bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Child Behavior Ratings: The Influence of Maternal Characteristics and Child Temperament
Authors: Lancaster Sandra , Prior Margot , Adler Robert
Published: December 2006

This study investigated the extent to which maternal characteristics, such as psychological health problems, marital adjustment and confidence in mother/wife roles, Influenced how mothers rated the behavior of their first‐born children (n=100) on the Pre‐school Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that these characteristics were powerful predictors of behavior ratings In contrast, the independent contribution of child temperament ratings was relatively small. It was concluded that child behavior problem and temperament measures may be confounded. Maternal ratings constitute a valuable source of information concerning parent‐child interaction which deserve further investigation, especially of their influence on generally accepted measures of child behavioral adjustment.
Subtypes of Suicidal and Assaultive Behaviors in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: A Research Note
Authors: Pfeffer Cynthia R. , Newcorn Jeffrey , Kaplan Gabriel , Mizruchi Mark S. , Plutchik Robert
Published: December 2006

Among 129 adolescent psychiatric inpatients, four subgroups of suicidal and/or assaultive behaviors were identified. A suicidal‐only subgroup with no evidence of assaultive behavior was characterized by depression, drug abuse and environmental stresses. An assaultive‐only subgroup with no evidence of suicidal behavior exhibited aggressive symptoms and violence at home. A subgroup with both suicidal and assaultive behaviors experienced accidents and family violence. A fourth subgroup had neither suicidal nor assaultive behavior. This subgroup showed eating disorders, depression, minimal assaultiveness and few peer friendships.
Facial Expressions of Affect in Autistic, Mentally Retarded and Normal Children
Authors: Yirmiya Nurit , Kasari Connie , Sigman Marian , Mundy Peter
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study examined the facial affect expressions of autistic, mentally retarded and normal children. Affect was coded using the Maximally Discriminative Movement Coding System. Results indicated that the autistic children were more flat/neutral in their affect expression than the mentally retarded children. Moreover, they displayed a variety of ambiguous expressions not displayed by any of the other children. This unique pattern may be related to the difficulties that autistic children have in sharing affect, and to the difficulties that others experience in reading their affective signals.
Reduction of Antisocial Behavior in Poor Children by Nonschool Skill‐Development
Authors: Jones Marshall B. , Offord David R.
Published: December 2006

Abstract PALS (for “participate arid learn skills”) was a nonschool skill‐development program offered to all children 5–15 years of age living in a publicly supported housing complex in Ottawa, Ontario. While participation was excellent, none but marginal and possibly nonexistent spillover effects on school performance or behavior in the home were observed. However, clear and statistically significant changes occurred on unobtrusive measures of antisocial behavior outside home and school. A cost‐benefit analysis indicated that potential savings, primarily in reduced vandalism but also in reduced police and fire costs, greatly exceeded the cost of mounting die program.
Fears of Children and Adolescents: A Cross‐Sectional Australian Study Using the Revised‐Fear Survey Schedule for Children
Authors: King N. J. , Ollier K. , Iacuone R. , Schuster S. , Bays K. , Gullone E. , Ollendick T. H.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The Revised‐Fear Survey Schedule for Children was administered to over 3000 Australian youths, aged 8–16 yrs. Consistent with previous findings, there was a significant age‐related decline in fears. Females reported significantly more fears than males. The most common fears were similar to those reported by children and adolescents in the U.S.A. Nuclear war was added to the stimulus items and found to be the most commonly endorsed fear. Thus the self‐reports of fear showed a concern for physical danger and harm.
The Seventh Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture* Aspects of Adoption
Authors: Hersov Lionel
Published: December 2006

Abstract Adoption has a long history and there has been a change in traditional assumptions and practice. It is now seen as a form of child care, one of a spectrum of resources for children in need. Adopted children generally show a good outcome but are over‐represented in clinical populations. This trend is likely to continue as older children with histories of severe deprivation, neglect, abuse and institutionalization are placed. New light has been thrown on “telling” in adoption by developmental studies. Adoption disruption increases with age and other factors at placement, requiring further research into its origins and management.
Maternal Directiveness in Interactions with Mentally Handicapped Children: An Analytical Commentary
Authors: Marfo Kofi
Published: December 2006

Abstract Maternal directiveness is portrayed as a negative interactional phenomenon in the mental retardation literature. Based on the speculation that a directive interactional style is causally related to poor developmental outcomes, the reduction of maternal directive behaviour is becoming a major thrust in early intervention work. This paper questions the characterization of directiveness as an inherently negative interactional phenomenon and highlights limitations in our current understanding of directiveness. Critical issues requiring attention in future research are identified and early interventionists cautioned that management of maternal directive behaviour must be founded on sound, empirically validated principles.
Night Waking in Infants: Effects of Providing Advice and Support for Parents
Authors: Scott G. , Richards M. P. M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A randomized controlled study was conducted with three groups of mothers with night waking infants < 18 mths. Groups received a specially written advice booklet and support visits, the booklet only or no intervention. A fourth group of non‐night waking infants acted as a comparison group. Mothers' estimates of waking frequency and infant sleep diaries and maternal well being measures were used to assess change. No significant differences in terms of outcome measures were found between three waking groups. Mothers of night wakers showed higher levels of distress than those in the sleeping group. Parents of wakers were positive about both the support they had received and the booklet.
A Controlled Crossover Trial of Fenfluramine in Autism
Authors: Stern L. M. , Walker M. K. , Sawyer M. G. , Oades R. D. , Badcock N. R. , Spence J. G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract We report a 12 month double‐blind randomized crossover trial of fenfluramine in 20 children with the syndrome of autism. On active drug most of the children lost weight and blood serotonin levels fell by an average of 60 %. There was a fall in urinary dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels and increased excretion of homovanillic acid (HVA). Some of the children showed improvement in tests of cognitive and language function, although the results did not achieve overall statistical significance. Event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were obtained in seven subjects on an auditory choice reaction time task. Side effects of the drug included irritability and lethargy. Fenfluramine may have a limited place in the management of some patients with autistic disorder.
Autistic Children's Knowledge of Thinking and Feeling States in Other People
Authors: Prior Margot , Dahlstrom Bronwyn , Squires Tracie‐Lee
Published: December 2006

Abstract Autistic children, pair matched on chronological and verbal mental age with control children, were given Hobson's task of recognition of emotions and Baron‐Cohen's False Belief tasks to assess the replicability of their findings of deficits in understanding of feeling and mental states in autism. There were no group differences on the emotion tasks and performance was related to chronological and verbal mental age. An autism specific deficit was shown in only one of the false belief conditions and again performance was related to verbal comprehension ability. There was some consistency within the group in responses across the two kinds of tasks. Parent reported social behaviour and experience in the autistic children was only weakly related to the ability to pass the tasks. It is argued that the results reflect developmental factors and that claims for an autism specific problem in these kinds of social/cognitive processing may need further exploration.
Psychological Characteristics of Children who Suffer from Headache: A Research Note
Authors: Kowal Anna , Pritchard Don
Published: December 2006

Abstract Twenty‐three volunteer subjects were compared with 23 (matched) control subjects on self and parental ratings of anxiety, depression, shyness‐sensitivity, sleeping difficulties, perfectionism, psychosomatic problems (unrelated to headache), other behavioural disturbances, major life stress events and parental expectations (i.e. achievement orientation).

Results indicated that the headache children showed significantly higher shyness‐sensitivity, psychosomatic problems and behavioural disturbances and significantly lower parental expectations than the control group children. No other differences were found. While none of the variables were predictive of the frequency or intensity of head pain, measures of anxiety, perfectionism, and life stress events contributed significantly to the prediction of the severity of head pain.
Relationships between Support and Adjustment among Children of Divorce
Authors: Cowen Emory L. , Pedro‐Carroll Joanne L. , Alpert‐Gillis Linda J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract In a sample of 102 4th–6th grade urban children of divorce, low to moderate relationships were found between perceived support and child adjustment. This relationship held for several sources of support and across several types of adjustment measures. It was strongest when adjustment was assessed through child self‐ratings. Thus, children of divorce who perceived themselves as having more overall support had lower scores on measures of post‐divorce difficulties, anxiety, and worry, and higher scores on measures of openness about the divorce and positive resources. The relationships found between support and adjustment among children of divorce suggest a potentially useful role for support in developing preventive interventions for such youngsters
Life Changes and Protective Capacities in Enuretic and Non‐Enuretic Children
Authors: Järvelin Marjo Riitta , Moilanen Irma , Vikeväinen‐Tervonen Leena , Huttunen Niilo‐Pekka
Published: December 2006

Life changes and protective factors of 156 enuretic and 170 non‐enuretic 7‐yr‐old children were analysed using the multi‐item Life Change Unit method and psychological examination. Of the single life events, divorce or separation were seen to increase the risk of enuresis. The weighted life change scores were significantly higher for the enuretics than for the controls at age levels of 3, 5 and 6 yrs. Secondary night‐wetting was precipitated by increased life stress, but this was not the case with secondary day‐wetting. Repression showed a predominance in enuretics. A strong ego was found to serve as a protective factor against enuresis under changing life conditions
Follow‐up of Hard‐to‐Manage Preschoolers: Adjustment at Age 9 and Predictors of Continuing Symptoms
Authors: Campbell Susan B. , Ewing Linda J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Hard‐to‐manage preschoolers and controls, studied initially at age 3 and followed up at school entry, were followed up again at age 9. Maternal interviews indicated that 67 % of the hard‐to‐manage preschoolers who showed clinically significant problems at age 6 met DSM‐III criteria for an externalizing disorder at age 9. Maternal and teacher ratings confirmed the diagnostic data. Hard‐to‐manage youngsters who had improved by age 6 did not differ from comparison children on maternal or teacher reports. Regression analyses indicated that earlier child behavior, maternal behavior, symptom ratings, and ongoing family stress predicted current symptoms of disorder.
Major Life Events and Changes in the Behavioural Functioning of Children
Authors: Berden Guy F. M. G. , Althaus Monika , Verhulst Frank C.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The relationship between major life events and changes, across a 2‐yr period, in the level of parent‐reported behavioural/emotional problems in 1397 children from a general population sample was investigated using a highly modified version of the Coddington Life Events Record and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. The life event questionnaire used in the present study proved to have a satisfactory reliability. The number of life events increased significantly with increasing age of the child, and a higher incidence of such events was found for families with lower socio‐economic status. A significant relationship was found between the total score of negative life events across the 2‐yr period and changes in the level of behavioural/emotional problems of the children.
Short Communication: The Importance of Psychosocial Factors in Understanding Child Distress During Routine X‐ray Procedures
Authors: Bradford Roger
Published: December 2006

Abstract Thirty‐eight children, aged 1–4 years, with a query or definite diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) were observed during an X‐ray procedure and their behaviour rated on an amended version of the Observational Scale of Behavioural Distress. Families were followed up and assessed on a number of psychosocial variables. High rates of behavioural distress were found to be associated with children's low stranger sociability and parental style of discipline. Possible patterns of interaction between CHD children and their families are discussed.
The ‘Jupiter’ Sinking: Effects on Children's Fears, Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Yule William , Udwin Orlee , Murdoch Kirsa
Published: December 2006

Abstract Twenty‐five girls who survived the sinking of the cruise ship ‘Jupiter’ were compared with three other groups of girls–71 controls from a separate school; 46 girls in the same school who had not wanted to go on the cruise; and 13 girls who were in a ‘near miss’ group in that they wanted to go but did not get places. All completed the Fear Survey Schedule for Children (revised form), the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Birleson Depression Inventory. Survivors did not become generally more fearful. Rather, they developed significantly greater fears to stimuli related to the traumatic event. The results are discussed in relation to the conditioning theory of the acquisition of phobias.
Temperament Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes in Young Children with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Garrison William T. , Biggs Darlene , Williams Katherine
Published: December 2006

Abstract Thirty‐four children with diabetes and their mothers were studied to investigate the relationship between individual differences, as measured via the temperament construct, and disease‐related indices. Analysis of variance revealed that child characteristics such as age, sex, duration of disease, higher activity level, and shorter attention‐span were related to behavioral compliance. Multivariate discriminant analyses revealed that combinations of certain child and maternal characteristics were highly efficient in distinguishing between children in adequate vs poor glycemic control and behavioral compliance. The optimum model for classification of regimen adherence used a combination of child characteristics. The optimum model for glycemic control used both child and parent temperament characteristics.
Oppositional Disorder in Children: A Validation Study Comparing Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Disorder and Normal Control Children
Authors: Schachar Russell , Wachsmuth Rod
Published: December 2006

Abstract Subjects with oppositional disorder (OD, N= 21) and conduct disorder (CD, N= 22) were compared with normal controls (NC, N= 20) to determine whether OD is a distinct disorder. OD subjects exhibited high rates of associated attention deficit, emotional and learning disorders. Compared with NC, OD subjects had high rates of problems in social relationships and came from families characterized by marital fights, dysfunction, and paternal psychopathology. Compared with CD, OD was less often characterized by undersocialization and separations from fathers and more often characterized by dissatisfaction in the marital relationship. These results suggest that OD is a variant of CD rather than of normality.
Formal Thought Disorder in Childhood Onset Schizophrenia and Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Authors: Caplan Rochelle , Perdue Sondra , Tanguay Peter E. , Fish Barbara
Published: December 2006

Abstract The Kiddie Formal Thought Disorder Rating Scale (K‐FTDS) was examined in a sample of 29 schizophrenic, 10 schizotypal, and 54 normal children, aged 5–12.5 yrs. The schizophrenic and schizotypal children had significantly more illogical thinking and loose associations than the normal children. There were no significant differences between the illogical thinking and loose associations ratings of the schizophrenic and schizotypal children. Young schizophrenic, schizotypal, and normal children had more illogical thinking and loose associations than older children in their respective groups. The diagnostic, developmental, and cognitive implications of the study's results are discussed.
Intergenerational Links Between Psychiatric Disorder in Mothers and Daughters: The Role of Parenting Experiences
Authors: Andrews B. , Brown G. W. , Creasey L.
Published: December 2006

Abstract An intergenerational community study in Islington, north London, has considered psychiatric disorder in mothers and their adolescent and early adult daughters and the role of parenting in any link between the two. The results indicate that daughters are more likely to have disorders at a case level when their mothers have chronic or recurrent episodes of disorder at this level. Such conditions in the mother relate to the daughters' reports of adverse family experiences involving maternal antipathy and neglect and physical and sexual abuse, most usually at the hands of a father or stepfather. These adverse experiences are associated with disorder in daughters independently of any disorder in the mother.
Art and Accuracy: The Drawing Ability of Idiot‐Savants
Authors: Hermelin Beate , O'Connor Neil
Published: December 2006

Abstract The accuracy and the artistic merit of drawings produced by graphically gifted idiot‐savants and by artistically able normal children were investigated in various conditions. Drawings had to be executed when a three‐ or two‐dimensional model of the scene to be drawn was in view, or when it had to be remembered or drawn from another viewpoint. It was found that overall accuracy was better for the normal than for the mentally handicapped subjects. In contrast, ratings for artistic merit did not differentiate the groups. It is concluded that while the accuracy of drawings may be related to intelligence, the artistic quality of the graphic production is not.
Epidemiology and Course of Psychiatric Disorders in School‐Age Children—Results of a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Esser G. , Schmidt M. H. , Woerner W.
Published: December 2006

Abstract In an epidemiological longitudinal study, 356 out of 399 8‐yr old children were re‐examined at age 13. Prevalence rates for psychiatric disorders of about 16% remained constant during adolescence. The course of emotional disorders proved very promising, while that of conduct disorders was extremely unfavorable. Remission of psychiatric disorders was also influenced by an improved psychosocial environment within the family. Development of disorders in initially healthy children was related to prior learning disabilities and stressful life events. More effective approaches in the treatment of conduct disorders as well as early detection of detrimental familial conditions and learning disabilities are called for.
The Child's Construing of Nocturnal Enuresis: A Method of Inquiry and Prediction of Outcome
Authors: Butler R. J. , Redfern E. J. , Forsythe W. I.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Fifty‐five children with nocturnal enuresis were engaged in a structured interview prior to treatment with the body‐worn alarm. The interview sought to understand how children make sense of the experience and examines the implications for becoming dry. Successful treatment outcome was found to be associated with the child both construing bedwetting psychologically, and indicating no resistance to change. The importance of establishing the child's attitude to bedwetting prior to treatment is stressed.
The Adolescent Outcome of Hyperactive Children Diagnosed By Research Criteria—III. Mother–Child Interactions, Family Conflicts and Maternal Psychopathology
Authors: Barkley Russell A. , Fischer Mariellen , Edelbrock Craig , Smallish Lori
Published: December 2006

Abstract The present study reports the results of a prospective, 8–year follow‐up study of 100 hyperactive and 60 normal children followed from childhood into adolescence. Ratings of child behavior problems and family conflicts as well as direct observations of mother‐child interactions were taken in childhood and again at adolescent follow‐up. At outcome, hyperactives continued to have more conduct and learning problems and to be more hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive than controls. Hyperactives were also rated by their mothers as having more numerous and intense family conflicts than the normal controls, although the adolescents in both groups did not differ in their own ratings of these conflicts. Observations of mother‐adolescent interactions at outcome found the hyperactive dyads displaying more negative and controlling behaviors and less positive and facilitating behaviors towards each other than in the normal dyads. These interaction patterns were significantly related to similar patterns in mother‐child interactions observed 8 years earlier. Mothers of hyperactives also reported more personal psychological distress than normal mothers at outcome. Further analyses of subgroups of hyperactives at outcome, formed on the presence or absence of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), indicated that the presence of ODD accounted for most of the differences between hyperactives and normals on the interaction measures, ratings of home conflicts, and ratings of maternal psychological distress. Results suggest that the development and maintenance of ODD into adolescence in hyperactive children is strongly associated with aggression and negative parent‐child interactions in childhood.
Sustained Attention and Pervasive Hyperactivity
Authors: van der Meere Jaap , Wekking Ellie , Sergeant Joseph
Published: December 2006

Abstract A sustained attention deficit is defined as a significant decrement in task performance with task duration (time‐on‐task). Time‐on‐task effects are reported using a self‐paced paper and pencil cancellation test (PPCT) in normals and in subgroups of pervasively hyperactive children. The hyperactive subgroups were pervasively hyperactive both at home and at school. They differed in degree of pervasiveness in three laboratory conditions. Task inefficiency was most pronounced in the most pervasively hyperactive group.

There was no evidence in favour of a sustained attention deficit in hyperactivity: no differences were found in decline in task efficiency between the controls and the subgroups of hyperactive children.
Methylphenidate‐induced Changes in ADDH Information Processors
Authors: de Sonneville Leo M. J. , Njiokiktjien Charles , Hilhorst Rein C.
Published: December 2006

Abstract In a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover study, 17 hyperactives, clinically considered as drug responders, were administered a battery of information processing tasks to assess the efficacy of methylphenidate. The investigation concentrated on sustained attention, and, following a linear stage model of information processing (divided and focused attention), encoding, filtering, selective set and response organization operations. Methylphenidate did not affect short‐term memory or visual retention, baseline motor speed and encoding. Methylphenidate improved vigilance aspects of sustained attention. The drug did not improve filtering but did enhance selective set (target search) operations. The decline in speed and speed variability as a result of medication could not readily be explained in terms of response organization processes. An attempt was made to unite the experimental results through the concept of signal‐response frequency.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Among Paediatric Outpatients
Authors: Bhatia M. S. , Nigam V. R. , Bohra N. , Malik S. C.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Out of 1000 children (aged 3–12 years) screened in a paediatric outpatient department over a 3 1/2‐year period, 112 were found to have attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). The prevalence of ADDH increased with age, from 5.2% in those aged 3–4 years, up to 29.2% in those aged 11–12 years. There were four times as many boys as girls with ADDH. ADDH was most common in first born children and those from a lower social class. Children with ADDH had a higher rate of complications during pregnancy and delivery relative to a comparison group. Delayed development, temper‐tantrums, enuresis, tics, broken homes, persistent parental discord and psychiatric illness in parents were all more common in children with ADDH than in the comparison group.
Fears in British Children and Their Relationship to Manifest Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Ollendick Thomas H. , Yule William , Oilier Kate
Published: December 2006

Abstract In the present study, we examined the pattern and intensity of fears in 327 British school children and the relation of those fears to anxiety and depression. The fears reported by the British children were found to be nearly identical to those found in Australian and American children (Ollendick, King & Frary, 1989). Further, although a moderate relation was found between fear and anxiety, only a modest relation was found between fear and depression. Anxiety and depression, however, were highly inter‐related. Results of the study are explored in terms of the uniqueness of the constructs of fear, anxiety, and depression and their possible contribution to a more global construct, labeled ‘negative affectivity’ by Watson and Clark (1984).
Auditory Perception and the Control of Spatially Coordinated Action of Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Savelsbergh G. J. P. , Netelenbos J. B. , Whiting H. T. A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract From birth onwards, auditory stimulation directs and intensifies visual orientation behaviour. In deaf children, by definition, auditory perception cannot take place and cannot, therefore, make a contribution to visual orientation to objects approaching from outside the initial field of view. In experiment 1, a difference in catching ability is demonstrated between deaf and hearing children (10–13 years of age) when the ball approached from the periphery or from outside the field of view. No differences in catching ability between the two groups occurred when the ball approached from within the field of view. A second experiment was conducted in order to determine if differences in catching ability between deaf and hearing children could be attributed to execution of slow orientating movements and/or slow reaction time as a result of the auditory loss. The deaf children showed slower reaction times. No differences were found in movement times between deaf and hearing children. Overall, the findings suggest that a lack of auditory stimulation during development can lead to deficiencies in the coordination of actions such as catching which are both spatially and temporally constrained.
Reliability of Clinical Ratings by Trainee Child Psychiatrists: A Research Note
Authors: Goodman Robert , Simonoff Emily
Published: December 2006

Abstract Trainee and senior psychiatrists separately rated the symptoms and signs of 14 consecutive referrals to a child psychiatric team. Inter‐rater reliabilities ranged from 0.61 to 0.94 on four clinically relevant dimensions of psychopathology. Aggregating all items, trainees' ratings identified whether or not items were definitely present with greater than 95% accuracy, as judged by a senior psychiatrist's ratings and a review of the case notes. This pilot study suggests that trainees' ratings can be of acceptable reliability for research purposes.
Risk Indicators: Assessment of Infancy Predictors of Pre‐School Behavioural Maladjustment
Authors: Sanson Ann , Oberklaid Frank , Pedlow Robert , Prior Margot
Published: December 2006

The prediction of later outcome from factors present in infancy has been an ongoing concern, with difficult temperament frequently being posited as one important risk factor. Using data from a longitudinal study of a large representative sample of children, and a categorical approach to analysis, a set of infancy risk factors covering within‐child, environmental and relationship variables was related to behavioural and emotional adjustment at 4–5 years. Single risk factors, including difficult temperament, resulted in only modest increases in the prevalence of later maladjustment. However, certain combinations of risk factors were associated with markedly increased prevalence rates. The results indicate the cumulative effects of risk factors, and the need to consider temperament within a contextual framework.
Adult Attitudes toward Over‐ and Undercontrolled Child Problems: Urban and Rural Parents and Teachers from Thailand and the United States
Authors: Weisz John R. , Suwanlert Somsong , Chaiyasit Wanchai , Weiss Bahr , Jackson E. W.
Published: December 2006

In a study of adult attitudes, urban and rural parents and teachers in Thailand and the U.S. made judgments about two children, one with overcontrolled problems (e.g. shyness, fear), one with undercontrolled problems (e.g. disobedience, fighting). Consistent with previous literature, Thais (vs Americans) rated problems of both types less serious, less worrisome, less likely to reflect personality traits, and more likely to improve with time. Urban‐rural differences and parent‐teacher differences had negligible impact. The findings suggest that certain cultural differences in adult attitudes toward child problems may be robust across parents and teachers and across urban and rural settings.
IQ Similarity in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twin Children: Effects of the Same versus Different Examiners: A Research Note
Authors: Segal Nancy L. , Russell Jean
Published: December 2006

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Revised was administered to two independently identified samples of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin children. Co‐twins in the first sample were tested by the same examiner, while co‐twins in the second sample were tested by different examiners. IQ intraclass correlations were similar for the two MZ twin samples (.84 and .88), and identical for the two DZ twin samples (.54). The implications of this analysis are discussed with reference to twin study methodology, research on IQ similarity and replication of child development research.
Significant Survival Prolongation in Pigs With Fulminant Hepatic Failure Treated With a Novel Microgravity‐based Bioartificial Liver
Authors: Hochleitner Boris , Hengster Paul , Bucher Herwig , Ladurner Ruth , Schneeberger Stefan , Krismer Anette , Kleinsasser Alex , Barnas Usso , Klima Günter , Margreiter Raimund
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of our novel Innsbruck Bioartificial Liver (IBAL; US patent no. 10/641275), which contains aggregates of porcine hepatocytes grown under simulated microgravity, in a porcine model of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). FHF was induced by a combination of 75–80% liver resection and ischemia of the remnant segments for 60 min in 12 pigs. Two experimental groups were studied: the control group (n = 5) received standard intensive care and the study group (n = 5) received IBAL treatment. The survival of pigs with FHF was significantly prolonged by about 150% with IBAL treatment as compared to controls (controls: 20.4 ± 2.8 h, IBAL: 51.0 ± 2.2 h; P = 0.00184). In addition, intracranial pressure, blood ammonia, lactate, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels were lower in the IBAL group than in controls, indicating metabolic activity of porcine hepatocytes in the bioreactor. No adverse effects were observed.
Procedure‐induced Inflammation and Endothelial Cell Activation in an Artificially Ventilated and Circulated Porcine Double‐Lung Model
Authors: Adrian Katrin , Skogby Maria , Gatzinsky Vladimir , Friberg Lars‐Göran , Mellgren Karin
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  Systemic inflammation is induced during extracorporeal circulation, resulting in an increased bleeding tendency and endothelial cell activation. Lungs from seven piglets were perfused by autologous blood in an extracorporeal circuit, where the lungs and the left atrium were attached to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubings and the blood circulated by a roller pump. The trachea was intubated and attached to a ventilator. The lungs maintained good gas exchange, despite a slight increase in lactate levels. Plasma tPA increased slightly over time, suggesting endothelial cell activation. Activation of inflammatory systems was reflected in increased levels of plasma interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐10. A model for the study of lung endothelial activation during extracorporeal circulation has been shown to be reproducible. The lung tissue was shown to be capable of gas exchange and activation of endothelial cells and procedure‐induced inflammation were noted.
Numerical Simulation of Cardiovascular Dynamics With Left Heart Failure and In‐series Pulsatile Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Shi Yubing , Korakianitis Theodosios
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  This article presents a numerical model for investigations of the human cardiovascular circulation system response, where the function of the impaired left ventricle is augmented by the pumping action of a pulsatile ventricular assist device (VAD) connected in series to the native heart. The numerical model includes a module for detailed heart valve dynamics, which helps to improve the accuracy of simulation in studying the pulsatile type VAD designs. Simulation results show that, for the case with left ventricular (LV) failure, the VAD support successfully compensates the impaired cardiovascular response, and greatly reduces the after‐load of the diseased ventricle, thus assisting possible recovery of the ventricle from the diseased condition. The effects of these conditions on pulmonary circulation are also shown. To investigate the effect of different pumping‐activation functions (VAD motion profiles) on the cardiovascular response, three different VAD motion profiles are investigated. The numerical results suggest that Hermitian type motion profiles (smooth curves skewed toward early systole) have the advantage of requiring minimum power to the VAD, and producing the minimum after‐load to the left ventricle, minimum ventricular wall stress, and minimum ventricular work to the diseased ventricle; while sawtooth type motions need slightly more power input, and induce slightly increased aortic pressure in diastole, thus improving coronary perfusion.
A Pressure‐controlled Rat Ventilator With Electronically Preset Respirations
Authors: Ordodi Valentin L. , Paunescu V. , Mic Ani A. , Gabor Lazar , Ionac Mihai , Toma Octavian , Sandesc Dorel , Mic Felix A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  Major experimental surgery on laboratory animals requires adequate anesthesia and ventilation to keep the animal alive throughout the procedure. A ventilator is a machine that helps the anesthesized animal breathe through an endotracheal tube by pumping a volume of gas (oxygen, air, or other gaseous mixtures), comparable with the normal tidal volume, into the animal's lungs. There are two main categories of ventilators for small laboratory rodents: volume‐controlled and pressure‐controlled ones. The volume‐controlled ventilator injects a preset volume into the animal's lungs, no matter the airways' resistance (with the peak inspiratory pressure allowed to vary), while the pressure ventilator controls the inspiratory pressure and allows the inspiratory volume to vary. Here we show a rat pressure ventilator with a simple expiratory valve that allows gas delivery through electronic expiration control and offers easy pressure monitoring and frequency change during ventilation.
Hemolytic Performance of a MagLev Disposable Rotary Blood Pump (MedTech Dispo): Effects of MagLev Gap Clearance and Surface Roughness
Authors: Hoshi Hideo , Asama Junichi , Hijikata Wataru , Hara Chikara , Shinshi Tadahiko , Yasuda Toshitaka , Ohuchi Katsuhiro , Shimokohbe Akira , Takatani Setsuo
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  Mechanical shaft seal bearing incorporated in the centrifugal blood pumps contributes to hemolysis and thrombus formation. In addition, the problem of durability and corrosion of mechanical shaft seal bearing has been recently reported from the safety point of view. To amend the shortcomings of the blood‐immersed mechanical bearings, a magnetic levitated centrifugal rotary blood pump (MedTech Dispo Model 1; Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan) has been developed for extracorporeal disposable application. In this study, the hemolytic performance of the MedTech Dispo Model 1 centrifugal blood pump system was evaluated, with special focus on the narrow blood path clearance at the magnetic bearing between rotor and stator, and on the pump housing surface roughness. A pump flow of 5 L/min against the head pressure of 100 mm Hg for 4 h was included in the hemolytic test conditions. Anticoagulated fresh porcine blood was used as a working fluid. The clearance of blood path at the magnetic bearing was in the range of 100–250 μm. Pump housing surface roughness was controlled to be around Ra = 0.1–1.5 μm. The lowest hemolytic results were obtained at the clearance of 250 μm and with the polished surface (Ra = 0.1 μm) yielding the normalized index of hemolysis (NIH) of less than 0.001 g/100 L, which was 1/5 of the Biopump BP‐80 (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA, and 1/4 of the BPX‐80. In spite of rough surface and narrow blood path, NIH levels were less than clinically acceptable level of 0.005 g/100 L. The noncontact, levitated impeller system is useful to improve pump performance in blood environment.
Tissue‐engineered Approach for the Treatment of Steroid‐induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: Transplantation of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured With Beta‐Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics and Free Vascularized Fibula
Authors: Kawate Kenji , Yajima Hiroshi , Ohgushi Hajime , Kotobuki Noriko , Sugimoto Kazuya , Ohmura Tetsuji , Kobata Yasunori , Shigematsu Koji , Kawamura Kenji , Tamai Katsuya , Takakura Yoshinori
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured with beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) ceramics and with a free vascularized fibula were transplanted into three patients with steroid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The average follow‐up period was 34 months and the average patient age at the time of surgery was 28 years old. Fifteen milliliters of bone marrow was obtained from the patients 4 weeks before surgery, and was used for in vitro proliferation of MSCs. β‐TCP granules were immersed in the MSC suspension and the cells were further cultured for 2 weeks. Cultured MSCs/β‐TCP composite granules were implanted into the cavity that remained after curettage of necrotic bone; and finally, a free vascularized fibula was grafted. All hips showed preoperative collapse and radiographic progression was observed in two hips postoperatively. Osteonecrosis did not progress any further and early bone regeneration was observed. This tissue‐engineered approach has potentials for the treatment of osteonecrosis. However, our results suggested that the present procedure could not be used for cases with severe preoperative collapse.
Clinical Utility of Office‐Based Cognitive Predictors of Fitness to Drive in Persons with Dementia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Molnar Frank J. , Patel Akhilesh , Marshall Shawn C. , Man‐Son‐Hing Malcolm , Wilson Keith G.
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review of evidence available regarding in‐office cognitive tests that differentiate safe from unsafe drivers with dementia.

DESIGN: A comprehensive literature search of multiple databases including Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo, AARP Ageline, and Sociofile from 1984 to 2005 was performed. This was supplemented by a search of Current Contents and a review of the bibliographies of all relevant articles.

SETTING: English prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, and case‐control studies that used accepted diagnostic criteria for dementia or Alzheimer's disease and that employed one of the primary outcomes of crash, simulator assessment, or on‐road assessment were included.

PARTICIPANTS: Two reviewers.

MEASUREMENTS: The reviewers independently assessed study design, main outcome of interest, cognitive tests, and population details and assigned a Newcastle‐Ottawa quality assessment rating.

RESULTS: Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Tests recommended by guidelines (e.g., the American Medical Association (AMA) and Canadian Medical Association guidelines) for the assessment of fitness to drive did not demonstrate robustly positive findings (e.g., Mini‐Mental State Examination, Trails B) or were not evaluated in any of the included studies (e.g., Clock Drawing). Fifteen studies did not report any cutoff scores.

CONCLUSION: Without validated cutoff scores, it is impossible to employ tests in a standardized fashion in front‐line clinical settings. This study identified a research gap that will prevent the development of evidence‐based guidelines. Recommendations to address this gap are that driving researchers routinely perform cutoff score analyses and that stakeholder organizations (e.g., AMA, American Geriatrics Society) sponsor consensus fora to review driving research methodologies.
Nutritional Formula Improved Immune Profiles of Seniors Living in Nursing Homes
Authors: Langkamp‐Henken Bobbi , Wood Steven M. , Herlinger‐Garcia Kelli A. , Thomas Debra J. , Stechmiller Joyce K. , Bender Bradley S. , Gardner Elizabeth M. , DeMichele Stephen J. , Schaller Joseph P. , Murasko Donna M.
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether an experimental nutritional formula (EXP) supports immune function in seniors living in long‐term care facilities.

DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial conducted September 2002 through January 2003.

SETTING: North central Florida nursing homes.

PARTICIPANTS: Subjects aged 65 and older (n=157).

INTERVENTION: Subjects received 240 mL/d of EXP or standard liquid nutrition (CON) for 4 weeks before and 6 weeks after an influenza vaccination.

MEASUREMENTS: Influenza vaccine antibody responses, immunophenotyping, lymphocyte activation, cytokines, and clinical measures (fever, number of prescribed antibiotics).

RESULTS: Ninety‐two subjects (n=40, CON; n=52, EXP) completed the study. Geometric mean antibody titers were similar between groups, yet the percentage of subjects with H1N1 antibody titers greater than 100 postvaccination was higher in the EXP group than in the CON group (43% vs 23%, P=.047). Similar trends were found for the percentage of subjects (intent to treat) with fourfold increases against the B/Hong Kong component (64% vs 46%, P=.09) or with H3N2 antibody titers of 40 or more (97% vs 89%, P=.06). EXP subjects had higher levels of influenza‐activated lymphocytes (CD69+and CD25+). Cytokine production after mitogen activation was lower in EXP than CON subjects (interleukin (IL)‐6: 20±3 vs 29±3 ng/mL, P=.045; IL‐10: 310±60 vs 603±140 pg/mL, P=.06). Fewer EXP subjects were treated for fever (5% vs 16%, P=.02) or prescribed antibiotics (7 vs 11 new antibiotics/100 days of study, P=.06).

CONCLUSION: Seniors consuming the EXP formula demonstrated enhanced immune function, indicated by increased influenza vaccine response and lymphocyte activation, less fever, and fewer newly prescribed antibiotics than those consuming a standard ready‐to‐drink nutritional supplement.
Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, and Mortality in Older Women: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Authors: Pedula Kathryn L. , Coleman Anne L. , Hillier Teresa A. , Ensrud Kristine E. , Nevitt Michael C. , Hochberg Marc C. , Mangione Carol M. ,   for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether poorer visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are independent risk factors for all‐cause and traumatic mortality in older women.

DESIGN: Twelve‐year prospective cohort study (1986–2003).

SETTING: Four U.S. clinical centers.

PARTICIPANTS: Nine thousand seven hundred four postmenopausal white women aged 65 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: Habitually corrected binocular visual acuity and low‐ and high‐frequency contrast sensitivity were measured at baseline using a standard protocol. A study physician adjudicated the primary cause of death from death certificates and medical record review.

RESULTS: During an average of 12.2 years of follow‐up, 3,427 women died (35%), 72 (0.7%) from traumatic events. In multivariate models adjusted for age, chronic medical problems, and smoking, all‐cause mortality risk was 19% greater for persons in the worst quartile of visual acuity than for those in the best (hazard ratio (HR)=1.19, P=.008) and 39% greater for persons with the worst contrast sensitivity (HR=1.39, P<.001) than for those with the best. Traumatic mortality risk was 2.4 times greater for women with the worst contrast sensitivity than for those with the best (HR=2.44, P=.03).

CONCLUSION: Poorer visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are associated with greater risk of traumatic and all‐cause mortality in older women, even after controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. Although further research is necessary to determine how treating reversible causes of visual impairment or improving current refraction affects mortality in older women, clinical detection and follow‐up of these visual impairments holds promise for identifying those who are at risk of mortality from other systemic conditions.
Application of the Principal Stratification Approach to the Faenza Randomized Experiment on Breast Self‐Examination
Authors: Mattei A. , Mealli F.
Published: December 2006

Summary In this article we present an extended framework based on the principal stratification approach (Frangakis and Rubin, 2002, Biometrics58, 21–29), for the analysis of data from randomized experiments which suffer from treatment noncompliance, missing outcomes following treatment noncompliance, and “truncation by death.” We are not aware of any previous work that addresses all these complications jointly. This framework is illustrated in the context of a randomized trial of breast self‐examination.
Ventilatory and Metabolic Demands During Aggressive Physical Restraint in Healthy Adults
Authors: Michalewicz Betty A. , Chan Theodore C. , Vilke Gary M. , Levy Susan S. , Neuman Tom S. , Kolkhorst Fred W.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: We investigated ventilatory and metabolic demands in healthy adults when placed in the prone maximal restraint position (PMRP), i.e., hogtie restraint. Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) was measured in seated subjects (n=30), in the PMRP, and when prone with up to 90.1 or 102.3 kg of weight on the back. MVV with the heaviest weight was 70% of the seated MVV (122±28 and 156±38 L/min, respectively; p<0.001). Also, subjects (n=27) were placed in the PMRP and struggled vigorously for 60 sec. During the restrained struggle, ventilatory function (V̇E/ MVV) was 44% of MVV in the resting PMRP. While prone with up to 90.1 or 102.3 kg on the back, the decrease in MVV was of no clinical importance in these subjects. Also, while maximally struggling in the PMRP, V̇E was still adequate to supply the ventilatory needs.