bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of intense wind shear across the inversion on stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Wang Shouping , Golaz Jean‐Christophe , Wang Qing
Published: August 2008

A large‐eddy simulation model is used to examine the impact of the intense cross‐inversion wind shear on the stratocumulus cloud structure. The wind shear enhanced entrainment mixing effectively reduces the cloud water and thickens the inversion layer. It leads to a reduction of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) production in the cloud layer due to the weakened cloud‐top radiative cooling and the formation of a turbulent and cloud free sublayer within the inversion. The thickness of the sublayer increases with the enhanced wind shear intensity. Under the condition of a weaker inversion, the enhanced shear mixing within the inversion layer even lowers the cloud‐top height and reduces the entrainment velocity. Finally, increasing wind shear or reducing inversion strength tends to create an inversion layer with a constant bulk Richardson number (∼0.3), suggesting that an equilibrium value of the Richardson number is reached.
Thermal electron periodicities at 20RS in Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Arridge C. S. , André N. , Achilleos N. , Khurana K. K. , Bertucci C. L. , Gilbert L. K. , Lewis G. R. , Coates A. J. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: August 2008

Cassini fields and particles observations show clear evidence of periodic phenomena in Saturn's magnetosphere. Periodicities have been observed in kilometric radio emissions, total electron density (in the inner magnetosphere), magnetic fields, and energetic particles (in the outer magnetosphere). In this letter the first analysis of periodicities in thermal electron densities in Saturn's outer magnetosphere are presented. Plasma sheet electron densities and temperatures at 20 ± 2 RS in Saturn's magnetosphere are studied and examined as a function of SLS3 longitude. Evidence for a density minimum at 170° is presented which is in excellent agreement with total electron density results in the 3–5 RS range. The density asymmetry is interpreted as the result of a periodic plasma sheet motion where the northward offset of the plasma sheet varies with longitude hence producing a density modulation in the equatorial plane. The effect of magnetospheric compressions on the dayside density asymmetry are discussed.
Phenotyping murine models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through metabolic profiling of intact liver tissue
Authors: Cobbold Jeremy F. L. , Anstee Quentin M. , Goldin Robert D. , Williams Horace R. T. , Matthews Helen C. , North Bernard V. , Absalom Nathan , Thomas Howard C. , Thursz Mark R. , Cox Roger D. , Taylor-Robinson Simon D. , Cox I. Jane
Published: August 2008

NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) is a common cause of chronic liver disease associated with the metabolic syndrome. Effective techniques are needed to investigate the potential of animal models of NAFLD. The present study aimed to characterize murine models of NAFLD by metabolic profiling of intact liver tissue. Mice of three strains (BALB/c, C3H and the novel mutant, Gena/263) were fed a control or high-fat diet. Biometric, biochemical and histological analysis demonstrated a spectrum of NAFLD from normal liver to steatohepatitis. Metabolic profiling of intact liver tissue, using 1H MAS (proton magic angle spinning) MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), showed an increase in the total lipid-to-water ratio, a decrease in polyunsaturation indices and a decrease in total choline with increasing disease severity. Principal components analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis showed separation of each model from its control and of each model from the total dataset. Class membership from the whole dataset was predicted with 100% accuracy in six out of eight models. Those models with steatosis discriminated from those with steatohepatitis with 100% accuracy. The separation of histologically defined steatohepatitis from simple steatosis is clinically important. Indices derived from 1H MAS MRS studies may inform subsequent in vivo MRS studies at lower field strengths.
Acoustic and Perceptual Cues to Contrastive Stress in Dysarthria
Authors: Patel Rupal , Campellone Pamela
Published: August 2008

Purpose

In this study, the authors sought to understand acoustic and perceptual cues to contrastive stress in speakers with dysarthria (DYS) and healthy controls (HC).

Method

The production experiment examined the ability of 12 DYS (9 male, 3 female;M= 39 years of age) and 12 age- and gender-matched HC (9 male, 3 female;M= 37.5 years of age) to signal contrastive stress within short sentences. Acoustic changes in fundamental frequency (F0), intensity, and duration were studied. The perceptual experiment explored whether 48 unfamiliar listeners (24 male, 24 female;M= 23.4 years of age) could identify the intended stress location in DYS and HC productions.

Results

Although both speaker groups used all 3 prosodic cues, DYS relied more heavily on duration. Despite reduced F0 and intensity variation within DYS utterances, listeners were highly accurate at identifying both DYS (> 93%) and HC (> 97%) productions. Acoustic predictors of listener accuracy included heightened prosodic cues on stressed words along with marked decreases in these variables for neighboring nonstressed words.

Conclusions

Speakers signaled contrastive stress using relative changes in one or more prosodic cue. Although individual speakers employed different cue combinations, listeners were highly adept at discerning the intended stress location. The communicative potential of prosody in speakers with congenital dysarthria is discussed.
Evidence-Based Treatment and Stuttering—Historical Perspective
Authors: Prins David , Ingham Roger J.
Published: August 2008

Purpose

To illustrate the way in which both fluency shaping (FS) and stuttering management (SM) treatments for developmental stuttering in adults are evidence based.

Method

A brief review of the history and development of FS and SM is provided. It illustrates that both can be justified as evidence-based treatments, each treatment seeking evidence of a different kind: FS seeks evidence concerning treatment outcome, and SM seeks evidence concerning the nature of the stutter event.

Conclusion

Although outcome evidence provides the principal support for FS, support for SM comes principally from a cognitive learning model of defensive behavior as applied to the nature of the stutter event. Neither approach can claim anything like uniform success with adults who stutter. However, self-management and modeling are strategies common to both approaches and have shown consistently positive effects on outcome. It is argued that both strategies merit additional treatment efficacy study. Cognitive behavior theory may provide a useful framework for this research.
The Speech Focus Position Effect on Jaw–Finger Coordination in a Pointing Task
Authors: Rochet-Capellan Amélie , Laboissière Rafael , Galván Arturo , Schwartz Jean-Luc
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This article investigates jaw–finger coordination in a task involving pointing to a target while naming it with a ˈCVCV (e.g., /ˈpapa/) versus CVˈCV (e.g., /paˈpa/) word. According to the authors' working hypothesis, the pointing apex (gesture extremum) would be synchronized with the apex of the jaw-opening gesture corresponding to the stressed syllable.

Method

Jaw and finger motions were recorded using Optotrak (Northern Digital, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada). The effects of stress position on jaw–finger coordination were tested across different target positions (near vs. far) and different consonants in the target word (/t/ vs. /p/). Twenty native Portuguese Brazilian speakers participated in the experiment (all conditions).

Results

Jaw response starts earlier, and finger–target alignment period is longer for CVˈCV words than for ˈCVCV ones. The apex of the jaw-opening gesture for the stressed syllable appears synchronized with the onset of the finger–target alignment period (corresponding to the pointing apex) for ˈCVCV words and with the offset of that period for CVˈCV words.

Conclusions

For both stress conditions, the stressed syllable occurs within the finger–target alignment period because of tight finger–jaw coordination. This result is interpreted as evidence for an anchoring of the speech deictic site (part of speech that shows) in the pointing gesture.
Dissociation of excitons in the C60 film studied by transient photovoltage measurements
Authors: Sun X. Y. , Ding B. F. , Song Q. L. , Zheng X. Y. , Ding X. M. , Hou X. Y.
Published: August 2008

The dissociation of excitons at indium tin oxide (ITO)∕C60 interface is studied by means of transient photovoltage measurements. An abnormal polarity change of transient photovoltage from positive to negative upon pulsed laser irradiation is observed, indicating that the exciton dissociation at ITO∕C60 interface results in holes injected into ITO and electrons left in the C60 film, opposite to that occurring at ITO/NPB and ITO/CuPc interfaces. It is confirmed that C60 has a moderately strong ability of donating holes to ITO during the dissociation process of the excitons at the ITO∕C60 interface. Moreover the long term transient photovoltage (t>10ns) and its polarity can be tuned by applying external bias on the device, which further proves the validity of the model proposed to explain the polarity change of the transient photovoltage.
Intense narrow band terahertz generation via type-II difference-frequency generation in ZnTe using chirped optical pulses
Authors: Danielson J. R. , Jameson A. D. , Tomaino J. L. , Hui H. , Wetzel J. D. , Lee Yun-Shik , Vodopyanov K. L.
Published: August 2008

We developed a tabletop source of intense, narrow band terahertz pulses via type-II difference-frequency generation in ZnTe crystal using two linearly chirped and orthogonally polarized optical pulses. The pulse energy is in the range of 1–3 nJ depending on the variable pulse duration from 1 to 5 ps. The amplitude of electric field reaches ∼10 kV/cm. The central frequency of the spectrum is continuously tunable from 0.3 to 2.5 THz with the bandwidth at 0.2–0.5 THz.
Exact state-to-state quantum dynamics of the F+HD→HF(v′=2)+D reaction on model potential energy surfaces
Authors: De Fazio Dario , Aquilanti Vincenzo , Cavalli Simonetta , Aguilar Antonio , Lucas Josep M.
Published: August 2008

In this paper, we present the results of a theoretical investigation on the dynamics of the title reaction at collision energies below 1.2 kcal/mol using rigorous quantum reactive scattering calculations. Vibrationally resolved integral and differential cross sections, as well as product rotational distributions, have been calculated using two electronically adiabatic potential energy surfaces, developed by us on the basis of semiempirical modifications of the entrance channel. In particular, we focus our attention on the role of the exothermicity and of the exit channel region of the interaction on the experimental observables. From the comparison between the theoretical results, insight about the main mechanisms governing the reaction is extracted, especially regarding the bimodal structure of the HF(v=2) nascent rotational state distributions. A good overall agreement with molecular beam scattering experiments has been obtained.
Fundamentals of the grating-assisted surface acoustic wave–plate bulk acoustic wave interaction
Authors: Yantchev V. , Plessky V. , Katardjiev I.
Published: August 2008

The resonant interaction between Rayleigh surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and Lamb modes in a plate [in general, plate bulk acoustic waves (plate BAW)] through the loading effect of an infinite periodical grating defined on the plate surface is theoretically described and its fundamental characteristics revealed. Further, the eigenmodes along with amplitude ratios inside such types of gratings are determined. Analytical expressions describing the interaction have also been derived. The analysis performed in here represents the first fundamental description of the problem. In this work, only the case of isotropic elastic medium is considered, thus illuminating the fundamentals of the interaction itself, excluding the effects of crystal anisotropy. The modes’ dispersion is found to exhibit a complex stopband structure. In the vicinity of the resonance condition the interaction of the waves generates new three-component eigenmodes. Specifically, two independent eigenmodes have been found to coexist in the structure due to the presence of the coupler, i.e., the periodic grating. One of them is represented by two contrapropagating SAWs coupled to a plate BAW, while the other one is represented by a near-onset Lamb mode generating two contrapropagating SAWs. Three general cases of the interaction representing Lamb modes with cutoff frequencies equal, smaller, and grater than the second Bragg frequency of the grating are considered, respectively. Analogies can be found with other interwave interactions as, for example, between light and optical phonons in solids.
Radial breathing mode frequency of single-walled carbon nanotubes under strain
Authors: Chang Tienchong
Published: August 2008

The radial breathing mode (RBM) frequency of a chiral single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) under radial, axial, and torsional strain is investigated using a nonlinear stick-spiral model. It is shown that the normalized RBM frequency is strongly dependent on the tube chirality. The normalized RBM frequency of small tubes is also sensitive to the tube diameter, while for large tubes, the effect of tube diameter on the normalized RBM frequency is ignorable. The present findings are helpful to the understanding of strain dependent RBM frequency of a SWCNT.
Driving Weiss oscillations to zero resistance states by microwave Radiation
Authors: Iñarrea J. , Platero G.
Published: August 2008

We present a theoretical model to study the effect of microwave radiation on Weiss oscillations. In our proposal Weiss oscillations, produced by a spatial periodic potential, are modulated by microwave radiation due to an interference effect between both, space and time-dependent, potentials. The final magnetoresistance depends mainly on the spatial period of the spatial potential and the frequency of radiation. Depending on the values of these parameters, we predict that Weiss oscillations can reach zero resistance states. On the other hand, these dissipationless transport states, created just by radiation, can be destroyed by the presence of a space-dependent potential.
Maximum height in a conifer is associated with conflicting requirements for xylem design
Authors: Domec Jean-Christophe , Lachenbruch Barbara , Meinzer Frederick C. , Woodruff David R. , Warren Jeffrey M. , McCulloh Katherine A.
Published: August 2008

Despite renewed interest in the nature of limitations on maximum tree height, the mechanisms governing ultimate and species-specific height limits are not yet understood, but they likely involve water transport dynamics. Tall trees experience increased risk of xylem embolism from air-seeding because tension in their water column increases with height because of path-length resistance and gravity. We used morphological measurements to estimate the hydraulic properties of the bordered pits between tracheids in Douglas-fir trees along a height gradient of 85 m. With increasing height, the xylem structural modifications that satisfied hydraulic requirements for avoidance of runaway embolism imposed increasing constraints on water transport efficiency. In the branches and trunks, the pit aperture diameter of tracheids decreases steadily with height, whereas torus diameter remains relatively constant. The resulting increase in the ratio of torus to pit aperture diameter allows the pits to withstand higher tensions before air-seeding but at the cost of reduced pit aperture conductance. Extrapolations of vertical trends for trunks and branches show that water transport across pits will approach zero at a heights of 109 m and 138 m, respectively, which is consistent with historic height records of 100–127 m for this species. Likewise, the twig water potential corresponding to the threshold for runaway embolism would be attained at a height of ≈107 m. Our results suggest that the maximum height of Douglas-fir trees may be limited in part by the conflicting requirements for water transport and water column safety.
Retinal pathways influence temporal niche
Authors: Doyle Susan E. , Yoshikawa Tomoko , Hillson Holly , Menaker Michael
Published: August 2008

In mammals, light input from the retina entrains central circadian oscillators located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The phase of circadian activity rhythms with respect to the external light:dark cycle is reversed in diurnal and nocturnal species, although the phase of SCN rhythms relative to the light cycle remains unchanged. Neural mechanisms downstream from the SCN are therefore believed to determine diurnality or nocturnality. Here, we report a switch from nocturnal to diurnal entrainment of circadian activity rhythms in double-knockout mice lacking the inner-retinal photopigment melanopsin (OPN4) and RPE65, a key protein used in retinal chromophore recycling. These mice retained only a small amount of rod function. The change in entrainment phase of
Rpe65
−/−
;
Opn4
−/−
mice was accompanied by a reversal of the rhythm of clock gene expression in the SCN and a reversal in acute masking effects of both light and darkness on activity, suggesting that the nocturnal to diurnal switch is due to a change in the neural response to light upstream from the SCN. A switch from nocturnal to diurnal activity rhythms was also found in wild-type mice transferred from standard intensity light:dark cycles to light:dark cycles in which the intensity of the light phase was reduced to scotopic levels. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which changes in retinal input can mediate acute temporal-niche switching.
Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians
Authors: Wake David B. , Vredenburg Vance T.
Published: August 2008

Many scientists argue that we are either entering or in the midst of the sixth great mass extinction. Intense human pressure, both direct and indirect, is having profound effects on natural environments. The amphibians—frogs, salamanders, and caecilians—may be the only major group currently at risk globally. A detailed worldwide assessment and subsequent updates show that one-third or more of the 6,300 species are threatened with extinction. This trend is likely to accelerate because most amphibians occur in the tropics and have small geographic ranges that make them susceptible to extinction. The increasing pressure from habitat destruction and climate change is likely to have major impacts on narrowly adapted and distributed species. We show that salamanders on tropical mountains are particularly at risk. A new and significant threat to amphibians is a virulent, emerging infectious disease, chytridiomycosis, which appears to be globally distributed, and its effects may be exacerbated by global warming. This disease, which is caused by a fungal pathogen and implicated in serious declines and extinctions of >200 species of amphibians, poses the greatest threat to biodiversity of any known disease. Our data for frogs in the Sierra Nevada of California show that the fungus is having a devastating impact on native species, already weakened by the effects of pollution and introduced predators. A general message from amphibians is that we may have little time to stave off a potential mass extinction.
Three ambitious (and rather unorthodox) assignments for the field of biodiversity genetics
Authors: Avise John C.
Published: August 2008

The field of molecular genetics has many roles in biodiversity assessment and conservation. I summarize three of those standard roles and propose logical extensions of each. First, many biologists suppose that a comprehensive picture of the Tree of Life will soon emerge from multilocus DNA sequence data interpreted in concert with fossils and other evidence. If nonreticulate trees are indeed valid metaphors for life's history, then a well dated global phylogeny will offer an opportunity to erect a universally standardized scheme of biological classification. If life's history proves to be somewhat reticulate, a web-like phylogenetic pattern should become evident and will offer opportunities to reevaluate the fundamental nature of evolutionary processes. Second, extensive networks of wildlife sanctuaries offer some hope for shepherding appreciable biodiversity through the ongoing extinction crisis, and molecular genetics can assist in park design by helping to identify key species, historically important biotic areas, and biodiversity hotspots. An opportunity centers on the concept of Pleistocene Parks that could protect “legacy biotas” in much the same way that traditional national parks preserve special geological features and historical landmarks honor legacy events in human affairs. Third, genetic perspectives have become an integral part of many focused conservation efforts by unveiling ecological, behavioral, or evolutionary phenomena relevant to population management. They also can open opportunities to educate the public about the many intellectual gifts and aesthetic marvels of the natural world.
PixE promotes dark oligomerization of the BLUF photoreceptor PixD
Authors: Yuan Hua , Bauer Carl E.
Published: August 2008

Cyanobacteria perceive and move (phototax) in response to blue light. In this study, we demonstrate that the PixD blue light-sensing using FAD (BLUF) photoreceptor that governs this response undergoes changes in oligomerization state upon illumination. Under dark conditions we observed that PixD forms a large molecular weight complex with another protein called PixE. Stoicheometric analyses, coupled with sedimentation equilibrium and size exclusion chromatography, demonstrates that PixE drives aggregation of PixD dimers into a stable PixD
10
—PixE
5
complex under dark conditions. Illumination of a flavin chromophore in PixD destabilizes the PixD
10
–PixE
5
complex into monomers of PixE and dimers of PixD. A crystallographic structure of PixD, coupled with Gibbs free energy calculation between interacting faces of PixD, lends to a model in which a light induces a conformational change in a critical PixD-interfacing loop that results in destabilization of the PixD
10
–PixE
5
complex.
Engaging the public in biodiversity issues
Authors: Novacek Michael J.
Published: August 2008

To engage people in biodiversity and other environmental issues, one must provide the opportunity for enhanced understanding that empowers individuals to make choices and take action based on sound science and reliable recommendations. To this end, we must acknowledge some real challenges. Recent surveys show that, despite growing public concern, environmental issues still rank below many other problems, such as terrorism, health care, the economy, and (in the U.S.) family values. Moreover, much of the recent upswing in interest in the environment is due to the marked shift in attention to global warming away from other environmental problems such as destruction of ecosystems, water pollution, overpopulation, and biodiversity loss. Such a change in public focus often comes with a tendency to decouple various environmental problems and ignore their synergistic effects. Exacerbating this problem are arguments from the media and other sources that discourage public interest in environmental topics by characterizing the science behind them as overly complex, immersed in debate and controversy, and detached from human interests. Educational programming, media, exhibitions, and other means of public outreach should build on the welcome increase in public interest in global warming by demonstrating the interplay of various environmental disruptions. In the case of biodiversity, the importance of species in providing ecosystem services, natural beauty and pleasure, and sustaining human lives is a message that requires constant attention and recrafting to impact diverse audiences.
Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies
Authors: Tewksbury Joshua J. , Reagan Karen M. , Machnicki Noelle J. , Carlo Tomás A. , Haak David C. , Peñaloza Alejandra Lorena Calderón , Levey Douglas J.
Published: August 2008

The primary function of fruit is to attract animals that disperse viable seeds, but the nutritional rewards that attract beneficial consumers also attract consumers that kill seeds instead of dispersing them. Many of these unwanted consumers are microbes, and microbial defense is commonly invoked to explain the bitter, distasteful, occasionally toxic chemicals found in many ripe fruits. This explanation has been criticized, however, due to a lack of evidence that microbial consumers influence fruit chemistry in wild populations. In the present study, we use wild chilies to show that chemical defense of ripe fruit reflects variation in the risk of microbial attack. Capsaicinoids are the chemicals responsible for the well known pungency of chili fruits.
Capsicum chacoense
is naturally polymorphic for the production of capsaicinoids and displays geographic variation in the proportion of individual plants in a population that produce capsaicinoids. We show that this variation is directly linked to variation in the damage caused by a fungal pathogen of chili seeds. We find that
Fusarium
fungus is the primary cause of predispersal chili seed mortality, and we experimentally demonstrate that capsaicinoids protect chili seeds from
Fusarium
. Further, foraging by hemipteran insects facilitates the entry of
Fusarium
into fruits, and we show that variation in hemipteran foraging pressure among chili populations predicts the proportion of plants in a population producing capsaicinoids. These results suggest that the pungency in chilies may be an adaptive response to selection by a microbial pathogen, supporting the influence of microbial consumers on fruit chemistry.
Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean
Authors: Jackson Jeremy B. C.
Published: August 2008

The great mass extinctions of the fossil record were a major creative force that provided entirely new kinds of opportunities for the subsequent explosive evolution and diversification of surviving clades. Today, the synergistic effects of human impacts are laying the groundwork for a comparably great Anthropocene mass extinction in the oceans with unknown ecological and evolutionary consequences. Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease. Rates of change are increasingly fast and nonlinear with sudden phase shifts to novel alternative community states. We can only guess at the kinds of organisms that will benefit from this mayhem that is radically altering the selective seascape far beyond the consequences of fishing or warming alone. The prospects are especially bleak for animals and plants compared with metabolically flexible microbes and algae. Halting and ultimately reversing these trends will require rapid and fundamental changes in fisheries, agricultural practice, and the emissions of greenhouse gases on a global scale.
Central amygdala glucocorticoid receptor action promotes fear-associated CRH activation and conditioning
Authors: Kolber Benedict J. , Roberts Marie S. , Howell Maureen P. , Wozniak David F. , Sands Mark S. , Muglia Louis J.
Published: August 2008

The amygdala is a key limbic area involved in fear responses and pavlovian conditioning with the potential to directly respond to endocrine signals associated with fear or stress. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms and subregional specificity of fear conditioning, we disrupted type II glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) by delivering lentiviral vectors containing Cre-recombinase into floxed-GR mice. GR deletion in the CeA (CeAGRKO mice) prevented conditioned fear behavior. In contrast, forebrain disruption of GRs excluding the CeA did not. The conditioned fear deficit in CeAGRKO mice was associated with decreases in cFos and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression. Moreover, intracerebroventricular delivery of CRH rescued the conditioned fear deficit in CeAGRKO mice. We conclude that fear conditioning involves a neuroendocrine circuit by using GR activation in the CeA for acute CRH induction and long-lasting behavioral modulation.
Impact of E-dictionaries on Arab students’ translation strategies
Authors: Al-Jabr Abdul-Fattah
Published: August 2008

This paper sets out to investigate the impact of e-­­dictionaries on Arab students’ translation skills and strategies. To this effect, expressions or sentences including culture-­­specific, idiomatic, collocational, and colloquial expressions as well as syntactic complex structures were given to some Arab translation students at Bahrain University.

The results showed a considerable effect of e-­­dictionaries on the strategies the students employed in rendering the given texts. It was found that e-­­dictionaries very often opt for word-­­for-­­word translation and formal (literal) equivalence in search for meanings of lexical elements. More complex structure was found to pose greater challenge to both e-­­dictionaries and students. On the other hand, familiarity with lexical elements made the translation task much easier.

The paper concludes with a summary of the problems both e-­­dictionaries and Arab students normally encounter when attempting problematic issues from English into Arabic.
Red China, Red translation
Authors: Aijun He
Published: August 2008

This thesis gives a concise introduction to Professor Fang Huawen, the most productive literary translator in contemporary China, and concentrates on his important translation theory “Red Translation in Red China”. He is most productive based on the fact that he has published translated works of about 6 million words. China’s translation is “red” based on the fact that politics plays a dominant role in China’s translation activities. To drive home this notion which is the key point in Professor Fang’s theory, the author of the thesis traces the reasons from the following four aspects:.

1.Historical and social reasons. China’s weakness in the closing years of the Qing Dynasty and China’s failure of the war with Japan in 1895 dealt a heavy blow on the patriotic scholars of the country, so they regarded translation as the most important means of saving the nation from being enslaved; such “patriotic” translation developed into “red” translation as times changed.

2. Human reasons. Nearly all of the translators following the line of “red translation”, who had formed a large body in the teams of Chinese translators before and after 1949, were either communist leaders like Maodun and Liu Bocheng or ardent supporters of socialist cause. They guided the direction of translation in modern China by taking the lead in introducing “red” books into China.

3. Reasons of political systems. P. R. China is governed by the Party who sticks to “red” (proletarian) politics, which has decided the nature of translation in China.

4. Reasons of public wills. The scholars in old China were in continuous search of a way to save their motherland from slavery; Darwinism, Anarchism, Utopian socialism and many other “isms” had aroused their interests, but they chose socialism as the masses, who suffered in poverty, thought that only socialism could help them get rid of poverty and achieve national independence. The nature of socialist China permits only red translation.
An interview with Louis Rosenfeld
Authors: Carliner Saul
Published: August 2008

Louis Rosenfeld is one of the world’s leading and bestknown information architects. If he initially earned his reputation from his best-selling book, Information Architecture for the World Wide Web, and his first company, Argus Associates, he has maintained it through his newest venture, Rosenfeld Media (which publishes books on the topic of User Experience design), through his ongoing consulting, and his service to establishing the field of information architecture by helping to found the Information Architecture Institute and the User Experience Network (UXnet). In this interview, he shares his thoughts about the growth and practice of information architecture, the limitations of current publishing models and some of the challenges in assigning terminology in this field.
Patrones léxicos para la extracción de conceptos vinculados por la relación parte-todo en español
Authors: Soler Victoria , Alcina Amparo
Published: August 2008

This paper presents a catalogue of lexical patterns in Spanish for extracting semi-automatically concepts linked by the part-whole relation in the ceramics subject area. These lexical patterns have been obtained from the analysis of a corpus of texts about ceramics in which the linguistic structures linking terms related by the part-whole relation have been identified. These linguistic structures have been classified and their canonical form has been obtained in order to create pattern candidates. Finally, the precision of these patterns has been measured.
Dasty2, an Ajax protein DAS client
Authors: Jimenez Rafael C. , Quinn Antony F. , Garcia Alexander , Labarga Alberto , O'Neill Kieran , Martinez Fernando , Salazar Gustavo A. , Hermjakob Henning
Published: August 2008

Summary: Dasty2 is a highly interactive web client integrating protein sequence annotations from currently more than 40 sources, using the distributed annotation system (DAS).

Availability: Dasty2 is an open source tool freely available under the terms of the Apache License 2.0, publicly available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/dasty/

Contact:  hhe@ebi.ac.uk
High-performance signal peptide prediction based on sequence alignment techniques
Authors: Frank Karl , Sippl Manfred J.
Published: August 2008

Summary: The accuracy of current signal peptide predictors is outstanding. The most successful predictors are based on neural networks and hidden Markov models, reaching a sensitivity of 99% and an accuracy of 95%. Here, we demonstrate that the popular BLASTP alignment tool can be tuned for signal peptide prediction reaching the same high level of prediction success. Alignment-based techniques provide additional benefits. In spite of high success rates signal peptide predictors yield false predictions. Simple sequences like polyvaline, for example, are predicted as signal peptides. The general architecture of learning systems makes it difficult to trace the cause of such problems. This kind of false predictions can be recognized or avoided altogether by using sequence comparison techniques. Based on these results we have implemented a public web service, called Signal-BLAST. Predictions returned by Signal-BLAST are transparent and easy to analyze.

Availability: Signal-BLAST is available online at http://sigpep.services.came.sbg.ac.at/signalblast.html

Contact:  sippl@came.sbg.ac.at
4-Ethoxypyridin-2-amine
Authors: Mao Lihua , Chen Yan
Published: August 2008

The title compound, C7H10N2O, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The bond lengths and angles in the molecules are within normal ranges. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds, linking the two independent molecules into hydrogen-bonded dimers.
Tris[tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(II)] bis[octacyanidomolybdate(V)] dihydrate
Authors: Chu Chao-Xia , Zhou Hu , Liu Lang , Yuan Ai-Hua
Published: August 2008

In the title compound, [CoII(C2H8N2)3]3[MoV(CN)8]2·2H2O, N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions give rise to a three-dimensional network. In the crystal structure, each Mo polyhedron has a square-antiprismatic shape, while the Co complexes show distorted octahedral geometry with an occupancy of 50%. One of the Co atoms resides on a crystallographic inversion centre.
Bis[tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)nickel(II)] octacyanidomolybdate(IV) dihydrate
Authors: Liu Wen-Yan , Zhou Hu , Guo Ji-Xi , Yuan Ai-Hua
Published: August 2008

The title complex, [NiII(C2H8N2)3]2[MoIV(CN)8]·2H2O, crystallized from a mixture of ethane-1,2-diamine (en), octacyanomolybdate(IV), [Mo(CN)8]4−, and the transition metal ion Ni2+. In the crystal structure, the Mo polyhedron has a square-antiprismatic shape, while the geometry around the Ni atom is distorted octahedral. The complex ions and water molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds.
5,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylcyclohex-2-enone
Authors: Cui Dongmei , Wang Qian , Zhang Chen , Gu Jianming
Published: August 2008

In the title compound, C9H14O3, the cyclohexenone ring has an envelope conformation; the flap atom (with the hydroxymethyl groups attached) is displaced by 0.582 (4) Å from the plane of the other five ring atoms. The crystal structure contains an intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen-bonded ring.
Bis(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)methane
Authors: Shen Li , Liu Qi , Shen Hai-Jun
Published: August 2008

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H22N2, contains one half-molecule. The 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline units are linked by a methylene bridge, which lies on a twofold rotation axis. The non-aromatic ring adopts a flattened-boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the two symmetry-related benzene rings is 64.03 (7)°.
Dichlorido(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)gold(III) tetrachloridoaurate(III)
Authors: Ahmadi Roya , Amani Vahid , Khavasi Hamid Reza
Published: August 2008

In the cation of the title compound, [AuCl2(C24H16N2)][AuCl4], the AuIII atom is four-coordinated in a distorted square-planar configuration by two N atoms from a 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligand and two terminal Cl atoms. In the anion, the AuIII atom has a square-planar coordination. In the crystal structure, intra- and intermolecular C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds are found.
Diaquabis(8-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purinato-κN
7)copper(II) dihydrate
Authors: Deng Ji-Hua , Xiong Zhi-Xing , Yi Yan-Ping , Yuan Lin , Guo Hui-Rui , Guo Meng-Ping , Liu Lin
Published: August 2008

The title mononuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu(C7H6ClN4O2)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, based on 8-chlorotheophylline (HCt), has the Cu atom at a center of symmetry in a slightly distorted trans square-planar geometry coordinated by two N atoms of two deprotonated HCt ligands and two O atoms of water molecules. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen bonds involving deprotonated HCt ligands, coordinated water molecules and uncoordinated solvent water molecules.
Natal dispersal and recruitment in a cooperatively breeding bird
Authors: Sharp Stuart P. , Baker Mitchell B. , Hadfield Jarrod D. , Simeoni Michelle , Hatchwell Ben J.
Published: August 2008

Dispersal is a fundamental but poorly understood process in ecology, evolution and conservation. Natal dispersal patterns are a major determinant of population kin structure and thus may play a key role in social evolution. We studied natal dispersal in the cooperatively breeding long‐tailed titAegithalos caudatus, a non‐territorial species that does not exhibit delayed dispersal. We investigated the factors associated with local recruitment and dispersal distance using 11 years of data, and generated dispersal distance distributions (DDDs) before and after correcting for sampling bias. We also examined how dispersal direction varied between and within nests, using a novel randomisation method to correct for bias. Recruitment was male‐biased and increased with nestling weight, and there were significant nest and year effects. Neither sex nor weight had a significant effect on dispersal distance, but distance increased with brood size and there was a significant nest effect. The observed DDD was right‐skewed but the corrected DDD was almost symmetrical, and this correction more than doubled estimates of mean dispersal distance and fledgling recruitment rate. There was no tendency across nests for birds to disperse in a particular direction, but siblings dispersed in similar directions. These results provide a detailed description of natal dispersal in long‐tailed tits with minimal bias. They also demonstrate the importance of studying the different aspects of dispersal in combination, and show that direction is an important component of dispersal that is usually overlooked. The pattern of natal dispersal is consistent with the nature of helping behaviour in long‐tailed tits, and may play an important role in the evolution and maintenance of cooperation despite the absence of delayed dispersal.
Invasibility of grassland and heath communities exposed to extreme weather events – additive effects of diversity resistance and fluctuating physical environment
Authors: Kreyling Juergen , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Ellis Laura , Jentsch Anke
Published: August 2008

Understanding the resistance of plant communities to invasion is urgent in times of changes in the physical environment due to climate change and changes in the resident communities due to biodiversity loss. Here, we test the interaction between repeated drought or heavy rainfall events and functional diversity of grassland and heath communities on invasibility, measured as the number of plant individuals invading from the matrix vegetation.

Invasibility of experimental plant communities was influenced by extreme weather events, although no change in above‐ground productivity of the resident communities was observed. Drought decreased invasibility while heavy rainfall increased invasibility, a pattern that is consistent with the fluctuating resource hypothesis. Higher community diversity generally decreased invasibility, which can be explained by a combination of the fluctuating resource hypothesis and niche theory. The effects of the physical environment (extreme weather events) and diversity resistance (community composition) were additive, as they were independent from each other.

Differences in the composition of invading species sets were found, and Indicator Species Analysis revealed several invading species with significant affinity to one particular extreme weather event or community composition. This finding supports niche theory and contradicts neutral species assembly.

Our data supports theories which predict decreased resistance of plant communities due to both increased climate variability and biodiversity loss. The effects of these two factors, however, appear to be independent from each other.
Measurement of testosterone in the diagnosis of hypogonadism in the ageing male
Authors: Wheeler M. J. , Barnes S. C.
Published: August 2008

Many males in their old age demonstrate symptoms consistent with hypogonadism. With the introduction of new and more convenient methods of testosterone replacement treatment of these males is more practical. The diagnosis of hypogonadism in the older male has been controversial with some clinicians suggesting that symptoms should be treated without due reliance on testosterone concentrations. However, most professional bodies have proposed that a low testosterone concentration should be part of the diagnosis. This is, in turn, reliant on the testosterone measurement being reliable and read against an appropriate reference range. This review looks at the factors that can influence the interpretation of testosterone results for the ageing male.
Effects of aromatase inhibition in hypogonadal older men: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Burnett‐Bowie Sherri‐Ann M. , Roupenian Kristen C. , Dere Melissa E. , Lee Hang , Leder Benjamin Z.
Published: August 2008

Objective  To assess the effects of sustained aromatase inhibition in older hypogonadal men.

Design and patients  In a 1‐year randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 88 men, aged 60 years and older with testosterone levels between 5·2 and 10·4 nmol/l on a single measure or between 10·4 and 12·1 nmol/l on two consecutive measures, and with symptoms of hypogonadism were recruited. Subjects received either anastrozole 1 mg daily or placebo.

Measurements  Changes in gonadal steroid hormone levels, body composition [by computerized tomography (CT) and dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)], strength, prostate specific antigen (PSA), symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), haematocrit and lipid levels were assessed.

Results  Testosterone levels increased from 11·2 ± 3·3 nmol/l at baseline to 18·2 ± 4·8 nmol/l at month 3 (P < 0·0001 vs. placebo) while bioavailable testosterone levels increased from 2·7 ± 0·8 nmol/l at baseline to 5·4 ± 1·7 nmol/l at month 3 (P < 0·0001 vs. placebo). Testosterone and biotestosterone levels peaked at month 3 and then declined by month 12 (though they remained significantly higher than baseline and greater than placebo). E2 levels decreased from 55·8 ± 15·4 pmol/l at baseline to 42·2 ± 13·6 pmol/l at month 3 and then remained stable (P < 0·0001). Body composition and strength did not change, nor did PSA, BPH symptoms, haematocrit or lipid levels.

Conclusions  Anastrozole administration normalized androgen production in older hypogonadal men and decreased E2 production modestly. These alterations did not improve body composition or strength.
Haemophilia care in South Africa: 2004–2007 look back
Authors: MAHLANGU J. N. ,   FOR AND ON BEHALF OF THE MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN HAEMOPHILIA FOUNDATION
Published: August 2008

Summary.  The South African national haemophilia program (NHP) was officially recognized in 2000 and implemented by the National Department of Health (NDOH), haemophilia specialists of the Medical and Scientific Advisory Council (MASAC) and the South African Haemophilia Foundation (SAHF). This study aims to report on progress and challenges of haemophilia care in SA after implementation of the NHP. Haemophilia care data collected by MASAC from all treatment centres (HTCs) from 2004 to 2007 were reviewed and appraised. Data assessment included evaluation of the number and types of professional haemophilia expertise, diagnostic and human resources available, number and types of HTCs, number and types of haemophilia diagnoses, immunological complications of haemophilia, social, medical and surgical interventions, factor usage and reporting on haemophilia mortality. Over 2200 bleeding diathesis patients in SA were cared for by an average of 79 professionals in 17 HTCs. Fifty‐nine per cent were haemophilia A, 21% von Willebrand’s disease, 12% haemophilia B and the remainder had rare bleeding diathesis and thrombocytopathies. In 2004–2007, the number of haemophilia professionals stayed the same, clinic visits increased, new patients and inhibitor patients also increased. Surgical and medical interventions were unchanged and per capita factor usage increased from 0.65 to 0.95. National mortality rate remained below 10 deaths per year. Haemophilia care in SA is highly organized and effective in the delivery of haemophilia health services. All diagnosed uncomplicated haemophiliacs have access to state funded factor concentrate. Limited human and diagnostic resources remain major challenges.