bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
War and Peace: War Memories and Museums in Japan
Authors: Allen Matthew , Sakamoto Rumi
Published: December 2013

How is war remembered in public places in Japan? The high profile ‘peace’ museums of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Yushukan, the museum that is attached to the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, have dominated both the English and Japanese language literature about sites of remembrance since the 1990s. The thrust of much of the literature emphasises the divide between Japan's recognition of its place as a victim of atomic bombing in war, and its recognition or denial of its aggression in East and Southeast Asia. In the 21st century, other less well‐known public institutions in Japan (Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots, Shokeikan Museum for Wounded Soldiers, Showakan, Okinawa Prefectural Peace Park and Memorial Museum, and Himeyuri Memorial and Museum) have produced different perspectives of Japan's wartime history. By briefly examining these lesser‐known museums, we demonstrate how the concept of ‘peace’ has been recast in various ways to provide legitimating contexts in which to rehabilitate Japanese people's experiences during the war. This research suggests that beyond the binary of ‘victim‐victimiser’ analyses of Japanese war memory there is room for research in this field that recognises and engages the complexity of how Japan's controversial wartime past is presented in the Japanese public domain.
Simon de Montfort and King Henry III: The First Revolution in English History, 1258–1265
Authors: Ambler Sophie T.
Published: December 2013

The reign of Henry III (1216–1272) was pivotal in English political history. It saw the entrenchment of Magna Carta, the growth of parliament and the widening of political society, as well as England's first revolution (1258–1265), led by Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester. Montfort and his confederates seized the reins of government from Henry III and governed by a council in the king's name, in the most dramatic political upheaval before the 17th century civil war. Blessed with a rich collection of sources, historians over the past two decades have used the tools of military, biographical, intellectual and social history, as well as sociological approaches, to analyse these events. Their work has placed 13th century politics firmly within its own society and culture, throwing fresh light on Henry III, Simon de Montfort and the events of the first revolution in English history. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Microcystic urothelial carcinoma: morphology, immunohistochemistry and clinical behaviour
Authors: Lopez Beltran Antonio , Montironi Rodolfo , Cheng Liang
Published: December 2013

Aims

To report on the clinicopathological features of 20 cases of microcystic urothelial bladder carcinoma.

Methods and results

The extent of microcystic component varied from 50–100% of the specimens. The cysts were round–oval and of varying sizes; the periphery of large cysts was frequently punctuated by many smaller cysts. The cysts were lined by urothelial, low columnar cells or by a single layer of flattened epithelium of low–intermediate nuclear grade. Focal high‐grade conventional urothelial carcinoma was present in eight cases. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated variable positivity for cytokeratins 7 and 20, MUC1, MUC5AC, p63 and GATA3. Extent of expression of Ki67, p53 and p27kip1 ranged from 20–60%, 10–40% and 10–30% of cells, respectively. On follow‐up, 11 patients died of disease at 11–56 months and three patients were alive with disease at 26–37 months. Univariate survival analysis showed no differences for microcystic carcinoma versus conventional urothelial carcinoma (P = 0.548).

Conclusions

Microcystic urothelial carcinoma may pose diagnostic difficulties, especially in limited biopsy samples, where it may be mistaken for cystitis glandularis or adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Histological features, clinical history and appropriate immunohistochemical studies should help to distinguish it from its mimics. Aggressiveness seems to be related to higher stage at diagnosis.
Effects of low‐temperature blanching on tissue firmness and cell wall strengthening during sweet potato flour processing
Authors: He Jiwen , Cheng Li , Gu Zhengbiao , Hong Yan , Li Zhaofeng
Published: December 2013

Free starch rate has been one of the most important criterions to evaluate the quality of sweet potato flour. Low‐temperature blanching (LTB) of sweet potatoes before steam cooking has shown significant increase in tissue firmness and cell wall strengthening. This research indicated that pectin methylesterase (PME) activity decreased by 87.8% after 30 min of blanching in water at 60 °C, while polygalacturonase (PG) and β‐amylase activity decreased 69.4% and 7.44%, respectively, under the same condition. Both PME and β‐amylase played important roles in tissue firmness. Further studies of tissue firmness and methyl esterification showed that the combination of LTB and Ca2+ could increase the activity of PME and significantly enhance the pectin gel hardness to strengthen the cell walls and decrease free starch rate from 12.83% to 7.28%.
Painful Passages: Traumatic Experiences and Post-Traumatic Stress among U.S. Immigrant Latino Adolescents and their Primary Caregivers
Authors: Perreira Krista M. , Ornelas India
Published: December 2013

Using data from a stratified random sample of 281 foreign-born adolescents and their parents in the United States, this study provides data on migration-related trauma exposures and examines how the migration process influences the risk of experiencing trauma and developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We find that 29 percent of foreign-born adolescents and 34 percent of foreign-born parents experienced trauma during the migration process. Among those that experienced trauma, 9 percent of adolescents and 21 percent of their parents were at risk for PTSD. Pre-migration poverty combined with clandestine entry into the U.S. increased the risk of trauma and the subsequent development of PTSD symptoms. Post-migration experiences of discrimination and neighborhood disorder further exacerbated this risk, while social support and familism mitigated it. Our results emphasize the importance of understanding how factors prior to, during, and after migration combine to influence the health of immigrants.
FOLLOW THE LEADER
Authors: Anderson Jamie , Reckhenrich Jörg , Kupp Martin
Published: December 2013

Social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, provide leaders with a remarkable new toolset to engage with followers, but they must be used wisely for maximum impact. Jamie Anderson, Jörg Reckhenrich and Martin Kupp explore the evolving art of followership
DECISION MAKING IN COMPLEX SITUATIONS
Authors: Lewis David
Published: December 2013

David Lewis identifies four principles to accelerate good decision making in executive teams
IT'S THE THOUGHT THAT COUNTS
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian , Cohen Jordan
Published: December 2013

Knowledge work is an understood idea and phenomena, but what about the nitty‐gritty of actually making it effective? Julian Birkinshaw and Jordan Cohen make knowledge work real
IT'S NOT THAT FUNNY
Authors: Coomber Steve , Zhang Gang
Published: December 2013

Tired of your boss spouting lame jokes? Gang Zhang's research sheds new light on office humour and emotions. Steve Coomber reports
INSIDE CHANGE
Authors: Hooper William
Published: December 2013

What are the practical measures that need to be taken to establish belief in change and to manage it successfully? William Hooper reports from inside a service transformation
ONE STEP FORWARD
Authors: Peters Georgina
Published: December 2013

Five years on from the collapse of Lehman Brothers, now is the time to assess where we are and where the financial world is going. Georgina Peters surveys the fiscal future
BOARDS FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Likierman Andrew
Published: December 2013

Andrew Likierman argues that the role of boards in making change happen in the financial services is important and likely to grow
THE READING LIST
Authors: Edmans Alex
Published: December 2013

Alex Edmans, Professor of Finance at London Business School, selects his favourite personal leadership classics
A RECIPE FOR CHANGE: MANAGEMENT UNLEASHED
Authors: Kinal Therese S.
Published: December 2013

With increased complexity and ambiguity, employees and customers alike are demanding engagement, transparency and responsibility. It's time to rethink management, argues Therese Kinal
GOLDEN LESSONS
Authors: Gregory Alex
Published: December 2013

The rower Alex Gregory won a gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics. But one day of glory is only part of his story. He reveals what it takes to succeed
MY DAY
Authors: March Lord
Published: December 2013

Lord March, who runs the 12,000‐acre Goodwood Estate, home to horse racing, motor racing and more, opens his diary
Hemipelvectomy: Modified surgical technique and clinical experiences from a retrospective study
Authors: Bray Jonathan P.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To report a technique for hemipelvectomy surgery in the dog and cat.

Study Design

Descriptive report.

Animals

Dogs and cats.

Methods

To describe patient selection and an anatomically based surgical technique for hemipelvectomy.

Results

Surgery of the pelvis requires detailed anatomic knowledge of the pelvic region. Hemipelvectomy is a major surgical procedure with potential for substantial hemorrhage because of transection through large muscle groups and proximity to major vessels. The anatomic dissection may enable better adherence to principles of compartmental resection of tumors and reduced patient morbidity.

Conclusions

When performed with appropriate care, preoperative planning, and good anesthesia support, hemipelvectomy can be performed safely and is effective for radical excision of various tumor types arising from or near the pelvis.
Stakeholder and Provider Views Regarding Pericoital Contraceptive Pills in India and Uganda
Authors: Cover Jane K. , Drake Jennifer Kidwell , Kyamwanga Imelda T. , Turyakira Eleanor , Dargan Tanya , Harner‐Jay Claudia
Published: December 2013

The development of pericoital contraceptive pills is under consideration to address unmet need for family planning, especially among women who have infrequent sexual intercourse. Pericoital pills, an oral contraceptive taken 24 hours before or after intercourse, would be a potentially desirable contraceptive option because it could provide convenience, discretion, and female control over contraceptive use. To gauge receptivity to pericoital contraception, a total of 49 in‐depth interviews and 5 focus group discussions were conducted in India and Uganda with family planning providers and stakeholders. In India, the method was seen as filling a demonstrated need, based on perceived widespread and/or repeat use of emergency contraceptives. In Uganda, where emergency contraception has met strong opposition from conservative and religious leaders, respondents were more skeptical about the merits of the product. In both settings, using condoms consistently and taking oral contraceptives daily present challenges for consistent use, thus a new contraceptive method that is easy to use and under female control is likely to be appealing.
Predicting young adult outcome among more and less cognitively able individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Anderson Deborah K. , Liang Jessie W. , Lord Catherine
Published: December 2013

Background

The range of outcomes for young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and the early childhood factors associated with this diversity have implications for clinicians and scientists.

Methods

This prospective study provided a unique opportunity to predict outcome 17 years later for a relatively large sample of children diagnosed with ASD at 2 years old. Diagnostic and psychometric instruments were administered between 2 and 19 with data from 2, 3, and 19 included in this study. Clinicians administered tests without knowledge of previous assessments whenever possible. Caregivers provided additional information through questionnaires.

Results

Significant intellectual disabilities at 19 were predicted by age 2 about 85% of the time from VIQ and NVIQ scores together, though prediction of young adult outcome for youths with average or higher intelligence was more complex. By 19, 9% of participants had largely overcome core difficulties associated with ASD and no longer retained a diagnosis. These youths with Very Positive Outcomes were more likely to have participated in treatment and had a greater reduction in repetitive behaviors between age 2 and 3 compared to other Cognitively Able youths (VIQ ≥70) with ASD. Very Positive Outcome youths did not differ phenotypically from Cognitively Able ASD individuals at 2 but both groups differed from Cognitively Less Able individuals (VIQ <70).

Conclusion

Those most at risk for intellectual disabilities and ASD can be reliably identified at an early age to receive comprehensive treatment. Findings also suggest that some cognitively able children with ASD who participate in early intervention have very positive outcomes, although replication with randomized, larger samples is needed. In order to improve understanding of very positive outcomes in ASD, future research will need to identify how variations in child characteristics and environmental factors contribute to the nature and timing of growth across individuals and areas of development.
Drying and Quality Characteristics of Flos Lonicerae in Modified Atmosphere with Heat Pump System
Authors: Liu Yun‐Hong , Miao Shuai , Wu Jian‐Ye , Liu Jian‐Xue
Published: December 2013

Modified atmosphere drying of Flos Lonicerae is conducted, and the effects of drying temperature and oxygen content on drying characteristics and product quality are investigated in this study. Nitrogen gas is aerated into the dryer to adjust the oxygen content, and a heat pump system is used to control the drying temperature. The results showed that the increase in drying temperature and the decrease in oxygen content could improve the drying rate and effective moisture diffusivity. Increase in chlorogenic acid and chlorophyll contents as well as decrease in color difference were observed with decreasing drying temperature and oxygen content. High product quality could be achieved at all drying temperature levels when oxygen content was as low as 5%. Therefore, reducing oxygen content in the drying atmosphere is an effective method to improve product quality.

Practical Application

A modified atmosphere dryer equipped with a heat pump system is developed. The effects of drying parameters, including drying temperature and oxygen content, on drying characteristics and quality of Flos Lonicerae are studied. Nitrogen gas is used to replace certain portions of air to achieve different oxygen content levels in drying processes. The results show that drying under low oxygen content increases effective moisture diffusivity (Deff). It also promotes higher chlorogenic acid and chlorophyll contents as well as better product appearance. Therefore, modified atmosphere drying is a promising method to protect the quality of dried products. The results of this study are helpful to the technological application of modified atmosphere drying with heat pump system for Flos Lonicerae dehydration and preservation.
Relationship Between Persistent Pain and 5‐Year Mortality: A Population‐Based Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Shega Joseph W. , Andrew Melissa , Kotwal Ashwin , Lau Denys T. , Herr Keela , Ersek Mary , Weiner Debra K. , Chin Marshall H. , Dale William
Published: December 2013

Objectives

To assess the association between self‐reported noncancer pain and 5‐year mortality.

Design

Cohort.

Setting

Community‐dwelling older adults.

Participants

Canadian Study of Health and Aging 1996 wave.

Measurements

Registrar of Vital Statistics–established 5‐year mortality. Noncancer pain was assessed using the 5‐point verbal descriptor scale, dichotomized into no or very mild versus moderate, severe, or very severe pain. Frailty was the accumulation of health deficits. Cognitive status (Modified Mini‐Mental State Examination) and depressed mood (five‐item mental health screening questionnaire) were also assessed. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards were used to analyze the relationship between pain and 5‐year mortality.

Results

Of 5,703 participants, 4,694 (82.3%) had complete data for analysis; 1,663 of these (35.4%) reported moderate, severe, or very severe pain, and 1,343 (28.6%) had died at 5‐year follow‐up. Four hundred ninety‐six of those who died (29.8%) reported moderate, severe, or very severe pain and 847 (27.9%) no or very mild pain. Multivariate logistic analysis found that individuals with moderate, severe, or very severe pain had lower odds of 5‐year mortality than those with no or very mild pain (odds ratio = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.66–0.92; P < .001). The risk of death was lower in persons reporting moderate or greater pain than in those with no or very mild pain (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75–0.96; P = .01). An interaction between pain and sex explained this effect. Men with pain were not significantly more likely than men without pain to die (HR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.84–1.19; P = .99), whereas women without pain (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.47–0.63; P < 0.01) and women with pain (HR = 0.40; CI = 0.33–0.47; P < .01) had less risk of death than men without and with pain, respectively.

Conclusion

Older women with pain were less likely to die within 5 years than older women without pain, men in pain, or men without pain.
‘Let other people do it…’: the role of emergency department nurses in health promotion
Authors: Shoqirat Noordeen
Published: December 2013

Aims and objectives

To explore emergency department nurses’ roles in health promotion and contributing factors involved.

Background

In many healthcare systems, emergency departments are increasingly urged to play a crucial role in health promotion. Although much has been written about health promotion and nurses in acute care settings, less has focused on emergency departments.

Design

A qualitative design was used.

Methods

In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were used with a convenient sample of 15 nurses in a Jordanian emergency department. Data were analysed using nvivo 9 (QSR International, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia).

Results

The analysis identified two themes. The first focused on nurses’ roles in health promotion, comprising two categories: having no roles and ‘let other people do it’. The second theme focused on the context and constraints of health promotion comprising fear of violence, the nature of healthcare service and patients’ beliefs. The majority of nurses in emergency departments do not associate health promotion with their practice, hold some negative attitudes and devote more time to clinical tasks than health promotion, which is seen as a second priority.

Conclusions

The ideology of medicalised tasks has penetrated deeply into the core principles of health promotion, and thus, nurses’ roles and potential in this area are questioned.

Relevance to clinical practice

Decision‐makers and nurses within the hospital are urged to address the constraints identified in this study and debate them further. Failure to do so may lead to emergency nursing not being optimally achieved, with the absence of sustained and concerted health promotion work matching patients’ cultural needs and sensitivities.
α‐Smooth muscle actin‐positive myofibroblasts, in association with epithelial–mesenchymal transition and lymphogenesis, is a critical prognostic parameter in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ding Lei , Zhang Ziwen , Shang Duo , Cheng Jie , Yuan Hua , Wu Yunong , Song Xiaoling , Jiang Hongbing
Published: December 2013

Background

α‐Smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA)‐positive myofibroblasts play a pivotal role in progression and metastasis of solid carcinomas. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells and lymphogenesis of tumor microenvironment are the important events in tumor metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression of myofibroblasts marker, α‐SMA, and clinicopathological features, EMT, lymphogenesis, and prognostic status in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).

Methods

Immunohistochemisty was used to detect α‐SMA expression in 50 OTSCCs. EMT and lymphogenesis were also identified by immunostaining with N‐cadherin, vimentin, and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE‐1).

Results

There was a significant correlation respectively between the α‐SMA (P = 0.002), vimentin (P < 0.001), N‐cadherin (P = 0.025) expression and cervical lymph node metastasis of OTSCC. Carcinomas with α‐SMA (P = 0.001), vimentin (P = 0.003), and N‐cadherin (P = 0.012) expression were more advanced in terms of tumor‐node‐metastases status. Univariate analysis showed that pathologic node status (P < 0.001), α‐SMA (P = 0.001), and vimentin expression (P = 0.044) was significantly associated with overall survival time, but multivariate analysis just showed the α‐SMA expression (P = 0.008) and pathologic node status (P = 0.003) was independently predictive of prognosis. Furthermore, statistical analysis showed significant correlation between α‐SMA expression and vimentin (P = 0.037), N‐cadherin (P = 0.019), or LYVE‐1 positive vessel count (P = 0.041).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that α‐SMA‐positive myofibroblasts have important impacts on cancer progression, metastasis, and survival prognosis of patients with OTSCC. The functions of α‐SMA‐positive myofibroblasts in OTSCC may be associated with promoting EMT of tumor cells and lymphogenesis of metastasis microenvironment.
Measuring individual vulnerability to sleep loss—the CHICa scale
Authors: Oginska Halszka , Mojsa‐Kaja Justyna , Fafrowicz Magdalena , Marek Tadeusz
Published: December 2013

The aim of this project was to construct a psychometrically satisfying scale to describe subjective reactions to sleep deprivation. First, on the basis of a literature review, a list of items was generated which reflected the negatively affected mood and reduced wellbeing associated with sleep loss. Additionally, psychology students were asked to describe their cognitive and emotional symptoms following a night with curtailed sleep. As a result, 69 items were included in the experimental set. University students (n = 102, females, mean age 22.5 ± 1.9 years) completed the form several times during 1 week in June (while preparing for examinations) and on a free day in September; a total of 460 forms were collected. The final, 26‐item version of the scale was validated in a sleep deficit experiment lasting 1 week, conducted with 25 female participants (mean age 23.4 ± 1.9 years). Factor analysis showed 71.7% of total variance explained by four components: impaired thermoregulation (C for cold), disrupted appetite (H for hunger), affective problems (I for irritability) and lowered level of cognitive functioning (Ca for cognitive attenuation). A Polish version of the CHICa scale showed satisfactory psychometric properties. Cronbach's alpha of the subscales were between 0.90 and 0.95. All four subscales exhibited a significant increase with an experimental 3‐h daily sleep restriction over a period of 1 week; cognitive attenuation was the most symptomatic. Cognitive problems (reduced concentration, comprehension and accuracy) and a lack of energy seem to be the most specific subjective manifestations of the chronic sleep deficit state. CHICa may be helpful in research on inter‐and intra‐individual differences and on the efficacy of various counteractive treatments for the consequences of sleep deprivation.
Cathodoluminescence microscopy and spectroscopy of forsterite from Kaba meteorite: An application to the study of hydrothermal alteration of parent body
Authors: Gucsik Arnold , Endo Taro , Nishido Hirotsugu , Ninagawa Kiyotaka , Kayama Masahiro , Bérczi Szaniszló , Nagy Szabolcs , Ábrahám Péter , Kimura Yuki , Miura Hitoshi , Gyollai Ildikó , Simonia Irakli , Rózsa Péter , Posta József , Apai Dániel , Mihályi Krisztián , Nagy Mihály , Ott Ulrich
Published: December 2013

Highly forsteritic olivine (Fo: 99.2–99.7) in the Kaba meteorite emits bright cathodoluminescence (CL). CL spectra of red luminescent forsterite grains have two broad emission bands at approximately 630 nm (impurity center of divalent Mn ions) in the red region and above 700 nm (trivalent Cr ions) in the red–IR region. The cores of the grains show CL blue luminescence giving a characteristic broad band emission at 400 nm, also associated with minor red emissions related to Mn and Cr ions. CL color variation of Kaba forsterite is attributed to structural defects. Electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis shows concentrations of Ca, Al, and Ti in the center of the forsterite grain. The migration of diffusible ions of Mn, Cr, and Fe to the rim of the Kaba meteoritic forsterite was controlled by the hydrothermal alteration at relatively low temperature (estimated at about 250 °C), while Ca and Al ions might still lie in the core. A very unusual phase of FeO (wüstite) was also observed, which may be a terrestrial alteration product of FeNi‐metal.
Split Sample Methods for Constructing Confidence Intervals for Binomial and Poisson Parameters
Authors: Decrouez Geoffrey , Hall Peter
Published: December 2013

We introduce a new method for improving the coverage accuracy of confidence intervals for means of lattice distributions. The technique can be applied very generally to enhance existing approaches, although we consider it in greatest detail in the context of estimating a binomial proportion or a Poisson mean, where it is particularly effective. The method is motivated by a simple theoretical result, which shows that, by splitting the original sample of size n into two parts, of sizes n1 and n2=n−n1, and basing the confidence procedure on the average of the means of these two subsamples, the highly oscillatory behaviour of coverage error, as a function of n, is largely removed. Perhaps surprisingly, this approach does not increase confidence interval width; usually the width is slightly reduced. Contrary to what might be expected, our new method performs well when it is used to modify confidence intervals based on existing techniques that already perform very well—it typically improves significantly their coverage accuracy. Each application of the split sample method to an existing confidence interval procedure results in a new technique.
On Semiparametric Inference of Geostatistical Models via Local Karhunen–Loève Expansion
Authors: Chu Tingjin , Wang Haonan , Zhu Jun
Published: December 2013

We develop a semiparametric approach to geostatistical modelling and inference. In particular, we consider a geostatistical model with additive components, where the form of the covariance function of the spatial random error is not prespecified and thus is flexible. A novel, local Karhunen–Loève expansion is developed and a likelihood-based method is devised for estimating the model parameters and statistical inference. A simulation study demonstrates sound finite sample properties and a real data example is given for illustration. Finally, the theoretical properties of the estimates are explored and, in particular, consistency results are established.
Angiostatic Effects of NK Cell‐Derived IFN‐γ Counteracted by Tumour Cell Bcl‐xL Expression
Authors: Wallin R. P. A. , Sundquist V. S. , Bråkenhielm E. , Cao Y. , Ljunggren H.‐G. , Grandien A.
Published: December 2013

Anti‐apoptotic proteins that block death receptor‐mediated apoptosis favour tumour evasion of the immune system, leading to enhanced tumour progression. However, it is unclear whether blocking the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis will protect tumours from immune cell attack. Here, we report that the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL, known for its ability to block the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, exerted tumour‐progressive activity in a murine lymphoma model. Bcl‐xL overexpressing tumours exhibited a more aggressive development than control tumours. Surprisingly, Bcl‐xL protection of tumours from NK cell‐mediated attack did not involve protection from NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Instead, Bcl‐xL‐blocked apoptosis resulting from hypoxia and/or nutrient loss associated with the inhibition of angiogenesis caused by NK cell‐secreted IFN‐γ. These results support the notion that NK cells may inhibit tumour growth also by mechanisms other than direct cytotoxicity. Hence, the present results unravel a pathway by which tumours with a block in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis can evade the immune system.
Pretransplant C‐reactive Protein as A Prognostic Marker in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Jordan K. K. I. , Christensen I. J. , Heilmann C. , Sengeløv H. , Müller K. G.
Published: December 2013

We evaluated the prognostic role of baseline levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) as well as CRP levels during conditioning in patients undergoing myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Furthermore, we studied the impact of baseline clinical factors and conditioning regimens on CRP levels in the same period. We conducted a population‐based retrospective study of 349 patients undergoing SCT at the National Danish SCT centre between January 2000 and January 2009. CRP levels increased significantly during the conditioning and peaked at day −3 before infusion of the graft. Elevated CRP was associated with older age, non‐malignant disease, reduced pretransplant Karnofsky score and high‐risk leukaemia. By univariate and multivariate analyses, increased CRP levels (>10 mg/l) before the start of treatment (day −7) and at the day of graft infusion (day 0) were associated with decreased overall survival [HR 1.35 (95%CL) (1.18–1.54); P < 0.0001] and increased treatment‐related mortality [1.5 (1.24–1.82); P < 0.0001]. Similar findings were seen for mean CRP levels during the conditioning. CRP was not associated with risk of relapse or aGvHD in multivariate analysis. This study suggests that increased CRP levels before and during the conditioning are associated with baseline clinical factors and that elevated pretransplant CRP levels predict a poorer survival in SCT.
Shortcomings in the Application of Multicolour Flow Cytometry in Lymphocyte Subsets Enumeration
Authors: Njemini R. , Onyema O. O. , Renmans W. , Bautmans I. , De Waele M. , Mets T.
Published: December 2013

The lymphoid system is composed of numerous phenotypically distinct subsets of cells, each of which has a unique role in the effectiveness of an immune response. To distinguish specifically between these subsets, it is mandatory to detect simultaneously different cell surface antigens. This became feasible by the development of multicolour flow cytometric technologies. With these techniques, researchers now have the opportunity to study individual cells in far greater detail than previously possible. However, proper data analysis, interpretation and presentation of results will require a high level of understanding of the intricacies of the technology and the inherent limitations of the acquired data. The present report is intended to contribute to the better understanding of how the flow cytometer operates. This report may help new and inexperienced users to work appropriately with the flow cytometer.
Fractions as Subtraction: An Activity‐Oriented Perspective from Elementary Children
Authors: Wood Marcy B. , Olson Amy M. , Freiberg Elizabeth J. , Vega Ruby I.
Published: December 2013

A sample of third‐, fourth‐, and fifth‐grade student responses to the question “What is a fraction?” were examined to gain an understanding of how children in upper elementary grades make sense of fractions. Rather than measure children's understanding of fractions relative to mathematically conventional part–whole constructions of fractions, we attempted to understand children's actions and processes. A small but nontrivial group of children used subtraction (takeaway and removal) as a framework for understanding how fractions were created and written. An analysis of the content of their responses as well as a comparison of the performance of these children with that of children who used other ways of describing fractions suggests that the use of subtraction may be a reasonable (or at least not harmful) way for children to begin to access concepts related to fractions. Also, this study suggests that attention to children's understanding through the lens of children's activity might reveal ways of thinking and insights that are masked when we compare children's thinking in more structured research settings.
Islam and freedom of religion: Anthropology, theology and clashes of universalisms in contemporary Malaysia
Authors: Hoffstaedter Gerhard
Published: December 2013

In 2006 a forum to discuss Article 11 of the Malaysian constitution on religious freedom sparked a major and unexpected pushback. Many Muslim and Malay NGOs and concerned citizens argued that they were defending Islam from the onslaught of liberalising forces in Malaysia. The clash between what could be termed liberal human rights discourses and/or reformist Islam and reactionary Islam is also one about Islamic theology in Malaysia. It is an example of how theology can be internally divisive and presents a problematic case study for an anthropological encounter and engagement with multiple theologies, debates about history and the anthropological project. This article charts one path for the encounter between an anthropologist and his ethnographic other that aims to understand these diverse perspectives and also seeks to understand both the project of writing an anthropology of Islam that incorporates Islamic theology and Muslims' lifeworlds that form the basis for it.
Structural characterization of a plant photosystem I and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase supercomplex
Authors: Kouřil Roman , Strouhal Ondřej , Nosek Lukáš , Lenobel René , Chamrád Ivo , Boekema Egbert J. , Šebela Marek , Ilík Petr
Published: December 2013

Cyclic electron transport (CET) around photosystem I (PSI) plays an important role in balancing the ATP/NADPH ratio and the photoprotection of plants. The NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex (NDH) has a key function in one of the CET pathways. Current knowledge indicates that, in order to fulfill its role in CET, the NDH complex needs to be associated with PSI; however, until now there has been no direct structural information about such a supercomplex. Here we present structural data obtained for a plant PSI–NDH supercomplex. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that in this supercomplex two copies of PSI are attached to one NDH complex. A constructed pseudo‐atomic model indicates asymmetric binding of two PSI complexes to NDH and suggests that the low‐abundant Lhca5 and Lhca6 subunits mediate the binding of one of the PSI complexes to NDH. On the basis of our structural data, we propose a model of electron transport in the PSI–NDH supercomplex in which the association of PSI to NDH seems to be important for efficient trapping of reduced ferredoxin by NDH.
Boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan‐II, monitored by gel electrophoresis, occurs during polysaccharide synthesis and secretion but not post‐secretion
Authors: Chormova Dimitra , Messenger David J. , Fry Stephen C.
Published: December 2013

The cell‐wall pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan‐II (RG‐II) is cross‐linked via borate diester bridges, which influence the expansion, thickness and porosity of the wall. Previously, little was known about the mechanism or subcellular site of this cross‐linking. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to separate monomeric from dimeric (boron‐bridged) RG‐II, we confirmed that Pb2+ promotes H3BO3‐dependent dimerisation in vitro. H3BO3 concentrations as high as 50 mm did not prevent cross‐linking. For in‐vivo experiments, we successfully cultured ‘Paul's Scarlet’ rose (Rosa sp.) cells in boron‐free medium: their wall‐bound pectin contained monomeric RG‐II domains but no detectable dimers. Thus pectins containing RG‐II domains can be held in the wall other than via boron bridges. Re‐addition of H3BO3 to 3.3 μm triggered a gradual appearance of RG‐II dimer over 24 h but without detectable loss of existing monomers, suggesting that only newly synthesised RG‐II was amenable to boron bridging. In agreement with this, Rosa cultures whose polysaccharide biosynthetic machinery had been compromised (by carbon starvation, respiratory inhibitors, anaerobiosis, freezing or boiling) lost the ability to generate RG‐II dimers. We conclude that RG‐II normally becomes boron‐bridged during synthesis or secretion but not post‐secretion. Supporting this conclusion, exogenous [3H]RG‐II was neither dimerised in the medium nor cross‐linked to existing wall‐associated RG‐II domains when added to Rosa cultures. In conclusion, in cultured Rosa cells RG‐II domains have a brief window of opportunity for boron‐bridging intraprotoplasmically or during secretion, but secretion into the apoplast is a point of no return beyond which additional boron‐bridging does not readily occur.
Different breeding systems of three varieties ofBidens pilosainTaiwan
Authors: Huang Y‐L , Kao W‐Y
Published: December 2013

Three varieties of the introducedBidens pilosa(Hairy beggar‐ticks;Asteraceae) co‐exist inTaiwan.Bidens pilosavar. minorand var. pilosaare naturalised, while only var. radiatais invasive. Differences in seed set in bagged versus open‐pollinated capitula, pollen–pistil interactions and the pollen/ovule (P/O) ratio were investigated among these three varieties. In contrast with the resulting 45–55% seed set in each bagged capitulum of var. minorand var. pilosa, almost no mature seeds (1–2 seeds) were found in bagged capitula of var. radiata, showing that var. radiatahas a low capability of autonomous seed production. In bagged capitula, only 1.5% of pistils of var. radiata, but 76% and 52% of those of var. minorandpilosa,respectively, had pollen tubes penetrating into their styles, suggesting that var. radiatahas strong self‐incompatibility mechanisms preventing autonomous autogamy. The P/O ratio, with mean values of 8189, 2053 and 1613 for var. radiata, var. minorand var. pilosa,respectively, were counted. These results support the hypothesis that the three varieties bear different breeding systems; the invasive var. radiatais highly self‐incompatible, whereas the other two naturalised varieties are self‐compatible.
U.S. High Fluence Power Reactor Surveillance Data—Past and Future
Authors: Server William L. , Hardin Timothy C. , Brian Hall J. , Nanstad Randy K.
Published: December 2013

Enhanced radiation embrittlement at high fluence, indicative of extended operating life beyond 60 years for current operating pressurized water reactor (PWR) vessels, has been identified as a potential limiting degradation mechanism. Currently, there are limited U.S. power reactor surveillance data available at fluences greater than 4 × 1019 n/cm2 (E > 1 MeV) for comparison with existing embrittlement prediction models. Additional data will be required to support extended operations to 80+ years, where some plants are projected to have peak vessel fluences approaching 1 × 1020 n/cm2. A number of programs are designed to contribute to the high fluence surveillance data to support extended operating life. The U.S programs include the Coordinated PWR Reactor Vessel Surveillance Program (CRVSP), the PWR Supplemental Surveillance Program (PSSP), and the Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program. The LWRS Program involves generation of high fluence test reactor data on many different reactor pressure vessel steels and model alloys, including some of the same PWR vessel materials irradiated to higher fluences in conventional power reactor surveillance programs. This paper surveys the existing high fluence data and the data projected to come from the above listed programs to show when such data will become available. The data will be used to validate or revise embrittlement trend correlations applicable for the high fluence regime. Mechanical property data are being developed, and fine-scale microstructure data are being produced using state-of-the-art methods.
Effects of Intraluminal Thrombus on Patient-Specific Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Hemodynamics via Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocity and Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling
Authors: Chen Chia-Yuan , Antón Raúl , Hung Ming-yang , Menon Prahlad , Finol Ender A. , Pekkan Kerem
Published: December 2013

The pathology of the human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and its relationship to the later complication of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) formation remains unclear. The hemodynamics in the diseased abdominal aorta are hypothesized to be a key contributor to the formation and growth of ILT. The objective of this investigation is to establish a reliable 3D flow visualization method with corresponding validation tests with high confidence in order to provide insight into the basic hemodynamic features for a better understanding of hemodynamics in AAA pathology and seek potential treatment for AAA diseases. A stereoscopic particle image velocity (PIV) experiment was conducted using transparent patient-specific experimental AAA models (with and without ILT) at three axial planes. Results show that before ILT formation, a 3D vortex was generated in the AAA phantom. This geometry-related vortex was not observed after the formation of ILT, indicating its possible role in the subsequent appearance of ILT in this patient. It may indicate that a longer residence time of recirculated blood flow in the aortic lumen due to this vortex caused sufficient shear-induced platelet activation to develop ILT and maintain uniform flow conditions. Additionally, two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling codes (Fluent and an in-house cardiovascular CFD code) were compared with the two-dimensional, three-component velocity stereoscopic PIV data. Results showed that correlation coefficients of the out-of-plane velocity data between PIV and both CFD methods are greater than 0.85, demonstrating good quantitative agreement. The stereoscopic PIV study can be utilized as test case templates for ongoing efforts in cardiovascular CFD solver development. Likewise, it is envisaged that the patient-specific data may provide a benchmark for further studying hemodynamics of actual AAA, ILT, and their convolution effects under physiological conditions for clinical applications.
Annular Frictional Pressure Losses During Drilling—Predicting the Effect of Drillstring Rotation
Authors: Saasen Arild
Published: December 2013

Controlling the annular frictional pressure losses is important in order to drill safely with overpressure without fracturing the formation. To predict these pressure losses, however, is not straightforward. First of all, the pressure losses depend on the annulus eccentricity. Moving the drillstring to the wall generates a wider flow channel in part of the annulus which reduces the frictional pressure losses significantly. The drillstring motion itself also affects the pressure loss significantly. The drillstring rotation, even for fairly small rotation rates, creates unstable flow and sometimes turbulence in the annulus even without axial flow. Transversal motion of the drillstring creates vortices that destabilize the flow. Consequently, the annular frictional pressure loss is increased even though the drilling fluid becomes thinner because of added shear rate. Naturally, the rheological properties of the drilling fluid play an important role. These rheological properties include more properties than the viscosity as measured by API procedures. It is impossible to use the same frictional pressure loss model for water based and oil based drilling fluids even if their viscosity profile is equal because of the different ways these fluids build viscosity. Water based drilling fluids are normally constructed as a polymer solution while the oil based are combinations of emulsions and dispersions. Furthermore, within both water based and oil based drilling fluids there are functional differences. These differences may be sufficiently large to require different models for two water based drilling fluids built with different types of polymers. In addition to these phenomena washouts and tool joints will create localised pressure losses. These localised pressure losses will again be coupled with the rheological properties of the drilling fluids. In this paper, all the above mentioned phenomena and their consequences for annular pressure losses will be discussed in detail. North Sea field data is used as an example. It is not straightforward to build general annular pressure loss models. This argument is based on flow stability analysis and the consequences of using drilling fluids with different rheological properties. These different rheological properties include shear dependent viscosity, elongational viscosity and other viscoelastic properties.
Investigation of nanostructured transparent conductive films grown by rotational-sequential-sputtering
Authors: Lu Jong-Hong , Chen Bo-Ying , Wang Chih-Hsuan
Published: December 2013

This study fabricates three types of nanostructured conductive transparent films using a rotational-sequential-sputtering method. These films include (1) TiO2/indium-tin oxide (ITO) and SiOx/ITO nanomultilayer films, the optical refractive indices of which can be manipulated in the range of 2.42–1.63 at a wavelength of 550 nm with a controlled resistivity range of 1 × 10−3 to 2 × 10−4 Ω·cm. (2) Multilayer ITO films are deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrates, providing good flexibility and resistivity as low as 5 × 10−4 Ω·cm. Finally, (3) ultrathin ITO films ranging from subnanometer to a few nanometers in thickness enable exploration of ITO film growth and thermal stability. X-ray reflection characterization provides a rapid, non-destructive method to measure the single-layer thicknesses of the nanomultilayer films and ultrathin ITO films at subnanoscale resolution.
Magnetostrictive microelectromechanical loudspeaker
Authors: Albach Thorsten S. , Lerch Reinhard
Published: December 2013

A microelectromechnical-loudspeaker based on the magnetostrictive effect is presented. The membrane consists of a comb structure of monomorph bending cantilevers with an area of about 16 mm2. Prototypes generate a sound pressure level (SPL) of up to 102 dB at 450 Hz with a total harmonic distortion of 2% inside a 2 cm3 measurement volume. The fabrication process of the device as well as a coupled simulation model to calculate its sound pressure is introduced. The model reproduces the measurements and is employed to further optimize the loudspeaker membrane. As a result, a computed maximum SPL of 106 dB has been achieved with a −6 dB frequency range extending from 100 Hz to 2.6 kHz.
A time-domain numerical modeling of two-dimensional wave propagation in porous media with frequency-dependent dynamic permeability
Authors: Blanc Emilie , Chiavassa Guillaume , Lombard Bruno
Published: December 2013

An explicit finite-difference scheme is presented for solving the two-dimensional Biot equations of poroelasticity across the full range of frequencies. The key difficulty is to discretize the Johnson-Koplik-Dashen (JKD) model which describes the viscous dissipations in the pores. Indeed, the time-domain version of Biot-JKD model involves order 1/2 fractional derivatives which amount to a time convolution product. To avoid storing the past values of the solution, a diffusive representation of fractional derivatives is used: The convolution kernel is replaced by a finite number of memory variables that satisfy local-in-time ordinary differential equations. The coefficients of the diffusive representation follow from an optimization procedure of the dispersion relation. Then, various methods of scientific computing are applied: The propagative part of the equations is discretized using a fourth-order finite-difference scheme, whereas the diffusive part is solved exactly. An immersed interface method is implemented to discretize the geometry on a Cartesian grid, and also to discretize the jump conditions at interfaces. Numerical experiments are proposed in various realistic configurations.