bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gut carbohydrate inhibits GIP secretion via a microbiota/SCFA/FFAR3 pathway
Authors: Lee Eun-Young , Zhang Xilin , Miyamoto Junki , Kimura Ikuo , Taknaka Tomoaki , Furusawa Kenichi , Jomori Takahito , Fujimoto Kosuke , Uematsu Satoshi , Miki Takashi
Published: September 2018

Mechanisms of carbohydrate-induced secretion of the two incretins namely glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are considered to be mostly similar. However, we found that mice exhibit opposite secretory responses in response to co-administration of maltose plus an α-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol (maltose/miglitol), stimulatory for GLP-1, as reported previously, but inhibitory for GIP. Gut microbiota was shown to be involved in maltose/miglitol-induced GIP suppression, as the suppression was attenuated in antibiotics (Abs)-treated mice and abolished in germ-free mice. In addition, maltose/miglitol administration increased plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), carbohydrate-derived metabolites, in the portal vein. GIP suppression by maltose/miglitol was not observed in mice lacking a SCFA receptor Ffar3, but it was normally seen in Ffar2-deficient mice. Similar to maltose/miglitol administration, co-administration of glucose plus a sodium glucose transporter inhibitor phloridzin (glucose/phloridzin) induced GIP suppression, which was again cancelled by Abs treatment. In conclusion, oral administration of carbohydrates with α-glucosidase inhibitors suppresses GIP secretion through a microbiota/SCFA/FFAR3 pathway.
EFECTOS DE LA APLICACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA DE INTERVENCIÓN EDUCATIVA SOBRE LAS HABILIDADES MOTORAS GRUESAS EN INDIVIDUOS CON AUTISMO
Authors: Chávez Valenzuela María Elena , Bautista Jacobo Alejandrina , García Fernàndez David Arnoldo , Fuentes Vega María de los Ángeles , Ogarrio Perkins Carlos Ernesto , Montaño Del Cid Edgar Eduardo , Hoyos Ruíz Graciela
Published: September 2018

Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasiexperimental para identificar los beneficios físicos y emocionales que promueve un programa de activación física sistematizado en mujeres adultas mayores del Instituto Nacional de las Personas Adultas Mayores (INAPAM) y del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado de Sonora (ISSSTESON). Se aplicó para ello el Test de Senior Fitness (SFT) y la escala de ansiedad y depresión de Goldberg (EADG) a una muestra no probabilística de 70 personas de Hermosillo, Sonora del sexo femenino, mayores de 65 años (M= 68.4, DS= 5.12 años). Los resultados mostraron una disminución del 61 % en la prevalencia de ansiedad y un 30 % en el síntoma de depresión después del programa. Se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos en la flexibilidad muscular de las extremidades inferiores (p < 0.05). Respecto a la resistencia aeróbica, las participantes lograron aumentar en promedio 36 metros más de lo que habían recorrido en los 6 minutos de marcha al inicio del programa. El programa de actividad física sistematizado en mujeres adultas mayores disminuye la prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión, desarrolla la capacidad de estiramiento, capacidad aeróbica, agilidad y equilibrio dinámico.
LA FORMACIÓN Y ADQUISICIÓN DE CONOCIMIENTO PARA ENTRENAR Y DIRIGIR DE LOS ENTRENADORES DEL FÚTBOL ÉLITE DE COSTA RICA
Authors: Rivas-Borbón Oscar Milton , Víquez-Ulate Fabian , Sánchez-Ureña Braulio , Revuelta-Sánchez Ines , Salas-Cabrera Jorge , Gutiérrez-Vargas Juan Carlos
Published: September 2018

El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar aspectos relacionados con la formación y las fuentes de conocimiento que hoy en día poseen los entrenadores de futbol elite costarricense, tanto para dirigir, como para entrenar, y que ejercen influencias en la toma de sus decisiones de su entorno deportivo. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cualitativa, en la cual la recolección de la información se hizo a través del método denominado como triangulación metodológica, que consistió en la aplicación de dos herramientas metodológicas, la entrevista y el cuestionario, cuyos resultados al final fueron comparados entre sí. La población del estudio fue de 10 entrenadores de la liga de primera división del fútbol costarricense. Los resultados indicaron que los entrenadores basan su labor de dirigir y entrenar, en casi todas las subcategorías de adquisición de conocimientos que se plantearon en el estudio, sin embargo, las subcategorías de experiencia como jugador, experiencia profesional y el manejo de herramientas tecnológicas fueron a las que le asignaron mayor valor, sobre todo para el ámbito de dirigir en la competencia. Al mismo tiempo, se encuentra que la subcategoría interacción entre colegas, fue a la que le asignan el menor valor. Las conclusiones del estudio deberían ser tomadas en consideración a la hora del diseño curricular en la formación de entrenadores de fútbol.
Transgender Adolescent Suicide Behavior
Authors: Toomey Russell B. , Syvertsen Amy K. , Shramko Maura
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVES:

Our primary objective was to examine prevalence rates of suicide behavior across 6 gender identity groups: female; male; transgender, male to female; transgender, female to male; transgender, not exclusively male or female; and questioning. Our secondary objective was to examine variability in the associations between key sociodemographic characteristics and suicide behavior across gender identity groups.

METHODS:

Data from the Profiles of Student Life: Attitudes and Behaviors survey (N = 120 617 adolescents; ages 11–19 years) were used to achieve our objectives. Data were collected over a 36-month period: June 2012 to May 2015. A dichotomized self-reported lifetime suicide attempts (never versus ever) measure was used. Prevalence statistics were compared across gender identity groups, as were the associations between sociodemographic characteristics (ie, age, parents’ highest level of education, urbanicity, sexual orientation, and race and/or ethnicity) and suicide behavior.

RESULTS:

Nearly 14% of adolescents reported a previous suicide attempt; disparities by gender identity in suicide attempts were found. Female to male adolescents reported the highest rate of attempted suicide (50.8%), followed by adolescents who identified as not exclusively male or female (41.8%), male to female adolescents (29.9%), questioning adolescents (27.9%), female adolescents (17.6%), and male adolescents (9.8%). Identifying as nonheterosexual exacerbated the risk for all adolescents except for those who did not exclusively identify as male or female (ie, nonbinary). For transgender adolescents, no other sociodemographic characteristic was associated with suicide attempts.

CONCLUSIONS:

Suicide prevention efforts can be enhanced by attending to variability within transgender populations, particularly the heightened risk for female to male and nonbinary transgender adolescents.
Studying the Equilibrium State Stability of the Biocenosis Dynamics System under the Conditions of Interspecies Interaction
Authors: Shamanaev Pavel A. , Yazovtseva Olga S.
Published: September 2018

Introduction. The article considers the problem of stability of the mathematical model of the trivial equilibrium. The model describes the biocenosis dynamics with the predatorprey type interspecific interaction, which is a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations with perturbations in the form of vector polynoms. The examined system is considered provided that the birth rate of biological species does not exceed mortality rate.
Materials and Methods. The article states the sufficient conditions for asymptomatic stability. The proof is based on the construction of an operator equation in a Banach space, which connects the solution of the nonlinear system and its linear approximation. The existence of the operator equation solution is proved through using the Schauder fixed point principle. It is shown that there is Brauer local asymptotic equivalence between the solutions of the investigated system and its linear approximation and the differences between the components of the solutions of the nonlinear system and its linear approximation tends to zero evenly with respect to the initial values.
Results. As a case in point, the authors consider the model of the predator-prey type in the case when two species feed on the third one. The conditions for stability and asymptotic stability for a part of the variables of the trivial equilibrium of the abundance dynamics of two predator populations and one prey population under different fertility rates of biological species are given. The graphs of a number of populations with different vaues of the difference between the birth rate and the mortality rate of partucular species are constructed.
Conclusions. Depending on the difference between fertility and mortality of biological species, the population dynamics of two populations of “predators” and one population of “preys” is analyzed over time.
Improving the Efficiency of Remote Sensing Data Interpretation by Analyzing Neighborhood Descriptors
Authors: Yamashkin Stanislav A. , Yamashkin Anatoliy A.
Published: September 2018

Introduction. In evaluating the space-time structure of the Earth’s surface, the data of remote sensing of the Earth become more important. Increasing the effectiveness of space survey analysis tools is possible through studying the problem of obtaining an integrated space-time characterization of the state of lands. The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of the automated analysis of remote sensing data by taking into account the invariant and dynamic descriptors of the vicinity. Materials and Methods. In order to improve the accuracy of the remote sensing data classification, a computation of complex space-time characteristics of the state of the lands was conducted based on the system analysis of data characterizing the dynamic and invariant states of the territory surrounding the geophysical site. The formalization of this process includes methods for calculating a set of numerical descriptors of the neighborhood: local entropy, local range, standard deviation, color moment, histogram of hues, and color cortege. A technique for calculating a complex descriptor based on the Fisher vector is described. To approbate the solution, a plan for the experiment was drawn up and a sample of the initial data was sampled. Results. The approbation of the methodology and the algorithm developed on its basis, implemented as a set of programs, on the test polygon system showed a variation in the classification accuracy in the range of 81–89% (without regard to the neighborhood), and taking into account the neighborhood, it increases to 91–97%. It is revealed that a significant increase in the radius of the analyzed neighborhood leads to a decrease in the classification accuracy. Conclusions. The application of the developed set of programs allows for the rapid implementation of modeling of spatial systems for the purpose of thematic mapping of land use and analyzing the development of emergency situations. The developed methodology for analyzing lands with regard to the descriptors of the neighborhood makes it possible to improve the accuracy of classification.
Modeling, Studying and Manufacturing a Cultivator Rack from Composite Materials
Authors: Antypas Imad R. , Dyachenko Alexey G.
Published: September 2018

Introduction. The composite materials have not been widely used in the Russian economy (especially in agriculture) until recently. It is relevant to use them for manufacturing some parts of agricultural machinery, for example, racks of cultivator paws. These parts often break down because of stress concentration in the places where their thickness changes during the time of plowing. The stress can be decreased by using com- posite materials. Materials and Methods. This paper presents the study results on the use of composite materials for manufacturing of cultivator racks with the appropriate selection of the volume ratio of fibers in each of the layers of fabric and layers of binder. Results. Based on the results, the design safety factor was calculated to be equal to 2. It should be noted that the values of the mechanical characteristics of the material changed because of the presence of a porosity coefficient, which was 11.6 %, while the allowable value was 4%. Field tests have shown the durability of a new composite material, even under severe operating conditions, compared to a conventional rack made of alloy steel. Conclusions. Studying the mechanical behavior of the rack geometric model and modeling a material with high mechanical properties, which later was used for manufacturing a composite material, we could get the minimum safety factor of 4, with the maximum safety factor for workers – 15. The racks from composite material are economically feasible as less expensive than used steel racks.
Optimization of Parameters and Operating Modes of Disc Sowing Device According to Seeding Uniformity Criterion
Authors: Ovchinnikov Vladimir A. , Chatkin Mikhail N. , Ovchinnikova Alena V.
Published: September 2018

Introduction. When cultivating agricultural crops, it is necessary to take into account the plants’ need for moisture, nutrients, location by area of nutrition, determining illumination, etc. Taking into account the biological characteristics of crops, various methods of sowing are used to create favorable conditions for plant growth and development. An important condition for sowing is the uniform arrangement of seeds along the sulcus, especially in the cultivation of testes of small-seeded cultures. A key role in the uniformity of seeding is provided by the design parameters and kinematic operating conditions of the sowing device. Materials and Methods. To determine the optimal parameters and operating modes of the disk sowing device, methods of factor experiment and multi-criteria optimization were used. Results. Mathematical models of the technological process of sowing seeds were obtained based of experimental studies. Conclusions. To ensure the improvement of the seeding quality of small seeds, the design parameters of the experimental seeder: х4 – is the diameter of the cell; х5 – the number of cells on the disk, will tend to the maximum values. The optimum circumferential speed of the sowing disk should be in the range from 0.127 to 0.192 m/s, and the speed of the machine’s movement is no more than 2 m/s.
Consumo de Canábis: craving e a relação com ansiedade, stresse e depressão
Authors: Vasconcelos-Raposo José , Couto Sérgio , Formiga Nilton , Teixeira Carla M.
Published: September 2018

A canábis é a substância ilícita mais consumida em Portugal com um início de consumo muito precoce. O craving é considerado um dos factores fundamentais ligados ao consumo de canábis, associando-se à depressão, a ansiedade e ao stresse. Espera-se que nível de craving e sexo se relacionem com a depressão, ansiedade e stresse numa amostra de consumidores portugueses. A amostra foi constituída por 143 consumidores da zona Norte do país e os dados recolhidos através de questionários online (DASS-21 e o MCQ-SF). Os resultados permitem concluir que a emocionalidade, a intencionalidade e a compulsividade relacionaram-se positivamente com o nível do craving, bem como, com o stresse e a depressão. Quanto ao número de anos de consumo, constatou-se um efeito significativo, de dimensão média, na ansiedade.
Native language influence detection for forensic authorship analysis: Identifying L1 Persian bloggers
Authors: Perkins Ria , Grant Tim
Published: September 2018

This article demonstrates and examines the potential use of interlingual identifiers for forensic authorship analysis and native language influence detection (NLID). The work focuses on the practical applications of native language (L1) identifiers by a human analyst in investigative situations. Using naturally occurring blog posts where the writer self-identifies as a native Persian speaker, a human analyst derived and coded sets of non-native features. Two logistic regression models were built: the first was used to select features to distinguish L1 Persian speakers from L1 English speakers in their English writings, the second developed a feature list to contrast L1 languages that are geographically and linguistically close to Persian. The results clearly demonstrate that interlingual identifiers have the potential to aid in determining the L1 of an anonymous author and can be used by a human analyst in a short forensically realistic example text. This article demonstrates that NLID is possible beyond the more common computational approaches and can form a useful tool in the forensic linguist's toolbox. This study is not a statistical validation study, instead it demonstrates how a sociolinguistic approach can complement more traditional computational approaches.
Did he understand his rights? Assessing the comprehensibility of police cautions in New Zealand
Authors: Innes Bronwen , Erlam Rosemary
Published: September 2018

The authors’ experience in conducting English language proficiency tests for second language speakers of English facing police charges has shown that some have limited understanding of their legal rights. The research study reported here comments on the complexity of the rights information presented by police to a range of participants. It investigates comprehension of that information by performing listening and reading comprehension tests with the participants. The results indicate a number of difficulties and a significant difference in the scores of first and second language speakers of English. This article outlines the tests performed and the results for both first and second language speakers, as well as discussing the complexity of the questions found difficult by participants. The results reinforce the need to ask whether people are being given their rights if they cannot understand them.
‘I consider myself to be a service provider’: Discursive identity construction of the forensic linguistic expert
Authors: Clarke Isobelle , Kredens Krzysztof
Published: September 2018

This article reports on a research project investigating the professional identity of linguists as experts in legal and forensic settings. It reveals how they construct that identity discursively and intersubjectively. The analysis adopts a social constructionist perspective whereby the ways in which the experts talk and make sense of their professional experience are seen as identity building. Using interview data and the combined methodologies of corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) and thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2006), we identify a number of discursive resources the experts draw on. These include knowledge and expertise, professional and social duty, and aspects of their professional practice. At the same time, the experts construe their professional experience by reference to what they do not, and should not, do. We suggest that ‘forensic linguist’ is a shared identity with its own set of competencies, practices and obligations, although the profession is potentially still in development and/or is auxiliary to law enforcement.
The teaching moral practices and techniques used in bioethics as a discipline in the Faculties of Medicine in the state of São Paulo
Authors: Neves Júnior Waldemar Antonio , Serpa de Araújo Laís Záu , Rego Sergio
Published: September 2018

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. This research analyzed the teaching of moral practices and techniques used in the teaching-learning process of bioethics as a discipline through the information provided by students and teachers. It aims to understand how these practices can contribute in the students' moral formation. Five Faculties of Medicine in the State of São Paulo were assessed by of questionnaire. Nine teachers were interviewed as well as 206 students and five focal groups of 56 students responded to closed questionnaires which were analyzed quantitatively. The responses of the focal groups and interviews were evaluated and classified qualitatively in categories using Bardin's categorical content analysis method. Among students' answers, it was noted that the moral practices and techniques which most mobilized them were: deliberative activities such as feature film and/or TV series discussions, case discussions, roleplaying - dramatization, discussion debates, and lectures and in a smaller proportion traditional lecture classes i.e., the theoretical-practical component tutored from an expositive dialogical perspective. Therefore, these can enable and enhance the process of forming moral identity, which students undergo; if planned adequately to their experiences and through practice and a structural use and if applied with some knowledge of the methodological rationale behind the techniques thus, allowing both the moral intelligence capabilities and building-up of the students' moral personality to be stimulated and developed.
GENOMOSYSTEMATICS OF RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Shpynov S. N. , Pozdnichenko N. N. , Gumenyuk A. S. , Skiba A. A.
Published: September 2018

The definition of the term genome was given by the German botanist G. Winkler almost one hundred years ago in 1920. A genome  definition for bacterial (rickettsia) with a single chromosome was  recently presented from the perspective of information theory,  biology and bioinformatics as the information chain of nucleotides.  The systematics of rickettsiae (obligate intracellular microorganisms) is based on a limited number of phenotypic characters.  Classifications built on the analysis of genes, fragments of genomes  and their concatenations cause discussion. Application of the Formal  Order Analysis (FOA, http://foarlab.org) in the study of complete  genomes allowed to submit the systematics of representatives of the family Rickettsiaceae. This approach confirmed the existence of  typhus group (TG), spotted fever group (SFG), and an «ancestral»  group within the genus Rickettsia, and allowed the isolation of the  Rickettsia felis group within this genus, located between the  «ancestral» group and the SFG and the R. akari group on the border  between the SFG group and the genus Orientia. The development of  the tools of FOA — «Map of Genes» and «Matrix of Similarity» —  helped to conduct an in-depth study of the complete genomes of  rickettsia, taking into account the characteristics of their genes and  noncoding sequences. Application of these instruments, with the  help of the obtained classification, confirmed the notion of ecological  features of rickettsia, the structure of nosological forms and the  epidemiological patterns of rickettsiosis, and made it possible to  assess the virulence of the strains of the two most pathogenic  species of rickettsia, R. prowazekii and R. rickettsia. In this work, for the first time, a holistic, consistent and multidimensional observation of a set of closely related bacteria (a family of bacteria) and the  manifestations associated with them was carried out. The basis of  the developed and herein described systematic approach to the  study of bacteria is a new mathematical model — the arrangement of nucleotides in a complete genome and its sensitive  unambiguous numerical characteristics. A new methodological  approach named genomosystematics and based on mathematical  modeling of complete genomes of rickettsiae (bacteria) using FOA.  Classification of rickettsiae and rickettsioses obtained with the help  of this approach corresponds to ecological, epidemiological and  etiological principles. Application of the genomosystematics can  serve the goals and objectives of preventive medicine. The  publication completes a series of scientific works presenting the  methodology of an integrated approach based on the application of  mathematical analysis tools in the study of objects and laws of  natural science disciplines of biological and medical profile.
DISTURBANCE OF AN APOPTOSIS OF NEUTROPHILS AT A SEPSIS
Authors: Shen X.-F. , Guan W.-X. , Du J.-F. , Puzyryova L. V.
Published: September 2018

The sepsis represents life-endangering disturbances of functions of the internals caused by a dizregulyation of a macroorganism to the  infectious agent and is difficult interaction of pro-inflammatory and  antiinflammatory processes that not seldom defines the fate of  patients. The predetermining factor of a sepsis is the originator. The  immunosupression caused by the originator promotes generalization  of an infection, and the intensive bacteriemia caused by generalization leads to the accruing endotoxinemia that aggravates  immunosupression even more and leads finally to systemic inflammatory reaction — the main and most dangerous implication  of a sepsis. The syndrome of systemic inflammation with  uncontrollable emission of cytokines is the cornerstone of a sepsis.  The pathophysiology of a sepsis begins with impassioned inflammatory reaction which can last several days, and then passes  into more lingering immunosupressivny period where the outcome  depends on the immune system of the patient. Cellular apoptosis is  one of leaders in sepsis immunosupression development. In article  mechanisms of disturbance of an apoptosis of neutrophils are  described that, undoubtedly, affects weighting of a current of a  sepsis and as a result, a failure. Migration of neutrophils under  natural conditions includes four various phases which during a sepsis  are broken. The mechanisms worsening migration of  neutrophils, contributing to the development of a sepsis were  investigated in numerous scientific works. Authors of Peking  University offered schemes of a way of disturbance of an apoptosis  of neutrophils and migration of neutrophils at a sepsis. Despite the  extensive accumulated experience on studying of a pathogenesis of  septic states, there are no effective and specific remedies of fight  from a sepsis now. Perhaps, by prevention of disturbance of the  programmed death of a cell the cytokines developed anti-apoptotic,  caspase inhibitors will be.
THE PREVALENCE OF HIV RECOMBINANT FORMS IN RUSSIA AND COUNTRIES OF THE CIS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND METAANALYSIS
Authors: Pasechnik O. A. , Blokh A. I.
Published: September 2018

This review was to aimed to access the prevalence of HIV recombinant forms in Russia and countries of the CIS, which have  close social and economic ties. We conducted a search in Russian  Science Citation Index and PubMed for a depth of 8 years. We  included 22 articles, which contained the results of 35 independent  cross-sectional studies, in our review. Meta-analysis of HIV  recombinant forms prevalence was conducted in Open Meta-analyst  with the use of Der Simonian Laird method, arcsin transformation  and correction factor for zero values. Subgroup analysis was used  along with meta-regression (by date of collection). Pooled prevalence of HIV recombinant forms was 21.3% (95% CI 16.2–26.5) and was  highly heterogeneous. Blood samples from 3,494 HIV patients living  in various regions of the Russian Federation and CIS countries —  Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Armenia,  Georgia — were examined. Among subtypes of HIV-1, the main  share was occupied by subtype A — 75.6% (n = 2643), subtype B —  5.5% (n = 193), C — 0.8% (n = 31), G — 0.2% (n = 7), F —  0.14% (n = 5). Among the recombinant forms (n = 616), the  fraction of CRF02_ AG was 39.6% (n = 244), CRF02_AG/A was  32.9% (n = 203), CRF63_02A1 was 15.9% (n = 98), CRF03_AB —  5.2% (n = 32), CRF06_cpx — 2.1% (n = 13). Unique recombinant  forms were 2.7% (n = 17), including URF63_A1 (2.5%). In Russia, the highest prevalence of recombinant forms of HIV-1 was  registered in the Siberian Federal District (33.2% (95% CI 12.2– 54.1), the lowest in the Northwest Federal District — 1.6% (95% CI  0.9–2.3). In the CIS countries, the highest prevalence of  recombinant forms of HIV-1 is found in a subgroup of the Central  Asian republics — Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan —  51.7% (95% CI 38.5–64.9). The significant upward trend was shown with a meta-regression. Our review is the first such research in  Russia and thus is of significant interest, but the result should be  applied with caution due to high risk of publication bias as well as significant heterogeneity of our results.
IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN HIV INFECTION
Authors: Boeva E. V. , Belyakov N. A.
Published: September 2018

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to suppression of HIV replication, contributes to increase in the number of CD4-lymphocytes count and  partial restoration or activation of the immune system. The  consequence is a reduction of incidence of opportunistic diseases,  increase in the duration and quality of life of people living with HIV  (PLHIV). However, in some patients with severe immunosuppression, this may be accompanied by a worsening of the condition and risks  of formation of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome  (IRIS), which manifests itself in the development of new or  previously treated opportunistic, secondary and exacerbating non- infectious diseases against a virologically effective ART. The  frequency of the development of IRIS varies widely, in cases of  tuberculosis-associated manifestation it can reach 50%. Risk factors  for the development of IRIS are low initial CD4-lymphocyte count  and a high load of HIV RNA in the blood, the presence of  opportunistic infections during the initiation of ART. Discussed terminology issues, other possible risk factors for the  development of the syndrome, regularities of the pathological process are considered. Epidemiological statistics of  IRIS, pathogenetic bases, variants of clinical and laboratory  manifestations of complications are given. The criteria for diagnosis  of the syndrome, as well as the necessary conditions for its  occurrence, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the most  common opportunistic infections that cause the manifestation of  IRIS, the peculiarities and polymorphism of clinical manifestations  and the prevention of their occurrence. Currently, there is an  increasing incidence of HIV infection in the late stages. Laboratory  and clinical differences in the manifestations of acquired  immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and IRIS have been sanctified. In view of the blurring of the diagnostic criteria, in the  Russian Federation specialists rarely expose IRIS to clinical or pathological diagnoses, therefore it is rather difficult to trace the  frequency of occurrence of this condition. Clinical and laboratory  manifestations are systematized, which allows to formulate this  diagnosis on the basis of their totality. Prevention of IRIS is the  prudent prescription of antiretroviral drugs. It is neces sary to  conduct a qualitative and timely diagnosis of concomitant diseases of infectious and non-infectious nature before the initiation of ART and  during treatment, the appointment of effective etiotropic therapy for  opportunistic and secon dary infections. In order to improve the  prognosis of HIV infection, preferably early onset of ART with stable  CD4-lym phocyte counts and low HIV RNA levels in the blood.
REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS BY THE POPULATION OF REGULATORY DENDRITIC CELLS
Authors: Rubakova E. I. , Kapina M. A. , Logunova N. N. , Majorov K. B. , Apt A. S.
Published: September 2018

On the background of a high level of genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis infection (TB), granulomatous reactions in the lung  tissue fail to effectively isolate infection foci and rather result in  diffuse pathology, confluence of granulomata and  formation of  necrotic zones. Uncontrolled inflammation severely affect breathing  function of the lung. Thus, effective disease control requires a good  balance between protective and pathogenic immune responses.  Immature regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg) and regulatory T  lymphocytes (Treg) represent a pool of important cellular regulators  of inflammation. Earlier we have demonstrated that stromal lung  cells support development of CD11b+CD11clowCD103– DCreg from  their bone marrowderived precursors in in vitro cultures. In addition,  significantly larger population size and more rapid  development of the lung CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells characterize TB- resistant B6 mice compare to their TB-susceptible I/St counterparts.  Here, we report that adoptive transfer of DCreg cells into TB-infected I/St mice is capable to enlarge the population of Treg cells in the  lungs. This, in turn, attenuates lung pathology, decreases  mycobacterial multiplication and diminishes lung infiltration with  neutrophils, i.e., selectively restricts the population of cell largely  responsible for TB pathogenesis. The key difference in lung  pathology between DCreg recipients and control animals was the  lack of tissue-destructive foci and necrotic zones in the former  group. Meanwhile, the groups of mice did not differ in production of  regulatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) and key inflammatory (IFNγ and IL-6)  cytokines by lung cells. The latter result suggests that contact rather  than secretory mechanisms underlie moderate attenuation of  the TB process in the lungs of mice with an elevated lung Treg level,  given that plethora of such mechanisms were described for Treg  functioning. Although therapeutic effects were relatively weak, our  results indicate that cell therapy approaches are applicable to  regulation of lung tissue inflammation during TB course.
GENETIC AND INFECTIOUS MARKERS OF INFERTILITY
Authors: Levkova E. A. , Savin S. Z. , Emelyanova E. B. , Smirenina I. V.
Published: September 2018

The report presents the results of own research of the most important factors in the genesis of various forms of sterility. A  married couples (n = 50) was examined with regard to possible  etiological structure of these forms of pathology — infections of the  family herpes (Herpes simplex types 1, 2, Cytomegalovirus hominis  (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and genetic distribution for the  second class of histocompatibilit (HLA II class): HLA-DRB1, HLA- DQA1 и HLA-DQB1. The authors present own data on genetic typing  of the couples for the second class of histocompatibility, which allow  to correlate these data with clinical and laboratory associations with  infectious agents (infections of the herpes family). The genetic  characteristics that determine the reproductive ability of the couple  are associated with susceptibility to certain infectious markers. It is  shown that the dominant majority of couples determined the HLA- DRB1 gene, which is more frequently associated with infections of  the herpes family. Despite the fact that the level of positive PCR results in the group of couples with primary infertility was  higher than in couples with secondary sterility (100 and 92%, respectively), maximum titers of specific antibodies to  infections of the herpes family, including the frequency of markers of exacerbation, definition of IgM was higher than in the group of  couples with primary infertility, and significantly higher than in  couples with normal fertility. So, this antigen histocompatibility  (HLA-DRB1) is associated with significant frequency of sterility,  especially the secondary one, and infectious contamination infections  of the family of herpes — HSV 1, 2 types, CMV, EBV in the study group — couples with secondary infertility. Marker HLA-DRB1,  the most frequent in coup les with infertility, including idiopathic,  associated in this group not only with significant contamination of  infectious of the herpes family, but the presence of a chronic  infectious process at the stage of reactivation. Conducted clinical and  immunological studies clearly demonstrate the need for  a comprehensive survey of women with disabilities in the system of  immunogenesis with the mandatory assessment of the level of  infectious (viral) contamination. Analysis of the results of their  clinical and immunological studies allows us to propose an algorithm  of complex examination in functional disorders in the system of  immunogenesis, including the study of viral load as a necessary  component.
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL ExPRESSION OF MATRIx METALLOPROTEASES IN STABLE AND UNSTABLE ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS BY A METHOD OF FULL GENOME SEQUENCING OF RNA: PILOT STUDY
Authors: Ivanoschuk D. Е. , Ragino Yu. I. , Shakhtshneider E. V. , Mikhailova S. V. , Fishman V. S. , Polonskaya Ya. V. , Kashtanova E. V. , Chernyavsky A. M. , Murashov I. S. , Voevoda М. I.
Published: September 2018

Aim. To analyze differential expression of metalloproteases genes, involved into the processes of stabilization/destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque, with the method of full genome sequencing of RNA, and to evaluate the level of metalloproteases in homogenates of plaques of various types by immune enzyme assay method (IEA).

Material  and  methods.  The study has been conducted on the specimens of atherosclerotic plaques of patients aged 45-65 y.o., inhabitants of Western Siberia with angiographically proven coronary atherosclerosis and no acute coronary syndrome, with stable angina II-IV functional class. Specimens collection from the plaques was done during an operation if there were intraoperational indications. Histology performed. In intima/media homogenates by IEA method, with BCM Diagnostics assays the levels of destructive markers were measured: MMP-1, MMP3, MMP-7, MMP-9, TIMP-1 on the Multiscan EX (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Libraries preparation for full genomic sequencing of RNA was done with Illumina’s TruSeq RNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina, USA). Expression profile in tissues was done on HiSeq 1500 (Illumina, USA).

Results. There are differences in expression of the genes MMP2, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMP12, и MMP14 in different types of plaques. There was 8 times higher significant raise in increase of the expression level of ММР9 (p<0,001) in unstable plaque of dystrophic-necrotic type. Study by IEA of MMP-7 content, which is an activator of pro-MMP-9, as well as the content of MMP-9 itself, showed their increased levels in unstable plaques comparing to fatty streaks (1,5 and 2,4 times) and young stable plaques (1,4 and 2,1 times).

Conclusion. For the gene ММР9 there were significant differences obtained, of expression levels in stable atherosclerotic fibrous plaque and unstable plaque of dystrophic-necrotic type. With the IEA it was found that fatty streaks and young stable atheromas of coronary arteries have an increased concentration of MMP-3 and decreased activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases. In unstable plaques with the tendency to rupture/ulceration there are increased levels of MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-9.
ULTRASOUND MARKERS OF PREMANIFEST ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF CAROTID AND FEMORAL ARTERIES IN ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK
Authors: Ershova A. I. , Boytsov S. A. , Drapkina О. M. , Balakhonova Т. V.
Published: September 2018

More than a half of cardiovascular events occur in low to moderate cardiovascular risk patients if assessed based on the traditional risk factors. At the same time, ultrasound examination of arteries makes it possible to reveal atherosclerosis even at early stages of its development. High prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in low to moderate risk patients, which is a realization of traditional and “unknown” risk factors, makes ultrasound examination a useful method for risk stratification. The review is focused on ultrasound markers of atherosclerosis with association to traditional risk factors, on the possibility to improve predictive role of current scores and influence on outcomes. Predictive significance of the markers is regarded for primary prevention in general population, in high risk persons and from the perspective of quantitative indicator of atherosclerotic lesion grade or plausibility as a surrogate cardiovascular diseases marker.
Análise sobre ações coletivas: contribuições e limites teóricos na produção científica da psicologia social brasileira
Authors: Lima Lívia Barbosa , Feitosa Amanda Layse Oliveira , Costa Frederico Alves
Published: September 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o modo como pesquisadoras/es do campo da psicologia social têm analisado o tema da ação coletiva a partir das perspectivas teóricas que utilizam. Esta discussão permite-nos localizar as teorias que estão fundamentando investigações contemporâneas sobre movimentos sociais no contexto brasileiro e refletir sobre suas limitações e contribuições para a democratização da sociedade. Esse trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa mais ampla, na qual construímos um mapeamento de pesquisadoras/es brasileiras/os que se identificam com a psicologia social e caracterizamos os artigos sobre temas políticos publicados por elas/es. Discutimos treze artigos categorizados na categoria temática ação coletiva, publicados a partir de 2003, escritos em português, produzidos por oito pesquisadoras/es presentes no mapeamento. Estes artigos tratam sobre obstáculos, possibilidades e repercussões da participação em diferentes movimentos sociais, utilizando teorias distintas. A partir da leitura dos artigos, construímos duas categorias analíticas que se referem a conceitos centrais utilizados nas análises – gênero e identidade –, as quais orientam a discussão sobre contribuições e limitações das perspectivas teóricas para a compreensão do processo de democratização social. Todos os artigos compartilham a crítica à dicotomia entre indivíduo e sociedade, a concepção do político como não reduzido à esfera institucional e a articulação entre a produção do conhecimento e o enfrentamento a relações de dominação. Espera-se que este artigo contribua para a reflexão de estudantes e pesquisadoras/es sobre modos de análise das ações coletivas na psicologia social brasileira.
Hidronegócio em questão: empoderamento dos atores regionais no contexto da descentralização da geração e gestão da energia elétrica
Authors: Baron Sadi , Etges Virginia Elisabeta
Published: September 2018

O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre o modelo centralizado de produção de energia elétrica no Brasil, com destaque para a fonte hidrelétrica, realizada por meio da construção de barragens e usinas, que geram fortes impactos sociais e ambientais. Esse modelo, que opera de forma verticalizada, interligado de norte a sul, fez da energia elétrica uma mercadoria, uma commodity, que favorece o desenvolvimento do Hidronegócio. Dessa forma atende aos interesses de grandes grupos econômicos, empreiteiras, bancos, fornecedoras de equipamentos, grandes consumidores e empresas de consultoria que visam unicamente o aumento dos seus lucros. Para se contrapor a esse modelo, que concentra e exclui, é necessário que ocorra a desconcentração da produção de energia elétrica e o aproveitamento dos potenciais regionais, como a biomassa residual, possibilitando o empoderamento das comunidades, visando a promoção do desenvolvimento regional.
(Re) construindo espaços e possibilidades com idosos em meio à inclusão digital
Authors: Guedes Juliana Da Silva , Queiroz e Melo Maria de Fátima Aranha de , Dutra Nathália Dos Santos , Silveira Maria Alice , Fernandes Luciana Aparecida , Sousa Mariza Aparecida de , Rogério Yone Maria Andrade Paiva
Published: September 2018

Apresentamos este relato de experiência com o intuito de esboçar como transcorre a formação e consolidação de um grupo de idosos participantes de oficinas de inclusão digital, Os idosos são oriundos de dois grupos: um grupo de convivência da terceira idade de um bairro de periferia da cidade e um outro composto por residentes de uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para idosos (ILPI). O trabalho tem como ponto central possibilitar uma troca de experiências entre os envolvidos, uma aproximação com as novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação através de atividades lúdicas. Através do trabalho realizado nas oficinas, pudemos testemunhar um resgate na identidade dos participantes, o rompimento de visões preconceituosas e estigmatizantes, tanto no que diz respeito à aprendizagem e uso das tecnologias digitais por idosos, quanto ao fato de vê-los, independentemente de serem institucionalizados ou não, coabitarem o mesmo espaço e se reconhecerem como integrantes de um grupo com identidade própria.
Reformando a reforma e reestruturando o discurso: a perspectiva dos deputados do PT nas reformas da previdência dos governos FHC e Lula
Authors: Freitas Felipe Corral
Published: September 2018

Conhecido por sua posição oposicionista ao governo FHC (PSDB), o PT e seus integrantes se colocaram contra a reforma da Previdência promovida pelo então governo do PSDB. No entanto, logo que se tornou governo, Lula (PT) não médio esforços para aprovar uma reforma nos mesmos moldes do governo antecessor. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as propostas de reformas da Previdência dos governos FHC e Lula e identificar os argumentos dos deputados petistas proferidos durante as Seções do Grande Expediente da Câmara Federal no período que compreende a tramitação das reformas – entre 1995 e 1998 para a reforma do governo FHC, e em 2003 para a reforma do governo Lula –, com o intuído de verificar sua variação discursiva neste contexto entre as reformas, momento em que o partido inverte sua posição institucional. Para isso, serão utilizados os aspectos teóricos e metodológicos da teoria do discurso de Laclau e Mouffe, tais como discurso, articulação e antagonismo, imprescindíveis para captura dos sentidos atribuídos as reformas pelos parlamentares do PT. Então, com a chegada do PT ao comando do Executivo Federal, as reformas marcam, de forma elucidativa, a variação do discurso dos integrantes do partido e, por isso, do próprio partido, tendo em vista ser uma das primeiras políticas implementadas pelo partido assim que se tornou governo.
Anterior Cruciate ligament injuries of the knee:
Authors: Strauss G Linde
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background and problem statement

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are common among athletes and the general public. These injuries may lead to significant absence from activity with an associated financial and social burden. No definitive association has been described between mechanism of injury and pathology to enable us to put preventative measures in place in order to limit these injuries.

Aim

To determine whether there is an association between the mechanism of injury and the pathology seen on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional analytical study. Eighty seven male patients with an ACL injury, who had an MRI scan of the knee within the last two years participated in this study. Participants were contacted to give consent that their information be used in this study. The mechanism of injury and the pathology seen on the MRI scan was noted and categorised into different mechanism of injury groups and associated pathology groups. Statistical analyses included summaries of the data and a test for association between mechanism of injury and pathology. Since there were multiple pathology responses to each mechanism, a modified version of the chi-square test for independence was used. A 5% level of significance was specified.

Results

MRI scans of ACL injuries indicated that the mechanism of a solid foot plant with rotation of the knee has a greater tendency to be associated with medial meniscal injuries (77%), and also a 54% possibility to be associated with lateral meniscal injuries. A solid foot plant with a valgus stress on the knee showed a higher incidence of associated medial collateral ligaments (MCL) injuries (41%) and femoral bone bruising (62 %). These two mechanisms of injury are the most common in ACL injuries and contribute to the clinical significance found in this study. The p-value was however not statistically significant (p=0.44, chi-square value=20.27, df=45) for any association between pathology and mechanism of injury.

Conclusion

Some injury mechanisms causing ACL injury were more common than others and also had more associated pathology. The most common mechanism of injury noted is a solid foot plant with either rotation of the knee or valgus stress on the knee. Strengthening tissue structures involved in those movement patterns that cause these mechanisms can possibly limit ACL injuries in athletes and the general public.

 Key words

Anterior cruciate ligament injury, mechanism, association, pathology, MRI scan, prevention.