bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Culture Collections in Disasters
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki ,   Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Yanagido1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan, Hayashi Masahiro , Zhang Jiwei , Mizuno Takuya , Natori Tatsuya , Ohkusu Kiyofumi
Published: April 2016

Culture collections of human pathogenic bacteria are maintained by two universities in Gifu and Osaka, Japan. Their activities are supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) under the National Bioresource Project (NBRP1). The purpose of this project is to collect, preserve, and provide bioresources, which are basic materials for life sciences research and to upgrade the bioresources responding to scientific demands of the present age by adding higher values through developing preservation technology, genome analysis, and others. The roles of culture collections in disasters are discussed in this short report. 1. http://www.nbrp.jp/
Sensitivity Studies on a Punching Wall of IRIS_2010 Benchmark Exercise
Authors: Tuomala Markku ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 600, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland, Calonius Kim , Kuutti Juha , Saarenheimo Arja , Välikangas Pekka ,   Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Espoo, Finland,   Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Helsinki, Finland
Published: April 2016

A case study in the IRIS_2010 benchmark exercise in the OECD/NEA/CSNI/IAGE framework covered a reinforced concrete wall subjected to impact by a hard steel missile with a mass of 47 kg and an impact velocity of 135 m/s. The considered simply supported square slab was 2 m wide and 25 cm thick. The expected and realized collapse mode was perforation. Tests were carried out with a VTT impact test facility. A VTT team also participated in the blind benchmark exercise. Analyses were carried out using a one-dimensional penetration/perforation model and the Abaqus/Explicit Finite Element (FE) program. Selected calculation results were presented at the IRIS_2010 Workshop. Based on Workshop presentations and discussions it was concluded that the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures is a challenging task and calculation results are quite sensitive, e.g., to material parameters and modeling assumptions. Various sensitivity studies of this so-called punching test were carried out afterward, and results are presented and discussed in this paper. Overall, results obtained with both the simplified method and the FE method are in relatively good agreement with test results.
Emergency Management: Building an O-D Ranking Model Using GIS Network Analysis
Authors: Yi Carine J. ,   Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, Park Roy S. , Murao Osamu , Okamoto Eiji ,   R. Park and Associates Inc., 46 Woodward Ave. Markham, Ontario L3T 1E5, Canada,   Faculty of Engineering, Systems and Information, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
Published: April 2016

Enormous natural disasters due to climate change are frequently observed all around the world. Unexpected catastrophes become a huge threat for community residents. Activating an evacuation order in a large-scale incident such as a wildfire depends on how information can be acquired in real time. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide highly analyzed map products to decision makers. Under real wildfire circumstances, GIS map products are very effective materials that include collected and analyzed information and results visualized to enable interpretation of the situation in real time. The challenge of this study is the construction of an optimal route selection method using a GIS network for issuing evacuation-order decisions. The most effective evacuation routes were defined by networking analysis using 2007 San Diego wildfire datasets. The shortest evacuation routes were calculated between affected points and shelters and chosen automatically by an O-D (Origin - Destination) ranking model. Considerable roads and land features and other environmental factors when the closest facilities and routes are selected, selection criteria and approach methods can be suggested for future events. Using this model, accessible routes can be chosen any time and any place, even during an ongoing evacuation. Decision makers should therefore provide proper evacuation orders to rescue crews using this O-D ranking model.
Japan-Egypt Hydro Network: Science and Technology Collaborative Research for Flash Flood Management
Authors: Sumi Tetsuya ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji-Shi, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Saber Mohamed , Kantoush Sameh Ahmad ,   Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt,   Civil Engineering Department, German University in Cairo (GUC), New Cairo City – Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, Egypt
Published: April 2016

The present paper outlines the development of a shared hydraulic and hydrology-based network between Kyoto University and three institutional research units in Egypt that seeks to bridge the gap in research, education and practice. This network base was developed the contextualized problems facing the water resources sector in Egypt. Although Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, suffers from severe water shortages, flash floods are responsible for the loss of lives and other problems. One of the JE-HydroNet (Japan-Egypt Hydro Network) outcomes is to forecast flash floods and to propose mitigation strategies in order to reduce the threat of flash floods and water harvesting. An integration of remote sensing data and a distributed Hydrological model so-called Hydro-BEAM (Hydrological River Basin Environmental AssessmentModel) has been proposed for flash flood simulation at Wadi-El-Arish, Sinai. Simulation has been successfully carried out to flash flood event that hit Egypt in January, 2010. Simulation results present remarkable characteristics such as the short time to maximum peak, short flow duration, and severe damage resulting in difficulty in evacuating people from the vulnerable regions. The methodology developed to forecast flash floods considering mitigation strategies which can be applied effectively at different arid regions.
An Experimental Data Handling System for Ensemble Numerical Weather Predictions Using a Web-Based Data Server and Analysis Tool “Gfdnavi”
Authors: Otsuka Shigenori ,   Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, Nishizawa Seiya , Horinouchi Takeshi , Yoden Shigeo ,   RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan,   Division of Earth System Science, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
Published: April 2016

Gfdnavi is a web-based data and knowledge server program for geophysical fluid data that constructs databases, provides analysis and visualization tools, and shares knowledge documents. A new Gfdnavi user interface for analyzing and visualizing data on web browsers is developed to improve the user experience by providing seamless analysis and visualization operations, multiple diagram editing, a layer function, and so on. An experimental data handling system for ensemble numerical weather prediction data is constructed using Gfdnavi to address such issues as data processing and transfer between weather centers and decision makers in various sectors, including that of disaster management. Special tools to analyze and visualize ensemble numerical weather prediction data are implemented as user-defined Gfdnavi plug-ins. An interactive document that provides basic ideas of how to utilize probabilistic ensemble data information is written with the Gfdnavi knowledge documentation system, in which hyperlinks enable users to edit diagrams in the document.
Radar Echo Population of Air-Mass Thunderstorms and Nowcasting of Thunderstorm-Induced Local Heavy Rainfalls Part 1: Statistical Characteristics
Authors: Ishihara Masahito ,   Educational Unit for Adaptation to Extreme Weather Conditions and Resilient Society, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

A radar echo population of 179 thunderstorms generated in the Tokyo metropolitan area on August 5, 2008, when the Zoshigaya rainstorm occurred in the center of Tokyo, is presented. Analysis was made using three-dimensional radar data from the Japan Meteorological Agency. One third of total convective cells had diameters of less than 3.5 km and the average diameter was 5.5 km. The mode of lifetimes of cells was from 20 to 40 minutes, and 88% of cells disappeared within 60 minutes after their initiation. The echo-top height of half of the cells reached 15 km, which was the limit of radar observation. Although the rainfall amount estimated from the radar echo was less than 40 mm for half of the cells, whereas one third of total cells counted were estimated atmore than 60 mm. Vertically integrated liquid water (VIL) ranged from 1.4 to 42.4 kgm-2. Maximum VIL was equivalent to 70% of precipitable water estimated from upper sounding on that day. The speed of cell travel was less than 2 ms-1in accordance with the weak wind velocities in the lower to middle troposphere. The time from echo initiation to rainfall peak was as short as 10 to 30 minutes for almost all cells. Thunderstorms composing the Zoshigaya rainstorm ranked at the highest class in horizontal size, lifetime and total rainfall amount among 179 thunderstorms. The horizontal size of cells in the thunderstorms was nearly equal to those reported for other areas in the world, whereas the echo top height was higher than in the other cases.
Preliminary Analysis for Evaluation of Local Site Effects in Lima City, Peru from Ground Motion Data by Using the Spectral Inversion Method
Authors: Quispe Selene ,   Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan, Yamanaka Hiroaki , Aguilar Zenon , Lazares Fernando , Tavera Hernando ,   Japan Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID), Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Av. Túpac Amaru N°1150, Lima 25, Peru,   Geophysical Institute of Peru (IGP), Calle Badajoz # 169, Mayorazgo IV Etapa, Ate Vitarte, Lima, Peru
Published: April 2016

Effects of local site, propagation path and source in ground motion records observed in Lima, Peru, were separated by the spectral inversion method proposed by Iwata and Irikura (1986 [1], 1988 [2]) to examine the relation between local subsurface conditions and local site amplifications in a frequency range from 0.5 to 20 Hz. S-wave portions of accelerograms in horizontal components observed at 5 stations for 11 events along the Pacific coast of Lima city, Peru, were analyzed. The Q factor was obtained from our inversion results as frequency-dependent functionQS( f )= 80.4f0.63. In terms of local site effects, stations located on alluvial gravel deposits were likely to suffer amplification at frequencies larger than 4 Hz, while one station (CAL site) located on soft soil sediment has different behavior of amplification. We also compared our results with 1-D theoretical computation, observed standard spectral ratio and observed H/V spectra in previous studies, finding that site responses determined by different methods are similar. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between average S-wave velocity in the top 10 meters and the average site amplification factor in a frequency range between 0.5 Hz and 10.0 Hz, showing a good correlation between the two parameters. We also calculated the average transfer function (AvTF) to compare it with the existing amplification map for Lima city, and found that our calculations differed from this map.
Urban Recovery Process in Pisco After the 2007 Peru Earthquake
Authors: Murao Osamu ,   Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, Hoshi Tomoyo , Estrada Miguel , Sugiyasu Kazuya , Matsuoka Masashi , Yamazaki Fumio ,   Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering Research and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID), National University of Engineering, Av. Tupac Amaru 1150, Rimac, Lima, Peru,   Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-G3-2, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan,   Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
Published: April 2016

Post-disaster urban recovery is a significant matter in disaster management that represents government efforts after a disaster and victim satisfaction with these efforts in affected areas. Understanding the recovery process is a procedure necessary for evaluating government strategy. From this view, the authors dealt with the recovery process at Pisco, the area most devastated in the 2007 Peru Earthquake. Research was conducted through the following procedure: (1) a field survey including interviews was carried out in July 2012 to clarify post-earthquake conditions in urban Pisco, especially from the viewpoint of the physical environment, (2) recovery conditions were compared with damage conditions investigated by CISMID just after the event using satellite imaging and building recovery data obtained in the survey, and (3) post-earthquake recovery was quantitatively analyzed in terms of building recovery. Results indicated that 93.2% of seriously or severely damaged buildings had been reoccupied. In addition to quantitative analysis, recovery-related problems are discussed based on interviews. Results will be useful in the next stage of our research using remote sensing data for the chronological understanding of the post-earthquake urban recovery process in Pisco.
Field and Interview Surveys of the Flood of 2011, Thailand
Authors: Takebayashi Hiroshi ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Higashinoguchi, Shimomisu, Yokoouji Fushimi, Kyoto 612-8235, Japan, Toda Keiichi , Nakagawa Hajime , Zhang Hao ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
Published: April 2016

One of the Thailand’s worst floods occurred in the autumn of 2011. A wide area of the Chao Phraya River basin, including Bangkok, was inundated for a long time. Heavy flood damage expanded not only in Thailand but in many parts of the world. The authors formed a research group and carried out an interview survey in the field in Thailand in November 2011 and in January 2012. We investigated the flood situation and damage in and around Bangkok. We also did so in Ayutthaya, where a world heritage site and an industrial park are located. Based on our findings, we discuss suitable countermeasures for reducing flood damage in Bangkok.
Impacts of Mid-Rainy Season Rainfall on Runoff into the Chao Phraya River, Thailand
Authors: Kotsuki Shunji ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan, Tanaka Kenji ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

In Chao Phraya River basin, the runoff at the middle basin (Nakhon Sawan station: C.2 point) is important for the prevention of lower basin floods. Through analyzing 1980 to 2011 runoff and rain gauge data and performing numerical calculations using a hydrological land surface model, this study will describe a condition that causes massive floods at the C.2 point. The main conclusions are the following: (1) In 2011, precipitation exceeding the average by about 40% caused naturalized runoff +125% (+29 billion m3) that in an average year. The massive 2011 flood would have been difficult to prevent even if the operation of the Bhumibol Dam and Sirikit Dam had been appropriate. (2) In 1980, 1995, and 2006, precipitation exceeding the average by about 10% caused naturalized runoff exceeding that of the average year by 50 to 75%. The runoff rate in the Chao Phraya River basin is about 20%, and characteristically a minor increase in precipitation results in a considerable amount of runoff. (3) There are natural flood years, which have higher than average precipitation that causes massive floods, and there are non-natural flood years, which have high precipitation but nomassive floods. In natural flood years, the precipitation in June, July, and August is higher than that in the average years, and the total water storage capacity is brought close to saturation in September. Due to this, in addition to base runoff, surface runoff increases. (4) The coefficient of the determination of observed runoff from August to October is 0.6481 for rainfall from June to August and 0.5276 for rainfall from August to October. Heavy rainfall in June, July and August has the effect of bringing the soil close to saturation, which is a necessary condition for massive flooding. Massive flooding results if this necessary condition is met and there is heavy rainfall in September and October. This finding is also supported by a high coefficient of determination of 0.7260 between rainfall in May, June, July, August, September, and October and naturalized runoff in August, September, and October.
Study of Flood Control Capability and Advanced Application of Multiple Dams Constructed in Series
Authors: Oshikawa Hideo ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka-City 819-0395, Japan, Mito Yuka , Komatsu Toshimitsu ,   Kyushu Office, Waterworks Structure Division, CTI Engineering Co., Ltd., CTI Fukuoka Building, 2-4-12 Daimyo, Chuo-Ku, Fukuoka-City 810-0041, Japan
Published: April 2016

The new concept for flood control called ‘Cascade’ method which permits dams to overflow around an upstream region with a sequence of dams constructed in a river is proposed. Multiple small scale dry dams should be constructed in series instead of a large scale dam in order to prevent flood disaster and preserve the natural environment. Recently a flood control dam with a bottom outlet hole as its regular spillway, known as ‘dry dam’, has been reviewed, planned and built in some sites in Japan. Under a condition of a common reservoir capacity, the Cascade type flood control permitting upstream dams to overflow except for the most downstream dam in a river is compared with a conventional one not to overflow each dam in a numerical simulation. As a result, it is made clear that the Cascade method using multiple dry dams is much more effective than the conventional one. In this connection, the Cascade type flood control method permitting upstream dams to overflow from emergency spillways except for the most downstream dam can be applied to normal storage dams with slide gates operated conventionally. Therefore, it could become an effective adaptation method for the global warming problem since it is performed by only changing how to operate slide gates in existing storage dams constructed in series. In addition, we also propose a new type of dry dam that has a closable and openable gate for its regular spillway primarily to retain the water for the water utilization. The new type of dry dam, which should be constructed in the upper reach away from the existing downstream storage dam needing still more its capacity for water utilization, ensures the amount of water available for the use by closing the regular spillway after the new dry dam is at full capacity, and the flood control capacity of the dams including the new dry dam is stronger than that of the normal dams owing to the storage function with the new dry dam. The new dry dams may improve the water utilization, the flood control, and environmentfriendliness under the current condition in Thailand damaged by the severe flood in 2011.
Solid Waste Management in Bangkok at 2011 Thailand Floods
Authors: Nakayama Hirofumi ,   Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, Shimaoka Takayuki , Omine Kiyoshi , Maryono  , Patsaraporn Plubcharoensuk , Siriratpiriya Orawan ,   Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan,   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan,   Department of Industrial Works, Ministry of Industry, Thailand,   Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Published: April 2016

A large amount of municipal and industrial flood waste was generated during a 2011 monsoon in Thailand. This paper examines the generation and disposal of flood waste related to Thailand floods using data obtained through field surveys and interviews with involved organizations. As a result, problems with flood waste treatment were found. These included a shortage of waste collection capacity such as vehicles and boats under emergency conditions, a lack of appropriately designed temporary waste storage at waste transfer stations, a lack of recycling systems for the wood waste that dominated waste from flooding, and the possibility thatmixed disposal ofmunicipal and industrial waste introduced contamination. To improve flood waste treatment, some proposals were provided for the predisaster, disaster and post-disaster stages.
Difference in Typhoon Damage Report Data
Authors: Shimokawa Shinya ,   Storm, Flood and Landslide Research Unit, Monitoring and Forecast Research Department, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Tennodai 3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan, Kayahara Takahiro
Published: April 2016

There are differences in damage report data used in the analysis of damage caused by typhoons. Damage report data is found in the Geophysical Review by the Japan Meteorological Agency (1951-2002), the damage reports by the Fire and DisasterManagement Agency (1999-2008), and 47 prefectural damage reports. This paper highlights the major differences in Kagoshima and Shizuoka prefectures, where damage reports have published continuously over a longer term than other prefectures, and speculates on reasons for these differences. Likely reasons include differences in the target period, e.g., Typhoon No.4 in 2007, reporting date such as an early report not updated, e.g., Typhoon No.8 in 2000, and damage criteria, e.g., Typhoon Nos. 10, 11, and 12 in 1961.
Development of Disaster Knowledge Magazine Using Disaster Knowledge Transmission and Practical Study on its Evaluation
Authors: Ishihara Ryoga ,   Department Management of Industrial Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Matsumura Nobuhiko
Published: April 2016

Anan city in Tokushima prefecture, a natural-disasterprone area, was determined in this paper as a case study area, and a disaster knowledge magazine that edited the lore of disasters of the community was developed as a methodology for handing down the lessons and knowledge about natural disasters. Experiences and lessons from the 1946 Nankai earthquake and the 1960 Valdivia (Chile) earthquake that were extracted by means of hearing surveys are contained in the disaster knowledge magazine. Comments from residents who read the disaster knowledge magazine were analyzed using text mining and the usefulness of the magazine was investigated within the perspective of livelihood disaster reduction awareness. The analysis showed words related to livelihood disaster reduction awareness such as lifestyles, cultures, and communities were extracted frequently. The reason for this is thought to be that readers had opportunities to understand lives and culture at the time of disasters through the disaster knowledge magazine of their communities. The attempt in this paper can be positioned as an approach to understand livelihood disaster reduction awareness as well as lives and cultures of communities in times of disaster.
Shaking Table Test on Seismic Response Properties of “Shicras,” Stones Wrapped in Vegetable Fiber Bags
Authors: Fukuyama Hiroshi ,   Department of Structural Engineering, Building Research Institute, 1 Tachihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0802, Japan, Fujisawa Masami , Abe Akio , Kabeyasawa Toshikazu , Shirane Zen , Saito Taiki , Aguilar Zenon ,   Tsukuba University of Technology, 4-113 Kariya-cho, Usiku-shi, Ibaraki 300-1235, Japan,   Tsukuba General Laboratory, Tokyo Soil Research Co., Ltd., 2-1-12 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0045, Japan,   Building Department, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, Japan,   Photographer / Journalist,   Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan,   Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Peru
Published: April 2016

Unique foundations consisting of stones wrapped in vegetable fiber bags called shicra (“woven”) have been found in many Pacific coast ruins constructed about 5,000 years ago as shrines in Peru. A shaking table test was conducted to investigate earthquake response properties of these shicra foundations. Results showed that in base isolation performance, shicra foundations “rolled” during earthquake vibration the same as in the case of roller base isolation systems.
The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami Flow Velocity Estimation by the Aerial Video Analysis and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Hayashi Satomi ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-03, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Koshimura Shunichi ,   International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-03, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Published: April 2016

When a tsunami reaches the coast and penetrates inland, its characteristics change significantly from water wave to strong inundation flow which causes damage on infrastructures, buildings and humans. Measuring flow velocities of tsunami inundation on land is quite rare but is important for understanding how tsunami penetrates inland and improving tsunami numerical models. In order to clarify the tsunami inundation flow characteristics on land with particular regard to velocity, we analyzed the aerial videos which captured the 2011 Tohoku tsunami attacking Sendai coast, Miyagi Prefecture. Consequently, the tsunami front and flow velocities reached approximately 8 m/s within 1 km inland from the shoreline, and they decreased as penetrating more inland. The results were used for verification of the numerical tsunami inundation model that is performed in Sendai city. We found that the present model results are consistent with the observed inundation characteristics when the bottom roughness distribution is sufficiently incorporated according to the land use conditions. This implies the capability of the present tsunami inundation model which is now used for the evaluation of post-disaster reconstruction plan of Sendai city.
Tsunami Fires After the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Hokugo Akihiko ,   Research Centre for Urban Safety and Security, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan, Nishino Tomoaki , Inada Takuya ,   Graduate school of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
Published: April 2016

Hazardous flammable materials are a main factor in the occurrence of fires in tsunami-affected areas. Large amounts of combustible materials torn from houses destroyed by the tsunami and of the wooden houses themselves swept away by the tsunami increased the possibility of fire spreading in affected areas where such materials accumulated. Drifting automobiles and fishing boats on fire also triggered the fire spread, which was accelerated by LP gas cylinders and automobiles fuel tanks in burned areas.
Damage in Ports due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami
Authors: Tomita Takashi ,   Port and Airport Research Institute, 3-1-1 Nagase, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0826, Japan, Arikawa Taro , Asai Tadashi ,   National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, 3-1-1 Nagase, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0826, Japan
Published: April 2016

The tsunami following the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake devastated ports in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan. Even Iwate Prefecture in Tohoku, which had experienced many tsunami disasters and prepared tsunami disaster mitigation measures, incurred great devastation because the tsunami was both higher than any historically recorded tsunamis and than any estimated tsunamis for disaster management. The tsunami-induced inundation destroyed many of wooden houses widely found in the area. Many ships and boats at sea were displaced by the tsunami, with some vessels colliding with others and port facilities such as cargo handling equipment and quay walls being damaged. Much debris was generated and disrupted rescue and restoration activities in the disaster aftermath. Port devastation caused stagnation in logistics and industrial operations, negatively impacting on residents’ lives and industrial activities in the disaster aftermath. There was a positive lesson that breakwaters and seawalls damaged by the tsunami reduced tsunami impacts behind them. Ports should be robust and resilient against possible tsunami hazards, considering measures for worst-case earthquake and tsunami scenarios.
Japanese Regulatory Space on Biosecurity and Dual Use Research of Concern
Authors: Makino Tomohiko ,   National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
Published: April 2016

Suspension of publishing A(H5N1) transmissibility study in 2011 revoked the dual use research of concern (DURC) in life science, which initially was triggered by the mousepox mutation research and anthrax letter event in 2001. Management in terms of biosecurity can be made in three entities: material, human, and information. Japanese legislations intensely provide material controls. The pathogen control by the infectious diseases control law categorizes pathogens and like substances of high concern into following four groups: Possession of Group 1 is prohibited, only exempted under the designation by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). Possession of Group 2 needs prior permission by MHLW. Possession of Group 3 must be promptly reported to MHLW. Finally, possessors of Group 4 should comply with handling rules. Animal pathogens are also controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries. Conducting experiments that may handle genetic modifications is regulated by Cartagena Law. Although control of material are well managed as described above, control of human and information remains underdeveloped. There are no explicit legislations to clarify the security clearance of lab employees, nor investigational tracking of those who handle pathogens. Regarding informatic management, Japanese academic societies provoke DURC as the researchers’ code of ethics on disclosure of their research. But neither publication nor grant funding processes necessarily explore potential malicious use of outcomes. This article analyzed the A(H5N1) mutation research case. This analysis revealed that Japanese regulations, although working generally well, would have a pinhole when the genetic modification could enhance the pathogenicity and transmissibility to the extent that would elevate the tier of pathogen control groups. Japanese regulations will face the challenge of best managing potential harmful use of research without hindering the benefit from the advance of science.
Dual Use Research of Concern Issues in the Field of Microbiology Research in Japan
Authors: Saijo Masayuki ,   Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
Published: April 2016

Microbiology researches and infectious disease researches have to contribute to the progress of science and contribute to measures against infectious disease burdens. However, researches on infectious diseases and microbiology always have a potential risk related to scientific ambiguity, i.e., so-called Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC). Most of microbiologist, now trying to improve the level of biosafety and biosecurity, will be required to also improve their consciousness about DURC and pay attention to trends of domestic and international DURC issues in the field of microbiology and properly cope with them. When making plans, applying for research funding, and publicizing research outcomes, researchers are required to also care about DURC. To set up such system, discussions need to be made also at research institutes, including the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, over DURC issues, such as how to educate the researchers and how to cope with DURC.
Dual Use in Pathogen Research
Authors: Okamoto Takashi ,   Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
Published: April 2016

Bioterrorism attacks using pathogens are clear and present danger in an age of terrorism. This article describes international attitudes toward dual use issues in researches of pathogens. Since the terror following September 11, 2001, in New York City, a number of international agencies expressed their sincere concerns on this matter. It is imperative that scientists and bio-engineers recognize this issue and urgently establish societal system with self-governance that can deal with this issue properly. It is also necessary for us to get understanding and consensus from the general public. In other words, self-reformation of scientific society is now under public evaluation.
The Six Principles of Recovery: A Guideline for Preparing for Future Disaster Recoveries
Authors: Kato Takaaki ,   Institute of Industrial Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan, Bhattacharya Yasmin , Sugata Hiroshi , Otagiri Rie ,   Department of Urban Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper introduces the issues emerging in the context of recovery after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. It considers the historical development of recovery planning in Japan and its influence on the present recovery strategies. The authors have tried to point out the insufficiencies of existing policies to deal with the unexpected magnitude of this disaster and identify a set of six principles for recovery which would enable a better equipped society both in terms of pre-disaster preparedness and post-disaster recovery.
Significant Factors for Implementing BCP
Authors: Okabe Shinichi ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-80 Aza-Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan, Nagahira Akio
Published: April 2016

Surveys were conducted on two different groups following the March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake. One was a group of small and medium sized enterprises and the other was a group that included small to large and global companies. The two groups were different in disaster preparedness and business continuity plan (BCP) implementation status. The extent of damage and disruption were also analyzed if business continuity plans functioned as planned during the earthquake. The two groups were compared and analyzed to identify factors that significantly affected business continuity plan implementation into corporations.
Study on the Changes in People’s Consciousness Regarding the Earthquake Early Warning Before and After the Great East Japan Earthquake – Analysis Based on Regular Disaster Information Survey Results –
Authors: Ohara Miho ,   Center for Integrated Disaster Information Research (CIDIR), Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, Tanaka Atsushi ,   Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Published: April 2016

In Japan, earthquake early warnings (EEWs), also known as alerts, have been broadcast to the general public since October 1, 2007. Issuance times of EEWincreased drastically after the Great East Japan Earthquake, and citizens had much more frequent experience with EEWs. This study analyzes secular changes in rates of recognition and reception experiences of EEW. It also analyzes awareness regarding EEW accuracy by comparing study results with EEW issuance history nationwide. Secular changes in the expectations of the general public regarding EEWs are also clarified.
Survival of Shrines from the 2011 Great Tsunami
Authors: Uda Takaaki ,   Public Works Research Center, 1-6-4 Taito, Taito, Tokyo 110-0016, Japan, Sakai Kazuya
Published: April 2016

A massive magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurring on March 11, 2011, triggered a powerful tsunami that devastated large areas along Japan’s eastern Pacific coast. We investigated tsunami damage using satellite images and aerial photographs, and visited devastated sites, including 27 Shinto shrines, near the coast in 2011 and 2012. We found that all but two of these shrines survived the tsunami, even though tsunami height differed from place to place. As a memorial to those who lost their lives in previous tsunamis, shrines were built in places to which residents could safely evacuate. Many of these shrines were undamaged because their elevation was higher than the tsunami height, and the lives of those who evacuated to them were saved.
Exposure Analysis Using the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for Japan
Authors: Nojima Nobuoto ,   Department of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan, Fujikawa Satoshi , Ishikawa Yutaka , Okumura Toshihiko , Fujiwara Hiroyuki , Morikawa Nobuyuki ,   Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation, 3-4-17 Etchujima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8530, Japan,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 31 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
Published: April 2016

With the aim of better understanding and more effective utilization of probabilistic seismic hazard maps in Japan, exposure analysis has been carried out by combining hazard maps with population distribution maps. Approximately 80% of the population of Japan is exposed to a relatively high seismic hazard, i.e., a 3% probability of exceeding JMAseismic intensity 6 lower within 30 years. In highly populated areas, specifically in major metropolitan areas, seismic hazard tends to relatively high because of the site amplification effects of holocene deposits. In implementing earthquake disaster mitigation measures, it is important to consider the overlapping effect of seismic hazard and demographic distributions.
Development of J-SHIS and Applications Using API
Authors: Azuma Hiroki ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Tennodai 3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan, Kawai Shinichi , Fujiwara Hiroyuki
Published: April 2016

The J-SHIS seismic hazard information station is an openWeb systemas a public portal for sharing seismic hazard information for all those concerned with earthquake disaster prevention across Japan. Its further development is seen such as newly released J-SHIS Web APIs and J-SHIS applications. An overview and an objective of J-SHIS are shown as the leading platform of seismic hazard information. Furthermore, how J-SHIS services are developed for providing its data, and results of the application’s publications are described.
Finite-Difference Simulation of Long-Period Ground Motion for the Nankai Trough Megathrust Earthquakes
Authors: Maeda Takahiro ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan, Morikawa Nobuyuki , Iwaki Asako , Aoi Shin , Fujiwara Hiroyuki
Published: April 2016

We evaluated long-period ground motions for the anticipated Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake in southwest Japan. To understand a variation of longperiod ground motions caused by the uncertainty of the source model, we performed a finite difference simulation using 104 source models, assuming various possible source parameters, including rupture area, asperity configuration, and hypocenter location. For the variety of rupture areas, we included scenarios that have extremely huge rupture areas, as was proposed by the Japan Central Disaster Management Council of Cabinet Office after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. We also included scenarios that have large slip areas near the trough following the lessons learned from the 2011 event. Simulated waveforms and response spectra show a large variation at a site. However, by grouping the simulation results with respect to the source area, we determined that scenarios with wider rupture areas have a larger peak ground velocity and velocity response than those with smaller rupture areas. The influence of the large slip near the trough causes later phases to be large and long. However, the later phases are decreased by using a boxcarlike slip velocity time function instead of a Kostrovlike function and by decreasing rupture velocity. The spatial distribution of the simulated peak ground velocity and velocity response show that the long-period ground motions are amplified particularly on sedimentary basins, where big cities have been established. It is important to consider how to account for the large variation of the simulation results in the seismic hazard assessment.
Development of Earthquake Risk Evaluation Method for Individual Buildings Intended for Utilization in Local Communities
Authors: Kondo Ippei ,   Engineering & Risk Services Corporation, 4-9-9 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan, Wakabayashi Ryo , Mizukoshi Kaoru , Kusaka Akihiro , Fujiwara Hiroyuki , Hasegawa Nobusuke ,   Kobori Research Complex Inc., 6-5-30 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8502, Japan,   National Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
Published: April 2016

This article discusses an earthquake risk evaluation method supporting earthquake disaster-prevention activities practiced by local residents in local communities. The evaluation method is first outlined and verified using strong motion observation data and damage data from recent earthquakes, including the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. The features of the method are discussed and future challenges presented from the view of using earthquake risk evaluation in local communities.
Recent Destructive Earthquakes and International Collaboration for Seismic Hazard Assessment
Authors: Hao Ken Xiansheng ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 3-1 Tennaodai, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan, Fujiwara Hiroyuki
Published: April 2016

Recent destructive earthquakes in East Asia, such as the 1976 Tangshan, 1995 Kobe, 1999 Chi-Chi, 2008 Wenchuan, 2010 Yushu, 2011 Tohoku, and 2013 Ya’an-Lushan earthquakes, claimed one third of a million lives. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (SHA) can help define earthquake zones and guide urban planning and construction based on statistical seismology, geophysics, and geodesy. The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) has promoted SHA as a national mission in Japan over the last 10 years, and as an international cooperation with neighboring countries since the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. We initiated the China-Japan-Korea SHA strategic cooperative program for the next generation map supported by MOST-JST-NRF in 2010. We also initiated collaborative programs with the committee of the Taiwan Earthquake Model from 2012, as well as with many other parties. Consequently, the NIED, with its highly valuated SHA methodologies and technologies, proudly joined the Global Earthquake Model Foundation (GEM). Our international activities in East Asia could become one of the GEMRegional Programs. By examination of SHA maps using the Tohoku earthquake data set, some improvements and reconsiderations are made.
Investigation of the Ferry Disaster Incident of Assam (India) on April 30, 2012
Authors: Das Kalyan Kumar ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati-781013, India
Published: April 2016

This paper deals with a ferry disaster that occurred in the state of Assam due to a severe thunderstorm. Such storms are locally called Kalbaishakhi or “Nor’westers.” Kalbaishakhi storms are due to pre monsoon (March to May) mesoscale convective systems that develop over the Gangetic West Bengal and the north-eastern part of India. Severe thunderstorms are responsible globally for large amount of wind induced damage. Unlike large or continental cyclones, severe local storms intensify very rapidly and dissipate after causing damage. The worst type of severe local storm is the tornado, which is characterized by a fast rotating column of rising air that originates on or near the ground, where the air swirls and converges at high speed. Another type is the downburst, an antitornadic storm characterized by slow rotating column of descending air, that bursts out violently upon reaching the ground. The focus of this paper is a large scale destroyer of life believed to have occurred due to a downburst from a severe thunderstorm. Such unfortunate natural calamities are eye-openers to agencies working on disaster mitigation and are an important reason for them to implement measures safeguarding against loss of life and destruction of property.
Estimation of the Dynamic Properties and Seismic Response of a Populated Slope in Lima, Peru
Authors: Gonzales Carlos ,   Deparment of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 268-8522, Japan, Nakai Shoichi , Sekiguchi Toru , Calderon Diana , Aguilar Zenon , Lazares Fernando ,   Japan Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID), Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Av. Túpac Amaru N° 1150, Lima 25, Peru
Published: April 2016

During the last fifty years, the city of Lima has experienced an immigration process that has led to the urbanization of the Andean foothills surrounding the capital. With the aim of analyzing the dynamic response of these new populated places, a target area in a district called Independencia is chosen. Seven microtremor array measurements are carried out at different points on the flat level and along the slope in order to evaluate the variation in the depth of the bedrock. In addition, a seismometer is installed on the slope with the objective of determining if amplification due to topography exists in the area of study.
Post-Disaster Local Collaboration on Residential Power Saving in Japan: Citizen Networks and Linkage with Local Government and the Workplace
Authors: Nakamura Hidenori ,   Governance and Capacity Group, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
Published: April 2016

The present study examines how post-disaster local collaboration towards effective power savings was accomplished in the summer of 2012 at the household level in the Japanese cities in Yokohama and Kawasaki following a major earthquake. A framework was developed to evaluate the local communities’ capacity for stakeholder collaboration. Results of a survey were analysed statistically to determine the emergence of citizens’ voluntary information sharing, as well as the effects of a local governmental campaign and powersaving education at the workplace, on actual powersaving practices at the household level by local residents. Proactive citizens shared the relevant information and adopted effective and enduring powersaving practices. Some citizens were also responsive to the call for power saving by local government and adopted effective power-saving practices. The residential power-saving education at the workplace was shown to have resulted in more effective and rational power-saving practices being carried out at the household level.