bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult Colonic Intussusception due to a Lipoma Mimicking Carcinoma
Authors: Karkee Dhan Vikram
Published: December 2018

Adult colonic intussusceptions are rare and most of them are caused by malignant lesions. Presentation varies and preoperative diagnosis is unusual. We describe a case of 42 year gentleman with a colonic intussusception due to a lipoma. The lipoma was located in the descending colon and appeared like a carcinoma on colonoscopy. Though CT scan correctly diagnosed the entity intussusception and benign lipoma in this case, a formal bowel resection was performed because of suspicious colonoscopic features and high incidence of malignancy in the colonic intussusception. This case is unique, in the sense that, it mimicked carcinoma, it was on the left colon and it progressed to intussusception during hospital stay.
Prevalence of High-Risk Groups for Gastric Carcinoma – A Biopsy Finding
Authors: KC Geetika , KC Shiva Raj , Gyawali Purnima
Published: December 2018

Introduction: Gastric carcinoma is leading cause of death world wide including Nepal. The 5 years survival rate of gastric carcinoma (25%) has drastically decreased compared to early gastric cancers (90-90%) hence implying the need for early detection. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are considered as major high-risk factors and is a precancerous lesion along with Helicobacter pylori. This study tries to look at the distribution of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia across age and gender and their occurrence in Helicobacter pylori positive cases.Materials and methods: It is Cross-sectional study of a retrospectively collected data at KIST medical college and GRP poly clinic private limited from April 2008 till March 2018. Total of  10,683 cases were included. The slides were stained with Hematoxilin and Eosin stain and Giemsa stain and evaluated by two pathologists. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS vs 21.Results: Total numbers of cases studied were 10,683 with male to female ratio of 1.04:1. The most common age group of the study was 18-40 years (n=6206; 58.8%).  Atrophy was seen in 81 (0.8 %) cases, Intestinal metaplasia in 298 (2.8 %) cases and  Helicobacter Pylori was positive in 4459 (42.2%) cases.  The incidence of atrophic gastritis was more in H. pylori positive group 54 (0.5%) group where as intestinal metaplasia was more in H. pylori negative 190(1.8%) group.Conclusion: Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, high-risk factors for gastric carcinoma, were not the common findings. Atrophic gastritis was seen in 0.8% and intestinal metaplasia was seen in 2.8% of the total study population.
Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Changes in Mood State in Daily Life by Photoplethysmography Technique
Authors: Deo Santosh Kumar , Agrawal Kopila , Bhattarai Prem
Published: December 2018

Introduction: The different mood states in our daily life can affect our mental and emotional health. The aim of our study was to explore photoplethysmography to record heart rate variability as a marker of changes in mood states in our daily life.Materials and Methods: Two groups of affective pictures categorized into positive and negative sets were shown to thirty subjects on two different consecutive days with simultaneously recording of heart rate variability for 5 minutes by photoplethysmography technique. Immediately after recording on each day, 0-9 self-assessment scale was used to assess the mood state of the subject after viewing the set of pictures.Results: Sympathetic domains of heart rate variability like low frequency (200.3 ±4.1 vs. 166.7 ±2.8, p<0.05), low- and high frequency ratio (1.45 ± 0.21 vs. 0.55 ± 0.07, p<0.05) and low frequency (55.8 ± 2.9 vs. 38.6 ± 2.8, p<0.05) significantly increased in negative mood state condition as compared to positive mood state condition. High frequency (157.9 ± 3.9 vs. 264.3 ± 5.3, p<0.05) and high frequency (44 ± 2.9 vs. 61.2 ±4.2, p< 0.05) significantly increased in positive mood state condition as compared to negative mood state condition. There was significant increase in heart rate (78 ± 2.99 vs. 73 ± 3.11, p<0.05) in negative mood state as compared to positive mood state.Conclusions: Increase in sympathetic activity during negative mood state and increase in parasympathetic activity during positive mood state measured by photoplethysmography technique validates this easy and noninvasive mental assessment tool to determine different mood states.
Its Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis; Not Cirrhosis At All
Authors: Shrestha Ananta , Al-Mahtab Mamun , Rahman Salimur , Sarkar Jahangir , Lama Thupten K
Published: December 2018

Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a rare condition characterized by extensive fibrosis of liver but with preserved normal lobular architecture inherited as autosomal recessive trait. We report a 19 year-old-female admitted to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University with the complaints of lump in upper abdomen since last 13 years and episodes of fever and abdominal pain for same duration. She was diagnosed with hepatic TB on hepatic histology. Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a rare cause of portal hypertension that presents during childhood. Prognosis of congenital hepatic fibrosis is good. Life threatening events in these patients are related with variceal bleeding and episodes of cholangitis. Owing to relatively good liver function these patients tolerate portosystemic shunt surgeries quite well.Though rare, congenital hepatic fibrosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of portal hypertension in early life.
Intravenous Fluid Resuscitation: Breaking the Dilemma
Authors: Siddiqui Aamir
Published: December 2018

Intravenous fluids are a core element in the resuscitation of critically ill patients, and choice & manage­ment strategies vary widely in day-to-day medical practice. With the advancement in the understanding and implementation of aggressive fluid resuscitation, has also come a greater awareness of the resultant fluid toxicity. As such, the discussion regarding intravenous solutions continues to evolve especially as it pertains to their effect on kidney and metabolic function, electrolytes, and ultimately patient outcome. This review discusses the fluid management from the perspective of resuscitative strategies, and is expected to guide clinical practitioners in fluid decision-making for common clinical scenarios encountered at acute care setups.
Diabetes Mellitus And Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c
Authors: KC Shiva Raj
Published: December 2018

Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem in 21st century. The incidence of diabetes mellitus is in rise and is estimated to be more prevalent in coming years. It is becoming one of the most common non-infectious and non-neoplastic causes of morbidity and mortality. Various complications are associated with diabetes mellitus. With control of blood glucose level, complications of diabetes mellitus can be minimized. In different time frame, different parameters and level have been used to diagnose diabetes. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c is one of the reliable indicator of chronic hyperglycemia. In 2011, World Health Organization has included HbA1c in the diagnostic criteria. Various methods are used to detect the level of HbA1c.  Glycosylated hemoglobin is being used in the management of diabetes mellitus. Various studies have shown its prognostic implication in micro and macrovascular complications. Here we discuss various methods of estimation of HbA1c, various role of HbA1c in the management of Diabetes Mellitus and limitation of the test.
Advertisement in Medical Journal – To Be or Not To Be!
Authors: Basnet Nabin
Published: December 2018

Medical journals are unbiased and reliable sources of information. They disseminate knowledge to educate medical practitioners and scientists of new development in different fields of medical science. The state of research and publication in developing countries is primitive, and those that are done fail to compete to be published in reputed international journals. The regional open access journals provide an opportunity to such researchers indisseminating their work. Their work is then recorded and available for other researchers and practitioners for reference.Open access journals are good platform, but it is a tremendous task for journals to survive with the little or no resource. Common sources of revenue are sales of print version and article publication charges which are often inadequate. Survival is hard and journals have to look for other sources such as individual donations and fund from institutions or medical societies. One of such journal is PloS Medicine, which has a reputable presence. These alternative sources of income may not be available for all journals and have to turn to advertisements as a majorsource of revenue. Even some of the reputed traditional, subscription-based journals put advertisements as their reliable source of income.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Discovery Learning Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika ditinjau dari Minat Belajar Siswa SMP Negeri di Kota Rantepao
Authors: Sappaile Baso Intang , Djaman Nurwati , Ba’ru Yusem , Kadir Kadir , Darwis Muhammad
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan model pembelajaran  discovery learning terhadap hasil belajar matematika ditinjau dari minat belajar siswa. Metode penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu dengan desain 2x2 faktorial. Tempat penelitian dilakukan di SMP Negeri di Kota Rantepao, tahun pelajaran 2014/2015. Populasi penelitian adalah semua siswa kelas tujuh SMP Negeri Rantepao dan sampel diperoleh dengan menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling dengan jumlah anggota sampel sebanyak 78 siswa.  Model pembelajaran sebagai variabel bebas, minat belajar sebagai variabel intervening, dan hasil belajar matematika siswa sebagai variabel respon. Model pembelajaran discovery learning digunakan pada kelompok perlakuan, dan model pembelajaran langsung digunakan pada kelompok pembanding. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan instrumen tes hasil belajar matematika dan skala minat belajar dan digunakan ANAVA dua jalan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) model pembelajaran dan minat belajar mempunyai pengaruh terhadap hasil belajar matematika siswa, dan (2) model pembelajaran discovery learning lebih baik daripada model pembelajaran langsung.

Kata kunci: model discovery learning, model langsung, minat belajar, hasil belajar matematika siswa.

ABSTRACT

The major objective of this research was to investigate the effects of applying discovery learning on mathematics achievement in terms of student's learning interest. The research methodology was a quasi-experimental and the design of the research was a 2x2 factorial. The research was conducted in SMP Negeri in Rantepao City in academic year 2014/2015. The population of research was made up of all seventh grade students of SMP Negeri Rantepao from where a sample of 78 students was obtained by using cluster random sampling technique. Learning model as the independent variable, student's learning interest as intervening variable, and mathematics achievement of student as response variable. The treatment class group taught by using Discovery learning model. While the comparison group was taught by Direct Instruction. The data were collected using the mathematics learning test instrument and learning interest scale. The data collected were analyzed with two way ANOVA. The findings showed that: (1) learning model and interest in learning have an effect on student learning outcomes, and (2) Discovery learning model is better than Direct Instruction.

Keywords: discovery learning model, direct instruction, student interest, matemathics acievement.
Pendekatan RME Berbantuan Alat Peraga Manipulatif untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis Siswa Kelas V SD Sambiroto
Authors: Kanastren Oktavera Riri , Bintoro Henry Suryo , Zuliana Eka
Published: December 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi matematika siswa kelas V SD Sambiroto menggunakan pendekatan Realistic Mathematic Education (RME) berbantuan alat peraga manipulatif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas dengan subjek penelitian guru dan 32 orang siswa. Penelitian berlangsung selama 2 siklus, setiap siklus terdiri 4 tahapan yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah pendekatan RME berbantuan alat peraga manipulatif. Sedangkan variabel terikatnya yaitu kemampuan komunikasi matematika siswa. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dengan wawancara, observasi, tes, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan keterampilan mengajar guru dengan pendekatan RME berbantuan alat peraga manipulatif pada siklus I sebesar 2,91 (kriteria “Baik”) meningkat di siklus II 3,51 (kriteria ”Sangat Baik”), adanya peningkatan aktivitas belajar siswa pada siklus I 2,85 (kriteria “Baik”) menjadi 3,18 (kriteria “Sangat Baik”) pada siklus II, terjadi peningkatan kemampuan komunikasi matematika siswa pada siklus I sebesar 75% dengan kriteria baik menjadi 84,37% dengan kriteria sangat baik pada siklus II.
Kata kunci: pendekatan RME, komunikasi matematika, luas trapesium dan layang-layang.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to improve the student’s mathematics communication ability on fifth grade SD Sambiroto by using RME approach with manipulative media. This research is a classroom action research. The subjects are the teacher and 32 students. The research consists of 2 cycles, that is cycle I and cycle II. Each cycle consists of four steps: plan, action, observation, and reflection. The independent variable in this research is Realistic Mathematic Education approach with manipulative media, while the dependent variable is the mathematics communication ability. Data was collected by interview techniques, observation, tests, and documentation. The data analysis of the research was quantitative and qualitative analysis. The result shows that the teacher teaching skill with RME approach assisted by manipulative media was improved from 2.91 (Good criteria) on cycle I to 3.51 (Very Good criteria) on cycle II, the student learning activity is increasing from 2,85 (Good criteria) on cycle I to 3,18 (Very Good criteria) on cycle II, and there was an improvement of student’s mathematics communication ability from 75% (Good criteria) on cycle I to 84.37% (Very Good criteria) in cycle II. 
Keywords: RME approach, communication ability, the are of trapezoid and kite.
Efektivitas Teknik SCAMPER dalam Mengembangkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Matematis Siswa
Authors: Cahyati Hani , Muin Abdul , Musyrifah Eva
Published: December 2018

Teknik SCAMPER awalnya banyak digunakan di ruang lingkup perusahaan untuk menciptakan produk-produk baru. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, teknik SCAMPER kini digunakan sebagai teknik pelatihan berpikir kreatif di berbagai bidang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas teknik SCAMPER dalam mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif dalam matematika. Penelitian ini dilakukan di salah satu SMP di Tangerang Selatan pada siswa kelas IX tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuasi eksperimen dengan randomized post-test only control group design. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan terdiri dari 30 siswa kelas eksperimen dan 30 siswa kelas kontrol yang dipilih secara acak dengan teknik cluster random sampling. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah tes berupa soal uraian untuk mengukur kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis yang meliputi indikator: 1) fluency, 2) flexibility, dan 3) originality. Analisis data didasarkan pada perbedaan dua proporsi yaitu proporsi ketuntasan belajar siswa yang diuji dengan Chi-Square Test pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teknik SCAMPER efektif dalam mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa. Selain itu, teknik SCAMPER juga lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan pembelajaran konvensional. Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan rujukan bagi guru tentang penggunaan teknik SCAMPER sebagai teknik pembelajaran yang efektif dalam mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis.

Kata kunci: Teknik SCAMPER, fluency, flexibility, originality.

ABSTRACT

The SCAMPER technique was originally widely used in the company's scope to create new products. But now SCAMPER technique is used as a creative thinking training in various fields. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of SCAMPER techniques in developing mathematics creative thinking skills. This research was conducted to IX grade junior high school students in South Tangerang in 2017/2018 academic year. The research uses quasi experiment with randomized post-test only control group design. The samples were 30 students of experimental class and 30 students of control class which were selected randomly by cluster random sampling technique. The research instrument used was a test of a description to measure the ability of mathematical creative thinking which assesses 3 indicators. They are 1) fluency, 2) flexibility, and 3) originality. The research wants to know about two mastery learning proportions difference tested with Chi-Square Test at 5% significance level. The results are SCAMPER technique is effective in developing students' mathematical creative thinking ability. In addition, SCAMPER technique is more effective than conventional learning. This research can be used by teachers as an effective learning techniques in developing the ability of mathematical creative thinking.

Key words: SCAMPER technique, fluency, flexibility, originality.
Pengaruh Kreativitas terhadap Prestasi Belajar Matematika Siswa ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin (Studi Kasus di MAN 1 Kolaka)
Authors: Tahir Tahir , Marniati Marniati
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh rendahnya prestasi belajar matematika siswa. Akan dicari faktor yang mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya prestasi tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh kreativitas terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa ditinjau dari perbedaan jenis kelamin. kemudian untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mendukung serta menghambat kreativitas siswa. Sampel penelitian yang diambil adalah siswa kelas X yang bersekolah di MAN 1 Kolaka berjumlah 4o orang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian expost-facto. Data-data penelitian diambil dari angket siswa dan dokumentasi prestasi belajar matematika siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan kreativitas belajar ditinjau dari jenis kelamin dan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari prestasi belajar matematika siswa ditinjau dari perbedaan jenis kelamin. Selain itu, terdapat  pengaruh   yang searah antara kreativitas siswa ditinjau dari perbedaan jenis kelamin terhadap prestasi belajar.

Kata kunci: kreativitas, jenis kelamin, prestasi belajar matematika.

ABSTRACT

This research is based on the low achievement of students' mathematics learning. Will be sought factors that affect the high level of achievement. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is influence of creativity to student's mathematics learning achievement in terms of gender differences. then to know what factors that support and hinder the creativity of students. The sample of the research taken is the X class students who attend school in MAN 1 Kolaka amounted to 4o people. This research is an expost-facto research. The research data is taken from student questionnaire and documentation of student's mathematics learning achievement. The results showed that there was a difference of learning creativity in terms of gender and there was a significant difference from students' mathematics learning achievement in terms of gender differences. In addition, there is a direct influence between student creativity in terms of gender differences on learning achievement.

Keywords: creativity, gender, mathematics learning achievement.
Preparation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Clopidogrel Bisulfate Liquisolid Compact
Authors: Mohammed Amina M. , Mohammed Entidhar J.
Published: December 2018

Liquisolid compact is the most promising technique for increasing dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.Clopidogrel bisulfate is an oral antiplatelets used for treatment and prophylaxis of cardiovacular and peripheral vascular diseases related to platelets aggreagation.Clopidogrel has low solubility at high pH media of intestine and low bioavailability of a bout 50% after oral doses.The purpose of this work was to enhance dissolution pattern of clopidogrel through its formulation into liquisolid tablets.A mathematical model was used to calculate the optimum quantities of tween 80 , carrier (Avicel PH 102) and coating material (Aerosil 200) needed to prepare acceptably flowing and compactible powder mixtures.The liquisolid tablets were evaluated for hardness, percent friability, weight variation, content uniformity , disintegration time and in vitro drug release profile.DSC , FTIR , XRD and SEM were used for assessment of physicochemical properties of drug and compatibility with excipients in the liquisolid compacts.The selected formulation (F2) released 92.2% of its content during first 10 min. compared to 13.6% of directly compressed tablet and 24.2% of marketed tablet. In conclusion the dissolution rate and bioavailability of clopidogrel can be enhanced to a great extent by liquisolid technique.
LIFE LIVED IN LOVE: KONSEP JÜRGEN MOLTMANN MENGENAI ESKATOLOGI PRIBADI | LIFE LIVED IN LOVE: JÜRGEN MOLTMANN’S CONCEPT ON PERSONAL ESCHATOLOGY
Authors: Layantara Jessica Novia
Published: December 2018

Abstract

This article will focus on describing Moltmann’s view of personal

eschatology, which includes his view on death, the intermediate

state, the resurrection of the dead, and eternal life. The main thesis

of this article is that Moltmann’s view of personal eschatology is

more relevant and applicable to the Christian life here and now.

At the end of this article, the author will give two applications of

Moltmann’s doctrine of personal eschatology. First, Moltmann’s

view of personal eschatology motivates Christians, that they

must live their lives in love, hope, and faith, for they already have

been resurrected and given eternal life, here and now. Secondly,

Moltmann’s focus on the new earth and new heaven in this world,

more than life after death and the traditional concepts of heaven

and hell, should make Christians care about this world and the

life in it.

Keywords: Jürgen Moltmann, Personal Eschatology, Death,

Intermediate State, Resurrection of the Dead, Eternal Life.

Abstrak

Artikel ini terfokus pada deskripsi pandangan Moltmann

tentang eskatologi pribadi, yaitu mengenai kematian, keadaan

peralihan, kebangkitan orang mati, dan kehidupan kekal. Tesis

utama artikel ini ialah pandangan Moltmann tentang eskatologi

pribadi yang lebih relevan dan berlaku untuk kehidupan Kristen

di sini dan saat ini. Pada akhir artikel ini, penulis memberikan

dua aplikasi dari doktrin Moltmann tentang eskatologi pribadi,

yaitu: Pertama, pandangan Moltmann tentang eskatologi pribadi

memotivasi orang Kristen supaya menjalani hidup mereka dalam

cinta, harapan, dan iman, karena mereka sudah dibangkitkan

dan diberikan jaminan kehidupan kekal. Kedua, pandangan

Moltmann mengenai bumi dan surga baru di dunia ini yang lebih

dari kehidupan setelah kematian dan konsep-konsep tradisional

tentang surga dan neraka, membuat orang Kristen peduli terhadap

dunia dan kehidupan di dalamnya.

Kata kunci: Jürgen Moltmann, Eskatologi Pribadi, Kematian,

Kebangkitan Orang Mati, Kehidupan Kekal
ESKATOLOGI ISLAM SHIA: ESKATOLOGI DUA DIMENSI | SHIA ISLAMIC ESCHATOLOGY: A TWO DIMENSIONAL ESCHATOLOGY
Authors: Wejak Justin L
Published: December 2018

Abstract

This paper explains an Islamic eschatology according to Shia,

and suggests that []Shia eschatology always has two dimensions

– religion and politics – and the two dimensions are inseperable.

Discussion surrounding Shia eschatology in this paper is

particularly focused on the Mahdism concept and the figure of

Mahdi. This paper is thus not intended to make a generalisation

about ‘Islamic eschatology’ as if there were only one type of Islam

with a single understanding of eschatology. Most Indonesian

Muslims are of Sunni type of Islam, and may not share the

viewpoint of Shia at all concerning eschatology. The key purpose

of this paper is rather to explore one version of understanding of

eschatology within Islam in order to provoke further reflection on

other perspectives on eschatology.

Keywords: Eschatology, Islam, Politics, Religion, Shia, Sunni,

Prophet Muhammad, Mahdism, Mahdi

Abstrak

Tulisan ini menjelaskan sebuah eskatologi Islam menurut Shia,

dan mengusulkan bahwa versi eskatologi Shia selalu memiliki dua

dimensi – agama dan politik – dan keduanya tak terpisahkan.

Pembahasan mengenai eskatologi Shia dalam tulisan ini khususnya

berfokus pada konsep Mahdisme dan figur Mahdi, menurut versi

Islam Shia. Maka tulisan ini tak dimaksudkan untuk membuat

generalisasi mengenai ‘eskatologi Islam’ seolah ada hanya satu

jenis Islam dengan pemahaman tunggal mengenai eskatologi.

Kebanyakan kaum Muslim Indonesian adalah penganut Sunni,

dan barangkali samasekali tak sependapat dengan pandangan Shia

tentang eskatologi. Tujuan utama tulisan ini sebetulnya untuk

menjelaskan satu versi pemahaman eskatologi dalam Islam agar

memprovokasi refleksi lebih lanjut tentang perspektif-perspektif

lain terkait eskatologi.

Kata-Kata Kunci: Eskatologi, Islam, Politik, Agama, Shia, Sunni,

Nabi Muhammad, Mahdisme, Mahdi.
POSISI PENTING ORANG DIFABEL DALAM MASYARAKAT | THE IMPORTANT PLACE OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN SOCIETY
Authors: Hutagalung Novriana Gloria
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Making use of the haecceitas theory of Duns Scotus, this text

critiques the statement that every person, and in fact everything

created, and especially people with disabilities, have an individual

uniqueness. This is based upon the uniqueness of the Triune God

who is relational. “Normal” people have self control, can decide

and make personal choices. They can stand on their own two

feet, and they are not dependent on others. The individuality

or personality of a disabled person is often reduced because

the disabled person is regarded as one who cannot do “normal”

activities without assistance. All living creatures are relational

beings because they have been created by and in God who is

relational. The Church witnesses, in the Athanasian Creed, to the

belief that the Triune God is Three separate Persons while being

One in Essence.

Keywords: Disability, Uniqueness, Personality, Trinity

Abstrak

Dengan menggunakan teori haecceitas dari Duns Scotus, tulisan

ini hendak mengulas kenyataan bahwa setiap manusia bahkan

setiap ciptaan, secara khusus orang dengan disabilitas, memiliki

ke-ini-an masing-masing yang bersumber dari ke-ini-an Allah

Trinitas yang relasional. Seorang manusia yang ‘normal’ adalah

orang yang menguasai diri, dapat memutuskan dan menentukan

pilihan bagi diri, mandiri, dan tidak bergantung kepada orang

lain. Individualitas ataupun kepribadian orang dengan disabilitas

sering direduksi karena orang dengan disabilitas dianggap tidak

dapat melakukan aktivitas secara ‘normal’ tanpa dibantu orang

lain. Seluruh makhluk hidup adalah makhluk yang relasional

karena diciptakan oleh dan dalam Allah yang relasional. Gereja

menyaksikan iman, melalui Pengakuan Iman Athanasius, bahwa

Allah Trinitas tidak bercampur dalam Tiga Pribadi (persona) dan

tidak terpisah dalam Esensi-Nya (substantia).

Kata kunci: Disabilitas, Ke-ini-an, Kepribadian, Komuni, Trinitas
ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL DAN TEOLOGI KONTEKSTUAL | SOCIAL SCIENCES AND CONTEXTUAL THEOLOGY
Authors: Kleden Ignas
Published: December 2018

Abstract

This text describes the connection between the social sciences

and contextual theology. The social sciences investigate the way

people relate in society via various institutions and structures,

which facilitate relationships in the economic, cultural and

political spheres.The social sciences also investigate the way

human beings relate to nature for two reasons, namely to defend

themselves against the power of nature, and also to enable

them to benefit from nature. Systematic theology studies the

relationship between God and humanity in light of revelation

and faith. Contextual theology investigates to what extent human

institutions and structures, interpersonal relationships and the

relationship between humanity and nature, become a help or a

hindrance to expressing faith in the Lord, and to listening to what

is said by God in God’s revelation to humankind.

Keywords: Social Sciences, Contextual Theology, Society, People,

Institution, Humanity, Relationship, Lord, Structures.

Abstrak:

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hubungan antara

ilmu-ilmu sosial dan teologi kontekstual. Ilmu-ilmu sosial

menyelidiki hubungan manusia dengan manusia dalam masyarakat

melalui berbagai institusi dan struktur yang memungkinkan dan

memudahkan hubungan itu dalam ekonomi, kebudayaan, dan

politik. Ilmu-ilmu sosial juga meneliti hubungan manusia dengan

alam dalam kaitannya dengan dua tujuan, yaitu mempertahankan

diri terhadap kekuatan alam, dan memanfaatkan alam untuk

keperluan hidupnya. Di sini teknologi dan ekonomi memainkan

peranan yang menentukan. Teologi sistematik meneliti berbagai

aspek relasi Tuhan dengan manusia melalui wahyu serta relasi

manusia dengan Tuhan melalui iman. Teologi kontekstual

meneliti sejauh mana institusi dan struktur yang dibangun

manusia, baik dalam relasi antar-manusia maupun dalam relasi

manusia dan alam, menjadi fasilitas atau hambatan baginya dalam

menyatakan iman kepada Tuhan, dan dalam mendengarkan apa

yang disampaikan Tuhan dalam wahyu-Nya kepada manusia.

Kata kunci: Ilmu Sosial, Teologi Kontekstual, Masyarakat,

Manusia, Institusi, Kemanusiaan, Hubungan, Tuhan, Struktur
Alloy Cast Irons
Authors: Gundlach Richard B. , Doane Douglas V.
Published: December 2018

Alloy cast irons are considered to be those casting alloys based on the iron-carbon-silicon system that contain one or more alloying elements intentionally added to enhance one or more useful properties. Alloy cast irons can be classified as white cast irons, corrosion-resistant cast irons, and heat-resistant cast irons. This article discusses abrasion-resistant chilled and white irons, high-alloy corrosion-resistant irons, and medium-alloy and high-alloy heat-resistant gray and ductile irons. The article outlines in a list the approximate ranges of alloy content for various types of alloy cast irons. The article explains the effects of alloying elements and the effects of inoculants. In most cast irons, it is the interaction among alloying elements that has the greatest effect on properties. Inoculants other than appropriate graphitizing or nodularizing agents are used rarely, if ever, in high-alloy corrosion-resistant or heat-resistant irons.
Precoated Steel Sheet
Authors: Leonard R. W.
Published: December 2018

Steel sheet is often coated in coil form prior to fabrication to save time, reduce production costs, and streamline operations. This article examines the most common precoating methods and provides a metallurgical understanding of how they impact the manufacturability, performance, and service life of the host material. The article covers metallic coatings, including zinc, aluminum, zinc-aluminum alloys, tin, and terne; pretreatment or phosphate coatings; and preprimed and painted finishes based on organic coatings.
Hot-Rolled Steel Bars and Shapes
Authors: Moss Timothy E. , Hambright J.M. , Murphy T.E. , Schmidt J.A.
Published: December 2018

Hot-rolled steel bars and other hot-rolled steel shapes are produced from ingots, blooms, or billets converted from ingots or from strand cast blooms or billets and comprise a variety of sizes and cross sections. Most carbon steel and alloy steel hot-rolled bars and shapes contain surface imperfections with varying degrees of severity. Seams, laps, and slivers are probably the most common defects in hot-rolled bars and shapes. Another condition that could be considered a surface defect is decarburization. Hot-rolled steel bars and shapes can be produced to chemical composition ranges or limits, mechanical property requirements, or both. Hot-rolled carbon steel bars are produced to two primary quality levels: merchant quality and special quality. Merchant quality is the least restrictive descriptor for hot-rolled carbon steel bars. Special quality bars are employed when end use, method of fabrication, or subsequent processing treatment requires characteristics not available in merchant quality bars.
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Forgings
Authors: Wright Peter H.
Published: December 2018

Two high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) families, acicular-ferrite steels and pearlite-reduced steels, contain microalloying additions of vanadium and niobium. Vanadium, niobium, and titanium combine preferentially with carbon and/or nitrogen to form a fine dispersion of precipitated particles in the steel matrix. This article summarizes the metallurgical effects of vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. The metallurgical fundamentals were first applied to forgings in the early 1970s. The ultimate strength of first- and second-generation microalloy steels is adequate for many engineering applications, but these steels do not achieve the toughness of conventional quenched and tempered alloys under normal hot-forging conditions. Third-generation microalloy steels differ from their predecessors in that they are direct quenched from the forging temperature to produce microstructures of lath martensite with uniformly distributed temper carbides. Without subsequent heat treatment, these materials achieve properties, including toughness, similar to those of standard quenched and tempered steels.
Machinability of Steels
Authors: Boulger Francis W.
Published: December 2018

The machinability of carbon and alloy steels is affected by many factors, such as the composition, microstructure, and strength level of the steel; the feeds, speeds, and depth of cut; and the choice of cutting fluid and cutting tool material. This article describes the influence of the various attributes of carbon and alloy steels on machining characteristics. It lists the relative machinability ratings for some plain carbon steels, standard resulfurized steels, and several alloy steels. The addition of lead to carbon steels is one of the means of increasing the machinability of the steel and improving the surface finish of machined parts. Low carbon content of carburizing steels may be beneficial to tool life and production rate. The sulfur content of through-hardening alloy steels can significantly affect machining behavior. Cold drawing generally improves the machinability of steels containing less than about 0.2% carbon.
Notch Toughness of Steels
Authors: Roe G.J. , Bramfitt B.L.
Published: December 2018

Notch toughness is an indication of the capacity of a steel to absorb energy when a stress concentrator or notch is present. The notch toughness of a steel product is the result of a number of interactive effects, including composition, deoxidation and steelmaking practices, solidification, and rolling practices, as well as the resulting microstructure. All carbon and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition as the temperature is lowered. The composition of a steel, as well as its microstructure and processing history, significantly affects both the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature range and the energy absorbed during fracture at any particular temperature.. Th article focuses on various aspects of notch toughness including the effects of composition and microstructure, general influence of manufacturing practices and the interactive effects that simultaneously influence notch toughness. With the exception of working direction, most of the same chemical, microstructural, and manufacturing factors that influence the notch toughness of wrought steels also apply to cast steels. The Charpy V-notch test is used worldwide to indicate the ductile-to-brittle transition of a steel. While Charpy results cannot be directly applied to structural design requirements, a number of correlations have been made between Charpy results and fracture toughness.
P/M Tool Steels
Authors: Pinnow K.E. , Stasko W.
Published: December 2018

The powder metallurgy (P/M) process has been used primarily for the production of advanced high-speed tool steels. However, the P/M process is also being applied to the manufacture of improved cold-work and hot-work tool steels. The basic heat treatments for P/M high-speed tool steels include preheating, austenitizing, quenching, and tempering. This article describes manufacturing properties, cutting tool properties, and applications of P/M high-speed tool steels. It discusses the development of P/M high-speed alloy steels that cannot be made by conventional methods because of their high carbon, nitrogen, or alloy contents. For high-speed tool steels, a number of important end-user properties have been improved by powder processing; machinability, grindability, dimensional control during heat treatment, and cutting performance under difficult conditions where high edge toughness is essential. Several of these advantages also apply to P/M cold- and hot-work tool steels, which, compared to conventional tool steels, offer better toughness and ductility for cold-work tooling, better thermal fatigue life, and greater toughness for hot-work tooling.
Austenitic Manganese Steels
Authors: Subramanyam D.K. , Swansiger A.E. , Avery H.S.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the composition, processing, and properties of austenitic manganese steel. Austenitic manganese steel is used in equipment for handling and processing earthen materials, such as rock crushers, grinding mills, dredge buckets, power shovel buckets and teeth, and pumps for handling gravel and rocks. The mechanical properties of austenitic manganese steel vary with both carbon and manganese content. Austenitic manganese steels are most commonly produced in electric arc furnaces using a basic melting practice. Heat treatment strengthens austenitic manganese steel so that it can be used safely and reliably in a wide variety of engineering applications. The approximate ranges of tensile properties produced in constructional alloy steels by heat treatment are developed in austenitic manganese steels by deformation-induced work hardening. Compared to most other abrasion-resistant ferrous alloys, manganese steels are superior in toughness and moderate in cost. Manganese steel is not corrosion resistant; it rusts readily. Many of the common applications of austenitic manganese steel involve welding, either for fabrication or for repair.
Introduction to Copper and Copper Alloys
Authors: Tyler Derek E. , Black William T.
Published: December 2018

Copper and copper alloys constitute one of the major groups of commercial metals due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, corrosion and fatigue resistance, ease of fabrication, and good strength. This article lists the types, properties, fabrication characteristics, corrosion ratings, temper designations, and applications of wrought copper and copper alloys. It also presents an outline of the most commonly used mechanical working and heat treating processes. The copper industry in the United States is broadly composed of two segments: producers (mining, smelting, and refining companies) and fabricators (wire mills, brass mills, foundries, and powder plants). The article discusses copper production methods and describes major changes in the structure of the U.S. copper and copper alloys industry.
Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Products
Authors: Tyler Derek E.
Published: December 2018

Wrought copper and copper alloys are produced in various mill-product forms for a variety of applications due to their high electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication, and good heat-transfer properties. This article describes the manufacturing processes used to produce wrought copper and copper alloys in the form of sheet and strip products, tubular products, and wire and cable. Common processes include melting, casting, hot and cold rolling, milling or scalping, annealing, cleaning, slitting, cutting, and leveling. In addition, the article discusses stress-relaxation characteristics of copper alloys.
Properties of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: December 2018

This article is a compilation of the property data for standard grades of wrought copper and copper alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, physical, thermal, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. The list for each alloy includes its commercial names, chemical composition, relevant specifications and standards, fabrication characteristics, mass characteristics, and applications.
Selection and Application of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Housh Susan , Mikucki Barry , Stevenson Archie
Published: December 2018

Magnesium and magnesium alloys are used in a wide variety of structural and nonstructural applications. This article provides information on selection and application of magnesium and magnesium alloys, mainly, casting alloys and wrought alloys. It also provides tabulated data for the composition, properties of these alloys, including compressive strength, bearing strength, shear strength, hardness, wear resistance, and fatigue strength. The article describes the selection of product forms (castings, extrusions, forgings) for structural applications which is based on mechanical property requirements, cost, availability, and fabricability. It also discusses the types of inserts used in magnesium. The article also deals with the joining of magnesium alloys by welding, adhesive bonding, and riveting. It concludes by describing the formability and machinability of magnesium and magnesium alloys, and explains the role of magnesium in design and weight reduction.
Zirconium and Hafnium
Authors: Webster R. Terrence
Published: December 2018

Zirconium, hafnium, and titanium are produced from ore that generally is found in a heavy beach sand containing zircon, rutile, and ilmenite. This article discusses the processing methods of these metals, namely, liquid-liquid separation process, distillation separation process, refining, and melting. It also discusses the primary and secondary fabrication of zirconium and hafnium and its alloys. The article talks about the metallurgy of zirconium and its alloys with emphasis on allotropic transformation, cold work and recrystallization, anisotropy and preferred orientation, and the role of oxygen. It concludes by providing useful information on the applications of reactor and industrial grades of zirconium alloys.
Uranium and Uranium Alloys
Authors: Eckelmeyer K.H.
Published: December 2018

Uranium is a moderately strong and ductile metal that can be cast, formed, and welded by a variety of standard methods. This article presents an overview of the processing and properties of uranium and uranium alloys with a brief overview of the principal hazards and precautions associated with processing depleted uranium and methods to control mild radioactivity, chemical toxicity, and pyrophoricity. It also describes the classification and heat treatment of uranium and uranium alloys. Furthermore, the article provides graphical representation of the effect of alloy composition, cooling rate, and aging temperature on microstructure, crystal structure, and mechanical properties of uranium and uranium alloys.
Rare Earth Metals
Authors: Gschneidner K.A. , Beaudry B.J. , Capellen J.
Published: December 2018

Rare earth metals belong to Group IIIA of the periodic table that includes scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanide elements which are lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. This article classifies the rare earth metals based on their purity level, which are designated as research grades (>99.8% pure) and commercial grades (95% - 98% pure), and describes the preparation and purification, including solid-state electrolysis. It further discusses physical, mechanical, and chemical properties; electronic configurations; crystal structures, and explains the alloy forming characteristics of rare earth elements. The article concludes by describing the various applications of commercial-grade rare earth elements and commercial alloys, which incorporates rare earth elements as additives.
Permanent Magnet Materials
Authors: Fiepke J.W.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the chief magnetic characteristics of permanent magnet materials. It provides a detailed description on nominal compositions; principal magnet designations; magnetic, physical, and mechanical properties; selection criteria; and applications of the permanent magnet materials, which include magnet steels, magnet alloys, alnico alloys, platinum-cobalt alloys, cobalt and rare-earth alloys, hard ferrites, iron-chromium-cobalt alloys, and neodymium-iron-boron alloys.
Low-Expansion Alloys
Authors: Frantz Earl L.
Published: December 2018

Low-expansion alloys are characterized by their dimensional stability, suiting them for applications such as geodetic tape, bimetal strip, glass-to-metal seals, and electronic components. This article describes the composition of such alloys along with related properties and behaviors. It explains how humidity and other factors, such as heat treating and cold drawing, influence thermal expansion rates. It also provides machining information on some of the more common low-expansion alloys, and reviews special alloy types including iron-cobalt-chromium alloys, hardenable alloys, and high-strength controlled-expansion alloys.
Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Foltz John V. , Blackmon Charles M.
Published: December 2018

Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) are a class of materials with potential for a wide variety of structural and thermal management applications. They are nonflammable, do not outgas in a vacuum, and suffer minimal attack by organic fluids, such as fuels and solvents. This article presents an overview of the status of MMCs, and provides information on physical and mechanical properties, processing methods, distinctive features, and various types of continuously and discontinuously reinforced aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, superalloy, and intermetallic-matrix composites. It further discusses the property prediction and processing methods for MMCs.
Ordered Intermetallics
Authors: Liu C.T. , Stiegler J.O. , Froes F.H. (Sam)
Published: December 2018

Ordered intermetallic compounds based on aluminides and silicides constitute a unique class of metallic materials that have promising physical and mechanical properties for structural applications at elevated temperatures. This article provides useful information on mechanical and metallurgical properties, material processing and fabrication, structural applications, mechanical behavior, environmental embrittlement, alloying effects, and crystal structure of aluminides of nickel, iron, titanium, and silicides. It describes the cleavage and intergranular fracture in trialuminides.
Electroless Nickel Plating
Authors: Baudrand Donald W.
Published: December 2018

Electroless nickel plating is used to deposit nickel without the use of an electric current. This article provides an overview of the solution composition and characteristics of the electroless nickel bath. It focuses on the metallurgical, mechanical and physical properties of electroless nickel-phosphorus coatings and electroless nickel-boron coatings. The effect of electroless nickel coatings on the fatigue strength of steel is also described. The article includes information on the recommended pretreatment procedures for different ferrous alloys, aluminum alloys, and copper alloys. It presents a detailed account of the equipment and various processes—including bulk and barrel plating—involved in electroless nickel plating, and discusses hydrogen relief methods. The article includes a comprehensive table on nickel plating applications, and concludes with information on electroless nickel coatings on composites and plastics.