bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Sediment Organic Matter on Sorption-Desorption Reactions and Bioavailability of Mercury and Cadmium in an Intertidal Ecosystem
Authors: Breteler RJ , Saksa FI
Published: December 2008

The adsorption-desorption behavior and bioavailability of mercury and cadmium in a model salt marsh ecosystem have been investigated. Specimens of two species of filter-feeding mussels, Mytilus edulis and Modiolus demissus, were placed in large rectangular enclosures containing marsh peat previously equilibrated with a seawater solution of the metals. The tissue concentration was determined after 21 and 70 days. Correlation between the levels of these metals in mussel tissue and the following parameters were examined: percent total organic matter, sediment metal concentration, acid leachable metal concentration, and amounts of metal desorbed from the sediment. Multiple regression analysis indicated a strong dependence of sorption-desorption processes on sediment organic matter content for both metals. Uptake of mercury was found to depend primarily on the amounts of acid leachable metal and the amounts of metal desorbed from the sediment. Cadmium uptake depended primarily on percent total sedimentary organic matter and the amounts of metal desorbed.
Aquatic Hazard Evaluation Principles Applied to the Development of Water Quality Criteria
Authors: Kimerle RA , Werner AF , Adams WJ
Published: December 2008

The methodology to derive a national water quality criterion requires that the acute toxicity data base contain at least eight species from eight families. The thesis investigated here is that for many chemicals, fewer species acute toxicity tests are adequate for deriving criteria and for screening chemicals to determine whether a criterion is necessary. This is especially true when the exposure concentration is expected or known to be several orders of magnitude below the acute effect concentration.

An 82 chemical acute toxicity data base with an average of 9.5 species acute toxicity tests per chemical was reviewed for the relationship between the most sensitive species LC50 value and LC50 values for four of the most commonly tested species: Daphnia, fathead minnow, bluegill, and rainbow trout. It was concluded that for 90% and 98% of the 82 chemicals reviewed, the Daphnia and fathead minnow acute data were within one and two orders of magnitude, respectively, of the most sensitive species. Our ability to predict the LC50 for the sensitive species is improved if three species are used; 98% of the LC50s are included with Daphnia, fathead minnow, and bluegill and 93% with algae, Daphnia, and fathead minnow. Therefore it was concluded that for many chemicals, acute tests with only two or three species are enough to determine that a water quality criterion is not needed for the chemical.
Role of Phytotoxicity Tests in the Derivation of Numerical National Water Quality Criteria
Authors: Wang W
Published: December 2008

A brief comment is made on the National Guidelines for Numerical National Water Quality Criteria. The Guidelines state that the phytotoxicity test procedure has not been well developed, yet indicate that plant species are not as sensitive to toxicity as animals. The author contends that it is too early to draw a conclusion on the sensitivity of plant toxicity tests. The objective approach for the National Guidelines to take is to encourage further studies so that a better assessment can be made when more results are available.
Evaluation of a Site-Specific Water Quality Criterion for Pentachlorophenol Using Outdoor Experimental Streams
Authors: Hedtke SF , Arthur JW
Published: December 2008

An overview of a study to evaluate a site-specific water quality criterion for pentachlorophenol (PCP) in outdoor experimental streams is presented. The site-specific criterion was calculated from acute toxicity results for eight resident species and the relationship between acute and chronic toxicity of PCP. The PCP concentration expected to protect aquatic life (30-day average criterion concentration) was less than or equal to 48 µg/L. Outdoor experimental streams were subsequently dosed continuously for 84 days at 48, 144, and 432 µg PCP/L. Measurements of the biological structure and ecosystem processes within the exposure streams were compared to a control system. Effects on snails were found only at 432 µg/L, but effects on fish, periphyton, and system metabolism were found at 432, 144, and 48 µg/L. The small differences between the criteriondosed stream (48 µg/L) and the control stream may have been caused by PCP or interstream variation. The acceptability of this criterion concentration depends in part on the definition of protection of aquatic life and its uses.
Cone Penetration Test Results in Offshore California Silts
Authors: McNeilan TW , Bugno WT
Published: December 2008

Although extensive experience exists with performing and interpreting cone penetration tests (CPT) in sands and clays, relatively little experience exists with performing and interpreting cone penetration tests in silty soils (that is, soils ranging in gradation from very silty sands to sandy silts, silts, and clayey silts). In the fall of 1981, over 365 m of cone data were obtained at four offshore California sites. At these sites, the subsurface materials were predominantly of late Pleistocene geologic age, and bracketed the range of soil gradations from very sandy silt to clayey silt.

This experience indicates that because of their intermediate permeability, silt deposits frequently exhibit partial drainage (that is, development of undissipated pore pressures) during cone penetration testing. Thus, the direct quantitative evaluation of material properties using procedures developed for the behavior of drained sand or the undrained behavior of clay was not appropriate. By comparing the CPT data with laboratory strength and permeability data, we were able to determine the primary factors affecting CPT data in silts. The analyses indicate that the permeability/drainage effects are of primary importance and that strength, density, and overburden effects are of secondary importance. The range of soil permeabilities that result in partial drainage during cone penetration testing are interpreted.
In-Situ Undrained Shear Strengths and Permeabilities Derived from Piezometer Measurements
Authors: Bennett RH , Li H , Valent PJ , Lipkin J , Esrig MI
Published: December 2008

Existing theories and models describing stress changes and consolidation-time effects around a pile were used to derive in-situ permeabilities and undrained shear strengths from piezometer probe measurements in smectite- and illite-rich soils. Permeabilities derived from piezometer measurements are in reasonable agreement with laboratory measurements, and calculated undrained shear strengths agree well with strength measurements using standard field and laboratory techniques.

Undrained shear strengths Su were estimated using insertion pressures Ui, determined from both the 10.2- and 0.8-cm-diameter probes, and the relationship, Ui = 6 × Su. A strength measurement determined with the small diameter probe inserted in the disturbed zone of a previously emplaced 2.5-cm-diameter cylinder showed a significant strength reduction equal to half the value determined for the soil (strength) in the zone unaffected by the implanted cylinder. Differences in decay rates were significant, indicating severe soil disturbance in close proximity to the cylinder.

Multisensor piezometer probes (2), 10.2 cm in diameter, were deployed in shallow-water fine-grained smectite-rich soils of the Mississippi delta. Pore-water pressures were measured at subbottom depths of 6.5, 12.6, and 15.6 m. Insertion pressures, time-dependent pore pressure decay, and ambient excess pore pressures were determined.

Single sensor piezometers (2), 0.8 cm in diameter, were developed for deep-ocean investigations. Before high pressure testing (55 MPa), probes were inserted in reconstituted illitic marine soil to depths of 16.9 and 26.4 cm below the soil-water interface. Insertion pressures and their decay characteristics were monitored.

Significant differences were observed in the pore-pressure decay rates produced by the small and large diameter probes. Decay times for the induced pressures to reach t100 values were on the order of tens of hours for the large diameter probes, whereas the t100 values of the small diameter probes were on the order of minutes. These differences in decay times were a function of the differences in probe diameters (radii) and soil permeabilities.
Expendable Doppler Penetrometer for Deep Ocean Sediment Measurements
Authors: Beard RM
Published: December 2008

This paper describes an expendable dynamic penetrometer for measuring seafloor penetrability and undrained shear strength at water depths to 6000 m. The components of the penetrometer are described, procedures for its use are given, and a method for determining soil strength from penetrometer data is presented. In addition, the results of penetrometer tests in seafloor, clays, oozes, and silts are presented. Shear strength results derived from the penetrometer data are compared to other in-situ or laboratory shear strength data. The objective in developing the dynamic penetrometer was to provide an expedient means for determining seafloor characteristics and properties relevant to site selection and geotechnical design.
Evaluation of Shear Modulus for Soft Marine Clays, Mississippi Delta
Authors: Pamukcu S , Suhayda JN
Published: December 2008

Samples from a single borehole near Pass A Loutre of the Mississippi River Delta were subjected to resonant column and undrained strain-controlled triaxial tests. Degradation of the backbone curve with number of cycles of loading during the resonant column test was analyzed and found to be significant for the soft, highly plastic clay samples tested. A method for correlating the shear modulus Gmax with undrained shear strength su for these very soft sediments is proposed.
Some Aspects of the Behavior of Beaufort Sea Clays
Authors: Jefferies MG , Ruffell JP , Crooks JHA , Hughes JMO
Published: December 2008

Proper investigation of Beaufort Sea clays requires a combination of cone penetration and pressuremeter testing supplemented by a laboratory program that is consistent with the in-situ data. Neither in-situ nor laboratory testing on their own is sufficient to define the clay strength and behavior.

These findings are demonstrated by the behavior of clay from the physiographic region known as the Kringalik Plateau, which has been the subject of comprehensive in-situ and laboratory testing. Two features stand out from the Kringalik clay testing. First, some of the clay units show K0 as large as two even though they are considered to be “normally consolidated” based on present geological understanding. Second, the deformation of these clays under stress changes imposed by a caisson retained island is such that serviceability conditions will probably govern island design rather than ultimate strength. Accordingly, the yield surfaces of the clays and their motion in stress space as a function of imposed stress paths together with associated strain behavior will be as important as the shear strength profile.
Determination of the Oil Content of Soils
Authors: Martin JH , Loehr RC
Published: December 2008

The precision and accuracy of acidification followed by Soxhlet extraction with trichlorotrifluoroethane to estimate the oil and grease content of oil-contaminated soils was determined. The amounts of oil and grease were determined gravimetrically after solvent extraction. Stock oil-soil mixtures prepared with vegetable oil, No. 2 fuel oil, No. 6 fuel oil, motor oil, and an oily waste were analyzed. The coefficient of variation for all oil-soil mixtures analyzed never exceeded 4%. The percentage of recovery varied from 68% for No. 2 fuel oil to 102% for motor oil. The results indicate that this method is precise and results in reasonable recoveries when used to measure the oils tested.
Model Assumptions and Rationale Behind the Development of EP-III
Authors: Kimmell TA , Friedman D
Published: December 2008

As part of the efforts of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to expand the Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity Characteristic (40 CFR 261.24) to include additional organic toxicants, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is developing for EPA a leaching procedure, known as EP-III, for use in determining the leaching potential of organic constituents from solid wastes. The intent is to develop a test method that would accurately and reproducibly model leachate production from industrial waste's codisposed with municipal refuse.

In addition to accurately modeling the mobility of organic constituents, other objectives of the test are that it be relatively inexpensive to conduct in terms of time, equipment, and personnel; that it be compatible with biological toxicity tests; and that it also model the mobility of inorganic species.

This paper discusses in detail the model, assumptions, and rationale used in developing the EP-III. Emphasis is placed on a discussion of the possible shortcomings of the protocol outlined in the current EP and the approach taken to develop a second generation mobility procedure that eliminates the short-comings. The data generated by ORNL in support of this program are discussed to illustrate the rationale behind selection of a draft leaching procedure. Conclusions are drawn as to which laboratory extraction procedure appears to best approximate the lysimeter leachate values. In light of these conclusions, selection of a draft EP-III is described.
A Method for Determining the Reactivity of Hazardous Wastes That Generate Toxic Gases
Authors: Handy RW , Pellizzari ED , Poppiti JA
Published: December 2008

An analytical system for measuring the evolution of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from waste materials has been evaluated. The procedure involves acidifying the sample in an aqueous diluent and then drawing a current of air through the vapor space and onto a Draeger stain tube specific for each analyte. Estimates of method precision, analyte recovery, and interferences of one analyte on the other were carried out. A round-robin interlaboratory study was conducted on a variety of HCN- and H2S-bearing wastes. The results of this study indicated that the presence of interferences and the poor method precision made this test method inappropriate for measuring HCN in wastes. On the other hand, study data suggested that, with some refinements, this procedure is a potentially useful technique for measuring H2S in waste materials.
Test Methods for Injectable Barriers
Authors: Malone PG , Larson RJ , May JH , Boa JA
Published: December 2008

Grouts are becoming increasingly important in producing barriers to contaminated groundwater flow at hazardous waste sites. Grouted barriers can be used at depths and under conditions where slurry trenches are impractical. To employ grouts to advantage at waste sites it is necessary to select materials that solidify or gel in the presence of industrial waste compounds that may be present. Grouts must additionally be unaffected by aggressive chemical wastes and create impermeable barriers when injected into permeable units.

A wide variety of test procedures have been employed in bench and pilot-scale evaluation of grouts. Many testing systems do not duplicate field conditions closely enough to be useful. A standard approach using gelling time determinations, static chemical durability testing, and permeability determinations on cores of grouted material is suggested.
On the Torsional Stiffness of Rigid Piers Embedded in Isotropic Elastic Soils
Authors: Selvadurai APS
Published: December 2008

This paper develops an approximate expression for the torsional stiffness of a rigid cylindrical pier embedded in an isotropic elastic soil mass. The approximate solution is derived by considering the torsion of a hemispheroidal rigid inclusion embedded in bonded contact with an clastic medium. The expression for the torsional stiffness of the pier is expressed as a function of its length to diameter aspect ratio.
Analysis of a Pile Group Under Lateral Loading
Authors: Reese LC , Wright SG , Aurora RP
Published: December 2008

One of the current approaches to the design of pile-supported structures in deep water is to place a cluster of piles along each of the four main legs of the platform. The piles in such a group would be in a circular pattern and spaced sufficiently close that significant interaction among piles in the soil would be expected.

The analysis of such a typical pile group in stiff clay is presented. Three approaches were used for performing the analyses: the Poulos-Focht-Koch approach, a modification of that approach, and the treatment of the pile group as an imaginary large diameter pile. With each of these methods, analyses were performed to investigate the effect of the variation of significant soil parameters through a range indicated by a study of the results from a field and laboratory investigation of soil properties. In each of the analytical approaches the methods of analysis of piles under lateral loading that makes use of curves showing soil resistance as a function of pile-deflection (p-y curves) were used.

The results of the analyses indicate the importance of the various parameters that are employed in the solution and should provide guidance in the acquisition of data on soil properties.
Fractography of Metalized Ceramic Substrates
Authors: Phillips GC
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this paper is to expand the understanding of 96% alumina ceramic breakage in metalized ceramic (MC) processing. By observing the location of cracks and studying the fractured surfaces, it is possible to determine the origin of the fracture, the type of fracture, and the relative stresses that caused the fracture. Cracks were observed by the use of dye penetrants, and fracture surface details were enhanced by spraying with collodial graphite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs were used to distinguish between intergranular and transgranular fractures.

Breakage that occurs during MC processing includes impact from substrate handling, bending during the pinning operation, and thermal effects from tinning. These cracks and fractured surfaces were compared with substrate damage caused by known types of applied stresses. Samples from impact testing, flexural strength measurements, pinning, and thermal shock studies were used. Impact breakage occurs primarily in corner cracks and chips. Breakage from bending occurs during pinning and flexure testing. The fractured surfaces show concave crack front profiles originating from the tensile surface. Thermal shock fractures caused by tinning produce smooth and wavy fractured surfaces.
Topographic Examination of Fracture Surfaces in Fibrous-Cleavage Transition Behavior
Authors: Kobayashi T , Irwin GR , Zhang XJ
Published: December 2008

In order to increase understanding of the fibrous-to-cleavage fracture transition phenomenon, an examination of the fracture surfaces of A36 and A533B steel was made with a scanning electron microscope and stereoscopic photographs.

By topographical characterization of matching sites of conjugate fracture surfaces, the crack tip opening stretch (δ), the fracture process zone size (through the measurement of fracture surface height variation), and the deformation of grains (such as the lifting of unbroken ligaments from the fracture surfaces) were determined. Topographical characterization of two sides of some fracture surfaces also revealed local fracture processes such as formation of voids ahead of a crack tip and crack extension from the voids. Finally, fractographic estimates of crack tip opening displacement were correlated to the fracture toughness measurement.
Failure Analysis of a Hydraulic Turbine Shaft
Authors: Nguyên-Duy P
Published: December 2008

A complete analysis was carried out on a hydraulic turbine shaft in order to determine the origin and causes of existing cracks. A chronological scenario of crack system creation was advanced and was confirmed by macroscopic and microscopic observations of fracture surfaces and material structure. Friction welding, occurring between shaft and sleeve, was found to be the origin of the first crack system, which in turn was responsible for the creation of others.
Fractography of Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Finello D , Park YH , Schmerling M , Marcus HL
Published: December 2008

Unidirectional continuous-fiber metal matrix composites are known for high strength in the fiber direction but are weak in the transverse direction, due often to weak fiber-matrix bonds. The effects of environment (vacuum, air, etc.) and of thermal treatment (isothermal and cyclic) on the fracture behavior and occasional fiber splitting were investigated in several such materials. Fractography was done using a scanning electron microscope, and fiber-matrix interface chemistry was determined using a scanning Auger microscope. The extent of fiber pullout is often an indication of the strength of longitudinally fractured composites. When there is excessive thermal oxidation of the fiber-matrix interface in the Al matrix composites with graphite fibers, pullout and weakening occur. A second cause of significant strength loss was excessive carbide formation and frequent fiber notching, so that longitudinal failures exhibited close-cropped fiber breakage. In Ti matrix composites with SiC and B4C/B fibers, cracks along the interface were observed for thermally fatigued specimens. Large amounts of oxygen were found on both sides of the fractured fiber interface when thermal fatigued in air. Similar effects were noted in a sulfur environment.
Influence of a Temperature Change on In-Reactor Creep
Authors: Chin BA , Gilbert ER
Published: December 2008

The results of a series of pressurized tube creep experiments, conducted in Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), were evaluated to determine the effect of a temperature change on the in-reactor creep of AISI Type 316 stainless steel. In contrast to prior breeder reactor experiments where a temperature change was imposed and only a short interval of additional fluence accumulated prior to examination, this experiment examines the long-term effects of a temperature change. Data are reported from three separate experiments in which the temperature history was altered by a linear reduction with fluence, a step increase and a step decrease. Analysis of the data indicated that the long-term creep rate adjusts to the new temperature. However, evidence of swelling and stress-affected swelling resulting from the temperature change were found.
Phase Stability in Irradiated Alloys by Constrained Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Authors: Holloway JP , Stubbins JF
Published: December 2008

A set of equilibrium thermodynamics relationships are developed to account for the effects of fixed levels of interstitials and vacancies on phase free energy in binary alloys. Such defects would typically be found in alloys under irradiation, and could account for shifts in phase solubility limits and stable temperature ranges. While the total defect concentrations are fixed, no external constraints are placed on the distribution in types of interstitials. These distributions and the alloy phase compositions are allowed to adjust to minimize the system free energy and predict the constrained thermodynamic equilibrium phase structures.

Calculational results are presented for three binary alloy systems, iron-chromium, titanium-zirconium, and manganese-silicon, where substantial shifts particularly in stable phase temperature range, and also in the phase solubility limits, are found when large defect concentrations (one defect per one thousand lattice sites) are present in one phase or the other. This imbalance in defect concentrations between coexisting phases is necessary; similar defect concentrations in each phase shift both phase free energies and result in only small changes in phase equilibria. The required imbalance of defect concentrations is thought to be significant during irradiation of single-phase systems with normal subsaturation levels of solute. Large defect concentrations in this phase would provide the driving energy, or shift in solubility limit, to form small precipitates of the second phase. Due to their small size, these precipitates would maintain a relatively low defect concentration, and thus remain stable.
Role of Dislocations, Dislocation Walls, and Grain Boundaries in Void Formation During Early Stages of Fast Neutron Irradiation
Authors: Horsewell A , Singh BN
Published: December 2008

High purity aluminium was used to study the details of microstructural evolution during early stages of neutron irradiation. Aluminium specimens were irradiated at 120°C to fluences between 2.1021 and 1.1024 n/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation demonstrated that, even in fully annealed material, irradiation-induced dislocations and voids evolve heterogeneously. In addition, voids and dislocations were found to segregate such that the groups of voids and dislocations are spatially separated from each other. This kind of heterogeneity and segregation is further enhanced by the introduction of microstructural heterogeneity (in the form of dislocation walls) prior to irradiation.

Another form of heterogeneity was found to occur in a relatively wide band in the vicinity of the void denuded zone along grain boundaries; in this region, both formation and growth of voids were enhanced compared to that observed in the grain interior.

It is argued that these results cannot be rationalized in terms of a conventional biasdriven mechanism operating in a continuous sink medium. Both cell size and grain boundary effects would indicate an unusually high rate of transport of self-interstitial atoms from cell- and grain-interiors to cell walls and grain boundaries.
Influence of Applied Stress on Swelling Behavior in Type 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Igata N , Kohno Y , Tsunakawa H , Fujihira T
Published: December 2008

The swelling behavior of Type 304 stainless steel during stress application was investigated by means of electron irradiation using a high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). The dose dependence of swelling under stress is similar to the linear-after-incubation swelling scheme of other electron irradiation studies. The effect of applied stress on the swelling characteristics appeared through the control of incubation regime of swelling rather than of the swelling rate. The incubation dose first increases, then decreases, and increases again with increasing applied stress. The prominent finding in this study, based on the advantage of HVEM in situ observation, is that the saturated void density is equal to the number density of interstitial dislocation loops observed in the early stage of irradiation. Essentially, applied stress affects the loop nucleation process. The dislocation loop density then affects the incubation dose of swelling through its control of dislocation behavior and the saturation dose of dislocation density.
Comparison of Thermal and Irradiated Behavior of High-Strength, High-Conductivity Copper Alloys
Authors: Zinkle SJ , Dodd RA , Kulcinski GL
Published: December 2008

The microstructures of two candidate high-strength, high-electrical conductivity copper alloys (AMZIRC and AMAX-MZC) have been studied after heavy ion irradiation and after thermal annealing. An investigation of the behavior of these alloys following thermal treatment has shown that much of their strength is due to cold-working (high dislocation density). Microhardness measurements revealed that the MZC and AMZIRC copper alloys have a recrystallization temperature of about 475°C. Both alloys have been irradiated with 14-MeV copper ions in the temperature range of 400 to 550°C (0.5 to 0.6 Tm). Samples were irradiated to maximum fluences of 3 × 1020 ions/m2, which corresponds to a calculated peak displacement damage of 15 displacements per atom (dpa) based on a damage efficiency of K = 0.3. The irradiated foils have been examined in cross-section with an electron microscope. No void formation was observed in either alloy for this temperature range. Irradiation was found to enhance dislocation recovery and grain recrystallization processes in both alloys at the lower temperatures. The observed results imply that the MZC and AMZIRC copper alloys may undergo a significant degradation in their mechanical properties when exposed to irradiation at temperatures around 400°C.
Dual-Ion Irradiation: Impact of the Conflicting Roles of Helium on Void Nucleation
Authors: Kumar AS , Garner FA
Published: December 2008

It has been demonstrated recently that ion simulations of neutron-induced swelling are strongly affected by the presence of the injected ion acting as an extra interstitial atom. The injected interstitial has been shown to exert a strong influence on both the void nucleation and steady-state regimes of swelling. In dual-ion irradiations where helium and self-ions are injected simultaneously, the helium acts as a nucleation-assisting gas atom once it finds a vacancy cluster. While diffusing to the cluster, however, helium has a high probability of trapping a vacancy and creating an unpaired interstitial. In this latter role, large levels of coinjected helium tend to strongly suppress void nucleation, not only at the lower irradiation temperatures cited by other researchers, but also at higher temperatures. The major consequence of the injected interstitial effect of large helium levels is to increase the duration of the transient regime of swelling. A similar helium-generated interstitial effect also occurs in neutron irradiations, but the impact is negligible under most conditions due to the nonlinearity of the injected interstitial effect and to the absence of the larger influence of injected ions.
Radiation Thermometry—The Measurement Problem
Authors: Nutter GD
Published: December 2008

The basic measurement problems of radiation thermometry are discussed, with emphasis on the physical processes giving rise to the emissivity effects observed in real materials. Emissivity is shown to derive from bulk absorptivity properties of the material. Blackbody radiation is produced within an opaque isothermal material, with partial internal reflection occurring at the surface. The reflective properties of surfaces are discussed in terms of Fresnel's equations, and roughness effects are explained in terms of multiple reflections and Kirchhoff's law. Attention is drawn to the polarization effects implicit in Fresnel reflection and their possible usefulness in radiation thermometry. The effects of atmospheric absorption and emission, dust, and vapors are considered; it is shown that such problems are minimized if spectral bands are restricted to atmospheric windows, with particulates removed by purge gases. The role played by windows in the sight path is also considered, and the effects of, and remedies for, reflected extraneous radiation are discussed. The radiometer measurement equation is developed and discussed as the basis for radiometer instrumentation. The key remaining problems are identified as the determination of spectral emissivity in situ and correction for the effects of reflected extraneous (background) radiation.
Thermal Imaging Systems for Measuring Temperature Distribution
Authors: Kaplan H
Published: December 2008

Radiation thermometers collect radiant power from a spot on a target surface and provide an indication of temperature based on the radiant power from that spot. In many applications it is necessary to know the temperature distribution along a line or over an area on the surface of the target in order to solve the problem. First, a brief historical review of various scanning schemes will be given, particularly concerning those which have been adopted for use in commercially available scanning and imaging instruments. A classification of these instruments will follow, based on scanning approach and the class of applications suitable for each category. Applications of these instruments then will be discussed with brief case histories leading to the solution of several scientific and industrial problems, and comments will be made regarding other possible related applications. Finally, the most recent developments in available instrumentation will be discussed, particularly the interfacing of thermal imaging systems with computers and the resultant development of dedicated software for detailed thermal image analysis.
Fractography of Ceramic and Metal Failures
Authors: Mecholsky JJ , Powell SR
Published: December 2008

Description

The Symposium on Fractography in Failure Analysis of Ceramics and Metals, sponsored by ASTM Committee E24 on Fracture Testing, was held at ASTM Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 29-30 April 1982. J. J. Mecholsky, Jr., Sandia National Laboratories, and S. R. Powell, Jr., Bell Helicopter Company, served as symposium chairmen. This volume, Fractography of Ceramic and Metal Failures, has been edited by Messrs. Mecholsky and Powell.
Definitions for Asbestos and Other Health-Related Silicates
Authors: Levadie B
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 834 addresses the need for clarification of terminology used to refer to groups of minerals; namely asbestos, silica, and talc. The specific minerals in each group are defined, along with their impact on human health. This volume includes a comprehensive glossary for health related silicates defining 46 terms. STP 834 serves as a practical handbook for the scientific community, regulatory agencies, medical and legal professionals, industry management, the media, and the general public.
Laterally Loaded Deep Foundations: Analysis and Performance
Authors: Langer JA , Mosley ET , Thompson CD
Published: December 2008

Description

Contains information on recent advances in the analysis, design, and performance of laterally loaded piles. Includes the results of field tests on piles subjected to various conditions. Also discusses methods to determine appropriate soil properties.
Effects of Defects in Composite Materials
Authors: Wilkins DJ
Published: December 2008

Description

Discusses the effects of defects on strength, stiffness, stability, and service life of composite material. 14 papers discuss the observation and measurement of defect location and size; experimental evidence of consequences of defect; analytical models for predicting defect behavior; and observations of failure surfaces influenced by defects.
Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience, and Recommendations
Authors: Allen TE
Published: December 2008

Description

Contains 27 papers divided into four sections: laboratory toxicity and effectiveness testing; field effectiveness; fate and effects; and contingency planning and guidelines. Addresses when dispersants should be used; the results of the dispersant application; and the short-term; and long-term costs to the environment.
Hazardous and Industrial Waste Management and Testing: Third Symposium
Authors: Jackson LP , Rohlik AR , Conway RA
Published: December 2008

Description

Papers are divided into four areas: analysis of wastes and waste disposal sites; amelioration of wastes in the disposal environment; waste as resource; and international perspectives on waste management.
The Chemistry and Technology of Gypsum
Authors: Kuntze RA
Published: December 2008

Description

Eleven papers cover procedures to determine the chemical composition and physical properties of gypsum and gypsum products. They also consider problems and issues associated with the utilization of by-product gypsums.
Validation and Predictability of Laboratory Methods for Assessing the Fate and Effects of Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Boyle TP
Published: December 2008

Description

Contains 15 papers that reflect new research thrusts in the validation and predictability of methods for environmental hazard assessment. The methods use laboratory microcosms, single species laboratory bioassays, and computer modeling techniques.
Marine Fuels
Authors: Jones CH
Published: December 2008

Description

Discusses fuel quality and product availability both now and in the past; practical experience with current fields, stressing the need for expertise in on-board treatment; and research and proposed tests for ignition and combustion, compatibility, and particulates.
Applications of Radiation Thermometry
Authors: DeWitt DP , Richmond JC
Published: December 2008

Description

In twelve peer reviewed papers, the reader will learn how to design thermal control systems based on radiation thermometers (RTs) as well as how to operate and maintain them. Includes case histories of industrial applications of RTs.
Laser Induced Damage In Optical Materials: 1983
Authors: Bennett HE , Guenther AH , Milam D , Newnam BE
Published: December 2008

Description

Provides information about optical materials for high power lasers. Highlights include surface characterization, thin film-substrate boundaries, and advances in fundamental laser-matter threshold interactions and mechanisms. Discussions in detail the scaling of damage thresholds with pulse duration, focal area, and wavelength.
Computerized Quantitative Infrared Analysis
Authors: McClure GL
Published: December 2008

Description

Designed to be a useful desk reference. The first paper critically reviews the developments in infrared quantitative analysis through the year 1984. The next two papers are heavily applications-oriented to petroleum and synthetic polymers. Three papers focus on the use of computerized techniques to carry out multicomponent analysis by infrared methods. One presents the essential aspects of using factor analysis in quantitative spectroscopic applications. The final paper emphasizes the need for caution and crosschecking in the use of computers for spectroscopic determination.
Chemical Analysis of Metals
Authors: Coyle FT
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 944 presents chemists with current information relating to all phases of metal analysis. This volume contains handy references that will help chemists solve their laboratory problems in the analysis of metals. Highlights are: Laboratory automation; information management in the metals lab; and quality assurance using ICP.
Fractography of Modern Engineering Materials: Composites and Metals
Authors: Masters JE , Au JJ
Published: December 2008

Description

Twenty papers will aid investigators conducting failure analysis of advanced composite and metallic materials. Composites papers focus on failure of continuous fiber graphite/epoxy material systems, covering delamination propagation, the effects of impact and radiation damage, and the fracture surface characterization of notched laminates. Several papers on fractography of ferrous alloys cover steam turbine blading steels, pressure vessel weldments, fatigue damage in carburized steel, and ductile-brittle transition in austenitic stainless steels.
Plasma Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Hazardous Materials: Design and Application of Enclosed Plasma Sources
Authors: Edelson MC , Leland Daniel J
Published: December 2008

Description

Papers describe proven methods for enclosing plasma spectroscopic sources so that hazardous materials can be analyzed safely by optical emission spectroscopy. Most papers focus on radioactive materials, but the techniques are applicable to other toxic and hazardous materials.
Geotextile Testing and the Design Engineer
Authors: Fluet JE
Published: December 2008

Description

This book describes 1) the tests used by scientists and engineers to develop and then specify geosynthetics, and 2) the applications where those test results are used. It will help designers understand geotextile properties and tests and prepare specifications.
Influence of Radiation on Material Properties: 13th International Symposium (Part II)
Authors: Garner FA , Henager CH , Igata N
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 956 includes: irradiation creep and creep rupture; changes in mechanical properties of alloys; pressure vessel steels; radiation damage in nonmetals; irradiation facilities; and dosimetry of radiation environments.
Industrial Dust Explosions
Authors: Cashdollar KL , Hertzberg M
Published: December 2008

Description

Papers provide new data from laboratory and large-scale dust explosibility testing, data from recent accident investigations in industry, and information on the practical design of preventive and protective measures for industrial equipment. This is a comprehensive reference for such industries as coal mining, electric power generation, grain handling, plastics, chemicals, wood products, and metal powders.
Emerging Semiconductor Technology
Authors: Gupta DC
Published: December 2008

Description

Fourth in a series, STP 960 addresses new problems in semiconductor processing for the mid ‘80s. A total of 50 papers cover; Epitaxial Technology; Dielectrics and Junction Formation Techniques; Material Defects, Oxygen and Carbon in Silicon; Yield Enhancement and Contamination Control Aspects; Dopant Profiling Techniques and In-Process Measurements; and Fab Equipment: Automation and Reliability.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Eighth Volume
Authors: Hovde DA , Beestman GB
Published: December 2008

Description

Based on the Eighth Symposium on Pesticides Formulations and Application Systems. Papers illustrate latest in the field in both scientific and applied technology. 21 papers divided into 2 categories: Pesticide Formulation Technology and Technological Advances in Pesticide Application Systems.
Semiconductor Fabrication: Technology and Metrology
Authors: Gupta DC
Published: December 2008

Description

STP 990 presents 35 papers on: Silicon Crystal Growth and Epitaxial Deposition Techniques; Fabrication Technology; Micro contamination; Metallization and Interconnects; Material Defects and Gettering; and Control Charts, Standards, and Specifications.
Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not result in weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects
Authors: Sneve M , Figenschau Y , Jorde R
Published: December 2008

Objective

Investigate whether cholecalciferol supplementation leads to weight loss in overweight and obese adults.

Design

Randomized double blind clinical trial with 20 000 IU cholecalciferol twice a week, or 20 000 IU once a week plus placebo, or placebo twice a week, for 12 months. All subjects were given 500 mg calcium supplementation.

Methods

Four hundred and forty five healthy, overweight, and obese men and women (age 21–70 years, body mass index (BMI) 28.0–47.0 kg/m2). Body weight, fatness, and fat distribution parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry, blood samples and 24-h urinary samples were collected.

Results

At baseline, there were no significant differences between the groups, but there was a significant inverse relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and BMI, and a significant positive association between calorie intake and BMI. Three hundred and thirty four subjects completed the study. During the study, there was no significant change in weight, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) or percentage body fat in any of the groups, nor between them. Parathyroid hormone decreased and 25(OH)D increased significantly in both groups receiving cholecalciferol, and serum levels of 25(OH)D stabilized after 3 months. Serum calcium was unchanged in all groups. Urinary calcium excretion increased in all groups, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Weekly dosage of 20 000–40 000 IU cholecalciferol for 12 months was associated with a low risk of adverse effects, at least in overweight and obese adults living at latitude 70° N.

Conclusion

Significant weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects is unlikely to occur with cholecalciferol supplementation.
Synchronous Metastatic Melanoma Presenting as Gingival and Facial Swelling: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Bonan Paulo Rogério Ferreti , Laranjeira Anamaria Lima , Martelli‐Júnior Hercílio , Guimarães André Luiz Sena , Vargas Pablo Agustín , Coletta Ricardo D.
Published: December 2008

Background: Metastases to the oral cavity are unusual, and most cases affect the jaws. The clinicopathologic features of a metastatic melanoma involving the mandibular gingiva and facial skin are described.

Methods: A 42‐year‐old white woman who had been treated for plantar melanoma 10 years ago showed concomitant nodular lesions in the mandibular gingiva and facial skin. Incisional biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology were performed in the gingival and facial swelling, respectively.

Results: Radiographs revealed irregular bone erosion and widening of the periodontal ligament space associated with the gingival lesion, whereas cranial computed tomography showed an irregular hyperdense mass associated with the dermal tissue. The histopathologic findings were suggestive of melanoma; immunohistochemical analysis revealed, in both lesions, neoplastic cells strongly positive for S100 and HMB‐45 antibodies and weak reactivity for melan‐A. The final diagnosis of these lesions was metastatic melanoma, and the patient died before restarting treatment.

Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first English‐language report of metastatic melanoma affecting the gingiva and facial skin concomitantly. The intraoral involvement of disseminated melanoma indicates a very poor prognosis, as confirmed by the current case.
Surface Boundary Conditions in Two‐Dimensional Dual‐Permeability Modeling of Tile Drain Bromide Leaching
Authors: Dusek Jaromir , Gerke Horst H. , Vogel Tomas
Published: December 2008

The simulation of preferential flow in structured soil using dual‐porosity models requires separate sets of the hydraulic, transport, and mass transfer parameters and of the boundary conditions. Analyses of tracer experiments with two‐domain models are limited by constraints in specifying separate boundary conditions (BCs) for each pore domain. The appropriate boundary conditions for dual‐permeability models have not been systematically studied or addressed in experiments. The objective of this study was to numerically evaluate the effects on Br leaching from a tile‐drained field of different surface boundary conditions for a two‐dimensional dual‐permeability model. For the previously described Br tracer experiment at the Bokhorst site (Germany), effects of irrigation intensities, flux‐ and resident‐type solute BCs, and Br application domain on drain discharge and Br effluent concentrations were compared. The two‐dimensional dual‐permeability numerical model divides the soil into soil matrix (SM) and preferential flow (PF) domains. In case of ponding at the surface of the SM domain, water is redistributed toward the PF domain surface. The combination of detailed irrigation record, flux‐type solute BCs, and solute application to the PF domain resulted in the largest Br leaching. In contrast, the lowest Br leaching was predicted for averaged irrigation rates, flux‐type solute BCs and Br addition to the SM domain. For flux‐type (third‐type) solute BC application to both pore domains, enhanced Br leaching was obtained due to surface redistribution effects. Detailed irrigation patterns with realistic intensities predicted higher Br leaching than averaged intensities. In addition to surface effects, the temporal availability of Br in the preferential pathways seemed to control Br leaching patterns. The results suggest that the formulation of the upper BCs strongly affects two‐dimensional dual‐permeability Br leaching predictions. Proper experimental consideration of domain‐specific BCs may help improve descriptions of preferential flow.