bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Kinetic Study of Pyrolysis of Sunan Candlenut: The Effect of Using Iron Oxide, Zeolite and ZSM-5 as Bed Materials
Authors: Rajendra I Made , Winaya I Nyoman Suprapta , Ghurri Ainul , Wirawan I Ketut Gede
Published: April 2021

The purpose of bed material in the pyrolysis process is to reduce the need for heat energy. In this study, three kinds of sands were observed as bed material, namely iron oxide, zeolite, and ZSM-5 in the slow fixed bed pyrolysis of sunan candlenut oilcake (SCO). To evaluate the activation energy, pyrolytic kinetics were carried out using the iso-conversional method with the KAS, OFW, and Friedman models. They involved calculating the data from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test at heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 K/min. Furthermore, the results showed that SCO had a high volatile content of 82.80%, alongside a calorific value of 26.93 MJ/kg. The calculation results showed that the activation energy of SCO was 169.140 kJ/mol which decreased 1.45% in the KAS model, and 1.92% in the OFW model with the addition of ZSM-5 bed material. Therefore, the use of ZSM-5 bed material in the pyrolysis process reduces the activation energy.
Tebang Pilih Mengubah Keanekaragaman Semut Tanah Hutan di Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
Authors: Budiaman Ahmad , Haneda Noor Farikhah , Nurahma Laela
Published: April 2021

This study assesses the short-term effects of selective cutting on the diversity of ground ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the secondary rainforest. Ground ants were collected using a pitfall trap in a circular sample plot of 0.5 ha. A total of nine sample plots were randomly placed in a 98-ha cutting compartment. Fifteen pitfall traps were planted in each circular plot.  A total of 135 pitfall traps were established in the cutting compartment. The average cutting intensity of 8 trees/haas applied in the cutting compartment. Insect sampling and measurement of environmental factors were carried before cutting and two days after cutting. In this study, the abundance, diversity, species richness, and evenness index of ground ants before cutting compared to after cutting. The results of this study indicated that the short-term impact of selective cutting on ground ants was varied. Selective cutting may increase or decrease the abundance and morphospecies composition of ground ants. The abundance of forager and ground-dwelling omnivores increased after selective cutting, whereas for the predator, scavenger, and seed disperser ants were decreased after selective cutting. Keywords: biodiversity, forest conservation, ground ant, selective cutting
Digitalna preobrazba Slovenije v zadnjih letih
Authors: Marolt Marjeta , Vidmar Doroteja , Lenart Gregor , Pucihar Andreja
Published: April 2021

Digitalna tehnologija prinaša vrsto prednosti, med drugim vpliva na gospodarsko rast in razvoj, produktivnost podjetij v vseh panogah in na kakovost življenja ljudi. Ne glede na potencial, ki ga prinaša, pa se nivo uporabe med državami močno razlikuje. Evropska komisija uporablja za merjenje in primerjavo digitalne preobrazbe članic Evropske Unije Indeks digitalnega gospodarstva in družbe. Kazalniki indeksa digitalnega gospodarstva in družbe se spremljajo od leta 2014. Kljub temu, da je Slovenija leta 2016 sprejela strategijo Digitalna Slovenija 2020 in jo leta 2018 dopolnila z dodatkom k načrtu uvajanja omrežij naslednje generacije do 2020, se še vedno nahaja nekoliko pod povprečjem Evropske Unije. Da bi ugotovili v kakšni meri sta sprejetje in dopolnitev strategije Digitalna Slovenija 2020 vplivali na kazalnike digitalnega gospodarstva in družbe, smo na osnovi analize sekundarno dostopnih podatkov prikazali gibanje teh kazalnikov v zadnjih šestih letih.
Genetic aspects of potato resistance to phytophthorosis
Authors: Frolova T. S. , Cherenko V. A. , Sinitsyna O. I. , Kochetov A. V.
Published: April 2021

Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary is the main oomycete pathogen of cultivated crops in the family Solanaceae, especially potato (Solanum tuberosum). Because potato is the fourth most cultivated crop worldwide, its annual losses from late blight are tremendous. Studies of the basic mechanisms of interaction between potato and the late blight pathogen not only expand the fundamental knowledge in this area, but also open up new possibilities for regulating these interactions in order to increase resistance to the pathogen. The interaction of potato and the late blight pathogen can be considered from a genetic point of view, and it is interesting to consider both the response of the potato to the colonization process by P. infestans and the change in gene activity in late blight during plant infection. We can also investigate this process by changing the profile of secondary metabolites of the host and the pathogen. In addition to fundamental work in this area, applied work in the form of the development of new preparations for protecting potatoes is of no less importance. This review briefly describes the main stages of studies of potato resistance to late blight, starting almost from the first works. Much attention is paid to key works on changing the profile of secondary metabolites phytoalexins. A separate section is devoted to the description of both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of potato resistance to the late blight pathogen: their contribution to overall resistance, gene mapping, and regulation capabilities. Both types of traits are important for potato breeding: quantitative resistance due to R-genes is quickly overcome by the pathogen, while quantitative trait loci make it possible to create varieties with almost absolute resistance due to the pyramid of effective genes. The latest approaches in molecular biology make it possible to study translatomic profiles, which makes it possible to look at the interaction of potatoes and the late blight pathogen at a different angle. It has been shown that the process of potato colonization affects not only the activity of various genes and the profile of secondary metabolites: proteins­markers of the response to infection from potatoes have also been identified: they are pathogen-bound proteins and plastid carbonic anhydrase. On the part of P. infestans, fungal cellulose synthase proteins and haustorium-specific membrane protein were markers of infection. Thus, the review contains information on the most relevant complex studies of the genetic mechanisms of potato resistance to late blight.
Problems and possibilities of studying malting quality in barley using molecular genetic approaches
Authors: Trubacheeva N. V. , Pershina L. A.
Published: April 2021

About one-third of the world’s barley crop is used for malt production to meet the needs of the brewing industry. In this regard, the study of the genetic basis of malting quality traits and the breeding of malting barley varieties that are adaptive to their growing conditions are relevant throughout the world, particularly in the Russian Federation, where the cultivation and use of foreign malting varieties of barley prevails. The main parameters of malting quality (artificially germinated and dried barley grains) are malt extract, diastatic power, Kolbach index, viscosity, grain protein, wort β-glucan, free amino nitrogen, and soluble protein content. Most of these components are under the control of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and are affected by environmental conditions, which complicates their study and precise localization. In addition, the phenotypic assessment of malting quality traits requires elaborate, expensive phenotypic analyses. Currently, there are more than 200 QTLs associated with malting parameters, which were identified using biparental mapping populations. Molecular markers are widely used both for mapping QTL loci responsible for malting quality traits and for performing marker-assisted selection (MAS), which, in combination with conventional breeding, makes it possible to create effective strategies aimed at accelerating the process of obtaining new promising genotypes. Nevertheless, the MAS of malting quality traits faces a series of difficulties, such as the low accuracy of localization of QTLs, their ineffectiveness when transferred to another genetic background, and linkage with undesirable traits, which makes it necessary to validate QTLs and the molecular markers linked to them. This review presents the results of studies that used MAS to improve the malting quality of barley, and it also considers studies that searched for associations between genotype and phenotype, carried out using GWAS (genome-wide association study) approaches based on the latest achievements of high-throughput genotyping (diversity array technology (DArT) and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs)).
Anthocyanins as functional food components
Authors: Yudina R. S. , Gordeeva E. I. , Shoeva O. Yu. , Tikhonova M. A. , Khlestkina E. K.
Published: April 2021

Among the natural pigments, anthocyanins are assumed to represent one of the most studied groups. Starting with the first studies on the physicochemical properties of anthocyanins carried out in the 17th century by British naturalist Robert Boyle, the science about these unique compounds has progressed substantially. To date, the structure and functions of anthocyanins in plant cells have been well studied, and the pathway of their biosynthesis is one of the most fully characterized pathways of secondary metabolite biosynthesis at both the biochemical and genetic levels. Along with these fundamental achievements, we are beginning to realize the potential of anthocyanins as compounds of industrial importance, as pigments themselves, as well as components of functional food that contribute to the prevention and reduction of risk of chronic diseases. For a long time, the biological activity of anthocyanins has been underestimated, in particular, due to the data on their low bioavailability. However, studies showed that in humans and animals, these compounds are actively metabolized and the bioavailability, estimated taking into account their metabolites, exceeded 12 %. It has been experimentally shown that anthocyanins have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective properties, and they are beneficial for eye health. However, the studies conducted cannot always explain the molecular mechanism of action of anthocyanins in the human body. According to some reports, the observed effects are not due to the action of anthocyanins themselves, but to their metabolites, which can be more biologically active because of their increased bioavailability. Other data ascribe the positive effect on human health not to individual anthocyanins, but to the whole complex of polyphenolic compounds consumed. The review summarizes the results of the studies of anthocyanins as components of functional food. Special attention is paid to genetic control of the pigment synthesis. These data are of particular importance in respect to the initiated breeding programs aimed at increasing the content of anthocyanins in cultural plants.
Signatures of selection and candidate genes for adaptation to extreme environmental factors in the genomes of Turano-Mongolian cattle breeds
Authors: Yudin N. S. , Yurchenko A. A. , Larkin D. M.
Published: April 2021

Changes in the environment force populations of organisms to adapt to new conditions, either through phenotypic plasticity or through genetic or epigenetic changes. Signatures of selection, such as specific changes in the frequency of alleles and haplotypes, as well as the reduction or increase in genetic diversity, help to identify changes in the cattle genome in response to natural and artificial selection, as well as loci and genetic variants directly affecting adaptive and economically important traits. Advances in genetics and biotechnology enable a rapid transfer of unique genetic variants that have originated in local cattle breeds in the process of adaptation to local environments into the genomes of cosmopolitan high-performance breeds, in order to preserve their outstanding performance in new environments. It is also possible to use genomic selection approach to increase the frequency of already present adaptive alleles in cosmopolitan breeds. The review examines recent work on the origin and evolution of Turano-Mongolian cattle breeds, adaptation of Turano-Mongolian cattle to extreme environments, and summarizes available information on potential candidate genes for climate adaptation of Turano-Mongolian breeds, including cold resistance genes, immune response genes, and high-altitude adaptation genes. The authors conclude that the current literature data do not provide preference to one of the two possible scenarios of Turano-Mongolian breed origins: as a result of the domestication of a wild aurochs at East Asia or as a result of the migration of taurine proto-population from the Middle East. Turano-Mongolian breeds show a high degree of adaptation to extreme climatic conditions (cold, heat, lack of oxygen in the highlands) and parasites (mosquitoes, ticks, bacterial and viral infections). As a result of high-density genotyping and sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes, prospective candidate genes and genetic variants involved in adaptation to environmental factors have recently been identified.
FORMAS DA POTÊNCIA E ESTADOS ARTÍSTICOS NA FORMAÇÃO INICIAL E NA DOCÊNCIA EM ARTES VISUAIS
Authors: Capra Carmen Lúcia , Loponte Luciana Gruppelli
Published: April 2021

RESUMO: O texto parte de modos de relacionar-se com a arte, manifestados por professoras de artes visuais, seguindo com uma reflexão sobre as posições de professores em formação e em exercício em relação à arte. Apresenta uma reunião ensaística de ideias que fornecem meios para pensar as relações produzidas com a arte desde a formação docente inicial, como o caráter biográfico que compõe o estudo e as práticas de arte no curso de licenciatura. É feita uma argumentação sobre conceitos da filosofia, da filosofia da arte e da educação, como verdade e potência, por exemplo, a fim de elaborar contribuições para a formação docente em artes visuais. Ao final, em lugar de tomar como verdades exemplares as práticas legitimadas pelo campo artístico, defende-se que a docência possa adotar existências artísticas na forma da sua própria potência.Palavras-chave: Licenciatura. Artes Visuais. Potência. Verdade.FORMS OF POTENCY AND ARTISTIC STATES IN TEACHER EDUCATION AND TEACHING IN VISUAL ARTSAbstractThe text goes towards the ways to get related to art, these manifested by visual arts teachers, followed by a reflection about the positions of teachers under formation and those who are exercising their teaching concerning arts. It presents an essayistic meeting of ideas that provide means to think about the relations produced with art since the initial teaching formation, as the biographical character that composes the study and the art practices in the undergraduate course. An argument is made about concepts of philosophy, philosophy of art, and education, such as truth and potency, for example, in order to make contributions to teacher education in the visual arts. In the end, instead of taking as exemplary truths the practices legitimized by the artistic field, it is argued that teaching can adopt artistic existences in the form of its own power.Keywords: Licentiate Degree. Visual Arts. Pontency. Truth.FORMAS DE LA POTENCIA Y ESTADOS ARTÍSTICOS EN LA FORMACIÓN INICIAL Y NA DOCENCIA EN ARTES VISUALESResumenEl texto parte de formas de relacionarse con el arte, manifestadas por profesores de artes visuales, y luego con una reflexión sobre las posiciones de los profesores en formación y en la ejercicio en relación con el arte. Presenta una reunión de ensayos de ideas que proveen medios para pensar sobre las relaciones producidas con el arte desde la formación docente inicial, como el carácter biográfico que compone el estudio y las prácticas artísticas en el curso de licenciatura. Se discute acerca de los conceptos de filosofia, filosofia del arte y la educación, como la verdade y la pontencialidad,por ejemplo,para hacer contribuciones a la formación del profesorado em las artes visuales. Al final, em lugar de tomar como verdades ejemplares las prácticas legitimadas por el campo artístico, se argumenta que la enseñanza puede adoptar existencias artísticas em la forma de su propio poder.Palabras clave: Licenciatura. Artes visuales. Potencia. Verdad.
Changes in Biochemical Parameters, Antioxidative Enzymes and Histopathology of Liver Induced by Cadmium (Cd) and Chlorpyrifos (CPF) in Wistar Rats
Authors: Ravikumar Y. , Madhuri D. , Lakshman M. , Reddy A. Gopala , Kalakumar B.
Published: April 2021

Background: Cd and CPF intoxication may occur directly through drinking water. Since the population tend to receive combination of multiple intoxicants through environment contamination, there is need for conducting studies to assess the impact of individual and combined environmental pollutants. The present research work was designed to study hepatotoxicity induced by Cd, CPF and their combination. Methods: The experiment was carried out for 28 days in Wistar rats. G1: Control. G-2:CdCl2 @ 22.5mg/ kg b.wt / oral. G3: CPF @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral. G4:CdCl2@22.5 mg + CPF @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral. Biochemical parameters ware estimated from serum and liver samples were processed for tissue antioxidative parameters and histopathological examination. Result: Higher mean values of AST, ALT, ALP and lower liver GSH and SOD were observed in G2, 3 and 4 on 15th and 29th day when compared with G1. Liver in G2 and 3 showed mild degenerative changes, areas of necrosis and loss of architecture. In G4, lesions were moderate in severity. In addition, moderate perivascular fibrosis of portal triad was observed. The effects in combined group were severe than individual groups due to synergistic action of the combined pollutants.
Designing and manufacturing of the student race car “Formula Student” frame (design and technological part)
Authors:   Ural state university of railway transport (USURT), Matushkin Lev N. , Nevolin Dmitry G. ,   Ural state university of railway transport (USURT), Sirin Andrey V. ,   Ural state university of railway transport (USURT)
Published: April 2021

The article presents the design and technological part of the development of the new frame of the race car “Formula Student”. The skeleton of the race car frame is made using the Autodesk Inventor engineering software in the form of a parametric three-dimensional sketch.
Critical thinking development of linguistic university students in the process of teaching listening in English
Authors: Evstigneeva Ilona A. , Poroshin Viktor V.
Published: April 2021

Critical thinking is a special type of mental activity aimed at interpreting the world around us and evaluating the expected results. In this work, we consider the critical thinking development of linguistic university students in the process of teaching listening in English, analyze the terminology on the subject under study, develop and describe a three-stage model for the critical thinking development of linguistic university students through listening. A foreign language has a huge educational potential for the development of a student’s personality, and the development of critical thinking is most actively carried out in foreign language communication. It is believed that students form a new world view, close to native speakers’. Thus, critical thinking allows us to consider objects, phenomena and processes from different sides, to find non-standard solutions, to comprehend familiar information in a different way. We give definition of the concept of “critical thinking”. The proposed algorithm is based on the technology of developing critical thinking, which is used in synthesis with the model of teaching listening. Since the technology of developing critical thinking of linguistic university students is represented by three stages: chal-lenge, content comprehension and reflection. It is easily projected onto the above-mentioned model of three-phase listening teaching, which is mandatory for students of a linguistic university. The standard tasks presented in the work on the critical thinking development through listening form a system of exercises aimed at achieving a certain result at each stage of teaching.
Military-Industrial Complex of Israel: Role of Arms Exports
Authors: Belousov S.
Published: April 2021

The article covers different aspects of the Israeli military-industrial complex and military-technical cooperation with foreign countries. At the present stage, the development of Israeli military-industrial complex depends significantly on its export operations. The innovative high-technology production focus, diversification of consumers, active positions uptake abroad allows Israel to achieve a great success in the military-technical sphere and join in the top five leading world actors at the international world arms market.
Strategic tourism marketing of C.E.I. countries - basic framework
Authors: Cetinski Vinka , Weber Sanda
Published: April 2021

Political changes in Europe at the end of the 80's have resulted in the establishment of the Central European Initiative as an international regional association. Interests in cooperation in the field of tourism can be explained by the fact that the majority of Central European countries have significant cultural, historical and natural resources which are not sufficiently used. The Working Group for Tourism, which has been led by Croatia since 1993, made a decision to conduct research with the main aim of determining basic tourism indicators as a basis for developing a common tourism marketing strategy. This paper presents the research methodology and discusses the main survey results.
Qualitätsmanagement im Tourismus
Authors: Dörfler Christian
Published: April 2021

"Gäste beschweren sich nicht, sie kommen einfach nicht mehr". Dienstleistungsqualität und Qualitätsmanagement sind daher die wichtigsten Aspekte für die zukünftige europäische Tourismusentwicklung, sei es für eine Region oder den einzelnen Betrieb. Voraussetzung um Qualitätsmanagement zu implementieren, ist die genaue Kenntnis der unternehmensspezifischen Prozesse und das Messen der Kundenzufriedenheit z.B. durch Gästebefragungen. Die Erlebniswelt des Gastes muß in ihrer Gesamtheit - vom telefonischem Erstkontakt bis hin zum Aus-Checken - Beachtung finden. Daraus resultieren auch neue Aufgaben für Führungskräfte. Gefordert sind - neben Sachkompetenz - auch soziale Kompetenz, persönliche Kompetenz und Kompetenz für Methoden. Die ISO 9000-Normenreihe ist ein Versuch Qualitätsmanagement in Betrieben anhand von Checklisten zu implementieren. Seriöse Beratung ist aber bei der Installierung von Qualitätsmanagementsystemen in jedem Fall zu empfehlen.
Management approaches - similarities and differences between American and Croatian managers
Authors: Sikavica Pere
Published: April 2021

The results of management functioning investigations in American and Croatian companies are presented in this paper, with the special focus on similarities and differences between two management approaches. The conclusions and information we have reached in this work are based on the direct survey of 231 managers from 25 Croatian companies and 77 managers from 12 US companies. In the paper the basic data on managers, according to the survey, are presented, such as: their sex structure, age structure, level of education, level of management. The emphasis of the research has been directed on management approaches. Besides management approaches, some more management aspects, which have significantly influenced management approaches, are deal with in the work. It is firstly related to the knowledge and skills which might be possessed by managers, because management approaches depend a great deal on managers’ knowledge and skill level. Management approaches are also influenced by desirable and undesirable treats of managers as well as by their willingness and unwillingness to delegate tasks. The way a manager organises time influence his management approach, but it is also a consequence of particular management approach. According to my research it is possible to conclude that Croatian managers do not differ greatly from their American colleagues.
Ein Ansatz der Modifikation der Wertschöpfungskette für den Tourismus, bzw. der Gastronomie in ihrer Gesamtheit
Authors: Daniel Hermann
Published: April 2021

Als ein wesentliches Instrument zur Bestimmung der relativen Wettbewerbs position einer Unternehmung, eines Unternehmens gegenüber der direkten und indirekten Konkurrenz wird die Wertschöpfungskette von Porter, mit den wenigen bekannten Nachteilen, eingesetzt.
Achieving good economic results in tourism
Authors: Aćimović Mihajlo
Published: April 2021

Good economic results in tourism are achieved through tourist expenditure. The way in which these results are achieved in the receptive tourism country or region depends on the optimal level of the designed tourism offer and suitability towards the tourism spending. In relation to natural and other preconditions for tourism Croatia's tourism offer is not exhausted. On the contrary, the countries tourism product is outdated, reflected in low tourism spending compared to other competitive Mediterranean countries. Tourism enterprises do not use marketing application sufficiently, and strategic marketing is very little or not at all used. To correct the present situation it is necessary to reconstruct the tourism offer and innovate Croatia's tourism product. Success in tourism in the European tourism market will become more dependent on harmonising marketing technological development and management. All of this points to the necessity of the application of marketing strategies which is a means for achieving marketing activities' goals in the tourism economy.
Hotel marketing and price policy
Authors: Pančić Kombol Tonka
Published: April 2021

The paper discusses basic methods and means for forming and applying a price policy in hotel marketing and emphasizes the importance of market orientation in forming the price policy as well as the importance of researching user perception of the price in forming a price policy for the product. As the development of Croatia's hotel industry (as well as tourism) is based on seasonal business and the booking offer mostly realised via foreign tour operators, price policy did not develop as per strategic behaviour of the market and in harmony with product policies. Using a theoretical example based on application of prices for hotels in tourism locations it is shown that hoteliers who decide for the application of market orientated price forming policies, can use the method average prices and divide the financial year into two periods, i.e. use the same prices throughout the whole year.
Standards der Europäischen Union im Dienste der Qualitätssteigerung des internationalen Tourismusangebotes
Authors: Vizjak Ana
Published: April 2021

Qualität wird ein wichtiges Kriterium und eine Orientierung auch für die potentiellen Touristen und ihre Ansprüche an den Tourismusmarkt bilden. Qualität wird alle Elemente und Segmente der touristischen Dienstleistungen, Inhalte und Formen der natürlichen, technischen und menschlichen Ressourcen bilden. Innovation, Vielfalt, Kontrastreichtum, Humanität, Fristgerechtigkeit sind heute wichtige Qualitätskriterien. Die Qualitätssteigerung bei Produkten und Dienstleistungen wird zum Gegenstand des Interesses und der Regelmechanismen der Europäischen Union. Diese hat bereits eine Reihe von Normen bzw. Standards, besonders Qualitätsstandards unter der Sammelbezeichnung ISO 9000 erlassen. Zweck dieser Standards ist die Eliminierung von Waren und Dienstleistungen niedriger Qualität, Gewährleistung des Marktzugangs für Waren und Dienstleistungen mit entsprechender Qualität und Ansporn zu ständiger Weiterverbesserung. Qualitätsmaßstab sind tadellose Waren und Dienstleistungen, möglichst weitgehende Erfüllung der Ansprüche und Interessen der Käufer - in diesem Fall der Touristen. Diese Standards wurden von allen Mitgliedsländern der EU und auch von Nicht-EU-Mitgliedem angenommen und durch eigene, landesspezifische Standards ergänzt. Nach diesen Standards gilt Qualität in touristischen Dienstleistungen als Voraussetzung für die Konkurrenzfähigkeit. Länder, die nicht rasch genug ihr Tourismusangebot diesen Veränderungen in der Tourismusnachfrage anpassen, die Standards anwenden und kreativ auf ihre Verhältnisse zuschneiden, werden bald an den Rand der internationalen Tourismuswirtschaft gedrängt werden.
Care for health of foreign tourists in case of medical emergency
Authors: Štefanac-Nadarević Vesna , Vukelić Mihovil , Cuculić Miroslav
Published: April 2021

The county of Primorje and Gorski kotar is one of the most developed tourist regions in Croatia. The majority of tourists come from the neighbouring countries because of the geographical position of this region and because of good relations that Republic of Croatia has with its neighbours. The objective of our research was to examine health care and morbidity of Austrian, German and Italian tourists who stayed in the Rijeka area from 1987 to 1990 and who asked-for medical help on the basis of insurance certificate-convention. Our research is based on the health and other documentation used by Croatian Institute of Health Insurance for the compensation of the expense of medical treatment. In the examined period the total of 3884 tourists were treated, out of which 400 from Austria (10%), 2796 from Germany (72%) and 688 from Italy (18%). There was 9% of children under the age of 9 and 19% of people over 60. In 519 cases (13%) hospital treatment was needed with the total of 5734 days spent in hospital. The majority of patients needed ambulatory treatment, 3365 (87%). As to morbidity of patients injuries were most represented 868 (22%). To patients who needed help because of chronic diseases of cardiovascular system, of nervous system,of locomotor system and respiratory system belongs 6- 11 %. During the period from 1990 to 1995, 4509 tourists were cured. The results of the research will be shown when the analysis is completed. The results will also be compared with the results of other similar researches. The performed analysis shows that among tourists in our region there is a considerable number of persons who suffer from chronic diseases, and who should be offered a highly professional medical treatment as a part of health - tourism programme, aimed at the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of a disease.
Deutsche Heilbäder und Kurorte vor neuen Herausforderungen (Beispiel Nordrhein-Westfalen)
Authors: Nahrstedt Wolfgang
Published: April 2021

Der Gesundheitstourismus hat in den letzten 20 Jahren einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Bestandserhaltung, zur Qualitätssicherung und Qualitätsfortentwicklung der deutschen Heilbäder und Kurorte geleistet. Die Kurortekrise konnte nicht zuletzt mithilfe des Gesundheitstourismus gemeistert werden. Künftig muß verstärkt um ausländische Gesundheitstouristen geworben werden, um die erkennbaren weiteren Einbrüche im Bereich der deutschen Sozialkurgäste wie der deutschen Gesundheitsurlauber zu kompensieren. Die Voraussetzungen dafür sind gut. Jedoch müssen sie einerseits verstärkt auf die Erwartungen ausländischer Gesundheitstouristen abgestimmt werden. Andererseits sind die Möglichkeiten des deutschen Kur- und Heilbäderwesens stärker als bisher schrittweise einer internationalen Öffentlichkeit bekannt und vertraut zu machen. In Thesen zusammengefaßt bedeutet dies: 1. Heilbäder und Kurorte müssen sich zu regionalen und globalen Gesundheitszentren entwickeln. 2. Dieses Ziel ist nur durch einen stärkeren Anschluß an den regionalen wie internationalen Markt des Gesundheitstourismus zu erreichen. 3. Die Überwindung der Bäderkrise der letzten 20 Jahre gelang durch Aktivierung des bundesdeutschen Gesundheitstourismus. 4. Die künftige Bestandserhaltung, Qualitätssicherung und Qualitätsfortentwicklung muß verstärkt den internationalen Gesundheitstourismus (Westeuropa, USA, Japan) erreichen. 5. Das setzt eine genaue Analyse der Gesundheits- und Kurtraditionen der Zielländer voraus, ebenso aber eine Vermittlung der global einzig-artigen Möglichkeiten in den deutschen Heilbädern und Kurorten. 6. Ebenso wird eine genaue internationale Marktanalyse erforderlich, um sich auf die Angebotsentwicklung in anderen Ländern einstellen zu können. 7. Die deutschen Heilbäder und Kurorte verfügen zur Zeit international über eine starke Marktposition quantitativ wie qualitativ. Diese Position verdanken sie dem bisher guten Zusammenspiel von Staat und Markt im deutschen Gesundheits- und Kurwesen. Diese Position kann nur durch eine gemeinsame Gesamtstrategie gehalten und global weiterentwickelt werden.
Kur- und Gesundheitstourismus - Chancen und Risken eines Marktsegments
Authors: Oppitz Werner
Published: April 2021

Wie der Tourismus insgesamt ist auch der Gesundheittourismus einer dynamischen Entwicklung unterworfen. Änderung der sozialen Strukturen und medizinischer Fortschritt sind dabei entscheidende Faktoren.Die Chancen für die Weiterentwicklung dieses Marktsegments liegen vor allem in den Bereichen zunehmendes Gesundheitsbewußtsein, höhere Lebenserwartung und damit Zunahme des Seniorenmarktes, Marktstabilität durch hohen Stellenwert in der Bedürfnisskala, Qualitätstourismus. Als Risken sind vor allem einzuschätzen der hohe Konkurenzdruck, die hohe Qualitätserwartung des Gastes, die Sparpolitik der öffentlichen Haushalte. Großen Einfluß auf die Entwicklung des Gesundheitstourismus haben die organisatorischen Rahmen-bedingungen in Bereich der Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung.
Thalassotherapy and health tourism
Authors: Pančić Kombol Tonka
Published: April 2021

Health tourism has been very little researched. Tourism literature, both foreign and Croatian, still does not offer a defined and widely accepted definition of health tourism. For this reason, hospitals (thalassotherapy, spas, etc.) receiving patients from distant regions for convalescence, are often included in health tourism. The history’ of the development of mankind shows that the better he has lived, the more concern he has shown towards his health and the need to feel well. Mineral, sea and fresh water have held a special position in the recuperation of human health, especially thermal water, a fact well know'll from ancient times. Thalassotherapy was established during the end of the last century, and from its very beginning held a health resort character. The discovery of positive health benefits of sea water for different illnesses, increased its medical offer, as well as the offer of treatments without sea water. Thalassotherapy developed in Croatia as hospitals. 'Hie move into developing 'tourism thalassotherapy' started with defining thalassotherapy in the tourism offer according to market demand. Ths paper endeavours to define at which market segment offer it can be directed and developed.
Climatotherapeutic possibilities of Croatia
Authors: Pleško Nada
Published: April 2021

Today is obvious course in the world to select the favourable climate for the climatotherapeutic treatment of certain diseases, and such areas are known as climatic health resorts. The four main areas were selected for climatotherapy: -areas along the coast (thalassotherapy), -areas surrounding thermal springs (balneotherapy), -mountainous, not windy, areas (high altitude therapy). -A fourth possibility for climatotherapy is transfer of large groups of people from unfavourable climates to areas with favourable ones. Republic of Croatia is rich with regions of favourable climates for all four kinds of climatotherapy and health tourism, especially if we include still yet a clean air and clean sea. A proof for climatic conditions quality can provide only the long time performed meteorological measurements at places of interest. hi the article are discussed meteorological indices, today most frequently used in Croatia, for a bioclimate estimation, and a content of "CLIMATE AND BIOCLIMATE REVIEW (PROSPECT)". Such prospects could be made for many places with tradition in climatotherapy and they are quoted. "Climate and bioclimate review" gives to doctors, patients or tourists detail information about a climate for each ten days during the year, and about a bioclimate additionally for morning, midday and evening. Prospect enables to choice, in dependence of health state, a most suitable period for coming to Croatia, and also comprises information useful for nautical navigation and for a health resort economic management.
“CONVERTIR A LA RELIGIÓN, QUE ES FIN Y SOLO PUEDE SER FIN, EN MEDIO”: LA CRÍTICA A LA TEOLOGÍA DE LA LIBERACIÓN DESDE EVANGELII NUNTIANDI A PUEBLA EN LAS PÁGINAS DE LA REVISTA TEOLÓGICA DE CELAM
Authors: Fernández Labbé Marcos Jesús
Published: April 2021

El objetivo del presente artículo es reconstruir e interpretar históricamente un conjunto de críticas a la Teología de la Liberación, publicadas a lo largo de la década de 1970 en la revista teológica del Celam, Medellín. A partir de un enfoque de Historia Intelectual se interpreta al campo. disciplinar de la teología como un espacio de controversias con implicancias políticas, disciplinares e institucionales, concluyéndose la reivindicación por parte de los autores analizados de una perspectiva teológica centrada em la Revelación, la autoridad magisterial y el rechazo a la secularización y politización que a su juicio implicaba la Teología de la Liberación.
The INDIA Mutations and B.1.617 Variant: Is There a Global "Strategy" for Mutations and Evolution of Variants of The SARS-CoV2 Genome?
Authors: Perez Jean-claude
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT. In this paper, we run for all INDIA mutations and variants a biomathematical numerical method for analysing mRNA nucleotides sequences based on UA/CG Fibonacci numbers proportions (Perez, 2021). In this study, we limit ourselves to the analysis of whole genomes, all coming from the mutations and variants of SARS-CoV2 sequenced in India in 2020 and 2021. We then demonstrate - both on actual genomes of patients and on variants combining the most frequent mutations to the SARS-CoV2 Wuhan genomes and then to the B.1.617 variant - that the numerical Fibonacci AU / CG metastructures increase considerably in all cases analyzed in ratios of up to 8 times. We can affirm that this property contributes to a greater stability and lifespan of messenger RNAs, therefore, possibly also to a greater INFECTUOSITY of these variant genomes. Out of a total of 108 genomes analyzed: - None ("NONE") of them contained a number of metastructures LOWER than those of the reference SARS-CoV2 Wuhan genome. - Eleven (11) among them contained the same number of metastructures as the reference genome. - 97 of them contained a GREATER number of metastructures than the reference genome, ie 89.81% of cases. The average increase in the number of metastructures for the 97 cases studied is 4.35 times the number of SARS-CoV2 UA/CG 17711 Fibonacci metastructures.
Posterior Capsule Opacification: A Review of Experimental Studies
Authors: Konopińska Joanna , Romaniuk Maryla , Dmuchowska Diana Anna , Obuchowska Iwona
Published: April 2021

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication of cataract surgery. It causes a gradual deterioration of visual acuity, which would otherwise remain improved after a successful procedure. Despite recent advances in ophthalmology, this complication has not been eradicated and the incidence of PCO can be as high as 10%. This article reviews the literature concerning the pathomechanism of PCO and examines the biochemical pathways involved in its formation and methods to prevent this complication. We also review the reported tests performed in cell cultures under laboratory conditions, in experimental animal models, and in ex vivo human lens capsules. Finally, we describe research involving human eyes in the clinical setting and pharmacological methods that may reduce the frequency of PCO. Due to the multifactorial eti-ology of PCO, in vitro studies make it possible to assess the factors contributing to its complica-tions and search for new therapeutic targets. Not all pathways involved in cell proliferation, mi-gration, and contraction of the lens capsule are reproducible in laboratory conditions; moreover, PCO in humans and laboratory animals may be additionally stimulated by various degrees of postoperative reactions depending on the course of surgery. Therefore, further studies are necessary.
The Misleading History of VIRUSes
Authors: Prosdocimi Francisco , Farias Savio , Cortines Juliana , José Marco
Published: April 2021

Viruses were classically named after the very same Latin word virus, originally meaning poison or venom. Public understanding of viruses reinforces their “malign” aspects, especially nowadays under the COVID-19 global pandemic. It is our aim here to propose a new way to view viruses and understand their origins and evolution. First, viruses are the most abundant biological systems found on Earth. They can be found almost everywhere and form a subtle biological layer named virosphere. Second, viruses are probably the most important drivers of molecular evolution and they are active agents of ecosystems maintenance and homeostasis, allowing and driving their dynamic modification. A significant number of eukaryotic genomes are composed by genome elements similar to viruses and these endogenous viruses are continuously acting for our equilibrium and fitness. They are responsible for the origin of species-specific orphan genes that allow adaptation through the development of specific traits in separate lineages of eukaryotes. Accumulated evidence indicate that a viral infection was responsible to create the eukaryotic nucleus and, also, it is a syncytium structure caused by viral replication that allows the formation of the placenta. Therefore, viruses were fundamental for the evolutionary fate of eukaryotes and mammals. The presence of virus-specific genes that are absent in cellular organisms indicates that viruses existed before cells. Besides, such as progenotes, viruses are simply ribonucleoproteic entities and their capsids are orders of magnitude simpler than proteolipidic membranes. Here, we (i) propose a complete scenario to describe the major transitions in prebiotic evolution, (ii) present the possibility that viruses emerged before LUCA, and (iii) suggest that viruses originated at the age of progenotes. However, viruses do not form a monophyletic clade. They should be seen as an evolutionary stable strategy recurrently achieved by biological systems to survive. We propose that the word “VIRUS”, known as venom, is historically mistaken and introduce a new interpretation for their name as an acronym for “Very Important Replicator Unit and Symbiont”. But more than being “very important”, viruses are of “Utmost” relevance for the maintenance of life in biosphere, by which reason we suggest referring to them as “UIRUS” to reinforce their incredible role in symbiosis and their beneficial characteristics over the infectious ones.
Olfactory Bulb Proteomics Reveals Widespread Proteostatic Disturbances in Mixed Dementia and Guides for Potential Serum Biomarkers to Discriminate Alzheimer Disease and Mixed Dementia Phenotypes
Authors: Lachén-Montes Mercedes , Iñigo-Marco Ignacio , Cartas-Cejudo Paz , Fernández-Irigoyen Joaquín , Santamaría Enrique
Published: April 2021

The most common form of mixed dementia (MixD) is constituted by abnormal protein deposits associated with Alzheimer´s disease (AD) that coexist with vascular disease. Although olfactory dysfunction is considered a clinical sign of AD-related de-mentias, little is known about the impact of this sensorial impairment in MixD at molecular level. To address this gap in knowledge, we have assessed olfactory bulb (OB) proteome-wide expression in MixD subjects (n=6) respect to neurologically intact controls (n=7). Around 9% of the quantified proteins were differentially expressed, pinpointing aberrant proteostasis involved in synaptic transmission, nucleoside monophosphate and carbohydrate metabolisms and neuron projection regeneration. In addition, net-work-driven proteomics revealed a modulation in cell-survival related pathways such as ERK, AKT and PDK1-PKC axis. Part of the differential OB protein set was not specific of MixD, being also deregulated across different tauopathies, synucleinopathies and tardopathies. However, the comparative functional analysis of OB proteome data between MixD and pure AD pathologies deciphered commonalities and differences between both related phenotypes. Finally, olfactory proteomics allowed to propose serum Prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) as a candidate marker to differentiate AD from MixD phe-notypes.
A Study of the Effect of Fusion of Multi-Sensor and Cutting Chip Color on the Lifetime of Cutting Tool Coated with TiAlN
Authors: Chen Shao Hsien , Min-sheng Gao Min-sheng
Published: April 2021

In the mold machining process, the cutting tool is worn with machining time, thereby affecting the surface accuracy, leading to poor workpiece dimensions, even fracture. At present, many studies have used multiple sensors to detect the machining conditions of cutting tool and workpiece, including indirect measurement method and direct measurement method. The indirect measurement method, which has been studied widely, mainly uses sensors to capture signals for subsequent data analysis; the direct measurement method mainly analyzes the state of cutting shear zone. Due to the cut-in of cutting tool in the machining process, the workpiece is dislocated rapidly, generating considerable amount of heat, which is transferred to the chips, inducing color change on the surface of chips. Many engineers with machining experience often judge the machining state and tool life according to the chips. The engineers' experience is digitized in this study, and indirect measuring sensors are used to predict the tool life, so as to attain the objective for smart manufacturing, the average percentage error of MAPE using single vibration and voltage eigenvalues as input features is 10%, the voltage signal characteristic values and vibration signal characteristic values are combined. Finally, the chip surface chromaticity eigenvalue is combined with signal characteristic value. The average prediction error of BP-LM method is 7.85%, the average prediction error of GRNN method is 6.59%. Therefore, when the eigenvalue of chip surface chromaticity is added to the prediction result, it can enhance the accuracy of cutting tool wear value prediction more effectively than single sensor signal characteristic value.
Image-Based Wheat Fungi Diseases Identification by Deep Learning
Authors: Genaev Mikhail , Skolotneva Ekaterina , Gultyaeva Elena , Orlova Elena , Bechtold Nina , Afonnikov Dmitry
Published: April 2021

Diseases of cereals caused by pathogenic fungi can significantly reduce crop yields. Many cultures are exposed to them. The disease is difficult to control on a large scale, thus one of the relevant approaches is the crop field monitoring, which helps to identify the disease at an early stage and take measures to prevent its spread. One of the effective control methods is disease identification based on the analysis of digital images with the possibility of obtaining them in field conditions using mobile devices. In this work, we propose a method for the recognition of five fungal diseases of wheat shoots (leaf rust, stem rust, yellow rust, powdery mildew, and septoria), both separately and in combination, with the possibility of identifying the stage of plant development. A set of 2414 images of wheat fungi diseases (WFD2020) was generated, for which expert labeling was performed by the type of disease. WFD2020 data are available freely at http://wfd.sysbio.ru/. In the process of creating this set, a method was applied to reduce the degeneracy of the training data based on the image hashing algorithm. The disease recognition algorithm is based on the convolutional neural network with the EfficientNet architecture. The best accuracy (0.942) was shown by a network with a training strategy based on augmentation and transfer of image styles. The recognition method was implemented by the authors as a bot on the Telegram platform, which allows assessing plants by lesions in the field conditions.