bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of intramuscular administration of 1α,25(OH)2D3 during skeletal muscle regeneration on regenerative capacity, muscular fibrosis, and angiogenesis
Authors: Srikuea Ratchakrit , Hirunsai Muthita
Published: April 2016

The recent discovery of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in regenerating muscle raises the question regarding the action of vitamin D3 on skeletal muscle regeneration. To investigate the action of vitamin D3 on this process, the tibialis anterior muscle of male C57BL/6 mice (10 wk of age) was injected with 1.2% BaCl2 to induce extensive muscle injury. The bioactive form of vitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] was administered daily via intramuscular injections during the regenerative phase (days 4-7 postinjury). Physiological and supraphysiological doses of 1α,25(OH)2D3 relative to 1 μg/kg muscle wet weight and mouse body weight were investigated. Muscle samples were collected on day 8 postinjury to examine proteins related to vitamin D3 metabolism (VDR, CYP24A1, and CYP27B1), satellite cell differentiation and regenerative muscle fiber formation [myogenin and embryonic myosin heavy chain (EbMHC)], protein synthesis signaling (Akt, p70 S6K1, 4E-BP1, and myostatin), fiber-type composition (fast and slow MHCs), fibrous formation (vimentin), and angiogenesis (CD31). Administration of 1α,25(OH)2D3 at physiological and supraphysiological doses enhanced VDR expression in regenerative muscle. Moreover, CYP24A1 and vimentin expression was increased, accompanying decreased myogenin and EbMHC expression at the supraphysiological dose. However, there was no change in CYP27B1, Akt, p70 S6K1, 4E-BP1, myostatin, fast and slow MHCs, or CD31 expression at any dose investigated. Taken together, administration of 1α,25(OH)2D3 at a supraphysiological dose decreased satellite cell differentiation, delayed regenerative muscle fiber formation, and increased muscular fibrosis. However, protein synthesis signaling, fiber-type composition, and angiogenesis were not affected by either 1α,25(OH)2D3 administration at a physiological or supraphysiological dose.
Prevalence and Framing of Health Disparities in Local Print News: Implications for Multilevel Interventions to Address Cancer Inequalities
Authors: Nagler Rebekah H. , Bigman Cabral A. , Ramanadhan Shoba , Ramamurthi Divya , Viswanath K.
Published: April 2016

Background: Americans remain under-informed about cancer and other health disparities and the social determinants of health (SDH). The news media may be contributing to this knowledge deficit, whether by discussing these issues narrowly or ignoring them altogether. Because local media are particularly important in influencing public opinion and support for public policies, this study examines the prevalence and framing of disparities/SDH in local mainstream and ethnic print news.

Methods: We conducted a multi-method content analysis of local mainstream (English language) and ethnic (Spanish language) print news in two lower income cities in New England with substantial racial/ethnic minority populations. After establishing intercoder reliability (κ = 0.63–0.88), coders reviewed the primary English and Spanish language newspaper in each city, identifying both disparities and non-disparities health stories published between February 2010 and January 2011.

Results: Local print news coverage of cancer and other health disparities was rare. Of 650 health stories published across four newspapers during the one-year study period, only 21 (3.2%) discussed disparities/SDH. Although some stories identified causes of and solutions for disparities, these were often framed in individual (e.g., poor dietary habits) rather than social contextual terms (e.g., lack of food availability/affordability). Cancer and other health stories routinely missed opportunities to discuss disparities/SDH.

Conclusion: Local mainstream and ethnic media may be ideal targets for multilevel interventions designed to address cancer and other health inequalities.

Impact: By increasing media attention to and framing of health disparities, we may observe important downstream effects on public opinion and support for structural solutions to disparities, particularly at the local level. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 603–12. ©2016 AACR.

See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Multilevel Approaches to Addressing Cancer Health Disparities.”
Circulating LncRNAs as Novel, Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Prenatal Detection of Fetal Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Gu Meng , Zheng Aibin , Tu Wenjuan , Zhao Jing , Li Lin , Li Mengmeng , Han Shuping , Hu Xiaoshan , Zhu Jingai , Pan Ya , Xu Jun , Yu Zhangbin
Published: April 2016

Objectives: To explore the clinical value of circulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as biomarkers to predict fetal congenital heart defects (CHD) in pregnant women. Methods: Differential expression of lncRNAs isolated from the plasma of pregnant women with typical fetal CHD or healthy controls was analyzed by microarray. Gene ontology (GO), pathway and network analysis were performed to study the function of the lncRNAs. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were validated in plasma samples from 62 pregnant women with typical CHD and 62 matched controls by RT-PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of each lncRNA in the diagnosis of fetal CHD was determined by ROC curve analysis. Results: Microarray analysis identified 3694 up-regulated and 3919 down-regulated (fold change ≥2.0) lncRNAs. The top ten significantly differentially expressed, CHD-associated lncRNAs were validated by RT-PCR. Five significantly up-regulated or down-regulated lncRNAs were identified: ENST00000436681, ENST00000422826, AA584040, AA709223 and BX478947 with the AUC of ROC curves calculated as 0.892, 0.817, 0.755, 0.882 and 0.886, respectively. Conclusions: Specific lncRNAs aberrantly expressed in the plasma of pregnant women with typical fetal CHD may play a key role in the development of CHD and may be used as novel biomarkers for prenatal diagnosis of fetal CHD.
Serum Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Girls with Premature Thelarche
Authors: Deodati Annalisa , Sallemi Alessia , Maranghi Francesca , Germani Daniela , Puglianiello Antonella , Baldari Francesca , Busani Luca , Mancini Francesca Romana , Tassinari Roberta , Mantovani Alberto , Cianfarani Stefano
Published: April 2016

Background/Aims: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants and have shown endocrine disruption properties in experimental studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the exposure to PBDEs and alterations of puberty in girls referred for idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) and premature thelarche (PT). Methods: A case-control study was conducted in 124 girls: 37 girls with ICPP (mean age 7.4 ± 0.9 years), 56 with PT (mean age 5.7 ± 2.1 years) and 31 controls (mean age 5.4 ± 1.9 years). PBDE serum concentrations, hormone levels and anthropometry were assessed. PBDE concentrations were corrected for total serum lipid content. Individual exposure to PBDEs was evaluated through ad hoc questionnaires. Results: PBDE serum concentrations corrected for total lipid content were significantly higher in girls with PT (mean 1.49 ± 0.63 log ng/g) than in controls (mean 1.23 ± 0.54 log ng/g; p < 0.05). PT girls showed higher levels of PBDE than ICPP girls (1.49 ± 0.63 vs. 1.37 ± 0.49 log ng/g), though this was not significant. An analysis of the questionnaires revealed no significant differences in exposure between the three groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that higher concentrations of serum PBDEs are associated with PT in girls.
Oral Psoriasis: An Overlooked Enigma
Authors: Fatahzadeh Mahnaz , Schwartz Robert A.
Published: April 2016

Although cutaneous psoriasis is common, the existence of its manifestations in the oral cavity has been questioned. The definitive diagnosis of oral psoriasis can be challenging due to the variability of presentations, and overlapping clinical and histological features with a number of other conditions as well as the lack of consensus. We review oral psoriasis, noting its variable clinical appearance, delineate the differential diagnosis, and discuss management strategies.
A Case of Severe Panuveitis Associated with Psoriasis Vulgaris Successfully Treated with Infliximab
Authors: Sakurai Yuri , Namba Kenichi , Mizuuchi Kazuomi , Nomura Toshihumi , Ishida Susumu
Published: April 2016

Purpose: Uveitis associated with psoriasis vulgaris is usually seen as an anterior segment inflammation, and it is very rare that the inflammation extends to the posterior segment. We herein report a case of severe panuveitis associated with psoriasis vulgaris presenting as retinal neovascularization, leading to vitreous hemorrhages that were successfully treated with infliximab (IFX). Case Report: A 27-year-old male with psoriasis vulgaris was referred to our hospital due to prolonged severe uveitis OU. He showed a severe anterior chamber inflammation with fibrin formation and total posterior iris synechia OU. With topical corticosteroid treatment, these conditions were relieved for a short time; however, the intraocular inflammation was exacerbated with vitreous hemorrhages caused by retinal neovascularization OS. After the administration of IFX therapy, the intraocular inflammation and retinal neovascularization was resolved, and so far, no severe recurrences have been seen for 3 years with the therapy. Conclusion: When we see patients with severe panuveitis associated with psoriasis extending to the posterior segment, IFX treatment may be a good therapeutic option.
Primary Urethral Plasmacytoma Treated with High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy: A Case Report
Authors: Stein Johannes , Latz Stefan , Ellinger Jörg , Hauser Stefan , Sailer Verena , Oelmann-Avendano Jan , Marx Christian , Brossart Peter , Wolf Dominik , Müller Stephan C.
Published: April 2016

Primary urethral solitary plasmacytoma is a very rare variant of extramedullary plasmacytoma. In total, only 9 cases have been reported so far. Patients were treated either by surgery or by external radiation therapy. Here, we report on a 22-year-old man, initially presenting with a palpable induration at the penis, intermittent dysuria and haematospermia, which was due to histologically confirmed solitary urethral kappa-restricted plasmacytoma. The patient subsequently underwent percutaneous and endo-urethral high-dose-rate brachytherapy with a total dose of 42 Gy applied in 14 fractions. Besides an uncomplicated urinary tract infection and hyperpigmentation of the penis, the patient tolerated the radiotherapy well and is still free of disease after 15 months follow-up.
A new genus and species of troglobitic ground beetle from eastern Guizhou, Southwest China (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Authors: ZHAO DANYANG , TIAN MINGYI
Published: April 2016

Tianzhuaphaenops jinshanensis n. gen., n. sp. is described from a limestone cave called Jinshan Rongdong in the easternmost Guizhou Province of Southwest China. This troglobitic trechine genus is related to Guizhaphaenops- Qianotrechus- Qianaphaenops complex but its precise position remains undetermined.
Taxonomic and nomenclatorial revision within the Neotropical genera of the subtribe Odontocheilina W. Horn in a new sense—15. The genus Opisthencentrus W. Horn (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Authors: MORAVEC JIŘÍ
Published: April 2016

The Neotropical, monobasic tiger beetle genus Opisthencentrus W. Horn, 1893, based on Oxygonia dentipennis Germar, 1843, is presented along with a lectotype designation. Most of the diagnostic characters of Opisthencentrus dentipennis (Germar, 1843), including the aedeagus and structures of the internal sac, are illustrated for the first time. Redescription and illustrations in colour photographs of the habitus and diagnostic characters of the female lectotype (MFNB) and five other specimens of both sexes are provided. The validity of Opisthencentrus as a separate genus is confirmed and it is concluded that the genus is a natural member of the subtribe Odontocheilina W. Horn, 1899, markedly differing from the genus Oxygonia Mannerheim, 1837. The history of the taxonomy and relationship to other genera of the subtribe, as well as the biology and distribution of this very rare and hitherto little known tiger beetle in the Brazilian Atlantic rain-forest, are discussed.
A new species of Coryogalops (Perciformes: Gobiidae) and the first adult record of Feia nympha from the Red Sea
Authors: KOVAČIĆ MARCELO , BOGORODSKY SERGEY V. , MAL AHMAD O.
Published: April 2016

A new species of the gobiid genus Coryogalops, C. nanus sp. nov. is described from the Red Sea. Coryogalops nanus sp. nov. is distinguished from congeners in having dorsal-fin rays VI + I,10; anal-fin rays I,9; pectoral-fin rays 12−14 (lowest count known for the genus), two upper rays with free tips; pelvic fins I,5, joined to form an emarginate disc, no pelvic frenum; predorsal area and narrow area at base of first dorsal fin naked; longitudinal scale series 26−29; transverse scale rows counted forward 6−7; transverse scale rows counted backward 7−8; circumpeduncular scale rows 11−12; seven transverse suborbital rows of sensory papillae; no tentacle above upper eye margin; anterior nostril tubular, without flap at its tip, posterior nostril pore-like; body semitranslucent, covered with small scattered orange-yellow spots and speckles, those in predorsal area contain black dots; an internal row of white spots along ventral part of body above anal-fin base and on caudal peduncle; head with small scattered orange to yellowish brown spots; first dorsal fin with two broad white bands at base of fin and distally, and with hyaline area densely dotted with melanophores in the middle of fin; preserved specimens opaque white to yellowish with sparse melanophores. An adult specimen of Feia nympha is recorded for the first time in the Red Sea and the lateral line system of this species is described.
Taxonomic status of the genera Amphipholizona H.L. Clark, 1915
(Ophiuroidea, Ophiolepididae) and Amphigyptis Nielsen, 1932 (Hemieuryalidae): systematic placement and synonymy
Authors: GONDIM ANNE ISABELLEY , CHRISTOFFERSEN MARTIN LINDSEY , DIAS THELMA LÚCIA PEREIRA , SOLÍS FRANCISCO ALONSO -MARÍN
Published: April 2016

We synonymize Amphipholizona (Ophiolepididae) and Amphigyptis (Hemieuryalidae), suggest their transfer to family Amphiuridae, and propose a new species combination (Amphipholizona perplexa new comb.). We further provide a new diagnosis for the genus Amphipholizona, a dichotomic identification key for the two species now belonging to this genus and re-describe and illustrate for the first time some of the internal characters, such as the genital plates, vertebrae, and inner side of the lateral arm plate.
Calibration, Bridging, and Merging to Improve GCM Seasonal Temperature Forecasts in Australia
Authors: Schepen Andrew , Wang Q. J. , Everingham Yvette
Published: April 2016

There are a number of challenges that must be overcome if GCM forecasts are to be widely adopted in climate-sensitive industries such as agriculture and water management. GCM outputs are frequently biased relative to observations and their ensembles are unreliable in conveying uncertainty through appropriate spread. The calibration, bridging, and merging (CBaM) method has been shown to be an effective tool for postprocessing GCM rainfall forecasts to improve ensemble forecast attributes. In this study, CBaM is modified and extended to postprocess seasonal minimum and maximum temperature forecasts from the POAMA GCM in Australia. Calibration is postprocessing GCM forecasts using a statistical model. Bridging is producing additional forecasts using statistical models that have other GCM output variables (e.g., SST) as predictors. It is demonstrated that merging calibration and bridging forecasts through CBaM effectively improves the skill of POAMA seasonal minimum and maximum temperature forecasts for Australia. It is demonstrated that CBaM produces bias-corrected forecasts that are reliable in ensemble spread and reduces forecasts to climatology when there is no evidence of forecasting skill. This work will help enable the adoption of GCM forecasts by climate-sensitive industries for quantitative modeling and decision-making.
Urban crisis: The genealogy of a concept
Authors: Weaver Timothy
Published: April 2016

The term ‘urban crisis’ emerged in the USA in the 1950s. Ever since the term came into popular use, it has been mobilised to advance a range of political and economic interests. Utilising a genealogical approach, this article traces the evolution, uses and abuses of the concept. It suggests that the various meanings attached to the term are rooted in two overarching frameworks. While one finds the origins of urban crisis in structural, primarily material, forces, the other sees the crisis as grounded in culture and immorality. The article argues that the concept was deployed in the 1950s and 1960s to justify government intervention of various sorts to stimulate economic growth. However, it finds the fiscal crises of the 1970s gave rise to a dominant understanding of urban crisis that promoted the spread of urban neoliberalism.
The Role of Status Differentials and Homophily in the Formation of Social Support Networks of a Voluntary Organization
Authors: Lee Sun Kyong , Kim Heewon , Piercy Cameron W.
Published: April 2016

Given the important implications of social support on managing volunteers and their organizational commitment, we investigated how members of a Korean immigrant church ( N = 178) exchanged two distinctive kinds of social support (i.e., informational and tangible). We used theories of centrality and homophily to hypothesize patterns of social connections among organizational members. Employing exponential random graph modeling (ERGM), the current study estimated the likelihood of age and gender homophily/heterophily in forming supportive ties while considering structural parameters. The results of analysis of variance showed that members with higher socioeconomic status and in official staff positions in the church were more central in the informational support exchange. However, ERGM for both types of support networks did not show hypothesized gender and age homophily/heterophily of Korean immigrants’ support exchange, suggesting the importance of other potential organizational and cultural influences. The findings shed light on the internal structuring of organizational support networks and suggest practical implications for managing organizational volunteers.
On the socio-technical practices of the European Union territory
Authors: Luukkonen Juho , Moisio Sami
Published: April 2016

We examine the constitution of the European Union territory in socio-technical practices. We argue that calculative practices are central in the constitution of the European Union territory but that these practices need to be understood as being situated within the broader ‘teleological structures’ of European integration. This paper scrutinizes the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion (formerly European Spatial Planning Observation Network) programme as one of the activity spaces whereby the calculative practices of the ‘European knowledge-based economy’, a term which arose in the 1990s, are constitutive of the contemporary making of the European Union territory. We thus highlight the practices of surveying, mapping and modelling as central components in the constitution of the European Union as a political object.
Stress and Coping: Latino Youth Coming of Age in a New Latino Destination
Authors: Brietzke Maria , Perreira Krista
Published: April 2016

Previous research has linked stress to adverse mental health outcomes among Latino adolescents living in the United States. The mechanism through which this process operates continues to be explored, especially in regions of the country where Latin American immigrants and their children have only recently begun to migrate. Our study aimed to contextualize the processes of stress and coping among Latino adolescents growing up in an emerging Latino destination in the United States—North Carolina. All adolescents in our study were either the first- or second-generation children of immigrants from Latin American countries, including Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, and Mexico. We used a longitudinal qualitative design, conducting in-depth interviews with 12 parent-adolescent dyads during each adolescent’s first year of high school (2006-2007) and approximately 4 years later (2009-2010). We identified four stress-coping trajectories that varied on the following dimensions: primary sources of stress, buffers countering these stressors, coping approaches, and the effects of these processes on adolescents’ striving for socioeconomic mobility. Our findings underscore the interplay between family, school, and community environments within an emerging Latino destination.
The financial reward for environmental performance in the energy sector
Authors: Arslan-Ayaydin Özgür , Thewissen James
Published: April 2016

This article studies the financial reward for environmental performance of firms in the energy sector. Because of their substantial impact on environment, energy sector firms convey a particular status in the environmental–financial performance question, as compared with firms outside this sector. We use the environmental scores compiled by Kinder, Lyndenberg, and Domini Research and Analytics to construct two portfolios that differ in their environmental performance. We find that, between 2000 and 2011, energy sector firms with good environmental performance financially outperform energy sector firms with poor environmental performance. A portfolio strategy with a long (short) position in energy sector firms with good (poor) environmental performance generates an annual abnormal return of 9.624% after correcting for market, size, book-to-market and momentum risks. For firms outside the energy sector, the performance of the two portfolios is statistically insignificant. Using the VIX index, we also show that the market does not reward environmental performance of energy sector firms in periods of high financial uncertainty.
Influence of climate change and human activities on the organic and inorganic composition of peat during the ‘Little Ice Age’ (El Payo mire, W Spain)
Authors: Silva-Sánchez N , Martínez Cortizas A , Abel-Schaad D , López-Sáez JA , Mighall TM
Published: April 2016

The study of environmental change during the ‘Little Ice Age’ (‘LIA’) offers a great potential to improve our current understanding of the climate system and human–environment interactions. Here, a high-resolution multiproxy investigation of a Mediterranean mire from central-western Spain, covering the last ~700 years, was used to reconstruct peat dynamics and land-use change and to gain further insights into their relationship with ‘LIA’ climate (temperature and moisture). To accomplish this, concentrations and accumulation rates of major and minor lithogenic (Si, K, Ti, Rb and Zr) and biophilic (C and N) elements, as well as humification indices (UV-absorbance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)) and pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs, were determined. Peatland dynamics seems to have been coupled to changes in solar irradiance and hydrological conditions. Our results point to wetter conditions after the mid-16th century, although with high intra-annual fluctuations. At the late 18th century, when solar activity was systematically higher than before, peat carbon accumulation rates (PCAR) showed a continuous increase and the humification indices suggest a change towards more humified peat. Enhanced soil erosion occurred at ~AD 1660–1800 (SE1), ~AD 1830–1920 (SE2) and ~AD 1940–1970 (SE3), although a minor increase in Si fluxes was also detected by ~AD 1460–1580. All phases coincided with higher abundances of fire indicators, but the changes recorded during the ~AD 1460–1580 event and SE1 coincide with the Spörer and Maunder minima, so a climatic influence on soil erosion cannot be discounted. Changes in the sources of mineral matter to the catchment between ~AD 1550 and ~AD 1650 and since the mid-17th century were likely related to modifications of tree cover and/or variations in wind strength.
Adding the Human Touch to Asynchronous Online Learning
Authors: Glenn Cynthia Wheatley
Published: April 2016

For learners to actively accept responsibility in a virtual classroom platform, it is necessary to provide special motivation extending across the traditional classroom setting into asynchronous online learning. This article explores specific ways to do this that bridge the gap between ground and online students’ learning experiences, and how understanding learning preferences and extending the human touch in an asynchronous online classroom setting can be successfully implemented.
The ShadowBox Approach to Cognitive Skills Training
Authors: Klein Gary , Borders Joseph
Published: April 2016

Unlike behavioral skills training, cognitive skills training attempts to impart concepts that typically depend on tacit knowledge. Subject-matter experts (SMEs) often deliver cognitive training, but SMEs are expensive and in short supply, causing a training bottleneck. Recently, Hintze developed the ShadowBox method to overcome this limitation. As part of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Social Strategic Interaction Modules, Klein, Hintze, and Saab adapted the ShadowBox approach to train large numbers of trainees without relying on expert facilitators. As part of this program, we used the ShadowBox approach to train warfighters on the social cognitive skills needed to successfully manage civilian encounters without creating hostility or resentment. ShadowBox training was evaluated in two studies. Evaluation 1 provided 3 hr of nonfacilitated, paper-based training to Marines at Camp Pendleton and Camp Lejeune ( N = 59), and improved performance (i.e., match to the SME rankings) by 28% compared to a control group. Evaluation 2 provided 1 hr of nonfacilitated training, administered via Android tablet, to soldiers at Fort Benning ( N = 30) and improved performance by 21%. These results, both statistically significant, suggest ways to use scenario-based training to develop cognitive skills in the military.
Actuator failure assessment in smart composite laminates via principal component analysis
Authors: Huang Bin , Wang Ji , Du Jianke , Ma Tingfeng , Yi Lijun
Published: April 2016

In this work, we propose a principal component analysis and system identification–based failure assessment approach for evaluating the partial actuator debonding failures in smart composite structures. Actuator debonding failure changes the structural dynamic characteristics and reduces the actuation capabilities as well in smart composite structures. First, the modeling of actuator debonding in smart composite laminate is developed using the finite element method, which incorporates the improved layerwise theory and higher-order electric potential field for the electromechanical coupling. Second, the structural responses obtained from the developed modeling are fed into the system identification to identify the system parameters of both healthy and damaged systems. Third, the achieved system parameters are further used for the statistical analysis by principal component analysis to extract the failure-sensitive features. Finally, a numerical example is studied using a 16-layer cross-ply laminate ([0/90]4s) as the substrate with various actuator debonding sizes. The results show that the actuator debonding failures can be well assessed, and the failure intensity and location can also be evaluated using the proposed approach.
Study on a high thrust force bi-double-sided permanent magnet linear synchronous motor
Authors: Tong Liang , Lin Muyi
Published: April 2016

A high thrust force bi-double-sided permanent magnet linear synchronous motor used in gantry-type five-axis machining center is designed and its performance was tested in this article. This motor is the subproject of Chinese National Science and Technology Major Project named as “development of domestic large thrust linear motor used in high-speed gantry-type five-axis machining center project” jointly participated by enterprises and universities. According to the requirement of the application environment and motor performance parameters, the linear motor’s basic dimensions, form of windings, and magnet arrangement are preliminarily specified through theoretical analysis and calculation. To verify the correctness of the result of the calculation, the finite element model of the motor is established. The static and dynamic characteristics of the motor are studied and analyzed through the finite element method, and the initial scheme is revised. The prototype of the motor is manufactured based on the final revised structure parameters, and the performance of the motor is fully tested using the evaluation platform for direct-drive motor component. Experimental test results meet the design requirements and show the effectiveness of design method and process.
Determinants of General Health, Work-Related Strain, and Burnout in Public Versus Private Emergency Medical Technicians in Istanbul
Authors: Tunaligil Verda , Dokucu Ali Ihsan , Erdogan Mehmet Sarper
Published: April 2016

This study investigated the impact of working for public versus private ambulance services in Turkey and elaborated on predictors of mental, physical, and emotional well-being in emergency medical technicians (EMT-Bs). In this observational cross-sectional study, an 81-question self-report survey was used to gather data about employee demographics, socioeconomic status, educational background, working conditions, and occupational health and workplace safety (OHS), followed by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Work-Related Strain Inventory (WRSI), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) with three subscales: Emotional Exhaustion (MBI-EE), Depersonalization (MBI-DP), and Diminished Personal Accomplishment (MBI-PA). In 2011, 1,038 EMT-Bs worked for publicly operated and 483 EMT-Bs worked for privately owned ambulance services in Istanbul, Turkey, of which 606 (58.4%) and 236 (48.9%) participated in the study (overall participation rate = 55.4%), respectively. On all scales, differences between total mean scores in both sectors were statistically insignificant ( p > .05). In the public sector, work locations, false accusations, occupational injuries and diseases, work-related permanent disabilities, and organizational support were found to significantly influence self-reported perceptions of well-being ( p < .05). In the private sector, commute time to and from work ( p < .05), false accusations ( p < .05), vocational training and education ( p < .05), informed career choices ( p < .05), and work-related permanent disabilities ( p < .05) were found to significantly influence self-reported perceptions of well-being. EMT-Bs were asked about aspects of their working lives that need improvement; priority expectations in the public and private sectors were higher earnings (17.5%; 16.7%) and better social opportunities (17.4%; 16.8%). Working conditions, vocational training, and OHS emerged as topics that merit priority attention.
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: Impacts on Pakistan–Iran Relations
Authors: Pande Savita
Published: April 2016

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) will impact the Iran–Pakistan relations in many ways including the prospects of the Pakistan–Iran gas pipeline and other energy issues which had earlier been halted due to sanctions and the American pressure. Trade will become flexible, and Pakistan will import oil and export rice, but there are issues than those pertaining to the sanctions which had governed bilateral trade that will continue to be an irritant. Iran would be more assertive on Balochistan, especially on the Jundullah and other rebel groups entering into its Sistan–Baluchistan province from Pakistan. Moreover, Afghanistan will present its own challenges as Iran might have more in common with India in terms of the access to Central Asia through the Chabahar port, thus balancing the Gwadar port or the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). An assertive Iran after the deal might see a worried and anxious Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) presenting Pakistan with power balance challenges in the Persian Gulf.
NICE v. SIGN on psychosis and schizophrenia: Same roots, similar guidelines, different interpretations
Authors: Kendall Tim , Whittington Craig J. , Kuipers Elizabeth , Johnson Sonia , Birchwood Max J. , Marshall Max , Morrison Anthony P.
Published: April 2016

A recent editorial claimed that the 2014 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline on psychosis and schizophrenia, unlike its equivalent 2013 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) guideline, is biased towards psychosocial treatments and against drug treatments. In this paper we underline that the NICE and SIGN guidelines recommend similar interventions, but that the NICE guideline has more rigorous methodology. Our analysis suggests that the authors of the editorial appear to have succumbed to bias themselves.
Mandating doctors to attend counter-terrorism workshops is medically unethical
Authors: Summerfield Derek
Published: April 2016

This is a brief exploration of the ethical issues raised for psychiatrists, and for universities, schools and wider society, by the demand that they attend mandatory training as part of the UK government's Prevent counter-terrorism strategy. The silence on this matter to date on the part of the General Medical Council, medical Royal Colleges, and the British Medical Association is a failure of ethical leadership. There is also a civil liberties issue, reminiscent of the McCarthyism of 1950s USA. We should refuse to attend.
Flash, the emperor and policies without evidence: counter-terrorism measures destined for failure and societally divisive
Authors: Bhui Kamaldeep
Published: April 2016

Governments around the world are uniting in trying to defeat terrorist movements. In this context, recent counter terrorism laws in the UK place public duties on all citizens to help prevent terrorism. Yet, the science of predicting rare events such as terrorist offending yields consistently poor results. There are ethical, clinical and scientific dilemmas facing the professions if we are to investigate social, religious and political belief systems in routine assessment in order to inform judgements about terrorist offending risk. A balanced and evidence-based approach is necessary.
Involvement of mTOR and Regulation by AMPK in Early Iodine Deficiency-Induced Thyroid Microvascular Activation
Authors: Craps J. , Joris V. , De Jongh B. , Sonveaux P. , Horman S. , Lengelé B. , Bertrand L. , Many M.-C. , Colin I. M. , Gérard A.-C.
Published: April 2016

Iodine deficiency (ID) induces TSH-independent microvascular activation in the thyroid via the reactive oxygen species/nitric oxide-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. We hypothesized the additional involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a positive regulator of this pathway and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a negative feedback regulator to explain the transient nature of ID-induced microvascular changes under nonmalignant conditions. mTOR and AMPK involvement was investigated using an in vitro model (human thyrocytes in primary cultures) and 2 murine models of goitrogenesis (normal NMRI and RET-PTC mice [a papillary thyroid cancer model]). In NMRI mice, ID had no effect on the phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K), a downstream target of mTOR. However, rapamycin inhibited ID-induced thyroid blood flow and VEGF protein expression. In the RET-PTC model, ID strongly increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K, whereas rapamycin completely inhibited the ID-induced increase in p70S6K phosphorylation, thyroid blood flow, and VEGF-A expression. In vitro, although ID increased p70S6K phosphorylation, the ID-stimulated hypoxia-inducible factor/VEGF pathway was inhibited by rapamycin. Activation of AMPK by metformin inhibited ID effects both in vivo and in vitro. In AMPK-α1 knockout mice, the ID-induced increase in thyroid blood flow and VEGF-A protein expression persisted throughout the treatment, whereas both parameters returned to control values in wild-type mice after 4 days of ID. In conclusion, mTOR is required for early ID-induced thyroid microvascular activation. AMPK negatively regulates this pathway, which may account for the transient nature of ID-induced TSH-independent vascular effects under benign conditions.
Cross Talk Between Growth and Immunity: Coupling of the IGF Axis to Conserved Cytokine Pathways in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Alzaid Abdullah , Castro Rosario , Wang Tiehui , Secombes Christopher J. , Boudinot Pierre , Macqueen Daniel J. , Martin Samuel A. M.
Published: April 2016

Although disease and infection is associated with attenuated growth, the molecular pathways involved are poorly characterized. We postulated that the IGF axis, a central governor of vertebrate growth, is repressed during infection to promote resource reallocation towards immunity. This hypothesis was tested in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged by Aeromonas salmonicida (AS), a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, or viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSv) at hatch, first feeding, and 3 weeks after first feeding. Quantitative transcriptional profiling was performed for genes encoding both IGF hormones, 19 salmonid IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and a panel of marker genes for growth and immune status. There were major differences in the developmental response of the IGF axis to AS and VHSv, with the VHSv challenge causing strong down-regulation of many genes. Despite this, IGFBP-1A1 and IGFBP-6A2 subtypes, each negative regulators of IGF signaling, were highly induced by AS and VHSv in striking correlation with host defense genes regulated by cytokine pathways. Follow-up experiments demonstrated a highly significant coregulation of IGFBP-1A1 and IGFBP-6A2 with proinflammatory cytokine genes in primary immune tissues (spleen and head kidney) when trout were challenged by a different Gram-negative bacterium, Yersinia ruckeri. Based on our findings, we propose a model where certain IGFBP subtypes are directly regulated by cytokine signaling pathways, allowing immediate modulation of growth and/or immune system phenotypes according to the level of activation of immunity. Our findings provide new and comprehensive insights into cross talk between conserved pathways regulating teleost growth, development, and immunity.
Basolateral sorting and transcytosis define the Cu+-regulated translocation of ATP7B to the bile canaliculus
Authors: Lalioti Vasiliki , Peiró Ramón , Pérez-Berlanga Manuela , Tsuchiya Yo , Muñoz Angeles , Villalba Teresa , Sanchez Carlos , Sandoval Ignacio V.
Published: April 2016

The Cu+ pump ATP7B plays an irreplaceable role in the elimination of excess Cu+ by the hepatocyte into the bile. The trafficking and site of action of ATP7B are subjects of controversy. One current proposal is that an increase in intracellular Cu+ results in the translocation of ATP7B to the lysosomes and excretion of excess Cu+ through lysosomal-mediated exocytosis at the bile canaliculus. Here, we show that ATP7B is transported from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the bile canaliculus by basolateral sorting and endocytosis, and microtubule-mediated transcytosis through the subapical compartment. Trafficking ATP7B is not incorporated into lysosomes, and addition of Cu+ does not cause relocalization of lysosomes and the appearance of lysosome markers in the bile canaliculus. Our data reveal the pathway of the Cu+-mediated transport of ATP7B from the TGN to the bile canaliculus and indicates that the bile canaliculus is the primary site of ATP7B action in the elimination of excess Cu+.
Radiographic failure and rates of re-operation after acromioclavicular joint reconstruction
Authors: Spencer H. T. , Hsu L. , Sodl J. , Arianjam A. , Yian E. H.
Published: April 2016

Aims

To compare radiographic failure and re-operation rates of anatomical coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstructional techniques with non-anatomical techniques after chronic high grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries.

Patients and Methods

We reviewed chronic AC joint reconstructions within a region-wide healthcare system to identify surgical technique, complications, radiographic failure and re-operations. Procedures fell into four categories: (1) modified Weaver-Dunn, (2) allograft fixed through coracoid and clavicular tunnels, (3) allograft loop coracoclavicular fixation, and (4) combined allograft loop and synthetic cortical button fixation. Among 167 patients (mean age 38.1 years, (standard deviation (sd) 14.7) treated at least a four week interval after injury, 154 had post-operative radiographs available for analysis.

Results

Radiographic failure occurred in 33/154 cases (21.4%), with the lowest rate in Technique 4 (2/42 4.8%, p = 0.001). Half the failures occurred by six weeks, and the Kaplan-Meier survivorship at 24 months was 94.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 79.6 to 98.6) for Technique 4 and 69.9% (95% CI 59.4 to 78.3) for the other techniques when combined. In multivariable survival analysis, Technique 4 had better survival than other techniques (Hazard Ratio 0.162, 95% CI 0.039 to 0.068, p = 0.013). Among 155 patients with a minimum of six months post-operative insurance coverage, re-operation occurred in 9.7% (15 patients). However, in multivariable logistic regression, Technique 4 did not reach a statistically significant lower risk for re-operation (odds ratio 0.254, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.3, p = 0.11).

Conclusion

In this retrospective series, anatomical CC ligament reconstruction using combined synthetic cortical button and allograft loop fixation had the lowest rate of radiographic failure. Take home message: Anatomical coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using combined synthetic cortical button and allograft loop fixation had the lowest rate of radiographic failure. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:512–18.
Allergy in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Middleton S. , Toms A.
Published: April 2016

We explored the literature surrounding whether allergy and hypersensitivity has a clinical basis for implant selection in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In error, the terms hypersensitivity and allergy are often used synonymously. Although a relationship is present, we could not find any evidence of implant failure due to allergy. There is however increasing basic science that suggests a link between loosening and metal ion production. This is not an allergic response but is a potential problem. With a lack of evidence logically there can be no justification to use ‘hypoallergenic’ implants in patients who have pre-existing skin sensitivity to the metals used in TKA.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:437–41.
Nonparametric Prediction Intervals of generalized order statistics from two independent sequences
Authors: Mohie El-Din Mostafa , Emam Walid
Published: April 2016

This paper, discusses the problem of predicting future a generalized order statistic of an iid sequence sample was drawn from an arbitrary unknown distribution, based on observed also generalized order statistics from the same population. The coverage probabilities of these prediction intervals are exact and free of the parent distribution F(). Prediction formulas of ordinary order statistics and upper record values are extracted as special cases from the productive results. Finally, numerical computations on several models of ordered random variables are given to illustrate the proposed procedures.
Notes from the Editors, April 2016
Authors: The Editors -
Published: April 2016

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The March/April 2016 issue of Foreign Affairs, published by the Council on Foreign Relations, is devoted in large part to the topic of economic stagnation.… [Of the] eight articles on stagnation, only one…—"The Age of Secular Stagnation" by Lawrence H. Summers—is, in our opinion, of any real importance.… Summers heavily criticizes those like Robert J. Gordon, in The Rise and Fall of American Growth (2016), who attribute stagnation to supply-side "headwinds"…blocking productivity growth.… Likewise Summers dispatches those like Kenneth Rogoff who see stagnation as merely the product of a debt supercycle associated with periodic financial crises.… Despite such sharp criticisms of other mainstream interpretations of stagnation, Summers's own analysis can be faulted for being superficial and vague, lacking historical concreteness.… In fact, the current mainstream debate on secular stagnation is so superficial and circumspect that one cannot help but wonder whether the main protagonists—figures like Summers, Gordon, Paul Krugman, and Tyler Cowen—are not deliberately tiptoeing around the matter, worried that if they get too close or make too much noise they might awaken some sleeping giant (the working class?) as in the days of the Great Depression and the New Deal.

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A New Economy of Knowledge
Authors: Levins Richard
Published: April 2016

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The March/April 2016 issue of Foreign Affairs, published by the Council on Foreign Relations, is devoted in large part to the topic of economic stagnation. The editorial by Jonathan Tepperman, the journal's managing editor, declares: "Today, with China slumping, energy prices collapsing, and nervous consumers sitting on their hands, growth has ground to a halt almost everywhere, and economists, investors, and ordinary citizens are starting to confront a grim new reality: the world is stuck in the slow lane and nobody seems to know what to do about it." This is followed by eight articles on stagnation, only one of which, however—"The Age of Secular Stagnation" by Lawrence H. Summers—is, in our opinion, of any real importance.… Summers heavily criticizes those like Robert J. Gordon, in The Rise and Fall of American Growth (2016), who attribute stagnation to supply-side "headwinds"…blocking productivity growth.… Likewise Summers dispatches those like Kenneth Rogoff who see stagnation as merely the product of a debt supercycle associated with periodic financial crises.… Despite such sharp criticisms of other mainstream interpretations of stagnation, Summers's own analysis can be faulted for being superficial and vague, lacking historical concreteness.… In fact, the current mainstream debate on secular stagnation is so superficial and circumspect that one cannot help but wonder whether the main protagonists—figures like Summers, Gordon, Paul Krugman, and Tyler Cowen—are not deliberately tiptoeing around the matter, worried that if they get too close or make too much noise they might awaken some sleeping giant (the working class?) as in the days of the Great Depression and the New Deal.

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"Realists of a Larger Reality": On New Science Fiction
Authors: Schrager Lang Amy , Lang/Levitsky Daniel Rosza
Published: April 2016

Any human power can be resisted and changed by human beings.
—Ursula K. Le Guin

Le Guin is undoubtedly right about resistance in the "real" world, but in reading, only some books offer a call to resistance and the possibilities of a new reality. Among the books considered here, some come to us as "literary fiction"; others are marked as belonging to another, historically denigrated, form, "science fiction" or "fantasy." This could be a distinction without a difference: two are near-future dystopian novels about corporate capitalism in the United States (both by well-established white authors); two are collections of near-future short stories that set out to critique the human powers that structure our world (written by both established and new voices, primarily writers of color). But the books that embrace rather than evade their status as science fiction or fantasy are the ones able to imagine the resistance and change that Le Guin invokes.

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