bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Durchblutungsstörungen der oberen Extremitäten
Authors: Tatò Federico
Published: October 2020

Was ist neu?

Allgemeine Prinzipien Arterielle Durchblutungsstörungen der oberen Extremitäten wurden lange vernachlässigt. Die 2017 erschienene ESC-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (pAVK) widmet als erste Leitlinie einen eigenen Abschnitt den oberen Extremitäten 1
2. Damit rücken die vergleichsweise seltenen arteriellen Durchblutungsstörungen von Armen und Händen stärker in das medizinische Bewusstsein. Die Diagnostik und Therapie der zugrunde liegenden, ätiologisch sehr heterogenen Krankheitsbilder erfordern ein breites gefäßmedizinisches Wissen und einen differenzierten Einsatz des gesamten Spektrums vaskulärer Untersuchungstechniken und Behandlungsmethoden.

Die wichtigsten Krankheitsbilder Die häufigste Manifestation der Arteriosklerose der oberen Extremität ist die Subklaviastenose. Die Behandlung ist meist konservativ. Bei klinischer Indikation stehen endovaskuläre Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung. Eine häufige Manifestation der Großgefäßvaskulitis sind Stenosen der A. subclavia und A. axillaris. Durch die Einführung der TNTα-Blocker und des IL-6-Antagonisten Tocilizumab hat die Behandlung der Großgefäßvaskulitis große Fortschritte erlebt. Das Thoracic-outlet-Syndrom ist diagnostisch eine Herausforderung. Da es zu schweren Durchblutungsstörungen des Arms führen kann, ist die gezielte Diagnostik (klinische Untersuchung und Bildgebung) zum Ausschluss von Differenzialdiagnosen wichtig. Das primäre Raynaud-Phänomen ist Ausdruck einer gutartigen, reversiblen, vasospastischen Hyperreagibilität der Fingerarterien im Gegensatz zum sekundären Raynaud-Phänomen mit meist schwerem Verlauf. Ziel der Diagnostik ist das frühzeitige Erkennen sekundärer Formen des Raynaud-Phänomens.
Darmmotilitätsstörungen bei Multimorbidität: zwischen Obstipation und Diarrhö
Authors: Becher Klaus Friedrich , Rupp Saskia
Published: October 2020

Was ist Neu?

Diagnostische Strategie Die Rom-IV-Kriterien für die primäre chronische Obstipation helfen, zwischen kurzfristigen Beschwerden und einem chronischen Beschwerdebild zu unterscheiden 1. Im Allgemeinen finden sich in der Altersgruppe der Hochbetagten mehrere Ursachen für eine Störung der Defäkation. Anamnese und Beachtung von Red Flags neben einem geriatrischen Basisassessment ermöglichen es, die Ursachen einzugrenzen. Die Unterscheidung zwischen einer Low-Transit-Obstipation und normaler Darmfunktion kann die therapeutische Konsequenz entscheidend beeinflussen.

Therapeutische Möglichkeiten Bei der medikamentösen Intervention werden osmotische Abführmittel, stimulierende Abführmittel, Zäpfchen und Einläufe mit unterschiedlichen Zusätzen in erster Linie weiterhin sehr häufig verwendet. In zweiter Linie können das Prokinetikum Prucaloprid und seit einigen Jahren Methylnaltrexoniumbromid als ein Vertreter der peripher wirkenden µ-Opioid-Rezeptor-Antagonisten Anwendung finden 2 3. Faserreiche Ernährung vermehrt die Stuhlmasse und präbiotische Zusatzkost kann das Mikrobiom günstig beeinflussen. Zusätzliche Ballaststoffe haben wahrscheinlich keinen Nutzen bei schwerer Verstopfung, insbesondere bei Patienten mit Low-Transit-Obstipation oder Defäkationsstörungen. Bei Vorbereitungen auf Koloskopien scheint eine zusätzliche Bewegungsaktivierung positive Effekte auf die Qualität der Darmreinigung zu haben 4.
Wie vollständig ist der Bundeseinheitliche Medikationsplan? Eine Analyse bei Krankenhausaufnahme
Authors: Amelung Stefanie , Bender Bianca , Meid Andreas , Walk-Fritz Stefanie , Hoppe-Tichy Torsten , Haefeli Walter E. , Seidling Hanna M.
Published: October 2020

Einleitung Bei stationärer Aufnahme scheint die Aktualität und Vollständigkeit des Bundeseinheitlichen Medikationsplans häufig nicht gegeben. Ebenso ist unklar, welche Charakteristiken der Pläne die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Diskrepanzen erhöhen.

Methoden Retrospektiv wurden deshalb 100 Pläne, die zur Arzneimittelanamnese elektiver Patienten einer chirurgischen Klinik mitgebracht wurden, geprüft, ob und welche Abweichungen bestanden. Die Abweichungen wurden 7 Kategorien zugeordnet: Arzneimittel, das in der Anamnese erfasst wurde, fehlt auf dem Plan, Arzneimittel auf dem Plan wird nicht mehr eingenommen, Stärke oder Dosierung fehlt auf dem Plan bzw. ist falsch oder die Darreichungsform ist falsch dokumentiert. Hinweise zur Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit, involvierte Arzneimittel und -formen wurden ebenfalls erfasst. Mithilfe multivariater Analysen wurde der Einfluss der Aktualität, der Anzahl der Arzneimittel und der ausstellenden Facharztdisziplin der Pläne auf die Art und Anzahl an Diskrepanzen untersucht.

Ergebnisse Zur Arzneimittelanamnese wiesen 78 % (78/100) der Pläne Abweichungen auf. Insgesamt wurden 226 Abweichungen (2,3 ± 0,6 Abweichungen/Anamnese) dokumentiert. Am häufigsten fehlte ein Arzneimittel auf dem Plan (n = 103). Von allen Hinweisen und Empfehlungen betrafen 64 % (83/177) das perioperative Management von Antithrombotika (n = 55) und Antidiabetika (n = 28). In der multivariaten Analyse stieg nur das Risiko für fehlerhafte Angaben bei Stärke und Dosierung mit dem Alter der Pläne signifikant (p = 0,047) und war um mehr als das 2-fache erhöht, wenn der Plan älter als einen Monat war.

Diskussion Die Aktualität, Vollständigkeit und Aspekte der Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit des Bundeseinheitlichen Medikationsplans sollten umfassend und gezielt im Anamnesegespräch validiert werden. In der Praxis sollten Pläne, die älter als 1 Monat sind, besonders kritisch hinsichtlich Angaben zu Stärke und Dosierung geprüft und der Plan entsprechend regelmäßig aktualisiert werden.
Entwicklung von Empfehlungen zum Management von Arzneimitteltherapie bei Multimorbidität
Authors: Grandt Daniel , Gamstätter Thomas , Fölsch Ulrich R.
Published: October 2020

Die Anwendung aller Leitlinien für jede Erkrankung eines Patienten mit Multimorbidität kann zu ungeeigneten Arzneimittelkombinationen und vermeidbaren Risiken führen. In einer Fachgesellschaften-übergreifenden, repräsentativen Arbeitsgruppe werden derartige therapeutische Konflikte identifiziert und Empfehlungen zum Management entwickelt, konsentiert und als S2k-Leitlinie formal Konsensus-basiert publiziert. Die Rationale für die Entwicklung der Empfehlungen, ihre Zielsetzung und die angewandte Methodik werden nachfolgend dargestellt. Die Struktur der Empfehlungen sowie ihre Erprobung, Fortschreibung und Aktualisierung werden erläutert.
Auf der anderen Seite – Erfahrungen mit einem Frühgeborenen
Authors: Meinen Sabrina , Krüger Edeltraud
Published: October 2020

Sabrina Meinen ist Ergotherapeutin und hat lange auf einer Stroke Unit gearbeitet. Unerwartet steht sie eines Tages auf der anderen Seite: Ihr Sohn kommt zehn Wochen zu früh zur Welt. Gemeinsam mit der behandelnden Physiotherapeutin berichtet sie von der intensiven Zeit.
Assessment of Factors Affecting Breastfeeding Performance and Latch Score: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Fadiloglu Erdem , Karatas Esra , Tez Ruya , Cagan Murat , Unal Canan , Nar Makbule , Tanacan Atakan , Beksac Mehmet Sinan
Published: October 2020

Objective To determine the risk factors that may affect LATCH scores.

Materials and Methods We prospectively evaluated the LATCH scores and any relevant risk factors of patients who delivered at our institution during April and May 2020. All examinations were performed by the same physicians during the study period. LATCH scores were determined at initial breastfeeding session, and postnatal days 1 and 2.

Results We analyzed 338 patients in this prospective study. Patients with high-risk pregnancies were found to have lower LATCH scores at each measurement (p: 0.002, 0.001, and 0.09, respectively). Skin-to-skin contact immediately after delivery and breastfeeding longer than 20 min in the first session did not improve LATCH scores (p>0.05). Breastfeeding within 30 min after delivery significantly improved LATCH scores at each session (p<0.01 for all). Odds ratios of having a LATCH score lower than 8 was 10.9 (95% CI: 4.22−28.37) for the patients breastfed after more than 30 min, while this ratio was 2.17 (95% CI: 1.34−3.50) and 6.5 (95% CI: 3.46−12.58) for the patients having a high-risk pregnancy and cesarean section, respectively. Furthermore, we also determined a positive statistically significant association between parity and all LATCH scores according to regression analyses (p: 0.005, 0.028, and 0.035 for LATCH scores at initial breastfeeding, postnatal day 1 and 2, respectively)

Conclusion High-risk pregnancies, patients who delivered by cesarean section, and patients not attempting to breastfeed within 30 min tend to have lower LATCH scores.
Clinical features and time trends associated with an endoscopically normal esophagus in active eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Eluri Swathi , Corder S. Ryanne , Kim Erin , Tappata Manaswita , Reed Craig C. , Shaheen Nicholas J. , Dellon Evan S.
Published: October 2020

Background A proportion of patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have a normal-appearing esophagus on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). We aimed to determine the associations between the baseline clinical features and the endoscopically normal esophagus in EoE, as well as time trends in reporting.

Methods In this retrospective study of active EoE cases from 2002 – 2018, patients with and without esophageal endoscopic abnormalities were compared. Multivariable logistic regression identified the independent predictors of a normal EGD. The proportion of patients with a normal EGD was determined per year, and before and after the introduction of the first EoE guidelines and the EoE Endoscopic Reference Score (EREFS).

Results Of 878 EoE patients, 101 (11.5 %) had an endoscopically normal esophagus; they were younger (8.3 vs. 25.4 years), had shorter median symptom duration before diagnosis (2.8 vs. 5.0 years), were less likely to have dysphagia (40 % vs. 76 %) or food impaction (8 % vs. 33 %), and more likely to have abdominal pain (37 % vs. 19 %) (P < 0.01 for all). On multivariable logistic regression, independent predictors of a normal esophagus were younger age (odds ratio [OR] 0.96, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.94 – 0.98), abdominal pain (OR 2.03, 95 %CI 1.13 – 3.67), and lack of dysphagia (OR 0.49, 95 %CI 0.26 – 0.93). The proportion of patients with a normal esophagus decreased from 21 % before the first EoE guidelines to 7 % (P < 0.01) after introduction of the EREFS.

Conclusions An endoscopically normal esophagus is seen in ~10 % of active EoE patients and should not preclude biopsies; younger age, abdominal pain, and lack of dysphagia are independent predictors. The proportion of normal EGDs decreased over time, suggesting improved recognition of endoscopic findings.
Recent Progress and Applications of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones and Imines through Dynamic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Phansavath Phannarath , Ratovelomanana-Vidal Virginie , Molina Betancourt Ricardo , Echeverria Pierre-Georges , Ayad Tahar
Published: October 2020

Based on the ever-increasing demand for enantiomerically pure compounds, the development of efficient, atom-economical, and sustainable methods to produce chiral alcohols and amines is a major concern. Homogeneous asymmetric catalysis with transition-metal complexes including asymmetric hydrogenation (AH) and transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of ketones and imines through dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) allowing the construction of up to three stereogenic centers is the main focus of the present short review, emphasizing the development of new catalytic systems combined to new classes of substrates and their applications as well.

1 Introduction

2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution

2.1 α-Substituted Ketones

2.2 α-Substituted β-Keto Esters and Amides

2.3 α-Substituted Esters

2.4 Imine Derivatives

3 Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution

3.1 α-Substituted Ketones

3.2 α-Substituted β-Keto Esters, Amides, and Sulfonamides

3.3 α,β-Disubstituted Cyclic Ketones

3.4 β-Substituted Ketones

3.5 Imine Derivatives

4. Conclusion
Cs2CO3-Mediated Regio- and Stereoselective Sulfonylation of 1,1-Dibromo-1-alkenes with Sodium Sulfinates
Authors: Shiri Morteza , Salehi Parvin , Mohammadpour Zeinab , Salehi Peyman , Notash Behrouz
Published: October 2020

A highly selective synthesis of (Z)-1-bromo-1-sulfonyl alkenes via Cs2CO3-promoted sulfonylation of 1,1-dibromo-1-alkenes with sodium sulfinates is described. Notably, using excess amounts of Cs2CO3 and sodium sulfinate in such a reaction regenerated the parent aldehyde. Interestingly, the reaction of 1-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2-nitrobenzene in the presence of sulfinates and Cs2CO3 produced isatin. The Sonogashira cross coupling of synthesized (Z)-1-bromo-1-sulfonyl alkenes with phenylacetylene gave selectively the corresponding sulfonylalkynyl alkenes.
Prevalence of Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction in the Outpatient Clinic of Pediatric Urology and Nephrology
Authors: Barco-Castillo Catalina , Mejía Natalia , Echeverry Mariana , Ramos Anamaría , Fernández Nicolás , Pérez Jaime
Published: October 2020

Objective Bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) is defined as the presence of functional alterations in both organs. The correct diagnosis and treatment prevent the exposure of patients to multiple antibiotic treatments, invasive procedures and radiological studies. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of BBD in the outpatient clinic of pediatric urology and nephrology.

Methods A prospective cohort composed of 334 patients aged between 5 and 18 years was evaluated. The Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Score (PLUTSS) was applied. A score higher than 8 was considered as significant urinary symptomatology. Moreover, the Bristol Stool Scale and the Rome IV Criteria for functional constipation and fecal incontinence were used. Patients with organic pathologies were excluded. The risk factors were evaluated using logistic regression models.

Results The median age was 9 years old (interquartile range [IQR]: 6–13). The PLUTSS questionnaire was significant in 16.5% of the kids, constipation was found in 31.9%, and fecal incontinence, in 4%. The prevalence of BBD was of 27.8%. The female gender (odds ratio [OR]: 2.47; p = 0.002) and psychological disorders (OR: 4.637; p = 0.024) were considered risk factors. The evaluation of the PLUTSS questionnaire showed relevance regarding incontinence (OR: 3.059; p = 0.038), enuresis (OR: 8.532; p < 0.001); intermittent flow (OR: 9.211; p = 0.004), frequency (OR: 6.73; p = 0.005), and constipation (OR: 34.46; p < 0.001).

Conclusions The prevalence of BBD is of 27.8% in the outpatient clinic. It is important to prevent associated complications and the exposure to multiple antibiotic treatments, as well as invasive and imaging procedures, which also generate high costs to the health system.
Effect of Geometry on the Fixation Strength of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using BASHTI Technique
Authors: Moeinnia Hadi , Nourani Amir , Borjali Amirhossein , Mohseni Mahdi , Ghias Narges , Korani Hossein , Chizari Mahmoud
Published: October 2020

The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of tendon and cannulated drill bit diameter on the strength of the bone and site hold tendon inside (BASHTI) fixation technique for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Bovine digital tendons and Sawbones blocks were used to mimic the ACL reconstruction. Mechanical strength of the specimens was measured using a cyclic loading continued by a single cycle pullout load until failure to simulate the real postsurgical loading conditions. Finally, failure modes of specimens and ultimate failure load were recorded. The maximum possible tendon surface strain (i.e., tendon compression [TC]) for tendon diameters of 6, 7, 8, and 9 mm were 0.73, 0.8, 0.7, and 0.65, respectively. Eighty per cent of the specimens with tendon diameter of 6 mm and 20% of specimens with tendon diameter of 7 mm failed on the torn tendon. All samples with larger tendon diameters (i.e., 8 and 9 mm) failed on the fixation slippage. The maximum fixation strength according to the most suitable core bones for 6, 7, 8, and 9 mm tendons were 148 ± 47 N (core 9.5 mm), 258 ± 66 N (core 9.5 mm), 386 ± 128 N (core 8.5 mm), and 348 ± 146 N (core 8.5 mm), respectively. The mode of tendon failure was significantly influenced by the tendon diameter. Also, an increase in TC raised the fixation strength for all tendon diameters; however, tendon over compression decreased the fixation strength for the 8 mm tendon group. Finally, an empirical equation was proposed to predict BASHTI fixation strength.
Group subsidiaries, tax minimization and offshore financial centres: Mapping organizational structures to establish the ‘in-betweener’ advantage
Authors: Phillips Richard , Petersen Hannah , Palan Ronen
Published: October 2020

International business and public policy research have examined the techniques that multinational enterprises (MNEs) use to shift revenues to subsidiaries in offshore financial centres (OFCs) in order to minimize tax liability and arbitrage for their advantage. While study of such tax arbitrage strategies has looked to geographical locations and legal dimensions to better understand these strategies, it has ignored the structural and organizational relationship between MNEs and their subsidiaries. We define two distinct types of OFC-based corporate entities based on their location among and apparent control over other MNE affiliates: ‘stand-alone’ OFCs at the end of a chain of MNE subsidiaries; and ‘in-betweener’ OFCs with equity control over further entities and hence apparent flexibility to redirect profits to other MNE subsidiaries further down the chain. We hypothesize that when MNEs have in-betweener OFCs controlling a substantial share of overall MNE profits, this indicates greater MNE interest in aggressive tax planning (ATP). We then evaluate empirical support for our claims based on an ‘equity mapping’ approach identifying stand-alone and in-betweener OFCs in 100 of the largest MNEs operating globally. This study demonstrates that a key factor determining tax arbitrage is not the amount of value registered on OFC subsidiaries’ balance sheets, but rather the portion of the group’s operating revenues and net income controlled by OFC subsidiaries. National taxing authorities could benefit from tracking in-betweener OFC locations and behaviour to counter ATP strategies, decrease sovereign arbitrage, and increase MNE tax revenue.
Rough basin boundaries in high dimension: Can we classify them experimentally?
Authors: Bódai Tamás , Lucarini Valerio
Published: October 2020

We show that a known condition for having rough basin boundaries in bistable 2D maps holds for high-dimensional bistable systems that possess a unique nonattracting chaotic set embedded in their basin boundaries. The condition for roughness is that the cross-boundary Lyapunov exponent λx on the nonattracting set is not the maximal one. Furthermore, we provide a formula for the generally noninteger co-dimension of the rough basin boundary, which can be viewed as a generalization of the Kantz–Grassberger formula. This co-dimension that can be at most unity can be thought of as a partial co-dimension, and, so, it can be matched with a Lyapunov exponent. We show in 2D noninvertible- and 3D invertible-minimal models, that, formally, it cannot be matched with λx. Rather, the partial dimension D0(x) that λx is associated with in the case of rough boundaries is trivially unity. Further results hint that the latter holds also in higher dimensions. This is a peculiar feature of rough fractals. Yet, D0(x) cannot be measured via the uncertainty exponent along a line that traverses the boundary. Consequently, one cannot determine whether the boundary is a rough or a filamentary fractal by measuring fractal dimensions. Instead, one needs to measure both the maximal and cross-boundary Lyapunov exponents numerically or experimentally.
Odd supersymmetric Kronecker elliptic function and Yang–Baxter equations
Authors: Levin A. , Olshanetsky M. , Zotov A.
Published: October 2020

We introduce an odd supersymmetric version of the Kronecker elliptic function. It satisfies the genus one Fay identity and supersymmetric version of the heat equation. As an application, we construct odd supersymmetric extensions of the elliptic R-matrices, which satisfy the classical and the associative Yang–Baxter equations.
On (ad)n(X2)k series of universal quantum dimensions
Authors: Avetisyan M. Y. , Mkrtchyan R. L.
Published: October 2020

We present a universal, in Vogel’s sense, expression for the quantum dimension of the Cartan product of arbitrary powers of the adjoint and X2 representations of simple Lie algebras. The same formula mysteriously yields quantum dimensions of some other representations of the same Lie algebra for permuted universal parameters, provided linear resolvability of singularities is applied. We list these representations for the exceptional algebras and their stable versions for the classical algebras (when the rank of the classical algebra is sufficiently large with regard to the powers of representations). Universal formulas may have singularities at the points in Vogel’s plane, corresponding to some simple Lie algebras. We prove that our formula is linearly resolvable at all those singular points, i.e., yields finite answers when restricted either on the classical or the exceptional lines, and make a conjecture that these answers coincide with (quantum) dimensions of some irreducible representations. In a number of cases, particularly, in the case of so(8) algebra, which belongs both to the orthogonal and the exceptional lines, it is confirmed that both resolutions yield relevant answers. We note that an irreducible representation may have several universal formulas for its (quantum) dimension and discuss the impact of this phenomenon to the method presented by Cohen and de Man [C. R.Acad. Sci., Ser. 1 322(5), 427–432 (1996)] for derivation of universal formulas.
Correction of nonlinearities in series structure-based resistance thermometry readouts
Authors: Ding Jiong , Yao Hanyi , Yang Suijun , Xu Qiyue , Ye Shuliang
Published: October 2020

Series structure-based resistance thermometry readouts offer several advantages for multi-point temperature measurements. However, because of the diversity of nonlinear error sources and differences among channels in such readouts, existing nonlinear error correction methods are ineffective. In view of this situation, a nonlinear error correction method based on error source analysis is proposed. The proposed method first determines the impacts of error sources by analyzing the circuit architecture. The contributions of the common-mode rejection ratio and the mismatch between positive and opposite exciting currents are then eliminated using resistance bridge calibrators. Finally, the residuals are fitted to various polynomial functions. The results of experiments show that correction based on the proposed method results in a maximum nonlinear readout error of 1.87 × 10−5, compared with 4.01 × 10−5 using the classical method. Thus, the proposed method of nonlinear error correction is effective for series structure-based resistance thermometry readout.
Partial cation ordering, relaxor ferroelectricity, and ferrimagnetism in Pb(Fe1 − xYbx)2/3W1/3O3 solid solutions
Authors: Ivanov S. A. , Joshi D. C. , Bush A. A. , Wang D. , Sanyal B. , Eriksson O. , Nordblad P. , Mathieu R.
Published: October 2020

The structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of ceramic samples of Yb-doped PbFe2/3W1/3O3 have been investigated by a variety of methods including x-ray powder diffraction, magnetometry, and dielectric spectroscopy. In addition, theoretical investigations were made using first-principles density functional calculations. All the doped samples Pb(Fe1 − xYbx)2/3W1/3O3 (PFYWO) (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were found to crystallize in an ordered cubic (Fm3¯m) structure with partial ordering in the B-perovskite sites. Observed changes in the cationic order were accompanied by differences in the dielectric and magnetic responses of the system. While pure PbFe2/3W1/3O3 is antiferromagnetic, the doped Pb(Fe1 − xYbx)2/3W1/3O3 PFYWO samples display excess moments and ferrimagnetic-like behavior, associated with differences in B′ and B″ site occupancies of the magnetic Fe3+ cations. The magnetic transition temperature of the ferrimagnetic phase is found to decrease with increasing Yb content, from TN ∼350 K of the undoped sample down to 137 K for x = 0.5. All PFYWO compounds display a ferroelectric relaxor behavior akin to that of PbFe2/3W1/3O3, albeit our results show significant changes of the frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties. The changes of the properties of PFYWO with increasing Yb substitution can be explained by the changes in the cation size/charge mismatch and the size difference of the two ordered positions.
Research on two-dimensional external magnetic drive method of maglev ball based on force imbalance
Authors: Liu Guancheng , Lu Yonghua , Liu Yang , Dong Zhiyuan , Ye Zhibin
Published: October 2020

In this paper, an external magnetic driving method of a maglev ball based on force imbalance is first proposed to meet the requirement that the maglev ball is moved linearly in the axis direction of the electromagnetic actuator in the non-liquid environment. This method is expected to be better applied in the fields of industrial and medical miniature curved tube. The maglev ball is a magnetic levitated object. Based on the interpolation algorithm, the two-dimensional stepwise levitation motion trajectory of the maglev ball is designed as the target curve of the motion. The maglev ball can be driven with a large range along a specified motion path. Compared with the 1.0 mm step input, the overshoot of a 0.2 mm step input is decreased by 73.7% and 73.6% in the descending phase and the ascending phase, respectively. Therefore, fluctuation of the step response of the maglev ball is improved by smaller step control. However, the larger the step input, the faster the speed and the larger the levitation gap. Under the condition of a 1.0 mm step input, the maximum levitation gap can be up to 20.487 mm, and the speed of the maglev ball can reach 3.086 mm/s. Compared with static levitation control, the position of the maglev ball is fluctuated severely due to radial runout under motion control conditions, and the position accuracy can reach ±0.03 mm.
Good piezoelectricity of self-polarized thick epitaxial (K,Na)NbO3 films grown below the Curie temperature (240 °C) using a hydrothermal method
Authors: Tateyama Akinori , Ito Yoshiharu , Nakamura Yoshiko , Shimizu Takao , Orino Yuichiro , Kurosawa Minoru , Uchida Hiroshi , Shiraishi Takahisa , Kiguchi Takanori , Konno Toyohiko J. , Yoshimura Takeshi , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: October 2020

Using a hydrothermal method, (K0.88Na0.12)NbO3 films were deposited at 240 °C on (100) cSrRuO3//(100)SrTiO3 substrates. Moreover, without any poling treatment, direct and inverse transverse piezoelectric coefficients, e31,f, near 0 kV/cm were approximately −5.0 C/m2 for the as-deposited film. This value was nearly unchanged following the application of an electric field and poling treatment, suggesting that as-deposited films are almost in a fully self-polarized state without the application of an electric field. As-deposited films with a thickness of up to 22 μm showed constant piezoelectricity without any poling treatment. The films did not crack or peel because of substrates due to the small thermal strain originating from the low deposition temperature. The figures of merit (FOM) for the vibration energy harvester [FOM = e31,f2/(ε0εr)] and sensor [FOM = e31,f/(ε0εr)] were estimated to be good at 32.8 GPa and –5.9 GV/m, respectively, primarily because of the low relative dielectric constant of ∼110. Furthermore, the piezoelectric voltage coefficient g31 [= d31/(ε0εr)] was estimated and demonstrated a high value of 0.073 Vm/N.
Stable glassy configurations of the Kob–Andersen model using swap Monte Carlo
Authors: Parmar Anshul D. S. , Guiselin Benjamin , Berthier Ludovic
Published: October 2020

The swap Monte Carlo algorithm allows the preparation of highly stable glassy configurations for a number of glass-formers but is inefficient for some models, such as the much studied binary Kob–Andersen (KA) mixture. We have recently developed generalizations to the KA model where swap can be very effective. Here, we show that these models can, in turn, be used to considerably enhance the stability of glassy configurations in the original KA model at no computational cost. We successfully develop several numerical strategies both in and out of equilibrium to achieve this goal and show how to optimize them. We provide several physical measurements indicating that the proposed algorithms considerably enhance mechanical and thermodynamic stability in the KA model, including a transition toward brittle yielding behavior. Our results thus pave the way for future studies of stable glasses using the KA model.
Plasmonic photothermal synthesis of ZnO microspheres on Au/SiO2 nanostructures
Authors: Feng Jin , Agawa Hiroaki , Li Zhengcao , Isobe Toshihiro , Nakajima Akira , Matsushita Sachiko
Published: October 2020

Plasmon resonance endows gold (Au) nanostructure with extraordinary optical and thermal properties, which can be utilized in a wide range of areas. We determined that an Au film on simple SiO2 colloidal crystals can easily generate plasmonic photothermal synthesis. To demonstrate this, ZnO local synthesis was performed. This plasmonic photothermal synthesis of ZnO is safe, simple, and environmental friendly compared to the traditional synthesis of ZnO, which requires particular conditions and complex procedures. This method shows high synthesis controllability and flexibility, which provides a potential approach for microfabrication and modification.
Phenomenological law for the acoustic reflection by an array of cylindrical cavities in a soft elastic medium
Authors: Thieury M. , Leroy V. , Dassé J. , Tourin A.
Published: October 2020

We propose a phenomenological model, built from results obtained by finite-element numerical simulations, for the transmission and reflection of acoustic waves by a two-dimensional array of cylindrical cavities in a soft elastic medium. We show that the acoustic properties of a cylindrical cavity can be described by two geometrical parameters: its aspect ratio (AR) and the radius of the sphere of equivalent volume. Cylinders with AR close to one are acoustically similar to spheres, whereas flat cylinders exhibit a lower resonance frequency and an increased damping due to their ability to emit shear waves. We provide an example of how our new phenomenological analytical model can help to design thin coatings that can turn strong acoustic reflectors into good absorbers.
Vibrational–translational relaxation in nitrogen discharge plasmas: Master equation modeling and Landau–Teller model revisited
Authors: Yang Wei , Zhou Qianhong , Sun Qiang , Dong Zhiwei , Yan Eryan
Published: October 2020

Vibrational–translational (V–T) relaxation is quite common in molecular nitrogen discharge non-equilibrium plasmas. In this paper, the energy relaxation in V–T transition is investigated by master equation modeling on all vibrational levels below the dissociation limit. The state-to-state transition rates are calculated by a forced harmonic oscillator (HO)-free rotating model. Meanwhile, the classic Landau–Teller model based on the HO of vibrational levels is revisited. First, the V–T relaxation in a heat bath is compared between the HO model, Morse’s anharmonic oscillator (AHO) model, and realistic vibrational levels by a direct-potential-fit analysis of spectroscopic data. The relaxation of average vibrational energy using the AHO model is faster than that using the HO model. Then, the influence of more frequent vibrational–vibrational (V–V) collision on the V–T transition in the heat bath is investigated by using different numbers of vibrational levels. The anharmonic effect is significant with more vibrational levels. Finally, the V–T energy transfer is modeled by a coupled solution to master equations and gas heating. The stronger the non-equilibrium between vibrational and translational temperature in the beginning, the larger the difference that can be obtained between the HO model (Landau–Teller theory) and realistic vibrational levels.
High-pressure Raman scattering and x-ray diffraction studies of the supercritical fluid of hydrogen
Authors: Akahama Yuichi , Miyamoto Ryosuke , Nakano Satoshi , Kawaguchi Saori , Hirao Naohisa , Ohishi Yasuo
Published: October 2020

The high-pressure properties of the supercritical fluid H2 have been investigated in the Raman scattering and synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction experiments at room temperature. The pressure dependence of four vibrational modes, i.e., Q1(0), Q1(1), Q1(2), and Q1(3), and four rotational modes, i.e., S0(0), S0(1), S0(2), and S0(3), were precisely obtained, and three rotational constants under pressure, i.e., B0, D0, and H0, were estimated from theoretical formulas. A peculiar change in the pressure dependence of the Raman spectra was observed at 1–2 GPa. Through x-ray experiments, halo patterns were collected within a wide pressure range of 0.1–5 GPa, and the molar volume at each pressure was estimated from the d-value of the halo peak. The obtained pressure–volume relation suggested that the fluid H2 showed a change in compressibility at around 1 GPa and became incompressible above this pressure because the repulsive term of the intermolecular potential became dominant. The dependence followed the relational expression of P ∼ Vm−3.11 above 1 GPa, whereas fluid O2 and N2 of the same homonuclear diatomic molecule followed the relational expression of P ∼ Vm−4.32 above 0.2 GPa. It was found that the fluid H2 behaves differently from fluid O2 and N2 and is more easily compressed than those. The behavior of Vm was significantly correlated with the pressure dependence of the Raman spectra, and the peculiar change of the Raman spectra has been attributed to the enhancement of the intermolecular interaction due to the transfer to the solid-like pressure–volume relation.
Room-temperature perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Pt/Co/AlOx trilayers on SrTiO3 (001)
Authors: Du Ye , Arai Shoma , Kaneta-Takada Shingo , Anh Le Duc , Karube Shutaro , Kohda Makoto , Ohya Shinobu , Nitta Junsaku
Published: October 2020

We demonstrate room-temperature perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in Pt/Co/AlOx trilayers sputter-deposited onto a SrTiO3 (STO) (001) substrate. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction results confirm the two-dimensional polycrystalline nature for both Pt and Co layers in PMA films, which are (111) oriented in the out-of-plane direction. While the PMA in Pt/Co/AlOx trilayers on STO (001) is found to have interfacial origins, sizable PMA is maintained when Pt layer thickness is as thin as 1 nm, which is several times to one order of magnitude smaller than the reported values of the spin diffusion length for Pt, thus facilitating spin transmission along the thin-film-normal direction. With the STO (001) substrate serving as the fundamental building block for realizing giant Rashba spin splitting, this work provides a feasible platform for the investigation of magnetization switching in two-dimensional-electron-gas-based magnetic hetero-structures at room temperature.
Experimental investigation of amplification, via a mechanical delay-line, in a rainbow-based metamaterial for energy harvesting
Authors: De Ponti J. M. , Colombi A. , Riva E. , Ardito R. , Braghin F. , Corigliano A. , Craster R. V.
Published: October 2020

We experimentally demonstrate that a rainbow-based metamaterial, created by a graded array of resonant rods attached to an elastic beam, operates as a mechanical delay-line by slowing down surface elastic waves to take advantage of wave interaction with resonance. Experiments demonstrate that the rainbow effect reduces the amplitude of the propagating wave in the host structure. At the same time, it dramatically increases both the period of interaction between the waves and the resonators and the wavefield amplitude in the rod endowed with the harvester. Increased energy is thus fed into the resonators over time: we show the enhanced energy harvesting capabilities of this system.
Characterization of coherent structures in turbulent wake of a sphere using partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) simulations
Authors: Kamble Chetna , Girimaji Sharath
Published: October 2020

The large-scale coherent structures in the wake of a sphere at subcritical Reynolds number (Re = 3700) are examined at different degrees of resolution (filter size) using scale-resolving simulations (SRS) of turbulence. The Partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS)-SRS method is employed to compute the wake flow at four levels of resolution marked by unresolved-to-total kinetic energy ratios: fk = 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1. The results from the four simulations are used to compute one-point statistics, frequency spectra, and spatio-temporal POD (proper orthogonal decomposition) modes. One-point statistics are reasonably well reproduced (in comparison with existing data) at all degrees of resolution. However, the frequency spectra and POD modes exhibit some degree of dependence on the level of resolution. It is demonstrated that accurate depiction of coherent structures is contingent upon adequately resolving key underlying instabilities. The finest resolution PANS simulation (fk = 0.1) is then used to characterize the large-scale coherent structures in the near-wake of the sphere. The main features of this wake, specifically azimuthal mode shapes, modal energy, and frequency content, are compared with experiments and numerical simulations of wakes of other axisymmetric bodies resulting in good agreement. Overall, the study demonstrates that PANS-SRS can capture key one-point statistics and coherent structure features of complex flows in a cost-efficient manner.
The vibration of a viscothermoelastic nanobeam of silicon nitride based on dual-phase-lage heat conduction model and subjected to ramp-type heating
Authors: Alghamdi Najat A.
Published: October 2020

In this paper, the analysis of viscothermoelastic homogeneous isotropic nanobeams has been performed. A general model of the dual-phase heat conduction viscothermoelasticity principle was used. For governing equations, the transformation of Laplace was introduced, and its transformation inverts are determined using the Tzou procedure. Specifically, when subjected to ramp-type thermal loading, the numerical findings were tested for a viscothermoelastic rectangular nanobeam of silicon nitride. Figures of this article show numerical results to reflect the effects of mechanical relaxation time, ramp-time heat, and the scale length of the beam. All the observed functions, excluding the temperature change, have a major effect on the mechanical relaxation time parameter. The beam’s width and ramp-time heat parameter have significant consequences on all the functions studied.
Lost at sea: determining geographic origins of illegally traded green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) rescued on Hainan Island, China
Authors: Gaillard Daniel , Yeh Frederick C. , Lin Liu , Chen Huai-Qing , Zhang Ting , Luo Shu-Jin , Shi Hai-Tao
Published: October 2020

Abstract
ContextGreen sea turtles are threatened by exploitation for food and medicine markets, with Asian populations facing the heaviest pressures. Sea turtle confiscations that happen out at sea can give a general area that poachers are targeting, but it can be difficult to determine the impact on specific nesting rookeries. Previous studies circumvented this difficulty by using genetic markers to identify nesting rookery origins of confiscated green turtles.
AimsTo determine the impact on nesting rookeries from the illegal harvesting of green sea turtles by Hainan fishermen and describe the genetic diversity of the Paracel Islands’ green sea turtle population.
MethodsIn the present study, we sequenced 384bp of mitochondrial DNA control region from 85 illegally traded green sea turtles rescued on Hainan Island, China, to investigate their population of origin. For reference-source data, we used previously published mtDNA haplotype data from rookeries from Australasian waters and mtDNA haplotype data from 16 newly collected samples from the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea, a previously unsampled area.
Key resultsTen and four mtDNA haplotypes, all being reported before, were detected from the Hainan confiscation and Paracel Islands rookery respectively. However, CmP19, an infrequent haplotype that has been found only in 10 green sea turtles previously, made up ~45% of our rescued samples and ~62% of the Paracel Islands sample, suggesting a potential association between CmP19 and the Paracel Island rookery. Haplotype diversity of the rescued green sea turtles was relatively high (h=0.7143±0.04), whereas nucleotide diversity was relatively low (π=0.0031±0.00), compared with other rookeries. Mixed-stock analysis suggested that the rookeries in the Paracel Islands (~57%) and the Sulu Sea (~29%) are experiencing the greatest impact from illegal harvesting by fishermen from Hainan and neighbouring countries.
ConclusionsThe Paracel Islands population contains a unique genetic makeup compared with other studied rookeries, particularly the high frequency of the previously rare CmP19 haplotype. The current harvesting of green sea turtles by Hainan fishermen affects not only protected local populations (Paracel Islands), but also distant populations (Sulu Sea) in protected international waters.
ImplicationsEstablishment of a large-scale Sea Turtle Nature Reserve in the South China Sea, including a special law enforcement team to monitor this National Marine Park, needs to be top priority to help curb illegal harvesting. The Paracel Islands represents a newly defined population, and conservation measures need to be taken immediately to preserve this distinct population.
Chronicling changes in the somatosensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Raghuraman Shrinivasan , Xie Jennifer Y. , Giacobassi Mario J. , Tun Jortan O. , Chase Kevin , Lu Dong , Teichert Russell W. , Porreca Frank , Olivera Baldomero M.
Published: October 2020

Significance

In this work, cell-specific temporal changes that occur in DRG neurons after peripheral nerve injury were monitored. Altered responses of neurons to bradykinin, ATP, and acetylcholine were observed; three bradykinin responsive neuronal cell types appear that correlate with increased pain. The ability to temporally monitor cell-specific alterations in receptors and ion channels (termed as “Pigafetta Disease Chronicles”) should make it possible to uncover cell type-specific disease-relevant alterations in membrane macromolecules and potentially identify drug targets whose function is required to establish a pathological state. This opens up the possibility of designing novel therapeutic interventions that do not merely treat disease symptoms but prevent a pathological state altogether.
Imaging the Holon string of the Hubbard model
Authors: Ho Tin-Lun
Published: October 2020

Significance

A major direction in atomic physics today is to use neutral fermions in a lattice made of light to simulate electrons in crystals. It is hoped that such simulations will answer many long-standing questions in solid-state physics, among them the mechanism of charge transport of the 2D Hubbard model believed to capture the key physics of high-

T

c

superconductors. Here, we show that the imaging techniques in atomic physics enable one to visualize the highly unusual behavior of a moving hole, for which the motion of the hole generates a string, which, in turn, hinders its movement. This method allows an exact evaluation of the full charge transport at short times, which involves many interacting strings.
Reinforcement learning for bluff body active flow control in experiments and simulations
Authors: Fan Dixia , Yang Liu , Wang Zhicheng , Triantafyllou Michael S. , Karniadakis George Em
Published: October 2020

Significance

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been applied effectively in games and robotic manipulation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of RL in experimental fluid mechanics by applying it to reduce the drag of circular cylinders in turbulent flow, a canonical fluid–structure interaction problem. Although physics agnostic, RL managed to reduce the drag by

30
%

or reach another specified optimum point very quickly. Following this discovery, we used high-fidelity simulations to probe the underlying physical mechanisms so that the discovered control techniques can be generalized to other similar flow problems. More broadly, RL-guided active control can lead to efficient exploration of additional flow-control strategies in experimental fluid mechanics, potentially paving the way for accelerating scientific discovery and different designs in flow-related engineering problems.
Quantum approximate optimization of the long-range Ising model with a trapped-ion quantum simulator
Authors: Pagano Guido , Bapat Aniruddha , Becker Patrick , Collins Katherine S. , De Arinjoy , Hess Paul W. , Kaplan Harvey B. , Kyprianidis Antonis , Tan Wen Lin , Baldwin Christopher , Brady Lucas T. , Deshpande Abhinav , Liu Fangli , Jordan Stephen , Gorshkov Alexey V. , Monroe Christopher
Published: October 2020

Significance

Variational quantum algorithms combine quantum resources with classical optimization methods, providing a promising approach to solve both quantum many-body and classical optimization problems. A crucial question is how variational algorithms perform as a function of qubit number. Here, we address this question by applying a variational quantum algorithm (QAOA) to approximate the ground-state energy of a long-range Ising model, both quantum and classical, and investigating the algorithm performance on a trapped-ion quantum simulator with up to 40 qubits. A negligible performance degradation and almost constant runtime scaling is observed as a function of the number of qubits. By modeling the error sources, we explain the experimental performance, marking a stepping stone toward more general realizations of hybrid quantum–classical algorithms.
Extracellular matrix plasticity as a driver of cell spreading
Authors: Grolman Joshua M. , Weinand Philipp , Mooney David J.
Published: October 2020

Significance

In many biomaterial systems, plastic deformation of extracellular matrix, degradation, or relaxation of stress are coupled and therefore their effects on cell phenotype are difficult to isolate. Using a polymer plasticizing architecture that specifically decouples irreversible creep from stress relaxation and modulus, network plasticity is shown to have a biphasic relationship with cell spreading.
Mechanoactivation of NOX2-generated ROS elicits persistent TRPM8 Ca
2+
signals that are inhibited by oncogenic KRas
Authors: Pratt Stephen J. P. , Lee Rachel M. , Chang Katarina T. , Hernández-Ochoa Erick O. , Annis David A. , Ory Eleanor C. , Thompson Keyata N. , Bailey Patrick C. , Mathias Trevor J. , Ju Julia A. , Vitolo Michele I. , Schneider Martin F. , Stains Joseph P. , Ward Christopher W. , Martin Stuart S.
Published: October 2020

Significance

In breast cancer, the chronically stiffening mechanical microenvironment promotes tumor growth/invasion. However, the molecular details and integration of cancer mechanotransduction signaling pathways are not well understood. We find that nontumorigenic breast epithelial cells are mechanically sensitive and respond to acute mechanical stimuli with the generation of ROS-stimulated calcium signaling in a microtubule-dependent manner. These results establish that epithelial cells conserve a mechanotransduction pathway from muscle and bone (X-ROS). Using common breast cancer genetic mutations, we further report that oncogene activation reduces X-ROS pathway mechanoresponsiveness at the level of ROS sensitivity. This definition of how oncogene activation disrupts highly conserved mechanotransduction signaling mechanisms could improve the understanding of altered tumor cell responses to the mechanical microenvironment and reveal new therapeutic opportunities.