bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Montmorillonite Clay Catalyzed Three Component, One‐Pot Synthesis of 5‐Hydroxyindole Derivatives.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Reddy P. Sivaramakrishna , Reddy Y. Jayasudhan , Bhaskar N. , Reddy B. Chandra Obula
Published: February 2014

The synthesis of a variety of 5‐hydroxyindole derivatives is achieved via the Nenitzescu reaction using montmorillonite clay as simple, cost‐effective and recyclable catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroannulation of Arynes with N‐Aryl‐α‐aminoketones for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical N‐Aryl‐2,3‐disubstituted Indoles: An Aryne Twist of Bischler—Moehlau Indole Synthesis.
Authors: Bunescu Ala , Piemontesi Cyril , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: February 2014

The title reaction allows for the first time a one‐step synthesis of unsymmetrical 2,3‐dialkyl substituted indoles in a regioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐Methyl‐α‐indol‐2‐yl‐β‐aryl/alkyl Acrylates: Easy Access to Substituted Carbazoles, γ‐Carbolines and Prenostodione.
Authors: Biswas Soumen , Jaiswal Pradeep Kumar , Singh Shivendra , Mobin Shaikh M. , Samanta Sampak
Published: February 2014

The condensation of indolylacetate (I) with aromatic aldehydes (II) gives rise to (E)‐acrylates (III), which are used as starting compounds in the synthesis of prenostodione (VII), carbazoles (V), and γ‐carbolines (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1‐Diamino‐2‐nitroethylenes as Excellent Hydrogen Bond Donor Organocatalysts in the Michael Addition of Carbon‐Based Nucleophiles to β‐Nitrostyrenes.
Authors: da Silva Rodrigo C. , da Silva Gustavo P. , Sangi Diego P. , de M. Pontes Joao G. , Ferreira Antonio G. , Correa Arlene G. , Paixao Marcio W.
Published: February 2014

The application of the title catalysts is presented in the Michael—addition of several functionalized nucleophiles to β—nitrostyrenes under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Base Catalyzed Asymmetric Substitution/Diels—Alder Cascade Reaction: A Rapid and Efficient Construction of Enantioenriched Diverse Tricyclic Heterocycles.
Authors: Zou Gong‐Feng , Pan Feng , Liao Wei‐Wei
Published: February 2014

A novel approach to construct diverse enantioenriched tricyclic heterocycles is developed using a hitherto not described asymmetric, organocatalytic allylic substitution/Diels—Alder cascade sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzimidazoles from 2‐Iodoanilines and Amides.
Authors: Yuan Hua , Chen Yongxin , Song Jinli , Chen Chunxia , Chen Baohua
Published: February 2014

The novel method allows the synthesis of benzimidazoles in short reaction times and shows good functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Trisubstituted Oxazoles via Chemoselective O‐Acylations and Intramolecular Wittig Reactions.
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Ling , Fan Yu‐Shiou , Lee Chia‐Jui , Huang Chan‐Hui , Das Utpal , Lin Wenwei
Published: February 2014

A general procedure for the synthesis of highly substituted oxazoles (III), (V)/(VI), and (VIII) from acyl imines (I) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Racemic 3,4‐cis and 3,4‐trans Isomers of Isoxazolidine‐4,5‐diols and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Fischer Robert , Stanko Boris , Pronayova Nadezda
Published: February 2014

This is a study on the dihydroxylation of 2,3‐dihydroisoxazoles towards the title compounds, e.g. (II) and (III), as well as their derivatization by protection and substitution reactions (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted One Pot Green Synthesis of Novel Isoxazoline Derivatives Using N‐Methyl‐α‐chloro Nitrone and Their Antibacterial Activities.
Authors: Chakraborty Bhaskar , Sharma Prawin Kumar , Samanta Amalesh
Published: February 2014

The title compounds are obtained as diastereomeric mixture in a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrone (I) with different alkynes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Both Kinetically and Thermodynamically Controlled Diastereomeric Pairs of Bis‐Isoxazolidines from Dibenzylideneacetone: Their Reactivity and Biological Activity.
Authors: Bhattacharyya Bhaswati , Kundu Arijit , Dhara Kaliprasanna , Guchhait Nikhil , Pal Bijan K. , Hazra Sudipta , Debnath Sukalyani , Hazra Banasri , Patra Amarendra
Published: February 2014

New compounds (V) and (VI) are screened for their anticancer and antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of 5‐Trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazolines and Their N‐Oxides by [Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene‐Mediated Oxidative N—O Coupling.
Authors: Kawai Hiroyuki , Okusu Satoshi , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shibata Norio
Published: February 2014

The synthesis of the previously unknown title compounds offers an alternative way to prepare antiparasitic 5‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazolines (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Study of Benzothiazole Conjugates in the Control of Cell Proliferation by Modulating Ras/MEK/ERK‐Dependent Pathway in MCF‐7 Cells.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Faazil Shaikh , Ramaiah M. Janaki , Ashraf Md. , Balakrishna M. , Pushpavalli S. N. C. V. L. , Patel Nibedita , Pal‐Bhadra Manika
Published: February 2014

Some of the new compounds (III) (18 examples) exhibit significant cytotoxic effects in MCF‐7 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ligand Free Copper(II) Catalyst is as Effective as a Ligand Assisted Pd(II) Catalyst Towards Intramolecular C—S Bond Formation via C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Banerjee Arghya , Santra Sourav Kumar , Rout Saroj Kumar , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: February 2014

The ligand free Cu(II) catalyzed oxidative cyclization of in situ formed arylthioureas is equally effective for both electron donating as well as electron withdrawing groups in the aryl ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Access to Triazole‐Olefins Through Catalytic Cycloaddition of Azides to Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Li Wenjun , Jia Qianfa , Du Zhiyun , Wang Jian
Published: February 2014

An organocatalytic inverse‐electron‐demand 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition is presented yielding substituted triazoles from unsaturated aldehydes and azides with a high level of regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Solvent and Catalyst Free Synthesis of 2H‐Pyrans
Authors: Edayadulla Naushad , Lee Yong Rok
Published: February 2014

via a domino Knoevenagel/6π‐electrocyclization
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 4,5,6a,7‐Tetrahydrodibenzo[de,g]chromene Heterocycles and Their Transformation to Phenanthrene Alkaloids.
Authors: Kapadia Nirav , Harding Wayne
Published: February 2014

A microwave assisted and Pd‐catalyzed oxa‐Pictet Spengler reaction is developed to synthesize tetracyclic isochromane derivatives (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Re‐Cyclization of 3‐(E)‐Methyl 3‐(4‐Oxo‐4H‐chromen‐3‐yl)acrylate with Amines and Their Potential Mechanism.
Authors: Zhang Yikai , Lv Zhiliang , Zhang Mingfeng , Li Ke
Published: February 2014

Potassium carbonate promoted reaction of chromen‐3‐yl acrylates (I) and (IV) with primary amines results in an interesting ring opening/ring closing process to give pyridones in varying yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Guanidinium Salts and Other Ionic Liquids on the Three‐Component Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Mert‐Balci Fadime , Imrich Hans‐Georg , Conrad Juergen , Beifuss Uwe
Published: February 2014

Three‐component reactions of aniline, benzaldehyde, and dienophiles can be promoted by ionic liquids like imidazolium salts and guanidinium salts under thermal as well as microwave conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Protecting Group Directed Cyclization: Asymmetric Synthesis of Both cis‐ and trans‐Dihydrexidine from a Common Precursor.
Authors: Malhotra Rajesh , Chakrabarti Sagar , Dey Tushar K. , Dutta Swarup , Alapati Krishna Babu , Dutta Shantanu , Roy Subho , Basu Sourav , Hajra Saumen
Published: February 2014

For the first time a divergent and scalable synthesis of the dimethyl ethers (II) and (VI) of the title compounds is described starting from L‐serine derived materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Addition of Organozinc Reagents to 2‐Oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates Activated by BF3·OEt2: Synthesis of 2‐Oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates.
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Chopra Rakesh
Published: February 2014

The C—4 position of these compounds has an important influence on their calcium channel blocking activity.
ChemInform Abstract: New Pyrimidine Derivatives Possessing ALK Inhibitory Activities.
Authors: Kim Hyoung Rae , et al. et al.
Published: February 2014

A variety of new pyrimidine derivatives such as (V) and (X) are designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitory activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Macrocycles by Tandem Multicomponent Reactions and Intramolecular Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Niu Teng‐fei , Sun Mu , Lv Mei‐fang , Yi Wen‐bin , Cai Chun
Published: February 2014

An efficient strategy is elaborated for the preparation of 15‐membered macrocycles (VII) starting from readily available precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the 3‐Piperazine‐bisbenzoxaboroles and Their Boronic Acid Analogues.
Authors: Adamczyk‐Wozniak Agnieszka , Borys Krzysztof M. , Madura Izabela D. , Michalek Stanislaw , Pawelko Alicja
Published: February 2014

A convenient synthesis of biologically active 3‐piperazine‐bisbenzoxaboroles from ortho‐formyl substituted phenylboronic acids (I) is developed and the reductive cleavage to bisboronic acids (IV) is shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Controlled Remarkable Regio‐ and Stereodivergence in Intermolecular Hydrosilylation of Internal Alkynes: Experimental and Theoretical Studies.
Authors: Ding Shengtao , Song Li‐Juan , Chung Lung Wa , Zhang Xinhao , Sun Jianwei , Wu Yun‐Dong
Published: February 2014

By a simple variation of the ligands in the ruthenium catalysts an unprecedented switching of product regio‐ and stereoselectivity is observed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Synthesis of α‐Keto (Cyanomethylene)triphenylphosphorane Ylides from Alkyl Halides Utilizing a Noble Phenylsulfonyl Reagent.
Authors: Lee Kieseung , Hwang Chan‐Yeon
Published: February 2014

A new synthetic approach to the title ylides (IV) is developed utilizing the alkylation of the novel, noble phenylsulfonyl compound (I) with alkyl halides as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Clerodendrumic Acid, a New Triterpenoid from Clerodendrum glabrum (Verbenaceae), and Antimicrobial Activities of Fractions and Constituents
Authors: Masevhe Ndivhaleni A. , Awouafack Maurice D. , Ahmed Aroke S. , McGaw Lyndy J. , Eloff Jacobus N.
Published: February 2014

isolation, characterization, antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (1′S,2′R)‐ and (1′R,2′S)‐2S‐Amino‐3‐(2′‐aminomethyl‐cyclopropyl)propionic Acid: Two E‐Diastereoisomers of 4,5‐Methano‐L‐lysine.
Authors: Altamore Timothy M. , Nguyen Oanh T. K. , Churches Quentin I. , Cavanagh Kate , Nguyen Xuan T. T. , Duggan Sandhya A. M. , Krippner Guy Y. , Duggan Peter J.
Published: February 2014

The zinc‐mediated cyclopropanation of E‐allylic alcohol (II) is the key step in the synthesis of methano‐L‐lysine derivatives (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Protected Sulfonopeptides from N‐Protected 2‐Aminoalkyl Xanthates and Thioacetates.
Authors: Kakaei Saeed , Xu Jiaxi
Published: February 2014

An efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of protected sulfonopeptides via NCS oxidative chlorination of N‐protected 2‐aminoalkyl xanthates or thioacetates to the corresponding sulfonyl chlorides followed by aminolysis with amino esters is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Assays of 9‐(Acylamino)homocamptothecins as DNA Topoisomerase I Inhibitors.
Authors: Zhang Wannian , et al. et al.
Published: February 2014

Novel homocamptothecin analogs with acylamino groups at C‐9 (III) are synthesized and screened for their cytotoxic activities against three cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiaplakortones A—D: Antimalarial Thiazine Alkaloids from the Australian Marine Sponge Plakortis lita
Authors: Davis Rohan A. , Duffy Sandra , Flechter Sabine , Avery Vicky M. , Quinn Ronald J.
Published: February 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of thiaplakortones A (I), B (II), C (III), and D (IV)
ChemInform Abstract: Identification of Six New Minor Diarylheptanoids from the Seeds of Alpinia katsumadai
Authors: Nam Joo‐Won , Seo Eun‐Kyoung
Published: February 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of katsumains D—G (I)—(III) and two new alpinikatin derivatives (IV)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Cavicularin by a Symmetrization/Asymmetrization Approach.
Authors: Takiguchi Hiromu , Ohmori Ken , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: February 2014

The first asymmetric total synthesis of the title compound is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural‐Product‐Based Insecticidal Agents. Part 14. Semisynthesis and Insecticidal Activity of New Piperine‐Based Hydrazone Derivatives Against Mythimna separata Walker in vivo.
Authors: Qu Huan , Yu Xiang , Zhi Xiaoyan , Lv Min , Xu Hui
Published: February 2014

The insecticidal activity of new piperine‐based hydrazine derivatives (III), (V)/(VI) is evaluated against pre‐third‐instar larvae of Mythimna separata Walker in vivo.
ChemInform Abstract: The Cytotoxicity of 8‐O‐4′ Neolignans from the Seeds of Crataegus pinnatifida.
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Xiao , Zhou Chen‐Chen , Li Ling‐Zhi , Li Fei‐Fei , Lou Li‐Li , Li Dian‐Ming , Ikejima Takshi , Peng Ying , Song Shao‐Jiang
Published: February 2014

Nine new neolignans, pinnatifidanin B I‐IX, are isolated together with 9 known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: New Nemadectin Congeners with Acaricidal and Nematocidal Activity from Streptomyces microflavus Neau3 Y‐3.
Authors: Yang Ling‐Yu , Wang Ji‐Dong , Zhang Ji , Xue Chang‐Yan , Zhang Hui , Wang Xiang‐Jing , Xiang Wen‐Sheng
Published: February 2014

Both new nemadectin congeners (I) and (II) exhibit potent acaricidal and nematodical activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Xanthone Derivatives from the Fermentation Products of an Endophytic Fungus of Phomopsis amygdali.
Authors: Hu Qiufen , Niu Deyun , Yang Shuai , Cao Hongyun , Meng Chunyang , Yang Haiyin , Gao Xuemei , Du Gang
Published: February 2014

2 New xanthones (I) and (II) are isolated from the fermentation products of a Phomopsis fungus along with 4 known xanthones.
ChemInform Abstract: First Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Dysibetaine CPa and Absolute Configurations of Natural Product
Authors: Sakai Michihiro , Ishikawa Yuichi , Takamizawa Satoshi , Oikawa Masato
Published: February 2014

the absolute configuration of the natural product dysibetaine (I) is determined as (3R,4R)
ChemInform Abstract: Hollow and Solid Metallic Nanoparticles in Sensing and in Nanocatalysis
Authors: Mahmoud Mahmoud A. , O'Neil Daniel , El‐Sayed Mostafa A.
Published: February 2014

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Ultrasmall Nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Byung Hyo , Hackett Michael J. , Park Jongnam , Hyeon Taeghwan
Published: February 2014

Review: 172 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoscale Ionic Materials
Authors: Fernandes Nikhil J. , Wallin Thomas J. , Vaia Richard A. , Koerner Hilmar , Giannelis Emmanuel P.
Published: February 2014

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hierarchical SnO2 Nanostructures: Recent Advances in Design, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Wang Hongkang , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: February 2014

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Postsynthetic Doping Control of Nanocrystal Thin Films: Balancing Space Charge to Improve Photovoltaic Efficiency
Authors: Engel Jesse H. , Alivisatos A. Paul
Published: February 2014

Review: 153 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Low Dimensional Carbon Materials for Applications in Mass and Energy Transport
Authors: Wang Qing Hua , Bellisario Darin O. , Drahushuk Lee W. , Jain Rishabh M. , Kruss Sebastian , Landry Markita P. , Mahajan Sayalee G. , Shimizu Steven F. E. , Ulissi Zachary W. , Strano Michael S.
Published: February 2014

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metals on Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Surfaces: From Mobile Atoms to Atomtronics to Bulk Metals to Clusters and Catalysts
Authors: Sarkar Santanu , Moser Matthew L. , Tian Xiaojuan , Zhang Xixiang , Al‐Hadeethi Yas Fadel , Haddon Robert C.
Published: February 2014

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Aerogels and Monoliths: Control of Porosity and Nanoarchitecture via Sol—Gel routes
Authors: Antonietti Markus , Fechler Nina , Fellinger Tim‐Patrick
Published: February 2014

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Redox‐Neutral Approach to C—H Functionalization
Authors: Peng Bo , Maulide Nuno
Published: February 2014

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Coupling Reactions Involving Metal Carbene: From C=C/C—C Bond Formation to C—H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Liu Zhenxing , Wang Jianbo
Published: February 2014

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—C and C—Heteroatom Bond Formation Reactions: In situ Generated or Preformed Catalysts? Complicated Mechanistic Picture Behind Well‐Known Experimental Procedures.
Authors: Kashin Alexey S. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: February 2014

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry and Utility of Hexafluoroisobutylene (HFIB) and Hexafluoroisobutylene Oxide (HFIBO)
Authors: Murphy Peter M.
Published: February 2014

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Diphenylmethyl Ethers
Authors: Thornton Megan T. , Henderson Luke C.
Published: February 2014

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Heterocycles via Alkyne Cycloadditions Catalyzed by Cyclopentadienylruthenium‐Type Complexes
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko
Published: February 2014

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fenestranes in Synthesis: Unique and Highly Inspiring Scaffolds
Authors: Boudhar Aicha , Charpenay Melanie , Blond Gaelle , Suffert Jean
Published: February 2014

Review: [125 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemistry of Pyrrole‐Based π‐Conjugated Molecules
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: February 2014

Review: 86+ refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Aerobic Molecular Transformation of Imine and Enamine Derivatives for Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke
Published: February 2014

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides Catalyzed by Gold/Manganese Oxides
Authors: Taketoshi Ayako , Concepcion Patricia , Garcia Hermenegildo , Corma Avelino , Haruta Masatake
Published: February 2014

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed sp2 C—H Hydroxylation with TFA/TFAA via Weak Coordinations
Authors: Rao Yu
Published: February 2014

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Induced Photoredox Catalysis: An Easy Access to Green Radical Chemistry
Authors: Koike Takashi , Akita Munetaka
Published: February 2014

Review: <100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Conjugation via CuAAC ′Click′ Chemistry
Authors: Ahmad Fuaad Abdullah A. H. , Azmi Fazren , Skwarczynski Mariusz , Toth Istvan
Published: February 2014

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Confusing Quantitative Descriptions of Broensted—Lowry Acid—Base Equilibria in Chemistry Textbooks — A Critical Review and Clarifications for Chemical Educators
Authors: Meister Erich C. , Willeke Martin , Angst Werner , Togni Antonio , Walde Peter
Published: February 2014

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereodynamic Properties of Medium‐Ring Benzo‐Fused Nitrogenous Heterocycles: Benzodiazepines, Benzazepines, Benzazocines, and Benzazonines
Authors: Ramig Keith
Published: February 2014

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tissue Transglutaminase: An Emerging Target for Therapy and Imaging
Authors: Pietsch Markus , Wodtke Robert , Pietzsch Jens , Loeser Reik
Published: February 2014

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modulation of Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis as a Method for Increasing Energy Expenditure.
Authors: Sammons Matthew F. , Price David A.
Published: February 2014

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquisolid Technology: A Review
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Bala Rajni , Arora Sandeep
Published: February 2014

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of Experimental Procedures for Heavy Oil Hydrocracking with Dispersed Catalyst
Authors: Angeles M. J. , Leyva C. , Ancheyta J. , Ramirez S.
Published: February 2014

Review: 149 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Health Protective Effects of Carotenoids and Their Interactions with Other Biological Antioxidants
Authors: Jomova Klaudia , Valko Marian
Published: February 2014

Review: 71 refs.
Development and Investigation of the Production of Branched Oleo Derivatives in Miniplant Scale
Authors: Behr Arno , Witte Henning , Kämper Alexander , Haßelberg Jennifer , Nickel Martin
Published: February 2014

Verzweigte Oleochemikalien unterscheiden sich in ihren physikochemischen Eigenschaften deutlich von Ihren geradkettigen Homologen, woraus sich ein gesteigertes industrielles Interesse an dieser Stoffklasse ergibt. Innerhalb der vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde ein homogenkatalysiertes Verfahren zur Herstellung verzweigter Oleochemikalien mittels Tandemreaktion linolhaltiger Fettsäurederivate und Ethen weiterentwickelt. In den Miniplant‐Versuchen konnte der Katalysator mithilfe eines temperaturgesteuerten Mehrkomponenten‐Lösungsmittelsystems über eine Versuchsdauer von 100 h erfolgreich recycelt werden.
Single‐Molecule Studies on the Label Number Distribution of Fluorescent Markers
Authors: Grußmayer Kristin S. , Kurz Anton , Herten Dirk‐Peter
Published: February 2014

Over the past decade, a vast variety of different fluorescent labeling systems have emerged for use in fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence‐based analytical techniques. A difficulty frequently arising when quantifying fluorescently labeled samples is that the number of labels per protein is neither well defined, for example, due to multiple functional groups that can undergo covalent coupling with activated dyes, nor well known, for example, due to limited methods mostly estimating ensemble averages. Herein, we use a recently established method that evaluates the statistics of multiple photon detection events to measure the label number distribution of different fluorescent marker molecules at the single‐molecule level. We tested five different far‐red dyes frequently used for fluorescence labeling and found all of them suitable for our counting method. We used two dyes, ATTO647N and Alexa647, to investigate the label number distribution of fluorescently labeled proteins. In the experiments, we found that the label number distribution of antibodies and streptavidin has a significant fraction of molecules labeled with two, three, or more fluorophores. In contrast, the distribution of label numbers for nanobodies resembles the one acquired for SNAP‐tag, which can have a maximum of one label per protein. This is also reflected in the ensemble degree of labeling, which is in good agreement for the latter samples, whereas stronger deviations were observed for antibodies and streptavidin. Our single‐molecule studies enable full characterization of the label number distribution for various fluorescent markers. This work puts quantitative studies on the stoichiometry of fluorescently tagged oligomers and protein aggregates into perspective.
Geometrical Isomerism of RuII Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Sensitizers and Effects on Photophysical Properties and Device Performances
Authors: Hu Fa‐Chun , Wang Sheng‐Wei , Chi Yun , Robertson Neil , Hewat Tracy , Hu Yue , Liu Shih‐Hung , Chou Pi‐Tai , Yang Po‐Fan , Lin Hao‐Wu
Published: February 2014

To supplement our study on thiocyanate‐free ruthenium sensitizers (TFRS) for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which belong to a class of RuII‐based complexes coordinated by a single 4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid‐2,2′‐bipyridine and two symmetrically arranged functionalized trans‐azolate chelates, we carefully isolated and characterized the second and less‐abundant stereoisomer, in which the two pyridyl azolate ancillaries are asymetrically cis‐arranged to each other. Two distinctive ancillaries, namely: 5‐[4‐(5‐hexyl‐2‐thienyl)‐2‐pyridinyl]‐3‐trifluoromethyl pyrazole and 5‐(6‐tert‐butyl‐1‐isoquinolinyl)‐3‐trifluoromethyl pyrazole, were employed in this study, giving a total of four sensitizers, that is, thienyl substituted TFRS‐2 a and 2 b, and isoquinolinyl substituted TFRS‐52 a and 52 b, in which the suffix b indicates the cis‐stereoisomers. To gain insight into their fundamental properties their photophysical, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical behavior was investigated by density functional theory. Upon comparison of the correspondingly fabricated DSSCs, the sensitizers TFRS‐2 a and 52 a yielded significantly higher conversion efficiencies than their asymmetrical cis‐counterparts, TFRS‐2 b and 52 b. To rationalize the cell performances charge extraction/photovoltage decay and impedance spectroscopic measurements were carried out to compare the rates of interfacial electron recombination from the TiO2 conduction band to the electrolyte.
Discontinuous Thermal Diffusivity Change due to the Anchoring Transition of a Liquid Crystal on a Perfluoropolymer Surface
Authors: Uehara Michiru , Aya Satoshi , Araoka Fumito , Ishikawa Ken , Takezoe Hideo , Morikawa Junko
Published: February 2014

Thermal diffusivity of a liquid crystal, 4′‐butyl‐4‐heptyl‐bicyclohexyl‐4‐carbonitrile, was measured using a temperature wave method. The liquid crystal was sandwiched by two glass substrates, which were treated with three different surface agents for providing distinct molecular orientations. Here, we demonstrate that: 1) a large thermal diffusivity anisotropy arising from different orientations, that is, planar and homeotropic states, was found in the nematic and smectic A phases; 2) when substrates were coated with a perfluoropolymer, abrupt changes of the thermal diffusivity were observed in the nematic phase both on cooling and heating due to the discontinuous anchoring transition between planar and homeotropic states. The temperature dependence of the thermal diffusivity anisotropy was well described by a power law, with an exponent of 0.27 according to the mean‐field theory.
Influence of Spiral Framework on Nonlinear Optical Materials
Authors: Hu Yang‐Yang , Sun Shi‐Ling , Tian Wen‐Tao , Tian Wei Quan , Xu Hong‐Liang , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: February 2014

A series of spiral donor–π–acceptor frameworks (i.e. 2–2, 3–3, 4–4, and 5–5) based on 4‐nitrophenyldiphenylamine with π‐conjugated linear acenes (naphthalenes, anthracenes, tetracenes, and pentacenes) serving as the electron donor and nitro (NO2) groups serving as the electron acceptor were designed to investigate the relationships between the nonlinear optical (NLO) responses and the spirality in the frameworks. A parameter denoted as D was defined to describe the extent of the spiral framework. The D value reached its maximum if the number of NO2 groups was equal to the number of fused benzene rings contained in the linear acene. A longer 4‐nitrophenyldiphenylamine chain led to a larger D value and, further, to a larger first hyperpolarizability. Different from traditional NLO materials with charge transfer occurring in the one‐dimensional direction, charge transfer in 2–2, 3–3, 4–4, and 5–5 occur in three‐dimensional directions due to the attractive spiral frameworks, and this is of great importance in the design of NLO materials. The origin of such an enhancement in the NLO properties of these spiral frameworks was explained with the aid of molecular orbital analysis.
Direct Growth of NiCo2S4 Nanotube Arrays on Nickel Foam as High‐Performance Binder‐Free Electrodes for Supercapacitors
Authors: Pu Jun , Wang Tingting , Wang Haiyang , Tong Yao , Lu Chenchen , Kong Wei , Wang Zhenghua
Published: February 2014

Arrays of NiCo2S4 nanotubes on nickel foam were prepared by means of a two‐step method, and were directly applied as a binder‐free supercapacitor electrode. Such a binder‐free method enables intimate contact between the current collector and the active materials, and can effectively improve ion and charge transportation. As a result, the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors can be improved. The as‐prepared NiCo2S4 nanotubes/Ni foam electrode shows a high specific capacitance (738 F g−1 at 4 A g−1), excellent rate capability (78 % capacitance retention at 32 A g−1), and good cycling stability (retention capacity of 93.4 % after 4000 cycles), which suggests its promising application for electrochemical capacitors.
Antagonism of mTOR Activity by a Kinetically Inert Rhodium(III) Complex
Authors: Zhong Hai‐Jing , Leung Ka‐Ho , Liu Li‐Juan , Lu Lihua , Chan Daniel Shiu‐Hin , Leung Chung‐Hang , Ma Dik‐Lung
Published: February 2014

Kinetically inert Group 9 metal complexes have found emerging use as inhibitors of protein kinases or as modulators of protein–protein interactions. A series of cyclometalated rhodium(III) and iridium(III) complexes was investigated as inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Cell‐free and cell‐based experiments revealed rhodium(III) complex 1 to be a potent mTOR inhibitor (IC50=0.01 μM in the cell‐free system), with potency comparable to that of rapamycin. The inhibition by complex 1 was found to be dependent on FK506‐binding protein 12 (FKBP12), which suggests that complex 1 may behave as a modulator of the mTOR–FKBP12 interaction. Preliminary structure–activity relationships indicated that the donor ligand and the nature of the metal center are important determinants for mTOR inhibitory activity. Rhodium(III) complex 1 represents the first metal‐based inhibitor of mTOR activity, and demonstrates the potential of kinetically inert Group 9 complexes as protein–protein interaction modulators.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded in Activated Carbons Prepared from Hydrothermally Treated Waste Biomass
Authors: Hao Wenming , Björkman Eva , Yun Yifeng , Lilliestråle Malte , Hedin Niklas
Published: February 2014

Particles of iron oxide (Fe3O4; 20–40 nm) were embedded within activated carbons during the activation of hydrothermally carbonized (HTC) biomasses in a flow of CO2. Four different HTC biomass samples (horse manure, grass cuttings, beer production waste, and biosludge) were used as precursors for the activated carbons. Nanoparticles of iron oxide formed from iron catalyst included in the HTC biomasses. After systematic optimization, the activated carbons had specific surface areas of about 800 m2 g−1. The pore size distributions of the activated carbons depended strongly on the degree of carbonization of the precursors. Activated carbons prepared from highly carbonized precursors had mainly micropores, whereas those prepared from less carbonized precursors contained mainly mesopores. Given the strong magnetism of the activated carbon–nano‐Fe3O4 composites, they could be particularly useful for water purification.
A class of rational coefficients biorthogonal Hilbert‐pairs
Authors: Tay David B. H. , Murugesan Selvaraaju
Published: February 2014

Two filter banks whose corresponding wavelets are related via the Hilbert transform are said to form a Hilbert‐pair. A simple technique for designing biorthogonal Hilbert‐pairs is the common‐factor technique. The technique yields approximately linear‐phase filters but with irrational coefficients in general. This paper proposes a technique to rationalize the coefficients while preserving the perfect reconstruction and vanishing moment properties of the filters. The rational coefficient filters can be implemented efficiently without any multipliers using simple shifts and adds. The characteristic and analytic qualities of the rationalized filters are comparable with that of the original irrational filters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SWIFT—scalable clustering for automated identification of rare cell populations in large, high‐dimensional flow cytometry datasets, Part 1: Algorithm design
Authors: Naim Iftekhar , Datta Suprakash , Rebhahn Jonathan , Cavenaugh James S. , Mosmann Tim R. , Sharma Gaurav
Published: February 2014

We present a model‐based clustering method, SWIFT (Scalable Weighted Iterative Flow‐clustering Technique), for digesting high‐dimensional large‐sized datasets obtained via modern flow cytometry into more compact representations that are well‐suited for further automated or manual analysis. Key attributes of the method include the following: (a) the analysis is conducted in the multidimensional space retaining the semantics of the data, (b) an iterative weighted sampling procedure is utilized to maintain modest computational complexity and to retain discrimination of extremely small subpopulations (hundreds of cells from datasets containing tens of millions), and (c) a splitting and merging procedure is incorporated in the algorithm to preserve distinguishability between biologically distinct populations, while still providing a significant compaction relative to the original data. This article presents a detailed algorithmic description of SWIFT, outlining the application‐driven motivations for the different design choices, a discussion of computational complexity of the different steps, and results obtained with SWIFT for synthetic data and relatively simple experimental data that allow validation of the desirable attributes. A companion paper (Part 2) highlights the use of SWIFT, in combination with additional computational tools, for more challenging biological problems. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Neues Mörtelsystem für Dünnbettmauerwerk – “Mörtelband“
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Graubohm Markus
Published: February 2014

Vorgestellt wird eine Neuentwicklung im Bereich der Dünnbettmörtel. Es handelt sich hierbei um ein Mörtelband, das im trockenen Zustand auf die Lagerfugenfläche von Planhochlochziegeln aufgelegt und im Anschluss mit einer festgelegten Menge Wasser aktiviert wird. Das Mörtelband besteht aus einem Glasfasergewebe und Trockenmörtel, welcher durch einen wasserlöslichen Schmelzkleber zusammengehalten wird. Das in die Mörtelplatten eingelegte Gewebe dient dabei lediglich einer erhöhten Stabilität der Mörtelplatten beim Vermauern. In diesem Artikel werden zunächst die im Rahmen des Zulassungsverfahrens durchgeführten Untersuchungen beschrieben. Weiterhin wird die Vorgehensweise bei einer Zustimmung im Einzelfall anhand eines Praxisbeispiels aufgezeigt, bei dem das Mörtelband bereits zum Einsatz gekommen ist.

New mortar system for thin layer mortar masonry – “mortar pad”. A new development in the field of thin layer mortars is presented. This is a mortar pad which is placed in the dry state on the bed joint area of high precision hollow clay units and which is subsequently activated with a defined amount of water. The mortar pad consists of a fibre glass reinforcement and dry mortar which is kept together by a water‐soluble hot melt adhesive. The fabric placed in the mortar pads only serves to increase the stability of the mortar pads while laying on the units. In this paper, at first the examinations carried out within the framework of the approval procedure are described. Moreover, it is shown how an approval in the individual case is obtained using a practical example where the mortar pad has already been used.
Parkhaus Jahrhunderthalle Bochum – eine perforierte Mauerwerksfassade für den Industriepark West
Authors: Prengel Jon , Andres Matthias , Medzech Jürgen
Published: February 2014

Aufgrund seiner geringen baulichen Höhe fügt sich das neue Parkhaus wie selbstverständlich in die Umgebung ein und führt das Westpark Konzept des “Grünen Rahmens“ sinnvoll weiter. Das Gebäude ist parallel zur ThyssenKrupp‐Halle ausgerichtet: Nach Osten, Süden und Westen zeigt es ein städtisches Gesicht mit einer perforierten Fassade aus schwarz‐grau‐roten Kohlebrandziegeln, im Norden geht die begrünte Dachlandschaft symbolisch in die Böschung der Auffahrtsstraße über. Die für diesen Ort identitätsstiftenden Gebäude – das “Colosseum“, der Wasserturm und die Jahrhunderthalle – bleiben aus allen wichtigen Blickrichtungen unverstellt. Zwei getrennte Bewegungsabläufe für Autofahrer und Fußgänger ermöglichen eine schnelle Orientierung und kurze, sichere Wege innerhalb des Leitsystems.

Multi‐storey car park “Century hall” Bochum – a perforated masonry façade for the industrial area “Industriepark West”. The new multi‐storey car park integrates well and self‐understanding into the surrounding, because the height is quite small, and the architectural concept of Westpark, the so‐called “green frame” is fulfilled perfectly. The building is oriented parallel to the “Thyssen‐Krupp‐Hall”, means it faces to east, south and west as like the town itself showing a perforated façade consisting of black‐grey‐red sintered coal bricks, and to north the green roof scenery symbolically migrates to the acclivity of the driving ramp. The dominating buildings in this area – “Colosseum”, water tower and the century hall – are still visible from each viewing direction. Two separate moving systems allow a very simple orientation for car‐drivers and pedestrians as well and assure a short and safe moving within the guidance system.
Zustimmungsverfahren einer gelochten Parkhausfassade aus Klinkern
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Saenger Dorothea
Published: February 2014

Die Fassade des im Jahr 2013 neu erbauten Parkhauses Westpark an der Jahrhunderthalle in Bochum besteht aus einer gelochten, an einer Stahlkonstruktion rückverankerten Vorsatzschale aus Klinkern. Die offene Bauweise der Fassade erforderte eine Zustimmung im Einzelfall, da die Konstruktion nicht normgerecht ist. Anhand dieses Bauobjektes wird im Beitrag das Verfahren zur Erlangung einer Zustimmung im Einzelfall erläutert. Zum einen wird auf die durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen und die daraus abgeleiteten Materialkennwerte, die für die Bemessung der Fassade erforderlich waren, eingegangen. Zum anderen wird die Überwachung der Ausführungsqualität des Mauerwerks auf der Baustelle aufgezeigt.

Approval process of a perforated clinker car park façade. The façade of the in 2013 newly constructed car park Westpark at the Jahrhunderthalle in Bochum consists of a perforated facing made of clinkers, which is back‐anchored to a steel structure. The open design of the façade required an approval in individual cases, because of its non‐standard design. On the basis of this building project, the process for obtaining an approval in individual cases is explained in the article. On the one hand, the performed experimental studies and the derived material parameters, that were required for the design of the façade, are presented. On the other hand, the monitoring of the quality of execution of the masonry on site is shown.
From disaster to present day: the resiliency of masonry following September 11, 2001
Authors: Biggs David T.
Published: February 2014

Terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 in both New York City and Washington D.C. in the United States destroyed two 110‐story office towers and a third 47‐story office building at the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York and portions of the Pentagon in Washington D.C. All WTC buildings in the plaza area (Fig. 1, blue area) were destroyed that day as well.

The towers essentially had no masonry components. However, many of the surrounding buildings were impacted by the collapses but survived in some part, due to the masonry used in their construction. In Washington, the area of the masonry clad‐Pentagon damaged on September 11 had been partially strengthened prior to the attack and was subsequently rebuilt.

Over the past decade, New York has worked to rebuild the World Trade Center area. This paper provides an update and acknowledges the resiliency of the masonry buildings in the aftermath of a major disaster. Some of the 2013 photographs are taken from a different vantage point from the 2001 photographs due to the construction that has taken place.

Von der Katastrophe bis zum heutigen Tag: Die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Mauerwerk, veranschaulicht an den Auswirkungen der Terroranschläge des 11. September 2001. Die Terroranschläge des 11. September 2001 in New York City und Washington DC in den USA zerstörten zwei 110‐stöckige Bürotürme und ein drittes, 47‐stöckiges Bürogebäude am World Trade Center (WTC) in New York sowie Teile des Pentagons in Washington DC. Alle WTC‐Gebäude im Plaza‐Bereich (Bild 1, blau gekennzeichnet) wurden an diesem Tag ebenfalls zerstört.

Die Türme hatten im Wesentlichen keine Mauerwerk‐Komponenten. Allerdings blieben viele der umliegenden Gebäude, die von den Einstürzen betroffen waren, infolge des Mauerwerks in der Konstruktion teilweise erhalten. Die Mauerwerksverkleidung des Pentagons in Washington war vor den Angriffen des 11. September teilweise verstärkt worden und wurde danach wieder aufgebaut.

In den vergangenen zehn Jahren wurde in New York daran gearbeitet, den Bereich des World Trade Centers wieder aufzubauen. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt den derzeitigen Stand der Entwicklungen und bestätigt die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Mauerwerk bei dieser großen Katastrophe. Einige der Fotos aus dem Jahr 2013 wurden aufgrund der entstandenen Bauten aus einem anderen Blickwinkel aufgenommen als die Fotos von 2001.
Zum Eurocode 6 – Fragen und Antworten
Authors: Jäger Wolfram
Published: February 2014

Unter dieser Rubrik werden Fragen beantwortet, die bei der Einarbeitung in den EC 6 entstehen. Die Wiedergabe erfolgt in jedem Falle anonymisiert. Sofern es um Verständnisfragen und Hintergrundinformationen geht, werden sie von den Beiratsmitgliedern beantwortet. Handelt es sich um Auslegungsfragen, wird der zuständige NABau‐Ausschuss NA 005‐06‐01 AA “Mauerwerksbau“ (Sp CEN/TC 125, CEN/TC 250/SC 6) mit einbezogen.

Mit dem Leserforum zum EC 6 soll der Praxis die Einarbeitung in das neue Normenpaket mit seinen Nationalen Anhängen erleichtert werden. Auch Sie können als Leser gern von dieser Rubrik Gebrauch machen und Ihre Fragen stellen (mauerwerk@ernst‐und‐sohn.de).

Questions concerning the introduction of the EC 6. Under this heading questions are answered, arising from the application of EC 6. The questions are expressing anonymous in all cases. Provided that they concern the understanding and background information the answers will be given by members of the editorial board. If the questions are dealing with the interpretation of clauses of EC 6 the responsible code committee NA 005‐06‐01 AA “Masonry construction” (Sp CEN/TC 125, CEN/TC 250/SC 6) will be involved.

The practice should get help for the adjustment in the EC 6 and its National Annexes with this new category of contributions. The readers are invited to avail oneself of this chance very active (mauerwerk@ernst‐und‐sohn.de).

Die nachfolgenden Fragen und Antworten beziehen sich auf den Teil 1‐1 [1] sowie Teil 3 [3] von DIN EN 1996 zusammen mit dem zugehörigen Nationalen Anhang [2].
Aspiration cytology of mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall: A case report and literature review
Authors: Taweevisit Mana , Trinavarat Panruethai , Thorner Paul Scott
Published: February 2014

Mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall is a rare tumor‐like lesion of infancy and childhood. The few available descriptions of the findings on fine needle aspiration list spindle‐shaped cells and cartilage or chondromyxoid material as essential features for this diagnosis. An aggressive appearance on imaging studies and a lack of familiarity with this lesion, can lead the pathologist to misdiagnose the cytologic findings as malignancy. We reported a 5‐month‐old male presenting with a mass of the right chest wall progressively for 2 months. Radiologic studies showed a mixed solid and cystic mass originating from the third, fourth and fifth ribs, and a diagnosis of malignancy was favored. Fine needle aspiration recovered only spindle‐shaped cells and a few multinucleated giant cells of osteoclast type. After a review of the imaging, a diagnosis of mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall was raised. This diagnosis was confirmed by pathologic examination of the subsequently resected mass. This is the sixth report of a mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. This case illustrates that this diagnosis can be suspected in the absence of cartilage or chondromyxoid material, given appropriate clinical and radiologic findings. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:890–894. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Timing and mechanism of the initial cue establishing handed left–right asymmetry in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos
Authors: Schonegg Stephanie , Hyman Anthony A. , Wood William B.
Published: February 2014

By the six‐cell stage, embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans are morphologically L–R asymmetric with an invariant handedness that persists throughout development. We used intracellular markers to ask whether breaking of L–R symmetry could be observed at earlier stages. Observation of two‐ to three‐cell embryos carrying intracellular markers indicated that L–R symmetry is broken concomitantly with establishment of D–V axis polarity during division of the anterior AB cell. The AB cleavage furrow initiates asymmetrically and always from the left, suggesting L–R differences in the AB cell cortex. An invariantly handed cortical rotation observed earlier during first cleavage implies that the one‐cell embryo has an intrinsic chirality. We propose that L–R differences in the cortex could result from mechanical forces on asymmetric components of a chiral cortical network during the off‐axis elongation of the AB‐cell spindle prior to AB cleavage. genesis 52:572–580, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct visualization of membrane architecture of myelinating cells in transgenic mice expressing membrane‐anchored EGFP
Authors: Deng Yaqi , Kim BongWoo , He Xuelian , Kim Sunja , Lu Changqing , Wang Haibo , Cho Ssang‐Goo , Hou Yiping , Li Jianrong , Zhao Xianghui , Richard Lu Q.
Published: February 2014

Myelinogenesis is a complex process that involves substantial and dynamic changes in plasma membrane architecture and myelin interaction with axons. Highly ramified processes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) make axonal contact and then extrapolate to wrap around axons and form multilayer compact myelin sheathes. Currently, the mechanisms governing myelin sheath assembly and axon selection by myelinating cells are not fully understood. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse line expressing the membrane‐anchored green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) in myelinating cells, which allow live imaging of details of myelinogenesis and cellular behaviors in the nervous systems. mEGFP expression is driven by the promoter of 2'‐3'‐cyclic nucleotide 3'‐phosphodiesterase (CNP) that is expressed in the myelinating cell lineage. Robust mEGFP signals appear in the membrane processes of oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), wherein mEGFP expression defines the inner layers of myelin sheaths and Schmidt‐Lanterman incisures in adult sciatic nerves. In addition, mEGFP expression can be used to track the extent of remyelination after demyelinating injury in a toxin‐induced demyelination animal model. Taken together, the membrane‐anchored mEGFP expression in the new transgenic line would facilitate direct visualization of dynamic myelin membrane formation and assembly during development and process remodeling during remyelination after various demyelinating injuries. genesis 52:341–349, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.