bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbiota from Intestinal Gut of Dawkinsia filamentosa (Valenciennes,1844) as Indicator of Environmental Condition
Authors: Muthusamy Kanthimathi , Sajen Shahul Hameed , Sharmila Syed Mohammed Ibrahim , Murugan Priyanga , Ramaiah Soranam
Published: April 2023

Aims: To isolate and identify the gut associated micro-organisms present in the gastrointestinal tract of freshwater fish Dawkinsia filamentosa.

Place and Duration of Study: Sampling site: The fish samples were collected from the river Gadana, located at the foot hills of Western Ghats, Alwarkurichi, Tenkasi district, Tamil Nadu, India. Place: Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Azhwarkurichi, Tenkasi, Tamilnadu, India (Latitude 8o20’N; Longitutde 77o10’E). Duration: The research was done during December 2021 and April 2022.

Methodology: The fish samples were anaesthetized and surface sterilized followed by aseptic dissectionby using sterile scalpel and needle. The gut contents were removed and homogenized well and isolation of Gut micro biome was done by means of serial dilution. The identification of gastrointestinal bacteria was done by performing various biochemical tests such as Gram staining, Motility, Indole test, Methyl red test, Voges Proskauer test, Citrate utilization test, Triple sugar Iron test, Catalase test, Oxidase test, Urease test, Nitrate test, Starch hydrolysis and Carbohydrate Fermentation Test. The fungi present in gastrointestinal tract is identified with lacto phenol cotton blue staining followed by microscopic observations.

Results: The overall bacterial load of gastrointestinal material ranged from 47 x10-7 to 219 x10-5 cfu/g. A total of six bacterial strains and four fungi strains were isolated. Several biochemical tests were used to identify the bacterial isolates. The six bacterial isolates were tentatively identified as Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Vibrio sp. and the four fungi species isolated from the gutwere Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Beauveria basiana, and Penicillium sp.

Conclusion: The current research revealed that, Dawkinsia filamentosa has a variety of microbiota in its gut. Microbial species from freshwater environments may be able to augment fish feed with these bacteria in commercial aquaculture operations.  Additionally, these findings have aided in the development of possible remedies, enhanced knowledge of host-microbe interactions in other vertebrates, and enhanced aquaculture practices. The benefits of identifying gut microbiota in fishes is, it helps to study about the host nutrient catabolism and immune defence mechanism against the disease-causing pathogens.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Initial Lettuce Development
Authors: Júnior Luiz Ferreira Coelho , Nascimento Ruan dos Santos , Castor Antônio Lucas Santos , Coelho Thaynara Cristine Moares , Borges Sérgio Cardoso
Published: April 2023

Aims: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of organic fertilizer in different concentrations under the initial development of lettuce plants.

Study Design: The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 5 plants for each treatment.

Place and Duration of Study: The present work was carried out in the premises of the Escola Família Agrícola de Ladeirinhas 'A' - EFAL, located in the Municipality of Japoatã in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Between September 2022 - December 2022.

Methodology: Daily applications of organic fertilizer were performed in lettuce plants of Cv. Repolhuda, with a volume of 200 ml per plant, in the morning and afternoon, except for days with precipitation. To evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer, different concentrations 0% (control) were used. 5%, 10% and 20%. The following variables, fresh mass, number of leaves, plant height and root system length were analyzed.

Results: The results obtained with the application of organic fertilizer, showed that the plants that were fertilizer showed better initial development of lettuce Repolhuda, when compared with plants that did not receive the application of fertilizer for most of the variables analyzed in this study, and the concentration of 20% presented the best result.

Conclusion: The results obtained with the application of organic fertilizer, showed that the plants that were fertilized showed better initial development of lettuce.
The Impact of COVID on Microbiology Examination Result with its Further analysis based on Student’s gender and Place of Residence
Authors: Sunarti Lusia Sri , Arodes Evy Suryani , Diani Yusias Hikmat , Salshabila Ayu Aulia
Published: April 2023

Aims: To study the impact of COVID on Microbiology examination result, and analyze it further based on the gender and place of residence.

Methods: Simple analysis conducted cross-sectionally based on the comparison of the result of final Microbiology exam result based on the student’s gender and place of residence. Data classified by the class of 2018 (Pre-COVID), 2019 (initial COVID) and 2020 (prolonged COVID).

Results: There is a pattern of decreasing exam scores, both in theory and practicum, when compared to exam results before COVID (class of 2018), during the initial of the COVID pandemic (class of 2019)   and 1 year after COVID became a pandemic but not yet fully controlled (class of 2020).

Conclusion: COVID caused direct impact to medical education, in our context to Microbiology examination result.
Nest-dwelling Mites of Selected Common Bird Species in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kulatunga Vidyani S. , Knee Wayne , Perera Inoka C. , Dayawansa P. Nihal
Published: April 2023

Bird nests primarily function to protect and incubate eggs and nestlings. However, nests are also host to a broad diversity and abundance of arthropod associates, primarily mites (Acari). Our knowledge of nest dwelling mites of common bird species in Sri Lanka is quite limited and necessitates further study. Five different types of nests of selected common bird species (18) in Sri Lanka in urban, suburban, wild, and captive populations were sampled opportunistically using a portable mini vacuum trap. ANOVA: single factor test was used to evaluate statistical significance at p<0.05. A total of 1493 mites were collected from 180 nests. The mites belonging to order Mesostigmata had the highest relative abundance (58.6%) and prevalence (74.4%) of all mite orders collected, followed by the Sarcoptiformes (41.1%, 72.8%), and Trombidiformes (0.3%, 2.2%). Mite diversity of host bird species was measured using the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’). Pycnonotus cafer nests had the highest diversity of mites. Cup-shaped nests were host to the highest average abundance value (13.4) of mites, while cavity nests had the lowest value (5.7). Nests from captive populations had the highest average abundance (24.6) of mites and the nests of suburban populations had the lowest value (7.2). These findings can be used as a baseline data set for further detailed research studies on nest-dwelling mites of birds, focusing on avifaunal conservation and the impact on human health by nest-dwelling ectoparasites, built-in human habitations in Sri Lanka.
Productive and Economic Evaluation of Potato Hybrids under Different Water Stress Conditions
Authors: Akash  , Panghal V. P. S. , Bhatia A. K. , Nisha  , Shubham
Published: April 2023

As the scarcity of water increases, India will face the problem of decreasing annual freshwater use per capita. Drought can cause significant output losses, particularly for crops with shallow root system like potato (Solanum tuberosum). An experiment was carried out to measure the effects of different levels of irrigation on yield parameters of different potato hybrids under water stress conditions during the winter season 2018-19 in open field conditions at the field of department of vegetable science in CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment included four irrigation levels I1 (irrigation at 20mm Cummulative Pan Evaporimeter (CPE)), I2 (irigation at 25mm CPE), I3 (irrigation at 30mm CPE) and I4 (irrigation at 30mm CPE + 5 t/ha grass mulch) and five potato hybrids under two different crops at 60 and 75 days. The results revealed that yield parameters i.e., total tuber yield, number of tubers in each grade, yield of tubers in each grade, harvest index, and biological yield were higher in both 60 and 75 days of crops under irrigation level 20 mm CPE (I1) and hybrid P-38. But, under water-stressed conditions, hybrid P-38 with an I4 schedule saves one irrigation and yields more than I3. The maximum water use efficiency (19.27 and 20.56 q/ha/mm) was attained with irrigation level I4 in 60 and 75 days of crop. In water stress conditions (I4) potato hybrid P-38 produced the highest net returns and benefit cost ratio (1.49 and 2.29). It was found that the potato hybrid P-38 with I4 was more cost-effective and produced more tubers in areas with lower water tables and less water.
Successful Treatment of Lipoid Proteinosis in a Young Adult with Isotretinoin
Authors: Alfahaad Hamad , Alshehri Hamza , Aljerayan Ebtisam , Alwabel Albaraa , Alfarwan Abdullah Mushabeb
Published: May 2023

Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis, characterized by persistent hoarseness and classical skin lesions. Amorphous hyaline depositions may affect any organ, but mainly the face and extremities. These depositions cause limitations in tongue movement, and hence, difficulty speaking. Biopsies of skin lesions usually show massive deposits of homogeneous, acidic, hyaline-like material at the epidermal junctions and superficial dermis that stains positive for periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS-D). At present, there is no specific treatment for this extremely rare disease, but some studies have reported that treatment with acitretin and etretinate results in some improvement. This paper reports on the effectiveness of isotretinoin for the first time for treatment of this disease.
Cashew Production and Breeding in 5 West African Countries
Authors: Olaitan P. Babatunde, , Oluwayemisi O. Adeigbe, , Olalekan I. Sobowale, , Anna A. Muyiwa, , Shamsudeen T. Balogun,
Published: May 2023

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Is an evergreen perennial tree crop that produce hard greyish nut enclosing a white nutritious kernel. The kernel is one of the major edible nuts or snacks with increasing global demand. The world's largest and most active cashew production region is in West Africa; where Cote d’ivoire, Nigeria, Benin, Guinea-bissau and Ghana top the list of countries where it thrives best. Since 2014, cashew has become the second-main crop after cocoa in terms of export value, in these countries. It is one of the essential agricultural commodities that have significantly boosted the continent of Africa's GDP, foreign exchange profits, and overall worth due to the rising demand for raw cashew nuts. Cote d'ivoire has profited from a few research and development programs in nut quality control. Efforts are on to enhance the peel-ability of Nigerian cashews and to produce improved planting material with the help of private sector investment. Cashew cultivars development of Guinea-bissau has not made significant progress, due to few resources available for doing research. In Ghana, there are efforts to increase the genetic diversity of cashews, and in Benin, numerous farmers have reported inadequate output from their cashew fields. Narrow genetic diversity has been reported in west African cashew gene pools. Low productivity, poor nut quality, infestation of pests and diseases, poor funding, and other factors continue to limit cashew production in West Africa. Improvement in nut yield, nut quality, and broadening of cashew genetic base is important to the sustainability of the region’s cashew sector. This paper provides an overview of current status of cashew production and breeding in the top five cashew producing countries of West African; the challenges, and opportunities for future improvement.
Effects of basic media and plant growth regulators on Direct-somatic embryogenesis induction in vegetative strains obtained from the tissue culture of digitalis purpurea
Authors: Ahmed AL-Oqab Mohammed , Zaid Salim , Al-Ammouri Youssef
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effects of certain nutrient medium types enhanced with plant-growth regulators on the direct inductionof somatic embryogenesis in vegetative strains produced and propagated from a tissue culture of Digitalis purpurea. The results showthat MS medium was superior to other tested nutrient media-B5, LS, and 5C01—in terms of the days required to initiate direct somaticembryogenesis induction and induction rate. In contrast, the LS medium resulted in the highest number of embryos. Moreover, 2 mg/LBA (benzyl adenine) was superior to similar concentrations of BAP (benzyl aminopurine) and Kin (kinetin) in the MS medium, whereasBAP performed better in LS and B5. On the other hand, auxin 2.4D (dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) inhibited somatic embryogenesis, as didNAA (naphthalene acetic acid) and IAA (indole acetic acid) when added individually. Regarding the type of explant, the stems showedthe induction rates and numbers of direct-somatic embryos produced in all the basic media.Keywords: Digitalis purpurea; Vegetative strains; Direct-somatic embryogenesis; Explant; Basic media
Ultrasound with controlled temperature as an emerging technology for extraction of antioxidant compounds from by-products of mango (Mangifera indica L. var Ataulfo) juice
Authors: Cruz-Cansino Nelly del Socorro , Cariño-Cortés Raquel , Neria-de la Cruz Neria-de la Cruz , Sandoval-Gallegos Eli Mireya , Sumaya-Martínez María Teresa
Published: April 2023

During the industrial processing of juice high amounts of by-products are obtained which are discarded. The objective of this study wasto optimize the conditions of ultrasound process using response surface methodology (RMS) based on antioxidant compounds extraction(total phenolic content (TPC) and ascorbic acid (AA) and antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH) of mango waste and its comparison withtwo conventional extraction methods (aqueous and hydroalcoholic). All response variables were fitted to the mathematical model (R2 ≥ 95).The optimal processing conditions corresponded to 91% of amplitude with a treatment time of 7 min, reaching the highest extraction ofTPC and AA, as well as antioxidant activity. And in comparison, to conventional extraction methods (aqueous and hydroalcoholic), theoptimal ultrasound conditions had (p< 0.05) highest antioxidant content with 8800 mg GAE/100 g dry weight (dw) to total phenoliccontent, 5600 mg AAE/100 g dw in ascorbic acid, 60000 and 7500 µmol TE/100 g dw for DPPH• and ABTS•+ assays, respectively.These results demonstrate that ultrasound is an alternative method to enhance the extraction of antioxidants from mango industrial wastewhich could be used as additives in food products.Keywords: Anti-radical activity, Mango (Mangifera indica L.), Response Surface Methodology, Tropical fruit.
The Mould That Changed the World—A Musical Paean to Penicillin
Authors: Miller Maureen J.
Published: May 2023

This Arts and Medicine feature reviews The Mould That Changed the World, a musical about the history of penicillin that uses fringe set design, eccentric staging, and quirky lyrics to teach audiences the importance of antimicrobial stewardship.
Childhood Obesity at the Crossroads of Science and Social Justice
Authors: Ludwig David S. , Holst Jens J.
Published: May 2023

This Viewpoint considers the best approaches for treating obesity in youth and argues that better funding is needed for new dietary treatments and reimbursement for behavioral interventions.
Serial Electrocardiograms—An Unsung Hero
Authors: Nadir Maha , Nazir Muhammad Talha Bin
Published: May 2023

This case report describes a patient in their 60s with diabetes and hypertension who presented to the emergency department with retrosternal chest pain.
Preexisting Financial Hardship Among Caregivers of Hospitalized Children
Authors: Carlton Erin F. , Moniz Michelle H. , Scott John W. , Prescott Hallie C. , Prosser Lisa A. , Becker Nora V.
Published: May 2023

This cross-sectional study examines preexisting financial hardship among caregivers of hospitalized children.
Incidence of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Individuals With Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogue Treatment for Gender Dysphoria in Sweden
Authors: Karamanis Georgios , Frisell Thomas , Holmberg Mats , Halldin Maria , Sylvén Sara , Skalkidou Alkistis , Papadopoulos Fotios C.
Published: May 2023

This cohort study examines the incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IHH) among individuals in Sweden undergoing gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) treatment for gender dysphoria.
Parental care decreases the survival of adults in the waterbug Abedus ovatus
Authors: Argaez Víctor , Munguía‐Steyer Roberto
Published: May 2023

Among animals, especially insects, care of offspring exclusively performed by males is rare. Paternal care increases survival of their offspring but may be costly for males. Our objective was to evaluate the potential survival costs of parental care in the waterbug Abedus ovatus where males only care their eggs. We conducted a capture‐mark‐recapture study and estimated apparent survival probabilities of parental males, non‐parental males and females in a Mexican waterbug population. In addition, we also estimated recapture rates and the transition rates between non‐parental males and parental males. Our results suggest that paternal care negatively affects the survival of A. ovatus since survival probability of parental males is lower than non‐parental males. The recapture probability was higher in non‐parental males than in parental males. The decreased probability of survival in parental males may be due to different factors. As males carry the eggs on their backs this could probably affect their swimming performance and therefore affect their ability to capture prey. Additionally, the physiological wear derived from the intense muscular activity when performing subaquatic parental care behaviors such as brood pumping, could deteriorate their condition and subsequently, their survival. Furthermore, parental males are more conspicuous to predators, especially in the later stages of egg development, which may increase mortality rates. Our results support the trade‐off between current and future reproduction and provide evidence of parental care survival costs in a model system where only males care the progeny.
‘The Unmeasurable’: Lessons from Cranbrook
Authors: Williams Tod
Published: May 2023

Tod Williams attended Cranbrook School for Boys and Brookside Elementary School. The campus was his playground and instilled in him a keen sense of enjoyment of its vistas, fountains and pools, its smells and its textures. He co‐founded his New York architecture studio with Billie Tsien in 1986, and returned to Cranbrook in the late 1990s to design and build the Natatorium.
Postgraduate Architectural Education In Situ
Authors: Massie William E
Published: May 2023

From 2005 to 2017, William E Massie held the position of Architect‐in‐Residence/Head of Department at Cranbrook. Making is in Massie's lifeblood and his tenure was characterised by students making larger‐scale constructions. Dismantling the rather insular personal studio, Massie reintroduced a communal studio culture where students learn from each other and create in mutual association.
Unprompted: Open‐ended Investigations in the Choreography of Construction
Authors: Baker Emily
Published: May 2023

Inventor, fabricator, architect and educator Emily Baker laments the rarity of open‐ended architectural education that Cranbrook so exemplifies. She explains the bottom‐up approach to design, material fabrication and use of emerging digital tools she developed while attending Cranbrook in the 2010s. She works at full scale and encourages her students to do the same.
Methods of Inspiration: A Pedagogical Approach Based on Singularity
Authors: Lynch Peter
Published: May 2023

A good architecture department facilitates students to find their own, personal architectural lexicon and ways and methods of seeing the world and creating within it. Peter Lynch, former Architect‐in‐Residence/ Head of Department at Cranbrook, describes the acts of creative midwifery that allowed him to inspire students and achieve successful architectures with them. Equally, a student working on similar architectural problems as their teacher can be a pedagogic resource for all concerned.
The Interior Within Hand's Reach: Tactile Proximity
Authors: Weinthal Lois
Published: May 2023

One of the fundamental skills of an architect is the ability to create void from mass. Another is the choreography of the changing relationship between bodies, objects and materiality, creating visual and haptic sensations. Lois Weinthal explores and teaches these particular architectural phenomena. Here she takes us on a journey illustrated by the recent work of her students at Toronto Metropolitan University.
Arrows: The Long Lines of Influence in Architecture
Authors: Reiser Jesse
Published: May 2023

Jesse Reiser reflects on the unexpected re‐emergence of craft within the disciplinary body of architecture: from Buck's Rock Work Camp in Connecticut during the summers of the 1970s, to Cranbrook Academy of Art, to the ongoing work of Reiser + Umemoto, the New York‐based practice he co‐founded.
Forming Action: The Subject in the Object
Authors: Deamer Peggy
Published: May 2023

In an autobiographical article, Professor Emerita of Yale University's School of Architecture Peggy Deamer records her experiences at architecture school and the epiphany moments that shifted her perception of the profession. This prompted her to question architects’ love of creating ‘perfect’ form and dwelling in the purely ocular‐centric and the cult of the lone genius.
The Agency of Making: An Anatomy of Practice‐based Pedagogy
Authors: Wilkins Gretchen
Published: May 2023

Current Architect‐in‐ Residence/Head of Department at Cranbrook and Guest‐ Editor of this AD, Gretchen Wilkins describes contemporary Cranbrook and some of the Architecture Department's recent student work and preoccupations. Experimental zeal manifests itself everywhere as students search for their design‐selves through explorations into space, material and the city.
Bioinks for Space Missions: The Influence of Long‐Term Storage of Alginate‐Methylcellulose‐Based Bioinks on Printability as well as Cell Viability and Function
Authors: Windisch Johannes , Reinhardt Olena , Duin Sarah , Schütz Kathleen , Rodriguez Nuria Juliana Novoa , Liu Suihong , Lode Anja , Gelinsky Michael
Published: May 2023

Bioprinting is considered a key technology for future space missions and is currently being established on the International Space Station (ISS). With the aim to perform bioink production as a critical and resource‐consuming preparatory step already on Earth and transport a bioink cartridge “ready to use” to the ISS, the storability of bioinks is investigated. Hydrogel blends based on alginate and methylcellulose are laden with either green microalgae of the species Chlorella vulgaris or with different human cell lines including immortilized human mesenchymal stem cells, SaOS‐2 and HepG2, as well as with primary human dental pulp stem cells. The bioinks are filled into printing cartridges and stored at 4°C for up to four weeks. Printability of the bioinks is maintained after storage. Viability and function of the cells embedded in constructs bioprinted from the stored bioinks are investigated during subsequent cultivation: The microalgae survive the storage period very well and show no loss of growth and functionality, however a significant decrease is visible for human cells, varying between the different cell types. The study demonstrates that storage of bioinks is in principle possible and is a promising starting point for future research, making complex printing processes more effective and reproducible.
Uncovering Dynamic Edge‐Sites in Atomic Co−N−C Electrocatalyst for Selective Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Authors: Hu Jinwen , Shang Wenzhe , Xin Cuncun , Guo Jingya , Cheng Xusheng , Zhang Songlin , Song Suchan , Liu Wei , Ju Feng , Hou Jungang , Shi Yantao
Published: May 2023

Understanding the nature of single‐atom catalytic sites and identifying their spectroscopic fingerprints are essential prerequisites for the rational design of target catalysts. Here, we apply correlated in situ X‐ray absorption and infrared spectroscopy to probe the edge‐site‐specific chemistry of Co−N−C electrocatalyst during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) operation. The unique edge‐hosted architecture affords single‐atom Co site remarkable structural flexibility with adapted dynamic oxo adsorption and valence state shuttling between Co(2−δ)+ and Co2+, in contrast to the rigid in‐plane embedded Co1−Nx counterpart. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the synergistic interplay of in situ reconstructed Co1−N2‐oxo with peripheral oxygen groups gives a rise to the near‐optimal adsorption of *OOH intermediate and substantially increases the activation barrier for its dissociation, accounting for a robust acidic ORR activity and 2e− selectivity for H2O2 production.
Ugi‐modified nano NaY zeolite for the synthesis of new 1,5‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐ones under mild conditions
Authors: Younesi Hamidreza , Asghari Sakineh , Pasha Ghasem Firouzzadeh , Tajbakhsh Mahmood
Published: May 2023

In this study, it was aimed to modify the nano zeolite surface via a multi‐component reaction to obtain high functionality in one pot process. For this purpose, the Ugi‐reaction was applied for the first time to develop a novel hydrogen‐bonding nanocatalyst. The nano NaY zeolite was post‐modified using 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), followed by the Ugi reaction with salicylaldehyde, tert‐butyl isocyanide, and acetic acid to create carboxamide‐functionalized nano NaY. The presence of hydroxyl groups, pores, and carboxamide moieties on the surface of nano zeolite could improve the reactivity, dispersibility, and hydrogen bonding formation capability of the nano zeolite. The formation of the nanocatalyst was investigated by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), Elemental analyses, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The catalytic activity of the synthesized modified nano zeolite was examined in the three component‐reaction of aldehydes, amines, and ethyl pyruvate to obtain new pyrrol derivatives in high yields under mild conditions. After separation by filtration, the catalyst can be recycled for up to seven subsequent runs without any appreciable activity loss. Thus, the titled heterocycles can be prepared in an eco‐friendly manner since the catalyst is easily recovered and reused, and the procedure is simple to perform. The results indicated that the catalytic system developed in this study may be useful for the preparation of other beneficial heterocyclic compounds under environmentally benign conditions.
Design, scaling and cost evaluations of circulating fluidized‐bed systems for biomass pyrolysis
Authors: Humbird David , Dutta Abhijit , Subramaniam Harihar , Mendez Juan
Published: May 2023

To generate updated and transparent capital cost estimates for biomass fast pyrolysis equipment, refinery fluidized catalytic cracking design and sizing principles are examined and extended to pyrolysis of woody biomass. Capital costs for the sized equipment are estimated with process‐industry software. A one‐dimensional flow simulation with pyrolysis kinetics is leveraged to validate the fluidization conditions and thermal energy balance. After successful sizing and a system cost estimate of $2.8 M (in 2016 US$) at the biorefinery scale of 1000 metric tons per day (MTD), these methods were exercised for even smaller equipment at the distributed pyrolysis scale with modifications to the process design constraints, and not directly comparable with the 1000 MTD case, arriving at capital cost estimates of $1.2 M for a 500 ton/day system and $0.9 M for a 200 ton/day system. It is noted that this work only estimates purchased equipment costs at the ±50% accuracy level; there are significant other custom factors applicable to each installation based on location, maturity, scale, complexities during installation, engineering and licensing costs, etc. that need to be added on to these estimates to derive investment costs.
A pharmacokinetics interaction study of antiplatelet agents aspirin and clopidogrel combined with dl‐3‐n‐butylphthalide in rats by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Linjie , Tan Jingxuan , Du Yujing , Li Xixuan , Lv Yongning , Zhai Xuejia
Published: May 2023

A sensitive and specific high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed to determine the pharmacokinetic interactions of the antiplatelet agents aspirin and clopidogrel combined with dl‐3‐n‐butylphthalide. For the determination of aspirin metabolite salicylic acid, clopidogrel inactive metabolite SR26334 and NBP prototype drug in rat plasma, plasma samples were prepared by precipitation of proteins using methanol containing 0.1% formic acid, followed by centrifugation. Chromatography was performed on a C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile (with 0.1% formic acid)–water (with 0.1% formic acid). The detection adopted electrospray ion source and positive ion multiple reaction monitoring modes. The linear detection response range of salicylic acid is 80–80,000 ng/ml, and the linear detection response range of SR26334 and dl‐3‐n‐butylphthalide is 10–10,000 ng/ml. Our study revealed that dl‐3‐n‐butylphthalide affected the pharmacokinetics of aspirin and clopidogrel when administered to rats.
Peripheral vascular disease interventions: One size does not fit all
Authors: Khan Mahin R. , Jneid Hani
Published: May 2023

Key Points

There are notable sex disparities in the outcomes of endovascular interventions for peripheral vascular disease (PVD).

Aggressive risk factor modification, follow‐up, and patient education are important to improve postprocedural outcomes.

Early detection may improve long‐term outcomes, pointing to the need for better screening in at‐risk populations.
Low‐Temperature NOx Removal Using Cu‐Hierarchical SAPO‐34 Catalysts with High Hydrothermal Stability
Authors: Silveira De Araujo Brenda Roberta , Onrubia‐Calvo Jon Ander , Pétaud Guillaume , Nieto‐Marquéz Antonio , Pereda‐Ayo Beñat , González Velasco Juan Ramón , Caravaca Angel , Gil Sonia
Published: May 2023

Cu‐hierarchical SAPO‐34‐based catalysts are targeted to allow an efficient gas diffusion through mesopores, improving NOx abatement efficiency at low temperature. A downside of mesopores, however, is that they could eventually reduce hydrothermal stability. To demonstrate the potential of novel catalytic systems, the NH3‐SCR catalytic activity of fresh and hydrothermally treated (HT, in air with 10 % H2O at 750 °C for 16 h) hierarchical catalysts was evaluated and compared with a Cu‐microporous catalyst. As expected, the catalytic performances of the hydrothermally treated Cu‐hierarchical catalysts did not surpass that of the microporous one at high temperatures. Nevertheless, their NH3‐SCR catalytic activity at low temperature overcame that of the microporous catalyst, which could be assigned to both: the increase of Cu2+ active sites after HT and the enhanced diffusion of reactants through the mesopores. This reduction of diffusion resistance by the formation of mesopores was further confirmed by the estimated effectiveness factor.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Based on Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine and Pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine Scaffolds
Authors: Mao Nian‐Dong , Gao Yuan , Dang Xia‐Wen , Duan Ji‐Long , Hui Zi , Che Hao , Xu Yueying , Zhang Hang , He Xingrui , Garrido Carmen , Ye Xiang‐Yang
Published: May 2023

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are validated targets for the development of anticancer drugs in epigenetics. We have designed and synthesized a series of novel HDAC inhibitors based on pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine scaffolds. Compound B3 {(E)‐3‐(4‐(((1‐(7H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl)piperidin‐4‐yl)amino)methyl)phenyl)‐N‐hydroxyacrylamide} exhibits potent inhibitory activity against HDACs 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8 with IC50 values of 5.2, 6.0, 8.8, 4.4, and 173.0 nM, respectively. It exhibited potent antiproliferative effects against three tumour cell lines (IC50 values of 0.13, 0.37, and 1.11 μM, against MV‐4‐11, K562, and WSU‐DLCL‐2 cells, respectively) with two‐ to sixfold improvement relative to suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Mechanistic studies on WSU‐DLCL‐2 cells revealed that B3 exhibits anticancer effects through the induction of G0/G1‐phase arrest and promotion of apoptosis. The results of this study warrant further investigation of this compound series for the treatment of hematological malignancy.
Cancer Turns 75!
Authors: Ramalingam Suresh S.
Published: May 2023

Celebrating 75 years of publication, Cancer continues to serve as a beacon for scientific research that is fundamental to achieving cures for cancer. Heading into the future, the journal will continue to maintain its unique identity and strive to bring the best of science to the broadest of the audience.
A Phase 1 First‐in‐Human Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of JNJ‐64264681, a Covalent Inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: Leu Jocelyn H. , Miao Xin , Shalayda Kevin , Coe Kevin J. , Kahnt Ariane , Wu Bonnie , Schnarr Megan , Franks Carol , Devlin James , Yang Tong‐Yuan , Palmer James A. , Zhang Mai , Zhou Honghui , Van Damme Wim , Smets Sophie , Aguilar Zuleima , Chaplan Sandra R.
Published: May 2023

JNJ‐64264681 is an irreversible covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. This phase 1, first‐in‐human, 2‐part (single‐ascending dose [SAD]; multiple‐ascending dose [MAD]) study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD; Bruton's tyrosine kinase occupancy [BTKO]) of JNJ‐64264681 oral solution in healthy participants. For SAD (N = 78), 6 increasing doses of JNJ‐64264681 (4–400 mg) or placebo were evaluated in fasted males. The effects of sex, food, and a capsule formulation were evaluated in separate cohorts. For MAD (N = 27), sequential cohorts of male and female participants received 36/100/200 mg JNJ‐64264681 once daily for 10 days. JNJ‐64264681 exposure (peak concentration; area under the concentration‐time curve) was less than dose proportional from 4 mg to 36 mg. Dose‐normalized area under the concentration‐time curves following the 36 mg and 100 mg doses were generally similar. The mean terminal half‐life was 1.6–13.2 hours. With multiple doses, steady state was achieved by day 2. A semimechanistic PK/PD model was developed using the first 5 SAD cohorts’ data to predict %BTKO in MAD cohorts. PK/PD model guided dose‐escalation, and all participants in the 200/400 mg single‐dose cohorts achieved ≥90% BTKO at 4 hours after dosing (peak) with prolonged occupancy. As BTKO data became available from MAD cohorts, it was found that observed BTKO data were consistent with model predictions. JNJ‐64264681 showed no safety signals of concern. Overall, safety, tolerability, PK, BTKO, and PK/PD modeling guided the rationale for dose selection for the subsequent first‐in‐patient lymphoma studies.
Rational Design of Trimetallic Sulfide Electrodes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis with Ampere‐Level Current Density
Authors: Li Jingwen , Wei Qing , Alomar Muneerah , Zhang Jian , Yang Shengxiong , Xu Xiaoyang , Lao Xinbin , Lan Minqiu , Shen Yuhan , Xiao Junwu , Tu Zhengkai
Published: May 2023

Electrochemical water splitting is considered an environmentally friendly approach to hydrogen generation. However, it is difficult to achieve high current density and stability. Herein, we design an amorphous/crystalline heterostructure electrode based on trimetallic sulfide over nickel mesh substrate (NiFeMoS/NM), which only needs low overpotentials of 352 mV, 249 mV, and 360 mV to achieve an anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) current density of 1 A cm−2 in 1 M KOH, strong alkaline electrolyte (7.6 M KOH), and alkaline‐simulated seawater, respectively. More importantly, it also shows superior stability with negligible decay after continuous work for 120 h at 1 A cm−2 in the strong alkaline electrolyte. The excellent OER performance of the as‐obtained electrode can be attributed to the strong electronic interactions between different metal atoms, abundant amorphous/crystalline hetero‐interfaces, and 3D porous nickel mesh structure. Finally, we coupled NiFeMoS/NM as both the anode and cathode in the anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, which can achieve low cell voltage and high stability at ampere‐level current density, demonstrating the great potential of practicability.
Identification of human in vitro metabolites of the haemoglobin S polymerization inhibitor voxelotor for doping control purposes
Authors: Rzeppa Sebastian , Voss Sven C. , Thieme Detlef , Keiler Annekathrin M.
Published: May 2023

Voxelotor (GBT440) is a haemoglobin S polymerization inhibitor used to treat anaemia in sickle cell disease. Due to an increase of arterial oxygen saturation as well as serum erythropoietin and haemoglobin, the World Anti‐Doping Agency included voxelotor in the list of prohibited substances and methods in 2023. The objective of the present study was to identify and characterize metabolites of voxelotor to detect a potential misuse by athletes. The biotransformation was studied in vitro using the human hepatocellular cell line HepG2 and pooled human liver microsomes. The metabolites were analysed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (high‐resolution) mass spectrometry. In total, three phase I metabolites and six phase II metabolites (resulting from glucuro‐conjugation and O‐methylation) were formed by the HepG2 cells in a time‐dependent manner, and two phase I metabolites were generated by the liver microsomes, among them one also found in the HepG2 incubations. A reduced metabolite and the glucuro‐conjugate of a reduced metabolite were the most abundant formed by HepG2 cells. In addition, metabolites resulting from mono‐hydroxylation, reduction and O‐methylation in different combinations were identified. Voxelotor was also found as glucuro‐conjugate with a low abundance. With the spectrometric behaviour of voxelotor and its in vitro metabolites described herein, an implementation in doping control screening and, consequently, a detection of an abuse in an athlete urine sample might be possible.
Season‐dependent impact of forage quality on stress in alpine chamois
Authors: Corlatti Luca , Palme Rupert , Valencak Teresa G. , Gomez Kimberlina Marie
Published: May 2023

Chronically heightened stress levels in wildlife species may have detrimental effects on individual life history traits, for example, through the increased likelihood of disease, parasitic infections, and overall reduced fitness. Understanding the drivers of stress may thus have great potential for informing wildlife conservation. Although the role of climate and individual status is well studied in stress ecology, the impact of related stressors such as dietary quality is of increasing interest to wildlife research and conservation. In this study, fecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs) in Alpine chamoisRupicapra r. rupicapraused as bioindicators of stress, and their relationship with forage quality—measured as the percentage of fecal crude protein (CP)—were investigated. Data collection took place in 2011 and 2012 in the Gran Paradiso National Park (Western Italian Alps), on 22 individually marked adult males. The relationship between FCMs and CPs was analyzed through linear models and separated between winter and summer months, accounting for the effect of potentially confounding exogenous and endogenous variables. After AICc‐based model selection, we found that forage quality was negatively related to FCM levels in Alpine chamois during the summer months, meaning that higher quality forage was associated with the decreased expression of stress hormones. However, during the winter months, we did not find a significant relationship, potentially as a result of forage quality being ubiquitously poor. Although the mechanisms through which dietary variations impact FCM concentrations in wildlife populations are largely unknown, the occurrence of significant relationships between forage quality and stress levels supports potentially important implications for the long‐term effect of climatic changes on the fitness of wildlife populations.
2‐Nitroimidazole Based PET Tracers: Development of a General Synthetic Approach and Fluorination Methodology
Authors: Renault Kévin , Horion Romain , Maes Xavier , Rzeigui Maha , Joyard Yoann , Maindron Nicolas , Tadino Vincent , Vincent Stéphane
Published: May 2023

2‐Nitroimidazole based PET tracers are widely used for non‐invasive hypoxic tumor diagnosis. In this context, we report here a general method based on a central Mitsunobu reaction to easily access 2‐nitroimidazole precursors. Optimization of fluorination conditions is described and successfully applied to the radiofluorination of the 2‐nitroimidazole precursors. Moreover, the radiosynthesis of a new potential hypoxia PET tracer is also described. Finally, this article presents a SFC analytical method allowing both an easy monitoring of the fluorination reactions and the measurement of partition coefficients (logP).
Quinone reactivity: Investigation of their contribution to nonenzymatic browning
Authors: Yu Yiran , Chen Dandan , Li Wei , Mou Yao , Geng Yaqian , Chen Fang , Hu Xiaosong , Ji Junfu , Ma Lingjun
Published: May 2023

Browning is a severe problem in the juice industry, which is tremendously affected by quinone (Q) reactivity. Here, the formation rate, electrophilicity, and oxidizing ability of different quinones were investigated. LC/MS was applied to monitor the loss of polyphenols and quinones in model systems during storage. Mathematical modeling of collected LC/MS data was conducted to derive the rate constants of various reactions. Polyphenols containing catechol or pyrogallol groups are more susceptible to oxidation. Periodic acid and quinone mediated oxidation were faster than the autoxidation of polyphenols. Chlorogenic acid (CQA) and 4‐methylcatechol (4MC) only containing B ring can hardly contribute to browning. They must combine with A ring to form yellow polymers. Furthermore, the electrophilicity and oxidizing ability order of quinone is: CQA‐Q ≈ 4MC‐Q > catechin quinone (CAT‐Q) ≈ epicatechin quinone (EC‐Q) > gallic acid quinone (GA‐Q). It was possible that CAT‐Q and EC‐Q would undergo nucleophilic addition with their A rings and GA‐Q's extra hydroxyl group might contribute to the electrons, resulting in lower reactivity. This work innovatively evaluated the reactivity of diverse polyphenols and quinones, attempting to illustrate their contributions to nonenzymatic browning. These findings provide a new perspective to restrain the browning in the juice processing industry.
The Ohio River Ecological Research Program (ORERP): History and Accomplishments
Authors: Seegert Greg , Vondruska Joe T , King Ron , Dixon (Retired) Doug
Published: May 2023

The Ohio River Ecological Research Program (ORERP), sponsored by multiple power plants along the river's main stem, was in existence for 50 years. Its goals were to collect fish community data to evaluate possible impacts to Ohio River fish communities because of either power plant discharges (i.e., thermal effects) or cooling water intakes. Studies by the ORERP have shown that thermal avoidance of discharge areas often occurs during the summer, but this avoidance is temporary and reversible, and long-term disruptions of the fish communities have not been detected. Impingement studies conducted at 13 plants from 2005 to 2007 showed that impingement was highly episodic and dominated by clupeids and Freshwater Drum Aplodinotus grunniens. Impinged fish were mainly (>90%) young of the year; as a result, impingement numbers strongly reflected year-class strength. Entrainment of ichthyoplankton was conducted under the ORERP at seven plants in 2015 and 2016. Annual entrainment estimates ranged from 43 million to 3.5 billion (i.e., 3.5 × 109) ichthyoplankton depending on the plant. The principal benefit of this collaborative effort was that these data allowed the sponsoring facilities and others to access an extensive database upon which fact-based regulatory, resource management, and plant operating decisions could be based. Most importantly, the ORERP is a collaborative model for private and public organizations to collect, share, and analyze data and make resource management decisions for a large, multi-use aquatic resource.
Normalization effect of dopamine replacement therapy on brain functional connectome in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wu Chenqing , Wu Haoting , Zhou Cheng , Guan Xiaojun , Guo Tao , Cao Zhengye , Wu Jingjing , Liu Xiaocao , Chen Jingwen , Wen Jiaqi , Qin Jianmei , Tan Sijia , Duanmu Xiaojie , Zhang Baorong , Huang Peiyu , Xu Xiaojun , Zhang Minming
Published: May 2023

Dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) represents the standard treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), however, instant and long‐term medication influence on patients' brain function have not been delineated. Here, a total of 97 drug‐naïve patients, 43 patients under long‐term DRT, and 94 normal control (NC) were, retrospectively, enrolled. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and motor symptom assessments were conducted before and after levodopa challenge test. Whole‐brain functional connectivity (FC) matrices were constructed. Network‐based statistics were performed to assess FC difference between drug‐naïve patients and NC, and these significant FCs were defined as disease‐related connectomes, which were used for further statistical analyses. Patients showed better motor performances after both long‐term DRT and levodopa challenge test. Two disease‐related connectomes were observed with distinct patterns. The FC of the increased connectome, which mainly consisted of the motor, visual, subcortical, and cerebellum networks, was higher in drug‐naïve patients than that in NC and was normalized after long‐term DRT (p‐value <.050). The decreased connectome was mainly composed of the motor, medial frontal, and salience networks and showed significantly lower FC in all patients than NC (p‐value <.050). The global FC of both increased and decreased connectome was significantly enhanced after levodopa challenge test (q‐value <0.050, false discovery rate‐corrected). The global FC of increased connectome in ON‐state was negatively associated with levodopa equivalency dose (r = −.496, q‐value = 0.007). Higher global FC of the decreased connectome was related to better motor performances (r = −.310, q‐value = 0.022). Our findings provided insights into brain functional alterations under dopaminergic medication and its benefit on motor symptoms.
The demand for money at the zero interest rate bound
Authors: Watanabe Tsutomu , Yabu Tomoyoshi
Published: May 2023

This paper undertakes both a narrow and wide replication of the estimation of a money demand function conducted by Ireland (American Economic Review, 2009). Using US data from 1980 to 2013, we show that the substantial increase in the money‐income ratio during the period of near‐zero interest rates is captured well by the log–log specification but not by the semi‐log specification, contrary to the result obtained by Ireland (2009). Our estimate of the interest elasticity of money demand over the 1980–2013 period is about one‐tenth that of Lucas's paper published in 2000, which used a log–log specification. Finally, neither specification satisfactorily fits post‐2015 US data.