bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Leishmania‐Specific Immunoglobulin Isotypes in Dogs with Clinical Leishmaniasis before and after Treatment
Authors: Rodríguez Alhelí , Solano‐Gallego Laia , Ojeda Ana , Quintana Josefina , Riera Cristina , Gállego Montserrat , Portús Montserrat , Alberola Jordi
Published: March 2010

Concentrations of Leishmania‐specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotypes were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 23 dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum before and 1 year after initiating drug therapy. Results showed a high expression and prevalence of Leishmania‐specific IgG (176.4±89 ELISA units [EU]), IgM (105.3±95.5 EU), and IgA (153.6±98 EU) in dogs before treatment (median ± interquartile range EU). One year after treatment was started, dogs were classified as responsive dogs (RDs; n = 13) or unresponsive dogs (UDs; n = 10) based on clinicopathologic findings. Both groups of dogs experienced a statistically significant decrease (P <.05) in Leishmania‐specific IgG (RDs = 27%, UDs = 41%), IgM (RDs = 42%, UDs = 29%), and IgA (RDs = 56%, UDs = 46%). Concentrations of specific IgG and IgM were not different at diagnosis or after treatment between the 2 groups. However, the median value for Leishmania‐specific IgA 1 year after treatment was significantly lower (P <.05) in RDs (60.8±67 EU) than in UDs (117±54 EU). Examination of our data indicates that both the IgA isotype, which is mostly produced by mucosal plasma cells, and the IgM isotype are increased in infected symptomatic dogs, as previously reported for IgG. These 3 isotypes decreased significantly 1 year after initiation of medical treatment.
Comparison of Thoracic Radiographs and Single Breath‐Hold Helical CT for Detection of Pulmonary Nodules in Dogs with Metastatic Neoplasia
Authors: Nemanic Sarah , London Cheryl A. , Wisner Erik R.
Published: March 2010

Imaging studies in people indicate that x‐ray computed tomography (CT) is a more sensitive technique than thoracic radiography for the detection of pulmonary metastasic neoplasia. Systematic studies comparing CT and thoracic radiographic techniques in veterinary patients have not been performed. The present retrospective study was designed to directly compare the efficacy of these 2 techniques in detecting pulmonary nodules in dogs. Eighteen dogs with histologically confirmed pulmonary metastatic neoplasia had contemporaneous thoracic radiographs and pulmonary CT scans compared. Quantitative analyses included estimation of pulmonary nodule size, number, and lobar distribution on thoracic radiographs and CT images. Only 9% of CT‐detected pulmonary nodules were identified on thoracic radiographs (P<.003). The lower size threshold was approximately 1 mm to detect pulmonary nodules on CT images and 7–9 mm to reliably detect nodules on radiographs (P<.0001). Additionally, pulmonary nodules were detected in a significantly greater number of lung lobes using CT as compared with thoracic radiographs (P<.0001). These data indicate that CT is significantly more sensitive than thoracic radiography for detecting soft‐tissue nodules in dogs. As such, thoracic CT should be considered in any patient with neoplasia that has potential for pulmonary metastasis to more reliably stage the disease, particularly when accurate characterization of the extent and distribution of pulmonary metastatic disease affects therapeutic planning.
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome in Dogs with Idiopathic Epilepsy before Treatment with Anticonvulsant Drugs
Authors: von Klopmann Thilo , Boettcher Irene Christine , Rotermund Annett , Rohn Karl , Tipold Andrea
Published: March 2010

Euthyroid sick syndrome is a common finding in dogs and is attributable to nonthyroidal illness or treatment with any of a variety of drugs such as phenobarbital. In dogs with epilepsy, treatment with anticonvulsant drugs can lead to subnormal plasma thyroid hormone concentrations despite normal thyroid function. One‐hundred thirteen dogs with seizure activity were retrospectively evaluated to determine the influence of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) on thyroid hormone concentrations. Blood samples were taken from 60 dogs with IE before initiation of anticonvulsant therapy. Control groups consisted of 34 dogs with IE and receiving anticonvulsants and 19 dogs with secondary epilepsy. Thyroid concentrations consistent with euthyroid sick syndrome were diagnosed in 38% of dogs with untreated IE without clinical signs of hypothyroidism or concomitant diseases. There was a significant correlation (r= 0.363,P= .01) between seizure frequency and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations: the longer the interval between 2 seizure events, the higher the serum total thyroxine concentration. There was no correlation between the degree of alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations and the time span between the most recent seizure event and blood collection, the type of the most recent seizure event, the duration of the complete seizure history, or the predominant seizure type. These results suggest that IE can be a reason for euthyroid sick syndrome in dogs. The effect of phenobarbital on plasma thyroid hormone concentrations must be investigated in future studies, as it might be less pronounced than expected.
Immunoglobulin Deficiency in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels withPneumocystisPneumonia
Authors: Watson P.J. , Wotton P. , Eastwood J. , Swift S.T. , Jones B. , Day M.J.
Published: March 2010

Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA were measured in 9 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with pneumonia caused byPneumocystissp that were examined at 4 veterinary surgeries in the United Kingdom (UK) between September 2001 and November 2002.Pneumocystispneumonia was confirmed in all dogs by visualization of the organism in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or a transthoracic lung aspirate. Two dogs had a history of demodicosis. Immunoglobulin concentrations also were measured in breed‐and age‐matched dogs sampled over the same period. IgG concentrations were significantly (P= .000) lower in the affected dogs (median 3.2 mg/mL) than in the control dogs (median 8.5 mg/mL). IgM concentrations were significantly (P= .002) higher in the affected dogs (median 1.95 mg/mL) than in the control dogs (median 1.12 mg/mL). One affected dog had no change in IgG concentration more than 3 months after resolution of infection or vaccination, but did have reduction in IgM concentration after resolution of infection and vaccination. Control dogs had low serum IgG and IgM concentrations, compared with the reference interval for all dogs. Lymphocyte count in blood was normal or high in 7 of 8 affected dogs. The results of this study suggest that there is a defect in immunity in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels that underlies the susceptibility of these dogs to pneumocystosis. Further studies are indicated to elucidate the mechanisms behind the defect, the prevalence within the breed, and the potential mode of inheritance of the problem.
Survival of Cats with Naturally Occurring Chronic Renal Failure Is Related to Severity of Proteinuria
Authors: Syme Harriet M. , Markwell Peter J. , Pfeiffer Dirk , Elliott Jonathan
Published: March 2010

Background: Tubulointerstitial kidney disease is a common cause of illness and death in pet cats and is typically not associated with overt proteinuria.

Hypothesis: Proteinuria would be independently related to survival in cats with renal failure, with or without hypertension.

Animals: The study included 136 client‐owned cats; 28 apparently normal, 14 hypertensive but not azotemic, 66 azotemic but not hypertensive, and 28 both hypertensive and azotemic.

Methods: Cox's proportional hazards model was used to determine the influence of initial plasma creatinine concentration, proteinuria (urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio or albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio), age, and systemic hypertension on the risk of death or euthanasia during the follow‐up period. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the relation between severity of proteinuria and predictive variables, including age, plasma creatinine concentration, systolic blood pressure, sex, and urine specific gravity.

Results: Plasma creatinine concentration and proteinuria were very highly related to survival. The hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) for death or euthanasia was 2.9 (1.4–6.3) and 4.0 (2.0–8.0) for urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio 0.2‐0.4 and >0.4, respectively, compared with the baseline group with a urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio of <0.2 and were 2.4 (1.2–4.8) and 4.9 (2.3–10.2) for an albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio of 30–82 mg/g and <82 mg/g, respectively, compared with a baseline group with albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio of <30 mg/g. Treated hypertensive cats did not have reduced survival, although systolic blood pressure, together with plasma creatinine concentration was positively related to the magnitude of proteinuria.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Despite the relatively low concentrations of proteinuria typical of chronic renal disease in cats, this measurement is of prognostic significance.
Comparison of Glomerular Filtration Rate between Greyhounds and Non‐Greyhound Dogs
Authors: Drost Wm Tod , Couto C. Guillermo , Fischetti Anthony J. , Mattoon John S. , Iazbik Cristina
Published: March 2010

Greyhounds have significantly higher serum creatinine (SCr) concentration than do non‐Greyhound dogs that may be attributable to differences in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). By means of plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, GFR was measured in 10 Greyhounds and 10 non‐Greyhound dogs with normal findings of physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis. Dogs were fed the same diet for a minimum of 6 weeks before GFR data collection. Greyhounds had significantly higher mean ± SD GFR (3.0±0.1 vs 2.5±0.2 ml/min/kg;P= .01) and SCr concentration (1.8±0.1 vs 1.5±0.1 mg/dL;P= .03) than did non‐Greyhound dogs, but the serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentration was not significantly different (18±1 vs 18±2 mg/dL;P= .8). Therefore, the higher SCr concentration in Greyhounds is not attributable to decreased GFR, and may be associated with the high muscle mass in the breed. Healthy Greyhounds have higher GFR than do non‐Greyhound dogs.
Aldosterone‐to‐Renin and Cortisol‐to‐Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Ratios in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Primary Hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Javadi Shahram , Galac Sara , Boer Peter , Robben Joris H. , Teske Erik , Kooistra Hans S.
Published: March 2010

In dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism, hypocortisolism and hypoaldosteronism usually are present, but these deficiencies also may occur in isolated forms. The diagnosis is commonly made by measuring plasma cortisol concentration before and after stimulation with ACTH, thereby ignoring aldosterone. In search of an alternative approach that would include assessment of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production, 2 pairs of endocrine variables were measured: (1) plasma concentration of cortisol and ACTH, and (2) plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity. In addition, the cortisol‐to‐ACTH ratio (CAR) and the aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio (ARR) were calculated. Reference intervals were established in a population of 60 healthy dogs. In these dogs, CAR ranged from 1.1 to 26.1 and ARR ranged from 0.1 to 1.5. The variables were compared with those of 22 dogs with spontaneous primary hypoadrenocorticism. Plasma concentration of cortisol and ACTH in both groups of dogs overlapped, whereas CAR did not. Similarly, plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity overlapped, whereas ARR did not. These observations indicate that measurement of these endogenous variables (in one blood sample) allows the specific diagnoses of primary hypocortisolism and primary hypoaldosteronism.
Stress Echocardiography in Warmblood Horses: Comparison of Dobutamine/Atropine with Treadmill Exercise as Cardiac Stressors
Authors: Gehlen Heidrun , Marnette Silke , Rohn Karl , Stadler Peter
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of dobutamine and atropine causes cardiac stress equivalent to treadmill exercise. Therefore, electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed on 10 warmblood horses before, during, and after different cardiac stress tests. Stressors consisted of a standardized treadmill exercise and combined administration of dobutamine (7.5 μg/kg/min) and atropine (5 μg/kg). Maxima heart rates were achieved during the treadmill exercise (175±10 bpm). After exercise, a rapid decrease in heart rate was observed. Subsequently, a stress echocardiography for which a heart rate >100 bpm was required could only be performed within 1 minute after exercise. The mean heart rate during echocardiography was 136±8 bpm after exercise. The combination of dobutamine and atropine also resulted in a significant increase in heart rate, up to 141±20 bpm. Maxima heart rate was significantly higher during the treadmill exercise, but the decrease in heart rate was significantly slower after dobutamine and atropine administration. Over a period of 7.9 minutes, the mean heart rate was 123±8 bpm during dobutamine and atropine administration. Consequently, the combination of both drugs offered sufficient time for detailed examinations. Overall, echocardiographic examination identified a decrease in left ventricular (LV) dimensions, an increase in LV wall thickness, and a decrease in stroke volume after the treadmill exercise and during pharmacologic stress testing compared with baseline. Changes in echocardiographic variables generally were more pronounced during dobutamine and atropine administration. Similar to stress echocardiography in humans, in horses the combination of dobutamine and atropine is useful to produce an increase in heart rate comparable with what is achieved with exercise but without the need of increasing dobutamine dosage.
Prognostic Value of Clinicopathologic Variables Obtained at Admission and Effect of Antiendotoxin Plasma on Survival in Septic and Critically Ill Foals
Authors: Peek Simon F. , Semrad Sue , McGuirk Sheila M. , Riseberg Ase , Slack Jo Ann , Marques Fernando , Coombs Dane , Lien Laura , Keuler Nicholas , Darien Benjamin J.
Published: March 2010

This prospective study compared survival rates of critically ill and septic foals receiving 1 of 2 different types of commercial equine plasma and analyzed admission variables as possible predictors of survival. Standardized clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and hemostatic admission data were collected and foals received either conventional commercially available hyperimmune equine plasma or equine plasma specifically rich in antiendotoxin antibodies in a double‐blinded, coded fashion. Sepsis was defined as true bacteremia or sepsis score >11. Overall survival rate to discharge was 72% (49/68). Foals that were nonbacteremic and demonstrated a sepsis score of ≤11 at admission had a 95% (18/19) survival rate. The survival rate to discharge for septic foals was 28/49 (57%), with truly bacteremic foals having a survival rate of 58% (14/24), whereas that for nonbacteremic, septic foals was 56% (14/25). Sensitivity and specificity for sepsis score 11 as a predictor of bacteremia were 74 and 52%, respectively. For the entire study population, a higher survival rate to discharge was documented for those foals receiving hyperimmune plasma rich in antiendotoxin antibodies (P= .012, odds ratio [OR] 6.763, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.311, 34.903). Administration of plasma rich in antiendotoxin antibodies also was associated with greater survival in septic foals (P= .019, OR 6.267, 95% CI: 1.186, 33.109). Statistical analyses demonstrated that, among 53 clinical and clinicopathologic admission variables, high sepsis score (P <.001), low measured IgG concentration (P= .01), high fibrinogen concentration (P= .018), low segmented neutrophil count (P= .028), and low total red blood cell numbers (P= .048) were the most significant predictors of overall mortality.
Assessment of Platelet Function in Horses: Ultrastructure, Flow Cytometry, and Perfusion Techniques
Authors: Segura Dídac , Monreal Luis , Pérez‐Pujol Sílvia , Pino Marcos , Ordinas Antonio , Brugués Rosa , White James G. , Escolar Ginés
Published: March 2010

We studied equine platelet function and activation using ultrastructural examination, flow cytometry, and perfusion. The main aim of the study was to evaluate hemostatic mechanisms in horses using these techniques. Ultrastructural observations were done on resting and activated platelets. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate binding of antibodies to major platelet glycoproteins (GPIIb‐IIIa, GPIV, and GPIb) and activation‐dependent antigens (P‐selectin and lysosomal integral membrane protein [LIMP]). Perfusion techniques were used to evaluate the interaction between platelets and damaged subendothelium. Aggregation experiments were done to identify the best agonists for flow cytometry. Ultrastructural observations confirmed that equine platelets lack a developed open canalicular system and that release of granule contents occurs by fusion of adjacent granule membranes that ultimately connect with external membranes. Flow cytometry identified a 2‐fold increase in binding of antibodies against GPIIb‐IIIa and GPIV after activation. Binding of antibodies against P‐selectin and LIMP increased from 2.12 and 1.74% to 15.5 and 11.6%, respectively, in response to thrombin and to 21.86 and 10.50%, respectively, in response to collagen. Annexin V binding increased moderately after activation. Perfusion experiments with citrated blood indicated that equine platelets react more strongly to subendothelium than do human platelets. When blood was anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparin, a marked impairment of platelet interactions was observed. In conclusion, although some differences were observed between human and equine platelet function, some techniques currently used to assess human platelet function may be useful to assess equine platelets.
Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir after Single Intravenous and Oral Administration to Adult Horses
Authors: Bentz Bradford G. , Maxwell Lara K. , Erkert Ronald S. , Royer Christopher M. , Davis Michael S. , MacAllister Charles G. , Clarke Cyril R.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of the study reported here was to describe the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration to horses. Six healthy adult horses were used in a randomized cross‐over study with a 3×3 Latin square design. Three treatments were administered to each horse: 10 mg of injectable acyclovir/kg of body weight in 1 L of normal saline delivered as an infusion over 15 minutes; 10 mg of acyclovir/kg in tablets by nasogastric intubation; and 20 mg of acyclovir/kg in tablets by nasogastric intubation. A 2‐week washout period was provided between each treatment. Serum samples were obtained for acyclovir assay using reversed‐phase, high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Deproteinated serum was injected onto a C18 column, and elution occurred under isocratic conditions. The limit of quantification was 0.04 μg/mL. The assay exhibited suitable accuracy, precision, and recovery. The IV data were analyzed by a 3‐compartment model, and oral data were analyzed noncompartmentally. Intragastric acyclovir administration at either dose was associated with high variability in serum acyclovir‐time profiles, low Cmax, and poor bioavailability. The dosage of 20 mg/kg was associated with mean (± SD) Cmaxof 0.19±0.10 μg/mL, and bioavailability was 2.8%. Inhibition of equine herpesvirus has been reported to require significantly higher acyclovir concentrations than those obtained here. The results of this study do not support a therapeutic benefit for the oral administration of acyclovir up to doses of 20 mg/kg.
LactobacillusGG Does Not Affect D‐Lactic Acidosis in Diarrheic Calves, in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Ewaschuk Julia B. , Zello Gordon A. , Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: March 2010

D‐lactate, produced by gastrointestinal fermentation, is a major contributor to metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG survives gastrointestinal transit in the neonatal calf and does not produce D‐lactate. To determine whether this probiotic reduces gastrointestinal D‐lactate production or severity of diarrhea or both, 48 calves (mean, 11 days old; range, 2–30 days) admitted to the clinic for treatment of diarrhea were randomly allocated to 2 groups. The experimental group was givenLactobacillus rhamnosusGG (1×1011cfu/d) PO, dissolved in milk or oral electrolyte solution, in addition to clinic treatment protocols; the other group served as a control. Serum and fecal samples were obtained at admission and at 24 and 48 hours after initial administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. All samples were analyzed for D‐and L‐lactate by using high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Feces were also analyzed for pathogens, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG recovery, and dry matter. D‐lactic acidemia (>3 mmol/L) was present in 37/48 calves at admission.Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG was recovered in the feces of 13 experimental calves and 0 control calves 24 hours after administration. No difference in serum or fecal D‐ or L‐lactate between the groups was detected at any time point. After therapy, D‐lactic acidosis was absent at 48 hours in all but 1 calf. No relation between fecal pathogen (viral, bacterial, or protozoal) and degree of D‐lactic acidosis was observed. The reduction in mortality and greater fecal dry matter inLactobacillus rhamnosusGG‐treated calves was not statistically significant.
Comparison of Two Oral Electrolyte Solutions and Route of Administration on the Abomasal Emptying Rate of Holstein‐Friesian Calves
Authors: Nouri Mohammad , Constable Peter D.
Published: March 2010

Dehydrated calves with diarrhea are routinely given an oral electrolyte solution (OES) by suckling or esophageal intubation. An important issue related to rehydration therapy is the rate of OES delivery to the small intestine. It is widely assumed that the glucose content of the OES does not impact the speed of resuscitation and that fluid administered by esophageal intubation provides a similar resuscitative response to that obtained by suckling. The aims of this study were to compare the abomasal emptying rate in calves suckling an OES containing a high or low glucose concentration and in calves administered a high‐glucose OES by suckling or esophageal intubation. Seven male Holstein‐Friesian calves were given the following treatments in random order: 2 L of a commercially available high‐glucose OES ([glucose] = 405 mM) by suckling or esophageal intubation or 2 L of a commercially available low‐glucose OES ([glucose] = 56 mM) by suckling. Abomasal emptying rate was determined by acetaminophen absorption, ultrasonography, and glucose absorption. High‐glucose OES rapidly increased plasma glucose concentration after suckling but produced a slower rate of abomasal emptying than did low‐glucose OES. Esophageal intubation of high‐glucose OES produced the same initial change in abomasal volume as did suckling, but delayed the rate of OES delivery to the small intestine. Our results suggest that suckling a low‐glucose OES provides the fastest rate of abomasal emptying and plasma volume expansion, whereas a high‐glucose OES provides the most appropriate oral solution for treating hypoglycemic calves.
Tissue Doppler Imaging and Gradient Echo Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Normal Cats and Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: MacDonald Kristin A. , Kittleson Mark D. , Garcia‐Nolen Tanya , Larson Richard F. , Wisner Erik R.
Published: March 2010

Cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) often develop diastolic dysfunction, which can lead to development of left congestive heart failure. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography has emerged as a useful, noninvasive method for assessing diastolic function in cats. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) has been performed in cats and accurately quantifies left ventricular (LV) mass in normal cats. However, assessment of cardiac function in cats by cMRI has not been performed. Six normal Domestic Shorthair cats and 7 Maine Coon cats with moderate to severe HCM were sedated, and TDI of the lateral mitral annulus was performed. Peak early diastolic velocity (Em) was measured from 5 nonconsecutive beats. Cats were anesthetized with propofol and electrocardiogram‐gated gradient echo cMRI was performed during apnea after hyperventilation. Short‐axis images of the LV extending from the mitral annulus to the apex were obtained throughout the cardiac cycle. LV mass at end systole and LV volumes throughout the cardiac cycle were quantified according to Simpson's rule. To assess the possible influence of propofol on diastolic function, TDI was performed on the 7 cats with HCM while sedated and then while anesthetized with propofol. Em was significantly lower in cats with HCM than normal cats (6.7±1.3 cm/s versus 11.6±1.9 cm/s,P<.001, respectively). There was no difference in the cMRI indices of diastolic function in normal and HCM cats. Propofol did not reduce diastolic function (Em) in cats with HCM but mildly reduced systolic myocardial velocity (S) in Maine Coon cats with HCM that were anesthetized with propofol (P= .87 andP= .03, respectively).
Tissue Doppler Imaging for Detection of Radial and Longitudinal Myocardial Dysfunction in a Family of Cats Affected by Dystrophin‐Deficient Hypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Chetboul Valérie , Blot Stephane , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Thibaud Jean‐Laurent , Granger Nicolas , Tissier Renaud , Bruneval Patrick , Gaschen Frederic , Gouni Vassiliki , Nicolle Audrey P. , Pouchelon Jean‐Louis
Published: March 2010

Diagnosis of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy currently is based on the presence of myocardial hypertrophy detected using conventional echocardiography. The accuracy of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) for earlier detection of the disease has never been described. The objective of this sudy was to quantify left ventricular free wall (LVFW) velocities in cats with hypertrophic muscular dystrophy (HFMD) during preclinical cardiomyopathy using TDI. The study animals included 22 healthy controls and 7 cats belonging to a family of cats with HFMD (2 affected adult males, 2 heterozygous adult females, one 2.5‐month‐old affected male kitten, and 2 phenotypically normal female kittens from the same litter). All cats were examined via conventional echocardiography and 2‐dimensional color TDI. No LVFW hypertrophy was detected in the 2 carriers or in the affected kitten when using conventional echocardiography and histologic examination, respectively. The LVFW also was normal for 1 affected male and at the upper limit of normal for the 2nd male. Conversely, LVFW dysfunction was detected in all affected and carrier cats with HFMD when using TDI. TDI consistently detects LVFW dysfunction in cats with HFMD despite the absence of myocardial hypertrophy. Therefore, TDI appears more sensitive than conventional echocardiography in detecting regional myocardial abnormalities.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Canine Intracranial Meningiomas and Association with Patient Survival
Authors: Platt Simon R. , Scase Timothy J. , Adams Vicki , Wieczorek Lara , Miller Jodi , Adamo Filippo , Long Sam
Published: March 2010

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a regulator of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. In human patients with meningiomas, increased VEGF expression is predictive of postsurgical recurrence. The objectives of this study were to evaluate VEGF expression in canine intracranial meningiomas and to determine whether an association between VEGF expression and patient survival existed.

Methodology: Tumor tissue from 17 dogs with histologically confirmed intracranial meningiomas was obtained surgically. All dogs then were treated with radiotherapy. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 5‐μm sections of paraffin‐embedded tumor tissue with rabbit anti‐human VEGF polyclonal antibody. The extent, intensity, and distribution of VEGF staining for each section were assessed with light microscopy by means of a semiquantitative scale. Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan‐Meier procedure. Survival rates among groups were compared by log‐rank tests with the significance set at P≤.05.

Findings: VEGF expression was detected in all tumors, with >50% of cells staining positively in tissues from 15/17 dogs. Shorter survival times were associated with greater VEGF expression (P= .01).

Conclusions: VEGF expression can be measured in canine intracranial meningiomas and may be associated with poor outcome.

Significance: The extent of VEGF expression in canine intracranial meningiomas may be used as a prognostic marker and suggests a potential future target for therapy.
Canine Intracranial Primary Neoplasia: 173 Cases (1986–2003)
Authors: Snyder Jessica M. , Shofer Frances S. , Van Winkle Thomas J. , Massicotte Christiane
Published: March 2010

This study investigates the clinical and pathologic findings associated with 173 primary brain tumors in our hospital population of dogs that presented between the years 1986 and 2002. Of the 173 primary brain tumors, 78 (45%) were meningiomas, 29 (17%) were astrocytomas, 25 (14%) were oligodendrogliomas, 12 (7%) were choroid plexus tumors, and 7 (4%) were primary central nervous system lymphomas. Smaller numbers of glioblastomas (n= 5), primitive neuroectodermal tumors (n= 5), histiocytic sarcomas (n= 5), vascular hamartomas (n= 4), and unclassified gliomas (n= 3) were identified. One dog had both a meningioma and an astrocytoma. Most tumors were located within the telencephalon, and seizures were the most common clinical presenting complaint. Of 168 tumors for which a location in the brain was recorded at postmortem examination, 79 were found to involve more than 1 brain division. Other neoplasms unrelated to the primary brain tumor were identified on postmortem examination in 39 dogs (23%). Intrathoracic and intraabdominal neoplasms were present at necropsy in 13 and 24 cases, respectively. Based on the results of this study, thoracic radiographs and abdominal ultrasonography may be indicated to look for extracranial neoplasia prior to advanced imaging of the brain or intracranial surgery.
Effects of Blood Collection for Transfusion on Arterial Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and PCV in Cats
Authors: Iazbik M. Cristina , Ochoa Pablo Gómez , Westendorf Nicole , Charske Janet , Couto C.G.
Published: March 2010

Background: Collection of 50 mL of blood (standard unit) in cats is a common procedure. There are several studies on the health status of donors, but to our knowledge there are no reports on the effects of blood collection on the feline donor.

Hypothesis: Collection of a standard unit of blood from cats does not significantly change arterial blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), PCV, and heart rate (HR) in healthy blood donor cats.

Animals: Twenty‐six healthy blood donor cats (6 spayed females and 20 castrated males).

Methods: An oscillometric method was used to measure MAP, SAP, DAP, and to quantify HR before and after blood collection; PCV was obtained before and immediately after blood collection.

Results: Despite a significant decrease (P < .05) in all variables (ie, BP, PCV, HR) after blood collection, no adverse events were observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The collection of a unit of blood for transfusion from healthy donor cats weighing more than 5 kg appears to be safe, but this procedure leads to a decrease in arterial BP, PCV, and HR.
Microalbuminuria Is Not Associated with Cisplatin‐Induced Azotemia in Dogs
Authors: Autio Karoliina , Rassnick Kenneth M. , Goldstein Richard E. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: March 2010

Background: Cisplatin is an effective antineoplastic agent but its use is limited by renal toxicity. Microalbuminuria is a marker of renal damage and might be an indicator of cisplatin‐induced azotemia.

Null Hypothesis: Microalbuminuria is not associated with azotemia in dogs treated with cisplatin.

Animals: This study used 32 client‐owned dogs.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study in which cancer‐bearing dogs were treated with cisplatin chemotherapy. Cisplatin‐induced azotemia was defined as an increase of serum creatinine concentration above the reference range. Serum creatinine concentration, other routine tests of renal function, and microalbuminuria were measured after each cisplatin treatment. Variables potentially associated with azotemia were compared by use of Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon's rank‐sum test.

Results: Cisplatin‐induced azotemia occurred in 10 (31%) dogs after 1–5 treatments. At each of the first 3 treatments, the proportions of dogs with microalbuminuria were similar between dogs with and without azotemia.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Microalbuminuria measured after each treatment was not associated with azotemia through the first 3 treatments. Testing for microalbuminuria as a marker for cisplatin‐induced renal damage is insensitive and not recommended.
Liver Function in Cats with Hyperthyroidism Before and After131I Therapy
Authors: Berent Allyson C. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Ziemer Lisa , Johnson Victoria S. , Ward Cynthia R.
Published: March 2010

Background: The clinical significance of high serum concentration or activity of markers of liver damage in cats with hyperthyroidism is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate serum markers of liver function and damage, and ultrasonographic changes in cats with hyperthyroidism and with high liver enzymes, and to determine if abnormalities resolve after treatment with131I.

Animals: Nineteen cats with hyperthyroidism (15 with high serum activities of liver enzymes) and 4 age‐matched healthy control cats.

Methods: Serum bile acids, albumin, ammonia, cholesterol, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations, and activities of liver‐derived enzymes, and blood glucose concentrations were measured before and after131I therapy. These values were compared with those of cats that were euthyroid. In addition, gross liver parenchymal changes detected by abdominal ultrasonographic examination, before and after131I therapy were evaluated.

Results: High serum liver enzyme activities were not associated with abnormalities in hepatic parenchyma and liver functional variables, regardless of the degree of increase. Serum liver enzyme activities return to normal after control of hyperthyroidism with131I therapy. Cats with hyperthyroidism have a significantly higher serum fasting ammonia concentration than cats who were euthyroid (P= .019). Cats with hyperthyroidism also have significantly lower serum cholesterol (P= .005) and glucose (P= .002) concentrations before compared with after131I therapy. Nine of 19 cats with hyperthyroidism had trace ketonuria.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results demonstrate that extensive examination for hepatobiliary disease in most cats with hyperthyroidism is unnecessary.
Results of a Web‐Based Health Survey of Retired Racing Greyhounds
Authors: Lord Linda K. , Yaissle Jill E. , Marin Liliana , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: March 2010

Background: Adoption of retired racing Greyhounds has become increasingly popular during the past decade. To date, research has focused on the physiologic and clinicopathologic peculiarities of Greyhounds but there is little published information on disease prevalence in the breed.

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of disease in retired racing Greyhounds.

Animals: In this study, 747 Greyhounds were used.

Methods: A standardized survey method was used, and survey responses were collected by an Internet survey. Owners could answer a survey for every Greyhound that they had owned since January 1, 2005.

Results: Of the 692 eligible participants, 441 (63.7% response rate) completed surveys for 747 Greyhounds. The mortality rate for Greyhounds within the 2‐year period was 15% (113 of 747 died). The most common cause of death reported was cancer (66 dogs, 58%), and the most common type of cancer listed as the cause of death was osteosarcoma (28 dogs, 25%). The most commonly reported groups of diseases or disorders were skeletal (232 dogs, 33%), skin (197 dogs, 28%), digestive (132 dogs, 18%), cancer (94 dogs, 13%), and endocrine (85 dogs, 11.9%). Forty‐five percent of Greyhounds diagnosed with cancer and 6% of the overall population had osteosarcoma.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The results of this study can be used by veterinary researchers to continue to investigate the most common diseases in this population. As more retired racing Greyhounds enter the pet population, the results of this study will help educate veterinarians and owners about the most prevalent diseases in the breed.
Pituitary Apoplexy‐Like Disease in 4 Dogs
Authors: Bertolini Giovanna , Rossetti Enrica , Caldin Marco
Published: March 2010

Background: Pituitary apoplexy in humans is a clinical syndrome resulting from sudden infarction, hemorrhage, or both in a normal or an adenomatous pituitary gland.

Objective: Describe a clinical syndrome in dogs similar to pituitary apoplexy in humans.

Animals: Four dogs exhibiting a sudden onset of neurologic signs.

Methods: A retrospective study was used, including clinical examination, computed tomography (CT), postmortem examination, and histopathology of the brain. Pituitary tissue from 3 of the dogs was subjected to immunocytochemistry.

Results: Four dogs (2 Mongrels, 1 Bordeaux Dog, and 1 Cocker Spaniel; median age, 11 years; median body weight, 20.5 kg) presented with acute neurologic signs including depression (n = 3), behavioral changes (n = 1), vision loss (n = 1), seizures (n = 1), and collapse (n = 1). CT disclosed suprasellar infarction, hemorrhage, or both associated with a pituitary macroadenoma in 3 dogs and a frank hemorrhage in a nonadenomatous pituitary gland in 1 dog. CT findings were correlated with postmortem findings, and pituitary apoplexy was confirmed by histopathology and immunocytochemistry of the pituitary tissue.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study provides histopathologic evidence of pituitary apoplexy in dogs. The results are relevant for future diagnosis and treatment of pituitary disease in dogs.
Sildenafil Citrate Therapy in 22 Dogs with Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Kellum Heidi B. , Stepien Rebecca L.
Published: March 2010

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease condition characterized by abnormally increased pulmonary artery pressures and often is associated with a poor prognosis. Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that causes pulmonary arterial vasodilation and reduction in pulmonary artery pressures.

Hypothesis: Treatment with sildenafil will improve echocardiographic determinants of PH in dogs, while also improving quality of life and survival.

Animals: Twenty‐two dogs with clinical and echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension.

Methods: A retrospective study evaluating the effects of sildenafil on physical examination, ECG and radiographic findings, blood pressure and echocardiographic findings of PH, clinical score, and outcome was completed. PH was defined as a peak tricuspid regurgitation flow velocity ?2.8 m/s or a peak pulmonic insufficiency flow velocity ?2.2 m/s.

Results: Sixteen of 22 dogs with PH were elderly females of small body size. Their clinical score was significantly improved (P= .0003) with sildenafil treatment, but physical examination findings remained unchanged. Heart rate, respiratory rate, vertebral heart size, ECG heart rate, and systolic blood pressure did not change significantly with sildenafil treatment (P > .05). Peak tricuspid regurgitation flow velocities did not change significantly with the treatment of sildenafil, but selected systolic time intervals were significantly improved. Survival times for all dogs ranged from 8 to >734 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Sildenafil did not significantly lower the degree of measurable PH in dogs. Clinical improvement and increased quality of life was seen with sildenafil treatment, despite lack of significant change in other variables.
Cardiovascular Device Infections in Dogs: Report of 8 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Fine Deborah M. , Tobias Anthony H.
Published: March 2010

Background: Infection is an infrequent but major complication of cardiovascular device implantation.

Hypothesis: Treatment of patients with cardiovascular implant infection with antibiotic therapy and removal of the device is superior to antibiotic therapy alone.

Methods: Medical records were reviewed for dogs that received a cardiovascular device from June 2001 to August 2006 at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center and the University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.

Results: Six of 63 (9.5%) pacemaker systems and 2 of 47 (4.3%) patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion devices became infected. Median time from procedure to diagnosis of implant infection was 62 days (range, 5 to 419). Median age of dogs with pacemaker infections was 8.5 years (range, 6.2 to 11.9).Pseudomonas aeruginosaandStaphylococcusspp were the most commonly cultured isolates. Four dogs were treated with antibiotics and pacemaker replacement. All 4 recovered completely from their infections. One was alive at the end of the study period, and 3 had been euthanized. However, the reasons for euthanasia were unrelated to pacemaker infection. In contrast, both dogs with infected pacemakers that were treated with antibiotics alone were euthanized because of complications attributable to infection. Infection of PDA occlusion devices occurred in puppies <16 weeks of age, andPasteurellaspp were isolated from both. One was successfully treated with a combination of antibiotics and surgery, and the other was euthanized without treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Antibiotic therapy alone is associated with chronic complications in patients with cardiovascular implants and is unlikely to effect a cure.
Carvedilol in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Oyama Mark A. , Sisson D. David , Prošek Robert , Bulmer Barret J. , Luethy Mike W. , Fuentes Virginia Luis
Published: March 2010

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by reduced systolic function, heightened sympathetic tone, and high morbidity and mortality. Little is known regarding the safety and efficacy of ß‐blocker treatment in dogs with DCM.

Hypothesis: Carvedilol improves echocardiographic and neurohormonal variables in dogs with DCM over a 4‐month treatment period.

Methods: Prospective, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded randomized study. Dogs with DCM underwent echocardiography, ECG, thoracic radiographs, and neurohormonal profiling, followed by titration onto Carvedilol (0.3 mg/kg q12h) or placebo over a 4‐week period and subsequently received 3 months of therapy. Primary study endpoints included left ventricular volume and function.

Results: Sixteen dogs received carvedilol and 7 received placebo. At study end, 13 carvedilol dogs and 5 placebo dogs were alive. There was no difference in the mean percentage change in left ventricular volume at end‐diastole (LVVd), left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVVs), and ejection fraction (EF) between treatment groups, suggesting that both groups experienced similar amounts of disease progression. Carvedilol treatment did not result in significant changes in neurohormonal activation, radiographic heart size, heart rate, or owner perceived quality‐of‐life. Baseline B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) predicted dogs in the carvedilol‐treated group that maintained or improved their EF over the study duration.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Carvedilol administration did not improve echocardiographic or neurohormonal indicators of heart function. The lack of effect may be related to severity of disease, carvedilol dose, or brevity of follow‐up time. Statistical power of the present study was adversely affected by a high fatality rate in study dogs and small sample size.
Neurologic Dysfunction in Hypothyroid, Hyperlipidemic Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Vitale Christina L. , Olby Natasha J.
Published: March 2010

Background: Hypothyroidism has been associated with a variety of neurologic signs, but the mechanism for this association is not completely understood. Hypothyroidism also is associated with hyperlipidemia that predisposes to atherosclerosis, increased blood viscosity, and thromboembolic events.

Objective: The objective is to characterize neurologic signs potentially associated with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in canine hypothyroidism.

Animals: This study used dogs referred to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of neurologic signs.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in which medical records of dogs with neurologic signs and a diagnosis of hypothyroidism and hyperlipidemia were reviewed. Details of the history, presenting signs, results of routine blood tests, thyroid tests, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and diagnostic imaging, and response to therapy were compiled.

Results: Three Labrador Retrievers and one Labrador Retriever cross fit the inclusion criteria. All dogs were hypothyroid and severely hyperlipidemic. Neurologic signs included tetraparesis, central and peripheral vestibular signs, facial paralysis, and paraparesis. Two dogs had an acute history and rapid resolution of signs consistent with an infarct, the presence of which was confirmed in 1 of the dogs by magnetic resonance imaging. Two dogs had chronic histories of cranial neuropathies and paraparesis. One of these dogs had evidence of iliac thrombosis and atherosclerosis on ultrasound examination. All dogs improved with thyroid hormone supplementation.

Clinical Relevance:Labrador Retrievers may be predisposed to the development of severe hyperlipidemia in association with hypothyroidism. One possible consequence of severe hyperlipidemia is the development of neurologic signs due to atherosclerosis and thromboembolic events.
Clinical Characterization of a Familial Degenerative Myelopathy in Pembroke Welsh Corgi Dogs
Authors: Coates Joan R. , March Philip A. , Oglesbee Michael , Ruaux Craig G. , Olby Natasha J. , Berghaus Roy D. , O'Brien Dennis P. , Keating John H. , Johnson Gary S. , Williams David A.
Published: March 2010

Background: Adult dogs with degenerative myelopathy (DM) have progressive ataxia and paresis of the pelvic limbs, leading to paraplegia and euthanasia. Although most commonly reported in German Shepherd dogs, high disease prevalence exists in other breeds.

Objective: Our aim was the clinical and histopathologic characterization of familial degenerative myelopathy (FDM) in Pembroke Welsh Corgi (PWC) dogs.

Animals: Twenty‐one PWCs were prospectively studied from initial diagnosis until euthanasia.

Methods: Neurologic examination, blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, electrodiagnostic testing, and spinal imaging were performed. Concentrations of 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α (8‐isoprostane) were measured in CSF. Routine histochemistry was used for neuropathology. Deoxyribonucleic acid and pedigrees were collected from 110 dogs.

Results: Median duration of clinical signs before euthanasia was 19 months. Median age at euthanasia was 13 years. All dogs were nonambulatory paraparetic or paraplegic, and 15 dogs had thoracic limb weakness at euthanasia. Electrodiagnostic testing and spinal imaging were consistent with noncompressive myelopathy. No significant difference was detected in 8‐isoprostane concentrations between normal and FDM‐affected dogs. Axonal and myelin degeneration of the spinal cord was most severe in the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus. Pedigree analysis suggested a familial disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Clinical progression of FDM in PWC dogs was similar to that observed in other breeds but characterized by a longer duration. Spinal cord pathology predominates as noninflammatory axonal degeneration. Oxidative stress injury associated with 8‐isoprostane production is not involved in the pathogenesis of FDM‐affected PWC dogs. A familial disease is suspected.