bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Dengue Virus-Specific Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid in Infected Primate Cell Extracts by Microquantitative Complement-Fixation Methods
Authors: Lubiniecki A.S. , Pfancuff M. , Mitchell J.
Published: July 2009

Microquantitative complement-fixation methods have been applied to the detection and quantitation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in cytoplasmic extracts of uninfected and dengue virus-infected primate cell lines. LLC-MK2 and PGLC-33H cells exhibited increased levels of dsRNA following dengue virus infection. Cytoplasmic extracts of infected and uninfected LLC-MK2 cells subjected to density gradient analysis showed that increased levels of dsRNA were associated with structures believed to be virus-specific. Primate cell dsRNA and dengue dsRNA preferentially reacted with rabbit anti-rIn·rCn, while reovirus dsRNA and rAn-containing synthetic duplexes preferentially reacted with anti-rAn·rUn.
Inhibition of Allergic Reactions by Cromoglycate and by a New Anti-Allergic Drug (10-Chloro-1,4,6,9-Tetrahydro-4,6-Dioxopyrido[3,2-g]Quinoline-2,8-Dicarboxylic Acid)
Authors: Johnson Herbert G. , van Hout Christine A.
Published: July 2009

Immediate type hypersensitivity to Ascaris antigen in rhesus reactor monkeys was used to assess the pharmacologic profile of Cromolyn Na and a new inhibitor of IgE-medited lung function changes. Cutaneous reactivity to Ascaris correlated poorly with a respiratory response to the antigen. Two parameters used to measure lung function, respiratory rate increase and tidal volume decrease, were significantly altered by Cromolyn Na and compound A.
A Case of Unusual SLE Related Syndrome Characterized by Erythema multiforme, Angioneurotic Edema, Marked Hypocomplementemia, and Clq Precipitins of the Low Molecular Weight Type
Authors: Oishi Minoru , Takano Makoto , Miyachi Kiyomitsu , Ichikawa Yoichi , Homma Mitsuo
Published: July 2009

Our patient and those of Agnello et al. had identical clinical symptoms such as erythema multiforme, arthralgias and angioneurotic edema and both differed from systemic lupus erthematosus in several important points, i.e., in spite of marked hypocomplementemia the nephropathy is not prominent and it needs high-dose steroids to eliminate the clinical and serological abnormalities. In addition to the features reported by Agnello et al. we found increased viral antibody titers in our patient’s sera.
Immunosuppressive Activity of an Extract of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Kim Jae Jin , Sinclair N.R.St.C. , Singhal S.K. , Carroll K.K.
Published: July 2009

The effects of treatment of mice with an aqueous extract of Listeria monocytogenes on lymphoid populations and on immune responsiveness were studied. Thymus weight was decreased to a third of the control, whereas spleen weight was proportionally increased as the number of treatments was increased. The total numbers of cells in the thymus and bone marrow were diminished, whereas the number in the spleen was increased. Serum hemolysin production and plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes were suppressed in treated mice when the extract was given before administration of antigen. Spleen cells from treated mice failed to mount an antibody response upon transfer to syngeneic γ-irradiated recipients, suggesting that potential antibody-producing cells were impaired by the treatment.
Stress and the Immune Response in Rats
Authors: Joasoo A. , McKenzie J.M.
Published: July 2009

The in vitro response of sensitized splenic lymphocytes to antigen (thyroglobulin) was increased by crowding and decreased by isolation in female rats. Both isolated and crowded male rats responded by a decrease in the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes to antigen. The response of the lymphocytes to PHA was not altered in any consistent manner. Similar animals, both control and those immunized with thyroglobulin, were tested for an effect of in vivo injections of epinephrine on the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes; epinephrine was given intraperitoneally 30min before the rats were killed for removal of spleens. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine by lymphocytes was greater in control cultures (neither PHA nor antigen present) but there was a decreased response to either PHA or antigen when epinephrine had been injected.
Modulation of the Release of SRS-A from Bovine Lung in vitro by several Autonomic and Autacoid Agents
Authors: Burka J.F. , Eyre P.
Published: July 2009

The immunological release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from bovine lung is modulated by several autonomic and autacoid agents. Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, inhibited release of SRS-A, as did cyclic AMP. Phenylephrine also inhibited SRS-A release but through α-adrenergic mechanisms. This is in contrast to observations in human lung. Carbachol enhanced the release of bovine SRS-A. Histamine inhibited SRS-A release through the H2-receptor. Dopamine enhanced the release of SRS-A by means of a dopaminergic receptor. 5-HT did not significantly modulate SRS-A release.
Detection of IgG Antibodies against Pigeon Intestinal Mucosa Antigens in Pigeon Breeders’ Sera using the Immunofluorescent Technique
Authors: Sennekamp J. , Vogel F. , Stiens R.
Published: July 2009

The serum of 102 pigeon breeders was examined for circulating IgG antibodies against antigens localized in pigeon intestine by the indirect immunofluorescent technique. 15 symptomatic breeders with a positive response to inhalation challenge had antibodies against mucosa tissue. The majority of asymptomatic breeders demonstrated either a fluorescence of intestinal excrements combined with a weak fluorescence of mucosa tissue or had no detectable antibodies in their serum. By the indirect immunofluorescence, antibodies were found more frequently than by immunoprecipitin reactions in agar.
T Lymphocytes in Atopic Children
Authors: Strannegård I.-L. , Lindholm L. , Strannegård Ö.
Published: July 2009

The number of circulating T and B cells and the sensitivity of lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was studied in 233 atopic children. The number of T lymphocytes was found to be decreased in cases of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma as well as atopic eczema. Levels of B lymphocytes were normal. Sensitivity to stimulation with PHA and to a lesser degree, Con A, was significantly decreased whereas stimulation with PWM was unaffected. The severity of the atopic eczema was inversely correlated to T cell numbers. Several lines of evidence indicated that the abnormalities observed were intrinsically associated with the atopic conditions and not evoked by corticosteroid treatment. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that atopy is associated with a defect of a subpopulation of T cells. The possibility that this subpopulation has a suppressor function on reagin formation is discussed.
Chemical Modification of Crude Timothy Grass Pollen Extract
Authors: Moran D.M. , Wheeler A.W.
Published: July 2009

Glutaraldehyde modification was found to reduce the allergenic potency of crude timothy pollen extracts yet even highly substituted materials retained the capability of inducing the formation of allergen-specific antibody in animals. Experiments showed that these antibodies were capable of blocking skin test reactions to native timothy allergens in pollen-sensitive human volunteers. The value of glutaraldehyde-modified allergen extracts for use in desensitization vaccine therapy is discussed.
Inhibition by Nicotinamide of Antigen-Induced Histamine Release from Mouse Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Wyczółkowska Janina , Maśliński Cz.
Published: July 2009

The in vitro antigen-induced histamine release from mouse peritoneal mast cells actively sensitized with IgE antibodies was inhibited by nicotinamide. The drug was either given in vivo to the sensitized mice (once daily 100 mg/kg) for 7 days before an in vitro experiment or incubated in vitro (in concentrations 1–40 mm) with sensitized mast cells before an antigen challenge. The possible action of nicotinamide on the mechanisms involved in the regulation of antigen-induced histamine release from mast cells is discussed.
Nonspecific Immunosuppression Induced in Mice with Killed Pasteurella haemolytica in Freund’s Complete Adjuvant
Authors: Wilkie B.N. , Caoili F. , Friend S.
Published: July 2009

Killed Pasteurella haemolytica type I in combination with Freund’s complete adjuvant, induced suppression of murine primary response to SRBC. The suppression could be adoptively transferred with spleen cells depleted of T or B lymphocytes and was best expressed when viable cells were transferred. Some normal rabbit serum has the ability to nullify immunosuppressive effects of the transferred cells.
Anaphylactoid Responses of Two Types of Genetically Different Rats to Horse Serum and Yeast
Authors: Cooper Caroline A. , Thomas G. , West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Rats selectively bred for non-reactivity to clinical dextran (NR rats) fail to exhibit the anaphylactoid reaction to systemic baker’s yeast or horse serum. Rats which respond with an anaphylactoid reaction to clinical dextran (R rats) react to baker’s yeast but do not react to horse serum. The widespread oedema produced in R rats by systemic baker’s yeast provides yet another clear method of differentiating them from NR rats.
Selective Effect on T and B Cell Subpopulations in Rat Lymphoid Organs after Urethan Treatment
Authors: Franceschi Claudio , Perocco Paolo , Paolucci Paolo , Prodi Giorgio
Published: July 2009

In vitro phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) responsiveness of thymus and bone marrow cells, and E, EA, and EAC rosette-forming cells (E, EA, EAC) of these organs and spleen were studied in Fisher rats at various time intervals following a carcinogenic treatment with urethan (UR). Immediately after treatment, organ cellularities were drastically reduced with a progressive recovery as time passed. 1 day after treatment, the response of thymocytes to PHA showed a fourfold increase while organ cellularity dropped to 1%. This response fell below normal values after 7 days with an overshoot after days 14 and 21. UR-treated bone marrow cells showed a response to PHA below normal values after 1 and 7 days, a twofold increase after 3 days and an overshoot after 14 and 21 days. The responsiveness to Con A of both organs was affected by UR treatment to a much lesser extent, although following a pattern similar to that of PHA. E were never found, whether in normal nor in UR-treated animals. As far as the B-cell compartment is concerned, UR causes a progressive diminution of EAC, while the number of EA remains unaffected. The data are discussed in terms of selective effect on T- and B-cell subpopulations.
Studies on Allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus by Direct and Indirect RAST
Authors: Romagnani S. , Boccaccini P. , Amadori A. , Ricci M.
Published: July 2009

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) extract was fractionated by Sephadex G-75 and liquid isoelectric focusing (IEF) and the allergenic activity of different fractions was monitored by direct and indirect RAST. The fractionation on Sephadex G-75 showed that the allergenic activity of DP extract was related to wide molecular weight spectrum components, even though the maximum amount was recovered in effluent that contained protein with a molecular weight ranging between 25,000 and 12,500 daltons. By fractionation of the mite extract on IEF, three main peaks of allergenic activity (pl< 3.0; pI = 4.3 ± 0.25; pI = 6.4 ± 0.25) were found. Cross-inhibition experiments showed a high degree of cross-reactivity between allergenic material eluted in very distant regions of molecular weight or isoelectric point. The allergenic activity of unfractionated mite extract and of its IEF fractions was destroyed by pronase – but not by neuraminidase – treatment. These results suggest that DP extract probably contains one main allergen existing in multiple molecular forms rather than several distinct allergens and that a protein moiety of the allergen is necessary for the combination with IgE.
Effects of Cyclophosphamide Treatment on the in vitro Activity of Mouse Lymphoid Cells after Nonspecific and Specific Stimulation
Authors: Snippe H. , Davidse R.P.A. , Belder Margriet , Willers J.M.N.
Published: July 2009

A single injection of 300 mg cyclophosphamide (CY)/kg resulted in the mouse in a reduction of the numbers of lymphocytes. The minimal values for spleen and peripheral lymph nodes (PLN) were about 10% and were reached on day 3. The restoration of the spleen started on day 5, while the number of PLN cells was still low on day 21. CY treatment followed by immunization resulted in accelerated recovery and considerably enhanced cell numbers in both organs. Staining with fluorescent antisera revealed that, although the B cell is the main target cell of CY action, in the spleen the total percentage of B and T cells decreases during the period in which the total cell number increases. Immunization diminished the in vitro responsiveness of spleen and PLN cells on phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), 7 and 11 days later. The response of PLN cells on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was, however, strongly enhanced on day 7. CY pretreatment of normal and immunized mice yielded cell populations which behaved identically on nonspecific stimulation in vitro. Starting 5 days after CY, the PHA and Con A responses for spleen cells were impaired, while the initial low R values for PLN cells showed a steady increase. Stimulation of CY spleen cells with LPS resulted in R values of below 1. Specific in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes of immunized mice was performed with sheep red blood cells and a hapten-carrier complex. CY treatment before immunization resulted in an elimination of the in vitro activity on specific stimulation.
Production of Migration Inhibitory Factor and Blast Cell Transformation by Cord Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Müller Marianne R. , Lazary Sandor , Hitzig Walter H.
Published: July 2009

Cord blood lymphocytes from 29 normal infants of 28–41 weeks gestational age were tested for blast cell transformation and migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production. Cultures were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) for transformation; with purified PHA, soluble and insoluble concanavalin A as well as PPD for MIF production. 3H-thymidine incorporation by cord blood and by adult lymphocytes were similar in magnitude after PHA stimulation, but differed significantly after PPD stimulation, with negligible increased incorporation by the former and marked increased incorporation by the adult lymphocytes. With the exception of PPD, the stimulating agents used led to MIF production by cord blood lymphocytes. No dissociation was observed between proliferative response and MIF production. Both functions seem to be fully developed at birth.
Allergen Extract of Horse Hair and Dandruff. Quantitative Immunoelectrophoretic Characterization of the Antigens
Authors: Markussen B. , Løwenstein H. , Weeke B.
Published: July 2009

Freeze-dried extract of horse hair and dandruff was obtained by extraction, centrifugation, dialysis and freeze-drying. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies revealed the extract to be composed of 25 antigens of which some were mutually partial identical; 4 were serum-specific and none showed partial identity to solubilized hair proteins. Partial identity to antigens of serum and extract from hair and dandruff of cow, dog, cat, guinea pig, and of extract from house dust was demonstrated. After subjecting the extract to dialysis, ultrafiltration, freeze-drying and storage below 37 °C for not more than 24 h the antigenic stability and the allergenic activity were unaffected. The effect of enzymatic degradation of the individual proteins with regard to antigenic stability and allergenic activity was also examined.
Passive Sensitization of Tissue Cells
Authors: Wilson Anne B. , Heller E.D.
Published: July 2009

Basophil-cytophilic antibodies were demonstrated in sera of chickens injected with either sheep erythrocytes or avian tuberculin. Normal chicken basophils were passively sensitized in vitro, and two types of cytophilic antibodies were shown by rosette-formation: (a) heat-stable, mercaptoethanol-resistant antibodies, and (b) heat-labile, mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies. Serum from one of the chickens injected with sheep erythrocytes also passively sensitized normal, non-basophilic granulocytes which would appear from stained smears to be eosinophils. Cytophilic activity in the serum correlated with the rosette-forming reactions of circulating eosinophils and/or basophils from each of the sensitized donor birds.
A Solid-Phase Radioassay for the Detection of Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies in Different Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Nineham Lynn J. , Hay F.C.
Published: July 2009

A convenient technique suitable for the routine estimation of IgG and IgA anti-thyroglobulin antibodies has been devised. The assay involves the binding of anti-thyroglobulin to human thyroglobulin linked to the surface of plastic tubes; the amount of antibody bound is then determined by adding radiolabelled anti-human IgG or IgA. IgG antibody was raised in virtually all patients and significantly elevated levels of IgA antibody were also found in some patients. The test should prove helpful in diagnosis and provide quantitative evaluation of research studies.
Differences between Lymphoid Cell Populations of Guinea Pigs and Mice as Determined by the Response to Mitogens in vitro
Authors: Ben-Efraim S. , Ulmer A. , Schmidt M. , Diamantstein T.
Published: July 2009

The stimulation of guinea pig lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), methanol-extracted residues of tubercle bacilli (MER), purified protein derivative of tubercle bacilli (PPD), dextran sulphate (DS) and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was determined and compared with that of mouse lymphoid cells. The sources of lymphocytes tested were spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow. The degree of activation of DNA synthesis by PHA and ConA was higher in guinea pig thymocytes and lymph node cells than in corresponding sources of mouse lymphocytes. The optimum degree of stimulation by PHA and ConA was approximately the same in guinea pig thymocytes, while ConA was by far a better stimulator than PHA for mouse thymocytes. All four B-cell mitogens tested (MER, DS, PPD and LPS) activated DNA synthesis in mouse lymphoid cells while only MER and DS were effective in guinea pig lymphocytes. A guinea pig spleen cell population depleted from B cells was not stimulated, neither by DS nor by MER, while it still responded to PHA and ConA. These results indicate that the proliferative response due to MER and DS occurs in the B-cell compartment. It is suggested that the differences between guinea pigs and mice with respect to their ability to develop a cell-mediated type immunity and to respond to T-in-dependent antigens are related to differences in the relative proportions and degrees of maturation of T- and B-cell subpopulations, as reflected by the selective responsiveness to various mitogens.
Ampicillin Polymers as Elicitors of Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Kristoffersson A. , Svärd P.-O. , Thor L. , Örtengren B.
Published: July 2009

The ability of ampicillin polymers to elicit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions in guinea pigs was analyzed. Mediating antibodies were raised in rabbits against a crude preparation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). It was found that large ampicillin polymers were potent elicitors, 1,000-fold better than benzylpenicillin polymers. Small polymers in high concentrations did not elicit PCA reactions but inhibited the activity of the larger polymers. This inhibition was more pronounced than that of ampicillin monomer. High molecular weight of ampicillin polymer in the amount of 0.1% in an ampicillin solution manifested its PCA activity. The tendency of ampicillin to polymerize, particularly when kept in solution, makes this observation worth considering. The PCA reactions described were penicilloyl-specific as verified by immunosorbent experiments.
Inflammation-Inducing Factors from Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Warrington R.J. , Buehler S.K. , Roberts K.B.
Published: July 2009

Factors capable of inducing inflammatory reactions in the skin of normal guinea pigs have been demonstrated in culture supernatants from PPD-stimulated human mononuclear cells from tuberculin-positive donors. The reaction is characterised by erythema, induration and infiltration with mononuclear cells and some polymorphonuclear leucocytes. These supernatants either enhance or do not affect polymorph migration in the leucocyte migration test. Supernatants that inhibit migration in vitro produce a marked polymorph infiltration upon intradermal injection.
Cellular and Humoral Immune Response of Guinea Pig Infected with Treponema pallidum
Authors: Wicher Konrad , Wicher Victoria , Wang Monica Ching Chang
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs infected intradermally with Treponema pallidum Nichols strain were examined for the presence of lesions and for cellular and humoral response. Of the 26 guinea pigs 20 (77%) demonstrated darkfield positive lesions between 6 and 20 days after infection. Animals divided into six groups of 4–5 in each were sacrificed between 2 and 24 weeks. The peritoneal exudate cells, obtained 4 days after injection of oil, were examined by the direct and the cells from lymphoid organs by the indirect capillary leukocyte migration method in the presence of 10 and 30 μg/ml of Reiter antigen. The peritoneal exudate cells responded with enhancement of leukocyte migration, reaching significant values between 6 and 24 weeks after infection. The cells from the lymphoid organs showed enhancement of leukocyte migration until the 4th week of infection. Treponemal antibodies, found in all animals, started to appear at the 4th week reaching a maximum titer at the 12th week after infection. The appearance of the antibodies correlated well (p < 0.05) with the appearance of the enhancement of leukocyte migration. Wassermann antibodies were not detected throughout the 24 weeks of infection. The unique immune responses are discussed in view of the available data concerning natural acquired and experimental syphilis.
Lymphocyte Surface IgD and IgM in Non-Human Primates
Authors: Martin Louis N. , Leslie Gerrie A. , Hindes Richard
Published: July 2009

IgD was detected on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes of five non-human primate species by direct immunofluorescence. The percentages of lymphocytes with surface IgD or IgM were comparable to the percentages reported for humans. The presence of IgD on the surface of rhesus monkey lymphocytes was confirmed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated 125I cell surface protein. Reduced surface IgD was resolved into a light chain component and a heavy chain component whose mobility was identical to that of μ-chain under the conditions used.
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in the Domestic Fowl
Authors: Chand N. , Carlson H.C. , Eyre P.
Published: July 2009

Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) has been demonstrated in young and adult domestic fowl using antisera obtained from actively sensitized chickens on the day of their maximal susceptibility to systemic anaphylaxis. Young chickens are more sensitive to histamine and PCA reaction than adults. The PCA reaction was inhibited by the H1-histamine receptor blocker, mepyramine. In the PCA reaction of 2 h sensitization period, the main exudating cells were heterophils, mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages) and some basophils. This study suggests a possible role for circulating basophils in the mediation of early acute inflammatory reaction of immunological origin.
Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) Skin Test in Predicting Prognosis in Cancer Patients
Authors: Jedrzejczak Wiesław W.
Published: July 2009

The response to intradermal injection of 1 μg of purified PHA was found to correlate with survival of patients with advanced solid tumours treated by chemotherapy, with responders surviving longer than non-responders. In patients with prolonged survival, the reaction was enhanced. Negative intradermal response to PHA was found to be less common in cancer patients than negative responses to tuberculin or streptokinase, and was more easily reversed by successful chemotherapy.
Synergism of Immunogenic and Adjuvant-Active Components of Mycobacterial Wax D in the Induction of Adjuvant Arthritis
Authors: Koga Toshitaka , Tanaka Atushi , Pearson Carl M.
Published: July 2009

Two derivatives of wax D, one possessing immunogenicity and the other adjuvant activity, were tested for the possible role in the induction of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats. The former, a water-soluble arthritogenic and immunogenic component (WAC), in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, was able to induce delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and mild AA, but failed to function as an adjuvant in rats. The latter, an acetylated wax D (AD) and its subfraction, AD6, did exert adjuvant activity, but were free from immunogenicity and arthritogenicity. The addition of AD or AD6 to the WAC in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, when injected into inguinal lymph nodes, resulted in the production of severe AA with high incidence. Other adjuvants such as pertussis vaccine and lipopolysaccharide could not replace AD6; they failed to enhance AA when combined with the WAC. Also, other mycobacterial antigen, PPD, could not replace wax D-derived WAC; it did not induce AA when coupled with AD6, although it did induce DH to PPD.
Spontaneously Occurring Agglutinins in Primate Sera
Authors: Socha W.W. , Wiener A.S. , Moor-Jankowski J. , Scheffrahn W. , Wolfson, jr. S.K.
Published: July 2009

Tests for spontaneously occurring agglutinins in the sera of nonhuman primates showed that such antibodies are not infrequent. Some act as heteroagglutinins, others as autoagglutinins, while of most interest are the isoagglutinins, especially those found in female animals apparently resulting from isoimmunization in pregnancy.
Modulation of the IgE Antibody Response in Rats to Kentucky Blue Grass Pollen Allergens
Authors: Ekramoddoullah A.K.M. , Kisil F.T. , Sehon A.H.
Published: July 2009

The low molecular weight dialyzable fraction (D) prepared from the aqueous extract of Kentucky Blue Grass pollen was shown to suppress the formation of IgE antibodies in rats immunized with the nondialyzable fraction (R). In an attempt to establish the nature of the constituents responsible for this suppression, D was fractionated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-25. The first fraction eluted (DI) elicited skin reactions in rats sensitized with a rat reaginic serum to R and also gave a precipitate with a rabbit antiserum to R. A later fraction (DIII) was devoid of these two properties. To investigate the effects of these fractions on the antibody response, rats received either DI or DIII, administered in saline, prior to their immunization with R in presence of aluminum hydroxide. Pretreatment with DI resulted in a reduction of IgE antibody levels as compared with the IgE antibody response in control animals which had received pretreatment only with saline; however, pretreatment with DI did not affect the anti-R-hemagglutinating titers. In contrast, pretreatment with DIII enhanced both the IgE and the hemagglutinating antibodies. Hence, it is concluded that the composite fraction D contains one group of constituents capable of suppressing and another of enhancing the IgE antibody response.
An Immunological Enhancement Phenomenon in Experimental Brucella Infection of the Chicks
Authors: Forget A. , Borduas A.G.
Published: July 2009

The passive transfer of chicken anti-brucella immune globulins promote the survival of Brucella abortus in the spleen of chickens infected with this bacteria. This enhancing effect was reduced significantly when the immune globulins were absorbed with heat-killed brucella cells to remove all the anti-brucella agglutinins and immune adherence antibodies. Therefore, it is most probable that the enhancing effect is related to the presence of brucella antibodies.
HLA Antigens and Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Authors: Kissel Pierre , Raffoux Colette , Faure Gilbert , André Jean-Marie , Netter Patrick , Streiff François
Published: July 2009

HLA antigens (27 HLA alleles of the A and B loci) were determined in 20 subjects of the same family, covering three generations; 6 of them were suffering from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The haplotype HLA A2, Bw17 was found in all the sufferers. The same haplotype was not found in clinically healthy members except two of the generation III, but a visceral angiomatosis without clinical evidence cannot be excluded. An association of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with the haplotype HLA A2, Bw17 can be suspected in this family.
Cladosporium herbarum Extract Characterized by Means of Quantitative Immunoelectrophoretic Methods with Special Attention to Immediate Type Allergy
Authors: Løwenstein Henning , Aukrust Lars , Gravesen Suzanne
Published: July 2009

Freeze-dried extract of Cladosporium herbarum Link ex Fr. was obtained by growing, harvesting, extracting, centrifuging, dialysing and freeze-drying. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies revealed the extraction procedure to be reproducible and the extract to be composed of 57 antigens, none of which originated from the substrate used in the growth. The molecular weight distribution and the approximate molecular weight of some antigens of C. herbarum were obtained using gel filtration. The pI distribution and the approximate pIs of a few distinct antigens of C. herbarum were obtained by isoelectric focusing. Preliminary identification of 4 allergens from C. herbarum was performed by means of CRIE (crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis).
The in vitro Effects of Calcium and Potassium in Resensitization of Tracheal Smooth Muscles of the Allergized Guinea Pig
Authors: Alonso-deFlorida F. , Del Castillo A.
Published: July 2009

Tracheal smooth muscle obtained from allergized guinea pigs gives rise in vitro to two-phase cycles of responsiveness to antigen administration desensitization produced immediately after a conditioning antigen dose, followed by resensitization within 4 h. As in the case of resensitization to a drug, resensitization to an antigen is a Ca++- and K+- dependent phenomenon. A comprehensive receptor model of the chemical excitatory action of antigen in cells is consistent with a Ca++-dependent resensitization phenomenon in the allergized systems. On the other hand, the results bear weight against both a ‘pharmacological mediator-depletion theory’ and an ‘antibody saturation-desaturation theory’, which have been invoked to explain desensitization and resensitization to antigen in allergized systems.
The Role of Hyperemia in Cellular Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Hay John B. , Hobbs Barry B. , Johnston Miles G. , Movat Henry Z.
Published: July 2009

The three physiological processes vascular permeability, blood flow and lymphocyte migration were all enhanced in tuberculin reactions induced in guinea pigs and sheep and also in normal lymphocyte transfer reactions in sheep. Microspheres labelled with 85Sr were used to measure blood flow to dermal sites and it was found that cellular hypersensitivity reactions had blood flows 7–25 times that of normal skin at the reaction peak. Vascular permeability was measured as an increase in the flow rate of afferent lymph or, in guinea pigs, as the enhanced leakage of intravascular 125I-albumin. When the permeability-inducing peptide bradykinin was injected directly into tuberculin reaction, the resulting permeability was greater than the sum of the tuberculin and bradykinin permeability taken individually and it was concluded that the hyperemia enhanced the permeability-inducing capacity of bradykinin. When the traffic of lymphocytes through hypersensitivity lesions was measured in sheep by cannulating the regional afferent lymph vessels and continuously collecting the lymph, the increase in lymphocyte traffic was of the same order of magnitude as the increase in blood flow. It is suggested than the antigen-induced enhancement of blood flow caused the increase in lymphocyte traffic and that the mechanism was similar to that occurring within lymph nodes during the immune response to all antigens.
Protection Against Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Guinea Pigs by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Nagasawa K. , Mori R.
Published: July 2009

Protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was studied in guinea pigs. Antibody titers to bovine myelin basic protein (BP), measured by means of passive hemagglutination on day 12 or 13 after sensitization with bovine spinal cord (BSC) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), were higher in animals which recovered later from mild EAE than in those which showed severe EAE. The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a B lymphocyte stimulator, on the suppression of EAE was examined. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with LPS 3 days prior to the sensitization with BSC-CFA at the same sites resulted in marked attenuation of both clinical and histologic EAE. The protective effect of LPS against EAE, however, depended upon the times and sites of its use; LPS suppressed EAE only when it was given 3 days prior to the sensitization with BSC-CFA at the same sites. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS, even if given 3 days prior to sensitization, failed to suppress EAE. In the group of guinea pigs protected against EAE by pretreatment with LPS, delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to BP were depressed and humoral antibody titers to BP were increased several days earlier than in the control group although their peak titers were not significantly different. The ratio of T to B lymphocytes, as assessed by rosette formation, was diminished in the draining lymph nodes of guinea pigs protected against EAE, indicating an increased proliferation of B lymphocytes. These results suggested that the stimulation and proliferation of B lymphocytes themselves or their products, antibodies to BP, could inhibit T lymphocytes and suppress EAE.
Further Studies on the Tachyphylaxis to DSCG
Authors: Sung Cheng-po , Saunders H.L. , Lenhardt E. , Chakrin L.W.
Published: July 2009

The tachyphylaxis to DSCG’s inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release has been demonstrated in passively sensitized rat lung fragments. The induction of tachyphylaxis appears to depend on the concentration of the drug and the length of pretreatment. Tachyphylaxis is relatively independent of the concentration of the second exposure to DSCG. The development of tachyphylaxis is highly temperature dependent; it can be prevented by cooling the tissues to 2–4°C after a brief (30 sec) preincubation with DSCG. It is suggested that DSCG inhibits histamine release by binding to ‘receptor’ site(s). Once the site is occupied by DSCG, it is modified by a temperature-dependent process, thus losing the ability as a ‘receptor’ for inhibition of histamine release. The tachyphylaxis is the result of such a modification.
In vitro Responses of Spleen Cells from Trichinella spiralis-Infected Mice
Authors: Molinari J.A. , Ebersole J.L.
Published: July 2009

The in vitro cellular immune responses of spleen cells from mice infected with Trichinella spiralis and immunized with BCG have been investigated. ICR/CD-1 mice were originally infected with 200 T. spiralis larvae 22 days prior to infection with 4 × 106 viable or heat-killed mycobacteria. Analysis of the splenic cell populations indicated that significant increases in adherent cells (macrophages) were noted only in groups previously infected with the nematode; the concentration of non-adherent cells (lymphocytes) did not vary significantly among any of the experimental groups. Assay of blast cell transformation and 3H-thymidine incorporation demonstrated the ability of T. spiralis infection to potentiate in vitro cellular immune reactions. These findings support earlier in vivo studies concerning nematode-induced immunopotentiation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, and provide additional evidence that infection with this nematode enhances the immune capabilities of both stimulated lymphocytes and nonspecific phagocytic cells.
Multiple Myeloma, IgA Cryoglobulinemia and Serum Hyperviscosity in a Dog
Authors: Virella G. , Slappendel R.J. , Goudswaard J.
Published: July 2009

Clinical signs of hyperviscosity syndrome in a 6-year-old dog included listless-ness, polydipsia, anorexia, vomiting, and recurrent bleeding from the gums. Fundoscopy showed the typical retinal changes associated with this syndrome. A polymeric IgA cryoglobulin characterized in the dog’s serum was later isolated and structurally studied. It was found to contain J chain but no secretory component. The heavy and light chains were covalently bound.
Thrombin Induces EGF Receptor Expression and Cell Proliferation via a PKC(δ)/c-Src-Dependent Pathway in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Hsieh Hsi-Lung , Tung Wei-Hsuan , Wu Cheng-Ying , Wang Hui-Hsin , Lin Chih-Chung , Wang Tze-Shyuan , Yang Chuen-Mao
Published: July 2009

Objection—Thrombin upregulates expression of several proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) which may contribute to atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying thrombin-induced EGF receptor (EGFR) expression and its effect on VSMCs.

Methods and Results—Normal rat VSMCs were used. First, Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses showed that thrombin induces the expression of EGFR at transcription and translation levels in VSMCs. Second, pharmacological inhibitors, dominant negative mutants, and short hairpin RNA interference (shRNA) technology enabled us to demonstrate that thrombin-induced EGFR expression is mediated through PKC(δ)/c-Src-dependent transactivation of EGFR linking to PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2. We further investigated whether the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB are involved in this response by a promoter assay. Finally, data obtained by using EGFR shRNA technology and XTT assay demonstrated that thrombin-enhanced VSMC proliferation was mediated through upregulation of EGFR.

Conclusions—Our results demonstrate that thrombin-enhanced VSMC proliferation was mediated through upregulation of EGFR via a PKC(δ)/c-Src-dependent transactivation of EGFR, PI3K-Akt, and ERK, and AP-1/NF-κB pathway.
Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Madonna Rosalinda , Geng Yong-Jian , De Caterina Raffaele
Published: July 2009

Experimental studies have shown that cardiac transfer of unfractionated or partially purified bone marrow cells, as well as stem cells and progenitor cells derived from the bone marrow or peripheral blood, can enhance functional recovery after an acute myocardial infarction. However, the relatively low abundance, small tissue volume, difficult accessibility, and disease-related malfunction of bone marrow-derived stem cells hamper their clinical usefulness. Numerous studies have provided evidence that stromal cells derived from the adipose tissue (adipose tissue-derived stromal cells [ADSCs]) contain a population of adult multipotent mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells that can differentiate into several lineages, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes. The similarities between stem cells extracted from the bone marrow and the adipose tissue suggest the potential for the adipose tissue to act as an alternative, and perhaps preferable, cell source for repairing damaged tissues, such as the ischemic or infarcted heart. We have here reviewed the medical literature describing molecular and functional characterization, differentiation, potential role, and results obtained so far using ADSCs in tissue repair, with a particular focus on the role for ADSCs in cardiovascular repair and regeneration.
Ketogenic Diet Disrupts the Circadian Clock and Increases Hypofibrinolytic Risk by Inducing Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1
Authors: Oishi Katsutaka , Uchida Daisuke , Ohkura Naoki , Doi Ryosuke , Ishida Norio , Kadota Koji , Horie Shuichi
Published: July 2009

Objectives—

Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity are considered risk factors for cardiovascular diseases by increasing levels of blood plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Ketogenic diets (KDs) have been used as an approach to weight loss in both obese and nonobese individuals. We examined circadian changes in plasma PAI-1 and its mRNA expression levels in tissues from mice fed with a KD (KD mice), to evaluate its effects on fibrinolytic functions.

Methods and Results—

Two weeks on the kDa increased plasma levels of free fatty acids and ketones accompanied by hypoglycemia in mice. Plasma PAI-1 concentrations were extremely elevated in accordance with mRNA expression levels in the heart and liver, but not in the kidneys of KD mice. Circadian expression of
PAI-1
mRNA was phase-advanced for 4.7, 7.9, and 7.8 hours in the heart, kidney, and adipose tissues, respectively, as well as that of circadian genes
mPer2
and
DBP
in KD mice, suggesting that peripheral clocks were phase-advanced by ketosis despite feeding ad libitum under a periodic light-dark cycle. The circadian clock that regulates behavioral activity rhythms was also phase-advanced, and its free-running period was significantly shortened in KD mice.

Conclusions—

Our findings suggest that ketogenic status increases hypofibrinolytic risk by inducing abnormal circadian expression of PAI-1.
Heart-Infiltrating Prominin-1
+
/CD133
+
Progenitor Cells Represent the Cellular Source of Transforming Growth Factor β–Mediated Cardiac Fibrosis in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis
Authors: Kania Gabriela , Blyszczuk Przemyslaw , Stein Sokrates , Valaperti Alan , Germano Davide , Dirnhofer Stephan , Hunziker Lukas , Matter Christian M. , Eriksson Urs
Published: July 2009

Rationale
:

Myocardial fibrosis is a hallmark of inflammation-triggered end-stage heart disease, a common cause of heart failure in young patients.

Objective
:

We used CD4
+
T-cell–mediated experimental autoimmune myocarditis model to determine the parameters regulating cardiac fibrosis in inflammatory heart disease.

Methods and Results
:

α-Myosin heavy chain peptide/complete Freund’s adjuvant immunization was used to induce experimental autoimmune myocarditis in BALB/c mice. Chimeric mice, reconstituted with enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)
+
bone marrow, were used to track the fate of inflammatory cells. Prominin-1
+
cells were isolated from the inflamed hearts, cultured in vitro and injected intracardially at different stages of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β–mediated fibrosis was addressed using anti–TGF-β antibody treatment. Myocarditis peaked 21 days after immunization and numbers of cardiac fibroblasts progressively increased on follow-up. In chimeric mice, >60% of cardiac fibroblasts were EGFP
+
46 days after immunization. At day 21, cardiac infiltrates contained ≈30% of prominin-1
+
progenitors. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that prominin-1
+
but not prominin-1
−
cells isolated from acutely inflamed hearts represented the cellular source of cardiac fibroblasts at late stages of disease, characterized by increased TGF-β levels within the myocardium. Mechanistically, the in vitro differentiation of heart-infiltrating prominin-1
+
cells into fibroblasts depended on TGF-β–mediated phosphorylation of Smad proteins. Accordingly, anti–TGF-β antibody treatment prevented myocardial fibrosis in immunized mice.

Conclusions
:

Taken together, heart-infiltrating prominin-1
+
progenitors are the major source of subsequent TGF-β–triggered cardiac fibrosis in experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Recognizing the critical, cytokine-dependent role of bone marrow–derived progenitors in cardiac remodeling might result in novel treatment concepts against inflammatory heart failure.
Induction of Transglutaminase 2 by a Liver X Receptor/Retinoic Acid Receptor α Pathway Increases the Clearance of Apoptotic Cells by Human Macrophages
Authors: Rébé Cédric , Raveneau Magalie , Chevriaux Angélique , Lakomy Daniela , Sberna Anne-Laure , Costa Annie , Bessède Ginette , Athias Anne , Steinmetz Eric , Lobaccaro Jean Marc A. , Alves Georges , Menicacci Alexandre , Vachenc Sébastien , Solary Eric , Gambert Philippe , Masson David
Published: July 2009

Rationale:

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors that are involved in the control of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory response. Human monocytes and macrophages express high levels of these receptors and are appropriate cells to study the response to LXR agonists.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to identify new LXR targets in human primary monocytes and macrophages and the consequences of their activation.

Methods and Results:

We show that LXR agonists significantly increase the mRNA and protein levels of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α in primary monocytes and macrophages. LXR agonists promote RARα gene transcription through binding to a specific LXR response element on RARα gene promoter. Preincubation of monocytes or macrophages with LXR agonists before RARα agonist treatment enhances synergistically the expression of several RARα target genes. One of these genes encodes transglutaminase (TGM)2, a key factor required for macrophage phagocytosis. Accordingly, the combination of LXR and RARα agonists at concentrations found in human atherosclerotic plaques markedly enhances the capabilities of macrophages to engulf apoptotic cells in a TGM2-dependent manner.

Conclusions:

These results indicate an important role for LXRs in the control of phagocytosis through an RARα-TGM2–dependent mechanism. A combination of LXR/RARα agonists that may operate in atherosclerosis could also constitute a promising strategy to improve the clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages in other pathological situations.