bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Neuroinflammation as a Common Mechanism of Action of Anorexigenic and Orexigenic Peptide Analogues in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer´s Disease
Authors: Mengr Anna , Šmotková Zuzana , Pačesová Andrea , Železná Blanka , Kuneš Jaroslav , Maletínská Lenka
Published: February 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, AD typically begins with mild cognitive decline escalating to severe impairment in communication and responsiveness. It primarily affects cerebral regions responsible for cognition, memory, and language processing, significantly impeding the functional independence of patients. With nearly 50 million dementia cases worldwide, a number expected to triple by 2050, the need for effective treatments is more urgent than ever. Recent insights into the association between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative disorders have led to the development of promising treatments involving antidiabetic and anti-obesity agents. One such novel promising candidate for addressing AD pathology is a lipidized analogue of anorexigenic peptide called prolactin-releasing peptide (palm11-PrRP31). Interestingly, anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides have opposite effects on food intake regulation, however, both types exhibit neuroprotective properties. Recent studies have also identified ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, as a potential neuroprotective agent. Hence, we employed both anorexigenic and orexigenic compounds to investigate the common mechanisms underpinning their neuroprotective effects in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD mouse model) combining amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology and Tau pathology, two hallmarks of AD. We treated 3xTg-AD mice for 4 months with two stable lipidized anorexigenic peptide analogues – palm11-PrRP31, and liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue – as well as Dpr3-ghrelin, a stable analogue of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin, and using the method of immunohistochemistry and western blot demonstrate the effects of these compounds on the development of AD-like pathology in the brain. Palm11-PrRP31, Dpr3-ghrelin, and liraglutide reduced intraneuronal deposits of Aβ plaque load in the hippocampi and amygdalae of 3xTg-AD mice. Palm11-PrRP31 and Dpr3-ghrelin reduced microgliosis in the hippocampi, amygdalae, and cortices of 3xTg-AD mice. Palm11-PrRP31 and liraglutide reduced astrocytosis in the amygdalae of 3xTg-AD mice. We propose that these peptides are involved in reducing inflammation, a common mechanism underlying their therapeutic effects. This is the first study to demonstrate improvements in AD pathology following the administration of both orexigenic and anorexigenic compounds, highlighting the therapeutic potential of food intake-regulating peptides in neurodegenerative disorders.

Graphical Abstract
Current Approaches of Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance in High-Risk Individuals
Authors: Heller Melissa , Mann Derek A. , Katona Bryson W.
Published: February 2025

Currently, those recommended to undergo pancreatic cancer (PC) surveillance include appropriately aged individuals at high risk of PC due to an identifiable genetic susceptibility or those without identifiable genetic susceptibility who nonetheless have a strong family history of PC. With increases in identification of individuals at high risk for PC and increased use of PC surveillance in clinical practice, there has been increasing debate about who should undergo surveillance as well as how surveillance should be performed including use of imaging and blood-based testing. Furthermore, there is increasing interest in the outcomes of PC surveillance in high-risk individuals with some studies demonstrating that surveillance leads to downstaging of PC and improvements in survival. In this review, we summarize the current state of PC surveillance in high-risk individuals, providing an overview of the risk factors associated with PC, selection of high-risk individuals for PC surveillance, and the current, but non-uniform, recommendations for performing PC surveillance. Additionally, we review approaches to apply various imaging and blood-based tests to surveillance and the outcomes of PC surveillance.
The Right to Food in Question: A Comparative Analysis of Food Security Policies Aimed at the Elderly in Spain and Argentina
Authors: Gracia-Arnaiz Mabel , Demonte Flavia , Boragnio Aldana
Published: February 2025

Since the 2008 economic recession, and in the wake of the health and energy crises, many countries have experienced growing precarization, forcing their governments to implement policies to alleviate increasing inequality suffered by the most disadvantaged groups. In this study, we show how this process has affected older people in Spain and Argentina. In particular, we want to determine whether there has been an increase in food insecurity (FI) during this period in two countries that, on paper, recognise the fundamental right of everyone to enjoy adequate food in all its dimensions and also have specific plans for active and healthy ageing. Based on a compilation and comparative analysis of socio-demographic, food and health indicators and policies/programmes targeted at this age group, we describe the profile and main needs of older people, as well as the mechanisms in place to guarantee (or not) this right. We discuss the different conceptions of food security in the two countries, along with the nature and scope of the measures adopted. We conclude that although food security (FS) policies are very different in Spain and Argentina, what they have in common is the absence and/or insufficiency of specific mechanisms for identifying the impact of growing precarization on food practices and health, and those most affected in terms of gender, social class or ethnic origin. We highlight the need to develop intersectional studies capable of diagnosing and detecting FI situations among older people and counteracting possible forms of ageism arising from this lack of knowledge.
Mentalization, theory of mind and socioemotional development in middle childhood
Authors: Locati Francesca , Federica Conte , Karin Ensink , Nick Midgley , Laura Parolin
Published: February 2025

Theory of Mind (ToM) and Mentalization are essential domains involved in child socioemotional development. ToM is the ability to understand people’s actions and interactions as guided by internal beliefs, emotions, desires, and intentions. In contrast, mentalization is a mental process involved in interpreting human behaviour in terms of mental states related to the self and others. ToM and mentalization constructs are frequently used interchangeably, although they play distinct roles in child development. The present study explores this issue, focusing on the mentalization and ToM interactive dynamics in relation to middle childhood socioemotional skills. Participants were 112 non-clinical children from 8 to 10 y.o. assessed with Child Reflective Functioning Scale (CRFS) on Child Attachment Interview, Reading the Mind in the Eyes test and the Roberts-2 Test. Results from network analysis revealed an association between ToM and Mentalization. Mentalization is positively connected with self-help abilities and age. ToM supports mentalization, while mentalization is related to developing a sense of self-agency involved in improving psychological resources and preventing mental health impairment.
Protocol for Returning Results in Brain Science Research Targeting Individuals With Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Japan
Authors: YANO Koji , YASUMURA Akira , TAKIMOTO Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2025

Brain science research targeting neurodevelopmental disorders has rapidly advanced in recent years. Although findings from these studies could potentially serve as objective indicators for future screening and diagnosis, researchers may encounter ethical challenges when returning results to participants and their legal guardians, such as family members. Furthermore, no established guidelines exists for returning results in this field, either in Japan or internationally. This study aimed to identify the ethical considerations associated with returning results in brain science research on neurodevelopmental disorders and to develop a protocol for doing so. The authors held regular meetings to discuss ethical issues and conducted a comprehensive search for relevant guidelines and literature. Databases such as PubMed, Igaku Chuo Zasshi, CiNii, and Google Scholar were searched for prior studies. Additionally, we referenced and manually searched genetic research literature and guidelines, as ethical considerations related to returning results in genetic and brain science research share commonalities, and the former has already advanced discussions on these issues. Key ethical concerns identified include the certainty of the results, the psychological burden of returning results, and the decision-making process. Researchers should verify the accuracy of results and, based on this, decide whether and how to return them. It is crucial to tailor explanations to the unique characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, supporting participants in making autonomous decisions while respecting the authority of their legal guardians is essential.
Kinetic Modeling of Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Lemnaceae for Biogas Production
Authors: Lower Lillian , Qiu Yaojing , Sartor Ryan C. , Sagues William Joe , Cheng Jay J.
Published: February 2025

Anaerobic digestion of sustainably sourced biomass to generate biogas is a vital form of renewable energy that provides significant benefits to the environment. Lemnaceae, commonly referred to as duckweed, has shown great potential as a next-generation biomass feedstock for anaerobic digestion due to its rapid growth rates, low lignin content, and ability to remove nutrients from wastewater. However, research in this area is largely focused on the mesophilic (35 °C) anaerobic digestion of duckweed. For the first time, batch thermophilic anaerobic digestion was performed using three different duckweed varieties grown on swine lagoon wastewater to ascertain the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the biomasses and estimate parameters associated with the kinetics of the digestion process. The BMPs of the three duckweed varieties were 205 ± 5, 217 ± 5, and 262 ± 7 mL CH4 g−1 volatile solids (VS) for the local variety (OxNC), Lemna gibba (8678), and Lemna gibba (7741), respectively. Four kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data: first order, modified Gompertz, transference, and logistic function. Unique to this study, inoculum from continuous thermophilic anaerobic digesters processing identical feedstocks was used during the BMP, causing the absence of a lag phase. The first-order model predicted the hydrolysis constant (k) to be 0.205–0.285 day−1, which is similar to the hydrolysis constants reported in the literature for effective anaerobic digestion systems, thereby demonstrating that duckweed biomass has viable degradation rates. In this work, BMP experimentation and kinetic modeling have demonstrated the viability of anaerobically digesting multiple varieties of duckweed biomass under thermophilic conditions.
Initial experience with a virtual atrial fibrillation clinic after pulmonary vein isolation using follow-up with photoplethysmography
Authors: Reijrink-de Boer Melanie , Wolsink Iris , Frenaij Irene , Beukema Kasper F. , Brouns Berber , van Dijk Vincent F. , Liebregts Max , Wijffels Maurits C. E. F. , Boersma Lucas V. A. , Balt Jippe C.
Published: February 2025

Background

To detect recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), different methods can be used, ranging from incidental electrocardiograms (ECGs) to rhythm monitoring with implantable loop recorders. We investigated whether telemonitoring (TM) with photoplethysmography (PPG) is feasible for post-PVI follow-up.

Methods

In total, 157 pre-PVI patients were included. Of them, 78 underwent TM at a virtual AF clinic, for which they received a PPG application and were monitored by trained eNurses. The numbers of hospital contacts, hospital visits, ECGs and Holter recordings were assessed. Patient satisfaction and quality of life were analysed. Comparisons were made with a historical control group with a traditional follow-up of outpatient visits, ECGs and Holter recordings (n = 79).

Results

Mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 63 ± 10 years, and 64% were male. AF was paroxysmal in 68% of the patients. Follow-up at 1 year was completed in all patients. In the TM group, the mean ± SD annual number of recordings per patient was 16 ± 29, and AF was detected in 37 patients (47%). The TM group experienced significant decreases in the numbers of unplanned outpatient clinic visits and AF-related hospital admissions, as well as reductions in the numbers of ECGs and Holter recordings performed. Patients reported high satisfaction with this form of TM.

Conclusion

The use of a virtual AF clinic was feasible, and satisfaction was high. Compared with patients with a traditional follow-up, patients on PPG-based TM needed fewer hospital visits and admissions and underwent fewer ECGs and Holter recordings.
The Effect of the Seasonal Variations on the Structure of the Fish Community in Karstic Wetlands
Authors: Espinosa-Mendoza David Arturo , Arceo-Carranza Daniel , Chiappa-Carrara Xavier
Published: February 2025

In Mexico, “petenes” are permanent aquatic systems sustained by aquifer discharges. They are encircled by tree vegetation and are prevalent in the coastal wetlands of the Yucatan Peninsula. Owing to the karstic nature of the substratum, these floodable systems exhibit a diverse range of dynamics, primarily influenced by precipitation, the extent of swamps and marshes, and sea water intrusion. The seasonal variation in precipitation and wetland inflow significantly impacts the physical and chemical characteristics of the water, thereby affecting species abundance and diversity. This study investigated fish communities in four petenes over two years, with bimonthly sampling encompassing the three typical seasons. A total of 12 fish species were identified, including a new record for the region. The sites displayed high spatial and seasonal variation in physical, chemical and hydrological parameters. We conclude that seasonal abiotic variation and habitat characteristics are fundamental in structuring fish communities and maintaining their diversity.
Wirksamkeit von verpflichtenden Büroquoten in hybriden Arbeitsmodellen
Authors: Bath Johanna , Brauchle Simone
Published: February 2025

Hybride Arbeitsmodelle haben sich seit der Corona Pandemie als fester Bestandteil in Unternehmen etabliert. Doch ringen Unternehmen immer noch mit der Ausgestaltung dieser Modelle, insbesondere wenn es um das richtige Maß der örtlichen Flexibilität geht. Mittlerweile setzen beispielsweise zwei Drittel der DAX Unternehmen auf feste Obergrenzen für Homeoffice Tage und erhoffen sich davon positive Einflüsse auf die Kultur, die Zusammenarbeit und nicht zuletzt die Performance der Organisation. In der vorliegenden Arbeit, wurde durch eine repräsentative Mehrebenenstudie untersucht, ob sich diese gewünschten Effekte tatsächlich einstellen. Die vorliegende Studie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass eine fest vorgeschriebene Anzahl von Bürotagen zwar tatsächlich dazu führt, dass Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter etwas mehr im Büro arbeiten, als in Unternehmen ohne solche Quoten, sich jedoch keine positiven Effekte durch besagte Quoten oder diese dadurch herbeigeführte Mehranwesenheit einstellen. Bei verschiedenen Ausprägungen beispielsweise der Bindung der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter lassen sich sogar negative Auswirkungen in den Unternehmen mit Quote feststellen.

Praktische Relevanz: In vielen Unternehmen gibt es insbesondere bei der Neugestaltung von Betriebsvereinbarungen aber auch bei Führungswechseln in der Personalleitung oder der Geschäftsführung zu teils heftigen und kontroversen Diskussionen, um die Ausgestaltung der Regelungen zum mobilen Arbeiten. Hierbei werden argumentativ mit einer erhöhten Präsenz im Unternehmen viele Vorteile assoziiert. Diese positiven Zuschreibungen können in dieser Form in dieser Forschungsarbeit nicht nachgewiesen werden und Unternehmen sollten sich bei der Ausgestaltung ihrer hybriden Arbeitsmodelle daher nicht ausschließlich auf die Frage der „richtigen“ Anzahl der Bürotage konzentrieren, sondern alle bzw. die relevanten Stellhebel eines guten Arbeitsmodells ganzheitlicher betrachten.
The Use of Mixed Reality for Exposure Therapy to Improve Phobia Handling
Authors: Janecký Dominik , Kučera Erik , Haffner Oto , Košutzká Zuzana , Martiš Pavol
Published: February 2025

Nearly everyone experiences some form of phobia-relevant fear—an excessive dread and inappropriate response to specific stimuli—at some point, either directly or indirectly, though not necessarily to the extent of a phobic disorder. This article presents a novel method for managing phobia-related fear using mixed reality (MR) application. Teaching phobia patients to recognize and manage their fear is crucial in therapy. Through MR, clients can experience scenarios linked to their phobia and see their responses. This training helps them cope better and allows for accurate fear assessment. The paper details creating the MR application “HoloPhoBye” for arachnophobia and ophidiophobia, compatible with Microsoft HoloLens 2. A study involving participants with these phobias assessed the effectiveness of exposure therapy through MR. Initial findings indicate a significant reduction in anxiety levels post-intervention, suggesting MR as a potent tool in phobia treatment. The design emphasizes gradual exposure, from less intimidating to more realistic encounters. Our research highlights MR’s potential to revolutionize traditional phobia management approaches.
Application of high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy to investigate non-metallic inclusions in steel: a review
Authors: Preisser N. , Wang Y. , Cejka J. , Gruber I. , Mu W. , Michelic S.K.
Published: February 2025

High-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy (HT-CSLM) is a potent methodology for investigating various phenomena in the field of metallurgy. Initially applied to the observation of solid phase transformations and solidification, this method has gained traction in the field of non-metallic inclusion in steels in recent years. An overview of the experimental capabilities of HT-CSLM and the most important results of recent investigations regarding the topics of clean steel production are provided. It includes the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) from the surface of non-metallic inclusions during the continuous cooling and heat treatment, which can be especially beneficial in the toughness of heat-affected zones of welded pieces. Furthermore, the investigation of agglomeration mechanisms of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) in liquid steel is discussed to improve the insight into attraction forces between particles and clogging phenomena during continuous casting. Also, the dissolution of NMIs in various steelmaking slags can be observed by HT-CSLM to compare dissolution rates and mechanisms of NMI, where significant influences of temperature and chemical composition of the slag were shown. Last but not least, the experimental work regarding the interface between steel and slag is discussed, where novel techniques are currently being developed. A comprehensive summary of experimental techniques using HT-CSLM equipment to investigate different interactions of NMIs with steel and slag phases is compiled.
AtheroRisk: An Integrated Computer Software System for Stroke Risk Stratification Utilizing Carotid Plaque Analysis in Ultrasound Videos
Authors: Gemenaris Michalis , Liapi Georgia D. , Markides Christos , Constantinou Kyriacos , Loizou Christos P. , Neophytou Michalis , Kardoulas Dimitrios , Pattichis Marios S. , Griffin Maura , Nicolaides Andrew , Pattichis Constantinos S. , Kyriacou Efthyvoulos
Published: February 2025

In this study we propose and evaluate AtheroRisk, a standalone integrated computer software system for the analysis of carotid B-mode ultrasound (U/S) images and videos. Our goal was to provide a tool to help physicians stratify stroke risk. The presented system is based on outcomes from different research studies, as well as European guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of carotid artery disease. The goal is to enable reproducible analysis of atherosclerotic plaques in real time. AtheroRisk brings together analysis of U/S image and/or video of the carotid arteries facilitating anonymization, standardization, noise filtering and segmentation of plaques; followed by image and motion feature extraction to derive plaque-composition and stability. All the above steps are combined to determine the annual stroke risk rate and the 5-year stroke-free survival rate. The system is powered by an SQLite local database, in which the end user can save and manage data extracted from processing and analysis in an anonymized way. The first version of AtheroRisk was developed following an incremental software development process. The developed system was verified using 54 U/S videos (27 Asymptomatic, AS; 27 Symptomatic, SY cases) while the clinician’s satisfaction and comments were collected through a questionnaire-based validation process. The results show that the integrated system proposed in this study can be successfully used for the automated image and video analysis of the CCA plaque in ultrasound videos.
Environmental Externalities of Digital Financial Inclusion: a Green Growth perspective
Authors: Shashwat Srijan , Chhabra Megha , Giri Arun Kumar
Published: February 2025

Transitioning to a resource-efficient, equitable and sustainable economy is one of the biggest goals in the twenty-first century, for developing and developed nations alike. For developing economies, however, aligning their economic growth trajectories with globally agreed-upon targets to reduce climate change and pollution is often debated as an unfair challenge. While earlier literature showed that financial inclusion, coupled with the right conditions in terms of governance and internationalization of an economy, is a crucial enabling factor in the green transitioning of an economy, the development of digital tools having wide-reaching impacts could come to the aid of policymakers. This research looks at the role ‘digital’ financial inclusion (DFI) plays in the green growth of a selected set of middle and upper-middle income countries, while also looking at the dynamics of the impact of globalization. Using the Pooled Mean Group method of ARDL, it was found that DFI does have a positive impact on a country’s green growth. While globalization seems to positively impact green growth in the short run, for our set of economies, globalization led to poorer green growth in the long run. We also discover a feedback effect in the form of bidirectional causality between green growth and digital financial inclusion, and green growth and globalization respectively. Moreover, education also aids the process of green growth of an economy, thus potentially adding a tool in the toolbox of the governance machinery in developing economies as they aim to achieve the dual goals of economic growth and sustainable development.
Continuous in time bubble decomposition for the harmonic map heat flow
Authors: Jendrej Jacek , Lawrie Andrew , Schlag Wilhelm
Published: February 2025

We consider the harmonic map heat flow for maps

$\mathbb {R}^{2} \to \mathbb {S}^2$

. It is known that solutions to the initial value problem exhibit bubbling along a well-chosen sequence of times. We prove that every sequence of times admits a subsequence along which bubbling occurs. This is deduced as a corollary of our main theorem, which shows that the solution approaches the family of multi-bubble configurations in continuous time.
An overview of the stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic occurrences of the lobster family Glypheidae, including a reappraisal of Early Jurassic Paraglyphea eureka from Argentina
Authors: Damborenea Susana E. , Manceñido Miguel O. , Echevarría Javier , Harguindeguy Francisco M.
Published: February 2025

The knowledge on decapod crustaceans considerably increased in recent years, including that of the glypheid lobsters, known from the Early Jurassic to the present. On the basis of known occurrences worldwide, we analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of 86 species of the family Glypheidae and provide a general description of their history since the Early Jurassic. The first records are from low- to mid-paleolatitude localities of central Europe, around the margins of northern Tethys. During the Early Jurassic they diversified fast, and by Pliensbachian/Toarcian times they already had a wide paleolatitudinal range in both hemispheres. After a short decline in late Toarcian–Aalenian, they reached the highest diversity of their history during Oxfordian times and can be regarded as Jurassic cosmopolitans. After a diversity decline and occurrence gap during the earliest Cretaceous, they recovered again in the Barremian, but they were clearly beginning to be less diverse than before in the Tethys, to the point that by the Campanian their known occurrences were confined to high paleolatitudes. They survived the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis but in Paleocene and Eocene times remained restricted to cold waters, being seemingly absent from low paleolatitudes. For a long time, the group was thought to be extinct about 50 million years ago, until two extant species were discovered in the deep Pacific. We also add to the knowledge of the only South American Jurassic Glypheidae known so far, the Toarcian Paraglyphea eureka (Damborenea and Manceñido, 1987) on the basis of newly collected material, discussing its significance and taphonomy.
How to Thrive Beyond Academia with a Humanities PhD
Authors: Williams Abby , Williams Fatimah
Published: February 2025

Navigating a career beyond the traditional academic path can be both exciting and daunting for humanities professionals, often leaving them eager to explore new opportunities but unsure where to start. This article addresses five common challenges faced by those venturing outside academia and offers practical strategies for overcoming these obstacles. By tackling key issues such as translating academic expertise into broader contexts, expanding skill perceptions, and building professional networks, it provides actionable advice to help humanities graduates thrive in diverse career environments. Whether you are struggling with imposter syndrome or looking to leverage your unique skills, this guide aims to empower you to unlock new career possibilities and achieve success beyond academia.
May 1968 and the Origins of the Single Currency: A Connected History of European Integration
Authors: Dubois Mathieu
Published: February 2025

This article proposes to connect the history of European integration with that of protest movements. Drawing on a transnational approach, it highlights a double link between the protest movements of spring 1968 in France and autumn 1969 in West Germany and the rise of the European Economic Community. Firstly, the completion of the common market on 1 July 1968 increased competition between European economies, fostering social demands on the eve of the protest. Secondly, the economic consequences of May 1968, both in France and in West Germany, underlined the new interdependencies of French and German societies within the common market. The need for convergence towards a ‘community of stability’ paved the way for negotiations on an economic and monetary union after the relaunch at the Congress of The Hague in December 1969.
AMOC Variability in Climate Models and Its Dependence on the Mean State
Authors: Ferster Brady S. , Fedorov Alexey V. , Mignot Juliette , Guilyardi Eric
Published: February 2025

Understanding internal variability of the climate system is critical when isolating internal and anthropogenically forced signals. Here, we investigate the modes of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) variability using perturbation experiments with the Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace's (IPSL) coupled model and compare them to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) pre‐industrial control simulations. We identify two characteristic modes of variability—decadal‐to‐multidecadal (DMDvar) and centennial (CENvar). The former is driven largely by temperature anomalies in the subpolar North Atlantic, while the latter is driven by salinity in the western subpolar North Atlantic. The amplitude of each mode scales linearly with the mean AMOC strength in the IPSL experiments. The DMDvar amplitude correlates well with the AMOC mean strength across CMIP6 models, while the CENvar mode does not. These findings suggest that the strength of DMDvar depends robustly on the North Atlantic mean state, while the CENvar mode may be model‐dependent.
Prediction of Complex Observed Shear Wave Splitting Patterns at Ryukyu Subduction Zone Using a Strong Intra‐Slab Anisotropy Model
Authors: Appini Sharmila , Li Jiaxuan , Hu Hao , Creasy Neala , Thomsen Leon , McNease Joseph , Zheng Yingcai
Published: February 2025

Complex shear wave splitting (SWS) patterns in subduction zones are often interpreted geodynamically as resulting from complex mantle flow; however, this may not always be necessary. We analyzed 7,093 high‐quality SWS measurements from teleseismic S waves recorded by Hi‐net stations across the Ryukyu arc in Japan. Our findings show a systematic rotation of the fast S polarization from trench‐parallel to trench‐perpendicular depending on the earthquake backazimuth. For the same earthquake, the measured splitting patterns also vary spatially across the southwest Japan. Using full‐wave seismic modeling, we showed that a dipping slab with ∼30% shear anisotropy of the tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) type, with a symmetry axis perpendicular to the slab interface, can predict the observed delay times and polarization rotation. Our results highlight the importance of considering dipping anisotropic slabs in interpreting SWS at subduction zones.
Detachment‐Fault Structure Beneath the TAG Hydrothermal Field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Revealed From Dense Wide‐Angle Seismic Data
Authors: Lai Szu‐Ying , Bayrakci G. , Murton B. J. , Minshull T. A.
Published: February 2025

The Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) field on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge is one of the largest currently active seafloor hydrothermal fields known. An underlying detachment is inferred to maintain TAG's long‐lived hydrothermal discharge, but the detachment lacks a widespread corrugated surface. We used dense wide‐angle seismic data to define TAG's detachment structure at a finer scale than has previously been possible. We generated two P‐wave velocity profiles of the shallow section of the detachment using first‐arrival travel‐time tomography, preconditioned by downward continuation. Our results reveal a low‐angle detachment, dipping at ∼15° (±5°) at 5 km east of the ridge axis, and evidence for uplifted lower‐crustal gabbro in the footwall. Increasing footwall velocities southward suggest a more intense exhumation of deep‐seated rocks, showing the detachment's geometry changes along the ridge axis. We conclude the detachment is a complex 3‐D structure, and a young system without a dome‐shaped footwall can exhumes deep‐seated crustal rocks.
Precipitation‐ and Temperature‐Driven Future Changes to Flooding in Alaska
Authors: Michalek Alexander T. , Villarini Gabriele , Prein Andreas F. , Done James M. , Johnson David R. , Wang Chao
Published: February 2025

Examining large‐scale projected changes in streamflow and flood extent (e.g., inundation) for Alaska is essential for raising awareness of flood hazards under a changing climate and supporting broad‐scale adaptation planning. Therefore, we examine projected changes in peak streamflow timing and magnitude using a physically based hydrologic model. For model inputs, we utilize climate simulations conducted at 4‐km horizontal grid spacing over Alaska from 2005 to 2016, providing a historical and future pseudo‐global warming scenario. Analysis of hydrographs reveals the peak timing shifts slightly earlier in the year for most of Alaska's streams. The change in peak magnitude is more heterogeneous across the state, with the northernmost region showing the highest projected increases. The changes in timing are driven by temperature, while precipitation and temperature drive the changes in magnitude. These changes are then transformed into inundation maps, showing a similar albeit more muted pattern compared to the changes in magnitude.
Revealing the Circulation Patterns Most Conducive to Regional Heatwave in Southeast Asia and the Mechanisms Behind
Authors: Lyu Yang , Wang Jingyu , Zhi Xiefei , Zhu Shoupeng , Zhang Hugh , Lee Joshua , Fan Yi , Ji Yan , Park Edward , Wang Xianfeng
Published: February 2025

The increasing frequency of heatwaves over Southeast Asia (SEA) is impacting human health, infrastructure and economies. Understanding the relationship between large‐scale circulation patterns and heatwaves is crucial for improving predictions and reducing damages. In this study, four distinct circulation patterns conducive to SEA heatwaves are identified by the self‐organizing map. Three circulation patterns are associated with high‐pressure systems over the mid‐latitude Western Pacific and SEA, significantly influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In addition to these common high‐pressure patterns, a low‐pressure dominant pattern is identified, characterized by two enhanced low‐pressure systems over the Tibetan Plateau and mid‐latitude Western Pacific, which deplete a considerable amount of moisture, resulting in diminished cloud cover and rapid warming across continental SEA. Further analysis reveals that all patterns are significantly modulated by Madden Jullian Oscillation (MJO) activities, each showing distinct peak occurrences in different MJO phases, with further links to ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole.
Combined CH4, N2O, and CO2 Fluxes Reveal a Net Carbon Sink Across a Glacier‐Ocean Continuum
Authors: Yau Yvonne Y. Y. , Cheung Henry L. S. , Ljungberg Wilma , McKenzie Tristan , Henriksson Linnea , Majtényi‐Hill Claudia , Bonaglia Stefano , Santos Isaac R.
Published: February 2025

Rapidly retreating marine‐terminating glaciers potentially release trapped greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Here, we quantified water‐air CH4 and N2O fluxes across a glacier‐lagoon‐ocean continuum in Iceland. Surface water CH4 ranged from 690% supersaturation relative to atmospheric equilibrium near the glacier to 140% on the shelf. N2O was undersaturated (84 ± 21%) near the glacier front and approached equilibrium in coastal seawater. The glacial lagoon was a CH4 source to the atmosphere and N2O sink, while nearshore shelf waters were a weak source of both gases. The total shelf CH4 emissions to the atmosphere were one order of magnitude greater than the lateral freshwater dissolved CH4 exports from the lagoon. The strong regional marine CO2 sink exceeds the CO2‐equivalent global warming potentials of CH4 and N2O emissions to the atmosphere by one order of magnitude. Overall, the glacier‐lagoon‐shelf continuum remains a major carbon sink despite widespread CH4 emissions and variable N2O sink/source behavior.
Cold Ion Energization by Secondary Magnetic Reconnection in a Turbulent Reconnection Jet During Storm Period
Authors: Zhou M. , Zhong Z. H. , Song L. J. , Ou X. J. , Tang R. X. , Deng X. H. , Pang Y.
Published: February 2025

During geomagnetic storms, cold ions from the ionosphere substantially contribute to the plasma sheet population, which may significantly impact magnetotail energy conversion and transport. However, the energization of cold ions in the magnetotail during storm periods remains poorly understood. This paper investigates cold ion energization by secondary reconnection in a magnetotail reconnection outflow during a storm period. This secondary reconnection was triggered by the interaction between a large‐scale flux pileup region and a magnetic flux rope. Cold protons originating from the ionosphere were injected into the diffusion region from the lobe region. These cold protons gained energy mainly through the normal electric field in the flux pileup region before entering the cold ion diffusion region, where their bulk kinetic energy was mainly converted into thermal kinetic energy. These results will significantly advance our understanding of the energization and transport of cold ions in the magnetotail.
Robust Multi‐Decadal Variability of Madden‐Julian Oscillation Amplitude in the 20th Century
Authors: Dias Juliana , Gehne Maria , Kiladis George N. , Wolding Brandon , Hoell Andrew
Published: February 2025

Variability of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) inferred from tropical in‐situ observations during 1940–2023 is examined, and compared to that derived from reanalyzes. MJO assessments are challenging because characterizing MJO behavior outside of the satellite era suffers from a lack of detailed information about its observed state, remote signals and often relies on climate models' typically poor MJO representation. This study shows that, while tropical soundings are spatially and temporally sparse, they are still useful for better understanding multi‐decadal MJO amplitude variability. The similarities between variability of the MJO derived from (imperfect) reanalysis products and (sparse) tropical station observations suggest that decadal changes during the last 60 years are physical and not necessarily related to changes in the observational network. The larger differences in MJO amplitude between station and reanalysis prior to 1960 suggest that sparse tropical observations are a barrier to fully characterizing long‐term MJO evolution during the century.
Detecting Slow Slip Signals in Southwest Japan Based on Machine Learning Trained by Real GNSS Time Series
Authors: Tanaka Yusuke , Kano Masayuki , Yano Keisuke
Published: February 2025

With the increase in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations, the requirement for objective and automated detection of slow slip event (SSE) signals hidden in displacement time series is increasing. However, machine learning for GNSS time series has rarely been attempted. Especially, the physical meanings of the spatio‐temporal noise variations and their effects on the detection performance have been not so deeply discussed. In this study, we conducted a single‐site SSE detection based on machine learning trained by real GNSS observations of southwest Japan to directly consider the complicated spatiotemporal characteristics of observational noise. Based on a catalog of 284 short‐term SSEs, approximately 26,000 time series containing SSE signals or noises were extracted as training data. The signal data predominantly had an amplitude of 1.5–2.0 mm. The model architecture following the Generalized Phase Detection, which was originally proposed for seismic wave detection, was then adopted. We obtained an accuracy of 75% for the test data. As expected, the detectability were mainly controlled by the signal amplitude, and false positive appears to be caused primarily by the temporally correlated noise that resemble the onset or termination of the SSE signal. We examined the correlation between detection performance and noise properties at each site, such as standard deviation and slope of power spectrum. The analysis of this study is expected to facilitate a straightforward evaluation of the influence of noise characteristics on the detection performance, and clarify the crucial topics to improve detection precision.
Measurements of Stratospheric ClO From Mauna Kea: 1992–2023
Authors: Nedoluha Gerald E. , Gomez R. Michael , Boyd Ian , Neal Helen , Allen Douglas R. , Parrish Alan , Connor Brian J. , Siskind David E.
Published: February 2025

We present a reanalysis of the ground‐based microwave measurements of upper stratospheric ClO from Mauna Kea over 1992–2023 made by the Chlorine Oxide Experiment (ChlOE) instrument. In order to reduce instrumental baseline artifacts, the retrieval makes use of the difference of daytime and nighttime spectra (the nighttime ClO spectra are much smaller) to produce a day‐minus‐night ClO mixing ratio, which is the fundamental quantity analyzed throughout this study. Upper stratospheric ClO values peaked in ∼1997, and the trend in the upper stratospheric ChlOE measurements from 1997 to 2023 was found to be −0.4 ± 0.3%/yr (2σ). Comparisons of ChlOE measurements with a combined coincident Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data set showed a relative trend of +0.3% ± 0.3%/yr (2σ) over 1992–2023, where a positive trend indicates that the ChlOE ClO measurements are increasing relative to those from MLS. Restricting the comparisons to ChlOE and Aura MLS over 2004–2023, resulted in relative trends that varied by pressure level, from +0.15%/yr to +0.42%/yr, all agreeing to within the 2σ uncertainty. Over the period 2004–2021, the average ChlOE trend for the three levels was −0.3 ± 0.4%/yr, but, with the addition of the unusually high ClO measured in 2022 and 2023 the trend from 2004 to 2023 became 0.0 ± 0.4%/yr. The increase in ClO during 2022 is, at least in part, caused by dynamical variations. The higher ClO in 2023 is closely correlated with the presence of increased H2O from the Hunga eruption, which affects the ClO chemistry.
Improved High‐Latitude Light Precipitation Estimation Using a Combined Radiometer‐Cloud Radar Retrieval
Authors: Jones Spencer R. , Kummerow Christian D.
Published: February 2025

The high‐latitude oceans are problematic for satellite estimations of precipitation due to the high frequency of occurrence of light drizzle and snowfall. Microwave radiometric observations are sensitive to integrated cloud water path but lack skill in distinguishing precipitation onset from cloud water and cloud ice due to radiation scattering. Precipitation radars to date have lacked sensitivity to drizzle and cloud radars have suffered from both the uncertainties inherent in Z‐R relations and poor sampling due to nadir‐only scans. This study optimally combines coincident active and passive microwave observations from CloudSat's Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and the Advanced Scanning Microwave Radiometer (AMSR2) to resolve cloud and hydrometeor distribution parameters and to force consistency between the two independent sets of coincident observations. The result is an estimation of drizzle frequency and intensity that are consistent with both the CPR and AMSR2 observations for the high‐latitude oceans. This study finds that zonal means of retrieved high‐latitude drizzle below 0.25 mm hr−1 from these combined observations (0.263 mm day−1) fall slightly above those of CloudSat estimates (0.244 mm day−1) provided by the 2C‐RAIN‐PROFILE and 2C‐SNOW‐PROFILE products (Lebsock, 2018; Wood & L’Ecuyer, 2018) and far below that of radiometer‐only estimates (0.920 mm day−1) provided by GPROF (C. D. Kummerow et al., 2015).
Drywell Infiltration Performance: Tests, Monitoring, Simple, and Detailed Models
Authors: Netzer Lior , Russo David , Nachshon Uri , Moreno Ziv , Ben‐Hur Meni , Katzir Roee , Livshitz Yakov , Kurtzman Daniel
Published: February 2025

Drywells, perforated above the water table, are an attractive tool for both reducing the risk of floods, and increasing groundwater recharge in urban\suburban areas. Various simplifications of the relationship between the injection discharge (Q) and the water‐level rise in the drywell during water injection (H) are available. This work presents observations and models that improve our understanding of the drywell performance, namely the ratio Q/H for injections varying in time and dynamics. The drywell screen is at 22–27 m below surface in sandy porous medium, where the water table is at 40 m depth. The first set of observations were of six injection tests of constant Q, each lasting ∼30 min, performed on a daily basis. The Q/H ratio just before the end of each injection decreased each day. A simplified infiltration model assuming a radial sharp‐wetting‐front with an increase in the distance of the wetting front from the well fits the observations. A three‐dimensional variably saturated numerical flow model simulating the six injection events showed that the sharp wetting front at increasing radius is a reasonable simplification for this type of injection schedule. Monitoring of operational injection of rainwater harvested from an adjacent rooftop for a few months of a Mediterranean winter shows the opposite—a slight increase in the Q/H ratio as winter progresses. When the plume of relatively high pressure‐head reaches the water‐table, a continuous passage of higher hydraulic conductivity between the drywell and the aquifer is opened, and the Q/H ratio is expected to increase.
Lactate and lactylation in cancer
Authors: Chen Jie , Huang Ziyue , Chen Ya , Tian Hao , Chai Peiwei , Shen Yongning , Yao Yiran , Xu Shiqiong , Ge Shengfang , Jia Renbing
Published: February 2025

Accumulated evidence has implicated the diverse and substantial influence of lactate on cellular differentiation and fate regulation in physiological and pathological settings, particularly in intricate conditions such as cancer. Specifically, lactate has been demonstrated to be pivotal in molding the tumor microenvironment (TME) through its effects on different cell populations. Within tumor cells, lactate impacts cell signaling pathways, augments the lactate shuttle process, boosts resistance to oxidative stress, and contributes to lactylation. In various cellular populations, the interplay between lactate and immune cells governs processes such as cell differentiation, immune response, immune surveillance, and treatment effectiveness. Furthermore, communication between lactate and stromal/endothelial cells supports basal membrane (BM) remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT), metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Focusing on lactate production and transport, specifically through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCT), has shown promise in the treatment of cancer. Inhibitors targeting LDH and MCT act as both tumor suppressors and enhancers of immunotherapy, leading to a synergistic therapeutic effect when combined with immunotherapy. The review underscores the importance of lactate in tumor progression and provides valuable perspectives on potential therapeutic approaches that target the vulnerability of lactate metabolism, highlighting the Heel of Achilles for cancer treatment.
Functional tissue units in the Human Reference Atlas
Authors: Bidanta Supriya , Börner Katy , Herr II Bruce W. , Quardokus Ellen M. , Nagy Marcell , Gustilo Katherine S. , Bajema Rachel , Maier Elizabeth , Molontay Roland , Weber Griffin M.
Published: February 2025

Functional tissue units form the basic building blocks of organs and are important for understanding and modeling the healthy physiological function of the organ and changes that occur during disease states. In this comprehensive catalog of 22 anatomically based, nested functional tissue units from 10 healthy human organs, we document the definition, physical dimensions, blood vasculature connections, and cellular composition. All anatomy terms are mapped to the multi-species Uber-anatomy Ontology (Uberon) and cells are mapped to Cell Ontology to support computational access via standardized metadata. The catalog includes datasets, illustrations, and a large printable poster illustrating how the blood vasculature connects the 22 functional tissue units in 10 organs. All data and code are freely available. The work is part of an ongoing international effort to construct a Human Reference Atlas of the 37 trillion cells that make up the healthy human body.