bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rebuilding Shattered Assumptions after Traumatic Life Events
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses coping processes in the context of traumatic life events that discredit previously held assumptions. It outlines fundamental assumptions, the ways by which traumatic experiences can shatter assumptions, coping processes to rebuild assumptions (automatic processes, and motivated cognitive strategies), and the legacy of tempered disillusionment and appreciation that traumatic experiences can cause.
The Humor Solution
Authors: Lefcourt Herbert M.
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the use of humor as a solution to coping with stressful situations. It discusses the impact of stressful experiences, differences in coping strategies in response to stress, studies into the role of humor as an emotion-focused coping response, and gender differences.
Managing Hostile Thoughts, Feelings, and Actions
Authors: Williams Redford B. , Williams Virginia P.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses hostility. It reviews the epidemiological evidence documenting the health-damaging effects of hostility and associated psychosocial characteristics; the biobehavioral mechanisms whereby these characteristics lead to poor health; and clinical trials documenting the benefits of behavioral interventions aimed at ameliorating the impact of psychosocial risk factors on health and disease. The chapter also presents a case study on the LifeSkills Workshop, which aims to train persons with a hostile personality to use coping skills.
Methods of Coping from the Religions of the World
Authors: Pargament Kenneth I. , Poloma Margaret M. , Tarakeshwar Nalini
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores religion-based methods of coping with stress, with a particular focus on three methods of religious coping from three relatively unstudied religions of the world: the Bar Mitzvah among Jews, karma among Hindus, and healing among Pentecostal-Charismatic Christians. The chapter also discusses religion as a process.
My Story Is One of Loss
Authors: Mason Laura B.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 describes the disintegration of the contributor’s family in the wake of the forms of mental illness displayed, in turn, by each of her three older sisters.
Laura’s Story
Authors: Owens Elizabeth B.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 4 discusses the experiences and eventual death of the contributor’s sister from years of substance and alcohol abuse, eating disorder, and depression.
Columbus Day, 1994
Authors: Browne Kay S.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 6 discusses the contributor’s medical, psychiatric, and pediatric training, which left her unprepared for the events, several decades later, of her 19-year-old son’s psychosis and depression at the beginning of his sophomore year of college.
The Legacy of Loss
Authors: Zahn-Waxler Carolyn
Published: October 2017

Chapter 14 presents a multigenerational account of the contributor’s family, featuring her mother’s descent into severe, agitated depression and her father’s drinking and poor coping. In its early stages, the chapter provides vivid histories of the parents; as the narrative emerges, the contributor deals directly with the effects of such behavior patterns on her own personal and career development.
Introduction
Authors: Hinshaw Stephen P.
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents an introduction to this title as a whole. It discusses the approach that the title takes, and highlights the core themes that the individual narrative chapters address, including confusion, pain, loneliness and isolation, vulnerability, courage, the shaping of identity and career, and stigma,
Session 2: Academic Support in the Home
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 2 further focuses on academic support in the home, especially the importance of a good homework system. Ways for parents to help their child with homework are outlined, along with homework monitoring, and ways of working with their child. Homework plans and homework trackers are also introduced.
Session 5: Basic Social Learning Theory and Improving the Parent–Child Relationship
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 5 explores basic social learning theory and improving the parent–child relationship. This includes the ABC model (antecedents, behavior, consequences), positive consequences of good behavior, praise, tracking positive and negative behavior. Parent-child special time and activities are explored.
Session 6: Ignoring Minor Disruptive Behavior
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 6 discusses minor disruptive behavior, and how to learn to ignore it on the basis that withdrawal of attention will reduce the frequency of this behavior. The techniques of praise and ignoring are outlined, as well as how to track and ignore the child’s behavior.
Session 8: Establishing Rules and Expectations
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 8 explores the establishment of rules and expectations. This includes examples of rules and expectations for the child, methods of establishing them within the household, and tracking adherence.
Session 9: Discipline and Punishment—Part I
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 9 introduces the topic of discipline and punishment. It discuses the concepts of punishment, rules for good punishment, time-out, and the steps for time-outs for noncompliance, and behavior rules violations.
Session 12: Academic Support in the Home: Review Session—Year 2
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 12 reviews the topic of academic support in the home, including the reestablishment of the homework system, and the use of homework system forms included in the chapter.
Session 15: Family Communication
Authors: Wells Karen C. , Lochman John E. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 15 discusses family communication over the long term, and presents a structured plan for family communication, including worksheets to support this process.
The Legal Context
Authors: Piechowski Lisa Drago
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the legal context of workplace disability, with emphasis on the determination of an individual's eligibility to receive disability insurance benefits. It first provides an overview of the sociolegal purpose and history of occupational disability insurance and the sources of disability benefits, including private disability insurance policies, public- and private-sector employee benefits, federal entitlement programs, and worker's compensation. It then looks at the process by which disability claims are evaluated before concluding with a discussion of the litigation of disability disputes. The chapter includes boxes that highlight relevant case law.
Empirical Foundations and Limits
Authors: Piechowski Lisa Drago
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on empirical foundations and limitations relevant to disability evaluation. It first considers the prevalence of disability claims and the demographics of disability claimants before turning to a discussion of the relationship between disability outcomes and mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and cognitive disorders. It then reviews research regarding the impact on work-functioning of various mental health conditions and the effect of treatment, along with findings on the use of psychological tests, self-report data, and third-party information in disability evaluations. Finally, it assesses the prevalence of dissimulation in disability claims and describes appropriate methods for addressing this in the evaluation.
Data Interpretation
Authors: Piechowski Lisa Drago
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on the analysis and interpretation of data collected during evaluations of disability and how such data can help the evaluator respond to the referral questions. It describes the steps involved in data analysis and interpretation, from developing hypotheses and organizing data to assessing data and formulating opinions. Self-report data, third-party information, and data obtained from psychological and neuropsychological testing are discussed, along with considerations for establishing the existence of functional impairments, relating functional impairments to the demands of the claimant's job, and when to rule out other causes of work impairment.
When to Start the Process
Authors: Cox David R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter addresses one of the most frequently asked questions about theABPP: “When should I start the process?” It considers generic criteria common to all boards (doctoral degree, internship, other credential requirements, licensure, postdoctoral experience), and the process of starting an application from different situations (pre-licensure applicants, early-career psychologists, senior options, mid-career psychologists).
How to Prepare for the Oral Exam
Authors: Kaslow Florence W.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses ABPP oral examinations. The information provided in this chapter is structured in such a way as to provideadvice and discuss the initial steps in the process so that you will increasethe likelihood of a successful oral examination, such as acquiring a mentor, exam preparation, submission of the practice sample, preparation of a ‘Philosophy of Practice’ statement, as well as what to expect from the oral examination.
The Oral Exam Experience
Authors: DeRoma Virginia
Published: October 2017

This chapter is designed to provide a first-hand account of undertaking theoral examination. As such, it is written from the viewpoint of a candidatewho has recently completed a successful exam experience. To help you navigatethe process of the oral exam, the chapter discusses 10 challenges thatcandidates may encounter during the ABPP examination experience andprovides advice on ways to meet each challenge. The challenges presentedrelate to the competency assessment forwarded by the examination processitself.
Reading From the Same Page
Authors: Loher Brian T. , Verno Karri B. , Craig Francis W. , Keller Peter A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses integrated curricula, and describes efforts at Mansfield University to build an integrated undergraduate curriculum that maintains a common core while responding to students’ growing expectations for a customized educational experience. It outlines orientation courses and senior seminars, research methods, and career planning.
Ten Things I Hate About My Capstone Course—And a Few Ways to Fix Them
Authors: Zin Tracy E. , Reis-Bergan Monica J. , Baker Suzanne C.
Published: October 2017

This chapter we discusses the seminar capstone experience, three categories of common problems with capstone courses (issues related to student skill level, student expectations and behavior, and faculty expectations and behavior), as well as ways teachers can address these problems.
Writing for Psychology Majors as a Developmental Process
Authors: Beins Bernard C. , Smith Randolph A. , Dunn Dana S.
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores writing as a developmental process for psychology majors, and discusses important issues in teaching students to write well and bring their ideas to life. This process must take into account the level of the student, the nature of the writing, the process of revision and peer review, the effectiveness of collaborative writing projects, and the development of skill in using APA style.
Helping Undergraduates Make the Transition to Graduate School
Authors: Cox Brennan D. , Cullen Kristin L. , Buskist William , Benassi Victor A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter highlights several key changes that faculty can helpstudents prepare for as they leave their undergraduate institutions to begingraduate work. It provides data about common preconceptions andmisconceptions of graduate school, including advice from experienced graduatestudents about how first-year students can successfully negotiate theundergraduate-to-graduate transition. Although this chapter applies mainlyto preparing students for PhD programs in psychology, its suggestions will help faculty to prepare their undergraduates for any type ofgraduate degree in psychology.
Developing Scientific Reasoning Skills in Beginning and Ending Students
Authors: Baker Suzanne C. , McCarthy Maureen A. , Halonen Jane S. , Dunn Dana S. , Hill G. William
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the development of scientific reasoning skills in beginning and ending students. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the role that departments and their faculty play in moving students from declaring psychology as a major to mastering the concepts, theories, and ways of thinking of psychologists at a baccalaureate level. This chapter examines best practices that departments and faculty can adopt to facilitate optimal outcomes for both the students and the faculty who deliver the program.
Overview of Basic Principles of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 presents an overview of the basic principles of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). It discusses the development of IPT, the four phases of IPT, structure, benefits, and comparisons for other treatments (most notably cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and problem-solving therapy (PST). Case vignettes are used to illustrate the application of IPT to cognitively intact geriatric patients.
The Cognitive Impairment Spectrum
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 5 discusses the cognitive impairment spectrum, including delirium, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as vascular changes in the brain and other common causes of dementia, mixed causes and the prodromal period, minimal cognitive impairment, chronic alcoholism and cognitive impairment, the use of brain imaging and neuropsychological testing, and the links between depression and dementia.
Manifestations of Executive Dysfunction
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 6 explores executive dysfunction, including manifestations, causes, rating scales, and presentation, as well as the additive disinhibiting role of alcohol, difficulties in recognizing gradual onset, driving safety, and the value of psychoeducation in executive dysfunction.
IPT-ci Basics
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 7 outlines specific techniques for using interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for cognitively impaired (ci) patients. This chapter discusses the conceptualization of IPT-ci, the steps involved in IPT-ci, strategies for caregivers, as well as the evaluation process, psychoeducation, and the IPT contract.
Incorporating Family/Caregivers Into the Treatment Process From the First Meeting
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 8 discusses the involvement of the family or caregivers into the interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) treatment process. Using illustrative case studies, it outlines the roles of the adult child caregiver (including the issues that adult caregivers may face, shared caregiving duties, inadequate care), spouses are caregivers, adult child/intact spouse collaboration, and nonfamily caregivers.
Future Directions for IPT-ci
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents future directions for the development of interpersonal therapy for cognitive impairment (IPT-ci). This includes the potential use of IPT-ci as a training paradigm for a geriatric mental health specialist, and further directions for research.
But It’s a Really Nice Gift!
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E.
Published: October 2017

This case focuses on boundaries. Boundaries exist regarding psychotherapy issues such as the use of touch, self-disclosure, personal space, gift giving, time and location of treatment. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Suicidal Blackmail
Authors: Jobes David
Published: October 2017

This case discusses suicidal blackmail and risk management issues in clinical care. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
It’s My Right!
Authors: Werth James L.
Published: October 2017

This case discusses confidentiality when working with a terminally or chronically ill, and persistently suicidal client. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
High Stakes Indeed
Authors: DeMier Richart L.
Published: October 2017

This case explores situations working with capital punishment, including technical diagnostic issues, confirmatory bias, and the forensic evaluator's role in proceedings. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
“Thera-mail” for a Quarter Century
Authors: Reamer Frederic G.
Published: October 2017

This case discusses the ethical issues in managing complex boundaries with a former client. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Jonas and His Protective, Delusional, or Alienating Mother
Authors: Walker Lenore E.
Published: October 2017

This case describes ethical issues in advocacy, forensics, role clarification and boundaries in a context of domestic violence. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Determining a Patient’s Capacity to Refuse Dialysis and Die
Authors: DuBois James
Published: October 2017

This case discusses a patient's capacity to dialysis refusal and the right to die. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
On Being There
Authors: Koocher Gerald P.
Published: October 2017

This case discusses boundaries between therapists and clients in emotionally intense contexts, such as the end of life. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Psychotic, Homicidal, and Armed
Authors: Kraft Heidi S.
Published: October 2017

This case describes the balance between personal safety and the effectiveness of treatment in a combat environment. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
“What Do You know That Can Help Us?”
Authors: Brandon Susan E.
Published: October 2017

This case discusses behavioral science issues in contexts of national security. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Risking Your Job
Authors: Lowman Rodney L.
Published: October 2017

This case discusses conflicts between maintaining ethical responsibilities in difficult organizational circumstances. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Of Course It’s Confidential—Only the Community Knows
Authors: Cates James A.
Published: October 2017

This case explores confidentiality, and the client's right to breach confidentiality in the context of the Old Order Amish community. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
A Psychologist in Congress
Authors: Baird Brian
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the case of Terri Schavo, and the constitutional matters, legal precedents, political considerations, and personal values involved in the withdrawal of treatment. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
Isn’t This Against the Law?
Authors: Sweet Gerald
Published: October 2017

This case involved boundary problems in policy psychology, when a confidential relationship intersected with a management (directed) referral in which prescribed limits of confidentiality applied. The chapter presents a discussion of the key ethical issues, a summary of the primary ethical conundrums prevalent in the work setting, and a final reflection in retrospect regarding how the ethical quandary was handled.
The Science of Dissemination and Implementation
Authors: Schoenwald Sonja K. , McHugh R. Kathryn , Barlow David H.
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the science of dissemination and implementation. It aims to familiarize readers with key constructs from the dominant theories, conceptual frameworks, and heuristic models increasingly informing research on facilitation of the systematic use of evidence-based psychological treatments in routine care. It highlights factors associated with dissemination or implementation in other fields and, where available, in mental health, and summarizes what is known about strategies to support dissemination or implementation. This chapter will serve as a framework for subsequent chapters describing efforts specific to the dissemination and implementation of psychological interventions.
Training in Evidence-Based Psychological Interventions
Authors: McHugh R. Kathryn , Barlow David H.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the current status of clinician training including a description of training procedures, a brief review of the extant literature on the efficacy/effectiveness of training, and a discussion of novel approaches and future research directions in the area of evidence-based psychological interventions.
Development and Application of the NCCTS Learning Collaborative Model for the Implementation of Evidence-Based Child Trauma Treatment
Authors: Ebert Lori , Amaya-Jackson Lisa , Markiewicz Jan , Fairbank John A.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 6 describes a comprehensive model for implementing evidence-based psychological interventions (EBPIs) for child traumatic stress. The Learning Collaborative Model was developed through efforts of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network - a national academic-community collaboration funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration - that has been implemented widely to improve access to effective care among traumatized children.
The Transport and Diffusion of Multisystemic Therapy
Authors: Schoenwald Sonja K.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 12 describes the many factors that have played a role in the diffusion and implementation of multisystemic therapy (MST), considering policy as well as service provision demands for the intervention, and the development and refinement of procedures to most effectively transport and maintain the adherent administration of this treatment.
Ethical research is better research
Authors: Napier Bruce
Published: October 2017

This chapter sets out the reasons why paying attention to ethical issues and seeking ethical scrutiny leads to better research, as well as satisfying the more obvious needs to feel that you are taking care of the rights of your participants, and to feel secure from any challenge as to your conduct of the project. It presents general principals of ethical conduct, and discusses practicalities of surviving and benefiting from the scrutiny process.
Research with children
Authors: Clarke Sally-Ann , Lawford Jo , Sheppard Linda , Eiser Christine
Published: October 2017

This chapter argues first that issues of working with children are unique. There are differences in the kinds of diseases that affect children, and critically in their abilities to answer questions and take part in research generally. Second, it describes some of the special considerations that need to be made when working with children, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, questionnaires or observational studies. Third, it identifies some key points for work with children in the future.
Using and evaluating psychometric measures
Authors: Santor Darcy A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the use and evaluation of psychometric measures. It reviews literature on the assessment of depression to illustrate many of these theoretical and practical issues, common to most areas of research, which require consideration in selecting and evaluating psychometric measures, and highlights several issues in evaluating the performance of psychometric measures.
Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research
Authors: Elliott Robert , Timulak Ladislav
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research. This includes the formulation of the problem, data collection, the specifics of sampling, data analysis in descriptive/interpretive qualitative research, generation of categories, and extracting and interpreting the main findings.
Discursive approaches
Authors: Stokoe Elizabeth H. , Wiggins Sally
Published: October 2017

This chapter introduces a method of qualitative analysis that focuses on exploring and explicating language in use. The discourse analytic approach discussed has developed within psychology over the past fifteen years and is called ‘discursive psychology’ (DP). The chapter outlines its origins and foundations, its theory and approach to language, its questions and topics of investigation, its methods of data collection and analysis and, for the current purposes, its utility for clinical and health psychologists.
The importance of considering effect size and statistical power in research
Authors: Clark-Carter David
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores why effect size needs to be taken into account when designing and reporting research. It gives an effect size for each of the standard statistical tests which health and clinical psychologists employ, and looks at the need to consider statistical power when choosing a sample size for a study and how statistical power can help to guide the advice which can be given when discussing future research.
Reliability
Authors: Hempel Susanne
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses reliability. It outlines the nature and purpose of reliability, classical test theory, measures of reliability (measure orientated reliability, parallel test, and test-retest) as well as internal consistency, inter-item correlation, coefficient alpha, and categorical judgements.
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in clinical and health psychology
Authors: Shevlin Mark
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on exploratory and confirmatory factors analysis (CFA) in clinical and health psychology. It discusses the factor analysis model, how health and clinical psychologists use factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and CFA.
Meta-Analysis
Authors: Field Andy P.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses meta-analysis, effect sizes (what they are and why they are useful), principles of meta-analysis, types of meta-analysis, methods for performing a meta-analysis (Hedges’ method, Hunter and Schmidt method), and problems that can occur in meta-analysis (publication bias, artefacts, misapplications of meta-analysis, methodological error).
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Allison G. , Watkins Edward , Mansell Warren , Shafran Roz
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 presents an introduction to this title. It discusses the classification of psychological disorders (the DSM and ICD), the advantages of a transdiagnostic perspective (comorbidity, treatment development, response to treatment) and disadvantages. Processes for evaluating the transdiagnostic process perspective are also outlined (the cognitive behavioural processes, psychological disorders, quality of evidence, and research samples), and the aims of this title.
Thought
Authors: Harvey Allison G. , Watkins Edward , Mansell Warren , Shafran Roz
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines recurrent thinking, thought suppression, and metacognition across psychological disorders. It discusses intrusions, recurrent negative thinking (worry and rumination), and the evidence for their presence across psychological disorders (anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance-related disorders).
How important is the biopsychosocial approach?
Authors: Kleijnen Jos
Published: October 2017

This chapter explains some of the research investigating the effects of contextual factors on health outcomes. A core factor of the biopsychosocial approach is the context in which healthcare is delivered. The chapter considers the reasons for placebo responses in trials, which vary across trials and countries.
Complementary and alternative medicine
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: October 2017

This chapter looks at the philosophy and beliefs behind complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and contrasts them with the approach of orthodox medicine (OM). It discusses the psychology of CAM, what it is, how it works, who seeks it, and how it is different from OM.
A case of irritable bowel syndrome that illustrates the biopsychosocial model of illness
Authors: Drossman Doug
Published: October 2017

This chapter illustrates how the biopsychosocial model might work within the context of medical practice. It discusses its relevance to research using a case study as an example of the role of clinical care in developing research strategies for applying psychosocial principles. It argues that individual illnesses are a legitimate area of research into the biopsychosocial model.
What are the barriers to healthcare systems using a biopsychosocial approach and how might they be overcome?
Authors: Lorig Kate
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes an expert patient-led psychological and behavioural programme aimed at improving health status for those with chronic conditions. It presents its structure, model, outcomes, and the barriers to healthcare systems using a biopsychosocial approach that must be overcome to achieve dissemination.
Final discussion
Authors: White Peter
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents a discussion into the barriers that are preventing wider use of the biopsychosocial approach in healthcare that have been identified in this title’s individual chapters, such as lack of resources, time, and training, emotional inhibition, and patient engagement inhibition.
Beyond the biomedical to the biopsychosocial
Authors: White Peter
Published: October 2017

This chapter summarizes the previous chapters in the title and draws some conclusions as to the potential integration of the biopsychosocial approach into healthcare provision, and argues that it has the potential to enhance the quality of care, be economically useful, and provide greater professional satisfaction.
Towards understanding loss of control
Authors: McCusker Chris
Published: October 2017

Chapter 5 discusses an automatic network theory of addictive behaviours, including cognitive social learning theory and the expectancy construct, anomalies and limitations in traditional cognitive and expectancy theories, autonomic cue-reactivity phenomena, and methods of cognitive assessment, automatic cognitive processes in addictive behaviours, implicit memory structures and processes in addictive behaviours.
From DNA to conscious thought
Authors: Goldman Mark S. , Darkes Jack , Reich Richard R. , Brandon Karen O.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 6 explores the influence of anticipatory processes on human alcohol consumption, including aspects of expectancy operation (anticipation/prediction, perception of incoming stimuli, stored information patterns, the inseparability of memory, cognition and affect/emotion), the selection of biologically meaningful inputs, complex behaviour as anticipatory, application to alcohol use, abuse, and dependence, and language-based access to expectancies.
Opiate cognitions
Authors: Young Ross McD. , Jones Barry T. , Walmsley Carey , Nutting Anthony
Published: October 2017

Chapter 7 discusses opiate cognitions, including psychopharmacological mechanisms that underpin the subjective effects of the opiates, socio-cultural influences on opiate use, the measurement of cognitions that represent drug reinforcement, the nature of opiate expectancy domains, how cognitive subsets operate to influence heroin use, and how similar opiate expectancies are to the expectancies associated with other drugs.
Clinical relevance of implicit cognition in addiction
Authors: Waters Andrew J. , Leventhal Adam M.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 9 explores the clinical relevance of implicit cognition in addiction, including the associations between drug dependence and implicit measures, relationships with clinical outcomes, and the effects of treatment on implicit measures. The chapter also presents a discussion on the clinical and measurement issues involved.
Challenges to Implementing Evidence-Based Treatments
Authors: Gorman Jack M. , Nathan Peter E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter undertakes a detailed examination of two of the most significant issues raised by critics of DSM-5. The first recognizes the continued absence of viable biomarkers of specific diagnoses, despite intense efforts by neuroscientists to identify such markers. The second question concerns what many critics view as the inordinate influence of the pharmaceutical industry-“Big Pharma”-on the highly troubling problem of overdiagnosis that began with DSM-III.
Evidence-Informed, Culture-Based Interventions and Best Practices in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities
Authors: Walker R. Dale , Bigelow Douglas A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides information and advice to audiences at the practice, program management, and governance levels concerned with “evidence-based programs and practices” in Native Communities. The authors emphasize a defense of culture-based knowledge and practice because the systematic attempt to impose an “evidence-based” mandate on providers of behavioral health services in Native Communities has not been an incentive to incorporate scientifically tested information about interventions. The approach recommended here respects and accommodates culture-based knowledge, ways of knowing, and practice in Native Communities while facilitating the uptake of science-based knowledge.
Cognitive and Social Cognitive Interventions for Schizophrenia
Authors: Kurtz Matthew M.
Published: October 2017

Cognitive and social cognitive interventions for people with schizophrenia are novel, emerging in a systematic manner only over the past 10 to 15 years. They are largely understudied to date. Results of controlled and frequently randomized and blinded trials of cognitive remediation have been both impressive in individual studies and remarkably robust in their effects across studies, despite widely varying strategic treatment approaches, control conditions, duration of interventions, selection of outcome measures, sample characteristics, and adjunctive treatments. Controlled trials of social cognitive therapies, while smaller in number, have shown considerable promise as well. Cognitive and social cognitive therapies thus represent an exciting new frontier in the study of psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia.
Treatments for Pediatric Depression
Authors: Biernacki Carolina , Martin Prerna , Goldberg Pablo H. , Rynn Moira A.
Published: October 2017

Practice guidelines recommend psychosocial interventions for mild or brief cases of pediatric depression. In moderate to severe cases, medication treatment is recommended, with or without cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Fluoxetine and escitalopram are the only antidepressants approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration for acute pediatric depression. Among psychosocial interventions, CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A) have the largest evidence base for treatment of depressed youth. Combination treatment with CBT and antidepressant medication is superior to treatment with either modality alone. In treatment-resistant depression, a switch in antidepressant is more likely to yield a positive response when medication is used with CBT. Antidepressants should be used judiciously in youths as higher rates of adverse events have been demonstrated, and data from adult trials cannot be systematically extrapolated to youths. Further studies are needed to assess alternative medication and psychosocial treatments as well as factors predictive of treatment response.
Pharmacological Treatments for Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobia, and Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Kimmel Ryan J. , Roy-Byrne Peter P. , Cowley Deborah S.
Published: October 2017

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line pharmacological treatment for panic disorder based on their low rate of side effects, lack of dietary restrictions, and absence of tolerance. SSRIs and venlafaxine are attractive first-line treatments for social anxiety disorder. Pharmacological treatments of choice for generalized anxiety disorder are buspirone and antidepressants, including SSRIs and venlafaxine. Benzodiazepines, although effective for all these disorders, lack efficacy for comorbid depression and carry the risk of physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Their greatest utility seems to be as an initial or adjunctive medication for patients with disabling symptoms requiring rapid relief and for those unable to tolerate other medications. Chronic treatment with benzodiazepines is generally safe and effective but should probably be reserved for patients nonresponsive or intolerant to other agents. Larger trials are necessary to determine whether pharmacological agents might be useful as monotherapies, or adjuncts to exposure psychotherapy, for specific phobia.
Treatment of Sleep Disorders
Authors: Burman Deepa , Buysse Daniel J. , Reynolds Charles F.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an evidence-based review of the seven categories of DSM-5 sleep-wake disorders. Specific sleep-wake disorders vary widely in their clinical manifestations, etiologies, treatment, and the level of evidence supporting those treatments. Sleep-wake disorders are prevalent, increase the risk of many common mental and substance use disorders, and exacerbate these disorders, with which they typically co-occur. Unless properly treated in their own right, sleep-wake disorders can impair treatment response and worsen the long-term course of mental disorders. Thus, it is important for psychiatrists and other mental health practitioners to understand the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-wake disorders and when to refer patients to a sleep medicine specialist.
Treatments for Gambling Disorder and Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Odlaug Brian L. , Potenza Marc N.
Published: October 2017

Specific behavioral (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]) and pharmacological (e.g., naltrexone, nalmefene, lithium) treatments significantly reduce the symptoms of pathological gambling (now termed gambling disorder in DSM-5) in the short term compared with waitlist or placebo. The long-term benefits of pharmacological treatment for gambling disorder have not been adequately tested. Although several studies suggest that CBT is effective for trichotillomania, only two pharmacological treatment studies in adults (N-acetylcysteine, olanzapine) for this disorder have shown promise. Studies of group CBT have demonstrated benefit for compulsive buying. However, controlled pharmacological studies have shown mixed results.
Treatments for Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Nie Pei Huey , Sultzer David L.
Published: October 2017

Dementia, or neurocognitive disorders, refers to a number of clinical syndromes originating in brain pathology and characterized by cognitive deficits and functional impairment. This chapter provides an update on treatment options in addition to a brief summary of dementia types and an overview of the diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders. The diagnosis of dementia is ultimately a clinical one and includes a multidimensional perspective; as such, treatment requires a comprehensive approach. This chapter addresses two aspects of the treatment of neurocognitive disorders: pharmacological interventions that can temporarily slow the decline of cognitive deficits and the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms (neuropsychiatric symptoms) associated with dementia syndromes. The chapter also reviews disease-modifying treatments in development that may beneficially alter the course of disease, or reduce or prevent symptom expression in those at risk.
Sexual Diversity in Spanish Schools
Authors: Galán José Ignacio Pichardo
Published: October 2017

This chapter begins with a brief sociohistorical review of the transformational history of the LGBT community in Spain and the situation of sexual minorities in the educational system before presenting the results of a study conducted in 2013, which focused on the language and attitudes of students and teachers toward non-heterosexuality and gender-nonconformity in Spain. The central focus of the research was teachers’ attitudes toward sexual diversity in schools and their responses when exposed to homophobic and/or transphobic bullying. The chapter ends with a discussion of the present situation for LGBT students in the education system in Spain and a list of best practices coming from teachers, schools, trade unions, students, and their families.
When do Vitality Forms Begin? A Developmental View
Authors: Stern Daniel N.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 6 explores a developmental view of vitality forms, and outlines the behavioral evidence for arousal shifts and vitality forms at different stages of life and development, including the normal fetus, the premature infant, the neonate, and the early social life of the baby, as well as the development of neurobiological aspects of arousal, and experience and representation of vitality forms in development.
What Implications do Forms of Vitality Have for Clinical Theory and Practice?
Authors: Stern Daniel N.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 7 discusses the implications that forms of vitality have for clinical theory and practice. It includes the roles played by vitality forms in psychotherapy – vitality forms and spontaneous talking, dynamic forms of vitality as paths to memory, vitality dynamics as a path to ‘reconstructed’ phenomenal experience, vitality forms and imagined movement, including verbal descriptions, vitality forms and the ‘local level’, vitality forms and intersubjectivity, vitality forms in identification, authenticity, and aliveness.
Introduction
Authors: MacPherson Sarah E. , Sala Sergio Della , Cox Simon R. , Girardi Alessandra , Iveson Matthew H.
Published: October 2017

Evidence from lesion and neuroimaging studies suggests that the frontal lobes can be fractionated into different frontal subregions with distinct functional domains. Some of the evidence to support frontal lobe fractionation is described, and the potential impact on neuropsychological assessment is discussed. It is important for clinicians to be aware that different frontal tasks might tap processes associated with distinct regions of the frontal lobes.
Mental flexibility
Authors: MacPherson Sarah E. , Sala Sergio Della , Cox Simon R. , Girardi Alessandra , Iveson Matthew H.
Published: October 2017

Frontal tests purported to tap mental flexibility are described. The tests are discussed in relation to the evidence for localization of mental flexibility processes within frontal subregions. The findings from patient and lesion studies and from neuroimaging studies are considered. Age-related performance on tests tapping mental flexibility is also discussed.
Problem-solving and judgment
Authors: MacPherson Sarah E. , Sala Sergio Della , Cox Simon R. , Girardi Alessandra , Iveson Matthew H.
Published: October 2017

The findings from studies involving neuropsychological patients and neuroimaging of healthy individuals are discussed as evidence of frontal localization of problem-solving and judgment processes. The performance of younger and older adults on these tests involving problem-solving and judgment is also reviewed.
Working memory
Authors: MacPherson Sarah E. , Sala Sergio Della , Cox Simon R. , Girardi Alessandra , Iveson Matthew H.
Published: October 2017

Frontal tests devised to tap working memory processes are described. Evidence from studies involving patient and neuroimaging data for localization of working memory processes within the various frontal subregions is considered. The effects of healthy adult aging on performance of these tasks tapping working memory is also discussed.
Theory of mind
Authors: MacPherson Sarah E. , Sala Sergio Della , Cox Simon R. , Girardi Alessandra , Iveson Matthew H.
Published: October 2017

Tasks devised to assess theory of mind abilities are considered. The findings from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies are discussed as evidence for localization of theory of mind processes in frontal subregions. Evidence for the influence of healthy adult aging on theory of mind is also described.
Selecting Bacterial Antagonists for Cucurbit Downy Mildew and Developing an Effective Application Method
Authors: Zheng Li , Gu Chun , Cao Jing , Li Shi-mo , Wang Guang , Luo Yu-ming , Guo Jian-hua
Published: October 2017

To identify new bacterial antagonists for cucurbit downy mildew (CDM) caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, 163 bacterial isolates were recovered from different microenvironments of field-grown cucumber plants. In the greenhouse, 19 representative isolates were applied to cucumber plants as a foliar spray (FS); 7 isolates achieved the efficacy over 60% against CDM, with 5 (DS22, HS10, DP14, HP4, and DS57) identified as Bacillus pumilus, B. licheniformis, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, respectively. Strains DP14, DS22, and HS10 were assessed for their biocontrol effect on naturally occurring CDM in 2-year field trials (2010 and 2011), in which their overall efficacy relative to that of propamocarb was 106.25 to 117.17% with foliar spray plus root drench (FS+RD) but only 70.98 to 84.03% with FS. Coincidently, DP14 and HS10 applied as root drench (RD) alone also significantly reduced CDM. Under field conditions, DP14, DS22, and HS10 all successfully colonized cucumber leaves and the rhizosphere, and also significantly increased fruit yield by 37.60 to 51.03%, as well as nutrient levels. Taken together, Enterobacter sp. DP14, B. licheniformis HS10, and B. pumilus DS22 are plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria effective in controlling CDM in the field, whose efficacy increased with FS+RD compared with FS alone.