bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage Deformation of Flexure‐Yielding Steel‐Reinforced Concrete Coupling Beams: Experimental and Numerical Investigation
Authors: Li Yinghui , Jiang Huanjun , Yang T. Y.
Published: June 2019

SRC coupling beams offer many significant advantages, including the reduction in section depth, reduced congestion at the wall boundary region, improved degree of coupling for a given beam depth, and improved deformation capacity. In this paper, 7 half‐scale flexure‐yielding SRC coupling beams designed according to Chinese approach have been tested under cyclic loads. Detailed parameters such as aspect ratios, steel reinforcement ratios, and steel flange‐web ratios were systematically studied, and the damage behavior of SRC coupling beams were presented in this paper. The test results show that the aspect ratio, steel ratio, and steel flange‐web ratio have great influence on the damage behavior of SRC coupling beams. Three‐dimensional nonlinear finite element models were constructed and benchmarked through comparison with test results for both global and local damage deformation behavior. Based on the material damage and strength degradation, four performance levels were defined and corresponding chord rotation limits were obtained through the verified numerical analysis.
Antagonistic Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Certain Mixtures of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and the Bulk (Al2O3, CuO, and SiO2) on Gill Histology inClarias gariepinus
Authors: Nnamdi Amaeze Henry , Briggs Tam-Miette Dawarri , Togunde Oluwaseun Olusola , Obanya Henry Ebele
Published: June 2019

Background. The effect of nanoparticles (NPs) on aquatic environments is poorly studied.Aim. This study evaluates the toxicity of joint effects of these different metal nanoparticles and their bulk in mixtures (Al2O3, CuO, and SiO2) on fish using histological biomarker.Materials and Methods. The bulk and nano sizes of three salts (Al2O3, CuO, and SiO2) were used. Nanosizes ranged from 25 nm to 100 nm. The juvenile fishes ofClarias gariepinus(mean Length: 12.3 ± 3.5 cm; mean weight: 18.52 ± 6.41 g) were used for the acute and chronic toxicity tests. They were exposed to 7 mg/L each of the bulk and nano sizes of the three metallic oxides either singly or in mixtures for 28 days. The basis for the sublethal concentration was that the 96 hr acute toxicity of the varied sizes of the three metallic oxides was nontoxic up to the concentrations of 100 mg/L with no significant mortality at the highest exposure concentrations. The gills were collected for histopathology.Results. Of the three metal oxide nanoparticles, SiO was the most toxic, with histopathological alteration index (HAI) of 20.0, followed by nano-CuO (HAI, 10.0) and nano-Al2O3(HAI, 2.0). In single exposure, the gill alterations include high frequencies of erosion of gill lamella (EGL), hypertrophy (HPT), oedema (OD), and necrosis (N). Less damage was observed at the combination of the metal oxide nanoparticles of SiO + Al2O3,SiO + CuO and SiO + Al2O3 + CuO in equal (1 : 1—HAI, 2 and 6; 1 : 1 : 1—HAI, 6) and unequal ratios (1 : 2—HAI, 16 and 6; 2 : 1—HAI, 8 and 6). Similarly, all bulk combinations were also antagonistic except for the equal ratio of bulk CuO (HAI, 20) and bulk Al2O3(HAI, 10) that gave additive effect with HAI of 32.Conclusion. The joint actions of nano Al2O3and CuO with SiO produced a low toxic effect, unlike the high toxicity of their single trials; this also indicates that nano Al2O3and CuO are antagonists. Similarly, among the bulk metal oxides (SiO, Al2O3, and CuO), CuO was the most toxic. Bulk SiO and Al2O3are antagonistic on the effects of CuO on the fish gill. There is need to properly document the ecological implications of nanoparticles in the aquatic environment.
Sugar Industry: Effect of Dextran Concentrations on the Sucrose Crystallization in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Borji Abdelali , Borji Fatima-Ezzahra , Jourani Abdelaziz
Published: June 2019

Using the spectrophotometric method, as a new method, the influence of dextran on the sucrose solubility and metastable zone width has been studied. In agreement with the literature the experimental data show that the dextran has a negligible effect on the sucrose solubility. The results also show that this impurity decreases the sucrose metastable zone width. The study of the nucleation kinetics performed, using Nyvlt’s approach, shows that the dextran accelerates the nucleation and that the nuclei are formed in the solution by instantaneous nucleation. The presence of dextran in the system causes a decrease in the growth rate of sucrose. The growth process of sucrose is governed by a Birth and Spread mechanism. The kinetic parameters of sucrose growth in aqueous solutions without and with dextran were estimated.
Effectiveness of Laser Acupuncture in Alleviating Chronic Insomnia: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chen Chih-Kuang , Lin Yin-Chou , Cheng Ju-Wen , Pei Yu-Cheng , Liu Geng-Hao , Chen Yen-Lung , Wong Alice May-Kuen
Published: June 2019

Study Objectives. This study investigates the therapeutic effect of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) acupuncture for chronic insomnia. Methods. Thirty-seven adult subjects with chronic insomnia were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups, namely, Group A (6 pairs of acupoints: Ex-HN 22, HT 7, SP 6, KI 3, LR 3, and PC 6, bilaterally distributed); Group B (acupoints as for Group A other than PC 6, which was applied only on the left side [i.e., the dominant side of the PC meridian] and the addition of DU 20, which is the main tonic acupoint for integration of all the meridians); and a control group (sham LLLT). The subjects in the treatment groups (i.e., Groups A and B) received LLLT acupuncture and those in the control group received sham LLLT for 15 minutes per session twice a week for five weeks. The sleep quality of all the subjects was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and a sleep diary. In addition, the sympathetic activity before and after every treatment sessions was measured using the Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Results. All three groups showed an improved PSQI score. However, only Group A showed a significant reduction in the sleep onset latency and number of awakenings at night and a higher sleep efficiency and ESS score. Furthermore, Group B showed an increased low frequency power and normalized low frequency of the HRV signal and a lower normalized high frequency power, suggesting an increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. Conclusions. For chronic insomnia insomniacs, LLLT appears to shorten the sleep latency, decrease the number of awakening events at night, and improve the sleep efficiency.
The Modified Coupled Hirota Equation: Riemann-Hilbert Approach and N-Soliton Solutions
Authors: Xu Siqi
Published: June 2019

The Cauchy initial value problem of the modified coupled Hirota equation is studied in the framework of Riemann-Hilbert approach. The N-soliton solutions are given in a compact form as a ratio of (N+1)×(N+1) determinant and N×N determinant, and the dynamical behaviors of the single-soliton solution are displayed graphically.
The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule and Its Main Components on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Rats via the Regulation of the NF-κB and BAX/BCL-2 Pathway
Authors: Li Yao , Yang Qian , Shi Zhi-hui , Zhou Min , Yan Li , Li Hua , Xie Yan-hua , Wang Si-wang
Published: June 2019

Although gastroenteritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) occur in the gastrointestinal tract and pelvis, respectively, they display similar pathogeneses. The incidence of inflammation in these conditions is usually associated with dysbacteriosis, and, at times, they are caused by the same pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus aureus. Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine that is widely used to treat bacterial dysentery and acute and chronic gastroenteritis. However, whether it has an effect on PID is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of FYC and its main components, gallic acid (GA), ellagic acid (EA), and syringin (SY), on a pathogen-induced PID model and illustrate their potential mechanism of action. Female specific pathogen-free SD rats (n = 1110) were randomly divided into control, PID, FYC, GA, EA, SY, GA + EA, GA + SY, EA + SY, GA + EA + SY, and Fuke Qianjin capsule (FKC) positive groups. Histological examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out as well as western blot analysis to detect the expression of NF-κB, BAX, BCL-2, and JNK. In this study, FYC and its main components dramatically suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, reduced the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1, and elevated the IL-10 level to varying degrees. We also found that FYC and its main components inhibited the expression of BAX induced by infection and increased the expression of Bcl-2. FYC, GA, EA, and SY could also block the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Finally, we found that the phosphorylation of JNK could be decreased by FYC, GA, and SY. FYC and its main components exhibit anti-inflammatory effect on a pathogen-induced PID model by regulating the NF-κB and apoptosis signaling pathways.
Early Marriage, Cohabitation, and Childbearing in West Africa
Authors: Avogo Winfred A. , Somefun Oluwaseyi D.
Published: June 2019

The prevalence of child marriage in West Africa is one of the highest in the global south. Yet, much of what we know about the harmful effects of early marriage and why it persists comes from research on South Asia. Adopting life course family development perspectives on adolescent sexuality, we examine the linkages between the timing of union formation and childbearing across multiple countries with high rates of child marriage. Using the latest round of data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), we find that by age 18, 28 percent of adolescents in Nigeria, 25 percent in Burkina Faso, and as high as 60 percent in Niger are in a union, whilst 13 percent of Nigerian adolescents, 12 percent in Burkina Faso, and 27 percent in Niger have had a first birth. The results demonstrate that, net of individual characteristics, community variables are strong predictors of union formation and childbearing. Individual characteristics such as women’s education, economic status of households, and residing in female-headed households and rural areas are other salient determinants of adolescent family transitions. We discuss the findings in the context of revamping stalled fertility transitions and the post-2015 framework for development in sub-Saharan Africa.
Analysis of Mechanical Response for a Reinforced Bedded Rock Slope under Rainfall
Authors: Li Longqi , Li Changlin , He Chuan
Published: June 2019

This paper has the objective to reveal real‐time responses at several locations in reinforced bedded rock slopes under different rainfall conditions. Four scaled model tests have been conducted by varying rainfall patterns and slope inclinations, while several sensors, including fiber Bragg grating (FBG) displacement sensors, pore pressure sensors, and miniature pressure gauges, were instrumented in layers to capture corresponding responses during and after rainfall. The results show that the the slide of a reinforced bedded rock slope has a locking section, and the ultimate displacement under long‐term medium rainfall was about three times larger than that under short‐term storm rainfall. Meanwhile, the short‐term storm rainfall generated little influence on the deeper pore pressure for reinforced bedded rock slope. The pore pressure at the surface layer was initially larger and then smaller than that at the intermediate layer for the same slope. For the slope under long‐term medium rainfall, the shift moment was at 11.5 hours after testing started, while for the slope under short‐term storm rainfall, the shift moment was at 3.5 hours after testing started. The thrust pressure ascended with the rainfall persisting and descended a little after rainfall. The descending in thrust pressure was mainly due to the fact that the strength of slope mass recovered partially with water flowing out of the slope from the frontal portion and the slide tendency was weakened. These results can provide engineers with more acquaintance with response characteristics for these kinds of rock slope.
Physical Activity, Sitting Time, and Risk of Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, and Other Myeloid Malignancies
Authors: Rees-Punia Erika , Patel Alpa V. , Fallon Elizabeth A. , Gapstur Susan M. , Teras Lauren R.
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

There is limited research on associations of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sitting with risk of myeloid neoplasms (MN) or MN subtypes. We examined these associations in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort.

Methods:

Among 109,030 cancer-free participants (mean age 69.2, SD 6.1 years) in 1999, 409 were identified as having been diagnosed with a MN [n = 155 acute myeloid leukemia (AML), n = 154 myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), n = 100 other ML] through June 2013. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of MVPA (MET-h/wk) and sitting (h/d) with risk of all MN, myeloid leukemia only, MDS, and AML.

Results:

Compared with insufficient MVPA [>0–<7.5 metabolic equivalent hours/week (MET)-h/wk], the HR (95% CI) for meeting physical activity guidelines (7.5–<15 MET-h/wk MVPA) and risk of MN was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.56–0.98) and for doubling guidelines (15–<22.5 MET-h/wk) was 0.75 (0.53–1.07); however, there was no statistically significant association for higher MVPA (22.5+ MET-h/wk, HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.73–1.20). Similarly, meeting/doubling guidelines was associated with lower risk of MDS (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.35–0.92/HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27–0.98), but there was no association for 22.5+ MET-h/wk (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.63–1.37). MVPA was not associated with risk of myeloid leukemia or AML. Sitting time was not associated with risk of any outcome.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that there may be a nonlinear association between MVPA and risk of MDS and possibly other MN.

Impact:

Further studies are needed to better understand the dose–response relationships between MVPA and risk of MDS, a highly fatal and understudied cancer.
High-Risk HPV Testing in Primary Screening for Cervical Cancer in the Public Health System, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Levi José Eduardo , Martins Toni Ricardo , Longatto-Filho Adhemar , Cohen Diane Dede , Cury Lise , Fuza Luiz Mario , Villa Luisa L. , Eluf-Neto José
Published: June 2019

Every year there are approximately 16,000 new cases of cervical cancer in Brazil. Novel screening technologies may reduce this number by expanding the population coverage but also by improving the detection rate of precursor lesions. We aimed to evaluate human papillomaviruses (HPV)-DNA testing in the context of routine cervical cancer screening in the public health system of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Women participating in the primary screening program were invited to enroll. Liquid-based cytology samples were collected and cytology and Hr-HPV DNA testing were performed in parallel. Cytologists were blind to HPV results. Women older than 24 years with a positive high-risk HPV test and/or cytology class ≥ ASC-US were referred to colposcopy. From December 2014 to December 2016, 16,102 women joined the study. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) DNA prevalence was 14.9%, whereas cytologic abnormalities were found in 7.2% of the women. Per protocol, 1,592 Hr-HPV+ women, in addition to 72 patients with cytologic classification > low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were referred. A total of 80 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) cases were diagnosed, 79 were Hr-HPV DNA+ and 18 had normal cytology. Hr-HPV DNA detected a significant number of patients with premalignant lesions missed by cytology and all 16 CIN3+ cases were Hr-HPV DNA+. HPV genotyping may be useful in the management of Hr-HPV+ women, reducing the burden of colposcopic referral for those harboring genotypes with a weaker association to CIN3+. Use of HPV-DNA testing was shown to be feasible and advantageous over current cytologic screening in the public health system.
Cross-Species Single-Cell Analysis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Reveals Antigen-Presenting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Authors: Elyada Ela , Bolisetty Mohan , Laise Pasquale , Flynn William F. , Courtois Elise T. , Burkhart Richard A. , Teinor Jonathan A. , Belleau Pascal , Biffi Giulia , Lucito Matthew S. , Sivajothi Santhosh , Armstrong Todd D. , Engle Dannielle D. , Yu Kenneth H. , Hao Yuan , Wolfgang Christopher L. , Park Youngkyu , Preall Jonathan , Jaffee Elizabeth M. , Califano Andrea , Robson Paul , Tuveson David A.
Published: June 2019

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are major players in the progression and drug resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). CAFs constitute a diverse cell population consisting of several recently described subtypes, although the extent of CAF heterogeneity has remained undefined. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing to thoroughly characterize the neoplastic and tumor microenvironment content of human and mouse PDAC tumors. We corroborate the presence of myofibroblastic CAFs and inflammatory CAFs and define their unique gene signatures in vivo. Moreover, we describe a new population of CAFs that express MHC class II and CD74, but do not express classic costimulatory molecules. We term this cell population “antigen-presenting CAFs” and find that they activate CD4+ T cells in an antigen-specific fashion in a model system, confirming their putative immune-modulatory capacity. Our cross-species analysis paves the way for investigating distinct functions of CAF subtypes in PDAC immunity and progression.

Significance:

Appreciating the full spectrum of fibroblast heterogeneity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is crucial to developing therapies that specifically target tumor-promoting CAFs. This work identifies MHC class II–expressing CAFs with a capacity to present antigens to CD4+ T cells, and potentially to modulate the immune response in pancreatic tumors.

See related commentary by Belle and DeNardo, p. 1001.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 983
Predicting Intrauterine Transfusion Interval and Perinatal Outcomes in Alloimmunized Pregnancies: Time-to-Event Survival Analysis
Authors: Snelgrove John W. , D’Souza Rohan , Seaward P. Gareth R. , Windrim Rory , Kelly Edmond N. , Ryan Greg
Published: June 2019

Background: The risk factors determining the frequency of intrauterine transfusions (IUTs) for severely affected red blood cell alloimmunized singleton pregnancies are not well known. Objective: To assess factors associated with IUT frequency and adverse pregnancy outcomes in transfused pregnancies.Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis of 246 consecutive cases between 1991 and 2014. Time-to-event survival analysis for repeated events was used to evaluate risk of subsequent IUT. Multivariable logistic regression assessed odds of a composite adverse pregnancy outcome (intrauterine fetal death, termination of pregnancy, neonatal death, preterm birth <34 weeks’ gestation). Results: Full information was available on232 cases (94.3%) and 716 IUTs. Fetal hydrops was associated with increased frequency (hazard ratio [HR] 1.29 [95% CIs 1.15–1.47, p < 0.001]) while higher fetal hemoglobin (Hb) pre-IUT (HR) 0.99 (95% CI 0.99–1.00, p = 0.021) and post-IUT (HR 0.99 [95% CI 0.99–1.00] p = 0.042), and higher transfused blood volume (HR 0.98 [95% CI 0.97–0.99] p < 0.001) were associated with reduced IUT frequency. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were more likely with lower gestational age (GA) at initial IUT. Antibody type was not associated with IUT frequency or adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions: Hydrops is associated with increased IUT frequency while lower GA at initial IUT is associated with higher adverse pregnancy outcomes in alloimmunized pregnancies.Higher transfused blood volumes, pre- and post-IUT Hb are associated with lower IUT frequency.
Short-Term Flow Changes in Monochorionic Survivor Twins after Ultrasound-Guided Umbilical Cord Occlusion
Authors: Schou Katrine Vasehus , Ekelund Charlotte Kvist , Jensen Lisa Neerup , Nørgaard Lone Nikoline , Søgaard Kirsten , Rode Line , Tabor Ann , Sundberg Karin
Published: June 2019

Objective: To determine hemodynamic changes by Doppler ultrasound of the living fetus during 24 h after umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies. Method: We conducted a prospective observational study on fetuses undergoing UCO from 2015 to 2017. Doppler parameters peak systolic velocity (PSV) and umbilical pulsatility index (PI) were obtained in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), umbilical artery (UA) and ductus venosus (DV) before and right after UCO, and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after. We used multiple of the median (MoM) to adjust for gestational age. Spaghetti plots visualized flow changes over time. Mixed model adjusting for paired longitudinal data compared the values at different time points. Results: A total of 16 women were included. MCA-PSV dropped within the first hour after surgery from 0.91 to 0.82 MoM (p = 0.08). MCA-PI and UA-PI increased in the first hour from 0.75 to 0.91 MoM (p = 0.02) and 0.94 to 0.98 MoM (p = 0.22), respectively. The DV-PIV increased to 1.14 MoM 3 h after surgery (p = 0.07). The spaghetti plots illustrated the small changes within the first hours and showed a stabilization of flow measurements near initial values 24 h after UCO. Conclusion: Within the first hours after UCO the circulation of the survivor twin undergoes small hemodynamic changes.
The Accuracy of 22 Fetal Weight Estimation Formulas in Diabetic Pregnancies
Authors: Cesnaite Gerda , Domza Gintautas , Ramasauskaite Diana , Volochovic Jelena
Published: June 2019

Purpose: The objective of this study was to estimate the accuracy of 22 fetal weight estimation formulas in diabetic pregnancies uncomplicated and complicated by fetal macrosomia. Methods: Retrospectively collected data of 317 pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus and 78 cases of fetal macrosomia were used in this study. Study inclusion criteria were women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, full-term singleton pregnancy, and an interval from the ultrasound to delivery of ≤7 days. The estimated fetal weight was calculated using 22 formulas. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and two-way random interclass correlation coefficient were chosen for statistical analysis. Results: In the group of gestational diabetes, MAPE ranged from 8.43 ± 10.17 to 54.01 ± 9.50%. Most of the formulas showed a tendency to estimate a lower fetal weight in comparison to the actual birth weight. In the group of fetal macrosomia, the correlations were poor. Only three formulas reached the threshold of MAPE <10%. Conclusions: The formula by Hsieh might be considered the best for fetal weight estimation in diabetic pregnancies. The combination of the best formulas might improve the accuracy of estimation. None of the formulas were accurate enough to predict fetal macrosomia.
HPV-ISH-Negative Invasive Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Histologic and Pap Test Results
Authors: Alexander Caitlin , White Marissa , Maleki Zahra , Rodriguez Erika F.
Published: June 2019

Introduction: A causal link between infection with a high-risk strain of human papilloma virus (hrHPV) and the development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is well established. However, a small number of SCCs are hrHPV-negative by either HPV co-DNA testing and/or HPV-in situ hybridization (HPV-ISH) at the time of diagnosis. These apparently hrHPV-negative lesions are poorly understood, specifically whether hrHPV-positive precursor lesions exist, which would be detected through hrHPV-based screening. Methods: A search of the pathology archives at the Johns Hopkins Hospital identified women with a diagnosis of hrHPV-negative cervical SCC on surgical specimen. All prior pathologies, including cervical cytology and surgical pathology specimens, and associated hrHPV DNA test results, p16 immunohistochemistry, and HPV-ISH were reviewed. Results: A total of 25 women were identified having a surgical specimen diagnosed as SCC with either negative or equivocal HPV-ISH. Fifteen had a Pap test in the 6 months preceding a diagnosis of SCC, with cytology diagnoses as follows: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion n = 14/15; atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion n = 1/15. hrHPV co-testing was performed for 5 of these 15 women and was negative in 2/5 cases. Cervical biopsy was performed for 24 women. HPV-ISH testing, performed on 14 of the biopsy specimens, was negative for 11/14 patients. Of 15 specimens stained for p16, 14 were positive. Conclusion: A subset of patients exist in whom hrHPV is not detectable at or near the time of progression to SCC. Additional research is necessary to further describe this population and determine whether maintaining cytological screening would provide benefit.
Caries Trends in the Primary Dentition of 6- to 7-Year-old Schoolchildren in Germany from 1994 to 2016: Results from the German National Oral Health Surveys in Children
Authors: Santamaria Ruth M. , Schmoeckel Julian , Basner Roger , Schüler Elisabeth , Splieth Christian H.
Published: June 2019

Long-term nationally representative caries data in the primary dentition are rare, but nonetheless central to assess needs in caries prevention and treatment. This study evaluated the prevalence and trends of caries levels in the primary dentition of 6- to 7-year-olds in Germany as a whole and its federal states individually. In 2016, employing a randomized cluster selection, 6- to 7-year-old first graders were included in the National German Oral Health Survey performed regularly since 1994/95. Children were examined by 482 calibrated dentists in all 17 German regions using the WHO criteria for the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) including the assessment of initial carious lesions (it). In total, 151,555 6- to 7-year-olds were examined. Caries prevalence in the primary dentition dropped from 65% in 1994 to 44% in 2016, while the mean caries experience dropped from 2.89 to 1.73 dmft (dt = 0.74, mt = 0.19, ft = 0.80). When initial lesions were included, the mean caries experience increased to idmft = 2.12 (it = 0.38). In 2016, 49.7% of the examined 6- to 7-year-olds were caries-free including initial lesions. The Care Index at the tooth level was 57.5%, and the Significant Caries Index was 4.84 dmft. Depending on the German region, the mean dmft varied considerably, ranging from 1.37 to 2.31. In conclusion, despite the overall caries decline in 6- to 7-year-olds in Germany, only minor caries reductions were observed over the last decade, with a still existing high proportion of untreated dental decay. This calls for more effective preventive and restorative efforts with focus on the primary dentition in Germany.
Comparative Evaluation of 10 Prehospital Triage Strategy Paradigms for Patients With Suspected Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Schlemm Ludwig , Endres Matthias , Scheitz Jan F. , Ernst Marielle , Nolte Christian H. , Schlemm Eckhard
Published: June 2019

Background

The best strategy to identify patients with suspected acute ischemic stroke and unknown vessel status (large vessel occlusion) for direct transport to a comprehensive stroke center instead of a nearer primary stroke center is unknown.

Methods and Results

We used mathematical modeling to estimate the impact of 10 increasingly complex prehospital triage strategy paradigms on the reduction of population‐wide stroke‐related disability. The model was applied to suspected acute ischemic stroke patients in (1) abstract geographies, and (2) 3 real‐world urban and rural geographies in Germany. Transport times were estimated based on stroke center location and road infrastructure; spatial distribution of emergency medical services calls was derived from census data with high spatial granularity. Parameter uncertainty was quantified in sensitivity analyses. The mothership strategy was associated with a statistically significant population‐wide gain of 8 to 18 disability‐adjusted life years in the 3 real‐world geographies and in most simulated abstract geographies (net gain −4 to 66 disability‐adjusted life years). Of the more complex paradigms, transportation of patients with clinically suspected large vessel occlusion based on a dichotomous large vessel occlusion detection scale to the nearest comprehensive stroke center yielded an additional clinical benefit of up to 12 disability‐adjusted life years in some rural but not in urban geographies. Triage strategy paradigms based on probabilistic conditional modeling added an additional benefit of 0 to 4 disability‐adjusted life years over less complex strategies if based on variable cutoff scores.

Conclusions

Variable stroke severity cutoff scores were associated with the highest reduction in stroke‐related disability. The mothership strategy yielded better clinical outcome than the drip‐‘n'‐ship strategy in most geographies.
Names as Rewards
Authors: Beretta Marco
Published: June 2019

Contemporary scientific terminology is populated by thousands of eponyms, technical terms derived from the names of discoverers and inventors. Since the ultimate goals of scientific language are precision and objectivity, the ever increasing use of eponyms is puzzling. Eponyms betray the inherent contradiction between the supposed neutrality and anonymity of scientific discourse and individual vindication. The systematic use of eponyms has resulted in one of the most effective reward systems in Western science. Moreover, it is interesting to note that eponyms do not represent a recent form of recognition; their genealogy can be traced back to classical antiquity, in particular to the Hellenistic era and as a feature of the scientific lexicon they have undergone surprisingly little change over more than two millennia. In my essay I explore the genealogy of scientific eponyms and their cultural background and I shall focus my attention on classical and early modern science. During classical antiquity the use of eponyms served an important dual purpose, on the one hand paying tribute to those individuals who, by dint of their discoveries and written works, gained eminence in a specific field of enquiry, and on the other hand helping to map the historical geography of a discipline and thus establish its boundaries as well as its future prospects. During the Renaissance, with the rediscovery of the classics and the reaffirmation of the cultural value of science and technology, the coining of eponyms gained unprecedented momentum and proliferated in most disciplines.
Rewarding Science in Ancient Greece and Rome
Authors: Cuomo Serafina
Published: June 2019

This paper surveys some of the ancient Greek and Roman evidence regarding rewards for science and scientists. It discusses Platonist views on whether science ought to be its own reward, and possible alternatives to such views. It concludes that a variety of attitudes existed on the issue in antiquity, and that they can be understood in terms of the social and economic status of ancient science practitioners.
The Unspoken Dilemma of Expat Wives
Authors: Huang Chia-Yuan
Published: June 2019

The majority of Taiwanese expatriates in Singapore are working in male-dominated sectors such as high-tech industries. It is common for Taiwanese male expatriates to choose to bring their family members along to the host country. In order to accompany their husbands to Singapore, these expatriate wives must give up their careers in Taiwan. Some of them become stay-at-home wives while others seek to rebuild their careers in Singapore. This study investigates how Taiwanese expatriate wives juggle their work and family commitments and identifies how they negotiate gender-role expectations relating to both family and work. The results show that this group of highly qualified Taiwanese women who have a history of strong professional achievement and have levels of human capital similar to their husbands still have not managed to break the shackles of traditional gender roles. Instead of advancing their own careers, they are expected to put their husbands’ careers first.
Stinky Tofu and Smelly Cheese
Authors: Chi Yvonne
Published: June 2019

This paper investigates how multilingual couples with different languages and cultural backgrounds construct their identities through their conversations about food from a socio-cultural perspective. It is based on the interviews, observations, and naturally-occurring conversations between three multilingual couples. The participants consist of Taiwanese nationals, and their foreign partners (Irish, Italian, and South-African) living in England. In order to understand such talk in interaction, the study takes an interactional sociolinguistic approach to analyze how their discourse identities are performed. The study attempts to provide a better understanding of multilingual couples’ interaction in food and identity contexts through a microanalysis of the sequential turns. The analysis demonstrates how the three Taiwanese-foreign couples use different discourse strategies to negotiate and share their different attitudes, preferences, cultural values and identities during conversations about food.
Between Criminalization and Protection
Authors: Militello Vincenzo , Spena Alessandro
Published: June 2019

This double issue is focused on migrant smuggling and human trafficking. Both subjects are mainly treated from an Italian perspective; however, since these crimes have a generally transnational character, the analysis also takes international (UN) and supranational (EU) measures into account. Moreover, in both parts, the legal perspective is supplemented by the phenomenological/criminological one (based on both media reports and judicial case-studies), so as to grasp the practical aspects emerging from the different ways in which migrant smuggling and human trafficking are de facto committed: in particular, the links between these two and other crimes are underscored, as well as the involvement of criminal organizations in their perpetration. Finally, both parts are driven by a human rights-oriented approach, which gives relevance to dignity of persons as a fundamental meta-value of our legal systems.
The genus Aongstroemia in Latin America (Dicranaceae, Bryophyta) with special reference to Aongstroemia gayana
Authors: SUÁREZ GUILLERMO MARTÍN , LARRAÍN JUAN
Published: June 2019

The genus Aongstroemia is here reported as new for Argentina and Uruguay, based on collections of A. gayana, formerly considered a Chile endemic. The species is described and illustrated, and its distribution depicted in a map. We also report A. filiformis as new for the southern cone of South America, based on a single collection from Contulmo, Chile. We provide a key for the identification of the species of Aongstroemia of Latin America.
Revised species checklist of the Paracolletinae (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) of the Australian Region, with the description of new taxa
Authors: ALMEIDA EDUARDO A. B.
Published: June 2019

Colletid bees are widely distributed, but most of their diversity is found in southern continents, particularly Australia and South America. A major obstacle for the classification of Colletidae has been the lack of a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis encompassing representatives from all the main lineages of this family. A molecular phylogenetic study recently completed shed light on the subfamilial delimitation and relationships within Colletidae, and included a thorough enough sampling of Paracolletinae that genus-level classification could be evaluated. In this article a revised genus-level classification is presented for the Australian Paracolletinae, an attempt to make it more congruent with the phylogenetic relationships, as well as consistent with the classification of the South American paracolletine generic classification. According to the classification proposal presented here, Paracolletinae comprise 425 species, 298 of them endemic to the Australian Region. All subgenera of Leioproctus and of Paracolletes are elevated to the level of genus, thus raising the number genera occurring in the Australian Region to 25. According to a recent phylogenetic analysis of Colletidae, the Australian genus Callomelitta does not form a monophyletic group with the remaining genera of Paracolletinae. Callomelitta is hence removed from Paracolletinae and placed on a subfamily of its own, Callomelittinae, subfamily nov. Additionally, a new species of the Australian Paracolletinae genus Andrenopsis Cockerell is described as Andrenopsis michenerianus, sp.n..
Way Down South: The milliped family Parajulidae (Julida: Parajulini) in Mexico and Central America; first records from El Salvador and the Baja California Peninsula
Authors: SHELLEY ROWLAND M.
Published: June 2019

Accounts and drawings are presented of all established species of the Parajulini with extant types and genitalia, which appear to comprise nine species groups, four with available generic names. Parajulus Humbert & de Saussure, 1869, and Thriniulus Chamberlin, 1940, contain only the respective type species, P. olmecus Humbert & de Saussure, 1869, and T. leucoclius (Chamberlin, 1922). Both Mexicoiulus Verhoeff, 1926, and Pheniulus Chamberlin, 1943, contain the respective types, M. dampfi Verhoeff, 1926, and Pheniulus phenotypus Chamberlin, 1943, and, tentatively, two additional species. No new combinations are proposed, so except for the four types, all species are temporarily placed in "Parajulus." Thriniulus schachti Chamberlin, 1941, is returned to "Parajulus," and Pheniulus mimeticus Chamberlin, 1943, is transferred into it. "Parajulus" zempoalus Chamberlin, 1943, and "P." gyratus, Loomis, 1971, are reduced to subspecies of "P." pueblanus and "P." rosanus, both by Chamberlin, 1943, respectively. "Parajulus" schmidti Chamberlin, 1952, comprises two subspecies, the nominate and "P." s. australis, n. subsp., from El Salvador, a new country for both the tribe and family and the southernmost indigenous record for the Julida in the Western Hemisphere. New state records include "Parajulus" p. pueblanus, n. stat., from Veracruz, "P." r. gyratus from Puebla and Hidalgo, and "P." viganus Chamberlin, 1952, from Hidalgo. The distribution of the Parajulidae in North America is detailed, and the family and tribe Bollmaniulini are newly recorded from the Baja California peninsula. Lectotype designation is formalized for Parajulus aztecus Pocock, 1903.
Comments on "Chersine Merrem, 1820 and Chersina Gray, 1831: a nomenclatural survey by Bour & Ohler, Zootaxa, 1752: 6668"
Authors: FRITZ UWE , KRAUS OTTO
Published: June 2019

In a recent correspondence, Bour & Ohler (2008) readdress the question of whether or not Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 is the type species of the genus-group names Chersine Merrem, 1820 and Medaestia Wussow, 1916 (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae). The senior author, Roger Bour, co-authored the earlier description of a new genus-group name for T. hermanni (Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham & Perälä, 2006), a name considered as an objective junior synonym of both Chersine and Medaestia by Fritz & Bininda-Emonds (2007) and Fritz & Havaš (2007), who argued that all three names are based on the same type species, T. hermanni. Bour & Ohler (2008) disputed this conclusion. In the present paper, we wish to clarify nomenclatural issues raised by Bour & Ohler (2008).
The Onset of the Indonesian–Australian Summer Monsoon Triggered by the First-Branch Eastward-Propagating Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Duan Yongliang , Liu Hongwei , Yu Weidong , Liu Lin , Yang Guang , Liu Baochao
Published: June 2019

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) often causes the onset of the Indonesian–Australian summer monsoon (IASM) over Indonesia and northern Australia. In the present study, a composite analysis is conducted to reveal the detailed IASM onset process and its air–sea interactions associated with the first-branch eastward-propagating MJO (FEMJO) based on 30-yr ERA-Interim data, satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and SODA3 ocean reanalysis. The results distinctly illustrate the phase-locked relationships among the persistent sea surface warming north of Australia, the FEMJO, and the established westerlies. It is found that the SST to the north of Australia reaches its annual maximum just before the onset of the summer monsoon. The oceanic surface mixed layer heat budget discloses that this rapid warming is primarily produced by the enhanced surface heat flux. In addition, this premonsoon sea surface warming increases the air specific humidity in the low-level troposphere and then establishes zonal moisture asymmetry relative to the FEMJO convection. This creates a more unstable atmospheric stratification southeast of the FEMJO and favors convection throughout the vicinity of northern Australia, which ultimately triggers the onset of the IASM. The results in this study thus may potentially be applicable to seasonal monsoon climate monitoring and prediction.
Deep Learning for Spatially Explicit Prediction of Synoptic-Scale Fronts
Authors: Lagerquist Ryan , McGovern Amy , Gagne II David John
Published: June 2019

This paper describes the use of convolutional neural nets (CNN), a type of deep learning, to identify fronts in gridded data, followed by a novel postprocessing method that converts probability grids to objects. Synoptic-scale fronts are often associated with extreme weather in the midlatitudes. Predictors are 1000-mb (1 mb = 1 hPa) grids of wind velocity, temperature, specific humidity, wet-bulb potential temperature, and/or geopotential height from the North American Regional Reanalysis. Labels are human-drawn fronts from Weather Prediction Center bulletins. We present two experiments to optimize parameters of the CNN and object conversion. To evaluate our system, we compare the objects (predicted warm and cold fronts) with human-analyzed warm and cold fronts, matching fronts of the same type within a 100- or 250-km neighborhood distance. At 250 km our system obtains a probability of detection of 0.73, success ratio of 0.65 (or false-alarm rate of 0.35), and critical success index of 0.52. These values drastically outperform the baseline, which is a traditional method from numerical frontal analysis. Our system is not intended to replace human meteorologists, but to provide an objective method that can be applied consistently and easily to a large number of cases. Our system could be used, for example, to create climatologies and quantify the spread in forecast frontal properties across members of a numerical weather prediction ensemble.
The gender gap in job authority: Do social network resources matter?
Authors: Blommaert Lieselotte , Meuleman Roza , Leenheer Stefan , Butkēviča Anete
Published: June 2019

Women generally have less job authority than men. Previous research has shown that human capital, family features and contextual factors cannot fully explain this gender authority gap. Another popular explanation holds that women’s career opportunities are limited because their social networks comprise less beneficial contacts and resources than men’s. Yet, the role of social networks has received little attention in empirical research seeking to explain the gender gap in job authority. This study examines to what extent gender differences in social networks exist and are related to the gender authority gap. Drawing on two strands of social network theory, we develop hypotheses about the role of network diversity and network status. We test these hypotheses using representative longitudinal data from the NEtherlands Longitudinal Lifecourse Study (2009–2013). Results reveal that women generally had less diverse occupational networks in terms of contacts’ occupations and were less likely to know managers than men, network features which are found to be significantly related to job authority. Controlling for these gender differences in networks leads to a reduction of the observed gender authority gap that is statistically significant but modest in substantive terms.
Democracy and Retribution: Transitional Justice and Regime Support in Postwar West Germany
Authors: Capoccia Giovanni , Pop-Eleches Grigore
Published: June 2019

How harshly should perpetrators of past abuses be punished, to reinforce the legitimacy of a new democracy? Drawing on sociopsychological theories, we hypothesize that prodemocratic mass attitudes are favored by the perception that defendants in transitional justice trials have been punished in a way that is morally proportional to their offenses. This perception is shaped by the social categorization of defendants and the opinions about the certainty of their guilt that predominate in the mass public. When defendants are largely seen as co-ethnics and their guilt is contested, like in the West German case, prodemocratic attitudes are likely to be strengthened by lighter punishments and undermined by harsher sanctions. The analysis of subnational variation in patterns of punishment in postwar West Germany confirms this hypothesis and shows that these attitudinal effects persist in the medium term. Our findings have implications for research on transitional justice and democratization.
Openness Is Related to Proenvironmental Behavior Both Within and Across Families
Authors: Puech Cecilia , Dougal Jake , Deery Caitlin , Waddell Colin , Mõttus René
Published: June 2019

Environment-friendly behaviors may be desirable in helping to solve worldwide ecological issues. This has sparked interest in the associations of such behaviors with established psychological constructs such as the Five-Factor Model personality traits. Of these, Openness has been most consistently linked with proenvironmental behavior; yet, the extent of causality in this association is unclear. Using a sample of 168 individuals, including 84 sibling pairs, the present study replicated the association while controlling for factors in which families differ (environmental factors that siblings share and a proportion of genetic variance). Proenvironmental behavior was correlated with Openness ( r = .51) and the association could be observed both between ( r = .57) and within families ( r = .29), with adjustments for various demographic variables. These findings indicate that more open individuals tend to engage in proenvironmental behaviors, even when controlling for possibly confounding factors shared and not shared between siblings.
Influence of gripping method on tensile properties of unidirectional thermoplastic CFRP – Round-robin activity for international standardization in Japan
Authors: Matsuo Tsuyoshi , Hojo Masaki , Kageyama Kazuro
Published: June 2019

For unidirectional thermoplastic composite materials, it is preferable to use tab-less specimens in tensile tests owing to the low adhesive performance between specimens and tabs, as well as considerable warpage in laminates due to compression molding. In this study, round-robin tests are performed for unidirectional laminates in the 0° and 90° directions by two types of thermoplastic composites – carbon/polyamide 6 and carbon/polypropylene. The purpose of the round-robin test is to examine the difference between tab-bonded and tab-less specimens. Statistical analyses determined the degree to which tab-less specimens influenced their evaluation of the mechanical performance. In addition, from the detailed experiments, precisely controlled gripping force, fine roughness of grip surfaces, and a few inserted abrasive papers had significant impact on the 0° tensile strength of tab-less specimens. Based on the results, 0° tab-less strength of the proposed gripping method was shown to be almost equal to that of tab-bonded specimens recommended by the present tensile test standard.