bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics study of a heaving point absorber in various waves using wave tank and calm-water models
Authors: Soleimani Kaveh , Ketabdari Mohammad Javad , Gharechae Ataollah
Published: March 2023

In this research, the influence of wave parameters on the response of a tuned point absorber was evaluated using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) wave tank and calm-water models. In the first model, the device response was obtained under the effect of waves generated by a wavemaker. In the calm-water model, the added mass and hydrodynamic damping coefficients of the device were calculated from a short-time SPH-free decaying test. Then, using the Runge–Kutta method, the governing equation of motion was solved in MATLAB. Both models were verified by previously published experimental tests. Considering the viscous damping makes calm-water model superior to potential-flow models. Meanwhile, the computation time of this model is very lower than wave tank model. For wave steepness values below 8.5% which is more than the upper limit of wave steepness for deep-water waves, both models predicted a direct relationship between wave height and device motion. However, wave tank simulations showed that for steeper waves, the device motion was not significantly affected by the wave height. Moreover, the device response decreased as the wave period moved away from the device's natural period. The predictions of the two models had an average difference below 10%. While in linear conditions, the calm-water model predicted a slightly larger response than the wave tank model; in nonlinear cases, wave tank model predicted slightly higher device motions. This research shows that using the SPH calm water model is an efficient way to investigate wave-point absorber interactions.
Electrical and magnetic performances of semiconductor based carbon nanoparticles
Authors: Ray Sekhar C.
Published: March 2023

The temperature-dependent resistivity, room temperature electron field emission, and magnetic performance within the temperature range of 2–300 K of previously chemically synthesized pure carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) from candle soot having particle sizes of ≈2–6 nm have been studied. The highest saturation magnetization and coercivity of ≈8.9 × 10−2 emu/g and ≈130.8 Oe were obtained at 2 and 4 K, respectively. We also determined that the turn-on electric field is ≈27 V/μm with a current density of ≈0.8 × 10−8 A/cm2 @ 20 V/μm. The temperature vs electrical resistivity and applied high electric field (EA) vs electron emission show the tunneling from one conductive sp2 C=C cluster to another separated by an sp2 C=C cluster (and/or an insulating sp3 C–C cluster). The magnetic, as well as the electric, field emission results imply that CNPs could be useful for the fabrication of spintronic as well as field-emission display devices.
Fluids in Equilibrium and Hydrodynamics
Authors: Battaglia Onofrio Rosario , Termini Giulia , Fazio Claudio
Published: March 2023

Foundations and applications of fluid mechanics are relevant in several scientific and technical fields, like physics, engineering, medicine, environmental sciences, and mathematics. The study of fluid mechanics is included in several school curricula worldwide, and as early as the 1980s, there has been growing interest in the Physics Education Research (PER) field about the subject. Several PER researchers have tried to understand how students' conceptions of liquids or gases can affect the effectiveness of instruction, and many literature pieces are available that discuss different possible ways of teaching the concepts related to the equilibrium of fluids and hydrodynamics. They mainly aim to shed light on how to facilitate student learning of fluid mechanics foundations and applications and foster student broad awareness of how this subject plays a role in so many different disciplines. In this chapter, we discuss some relevant examples of these publications to understand how educational research has contributed to the knowledge of teaching/learning of fluid mechanics, how it has evolved in terms of analysis of student learning in this subject, and methodologies and tools proposed and trialed.
Student Understanding of Thermal Physics
Authors: Loverude Michael E.
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides a review and summary of existing work on student understanding of thermal physics. The topic of thermal physics is one that can be encountered by students at many levels and in many different disciplines. The focus is Physics Education Research (PER), i.e., studies on physics courses with data (qualitative and/or quantitative) on student understanding. This includes primarily undergraduate level physics courses, with brief mention of some studies with graduate students and university faculty. The large body of work on student understanding in younger students is mentioned only briefly. We also consider briefly work in other disciplines in which thermal and statistical physics might be taught, notably chemistry and engineering. The focus is on thermal physics and not the study of energy more generally, simply to limit and focus the scope of the chapter.
Energy
Authors: Neumann Knut , Nordine Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2023

Energy is a concept that is central to all science disciplines and has a broader societal, economic, and political relevance beyond science. Energy is also fundamentally a physics concept and, accordingly, a core concept in physics instruction. Understanding energy is important both to those who are looking to become physicists as well as those who seek to contribute to society in other ways. In this chapter, we start with a discussion of the concept of energy and its role in physics. Subsequently, we review the extensive research into the learning and teaching of energy. This review begins with research into student learning about energy in physics, from the early research on students' conceptions of energy to more recent work on learning progressions. We continue with an overview of different proposed approaches to teaching energy, beginning with the issue of when and how to teach the energy concept and culminating in a review of empirical evidence for the effectiveness of alternatives approaches to energy instruction. We conclude by reviewing work that has focused on how to support students' learning about energy using different conceptual tools. Finally, we provide a synthesis of existing work and identify for areas future physics education research.
Radioactivity, Radiation, and Particle Physics in General
Authors: Hull Michael M. , Jansky Alexandra , Hopf Martin
Published: March 2023

It is difficult to define the scope of a topic like “nuclear physics and radioactivity”. From our knowledge of the research literature, however, we decided that topics of radioactivity, invisible electromagnetic radiation, and elementary particles should be discussed in this chapter. Physics education research in these three topics has been sparse over the last decades in comparison to research on, say, mechanics, optics or electric circuits. This is particularly the case of research in learning about particle physics, although recent efforts of, e.g., CERN, have started to change this in recent years. Our focus in this chapter will be on students' conceptions, but we will not limit our discussion to that. We will also discuss curricula and teaching approaches that have been developed to facilitate student learning. Most of this discussion will concern teaching approaches that are supported by research and corresponding publications in research journals. Finally, we will discuss results from physics education research on socio-scientific issues, like the perceived dangers and risks from radiation.
Two Perspectives on Physics Problem Solving and Their Relation to Adaptive Expertise
Authors: Kuo Eric
Published: March 2023

This chapter organizes physics problem-solving research into two threads and discusses how each thread relates to problem-solving expertise and the transfer of problem-solving skills. One thread focuses on classifying and (re)producing expert solution methods. Rooted in the information-processing tradition from cognitive science, this thread has brought a focus to expert-novice differences and learning problem-solving production rules. A second thread focuses on physics problem solving as a part of the practice of learning and making sense of physics. In contrast to the emphasis on the solution production process in thread 1, thread 2 investigates how problem solvers make sense of, either formally or informally, the meaning of their problem solving. Thread 2 has understood physics problem solving in terms of dynamical accounts of problem solving, the non-procedural role of mathematics, and learning concepts through problem solving. Each thread relates to one component of adaptive problem-solving expertise, either routine efficiency or innovation. The expert solution methods thread attends to routine efficiency, which focuses on the use of known procedures in familiar contexts, whereas the practice of learning and making sense of physics thread connects to the capacity for innovation and new insights.
Instructional Strategies that Foster Experimental Physics Skills
Authors: Holmes Natasha G. , Smith Emily M.
Published: March 2023

Physics is fundamentally an experimental science. Myriad skills are necessary to perform physics experiments. This chapter outlines what might constitute important experimental physics skills for physics education. Drawing on several perspectives on experimentation outlined in the physics education research literature, we focus on technical and practical skills, cognitive decision-making skills, and metacognitive skills and explore research on developing and assessing these skills in instructional labs. Finally, we end the chapter with a brief comment on what we see as the open areas of research regarding instructional strategies that foster experimental physics skills.
Introductory Physics for Life Sciences: Preparing and Engaging Students through Authentic Interdisciplinary Connections
Authors: Crouch Catherine H. , Geller Benjamin
Published: March 2023

We review the history, design principles, development, associated theoretical frameworks, and assessment of the group of curricula known as Introductory Physics for the Life Sciences (IPLS)—introductory physics courses designed for life science majors and pre-health students. IPLS courses were introduced in response to calls from the life science and medical community for improved physical sciences training for undergraduates in their fields, and the primary goal of such courses is to make meaningful connections between physics and the life sciences. Although much more assessment is needed, the work that has been done documents success toward the core goals of (1) helping students value physics as a meaningful component of understanding the life sciences, (2) developing students' abilities to use physics to analyze and model biological phenomena, and (3) developing students' interdisciplinary identity and sense of competence with physics. We also identify future work needed, ranging from further evaluation of student work and motivation to the development of appropriate assessments for topics not traditionally covered in the introductory course. We describe how this work contributes to the broader DBER enterprise, such as in the development of tools to evaluate interdisciplinary learning.
Physics Education Research and the Development of Active Learning Strategies in Introductory Physics
Authors: Sokoloff David R. , Yüksel Tuğba
Published: March 2023

This chapter will first examine the origins of active learning strategies (aka, interactive engagement) that have revolutionized the teaching of physics and their parallel development with the emerging field of discipline-based physics education research. The development and broad implementation of active learning at the introductory college/university level beginning in the 1980s has gone hand in hand with the development of research methodologies for assessment that measured the scope of the pedagogical problems and enabled research-validation of these methods. This began with advances in student demonstration interview protocols and the design of multiple-choice conceptual evaluations and continues today with the refinement and expansion of these assessment tools. The effectiveness of active learning depends on strategies to engage students in the learning process. While active learning originated with students’ guided, unaided observations of the physical world, it has been enhanced by the development of technological tools to enhance direct observation, to assist with analysis of videos, to enable mathematical modeling, and to simulate phenomena that are not easily observable in the laboratory. This chapter will describe highly prominent active learning strategies and curricula employing them and examine the research that led to their development and validation.
Teaching Physics with Disabled Learners: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Chini Jacquelyn J. , Scanlon Erin M.
Published: March 2023

Disability is an often-overlooked aspect of diversity. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 15% of the world's population identifies as disabled, yet there is a dearth of knowledge and literature about supporting disabled learners in postsecondary physics courses. The goal of this chapter is to synthesize and critique the extant literature about how instructors can teach physics courses in ways to support disabled leaners. Through a systematic literature review, 66 sources were identified which discuss physics, teaching, and disability. In the extant literature, 51 sources are written for practitioners and 15 sources contain novel research. Overall, the literature includes suggestions and solutions to respond to access needs and begins to explore experiences of disabled students and the role of instructors and higher education administrators in supporting the variety of students' needs, abilities, and interests. Findings and implications are disaggregated by suggestions for practice and for education researchers.
Research on Gender, Intersectionality, and LGBTQ+ Persons in Physics Education Research
Authors: Barthelemy Ramón S. , Traxler Adrienne L. , Blue Jennifer , Swirtz Madison
Published: March 2023

Research on gender and intersectionality in Physics Education Research (PER) has begun to grow over the last decade, with a new emerging focus on the experiences of LGBT+ persons in the field. Across the literature we find a propensity to compare marginalized groups to majority groups without a firm focus on how individual identities are intersectional in composition. This work has been an important foundational first step, but is limited in its ability to capture and address the complicated experiences of students in physics. Furthermore, the burgeoning work on LGBT+ physicists demonstrates a problematic climate for their persistence while also underlying the compounding impact of LGBT+ physicists who are also women and/or transgender. We suggest that future research in PER should take anti-gap framing and methodologies to truly uncover students’ experiences, so policies can be developed to support their inclusion.
Research on Equity in Physics Graduate Education
Authors: Sachmpazidi Diana
Published: March 2023

The goal of this chapter is to review equity-oriented Physics Education Research (PER) that focuses on graduate education. Through this review, we aim to support researchers in understanding the research landscape around equity issues in graduate education and identify possible gaps in the field where additional research is required. While our focus is PER, we include discipline-based Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education research to provide context for the PER work that is included. Additionally, many STEM fields face similar challenges to physics in terms of existing inequities in graduate education. This chapter discusses the major aspects investigated on equity in physics (and STEM) graduate education.
Research Design Concerning Equity in Physics Education Research (PER)
Authors: Knaub Alexis V. , Ding Lin
Published: March 2023

This chapter aims to support researchers conducting Physics Education Research (PER) studies in considering equity in their design choices as an integral piece of their scholarly work, the same way in which they would consider and include data collection and other typical research methods. Given the potential impact of choices on the researchers, the research participants, and those in physics learning spaces, equity may have more importance than other considerations. Careful research design choices can support researchers doing more equitable research. We take a holistic look at research design, starting from the researcher/research team to data collection to sharing results. Drawing on multiple bodies of literature, we identify equity issues that could and do occur in PER studies. We also identify some pathways to resolve or mitigate issues. Our goal is not to be prescriptive. Instead, we hope this chapter can guide researchers in reflecting on their own research design choices in hopes that they will make more equitable choices.
The Role of Physics in Achieving Scientific Literacy in the Present and the Future
Authors: Jho Hunkoog
Published: March 2023

Most of countries have viewed scientific literacy as an important goal of science education. As advances in physics bring about great changes in economy and society, knowledge of and attitude toward physics are becoming more significant in achieving scientific literacy. Recently, new advent of renovative technology like artificial intelligence and metaverse addresses that competencies relevant to new lifestyles should be taken into account: digital literacy, information literacy, data literacy, media literacy, and ICT literacy. Ironically, the emphasis on unprecedented literacies relevant to science may cause to deteriorate the position of scientific literacy in education. Thus, this chapter gives an overview about different types of literacy in a rapidly changing circumstance and revealed that scientific literacy is still important and essential to accomplish other kinds of literacy. In order to figure out the trends in studies on scientific literacy, this study conducted a bibliometric analysis to collect and interpret a total of 3596 articles dealing with scientific literacy. As a result, the studies are getting more active and new concepts such as computational thinking and information literacy are often found in the recent studies. Physics plays a significant role in achieving scientific literacy and pertaining to the nature of science. Nevertheless, more elements of the nature of science should be regarded in scientific literacy and this chapter illustrates what the aesthetics of physics means and how it relates to thought and decisions in scientific literacy. To answer the questions, you shall find out a variety of events and cases related to physics historically and philosophically. In particular, I will discuss how simplicity, symmetry and sublimity, which have been rarely discussed in science education, bring about renovation in our societies and progression in science. I expect that you will be able to find out the unexplored area for better understanding of scientific literacy.
Methods and Practices in Physics
Authors: Passon Oliver , Grebe-Ellis Johannes
Published: March 2023

Given the difficulty to draw a line between science and non-science (the demarcation problem), or even to define a unifying “scientific method” which is common across science and only science, the turn to the study of methods and practices of science (or physics) is an obvious and promising place to start. Research in physics education reveals that the actual methods and practices employed in physics research are only superficially represented in the classroom. Initially, these problems were often framed as a misrepresentation of the “history of physics.” In this chapter, we briefly summarize the demarcation problem and trace the origin of the debate on the use (and abuse) of history in physics teaching as it applies to our understanding today. Within the more recent research on science education these issues are part of the debate on how to integrate the “nature of science” and scientific inquiry into science teaching. Thus, the framing of this problem expands by including insights from, e.g., philosophy, anthropology, and sociology of science. Physics education has made significant progress in identifying a variety of teaching objectives and methods in order to foster student's understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry, i.e., the actual practices and methods of scientific research. We summarize some of the main works in the field and provide some reflection on the direction of future research.
Epistemic Beliefs and Physics Teacher Education
Authors: Zemplén Gábor Á.
Published: March 2023

Few people would argue that beliefs about the nature of knowledge and the nature and process of knowing are not relevant for learners as well as teachers of physics. Personal beliefs about learning and knowledge have long been suspected to have important implications for learning and teaching, but there are various, potentially conflicting ways to approach epistemic or epistemological beliefs. After an Introduction, Sec. 11.2 gives an historical and methodological overview of changes in research focus and tools, discussing developmental approaches (Fisher, Perry, Kitchener, and King) as well as multi-dimensional ones (Schommer, Hofer, Pintrich, etc.), and physics-specific applications. With the quick disciplinarization of educational science, the partial uptake of various trends in developmental and cognitive psychology, repeated attempts have been made to refashion the concept of “epistemic beliefs” or to streamline an already proposed construct. Although the developmental and the dimensional research traditions advanced methodologically for over a generation, it remains debated what pertains to epistemologically relevant beliefs and how to measure them. Section 11.3 considers some foundational issues that remain unresolved partly due to ontological, epistemological, and methodological questions. Starting with conceptual issues, followed by a discussion of the experimenter's regress the section lists various factors influencing research before an analysis of some of the measurement tools, including questionnaire-items with Likert-scale. Section 11.4 lists further potential avenues for research.
The Role and Impact of Virtual Laboratories in Physics Teaching and Learning: A Synthesis of Literature
Authors: Psillos Dimitris
Published: March 2023

Physical laboratories are conventionally used at schools and universities, yet virtual laboratories are spreading out in curricula and teaching practices, due to their powerful and increasing affordances. The purpose of this chapter is to present and discuss empirical studies published mainly but not exclusively since 2010 concerning the integration of virtual laboratories in physics teaching and learning, outline findings and their implications, identify open issues and provide suggestions for further research. A qualitative approach is applied for critical examination of empirical studies which promotes an in-depth discussion of the contribution and pedagogical exploitation of a VL for providing meaningful learning experiences to students at all levels of education. This chapter is divided into several parts which treat the impact of the use of virtual laboratories on students' conceptual learning, development of scientific skills, attitudes, and perceptions of their experiences. In the extensive discussion, we elaborate on the role of virtual laboratories, in enriching and transforming the experimental field, the representation of concepts and models, data handling and facilitated linking of scientific theories with practices on behalf of users.
A Review of the Literature for Designing and Developing a Framework for Adaptive Gamification in Physics Education
Authors: Zourmpakis Alkinoos-Ioannis , Kalogiannakis Michail , Papadakis Stamatios
Published: March 2023

Physics education is essential for achieving scientific literacy and science education's primary objective. However, physics concepts are complicated for students to grasp and often present misconceptions. Some countries try to incorporate new technologies while emphasizing content other than traditional scientific knowledge. The concept and implementation of gamification in educational settings have recently been introduced and have focused on many different fields, including education. However, gamification application does not consistently achieve the expected results in students' learning. Adaptive gamification is a growing research stream that enhances traditional “one-size-fits-all” gamification approaches, increasing learners' involvement by adapting and adopting different gaming elements based on users' characteristics. Learning technologies should be designed to adhere to the learning content, such as pedagogical and psychological, learning strategies, and characteristics to construct student knowledge. Consequently, there is a clear need to establish the design paths, principles, and guidelines to develop an adaptive gamification application for physics courses. This study sought to develop an adaptive gamification framework on specific motivational and psychological frameworks, incorporating adaptive criteria, learning strategies, gaming elements, and all vital aspects of the learning process related to physics education.
Informal Learning in Physics
Authors: Bennett Michael B. , Fracchiola Claudia , Harlow Danielle B. , Rosa Katemari
Published: March 2023

In this chapter, we consider the range of environments and activities designed to engage audiences in physics outside of the physics classroom. These contexts are referred to in a variety of ways such as informal physics education, physics communication, public engagement with physics, physics outreach, and out-of-school physics. While these words each refer to different specific collections of environments and learning opportunities, what links these environments is a focus on broadening access and participation in physics, developing participants' science identities, and expanding social debates around physics. This chapter starts out by describing the differences between informal (out-of-school) and formal (school-based) learning environments, including the greater agency of the learner, a more diverse audience, goals that focus on affect along with content, a variety of pedagogical practices, and different expectations for the time an educator spends with the learner. The chapter then describes in more detail the range of informal physical environments, how these may differ around the world, and how informal physics learning environments are designed, with a particular focus on justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion. We then describe a brief history of the research in informal physics education research (IPER). Finally, the chapter describes strategies for research and assessment and ends with guidelines for informal physics education research and research-based design and implementation practices. A glossary of terms is presented at the end of the chapter.
Index
Authors: Taşar Mehmet Fatih , Heron Paula R. L.
Published: March 2023

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Teaching Physics covers the topics of educational technologies, learning environments, teacher education, and assessment in relation to physics education. As the field of physics education research grows, it is increasingly difficult for newcomers to gain an appreciation of the major findings across all sub-domains, discern global themes, and recognize gaps in the literature. The current volume incorporates the understanding of both physics and education concepts and provides an extensive review the literature in a wide range of important topics.

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Teaching Physics includes:Various teaching perspectives including active learning, the modeling method, and teaching environments.Distance/online education, formative and summative assessment, and assessment in online education.Gender, race, and ethnicity equity.

Readers will find this comprehensive treatment of the literature useful in understanding physics education research and extending to all the physical sciences including chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and other related disciplines.
Untangling two complementary camera trapping data sets to identify patterns in feral cat activity around a known night parrot population in western Queensland
Authors: Kutt Alex S. , Kearney Stephen G. , McGregor Hugh , Venables William N. , Murphy Stephen A.
Published: March 2023

Feral cats (Felis catus) are a significant predator of native birds in Australia, and a recognised predator for the endangered night parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis). We examined camera trapping data from 2014 to 2020 collected at the Pullen Pullen (night parrot) reserve in south-western Queensland to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of feral cat activity. These data were collected from two discrete periods, with slightly different foci, and we undertook careful data exploration and refinement to identify a consistent data set. We modelled the relationship between the camera detections and a range of environmental, spatial, and temporal parameters, using logistic regression and two selection criteria (Akaike’s and Bayesian). The final parsimonious model identified that feral cat detection probability decreased with increasing ruggedness and increased as distance to creek lines decreased. Feral cat detection probability also declined over time from camera deployment. In each model the variance component estimates suggested that some influences on cat detection probability remain unexplained. Regardless, our results provide further data on feral cat activity, and therefore information to focus and improve the management of this threat to the night parrot and other significant species on this conservation reserve.
Soil nematode trophic structure and biochar addition in recently converted boreal lands
Authors: Young Erika Helen , Abedin Joinal , Unc Adrian
Published: March 2023

Context Climate change facilitated expansion of agriculture into northern regions increases the amount of Podzol dominated farmland. Biochar can improve poor growing conditions in soils. There are no universally accepted soil quality indicators for assessing the sustainability of expanding and intensifying boreal farming. Changes in the soil community structure can inform on soil functional status and the impact of management. Aims We assessed the impacts of biochar added to recently converted agricultural land on soil nematodes. We hypothesised that biochar addition would increase soil pH, correlate with total nematode abundance, and favour bacterivores over fungivores. Methods Biochar was added to soil at 10–80 Mg C ha−1 rates. Physicochemical soil properties, crop yields, nematode community trophic composition, trophic group ratios, and diversity indices were assessed. Key results Soil quality and fertility were improved with biochar, critically through increasing pH from 4.8 to 5.5. The interactions between pH, available metals, and micro-nutrients were related to biochar rate. Biochar was associated with increased bacterivore abundance (CI90 of 328 ± 132 vs 618 ± 50 individuals) indicating accelerated SOM degradation, and increased omnivore abundance (CI90 of 13 ± 17 vs 33 ± 7 individuals) indicating a more resilient community. Changes to Podzol quality may be most reliably indicated by bacterivore abundance and community complexity than by ratios and diversity indices. Conclusions Biochar application improved soil quality as suggested by nematode community structure. Implications Biochar application may be recommended to improve Podzol quality and fertility. Soil nematodes can indicate relative changes to Podzol quality.
Nitrogen dynamics in alpine soils of south-eastern Australia
Authors: Grover Samantha , Tate Jack , Warren Charles , Venn Susanna
Published: March 2023

Context The Australian Alps are recognised by UNESCO as a globally significant mountain range. Soils underpin all of these ecosystem services. However, sparse data exists on alpine soils. Aims and methods We explored nitrogen dynamics of soils from four high mountain sites, using a combination of new and established field and laboratory techniques. Key results Organic and inorganic N were of the same order of magnitude, with around twice as much inorganic N as organic N. Forty three small (<250 Da) organic N compounds were detected, with concentrations 30 times greater in microbial and salt-extractable pools than free in the soil solution. The net N mineralisation rate decreased four-fold over the growing season. The organic matter decomposition rate was close to the global mean (k = 0.017), while the stabilisation factor was high (0.28) in comparison with other ecosystems globally. Conclusions These results begin to illuminate the complexity of the belowground processes that have formed the high C soils of the Australian Alps. The combination of moderate turnover times and high stabilization of organic matter support Costin’s theory that these mountain soils formed in place as a result of biological activity, rather than reflecting their geological substrata. The pools of organic N adsorbed to mineral soil surfaces and bound up within microbes lend support to a theory of tight N cycling, with little organic or inorganic N free in the soil solution. Implications This new knowledge of soil N dynamics can support land managers to design successful restoration works to preserve alpine soil ecosystem services impacted by climate change, feral animal disturbance, weed invasion and the increase in summer tourism infrastructure.
Persian quantifiers and their scope
Authors: Shafiei Nazila
Published: March 2023

This paper investigates quantifiers and their scope in Persian, proposing that Persian is not a scope-rigid language, rather scope rigidity in this language is a construction-specific property controlled by scrambling. In other words, the availability of scrambling translates into lack of ambiguity (for similar arguments, see Hoji 1985, 1986 for Japanese; Ionin 2001 for Russian; Bobaljik & Wurmbrand 2012 for German). I further propose that in Persian, the nature and the size of scrambling is what dictates the presence or absence of scope ambiguity, whereby the vP-internal scrambling cases induce ambiguity while the vP-external ones do not. Examples from various sentences with two quantifiers show that although Persian exhibits a strong preference for surface scope in general, constructions involving inverse linking, for which only the inverse scope is possible, justify that a Quantifier Raising (QR) operation is available in this language, contradicting Karimi (2005). This paper draws on Bobaljik & Wurmbrand’s (2012) (B&W) constraint-based proposal and the negative correlation between scrambling and scope ambiguity.
Introduction
Authors: Karimi Simin , Nematollahi Narges , Kabiri Roya , Ngui Jian Gang
Published: March 2023

The Iranian language family is the western branch of the Indo-Iranian language group which itself belongs to the Indo-European language family. As Windfuhr (2009) states, “with an estimated 150–200 million native speakers, the Iranian language family is one of the world’s major language families.” The exact number of languages in this family is unknown. However, it has been estimated to be around 86 (Eberhard et al. 2019). Although there is no definite agreement about the classification of these languages, they can be roughly divided into four major groups: Northwestern, Southwestern, Northeastern and Southeastern. These languages have several properties in common, but there are also major differences among them in terms of their sound systems, syntactic and morpho-syntactic structures. These variations provide a novel and ideal laboratory for various types of linguistic research.
Human PIK3R1 mutations disrupt lymphocyte differentiation to cause activated PI3Kδ syndrome 2
Authors: Nguyen Tina , Lau Anthony , Bier Julia , Cooke Kristen C. , Lenthall Helen , Ruiz-Diaz Stephanie , Avery Danielle T. , Brigden Henry , Zahra David , Sewell William A , Droney Luke , Okada Satoshi , Asano Takaki , Abolhassani Hassan , Chavoshzadeh Zahra , Abraham Roshini S. , Rajapakse Nipunie , Klee Eric W. , Church Joseph A. , Williams Andrew , Wong Melanie , Burkhart Christoph , Uzel Gulbu , Croucher David R. , James David E. , Ma Cindy S. , Brink Robert , Tangye Stuart G. , Deenick Elissa K.
Published: March 2023

Heterozygous loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in PIK3R1 (encoding phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K] regulatory subunits) cause activated PI3Kδ syndrome 2 (APDS2), which has a similar clinical profile to APDS1, caused by heterozygous gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD (encoding the PI3K p110δ catalytic subunit). While several studies have established how PIK3CD GOF leads to immune dysregulation, less is known about how PIK3R1 LOF mutations alter cellular function. By studying a novel CRISPR/Cas9 mouse model and patients’ immune cells, we determined how PIK3R1 LOF alters cellular function. We observed some overlap in cellular defects in APDS1 and APDS2, including decreased intrinsic B cell class switching and defective Tfh cell function. However, we also identified unique APDS2 phenotypes including defective expansion and affinity maturation of Pik3r1 LOF B cells following immunization, and decreased survival of Pik3r1 LOF pups. Further, we observed clear differences in the way Pik3r1 LOF and Pik3cd GOF altered signaling. Together these results demonstrate crucial differences between these two genetic etiologies.
Theoretical insights into the epitaxial growth of black arsenene enabled on GeS(001)
Authors: Shi Bingjun , Song Yiyao , Zhang Weifeng
Published: March 2023

Black arsenene exhibits many exotic physical properties, such as Rashba spin–orbital coupling, fractional quantum Hall effect (Sheng 2021 Nature
593 56) as well as some advantages in the field of energy storage (Wu et al 2021 J. Mater. Chem. A
9 18793). High-quality and large-area BA monolayer can promote the investigations about BA and its device application. Epitaxial growth mechanism of BA is desirable. Here, based on density functional theory calculation, the epitaxial growth of BA monolayer was simulated. GeS(001) is found to be a suitable substrate for BA monolayer to epitaxially grow on. As a common isomer of arsenene, gray arsenene should be considered during the growth, because it is also energetically and thermodynamically stable in freestanding state. However, black arsenene monolayer is more energetically and thermodynamically stable than gray arsenene monolayer on GeS(001) substrate. During the growth, two arsenene atoms easily form a dimer on GeS(001), which diffuses more quickly and isotropically than arsenene monomer. In addition, the heterojunction consisted of balck arsenene and GeS(001) is an indirect gap semiconductor, but it can transform into a direct gap semiconductor with external tensile strain along zigzag direction. Remarkably, optical adsorption spectra range of BA/GeS(001) can be more abroad than that of BA and GeS(001) bilayers. The theatrical insights shed new light on some ideal substrates that can realize the epitaxial growth of high-quality simple substances of group V.
Experimental and theoretical thermodynamic studies in Ba2MgReO6—the ground state in the context of Jahn-Teller effect
Authors: Pásztorová Jana , Mansouri Tehrani Aria , Živković Ivica , Spaldin Nicola A , Rønnow Henrik M
Published: March 2023

We address the degeneracy of the ground state multiplet on the 5d
1 Re6+ ion in double perovskite Ba2MgReO6 using a combination of specific heat measurements and density functional calculations. For Ba2MgReO6, two different ground state multiplets have previously been proposed—a quartet (with degeneracy N = 4) (Hirai and Hiroi 2019 J. Phys. Soc. Japan
88 064712) and a doublet (N = 2) (Marjerrison et al 2016 Inorg. Chem.
55 10701). Here we employ two independent methods for the estimation of phonon contribution in heat capacity data to obtain the magnetic entropy

S

m
a
g

, which reflects the degeneracy of the ground state multiplet N through

S

m
a
g

=
R

lnN. In both cases, we obtain that in the temperature range covering 2 to 120 K the released entropy is better described by

S

m
a
g

=
R

ln2. The detailed nature of the ground state multiplet in Ba2MgReO6 remains an open question.
Integrated data analysis on the electron density profile of HL-2A with the Bayesian probability inference method
Authors: Chen Jiahong , Wang Zhibin , Wang Tianbo , Yang Yonghao , Wu Hao , Li Yonggao , Xiao Guoliang , Verdoolaege Geert , Mazon Didier , Yang Zengchen , Jiang Min , Shi Zhongbing , Chen Jian , Yv Yi , Zhong Wulyu , Xu Min
Published: March 2023

In fusion research, the diagnostic data are obtained from different diagnostic systems, which are relatively independent (in terms of the response function, noise, calibration, etc…). The consequence is that many measurements providing the same physical quantity could provide different results. In this work, the Bayesian probability inference has been applied to the frequency modulated continuous wave reflectometry and the Far-infrared laser interferometer diagnostic systems on HL-2A tokamak, offering the integrated data analysis (IDA) for electron density profile reconstruction. With the implementation, it is demonstrated that more comprehensive inference could be delivered from IDA compared to the traditional individual data analysis technique. The data analysis program based on the Bayesian inference model has been developed to reconstruct the two-dimensional electron density profile, which permits to be further implementation of the HL-2A/2M IDA framework in the near future.
Machine learning and Bayesian inference in nuclear fusion research: an overview
Authors: Pavone A , Merlo A , Kwak S , Svensson J
Published: March 2023

This article reviews applications of Bayesian inference and machine learning (ML) in nuclear fusion research. Current and next-generation nuclear fusion experiments require analysis and modelling efforts that integrate different models consistently and exploit information found across heterogeneous data sources in an efficient manner. Model-based Bayesian inference provides a framework well suited for the interpretation of observed data given physics and probabilistic assumptions, also for very complex systems, thanks to its rigorous and straightforward treatment of uncertainties and modelling hypothesis. On the other hand, ML, in particular neural networks and deep learning models, are based on black-box statistical models and allow the handling of large volumes of data and computation very efficiently. For this reason, approaches which make use of ML and Bayesian inference separately and also in conjunction are of particular interest for today’s experiments and are the main topic of this review. This article also presents an approach where physics-based Bayesian inference and black-box ML play along, mitigating each other’s drawbacks: the former is made more efficient, the latter more interpretable.
Analysis of radial electric field in the scrape-off layer in SOLPS-ITER modeling of ASDEX-upgrade and ITER
Authors: Kaveeva E , Rozhansky V
Published: March 2023

Formation of the radial electric field profile in the scrape-off layer of the tokamak in the outer midplane is analyzed on the basis of SOLPS-ITER modeling for various regimes of ASDEX-Upgrade and ITER. The radial electric field is a result of the interplay of different contributions to the electron parallel momentum balance equation and the sheath potential drop at the plate, all of the same order. The relative role of these contributions is analyzed for semi-detached and attached divertor conditions. It is demonstrated that in the conduction-limited regime the electric field is positive, while in the semi-detached regime it decreases in absolute value in the major part of SOL and even becomes negative at the separatrix.
An analytical approach to the stress relaxation behavior of a low temperature shape-memory fabric based on viscoelastic models
Authors: Jafari Horastani Sahar , Ghane Mohammad , Karevan Mehdi , Zadhoush Ali
Published: March 2023

Shape-memory materials are a promising new class of smart materials with many applications such as strain sensors, artificial muscles, and smart breathing textiles. These materials are subjected to force and extension in situ. Thus, the time-dependent behavior of these materials can play an important role in their long-term performance. The present study was conducted to investigate the time-dependent behavior of a type of shape-memory fabric. Nanoclay-reinforced polylactic acid/thermoplastic polyurethane was used as the precursor. The yarn that was produced was highly twisted. The twisted yarn was then shaped into a coiled structure by mandrel annealing. This yarn was then used to produce knitted fabric. The fabric was examined under both cold (25 °C) and hot (50 °C) conditions. The fabric contracted in hot water in the course direction but did not show a significant contraction in the wale direction. It returned to its original width in cold water. This effect was observed repeatedly over several cycles. This shows that the knitted fabric composed of the precursor twisted-coiled yarn exhibited low-temperature actuation and reversible two-way shape-memory behavior. A value of %16 was calculated for the contraction stroke along the course direction. The stress relaxation behavior of the two-way shape-memory fabric was then studied and analyzed. For this purpose, four different viscoelastic models were considered: the standard linear model (a), Burgers model (b), Jeffrey model (c), and Kelvin-Voigt-Maxwell model (d). We used the curve fitting procedure to find the best fit to the experimental data based on the least-squares method. The results showed that the Kelvin-Voigt-Maxwell model (model d) exhibited a higher and more acceptable regression coefficient (R
2) than the other three models. The Jeffrey model showed the lowest regression coefficient (R
2), thus confirming that it is not suitable for explaining the relaxation behavior of the fabric. However, a limitation of Model (d) is that it is not in line with the experimental loading stage. To modify the model, we propose the replacement of the dashpot with a dynamic frictional element. The results indicate that the proposed dynamic friction model can eliminate the limitations of the dashpot body during the loading stage.
Tetragonal Mexican-hat dispersion and switchable half-metal state with multiple anisotropic Weyl fermions in penta-graphene
Authors: Jia Ningning , Shi Yongting , Lv Zhiheng , Qin Junting , Cai Jiangtao , Jiang Xue , Zhao Jijun , Liu Zhifeng
Published: March 2023

Due to the paired valence electrons configuration, all known two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotropes are intrinsically nonmagnetic. Based on the reported 2D carbon structure database and first-principles calculations, herein we demonstrate that inherent ferromagnetism can be obtained in the prominent allotrope, penta-graphene, which has a unique Mexican-hat valence band edge, giving rise to van Hove singularities and electronic instability. Induced by modest hole-doping that is achievable in electrolyte gate, the semiconducting penta-graphene can be transformed into different ferromagnetic half-metals with room-temperature stability and switchable spin directions. In particular, multiple anisotropic Weyl states, including type-I and type-II Weyl cones and hybrid quasi Weyl nodal loop, can be found in a sizable energy window of spin-down half-metal under proper strains. These findings not only identify a promising carbon allotrope to obtain the inherent magnetism for carbon-based spintronic devices, but highlight the possibility to realize different Weyl states by combining the electronic and mechanical means as well.