bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus in alkali feldspars as an indicator for prospecting for pegmatite-type rare-metal ore deposits in Altay, NW China
Authors: Yong Tang , Hui Zhang , Guizhen Su
Published: February 2013

The phosphorus contents of alkali feldspars of 80 pegmatite veins from the Chinese Altay, NW China, were determined by electron microprobe in this study. The alkali feldspars of the barren pegmatites are poor in phosphorus and range from <0.01–0.05 wt% P
2
O
5
. Alkali feldspars from the fertile (rare-metal mineralized) LCT-class pegmatites are characterized by P
2
O
5
in the range 0.10–0.40 wt% P
2
O
5
for K-feldspars (Kfs), and 0.10–0.30 wt% P
2
O
5
for albites (Ab). In the Qunkuer Be-Nb-Ta mineralized pegmatite, a value of 2.89 wt% P
2
O
5
in K-feldspars was determined, the highest value of P
2
O
5
in alkali feldspars reported.

According to the statistical results, 0.1 wt% P
2
O
5
in alkali feldspars separate the fertile pegmatites from the barren pegmatites, and more than 0.1 wt% P
2
O
5
in the alkali feldspars, especially in K-feldspars, can be used as an indicator for prospecting for LCT-class pegmatite-type rare-metal ore deposits.
Characterization of β-cell plasticity mechanisms induced in mice by a transient source of exogenous insulin
Authors: Nollevaux M.-C. , Rahier J. , Marchandise J. , Thurion P. , Godecharles S. , Van den Steen G. , Jamart J. , Sempoux C. , Jacquemin P. , Guiot Y.
Published: February 2013

β-Cell plasticity governs the adjustment of β-cell mass and function to ensure normoglycemia. The study of how β-cell mass is controlled and the identification of alternative sources of β-cells are active fields of research. β-Cell plasticity has been implicated in numerous physiological and pathological conditions. We developed a mice model in which we induced major β-cell mass atrophy by implanting insulin pellets (IPI) for 7 or 10 days. The implants were then removed (IPR) to observe the timing and characteristics of β-cell regeneration in parallel to changes in glycemia. Following IPR, the endocrine mass was reduced by 60% at day 7 and by 75% at day 10, and transient hyperglycemia was observed, which resolved within 1 wk. Five days after IPR, enhanced β-cell proliferation and an increased frequency of small islets were observed in 7-day IPI mice. β-Cell mass was fully restored after an additional 2 days. For the 10-day IPI group, β-cell and endocrine mass were no longer significantly different from those of the control group at 2 wk post-IPR. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR analysis of endocrine structures isolated by laser capture microdissection indicated sequentially enhanced expression of the pancreatic transcription factors β2/NeuroD and Pdx-1 post-IPR. Thus, our data suggest this mouse model of β-cell plasticity not only relies on replication but also involves enhanced cell differentiation plasticity.
Management of External Invasive Cervical Resorption Tooth with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Case Report
Authors: Ikhar Anuja , Thakur Nikita , Patel Aditya , Bhede Rohan , Patil Pranav , Gupta Surbhi
Published: February 2013

Invasive cervical resorption is entirely uncommon entities and the etiology is poorly understood. A 19 year old patient presented with fractured upper left central incisor and sinus tract opening on the distobuccal aspect in cervical region. Radiographic examination shows irregular radiolucency over the coronal one-third and it extended externally towards the external invasive resorption. After sectional obturation, the defect was accessed surgically. The resorption area was chemomechanically debrided using irrigant solution. Fibre post placement using flowable composite resin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) was used to fill the resorptive defect, and the coronal access was temporarily sealed. Composite restoration was subsequently replaced with ceramic crown after 4 years. Radiographs at 1 and 4 years showed adequate repair of the resorption and endodontic success. Clinically and radiographically the tooth was asymptomatic, and no periodontal pocket was found after a 4-year followup.
Existence Results for Vector Mixed Quasi-Complementarity Problems
Authors: Khan Suhel Ahmad , Ahmad Naeem
Published: February 2013

We introduce strong vector mixed quasi-complementarity problems and the corresponding strong vector mixed quasi-variational inequality problems. We establish equivalence between strong mixed quasi-complementarity problems and strong mixed quasi-variational inequality problem in Banach spaces. Further, using KKM-Fan lemma, we prove the existence of solutions of these problems, under pseudomonotonicity assumption. The results presented in this paper are extensions and improvements of some earlier and recent results in the literature.
The Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Secondary Acute Lung and Kidney Injuries in the Rat Model of Intra‐Abdominal Sepsis
Authors: Koca Uğur , Olguner Çimen Gülben , Ergür Bekir Uğur , Altekin Emel , Taşdöğen Aydın , Duru Seden , Girgin Pelin , Gündüz Kerim , Cilaker Mıcılı Serap , Güzeldağ Seda , Akkuş Muhammed
Published: February 2013

In the present study, the effects of dexmedetomidine on secondary lung and kidney injuries were studied in the rat model of intra‐abdominal sepsis by immunohistological and biochemical examinations. We measured serum creatinine, kidney tissue malondialdehide and plasma neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin levels. In order to evaluate tissue injury we determined kidney tissue mononuclear cell infiltration score, alveolar macrophage count, histological kidney and lung injury scores and kidney and lung tissue immunoreactivity scores. We demonstrated that dexmedetomidine attenuates sepsis‐induced lung and kidney injuries and apoptosis in the rat model of sepsis. There is still need for comparative studies in order to determine the effects of dexmedetomidine on organ functions in early human sepsis.
The Dirichlet Problem for the EquationΔu−k2u=0in the Exterior of Nonclosed Lipschitz Surfaces
Authors: Krutitskii P. A.
Published: February 2013

We study the Dirichlet problem for the equationΔu−k2u=0in the exterior of nonclosed Lipschitz surfaces inR3. The Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation is a particular case of our problem. Theorems on existence and uniqueness of a weak solution of the problem are proved. The integral representation for a solution is obtained in the form of single-layer potential. The density in the potential is defined as a solution of the operator (integral) equation, which is uniquely solvable.
Individual Subjective Initiative Merge Model Based on Cellular Automaton
Authors: Xu Yin-Jie , Chen Yu-Guang , Yang Chao , Pu Yi-Chao
Published: February 2013

The merge control models proposed for work zones are classified into two types (Hard Control Merge (HCM) model and Soft Control Merge (SCM) model) according to their own control intensity and are compared with a new model, called Individual Subjective Initiative Merge (ISIM) model, which is based on the linear lane-changing probability strategy in the merging area. The attention of this paper is paid to the positive impact of the individual subjective initiative for the whole traffic system. Three models (ISIM, HCM, and SCM) are established and compared with each other by two order parameters, that is, system output and average vehicle travel time. Finally, numerical results show that both ISIM and SCM perform better than HCM. Compared with SCM, the output of ISIM is 20 vehicles per hour higher under the symmetric input condition and is more stable under the asymmetric input condition. Meanwhile, the average travel time of ISIM is 2000 time steps less under the oversaturated input condition.
Display of the Viral Epitopes onLactococcus lactis: A Model for Food Grade Vaccine against EV71
Authors: Varma Nadimpalli Ravi S. , Toosa Haryanti , Foo Hooi Ling , Alitheen Noorjahan Banu Mohamed , Nor Shamsudin Mariana , Arbab Ali S. , Yusoff Khatijah , Abdul Rahim Raha
Published: February 2013

In this study, we have developed a system for display of antigens of Enterovirus type 71 (EV71) on the cell surface ofL. lactis. The viral capsid protein (VP1) gene from a local viral isolate was utilized as the candidate vaccine for the development of oral live vaccines against EV71 usingL. lactisas a carrier. We expressed fusion proteins inE. coliand purified fusion proteins were incubated withL. lactis. We confirmed that mice orally fed withL. lactisdisplaying these fusion proteins on its surface were able to mount an immune response against the epitopes of EV71. This is the first example of an EV71 antigen displayed on the surface of a food grade organism and opens a new perspective for alternative vaccine strategies against the EV71. We believe that the method of protein docking utilized in this study will allow for more flexible presentations of short peptides and proteins on the surface ofL. lactisto be useful as a delivery vehicle.
Application of a New Integrated Bipolar and Ultrasonic Energy Device in Laparoscopic Hysterectomies
Authors: Lin Harvard Z. , Ng Y. W. , Agarwal A. , Fong Y. F.
Published: February 2013

Objective. A retrospective study to evaluate the Thunderbeat, a new vessel sealing device in a small group of patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy to test the safety and effectiveness in achieving hemostasis. Method. The Thunderbeat was used in 12 cases of total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Operative performance involving hemostasis, sealing/coagulation, cutting, dissection, and tissue manipulation was evaluated. Results. No complications were encountered intraoperatively and postoperatively. Intraoperative experience involving hemostasis, sealing/coagulation, and cutting was optimal. Tissue handling was acceptable except for fine dissection. Conclusion. The Thunderbeat is an efficient and safe alternative to standard bipolar in laparoscopic hysterectomy. Larger studies are required to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and significant reduction in operating times as compared to conventional bipolar energy.
Cosmic Ray Investigation in the Stratosphere and Space: Results from Instruments on Russian Satellites and Balloons
Authors: Logachev Yu. I. , Lazutin L. L. , Kudela K.
Published: February 2013

Selected activities aimed to investigate cosmic ray fluxes and to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms behind, over a long-time period using space research tools in the former USSR/Russia and Slovakia, are reviewed, and some of the results obtained are presented. As the selection is connected with the institutes where the authors are working, it represents only a partial review of this wide topic.
Site-Specific Immunosuppression in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation: Prospects and Potential
Authors: Schnider Jonas T. , Weinstock Matthias , Plock Jan A. , Solari Mario G. , Venkataramanan Raman , Zheng Xin Xiao , Gorantla Vijay S.
Published: February 2013

Skin is the most immunogenic component of a vascularized composite allograft (VCA) and is the primary trigger and target of rejection. The skin is directly accessible for visual monitoring of acute rejection (AR) and for directed biopsy, timely therapeutic intervention, and management of AR. Logically, antirejection drugs, biologics, or other agents delivered locally to the VCA may reduce the need for systemic immunosuppression with its adverse effects. Topical FK 506 (tacrolimus) and steroids have been used in clinical VCA as an adjunct to systemic therapy with unclear beneficial effects. However, there are no commercially available topical formulations for other widely used systemic immunosuppressive drugs such as mycophenolic acid, sirolimus, and everolimus. Investigating the site-specific therapeutic effects and efficacy of systemically active agents may enable optimizing the dosing, frequency, and duration of overall immunosuppression in VCA with minimization or elimination of long-term drug-related toxicity.
Accelerated Particle Swarm for Optimum Design of Frame Structures
Authors: Talatahari S. , Khalili E. , Alavizadeh S. M.
Published: February 2013

Accelerated particle swarm optimization (APSO) is developed for finding optimum design of frame structures. APSO shows some extra advantages in convergence for global search. The modifications on standard PSO effectively accelerate the convergence rate of the algorithm and improve the performance of the algorithm in finding better optimum solutions. The performance of the APSO algorithm is also validated by solving two frame structure problems.
A Danger‐Theory‐Based Immune Network Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Ruirui , Li Tao , Xiao Xin , Shi Yuanquan
Published: February 2013

Existing artificial immune optimization algorithms reflect a number of shortcomings, such as premature convergence and poor local search ability. This paper proposes a danger‐theory‐based immune network optimization algorithm, named dt‐aiNet. The danger theory emphasizes that danger signals generated from changes of environments will guide different levels of immune responses, and the areas around danger signals are called danger zones. By defining the danger zone to calculate danger signals for each antibody, the algorithm adjusts antibodies’ concentrations through its own danger signals and then triggers immune responses of self‐regulation. So the population diversity can be maintained. Experimental results show that the algorithm has more advantages in the solution quality and diversity of the population. Compared with influential optimization algorithms, CLONALG, opt‐aiNet, and dopt‐aiNet, the algorithm has smaller error values and higher success rates and can find solutions to meet the accuracies within the specified function evaluation times.
A New Constellation Configuration Scheme for Communicating Architecture in Cislunar Space
Authors: Xu Ming , Wang Jinlong , Liu Shengli , Xu Shijie
Published: February 2013

A new constellation configuration is proposed to provide near-constant communications between any two points in the cislunar space. Four satellites were allocated on some natural orbits near points by a multiple shooting corrector numerically. The revisiting intervals between the successive revisits on specified points by the constellation are demonstrated both on the geographical maps of the Earth and the Moon, with a consideration of equatorial inclinations with respect to the Earth-Moon orbital plane. Moreover, the coverage periodicity on the Moon is induced by Metonic cycle of 19 years. Cost analysis on stationkeeping and launching is implemented for this constellation in detail. Finally, some aspects about communications, such as satellite links, delays, ground stations, and communication devices, are surveyed preliminarily.
Development of a Colon Cancer GEMM-Derived Orthotopic Transplant Model for Drug Discovery and Validation
Authors: Martin Eric S. , Belmont Peter J. , Sinnamon Mark J. , Richard Larissa Georgeon , Yuan Jing , Coffee Erin M. , Roper Jatin , Lee Lydia , Heidari Pedram , Lunt Sophia Y. , Goel Gautam , Ji Xiadong , Xie Zhi , Xie Tao , Lamb John , Weinrich Scott L. , VanArsdale Todd , Bronson Roderick T. , Xavier Ramnik J. , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Kan Julie L. C. , Mahmood Umar , Hung Kenneth E.
Published: February 2013

Purpose: Effective therapies for KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) are a critical unmet clinical need. Previously, we described genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) for sporadic Kras-mutant and non-mutant CRC suitable for preclinical evaluation of experimental therapeutics. To accelerate drug discovery and validation, we sought to derive low-passage cell lines from GEMM Kras-mutant and wild-type tumors for in vitro screening and transplantation into the native colonic environment of immunocompetent mice for in vivo validation.

Experimental Design: Cell lines were derived from Kras-mutant and non-mutant GEMM tumors under defined media conditions. Growth kinetics, phosphoproteomes, transcriptomes, drug sensitivity, and metabolism were examined. Cell lines were implanted in mice and monitored for in vivo tumor analysis.

Results: Kras-mutant cell lines displayed increased proliferation, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling. Microarray analysis identified significant overlap with human CRC-related gene signatures, including KRAS-mutant and metastatic CRC. Further analyses revealed enrichment for numerous disease-relevant biologic pathways, including glucose metabolism. Functional assessment in vitro and in vivo validated this finding and highlighted the dependence of Kras-mutant CRC on oncogenic signaling and on aerobic glycolysis.

Conclusions: We have successfully characterized a novel GEMM-derived orthotopic transplant model of human KRAS-mutant CRC. This approach combines in vitro screening capability using low-passage cell lines that recapitulate human CRC and potential for rapid in vivo validation using cell line-derived tumors that develop in the colonic microenvironment of immunocompetent animals. Taken together, this platform is a clear advancement in preclinical CRC models for comprehensive drug discovery and validation efforts. Clin Cancer Res; 19(11); 2929–40. ©2013 AACR.
Inhibition of BET Bromodomain Targets Genetically Diverse Glioblastoma
Authors: Cheng Zhixiang , Gong Yuanying , Ma Yufang , Lu Kaihua , Lu Xiang , Pierce Larry A. , Thompson Reid C. , Muller Susanne , Knapp Stefan , Wang Jialiang
Published: February 2013

Purpose: Glioblastoma is refractory to conventional therapies. The bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are epigenetic readers that selectively bind to acetylated lysine residues on histone tails. These proteins recently emerged as important therapeutic targets in NUT midline carcinoma and several types of hematopoietic cancers. In this study, the therapeutic potential of a novel BET bromodomain inhibitor, JQ1, was assessed in a panel of genetically heterogeneous glioblastoma samples.

Experimental Design: The antineoplastic effects of JQ1 were shown using ex vivo cultures derived from primary glioblastoma xenograft lines and surgical specimens of different genetic background. The in vivo efficacy was assessed in orthotopic glioblastoma tumors.

Results: We showed that JQ1 induced marked G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, which was phenocopied by knockdown of individual BET family members. JQ1 treatment resulted in significant changes in expression of genes that play important roles in glioblastoma such as c-Myc, p21CIP1/WAF1, hTERT, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. Unlike the observations in some hematopoietic cancer cell lines, exogenous c-Myc did not significantly protect glioblastoma cells against JQ1. In contrast, ectopically expressed Bcl-xL partially rescued cells from JQ1-induced apoptosis, and knockdown of p21CIP1/WAF1 attenuated JQ1-induced cell-cycle arrest. Cells genetically engineered for Akt hyperactivation or p53/Rb inactivation did not compromise JQ1 efficacy, suggesting that these frequently mutated signaling pathways may not confer resistance to JQ1. Furthermore, JQ1 significantly repressed growth of orthotopic glioblastoma tumors.

Conclusion: Our results suggest potentially broad therapeutic use of BET bromodomain inhibitors for treating genetically diverse glioblastoma tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 19(7); 1748–59. ©2013 AACR.
Glioblastoma Resistance to Anti-VEGF Therapy: Has the Challenge Been MET?
Authors: McCarty Joseph H.
Published: February 2013

In glioblastoma cells the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is upregulated in response to bevacizumab and plays an important role in promoting invasion and tumor recurrence. These data support novel links between VEGF-A and hepatocyte growth factor and suggest that c-Met and its signaling effectors may be effective targets for anti-invasive therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 19(7); 1631–3. ©2013 AACR.
Effects of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists on the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: Bapoje Srinivas R. , Bahia Amit , Hokanson John E. , Peterson Pamela N. , Heidenreich Paul A. , Lindenfeld JoAnn , Allen Larry A. , Masoudi Frederick A.
Published: February 2013

Background—

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an important cause of death in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) may attenuate this risk. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the impact of MRAs on SCD in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Methods and Results—

We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and other databases through March 30, 2012, without language restrictions. We included trials that enrolled patients with left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤45%, randomized subjects to MRAs versus control and reported outcomes on SCD, total and cardiovascular mortality. Eight published trials that enrolled 11 875 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 6 reported data on SCD and cardiovascular mortality, and 7 reported data on total mortality. No heterogeneity was observed among the trials. Patients treated with MRAs had 23% lower odds of experiencing SCD compared with controls (odds ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.66–0.89;
P
=0.001). Similar reductions were observed in cardiovascular (0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.68–0.84;
P
<0.001) and total mortality (odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.86;
P
<0.001). Although publication bias was observed, the results did not change after a trim and fill test, suggesting that the impact of this bias was likely insignificant.

Conclusions

—MRAs reduce the risk of SCD in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Comparative effectiveness studies of MRAs on SCD in usual care as well as studies evaluating the efficacy of other therapies to prevent SCD in patients receiving optimal MRA therapy are needed to guide clinical decision-making.
Chronic Manifestation of Postreperfusion Intramyocardial Hemorrhage as Regional Iron Deposition
Authors: Kali Avinash , Kumar Andreas , Cokic Ivan , Tang Richard L.Q. , Tsaftaris Sotirios A. , Friedrich Matthias G. , Dharmakumar Rohan
Published: February 2013

Background—

Intramyocardial hemorrhage frequently accompanies large reperfused myocardial infarctions. However, its influence on the makeup and the ensuing effect on the infarcted tissue during the chronic phase remain unexplored.

Methods and Results—

Patients (n=15; 3 women), recruited after successful percutaneous coronary intervention for first segment–elevation myocardial infarction, underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging on day 3 and month 6 after percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients with hemorrhagic (Hemo+) infarctions, as determined by T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance on day 3 (n=11), showed persistent T2* losses colocalized with scar tissue on the follow-up scans, suggesting chronic iron deposition. T2* values of Hemo+ territories were significantly higher than nonhemorrhagic (Hemo−) and remote territories (
P
<0.001); however, T2* values of nonhemorrhagic (Hemo−) and remote territories were not different (
P
=0.51). Canines (n=20) subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (n=14) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance on days 3 and 56 after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Similarly, sham-operated animals (Shams; n=3) were imaged using cardiovascular magnetic resonance at similar time points. Subsequently, hearts were explanted and imaged ex vivo, and samples of Hemo+, Hemo−, remote, and Sham myocardium were isolated and stained. The extent of iron deposition ([Fe]) within each sample was measured using mass spectrometry. Hemo+ infarcts showed significant T2* losses compared with the other (control) groups (
P
<0.001), and Perls stain confirmed localized iron deposition. Mean [Fe] of Hemo+ was nearly an order of magnitude greater than that of the control groups (
P
<0.001), but no significant differences were observed among the control groups. A strong linear relationship was observed between log(T2*) and −log([Fe]);
R
2
=0.7 and
P
<0.001. The monoclonal antibody Mac387 stains, along with Perls stains, showed preferential localization of newly recruited macrophages at the site of chronic iron deposition.

Conclusions—

Hemorrhagic myocardial infarction can lead to iron depositions within the infarct zones, which can be a source of prolonged inflammatory burden in the chronic phase of myocardial infarction.
Statins Reduce Neurologic Injury in Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Patients
Authors: Heyer Eric J. , Mergeche Joanna L. , Bruce Samuel S. , Ward Justin T. , Stern Yaakov , Anastasian Zirka H. , Quest Donald O. , Solomon Robert A. , Todd George J. , Benvenisty Alan I. , McKinsey James F. , Nowygrod Roman , Morrissey Nicholas J. , Connolly E. Sander
Published: February 2013

Background and Purpose—

Statins are neuroprotective in a variety of experimental models of cerebral injury. We sought to determine whether patients taking statins before asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy exhibit a lower incidence of neurological injury (clinical stroke and cognitive dysfunction).

Methods—

A total of 328 patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis scheduled for elective carotid endarterectomy consented to participate in this observational study of perioperative neurological injury.

Results—

Patients taking statins had a lower incidence of clinical stroke (0.0% vs 3.1%;
P
=0.02) and cognitive dysfunction (11.0% vs 20.2%;
P
=0.03). In a multivariate regression model, statin use was significantly associated with decreased odds of cognitive dysfunction (odds ratio, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.27–0.96];
P
=0.04).

Conclusions—

Preoperative statin use was associated with less neurological injury after asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy. These observations suggest that it may be possible to further reduce the perioperative morbidity of carotid endarterectomy.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00597883
Response to CO2 Doubling of the Atlantic Hurricane Main Development Region in a High-Resolution Climate Model
Authors: Doi Takeshi , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Rosati Anthony J. , Delworth Thomas L.
Published: February 2013

Response of climate conditions in the Atlantic hurricane main development region (MDR) to doubling of atmospheric CO2 has been explored using the new high-resolution coupled climate model, version 2.5 (CM2.5), developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). In the annual mean, the SST in the MDR warms by about 2°C in the CO2 doubling run relative to the control run; the trade winds become weaker in the northern tropical Atlantic and the rainfall increases over the ITCZ and its northern region. The amplitude of the annual cycle of the SST over the MDR is not significantly changed by CO2 doubling. However, the authors find that the interannual variations show significant responses to CO2 doubling; the seasonal maximum peak of the interannual variations of the SST over the MDR is about 25% stronger than in the control run. The enhancement of the interannual variations of the SST in the MDR is caused by changes in effectiveness of the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) positive feedback; WES remains a positive feedback until boreal early summer in the CO2 doubling run. The enhancement of the interannual variability of the SST over the MDR in boreal early summer due to CO2 doubling could lead to serious damages associated with the Atlantic hurricane count and drought (or flood) in the Sahel and South America in a future climate.
Diagnosing Warm Frontal Cloud Formation in a GCM: A Novel Approach Using Conditional Subsetting
Authors: Booth James F. , Naud Catherine M. , Del Genio Anthony D.
Published: February 2013

This study analyzes characteristics of clouds and vertical motion across extratropical cyclone warm fronts in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. The validity of the modeled clouds is assessed using a combination of satellite observations from CloudSat, Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), and the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis. The analysis focuses on developing cyclones, to test the model's ability to generate their initial structure. To begin, the extratropical cyclones and their warm fronts are objectively identified and cyclone-local fields are mapped into a vertical transect centered on the surface warm front. To further isolate specific physics, the cyclones are separated using conditional subsetting based on additional cyclone-local variables, and the differences between the subset means are analyzed. Conditional subsets are created based on 1) the transect clouds and 2) vertical motion; 3) the strength of the temperature gradient along the warm front, as well as the storm-local 4) wind speed and 5) precipitable water (PW). The analysis shows that the model does not generate enough frontal cloud, especially at low altitude. The subsetting results reveal that, compared to the observations, the model exhibits a decoupling between cloud formation at high and low altitudes across warm fronts and a weak sensitivity to moisture. These issues are caused in part by the parameterized convection and assumptions in the stratiform cloud scheme that are valid in the subtropics. On the other hand, the model generates proper covariability of low-altitude vertical motion and cloud at the warm front and a joint dependence of cloudiness on wind and PW.
Objective Determination of Feature Resolution in Two Sea Surface Temperature Analyses
Authors: Reynolds Richard W. , Chelton Dudley B. , Roberts-Jones Jonah , Martin Matthew J. , Menemenlis Dimitris , Merchant Christopher John
Published: February 2013

Considerable effort is presently being devoted to producing high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) analyses with a goal of spatial grid resolutions as low as 1 km. Because grid resolution is not the same as feature resolution, a method is needed to objectively determine the resolution capability and accuracy of SST analysis products. Ocean model SST fields are used in this study as simulated “true” SST data and subsampled based on actual infrared and microwave satellite data coverage. The subsampled data are used to simulate sampling errors due to missing data. Two different SST analyses are considered and run using both the full and the subsampled model SST fields, with and without additional noise. The results are compared as a function of spatial scales of variability using wavenumber auto- and cross-spectral analysis.

The spectral variance at high wavenumbers (smallest wavelengths) is shown to be attenuated relative to the true SST because of smoothing that is inherent to both analysis procedures. Comparisons of the two analyses (both having grid sizes of roughly ) show important differences. One analysis tends to reproduce small-scale features more accurately when the high-resolution data coverage is good but produces more spurious small-scale noise when the high-resolution data coverage is poor. Analysis procedures can thus generate small-scale features with and without data, but the small-scale features in an SST analysis may be just noise when high-resolution data are sparse. Users must therefore be skeptical of high-resolution SST products, especially in regions where high-resolution (~5 km) infrared satellite data are limited because of cloud cover.
The Racial-Cultural Framework
Authors: Wong Y. Joel , Maffini Cara S. , Shin Minkyeong
Published: February 2013

Suicide-related outcomes are a major public health challenge in communities of color in the United States. To address these challenges, this Major Contribution makes theoretical, empirical, and practice-related contributions to scholarship on suicide-related outcomes among people of color. In this article, the authors present a new framework to conceptualize previous suicidology scholarship, address existing literature gaps, and inform counseling psychologists’ future work on suicide-related outcomes in U.S. communities of color. The framework consists of three components and nine principles that highlight the types of constructs, populations, and preventive interventions that should be emphasized in theory, research, and practice addressing suicide-related outcomes in communities of color. The authors explain why suicide-related outcomes in communities of color deserve attention, describe the framework, and discuss implications of the framework for future practice and training. It is hoped that this framework can serve as a resource and impetus for new paradigms of suicidology work in communities of color.
Gay- and Lesbian-Identified Law Enforcement Officers
Authors: Charles Mark W. , Arndt Leah M. Rouse
Published: February 2013

This qualitative exploration examined how 14 gay- and lesbian-identified law enforcement officers managed career choice, satisfaction, and their intersecting sexual/vocational identities. Participants reported choosing the vocation for much the same reasons as others already mentioned in the literature, including service/duty to community, financial benefits, and family influences. Constraining and facilitating factors were discovered, shedding light on how participants managed their intersecting identities, and their influence on career satisfaction. These factors deepen the understanding of when participants shared their sexual identity with colleagues and to what impact within the career environment. The presence of homophobic microaggressions without institutional support to address the hostile environment significantly hampered job satisfaction and willingness to risk being out at work for some. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed, including the findings’ usefulness for other quasimilitary vocational settings in the aftermath of the repeal of “Don’t ask, don’t tell” legislation in the military.
Looking to the Future— The Role of Master’s Programs in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Horne Arthur M.
Published: February 2013

The predoctoral relationship that counseling psychology programs have had with master’s programs over the decades is being challenged in current times. A model that is developing is one that provides greater responsibility for program definition and then full faculty engagement from doctoral program faculty. With change occurring in training models, economics, and political events, strategic planning and relevant mission development is essential for the viability of counseling psychology doctoral programs.
Standing in the Hallway Improves Students’ Understanding of Conformity
Authors: Lawson Timothy J. , Haubner Richard R. , Bodle James H.
Published: February 2013

To help beginning psychology students understand how they are influenced by social pressures to conform, we developed a demonstration designed to elicit their conformity to a small group of students standing in the hallway before class. Results showed the demonstration increased students’ recognition of their own tendency to conform, knowledge of conformity, and appreciation of an in-class presentation about conformity.
Status hierarchy, attractiveness hierarchy and sex ratio
Authors: Zwaan, Michiel , Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Veenstra René
Published: February 2013

The moderating effects of three specific conditions (status hierarchy, attractiveness hierarchy and sex ratio) on the link between status (popularity) and physical and relational aggression were examined in a large sample of adolescent boys ( N = 1,665) and girls ( N = 1,637) ( M age = 13.60). In line with the hypotheses, derived from integrating a goal-framing perspective with an evolutionary perspective, it was found for boys that status was more strongly related to both physical and relational aggression in classrooms when differences in status (status hierarchy) and physical attractiveness between same-gender peers (attractiveness hierarchy) were smaller, and to relational aggression when cross-gender peers (potential mating partners) were relatively scarce. For girls, status hierarchy and attractiveness hierarchy only moderated the link between status and relational aggression. These results suggest that competition to a certain extent triggers aggression by high-status adolescents. The findings are discussed from a broader evolutionary perspective, and the utility of this approach for understanding adolescents’ behaviour in the peer context is considered.
The effect of sodium nitroprusside on cerebral hemodynamics and headache in healthy subjects
Authors: Guo Song , Ashina Messoud , Olesen Jes , Birk Steffen
Published: February 2013

Investigation

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a powerful vasodilatory agent that, similarly to glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), releases nitric oxide (NO) but in contrast does not pass the blood-brain barrier. Nevertheless, it has already been used in animal models without any knowledge of its headache-inducing potential. We hypothesized that SNP would induce headache and vasodilation of cephalic and radial but not cerebral arteries.

Methods

Five healthy volunteers received intravenous infusions of SNP in a non-randomized dose-titration (1–5 µg/kg/min) study. We recorded headache intensity (verbal rating scale from 0 to 10), velocity in the middle cerebral artery (VMCA), and diameters of the superficial temporal artery (STA) and radial artery (RA).

Results

All participants reported a dose-related headache (median peak = 2.5, range 0–3). SNP dilated the STA and RA, caused a marked increase of heart rate and a decrease of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2). We found that SNP decreased the velocity of the VMCA, but this was canceled by a decrease of cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to hypocapnia.

Conclusion

The present study shows that SNP is a headache-inducing agent with close similarities to headaches induced by GTN and probably without effect on intracerebral arteries.
Natural IS711 insertion causing omp31 gene inactivation in Brucella ovis
Authors: Gyuranecz Miklós , Kreizinger Zsuzsa , Horváth Gábor , Rónai Zsuzsanna , Dán Ádám , Nagy Beáta , Szeredi Levente , Makrai László , Jánosi Szilárd , Hajtós István , Magyar Tibor , Bhide Mangesh , Erdélyi Károly , Dénes Béla
Published: February 2013

The present report describes an atypical Brucella ovis strain (Bo10) isolated from the epididymis and testis of an infected ram. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions characteristic for the infection, including positive Brucella immunostaining, were observed within lesions in the genital organs. Compared to other isolates, strain Bo10 required an additional day (a total of 96 hr) of incubation to form visible colonies, showed a distinct carbon source utilization profile, agglutinated only weakly with rough (R) serum, but showed a high capacity for autoagglutination. Isolate Bo10 failed to produce the 1,071-bp fragment in the outer membrane protein ( omp) 31 gene–based part of the “Bruce-ladder” multiplex polymerase chain reaction system but did produce a 1,915-bp amplicon, thus presenting a profile similar to Brucella abortus. Sequence analysis of the 1,915-bp fragment revealed an 842-bp long insertion sequence (IS) 711 transposon element inserted into the promoter region of the omp31 gene, immediately upstream from the ribosome binding site (-10 box/Pribnow box). Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a whole-cell lysate showed the absence in Bo10 of the approximately 31-kDa protein fragment associated with omp31. The results demonstrate a natural inactivation of omp31 and, consequently, the absence of the Omp31 protein in this B. ovis isolate. The novel location of IS 711 within the genome of a naturally occurring B. ovis strain supports the hypothesis that IS 711 could be an active transposon in this Brucella species.
Retrobulbar adenocarcinoma in an Amazon parrot (Amazona autumnalis)
Authors: Watson Victoria E. , Murdock Jessica H. , Cazzini Paola , Schnellbacher Rodney , Divers Stephen J. , Sakamoto Kaori
Published: February 2013

Retrobulbar neoplasms are not common in mammals and are even more infrequently seen in nonmammalian species. The current report describes a retrobulbar mass creating exophthalmia and neurologic signs in a red-lored Amazon parrot ( Amazona autumnalis). A 27-year-old female parrot presented for a 3-day history of anorexia and a 2-week history of periocular soft tissue swelling and exophthalmia of the right eye. Physical examination revealed 9% dehydration and right eye exophthalmia with inability to retropulse the globe. A fine-needle aspirate was performed, and cytologic evaluation revealed necrotic debris with scattered clusters of epithelial cells, moderate numbers of macrophages, and few heterophils. Given the possibility of neoplasia and paucity of treatment options, the owners elected euthanasia and submitted the body for necropsy. A large, fluctuant, friable, red, retrobulbar mass with multiple areas of hemorrhage, on cut surface, was noted at necropsy. Histologically, the mass was composed of neoplastic, cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells, forming rosette-like glandular structures, admixed with abundant necrotic debris. The neoplastic cells were strongly positive for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) by immunohistochemistry. Based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry, the mass was diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma.
Fatal hepatic tetratrichomoniasis in a juvenile Waldrapp ibis (Geronticus eremita)
Authors: Laing Steven T. , Weber E. Scott , Yabsley Michael J. , Shock Barbara C. , Grosset Claire , Petritz Olivia A. , Barr Bradd , Reilly Christopher M. , Lowenstine Linda J.
Published: February 2013

Waldrapp ibis ( Geronticus eremita) are a critically endangered species, and there are currently more birds in captivity than in the wild. A juvenile, male Waldrapp ibis housed in a mixed-species exhibit was found dead with no premonitory signs. Necropsy revealed extensive necrotizing hepatitis associated with numerous pleomorphic protozoa that were immunohistochemically reactive with antibodies raised against Tritrichomonas foetus, a parasite of cattle. Electron microscopy confirmed the organisms as members of family Trichomonadidae, and sequence analysis of the first ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1), 5.8S ribosomal RNA, and ITS2 regions indicated high genetic similarity (96–97%) to members of the Tetratrichomonas gallinarum complex. The animal was born in captivity, and no introductions in this exhibit had occurred since 2009. Other Waldrapp ibis that had contact with the infected male were negative for flagellate infections by fecal examination, thus cross-species transmission is proposed as the source of infection. The host range of the T. gallinarum complex is very large and although the pathogenicity of its members, especially for wild birds, is controversial, these parasites should be considered as a possible cause of acute mortality in Waldrapp ibis. In addition, immunohistochemistry with T. foetus antibodies and molecular diagnostics may be useful tools for preventative veterinary care of endangered bird populations. A greater understanding of the ecology and pathogenesis of this pathogen may also be vital for screening subclinical captive populations and existing wild populations prior to reintroduction efforts.
Fin and gill biopsies are effective nonlethal samples for detection of Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVb
Authors: Cornwell Emily R. , Bellmund Chelsea A. , Groocock Geoffrey H. , Wong Po Ting , Hambury Katherine L. , Getchell Rodman G. , Bowser Paul R.
Published: February 2013

Nonlethal sampling is becoming a common method to diagnose fish diseases, especially with the availability of molecular testing. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a viral pathogen of finfish distributed worldwide. Although VHSV has been known to occur in some parts of the world for decades, a new genotype, IVb, recently emerged in the Laurentian Great Lakes of northeastern North America. Golden shiners ( Notemigonus crysoleucas; Mitchill, 1814) and fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas; Rafinesque, 1820) were exposed to VHSV-IVb doses between 102 and 106 plaque forming units per fish by intraperitoneal injection at 10°C. Both species experienced significant mortality after exposure, ranging from 38% to 52% in golden shiners and from 35% to 95% in fathead minnows. In golden shiners, a fin or gill sample was somewhat less sensitive at detecting VHSV-IVb by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) than a pooled organ sample (consisting of liver, anterior and posterior kidney, spleen, and heart), however the relative sensitivity increased when a fin and gill sample were tested in parallel. In fathead minnows, a fin or gill sample tested alone or in parallel was relatively more sensitive than a pooled organ sample by qRT-PCR. Specificity was 100% for all sample types in both species. The results suggest that fin and gill biopsies are useful tools to test for VHSV in live fish.
Mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting disorders in cats: a literature review
Authors: Batchelor Daniel J , Devauchelle Patrick , Elliott Jonathan , Elwood Clive M , Freiche Valerie , Gualtieri Massimo , Hall Edward J , Hertog Erik Den , Neiger Reto , Peeters Dominique , Roura Xavier , Savary-Bataille Karine , German Alexander J
Published: February 2013

Vomiting is a common presenting complaint in feline practice. This article differs from previous reviews in that it is an evidence-based review of the mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting in the domestic cat. Published evidence was reviewed, and then used to make recommendations for clinical assessment, diagnosis, antiemetic drug treatment, dietary management and monitoring of cats presenting with vomiting. The strength of the evidence on which recommendations are made (and areas where evidence is lacking for cats) has been highlighted throughout.
Comprehensive geriatric assessment decreases prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in older persons
Authors: Lampela Pasi , Lavikainen Piia , Huupponen Risto , Leskinen Esko , Hartikainen Sirpa
Published: February 2013

Background: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality among older people. We have studied whether its prevalence can be reduced by a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA). Study design and setting: 1000 randomly-selected persons aged ≥75 years were divided into intervention ( n = 500) and control groups ( n = 500). We focused on those subjects in whom an orthostatic blood pressure test had been performed at least once during the study period (2004–2007) ( n = 365 and 332 for intervention and control groups, respectively). A CGA, including evaluation of the adequacy of the medication, was performed annually in the intervention group but not in the control group. We conducted Markov models to study change in the OH profiles and the effect of CGA on it. Competing risk of mortality was modeled as an absorbing state to avoid attrition bias. Results: Over 3 years, the prevalence of OH decreased (35.0% → 28.0%) in the intervention group, whereas its prevalence increased in the control group (32.8% → 40.8%). By Markov models it was shown that CGA had a statistically significant effect on recovering from OH. In addition, CGA was shown to protect from developing OH. Conclusions: Repeated CGA performed annually can reduce the prevalence of OH.
The networking behavior of Moroccan and Turkish immigrant entrepreneurs in two Dutch neighborhoods: The role of ethnic density
Authors: Bouk Fatima el , Vedder Paul , Poel Yolanda te
Published: February 2013

What are the conditions under which resources embedded in the social networks of entrepreneurs can be accessed and mobilized in purposive action? We interviewed a sample of 10 native Dutch and 22 immigrant entrepreneurs in the Netherlands. Trust was an important facilitator of social support from so-called ‘strong ties’ and proved effective in maintaining already established relations with ‘weak ties’. Accessing social support through weak ties, however, appeared more difficult due to distrust and discrimination. This applied particularly to immigrant entrepreneurs working in a neighborhood with a low concentration of immigrants: a context making ethnicity more salient. In this context distrust and discrimination coincided with problematic access to Dutch clientele and less collaboration with Dutch businessmen.