bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PM2.5 surface concentrations in southern West African urban areas based on sun photometer and satellite observations
Authors: Léon Jean-François , Akpo Aristide Barthélémy , Bedou Mouhamadou , Djossou Julien , Bodjrenou Marleine , Yoboué Véronique , Liousse Cathy
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Southern West Africa (SWA) is influenced by large numbers of aerosol particles
of both anthropogenic and natural origins. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions
are expected to increase in the future due to the economical growth of African
megacities. In this paper, we investigate the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in
the coastal area of the Gulf of Guinea using sun photometer and MODIS
satellite observations. A network of lightweight handheld sun photometers
have been deployed in SWA from December 2014 to April 2017 at five different
locations in Côte d'Ivoire and Benin. The handheld sun photometer
measures the solar irradiance at 465, 540 and 619 nm and is operated
manually once per day. Handheld-sun-photometer observations are complemented
by available AERONET sun photometer observations and MODIS level 3 time series
between 2003 and 2019. MODIS daily level 3 AOD agrees well with sun
photometer observations in Abidjan and Cotonou (correlation coefficient R=0.89
and RMSE = 0.19). A classification based on the sun photometer AOD and
Ångström exponent (AE) is used to separate the influence of coarse
mineral dust and urban-like aerosols. The AOD seasonal pattern is similar for
all the sites and is clearly influenced by the mineral dust advection from
December to May. Sun photometer AODs are analyzed in coincidence with surface
PM2.5 concentrations to infer trends in the particulate pollution
levels over conurbations of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) and Cotonou
(Benin). PM2.5-to-AOD conversion factors are evaluated as a
function of the season and the aerosol type identified in the AE
classification. The highest PM2.5 concentrations (up to 300 µg m−3) are associated with the
advection of mineral dust in the heart of the dry season (December–February).
Annual means are around 30 µg m−3, and 80 % of days in
the winter dry season have a value above 35 µg m−3, while
concentrations remain below 16 µg m−3 from May to September.
No obvious trend is observed in the 2003–2019 MODIS-derived PM2.5
time series. However the short dry period (August–September), when urban-like
aerosols dominate, is associated with a monotonic trend between 0.04 and
0.43 µgm-3yr-1 in the PM2.5 concentrations over
the period 2003–2017. The monotonic trend remains uncertain but is coherent
with the expected increase in combustion aerosol emissions in SWA.
Factors controlling marine aerosol size distributions and their climate effects over the northwest Atlantic Ocean region
Authors: Croft Betty , Martin Randall V. , Moore Richard H. , Ziemba Luke D. , Crosbie Ewan C. , Liu Hongyu , Russell Lynn M. , Saliba Georges , Wisthaler Armin , Müller Markus , Schiller Arne , Galí Martí , Chang Rachel Y.-W. , McDuffie Erin E. , Bilsback Kelsey R. , Pierce Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Aerosols over Earth's remote and spatially extensive ocean surfaces have important influences on planetary climate. However, these aerosols and
their effects remain poorly understood, in part due to the remoteness and limited observations over these regions. In this study, we seek to
understand factors that shape marine aerosol size distributions and composition in the northwest Atlantic Ocean region. We use the GEOS-Chem model with the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics algorithm
model to interpret measurements collected from ship and aircraft during the four seasonal campaigns of the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine
Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) conducted between 2015 and 2018. Observations from the NAAMES campaigns show enhancements in the campaign-median number of
aerosols with diameters larger than 3 nm in the lower troposphere (below 6 km), most pronounced during the phytoplankton bloom
maxima (May/June) below 2 km in the free troposphere. Our simulations, combined with NAAMES ship and aircraft measurements, suggest several
key factors that contribute to aerosol number and size in the northwest Atlantic lower troposphere, with significant regional-mean
(40–60∘ N and 20–50∘ W) cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect (AIE) and direct radiative effect (DRE) processes during the phytoplankton
bloom. These key factors and their associated simulated radiative effects in the region include the following: (1) particle formation near and above the marine
boundary layer (MBL) top (AIE: −3.37 W m−2, DRE: −0.62 W m−2); (2) particle growth due to marine secondary organic
aerosol (MSOA) as the nascent particles subside into the MBL, enabling them to become cloud-condensation-nuclei-sized particles (AIE:
−2.27 W m−2, DRE: −0.10 W m−2); (3) particle formation and growth due to the products of dimethyl sulfide, above and within the
MBL (−1.29 W m−2, DRE: −0.06 W m−2); (4) ship emissions (AIE: −0.62 W m−2, DRE: −0.05 W m−2);
and (5) primary sea spray emissions (AIE: +0.04 W m−2, DRE: −0.79 W m−2). Our results suggest that a synergy of particle
formation in the lower troposphere (particularly near and above the MBL top) and growth by MSOA contributes strongly to
cloud-condensation-nuclei-sized particles with significant regional radiative effects in the northwest Atlantic. To gain confidence in radiative
effect magnitudes, future work is needed to understand (1) the sources and temperature dependence of condensable marine vapors forming MSOA, (2) primary sea spray emissions, and (3) the species that can form new particles in the lower troposphere and grow these particles as they descend into
the marine boundary layer.
A semicontinuous study on the ecotoxicity of atmospheric particles using a versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES): development and field characterization
Authors: Shang Xiaona , Li Ling , Zhang Xinlian , Kang Huihui , Sui Guodong , Wang Gehui , Ye Xingnan , Xiao Hang , Chen Jianmin
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Oxidative stress can be used to evaluate not only adverse
health effects but also adverse ecological effects, but limited research
uses eco-toxicological assay to assess the risks posed by particle matters
to non-human biomes. One important reason might be that the concentration of
toxic components of atmospheric particles is far below the high detection
limit of eco-toxic measurement. To solve the rapid detection problem, we
extended a versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) for
ecotoxicity aerosol measurement and firstly used VACES to provide a
comparison of ecotoxicity between non-concentrated and concentrated aerosols
in ambient air. In this study, the total concentration (number or mass), the
concentration of chemical components and the ecotoxicity were all increased
by approximately 7 to 10 times in VACES, making the detection of ecotoxicity
above the baseline. The comparison of ecotoxicity data and PM2.5
concentration showed that low concentration was not matched with
ecotoxicity, although high concentration corresponded to higher ecotoxicity.
In addition, the higher saturation temperature in VACES caused a loss of
particulate matter, of which nitrate accounted for about 18 %.
Assimilation of lidar planetary boundary layer height observations
Authors: Tangborn Andrew , Demoz Belay , Carroll Brian J. , Santanello Joseph , Anderson Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Lidar backscatter and wind retrievals of the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) are assimilated into 22-hourly forecasts from the
NASA Unified – Weather and
Research Forecast (NU-WRF) model during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) campaign on 11 July 2015 in Greensburg,
Kansas, using error statistics collected from the model profiles to compute the necessary covariance matrices. Two separate
forecast runs using different PBL physics schemes were employed, and comparisons with six independent radiosonde profiles were made
for each run. Both of the forecast runs accurately predicted the PBLH and the state variable profiles within the planetary boundary layer
during the early morning, and the assimilation had a small impact during this time.
In the late afternoon, the forecast runs showed decreased accuracy as the convective boundary layer developed.
However, assimilation of
the Doppler lidar PBLH observations was
found to improve the temperature and V-velocity profiles relative to independent radiosonde profiles. Water vapor
was overcorrected, leading to increased differences with independent data. Errors in the U velocity were made slightly larger.
The computed forecast error covariances between the PBLH and state variables
were found to rise in the late afternoon, leading to the larger improvements in the afternoon.
This work represents the first effort to assimilate PBLH into forecast states using ensemble methods.
On structural errors in emergent constraints
Authors: Sanderson Benjamin M. , Pendergrass Angeline , Koven Charles D. , Brient Florent , Booth Ben B. B. , Fisher Rosie A. , Knutti Reto
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Studies of emergent constraints have frequently proposed that a single metric alone can constrain future responses of the Earth system to anthropogenic emissions. The prevalence of this thinking has led to literature and messaging which is sometimes confusing to policymakers, with a series of studies over the last decade making confident, yet contradictory, claims on the probability bounds of key climate variables. Here, we illustrate that emergent constraints are more likely to occur where the variance across an ensemble of climate models of both observable and future climate arises from common structural assumptions and few degrees of freedom. Such cases are likely to occur when processes are represented in a common, oversimplified fashion throughout the ensemble, about which we have the least confidence in performance out of sample. We consider these issues in the context of a number of published constraints, and argue that the application of emergent constraints alone to estimate uncertainties in unknown climate responses can potentially lead to bias and overconfidence in constrained projections. Together with statistical robustness and plausibility of mechanism, assessments of climate responses must include multiple lines of evidence to identify biases that arise from common oversimplified modeling assumptions which impact both present and future climate simulations in order to mitigate against the influence of common structural biases.
Carbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020)
Authors: Liu Junjie , Baskaran Latha , Bowman Kevin , Schimel David , Bloom A. Anthony , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Oda Tomohiro , Carroll Dustin , Menemenlis Dimitris , Joiner Joanna , Commane Roisin , Daube Bruce , Gatti Lucianna V. , McKain Kathryn , Miller John , Stephens Britton B. , Sweeney Colm , Wofsy Steven
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Here we present a global and regionally resolved terrestrial net
biosphere exchange (NBE) dataset with corresponding uncertainties between
2010–2018: Carbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020). It is estimated using the NASA Carbon
Monitoring System Flux (CMS-Flux) top-down flux inversion system that
assimilates column CO2 observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and NASA's Observing Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). The
regional monthly fluxes are readily accessible as tabular files, and the
gridded fluxes are available in NetCDF format. The fluxes and their
uncertainties are evaluated by extensively comparing the posterior CO2
mole fractions with CO2 observations from aircraft and the NOAA
marine boundary layer reference sites. We describe the characteristics of
the dataset as the global total, regional climatological mean, and regional
annual fluxes and seasonal cycles. We find that the global total fluxes of
the dataset agree with atmospheric CO2 growth observed by the
surface-observation network within uncertainty. Averaged between 2010 and
2018, the tropical regions range from close to neutral in tropical South
America to a net source in Africa; these contrast with the extra-tropics,
which are a net sink of 2.5±0.3 Gt C/year. The
regional satellite-constrained NBE estimates provide a unique perspective
for understanding the terrestrial biosphere carbon dynamics and monitoring
changes in regional contributions to the changes of atmospheric CO2
growth rate. The gridded and regional aggregated dataset can be accessed at
https://doi.org/10.25966/4v02-c391 (Liu et al., 2020).
Azimuthal averaging–reconstruction filtering techniques for finite-difference general circulation models in spherical geometry
Authors: Dang Tong , Zhang Binzheng , Lei Jiuhou , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan , Liu Han-li , Pham Kevin , Sorathia Kareem A.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. When solving hydrodynamic equations in spherical or cylindrical geometry using explicit finite-difference schemes, a major difficulty is that the time step is greatly restricted by the clustering of azimuthal cells near the pole due to the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition. This paper adapts the azimuthal averaging–reconstruction (ring average) technique to finite-difference schemes in order to mitigate the time step constraint in spherical and cylindrical coordinates. The finite-difference ring average technique averages physical quantities based on an effective grid and then reconstructs the solution back to the original grid in a piecewise, monotonic way. The algorithm is implemented in a community upper-atmospheric model, the Thermosphere–Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), with a horizontal resolution up to 0.625∘×0.625∘ in geographic longitude–latitude coordinates, which enables the capability of resolving critical mesoscale structures within the TIEGCM. Numerical experiments have shown that the ring average technique introduces minimal artifacts in the polar region of general circulation model (GCM) solutions, which is a significant improvement compared to commonly used low-pass filtering techniques such as the fast Fourier transform method. Since the finite-difference adaption of the ring average technique is a post-solver type of algorithm, which requires no changes to the original computational grid and numerical algorithms, it has also been implemented in much more complicated models with extended physical–chemical modules such as the Coupled Magnetosphere–Ionosphere–Thermosphere (CMIT) model and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension (WACCM-X). The implementation of ring average techniques in both models enables CMIT and WACCM-X to perform global simulations with a much higher resolution than that used in the community versions. The new technique is not only a significant improvement in space weather modeling capability, but it can also be adapted to more general finite-difference solvers for hyperbolic equations in spherical and polar geometries.
Highlights.
The ring average technique is adapted to solve the issue of clustered grid cells in polar and spherical coordinates with a finite-difference method. The ring average technique is applied to develop a 0.625∘×0.625∘ high-resolution TIEGCM and more complicated geoscientific models with polar and spherical coordinates as well as finite-difference numerical schemes. The high-resolution TIEGCM shows good capability in resolving mesoscale structures in the ionosphere–thermosphere (I–T) system.
Veloziferisch (Velociferian)
Authors: Norton Bryan
Published: February 2021

The lexeme veloziferisch (velociferian) was first coined by Goethe in an unsent letter from 1825 and entered the public stage four years later with the second edition of the novel second edition of the novel Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre, oder die Entsagenden (1829; Wilhelm Meister’s Journeyman Years, or The Renunciants). As a portmanteau, the neologism, which is composed of the Italian velocità and the German luziferisch, combines two central elements of the Goethean imaginary: the accelerated velocity of modern life and the “luciferian” function of negation. Das Veloziferische marks a dangerous speed at which organic growth is outpaced by the rapid acceleration of technological development. At velociferian speeds, the otherwise figurative role of negation in Goethe’s philosophy of nature takes on a disfiguring function, highlighted most clearly by the techno-accelerationist allegory Faust. The invention of this term has prompted recent investigations into the relationship between technological development and social acceleration in modernity. Furthermore, an appreciation of Goethe’s critique of the velociferian enables a fuller understanding of his unique position in relation to broader trends in natural philosophy and the philosophy of biology (Spinoza, Schelling, and Erwin Schrödinger), in addition to the philosophy of technology (Thomas Carlyle and Bruno Latour).
Zusammenhang (Nexus)
Authors: Shields Ross
Published: February 2021

The lexeme Zusammenhang (nexus) was introduced into philosophy by the German rationalists, who conceived of the world as a multiplicity of independent substances coordinated in a system of pre-established harmony. In his critique of these metaphysicians, Kant insisted that things hang together in not one but two ways—as an aggregate of a posteriorisense data, or as a system of a priori concepts—and that these two nexus are separated by an epistemological chasm. This entry proposes that Goethe’s nexus concept recovers the middle term excluded by Kant’s binary distinction and that this middle term plays a key role in both his scientific and literary writings, including the Hefte zur Morphologie (1817-1824; Notebooks on Morphology), Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1795-96; Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship), and Die Wahlverwandtschaften (1809; Elective Affinities). By comparing Goethe’s theoretical use of the nexus concept with his literary use of the nexus motif, this entry articulates a relation of part to whole that displays more coherence than a mere aggregate, yet is more dynamic than an absolute system.
De la retórica a la gramática de la investigación con niñas, niños y adolescentes
Authors: Di Iorio Jorgelina , Lenta Malena , Gueglio Constanza
Published: February 2021

El reconocimiento de niños, niñas y adolescentes como sujetos de derecho generó múltiples cambios en el modo de investigar con las infancias y adolescencias desde finales del siglo XX. El derecho a la escucha y a la participación en las temáticas que los atañen, se transformaron en principios rectores de los trabajos de investigación que se encontraban bajo el paradigma de protección de derechos de la niñez. No obstante, aunque existen una gran cantidad de trabajos de investigación que se enuncian bajo estos principios, se observan obstáculos en la traducción de los mismos a decisiones metodológicas que permitan garantizar la participación de niñas, niños y adolescentes en los procesos de investigación social. En este marco se propone el objetivo de analizar los dispositivos metodológicos orientados a garantizar la participación de niñas, niños y adolescentes a partir de un estudio de casos múltiples ampliado, en donde se seleccionaron  tres procesos de investigación con niñas, niños y adolescentes sin cuidados parentales. Entre los resultados se identificaron tres dispositivos analíticos centrales para comprender las modalidades de la participación infantil y adolescente en las investigaciones: el consentimiento informado, la decisiones sobre las técnicas y la interpretación de los datos que permitieron pasar del foco en la retórica sobre la participación de niñas, niños y adolescentes a la gramática, es decir, a las formas de inscripción de la  participación en el proceso investigativo.
Modernização no Planalto Central do Brasil: mineração e logística no Roteiro da Missão Cruls
Authors: Gonçalves da Silva Adriano , Martins de Souza Rita de Cássia
Published: February 2021

A mineração tem sido um agente de intensa transformação do território brasileiro desde o período colonial. A região central do Brasil, graças à sua localização e às constantes disputas das elites regionais, ganha destaque como zona logística onde grandes projetos estatais vêm se materializando e atendendo às lógicas do mercado presentes em cada período. Minerais estratégicos, a exemplo do ouro, do cobre, do nióbio e do níquel, por meio das novas tecnologias globais ganham destaque no cenário contemporâneo para a fabricação de materiais indispensáveis usados na sociedade moderna. Este trabalho apresenta a importância da mineração e da logística na região denominada por Souza; Pedrosa (2016) de Roteiro da Missão Cruls para o Brasil. O levantamento de fontes secundárias encontradas nos trabalhos científicos especializados, bem como os dados secundários extraídos dos órgãos como IBGE, SAED, ANTT e ANM foram utilizados na sistematização para a cartografação das informações geográficas. Trata-se de um estudo diagnóstico da realidade da mineração dessa região do Brasil no contexto contemporâneo.
Palavras-Chave: Mineração; Logística; Território; Roteiro da Missão Cruls.
Utopía, pragmatismo y vivienda social. De las “habitaciones obreras” a los “huertos obreros y familiares” en Santiago, 1900 – 1960
Authors: Olea Jorge Manuel , Hidalgo Rodrigo
Published: February 2021

La consolidación de los programas de vivienda popular en Chile en la primera mitad del siglo XX debe entenderse bajo las dinámicas de la disputa política y la configuración del espacio urbano, las cuales responden a las alianzas entre los sectores trabajadores y el Estado. En este trabajo se analiza cómo esa trayectoria está mediada por perspectivas proyectuales utópicas por parte de ambos agentes, hasta llegar a los huertos obreros como materialización concreta de aquellas utopías abstractas. Se revisaron los documentos oficiales y publicaciones de los principales gestores de las experiencias de producción de un espacio urbano específico, Santiago en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Se puso el énfasis en lo que iba más allá de la acción meramente habitacional, sino que iban más allá, problematizando no sólo el derecho a la vivienda, sino que el cómo debía ser materializado ese derecho. La cuestión utópica, como horizonte de posibilidad, permite argumentar que los proyectos de vivienda popular lograron verse permeados por formas alternativas de habitar la ciudad.

Palabras clave: habitación obrera – utopía espacial – geografía urbana – Santiago de Chile.
The Place of Christianity in the Critical Debates of Africana Religious Studies
Authors: Settles Joshua
Published: February 2021

The massive accession to Christian faith in postcolonial Africa is leading to the ongoing creation of distinctively African forms of Christian thought and practice that differ in significant ways from those of the West—a trend anticipated by developments in Black American Christianity. Africana religious studies has been imagined as a field that would “generate credible scholarship on indigenous African religious traditions,” yet the rise of African Christianity raises questions about what constitutes indigeneity. If the Ethiopian church represents “Africa indigenously Christian,” do these more recent developments suggest Christianity indigenously African? Can Christianity be considered indigenously African? Is there a need for Africana religious scholarship to reassess the widespread notion of Christianity as a cultural product of the West and an imposition alien to Africana peoples? If so, what does the rise of African Christianity indicate about both the nature and structure of Christianity, understood as an Africana religion?
I am a D.J., I am what I play: Review of William S. Burroughs and the Cult of Rock 'n' Roll
Authors: Schneiderman Davis
Published: February 2021

Casey Rae's book connects the biography of William S. Burroughs to a wide range of musical production that has been influenced both directly and indirectly by his work. In doing so, the book is a valuable catalog of Burroughs's late twentieth-century cultural influence even as it balances the need to describe his influence with the linguistically embedded tendency to mythopoeticize when it comes to Burroughs. The tension, between the Romantic and the radical, is perhaps the most persistent characteristic of Burroughs's cultural reception. Rae's book admirably explores this strain, and offers an entertaining narrative in doing so.
Flannery O'Connor's Letters and the Editing of Authorial Intent
Authors: Gentry Marshall Bruce
Published: February 2021

Flannery O'Connor's letters and essays have served as keys to understanding her authorial intent, and editors' decisions have played a significant role in directing how her personality is perceived and how her works are interpreted. Sally Fitzgerald, editor of the O'Connor collections The Habit of Being and Mystery and Manners, made decisions that should be second-guessed. One must take a critical attitude toward editors' selections and wonder what is being left out. Race is one topic on which Fitzgerald tried to protect O'Connor from scholarly scrutiny. Benjamin B. Alexander's collection presents over 140 previously unpublished letters by O'Connor, and many of these are so fascinating that one wonders why they were not published before. Alexander regularly follows the back-and-forth between O'Connor and a correspondent, even though this arrangement makes the book as a whole far from chronological in organization. Alexander should be applauded for negotiating permissions from a number of authors' estates, and if the overall effect is that the collection is a grab bag, one must be grateful for the gems. The weaknesses of Alexander's collection are that it repeats many letters published elsewhere and that Alexander's commentary is often so opinionated that the reader can feel bullied.
Application of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in Consumer Behavioral Intention towards Online Shopping
Authors: Kariapper RKAR
Published: February 2021

Online shopping isasasas buying products or services via the internet using a computer or mobile platform. It provides a different policy and environment to both consumers and suppliers for having business activities in a digital environment than a traditional way. Some countries are highly adopted and utilizing online shopping for their day to day operations. There are some differences among countries in consumers’ buying behavior toward online shopping, which may be the reason for comfortability and reliability about the procedure and policies of digital environments. Online shopping is one of the convenient and best solutions for the busy life of today’s world. This study aims to identify those options for why users select online shopping rather than traditional shopping. The research model explained and predicted the behavioral intention and attitude towards online shopping. The convenient sampling method was used to select the sample units, and the Snowball sampling method was used to identify online shopping users. The questionnaire consists of two main sections. The first section analyzes the demographic factors related to online shopping. The second section included TAM variables. among the participants, 35(56%) were males, and 27(44%) females. The majority of 31(50%) of the online shopping users were between 25 to 30 years, and the rest (6%) were above 40 years. As expected, the experience of online shopping almost 34% of the respondents have less than ten years. Whereas the rest differ in their online shopping experience, those who used online shopping for 1-3 years stood at 31%. Moreover, 24% of the respondents have 3-5 years’ experience. Only a few respondents have more than five years’ experience. It stood for 11%. This study revealed that users comprehensively supported online shopping behavior except for four hypotheses. Thus, it could be concluded that people prefer online shopping because of their knowledge, usefulness, and attitude towards online shopping. The relation between attitude and behavioral intention is strongly positive and significant.
Analysis of the Need for Stock Market in Ethiopia
Authors: Zena Haileberhan
Published: February 2021

Private sector participation and performance in the Ethiopian economy is weak. This is due to insufficient access of financial resources to the private sector. The credit market in the country has been overwhelmingly dominated by state-owned banks whose lending efforts have been dedicated to expanding public infrastructure projects and state owned enterprises as a matter of policy. The current government reform initiative by the name ‘Home-grown Economic Reform’ is expected to bring some adjustments in the financial system so that the private sector can have better choice for its long term investment needs with the introduction of market-based financial access. This study employed desk review of secondary data with content analysis of appropriate conceptual and empirical literature. Analysis of establishing stock market as a major alternative to bank based system is conducted using two models: business growth life cycle model and the financial structure model. The models are thought to explain the potential contribution of the development of equity market as a complement to the credit market in the financial structure of the country given the early stage of growth of the economy. The findings shown that establishing and developing stock market is strongly recommended to complement bank services and as an alternative financial access system both to investors and entrepreneurs. Issues to be considered in the process of establishing a stock market are provided as a way forward.
Culture and Conversation: Rethinking Brown v. Board of Education a Postponed Commitment to Educational Equality
Authors: Hill Jerell B.
Published: February 2021

The Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision was a significant change in social justice and human rights. There is ongoing debate about public education not as a private commodity but as a public good that must be made available on equal terms. Recently, schools are entering an era of second-generation segregation. Poor outcomes, language acquisition programs preventing access to college-readiness courses, and teacher quality are causes for concern. Research on second-generation segregation found that African-American children experience lower rates of academic achievement than their White peers. This was a case study analysis to investigate the impact of teacher preparation and culturally relevant practices related to educational opportunities. The results hold implications on misconceptions of educational improvements for Black children and identify the need to increase cultural responsiveness and an intentional focus on students’ assets and needs.
De gewetensbeslissing in Scholtens rechtsmethodologie
Authors: Vleugel Jos
Published: February 2021

De gewetensbeslissing in Scholtens rechtsmethodologie

The role that Paul Scholten assigns to conscience in his legal methodology still leads to heated discussions in literature after almost 100 years. Recognizing that in case law the conscience of the judge can be of decisive importance is apparently problematic. It would facilitate political court rulings, make judicial judgment uncontrollable and could be arbitrary for the parties to the legal dispute. Not only Scholten’s view on the role of conscience in judicial decision making is “a stumbling block”. At least as great is the fuss about his representation of conscience. Only Christian lawyers could identify with this. This article attempts to shed new light on the above points of criticism by drawing attention to the following aspects of Scholten’s legal methodology: the role of the facts in establishing the law, the nature of the legal judgment and finally the grounds on which conscience may be determined.
Lenisering etter kort vokal: relikt-fenomen eller opphav?
Authors: Kristoffersen Gjert
Published: February 2021

The topic of the paper is a small group of Norwegian dialects where lenition of p, t, k into b, d, g in intervocalic and word-final position is limited to words characterized by a monomoraic, stressed syllable in Old Norse. These dialects are spoken in the easternmost local communities in Agder county, at the eastern margin of the South-Norwegian lenition areas where lenition hit all short oral stops irrespective of preceding vowel length. After the quantity shift had made all stressed vowels bimoraic, with rimes being either VV or VC, the distribution of the lenited plosives are after both long and short vowels (the main area) or after short vowels only (the eastern marginal area).

Haslum (2004) argues that the limited distribution in the east ist the result of a reversal after long vowels only. While this cannot be refuted as a possibility, I argue below that it may also be the result of a two-stage process, whereby lenition after a short vowel has spread further than the generalized process.
Hvorfor er Berit farmasøyt mens Brigitte er pharmacienne? Om kjønnsspesifikke betegnelser for yrker og funksjoner i norsk og fransk
Authors: Lødrup Helge , Hobæk Haff Marianne
Published: February 2021

In French, nouns denoting occupations and offices usually have different forms for males and females (e.g. pharmacien 'male pharmacist' - pharmacienne 'female pharmacist'). In Norwegian, this is a very marginal phenomenon. We discuss this difference between the two languages, and propose that it must be understood on the background of their systems of grammatical gender. The forms for males and females find a natural place in French, with its clear distinction between masculine and feminine gender. The situation is different in Norwegian, where this distinction is marginal or non-existing in central varieties.
Dialect speaking working-class women in the media
Authors: Stjernholm Karine , Cornips Leonie
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we investigate the research question ‘How are female dialect users from former industrial areas depicted in the media?’ by comparing media representations from two former industrial areas, namely Heerlen/Parkstad in the Netherlands and Østfold in Norway. Both representations are parodic and can be characterised as ‘high performances’ (Johnstone 2011, p. 658), and we argue that these performances are informed by the class-divided, previously industrial societies in Heerlen/Parkstad and Østfold. Our results show that being local seems to conflict with normative conceptions of femininity in these representations.
Glossa som forskningsverktøy. Hva folk søker etter og hva resultatene brukes til
Authors: Søfteland Åshild , Nøklestad Anders , Priestley Joel , Hagen Kristin
Published: February 2021

In this article we show how the search interface Glossa has been developed in step with the various corpora that have been built at the Text Laboratory. Furthermore, we present statistics on what kind of searches people do – single words or longer phrases, with or without specifications for phonetic form or grammatical features etc. – focusing on the Nordic Dialect Corpus and the Corpus of American Nordic Speech. Finally, we demonstrate how researchers have searched for data in these corpora and used them in published articles – both simple and extended search, in smaller or larger language areas – within several different branches of linguistics.
Formell og semantisk adjektivkongruens i norsk
Authors: Åfarli Tor A. , Vangsnes Øystein A.
Published: February 2021

This article provides an empirically based overview and discussion of types of adjectival agreement in attributive and predicative posisitions in Norwegian. In particular, we focus on two empirical facts that are quite striking: 1) With semantic agreement in predicative position, there are apparently no formal agreement features in the predication subject that trigger agreement on the predicative adjective; 2) Even though there is not alway formal agreement betwen the predication subject and a predicative adjective, there is always strict formal agreement between the head noun and an attributive adjective.
Détection précoce et lutte rapide contre la plante aquatique exotique Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle en Martinique
Authors: DELNATTE César , TEPIE POTIRON Cindy , RATEAU Fabian
Published: February 2021

La problématique des espèces exotiques envahissantes est de plus en plus prise en compte au niveau de la Martinique qui semblait jusqu’alors présenter une certaine résistance par rapport à d’autres territoires insulaires tropicaux français. Ainsi, comme près de 70 autres espèces végétales exotiques préoccupantes et potentiellement envahissantes, les populations d’Hydrille verticillée (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle) sont suivies à l’aide d’outils cartographiques par l’Office national des Forêts, la direction de l’environnement, de l’aménagement et du logement (DEAL) et le Conservatoire botanique de Martinique. Une campagne de lutte contre cette espèce a été menée en 2016 à la suite de nouvelles données de répartition remontées par le réseau de surveillance en place. Sur cette île des Antilles françaises, la combinaison de reliefs abrupts, issus d’épisodes volcaniques récents, et des régimes pluviométriques essentiellement corrélés aux précipitations, induit un régime torrentiel des cours d’eau. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que ce régime provoque la fragmentation des populations d’hydrophytes, ce qui favoriserait leur multiplication végétative. Ainsi, dans le cadre d’une détection rapide en vue d’une lutte précoce, la campagne d’éradication contre ces végétaux doit être entreprise avant la saison des pluies. De plus, la campagne menée confirme la difficulté de réguler l’espèce sur un sol à texture argileuse. Enfin, comme déjà énoncé dans le diagnostic datant de 2011, il est nécessaire de mettre en place un comité local traitant spécifiquement des espèces exotiques envahissantes afin de prioriser et coordonner les actions.
Informed Evaluation of Pathology Residency Programs
Authors: Yorke Rebecca F.
Published: February 2021

Objectives.—To identify resources and summarize important issues in anatomic and clinical pathology training and to assist the pathology resident candidate in evaluating potential training programs.

Data Sources.—Published guides for medical residency applicants, recent literature discussing pathology education, and World Wide Web sites.

Study Selection.—Resources perceived by the author as valuable for the pathology resident candidate.

Data Extraction.—Key issues in pathology education are identified.

Data Synthesis.—Issues are discussed from the perspective of a pathology resident candidate, and resources for further information are provided.

Conclusions.—The pathology residency candidate faces unique challenges in the residency search process because of the breadth of pathology training and the limited exposure to the practice of pathology in medical school. General guides for residency applicants include little discussion of pathology-specific issues. Recent literature discussing pathology education is fragmented but provides invaluable insights for resident candidates. This review seeks to identify a wide variety of issues and resources as a starting point for evaluating potential training programs.
Gynecomastia-like Changes of the Female Breast
Authors: Kang Yong , Wile Michael , Schinella Roger
Published: February 2021

Objectives.—Gynecomastia-like changes of the female breast are only sparsely reported and are not well defined in the literature to our knowledge. Our objectives were to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, mammographic findings, and the medical background of patients with these changes.

Design.—Two thousand seven hundred nine female breast surgical cases from 1995 to 1999 were searched by SNOMED. Three observers further reviewed all cases with gynecomastia-like changes. Strict criteria were developed and cases that fulfilled the criteria were analyzed further.

Results.—We found the incidence of female gynecomastia-like changes to be 0.15% (4/2709) of all female breast lesions, which represents an underestimation. Patients were usually young and had an average age of 32 years. The usual clinical presentation was a palpable mass with a size ranging from about 3.5 × 2 × 2 cm to 5 × 4 × 2.5 cm. Mammography showed either negative findings or a nonspecific density. Gross examination of these specimens revealed no distinct lesions. Histologically, the lesions consisted of ductal hyperplasia with periductal stromal fibrosis or edema. They were associated with fibrocystic changes in the adjacent breast. The patients had no significant medical history.

Conclusion.—We propose that the gynecomastia-like change is a specific benign entity within the spectrum of benign fibrocystic changes and that it usually occurs in young patients.
Granular Cell Tumor of the Thyroid
Authors: Paproski Suzanne M. , Owen David A.
Published: February 2021

A case of granular cell tumor of the thyroid gland occurring in a 23-year-old woman is reported. The patient presented with a painless mass in the neck, but was otherwise in good health and had no associated disorders. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed prior to surgery and yielded thyroid epithelial cells with possible oncocytic-type change. To our knowledge, the English language literature contains only one other report of a granular cell tumor of the thyroid. Our case supports the recent suggestion of a neural crest origin for some types of thyroid neoplasia.
Three-Dimensional Microscopic Image Reconstruction of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Boag A. H. , Kennedy L. A. , Miller M. J.
Published: February 2021

Context.—Routine microscopy provides only a 2-dimensional view of the complex 3-dimensional structure that makes up human tissue. Three-dimensional microscopic image reconstruction has not been described previously for prostate cancer.

Objectives.—To develop a simple method of computerized 3-dimensional image reconstruction and to demonstrate its applicability to the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Methods.—Serial sections were cut from archival paraffin-embedded prostate specimens, immunostained using antikeratin CAM5.2, and digitally imaged. Computer image–rendering software was used to produce 3-dimensional image reconstructions of prostate cancer of varying Gleason grades, normal prostate, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.

Results.—The rendering system proved easy to use and provided good-quality 3-dimensional images of most specimens. Normal prostate glands formed irregular fusiform structures branching off central tubular ducts. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia showed external contours similar to those of normal glands, but with a markedly complex internal arrangement of branching lumens. Gleason grade 3 carcinoma was found to consist of a complex array of interconnecting tubules rather than the apparently separate glands seen in 2 dimensions on routine light microscopy. Gleason grade 4 carcinoma demonstrated a characteristic form of glandular fusion that was readily visualized by optically sectioning and rotating the reconstructed images.

Conclusions.—Computerized 3-dimensional microscopic imaging holds great promise as an investigational tool. By revealing the structural relationships of the various Gleason grades of prostate cancer, this method could be used to refine diagnostic and grading criteria for this common tumor.
Diagnosing Allergic Diseases in Children
Authors: Homburger Henry A.
Published: February 2021

In the environment of managed care, children with allergic diseases are increasingly likely to be evaluated by nonallergist physicians. While the presumptive diagnosis of an allergic disease can often be suspected on clinical grounds, signs and symptoms are not reliable for establishing a definitive diagnosis or for deciding on management options. This article discusses the use of immunoglobulin E antibody tests to classify children with allergic symptoms. The information is intended for pathologists who offer consultative laboratory services to nonallergist physicians. Emphasis is placed on defining the minimum number of tests necessary to identify allergic children at different ages.
MUC1 Gene–Derived Glycoprotein Assays for Monitoring Breast Cancer (CA 15-3, CA 27.29, BR): Are They Measuring the Same Antigen?
Authors: Klee George G. , Schreiber William E.
Published: February 2021

Context.—There are 2 general types of assays measuring MUC1 gene–derived glycoprotein: assays for cancer antigen (CA) 15-3, which are sandwich assays, and assays for CA 27.29, which are competitive assays. These 2 types of assays measure slightly different parts of this tandem-repeat molecule. Across-method assay differences hinder the exchange of patient test values among integrated health care networks and among countries.

Objective.—This report evaluates the method differences among these assays to determine if the differences between these assays are mainly related to variations in calibration or differences in analyte specificity.

Design.—Data from 22 College of American Pathologists survey challenges were analyzed to compare 10 commercial assay methods for these 2 related analytes. In addition, data from 58 patient samples were analyzed to compare 3 of these assays.

Results.—The linear correlation coefficients comparing the within-method medians of these proficiency test distributions were very high (>0.99) for all of the methods; however, the regression slopes varied from 0.836 to 1.095. The regression slopes for the patient specimens varied similarly, but the correlation coefficients were lower.

Conclusions.—This study indicates that many of the test value differences for these measurements are due to differences in assay calibration rather than differences in the specificity of the assay measurement systems. Survey test data potentially could be used to help harmonize these assay differences.
Spurious Hypocalcemia After Omniscan- or OptiMARK-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Algorithm for Minimizing a False-Positive Laboratory Value
Authors: Emerson Jane , Kost Gerald
Published: February 2021

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has become a routine diagnostic imaging procedure. Reports in the literature document that 2 of the 4 available gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, gadodiamide (Omniscan) and gadoversetamide (OptiMARK), are less stable and readily undergo dechelation. In vitro, this dechelation can result in interference with the most common laboratory methods used to measure total plasma or serum calcium. The result of total calcium measurement soon after contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with these interfering contrast agents is a spurious lowering of the total calcium level. This low calcium measurement may result in a value consistent with hypocalcemia and can persist in patients with renal insufficiency and in patients receiving higher doses of contrast agent. Alternatively, a clinically significant elevated calcium level may be overlooked because of the artificially lowered value. Two of the available gadolinium-based contrast agents, gadoteridol (ProHance) and gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist), have not been to shown to interfere with total calcium measurement. A clinical practice algorithm for the laboratorian, the radiologist, and the clinician is presented to minimize the occurrence and consequences of a spuriously lowered total calcium level due to Omniscan- or OptiMARK-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Scalp Paraffinoma Underlying Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Ko Christine J. , Sarantopoulos G. Peter , Bhuta Sunita , Binder Scott W.
Published: February 2021

We report the case of an 84-year-old man with multiple squamous cell carcinomas located on his bald scalp, arising in association with underlying paraffinoma. Histologically, poorly differentiated, acantholytic squamous cell carcinomas were located above characteristic pseudocystic spaces. Carcinomas have been reported in association with penile and breast paraffinomas, but we are unaware of any reports of squamous cell carcinoma arising over a scalp paraffinoma.