bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capacitive performance of polyaniline/manganese dioxide nanofiber microsphere
Authors: Huo Yu‐Qiu , Zhang Shu‐Bo , Zhang Hai‐Ying
Published: February 2014

This work has obtained polyaniline/manganese dioxide (PANI/MnO2) nanofibers microsphere by interfacial chemical synthesis with 4‐amino‐thiophenol (4‐ATP) as the structure‐directing agent on the Au substrate. The cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to determine their capacitive performance. Powder X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements, and scanning electron microscope were performed for physical and chemical characterization. The effect of 4‐ATP and acids on the capacitive performance of PANI/MnO2 nanofibers microsphere was elucidated. The as‐prepared PANI/MnO2 was nanofiber about 30 nm diameters, and they further self‐assembled into sphere. Its specific capacitance is up to 765 F g−1 at 1.0 mA cm−2 in 1.0M Na2SO4 solution. And it shows a high stability with a capacitance fade of only 14.9% after 400 charge–discharge cycles. The symmetric capacitor of PANI/MnO2 (PM10+)/PANI/MnO2 (PM10−) is assembled in 1.0M Na2SO4 solution, and its capacitive performance is compared with that of PANI (+)/PANI (−) and MnO2 (+)/MnO2 (−). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40575.
Effects of 17/0 circle hooks and bait on fish catches in a Southern Atlantic swordfish longline fishery
Authors: Amorim Sérgio , Santos Miguel N. , Coelho Rui , Fernandez‐Carvalho Joana
Published: February 2014

This paper reports the results of using different hook style and bait type combinations on the catches of targeted, bycatch and discarded fishes in the Portuguese commercial longline fishery targeting swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the South Atlantic Ocean.

In total, 310 longline experimental sets (446 400 hooks) were deployed between October 2008 and February 2012. Three different hook styles were tested; the traditional J‐hook (9/0) 10o offset was compared with two 17/0 circle hooks (a non‐offset and a 10o offset), and squid (Illex spp.) bait was compared with mackerel (Scomber spp.).

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was calculated for each fish species per fishing set and compared between the different hook style and bait type combinations. Results indicated that the effects of hook style and bait on the CPUEs were species‐specific. For example, swordfish (target species, Xiphias gladius) CPUEs were higher with J‐hooks baited with squid, while for the blue shark (most important bycatch species, Prionace glauca) the highest CPUEs were obtained with circle hooks baited with mackerel. For tuna (Thunnus spp.) and marlin (blue, Makaira nigricans and white, Kajikia albida) only the bait effect was significant, with higher catches with squid.

For the discarded species, the proportions of alive vs dead specimens at the time of fishing gear retrieval were also species‐specific.

The total retained catch value per unit of effort (VPUE) did not changed between the different hook and bait combinations, but these VPUEs are highly dependent on market fluctuations.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative Stress, T Cell DNA Methylation, and Lupus
Authors: Li YePeng , Gorelik Gabriela , Strickland Faith M. , Richardson Bruce C.
Published: February 2014

Objective

Lupus develops when genetically predisposed people encounter environmental agents, such as ultraviolet light, silica, infections, and cigarette smoke, that cause oxidative stress, but how oxidative damage modifies the immune system to cause lupus flares is unknown. We previously showed that inhibiting DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells by blocking ERK pathway signaling is sufficient to alter gene expression, and that the modified cells cause lupus‐like autoimmunity in mice. We also reported that T cells from patients with active lupus have decreased ERK pathway signaling, have decreased DNA methylation, and overexpress genes normally suppressed by DNA methylation. This study was undertaken to test whether oxidizing agents decrease ERK pathway signaling in T cells, decrease DNA methyltransferase levels, and cause demethylation and overexpression of T cell genes similar to that found in T cells from patients with active lupus.

Methods

CD4+ T cells were treated with the oxidizers H2O2 or ONOO−. Effects on ERK pathway signaling were measured by immunoblotting, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT‐1) levels were measured by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and the methylation and expression of T cell genes were measured using flow cytometry, RT‐PCR, and bisulfite sequencing.

Results

H2O2 and ONOO− inhibited ERK pathway signaling in T cells by inhibiting the upstream regulator protein kinase Cδ, decreased DNMT‐1 levels, and caused demethylation and overexpression of genes previously shown to be suppressed by DNA methylation in T cells from patients with active lupus.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that oxidative stress may contribute to human lupus flares by inhibiting ERK pathway signaling in T cells to decrease DNMT‐1 and cause DNA demethylation.
Rheumatoid Arthritis During Pregnancy and Postnatal Catch‐Up Growth in the Offspring
Authors: de Steenwinkel Florentien D. O. , Hokken‐Koelega Anita C. S. , de Ridder Maria A. J. , Hazes Johanna M. W. , Dolhain Radboud J. E. M.
Published: February 2014

Objective

Active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during pregnancy and the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) or anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are associated with lower birth weight of the child. Moreover, treatment of the mothers with prednisone may shorten the gestational age at birth. Rapid catch‐up in weight for length during the first year of life has been related to a worse cardiovascular and metabolic profile in early adulthood. This study was therefore undertaken to assess the influence of RA disease activity, medication use, and presence of RF or ACPAs during pregnancy on the growth of the child in the first year of life.

Methods

Among 180 children born to mothers with RA, the tempo of catch‐up in weight during the first year of life was studied. Independent variables were the extent of RA disease activity (according to the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28]), medication use, and presence of RF or ACPAs during pregnancy.

Results

Of 167 children with available data, 52 (31%) showed catch‐up in weight in the first year of life, of whom 90% (47 of 52) showed rapid catch‐up. An elevated DAS28 score in the mother was associated with rapid catch‐up in weight of the offspring, independent of maternal medication use or the presence of RF or ACPAs during pregnancy (odds ratio 1.44 [95% confidence interval 1.07–1.95] per 1‐point increase in the DAS28). Use of medications during pregnancy had no influence on postnatal growth.

Conclusion

Elevated RA disease activity during pregnancy should be avoided because it is associated with rapid postnatal catch‐up in weight, a risk factor for a worse cardiovascular and metabolic profile in adults. Medication for RA during pregnancy, including prednisone, had no effect on growth. Continuation or extension of medication will not only improve maternal health during pregnancy, but could be beneficial for the future health of the unborn child.
Carboxyl Terminus of Hsp70‐Interacting Protein Regulation of Osteoclast Formation in Mice Through Promotion of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor–Associated Factor 6 Protein Degradation
Authors: Li Shan , Shu Bing , Zhang Yanquan , Li Jia , Guo Junwei , Wang Yinyin , Ren Fangli , Xiao Guozhi , Chang Zhijie , Chen Di
Published: February 2014

Objective

Carboxyl terminus of Hsp70‐interacting protein (CHIP or STUB1) is an E3 ligase that regulates the stability of several proteins involved in tumor growth and metastasis. However, the role of CHIP in bone growth and bone remodeling in vivo has not been reported. This study was undertaken to investigate the role and mechanism of CHIP in regulation of bone mass and bone remodeling.

Methods

The bone phenotype of Chip−/− mice was assessed by histologic, histomorphometric, and micro–computed tomographic analyses. The mechanism by which CHIP regulates the degradation of tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and the inhibition of NF‐κB signaling was examined by immunoprecipitation, Western blot, and luciferase reporter assays.

Results

Deletion of the Chip gene led to an osteopenic phenotype and increased osteoclast formation. TRAF6, an adaptor protein that is a key regulator of NF‐κB signaling and is critical for RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis, was up‐regulated in osteoclasts from Chip−/− mice. CHIP interacted with TRAF6 to promote TRAF6 ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. Further, CHIP inhibited p65 nuclear translocation, leading to the repression of TRAF6‐mediated NF‐κB transcription.

Conclusion

CHIP inhibits NF‐κB signaling by promoting TRAF6 degradation and plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. These findings suggest that CHIP may be a novel therapeutic target in bone loss–associated disorders.
Caveolin‐1 Deficiency May Predispose African Americans to Systemic Sclerosis–Related Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Reese Charles , Perry Beth , Heywood Jonathan , Bonner Michael , Visconti Richard P. , Lee Rebecca , Hatfield Corey M. , Silver Richard M. , Hoffman Stanley , Tourkina Elena
Published: February 2014

Objective

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the leading cause of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). Although SSc‐related ILD is more common and severe in African Americans than in Caucasians, little is known about factors underlying this significant health disparity. The aim of this study was to examine the role that low expression of caveolin‐1 might play in susceptibility to ILD among African Americans.

Methods

Assays of monocyte migration toward stromal cell–derived factor 1 (SDF‐1) were performed using monocytes from Caucasian and African American healthy donors and patients with SSc. For fibrocyte differentiation studies, total peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated on fibronectin‐coated plates. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.

Results

Monocytes from healthy African American donors and those from patients with SSc had low caveolin‐1 levels, enhanced migration toward the CXCR4 ligand SDF‐1, and enhanced differentiation to fibrocytes. Enhanced migration and differentiation of monocytes from African Americans and patients with SSc appeared to be attributable to the lack of caveolin‐1, because restoring caveolin‐1 function using a caveolin‐1 scaffolding domain peptide inhibited these processes. Although they differed from monocytes from Caucasians, monocytes from both African Americans and patients with SSc were not identical, because SSc monocytes showed major increases from baseline in ERK, JNK, p38, and Smad2/3 activation, while monocytes from African Americans showed only limited ERK activation and no activation of JNK, p38, or Smad2/3. In contrast, SDF‐1 exposure caused no additional ERK activation in SSc monocytes but did cause significant additional activation in monocytes from African Americans.

Conclusion

African Americans may be predisposed to SSc‐related ILD due to low baseline caveolin‐1 levels in their monocytes, potentially affecting signaling, migration, and fibrocyte differentiation. The monocytes of African Americans may lack caveolin‐1 due to high levels of transforming growth factor β in their blood.
Scientific journals in Brazil and Spain: Alternative publishing models
Authors: Rodrigues Rosângela Schwarz , Abadal Ernest
Published: February 2014

This paper describes high‐quality journals in Brazil and Spain, with an emphasis on the distribution models used. It presents the general characteristics (age, type of publisher, and theme) and analyzes the distribution model by studying the type of format (print or digital), the type of access (open access or subscription), and the technology platform used. The 549 journals analyzed (249 in Brazil and 300 in Spain) are included in the 2011 Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. Data on each journal were collected directly from their websites between March and October 2012. Brazil has a fully open access distribution model (97%) in which few journals require payment by authors thanks to cultural, financial, operational, and technological support provided by public agencies. In Spain, open access journals account for 55% of the total and have also received support from public agencies, although to a lesser extent. These results show that there are systems support of open access in scientific journals other than the “author pays” model advocated by the Finch report for the United Kingdom.
Postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Bhandari Vineet
Published: February 2014

Exposure to hyperoxia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and systemic/local sepsis are important antecedents of postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This review will summarize information obtained from animal (baboon, lamb/sheep, rat and mouse) models that pertain to the specific inflammatory agents and signaling molecules that predispose a premature infant to BPD. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:189–201, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical perspective
Authors: Jain Deepak , Bancalari Eduardo
Published: February 2014

Since Northway's original description of BPD almost 45 years ago, the clinical presentation of BPD has evolved into a disease process, which mostly involves extremely premature infants. This new form of BPD is the result of multiple antenatal and postnatal factors that can cause injury to the developing lung leading to altered alveolar and vascular development. Over the years, there has been considerable increase in knowledge of factors that contribute to the development of BPD. This has led to different strategies for prevention as well as management of BPD. Some of these strategies have been successful and have withstood the test of clinical trials, such as vitamin A supplementation, post‐natal steroids, caffeine, and volume targeted ventilation. The evidence for other interventions has been weak or negative. With better understanding of the complex and multifactorial pathogenesis of BPD, it is quite clear that any single therapy is very unlikely to eliminate this problem unless it reduces prematurity. Further development in prevention and treatment of BPD will likely need a multi‐pronged strategy with novel therapeutic agents acting at various stages of the disease process. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:134–144, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of dynamic contrast‐enhanced MR, ultrasound and optical imaging modalities to evaluate the antiangiogenic effect of PF‐03084014 and sunitinib
Authors: Zhang Cathy C. , Yan Zhengming , Giddabasappa Anand , Lappin Patrick B. , Painter Cory L. , Zhang Qin , Li Gang , Goodman James , Simmons Brett , Pascual Bernadette , Lee Joseph , Levkoff Ted , Nichols Tim , Xie Zhiyong
Published: February 2014

Noninvasive imaging has been widely applied for monitoring antiangiogenesis therapy in cancer drug discovery. In this report, we used different imaging modalities including high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS), dynamic contrast enhanced‐MR (DCE‐MR), and fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) imaging systems to monitor the changes in the tumor vascular properties after treatment with γ‐secretase inhibitor PF‐03084014. Sunitinib was tested in parallel for comparison. In the MDA‐MB‐231Luc model, we demonstrated that antiangiogenesis was one of the contributing mechanisms for the therapeutic effect of PF‐03084014. By immunohistochemistry and FITC‐lectin perfusion assays, we showed that the vascular defects upon treatment with PF‐03084014 were associated with Notch pathway modulation, evidenced by a decrease in the HES1 protein and by the changes in VEGFR2 and HIF1α levels, which indicates down‐stream effects. Using a 3D power Doppler scanning method, ultrasound imaging showed that the% vascularity in the MDA‐MB‐231Luc tumor decreased significantly at 4 and 7 days after the treatment with PF‐03084014. A decrease in the tumor vessel function was also observed through contrast‐enhanced ultrasound imaging with microbubble injection. These findings were consistent with the PF‐03084014‐induced functional vessel changes measured by suppressing the Ktrans values using DCE‐MRI. In contrast, the FMT imaging with the AngioSence 680EX failed to detect any treatment‐associated tumor vascular changes. Sunitinib demonstrated an outcome similar to PF‐03084014 in the tested imaging modalities. In summary, ultrasound and DCE‐MR imaging successfully provided longitudinal measurement of the phenotypic and functional changes in tumor vasculature after treatment with PF‐03084014 and sunitinib.
Novel Bipyridinium Ionic Liquids as Liquid Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Jordão Noémi , Cabrita Luis , Pina Fernando , Branco Luís C.
Published: February 2014

Novel mono and dialkylbipyridinium (viologens) cations combined with iodide, bromide, or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [NTf2] as anions were developed. Selective alkylation synthetic methodologies were optimized in order to obtain the desired salts in moderate to high yields and higher purities. All prepared mono‐ and dialkylbipyridinium salts were completely characterized by 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis (in the case of NTf2 salts). Melting points, glass transition temperatures by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies, and decomposition temperatures were also checked for different prepared organic salts. Viscosities at specific temperatures and activation energies were determined by rheological studies (including viscosity dependence with temperature in heating and cooling processes). Electrochemical studies based on cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulsed voltammetry (DPV), and square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) were performed in order to determine the redox potential as well as evaluate reversibility behavior of the novel bipyridinium salts. As proof of concept, we developed a reversible liquid electrochromic device in the form of a U‐tube system, the most promising dialkylbipyridinium‐NTf2 ionic liquid being used as the electrochromic material and the room‐temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)‐imide [EMIM][NTf2], as a stable and efficient electrolyte.
Understanding Stability Trends along the Lanthanide Series
Authors: Regueiro‐Figueroa Martín , Esteban‐Gómez David , de Blas Andrés , Rodríguez‐Blas Teresa , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos
Published: February 2014

The stability trends across the lanthanide series of complexes with the polyaminocarboxylate ligands TETA4− (H4TETA=2,2′,2′′,2′′′‐(1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane‐1,4,8,11‐tetrayl)tetraacetic acid), BCAED4− (H4BCAED=2,2′,2′′,2′′′‐{[(1,4‐diazepane‐1,4‐diyl)bis(ethane‐2,1‐diyl)]bis(azanetriyl)}tetraacetic acid), and BP18C62− (H2BP18C6=6,6′‐[(1,4,10,13‐tetraoxa‐7,16‐diazacyclooctadecane‐7,16‐diyl)bis(methylene)]dipicolinic acid) were investigated using DFT calculations. Geometry optimizations performed at the TPSSh/6‐31G(d,p) level, and using a 46+4fn ECP for lanthanides, provide bond lengths of the metal coordination environments in good agreement with the experimental values observed in the X‐ray structures. The contractions of the Ln3+ coordination spheres follow quadratic trends, as observed previously for different isostructural series of complexes. We show here that the parameters obtained from the quantitative analysis of these data can be used to rationalize the observed stability trends across the 4f period. The stability trends along the lanthanide series were also evaluated by calculating the free energy for the reaction [La(L)]n+/−(sol)+Ln3+(sol)→[Ln(L)]n+/−(sol)+La3+(sol). A parameterization of the Ln3+ radii was performed by minimizing the differences between experimental and calculated standard hydration free energies. The calculated stability trends are in good agreement with the experimental stability constants, which increase markedly across the series for BCAED4− complexes, increase smoothly for the TETA4− analogues, and decrease in the case of BP18C62− complexes. The resulting stability trend is the result of a subtle balance between the increased binding energies of the ligand across the lanthanide series, which contribute to an increasing complex stability, and the increase in the absolute values of hydration energies along the 4f period.
ChemInform Abstract: Order—Disorder Transition Involving the A‐Site Cations in Ln3+Mn3V4O12 Perovskites.
Authors: Shimakawa Yuichi , Zhang Shoubao , Saito Takashi , Lufaso Michael W. , Woodward Patrick M.
Published: February 2014

LnMn3V4O12 (Ln: La, Nd, Gd, Y, Lu) perovskites are prepared by solid state reactions of stoichiometric amounts of Ln2O3, Mn2O3, V2O3, and V2O5 (gold capsules, 9 GPa, 900 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnesium‐rich Intermetallics RE3RuMg7 (RE: Y, Nd, Dy, Ho) — Rows of Condensed Ru@RE6/2 Octahedra in Magnesium Matrices.
Authors: Kersting Marcel , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Schwickert Christian , Poettgen Rainer
Published: February 2014

The title compounds are synthesized from the elements (Nb tubes, 1273 K for 2 h, 673 K for 5 h) and characterized by powder XRD, and single crystal XRD for the Dy compound.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of the Hexagonal Form of the Oxide Carbide ScAlOC.
Authors: Schultz Peter , Sagawe Vanessa , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: February 2014

Red single crystals of the title compound are obtained by reaction of scandium, carbon, and an excess of aluminium (corundum crucible, 1820 °C, 60 s).
ChemInform Abstract: New High‐Pressure Polymorph of In2S3 with Defect Th3P4‐Type Structure.
Authors: Lai Xiaojing , Zhu Feng , Wu Ye , Huang Rong , Wu Xiang , Zhang Qian , Yang Ke , Qin Shan
Published: February 2014

β‐In2S3 (space group I41/amd, Z = 16) is characterized by in situ synchrotron XRD at pressures up to 71.7 GPa.
ChemInform Abstract: Colloidal Lanthanide‐Doped NaLuF4:Ln3+ Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Energy Transfer, and Tunable Luminescence Properties.
Authors: Liu Shuai , Wang Guofeng , Pan Kai , Li Ying , Feng Li , Tian Chungui , Jiang Baojiang , Fan Naiying , Feng Qingmao , Zhang Jisen
Published: February 2014

The title nanocrystals (Ln: Yb/Er, Yb/Gd/Tm, Gd/Eu) are hydrothermally prepared from aqueous solutions containing Ln(NO3)3, NaF, NaOH, EtOH, and oleic acid (autoclave, 180 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: New Tetragonal Derivatives of Cubic NaZn13‐Type Structure: RNi6Si6 Compounds, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Ordering (R: Y, La, Ce, Sm, Gd—Yb).
Authors: Pani M. , Manfrinetti P. , Provino A. , Yuan Fang , Mozharivskyj Y. , Morozkin A. V. , Knotko A. V. , Garshev A. V. , Yapaskurt V. O. , Isnard O.
Published: February 2014

Novel LnNi6Si6 intermetallic alloys (Ln: La, Ce, Y, Sm, Gd—Yb) are prepared by arc melting of the elements followed by annealing (1070 K, 200 h; quenching).
ChemInform Abstract: Rare‐Earth Transition‐Metal Gallium Chalcogenides RE3MGaCh7 (M: Fe, Co, Ni; Ch: S, Se).
Authors: Rudyk Brent W. , Stoyko Stanislav S. , Oliynyk Anton O. , Mar Arthur
Published: February 2014

The new title compounds (RE: Y, La—Er) are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements at 1050 °C (14 d) for the sulfides and at 900 °C (5 d) for the selenides, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: New Sulfido Antimonates of the Heavy Alkali Metals: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Chemical Bonding of (K/Rb/Cs)3SbS3 and Cs3SbS4·H2O.
Authors: Schindler Lisa V. , Schwarz Michael , Roehr Caroline
Published: February 2014

Compounds (II), (IV), (VI), and (IX) are characterized by single crystal XRD and FP‐LAPW band structure computations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Li0.44Eu3[B3N6].
Authors: Aydemir U. , et al. et al.
Published: February 2014

The new title compound is synthesized by reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Li3[BN2] and EuCl3 (sealed Nb ampule, 850 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Copper Borophosphate with Novel Polymeric Chains and Its Structural Correlation with Raw Materials in Molten Hydrated Flux Synthesis.
Authors: Duan Ruijing , Liu Wei , Cao Lixin , Su Ge , Xu Hongmei , Zhao Chenggong
Published: February 2014

The new compound Cu3[B2P3O12(OH)3] is synthesized by the molten hydrated flux method from a mixture of CuCl2·2H2O, NH4H2PO4, and H3BO3 in the molar ratio 1:1:10 (autoclave, 443 K, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A General Protocol to Afford Enantioenriched Linear Homoprenylic Amines.
Authors: Bosque Irene , Foubelo Francisco , Gonzalez‐Gomez Jose C.
Published: February 2014

A general protocol for the synthesis of enantioenriched linear homoprenylic amines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free, Hydroacylation of C=C and N=N Bonds via Aerobic C—H Activation of Aldehydes, and Reaction of the Products Thereof.
Authors: Chudasama Vijay , Akhbar Ahmed R. , Bahou Karim A. , Fitzmaurice Richard J. , Caddick Stephen
Published: February 2014

The hydroacylation of alkenes and DIAD with aldehydes (I) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Chromium(II)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions Between Csp2 Centers.
Authors: Steib Andreas K. , Kuzmina Olesya M. , Fernandez Sarah , Flubacher Dietmar , Knochel Paul
Published: February 2014

Various (hetero)arylmagnesium reagents (some of them as LiCl adducts) are coupled with N‐heterocyclic halides, aromatic halogenated ketones or imines, and alkenyl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Glycosylation Using the Glucopyranose 1,2‐Orthobenzoate under Electrochemical Conditions.
Authors: Kawa Kohei , Saitoh Tsuyoshi , Kaji Eisuke , Nishiyama Shigeru
Published: February 2014

Novel electrochemically promoted glycosylation reactions of the glucopyranose orthobenzoate (I) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Protecting Group Methodology for Syntheses Using Nitroxides.
Authors: Chalmers Benjamin A. , Morris Jason C. , Fairfull‐Smith Kathryn E. , Grainger Richard S. , Bottle Steven E.
Published: February 2014

Nitroxides (I) and (IV) are readily protected by a Fenton reaction with DMSO.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Secondary Amines to Nitrones Using Magnetically Separable Tungstophosphoric Acid Supported on Silica‐Encapsulated γ‐Fe2O3 Nanoparticles.
Authors: Nikbakht Fatemeh , Heydari Akbar , Saberi Dariush , Azizi Kobra
Published: February 2014

The title catalyst allows the direct oxidation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical secondary amines to nitrones.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the Reactivity of N‐Alkynylated Sulfoximines: [2 + 2]‐Cycloadditions.
Authors: Pirwerdjan Ramona , Priebbenow Daniel L. , Becker Peter , Lamers Philip , Bolm Carsten
Published: February 2014

The [2 + 2]‐cycloaddition of N‐alkynyl substituted sulfoximes (I) with in situ generated ketenes affords a series of sulfoximidoyl functionalized cyclobutenones.
ChemInform Abstract: A Covalently Anchored Homogeneous Gold Complex on Carbon Nanotubes: A Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Vriamont Charles , Devillers Michel , Riant Olivier , Hermans Sophie
Published: February 2014

The title catalyst is synthesized and applied in the intramolecular cyclization of simple 1,6‐enynes (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Regioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerization of Ynoates and Related Alkynes.
Authors: Rodrigo Sanjeewa K. , Powell Israel V. , Coleman Michael G. , Krause Jeanette A. , Guan Hairong
Published: February 2014

The cyclotrimerization of alkyne (III) leads to a mixture of two isomers with a modest regioselectivity (86:14), whilst similar reactions of unsymmetrical alkynes (I) and (VIII) proceed with high regioselectivity (from 97:3 to <99:1).
ChemInform Abstract: A Phosphine‐Free Heterogeneous Coupling of Acyl Chlorides with Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by an MCM‐41‐Immobilized Palladium Complex.
Authors: Huang Bin , Yin Lin , Cai Mingzhong
Published: February 2014

The novel heterogeneous palladium catalyst employed in this method is synthetically accessible by a simple two‐step procedure from commercially available and cheap reagents and can be reused for at least 10 consecutive trials without loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Arene—Metal π‐Complexation as a Traceless Reactivity Enhancer for C—H Arylation.
Authors: Ricci Paolo , Kraemer Katrina , Cambeiro Xacobe C. , Larrosa Igor
Published: February 2014

π‐Complexation of arenes with a Cr(CO)3 unit enhances the reactivity of aromatic C—H bonds towards C—H arylation reactions, thus avoiding the modification of the arenes by introduction of electron‐withdrawing or directing groups.
ChemInform Abstract: The Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction in Pure Water Catalyzed by Ligandless Palladium Using Polyethylene Glycol Derivatives as Surfactant.
Authors: Xiang Liu , Xiaohua Zhao , Ming Lu
Published: February 2014

Use of the polyethylene glycol derivative PEGS as surfactant allows for very rapid Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions in water.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Multifunctionalized m‐Terphenyls.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Chan Chieh‐Kai , Lin Shin‐Ying , Wu Ming‐Hao
Published: February 2014

The [C3+C3] cascade process delivers a broad range of functionalized m‐terphenyls in moderate yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Chalcone Derivatives as Inhibitors of Cathepsins K and B, and Their Cytotoxic Evaluation.
Authors: Ramalho Suelem Demuner , Bernades Aline , Demetrius Giulio , Noda‐Perez Caridad , Vieira Paulo Cezar , dos Santos Caio Yu , da Silva James Almada , de Moraes Manoel Odorico , Mousinho Kristiana Cerqueira
Published: February 2014

A number of known chalcone derivatives bearing different aromatic substituents is synthesized and tested for their biological activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Photochromic Cyclopentenone Diarylethenes with an Additional π System in the Ethene Bridge.
Authors: Lonshakov Dmitry V. , Shirinian Valerii Z. , Lvov Andrey G. , Krayushkin Mikhail M.
Published: February 2014

Photochromic title compounds are synthesized by condensation of thienyl cyclopentenones with aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Propargylic Carbonates with Benzyne.
Authors: Ni Shengjun , Shu Wei , Ma Shengming
Published: February 2014

The in situ generated benzyne readily reacts with 1,2‐allenyl‐palladium formed from propargylic carbonates (I) and (IV) to give phenanthrene derivatives in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of Periconjugated Triazoliumfullerene.
Authors: Ikuma Naohiko , Inaba Saori , Kokubo Ken , Oshima Takumi
Published: February 2014

The target triazolium fullerene is prepared by a [3 + 2]‐cycloaddition reaction of 1,3‐diaza‐2‐azoniaallene, generated in situ, with fullerene.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Prins Cyclization from Allylsilyl Alcohols Leading to Dioxaspirodecanes.
Authors: Barbero Asuncion , Diez‐Varga Alberto , Pulido Francisco J.
Published: February 2014

This reaction proceeds via an acid catalyzed Sakurai reaction followed by the formation of an oxocarbenium intermediate with a second equivalent of aldehyde.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Pyrroles via Tandem Benzylic Oxidative Cyclization.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Bayat Mohammad J.
Published: February 2014

A tandem pseudo‐three‐component reaction of benzylamines and two equivalents of acetylenic esters is developed providing a novel synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyrroles.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzannulation via the Reaction of Ynamides and Vinylketenes. Application to the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Indoles.
Authors: Lam Tin Yiu , Wang Yu‐Pu , Danheiser Rick L.
Published: February 2014

A two‐stage tandem strategy for the synthesis of indoles with a high level of substitution on the six‐membered ring is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2‐Diaryl‐6,6‐dimethyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐1H‐indole‐4,7‐diones from Arylglyoxals and Enamines Through Domino Condensation and Allylic Hydroxylation.
Authors: Maity Subhendu , Pramanik Animesh
Published: February 2014

A convenient two‐step procedure is developed for the synthesis of the title diones (IV) via reaction of enamines with arylglyoxals followed by oxidation of the indolone derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Multistep Flow Process for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Benzoxazoles.
Authors: Sedelmeier Joerg , Lima Fabio , Litzler Alain , Martin Benjamin , Venturoni Francesco
Published: February 2014

Treatment of substrates (I) with BuLi under continuous flow conditions allows to minimize the hold‐up time for the resulting unstable lithiated benzoxazole intermediates which react with various electrophiles to give the corresponding substituted benzoxazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Synthesis of Fused Oxabicycles Through the Molecular Rearrangement of Spirocyclic Ethers.
Authors: Palmer Leoni I. , Veits Gesine K. , Read de Alaniz Javier
Published: February 2014

5,5‐Spirocyclic cyclopentenones undergo Amberlyst‐15‐catalyzed ring opening/ring closure rearrangement to form tetrahydropyrans (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile One‐Pot Green Synthesis of Some New Annulated Polyfunctionalized 2‐Amino‐4H‐pyrans
Authors: Nasiri Farough , Zolali Amin
Published: February 2014

via multicomponent reactions of cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with acetylenedicarboxylates and nitriles
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Isocyanide‐Based Three‐Component Diastereoselective Synthesis of Chromane‐3,4‐dicarboxamides.
Authors: Imanieh Hossein , Sarlak Mansooreh , Amanpour Tayebeh , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: February 2014

Performing the reaction with aliphatic amines gives only complex mixtures of numerous products.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Adducts: Source for Spiro Heterocycles.
Authors: Sudheer K. , Venkatesh B. C. , Syamaiah K. , Padmavathi V.
Published: February 2014

A series of new spiro heterocycles with thiandioxide moieties are synthesized from double Michael adducts (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Water Mediated Deprotective Intramolecular Hydroamination of N‐Propargylaminopyridines: Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Mohan Darapaneni Chandra , Sarang Niraj B. , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: February 2014

A simple metal‐free protocol is developed for the title hydroamination reaction which is also successfully applied to the synthesis of imidazopyrazine derivative (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient ′One‐Pot′ Methodology for the Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydro‐β‐carboline, Tetrahydroisoquinoline and Tetrahydrothienopyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Ionescu Alexandra , Cornut Damien , Soriano Sebastien , Guissart Celine , Van Antwerpen Pierre , Jabin Ivan
Published: February 2014

This simple and general method gives an efficient access to the title compounds via the Pictet‐Spengler type cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Two‐Step Synthesis of 1‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)indolizines via Pyridinium Ylides.
Authors: Allgaeuer Dominik S. , Mayr Herbert
Published: February 2014

The reaction of readily prepared pyridinium and isoquinolinium ylides with arylidene‐malonates is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Cyclization of 3‐Alkynylquinoxaline‐2‐carbonitriles into Pyrido[3,4‐b]quinoxalines.
Authors: Tyaglivy Alexander S. , Gulevskaya Anna V. , Pozharskii Alexander F. , Askalepova Olga I.
Published: February 2014

Treatment of easily prepared 3‐alkynylquinoxaline‐2‐carbonitriles with an alkylamine or ammonia is shown to produce either directly previously unknown pyrido[3,4‐b]quinoxalin‐1(2H)‐imines or pyrido[3,4‐b]quinoxalin‐1‐amines via stable enamines like (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Quinoxalines with Hypervalent Iodine as a Catalyst.
Authors: Chen Chung‐Yu , Hu Wan‐Ping , Liu Mei‐Chun , Yan Pi‐Cheng , Wang Jeh‐Jeng , Chung Mei‐Ing
Published: February 2014

The synthesis of the title compounds is realized from several internal alkynes and 1,2‐diaminobenzenes, ‐cyclohexane, and ‐pyridine in a simple one‐pot reaction without the use of transition metal catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: CeCl3·7H2O: A Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 1‐Substituted‐octahydro‐[1,3,2]diazaphospholo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐1‐oxide.
Authors: Chinthaparthi Radha Rani , Gangireddy Chandra Sekhar Reddy , Mudumala Veeranarayana Reddy , Gundluru Mohan , Chamarthi Nagaraju , Cirandur Suresh Reddy
Published: February 2014

A simple protocol is developed for the synthesis of the title compounds via Michaelis—Arbuzov reaction of diamido phosphites with various bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Maoecrystal V: Early‐Stage C—H Functionalization and Lactone Assembly by Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Lu Ping , Gu Zhenhua , Zakarian Armen
Published: February 2014

The target compound is prepared in 24 steps in overall yield of ca. 1.5% from sesamol.
ChemInform Abstract: New Macrocycles with Potent Antituberculosis Activity Accessed by One‐Pot Multicomponent Reactions.
Authors: Kim D. , Huang Y. , Wang K. , Doemling A.
Published: February 2014

Tylosin derivatives (III) and (VII) are synthesized by Gewald or Ugi three‐component reaction, resp., and evaluated for their antituberculosis activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Hasubanan Alkaloids from Stephania hernandifolia (WILLD.) WALP
Authors: Tang Li‐Jia , Deng Lu‐Lu , He Li , Song Shao‐Hui , Zhang Jian‐Xin , Hao Xiao‐Jiang , Zhang Yuan‐Hu
Published: February 2014

isolation, structure and cytotoxicity of three new hasubanan alkaloids, hernsubanines A—C
ChemInform Abstract: A Two‐Directional Approach to Pyrrolizidines: Total Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of Alkaloid cis‐223B (I) and (.+‐.)‐Xenovenine (II).
Authors: Barthelme Alexandre , Richards David , Mellor Ian R. , Stockman Robert A.
Published: February 2014

Both the natural alkaloids display the expected neurotoxic properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of (+)‐Serinolamide A.
Authors: Gao Ya‐Ru , Guo Shin‐Hua , Zhang Zhuan‐Xiang , Mao Shuai , Zhang Yan‐Lei , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: February 2014

The first total synthesis of compound (I) in nine steps with 30% overall yield is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Resorcylic Acid Derivatives from Sporotrichum laxum
Authors: Wang Siyuan , Zhang Shuwei , Zhou Tong , Zhan Jixun
Published: February 2014

isolation, structure elucidation and possible biosynthetic pathway
ChemInform Abstract: Epothilone D and Its 9‐Methyl Analogues: Combinatorial Syntheses, Conformation, and Biological Activities.
Authors: Chen Yue , et al. et al.
Published: February 2014

Epothilone D (Ia) and four of its analogues are prepared and their anti‐cancer activities are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: From Chemical Solutions to Inorganic Nanostructured Materials: A Journey into Evaporation‐Driven Processes
Authors: Faustini M. , Boissiere C. , Nicole L. , Grosso D.
Published: February 2014

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Atomic Layer Deposition of Noble Metals and Their Oxides
Authors: Haemaelaeinen Jani , Ritala Mikko , Leskelae Markku
Published: February 2014

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrazole Scaffold: A Remarkable Tool in the Development of Anticancer Agents
Authors: Kumar Harish , Saini Deepika , Jain Sandeep , Jain Neelam
Published: February 2014

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Facet‐Dependent Properties of Polyhedral Nanocrystals
Authors: Huang Michael H. , Rej Sourav , Hsu Shih‐Chen
Published: February 2014

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Carboxylative Reactions for the Transformation of Carbon Dioxide into Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Authors: Cai Xiaohua , Xie Bing
Published: February 2014

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Developments on the Indolizidine Alkaloid, Harmicine
Authors: Chakraborty Indrajit , Jana Samaresh
Published: February 2014

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Synthesis and Reactivity
Authors: Parra Alejandro , Reboredo Silvia
Published: February 2014

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Condensed Nitrogen Heterocycles: A Brief Experience from Our Group
Authors: Chakrabarty Manas , Mukherji Ajanta
Published: February 2014

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Production from Biomass in Biphasic Solvents
Authors: Saha Basudeb , Abu‐Omar Mahdi M.
Published: February 2014

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Filling Carbon Nanotubes for Nanobiotechnological Applications
Authors: Marega Riccardo , Bonifazi Davide
Published: February 2014

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Semiconductor Nanowires for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Liu Chong , Dasgupta Neil P. , Yang Peidong
Published: February 2014

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Materials Design Considerations for Charge Generation in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Dimitrov Stoichko D. , Durrant James R.
Published: February 2014

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances of Non‐Fullerene, Small Molecular Acceptors for Solution Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Eftaiha Ala'a F. , Sun Jon‐Paul , Hill Ian G. , Welch Gregory C.
Published: February 2014

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Analytical Chemistry: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Fu Xiaofang , Liu Huwei , Liu Yu , Liu Yi
Published: February 2014

Review: 53 refs.
Disparity in perceptions of disease characteristics, treatment effectiveness, and factors influencing treatment adherence between physicians and patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Steensma David P. , Komrokji Rami S. , Stone Richard M. , List Alan F. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Huber John M. , Dennison Betsy , Sekeres Mikkael A.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have suggested that many patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have an incomplete understanding of their disease, which may influence adherence to prescribed regimens and outcomes.

METHODS

To better understand physician and patient perceptions about MDS and MDS therapy, the authors conducted 2 surveys in February 2012: 1 for patients with MDS and 1 for health care professionals (HCPs) who cared for patients with MDS. Patient and HCP surveys consisted of 57 and 49 questions, respectively, assessing understanding of MDS, perceptions of specific treatments, barriers to treatment adherence, and treatment experience.

RESULTS

In total, 477 complete patient responses and 120 complete HCP responses were received. Among patient responders, 63% were aged ≥60 years, and 42% had received at least 1 disease‐modifying therapy. Of the 61 physician responders, 57% practiced in an academic setting, and 43% practiced in the community; 71% of the 59 nonphysician HCPs worked in the community setting. Only 10% of patients agreed that MDS represented “cancer” compared with 59% of physicians and 46% of nonphysician HCPs (P < .001). Only 29% of patients reported that MDS was ever “curable” compared with 52% of physicians (P < .001). Physicians viewed the potential benefits of active therapy as greater than patients, but patients perceived the actual treatment experience more positively than physicians and differed from physicians in perceived reasons for stopping therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Physicians, nonphysician HCPs, and patients with MDS have disparate views of MDS characteristics and the value and limitations of treatments for MDS. Improved communication and education may increase understanding and achieve better treatment adherence and patient outcomes. Cancer 2014;120:1670–1676. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
A phase 2, single‐arm study of ramucirumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with disease progression on or intolerance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy
Authors: Garcia Jorge A. , Hudes Gary R. , Choueiri Toni K. , Stadler Walter M. , Wood Laura S. , Gurtler Jayne , Bhatia Shailender , Joshi Adarsh , Hozak Rebecca R. , Xu Yihuan , Schwartz Jonathan D. , Thompson John A.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have antitumor activity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Resistance to these agents develops frequently, and their use is often limited by intolerance. Ramucirumab is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody directed against human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2. For this study, the authors investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of ramucirumab in patients with TKI‐resistant/intolerant mRCC.

METHODS

In this single‐arm phase 2 trial, patients received ramucirumab 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks until they developed disease progression or intolerable toxicity. The primary endpoint was the best objective response rate (ORR); additional endpoints included the disease control rate (DCR), progression‐free survival (PFS), the median duration of overall response, and safety.

RESULTS

Thirty‐nine patients with RCC received ramucirumab monotherapy. Prior TKI therapy included sunitinib (59% of patients), sunitinib and sorafenib (30.8% of patients), and sorafenib (10.3% of patients). The ORR was 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6%‐17.3%). The 12‐week DCR was 64.1% (95% CI, 47.2%‐78.8%). The median PFS was 7.1 months (95% CI, 4.1‐9.7 months), and the median overall survival was 24.8 months (95% CI, 18.9‐32.6 months). Grade 3 or higher adverse events that occurred in ≥5% of patients included grade 3 hypertension (7.7%) and proteinuria (5.1%). There was 1 on‐study death from multiorgan failure.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the study did not meet its primary endpoint of ≥15% ORR, ramucirumab was associated with evidence of antitumor activity in patients with TKI‐resistant/intolerant mRCC. Ramucirumab was safe and well tolerated. Cancer 2014;120:1647–1655. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Increasing complexity of high‐grade B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Armitage James O. , Bociek R. Gregory
Published: February 2014

Morphologic heterogeneity is only part of the picture for patients with high‐grade B‐cell lymphomas, and many of these lymphomas are biologically driven by equally complex variations in genetics and protein expression. In this patient population, novel targeted therapies need to be tested in combination with chemoimmunotherapy in the front‐line setting, because the proportion of patients who progress early is so high, and many patients do not appear to be salvageable with further conventional chemotherapy regimens.
Coaxial Carbon/Metal Oxide/Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays as High‐Performance Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Lou Fengliu , Zhou Haitao , Tran Trung Dung , Melandsø Buan Marthe Emelie , Vullum‐Bruer Fride , Rønning Magnus , Walmsley John Charles , Chen De
Published: February 2014

Coaxial carbon/metal oxide/aligned carbon nanotube (ACNT) arrays over stainless‐steel foil are reported as high‐performance binder‐free anodes for lithium ion batteries. The coaxial arrays were prepared by growth of ACNTs over stainless‐steel foil followed by coating with metal oxide and carbon. The carbon/manganese oxide/ACNT arrays can deliver an initial capacity of 738 mAh g−1 with 99.9 % capacity retention up to 100 cycles and a capacity of 374 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 6000 mA g−1. The external carbon layer was recognized as a key component for high performance, and the mechanism of performance enhancement was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The layer increases rate capability by enhancing electrical conductivity and maintaining a low mass‐transfer resistance and also improves cyclic stability by avoiding aggregation of metal‐oxide particles and stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface. The resultant principle of rational electrode design was applied to an iron oxide‐based system, and similar improvements were found. These coaxial nanotube arrays present a promising strategy for the rational design of high‐performance binder‐free anodes for lithium ion batteries.