bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambiguous, Bipolar Beauty: And Similarly Agile and Fragile Post‐Digital Practices
Authors: Colletti Marjan
Published: September 2019

Architect and educator Marjan Colletti considers beauty in what he calls the ‘fourth Industrial Revolution’ – the post‐digital age. He begins with an ode to Beauty and continues in an autobiographical mode blending fact and personal experience. At points he evokes chimeras, myths and the South Tyrolean landscape; at others he describes aesthetic arousal in art and architecture as well as its power to scare – all in search of a personal beauty.
Deep Immediacy: Programming Beauty
Authors: Rutzinger Stefan , Schinegger Kristina
Published: September 2019

Where might we find post‐digital beauty? Stefan Rutzinger and Kristina Schinegger, architectural teachers and founding principals of Vienna‐based soma architecture, argue that in an era where big data sets and artificial intelligence software assistants are taking the grunt work out of architectural production, notions of beauty and function need to be reworked and re‐established.
‘A Rose by Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet’: Finding Beauty in the Past Century
Authors: Powers Alan
Published: September 2019

Were ideas of beauty denied by modern architects, only to re‐emerge recently? Alan Powers, teacher of architectural history at the London School of Architecture, University of Westminster and New York University in London, looks at notions of beauty and its synonyms during the halcyon days of 20th‐century Modernism.
Cell‐Perceived Substrate Curvature Dynamically Coordinates the Direction, Speed, and Persistence of Stromal Cell Migration
Authors: Werner Maike , Petersen Ansgar , Kurniawan Nicholas A. , Bouten Carlijn V. C.
Published: September 2019

Adherent cells residing within tissues or biomaterials are presented with 3D geometrical cues from their environment, often in the form of local surface curvatures. While there is growing evidence that cellular decision‐making is influenced by substrate curvature, the effect of physiologically relevant, cell‐scale anisotropic curvatures remains poorly understood. This study systematically explores the migration behavior of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) on a library of anisotropic curved structures. Analysis of cell trajectories reveals that, on convex cylindrical structures, hBMSC migration speed and persistence are strongly governed by the cellular orientation on the curved structure, while migration on concave cylindrical structures is characterized by fast but non‐aligned and non‐persistent migration. Concurrent presentation of concave and convex substrates on toroidal structures induces migration in the direction where hBMSCs can most effectively avoid cell bending. These distinct migration behaviors are found to be universally explained by the cell‐perceived substrate curvature, which on anisotropic curved structures is dependent on both the temporally varying cell orientation and the 3D cellular morphology. This work demonstrates that cell migration is dynamically guided by the perceived curvature of the underlying substrate, providing an important biomaterial design parameter for instructing cell migration in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Knittable and Washable Multifunctional MXene‐Coated Cellulose Yarns
Authors: Uzun Simge , Seyedin Shayan , Stoltzfus Amy L. , Levitt Ariana S. , Alhabeb Mohamed , Anayee Mark , Strobel Christina J. , Razal Joselito M. , Dion Genevieve , Gogotsi Yury
Published: September 2019

Textile‐based electronics enable the next generation of wearable devices, which have the potential to transform the architecture of consumer electronics. Highly conductive yarns that can be manufactured using industrial‐scale processing and be washed like everyday yarns are needed to fulfill the promise and rapid growth of the smart textile industry. By coating cellulose yarns with Ti3C2Tx MXene, highly conductive and electroactive yarns are produced, which can be knitted into textiles using an industrial knitting machine. It is shown that yarns with MXene loading of ≈77 wt% (≈2.2 mg cm−1) have conductivity of up to 440 S cm−1. After washing for 45 cycles at temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 °C, MXene‐coated cotton yarns exhibit a minimal increase in resistance while maintaining constant MXene loading. The MXene‐coated cotton yarn electrode offers a specific capacitance of 759.5 mF cm−1 at 2 mV s−1. A fully knitted textile‐based capacitive pressure sensor is also prepared, which offers high sensitivity (gauge factor of ≈6.02), wide sensing range of up to ≈20% compression, and excellent cycling stability (2000 cycles at ≈14% compression strain). This work provides new and practical insights toward the development of platform technology that can integrate MXene in cellulose‐based yarns for textile‐based devices.
Van der Waals Epitaxy of III‐Nitride Semiconductors Based on 2D Materials for Flexible Applications
Authors: Yu Jiadong , Wang Lai , Hao Zhibiao , Luo Yi , Sun Changzheng , Wang Jian , Han Yanjun , Xiong Bing , Li Hongtao
Published: September 2019

III‐nitride semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to their excellent physical properties and wide applications in solid‐state lighting, flat‐panel displays, and solar energy and power electronics. Generally, GaN‐based devices are heteroepitaxially grown on c‐plane sapphire, Si (111), or 6H‐SiC substrates. However, it is very difficult to release the GaN‐based films from such single‐crystalline substrates and transfer them onto other foreign substrates. Consequently, it is difficult to meet the ever‐increasing demand for wearable and foldable applications. On the other hand, sp2‐bonded two‐dimensional (2D) materials, which exhibit hexagonal in‐plane lattice arrangements and weakly bonded layers, can be transferred onto flexible substrates with ease. Hence, flexible III‐nitride devices can be implemented through such 2D release layers. In this progress report, the recent advances in the different strategies for the growth of III‐nitrides based on 2D materials are reviewed, with a focus on van der Waals epitaxy and transfer printing. Various attempts are presented and discussed herein, including the different kinds of 2D materials (graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides) used as release layers. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives regarding the development of flexible III‐nitride devices are discussed.
Copper(I)‐Chelated Cross‐Linked Cyclen Micelles as a Nanocatalyst for Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition in Both Water and Cells
Authors: Xiang Fuqing , Li Bing , Zhao Pengxiang , Tan Jiangbing , Yu Yunlong , Zhang Shiyong
Published: September 2019

Featuring the dendrimer‐like properties, the cross‐linked small‐molecule micelles (cSMs) have been shown to be a good alternative to dendrimers in many applications. Following this trend, herein the copper(I)‐chelated cross‐linked cyclen micelles (CuI@cCMs) were created as a nanocatalyst for azide‐alkyne cycloaddition. Both alkynes and azides with diverse structures performed with excellent reactivity in water at the parts‐per‐million (ppm) catalyst usage. Recycle experiments disclosed that the nanocatalyst had only slight decrease of catalytic efficiency after reusing many times. Importantly, the CuI@cCMs could easily enter cells and carry out the intracellular catalysis for lighting up and/or killing cancer cells.

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Continuous Flow Routes toward Designer Metal Nanocatalysts
Authors: Santana Joshua S. , Skrabalak Sara E.
Published: September 2019

Mono‐ and multimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) have diverse and tunable physicochemical properties that arise from their compositions as well as crystallite size and shape. The ability to control precisely the composition and structure of NPs through synthesis is central to achieving state‐of‐the‐art designer metal NPs for use as catalysts and electrocatalysts. However, a major limitation to the use of designer metal NPs as catalysts is the ability to scale their syntheses while maintaining structural precision. To address this challenge, continuous flow routes to metal NPs involving the use of droplet microreactors are being developed, providing the synthetic versatility necessary to achieve known and completely new nanostructures. This progress report outlines how the chemistry and process parameters of droplet microreactors can be used to achieve high performing nanocatalysts through control of NP composition, size, shape, and architecture and outlines directions toward previously unimaginable nanostructures.
Smart Windows: Electro‐, Thermo‐, Mechano‐, Photochromics, and Beyond
Authors: Ke Yujie , Chen Jingwei , Lin Gaojian , Wang Shancheng , Zhou Yang , Yin Jie , Lee Pooi See , Long Yi
Published: September 2019

A smart window that dynamically modulates light transmittance is crucial for building energy efficiently, and promising for on‐demand optical devices. The rapid development of technology brings out different categories that have fundamentally different transmittance modulation mechanisms, including the electro‐, thermo‐, mechano‐, and photochromic smart windows. In this review, recent progress in smart windows of each category is overviewed. The strategies for each smart window are outlined with particular focus on functional materials, device design, and performance enhancement. The advantages and disadvantages of each category are summarized, followed by a discussion of emerging technologies such as dual stimuli triggered smart window and integrated devices toward multifunctionality. These multifunctional devices combine smart window technology with, for example, solar cells, triboelectric nanogenerators, actuators, energy storage devices, and electrothermal devices. Lastly, a perspective is provided on the future development of smart windows.
Living a Good Way of Life: Perspectives from American Indian and First Nation Young Adults
Authors: Kading Margarette L. , Gonzalez Miigis B. , Herman Kaley A. , Gonzalez John , Walls Melissa L.
Published: September 2019

In this study, we respond to calls for strengths‐based Indigenous research by highlighting American Indian and First Nations (Anishinaabe) perspectives on wellness. We engaged with Anishinaabe community members by using an iterative, collaborative Group Concept Mapping methodology to define strengths from a within‐culture lens. Participants (n = 13) shared what it means to live a good way of life/have wellness for Anishinaabe young adults, ranked/sorted their ideas, and shared their understanding of the map. Results were represented by nine clusters of wellness, which addressed aspects of self‐care, self‐determination, actualization, community connectedness, traditional knowledge, responsibility to family, compassionate respect toward others, enculturation, and connectedness with earth/ancestors. The clusters were interrelated, primarily in the relationship between self‐care and focus on others. The results are interpreted by the authors and Anishinaabe community members though the use of the Seven Grandfather Teachings, which provide a framework for understanding Anishinaabe wellness. The Seven Grandfather Teachings include Honesty (Gwayakwaadiziwin), Respect (Manaadendamowin), Humility (Dabaadendiziwin), Love (Zaagi'idiwin), Wisdom (Nibwaakaawin), Bravery/Courage (Aakode'ewin), and Truth (Debwewin).
The role of biocultural approaches in assessing interventions for maternal weight and gestational weight gain
Authors: Hicks Kathryn
Published: September 2019

Public health and other researchers express growing concern for the role of maternal adiposity and gestational weight gain in driving the obesity epidemic and health disparities based on race and class. Biocultural scholars must continue to contribute to conversations on how best to address issues of population health including the developmental context of obesity, drawing from both evolutionary and social theory. I discuss a number of intervention studies designed to address gestational weight gain in low‐income and minority women and consider the degree to which they address the social, political, and economic context, and developmental history of mothers. I further examine the potential for these interventions, focused on the individual behavior of mothers, to contribute to stigma based on socially defined race, class, and body shape and size, and to draw attention away from the powerful economic interests that contribute to and benefit from the obesity epidemic. I end with a discussion of the value of developmental systems theory for thinking critically about obesity and other health interventions.
Relationship between total physical activity and physical activity domains with body composition and energy expenditure among Brazilian adults
Authors: Bellafronte Natália T. , Serafini Renata K. K. , Chiarello Paula G.
Published: September 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of total physical activity (PA) and its different domains with sex, weight, body mass index, body composition, and resting energy expenditure (REE) among Brazilian adults. The secondary aim was to assess if the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ) could be used to screen fat mass excess.

Methods

Three hundred and sixty‐six volunteers participated. PA was assessed with the BHPAQ, body composition with multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, and REE with indirect calorimetry.

Results

Total PA and sports/exercise PA were lower in women than men. The participants most active for sports/exercise and leisure‐time/locomotion PA domains had higher fat free mass and phase angle, and lower fat mass and weight than the least active subjects. The occupational PA domain was associated with higher fat mass and weight. REE was associated only with the exercise/sports PA domain. The BHPAQ could discriminate subjects with excess body fat with a 9.375 cutoff point for total PA.

Conclusion

Exercise/sports and leisure‐time/locomotion are PA domains associated with a better body composition. A gender gap still exists in PA, as women are less active than men. The BHPAQ could screen subjects with excess fat mass.
The effectiveness of endoscopic sphenopalatine ganglion block in management of postoperative pain after septal surgery
Authors: Ekici Nur Yücel , Alagöz Sedat
Published: September 2019

Background

This study evaluated the effect of bilateral endoscopic sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPGB) for management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing septoplasty.

Methods

Sixty septoplasty patients (51.7% male, 48.3% female, aged 18 to 45 years) were randomly assigned to general anesthesia (GA) alone (control) (n = 30) or GA plus endoscopic SPGB (n = 30). Demographic data, duration of surgery, blood loss, postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores (upon arrival at the postanesthesia care unit [PACU] and 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery), overall analgesic usage (end of 24 and 168 hours after surgery), overall satisfaction with the pain control (end of 24 and 168 hours after surgery), and complications (bleeding, nausea and vomiting, and visual disturbance) were recorded.

Results

Pain scores upon arrival to the PACU and 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery were significantly lower in the SPGB group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Moreover, the SPGB group had significantly lower analgesic requirements and higher satisfaction scores with their pain control at the end of 24 and 168 hours after surgery compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The 2 groups significantly differed in terms of intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.024), and surgery time was longer in the SPGB group compared to the control group (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

SPGB with bupivacaine is a safe and effective method to reduce pain after septoplasty, and it is a cost‐effective alternative to high doses of analgesics.
Visualizing Progressive Atomic Change in the Metal Surface Structure Made by Ultrafast Electronic Interactions in an Ambient Environment
Authors: Aso Ryotaro , Ogawa Yohei , Tamaoka Takehiro , Yoshida Hideto , Takeda Seiji
Published: September 2019

Understanding the atomic and molecular phenomena occurring in working catalysts and nanodevices requires the elucidation of atomic migration originating from electronic excitations. The progressive atomic dynamics on metal surface under controlled electronic stimulus in real time, space, and gas environments are visualized for the first time. By in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy, the gas molecules introduced into the biased metal nanogap could be activated by electron tunneling and caused the unpredicted atomic dynamics. The typically inactive gold was oxidized locally on the positive tip and field‐evaporated to the negative tip, resulting in the atomic reconstruction on the negative tip surface. This finding of a tunneling‐electron‐attached‐gas process will bring new insights into the design of nanostructures such as nanoparticle catalysts and quantum nanodots and will stimulate syntheses of novel nanomaterials not seen in the ambient environment.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Reductive Hydroxymethylation of Isoquinolines
Authors: Reeves Benjamin M. , Hepburn Hamish B. , Grozavu Alexandru , Lindsay‐Scott Peter J. , Donohoe Timothy J.
Published: September 2019

A transition‐metal‐free reductive hydroxymethylation reaction has been developed, enabling the preparation of tetrahydroisoquinolines bearing C4‐quaternary centers from the corresponding isoquinolines. Deuterium labelling studies and control experiments enable a potential mechanism to be elucidated which features a key Cannizzaro‐type reduction followed by an Evans–Tishchenko reaction. When isoquinolines featuring a proton at the 4‐position are used, a tandem methylation‐hydroxymethylation occurs, leading to the formation of 2 new C−C bonds in one pot.
Economical, Green, and Safe Route Towards Substituted Lactones by Anodic Generation of Oxycarbonyl Radicals
Authors: Petti Alessia , Leech Matthew C. , Garcia Anthony D. , Goodall Iain C. A. , Dobbs Adrian P. , Lam Kevin
Published: September 2019

A new electrochemical methodology has been developed for the generation of oxycarbonyl radicals under mild and green conditions from readily available hemioxalate salts. Mono‐ and multi‐functionalised γ‐butyrolactones were synthesised through exo‐cyclisation of these oxycarbonyl radicals with an alkene, followed by the sp3–sp3 capture of the newly formed carbon‐centred radical. The synthesis of functionalised valerolactone derivatives was also achieved, demonstrating the versatility of the newly developed methodology. This represents a viable synthetic route towards pharmaceutically important fragments and further demonstrates the practicality of electrosynthesis as a green and economical method to activate small organic molecules.
Polybutylene terephthalate modified with dimer acid methyl ester derived from fatty acid methyl esters and its use as a hot‐melt adhesive
Authors: Kim A Ryeon , Park Min Su , Lee Sangjun , Ra Mirae , Shin Jihoon , Kim Young‐Wun
Published: September 2019

A series of polyester copolymers was synthesizedviamelt polycondensation of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), dimethyl isophthalate (DMI), and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) with dimer acid methyl ester (DAME) monomers, previously prepared by the Diels–Alder reaction of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). We obtained copolymers with the desired composition and a high molar mass characterized by1H NMR, FT‐IR, and SEC. The relationship among the composition, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, and adhesion properties of these copolymers was examined, demonstrating that the DAME‐modified copolymers could be substituted for HMA applications and are comparable to petroleum‐based commercial products. As a result, these polyesters could offer improved sustainability and performance and may be good candidates for hot‐melt adhesive materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 48474.
Changes to freshwater mussel assemblages after 25 years of impoundment and river habitat fragmentation
Authors: Hamstead Byron A. , Hartfield Paul D. , Jones Robert L. , Gangloff Michael M.
Published: September 2019

The Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway is among the largest and most expensive environmental engineering projects of the 20th century. The waterway accommodates barge navigation between the Tennessee River Drainage and Mobile River Basin through a series of locks, dams, canals, and dredged and diverted streams. These structures have altered riverine habitat and fragmented lotic habitats resulting in isolated freshwater mussel populations in patches of streams such as the East Fork Tombigbee River, where 42 species were known historically.

The first post‐waterway mussel surveys in 1987 and 1988 reported 31 taxa. During 2010 and 2011 surveys, 70 sites were sampled using both timed searches and quadrats and detected 29 extant mussel species. Between 1988 and 2010–2011 the relative abundance of nine mussel taxa decreased, whereas the abundance of 11 taxa increased. The populations of three federally listed species were detected at levels below the detection limits in 1988 as well as three non‐native unionids that appear to have colonized the East Fork Tombigbee River via the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway River.

Although mussel abundance and total species richness were relatively unchanged, assemblage composition shifted toward animals typical of smaller streams rather than large rivers. This shift suggests that present‐day East Fork Tombigbee River habitats favour smaller‐bodied, thinner shelled taxa that are laterally compressed and lack shell sculpture. These taxa are likely to be better adapted to hydrologically and hydraulically variable habitats than are thick‐shelled, large bodied, and sculptured mussels.

The results suggest that mussel assemblages are dynamic and may exhibit predictable responses to changes in hydrology, physical habitat conditions, and stream connectivity. However, examinations over broad (20+ yr) temporal scales are needed to observe these shifts. The data demonstrate the value of regular monitoring of diverse mussel assemblages and the importance of stream connectivity and flow modifications to this long‐lived group of benthic invertebrates.
Tetrathienylethene‐based Positional Isomers with Aggregation‐induced Emission Enabling Super Red‐shifted Reversible Mechanochromism and Naked‐eye Sensing of Hydrazine Vapor
Authors: Song Wenting , Zhi Junge , Wang Tianyang , Li Bo , Ni Shanshan , Ye Yanchun , Wang Jin‐Liang
Published: September 2019

AIE‐active positional isomers, TTE‐o‐PhCHO, TTE‐m‐PhCHO and TTE‐p‐PhCHO, tetrathienylethene (TTE) derivates with peripherally attached ortho‐/meta‐/para‐formyl phenyl groups, were designed and synthesized. The formyl substitution position can effectively modulate their photophysical properties, mechanochromism and fluorescent response to hydrazine. TTE‐o‐PhCHO and TTE‐m‐PhCHO exhibit remarkable AIE characteristics, and TTE‐p‐PhCHO possesses aggregation‐induced emission enhancement performance. They all exhibit high contrast mechanochromism, and TTE‐m‐PhCHO shows larger red‐shift (164 nm) than TTE‐o‐PhCHO (104 nm) and TTE‐p‐PhCHO (125 nm) due to the more twisted molecular conformation and much looser molecular packing. Moreover, TTE‐o‐PhCHO with a higher contrast color change can be used as ink‐free rewritable paper. In addition, TTE‐p‐PhCHO, as a turn‐on fluorescent probe, can selectively detect hydrazine with significant color changes that are visible by the naked eye . Therefore, the position dependence of groups would be an effective method to modulate the molecular arrangement, as well as develop AIE compounds for mechano‐stimuli responsive materials, ink‐free rewritable papers and chemosensors.
Engineering the metabolic pathways of lipid biosynthesis to develop robust microalgal strains for biodiesel production
Authors: Shahid Ayesha , Rehman Abd ur , Usman Muhammad , Ashraf Muhammad Umer Farooq , Javed Muhammad Rizwan , Khan Aqib Zafar , Gill Saba Shahid , Mehmood Muhammad Aamer
Published: September 2019

Algal lipids have shown promising feedstock to produce biodiesel due to higher energy content, higher cetane number, and renewable nature. However, at present, the lipid productivity is too low to meet the commercial needs. Various approaches can be employed to enhance the lipid content and lipid productivity in microalgae. Stress manipulation is an attractive option to modify the algal lipid content, but it faces the drawback of time‐consuming production processing and lack of information about molecular mechanisms related to triacylglycerides production in response to stress. Developing the robust hyper lipid accumulating algal strains has gained momentum due to advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology tools. Understanding the molecular basis of lipid biosynthesis followed by reorienting the related pathways through genomic modification is an alluring strategy that is believed to achieve the industrial and economic robustness. This review portrays the use of integrated OMIC approaches to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of strain adaptability in response to stress conditions, and identification of molecular pathways that should become novel targets to develop novel algal strains. Moreover, an update on the metabolic engineering approaches to improve the lipid production in microalgae is also provided.
Phosphorylated abacavir analogue (ABC‐1) has ameliorative action against Newcastle disease virus induced pathogenesis in chicken
Authors: Suresh K. A. , Venkata Subbaiah K. C. , Thirunavukkarasu C. , Chennakesavulu S. , Rachamallu A. , Chamarti Naga Raju , Wudayagiri Rajendra , Valluru Lokanatha
Published: September 2019

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes huge economic loss to the poultry industry due to high mortality and morbidity. The present study aimed to assess the protective role of novel phosphorylated analogue ABC‐1 in vivo in NDV‐infected chickens through the inhibition of fusion protein. Both NDV‐induced oxidative damage and protective role of novel phosphorylated ABC‐1 were evaluated in vital organs such as the liver and lung of chickens. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that protein oxidation and nitration levels were significantly raised in NDV‐infected tissues compared to healthy controls, whereas these levels were reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in birds treated with phosphorylated compounds compared to the NDV‐infected group alone. Additional investigation with double immunofluorescence showed that the large amount of immuno colocalization and Western blot analysis also confirmed this observation through its band pattern in NDV‐infected birds compared to healthy birds, whereas these alterations were reduced in treatment with novel phosphorylated ABC‐1. The expression of fusion glycoprotein was studied by immuno colocalization, PCR, and flow cytometry, and results demonstrated that the novel phosphorylated analogues reduced the expression of fusion glycoprotein. These results put forth that novel phosphorylated ABC‐1 protects chickens from NDV‐induced pathogenesis, protein oxidation/nitration, and exerts potent antiviral activity.
Recent Advances in 4D Bioprinting
Authors: Yang Qingzhen , Gao Bin , Xu Feng
Published: September 2019

4D bioprinting has emerged as a powerful technique where the fourth dimension “time” is incorporated with 3D bioprinting. In this technique, the printed bioconstructs are able to change their shapes or functionalities when triggered by either internal or external stimuli. In 4D bioprinting, the materials with/without cells enable the spatial–temporal control of the shape and/or functionality of the constructs. Using this method, researchers have printed bioconstructs that can transform into rather complex structures which are difficult to obtain directly by 3D bioprinting or other methods. Although the history of 4D bioprinting is short, rapid progress in this field is witnessed recently, with focus mainly on developing novel 4D printable materials, exploring novel methods to precisely control the process, and pursuing biomedical applications. To better understand this technique, the recent advances of 4D bioprinting, including the mechanism, structure design principles, applications in biomedical engineering, and also the facing challenges are reviewed.
ToxNav germline genetic testing and PROMinet digital mobile application toxicity monitoring: Results of a prospective single‐center clinical utility study—PRECISE study
Authors: Lee Lennard Y. W. , Starkey Thomas , Sivakumar Shivan , Fotheringham Susan , Mozolowski Guy , Shearwood Vanessa , Palles Claire , Camilleri Philip , Church David , Kerr Rachel , Kerr David
Published: September 2019

Introduction

In this study (PRECISE), we assess the clinical utility of a germline DNA sequencing‐based test (ToxNav) for mutations in DPYD and ENOSF1 genes to alter clinician‐prescribed fluoropyrimidine doses and the use of a digital application (PROMinet) to record patient‐reported chemotherapy toxicity.

Materials and methods

Adult patients with a histological diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) who consented to fluoropyrimidine‐based chemotherapy were recruited prospectively and given a digital application to monitor and record associated toxicities. Patient samples were analyzed for 18 germline coding variants in DPYD and 1 ENOSF1 variant.

Results

Genetic testing was performed for 60 patients and identified one patient at increased risk of fluoropyrimidine‐based toxicities. Uptake of genetic testing was high and results were available on average 17 days from initial clinical encounter. Patient‐reported chemotherapy toxicity identified differences in 5‐fluorouracil vs capecitabine regime profiles and identified profiles associated with subsequent need for chemotherapy dose reduction and hospital admission.

Discussion

The PRECISE clinical trial demonstrated that a germline DNA sequencing‐based test can provide clinically relevant information to alter clinicians' fluoropyrimidine prescription. The study also obtained high volume, high granularity patient‐reported toxicity data that might allow the improvement and personalization of chemotherapy management.
DOK6 promoter methylation serves as a potential biomarker affecting prognosis in de novo acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sun Guo‐Kang , Tang Li‐Juan , Zhou Jing‐Dong , Xu Zi‐Jun , Yang Lan , Yuan Qian , Ma Ji‐Chun , Liu Xing‐Hui , Lin Jiang , Qian Jun , Yao Dong‐Ming
Published: September 2019

Background

Downstream of tyrosine kinase 6 (DOK6), which is specifically expressed in the nervous system, was previously recognized as an adapter only in neurite outgrowth. Recent studies also demonstrated the potential role of DOK6 in solid tumors such as gastric cancer and breast cancer. However, previous studies of DOK6 have not dealt with its roles in myeloid malignancies. Herein, we verified the promoter methylation status of DOK6 and further explored its clinical implication in de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Methods

A total of 100 newly diagnosed adult AML patients were involved in the current study. DOK6 expression and methylation were detected by real‐time qPCR and methylation‐specific PCR (MSP), respectively. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was performed to assess the methylation density of the DOK6 promoter.

Results

Downstream of tyrosine kinase 6 promoter methylation was significantly increased in AML patients compared to controls (P = .037), whereas DOK6 expression significantly decreased in AML patients (P < .001). The expression of DOK6 was markedly up‐regulated after treated by 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐dC) in THP‐1 cell lines. The methylation status of the DOK6 promoter was associated with French‐American‐British classifications (P = .037). There was no significant correlation existed between DOK6 expression and its promoter methylation (R = .077, P = .635). Interestingly, of whole‐AML and non‐APL AML patients, both have a tendency pertaining to the DOK6 methylation group and a significantly longer overall survival (OS) than the DOK6 unmethylation group (P = .042 and .036, respectively).

Conclusion

Our study suggested that DOK6 promoter hypermethylation was a common molecular event in de novo AML patients. Remarkably, DOK6 promoter methylation could serve as an independent and integrated prognostic biomarker not only in non‐APL AML patients but also in AML patients who are less than 60 years old.
The Nature of Child Sexual Abuse among Boys and Girls Attending Saint Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre in Greater Manchester
Authors: Majeed‐Ariss Rabiya , Karsna Kairika , White Catherine
Published: September 2019

This study set out to answer the research question: ‘What are the similarities and differences in the nature of abuse, patterns of disclosure and characteristics of the perpetrator between boys and girls attending a sexual assault referral centre (SARC) for a forensic medical examination?' Retrospective data collection was undertaken from paper case files of 986 service users (142 boys, 844 girls) who attended Saint Mary's SARC for a forensic medical examination (April 2012–March 2015). Demographic data as well as information on the context of the abuse were coded into a standardised digital format. Cross‐tabulation and Pearson's chi‐squared tests were performed to compare the abuse experienced and how abuse was disclosed by children of different genders and ages. Older children accounted for 20 per cent of the boys and 56 per cent of the girls. A higher proportion of girls attended the SARC after a single abusive episode; the abuse of boys was more frequently reported by a parental figure; and boys' abuse was reported later. Younger children were more likely to be abused in the family environment. Younger girls were more likely to experience abuse by a single perpetrator, whereas all boys reported multiple perpetrators. These findings suggest that the relationship between child sexual abuse (CSA) and gender is a complicated and nuanced one.

‘What are the similarities and differences in the nature of abuse, patterns of disclosure and characteristics of the perpetrator between boys and girls attending a sexual assault referral centre (SARC) for a forensic medical examination?'

Key Practitioner Messages

Some gender differences in CSA may be due to professionals' perceptions. It is important to remain mindful that boys may present differently to girls.

Care should be taken when interpreting these results. The majority of CSA is not disclosed nor identified. Where it is, few children receive a forensic medical examination. Practitioners need to be alert to this to safeguard children adequately.

Future research can pursue how identified differences affect boys and girls, thereby enabling better support or protection for children.
Rural Partnership Models
Authors: Klement Emily
Published: September 2019

Rural America has been challenged with a fast‐changing world of economies and migration in recent years; it is imperative to address the issues with thoughtful and strategic partnerships that have a common focus. This chapter presents several successful rural partnership models which demonstrate collaborative and cooperative partnerships, where improved quality of life and sustainability of rural communities can be the ultimate positive outcomes.
Portraits of Rural Community College Leaders
Authors: Eddy Pamela L. , Liu Eric , Hartman Catherine
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a portrait of rural community college leaders and identifies leadership priorities and career plans. Findings highlight the differences between rural and urban leaders regarding leadership development, areas of job foci, and career pathways.
Rural Community Colleges as a Student Choice
Authors: Strawn Rachel Mayes
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents results from a study exploring the experiences of rural high school graduates and the influences on their reasons for attending postsecondary education. In particular, the results presented here are a compilation of several rural students who intentionally chose to attend a local community college.
Evolving Rural Community Colleges With Innovation and Agility
Authors: Salomon‐Fernández Yves
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the forces creating a strong demand for innovation, highlights innovative practices at various community colleges, and concludes with recommendations for igniting and sustaining innovation across the rural community college sector.
Redefining landmarks to improve #safefemoral outcomes
Authors: Khan Asaad , Dangas George
Published: September 2019

Key Points

Retroperitoneal hemorrhage (RPH) and other femoral artery access site complications are associated with “high” arterial punctures.

Using the nadir of inferior epigastric artery (IEA) as the landmark for identifying the inguinal ligament and high punctures can reduce access site complications.

Traditional teaching of aiming for the middle of the femoral head while obtaining femoral access can result in higher than desired puncture site more frequently than aiming for the lower quarter.

Enhanced understanding of anatomical landmarks, use of imaging guidance and strict adherence to safe access practices can help improve outcomes.
Predilatation for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Still have a role?
Authors: Cilingiroglu Mehmet , Marmagkiolis Konstantinos
Published: September 2019

Key Points

Predilation with a balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) was the standard of care for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) until recently.

Both the operators increased experiences as well as smaller device sizes and improved device designs have much improved omitting the use of BAV in majority of the cases in today's clinical practice.

Predilation with BAV seems to help in selected group of patients with severe aortic leaflet calcium volumes to avoid post‐dilation.
Radial artery access among mainstays of contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention: Is it time to forget how to puncture a femoral artery?
Authors: Tarantini Giuseppe , Giacoppo Daniele
Published: September 2019

Key Points

Radial artery access should be the default approach for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention regardless of the clinical presentation.

Benefits of radial access are strongly depending on the volume of transradial procedures performed.

Currently, a significant proportion of procedures continues to be performed by femoral access despite validated advantages associated with the transradial approach.
Transcatheter treatment of acquired coronary sinus ostium atresia in a child with complex congenital heart disease
Authors: Kops Samantha A. , Pangburn Suzanna , Barber Brent J. , Seckeler Michael D.
Published: September 2019

Congenital coronary sinus ostium atresia is a rare condition that is typically considered benign, as long as there is adequate drainage via another route. However, in children with single ventricle congenital heart disease, adequate drainage may not be assured after complex surgical interventions, putting them at risk for myocardial injury. We present a patient with complex single ventricle congenital heart disease who developed acquired coronary sinus ostium atresia after surgical intervention that was treated by a transcatheter approach to prevent the sequelae of coronary sinus hypertension.
Bone metastasis as primary presentation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A case report and literature review
Authors: Argentiero Antonella , Calabrese Angela , Solimando Antonio Giovanni , Notaristefano Antonio , Panarelli Marzia M.G. , Brunetti Oronzo
Published: September 2019

PDAC bone metastases represent a clinical challenge characterized by multifaceted biological entity.
Physical Inhibition and Chemical Confinement of Lithium Polysulfides by Designing a Double‐Layer Composite Separator for Lithium‐Sulfur Battery
Authors: Deng Nanping , Ticha Eya Ben , Wang Liyuan , Li Quanxiang , Zhao Huijuan , Gao Lu , Liu Min , Liu Yong , Kang Weimin , Cheng Bowen
Published: September 2019

In this study, a novel double‐layer composite separator based on F‐doped poly‐m‐phenyleneisophthalamide (PMIA) and silicon dioxide (SiO2)−F co‐doped PMIA membrane is designed and prepared by electrospinning technology. The combination of F‐doped PMIA membrane and SiO2−F co‐doped PMIA membrane endows the functional separator with exceedingly high electrolyte uptake and retention, greatly prominent thermostability, and prevented shrinkage. Moreover, its strong physical inhibition and chemisorption can also confine polysulfides. Thus, the lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries using the prepared membrane presented a high initial discharge capacity of 1274.8 mAh g−1 and maintained a reversible discharge capacity of 814.8 mAh g−1 with high Coulombic efficiency of 98.42 % after 600 cycles at 0.5 C. Meanwhile, the cell exhibited small interfacial resistance and excellent rate capacity. The excellent properties were attributed to high ionic conductivity offered by the large pore volume of unique 3D nanofiber network, excellent liquid electrolyte uptake of SiO2−F co‐doped PMIA membrane, and less “shuttle effect” suppressed by both the physical inhibition of polysulfides by the formed gel polymer electrolyte based on F‐doped PMIA membrane and chemical confinement of polysulfides by the addition of F and SiO2. The results indicated that the composite separator through the inexpensive, unsophisticated, and efficient preparation method can provide a good choice for high‐performance Li−S batteries.
Preoperative, biopsy‐based assessment of the tumour microenvironment in patients with primary operable colorectal cancer
Authors: Park James H , van Wyk Hester , McMillan Donald C , Edwards Joanne , Orange Clare , Horgan Paul G , Roxburgh Campbell SD
Published: September 2019

The tumour microenvironment (TME) is recognised as an important prognostic characteristic and therapeutic target in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, assessment generally utilises surgically resected specimens, precluding neoadjuvant targeting. The present study investigated the feasibility of intra‐epithelial CD3+ T‐lymphocyte density and tumour stroma percentage (TSP) assessment using preoperative colonoscopic biopsies from 115 patients who had undergone resection of stages I–III CRC, examining the relationship between biopsy and surgically resected specimen‐based assessment, and the relationship with cancer‐specific survival (CSS). High biopsy CD3+ density was associated with high CD3+ density in the invasive margin, cancer stroma and intra‐epithelial compartments of surgically resected specimens (area under the curve > 0.62, p < 0.05 for all) and with high Immunoscore. High biopsy TSP predicted high TSP in resected specimens (p = 0.001). Intra‐class correlation coefficient for both measures was >0.7 (p < 0.001), indicating excellent concordance between individuals. Biopsy CD3+ density (hazard ratio [HR] 0.23, p = 0.002) and TSP (HR 2.23, p = 0.029) were independently associated with CSS; this was comparable to the prognostic value of full section assessment (HR 0.21, p = 0.004, and HR 2.25, p = 0.033 respectively). These results suggest that assessment of the TME is comparable in biopsy and surgically resected specimens from patients with CRC, and biopsy‐based assessment could allow for stratification prior to surgery or commencement of therapy targeting the TME.
Effect of increasing age on percutaneous coronary intervention vs coronary artery bypass grafting in older adults with unprotected left main coronary artery disease: A meta‐analysis and meta‐regression
Authors: Khan Mahin R. , Kayani Waleed T. , Ahmad Waqas , Manan Malalai , Hira Ravi S. , Hamzeh Ihab , Jneid Hani , Virani Salim S. , Kleiman Neal , Lakkis Nasser , Alam Mahboob
Published: September 2019

Background

Older adults (≥70‐year‐old) are under‐represented in the published data pertaining to unprotected left main coronary artery disease (ULMCAD). Hypothesis: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) might be comparable to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for revascularization of ULMCAD.

Methods

We compared PCI versus CABG in older adults with ULMCAD with an aggregate data meta‐analyses (4880 patients) of clinical outcomes [all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), repeat revascularization, stroke and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events(MACCE)] at 30 days, 12‐24 months & ≥36 months in patients with mean age ≥70 years and ULMCAD. A meta‐regression analysis evaluated the effect of age on mortality after PCI. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using random‐effects model.

Results

All‐cause mortality between PCI and CABG was comparable at 30‐days (OR0.77, 95% CI 0.42‐ 1.41) and 12‐24‐months (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.78‐1.93). PCI was associated with a markedly lower rate of stroke at 30‐day follow‐up in octogenarians (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.02‐0.76) but an overall higher rate of repeat revascularization. At ≥36‐months, MACCE (OR 1.26,95% CI 0.99‐1.60) and all‐cause mortality (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.00‐1.93) showed a trend favoring CABG but did not reach statistical significance. On meta‐regression, PCI was associated with a higher mortality with advancing age (coefficient=0.1033, p=0.042).

Conclusions

PCI was associated with a markedly lower rate of early stroke in octogenarians as compared to CABG. All‐cause mortality was comparable between the two arms with a trend favoring CABG at ≥36‐months.PCI was however associated with increasing mortality with advancing age as compared to CABG.
Model‐based analysis of the sensitivities and diagnostic implications of FFR and CFR under various pathological conditions
Authors: Ge Xinyang , Liu Youjun , Tu Shengxian , Simakov Sergey , Vassilevski Yuri , Liang Fuyou
Published: September 2019

Although fractional flow reserve (FFR) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) are both frequently used to assess the functional severity of coronary artery stenosis, discordant results of diagnosis between FFR and CFR in some patient cohorts have been reported. In the present study, a computational model was employed to quantify the impacts of various pathophysiological factors on FFR and CFR. In addition, a hyperemic myocardial ischemic index (HMIx) was proposed as a reference for comparing the diagnostic performances of FFR and CFR. Obtained results showed that CFR was more susceptible than FFR to the influence of many pathophysiological factors unrelated to coronary artery stenosis. In particular, the numerical study proved that increasing hyperemic coronary microvascular resistance significantly elevated FFR while reducing CFR despite fixed severity of coronary artery stenosis, whereas introducing aortic valve disease only caused a significant decrease in CFR with little influence on FFR. These results provided theoretical evidence for explaining some clinical observations, such as the increased risk of discordant diagnostic results between FFR and CFR in patients with increased hyperemic microvascular resistance, and significant increase in CFR after surgical relief of severe aortic valve disease. When evaluated with respect to the predictive value for hyperemic myocardial ischemia, the performance of FFR was found to be considerably compromised in the presence of severe coronary vasodilation dysfunction or aortic valve disease, whereas the relationship between CFR and HMIx remained relatively stable, suggesting that CFR may be a more reliable indicator of myocardial ischemia under complex pathophysiological conditions.