bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the seasonal cycles and variability of Florida Straits, Ekman and Sverdrup transports at 26° N in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Atkinson C. P. , Bryden H. L. , Hirschi J. J-M. , Kanzow T.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Since April 2004 the RAPID array has made continuous measurements of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26° N. Two key components of this system are Ekman transport zonally integrated across 26° N and western boundary current transport in the Florida Straits. Whilst measurements of the AMOC as a whole are somewhat in their infancy, this study investigates what useful information can be extracted on the variability of the Ekman and Florida Straits transports using the decadal timeseries already available. Analysis is also presented for Sverdrup transports zonally integrated across 26° N. The seasonal cycles of Florida Straits, Ekman and Sverdrup transports are quantified at 26° N using harmonic analysis of annual and semi-annual constituents. Whilst Sverdrup transport shows clear semi-annual periodicity, calculations of seasonal Florida Straits and Ekman transports show substantial interannual variability due to contamination by variability at non-seasonal frequencies; the mean seasonal cycle for these transports only emerges from decadal length observations. The Florida Straits and Ekman mean seasonal cycles project on the AMOC with a combined peak-to-peak seasonal range of 3.5 Sv. The combined seasonal range for heat transport is 0.40 PW. The Florida Straits seasonal cycle possesses a smooth annual periodicity in contrast with previous studies suggesting a more asymmetric structure. No clear evidence is found to support significant changes in the Florida Straits seasonal cycle at sub-decadal periods. Whilst evidence of wind driven Florida Straits transport variability is seen at sub-seasonal and annual periods, a model run from the 1/4° eddy-permitting ocean model NEMO is used to identify an important contribution from internal oceanic variability at sub-annual and interannual periods. The Ekman transport seasonal cycle possesses less symmetric structure, due in part to different seasonal transport regimes east and west of 50 to 60° W. Around 60% of non-seasonal Ekman transport variability occurs in phase section-wide at 26° N and is related to the NAO, whilst Sverdrup transport variability is more difficult to decompose.
Present dynamics and future prognosis of a slowly surging glacier
Authors: Flowers G. E. , Roux N. , Pimentel S.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Glacier surges are a well-known example of an internal dynamic oscillation whose occurrence is not a direct response to the external climate forcing, but whose character (e.g. period, mechanism) may depend on the glacier's environmental or climate setting. We examine the dynamics of a small (~5 km2) valley glacier in the Yukon Territory of Canada, where two previous surges have been photographically documented and an unusually slow surge is currently underway. To characterize the dynamics of the present surge, and to speculate on the future of this glacier, we employ a higher-order flowband model of ice dynamics with a Coulomb-friction sliding law in both diagnostic and prognostic simulations. Diagnostic (force balance) calculations capture the measured ice-surface velocity profile only when high basal water pressures (55–90% of flotation) are prescribed over the central region of the glacier, consistent with where evidence of the surge has been identified. This leads to sliding accounting for 50–100% of the total surface motion. Prognostic simulations, where the glacier geometry evolves in response to a prescribed surface mass balance, reveal a significant role played by a large bedrock bump beneath the current equilibrium line of the glacier. This bump provides resistance to ice flow sufficient to cause the formation of a bulge in the ice-surface profile. We suggest that the bedrock bump contributes to the propensity for surges in this glacier, such that conditions suppressing ice-bulge formation over the bump may also inhibit surges. In our calculations such a situation arises for sufficiently negative values of mass balance. Collectively, these results corroborate our interpretation of the current glacier flow regime as indicative of a "slow surge", and confirm a relationship between surge incidence or character and the net mass balance. Our results also highlight the importance of glacier bed topography in controlling ice dynamics, as observed in many other glacier systems.
Aspectos históricos da implantação de um serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar
Authors: Silva Elisangelo Aparecido Costa da , Tipple Anaclara Ferreira Veiga , Souza Joaquim Tomé de , Brasil Virginia Visconde
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.10555O serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar (APH) desempenha importante papel na saúde pública, uma vez que as doenças cardiovasculares e os eventos relacionados às causas externas como situações emergenciais são observadas cada vez mais na população em geral. A reunião de informações históricas permite ao leitor se inteirar rapidamente de como ocorreu a criação e estruturação dos serviços de atendimento pré-hospitalar. Os objetivos foram descrever os aspectos históricos da estruturação do serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar e sua implantação e evolução no estado de Goiás. Trata-se de uma atualização que procura resgatar dados históricos relacionados ao APH em Goiás. Observa-se que, no Brasil, a formação das equipes de profissionais e a forma da abordagem no atendimento às vítimas foram baseadas nos modelos americano e francês de APH. São políticas públicas de saúde ligadas à atenção às urgências ainda novas e caminham para o aprimoramento. Como profissionais da área da saúde e/ou do APH, somos co-responsáveis pelo alcance do objetivo primordial que é a excelência no atendimento. Descritores: Busca e resgate; Serviços médicos de emergência; Assistência pré-hospitalar.
Abordagem dos profissionais de saúde em instituições hospitalares a crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência
Authors: Cocco Marta , Silva Ethel Bastos da , Jahn Alice Do Carmo
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.7939 O estudo busca analisar o fluxo da assistência em instituições hospitalares a crianças e adolescentes, vítimas desse agravo, e o sentimento despertado nos profissionais diante do fenômeno. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa. Participaram do mesmo, profissionais de saúde que atuavam em instituições hospitalares da região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, num total de 34 profissionais. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de maio a julho de 2008. Para a realização do estudo, estruturou-se instrumento com perguntas fechadas, analisado pela estatística descritiva. Os resultados mostram que, quanto à composição da equipe, 72% dos profissionais eram do sexo feminino e 38%, na faixa etária de 23-30 anos. Quanto à categoria profissional, 59% eram técnicos de enfermagem. Em relação ao fluxo do atendimento dos casos de violência, 31% acionam o Ministério Público; 25% comunicam o Conselho Tutelar e 12% preenchem a ficha de notificação compulsória, comunicam o Conselho Tutelar e prestam assistência. Em relação aos sentimentos diante do atendimento, evidenciou-se revolta, indignação, medo e impotência. O estudo possibilitou visibilizar a realidade em que as crianças e os adolescentes vítimas de violência são atendidos, discutindo as intervenções locais e apontando elementos para a ações mais eficazes. Descritores: Violência; Saúde da Criança; Saúde do Adolescente; Pessoal de Saúde.
Turn right or turn left? Heuristic of adhering to the direction of destination
Authors: Yang Jisien , Schwaninger Adrian
Published: September 2010

It has been found that humans not only tend to avoid the middle routes and prefer the peripheral routes among multiple choices, but also rely on the ‘initial segment strategy’ to select the route. In this paper, we propose a new heuristic which humans apply during route selection: Participants prefer the route whose initial direction lies in the direction of their final destination, while avoiding the route whose initial direction does not. Four maps were designed. The pathways, on different maps, constituted a parallelogram, a rectangle and a square. Pedestrians were instructed to select a route from an origin to a destination on one of the maps. The results confirm the application of the newly proposed heuristic. Other possible factors, such as handedness, route angles and occurrence of turns were excluded. Moreover, the heuristics of deferring decision and relying on initial straightness are not supported. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in the Design of Surfaces That Prevent Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria, and Marine Organisms
Authors: Banerjee Indrani , Pangule Ravindra C. , Kane Ravi S.
Published: September 2010

The major strategies for designing surfaces that prevent fouling due to proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms are reviewed. Biofouling is of great concern in numerous applications ranging from biosensors to biomedical implants and devices, and from food packaging to industrial and marine equipment. The two major approaches to combat surface fouling are based on either preventing biofoulants from attaching or degrading them. One of the key strategies for imparting adhesion resistance involves the functionalization of surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or oligo(ethylene glycol). Several alternatives to PEG‐based coatings have also been designed over the past decade. While protein‐resistant coatings may also resist bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation, in order to overcome the fouling‐mediated risk of bacterial infection it is highly desirable to design coatings that are bactericidal. Traditional techniques involve the design of coatings that release biocidal agents, including antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), and silver, into the surrounding aqueous environment. However, the emergence of antibiotic‐ and silver‐resistant pathogenic strains has necessitated the development of alternative strategies. Therefore, other techniques based on the use of polycations, enzymes, nanomaterials, and photoactive agents are being investigated. With regard to marine antifouling coatings, restrictions on the use of biocide‐releasing coatings have made the generation of nontoxic antifouling surfaces more important. While considerable progress has been made in the design of antifouling coatings, ongoing research in this area should result in the development of even better antifouling materials in the future.
Multicomponent Synthesis of Peptide‐Sugar Conjugates Incorporating Hexafluorovaline
Authors: Bellucci Maria Cristina , Volonterio Alessandro
Published: September 2010

The development of new methods for linking sugars to peptides or proteins is an active area of research because natural glycopeptides or neoglycoconjugates play important roles in biology and medicine and are indispensable tools for probing several biological processes. Herein we report a novel one‐pot, three‐component process for the synthesis of peptide‐urea conjugates incorporating a hexafluorovaline residue under very mild conditions and high yields using commercially available starting materials such as carbodiimides, α‐amino acid derivatives and 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐3‐trifluoromethylcrotonic acid. The reaction has been exploited for the synthesis of a library of structurally diverse peptide‐sugar conjugates incorporating hexafluorovaline through a four‐component, one‐pot sequential process by generating the carbodiimides in situ from easily accessible sugar containing azides and commercial available isocyanates through the Staudinger (aza‐Wittig) reaction.
Occupations and industries in France at high risk for pleural mesothelioma: A population‐based case–control study (1998–2002)
Authors: Rolland Patrick , Gramond Celine , Lacourt Aude , Astoul Philippe , Chamming's Soizick , Ducamp Stephane , Frenay Catherine , Galateau‐Salle Françoise , Ilg Anabelle Gilg Soit , Imbernon Ellen , Le Stang Nolwenn , Pairon Jean Claude , Goldberg Marcel , Brochard Patrick ,   for the PNSM Study Group
Published: September 2010

Background

Occupational exposure to asbestos, widely used in various industries for decades, is the most important risk factor for pleural mesothelioma. We report here the ranking of occupations and industries in France at high risk for this cancer among men and women.

Methods

A population‐based case–control study, conducted from 1998 to 2002, included 462 cases (80.3% men) and 897 controls. Data were collected in face‐to‐face interviews with a standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each occupation and industry; subjects never employed in each category were the reference.

Results

For men, risks were high for several occupations and industries. Besides the expected high risks for non‐metallic mineral product makers and manufacturing asbestos products, occupations such as plumbers (OR = 5.57, 95% CI: 2.90–10.69), sheet‐metal workers, welders, metal molders, coremakers, and cabinetmakers were also at high risk. Elevated risks were found in the industries of shipbuilding (OR = 9.13, 95% CI: 5.20–16.06) and construction, but also in the manufacturing of metal products, chemicals, and railroad and aircraft equipment. The results for women showed increased but not significant risks in several occupational activities.

Conclusions

This report provides new insight into the epidemiology of mesothelioma, confirming risks for occupational activities reported earlier and pointing out risks in activities never previously reported. It offers guidance to authorities for the compensation of asbestos victims and for prevention in at‐risk activities still involving asbestos‐containing products. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1207–1219, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational demands and health effects for bricklayers and construction supervisors: A systematic review
Authors: Boschman Julitta S. , van der Molen Henk F. , Sluiter Judith K. , Frings‐Dresen Monique H.W.
Published: September 2010

Background

Knowledge was gathered on occupational demands and health effects of two occupations in the construction industry, bricklayers and supervisors, in order to design a job‐specific workers' health surveillance (WHS) for construction workers.

Methods

We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, HSELINE, NIOSHTIC‐2, and Picarta up to December 2008.

Results

A total of 60 articles were included. Evidence was found for the following demands for bricklayers: energetic load (exceeding 25% heart rate reserve), load on the lower back (exceeding the NIOSH‐threshold value of 3.4 kN), repetitive force exertions of the upper extremities, frequent bending with trunk flexion exceeding 60° and working with the arms more than 60° elevated. Environmental demands include: dust and quartz exposure (exceeding the limit values of 3.0 and 0.05 mg/m3, respectively), vibration and noise (exceeding the limit value of 80 dBA). Bricklayers are at increased risk of lung cancer, low back pain, complaints of arms and legs and getting injuries. Among construction supervisors are walking and standing common physically demanding activities. Psychosocial demands with evidence for supervisors were mental demands, workload, time pressure, working long hours, and social–organizational factors. Supervisors are at increased risk of lung cancer and injuries.

Conclusions

For bricklayers evidence was found for physical demands and risk on low back pain and complaints of arms and legs, for construction supervisors on psychosocial demands. Both occupations are at increased risk of lung cancer and injuries. Job‐specific demands and health effects should be incorporated in WHS for construction workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:55–77, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
European collaborative study of early‐onset bipolar disorder: Evidence for genetic heterogeneity on 2q14 according to age at onset
Authors: Mathieu Flavie , Dizier Marie‐Hélène , Etain Bruno , Jamain Stéphane , Rietschel Marcella , Maier Wolfgang , Albus Margot , McKeon Patrick , Roche Siobhan , Blackwood Douglas , Muir Walter J. , Henry Chantal , Malafosse Alain , Preisig Martin , Ferrero François , Cichon Sven , Schumacher Johannes , Ohlraun Stephanie , Propping Peter , Abou Jamra Rami , Schulze Thomas G. , Zelenica Diana , Charon Céline , Marusic Andrej , Dernovsek Mojca C. , Gurling Hugh , Nöthen Markus , Lathrop Mark , Leboyer Marion , Bellivier Frank
Published: September 2010

Bipolar disorder has a genetic component, but the mode of inheritance remains unclear. A previous genome scan conducted in 70 European families led to detect eight regions linked to bipolar disease. Here, we present an investigation of whether the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disorder corresponds to genetic heterogeneity in these regions using additional markers and an extended sample of families. The MLS statistic was used for linkage analyses. The predivided sample test and the maximum likelihood binomial methods were used to test genetic homogeneity between early‐onset bipolar type I (cut‐off of 22 years) and other types of the disorder (later onset of bipolar type I and early‐onset bipolar type II), using a total of 138 independent bipolar‐affected sib‐pairs. Analysis of the extended sample of families supports linkage in four regions (2q14, 3p14, 16p23, and 20p12) of the eight regions of linkage suggested by our previous genome scan. Heterogeneity testing revealed genetic heterogeneity between early and late‐onset bipolar type I in the 2q14 region (P = 0.0001). Only the early form of the bipolar disorder but not the late form appeared to be linked to this region. This region may therefore include a genetic factor either specifically involved in the early‐onset bipolar type I or only influencing the age at onset (AAO). Our findings illustrate that stratification according to AAO may be valuable for the identification of genetic vulnerability polymorphisms. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L‐type calcium channels and psychiatric disorders: A brief review
Authors: Casamassima Francesco , Hay Aleena C. , Benedetti Alessandra , Lattanzi Lorenzo , Cassano Giovanni B. , Perlis Roy H.
Published: September 2010

Emerging evidence from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) support the association of polymorphisms in the alpha 1C subunit of the L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel gene (CACNA1C) with bipolar disorder. These studies extend a rich prior literature implicating dysfunction of L‐type calcium channels (LTCCs) in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, calcium channel blockers reduce Ca2+flux by binding to the α1 subunit of the LTCC and are used extensively for treating hypertension, preventing angina, cardiac arrhythmias and stroke. Calcium channel blockers have also been studied clinically in psychiatric conditions such as mood disorders and substance abuse/dependence, yielding conflicting results. In this review, we begin with a summary of LTCC pharmacology. For each category of disorder, this article then provides a review of animal and human data. In particular, we extensively focus on animal models of depression and clinical trials in mood disorders and substance abuse/dependence. Through examining rationale and study design of published clinical trials, we provide some of the possible reasons why we still do not have definitive evidence of efficacy of calcium‐channel antagonists for mood disorders. Refinement of genetic results and target phenotypes, enrollment of adequate sample sizes in clinical trials and progress in physiologic and pharmacologic studies to synthesize tissue and isoform specific calcium channel antagonists, are all future challenges of research in this promising field. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of nano/micro‐calcium carbonate particles/polypropylene composites
Authors: Zhang Jun , Han Bing , Zhou Ning‐Lin , Fang Jue , Wu Juan , Ma Zhen‐Mao , Mo Hong , Shen Jian
Published: September 2010

A new kind of polypropylene (PP)/CaCO3 composites was prepared on a twin screw extruder with the nanoparticle content of 5 wt % and the 2500 mesh microparticle content of 15 wt %. The mechanical property of four different samples [pure PP (1), PP filled with 15 wt % microCaCO3 particle composites (2), PP filled with 5 wt % nanoCaCO3 particle composites (3) and PP filled with micro/nano‐CaCO3 complex size particle composites (4)] was investigated through tensile tests, notched Izod impact tests and SEM. The results indicated that the sample 4 had the best mechanical property. The proofs of SEM showed that the high impact energy could lead to debonding and creating microcavitation between the nanoparticle and polymer interface if the polymer was filled with the nanoparticles. This process could absorb a lot of mechanical failure energy, but too much mechanical failure energy would lead to the enlargement of microcavitation and the destruction of the composites in sample 3. In sample 4, the microparticle could be used to prevent the enlargement of microcavitation in the matrix polymer under the higher impact failure energy. In this article, the model of the impacting failure process of micro/nanoCaCO3/PP composites was established. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation, characterization, and testing of a composite membrane with pH sensitivity
Authors: Yin Zehua , Fu Kaiyu , Gao Jian , Cao Xuelian , Li Lulu , Zhao Changsheng
Published: September 2010

In this article, a novel poly‐(acrylic acid‐acrylonitrile) (PAA‐AN)/filter paper composite membrane with pH‐sensitivity was developed. The membrane was composed of three layers. The top and bottom layers were made of PAA‐AN copolymer, while the middle layer was filter paper. The filter paper was used to enhance the strength of the membrane. The PAA‐AN/filter paper membrane showed evident pH sensitivity and pH reversibility as the pH value changed between 2.0 and 9.5. With the increase of the PAA‐AN copolymer amount in the composite membrane, the pH sensitivity increased. The Cu (II) ion‐exchange experiment indicated that the membrane could bind metal ions and could be used as ion‐exchange membrane to purify water. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Electrospun composite nanofibers of poly (vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene)/polyaniline‐polystyrene sulfonic acid
Authors: Abreu María , Montañez Stephán , Pinto Nicholas J.
Published: September 2010

Nanofibers of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene)/polyaniline‐polystyrene sulfonic acid (PVDF‐TrFE/PANi‐PSSA) were fabricated in air at room temperature using electrospinning, with the thinnest fiber having a diameter of ∼ 6 nm. This is a cheap, fast, and reliable process for generating PVDF‐TrFE/PANi‐PSSA composite nanofibers. The presence of conducting PANi‐PSSA increased the charge density of the solution and assisted in the fabrication of PVDF‐TrFE nanofibers at low polymer concentrations in dimethylformamide without the beading effect. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy showed that PANi‐PSSA was well incorporated into the PVDF‐TrFE solution with no polymer segregation or degradation. A scanning electron microscope was used for morphological characterization of the fibers and a profilometer used to determine the fiber diameter. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Influence of the type of quaternary ammonium salt used in the organic treatment of montmorillonite on the properties of poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate)/layered silicate nanocomposites prepared by in situ miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Moraes Raul P. , Valera Ticiane S. , Pereira Ana M. C. , Demarquette Nicole R. , Santos Amilton M.
Published: September 2010

Hybrid latices of poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) were synthesized via in situ miniemulsion polymerization in the presence of 3 and 6 wt % organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT). Three different ammonium salts: cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Dodigen), and distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (Praepagen), were investigated as organic modifiers. Increased affinity for organic liquids was observed after organic modification of the MMT. Stable hybrid latices were obtained even though miniemulsion stability was disturbed to some extent by the presence of the OMMTs during the synthesis. Highly intercalated and exfoliated polymer‐MMT nanocomposites films were produced with good MMT dispersion throughout the polymeric matrix. Materials containing MMT modified with the 16 carbons alkyl chain salt (CTAC) resulted in the largest increments of storage modulus, indicating that single chain quaternary salts provide higher increments on mechanical properties. Films presenting exfoliated structure resulted in the largest increments in the onset temperature of decomposition. For the range of OMMT loading studied, the nanocomposite structure influenced more significantly the thermal stability properties of the hybrid material than did the OMMT loading. The film containing 3 wt % MMT modified with the two 18 carbons alkyl chains salt (Praepagen) provided the highest increment of onset temperature of decomposition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Enhancing polymer performance through graphene sheets
Authors: Qiu Jingjing , Wang Shiren
Published: September 2010

Graphene sheets were synthesized through intercalation and subsequent ultrasonic processing of graphite natural flakes. The resultant graphene has been characterized by X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscope and transmission electron microscope, and it was confirmed to be exfoliated into monolayer state. The exfoliated graphene was incorporated into epoxy resins and their mechanical performance was investigated. The critical stress fracture intensity factor, K1c, was calculated based on the three‐point bending test, indicating that the toughness was increased by 41% with addition of 0.54 vol % exfoliated graphene in comparison with the neat resin. The tensile tests also suggested that the elastic modulus and tensile strength were increased by 25 and 10%, respectively. The fracture surface of modified epoxy resins was also examined by scanning electron microscope, and it showed typical features of ductile materials. This study provides a cost‐effective way to reinforce polymers for engineering applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and swelling characteristics of a superabsorbent nanocomposite based on natural guar gum and cation‐modified vermiculite
Authors: Wang Wenbo , Zhai Naihua , Wang Aiqin
Published: September 2010

A series of novel superabsorbent nanocomposites were prepared by the solution radical polymerization of natural guar gum (GG), partially neutralized acrylic acid [sodium acrylate (NaA)], and cation‐exchanged vermiculite (Mn+‐VMT) with ammonium persulfate as the initiator in the presence of the crosslinking agent N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that NaA was grafted onto the GG chains and that Mn+‐VMT participated in the polymerization. X‐ray diffraction results showed that the occurrence of the cation‐exchange process changed the interlayer gap of vermiculite (VMT) and that Mn+‐VMT was exfoliated during polymerization to form a nanocomposite. The exfoliated VMT led to better dispersion in the GG‐g‐poly(sodium acrylate) matrix, as shown by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Mn+‐VMT improved the water absorption of the nanocomposite more remarkably than raw VMT, and Al3+‐VMT enhanced the water absorption to the highest degree. The nanocomposite exhibited intriguing overshooting swelling characteristics in a multivalent saline solution and acidic pH solution and showed switching pH‐responsive behaviors in buffer solutions between pH 2 and pH 7.2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mammalian methyl‐binding proteins: What might they do?
Authors: Joulie Michael , Miotto Benoit , Defossez Pierre‐Antoine
Published: September 2010

CpG islands (CGIs) are regions enriched in the dinucleotide CpG; they constitute the promoter of about 60% of mammalian genes. In cancer cells, some promoter‐associated CGIs become heavily methylated on cytosines, and the corresponding genes undergo stable transcriptional silencing. Hypermethylated CGIs attract methyl‐CpG‐binding proteins (MBPs), which have been shown to recruit chromatin modifiers and cause transcriptional repression. These observations have led to the prevalent model that methyl‐CpG‐binding proteins are promoter‐proximal transcriptional repressors. Recent discoveries challenge this idea and raise a number of questions. Here we discuss the following issues: what are other possible roles for the known MBPs? Why are these proteins not essential in mammals? Are there other MBPs left to discover? Could CpG methylation be nonessential?
Mitochondrial manoeuvres: Latest insights and hypotheses on mitochondrial partitioning during mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Peraza‐Reyes Leonardo , Crider David G. , Pon Liza A.
Published: September 2010

Movement and positional control of mitochondria and other organelles are coordinated with cell cycle progression in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent studies have revealed a checkpoint that inhibits cytokinesis when there are severe defects in mitochondrial inheritance. An established checkpoint signaling pathway, the mitotic exit network (MEN), participates in this process. Here, we describe mitochondrial motility during inheritance in budding yeast, emerging evidence for mitochondrial quality control during inheritance, and organelle inheritance checkpoints for mitochondria and other organelles.
Virtual laboratory for sliding mode and PID control of rotary inverted pendulum
Authors: Demirtas Metin , Altun Yusuf , Istanbullu Ayhan
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a new virtual laboratory tool which teaches sliding mode control (SMC) and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control to graduate students. Additionally, it describes performance differences between two control methods graphically. This educational virtual laboratory tool contains the control of rotary inverted pendulum. This system is a typical example of nonlinear and under‐actuated systems and also well‐known in control engineering for practicing different control theories. At first, the nonlinear dynamic equations of the inverted pendulum are presented. Then a virtual laboratory tool is designed for SMC and PID. After that, the results are analyzed. The validity of designed tool is verified by an experiment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 400–409, 2013
Web‐based tutor for interactive design of connections in steel buildings
Authors: Wang Nengmou , Adeli Hojjat
Published: September 2010

There are a large number of connection types in steel structures. This is an area where students cannot get enough in the classroom. Design of each steel connection type is unique. At the same, there are similarities in designs of various connection types. These two factors plus the open‐ended nature of the design can make the learning of so many different types of connections both challenging and tedious. While a number of tools are available to help teach design of connections there is no interactive online tool for teaching and learning of design of connections in steel structures. In this article a novel interactive approach and a Java applet, called Connection Tutor, is presented for design of a variety of connections in steel structures. Connection Tutor is intended to be used as a user‐friendly supplement in teaching design of connections in steel structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 568–577, 2012
Photophysical Studies of Dipolar Organic Dyes That Feature a 1,3‐Cyclohexadiene Conjugated Linkage: The Implication of a Twisted Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer State on the Efficiency of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Fu , Chang Che‐Wei , Lin Ju‐Ling , Hsu Ying‐Chan , Yeh Ming‐Chang P. , Hsu Chao‐Ping , Sun Shih‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

A detailed study of the synthesis and photophysical properties of a new series of dipolar organic photosensitizers that feature a 1,3‐cyclohexadiene moiety integrated into the π‐conjugated structural backbone has been carried out. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on these structurally simple dyes have shown appreciable photo‐to‐electrical energy conversion efficiency, with the highest one up to 4.03 %. Solvent‐dependent fluorescence studies along with the observation of dual emission on dye 4 b and single emission on dyes 4 a and 32 suggest that dye 4 b possesses a highly polar emissive excited state located at a lower‐energy position than at the normal emissive excited state. A detailed photophysical investigation in conjunction with computational studies confirmed the twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer (TICT) state to be the lowest emissive excited state for dye 4 b in polar solvents. The relaxation from higher‐charge‐injection excited states to the lowest TICT state renders the back‐electron transfer process a forbidden one and significantly retards the charge recombination to boost the photocurrent. The electrochemical impedance under illumination and transient photovoltage decay studies showed smaller charge resistance and longer electron lifetime in 4 b‐based DSSC compared to the DSSCs with reference dyes 4 a and 32, which further illustrates the positive influence of the TICT state on the performance of DSSCs.
Effects of Alkyl Chain Length on Properties of 1‐Alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Fluorohydrogenate Ionic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Xu Fei , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Hagiwara Rika
Published: September 2010

A series of 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate salts (CxMIm(FH)2F, x=8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18) have been characterized by thermal analysis, polarized optical microscopy, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and anisotropic ionic conductivity measurements. Liquid crystalline mesophases with a smectic A interdigitated bilayer structure are observed from C10 to C18, showing a fan‐like or focal conic texture. The temperature range of the mesophase increases with the increase in the alkyl chain length (from 10.1 °C for C10MIm(FH)2F to 123.1 °C for C18MIm(FH)2F). The distance between the two layers in the smectic structure gradually increases with increasing alkyl chain length and decreases with increasing temperature. Conductivity parallel to the smectic layers is around 10 mS cm−1 regardless of the alkyl chain length, whereas that perpendicular to the smectic layers decreases with increasing alkyl chain length because of the thicker insulating sheet with the longer alkyl chain.
ChemInform Abstract: Planar Fe6 Cluster Units in the Crystal Structure of Ln15Fe8C25 (Ln: Y, Dy, Ho, Er).
Authors: Davaasuren Bambar , Borrmann Horst , Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Kreiner Guido , Widom Michael , Schnelle Walter , Wagner Frank R. , Kniep Ruediger
Published: September 2010

The isotypic title compounds are synthesized by arc‐melting of the elements (Ln/Fe/C = 15:8:26) followed by annealing at 1273 K (Ta ampules, 500 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Material Properties and Structural Characterization of M3Si6O12N2:Eu2+ (M: Ba, Sr) — A Comprehensive Study on a Promising Green Phosphor for pc‐LEDs.
Authors: Braun Cordula , Seibald Markus , Boerger Saskia L. , Oeckler Oliver , Boyko Teak D. , Moewes Alexander , Miehe Gerhard , Tuecks Andreas , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

The efficient green phosphor Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+ and its solid solution series Ba3‐xSrxSi6O12N2 (x = 0.4, 1) are synthesized in a radio‐frequency furnace under nitrogen from mixtures of MCO3 (M: Ba, Sr), SiO2, an excess of α‐Si3N4, and EuF3 at temperatures up to 1425 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metal Oxides and Metal Powders with and Without Microwaves.
Authors: Komarneni Sridhar , Noh Young Dong , Kim Joo Young , Kim Seok Han , Katsuki Hiroaki
Published: September 2010

TiO2 and Ca, Sr, and Ca0.5Sr0.5 hydroxyapatites are synthesized by conventional hydrothermal as well as microwave hydrothermal methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Dehydrogenation of Magnesium Amidoborane Monoammoniate.
Authors: Chua Yong Shen , Wu Guotao , Xiong Zhitao , Karkamkar Abhi , Guo Jianping , Jian Mingxian , Wong Ming Wah , Autrey Thomas , Chen Ping
Published: September 2010

Mg(NH2BH3)2·NH3 is prepared by ball milling of a mixture of Mg(NH2)2 and 2 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: Solution Synthesis of a New Thermoelectric Zn1+xSb Nanophase and Its Structure Determination Using Automated Electron Diffraction Tomography.
Authors: Birkel Christina S. , Mugnaioli Enrico , Gorelik Tatiana , Kolb Ute , Panthoefer Martin , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

Thermoelectric nanoparticles of the nominal composition Zn4Sb3 are prepared by heating Sb nanoparticles with a 9‐fold excess of Zn particles (synthesized by reaction of SbCl3 or ZnCl2 with Li[Et3BH] in THF at room temperature, and about 65 °C, respectively) in trioctylamine at about 300 °C for 225 min.
ChemInform Abstract: Al3Li4(BH4)13: A Complex Double‐Cation Borohydride with a New Structure.
Authors: Lindemann Inge , Ferrer Roger Domenech , Dunsch Lothar , Filinchuk Yaroslav , Cerny Radovan , Hagemann Hans , D'Anna Vincenza , Daku Latevi Max Lawson , Schultz Ludwig , Gutfleisch Oliver
Published: September 2010

The new title compound is synthesized by high‐energy ball milling of AlCl3 and LiBH4 and characterized by synchrotron powder XRD, DFT calculations, Raman, and IR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Chloride‐Incorporated Dodecavanadate from Dicopper Complex of Macrocyclic Octadecavanadate.
Authors: Kurata Taisei , Hayashi Yoshihito , Isobe Kiyoshi
Published: September 2010

The copper atoms of (I) are easily removed by using gaseous HCN and in the presence of excess Cl‐ a new bowl‐shaped dodecavanadate anion with Cl at the center is formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly of Alkali‐Uranyl‐Peroxide Clusters.
Authors: Nyman May , Rodriguez Mark A. , Campana Charles F.
Published: September 2010

Uranyl triperoxide, [UO2(O2)3]4‐, is known to self‐assemble into polyoxometalate‐like clusters that contain up to 60 uranyl cations bridged by peroxide ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxylammonium Fluorometalates: Synthesis and Characterization of a New Fluorocuprate and Fluorocobaltate.
Authors: Kristl Matjaz , Dojer Brina , Kasunic Marta , Golobic Amalija , Jaglicic Zvonko , Drofenik Miha
Published: September 2010

The structures of the new compounds (II) and (IV) are determined by single crysal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green and Efficient Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Catalyzed by a Chiral Anion Modified Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Qian Yunbo , Zheng Xin , Wang Yongmei
Published: September 2010

The application of a chiral anion modified ionic liquid derived from L‐proline as a green and efficient organocatalyst for direct asymmetric aldol reactions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Motifs in the Design of Ephedra Ligands for Application in the Asymmetric Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes and Diphenylphosphinoylimines.
Authors: Banerjee Sucharita , Camodeca Anthony J. , Griffin Gregory G. , Hamaker Christopher G. , Hitchcock Shawn R.
Published: September 2010

A range of ephedrine‐like ligands is prepared varying mainly the N‐benzyl moiety of original ephedrine.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by a Ruthenium(II)‐indan—Ambox Complex.
Authors: Li Wei , Hou Guohua , Wang Chunjiang , Jiang Yutong , Zhang Xumu
Published: September 2010

Highly enantioselective asymmetric hydrogenation of a variety of aromatic and aliphatic ketones (20 examples) is achieved using a novel Ru(II) indan‐ambox complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction Processes Biocatalyzed by Vigna unguiculata.
Authors: Bizerra Ayla M. C. , de Gonzalo Gonzalo , Lavandera Ivan , Gotor‐Fernandez Vicente , de Mattos Marcos Carlos , de Oliveira Maria da Conceicao F. , Lemos Telma L. G. , Gotor Vicente
Published: September 2010

Whole cells of the brazilian beans Vigna unguiculata are successfully applied as biocatalyst in the asymmetric reduction of aromatic (I), (III) and aliphatic ketones as well as β‐keto esters (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Michael Additions of Nitroalkanes to Enones by Using Primary—Secondary Diamine Catalysts.
Authors: Yang Ying‐Quan , Chen Xin‐Kuan , Xiao Hua , Liu Wen , Zhao Gang
Published: September 2010

The title reaction affords the corresponding Michael adducts with high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of Novel Tricyclic 2(5H)‐Furanone Heterocycles from 3,4,5‐Trichloro‐2(5H)‐furanone.
Authors: Ren Jian , Ma Dan‐Dan , Sha Yu , Li Feng , Cheng Mao‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

Starting from mucochloric acid (I) new heterocycles of type (IV), (VI), and (VII) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Elusive Ethynyl Azides: Trapping by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition and Decomposition to Cyanocarbenes.
Authors: Banert Klaus , Hagedorn Manfred , Wutke Jens , Ecorchard Petra , Schaarschmidt Dieter , Lang Heinrich
Published: September 2010

Although they decompose rapidly to produce cyanocarbenes, ethynyl azides are generated from (chloroethynyl)arenes (I) and (V) and trapped for the first time by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with cyclooctyne (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Alkylations of Alkyl Halides and Unactivated C—H Bonds Using Vinyl Triflates.
Authors: Lee Jin Young , Lim Kyoung‐Chan , Meng Xiangjian , Kim Sunggak
Published: September 2010

Radical‐mediated allylations of alkyl halides, ethers and alkanes are achieved using triflates as radical acceptors.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Arylhalogenation of Alkenes: Synthetic Scope and Mechanistic Insights.
Authors: Kalyani Dipannita , Satterfiled Andrew D. , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: September 2010

Arylchlorination and arylbromination of aliphatic and aromatic olefins is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Photodesulfinylation of Optically Active N‐Sulfinyl Amines.
Authors: Davis Franklin A. , Ramachandar Tokala , Zhang Yanfeng , Chai Jing , Qui Hui , Deng Jianghe , Velvadapu Venkata
Published: September 2010

The reaction gives the corresponding amines without racemization and does not require acidic or basic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes and 3‐Azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes by Ir‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Amination of N‐Tosyl Propynylamine and Pt‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization.
Authors: Xia Ji‐Bao , Liu Wen‐Bo , Wang Tian‐Min , You Shu‐Li
Published: September 2010

Highly regio‐ and enantioselective Ir‐catalyzed allylic amination reactions of N‐tosyl propynylamines with allylic carbonates result in the formation of N‐tosyl allylpropynylamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Examination of the Aromatic Amination Catalyzed by Palladium on Charcoal.
Authors: Komaromi Anna , Novak Zoltan
Published: September 2010

The Buchwald—Hartwig amination of aromatic iodides, bromides, and chlorides is carried out in the presence of a charcoral‐supported palladium catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of N,N‐Bis(perfluoroalkanesulfonyl)squaramides as New Strong Broensted Acids and Their Application to Organic Reactions.
Authors: Cheon Cheol Hong , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: September 2010

N,N′‐Bis(triflyl)squaramide (Ia) is prepared and successfully applied in various Mukaiyama and Mukaiyama—Michael reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium Dithionite Initiated Fluoroalkylation of Trimethoxybenzenes, Mesitylene and Pyrroles with BrCF2CF2Br.
Authors: Dmowski Wojciech , Piasecka‐Maciejewska Krystyna
Published: September 2010

The sodium dithionite‐initiated reaction of various substrates with BrCF2CF2Br can only be successfully applied to the most electron‐rich compounds of type (I), (VI) and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Use of a Soluble Organoindium(III) Species for Allylation and Crotylation of Ketones with Boronates.
Authors: Yamaguchi Miyuki , Morita Naohide , Schneider Uwe , Kobayashi Shu
Published: September 2010

The first catalytic use of a main group 13 metal amide, In(NTms2)3, in organic synthesis is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Demethylation of Methyl Aryl Ethers Using an Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Park Jiyeon , Chae Junghyun
Published: September 2010

The optimized conditions render possible the demethylation of various aromatic ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Coupling of Organoindium Reagents with Nitrogen‐Containing Aromatic Heterocycles.
Authors: Beveridge Ramsay E. , Black Daniel A. , Arndtsen Bruce A.
Published: September 2010

The copper‐catalyzed coupling of organoindium reagents with nitrogen‐containing aromatic heterocycles and chloroformates is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Solid/Liquid Phase‐Transfer Catalytic Diazo Transfer Synthesis.
Authors: Jaszay Zsuzsa M. , Pham Truong Son , Goenczi Katalin , Petnehazy Imre , Toeke Laszlo
Published: September 2010

The presented PTC method also provides sensitive diazo compounds such as phosphonyl and phosphinyl derivatives (IId) and (IIe) in excellent yield and purity.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Yielding Synthesis of Weinreb Amides via Homogeneous Catalytic Carbonylation of Iodoalkenes and Iodoarenes.
Authors: Takacs Attila , Petz Andrea , Kollar Laszlo
Published: September 2010

Phosphine/palladium ratio has to be 2/1 since one equivalent of phosphine acts as a reductant of Pd(II) to Pd(0) and the other one is coordinating.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of trans‐Cyclopropyl Sulfones from Terminal Epoxides.
Authors: Bray Christopher D. , de Faveri Giorgio
Published: September 2010

It provides a straightforward and highly stereoselective approach to a number of trans‐cyclopropyl sulfones.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined InCl3‐ and Amine‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Addition of α‐Disubstituted Aldehydes onto Unactivated Alkynes.
Authors: Montaignac Benjamin , Vitale Maxime R. , Michelet Veronique , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie
Published: September 2010

InCl3 in combination with an amine catalyzes the cyclization of formylalkynyl substrates to afford cyclopentanone products and the pyrrolidine (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Protected Allylic Amines with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Tsui Gavin Chit , Menard Frederic , Lautens Mark
Published: September 2010

The regioselectivity is highly dependent on the N‐protecting group.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Triflylthiophosphoramide Catalyzed Enantioselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes with Silyl Enol Ethers of Ketones.
Authors: Cheon Cheol Hong , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: September 2010

Excellent yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities are obtained for open‐chain silyl ethers (I) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative Route for Synthesis of o‐Trifluoroacetylanilines as Useful Fluorine‐Containing Intermediates.
Authors: Zhu Lingjian , Miao Zhenyuan , Sheng Chunquan , Yao Jianzhong , Zhuang Chunlin , Zhang Wannian
Published: September 2010

A regioselective method is used for the preparation of title compounds, e.g. (III), which are potential key intermediates for the synthesis of HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Lithium N‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy‐N‐(α‐methylbenzyl)amide: Asymmetric Synthesis of β2,2,3‐Trisubstituted Amino Acids.
Authors: Bentley Scott A. , Davies Stephen G. , Lee James A. , Roberts Paul M. , Russell Angela J. , Thomson James E. , Toms Steven M.
Published: September 2010

Chiral isoxazolidin‐5‐ones are prepared with high diastereoselectivities from α,β‐unsaturated esters and (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Mukaiyama and Mukaiyama—Michael Vinylogous Reactions of a Dioxinone‐Derived Silyl Enol Ether Promoted by Lewis Bases.
Authors: Scettri Arrigo , De Sio Vincenzo , Villano Rosaria , Manzo Patrizia , Acocella Maria Rosaria
Published: September 2010

The cyclic ether (I) reacts in the presence of PNO with a variety of aldehydes and ketones the give vinylogous aldols as masked δ‐hydroxy‐β‐ketoesters.