bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eyelid complications in trachoma: diagnosis and management
Authors: Nasr Amin M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We present our experience (at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) with the management of the trachomatous eyelid disease. Four major eyelid complications: cicatricial entropion, eyelid retraction, secondary blepharospasm and brow ptosis, are described and their management outlined. Nine hundred sixty patients with cicatricial entropion are presented with thorough discussion of the surgical procedures and results. The surgical management of eyelid retraction, blepharospasm and brow ptosis is geared to provide the ophthalmologist with a complete overview of the disease pattern.
HLA‐DR/RFLP compatible corneal grafts
Authors: Baggesen Kirsten , Ehlers Niels , Lamm Lars U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fifty‐one elective high risk transplantations were matched according to HLA/DR antigens and RFLP‐subtypes. The 18 months survival of the grafts are 93% in the matched group compared to 50% in a non‐matched compatible historical control group.
Morphology and proliferation of human corneal epithelium in organ culture
Authors: Sandvig Kjell U. , Nicolaissen Bjørn , Haaskjold Erling
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Organ cultures of central and peripheral human corneal epithelium were maintained for 1 and 2 weeks in Hams F10 medium supplemented with 20% foetal bovine serum, and in medium conditioned by conjunctival epithelial cells. Light microscopy and scanning electron microcopy showed no obvious differences in morphology and survival between central and peripheral explants, or between explants cultured in conditioned and non‐conditioned medium. Live cells and areas with confluent growth were seen in all types of explants. The results demonstrate that differences between growth of central and peripheral corneal epithelium in vitro do not necessarily reflect different proliferative potential in vivo. The previously reported lack of survival of central corneal epithelium in culture may reflect an insufficient in vitro system.
Residual H2O2 compromises deswelling function of in vivo rabbit cornea
Authors: Yuan Nanyong , Pitts Donald G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of H2O2 on corneal swelling, corneal deswelling and to determine the concentration of H2O2 in the aqueous humor. Four types of experiments were performed using the rabbit eye. 1. Central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements after instillation of H2O2 into the cul‐de‐sac and after wearing H2O2 soaked soft contact lenses (SLC) for 2 h using 60 ppm, 100 ppm and 300 ppm H2O2. 2. Measurement of corneal deswelling induced by wearing SCL and closed eye for 2 h. 3. Determining the H2O2 in the aqueous humor one h after instillation of H2O2 into the cul‐de‐sac. CCT increases of 7.5% and 10.7% were found after the instillation of 100 ppm and 300 ppm H2O2 into the cul‐de‐sac. After wearing H2O2 soaked SCLs, CCT increased 4.6% and 5.8%, respectively. The H2O2 in the aqueous humor was 0.087 mM or a 160% increase after using 300 ppm H2O2. The increase in CCT and interference with the deswelling process is interpreted as a toxic effect on the cornea and an interference with the normal dehydration function of the endothelial pump.
Central corneal thickness in premature babies
Authors: Autzen T. , Bjørnstrøm L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Central corneal thickness was measured in 13 premature babies with a gestational age below 33 weeks. No difference was found between the thickness in the first and third post‐natal week. At the age of 3 months the thickness had decreased significantly to the same level previously reported in full‐term newborns. There was no correlation between gestational age, birth length and weight and central corneal thickness.
Exophthalmos in Myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Yamagami Satoru , Ando Kazuhiko , Akahoshi Takayuki , Yamashita Hidetoshi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A case of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who suffered alternating proptosis was reported. A 57‐year‐old Japanese man with MDS developed acute painful left proptosis with eyelid edema, conjunctival injection, visual disturbance, and restriction of eye movements. This lasted for 3 weeks. Computerized tomography (CT) showed swelling of the lateral and medial rectus muscles and the optic nerve, as well as a retrobulbar mass. Later, a similar painful right proptosis with severe conjunctival chemosis developed. CT showed only bilateral mild optic nerve swelling. The visual acuity of the right eye decreased to null even after remission of the proptosis. The patient died due to myocardial infarction and underwent autopsy. The right optic nerve stroma was found to be increased over that of the left. Cellular infiltration was noted in the left optic nerve and the retrobulbar connective tissue. This self‐limiting and relapsing protosis was apparently related to MDS. This is only the second MDS case with such severe ophthalmological symptoms reported in the litterature.
Bilateral metastatic endophthalmitis in diabetics
Authors: Cordido Manuel , Fernandez‐Vigo J. , Cordido Fernando , Rey A. Diaz
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A case of bilateral metastatic endophthalmitis in a diabetic patient is presented. Most cases from the literature are secondary to fungal sepsis, but few cases of metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis have been reported. In this diabetic patient urine and blood cultures were negative for fungi and positive for Escherichia Coli. The outcome was disappointing, the enucleation of both globes being necessary. The aim of the report is to outline that metastatic endophthalmitis should be counted among the possible complications of bacterial sepsis, especially in diabetics because of their susceptibility to infection.
Long‐term outcome following trabeculectomy: I
Authors: Popovic Vladislav , Sjöstrand Johan
Published: May 2009

Abstract Decrease of intraocular pressure (IOP) and the occurrence of cataract were analysed in 75 patients of a community‐based material followed for 6–12 years after trabeculectomy. IOP was controlled ( 21 mmHg) with or without additional treatment in approximately 90% of the eyes, both at 5 years and at the last visit. The share of eyes requiring no medication for IOP control decreased linearly with time from approximately 90 to 60% between one and 10 years postoperatively. Thirty‐eight per cent of the patients without cataract at the time of operation suffered from cataract development during follow‐up. The prevalence of dense cataract producing severe visual loss at the last visit was 47%. The occurrence of cataract was correlated with the age of patients at operation. Cataract formation showed no relationship of statistical significance with preoperative treatment, with time since surgery, the magnitude of preoperative IOP and the reduction of postoperative IOP.
Chloride concentrations in the corneal epithelium and stroma from different species
Authors: Midelfart Anna
Published: May 2009

Abstract Using ion chromatography, the concentration of chloride in the corneal stroma and epithelium of ox, pig and rabbit was measured to detect possible species differences. In all three species, the chloride concentration in the stroma was found to be very similar, i.e. 363 ± 14 mmol kg 1 dry wt in ox, 364 ± 18 mmol kg‐1 dry wt in pig and 358 ± 24 mmol kg 1 dry wt in rabbit. In contrast, a substantially higher concentration of 232 ± 33 mmol kg‐1 dry wt was found in the corneal epithelium of rabbit in comparison to the values determined in the same tissue of ox, i.e. 137 ± 4 mmol kg‐1 dry wt and of pig, i.e. 128 ± 24 mmol kg‐1 dry wt. Using the results obtained previously for the extracellular volume (Midelfart 1988), an intracellular chloride concentration of 25 ± 2 mmol kg‐1 H2O was calculated in the bovine corneal epithelium. The results obtained in this study indicate that species differences are considered as important in studies of ion transport mechanisms in the cornea.
Effect of test field size on the results of automated perimetry in normal subjects and patients with optic neuritis
Authors: Fujimoto Naoya , Adachi‐Usami Emiko
Published: May 2009

Abstract The mean sensitivities of the same 8 central test points were compared in two different programs of an automated Octopus perimeter in normal subjects and in patients recovered from optic neuritis (visual acuity 0.8 or better). The programs differed in terms of the size of the stimulated visual field. One program tested the central 30 degrees and the other, central 8.4‐degree visual field. It was found that the mean sensitivity tended to become higher when stimulating small field size in both normal persons and patients with optic nauritis.
Frequency distribution of IOP
Authors: Davanger Martin , Ringvold Amund , Blika Sigmund , Elsås Tor
Published: May 2009

Abstract The results of a population‐based (age ≥ 65 years) examination of the frequency distribution of IOP are reported. 3726 eyes in 1887 individuals were included in the examination. By consistent use of conventional, well‐defined criteria, glaucoma was diagnosed in 6.4% of the individual eyes. In the total material, the average IOP was 18.0 mmHg. Average IOP was 28.7 mmHg in eyes with glauoomatous damage, vs 17.2 mmHg in the normal eyes. Variance of IOP was much higher in the glaucoma group as compared with the normal group. The IOP frequency distribution curve did not fit with a Gaussian curve; it was asymmetric, skewed to the right. The distribution curve obtained by plotting the recorded frequencies was disturbed by irrelevant irregularities, both random and systematic. The irregularities could be evened out by the application of regression analysis, using the equation for the gamma distribution. The IOP frequency distribution is well represented by a gamma distribution curve. The fit is improved by excluding eyes with extremely high and low IOP.
Blood‐retina barrier permeability in diabetes during acute ACE‐inhibition
Authors: Engler Claus B. , Parving Hans‐Henrik , Mathiesen Elisabeth R. , Larsen Michael , Lund‐Andersen Henrik
Published: May 2009

Abstract We assessed the acute effect of ACE‐inhibition (captopril) on blood‐retina barrier (BRB) permeability in 10 hypertensive insulin‐dependent diabetic patients with background retinopathy in a double‐masked placebo controlled cross‐over study. All patients underwent ophthalmological examination, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, vitreous fluorometry, and continuous blood pressure recording within 3 h of the drug/placebo administration. The decrease in mean arterial blood presure, from placebo treatment 149/92 ± 17/7 to captopril treatment 132/83±14/7 mmHg (mean ± sd), P< 0.01 was not accompanied by a significant decrease in BRB permeability, which was 2.51 (1.24–9.15) with placebo and 3.02 (1.25–13.93) ± 10‐7 cm/s during captopril treatment (geometric mean and range), NS. Our study suggests that abnormal leakage through the BRB in hypertensive insulin‐dependent diabetic patients with background retinopathy is caused predominantly by structural changes in the retinal vessels whereas hydrostatic forces play a minor role.
Comparison of non‐stereo polaroids and slides in detection of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Pardhan Shahina , Gilchrist Jim
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fundus photography plays an important role in detection and assessment of diabetic retinopathy. This study compared the detectability of diabetic retinopathy lesions on Polaroid prints and Ektachrome slides obtained with a non‐mydriatic camera. The number of lesions detected with Ektachrome slides was higher compared to Polaroids. The method of viewing the Ektrach‐rome slides was also shown to be important. Slides when projected onto a white screen revealed a higher number of lesions compared to the same slide viewed through a macroscope. If a non‐mydriatic camera is used to screen diabetic retinopathy, judgement from a projected Ectrachrome slide is recommended
Topographical analysis of peripheral vs central retina with pattern reversal visual evoked response and the scanning laser ophthalmoscope
Authors: Katsumi Osamu , Van de Velde Frans J. , Mehta Mehul C. , Hirose Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

Abstract The contribution of the central and the surrounding peripheral retina to the pattern reversal visual evoked response (PVER) was analyzed simultaneously using double frequency stimulation and the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. The Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) was used to project the pattern stimulus, a square subtending 10 degrees on a side, on a specific location in the fundus and to monitor accurately the stimulus position during PVER testing. When the stimulus' area on the central retina was ≤ 50 min of are on a side, or 0.69% of the total area was stimulated (a square of 10 degrees on a side), the contribution from the central retina was neglibible, and the PVER was dominated by surrounding peripheral retinal activity. When the stimulus area of the central retina was ≥ 100 min of are on a side, or 2.78% of the whole area was stimulated, activity from the central retina became more evident. When the stimulus area projected on the central retina became 150 min on a side (6.25% of the area or greater), activity from the central retina showed an increase and exceeded that of the peripheral retina. When the central area became larger, its activity dominated the PVER, and the contribution from the peripheral retina became negligible at this stage. The PVER was highly dependent upon the activity of the central retina, and activity levels from the central and surrounding peripheral retina were correlated.
Intraocular microdialysis with permanently implanted probes in rabbit
Authors: Waga J. , Ohta A. , Ehinger B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The technique of microdialysis in vivo, much used in brain experiments, has been adapted for intraocular use. A new probe was designed, made from a soft tube with the dialysis membrane mounted in a fenestrated protecting sleeve, facing one side. A special surgical procedure was developed for the long‐term implantation of the probes. They stay functional in the eyes for several weeks or more. Previously published intraocular microdialysis studies were short‐term experiments. The acute surgical trauma is likely to affect the concentration of many compounds in the vitreous, and this effect is minimized with long‐term probes.
Biochemical changes in rabbit sclera following destruction of pigment epithelium
Authors: Trier Klaus , Olsen Elith Bjarne , Prause Jan Ulrik
Published: May 2009

Abstract The long‐term effect of destruction of the pigment epithelium by sodium iodate on the biochemistry of rabbit sclera was studied in one group with intravenous injection of sodium iodate, and in a second group with injection of sodium iodate into the right eye. Intravenous treatment produced a non‐significant increase in the uronic acid concentration. In the second group the untreated fellow eye was microscopically intact, but was shown (as the treated eye) to alter the concentration of uronic acid in different parts of the sclera. All eyes from treated animals exhibited changes in the relative content of the various glycosaminoglycans and in the content of hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and proline. This work indicates that the pigment epithelium may play a key role in the control mechanism of the scleral connective tissue, and this again has major implications in terms of a possible medical treatment of axial myopia.
Contrast sensitivity in radial keratotomy
Authors: Olsen Hanne , Andersen Jørgen
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a prospective study, contrast sensitivity function was determined before and one month post‐surgery in 15 consecutive cases of radial keratotomy. The results obtained pre‐operatively were compared to those of an age‐matched, emmetropic reference group also comprising 15 persons. Three different test conditions were employed. High luminance background levels of 130 cd/m2, low luminance levels of 3.5 cd/m2 and low luminance levels completed with a central glare source of 7.5 lux. Using an eight‐incisional radial keratotomy technique with a 3 mm optical zone, a median reduction in myopia of 3.5 diopters was observed. Corrected visual acuity was not affected by the surgery. The contrast sensitivity functions of the myopic group pre‐operatively compared to the post‐operative values showed no significant difference for any of the three test conditions. Compared to the reference group, the myopic group pre‐operatively demonstrated a statistically significant reduced contrast sensitivity for all test conditions.
A clinical comparison of optical and ultrasonic pachometry
Authors: Nissen Jørgen , Hjortdal Jesper Ø. , Ehlers Niels , Frost‐Larsen Kim , Sörensen Torben
Published: May 2009

Abstract Central corneal thickness (CCT) of normal and oedematous corneae was measured in a study comparing a modified Haag‐Streit optical pachometer and an ultrasonic pachometer (Teknar Ophthasonic®, preset velocity 1630 m/s). Sixty‐eight patients were examined before and after cataract extraction with implantation of an anterior chamber lens. Mean values of CCT before operation were 531 ± 4.9 (sem) μm by optical pachometry and 524 ± 4.7 μm when measured by ultrasound (not significantly different). On the first post‐operative day the values were 618 ± 8.4 and 602 ± 7.6 μm for optical and ultrasonic measurements, respectively (significantly different, 2P< 0.001). Correlation analysis showed a high dependence between the methods with coefficients of correlation being 0.955 before and 0.958 after the operation. Linear regression analysis revealed small, but significant differences between the techniques. The difference between the two methods increased with increasing corneal hydration, whereas it could not be ascribed to sex, age, or intraocular pressure. It is concluded that for clinical purposes optical and ultrasonic pachometry techniques are comparable.
Ohthalmia neonatorum in Northern Norway
Authors: Dannevig Lise , Straume Bjørn , Melby Kjetil
Published: May 2009

Abstract During one year, 1928 of all 1958 neonates born in the county of Troms in Northern Norway were followed until 6 weeks of age, regarding the development of ophthalmia neonatorum. Conjunctivitis was found in 364 cases (189 per 1000 neonates), including mild and self‐limiting cases. In 14.5 cases per 1000 neonates the ophthalmia neonatorum was recorded as severe. Boys were more often affected than girls (P=0.001). The age of the mother and obstetric events did not significantly influence the occurrence of conjunctivitis. 31.4% of the neonates received silver nitrate instillation. The frequency of conjunctivitis in the group with and without prophylaxis was 15.9 and 20.3%, respectively (P=0.023). The incidence of chlamydial ophthalmia was 8 per 1000 neonates. At present, chlamydial ophthalmia is a common disease in neonates. Efforts should be made to screen fertile women for chlamydial genital infection and to encourage prompt microbiological examination in cases of ophthalmia neonatorum.
Ophthalmia neonatorum in Northern Norway
Authors: Dannevig Lise , Straume Bjørn , Melby Kjetil
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a population of 1928 neonates in Northern Norway, ophthalmia neonatorum was diagnosed in 18.9%, including mild and self‐limiting cases. Sixteen out of 269 (6.0%) cultured cases were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. No gonococcal ophthalmia was seen. In neonates whose symptoms began in the maternity wards, the distribution of the isolated microorganisms (mainly Staphylococcus aureus) was different from those in whom symptoms began after discharge (mainly S. aureus, Staphylococcus species (coagulase‐negative), Streptococcus viridans and C. trachomatis). Growth of C. trachomatis was significantly associated with the intensity of conjunctivitis (P<0.001). However, no sequelae could be demonstrated in the eyes at the age of 6 months. 60% of the neonates with chlamydial ophthalmia also suffered from rhinitis. 31.4% of the neonates received silver nitrate instillation, which had no significant influence on the frequency of chlamydial ophthalmia. General practitioners are often faced with chlamydial ophthalmia. In cases of ophthalmia neonatorum, a microbiological examination is recommended, as a guide to appropriate antibiotic treatment. The result of microbiological examination may also indicate other infections in mother and child. In areas with a readily available health service, including an adequate microbiological laboratory service, prophylaxis in the eyes does not seem to be necessary.
Contrast visual acuities in cataract patients
Authors: Miyajima Hiroko , Katsumi Osamu , Wang Guang‐Ji
Published: May 2009

Abstract Contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity are often abnormal in cataract patients. However, despite significant subjective complaints, relatively good visual acuities often are obtained with high‐contrast optotypes. Using Variable‐Contrast Visual Acuity Charts (VCVAC), we measured visual acuities of 40 eyes of 24 normal subjects (visual acuity ≥ 1.0) aged 41 to 72 years, and 40 eyes of 28 cataract patients (visual acuity ≥ 0.6) aged 44 to 81 years. The VCVAC consists of 4 different charts (1–4). The contrast is 90% in charts 1 and 4, 15% in chart 2 and 2.5% in chart 3. Chart 4 is the reverse polarity of chart 1. The decrease of visual acuity compared with the high‐contrast chart (chart 1) was larger in the cataract group with both in the 15% contrast (0.52 vs. 0.71 octave) and the 2.5% contrast (1.21 vs. 1.75 octaves). In cataract group, 23/40 eyes (57.5%) showed better visual acuity with chart 4 than that of chart 1. In addition to high‐contrast optotypes, acuity measurements using intermediate‐ to low‐contrast optotypes, combined with the reverse polarity chart, seem effective in analyzing the visual disabilities caused by early cataract.
Static versus kinetic testing in the nasal peripheral field in patients with glaucoma
Authors: Stewart William C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract One‐hundred and seventy‐seven subjects (207 eyes) were tested on the Humphrey Field Analyzer to evaluate the usefulness of static and kinetic peripheral nasal visual field testing in identifying glaucomatous defects. In 20 of the 187 glaucomatous or ocular hyperten sive eyes glaucomatous defects were found in the peripheral nasal field while the central 30° remained normal or showed non‐specific diffuse depression. Kinetic peripheral nasal field testing identified 17 of these eyes while the static testing identified eleven. This difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05, Stuart‐Maxwell test). Twenty control eyes showed one glaucomatous peripheral nasal defect on static testing, and none with kinetic testing. These results differed statistically from the diagnoses in the diseased population (P < 0.005, x2‐test).

This study suggests the potential value of nasal peripheral field testing in selected glaucoma patients for which static testing has no apparent diagnostic advantage over kinetic techniques.
Fucithalmic, chloramphenicol or no treatment after squint surgery in children
Authors: Kearns P. P. , Cullen J. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract One hundred and four children undergoing strabismus surgery were randomised post‐operatively to one of three treatment groups; 1) fucithalmic drops twice daily; 2) chloramphenicol (chlormycetin) ointment twice daily; 3) no treatment. Allocation to the ‘no treatment’ group had to be stopped after 3 of the first 8 patients in the group developed severe mucopurulent conjunctivitis. A parental questionnaire and clinical assessment, carried out in a single blind fashion revealed that nearly all parents were able to apply the prescribed treatment and that both treatments were effective in preventing bacterial conjunctivitis. Post‐operative antibiotics seem to be necessary following squint surgery in children, and fucithalmic viscous drops are a useful alternative to chlormycetin ointment.
Apraclonidine and early postoperative intraocular hypertension after cataract extraction
Authors: Prata João A. , Rehder José R. C. L. , Mello Paulo A. Arruda
Published: May 2009

Abstract The efficacy of topical 1% apraclonidine in controlling early postoperative IOP rise after cataract extraction was evaluated. Topical 1% apraclonidine was applied to 20 patients who underwent extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior intraocular lens implantation. On another 20 patients, who acted as control group a placebo (artificial tears) was given. The IOP was measured before preoperative medication and postoperatively at 6, 12 and 24 h, using the Perkins hand‐held applanation tonometer. In the control group, 9 patients (45%) developed intraocular hypertension and in the treated group only 2 (10%) showed hypertension, but with short duration and a moderate IOP rise. The difference in frequency of intraocular hypertension between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.02). The statistical analysis showed that the postoperative IOP of operated treated eyes was significantly smaller than the IOP of operated control eyes. Furthermore, the postoperative IOP and the initial IOP did not differ statistically. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of topical apraclonidine 1% in controlling the early and transient intraocular hypertension following cataract extraction.
Epikeratophakia for keratoconus Long‐term results using fresh, free‐hand made lamellar grafts
Authors: Høvding Gunnar , Bertelsen Torstein
Published: May 2009

Abstract Epikeratophakia using fresh, free‐hand made corneal grafts was done in 16 patients with keratoconus. The follow‐up period averaged 27.8 months (range 13–45 months). A significant improvement of visual acuity was obtained (p = 0.002), and 14 of the 16 eyes (87.5%) achieved a corrected visual acuity ≥ 6/12. The spherical equivalent and the cylindrical refractive error were reduced (p < 0.05), and a significant flattening of the central corneal curvature was obtained (p < 0.002). The mean postoperative central corneal astigmatism was 4.25 D. Postoperatively, the mean central corneal thickness was 0.670 mm, and the mean central thickness of the epithelialized graft was 0.336 mm. Six patients reported some postoperative glare or blurring of vision, despite a visual acuity ≥ 6/9 on the Snellen chart. No significant subjective or objective changes were noticed after the 6‐month postoperative follow‐up visit.
Quantitative layer‐by‐layer perimetry adapted to the Humphrey Field Analyzer
Authors: Bek Toke
Published: May 2009

Abstract Quantitative layer‐by‐layer perimetry is a psychophysical technique believed to assess response characteristics of individual retinal layers. This paper presents a new design of this technique, implemented into the existing hardware environment of the computerized perimeter Humphrey Field Analyzer. The technique was optimized for a more simple, fast and reproducible testing of larger visual field point patterns. The paper deals with the design of instrumentation and with methodological aspects of this adaptation of the technique.
Serum alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein levels in patients with idiopathic peripheral retinal vasculitis (Eales' disease)
Authors: Sen D. K. , Sarin G. S. , Ghosh B. , Acharya N. R. , Gurha N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Serum alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein levels were measured in 27 patients with idiopathic peripheral retinal vasculitis (Eales' disease) and 31 healthy subjects by single radial immunodiffusion technique. The levels were found to be significantly increased in both moderate and severe types of the disease. The serum levels of this protein paralleled the severity of the disease. The increased alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein in serum showed a significant fall to near normal levels during the quiescent stage. Our observations support the hypothesis that idiopathic peripheral retinal vasculitis is an immune mediated disease. It is proposed that serum alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein may be considered as a reliable parameter of the activity and the degree of severity of the disease, as well as an useful tool for monitoring the efficacy of treatment.
The effect of indomethacin 1% ophthalmic suspension on the pupil during extracapsular cataract surgery
Authors: Gregersen Per Lykke , Nielsen Per Julius , Mortensen Kelvin Kamp
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fifty‐six patients who underwent extracapsular cataract surgery were randomized in two groups with 28 patients in each group. Group 1 was treated with standard preoperative dilation regime and group 2 received in addition indomethacin 1% ophthalmic solution. Horizontal and vertical pupil diameter measurements were taken before capsulotomy, before exprimation of the lens nucleus and before lens implantation. The size of the pupil at the time of capsulotomy and at the time just before lens exprimation was greatest in the non‐indomethacin treated group, but at the time of lens implantation the pupil of the indomethacin treated group was greatest. It is concluded that even though indomethacin seems to be able to inhibit surgically induced miosis, probably through its inhibitory effect on prostaglandine synthesis, the effect is only marginal and from a clinical point of view it cannot be recommended.
Serum transferrin in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Andréasson Sten , Stibler Helena , Ehinger Berndt
Published: May 2009

Abstract The CDG syndrome is a newly detected disorder with a carbohydrate defect in glycoproteins such as transferrin. As retinitis pigmentosa is a part of this syndrome, there could also be other subtypes of retinitis pigmentosa with a similar biochemical defect. Isoforms of serum transferrin were therefore analysed in 78 patients from different families with retinitis pigmentosa and showed slightly or moderately elevated values for less glycosylated isoforms in two families. The study suggests that abnormal glycoprotein metabolism manifested by elevated values of carbohydrate‐deficient isotransferrins may be present in a small proportion of families with retinitis pigmentosa. The relationship between the glycoprotein defect and retinitis pigmentosa remains to be established.
Fluconazole in the treatment of candida albicans endophthalmitis
Authors: Urbak Steen F. , Degn Torsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 29‐year‐old former drug addict with candida albicans endophthalmitis determined by cultivation was treated with vitrectomy and systemic fluconazole. The infection resolved completely and the patient recovered a visual acuity of 6/6. Fluconazole was well tolerated and a high concentration was found in the vitreous cavity.
Long‐term kinetic vitreous fluorophotometry
Authors: Knudsen Lars L. , Olsen Thomas , Nielsen‐Kudsk Folmer
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fluorophotometric measurements of vitreous and plasma fluorescence were performed in 14 normal subjects up to 24 h after injection of a single intravenous dose of sodium fluorescein. The data were subjected to a kinetic two‐compartmental analysis, including the determination of the transfer rate constants between the central and the peripheral compartment (K12 and K21) as well as between the central and the vitreous compartment (Kin and Kout). In the central compartment (plasma) a mean terminal disposition rate constant (β) of free fluorescein of 0.23 h‐1 was found, corresponding to a half‐life of 3.01 h. The vitreous fluorescence reached a maximum 2–5 h after the injection and then declined monoexponentially and very slowly (t1/2 = 9.6 h). The rate constant of permeation into the eye (Kin) was found to be 0.66 h‐1, while the rate constant of elimination of fluorescein from the vitreous was 0.072 h‐1 (Kout). Kin was found to be significantly higher than K12, presumably indicating an active transport mechanism for fluorescein located at the blood‐ocular barrier. Kout was significantly lower than K21, reflecting a slow vitreous elimination of fluorescein. A permeability index defined as the percentage ratio between the areas under the vitreous and the plasma concentration curves was found to be 3.5%, illustrating the poor penetration of fluorescein into the vitrous. Kinetic long‐term fluorophotometry appears to be a promising new tool in the study of the blood‐ocular barrier.
Long‐term kinetic vitreous fluorophotometry in normal and diabetic subjects
Authors: Knudsen Lars L. , Olsen Thomas , Nielsen‐Kudsk Folmer
Published: May 2009

Abstract Nine normal and 24 diabetic subjects were examined by long‐term vitreous and plasma fluorescein fluorophotometry and the observed concentration profiles were described by biexponential time courses. The rate constant of elimination of fluorescein from the body (K10) was significantly decreased in diabetics with background and proliferative retinopathy, presumably caused by affection of the liver and possibly representing alterations in membranes of liver cells. Increased kidney albumin excretion was observed with increasing degree of retinopathy. The apparent rate constant of fluorescein penetration into the eye (Kin) was found significantly decreased in background as well as in proliferative retinopathy; while the permeability index, calculated as areas under vitreous and plasma fluorescein curves, was significantly increased. In the normal subjects Kin was significantly higher than the rate constant of fluorescein transfer (K12) from the apparent central to the peripheral tissue compartment, whereas in the diabetics this difference was only found in the group with background retinopathy. The findings seem compatible with the concept that the breakdown of the blood‐ocular barrier could be caused at least partly by affection of an active transport system for fluorescein, but thickening and compositional changes of the basement membranes in the eye might also be of importance.
Visual impairment in Nordic children
Authors: Riise R. , Flage T. , Hansen E. , Rosenberg T. , Rudanko S.‐L. , Viggosson G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A Nordic study group of ophthalmologists, NORDSYN, has compiled registers in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway of 2527 visually impaired children aged 0–17 years. This paper is concerned with the sex‐distribution in the registers and has documented a statistically significant excess of males in two of the registers (Denmark and Finland). The dominance of males seems to be related to two main conditions: 1. Genetic factors. 2. Perinatal factors. The genetic factors are mainly concerned with X‐linked inheritance. The fact that perinatal influences involve visual impairment in males more than in females is difficult to account for. It may be conjectured, that the basis for perinatal visual damage is determined by unknown prenatal, possibly genetic, factors.
Contrast sensitivity deficits in subjects with glaucoma‐like discs using an oscilloscope‐based method
Authors: Wood Joanne M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The central visual function of 20 subjects with glaucoma‐like discs, normal intraocular pressures and normal visual fields and 20 age‐matched normal subjects was assessed by measuring contrast sensitivity using an oscilloscope technique. The subjects with glaucoma‐like discs exhibited a significant reduction in contrast sensitivity compared to the age‐matched normal; these differences were greatest at spatial frequencies of 2 and 4 cdeg‐1.
Trabeculectomy and gelatin implants
Authors: Sveinsson Ørn , Sigurdsson Thorkell , Høvding Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a retrospective follow‐up study including 60 eyes with simple or capsular glaucoma, the results obtained by using a gelatin implant under the scleral flap during trabeculectomy were compared with those obtained without such implants. One month postoperatively the mean IOP was significantly lower in the gelatin group than in the control group (15.0 mmHg and 17.9 mmHg, respectively) (p = 0.024). At the long‐term follow‐up, however, the mean IOP in the two groups were very similar (13.6 mmHg and 14.8 mmHg, respectively).
Spatial analyses of glaucomatous visual fields; a comparison with traditional visual field indices
Authors: Åsman Peter , Heijl Anders , Olsson Jonny , Rootzén Holger
Published: May 2009

Abstract Interpretation of numeric automated threshold visual field results is often difficult. A large amount of data is obtained for every single field tested. Various approaches to summarize this data have been suggested, most commonly the mean and standard deviation of departures from age‐corrected normal threshold values. These visual field indices differ substantially from subjective field interpretation where spatial relationships are important. We have previously devised two methods for automated field interpretation which take spatial information into account ‐ regional up‐down comparisons and arcuate cluster analysis. We now studied the merits of using these new spatial methods and compared them to traditional visual field indices for discrimination between normal and glaucomatous field results. Central static 30° field results in 101 eyes of 101 normal subjects and 101 eyes of 101 patients with glaucoma were discriminated using logistic regression analysis. The best field classification was obtained with a spatial visual field model combining up‐down differences and arcuate clusters. The advantages of the spatial model were confirmed in an independent material of 163 eyes of 163 normal subjects and 76 eyes of 76 patients with glaucoma where eyes with large field defects had been removed. In this material the spatial model gave 87% sensitivity and 83% specificity while the best non‐spatial model gave 82% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Visual field interpretation in glaucoma may be significantly enhanced if detection is focused on circumscribed field loss rather than on averages of differential light sensitivities and similar indices which do not take spatial relationships into consideration.
Visual impairment in Nordic children
Authors: Rosenberg T. , Flage T. , Hansen E. , Rudanko S.‐L. , Viggosson G. , Riise R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Careful clinical‐aetiological assessment of visually impaired children is one of the prerequisites for prevention of future, ‘unavoidable’ cases of visual impairment of children in the industrialized part of the world. In a collaborative study (NORDSYN) between four Nordic national registers of visual impairment, we analysed and classified some of the factors considered to be essential components for the development of low vision or blindness in children. We discuss the conceptual basis for aetiological classification of eye disorders and visual impairment. An aetiological classification system, based on the type and debut of an essential causal factor is introduced. We present data on 2527 visually impaired children from the Nordic countries. In accordance with several other reports from the last twenty years it is demonstrated that prenatal factors, including genetic aetiologies, were involved in a large proportion (66%) of the cases. In children without additional impairments the corresponding fraction was 74%. Genetic factors accounted for a little over half of the prenatal cases, and in a substantial number of children (40%) with visual impairments of prenatal origin, the causes were obscure. In 1/5 of the material some peri‐neonatal causal or modifying factor was identified. In 7% only, the presumed aetiological factor was introduced in the infantile‐juvenile period of life. Further prevention of visual impairment among children of the industrialized countries would benefit most from a more comprehensive understanding of prenatal, nongenetic causal factors, further knowledge about regulating mechanisms responsible for gene expression, and additional improvements in perinatal care.
A population survey of retinitis pigmentosa and allied disorders in Denmark
Authors: Haim Marianne , Holm Niels V. , Rosenberg Thomas
Published: May 2009

Abstract.The aim of this study was a complete survey of all patients in Denmark with a diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa. The study was performed during the period 1986–1989 and included all persons living in Denmark from 1850 to 1989. We describe the methods of registration from medical and non‐medical sources, based on defined criteria. The inclusion criteria were fulfilled by 1890 persons, 1056 males and 834 females. Evaluation of this ‘Danish Retinitis Pigmentosa Register’ demonstrates an overall completeness of about 80%, increasing from 40% for birth cohorts before 1911 to 90% for patients born since 1981. Concerning diagnostic confidence, 73% of the probands were characterized as certain, 16% as probable, and 11% as possible. Non‐systemic cases comprised 61% of all probands and 31% had systemic disease, the rest being unclassified with respect to systemic involvement. The material is considered very suitable for epi‐demiological treatment and continuous clinical and genetic investigations.
The frequency of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in the Eastern Mediterranean area of Turkey
Authors: Yalaz Müslime , Othman Inan , Nas Kemal , Eroĝlu Adem , Homurlu Demet , Çikintas Zühal , Ashouri Abdullah
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In this study we evaluated the frequency of pseudoexfoliation syndrome, the percentages of glaucoma and senile cataract in patients with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome, and the percentages of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in patients with glaucoma and senile cataract in the Eastern Mediterranean area of Turkey. We examined 1356 persons over 40 years of age. Frequency of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in the ≥50 years old age band was 7.2%, and there was a statistically significant difference between the sexes. Over 60 years of age, the frequency of pseudoexfoliation syndrome was 11.2%, the percentage of glaucoma in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome was 34.3%, the percentage of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in patients with glaucoma was 46.9%, the percentage of cataract in persons with pseudoexfoliation syndrome was 88.1%, and the percentage of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in persons with cataract was 17.7%. The differences between the percentage of glaucoma and cataract in patients with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome, were both statistically significant (p < 0.001).
Trabeculectomy at the inferior limbus
Authors: Vesti Eija , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fourteen eyes (12 with open‐angle glaucoma and 2 with secondary glaucoma) of 14 patients were operated by trabeculectomy at the inferior limbus. The surgical technique is described and results of 6–12 months follow‐up are reported. Complication rate was reasonably low. Early postoperative IOP higher than 30 mmHg occurred in one eye where a blood clot and sodium hyalu‐ronate obstructed filtration of aqueous. Postoperative mean IOP was 16.3 mmHg (6–29 mmHg) in 13 eyes at 3 months, 17.1 mmHg (13–26 mmHg) in 12 eyes at 6 months and 20.1 mmHg (11–31 mmHg) in 12 eyes at 12–16 months. Three eyes had follow‐up of 19–21 months and corresponding IOPs were 14, 15 and 22 mmHg. IOP was < 22 mmHg in 10/12 eyes at 6 months and in 8/12 eyes at 12–16 months. 6/12 eyes managed without medication at 6 months and 2/12 eyes at 12–16 months. Trabeculectomy at inferior limbus is a safe procedure and it is recommended as a surgical procedure in eyes after previous cataract surgery.
Macular recovery time, diabetic retinopathy, and clinical variables after 7 years of improved glycemic control
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen O. , Dahl‐Jørgensen K. , Hanssen K. F. , Sandvik L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Effects of long‐term improved glucose control on neurosensory retinal function are investigated. Changes in macular recovery of nyctometry (photostress) are assessed in 45 insulin‐dependent diabetic patients between study start and after 7 years prospective follow‐up (the Oslo Study). Intensified insulin treatment improved glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAl) from 11.7 ± 2.2% at start to a 7‐year cumulative mean of 9.5 ± 1.5% (p < 0.0001). Improved macular recovery performance was observed in patients with 7‐year mean HbAl below 10%, compared to a worsening in those above 10% (p < 0.00–0.02), and non‐proliferative retinopathy progressed less in those with HbAl below 10%, than in those above (p < 0.01). Macular recovery at study start did not predict progression or outcome of retinopathy 7 years later. Intraocular pressure fell during the 7 years (p < 0.001) and was cross‐sectionally negatively correlated to macular recovery at the 7‐year end‐point (p < 0.001–0.002). Macular recovery was not related to age, duration of diabetes, systemic blood pressure, or urinary albumin excretion level. The study indicates that severity of retinopathy, glycemic control and intraocular pressure are interesting covariants to neurosensory dysfunction in diabetes. Furthermore, the study suggests a critical level of long‐term blood glucose or retinopathy, or both, above which neurosensory function of macular recovery is significantly reduced.
White spots in the central fundus in diabetic children and adolescents
Authors: Falck Aura , Laatikainen Leila
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Previously, small defects in the retinal pigment epithelium appearing as depigmented spots in the fundus photographs have been observed in a high proportion of adult diabetic patients. In order to evaluate whether these changes already occur in children we examined the black‐and‐white and colour fundus photographs of 206 diabetic children aged 4.6–19.6 years (median 12.6), with the median duration of diabetes of 4.7 years (range 0.0–14.2). Early signs of retinopathy were observed in 27 (13.1%) of them. The control group was composed of 45 healthy children aged 8.1–16.6 years (median 11.8). One or more tiny white spots in the fundus of one or both eyes were observed in 97 diabetics (47.1%), more often in those with retinopathy than in those without (66.7% vs. 44.1%, p<0.001). In the control group similar spots were observed in 24 children (53.5%). Only in small proportion of children (4.4% of both diabetic and control patients) were the spots numerous. In children most of the white spots in the fundus may represent drusen type deposits rather than defects in the pigment epithelium.
Bilateral branch vein occlusion
Authors: Tewari Hem K. , Khosla Amit , Khosla P. K. , Kumar Atul
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Bilateral branch retinal vein occlusion is a relatively rare occurrence. We report 4 patients who presented with bilateral branch retinal vein occlusion and in each of these cases the fellow eyes were involved within 6 months of the initial episode. The patients were relatively young and all of them had associated essential hypertension. The patients maintained a relatively good visual acuity through a 6‐months to 1‐year follow‐up. This report highlights this rare entity, the associated risk factors and visual prognosis.
Central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with Marfan's syndrome
Authors: Butt Z. , Dhillon B. , McLean H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A case of central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with Marfan's syndrome secondary to possible thromboembolism from a prolapsed mitral valve is presented. Clinical investigations and treatment of this condition are discussed. The world literature on retinal occlusive events secondary to mitral valve prolapse is briefly summarised. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report in the literature of central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with Marfan's syndrome.