bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutralizing Trade-off Effect between Accuracy and Fluency in EFL Writing by Mentor Text Modeling: Cognitive Complexity in Focus
Authors: Biria Reza , Liaghat Farahnaz
Published: February 2018

The present study sought to explore the efficacy of a brand-new approach to teaching writing called mentor text modeling in neutralizing trade-off effect between accuracy and fluency in writing tasks with different levels of cognitive complexity. To this end, a total of 60 (30 male and 30 female) Iranian EFL learners were randomly selected and assigned to three groups of comparison, each containing 20 (10 male and 10 female) learners. Employing a pretest/posttest experimental design, learners of the three groups received instruction on advanced writing during an 11-week course. At the commencement of the course, the learners’ fluency and accuracy in writing were gaged through three writing tasks with high, moderate, and low levels of cognitive complexity. Having been exposed to the same instructional input, the learners of each group underwent writing instructions based on one of three approaches to teaching writing, namely, mentor text modeling, product-based approach, and process-based approach. At the end of the study course, the learners’ writing performance was assessed on three tasks parallel to the pretest measures. Results of running correlation analysis indicated that contrary to the two traditional approaches to teaching writing, mentor text modeling was capable of improving accuracy and fluency simultaneously and, as a result, was found to be effective in neutralizing the trade-off effect between accuracy and fluency in writing tasks with high, moderate, and low cognitive complexity levels. The study’s finding may urge EFL teachers to include mentor texts while teaching writing to realize a balanced improvement in EFL learners’ writing competence.
Teaching Written Communication Strategies: A Training to Improve Writing
Authors: Benali Taouis Hanane , López Pérez Sidoní
Published: February 2018

This research can be described as an experimental quantitative one including: a strategy training; two homogenous experimental groups with different levels of proficiency; and two homogenous control groups. The subjects are 60 Spanish high school students, who have been selected after taking the Oxford Quick Placement-Test. The study aims at investigating the possible relationship between the effect of the strategy training and the subjects' level of proficiency. It is also designed to analyze the effect of the training on the use of communication strategies in the written medium. It is meant to study the effect of the strategy training on the subjects' writing skill in English. The results show that the students' level of proficiency exerts a strong effect on the subjects' use of written communication strategies (CSs) and on their strategy preference in written production. They also demonstrate how strategy training improves the subjects' written communication ability.
Towards Cultural Resistance in a Postcolonial Context – Translating Culture-loaded Tourist Texts in Shantou
Authors: YUAN Mingming
Published: February 2018

As tourist texts serve the triple function of providing information, expressing feelings and appealing to the reader, they contain both content-oriented information and culture-bound information. Through an analysis of the English translations of the Eight Sights of Shantou, this paper investigates how content-oriented information and culture-bound information is dealt with differently in the target text. The paper calls for a “thick translation” of culture-loaded tourist texts so as to resist the global hegemony of the Anglophone culture, preserve cultural richness and promote cultural diversity.
Mad Colonial Narrators in Anglo-Irish Literature: Lemuel Gulliver and Freddie Montgomery
Authors: Jones Patricia
Published: February 2018

The following discussion highlights parallels between the narrators, Lemuel Gulliver of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726) and Freddie Montgomery of John Banville’s The Book of Evidence (1989). The argument calls on post-colonialism, Foucaultian theory of “will to truth” and the narrative theory of Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan to emphasize similarities in the rendering of mental degeneration in Gulliver and Montgomery. The colonial-induced mental breakdown of both narrators can be said to unravel, not so much in the tale these narrators think they are relating, but instead between the lines of their stories in narratives which continually focus attention back onto themselves. Despite the 260 years separating these works, the madness of both Gulliver and Montgomery can be interpreted as a reluctance on their respective parts to shed established colonial identities once the colonial stage has receded.
The Effect of Note Taking vs. Summarizing Strategy on Iranian EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension
Authors: Khavazi Mehri , Yousefi Mandana , Kharaghani Naeemeh
Published: February 2018

This study, specifically, investigated the effect of note taking and summarizing strategies on Iranian EFL learners’ listening comprehension. The study aimed at investigating the effects of note taking and summarizing on listening comprehension of Iranian EFL learners. The participants of the study included 75 female language learners in Bojnord who were homogenized in terms of language proficiency. They were divided into two experimental and onecontrol groups. ANCOVA test was used to analyze the effect of instructing listening strategies on the students’ listening comprehension. The results revealed that both note taking and summarizing strategies were effective in enhancing Iranian EFL learners’ listening comprehension performance. In addition, it was found that summarizing strategy was more effective than note taking strategy in improving students’listening comprehension. In terms of theoretical implications, the results of the study contribute to the validity of such theories like depth of processing, output hypothesis, and noticing hypothesis.
Jordanian EFL Students' Attitudes toward Using World Wide Web Net and Its’ Effect on their Linguistic Proficiency
Authors: Al-Ghazo Abeer
Published: February 2018

This study aimed to investigate the attitudes of Jordanian EFL learners toward using the World Wide Web net for language learning proficiency. Another aim of this study was to explore whether there was any significant difference between males and females’ attitudes toward using it. 40 EFL learners (19 male and 21 female) studying English at Ajloun National University (ANU) in the first semester of the academic year 2016/2017 participated in the study. The researcher used an attitudinal questionnaire toward using WWW as an instrument. After collecting the data, SPSS software (version 20) was used to get the numerical interpretable information. An independent-sample T-test was used to compare the results of the control and experimental groups. The results revealed that most of the participants in the study showed positive attitudes about the importance of using the World Wide Web net to develop their linguistic proficiency in the four language skills. Moreover, the results of  T-test showed that there was no difference between female and male learners’ attitudes toward the use of the internet for developing their language proficiency.
The Effect of Mobile Social Networking as a Supplementary Strategy on EFL Learners’ Writing Ability
Authors: Talakoub Sedigheh
Published: February 2018

The popularity of mobile learning and social networking sites has encouraged second language instructors to integrate these technologies into learners’ curriculum. In this study, the learners were supposed to practice in an online jigsaw writing as an extra-curricular activity. They used their imagination and creativity to depict their thoughts using their previous knowledge. The current research had both a qualitative and quantitative phases. From the quantitative perspective, the effectiveness of mobile social networking on EFL learners’ writing ability was examined statistically. In doing so, 60 EFL learners were divided into the experimental and control groups. The learners of the experimental group were also assigned into three virtual groups in which they could help each other to write a piece of writing on pre-determined topics during twelve sessions. Running the t-test indicated that the students in the experimental group could significantly outperform their counterparts in the post-test. Therefore, it could be claimed that mobile social networking as a supplementary strategy had positive effects on EFL learners’ writing ability. In the qualitative phase of the study, a semi-structured interview was conducted in order to explore learners’ attitudes and beliefs about the experiment they had. The responses to the semi-structured interview also revealed that the learners had positive attitudes towards this online supplementary technology-supported writing. The pedagogical implications of the study were discussed and further suggestions were put forward.
Method of EFL Instruction and Its Dependence on Learners Reading Comprehension
Authors: Eslami Mehrnoosh , Shaker Mahmoud , Rakhshandehroo Fatemeh
Published: February 2018

Today's research suggests that stress can block chemical reactions in the brain that are necessary for learning. To illuminate how it can be destructive for EFL learners in reading comprehension, the present study used two classes one in which the subjects were asked to paraphrase a reading comprehension text before it was taught by the teacher (class1) and another in which the teacher taught the reading passage first and then asked the students some questions about it (class2). The data were gathered through 2 instruments, namely, a test and indirect observation. The analysis of the results indicated that students in the class in which the teachers had taught the lesson first and had then asked questions performed better and had less signs of stress in comparison with the other group. Overall, the results indicate that in class1 since the subjects are under the pressure and stress of being singled out, they constantly read the next paragraph without paying attention to the paragraph which was being presented by their classmate and the teacher. However, the case is vice versa in class 2 since as the teacher teaches the passage, students pay attention to her carefully in order to answer her questions after reading the passage without any stress on being called upon to read in a passage which they are not familiar with yet.
Ovary activation does not correlate with pollen and nectar foraging specialization in the bumblebeeBombus impatiens
Authors: Simons Meagan A. , Smith Adam R.
Published: February 2018

Social insect foragers may specialize on certain resource types. Specialization on pollen or nectar among honeybee foragers is hypothesized to result from associations between reproductive physiology and sensory tuning that evolved in ancestral solitary bees (the Reproductive Ground-Plan Hypothesis; RGPH). However, the two non-honeybee species studied showed no association between specialization and ovary activation. Here we investigate the bumblebeeB. impatiensbecause it has the most extensively studied pollen/nectar specialization of any bumblebee. We show that ovary size does not differ between pollen specialist, nectar specialist, and generalist foragers, contrary to the predictions of the RGPH. However, we also found mixed support for the second prediction of the RGPH, that sensory sensitivity, measured through proboscis extension response (PER), is greater among pollen foragers. We also found a correlation between foraging activity and ovary size, and foraging activity and relative nectar preference, but no correlation between ovary size and nectar preference. In one colony non-foragers had larger ovaries than foragers, supporting the reproductive conflict and work hypothesis, but in the other colony they did not.
Práticas recentes na gestão do espaço urbano em Itabuna/Ba
Authors: Trindade Gilmar Alves
Published: February 2018

O Planejamento deve ser tratado como estratégia fundamental das práticas de Gestão Urbana e deve ser visto como condutor de um processo relacionado à complexa dinâmica da organização espacial da cidade. Para isso, novos mecanismos de participação popular devem ser postos em prática, envolvendo, necessariamente, a escala do bairro. Para que a cidadania seja exercida, urge conscientizar-se das injustiças de que se é vítima, conhecer seus direitos, discutir estratégias de reação aos desmandos e abusos, buscar, coletivamente, participar como sujeito ativo do fazer histórico do lugar em que se vive. A participação de diferentes atores sociais nos expedientes do planejamento urbano pode assegurar, efetivamente, a conquista e a manutenção de direitos à cidade.

Abstract

The Planning must be treated as a fundamental strategy of the Urban Management practice and must be seen as a way of a process related to dynamic complex of the spacial organization in the city. For this, new ways of popular participation must be tried, involving, mainly, the scale of the district. To see the citizenship beeing wield, it is necessary to be aware of injustices whose we are victims, to know your rights, to discuss the strategies of reaction against the imposes , to seek, collectively, participate as an ative chap who does the history of the place which you live. The participation as different social actors in the field of the urban planning may keep, efectivaly, the conquest and the maintenance of the rights to the city.
Prognostic Significance of Platelet‐Based Inflammatory Indicators in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Kono Yusuke , Murakami Yuki , Shishido Yuji , Kuroda Hirohiko , Matsunaga Tomoyuki , Fukumoto Yoji , Osaki Tomohiro , Ashida Keigo , Fujiwara Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2018

Background

Thrombocytosis develops in association with malignant tumors and may reflect the inflammation status in cancer patients. This study retrospectively investigated the prognostic significance of two platelet‐based inflammatory indicators, the platelet × C‐reactive protein multiplier value (P‐CRP), and platelet‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), in gastric cancer patients.

Methods

The 453 enrolled patients had a histopathological diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma and underwent curative surgery.

Results

P‐CRP correlated significantly with age, tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and disease stage. A high PLR correlated significantly with tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic involvement, venous involvement, and disease stage. In the ROC analysis, the optimal cutoff value of P‐CRP and PLR was 3.689 and 173.3, respectively. Five‐year survival rates were 62.9 and 82.1% in patients with P‐CRPHigh (≥3.689) and P‐CRPLow (<3.698), respectively (P < 0.0001). Five‐year survival rates were 66.3 and 81.3% in patients with PLRHigh (≥173.3) and PLRLow (<173.3), respectively (P = 0.0022). The prognosis of the P‐CRPHigh/PLRHigh group was significantly worse than that of the P‐CRPHigh or PLRHigh and P‐CRPLow/PLRLow groups in terms of overall survival (P < 0.0001) and disease‐specific survival (P = 0.029). In a multivariate analysis, the combination of P‐CRP and PLR was an independent prognostic indicator.

Conclusions

The combination of P‐CRP and PLR may be useful in predicting prognosis in gastric cancer patients.
A Novel Classification and Staged Approach for Dissection Along the Celiac and Hepatic Artery During Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Inoue Yosuke , Saiura Akio , Takahashi Yu
Published: February 2018

Background

In recent decades, there have been enthusiastic discussions of, and active proposals for, new approaches to dissection around the superior mesenteric artery during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). In contrast, dissection along the celiac axis (CA) and hepatic artery (HA) and in the hepatoduodenal ligament has rarely been systematically discussed. In this report, we propose and describe a three‐level classification of dissection along the CA‐HA system which is applicable to a variety of diseases for which PD is indicated.

Methods

The extent of dissection is classified into three levels. With the first level (LV‐1), neither LN nor plexus dissection is required. The second level (LV‐2) includes en bloc resection of LNs along the CA, HA, and in the hepatoduodenal ligament, preserving the nerve plexus around the artery. The third level (LV‐3) includes en bloc dissection of LNs and the nerve plexus close to cancer invasion, for example, being accompanied by half circumferential dissection of the nerve plexus around the CA or circumferential dissection of that of HA. LV‐1 dissection is indicated for benign lesions, low grade malignancy, pancreatic metastasis, or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. LV‐2 is indicated for periampullary malignancies requiring dissection of regional LNs, including ampullary, distal bile duct, duodenal cancers, and pancreatic cancers without evidence of invasion around the CA‐HA system. LV‐3 is indicated for malignancies with evidence of perineural invasion in the CA‐HA system, such as pancreatic cancer at the pancreatic neck or advanced bile duct cancer.

Conclusions

In combination with classified superior mesenteric artery dissection, a variety of PD procedures would be systematically classified, understood, and reproduced regardless of nature of disease, surgeon, or approach.
Disaster Survivors’ Anticipated Received Support in a Future Disaster
Authors: Lowe Sarah R. , Young Megan N. , Acosta Joie , Sampson Laura , Gruebner Oliver , Galea Sandro
Published: February 2018

Objective

This study aimed to examine factors associated with receipt of post-disaster support from network (eg, family or friends) and non-network (eg, government agencies) sources.

Methods

Participants (n=409) were from a population-based sample of Hurricane Sandy survivors surveyed 25-28 months post-disaster. Survivors were asked to imagine a future disaster and indicate how much they would depend on network and non-network sources of support. In addition, they reported on demographic characteristics, disaster-related exposure, post-traumatic stress, and depression. Information on the economic and social resources in survivors’ communities was also collected.

Results

Multilevel multivariable regression models found that lack of insurance coverage and residence in a neighborhood wherein more persons lived alone were associated with survivors anticipating less network and non-network support. In addition, being married or cohabiting was significantly associated with more anticipated network support, whereas older age and having a high school education or less were significantly associated with less anticipated network support.

Conclusions

By having survivors anticipate a future disaster scenario, this study provides insight into predictors of post-disaster receipt of network and non-network support. Further research is needed to examine how these findings correspond to survivors’ received support in the aftermath of future disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:711-717)
Veterans Health Administration’s Disaster Emergency Medical Personnel System (DEMPS) Training Evaluation: Potential Implications for Disaster Health Care Volunteers
Authors: Schmitz Susan , Radcliff Tiffany A. , Chu Karen , Smith Robert E. , Dobalian Aram
Published: February 2018

Objective

The US Veterans Health Administration’s Disaster Emergency Medical Personnel System (DEMPS) is a team of employee disaster response volunteers who provide clinical and non-clinical staffing assistance when local systems are overwhelmed. This study evaluated attitudes and recommendations of the DEMPS program to understand the impact of multi-modal training on volunteer perceptions.

Methods

DEMPS volunteers completed an electronic survey in 2012 (n=2120). Three training modes were evaluated: online, field exercise, and face-to-face. Measures included: “Training Satisfaction,” “Attitudes about Training,” “Continued Engagement in DEMPS.” Data were analyzed using χ2and logistic regression. Open-ended questions were evaluated in a manner consistent with grounded theory methodology.

Results

Most respondents participated in DEMPS training (80%). Volunteers with multi-modal training who completed all 3 modes (14%) were significantly more likely to have positive attitudes about training, plan to continue as volunteers, and would recommend DEMPS to others (P-value<0.001). Some respondents requested additional interactive activities and suggested increased availability of training may improve volunteer engagement.

Conclusions

A blended learning environment using multi-modal training methods, could enhance satisfaction and attitudes and possibly encourage continued engagement in DEMPS or similar programs. DEMPS training program modifications in 2015 expanded this blended learning approach through new interactive online learning opportunities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:744-751)
Affordance based interactive genetic algorithm (ABIGA)
Authors: Mata Ivan , Fadel Georges , Garland Anthony , Zanker Winfried
Published: February 2018

Designers can involve users in the design process. The challenge lies in reaching multiple users and finding the best way to use their input in the design process. Affordance based design (ABD) is a design method that focuses in part on the perceived or existing interactions between the user and the artifact. The shape and physical characteristics of the product enable the user to perceive some of its affordances. The goal of this research is to use ABD, along with an optimization tool, to evolve the shape of products toward better perceived solutions using the input from users. A web application has been developed that evolves design concepts using an interactive multi-objective genetic algorithm (IGA) relying on the user assessment of product affordances. As a proof of concept, a steering wheel is designed using the application by having users rate specific affordances of solutions presented to them. The results show that the design concepts evolve toward better perceived solutions, allowing designers to explore more solutions that reflect the preferences of end users. Relationships between affordances and product design variables are also explored, revealing that specific affordances can be targeted with changes in design parameter values and highlighting the tie between physical characteristics and affordances.
Assessing the Ability of Hospital Diagnosis Codes to Detect Inpatient Exposure to Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Ray Michael J. , Trick William E. , Lin Michael Y.
Published: February 2018

OBJECTIVE

Because antibacterial history is difficult to obtain, especially when the exposure occurred at an outside hospital, we assessed whether infection-related diagnostic billing codes, which are more readily available through hospital discharge databases, could infer prior antibacterial receipt.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS

This study included 121,916 hospitalizations representing 78,094 patients across the 3 hospitals.

METHODS

We obtained hospital inpatient data from 3 Chicago-area hospitals. Encounters were categorized as “infection” if at least 1 International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code indicated a bacterial infection. From medication administration records, we categorized antibacterial agents and calculated total therapy days using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definitions. We evaluated bivariate associations between infection encounters and 3 categories of antibacterial exposure: any, broad spectrum, or surgical prophylaxis. We constructed multivariable models to evaluate adjusted risk ratios for antibacterial receipt.

RESULTS

Of the 121,916 inpatient encounters (78,094 patients) across the 3 hospitals, 24% had an associated infection code, 47% received an antibacterial, and 13% received a broad-spectrum antibacterial. Infection-related ICD-9-CM codes were associated with a 2-fold increase in antibacterial administration compared to those lacking such codes (RR, 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.27–2.31) and a 5-fold increased risk for broad-spectrum antibacterial administration (RR, 5.52; 95% CI, 5.37–5.67). Encounters with infection codes had 3 times the number of antibacterial days.

CONCLUSIONS

Infection diagnostic billing codes are strong surrogate markers for prior antibacterial exposure, especially to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents; such an association can be used to enhance early identification of patients at risk of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) carriage at the time of admission.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:377–382
Targeting the government in the referendum: the aborted 2016 Italian constitutional reform
Authors: Di Mauro Danilo , Memoli Vincenzo
Published: February 2018

This study investigates the factors explaining voting in the 2016 Italian referendum on constitutional reform. As we show through voting alignments within the Parliament and key aspects of the electoral campaign, this was a case where the government took the leadership of the entire referendum process, transforming it into a plebiscite. Within this context, we hypothesize that key elements explaining voting choices follow a government-support vs. opposition dynamics. Employing Italian National Elections Studies Association pre/post-referendum survey, we estimate the effects of factors increasing predictability (e.g. party closeness, ideology, social cleavage) or uncertainty (e.g. government performance, the economy) of voting choices. The resulting logistic regression models show that the leading role of the government in the referendum reshapes the impact of factors explaining voting choices. While some lose significance, others follow a pro- or anti-government logic.
The initial development of a jet caused by fluid, body and free surface interaction with a uniformly accelerated advancing or retreating plate. Part 1. The principal flow
Authors: Gallagher M. T. , Needham D. J. , Billingham J.
Published: February 2018

The free surface and flow field structure generated by the uniform acceleration (with dimensionless acceleration $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$) of a rigid plate, inclined at an angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in (0,\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2)$ to the exterior horizontal, as it advances ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}>0$) or retreats ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}<0$) from an initially stationary and horizontal strip of inviscid incompressible fluid under gravity, are studied in the small-time limit via the method of matched asymptotic expansions. This work generalises the case of a uniformly accelerating plate advancing into a fluid as studied by Needham et al. (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Maths, vol. 61 (4), 2008, pp. 581–614). Particular attention is paid to the innermost asymptotic regions encompassing the initial interaction between the plate and the free surface. We find that the structure of the solution to the governing initial boundary value problem is characterised in terms of the parameters $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ (where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}=1+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}\tan \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$), with a bifurcation in structure as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ changes sign. This bifurcation in structure leads us to question the well-posedness and stability of the governing initial boundary value problem with respect to small perturbations in initial data in the innermost asymptotic regions, the discussion of which will be presented in the companion paper Gallagher et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 841, 2018, pp. 146–166). In particular, when $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})\in (0,\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2)\times \mathbb{R}^{+}$, the free surface close to the initial contact point remains monotone, and encompasses a swelling jet when $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})\in (0,\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2)\times [1,\infty )$ or a collapsing jet when $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})\in (0,\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2)\times (0,1)$. However, when $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})\in (0,\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2)\times \mathbb{R}^{-}$, the collapsing jet develops a more complex structure, with the free surface close to the initial contact point now developing a finite number of local oscillations, with near resonance type behaviour occurring close to a countable set of critical plate angles $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{n}^{\ast }\in (0,\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/2)$ ($n=1,2,\ldots$).
Modelling yawed wind turbine wakes: a lifting line approach
Authors: Shapiro Carl R. , Gayme Dennice F. , Meneveau Charles
Published: February 2018

Yawing wind turbines has emerged as an appealing method for wake deflection. However, the associated flow properties, including the magnitude of the transverse velocity associated with yawed turbines, are not fully understood. In this paper, we view a yawed turbine as a lifting surface with an elliptic distribution of transverse lift. Prandtl’s lifting line theory provides predictions for the transverse velocity and magnitude of the shed counter-rotating vortex pair known to form downstream of the yawed turbine. The streamwise velocity deficit behind the turbine can then be obtained using classical momentum theory. This new model for the near-disk inviscid region of the flow is compared to numerical simulations and found to yield more accurate predictions of the initial transverse velocity and wake skewness angle than existing models. We use these predictions as initial conditions in a wake model of the downstream evolution of the turbulent wake flow and compare predicted wake deflection with measurements from wind tunnel experiments.
Current knowledge of the family Cardiliidae (Bivalvia, Mactroidea)
Authors: Signorelli Javier H. , Raven J.G.M. (Han)
Published: February 2018

The family Cardiliidae has been scarcely studied. It was historically placed in the superfamily Mactroidea. Members of this family are characterized by a cordiform shell with a typical mactrid hinge, posterior adductor muscle placed into a myophore and three ornamental areas on the external surface of the shell. Six extant and 14 exclusively fossil species have been previously mentioned in the literature as belonging to the genusCardilia. The geographical distribution, stratigraphic range, type material and type locality of each extant and fossil species are provided. In this work, four extant species and 11 exclusively fossil species belonging to the genusCardiliaare recognized. Extant species are from the western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and eastern Atlantic Ocean, while fossil taxa are recorded from deposits of middle Eocene to late Pliocene in Europe and Asia,. One of them is formally described herein asCardilia edwardsinew species.
Property Rights Regimes, Technological Innovation, and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Nieman Mark David , Thies Cameron G.
Published: February 2018

We argue that democratic institutions influence property rights in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) by providing: (1) a coherent logic to the property rights regime that is created in a state and (2) a legitimate way to manage conflicts that arise in dynamic economies. We expect that the marginal effect of property rights in attracting FDI has increased over time with the rate of technological dynamism. We test this using a non-nested multilevel modeling strategy with random coefficients on data from 1970 to 2009. Our results demonstrate that the effect of property rights on attracting FDI is contingent on democratic institutions and that this effect becomes more pronounced over time. This effect holds for both developing and developed countries across all regions.
The linguistic analysis of North American Indian songs
Authors: Bursill-Hall G. L.
Published: February 2018

This paper attempts to extend a theory of description for songs belonging to non-literate societies; this theory was first described by R. H. Robins, of the Department of Linguistics of the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London and a former colleague of the late J. R. Firth. The author has tried to develop the theory a little further and has applied it to the analysis of two Haida love songs.
Is Kutenai related to Algonkian?
Authors: Haas Mary R.
Published: February 2018

When Powell published his exhaustive classification of the aboriginal languages of North America north of Mexico (1891), he set up 58 independent linguistic families. Since he was interested in establishing nomenclature as well as in determining families, he adopted the convention of adding the suffix -an or -ian to each of his proposed names. Even though it is desirable to have a uniform way of designating linguistic families, it turns out that the device has tended to obscure an extremely noteworthy fact about these families, namely that over 40 per cent of them are language isolates, that is, single languages with no demonstrable close relationship to any other single language or family of languages. Moreover, the majority of these language isolates were concentrated in two principal areas: (1) the “Pacific” area along the Pacific Coast from Southern Alaska to Baja California, and (2) the “Gulf” area along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Coahuila. Notwithstanding the fact that many of the language isolates of these two areas have now been subincluded in larger groupings, they remain, for the most part, but distantly related to their nearest congeners. For this reason they still play a significant role in imparting to these two large areas their distinctive character of great linguistic diversity.
Les phonèmes du français Maillardvillois
Authors: Ellis Patricia M.
Published: February 2018

Cet Article a pour but d’esquisser la description phonologique d’un dialecte franco-canadien au moyen de la théorie descriptive d’André Martinet.

La Communauté De Maillardville: Histoire. La communauté de Maillardville n’est en réalité ni une ville ni un village, mais plutôt un quartier de la municipalité de Coquitlam, en Colombie Britannique. La municipalité, située à quelque vingt milles de Vancouver, compte 32.000 habitants, d’origine anglaise, suédoise, italienne, allemande, et canadienne-française; ces derniers se sont établis en un groupe homogène d’environ 6.000, dans le coin sud-ouest de la municipalité, pour former Maillardville.
Some social aspects of paralanguage
Authors: Austin William M.
Published: February 2018

The term ‘paralanguage’ and the corresponding adjective ‘paralinguistic’ are less than ten years old but already they loom large in the study of animal communication. In one sense all non-language communications (kinesics, haptics, as well as “vocalization”) are paralinguistic but this term is now almost exclusively applied to significant, non-linguistic noises made with the vocal tract. Observations of these phenomena are of course quite old. Demosthenes undoubtedly studied “delivery” and “tone of voice.” There are pre-Christian statements on phonology also, but no systematic study of that subject antedates that of Grimm in 1819, and that was a lucky forerunner. Actual investigation of phonology as structure, as patterns in a system, began with Ferdinand De Saussure late in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth century. The first systematic study of paralanguage was by Henry Lee Smith, Jr. in a paper called “The Communication Situation,” mimeographed for the Foreign Service Institute of the United States Department of State in 1950. This was later expanded into “An Outline of Metalinguistic Analysis” in the 1952 Georgetown Round Table Conference on Linguistics and Language Study. Smith did not use the term ‘paralanguage,’ however, but ‘vocalization,’ subdivided into ‘vocal qualifiers’ and ‘vocal modifiers.’ Paralanguage became established with the most complete study to date, the 1958 article by George L. Trager “Paralanguage: A Preliminary Statement.” Other writers in the field are Norman A. McQuown and Charles F. Hockett. This study is more systematic than that of Smith and less complex than that of Trager. The infancy of the field, I think, warrants various approaches.
Latin second singular imperative
Authors: Foley J.
Published: February 2018

Traditionally the Latin second singular imperative consists of the bare stem—note Ferdinand Sommer, Handbuch der Lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre 516 (Heidelberg, 2nd ed., 1948): “Die 2. sg. act. war endungslos und stellte den nackten Verbalstamm dar…”; Ernst Kieckers, Historische lateinische Grammatik 227 (Muenchen, 1962): “Im Imperativ ist die 2. sing. endungslos”; W. M. Lindsay, The Latin Language 516 (Oxford, 1894): “In the 2 Sg. Act. of the Present Imperative the bare stem of the Verb is used….” These conclusions are based on imperative forms such as amā “love,” monē “warn,” tege “cover,” audī “hear,” cape “take,” alongside infinitives amāre, monēre, tegere, audīre, capere.
English loanwords in the Serbo-Croatian immigrant press
Authors: Surducki Milan I.
Published: February 2018

I propose to present here the findings of an analysis of a limited corpus of English loanwords as found in four Canadian weekly newspapers published in the Serbo-Croatian language. Though interference in written language is a secondary phenomenon in a situation of languages in contact, instances of such interference are interesting and important since they may contribute to the adoption and spread of the corresponding instances of interference in spoken language. In addition, kinds of interference, as well as the total amount of interference in an immigrant language contact situation, may be usefully compared with interference phenomena in the corresponding standard language (in which very often, as is the case with E and SC in contact, almost all borrowing is done from a written model language). The linguistic analysis of the interference in written language seems therefore to be worth while.
GE- préfixe lexical en vieil anglais
Authors: Joly André
Published: February 2018

Le Prefixe ge- compte parmi les préfixes les plus employés en vieil anglais. Réduit à i- (y-) en moyen anglais, il a disparu aujourd’hui, ne subsistant que dans une demi-douzaine de mots: enough, handiwork, either, everywhere et, dans une certaine mesure, alike, aware, among, afford.

Son origine est obscure et les nombreuses études qui lui ont été consacrées ne permettent pas de se faire une idée exacte de son sens véritable et de sa fonction. La raison principale en est que les linguistes qui se sont intéressés à ge- ont presque uniquement examiné sa fonction de préverbe. Or les composés en ge-peuvent aussi être des substantifs, des adjectifs, des adverbes, des prépositions et des conjonctions. C’est donc se limiter considérablement que de retenir le composé verbal comme seul objet d’étude.
Les présentatifs du nom en français moderne
Authors: Predovich R.
Published: February 2018

Le verbe, qui a été, de tout temps, l’objet de nombreuses spéculations philosophiques et poétiques, s’est vu accorder aussi une place privilégiée dans les études linguistiques. Par contre, le groupe du nom a été quelque peu négligé, et l’on ne s’est tourné que récemment vers cet important champ de recherches. Nous nous proposons ici d’étudier la question en appliquant systématiquement les méthodes distributionnelles à la langue française, que nous considérerons à notre tour comme étant “exotique.”

Cet exposé s’inspire, dans une certaine mesure, des travaux de deux linguistes français, A. Greimas et H. Mitterand, qui ont tous les deux abordé un sujet analogue. On pourrait reprocher, toutefois, au premier d’avoir écrit un article dont on voit mal le côté pratique ou “appliqué,” et au second d’avoir un peu trop simplifié la réalité des faits.
Korean verbal affixes: a generative view
Authors: Cook Eung-Do
Published: February 2018

Although minor details still remain to be worked out, the grammatical relationship between the sentence in Column I and the noun phrases in Column II of (1) below is considered beyond doubt. Lees, in his monograph (1960:85-94), formulated first explicit transformational rules to account for the grammatical relationship observed between the sentence (a) and the two noun phrases, one with a relative clause (b), the other with an attributive adjective (c).
A note on “Postposed main phrases”
Authors: Rivero María-Luisa
Published: February 2018

In his article “Postposed main phrases: an English rule for the Romance subjunctive,”Canadian “Journal of Linguistics, 14:1, pp. 3-30, Dwight Bolinger discusses some aspects of the rule of Absorbed-negation, more commonly known as Not-transportation or Neg-transportation. It is the aim of this paper to deal wi th those structures which are related by Neg-transportation in Spanish with respect to the statements made by Bolinger in the above article.

Neg-transportation as discussed in the literature is the rule which transports a negation originally found in the underlying structure of an embedded clause to the matrix. Bolinger thinks that the negation “belongs to the main verb, …, as much as to the verb in the noun clause” (ft. 14, pp. 23-24). Interesting as this is, I will not argue it here but will take issue with the statement made on page 23: “Native speakers of Spanish confirm the idea of absorbed negation when they report that 226 is closer in meaning to 227 than the subjunctive 228 would be:226. No creo que es así.227. Creo que no es así.228. No creo que sea así.”
Sechelt statives
Authors: Beaumont Ronald C.
Published: February 2018

The derivational system of Sechelt (Coast Salish) includes stative formations serving a variety of functions, one of which is the indication of possession in certain constructions. A sampling of stative forms is offered here, along with observations on their derivation. The purpose of this study is to propose, on the basis of such a survey, a generalized conceptual definition of the stative aspect in Sechelt and to suggest reasons for certain restrictions in the use of statives in possessive structures.
The anthropomorphosis of syntax
Authors: Reid J. Raymond
Published: February 2018

This paper comprises some of the reactions of a psycholinguist to a book which has already attracted considerable critical attention: D. T. Langendoen’s The Study of Syntax: the Generative-Transformational Approach to the Structure of American English. These views are not essentially at variance with the theoretical and pedagogical criticisms of Sampson (1970), Householder (1971), or Chambers (1971), but rather complement and supplement them. The questions raised here are of a somewhat more fundamental nature in the context of linguistic inquiry, having to do with certain assumptions most formal linguists take for granted – assumptions concerning the validity of introspective data and the formalizability of presuppositions. In a sense, the present critique is a general indictment of some current trends in linguistics, but The Study of Syntax, in its eclectic attempt to epitomize them all, invites the brunt of the criticism.
Divisions du jour et mesures horaires en allemand
Authors: Soltész Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

A Sémantèse. Toute tentative de représentation et de mesure du temps présuppose qu’on s’est donné les moyens de les réaliser. A ces fins, se sont d’abord imposés à l’homme les phénomènes facilement et concrètement observables que sont les cycles naturels: l’incessante alternance du jour et de la nuit a permis la définition du concept de journée, le cycle lunaire celui de mois, le retour périodique des saisons celui d’année.

On n’a pas à insister sur les avatars qui, dans l’histoire des civilisations, ont abouti à conférer à ces mots une valeur, une DURÉE stable. On se contentera d’observer que les progrès réalisés dans cette voie ont toujours été liés à ceux de l’astronomie. Ainsi, par exemple, fut-on de plus en plus en situation d’expliquer rationnellement les variations de la durée du jour ou de la course apparente du soleil, de corriger certaines inexactitudes (durée exacte de l’année solaire grâce à l’invention de l’année bissextile), de revoir la notion de mois (qui ne se calcule plus d’après le cycle lunaire), etc… Ce bref et très incomplet excursus montre à suffisance combien, dans l’esprit de l’homme, la représentation du temps est tributaire de la représentation spatiale.
French Phonology and Morphology revisited
Authors: Creore Jo Ann
Published: February 2018

Sanford Schane’s monograph French Phonology and Morphology, published in 1968, was the first extensive treatment of that subject in a generative framework. Although its merits and faults have been discussed at length in reviews, the scarcety of subsequent contrasting analyses within the same framework would seem to imply that Schane’s study is essentially correct within that framework and/or that the subject matter itself holds no further theoretical interest for generative phonologists. The present paper challenges both of these implications. The discussion focuses on Schane’s formulation of the underlying vocalic system of French. Schane’s assumptions about phonological grammars, his analysis, and his methodology are open to question. Section 1 of this study discusses the concept “rule of grammar” as developed by Schane and considers possible alternatives. Inconsistencies of Schane’s analysis are illustrated in Section 2, while Section 3 demonstrates that the data which should offer the strongest support for Schane’s analysis in fact fail to do so. To the extent that Schane represents current phonological theory and practice, the criticisms voiced here have, of course, a wider application.

The discussion focuses on Schane’s formulation of the underlying vocalic system of French. Schane's assumptions about phonological grammars, his analysis, and his methodology are open to question. Section 1 of this study discusses the concept “rule of grammar” as developed by Schane and considers possible alternatives. Inconsistencies of Schane’s analysis are illustrated in Section 2, while Section 3 demonstrates that the data which should offer the strongest support for Schane’s analysis in fact fail to do so. To the extent that Schane represents current phonological theory and practice, the criticisms voiced here have, of course, a wider application.
Aperçu de tendances phonétiques du parler français en Saskatchewan
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: February 2018

Cette étude veut être un complément d’information à nos travaux déjà effectués sur le parler des Franco-Canadiens de la Saskatchewan. En août 1970, poursuivant notre série d’enquêtes phonétiques, nous avons visité les villages de Willow-Bunch et de Bellegarde dans le sud-est de cette province, dans le but d’examiner quelques aspects phonétiques du français parlé dans ces deux centres actifs de la minorité francophone de la région.
Indeterminacy in syntax
Authors: Lightfoot David
Published: February 2018

I shall illustrate here the importance of syntactic ‘blends’ for a transformational conception of syntax and, in the light of this, I shall show that if one accepts the theory of syntax outlined in Chomsky (1965), one must discard the celebrated deep structure distinction advocated there for easy and eager and the rule of Tough- Movement.
An ‘Information structure’ view of language
Authors: Baker Wm. J.
Published: February 2018

The Last twenty years of claims, counter-claims, and confusion in linguistic and psycholinguistic theory, and the accompanying proliferation of experimental literature without clear growth of knowledge has, if nothing else, demonstrated how remarkably little we can agree upon about language. We don’t seem able to decide on what it is, or where it is (‘out there’ or solely in the mind), let alone why it is. But, at least, our recent experiences have taught us something. We have learned a great deal about how not to proceed; and that, without cynicism, is a very important beginning.