bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Siganid (Siganus guttatus) larvae during the transition period
Authors: Darsiani Darsiani , Setiawati Mia , Jusadi Dedi , Suprayudi Muhammad Agus , Laining Asda
Published: April 2022

Siganid is better known as rabbit fish. In hatcheries, constraint that is still faced is the low survival, which was assumed to occur because of the timing for initial feeding is not solidly known. This research aimed to examine the best initial feeding time for siganus, based on evaluation on eyes and yolk reserves during the transition. The research was conducted from 24-29 March 2021 in IPUW Barru, South Sulawesi. Larvae were obtained from the second progeny (G2) of domesticated Siganus guttatus. Larvae were reared for 5-6 days without feeding. Evaluated parameters include eyes diameter and yolk reserves. Samples were observed with microscope and will be explained descriptively. Water quality parameters were measured, namely DO, salinity, pH and temperature. Eyes diameter at 6 Hour After Hatching (HAH) ranges between 81.5-128.9 µm, 13 HAH= 125.5-167.7 µm, 24 HAH= 138.2-213.9 µm, two days after hatching 2 Day After Hatching (DAH) = 113.6-193.1 µm, 3 DAH= 163.1-219.2 µm, 4 DAH= 190.4-212.6 µm. Yolk reserves diameter ranged between 137-194µm (6 HAH), 13 HAH= 152-191µm, 24 HAH= 94.0-185µm, 2 DAH= 75.3-99.63µm, 3 DAH= 42.33-87.58µm, 4 DAH= 38.17-55.59µm. After age 5 DAH, there are no larvae found alive (dead). Eyes developed at age 6 HAH and experienced pigmentation at age 24 HAH. Conversely, yolk reserves diameters were getting smaller since age 24 HAH and completely disappear at age 4 DAH. It indicates that eyes effectively see feeds at age 2 DAH. Therefore, initial feeding should be started. The water quality parameters measured were still in normal conditions according to the life of S. guttatus larvae. From this research, it can be concluded that eyes have been well functioned at age 2 DAH and yolk reserves was finished at age 4 DAH. Therefore, the initial feeding should be done at the age of 2 DAH.Keywords:Development, Siganus guttatus larvae,Transition
The Distribution of heavy metals in Jakarta and Semarang bay during the period of 2016 - 2019
Authors: Ihsan Yudi Nurul , Alfa Zefa Phobe Nadine , Fellatami Kalysta , Syamsuddin Mega Laksmini , Zallesa Sheila
Published: April 2022

Coastal areas have an important role and have high natural resources that can be utilized for human life. Over time, the increase in population is directly proportional to the activities and utilization of coastal areas, which puts great pressure on coastal areas. One of the pressures that occur in coastal areas is heavy pollution. This research aims to see the distribution of heavy metals especially Cd, Cu and Pb in the coastal areas of Jakarta Bay and Semarang Bay and to see the differences in heavy metal content from the two gulfs. The data used in this study is secondary data, which consists of data on heavy metals, current velocity, pH and water temperature. The period of data used in this research are from 2016 to 2019, The method used in this study is the GIS method with descriptive analysis. The comparison of concentrations from two bays shows a higher mean of concentration value of heavy metals cadmium (Cd) in Semarang Bay (2016, 2017, 2019) and heavy metals of copper (Cu) in Jakarta Bay (2016 and 2018). Meanwhile, the concentration value of heavy metal lead (Pb) was higher in Jakarta Bay (2016, 2017, 2018), yet in 2019, the two locations have the same concentration value of heavy metal lead (Pb). Keywords:Coastal areaDistributionHeavy metalsJakarta BaySemarang Bay
Biology and ecological functional of Genus Crassostrea (Bivalvia: Ostreidae): a review
Authors: Kasmini Lili , Batubara Agung Setia
Published: April 2022

The genus Crassostrea has an important role for community life in coastal and mangrove ecosystems. In this article, we try to review in detail the ecology, biology, and ecological functions of Crassostrea spp. Furthermore, we also review about 25 species of Crasostrea that exist in the world and also have a high level of adaptation. Based on ecological functional, Crassostrea acts as an efficient engineer of ecosystems, where in forming ecosystems, in nutrient cycling, in reducing anthropogenic eutrophication, shelter area, breeding grounds, and as a link between benthic-pelagic. In addition, high Crassostrea communities can form reefs and serve as ecologically important for diverse species.Keywords:Marine BivalvesCommunity Anthropogenic EcosystemsFunctional
Analysis of spiny lobster fishery sustainability the using ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) in Pulo Aceh
Authors: Mukminin Ahmad , Indra Indra , Sarong Muhammad Ali
Published: April 2022

The high exploitation rate due to increasing global demand caused spiny lobster vulnerable to overfishing. this study aims to assess the sustainability status of lobster fisheries, through the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) and to examine the appropriate strategies to support the sustainability of spiny lobster fisheries in Pulo Aceh Islands, Aceh Besar district, Aceh Province. Indicators or domains used in this study are fish resources, habitats, and ecosystems, fishing techniques, economics, social, and governance, which consist of 27 attributes. Results show that the aggregate value of fish resources domain is 59.22 (moderate), habitat and ecosystem domain is 39.14, (poor), fishing technique domain is 28.62 (poor), the economic domain is 65 (good), social domain is 47.82 (moderate) and the institutional domain is 39.89 (poor). The overall aggregate value for the six domains is 46.61 (moderate), the sustainability status of the spiny lobster fishery in Pulo Aceh is in the moderate category. the fish resource domain and the economic domain are the main domains that provide a positive value for the sustainability of the lobster fishery in Pulo Aceh. However, to improve the status of lobster fisheries management in Pulo Aceh; should focus on domains that have low-value categories, which are; fishing techniques, habitats and ecosystems, and governance domain.Keywords:Spiny LobsterPulo Aceh IslandsSustainabilityManagement Strategy
Determine the fishing season of scad (Decapterus sp.) landed at Pusong Fish Landing Base, Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Authors: Rahmah Alvi , Zani Salsadira Dwi , Chaliluddin Makwiyah A , Muhammadar A A , El Rahimi Sayyid Afdhal
Published: April 2022

The scad (Decapterus sp.) is one species commonly caught using purse seine and landed at the Pusong Fish Landing Base, Lhokseumawe, Aceh. The fishermen at this site do not have accurate knowledge about the fishing season of the scad, which leads them to miss out on peak fish catching season and increases the ambiguity about the fish landing data. The goal of this research is to compute the trend of Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) for scad fisheries over the last five years (2013-2017) and to examine the fishing season trends of scad landed at Pusong fish landing base. This study took place at the Pusong Fish Landing Base in August 2020. The moving average approach was used to process catch data from 2013 to 2017. Primary and secondary data about scad production and number of fishing trips were used to compile the research findings. The results showed that the CPUE for purse seine catch landed at Pusong Fish Landing Base varies from year to year. The highest CPUE value was recorded in 2015 with 442,534 kg/trip, and the lowest was in 2013 with a value of 27,674 kg/trip. The fishing season index for Scad (Decapterus sp.) has a high rating, indicating that this fish species can be caught all year. Based on the fishing season identification criteria, the fishing season index value greater than 100% indicates the peak season. Results from this research indicate that the peak season for scad landed at Pusong Fish Landing Base occurs in July, August, September, October, and November, with their index values of 151%, 146%, 119%, 122%, and 126% respectively. A fishing season index score of less than 100% indicates low season, this was recorded for January, February, March, April, May, June, and December (48%, 97%, 57%, 90%, 62%, 86% and 97%).Keywords:ScadFishing Season IndexCPUE
Digital storytelling for policy impact: perspectives from co-producing knowledge for food system governance in South Africa
Authors: Adelle Camilla , Black Gillian , Kroll Florian
Published: April 2022

Background:

Post-positivist critics of the linear-rational understanding of the role of knowledge in decision making have long argued the need for the construction of socially robust knowledge to illuminate policy problems from a variety of perspectives, including lived experiences.

Aims and objectives:

This article charts the attempts of researchers to employ a creative method, digital storytelling, alongside more traditional scientific data in stakeholder deliberations to inform local food governance in South Africa.

Methods:

Four storytellers from a marginalised group created and introduced their digital story about a ‘time when they had to make a difficult choice about what food to purchase or get’ to a public governance forum and the reactions of the audience self-reported.

Findings:

The digital stories were emotionally compelling and gave granular detail to the more top-down perspective of the scientific data. There were concerns, however, for the welfare of the storytellers when introducing their stories in the forum.

Discussion and conclusion:

Our findings highlight the multi-functionality of digital storytelling as a method of creativity within the process of co-production, not just as a technique to make visible knowledge from marginalised groups, but also as a mechanism (when used and viewed in a wider governance context) to promote knowledge mobilisation and alternative ways of knowing. The use of digital storytelling in these wider governance contexts, or social learning spaces, however, also surfaces ethical and other risks.
Mapping distortion correction in off-axis aspheric mirror testing with a null compensator
Authors: Hao Sanfeng , Zhang Jian , Yang Jianfeng , An Fei
Published: April 2022

Mapping distortion can be introduced in null testing for off-axis aspheric surfaces, from which the testing results with coordinate deviation cannot be used to guide deterministic optical manufacturing. We propose a correction method for mapping distortion in this study based on the imaging distortion analysis of a null lens and iteration algorithm. We use imaging distortion data to fit the distortion polynomial function by the least-squares method, and we design an iteration algorithm to determine the rotation angle and the position of the null distortion point of the testing results. Finally, the mapping distortion can be accomplished without any markers on the mirror under test. The

280

m
m

×

180

m
m

primary mirror and

234

m
m

×

176

m
m

tertiary mirror of the hyperspectral camera were tested with a null compensator, and the distortion correction results were obtained using the proposed method. After magnetorheological finishing based on the correction results, the rms of the primary mirror and tertiary mirror reduced from

0.263

λ

to

0.013

λ

and

0.059

λ

to

0.018

λ

(

λ
=

632.8

n
m

), respectively.
Single beam Cs-Ne SERF atomic magnetometer with the laser power differential method
Authors: Chen Yao , Zhao Libo , Zhang Ning , Yu Mingzhi , Ma Yintao , Han Xiangguang , Zhao Man , Lin Qijing , Yang Ping , Jiang Zhuangde
Published: April 2022

We describe a single beam compact spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) magnetometer whose configuration is simple and compatible with the silicon-glass bonding micro-machining method. Due to the small size of the vapor cell utilized in a miniature atomic magnetometer, the wall relaxation could not be neglected. In this study we show that Ne buffer gas is more efficient than that of the other typically utilized gas species such as nitrogen and helium for wall relaxation reduction theoretically and experimentally. 3 Amagats (1 Amagat=2.69×1019/cm3) Ne gas is filled in the vapor cell and this is the first demonstration of a Cs-Ne SERF magnetometer. In order to reduce the laser amplitude noise and the large background detection offset, which is reported to be the main noise source of a single beam absorption SERF magnetometer, we developed a laser power differential method and a factor of approximately two improvement of the power noise suppression has been demonstrated. In order to reduce the power consumption of the magnetometer, the Cs based atomic magnetometer is studied. We did an optimization of the magnetometer and a sensitivity of 23fT/Hz1/2@100Hz has been achieved. This is the first demonstration of a single beam Cs based SERF magnetometer.
Transformation-optics modeling of 3D-printed freeform waveguides
Authors: Nesic Aleksandar , Blaicher Matthias , Orlandini Emilio , Olariu Tudor , Paszkiewicz Maria , Negredo Fernando , Kraft Pascal , Sukhova Mariia , Hofmann Andreas , Dörfler Willy , Rockstuhl Carsten , Freude Wolfgang , Koos Christian
Published: April 2022

Multi-photon lithography allows us to complement planar photonic integrated circuits (PIC) by in-situ 3D-printed freeform waveguide structures. However, design and optimization of such freeform waveguides using time-domain Maxwell’s equations solvers often requires comparatively large computational volumes, within which the structure of interest only occupies a small fraction, thus leading to poor computational efficiency. In this paper, we present a solver-independent transformation-optics-(TO-) based technique that allows to greatly reduce the computational effort related to modeling of 3D freeform waveguides. The concept relies on transforming freeform waveguides with curved trajectories into equivalent waveguide structures with modified material properties but geometrically straight trajectories, that can be efficiently fit into rather small cuboid-shaped computational volumes. We demonstrate the viability of the technique and benchmark its performance using a series of different freeform waveguides, achieving a reduction of the simulation time by a factor of 3–6 with a significant potential for further improvement. We also fabricate and experimentally test the simulated waveguides by 3D-printing on a silicon photonic chip, and we find good agreement between the simulated and the measured transmission at λ = 1550 nm.
Disordered mullite grains in a sapphire-derived fiber for high-temperature sensing
Authors: Ma Zhangwei , Wei Heming , Zhang Liang , Wang Zhifeng , Chen Zhenyi , Pang Fufei , Wang Tingyun
Published: April 2022

In this study, a sapphire-derived fiber (SDF)-based Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated as a high-temperature sensor using the arc discharge crystallization process, forming a region with disordered mullite grains. This shows that the disordered mullite grains are related to the gradual temperature distribution during the arc discharge process, which results in a larger refractive index (RI) modulation of the SDF near the fusing area, forming a reflection mirror. An FPI was obtained by combining the optical fiber end facet. Considering the high-temperature resistance of the fiber, the fabricated FPI was used for high-temperature sensing. This shows that the device can operate at temperatures of up to 1200 °C with a sensitivity of 15.47 pm/°C, demonstrating that the proposed devices have potential applications in high-temperature environments.
Two-tier manipulation of holographic information
Authors: Yan Libin , Xiao Jianling , Plaskocinski Tomasz , Biabanifard Mohammad , Persheyev Saydulla , Askari Meisam , Falco Andrea Di
Published: April 2022

Here we demonstrate the two-tier manipulation of holographic information using frequency-selective metasurfaces. Our results show that these devices can diffract light efficiently at designed frequency and environmental conditions. By changing the frequency and refractive index of the surrounding environment, the metasurfaces produce two different holographic images. We anticipate that these environmental dependent, frequency-selective metasurfaces will have practical applications in holographic encryption and sensing.
Propagation distance-resolved characteristics of copper plasma emission induced by axicon-focused femtosecond laser filamentation in air
Authors: Lin Shuang , Zhang Dan , Jiang Yuanfei , Chen Anmin , Jin Mingxing
Published: April 2022

It is well known that Bessel beams have non-diffractive characteristics, which can be generated by Gaussian beams focused by an ideal axicon. In general, the length of filament generated by Bessel beams is longer than that by Gaussian beams and the electron density in the filament generated by Bessel beams is more uniform. This paper experimentally studied the propagation distance-resolved characteristics of copper plasma emission induced by axicon-focused femtosecond laser filamentation in the air. The evolution of the spectral intensity, plasma temperature, and electron density with the filament propagation path was obtained. The experiment results showed that when the base angle of the axicon was 5.0°, the spectral intensity along with the filament propagation path was more stable than that the base angle of the axicon was 0.5°. The changes in the plasma temperature and electron density along the filament propagation path were consistent with the change in the spectral intensity. This work provides a demonstration for the applications of filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FIBS), such as long-distance detection.
Holographic super multi-view Maxwellian near-eye display with eyebox expansion
Authors: Zhang Xu , Pang Yujian , Chen Tao , Tu Kefeng , Feng Qibin , Lv Guoqiang , Wang Zi
Published: April 2022

A holographic super multi-view (SMV) Maxwellian display based on flexible wavefront modulation is proposed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. It solves the issue that the previous holographic Maxwellian displays could not provide depth cues for monocular vision. Different from the previous methods, two or more parallax images are multiplied by quadric phase distributions and converged to the viewpoints existing in the pupil to provide 3-D vision. A time division method is proposed to eliminate the cross talk caused by the coherence of different spherical waves. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately reconstruct images at different depth without cross talk. The proposed method inherits the previous holographic Maxwellian display's advantages of flexible viewpoint position adjustment and large depth of field (DOF). Superior to geometric optics based SMV displays, the proposed system is compact without lens aberration since only a single spatial light modulator (SLM) is needed without any additional optical elements.
High-power continuous-wave Tm3+:Ho3+-codoped fiber laser operation from 2.1 µm to 2.2 µm
Authors: Forster Patrick , Romano Clément , Schneider Julian , Eichhorn Marc , Kieleck Christelle
Published: April 2022

A Tm3+:Ho3+-codoped free-space single-oscillator fiber laser is under investigation with special focus on the power scalability of emission wavelengths from 2.1 µm to 2.2 µm. Using a tunable diffraction grating, a 200-nm tunable laser source is built. Laser output powers above 10 W are delivered from 1990 nm up to 2190 nm, demonstrating the range for stable high-power laser operation. By replacing the diffraction grating by a highly reflective, narrow linewidth volume Bragg grating, power scaling is performed at 2.1 µm and is even enabled at a wavelength of 2.2 µm. Using a volume Bragg grating (VBG) at 2.1 µm, a slope efficiency of 49% is measured with an output power of 262 W. Using another VBG with a center wavelength of 2.2 µm, the fiber laser delivers a record power of 77 W with a slope efficiency of 29%.
Interpretable model-driven projected gradient descent network for high-quality fDOT reconstruction
Authors: Hua Yongzhou , Jiang Yuxuan , Liu Kaixian , Luo Qingming , Deng Yong
Published: April 2022

In fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (fDOT), the quality of reconstruction is severely limited by mismodeling and ill-posedness of inverse problems. Although data-driven deep learning methods improve the quality of image reconstruction, the network architecture lacks interpretability and requires a lot of data for training. We propose an interpretable model-driven projected gradient descent network (MPGD-Net) to improve the quality of fDOT reconstruction using only a few training samples. MPGD-Net unfolds projected gradient descent into a novel deep network architecture that is naturally interpretable. Simulation and in vivo experiments show that MPGD-Net greatly improves the fDOT reconstruction quality with superior generalization ability.
Photonic neuromorphic computing using vertical cavity semiconductor lasers
Authors: Skalli Anas , Robertson Joshua , Owen-Newns Dafydd , Hejda Matej , Porte Xavier , Reitzenstein Stephan , Hurtado Antonio , Brunner Daniel
Published: April 2022

Photonic realizations of neural network computing hardware are a
promising approach to enable future scalability of neuromorphic
computing. The number of special purpose neuromorphic hardware and
neuromorphic photonics has accelerated on such a scale that one can
now speak of a Cambrian explosion. Work along these lines includes (i)
high performance hardware for artificial neurons, (ii) the efficient
and scalable implementation of a neural network’s connections,
and (iii) strategies to adjust network connections during the learning
phase. In this review we provide an overview on vertical-cavity
surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and how these high-performance
electro-optical components either implement or are combined with
additional photonic hardware to demonstrate points (i-iii). In the
neurmorphic photonics context, VCSELs are of exceptional interest as
they are compatible with CMOS fabrication, readily achieve 30%
wall-plug efficiency, >30 GHz modulation bandwidth and multiply and
accumulate operations at sub-fJ energy. They hence are highly energy
efficient and ultra-fast. Crucially, they react nonlinearly to optical
injection as well as to electrical modulation, making them highly
suitable as all-optical as well as electro-optical photonic neurons.
Their optical cavities are wavelength-limited, and standard
semiconductor growth and lithography enables non-classical cavity
configurations and geometries. This enables excitable VCSELs (i.e.
spiking VCSELs) to finely control their temporal and spatial
coherence, to unlock terahertz bandwidths through spin-flip effects,
and even to leverage cavity quantum electrodynamics to further boost
their efficiency. Finally, as VCSEL arrays they are compatible with
standard 2D photonic integration, but their emission vertical to the
substrate makes them ideally suited for scalable integrated networks
leveraging 3D photonic waveguides. Here, we discuss the implementation
of spatially as well as temporally multiplexed VCSEL neural networks
and reservoirs, computation on the basis of excitable VCSELs as
photonic spiking neurons, as well as concepts and advances in the
fabrication of VCSELs and microlasers. Finally, we provide an outlook
and a roadmap identifying future possibilities and some crucial
milestones for the field.
Erebosis, a new cell death mechanism during homeostatic turnover of gut enterocytes
Authors: Ciesielski Hanna M. , Nishida Hiroshi , Takano Tomomi , Fukuhara Aya , Otani Tetsuhisa , Ikegawa Yuko , Okada Morihiro , Nishimura Takashi , Furuse Mikio , Yoo Sa Kan
Published: April 2022

Many adult tissues are composed of differentiated cells and stem cells, each working in a coordinated manner to maintain tissue homeostasis during physiological cell turnover. Old differentiated cells are believed to typically die by apoptosis. Here, we discovered a previously uncharacterized, new phenomenon, which we name erebosis based on the ancient Greek word erebos (“complete darkness”), in the gut enterocytes of adult Drosophila. Cells that undergo erebosis lose cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, organelles and fluorescent proteins, but accumulate Angiotensin-converting enzyme (Ance). Their nuclei become flat and occasionally difficult to detect. Erebotic cells do not have characteristic features of apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagic cell death. Inhibition of apoptosis prevents neither the gut cell turnover nor erebosis. We hypothesize that erebosis is a cell death mechanism for the enterocyte flux to mediate tissue homeostasis in the gut.
Phylogenetic analysis of migration, differentiation, and class switching in B cells
Authors: Hoehn Kenneth B. , Pybus Oliver G. , Kleinstein Steven H.
Published: April 2022

B cells undergo rapid mutation and selection for antibody binding affinity when producing antibodies capable of neutralizing pathogens. This evolutionary process can be intermixed with migration between tissues, differentiation between cellular subsets, and switching between functional isotypes. B cell receptor (BCR) sequence data has the potential to elucidate important information about these processes. However, there is currently no robust, generalizable framework for making such inferences from BCR sequence data. To address this, we develop three parsimony-based summary statistics to characterize migration, differentiation, and isotype switching along B cell phylogenetic trees. We use simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. We then use this framework to infer patterns of cellular differentiation and isotype switching from high throughput BCR sequence datasets obtained from patients in a study of HIV infection and a study of food allergy. These methods are implemented in the R package dowser, available at https://dowser.readthedocs.io.
Micro-dissection and integration of long and short reads to create a robust catalog of kidney compartment-specific isoforms
Authors: Li Hongyang , Eksi Ridvan , Yi Daiyao , Godfrey Bradley , Mathew Lisa R. , O’Connor Christopher L. , Bitzer Markus , Kretzler Matthias , Menon Rajasree , Guan Yuanfang
Published: April 2022

Studying isoform expression at the microscopic level has always been a challenging task. A classical example is kidney, where glomerular and tubulo-interstitial compartments carry out drastically different physiological functions and thus presumably their isoform expression also differs. We aim at developing an experimental and computational pipeline for identifying isoforms at microscopic structure-level. We microdissected glomerular and tubulo-interstitial compartments from healthy human kidney tissues from two cohorts. The two compartments were separately sequenced with the PacBio RS II platform. These transcripts were then validated using transcripts of the same samples by the traditional Illumina RNA-Seq protocol, distinct Illumina RNA-Seq short reads from European Renal cDNA Bank (ERCB) samples, and annotated GENCODE transcript list, thus identifying novel transcripts. We identified 14,739 and 14,259 annotated transcripts, and 17,268 and 13,118 potentially novel transcripts in the glomerular and tubulo-interstitial compartments, respectively. Of note, relying solely on either short or long reads would have resulted in many erroneous identifications. We identified distinct pathways involved in glomerular and tubulo-interstitial compartments at the isoform level, creating an important experimental and computational resource for the kidney research community.
Effects of community-led total sanitation and hygiene implementation on diarrheal diseases prevention in children less than five years of age in South Western Ethiopia: A quasi- experimental study
Authors: Bushen Gedamu , Merga Hailu , Tessema Fasil
Published: April 2022

Background

Lack of improved sanitation is the most important contributing factor to diarrheal disease among under-five children in low and middle-income countries. There was no study to identify the effect of Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene intervention on diarrheal diseases in the study area. Hence, this study was designed with the aim of finding the effects of Community-led Total Sanitation and Hygiene implementation for preventing diarrhea among under-five children.

Methods

A community-based Quasi-Experimental study was conducted among a sample of 846 households selected from intervention (kersa) and comparison (mana) districts using the four-stage random cluster-sampling method. A Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data was cleaned, coded, and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Difference-in Difference method with McNemar’s tests was used to compare the prevalence of diarrhea between the intervention and comparison districts, and the significance of change between the pre-test and post-test was declared at p-value less than 0.05 with 95% confidence interval.

Results

The intervention led to decreased diarrhea prevalence [pp = -8.2, 95% CI: -15.9, -0.5], increased latrine ownership [pp = 5.6, 95% CI: 0.5, 10.8], and increased latrine utilization [pp = 10.7, 95% CI: 4.7, 16.6] in intervention district at post-test compared to the baseline; while the presence of handwashing facility near the latrine, home-based water treatment, and proper water storage and handling practice were decreased at post-test compared to the baseline.

Conclusion

Implementation of Community-Led Total Sanitation improved sanitation and hygiene status of community that resulted in the reduction of diarrhea diseases in under-five children. Further implementation, evaluation, and scale-up of the interventions are needed to reduce diarrheal disease in under-five children.
Prefrontal hyperactivation during dual-task walking related to apathy symptoms in older individuals
Authors: Talamonti Deborah , Dupuy Emma Gabrielle , Boudaa Sarah , Vincent Thomas , Fraser Sarah , Nigam Anil , Lesage Frédéric , Belleville Sylvie , Gagnon Christine , Bherer Louis
Published: April 2022

Increasing evidence associates apathy with worsening in cognitive performance and greater risk of dementia, in both clinical and healthy older populations. In older adults with neurocognitive disorders, apathy has also been related to specific fronto-subcortical structural abnormalities, thus differentiating apathy and major depressive disorder. Yet, the neural mechanisms associated with apathy in healthy older adults are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the frontal cortical response during a dual-task walking paradigm in forty-one healthy older adults with and without apathy symptoms, controlling for depressive symptoms. The dual-task walking paradigm included a single cognitive task (2-back), a single motor task (walking), and a dual-task condition (2-back whilst walking). The cortical response was measured by means of functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). The results revealed that participants with apathy symptoms showed greater activation of subregions of the prefrontal cortex and of the premotor cortex compared to healthy controls during the single cognitive component of the dual-task paradigm, whilst cognitive performance was equivalent between groups. Moreover, increased cortical response during the cognitive task was associated with higher odds of exhibiting apathy symptoms, independently of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that apathy may be related to differential brain activation patterns in healthy older individuals and are in line with previous evidence of the distinctiveness between apathy and depression. Future research may explore the long-term effects of apathy on the cortical response in healthy older adults.
Mentoring of oral health professionals is crucial to improving access to care for people with special needs
Authors: Lim Mathew Albert Wei Ting , Liberali Sharon Andrea Corinne , Calache Hanny , Parashos Peter , Borromeo Gelsomina Lucia
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Individuals with special health care needs continue to experience difficulties with accessing regular dental care. This has largely been due to clinicians feeling they lack the training and experience to manage their needs. The aim of this study was to determine whether working closely with specialists in special need dentistry influenced the willingness of clinicians to treat patients with special needs.

Materials and methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with specialists and clinicians involved in these mentoring initiatives. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to determine perspectives towards how this additional support influenced their willingness to treat individuals with special needs.

Results

The views of all participants towards these supports were positive with clinicians feeling it not only offered them opportunities to learn from the specialists, but also increased their willingness to treat individuals with special needs and the timeliness and quality of care they were able to provide. Likewise, despite some concerns about the inappropriate use of specialist support, the specialists felt these mentoring relationships offered many benefits including improving timely access to care and ensuring individuals were able to receive appropriate care.

Conclusions

Mentoring provided by specialists in special needs dentistry improved the willingness of clinicians to provide care for individuals with special health care needs. Supports such as these are likely to be crucial to overcoming concerns of clinicians about their ability to manage the needs of these individuals and begin to address a significant barrier to access of care for individuals with special health care needs.
Africanized honeybee population (Apis mellifera L.) in Nicaragua: Forewing length and mitotype lineages
Authors: Düttmann Christiane , Flores Byron , Sheleby-Elías Jessica , Castillo Gladys , Rodriguez Daymara , Maggi Matías , Demedio Jorge
Published: April 2022

Various subspecies of Apis mellifera L. were introduced to Central America since colonization 500 years ago. Hybridization increased with the entrance of the Africanized bee in Nicaragua in 1984. Rustic beekeeping activities and numerous feral swarms define the genetic pattern, reflected in phenotypic heterogeneity and remarkable differences in the behaviour of the bee colonies, especially the nest defence. Due to these facts, the question emerge about the degree of Africanization of honeybee colonies in Nicaragua. In this study, we identified Africanized honeybee colonies based on the single character "mean forewing length" and we corroborated our results by determining mitotypes using mtDNA analysis. Morphometric and genetic approaches were realized in three different geographical zones of Nicaragua and related to beehive characteristics and management. Worker bee samples were taken from the inside of 146 hives from 26 apiaries. Abdominal colour as phenotypic character was the first examination, followed by measurement of 1460 right forewings to determine corresponding probability of Africanization. More than 60% of the beehives showed phenotypic heterogeneity and mean forewing length of 8.74 mm (SD 0.16 mm) indicated a high degree of Africanization. Those results provided a selection of 96 worker bees to perform PCR of two worker bees per hive. For mitochondrial DNA analysis 14 samples from sentinel apiaries were added. Three from 61 beehives presented bees with different mtDNA. Throughout, three mitotypes of the African (A) lineage were detected; one mitotype is still unidentified. Mitotype A1 A. mellifera iberiensis was represented by 88 bees and mitotype A4 A. mellifera scutellata by 21 bees. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the PCR findings. No associations were found between mitotypes, forewing length, beehive characteristics and management. A high degree of Africanization in A. mellifera colonies represented by two predominating mitotypes from the A lineage, prevail in Neotropical Nicaragua, with mitotype A4 predominating at higher altitudes.
An Objective Comparison of Vedolizumab and Ustekinumab Effectiveness in Crohn's Disease Patients' Failure to TNF-Alpha Inhibitors
Authors: Onali Sara , Pugliese Daniela , Caprioli Flavio Andrea , Orlando Ambrogio , Biancone Livia , Nardone Olga Maria , Imperatore Nicola , Fiorino Gionata , Cappello Maria , Viola Anna , Principi Maria Beatrice , Bezzio Cristina , Aratari Annalisa , Carparelli Sonia , Mazzuoli Silvia , Manguso Francesco , Grossi Laurino , Bodini Giorgia , Ribaldone Davide , Mocci Giammarco , Miranda Agnese , Minerba Luigi , Favale Agnese , Grova Mauro , Scucchi Ludovica , Segato Simone , Fries Walter , Castiglione Fabiana , Armuzzi Alessandro , Fantini Massimo C. ,   on behalf of the IG-IBD
Published: April 2022

INTRODUCTION:

The use of ustekinumab and vedolizumab as second-line therapies in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) in which tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNFi) failed is still debated. The aim of this study was to compare, in a large multicenter observational retrospective cohort, the effectiveness of ustekinumab and vedolizumab as second-line therapies, as assessed by clinical and objective outcomes including endoscopy and gastrointestinal imaging.

METHODS:

Clinical response, remission, and steroid-free remission at weeks 26 and 52 were evaluated in a retrospective propensity score–weighted and propensity score–matched cohort of patients in which TNFi failed. Objective response and remission were evaluated by 1 or more techniques among endoscopy, magnetic resonance/computed tomography enteroclysis, and small bowel ultrasound.

RESULTS:

A total of 470 patients with CD (239 treated with ustekinumab and 231 treated with vedolizumab) were included in the study. At week 26, clinical outcomes were similar between the 2 groups. At week 52, clinical remission (ustekinumab 42.5% vs vedolizumab 55.5%, P = 0.01) and steroid-free remission (ustekinumab 40.6% vs vedolizumab 51.1%, P = 0.038) rates were significantly higher in vedolizumab-treated patients. Three hundred two patients (hundred thirty-five treated with ustekinumab and hundred sixty-seven treated with vedolizumab) had an objective evaluation of disease activity at baseline and week 52. At week 52, objective response and remission rates were similar between the 2 groups. Clinical response at week 26 predicted steroid-free remission at week 52 in both ustekinumab-treated and vedolizumab-treated patients. Safety profiles were similar between the 2 groups.

DISCUSSION:

In patients with CD in which TNFi failed, both ustekinumab and vedolizumab showed similar clinical effectiveness after 26 weeks of treatment. At 1 year, vedolizumab was associated with a higher rate of clinical remission when compared with ustekinumab. However, no difference was observed between the 2 groups when objective outcomes were investigated at this time point.
Globalización, políticas neoliberales y transformaciones en la organización espacial de la economía mexicana a partir del decenio de 1980
Authors: Sánchez Salazar María Teresa , Gutiérrez de MacGregor María Teresa
Published: April 2022

La globalización económica, las reformas neoliberales y las transformaciones económicas y sociales asociadas a ellas han sido temas que han atraído el interés académico de gran número de científicos sociales, quienes los han analizado desde diferentes enfoques disciplinarios. Esta obra tiene como objetivo analizar los cambios en la estructura territorial de la economía mexicana en el contexto del entorno económico internacional y de las políticas neoliberales implementadas por el Estado mexicano a partir del decenio de 1980, los factores que han determinado o condicionado dichos cambios y sus efectos espaciales, expresados a través de las transformaciones en los patrones de distribución territorial de las actividades económicas, y sus relaciones con la población, su estructura y su dinámica espacio-temporal. Se trata entonces de un estudio que, desde la perspectiva geográfica, analiza los grandes procesos y transformaciones territoriales de la economía y la sociedad, derivadas de la inserción del país en la economía global y de la adopción de estrategias neoliberales para facilitar y garantizar dicha inserción.
Metamorfose da chapada
Authors: Pereira Fernandes da Silva Emília , Galizoni Flavia Maria , Mendes Pereira Lima Vico , Magalhães Ribeiro Eduardo , Simão de Paula Érick José , Oliveira Santos Alan , Rocha Santos Ana Flávia
Published: April 2022

O vale do Jequitinhonha mineiro foi alvo de políticas públicas para a implantação de monocultivo de eucalipto como forma de "ocupá-lo" e “integrá-lo” como fornecedor de matéria-prima para o complexo siderúrgico. A população rural desta região assistiu atônita à tomada de terras comunais e ao trato dado às veredas pelas monoculturas; associou, depois, o escasseamento crescente de água à dupla expropriação, de terra e de água. Este artigo analisa as alterações nas formas de gestão dos recursos da natureza, sua influência sobre a água e seus efeitos para as comunidades rurais. A metodologia articula técnicas de pesquisa social, espacial e agronômica. Os resultados indicaram que os maciços de eucaliptos influíram na dinâmica da água, secando mananciais, ocasionando insegurança hídrica em localidades, gerando custos ambientas, culturais e socioeconômicos para as comunidades lavradoras, para o poder público e para a sociedade.

Palavras-chaves: Monocultura. Eucalipto. Escassez de água. Camponeses. Jequitinhonha.
Desenvolvimento territorial rural no semiárido cearense
Authors: Ferreira Lima Maria Messias , De Rodat Fernandes Moreira Emília
Published: April 2022

O texto tem como objetivo analisar criticamente o Desenvolvimento Territorial Rural de forma multidimensional nos territórios de identidade no semiárido cearense, considerando as áreas de assentamentos rurais. Os dados para análise do DR foram obtidos através da pesquisa de campo, tendo como espaço amostral 06 (seis) assentamentos localizados em 05 (cinco) territórios de identidade. O índice encontrado para o semiárido cearense foi de 0,5163. Considerando que o índice varia de “zero” a “um”, este apresentou uma situação mediana ou intermediária, indicando que as ações permaneceram mais no nível emergencial, não se consolidando como política de longo prazo, impedindo, assim, o alcance de um efetivo desenvolvimento sustentável. Os indicadores que mais contribuíram positivamente para o nível de desenvolvimento foram os ambientais e político/organizacional, e os indicadores que contribuíram negativamente para o nível de desenvolvimento foram os econômicos e sociais.

Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento rural; Semiárido cearense; Assentamentos rurais
As possibilidades do cinema no ensino das humanidades
Authors: La Salvia André Luis
Published: April 2022

As possibilidades do cinema no ensino das humanidades
Resumo: Tradicionalmente usado como ilustração e sensibilização de conteúdos curriculares, propomos neste artigo um outro modo de usar cinema como recurso didático no ensino de humanidades. Em um primeiro momento, fazemos uma crítica acerca das práticas mais usuais, levantando o problema se com elas o cinema de fato pensa. Em um segundo momento, a partir da concepção proposta por Gilles Deleuze, propomos encarar o cinema como instaurador de processos mentais através de suas técnicas de enquadramento, decupagem e montagem. Confrontamos a proposta de Deleuze com a de Julio Cabrera para analisar criticamente a relação do pensamento com o cinema. Discutimos teoricamente esta distinção e também apresentamos práticas didáticas possíveis relacionadas a ambos os procedimentos. O artigo procura refletir tanto sobre as teorias quanto as práticas possíveis tendo em vista a relação pensamento e cinema.
Palavras-chave: ensino; filosofia do cinema; humanidades; cinema.
 
The possibilities of cinema in humanities teaching
Abstract: Traditionally used as an illustration and sensitization of curriculum content, we propose in this article another way of using cinema as a didactic resource in humanities education. At first, we criticize the most common practices, raising the issue of whether cinema really thinks with them. In a second moment, based on the conception proposed by Gilles Deleuze, we propose to face cinema as the instigator of mental processes through its framing, decoupage and editing techniques. We compare Deleuze's proposal with Julio Cabrera's to critically analyze the relationship between thought and cinema. We theoretically discuss this distinction and also present possible didactic practices related to both procedures. The article seeks to reflect on both theories and possible practices in the relationship between thought and cinema.
Key-words: teaching; film philosophy; humanities; cinema
 
Las posibilidades del cine en la enseñanza de las humanidades
Resumen: Tradicionalmente utilizado como ilustración y conciencia de los contenidos curriculares, proponemos en este artículo otra forma de utilizar el cine como recurso didáctico en la educación en humanidades. En un primer momento, criticamos las prácticas más habituales, planteando la cuestión de si el cine realmente piensa en ellas. En un segundo momento, partiendo de la concepción propuesta por Gilles Deleuze, nos proponemos afrontar el cine como impulsor de los procesos mentales a través de sus técnicas de encuadre, decoupage y edición. Comparamos la propuesta de Deleuze con la de Julio Cabrera para analizar críticamente la relación entre pensamiento y cine. Teóricamente discutimos esta distinción y también presentamos posibles prácticas didácticas relacionadas con ambos procedimientos. El artículo busca reflexionar tanto sobre teorías como posibles prácticas ante la relación entre pensamiento y cine.
Palabras clave: docencia; filosofía del cine; humanidades; cine.
 
Data de registro: 30/08/2021Data de aceite: 16/02/2022
Temporary Basic Income in Times of Pandemic: Rationale, Costs and Poverty-Mitigation Potential
Authors: Gray Molina George , Montoya-Aguirre María , Ortiz-Juarez Eduardo
Published: April 2022

The pandemic has exposed the costs of job and income losses. Emergency cash transfers can mitigate the worst immediate effects on people who lack access to safety nets. This research note provides estimates for a potential Temporary Basic Income (TBI) for poor and near-poor people across 132 developing countries, as well as the minimum cost of income support sufficient to mitigate the pandemic-induced poverty increase. The total monthly cost of the TBI ranges 0.27–0.63% of developing countries’ combined GDP, depending on the choice: (i) top-ups on each country’s average incomes up to a vulnerability threshold; (ii) transfers based on each country’s median standard of living; or (iii) uniform transfers. This note argues that some form of TBI is within reach and can inform a larger conversation about how to build comprehensive social protection systems that make the poor and near-poor more resilient to economic downturns in the future.
Distal femoral fractures in children
Authors: Sepúlveda Matías , Téllez Cecilia , Villablanca Víctor , Birrer Estefanía
Published: April 2022

The physis of the distal femur contributes to 70% of femoral growth and 37% of the total limb growth; therefore, physeal injury can lead to important alterations of axes and length.

Distal metaphyseal corner-type fracture prior to walking is classically associated with child abuse. In children aged >10 years, sports-related fractures and car accidents are significant contributors.

Imaging includes a two-plane radiographic study of the knee. It is recommended to obtain radiographs that include the entire femur to rule out concomitant injuries. In cases of high suspicion of distal metaphyseal fractures and no radiographic evidence, CT or MRI can show the existence of hidden fractures.

Fractures with physeal involvement are conventionally classified according to the Salter–Harris classification, but the Peterson classification is also recommended as it includes special subgroups.

Conservative and surgical management are valid alternatives for the treatment of these fractures. Choosing between both alternatives depends on factors related to the fracture type.

As there is a high risk of permanent physeal damage, long-term follow-up is essential until skeletal maturity is complete.