bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal imitation‐related cortical activation sequences in Asperger's syndrome
Authors: Nishitani Nobuyuki , Avikainen Sari , Hari Riitta
Published: March 2004

Subjects with Asperger's syndrome (AS) are impaired in social interaction and imitation, but the underlying brain mechanisms are poorly understood. Because the mirror‐neuron system (MNS) that matches observed and executed actions has been suggested to play an important role in imitation and in reading of other people's intentions, we assessed MNS functions in 8 adult AS subjects and in 10 healthy control subjects during imitation of still pictures of lip forms. In the control subjects, cortical activation progressed in 30 to 80‐millisecond steps from the occipital cortex to the superior temporal sulcus, to the inferior parietal lobe, and to the inferior frontal lobe, and finally, 75 to 90 milliseconds later, to the primary motor cortex of both hemispheres. Similar activation sites were found in AS subjects but with slightly larger scatter. Activation of the inferior frontal lobe was delayed by 45 to 60 milliseconds and activations in the inferior frontal lobe and in the primary motor cortex were weaker than in control subjects. The observed abnormal premotor and motor processing could account for a part of imitation and social impairments in subjects with AS. Ann Neurol 2004
Plasma amyloid β, apolipoprotein E, lacunar infarcts, and white matter lesions
Authors: Van Dijk Ewoud J. , Prins Niels D. , Vermeer Sarah E. , Hofman Albert , Van Duijn Cornelia M. , Koudstaal Peter J. , Breteler Monique M.B.
Published: March 2004

Lacunar brain infarcts and cerebral white matter lesions are frequently observed on magnetic resonance imaging scans in elderly subjects. These lesions are also frequent in patient with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We examined whether plasma amyloid β peptide (Aβ) levels are associated with lacunar infarcts and white matter lesions in the general population, and whether the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype modifies these associations. We studied 1,077 participants within the population‐based Rotterdam Scan Study, who were 60 to 90 years of age and free of dementia. Cross‐sectional associations were analyzed by regression models with adjustments for age, sex, creatinine levels, and hypertension. In APOE ε4 carriers, plasma Aβ levels were positively associated with lacunar infarcts and white matter lesions, whereas in noncarriers no associations were observed. Per standard deviation increase in Aβ1‐40 and Aβ1‐42 levels the odds ratios for lacunar infarcts were 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22–2.43) and 1.93 (95% CI = 1.31–2.85), the periventricular white matter lesion grade increased by 0.32 (95% CI = 0.08–0.57) and 0.29 (95% CI = 0.00–0.57), and the subcortical white matter lesion volume increased by 0.48ml (95% CI = 0.04–0.91) and 0.24ml (95% CI = −0.27–0.75). Higher Aβ levels are associated with more lacunar infarcts and white matter lesions in elderly subjects who carry an APOE ε4 allele. Ann Neurol 2004
Ataxia after pontine stroke: Insights from pontocerebellar fibers in monkey
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Rosene Douglas L. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: March 2004

Basis pontis lacunes cause contralateral but rarely ipsilateral ataxia. We explored this phenomenon with isotope tract tracing in the rhesus monkey. Labeled pontocerebellar fibers cross midline and disperse widely in the opposite hemipons before coalescing in the brachium pontis. This anatomical arrangement suggests that small pontine strokes spare sufficient decussating pontocerebellar fibers to prevent ipsilateral dysmetria, and that ipsilateral dysmetria after large pontine stroke represents a disconnection syndrome.
Detection and characterization of MuSK antibodies in seronegative myasthenia gravis
Authors: McConville John , Farrugia Maria Elena , Beeson David , Kishore Uday , Metcalfe Richard , Newsom‐Davis John , Vincent Angela
Published: March 2004

Antibodies to rat muscle specific kinase, MuSK, have recently been identified in some generalized “seronegative” myasthenia gravis (SNMG) patients, who are often females with marked bulbar symptoms. Using immunoprecipitation of 125I‐labelled‐human MuSK, 27 of 66 (41%) seronegative patients were positive, but 18 ocular SNMG patients, 105 AChR antibody positive MG patients, and 108 controls were negative. The antibodies are of high affinity (Kds around 100 pM) with titers between 1 and 200 nM. They bind to the extracellular Ig‐like domains of soluble or native MuSK. Surprisingly they are predominantly in the IgG4 subclass. MuSK‐antibody associated MG may be differnet in etiological and pathological mechanisms.
The ketogenic diet increases mitochondrial uncoupling protein levels and activity
Authors: Sullivan Patrick G. , Rippy Nancy A. , Dorenbos Kristina , Concepcion Rachele C. , Agarwal Aakash K. , Rho Jong M.
Published: March 2004

Fatty acids are known to enhance mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) activity. We asked whether a high‐fat ketogenic diet (KD) increases UCP levels and activity in hippocampi of juvenile mice. Maximum mitochondrial respiration rates were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in KD‐ versus standard diet (SD)–treated animals, indicating increased UCP‐mediated proton conductance that can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Western blots showed significant (p < 0.05) or borderline significant increases in UCP2, UCP4, and UCP5 protein levels, and increased immunoreactivity to these three UCP isoforms was most prominently seen in the dentate gyrus of KD‐fed mice. Finally, we found that oligomycin‐induced ROS production was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in KD‐fed mice than in SD controls. Collectively, our data suggest that a KD may exert neuroprotective effects by diminishing ROS production through activation of mitochondrial UCPs.
Die Eintopfkondensation von Pyrrolen mit Aldehyden als vielseitiger Selbstorganisationsprozess
Authors: Ghosh Abhik
Published: March 2004

Die Pyrrol‐Aldehyd‐Cyclokondensation gilt seit über einem halben Jahrhundert als die klassische Eintopfsynthese symmetrischer Porphyrine, lieferte aber auch viele nichtporphyrinartige Makrocyclen wie “N‐invertierte” Porphyrine, Corrole, Sapphyrine und expandierte Porphyrine. Sie erwies sich somit als vielseitiger Selbstorganisationsprozess. Ein herausragendes Beispiel ist die Corrol‐Eintopfsynthese. Die mannigfaltigen Zwischenprodukte der anaeroben Phase einer Synthese vom Lindsey‐Typ wurden als ein dynamisches kovalentes Selbstorganisationssystem interpretiert. Dies eröffnet die Möglichkeit, durch Zugabe eines Wirts die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen der Zwischenprodukte zu ändern und damit zu beeinflussen, welches Hauptprodukt nach dem oxidativen Quenchen isoliert wird.
Titelbild: Enzymatic Behavior by Intercalating Molecules in a Template‐Directed Ligation Reaction (Angew. Chem. 15/2004)
Authors: Jain Swapan S. , Anet Frank A. L. , Stahle Christopher J. , Hud Nicholas V.
Published: March 2004

Intercalationsvermittelter Aufbau ist eine potente Methode zur templatgesteuerten Ligation von Oligonucleotiden. In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 2038 ff. zeigen Hud et al., dass Proflavin (gelb) die Basenpaarungsgeschwindigkeit kurzer Oligonucleotide um drei Größenordnungen erhöht. Die Möglichkeit, dass kleine Moleküle eine ähnliche Rolle bei der Entstehung des Lebens gespielt haben, illustriert das Titelbild mit M. C. Eschers Holzschnitt Der zweite Schöpfungstag (1925) im Hintergrund.
A formal knowledge management ontology: Conduct, activities, resources, and influences
Authors: Holsapple C.W. , Joshi K.D.
Published: March 2004

This article describes a collaboratively engineered general‐purpose knowledge management (KM) ontology that can be used by practitioners, researchers, and educators. The ontology is formally characterized in terms of nearly one hundred definitions and axioms that evolved from a Delphi‐like process involving a diverse panel of over 30 KM practitioners and researchers. The ontology identifies and relates knowledge manipulation activities that an entity (e.g., an organization) can perform to operate on knowledge resources. It introduces a taxonomy for these resources, which indicates classes of knowledge that may be stored, embedded, and/or represented in an entity. It recognizes factors that influence the conduct of KM both within and across KM episodes. The Delphi panelists judge the ontology favorably overall: its ability to unify KM concepts, its comprehensiveness, and utility. Moreover, various implications of the ontology for the KM field are examined as indicators of its utility for practitioners, educators, and researchers.
Effect of wave frequency of clinical electric shock: pain sensation and startle response
Authors: Duker P. C. , Hendriks C. , Schroen J.
Published: March 2004

Contingent shock has been used in a number of studies to suppress health‐threatening self‐injurious behavior of individuals with mental retardation and autism. As sustained suppression is an issue of clinical concern, research into procedural variables of contingent shock is needed. As research on subjects who have mental retardation and who show self‐injurious behavior is ethically impossible, we conducted research on healthy volunteers. In this study, we compared the effect of wave frequency (i.e. Hz) of electric shock on subjects' pain sensation and startle response. It was found that 60 Hz revealed a significantly stronger pain sensation rating than 30 Hz and that 90 Hz revealed a significantly stronger rating than 60 Hz. Also, the magnitude of subjects' startle response significantly increased as wave frequency increased from 30 Hz to 60 Hz and from 60 to 90 Hz. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opinion formation in evaluating sanity at the time of the offense: an examination of 5175 pre‐trial evaluations
Authors: Warren Janet I. , Murrie Daniel C. , Chauhan Preeti , Dietz Park E. , Morris James
Published: March 2004

Sanity evaluations are high‐stake undertakings that explicitly examine the defendant's culpability for a crime and implicitly explore clinical information that might inform a plea agreement. Despite the gravity of such evaluations, relatively little research has investigated the process by which evaluators form their psycholegal opinions. In the current study, we explore this process by examining 5175 sanity evaluations conducted by a cohort of forensic evaluators in Virginia over a ten‐year period. Our analyses focus on (i) the clinical, criminal, and demographic attributes of the defendant correlated with opinions indicative of insanity; (ii) the clinical content of the evaluations and the legal criteria referenced as the basis for the psycholegal opinion; (iii) the process and outcome differences in the sanity evaluations conducted by psychologists versus psychiatrists; and (iv) the consistency in these opinions over a ten year period. Analyses predicting an opinion of insanity indicate a positive relationship with psychotic, organic, and affective diagnoses and previous psychiatric treatment. Analyses also indicate a negative relationship with prior criminal history, drug charges, personality disorder diagnosis, and intoxication at the time of the offense. Modest racial disparities were observed with evaluators offering opinions that the defendant was insane more often for white than for minority defendants despite comparable psychiatric and criminal characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does legal education have undermining effects on law students? Evaluating changes in motivation, values, and well‐being
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Krieger Lawrence S.
Published: March 2004

We evaluated changes in subjective well‐being (SWB), motivation, and values occurring over the law‐student career. In study 1, law students began with levels of SWB higher than a comparison sample of undergraduates, but by the end of the first year their SWB had plummeted. These changes were correlated with the sample‐wide decreases in intrinsic motivation over the first year, and were also correlated with increases in appearance values and decreases in community service values. Those with the most intrinsic motivations attained the highest grades, but, ironically, high grades in turn predicted shifts in career preferences towards “lucrative” and higher‐stress law careers, and away from “service”‐oriented and potentially more satisfying law careers. The declines persisted over the second and third years of law school. In study 2, the basic effects were replicated for a different sample of first‐year students at a different law school. Implications for legal education and the legal profession are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and effects of client trust in criminal defense attorneys: preliminary examination of the congruence model of trust development
Authors: Boccaccini Marcus T. , Boothby Jennifer L. , Brodsky Stanley L.
Published: March 2004

The present study examines the relation between client participation in attorney–client relationships, the development of client trust in criminal defense attorneys, and client satisfaction with attorneys and case outcomes. The congruence model of trust development (CMTD) is proposed to explain the relation between desired participation by clients, allowed participation by attorneys, and the development of client trust in attorneys. The CMTD predicts that clients who trust their attorneys will subsequently be satisfied with their attorneys and case outcomes. A sample of 96 experienced criminal defendants currently in prison completed the Attorney–Client Trust Scale (ACTS: Boccaccini & Brodsky, 2002) and provided information about their experiences with their most recent criminal defense attorneys. Findings were generally consistent with the CMTD in suggesting that (i) allowed participation is associated with trust in attorneys, and (ii) trust is associated with satisfaction with attorneys and case outcomes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Road Maps for Nitrogen‐Transfer Catalysis: The Challenge of the Osmium(VIII)‐Catalyzed Diamination
Authors: Deubel Dirk V. , Muñiz Kilian
Published: March 2004

Although the Sharpless dihydroxylation has been used on laboratory and industrial scales for several decades, an analogous osmium‐catalyzed diamination is unknown. To explore the reaction of osmium(VIII) oxo–imido complexes with CC bonds, density functional calculations have been performed. The calculations predict a chemoselective and perispecific [3+2] addition of the NHOsNH moiety of diimidodioxoosmium(VIII) to ethylene, yielding dioxoosma‐2,5‐diazolidine. At first sight, this metallacycle seems extremely stable; it is more stable than diimidoosma‐2,5‐dioxolane by 40 kcal mol−1. However, a comparison of the thermodynamic reaction profiles for catalytic model cycles of dihydroxylation, aminohydroxylation, and diamination reveals that, contrary to common belief, the instability of the metalN bond in the osmium(VIII) imido complex rather than the stability of the metalN bond in the osmium(VI) intermediate causes most of the energy difference between the metallacycles. Substituents on the substrate have a small effect on the thermodynamic reaction profiles, whereas substituents on the imido ligands allow steric and electronic control of the reaction free enthalpies in the range of up to 25 kcal mol−1. The results of this study help identify potential challenges in the development of the as‐yet hypothetical title reaction and provide a modular concept for exploring novel catalytic routes.
Combinatorial Chemistry Approach to Chiral Catalyst Engineering and Screening: Rational Design and Serendipity
Authors: Ding Kuiling , Du Haifeng , Yuan Yu , Long Jiang
Published: March 2004

An efficient asymmetric catalyst relies on the successful combination of a large number of interrelated variables, including rational design, intuition, persistence, and good fortune—not all of which are necessarily well‐understood; this renders such practice largely empirical. As a result, the possibility of using combinatorial chemistry methods in asymmetric catalysis research has been widely recognized to be highly desirable. In this account, we attempt to show the principle and application of combinatorial approach in the discovery of chiral catalysts for enantioselective reactions. The concept focuses on the strategy for the creation of a modular chiral catalyst library by two‐component ligand modification of metal ions on the basis of molecular recognition and assembly. The self‐assembled chiral catalyst with two different ligands indeed exhibited synergistic effects in terms of both enantioselectivity and activity in comparison with its corresponding homocombinations in many reactions. The examples described in this paper demonstrated the powerfulness of combinatorial approach for the discovery of novel chiral catalyst systems, particularly for the development of highly efficient, enantioselective, and practical catalysts for enantioselective reactions. We hope this concept will stimulate further work on the discovery of more highly efficient and enantioselective catalysts, as well as unexpected classes of catalysts or catalytic enantioselective reactions in the future with the help of a combinatorial chemistry approach.
Chemical Adaptor Systems
Authors: Shabat Doron , Amir Roey J. , Gopin Anna , Pessah Neta , Shamis Marina
Published: March 2004

“Chemical adaptor systems” are molecules used to link different functionalities, based on unique reactivity that allows controlled fragmentation. Two different mechanistic reactivities were used to prepare chemical adaptor systems. The first is based on a spontaneous intra‐cyclization reaction to form a stable ring molecule. Cleavage of the trigger generates a free nucleophile, for example, an amine group, which undergoes intra‐cyclization to release the target molecule from the handle part (e.g., a targeting antibody or a solid support for synthesis). The second applied reactivity is an elimination reaction, which is usually based on a quinone‐methide‐type rearrangement. Similarly, cleavage of the trigger generates a free phenol functionality, which can undergo a self‐elimination reaction through a quinone‐methide rearrangement to release the target molecule. The adaptor molecules have been applied in the field of drug delivery to release a drug from a targeting device and in the field of solid‐phase synthesis to release a synthetic molecule from the solid support. A chemical adaptor molecule has also been used as a building unit to construct dendrimers with a triggered fragmentation.
Molecular Shuttles Based on Tetrathiafulvalene Units and 1,5‐Dioxynaphthalene Ring Systems
Authors: Kang Seogshin , Vignon Scott A. , Tseng Hsian‐Rong , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: March 2004

Six different degenerate [2]rotaxanes were synthesized and characterized. The rotaxanes contained either two tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units or two 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene (DNP) ring systems, both of which serve as recognition sites for a cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (CBPQT4+) ring. Three different spacer units were incorporated into the dumbbell components of the [2]rotaxanes between the recognition sites. They include a polyether chain, a terphenyl unit, and a diphenyl ether linker, all of which were investigated in order to probe the effect of the spacers on the rate of the shuttling process. Data from dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a relatively small difference in the ΔG≠ values for the shuttling process in the [2]rotaxanes containing the three different spacers, in contrast to a large difference between the TTF‐containing rotaxanes (18 kcal mol−1) and the DNP‐containing rotaxanes (15 kcal mol−1). This 3 kcal mol−1 difference is predominantly a result of a ground‐state effect, reflecting the much stronger binding of TTF units to the CBPQT4+ ring in comparison with DNP ring systems. An examination of the enthalpic (ΔH≠) and entropic (ΔS≠) components for the shuttling process in the DNP‐containing rotaxanes revealed significant differences between the three spacers, a property which could be important in designing new molecules for incorporation into molecular electronic and nanoelectromechanical (NEMs) devices.
Actin and myosin in Gregarina polymorpha
Authors: Heintzelman Matthew B.
Published: March 2004

Actin and two class XIV unconventional myosins have been cloned from Gregarina polymorpha, a large protozoan parasite inhabiting the gut of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor. These proteins were most similar to their homologues expressed in the coccidian and haemosporidian Apicomplexa such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium despite the significant morphological differences among these parasites. Both actin and G. polymorpha myosin A (GpMyoA), a 92.6‐kDa protein characterized by a canonical myosin head domain and short, highly basic tail, localized to both the longitudinally‐disposed surface membrane folds (epicytic folds) of the parasite as well as to the subjacent rib‐like myonemes that gird the parasite cortex. G. polymorpha myosin B (GpMyoB), a 96.3‐kDa myosin, localized exclusively to the epicytic folds of the parasite. Both myosins were tightly associated with the cortical cytoskeleton and were solubilized only with a combination of high salt and detergent. Both GpMyoA and GpMyoB could bind to actin in an ATP‐sensitive fashion. The distribution of actin and the unconventional myosins in G. polymorpha was consistent with their proposed participation in both the rapid (1–10 μm/sec) gliding motility exhibited by the gregarines as well as the myoneme‐mediated bending motions that have been observed in these parasites. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:83–95, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Taste bud cell dynamics during normal and sodium‐restricted development
Authors: Hendricks Susan J. , Brunjes Peter C. , Hill David L.
Published: March 2004

Taste bud volume increases over the postnatal period to match the number of neurons providing innervation. To clarify age‐related changes in fungiform taste bud volume, the current study investigated developmental changes in taste bud cell number, proliferation rate, and life span. Taste bud growth can largely be accounted for by addition of cytokeratin‐19‐positive taste bud cells. Examination of taste bud cell kinetics with 3H‐thymidine autoradiography revealed that cell life span and turnover periods were not altered during normal development but that cells were produced more rapidly in young rats, a prominent modification that could lead to increased taste bud size. By comparison, dietary sodium restriction instituted during pre‐ and postnatal development results in small taste buds at adulthood as a result of fewer cytokeratin‐19‐positive cells. The dietary manipulation also had profound influences on taste bud growth kinetics, including an increased latency for cells to enter the taste bud and longer life span and turnover periods. These studies provide fundamental, new information about taste bud development under normal conditions and after environmental manipulations that impact nerve/target matching. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:173–182, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic basal forebrain neurons that express receptor for neurokinin B and send axons to the cerebral cortex
Authors: Furuta Takahiro , Koyano Konomi , Tomioka Ryohei , Yanagawa Yuchio , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: March 2004

Neurons expressing neurokinin B (NK3) receptor in the basal forebrain region of rats were characterized histochemically by combining immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization and retrograde labeling, and electrophysiologically by whole‐cell clamp recording. NK3 receptor‐immunoreactive neurons were found in the basal forebrain region including the substantia innominata, where axon terminals immunoreactive for preprotachykinin B, the precursor peptide of neurokinin B (NKB), were densely distributed. More than 90% of NK3 receptor‐expressing neurons in the basal forebrain region showed signals for glutamate decarboxylase mRNA, indicating that almost all NK3 receptor‐expressing neurons were γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. On the other hand, only a few NK3 receptor‐immunoreactive neurons showed immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase or parvalbumin in the substantia innominata, ventral pallidum, and globus pallidus, although the distribution of NK3 receptor‐expressing neurons overlapped with those of cholinergic neurons and parvalbumin‐positive neurons. After injection of wheat germ agglutinin into the cerebral cortex, NK3 receptor immunoreactivity was detected in about 25% of retrogradely labeled basal forebrain neurons, indicating that NK3 receptor‐expressing neurons send projection fibers to the cerebral cortex. In the whole‐cell clamp recording study, a selective NK3 receptor agonist evoked membrane depolarization or inward currents with decrease of input impedance in 10 of 100 cortically projecting neurons recorded in the basal forebrain region. Because NKB‐producing striatal neurons send axons selectively to the basal forebrain region (Furuta et al., 2000), the present results suggest that the release of NKB by those striatal neurons induces an inhibitory effect on cortical neurons via facilitation of GABAergic basal forebrain neurons expressing NK3 receptor. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:43–58, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ASC:SIL ratio following implementation of the 2001 Bethesda system
Authors: Quddus M. Ruhul , Sung C. James , Eklund Claire M. , Reilly Mary E. , Steinhoff Margaret M.
Published: March 2004

The 2001 Bethesda system (TBS 2001) eliminated the “satisfactory but limited by” category, benign cellular changes (BCC), and the designations “favor benign” (ASC‐B) and “favor low grade” (ASC‐L) for atypical squamous cells. We compared the unsatisfactory rate and atypical squamous cells:squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC:SIL) ratio pre‐ and postimplementation of TBS 2001 to see if there was an increase in unsatisfactory specimens, ASC rate, and altered ASC:SIL ratio. Pap Tests (569,726) reviewed at the Cytopathology Laboratory of Women and Infants Hospital from 1998–2002 were included. TBS 1991 terminology was used through December 31, 2001. Conversion to TBS 2001 took place on January 1, 2002. The average ASC:SIL ratios pre‐ and postimplementation of TBS 2001 were 1.52:1 and 1.42:1, respectively. The rates of unsatisfactory specimens and ASC remained unchanged. Conversion to TBS 2001 did not adversely affect the ASC:SIL ratio or the detection rates of abnormalities of Pap tests. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:240–242. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Pap Test terminology and age in the detection of carcinoma invasive and carcinoma in situ in medically underserved California women
Authors: Howell Lydia P. , Tabnak Farzaneh , Tudury A.J. , Stoodt Georjean
Published: March 2004

Our goals were to evaluate Pap Test findings classified by the Bethesda system, and follow up biopsies from participants in the California Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (Ca‐BCCCP) for: 1) correlation in the detection of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and carcinoma invasive (CI), and 2) age‐related trends, with discussion in the context of the 2001 ASCCP Management Guidelines. Women (n = 52,339) who had their initial screening Pap Tests with Ca‐BCCCP between January 1995–December 1999 were followed for diagnostic services through December 2000. Descriptive and analytical methods were used in the analysis. Of the Pap results, 81.9% were negative, 10.6% showed infection, 4.7% showed an epithelial abnormality as defined by the Bethesda system (atypical squamous cells of undertermined significance (ASCUS), low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), or high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)), 0.1% showed squamous‐cell cancer (SCC), and 2.7% showed other or unsatisfactory. Subsequent to the initial Pap Test, follow‐up results of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and carcinoma invasive (CI) accounted for 0.36% and 0.05% of the population, respectively. Among HSIL Pap Tests (n = 285), 40.7% had follow‐up showing CIS. Among SCC Pap Tests, 17.9% had follow‐up results of CIS and 28.6% CI. Of the 191 patients with CIS as a follow‐up finding, the initial Pap smear showed: HSIL 60.7%, SCC 2.6%, LSIL 10.5%, ASCUS 13.6%, and negative or infection 9.9%. Of the 27 patients with CI, the initial Pap Test showed: HSIL 40.7%, SCC 29.6%, LSIL 7.4%, ASCUS 7.4%, and negative or infection 11.1%. Pap diagnoses of other or unsatisfactory accounted for 2.6% of the Pap results from patients with CIS and 3.7% of Pap results from patients with CI. Except for LSIL, there was an increasing age trend in the number of cases in each of Pap results, with the exception of age 65+ yr. However, the ratio of LSIL and ASCUS to negative cases decreased with age. (P < 0.0001 and 0.0293, respectively). HSIL Pap results indicate a reasonably high probability of CIS and CI. However, approximately 1/3 of patients with CIS and 1/4 of patients with CI presented with Pap diagnoses of less severity than HSIL. When a negative Pap Test result is chosen as reference group, there is a negative age trend for LSIL and ASCUS, and no age trend for other results. These findings all have important implications in the design of follow‐up strategies, and support the 2001 ASCCP Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Women with Cervical Abnormalities. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:227–234. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hormone receptor status and HER2/neu overexpression determined by automated immunostainer on routinely fixed cytologic specimens from breast carcinoma: Correlation with histologic sections determinations and diagnostic pitfalls
Authors: Moriki Toshiaki , Takahashi Tamotsu , Ueta Shousuke , Mitani Miko , Ichien Miho
Published: March 2004

Although fine‐needle aspiration cytology is a routine procedure for the diagnosis of breast carcinoma, cytologic specimens have rarely been used for evaluation of hormone receptor status and HER2/neu overexpression. In order to compare the biological markers on cytology and on histology, routinely fixed smears of 110 primary breast carcinomas were immunostained for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2/neu by automated immunostainer and the results were compared with the corresponding histologic sections. ER was expressed in 76 of 110 (69%) cases and PgR was expressed in 51 of 110 (46%). Overexpression of HER2/neu was observed in 30 of 110 (27%) cases. Concordance between cytology and histology was 98% for ER, 95% for PgR, and 100% for HER2/neu. There was no false positive result on smears. Diagnostic pitfalls in determination of hormone receptor status on smears included intratumoral heterogeneity and presence of mucin. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:251–256. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of blastic natural killer‐cell lymphoma (CD4+ CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm)
Authors: Wu Howard Her‐Juing , Ren Rulong , Roepke Janet E.
Published: March 2004

We describe fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology findings of a case of blastic natural killer (NK)‐cell lymphoma. The patient was a 68‐year‐old man who was diagnosed with cutaneous blastic NK‐cell lymphoma involving his forehead. He developed a 1.5 cm, right pre‐auricular lymph node five months later. FNA cytology revealed a monomorphic population of medium‐sized lymphoid cells with a dispersed single cell arrangement. The tumor cells contained eccentrically located nuclei with a plasmacytoloid appearance and moderate amount of grayish cytoplasm without azurophilic granules. The nuclei were round to oval with fine chromatin, small indistinct nucleoli, and frequent nuclear indentation. Many cells also showed elongated cytoplasm with a unique hand‐mirror or ping‐pong paddle‐like appearance. The flow cytometry study obtained during the FNA revealed co‐expression of CD4 and CD56 in the tumor cells that confirm the recurrence of a blastic NK‐cell lymphoma to the pre‐auricular lymph node. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:268–270. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Saqi Anjali , Mercado Cecilia L. , Hamele‐Bena Diane
Published: March 2004

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology remains a useful tool for preoperative diagnosis of breast lesions. We describe a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast detected by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Subsequent histopathology corroborated the diagnosis. ACC is a rare but distinctive neoplasm of the breast that can be accurately diagnosed by FNA. Its infrequent presentation, favorable prognosis, and relatively conservative management in the breast prompt us to reinforce its features. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:271–274. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of apocrine hidrocystoma—A potential mimic of papillary neoplasms metastasizing to the skin
Authors: Pérez‐Guillermo Miguel , Solano José García
Published: March 2004

We report the cytologic features of a histologically confirmed apocrine hidrocystoma as seen in fine‐needle aspirates. The main cytologic features were the presence of sparse pseudopapillae with mild to moderate atypia in a background of an amorphous navy blue material reminiscent of that seen in aspirates of colloid nodules of the thyroid gland. The pseudopapillae were mistaken for malignant metastatic deposits. It is suggested that the presence of pseudopapillae in aspirates obtained from cutaneous nodules might be a clue for a tentative diagnosis of benign tumors of epidermal adnexae, with the proviso that a primary malignant tumor be ruled out first. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:275–279. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathological features of an epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma with predominant clear myoepithelial cells in the parotid gland
Authors: Kawahara Akihiko , Harada Hiroshi , Yokoyama Toshiro , Kage Masayoshi
Published: March 2004

Epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a rare low‐grade carcinoma occurring most frequently in the parotid gland. Most EMCs consist of two cell types that typically form double‐layered ductal structures. However, occasionally EMC presents predominantly clear myoepithelial cells. A 34‐year‐old man visited in August 1993 and was diagnosed as having clear‐cell carcinoma. The tumor was curatively resected. However, in the following 5 years, recurrence developed a total of five times. The imprint cytological feature of the recurrence at the third time showed monophasic clear cells in sheet clusters with overlapping. Most of the clear tumor cells presented an expression to α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA). The imprint cytological feature of the recurrence at the fifth time showed increase of nuclear atypia with coarse chromatin patterns and large nucleoli. In addition to cytological findings, the cytological diagnosis of EMC with predominant clear myoepithelial cells requires a definite expression to SMA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:280–283. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viral cytopathic changes in urine cytology of ileal conduit attributed to adenovirus: Report of a case
Authors: Zaharopoulos Paul
Published: March 2004

Urine cytology from ureteral diversions utilizing intestinal segment as reservoir or conduit, constructed during cystectomy performed usually for advanced bladder neoplasia, differs from bladder urine cytology in that the presence of abundant intestinal mucosal cells with degenerative and inflammatory changes interferes with the recognition of other important cellular changes, particularly of recurrent neoplasia in the upper urinary tract, not to mention other less frequent yet note worthy pathologic changes, such as viral type indigenous to the urinary tract. When confronted with diseases involving the intestinal segment, such as viral enteritides, the diagnostic problem becomes more complex and special effort is needed to recognize and characterize them correctly, differentiating them from other pathologies or artifacts seen in such specimens. We report one such case in which viral changes affecting columnar intestinal epithelium were identified and by immunocytochemistry characterized as adenoviral involving primarily cells of the intestinal conduit. We discuss the significance of such infection in comparison to other viral changes indigenous to the urinary tract, which could also occur in such specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:284–287. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of severe anorexia nervosa in Switzerland: 40 years of development
Authors: Milos Gabriella , Spindler Anja , Schnyder Ulrich , Martz Jan , Hoek Hans Wijbrand , Willi Jürg
Published: March 2004

Objective

The current study examined the development of the incidence of severe anorexia nervosa with five sampling periods covering the years 1956–1995 in a geographically defined region of Switzerland.

Method

Applying the same methodology as in the earlier sampling periods, the medical records of all hospitals of the canton of Zurich were screened manually for first‐time hospitalizations of female anorexia nervosa patients during the years 1993–1995. Incidence rates were compared with the previous sampling period (1956–1985).

Results

The incidence rate of severe anorexia nervosa in the total population and the rate in the population at risk (females 12–25 years old) did not differ significantly from the incidence rates of 1983–1985.

Discussion

The incidence of severe anorexia nervosa in the canton of Zurich rose significantly during the 1960s and 1970s. Since then, the incidence appears to have reached a plateau. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 250–258, 2004.

An erratum to this article is published in International Journal of Eating Disorders (2004) 36(1) 118–119.
A prospective study of disordered eating among sorority and nonsorority women
Authors: Allison Kelly C. , Park Crystal L.
Published: March 2004

Objective

The current study examined disordered eating prospectively among sorority and nonsorority women.

Method

University women were surveyed during their first, second, and third undergraduate years. Disordered eating, depression, self‐esteem, body mass index (BMI), and ideal weight were measured.

Results

Disordered eating did not differ between the groups before women joined sororities. By Time 3, sorority women reported higher Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) Drive for Thinness subscale scores than nonsorority women, but the EDI Bulimia and Body Dissatisfaction subscales did not differ. BMI, ideal weights, depression, and self‐esteem did not differ.

Conclusions

Women who join sororities are similar to those who do not in their baseline levels of disordered eating, but they maintain more rigorous attitudes and behaviors regarding dieting over the course of their higher education. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 354–358, 2004.
Inducible syncope in anorexia nervosa: Two case reports
Authors: Buchowski Katherine P. , Pardo Jennifer , Ringel Richard , Guarda Angela S.
Published: March 2004

Objective

Syncope is a potentially dangerous symptom of anorexia nervosa that is usually attributed to bradycardia, dehydration, or hypoglycemia.

Methods

This study describes two adolescents, one male and one female, with recurrent self‐induced syncope associated with isometric exercise.

Results

In one patient, Holter monitoring showed that isometric exercise led to increasing bradycardia followed by asystolic pauses accompanied by presyncopal symptoms.

Discussion

We hypothesize that inducible syncope in these two patients is due to increased vagal tone and baroreceptor sensitivity. Physicians should be aware that patients with anorexia nervosa may be able to induce syncope with isometric exercise and that this potentially dangerous behavior needs to be addressed during treatment. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 359–362, 2004.
Nitrogen Trifluoride as a Bifunctional Lewis Base: Implications for the Adsorption of NF3 on Solid Surfaces
Authors: Antoniotti Paola , Borocci Stefano , Grandinetti Felice
Published: March 2004

The structure, stability, and thermochemistry of isomeric adducts between NF3 and the Lewis acids BH3−nFn (n = 0−3) have been investigated at the coupled‐cluster and at the Gaussian‐3 (G3) level of theory. At the CCD/cc‐pVDZ level both the nitrogen‐ and the fluorine‐coordinated structures of all BH3−nFn−(NF3) (n = 0−3) adducts were characterized as true minima on the potential energy surface, thus providing the first theoretical evidence for the behavior of NF3 as a bifunctional Lewis base when interacting with neutral Lewis acids. At the G3 level, and 298.15 K, including the contribution of the entropy term, the H3B−NF3 adduct is predicted to be more stable than H3B−F−NF2 by 4.3 kcal mol−1; this free energy difference is 3.7 kcal mol−1 at the CCSD(T)/cc‐pVTZ//CCD/cc‐pVDZ level of theory. Conversely, at the latter computational level, the fluorine‐coordinated isomers of the BH2F−(NF3), BHF2−(NF3), and BF3−(NF3) adducts are practically degenerate with the nitrogen‐coordinated ones. BH3−nFn−(NF3) (n = 0−3) complexes feature typical bond dissociation energies of ca. 1−2 kcal mol−1, and are predicted to be thermodynamically stable only at low temperatures. However, the appreciable influence of the basis set superposition error (BSSE) prevents a quantitative assessment of these small computed dissociation energies. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications of our calculations for the adsorption of NF3 on solid surfaces. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Hybrid Cyclic Dimers of Divacant Heteropolyanions: Synthesis, Mass Spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF and ESI‐MS) and NMR Multinuclear Characterisation
Authors: Mayer Cédric R. , Hervé Maryline , Lavanant Hélène , Blais Jean‐Claude , Sécheresse Francis
Published: March 2004

In the field of organic‐inorganic hybrid composites, functionalized polyoxometalates constitute a special class of inorganic nanobuilding blocks (NBBs). This study represents a first approach related to the formation of new oligomeric hybrid species based on the reaction of bis(electrophilic) groups with a divacant heteropolyanion as the NBB. Bis(phosphonates) such as para‐H2O3PCH2(C6H4)nCH2PO3H2 (n = 1 or 2) have been treated with the divacant heteropolyanion [γ‐SiW10O36]8− to form the hybrid cyclic dimer [H2{(SiW10O36)(O=PCH2(C6H4)nCH2P=O)}2]6−. MALDI‐TOF and ESI mass spectrometry have been used as essential analytical techniques for the characterization of such composite systems. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Fast, High‐Yielding Syntheses of Silsesquioxanes Using Acetonitrile as a Reactive Solvent
Authors: Pescarmona Paolo P. , van der Waal Jan C. , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: March 2004

New and efficient methods for the synthesis of cyclopentyl‐ and cyclohexylsilsesquioxanes are described. In the case of cyclopentylsilsesquioxane, pure trisilanol (c‐C5H9)7Si7O9(OH)3 was obtained selectively within 18 h in an isolated yield of 64%. The synthesis of cyclohexylsilsesquioxanes also gives high yields, but it is not selective towards a particular structural type [main products: (c‐C6H11)6Si6O9, (c‐C6H11)6Si6O8(OH)2, (c‐C6H11)7Si7O10OH and (c‐C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3]. We discuss the crucial role of acetonitrile as a reactive solvent in these syntheses. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
On the Use of the Bis(diiodine) Adduct of 1,4‐Dimethylperhydro‐1,4‐diazepine‐2,3‐dithione (Me2dazdt) to Recover Liquid Mercury Producing [Hg(Me2dazdt)I2] in a One‐Step Reaction
Authors: Bigoli Francesco , Cabras Maria Cristina , Deplano Paola , Mercuri Maria Laura , Marchiò Luciano , Serpe Angela , Trogu Emanuele F.
Published: March 2004

Diiodine adducts with cyclic dithio‐oxamides, where complexing and oxidising properties coexist in the same molecule, have been shown to be powerful oxidising reagents towards selected metals. Here we describe the reaction of Me2dazdt·2I2 [Me2dazdt = 1,4‐dimethylperhydro‐1,4‐diazepine‐2,3‐dithione (1)] with highly toxic liquid mercury which gives the complex [Hg(Me2dazdt)I2] (2) in a one‐step reaction. X‐rays analysis of 2 shows that the HgII centre is coordinated by two sulfur atoms of the chelating ligand and by two iodine atoms in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The molecule is asymmetric and crystallizes in the chiral space group P212121. In the unit cell only the M enantiomer is present [τ (S1−C1−C2−S2) = −61.1(5)°]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Asymmetric Heterodinuclear FeIIIMII (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn), CoIIIFeII and FeIICoIII Species: Synthesis, Structure, Redox Behavior, and Magnetism
Authors: Ross Sylvia , Weyhermüller Thomas , Bill Eckhard , Bothe Eberhard , Flörke Ulrich , Wieghardt Karl , Chaudhuri Phalguni
Published: March 2004

Reactions of an LFeIII unit with an M(PyA)3n− ion prepared in situ, where L represents 1,4,7‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane and PyA− is the monoanion of pyridin‐2‐aldoxime, yield heterodinuclear cations of the general formula [LFeIII(PyA)3M]2+, where M = ZnII (1), CuII (2), NiII (3), low‐spin FeII (4) and MnII (5). Additionally, we also prepared the diamagnetic species [LCoIII(PyA)3FeII]2+ (6). The FeIIICoII species could not be isolated because a facile intramolecular electron transfer leads to complex 7, [LFeII(PyA)3CoIII]2+. Compounds 1−7 contain three oximato anions as bridging ligands and are isostructural in the sense that they all contain a terminal metal(III) ion in a distorted octahedral environment (e.g., FeN3O3) and a second six‐coordinate metal ion M in a mostly trigonal‐prismatic MN6 geometry. Complexes 1−7 were characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, mass spectrometry, IR, UV/Vis, Mössbauer, and EPR spectroscopy, and variable‐temperature (2−295 K) magnetic susceptibility measurements. The solid‐state structures of 1−7 have also been determined by X‐ray crystallography. The cyclic voltammograms of the complexes reveal both ligand‐centered and metal‐centered redox processes. Analysis of the susceptibility data indicates the presence of antiferromagnetic exchange interactions that decrease in the following order: FeIIICuII (2) > FeIIINiII (3) > FeIIIMnII (5), as is expected. We have used X‐band EPR spectroscopy of 3 (FeIIINiII) at 2−6 K to establish the electronic ground state in great detail and to complement the magnetic susceptibility measurements. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Epoxidation versus Baeyer−Villiger Oxidation: The Possible Role of Lewis Acidity in the Control of Selectivity in Catalysis by Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Brunetta Agostino , Strukul Giorgio
Published: March 2004

The synthesis of a series of cationic complexes of PtII containing triphos or triphosPO and either a solvent, a hydroxo or a hydroperoxo as the fourth ligand is reported. The complexes are characterized by IR and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy and by molar conductivity data, and their Lewis acid characteristics determined by NMR techniques. All complexes are good catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins and the Baeyer−Villiger oxidation of ketones under mild conditions using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The latter reaction is more Lewis‐acid demanding in terms of the electronic characteristics of the catalysts. The use of Lewis‐acidic metal centers allows the selective oxidation of unsaturated ketones to the corresponding unsaturated esters without oxidation of the carbon‐carbon double bond, indicating that a strong Lewis‐acid character of the catalyst can be an important feature in the design of catalysts capable of separating the two processes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Dinuclear Potassium‐Chromium and Potassium‐Tungsten Carbonyl Complexes
Authors: Kirin Vladimir , Roesky Peter W.
Published: March 2004

The tetracarbonyl complexes [M(CO)4{η2‐(Ph2P)2NH}] [M = Cr (1a), W (1b)] have been synthesised by reaction of M(CO)6, Me3NO·2H2O, and (Ph2P)2NH. Subsequent treatment of complexes 1a,b with an excess of KH in THF at room temperature yields the potassium salts [Cr(CO)4{η2‐(Ph2P)2N}K(THF)3]n (2a) and [W(CO)4{η2‐(Ph2P)2N}K(THF)2]n (2b), respectively, in almost quantitative yields. The ionic compounds 2a,b are stable at room temperature. All four compounds 1a,b and 2a,b were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compounds 2a,b form infinite chains via isocarbonyl bridges in the solid state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)