bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing boundaries at the accident scene – a qualitative study of collaboration exercises
Authors: Andersson Annika , D. Carlstrom Eric , Ahgren Bengt , M. Berlin Johan
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify what is practiced during collaboration exercises and possible facilitators for inter-organisational collaboration.

Design/methodology/approach

– Interviews with 23 participants from four collaboration exercises in Sweden were carried out during autumn 2011. Interview data were subjected to qualitative content analysis.

Findings

– Findings indicate that the exercises tend to focus on intra-organisational routines and skills, rather than developing collaboration capacities. What the participants practiced depended on roles and order of arrival at the exercise. Exercises contributed to practicing leadership roles, which was considered essential since crises are unpredictable and require inter-organisational decision making.

Originality/value

– The results of this study indicate that the ability to identify boundary objects, such as injured/patients, was found to be important in order for collaboration to occur. Furthermore, lessons learned from exercises could benefit from inter-organisational evaluation. By introducing and reinforcing certain elements and distinct aims of the exercise, the proactive function of collaboration exercises can be clarified.
The Cumbria spree killing – how mobility affects the policing of critical incidents
Authors: Kirby Stuart , Graham Jerry , Green Michelle
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– Spree killing impacts significantly on emergency services and is becoming more prevalent across the world. The purpose of this paper is to explore the Cumbrian spree killing, which resulted in the fatal shooting of 12 people with a further 11 wounded. This study highlights why these events are so difficult to manage in an attempt to assist policy makers and practitioners deal with them more effectively.

Design/methodology/approach

– A qualitative methodology was used, examining open source information and internal police documentation. This was supported by semi-structured interviews with command staff (three), and questionnaires involving a representative group of police staff (11), who were all deployed on the incident.

Findings

– This case study mirrored the characteristics of many other spree killings. The sophistication of the killer, together with the speed of mobility, significantly increases the challenges posed to the police, specifically in terms of: deployment, decision making, interoperability and managing the media. Further, it questions the effectiveness of normal command and control management approaches that are typically used in these situations.

Practical implications

– Spree killing (active shooter) events are increasing across the globe. This study highlights the critical challenges to be dealt with. It argues a more innovative inter-agency paradigm is needed to deal with crimes in action.

Originality/value

– There are few academic papers in relation to spree killing. This paper analyses the factors that impact upon the effectiveness of the police response.
Impact of start-up support through guided preparation
Authors: (Wie) Yusuf Juita-Elena
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine if and how entrepreneurial assistance programs, through guided preparation, affect start-up success.

Design/methodology/approach

–This study uses Heckman's two-stage sample selection model to predict the effect of contact and interactions with entrepreneurial support programs on start-up outcomes while taking into account the entrepreneur's self-selection into obtaining support from these programs.

Findings

– The results indicate that, after controlling for individual characteristics, activities undertaken during the start-up process, organizational characteristics and external factors, guided preparation contributes to a greater likelihood of achieving positive start-up outcome. This finding holds even after controlling for the entrepreneur's self-selection into contacting and using outside assistance.

Research limitations/implications

– Results suggest that self-selection bias remains a concern when studying the impact of assistance programs on start-up outcomes. Future research should make sure to address self-selection in their analysis.

Practical implications

– The study's results have implications for the design of start-up programs. It highlights the importance of delivery structures that are fluid, flexible, interactive, experiential, and tailored to the individual entrepreneur's needs.

Originality/value

– This study focusses on assistance programs broadly defined (includes many different types of programs) and provides an empirical analysis that addresses self-selection.
Contingency factors on university spin-off formation: an empirical study in Germany
Authors: Lautenschläger Arndt , Haase Heiko , Kratzer Jan
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate contingency factors on the emergence of university spin-off firms. The institutional and organisational factors the paper explores comprise the transfer potential of the university, the strategy and characteristics of the University Technology Transfer Organisations and specific support for spin-off formation.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on a unique data set, this cross-sectional study analyses the population of 54 higher education institutions in Germany. At this, 31.4 per cent of the German universities with technology transfer activities participated in this study.

Findings

– The research identifies a high degree of heterogeneity in the qualification of University Technology Transfer Offices (UTTO) staff and the existence of an entrepreneurship support programme as important antecedents of spin-off formation. In addition, the results reveal that pursuing different or multiple transfer strategies will not be detrimental to the establishment of spin-offs.

Practical implications

– It seems that there is still a lack of consensus with respect to the importance of spin-offs as an effective channel to transform research results into economic value. Furthermore, universities aiming at the promotion of spin-offs need appropriate regulations which do not jeopardise the usage of research outcomes for entrepreneurial purposes.

Originality/value

– This study contributes to enhance the knowledge on what promotes and inhibits the formation of university spin-off firms, as it first analyses a considerable population of UTTOs in Germany and explicitly considers underexplored and new contingency factors.
Facilitating the formalisation of entrepreneurs in the informal economy
Authors: Williams Colin , J. Nadin Sara
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– Although it has been recognised that many entrepreneurs operate in the informal economy, little is so far known about their reasons for doing so. The purpose of this paper is to begin to unravel entrepreneurs’ rationales for trading in the informal economy in order to consider what policy measures need to be adopted to facilitate their formalisation.

Design/methodology/approach

– To do this, the results of an empirical survey are reported conducted in Ukraine during 2006/2007 with 331 individuals who had started-up or owned/managed an enterprise.

Findings

– Revealing that the rationales for entrepreneurs operating in the informal economy markedly differ according to whether they are wholly or partially informal entrepreneurs operating temporarily or permanently in the informal economy, the result is a call for a move beyond a “one-size-fits-all” policy approach and towards a variegated public policy approach whereby policy measures are tailored to tackling the different types of informal entrepreneurship, each of which operate informally for varying reasons.

Research limitations/implications

– No evidence yet exists of whether the rationales for engaging in each type of informal entrepreneurship, and the consequent policy measures that need to be used to formalise each type, are more widely valid. Further research to evaluate this is required.

Originality/value

– This is the first paper to start to move beyond a “one size fits all” policy approach when considering how to facilitate the formalisation of entrepreneurs in the informal economy.
Entrepreneurship and the consequences of healthcare policy
Authors: Salvino Robert , Tasto Michael , Randolph Gregory
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run impact of federal government healthcare subsidies on the level of entrepreneurship as measured by self-employment.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using annual healthcare and employment data from 1948 through 1999, the paper empirically examines the relationship between the growth in employer-provided healthcare and the rate of self-employment as a share of the non-agriculture, civilian labor force.

Findings

– The regression results imply that there is a consistent effect that has appeared over time – where federal healthcare subsidies have disproportionately benefitted larger firms, contributing to the decline in the rate of self-employment, within-firm innovation, and factor mobility over time.

Research limitations/implications

– The research in this study is limited by the examination of self-employment only and a constant institutional structure across all states, only varying across time for the entire USA. In addition, an empirical study looking at how the value of healthcare benefits have changed over time – vs the sole question in this study that depends upon whether or not an individual is covered or not would be very useful in determining the true effect on an entrepreneur.

Social implications

– Reducing or removing the layers of healthcare subsidies would bring about an increase in the transparency of the wage-productivity relationship and a more efficient allocation of labor and entrepreneurial ability across firm sizes.

Originality/value

– This paper presents empirical evidence supporting specific improvements to national healthcare policy at a time when such policy is undergoing significant change with consequences for entrepreneurial decision making.
State income tax reciprocity agreements and small businesses
Authors: Bruce Don , C. Rork Jon , Wagner Gary
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– Small businesses play a vital role in job creation and economic growth, and previous studies have noted that higher state tax rates may reduce entrepreneurial activity, growth, and hiring. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this paper, the authors use a 1989-2005 panel of state-level data to explore the effects of state income tax reciprocity agreements on several measures of small business activity. Since a reciprocity agreement exempts non-resident income from a state's personal income tax base, it has the potential to reduce barriers to entrepreneurial activity and lower tax compliance costs.

Findings

– The results indicate that reciprocity agreements appear to have reduced the tax-rate sensitivity of entrepreneurial activity, which may lead to more small business and entrepreneurial activity in states with more active agreements, other factors constant. This suggests that personal income tax reciprocity agreements may be a credible policy tool to expand small business activity.

Originality/value

– In this study, the paper sets out to determine if small business and entrepreneurial activity is greater in states that have reciprocity agreements and if such activity is dependent on the number of active agreements in place. Given recent nationwide efforts to ease compliance costs for business through other initiatives such as the Telecommuter Tax Fairness Act and the Streamlined Sales Tax Agreement, this study is the first to quantify how decreasing tax compliance and eliminating barriers to labor mobility affects small business activity. The results therefore have the potential to help shape debates in many states today.
SEC suffers three recent losses despite increased focus on trial readiness
Authors: Bettigole Bruce , Kelly Katherine , Kruly Charlie
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– To contrast SEC Chair Mary Jo White's enforcement rhetoric with the results of recent SEC enforcement actions.

Design/methodology/approach

– Discusses a speech in which White explained the benefits she believes result from taking cases to trial. Proceeds to review three recent cases in which the Commission has lost after a jury trial or summary judgment motion.

Findings

– Based on three recent SEC losses, White may be correct in her prediction that trials promote “public accountability for both defendants and the government.”

Practical implications

– Some defendants in SEC enforcement actions may ultimately prevail if they refuse to settle with the Commission.

Originality/value

– This article analyzes the early results of the SEC's newly-announced enforcement policies.
SEC intensifies scrutiny of fee-based accounts and reverse churning
Authors: A. Nathan Daniel , A. Navarro Lauren
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– To explain the SEC's focus on the appropriate use of fee-based accounts and disciplinary efforts to identify and prevent “reverse churning.”

Design/methodology/approach

– Describes the quantitative analytics used in the SEC's Risk Analysis Examinations (RAEs) to identify reverse churning and other problematic behaviors, explains why the inappropriate use of fee-based or “wrap fee” accounts and “double charging” can be unfair to investment clients, summarizes prior NASD and FINRA guidance and enforcement regarding fee-based account supervision, and recommends account monitoring actions that firms should take to ferret out reverse churning.

Findings

– The SEC's continuing interest in reverse churning and double-charging, and its use of new examination and investigation tools, together suggest that the future will see more investigations and enforcement actions against firms who place clients in a fee-based or “wrap-fee” account without having adequate supervisory procedures to determine and monitor whether such accounts are appropriate for those clients.

Practical implications

– Monitoring accounts to ferret out reverse churning has proven difficult for firms in the past, since spotting inactivity might be more challenging than detecting excessive trades (known as “churning”). However, it seems that the SEC and its staff are enhancing their ability to identify and address these violations.

Originality/value

– Practical advice from experienced financial services lawyers.
CFTC overhauls customer protection requirements
Authors: M. Brown Robert
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of the paper is to summarize the Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) recent overhaul of its customer protection rules, which regulate how futures commission merchants (FCMs) and derivatives clearing organizations (DCOs) handle customer funds.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper summarizes the most significant aspects of the CFTC's October 30, 2013 customer protection rulemaking, explains FCM and DCO obligations under the new regulatory regime, and sets forth a compliance timeline.

Findings

– The CFTC's recent overhaul of its customer protection rules impose significant new requirements on FCMs and DCOs in their handling of customer funds.

Practical implications

– All FCMs and DCOs that handle customer funds should review these new rules and begin putting into place policies and procedures to ensure their compliance as each new requirement comes into effect.

Originality/value

– The CFTC's overhaul of its customer protection regime is new and significant. FCMs and DCOs need to understand their new obligations under the rules. As these new rules are the CFTC's regulatory response to the events that led to the insolvencies of MF Global and Peregrine Financial Group, these developments also should be of interest to futures and swaps market participants generally.
Organisation of compliance across financial institutions
Authors: Prorokowski Lukasz , Prorokowski Hubert
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– Compliance is defined as conforming to a rule, such as a policy framework, standard or law. Regulatory compliance encompasses all processes that require an entity to be aware of and conform to relevant regulations. As a result, organisation of compliance function remains complex due to the overwhelming set of compliance requirements that exert pressure on various business segments. This report aims to investigate how banks and financial services firms are responding to the regulatory-driven changes to the current compliance landscape, with particular attention paid to nascent challenges and structural changes affecting the organisation of compliance.

Design/methodology/approach

– The current research project is based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with five universal banks and three financial services firms to pursue the best practices of adapting to the accelerating change in the regulatory-driven compliance landscape.

Findings

– In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, banks and financial institutions across the globe have been required to adapt to numerous regulatory reforms that are exerting increased pressure on compliance functions. Amid recent events of multi-million fines to banks that displayed flawed surveillance systems and control failings, the changing regulatory landscape has shown that the relationship with the regulators and compliance with the new regulatory frameworks is a difficult process even for the tier-1 global banks.

Originality/value

– Embarking on a peer review of the structures, roles, strategies and responsibilities of different compliance functions across banks and financial services institutions, this paper provides advice to financial institutions on ways of dealing with the complex emerging issues to ensure that the regulatory and compliance arrangements do not turn detrimental. At this point, the paper recognizes that the precise design of a compliance function will vary across individual banks and financial services firms. Nonetheless, this paper addresses the root issues and characteristics that are commonly shared despite the differences in organisations of compliance.
Architectural choices in LOCKSS networks
Authors: Stuart Holmes Rosenthal David
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The LOCKSS digital preservation technology collects, preserves and disseminates content in peer-to-peer networks. Many such networks are in use. The Global LOCKSS Network (GLN) is an open network with many nodes in which libraries preserve academic journals and books that they purchase. The CLOCKSS network is a closed network, managed by a non-profit consortium of publishers and libraries to form a dark archive of e-journal content. There are also many Private LOCKSS Networks (PLNs) preserving various genres of content. Each of these networks is configured to meet the specific requirements of its community and the content it preserves. This paper seeks to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper describes these architectural choices and discusses a development that could enable other configurations.

Findings

– Third-party rights databases would allow hosted LOCKSS networks.

Practical implications

– Hosted LOCKSS networks would be cheaper.

Originality/value

– Reducing cost of digital preservation is important in a time of strained library budgets.
IRS, information services and LIS research – a reminder about affect and the affective paradigm … and a question
Authors: Fourie Ina , Julien Heidi
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– A previous contribution argues in favour of a balance in emphasis between information communication technology (ICT); information retrieval systems (IRS) such as databases, library catalogues, repositories, Google Scholar, digital libraries, portals, search engines; and the users of these systems. This contribution aims to pursue the need to consider affect and an affective paradigm more prominently in the design, evaluation, promotion and use of IRS and library and information services (LIS).

Design/methodology/approach

– The contribution is written against the background of research in information behaviour, user studies, systems design, and information literacy.

Findings

– Although the literature from LIS and other disciplines notes an affective paradigm or even paradigms, it is not strongly positioned compared with the systems and cognitive paradigms. A growing body of research and work practices such as information representation and tagging, and information skills training, is taking a slant towards affect and emotion. The question, however, is whether current work is sufficient to argue for an affective paradigm complementary to the systems, cognitive and socio-cognitive paradigms, and how an affective paradigm should be introduced in training/education for LIS.

Originality/value

– Although there are a number of publications on affect and emotion, and references to an affective paradigm, this contribution is aimed at stimulating thought on whether we should prominently introduce the affective paradigm into LIS curricula as preparation for adding more value to IRS, library services, and in dealing with emotion-laden jobs, and if so, how.
Outcomes-based approach to quality assessment and curriculum improvement in higher education
Authors: Tam Maureen
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– This paper was written for practitioners in higher education, including academics and instructional designers who are engaged in curriculum revision. It aims to examine the notion of outcomes-based education, survey the literature and provide a critical review of the outcomes-based approach to quality assessment and curriculum improvement in higher education. The outcomes-based approach is completely student-centred, which focuses on what students know and can actually do. Sharpening the focus onto student learning outcomes goes beyond mere tinkering with traditional structures and methods; it really constitutes a paradigm shift in educational philosophy and practice.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper begins with a summary of developments in institutional quality assessment and curriculum improvement in higher education in recent decades. Then, it identifies the underlying concepts and principles that characterize the outcomes-based approach for the design and improvement of curriculum and instruction in higher education. Finally, the outcomes-based approach is critically reviewed for its value from the perspectives of both practical and philosophical considerations.

Findings

– In so doing, it is directed to the heightening of sensitivity as to the manner and situations in which the outcomes-based approach may be employed.

Originality/value

– A final note is that while learning outcomes approaches are useful, care is needed to take into account the different views and perceptions of those involved in defining learning outcomes and to keep the ultimate goal of improving student learning clearly in mind. Care must also be taken to avoid rigidity and conceptual reification during implementation in curriculum and instructional design.
Job satisfaction of the academic staff of the vocational schools of the foundation and public universities
Authors: Çolakoğlu Nurdan , Atabay Esra
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– This study aims to highlight the differences between the public and foundation universities determining the level of job satisfaction of academic personnel working at vocational schools within the body of public and foundation universities in Turkey.

Design/methodology/approach

– In the present study, the questionnaire developed by Ardic and Bas and used in a similar study is taken as the basis for this study. Some amendments have been made to the instrument. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient and some statistical methods such as independent samples t test and chi-square test depending on the data. Differences of opinion based on demographic characteristics are presented giving the frequencies and percentages of demographic characteristics of the data.

Findings

– Three questions were focused on in the present study: the first is to present the most important factor affecting the job satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the academic personnel working at the public and foundation universities; the second is to determine whether there is a difference between public and foundation universities and the third is to set forth the reasons of these differences, if any.

Research limitations/implications

– The current study selected 12,160 academic personnel throughout Turkey and the questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. The instrument could not be delivered to all the personnel. This is because it was not possible to have access to the e-mail addresses of some of the academic personnel, some of the e-mail addresses were not in use or out of date while some personnel do not use the internet.

Originality/value

– The aim of this study is to determine job satisfaction level of academic personnel working in vocational high schools operating under the umbrella of state and foundation universities, which offer educational services in Turkey. Since no study is encountered as a result of the literature survey made, that addressed especially the level of the job satisfaction of the academic staff working in the vocational schools in Turkey in a way to cover all public and foundation universities, such a study was made for the purpose of removing the deficiency in this subject.
The advanced use of mobile phones in five European countries
Authors: Fortunati Leopoldina , Taipale Sakari
Published: April 2014

The paper explores the advanced users of mobile phones in Italy, France, Germany, Spain and the UK (EU5 countries) and aims to clarify the social meaning of advanced use. The mobile phone is seen as a strategic tool of social labour, whose capabilities are exploited to a different extent in the five studied countries. The analysis is based on a cross‐national survey data collected in 2009 (N = 7,255). First, the results show that there are substantial differences in the advanced use of mobile phone and its predictors in Europe. Generally, only about one third of the studied mobile features are exploited. British and French people are the most advanced users, followed by German, Spanish and Italians. While Italians have stuck to early developed mobile phone features, Britons especially have continued to adopt the newer properties of the mobile phone. Second, the article shows that owing to the extensive under‐utilization of its features, the mobile phone as a tool of social labour is efficiently exploited by only a small number of people. They, however, constitute technological vanguards that make use of the diverse features in different countries. This limited use of advanced features results in the new patterns of social stratification.
Fishing Livelihoods, Seashore Tourism, and Industrial Development in Coastal Rio de Janeiro: Conflict, Multi‐Functionality, and Juxtaposition
Authors: HOEFLE SCOTT WILLIAM
Published: April 2014

Critical global political ecology and critical cultural political economy approaches are used in a study involving decades of research to evaluate the changing relationship between fisher livelihoods, seashore tourism, and urban industrial development in an economically dynamic region of coastal Brazil. As the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro expanded and encompassed fishing communities, socio‐environmental transformations created threats to fisher ways of life, opened new multi‐functional opportunities, and also introduced unrelated juxtaposed activities. As stocks fell due to overfishing and urban industrial pollution over the last two decades, small‐scale inshore fishing declined in the bay–lagoon systems located to the east and south‐west of Rio de Janeiro. Tourism increased but proved to be a poor substitute for declining fishing activities because it and other new multi‐functional activities rarely aggregated significant value to local livelihoods. Consequently, only a small minority of fishers benefited and remained on the islands and sand spits, while the great majority left for the mainland. New cultural and environmental functions were also absent, so that of the types of multi‐functionality identified by Wilson and Holmes, those present in the study area are weak and basically serve outside urban production and consumption interests.
New South Wales public‐hospital dietitians and how they feel about their workplace: An explorative study using a grounded theory approach
Authors: Milosavljevic Marianna , Noble Gary , Goluza Ivana , Keep Ashleigh , Ponta Gabriella
Published: April 2014

Aim

The hospital environment as a workplace has undergone rapid changes over the last 50 years. Despite this, there has been very little research exploring how dietitians working in hospitals perceive their workplace. Moreover, previous studies in this area have focused predominantly on examining the North American experience of dietitians. Only a handful of previous studies have investigated the experiences of Australian dietitians at different stages of their careers. Therefore this study, in part, addresses a gap in the extant literature by examining how New South Wales (NSW) public‐hospital dietitians perceive their workplace and its influence on their ability to function as healthcare professionals.

Methods

In 2011, 32 in‐depth interviews were conducted with dietitians from 11 NSW public hospitals. Participants were selected from four career stages: new graduates, mid‐career, specialists and managers. Data from the interviews were analysed through a grounded theory approach.

Results

Data analysis revealed that dietitians sought validation of their work experience from five sources within the workplace. In this paper, these five sources have been depicted as a conceptual model labelled the ‘Five Sources of Value’. The five sources identified were: acquisition of knowledge; relationships with others; work culture; role clarity; and personal attributes. This study also found the relative importance of these values changed according to the career stage of the individual dietitian.

Conclusions

The retention and engagement of staff within a hospital environment is an ongoing issue for dietetic managers. The ‘Five Sources of Value’ identified through this study and their relative influence at different career stages may assist managers in developing workplace strategies that addresses the major areas of concern for many staff. As a result of the qualitative nature of this exploratory study, the generalisability of the findings are limited. To address this limitation, future research may follow a more quantitative approach.
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a patient with systemic onset juvenile arthritis: case report and review of literature
Authors: Singh Bharat K. , Antony Paul T. , Verma Surendra K. , Basu Debdutta , Negi Vir S.
Published: April 2014

The association of malignancy with autoimmune rheumatic diseases has been a subject of investigation. It has been shown that there is increased risk of malignancies, mainly non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, in patients with autoimmune disorders. There is scarcity of data about malignancy in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We report the occurrence of anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a patient with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with low dose methotrexate (MTX). A relationship between MTX treatment and the occurrence of lymphoma in autoimmune diseases has been suggested. The hypothesis that MTX has a role in the aetiology of lymphoproliferative disorders is supported by the observation of spontaneous remission of lymphoma in few cases on cessation of MTX therapy. However, systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients receiving MTX must be periodically examined for the development of lymphoproliferative disorder especially if the disease is difficult to control or patient develop new symptoms on therapy.
Waiting list may be a nocebo condition in psychotherapy trials: a contribution from network meta‐analysis
Authors: Furukawa T. A. , Noma H. , Caldwell D. M. , Honyashiki M. , Shinohara K. , Imai H. , Chen P. , Hunot V. , Churchill R.
Published: April 2014

Objective

Various control conditions have been employed in psychotherapy trials, but there is growing suspicion that they may lead to different effect size estimates. The present study aims to examine the differences among control conditions including waiting list (WL), no treatment (NT) and psychological placebo (PP).

Method

We comprehensively searched for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing cognitive‐behaviour therapies (CBT) against various control conditions in the acute phase treatment of depression, and applied network meta‐analysis (NMA) to combine all direct and indirect comparisons among the treatment and control arms.

Results

We identified 49 RCTs (2730 participants) comparing WL, NT, PP and CBT. This network of evidence was consistent, and the effect size estimates for CBT were substantively different depending on the control condition. The odds ratio of response for NT over WL was statistically significant at 2.9 (95% CI: 1.3–5.7). However, the quality of evidence, including publication bias, was less than ideal and none of the preplanned sensitivity analyses limiting to high‐quality studies could be conducted, while findings of significant differences did not persist in post hoc sensitivity analyses trying to adjust for publication bias.

Conclusion

There may be important differences in control conditions currently used in psychotherapy trials.
Remarkable uniformity in the densities of feral honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies in South Eastern Australia
Authors: Arundel Jonathan , Oxley Peter R , Faiz Alen , Crawford John , Winter Stephan , Oldroyd Benjamin P
Published: April 2014

It is often assumed that the density of feral honey bee colonies in Australia is sufficient to provide adequate pollination services to the many agricultural crops that require pollination. In contrast, there is concern that the density of feral colonies is sufficiently high to have inimical effects on Australian biota. For both these reasons, it is desirable to have robust estimates of the density of feral honey bee colonies in Australian landscapes. In this study, we mated four to five queens with wild drones at disturbed and undisturbed sites in three of the major ecosystems in Victoria Australia and examined the paternities of worker offspring to estimate the density of feral colonies within mating range of the test queens. We show that the density of feral colonies differs little with land use (cleared or uncleared) and is similar across the state. Our data suggest that the density of feral colonies is probably insufficient to provide adequate pollination of agricultural crops and that neither land use nor local climate variation is a major factor determining density. Finally, our data suggest that the mating range sampled by test queens is significantly greater than previously assumed.
Essentialism and the Indigenous Politics of Recognition in Southern Africa
Authors: Sylvain Renée
Published: April 2014

In this essay, I explore familiar tensions between anthropological theories of identity and activism on behalf of indigenous causes, with special attention to strategic uses of theoretically dubious forms of essentialism. I examine the contradictions between essentialism and constructionism, and between recognition and redistribution, in light of San struggles for rights to traditional territories in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) in Botswana. I begin by outlining how the politics of theorizing in an apartheid context imposed a false choice between essentialist and deconstructionist views of identity. I then discuss the controversial relocation of San from the CKGR and how the opposition between an essentialist politics of recognition and a deconstructionist emphasis on redistribution framed public debates. I show how the competing positions shared a racial epistemology that requires us to see San as “prepolitical” people transitioning into a modern world, and in conclusion, I suggest that this shared epistemology sustains a racialized politics of recognition.
Recording Toponyms to Document the Endangered Hopi Language
Authors: Hedquist Saul L. , Koyiyumptewa Stewart B. , Whiteley Peter M. , Kuwanwisiwma Leigh J. , Hill Kenneth C. , Ferguson T. J.
Published: April 2014

The toponyms of Hopitutskwa (“Hopi land”) explicate Hopi history and culture. Place‐names mark sacred locations, landforms associated with deities and historical events, springs, trails, and “footprints” of ancestral villages, petroglyphs, and other archaeological sites. The National Science Foundation funded a collaborative project to document the Hopi language by recording toponyms and associated narratives. Interviews with 15 Hopi individuals produced linguistic and ethnocartographic records of 282 place‐names. Audio and video recordings preserve the vocalization of place‐names pronounced in Hopi as well as their use in a larger Hopi language contextualization. The variety and distribution of toponyms discussed during interviews demonstrates how Hopis remember, interact with, and honor their land.
Recent Rituals of Indigenous Recognition in Australia: Welcome to Country
Authors: Merlan Francesca
Published: April 2014

In this article, I examine the recent emergence in Australia of two small, and now regularly enacted, rituals: “Acknowledgments” and “Welcomes to Country.” These are expressions of recognition, or response to perceived neglect and injustice. Recognition has become a global theme, part of a broader politics of reparation focused on indigenous and other colonized and subordinated peoples, and includes practices of apology and reconciliation. In Australia, recognition implies expansion the of relationship between categories of people who have been on unequal, distant, and (at some levels) negligible terms as settlers and natives, colonizers and colonized. Practices of recognition are therefore ambiguous: What is to be recognized, and how is recognition to proceed? Here I consider these rituals and their putative origins, structure, content, variations, and affect of participants and audiences. Both rituals cast recognition in ways that continue recent decades of national emphasis on indigenous emplacement, judgments concerning originariness, and authenticity; “Welcomes” also recast relations in terms of a host–guest framework. The emergence of these rituals fosters new kinds of indigenous public expression and receptions of recognition as well as some standardization of both. It is an indication of change, as well as of its limits in indigenous–nonindigenous relationships.
Revascularization by carotid artery stenting and off‐pump coronary artery bypass
Authors: Yang Tao , Zhang Lefeng , Wang Xianqiang , Dong Hui , Jiang Xiongjing , Sun Hansong
Published: April 2014

Background

The optimal management of patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease remains controversial currently. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of hybrid or staged revascularization by carotid artery stenting (CAS) and off‐pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) in the treatment of these patients.

Methods

From September 2006 to January 2011, 59 consecutive patients with carotid and coronary artery disease underwent either hybrid (n = 20) or staged (n = 39) CAS and OPCAB, the perioperative and long‐term outcomes were analysed. The primary endpoint was the incidence of stroke, perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) or death within 30 days of the procedures.

Results

No death occurred post‐operatively. Two patients (2/20) in hybrid group and two patients (2/39) in staged group suffered from non‐fatal stroke. The combined incidence of stroke, MI or death at 30 days was 10.0% in hybrid group and 5.1% in staged group (P = 0.875). The median follow‐up time was 44 months (range, 28 to 80 months) with 57 patients (96.6%) available. During follow‐up period, one patient had non‐fatal stroke in hybrid group and one patient suffered from MI in staged group, respectively. There was no significant difference of long‐term event‐free survival between the two groups (log‐rank test, P = 0.390).

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that for patients with carotid and coronary artery disease, both hybrid and staged revascularization by CAS and OPCAB are feasible and safe therapeutic strategies with good early and long‐term outcomes. However, our results have to be substantiated by larger scale studies and randomized trials.
Retrospective analysis of surgery and trans‐arterial embolization for major non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Griffiths Ewen A. , McDonald Chris R. , Bryant Robert V. , Devitt Peter G. , Bright Tim , Holloway Richard H. , Thompson Sarah K.
Published: April 2014

Background

With proton pump inhibitors and current sophisticated endoscopic techniques, the number of patients requiring surgical intervention for upper gastrointestinal bleeding has decreased considerably while trans‐arterial embolization is being used more often. There are few direct comparisons between the effectiveness of surgery and embolization.

Methods

A retrospective study of patients from two Australian teaching hospitals who had surgery or trans‐arterial embolization (n = 103) for severe upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage between 2004 and 2012 was carried out. Patient demographics, co‐morbidities, disease pathology, length of stay, complications, and overall clinical outcome and mortality were compared.

Results

There were 65 men and 38 women. The median age was 70 (range 36–95) years. Patients requiring emergency surgical intervention (n = 79) or trans‐arterial embolization (n = 24) were compared. The rate of re‐bleeding after embolization (42%) was significantly higher compared with the surgery group (19%) (P = 0.02). The requirement for further intervention (either surgery or embolization) was also higher in the embolization group (33%) compared with the surgery group (13%) (P = 0.03). There was no statistical difference in mortality between the embolization group (5/24, 20.8%) and the surgical group (13/79, 16.5%) (P = 0.75).

Conclusion

Emergency surgery and embolization are required in 2.6% of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Both techniques have high mortalities reflecting the age, co‐morbidities and severity of bleeding in this patient group.
Should the annular tendon of the eye be named ‘annulus of Zinn’ or ‘of Valsalva’?
Authors: Zampieri Fabio , Marrone Daniela , Zanatta Alberto
Published: April 2014

The annular tendon is commonly named ‘annulus of Zinn’, from the German anatomist and botanist Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727–1759) who described this structure in his Descriptio anatomica oculi humani (Anatomical Description of the Human Eye, 1755). This structure, however, had been previously discovered not by Zinn, but by Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666–1723) some decades before the publication of Zinn, in his Dissertatio anatomica prima and Dissertatio anatomica altera (First and Second Anatomical Dissertations), inside Valsalva's Opera omnia published in 1740. We advance that this structure could be re‐named such as ‘annulus of Valsalva‐Zinn’ because Valsalva, even making a mistake in its functional interpretation, first described this anatomical structure. Likewise, Valsalva, with his discovery, advanced a revolutionary idea for that time on the usefulness of anatomy for clinic and pathology.
Time evolution of active caspase‐3 labelling after in vivo exposure to UVR‐300 nm
Authors: Talebizadeh Nooshin , Yu Zhaohua , Kronschläger Martin , Söderberg Per
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To determine the time evolution of active caspase‐3 protein expression in albino rat lens after in vivo exposure to low‐dose UVR‐300 nm, as detected by immunofluorescence.

Methods

Forty Sprague‐Dawley rats were unilaterally exposed in vivo to 1 kJ/m2 UVR‐300 nm for 15 min. At 0.5, 8, 16 and 24 hr after the UVR exposure, the exposed and contralateral nonexposed lenses were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry. Three mid‐sagittal sections from each lens were stained. The cells labelled for active caspase‐3 in each section of both the exposed and nonexposed lenses were counted and recorded three times. The difference of the proportion of labelling between the exposed and contralateral nonexposed lenses within each animal was calculated. The differences of active caspase‐3 labelling at four different time‐points after exposure were used to determine the time evolution of active caspase‐3 expression.

Results

Caspase‐3 expression was higher in the exposed than in contralateral nonexposed lenses. The mean difference between the exposed and contralateral nonexposed lenses, including all lenses from all time intervals, was 0.12 ± 0.01 (= CI 95%). The mean differences between the exposed and contralateral nonexposed lenses were 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.13 ± 0.02, 0.14 ± 0.01 and 0.09 ± 0.03 (= CI 95%) for the 0.5‐, 8‐, 16‐ and 24‐hr time groups, respectively. The orthogonal comparison showed no difference in the expression of active caspase‐3 between the 0.5‐ and the 24‐hr groups (Test statistic 1.50, F1,36 = 4.11, p < 0.05) or between the 8‐ and the 16‐hr groups (test statistic 0.05, F1,36 = 4.11, p < 0.05). There was a difference when comparing the 0.5‐ and 24‐hr groups to the 8‐ and 16‐hr groups (test statistic 7.01, F1,36 = 4.11, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The expression of active caspase‐3 in the lens epithelium increases after UVR exposure. There is a peak of expression approximately 16 hr after the exposure.
The risk of newly developed visual impairment in treated normal‐tension glaucoma: 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Choi Yun Jeong , Kim Martha , Park Ki Ho , Kim Dong Myung , Kim Seok Hwan
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To investigate the risk and risk factors for newly developed visual impairment in treated patients with normal‐tension glaucoma (NTG) followed up on for 10 years.

Methods

Patients with NTG, who did not have visual impairment at the initial diagnosis and had undergone intraocular pressure (IOP)‐lowering treatment for more than 7 years, were included on the basis of a retrospective chart review. Visual impairment was defined as either low vision (0.05 [20/400] ≤ visual acuity (VA) <0.3 [20/60] and/or 10 degrees ≤ central visual field (VF) <20 degrees) or blindness (VA <0.05 [20/400] and/or central VF <10 degrees) by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. To investigate the risk and risk factors for newly developed visual impairment, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and generalized linear mixed effects models were utilized.

Results

During the 10.8 years mean follow‐up period, 20 eyes of 16 patients were diagnosed as visual impairment (12 eyes as low vision, 8 as blindness) among 623 eyes of 411 patients. The cumulative risk of visual impairment in at least one eye was 2.8% at 10 years and 8.7% at 15 years. The risk factors for visual impairment from treated NTG were worse VF mean deviation (MD) at diagnosis and longer follow‐up period.

Conclusion

The risk of newly developed visual impairment in the treated patients with NTG was relatively low. Worse VF MD at diagnosis and longer follow‐up period were associated with development of visual impairment.