bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Impact of Rare and Private Copy Number Variants in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Authors: Glidewell Steven C. , Miyamoto Shelley D. , Grossfeld Paul D. , Clouthier David E. , Coldren Christopher D. , Stearman Robert S. , Geraci Mark W.
Published: November 2015

Background

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a heterogeneous, lethal combination of congenital malformations characterized by severe underdevelopment of left heart structures, resulting in a univentricular circulation. The genetic determinants of this disorder are largely unknown. Evidence of copy number variants (CNVs) contributing to the genetic etiology of HLHS and other congenital heart defects has been mounting. However, the functional effects of such CNVs have not been examined, particularly in cases where the variant of interest is found in only a single patient.

Methods and Results

Whole‐genome SNP microarrays were employed to detect CNVs in two patient cohorts (N = 70 total) predominantly diagnosed with some form of nonsyndromic HLHS. We discovered 16 rare or private variants adjacent to or overlapping 20 genes associated with cardiovascular or premature lethality phenotypes in mouse knockout models. We evaluated the impact of selected variants on the expression of nine of these genes through quantitative PCR on cDNA derived from patient heart tissue. Four genes displayed significantly altered expression in patients with an overlapping or proximal CNV verses patients without such CNVs.

Conclusion

Rare and private genomic imbalances perturb transcription of genes that potentially affect cardiogenesis in a subset of nonsyndromic HLHS patients.
Subungual leiomyoma in the left thumb of a 16‐year‐old female
Authors: Komforti Miglena , Selim Maria A. , Bellet Jane S.
Published: November 2015

Cutaneous leiomyomata, which are benign smooth muscle neoplasms, commonly present as dermal‐based nodules or papules with smooth borders and firm consistency. Digital, particularly subungual leiomyomata are quite rare. A 16‐year‐old female presented to nail clinic complaining of discoloration of the lunula of the left thumbnail for 2.5 months. On initial examination, a pink longitudinal band was present in the center of the nail plate, with yellow discoloration and distal onycholysis. The patient had only mild tenderness with firm palpation, and did not recall trauma of the area. A nail matrix biopsy was performed to determine the etiology of the lesion. Microscopic examination demonstrated a well‐demarcated dermal‐based spindle‐cell fascicular proliferation. Bland cells exhibited eosinophilic cytoplasm and elongate nuclei with blunt ends and minimal cytologic atypia. Prominent nucleoli, mitoses or necrosis were not appreciated. Immunohistochemical stains for smooth muscle actin and caldesmon highlighted the cells. Contrarily, S‐100, epithelial membrane antigen, p63, factor XIIIa, CD34, CD68 and p75 were all negative. Ki‐67 showed a low proliferative index. The immunoprofile combined with the morphologic features were interpreted as subungual leiomyoma. Subungual leiomyoma is a very rare diagnosis. We seek to bring awareness and expedite the diagnosis in patients with this lesion.
Lymphomatoid papulosis with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia in a 7‐year‐old girl: a case report
Authors: Xiong Jingshu , Ma Yiping , Chen Hao , Xu Xiulian , Sun Jianfang
Published: November 2015

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) belongs to the group of cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia has rarely been reported in patients with LyP. In this report, we describe a case of LyP presenting as pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia. The patient was a 7‐year‐old girl who presented with a recurrent papulonodular eruption on her face and trunk for 2 months. Histopathologic examination revealed an irregular growth of hyperkeratotic epidermis into the whole dermal layer with marked nests of squamous cells in the background of diffuse atypical lymphoid cells, eosinophils and neutrophils. The large atypical cells were positive for CD30 and CD3, but negative for CD4, CD5, CD8, CD20 and CD56. A TCR‐γ clone was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The correct diagnosis in cases of LyP with overlying pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia can be very difficult both clinically and histopathologically. Clinical and histopathologic characteristics should be integrated to avoid an erroneous diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma or keratoacanthoma.
Understanding Chinese Consumption: The Impact of Hukou
Authors: Dreger Christian , Wang Tongsan , Zhang Yanqun
Published: November 2015

Since the onset of the economic reforms more than three decades ago, the Chinese growth miracle has been based on exports and investment. While strong output growth was maintained even during the financial crisis, imbalances within the country increased. To return to a more sustainable development path, recent government policies have aimed to improve the role of private consumption. This article argues that China's institutional framework is an impediment to this strategy, as it weakens the incentives of households to consume. As well as a low level of social security and highly regulated financial markets, the authors stress the relevance of the hukou system as the main driver for modest consumption, especially in recent years. After controlling for different income levels, the average propensity to consume is found to be significantly lower for migrants, as their access to public services is limited. If not accompanied by relevant reforms, the urbanization strategy of the government is likely to raise the number of migrants with limited hukou rights, further increasing the downward pressure on consumption. Therefore, in the absence of reforms in the household registration system, the shift towards consumption‐driven growth is at risk.
Diagnostic potential of endoscopic ultrasonography‐elastography for gastric submucosal tumors: A pilot study
Authors: Tsuji Yuichiro , Kusano Chika , Gotoda Takuji , Itokawa Fumihide , Fukuzawa Masakatsu , Sofuni Atsushi , Matsubayashi Jun , Nagao Toshitaka , Itoi Takao , Moriyasu Fuminori
Published: November 2015

Background and Aim

Qualitative diagnosis for gastric submucosal tumors (SMT) is not easy. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) in combination with EUS‐elastography (EUS‐EG) is reported useful for qualitatively diagnosing pancreatic tissues. We prospectively studied whether EUS‐EG could be useful in qualitative diagnosis of gastric SMT.

Methods

We prospectively registered 25 consecutive patients with gastric SMT diagnosed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy and carried out qualitative evaluations using EUS‐EG (May 2013 to March 2015) followed by histopathological diagnosis using EUS‐FNA or endoscopic mucosal cutting biopsy. Elastic scores of gastric SMT were compared to the cytological diagnosis.

Results

Of 25 patients, 22 had a confirmed cytological diagnosis. Regarding the Giovannini elastic score, of three patients with aberrant pancreas, one was score 1 and two were score 2; of eight patients with leiomyoma, seven were score 2 and one was score 3. Both of two patients with schwannoma were score 4. Of nine patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor, six were score 4 and three were score 5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is harder than other types of gastric SMT, and our study's findings suggested the usefulness of EUS‐EG, which can also assess tumor hardness of gastric SMT.

Conclusion

EUS‐EG might be helpful for the differential diagnosis of gastric SMT, especially to differentiate GIST from other SMT.
Whose goal is it anyway? Self‐directed goal setting for children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Foley Sarah
Published: November 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Vroland‐Nordstrand et al. on pages 589–596 of this issue.
QUANTIFYING THE LIFE CYCLE OF SCHOLARLY ARTICLES ACROSS FIELDS OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
Authors: Anauati Victoria , Galiani Sebastian , Gálvez Ramiro H.
Published: November 2015

Does the life cycle of economic papers differ across fields of economic research? By constructing and analyzing a large dataset that combines information on 9,672 articles published in the top five economic journals from 1970 to 2000 with detailed yearly citation data obtained from Google Scholar, we find that published articles do have a life cycle that differs across fields of economic research (which we divide into the categories of applied, applied theory, econometric methods, and theory). Applied and applied theory papers are the clear winners in terms of citation counts. For the first years after their publication, they receive higher numbers of citations per year than papers in other fields of research do. They also reach a higher peak number of citations per year and apparently sustain those peak levels for longer, in addition to being cited over longer periods of time (i.e., they have a longer lifespan). Citation patterns are much less favorable for theoretical papers, which are the object of fewer citations per annum in the first years following publication, have lower peak numbers and a shorter lifespan. Econometric method papers are a special case; the pattern for most of these papers is similar to the pattern for theory papers, but the most successful papers (as measured by the number of citations) on econometric methods are also the most successful papers in the entire discipline of economics. (JEL A14)
Biological invasion hotspots: a trait‐based perspective reveals new sub‐continental patterns
Authors: Iannone Basil V. , Potter Kevin M. , Guo Qinfeng , Liebhold Andrew M. , Pijanowski Bryan C. , Oswalt Christopher M. , Fei Songlin
Published: November 2015

Invader traits (including plant growth form) may play an important, and perhaps overlooked, role in determining macroscale patterns of biological invasions and therefore warrant greater consideration in future investigations aimed at understanding these patterns. To assess this need, we used empirical data from a national‐level survey of forest in the contiguous 48 states of the USA to identify geographic hotspots of forest plant invasion for three distinct invasion characteristics: invasive species richness, trait richness (defined as the number of the five following plant growth forms represented by the invasive plants present at a given location: forbs, grasses, shrubs, trees, and vines), and species richness within each growth form. Three key findings emerged. 1) The hotspots identified encompassed from 9 to 23% of the total area of our study region, thereby revealing many forests to be not only invaded, but highly invaded. 2) Substantial spatial disagreement among hotspots of invasive species richness, invasive trait richness, and species richness of invasive plants within each growth form revealed many locations to be hotspots for invader traits, or for particular growth forms of invasive plants, rather than for invasive plants in general. 3) Despite eastern forests exhibiting higher levels of plant invasion than western forests, species richness for invasive forbs and grasses in the west were respectively greater than and equivalent to levels found in the east. Contrasting patterns between eastern and western forests in the number of invasive species detected for each growth form combined with the spatial disagreement found among hotspot types suggests trait‐based variability in invasion drivers. Our findings reveal invader traits to be an important contributor to macroscale invasion patterns.
Ovarian steroids alter dopamine receptor populations in the medial preoptic area of female rats: implications for sexual motivation, desire, and behaviour
Authors: Graham M. Dean , Gardner Gregory James , Hussain Dema , Brake Wayne G. , Pfaus James G.
Published: November 2015

Dopamine (DA) transmission in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) plays a critical role in the control of appetitive sexual behaviour in the female rat. We have shown previously that a DA D1 receptor (D1R)‐mediated excitatory state appears to occur in females primed with estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P), whereas a DA D2 receptor (D2R)‐mediated inhibitory state appears to occur in females primed only with EB. The present experiment employed three techniques to better understand what changes occur to DA receptors (DARs) in the mPOA under different hormonal profiles. Ovariectomized females were randomly assigned to one of three steroid treatment groups: EB + P (10 and 500 μg, respectively), EB + Oil, or the control (Oil + Oil), with hormone injections administered at 48 and 4 h prior to euthanizing. First, the number of neurons in the mPOA that contained D1R or D2R was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Second, the mPOA and two control areas (the prelimbic cortex and caudate putamen) were analysed for DAR protein levels using western blot, and DAR functional binding levels using autoradiography. Ovarian steroid hormones affected the two DAR subtypes in opposite ways in the mPOA. All three techniques supported previous behavioural findings that females primed with EB have a lower D1R : D2R ratio, and thus a D2R‐mediated system, and females primed with EB + P have a higher D1R : D2R ratio, and thus a D1R‐mediated system. This provides strong evidence for a DA‐driven pathway of female sexual motivation, desire, and behaviour that is modified by different hormone priming regimens.
Finer Distinctions: Variability in Satisfied Older Couples’ Problem‐Solving Behaviors
Authors: Rauer Amy , Williams Leah , Jensen Jakob
Published: November 2015

This study utilized observational and self‐report data from 64 maritally satisfied and stable older couples to explore if there were meaningful differences in how couples approached marital disagreements. Using a typology approach to classify couples based on their behaviors in a 15‐minute problem‐solving interaction, findings revealed four types of couples: (1)problem solvers(characterized by both spouses’ higher problem‐solving skills and warmth), (2)supporters(characterized by both spouses’ notable warmth), (3)even couples(characterized by both spouses’ moderate problem‐solving skills and warmth), and (4)cool couples(characterized by both spouses’ greater negativity and lower problem‐solving skills and warmth). Despite the differences in these behaviors, all couples had relatively high marital satisfaction and functioning. However, across nearly all indices, spouses in the cool couple cluster reported poorer marital functioning, particularly when compared to the problem solvers and supporters. These findings suggest that even modest doses of negativity (e.g., eye roll) may be problematic for some satisfied couples later in life. The implications of these typologies are discussed as they pertain to practitioners’ efforts to tailor their approaches to a wider swath of the population.
Developmental emergence of fear/threat learning: neurobiology, associations and timing
Authors: Tallot L. , Doyère V. , Sullivan R. M.
Published: November 2015

Pavlovian fear or threat conditioning, where a neutral stimulus takes on aversive properties through pairing with an aversive stimulus, has been an important tool for exploring the neurobiology of learning. In the past decades, this neurobehavioral approach has been expanded to include the developing infant. Indeed, protracted postnatal brain development permits the exploration of how incorporating the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus into this learning system impacts the acquisition and expression of aversive conditioning. Here, we review the developmental trajectory of these key brain areas involved in aversive conditioning and relate it to pups' transition to independence through weaning. Overall, the data suggests that adult‐like features of threat learning emerge as the relevant brain areas become incorporated into this learning. Specifically, the developmental emergence of the amygdala permits cue learning and the emergence of the hippocampus permits context learning. We also describe unique features of learning in early life that block threat learning and enhance interaction with the mother or exploration of the environment. Finally, we describe the development of a sense of time within this learning and its involvement in creating associations. Together these data suggest that the development of threat learning is a useful tool for dissecting adult‐like functioning of brain circuits, as well as providing unique insights into ecologically relevant developmental changes.
A method for approximate on‐farm estimation of herbage mass by using two assessments per pasture
Authors: Nakagami K.
Published: November 2015

Appropriate pasture management requires implementation of methods that reduce the time and labour required for assessing herbage mass. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations and a field study were used to evaluate a simple method for estimating herbage mass based on the corrected average of the single highest and lowest mass values in a pasture. The necessary correction factor for the method was objectively derived using a single nonlinear equation based on the scaled difference between the highest and lowest herbage mass regardless of the mean and variance of mass and pasture size. The accuracy of estimation using this method is acceptable for on‐farm use: more than 90% of the estimates had error rates below 20% of the true value when the plot size assessed was larger than 64 m2 in the simulation study; in the field experiment, approximately half of the estimates had error rates below 20% of the observed mean of random samples (R2 = 0·71). The advantages of the proposed method are that it requires only two assessments per pasture and that selection of assessment plots is straightforward. This method has potential for obtaining approximate on‐farm estimates of herbage mass that could help improve pasture management.
Salt tolerance variability among stress‐selected Panicum coloratum cv. Klein plants
Authors: Pittaro G. , Cáceres L. , Bruno C. , Tomás A. , Bustos D. , Monteoliva M. , Ortega L. , Taleisnik E.
Published: November 2015

This work assessed intracultivar variability for salt tolerance within Panicum coloratum cv. Klein, explored some physiological parameters potentially associated with it and evaluated the contribution of cell division and expansion to the decreased leaf length observed under salinity. Individual plants that had survived severe stress environments in an established pasture were collected and clonal families were obtained by vegetative propagation. These were evaluated in a greenhouse, in pots with an inert substrate irrigated with nutrient solution containing 0, 200 or 400 mm NaCl. Salt tolerance was assessed from growth variables expressed as a percentage of non‐salinized controls. Changes induced by salinity in carbon fixation, soluble sugars and compatible solutes were also measured. The selected plants showed 33% higher salt tolerance than plants from the same cultivar obtained from seeds, and variability for salt tolerance was detected within the group, suggesting these plants could be valuable germplasm for breeding programmes for saline areas. All selected plants accumulated low leaf blade Na concentrations (< 0·1 mm g−1 dry weight on average), and K concentrations tended to remain high under salinity. A kinematic analysis indicated a reduction in the number of cells in the division‐only zone was the main cause of shorter leaves under stress. Although plants showed some differences in all these traits, they were not related to salt‐tolerance variability within this group of stress‐tolerant plants.
Instructions influence response to theChinese version of the Movement‐Specific Reinvestment Scale in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Wong Thomson WL , Abernethy Bruce , Masters Rich SW
Published: November 2015

Aim

To examine whether differences emerged when theChinese version of the Movement‐Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS‐C) was administered to community‐dwelling older adults with instructions to respond in the context of “general” movements, walking, using chopsticks or dressing. Furthermore, the difference between the six‐pointLikert scale and four‐pointLikert scale response formats of theMSRS‐Cwas investigated.

Methods

The study was implemented in the community ofHongKong with 52 older adults (mean age 77.4 years). Telephone interviews were carried out on two occasions for each participant. Participants provided a verbal response to each of 10 questions from theMSRS‐Cwith different response formats (i.e., six‐point or four‐pointLikert Scales) and different instructions in the response context (i.e. general, walking, using chopsticks, dressing). The sequence of response format and context was randomized for each participant.

Results

Older fallers scored significantly higher on theMSRS‐C(general) with six‐point or four‐point response formats than non‐fallers. TheMSRS‐C(general) andMSRS‐C(walking) were not statistically different, and showed good discriminative power for previous older fall status (older fallers or older non‐fallers). However,MSRS‐C(chopsticks) andMSRS‐C(dressing) failed to differentiate older fallers from older non‐fallers.

Conclusion

Both theMSRS‐C(general) andMSRS‐C(walking) with a six‐point or a four‐point response format showed good discrimination of older fallers from non‐fallers. Older adults might respond to theMSRS‐Cwith respect to the most challenging movements (e.g. fall‐related movements) in their daily living.Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 1305–1311.
Peripheral oxidative stress markers in diabetes‐related dementia
Authors: Hatanaka Hirokuni , Hanyu Haruo , Fukasawa Raita , Sato Tomohiko , Shimizu Soichiro , Sakurai Hirofumi
Published: November 2015

Aims

We previously found that there was a dementia subgroup with characteristics predominantly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM)‐related metabolic abnormalities, referred to as “diabetes‐related dementia (DrD).” We determined the possible role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of DrD.

Methods

In a 2013 study, we classified 175 patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) and DM into four subgroups based on brain imaging. Among them, we measured endogenous plasma anti‐oxidants, such as albumin, unconjugated bilirubin and uric acid, and urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine and 8‐isoprostane in 58 patients of an AD group showing decreased regional cerebral blood flow of the parietotemporal lobe on single‐photon emission computed tomography (AD+DM group), and in 35 patients of a DrD group showing neither decreased regional cerebral blood flow of the parietotemporal lobe nor cerebrovascular disease on magnetic resonance imaging, which is strongly associated with DM‐related factors. A total of 31 patients with AD and without DM (AD−DM group) were enrolled as a control group.

Results

The DrD group showed a significant decrease in plasma levels of anti‐oxidants, and a significant increase in urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine and 8‐isoprostane levels in contrast to the AD−DM and AD+DM groups. Cognitive performance was negatively correlated with urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine and 8‐isoprostane levels in the DrD group.

Conclusions

These results strongly suggest that a decrease in anti‐oxidant levels and an increase in oxidative damage might be involved in the pathophysiology and cognitive decline associated with DrD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 1312–1318.
An Indian Ocean centre of origin revisited: Palaeogene and Neogene influences defining a biogeographic realm
Authors: Obura David O.
Published: November 2015

Aim

The biogeography and origins of the shallow marine fauna in the western and northern Indian Ocean are poorly known. Focusing on scleractinian corals, this study synthesizes evidence from extant biogeographical patterns, phylogenetics, plate tectonics and palaeoceanography to provide new support for a hypothesis on an Indian Ocean ‘centre of origin’ for shallow marine taxa.

Location

The western and northern Indian Ocean, from approximately 90°E westwards, including the Red Sea and Arabian Sea.

Methods

Synthesis of primary observations and published literature.

Results

Ten per cent of western and northern Indian Ocean coral species are endemic, with the genera Acropora, Anomastrea, Coscinaraea, Craterastrea, Ctenella, Gyrosmilia, Horastrea, Sclerophyllia, Siderastrea and Stylophora presenting evidence for deep and shallow evolutionary origins unique to the region. Evidence for origins in the Eocene Tethys Sea and Oligocene East Africa‐Arabian Province, the global hotspots of shallow tropical marine biodiversity in their time, is derived from the fossil record, clade age, presence of relict species, intra‐ and inter‐specific genetic diversity, Atlantic affinities and extant distributions. Evidence for Neogene origins in geologically active subregions of the Indian Ocean (Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Mascarene Islands) is derived from intra‐ and inter‐specific genetic diversity and endemism. The passive tectonic remnant margins of Gondwana (East Africa and Madagascar coasts), combined with prevailing ocean currents, are hypothesized to have provided a stable evolutionary refuge and region of species accumulation, perhaps since the Palaeogene.

Main conclusions

The evidence supports multiple ‘centres of origin’ for Indian Ocean corals, first in the Palaeogene Tethys Sea, then in the Neogene Red Sea, Arabian Sea and Mascarene Islands. The tectonically inactive East African and Madagascar coasts provide an evolutionary museum for old and new lineages, forming a second and phylogenetically distinct peak of global tropical scleractinian coral biodiversity in the Northern Mozambique Channel.
Association Between Adiposity and Left Ventricular Mass in Children With Hypertension
Authors: Brady Tammy M. , Appel Lawrence J. , Holmes Kathryn W. , Fivush Barbara , Miller Edgar R.
Published: November 2015

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is prevalent among hypertensive children; however, blood pressure (BP) does not predict its presence. The authors conducted a 1‐year prospective cohort study to examine the hypothesis that obesity‐related risk factors are associated with left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in hypertensive children, and the association between adiposity and LVMI is mediated by BP‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. A total of 49 hypertensive children were enrolled: 51% were overweight/obese and 41% had LVH at baseline. Children overweight/obese at baseline and follow‐up had a greater LVMI increase than those of healthy weight at each visit: mean change of 6.4 g/m2.7 vs 0.95 g/m2.7. Baseline body mass index z score was independently associated with LVMI change (β=4.08, 1.54–6.61; P=.002). Only pulse pressure and serum aldosterone partially mediated this relationship. Hypertensive youth manifest multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors that worsen over time despite treatment. Of these, adiposity is most associated with LVH and increasing LVMI.
The use of facial modeling and analysis to objectively quantify facial redness
Authors: Foolad Negar , Prakash Neha , Shi Vivian Y , Kamangar Faranak , Wang Qinlu , Li Chin‐Shang , Sivamani Raja K
Published: November 2015

Background

The reproducible evaluation of facial redness is critical to the assessment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Assessments have typically focused on the use of photography with the use of semi‐quantitative grading scales based on evaluator rating. However, few studies have utilized computer‐based algorithms to evaluate facial redness.

Aim

The purpose of this clinical study was to assess whether there is correlation between clinical grading of facial redness to the assessment of a quantitative computer‐based facial modeling and measurement.

Material and Methods

In this prospective study, a set of high‐resolution facial photographs and cross‐polarized subsurface photographs for erythema detection were obtained for 31 study participants. A computer algorithm was then utilized to detect and quantify facial redness in the photographs and compare this to semi‐quantitative evaluator‐based grading for facial redness.

Results

There was a strong correlation between computer‐based cross‐polarized subsurface erythema quantification and clinical grading for redness intensity (Clinical Erythema Assessment), redness distribution, and overall redness severity (Modified Clinical Erythema Assessment).

Conclusion

Overall, facial redness measurements by facial imaging and computer analysis correlated well to clinical grading scales for both redness intensity and distribution. Future studies should incorporate facial modeling and analysis tools for assessments in clinical studies to introduce greater objectivity and quantitative analysis in facial erythema‐based analyses.
A NEW CINDERELLA STORY: JOINT VENTURES AND THE PROPERTY RIGHTS THEORY OF THE FIRM
Authors: Gattai Valeria , Natale Piergiovanna
Published: November 2015

Joint ventures (JVs) are a common form of inter‐firm collaboration and, unsurprisingly, the subject of a vast literature, extending from economics to management and business studies.

Issues of control are central to the definition of JVs, and this naturally calls for an interpretation in the context of the property rights theory (PRT) of the firm. In a series of seminal papers, Grossman, Hart and Moore (GHM) offer a rigorous framework to predict the allocation of control rights. Notably, under the standard assumptions of GHM, JVs are suboptimal. However, JVs are not suboptimal in more general settings where a number of the original framework's assumptions are relaxed. In the context of PRT, this paper surveys more than 20 contributions that address the optimality of JVs under contract incompleteness. The surveyed papers question the assumptions of GHM and reveal the circumstances in which JVs outperform sole ownership. Although contributions are scattered over time and bibliographical sources, we believe sufficient material has accumulated over 25 years of economic modelling to encourage some systematization. The discussion is organized in an intuitive and non‐technical way; in particular, effort is devoted to analysing each paper in detail and providing a unified framework.
Liver receptor homologue‐1 and steroidogenic factor‐1 expression in cultured granulosa cells from patients with endometriosis: A preliminary study
Authors: Lu Xiang , Wu Zheng‐mu , Wang Yong‐wei , Wang Min , Cheng Wei‐wei
Published: November 2015

Aim

The expression of aromatase (via CYP19 and the CYP19 PII promoter) and the orphan nuclear receptor family members, liver receptor homologue‐1 (LRH‐1) and steroidogenic factor‐1 (SF‐1) in cultured luteinized granulosa cells from women with endometriosis were investigated.

Methods

Luteinized granulosa cells from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (16 patients with endometriosis and 28 controls) were examined for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of CYP19, CYP19 PII, LRH‐1 and SF‐1, determined by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Student's t‐test, the Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The number of high quality embryos in the endometriosis group was significantly lower than in the control group. The mRNA expression levels of CYP19, CYP19 PII, LRH‐1 and SF‐1 in granulosa‐lutein cells were decreased in women with endometriosis compared to the control group. The simultaneous down‐regulation expression of LRH‐1, SF‐1 and CYP19 PII in endometriotic granulosa cells indicated their positive correlation.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate aberrant expressions of SF‐1 and LRH‐1 in endometriotic granulosa‐lutein cells. This finding may be helpful in understanding infertility associated with endometriosis and reduced P450 aromatase activity in endometriotic granulosa cells.
Impact of preoperative urodynamic testing for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse on clinical management in Chinese women
Authors: Huang Liang , He Ling , Wu Shi‐Liang , Sun Ru‐yi , Lu Dan
Published: November 2015

Aim

To assess the impact of preoperative urodynamic testing on the clinical management of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.

Methods

Urodynamic testing was performed prior to surgery in 307 patients with pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence. The resulting changes to planned treatment were recorded and retrospectively assessed.

Results

Results of urodynamic testing prompted changes to the treatment plan in 136 cases (44.2%), including 86 cases of no or slight‐stress urinary incontinence, 28 cases of bladder outlet obstruction, 12 cases of occult stress urinary incontinence and 10 cases of detrusor overactivity and urge urinary incontinence. Urodynamic testing excluded disadvantageous factors in 69 cases (22.4%), including 46 cases of overactive bladder and 23 cases of voiding dysfunction. The information provided to patients when seeking informed consent was augmented by the results of urodynamic testing in 63 cases (20.5%). Urodynamic testing was of no value in 39 cases (12.7%).

Conclusions

Preoperative urodynamic testing for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse can result in changes to treatment plans, exclusion of disadvantageous factors, and augmentation of information provided to patients when seeking informed consent.
Actor‐Network Theory as a sociotechnical lens to explore the relationship of nurses and technology in practice: methodological considerations for nursing research
Authors: Booth Richard G. , Andrusyszyn Mary‐Anne , Iwasiw Carroll , Donelle Lorie , Compeau Deborah
Published: November 2015

Actor‐Network Theory is a research lens that has gained popularity in the nursing and health sciences domains. The perspective allows a researcher to describe the interaction of actors (both human and non‐human) within networked sociomaterial contexts, including complex practice environments where nurses and health technology operate. This study will describe Actor‐Network Theory and provide methodological considerations for researchers who are interested in using this sociotechnical lens within nursing and informatics‐related research. Considerations related to technology conceptualization, levels of analysis, and sampling procedures in Actor‐Network Theory based research are addressed. Finally, implications for future nursing research within complex environments are highlighted.
Reproductive isolation between Zaluzianskya species: the influence of volatiles and flower orientation on hawkmoth foraging choices
Authors: Campbell Diane R. , Jürgens Andreas , Johnson Steven D.
Published: November 2015

Floral trait differences between related species may play a key role in reproductive isolation imposed by pollinators. Volatile emissions can influence pollinator choice, but how they act in combination with traits such as flower orientation is rarely studied.

We compared flower‐opening patterns, morphology, colour, orientation and volatile emissions for two closely related species of Zaluzianskya and their natural hybrids. Hawkmoth pollinators were tested for preference between flowers of the two species, and between flowers with manipulations of volatiles or orientation.

Flowers of Z. natalensis and Z. microsiphon open at night and day, respectively, but they overlap during early evening, when hawkmoths showed a strong preference for Z. natalensis. The species have similar flower size and colour, but Z. natalensis emits more floral volatiles in the evening and presents flowers vertically face‐up as opposed to horizontally in Z. microsiphon, whereas natural hybrids are intermediate. Adding methyl benzoate and linalool to flowers of Z. microsiphon did not increase hawkmoth attraction, but re‐orientation of flowers to face vertically increased attraction when scent cues were present, whereas re‐orientation of Z. natalensis flowers to face horizontally decreased attraction.

This study highlights the importance of flower orientation in imposing reproductive isolation.
Environmental fluctuations promote intraspecific diversity and population persistence via inflationary effects
Authors: Wieczynski Daniel J. , Vasseur David A.
Published: November 2015

The impact of temporal variation in the environment, specifically the amount of temporal autocorrelation, on population processes is of growing interest in ecology and evolutionary biology. It was recently discovered that temporal autocorrelation in the environment can significantly increase the abundance of populations that would otherwise have low, or even negative long‐term growth rates (via so‐called ‘inflationary effects’), provided that immigration from another source prevents extinction. Here we use a mathematical model to ask whether inflationary effects can also increase population persistence without immigration if different phenotypes within that population partition growth over time and buffer each other from extinction via mutation. Using a combination of analytical and numerical methods, we find that environmental autocorrelation can inflate the abundance of phenotypes that would otherwise be excluded from the population, provided that phenotypes are sufficiently different in their use of the environment. This inflation of abundance at the phenotypic level also generates an inflation of abundance at the population level. Remarkably, intraspecific inflationary effects can increase both phenotypic and whole population abundance even if one or all phenotypes are maladapted to the environment, as long as mutations prevent phenotypic extinction during periods of poor environmental conditions. Given the prevalence of temporally autocorrelated environmental variables in nature, intraspecific inflationary effects have the potential to be of widespread importance for population persistence as well as the maintenance of intraspecific diversity.
Genetic effects of multiple asthma loci identified by genomewide association studies on asthma and spirometric indices
Authors: Tang Man Fung , Sy Hing Yee , Kong Alice Pik‐shan , Ko Fanny Wai‐san , Wang Susan Shuxin , Liu Tak Chi , Chan Wa Cheong , Wong Gary Wing‐kin , Hon Kam Lun , Chan Juliana Chung‐ngor , Hui David Shu‐cheong , Leung Ting Fan
Published: November 2015

Background

Genomewide association study (GWAS) published by GABRIEL consortium identified 10 asthma‐associated loci. However, their relationship with lung functions is unclear. This study investigated the association between asthma traits and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these GWAS loci.

Methods

Rs3894194 and rs9273349 were not genotyped due to unavailable TaqMan assays. Genetic associations of remaining eight SNPs were investigated in 903 school‐age asthmatics and 1205 non‐allergic controls. Four significant SNPs were then replicated in 479 adult asthmatics and 746 adult controls, and 1341 Chinese preschool children. Meta‐analyses were performed by combining data from school‐age children and adults. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze their interactions for asthma traits.

Results

Childhood asthma was associated with GSDMB_rs2305480 (odds ratio [OR] 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57–0.83). IL13_rs1295686 was associated with all asthma (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16–2.32) and early‐onset asthma (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.20–3.06) in adults, whereas GSDMB_rs2305480 was only associated with early‐onset asthma (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49–0.96). According to meta‐analyses, the minor allele of rs2305480 was inversely associated with FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC (p < 0.01). GMDR analyses revealed 2‐locus models of SLC22A5 with SMAD3 to modulate FEVt/FVC in both preschool children and adults, with IL13 to determine FVC in both school‐age children and adults, and with IL2RB to modulate FEV1/FVC in school‐age children.

Conclusions

IL13 and GSDMB are replicated as asthma genes. Rs2305480 of GSDMB is also associated with low FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC among asthmatics. Moreover, SLC22A5, IL13, SMAD3, and GSDMB interact to modulate spirometric indices.
Misalignment and Misperception in Preferences to Utilize Family‐Friendly Benefits: Implications for Benefit Utilization and Work–Family Conflict
Authors: Mandeville Ashley , Halbesleben Jonathon , Whitman Marilyn
Published: November 2015

Despite their increasing popularity, family‐friendly benefits are frequently underutilized. Drawing on literatures concerning social norms and pluralistic ignorance, this study examines the role of personal preference, group norm misalignment, and misperception of group norms on employees’ utilization of family‐friendly benefits. In 2 samples (154 firefighters and 440 nurses) across 3 data collection periods, we found that when employees’ preferences for benefit utilization were misaligned with the perceived group norm, they adjusted their family‐friendly benefit utilization in a manner congruent with the norm, even when that norm was misperceived. Further, we found that family‐friendly benefit utilization was negatively associated with work–family conflict. Together, our findings suggest that misperceived social norms regarding family‐friendly benefit utilization can lead to situations whereby employees do not utilize family‐friendly benefits because they mistakenly perceive utilization is not socially accepted and, as a result, experience higher work–family conflict.
Fatty acid composition of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and its host the worker prepupae of Apis mellifera
Authors: Zalewski Kazimierz , Zaobidna Ewa , Żóltowska Krystyna
Published: November 2015

The present study analyzes the fatty acid (FA) profile of lipids isolated from Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman, a parasitic mite of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), uninfected and infected worker prepupae of the Carnolian subspecies Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann, and bee bread fed to the worker brood. Significant differences are observed in the FA profiles of lipids isolated from parasites, hosts and bee bread. Parasitism by V. destructor (henceforth, varroosis) induces visible changes in the lipid profile of worker prepupae. In infected prepupae, the percentage of total saturated FAs is lower and the percentage of unsaturated FAs is higher than in uninfected insects. These differences result from significant changes in the percentages of FAs that are most abundant in the evaluated groups (i.e. C16:0, C18:1 9c, C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 FAs). In mites and in uninfected and infected prepupae, the predominant FAs are oleic acid (41.07 ± 2.26%, 42.79 ± 1.21% and 45 ± 0.20%, respectively) and palmitic acid (22.62 ± 0.87%, 39.48 ± 0.43% and 36.84 ± 0.22%, respectively). Highly significant differences in FA composition are noted between bee bread and worker brood. The results suggest specific mechanisms of FA uptake, accumulation and metabolism in the food chain of this parasitic association, beginning from the food processed by nurse bees for larval feeding, through host organisms (worker brood) to V. destructor mites.
Defining lymphocyte‐predominant breast cancer by the proportion of lymphocyte‐rich stroma and its significance in routine histopathological diagnosis
Authors: Ohtani Haruo , Mori‐Shiraishi Kazuko , Nakajima Morio , Ueki Hamaichi
Published: November 2015

Lymphocyte‐predominant breast cancer (LPBC) defined by the density of stromal lymphocytes shows favorable behavior. However, considerable distribution heterogeneity of lymphocytes is a major problem. The present study defined LPBC by the proportion of lymphocyte‐rich stroma with the cut‐off values of 30, 50, and 75%, and clinicopathologically analyzed mainly LPBC (area > 30%) defined by the cut‐off value of 30%. LPBCs (area > 30%), 39 cases in total, were composed mainly of triple‐negative and HER2+/ER‐ subtypes, without any luminal A‐like subtype. LPBCs were composed predominantly of histological grade 3 tumors, without any grade 1 lesions. Multivariate analyses on 477 consecutive tumors revealed that ER‐negativity and grade 3 status associated significantly with LPBC. LPBC (area > 30%) showed better disease‐free survival than grade‐matched controls, and it was a good indicator of complete pathological remission after pre‐operative chemotherapy. Patients with LPBC with the cut‐off value of 50% and that of 75% showed 100% disease‐free survival. These results demonstrated the validity of our definition of LPBC. Our data also suggest that de‐differentiated cancers without TILs could be regarded as high‐grade cancer without lymphocyte‐mediated responses. In conclusion, the definition of LPBC by the proportion of lymphoid stroma is useful for prognostication of high grade breast cancer in routine diagnosis.
Is ALK‐gene rearrangement overlooked in primary gastrointestinal T‐cell lymphomas? About two cases
Authors: Mneimneh Wadad S. , Vyas Shikhar Gautam , Cheng Liang , Cummings Oscar W. , Czader Magdalena
Published: November 2015

A 41‐year‐old male patient with a history of ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn disease, treated with immunomodulators and disease‐modifying drugs, was diagnosed with a primary intestinal T‐cell lymphoma that followed a 7.5‐year‐course. This transmural proliferation lacked cytological characteristics of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and was CD8‐positive, and CD30‐ and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐negative by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, ALK‐gene rearrangement (ALK‐gr) was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in both initial and persistent disease. The possibility of indolent T‐cell lymphoproliferative disease of the gastrointestinal tract with atypical features (transmural involvement) related to ALK‐gr was suggested. A previous case of aggressive ‘enteropathy‐associated ALCL’ in the context of celiac disease was recently reported, which also lacked anaplastic morphology, and where CD30 and ALK expression was incidentally demonstrated by IHC, and ALK‐gr subsequently confirmed by FISH. These two recent cases represent two distinct rare entities pertaining to the group of primary intestinal T‐cell lymphomas, and they both show unexpected ALK‐gr. This suggests that ALK‐gr has been overlooked in the group of primary intestinal T‐cell lymphomas. Performing IHC and FISH tests for ALK‐gr in primary gastrointestinal T‐cell lymphomas might be of importance, particularly with the advancement of targeted therapy that could impact treatment and prognosis.
A State‐Feedback Approach to Inventory Control: Analytical and Empirical Studies
Authors: Zhao Yingxue , Zhao Chuan , He Mingke , Yang Changchun
Published: November 2015

By applying the state feedback principle of control theory, this study develops a state‐feedback model that is capable of self‐compensation and self‐adjustment for inventory control. To be specific, under the state‐feedback model, deviation between material order quantity and actual shipment can be dynamically adjusted in response to the actual shipment with the pole‐placement state‐feedback mechanism. As a result of this merit, the state‐feedback model can ensure a more accurate order in each step of the inventory control process and thereby attain a more effective inventory control, particularly, a significant reduction of the inventory cost. In addition to analytical research, empirical studies are also conducted for the analytical model by using data collected from the industry. The empirical results show that the state‐feedback model can attain a significant improvement for inventory control and the effectiveness and applicability of the state‐feedback model can be well empirically tested.