bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐step preparation of rutile‐type CrNbO4 and CrTaO4 oxides from oxalate precursors–characterization and properties
Authors: Androš Dubraja Lidija , Pajić Damir , Vrankić Martina , Dragović Jure , Valant Matjaz , Benčina Metka , Jurić Marijana
Published: April 2019

Chromium niobate and tantalate (CrNbO4 and CrTaO4) were synthesized by pyrolysis of the oxalate‐based heterometallic complexes [Cr2(bpy)4(μ‐O)4Nb2(C2O4)4]·3H2O (Cr‐Nb) and [Cr(bpy)2(H2O)(μ‐O)Ta(C2O4)3]2·3.5H2O (Cr‐Ta) (bpy = 2,2'‐bipyridine). Compared to conventional solid‐state synthesis, herein studied oxides are prepared at lower temperatures, in one step without repeating grinding procedures. The structure, morphology, and optical properties of the as‐synthesized oxides were characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐vis DRS). The determined band gap energies of CrNbO4 and CrTaO4 are 2.39 and 2.82 eV, respectively, which prompted us to investigate photocatalytic activity of these oxides in degradation of dyes. Microscopy studies show that the particles of both oxides began to aggregate into bigger particles, leading to an increase in grain size. Additionally, magnetization measurements on both oxides revealed spin‐glass behavior at low temperatures.
The Science of Salt: Updating the evidence on global estimates of salt intake
Authors: Thout Sudhir Raj , Santos Joseph Alvin , McKenzie Briar , Trieu Kathy , Johnson Claire , McLean Rachael , Arcand JoAnne , Campbell Norman R. C. , Webster Jacqui
Published: April 2019

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 study estimated national salt intake for 187 countries based on data available up to 2010. The purpose of this review was to identify studies that have measured salt intake in a nationally representative population using the 24‐hour urine collection method since 2010, with a view to updating evidence on population salt intake globally. Studies published from January 2011 to September 2018 were searched for from MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases using relevant terms. Studies that provided nationally representative estimates of salt intake among the healthy adult population based on the 24‐hour urine collection were included. Measured salt intake was extracted and compared with the GBD estimates. Of the 115 identified studies assessed for eligibility, 13 studies were included: Four studies were from Europe, and one each from the United States, Canada, Benin, India, Samoa, Fiji, Barbados, Australia, and New Zealand. Mean daily salt intake ranged from 6.75 g/d in Barbados to 10.66 g/d in Portugal. Measured mean population salt intake in Italy, England, Canada, and Barbados was lower, and in Fiji, Samoa, and Benin was higher, in recent surveys compared to the GBD 2010 estimates. Despite global targets to reduce population salt intake, only 13 countries have published nationally representative salt intake data since the GBD 2010 study. In all countries, salt intake levels remain higher than the World Health Organization's recommendation, highlighting the need for additional global efforts to lower salt intake and monitor salt reduction strategies.
Research Review: Outcomes of 24‐ to 36‐month‐old children with autism spectrum disorder vary by ascertainment strategy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Micheletti Megan , McCracken Courtney , Constantino John N. , Mandell David , Jones Warren , Klin Ami
Published: April 2019

Background

Despite widespread recommendations for early surveillance of risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), no research to date has shown that early surveillance leads to better clinical outcomes. Preliminary research has suggested that children with ASD ascertained via prospective follow‐up have better outcomes than those ascertained via community referral. Because prospective studies include early surveillance, by comparing outcomes of children with ASD across ascertainment strategies, we may gain insight into the effects of early surveillance relative to its absence.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to identify studies reporting outcomes of 24‐ to 36‐month‐olds with ASD ascertained via prospective follow‐up, community referral, or universal screening. A meta‐analysis using a random effects model was used to calculate overall effect size estimates for developmental level and symptom severity across ascertainment cohorts.

Results

Eleven prospective, ten community referral, and eight universal screening studies were identified, reporting on 1,658 toddlers with ASD. We found no differences in outcomes between community referral and universal screening studies. Relative to both, prospective studies reported significantly higher developmental levels and lower symptom severities.

Conclusions

Outcomes of young children with ASD ascertained via prospective follow‐up are better than those of children with ASD recruited via community referral or universal screening. Although we discuss why sampling bias is not likely the driving force behind these findings, we cannot rule out the possibility that sampling bias contributes to the observed differences; future studies should probe the effects of sociodemographic variables on clinical outcomes as a function of ascertainment strategy. This limitation notwithstanding, our results raise the possibility that prospective follow‐up may confer a ‘surveillance effect’ that contributes to improved developmental and diagnostic outcomes in children with ASD. Future research should test this hypothesis and determine the specific mechanism by which surveillance may improve outcomes.
Long‐term safety and efficacy of the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, added on glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 52‐week open‐label, multicenter, post‐marketing clinical study
Authors: Terauchi Yasuo , Fujiwara Hisataka , Kurihara Yuji , Suganami Hideki , Tamura Masahiro , Senda Masayuki , Gunji Ryoji , Kaku Kohei
Published: April 2019

Aims/Introduction

Tofogliflozin is a potent and highly selective sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor that is currently used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin add‐on to glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist monotherapy.

Materials and Methods

In this 52‐week, prospective, multicenter, single arm, post‐marketing clinical study, Japanese patients who had already been receiving GLP‐1 receptor agonist monotherapy for ≥8 weeks, glycated hemoglobin ≥7.0 and <10.5%, and body mass index ≥18.5 and <35.0 kg/m2 were enrolled. Tofogliflozin 20 mg was orally administered once daily for 52 weeks with GLP‐1 receptor agonist. Primary end‐points were safety and change in glycated hemoglobin from baseline to week 52. Safety was assessed on the basis of the adverse events. Changes from baseline in fasting plasma glucose, bodyweight, blood pressure, uric acid and lipid parameters were assessed as secondary efficacy end‐points.

Results

Of the 67 patients enrolled, 63 patients completed the study. Overall, 26 adverse drug reactions occurred in 17 patients (25.4%). Adverse drug reactions with a frequency of two or more patients (3.0%) were constipation, thirst, dehydration and pollakiuria. Hypoglycemia (n = 1) was limited. With the addition of tofogliflozin to GLP‐1 receptor agonist, the subsequent mean (standard deviation) reduction in glycated hemoglobin was −0.6% (1.0%; P < 0.0001). Fasting plasma glucose, bodyweight and blood pressure were significantly improved.

Conclusions

Tofogliflozin add‐on to GLP‐1 receptor agonist monotherapy is an effective treatment option with an acceptable safety profile.
Defoliation of wild native box trees (Buxus sempervirens): Does box rust (Puccinia buxi) infection influence herbivory, survival and growth of the invasive Cydalima perspectalis?
Authors: Baur Bruno , Jung Janina , Rusterholz Hans‐Peter
Published: April 2019

The invasive box‐tree moth Cydalima perspectalis causes damage to horticultural box trees (Buxus spp.) in private gardens and parks in Europe and defoliation of large areas of European native box trees Buxus sempervirens, which grow in the understorey of deciduous forests. In some parts of their distribution area, wild native box trees are infected by the box rust Puccinia buxi, a fungus which does not occur in the native range of C. perspectalis. We examined whether the infection of P. buxi deters grazing by C. perspectalis in 31 wild box‐tree stands in forests in north‐western Switzerland and south‐western Germany. On average, 82.4% of the box trees were infested by P. buxi (among‐site variation 20%–100%), or 18.5% of their leaves. Linear mixed‐effect (LME) models revealed that the percentage of rust‐infected leaves was influenced by the local box‐tree density and the slope aspect of the forest site. 9.5% of the leaves showed grazing damage by C. perspectalis. LME showed that the percentage of leaves with grazing damage was affected by the elevation of the site and the percentage of rust‐infected leaves. The effect of box rust infection on food choice and larval performance (survival and growth rate) was examined in two experiments. In food‐choice tests, larvae of C. perspectalis did not show any preference for uninfected or rust‐infected box‐tree leaves and consumed similar amounts of leaf tissue of either type. However, when larvae were reared on leaves with three different degrees of P. buxi‐infection (and uninfected leaves as control), both survival and growth rate decreased with increasing degree of rust infection. This indicates that larval performance of C. perspectalis is reduced by the box rust. In the case of an outbreak of C. perspectalis, however, larvae may indiscriminately defoliate wild box trees.
Accounting for the uncertain effects of hydraulic interactions in optimising embankments heights: Proof of principle for the IJssel River
Authors: Ciullo Alessio , de Bruijn Karin M. , Kwakkel Jan H. , Klijn Frans
Published: April 2019

Most alluvial plains in the world are protected by flood defences, for example, embankments, whose primary aim is to reduce the probability of flooding of the protected areas. At the same time, however, the presence of embankments at one area influences hydraulic conditions of downstream areas located on the same river. These hydraulic interactions are often neglected in current flood risk management. The aim of this study is to explicitly acknowledge hydraulic interactions and investigate their impact on establishing optimal embankment heights along a stretch of the IJssel River. We find that the current approach leads to a single solution, while taking into account hydraulic interactions substantially expands the number of promising solutions. Furthermore, under a reference scenario, the current approach is in fact suboptimal with respect to both downstream locations and the system as a whole. Under uncertainty, it performs adequately from a system viewpoint, but poorly for individual locations, mostly due to risk overestimation downstream. Overall, the current approach proves to be too short‐sighted, because spatial trade‐offs among locations are neglected and alternative solutions remain hidden. Acknowledging the effect of hydraulic interactions provides policy makers with a broader and more comprehensive spectrum of flood risk management strategies.
Older Adults with Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Occupational and Physical Therapy
Authors: Pergolotti Mackenzi , Deal Allison M. , Williams Grant R. , Bryant Ashley L. , McCarthy Lauren , Nyrop Kirsten A. , Covington Kelley R. , Reeve Bryce B. , Basch Ethan , Muss Hyman B.
Published: April 2019

OBJECTIVES

The impact of occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) on functional outcomes in older adults with cancer is unknown.

DESIGN

Two‐arm single‐institution randomized controlled trial of outpatient OT/PT.

SETTING

Comprehensive cancer center with two off‐site OT/PT clinics.

PARTICIPANTS

We recruited adults 65 years and older with a recent diagnosis or recurrence of cancer within 5 years, with at least one functional limitation as identified by a geriatric assessment. Participants were randomized to OT/PT or usual care.

INTERVENTION

Rehabilitation consisted of individualized OT and PT that addressed functional activities and strength/endurance needs.

MEASUREMENTS

Primary outcome was functional status as measured by the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living scale. Secondary outcomes were Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System‐Global Mental Health (GMH) and Global Physical Health (GPH), ability to participate in Social Roles (SR), physical function, and activity expectations and self‐efficacy (Possibilities for Activity Scale [PActS]).

RESULTS

Among those recruited (N = 63), only 45 patients (71%) were evaluable due to loss of follow‐up and/or nonreceipt of intervention. The median age was 74 years; 53% were female, and 91% were white. Overall, 30% patients had hematologic malignancies, 30% breast cancer, and 16% colorectal cancers. A total of 65% were in active treatment; 49% had stage 3 or 4 disease. At follow‐up, both OT/PT (P = .02) and usual care (P = .03) groups experienced a decline in functional status. PActS scores between groups (P = .04) was significantly improved in the intervention group. GMH and SR met criteria for minimally important clinical difference favoring the intervention, but not statistical significance. Several barriers were noted in the implementation of the intervention program: recruitment, concerns about cost, distance, scheduling, and limited treatment provided.

CONCLUSION

OT/PT may positively influence activity expectations and self‐efficacy. Future research needs to address significant barriers to implementation to increase use of OT/PT services and access to quality care. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:953–960, 2019.
Metabolic constraints of swelling‐activated glutamate release in astrocytes and their implication for ischemic tissue damage
Authors: Wilson Corinne S. , Bach Martin D. , Ashkavand Zahra , Norman Kenneth R. , Martino Nina , Adam Alejandro P. , Mongin Alexander A.
Published: April 2019

Volume‐regulated anion channel (VRAC) is a glutamate‐permeable channel that is activated by physiological and pathological cell swelling and promotes ischemic brain damage. However, because VRAC opening requires cytosolic ATP, it is not clear if and how its activity is sustained in the metabolically compromised CNS. In the present study, we used cultured astrocytes – the cell type which shows prominent swelling in stroke – to model how metabolic stress and changes in gene expression may impact VRAC function in the ischemic and post‐ischemic brain. The metabolic state of primary rat astrocytes was modified with chemical inhibitors and examined using luciferin–luciferase ATP assays and a Seahorse analyzer. Swelling‐activated glutamate release was quantified with the radiotracer D‐[3H]aspartate. The specific contribution of VRAC to swelling‐activated glutamate efflux was validated by RNAi knockdown of the essential subunit, leucine‐rich repeat‐containing 8A (LRRC8A); expression levels of VRAC components were measured with qRT‐PCR. Using this methodology, we found that complete metabolic inhibition with the glycolysis blocker 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose and the mitochondrial poison sodium cyanide reduced astrocytic ATP levels by > 90% and abolished glutamate release from swollen cells (via VRAC). When only mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by cyanide or rotenone, the intracellular ATP levels and VRAC activity were largely preserved. Bypassing glycolysis by providing the mitochondrial substrates pyruvate and/or glutamine led to partial recovery of ATP levels and VRAC activity. Unexpectedly, the metabolic block of VRAC was overridden when ATP‐depleted cells were exposed to extreme cell swelling (≥ 50% reduction in medium osmolarity). Twenty‐four hour anoxic adaptation caused a moderate reduction in the expression levels of the VRAC component LRRC8A, but no significant changes in VRAC activity. Overall, our findings suggest that (i) astrocytic VRAC activity and metabolism can be sustained by low levels of glucose and (ii) the inhibitory influence of diminishing ATP levels and the stimulatory effect of cellular swelling are the two major factors that govern VRAC activity in the ischemic brain.

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Inhibitory effects of shell of Camellia oleifera Abel extract on mushroom tyrosinase and human skin melanin
Authors: Liu Wenhao , Wang Mengke , Xu Shijie , Gao Chang , Liu Jiajia
Published: April 2019

Background

As an oil production byproducts, the shell of Camellia oleifera Abel (SC) is usually discarded in the dump. However, previous investigations suggested that the SC could provide valuable bioactive materials.

Objective

The objectives of this study were to examine the ability of SC extract to inhibit in vitro tyrosinase activity and the melanin inhibition effects of cosmetic formulations containing SC 1,3‐butanediol extract in human volunteers.

Methods

The cell viability was determined using a WTT assay. A mushroom tyrosinase was used to evaluate the anti‐tyrosinase activity of the SC extract. The placebo (no extract) or test (SC 1,3‐butanediol extract) or positive control (kojic acid) cosmetic cream was applied on face of volunteers(30 female subjects) three times a day for 8 weeks. The active compounds in SC extract were screened using liquid chromatography‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐QTOF).

Results

The result showed that the cytotoxicity of SC extract is insignificant when the concentration of SC extract is below 160 µg/mL. In addition, SC extract dose dependently inhibited tyrosinase activity and SC 1,3‐butanediol extract possessed a stronger inhibitory activity than methanol extract and water extract. Clinical evaluations revealed that facial melanin levels of the volunteers receiving cosmetic formulations (containing SC 1,3‐butanediol extract) were decreased 59% from baseline in 6th weeks, whereas the placebo group showed no effect. SC 1,3‐butanediol extract was detected to contain 12 kaempferol compounds, significantly, kaempferol 3‐O‐[α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐glucopyranoside] and kaempferol‐3,7‐O‐α‐L‐dirhamnoside are the major compounds.

Conclusion

These results indicate that SC extract can be used as a natural skin‐whitening agent in cosmetic products.
Effects of psychosensory stimulation on anal pressures: Effects of alfuzosin
Authors: Muthyala Anjani , Feuerhak Kelly J. , Harmsen William S. , Chakraborty Subhankar , Bailey Kent R. , Bharucha Adil E.
Published: April 2019

Background

Our aim is to explain the lack of clarity in the ways in which anxiety and depression, which are common in defecatory disorders (DD), may contribute to the disorder. In this study, we evaluate the effects of mental stress and relaxation on anal pressures and the mechanisms thereof.

Methods

In 38 healthy women and 36 DD patients, rectoanal pressures were assessed at rest and during mental stressors (ie, word‐color conflict [Stroop] and mental arithmetic tests) and mental relaxation, before and after randomization to placebo or the adrenergic α1‐antagonist alfuzosin.

Key Results

During the baseline Stroop test, the anal pressure increased by 6 ± 13 mm Hg (mean ± SD, P = 0.004) in healthy women and 9 ± 10 mm Hg (P = 0.0001) in constipated women. During mental arithmetic, the anal pressure increased in healthy (4 ± 8 mm Hg, P = 0.002) and constipated women (5 ± 9 mm Hg, P = 0.004). After relaxation, anal pressure declined (P = 0.0004) by 3 ± 4 mm Hg in DD patients but not in controls. Alfuzosin reduced (P = 0.0001) anal resting pressure (by 31 ± 19 mm Hg) vs placebo (16 ± 18 mm Hg). However, during the postdrug Stroop test, anal pressure increased (P = 0.0001) in participants who received alfuzosin but not placebo.

Conclusions & Inferences

In healthy controls and DD patients, mental stressors likely increased anal pressure by contracting the internal anal sphincter; relaxation reduced anal pressure in DD patients. Alfuzosin reduced anal resting pressure but did not block the Stroop‐mediated contractile response, which suggests that this response is not entirely mediated by adrenergic α1 receptors.
Fire effects on tree physiology
Authors: Bär Andreas , Michaletz Sean T. , Mayr Stefan
Published: April 2019

Heat injuries sustained in a fire can initiate a cascade of complex mechanisms that affect the physiology of trees after fires. Uncovering the exact physiological mechanisms and relating specific injuries to whole‐plant and ecosystem functioning is the focus of intense current research. Recent studies have made critical steps forward in our understanding of tree physiological processes after fires, and have suggested mechanisms by which fire injuries may interact with disturbances such as drought, insects and pathogens. We outline a conceptual framework that unifies the involved processes, their interconnections, and possible feedbacks, and contextualizes these responses with existing hypotheses for disturbance effects on plants and ecosystems. By focusing on carbon and water as currencies of plant functioning, we demonstrate fire‐induced cambium/phloem necrosis and xylem damage to be main disturbance effects. The resulting carbon starvation and hydraulic dysfunction are linked with drought and insect impacts. Evaluating the precise process relationships will be crucial for fully understanding how fires can affect tree functionality, and will help improve fire risk assessment and mortality model predictions. Especially considering future climate‐driven increases in fire frequency and intensity, knowledge of the physiological tree responses is important to better estimate postfire ecosystem dynamics and interactions with climate disturbances.
Mechanistic understanding of photorespiration paves the way to a new green revolution
Authors: Eisenhut Marion , Roell Marc‐Sven , Weber Andreas P. M.
Published: April 2019

Photorespiration is frequently considered a wasteful and inefficient process. However, mutant analysis demonstrated that photorespiration is essential for recycling of 2‐phosphoglycolate in C3 and C4 land plants, in algae, and even in cyanobacteria operating carboxysome‐based carbon (C) concentrating mechanisms. Photorespiration links photosynthetic C assimilation with other metabolic processes, such as nitrogen and sulfur assimilation, as well as C1 metabolism, and it may contribute to balancing the redox poise between chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria and cytoplasm. The high degree of metabolic interdependencies and the pleiotropic phenotypes of photorespiratory mutants impedes the distinction between core and accessory functions. Newly developed synthetic bypasses of photorespiration, beyond holding potential for significant yield increases in C3 crops, will enable us to differentiate between essential and accessory functions of photorespiration.
A group VII ethylene response factor gene, ZmEREB180, coordinates waterlogging tolerance in maize seedlings
Authors: Yu Feng , Liang Kun , Fang Tian , Zhao Hailiang , Han Xuesong , Cai Manjun , Qiu Fazhan
Published: April 2019

Group VII ethylene response factors (ERFVIIs) play important roles in ethylene signalling and plant responses to flooding. However, natural ERFVII variations in maize (ZmERFVIIs) that are directly associated with waterlogging tolerance have not been reported. Here, a candidate gene association analysis of the ZmERFVII gene family showed that a waterlogging‐responsive gene, ZmEREB180, was tightly associated with waterlogging tolerance. ZmEREB180 expression specifically responded to waterlogging and was up‐regulated by ethylene; in addition, its gene product localized to the nucleus. Variations in the 5ʹ‐untranslated region (5ʹ‐UTR) and mRNA abundance of this gene under waterlogging conditions were significantly associated with survival rate (SR). Ectopic expression of ZmEREB180 in Arabidopsis increased the SR after submergence stress, and overexpression of ZmEREB180 in maize also enhanced the SR after long‐term waterlogging stress, apparently through enhanced formation of adventitious roots (ARs) and regulation of antioxidant levels. Transcriptomic assays of the transgenic maize line under normal and waterlogged conditions further provided evidence that ZmEREB180 regulated AR development and reactive oxygen species homeostasis. Our study provides direct evidence that a ZmERFVII gene is involved in waterlogging tolerance. These findings could be applied directly to breed waterlogging‐tolerant maize cultivars and improve our understanding of waterlogging stress.
A Computationally Efficient Correlated Mixed Probit Model for Credit Risk Inference
Authors: Tosetti Elisa , Vinciotti Veronica
Published: April 2019

Mixed probit models are widely applied in many fields where prediction of a binary response is of interest. Typically, the random effects are assumed to be independent but this is seldom so for many real applications. In the credit risk application that is considered in the paper, random effects are present at the level of industrial sectors and they are expected to be correlated because of interfirm credit links inducing dependences in the firms’ risk to default. Unfortunately, existing inferential procedures for correlated mixed probit models are computationally very intensive already for a moderate number of effects. Borrowing from the literature on large network inference, we propose an efficient expectation–maximization algorithm for unconstrained and penalized likelihood estimation and derive the asymptotic standard errors of the estimates. An extensive simulation study shows that the approach proposed enjoys substantial computational gains relative to standard Monte Carlo approaches, while still providing accurate parameter estimates. Using data on nearly 64000 accounts for small and medium-sized enterprises in the UK in 2013 across 13 industrial sectors, we find that accounting for network effects via a correlated mixed probit model increases significantly the default prediction power of the model compared with conventional default prediction models, making efficient inferential procedures for these models particularly useful in this field.
The complex functioning of the complement system in xenotransplantation
Authors: Zhou Hongmin , Hara Hidetaka , Cooper David K. C.
Published: April 2019

The role of complement in xenotransplantation is well‐known and is a topic that has been reviewed previously. However, our understanding of the immense complexity of its interaction with other constituents of the innate immune response and of the coagulation, adaptive immune, and inflammatory responses to a xenograft is steadily increasing. In addition, the complement system plays a function in metabolism and homeostasis. New reviews at intervals are therefore clearly warranted. The pathways of complement activation, the function of the complement system, and the interaction between complement and coagulation, inflammation, and the adaptive immune system in relation to xenotransplantation are reviewed. Through several different mechanisms, complement activation is a major factor in contributing to xenograft failure. In the organ‐source pig, the detrimental influence of the complement system is seen during organ harvest and preservation, for example, in ischemia‐reperfusion injury. In the recipient, the effect of complement can be seen through its interaction with the immune, coagulation, and inflammatory responses. Genetic‐engineering and other therapeutic methods by which the xenograft can be protected from the effects of complement activation are discussed. The review provides an updated source of reference to this increasingly complex subject.
Binaural interference with simulated electric acoustic stimulation
Authors: van Ginkel Chantal , Gifford René H. , Stecker G. Christopher
Published: April 2019

Preserved low-frequency acoustic hearing in cochlear implant (CI) recipients affords combined electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS) that could improve access to low-frequency acoustic binaural cues and enhance spatial hearing. Such benefits, however, could be undermined by interactions between electrical and acoustical inputs to adjacent (spectral overlap) or distant (binaural interference) cochlear places in EAS. This study simulated EAS in normal-hearing listeners, measuring interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) discrimination thresholds for a low-frequency noise (simulated acoustic target) in the presence or absence of a pulsatile high-frequency complex presented monotically or diotically (simulated unilateral or bilateral electric distractor). Unilateral distractors impaired thresholds for both cue types, suggesting influences of both binaural interference (which appeared more consistently for ITD than ILD) and physical spectral overlap (for both cue types). Reducing spectral overlap with an EAS gap between 1 and 3 kHz consistently improved binaural sensitivity. Finally, listeners displayed significantly lower thresholds with simulated bilateral versus unilateral electric stimulation. The combined effects revealed similar or better thresholds in bilateral full spectral overlap than in unilateral EAS gap conditions, suggesting that bilateral implantation with bilateral acoustic hearing preservation could allow for higher tolerance of spectral overlap in CI users and improved binaural sensitivity over unilateral EAS.
Acoustic pressure field estimation methods for synthetic schlieren tomography
Authors: Koponen Eero , Leskinen Jarkko , Tarvainen Tanja , Pulkkinen Aki
Published: April 2019

Synthetic schlieren tomography is a recently proposed three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging technique for studying ultrasound fields. The imaging setup is composed of an imaged target, a water tank, a camera, and a pulsed light source, which is stroboscopically synchronized with an ultrasound transducer to achieve tomographically stationary imaging of an ultrasound field. In this technique, ultrasound waves change the propagation of light rays by inducing a change in refractive index via the acousto-optic effect. The change manifests as optical flow in the imaged target. By performing the imaging in a tomographic fashion, the two-dimensional tomographic dataset of the optical flow can be transformed into a 3D ultrasound field. In this work, two approaches for acoustic pressure field estimation are introduced. The approaches are based on optical and potential flow regularized least square optimizations where regularization based on the Helmholtz equation is introduced. The methods are validated via simulations in a telecentric setup and are compared quantitatively and qualitatively to a previously introduced method. Cases of a focused, an obliquely propagating, and a standing wave ultrasound field are considered. The simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the introduced methods also in situations in which the previously applied method has weaknesses.
A method to locate spatial distribution of scattering centers from ultrasonic backscatter signal
Authors: Chen Fang , He Aijun , Fu Sidong , Liu Xiaozhou , Liu Yunqing , Qu Xiaoli
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this work is to find a method to locate the scattering centers in spatial domain; by using this information, the mean scatter spacing (MSS) can be estimated, and the spatial information is the one-dimensional imaging of scattering centers. This paper presents a method that can locate the scattering centers in spatial domain robustly and automatically. By incorporating it with fast Fourier transformation, the MSS can be estimated. The three foremost processes, matched filtering, envelope extraction, and peak reconstruction, are incorporated in the authors' algorithm. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed method is a robust one to locate scattering centers in spatial domain, and has a better performance than spectrum-based MSS estimation techniques. Especially exploited in estimating MSS which varies from 0.6 to 1.2 mm in the range of human mean trabecular bone spacing, the proposed method shows great potential in medical use. Simple but widely used phantom experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has the capacity to locate scattering centers in spatial domain.
Case Study: Muscle Atrophy, Hypertrophy, and Energy Expenditure of a Premier League Soccer Player During Rehabilitation From Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Anderson Liam , Close Graeme L. , Konopinski Matt , Rydings David , Milsom Jordan , Hambly Catherine , Speakman John Roger , Drust Barry , Morton James P.
Published: April 2019

Maintaining muscle mass and function during rehabilitation from anterior cruciate ligament injury is complicated by the challenge of accurately prescribing daily energy intakes aligned to energy expenditure. Accordingly, we present a 38-week case study characterizing whole body and regional rates of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy (as inferred by assessments of fat-free mass from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in a professional male soccer player from the English Premier League. In addition, in Week 6, we also quantified energy intake (via the remote food photographic method) and energy expenditure using the doubly labeled water method. Mean daily energy intake (CHO: 1.9–3.2, protein: 1.7–3.3, and fat: 1.4–2.7 g/kg) and energy expenditure were 2,765 ± 474 and 3,178 kcal/day, respectively. In accordance with an apparent energy deficit, total body mass decreased by 1.9 kg during Weeks 1–6 where fat-free mass loss in the injured and noninjured limb was 0.9 and 0.6 kg, respectively, yet, trunk fat-free mass increased by 0.7 kg. In Weeks 7–28, the athlete was advised to increase daily CHO intake (4–6 g/kg) to facilitate an increased daily energy intake. Throughout this period, total body mass increased by 3.6 kg (attributable to a 2.9 and 0.7 kg increase in fat free and fat mass, respectively). Our data suggest it may be advantageous to avoid excessive reductions in energy intake during the initial 6–8 weeks post anterior cruciate ligament surgery so as to limit muscle atrophy.
Characterization of Risk Quantification Differences Using Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool
Authors: Holtzman Bryan , Tenforde Adam S. , Parziale Allyson L. , Ackerman Kathryn E.
Published: April 2019

This study’s objective was to identify differences in risk for low energy availability and athletic clearance level by comparing scores on Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment (Triad CRA) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool (RED-S CAT). A total of 1,000 female athletes aged 15–30 years participating in ≥4 hr of physical activity/week for the previous ≥6 months completed an extensive survey assessing health, athletic history, family disease history, and specific Triad/RED-S risk factors. Retrospective chart review ascertained laboratory and bone mineral density measures. Triad CRA and RED-S CAT were used to assign each athlete’s risk level (low, moderate, and high), and case-by-case comparison measured the level of agreement between the tools. We hypothesized that the tools would generally agree on low-risk athletes and that the tools would be less aligned in the specific elevated risk level (moderate or high). Most of the sample was assigned moderate or high risk for Triad CRA and RED-S CAT (Triad: 54.7% moderate and 7.9% high; RED-S: 63.2% moderate and 33.0% high). The tools agreed on risk for 55.5% of athletes. Agreement increased to 64.3% when only athletes with bone mineral density measurements were considered. In conclusion, Triad CRA and RED-S CAT provide consensus on the majority of athletes at elevated (moderate or high) risk for low energy availability, but have less agreement on the specific risk level assigned.
The Reliability of Measuring Gross Efficiency During High-Intensity Cycling Exercise
Authors: Ebreo Richard , Passfield Louis , Hopker James
Published: April 2019

Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of calculating gross efficiency (GE) conventionally and using a back extrapolation (BE) method during high-intensity exercise (HIE). Methods: A total of 12 trained participants completed 2 HIE bouts (P1 = 4 min at 80% maximal aerobic power [MAP]; P2 = 4 min at 100%MAP). GE was calculated conventionally in the last 3 minutes of submaximal (50%MAP) cycling bouts performed before and after HIE (Pre50%MAP and Post50%MAP). To calculate GE using BE (BGE), a linear regression of GE submaximal values post-HIE were back extrapolated to the end of the HIE bout. Results: BGE was significantly correlated with Post50%MAP GE in P1 (r = .63; P = .01) and in P2 (r = .85; P = .002). Reliability data for P1 and P2 BGE demonstrate a mean coefficient of variation of 7.8% and 9.8% with limits of agreement of 4.3% and 4.5% in relative GE units, respectively. P2 BGE was significantly lower than P2 Post50%MAP GE (18.1% [1.6%] vs 20.3% [1.7%]; P = .01). Using a declining GE from the BE method, there was a 44% greater anaerobic contribution compared with assuming a constant GE during 4-minute HIE at 100%MAP. Conclusion: HIE acutely reduced BGE at 100%MAP. A greater anaerobic contribution to exercise as well as excess postexercise oxygen consumption at 100%MAP may contribute to this decline in efficiency. The BE method may be a reliable and valid tool in both estimating GE during HIE and calculating aerobic and anaerobic contributions.
Effect of Single-Leg Squat Speed and Depth on Dynamic Postural Control Under Single-Task and Dual-Task Paradigms
Authors: Talarico Maria K. , Lynall Robert C. , Mauntel Timothy C. , Wasserman Erin B. , Padua Darin A. , Mihalik Jason P.
Published: April 2019

Although single-leg squats are a common dynamic balance clinical assessment, little is known about the relationship between parameters that influence squat movement and postural control performance. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between squat parameters (speed and depth) and postural control under single task and dual task. A total of 30 healthy college students performed single-leg squats under single task and dual task with Stroop. Random-intercepts generalized linear mixed models determined the effect of squat parameters on center of pressure (CoP) parameters. For each 1-cm·s−1increase in squat speed, sway range (mediolateral: β = −0.03; anteroposterior: β = −0.05) and area (β = −0.25) decreased, whereas sway speed (mediolateral: β = 0.05; anteroposterior: β = 0.29; total: β = 0.29) increased. For each 1-cm increase in squat depth, sway range (mediolateral: β = 0.05; anteroposterior: β = 0.20) and area (β = 0.72) increased, whereas sway speed (anteroposterior: β = −0.14; total: β = −0.14) decreased. Compared with single task, the association between total and anteroposterior sway speed and squat speed was stronger under dual task. Clinicians and researchers should consider monitoring squat speed and depth when assessing dynamic balance during single-leg squats, as these parameters influence postural control, especially under dual task.
The Effects of Data Padding Techniques on Continuous Relative-Phase Analysis Using the Hilbert Transform
Authors: Ippersiel Patrick , Preuss Richard , Robbins Shawn M.
Published: April 2019

Continuous relative phase (CRP) analysis using the Hilbert transform is prone to end effects. The purpose was to investigate the impact of padding techniques (reflection, spline extrapolation, extraneous data, and unpadded) on end effects following Hilbert-transformed CRP calculations, using sinusoidal, nonsinusoidal, and kinematic data from a repeated sit-to-stand-to-sit task in adults with low back pain (n = 16, mean age = 30 y). CRP angles were determined using a Hilbert transform of sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal signals with set phase shifts, and for the left thigh/sacrum segments. Root mean square difference and true error compared test signals with a gold standard, for the start, end, and full periods, for all data. Mean difference and 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals were calculated to compare padding techniques using kinematic data. The unpadded approach showed near-negligible error using sinusoidal data across all periods. No approach was clearly superior for nonsinusoidal data. Spline extrapolation showed significantly less root mean square difference (all periods) when compared with double reflection (full period: mean difference = 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.41 to 2.79) and unpadded approaches (full period: mean difference = −15.8; 95% confidence interval, −18.9 to −12.8). Padding sinusoidal data when performing CRP analyses are unnecessary. When extraneous data have not been collected, our findings recommend padding using a spline to minimize data distortion following Hilbert-transformed CRP analyses.
The 2-Min Walk Test Detects Dual-Task Deficits in Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Rosenfeldt Anson B. , Penko Amanda L. , Bazyk Andrew S. , Streicher Matthew C. , Dey Tanujit , Alberts Jay L.
Published: April 2019

The aim of this project was to (a) evaluate the potential of the 2-min walk test to detect declines in gait velocity under dual-task conditions and (b) compare gait velocity overground and on a self-paced treadmill in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In total, 23 individuals with PD completed the 2-min walk test under single- and dual-task (serial 7s) conditions overground and on a self-paced treadmill. There was a significant decrease in gait velocity from single- to dual-task conditions overground (1.32 ± 0.22 to 1.10 ± 0.25 m/s; p < .001) and on the self-paced treadmill (1.24 ± 0.21 to 1.05 ± 0.25 m/s; p < .001). Overground and treadmill velocities were not statistically different from each other; however, differences approached or exceeded the minimal clinical important difference. The 2-min walk test coupled with a cognitive task provides an effective model of identifying dual-task declines in individuals with PD. Further studies comparing overground and self-paced treadmill velocity is warranted in PD.
Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Profile, and Physical Capacity in Older Women
Authors: Boukabous Inès , Marcotte-Chénard Alexis , Amamou Taha , Boulay Pierre , Brochu Martin , Tessier Daniel , Dionne Isabelle , Riesco Eléonor
Published: April 2019

Objectives: To compare the effect of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on fat mass, cardiometabolic profile, and physical capacity, and confirm its feasibility in older women. Methods: Inactive older women (60–75 years) were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of either HIIT (75 min/week; n = 9) or MICT (150 min/week; n = 9). Body composition, fasting metabolic profile, cardiovascular risk (Framingham score), and physical capacity (senior fitness test, peak oxygen uptake) were assessed before and after the intervention. Feasibility was evaluated with completion rate (training compliance; dropout rate) and affective response (Feeling Scale; pre- and postexercise). Results: Total cholesterol level, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and the Framingham risk score decreased in both groups (ps ≤ .03). Although peak oxygen uptake remained unchanged, the 6-min walk test distance increased (p < .0001), irrespective of the group. Completion rate and affective responses were not different between groups (ps ≥ .38). Conclusion: A short-term HIIT program is feasible and provides as much benefits as MICT in older women.
Effects of a Judo Training on Functional Fitness, Anthropometric, and Psychological Variables in Old Novice Practitioners
Authors: Ciaccioni Simone , Capranica Laura , Forte Roberta , Chaabene Helmi , Pesce Caterina , Condello Giancarlo
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-month judo training (1 hr session, biweekly) on physical and mental health of older adults (69.7 ± 4.2 years). Participants (N = 30) were assigned to a judo novice practitioners group (n = 16) or a control group (n = 14), which did not receive any training. Before and after the program, they underwent anthropometric (body mass index and waist and hip circumferences); functional fitness (upper and lower body flexibility and strength, coordination); and psychological assessments (perceived physical and mental health, body image, and fear of falling). The judo group showed reductions of waist circumference (Δ = −1%, d = 0.2) and improvements for lower and upper body flexibility (Δ = +69%, d = 0.4 and Δ = +126%, d = 0.5, respectively) and strength (Δ = +12%, d = 0.6 and Δ = +31%, d = 1.6, respectively). The control group showed a decline in lower body strength (Δ = −12%, d = 0.8). Psychological variables did not reveal statistically significant effects. Judo seems beneficial for improving anthropometric and functional fitness variables, relevant aspects of successful aging.
Preseason to Postseason Changes on the BTrackS Force Plate in a Sample of College Athletes
Authors: Morrison Ryan , Petit Kyle M. , Kuenze Chris , Moran Ryan N. , Covassin Tracey
Published: April 2019

Context:Balance testing is a vital component in the evaluation and management of sport-related concussion. Few studies have examined the use of objective, low-cost, force-plate balance systems and changes in balance after a competitive season.Objective:To examine the extent of preseason versus postseason static balance changes using the Balance Tracking System (BTrackS) force plate in college athletes.Design:Pretest, posttest design.Setting:Athletic training facility.Participants:A total of 47 healthy, Division-I student-athletes (33 males and 14 females; age 18.4 [0.5] y, height 71.8 [10.8] cm, weight 85.6 [21.7] kg) participated in this study.Main Outcome Measures:Total center of pressure path length was measured preseason and postseason using the BTrackS force plate. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was conducted to examine preseason and postseason changes. SEM and minimal detectable change were also calculated.Results:There was a significant difference in center of pressure path length differed between preseason (24.6 [6.8] cm) and postseason (22.7 [5.4] cm) intervals (P = .03), with an SEM of 3.8 cm and minimal detectable change of 10.5 cm.Conclusions:Significant improvements occurred for center of pressure path length after a competitive season, when assessed using the BTrackS in a sample of college athletes. Further research is warranted to determine the effectiveness of the BTrackS as a reliable, low-cost alternative to force-plate balance systems. In addition, clinicians may need to update baseline balance assessments more frequently to account for improvements.