irradiance and beam transmittance data indicate that the wide differences in attenuation at different stations are primarily due to variations in the amount of suspended matter both offshore and inshore provided that the coastal or partly enclosed water is in open communication with the sea. However, in Harrington Sound, which has only restricted communication with open water, the optical properties differ in indicating greater concentrations of yellow substance than at any other station. Scattering coefficients measured at 45° and 90° in the laboratory show an approximately linear correlation for Castle Harbour and North Shore stations. In general the scattering coefficients at 90° are systematically correlated with the degree of polarization so that plotting p‐log β yields a linear function whose slope depends on the nature of the particles suspended in the different water masses.

In situ measurements of scattering and polarization usually were different from those in the laboratory. In clear Sargasso Sea water, for instance, in situ polarization was greater (75–80%) than it was in the laboratory (60%) although the scattering coefficients in the sea were definitely smaller. Further work is required to account for such discrepancies. Comparisons of in situ polarization of natural radiant energy with polarization from a light beam show that natural polarization decreases more rapidly than that from an artificial light beam as the amount of scattering increases. This effect results from the dependence of submarine polarization not only on scattering but also on directionality of the underwater radiant energy which diminishes for daylight with the amount of suspended matter.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN SOME CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SARGASSO SEA1
Authors: Ryther J. H. , Menzel D. W. , Vaccaro R. F.
Published: March 2010

Periodic measurements were made during a 24‐hr period in the surface layer (0–300 m) of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda of the following variables: temperature, salinity, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, chlorophyll, C14 assimilation and zooplankton standing crop. Nutrient concentrations, integrated from the surface to 150 m, increased at night and decreased during the day. Chlorophyll concentrations increased during the daylight hours and decreased at night. C14 assimilation over 24‐hr periods was greater in experiments initiated at night than in those begun in the daytime. Thus changes in the C14/chlorophyll relationship appear to have resulted from variations of both parameters. Zooplankton standing crop (0–200 m) increased markedly during the early evening but subsequently decreased throughout the rest of the night and following day.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF MARINE ZOOPLANKTON1
Authors: Raymont J. E. G. , Conover Robert J.
Published: March 2010

Studies on the carbohydrate content of 11 species of planktonic animals have been carried out. In the case of Calanus finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus and Neomysis americana, certain animals were fed laboratory phytoplankton cultures and comparisons were made between fed and starved groups. For Calanus finmarchicus, fed animals contained from 0.90–2.85 µg and starved animals from 0.68–1.50 µg carbohydrate/animal. As percent wet weight the carbohydrates ranged from 0.11–0.40 for fed and from 0.10–0.24 for starved C. finmarchicus. The carbohydrates in C. hyperboreus ranged from 0.14–0.29% wet weight and in Neomysis from 0.19–0.23%, but there was no significant difference between fed and starved animals. Feeding experiments were also attempted with the euphausids Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Thysanoessa sp. but feeding was poor and again no significant difference over the concentrations in starved animals could be detected. The concentration for all the euphausids was rather low: 0.05–0.08% wet weight for Meganyctiphanes, 0.09–0.11% for Thysanoessa, and 0.08–0.17 for Nematoscelis megalops. Carbohydrates were also low for the copepods Paraeuchaeta norvegica (0.06–0.11%) and Pleuromamma sp. (0.10%) and for Hyperia galba (0.15%). Another amphipod Euthemisto contained from 0.25–0.62% wet weight carbohydrate and an ostracod Conchoecia 0.31%. Respiratory measurements during periods of starvation were made for Calanus hyperboreus, Nematoscelis megalops and Neomysis americana which indicated that considerably more carbon was being oxidized than could be accounted for by changes in the carbohydrate content of the animals. Conversely, in certain feeding experiments with Neomysis americana and C. finmarchicus it seemed very doubtful that sufficient carbohydrate was obtained in the food consumed to meet the carbon requirements if carbohydrate was the principal energy source. It is concluded that the animals in question do not contain sufficient carbohydrate reserves to meet energy requirements, particularly during periods of food scarcity, and therefore, other metabolic substrates must be utilized as well.
UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS BY MARINE INVERTEBRATES1
Authors: Stephens Grover C. , Schinske Robert A.
Published: March 2010

The capacity for removal of amino acids from solution by marine animals was studied by following the concentration of an acid added to the ambient sea water. Thirty‐five genera representing 11 phyla were examined. The representatives of 10 of the phyla removed significant quantities of glycine from solution during an observation period of from 16 to 24 hr. This capacity for uptake of glycine was not limited to filter‐feeding animals. Observations using representatives of 3 phyla and various amino acids indicated that uptake could occur whether the acid concerned behaved as a cation or an anion at the pH of sea water. Comparison of the amino acid concentrations at the incurrent and excurrent siphons of the clam, Spisula, indicated that removal of glycine took place in the mantle cavity of this animal. Differences as great as 14% were observed. Disappearance of glycine at ambient concentrations as low as 1.5 mg/L could be demonstrated.
SOME RELATIONS OF ESTUARINE ORGANISMS TO SALINITY
Authors: Gunter Gordon
Published: March 2010

Collectors often ignore salinity while carefully gathering other data with locality records of estuarine organisms, although there has been a great deal of work showing that salinity is a limiting factor to the distribution of many marine organisms, especially as it varies downward, and these limits are often quite sharp. Some recent evidence is reviewed. Hypersalinities are not common in the sea, but where such areas are found on certain coasts, high salinities also limit biotic distributions. The endemic fauna of estuaries is largely sessile. There are a few endemic motile species, chiefly fishes and crustaceans, but the motile fauna is made up mostly of the young of species which spawn offshore in high salinity water and these are sometimes present in vast hordes. Examples are menhaden, mullet, croakers, blue crabs and penaeid shrimp, which all support major fisheries in the United States. Estuaries may be characterized as nursery grounds. They are not refuges for spent races. There are three known types of biological gradients that correspond with salinity gradients. Sessile or only slightly motile marine organisms have optimal salinity ranges for best growth and when the salinities vary away from the optima, either upward or downward, the populations become stunted. A second correlation is between the size of motile organisms and the salinity. In general the smaller and younger ones initially distribute themselves in lower salinity water and migrate towards the sea as they grow larger; thus, the correlation between salinity and size is direct. This correlation is probably dependent upon intrinsic physiological conditions, but more information is needed. The greatest numbers of species of marine plants and animals are found in the photic zone of the shallow sea in full sea water and not in estuaries, as has sometimes been stated. All marine organisms and most estuarine organisms can withstand full sea water, but some of them cannot withstand lowered salinities and thus the species numbers decline with the salinity gradient decline in estuaries. The same thing is noted with the salinity gradient rise in hypersaline areas. The reasons for this situation are not clear, but it shows similarities to the warm to cold decline in numbers of species, away from the tropics, which holds both on land and in the sea. This temperature‐species gradient has been explained on the basis that the colder regions of the earth are relatively new and organisms have not yet had time to populate them fully. That explanation is probably not valid, for a parallel situation holds over shorter distances in estuaries, which are not new in terms of the Earth’s history.
ON THE RESPONSE TO CHANGING TEMPERATURE OF THE TEMPERATURE‐LIMITED PLANKTER DOLIOLUM DENTICULATUM QUOY AND GAIMARD 18351
Authors: Berner Leo D. , Reid Joseph L.
Published: March 2010

D. denticulatum is limited at the lower end of its temperature range by temperature values of about 14° to 15°C. In the Pacific it inhabits the subtropical anticyclonic gyres and the area between them. It is carried southeastward past California and Baja California and is spread into the California Current system by horizontal mixing. It survives where the water carries it if temperatures are suitable. The seasonal movements of the isotherms are so rapid that the organism does not at any time inhabit all favorable areas and it may be overtaken in some months by unfavorable environments. In the period from 1949 through 1955, its seasonal movement was to the north in summer and to the south in winter. Its range of spatial fluctuation was less than that of its critical temperature. In the warmer period beginning in 1957, it has lived closer to the coast in late fall and has been more generally distributed in the cooler part of its range than in the earlier years. It has been carried northward by the winter coastal countercurrents and southward again in late spring with the cold upwelled water. The direction of its seasonal fluctuation has thus been reversed in the warmer years.
ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MARINE NEMATODES FROM A SMALL SALT MARSH NEAR WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Wieser Wolfgang , Kanwisher John
Published: March 2010

Some physiological experiments have been performed on some marine nematodes from a soft‐bottom community where they are numerically the most abundant group of the meiofauna. They appear to account for a quarter to a third of the biological activity in such a bottom. Different types of the same size show a three times variation in rate of O2 uptake. A correlation seems to exist between respiration rate and feeding type.
BOTTOM SAMPLING AND ENVIRONMENTAL NICHES1
Authors: Lackey James B.
Published: March 2010

Sampling different environments at the bottom level in marine waters indicates that areas of small extent may have very different biotas, both as to component species, and as to total numbers. In fine particle (mud) bottoms, the algae and protozoa are concentrated in the 2 to 5‐mm mud‐water interface. In sand at the tide line, they are concentrated at somewhat deeper levels. If the bottom is anaerobic the biota is characterized by sulfur bacteria, certain colorless euglenids and ciliates. In aerobic bottom areas, this work indicates a smaller, less extensive biota. The amount of sampling however, was not sufficient to make this a conclusion.

In the mud‐water interface of 5 aquaria where H2S reached the surface in small patches, there was a larger and more varied population than in non‐sulfurous mud a few centimeters away. It is apparent that microclimatic factors are responsible for large biotic differences within short linear distances, and that one should sample benthic populations in an undisturbed mud‐water interface. Either a large area should be sampled, or many core samples should be taken, the latter method being preferable.
A STUDY OF WINTER FLOUNDER MOVEMENTS1
Authors: Saila Saul B.
Published: March 2010

Some aspects of the movements of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) were studied by means of tag‐recovery data. No gear selectivity by sex was demonstrated for recaptured fish nor was any association found between the size of the individual and distance of recapture from the release site. An analysis of the movements of tagged individuals away from the breeding area indicates some movement to the east of the release point but this may be due to unequal fishing effort. An attempt is made to explain the return of winter flounder to the coast by means of random search postulating the presence of a reflecting barrier.
COMPETITION BETWEEN EUCYCLOPS AGILIS AND DAPHNIA PULEX1
Authors: Parker Richard A.
Published: March 2010

Daphnia pulex suppressed the population development of Eucyclops agilis in mixed cultures. It appears that this reduced reproductive rate was due to the presence of Daphnia and not to metabolic products.
ON THE HYDROGRAPHY OF THE ST. ANDREW BAY SYSTEM, FLORIDA1
Authors: Ichiye Takashi , Jones Meredith L.
Published: March 2010

The St. Andrew Bay System consists of four coastal plain estuaries of positive type. Temperature, salinity, and currents were observed over 24 hr for five to seven stations in the estuaries which were occupied five times in different seasons. At the two innermost stations, in the northern estuaries, the influence of drainage is strongest and the average salinity is low. There is almost no seasonal trend in average salinity or in the stratification of temperature and salinity. Tidal currents in the bays are predominantly diurnal, corresponding to tidal waves which enter the central bay through two passes. Surface currents often indicated longer duration of ebb than of flood stage, owing to the effect of drainage. Salinity change at the surface and bottom is caused primarily by the advective effect of currents, while in the mid‐depths, salinity change is mainly due to the vertical motion of the halocline. At some stations, surface salinity showed a trend of continual decrease during 24 hr, instead of a periodic change owing to persistent ebb currents. Bottom salinity, however, usually changed periodically or was almost constant, even at these stations. In one survey, surface salinity showed a trend of increase, owing to persistent flood currents caused by winds. Salinity change at a station in a narrow pass was most sensitive to change of currents. An equation which postulates that the change of salinity during one tidal period is proportional to mean horizontal gradient of salinity and mean current is tested by several examples. Vertical stability is largest at two innermost stations and shows no seasonal trend, as is often observed in other estuaries and in the open sea.
OBSERVATIONS ON INTERNAL WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER
Authors: Lee Owen S.
Published: March 2010

Observations made off the San Diego coast in 1959 are presented and discussed. Two different systems for recording temperatures were employed and thermistors were used in both of them. The transducer component of one consists of several thermistors by which temperature is measured at fixed depths. The other system includes a sea element which is automatically and continuously positioned on a selected isotherm. Ocean temperature was simultaneously recorded at three locations. Series of internal waves of relatively high frequency usually follow high or low tide and persist for approximately one hour. Single waves that are separated from other significant thermal disturbances and not related to any particular phase of tide progress in the same area. Profiles of both types of waves show that they are strongly influenced by boundary conditions. Wave displacement is upward when the thermocline is near the bottom and downward when the thermocline is higher. Internal tides are present throughout a 7‐day record of isotherm depth. The phase relation between the surface tide and internal tide is variable over time but the period and asymmetry of the two waves are similar.
A NOTE ON STABILITY IN CENTRAL FLORIDA LAKES, WITH DISCUSSION OF THE EFFECT OF HURRICANES1
Authors: Yount James L.
Published: March 2010

Limnological data are presented that indicate that central Florida lakes in summer normally do not overturn at night even though night temperatures are lower than that of the bottom water during the day. This is attributed to the usual lack of wind at night. Wind and rain effects on these shallow lakes are shown before and after tropical storm “Brenda” and hurricane “Donna.” It is concluded that the relatively mild Brenda was as effective in initiating overturn as was the much stronger Donna.
SUMMER TEMPERATURES IN LAKE SCHRADER, ALASKA1
Authors: Hobbie John E.
Published: March 2010

Lake Schrader is a deep arctic lake on the northern slope of the Brooks Range, Alaska, at a latitude of 69°N. Field investigations covered two summers, the warm summer of 1958 when the ice cover lasted until June 28, and the cool summer of 1959 when the ice left the lake on July 26. Thermal studies revealed that the lake developed and maintained a stable stratification between 4.5 and 10.5°C in 1958 but did not reach 4°C by mid‐August, 1959.
THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF PHOSPHATE, SILICATE, AND NITRATE IN WATERS OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT1
Authors: Heron J.
Published: March 2010

A record is presented of two years continuous observations, from January 1958, to March 1960, of the north and south basins of Windermere, Esthwaite Water, and Blelham Tarn. The changes in phosphate concentration together with data for silicate and nitrate are shown. Rainfall, temperature, and total diatom population are also included. An improved method for the determination of phosphate has made possible the recognition of a vernal decline and subsequent autumnal increase in the concentration of this constituent. The changes in the chemical composition of the water are attributed to the influence of conditions in the catchment area rather than changes in the lake itself.
GAS EXCHANGE IN A GEORGIA SALT MARSH1
Authors: Teal John M. , Kanwisher John
Published: March 2010

The oxygen consumption of the undisturbed marsh surface, of well‐stirred mud samples, and of above‐ and below‐ground portions of Spartina was measured as were oxygen and redox profiles and sediment particle size. All but the uppermost fraction of the sediment was oxygen free and the intensity of reduction was high in all but the best drained areas and was not correlated with amount of reduced material present. The latter was, however, roughly correlated with primary productivity. The rate of energy degradation of the bacteria living in the marsh mud was increased about 25 times when they were supplied with oxygen. Spartina, the major marsh producer, consumes more oxygen than any other group. Next in importance are the bacteria of the mud.
PHOSPHORUS BUDGET OF A MUSSEL POPULATION1
Authors: Kuenzler Edward J.
Published: March 2010

The phosphorus budget of a Modiolus demissus population in a Georgia intertidal salt marsh was studied. Percentage phosphorus in mussel bodies decreased from 1% of the dry weight in small individuals to 0.6% in adults. There was also a seasonal variation in phosphorus content of adults; the maximum occurred during spawning early in September, the minimum in November. The standing crop of phosphorus in the population was 37.2 mg P/m2, the body fraction comprising 67%, the shell 30%, and the liquor 3%. Prorated losses and elimination rates (µg P/m2 day) of the population were: mortality 21; gametes 11; dissolved organic 23; phosphate 260; and feces 460. Quantities of phosphorus present in natural marsh water (mg P/m2) were: particulate 14; phosphate 19; and dissolved organic 6. The mussel population removed 5.4 mg P/m2 of particulate phosphorus and 0.07 mg P/m2 of phosphate daily, of which 0.78 mg P/m2 was required as food and 4.7 mg P/m2 was deposited as pseudofeces. The turnover time of phosphorus in the population was 115 days. The major effect of the population on the ecosystem was the removal of particulate matter from sea water; the turnover time of the particulate phosphorus in the water was 2.6 days under the supposition that the mussel population was the only agent involved. Mussels are more important as biogeochemical agents than as energy consumers.

Determination of the participatory turnover time of a substance via any route in a system sets the maximum turnover time of that system. Determination of the turnover time of a substance for an entire system fixes the maximum flux rate via any one route in the system.
BIOASSAY OF ALGAL PRODUCTION IN CHEMICALLY ALTERED WATERS1
Authors: MacPhee Craig
Published: March 2010

A bioassy of water from Bear Lake, Idaho, demonstrated that, compared with a nutrient deficiency, the unique chemistry of the water was not a major factor limiting phytoplankton growth. Various chemicals were added to both natural water from Bear Lake and to water chemically simulating it. An alga, Chlorella vulgaris Emerson, was used as a bioassay organism. Under the experimental conditions, heavy metal ions added to either imitation or natural Bear Lake waters had no deleterious effect on cell production. Whenever nutrients were present, cell counts increased. A positve correlation existed between algal production and different concentrations of a chelating agent.
EFFECT OF CURRENT ON MINERAL UPTAKE AND RESPIRATION BY A FRESH‐WATER ALGA1
Authors: Whitford L. A. , Schumacher G. J.
Published: March 2010

P32 uptake and CO2 evolution by Oedogonium kurzii Zeller were compared in the laboratory in still and moving water. An “inherent current demand” by this lotic species was indicated a) by x10 increase in P32 uptake at current equivalents of 18 cm/sec; and b) by a 70% increase in respired CO2 in dark bottles at current equivalents of 15 cm/sec. In a current this demand is satisfied by the creation of a steep diffusion gradient.
MECHANISM OF RADIOACTIVE ZINC UPTAKE BY ULVA LACTUCA1
Authors: Gutknecht John
Published: March 2010

The effects of metabolism, pH, carrier ions, and temperature upon the uptake and accumulation of Zn65 by Ulva lactuca from sea water in light and dark were investigated. The pattern of uptake in relation to light and temperature in unbuffered sea water was what would be expected assuming zinc absorption to be a metabolic accumulation process proportional to the rate of photosynthesis as has been previously reported. However, uptake rate and the level of accumulation was found to be strongly pH dependent and to be affected by the concentration of zinc in the media. Freshly killed Ulva absorbed more tracer than live material. These findings suggest that the physical process of adsorption or cation exchange is primarily responsible for Zn66 uptake. The relationship between photosynthesis and zinc absorption is primarily a secondary effect related to surface/volume ratio and pH.
SOME CALANOID COPEPODS FROM ARIZONA WITH NOTES ON CONGENERIC OCCURRENCES OF DIAPTOMUS SPECIES
Authors: Cole Gerald A.
Published: March 2010

Seven species of Diaptomus are reported from Arizona, including 4 new to the state. D. shoshone, D. nudus, and D. leptopus occur on the Colorado Plateau; D. clavipes and D. siciloides are abundant in the mountainous area below the Mogollon Rim; D. albuquerquensis occurs rarely in turbid ponds on the Plateau and in the Sonoran Desert; D. dorsalis lives in permanent, oligohaline ponds near Phoenix.

Thirty‐four examples of congeneric coexistence are presented, including 3 from Arizona. In 24 instances, coexistence involved species of different subgenera. Differences in length of co‐occurring species are common and are particularly marked in temporary ponds and saline lakes. Genetic changes in the nature of character displacement may modify dimensions of coexisting species, although environmental factors other than congeneric competition also play a part. Adult diaptomids from Arizona tanks may be larger when early instars are passed during summer rather than winter. Extrinsic factors thus tend to blur morphological character displacement. Modified life cycles and ecological displacement are further intrinsic mechanisms whereby habitats are partitioned, although not revealed by ordinary sampling techniques.
LABORATORY CULTIVATION OF THE MARINE COPEPOD PSEUDODIAPTOMUS CORONATUS WILLIAMS1, 2
Authors: Jacobs Jürgen
Published: March 2010

Pseudodiaptomus coronatus Williams was reared at 20°C through 4 consecutive generations, in individual beakers containing 70 cc natural water (20–25‰) using Chlamydomonas as food. There were 5 nauplius and 6 copepodite instars. The average generation time was 25 days. Copepodite development was faster in males than in females. The rate of oviposition depended on the presence of males. Females isolated from males after copulation produced up to two viable clutches of eggs.

The ability of copepodites to attach to substrata and the relatively high passive sinking speed of adults may contribute to the spatial distribution of estuarine populations.
DECONTAMINATION OF FILTERS IN THE C14 METHOD OF MEASURING MARINE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Authors: McAllister C. D.
Published: March 2010

Accepted procedures for decontaminating membrane filters containing radioactive phytoplankton may result in variable and large losses of activity. Results suggest that errors due to decontamination procedures may exceed those which would result from contamination. It is suggested that correction for contamination be made by subtracting the activity of untreated dark blanks from those of untreated illuminated samples.
SCATTERING PROPERTIES OF DISTILLED AND NATURAL WATERS1
Authors: Tyler John E.
Published: March 2010

Measurements of the volume scattering function and other optical properties are presented for distilled water, Pacific coastal and offshore water, and lake water. The depth and time variability of Pacific water at one station is given and the effect of a wind storm on the optical properties of the lake water is demonstrated.
MIGRATION AND REPRODUCTION OF THE WOOD‐BORING ISOPOD, LIMNORIA, IN SOUTHAMPTON WATER
Authors: Eltringham S. K. , Hockley A. R.
Published: March 2010

Three species of Limnoria occur together in Southampton Water. Migration began at a water temperature rising through 10°C in L. quadripunctata and L. lignorum and through 15°C in L. tripunctata, Migratory activity followed the water temperature in L. tripunctata but declined in L. lignorum before the highest temperatures were reached. The migratory behavior of L. quadripunctata resembled that of L. tripunctata at one site and that of L. lignorum at another. Overcrowding as a cause of migration was not supported. Migration was confined to large, sexually mature adults, excluding gravid females. The first migrants were predominantly male, and in L. lignorum about twice as many males as females migrated.

Reproduction showed a marked increase in the summer, beginning at a water temperature of 10°C in L. quadripunctata and L. lignorum and of. 12°C in L. tripunctata. L. quadripunctata differed from other species in being the only one in which the average brood size of post‐migrants was significantly greater than that of non‐migrants, and in which a significant increase in brood size with body size occurred. No seasonal change in brood size was demonstrated in any species. Widely separated developmental stages were frequently found in the same brood. The duration of the egg stage was longer than that of the embryo which in turn exceeded that of the larval stage.
BUBBLE GROWTH FROM DISSOLVED OXYGEN NEAR THE SEA SURFACE
Authors: Ramsey W. L.
Published: March 2010

Calculation shows that an extremely high degree of oxygen‐supersaturation is necessary to cause growth of existing invisible bubbles in the sea at depths exceeding a few feet. Data on the distribution of dissolved oxygen in shallow water off San Diego, California, are presented and are related to the possible growth of bubbles. Oxygen contents up to 170% of the saturation value in the upper 10 ft were recorded during July and August at the measurement site. The average depth above which bubble growth would occur as a result of oxygen tension was found to range from 1.9 to 3.6 ft. Internal waves introduce vertical motion and turbulence at the depths where bubble growth might take place. The rising to the surface of bubbles whose growth is initiated by oxygen supersaturation may account for the escape of a significant amount of dissolved gas from the upper part of the water column.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RARITAN BAY, A POLLUTED ESTUARY1
Authors: Jeffries Harry P.
Published: March 2010

Temperature, salinity, dissolved O2, PO4‐P, and NO3‐N in Raritan Bay, N. J. were determined over a 16‐month period. Each reflects the circulation pattern in which sea water floods along the northern shore, enters a region of mixing with river discharge in the head of the bay, and then ebbs out along the southern shore.

At the mouth of the bay, salinity was higher on the northern than on the southern side. The mean annual monthly difference at the surface was 1.27‰; departures from the mean were related to river flow.

Surface and bottom dissolved O2 content were minimal in August and highest during winter. Low concentrations occurred in the Raritan River, especially during the summer preceding operation of a trunk sewer.

The primary source of NO3‐N was outflow from the Raritan River. Prior to operation of a trunk sewer, the river may have discharged significant quantities of PO1‐P into the bay.

Throughout spring and summer, PO4 concentrations rose and NO3 decreased. It is postulated that the resultant low N:P ratio was partially due to an efficient nutrient regeneration mechanism that favored the rate of P renewal.

A combination of rich nutrient supplies arising from natural and domestic sources, plus a sluggish circulation, efficient nutrient regeneration mechanism, and scarcity of macroscopic algae combine to form an estuarine environment capable of supporting extremely dense plankton populations.
A METHOD FOR PHYTOPLANKTON STUDY
Authors: Ferguson Wood E. J.
Published: March 2010

A method for quantitative and qualitative investigations of phytoplankton which can be employed at sea on fresh material is described.

Samples are collected in van Dorn type samplers, centrifuged and examined under the fluorescence microscope. Phytoplankton is counted by taking advantage of the red autofluorescence of chlorophyll, and total organsims by the Strügger technique using the induced fluorescence of acridine orange. Total particles (leptopel) can be counted by ordinary light using the same equipment. A Petroff Hausser bacterial counter is used as this has a thin slide and gives maximum light intensity for fluorescence of the object. Qualitative examinations are made on the same material, after sedimentation, using a special cell to minimize the effect of the ship’s motion.
FURTHER RELATIONS BETWEEN PRIMARY PRODUCTION, CHLOROPHYLL, AND PARTICULATE CARBON
Authors: Steele J. H. , Baird I. E.
Published: March 2010

The productivity of a sea loch, Loch Nevis, on the west of Scotland, is estimated from nitrate and phosphate data. These results show that even though the nitrate:phosphate ratio in the water is never more than 10:1 (by atoms) and is less than 1:1 in the euphotic zone in summer, the assimilation and regeneration ratio of these elements is always close to the “normal” ratio of 16:1. Chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon data are used to study the possible carbon:chlorophyll ratios in the plants. During the summer the ratio is calculated to be 74:1 and the remaining data suggest lower values for spring and autumn.

For a different area, the northern North Sea, carbon and chlorophyll samples during the spring flowering provide an estimated value of 23:1 for the carbon:chlorophyll ratio under very favorable conditions for growth.

The possible causes of the differences between the carbon:chlorophyll ratios for Loch Nevis and the northern North Sea are discussed.
MOVEMENTS OF RADIOSODIUM (Na24) WITHIN AN ICE‐COVERED LAKE1
Authors: Likens Gene E. , Hasler Arthur D.
Published: March 2010

Sodium24 was transported horizontally a maximum distance of 15–20 m during the first 24 hr of replicated experiments conducted during January of 1960 and 1961 in a small ice‐covered lake in northwestern Wisconsin. Subsequent horizontal displacement was somewhat slower but reached a maximum distance of almost 30 m from the release point in 3 days. The dispersal pattern was asymmetrical and different in each of the two experiments. Results indicated that some vertical movement occurred during the experimental periods but was of very low velocity. A crushing device was described for releasing the radioactive solution in deep water. In addition a “portable” scintillation counting system was developed for measuring radioactivity within the lake.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHORUS IN LINSLEY POND MUD
Authors: Livingstone D. A. , Boykin J. C.
Published: March 2010

Acid extraction, digestion, and water dilution experiments disclose the presence of large quantities of phosphorus in the basal third of the sedimentary section from Linsley Pond, Connecticut. The results suggest, but do not prove, that sedimentary phosphorus is bound largely by sorption reactions with mineral material. If this is so, then changes in productivity of the developing lake, and differences in lake productivity generally, may be determined by sorption reactions in the surface mud. For any kind of sorption reaction the productivity would be inversely proportional to the sorptive capacity of the mud, and for ion exchange it would also be directly proportional to the total ionic activity of the water.
HEAT FLUX IN LAKE MENDOTA1
Authors: Dutton John A. , Bryson Reid A.
Published: March 2010

The physical processes of heat transfer at the lake’s surface and the internal heat flux are studied for ‘“average” Lake Mendota and for 1958–59. The surface heat budget is determined quantitatively. Details of the internal fluxes of the heat supplied or lost at the surface are discussed, with emphasis on the effects of wind stirring and hydrostatic stability. It is shown that a well‐known solution to Fourier’s heat conduction equation suffices to describe many of the features of the internal temperature range and heat flux when an effective thermal diffusivity is introduced.

The solution is further used to demonstrate that the internal seiche along the thermocline causing heat flow in bottom sediments may account for 40% of the heat transfer to the hypolimnion.
TWO SHORT‐PERIOD INTERNAL WAVE FREQUENCY SPECTRA IN THE SEA OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Carsola Alfred J. , Callaway Elliott B.
Published: March 2010

Temperature records collected off San Diego, California, in 1955, have been analyzed for internal waves. The spectrum of periods from 1 to about 19 min was examined. Little energy appears at frequencies above 0.5 cycle/min with a peak indicated at a frequency lower than the lower limit of the analyzed band. Internal waves in spring were higher than those measured at the same locality during the summer. The low amplitude waves are approximately Rayleigh‐distributed but the significance of this cannot be determined on the basis of the limited data used.
MICRODISTRIBUTION AND OTHER ERROR COMPONENTS OF C14 PRIMARY PRODUCTION ESTIMATES1,2
Authors: Morrison Cassie R.
Published: March 2010

Four experiments have been carried out to partition the error components of C14 primary production measurements into those associated with errors of technique and those due to real spatial variations in production. In Exp. 1, a well‐stirred, bacteria‐free culture of Skeletonema costatum was sampled to measure the minimum error obtainable by the technique. In Exps. 3 and 4, each sample was divided into two aliquots which were incubated separately to give a measure of error.

The minimum coefficient of variation was found to be approximately 10%, both in the Skeletonema cultures and in natural populations. This is greater than would be expected from purely physical errors of technique or from chance variations in the number of organisms. It is suggested that a large component of the error is attributable to random variations in the photosynthetic capacity of the phytoplankton, possibly induced by disturbances in handling the samples. This is supported by the fact that, in Exps. 3 and 4, there was a systematic difference in production between the first and second aliquot, the second usually being the higher.

Both Exps. 2 and 3 showed clearly that real variations of production could be detected between samples even within the relatively small spatial scale of sampling. From the autocorrelation, it would appear that any two water samples more than 10 cm apart are likely to show a significant difference in productivity. The frequency distribution of in situ production estimates is at least approximately log‐normal. Hence statistical tests based on the normal distribution can best be made on log‐transformed data.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE SEA
Authors: Steele J. H.
Published: March 2010

A theoretical equation for the photosynthesis‐light relation is developed which includes the effects of inhibition in intense light. Assuming 1) that phytoplankton adapts to seasonal light changes and 2) that nutrient deficiency affects the carbon:chlorophyll ratio of natural phytoplankton populations, equations arc derived which determine photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll and the carbon: chlorophyll ratio as functions of incident radiation and nutrient concentration.

These equations appear to describe the main trends in the open North Sea and in a sea loch on the west of Scotland. The photosynthesis‐chlorophyll relation also describes the main trends of observations in the Sargasso. For a very shallow turbid area, the agreement was not so good.
OCCURRENCE OF VITAMIN B12 IN THE SARGASSO SEA1
Authors: Menzel David W. , Spaeth Jane P.
Published: March 2010

The concentration of vitamin B12 occurring in Sargasso Sea waters over the period of one year is given. A seasonal cycle in the euphotic zone corresponding to the cycle of primary production was evidenced. It is postulated that while B12 may not control production rates per se, it probably exerts controlling influences on the species composition of the phytoplankton population.
OCCURRENCE OF IRON IN THE SARGASSO SEA OFF BERMUDA1
Authors: Menzel David W. , Spaeth Jane P.
Published: March 2010

Data are presented showing the concentration of particulate and soluble iron in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda over the period of one year. The ratio of these two fractions was roughly 1 : 1, no seasonal cycle was noted in their concentration, and the distribution of total iron was homogeneous in vertical section. In spite of the fact that previous experimental evidence has shown iron to be a primary limiting factor to phytoplankton growth, no correlation between iron concentration and primary production was apparent.
OCCURRENCE OF AMMONIA IN SARGASSO SEA WATERS AND IN RAIN WATER AT BERMUDA1
Authors: Menzel David W. , Spaeth Jane P.
Published: March 2010

A year‐around record of the concentration of ammonia‐nitrogen occurring in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda is given. It is shown that ammonia‐nitrogen is present in significantly greater quantities than nitrate‐nitrogen down to 100 m. In addition it is postulated that a large fraction of naturally occurring ammonia is contributed to surface waters by rainfall.
NITROGEN METABOLISM IN LAKES I. MEASUREMENT OF NITROGEN FIXATION WITH N151
Authors: Neess John C. , Dugdale Richard C. , Dugdale Vera A. , Goering John J.
Published: March 2010

A method for measuring the rates of nitrogen fixation in samples of lake water using N15 as a tracer is described, and a detailed description of glassware required is provided. The nitrogen present in the water is removed by flushing with Hc‐O mixture and then replaced by the labeled nitrogen. After incubation and treatment, the isotope ratio in the organic material is determined on a mass spectrometer. Analyses of lake water and (NH4) SO4 as isotope ratio blanks are described and a résumé of statistical data from these analyses is presented.
ECOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF YEASTS ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS MARINE SUBSTRATES1
Authors: Roth Frank J. , Ahearn Donald G. , Fell Jack W. , Meyers Samuel P. , Meyer Sally A.
Published: March 2010

Yeasts were observed to be of common occurrence in subtropical marine waters and sediments and with indwelling plants and animals. The most prevalent types present in all environments were oxidative, asporogenous forms which expressed a growth requirement for one or more vitamins. Certain distinctive metabolic attributes of yeasts were associated with environmental distribution. The incidental yeast flora on marine vegetation was uniformly low in number and consistent with the species isolated from surrounding waters and sediments. The species found within the intestinal contents of fish appeared to be of transitory nature and restricted in population density.
ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF MANGANESE AND ZINC IN SEA WATER1
Authors: Rona Elizabeth , Hood Donald W. , Muse Lowell , Buglio Benjamin
Published: March 2010

The use of activation analysis for the determination of microgram quantities of Mn and Zn in sea water was investigated. Total Mn and Zn were separated from the other elements of sea water by coprecipitation with iron as hydroxide, and divalent Mn and Zn were separated by extraction with diethyldithiocarbamate. Analyses were made from samples of water from different locations and depths of the North Pacific, Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico. Evidence indicates a substantial portion of Mn and Zn is held in sea water in a non‐dialyzable and non‐extractable form.
MEASUREMENT OF VISIBLE LIGHT ABSORPTION BY PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE OCEAN1
Authors: Yentsch Charles S.
Published: March 2010

For the measurement of visible light absorption by particles in sea water, optical arrangements have been devised where scattered light is integrated and the photodetector “sees” mostly diffused light. High spectral resolution has been obtained by removing particulate matter from sea water using a membrane filter and scanning the filter against an unused filter as the reference blank in the Cary spectrophotometer. In this fashion spectral curves for particulate matter in the oceans have been obtained. These curves show pigment banding in the upper 100 m of water characteristic of absorption by chloroplastic pigments. Below this depth the absorption of particulate matter is characterized by a gradual increasing attenuation from long to short wavelengths. Optical density ratios of chloroplastic pigment bands seen in the particulate matter of the upper 100 m suggest the presence of absorbing components not generally seen in algal cultures.

Differential filtration through graded filter sizes (5.0 µ‐0.3 µ) followed by the spectral scanning of filters, shows that practically all of the chloroplastic pigments are retained by the 5.0 µ filter. Particles passing this filter show little selective attenuation of visible wavelengths.

The nature of sea water particulate matter is discussed in terms of its absorbing characteristics as well as the significance to phytoplankton ecology.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MINERALOGY OF CARBONATE SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Chave Keith E.
Published: March 2010

The mineralogy of carbonate sediments from Campeche Bank and Bermuda has been studied by use of X‐ray diffraction techniques. The sediment mineralogy appears to be mainly controlled by the skeletal mineralogy and size of organisms living locally. Selective physical destruction and transport and selective solution of more soluble skeletal elements appear to exert an influence on sediment mineralogy.

Reef and near‐reef sediments contain the largest concentrations of high‐magnesium calcite, largely due to the presence of coralline algae such as Lithothamnium. Lagoonal sediments contain the most aragonite, and also contain abundant fragments of the green algae, Halimeda. Shelf, slope, and deep‐water carbonates are rich in low‐magnesium calcite, probably due to the presence of planktonic Foraminifera and algae.

The effects of non‐biological processes on sediment mineralogy can be seen in the distribution of mineralogies among the different size fractions of the sediment. The most prominent feature of this is the regular increase in mineral stability—and associated decrease in mineral solubility—from the coarse to the fine fractions of sediments from a wide range of environments. It appears that in some areas the more soluble mineralogies are dissolved from the fine fractions of the sediments.
TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD EFFECTS ON CYCLOMORPIHOSIS IN DAPHNIA
Authors: Hazelwood Donald H.
Published: March 2010

A 10‐week laboratory study was conducted in an attempt to determine what effect, if any, photoperiod and temperature had on cyclomorphosis in Daphnia schϕdleri. Multiple regression—partial correlation techniques were employed. Significant relationships were found between tail‐length to carapace‐length ratio, photoperiod and temperature for 1 to 5‐week juveniles.
EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF SEVERAL TOXICANTS ON GROWTH OF THE COMMON GUPPY, LEBISTES RETICULATUS1
Authors: Crandall Catherine A. , Goodnight Clarence J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of prolonged exposure to sublethal concentrations of lead, zinc, and sodium pentachlorophenate were studied in the common guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. The concentrations used were 2 ppm lead nitrate (1.25 ppm as lead), five ppm hydrated zinc sulfate (1.15 ppm as zinc), and 0.5 ppm sodium pentachlorophenate. In addition, several fish were placed in 5 ppm lead nitrate (2.48 ppm as lead) and 10 ppm hydrated zinc sulfate (2.30 ppm as zinc).

Newborn fish were added to the experimental and control solutions. At 30 days of age, the fish were weighed individually on an analytical balance. After this initial weighing, the fish were weighed at 15‐day intervals until the 90th day. Daily observations were made for the presence of sexually mature fish and any dead fish.

It was found that with all three toxicants growth was retarded, mortality was increased, and sexual maturity was delayed.