bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIAL COST OF CARBON: A MODEL DIAGNOSTIC AND INTER-COMPARISON STUDY
Authors: ROSE STEVEN K. , DIAZ DELAVANE B. , BLANFORD GEOFFREY J.
Published: June 2017

The social cost of carbon (SCC) is a monetary estimate of global climate change damages to society from an additional unit of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. SCCs are used to estimate the benefits of CO2 reductions from policies. However, little is known about the modeling underlying the values or the implied societal risks, making SCC estimates difficult to interpret and assess. This study performs the first in-depth examination of SCC modeling using controlled diagnostic experiments that yield detailed intermediate results, allow for direct comparison of individual components of the models, and facilitate evaluation of the individual model SCCs. Specifically, we analyze DICE, FUND, and PAGE and the multimodel approach used by the US Government. Through our component assessments, we trace SCC differences back to intermediate variables and specific features. We find significant variation in component-level behavior between models driven by model-specific structural and implementation elements, some resulting in artificial differences in results. These elements combine to produce model-specific tendencies in climate and damage responses that contribute to differences observed in SCC outcomes — producing PAGE SCC distributions with longer and fatter right tails and higher averages, followed by DICE with more compact distributions and lower averages, and FUND with distributions that include net benefits and the lowest averages. Overall, our analyses reveal fundamental model behavior relevant to many disciplines of climate research, and identify issues with the models, as well as the overall multimodel approach, that need further consideration. With the growing prominence of SCCs in decision-making, ranging from the local-level to international, improved transparency and technical understanding is essential for informed decisions.
Low temperature sintered giant dielectric permittivity CaCu3Ti4O12 sol-gel synthesized nanoparticle capacitors
Authors: Puli Venkata Sreenivas , Adireddy Shiva , Kothakonda Manish , Elupula Ravinder , Chrisey Douglas B.
Published: June 2017

This paper reports on synthesis of polycrystalline complex perovskite CaCu3Ti4O[Formula: see text] (as CCTO) ceramic powders prepared by a sol–gel auto combustion method at different sintering temperatures and sintering times, respectively. The effect of sintering time on the structure, morphology, dielectric and electrical properties of CCTO ceramics is investigated. Tuning the electrical properties via different sintering times is demonstrated for ceramic samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirm perovskite-like structure at room temperature. Abnormal grain growth is observed for ceramic samples. Giant dielectric permittivity was realized for CCTO ceramics. High dielectric permittivity was attributed to the internal barrier layer capacitance (IBLC) model associated with the Maxwell–Wagner (MW) polarization mechanism.
Optimal Scheduling and Allocation for IC Design Management and Cost Reduction
Authors: Agrawal Prabhav , Broxterman Mike , Chatterjee Biswadeep , Cuevas Patrick , Hayashi Kathy H. , Kahng Andrew B. , Myana Pranay K. , Nath Siddhartha
Published: June 2017

A large semiconductor product company spends hundreds of millions of dollars each year on design infrastructure to meet tapeout schedules for multiple concurrent projects. Resources (servers, electronic design automation tool licenses, engineers, and so on) are limited and must be shared -- and the cost per day of schedule slip can be enormous.Co-constraintsbetween resource types (e.g., one license per every two cores (threads)) and dedicated versus shareable resource pools make scheduling and allocation hard. In this article, we formulate two mixed integer-linear programs for optimal multi-project, multi-resource allocation with task precedence and resource co-constraints. Application to a real-world three-project scheduling problem extracted from a leading-edge design center of anonymized Company X shows substantial compute and license costs savings. Compared to the product company, our solution shows that the makespan of schedule of all projects can be reduced by seven days, which not only saves ∼ 2.7% of annual labor and infrastructure costs but also enhances market competitiveness. We also demonstrate the capability of scheduling over two dozen chip development projects at the design center level, subject to resource and datacenter capacity limits as well as per-project penalty functions for schedule slips. The design center ended up purchasing 600 additional servers, whereas our solution demonstrates that the schedule can be met without having to purchase any additional servers. Application to a four-project scheduling problem extracted from a leading-edge design center in a non-US location shows availability of up to ∼ 37% headcount reduction during a half-year schedule for just one type of chip design activity.
The PDE4 inhibitor CHF-6001 and LAMAs inhibit bronchoconstriction-induced remodeling in lung slices
Authors: Kistemaker Loes E. M. , Oenema Tjitske A. , Baarsma Hoeke A. , Bos I. Sophie T. , Schmidt Martina , Facchinetti Fabrizio , Civelli Maurizio , Villetti Gino , Gosens Reinoud
Published: June 2017

Combination therapy of PDE4 inhibitors and anticholinergics induces bronchoprotection in COPD. Mechanical forces that arise during bronchoconstriction may contribute to airway remodeling. Therefore, we investigated the impact of PDE4 inhibitors and anticholinergics on bronchoconstriction-induced remodeling. Because of the different mechanism of action of PDE4 inhibitors and anticholinergics, we hypothesized functional interactions of these two drug classes. Guinea pig precision-cut lung slices were preincubated with the PDE4 inhibitors CHF-6001 or roflumilast and/or the anticholinergics tiotropium or glycopyorrolate, followed by stimulation with methacholine (10 μM) or TGF-β1 (2 ng/ml) for 48 h. The inhibitory effects on airway smooth muscle remodeling, airway contraction, and TGF-β release were investigated. Methacholine-induced protein expression of smooth muscle-myosin was fully inhibited by CHF-6001 (0.3–100 nM), whereas roflumilast (1 µM) had smaller effects. Tiotropium and glycopyrrolate fully inhibited methacholine-induced airway remodeling (0.1–30 nM). The combination of CHF-6001 and tiotropium or glycopyrrolate, in concentrations partially effective by themselves, fully inhibited methacholine-induced remodeling in combination. CHF-6001 did not affect airway closure and had limited effects on TGF-β1-induced remodeling, but rather, it inhibited methacholine-induced TGF-β release. The PDE4 inhibitor CHF-6001, and to a lesser extent roflumilast, and the LAMAs tiotropium and glycopyrrolate inhibit bronchoconstriction-induced remodeling. The combination of CHF-6001 and anticholinergics was more effective than the individual compounds. This cooperativity might be explained by the distinct mechanisms of action inhibiting TGF-β release and bronchoconstriction.
Dietary nitrate restores compensatory vasodilation and exercise capacity in response to a compromise in oxygen delivery in the noncompensator phenotype
Authors: Bentley Robert F. , Walsh Jeremy J. , Drouin Patrick J. , Velickovic Aleksandra , Kitner Sarah J. , Fenuta Alyssa M. , Tschakovsky Michael E.
Published: June 2017

Recently, dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to improve exercise capacity in healthy individuals through a potential nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. Nitric oxide has been shown to play an important role in compensatory vasodilation during exercise under hypoperfusion. Previously, we established that certain individuals lack a vasodilation response when perfusion pressure reductions compromise exercising muscle blood flow. Whether this lack of compensatory vasodilation in healthy, young individuals can be restored with dietary nitrate supplementation is unknown. Six healthy (21 ± 2 yr), recreationally active men completed a rhythmic forearm exercise. During steady-state exercise, the exercising arm was rapidly transitioned from an uncompromised (below heart) to a compromised (above heart) position, resulting in a reduction in local pressure of −31 ± 1 mmHg. Exercise was completed following 5 days of nitrate-rich (70 ml, 0.4 g nitrate) and nitrate-depleted (70 ml, ~0 g nitrate) beetroot juice consumption. Forearm blood flow (in milliliters per minute; brachial artery Doppler and echo ultrasound), mean arterial blood pressure (in millimeters of mercury; finger photoplethysmography), exercising forearm venous effluent (ante-cubital vein catheter), and plasma nitrite concentrations (chemiluminescence) revealed two distinct vasodilatory responses: nitrate supplementation increased (plasma nitrite) compared with placebo (245 ± 60 vs. 39 ± 9 nmol/l; P < 0.001), and compensatory vasodilation was present following nitrate supplementation (568 ± 117 vs. 714 ± 139 ml ⋅ min−1⋅ 100 mmHg−1; P = 0.005) but not in placebo (687 ± 166 vs. 697 ± 171 min−1⋅ 100 mmHg−1; P = 0.42). As such, peak exercise capacity was reduced to a lesser degree (−4 ± 39 vs. −39 ± 27 N; P = 0.01). In conclusion, dietary nitrate supplementation during a perfusion pressure challenge is an effective means of restoring exercise capacity and enabling compensatory vasodilation.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previously, we identified young, healthy persons who suffer compromised exercise tolerance when exercising muscle perfusion pressure is reduced as a result of a lack of compensatory vasodilation. The ability of nitrate supplementation to restore compensatory vasodilation in such noncompensators is unknown. We demonstrated that beetroot juice supplementation led to compensatory vasodilation and restored perfusion and exercise capacity. Elevated plasma nitrite is an effective intervention for correcting the absence of compensatory vasodilation in the noncompensator phenotype.
ERRα Maintains Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism and Constitutes an Actionable Target in PGC1α-Elevated Melanomas
Authors: Luo Chi , Balsa Eduardo , Thomas Ajith , Hatting Maximilian , Jedrychowski Mark , Gygi Steven P. , Widlund Hans R. , Puigserver Pere
Published: June 2017

The uncontrolled growth of tumors provides metabolic dependencies that can be harnessed for therapeutic benefit. Although tumor cells exhibit these increased metabolic demands due to their rapid proliferation, these metabolic processes are general to all cells, and furthermore, targeted therapeutic intervention can provoke compensatory adaptation that alters tumors' characteristics. As an example, a subset of melanomas depends on the transcriptional coactivator PGC1α function to sustain their mitochondrial energy-dependent survival. However, selective outgrowth of resistant PGC1α-independent tumor cells becomes endowed with an augmented metastatic phenotype. To find PGC1α-dependent components that would not affect metastasis in melanomas, an unbiased proteomic analyses was performed and uncovered the orphan nuclear receptor ERRα, which supports PGC1α's control of mitochondrial energetic metabolism, but does not affect the antioxidant nor antimetastatic regulatory roles. Specifically, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of ERRα reduces the inherent bioenergetic capacity and decreases melanoma cell growth, but without altering the invasive characteristics. Thus, within this particularly aggressive subset of melanomas, which is characterized by heighted expression of PGC1α, ERRα specifically mediates prosurvival functions and represents a tangible therapeutic target.

Implications: ERRα, a druggable protein, mediates the bioenergetic effects in melanomas defined by high PGC1α expression, suggesting a rational means for therapeutic targeting of this particularly aggressive melanoma subtype. Mol Cancer Res; 15(10); 1366–75. ©2017 AACR.
Platelet receptors as therapeutic targets: Past, present and future
Authors: Jamasbi Janina , Ayabe Keng , Goto Shinya , Nieswandt Bernhard , Peter Karlheinz , Siess Wolfgang
Published: June 2017

Anti-platelet drugs reduce arterial thrombosis after plaque rupture and erosion, prevent stent thrombosis and are used to prevent and treat myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. Some of them may also be helpful in treating less frequent diseases such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The present concise review aims to cover current and future developments of anti-platelet drugs interfering with the interaction of von Willebrand factor (VWF) with glycoprotein (GP) Ibα, and directed against GPVI, GPIIb/IIIa (integrin αIIbβ3), the thrombin receptor PAR-1, and the ADP receptor P2Y12. The high expectations of having novel antiplatelet drugs which selectively inhibit arterial thrombosis without interfering with normal haemostasis could possibly be met in the near future.
Terapêutica cirúrgica na síndrome de Fournier: relato de caso
Authors: Moreira Daniel Rosa , Gonçalves André Luis Santana , Aucelio Renato dos Santos , Silva Kamila Gonçalves da
Published: June 2017

Síndrome de Fournier ou Gangrena de Fournier é uma fasceíte necrotizante que acomete região perineal, perianal e genital, ocasionada por uma infecção polimicrobiana sinergística de bactérias aeróbicas e anaeróbicas, com predomínio em homens em média aos 50 anos. A enfermidade é caracterizada por uma endarteríte obliterante causando trombose vascular subcutânea e necrose de tecidos. Microrganismos distintos aparecem como patógenos nas culturas dos pacientes com essa enfermidade. O quadro clínico pode se manifestar com dor, eritema e edema, cianose e crepitação em bolsa escrotal e períneo associada ou não a febre e calafrios. Diagnóstico e intervenção precoce, com antibioticoterapia de largo espectro e drenagem ampla, permitiu melhores resultados nestes doentes. A mortalidade permanece elevada quando o diagnóstico é tardio e o tratamento operatório retardado. O objetivo do artigo é relatar um caso de Síndrome de Fournier em um paciente de 52 anos e discutir a melhor abordagem cirúrgica e seus impactos no sucesso terapêutico nesta enfermidade.
Investigação dos padrões relacionais do vínculo mãe-filha envolvidos na obesidade feminina
Authors: Teodoro Paula Pereira , Koga Tatiane Mitsue , Nakasu Maria Vilela Pinto
Published: June 2017

Introdução: A obesidade apresenta uma incidência elevada e gênese multifatorial, como fatores biológicos, ambientais e psicológicos. Dentre os psicológicos, os conflitos na relação mãe-filha podem contribuir para a gênese da obesidade feminina. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo é investigar os padrões relacionais do vínculo mãe-filha envolvidos na obesidade feminina. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal, qualitativo, com pacientes obesas do Programa de Cirurgia Bariátrica de um Hospital Escola do Sul de Minas Gerais. Todas possuíam IMC acima de 30kg/m2 e eram maiores de 18 anos. A determinação da amostra foi de 12 pacientes, número suficiente para se atingir a saturação (Field Methods). Foram realizadas as entrevistas não-diretivas, gravadas e transcritas para análise posterior segundo a Metodologia de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados e Discussão: Foram encontradas seis temáticas centrais relacionadas à influência do vínculo mãe-filha sobre a obesidade feminina: comida/fuga/prazer; ganho de peso após a gravidez; superproteção/dominação materna; abandono materno; abuso sexual; insegurança/baixa autoestima/depressão. Conclusão: Foi possível evidenciar uma relação entre conflitos na relação mãe-filha e condições para a gênese da obesidade.
Relatos de médicos sobre a experiência do processo de morrer e a morte de seus pacientes
Authors: Tamada Jacqueline Kaori Tozaki , Dalaneze Aline Skawinski , Bonini Luci Mendes de Melo , Melo Tatiana Ribeiro de Campos
Published: June 2017

A morte é concebida diferentemente em cada cultura, e, sendo assim, cada povo tem uma forma de abordar, estudar e debater seus conceitos. Entre os médicos não é diferente, pois ela faz parte de sua profissão, principalmente nas especialidades que lidam com as situações terminais. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi compreender como os médicos, de diferentes especialidades, encaram a morte iminente ou constatada de pacientes e identificar se houve, na sua formação acadêmica, algum preparo para isso. Esta pesquisa foi descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa e de corte transversal. Através de uma entrevista semiestruturada, cada um dos 9 profissionais abordados expressou o seu entendimento sobre a morte e relatou seu preparo para lidar com ela. Para análise dos dados quantificou-se gênero, idade e tempo de formação. Para as respostas abertas, criaram-se três categorias: 1) como cada profissional encara a morte do seu paciente; 2) se houve algum preparo para lidar com a morte de seus pacientes (formal ou não); 3) renovação de energias.
Entre a casa e a rua: a percepção de adolescentes em situação de rua sobre o seu cotidiano
Authors: Bezerra Waldez Cavalcante , Silva Bianca Karine da , Ribeiro Mara Cristina
Published: June 2017

Ainda é grande o número de jovens que faz das ruas seu local de sobrevivência, sendo estes marginalizados pela sociedade. Neste estudo, buscou-se uma aproximação ao cotidiano de nove adolescentes que vivem em situação de rua no município de Maceió, capital do estado Alagoas, Brasil. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, cujos dados foram produzidos a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisados com a técnica de análise de conteúdo. A apresentação e discussão dos resultados ocorreram a partir de três categorias temáticas: a ida para a rua; cotidiano na rua; e referência familiar. Constatou-se que esses adolescentes se expõem cotidianamente a conflitos e riscos, buscando estratégias diárias para suprir as suas necessidades básicas. No grupo estudado, a maioria mantém alguma referência familiar, contudo, situações de conflitos no lar, originárias do lugar social que essas famílias ocupam, tendem a fragilizar os vínculos existentes, podendo expulsar esses jovens de casa.
Sessão de exercícios com o Nintendo Wii: comportamento das variáveis hemodinâmicas, gasto calórico e sensação subjetiva de esforço
Authors: Alves Raquel Cougo , Ventura Thaís Becker , Matheus Silvana Corrêa , Both Diego Rodrigo , Behenck Mauri
Published: June 2017

Este estudo analisou o comportamento das variáveis hemodinâmicas, sensação subjetiva de esforço e gasto calórico durante uma sessão de exercícios físicos com o uso do Nintendo Wii Fit® de adultos jovens. Participaram sessenta voluntários (35 homens; 25 mulheres) com idade de 22,8±3,4 anos (homens) e 21,5±2,6 anos (mulheres). A sessão de exercícios teve duração de 45 minutos e foi composta por nove jogos, através do Nintendo Wii Fit®. As variáveis hemodinâmicas e massa corporal foram coletadas em períodos de repouso, recuperação e ao término de cada jogo. Na análise estatística foram empregados: o teste de Shapiro-Wilk; Análise Descritiva e a Análise de Variância One Way (ANOVA); e o Post Hoc de Tukey, adotando como nível de significância estatística de p<0,05. Os resultados mostraram que a sessão de exercício produziu alterações cardiovasculares agudas e gasto calórico. Os dados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que uma sessão de 45 minutos de exercícios físicos promovidas pelo Wii Fit® pode ser utilizada como um modo eficaz de atividade física para melhorar a saúde.
Efeitos da cinesioterapia sobre a força de preensão palmar e a qualidade de vida de um idoso longevo com esclerose sistêmica: relato de caso
Authors: DeMarco Mariângela , Myra Rafaela Simon , Jorge Matheus Santos Gomes , Wibelinger Lia Mara
Published: June 2017

A esclerose sistêmica (ES) é uma patologia crônica e autoimune do tecido conjuntivo, que causa perda da mobilidade, da funcionalidade, da amplitude de movimento, da força muscular e do condicionamento cardiopulmonar, e prejuízo na qualidade de vida. Este estudo objetivou verificar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção fisioterapêutica na força de preensão palmar e na qualidade de vida de um idoso longevo portador de ES. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, longitudinal e intervencionista. O paciente foi atendido no Serviço de Fisioterapia Reumatológica da Universidade de Passo Fundo e o protocolo de intervenção foi baseado em um programa de intervenção cinesioterapêutica. Para a mensuração da força de preensão palmar foi utilizado o Dinamômetro Kratos® e, para avaliação da qualidade de vida utilizou-se o SF-36. Os resultados demonstraram melhora da força de preensão palmar bilateral quando se compara os resultados das avaliações pré e pós intervenção, especialmente no membro esquerdo. No que diz respeito à qualidade de vida, observou-se melhora geral nos domínios do questionário SF-36. A cinesioterapia mostrou-se um método eficaz na melhora da força de preensão palmar e da qualidade de vida de um idoso longevo com ES.
Análise psicométrica dos itens da Avaliação da Coordenação e Destreza Motora (ACOORDEM) em crianças de 4 anos
Authors: Silva Cynthia Girundi da , Van Petten Adriana Maria Valladão Novais , Harsányi Estefânia , Magalhães Lívia De Castro
Published: June 2017

A Avaliação da Coordenação e Destreza Motora - ACOORDEM é um teste motor criado para crianças brasileiras de 4 a 8 anos. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a validade e confiabilidade da ACOORDEM para crianças de 4 anos. Foram avaliadas 80 crianças, divididas em grupos iguais por sexo e tipo de escola. Os pais e professores também participaram da pesquisa respondendo questionários. O reteste foi feito com dez participantes. Poucos itens apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa associada ao sexo e tipo de escola. A confiabilidade teste reteste apresentou bons índices. A ACOORDEM é adequada para avaliação motora de crianças de 4 anos, contudo alguns itens necessitam ser revisados para melhorar a confiabilidade do instrumento e reduzir o tempo de aplicação.
Percepção de mulheres jovens sobre a sexualidade e a imagem corporal pós mastectomia
Authors: Gazola Carine , Bredow Daniela , Pivetta Hedioneia Maria Foletto , Braz Melissa Medeiros
Published: June 2017

O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender a percepção sobre a imagem corporal e a sexualidade de mulheres jovens submetidas à mastectomia. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com uma abordagem qualitativa. Para a análise da sexualidade e da imagem corporal foi realizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada. Participaram do estudo quatro mulheres que tiveram diagnóstico de câncer de mama antes dos 35 anos de idade. Na análise das entrevistas, emergiram duas categorias: Percepção e significação da mama: da dor da perda até a satisfação e valorização da vida; Repercussões sobre a feminilidade e sexualidade: o enfrentamento da alteração da libido, das mudanças conjugais até a aceitação e o amadurecimento emocional. Concluiu-se com o estudo que a mastectomia interfere negativamente na imagem corporal e na sexualidade da mulher jovem, uma vez que a mama possui um simbolismo de feminilidade e saúde durante todas as etapas da vida da mulher. Também foram identificados pontos positivos, como a superação do câncer e a ressignificação da imagem corporal e da sexualidade, fazendo com que essas mulheres desenvolvam uma nova visão da sua vida, do seu corpo e das suas necessidades sexuais.
O extremismo islâmico – sua pujança e suas debilidades
Authors: Izerrougene Bouzid
Published: June 2017

Buscamos entender a origem do extremismo islâmico, suas potências e suas fraquezas, em vistas a encontrar formas para sua atenuação, valendo-nos dos parâmetros civilizacionais do mundo muçulmano, dentro da sua história interna e da sua complexa relação com a civilização ocidental.
Palestina partida: os bantustões de Israel - um estudo comparativo entre as normas institucionais de segregação nos territórios palestinos e na África do Sul do Apartheid.
Authors: Russo Guilherme Morgensztern
Published: June 2017

Por meio de comparações entre as normas que estabeleceram e regeram os bantustões sul-africanos e as que regulam os Territórios Palestinos – e seus processos de formação, dinâmicas sociais e econômicas – este artigo pretende aferir fundamentos das críticas que qualificam o governo de Israel como um regime de apartheid.
História e historiografia: Ibn al-Athīr, o lugar e a função da História na Síria do século XIII
Authors: Souza Emily Fonseca de
Published: June 2017

Apesar de não constar entre os saberes tradicionais, a História possui uma função fundamental nas sociedades mulçumanas medievais. Este artigo pretende apresentar o célebre historiador islâmico Ibn al-Athīr , seu fazer histórico e discutir a concepção de sua mais importânte obra, o Kitāb al kāmil fī l- taʾrīḫ, e sua função enquanto conselheira real.
Human Blood Monocyte Subsets
Authors: Thomas Graham D. , Hamers Anouk A.J. , Nakao Catherine , Marcovecchio Paola , Taylor Angela M. , McSkimming Chantel , Nguyen Anh Tram , McNamara Coleen A. , Hedrick Catherine C.
Published: June 2017

Objective—

Human monocyte subsets are defined as classical (CD14
++
CD16
−
), intermediate (CD14
++
CD16
+
), and nonclassical (CD14
+
CD16
+
). Alterations in monocyte subset frequencies are associated with clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, in which circulating intermediate monocytes independently predict cardiovascular events. However, delineating mechanisms of monocyte function is hampered by inconsistent results among studies.

Approach and Results—

We use cytometry by time-of-flight mass cytometry to profile human monocytes using a panel of 36 cell surface markers. Using the dimensionality reduction approach visual interactive stochastic neighbor embedding (viSNE), we define monocytes by incorporating all cell surface markers simultaneously. Using viSNE, we find that although classical monocytes are defined with high purity using CD14 and CD16, intermediate and nonclassical monocytes defined using CD14 and CD16 alone are frequently contaminated, with average intermediate and nonclassical monocyte purity of ≈86.0% and 87.2%, respectively. To improve the monocyte purity, we devised a new gating scheme that takes advantage of the shared coexpression of cell surface markers on each subset. In addition to CD14 and CD16, CCR2, CD36, HLA-DR, and CD11c are the most informative markers that discriminate among the 3 monocyte populations. Using these additional markers as filters, our revised gating scheme increases the purity of both intermediate and nonclassical monocyte subsets to 98.8% and 99.1%, respectively. We demonstrate the use of this new gating scheme using conventional flow cytometry of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions—

Using cytometry by time-of-flight mass cytometry, we have identified a small panel of surface markers that can significantly improve monocyte subset identification and purity in flow cytometry. Such a revised gating scheme will be useful for clinical studies of monocyte function in human cardiovascular disease.
NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibition by MCC950 Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice—Brief Report
Authors: van der Heijden Thomas , Kritikou Eva , Venema Wouter , van Duijn Janine , van Santbrink Peter J. , Slütter Bram , Foks Amanda C. , Bot Ilze , Kuiper Johan
Published: June 2017

Objective—

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes, and their activation has been associated with cardiovascular disease. Inflammasome activation leads to secretion of caspase-1 by innate immune cells, resulting in the activation of interleukin-1β. Recently, a potent and selective inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, MCC950, was described. In this study, we investigated the effect of MCC950 on atherosclerotic lesion development in apoE
−/−
mice.

Approach and Results—

First, we determined the efficacy of MCC950 in vitro. Bone marrow–derived macrophages and dendritic cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystals resulting in high levels of interleukin-1β release, which was inhibited by MCC950. In vivo MCC950 treatment reduced lipopolysaccharide–induced interleukin-1β secretion, without affecting the tumor necrosis factor-α response. Subsequently, atherosclerotic plaques were induced in Western-type diet fed apoE
−/−
mice by semiconstrictive perivascular collar placement at the carotid arteries, after which the mice received MCC950 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle control 3× per week intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. After euthanize, atherosclerotic plaque size and volume were quantified in hematoxylin-eosin–stained 10-µm cryosections throughout the artery. MCC950 treatment significantly reduced the development of atherosclerotic lesions as determined by maximal stenosis, average plaque size, and plaque volume. Although the amount of collagen and the necrotic core size were not affected, the number of macrophages in the plaque was significantly reduced on treatment. In addition, VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the carotids of MCC950-treated mice.

Conclusions—

These findings show that specific inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome using MCC950 can be a promising therapeutic approach to inhibit atherosclerotic lesion development.
Prevalence of Fabry Disease and Outcomes in Young Canadian Patients With Cryptogenic Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events
Authors: Lanthier Sylvain , Saposnik Gustavo , Lebovic Gerald , Pope Karen , Selchen Daniel , Moore David F. , Selchen Dan , Boulanger Jean-Martin , Buck Brian , Butcher Ken , del Campo Martin , Gosselin Sylvie , Hachinski Vladimir , Hill Michael D. , Mackey Ariane , Mehdiratta Manu , Spence J. David , Stotts Grant , Swartz Rick , West Michael L. , Yegappan Chidam
Published: June 2017

Background and Purpose—

Previous studies reported Fabry disease in 0% to 4% of young patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke (IS). We sought to determine the prevalence of Fabry and outcomes among young Canadians with cryptogenic IS or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

Methods—

We prospectively enrolled individuals aged 18 to 55 with IS or speech or motor TIA, and no cause identified despite predetermined investigation.
α-galactosidase-A
gene was sequenced for Fabry diagnosis. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was measured at presentation to quantify stroke severity. Modified Rankin Scale determined functional outcomes ≤7 days after presentation and 6 months later.

Results—

We enrolled 365 patients with IS and 32 with TIA.
α-galactosidase-A
sequencing identified a single carrier of a genetic variant of unknown significance (p.R118C) and no well-recognized pathogenic variants. Mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 3.1. Proportion of patients with modified Rankin Scale of 0 to 2 was 70.7% at ≤7 days and 87.4% at 6 months. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at presentation and diabetes mellitus predicted 6-month modified Rankin Scale. Thirteen patients experienced 5 recurrent IS and 9 TIA during follow-up. No patient died. Most patients (98.7%) returned home. Among previous workers, 43% had residual working limitations.

Conclusions—

In this Canadian cohort of patients with cryptogenic IS or TIA, the prevalence of Fabry was 0.3% if p.R118C variant is considered as pathogenic. This suggests that more cost-effective methods should be applied for diagnosis of Fabry rather than systematic genetic screening in this population. Overall, cryptogenic IS in young adults is associated with favorable outcomes.
Impact of Thrombus Length on Outcomes After Intra-Arterial Aspiration Thrombectomy in the THERAPY Trial
Authors: Yoo Albert J. , Khatri Pooja , Mocco J , Zaidat Osama O. , Gupta Rishi , Frei Donald , Lopes Demetrius , Shownkeen Harish , Berkhemer Olvert A. , Meyer Denise , Hak Susana S. , Kuo Sophia S. , Buell Hope , Bose Arani , Sit Siu Po , von Kummer Rüdiger
Published: June 2017

Background and Purpose—

Increasing thrombus length (TL) impedes recanalization after intravenous (IV) thrombolysis. We sought to determine whether the clinical benefit of aspiration thrombectomy relative to IV r-tPA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) may be greater at longer TL.

Methods—

THERAPY was a randomized trial of aspiration thrombectomy plus IV r-tPA versus IV r-tPA alone in large-vessel stroke patients with prospective TL measurement ≥8 mm. In this post hoc study, we evaluated the association of TL with trial end points and potential endovascular treatment effect, using univariate, multivariable, and multiplicative interaction analyses.

Results—

TL data were available for all 108 patients (28% internal carotid artery, 62% M1, and 10% M2). Median TL was 14.0 mm (interquartile range, 9.7–19.5 mm). Longer TL was associated with worse outcome (90-day modified Rankin Scale score: odds ratio, 1.24 per 5-mm TL increment; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.52;
P
=0.02), even after adjusting for key outcome predictors (adjusted
P
=0.004). Longer TL was also associated with more serious adverse events (adjusted
P
=0.01), more symptomatic hemorrhages (adjusted
P
=0.03), and increased mortality (adjusted
P
=0.01). No significant relationship was observed between TL and angiographic reperfusion (modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia 2b-3), but greater TL was associated with longer endovascular procedural times (ρ=0.36;
P
=0.045). Increasing TL was associated with greater aspiration thrombectomy treatment effect (interaction term
P
=0.03). This might be related to a potentially stronger adverse effect of increasing TL on 90-day modified Rankin Scale for patients treated with IV r-tPA (ρ=0.39;
P
=0.01) compared with intra-arterial therapy (ρ=0.20;
P
=0.165).

Conclusions—

Ischemic stroke patients with longer symptomatic thrombi have worse 90-day clinical outcomes but may have a greater relative benefit of aspiration thrombectomy over IV r-tPA alone.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01429350.
Statin Adherence Is Associated With Reduced Recurrent Stroke Risk in Patients With or Without Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Flint Alexander C. , Conell Carol , Ren Xiushui , Kamel Hooman , Chan Sheila L. , Rao Vivek A. , Johnston S. Claiborne
Published: June 2017

Background and Purpose—

Outpatient statin use reduces the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke among patients with stroke of atherothrombotic cause. It is not known whether statins have similar effects in ischemic stroke caused by atrial fibrillation (AFib).

Methods—

We studied outpatient statin adherence, measured by percentage of days covered, and the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with or without AFib in a 21-hospital integrated healthcare delivery system.

Results—

Among 6116 patients with ischemic stroke discharged on a statin over a 5-year period, 1446 (23.6%) had a diagnosis of AFib at discharge. The mean statin adherence rate (percentage of days covered) was 85, and higher levels of percentage of days covered correlated with greater degrees of low-density lipoprotein suppression. In multivariable survival models of recurrent ischemic stroke over 3 years, after controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, medical comorbidities, and hospital center, higher statin adherence predicted reduced stroke risk both in patients without AFib (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.97) and in patients with AFib (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.81). This association was robust to adjustment for the time in the therapeutic range for international normalized ratio among AFib subjects taking warfarin (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.89).

Conclusions—

The relationship between statin adherence and reduced recurrent stroke risk is as strong among patients with AFib as it is among patients without AFib, suggesting that AFib status should not be a reason to exclude patients from secondary stroke prevention with a statin.
Hybrid Grammars for Parsing of Discontinuous Phrase Structures and Non-Projective Dependency Structures
Authors: Gebhardt Kilian , Nederhof Mark-Jan , Vogler Heiko
Published: June 2017

We explore the concept of hybrid grammars, which formalize and generalize a range of existing frameworks for dealing with discontinuous syntactic structures. Covered are both discontinuous phrase structures and non-projective dependency structures. Technically, hybrid grammars are related to synchronous grammars, where one grammar component generates linear structures and another generates hierarchical structures. By coupling lexical elements of both components together, discontinuous structures result. Several types of hybrid grammars are characterized. We also discuss grammar induction from treebanks. The main advantage over existing frameworks is the ability of hybrid grammars to separate discontinuity of the desired structures from time complexity of parsing. This permits exploration of a large variety of parsing algorithms for discontinuous structures, with different properties. This is confirmed by the reported experimental results, which show a wide variety of running time, accuracy, and frequency of parse failures.
A Kernel Independence Test for Geographical Language Variation
Authors: Nguyen Dong , Eisenstein Jacob
Published: June 2017

Quantifying the degree of spatial dependence for linguistic variables is a key task for analyzing dialectal variation. However, existing approaches have important drawbacks. First, they are based on parametric models of dependence, which limits their power in cases where the underlying parametric assumptions are violated. Second, they are not applicable to all types of linguistic data: Some approaches apply only to frequencies, others to boolean indicators of whether a linguistic variable is present. We present a new method for measuring geographical language variation, which solves both of these problems. Our approach builds on Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) representations for nonparametric statistics, and takes the form of a test statistic that is computed from pairs of individual geotagged observations without aggregation into predefined geographical bins. We compare this test with prior work using synthetic data as well as a diverse set of real data sets: a corpus of Dutch tweets, a Dutch syntactic atlas, and a data set of letters to the editor in North American newspapers. Our proposed test is shown to support robust inferences across a broad range of scenarios and types of data.
AutoExtend: Combining Word Embeddings with Semantic Resources
Authors: Rothe Sascha , Schütze Hinrich
Published: June 2017

We present AutoExtend, a system that combines word embeddings with semantic resources by learning embeddings for non-word objects like synsets and entities and learning word embeddings that incorporate the semantic information from the resource. The method is based on encoding and decoding the word embeddings and is flexible in that it can take any word embeddings as input and does not need an additional training corpus. The obtained embeddings live in the same vector space as the input word embeddings. A sparse tensor formalization guarantees efficiency and parallelizability. We use WordNet, GermaNet, and Freebase as semantic resources. AutoExtend achieves state-of-the-art performance on Word-in-Context Similarity and Word Sense Disambiguation tasks.
Parsing Argumentation Structures in Persuasive Essays
Authors: Stab Christian , Gurevych Iryna
Published: June 2017

In this article, we present a novel approach for parsing argumentation structures. We identify argument components using sequence labeling at the token level and apply a new joint model for detecting argumentation structures. The proposed model globally optimizes argument component types and argumentative relations using Integer Linear Programming. We show that our model significantly outperforms challenging heuristic baselines on two different types of discourse. Moreover, we introduce a novel corpus of persuasive essays annotated with argumentation structures. We show that our annotation scheme and annotation guidelines successfully guide human annotators to substantial agreement.
Task-context-dependent Linear Representation of Multiple Visual Objects in Human Parietal Cortex
Authors: Jeong Su Keun , Xu Yaoda
Published: June 2017

A host of recent studies have reported robust representations of visual object information in the human parietal cortex, similar to those found in ventral visual cortex. In ventral visual cortex, both monkey neurophysiology and human fMRI studies showed that the neural representation of a pair of unrelated objects can be approximated by the averaged neural representation of the constituent objects shown in isolation. In this study, we examined whether such a linear relationship between objects exists for object representations in the human parietal cortex. Using fMRI and multivoxel pattern analysis, we examined object representations in human inferior and superior intraparietal sulcus, two parietal regions previously implicated in visual object selection and encoding, respectively. We also examined responses from the lateral occipital region, a ventral object processing area. We obtained fMRI response patterns to object pairs and their constituent objects shown in isolation while participants viewed these objects and performed a 1-back repetition detection task. By measuring fMRI response pattern correlations, we found that all three brain regions contained representations for both single object and object pairs. In the lateral occipital region, the representation for a pair of objects could be reliably approximated by the average representation of its constituent objects shown in isolation, replicating previous findings in ventral visual cortex. Such a simple linear relationship, however, was not observed in either parietal region examined. Nevertheless, when we equated the amount of task information present by examining responses from two pairs of objects, we found that representations for the average of two object pairs were indistinguishable in both parietal regions from the average of another two object pairs containing the same four component objects but with a different pairing of the objects (i.e., the average of AB and CD vs. that of AD and CB). Thus, when task information was held consistent, the same linear relationship may govern how multiple independent objects are represented in the human parietal cortex as it does in ventral visual cortex. These findings show that object and task representations coexist in the human parietal cortex and characterize one significant difference of how visual information may be represented in ventral visual and parietal regions.
Fake News and Alternative Facts: Three Antidotes from History
Authors: Bois Yve-Alain
Published: June 2017

Yve-Alain Bois introduces three historical texts—Heinrich von Kleist's “Primer of French Journalism” (1821), Bertolt Brecht's “On Restoring the Truth” (1934), and Alexandre Koyré's “The Political Function of the Modern Lie” (1943)—that address the age-old but still urgent question of how to address blatant political lies.
Primer of French Journalism
Authors: von Kleist Heinrich
Published: June 2017

Written in 1809 in response to Napoleon's war propaganda and published posthumously, Heinrich von Kleist's satirical “Primer of French Journalism” ( Lehrbuch der französischen Journalistik) appropriates the form of the instruction manual to expose the process by which fake news is manufactured and disseminated in the media.
On Restoring the Truth
Authors: Brecht Bertolt
Published: June 2017

In his December 1934 text, Bertolt Brecht pairs the verbatim report of Nazi speeches with what he calls “the restoration of the truth,” a word-by-word decoding of the original that reveals its true meaning. Truth, Brecht argues, can only be approached through a meticulous unmasking of propaganda in which textual criticisms itself a type of political behavior.
Testosterone level changes after perceiving the body odour of a possible rival in human males: the role of facial symmetry
Authors: Borráz-León Javier I. , Cerda-Molina Ana Lilia , Mayagoitia-Novales Lilian
Published: June 2017

An individual’s body odour is a characteristic that is used to obtain information about conspecifics. However, to our knowledge the role of body odour and the degree of facial symmetry on testosterone changes among men as indicators of possible rivals has not been investigated yet. A group of 113 men were photographed to obtain their degree of facial symmetry, i.e., the small random deviations in facial bilateral traits. They smelled and assessed the odour of men with different grades of facial symmetry, and donated two saliva samples (pre- and post-stimulus sample) to measure the change in their testosterone levels. We found that testosterone levels decreased in symmetrical men who perceived the odour of asymmetrical men. Our results suggest that men could perceive characteristics in other men that are highly valued by women through odour to identify possible rivals, and that the observed decrease in testosterone levels could be related to an inhibition of competitive behaviours.
Meloidogyne brasiliensis Charchar & Eisenback, 2002 is a junior synonym of M. ethiopica Whitehead, 1968
Authors: Monteiro Jessica M.S. , Cares Juvenil E. , Correa Valdir R. , Pinheiro Jadir B. , Mattos Vanessa S. , Silva Joelma G.P. , Gomes Ana C.M.M. , Santos Marcilene F.A. , Castagnone-Sereno Philippe , Carneiro Regina M.D.G.
Published: June 2017

The type population ofMeloidogyne brasiliensisis synonymised underM. ethiopicabased on morphological and morphometric similarities, as well as through biochemical, molecular and phylogenetic studies.Meloidogyne ethiopicawas first described in 1968 in Tanzania using specimens from a single egg mass culture on tomato and re-described in 2004 using an isolate from Brazil.Meloidogyne brasiliensiswas described in 2002 in Brazil based on specimens collected from tomato (type population) and pea. Morphological and morphometric studies of their descriptions showed important similarities in major characters as well as some general variability in others. Characterisation of esterase isozyme phenotypes of three populations ofM. ethiopicafrom Brazil, Chile and Kenya, and twoM. brasiliensispopulations, resulted in only one esterase pattern (E3), a phenotype already known forM. ethiopica. In PCR assays, the species-specific 350 bp SCAR marker developed forM. ethiopicawas amplified from theM. brasiliensispopulations tested. In phylogenetic analyses based either on sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D2-D3 (28S) rRNA regions or on RAPD and AFLP data, the populations of both species clustered together with a strong bootstrap support. Altogether, these results provide congruent evidence thatM. brasiliensisis not a valid species but rather a junior synonym ofM. ethiopica.
Climate Change and Changing Coasts
Authors: Schofield Clive
Published: June 2017

Sea level rise has provoked widespread concerns that low-lying parts of coastal States including parts or even the entirety of small island developing States face a looming threat of erosion and inundation. Concerns over the potential impacts of sea level rise on the location of baselines along the coast and therefore on the scope of national claims to maritime jurisdiction have also been raised. The article outlines climate change impacts on the oceans before briefly reviewing projections of sea level rise. A number of the complexities and uncertainties which make prediction of the scale and speed of global sea level rise problematic are highlighted. The importance of assessing relative sea level against the contrasting responses of coasts with diverse geophysical characteristics and distinct coastal ecosystems is emphasised. Potential impacts on island coastlines in the Pacific are then considered and implications maritime claims discussed.