bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Enhancement
Authors: DOUGLAS THOMAS
Published: July 2008

abstract  Opponents of biomedical enhancement often claim that, even if such enhancement would benefit the enhanced, it would harm others. But this objection looks unpersuasive when the enhancement in question is a moral enhancement — an enhancement that will expectably leave the enhanced person with morally better motives than she had previously. In this article I (1) describe one type of psychological alteration that would plausibly qualify as a moral enhancement, (2) argue that we will, in the medium‐term future, probably be able to induce such alterations via biomedical intervention, and (3) defend future engagement in such moral enhancements against possible objections. My aim is to present this kind of moral enhancement as a counter‐example to the view that biomedical enhancement is always morally impermissible.
Issues in the Pharmacological Induction of Emotions
Authors: WASSERMAN DAVID , LIAO S. MATTHEW
Published: July 2008

abstract  In this paper, we examine issues raised by the possibility of regulating emotions through pharmacological means. We argue that emotions induced through these means can be authentic phenomenologically, and that the manner of inducing them need not make them any less our own than emotions arising ‘naturally’. We recognize that in taking drugs to induce emotions, one may lose opportunities for self‐knowledge; act narcissistically; or treat oneself as a mere means. But we propose that there are circumstances in which none of these concerns arise. Finally, we consider how the possibility of drug‐regulation might affect duties to feel emotions.
HMBS Mutations in Chinese Patients with Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Authors: Yang C.‐C. , Kuo H.‐C. , You H.‐L. , Wang J. , Huang C.‐C. , Liu C.‐Y. , Lan M.‐Y. , Stephenson D. A. , Lee M.‐J.
Published: July 2008

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an autosomal dominant disorder, is caused by partial deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) affecting heme biosynthesis. Patients with AIP are characterized by recurrent abdominal pain, port‐wine urine, and motor paresis. The disease can be provoked by changes in hormone levels, drugs and fasting. Molecular analysis for twenty‐four unrelated Chinese AIP patients from Taiwan identified twenty‐five HMBS mutations. There were 10 missense (40%), four nonsense (16%), five frame‐shift (20%) and six splice site (24%) mutations. More than a half (15/25, 60%) of these mutations are predicted to produce a truncated protein. Four (c.33 + 5C>A, Arg26Cys, Arg26His, Arg325X) occurred more than once among the 24 families and one individual carried two mutations in the same allele, a missense (Gly221Asp) and a splice site mutation (c.652‐1G>A). Of the 25 mutations, eleven were novel (Arg149Pro, Gly218Arg, Asn322X, Gly221Asp, Pro313X, c.88‐4_‐16delAAGTCTCTACCCG, c.1008_1019delCAGCCTGGCCAA, c.113delT, c.88‐4_‐16delAAGTCTCTACCCGinsCA, c.160delA, c.902_909delTCCCTGCC). No correlation between genetic defect and phenotype (both clinical and biochemical) was observed in this study.
Apoptotic‐like programmed cell death in plants
Authors: Reape Theresa J. , McCabe Paul F.
Published: July 2008

Programmed cell death (PCD) is now accepted as a fundamental cellular process in plants. It is involved in defence, development and response to stress, and our understanding of these processes would be greatly improved through a greater knowledge of the regulation of plant PCD. However, there may be several types of PCD that operate in plants, and PCD research findings can be confusing if they are not assigned to a specific type of PCD. The various cell‐death mechanisms need therefore to be carefully described and defined. This review describes one of these plant cell‐death processes, namely the apoptotic‐like PCD (AL‐PCD). We begin by examining the hallmark ‘apoptotic‐like’ features (protoplast condensation, DNA degradation) of the cell's destruction that are characteristic of AL‐PCD, and include examples of AL‐PCD during the plant life cycle. The review explores the possible cellular ‘executioners’ (caspase‐like molecules; mitochondria;de novoprotein synthesis) that are responsible for the hallmark features of the cellular destruction. Finally, senescence is used as a case study to show that a rigorous definition of cell‐death processes in plant cells can help to resolve arguments that occur in the scientific literature regarding the timing and control of plant cell death.

ContentsSummary13I.Introduction13II.Apoptotic‐like cellular destruction in plants14III.Cellular executioners18IV.Senescence‐associated PCD: a case study22V.Conclusions23Acknowledgements23References23
Influence of temperature on accelerated lactose crystallization in dulce de leche
Authors: ARES GASTÓN , GIMÉNEZ ANA
Published: July 2008

The aims of the present work were to study the crystallization of lactose in dulce de leche and to evaluate the influence of temperature on this process. Samples of approximately 1 g were placed in plastic containers and stored at –5, 5, 20 and 35°C for 25 days. Lactose crystal and lactose crystal agglomerate numbers and size were measured by using an optical microscope. Results suggested that stirring and placing a small sample of dulce de leche in a small container induced lactose crystallization. Lower storage temperatures resulted in an increase of crystal and agglomerate number but in a decrease of crystal and agglomerate size. The effect of temperature on crystal and agglomerate growth rates could be attributed to the effect of temperature on viscosity, as lower temperatures resulted in decreased crystal mobility in dulce de leche and therefore reduced crystal and agglomerate growth rate.
Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory changes during ripening and storage of Xinotyri, a traditional Greek cheese from raw goat's milk
Authors: BONTINIS THOMAS G. , MALLATOU HELENI , ALICHANIDIS EFSTATHIOS , KAKOURI ATHANASIA , SAMELIS JOHN
Published: July 2008

Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics, evolution of lipolysis monitored by measuring acid degree value (ADV) and the main mineral elements were studied during ripening and storage of artisanal Xinotyri cheese from raw goat's milk. Cheeses were characterized by a high content in total solids (TS; 83%) and fat (59% of TS), and very low pH (4.0), water activity (0.87) and moisture (17%). Protein and salt contents at the end of storage were 31% and 2.8%, respectively. Lipolysis increased, while variations in mineral (Ca, P, Mg and Zn) content were found during ripening and storage. Cheeses were free of Salmonella and Listeria in 25 g, while enterobacteria, pseudomonads, and coagulase‐positive staphylococci were < 100 cfu/g. Mesophilic lactic acid bacteria increased above 8 log cfu/g by day 6, but declined by 2–3 logs in the ripened cheese (45 days) and by 3–4 logs during cheese storage at 4°C for up to 180 days.
Modelling of acidification kinetics and textural properties in dahi (Indian yogurt) made from buffalo milk using response surface methodology
Authors: VARGHESE K. SHIBY , MISHRA H N
Published: July 2008

The simultaneous effects of fermentation temperature (20.8–29.2C), total solids (TS) level (13–16% w/v) and total inoculum level (1–4% v/v) on the acidification process in buffalo milk fermented with dahi culture were explored by means of response surface methodology. The changes in lactose content and lactic acid in buffalo milk (14.5% TS) inoculated with 2.5% culture were investigated during fermentation at 27.5C. The utilization of lactose followed first order kinetics during dahi fermentation. The syneresis increased with increase in fermentation temperatures. A firmer gel was achieved with a medium acidification rate in the range of fermentation temperatures from 27C to 29.2C, medium TS of 14.5–15%, and at a total inoculum level of 2.5%.
Effect of carrot on quality improvement of sweet syrupy cheese ball (Rasgulla)
Authors: BANDYOPADHYAY MAHUYA , CHAKRABORTY RUNU , RAYCHAUDHURI UTPAL
Published: July 2008

To evaluate the effect of carrot on the quality improvement of the sweet syrupy cheese ball known as Rasgulla, six types of Rasgulla samples containing carrot paste in the proportions of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% were prepared and stored in closed containers at 25°C for 40 h. With increasing storage time the acidity of syrup, free fatty acid formation, absorptivity value and colour of all Rasgulla samples increased. The addition of carrot to chhana (analogous to cottage cheese) decreased acid and free fatty acid formation in Rasgulla syrup, decreased absorptivity, and also gave colour stability. Carrot concentration up to 30% improves the quality of Rasgulla. More than a 30% concentration of carrot reduced the oxidative stability of Rasgulla, while a more than 40% carrot concentration reduced its colour stability. Thus, the use of carrot up a concentration of 30% is suggested to increase the oxidative stability as well as the colour stability of Rasgulla.
Chemical composition and microbial evaluation of Argentinean Corrientes cheese
Authors: VASEK OLGA M , LEBLANC JEAN GUY , FUSCO ANGEL , SAVOY DE GIORI GRACIELA
Published: July 2008

The chemical and microbial composition of an artisanal cheese made from raw cow's milk produced and consumed in the province of Corrientes (north‐eastern Argentina) was evaluated using standard methods. Corrientes cheese has high moisture content (50–60%), normal protein and fat contents (21–27 and 22–26% respectively), and is low in salt (0.5–2.0% w/w). Microbial counts also varied significantly between samples (colony‐forming units per gram ranges covering logs of 5–11), probably due to environmental contamination in the raw material. These results will help produce higher quality Corrientes cheeses with well‐defined characteristics.
Probiotics for the young and the not so young
Authors: CANDY DAVID CA , HEATH SARA J , LEWIS JONATHAN DN , THOMAS LINDA V
Published: July 2008

Although interest in the effects of the intestinal flora on health dates from the beginning of the 20th century, controlled clinical trials did not begin until its end. Oral administration of probiotic lactobacilli has been shown to alleviate and prevent atopic eczema. Similar effects were accomplished by administering fructose and glucose oligosaccharides (prebiotics) which encouraged the proliferation of endogenous lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli has been shown to protect premature infants from infection. Twenty years later, infants given this E. coli were still found to be less allergic. Meta‐analyses have confirmed that Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG prevents and treats rotavirus diarrhoea. By reversing the changes in bowel flora which occur with age comes the prospect of rejuvenating ageing immune systems, preventing Clostridium difficile infections and bowel cancer, thereby fulfilling the early promise of prolongation of life.
Pharmacological intervention of tiferron and propolis to alleviate beryllium‐induced hepatorenal toxicity
Authors: Nirala Satendra Kumar , Bhadauria Monika , Shukla Sangeeta , Agrawal Om Prakash , Mathur Asha , Li Pei Qiang , Mathur Ramesh
Published: July 2008

Intervention of chelating agent tiferron (sodium‐4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzene disulfonate; 300 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) with propolis (honey beehive product; 200 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated to encounter the characteristic biochemical and ultra‐morphological alterations following subchronic exposure to beryllium. Female albino rats were challenged with beryllium nitrate (1 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 28 days followed by treatment of the above‐mentioned therapeutic agents either individually or in combination for five consecutive days. Exposure to beryllium increased its concentration in the serum, liver and kidney, and caused significant alterations in cytochrome P450 activity, microsomal lipid peroxidation and proteins. Activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, bilirubin, creatinine and urea in the serum and activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose‐6‐phophatase and succinic dehydrogenase in the liver and kidney were significantly altered after beryllium administration. Beryllium exposure also induced severe hepatorenal alterations at histopathological and ultra‐morphological level. Tiferron along with propolis dramatically reversed the alterations in all the variables more towards control rather than their individual treatment. The study concludes that pharmacological intervention of tiferron and propolis is beneficial in attenuating beryllium‐induced systemic toxicity.
Repercussion of acetylsalicylic acid during fetal development on later renal hemodynamics of rats
Authors: Vieira‐Filho Leucio D. , Lucena‐Júnior José M. , Barreto Izabel S.S. , Angelim José L.C. , Paixão Ana D.O.
Published: July 2008

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) during pregnancy reaches the fetus. It seems important to know possible repercussions of ASA on later renal function of the offspring, as well as repercussions of this drug on factors that may influence fetal development, such as maternal plasma volume and placental oxidative stress. It was evaluated whether ASA changes maternal plasma volume and/or placental oxidative stress, fetal weight and renal function of the offspring at adult life. ASA (100 mg/kg/day, p.o., dissolved in ETOH 10%) or ETOH 10% was administered to Wistar rat dams, from the day 7 to day 20 of pregnancy/parturition. Plasma volume and the placental oxidative stress were evaluated on day 20 of pregnancy, using, respectively, the Evans blue dye and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances methods. Mean arterial pressure, renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were evaluated in the anesthetized offspring, at the age of 90 days, using a blood pressure transducer, a flow probe and inulin clearance respectively. Plasma volume was 76% (P < 0.05) higher in ASA compared with that in control dams, but placental oxidative stress was the same for both groups. Fetal body weight, the number of nephrons, GFR, RBF and renal vascular resistance were similar for the same gender among the offspring of the two groups. However, reduced hematocrit (9.8%, P < 0.05), increased renal plasma flow (27%, P < 0.05) and reduced filtration fraction (32%, P < 0.05) were seen in the female offspring. In conclusion, although ASA had increased maternal plasma volume, it did not change nephrogenesis nor GFR in the adult offspring. The changes in renal plasma flow and filtration fraction seen in the ASA female offspring might partially be due to the reduced hematocrit.
Effect of ellagic acid on cyclosporine A‐induced oxidative damage in the liver of rats
Authors: Pari Leelavinothan , Sivasankari Ramasamy
Published: July 2008

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressor, which is most frequently used in the transplant surgery and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. It has been shown that CsA is able to generate reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, which are directly involved in the CsA nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. This study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of ellagic acid (EA), a polyphenolic compound against CsA‐induced liver injury in male Wistar rats. In this study, CsA was administered orally (25 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days to induce toxicity. EA was administered orally (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days along with oral administration of CsA. CsA‐induced liver damage was evidenced by increased activities of serum hepatic enzymes namely aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase with a significant elevation of lipid peroxidation markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides in the liver. The levels of enzymic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione‐S‐transferase and non‐enzymic antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione) were also decreased in CsA‐treated rats. Administrations of EA at 50 mg/kg body weight significantly decreased the activities of hepatic marker enzymes compared with other doses of EA (12.5, 25 mg/kg body weight). In addition, the levels of TBARS and hydroperoxides were significantly decreased and the levels of enzymic and non‐enzymic antioxidants significant increased on treatment with EA in the liver. The biochemical observation was supplemented by histopathologic examination of liver section. The results of this study indicate that EA might play an important role in protecting CsA‐induced oxidative damage in the liver.
Enhanced therapeutic effects on the multi‐drug resistant human leukemia cells in vitro and xenograft in mice using the stealthy liposomal vincristine plus quinacrine
Authors: Liang Gong‐Wen , Lu Wan‐Liang , Wu Jin‐Wei , Zhao Ji‐Hui , Hong Hai‐Yan , Long Chuan , Li Ting , Zhang Yu‐Teng , Zhang Hua , Wang Jian‐Cheng , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2008

The multi‐drug resistance (MDR) could be caused by the over‐expression of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters such as p‐glycoprotein, thereby resulting in the efflux of anti‐cancer drugs from the cells. An anti‐resistant stealthy liposomal vincristine plus quinacrine was defined in this study. Human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 and MDR K562 cells were included for comparisons. Anti‐tumor activity studies were performed on female BALB/c nude mice with MDR K562 cell xenografts. Results showed that quinacrine was effective in reversing the resistance in the MDR K562 cells, and enhanced the anti‐tumor effect of vincristine in K562 cells. The caspase‐9 and ‐3 activities in the MDR K562 and K562 cells were increased with the dose rise of quinacrine. In the MDR K562 cell xenografts in mice, the anti‐resistant tumor effect of the stealthy liposomal vincristine plus quinacrine was evidently observed. The enhanced anti‐tumor effects of vincristine by quinacrine in the resistant/non‐resistant K562 cells could be because of the direct injury and the potentiating apoptotic effect of vincristine via activating the initiator caspase‐9 and subsequently the effector caspase‐3, and the long circulatory effect of stealthy liposomes. The stealthy liposomal encapsulation of vincristine plus quinacrine could be a potential therapeutic approach for resistant human leukemia.
Beginnings and Early Development of Thermoelastic Stress Analysis
Authors: Stanley P.
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Starting with Gough's first recorded observation of the thermoelastic effect in 1803, through to the 1990s, the principal steps in the evolution of the thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) technique are identified and reviewed. The coverage includes the contributions of Weber, who first described the effect in metals, Kelvin who provided the classical theoretical treatment, Turner and Coker who saw the potential of the effect as the basis of a stress analysis technique, Belgen who demonstrated the value of infrared technology in this context and Mountain and Weber whose foresight and skills resulted in the first commercially available equipment (SPATE) for TSA. Comments on the personal qualities and attributes of those involved are also included.
Celebration of Another Nation?: Australia's Bicentenary in Britain
Authors: Crawford Robert
Published: July 2008

Historians and contemporary critics have generally taken a dim view of Australia's Bicentennial celebrations in 1988, labelling them a wasted opportunity to redress the nation's previous wrongs. While these claims certainly have a point, they have nevertheless tended to adopt a simplified image of the Bicentenary and its significance. This article re‐visits the Bicentenary by undertaking a more nuanced reading of the events and discourse surrounding the celebrations and commemorations by different groups in the United Kingdom during 1987 and 1988. These Bicentennial events were more than mere celebrations; they were an opportunity for both Britons and Australians to reflect on their history, their place in the world, and their sense of identity. By examining the different meanings associated with the Bicentenary, this article will suggest that the Bicentennial events provided an important opportunity for reflection that also revealed the state of Australian nationhood in the post‐imperial age.
The Effects of Probiotics on PPI‐Triple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication
Authors: Kim Mi Na , Kim Nayoung , Lee Sang Hyup , Park Young Soo , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok , Kim Jin‐Wook , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Lee Dong Ho , Kim Joo Sung , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung
Published: July 2008

Background: This study was performed to evaluate whether the addition of probiotics to proton pump inhibitor (PPI)‐based triple therapy increases the likelihood of successful Helicobacter pylori eradication.

Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty‐seven H. pylori‐infected patients were randomized into a triple‐plus‐yogurt group (yogurt group, n = 168) or a triple‐only group (control group, n = 179). Triple therapy consisted of PPI b.i.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., and amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. for 7 days. Yogurt group received triple therapy for 1 week and one bottle of Will yogurt per day for at 3 weeks, starting on the first day of triple therapy. Will yogurt (a Korean brand) contains Lactobacillus acidophilus HY2177, Lactobacillus casei HY2743, Bifidobacterium longum HY8001, and Streptococcus thermophilus B‐1. 13C‐urea breath test was performed at least 4 weeks after completion of triple therapy. Eradication rates, compliances, and adverse events were compared.

Results: By intention‐to treat analysis the H. pylori eradication rates in the yogurt group 79.2% (133 of 168) was similar to that in the control group 72.1% (129 of 179) (p = .124). However, by per‐protocol (PP) analysis, the eradication rate in the yogurt group, 87.5% (133 of 152) was higher than that in the control group, 78.7% (129 of 164) (p = .037). Common adverse events were metallic taste (11.8%) and diarrhea (8.6%). The frequency of adverse effects in the yogurt group 41.1% (69/168) were higher than in the control group, 26.3% (47 of 179) (p = .003). However, most adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity, and the severities of adverse effects were similar in both groups (p = .401).

Conclusions: The addition of Will yogurt to triple therapy did not reduce the side‐effects of triple therapy. But it increased the H. pylori eradication rate by PP analysis, encouraging more research in this field.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia in a Korean Population Without Significant Gastroduodenal Disease
Authors: Kim Nayoung , Park Young Soo , Cho Sung‐Il , Lee Hye Seung , Choe Gheeyoung , Kim In Wook , Won Yoo‐Deok , Park Ji Hyun , Kim Joo Sung , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung
Published: July 2008

Background and Aim: The prevalence of gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection is unacceptably high in Korea. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) and to identify their risk factors with respect to H. pylori virulence factors, and environmental and host factors, in Korean population without significant gastroduodenal disease.

Methods: The study cohort consisted of 389 subjects (≥ 16 years). AG and IM were scored histologically using the Sydney classification in the antrum and body, respectively. Prevalences and bacterial factors (i.e. cagA, vacA m1, and oipA), environmental factors (i.e. smoking and alcohol), and host factors (i.e. genetic polymorphisms of IL‐1B‐511, IL‐1RN, TNF‐A‐308, IL‐10‐592, IL‐10‐819, IL‐10‐1082, IL‐8‐251, IL‐6‐572, GSTP1, p53 codon 72, and ALDH2) were evaluated.

Results: Prevalences of AG in the antrum and body were 42.5% and 20.1%, and those of IM were 28.6% and 21.2%, respectively. The presences of AG and IM were significantly higher in H. pylori‐positive than in the H. pylori‐negative subjects. Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors for AG were H. pylori infection, age ≥ 61 years, and cagA and vacA m1 positivity. For IM the risk factors were H. pylori infection, age ≥ 61 years, a smoking history (rather than current smoking), strong spicy food, occupation (unemployed or nonprofessional vs. professional), and the presence of IL10‐592 C/A as opposed to A/A. In addition, IL6‐572 G carrier was found to have a protective effect against IM development as compared with C/C.

Conclusion: H. pylori infection was most important risk factor of AG and IM. Bacterial factors were found to be important risk factor for AG but environmental and host factors were more important for IM.
High Prevalence of Cag‐A Positive H. pylori Strains in Ischemic Stroke: A Primary Care Multicenter Study
Authors: De Bastiani Rudy , Gabrielli Maurizio , Ubaldi Enzo , Benedetto Edoardo , Sanna Guido , Cottone Carmelo , Candelli Marcello , Zocco Maria Assunta , Saulnier Nathalie , Santoliquido Angelo , Papaleo Pierangelo , Gasbarrini Giovanni , Gasbarrini Antonio
Published: July 2008

Background: Previous studies suggested an association between CagA‐positive H. pylori strains and ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and CagA status in patients with atherosclerotic stroke in the primary care setting.

Materials and methods: A total of 106 consecutive patients (age 76.6 ± 8 years; males 52%) with well‐documented history of atherosclerotic stroke and 106 sex–age‐ (age 76.5 ± 9 years; males 52%) and social background‐matched controls without relevant vascular diseases. Risk factors for ischemic stroke were recorded in all subjects. H. pylori infection was assessed by[13]C‐urea breath test. A serologic assay for specific IgG against CagA was performed in infected subjects.

Results: A trend toward a higher prevalence of H. pylori was observed in cases (63%) with respect to controls (54%) without reaching a statistical significance. CagA positivity was associated to a higher risk of atherosclerotic stroke (adjusted odds ratio 2.69, 95% confidence interval 1.37–5.30).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CagA‐positive strains of H. pylori are significantly associated to atherosclerotic stroke. This is not a merely confirmative study since it has been performed for the first time in the primary care setting and included only subjects with an active infection.
Naturally Occurring Regulatory T cells (CD4+, CD25high, FOXP3+) in the Antrum and Cardia are Associated with Higher H. pylori Colonization and Increased Gene Expression of TGF‐β1
Authors: Kandulski Arne , Wex Thomas , Kuester Doerthe , Peitz Ulrich , Gebert Ingrid , Roessner Albert , Malfertheiner Peter
Published: July 2008

Background: Helicobacter pylori causes gastric inflammation. Despite the induction of H. pylori‐specific B‐ and T cells, the immune response is not sufficient to clear the infection. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) suppress the activation and proliferation of antigen‐specific T cells and mediate immunologic tolerance. FOXP3 was shown to be expressed in a subset of Treg cells known as ‘naturally occurring Treg cells’. These cells have not been sufficiently studied in context to H. pylori‐induced inflammation in human gastric mucosa.

Materials and methods: The study included 76 patients stratified according to the presence of H. pylori. Gene expression levels of FOXP3, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, and interleukin‐10 were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction in biopsies from gastric antrum, corpus, and cardia. FOXP3 expression was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Differences in expression levels were analyzed by comprehensive statistical analyses and correlated with clinical and histomorphologic parameters.

Results: H. pylori‐positive patients revealed a 19‐ to 25‐fold induction of FOXP3 transcript levels in antrum and cardia (p < .02). FOXP3 transcript levels correlated positively with inflammation (p < .04) and TGF‐β1 transcript levels (p < .001). Furthermore, a positive correlation between FOXP3+ Treg cells and H. pylori colonization was demonstrated.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that H. pylori‐induced gastritis is associated with a recruitment of naturally occurring FOXP3+ Treg cells that correlates with the degree of bacterial colonization and mucosal TGF‐β1 expression. Together, these data support the hypothesis that naturally FOXP3+ Treg cells play a role in the lifelong persistence of H. pylori infection in humans.
Ambient Air Pollution and Daily Emergency Department Visits for Headache in Ottawa, Canada
Authors: Szyszkowicz Mieczyslaw
Published: July 2008

Background.—No extensive studies exist on the relation between ambient air pollution and health outcomes such as migraine or headache. From other side, existing publications indicated that air pollutants can trigger migraine or headache.

Objective.—To examine associations between emergency department (ED) visits for headache and environmental conditions: ambient air pollution concentrations adjusted for weather factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity).

Design and Methods.—This is a time‐series study of 8012 ED visits for headache (International Classification for Diseases ninth revision: 784) recorded at an Ottawa hospital between 1992 and 2000. The generalized linear mixed models technique is used to model relation between daily counts of ED visits for headache and ambient air pollutants (gases: sulphur dioxide [SO2], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], carbon monoxide [CO]). The counts of visits for all patients, male and female patients, are analyzed separately.

Results.—The percentage increase in daily ED visits for headache was 4.2% (95% CI: 0.2, 6.4) and 4.9% (95% CI: 1.2, 8.8) for 1‐day and 2‐day lagged exposure to SO2for an increase in the interquartile range (IQR, IQR = 3.9 ppb). The positive statistically significant associations were also observed for exposure to NO2and CO for all and male ED visits for headache.

Conclusions.—Presented findings provide support for the hypothesis that ED visits for headache are related to ambient air pollution.
Past, Present, and Future Prospects of Medication‐Overuse Headache Classification
Authors: Ferrari Anna , Coccia Ciro , Sternieri Emilio
Published: July 2008

The 1988 classification by the International Headache Society (IHS) first defined drug‐induced headache as a specific disorder, belonging to secondary headaches, subtype 8.2 (headache induced by chronic substance use or exposure). In 2004 ICHD‐II, this definition was replaced by medication‐overuse headache (MOH). It was established that a definite diagnosis of MOH required the improvement of the disorder after cessation of medication overuse. The specific characteristics of the various subforms were also indicated. Later revisions have first eliminated these headache characteristics and then the diagnosis of probable MOH. The diagnosis of MOH has therefore become more useful to clinical aims. However, the last revision has eliminated the need to prove that the disorder is caused by drugs, that is, the headache improves after cessation of medication overuse. The classification of MOH as a secondary headache has therefore been modified, too. Clinical trials can consequently include in the same group patients with primary headache and drug overuse and patients with MOH.

We therefore propose to continue to use the diagnosis of probable MOH to research aims. We also propose to modify the classification of MOH subforms according to the presence or absence of a dependence‐producing property of overused drugs. This will allow to better analyze the role of the various medications in inducing chronic headache and the outcomes of treatments.
Lack of Association of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms and Migraine
Authors: Toriello María , Oterino Agustín , Pascual Julio , Castillo Jesús , Colás Rafael , Alonso‐Arranz Ana , Ruiz‐Alegría Carlos , Quintela Estrella , Montón Fernando , Ruiz‐Lavilla Nuria
Published: July 2008

Objective.— The aim of this study was to evaluate if 2 functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms might be risk factors for migraine.

Background.— Nitric oxide synthase promotes the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a potent vasodilator and mediates several processes involved in migraine pathophysiology. Only one study has suggested an association with migraine with aura.

Methods.— We performed a sex‐ and age‐matched case‐control study using 2 eNOS polymorphisms (rs1800779 and rs1799983), which are in linkage disequilibrium. Genotypes were obtained with allele‐specific probes in a real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay. Genotypic and allelic distributions were compared with χ2 method. We also estimated the reconstructed haplotypes and calculated ORs for individual haplotypes.

Results.— A total of 337 migraine patients (188 with aura) and 341 healthy controls were recruited. We found no significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles for either polymorphism among clinical subgroups. Neither rs1800779 nor rs1799983 polymorphisms increased the risk for suffering from migraine aura.

Conclusions.— As others have previously reported, we failed to demonstrate genetic association of the eNOS gene with migraine.
Human herpes virus 6B: A possible role in epilepsy?
Authors: Theodore William H. , Epstein Leon , Gaillard William D. , Shinnar Shlomo , Wainwright Mark S. , Jacobson Steven
Published: July 2008

Human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) infection is nearly ubiquitous in childhood and may include central nervous system invasion. There are two variants, HHV6A and HHV6B. Usually asymptomatic, it is associated with the common, self‐limited childhood illness roseola infantum and rarely with more severe syndromes. In patients with immune compromise, subsequent reactivation of viral activity may lead to severe limbic encephalitis. HHV6 has been identified as a possible etiologic agent in multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and encephalitis. A preponderance of evidence supports an association between HHV6 and febrile seizures. An ongoing multicenter study is investigating possible links between HHV6 infection, febrile status epilepticus, and development of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Investigation of temporal lobectomy specimens showed evidence of active HHV6B but not HHV6A replication in hippocampal astrocytes in about two‐thirds of patients with MTS but not other causes of epilepsy. It has been suggested that HHV6B may cause “excitotoxicity” by interfering with astrocyte excitatory amino acid transport. Although conventional inflammatory changes are not found in most MTS specimens, inflammatory modulators may play a role in neuronal injury leading to MTS as well. If the link between early viral infection, complex or prolonged febrile seizures, and later development of intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is confirmed, new therapeutic approaches to a common intractable epilepsy syndrome may be possible.
NIRS‐measured oxy‐ and deoxyhemoglobin changes associated with EEG spike‐and‐wave discharges in children
Authors: Roche‐Labarbe Nadège , Zaaimi Boubker , Berquin Patrick , Nehlig Astrid , Grebe Reinhard , Wallois Fabrice
Published: July 2008

Purpose: Absence epilepsy is characterized by 3‐Hz generalized spike‐and‐wave discharges (GSWD) on the electroencephalogram, associated with behavioral arrest. It may be severe, and even in childhood benign absence epilepsy cognitive delay is frequent, yet the metabolic/hemodynamic aspects of this kind of epilepsy have not been established. We aimed to determine if the GSWD were related to hemodynamic changes by using a new technique with high temporal resolution: near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Methods: NIRS is gaining acceptance as a technique particularly suitable for routine follow‐up in children, using the specific absorption properties of living tissues in the near infrared range to measure changes in the concentrations of oxy‐, deoxy‐ and total hemoglobin (HbO2, HHb, and HbT, respectively). We performed simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and left frontal NIRS recordings in six children with GSWD. We also tested if the discharges were related to changes in cardiac or respiratory rates.

Results: GSWD were associated in the frontal area with an oxygenation (beginning 10 s before the GSWD) followed by strong deoxygenation, then oxygenation again with [HbT] increase, and a return to baseline. We did not identify any relationship between the onset of the GSWD and heart or respiratory rates.

Discussion: Our results partially differ from previous studies on GSWD hemodynamic aspects (many of which described a simple deactivation), probably due to differences in temporal resolution and data processing. Simultaneous acquisition of EEG and NIRS can optimize the use of both techniques and help shed light on the mechanisms underlying spike‐and‐wave discharges.
Decision Making in Alcohol Dependence: Insensitivity to Future Consequences and Comorbid Disinhibitory Psychopathology
Authors: Cantrell Hope , Finn Peter R. , Rickert Martin E. , Lucas Jesolyn
Published: July 2008

Background:  Alcohol dependence (AD) is often comorbid with other disinhibitory disorders that are characterized by poor decision making and evidenced by disadvantageous strategies on laboratory tasks such as the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). In this study, a variant of the IGT is used to examine specific mechanisms that may account for poor decision making on the task in AD both with and without comorbid psychopathology.

Methods:  The community sample (n = 428) included 134 young adult subjects with AD and a history of childhood conduct disorder (CCD), 129 with AD and no history of CCD, 60 with a history of CCD and no AD, and 105 controls. Lifetime histories of other disinhibitory problems (adult antisocial behavior, marijuana, and other drugs) and major depression also were assessed. A modified version of the IGT was used to estimate (i) insensitivity to future consequences (IFC), and (ii) preference for large versus small immediate reward decks (PLvS).

Results:  Both AD and CCD were associated with greater IFC but not greater PLvS. Structural equation models (SEMs) indicated that IFC was associated with higher scores on a latent dimensional “disinhibitory disorders” factor representing the covariance among all lifetime measures of disinhibitory psychopathology, but was not directly related to any one disinhibitory disorder. SEMs also suggested that adult antisocial behavior was uniquely associated with a greater PLvS.

Conclusions:  Disadvantageous decision making on the IGT in those with AD and related disinhibitory disorders may reflect an IFC that is common to the covariance among these disorders but not unique to any one disorder.
Inhibition of 5α‐Reduced Steroid Biosynthesis Impedes Acquisition of Ethanol Drinking in Male C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Ford Matthew M. , Yoneyama Naomi , Strong Moriah N. , Fretwell Andrea , Tanchuck Michelle , Finn Deborah A.
Published: July 2008

Background: Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a physiologically relevant neurosteroid modulator of GABAAreceptors, and it exhibits a psychopharmacological profile that closely resembles the post‐ingestive effects of ethanol. The 5α‐reductase inhibitor finasteride (FIN), which inhibits biosynthesis of ALLO and structurally related neurosteroids, was previously demonstrated to reduce the maintenance of limited‐access ethanol consumption. The primary aim of the current work was to determine whether FIN would reduce the acquisition of drinking in ethanol‐naïve mice.

Methods: Male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were acclimated to a reverse light/dark schedule, and were provided ad libitum access to chow and water. Following habituation to vehicle injections (VEH; 20% w/v β‐cyclodextrin; i.p.) administered 22‐hour prior to drinking sessions with water only, mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: vehicle control (VEH), 50 mg/kg FIN (FIN‐50), and 100 mg/kg FIN (FIN‐100). Twenty‐two hours after the first treatment, mice were permitted the inaugural 2‐hour limited access to a 10% v/v ethanol solution (10E) and water. The acquisition of 10E consumption and underlying drinking patterns were assessed during FIN treatment (7 days) and subsequent FIN withdrawal (13 days) phases.

Results: FIN dose‐dependently blocked the acquisition of 10E drinking and prevented the development of ethanol preference, thereby suggesting that the GABAergic neurosteroids may be important in the establishment of stable drinking patterns. FIN‐elicited reductions in 10E intake were primarily attributable to selective and marked reductions in bout frequency, as no changes were observed in bout size, duration, or lick rates following FIN treatment. FIN‐treated mice continued to exhibit attenuated ethanol consumption after 2 weeks post‐treatment, despite a full recovery in brain ALLO levels. A second study confirmed the rightward and downward shift in the acquisition of ethanol intake following 7 daily FIN injections. While there were no significant group differences in brain ALLO levels following the seventh day of ethanol drinking, ALLO levels were decreased by 28% in the FIN‐50 group.

Conclusions: Although the exact mechanism is unclear, FIN and other pharmacological interventions that modulate the GABAergic system may prove useful in curbing ethanol intake acquisition in at‐risk individuals.
Effects of CRF1‐Receptor and Opioid‐Receptor Antagonists on Dependence‐Induced Increases in Alcohol Drinking by Alcohol‐Preferring (P) Rats
Authors: Gilpin Nicholas W. , Richardson Heather N. , Koob George F.
Published: July 2008

Background:  Selective breeding of rats over generations and induction of alcohol dependence via chronic vapor inhalation both enhance alcohol consumption in animal models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dependence‐induced increases in alcohol consumption by P rats is sensitive to naltrexone, a general opioid receptor antagonist (but with highest affinity at the μ‐opioid receptor at low doses), and the recently characterized small molecule CRF1‐receptor antagonist MPZP (N,N‐bis(2‐methoxyethyl)‐3‐(4‐methoxy‐2‐methylphenyl)‐2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7‐amine).

Methods:  P rats (n = 20) were trained to respond for alcohol and water in a 2‐lever operant situation during daily 30‐minute sessions. P rats were then matched for alcohol intake and exposed to chronic intermittent alcohol vapor (n = 10) or ambient air (n = 10) for approximately 10 weeks. All rats were then administered MPZP and naltrexone in 2 separate and consecutive Latin‐square designs.

Results:  MPZP attenuated dependence‐induced increases in alcohol intake by P rats while having no effect on alcohol consumption by nondependent controls. Conversely, operant alcohol responding was reduced similarly in dependent and nondependent P rats by naltrexone.

Conclusions:  These results confirm a role for brain CRF1‐receptor systems in dependence‐induced changes in the reinforcing properties of alcohol, and CRF1‐receptor blockade appears to suppress dependence‐induced drinking at lower doses in P rats relative to other rat lines. Therefore, brain CRF1‐receptor systems are important in the regulation of dependence‐induced alcohol consumption, whereas brain opioid systems are important in the regulation of basal alcohol consumption by rats.
Transanal Pull‐Through Rectal Amputation for Treatment of Colorectal Carcinoma in 11 Dogs
Authors: MORELLO EMANUELA , MARTANO MARINA , SQUASSINO CHIARA , IUSSICH SELINA , CACCAMO ROBERTA , SAMMARTANO FEDERICA , ZABARINO SARA , BELLINO CLAUDIO , PISANI GUIDO , BURACCO PAOLO
Published: July 2008

Objective— To evaluate outcome after transanal rectal pull‐through amputation of single colorectal adenocarcinoma and in situ carcinoma (Tis) in dogs.

Study Design— Retrospective case series.

Animals— Dogs (n=11) with colorectal cancer.

Methods— Full‐thickness colorectal amputation by either simple transanal (7 dogs) or combined abdominal–transanal (4) pull‐through technique.

Results— Adenocarcinoma (8) and Tis (2) were removed with 3–6 cm of grossly normal tissue, cranial and caudal to the tumor, or in 1 Tis with 2 cm grossly normal tissue, cranial and caudal. Two dogs that had a combined abdominal–transanal approach died within 4 days. In the other dogs, postoperative complications included short‐term tenesmus (6 dogs), rectal bleeding (11), rectal stricture (3), and long‐term fecal incontinence (1). Postoperative recurrence and metastatic rates for adenocarcinoma were 18.2% and 0%, respectively. Median disease‐free interval and survival time were not reached. Mean disease‐free and overall survival times were 44.3 and 44.6 months (range, 0–75 months), respectively.

Conclusion— En bloc excision of colorectal Tis and adenocarcinoma may be followed by a long survival. Complications of the transanal approach are usually moderate and self‐limiting, but complications are more common and severe when more extensive resections are performed through a combined abdominal–transanal approach.

Clinical Relevance— Transanal rectal pull‐through amputation is suitable for en bloc resection of colorectal neoplasia. A combined abdominal–transanal approach should be reserved for tumors extending from the mid‐cranial region of the rectum to the descending colon.
Hemipelvectomy in Dogs and Cats: Technique Overview, Variations, and Description
Authors: KRAMER ALON , WALSH PETER J. , SEGUIN BERNARD
Published: July 2008

Objective— To review and describe the surgical procedure of hemipelvectomy in dogs and cats.

Study Design— Descriptive report.

Animals— Dogs and cats.

Methods— Anatomic surgical technique description and PubMed literature search.

Results— Hemipelvectomy is an involved, aggressive surgical procedure that must be tailored to each specific clinical case. Thorough preoperative assessment and planning, as well as considerations for closure options are critical for a successful outcome. Although outcome data are scant, the prognosis after hemipelvectomy correlates to the underlying disease process. Proactive postoperative analgesia and slower return to function are important factors in patient management.

Conclusions— With careful pre‐ and postoperative planning, hemipelvectomy can be used successfully in dogs and cats.

Clinical Relevance— Hemipelvectomy in the dog and cat is a viable treatment option for selected neoplastic and traumatic conditions.
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Treatment of Unilateral Adrenocortical Carcinomas: Technique, Complications, and Results in Seven Dogs
Authors: JIMÉNEZ PELÁEZ MANUEL , BOUVY BERNARD M. , DUPRÉ GILLES P.
Published: July 2008

Objective—To investigate the feasibility of, and outcome after, laparoscopic adrenalectomy in dogs with unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma.

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Dogs (n=7) with Cushing's syndrome caused by unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma.

Methods—Laparoscopic adrenalectomy with the dog in lateral recumbency on the unaffected side. Three 5‐mm portals (1 laparoscopic portal, 2 instrument portals) were placed in the paralumbar fossa. A fourth instrumental portal (5–12 mm) was placed above the kidney. After dissection and hemostatic control of the phrenicoabdominal vein, the adrenal gland was carefully dissected or when there was capsule fragility, necrotic content was partially aspirated. The remaining glandular tissue was removed through the 12‐mm trocar site.

Results—Dogs with unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma (3 right‐sided, 4 left‐sided) without invasion of the caudal vena cava were successfully operated by laparoscopic approach. There were no significant intraoperative complications; 2 dogs died within 48 hours of surgery because of respiratory complications. Five dogs were discharged 72 hours after surgery, and signs of hyperadrenocorticism disappeared thereafter (survival time ranged from 7 to 25 months).

Conclusions—Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is feasible in dogs with either right‐ or left‐sided adrenocortical carcinoma not involving the caudal vena cava.

Clinical Relevance—When performed by experienced surgeons, laparoscopic adrenalectomy offers a minimally invasive alternative to open laparotomy or retroperitoneal surgery for the treatment of unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma in dogs.