bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leftovers
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: November 2023

A novel, history, or construction manual has an intrinsic linearity. Since reading progresses in the same linear fashion, shifting from reality to its written .representation is a simple matter. The time axis may be stretched or compressed, but the speed of reading is \:>y long tradition decoupled from that of real events. (Music, with a nearly inviolate velocity, carries the opposite tradition.) Lo9ps and discontinuities in the time axis can be added for effect, but they’re ultimately adventitious. By contrast, a book about a functional system lacks such a nice chro nological baseline. So the writer concocts a progression and limits loops and arborizations to a few parentheticals and footnotes. The progression is contrived-and the material bent and twisted to fit. Nonetheless some relevant items persistently resist incorporation into any persuasive sequence. Here, then, are the last-but-not-leasts-<>r, implying less . judgment or promise, the leftovers.
Regret
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

We are a people who do not want to keep much of the past in our heads, Lillian Hellman once wrote. “It is considered unhealthy in America to remember mistakes, neurotic to think about them, psychotic to dwell upon them”. Yet who in their lifetime has never regretted a lost love, a missed opportunity, a path not taken?Indeed, regret is perhaps a universal experience, but while poets and novelists have long explored its complexities, very little has been written from a scholarly perspective that examines this emotion. Now, in Regret, Janet Landman takes a lively and perceptive look at this multifaceted phenomenon. Much as Anthony Storr did in his bestselling Solitude, Landman here provides an insightful anatomy of an emotion, ranging far and wide to illuminate the nature of regret--what it is, how it changes you, how you experience it. She draws on a breathtaking variety of sources, ranging from psychology, economics, philosophy, and anthropology, to classic works of literature. We learn what people regret most--lack of education comes first, followed by employment, marriage, and children--and how regret differs from other emotions, such as remorse, disappointment, sadness, or guilt. In one of the most fascinating sections, Landman examines four “worldviews” of regret--the Romantic, the Tragic, the Comic, and the Ironic--as exemplified in four major novels: Great Expectations, Notes From Underground, The Ambassadors, and Mrs. Dalloway. In Dostoevsky, for instance, regret is a “poison of unfulfilled desires turned inward,” destructive, incurable. Though it is common to regard regret as painful and destructive--being “stuck in the past” or “ruled by emotions”--Landman reveals some surprising benefits. At best regret is a dynamic changing process--one can transcend regret, and thus transform the self. In Anne Tyler’s Breathing Lessons, for example, we witness how the characters Ira and Maggie Moran find themselves ready to move forward in their relationship only after they have accepted life’s limits and losses without resignation or despair. “It is a good thing,” Landman writes, “that the human mind is not limited by what actually exists, but works in such a way that it draws comparisons between what happens and what might have happened. It is in this ability to imagine alternatives, and the capacity to care about the particularities of experience, that we accomplish the task of becoming fully human.” For anyone who has ever questioned, experienced, or avoided regret, here is a provocative and challenging look at this enduring emotion.
Maksim Litvinov and the Bolshevik Opening to the West
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

Soviet Russia faced civil war, foreign invasion, and virtual isolation from the rest of the world by the fall of 1918. The Bolshevik government’s response was a combination of hostility and military resistance, accompanied by a desperate bid to open peace negotiations following the conclusion of the Allies’ armistice with Germany in November 1918.
Paris I the Prinkipo Failure
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

The Paris Peace Conference marked a watershed in American, and Allied, policy toward Bolshevik Russia. Since the Armistice had brought an end to the conventional rationale for intervention, a decision of a much more funda mental character had to be made. Would the Allies intervene massively in an effort to destroy the Bolsheviks? Or would they seek to bring them into the peace process, and come to terms with their permanence as the government of Great Russia? Bruce Lockhart, the British representative in Moscow, was released from prison and returned to Moscow in the fall of 1918. On Novem ber 1, he addressed a long policy memorandum to the Foreign Office. In this memorandum he urged massive intervention as his preferred option, but he also urged the British government to make a decision one way or another, either to eliminate the Bolshevik menace or to come to terms with it, but not equivocate or waffle between the two positions.3
The Bitter End: 1973-1975
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

The foreign ministers of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of Vietnam, and the Secretary of State of the United States signed the Paris agreements on January 27, 1973. Expectations ran high in Europe and the United States that the cease-fire meant peace, but inside Vietnam the Paris accords signaled only a truce in which the combatants would regain their strength for a final, climactic battle. For the revolutionaries of the North the Paris agreements represented another in a series of respites going back to the war with France in their effort to unify Vietnam under communist rule. For the members of the government of Nguyen Van Thieu the Paris agreements held out the grim prospect of facing the revolutionaries alone. For years the official U.S. position in the war justified the presence of the American military in Vietnam as helping the government of the South stand alone. Now the Americans were ready to leave and few South Vietnamese officials believed they could face the North or the revolutionaries in the South.

According to the Paris agreements a cease-fire was scheduled to go into effect at eight o’clock Sunday morning Saigon time on January 28. Fighting was intense in the forty-eight hours before the guns were due to fall silent. The North Vietnamese and the NLF fighters attacked hundreds of villages, trying to gain territory before the shooting stopped. U.S. air force and navy planes flew nine hundred bombing sorties, and giant B-52s flew more than fifty-three plane missions, the heaviest U.S. assaults on the South since the Linebacker bombing of the previous May.
The Origin of The Gods
Authors: Caldwell Richard
Published: November 2023

Richard Caldwell describes in clear, comprehensive language those aspects of psychoanalytic theory that are relevant to the understanding of Greek myth, going on to interpret, using psychoanalytical methodology, the Greek myth of origin and succession, particularly as stated in Hesiod’s Theogony.
Competence of Ticks as Vectors of Microbial Agents with an Emphasis on Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Lane Robert S
Published: November 2023

Following the epochal discovery that the causative agent of Texas cattle fever is transmitted by Boophilus ticks (Smith and Kilbourne, 1893), the subsequent pioneering works of Dr. Howard T. Ricketts on the transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever laid the foundation for ensuing vector competence studies of tick-borne microbial agents. In several carefully designed and well-controlled studies, Ricketts (1906a, 1906b, 1907a, 1907b, 1909) demonstrated that the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni (reported as Dermacentor occidentalis), is a major vector of the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (unknown to Ricketts) in the northwestern United States. He proved experimentally that D. andersoni could transmit the spotted fever agent to susceptible laboratory and local animals by the bite, and that infected ticks occur in nature. Some of the susceptible local rodents were infested abundantly by subadults of the vector tick. Ricketts also established that the agent was disseminated in the tissues of infected ticks, and that it was passed transstadially and transmitted transovarially within populations of ticks.
Concluding Thoughts and Challenges
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin
Published: November 2023

As we have indicated, our primary aim in writing this book was to illustrate how a knowledge of organizational psychology and unions could be enhanced by an understanding of each other. It is appropriate at this stage to examine the extent to which this aim was realized. We started off with the premise that the practice of equating unionization with voting for a union, or joining a union, is both inaccurate and counter productive. Based on available data within organizational psychology, we argued that voting for, or joining a union, was neither the first nor the final phase of the unionization process. Instead, from a psychological perspective, the under­ standing of why people would vote for or join a union would be strengthened by considering prior determinants such as early family socialization experiences. Likewise, the process of unionization extends well past the initial decision to vote for, or join, a union. The influence of structural characteristics and union leadership on members’ attitudes and behaviors was also considered. After becoming a union member, the individual then decides whether to offer his or her loyalty to the union, whether or not to participate in union activities, and the extent of that participation. Ultimately, under certain conditions, individuals can collectively decertify their bargaining unit or individually resign their membership. Just as the influence of family socialization early in the unionization process is acknowledged, the role of union leadership is emphasized once the individual has joined the union. Thus, even Klandermans’ (1986) description of participation as “joining, acting, quitting” (p. 189) fails to capture critical components of the unionization process such as commitment and leader­ship.
The Health of Native Americans
Authors: Young T Kue
Published: November 2023

This comprehensive review of the health of Native Americans in Canada and the United States presents historical trends in population and health status from pre-European contact to the present day. These are examined in terms of three groups of diseases: infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and injuries. The author discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of different diseases in each group, and considers the genetic and environmental risk factors involved. The incidence of disease among Native Americans and non-Native Americans are compared and variations among Native Americans belonging to different geographical, cultural and linguistic groups are examined. The Health of Native Americans integrates anthropology and epidemiology to demonstrate the interaction of biology and culture on disease causation, distribution and control offering a promising approach to understanding and improving the health status of Native Americans.
Women’s Work In A Changing World
Authors: Bennett Judith M
Published: November 2023

“If a venture prospers, women fade from the scene.” 1 These few words seem to describe well what we have observed in the history of brewing. In 1300, brewing was a ubiquitous trade that required little specialized skill or equipment, conferred minimal trade identity, and offered only small profits. As such, it was accessible to women, and compared to the other, even more limited economic options of women, it was a good trade for them. By 1600, brewing in many places had been transformed into a specialized trade that required training and investment, conferred social prestige and gild status, and offered considerable profits. As such, it had ceased to be a trade of women and had become a trade of men. Brewing had prospered; brewsters had faded away.Yet, brewsters did not just fade away, taking their part in a predetermined fugue of the sexes. Brewsters faced changing circumstances, reacted to them, and made history. Historians of women once described such histories in terms of victimization or agency, asking whether women were passive victims of men or active agents in shaping their own lives. Were women forced out of brewing? Or did they choose to leave it? Neither question adequately addresses the experiences of brewsters. Certainly brewsters and the men with whom they lived and worked made choices, but their choices were shaped and defined by the world around them.
Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War
Authors: Faust Drew Gilpin
Published: November 2023

It is the men, Hector tells Andromache in the sixth book of the Iliad, who “must see to the fighting.” From ancient history to our own time, war has centered on men, for they have controlled and populated its battlefields. Even in our era of shifting gender definitions, perhaps the most assertive—and successful—defense of traditional roles has been the effort to bar women from combat. Yet war has often introduced women to unaccustomed responsibilities and unprecedented, even if temporary, enhancements of power. War has been a preeminently “gendering” activity, casting thought about sex differences into sharp relief as it has both underlined and realigned gender boundaries.
Reconstructing Freedwomen
Authors: Clinton Catherine
Published: November 2023

There is no telling tale, no single story to capture the forces unleashed at war’s end. The conquered Confederacy did not so much surrender as let the battlegrounds come home. Conflict reconfigurated: from the streets to the statehouses, in kitchens and in courtrooms terrain remained contested. Sexual dynamics, racial definitions, gender roles as well as the political economy underwent traumatizing transformations.

There are many layers to unpeel before we can even identify historical changes wrought by Reconstruction, much less assess the impact on the emancipated generation and their descendants. Decoding women’s roles remains complex. The memoirs from this period are sparse. We have some black autobiographies, but most narratives by women are from the antebellum era or deal with the period following Reconstruction. Some manuscript material in southern archives offers evidence, but these traditional sources have severe limitations as most are written by whites and tell us more about white views than black lives. Riveting insight can be gleaned from both the records of the Freedman’s Bureau and black newspapers from the period, as both are rich with unexploited material.
Averroes On Emanation And On The Active Intellect As A Cause Of Existence
Authors: Davidson Herbert A
Published: November 2023

The present chapter will examine Averroes’ attempts to determine, first, the causal connections obtaining within the realm of incorporeal intelligences, and, secondly, the active intellect’s role as a cause of existence in the sublunar realm. Averroes treats those two related subjects a number of times in his commentaries on Aristotle and in other compositions. As he returns to the two subjects on successive occasions, he endeavors to pare away post-Aristotelian accretions that, he had become convinced, colored his previous efforts, and to recover the genuine Aristotelian doctrine embodying—so he assumes—philosophic truth. We shall find that the enterprise of recovering the genuine Aristotle leads him to revise and rerevise his thinking.
The Joys of Hebrew
Authors: Glinert Lewis
Published: November 2023

When should you say an amida or mazal tov? What is a golem or a chaluts? What is the English equivalent to the Talmudic expression ‘a sheep’s tail with a thorn in it’? The answers lie in this unique dictionary of over 600 of the best-known Hebrew words and phrases that have found their way into English. Ranging from Acharon to Zohar, and illustrated throughout with extracts from sources as diverse as the Bible, the Talmud, folklore, and the works of such writers as Isaac Bashevis Singer and Woody Allen, this celebration of Jewish wit, wisdom, and tradition makes an irresistible browse.
Rethinking the Distinction between Sex and Gender
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

The Study of Sex Differences has a long history in psychology. Beginning with the emergence of experimentation at the end of the nineteenth century, researchers (many of them women) attempted to identify empirically the “true” differences between men and women. At least three obstacles stymied these projects: Some studies found inconsistent results; many studies found no differences between the sexes; and it was impossible to create a nonsexist environment in which the essential natures of males and females could emerge untainted. One way out of the impasse was to shift from the study of cognitive and behavioral sex differences to the exploration of “masculinity” and “femininity” as opposite and complementary substrates of personality. Anne Constantinople’s argument that femininity and masculinity were neither unidimensional nor bipolar led to a further shift to the study of androgyny.
Women’s Agency in Context
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: November 2023

The Feminist Ideology That emerged in the United States during the 1960s united women on the basis of their status as a subordinate group. This ideology required that women identify themselves as victims in order to share a sense of solidarity with other women. Yet espousing feminism was itself an act of assertion and implicitly a denial of victim status. Although there was little room for agency in a worldview that saw women as a subordinate group, dominated by patriarchy, the assertive acts of women generated the feminist movement of that era. Indeed, women have long acted to solve community and social problems and to bring about social justice in unions, neighborhoods, politics, social service agencies, and many other settings. These actions challenge the idea that women are passive victims of patriarchy.
Assignment of Exposure (Experimental Strategies)
Authors: Norell Staffan E
Published: November 2023

The possibility of confounding by unidentified (unknown) risk factors is a major concern in many epidemiologic studies. Such confounding may be avoided in studies where the subjects are assigned to receive or not to receive an intervention to alter their exposure status. In experimental studies (trials) the intervention is assigned with the purpose of improving validity, usually by randomization (randomized experiments, randomized trials).
Low Birthweight and Prematurity
Authors: Alberman Eva
Published: November 2023

Babies who are born unexpectedly early or with an unusually low birthweight are at immediate and continuing high risk of mortality and of acute and longterm morbidity. It is well known that in developed countries they may account for more than half of infant deaths and perhaps a third of the cases of cerebral palsy, even when they are treated intensively with all the tools of modern medical technology (see Chapter 17). Survivors are also at increased risk of sensory, learning, or behavior disorders; respiratory problems; and health hazards in adult life.
Genetic Disorders
Authors: Clarke Joseph T R
Published: November 2023

Although single-gene disorders as causes of disease in children tend individually to be uncommon, as a group they are important to pediatric medicine (Scriver et al., 1989). They account for a diverse range of disorders that cause pathologic changes varying in severity and involving every system or tissue of the body. As infant and childhood morbidity and mortality due to nutritional and infectious diseases have declined over the past 20 years, the proportional contribution of genetic disease to pediatric pathology has grown markedly. Furthermore, improvements in the diagnosis of single-gene defects have contributed to an apparent increase in the incidence of genetic disease.
Congenital Infections
Authors: Peckham Catherine S , Logan Stuart
Published: November 2023

Knowledge about the role of infections in pregnancy and the effects they may or may not have on the fetus and infant is of great practical importance for clinicians and policy makers. Accurate information is needed so that women exposed to specific infections can be informed about the implications of this exposure for their pregnancy and can then be offered the most appropriate management. In addition, decisions about the appropriateness of recommending the introduction of a screening program to detect a specific infection in pregnancy, with a view to treatment or the opportunity to offer termination of the pregnancy, must be based on sound epidemiologic information. This information should include data on the prevalence of the infection, the risk of maternal infant transmission, the consequences of congenital or perinatal infection on pregnancy outcome and subsequent disability, and the benefits of treatment. Unfortunately, information is often derived from anecdotal experience or based on clinic populations that do not reflect the population at risk (see Chapter 1). In addition, the relevant issues may be clouded by media attention that then prompts campaigns for screening programs based on opinion, rather than on sound analyses of their risks and benefits.
Respiratory Infections
Authors: Graham Neil M H
Published: November 2023

Although recognition of acute respiratory infections (ARI) as important causes of mortality (primarily among children in the developing world) and morbidity (in both developed and developing countries) has been slow in coming (Douglas, 1985; Monto, 1989), important advances have been made in understanding the epidemiology of these infections. Studies of risk factors for ARis have been conducted predominantly in the developed world for reasons of funding availability, logistics, and the existence of an infrastructure capable of supporting large multidimensional studies. In general, results of epidemiologic studies con ducted in the developed world have limited applicability in developing countries where risk factor exposures are often of a significantly greater magnitude or nature. The recent publication of the Board On Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) studies on ARI epidemiology in 12 developing countries has greatly broadened our knowledge outside the developed world (Bale, 1990). Thus, despite chronic underfunding of this type of research, several promising areas of epidemiologic investigation are being pursued, including nutritional risk factors and the effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution. Research on control strategies, including vaccines, case management, and risk factor modification, has also moved forward, albeit with varying success. In this chapter, the current state of knowledge on the magnitude, etiology, and risk factors for ARis is reviewed, in addition to addressing several major methodologic problems and requirements for future research. Potential and existing control strategies at the public health level are also discussed.
Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Authors: Anderson Jessie , Werry John Scott
Published: November 2023

The identification of children with emotional and behavioral problems in the community setting has important implications for the children themselves and for the community, both in terms of current disability and future disorder (Robins, 1966, 1983; Rutter, 1984). Although the roots of adult disorders in child hood experiences have long been recognized in psychiatry, the existence of emotional and behavioral problems among children, requiring attention in their own right and not just as precursors of adult disorder and disability, has gained recognition only in the past few decades (Achenbach, 1981; Quay, 1979; Rutter, 1965; Skinner, 1981). Although much research has focused on individual disorders, such as hyperactivity, depression, and delinquency, using both clinical and general population samples, the investigation of the epidemiologic aspects of childhood psychopathology in general has received less attention.
Introduction
Authors: Shuffelton Frank
Published: November 2023

Reviewing the position of American literature in 1846, Margaret Fuller began with a consideration of what it meant to be American and to have a distinctively national literature, but she chose to come at her topic obliquely through a series of cultural oppositions and affinities. To be American was to be different from “those who think and write among us in the methods and of the thoughts of Europe,” but it was also to “have no sympathy with national vanity.” She pleaded guilty to “an undue attachment to foreign continental literature” because of its ability, in the example of “the great Latins,” to offer “more sweetness and a richer flavor” than the English character. Yet an expansionist young America still could “prize the peculiar greatness … which has enabled English genius to go forth from its insular position and conquer such vast dominion in the realms both of matter and of mind.” Nevertheless, if England stands to us as parent to child, what suits Britain with her “insular position and consequent need to concentrate and intensify her life, … does not suit a mixed race continually enriched with new blood from other stocks the most unlike that of our first descent.”
Thomas Jefferson: Race, Culture, and the Failure of Anthropological Method
Authors: Shuffelton Frank
Published: November 2023

Thomas Jefferson’s original reluctance to give wide circulation to his Notes on the State of Virginia for fear that his critique of slavery would provoke a backlash against attempts to end it seems more than somewhat ironic, since many readers have been greatly disturbed by the apparent racism that comes into play in his discussion of African Americans. Many readers who admire Jefferson for declaring that all men are created equal are dismayed that he could also proclaim of black men,
Understanding the Impact of Risk Factor Test Results: Insights from a Basic Research Program
Authors: Croyle Peter H Ditto robert T
Published: November 2023

As part of an optional “wellness” program offered by his company, John makes an appointment to take a battery of medical screening tests. John feels well and has no obvious physical complaints. John arrives for his appointment at a medical building, completes a brief health history questionnaire, and has his blood pressure taken. John is then told about a condition called hypercholesterolemia, a high level of cholesterol in the blood, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. John is administered a blood cholesterol test-his finger is pricked and he waits the few minutes to get his total cholesterol count. John is surprised when he is told that his cholesterol level is high (245 mg/dl).
Chamaecyparis Forests: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Zobel Donald B
Published: November 2023

The conifer genus Chamaecyparis Spach (family Cupressaceae) includes seven taxa, two each in Japan, Taiwan, and western North America and one in eastern North America (Table 2.1). All grow in coastal environments. These trees have similar, scalelike foliage. Their woods are decay resistant, relatively strong, easy to work, light colored, take finishes well, and have all been valuable for local use. The primary market for Chamaecyparis wood now is Japan, however, where the high value of the wood depends on its aesthetic properties.
Characteristics of the Soil and Water Table in an Alnus Japonica (Japanese Alder) Swamp
Authors: Fujita Hiroko
Published: November 2023

Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. (Japanese alder) is the most common tree composing swamp forests in the cool-temperate zone of Japan (Fig. 13.1). It is further distributed in Korea, Manchuria, Ussuri, and Taiwan (Fig. 13.2; Murai 1962, Kurata 1968). It can grow in a wide range of habitats, even under mesic conditions (Fujita and Kikuchi 1986, Fujita 1987). It is common in northern and central Japan, and is widely distributed from lowlands to the montane zone. Its typical habitat is a water-saturated condition, with poorly drained soils and a high water table or flood waters at least part of the year (Yoshioka 1974, Suzuki 1975, Fujita and Kikuchi 1984). It is not strongly influenced by coastal conditions.
Root Aeration in Wetland Trees and its Ecophysiological Significance
Authors: Grosse Wolfgang , Biichel Hans B , Lattermann Sibylle
Published: November 2023

Oxygen deficiency is an important stress factor for roots of trees growing in frequently or permanently flooded habitats. Due to the low diffusion rate of oxygen in water and rapid oxygen consumption by active bacterial metabolism, oxygen partial pressure equals zero in saturated soil of wet sites during waterlogged periods (Armstrong 1978; Crawford 1978, 1982). The roots are unable to meet their oxygen demand from the rhizosphere under these conditions and are restricted to internal aeration from their air-exposed regions. However, oxygen diffusion over gas transport pathways exceeding 200 mm inside the plants is not adequate for respiration in the root tissue (Armstrong 1979, Drew et al. 1985).
New Women of the New South
Authors: Wheeler Marjorie Spruill
Published: November 2023

There is currently much interest in the southern suffrage movement, yet historians have no comprehensive history of the woman suffrage fight in the South. Wheeler has elected to focus on eleven of the movement’s most prominent women at the regional and national levels. She explores the range of opinions within this group on many subjects, with a particular emphasis on race and state’s rights. These are the women who created and guided the movement and were primarily responsible for its tone, tactics, and strategy. Although Wheeler discusses these women as suffragists, she also sees them as reformers, feminists, political theorists, and strategists. By focusing on the southern movement’s leadership, Wheeler establishes the larger feminist agenda of the suffrage leader—they offered woman suffrage as a way of eliminating black voting strength. While demanding an end to discrimination against women, many leading suffragists promoted woman suffrage as a means of preserving white supremacy and systematic discrimination against blacks. The author also emphasizes the relationship between the northern and southern leaders, which was one of mutual influence. The northern suffragists did not just permit, but encouraged and hoped to profit from, the exploitation of the race issue in the South. The study of the southern suffrage movement is essential to a full understanding of the history of woman suffrage, of American women, of the South, of the Progressive Era, and of American reform movements.
Southern Suffragists and “the Negro Problem”
Authors: Wheeler Marjorie Spruill
Published: November 2023

Products of the South’s socioeconomic and political elite, most leading suffragists shared the idea characteristic of their race and class and then gaining currency throughout the nation that suffrage was not a right of all citizens but the privilege and duty of those best qualified to exercise it. Indeed, the contemporary meaning of the phrase “the negro problem” to white Southern suffragists was not the use of the race issue against their cause—though this concerned them greatly—but the enfranchisement after the Civil War of several million African-Americans considered by whites to be ignorant, purchasable, and unfit for political participation.
The Delta Regions And Global Warming: Impact And Response Strategies For Bangladesh
Authors: Mahtab Fasih Uddin
Published: November 2023

Global change within the next century will be particularly hard-felt in densely populated deltaic areas like Bangladesh, where a substantial area is barely above sea level and vulnerable to frequent natural calamities like droughts, floods, tropical cyclones and tornadoes. Unfortunately, our ability to deal with the impact of global change, particularly climate change due to global warming, will remain limited unless we can significantly extend our knowledge and broaden the range of practical policy responses.
Global Warming: Impacts And Implications For South Asia
Authors: Pachauri R K
Published: November 2023

The South Asian subcontinent provides a unique range of political, social, economic, geographic and ecological conditions in the context of which the complex impacts and implications of global warming assume a significant dimension. For instance, if one considers diversity of climate, the countries of the region include areas that experience cold, subzero temperatures perennially, deserts that attain high temperatures matching the hottest regions of the world, and precipitation levels that are the highest anywhere on the planet.
The City in Slang
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

From the Great White Way to skid row, the popular vocabulary that sprang up and gained prominence in New York City is a colorful record of the way people lived with the constantly changing conditions of city life. This fascinating work provides a vivd social and cultural history of America’s premier city as reflected in the slang it generated for a national audience. Seen in the context of their urban origins, popular terms such as smart Aleck, rubbernecker, urban jungle, soda jerk, and one-arm joint paint a fascinating portrait of New York’s people, places, and style. Many of the terms spread across the U.S., shaping the way Americans conceive of "the City" and other cities across the country. This rough and tumble tour of the back alleys of New York speech provides an intriguing view of the ways in which metropolitan life was conceived in the minds of millions of ordinary city dwellers.
The Fate of Women
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

“I was walking alone in the forest. A man with a rifle stopped me . . . I thought it was a partisan, but I was not sure. I was frightened. He pre tended to be arresting me. He was forty or so, maybe a Belorussian. He told me to follow him and took me to a tent. Then he forced himself on me. . . . He did not ask . . . he just did it. He raped me. “Inside me something broke. I was sick. This feeling stayed and stayed, for years. I could not look at men . . . I had some kind of an inner conflict. I was excited about sex, but I was scared, turned inward. I did not like the physical part of sex. I did not put sex in an important place. I am glad I don’t need it . . . I imagine that many women had similar experiences ... shocking, this rape ... horrible.” A young teenager at the time, this girl escaped from a ghetto and lost her way. She spoke about the rape only at the very end of a lengthy interview. When she did, her voice was monotonous, halting, as if pushing back some invisible force that demanded attention.
AIDS Epidemiology: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

AIDS has appeared in more than 130 countries, and over 100,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the U.S. alone. More and more, the public will be depending on statisticians to provide answers about the future course of this epidemic. This comprehensive work confronts the problems that are unique to AIDS research and unites them under a single conceptual framework. It focuses on methods for the design and analysis of epidemiologic studies, the natural history of AIDS and the transmission of HIV, methods for tracking and projecting the course of the epidemic, and statistical issues in therapeutic trials. The various methods of monitoring and forecasting this disease receive comprehensive treatment. These methods include back-calculation, which the authors developed; interpretation of survey data on HIV prevalence; mathematical models for HIV transmission; and approaches that combine different types of epidemiological data. Much of this material – such as a discussion of methods for assessing safety of the blood supply, an evaluation of survey approaches, and methods to project paediatric AIDS incidence – is not available in any other work. This is an essential purchase for all AIDS investigators and epidemiologists.
Surveys to Determine Seroprevalence and Seroincidence
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

The introduction and licensing of reliable assays to detect HIV in 1985 prompted studies to determine seroprevalence. Some studies used sera stored in previous years, but most studies relied on new samples available in a variety of settings, such as clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. Valuable and comprehensive reviews of such data (CDC, 1987b, 1989a) give detailed references for studies of homosexual and bisexual men, intravenous drug users, patients with hemophilia and other persons known to be at risk. Table 3.1 contains selected seroprevalence data for the major risk groups of homosexual men and intravenous drug users as well as data for female prostitutes and patients with hemophilia. It is clear that seroprevalence rates among gay men increased rapidly in San Francisco and New York in the first half of the 1980s and that seroprevalence rates varied by city. Such geographic variation is even more pronounced for intravenous drug users and female prostitutes. Patients with severe hemophilia A, who required large amounts of clotting factor, tended to seroconvert earlier and in larger proportions than patients with less severe clotting disorders.
Cofactors and Markers
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with statistical issues in studies of cofactors and markers of HIV infections. Cofactors are variables that affect the duration of the incubation period and may explain why some infected individuals progress to AIDS faster than other individuals. Markers are variables that track the progression of HIV infection. Markers are consequences of infection, while cofactors are causal agents rather than consequences of disease progression (Brookmeyer, Gail, and Polk, 1987). An example of a cofactor is age at infection. Some studies have shown that infants and the elderly have shorter incubation periods than other infected individuals. An example of a marker is the number of CD4+ T cells. The CD4+ T cell is the target cell of HIV, and many studies show marked declines of the CD4+ T cell count with progression of HIV disease (Gottlieb, Schroff, Schanker, et al., 1981; Polk, Fox, Brookmeyer, et al., 1987; Goedert, Biggar, Melbye, et al., 1987).
Screening and Accuracy of Tests for HIV
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

The isolation of the HIV virus from patients with AIDS led to the development of tests to detect viral antibodies in blood samples (Sarngadharan, Popovic, Bruch, et al., 1984). Such blood tests were used to demonstrate the frequent occurrence of HIV antibodies in persons with AIDS and their absence in healthy individuals and to monitor the development of HIV antibodies in persons who were inadvertently exposed to the virus through blood transfusions, hospital and laboratory accidents and other means. This evidence was decisive in supporting the hypothesis that HIV causes AIDS. The availability of such antibody tests also allowed epidemiologists to find risk factors for HIV infection, such as anal receptive intercourse with many homosexual partners ( Chapter 2). Thus the availability of tests to detect the presence of HIV infection has been crucial in studying the etiology and epidemiology of AIDS.
Statistical Issues in Surveillance of AIDS Incidence
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

AIDS incidence refers to the numbers of newly diagnosed cases per unit time. Before the development of the HIV antibody screening test (Chapter 6), AIDS incidence data were the only available data for tracking the course of the epidemic. However, trends in AIDS incidence do not reflect current trends in the spread of HIV infection because incubation times are long and variable. Nevertheless, because of the difficulty in conducting representative HIV seroprevalence surveys (Chapter 3), AIDS surveillance remains one of the more reliable tools for monitoring the epidemic. Since 1981, sophisticated registries have been developed for tracking and counting AIDS cases. The objective of this chapter is to address a number of statistical and epidemiological issues that arise in the interpretation of AIDS surveillance data. These issues include delays in reporting, incomplete reporting, changing surveillance definitions and empirical extrapolation of AIDS incidence curves.
Autism, PDD, and the Child’s Activities and Interests
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

Several aspects of how a child may observe and react to the world around him can give us a clue to whether that child has autism or PDD. The activities, interests, and responses of children to their environment comprise a third area that clinicians study to determine whether there are any difficulties associated with autism. We first looked at social development, and then language. Play is the third dimension of a triad of social impairments associated with autism. In this chapter, we discuss differences in how autistic children play with toys; how differently they react when excited, bored, or frustrated; and how they are different in the way that they develop particular narrow interests, routines, and rituals. Figure 5 shows the areas of interest and activities of autistic children that will be discussed in this chapter.

Play and Imagination
Finding Resources
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

The first hurdle for parents of autistic and PDD children is realizing that their child has a problem. The second hurdle is finding out what the problem is. The third is planning what to do about it. In this chapter, we discuss how to find educational and other resources for your child, and how to act as an advocate for your child’s best interests. Basically, as a parent, you need to know what resources are available to you, and who can help you get them. This includes infant stimulation programs, special education programs, state-funded services for the developmentally disabled, and additional therapy for language, physical, or social skills development. Available resources also include other books on autism or parenting special-needs children, and parent support organizations such as the Autism Society of America. Depending on your child and the resources available in your area, you may also find that you need to become your child’s legal advocate or even your child’s special education teacher. Figure 6 is a flowchart of the agencies, services, and treatment available for autistic children in the United States. As we go along, we’ll discuss each box in the flowchart and explain how and when children are eligible for these services, and how various services interrelate.
Behavior Management and Teaching Methods for Children with Autism and PDD
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

The central issue in the education of children with autism and PDD is the ways in which they learn differently. The Individual Education Program (IEP) as the name implies, is an individualized educational plan, based on the assumption that every special educational student has a somewhat different profile of problems that need specific remediation. The idea of special education is to provide an environment for learning in which the child can be taught at a slower pace, with more emphasis on particular subjects, and appropriate instructional techniques so as to help him compensate for his difficulties. In this chapter, we will focus on special methods of instruction that work particularly well with many autistic and PDD children. Thus far, we have discussed different types of classrooms. Which type of class a child is offered depends in part on how far behind he is when he starts school, and how specific his deficits are.
Forks in the Road: The Elementary School Years and Beyond
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

Language instruction is usually the primary focus of the first few years of an autistic child’s educational program. As we’ve seen in the preceding chapter, all of the various language activities that can be done in school can also be done at home—and in fact should be done at home. There are other skills that some autistic children learn mostly at school; these include learning to read, do math, and other regular academic tasks. For some other autistic children though, those with the more marked cognitive impairments, schooling consists of a focus on learning to be more independent in the functions of everyday living. In this chapter, we’ll discuss how both these sets of skills are taught to children with autism and PDD.
Non-Mainstream Treatments for Autism
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

There are a number of treatments for autism that are fairly controversial because they became widespread even before—or in spite of—scientific data about their effectiveness. Some of these treatments wax and wane in popularity, and some are just a flash in the pan. At most times, there are oneor two nontraditional forms of treatment for autism that are particularly popular, and a certain percentage of parents decide to try one or more of these just in case it does help their child. In this chapter we’ll discuss a number of nonmainstream treatments including facilitated communication, auditory training, the “Options” method, holding therapy, allergy treatments, and special diets.
Lawyers and Citizens
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

Not only were lawyers heavily represented among the men who rose to power in France in 1789, to a large extent, they also shapted the evolution of French political culture under the ancien régime. David Bell's new book traces the development of the French legal profession between the reign of Louis XIV and the French Revolution, showing how lawyers influenced, and were influenced by, the period's passionate political and religious conflicts. Bell analyses how these key "middling" figures in French society were transformed from the institutional technicians of absolute monarchy into the self-appointed "voices of public opinion," and leaders of opposition political journalism. He describes the birth of an independent legal profession in the late seventeenth century, its alientation from the monarchy under the pressure of religious disputes in the early eighteenth, and its transformation into a standard-bearer of "enlightened" opinion in the decades before the Revolution. His work illuminates the workings of politics under a theoretically absolute monarchy, and the importance of long-standing constitutional debates for the ideological origins of the Revolution. It also sheds new light on the development of the modern professions, and of the middle classes in France.
The Birth of a Controversy
Authors: Pernick Martin S
Published: November 2023

At 4:00 A.M., November 12, 1915, in Chicago’s German-American Hospital, Anna Bollinger gave birth to a seven-pound baby boy. Dr. Climena Serviss, who delivered the infant, quickly awakened Dr. Harry J. Haiselden, the surgeon who headed the hospital staff. Haiselden diagnosed multiple physical anomalies in the infant, including absence of a neck and one ear, deformities of the shoulders and chest, very slow reaction of the pupils to light, and an imperforate anus. X rays revealed prematurely hardened skull and leg bones, and a membrane blocking the lower bowel, although the digestive tract seemed otherwise normal. The rectum extended to within half an inch of the surface (Fig. 1). Haiselden concluded that surgery could correct the intestinal defects and thus save the infant’s life, but that gross physical and mental abnormalities would remain, and he urged the parents not to request an operation. The Bollingers agreed, and five days later the baby died.