bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mussel‐Inspired Dendritic Polymers as Universal Multifunctional Coatings
Authors: Wei Qiang , Achazi Katharina , Liebe Hendrik , Schulz Andrea , Noeske Paul‐Ludwig Michael , Grunwald Ingo , Haag Rainer
Published: September 2014

A rapid and universal approach for multifunctional material coatings was developed based on a mussel‐inspired dendritic polymer. This new kind of polymer mimics not only the functional groups of mussel foot proteins (mfps) but also their molecular weight and molecular structure. The large number of catechol and amine groups set the basis for heteromultivalent anchoring and crosslinking. The molecular weight reaches 10 kDa, which is similar to the most adhesive mussel foot protein mfp‐5. Also, the dendritic structure exposes its functional groups on the surface like the folded proteins. As a result, a very stable coating can be prepared on virtually any type of material surface within 10 min by a simple dip‐coating method, which is as fast as the formation of mussel byssal threads in nature.
Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of tween 80/span 80–based organogels and its application in iontophoretic drug delivery
Authors: Sagiri Sai S. , Kumar Uttam , Champaty Biswajeet , Singh Vinay K , Pal Kunal
Published: September 2014

The present study describes the preparation and characterization of the Tween 80/Span 80 and sunflower oil–based organogels. Organogels were characterized using microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermal, mechanical, and electrical techniques. The properties were found to be dependent on the proportion of the water : surfactant mixture. The in vitro drug release studies were performed under electrical potential. The drug release in the presence of electrical current was compared with the passive drug release. The drug release from the organogels followed the zero‐order kinetics suggesting diffusion mediated release. The preliminary results suggested that the organogels may be used as drug carriers in iontophoretic drug delivery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41419.
Rapid and nondestructive quantitative analysis of natural rubber blends regardless of geographical origin and harvest time of the natural rubber
Authors: Lu Yi , Liu Hongchao , Guo Guojian , You Yusheng , Wu Lijun , Ji Kejian , Xun Qining
Published: September 2014

Natural rubber (NR) blends are widely used in many industries because of their excellent integrated properties. However, a simple, easily operational, nondestructive, and accurate method for their quantitative analysis remains as a challenge. This has been always an important issue in the related industries, particularly for their daily quality control tests. One main reason is that NR ingredients vary according to their geographical origin and the harvest time, which renders it hard to set up a versatile analytical protocol for all NRs. Another reason is owing to the defects of the established methods themselves as having been revealed in those relying on TGA, Py‐GC/MS, FTIR, and ATR‐FTIR. In this study, a simple and feasible method based on near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric is proposed to solve this problem for the first time. NR/SBR (styrene‐butadiene rubber) rubber blend, the most widely used NR blend, is selected as a typical research subject. Spectral calibration region, factor, and several different pretreatment methods are applied on the spectra data to optimize calibration models. The result shows the optimized calibration model provides a good accuracy (0.135 wt %), intraday precision (0.121 wt %) and interday precision (0.132 wt %) for 3 months. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41423.
Synthesis and Anti‐Cancer Activity Evaluation of New Dimethoxylated Chalcone and Flavanone Analogs
Authors: Ketabforoosh Shima H. M. E. , Kheirollahi Asma , Safavi Maliheh , Esmati Nasim , Ardestani Sussan K. , Emami Saeed , Firoozpour Loghman , Shafiee Abbas , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: September 2014

A novel series of chalcones and flavanones discriminated by the presence of a 3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl moiety in their structures were synthesized as anti‐cancer agents. The cytotoxicity evaluation of the analogs against the MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231 (human breast cancer), and SK‐N‐MC (human neuroblastoma) cell lines demonstrated that the introduction of a halogen on the 3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl part of both series and the attachment of a pyrrolidinylethoxy group on the C‐7 position of the flavanone derivatives increased their activity. Indeed, 3‐halogenated chalcones (1c and 1d) were more potent than the standard drug etoposide against all tested cell lines. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses confirmed that the anti‐cancer effect of the most potent compounds 1c and 1d occurs via apoptosis induction.
Prolonged Tumor Necrosis Factor α Primes Fibroblast‐like Synoviocytes in a Gene‐Specific Manner by Altering Chromatin
Authors: Sohn Christopher , Lee Angela , Qiao Yu , Loupasakis Konstantinos , Ivashkiv Lionel B. , Kalliolias George D.
Published: September 2014

Objective

During the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) are chronically exposed to an inflammatory milieu. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that prolonged exposure of FLS to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) augments inflammatory responses to secondary stimuli (priming effect).

Methods

FLS obtained from RA patients were exposed to TNFα for 3 days and were then stimulated with interferons (IFNs). Expression of IFN target genes was measured by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Total STAT‐1 protein and IFN‐mediated STAT‐1 activation were evaluated by Western blotting. Total histone levels, histone acetylation, and NF‐κB p65 and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment were measured at the CXCL10 promoter (encodes IFNγ‐inducible 10‐kd protein [IP‐10]) by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.

Results

Prolonged pre‐exposure of FLS to TNFα enhanced the magnitude and extended the kinetics of CXCL10/IP‐10, CXCL9, and CXCL11 production upon subsequent IFN stimulation. This phenotype was retained over a period of days, even after the removal of TNFα. Prolonged TNFα exposure decreased histone levels, increased acetylation of the remaining histones, and heightened recruitment of NF‐κB p65 and Pol II to the CXCL10 promoter. In parallel, an increase in intracellular STAT‐1 led to amplification of IFN‐induced STAT‐1 activation.

Conclusion

Our study reveals a novel pathogenic function of TNFα, namely, prolonged and gene‐specific priming of FLS for enhanced transcription of inflammatory chemokine genes due to the priming of chromatin, the sustained activation of NF‐κB, and the amplification of STAT‐1 activation downstream of IFNs. These data also suggest that FLS gain an “inflammatory memory” upon prolonged exposure to TNFα.
The Biologic Basis of Clinical Heterogeneity in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Eng Simon W. M. , Duong Trang T. , Rosenberg Alan M. , Morris Quaid , Yeung Rae S. M. ,   on behalf of the REACCH OUT and BBOP Research Consortia
Published: September 2014

Objective

Childhood arthritis encompasses a heterogeneous family of diseases. Significant variation in clinical presentation remains despite consensus‐driven diagnostic classifications. Developments in data analysis provide powerful tools for interrogating large heterogeneous data sets. We report a novel approach to integrating biologic and clinical data toward a new classification for childhood arthritis, using computational biology for data‐driven pattern recognition.

Methods

Probabilistic principal components analysis was used to transform a large set of data into 4 interpretable indicators or composite variables on which patients were grouped by cluster analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine key variables in determining indicators and cluster assignment. Results were validated against an independent validation cohort.

Results

Meaningful biologic and clinical characteristics, including levels of proinflammatory cytokines and measures of disease activity, defined axes/indicators that identified homogeneous patient subgroups by cluster analysis. The new patient classifications resolved major differences between patient subpopulations better than International League of Associations for Rheumatology subtypes. Fourteen variables were identified by sensitivity analysis to crucially determine indicators and clusters. This new schema was conserved in an independent validation cohort.

Conclusion

Data‐driven unsupervised machine learning is a powerful approach for interrogating clinical and biologic data toward disease classification, providing insight into the biology underlying clinical heterogeneity in childhood arthritis. Our analytical framework enabled the recovery of unique patterns from small cohorts and addresses a major challenge, patient numbers, in studying rare diseases.
Depletion of Protease‐Activated Receptor 2 but Not Protease‐Activated Receptor 1 May Confer Protection Against Osteoarthritis in Mice Through Extracartilaginous Mechanisms
Authors: Jackson Miriam T. , Moradi Babak , Zaki Sanaa , Smith Margaret M. , McCracken Sharon , Smith Susan M. , Jackson Christopher J. , Little Christopher B.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To explore the involvement of protease‐activated receptor 1 (PAR‐1) and PAR‐2 in the pathologic processes of osteoarthritis (OA) and to identify the cells/tissues primarily affected by ablation of PAR‐1 or PAR‐2 in mice.

Methods

OA was induced in the joints of wild‐type (WT), PAR‐1+/+, PAR‐1−/−, and PAR‐2−/− mice by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), and scores of histologic features (cartilage aggrecan loss and erosion, subchondral bone sclerosis, osteophytes, and synovitis) were compared at 1, 4, and 8 weeks post‐DMM. The effects of PAR ablation on cartilage degradation and chondrocyte metalloproteinase expression/activity were studied in cultures of mouse femoral head tissue with or without interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α). At 1 week post‐DMM, synovial expression of cytokines and metalloproteinase genes was measured by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and populations of inflammatory cells were quantified by flow cytometry.

Results

Deletion of PAR‐2, but not that of PAR‐1, in mice significantly delayed the progression of cartilage damage and inhibited subchondral bone sclerosis following DMM. There was no inhibitory effect of PAR‐1 or PAR‐2 ablation on IL‐1α–induced cartilage degradation or chondrocyte metalloproteinase expression/activation. A low but significant level of synovitis persisted in mice subjected to DMM compared to that in control mice subjected to sham surgery, but no differences between the genotypes were seen 4 or 8 weeks post‐DMM. One week after DMM, increased synovial expression of proinflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinase genes, along with increased levels of CD4+ T cells, inflammatory monocytes, and activated macrophages, were seen in all genotypes. However, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of activated macrophages in PAR‐2−/− mice compared to PAR‐1−/− and WT mice.

Conclusion

Deletion of PAR‐2, but not that of PAR‐1, results in a significant decrease in DMM‐induced cartilage damage. The chondroprotection in PAR‐2−/− mice appears to occur indirectly through modulation of extracartilaginous events such as subchondral bone remodeling and synovial macrophage activation, rather than through alteration of chondrocyte catabolic responses.
Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Cell Membrane Imaging
Authors: Li Meng , Nie Chenyao , Feng Liheng , Yuan Huanxiang , Liu Libing , Lv Fengting , Wang Shu
Published: September 2014

The outstanding optical properties and biocompatibility of fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) make them favorable for bioimaging application. However, few CPNs could achieve stable cell membrane labeling due to cell endocytosis. In this work, conjugated polymer nanoparticles (PFPNP‐PLE) encapsulated with PFP and PLGA‐PEG‐N3 in the matrix and functionalized with the small‐molecule drug plerixafor (PLE) on the surface were prepared by a mini‐emulsion method. PFPNP‐PLE exhibits excellent photophysical properties, low cytotoxicity, and specific cytomembrane location, which makes it a potential cell membrane labeling reagent with blue fluorescence emission, an important component for multilabel/multicolor bioimaging.
Fault‐Tolerant Stabilization in Discrete‐Time Multiple‐Integrator Networks with General Information Sharing
Authors: Locatelli Arturo , Schiavoni Nicola
Published: September 2014

The paper considers a network of agents with identical discrete‐time multiple‐integrator dynamics. The agents share information according to an arbitrary topology. The information is relative to the states corresponding to some of the highest integration levels. With reference to this setting, a decentralized stabilization problem is faced, under the further assumption that faults may occur in the communication apparatus of one or several of the agents. A necessary and sufficient solvability condition is presented for the problem, together with formulas for a class of least‐order regulators.
Finite‐Time Synchronization of General Complex Dynamical Networks
Authors: Wu Quanjun , Zhang Hua , Xu Li , Yan Qing
Published: September 2014

The main objective of the present paper is to further investigate finite‐time synchronization of a general complex dynamical network from the viewpoint of dynamics and control. By utilizing the finite‐time stability theory combined with the inequality techniques, several sufficient criteria on finite‐time synchronization are derived analytically. And some effects of control parameters on synchronization speed and synchronization time are also drawn. It is shown that control gains play an important role in making the dynamical networks finite‐time exponentially synchronized. Furthermore, the results are applied to a typical nearest‐neighbor coupled network composing of chaotic FitzHugh‐Nagumo (FHN) neuron oscillators, and numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control methodology.
Gold‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Free Alcohols: An Enantioselective Approach to Chiral Chromans with Quaternary Stereocenters for the Synthesis of Vitamin E and Analogues
Authors: Uria Uxue , Vila Carlos , Lin Ming‐Yuan , Rueping Magnus
Published: September 2014

The enantioselective synthesis of α‐ and γ‐tocopherol (the most biologically active members of vitamin E family) and analogues has been accomplished employing a new enantioselective gold catalyzed intramolecular allylic alkylation reaction followed by an olefin cross‐metathesis as key steps. The methodology proved to be applicable to different olefins highlighting its potential for the synthesis of diverse libraries.
Soluble Xanthate Compounds for the Solution Deposition of Metal Sulfide Thin Films
Authors: Macreadie Lauren K. , Maynard‐Casely Helen E. , Batten Stuart R. , Turner David R. , Chesman Anthony S. R.
Published: September 2014

A series of soluble metal ethylxanthate compounds was synthesised as precursors for metal sulfide thin films to be deposited using solution‐based techniques. Initially, a range of air‐ and moisture‐stable organic ethylxanthate (EtXn) salts were synthesised (cation=Me4N (1), Et4N (2), Pr4N (3), Ph4P (4), guanidinium (5), NMeH3 (6), NMe2H2 (7), NMe3H (8), NH4 (9)). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to examine their decomposition profiles, which in turn informed the decision of which counter cation was best suited for inclusion in the metal xanthate compounds. Periodic NMR spectroscopy studies and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD) were used to determine the role protic ammonium counter cations play in the detrimental conversion of xanthates to dithiocarbamate anions. The organic salts 1 and 4 were used to form the metal ethylxanthate compounds (Me4N)[M(EtXn)x] (x=3 for M=Cd (10 Cd), Ni (10 Ni), Zn (10 Zn); x=4 for M=La (11 La)) and (Ph4P)[M(EtXn)3] (M=Cd (12 Cd), Ni (12 Ni), Zn (12 Zn)). Solubility studies on these compounds were performed using a range of solvents to demonstrate the viability of using these compounds for solution‐based deposition methods for thin‐film formation. TGA of the metal xanthate compounds was used to examine their thermal‐decomposition profiles and the product resulting from thermolysis was found to be the respective metal sulfide. In addition, the coproducts of thermal decomposition were analysed by headspace gas‐chromatography mass spectrometry (HS GC–MS) to probe the decomposition mechanism of the precursors. In situ variable‐temperature synchrotron XRD studies on both bulk and thin‐film samples of 10 Cd and 12 Cd were used to examine metal sulfide crystalline phase formation. Decomposition of both precursors was found to give CdS in a hexagonal phase, with the addition of CdCl2 found to aid in increasing the crystallite size during crystallisation.
Estimating the spatial distribution of wintering little brown bat populations in the eastern United States
Authors: Russell Robin E. , Tinsley Karl , Erickson Richard A. , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Szymanski Jennifer
Published: September 2014

Depicting the spatial distribution of wildlife species is an important first step in developing management and conservation programs for particular species. Accurate representation of a species distribution is important for predicting the effects of climate change, land‐use change, management activities, disease, and other landscape‐level processes on wildlife populations. We developed models to estimate the spatial distribution of little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) wintering populations in the United States east of the 100th meridian, based on known hibernacula locations. From this data, we developed several scenarios of wintering population counts per county that incorporated uncertainty in the spatial distribution of the hibernacula as well as uncertainty in the size of the current little brown bat population. We assessed the variability in our results resulting from effects of uncertainty. Despite considerable uncertainty in the known locations of overwintering little brown bats in the eastern United States, we believe that models accurately depicting the effects of the uncertainty are useful for making management decisions as these models are a coherent organization of the best available information.
Study on MEMS Thermal Microactuators with Pedestal‐Type Beam Shape and Au Electroplating
Authors: OCHIAI KUNIYUKI , OSADA TAKAHIRO , MURO HIDEO
Published: September 2014

Recently, microfluid systems have been extensively studied, and microactuators such as microvalves fabricated by microelectromechanical systems technology are essential for realizing these systems. In this paper, thermal microactuators of trapezoidal shape fabricated by SOI‐MUMPs technology with and without Au electroplating layers are studied to obtain larger displacement.
Structure and Vibrational Analyses of LiP15
Authors: Eckstein Nadine , Jantke Laura‐Alice , Fässler Thomas F. , Mink János , Drees Markus , Nilges Tom
Published: September 2014

LiP15 was synthesized by reaction of the elements in the presence of CuCl2 as a mineralizer additive in sealed silica ampoules at 823 K. The product was characterized by powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments, quantum chemical calculations and IR and Raman spectroscopy. It crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system in space group P$\bar {1}$ with the lattice parameters a = 6.974(1) Å, b = 9.008(1) Å, c = 11.294(2) Å, α = 104.51(1)°, β = 93.78(1)°, γ = 106.330(10)° and V = 652.1 Å3. The structure of the phosphorus‐rich polyphosphide consists of tubular polyphosphide strands that are coordinated by lithium atoms to form double strands with an antiparallel arrangement. Quantum chemical investigations and structure optimizations were applied to localize the Li positions within the polyphosphide framework, and a full factor group analysis was done to understand the complex IR and Raman spectra of the title compound. LiP15 does not crystallize isotypically to compounds with the higher homologues of lithium but forms its own structure type, in contrast to previous reports. On the basis of our results, a LiP15 polymorph isotypic to KP15 might exist energetically separated by a few kJ/mol. We also predict that a second KP15 polymorph with the reported LiP15 structure would be energetically as favourable as the known one.
Rapid and Selective Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation of the 4,4‐Difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) Scaffold
Authors: Santschi Nico , Cvengroš Ján , Matthey Coraline , Otth Elisabeth , Antonio Togni and
Published: September 2014

This report deals with the rapid functionalization of the 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) scaffold by means of electrophilic trifluoromethylation. Subjecting dye 2 to the disclosed protocol led to the successful isolation of 3‐trifluoromethylated derivative 9. Subsequent comparison of structural and electronic properties allowed for the characterization of changes imparted by the CF3 group. A diminution in the quantum yield [ΦF(2)MeOH = 0.15, ΦF(9)THF = 0.024] was accompanied by a larger Stokes shift [ΔS(2)MeOH = 12 nm, ΔS(9)THF = 54 nm], whereas the molar extinction coefficient at the global absorbance maximum remained largely unaffected [ϵ(2)MeOH = 40 × 103 M–1 cm–1, ϵ(9)THF = 30 × 103 M–1 cm–1].
Chronic aquatic effect assessment for the fungicide azoxystrobin
Authors: van Wijngaarden Rene P.A. , Belgers Dick J.M. , Zafar Mazhar I. , Matser Arrienne M. , Boerwinkel Marie-Claire , Arts Gertie H.P.
Published: September 2014

The present study examined the ecological effects of a range of chronic exposure concentrations of the fungicide azoxystrobin in freshwater experimental systems (1270-L outdoor microcosms). Intended and environmentally relevant test concentrations of azoxystrobin were 0 µg active ingredient (a.i.)/L, 0.33 µg a.i./L, 1 µg a.i./L, 3.3 µg a.i./L, 10 µg a.i./L, and 33 µg a.i./L, kept at constant values. Responses of freshwater populations and community parameters were studied. During the 42-d experimental period, the time-weighted average concentrations of azoxystrobin ranged from 93.5% to 99.3% of intended values. Zooplankton, especially copepods and the Daphnia longispina group, were the most sensitive groups. At the population level, a consistent no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) of 1 µg a.i./L was calculated for Copepoda. The NOEC at the zooplankton community level was 10 µg azoxystrobin/L. The principle of the European Union pesticide directive is that lower-tier regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) are protective of higher-tier RACs. This was tested for chronic risks from azoxystrobin. With the exception of the microcosm community chronic RAC (highest tier), all other chronic RAC values were similar to each other (0.5–1 µg a.i./L). The new and stricter first-tier species requirements of the European Union pesticide regulation (1107/2009/EC) are not protective for the most sensitive populations in the microcosm study, when based on the higher tier population RAC. In comparison, the Water Framework Directive generates environmental quality standards that are 5 to 10 times lower than the derived chronic RACs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2775–2785. © 2014 SETAC
A Phenomenal Journey
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: September 2014

The wonder of bird migration: Armed with modern research methods, ornithologists at the Wilhelmshaven Institute of Avian Research are studying the internal and external mechanisms of annual migratory movements. Their latest model is the small northern wheatear.
Fingerprints from the Depths of the Earth
Authors: Jahn Sandro
Published: September 2014

Minerals and fluids contain basic information about the formation and structure of the Earth. Using new computer simulation techniques, scientists can now model concentrations of major and trace elements and their isotopes with great accuracy. This enables them to reconstruct geological processes that occurred billions of years ago.
Getting to Grips with Cracks
Authors: Kaliske Michael
Published: September 2014

Components made of rubber are everywhere — and everywhere they are subject to wear and material fatigue. To make tyres, bearings and gaskets more durable and reliable, engineers are turning to fracture mechanics. Complex simulations are producing new insights.
The Next Generation
Authors: Buckow Anjana
Published: September 2014

The DFG provides career support to talented individuals in all disciplines by offering funding programmes tailored to different needs and expectations. Here we summarise the opportunities available, illustrated by testimonials from funding recipients.
High prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer in Korean women with insulin resistance
Authors: Bae Min Jung , Kim Sang Soo , Kim Won Jin , Yi Yang Seon , Jeon Yun Kyung , Kim Bo Hyun , Lee Byung Joo , Lee Jin Choon , Kim In Joo , Wang Soo Geun , Kim Yong Ki
Published: September 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine if hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance are/is associated with the prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in Korean women.

Methods

This study included 735 female patients with PTC and 537 female non‐PTC control subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance and the occurrence of PTC.

Results

The prevalence of PTC was significantly correlated with increased insulin, glucose levels, and a high homeostasis model of assessment‐insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). The multivariate adjusted odds ratios for the prevalence of PTC in the highest quartile groups for insulin, glucose, and HOMA‐IR were 2.88, 9.32, and 4.07 (all p < .001), respectively, compared with the lowest quartile groups. Pathological analyses revealed that increased serum glucose, insulin levels, and a higher HOMA‐IR were associated with the multifocality of PTC.

Conclusion

Hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance may be associated with the development of PTC, but not disease severity in Korean women. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 66–71, 2016
Sinus mucosa status in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy: A 5‐year follow‐up
Authors: Hsin Chung‐Han , Tseng Hsien‐Chun , Lin Huang‐Pin , Chen Tsai‐Hsin
Published: September 2014

Background

Sinus mucosa abnormalities on image studies, which is the major diagnostic measure for sinusitis, were investigated in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Methods

A retrospective review of the MRIs for patients with NPC was conducted. Sinus mucosa abnormalities were staged by the Lund–Mackay system.

Results

A total of 94 patients were enrolled in this study. The rate and severity of sinus abnormalities were highest on the third postradiotherapy month (p < .005, t test). There was no significant increase in the incidence of abnormalities on the fifth postradiotherapy year (t test). The anterior ethmoid and maxillary sinuses were the most affected sinuses before and after radiotherapy (p < .005, chi‐square test).

Conclusion

Our data showed that the anterior ethmoid and maxillary sinuses were the most vulnerable sinuses for therapeutic toxicity after IMRT in patients with NPC. In the long run, however, the application of IMRT does not significantly increase the incidence of sinus toxicities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 29–35, 2016
Impact of high‐κ gate dielectric and other physical parameters on the electrostatics and threshold voltage of long channel gate‐all‐around nanowire transistor
Authors: Khan Saeed Uz Zaman , Hossain Md. Shafayat , Rahman Fahim Ur , Zaman Rifat , Hossen Md. Obaidul , Khosru Quazi D. M.
Published: September 2014

High‐κ gate‐all‐around structure counters the Short Channel Effect (SCEs) mostly providing excellent off‐state performance, whereas high mobility III–V channel ensures better on‐state performance, rendering III–V nanowire GAAFET a potential candidate for replacing the current FinFETs in microchips. In this paper, a 2D simulator for the III–V GAAFET based on self‐consistent solution of Schrodinger–Poisson equation is proposed. Using this simulator, capacitance–voltage profile and threshold voltage are characterized, which reveal that gate dielectric constant (κ) and oxide thickness do not affect threshold voltage significantly at lower channel doping. Moreover, change in alloy composition of InxGa1‐xAs, channel doping, and cross‐sectional area has trivial effects on the inversion capacitance although threshold voltage can be shifted by the former two. Although, channel material also affects the threshold voltage, most sharp change in threshold voltage is observed with change in fin width of the channel (0.005 V/nm for above 10 nm fin width and 0.064 V/nm for sub‐10 nm fin width). Simulation suggests that for lower channel doping below 1023 m−3, fin width variation affects the threshold voltage most. Whereas when the doping is higher than 1023 m−3, both the thickness and dielectric constant of the oxide material have strong effects on threshold voltage (0.05 V/nm oxide thickness and 0.01 V/per unit change in κ). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of rye bread enriched with tomato pomace on fat absorption and lipid metabolism in rats fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Bajerska Joanna , Chmurzynska Agata , Mildner‐Szkudlarz Sylwia , Drzymała‐Czyż Sławomira
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

Tomato pomace (TP), obtained as a residue of tomato processing, was used to enrich rye bread (RB). The sensory profile of this functional bread (RB+TP) was characterised, and its fat absorption and lipid metabolism properties in high‐fat‐fed rats were studied.

RESULTS

Intake of the HF diet containing RB, RB+TP, or TP alone increased faecal energy and fat excretion, but did not affect animal growth or visceral fat weight. Both RB and RB+TP diminished the negative impact of the HF diet, lowering the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the total liver lipid contents by 31.6% and 24%, respectively. The experimental diets had no effect on liver S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) concentrations or on the S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) to SAH ratio, though the lowest SAM levels were observed in the HF+TP group. No significant differences were detected in blood homocysteine, triglycerides, glucose or insulin levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Although RB+TP incorporated into a HF diet may lead to a decrease in AIP and total liver lipid content, this effect does not depend on the components of TP, but rather on the RB ingredients. However, pure TP, in the doses used in this study, may potentially play a role in the energy balance via faecal loss of lipids. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Phytochemical screening, anticancer and antioxidant activities of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek, a plant of traditional usage
Authors: Koldaş Serkan , Demirtas Ibrahim , Ozen Tevfik , Demirci Mehmet Ali , Behçet Lütfi
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

A detailed phytochemical analysis of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek was carried out and the antioxidant activities of five different crude extracts were determined. The antiproliferative activities of the extracts were determined using the xCELLigence system (Real Time Cell Analyzer).

RESULTS

Differences between the essential oil and volatile organic compound profiles of the plant were shown. The main component of the essential oil was caryophyllene oxide, while the main volatile organic compounds were sabinene and eucalyptol as determined by HS‐GC/MS. Phenolic contents of the extracts were determined qualitatively and quantitatively by HPLC/TOF‐MS. Ten phenolic compounds were found in the extracts from O. vulgare and Origanum acutidens: rosmarinic acid (in highest abundance), chicoric acid, caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid, gallic acid, quercetin, apigenin‐7‐glucoside, kaempferol, naringenin and 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde.

CONCLUSION

This study provides first results on the antiproliferative and antioxidant properties and detailed phytochemical screening of O. vulgare ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for a large arteriovenous malformation of the head and neck
Authors: Koyfman Shlomo A. , Shukla Monica E. , Bricker Aliye , Djemil Toufik , Wood Benjamin , Masaryk Thomas , Suh John H.
Published: September 2014

Large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the head and neck present a treatment challenge. A 38‐year‐old woman presented with a large intraoral bleed from longstanding AVMs of the left infratemporal fossa and the right tongue, despite 10 prior surgeries and embolizations. She was treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy with a dose of 24 Gy in three weekly fractions. Four years later, she has had dramatic shrinkage of her AVM, no recurrent bleeding episodes, no further treatment required, and no significant late effects.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:379–382, 2015
Conductive Traces on 3D Metal Parts
Authors: Borges Malte
Published: September 2014

A new powder finishing has opened up a whole new world of possibilities for laser direct structuring: With LPKF Powder Coating conductive traces can now be built up on three‐dimensional metal parts using the well‐known LDS process (laser direct structuring). This makes LDS Powder Coating extremely promising, for example, for new LED applications.
Decoil – Feed – Process
Authors: Kaupp Peter
Published: September 2014

In the past, Weil Technology was active in the field of short tube manufacturing machines. Now, the flexible laser cell FLC expands the product range to the complete machining of 2D components, tubes and even entire assemblies. The FLC's tool is a cutting and joining laser. Its extraordinary flexibility makes it a choice for small to medium series, sample machining and single‐part production, be it for the automotive industry, electronics industry applications or the making of construction components.
Fiber Laser Seam Stepper Replacing Resistance Spot‐Welding
Authors: Siewert Andreas , Krastel Klaus
Published: September 2014

Resistance spot welding is known in high‐volume production environment in the automotive industry since many years. The laser welding technology is also established in this application for more than 20 years, however it could still not capture the majority of the market even the modern laser welding application offers the following advantages:
Simultaneous Photoinduced ATRP and CuAAC Reactions for the Synthesis of Block Copolymers
Authors: Murtezi Eljesa , Yagci Yusuf
Published: September 2014

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions, both utilizing copper(I) (Cu(I)) complexes, make a tremendous progress in synthetic polymer chemistry. Independently or in combination with other polymerization processes, they give access to the synthesis of polymers with well‐defined structures, desired molecular architectures, and a wide variety of functionalities. Here, a novel in situ photoinduced formation of block copolymers is described by simultaneous ATRP and CuAAC processes. This approach relies on the direct reduction of initially charged copper(II) complexes to Cu(I) complexes to trigger both ATRP and CuAAC reactions coinciding under UV light at ambient temperature in one pot. Its synthetic utility is demonstrated on a model block copolymerization process by photoinduced ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using an initiator possessing acetylene functionality and concomitant click reaction between thus formed α‐acetylene‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (Ac‐PMMA) and independently prepared azide functional polystyrene (PS‐N3). Successful formation of PS‐b‐PMMA block copolymer is confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectral analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements.

image
Cadaveric dissection and clinical experience with 20 consecutive tunneled pedicled superficial temporal artery perforator (STAP) flaps for ear reconstruction
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Suami Hiroo , Brandozzi Giuliano , Dusi Daniele , Chang Edward I.
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Reconstruction of anterior ear defects is poorly described, but using “like” tissue provides the optimal reconstruction. We present a cadaveric dissection and our experience with the pedicled superficial temporal artery perforator (STAP) flap for reconstruction of partial ear defects. Materials and Methods: Two cadavers were dissected bilaterally (n = 4) following injection of latex and barium sulfate. A retrospective review of 20 consecutive patients undergoing reconstruction with the STAP flap from 2009 to 2012 was performed. Twenty patients underwent reconstruction of anterior ear defects following resection for non‐melanoma skin malignancies using a tunneled pedicled STAP flap (scapha: 5, triangular fossa: 2, scapha and triangular fossa: 13). Results: Two perforators were identified in all dissections with one perforator at the level of the tragus, and the second perforator within 1 cm cephalad to the tragus. Thirteen patients underwent reconstruction following basal cell carcinoma excision and seven patients were reconstructed following excision of squamous cell carcinoma. There were no flap losses, but four flaps (20%) developed congestion at the tip of the flap that resolved without need for flap delay, leeching, or vasodilators. No patients developed complications with the donor site, and no patients underwent revisions. With a mean follow‐up of 27.3 months (range: 19–38 months), all patients were pleased with their aesthetic outcomes and alive without recurrent disease. Conclusion: The STAP flap is a pedicled perforator flap providing local “like” tissue that can be utilized for resurfacing of defects involving the anterior upper external ear with minimal donor site morbidity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:190–195, 2015.
Accompanying artery of sciatic nerve as recipient vessel for free‐flap transfer: A computed tomographic angiography study and case reports
Authors: Miyamoto Shimpei , Fukunaga Yutaka , Fujiki Masahide , Nakatni Fumihiko , Tanzawa Yoshikazu , Sakuraba Minoru
Published: September 2014

Suitable recipient vessels for free‐flap transfer are hard to find in the posterior thigh. To investigate the versatility of accompanying artery of sciatic nerve as a recipient vessel in this region, we performed computed tomographic angiographic study of 20 consecutive healthy thighs in 10 patients. The presence and internal diameter of the accompanying artery were studied. The accompanying artery of the sciatic nerve was present in 11 thighs (55%) and the internal diameter of the artery at the mid‐thigh level ranged from 2.1 to 3.2 mm. We used this artery as a recipient vessel for free flaps transferred to reconstruct extensive thigh defects in three patients with sarcomas. In all patients the flaps survived without vascular compromise. No sensory or motor dysfunction in the sciatic nerve distribution occurred in any patients. We believe that the accompanying artery of the sciatic nerve may be a recipient vessel for free‐flap transfer in selected patients. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:284–289, 2015.
Supermicrosurgical anastomosis of superficial lymphatic vessel to deep lymphatic vessel for a patient with cellulitis‐induced chronic localized leg lymphedema
Authors: Yamamoto Takumi , Koshima Isao
Published: September 2014

Supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) has been reported to be useful for the treatment of obstructive lymphedema. However, LVA has a potential risk of anastomosis site thrombosis. It is more physiological to use a lymphatic vessel as a recipient vessel of lymphatic bypass surgery, because there is no chance for blood to contact the anastomosis site. We report a chronic localized lower leg lymphedema case treated with supermicrosurgical superficial‐to‐deep lymphaticolymphatic anastomosis (LLA). A 66‐year‐old male with a 60‐year history of cellulitis‐induced left lower leg lymphedema suffered from very frequent episodes of cellulitis and underwent LLA under local infiltration anesthesia. LLA was performed at the dorsum of the left foot. A dilated superficial lymphatic vessel was found in the fat layer, and a nondilated intact deep lymphatic vessel was found along the dorsalis pedis artery below the deep fascia. The superficial lymphatic vessel was supermicrosurgically anastomosed to the deep lymphatic vessel in a side‐to‐end fashion. After the surgery, the patient had no episodes of cellulitis, and the left lower leg lymphedematous volume decreased. Superficial‐to‐deep LLA may be a useful option for the treatment of secondary lymphedema due to obstruction of only the superficial lymphatic system. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:68–71, 2015.
WHAT ROLE FOR GOVERNMENT? THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY THROUGH FORESTRY‐RELATED CLIMATE CHANGE INTERVENTIONS IN POST‐CONFLICT NEPAL
Authors: Rutt Rebecca Leigh , Lund Jens Friis
Published: September 2014

This study examines rationales behind the choice of local interlocutors by forestry‐related climate change projects in post‐conflict Nepal. In their stated objectives, all projects claim to involve the government, and most project decision makers are in favor of government involvement, yet project resources overwhelmingly favor civil society institutions. Project decision makers' choices are shaped by a combination of donor conditionalities, contextual constraints, and beliefs about which institutional attributes matter and how to address historical marginalization. The projects' empowerment of civil society sidesteps opportunities to strengthen the local government, which is described as weak, disinterested, and lacking legitimacy owing to the absence of elections due to the unsettled post‐conflict situation. Through the choices made and their justifications, projects and donors further marginalize the local government materially and discursively and thereby entrench its perceived deficiencies. We argue that this privileging of civil society may have implications for government legitimacy and post‐conflict reconstruction and call for donors and the intervening institutions they fund to critically and collectively reassess the role of forestry‐related climate change projects in the larger process of post‐conflict reconstruction in Nepal. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in spherical polyelectrolyte brushes as observed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Wang Weihua , Li Li , Yu Xuanji , Han Haoya , Guo Xuhong
Published: September 2014

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with a size of about 2 nm are prepared in nanoreactors of spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) consisting of a solid polystyrene (PS) core and a shell of linear poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) chains densely grafted onto the core by one end. The synthesized MNP are strongly adhered to PAA chains due to the intense interaction of chemical coordination with the carboxyl groups. The generation of MNP in SPB layer is legibly revealed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) due to the significant increase in electron density. The radial distribution of MNP in SPB is built by fitting SAXS data. Most of MNP are found to locate nearby the surface of PS core. Compared to dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, SAXS can observe the generation and distribution of MNP in SPB as well as the changes upon changing pH and salt concentration in real time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1681–1688
Investigation into stress recovery behavior of shape memory polyurethane fiber
Authors: Yang Qianxi , Li Guoqiang
Published: September 2014

In this work, the stress recovery behavior of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) fiber was investigated. The as‐spun SMPU fibers were subjected to various programing‐recovery conditions. It was observed that recovering at 100 °C generated higher recovery stress than recovering at 150 °C. It was also found that, while hot‐drawn programed fiber has higher recovery stress than cold‐drawn programed fiber if recovered at 100 °C, cold‐drawn programed fiber has higher stabilized recovery stress than hot‐drawn programed counterpart when recovered at 150 °C. A morphological model was proposed based on the results from differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and X‐ray diffraction to understand the physics behind the different stress recovery behaviors. It is found that SMPU experiences different phase transitions and phase separations under different programing and stress recovery conditions. It is concluded that the two sequential phase separations taking place at 100 and 150 °C are primarily responsible for the differences in the stress recovery behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1429–1440
Automatic Calibration of Spinning Actuated Lidar Internal Parameters
Authors: Alismail Hatem , Browning Brett
Published: September 2014

Actuated lidar, where a scanning lidar is combined with an actuation mechanism to scan a three‐dimensional volume rather than a single line, has been used heavily in a wide variety of field robotics applications. Common examples of actuated lidar include spinning/rolling and nodding/pitching configurations. Due to the construction of actuated lidar, the center of rotation of the lidar mirror may not coincide with the center of rotation of the actuation mechanism. To triangulate a precise point cloud representation of the environment, the centers of rotation must be brought into alignment using a suitable calibration procedure. We refer to this problem as estimating the internal parameters of actuated lidar. In this work, we focus on spinning/rolling lidar and present a fully automated algorithm for calibration using generic scenes without the need for specialized calibration targets. The algorithm is evaluated on a range of real and synthetic data and is shown to be robust, accurate, and have a large basin of convergence.
An approach to manage the concept phase of ISO 26262
Authors: Ito Masao , Kishida Koichi
Published: September 2014

We face two difficulties when applying ISO 26262[1] in the concept phase. ISO 26262 is the functional safety standard in the automobile field and requires strict safety requirements. Usually, it is not easy to divide requirements into safety parts and non‐safety parts because they are closely connected with each other. That is, we have to perform two activities, functional development and functional safety activity, simultaneously. Other difficulty is a term item. From the definition, the item is a ‘system (1.129) or array of systems to implement a function at the vehicle level’. In concept phase, we apply hazard analysis to an item, not system. The system definition comes after item definition and hazard analysis and risk assessment. So, it is hard to use the conventional methods (e.g. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)).

To support this situation, we propose a method and a tool. Our method is an extension of knowledge acquisition in automated specification, and we also use the Goal Structuring Notation and scenario–situation matrix. The drawback of multi‐diagrams approach is the difficulty of maintaining the integrity of data, but the linkage mechanism of our tool provides the good navigation measure to transit a node of a diagram into the other node of a different diagram.

Although we aim to support the scope of part 3 of ISO 26262, we believe this approach is not limited to the automobile field and can be used in a wide range of fields Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.