bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ruxolitinib and Tofacitinib Are Potent and Selective Inhibitors of HIV-1 Replication and Virus ReactivationIn Vitro
Authors: Gavegnano Christina , Detorio Mervi , Montero Catherine , Bosque Alberto , Planelles Vicente , Schinazi Raymond F.
Published: January 2014

The JAK-STAT pathway is activated in both macrophages and lymphocytes upon human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and thus represents an attractive cellular target to achieve HIV suppression and reduced inflammation, which may impact virus sanctuaries. Ruxolitinib and tofacitinib are JAK1/2 inhibitors that are FDA approved for rheumatoid arthritis and myelofibrosis, respectively, but their therapeutic application for treatment of HIV infection was unexplored. Both drugs demonstrated submicromolar inhibition of infection with HIV-1, HIV-2, and a simian-human immunodeficiency virus, RT-SHIV, across primary human or rhesus macaque lymphocytes and macrophages, with no apparent significant cytotoxicity at 2 to 3 logs above the median effective antiviral concentration. Combination of tofacitinib and ruxolitinib increased the efficacy by 53- to 161-fold versus that observed for monotherapy, respectively, and each drug applied alone to primary human lymphocytes displayed similar efficacy against HIV-1 containing various polymerase substitutions. Both drugs inhibited virus replication in lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) plus interleukin-2 (IL-2), but not PHA alone, and inhibited reactivation of latent HIV-1 at low-micromolar concentrations across the J-Lat T cell latency model and in primary human central memory lymphocytes. Thus, targeted inhibition of JAK provided a selective, potent, and novel mechanism to inhibit HIV-1 replication in lymphocytes and macrophages, replication of drug-resistant HIV-1, and reactivation of latent HIV-1 and has the potential to reset the immunologic milieu in HIV-infected individuals.
Protection of Mice against Shiga Toxin 2 (Stx2)-Associated Damage by Maternal Immunization with a Brucella Lumazine Synthase-Stx2 B Subunit Chimera
Authors: Mejias María Pilar , Cabrera Gabriel , Fernández-Brando Romina Jimena , Baschkier Ariela , Ghersi Giselle , Abrey-Recalde Maria Jimena , Miliwebsky Elizabeth , Meiss Roberto , Goldbaum Fernando , Zylberman Vanesa , Rivas Marta , Palermo Marina Sandra
Published: January 2014

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is defined as the triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. Enterohemorrhagic Shiga toxin (Stx)-producingEscherichia coli(EHEC), which causes a prodromal hemorrhagic enteritis, remains the most common etiology of the typical or epidemic form of HUS. Because no licensed vaccine or effective therapy is presently available for human use, we recently developed a novel immunogen based on the B subunit of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2B) and the enzyme lumazine synthase fromBrucellaspp. (BLS) (BLS-Stx2B). The aim of this study was to analyze maternal immunization with BLS-Stx2B as a possible approach for transferring anti-Stx2 protection to the offspring. BALB/c female mice were immunized with BLS-Stx2B before mating. Both dams and pups presented comparable titers of anti-Stx2B antibodies in sera and fecal extracts. Moreover, pups were totally protected against a lethal dose of systemic Stx2 injection up to 2 to 3 months postpartum. In addition, pups were resistant to an oral challenge with an Stx2-producing EHEC strain at weaning and did not develop any symptomatology associated with Stx2 toxicity. Fostering experiments demonstrated that anti-Stx2B neutralizing IgG antibodies were transmitted through breast-feeding. Pups that survived the EHEC infection due to maternally transferred immunity prolonged an active and specific immune response that protected them against a subsequent challenge with intravenous Stx2. Our study shows that maternal immunization with BLS-Stx2B was very effective at promoting the transfer of specific antibodies, and suggests that preexposure of adult females to this immunogen could protect their offspring during the early phase of life.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Chlamydial Gastrointestinal Infection and Its Relevance to Persistence in Human Genital Infection
Authors: Rank Roger G. , Yeruva Laxmi
Published: January 2014

Although the concept of persistence in chlamydial infections has been recognized for about 80 years, there is still very little known about the mechanism by which this occurs. In this review, we revisit an old paradigm, long known to chlamydiologists and veterinarians, that in virtually all hosts of chlamydiae, including mammals and birds, chlamydiae reside in the gastrointestinal tract for long periods of time in the absence of clinical disease. Thus, if gastrointestinal infection occurs in most hosts, then it is very likely that gastrointestinal infection occurs in humans as well. We demonstrate that gastrointestinal infection does indeed occur in humans and propose that this anatomical site is the source of persistent infection in humans. The data in ruminants and animal models demonstrate that the immune system is unable to clear chlamydiae from the gut, so they can remain indefinitely, with continual shedding in feces. Clearly, many women become reinfected from an untreated partner; however, we propose that women, cured of genital infection, remain at risk for autoinoculation from the lower gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, there are substantial data demonstrating treatment failure of chlamydial infections, particularly with azithromycin. New data in the mouse model have shown that azithromycin is far less effective against chlamydial gastrointestinal infection than against genital infections. Therefore, it is possible that women cured of genital infection by antibiotics remain infected in the gastrointestinal tract and can become reinfected by autoinoculation from that site.
T-bet Regulates Immunity to Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain Infection, Particularly in Lungs
Authors: Melillo Amanda A. , Foreman Oded , Bosio Catharine M. , Elkins Karen L.
Published: January 2014

Upregulation of the transcription factor T-bet is correlated with the strength of protection against secondary challenge with the live vaccine strain (LVS) ofFrancisella tularensis. Thus, to determine if this mediator had direct consequences in immunity to LVS, we examined its role in infection. Despite substantialin vivogamma interferon (IFN-γ) levels, T-bet-knockout (KO) mice infected intradermally (i.d.) or intranasally (i.n.) with LVS succumbed to infection with doses 2 log units less than those required for their wild-type (WT) counterparts, and exhibited significantly increased bacterial burdens in the lung and spleen. Lungs of LVS-infected T-bet-KO mice contained fewer lymphocytes and more neutrophils and interleukin-17 than WT mice. LVS-vaccinated T-bet-KO mice survived lethal LVS intraperitoneal secondary challenge but not high doses of LVS i.n. challenge, independently of the route of vaccination. Immune T lymphocytes from the spleens of i.d. LVS-vaccinated WT or KO mice controlled intracellular bacterial replication in anin vitrococulture system, but cultures with T-bet-KO splenocyte supernatants contained less IFN-γ and increased amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha. In contrast, immune T-bet-KO lung lymphocytes were greatly impaired in controlling intramacrophage growth of LVS; this functional defect is the likely mechanism underpinning the lack of respiratory protection. Taken together, T-bet is important in host resistance to primary LVS infection and i.n. secondary challenge. Thus, T-bet represents a true, useful correlate for immunity to LVS.
Reasons for attending an urban urgent care centre with minor illness: a questionnaire study
Authors: Amiel C , Williams B , Ramzan F , Islam S , Ladbrooke T , Majeed A , Gnani S
Published: January 2014

Introduction

The demand for urgent care is increasing, and the pressure on emergency departments is of significant concern. General practitioner (GP)-led urgent care centres are a new model of care developed to divert patients to more appropriate primary care environments. This study explores why patients with minor illness choose to attend an urban urgent care centre for their healthcare needs.

Methods

A self-completed questionnaire among patients aged 18 years or over (N=649) who were triaged with a ‘minor illness’ on arrival to an urgent care centre, colocated with an emergency department in London.

Results

Median participant age was 29 years. 58% (649/1112) of patients attending the centre with minor illness during the study period took part. 72% participants were registered with a GP; more women (59%) attended than men; and the majority of participants rated themselves as healthy (81%). Access to care (58%) was a key reason for using the service as was expectation of receiving prescription medication (69%). GP dissatisfaction influenced 10% of participants in their decision to attend. 68% did not contact their GP in the previous 24 h before attending.

Conclusions

We found that the GP-led urgent care centre was similar to walk in centres in attracting healthy young adults, who were mostly registered with a GP and used services because of convenience and ease of access rather than satisfaction levels with their GP. This group may benefit from being seen as part of routine general practice care to provide opportunities for education and promotion of self-management.
Serial CT features of pulmonary leptospirosis in 10 dogs
Authors: Gendron K. , Christe A. , Walter S. , Schweighauser A. , Francey T. , Doherr M. G. , Lang J.
Published: January 2014

Leptospirosis pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome (LPHS) is a frequent manifestation of Leptospira infection in dogs and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Three helical 16‐slice thoracic CT scans were performed in 10 dogs naturally infected with Leptospira, within 24 hours of admission, and three and seven days later. Patients were sedated and scanned without breathhold, with a protocol adapted for rapid scanning. One dog died of respiratory failure on the morning following the first scan. On the initial scan, imaging features of LPHS included ground‐glass nodules (10/10), peribronchovascular interstitial thickening (10/10), diffuse or patchy ground‐glass opacity (9/10), solid nodules (8/10) and consolidation (7/10). Temporary bronchiolar dilation was observed in all dogs in association with peribronchovascular interstitial thickening, which had completely resolved at day 7. Nodules were with few exceptions assigned to the centrilobular region. Regression of lesion severity was observed after each subsequent scan. Consolidation and solid nodules changed over time into lesions of ground‐glass attenuation. Pleural effusion (3/10) and mediastinal effusion (2/10) were mild and transient. Lesion severity appeared unassociated with survival to discharge.
Atmospheric aging and light-induced degradation of amorphous and nanostructured silicon using photoconductivity and electron spin resonance
Authors: Saleh Z.M. , Nogay G. , Ozkol E. , Yilmaz G. , Sagban M. , Gunes M. , Turan R.
Published: January 2014

Previous studies indicate that the dark conductivity in amorphous and microcrystalline silicon may increase or decrease with exposure to deionized water (DIW) or pure oxygen at 80 °C but always decreases with light exposure. While the light-induced effect is linked to paramagnetic dangling bonds (Do), the origin of metastability in microcrystalline silicon remains unclear. In this study, we use steady-state photoconductivity (SSPC), dual-beam photoconductivity (DBP), and electron spin resonance (ESR), to study the behaviors under soaking in DIW and (or) pure oxygen at 80 °C and light-exposure of amorphous (a-Si:H) and nanostructured (nc-Si:H) silicon samples deposited in a capacitively coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. Powders from thick samples of low and high crystallinity (Xc) peeling off large substrates were collected in quartz tubes for ESR measurements. Dark conductivity decreases upon exposure to pure oxygen at 80 °C for nc-Si:H but remains unchanged for a-Si:H. The ESR signal attributed to Do decreases with soaking in DIW for high and low crystallinity nc-Si:H but the effect is more significant for higher Xc. Changes in SSPC, DBP, and ESR are used to compare the degradation mechanisms because of O2 exposure and light for amorphous and nanostructured silicon.
OCTONION ELECTRODYNAMICS IN ISOTROPIC AND CHIRAL MEDIUM
Authors: CHANYAL B. C. , BISHT P. S. , NEGI O. P. S.
Published: January 2014

In order to understand the self-consistent theory of dyons, we have undertaken the study of octonion analysis of generalized Dirac–Maxwell's (GDM) equations of dyons in isotropic medium and chiral medium. Consequently, we have developed the octonion forms of potential, field and current equation of dyons in simple and compact manner in homogeneous or isotropic medium. It is emphasized that the corresponding quantum equations are invariant under Lorentz and duality transformations. Furthermore, the generalized electrodynamics of dyons in chiral medium has also been discussed in terms of simple, compact and consistent octonion analysis. It is shown that in the absence of chiral parameter the theory of dyons reduces to that for homogeneous (isotropic) medium. The generalized theory of dyons in chiral medium thus reproduces the field equation of moving charge particle-like electron (monopole) in the absence of monopole (electron) in vacuum if we consider neither chiral nor isotropic medium parameters therein.
Linear chains of dipoles and magnetic susceptibility
Authors: Gorenstein Mark I. , Greiner Walter
Published: January 2014

The dipole–dipole interactions may lead to the linear chain formation in the ferrofluids. When the dipolar interaction energy is much larger than the thermal energy, the average length of the chains 〈n〉 becomes much larger than 1. This strongly influences on the magnetic susceptibility χ which is enhanced in comparison to its Langevin value χL by a factor of 2〈n〉.
AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT LAMINATED PIEZOELECTRIC FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLATES UNDER THERMO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL LOADINGS AND DIFFERENT END SUPPORTS
Authors: FEREIDOON ABDOLHOSSEIN , YAGHOOBI HESSAMEDDIN , DEHGHANIAN ALI
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we examine the buckling behavior of piezoelectric laminated plate made of two-layered functionally graded materials (FGMs) that are integrated with surface-bonded piezoelectric actuators and is subjected to a combined action of uniform temperature change, inplane forces, and applied actuator voltage. Temperature-dependent material properties are assumed for both the substrate FGM layer and piezoelectric layers. Employing an analytical approach, five coupled governing stability equations, which were derived based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory, are converted into a fourth-order and a second-order decoupled partial differential equations. Then, an accurate analytical solution is proposed to solve them. Parametric studies are also undertaken, and show the effects of applied actuator voltage, volume fraction exponents, plate aspect ratio, ratio of piezoelectric layer thickness to thickness of FGM layer and temperature dependency, on the buckling load of the plate.
NUCLEON RESONANCES FROM DYNAMICAL COUPLED CHANNEL APPROACH OF MESON PRODUCTION REACTIONS
Authors: SATO TORU
Published: January 2014

Properties of the nucleon resonances are investigated within a coupled channel model of πN, γN → πN, ηN, KΛ, KΣ and ππN reactions. The pole positions and the residues of the nucleon resonances are extracted by using the analytic continuation of the scattering amplitudes.
LOWEST-LYING OCTET BARYON MASSES IN COVARIANT BARYON CHIRAL PERTURBATION THEORY
Authors: REN XIU-LEI , GENG LISHENG , MENG JIE , TOKI HIROSHI
Published: January 2014

We report on a systematic study of the ground-state octet baryon masses in the covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory with the extended-on-mass-shell renormalization scheme up to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order, taking into account the contributions of the virtual decuplet baryons. A reasonable description of the lattice results is achieved by fitting simultaneously all the publicly availablenf = 2 + 1lattice QCD data. It confirms that the various lattice simulations are consistent with each other. We stress that a self-consistent treatment of finite-volume corrections is important to obtain a χ2/d.o.f. about 1.
HEAVY QUARK SYMMETRIES AND HEAVY MESON MOLECULES
Authors: GUO FENG-KUN , HIDALGO-DUQUE CARLOS , NIEVES JUAN , PAVÓN VALDERRAMA MANUEL
Published: January 2014

A few of the newly discovered XYZ states might be bound states of a heavy meson and antimeson. These molecular states, as they are also known, respect heavy quark symmetries at the potential level and as a consequence they might appear in multiplets. Here we exploit their symmetry to predict new states from already known ones. For instance, we expect the existence of a bottom counterpart of the X(3872) at 10580 MeV. Conversely, the assumption that the Zb(10610) and [Formula: see text] are molecular implies a pair of analogous resonances with hidden charm located at 3870 and 4010 MeV. They might be identified with the Zc(3900) and Zc(4025), supporting the idea that they are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] bound states.
STATUS OF MESON PHOTOPRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS WITH CLAS
Authors:   (for the CLAS Collaboration), PASYUK EUGENE
Published: January 2014

A large part of the experimental program in Hall B of the Jefferson Lab is dedicated to baryon spectroscopy. Meson photoproduction experiments are essential part of this program. CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) and availability of circularly and linearly polarized tagged photon beams in combination with longitudinally and transversely polarized frozen spin targets provide unique conditions for this type of experiments. For the first time, a complete or nearly complete measurement became possible and will allow model independent extraction of the reaction amplitude. The measurements were complete with both proton and deuteron targets. An overview of the collected experimental data will be presented.
Crowdfunding
Authors: Gerber Elizabeth M. , Hui Julie
Published: January 2014

Crowdfunding is changing how, why, and which ideas are brought into existence. With the increasing number of crowdfunded projects, it is important to understand what drives people to either create or fund these projects. To shed light on this new social phenomenon, we present a grounded theory of motivation informed by the first cross-platform qualitative study of the crowdfunding community. By performing 83 semistructured interviews, we uncover creator motivations, which include the desire to raise funds, expand awareness of work, connect with others, gain approval, maintain control, and learn; and supporter motivations, which include the desire to collect rewards, help others, support causes, and be part of a community. We also explore deterrents to crowdfunding participation, including, among creators, fear of failure, and, for supporters, lack of trust. Based on these findings, we provide three emergent design principles to inform the design of effective crowdfunding platforms and support tools.
Job completion time on a virtualized server with software rejuvenation
Authors: Machida Fumio , Nicola Victor F. , Trivedi Kishor S.
Published: January 2014

This article analyzes the completion time of a job running on a virtualized server subject to software aging and rejuvenation in a virtual machine monitor (VMM). A job running on the server may be interrupted by virtual machine (VM) failure, VMM failure or VMM rejuvenation. The job interruption is categorized as either preemptive-repeat (
prt
), in which case the interrupted job needs to restart from the beginning, or preemptive-resume (
prs
), in which case the job resumes execution from the point of interruption. Using a semi-Markov process (SMP) to model the server behavior, the steady-state server availability is computed and the theory developed in Kulkarni et al. [1987] is used to obtain the Laplace-Stieltjes transform (LST) of the job completion time. In the numerical experiments, we introduce four types of aging behavior of VMM. The effectiveness of VMM rejuvenation on job completion time is discussed in association with the type of interruption it causes and the VMM aging type. With our parameter settings, VMM rejuvenation with
prs
job interruption improves the performance of job execution regardless of the aging type, with performance degradation is taken into account.
Accelerating an application domain with specialized functional units
Authors: González-Álvarez Cecilia , Sartor Jennifer B. , Álvarez Carlos , Jiménez-González Daniel , Eeckhout Lieven
Published: January 2014

Hardware specialization has received renewed interest recently as chips are hitting power limits. Chip designers of traditional processor architectures have primarily focused on general-purpose computing, partially due to time-to-market pressure and simpler design processes. But new power limits require some chip specialization. Although hardware configured for a specific application yields large speedups for low-power dissipation, its design is more complex and less reusable. We instead explore domain-based specialization, a scalable approach that balances hardware’s reusability and performance efficiency. We focus on specialization using customized compute units that accelerate particular operations. In this article, we develop automatic techniques to identify code sequences from different applications within a domain that can be targeted to a new custom instruction that will be run inside a configurable specialized functional unit (SFU). We demonstrate that using a canonical representation of computations finds more common code sequences among applications that can be mapped to the same custom instruction, leading to larger speedups while specializing a smaller core area than previous pattern-matching techniques. We also propose new heuristics to narrow the search space of domain-specific custom instructions, finding those that achieve the best performance across applications. We estimate the overall performance achieved with our automatic techniques using hardware models on a set of nine media benchmarks, showing that when limiting the core area devoted to specialization, the SFU customization with the largest speedups includes both application- and domain-specific custom instructions. We demonstrate that exploring domain-specific hardware acceleration is key to continued computing system performance improvements.
People reidentification in surveillance and forensics
Authors: Vezzani Roberto , Baltieri Davide , Cucchiara Rita
Published: January 2014

The field of surveillance and forensics research is currently shifting focus and is now showing an ever increasing interest in the task of people reidentification. This is the task of assigning the same identifier to all instances of a particular individual captured in a series of images or videos, even after the occurrence of significant gaps over time or space. People reidentification can be a useful tool for people analysis in security as a data association method for long-term tracking in surveillance. However, current identification techniques being utilized present many difficulties and shortcomings. For instance, they rely solely on the exploitation of visual cues such as color, texture, and the object’s shape. Despite the many advances in this field, reidentification is still an open problem. This survey aims to tackle all the issues and challenging aspects of people reidentification while simultaneously describing the previously proposed solutions for the encountered problems. This begins with the first attempts of holistic descriptors and progresses to the more recently adopted 2D and 3D model-based approaches. The survey also includes an exhaustive treatise of all the aspects of people reidentification, including available datasets, evaluation metrics, and benchmarking.
Thin-Slice Judgments in the Clinical Context
Authors: Slepian Michael L. , Bogart Kathleen R. , Ambady Nalini
Published: January 2014

Clinicians make a variety of assessments about their clients, from judging personality traits to making diagnoses, and a variety of methods are available to do so, ranging from observations to structured interviews. A large body of work demonstrates that from a brief glimpse of another's nonverbal behavior, a variety of traits and inner states can be accurately perceived. Additionally, from these “thin slices” of behavior, even future outcomes can be predicted with some accuracy. Certain clinical disorders such as Parkinson's disease and facial paralysis disrupt nonverbal behavior and may impair cli-nicians' ability to make accurate judgments. In certain contexts, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, and suicide attempts and outcomes can be detected from others' nonverbal behavior. Additionally, thin slices can predict psychological adjustment to divorce, bereavement, sexual abuse, and well-being throughout life. Thus, for certain traits and disorders, judgments from a thin slice could provide a complementary tool for the clinician's toolbox.
Growing Length Scales and Their Relation to Timescales in Glass-Forming Liquids
Authors: Karmakar Smarajit , Dasgupta Chandan , Sastry Srikanth
Published: January 2014

The question of whether the dramatic slowing down of the dynamics of glass-forming liquids near the structural glass transition is caused by the growth of one or more correlation lengths has received much attention in recent years. Several proposals have been made for both static and dynamic length scales that may be responsible for the growth of timescales as the glass transition is approached. These proposals are critically examined with emphasis on the dynamic length scale associated with spatial heterogeneity of local dynamics and the static point-to-set or mosaic length scale of the random first-order transition theory of equilibrium glass transition. Available results for these length scales, obtained mostly from simulations, are summarized, and the relation of the growth of timescales near the glass transition with the growth of these length scales is examined. Some of the outstanding questions about length scales in glass-forming liquids are discussed, and studies in which these questions may be addressed are suggested.
Simulations of Dislocation Structure and Response
Authors: LeSar Richard
Published: January 2014

Despite 5,000 years of metals in technology and 80 years since dislocations were postulated as the carriers of deformation, we still lack fundamental theories of dislocation substructure development and its relation to the stress-strain response in real materials. In this review, we focus on one type of tool being used to explore dislocation-based plasticity: the modeling and simulation of dislocation structures and properties. Before a discussion of the methods, we present a brief summary of aspects of dislocation theory that are critical to understanding plasticity. We then review three approaches to modeling and simulating dislocation properties at the mesoscale: discrete dislocation dynamics, phase-field dislocation methods, and continuous dislocation theory. We discuss the power and limitations of the methods when applied to real-world problems.
Applications of Power Ultrasound in Food Processing
Authors: Kentish Sandra , Feng Hao
Published: January 2014

Acoustic energy as a form of physical energy has drawn the interests of both industry and scientific communities for its potential use as a food processing and preservation tool. Currently, most such applications deal with ultrasonic waves with relatively high intensities and acoustic power densities and are performed mostly in liquids. In this review, we briefly discuss the fundamentals of power ultrasound. We then summarize the physical and chemical effects of power ultrasound treatments based on the actions of acoustic cavitation and by looking into several ultrasound-assisted unit operations. Finally, we examine the biological effects of ultrasonication by focusing on its interactions with the miniature biological systems present in foods, i.e., microorganisms and food enzymes, as well as with selected macrobiological components.
Extraction, Evolution, and Sensory Impact of Phenolic Compounds During Red Wine Maceration
Authors: Casassa L. Federico , Harbertson James F.
Published: January 2014

We review the extraction into wine and evolution of major phenolic classes of sensory relevance. We present a historical background to highlight that previously established aspects of phenolic extraction and retention into red wine are still subjects of much research. We argue that management of the maceration length is one of the most determining factors in defining the proportion and chemical fate of phenolic compounds in wine. The extraction of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins (PAs) is discussed in the context of their individual extraction patterns but also with regard to their interaction with other wine components. The same approach is followed to present the sensory implications of phenolic and phenolic-derived compounds in wine. Overall, we conclude that the chemical diversity of phenolic compounds in grapes is further enhanced as soon as vacuolar and pulp components are released upon crushing, adding a variety of new sensory dimensions to the already present chemical diversity. Polymeric pigments formed by the covalent reaction of anthocyanin and PAs are good candidates to explain some of the observed sensory changes in the color, taste, and mouthfeel attributes of red wines during maceration and aging.
Adoptive Immunotherapy for Cancer or Viruses
Authors: Maus Marcela V. , Fraietta Joseph A. , Levine Bruce L. , Kalos Michael , Zhao Yangbing , June Carl H.
Published: January 2014

Adoptive immunotherapy, or the infusion of lymphocytes, is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer and certain chronic viral infections. The application of the principles of synthetic biology to enhance T cell function has resulted in substantial increases in clinical efficacy. The primary challenge to the field is to identify tumor-specific targets to avoid off-tumor, on-target toxicity. Given recent advances in efficacy in numerous pilot trials, the next steps in clinical development will require multicenter trials to establish adoptive immunotherapy as a mainstream technology.
Retinoblastoma: Saving Life with Vision
Authors: Abramson David H.
Published: January 2014

Retinoblastoma has gone from >95% mortality to >95% survival in the past 100 years. Once enucleation techniques were perfected, the majority of children survived, but without the eye (or vision in that eye). Over the past 100 years, progressively better techniques have been developed for salvaging vision without sacrificing patient survival. Presently, 99% of children treated at our center survive their cancer, >99% retain at least one eye, and >90% retain normal vision in at least one eye. The introduction of ophthalmic artery chemosurgery has been the most dramatic, non-radiation-based mode to maximally preserve vision.
Identification of Genes for Childhood Heritable Diseases
Authors: Boycott Kym M. , Dyment David A. , Sawyer Sarah L. , Vanstone Megan R. , Beaulieu Chandree L.
Published: January 2014

Genes causing rare heritable childhood diseases are being discovered at an accelerating pace driven by the decreasing cost and increasing accessibility of next-generation DNA sequencing combined with the maturation of strategies for successful gene identification. The findings are shedding light on the biological mechanisms of childhood disease and broadening the phenotypic spectrum of many clinical syndromes. Still, thousands of childhood disease genes remain to be identified, and given their increasing rarity, this will require large-scale collaboration that includes mechanisms for sharing phenotypic and genotypic data sets. Nonetheless, genomic technologies are poised for widespread translation to clinical practice for the benefit of children and families living with these rare diseases.
Where Global and Virtual Meet: The Value of Examining the Intersection of These Elements in Twenty-First-Century Teams
Authors: Gibson Cristina B. , Huang Laura , Kirkman Bradley L. , Shapiro Debra L.
Published: January 2014

We review prior research that has examined virtuality in teams (e.g., pertaining to the use of electronic media) or the global nature of teams (e.g., national and cultural differences), demonstrating that very few scholars have examined both simultaneously. Given that the global and virtual elements often coincide in the same team, this is a critical gap in research, particularly because these two features may interact in important ways, amplifying or mitigating the effects of each other. After elaborating on potential interactions, we set forth future research directions, which incorporate both global and virtual elements of teams and in doing so, better address the complexity of working in these increasingly common collaborative forms.
Pay Dispersion
Authors: Shaw Jason D.
Published: January 2014

This article describes and evaluates the substantial literature on the performance-, turnover-, and attitude-related outcomes of pay dispersion. In the past 15 years, compensation researchers have identified and pursued the resolution of well-known theoretical dilemmas about reward allocations and, as a result, have made much progress in terms of understanding the consequences of pay structures. This review explores the evolution of several contingencies of these relationships, including the effects of explained versus unexplained variation in pay, the role of work interdependence, and the nature of other pay-system characteristics. The article concludes with a summary evaluation, the proposal of several stylized facts about the consequences of pay dispersion, and a research agenda to aid researchers in addressing unresolved issues in the literature.
Psychological Safety: The History, Renaissance, and Future of an Interpersonal Construct
Authors: Edmondson Amy C. , Lei Zhike
Published: January 2014

Psychological safety describes people’s perceptions of the consequences of taking interpersonal risks in a particular context such as a workplace. First explored by pioneering organizational scholars in the 1960s, psychological safety experienced a renaissance starting in the 1990s and continuing to the present. Organizational research has identified psychological safety as a critical factor in understanding phenomena such as voice, teamwork, team learning, and organizational learning. A growing body of conceptual and empirical work has focused on understanding the nature of psychological safety, identifying factors that contribute to it, and examining its implications for individuals, teams, and organizations. In this article, we review and integrate this literature and suggest directions for future research. We first briefly review the early history of psychological safety research and then examine contemporary research at the individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis. We assess what has been learned and discuss suggestions for future theoretical development and methodological approaches for organizational behavior research on this important interpersonal construct.
Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Nanostructures for Solar Fuels
Authors: Baxter Jason B. , Richter Christiaan , Schmuttenmaer Charles A.
Published: January 2014

Sunlight can be used to drive chemical reactions to produce fuels that store energy in chemical bonds. These fuels, such as hydrogen from splitting water, have much larger energy density than do electrical storage devices. The efficient conversion of clean, sustainable solar energy using photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic systems requires precise control over the thermodynamics, kinetics, and structural aspects of materials and molecules. Generation, thermalization, trapping, interfacial transfer, and recombination of photoexcited charge carriers often occur on femtosecond to picosecond timescales. These short timescales limit the transport of photoexcited carriers to nanometer-scale distances, but nanostructures with high surface-to-volume ratios can enable both significant light absorption and high quantum efficiency. This review highlights the importance of understanding ultrafast carrier dynamics for the generation of solar fuels, including case studies on colloidal nanostructures, nanostructured photoelectrodes, and photoelectrodes sensitized with molecular chromophores and catalysts.
Why Do Americans Have Shorter Life Expectancy and Worse Health Than Do People in Other High-Income Countries?
Authors: Avendano Mauricio , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: January 2014

Americans lead shorter and less healthy lives than do people in other high-income countries. We review the evidence and explanations for these variations in longevity and health. Our overview suggests that the US health disadvantage applies to multiple mortality and morbidity outcomes. The American health disadvantage begins at birth and extends across the life course, and it is particularly marked for American women and for regions in the US South and Midwest. Proposed explanations include differences in health care, individual behaviors, socioeconomic inequalities, and the built physical environment. Although these factors may contribute to poorer health in America, a focus on proximal causes fails to adequately account for the ubiquity of the US health disadvantage across the life course. We discuss the role of specific public policies and conclude that while multiple causes are implicated, crucial differences in social policy might underlie an important part of the US health disadvantage.
Infinitely Many Weak Solutions of thep-Laplacian Equation with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions
Authors: Lu Feng-Yun , Deng Gui-Qian
Published: January 2014

We study the followingp-Laplacian equation with nonlinear boundary conditions:-Δpu+μ(x)|u|p-2u=f(x,u)+g(x,u),  x∈Ω,|∇u|p-2∂u/∂n=η|u|p-2uandx∈∂Ω,  whereΩis a bounded domain inℝNwith smooth boundary∂Ω. We prove that the equation has infinitely many weak solutions by using the variant fountain theorem due to Zou (2001) andf,gdo not need to satisfy the(P.S)or(P.S*)condition.
Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: From Molecular Bases to Practical Considerations
Authors: Ripellino Paolo , Fleetwood Thomas , Cantello Roberto , Comi Cristoforo
Published: January 2014

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system, in which both cellular and humoral immune responses are involved. The disease is clinically heterogeneous with some patients displaying pure motor form and others also showing a variable degree of sensory dysfunction; disease evolution may also differ from patient to patient, since monophasic, progressive, and relapsing forms are reported. Underlying such clinical variability there is probably a broad spectrum of molecular dysfunctions that are and will be the target of therapeutic strategies. In this review we first explore the biological bases of current treatments and subsequently we focus on the practical management that must also take into account pharmacoeconomic issues.
Proteomic Approaches in Biomarker Discovery: New Perspectives in Cancer Diagnostics
Authors: Hudler Petra , Kocevar Nina , Komel Radovan
Published: January 2014

Despite remarkable progress in proteomic methods, including improved detection limits and sensitivity, these methods have not yet been established in routine clinical practice. The main limitations, which prevent their integration into clinics, are high cost of equipment, the need for highly trained personnel, and last, but not least, the establishment of reliable and accurate protein biomarkers or panels of protein biomarkers for detection of neoplasms. Furthermore, the complexity and heterogeneity of most solid tumours present obstacles in the discovery of specific protein signatures, which could be used for early detection of cancers, for prediction of disease outcome, and for determining the response to specific therapies. However, cancer proteome, as the end-point of pathological processes that underlie cancer development and progression, could represent an important source for the discovery of new biomarkers and molecular targets for tailored therapies.
A New Iterative Method for Linear Systems from XFEM
Authors: Zhao Jianping , Hou Yanren , Zheng Haibiao , Tang Bo
Published: January 2014

The extend finite element method (XFEM) is popular in structural mechanics when dealing with the problem of the cracked domains. XFEM ends up with a linear system. However, XFEM usually leads to nonsymmetric and ill‐conditioned stiff matrix. In this paper, we take the linear elastostatics governing equations as the model problem.
We propose a new iterative method to solve the linear equations. Here we separate two variables U and Enr, so that we change the problems into solving the smaller scale equations iteratively. The new program can be easily applied. Finally, numerical examples show
that the proposed method is more efficient than common methods; we compare the L2‐error and the CPU time in whole process. Furthermore, the new XFEM can be applied and optimized in many other problems.
Evaluation of Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Berries in High-Fat Fed C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Heyman Lovisa , Axling Ulrika , Blanco Narda , Sterner Olov , Holm Cecilia , Berger Karin
Published: January 2014

Objective. The aim of the study was to screen eight species of berries for their ability to prevent obesity and metabolic abnormalities associated with type 2 diabetes.Methods. C57BL/6J mice were assigned the following diets for 13 weeks: low-fat diet, high-fat diet or high-fat diet supplemented (20%) with lingonberry, blackcurrant, bilberry, raspberry, açai, crowberry, prune or blackberry.Results. The groups receiving a high-fat diet supplemented with lingonberries, blackcurrants, raspberries or bilberries gained less weight and had lower fasting insulin levels than the control group receiving high-fat diet without berries. Lingonberries, and also blackcurrants and bilberries, significantly decreased body fat content, hepatic lipid accumulation, and plasma levels of the inflammatory marker PAI-1, as well as mediated positive effects on glucose homeostasis. The group receiving açai displayed increased weight gain and developed large, steatotic livers. Quercetin glycosides were detected in the lingonberry and the blackcurrant diets.Conclusion. Lingonberries were shown to fully or partially prevent the detrimental metabolic effects induced by high-fat diet. Blackcurrants and bilberries had similar properties, but to a lower degree. We propose that the beneficial metabolic effects of lingonberries could be useful in preventing obesity and related disorders.
Western Medical Rehabilitation through Time: A Historical and Epistemological Review
Authors: Conti Andrea A.
Published: January 2014

Medical rehabilitation is the process targeted to promote and facilitate the recovery from physical damage, psychological and mental disorders, and clinical disease. The history of medical rehabilitation is closely linked to the history of disability. In the ancient western world disabled subjects were excluded from social life. In ancient Greece disability was surmounted only by means of its complete removal, and given that disease was considered a punishment attributed by divinities to human beings because of their faults and sins, only a full physical, mental, and moral recovery could reinsert disabled subjects back in the society of “normal” people. In the Renaissance period, instead, general ideas functional for the prevention of diseases and the maintaining of health became increasingly technical notions, specifically targeted to rehabilitate disabled individuals. The history of medical rehabilitation is a fascinating journey through time, providing insights into many different branches of medicine. When modern rehabilitation emerges, around the middle of the twentieth century, it derives from a combination of management approaches focusing on the orthopaedic and biomechanical understanding of patterns of movement, on the mastering of neuropsychological mechanisms, and on the awareness of the social-occupational dimension of everyday reality.
Rheology Measurements for Online Monitoring of Solids in Activated Sludge Reactors of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Piani Luciano , Rizzardini Claudia Bruna , Papo Adriano , Goi Daniele
Published: January 2014

Rheological behaviour of recycled sludge from a secondary clarifier of a municipal wastewater treatment plant was studied by using the rate controlled coaxial cylinder viscometer Rotovisko-Haake 20, system M5-osc., measuring device NV. The tests (hysteresis cycles) were performed under continuous flow conditions and following an ad hoc measurement protocol. Sludge shear stress versus shear rate curves were fitted very satisfactorily by rheological models. An experimental equation correlating the solid concentration of sludge to relative viscosity and fitting satisfactorily flow curves at different Total Suspended Solids (TTS%) was obtained. Application of the empirical correlation should allow the monitoring of the proper functioning of a wastewater treatment plant measuring viscosity of sludge.
iotSilo: The Agent Service Platform Supporting Dynamic Behavior Assembly for Resolving the Heterogeneity of IoT
Authors: Jung Euihyun , Cho Ilkwon , Kang Sun Moo
Published: January 2014

Although a lot of researchers have painted a rosy picture of Internet of Things (IoT), there have been no widely accepted solution and related standards until now. To achieve the successful realization of IoT, the close collaboration of devices is the primary requisite. However, the heterogeneity of devices such as different hardware or network connectivity prohibits the realization of IoT. In order to overcome the heterogeneity issue, we suggested the agent service platform named iotSilo in which agents can communicate and cooperate on behalf of their devices. With this delegation approach, the iotSilo can support diverse devices without worrying about their differences. In designing an agent, several software design patterns are adopted to enable the agent to assemble behaviors for hiding the heterogeneity of devices. To investigate the effectiveness of the iotSilo, we developed eleven different types of the IoT devices to emulate real world things with Arduino, deployed the devices in both Korea and Japan, and then conducted three experiments.
Experimental Investigation on Usage of Palm Oil as a Lubricant to Substitute Mineral Oil in CI Engines
Authors: Reddy K. S. V. Krishna , Kabra Naval , Kunchum Umesh , Vijayakumar T.
Published: January 2014

Due to growing environmental concerns, vegetable oils are finding their way into lubricants for industrial and transportation applications. The substitution of mineral oil with vegetable oil as a base stock for an environment friendly lubricant in a CI engine is explored in this study without adding any additives. The experiments have been conducted with a mixture of palm oil and mineral oil, at different compositions. Blends of palm oil and mineral oil in different compositions, 0, 25, and 50 (by vol %) were added to base SAE20W40 mineral oil to obtain different lubricant blends. The parameters evaluated include brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, and mechanical efficiency and exhaust emissions. The engine performance and emission tests were carried out on a single cylinder, water cooled, 4-stroke CI engine. Compared to mineral oil, the palm oil-based lubricant revealed appreciable expedience on engine and emission performance.