bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitiveness and the Similarity of Preferred Coworkers1
Authors: Glaman Joan M. , Jones Allan P. , Rozelle Richard M.
Published: August 2006

The study investigated effects of different work contexts on the individual's desire to work with a similar or dissimilar coworker. Business students (N= 536) were assigned to 1 of 3 conditions (competitive task, skill‐development task, and nonspecific task) and were asked to describe their preferred coworker for that task. Individuals were expected to prefer coworkers whom they perceived as similar in noncompetitive situations, but those whom they perceived as dissimilar in competitive situations. Further, it was hypothesized that the type of similarity emphasized (skills, personal values, and personal style) would reflect the type of anticipated interaction. As expected, participants in competitive conditions chose coworkers with lower skills and generally dissimilar values and personal style. Coworkers selected for the skill‐development condition possessed similar skills and were more similar in values.
Modeling the Role of Child Ethnicity and Gender in Children's Differential Response to Teacher Expectations1
Authors: McKown Clark , Weinstein Rhona S.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the relationship between fall teacher expectations and year‐end achievement among 561 children in 1st, 3rd, and 5th grades. Specifically, we hypothesized that children from academically stigmatized groups (African Americans generally and girls in mathematics) are more likely to be responsive to negative teacher expectancies than are children from nonstigmatized groups. Controlling for prior achievement and class membership, moderator effects were tested with hierarchical linear models in the whole sample and with loglinear models in a subsample of children who were targets of extreme teacher over‐ and underestimates of ability. Among targets of extreme teacher over‐ and underestimates, in 3rd and 5th grade, ethnicity moderated expectancy effects in reading; and in 5th grade, gender moderated expectancy effects in math but not reading. Members of stigmatized groups were more susceptible to teacher underestimates of ability. Implications are discussed in terms of differential response to teacher expectations and in terms of how susceptibility to teacher expectations is conceptualized and inferred.
Attributional Complexity: A Link Between Training, Job Complexity, Decision Latitude, Leader–Member Exchange, and Performance
Authors: Townsend Joellyn C. , Silva Nancy Da , Mueller Lorin , Curtin Pat , Tetrick Lois E.
Published: August 2006

Previous research demonstrated that individuals differ in the relative sophistication of their schemas for organizing and interpreting social stimuli (i.e., attributional complexity, or AC) and that AC has been linked to performance in social situations. In the present study, 420 employed students completed surveys for an investigation of the relationship between individual, work role, and job characteristics; AC; and job performance. Educational level and major predicted AC, but leader–member exchange (LMX), decision latitude (DL), and social/task complexity of the job did not. Contrary to expectations, social and task complexity did not interact with DL and LMX to predict AC. AC, DL, LMX, and educational level predicted job performance. Further, AC interacted with social complexity of the job to predict performance. The results suggest that AC may be both content and process based, and predictive of performance in certain jobs.
Pet Ownership Predicts Adherence to Cardiovascular Rehabilitation1
Authors: Herrald Mary M. , Tomaka Joe , Medina Amanda Y.
Published: August 2006

This experiment examined the effects of pet ownership and potential mediating (e.g., social support) and moderating variables (e.g., gender, personality, pet attachment) on completion of a 12‐week cardiac rehabilitation program. This experiment assessed pet ownership, personality, and psychosocial variables at the beginning of the program and followed participants through to completion. Results showed that pet owners (96.5%) were significantly more likely to complete cardiac rehabilitation compared with non‐owners (79.2%). Covariance analyses ruled out several alternative explanations for the results, including social support, personality variables, personal efficacy, and pet attachment. Results suggest that having a pet may facilitate rehabilitation and that further research is needed to understand how having a pet or being a pet owner improves health outcomes.
A Place to Heal: Environmental Sources of Satisfaction Among Hospital Patients1
Authors: Harris Paul B. , McBride Glen , Ross Chet , Curtis Linnea
Published: August 2006

Telephone interviews with 380 discharged inpatients were conducted to identify environmental sources of satisfaction with the hospital, to determine the relative contribution of environmental satisfaction to overall satisfaction with the hospital experience, and to explore differences in satisfaction across 4 departments (medical, obstetrics, orthopedics, and surgical) and 6 hospitals. Analyses indicate that interior design, architecture, housekeeping, privacy, and the ambient environment were all perceived as sources of satisfaction. Environmental satisfaction was a significant predictor of overall satisfaction, ranking below perceived quality of nursing and clinical care. There were no significant differences between hospitals or departments in the level or sources of environmental satisfaction. Results suggest potential directions for architects, designers, and health care providers.
The Aura of Tobacco Smoke: Cigars and Cigarettes as Image Makers
Authors: Callison Coy , Karrh James A. , Zillmann Dolf
Published: August 2006

Male and female college undergraduates evaluated the character traits of men and women who were seen smoking cigars, smoking cigarettes, or not smoking. The evaluated adults were about 10 years older than the students. Irrespective of the evaluated persons' gender, ratings of appeal were specific to the gender of the evaluator. Men and women agreed in their perception of cigarette smokers as being less appealing than nonsmokers. However, whereas men ascribed markedly less appeal to cigar smokers than to cigarette smokers, women perceived cigar smokers as being as appealing as nonsmokers. This pattern was observed for all positive aspects of appeal; the inverse pattern was apparent for all negative aspects of appeal. In contrast, men and women concurred in judging cigar smokers as being more confident and secure than either nonsmokers or cigarette smokers.
A Psychometric and Cross‐National Examination of a Belief in a Just World Scale
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: August 2006

The study examined the psychometric properties of Dalbert, Montada, and Schmitt's (1987) English version of their 6‐item belief in a just world scale using a sample of 253 Canadian management undergraduates. This study found strong support for the homogeneity of the scale, the independence of the scale from the influence of social desirability, and the concurrent validity of the scale as seen in significant correlations with Rubin and Peplau's (1975) 20‐item just world scale. Cross‐national comparisons show that this Canadian sample scored significantly higher than did the European and Hawaiian samples reported by Dalbert and her colleagues.
Explaining Consumer Conduct: From Planned to Self‐Expressive Behavior1
Authors: Mannetti Lucia , Pierro Antonio , Livi Stefano
Published: August 2006

Within mainstream social psychology, consumer behavior has been explained mainly in terms of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Recently, some authors suggested that self‐identity dimensions can explain different types of intentions. To compare the predictive power of a tentative new model of self‐expressive consumer behavior with that of the TPB, three studies were conducted in which, besides the classical variables of the model of TPB, variables concerning self‐identity were also taken into account. Three independent samples (N1= 257, N2= 214, N3= 298) were recruited to study the intention to buy fashionable watches, trendy backpacks, and cellular telephones in relation to the aforementioned variables derived from TPB and from identity theory. Data analyses, based on structural equation modeling, show that identity variables contribute significantly to the explanation of purchase intention.
Acculturation Attitudes and the Ethnic and Host‐Country Identification of Immigrants
Authors: Nesdale Drew
Published: August 2006

This study assessed a number of potential predictors of host‐country and ethnic‐group identification of members of immigrant groups to Australia. The study included 281 adult participants from Vietnam, Hong Kong, and New Zealand, who responded to questions relating to their acculturation attitudes, host‐culture and ethnic‐group identification, and experiences in their new country. Results showed that the predictors of host country (Australian) identification were the immigrants' acculturation attitude of wanting to live according to host standards and values, lower ethnic versus Australian social involvement, lower ethnic prejudice, higher job status, and acceptance by Australians. The major predictors of ethnic‐group identification were an acculturation attitude of wanting to live according to ethnic‐group standards, higher ethnic versus Australian social involvement, lower self‐esteem, fewer Australian friends, lower ability to speak English, higher education, lower self‐efficacy, and number of ethnic friends. The implications for the acculturation of immigrants are discussed.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Training Proactive Thinking1
Authors: Kirby Eric G. , Kirby Susan L. , Lewis Melanie A.
Published: August 2006

Recent studies have consistently demonstrated the significant positive impact that proactive thinking has on job performance, while assuming proactivity to be a relatively stable, dispositional trait (cf. Ashford & Black, 1996; Crant, 1995; Morrison, 1993; Seibert, Crant, & Kraimer, 1999). This study, on the other hand, seeks to determine if proactivity can be increased in participants through training. This study uses a 4‐month long longitudinal pretest/posttest design to assess the relationship between proactive thinking and performance in the classroom. In the study, 177 subjects were split into 2 treatment groups. One group received training in proactive thinking skills, while the other did not. The results of the study confirm that proactive thinking does have a significant impact on student performance over and above other personality and performance variables. Most importantly, this study also demonstrates that proactivity is not stable over time, but can be increased through training.
Risk Area Residents’ Perceptions and Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments1
Authors: Lindell Michael K. , Prater Carla S.
Published: August 2006

Residents of 2 geographical regions—one with a high seismic hazard and the other with a moderate seismic hazard—rated 16 hazard adjustments on 7 attributes and reported their adoption intention and actual adoption of those adjustments. There were only small and generally nonsignificant differences between the 2 locations in adjustments’ attribute ratings, adoption intention, and actual adjustment, but there were significant differences among adjustments on all of these measures. Perceptions of hazard‐related adjustment attributes were correlated significantly with adoption intention and actual adjustment, but perceptions of resource‐related attributes were not.
Victim Impact Testimony and Juror Judgments: The Effects of Harm Information and Witness Demeanor1
Authors: Myers Bryan , Lynn Steven Jay , Arbuthnot Jack
Published: August 2006

Victim impact testimony (i.e., testimony concerning the harmful consequences on the victim's surviving family) was examined to determine its effect on the sentencing judgments of mock jurors. Undergraduate students (N= 293) watched a videotaped murder trial simulation, rendered verdicts, and made sentencing judgments. During the penalty phase of the trial, participants were either given no victim impact testimony, or they were given victim impact testimony that varied both the severity of the harm information (mild harm/ severe harm) and the demeanor of the witness (low affect/high affect). The results indicate that information concerning the harm experienced by the victim's relatives, not the affective demeanor of the witness, influenced sentencing judgments. Implications for the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Payne v. Tennessee (1991) are discussed.
Trust, Perceived Risk, and Attitudes Toward Food Technologies1
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Miles Susan , Frewer Lynn J.
Published: August 2006

There is substantial empirical evidence that both trust and risk perceptions influence public acceptance of new technologies. We reanalyzed 3 studies (on food technology) to compare whether (a) both trust and perceived risk are independently and directly associated with acceptance, or (b) the relationship between trust and acceptance is mediated by perceived risk. In support of Interpretation a, the (negative) correlation between trust and perceived risk was reduced when controlling for acceptance, whereas the correlation between trust and acceptance was somewhat reduced when controlling for perceived risk. Controlling for trust had little effect on the correlation between perceived risk and acceptance. These findings suggest that expressions of trust and perceived risk often might be reflections of prior attitudes toward the technology.
Trust, Respect, and the Psychology of Political Engagement1
Authors: Boeckmann Robert J. , Tyler Tom R.
Published: August 2006

Local community involvement has long been regarded as central to citizens’ participation in the political process because it is believed to create attitudes of generalized trust that encourage citizens to become involved in governance. Recently Putnam (1995a) has argued that declining opportunities for community involvement have led to decreased trust in others, and this contributes to declining rates of voting in elections. This paper directly tests the validity of Putnam's argument. It shows that civic participation is related to political participation, but only through the mediating mechanism of generalized trust. The paper further examines why citizens participate in their communities. It finds that people participate more in their communities when they feel that they are respected members of those communities. Implications for psychological theory and political mobilization are discussed.
Metatraits: Enhancing Criterion‐Related Validity Through the Assessment of Traitedness1
Authors: Dwight Stephen A. , Porter Wolf Paige , Golden John H.
Published: August 2006

With the growing use of personality tests as predictors of job performance, the reliable measurement of these personality variables has become important to selection researchers and practitioners. Metatrait researchers have examined the possibility that personality traits are not equally relevant for all people. This study sought to examine whether considering the relevance of a trait to an individual (i.e., traitedness) would enhance the predictive validity of a measure. Specifically, traitedness was expected to moderate the relationship between predictor and criterion scores such that the predictor‐criterion relationship would be stronger for traited than for untraited individuals. Consistent with this hypothesis, a strong moderating effect was found for traitedness between a measure of personality and an objective criterion. Contrary to what was predicted, traitedness only provided incremental validity, above personality, for supervisor ratings of job performance.
Head Over the Heart or Heart Over the Head? Cognitive Experiential Self‐Theory and Extralegal Heuristics in Juror Decision Making1
Authors: Lieberman Joel D.
Published: August 2006

Cognitive experiential self‐theory (CEST), which maintains that information can be processed in both an experiential (emotional) and a rational mode. Experiential processing fosters a reliance on heuristic cues. Previous research has demonstrated that juror verdicts are influenced by a variety of extralegal heuristics, including a defendant attractiveness cue. This research examined whether experiential processing would produce a defendant‐attractiveness/leniency effect. Before awarding monetary damages in a civil trial, participants were motivated to think either rationally or experientially and were shown a photograph of either a high‐ or low‐attractiveness defendant. Experiential mode participants awarded significantly lower damages to the plaintiff when the defendant was attractive, but the attractiveness‐leniency effect was not operative for rational mode participants.
Maximizing Efficiency of Enrollment for School‐Based Educational Research1
Authors: Mazzocco Michèle M. M. , Myers Gwen F.
Published: August 2006

In this observational study, influences on research enrollment were examined in the context of an educational research study. Recruitment materials were sent to parents of kinder‐gartners in one of 23 classes across 7 public schools, as an invitation to enroll in a longitudinal study. For the 7 classes from 2 of the schools, the school principal prepared a cover letter as an introduction to the educational study. Inclusion of this cover letter was associated with a significantly swifter pace of recruitment and, to a lesser degree, with an increase in the number of children enrolled. However, when potential confounding variables were controlled, no significant increase in final enrollment count was associated with including the cover letter. Thus, inclusion of a cover letter from the school principal did not appear to dramatically increase the number of parents who elected to enroll their child in the educational study, and it did significantly decrease (by 6 weeks) the number of weeks required to achieve final enrollment counts.
Resilience in the Face of Catastrophe: Optimism, Personality, and Coping in the Kosovo Crisis
Authors: Riolli Laura , Savicki Victor , Cepani Ariana
Published: August 2006

Optimism, personality, and coping styles may alter the effects of stressful events through appraisal and stress reduction. The 1999 Kosovo crisis offered an opportunity to test this proposition under real‐life, traumatic stress conditions. Dispositional optimism, personality, and coping contributions were predicted based on geographical distance and degree of reported stress for 3 groups: Kosovar refugees, Albanian citizens helping the refugees in Albania, and Albanian immigrants living in the United States. Results showed Kosovars significantly higher on all stress measures, and on maladjustment. Reduced optimism and reduced control coping were related to higher levels of maladjustment. Pessimism and escape coping showed no relation to psychological adjustment. Resilience was related to a combination of higher optimism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and control coping, paired with lower neuroticism.
Exploring Moderators of Gender Differences: Contextual Differences in Door‐Hoiding Behavior1
Authors: Yoder Janice D. , Hogue Mary , Newman Robert , Metz Linda , LaVigne Tonya
Published: August 2006

The simple behavior of holding a door for another person can be interpreted as gender‐neutral, helpful, or benevolently sexist. Each interpretation leads to competing hypotheses predicting no gender differences in door holding, consistent door holding by men as chivalrous helpers, and door holding by men in the gender‐salient context of dating but not in everyday interactions, respectively. Observations of 769 college‐aged, female‐male dyads found a strong pattern of male door holding in dating but not in everyday contexts. This pattern highlights social role theory's emphasis on understanding contextual moderators of apparent gender differences, changes in door‐holding behavior in everyday contexts across the past 20 years, and the benevolent sexism subtly conveyed by male dominance in door holding in dating contexts.
Status and Likabiiity: Can the “Mindful” Woman Have It All?1
Authors: Stewart Tracie L. , Berkvens Mathilde , Engels Werny A. E. W. , Pass Jessica A.
Published: August 2006

A total of 182 college students in The Netherlands participated in a study assessing the effects of a college teacher's gender, term of address (title vs. first name), and mindfulness (i.e., openness to novelty, awareness of both context and content of information; Langer, 1989) on perceptions of the teacher's status, likabiiity, and femininity. Participants read and answered questions about a fictional transcript of a class session taught by either a male or female teacher addressed by first name or title and acting in a mindful or mindless manner. As predicted, teachers were perceived to hold higher status if male and if addressed by title. Mindful teachers were rated higher than mindless teachers on both femininity and accessibility, but not status.
Motivation Gains in Computer‐Supported Groups1
Authors: Hertel Guido , Deter Carsten , Konradt Udo
Published: August 2006

One challenge in computer‐supported groups is the maintenance of high performance motivation of group members because face‐to‐face interaction and social control are restricted. Based on research on the Kohler effect (Hertel, Kerr, & Messe, 2000), we expected high motivation of group members when their individual effort is highly instrumental for the group's success. First, a task paradigm was developed and validated to measure motivation in a computer task. Then, this paradigm was used to explore group members’ motivation in computer‐supported dyads without face‐to‐face contact. Consistent with our expectations, motivation (and performance) of the group members was high and even exceeded the baseline of individual work (thus revealing motivation gains) when the individual's contribution was highly instrumental for the dyad's success (i.e., weaker coworker under conjunctive task demand). When instrumentality was low (i.e., weaker coworker under additive task demand), inconclusive results were obtained. Overall, the results demonstrate that motivation gains can be produced in computer‐supported dyads, even without face‐to‐face interaction.
The Effect of Legitimizing Explanations on Applicants’ Perceptions of Selection Assessment Fairness1
Authors: Lahuis David M. , Perreault Norman E. , Ferguson Matthew W.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the effects of legitimizing explanations for selection test use on simulated applicants’ perceptions of fairness. The specificity of the explanation was varied. After receiving an explanation, a sample of 157 undergraduates completed 2 assessments (cognitive ability and personality), and reported their reactions to the assessments. Results indicate that for the cognitive ability assessment, general explanations increased fairness perceptions, but specific explanations did not. This relationship was fully mediated by perceptions of content and predictive validity. No effects for the personality assessment were found.
The Impact of Multiple Dimensions of Ethnic Identity on Discrimination and Adolescents’ Self‐Estees
Authors: Romero Andrea J. , Roberts Robert E.
Published: August 2006

The rejection‐identification model is investigated with multiple dimensions of ethnic identity in a sample of Mexican American youth. It is hypothesized that more perceived discrimination will be associated with higher ethnic identity in general, but that the multiple dimensions of ethnic identity will be associated differentially with discrimination. Higher perceived discrimination will be associated with more ethnic exploration and less ethnic affirmation. Self‐report questionnaires were completed by middle school students of Mexican descent (N= 881). Based on structural equation modeling, the data were found to fit the rejection‐identification model (p < .05). Higher discrimination was associated with lower ethnic affirmation (p < .05) and lower ethnic exploration (p < .05). Post hoc analyses indicated a significant interaction between discrimination and ethnic affirmation (p < .01) such that youth with high ethnic affirmation who experienced high discrimination still reported high self‐esteem. The findings are discussed in the context of understanding methods of coping with prejudice and discrimination that will enhance the mental well‐being of minority youth.
Personal Narrative as a Medium for STD/HIV Intervention: A Preliminary Study1
Authors: Kiene Susan M. , Barta William D.
Published: August 2006

Few brief interventions have been successful at producing changes in STD and HIV risk behavior. This preliminary study evaluated the effectiveness of 2 brief interventions designed to promote safer sex. Participants were 93 students enrolled in a health education course at a large midwestern university who watched a 40‐min slide presentation including behavioral‐skills training, a 40‐min personal narrative performance followed by behavioral‐skills training, or no presentation. Two weeks later, students completed measures of safer‐sex attitudes, motivation, behavioral intentions, behavioral skills, self‐efficacy, and decisional balance. Students in the personal narrative group scored higher on the behavioral‐skills measure than did students in the slide group or the control group. Personal narrative may be an effective medium for brief safer‐sex interventions.
The Goal of Biological Parenthood and Emotional Distress From Infertility: Linking Parenthood to Happiness
Authors: Brothers Suzanne C. , Maddux James E.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the relationship between construals of the parenthood goal and emotional reactions to fertility difficulties. Mcintosh and Martin's (1992) goal linkage model predicts that individuals experiencing fertility difficulties who strongly link biological parenthood to happiness (i.e., those who strongly believe that having a biological child is necessary for happiness and life satisfaction) will ruminate more about this unfulfilled goal than will individuals who engage in less linking. The model also predicts that greater rumination leads to greater emotional distress and that rumination will mediate the relationship between linking and emotional distress. To examine these hypotheses, 69 women experiencing difficulty conceiving completed questionnaires that assessed linking, rumination, and emotional distress. Results support the hypotheses from the goal linkage model: Linking predicted rumination, rumination predicted emotional distress, and rumination mediated the relationship between linking and distress.
Development and Evaluation of a Measure of Dangerous, Aggressive, Negative Emotional, and Risky Driving1
Authors: Dula Chris S. , Ballard Mary E.
Published: August 2006

The Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) was created to measure drivers’ self‐reported likelihood to drive dangerously. Each DDDI scale (DDDI Total, Aggressive Driving, Negative Emotional Driving, and Risky Driving scales) had strong internal reliability and there was also evidence for the construct validity of the scales. The DDDI was used to examine the relation between dangerous and aggressive driving and dispositional aggression and anger among 119 college students. Males reported significantly more aggressive, risky, and angry driving than did females. Males and females reported similar levels of dangerous driving and negative emotions while driving. Dangerous driving was positively related to traffic citations and causing accidents. The DDDI will be useful as a research instrument to examine dangerous driving.
The Relations of Immigrant‐Specific and Immigrant‐Nonspecific Daily Hassles to Distress Controlling for Psychological Adjustment and Cultural Competence1
Authors: Safdar Saba F. , Lay Clarry H.
Published: August 2006

In separating immigrant‐specific daily hassles (out‐group, family, and in‐group) from immigrant‐nonspecific general hassles, the relations of hassles to depression and physical symptoms were examined. The respondents were 79 female and 85 male Iranian immigrants to Canada. In Block 1 of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the experience of out‐group hassles and of general hassles both contributed to the prediction of depression. In Block 2, psychological adjustment and perceived cultural competence in the host society, along with out‐group hassles, predicted depression. General hassles were the only predictor of physical symptoms. Psychological adjustment, as a buffer, interacted with hassles in enhancing the prediction of distress. The importance of distinguishing and accounting for both immigrant‐specific and immigrant‐nonspecific hassles in predicting outcome measures was considered, as was the importance of assessing dispositional variables in this context.
Replications and Limitations of a Two‐Factor Model of Child Witness Credibility
Authors: Ross David F. , Jurden Frank H. , Lindsay R. C. L. , Keeney Jennifer M.
Published: August 2006

Two experiments are reported that test the idea that jurors perceive child witnesses in terms of a 2‐factor model of credibility with the factors defined as cognitive ability and honesty (Leippe & Romanczyk, 1987; Ross, Millers, & Moran, 1989). In the first experiment, 300 mock jurors watched a realistic videotaped recreation of a sexual abuse trial and rated the credibility of the child witness. Mock jurors perceived the child witness in terms of 2 factors: cognitive ability and honesty. Only honesty predicted verdict. These findings were replicated in Experiment 2 (N= 300) when only the child's testimony was presented and the perceptions of the child witness were not contaminated by the testimony of the other witnesses in the trial.
Factors Influencing Household Waste Recycling Behavior: Test of an integrated Model1
Authors: Chu Pin‐Yu , Chiu Ja‐Fun
Published: August 2006

Although there has been an official household waste recycling system in Taiwan, the system still works rather inefficiently because of problems such as resistance from citizens, political complexity, and those arising from culture. This study examines the antecedents of the behavior of household waste recycling in the context of an integrated model. This model incorporates a wide variety of important factors from previous research on environmental behavior into a single theoretical framework provided by the theory of planned behavior (TPB). This model was tested using data from a sample of 386 community residents in Kaohsiung, each of whom completed a survey. The results suggest that in addition to the TPB variables, perceived moral obligation further improved the prediction of intention to recycle household waste. Implications for operating household waste recycling systems are discussed.
Predictors of Risky and Precautionary Sexual Behaviors Among Single and Married White Women1
Authors: Wayment Heidi A. , Wyatt Gail E. , Tucker M. Belinda , Romero Gloria J. , Carmona Jennifer V. , Newcomb Michael , Solis Beatriz M. , Riederle Monika , Mitchell‐Kernan Claudia
Published: August 2006

Risky and precautionary sexual behaviors were examined in a community sample of 260 single and married/cohabitating White women. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the ability of age, socioeconomic status (SES), marital status, religiosity, and 9 health belief constructs to predict risky sexual behavior with one's partner, using a barrier method of birth control, unintended pregnancies, and number of sexual partners in the past year. The pattern of results suggests that single White women appear to feel more vulnerable to HIV and STD infection and more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior than do married White women. The discussion focuses on the importance of sociocultural factors in understanding risk behaviors within the social context of relationship status, the complexity of the concept of risk reduction, and the need for going beyond the health belief model in order to develop different HIV prevention strategies for single and married White women.
Family Values and Antipathy Toward Gay Men
Authors: Vescio Theresa K. , Biernat Monica
Published: August 2006

The role of family values in promoting prejudice toward gay men was examined. Participants high and low in support for family values were primed with family‐relevant or neutral cues and were exposed to either a gay or a straight father who was described as a good or a bad parent. Both individual differences in family value support and situational primes of family values produced derogation of the gay father. Sympathy for the father in a child custody loss was also markedly low when family values were both endorsed and primed, and when the gay father was explicitly depicted as a bad parent. The findings have implications for Rokeach's (1972) belief congruence perspective, and for models that depict values as part of a mental associative network (Biernat, Vescio, & Theno, 1996; Feather, 1990).
Factors Influencing Levels of Credit‐Card Debt in College Students1
Authors: Norvilitis Jill M. , Szablicki P. Bernard , Wilson Sandy D.
Published: August 2006

The current study examined the relationship between money attitudes, impulsivity, locus of control, life satisfaction, and stress and credit‐card debt in 227 college students. Students reported an average credit‐card debt of $ 1,518, with over 75% of students holding at least one credit card. Students with credit cards from on‐campus solicitation had higher debt‐to‐income ratios than did those with credit cards from other sources. Personality variables were generally unrelated to level of debt, although they were related to attitudes toward money. Many students requested information about credit and debt, suggesting that knowledge of financial issues may be an important variable for future consideration.
Alcohol and Acquaintance Rape in Australia: Testing the Presupposition Model of Attributions About Responsibility and Blame1
Authors: Cameron Charmaine A. , Stritzke Werner G. K.
Published: August 2006

According to the presupposition model of attributions about responsibility and blame (Bradbury & Fincham, 1990), an attribution of blame presupposes an attribution of responsibility. Both constructs share the dimensions of choice, intention, and accountability, but an additional dimension of liability relates only to blame. Reactions of 260 university students to acquaintance‐rape scenarios portraying different levels of alcohol intoxication were examined. Results showed that the model's dimensions explained much of the variance in attributions of responsibility and blame, although the hierarchical structure was not supported. Mediational analyses suggest that different attributional principles apply when assigning victim and perpetrator responsibility, which may explain why intoxicated victims are assigned more responsibility than sober victims, but intoxicated perpetrators are assigned less responsibility than sober perpetrators.
Positive Affectivity and Collective Efficacy as Moderators of the Relationship Between Perceived Politics and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Hochwarter Wayne A. , Kiewitz Christian , Castro Stephanie L. , Perrewè Pamela L. , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: August 2006

This study explores the moderating potential of positive affectivity (PA) and perceived collective efficacy (PCE) on the relationship between 3 dimensions of politics perceptions and job satisfaction. We hypothesized that high levels of PA and PCE, in unison, would buffer the harmful effects of perceived politics on job satisfaction. Regression analyses for the 3 dimensions (i.e., general politics, go along to get along, and pay and promotion) yielded a significant finding for the PA × PCE × Go Along to Get Along 3‐way interaction only. Consistent with our expectations, low PA‐low PCE individuals were less satisfied with their jobs when levels of go‐along‐to‐get‐along politics increased. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, high PA‐high PCE individuals reported a significant inverse relationship between perceived politics and job satisfaction. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are provided.
Help Giving and Aggression From an Attributional Perspective: Why and When We Help or Retaliate1
Authors: Greitemeyer Tobias , Rudolph Udo
Published: August 2006

Two studies were conducted to test Weiner's (1995) theory of responsibility, both in the domains of prosocial (help giving) and antisocial behavior (aggression). Experiment 1 revealed that for both behavioral domains, a positive relation exists between perceived controllability and anger, whereas a negative relation was found between controllability and sympathy. In addition, help giving is promoted by feelings of sympathy and inhibited by feelings of anger, and the reverse is true for aggression. However, the present results also reveal that for aggression, there is a direct influence of cognitions (perceived controllability) on behavioral reactions, whereas for help giving, cognitions have an indirect effect on behavior, mediated by emotions. Thus, for help giving, thoughts determine what we feel, and feelings determine what we do. In contrast, for aggression, an additional influence of thoughts on actions is present. Experiment 2, in which different scenarios were used, replicated this pattern of results.
Preference Consistency and Preference Strength: Processing and Judgmental issues1
Authors: Pratap Jain Shailendra
Published: August 2006

Recent research in motivated reasoning has examined processing of information that is consistent or inconsistent with one's preferences. This paper extends the work by examining the micro‐processes of the processing of such information. In addition, it examines the moderating impact of preference strength and argument quality on processing of and judgments associated with preference‐consistent and preference‐inconsistent information. Across 2 studies, evidence was obtained suggesting that preference‐inconsistent information is processed in greater depth as well as in a more biased manner. Findings are also reported indicating that when preferences are weak, people are less resistant to changing their preferences, particularly when exposed to strong arguments accompanying preference‐inconsistent information. Implications for comparative advertising in a consumer marketing context are discussed.
A Videotape Module to Teach Assertion Skills1
Authors: Brenner Sharon L. , Head Susan B. , Helms Michael J. , Williams Redford B. , Williams Virginia P.
Published: August 2006

A LifeSkills© video module to teach assertion has been developed that uses dramatizations of the effective and ineffective ways to respond to a provocation. Normal volunteers were randomly assigned to watch the assertion video (n= 50) or a control instructional video (n= 53). Participants completed pre‐/post‐assessment batteries that tested their knowledge of the steps of assertion and their ability to apply this knowledge in response to 3 written scenarios. The answers were scored for both the presence of aggression and the use of assertion. Participants randomized to the assertion video showed larger increases in assertion and decreases in aggression compared to controls, indicating that a video dramatizing the use of assertion can be a practical and effective means of improving assertion skills, with decreased aggression a potential added benefit.
Examination of the Validity of a Stages of Exercise Change Algorithm
Authors: Hausenblas Heather A. , Dannecker Erin A. , Downs Danielle Symons
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a stages of exercise change questionnaire with self‐reported exercise, age, and body mass index (BMI) in 1,034 male and female community residents. It was found that the maintenance stage participants reported more strenuous exercise than did individuals in the other stages; and participants in the action stage reported more strenuous exercise than did individuals in the preparation and contemplation stages. There were no significant group differences among participants in the preparation, contemplation, and precontemplation stages for strenuous and moderate exercise. The maintenance stage participants engaged in more moderate exercise than did the preparation, contemplation, and precontemplation individuals; and the action stage participants reported more moderate exercise than did individuals in the preparation and precontemplation stages. The participants in the maintenance stage were older than were those in the action stage. No significant stage differences were found for mild exercise or BMI. Knowing an individual's stage of exercise change may provide researchers and practitioners with a mechanism for developing, testing, and delivering stage‐matched exercise interventions.
Understanding Youth Smoking Behavior Through Modeling the Smoking Decision Process: Lessons Learned From a Developing Country1
Authors: Stavrou Eleni T. , Georgiou Maria , Stylianidou Elena
Published: August 2006

The prevalence of youth smoking is well reported in the literature. However, most research so far has been conducted in developed countries, leaving the incidence of youth smoking in developing and less developed countries unexplored and to the mercy of the tobacco industry. The present study forms a prototype called the smoking decision process model on youth smoking behavior, which draws from existing literature. Through this model, researchers, health practitioners, and anti‐smoking activist groups in various parts of the developing world can acquire a more holistic view of the factors behind youth smoking behavior in their respective societies and, in turn, focus on the most appropriate means to combat smoking. A case study application of the model is presented in this study, involving Cypriot youth 12 to 18 years of age.
Repeated Behavior and Environmental Psychology: The Role of Personal Involvement and Habit Formation in Explaining Water Consumption1
Authors: Gregory Gary D. , Leo Michael Di
Published: August 2006

Extending existing theory in social and environmental psychology, we develop a model to study important predictors of water consumption behavior. Overall results provide support for the predictive ability of stimuli (e.g., environmental awareness), reasoned processes (e.g., personal involvement), unreasoned processes (e.g., habits), and situational factors (e.g., income) on water consumption behavior. Findings indicate that households with lower water usage display greater awareness of water conservation issues, are more highly involved in the decision to use water, and tend to form habits associated with lower usage levels. Furthermore, the results are consistent with past research that attitudes toward water usage appear to be poor predictors of water consumption behavior. After controlling for situational factors (e.g., household size), the findings substantiate the role of personal involvement and habit formation in explaining water consumption, lending further support to the adaptation and development of repeated behavior models in environmental psychology.
Reflections on Past Behavior: A Self‐Report Index of Habit Strength1
Authors: Verplanken Bas , Orbell Sheina
Published: August 2006

We argue that habit is a psychological construct, rather than simply past behavioral frequency. In 4 studies, a 12‐item index of habit strength (the Self‐Report Habit Index, SRHI) was developed on the basis of features of habit; that is, a history of repetition, automaticity (lack of control and awareness, efficiency), and expressing identity. High internal and test‐retest reliabilities were found. The SRHI correlated strongly with past behavioral frequency and the response frequency measure of habit (Verplanken, Aarts, van Knippenberg, & van Knippenberg, 1994). The index discriminated between behaviors varying in frequency, and also between daily vs. weekly habits. The SRHI may be useful as a dependent variable, or to determine or monitor habit strength without measuring behavioral frequency.
Behavioral Goals for a Diverse Organization: The Effects of Attitudes, Social Norms, and Racial Identity for Asian Americans and Whites
Authors: Linnehan Frank , Konrad Alison M. , Reitman Frieda , Greenhalgh Anne , London Michael
Published: August 2006

This research identified 5 behaviors that may enhance the effectiveness of a diverse organization and used Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action to identify predictors of these behaviors. Results from samples of White and Asian undergraduate students from 2 universities generally supported the Fishbein and Ajzen model. Attitudes and subjective norms were significant predictors of behavioral intentions when gender, race, and social desirability bias were controlled. Racial identity also had a significant, positive effect on attitudes toward diversity‐related behaviors among the Asian American students, but no significant effect among Whites. These results supported our reasoning that members of historically excluded racial groups with strong racial identities will be most likely to welcome organizational attempts to become more pluralistic because pluralism means that their valued identities will be respected rather than repressed.
The Interactive Effects of Pro‐Political Behavior and Politics Perceptions on Job Satisfaction and Affective Commitment1
Authors: Hochwarter Wayne A.
Published: August 2006

The current study examined the impact of political behavior and perceptions of politics on job satisfaction and affective commitment. It is hypothesized that political behavior and perceived politics would interact to predict these outcomes such that those who reported greater use of these tactics would be more satisfied and committed when work environments were viewed as political in nature. Data were gathered from 131 police officers, who completed surveys following developmental programs. In general, results provided support for the hypothesis. Specifically, the Political Behavior × Perceived Politics interaction term explained incremental variance beyond demographic variables, control variables, and indicators of perceived control and understanding for each work outcome. These findings indicate that some individuals may experience positive consequences when occupying an environment perceived to be highly political. Implications of these findings, strengths and weaknesses, and avenues for future research are provided.
Teammates On and Off the Field? Contact With Black Teammates and the Racial Attitudes of White Student Athletes1
Authors: Brown Kendrick T. , Brown Tony N. , Jackson James S. , Sellers Robert M. , Manuel Warde J.
Published: August 2006

The intergroup contact hypothesis holds that proximate, cooperative interactions on an equalized basis between Blacks and Whites can minimize Whites’ prejudice (Allport, 1954). This experiment investigated the effect of contact between White and Black high school teammates on White student athletes’ racial attitudes. Using the 1996 Social and Group Experiences (SAGE) survey (created by the authors and administered in the Fall of 1996) commissioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the results indicated a significant relationship between amount of contact with Black teammates in high school and racial policy support and affect, depending on the type of sport played. White student athletes playing team sports who had higher percentages of Blacks as high school teammates expressed more policy support for and greater positive affect toward Blacks as a group than did their counterparts playing individual sports. The role of athletic experiences in changing racial attitudes is discussed.