An entropy-viscosity large eddy simulation study of turbulent flow in a flexible pipe
Authors: Wang Zhicheng , Triantafyllou Michael S. , Constantinides Yiannis , Em Karniadakis George 
Published: November 2018

We present a new approach – the entropy-viscosity method (EVM) – for numerical modelling of high Reynolds number flows and investigate its potential by simulating fully developed incompressible turbulent flow, first in a stationary pipe and subsequently in a flexible pipe. This method, which was first proposed by Guermondet al.(J. Comput. Phys., vol. 230 (11), 2011, pp. 4248–4267), introduces the concept of entropy viscosity, computed based on the nonlinear localized residual obtained from the energy equation. Specifically, this nonlinear viscosity based on the local size of entropy production is added to the spectral element discretization employed in our work for stabilization at insufficient resolution. Unlike its original formulation, which includes anad hoctuneable parameter$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, here, we determine the value of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$by assuming that the entropy viscosity is analogous to the eddy viscosity of the Smagorinsky model. However, the overall approach has the flavour of the implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) instead of the standard large eddy simulation (LES). Given the empiricism of our approach, we have performed systematic studies of homogeneous isotropic turbulence for validation (see appendix A). We have also carried out a more complete numerical simulation study to investigate incompressible turbulent flow in a stationary pipe at$Re_{D}=5300$and$Re_{D}=44\,000$, following the work of Wu & Moin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 608, 2008, pp. 81–112) who performed very accurate direct numerical simulations (DNS) of these two cases. We found that the mean flow, turbulence fluctuations, and two-point correlations of the EVM-based LES are in good agreement with the DNS of Wu & Moin despite the fact that we employed grids with resolution two orders of magnitude smaller. If we instead use the standard Smagorinsky model in our simulations, the computations become unstable due to insufficient resolution of the smaller scales. Another important difference is that the entropy-viscosity model scales with the cube of the distance from the wall and approaches zero at the wall, which is theoretically correct, as shown by oura posterioritests. Based on the validated EVM approach, we then simulated fully developed turbulent flow at$Re_{D}=5300$in a flexible pipe subject to prescribed vibrations in the cross-flow plane corresponding to a standing wave of amplitude$A$and wavelength$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=3D$, where$D=2R$is the pipe diameter and$R$is the radius. We have simulated 11 cases corresponding to increasing values of wave steepness$s_{o}=2A/\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$, with$s_{o}\in [0,0.067]$. We found a quadratic dependence of the friction factor on$s_{o}$with the minimum at approximately$s_{o}\approx 0.01$, so, surprisingly, we have a slight decrease in drag at first and then a substantial increase compared to the stationary pipe. To obtain the turbulence statistics, we averaged the simulated flow over twenty time periods at the nodes and anti-nodes separately. We found substantial changes in the mean velocity profile at distances$(1-r)^{+}>5$while the peaks of turbulent intensities were amplified by 50 % in the axial direction and by 200 % in the normal and azimuthal directions at$s_{o}=0.067$. The peak shear stress at the node increased by more than 200 % whereas at the anti-node it attained negative values. Turbulent budgets revealed large changes close to the wall at$(1-r)^{+}<50$while flow visualizations showed that many more strong worm-like vortices were generated in the near-wall regions compared to the stationary pipe. We have also computed various spatio-temporal correlations that show that the pressure fluctuations are very sensitive to the pipe vibration and scale quadratically with$s_{o}$. Both pressure and velocity correlations exhibit cellular patterns consistent with the standing-wave pipe motion.