bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Forel-Ule scale revisited spectrally: preparation protocol, transmission measurements and chromaticity
Authors: Novoa S. , Wernand M. R. , van der Woerd H. J.
Published: August 2013

The Forel-Ule colour comparator scale has been applied globally and intensively by oceanographers and limnologists since the 19th century, providing one of the oldest oceanographic data sets. Present and future Forel-Ule classifications of global oceanic, coastal and continental waters can facilitate the interpretation of these long-term ocean colour data series and provide a connection between the present and the past that will be valuable for climate-related studies.

Within the EC-funded project CITLOPS (Citizens’ Observatory for Coast and Ocean Optical Monitoring), with its main goal to empower end-users, willing to employ community-based environmental monitoring, our aim is to digitalize the colours of the Forel-Ule scale to establish the colour of natural waters through smartphone imaging. The objective of this study was to reproduce the Forel-Ule scale following the original recipes, measure the transmission of the solutions and calculate the chromaticity coordinates of the scale as Wernand and Van der Woerd did in 2010, for the future development of a smartphone application. Some difficulties were encountered when producing the scale, so a protocol for its consistent reproduction was developed and is described in this study. Recalculated chromaticity coordinates are presented and compared to measurements conducted by former scientists. An error analysis of the spectral and colourimetric information shows negligible experimental errors.
Challenges to Measure and Compare Disability: A Methodological Concern
Authors: Subedi Madhusudan
Published: August 2013

Disability is a complex multidimensional condition and poses a number of challenges for measurement. Operational measures of disability vary according to the purpose and application of the data and the aspects of disability examined. Various sources can be used to examine the prevalence of disability, but they are not directly comparable because they use different approaches to estimating and measuring disability. The definitional issues underlie some of the difficulties in statistical analysis, and to understand the conceptual questions shaping the efforts of those working in the various fields relating to disability. Disability data of Nepal is no exception, and researchers and organizations that have been working for people with disabilities have questioned the reliability of such data.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8476 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 1-24
Socioeconomic Inequality and Social Exclusion in Health: A Review
Authors: Budhthoki Chitra Bahadur
Published: August 2013

This paper examines the impact of social inequality and social exclusion on health. Social exclusion in health can be explained by socioeconomic inequality in health as socioeconomic position mediates access to resources including health services. Moreover, the impact of socioeconomic position on health is mediated by people's differential exposures to a very broad range of physical, chemical, biological, social, psychological and behavioral risk factors to health. People belong to upper strata of society in developed and developing countries have been experiencing higher level of life expectancy and better health status than those who are at the bottom of the society. There is evidence that societies that are more economically equal and socially cohesive have lower overall mortality than those that are more unequal. Interventions focusing on improving socioeconomic condition and increasing social inclusion and equity in social, economic and political dimensions can contribute to reduce inequities and social exclusion in health. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8477 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 25-48
An Investigative Look at Healthcare Beliefs and Practices During the Sen Dynasty
Authors: Beine Dave
Published: August 2013

There is not much known about Nepal during the historical period sometimes referred to as Nepal’s dark ages (750-1750 C.E.). And even less is known about the healthcare practices of the Sen Dynasty of Palpa, Nepal, which found its inception over 500 years ago, during the late fifteenth century. For this reason, anyone endeavoring to intelligently write on the subject must, much like an archaeologist, use a bit of educated conjecture to piece together a speculative, but historically plausible, picture of the healing practices likely employed during that period. In order to do so, this paper examines several pieces of evidence, both historic and contemporary, in order to infer what the healthcare practices of the populace of Palpa might have looked like at that time. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8479 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 61-74
Rapid Cultural Change: A Case Study of Polyandry Marriage System among the Gurung Community from Upper Mustang, Nepal
Authors: Gurung Juddha Bahadur
Published: August 2013

Nepal is multi ethnic, multi lingual and multi cultural country. In Upper Mustang polyandry is practiced by Loba communities. However, the condition of polyandry is dying out at present. The young are not in favor of this system. Socio-economic, political, seasonal migration, tourism and developmental factors have played crucial role in this regards. From conservation perspective polyandry played crucial role to manage local resources and in population dynamics in the past. This paper is based on field survey carried out in two different time periods (1998 and 2008) in order to compare or understand changing pattern of polyandry. In last couple of years, polyandry system has changed very rapidly in Loba communities of Upper Mustang. Rising community awareness, multiple economic opportunities, improve communication, foreign employment, modern education, open tourism, road access and other visual and in visual forces has lead society from close to open and more wider side or increase the horizon of young generation. Polyandry system is directly affected. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8480 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 75-106
Climate Change, Millet and Ritual Relationship with the Magars of Argal, Baglung, Nepal
Authors: Khattri Man Bahadur
Published: August 2013

This paper focuses on cultural analysis and how people are coping with new situation created by climate change in production of millet. Changes relating to climate change are observed; perceived and understood on a local level. This is an important area of study for anthropologists and it is interest of climate scientists as well. This paper is based on anthropological analysis on climate change effects on finger millet production in Argal VDC of Baglung district, West of Nepal. Millet is a staple food of people of Argal and most of Hill people of Nepal. Millet is not only staple food and associated with nutrition of people. It's also associated with rituals during production and as well as during consumption. Increasing temperature, changing rainfall patterns, extreme weather events are linked with climate change which has direct effect on life of all people but also millet production and ritual activities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8481 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 107-124
Characteristics of Consumers of Family Planning Services in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Dahal Sushma , Subedi Raj Kumar
Published: August 2013

Family planning services in Nepal are provided by government and non-government health facilities. A descriptive cross sectional study was done by secondary data review of eight months from Institutional clinic, District Health Office (DHO) Ilam district. Use of different family planning methods through government health facility was studied in relation to different variables like age, sex, ethnicity, and, number of children. Around 53% of the female users of spacing method and around 47% of female users of permanent method were in age group 20-29 years and 25-29 years respectively. The major reasons for removal of IUCD were husband’s migration and experienced physical problems. Most of the females doing sterilization were from Disadvantaged Janajati group whereas most of the males doing sterilization were from Upper caste ethnic group. Among females doing sterilization, 70% already had their second live birth baby. Out of the total sterilization performed in 8 months, only 15.15% was done among males. So, there is need of increasing male involvement in Family planning. There is also need of programs to encourage spacing methods among the target population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8482 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 125-138
Book Review: Caplan, Lionel (1970), Land and Social Change in East Nepal: A study of Hindu-tribal relations
Authors: Kattal Sewant
Published: August 2013

Caplan, Lionel (1970), Land and Social Change in East Nepal: A study of Hindu-tribal relations. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, (PP 235 with postscript 2000), ISBN 99933 13 07 6DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8483 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 139-142
Book Review: Liechty, Mark (2010 ) Out Here in Kathmandu: Modernity on the Global Periphery
Authors: Shahu Man Nahadur
Published: August 2013

Liechty, Mark (2010 ) Out Here in Kathmandu: Modernity on the Global Periphery. Kathmandu: Martin Chautari (pp 402) price NRs 1100.00. ISBN 978-9937-8194-7-3.
Message from the Editorial Desk
Authors: Neupane Harsish Chandra
Published: August 2013

Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): i DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8455
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via Persistent Hyperglycemia in Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kafle D , Islam N , Aryal B , Adhikary P , Singh Neelina
Published: August 2013

Diabetic nephropathy is a major microvascular complication of diabetes, representing the leading cause of end stage renal disease in the world, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetic subjects. In the kidney, a number of pathways that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as glycolysis, specific defects in the polyol pathway, uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase, xanthine oxidase, NAD (P) H oxidase, and advanced glycation have been identified as potentially major contributors to the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Changes in oxidative stress biomarkers, including super­oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione levels, vitamins, lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration, nonenzymatic glycosylated proteins have been associated with diabetic nephropathy due to oxidative stress induced hyperglycemia. Oxidative stress in diabetes is responsible for endothelial dysfunction releasing inflammatory markers cytokines from the damaged renal tissue. Hyperglycemia induces intracellular reactive oxygen species in mesan­gial and tubular epithelial cells which induces cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α production in glomerular mesangial and tubular epithelial cells in diabetic kidney. Antioxidants inhibit high glucose induced transforming growth factors and extra cellular matrix expression in glomerular mesangial and tubular epithelial cells, which ameliorate features of diabetic nephropathy, suggesting that oxidative stress plays an important role in diabetic renal injury causing diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 1-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8456
A Comparison on Brachial Plexus Block Using Local Anaesthetic Agents With and Without Midazolam
Authors: Gautam Shailendra Nath , Bhatta SK , Sharma NR
Published: August 2013

Brachial plexus block provide surgical anesthesia and analgesia of upper extremity. Any adjuvant to brachial plexus block have less systemic side effect as well as reduce the total dose local anaesthetics. The midazolam acts on GABA-A receptors in peripheral nerve. The sensory and motor block was significantly faster in our study who received midazolam. This could be local anesthetic properties of midazolam and synergistic action with local anaesthetics. Total 100 patients between ages 10-77 years of either sex of ASA I-III, underwent upper arm surgery were given supraclavicular brachial block with and without midazolam. The onset and duration of sensory block in Gr I (XB) and Gr II (XBM) were significantly different. The onset time for sensory block was significantly prolong and duration of block significantly less compared to Gr II (P<0.05). The onset time for motor block was significantly less and duration significantly higher in Gr II (XBM) as compared to Gr I (XB). Midazolam 50ugm/kg in brachial plexus block speed sensory and motor block with post operative analgesia. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 11-13 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8458
Gender Differences in Depressive Disorder Among Civil Servants of Public Service Under Government of Nepal
Authors: Aryal Parbati , Aryal A , Ghimire H , Bista KP
Published: August 2013

This study aims to measure prevalence of depression among civil servants of public service in central Nepal from gender perspectives. Zung Depression Scale was used to measure the depression among randomly selected 161 civil servants em­ployed in public service under government of Nepal in Kathmandu and Chitwan districts. Three-fourth of the respondents (74.5%) were normal, 19.3% had minimal to mild depression, 4.3% had moderate to marked depression, and 1.9% had severe to extreme depression. Among women, 4.2% had severe to extreme depression, while 29.2% had minimal to mild depression and 66.7% were normal. Among men, 1.5% had severe to extreme depression, 5.1% had moderate to marked depression, 17.5% had minimal to mild depression and 75.9% were normal. Women were at 1.58 times higher risk of depres­sion than that of men (0.564.37). From high prevalence of depression among the civil servants of public service, it is apparent that mental health problem needs immediate attention in workplace. As women workers were more likely to have severe to extreme form of depression, appropriate gender-friendly workplace policies and strategies should be designed to address the mental health of public service providers in Nepal. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 18-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8460
Cancer Prevalence Trend in Central Region of Nepal
Authors: Khan Gulam Muhammad , Thappa RK , Adhikari DS , Rajbhandari M , Dwa P , Shrestha S , Oli S
Published: August 2013

Cancer is a multi-cellular disease that causes excessive proliferation of cells. In this study, our objective was to determine the epidemiological distribution patterns for different types of cancer. A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. A modified data collection form was used to collect the information regarding religion, ethnicity, sex and district. A total of 240 cancer patients were included in the study. Majority (83.33%) of cancer patients were Hindus and among them Newars were the most affected ones with 30.42% prevalence. The gender wise distribution presents that females were highly affected by cancer than males. Within male patients, respiratory and digestive cancers were highly prevalent with 50.53% and 30.53% respectively. When respiratory cancer cases were further studied, lung cancer constituted the most cases with 60.42% cases. In case of female patients, reproductive and respiratory cancers were most prevalent with 62.07% and 14.48% cases respectively. Among reproductive cancers, breast cancer was highly prevalent with 45.56% cases and the susceptible age group for this was 40-50 yrs. The district wise distribution presented that mostly patients were from Kathmandu, Lalit­pur, Bhaktapur and Sindhupalchowk districts. Findings from current study revealed that cancer cases in both males and fe­males were common but females were highly prone to reproductive cancer whereas males were prone to respiratory cancer. Continual future research on cancer trends is warranted to study the actual cancer scenario. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 22-25 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8461
Vulnerability to Unsafe Sex and HIV Infection Among Wives of Migrant Workers in Far Western Nepal
Authors: Aryal Arjun , Yogi YN , Ghimire H
Published: August 2013

In average, one from every two households of Far-Western Nepal, and 14.75 % of the male population of Dadeldhura, Doti and Kailali were at abroad, mostly in India. The migrant people engage in high risk sexual practices in India, contract Hu­man Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) and transmit it to their wives. The prevalence of HIV among wives of migrants as per Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey (2008) was 3.3%. So, it was important to study the HIV related knowledge and vulnerability of these women. The study was carried out in 297 randomly selected wives of migrant work­ers in Doti, Dadeldhura and Kailali districts of Nepal. Eighty-six percent of the respondents had heard of HIV and AIDS, 4% had comprehensive knowledge on HIV prevention; 64% perceived HIV could transmit through mosquito bite and 42% of the women knew at least two advantages of condom. The women ever discussed about sex with their husbands were 34%. Seventy two percent expressed that People Living with HIV would not reveal their HIV status due to fear of losing social respect associated with discrimination. Comprehensive education program is needed to increase the level of correct knowledge on HIV prevention among wives of migrant workers. Targeted intervention among wives of migrant workers is important to make them able to negotiate for safe sexual practices with their husbands for HIV prevention and disclose their status for accessing services. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 26-31 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8462
Synthesis of intermediates of Potential Inhibitors of Enzyme P450 Aromatase in the Treatment of Breast Cancer
Authors: Uprety Bijaya Kumar , Shahid I
Published: August 2013

We report the synthesis, analysis and optimization of the reaction conditions (e.g. best solvent, temperature and time) to enhance the yield of number of intermediates (i.e. para-substituted phenoxy propanols) of the final azole based inhibitors (i.e. para-substituted phenoxy alkyl azoles) which is considered to inhibit the production of estrogens by binding to the iron atom in the haem ring of aromatase P450 enzyme thus leading to the potential treatment of hormone dependant breast can­cer. Starting from phenol and range of substituted phenols various para-substituted phenoxy alkyl alcohols [i.e. compounds (22-26)] were synthesized. GC-MS, IR, NMR (13C & 1H) and TLC analysis of these compounds were also performed. Comparatively, a very good yield for compound 25 [3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propan-1-ol, 59.29 % yield] and compound 26 [3-(4-iodophenoxy)propan-1-ol, 55.49 %yield] were reported. In addition, to optimize the reaction condition for the synthe­sis of compounds (22-26), initially reaction was performed using dimethylformamide (DMF) as reaction solvent at various time intervals (i.e. 6, 12 and 24 hours) and various temperature (i.e. with heat and without heat). However, due to many laboratory based problems encountered with the use of this solvent especially the evaporation of this solvent; it was later on replaced with tetrahydrofuran (THF).Future work will involve multiple reaction steps for the synthesis of para-substituted phenoxy alkyl azoles from synthesized compounds (22-26) involving the removal of alcoholic group (OH) from the struc­ture and attachment of azole group (i.e. triazole or imidazole). Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 37-41 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8464
Factors Affecting Newborn Care Practices Among Tharu Mothers in Selected Vilalge Development Committees of Chitwan Distract
Authors: Chaudhary J , Dhungana GP , Ghimire Harish Chandra
Published: August 2013

Although under five and infant mortality has been reducing in Nepal, neonatal mortality remains largely unchanged. New­born care practices in the family and in the community acts as contributing factors which could be improved by adopting simple interventions at community level. The objective of the study was to identify newborn care practices (cord care, breastfeeding, and bathing) and factors affecting it. The study is crosssectional descriptive and analytical conducted at Bachauli and Khairahani VDCs of Chitwan district from July to December 2012. A total 181 Tharu mothers were inter­viewed using semi structured interview schedule. Data processing and analysis was done using SPSS. The study revealed that 99.4% newborns had cord care (cutting, tying and applying nothing or using antiseptic). All newborns were breastfed and given colostrums as first feed but initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of delivery was only 52.5 %. Ninety seven per cent were bathed after 24 hours of delivery. Mothers who knew about newborn care were more likely to practice cord care (OR=0.10, 95% CI=0.02-0.41) in comparison to mothers who do not know about it. Compared to mothers with second­ary and primary education, mothers having higher education were breastfeeding within one hour of delivery (OR= 2.06, 95% CI=1.12-3.81). Delaying in bathing was more practiced in institutional deliveries compared to home deliveries (OR= 12.11, 95% CI=1.65-88.64). Overall newborn care practices were acceptable as per the findings of this study. Awareness programs regarding initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of delivery should be strengthening. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 42-45 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8465
Acute Pesticide Poisoning: Review of Patients Attending at Emergency Department in Chitwan Medical College
Authors: Lamsal Daya Ram
Published: August 2013

To find out the hospital based incidence, pattern and fatality of acute pesticide poisoning which may be helpful to develop better management strategy and preventive campaign. A total of 88 patients were reported in emergency with acute pesticide poisoning out of 178 total acute poisoning cases resulting in APP rate 49.43% of total poisoning cases. Male: Female ratio was 1:1.5. The age group specific incidence of acute poisoning showed 7.95% in 0-14 years, 45.55% in 15-29 years 30.68% in 30-44 years and 12.50% in 45-59 years and3.40% in 60 years and above. Out of 88 patients 79.55% admitted,20.45% of patient status was unknown as these patients were referred or refused admission. lost follow up .Among admitted patients 8.57% died and 91.43% dischared from hospital. Maximum case fatality ratio (28.57%) was due to endosulfan poisoning. Pesticide is responsible in 49.43% of all poisoning patients visiting to emergency department with the mortality of 6.80% among pesticide poisoning, Women have high morbidity but man predominantly exceeds on mortality rate.. Highest case fatality observed among the endosufan exposed group. How patients are getting such toxic poisons and why these victims are being exposed needs further study. Emphasis on case management and preventive campaigns would have some impact in reducing morbidity and mortality from acute pesticide poisoning. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 62-64 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8469
Clinical Status of Furosemide on Liver Cirrhosis with Portal Hypertension and Ascites
Authors: Thapaliya K , Bhandary A , Basnet S , Aryal Bijay
Published: August 2013

Cirrhosis of liver is a pathologically defined entity that is associated with a spectrum of characteristic clinical manifesta­tions. Portal hypertension is one of the complication of cirrhosis of liver. We report the case of a 55-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and subsequently portal hypertension and ascites who was admitted to the hospital with headache and indigestion. The patient was treated with furosemide 40 mg OD, lactulose 10 ml HS, Tone, vit K 10 gm IV, Usoliv 300 mg BD and pantoprazole 40 mg OD. The relevant and evidence based clinical practice guidelines and clinical status of furosemide on particular condition were discussed with treating physician. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 65-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8470
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome- A Life Threatening Sleep Disorder: Proper Diagnosis and Treatment is Essential
Authors: Hasan Md Mokerrom , Zaki Mahbub
Published: August 2013

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is a life threatening sleep disorder which can occur as consequences of some body conditions. On the other hand it causes many systemic diseases as well as accidental injury. There is no prevalence study in Bangladesh but its prevalence is higher in western countries. Proper diagnosis and treatment is essential. Surgical treatment of this disease gives permanent cure. Maxillofacial surgeon has a vital role in treating this disease. ENT surgeon as well as prosthodontist can help the OSAS patient as well.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.3329/bjdre.v2i2.16247 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.2(2) 2012: 62-64
On the Evolution and Optimality of Mood States
Authors: Trimmer Pete , Paul Elizabeth , Mendl Mike , McNamara John , Houston Alasdair
Published: August 2013

Moods can be regarded as fluctuating dispositions to make positive and negative evaluations. Developing an evolutionary approach to mood as an adaptive process, we consider the structure and function of such states in guiding behavioural decisions regarding the acquisition of resources and the avoidance of harm in different circumstances. We use a drift diffusion model of decision making to consider the information required by individuals to optimise decisions between two alternatives, such as whether to approach or withdraw from a stimulus that may be life enhancing or life threatening. We show that two dimensions of variation (expectation and preparedness) are sufficient for such optimal decisions to be made. These two dispositional dimensions enable individuals to maximize the overall benefits of behavioural decisions by modulating both the choice made (e.g., approach/withdraw) and decision speed. Such a structure is compatible with circumplex models of subjectively experienced mood and core affect, and provides testable hypotheses concerning the relationships that occur between valence and arousal components of mood in differing ecological niches. The paper is therefore a useful step toward being able to predict moods (and the effect of moods) using an optimality approach.
Zintl Salts Ba2P7X (X = Cl, Br, and I): Synthesis, Crystal, and Electronic Structures
Authors: Dolyniuk Juli-Anna , Kovnir Kirill
Published: August 2013

Two barium phosphide halides, Ba2P7Br and Ba2P7I, were synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/m (No. 11) and are isostructural to Ba2P7Cl. The crystal structures of Ba2P7X (X = Cl, Br, I) feature the presence of heptaphosphanortricyclane P73− clusters along with halogen anions and barium cations. According to the Zintl concept, Ba2P7X compounds are electron-balanced semiconductors. Quantum-chemical calculations together with UV-Visible spectroscopy confirm the title compounds are wide bandgap semiconductors. The bonding in the P73− clusters was analyzed by means of electron localization function. The elemental compositions were confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Demand Response and Economic Dispatch of Power Systems Considering Large-Scale Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles/Electric Vehicles (PHEVs/EVs): A Review
Authors: Gu Wei , Yu Haojun , Liu Wei , Zhu Junpeng , Xu Xiaohui
Published: August 2013

Increasing concerns about global environmental issues have led to the urgent development of green transportation. The enthusiasm of governments should encourage the prosperity of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles/electric vehicles (PHEVs/EVs) industry in the near future. PHEVs/EVs are not only an alternative to gasoline but are also burgeoning units for power systems. The impact of large-scale PHEVs/EVs on power systems is of profound significance. This paper discusses how to use PHEVs/EVs as a useful new tool for system operation and regulation from a review of recent studies and mainly considers two mainstream methods: demand response and economic dispatch. The potential of using PHEVs/EVs to coordinate renewable energy resources is also discussed in terms of accepting more renewable resources without violating the safety and the reliability of power systems or increasing the operation cost significantly.
The Characterisation of Pluripotent and Multipotent Stem Cells Using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Cao Julie , Ng Elizabeth , McNaughton Donald , Stanley Edouard , Elefanty Andrew , Tobin Mark , Heraud Philip
Published: August 2013

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy shows potential as a benign, objective and rapid tool to screen pluripotent and multipotent stem cells for clinical use. It offers a new experimental approach that provides a holistic measurement of macromolecular composition such that a signature representing the internal cellular phenotype is obtained. The use of this technique therefore contributes information that is complementary to that acquired by conventional genetic and immunohistochemical methods.
The Intra-Industry Effects of Life Insurance Company Demutualizaton
Authors: Meador Joseph , Trahan Emery
Published: August 2013

We examine the impact of demutualization announcements by 13 life insurance companies during 1996-2000 on the value of existing stock-owned life insurance companies and companies in other segments of the insurance industry. Demutualization announcements are associated with negative stock price reactions in the days around the announcement, and with larger and positive stock price reactions in the days following announcement. Overall, the results support the contention that life insurance company demutualizations signal favorable future industry conditions and/or increased likelihood of future acquisitions for all segments of the insurance industry. Active-minded investors may use these results to develop alpha-generating investment strategies.
Glycosylated Porphyra-334 and Palythine-Threonine from the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune
Authors: Nazifi Ehsan , Wada Naoki , Yamaba Minami , Asano Tomoya , Nishiuchi Takumi , Matsugo Seiichi , Sakamoto Toshio
Published: August 2013

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble UV-absorbing pigments, and structurally different MAAs have been identified in eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria. In this study novel glycosylated MAAs were found in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune (N. commune). An MAA with an absorption maximum at 334 nm was identified as a hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative with a molecular mass of 508 Da. Another MAA with an absorption maximum at 322 nm was identified as a two hexose-bound palythine-threonine derivative with a molecular mass of 612 Da. These purified MAAs have radical scavenging activities in vitro, which suggests multifunctional roles as sunscreens and antioxidants. The 612-Da MAA accounted for approximately 60% of the total MAAs and contributed approximately 20% of the total radical scavenging activities in a water extract, indicating that it is the major water-soluble UV-protectant and radical scavenger component. The hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative and the glycosylated palythine-threonine derivatives were found in a specific genotype of N. commune, suggesting that glycosylated MAA patterns could be a chemotaxonomic marker for the characterization of the morphologically indistinguishable N. commune. The glycosylation of porphyra-334 and palythine-threonine in N. commune suggests a unique adaptation for terrestrial environments that are drastically fluctuating in comparison to stable aquatic environments.
Epigonal Conditioned Media from Bonnethead Shark, Sphyrna tiburo, Induces Apoptosis in a T-Cell Leukemia Cell Line, Jurkat E6-1
Authors: Walsh Catherine , Luer Carl , Yordy Jennifer , Cantu Theresa , Miedema Jodi , Leggett Stephanie , Leigh Brittany , Adams Philip , Ciesla Marissa , Bennett Courtney , Bodine Ashby
Published: August 2013

Representatives of Subclass Elasmobranchii are cartilaginous fish whose members include sharks, skates, and rays. Because of their unique phylogenetic position of being the most primitive group of vertebrates to possess all the components necessary for an adaptive immune system, the immune regulatory compounds they possess may represent the earliest evolutionary forms of novel compounds with the potential for innovative therapeutic applications. Conditioned medium, generated from short term culture of cells from the epigonal organ of bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo), has been shown to have potent reproducible cytotoxic activity against a variety of human tumor cell lines in vitro. Existing data suggest that epigonal conditioned medium (ECM) exerts this cytotoxic activity through induction of apoptosis in target cells. This manuscript describes apoptosis induction in a representative tumor cell line, Jurkat E6-1, in response to treatment with ECM at concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/mL. Data indicate that ECM exposure initiates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis through activation of caspase enzymes. Future purification of ECM components may result in the isolation of an immune-regulatory compound with potential therapeutic benefit for treatment of human cancer.
Cyclodextrin Formulation of the Marine Natural Product Pseudopterosin A Uncovers Optimal Pharmacodynamics in Proliferation Studies of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Day Daniel , Jabaiah Suraya , Jacobs Robert , Little R.
Published: August 2013

Pseudopterosin A (PsA) treatment of growth factor depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures formulated in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) for 42 h unexpectedly produced a 25% increase in cell proliferation (EC50 = 1.34 × 10−8 M). Analysis of dose response curves revealed pseudo-first order saturation kinetics, and the uncoupling of cytotoxicity from cell proliferation, thereby resulting in a widening of the therapeutic index. The formulation of PsA into HPβCD produced a 200-fold increase in potency over a DMSO formulation; we propose this could result from a constrained presentation of PsA to the receptor, which would limit non-specific binding. These results support the hypothesis that the non-specific receptor binding of PsA when formulated in DMSO has ostensibly masked prior estimates of specific activity, potency, and mechanism. Collectively, these results suggest that the formulation of PsA and compounds of similar chemical properties in HPβCD could result in significant pharmacological findings that may otherwise be obscured when using solvents such as DMSO.
Coverage Dependent Variation of the Adsorption Structure of 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde on the Ge(100)-2 × 1 Reconstructed Surface
Authors: Lee Myungjin , Shin Minjeong , Lee Hangil
Published: August 2013

High-resolution photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES) measurements were collected and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to track the exposure-dependent variation of the adsorption structure of 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (C4H3SCHO: TPCA) on the Ge(100) 2 × 1 reconstructed surface at room temperature. In an effort to identify the most probable adsorption structures on the Ge(100)-2 × 1 reconstructed surface, we deposited TPCA molecules at low exposure and at high exposure and compared the differences between the electronic features measured using HRPES. The HRPES data suggested three possible adsorption structures of TPCA on the Ge(100)-2 × 1 reconstructed surface, and DFT calculations were used to determine the plausibility of these structures. HRPES analysis corroborated by DFT calculations, indicated that an S-dative bonded structure is the most probable adsorption structure at relatively low exposure levels, the [4 + 2] cycloadduct structure is the second most probable structure, and the [2 + 2]-C=O cycloadduct structure is the least probable structure on the Ge(100)-2 × 1 reconstructed surface at relatively high exposure levels.
Association between Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Overweight and Obese Adults
Authors: Piccolo Brian , Dolnikowski Gregory , Seyoum Elias , Thomas Anthony , Gertz Erik , Souza Elaine , Woodhouse Leslie , Newman John , Keim Nancy , Adams Sean , Van Loan Marta
Published: August 2013

Cholecalciferol is known to be deposited in human adipose tissue, but it is not known whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is found in detectable concentrations. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether 25(OH)D is detectable in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT) in overweight and obese persons enrolled in a twelve week energy restricted diet. Baseline and post-intervention gluteal SWAT biopsies were collected from 20 subjects participating in a larger clinical weight loss intervention. LC-MS/MS was utilized to determine SWAT 25(OH)D concentrations. Serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were measured by RIA. Body composition was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. SWAT 25(OH)D concentrations were 5.8 ± 2.6 nmol/kg tissue and 6.2 ± 2.7 nmol/kg tissue pre- and post-intervention SWAT, respectively. There was a significant positive association between SWAT 25(OH)D concentration and serum 25(OH)D concentration (r = 0.52, P < 0.01). Both SWAT and serum 25(OH)D concentrations did not significantly change after a twelve-week period of energy restriction with approximately 5 kg of fat loss. In conclusion, we have demonstrated our LC-MS/MS method can detect 25(OH)D3 in human subcutaneous fat tissue from overweight and obese individuals and is consistent with previously reported concentrations in swine. Additionally, our findings of no significant changes in SWAT 25(OH)D3 or serum 25(OH)D after a 6% loss of total body weight and 13% reduction in total fat provides the first human evidence that adipose 25(OH)D does not likely contribute to serum 25(OH)D with moderate weight loss; whether this is also the case with larger amounts of weight loss is unknown. Weight loss alone is not sufficient to increase serum 25(OH)D and increases in dietary or dermal biosynthesis of vitamin D appear to be the most critical contributors to in vitamin D status.
Using WarpPLS in E-Collaboration Studies
Authors: Kock Ned
Published: August 2013

What if a researcher obtains empirical data by asking questions to gauge the effect of an e-collaboration technology on task performance, but does not obtain data on the extent to which the e-collaboration technology is used? This characterizes what is referred to here as a scenario with one group and one condition, where the researcher is essentially left with only one column of data to be analyzed. When this happens, often researchers do not know how to analyze the data, or analyze the data making incorrect assumptions and using unsuitable techniques. Some of WarpPLS’s features make it particularly useful in this type of scenario, such as its support for small samples and the use of data that does not meet parametric assumptions. The main goal of this paper is to help e-collaboration researchers use WarpPLS to analyze data in this type of scenario, where only one group and one condition are available. Two other scenarios are also discussed – a typical scenario, and a scenario with one group and two before-after technology introduction conditions. While the focus here is on e-collaboration, the recommendations apply to many other fields.
The Effects of Social and Technical Factors on User Satisfaction, Sense of Belonging and Knowledge Community Usage
Authors: Lin Hui , Fan Weiguo , Wallace Linda
Published: August 2013

Knowledge communities allow individuals to share knowledge and collaborate with each other based on common interests. The authors apply socio-technical theory as the overarching theoretical framework to propose a research model which posits that both technical factors (system quality and information quality) and social factors (community governance and pro-sharing norms) collectively influence user satisfaction, sense of belonging, and knowledge community usage. Survey data collected from members of a computer programming knowledge community show that community governance is an important social factor which affects users’ perceptions of information quality, system quality, and pro-sharing norms. These factors in turn provide a nurturing atmosphere which results in increased user satisfaction, sense of belonging, and community usage. The implications for research and practice are discussed.
Sensitivity of stock prices to economic events: econometric evidence from Sri Lankan stock market and US stock market
Authors: Dayarathne D.A.I. , Lakshman Rajith
Published: August 2013

This paper attempts to examine the sensitivity of stock prices to economic events in an emerging market and in a developed market. Historically several studies have been undertaken on the stock market sensitivity on important economic events in several markets. The sensitivity of stock prices to major economic events is measured by using the volatility test of Inclan and Tiao which objectively differentiates the volatile period from the weekly data series of both markets. The All Share Price Index (ASPI) and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Composite Index are used for the volatility test of Inclan and Tiao (1994). Then, the major economic events are matched with the volatility periods of the prices. It is found that the stock prices in both markets are highly sensitive to the major economic events. The findings of this study consistent with Bailey and Chung (1995) who find that important political events tend to be associated with sudden change in volatility. Thus this suggests that portfolio managers should be cautious in advising their clients in dynamic situations in the markets in this nature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v11i1.5886Sabaragamuwa University Journal 2012; V. 11 No. 1 pp 21-32
Market window analysis: a case of tobacco, paddy and big oinon farmers in Galewela, Sri Lanka
Authors: Thennakoon M.T.C.P. , Silva D. A. M. De
Published: August 2013

The study was carried out to determine profitable market existence for tobacco, paddy and big onion cultivations. The research was conducted in Galewela DS division in Matale district. Tobacco, paddy and big onion were considered major cultivating crops in the area during the Yala season. The market existence for each crops were evaluated using market window analysis. “Market window” refers to a period of time when the prices received by producers for selected crops were greater than the production costs. Profitability and economic efficiency of each crop was measured in order to identify most suitable crop for the season. Cost of production and budget for each crop was prepared using primary data obtained from the field survey in Galewela DS division. Historical prices were collected from economic centers of Dambulla, Meegoda and Ceylon Tobacco Company. Results revealed that profitable market exists for each crop. There was no market existing for tobacco green leaf before 2009 and the profitable market was emerged for paddy after year 2007. Market for big onion cultivators was profitable during studied time period (2003 – 2009) but volatile in its pricing pattern. Highest profitability and the economic efficiency were observed for big onion cultivation. Study revealed that most economic crop for Yala season was the big onion. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v11i1.5890Sabaragamuwa University Journal 2012; V. 11 No. 1 pp 95-108
Impact of individual factors on the business performance of women entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka
Authors: Dharmaratne K L B G
Published: August 2013

Sri Lankan women have only recently taken an active role in the business sector of the country. However, they are seemed competing on an equal footing with the men, in the business field. This empirical investigation attempted to understand the impact of personal and industrial factors on the business performance of women entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka. This empirical study examined the applicability of five theoretical perspectives derived from studies in USA and Israel. These five theoretical perspectives include Motivation and Goals, Social Learning Theory, Network Affiliation Human Capital and industrial factors. Each of these variables was ope-rationalized using 4 or 5 dimensions and sub dimensions. This study sheds light on the explanatory power of these five perspectives in the Sri Lankan context. Six hypotheses and six major research questions were developed and tested. A survey was conducted to gather primary data by selecting 100 small business women from Galle, Colombo and Ratnapura districts and that data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The reliability was tested using Chronbatch’s Alfa value method and all the variables carried equal or above 0.65. The best fit model of the multiple linear regression includes only three variables such as Motivation & Goals, Human Capital and Industrial factors and excludes the Social Learning Theory and Network Affiliation because their ability to predict the Business Performance is negligible. The correlation analysis too showed strong positive correlations between Business Performance of Sri Lankan women entrepreneurs and Motivation & Goals and Human Capital. Social Learning Theory and Network Affiliation showed positive correlations with Business Performance. But the relationships were not much vivid. There is a very strong positive correlation between Business Performance of small business women and Industrial factors with a 0.721 of coefficient of correlation at a 99% significant level. Overall, this research suggests that theories regarding women entrepreneurship in particular, derived from researches in developed countries need to be carefully examined and tested before being used in developing or non-developed country contexts like Sri Lanka. But in special cases those theories can be applied with slight modifications so that many benefits can be gained from them. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v11i1.5977 Sabaragamuwa University Journal 2012; V. 11 No. 1 pp 139-165
C.H. Dodd se verstaansraamwerk vir die Johannes-evangelie: ’n Evaluasie
Authors: Van der Watt Jan G.
Published: August 2013

C.H. Dodd’s framework for understanding the Gospel according to John: An evaluation. During the previous century Dodd was one of the most significant and influential interpreters of the Gospel of John. His views on the symbolic nature of the Gospel formed the basis of his hermeneutical program for understanding the Gospel. He understood the Johannine symbols in the light of what he regarded as the relevant background material. Theologically he interprets the symbols within a Platonic-like structure, arguing that the symbols in John function as hermeneutical bridges between the background material and the theological formation of the Gospel of John. In subsequent literary studies this approach was and still is questioned.
To map across from one language to another: J.M. Coetzee’s translation of Die kremetartekspedisie
Authors: Crous Marius
Published: August 2013

This article examined Coetzee’s translation of Wilma Stockenström’s novel Die kremetartekspedisie as The expedition to the baobab tree. Firstly, I defined literary translation and then I have analysed and compared the two texts to show examples of equivalence. Subsequently I also established how Coetzee managed to circumvent the poetic style of the original source text (ST). The novel is written in a dense poetic style and the translator has to be cognisant of it.