bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of early cerebral NIRS in hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: Garvey Aisling A. , O'Toole John M. , Livingstone Vicki , Walsh Brian , Moore Michael , Pavel Andreea M. , Panaite Lavinia , Ryan Mary Anne , Boylan Geraldine B. , Murray Deirdre M. , Dempsey Eugene M.
Published: July 2022

Aim

To describe early cerebral oxygenation (cSO2) and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (FTOE) values and their evolution over the first days of life in infants with all grades of hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and to determine whether cSO2 and FTOE measured early (6 and 12 h) can predict short‐term outcome.

Methods

Prospective, observational study of cerebral near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in infants >36 weeks' gestation with HIE. Ten one‐hour epochs of cSO2 and FTOE were extracted for each infant over the first 84 h. Infants with moderate and severe HIE received therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Abnormal outcome was defined as abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or death.

Results

Fifty‐eight infants were included (28 mild, 24 moderate, 6 severe). Median gestational age was 39.9 weeks (IQR 38.1–40.7) and birthweight was 3.35 kgs (IQR 2.97–3.71). cSO2 increased and FTOE decreased over the first 24 h in all grades of HIE. Compared to the moderate group, infants with mild HIE had significantly higher cSO2 at 6 h (p = 0.003), 9 h (p = 0.009) and 12 h (p = 0.032) and lower FTOE at 6 h (p = 0.016) and 9 h (0.029). cSO2 and FTOE at 6 and 12 h did not predict abnormal outcome.

Conclusion

Infants with mild HIE have higher cSO2 and lower FTOE than those with moderate or severe HIE in the first 12 h of life. cSO2 increased in all grades of HIE over the first 24 h regardless of TH status.
A cross‐sectional study of neonatal intensive care unit overcrowding and understaffing associated with bacterial outbreaks
Authors: Dahl Tone‐Merete , Solevåg Anne Lee
Published: July 2022

Aim

To study whether overcrowding and/or nurse understaffing preceded four bacterial outbreaks during a 5‐year period in a Norwegian university hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods

A repeated cross‐sectional study based on prospectively collected data from the Norwegian neonatal network's (NNN) web‐based electronic database, digital work schedules and information about the outbreaks from logs, reports and publications. Number of admitted patients, category 4–5 patients (i.e., with the highest nurse to patient ratio), rostered nursing staff and nurse specialists were analysed in relation to periods (1) >28 days before individual outbreaks, (2) ≤28 days before, (3) during and (4) after outbreaks. Overcrowding and understaffing were compared between the four periods with Chi‐square test and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction.

Results

When all outbreaks were analysed together, overcrowding was more frequent in the periods within 28 days of outbreaks compared to the other periods (p < 0.001). For understaffing, the periods within 28 days of outbreaks were only different from the periods >28 days before outbreaks (p < 0.001). The trends regarding individual outbreaks were less consistent, but there were more category 4–5 patients before and during the outbreaks.

Conclusion

Bacterial outbreaks in a 5‐year period were weakly associated with overcrowding and understaffing.
6 The Ecological Life of Industrial Waste
Authors: Stewart Haeden
Published: July 2022

The post‐depositional afterlife of an archaeological site is often viewed as the least important aspect of its history and outside of traditional archaeological interest. In the case of industrial sites, this elision ignores one of the most important aspects of industrial history, namely the long‐term effects of toxic waste. In an era where industrial pollution and anthropogenic climate change are rapidly changing the future of life on this planet, the stakes of understanding the effects of industrial waste are vital. This article outlines a reflexive, ecologically focused archaeology that interrogates the afterlives of industrial waste, not as a method to get back to the history of production, but as a means for taking seriously these afterlives as a defining characteristic of life in the Anthropocene.  Using the concept of the ecological lives of industrial waste to explore the (post)industrial history of Mill Creek Ravine—a historically important industrial area in Edmonton, Alberta— this article argues that the decomposition of industrial waste serves as both a medium for long‐term harms, as well as the locus for emergent relations and critical investigation.
Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of eplontersen, an antisense oligonucleotide in development for transthyretin amyloidosis
Authors: Diep John K. , Yu Rosie Z. , Viney Nicholas J. , Schneider Eugene , Guo Shuling , Henry Scott , Monia Brett , Geary Richard , Wang Yanfeng
Published: July 2022

Aims

Transthyretin‐mediated amyloidosis is a progressive and fatal disease caused by the build‐up of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) protein. Eplontersen is a triantennary N‐acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc3)‐conjugated antisense oligonucleotide targeting TTR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) to inhibit production of both variant and wild‐type TTR. We aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for eplontersen and to evaluate the impact of covariates on exposure and response.

Methods

Plasma eplontersen and serum TTR concentration data were obtained from two phase 1 studies in healthy volunteers (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03728634, NCT04302064). Model development was conducted using a nonlinear mixed‐effects approach.

Results

Eplontersen PK was well described by a two‐compartment model. Evaluation of demographics identified significant covariates of lean body mass on clearance and body weight on intercompartmental clearance and volumes of distribution. Population PK modelling showed the absorption rate was 29.6% greater with injection into the abdomen versus the arm. The typical population terminal elimination half‐life was 25.5 days. Serum TTR was well described by an indirect response model with inhibition of TTR production by eplontersen. Maximum fractional inhibition (Imax) was 0.970 (0.549%RSE) and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.0283 ng/ml (13.3%RSE). Simulations showed subjects with lower weight had higher exposure (AUC, Cmax), while higher Cmax was observed when comparing site of administration (ratio abdomen/arm = 1.18), but differences in exposure did not significantly impact response at evaluated doses.

Conclusion

The exposure‐response relationship of eplontersen was well characterised by the PKPD model. Weight and injection site were found to affect systemic exposure, but this effect does not seem to result in clinically relevant variation in response.
Associations between symptoms of prolonged grief disorder and depression and suicidal ideation
Authors: Sekowski Marcin , Prigerson Holly G.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

We examined associations between the severity of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and depression and recent suicidal ideation among bereaved family members.

Methods

Individuals who survived the death of a family member 1–8 year earlier (N = 225) were surveyed using self‐report measures in the cross‐sectional study. Regression analyses were conducted to test the multivariable effects of PGD and depression symptom severity—including their interactive effect—on recent suicidal ideation among the full sample and subsample of suicidal ideators (n = 38).

Results

The severity of PGD symptoms was positively associated with frequency of recent suicidal ideation in the full sample and subsample of suicidal ideators. Depressive symptoms were positively related to suicidal ideation in the full sample; however, they were significant only in the presence of PGD symptoms in the subsample of suicidal ideators.

Conclusions

Severity of PGD and depression symptoms are positively associated with suicidal ideation among bereaved individuals, highlighting the need to attend to both PGD and depressive symptoms in understanding risk for suicidal ideation among bereaved individuals.
Asking important questions: exploring ongoing psychosocial healthcare needs using qualitative methods
Authors: Clarke Elaine N.
Published: July 2022

Linked Article: Kamminga et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:381–391.
Resource availability in the social cloud: An economics perspective
Authors: Mane Pramod C. , Krishnamurthy Nagarajan , Ahuja Kapil
Published: July 2022

Social cloud has emerged as a case of sharing economy, where socially connected agents share their computing resources within the community. This paper considers the social cloud as an endogenous resource‐sharing network, where agents are involved in closeness‐based conditional resource sharing. This study focuses on (1) the impact of agents' decisions of link addition and deletion on their own local and global resource availability as well as on others' global resource availability (as spillover effects), (2) the role of agents' closeness in determining spillover effects, (3) agents' link addition behavior, and (4) stability and efficiency of the social cloud. The findings include the following: (i) Agents' decision of link addition (deletion) increases (decreases) their local resource availability. However, these observations do not hold in the case of global resource availability. (ii) In a connected network, agents experience either a positive or a negative spillover effect and there is no case with no spillover effects. Agents observe no spillover effects if and only if the network is disconnected with three or more components. Furthermore, an agent experiences negative spillover if there is no change in its closeness. Although an increase in the closeness of agents is necessary to experience positive spillover effects, the condition is not sufficient. (iii) We study the relation between agents' distance from each other, and their local as well as global resource availabilities. We prove that the local resource availability of an agent from another agent increases with decrease in the distance between them and that maximum local resource availability is obtained from the agent with the least closeness. Using these results, we discuss which agent to add a link to, so as to maximize the local resource availability. We discuss why such results are difficult to establish for global resource availability. However, in a two‐diameter network, we show that for an agent, link formation always increases the global resource availability. (iv) We also study resource‐sharing network formation and its efficiency in a strategic setting. We prove the existence of a pairwise stable network. Furthermore, we provide a set of conditions for a few prominent network structures (star, complete, wheel, and bipartite networks) to be pairwise stable. We show that the “connected in pairs, otherwise disconnected” network is better than a connected network, in terms of social welfare.
Involvement of kallikrein‐PAR2‐proinflammatory pathway in severe trastuzumab‐induced cardiotoxicity
Authors: Sasaki Ritsuko , Kurebayashi Nagomi , Eguchi Hidetaka , Horimoto Yoshiya , Shiga Takahiro , Miyazaki Sakiko , Kashiyama Taku , Akamatsu Wado , Saito Mitsue
Published: July 2022

Trastuzumab‐induced cardiotoxicity interferes with continued treatment in approximately 10% of patients with ErbB2‐positive breast cancer, but its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we recruited trastuzumab‐treated patients with ≥30% reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (SP) and noncardiotoxic patients (NP). From each of these patients, we established three cases of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (pt‐iPSC‐CMs). Reduced contraction and relaxation velocities following trastuzumab treatment were more evident in SP pt‐iPSC‐CMs than NP pt‐iPSC‐CMs, indicating the cardiotoxicity phenotype could be replicated. Differences in ATP production, reactive oxygen species, and autophagy activity were observed between the two groups. Analysis of transcripts revealed enhanced kallikrein5 expression and pro‐inflammatory signaling pathways, such as interleukin‐1β, in SP pt‐iPSC‐CMs after trastuzumab treatment. The kallilkrein5‐protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2)‐MAPK signaling pathway was more activated in SP pt‐iPSC‐CMs, and treatment with a PAR2‐antagonist suppressed interleukin‐1β expression. Our data indicate enhanced pro‐inflammatory responses through kallikrein5‐PAR2 signaling and vulnerability to external stresses appear to be the cause of trastuzumab‐induced cardiotoxicity in SP.
Caries management using silver diamine fluoride and providing domiciliary dental care for dependent older adults: A qualitative study of Swiss dentists
Authors: Angst Lea , Nüesch Nina , Grandjean Marie‐Laure , Watson Sinead , McKenna Gerald J. , Srinivasan Murali
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Maintaining the oral health of dependent older adults is challenging, with limited access to dental care and limited focus on preventive oral health programmes. This study aimed to evaluate the attitudes of General Dental Practitioners (GDPs), working in Switzerland, to caring for dependent older adults with a focus on the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a caries preventive agent and more widely on the provision of domiciliary dental care (DDC).

Methods

Seventeen GDPs working in Switzerland were interviewed. Each interview was semi‐structured by a topic guide, digitally recorded, and transcribed. The transcribed data were analysed using a thematic analysis.

Results

Three major themes to the widespread use of SDF in this population were identified: lack of basic knowledge including indications for use; aesthetic concerns and product availability. Those who had knowledge about the product believed that using it in the treatment of frail older adults had advantages, especially in the preservation and/or prolongation of the life of teeth without invasive treatments. The biggest barrier was its availability. The GDPs identified three major barriers related to DDC provision: lack of infrastructure, poor financial rewards and safety concerns (patient and operator safety). Those who provided this service stated that they were doing it because of self‐motivation, kindness, or as a role in community service.

Conclusions

The potential use of SDF was viewed positively by the majority of the GDPs interviewed but confusion exists over its availability in Switzerland, and other barriers were identified to more widespread use in this patient group. The GDPs interviewed in this study reported that a lack of infrastructure and a low level of remuneration continue to be barriers to more of them undertaking DDC for dependent older adults.
One‐year real‐world outcomes of bevacizumab for the treatment of macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Wang Nancy , Hunt Adrian , Nguyen Vuong , Shah Janika , Fraser‐Bell Samantha , McAllister Ian , Barthelmes Daniel , Gillies Mark , Squirrell David
Published: July 2022

Background

Bevacizumab is the only agent that many people can afford, yet there are only limited data on whether it improves macular oedema (MO) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in real‐world clinical practice. Here we studied 12‐month real‐world treatment outcomes of bevacizumab for RVO‐related MO.

Methods

This was a multicentre, observational study analysing 12‐month data from the Fight Retinal Blindness! (FRB) database. We studied treatment‐naïve eyes with MO secondary to RVO commencing bevacizumab therapy between June 2009 and June 2019. Visual acuity (VA) and central subfield thickness (CST) were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome was a change in VA from baseline to 12 months.

Results

Two hundred and twenty treatment naive eyes were analyzed. The baseline VA for BRVO was better than CRVO (55.8 vs. 42.6 LogMAR letters) and this gap widened over the 12‐month period, with a 12‐month VA change of +14.0 (95% CI 11.1, 16.8) letters for BRVO and + 11.9 (95% CI 6.4, 17.4) for CRVO. The mean CST at baseline was 511 μm for BRVO and 627 μm for CRVO, falling at 12 months by −155 μm (−190, −121) in BRVO and −198 μm (−252, −145) in CRVO. The median number of injections for BRVO and CRVO completers was 7 (5, 9).

Conclusions

Bevacizumab can be an effective treatment of RVO‐MO in a real‐world setting with outcomes approaching those reported by the seminal clinical trials. The functional and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal therapy were better for BRVO than CRVO.
Impact of abutment geometry on early implant marginal bone loss. A double‐blind, randomized, 6‐month clinical trial
Authors: Pérez‐Sayans Mario , Castelo‐Baz Pablo , Penarrocha‐Oltra David , Seijas‐Naya Flavio , Conde‐Amboage Mercedes , Somoza‐Martín José M.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the abutment width on early marginal bone loss (MBL).

Material and Methods

A balanced, randomized, double‐blind clinical trial with two parallel experimental arms was conducted without a control group. The arms were “cylindrical” abutment and “concave” abutment. Eighty hexagonal internal connection implants, each with a diameter of 4 × 10 mm, were placed in healed mature bone. The main variable was the peri‐implant tissue stability, which was measured as MBL at 8 weeks and 6 months.

Results

The final sample consisted of 77 implants that were placed in 25 patients. 38 (49.4%) were placed using the cylindrical abutment, and the other 39 (50.6%) were placed using the concave abutment. The early global MBL of −0.6 ± 0.7 mm in the cylindrical abutment group was significantly higher than it was in the concave abutment group, in which the early global MBL was −0.4 ± 0.6 mm (p = .030). The estimated effect size (ES) was negative for the cylindrical abutment (ES = −1.3730, CI −2.5919 to −0.1327; t‐value = −2.4893; p = .0139), therefore implying a loss of mean bone level, and it was positive for the concave abutment (ES = 2.8231; CI: 1.4379 to 4.2083; t‐value = 4.0957; p = .0002), therefore implying an increase in the average bone level.

Conclusions

The concave abutments presented significantly less early MBL at 6 months post‐loading than classical cylindrical abutments did.
Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids promote diabetic wound healing via the Wnt signalling pathway
Authors: Wang Zejing , Lu Hao , Tang Tao , Liu Lei , Pan Bohan , Chen Jiqiu , Cheng Dasheng , Cai Xiaoxiao , Sun Yu , Zhu Feng , Zhu Shihui
Published: July 2022

Objectives

To determine the therapeutic effect of tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) on diabetic wound healing and the underlying mechanism.

Materials and Methods

The tFNAs were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential assays. Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and migration assays were performed to evaluate the effects of tFNAs on cellular proliferation and migration. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the effect of tFNAs on growth factors. The function and role of tFNAs in diabetic wound healing were investigated using diabetic wound models, histological analyses and western blotting.

Results

Cellular proliferation and migration were enhanced after treatment with tFNAs in a high‐glucose environment. The expression of growth factors was also facilitated by tFNAs in vitro. During in vivo experiments, tFNAs accelerated the healing process in diabetic wounds and promoted the regeneration of the epidermis, capillaries and collagen. Moreover, tFNAs increased the secretion of growth factors and activated the Wnt pathway in diabetic wounds.

Conclusions

This study indicates that tFNAs can accelerate diabetic wound healing and have potential for the treatment of diabetic wounds.
Objective physical activity level is associated with rectus femoris muscle echo‐intensity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Okura Kazuki , Iwakura Masahiro , Kawagoshi Atsuyoshi , Sugawara Keiyu , Takahashi Hitomi , Shioya Takanobu
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Skeletal muscle dysfunction is one of the major extrapulmonary complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Some studies have reported a relationship between physical activity (PA) level and skeletal muscle quality assessed by echo‐intensity (EI) in healthy individuals but not in patients with COPD.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between PA level and both skeletal muscle EI and skeletal muscle mass in patients with COPD.

Methods

We employed a cross‐sectional design. Forty male outpatients with stable COPD were enrolled. Using B‐mode ultrasonography, we measured the rectus femoris muscle cross‐sectional area (RF‐CSA) and EI (RF‐EI). The RF‐CSA and RF‐EI were measured on frozen images using an electronic caliper and 8‐bit gray‐scale analysis, respectively. The objective PA level was determined by monitoring daily step counts and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity time (MVPA) with an activity monitor. A general regression model was used to assess the relationships between PA level and both RF‐CSA and RF‐EI. Age and body mass index (BMI) were adopted as confounding variables.

Results

Twenty‐five outpatients with stable COPD (age, 70 ± 7 years old; forced expiratory volume in 1 s, 55.0 ± 24.9% of predicted values) were finally enrolled in the present study. Even after adjusting for age and BMI, the daily step counts and MVPA were significantly associated with RF‐EI, and knee extensor force was associated with RF‐CSA.

Conclusion

The present study showed that PA level was associated with RF‐EI in patients with COPD. In addition, RF‐CSA was associated with knee extensor force. When assessing skeletal muscle using ultrasonography in patients with COPD, we should also assess EI.
Measuring Women's Empowerment: Gender and Time‐use Agency in Benin, Malawi and Nigeria
Authors: Eissler Sarah , Heckert Jessica , Myers Emily , Seymour Greg , Sinharoy Sheela , Yount Kathryn
Published: July 2022

Time use, or how women and men allocate their time, is an important element of empowerment processes. To extend this area of study, this article proposes and explores the concept of time‐use agency, which shifts the focus from the amount of time individuals spend on activities to the strategic choices they make about how to allocate their time. It draws on 92 semi‐structured interviews from three qualitative studies in Benin, Malawi and Nigeria to explore and compare the salience of time‐use agency as a component of empowerment. The article finds that time‐use agency is salient among women and men and dictates how they can make and act upon strategic decisions related to how they allocate their time. It also finds that time‐use agency is tied to other dimensions of agency beyond decision making and ways of exerting influence in the household. Its findings highlight that women's capacity to exercise time‐use agency is conditional on gendered power dynamics and other barriers within households, which together are reciprocally related to local gender norms that dictate how women should spend their time.
Slingshot technique: Unique technique for removing an esophageal stent that migrated into the stomach
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshihiro , Suzuki Ryo , Nakase Hiroshi
Published: July 2022

Watch a video of this article.
Reactive hypoglycaemia during the OGTT after gestational diabetes mellitus: Metabolic implications and evolution
Authors: Quansah Dan Yedu , De Giorgi Sara , Le Dizes Olivier , Camponovo Chiara , Benhalima Katrien , Cosson Emmanuel , Puder Jardena J.
Published: July 2022

Aims

Gestational diabetes (GDM) presents an increased cardio‐metabolic risk and is diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Reactive hypoglycaemia (RH) during the OGTT in pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes. Although postpartum OGTT after GDM is recommended, the occurrence and implications of RH are unknown. We investigated the prevalence, metabolic implications and longitudinal evolution of RH at 6–8 weeks postpartum in women with a history of GDM.

Methods

Between 2011 and 2021, we consecutively followed 1237 women with previous GDM undergoing an OGTT at 6–8 weeks postpartum. RH was defined as 2‐h glucose <3.9 mmoL/L after the OGTT. Metabolic outcomes were compared in women with and without RH (RH+/RH−). We also included a subcohort of 191 women with data on insulin sensitivity/secretion indices (MATSUDA, HOMA‐IR, insulin‐adjusted‐secretion ISSI‐2).

Results

The postpartum prevalence of RH was 12%. RH+ women had a more favourable metabolic profile including a 2‐5‐times lower prevalence of glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome at 6–8 weeks postpartum compared to RH− (all p ≤ 0.034). In the subcohort, women with RH+ had higher insulin sensitivity, higher ISSI‐2 and an earlier glucose peak after OGTT (p ≤ 0.049) compared to RH− women at the same time point. Insulin resistance increased and ISSI‐2 decreased over the first year postpartum in both groups. These changes were associated with a 50% reduction in overall RH prevalence at 1‐year postpartum. Some of the favourable profiles of RH+ persisted at 1‐year postpartum, without group differences in the longitudinal metabolic changes.

Conclusions

At 6–8 weeks postpartum, RH was frequent in women after GDM and associated with a better metabolic profile including increased insulin sensitivity and higher insulin‐adjusted‐secretory capacity. RH might be a marker of favourable metabolic prognosis in women with a history of GDM.
Plant silicon defences reduce the performance of a chewing insect herbivore which benefits a contemporaneous sap‐feeding insect
Authors: Islam Tarikul , Moore Ben D. , Johnson Scott N.
Published: July 2022

Plant‐mediated interactions between phytophagous insects are ubiquitous. Silicon (Si) accumulation can defend plants against chewing insect herbivores, although sap‐feeders are comparatively less affected. It remains unknown how Si impacts interspecific interactions between chewing and sap‐feeding insect herbivores when sharing a host plant.

We grew the model grass Brachypodium distachyon with (+Si) or without (−Si) Si and assessed the impacts of Si supplementation on the contemporaneous performance and interguild interactions between a chewing (Helicoverpa armigera) and a sap‐feeding (Rhopalosiphum padi) insect herbivore. We further performed dual‐choice tests to assess insect preferences for +Si or −Si plants with or without prior insect attack.

Si reduced the relative growth rate (RGR) of both separately and contemporaneously fed caterpillars (H. armigera). Conversely, aphid abundance was higher on +Si plants compared to −Si plants. Caterpillar RGR and aphid abundance were negatively correlated on shared host plants. Furthermore, decreased caterpillar RGR on +Si plants benefitted aphid colonisation, indicating the plant‐mediated effects of Si on interspecific competition between the two insects. Attack by caterpillars induced leaf Si accumulation, regardless of aphid presence. In dual‐choice tests, caterpillars preferred aphid‐attacked −Si plants to aphid‐attacked +Si plants, whereas aphids preferred caterpillar‐attacked +Si plants to caterpillar‐attacked −Si plants.

Our results provide the first evidence for plant‐mediated effects of Si on interspecific competition between two insect herbivores. We suggest that the dissimilar effects of Si against different feeding guilds of herbivores may promote asymmetry in interspecific competition when sharing host plants, potentially impacting insect abundance and distribution.
Genomic evidence of recent European introgression into North American farmed and wild Atlantic salmon
Authors: Bradbury Ian R. , Lehnert Sarah Jean , Kess Tony , Van Wyngaarden Mallory , Duffy Steven , Messmer Amber M. , Wringe Brendan , Karoliussen Silje , Dempson J. Brian , Fleming Ian A. , Solberg Monica Favnebe , Glover Kevin A. , Bentzen Paul
Published: July 2022

Gene flow between wild and domestic populations has been repeatedly demonstrated across a diverse range of taxa. Ultimately, the genetic impacts of gene flow from domestic into wild populations depend both on the degree of domestication and the original source of the domesticated population. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, used in North American aquaculture are ostensibly of North American origin. However, evidence of European introgression into North American aquaculture salmon has accumulated in recent decades, even though the use of diploid European salmon has never been approved in Canada. The full extent of such introgression as well as the potential impacts on wild salmon in the Northwest Atlantic remains uncertain. Here, we extend previous work comparing North American and European wild salmon (n = 5799) using a 220 K SNP array to quantify levels of recent European introgression into samples of domestic salmon, aquaculture escapees, and wild salmon collected throughout Atlantic Canada. Analysis of North American farmed salmon (n = 403) and escapees (n = 289) displayed significantly elevated levels of European ancestry by comparison with wild individuals (p < 0.001). Of North American farmed salmon sampled between 2011 and 2018, ~17% had more than 10% European ancestry and several individuals exceeded 40% European ancestry. Samples of escaped farmed salmon similarly displayed elevated levels of European ancestry, with two individuals classified as 100% European. Analysis of juvenile salmon collected in rivers proximate to aquaculture locations also revealed evidence of elevated European ancestry and larger admixture tract in comparison to individuals collected at distance from aquaculture. Overall, our results demonstrate that even though diploid European salmon have never been approved for use in Canada, individuals of full and partial European ancestry have been in use over the last decade, and that some of these individuals have escaped and hybridized in the wild.
Automated sarcasm detection and classification using hyperparameter tuned deep learning model for social networks
Authors: Vinoth Dakshnamoorthy , Prabhavathy Panneer
Published: July 2022

In recent digital era, social media sites have been commonly used by majority of people to generate massive quantities of textual data. Sarcasm can be treated as a kind of sentiment, which generally expresses the opposite of what has been anticipated. Since sarcasm detection is mainly based on the context of utterances or sentences, it is hard to design a model to proficiently detect sarcasm in the domain of natural language processing (NLP). The recent advancements of deep learning (DL) models influence neural networks (NN) in learning the lexical as well as contextual features, eradicating the necessity of hand‐crafted features for sarcasm detection. With this motivation, this article designs an automated sarcasm detection and classification tool using hyperparameter tuned deep learning (ASDC‐HPTDL) model for social media. The proposed ASDC‐HPTDL technique primarily involves pre‐processing stage to transform the data into useful format. At the next stage of pre‐processing, the pre‐processed data is converted into the feature vector by Glove Embedding's technique. Followed by, attention bidirectional gated recurrent unit (ABiGRU) technique is utilized to detect and classify sarcasm. In order to boost the detection outcomes of the ABiGRU technique, a hyperparameter tuning process using improved artificial flora algorithm (IAFO) is employed, shows the novelty of the work. The proposed model is validated using the benchmark dataset and the results are examined interms of precision, recall, accuracy, and F1‐score.
Past, present and future of mobile financial services: A critique, review and future agenda
Authors: Gupta Shelly , Dhingra Sanjay
Published: July 2022

Mobile financial services (MFS) have been a powerful innovation to provide cost‐effective services and wide coverage to the unbanked population of the world. The topic has gained considerable attention from researchers but lacks a clear guideline or directions for future prospects. Therefore, this article presents a systematic literature review on MFS adoption. Using the Web of Science database, the paper reviewed 118 articles and revealed significant models, conceptual frameworks, antecedents and variables that explain consumers' adoption of MFS. The paper also outlines highly cited authors, studies and journals utilizing international platforms such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate and SCImago Journal Ranking. The findings of the systematic literature review indicate the technology acceptance model (TAM) followed by the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) as the leading conceptual framework, and MFS adoption antecedents can be organized into six different categories, viz. Cognitive determinants, affective determinants, social‐based determinants, trust‐based determinants, barrier‐based determinants and consumer‐based determinants. The paper concluded with an agenda for future studies with corresponding gaps in the literature.
COVID‐19, state (in)visibility and structural violence in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Pincock Kate , Jones Nicola , Mitu Khadija , Guglielmi Silvia , Iyasu Abreham
Published: July 2022

The socioeconomic impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents and youth in lower‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) who have migrated for work, are among the urban poor, or have been forcibly displaced is not well understood. To address this knowledge gap, this article draws on in‐depth qualitative interviews undertaken between April and July 2020 with 249 adolescent girls and boys and 24 community key informants in Bangladesh and Ethiopia. These two countries have divergent social protection systems and thus provide a useful comparative lens to understand state provisioning for the most disadvantaged, including vulnerable young people, in crisis contexts.

Despite rapid implementation of restrictions to halt viral spread, the mobilisation of social protection in response to the pandemic's socioeconomic effects has lagged. Using a lens of structural violence, findings underscore that socially marginalised young people are the most disadvantaged by state failures to deliver essential services or protection. There has also been insufficient support from humanitarian and development actors in responding to the challenges of the pandemic. The article concludes that identifying and addressing how structural inequalities shape access to and inclusion in social protection mechanisms can contribute to more effectively targeted measures to support the most disadvantaged, especially during crises.
Efficient ultraviolet to far‐red spectral conversion: Tb3+, Cr3+ co‐doped Zn0.5Mg0.5Al2O4 phosphors and their application
Authors: Liang Yuanyuan , Mu Zhe , Cao Quantian , Zhang Jilin , Zhou Wenli , Yu Liping , Lian Shixun , Qiu Zhongxian
Published: July 2022

Phosphor‐converted materials play a very important role in modern facility agriculture, both in converting the excess green light and low‐efficiency ultraviolet (UV) into the red and blue light that is beneficial for the plant growth, and in slowing down the aging of polymer films. In this work, UVC absorption of Zn0.5Mg0.5Al2O4 (ZMAO):Cr3+ was significantly improved by co‐doping Tb3+. The energy transfer (ET) from Tb3+ to Cr3+ occurred through a dipole–quadrupole interaction mechanism and the ET efficiency (ηET) from was up to 99.90% in the ZMAO:0.5%Tb3+, 3.0%Cr3+ phosphor, which improved the match between the phosphor emission and absorption spectra of the phytochrome PFR. Finally, light‐conversion polymeric film is achieved by coating ZMAO:Tb3+, Cr3+ phosphor. This study provides a strategy to efficiently covert the UVC and green components of the sunlight to far‐red light promoting the plant growth in horticulture and extending the service life of polymer film.
Contemporary screen time modalities and disruptive behavior disorders in children: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Nagata Jason M. , Chu Jonathan , Ganson Kyle T. , Murray Stuart B. , Iyer Puja , Gabriel Kelley Pettee , Garber Andrea K. , Bibbins‐Domingo Kirsten , Baker Fiona C.
Published: July 2022

Background

Cross‐sectional studies have demonstrated associations between screen time and disruptive behavior disorders (conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder); however, prospective associations remain unknown. This study's objective was to determine the prospective associations of contemporary screen time modalities with conduct and oppositional defiant disorder in a national cohort of 9–11‐year‐old children.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 11,875). Modified Poisson regression analyses were conducted to estimate the associations between baseline child‐reported screen time (total and by modality) and parent‐reported conduct or oppositional defiant disorder based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS‐5) at 1‐year follow‐up, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Participants reported an average of 4 hr of total screen time per day at baseline. Each hour of total screen time per day was prospectively associated with a 7% higher prevalence of conduct disorder (95% CI 1.03–1.11) and a 5% higher prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder (95% CI 1.03–1.08) at 1‐year follow‐up. Each hour of social media per day was associated with a 62% higher prevalence of conduct disorder (95% CI 1.39–1.87). Each hour of video chat (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.21, 95% CI 1.06–1.37), texting (PR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07–1.33), television/movies (PR 1.17, 95% CI 1.10–1.25), and video games (PR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07–1.21) per day was associated with a higher prevalence of the oppositional defiant disorder. When examining thresholds, exposure to >4 hr of total screen time per day was associated with a higher prevalence of conduct disorder (69%) and oppositional defiant disorder (46%).

Conclusions

Higher screen time was prospectively associated with a higher prevalence of new‐onset disruptive behavior disorders. The strongest association was between social media and conduct disorder, indicating that future research and interventions may focus on social media platforms to prevent conduct disorder.
Melanoma in women of childbearing age and in pregnancy in California, 1994–2015: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Kiuru M. , Li Q. , Zhu G. , Terrell J.R. , Beroukhim K. , Maverakis E. , Keegan T.H.M.
Published: July 2022

Background

Melanoma is one of the most common malignancies during pregnancy. There is debate regarding the impact of pregnancy on the prognosis of melanoma. Recent large population‐based studies from the United States are lacking.

Objectives

To determine the characteristics and survival of women with pregnancy‐associated melanoma.

Methods

This population‐based, retrospective cohort study used California Cancer Registry data linked with state‐wide hospitalization and ambulatory surgery data to identify 15–44‐year‐old female patients diagnosed with melanoma in 1994–2015, including pregnant patients. Multivariable logistic regression compared demographic and clinical characteristics between pregnant and non‐pregnant women with melanoma. Multivariable cox proportional hazards regression models assessed melanoma‐specific and overall survival.

Results

We identified 13 108 patients, of which 1406 were pregnant. Pregnancy‐associated melanoma was more frequent in Hispanic compared to non‐Hispanic White women. Melanoma occurring post‐partum was associated with greater tumour thickness (2.01–4.00 vs. 0.01–1.00 mm, odds ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.03–2.98). There were otherwise no significant differences between pregnant and non‐pregnant women. Worse survival was associated with Asian, Black and Native American race/ethnicity (vs. non‐Hispanic White), lower neighbourhood socio‐economic status, public insurance, tumour site, greater tumour thickness and lymph node involvement, but not pregnancy.

Conclusions

Melanoma occurring post‐partum was associated with greater tumour thickness, but pregnancy status did not affect survival after melanoma. Race/ethnicity, socio‐economic status and health insurance impacted survival, emphasizing the importance of reducing health disparities.
Primary cutaneous lymphoma patients seen at a referral dermatological centre in 1 year: A single‐centre observational retrospective cohort study of the diagnoses and staging, comorbidities and associated symptoms, treatment performed and clinical course
Authors: Macagno N. , Mastorino L. , Rubatto M. , Avallone G. , Merli M. , Agostini A. , Fava P. , Ribero S. , Quaglino P.
Published: July 2022

Importance

Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCL) are rare diseases, but the indolent course makes their prevalence high. Although there are many treatment options, no hierarchy is recommended.

Objective

To identify the burden of PCL and describe clinical‐pathologic features; associated comorbidities; analyse treatment approaches in real‐life and the parameters associated with the achievement of complete response (CR).

Design, setting and participants

In this study, all the PCL patients (384 patients) consecutively seen at the Dermatologic Clinic of the University of Turin from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, with follow‐up updated to December 2020, were included.

Main outcomes and measures

Subtype of PCL, demographic data, time elapsed between first lesions and diagnosis, associated symptoms, comorbidities, staging at diagnosis, high‐grade transformation, blood involvement, stage progression, therapies used and response were assessed.

Results

247 were cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL, 64.3%), 137 cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas (CBCL, 35.7%) and the most frequent subtype was MF (48.4%). 62.3% of CTCL patients showed at least one comorbidity, mainly cardiovascular (28.7%), 20.2% show other not cutaneous neoplasms. The main approaches were skin‐directed therapies (topical steroids 65.6%; phototherapy 50.2%). 39.3% patients achieved a CR during the disease course. Pruritus, the presence of comorbidities and high‐grade transformation were factors associated with failure to achieve CR, whereas stage IA of MF was associated with greater achievement of CR.

Conclusions and relevance

The Th2 cytokine related development of pruritus could justify increased resistance to treatment, while the presence of associated comorbidities could reduce treatment options as well as treatment compliance.
Charging sex traffickers under federal law: What dispositions should we expect when applying theories on prosecutorial decision‐making?
Authors: Judge Shana M. , Dole Jenna L.
Published: July 2022

Previous research on prosecutorial decision‐making has detailed prosecutors' considerable discretionary power along with their desire to avoid uncertain outcomes. However, few studies have applied this decision‐making framework to criminal case outcomes. We addressed this gap by analyzing prosecutors' charging decisions and charge dispositions through the lens of a unique crime: sex trafficking. In the study, we examined whether the type of statute under which federal prosecutors may choose to charge defendants in sex trafficking‐related cases is associated with the disposition of those charges. We used datasets from the Federal Justice Statistics Program for years 1994‐2014 in multilevel logistic regession models that adjusted for factors relevant to prosecutorial decision‐making. We then compared the dispositions of charges filed in sex trafficking‐related cases and asked: Are charges filed under higher‐penalty statutes significantly associated with dispositions that are more favorable to the prosecution? Or is the association present for lower‐penalty statutes instead? Results from our first model, using a dataset with all available charges and dispositions for a 21‐year period, show that when a charge is filed under a higher‐penalty statute, the adjusted odds that its disposition is more favorable to the prosecution are about 60% higher than the odds for charges filed under lower‐penalty statutes. Results from a subset of charge data linked to demographic characteristics show that the adjusted odds of obtaining a favorable charge disposition are 65% lower when the defendant is female. These associations suggest that higher‐penalty statutes in sex trafficking‐related cases, with their concomitant higher burdens of proof, do not necessarily implicate greater uncertainty in outcomes. Prosecutors have been using their discretion to charge under the more punitive statutes for many years and these cases have relatively high probabilities of favorable outcomes. This discretion may nevertheless be curbed by defendant characteristics beyond the prosecutor's control, including gender.
National pricing with local quality competition
Authors: Gabrielsen Tommy Staahl , Johansen Bjørn Olav , Straume Odd Rune
Published: July 2022

We study the incentives of national retail chains to adopt national (uniform) prices across local markets that differ in size and competition intensity. In addition to price, the chains may also compete along a quality dimension, and quality is always set locally. We show that absent quality competition, the chains will never use national pricing. However, if quality competition is sufficiently strong there exist equilibria where at least one of the chains adopts national pricing. We also identify cases in which national pricing benefits (harms) all consumers, even in markets where such a pricing strategy leads to higher (lower) prices.
Traumatic stress experienced by Japanese midwives and its relation to burnout and work engagement
Authors: Kubota Anna , Horiuchi Shigeko
Published: July 2022

Aims

The purpose of this study was to: (1) clarify the traumatic stress experienced by Japanese midwives using the Traumatic Stress Scale for Midwives (TSSM); (2) identify the traumatic stress experience with the highest frequency and greatest impact; and (3) clarify the relationship of the frequency and impact of the traumatic stress experience with burnout and work engagement.

Methods

A quantitative exploratory study was conducted using a self‐administered questionnaire. The target midwives were those employed in hospitals, clinics, and midwifery centers throughout Japan.

Results

TSSM item 7 “Disregarded oneself when providing care” showed the highest average frequency score (1.70, SD = 0.8). TSSM item 2 “Experience of intrauterine fetal death” showed the highest average impact score (2.84, SD = 1.2). There was a significant difference in the average scores of frequency and impact of traumatic stress by current workplace, marital status, and living with family members. There was no significant difference in the average scores of frequency and impact of traumatic stress by midwife educational background. The frequency and impact of traumatic stress showed a positive correlation with burnout, but a negative correlation with work engagement.

Conclusions

TSSM is a valid measure to determine traumatic stress. It correlated with burnout and work engagement. TSSM may be used to prevent turnover. Additional research to understand traumatic stress is needed.