bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ludwig van Beethoven
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Amass of images, remembrances, and ideals comes instantly to mind when we hear the word symphony. This mass, our idea of “symphony, “ has been shaped for us overwhelmingly by the nine symphonies that Beethoven composed across a quarter of a century-eight of them in thirteen years. Beethoven ‘s grandfather and father were musicians at the Electoral Court at Bonn, the former being the more accomplished by far. Like many a musical child in his generation, young Ludwig suffered because Mozart, his senior by fifteen years, had set alarming standards for prodigies. Beethoven was not that kind of child: he lacked the quickness, the pliability, the seductive charm. In a house that jangled with the tensions between a domineering grandfather whom he idolized, an alcoholic father, and an embittered mother, himself subjected to a brutal and uncomprehending education, he was a withdrawn, uncommunicative boy desperately hungry for love.
Hector Berlioz
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Berlioz composed his Fantastic Symphony in 1830, though some of the material goes back as far perhaps as 1819. Frarncois-Antoine Habeneck conducted the first performance on 5 December 1830 in Paris. Again with Habeneck on the podium (and with Berlioz as one of the drummers), a considerably revised version was presented in Paris on 9 December 1832, together with a newly composed sequel, the lyric monodrama Lelio, ou Le Retour a la vie (The Return to Life).
Aaron Copland
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

On 11 January 1925, when the sixty-three-year-old German-born Walter Damrosch had finished conducting the New York Symphony in the premiere of Aaron Copland ‘s Symphony for Organ and Orchestra, he turned to his Carnegie Hall audience and said, “If a young man at the age of twenty-three can write a symphony like that, in five years he ‘ll be ready to commit murder. “ Damrosch lived until 1950, but no further utterance of his about Copland is recorded. Very likely he would have regarded the Piano Variations, composed about five years after the symphony, as a reasonable fulfillment of his prophecy. Next to the Variations, the Organ Symphony is rather sweet.
Antonin Dvořák
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

When the Oxford University Press published Volume 2 of Donald Francis Tovey ‘s Essays in Musical Analysis in 1935, very few of Tovey ‘s readers and browsers would have ever heard three of the four Dvorak symphonies discussed in that book, the three then known as Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and now more accurately as Nos. 6, 5, and 7. (The other one that Tovey included was the super-familiar From the New World.) And how startling to come across this sentence: “I have no hesitation in setting Dvorak ‘s [Seventh] Symphony along with the C major Symphony of Schubert and the four symphonies of Brahms, as among the greatest and purest examples of this art-form since Beethoven. “1
John Harbison
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The San Francisco Symphony commissioned Harbison ‘s Symphony No. 2 in celebration of the orchestra ‘s seventy-fifth anniversary season. Harbison began the composition in the summer of 1985 and completed it the following summer, but then completely rewrote the end, which took until 8 September 1986. He reached what he calls “the legitimate double bar, “ finishing his last revisions, on 23 January 1987. Herbert Blomstedt conducted the San Francisco Symphony in the first performance on 13 May 1987. The work is “dedicated, in friendship, to Michael Steinberg.
Karl Amadeus Hartmann
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Hartmann is one of those composers-Roger Sessions and Luigi Dal-lapiccola are others who come to mind-with whom the distance between achievement and reputation is absurd. He first worked with Joseph Haas, a student of Max Reger, but he always maintained that his real musical education began when he met Hermann Scherchen in 1927. Scherchen is chiefly remembered as a penetratingly intelligent, individual conductor who made many recordings in the early LP years, but, theorist, writer, editor, passionate advocate of new music, and free spirit generally, he was an amazingly multifaceted musician. He taught analysis and composition as well as conducting, and Bruno Madema and Luigi Nono were also among his students.
Paul Hindemith
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Hindemith began preliminary studies for his opera Mathis der Mal.er in 1933, but, in response to a request from Wilhelm Furtwangler for a new piece for the Berlin Philharmonic, wrote the eponymous symphony first. He completed the first movement in November 1933, the second in February 1934, and the third just in time for the premiere on 12 March 1934. It was of course Furtwangler who introduced the Mathis symphony with the Berlin Philharmonic. The opera was completed in July 1935. Furtwangler had also hoped to conduct that premiere in Berlin, but this was verboten; the first performance therefore took place in Zurich, Switzerland, and only in May 1938.
Bohuslav Martinů
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 1948, Martinů, then in his eighth year of uneasy American exile, began a three-year stint on the faculty at Princeton. I was a senior and excited at the prospect of meeting a composer whose music I liked so much and who, moreover, was at the height of his then considerable fame. Tall, thin, gray-haired, blue-eyed, he had a narrow face of distinctly Slavic cast, a face that explored from time to time the risk of a smile which, when it blossomed, delightfully combined warmth and skepticism. His speech, pianissimo and con sordino, was strongly accented (I still sometimes catch myself thinking of “slow, “ a frequent complaint of his about performances, as rhyming with “now “) and, as we discovered, it was odd in various ways: fifths and fourths, for example, were “quints “ and “quarts. “ We knew that he was partially deaf as the result of a bad fall, since stories about him in newspapers and magazines were plentiful. Listening (with the t pronounced) or speaking, he was infinitely more comfortable in French, but really he was shy in any language.
Robert Schumann
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

In 1839, Clara Wieck, soon to become Clara Schumann, noted in her diary that “it would be best if [Robert] composed for orchestra; his imagination cannot find sufficient scope on the piano. His compositions are all orchestral in feeling. “ Clara, already a celebrated pianist for more than half her twenty years, was in love with success and with the tools of success ( to borrow a phrase from the philosopher Ernst Bloch) and aware that her glittery recital pieces by Herz and Hunten, Kalkbrenner and Moscheles, produced more applause than her moody and poetic fiancé‘s Carnaval. In other words, her remark, which seems at first blush an odd one about the composer of the Davidsbündler, Carnaval, Phantasiestücke, Symphonic Etudes, Scenes from Childhood, Kreisleriana, the C-major Fantasy, and the Humoresque, may mean little more than that she was not yet convinced by, converted to, Robert ‘s piano style. It makes, in any event, ironic reading in view of the hard-dying notion that Schumann did not understand the orchestra and that his symphonies are “inflated piano music “ (as the late Gerald Abraham wrote not only in the fifth edition of Grove ‘s Dictionary of Music and Musicians [1954] but again in The New Grove of 1980).
Poisoning
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Poisoning results from either brief or long-term exposure to a chemical agent. In general, this book addresses only acute poisonings. The mechanism of injury depends on the chemical agent itself and on whether it is injected, ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Basic preventive approaches, comparable to those for preventing other injuries, include eliminating or reducing the manufacture or sale of an agent, reducing the length of exposure or the concentration of the poison to noninjurious doses, preventing access to the substance, changing its chemical formulation, and providing appropriate emergency and therapeutic measures.
Introduction to Motor Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Chapters 8 through 15 highlighted information on many of the major causes of injury death. As important as these are, they are overshadowed by the large numbers of deaths resulting from motor vehicle use. Crashes1 of motor vehicles are the leading cause of death in the United States for people aged 1-34 (Karpf and Williams 1983). From age 5 to 29, more than one-fifth of deaths from all causes are caused by motor vehicles. Motor vehicle crashes account for more than 40 percent of all mortality among people in their late teens. They cause more deaths of people aged 1-75 than any other injury producing event.
Large Trucks
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Crashes and crash injuries involving large trucks (those weighing more than 10,000 pounds when empty) are of special interest for three reasons. First, crash involvement rates for large trucks exceed those for passenger vehicles when mileage and type of road are controlled for (Figure 18-1; Preusser and Stein 1987). Second, more than 5,000 deaths occur each year in crashes involving large trucks (Table 18-1). In such crashes, other road users have especially high fatality rates; 84 percent of the deaths involve persons who were sharing the road with the large truck.
Pedestrians
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Pedestrian deaths, the second largest category of motor vehicle deaths, include almost half of the traffic deaths for ages 3-9 and more than one fourth for ages 75 or older. In 1988, almost 7,000 people were killed as pedestrians, representing about one-seventh of all traffic-related deaths.
Motorcyclists
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Motorcyclist deaths, numbering almost 3,500 in 1988, comprise 7 percent of all traffic deaths. For males in their twenties, one out of every seven motor vehicle fatalities is a motorcycle driver or passenger. Analyses of FARS and NASS data indicate that for every death there are 50 injuries reported to the police. In addition, many injuries are not reported to the police (Kraus et al. 1975a). This is especially likely when no other motor vehicle is involved.
Bicyclists
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

About 900 bicyclists were killed in 1988, comprising 2 percent of all traffic deaths. Forty percent of bicyclist deaths occur in the 5-14-year-old age group. For this age group, injuries to bicyclists cause about 15 percent of all traffic deaths and 20 percent of all brain injuries (Kraus et al. 1987). About 90 percent of all bicyclist deaths involve collisions with motor vehicles. Nonfatal injuries, however, generally are caused by falls from bicycles, which are rarely reported to the police (Waller 1971). U.S. emergency rooms treat more than 500,000 bicyclists each year, of whom about 15 percent have been struck by vehicles (CDC 1987).
Modern Theories of the Subordinate Tenses
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

As complicated as the meanings and uses of the tenses considered so far may seem, we have principally been examining only a narrow range of phenomena, namely those in which the tense forms have their “normal,” nominal values. In the Indo-European languages this actually occurs only under certain special conditions-generally when the verb is the main verb of an independent clause and is in the indicative mood.
Explanation in Aspectology
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

We have seen in the previous chapter how two different categorizations were long confused which Goedsche (1940) and Garey (1957) were to distinguish as “aspect” and “Aktionsarten,” though these occasionally are still confounded. Both may be marked by differences in verb stems, and both have to do with the internal structures of events or situations, rather than with the sort of temporal relations involved in tense.
What Is a Mental Status Examination?
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

The beginning student of the mental status examination (MSE) faces a task like that of an aspiring music critic. Anyone can listen to and even enjoy a symphony orchestra. However, professionally reviewing its performance takes special knowledge, vocabulary, and skills. The critic requires both textbook facts (e.g., Which instruments are which? Who are the Baroque composers?) and an adequate vocabulary to describe unambiguously musical or technical observations. In addition, skilled music critics have learned a higher level of auditory observation: attending to nuances of individual notes while placing them in the context of melodics and harmonies; recognizing and analyzing the product of individual instruments while simultaneously considering the interplay of the entire orchestra; and understanding the piece’s structure and themes. Similarly, anyone can have a conversation with a patient, but appropriate knowledge, vocabulary, and skills can elevate the clinician’s “conversation” to a “mental status examination.” This textbook provides the basic knowledge and vocabulary that students require to organize and describe an MSE; it also provides some guideposts to the performance of the examination. This book should serve as a starting point and reference point for the MSE; however, skillful performance of the examination is honed with practice, experience, and supervision.
Speech and Language
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

Human communication occurs through verbal and nonverbal mechanisms. Nonverbal modalities include sign language, pictures, symbols, gestures, facial expressions, actions, and body positions. This chapter focuses on verbal communications, expressed through speech and language. Verbal communication involves letter symbols, words, phrases, and sentences, put together so that grammatical rules of structure, or syntax, will allow meaningful communications, or semantics, to occur.

There are both semantic and motoric (expressive) components to language. The semantic content of language refers to its ability to convey meaning. The motoric aspects of language include the proper articulation and assembly (according to rules of grammar) of the building blocks of words (phonemes and morphemes), facial and gestural (e.g., sign language) expressions, and writing. The left frontal lobe (see Figure 4-1) is particularly important for the motoric aspects of language, whereas the left temporal area is vital to the semantic aspects. The prefrontal cerebral cortex has also recently been hypothesized to play some role in semantic processing of language. As discussed further in this chapter, left frontal injury is associated with Broca’s aphasia, and left temporal injury is associated with Wernicke’s aphasia.

Over and above its grammatical, semantic, prosodic, and phonologic components, pragmatics is the aspect of language concerned with its overall communicative value. Whereas the dominant hemisphere (typically left) controls most aspects of language, the right side contributes to its communicative value. According to Cutting, the right hemisphere plays an important role in allowing a person to use metaphor and grasp the meaning of abstract verbal communications (see Abstraction and Conceptualization, in Chapter 6). This is an example of the right hemisphere’s integrative functions, necessary to appreciating the “whole” picture and the implied meanings that underlie the overt content of communications (see Chapter 1, under The Interview as a Means To Elicit Information, content vs. process).
Thought Process, Thought Content, and Perception
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

Although we cannot directly know another person’s thoughts, inferences can be made based on what is said and observed. Assuming that there is no gross brain damage, which would cause language deficits (see Aphasias, in Chapter 4), evaluation of thought content and processes is critical to evaluating a patient’s psychiatric state. Serious disorders of thought content and process, also known as psychotic disorders, are among the most severe and most disabling of psychiatric illnesses.

A classic example of thought disorder is schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients can display any of a variety of disorders of thinking, including delusions, hallucinations, loose associations, ideas of reference, and thought blocking.
Insight and Judgment
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

Insight and judgment are complex cognitive tasks that require the utilization and integration of several different mental functions, especially higher-level conceptual thinking. Prerequisites for insightfulness include the capacity for abstraction, ability to communicate (speech and language), intact cognitive function, absence of a thought disorder, euthymic mood, and stable affect (see Chapters 2 to 6). Even patients without disturbance of these functions may have poor insight as a result of using maladaptive psychologic defense mechanisms that distort the perception of internal and external realities or alter the motivation to relate openly with another person. In addition, the examiner needs to use his or her own abstract thinking in order to determine how insightful the patient is during the interview, because this determination is itself a subjective judgment. Evaluation of the patient’s insight and ability to make sound judgments is based on both the content and the process of the interview (see Chapter 1 ). In general, the more severely ill a psychiatric patient is, the more likely it is that his or her capacity for insight will be impaired.

In order more fully to explore these constructs of insight and judgment, this chapter introduces the concepts of defense mechanisms and personality. These factors may adversely impact on decision making and insight, even in the setting of intact language and cognition. Although there are slightly different psycho-analytic views about defense mechanisms and their definitions, we have chosen to mostly rely on Vallaint’s (1977) descriptions. Even though specific personality styles or disorders are not documented in the MSE (but, rather, in the Assessment section of a written psychiatric evaluation because they represent diagnoses), predominant defense mechanisms should be described in the Insight and Judgment section of the MSE if they impact on the patient’s capacity for attaining adequate insight and judgment about his or her illness and life events.
Case Examples
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

The following examples are fictional case descriptions, with relevant historical information in the form of a vignette (as opposed to the standard format for a medical history as listed in Chapter 1) to serve as background information to illustrate sample MSEs as they might be written in a medical chart. The Appendix at the end of the book lists an outline of the headings and major topics for each section of an MSE and can be used as a general guide while writing MSEs.

Anna Black, a 43-year-old married woman, presented to the emergency room on her wedding anniversary with suicidal ideation and a plan. She has been thinking about locking herself in the garage with the car engine running to kill herself. Two months ago, her husband of 20 years told her he was having an affair and wanted a divorce. He moved out of the house and has not been sending her money for household expenses. Their children are away at college and Anna is alone. She has few friends because she had devoted herself to her husband’s needs, and now feels helpless and unsupported. For two months she has had insomnia, decreased appetite, a 12-pound weight loss, anergy, decreased libido, low self-esteem, reduced concentration, decreased motivation, and suicidal ideation. She repeatedly mulls over how she has been a bad wife, that the divorce is all her fault, that she is not pretty enough, and so on. She feels she deserves to be denigrated.
The Coup Plot and Its Aftermath
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

Within days of the Italian Control Commission’s arrival in Beirut, reports began to circulate of subversive activity by the Italians. It was confirmed that they had established contact with the notorious anti-British Palestinian leader, the Mufti al-Husseini, in Baghdad, and possibly with the Syrian nationalist leadership that had taken refuge there as well. The Italian Control Commission was also trying to organize Syrian guerrilla bands that could be used to foment trouble for the British in Iraq and Palestine. In its official capacity, the commission was also making itself obnoxious, as it began actively demanding the transfer to its control of large stocks of French military equipment, in accordance with the terms of the Franco-Italian armistice agreement.
The Development of the Power Struggle
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

The tension created in Syria and Lebanon by the overlapping of British and Free French political authority was heightened by the wartime economic problems afflicting the region. The shortage of goods which had been created by the British blockade was compounded by the sudden influx of Allied military forces, resulting in an inflationary spiral. This was only partially alleviated by the resumption of trade relations between the Levant and its neighbors and by the integration of Syria and Lebanon into the sterling bloc. The fragility of the economic situation and the danger it posed to military security by its potential for sparking off public unrest, created a need for close governmental oversight of all imports and exports as well as of the distribution of foreign currency. To this end, the Commission Superieure du Ravitaillement was set up to regulate all foreign trade.
Fleeting Moments
Authors: Barth Gunther
Published: November 2023

Gunther Barth's book focuses on the relation between nature and culture in American history. He begins with the search for a Northwest Passage by Spanish and English explorers and describes how they learned about American natural phenomena. There is a section showing how nature was adapted to urban settings in cemeteries and in city parks like New York's Central Park and San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.
On Nature’s Edge
Authors: Barth Gunther
Published: November 2023

‘‘WHAT AM I TO SAY, my dear Hakluyt, when I see nothing but desolation,” the Hungarian poet Stephen Parmenius asked his Oxford friend Richard Hakluyt in a letter sent from New­ foundland on August 6, 1583. Six years later, Hakluyt translated Parmenius’s “praeter solitudinem” as “very wildernesse” to make the Latin news from St. John’s Harbour more intelligible to English readers of his collection of voyages to the New World. In 1972, the modem translator of the letter rendered the phrase as “desolation. “ Hakluyt, the compiler of the Principall navigations, preferred “wildernesse.” He knew that word described what his Hungarian friend had been seeing: a wild, dense, and trackless stretch of land.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis David Rich
Published: November 2023

Long before contact with Europeans, Native Americans developed elaborate cultural systems to help them order their physical and meta physical world. They maintained diversified subsistence systems of their own design. They were hunters, gatherers, horticulturists. They in habited varied environments and had different ways of explaining, using, regulating, and altering their surroundings as necessary or desirable. In turn the land shaped them, prescribing certain physical realities as well as opportunities for human action. It gave them a sense of place and identity. Euro-Americans, however, saw only wilderness and savagism and set about civilizing the land and people of the New World. Epidemic diseases, trade, the introduction of market values, and the appropriation of Indian land and resources all contributed to the transformation of native cultures. American policy makers sought to facilitate that evolutionary process through an agrarian-based program for Indian settlement and civilization. Indians were to become self-supporting yeomen farmers and farm families and then disappear into mainstream American society.
Hupa, The People Of Natinook
Authors: Lewis David Rich
Published: November 2023

In 1851, Treaty Commissioner Redick McKee learned about a people his Yurok informants called “Hoopah,” a geopolitical name for the people living “where there is water” along the hupa-sr or Trinity River in northwest California. The people called themselves Natinook-wii, “the people of Natinook”-”the place by the river to which the trails lead back.” Federal officials adopted variations of the Yurok appellation, designating these people the Hupa and their residence Hoopa Valley. Lin guistically Hupas are members of the Athapaskan language family of the Na-Dene stock. Historically they inhabited twenty-five villages along the Trinity from its junction with the Klamath River on the north to where the South Fork of the Trinity meets Grouse Creek on the south. Their hunting and gathering territories extended from the divide be tween Pine and Redwood creeks on the west to the Trinity Alps and Red Cap Creek on the east. Today Hupas control a 12-mile-square reservation centered around the thirteen villages of Hoopa Valley.1 In Hupa cosmology there are six universes, each containing a complete physical world. Then there is Deddeh Ninnisan, “This Earth,” at the center of which is Hoopa Valley. This Earth has always existed except in certain details. In the first of three epochs, YĪmantūwiñiyai(“the one lost across [the ocean]” or “old man over across”), the Creator• and Hupa culture hero, sprang from the earth in the entryway of a xonta (a semisubterranean split cedar plank house). Following his emergence came the Kīxuˆnaia race of Immortals who preceded humans on This Earth. YĪmantūwiñiyaitraveled throughout the world establishing its order and condition.
The Imperfect Art
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

This stimulating and perceptive study of jazz relates the work of jazz artists such as Louis Armstrong, Bix Beiderbecke, Lester Young, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, John Coltrane, and Ornette Coleman to such subjects as primitivism in the arts, neoclassicism, good and bad taste, improvisation and recordings and the imperfection of art, and aesthetics in general.
Boredom and Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

Few critics, one supposes, would share Andy Warhol’s sentiments on boring art. In fact, surprisingly few major writers on art seem to have had much of anything to say on the subject of boredom. Audiences should be so lucky! Certainly as an empirical fact, “the Boring” is every bit as prevalent as “the Beautiful” or “the Sublime”-alas, perhaps even more prevalent. But in the world of art criticism, empirical reality seems to have been bested by the remnants of an ancient, but still lingering faith in aesthetics as a meditation on Platonic ideals of perfection.
Europe
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

Portugal is host to a wide variety of regional folk musics, many of which continue to be lively performance traditions in spite of the increasing popularity of Western commercial musics. Fado is perhaps the single most visible and well-known Portuguese genre. In its traditional form, it is a sophisticated urban folk music primarily of Lisbon and Coimbra, which continues to be heard in tavernas in those cities and elsewhere. In this century, however, Jada has also adapted to mass media dissemina¬ tion, and a commercialized form of the genre has established itself as an indigenous popular music which competes with imported mainstream European and American pop styles. Since little has been written in English about traditional Jada, it merits some discussion by way of back¬ ground to its contemporary evolution as a popular music.
The White Paper and the Fate of European Jewry
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

British policy was among the most influential factors shaping aliyah bet, and at the same time, the British stance weighed heavily on the positions the Zionists adopted toward illegal aliyah. In seeking to understand British policy, several questions arise. How clear and consistent was British policy? How accurately did Zionist leaders assess the importance of the immigration issue to British policymakers--or the value of illegal aliyah for Zionist interests?
The Struma
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

Although the security of the Jews in Rumania was already in doubt, the inauguration of the Fascist-leaning Ion Antonescu dictatorship in September 1940 marked a new deterioration in their situation. Street violence and anti Semitic looting reached new heights in the pogrom that swept Bucharest during the Iron Guard (a paramilitary Fascist organization) putsch of January 1941.
Building in Egypt
Authors: Arnold Dieter
Published: November 2023

Stone architecture rose suddenly in Egypt with the construction of the mortuary complex of King Djoser at Saqqara c.2700 BC. The reasons for its meteoric rise and its immediate development into superhuman dimensions are not known, but knowledge of the technical aspects of construction has advanced considerably in recent decades, drawing upon excavation reports as well as comparative studies of the construction methods of Pre-Classical, Greco-Roman, medieval and Inca architecture. Dr Arnold's book considers these advances in a systematic description of the planning and building of pharaonic stone masonry (the pyramids at Giza and Dashur, and the temples at Karnak and Luxor are examples), covering the production, quarrying, and transport of the stone and the tools used in building.
Preparations
Authors: Arnold Dieter
Published: November 2023

On the walls of the rock tombs and temples of the New Kingdom, Egyptian artists drew accurate and detailed elevations of pylons, chapels, palaces, private houses, and other buildings. Such artists were certainly capable of drawing architectural plans and elevations for building purposes as well, but few drawings of this type have survived; in fact, no true building plan as executed by an architect for construction purposes has been preserved.
Tools and Their Application
Authors: Arnold Dieter
Published: November 2023

Cubit Rods Richard Lepsius—after a few less important predecessors— and Petrie were the first and last authors to study seriously the Egyptian cubit rod.1 Lepsius collected information about fourteen more or less complete cubits. Most of these examples were not actually used as tools, but as votives, or were made for the funerary equipment and therefore made of hard stone. Some, however, are of wood, the material actually used for cubit rods by architects.
A Philosophy of Conducting
Authors: Schuller Gunther
Published: November 2023

Conducting is surely the most demanding, musically all-embracing, and com plex of the various disciplines that constitute the field of music performance. Yet, ironically, it is considered by most people—including, alas, most orchestral musicians—to be either an easy-to-acquire skill (musicians) or the result of some magical, unfathomable, inexplicable God-given gifts (audiences). It is actually neither, the skills required in conducting at the highest artistic levels being any thing but easy to acquire—many conductors never achieve them at all—while what the public mostly perceives as the magic and majesty of the baton is, but only in the best hands, a result of many years of intensive study and hard work, as well as talent, of course.
The Rejuvenation of Whiggery
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

ON DECEMBER 12 Congressman James A. Garfield of Ohio gave Governor Hayes his estimate of the situation as it appeared in Washington and suggested a course of action. After describing the “ugly” conduct of “the more violent Democratic leaders” who were “trying to create as much sensation and popular clamor as possible,” he pointed out some hopeful signs. “In the meantime two forces are at work,” he wrote.
The Crisis Renewed
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

AFTER nearly a month of labour two bipartisan committees, one of the Senate and one of the House, brought forth jointly an Electoral Commission bill on January 18. The plan it contained was ingeniously contrived to avoid the appearance of giving so much as a hair’s weight of advantage to one party or the other. It was entirely noncommittal on all the fine points of constitutional law involved in the dispute.
Spouse Abuse
Authors: Stark Evan , Flitcraft Anne H
Published: November 2023

Spouse abuse (or interspousal violence) is defined as the use of physical force in intimate relationships among adults. Battering is defined as a syndrome of control and increasing entrapment attendant upon spouse abuse and characterized by a history of injury, general medical complaints, isolation, stress-related psychosocial problems, and unsuccessful help-seeking. Among the most commonly reported psychosocial problems linked to battering are rape, substance abuse, attempted suicide, depression, and child abuse. Either partner or both may be abused. To date, however, the syndrome of entrapment associated with battering has been identified as a problem only among women.
Traces and their Antecedents
Authors: Epstein Samuel David
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the distribution of traces and their antecedents. The first chapter outlines the Government and Binding theory, enabling those unfamiliar with this framework to understand the ensuing discussion. The second chapter concerns the Empty Category Principle. Argument/adjunct asymmetries are shown to follow from an independently motivated indexing algorithm, which entails that adjuncts display an impoverished indexing. The third chapter deduces the properties of A-chains from independently motivated principles, offering a thorough examination of Super-Raising, Improper Movement, and the Local Binding Condition. The final chapter challenges the standard assumptions regarding Case requirements on traces.
Determining the Properties of A-Chains
Authors: Epstein Samuel David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we attempt to determine the nature of the principles of UG governing the structure of A-chains. Throughout, it is our intention to eliminate, or at least simplify, chain-specific conditions, showing that, to a large extent, the properties of A-chains follow from independent principles of grammar. In the first section, the role of the ECP and Condition C in determining A-chain structure is discussed. Following this, the Local Binding Condition, a chain-specific condition, is motivated, and its proper formulation is investigated in detail. In the following section, this condition is substantially simplified, certain properties being reducible to independent principles.
Trader To The Eastward
Authors: Johnson Richard R
Published: November 2023

When John Nelson reached America in the late 1660s, little in his early life had prepared him for what lay before him. Nelson himself left no record of his childhood or upbringing, but enough fragments survive to be pieced together. To judge by the coat of arms he set upon documents in New England, his ancestors descended from a cluster of Nelson families long established in central Lancashire in northern England. How and when his branch of the family moved south to live in London remains uncertain, but they surely responded to the same magnetic attractions of opportunity and professional advancement that were drawing other ambitious provincials to the capital in the early seventeenth century: John Winthrop, for example, exchanged his native East Anglia for government office as a lawyer in London before leaving crown and country in 1630 to become the first governor of Massachusetts.
“Crusht the two between crownes”
Authors: Johnson Richard R
Published: November 2023

A few years before his death, in a last letter to Canada’s Governor Vaudreuil, John Nelson sought permission to trade once more with French Acadia. Thereby, he noted, “I might in some measure repaire my family in the great losses I have sustained, being so long a time as it were Crusht between the two Crownes. “1 Nelson was not a man given to lamentation or reflection: active, open, and direct, he displayed none of the anxious concern of a Cotton Mather or a Samuel Sewall for his own or his society’s place in history. Yet his words, with their depiction of personal endeavor storm-tossed by larger forces, come close to encapsulating his life’s central theme-the search for accommodation and response to the clash of emerging European empires in the North Atlantic world.
Martin Luther King: Authorship and Ideas
Authors: King Richard H
Published: November 2023

Nice as it would be to argue otherwise, Martin Luther King was not a political thinker of any great distinction. As mentioned, King at one time considered a career in teaching and writing, but once he became the public figure he felt called to be, he lacked, above all, the time to explore and meditate upon the political events he helped to precipitate and then shape. For this reason alone, his thought lacked the depth or complexity we expect from a thinker of the first order.
The “Wonder City”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Crawford arrived in Chicago on September 8, 1921, to make her musical fortune. Just as her mother had homesteaded the hills of Colorado fifty years earlier, she would prove her own claim in the third largest city in the world. With a population of about three million, the “Metropolis of the West” was six times larger than Jacksonville. Clara called Chicago “advanced!”
"A Career or Life?”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

During the years that Ruth Crawford reflected on the soul of sound, Charles Ives wrote that a “good dissonance is like a man;’ Was it by accident or design that Crawford’s spiritual concept of dissonance eluded the sexual aesthetics he and many others presumed? She began her career in music at a time when American writers decried the “feminization” of classical music, spoke approvingly of a “distinguishing virility” as a hallmark of achievement for her generation, continued to debate the potential of the “woman composer;’ and entertained the possibility that the “emotional life of Woman” was “antagonistic to the creative process in music;”!
One West 68th Street
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

On September 5, 1929, Crawford arrived in New York and moved into Blanche Walton’s spacious corner flat in a small apartment building on 1 West 68th Street. The guest bedroom overlooked Central Park, where be yond the grove of trees and shrubs bordering the avenue lay the green expanse of the Sheep Meadow, outlined by the hazy skyline of the East Side. The weather was pleasantly warm; indoors it was quiet unless there was music or talk about music. A new Steinway “Model B” ruled the sitting room.
“The Curves in Our Friendship”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Suddenly Ruth Crawford’s world was filled with Seegers, three generations of them living together and apart at Fairlea, a farm estate of fifty acres of hills, meadow, woods, and streams on the outskirts of Patterson, a small village about sixty miles from New York City between Brewster and Pawling.
"In Europe One Can Work!”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Crawford arrived at Southampton, England, on August 26, 1930, after an uneventful passage across the Atlantic. In London she visited Curwen Publishers, who looked at her scores but did not commit. Then off she went to Liege, Belgium, for the eighth International Festival of Contemporary Music, running from September 1 to 6.
Homecoming
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

I am racing after you;” Crawford wrote to Seeger on the train to London, October 27, 1931. She and her new friend, Margaret Valiant, waited as the Red Star pulled into port on the clear, cold morning of November 10. Charles was there, and Margaret watched “these two people[who] saw only each other” be reunited: Ruth, the “most completely natural person I ever met:’ and an older gentleman in a dark coat and derby, wearing a pair of pince-nez glasses attached to his person by a thin black ribbon. He did not strike her as a “totally romantic figure in the popular eye:”
"Composing Babies”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Family. Home. Such magic words for Ruth Crawford, who had waited so long to have children. As a thirteen-year old girl, she had envisioned her self sitting on the porch of a Florida bungalow, singing to her children. At twenty, she joked about having thirty-five children to send to the American Conservatory of Music. At twenty-nine she was in Berlin, and like many women who stand at the threshold of motherhood after years of deferring, she let herself see what had been there all along: a world of baby carriages. On her thirtieth birthday in Paris, she was with the man she hoped would be the father of her children. In December 1932, one month after she married Charles Seeger, she became pregnant. An elated Crawford wrote Nicolas Slonimsky (responding to his request for biographical information) in a postscript about her new life: “and of course-my marriage. That is more important than all these two pages[of career data] put together.” Five years later, she was the mother of three children. Looking back on this period in her life, Crawford acknowledged the time and energy mothering demanded, and said that she was “composing babies.”
Dio's Circus
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

I am running a four-ring circus-school teaching, private teaching, books, and four children of my own,” Ruth wrote in 1946. This was what she wanted, for she meant what she said to Peggy over and over--that she al ways wanted children. In 1943 when she was forty-two and Charles was fifty-seven, they had their fourth child. Her friends at the arch,ve, who saw her frequently with one to three of the other children in tow, W( re surprised. “She’s pregnant again?” Harold Spivacke asked Rae Korson at the Archive of American Folk Song. “She can’t be. She’s too old.” But the baby was wanted, perhaps more by Ruth than Charles. This time she chose her third daughter’s name, balking at any more reminders of her husband’s previous girlfriends.
The Crisis of Liberalism and the Emergence of Cultural Science, 1862-1885
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

The failure of the 1848 revolution did not lead to a permanent decline of liberalism in Germany, nor can it easily be shown (contrary to what many historians used to believe) that the collapse of the revolution infected the liberal movement with germs that would later weaken it beyond recovery.1 Liberalism in Germany in fact recovered its strength after less than a decade, and although it was a changed liberalism, it was in most ways a stronger, more realistic, and more effective political movement than ever before. Taking advantage of the wealth-based franchise system established under the new Prussian constitution and the shift of income that occurred during the economic expansion of the 1850s, the Prussian liberals gained control of the House of Deputies by the end of the decade. By 1862, they had engaged the Prussian government in a constitutional struggle that had the potential for producing responsible representative government. Liberal resurgences had also occurred in other states. Although some of the intellectual leaders of liberalism, especially radicals, had left Germany or became politically inactive, there was a compensation in the attraction that restored liberalism had for large numbers of students and young academics in the 1850s and 1860s.
Völkerpsychologie
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

Most of the cultural sciences examined in this study still exist, even if the theoretical patterns connected with them have changed. Volkerpsychologie is dead. It did not, in any real sense, survive the 1920s, and it never achieved full recognition as an independent discipline outside of the German-speaking countries. Even in its heyday, during the last third of the nineteenth century, it was rather difficult to separate its central concerns from those of cultural anthropology as that discipline was defining itself. Nevertheless, German Volkerpsychologie was widely respected, if not imitated, among cultural scientists throughout the world.
Tests of Released Time
Authors: Cohen Naomi W
Published: November 2023

As the nation moved with scant respite from a hot war into a cold war, religious educators trained their sights increasingly on the public school. Many concluded that a pervasive godlessness infected the schools; it contributed to the spiritual void that was exposed by America’s ongoing battle against totalitarianism, and it dangerously undercut the defense of democratic life. The charge was not a new one in American history. In 1845 a religious group in New Jersey had warned that the “race of irreligious and infidel youth, such as may be expected to issue from public schools, deteriorating more and more with the revolving years, will not be fit to sustain our free institutions. ”
Chicago
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

In contrast to Philadelphia, where modernists discovered their work and each other most often within educational institutions, in Chicago they found only the most marginal institutions helpful. Chicago modernism had only three outlets: the Friday Literary Review, Poetry, and the Little Review. The first paid its contributors in books and its staff scarcely a subsistence wage; the second paid nominal sums for contributions and relied chiefly on subsidies for capital; and the third became something of a legend even in bohemia for its fiscal marginality. In Chicago, an artist needed commissions, an outside job, or a rich mate.
Mabel Dodge
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

Unlike Alfred Stieglitz, Mabel Dodge was no artist, nor was she European in her cultural roots. Yet in terms of the origins of her attitudes and her impact on New York cultural life, at least a few of the qualities of her early life were similar to those which motivated Stieglitz to become a collector of people who were pioneering modernist cultural attitudes. Born Mabel Ganson, she had grown up in an environment that seemed dominated by three themes: the philistinism of Buffalo and its expression in her family; the problem of being a woman in a society where women had little they could do outside the home; and the sheer boredom of having plenty of money and material possessions and nothing compelling to do.
Prenatal and Newborn Screening: State Legislative Approaches and Current Practice Standards
Authors: Acuff Katherine L
Published: November 2023

Any efforts to screen pregnant women and newborns for HIV do not occur in a vacuum but in the context of current screening practices. This chapter focuses on two ways that large-scale screening efforts can be and have been established. First, it examines legislatively established screening programs to determine whether HIV screening can be accommodated under existing authority. Because screening is a state issue, there is a great degree of variability in the answer to this question. No recommendation are made on advisability of a legislative approach to HIV screening, however, beyond an insistence that any screening program for HIV be wholly voluntary.
Screening Newborns for HIV: Ethical and Legal Aspects
Authors: Faden Ruth R , Areen Judith
Published: November 2023

The chapter is divided into three sections. The first part provides an overview of the legal context for HIV screening of newborns. Specific legal issues raised by both mandatory and parental consent programs are examined. The second part presents a moral justification of parental consent requirements, as well as an analysis of the conditions under which it is morally permissible to override or bypass such requirements in medical and public health contexts.