bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Housing Regulation, Externalities and Residential Property Prices
Authors: Munneke Henry J. , Sirmans C.F. , Slade Barrett A. , Turnbull Geoffrey K.
Published: August 2013

This article examines the effects of quantity restrictions on residential property prices in the presence of neighborhood externalities. A Brigham Young University policy limiting students’ location choices provides a natural experiment for studying the externality and quantity restriction effects on property values. A flexible hedonic model is used to control for nonstudent population spatial sorting by type. The estimates show significant positive quantity restriction and student agglomeration effects on student housing prices. There are also significant differences in the negative student externality across nonstudent neighborhoods, with the quantity restriction reinforcing (offsetting) the student price premium (discount) at the boundary.
Refinancing Trends among Lower Income and Minority Homeowners during the Housing Boom and Bust
Authors: Goodstein Ryan M.
Published: August 2013

This article examines trends in mortgage refinancing activity during the housing boom and bust, with a focus on homeowners in lower income and minority market (LIMM) areas. Unlike any other period in recent history, during the boom LIMM homeowners refinanced their mortgages more frequently than non‐LIMM homeowners. This occurred primarily among borrowers for whom the refinance option was not in‐the‐money, and it is likely attributable to the concurrent growth of subprime, cash‐out refinancing. Following the 2007 mortgage market collapse, however, LIMM homeowners were less likely to refinance. This can be explained in part by systematic differences in home equity levels across borrowers.
Home range occupation and habitat use of sable antelope in the Okavango Delta region of northern Botswana
Authors: Hensman Michael C. , Owen‐Smith Norman , Parrini Francesca , Bonyongo Casper M.
Published: August 2013

Animals selectively utilize their environments within a hierarchical framework. Our study addressed how the home ranges of sable antelope selectively incorporated the landscape and habitat types available to them. It was conducted in a region of northern Botswana where the sable population was expected to be thriving, in contrast to their threatened status in the wild in South Africa. The movements and habitat use of three neighbouring sable herds were recorded by global positioning system (GPS) telemetry during parts of the seasonal cycle in a region adjoining the seasonally flooded Okavango Delta. Total home range extents covered by these herds were larger than those found for sable in other areas, and local population densities, taking into account the herd sizes, were accordingly lower than in these other areas. Access to surface water appeared to be the main limitation on seasonal home range occupation. Almost all of the local vegetation types were utilized, but sable herds generally favoured dryland grassland during the dry season and floodplain grassland during the wet season, contrary to what we had expected. Hence, it appeared that local home range occupation and habitat use by the three sable antelope herds could be influenced more by interactions with potential competitors and predators than by intrinsic habitat suitability.
Effects of astaxanthin and esterified glucomannan on hematological and serum parameters, and liver pathological changes in broilers fed aflatoxin‐B1‐contaminated feed
Authors: Cao Jigang , Wang Wenjun
Published: August 2013

The effects of astaxanthin (ASTA) and esterified glucomannan (EMG) on hematological and serum parameters, and liver pathological changes in broilers fed on aflatoxin‐B1 (AFB1) contaminated diet were investigated. Two hundred and forty 10‐day‐old broilers were randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments including: (i) control diet; (ii) AFB1‐contaminated diet; (iii) AFB1 + EGM diet; (iv) AFB1 + ASTA diet; and (v) AFB1 + EGM + ASTA diet. At 35 days old, blood and liver tissue samples were collected for analysis. Results indicated that total white blood cell (WBC) number, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct) level, serum alanine amino transferase (AST) and γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, red blood cell (RBC) number, serum globulin (GLB) and urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations (P < 0.05) were increased by feeding AFB1‐contaminated diet. EMG and ASTA alleviated the alteration of RBC, WBC, Hgb and AST caused by AFB1‐contaminated diet. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was reduced, while myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was increased by AFB1‐contaminated diet (P < 0.05). Both EGM and ASTA restrained the increase of MPO activity (P < 0.05). Degeneration of the liver tissues was found in broilers fed AFB1‐contaminated diet. It suggested that feeding 0.4 mg/kg AFB1‐contaminated diet resulted in adverse effects on blood parameters and liver morphology. Dietary addition of EGM addition at 5 g/kg diet, ASTA at 10 mg/kg diet and especially their combination showed positive protection effects on alleviating the alteration of feeding AFB1. The results indicated that supplementation of 5 g EGM/kg diet, 10 mg ASTA/kg diet and their combination could partially or greatly alleviate the adverse effects caused by AFB1, with the EGM+ASTA group receiving the most effective treatment.
WNT/Frizzled signalling: receptor–ligand selectivity with focus on FZD‐G protein signalling and its physiological relevance: IUPHAR Review 3
Authors: Dijksterhuis J P , Petersen J , Schulte G
Published: August 2013

The wingless/int1 (WNT)/Frizzled (FZD) signalling pathway controls numerous cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell‐fate decisions, migration and plays a crucial role during embryonic development. Nineteen mammalian WNTs can bind to 10 FZDs thereby activating different downstream pathways such as WNT/β‐catenin, WNT/planar cell polarity and WNT/Ca2+. However, the mechanisms of signalling specification and the involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins are still unclear. Disturbances in the pathways can lead to various diseases ranging from cancer, inflammatory diseases to metabolic and neurological disorders. Due to the presence of seven‐transmembrane segments, evidence for coupling between FZDs and G proteins and substantial structural differences in class A, B or C GPCRs, FZDs were grouped separately in the IUPHAR GPCR database as the class FZD within the superfamily of GPCRs. Recently, important progress has been made pointing to a direct activation of G proteins after WNT stimulation. WNT/FZD and G protein coupling remain to be fully explored, although the basic observation supporting the nature of FZDs as GPCRs is compelling. Because the involvement of different (i) WNTs; (ii) FZDs; and (iii) intracellular binding partners could selectively affect signalling specification, in this review we present the current understanding of receptor/ligand selectivity of FZDs and WNTs. We pinpoint what is known about signalling specification and the physiological relevance of these interactions with special emphasis on FZD–G protein interactions.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐5
Cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk according to histologic type in Japanese men and women
Authors: Seki Takako , Nishino Yoshikazu , Tanji Fumiya , Maemondo Makoto , Takahashi Satomi , Sato Ikuro , Kawai Masaaki , Minami Yuko
Published: August 2013

Although cigarette smoking is a well‐known risk factor for lung cancer, histology‐specific risk has not been fully clarified in Japan. This case‐control study evaluated the associations between smoking and lung cancer risk according to sex and histologic type. From among patients aged 30 years and over admitted to a single hospital in Japan between 1997 and 2009, 1670 lung cancer cases and 5855 controls were selected. History of smoking, quantity and duration of smoking, and passive smoking from spouses were assessed using a self‐administered questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each exposure were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. Ever‐smoking was significantly associated with a higher risk of squamous cell and small cell carcinoma. The OR for these two histologic types combined was larger in women (OR = 24.98, 95% CI: 13.50–46.23) than in men (OR = 9.43, 95% CI: 5.73–15.51). Analysis of the quantity and duration of smoking showed that the OR for each exposure level tended to be larger in women than in men. For adenocarcinoma, clear positive associations with quantity and duration‐related factors were observed among men, and a significant positive association with passive smoking from spouses was found among non‐smoking women (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.06–1.95). These results suggest sex‐ and histologic type‐ differences in the association of smoking with lung cancer risk. Although smoking control should be continued to prevent lung cancers, further studies are required to better clarify differences in smoking‐related lung cancer risk between the sexes and histologic types.
Plant origin asymmetrically impacts feeding guilds and life stages driving community structure of herbivorous arthropods
Authors: Burghardt Karin T. , Tallamy Douglas W.
Published: August 2013

Aim

Efforts to evaluate the impact of non‐native plants on ecosystems rarely consider the role of such plants in sustaining local food webs of arthropods, or whether the effect is similar across arthropod feeding guilds and life stages. We assess this response by comparing arthropod herbivores on native plants (species with evolutionary histories within local food webs) and non‐native plants (species without such histories). We further compare the impact of non‐native plants that are congeners of local native species with those of non‐natives with no close local relatives.

Location

Suburban landscapes, Mid‐Atlantic United States (Delaware, Pennsylvania).

Methods

We manipulated the composition of the first trophic level by planting four large common gardens of 50 woody plant species replicated in time and space. After an establishment year, we sampled herbivorous arthropods supported by each plant species and classified them by herbivore species, feeding guild and life stage.

Results

We found that (1) native plants support larger and more diverse herbivore communities, (2) arthropods with chewing mouthparts and immature herbivores were more sensitive to plant origin than arthropods with piercing‐sucking mouthparts and adult herbivores, (3) arthropods laid more eggs on native plants, (4) internal feeders were rare on all non‐native plants and (5) the reduction in herbivore populations on non‐native plants was smaller, but still significant, if species had a close native relative.

Main conclusions

Novel ecosystems comprised of plant species with no evolutionary history with local members of higher trophic levels may reduce the diversity and complexity of local food webs. Given the rate at which novel ecosystems are replacing coevolved plant communities worldwide, this result has global implications for the conservation of biodiversity. Using more native plants within human‐dominated landscapes may help maintain the integrity of arthropod communities, as well as the populations of animals that consume arthropods.
Predictive models for bacterial growth in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored in ice
Authors: Carrascosa Conrado , Millán Rafael , Saavedra Pedro , Jaber José R. , Montenegro Tania , Raposo António , Pérez Esteban , Sanjuán Esther
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this paper was to estimate microbial growth through predictive modelling as a key element in determining the quantitative microbiological contamination of sea bass stored in ice and cultivated in different seasons of the year. In the present study, two different statistical models were used to analyse changes in microbial growth in whole, ungutted sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored in ice. The total counts of aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Shewanella putrefaciens, Enterobacteriaceae, sulphide‐reducing Clostridium and Photobacterium phosphoreum were determined in muscle, skin and gills over an 18‐day period using traditional methods and evaluating the seasonal effect. The results showed that specific spoilage bacteria (SSB) were dominant in all tissues analysed, but were mainly found in the gills. Predictive modelling showed a seasonal effect among the fish analysed. The application of these models can contribute to the improvement of food safety control by improving knowledge of the microorganisms responsible for the spoilage and deterioration of sea bass.
Screen time behaviours may interact with obesity genes, independent of physical activity, to influence adolescent BMI in an ethnically diverse cohort
Authors: Graff M. , North K. E. , Richardson A. S. , Young K. M. , Mohlke K. L. , Lange L. A. , Lange E. M. , Harris K. M. , Gordon‐Larsen P.
Published: August 2013

Background

There has been little investigation of gene‐by‐environment interactions related to sedentary behaviour, a risk factor for obesity defined as leisure screen time (ST; i.e. television, video and computer games).

Objective

To test the hypothesis that limiting ST use attenuates the genetic predisposition to increased body mass index (BMI), independent of physical activity.

Design

Using 7642 wave II participants of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, (Add Health; mean = 16.4 years, 52.6% female), we assessed the interaction of ST (h week−1) and 41 established obesity single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with age‐ and sex‐specific BMI Z‐scores in 4788 European–American (EA), 1612 African–American (AA) and 1242 Hispanic American (HA) adolescents.

Results

Nominally significant SNP*ST interaction were found for FLJ35779 in EA, GNPDA2 in AA and none in HA (EA: beta [SE] = 0.016[0.007]), AA: beta [SE] = 0.016[0.011]) per 7 h week−1 ST and one risk allele in relation to BMI Z‐score.

Conclusions

While for two established BMI loci, we find evidence that high levels of ST exacerbate the influence of obesity susceptibility variants on body mass; overall, we do not find strong evidence for interactions between the majority of established obesity loci. However, future studies with larger sample sizes, or that may build on our current study and the growing published literature, are clearly warranted.
Effect of Acidic Peptization on Formation of Highly Photoactive TiO2 Films Prepared without Heat Treatment
Authors: Vinogradov Alexandr Valentinovich , Vinogradov Vladimir Valentinovich
Published: August 2013

Nowadays, it is a great challenge to synthesize crystalline TiO2 nanostructures using low‐temperature methods without annealing stage. Such an approach allows to perform functional and structural modification in the formed crystalline phase by thermally unstable compounds, such as biomaterials, MOFs, dye sets in situ, which was previously considered impossible. In this work, we have developed and analyzed the effect of acidic peptization on formation of highly photoactive titania crystallites in an aqueous solution using titanium tetraisopropylate as a precursor. Acids with different dissociation degrees in water were used as peptizing mediators to determine the effect of protonation on sol formation. The dip‐coating films were obtained with consequent drying of the sols via evaporation of the solvent. The as‐prepared catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, AFM microscopy, UV–V is spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area. The aggregate size of TiO2 in the colloidal suspension solution was measured by dynamic light scattering. Photocatalytic activity of films was studied by decomposition of Rhodamine B dye. It is found that the size of colloids in an aqueous solution is proportional to the protonation degree of the surface of particles and does not depend on the [Ti4+]/[H+] ratio, and peptization under weakly acidic conditions leads to anisotropic rod‐like nanoparticles. The highest photocatalytic activity was exhibited by the TiO2–HCl‐based coatings, ~3.5 times higher than that of the Acet.‐prepared sample.
Improved Heat Insulation and Mechanical Properties of Highly Porous YSZ Ceramics After Silica Aerogels Impregnation
Authors: Li Sa , Wang Chang‐An , Hu Liangfa
Published: August 2013

To further improve heat insulation and mechanical properties, silica aerogels were impregnated into highly porous yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics with well‐distributed pores fabricated by tert‐butyl alcohol ‐based gel‐casting process and pressureless sintering. Pore size distribution, room‐temperature thermal conductivities, and compressive strength of the YSZ ceramics before and after impregnation with silica aerogels were examined and compared, respectively. After impregnating porous YSZ ceramics with silica aerogels, the porosity displayed a little decrease, whereas the pore size significantly decreased by one order of magnitude. Based on this microstructure development, the room‐temperature thermal conductivities were significantly lowered and the compressive strength was also promoted. Therefore, the heat insulation and mechanical properties could be simultaneously improved by impregnating porous ceramics with silica aerogels.
A stereologic study of the plantar fat pad in young and aged rats
Authors: Molligan Jeremy , Schon Lew , Zhang Zijun
Published: August 2013

Plantar fat pad (PFP) is a tissue structure that absorbs the initial impact of walking and running and ultimately bears body weight at standing. This study was designed to quantify the histomorphological changes of the PFP in aged rats. The most medial PFP was dissected from the hind feet of young rats (4 months old, n = 6) and aged rats (24 months old, n = 6). Histological structure and cellular senescence of PFP were analyzed stereologically and histomorphometrically. Immunohistochemistry of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was also performed on PFP tissue sections. Compared with young rats, the thickness of epidermis, dermis and septa of the PFP were significantly reduced in the aged rats. The total volume of adipose tissue in the PFP of aged rats was only about 65% of that in the young rats. The microvascular density and the number of fat pad units (FPU), a cluster of adipocytes enclosed by elastin septa, in the PFP were unchanged in the aged rats. In the aged rats, the number of adipocytes per FPU was reduced but the number of simple adipocyte clusters, without surrounding septa, was increased. The shift of the types of adipocyte clusters in the aged PFP was accompanied by degradation of elastin fibers and increased expression of MMP9. In conclusion, the PFP, particularly the elastic septa, degenerates significantly in aged rats and this may contribute to the pathology of PFP‐related diseases.
Chinese Outward Direct Investment Research: Theoretical Integration and Recommendations
Authors: Deng Ping
Published: August 2013

This article reports a detailed analysis of 138 peer-reviewed articles in 41 journals published in the last 12 years (2001-2012) that focus on Chinese outward foreign direct investment from a theoretical advancement perspective. It assesses how the topic has been explored both conceptually and empirically and identifies the substantive contributions to the literature using a thematic analysis. The article argues that research on the international expansion of Chinese multinational corporations offers a unique opportunity to extend and develop extant theorizing in four primary research streams: the latecomer perspective; Chinese state and government influences; the dynamics of firms and institutions; and the liability of foreignness. Building on the results of this analysis, the article offers five recommendations as promising ways to open up theoretical inquiry: (1) cross-fertilization among the four research streams; (2) integration of resource- and institution-based theories with other theoretical lenses; (3) research on the process dimensions using a longitudinal approach; (4) adoption of multi-levels of analysis; and (5) consideration of the wider emerging market literature.
Psychometric properties of conflict monitoring and conflict adaptation indices: Response time and conflict N2 event‐related potentials
Authors: Clayson Peter E. , Larson Michael J.
Published: August 2013

We assessed the psychometric properties, including internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and number of trials needed for stability, for response time (RT) and conflict N2 amplitude measures of conflict adaptation (i.e., sequential trial or Gratton effects). Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were obtained from 79 healthy individuals (44 female) during completion of a modified Eriksen flanker task. RTs and N2 amplitude showed reliable conflict adaptation (i.e., previous‐trial congruency influenced current‐trial measures). Conflict adaptation indices were stable as indicated by reliable internal consistency and 2‐week test‐retest stability. The number of trials needed for conservative, reliable RT and N2 amplitude measurements was 29 and 30, respectively. This investigation empirically establishes that these conflict adaptation indices represent robust, dependable measures.
Avoiding Compressor Surge During Emergency Shutdown Hybrid Turbine Systems
Authors: Pezzini Paolo , Tucker David , Traverso Alberto
Published: August 2013

A new emergency shutdown procedure for a direct-fired fuel cell turbine hybrid power system was evaluated using a hardware-based simulation of an integrated gasifier/fuel cell/turbine hybrid cycle (IGFC), implemented through the Hybrid Performance (Hyper) project at the National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy (NETL). The Hyper facility is designed to explore dynamic operation of hybrid systems and quantitatively characterize such transient behavior. It is possible to model, test, and evaluate the effects of different parameters on the design and operation of a gasifier/fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid system and provide a means of quantifying risk mitigation strategies. An open-loop system analysis regarding the dynamic effect of bleed air, cold air bypass, and load bank is presented in order to evaluate the combination of these three main actuators during emergency shutdown. In the previous Hybrid control system architecture, catastrophic compressor failures were observed when the fuel and load bank were cut off during emergency shutdown strategy. Improvements were achieved using a nonlinear fuel valve ramp down when the load bank was not operating. Experiments in load bank operation show compressor surge and stall after emergency shutdown activation. The difficulties in finding an optimal compressor and cathode mass flow for mitigation of surge and stall using these actuators are illustrated.
Draft Genome Sequence of Lichen-Forming Fungus
Caloplaca flavorubescens
Strain KoLRI002931
Authors: Park Sook-Young , Choi Jaeyoung , Kim Jung A. , Yu Nan-Hee , Kim Soonok , Kondratyuk Sergii Y. , Lee Yong-Hwan , Hur Jae-Seoun
Published: August 2013

Here we report a draft genome sequence of
Caloplaca flavorubescens
strain KoLRI002931, isolated from the bark of a gingko tree at Mt. Deogyu, Muju, South Korea. The genome sequence is 34,455,815 bp, with a GC content of 41.89%, consisting of 36 scaffolds.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Xanthomonas cassavae Type Strain CFBP 4642
Authors: Bolot Stéphanie , Munoz Bodnar Alejandra , Cunnac Sébastien , Ortiz Erika , Szurek Boris , Noël Laurent D. , Arlat Matthieu , Jacques Marie-Agnès , Gagnevin Lionel , Portier Perrine , Fischer-Le Saux Marion , Carrere Sébastien , Koebnik Ralf
Published: August 2013

We report the draft genome sequence of the
Xanthomonas cassavae
type strain CFBP 4642, the causal agent of bacterial necrosis on cassava plants. These data will allow the comparison of this nonvascular pathogen with the vascular pathogen
Xanthomonas axonopodis
pv. manihotis, both infecting the same host, which will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools.
How does species association affect mixed stock fisheries management? A comparative analysis of the effect of marine protected areas, discard bans, and individual fishing quotas
Authors: Ono Kotaro , Holland Daniel S. , Hilborn Ray
Published: August 2013

We developed a spatially explicit bioeconomic model of a mixed-stock fishery with an unproductive and a productive stock to examine how the spatial overlap between species affects the outcome of a fishery under alternative management methods. We considered a competitive total allowable catch (TAC) system, with and without a ban on discards, and an individual vessel quota (IVQ) fishery managed either to maximum sustainable yield (MSY) or maximum economic yield (MEY). We also evaluated the utility of marine protected areas (MPAs) designed to protect the unproductive species for each management scenario. Banning discarding (whether under a TAC or IVQ) created the biggest increase in profit regardless of species overlap as it moves the target species biomass toward Bmey. MPAs reduced the profit in most cases and were not always successful at conserving the unproductive stock above a target size. The IVQ system managed to MEY produced the most profit among all scenarios while preserving the populations above some target values in most cases, but an IVQ system managed to MSY produced lower profits than a competitive TAC with a discard ban at some levels of species overlap.
Population genetic structure of the endangered Butler’s Gartersnake (Thamnophis butleri): does the Short-headed Gartersnake (Thamnophis brachystoma) exist in Canada?
Authors: Noble Daniel W.A. , Choquette Jonathan D. , Placyk John S. , Brooks Ronald J.
Published: August 2013

Understanding population genetic structure is fundamental to conservation of endangered species. It is particularly important when working with species that are morphologically conserved because strong genetic divisions could represent cryptic species. Butler’s Gartersnake (Thamnophis butleri (Cope, 1889)) is an endangered species in Canada, having a fragmented distribution and being restricted to southwestern Ontario. Furthermore, it is difficult to distinguish morphologically from a closely related species, the Short-headed Gartersnake (Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope, 1892)). We use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and seven microsatellite DNA loci to evaluate the genetic structure of Canadian T. butleri populations and to test for the presence of T. brachystoma in one of these populations. All individuals had the same mtDNA haplotype, and there was no evidence of multiple, syntopic genetic clusters, thereby rejecting the hypothesis that T. butleri and T. brachystoma co-exist in Canada. Two different model-based assignment tests using microsatellite DNA data suggest that there are four to five genetically distinct clusters of T. butleri (FST from 0.12 to 0.20). We provide the first population genetic study of T. butleri in Canada and refute the presence of T. brachystoma. Our results may provide guidance on recovery strategies for this species and identify areas to target fine-scale genetic analyses.
ON THE ROLE OF THE CURVATURE DRIFT INSTABILITY IN THE DYNAMICS OF ELECTRONS IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
Authors: OSMANOV ZAZA
Published: August 2013

We study the influence of the centrifugally driven curvature drift instability (CDI) on the dynamics of relativistic electrons in the magnetospheres of active galactic nuclei (AGN). We generalize in our previous paper by considering relativistic particles with different initial phases. Considering the Euler continuity and induction equations, by taking into account the resonant conditions, we derive the growth rate of the CDI. We show that due to the centrifugal effects, the rotational energy is efficiently pumped directly into the drift modes, that leads to the generation of a toroidal component of the magnetic field. As a result, the magnetic field lines transform into such a configuration when particles do not experience any forces and since the instability is centrifugally driven, at this stage the CDI is suspended.
Functional expression of the TMEM16 family of calcium-activated chloride channels in airway smooth muscle
Authors: Gallos George , Remy Kenneth E. , Danielsson Jennifer , Funayama Hiromi , Fu Xiao Wen , Chang Herng-Yu Sucie , Yim Peter , Xu Dingbang , Emala Charles W.
Published: August 2013

Airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness is a key component in the pathophysiology of asthma. Although calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) flux has been described in many cell types, including human airway smooth muscle (HASM), the true molecular identity of the channels responsible for this chloride conductance remains controversial. Recently, a new family of proteins thought to represent the true CaCCs was identified as the TMEM16 family. This led us to question whether members of this family are functionally expressed in native and cultured HASM. We further questioned whether expression of these channels contributes to the contractile function of HASM. We identified the mRNA expression of eight members of the TMEM16 family in HASM cells and show immunohistochemical evidence of TMEM16A in both cultured and native HASM. Functionally, we demonstrate that the classic chloride channel inhibitor, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), inhibited halide flux in cultured HASM cells. Moreover, HASM cells displayed classical electrophysiological properties of CaCCs during whole cell electrophysiological recordings, which were blocked by using an antibody selective for TMEM16A. Furthermore, two distinct TMEM16A antagonists (tannic acid and benzbromarone) impaired a substance P-induced contraction in isolated guinea pig tracheal rings. These findings demonstrate that multiple members of this recently described family of CaCCs are expressed in HASM cells, they display classic electrophysiological properties of CaCCs, and they modulate contractile tone in airway smooth muscle. The TMEM16 family may provide a novel therapeutic target for limiting airway constriction in asthma.
Respiratory system reactance is an independent determinant of asthma control
Authors: Kelly Vanessa J. , Sands Scott A. , Harris R. Scott , Venegas Jose G. , Brown Nathan J. , Stuart-Andrews Christopher R. , King Gregory G. , Thompson Bruce R.
Published: August 2013

The mechanisms underlying not well-controlled (NWC) asthma remain poorly understood, but accumulating evidence points to peripheral airway dysfunction as a key contributor. The present study tests whether our recently described respiratory system reactance (Xrs) assessment of peripheral airway dysfunction reveals insight into poor asthma control. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of Xrs to asthma control. In 22 subjects with asthma, we measured Xrs (forced oscillation technique), spirometry, lung volumes, and ventilation heterogeneity (inert-gas washout), before and after bronchodilator administration. The relationship between Xrs and lung volume during a deflation maneuver yielded two parameters: the volume at which Xrs abruptly decreased (closing volume) and Xrs at this volume (Xrscrit). Lowered (more negative) Xrscritreflects reduced apparent lung compliance at high lung volumes due, for example, to heterogeneous airway narrowing and unresolved airway closure or near closure above the critical lung volume. Asthma control was assessed via the 6-point Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ6). NWC asthma was defined as ACQ6 > 1.0. In 10 NWC and 12 well-controlled subjects, ACQ6 was strongly associated with postbronchodilator (post-BD) Xrscrit( R2= 0.43, P < 0.001), independent of all measured variables, and was a strong predictor of NWC asthma (receiver operator characteristic area = 0.94, P < 0.001). By contrast, Xrs measures at lower lung volumes were not associated with ACQ6. Xrscrititself was significantly associated with measures of gas trapping and ventilation heterogeneity, thus confirming the link between Xrs and airway closure and heterogeneity. Residual airway dysfunction at high lung volumes assessed via Xrscritis an independent contributor to asthma control.
Arousal from sleep: implications for obstructive sleep apnea pathogenesis and treatment
Authors: Eckert Danny J. , Younes Magdy K.
Published: August 2013

Historically, brief awakenings from sleep (cortical arousals) have been assumed to be vitally important in restoring airflow and blood-gas disturbances at the end of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) breathing events. Indeed, in patients with blunted chemical drive (e.g., obesity hypoventilation syndrome) and in instances when other defensive mechanisms fail, cortical arousal likely serves an important protective role. However, recent insight into the pathogenesis of OSA indicates that a substantial proportion of respiratory events do not terminate with a cortical arousal from sleep. In many cases, cortical arousals may actually perpetuate blood-gas disturbances, breathing instability, and subsequent upper airway closure during sleep. This brief review summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms mediating respiratory-induced cortical arousal, the physiological factors that influence the propensity for cortical arousal, and the potential dual roles that cortical arousal may play in OSA pathogenesis. Finally, the extent to which existing sedative agents decrease the propensity for cortical arousal and their potential to be therapeutically beneficial for certain OSA patients are highlighted.
Stroke Care Units Versus General Medical Wards for Acute Management of Stroke in Japan
Authors: Inoue Takahiro , Fushimi Kiyohide
Published: August 2013

Background and Purpose—

The Japanese stroke guideline recommends the use of stroke care units (SCUs) for acute stroke treatment, but few SCUs have been established and the evidence supporting their use is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SCUs compared with general medical wards (GMWs).

Methods—

A multicenter observational study was conducted using a large administrative database involving 52 hospitals; patients with either intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction were included. In-hospital mortality was the primary end point, and this parameter as well as the proportion of patients with a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2 at discharge were compared between patients who were treated at SCUs and GMWs. Propensity score matching was performed to correct for selection bias.

Results—

A total of 6977 patients were identified, of which 4527 patients were admitted to SCUs and 2450 patients were admitted to GMWs. The in-hospital mortality of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage was 14.8% and 24.1% in SCUs and GMWs, respectively (
P
=0.0004); the mortality of patients with cerebral infarction was 3.6% and 5.7%, respectively (
P
=0.003). Multivariate analysis in propensity score–matched pairs indicated significantly lower risk of death in the SCU group among patients with both intracerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio, 0.36;
P
=0.0007) and cerebral infarction (odds ratio, 0.60;
P
=0.02). However, the proportions of patients with a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2 were not significantly different between SCUs and GMWs.

Conclusions—

SCUs were associated with a reduced risk of in-hospital mortality of stroke patients compared with GMWs alone.
Rabbinic Narrative: Documentary Perspectives on the Authentic Narrative in Lamentations Rabbah
Authors: Neusner Jacob
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Classification of its narratives reveals Lamentations Rabbah’s preferences as to narrative types and their functions. On the foundation of this knowledge we can correlate Rabbinic narratives with the boundaries defined by particular documents and, ultimately, are able, on the foundations of literary evidence, to describe the Rabbinic structure and system. Understanding the way the documentary evidence took shape and how it accomplished its compilers’ goals is required for that description. If we do not know whether or how narratives fit into the canonical constructions of Rabbinic Judaism in its formative age and normative statement, we cannot account for important data of that Judaism. The result of this study is to show that narratives, no less than expository, exegetical, and analytical writing, form part of the documentary self-definition of the Rabbinic canonical writings. Through the study of Lamentations Rabbah (referred to also as Lamentations Rabbati) in particular, it advances our ability to evaluate how a rhetorical form as represented in one document compares or contrasts with that form as it is used in other discrete rabbinic texts.
The Rise and Fall of a Voluntary Public School Integration Transportation Program
Authors: Bonds Michael , Sandy Marie G. , Farmer-Hinton Raquel L.
Published: August 2013

This study examines the nation’s oldest voluntary public school integration effort, Milwaukee’s Chapter 220 program, and describes its rise and decline. Chapter 220 was designed to integrate Milwaukee Public Schools (MPS) and its suburban districts. Employing document analysis using 40 years of primary and secondary documents, including school board minutes and district reports that speak directly to the issue of school integration and the Chapter 220 program, this case study demonstrates how legislative policies that looked race neutral on the surface (Open Enrollment) contributed to the decline of the Chapter 220 Program, which had explicit affirmative action goals. This study fills a crucial void on the demise of school integration programs by focusing on legislative rather than legal decisions contributing to the demise of school integration program and has implications for other voluntary integration programs across America that have not been challenged legally.
The Influence of Primary Caregivers in Fostering Success in Twice-Exceptional Children
Authors: Neumeister Kristie Speirs , Yssel Nina , Burney Virginia H.
Published: August 2013

Using grounded theory, this study investigated primary caregivers’ perceptions of the role they play in influencing the academic success of students formally identified as twice-exceptional. Data from interviews were coded and analyzed for themes. Results indicated that primary caregivers (mothers) perceived that they played a major role in the academic success of their twice-exceptional children, first by recognizing their children’s gifts as well as disabilities and then by assuming responsibility for the development of their children’s potential. They sought professional evaluations, provided or secured educational supports, shaped their children’s healthy perceptions of their disabilities, and taught them how to advocate for themselves while simultaneously maintaining high expectations for their children, despite their disabilities. Implications of the findings are discussed, and areas for future research are outlined.
Games, Rules, and Conventions
Authors: Morgan William J.
Published: August 2013

In a recent article in this journal, Del Mar offered two main criticisms of Marmor’s account of social conventions. The first took issue with Marmor’s claim that the constitutive rules of games and kindred social practices determine in an objective way their central aims and values; the second charged Marmor with scanting the historical context in which conventions do their important normative work in shaping the goals of games. I argue that Del Mar’s criticism of Marmor’s account of the normative centrality and force of constitutive rules in games and the like fails, but that his criticism faulting Marmor for giving short shrift to the normative work conventions do in these social practices is on the mark. So while I reject Del Mar’s claim that a closer look at the social and historical contexts in which the conventions of games and the like carry out their normative tasks undermines Marmor’s account of constitutive rules, I think his argument that conventions play a far more important, even if supplementary, role in shaping our understanding of and participation in these social practices than Marmor allows is persuasive.
Further Evaluations of Functional Communication Training and Chained Schedules of Reinforcement to Treat Multiple Functions of Challenging Behavior
Authors: Falcomata Terry S. , Muething Colin S. , Gainey Summer , Hoffman Katherine , Fragale Christina
Published: August 2013

We evaluated functional communication training (FCT) combined with a chained schedule of reinforcement procedure for the treatment of challenging behavior exhibited by two individuals diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and autism. Following functional analyses that suggested that challenging behavior served multiple functions for both participants, we implemented FCT in which mands for a discriminative stimulus (SD; wristband) were reinforced with access to the SD and all three functional reinforcers. Next, we modified the procedure by incorporating delays to increase ease of implementation and promote toleration of delays to reinforcement. Last, we made additional modifications to the procedure by incorporating a chained schedule of reinforcement such that (a) mands for the wristband were reinforced with access to the wristband and (b) specific mands for respective functional reinforcers were reinforced in the presence of the wristband. The results showed that the procedure successfully treated challenging behavior with multiple functions. Future directions in the evaluation and development of treatments that simultaneously address multiple functions are discussed.
Behavioral Activation and Problem-Solving Therapy for Depressed Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Hopko D. R. , Funderburk J. S. , Shorey R. C. , McIndoo C. C. , Ryba M. M. , File A. A. , Benson K. , Vitulano M.
Published: August 2013

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in breast cancer patients. The prevalence of suicidal ideation in breast cancer patients is considerable, and relative to the general population, the prevalence of completed suicide is elevated, particularly in cancer patients with MDD. A major component of suicide prevention is effective treatment of MDD. Although some research has explored the utility of psychotherapy with breast cancer patients, only three trials have explored the benefits of behavior therapy in patients with well-diagnosed MDD and there has been no systematic investigation of the potential benefits of psychotherapy toward reducing suicidal ideation in breast cancer patients. As a follow-up to a recently completed randomized trial, this study examined the efficacy of 8 weeks of behavioral activation treatment for depression (BATD) and problem-solving therapy (PST) in reducing depression and suicidal ideation, as well as increasing hopefulness in breast cancer patients with MDD ( n = 80). Across both treatments, GEE analyses revealed decreased depression and suicidal ideation and increased hopefulness at posttreatment, results that were maintained at 12-month follow-up. Moreover, follow-up patient contact at approximately 2 years posttreatment yielded no indication of completed suicide. Although these data are preliminary, BATD and PST may represent practical approaches to decrease suicidal ideation in depressed breast cancer patients.
Cultural Techniques and Sovereignty
Authors: Vismann Cornelia
Published: August 2013

First published in 2010, Cornelia Vismann’s article has already attained the status of a classic. In a formulation inspired by linguistic theory, the author argues that the relation between cultural techniques and media can be understood in analogy to grammatical operations. Thus, cultural techniques define the agency of media and execute the procedural rules which the latter set in place. Together, they articulate a critique of subjectivity and sovereignty that proceeds by re-examining the notion of ‘culture’ via its agricultural origins to the current moment when the ‘preservation of cultural techniques’ has entered legal and academic discourse. Ultimately, despite their apparent separation from praxis, cultural techniques continue to proliferate through axes of substitution and displacement.
Developing a sub-regional growth strategy: Reflections on recent English experience
Authors: Cochrane Allan , Colenutt Bob , Field Martin
Published: August 2013

This article critically reviews the experience of a major sub-regional strategy which sought to bring housing and economic development together, under the aegis of the Sustainable Communities Plan. It draws on evidence from a current ESRC-funded project focused on Milton Keynes and Northamptonshire, the northern part of the growth area of Milton Keynes and the South Midlands identified in the Sustainable Communities Plan. The Sustainable Communities Plan promised a comprehensive approach to regional development in a series of ‘growth areas’ in key locations around the South East of England, based primarily upon building ‘sustainable communities’ which would include investment in jobs, town centres, schools, transport, housing and community facilities. However, a much-desired ‘step change’ in housing, economic delivery and sustainable development relied heavily on the expectation of extensive activity by the private sector (particularly by the house-building industry). The extent to which this was a realistic expectation is questioned in the article, which also highlights issues of governance. The shift in priorities towards quantity targets away from issues of quality in the wake of recession helped to undermine the satiability agenda. While the Sustainable Communities Plan may itself have been inadequate, based on unsustainable assumptions about what the private house-building sector would deliver, it nevertheless sought to incorporate a wider strategic vision for the sub-region around which argument was possible. Such possibilities seem absent within the current government’s localist agenda.
Participation and social participation: are they distinct concepts?
Authors: Piškur Barbara , Daniëls Ramon , Jongmans Marian J , Ketelaar Marjolijn , Smeets Rob JEM , Norton Meghan , Beurskens Anna JHM
Published: August 2013

Introduction:

The concept of participation has been extensively used in health and social care literature since the World Health Organization introduced its description in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in 2001. More recently, the concept of social participation is frequently used in research articles and policy reports. However, in the ICF, no specific definition exists for social participation, and an explanation of differences between the concepts is not available.

Aim:

The central question in this discussion article is whether participation, as defined by the ICF, and social participation are distinct concepts. This article illustrates the concepts of participation and social participation, presents a critical discussion of their definitions, followed by implications for rehabilitation and possible future directions.

Discussion:

A clear definition for participation or social participation does not yet exist. Definitions for social participation differ from each other and are not sufficiently distinct from the ICF definition of participation. Although the ICF is regarded an important conceptual framework, it is criticised for not being comprehensive. The relevance of societal involvement of clients is evident for rehabilitation, but the current ICF definition of participation does not sufficiently capture societal involvement.

Conclusion:

Changing the ICF’s definition of participation towards social roles would overcome a number of its shortcomings. Societal involvement would then be understood in the light of social roles. Consequently, there would be no need to make a distinction between social participation and participation.