bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosopographika Rhodiaka
Authors: Rice E. E.
Published: September 2013

Dedications to an individual by members of his immediate family were common throughout the Greek world, but in Rhodian territory a more complex form of family dedication is attested, with several members of the wider family circle participating and listing their exact relationship to the honorand. When these inscriptions with their various kinship terms are correctly interpreted, stemmas of large family groups may be drawn up. The method which must be used in understanding these ‘family monuments’ is shown by an analysis of IG xii (1) 72 a–b, and the texts of four similar inscriptions are examined and revised so that family trees may be created for their family groups (ILind 382 b; Inschr. Nisyros 3 with IG xii (3) 103; IG xii (1) 107, the most complex of all Rhodian ‘family monuments’). The presence in IG xii (1) 107 of Hagesandros the son of Paionios, one of the three Rhodian sculptors of the Sperlonga and Laocoon statuary groups, leads to a reconsideration of the date of the groups and of the career of the only one of the three sculptors otherwise attested as an artist, Athanodoros the son of Hagesandros. It can be shown by securely dated pieces of epigraphical evidence that Hagesandros and Athanodoros were born c.80 BC and had their artistic floruit early in the reign of Augustus. The Sperlonga and Laocoon sculpture must therefore be dated to this period.
A Severan Statue-Group and an Olympic Festival at Sparta
Authors: Spawforth A. J. S.
Published: September 2013

Two inscribed slabs in the Sparta Museum and the imperial statue base from which they came are restudied. It is demonstrated that it once supported statues of Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Geta, Julia Domna, and Plautilla. A second part assembles evidence for a hitherto neglected Spartan festival, the Olympea Comodeia.
Man and Other Animals in Later Greek Prehistory
Authors: Halstead Paul
Published: September 2013

Excavations in Greece over the last fifty years have produced considerable remains of animals from prehistoric sites. This paper discusses which species were exploited by man, and at what periods, the way in which each species was managed and the role of animal husbandry in the overall economy.
A Minoan Larnax from Knossos
Authors: Morgan Lyvia
Published: September 2013

An unusual figurative larnax of LM III date was found in the dromos of an Iron Age chamber tomb in the KMF cemetery north of Knossos. The decoration includes retorted spirals, tricurved arch, parallel chevrons, wavy lines, and ‘tree’. The figures have closest analogies on the Ayia Triadha sarcophagus. There is a modelled animal's head on the top ridge of the lid.
Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age Purple-Dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Reese David S.
Published: September 2013

The 1963 excavation at Palaikastro-Kastri in eastern Crete produced about 150 marine shells. The species preserved are listed in Table 1, and their date and context in Table 2. Significant shells from the collection are compared with other Minoan examples in Part I. The shell evidence for purple-dye production at Palaikastro is studied along with the other evidence from the Bronze Age Mediterranean in Part II.
Mycenaean Pictorial Pottery from Outside the Citadel of Mycenae
Authors: Crouwel J. H.
Published: September 2013

The six fragments newly presented here derive from the British excavations outside the citadel, conducted in the period 1950–55. They were found in various parts of the site. The material is at present (1987) kept in the Leonardo storerooms of the Archaeological Museum at Nauplia.
The Agora Revisited: Athenian Chronologyc. 500–450 BC
Authors: Francis† E.D. , Vickers Michael
Published: September 2013

Reasonable doubts exist with regard to the conclusions that have been drawn from the ostraca found in the Athenian Agora as well as those from the fill of the Rectangular Rock-cut shaft on the Agora Hill. These doubts extend to the dating of the buildings along the west side of the Agora. A re-examination of the published accounts leads to the conclusion that Buildings C and D, the Temple of Apollo and the shrine of Zeus were built before 480 and were destroyed by the Persians, who were also responsible for digging the Rectangular Rock-cut Shaft. Building F was erected soon after 479. By 450, the Heliaia, the Tholos, the Old Bouleuterion, a Public Records Office and the Royal Stoa were constructed. The public buildings in question all seem to have been built as a consequence of the political reforms brought about by Ephialtes in the late 460s. They are probably the few extant physical remains of the early days of Periclean democracy.
Paint on the Parthenon Sculptures: Part Two—Scientific Aspects
Authors: Jenkins I.D. , Middleton A.P.
Published: September 2013

Since the early nineteenth century, scholars have wondered whether certain accretions on the surface of the Parthenon sculptures, ranging in colour from yellow to brown, may represent evidence of ancient paint. The tendency has been to reject this notion, and today most classical archaeologists would accept the suggestion that this apparent staining of the marble is caused by the oxidation of iron particles coming from within the marble itself. While not rejecting this as the probable explanation for some of the brown areas, this article will argue that others can be understood only in terms of an artificially applied surface. Possible explanations as to the date and function of this material will be discussed in the light of both archaeological observation and scientific analysis. Firstly, however, a summary will be given of the important contributions made to our understanding of this problem by earlier commentators.
Ivory in the Aegean Bronze Age: Elephant Tusk or Hippopotamus Ivory?
Authors: Krzyszkowska O.H.
Published: September 2013

A new approach to Aegean ivory working, described in this article, demonstrates that in addition to elephant tusk, carvers made use of hippopotamus ivory throughout the Bronze Age. A brief introduction describes the background to the present study and the methods adopted here. The characteristics of elephant ivory and hippopotamus ivory are summarised and examples are given which show how morphological or structural features visible in finished objects enable us to identify the kind of ivory present. The central section presents a range of objects identified, during recent research, as made from hippopotamus ivory. These include prepalatial seals, inlays ranging in date from MMI toLH IIIB, certain Mycenaean plaques and warrior heads. Frequently it is possible to determine how these objects were made, less often why hippopotamus tusk was used. The final sections discuss the question of ivory sources and attempt to draw together the various strands of evidence for ivory working in the Aegean Bronze Age.
Corinth, The Corinthian Gulf and Western Greece During the Eighth Century BC
Authors: Morgan Catherine
Published: September 2013

The nature of 8th century Corinthian contact with sites in Phokis, Ithaka and Epirus is discussed, and archaeological evidence from these areas re-examined. It is suggested that early exchange activity is more complex than has hitherto been recognised, and should be regarded as independent of subsequent colonisation. A change in the pattern of contacts is distinguished from c. 725, and it is argued that Corinthian western trade was redirected in the wake of colonisation. Possible motivation for contact is assessed, and it is suggested that metal, especially copper, may have been the main commodity exchanged. The nature and mechanisms of early exchange are discussed, and their implications for Corinthian state formation outlined. Evidence for Corinthian contacts elsewhere in the gulf region is assessed with particular reference to Achaia.
An Unpublished Inscription From Kythera
Authors: Petrocheilos I.E.
Published: September 2013

A slab reused in the altar of Ayios Nikolaos at Avlemon in Kythera bears a fragmentary honorific inscription. It is argued that it is from a dedication to the Emperor Hadrian.
Archaeomagnetic study of the Late Minoan Kiln 2, stratigraphical museum extension, Knossos
Authors: Tarling D.H. , Downey W.S.
Published: September 2013

Analysis of 26 oriented samples shows a clear, distinct, stable magnetic remanence in 25 of them. The magnetic carrier is probably 1 mm diameter magnetite and the remanence has thermal characteristics. On this basis, the direction of the geomagnetic field was 355.2°, 60.9° α95 = 1.7° and its intensity was 67 + 8 μT at the time when the kiln was last fired in Late Minoan IB (LMIB) times. The directional parameters are identical to those of LMIB destruction levels in central Crete and with the Minoan Plinian ash layer on Thera, but the mean direction differs from those of LMIB destruction sites in eastern Crete and those of the base surge and higher Minoan volcanic ash deposits on Thera. It is considered that the kiln was last fired at an almost identical time to the LMIB destruction levels of central Crete which appears to have occurred several years before the LMIB destruction levels in eastern Crete.
Two Attic Masons of the late 4th century B.C.
Authors: Walbank Michael B.
Published: September 2013

Discussed here, are the public inscriptions produced by two Attic masons of the late 4th century B.C., from the point of view of identifying and describing epigraphic ‘hands.’ The identification of their work rests upon the way in which certain key letter-shapes are used, and the consistency with which they are employed. Private documents have not been examined in this study. The first of these masons, the ‘Mason ofIGii2. 1195’ (to which is addedIGii2. 620), was active betweenc. 330 and 318 B.C. I identify seventeen inscriptions by this man, nearly all of them decrees of the Athenian State; four are, as yet, unpublished and are not discussed here. The second mason discussed here, the ‘Mason ofIGii2. 497’, seems to have begun work in the late 320s B.C., and was still activec.299/8 B.C. I attribute thirty-two inscriptions to this man, again most of them decrees of the Athenian State. Six are, as yet, unpublished and are not discussed. The work of these masons is distinctive, but not distinguished: there are sufficient similarities between them to suggest that they may have been master and pupil.
Preliminary Results of the Istron, Mirabello, Geophysical and Geoarchaeological Project, 2002–2004
Authors: Kalpaxis Th. , Athanassas K. , Bassiakos I. , Brennan T. , Hayden B. , Nodarou E. , Pavlopoulos K. , Sarris A.
Published: September 2013

One of the goals of the Vrokastro Survey Project, based in west-central Mirabello, eastern Crete, was to identify a site within the boundaries of the survey study area worthy of further investigation, including excavation. The settlement selected, based on its complexity and long lifespan, was Priniatikos Pyrgos, a harbour community and ‘gateway’ of the Vrokastro region. As a preliminary to excavation, the Istron Geoarchaeological Project was initiated in order to document the nature, condition, and resources of this site and its coastal environment. This multidisciplinary program was implemented through fieldwork, laboratory analyses, and geophysical prospection. Results include new data concerning the industrial aspects of Priniatikos Pyrgos, the changing topographical situation of the site and coastal zone, the overall size of this diachronic harbor settlement, and the regional resources involved in ceramic and metallurgical production.
From Capital to Colony: Five New Inscriptions from Roman Crete
Authors: Bowsky M. W. Baldwin
Published: September 2013

This article present and contextualises five new inscriptions from central Crete: one from the hinterland of Gortyn, two from Knossos, and two more in all likelihood from Knossos. Internal geographical mobility from Gortyn to Knossos is illustrated by a Greek inscription from the hinterland of Gortyn. The Knossian inscriptions add new evidence for the local affairs of the Roman colony. A funerary or honorary inscription and two religious dedications – all three in Latin – give rise to new points concerning the well-attested link between Knossos and Campania. The colony's population included people, many of Campanian origin, who were already established in Crete, as well as families displaced from southern Italy in the great post-Actium settlement. The two religious dedications shed light on the city's religious practice, including a newly revealed cult of Castor, and further evidence for worship of the Egyptian gods. Oddest of all, a Greek inscription on a Doric epistyle names Trajan or Hadrian. These four inscriptions are then set into the context of linguistic choice at the colony. Epigraphic and numismatic evidence for the use of Latin and Greek in the life of the colony is analyzed on the basis of the available inscriptions, listed by category and date in an appendix.
Ceramics from Late Roman Contexts in Durrës
Authors: Shkodra Brikena
Published: September 2013

What seems to be the case is that Durrës during the late Roman period was incorporated in the network of Byzantine state-controlled supply which operated throughout the east and west Mediterranean, suggesting that the city was more open to the east than to the west in late Antiquity. By contrast, the supply of Tunisian fine ware and amphorae is smaller then the imports from the eastern Mediterranean. However, the persistence presence of Tunisian wares throughout late Vandal and Byzantine period argues for sustained interaction between east and west within the Byzantine world. The presence of local production in the 6th century contexts merits further analysis.
The Thirteenth–Sixteenth-centuryKastroof Kephalos: A Contribution to the Archaeological Study of Medieval Paros and the Cyclades
Authors: Vionis Athanasios K.
Published: September 2013

The thirteenth-to-sixteenth-century (“Venetian”) defended settlement of Kephalos on the island of Paros was surveyed by the Cyclades Research Project (CY.RE.P.). This article offers an archaeological case-study of thekastroby examining and interpreting its medieval material remains (defensive walls, chapels, cisterns, domestic structures and surface potsherds). Moreover, on the basis of combined information from written sources and comparable building projects in late medieval Italy and the Latin-dominated Levant, more light can be shed on aspects of daily life in the Aegean. Archaeological evidence suggests that the first phase of Kephalos could be placed in the later thirteenth century but it was extended with the addition of an outer defensive wall in the late fourteenth century and was inhabited until the legendary besiege of the corsair Barbarossa in 1537. Domestic remains within thekastrosuggest that the site must have been densely built, housing a large number of peasants in single-roomed two-storey houses. Architectural remains and ceramic finds on the highest point of the site testify to the existence of a strong Catholic/upper class element on the most prominent portion of thekastro, reserved for the Latin lords and their agricultural produce. Extensive survey (by CY.RE.P.) in the valley below Kephalos has shown that a number of contemporary satellite settlements existed and functioned around thekastro, suggesting an agriculturally intensified use of the rural landscape. Additionally, the study and interpretation of the surface ceramic finds offer a window to late medieval living standards and food preferences in the Aegean
The Construction of the Aegisthus Tholos Tomb at Mycenae and the ‘Helladic Heresy’
Authors: Galanakis Yannis
Published: September 2013

The article examines the importance of the Aegisthus tholos tomb in the formation of the tripartite chronological scheme of the Mycenae tholos tombs by A. J. B. Wace. The scheme is assessed in the light of the epistemological debate between Wace and Evans concerning the nature and extent of Minoan influence on mainland Greece in the early Late Bronze Age. It is here suggested that the two-phase construction identified by Wace in the Aegisthus tholos contributed significantly to the establishment of the structural development of the Mycenae tholoi, an important point against Evans's views on the subject. The two-phase construction is re-visited with a view to highlight its importance in Wace's scheme but more significantly to shed light on the planning and execution of the Aegisthus tomb. While the two-phase construction cannot altogether be dismissed, it is suggested that the ashlar façade of the Aegisthus tomb was not an afterthought, as is largely maintained, but a preplanned action and part of the tomb's original design.
The Isopata Cemetery at Knossos
Authors: Preston Laura
Published: September 2013

This article re-examines the Isopata cemetery, a Final Palatial burial site north of the Knossos palace excavated in 1909–10. After presenting unpublished material from the excavations, including a previously unknown tomb, the article compares the cemetery with other contemporary burial sites in the Knossos valley and at Poros. While all tomb use in this period appears to have been a statement of high status, Isopata (and several of its tombs in particular) nevertheless stands out in terms of architectural extravagance and in its appeals to prestige symbolism - including the continuation of actual ritual practices - from the Neopalatial past.
Schliemann's Diary: Greece and the Troad, 1868
Authors: Turner David R.
Published: September 2013

This article examines Schliemann's own description of his journey through Greece and the Troad in 1868. It begins in Corfu and Kephalonia, and moves on quickly to Ithaca. The article examines Schliemann's concern with Homer in relation to his activities on these islands, as well as relating a Homeric narrative for his journey to concerns in his personal life, and picking out details emphasizing his increasing interest in archaeology. The scene moves on to Athens and Schliemann's view of modern Greece, then to the Peloponnese and his reaction to Mycenae, Tiryns and other Argolid sites. Part two concerns Schliemann's time in the Troad. It deals with the Homeric question and the location of Troy in scholarship up to 1868; an outline of Schliemann's itinerary in the Troad; Schliemann's search for Troy, including excavations at Bunarbashi; and the question of his acquaintance with Hissarlik. The views put forward differ significantly from those previously expressed in regard to the question of Hissarlik. The article concludes with two appendices, one offering extracts from Schliemann's Ithaca diary, the other extracts from his Troad diary.
Notes on Two Rhodian Institutions
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: September 2013

The recent publication of a fragmentary Oxyrhynchus papyrus containing a deed of sale of a slave effected through a Rhodian bank, in the years between A.D. 238 and 244, sheds new light on the Rhodian banking system, of which hitherto little has been known, and it is worth while considering the information provided on this topic. The papyrus, carefully published by J. F. Oates, consists of two major fragments which do not join; fragment (a) contains all that survives of col. i, to which four hands contributed, and also the lower part of col. ii, while the right end of the upper part of col. ii is on the second fragment, (b), being in the same hand as the upper part of col. i; the lower part of col. ii is in the same three hands as is the lower part of col. i. The different hands represent the depositions of different persons. There is no lacuna between the end of fragment (a) and the beginning of fragment (b). These details are clearly visible on the photograph reproduced here by the kindness of the Managing Committee of the Egypt Exploration Society, to which I am much indebted. The papyrus is difficult to read in places, where the ink has faded, and the portions relevant to Rhodian matters are not all wholly clear.
A Late Minoan IB Marine Style Stirrup-Jar
Authors: Mountjoy P-A.
Published: September 2013

A Three-Handled stirrup-jar decorated in the Marine Style of L.M. IB was recently recognized from fragments found in the East Apotheke of the Heraklion Museum (Plate 36). There is some uncertainty as to the provenance of this stirrup-jar because the name of the site had only been written on the box in chalk and is now totally erased except for a few smudges. However, the cases on either side of the relevant one are both labelled Pseira and some of the other fragments from the box itself are very like the known Pseira vases, e.g., the base of a cylindrical jar with a pattern similar to Pseira fig. 11.

Stirrup-jar with three arched, round handles rising above top of very short false neck. H. 0·196 m., D. of false mouth 0·035 m., D. body 0·243 m., D. base 0·08 m. Mouth and most of base restored. Pinkish clay, pink-buff slip, black-brown paint. Decoration: four argonauts swimming to the right amidst rock and seaweed; tritons between the argonauts, single or in groups; sea-urchin on disc of false neck which is monochrome; handles probably striped horizontally; four bands around lower body to base.
An Arab Building at Knossos
Authors: Warren Peter , Miles George C.
Published: September 2013

In April 1971 remains of ancient buildings were brought to light and partly destroyed by a bulldozer in the south-west corner of a field below Makryteikhos village at Knossos. The field lies against the west bank of the Kairatos stream (fig. 1), immediately north of the path which runs down to the stream from the village. The owner, Mr. P. Triandhaphyllou, had put in the bulldozer to prepare the ground for planting. At the request of Dr. St. Alexiou rescue excavations were carried out on 3–4, 6–7, and 12 May by P. Warren on behalf of the School, and the site was afterwards filled in to leave the field free for planting.
CONTRAFACTA AND TRANSCRIBED MOTETS: VERNACULAR INFLUENCES ON LATIN MOTETS AND CLAUSULAE IN THE FLORENCE MANUSCRIPT
Authors: Bradley Catherine A.
Published: September 2013

Dated to the 1240s, the Florence manuscript (F: Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 29.1) is the earliest surviving source to contain a collection of motets. The exclusively Latin-texted motets in F are widely regarded as the oldest layer(s) of pieces in this new genre. This study closely analyses three motets in F, demonstrating that they are Latin contrafacta reworkings of vernacular motets extant only in chronologically later sources. It traces the influences of secular, vernacular refrains in two supposedly liturgical clausulae in F, proposing that these clausulae are textless transcriptions of French motets, and engages with wider questions concerning scribal practices, the relationship betweensine litteraandcum litteranotations and issues of consonance and dissonance. Reasons as to why clausulae might have been transcribed in F and the possible extent of vernacular influences in this manuscript are explored. These findings challenge established chronological narratives of motet development. The three case studies offer methodological models, demonstrating ways in which relationships between clausulae and Latin and French motets can be tested and their relative chronologies established.
REFUSAL, THE LOOK OF LOVE, AND THE BEASTLY WOMAN OF MACHAUT'S BALADES 27 AND 38
Authors: Desmond Karen
Published: September 2013

In balades 27 and 38, Machaut likens the wounds suffered by the lover to those that result from the poisons of deadly beasts. He invokes animal imagery to depict the beloved and her behaviour: she encloses within her being monstrous beasts that repel and repulse the lover, causing him grievous bodily harm. In the course of both balades the deadly beasts transform into various allegorical characters that are personifications of secular vices. One of these characters, Refusal (‘Refus’), emerges as central. Machaut personifies the lady's rejection of the lover's advances (which he makes through words/music) as the courtly vice Refusal. In Balade 27, it is her sense organs that enact this refusal: her ears cannot hear him, her mouth rejects him, and her Look kills him. I explore the resonances of Machaut's sadistic and animalistic lady in two spheres: the courtly, where the obvious antecedents for Machaut's imagery are the courtly bestiaries; and the sacred, where parallels between Refusal and the deadly sins of pride and envy can be detected, as suggested by my interpretation of these two balades and some of Machaut's motets, and the links I set forth between these sins, vices, and the senses that partake in them.

Patri carissimo eidemque ingeniossimo, John Patrick Desmond (1943–2013)
SINGING THE HICCUP – ON TEXTING THE HOCKET
Authors: Schmidt-Beste Thomas
Published: September 2013

As one of the more striking contrapuntal devices of late thirteenth- and fourteenth-century polyphony, the hocket has been studied at great length. Until recently, however, little attention has been paid to the question how this texture accommodates the verbal text with which it often appears: as it breaks up a musical phrase into small segments separated by rests, it often necessitates a breaking up of the words themselves. Already some contemporaries had condemned this as one of the principal defects of the hocket, and most modern editors (implicitly or explictly agreeing with these comments) have sidestepped the issue by moving the text as much as possible to non-hocketed sections of the music. This article attempts to take a positive view of the ways in which words were matched to notes in the hocket. It distinguishes between ‘unbroken hockets’ – where the words and the notes are devised and deployed in such a fashion that word breaks and rests coincide – and ‘broken hockets’. In the latter, it is argued that the way in which words are split up is by design and not happenstance; taking the etymological meaning of ‘hocket’=‘hiccup’ as a point of departure, it is shown that the most logical way to bridge the rests is not between syllables, but in the middle of syllables. This solution is corroborated not only by etymology, but also by the underlay in the sources, by the compositions themselves (in which by virtue of this ‘hiccup underlay’ musical phrases and text phrase match seamlessly, as elsewhere in the repertory) and by some theoretical evidence as well.
TWO NEWLY DISCOVERED TENTH-CENTURY ORGANA
Authors: Varelli Giovanni
Published: September 2013

In the tenth century, when the earliest chant books were being compiled in the heart of the Carolingian Empire and polyphonic music was entering the realm of theoretical speculation in the anonymous writings ofMusica enchiriadisandScolica enchiriadis, organa were also being notated for performance outside music treatises. We would not know this, were it not for a two-voice organum on an antiphon for Saint Boniface written in the first decades of the tenth century on the last page of a long-neglected manuscript, now in the British Library. A second notated antiphon,Rex caelestium terrestrium, provides elements for a reconstruction of a further, ‘hidden’, organum. These newly identified organa shed light on a significant phase in Western music history, being the sole evidence from the tenth century of a polyphonic practice before the great eleventh-century collection of organa from Winchester.
Characterization of multi-drug resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisfrom immigrants residing in the USA using Ion Torrent full-gene sequencing
Authors: DAUM L. T. , FISCHER G. W. , SROMEK J. , KHUBBAR M. , HUNTER P. , GRADUS M. S. , BHATTACHARYYA S.
Published: September 2013

Drug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisbacterium (MTB) is spreading worldwide. Three drug-resistant isolates were detected in Burmese, Hmong, and Indian immigrants currently residing in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Ion Torrent full-gene sequencing and complete genetic analysis was performed within 5 days and compared to results from traditional drug sensitivity testing (DST). Genetic characterization of seven, full-length resistance-associated genes revealed two MDR and one highly resistant strain with important drug-resistant mutations that were confirmed by traditional DST. The rapid turnaround from sample-to-sequence underscores the public health value of Ion Torrent full-gene sequencing of MDR/XDR genes from epidemiologically significant clinical isolates.
Bordetella pertussis seroprevalence in Belgian adults aged 20–39 years, 2012
Authors: HUYGEN K. , RODEGHIERO C. , GOVAERTS D. , LEROUX-ROELS I. , MELIN P. , REYNDERS M. , VAN DER MEEREN S. , VAN DEN WIJNGAERT S. , PIERARD D.
Published: September 2013

The last report on pertussis seroprevalence in Belgium concerned samples collected during 1993–1994. In the context of the Eupert-Labnet WP6 seroprevalence study (comparing sera from 16 European member states), 1500 anonymized leftover diagnostic samples were collected randomly during the second semester of 2012 by the clinical chemistry laboratories of six participating Belgian centres, distributed equally between Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels Capital Region. As suggested by the WP6 organizers, a total of 750 samples (125/centre) were selected from subjects in the 20–29 years age group and 750 samples (125/centre) from subjects in the 30–39 years age group. Anti-PT IgG levels were measured using Virion-Serion ELISA and analysed using predefined cut-off levels. Sixty-one (4%) sera were indicative of an infection in the past 2 years (between 50 and 100 IU/ml) and another 61 (4%) sera had anti-PT IgG antibodies reflecting acute infection (>100 IU/ml). These results highlight the presence of a Bordetella pertussis reservoir in the adult ‘healthy’ Belgian population.
Asymmetrical trajectories: The past and present of –body/–one
Authors: D'Arcy Alexandra , Haddican Bill , Richards Hazel , Tagliamonte Sali A. , Taylor Ann
Published: September 2013

The set of English [+human] pronominal quantifiers has been variable for at least 500 years, with the compound forms –bodyand –onecompeting since Middle and Early Modern English. This change has still to run its course (cf. Nevalainen & Raumolin-Brunberg, 2003:78). Using corpora of historical texts, we track the development of these variants alongside the demise of the earlier variant –man. Then, drawing on contemporary and regionally diverse corpora, we trace the continued development of –body/–onevariation through the 20th century. The trajectories reveal paradigmatic leveling in the late 19th century and the rise of –oneas the dominant form. However, grammatical, social, and lexical developments continue. Most striking is that after an initial phase of historical leveling, the different lexical quantifiers—any, every, some, no—go their own ways in the collection of varieties examined here, demonstrating that the mechanisms shaping evolutionary pathways across the globe are not only systemic, but also retain local alternations.
Acquisition of variable rules: /s/-lenition in the speech of Chilean Spanish-speaking children and their caregivers
Authors: Miller Karen
Published: September 2013

This paper examines the acquisition of the variable rules constraining Spanish syllable-final /s/-lenition in Chilean Spanish–speaking children, and whether adult-to-adult speech differs from child-directed speech in the production of s-lenition. The data of 10 children (ages 2;04–5;09) and their caregivers is presented. Tokens of syllable final /s/ were coded for pronunciation and a variable-rule analysis examining the effect of various linguistic and extralinguistic constraints was carried out. The results show that child and caregiver use of s-lenition is similar to that found in adult-to-adult speech; however, two of the youngest children showed near-categorical behavior. This paper highlights the important role of caregiver input on acquisition of s-lenition and proposes that production of s-lenition in utterance-final position in the input (caregiver's speech) is linked to young children's acquisition of s-lenition; young children exposed to an input with high rates of [s] in utterance-final position acquire s-lenition earlier.
Subject expression and discourse embeddedness in Emirati Arabic
Authors: Owens Jonathan , Dodsworth Robin , Kohn Mary
Published: September 2013

Since Prince (1981) and Givón (1983), studies on discourse reference have explained the grammatical realization of referents in terms of general concepts such as “assumed familiarity” or “discourse coherence.” In this paper, we develop a complementary approach based on a detailed statistical tracking of subjects in Emirati Arabic, from which two major categories of subject expression emerge. On the one hand, null subjects are opposed to overt ones; on the other, subject-verb (SV) is opposed to verb-subject (VS). Although null subjects strongly correlate with coreferentiality with the subject of the previous clause, they can also index more distant referents within a single episode. With respect to SV vs. VS, morpholexical classes are found to be biased toward one or the other: nouns are typically VS, pronouns SV. We conclude that the null subject variant is the norm in Emirati Arabic, and when an overt subject is appropriate, lexical identity biases the subject into SV or VS order, generating word order as a discourse-relevant parameter. Overall, our approach attempts to understand Arabic discourse from a microlevel perspective.
Event Identifier Logic
Authors: PHILLIPS IAIN , ULIDOWSKI IREK
Published: September 2013

In this paper we introduce Event Identifier Logic (EIL), which extends Hennessy–Milner logic by the addition of:

(1)

reverse as well as forward modalities; and

(2)

identifiers to keep track of events.

We show that this logic corresponds to hereditary history-preserving (HH) bisimulation equivalence within a particular true-concurrency model, namely, stable configuration structures. We also show how natural sublogics of EIL correspond to coarser equivalences. In particular, we provide logical characterisations of weak-history- preserving (WH) and history-preserving (H) bisimulation. Logics corresponding to HH and H bisimulation have been given previously, but none, as far as we are aware, corresponding to WH bisimulation (when autoconcurrency is allowed). We also present characteristic formulas that characterise individual structures with respect to history-preserving equivalences.
E.P. Hennock 1926–2012: an appreciation
Authors: LAXTON PAUL
Published: September 2013

Of the British scholars gathered by H.J. Dyos in 1966 to give substance to his vision of urban history as a distinctive genre of history only a few would claim the study of cities and city life as their prime academic interest. No more than a handful of those involved in the Urban History Group in the mid-1960s went on to publish major work in urban history. That was left to the generation whose careers were established in the early 1970s. The handful included Jim Dyos himself, Tony Sutcliffe, David Reeder, John Kellett and Peter Hennock. For the latter part of his career Hennock concentrated on the history of the welfare state and social policy in Britain and Germany and that is what those historians familiar with his name will associate him with. But his first book, based partly on his doctoral research,Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth-Century Urban Government(1973) was as squarely a work of municipal history as one could find, and if a test of a contribution to history is not the quantity of publications but what endures of them, then Ernest Peter Hennock more than justifies our recognition amongst historians of towns and cities.
Political Scientists' Evaluations of Sixty-three Journals
Authors: Giles Michael W. , Wright Gerald C.
Published: September 2013

Professional journals are central in our professional lives. They are a primary means of communicating new ideas and research findings to other political scientists, and hence help record, however haltingly, our collective progress in understanding the political world. In a business where one's academic contribution is frequently taken as a tally of publications, the journals also function as an important instrument of professional advancement. Counts of vitae entries, however, seem to be generally weighted by judgements of quality; but the quality assessed quite often appears to be of the journal in which an article appears rather than the quality of the specific article. It is interesting therefore, and perhaps prudent to consider how the community of political scientists evaluate the journals in which we publish. This short note presents some data on this question.

Our data were gathered from questionnaires mailed in April 1974 to a sample of 515 political scientists affiliated with Ph.D. granting institutions. The number of usable returned questionnaires is 255 for a response rate of 50 percent. Respondents were asked to rate 63 journals presented alphabetically with additional space provided for the rating of journals not included on the list. The respondents were instructed to rate each journal in terms of the general quality of its articles. The rating scale ranged from 0 to 10 with 0 = poor, 2 = fair, 4 = adequate, 6 = good, 8 = very good, and 10 = outstanding. Respondents were asked only to rate those journals with which they were familiar. In addition to the ratings, information was also gathered on the age, academic rank, academic affiliation, graduate school, recent journal publication information, and areas of professional interest of the respondents.
The Journalists' View
Authors: Blanchard Robert O.
Published: September 2013

I have made relatively frequent use of political science papers and journals in [my] reporting ... I find that there are often very helpful insights in the political science literature and certainly that my own membership in APSA and the reading of the [APSR] Journal is worthwhile.

—David S. Broder

The Washington Post

My membership in APSA was originally part of the reporting awards I won... Since then, I have maintained membership for old times sake. As a working documentary producer, membership hasn’t done anything for me-the journals, PS, etc., are undigestable-even though Nelson Polsby is a nice person.

William R. Leonard

Former Executive Producer, National Broadcasting Company

How useful or “relevant” do journalists find political science sources and information, including that furnished through APSA membership?

The most elementary and obvious response is that national print journalism specialists can make more extensive use of political science that can broadcaster generalists. Between these extremes are responses of other national and local reporters telling us what we may already suspect: that current journalistic practice generally excludes political science sources in routine newsmaking.

But the exceptions to this practice are instructive. They suggest ways and means which political scientists might more effectively close the gap between political science information and its accessability to newsmakers, policymakers, and the public.

Concern has been expressed among journalists that the news media have been relying too much on “official” or institutional sources for news.
Changes That Don't Improve Matters
Authors: Mansfield Harvey C.
Published: September 2013

Most of what Professors Hawkinson and Rosenblum have written on behalf of the proposed new Constitution for the Association—about membership qualifications, about purpose and about taking positions on current public issues—appears to me to argue equally in favor of the Constitution we already have. On these matters the two documents are not far apart. Since I find their arguments for the status quo well stated and persuasive, I shall confine my comments to some major points of difference between the documents, and to changes proposed that would, as I think, be for the worse.

1. The draft is loaded with unnecessary and impractical detail. To be sure, Hawkinson and Rosenblum make a virtue out of relieving the membership of the power to pass on the dues structure by way of constitutional amendment. I will not dispute that view myself, but I can sympathize with those who feel that a referendum on dues is not merely “pointless and wasteful.” On the other hand, what is gained by specifying that the President shall (Art. VII, Sec. 2(f)) “be responsible for the preparation of the budget…” and that the Executive Director shall (Art. IX, Sec. 4 (b)) “assist the President in preparing the annual budget”? Who else, when the natural office for that responsibility, an elected Treasurer, is to be abolished?
The Status of Women As Students and Professionals in Political Science
Authors: Converse Philip E. , Converse Jean M.
Published: September 2013

What unique problems currently confront women eager to pursue careers in the discipline of political science? This question was a central one for the Association's Committee on the Status of Women, organized two years ago. As a major part of its fact-finding activities, the Committee conducted a mail survey of graduate students and post-graduate professionals in the discipline during the spring of 1970.

It is obvious that the development of all careers present obstacles. But the Committee survey was designed to arrive at some balanced and realistic view of those points at which women in particular encounter difficulties that are less prevalent for men in comparable situations.

In the background stood the obvious fact, well documented elsewhere, that in the progress over career development hurdles from undergraduate majors in political science through to active roles as adult professionals in the discipline, women show much more marked rates of attrition than men. Clearly a substantial proportion of the extra attrition arises because of a choice on the part of the female at one point or another in favor of a conventional sex role within the family, with a consequent abandonment of career aspirations. However, increasing numbers of women would like to maintain a mix of family and career roles, and there is reason to believe that the current structure of opportunities raises artificial obstacles to such professional participation, and loses important talent to the profession.
Strata and Stability: Reputations of American Political Scientists
Authors: Roettger Walter B.
Published: September 2013

“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” The aptness of Orwell's observation is not confined to the community ofAnimal Farm, but extends to the “community of scholars” which constitutes the “learned discipline” of political science as well. In fact, as conceptualized by Albert Somit and Joseph Tanenhaus in their seminal study ofAmerican Political Science, a “gallery of great men” is one of the characteristics of such a discipline, serving (inter alia) “… both as a sign of professional kinship and as a means of cementing these bonds.”

As an organized human activity, political science possesses a number of formal and informal stratification systems. The former reflect the decentralized nature of the discipline and include the various departmental structures as well as the hierarchies of the specialized and regional associations and of APSA. The informal stratification systems—essentially the considered assessment of the significance of individual contributions to the discipline—are substantially more subjective. These diverge along idiosyncratic as well as along the institutional, geographic, and subfield dimensions of the formal stratification systems. Moreover, the formal and informal systems will depart to some extent, since they are based upon different and sometimes contradictory criteria. Frequently, a particularly prominent contributor to the discipline will be elevated to the Association's presidency in recognition of these activities. In other cases, however, the nature of the contribution precludes such formal acknowledgment.
Changes in State Party Organization 1960–1980: A Preliminary Report and Request for Data
Authors: Cotter Cornelius P. , Bibby John F. , Gibson James L. , Huckshorn Robert J.
Published: September 2013

We are engaged in a study of the current and past condition of party organizations in the United States. The research examines parties within an institutional framework and seeks to measure the strength of party organizations at the national, state, and local levels. But in order to compare parties over time it is necessary to have longitudinal data. The purpose of this note is to ask interested researchers to share with us documented data on state party central committee staff and annual operating budgets or expenditures for the period 1960–1978. We would also appreciate suggestions for sources of such data for any of the state parties.

Table 1 presents the state party central committee budget and staff data collected to date. The 21-year period 1960–1980 yields 2,100 possible data points for the 100 state party organizations. We have collected budget data for 964 (45.9 percent) and staff data for 1,000 (47.6 percent) of the data points. These data have come from a variety of sources:

1. interviews with state party officials in 27 sample states (states selected for analysis in the cross-sectional portion of our research;

2. questionnaires sent to 556 former state party chairmen;

3. surveys by Roland H. Ebel, Cornelius P. Cotter, and Bernard C. Hennessy;

4. data collected and generously made available by William J. Crotty;

5. Jerome M. Mileur's 1977 survey of state party central committees;

6. Robert J. Huckshorn's collection of state party data;

7. surveys conducted by the Democratic National Committee in 1962, the Republican National Committee in 1968–69, and by the president of the Association of State Democratic Chairmen in 1974.
Is Political Science Alive and Well and Living at NSF: Reflections of a Program Director at Midstream
Authors: Leege David Calhoun
Published: September 2013

The Political Science Program of the National Science Foundation is the primary source of support for basic research conducted by university-based political scientists. While the scientific progress of the discipline depends on what happens in the minds, the fields, the laboratories, the libraries, and the typewriters of scholars across the country, there is little question that the size of the Program budget and its usage affects the type and quality of research done by political scientists.

This article offers a public accounting to an interested clientele. In no way is it an officially sanctioned statement from NSF. It is a set of personal reflections with some analysis, parts of which my superiors at the Foundation find objectionable. Some of the arguments will not please important sectors of the discipline's intellectual and political leadership as well. I offer it in hopes of stimulating reaction and change. It is limited to basic research support, primarily through the Political Science Program, and does not extend to support for applied research funded typically through RANN-NSF. Finally, the Foundation is effecting a major reorganization which may have far-reaching consequences for the Division of Social Science of which the Program is a part; thus what is said here is subject to change over the next few years.
Trade in Services: Removing Barriers
Authors: Spero Joan Edelman
Published: September 2013

The meeting of the ministers of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in Geneva last November produced a little-noted but significant accomplishment. In the final hours of difficult, and at times acrimonious, debate, the ministers agreed to initiate a study on international trade in services–industries such as banking, insurance, communications, data processing, engineering and shipping. In the text of the final communique, GATT's contracting parties agreed to:

• Recommend that each contracting party undertake a national examination of service sector issues;

• Invite contracting parties to exchange this information among themselves and through international organizations, such as the GATT, on as uniform a basis as possible; and

• Review the information at their 1984 session to determine whether a multilateral framework on services is desirable, and, if so, how to proceed.

Although a modest step, the accord marks an economic milestone, for it is the first time that GATT's contracting parties have agreed to examine trade in services with the possibility of expanding international trade rules to cover services as well as goods.