bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The market for acute hospital services and the marketing contribution: A NHS trust experience
Authors: Mayer Richard , Maleham Stephen
Published: February 2011

The White Paper ‘Working for patients’ (DoH 1989)1 and subsequent legislation, including the National Health Service and Community Care Act (1990), has facilitated the introduction of an internal market into the NHS. In particular, the establishment of provider hospitals as NHS trusts providing secondary care services, and the introduction of GP fundholders as purchasers of healthcare, has allowed the internal market to thrive, particularly where these two are in high concentration within a defined locality.

One such area is southern Derbyshire. NHS trusts in this area face an unprecedented range of market factors, which threaten their long‐term viability. These factors are described, as are the efforts of one trust to undertake detailed market planning.

The rise of the GE/Mackinsey inatrix as a planning tool is advocated as an efective way of presenting relevant prodrict and market irtforiiiation to an NHS Trust Board, in an attempt to introduce strategic marketing planning at the highest level of the organisation.
Donation dilemmas: A consumer behaviour perspective
Authors: Hibbert Sally Ann , Home Suzanne
Published: February 2011

With the aim of developing a better understanding of an individual's donation decision process this paper focuses on the information search undertaken by a prospective donor. It discusses the level of problem solving that characterises various donations, using the body of consumer decision‐making literature to provide a theoretical framework for the investigation. From the results it appears that donor decision making follows a similar pattern to consumer buying decisions. There appears to be a low incidence of extended problem solving, even where relatively large donations are concerned. Examples of limited problem solving and routine response behaviour, by contrast, were more prevalent.
Consumer behaviour and the purchasing of dental services: Influences on selection and evaluation of health care services
Authors: Laing Angus W. , Brown Alison J.
Published: February 2011

This paper examines the process of interaction between consumers and providers of dental services in terms of the key selection and evaluation criteria employed by consumers. Focusing on the United Kingdom, it examines the impact of changes in both pricing and provision on the utilisation and evaluation of dental services. Based on a questionnaire survey of dental patients, in the context of the evolving body of literature concerned with consumer behaviour in respect of services, the paper attempts to improve the current understanding of the key factors shaping consumer choice in respect of professional services. Specifically, it argues that the highly complex nature of professional services impacts on patterns of consumer behaviour, resulting in the relationship between the individual service professional and the consumer being the focus of consumer evaluation. This in turn has significant implications for the effective marketing of such professional services.
Working with and recruiting volunteers as part of a fundraising strategy
Authors: O'Connor Peri
Published: February 2011

This paper was first written for the Henry Stewart Conference ‘Maximising and Developing Regional and Local Fundraising’ on 16th April, 1991. The paper provides an overview of two key areas: recruitment of volunteers, and a more general element often forgotten in the volunteer process, yet absolutely critical, motivation and retention through recognition. This is illustrated through the case study of RNIB regional fundraising.
Back to school? What the voluntary sector can learn from the education sector
Authors: Smyth Julian
Published: February 2011

Almost unnoticed by the charitable sector as a whole, a quiet revolution has transformed educational fundraising over the last decade. From a minor and wholly owned subsidiary on the periphery of the industry, the education sector has become a highly professional and successful multinational, which in some respects is now the market leader.

This paper argues that the whole of the charitable sector could benefit by taking a close look at the experience of educational fundraisers, and that such an examination could have profound repercussions in the way most fundraisers treat their donors and organise their operations. Specifically, it suggests that the nature of ‘relationship fundraising’ actually means that every donor must be treated as an individual by an individual fundraiser, irrespective of the size of their gift, and that the work of a fundraising department should not work towards merely giving the impression of such treatment.
Selectivity in the photo‐Fenton and photocatalytic hydroxylation of biphenyl‐4‐carboxylic acid and derivatives (viz. 4‐phenylsalicylic acid and 5‐phenylsalicylic acid)
Authors: Hathway Timothy , Chernyshov Deborah Lipman , Jenks William S.
Published: February 2011

The selectivity of hydroxylation of the distal rings of 4‐phenylbenzoic acid, 4‐phenylsalicylic acid, and 5‐phenylsalicylic acid were determined using partial TiO2‐mediated photocatalytic degradation and photo‐Fenton conditions. This separation of the binding site from the phenyl group being hydroxylated allows a less‐biased evaluation. The hydroxylation regiochemistry behaves as qualitatively expected for an electrophilic reaction, given the assumption that 4‐carboxyphenyl is a slightly electron‐withdrawing substituent. Selectivity for hydroxylation of the distal phenyl in 4‐ and 5‐phenylsalicylic acid is reversed, due to the reversal of the electronic demand, while adsorption to the TiO2 surface is assumed to be analogous for the two structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inactivation of Prions Using Electrical DC Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure and Ambient Temperature
Authors: Julák Jaroslav , Janoušková Olga , Scholtz Vladimír , Holada Karel
Published: February 2011

The ability of DC discharges to inactivate infectious prions was studied using prion cell infectivity assays and direct Western blot analysis of abnormal prion protein. The negative corona discharge of the point‐to‐plane type significantly decreased prion infectivity of mouse RML scrapie brain homogenates within 20 min of exposure. The positive discharge treated liquids display persistent cidal effect, which kills the cell culture and makes it impossible to assess the presence of prions by the cell infectivity assay. The point‐to‐point and ‘cometary’ discharges exhibit only a low ability to inactivate infectious prions. As a possible mechanism of prion inactivation, the formation of insoluble and non‐infective high molecular weight complexes is suggested.

magnified image
Behavior of amoxicillin in wastewater and river water: identification of its main transformation products by liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Pérez‐Parada Andrés , Agüera Ana , Gómez‐Ramos María del Mar , García‐Reyes Juan F. , Heinzen Horacio , Fernández‐Alba Amadeo R.
Published: February 2011

The identification of transformation products (TPs) of pharmaceuticals in the environment is essentially a challenging task due to the lack of standards and the instrumental capabilities required to detect compounds (sometimes unknowns) that are produced under environmental conditions. In this work, we report the use of liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF‐MS/MS) as a tool for the identification of amoxicillin (AMX) and its main TPs in wastewater and river water samples. Laboratory degradation experiments of AMX were performed in both alkaline and acidic media in order to confirm that the expected transformation pathway in the aquatic media is through the β‐lactam ring cleavage. A thorough study was carried out with both standards and real samples (wastewater and river water samples). Four compounds were identified as main TPs: both amoxicillin diketopiperacine‐2',5' and amoxilloic acid diastereomers. Amoxilloic acid stereoisomers are reported for the first time in environmental matrices. The transformation product (5R)‐amoxicillin diketopiperacine‐2',5' was frequently detected in river waters. Besides, another AMX transformation product formed during analysis was also structurally elucidated for the first time (amoxicilloic acid methyl ester) via accurate mass measurements. Collected data show that although AMX is not present as such in environmental samples, different TPs occur. This study represent a valuable indicator of the potential of LC/QTOF‐MS/MS for the identification and structural elucidation of TPs in the environment using accurate MS/MS experiments, enabling thus the recognition of the environmental transformation pathway. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective elimination of organic matter interference in boron isotopic analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry of coral/foraminifera: micro‐sublimation technology combined with ion exchange
Authors: He Maoyong , Xiao Yingkai , Ma Yunqi , Jin Zhangdong , Xiao Jun
Published: February 2011

In order to better estimate the effectiveness of micro‐sublimation technology on the elimination of organic matter interference during boron isotopic analysis, a series of improved experiments was carried out using simple apparatus. Recovery rates after micro‐sublimation were measured for boric acid solutions with different B contents or different B/organic matter ratios. The improved micro‐sublimation procedure combined with ion‐exchange technology was then used to test natural samples (coral and foraminifera) for the separation of boron. Our results show that the time taken for 100% recovery of different amounts of B differed and that the proportions of B/organic matter within the natural organic matter have little effect on the relationship between the recovery rates of B and the micro‐sublimation times. The experiments further confirm that the organic matter does indeed have an effect on boron isotope analyses by positive thermal ionization mass spectrometry and that the use of micro‐sublimation can effectively remove interferences from the organic matter during boron isotopic analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric stereoisomeric differentiation between α‐ and β‐ascorbic acid 2‐O‐glucosides. Experimental and density functional theory study
Authors: Kanawati Basem , von Saint Paul Veronica , Herrmann Constanze , Schäffner Anton R. , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe
Published: February 2011

L‐Ascorbic acid and two distinct anomers, namely the α‐D‐glucopyranosyl and β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐L‐ascorbic acid (stereoisomers), were studied within the scope of collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments, performed by linear ion acceleration and collision with argon atoms inside a hexapole quadrupole hexapole ion beam guide, which is coupled to an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell with a 12 Tesla magnet for high‐resolution measurements. Loss of C2H4O2 neutral from the [M–H]− anion of L‐ascorbic acid was observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the 6‐311+G(2d,p)//6‐31+G(d) level of theory reveal a new concerted mechanism for an intramolecular gas‐phase rearrangement, through which the observed ejected neutral C2H4O2 can take place. A similar rearrangement also occurs in the case of α‐ and β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐L‐ascorbic acid. For the α isomer, only homolytic glycoside fragmentation was observed. For the β isomer, both homolytic and heterolytic glycoside cleavages were possible. The mechanisms behind all observed fragmentation pathways were fully understood by the implementation of accurate DFT calculations. Stereoisomeric differentiation between α and β isomers of the L‐ascorbic acid‐2‐O‐glucoside could be revealed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments and were explained theoretically. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal‐gradient‐induced non‐mass‐dependent isotope fractionation
Authors: Sun Tao , Bao Huiming
Published: February 2011

Isotope fractionation resulting from gas diffusion along a thermal gradient has always been considered entirely mass‐dependent. A previous report, however, showed that non‐mass‐dependent 17O anomalies can be generated simply by subjecting O2 gas in an enclosure to a thermal gradient. To explore the underlying mechanism for the anomalies, we tested the effect of gas pressure, duration of experiment, and geometry of the apparatus on the 17O anomalies for O2 as well as on the 33S or 36S anomalies for SF6 gas. The results are consistent with our proposal that a previously ignored nuclear spin effect on gas diffusion coefficient may be largely responsible for generating the observed anomalies. This discovery provides clues to some of the puzzling non‐mass‐dependent isotope signatures encountered in experiments and in nature, including the triple oxygen or quadruple sulfur isotope heterogeneity in the solar system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mild route to generate gaseous metal anions
Authors: Attygalle Athula B. , Axe Frank U. , Weisbecker Carl S.
Published: February 2011

Gaseous metal anions such as Na−, K−, Cs−, and Ag− can be generated at ambient temperatures by the collision‐induced dissociation of the anions of several dicarboxylic acid salts, including oxalate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, and glutamate salts. The formation of gaseous metal anions in this way is unprecedented because the metal is initially present in its cationic form. The mild process described here could facilitate novel applications of metal anions as selective reagents for gas‐phase ion‐molecule and ion‐ion reactions. Ab initio calculations were used to describe the dissociation process for anions of the oxalate salts. The formation of alkalides occurs via production of a metal‐carbon dioxide anion intermediate with a bidentate three‐center two‐electron bond to the metal. The metal atom acquires a partial negative charge in the intermediate structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron ionization mass spectra of alkylated sulfabenzamides
Authors: Todua Nino G. , Tretyakov Kirill V. , Borisov Roman S. , Zhilyaev Dmitry I. , Zaikin Vladimir G. , Stein Stephen E. , Mikaia Anzor I.
Published: February 2011

Mono‐, di‐ and trialkyl derivatives of 'sulfabenzamide' (N‐4‐aminophenylsulfonylbenzamide) have been prepared and their electron ionization (EI) mass spectra examined. It is found that the fragmentation of N‐alkylsulfabenzamides (alkyl = CH3 to n‐C5H11) proceeds via a very specific rearrangement process. The proposed mechanism involves an intermediate formation of distonic molecular ions, and the driving force for this process is the formation of stable N‐alkylphenylcyanide cations [R‐N+  CC6H5]. The findings are confirmed by exact mass measurements, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments and deuterium labeling. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of poly(ethylene glycol) clusters with the chlorine anion in the gas phase under electrospray conditions
Authors: Kosevich Marina V. , Zobnina Valentina G. , Chagovets Vitaliy V. , Boryak Oleg A.
Published: February 2011

It is demonstrated herein that poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers can form stable complexes with the chlorine anion in the gas phase as evidenced by results from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and molecular dynamics simulation. While the formation of crown‐ether‐like structures by acyclic polyethers in their complexes with alkali metal cations coordinated by the ether oxygen atoms has been extensively studied, the possibility of forming ‘inversed’ quasi‐cyclic structures able to bind a monoatomic anion has not been proved till now. We have observed the formation of stable gas‐phase complexes of oligomers of PEG‐400 with the Cl− anion experimentally by ESI‐MS for the first time. It is suggested that a necessary precondition for obtaining the polyether‐chlorine anion clusters is the prevention of the formation of neutral ion pairs. Molecular dynamics simulation has demonstrated the wrapping of the Cl− anion by the PEG chain, to stabilize the PEGn•Cl− clusters in the gas phase. The conformation of the polyether chain in such quasi‐cyclic or quasi‐helical complexes is ‘inversed’ compared with that in the complexes with cations: that is its hydrogen atoms are turned towards the central anion. Awareness of the possibility of the Cl− anion being trapped in quasi‐cyclic PEG structures may be of practical importance when considering the intermolecular interactions of PEGs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A solid‐phase bioreactor with continuous sample deposition for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Jeonghoon , Soper Steven A. , Murray Kermit K.
Published: February 2011

We report the development of a solid‐phase proteolytic digestion and continuous deposition microfluidic chip platform for low volume fraction collection and off‐line matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. Tryptic peptides were formed in an on‐chip bioreactor and continuously deposited onto a MALDI target plate using a motor‐driven xyz stage. The bioreactor consisted of a 4 cm × 200 µm × 50 µm microfluidic channel with covalently immobilized trypsin on an array of 50 µm diameter micropost structures with a 50 µm edge‐to‐edge inter‐post spacing. A 50 µm i.d. capillary tube was directly attached to the end of the bioreactor for continuous sample deposition. The MALDI target plate was modified by spin‐coating a nitrocellulose solution containing a MALDI matrix on the surface prior to effluent deposition. Protein molecular weight standards were used for evaluating the performance of the digestion and continuous deposition system. Serpentine sample traces 200 µm wide were obtained with a 30 fmol/mm quantity deposition rate and a 3.3 nL/mm volumetric deposition rate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput analysis using gated multi‐inlet mass spectrometry
Authors: Moini Mehdi , Jiang Longfei , Bootwala Samir
Published: February 2011

Gated multi‐inlet mass spectrometry is introduced for high‐throughput chemical analysis. In this design, multiple high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns or capillary electrophoresis (CE) capillaries are attached to multiple electrosprayers (one for each column or capillary) that spray toward a gated multi‐inlet time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (TOF‐MS). Although all of the sprayers are spraying continuously, only one inlet is exposed at any given time for a specific duration set by the MS data system. The gated multi‐sprayer, multi‐inlet design significantly enhances the performance of the multi‐ESI, multi‐inlet TOF‐MS with minimal cost and reduces analysis time. The gated multi‐sprayer, multi‐inlet design was applied to the investigation of column‐to‐column reproducibility of multiple HPLCs using a peptide mixture and to the simultaneous analysis of four protein digests. In addition, it was applied to the analysis of peptide mixtures using eight CE capillaries. The gated multi‐inlet MS has several advantages compared to our previous non‐gated multi‐inlet MS. For example, because only one inlet is open at one time, the original manufacturer's inlet inner diameter and pumping system can be used, which enhances the sensitivity of detection for each inlet and minimizes the manufacturing cost. In addition, the number of inlets can be increased as desired. The maximum number of liquid streams that can be concurrently analyzed is limited by: (1) the number of inlets, (2) the chromatographic (electrophoretic) peak width, and (3) how fast the gate can move from one position to the next. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sodium hydroxide permethylation of heparin disaccharides
Authors: Heiss Christian , Wang Zhirui , Azadi Parastoo
Published: February 2011

Permethylation is a valuable and widely used tool for the mass spectrometry of carbohydrates, improving sensitivity and fragmentation and increasing the amount of information that can be obtained from tandem mass spectrometric experiments. Permethylation of most glycans is easily performed with sodium hydroxide and iodomethane in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). However, permethylation has not been widely used in the mass spectrometry of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides, partly because it has required the use of the difficult Hakomori method employing the methylsulfinylmethanide (‘dimsyl’) base, which has to be made in a tedious process. Additionally, the Hakomori method is not as effective as the sodium hydroxide method in making fully methylated derivatives. A further problem in the permethylation of highly sulfated oligosaccharides is their limited solubility in DMSO. This paper describes the use of the triethylammonium counterion to overcome this problem, as well as the application of the sodium hydroxide method to make permethylated heparin disaccharides and their workup to yield fully methylated disaccharides for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The ease, speed, and effectiveness of the described methodology should open up permethylation of GAG oligosaccharides to a wider circle of mass spectrometrists and enable them to develop further derivatization schemes in the effort to rapidly elucidate the structure of these important molecules. Permethylation may also provide new ways of separating GAG oligosaccharides in LC/MS, their increased hydrophobicity making them amenable for reversed‐phase chromatography without the need for ion pairing reagents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design evaluation and optimization for models of hepatitis C viral dynamics
Authors: Guedj Jeremie , Bazzoli Caroline , Neumann Avidan U. , Mentré France
Published: February 2011

Mathematical modeling of hepatitis C viral (HCV) kinetics is widely used for understanding viral pathogenesis and predicting treatment outcome. The standard model is based on a system of five non‐linear ordinary differential equations (ODE) that describe both viral kinetics and changes in drug concentration after treatment initiation. In such complex models parameter estimation is challenging and requires frequent sampling measurements on each individual. By borrowing information between study subjects, non‐linear mixed effect models can deal with sparser sampling from each individual. However, the search for optimal designs in this context has been limited by the numerical difficulty of evaluating the Fisher information matrix (FIM). Using the software PFIM, we show that a linearization of the statistical model avoids most of the computational burden, while providing a good approximation to the FIM. We then compare the precision of the parameters that can be expected using five study designs from the literature. We illustrate the usefulness of rationalizing data sampling by showing that, for a given level of precision, optimal design could reduce the total number of measurements by up 50 per cent. Our approach can be used by a statistician or a clinician aiming at designing an HCV viral kinetics study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lebenszyklusbetrachtungen als Grundlage für die Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Straßenbrücken
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Knauff Achim , Pelke Eberhard
Published: February 2011

Lebenszyklusbetrachtungen spielen bei der Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit von Bauwerken eine besondere Rolle. Sie fokussieren nicht nur auf die einmaligen Umweltwirkungen und die Investitionskosten bei der Herstellung von Bauwerken, sondern ermöglichen die ganzheitliche Beurteilung der fortlaufend anfallenden ökologischen und ökonomischen Wirkungen. Mit der Untersuchung von zwei Autobahnbrücken und zwei Überführungsbauwerken wird das Ziel verfolgt, einen einheitlichen Durchschnittswert für die ökologischen und die ökonomischen Wirkungen von Brückenbauwerken zu definieren. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Festlegung derartiger Referenzwerte und stellt erste Lösungsansätze zur Berücksichtigung des Recyclingpotentials von Materialien vor.

Life cycle considerations as a base for assessment of the sustainability of road bridges. Life cycle considerations are important for the assessment of the sustainability of constructions. Taking the life cycle into account it is not only possible to determine single environmental impacts and investment costs arising during the construction of buildings, but also to assess the consecutive ecological and economical impacts. The aim of this study was to define a consistent average value for ecological as well as economical impacts of road bridges by evaluating two viaducts and two overcrossings. This article deals with the determination of those reference values and presents an approach how to deal with the recycling potential of materials within the life cycle assessment.
Legitimating totalitarianism: Melodrama and mass politics in North Korean film
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander , Hooker Zachary
Published: February 2011

This article attempts to analyze the construction and maintenance of political legitimacy in North Korea through the lens of its state-produced films. After classifying North Korea’s regime as totalitarian, we then discuss the strategies of legitimation available given this classification, and highlight the importance of ideology therein. Next, we demonstrate the importance of film within North Korea’s ideological apparatus and thematically analyze six North Korean films dating from 1948–2006. From this analysis, we situate the social role of film in contemporary North Korea and argue that it will remain a crucial force amongst the country’s various attempts to maintain legitimacy.
Time-dependent ventilation flows driven by opposing wind and buoyancy
Authors: COOMARASWAMY I. A. , CAULFIELD C. P.
Published: February 2011

We consider transient flow in a box containing an isolated buoyancy source, ventilated by a windward high-level opening and a leeward low-level opening, so that prevailing wind acts to oppose buoyancy-driven flow. Hunt & Linden (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 527, 2005, p. 27) demonstrated that two stable steady states can exist above a critical wind strength: buoyancy-driven displacement ventilation with a two-layer stratification and wind-driven mixing ventilation with the whole interior contaminated by buoyant fluid. We present two time-dependent models for this system: a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) model following Kaye & Hunt (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 520, 2004, p. 135), assuming ‘perfect’ vertical mixing of fluid within each layer, and a partial differential equation model assuming zero vertical mixing, following Germeles (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 71, 1975, p. 601).

We apply these models to an initial-value problem – the filling box with constant opposing wind. The interface between the upper hot plume fluid and the lower cool ambient air can dramatically overshoot its final level before relaxing to equilibrium; in some cases, a fully contaminated transient can occur before the buoyancy-driven two-layer steady state is reached. However, we find that for an initially completely uncontaminated box, the system converges to a stable wind-driven steady state whenever it exists. By analysing phase diagrams of the ODE model for the flow, we establish a general method of determining which final state is attained and also explain the hysteresis observed by Hunt & Linden (2005). We confirm these transient behaviours by conducting salt bath experiments in a recirculating flume tank and establish quantitative agreement between theory and experiment. Our ‘zero mixing’ model is more accurate than our ‘perfect mixing’ model for our experiments, as the upper layer remains stratified for a substantial time.
SECOND- AND FOREIGN-LANGUAGE VARIATION IN TENSE BACKSHIFTING IN INDIRECT REPORTED SPEECH
Authors: Charkova Krassimira D. , Halliday Laura J.
Published: February 2011

This study examined how English learners in second-language (SL) and foreign-language (FL) contexts employ tense backshifting in indirect reported speech. Participants included 35 international students in the United States, 37 Bulgarian speakers of English, 38 Bosnian speakers of English, and 41 native English speakers. The instrument involved speech scenarios in two time settings—immediate and delayed report—and questions about the participants’ reasons for backshifting tenses or not. The results revealed that FL environments foster the acquisition of backshifting as an automatically applicable grammatical rule, whereas SL contexts facilitate awareness of pragmatic and semantic aspects of tense backshifting.
Connecting to the World's Collections: Making the Case for the Conservation and Preservation of Our Cultural Heritage
Authors: Stoner Joyce Hill
Published: February 2011

Sixty cultural heritage leaders from 32 countries, including representatives from Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South America, Australia, Europe, and North America, gathered in October 2009 in Salzburg, Austria, to develop a series of practical recommendations to ensure optimal collections conservation worldwide. Convened at Schloss Leopoldskron, the gathering was conducted in partnership by the Salzburg Global Seminar (SGS) and the Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS). The participants were conservation specialists from libraries and museums, as well as leaders of major conservation centers and cultural heritage programs from around the world. As cochair Vinod Daniel noted, no previous meeting of conservation professionals has been “as diverse as this, with people from as many parts of the world, as cross-disciplinary as this.” The group addressed central issues in the care and preservation of the world's cultural heritage, including moveable objects (library materials, books, archives, paintings, sculpture, decorative arts, photographic collections, art on paper, and archaeological and ethnographic objects) and immoveable heritage (buildings and archaeological sites).
Homogenisation of the Stokes problem with a pure non-homogeneous slip boundary condition by the periodic unfolding method
Authors: CAPATINA ANCA , ENE HORIA
Published: February 2011

We study the homogenisation of the Stokes system with a non-homogeneous Fourier boundary condition on the boundary of the holes, depending on a parameter γ. Such systems arise in the modelling of the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid through a porous medium under the influence of body forces. At the limit, by using the periodic unfolding method in perforated domains, we obtain, following the values of γ, different Darcy's laws of typeMu= −N∇p+Fwith suitable matricesMandNwithFdepending on the right-hand side in the bulk term and in the boundary condition.
What Does Blood Membership Mean in Political Terms?: The Political Incorporation of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese Descendants) (LAN) in Japan 1990–2004
Authors: SHARPE MICHAEL ORLANDO
Published: February 2011

This attempts to explain the limited political incorporation of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese descendants) (LAN) in Japan 1990–2004. A 1990 reform provides Nikkeijin a renewable visa that has enabled some 300,000 LAN to emigrate to Japan on the basis of Japanese blood descent or ethnicity.1Long-term marginalized minority groups, such as Zainichi Koreans and Chinese,2are comparatively better incorporated in Japan's political system and their demands increasingly recognized as more legitimate. I argue Japan's changing ethnic citizenship regime, political opportunity structure, and structure of civil society combined with LAN language difficulties, newness of residence, small size, low minority status, and powerful myth of return limits their immigrant political incorporation in Japan.
Confucianism and Democracy: A Review of the Opposing Conceptualizations
Authors: SPINA NICHOLAS , SHIN DOH C. , CHA DANA
Published: February 2011

The debate over the future of East Asian democracy centers largely on the fit between democratic values and the Confucian way of life. Some interpret Confucianism's hierarchical, communitarian, and anti-pluralistic values as a roadblock to democratic consolidation. Others interpret the Confucian traditions of dissent and accountability as comparable to liberal institutions. This article surveys this scholarly debate by dividing the literature into three theoretical camps: compatibility, incompatibility, and convergence. Additionally, the few available empirical works on the Confucian-democratic dynamic are discussed and the findings are applied to the three categorizations. This review article maintains that a consensus on the relationship between Confucianism and democracy remains elusive due to the divergent conceptualizations and operationalizations of the two doctrines.
Cold-modulated expression of genes encoding for key enzymes of the sugar metabolism in spring and autumn cvs. ofBeta vulgarisL.
Authors: Pacifico D. , Onofri C. , Mandolino G.
Published: February 2011

An integrated approach based on the use of bioinformatics and gene expression analysis tools was carried out to evaluate the organ-specific transcription modulation of nine genes relevant to sugar metabolism ofBeta vulgarisL. plantlets of the autumn cv. Franca and spring cv. Bianca, in response to low-temperature (LT) treatments. Different growth cycles imply different plant capability to adapt to the environment that includes variations in gene expression of key metabolic enzymes. The transcriptional response was evaluated by quantitative PCR analysis before, during and after the LT treatments. The results were correlated with the LT-induced electrolyte leakage measure and the carbohydrate content. Stress-induced transcript level alterations were detected in the two cultivars, suggesting a modulation of sucrose synthesis and carbohydrate partitioning. Cold stress induced deep changes in the autumn cultivar, especially in fructose-1,6-biphosphatase gene expression, irrespective of temperature or exposure time. These differential features of expression profiles constitute first clues on the molecular basis of the differential LT response of sugarbeet autumn and spring cultivars.
A wideband CMOS distributed amplifier with slow-wave shielded transmission lines
Authors: Lahiji Rosa R. , Katehi Linda P.B. , Mohammadi Saeed
Published: February 2011

A four-stage distributed amplifier utilizing low-loss slow-wave shielded (SWS) transmission lines is implemented in a standard 0.13 μm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The amplifier when biased in its high current operating mode of IDtotal = 46 mA (at Vdd = 2.2 V, Pdiss = 101 mW) provides a forward transmission gain of 11.3 ± 1.5 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 17 GHz and a gain-bandwidth product of 74 GHz. The noise figure (NF) under the same bias condition is better than 8.5 dB up to 10 GHz. The measured output-referred 1-dB compression point is higher than +2 dBm. The amplifier is also measured under low-bias condition of IDtotal = 18 mA (at Vdd = 1.15 V, Pdiss = 20.7 mW). It provides a transmission gain of 6.6 ± 1 dB, a 3-dB bandwidth of 14.8 GHz, a gain-bandwidth product of 35.5 GHz, and a NF of better than 8.6 dB up to 10 GHz. Despite using a simple four-stage cascode design, this distributed amplifier achieves very high-gain-bandwidth product at a relatively low DC power compared to the state of the art CMOS distributed amplifiers reported in the literature. This is due to the incorporation of low-loss SWS coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines with a loss factor of nearly 50% of that of standard transmission lines on CMOS-grade Si substrate.
A dual wideband Sierpinski carpet fractal-shaped planar monopole antenna with CPW feed
Authors: Ghatak Rowdra , Ghoshal Swapan K. , Mondal Durbadal , Bhattacharjee Anup K.
Published: February 2011

A dual wideband design of Sierpinski carpet fractal-shaped planar monopole antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed is proposed in this letter. Wide impedance bandwidth of 22% at lower resonance from 4.88 to 6.08 GHz and 41.7% at higher one, which ranges from 9.5 to 14.5 GHz, is obtained. Measured realized antenna gain is around 5 dBi at the lower band centered around 5.5 GHz and are around 4.5 dBi at the higher band. A fabricated prototype is developed with good agreement between simulation and measurement.
Globalization of African American Vernacular English in popular culture
Authors: Lee Jamie Shinhee
Published: February 2011

This study examines crossing (Bucholtz 1999; Cutler 1999; Rampton 1995) in Korean hip hop Blinglish as a case study of globalization of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in popular culture. Blinglish in Korean hip hop can be understood as a prime example of “English from below” (Preisler 1999) to informally express subcultural identity and style. The findings of the study suggest that AAVE features appear at different linguistic levels including lexis, phonology, and morpho-syntax in Korean hip hop Blinglish but do not demonstrate the same degree of AAVE penetration, with a frequency-related hierarchy emerging among these linguistic components. The area of Korean hip hop Blinglish with the heaviest crossing influence from AAVE is found to be lexis followed by phonology. The presence of AAVE syntactic features is somewhat restricted in type and occurrence, indicating that the verbal markers in AAVE are considerably varied and intricate, and syntactic elements are not as easily crossed by non-AAVE speakers as lexical items.
Charting vowel spaces in Edinburgh middle-class speech
Authors: Schützler Ole
Published: February 2011

In this paper a partly novel combination of auditory transformation and vowel-extrinsic normalisation is applied to acoustic vowel data from six Edinburgh middle-class speakers. It is shown that the vowel plots thus produced correspond rather well to articulatory and impressionistic descriptions found in the literature. Furthermore, the relatively small variability found between the speakers in a number of vowel features suggests that a typical middle-class Edinburgh vowel space does exist. However, it is also shown that in acoustic terms this vowel space is organised even less symmetrically than is generally assumed.
The fall of demonstrative them
Authors: Hazen Kirk , Hamilton Sarah , Vacovsky Sarah
Published: February 2011

The varieties of English in the United States’ Appalachian region have undergone changes throughout the 20th century. This paper examines a change to one of the more stereotyped of vernacular dialect features, the use of them in a demonstrative determiner construction: them apples are the best. Although this dialect feature is found in English varieties around the world, this study is the first to take up a quantitative assessment of it as a sociolinguistic variable. In this paper, we discuss the historical background for demonstrative them, its current distribution in a corpus of modern Appalachian speech, and its relations to the other modern plural demonstratives, these and those. The data reveal that them functions primarily as an alternate to those, but the use of demonstrative them is sharply in decline across apparent time. As a stereotype of Appalachian speech, demonstrative them still remains, but younger Appalachian speakers have largely abandoned this stigmatized form.
Towards a localist-connectionist model of word translation
Authors: Dijkstra Ton , Rekké Steven
Published: February 2011

Word translation is among the most sophisticated skills that bilinguals can perform. Brysbaert and Duyck (2010) have argued that the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM; Kroll & Stewart, 1994), a verbal model for word translation in beginning and proficient bilinguals, should be abandoned in favor of connectionist models such as the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus model (BIA+; Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002). However, the partially implemented BIA+ model for bilingual word recognition has neither been applied to bilinguals of different proficiency levels nor extended to the complex process of word translation. After considering a number of aspects of the RHM, a new localist-connectionist model, called Multilink, is formulated to account for the performance of bilinguals differing in their L2 proficiency in different tasks: lexical decision, language decision, and word translation.
Chinese as a natural experiment
Authors: Myers James
Published: February 2011

The Chinese lexicon is characterized by its typologically unique one-to-one-to-one mapping of morphemes, syllables, and orthographic characters. This architecture poses practical difficulties for the psycholinguist wanting to study lexical processing in Chinese. More seriously, seen as a natural experiment, Chinese challenges assumptions that processing models traditionally make about the roles of phonemes, morphemes, lemmas, and words in lexical access. It is argued that cross-linguistic variation in lexical processing cannot be accommodated by simply modifying lexical processing models, but instead what is needed is a universal learning model. Suggestions are given for how such a model could be tested empirically by extending methods already used for testing language-specific lexical processing.
The Real Virtue of Friedman's Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Science
Authors: Korkut Buket
Published: February 2011

Michael Friedman has recently developed a neo-Kantian conception of science as a rival to holistic accounts. According to Friedman, the main virtue of his neo-Kantian philosophy is that it resolves the problem of incommensurability. A close reading of Friedman's work, however, indicates that his account surprisingly accomplishes the opposite of what he believes to have defended. This article will argue that the real virtue of Friedman's neo-Kantian account of scientific theories is not that it resolves the problem of incommensurability but that it provides an elegant philosophical account much needed to substantiate Thomas Kuhn's historical thesis of incommensurability.
Broken Symmetry and Spacetime
Authors: Baker David John
Published: February 2011

The phenomenon of broken spacetime symmetry in the quantum theory of infinite systems seems to point toward an unorthodox ontology. The standard conception of the physical meaning of these symmetries, as changes in coordinates, conflicts with the apparent physical inequivalence of symmetry-related states. I argue that this apparent conflict is an artifact of a subtle error in the extant account of physical equivalence due to Halvorson and Clifton.
What Chains Does Liouville's Theorem Put on Maxwell's Demon?
Authors: Ainsworth Peter M.
Published: February 2011

Recently Albert and Hemmo and Shenker have argued that, contrary to what is sometimes suggested, Liouville's theorem does not prohibit a Maxwellian demon from operating but merely places certain restrictions on its ability to operate. There are two main claims made in this article. First, that the restrictions Liouville's theorem places on Maxwell's demon's ability to operate depend on which notion of entropy one adopts. Second, that when one operates with the definition of entropy that is usual in this debate, the restrictions put on Maxwell's demon are not even as severe as Albert and Hemmo and Shenker argue.
Feigl's ‘Scientific Realism’
Authors: Neuber Matthias
Published: February 2011

This article considers the evolution of Feigl's attempt at establishing a stable form of scientific realism. I will argue that Feigl's work in that area should be appreciated for two reasons: (1) it represents a telling case against the view of there being an unbridgeable ‘analytic-continental divide’ in the context of twentieth-century philosophy; (2) it contradicts the idea that scientific realism is at odds with logical empiricism. It will be shown that Feigl developed his scientific realist position from within the logical empiricists’ Vienna Circle. This, in turn, necessitates a fresh approach toward the contemporary scientific realism debate.
Extracellular Ca2+ modulates ADP‐evoked aggregation through altered agonist degradation: implications for conditions used to study P2Y receptor activation
Authors: Jones Sarah , Evans Richard J. , Mahaut‐Smith Martyn P.
Published: February 2011

ADP is considered a weak platelet agonist due to the limited aggregation responses it induces in vitro at physiological concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ [(Ca2+)o]. Lowering [Ca2+]o paradoxically enhances ADP‐evoked aggregation, an effect that has been attributed to enhanced thromboxane A2 production. This study examined the role of ectonucleotidases in the [Ca2+]o‐dependence of platelet activation. Reducing [Ca2+]o from millimolar to micromolar levels converted ADP (10 μmol/l)‐evoked platelet aggregation from a transient to a sustained response in both platelet‐rich plasma and washed suspensions. Blocking thromboxane A2 production with aspirin had no effect on this [Ca2+]o‐dependence. Prevention of ADP degradation abolished the differences between low and physiological [Ca2+]o resulting in a robust and sustained aggregation in both conditions. Measurements of extracellular ADP revealed reduced degradation in both plasma and apyrase‐containing saline at micromolar compared to millimolar [Ca2+]o. As reported previously, thromboxane A2 generation was enhanced at low [Ca2+]o, however this was independent of ectonucleotidase activity. P2Y receptor antagonists cangrelor and MRS2179 demonstrated the necessity of P2Y12 receptors for sustained ADP‐evoked aggregation, with a minor role for P2Y1. In conclusion, Ca2+‐dependent ectonucleotidase activity is a major factor determining the extent of platelet aggregation to ADP and must be controlled for in studies of P2Y receptor activation.
Identification of a risk dependent microRNA expression signature in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Sokol Lubomir , Caceres Gisela , Volinia Stefano , Alder Hans , Nuovo Gerard J. , Liu Chang‐Gong , McGraw Kathy , Clark Justine A. , Sigua Celia A. , Chen Dung‐Tsa , Moscinski Lynn , Croce Carlo M. , List Alan F.
Published: February 2011

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) display both haematological and biological heterogeneity with variable leukaemia potential. MicroRNAs play an important role in tumour suppression and the regulation of self‐renewal and differentiation of haematopoietic progenitors. Using a microarray platform, we evaluated microRNA expression from 44 patients with MDS and 17 normal controls. We identified a thirteen microRNA signature with statistically significant differential expression between normal and MDS specimens (P < 0·01), including down‐regulation of members of the leukaemia‐associated MIRLET7 family. A unique signature consisting of 10 microRNAs was closely associated with International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) risk category permitting discrimination between lower (Low/Intermediate‐1) and higher risk (Intermediate‐2/High) disease (P < 0·01). Selective overexpression of MIR181 family members was detected in higher risk MDS, indicating pathogenetic overlap with acute myeloid leukaemia. Survival analysis of an independent cohort of 22 IPSS lower risk MDS patients revealed a median survival of 3·5 years in patients with high expression of MIR181 family compared to 9·3 years in patients with low MIR181 expression (P = 0·002). Our pilot study suggested that analysis of microRNA expression profile offers diagnostic utility, and provide pathogenetic and prognostic discrimination in MDS.