bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repensando o acesso ao cuidado na Estratégia Saúde da Família
Authors: Tesser Charles Dalcanale , Norman Armando Henrique
Published: October 2014

Este artigo apresenta hipóteses interpretativas sobre a ausência de regulamentação institucional do acesso – caracterizado por certo desvio e/ou subvalorização do mesmo – na atenção primária à saúde (APS) brasileira, especialmente na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), no seu aspecto de prover acesso rápido ao cuidado clínico longitudinal aos adoecidos e ou demandantes. As hipóteses para esse problema foram contextualizadas em dois eixos: nas normativas do SUS e nas discussões presentes na área da saúde coletiva. No primeiro eixo apresenta-se uma discussão envolvendo a influência histórico-cultural norte-americana na saúde pública brasileira, a visão focalizada de APS como “cesta básica” de serviços, a priorização da promoção/prevenção nas diretrizes institucionais, o acolhimento (única diretriz estimuladora do acesso fácil na ESF/APS) e o dimensionamento da proporção usuários/equipes da ESF, o que fundamenta a defesa da expansão dessas equipes e o seu redimensionamento. No segundo eixo faz-se uma discussão crítica envolvendo o relativo isolamento brasileiro da experiência dos países desenvolvidos com APS forte, a influência da crítica das relações entre a biomedicina e o capitalismo, a ênfase na promoção e prevenção como objetivos prioritários de trabalho nas equipes da ESF/APS, o distanciamento do meio acadêmico das realidades dos serviços da ESF e a estratificação social que fomenta o uso subsidiado do sistema privado pelas camadas médias e elites brasileiras. Por fim, se propõe a revalorização do acesso fácil ao cuidado com longitudinalidade como fundamental para concretizar as quatro lógicas que devem convergir nas práticas da APS/ESF: ético-política, antropológica, epidemiológica e de determinação social da saúde-doença.
Desafios da participação social nos conselhos de saúde
Authors: Durán Paulo Renato Flores , Gerschman Silvia
Published: October 2014

O objetivo do artigo é explicitar, por meio de uma análise teórica, a importância do papel da sociedade e da construção de sujeitos políticos na implementação do SUS através dos Conselhos de Saúde. Visa contribuir para a discussão sobre modos de participação social que vêm sendo construídos no interior das arenas dos colegiados de participação na democracia brasileira. Discutem-se as transformações políticas deflagradas entre os anos 1970 e 1990, em que diferentes modos de participação social encontrariam seus principais desafios políticos. Em seguida, analisam-se alguns dos dilemas da participação da sociedade nos conselhos sob uma perspectiva teórica, sustentada pela reflexão sobre novos movimentos sociais e representação de interesses (ou neocorporativismo). Os Conselhos de Saúde, nos anos 1990, se institucionalizaram e expressaram a necessidade da aproximação entre Estado e sociedade. Formalizaram a participação da sociedade e o controle social na construção das agendas políticas da saúde, sendo profundamente influenciados pela conjuntura política nacional. Conclui-se sobre a mudança operada nos Conselhos de Saúde e o papel efetivamente desenvolvido por eles nos dias de hoje.
Mortalidade infantil na percepção de gestores e profissionais de saúde: determinantes do seu declínio e desafios atuais em município do sul do Brasil
Authors: Pizzo Lígia Goes Pedrozo , Andrade Selma Maffei de , Silva Ana Maria Rigo , Melchior Regina , González Alberto Durán
Published: October 2014

Este estudo objetivou analisar a percepção de gestores e profissionais da saúde sobre os determinantes para o declínio da mortalidade infantil nas últimas décadas, bem como os desafios para a continuidade da redução dos valores desse indicador em Londrina (PR). Foi realizado uma pesquisa qualitativa com análise de entrevistas de 38 gestores, profissionais de saúde e pesquisadores, selecionados pela técnica da bola de neve. Na visão dos entrevistados, os determinantes para a redução da mortalidade infantil foram melhorias das condições de vida e medidas implantadas por políticas públicas e ações setoriais e extrassetoriais. Os desafios atuais dizem respeito, principalmente, à qualificação da assistência pré-natal, à redução da gravidez na adolescência, à melhoria da atenção hospitalar ao recém-nascido prematuro, à prevenção da prematuridade e ao financiamento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O aumento da proporção de mortes neonatais torna mais complexo e difícil reduzir a mortalidade infantil. Compreender as dificuldades e identificar os desafios, sob a percepção de gestores e profissionais da saúde, pode contribuir para o planejamento das ações necessárias para a melhoria da saúde das crianças menores de 1 ano e para a redução da mortalidade infantil.
Voz e trabalho: estudo dos condicionantes das mudanças a partir do discurso de docentes
Authors: Biserra Mariana P. , Giannini Susana P. P. , Paparelli Renata , Ferreira Leslie P.
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar, a partir da manifestação de piora ou melhora de capacidade para o trabalho, os aspectos condicionantes de mudanças na relação entre trabalho e voz, segundo o discurso de docentes da rede municipal de ensino de São Paulo. Participaram as professoras que, em comparação com pesquisa anterior, apresentaram maior diferença tanto para piora (Grupo A) como para melhora (Grupo B) nos resultados do Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho. Elas foram convidadas a discutir quais aspectos poderiam explicar a melhora ou piora desses resultados, em um contexto de grupo focal. Os relatos foram transcritos e analisados qualitativamente, segundo a recorrência dos enunciados. Constatou-se que o grupo A apresentou condição mais adoecida e maior necessidade de falar sobre as dificuldades no trabalho. O Grupo B apresentou mais força para enfrentar os problemas referentes ao trabalho, inclusive propostas criativas. A favor do Grupo B, também foram registradas melhores relações no trabalho quanto ao apoio social e autonomia.
A gente é um passador de informação: práticas educativas de agentes de combate a endemias no serviço de controle de zoonoses em Belo Horizonte, MG
Authors: Fraga Lívia dos Santos , Monteiro Simone
Published: October 2014

As zoonoses ocupam importante lugar entre as causas de adoecimento no Brasil. A revisão histórica das diretrizes dos programas governamentais de controle destas enfermidades revela avanços, mas a sua operacionalização no âmbito estadual e municipal depende de fatores socioambientais, institucionais e epidemiológicos. Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar as práticas educativas desenvolvidas por agentes de combate a endemias (ACEs), a partir de um estudo de caso numa região de Belo Horizonte, MG. A investigação envolveu análise documental, dois meses de observação participante da rotina de trabalho dos agentes e entrevistas com 16 ACEs e dois coordenadores do serviço. A região apresentou diversos elementos ambientais, socioeconômicos e culturais associados à ocorrência de zoonoses, mas tais fatores não foram considerados nas orientações dos ACEs aos moradores. Nas ações educativas, predomina a transmissão de informações técnico-científicas relacionadas ao controle de focos, criadouros de vetores e reservatórios de zoonoses; os saberes e a lógica popular não são valorizados. Apesar da centralidade do papel educativo dos ACEs no discurso institucional, as atividades educativas dos agentes são limitadas diante das lacunas na formação profissional, na estrutura organizacional do serviço e no modelo de gerenciamento, pautado em indicadores quantitativos de produtividade. Para compreender a resistência da população ao discurso técnico-científico e incrementar as atividades educativas dos ACEs, é preciso mudar a organização do serviço e desenvolver cursos de formação dos ACEs, centrados na multideterminação do processo saúde-doença, na importância do contexto socioeconômico e ambiental no controle das zoonoses e na educação participativa.
Formação de cuidadores comunitários de saúde na universidade
Authors: Oliveira Clara Costa , Gomes Ana
Published: October 2014

Neste artigo, apresentamos uma atividade formativa anual que empreendemos ao longo de cinco anos. Trata-se da realização de workshops abertos a toda a comunidade que seja cuidadora de saúde (formal, não formal e informal). Tal realiza-se no âmbito de um projeto de investigação sobre “Sofrimento, Educação e Saúde” que pretende articular investigação compreensiva e fundamentadora com conhecimento e formação de cuidadores de saúde da comunidade. Começamos por dar conta da dificuldade em se trabalhar transdisciplinarmente nas universidades portuguesas, bem como do preconceito diante das comunidades nas quais elas se inserem. Depois apresentamos cada um dos workshops, respetivas temáticas gerais e como foram exploradas em cada um deles. Elaboramos uma apreciação global de cada um, sobretudo ao nível pedagógico tendo em conta, entre outros fatores, a avaliação dos formandos. Concluímos com uma apreciação global destas atividades formativas, apontando limitações e novas perspectivas para o futuro.
Planejamento experimental no estudo eletroquímico de camadas de óxido de nióbio em liga de alumínio 3003
Authors: Tussolini M. , Ichikawa T. , Gallina A. L. , Viomar A. , Antunes A. C. , Cunha M. T. , Banczek E. P. , Rodrigues P. R. P.
Published: October 2014

A cromagem é uma opção que a indústria de metal mecânica tem encontrado para aumentar a resistência à corrosão de peças metálicas, porém esse revestimento apresenta a desvantagem de ser tóxico ao ser humano e ao meio ambiente. Para se alcançar um novo tratamento de superfície, pode-se aplicar planejamento experimental, a fim de otimizar os experimentos, principalmente quando há diversas variáveis para se chegar ao processo ou produto final. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é utilizar planejamento experimental para se obter um revestimento cerâmico à base de óxido de nióbio para ligas de alumínio 3003 e compará-lo ao revestimento de Cr (III), no mesmo substrato metálico. As técnicas empregadas foram polarização potenciodinâmica anódica, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e mapeamento por espectroscopia de energia dispersiva. Utilizou-se um planejamento experimental 2³, no qual as variáveis foram velocidade de imersão, tempo de repouso após imersão e emersão na solução sol-gel à base de óxido de nióbio (razões molares n/n ácido cítrico/etilenoglicol 1:4, ácido e o complexo amoniacal de nióbio 10:1). Registrou-se uma tendência nas superfícies de respostas estudadas, sugerindo que em 5 min de imersão e emersão e na velocidade de 18 cm/min, o filme gerado apresenta uma maior resistência à corrosão. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica e polarização potenciodinâmica anódica mostraram que o filme de óxido de nióbio apresenta maior resistência à corrosão que o revestimento utilizado industrialmente. Sendo assim, esse novo tratamento de superfície torna-se uma opção de substituição do revestimento a base de Cr (III).
Revisão sistemática acerca das políticas de educação inclusiva para a formação de professores
Authors: Ingles Maria Amélia , Antoszczyszen Samuel , Semkiv Silvia Iris Afonso Lopes , Oliveira Jáima Pinheiro de
Published: October 2014

A análise das políticas públicas de formação docente é bastante referenciada nas discussões e pesquisas acadêmicas. Há muitas implicações destes estudos no processo de adaptação das políticas e de práticas pedagógicas, as quais são amplamente discutidas em forma de artigos, teses e dissertações. Este estudo apresenta uma análise bibliográfica sobre o tema, do ano de 2008 até os dias atuais, incluídos alguns estudos com datas anteriores, os quais julgamos imprescindíveis para a discussão. A busca foi realizada com critérios específicos, no site de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Os descritores, bem como o número de artigos analisados a partir de cada um destes descritores foram: Políticas de formação docente (cinco artigos); Políticas da formação de professores (três artigos); Políticas de educação inclusiva (um artigo); Educação inclusiva (dois artigos); Formação docente (três artigos) e Legislação educacional (dois artigos). Após a seleção destes textos, foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo minuciosa, levando em consideração seus aspectos metodológicos, problemática discutida e implicações para a prática pedagógica como suporte para a educação inclusiva. Os resultados indicaram um total de 2146 artigos, dos quais foram selecionados, inicialmente pelos resumos, 140 artigos e, finalmente, tomados 16 para leitura e análise de conteúdo. Nessa análise observou-se a necessidade de disseminação desse tema perante a sociedade, com vistas à importância da atuação docente nessa busca de pressupostos para uma educação inclusiva. Isso confirmou afirmações contundentes de pesquisadores nacionais ao pontuarem que, embora as políticas públicas para essa educação estejam postas, elas ainda não conseguiram atingir as práticas pedagógicas e a formação de professores.
Definindo melhores práticas em projetos de Regeneração Urbana Sustentável
Authors: Castanheira Guilherme Silveira , Bragança Luís , Mateus Ricardo
Published: October 2014

Este artigo analisa três projetos internacionais de regeneração urbana sustentável. Esta análise baseou-se na aplicação de dez indicadores de sustentabilidade urbana através de dois instrumentos de avaliação de sustentabilidade (Sistema Português de Avaliação da Sustentabilidade de Operações de Planejamento Urbano - SBToolPT-PU, e Sistema Internacional de Avaliação da Sustentabilidade de Operações de Planejamento Urbano - SBTool Urban) que estão sendo desenvolvidos em Portugal e em nível internacional, respectivamente. Através desta análise, pretendeu-se identificar as melhores práticas para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável, as quais permitirão a definição dos valores de referência para ambas as ferramentas, apoiando os projetistas na tomada de decisão, considerando a sustentabilidade de áreas urbanas novas ou regeneradas.
Estratégias para edifícios de escritórios energia zero no Brasil com ênfase em BIPV
Authors: Didoné Evelise Leite , Wagner Andreas , Pereira Fernando Oscar Ruttkay
Published: October 2014

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de transformação de edifícios de escritório brasileiros em edifícios energia zero (EEZ) em diferentes climas. O estudo foi baseado em simulações computacionais, e o desenvolvimento do modelo foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na avaliação do caso protótipo (edifício referencial), que representa uma tipologia de edifícios de escritórios no Brasil. A segunda etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento do caso otimizado (edifício com baixo consumo de energia) de acordo com o regulamento de eficiência energética brasileiro. O comportamento dos dois casos foi determinado e comparado com o cálculo do balanço térmico e energético do edifício. Finalmente, o caso energia zero foi obtido por meio da aplicação de tecnologias solares (BIPV) na edificação. As simulações computacionais foram realizadas através dos programas EnergyPlus e Daysim para Fortaleza, CE, e Florianópolis, SC, cidades localizadas em diferentes zonas climáticas do Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que, em Fortaleza, mais módulos fotovoltaicos foram necessários devido ao maior consumo de energia, principalmente com refrigeração. O uso do regulamento de eficiência energética proporcionou redução no consumo de aproximadamente 50%. Porém, com o uso da janela fotovoltaica, outras estratégias foram necessárias para atingir o EEZ.
Avaliação do cumprimento da NR-18 em função do porte de obra residencial e proposta de lista de verificação da NR-18
Authors: Costella Marcelo Fabiano , Junges Franciele Cristina , Pilz Silvio Edmundo
Published: October 2014

O presente trabalho investiga as reais condições dos ambientes de trabalho da indústria da construção, tendo em vista os problemas relacionados à segurança do trabalho nos canteiros de obras. Formulou-se a hipótese de haver discrepância no grau de cumprimento da NR-18 em obras de diferentes portes (pequena, média e grande). Baseado em uma lista de verificação do grau de cumprimento dos requisitos da NR-18, foram avaliados 115 canteiros de obra na cidade de Chapecó - SC. Para cada item da lista de verificação foi atribuída uma nota e, após compilar as informações, estas foram avaliadas conforme os objetivos da pesquisa. Fez-se uma análise crítica para os cinco piores e os cinco melhores itens observados para as obras pequenas, médias e grandes. Analisando-se os resultados é possível afirmar que há uma diferença significativa de aplicação da NR-18 nos diferentes portes de obras, sendo que as obras de grande porte obtiveram uma média final (6,47) significativamente superior em relação às obras pequenas (1,97). Desta forma, foi corroborada a hipótese formulada, podendo se atribuir este resultado a diversos fatores, entre os quais a falta de habilidades gerenciais de segurança e saúde do trabalho nas pequenas empresas. Outra contribuição deste artigo foi a proposta de uma nova lista de verificação para avaliar o grau de cumprimento da NR-18 nos canteiros de obra.
THE INFLUENCE OF TIDAL AND RAINFALL CYCLES ON INTERTIDAL NEMATODES: A CASE STUDY IN A TROPICAL SANDY BEACH
Authors: Venekey Virag , Santos Paulo Jorge Parreira dos , Fonsêca-Genevois Verônica Gomes da
Published: October 2014

The present study describes the nematode assemblage of the bay of Tamandaré (Brazil), a tropical sandy beach, during the low, flood, high and ebb tides of two consecutive tidal cycles in four different months of the year (May, July, September and November). The nematode assemblage was dominated by Metachromadora and Perepsilonema and varied significantly between months and tides. Densities were lower in July, and changes in assemblage structure occurred during the transitional periods between rainy and dry months, which showed the influence of rainfall. Flood and ebb tides appeared to exercise the greatest influences over the tidal cycle, although the patterns were not very clear. Identification at genera/species level is recommended for future studies, to better understand the patterns of nematode assemblages during tidal cycles.
Emergência e vigor de mudas de genótipos de mamoeiro em função da irradiância
Authors: Mengarda Liana Hilda Golin , Lopes José Carlos , Buffon Rafael Breda
Published: October 2014

A luminosidade influencia na emergência de sementes e no desenvolvimento inicial do mamoeiro, sendo necessária a identificação do nível de irradiância ideal para o estabelecimento de plântulas e formação de mudas vigorosas. Objetivou-se estudar a emergência de sementes e o vigor das mudas de quatro genótipos de mamoeiro, em diferentes níveis de irradiância. Foram utilizadas sementes de Carica papaya L. dos genótipos híbrido Caliman 01, Golden THB, híbrido triplo e híbrido JS12 x Waimanalo, sob quatro níveis de irradiância (60 µmol m-2 s-1, 130 µmol m-2 s-1, 580 µmol m-2 s-1 e 1.200 µmol m-2 s-1). Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 4x4, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a percentagem e o índice de velocidade de emergência. As mudas foram avaliadas aos 45 e 120 dias após a semeadura (DAS), quanto ao comprimento e massa seca da raiz e da parte aérea, sendo calculadas a razão raiz/parte aérea e a taxa de crescimento absoluto, aos 120 DAS. O sol pleno prejudicou a emergência, enquanto a baixa irradiância prejudicou o desenvolvimento das mudas. A irradiância intermediária (130 µmol m-2 s-1 e 580 µmol m-2 s-1) foi mais adequada ao desenvolvimento das mudas de mamoeiro, até os 120 DAS. O genótipo Golden THB foi mais sensível à elevada irradiância, enquanto os híbridos Caliman 01 e JS12 x Waimanalo toleraram a condição de sol pleno.
Targeted Therapies in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Assessment of Currently Available Data
Authors: Kirstein Martha M. , Lange Ansgar , Prenzler Anne , Manns Michael P. , Kubicka Stefan , Vogel Arndt
Published: October 2014

Background.

Survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has been significantly improved with the introduction of the monoclonal antibodies targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Novel molecular-targeted agents such as aflibercept and regorafenib have recently been approved. The aim of this review is to summarize and assess the effects of molecular agents in mCRC based on the available phase II and III trials, pooled analyses, and meta-analyses/systematic reviews.

Methods.

A systematic literature search was conducted using the meta-database of the German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information. Criteria of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network were used to assess the quality of the controlled trials and systematic reviews/meta-analyses.

Results.

Of the 806 retrieved records, 40 publications were included. For bevacizumab, efficacy in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy in first- and subsequent-line settings has been shown. The benefit of continued VEGF targeting has also been demonstrated with aflibercept and regorafenib. Cetuximab is effective with fluoropyrimidine, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) in first-line settings and as a single agent in last-line settings. Efficacy for panitumumab has been shown with oxaliplatin with fluoropyrimidine in first-line settings, with FOLFIRI in second-line settings, and as monotherapy in last-line settings. Treatment of anti-EGFR antibodies is restricted to patients with tumors that do not harbor mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma and in neuroblastoma RAS.

Conclusion.

Among various therapeutic options, the future challenge will be a better selection of the population that will benefit the most from specific anti-VEGF or anti- EGFR treatment and a careful consideration of therapy sequence.
Design of Structures Connected to Geomembranes
Authors: Giroud J.P. , Soderman K.L.
Published: October 2014

Geomembranes resting on a compressible medium, such as soil or waste, are often connected to rigid structures, such as concrete manholes or intake towers. Geomembranes often exhibit excessive tensions and strains next to their connection to a rigid structure, due to differential settlement between the rigid structure and the compressible medium that supports the geomembrane. Tensions and strains in the geomembrane can be reduced by constructing the structure with battered walls, which creates a progressive transition of settlement between the compressible medium and the structure. This paper presents an analysis of tensions and strains in geomembranes next to their connections to rigid structures and proposes a method to determine the required amount of wall batter to decrease the tensions and strains in the geomembranes to an allowable level. Equations, tables and graphs are provided, and several numerical examples are presented in detail. Also, a parametric study provides a comparison between various geomembranes.
A Study of the Seismic Behavior Of Geosynthetic Reinforced Walls in Japan
Authors: Sakaguchi M.
Published: October 2014

A significant effort is being made in Japan to improve seismic design of geosynthetic reinforced soil structures. This paper gives a brief review of a seismic design method which is based on a limit-equilibrium method of analysis. The method results in two separate equations to determine the factor of safety for geosynthetic reinforced embankments and retaining walls under earthquake loading. The involvement of the author in developing an empirical procedure to estimate displacements under seismic loading is described. Instrumented wall model tests with light-weight block wall facings were conducted using a shaking table and a centrifuge. The effects of soil density, geosynthetic length and strength on the magnitude of horizontal wall displacements were investigated experimentally. An empirical relationship to estimate horizontal wall displacements is proposed. Light-weight facing blocks were found to be effective in reducing displacements in geosynthetic reinforced soil wall structures under earthquake loading.
Geomembrane Microtopography by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Dove J.E. , Frost J.D. , Dove P.M.
Published: October 2014

The use of surface roughness measurements for evaluating and predicting the performance of composite geosynthetic structures has become of interest to the civil engineering profession, especially those involved in the design of landfills. This paper introduces a recently developed method, tapping mode atomic force microscopy, for measuring smooth high density polyethylene geomembrane microtopography. The surface morphology and the degree of surface roughness are examined at a scale comparable to fine-grained soil particles used in composite landfill liners. The results show that within a 10 μm2 scan area, asperity relief ranges from approximately 0.46 to 2.4 mm. Surface roughness is quantified using mean roughness, root mean square roughness, surface roughness parameter, and fractal dimension.
A New Unit-Cell to Study the Deformation Mechanism of Super Soft Clay Overlaid by Geogrid and Sand
Authors: Fakher A. , Jones C.J.F.P.
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a new form of the shear box unit-cell test. The test was developed in conjunction with an investigation into construction methods on super soft clay. The apparatus used in the tests was based upon a standard 300 mm × 300 mm × 160 mm shear box. It was found that a low and repeatable value of the interface friction can be achieved by using a Teflon sheet between the two halves of the shear box. Each tested specimen consisted of sand, one of three types of geogrid reinforcement and super soft clay. It has been concluded that the rigidity or in-plane bending stiffness of the reinforcement is an important factor in construction over super soft clay.
Critical Parameters for Specification of Prefabricated Vertical Drains
Authors: Rawes B.C.
Published: October 2014

This paper studies the properties of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) that are the controlling factors in the specification of PVDs. The ASTM D 4716 standard test method has generally become the most widely used test method for measuring the discharge capacity of a PVD. In this test method, the variation in clamping configurations and hydraulic gradient are not considered and can result in large differences in the discharge rate for the same PVD. After consideration of the relevant properties of a PVD, a suggested model specification is given.
Liquid Migration Through Defects in a Geomembrane Overlain and Underlain by Permeable Media
Authors: Giroud J.P. , Khire M.V. , Soderman K.L.
Published: October 2014

An analytical method is proposed to evaluate the rate of advective liquid migration through a defect in a geomembrane that is overlain by a permeable medium and underlain by a highly permeable medium (i.e. a medium significantly more permeable than the overlying medium). The rate of liquid migration calculated using the proposed analytical method approaches the rate calculated using the classical Bernoulli's equation for free flow through an orifice if the hydraulic conductivity of the medium overlying the geomembrane tends toward infinity. Graphs for typical sizes of geomembrane defects show that the rate of liquid migration calculated using the proposed method is always less than that calculated using Bernoulli's equation, and sometimes significantly less (when the liquid head is small and/or the hydraulic conductivity of the permeable medium overlying the geomembrane is small). For a given hydraulic conductivity of the overlying permeable medium, as the liquid head on top of the geomembrane increases, the rate of liquid migration calculated using the proposed method approaches that calculated using Bernoulli's equation. In the case of landfills, the paper shows how the proposed method can be combined with an equation giving the head of leachate on top of the geomembrane liner. The resulting equation makes it possible to select an optimum leachate collection material to minimize leachate migration through defects in the geomembrane liner. Design examples are presented to illustrate the analytical method.
A Theoretical Model for the Pull-Out Response of Geosynthetic Reinforcement
Authors: Madhav M.R. , Gurung N. , Iwao Y.
Published: October 2014

Soil-reinforcement pull-out tests are essential for evaluating the strength, integrity, and effectiveness of the soil-reinforcement system. In this paper, a new pull-out test model that calculates the soil-geosynthetic reinforcement interface shear stress for highly extensible geosynthetic reinforcement is proposed. Based on a new bilinear interface shear model, the geosynthetic pull-out test results are calculated with regard to the variation of the mobilised geosynthetic tension with distance, geosynthetic pre-yield and post-yield behaviour, and the effective and extended length of the geosynthetic reinforcement. The resulting nonlinear equation for the soil-geosynthetic interface shear stress pull-out mechanism is nondimensionalised, expressed in a finite difference form, and solved numerically using the Gauss-Siedel technique. A parametric study is carried out for a range of relative stiffness values and interface shear stresses. The normalised load-displacement relationship and the variation of the pull-out force and reinforcement displacements, with distance along the reinforcement, are presented. The values calculated using the proposed model are compared with experimental pull-out test results for a needle-punched, nonwoven geotextile, polyester fibres coated with polyethylene, and nylon reinforcements.
The Effect of pH, Resin Properties, and Manufacturing Process on Laboratory Degradation of Polyester Geosynthetics
Authors: Elias V. , Salman A. , Goulias D.
Published: October 2014

The use of geosynthetic products has been steadily increasing in the construction of structures such as retaining walls, steepened slopes, and landfills for the containment of hazardous waste. The lack of information on durability has limited the full utilization of geosynthetics. To assess the durability of polyester (PET) geosynthetics, an accelerated testing protocol was developed and a test program implemented. The test results indicated that low-tenacity PET commercial geosynthetic products were more susceptible to hydrolytic degradation than high-tenacity geosynthetics due to lower molecular weight and a high number of carboxyl end groups (CEG). Tests conducted in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions exhibited the same trends.
Field Study of Installation Damage for Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Authors: Fox P.J. , Triplett E.J. , Kim R.H. , Olsta J.T.
Published: October 2014

Field tests were conducted to assess installation damage for an adhesive-bonded, and a needle-punched, geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). GCL panels were laid on a prepared subgrade and covered to varying thicknesses with clean angular sand and clean angular gravel. After hydration, bulldozers were driven over the test plots. GCL samples were then carefully exhumed and laboratory tests were performed to assess damage according to product type, cover soil type, cover soil thickness, bulldozer type, and number of bulldozer passes after hydration. Visual observations and laboratory test results indicated that the products generally performed well during installation. Damage to the geosynthetic components of the GCLs was minor for a cover soil thickness of 305 mm or greater. Mass per unit area measurements indicated that bentonite migration was insignificant for nearly all specimens; the only exception was the adhesive-bonded GCL covered with gravel and subjected to 10 passes of a medium-weight bulldozer after hydration. No failures were observed for installation conditions that met the guidelines of ASTM D 6102 and the manufacturer. Compared to similar investigations for other geosynthetic materials, installation damage studies for GCLs are unique because of the sensitivity of these products to hydration and overburden stress conditions and the need to quantify bentonite migration due to stress concentrations.
Performance of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Structures at Limit Equilibrium State
Authors: Shiwakoti D.R. , Pradhan T.B.S. , Leshchinsky D.
Published: October 2014

Potential failure mechanisms representing various limit equilibrium states of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls/slopes are employed to study the behavior of reinforced soil walls/slopes. Parametric analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of varying the values of pore water pressure, soil strength, geosynthetic strength, soil-geosynthetic interaction coefficients, vertical spacing of geosynthetic, surcharge load, facing slope, and backslope. In the analyses, geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls/slopes are assumed to have competent foundations. Seepage forces and other dynamic forces such as earthquake forces have not been taken into account. Similarly, the stabilizing effects of facing rigidity and strength are neglected. The results are presented in a nondimensional graphical form. Methods of optimizing the design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures are suggested.
Influence of Geogrid Reinforcement on Lateral Earth Pressures Against Model Retaining Walls
Authors: Tsukamoto Y. , Ishihara K. , Higuchi T. , Aoki H.
Published: October 2014

Large-scale model retaining wall tests were carried out using reinforced and unreinforced granular backfill and geogrid layers that were not attached to the wall facing. The objective of this study was to observe the lateral earth pressures on the model retaining walls under a range of surcharge pressures, which ranged from an at-rest to active-state condition. In so doing, the effectiveness of unattached geogrid reinforcement layers in reducing the lateral earth pressures was demonstrated. It was shown that unattached geogrid layers effectively reduce the coefficient of active earth pressure. The coefficients of earth pressure at rest, Ko, and at an active state, Ka, were examined, and the formulation of the coefficient of earth pressure-displacement curve was proposed. Interface shear stresses induced along the geogrid layers were also examined under different surcharge pressures. An apparent coefficient of lateral stress for the geogrid reinforcement was defined and compared with the corresponding coefficient of earth pressure. In addition, by measuring lateral stresses at several locations on the side walls of the model soil container, the changes in the out-of-plane stresses were examined.
Experimental Study of Bearing Capacity of a Strip Foundation on Geogrid-Reinforced Sand
Authors: Shin E.C. , Das B.M.
Published: October 2014

Results of laboratory reduced-scale model tests conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by medium and dense sand reinforced by multiple layers of geogrid are presented. Only one type of sand and one type of geogrid were used. Tests were conducted for surface foundation conditions and for foundations at various depths; the foundation depths were limited to less than the width of the foundation. Based on the test results, for a given thickness of the reinforcement zone, the bearing capacity ratio increases when the depth of the foundation is greater than zero (i.e. the surface foundation condition).
A Canopy Flow Equation for Erosion Control Geosynthetics
Authors: Hytiris N. , McKay D.J. , Addison P.S.
Published: October 2014

A novel experimental test programme for erosion control geosynthetic mattings, i.e., geomats, is described. Using a laser Doppler anemometer, the velocities have been examined within the flow field at the fluid-geomat interface. Initial analysis of the test results has lead to a modified log-law equation for the downstream flow velocities above the geomat. This equation has the same form as canopy flow equations used in meteorology to describe the velocity profiles above vegetative canopies in the atmospheric boundary layer. The canopy flow equation for erosion control geotextiles is discussed herein.
Liner Buckling in Profiled Polyethylene Pipes
Authors: Dhar A.S. , Moore I.D.
Published: October 2014

Thermoplastic pipes are often manufactured with profiled walls to maximize the flexural stiffness of the pipe for a given amount of polymer. Thin elements in the profile can buckle under the influence of large earth pressures associated with deep burial or other extreme loading conditions. Earth load tests have been conducted on high density polyethylene pipes with a number of different wall profiles. Two high-pressure pipe test cells have been used to conduct these tests. Observations of local buckling in the internal liners of these products have been examined and compared to stability assessments based on the conventional equation for buckling in stiffened plate structures (following modification of that equation to an equation that defines critical strain instead of critical stress). The strain levels that develop in the liner are, however, dependent on three-dimensional bending within the pipe profile. Provided the effects of three-dimensional bending in the pipe profile are considered, the modified Bryan equation appears to be a useful tool for quantifying liner stability and should be considered for inclusion in limit-state design procedures for these structures.
Establishing rational use of recycled aggregates in concrete: a performance-related approach
Authors: Collery David J. , Paine Kevin A. , Dhir Ravindra K.
Published: October 2014

Leading on from the foundation research and development projects undertaken and published in several papers by the authors on the use of recycled and manufactured aggregates during the past 15 years, this paper describes the experimental work carried out to compare the strength, load-dependent and load-independent deformation characteristics of concrete made from 30 normal-weight, natural, recycled and manufactured aggregates. The main aim of this specific study was to explore the possibility for considering all normal-weight aggregates within the framework of BS EN 12620 under one umbrella and thereby removing the stigma commonly associated with the recycled and manufactured materials. This 3-year extensive research led to the development of a performance-related approach that rationalises the use of recycled aggregate in concrete and could lead to its greater use and contribution to the global sustainability agenda.
Administrative Work Consumes One-Sixth of U.S. Physicians' Working Hours and Lowers their Career Satisfaction
Authors: Woolhandler Steffie , Himmelstein David U.
Published: October 2014

Doctors often complain about the burden of administrative work, but few studies have quantified how much time clinicians devote to administrative tasks. We quantified the time U.S. physicians spent on administrative tasks, and its relationship to their career satisfaction, based on a nationally representative survey of 4,720 U.S. physicians working 20 or more hours per week in direct patient care. The average doctor spent 8.7 hours per week (16.6% of working hours) on administration. Psychiatrists spent the highest proportion of their time on administration (20.3%), followed by internists (17.3%) and family/general practitioners (17.3%). Pediatricians spent the least amount of time, 6.7 hours per week or 14.1 percent of professional time. Doctors in large practices, those in practices owned by a hospital, and those with financial incentives to reduce services spent more time on administration. More extensive use of electronic medical records was associated with a greater administrative burden. Doctors spending more time on administration had lower career satisfaction, even after controlling for income and other factors. Current trends in U.S. health policy—a shift to employment in large practices, the implementation of electronic medical records, and the increasing prevalence of financial risk sharing—are likely to increase doctors' paperwork burdens and may decrease their career satisfaction.
Discrimination and Health Inequities
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: October 2014

In 1999, only 20 studies in the public health literature employed instruments to measure self-reported experiences of discrimination. Fifteen years later, the number of empirical investigations on discrimination and health easily exceeds 500, with these studies increasingly global in scope and focused on major types of discrimination variously involving race/ethnicity, indigenous status, immigrant status, gender, sexuality, disability, and age, separately and in combination. And yet, as I also document, even as the number of investigations has dramatically expanded, the scope remains narrow: studies remain focused primarily on interpersonal discrimination, and scant research investigates the health impacts of structural discrimination, a gap consonant with the limited epidemiologic research on political systems and population health. Accordingly, to help advance the state of the field, this updated review article: ( a) briefly reviews definitions of discrimination, illustrated with examples from the United States; ( b) discusses theoretical insights useful for conceptualizing how discrimination can become embodied and produce health inequities, including via distortion of scientific knowledge; ( c) concisely summarizes extant evidence—both robust and inconsistent—linking discrimination and health; and ( d) addresses several key methodological controversies and challenges, including the need for careful attention to domains, pathways, level, and spatiotemporal scale, in historical context.
Big Questions Come in Bundles, Hence they Should be Tackled Systemically
Authors: Bunge Mario
Published: October 2014

A big problem is, by definition, one involving either multiple traits of a thing, or a collection of things. Because such problems are systemic or global rather than local or sectoral, they call for a systemic approach, and often a multidisciplinary one as well. Just think of individual and public health problems, or of income inequality, gender discrimination, housing, environmental, or political participation issues. All of them are inter-related, so that focusing on one of them at a time is bound to produce either short-term solutions or utter failure. This is also why single-issue political movements are bound to fail. In other words, big problems are systemic and must, therefore be approached systemically—though with the provisos that systemism must not be confused with holism and that synthesis complements analysis instead of replacing it.
The Dong Xa Shroud
Authors: Cameron Judith
Published: October 2014

It is generally recognized that archaeological textiles are amongst the most difficult organics to recover from archaeological sites and many fragments are lost during excavations. This article discusses the 2004 excavations of Dongson textiles preserved through waterlogging in irrigation canals at the site of Dong Xa in northern Vietnam.
Clinical characteristics of first venous thrombosis among women under and over 45 years of age
Authors: Kovac Mirjana , Mikovic Zeljko , Mandic Vesna , Radojkovic Dragica , Djordjevic Valentina , Mitic Gorana
Published: October 2014

Introduction. Venous thromboembolism is a multifactorial disease defined by
multiple interactions between genetic and acquired risk factors. After
coronary heart disease and stroke, venous thromboembolism is the most common
cause of cardiovascular death and disability. Material and Methods. In order
to investigate the clinical characteristics of first venous thromboembolism,
447 women younger than 45 and 174 over 45 years of age with confirmed venous
thromboembolism, who had been tested for the presence of thrombophilia in the
period 1998-2012, were included in the study. Results. Proximal deep vein
thrombosis occurred most often among young women, while distal deep vein
thrombosis was the most frequent in the older group. The most common reported
risk for venous thromboembolism observed in 49.8% of the young women was
pregnancy and puerperium, while 25.2% of them developed venous
thromboembolism without any obvious cause. Among women over the age of 45,
venous thromboembolism developed without an obvious cause in 38.5%, while
malignant disease was identified as the most important risk factor in 23% of
them. Thrombophilia was observed in 48.7% of the young women in comparison to
28.7% of the older ones (p < 0.0001). As for venous thromboembolism
recurrence, it developed in 26.3% of young women and 17.8% of the older ones
(p = 0.03). Conclusion. Younger women developed more severe forms of
thrombosis than the older ones. Inherited risk factor for thrombosis was
detected in almost half of all young women, and in every fourth elderly
women. With the exception of factor V Leiden mutation, other types of
congenital thrombophilia are almost negligible among older women. Therefore,
thrombophilia testing in case of first thrombosis is fully justified only in
young women.
The palynological record of the Eemian interglacial and Early Vistulian glaciation in deposits of the Żabieniec Południowy fossil basin (Łódź Plateau, central Poland), and its palaeogeographic significance
Authors: Majecka Aleksandra
Published: October 2014

The vegetation of the Eemian interglacial and Early Vistulian glaciation was reconstructed on the basis of pollen analysis, biogenic and mineral-biogenic sediments from the Żabieniec Południowy locality. It was revealed that the present-day fossil reservoir was formerly a lake existing continuously from the decline of the Warta stadial (LG MPG) to the end of the Early Vistulian (EV4). The upper Plenivistulian age of top sediments, previously accepted on the basis of the radiocarbon date 24 200 ± 350 yrs BP (uncalibrated), was not confirmed by pollen analysis. In the pollen record from the nearby Żabieniec mire a break in biogenic accumulation corresponding to the Lower and Middle Plenivistulian was discovered. In view of the character of Plenivistulian morphogenesis in that area it appears that the deposits of both basins illustrate the development of one large melt-out depression during the whole postglacial period.
Design Optimization with Geometric Programming for Core Type Large Power Transformers
Authors: Orosz Tamás , Vajda István
Published: October 2014

A good transformer design satisfies certain functions and requirements. We can satisfy these requirements by various designs. The aim of the manufacturers is to find the most economic choice within the limitations imposed by the constraint functions, which are the combination of the design parameters resulting in the lowest cost unit. One of the earliest application of the Geometric Programming [GP] is the optimization of power transformers. The GP formalism has two main advantages. First the formalism guarantees that the obtained solution is the global minimum. Second the new solution methods can solve even large-scale GPs extremely efficiently and reliably. The design optimization program seeks a minimum capitalized cost solution by optimally setting the transformer's geometrical and electrical parameters. The transformer's capitalized cost chosen for object function, because it takes into consideration the manufacturing and the operational costs. This paper considers the optimization for three winding, three phase, core-form power transformers. This paper presents the implemented transformer cost optimization model and the optimization results.