bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved osteogenesis of boron incorporated calcium silicate coatings via immunomodulatory effects
Authors: Lu Xiang , Li Kai , Xie Youtao , Qi Shengcai , Shen Qingyi , Yu Jiangming , Huang Liping , Zheng Xuebin
Published: May 2018

Osteoimmunology has revealed the importance of a favorable immune response for successful biomaterial‐mediated osteogenesis. Boron‐incorporated calcium silicate (Ca11Si4B2O22, B‐CS) coating has been reported as a potential candidate for improving osteogenesis in orthopedic applications in vitro. However, relatively little is known about its effects on the immune response and subsequent osteogenesis. In this work, the immunomodulatory properties of the B‐CS coating and its specific mechanism of action were explored. We found that the B‐CS coating decreased M1 polarization and converted macrophages to the M2 phenotype via restraining the toll‐like receptor signaling pathway, thus inducing a significant reduction in pro‐inflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the B‐CS coating inhibited osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic activities by downregulating osteoclastogenic genes and inhibiting the RANKL/RANK system. BMP2 and VEGF were also significantly upregulated by macrophages and bone mesenchymal stem cells, leading to activation of the BMP2 signaling pathway and subsequent upregulation of osteogenesis‐associated genes, finally promoting osteogenic differentiation. These findings show that the B‐CS coating could be a promising coating material for hip and knee implants. Furthermore, incorporation of the element boron into bioceramic coatings could be a good strategy in the design of bone biomaterials with beneficial immune responses. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 12–24, 2019.
Articular cartilage protection in Ctsk‐/‐ mice is associated with cellular and molecular changes in subchondral bone and cartilage matrix
Authors: Soki Fabiana N. , Yoshida Ryu , Paglia David N. , Duong Le T. , Hansen Marc F. , Drissi Hicham
Published: May 2018

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease and a major cause of chronic disability in aging individuals. Cathepsin K (CatK), encoded by the Ctsk gene, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pycnodysostosis and osteoporosis. The use of a selective inhibitor of CatK was recently shown to delay OA progression in rabbits. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these protective effects remain unexplored. We examined articular cartilage maintenance and joint bone remodeling using Ctsk null mice (Ctsk‐/‐) which underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). We found that Ctsk‐/‐ mice displayed delayed remodeling of subchondral and calcified cartilage by osteoclasts and chodroclasts respectively in DMM‐induced osteoarthritis. While WT mice displayed a more severe OA phenotype than Ctsk‐/‐ mice at 16 weeks, higher subchondral bone volume and lower trabecular spacing were also observed in surgically‐induced OA joints of Ctsk‐/‐ mice. However, no differences were seen in non‐surgical controls. During OA progression, TRAP+ osteoclast numbers were increased in both WT and Ctsk‐/‐ mice. However, Ctsk‐/‐ mice had fewer physis‐derived chondroclasts than WT when OA was present. These data suggest that CatK may differentially regulate chondroclastogenesis in the growth plate. Targeted PCR arrays of RNA harvested from laser captured osteoclasts in the subchondral bone and chondroclasts in the growth plate demonstrated differential expression of Atp6v0d2, Tnfrsf11a, Ca2, Calcr, Ccr1, Gpr68, Itgb3, Nfatc1, and Syk genes between WT and Ctsk‐/‐ mice at 8‐ and 16‐weeks post‐DMM. Our data provide insight into the cellular mechanisms by which cathepsin K deletion delays OA progression in mice.
Value of duplex Doppler ultrasonography for the evaluation of dysfunctional hemodialysis access arteriovenous fistulas prior to endovascular interventions
Authors: Conkbayir Isik , Celtikci Pinar , Ergun Onur , Durmaz Hasan Ali
Published: May 2018

Purpose

To demonstrate accuracy of duplex Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) for the evaluation of native‐vein arteriovenous fistula (AVF) dysfunction in end‐stage renal disease patients.

Methods

This retrospective study included 60 patients with dysfunctioning native‐vein AVF evaluated with DUS and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) whose results were compared for detection, identification, and localization of AVF lesions. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of DUS and evaluated the agreement between DUS and DSA by the Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ).

Results

DUS identified correctly 123 of 130 lesions (sensitivity 94.6%, specificity 97.5%, PPV 98.4%, NPV 92%, accuracy of 95.7%). DUS localized correctly 123 of 130 lesions (sensitivity 94.6%, specificity 98.4%, PPV 98.4%, NPV 94.6%, accuracy 96.4%). The κ value was 0.9120 for detection of all lesions (almost perfect agreement).

Conclusion

DUS is a reliable method for the initial evaluation of dysfunctional AVFs, with high sensitivity for detecting and correctly localizing circuit problems.
Assessment of Hemodynamic Alterations in Cerebral Veins in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Duplex Color‐Coded Sonography
Authors: Jin Zhan‐qiang , Feng Hao , He Wen , Zhao Xing‐quan
Published: May 2018

Objectives

To investigate the contributions of hemodynamic alterations in cerebral veins to the prognosis of patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

Duplex color‐coded sonography was performed on 87 ICH patients between July 2016 and October 2017. The time‐averaged peak velocity, the time‐averaged mean velocity (TAMV), the blood flow volume (BFV) of bilateral internal jugular veins (IJVs) and vertebral veins (VVs), and the mean velocities of bilateral basal veins of Rosenthal, straight sinus, and bilateral transverse sinuses were calculated to understand the relationship of hemodynamic data with prognosis in patients with ICH.

Results

The study revealed that the time‐averaged peak velocities, TAMVs and BFVs of both right IJV and VV in ICH patients with good clinical outcomes were higher than those of the left IJV and VV, whereas statistically significant differences were not found in the mean velocity of bilateral veins of Rosenthal. The perihematomal edema volume, time‐averaged peak velocities, TAMVs, and BFVs of the bilateral IJVs and right VV and the TAMV of the left VV were associated with the prognosis of ICH patients in the univariate analysis. However, the TAMV of the right IJV and BFV of the left IJV were the independent factors that predicted prognosis in multivariate analysis. Partial correlation showed that there was a linear dependence between the differences in TAMV and BFV between bilateral IJVs.

Conclusions

The presence of hemodynamic changes in cerebral veins in patients with ICH has an impact on prognosis.
An Exploratory Study of Sectra Table Visualization Improves the Effectiveness of Emergency Bedside Echocardiography Training
Authors: Shi Di , Walline Joseph H. , Liu Jihai , Yu Xuezhong , Xu Jun , Song Priscilla P. , Zhu Huadong , O'Donnell John M.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Echocardiography is an essential tool in emergency medicine, and its training is the most challenging of all types of bedside ultrasound (US) training. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Sectra Table (Sectra AB, Linköping, Sweden), an anatomy visualization and collaboration tool, in improving the quality of echocardiography training for emergency medicine physicians.

Methods

We conducted an exploratory prospective observational study from 2015 to 2017 and enrolled 66 trainees who participated in a 2.5‐day bedside US course organized by the emergency department (ED) of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The study participants underwent 2 different training programs: the first group received standard training, and the second group was trained with Sectra Table experiences integrated into the echocardiography training curriculum. After the training sessions, both groups were evaluated for their hands‐on echocardiography performance.

Results

The new training program with the Sectra Table significantly increased trainees' self‐confidence in performing bedside echocardiography. The Sectra Table trainees had a higher performance rating than the trainees in the traditional program, with a mean total assessment score of 40.5 versus 26.5 for traditional training (P < .01). The improved performance was evident for all subcategories of echocardiography. The higher performance rating of the Sectra Table trainees was also statistically significant after adjusting for confounders, including prior training experiences, baseline confidence in independently performing ED US examinations, the number of ED US examinations performed, years in ED practice, and physician seniority.

Conclusions

Our analysis suggests that integrating the Sectra Table into echocardiography training may improve the effectiveness of training programs.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: King Jacquelynne R.
Published: May 2018

MCGINN, NATURE A. (ed.) 2002. Fisheries in a Changing Climate. American Fisheries Society. ISBN 1‐888569‐40‐9. 319 p. US $60.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Jones Cynthia M.
Published: May 2018

ROZWADOWSKI, HELEN M. 2002. The Sea Knows No Boundaries: A Century of Marine Science Under ICES. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea in association with University of Washington Press. ISBN 0‐295‐98259‐4 (cloth). 448 p. US $50.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Bronk Deborah
Published: May 2018

FINDLAY, STUART AND ROBERT SINSABAUGH. 2003. Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter. Academic Press. ISBN 0‐12‐256371‐9 (hardback). 512 p. US $99.95
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Barber Richard T.
Published: May 2018

MILLER, CHARLES B. 2004. Biological Oceanography. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0‐632‐05536‐7 (paperback). ix + 402 p. US $65.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Finley Carmel
Published: May 2018

ROZWADOWSKI, HELEN M. 2005. Fathoming the Ocean: The Discovery and Exploration of the Deep Sea. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0‐674‐01691‐2 (hardcover). xii + 276 p. US $26.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Crump Byron C.
Published: May 2018

DEL GIORGIO, PAUL A., and PETER J. le B. WILLIAMS (eds.). 2005. Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0‐19‐852709‐8 (hardcover). x + 315 p. US $190; also available as ISBN 0‐19‐852708‐X (paperback) US $90.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Roehm Charlotte L.
Published: May 2018

VAN DER VALK, ARNOLD G. 2006. The Biology of Freshwater Wetlands. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978–0–19–852540–0 (paperback). xi + 173 p. US $45; also available as ISBN 978–0–19–852539–4 (hardcover) US $100.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Harvey H. Rodger
Published: May 2018

BIANCHI, THOMAS S. 2007. Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978–0–19–5160826 (hardcover). xiv + 606 p. US $125.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Zimmerman Richard C.
Published: May 2018

FALKOWSKI, PAUL G., and JOHN A. RAVEN. 2007. Aquatic Photosynthesis, 2nd edition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978‐0‐691‐11551‐1 (paperback). xiii + 484 p. US $50; also available as ISBN 978‐0‐691‐11550‐4 (cloth) US $100.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Beisner Beatrix E.
Published: May 2018

LAMPERT, WINFRIED, and ULRICH SOMMER. 2007. Limnoecology, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978‐0‐19‐921393‐1 (paperback). ix + 324 p. US $70; also available as ISBN 978‐0‐19‐921392‐4 (hardcover) US $150.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Dean Robert G.
Published: May 2018

HOLTHUIJSEN, LEO H. 2007. Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978‐0‐521‐86028‐4 (hardcover). xvi + 387 p. US $80.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Capone Douglas G.
Published: May 2018

FALKOWSKI, PAUL G. and KNOLL, ANDREW H. (EDS). 2007. Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea. Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978‐0123705181 (hardback). 441 p. US $79.95
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Hines Anson H. , Rodgers Paula
Published: May 2018

DUFFY, EMMETT D., AND MARTIN THIEL (EDS.). 2007. Evolutionary Ecology of Social and Sexual Systems. Crustaceans as Model Organisms. Edited by J. Emmett Duffy and Martin Thiel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0‐19517‐992‐7. 502 p. US$59.50.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Flegal A. Russell
Published: May 2018

NEWMAN, MICHAEL C., and CLEMENTS, WILLIAM H. 2008. Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment. CRC Press. ISBN978‐0‐8493‐3357‐6 (hardcover) 852 p. US $139
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Gasparini Stéphane
Published: May 2018

FERRARI, FRANK D. and HANS‐U. DAHMS. 2007. Post‐Embryonic Development of the Copepoda. Brill, ISBN 978 90 04 15713 2, 256 p. US$ 189.00
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Bledzki Leszek A.
Published: May 2018

K. SZEROCZYŃSKA, K. AND K. SARMAJA‐KORJONEN. 2007. Atlas of subfossil Cladocera from Central and Northern Europe. Publisher: Friends of the Lower Vistula Society, pp 84. ISBN 978‐83‐924919‐6‐5. Price 35€ in Europe, 43 € outside Europe. To order: send an email to aborygeniznadwisly@wp.pl, or uroczadolina@wp.pl
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Winter Christian
Published: May 2018

EUGENE L. MADSEN. 2008. Environmental Microbiology: From Genomes to Biogeochemistry. Wiley‐Blackwell. ISBN: 978‐1‐4051‐3647‐1, 496 p. US $105.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Huisman Jef , Rabouille Sophie
Published: May 2018

THOMAS KIØRBOE. 2008. A Mechanistic Approach to Plankton Ecology. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978‐0‐691‐13422‐2. 228 p. US$39.50.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Cole Jonathan J. , Hodgson James R.
Published: May 2018

THOMAS N. SHERRATT AND DAVID M. WILKINSON. 2009. Big Questions in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN13: 978‐0199548613. 297 pp. US$45.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Mayzaud Patrick
Published: May 2018

MICHAEL T. ARTS, MICHAEL T. BRETT, AND MARTIN J. KAINZ (EDS.) 2009. Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems. Springer. ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐88607‐7. 380 pp. US $99.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Fulweiler Robinson W.
Published: May 2018

McLEOD, K. AND H. LESLIE, eds. 2009. Ecosystem Based Management for the Oceans. ISBN 978‐1‐59726‐155‐5. 392 p.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Kiørboe Thomas
Published: May 2018

CHRISTER BRÖNMARK AND LARS‐ANDERS HANSSON (eds). 2012. Chemical Ecology in Aquatic Systems. Oxford University Press, ISBN13: 9780199583096, 336 pp, $70
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Reynolds Colin S.
Published: May 2018

WHITTON, BRIAN A. (ed) 2012. Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Time and Space. Springer, ISBN 978‐94‐007‐3854‐6, 760 pp. US$ 279
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Cutter Gregory A.
Published: May 2018

MILLERO, FRANK J. 2013. Chemical Oceanography, 4th Edition. CRC Press, ISBN 978‐1‐4665‐1249‐8, 571 pp. $99.95 (hardcover).
A (Triphenylphosphine)Silver (I) Complex as a New Performance Additive in Free‐Radical Photopolymerization under Air
Authors: Sautrot‐Ba Pauline , Bogliotti Nicolas , Brosseau Arnaud , Bourgon Julie , Mazeran Pierre‐Emmanuel , Lalevée Jacques , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Versace Davy‐Louis
Published: May 2018

Unusual photochemical properties of an Ag(I)‐derived complex, i.e., bis[(µ‐chloro)bis(triphenylphosphine)silver (I)] ([Ag](PPh3)) are demonstrated when used in free‐radical photopolymerization reactions: i) [Ag](PPh3) can act as an innovative photoinitiating system when associated with a commercial type I photoinitiator 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone to overcome the oxygen inhibition effect during the free‐radical photopolymerization of acrylate monomers, thus accelerating the kinetics of polymerization under air; ii) silver‐based nanoparticles can be in situ generated under air, thus leading to new antibacterial coatings which prevent the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after few hours of incubation.
When consumers struggle: Action crisis and its effects on problematic goal pursuit
Authors: Vann Richard J. , Rosa José Antonio , McCrea Sean M.
Published: May 2018

When pursuing goals, consumers often face setbacks that force them to reevaluate their goals. Yet, current goal theory offers limited explanations for how people respond to recurring challenges and disengage from their goals. Through five experiments investigating three primary theoretical aims, this research extends the field's understanding of action crisis, a possible goal pursuit stage marked by internal conflict over whether or not to continue, and investigates it in consumption contexts such as patient–physician relationships, weight loss diets, and environmentally friendly purchasing. Experiments 1A–1C show that consumer action crisis encourages more disengagement‐related and less continuation‐supportive cost–benefit thinking than nonproblematic action phase. Experiment 2 replicates this cognitive shift, and connects action crisis to diminished goal‐related evaluations and weakened commitment. Experiment 3 further clarifies action crisis’ influence on consumer goal pursuit by revealing decreased cognitive and behavioral engagement that does not involve a shift in construal level when compared to action phase consumers. Extending understanding of action crisis as a possible mindset and action phase, these five experiments advance goal disengagement theory by connecting changes in cognition, motivation, and behavior to action crisis.
Co‐occurrence of schwannomatosis and rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome 1
Authors: Kehrer‐Sawatzki Hildegard , Kordes Uwe , Seiffert Simone , Summerer Anna , Hagel Christian , Schüller Ulrich , Farschtschi Said , Schneppenheim Reinhard , Bendszus Martin , Godel Tim , Mautner Victor‐Felix
Published: May 2018

Background

The clinical phenotype associated with germline SMARCB1 mutations has as yet not been fully documented. It is known that germline SMARCB1 mutations may cause rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome (RTPS1) or schwannomatosis. However, the co‐occurrence of rhabdoid tumor and schwannomas in the same patient has not so far been reported.

Methods

We investigated a family with members harboring a germline SMARCB1 deletion by means of whole‐body MRI as well as high‐resolution microstructural magnetic resonance neurography (MRN). Breakpoint‐spanning PCRs were performed to characterize the SMARCB1 deletion and its segregation in the family.

Results

The index patient of this family was in complete continuous remission for an atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) treated at the age of 2 years. However, at the age of 21 years, she exhibited paraparesis of her legs and MRI investigations revealed multiple intrathoracic and spinal schwannomas. Breakpoint‐spanning PCRs indicated that the germline deletion segregating in the family encompasses 6.4‐kb and includes parts of SMARCB1 intron 7, exons 8–9 and 3.3‐kb located telomeric to exon 9 including the SMARCB1 3′ UTR. The analysis of sequences at the deletion breakpoints showed that the deletion has been caused by replication errors including template‐switching. The patient had inherited the deletion from her 56‐year‐old healthy mother who did not exhibit schwannomas or other tumors as determined by whole‐body MRI. However, MRN of the peripheral nerves of the mother's extremities revealed multiple fascicular microlesions which have been previously identified as indicative of schwannomatosis‐associated subclinical peripheral nerve pathology.

Conclusion

The occurrence of schwannomatosis‐associated clinical symptoms independent of the AT/RT as the primary disease should be considered in long‐term survivors of AT/RT. Furthermore, our investigations indicate that germline SMARCB1 mutation carriers not presenting RTs or schwannomatosis‐associated clinical symptoms may nevertheless exhibit peripheral nerve pathology as revealed by MRN.
Porous Fe3O4 Nanospheres with Controlled Porosity for Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Kuchi Rambabu , Dongquoc Viet , Surabhi Srivathsava , Kim Dojin , Yoon Soon‐Gil , Park Seung‐Young , Choi Jihoon , Jeong Jong‐Ryul
Published: May 2018

Porous magnetite (Fe3O4) nanospheres are successfully prepared through a one‐pot solvothermal method with a gas‐bubble‐assisted Ostwald ripening process. The formation mechanism is explored by studying the reaction parameters, including the concentration of the precipitating agent, capping agent, and urea gas source for a fixed reaction temperature and time. The authors’ results show that the Fe3O4 nanospheres are composed of many primary nanocrystals, the sizes of which are well regulated by urea concentration. As such, the size of the spherical primary nanocrystal determines the porosity of Fe3O4 nanospheres. Strong reflection loss of −49.2 dB is observed at 11.9 GHz for highly porous Fe3O4 nanospheres with a thickness of 2.7 mm due to multiple scatterings in void spaces and increased dielectric loss caused by higher interfacial polarization relaxation loss in the porous structure. The authors believe that the prepared porous Fe3O4 nanospheres are good candidates for electromagnetic absorption applications.
Flexible Calorimetric Gas Sensors for Detection of a Broad Concentration Range of Gaseous Hydrogen Peroxide: A Step Forward to Online Monitoring of Food‐Package Sterilization Processes
Authors: Vahidpour Farnoosh , Oberländer Jan , Schöning Michael J.
Published: May 2018

In this study, flexible calorimetric gas sensors are developed for specific detection of gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) over a wide concentration range, which is used in sterilization processes for aseptic packaging industry. The flexibility of these sensors is an advantage for identifying the chemical components of the sterilant on the corners of the food boxes, so‐called “cold spots”, as critical locations in aseptic packaging, which are of great importance. These sensors are fabricated on flexible polyimide films by means of thin‐film technique. Thin layers of titanium and platinum have been deposited on polyimide to define the conductive structures of the sensors. To detect the high‐temperature evaporated H2O2, a differential temperature set‐up is proposed. The sensors are evaluated in a laboratory‐scaled sterilization system to simulate the sterilization process. The concentration range of the evaporated H2O2 from 0 to 7.7% v/v was defined and the sensors have successfully detected high as well as low H2O2 concentrations with a sensitivity of 5.04 °C/% v/v. The characterizations of the sensors confirm their precise fabrication, high sensitivity and the novelty of low H2O2 concentration detections for future inline monitoring of food‐package sterilization.
Investigation of mixed model repeated measures analyses and non‐linear random coefficient models in the context of long‐term efficacy data
Authors: Delafont Bruno , Carroll Kevin , Vilain Claire , Pham Emmanuel
Published: May 2018

The longitudinal data from 2 published clinical trials in adult subjects with upper limb spasticity (a randomized placebo‐controlled study [NCT01313299] and its long‐term open‐label extension [NCT01313312]) were combined. Their study designs involved repeat intramuscular injections of abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®), and efficacy endpoints were collected accordingly.

With the objective of characterizing the pattern of response across cycles, Mixed Model Repeated Measures analyses and Non‐Linear Random Coefficient (NLRC) analyses were performed and their results compared. The Mixed Model Repeated Measures analyses, commonly used in the context of repeated measures with missing dependent data, did not involve any parametric shape for the curve of changes over time. Based on clinical expectations, the NLRC included a negative exponential function of the number of treatment cycles, with its asymptote and rate included as random coefficients in the model. Our analysis focused on 2 specific efficacy parameters reflecting complementary aspects of efficacy in the study population.

A simulation study based on a similar study design was also performed to further assess the performance of each method under different patterns of response over time. This highlighted a gain of precision with the NLRC model, and most importantly the need for its assumptions to be verified to avoid potentially biased estimates.

These analyses describe a typical situation and the conditions under which non‐linear mixed modeling can provide additional insights on the behavior of efficacy parameters over time. Indeed, the resulting estimates from the negative exponential NLRC can help determine the expected maximal effect and the treatment duration required to reach it.
Fracturing dams, fractured data: Empirical trends and characteristics of existing and removed dams in the United States
Authors: Grabowski Zbigniew J. , Chang Heejun , Granek Elise F.
Published: May 2018

Dam removals in the United States continue to accelerate in pace and scope, but no national analyses have examined how removed dams compare with existing dam stock. Here, we review and analyse the best available national data on dams from the National Inventory of Dams (NID), dam removals from American Rivers, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the National River Restoration Science Synthesis databases to compare trends and characteristics of removed versus existing dams in the United States. If historical trends continue, by 2050 the United States can expect between 4,000 and 36,000 total removals, including 2,000–10,000 removals of NID dams. Best‐fit regression models estimate total costs between $50.5 million and $25.1 billion (mean $10.5 billion, median $416.5 million) for all removals and $29.6 million to $18.9 billion (mean $7.2 billion, median $285 million) for NID removals, a significant cost savings over present stated dam rehabilitation needs. Structural characteristics and ages of documented removals are not representative of existing dams, with privately owned hydroelectric dams subject to public oversight and water supply dams the most disproportionately removed. We conclude that dam removal science would benefit from the creation of an interdisciplinary framework for studying dams as environmental, social, and technological interventions, facilitated by transparent datasets around dams and removals and reflexive research approaches that combine statistical approaches with place‐based analyses.
The roles of social influences on student competence, relatedness, achievement, and retention in STEM
Authors: Hilts Alexis , Part Rachel , Bernacki Matthew L.
Published: May 2018

Students’ perceptions of competence and relatedness are known to influence learning processes and achievement, and may have particular import for underrepresented science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) learners. Sources of social support that contribute to undergraduate life science learners’ perceived competence and relatedness were examined, as were achievement and retention outcomes influenced by these sources of support and self‐determination theory components. Female, ethnically underrepresented, or first‐generation students reported similar levels of perceived competence and relatedness in STEM compared to their majority counterparts at a large, urban university. However, social supports, competence, and relatedness were differentially important for these subgroups as predictors of achievement and intention to leave a science major. For the full sample, competence perceptions predicted greater achievement and lessened intentions to leave a major. Competence perceptions were primarily derived from contact with classmates, especially for underrepresented groups. Feelings of relatedness were specifically important for the retention of women pursuing science degrees. Contacts with STEM peers and classmates were sources of relatedness for majority groups, but classmate contact was not significant for underrepresented groups. Findings highlight the value of promoting competence and relatedness and the differing sources that these subgroups draw on to build the perceived competence and relatedness that can predict achievement and retention.
A growth mechanism for carbon nanotubes using metal oxides as catalysts
Authors: Wahab Hassan , El Gomati Mohamed M. , Hinder Steven J. , Watts John F.
Published: May 2018

Metal oxides have only recently begun to be used as catalysts for the growth of carbon nanotubes. Here, we propose a new model for the growth of carbon nanotubes, based on the intra‐granular charge transfer transition and the lattice strain of the catalyst nanoparticles. This is supported by results obtained from the doped metal oxides like samarium doped zinc oxide (SmZnO) and terbium doped zinc oxide (TbZnO). The intragranular charge transfer transition is believed to be responsible for the dissociation of the hydrocarbon molecules. The lattice strain of the catalyst nanoparticles appears to be responsible for the diffusion of carbon atoms through the catalyst particles.
Preparation and Characterization of Pure Thiosulfuric Acid
Authors: Hopfinger Mathias , Zischka Florian , Seifert Mathias , Kornath Andreas J.
Published: May 2018

Pure thiosulfuric acid has not been prepared yet, although it is described in most textbooks of inorganic chemistry. Furthermore, no experimental evidence for the structure of thiosulfuric acid is known. Theoretical calculations predict the (SH)(OH) tautomer to be more stable than the (OH)(OH) tautomer. In this work we present the synthesis and spectroscopical characterization of pure thiosulfuric acid. X2S2O3 (X = H, D) was obtained from the reaction of dry Na2S2O3 with anhydrous HF at –60 °C. The experimental vibrational and NMR spectra together with quantum chemical calculations provide evidence for the predicted (SH)(OH) tautomeric structure.
Partition functions on 3d circle bundles and their gravity duals
Authors: Toldo Chiara , Willett Brian
Published: May 2018

Abstract

The partition function of a three-dimensional

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

theory on the manifold ℳ
g,p
, an S
1 bundle of degree p over a closed Riemann surface Σ
g
, was recently computed via supersymmetric localization. In this paper, we compute these partition functions at large N in a class of quiver gauge theories with holographic M-theory duals. We provide the supergravity bulk dual having as conformal boundary such three-dimensional circle bundles. These configurations are solutions to

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

minimal gauged supergravity and pertain to the class of Taub-NUT-AdS and Taub-Bolt-AdS preserving 1/4 of the supersymmetries. We discuss the conditions for the uplift of these solutions to M-theory, and compute the on-shell action via holographic renormalization. We show that the uplift condition and on-shell action for the Bolt solutions are correctly reproduced by the large N limit of the partition function of the dual superconformal field theory. In particular, the Σ
g
 × S
1 = ℳ
g,0 partition function, which was recently shown to match the entropy of AdS4 black holes, and the S
3 ≅ ℳ0,1 free energy, occur as special cases of our formalism, and we comment on relations between them.
Measurement of Γee(J/ψ) with KEDR detector
Authors: Anashin V. V , Aulchenko V. M , Baldin E. M , Barladyan A. K , Barnyakov A. Y , Barnyakov M. Y , Baru S. E , Bedny I. V , Blinov A. E , Blinov V. E , Bobrov A. V , Bobrovnikov V. S , Bogomyagkov A. V , Bondar A. E , Bondarev D. V , Buzykaev A. R , Eidelman S. I , Glukhovchenko Y. M , Gulevich V. V , Gusev D. V , Karnaev S. E , Karpov G. V , Karpov S. V , Kharlamova T. A , Kiselev V. A , Kononov S. A , Kotov K. Y , Kravchenko E. A , Kulikov V. F , Kurkin G. Y , Kuper E. A , Levichev E. B , Maksimov D. A , Malyshev V. M , Maslennikov A. L , Medvedko A. S , Meshkov O. I , Mishnev S. I , Morozov I. I , Muchnoi N. Y , Neufeld V. V , Nikitin S. A , Nikolaev I. B , Okunev I. N , Onuchin A. P , Oreshkin S. B , Orlov I. O , Osipov A. A , Peleganchuk S. V , Pivovarov S. G , Piminov P. A , Petrov V. V , Poluektov A. O , Popkov I. N , Prisekin V. G , Rezanova O. L , Ruban A. A , Sandyrev V. K , Savinov G. A , Shamov A. G , Shatilov D. N , Shwartz B. A , Simonov E. A , Sinyatkin S. V , Skovpen Y. I , Skrinsky A. N , Smaluk V. V , Sokolov A. V , Sukharev A. M , Starostina E. V , Talyshev A. A , Tayursky V. A , Telnov V. I , Tikhonov Y. A , Todyshev K. Y , Tumaikin G. M , Usov Y. V , Vorobiov A. I , Yushkov A. N , Zhilich V. N , Zhulanov V. V , Zhuravlev A. N
Published: May 2018

Abstract

The product of the electronic width of theJ/ψmeson and the branching fractions of its decay to hadrons and electrons has been measured using the KEDR detector at the VEPP-4Me+e−collider. The obtained values are$$ \begin{array}{c}\hfill {\Gamma}_{ee}\left(J/\psi \right)=5.550\pm 0.056\pm 0.089\kern0.5em \mathrm{keV},\hfill \\ {}\hfill {\Gamma}_{ee}\left(J/\psi \right)\cdotp {\mathrm{\mathcal{B}}}_{\mathrm{hadrons}}\left(J/\psi \right)=4.884\pm 0.048\pm 0.078\kern0.5em \mathrm{keV},\hfill \\ {}\hfill {\Gamma}_{ee}\left(J/\psi \right)\cdotp {\mathrm{\mathcal{B}}}_{ee}\left(J/\psi \right)=0.3331\pm 0.0066\pm 0.0040\kern0.5em \mathrm{keV}.\hfill \end{array} $$ΓeeJ/ψ=5.550±0.056±0.089keV,ΓeeJ/ψ·ℬhadronsJ/ψ=4.884±0.048±0.078keV,ΓeeJ/ψ·ℬeeJ/ψ=0.3331±0.0066±0.0040keV.

The uncertainties shown are statistical and systematic, respectively. Using the result presented and the world-average value of the electronic branching fraction, one obtains the total width of theJ/ψmeson:$$ \Gamma =92.94\pm 1.83\kern0.5em \mathrm{keV}. $$Γ=92.94±1.83keV.

These results are consistent with the previous experiments.
Case‐Matched Comparison of Long‐Term Functional and Quality of Life Outcomes Following Laparoscopic Versus Open Ileal Pouch‐Anal Anastomosis
Authors: Lavryk Olga A. , Stocchi Luca , Ashburn Jean H. , Costedio Meagan , Gorgun Emre , Hull Tracy L. , Kessler Hermann , Delaney Conor P.
Published: May 2018

Background

Laparoscopic ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) is associated with recovery benefits when compared with open IPAA. There is limited data on long‐term quality of life and functional outcomes, which this study aimed to assess.

Methods

An IRB‐approved, prospectively maintained database was queried to identify patients undergoing laparoscopic IPAA (L), case‐matched with open IPAA (O) based on age ± 5 years, gender, body mass index (BMI) ± 5 kg/m2, diagnosis, date of surgery ± 3 years, stapled/handsewn anastomosis, omission of diverting loop ileostomy and length of follow‐up ± 3 years. We assessed functional results, dietary, social, work, sexual restrictions and the Cleveland Clinic global quality of life score (CGQoL) at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 years postoperatively. Functional outcomes were assessed based on number of stools (day/night) and seepage protection use (day/night). Variables were evaluated with Kaplan–Meier survival curves, uni‐ and multivariable analyses.

Results

Out of 4595 IPAAs, 529 patients underwent L, of whom 404 patients were well matched 1:1 to an equivalent number of O based on all criteria. Median follow‐ups were 2 (0.5–17.8) versus 2.4 (0.5–22.2) years in L versus O, respectively (p = 0.18). L was associated with significantly decreased number of stools at night and less frequent pad usage at 1 year, both during the day and at night. Functional outcomes became similar during further follow‐up. L was also associated with improved overall CGQoL, and energy scores at 1 year postoperatively, and decreased social restrictions for 1–2 years. There were no significant differences in quality of health, dietary, work or sexual restrictions. Laparoscopy was not associated with increased risk of pouch failure (p = 0.07) or significantly different causes of pouch failure when compared to O.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic and open IPAA are associated with equivalent long‐term functional outcomes, quality of life and pouch survival rates. Laparoscopic technique is associated with temporary benefits lasting 1 or 2 years.
Ontogeny of white matter, toll‐like receptor expression, and motor skills in the neonatal ferret
Authors: Snyder Jessica M. , Wood Thomas R. , Corry Kylie , Moralejo Daniel H. , Parikh Pratik , Juul Sandra E.
Published: May 2018

Inflammation caused by perinatal infection, superimposed with hypoxia and/or hyperoxia, appears to be important in the pathogenesis of preterm neonatal encephalopathy, with white matter particularly vulnerable during the third trimester. The associated inflammatory response is at least partly mediated through Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐dependent mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and behavioral studies were used to characterize white matter development and determine TLR3 and TLR4 expression and accumulation in the neonatal ferret brain. Expression of markers of white matter development increased significantly between postnatal day (P)1 and P10 (NG2, PDGFRα) or P15 (Olig2), and either remained elevated (NG2), or decreased again at P40 (PDGFRα, Olig2). Olig2 immunostaining within the internal capsule was also greatest at P15. Myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining and mRNA expression increased markedly from P15 to P40 and into adulthood, which correlated with increasing performance on behavioral tests (negative geotaxis, cliff aversion, righting reflex, and catwalk gait analysis). TLR4 and TLR3 positive staining was low at all ages, but TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA expression both increased significantly from P1 to P40. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia/hyperoxia exposure at P10, meningeal and parenchymal inflammation was seen, including an increase in TLR4 positive cells. These data suggest that the neuroinflammation associated with prematurity could be modeled in the newborn ferret.
The Dual Lives of “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance”
Authors: Fox Gregory H. , Roth Brad R.
Published: May 2018

Thomas M. Franck's The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance has lived a dual existence. On the one hand, it is almost universally cited as having brought international lawyers into the freewheeling debate of the early 1990s among scholars of international relations, comparative politics, and political theory about the so-called “Third Wave” of democratization. On the other hand, the article is not infrequently described as a legal avatar of post-Cold War Western triumphalism, often sharing a sentence or a footnote with Francis Fukuyama's The End of History and the Last Man. From the standpoint of the two authors of this essay—one a long-time defender of Franck's thesis and the other a long-time critic—both of these broad-brush characterizations of the article contain elements of truth, but both are also woefully incomplete.
The Right to Democracy in a Populist Era
Authors: Bugarič Bojan
Published: May 2018

Thomas Franck's “emerging” right to democracy seems to be entering turbulent times, as the current global democratic recession has undermined the optimism of the 1990s. The greatest paradox of the current populist wave is that democracy is being subverted by leaders promising more, not less, democracy—but it is a democracy of a different kind. Populists embrace the “form” of democracy and claim to speak for the people themselves. At the same time, however, by undermining its liberal constitutional foundations, they erode the substance of democracy, and gradually transform it into various forms of illiberal and authoritarian regimes.
A PUZZLE ABOUT EXPERTS, EVIDENTIAL SCREENING-OFF AND CONDITIONALIZATION
Authors: Nissan-Rozen Ittay
Published: May 2018

I present a puzzle about the epistemic role beliefs about experts' beliefs play in a rational agent's system of beliefs. It is shown that accepting the claim that an expert's degree of belief in a proposition, A, screens off the evidential support another proposition, B, gives to A in case the expert knows and is certain about whether B is true, leads in some cases to highly unintuitive conclusions. I suggest a solution to the puzzle according to which evidential screening off is rejected, but show that the price of this solution is either giving up on the mere idea of deferring to expert's opinion or giving up on Bayesian conditionalization.
Reappraisal of the velocity derivative flatness factor in various turbulent flows
Authors: Tang S. L. , Antonia R. A. , Djenidi L. , Danaila L. , Zhou Y.
Published: May 2018

We first analytically show, starting with the Navier–Stokes equations, that the value of the derivative flatness is controlled by pressure diffusion of energy, viscous destructive effects and large-scale effects (decay and/or production). The latter two terms tend to zero when the Taylor-microscale Reynolds number$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$is sufficiently large. We argue that the pressure-diffusion term should also tend to a constant at large$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$. Available data for the velocity derivative flatness,$F$, in different turbulent flows are re-examined and interpreted in the light of the finite-Reynolds-number effect. It is found that$F$can differ from flow to flow at moderate$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$; for a given flow,$F$may also depend on the initial conditions. The data for$F$in various flows, e.g. along the axis in the far field of plane and circular jets, and grid turbulence, show that it approaches a constant, with a value slightly larger than 10, when$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$is sufficiently large. This behaviour for$F$is supported, at least qualitatively, by our analytical considerations. The constancy of$F$at large$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$violates the refined similarity hypothesis introduced by Kolmogorov (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 13, 1962, pp. 82–85) to account for the intermittency of the energy dissipation rate. It is not, however, inconsistent with Kolmogorov’s original similarity hypothesis (Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 30, 1941, pp. 299–303), although we contend that the power-law relation$F\sim Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{4}}$(Kolmogorov 1962), which is widely accepted in the literature, has in reality been almost invariably used to ‘model’ the finite-Reynolds-number effect for the laboratory data and has been strongly influenced by the weighting given to the atmospheric surface layer data. The inclusion of the latter data has misled previous investigations of how$F$varies with $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$.
Monodisperse particle-laden exchange flows in a vertical duct
Authors: Mirzaeian N. , Alba K.
Published: May 2018

We study buoyancy-driven exchange flow of two mixtures in a vertical narrow duct (two-dimensional channel as well as pipe) theoretically. While the light mixture is assumed always to be a pure fluid, the heavy mixture can be selected as either a pure or a particle-laden fluid. A small width-to-length ratio considered for the duct ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\ll 1$) has been used as the perturbation parameter in developing a lubrication model (negligible inertia). In particular, we have adopted the methodology of Zhou et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94, 2005, 117803) for free-surface particle-laden film flows and extended it to a lock exchange system in confined geometry under the Boussinesq approximation. The resulting model is in the form of the classical Riemann problem and has been solved numerically using a robust total variation diminishing finite difference scheme. Both pure and particle-laden cases are investigated in detail. It is observed that the interface between the two fluids takes a self-similar shape at long times. In the case that both heavy and light fluids are pure, the dynamics of the flow is governed by two dimensionless quantities, namely the Reynolds number, $Re$, and the viscosity ratio, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$, of the light and heavy fluids. The interpenetration of the heavy and light layers increases with $Re$ but decreases with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$. Also, the heights of the heavy and light fronts change with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$ but remain unchanged with $Re$. In the case of the particle-laden flow, however, four additional dimensionless parameters emerge, namely the initial volume fraction of particles, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{0}$, the ratio of particle diameter to duct width, $r_{p}$, and the density ratios of particles to carrying fluid, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D709}$, and of light fluid to carrying fluid, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$. The effect of these parameters on the dynamics of the flow has been quantified through a systematic approach. In the presence of solid particles, the interface between the heavy and light layers becomes more curved compared to the case of pure fluids. This modification occurs due to the change of heavy mixture viscosity alongside the duct. Novel particle-rich zones are further discovered in the vicinity of the advancing heavy and light fronts. These zones are associated with different transport rates of the fluid and solid particles. The degree of particle enrichment remains the same with $Re$, is enhanced by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$, $r_{p}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$, and is slightly diminished with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{0}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D709}$. On the other hand, the stretched exchange zone between the heavy and light fronts grows with $r_{p}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ and $Re$, but decays with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{0}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D709}$.
Advection and diffusion in a chemically induced compressible flow
Authors: Raynal Florence , Bourgoin Mickael , Cottin-Bizonne Cécile , Ybert Christophe , Volk Romain
Published: May 2018

We study analytically the joint dispersion of Gaussian patches of salt and colloids in linear flows, and how salt gradients accelerate or delay colloid spreading by diffusiophoretic effects. Because these flows have constant gradients in space, the problem can be solved almost entirely for any set of parameters, leading to predictions of how the mixing time and the Batchelor scale are modified by diffusiophoresis. We observe that the evolution of global concentrations, defined as the inverse of the patches’ areas, are very similar to those obtained experimentally in chaotic advection. They are quantitatively explained by examining the area dilatation factor, in which diffusive and diffusiophoretic effects are shown to be additive and appear as the divergence of a diffusive contribution or of a drift velocity. An analysis based on compressibility is developed in the salt-attracting case, for which colloids are first compressed before dispersion, to predict the maximal colloid concentration as a function of the parameters. This maximum is found not to depend on the flow stretching rate nor on its topology (strain or shear flow), but only on the characteristics of salt and colloids (diffusion coefficients and diffusiophoretic constant) and the initial size of the patches.
RANKIN–SELBERG CONVOLUTIONS OF NONCUSPIDAL HALF-INTEGRAL WEIGHT MAASS FORMS IN THE PLUS SPACE
Authors: MIZUNO YOSHINORI
Published: May 2018

The author gives the analytic properties of the Rankin–Selberg convolutions of two half-integral weight Maass forms in the plus space. Applications to the Koecher–Maass series associated with nonholomorphic Siegel–Eisenstein series are given.