bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation, Characterization and Electrochemical Application of ZnS/ZnAl2S4 Nanocomposite for Voltammetric Determination of Methionine and Tryptophan Using Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Tajik Somayeh , Taher Mohammad Ali , Beitollahi Hadi , Hosseinzadeh Rahman , Ranjbar Mehdi
Published: October 2015

ZnS/ZnAl2S4 nanocomposite and 2‐chlorobenzoyl ferrocene, were synthesized and used to construct a modified carbon paste electrode. The electrooxidation of methionine at the surface of the modified electrode was studied. Under the optimized conditions, the square wave voltammetric (SWV) peak current of methionine increased linearly with methionine concentration in the range of 5.0×10−8 to 8.0×10−4 M and detection limit of 10.0 nM was obtained for methionine. The prepared modified electrode exhibits a very good resolution between the voltammetric peaks of methionine and tryptophan which makes it suitable for the detection of methionine in the presence of tryptophan in real samples.
Wavelength‐domain burst cloning for reducing data loss in OBS networks without wavelength‐conversion capability
Authors: González‐Ortega M. A. , López‐Ardao J. C. , Suárez‐González A. , López‐García C.
Published: October 2015

A major problem in optical burst switching networks is data loss due to burst contention. Wavelength conversion can alleviate it, but it is complex and expensive. We present multiple wavelength simultaneous transmission (MWST), a new method to reduce data loss in optical burst switching networks without wavelength converters. MWST simultaneously sends several copies of every data burst, each on a different wavelength, so as to increase the chances of data delivery. We prove that MWST significantly reduces data loss and that it is a simpler and cheaper alternative to wavelength conversion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sea‐Level Surges in the Northern Adriatic and Their Impact on the “Functional Height” Estimation of Archaeological Markers
Authors: Pirazzoli P.A. , Tomasin A.
Published: October 2015

Sea‐level surges caused by sirocco wind are frequent in the northern Adriatic. Added to the local spring‐tide amplitude of about 40 cm, they should not be disregarded when estimating the elevation of maritime archaeological structures in relation to their function at the time of their construction. Based on the statistical analysis of the frequency and distribution of hourly sea‐level surges at Trieste, Rovinj, and Venice, realistic estimates of functional heights for sea‐level reconstructions to be applied to archaeological remains of coastal structures, e.g., fish tanks, appear to be approximately 120–130 cm near Trieste and around 95–105 cm in the Rovinj area. These exceed the value of 60 cm recently proposed by a group of archaeologists. Such underestimation tends to lower by about half a meter (in relation to certain previous estimates) sea‐level position in Roman times along the coast of Istria. The sea level during this period should be derived from more accurate sea‐level indicators such as marine biological remains preserved on archaeological structures.
Is Panarea Island (Italy) a valid and cost‐effective natural laboratory for the development of detection and monitoring techniques for submarine CO2 seepage?
Authors: Caramanna Giorgio , Voltattorni Nunzia , Maroto‐Valer M. Mercedes
Published: October 2015

Developing reliable detection and monitoring techniques for underwater CO2 seepage and its effects on the marine environment is important for a wide range of topics; for example: volcanic surveillance, risk assessment of potential leakages from sub‐seabed CO2 storage sites, and to forecast the effects of ocean acidification. A novel approach is to use areas where natural release of CO2 is present as ‘field‐laboratories’ for validation of CO2 monitoring techniques and procedures. One such area was identified close to the volcanic island of Panarea (Italy). Here, CO2 seeps from the seafloor in shallow water allowing scuba divers to collect the needed data. Moreover, the coastal setting allows use of small boats for the marine operations, thus strongly reducing the costs. The applied study techniques examined are mainly sampling methods for free and dissolved gases, direct measurement of the CO2 fluxes, pH measurement along the water column, and verification of the impact of CO2 on the local environment.

From these first results, the submarine degassing area of Panarea can be realistically considered a natural laboratory where it is possible to test and validate detection methods for the prompt identification of potential seepage from sub‐seabed CO2 storage areas. The particularly favorable environment permits the use of simplified logistics, thus reducing the costs of the research to almost negligible values if compared with any high‐seas operation. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Author Replies
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: October 2015

Reply to a commentary by Tod Chambers.
Counterterrorism, Ethics, and Global Health
Authors: Eckenwiler Lisa , Hunt Matthew
Published: October 2015

The intersection of national security, foreign policy, and health has been explored in a number of arenas, but little attention has been devoted to the ethical issues surrounding the global health impact of current counterterrorism policy and practice. In this essay, we’ll review a range of harms to population health traceable to counterterrorism operations, identify concerns involving moral agency and responsibility—specifically of humanitarian health workers, military medical personnel, and national security officials and operatives—and highlight two interrelated policy issues: the need for a conception of national security that incorporates a cosmopolitan concern for health, and the need for shared health governance, including governance of activities affecting health.
Indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase as an effector and an indicator of protective immune responses in patients with acute hepatitis B
Authors: Yoshio Sachiyo , Sugiyama Masaya , Shoji Hirotaka , Mano Yohei , Mita Eiji , Okamoto Toru , Matsuura Yoshiharu , Okuno Alato , Takikawa Osamu , Mizokami Masashi , Kanto Tatsuya
Published: October 2015

Indoleamine‐2, 3‐dioxygenase (IDO), an interferon‐γ‐inducible enzyme catalyzing tryptophan into kynurenine, exerts dual functions in infectious diseases, acting as a suppressor of intracellular pathogens and as an immune regulator. We explored the roles of IDO in hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance from infected patients. We examined IDO activity, serum chemokines, and cytokines in 53 HBV‐positive patients (25 acute hepatitis, 14 chronic hepatitis, and 14 hepatic flare) and 14 healthy volunteers. In order to clarify the mechanisms of IDO induction and its impact on HBV replication, we used a culture model consisting of human natural killer cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and HBV‐transfected Huh7 cells in which IDO expression is controlled. A robust activation of IDO with an inverse correlation of alanine aminotransferase at the peak was observed in patients with acute hepatitis B but not in patients with hepatic flare. In acute hepatitis patients who eventually cleared HBV, IDO activity, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9), CXCL10, and CXCL11 increased at the peak of alanine aminotransferase. In contrast, in patients with hepatic flare, IDO activity remained at lower levels during the observation period, regardless of the surge of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 at the alanine aminotransferase peak. Natural killer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells synergistically produced interferon‐γ and interferon‐α, thereby enhancing IDO activity and HBV suppression in Huh7 cells. Such suppressor capacity of IDO on HBV was abrogated in IDO‐knockout cells and recovered by the reinduction of IDO in the cells. Conclusion: IDO is an anti‐HBV effector and an indicator of subsequent immune responses operative during the early phase of infection; its activity is boosted by coexisting natural killer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (Hepatology 2016;63:83–94)
Biflavones and Furanone Glucosides from Zabelia tyaihyonii
Authors: Jang Hari , Lee Jin Woo , Jin Qinghao , Kim Soo‐Young , Lee Dongho , Hong Jin Tae , Kim Youngsoo , Lee Mi Kyeong , Hwang Bang Yeon
Published: October 2015

Two new biflavones, (aR)‐3′‐methoxycupressuflavone (1) and (aR)‐3′,3′′′‐dimethoxycupressuflavone (2), and two new furanone glucosides, zabeliosides A and B (3 and 4, resp.), along with two known biflavones, cupressuflavone (5) and amentoflavone (6), were isolated from the leaves of Zabelia tyaihyonii. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and circular dichroism.
Bioactive Trichothecenes Produced by the Myrothecium sp. QB‐1
Authors: Ren Ren , Chen Chao‐Jun , Liu Xian‐Xian , Ge Hui‐Ming , Tan Ren‐Xiang , Jiao Rui‐Hua
Published: October 2015

Three new simple trichothecenes, 15‐acetyltrichoverrol B (3), 13′‐acetyltrichoverrin B (5), and 6′‐dehydroxytrichoverrin B (6), along with five known trichothecenes trichodermadienediol B (1), trichoverrol B (2), trichoverrin B (4), and roridins A (7) and D (8), have been isolated from the liquid culture of Myrothecium roridum (strain no. QB‐1). The structures of the new compounds were established by comprehensive analysis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR data. All the compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity, only compounds 7 and 8 showed significant antifungal activity against the tested fungi (MIC ranged from 10 to 5 μg/ml).
A New Irregular Trihydroxy Sesquiterpene from Teucrium mascatense
Authors: Ali Liaqat , Hussain Imtiaz , Rizvi Tania Shamim , Khan Abdul Latif , Shujah Shaukat , Al‐Sahi Jawahar Mohammed Salim , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Hussain Javid
Published: October 2015

A new trihydroxy sesquiterpene, rel‐(1R,4aR,5S,6S,7S,8aR)‐decahydro‐6,8a‐dimethyl‐5‐(propan‐2‐yl)naphthalene‐1,6,7‐triol (1), has been isolated as a result of the phytochemical investigation on the CH2Cl2 extract of Teucrium mascatense. The structure elucidation of the new constituent was carried out by the combined use of 1D‐ (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR) and 2D‐NMR (HMBC and HSQC) spectroscopic analysis, along with mass spectrometric techniques. In addition to the new constituent 1, the known metabolite 2, previously isolated from Crataegus pinnatifida, was also identified.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Mangiferaelactone using D‐Mannose as a Chiral Pool
Authors: Reddy Basi V. Subba , Reddy Pathuri Sivaramakrishna , Babu Kummari Vijaya , Reddy Bhemavarapu Phaneendra , Yadav Jhillu Singh
Published: October 2015

A convergent total synthesis of mangiferaelactone has been accomplished in a highly stereoselective manner from readily available D‐mannose. The following methods like organocatalytic enantioselective epoxidation, ring‐closing metathesis, and Steglich esterification have been employed as key steps, which make this approach more attractive.
Developing Customers as Partial Employees: Predictors and Outcomes of Customer Performance in a Services Context
Authors: Halbesleben Jonathon R. B. , Stoutner Oliver K.
Published: October 2015

Scholars within the field of HRD have acknowledged the need for more research in services contexts, particularly a consideration of how customers might be developed as human resources in service exchanges. To that end, this research investigates the antecedents and consequences of customer performance within the context of service exchanges. With a matched sample of service providers and customers (n = 164 pairs, 328 total participants), we found that customer–service provider fit was related to customer performance, which was associated with outcomes for the customer (satisfaction and loyalty) and the service provider (greater satisfaction and commitment). We offer a discussion of the implications of this research for human resource strategies aimed at developing customers in service firms.
Iterative adaptive spatial filtering for noise‐suppression in functional magnetic resonance imaging time‐series
Authors: Monir Syed Muhammad , Siyal Mohammed Yakoob
Published: October 2015

We present an iterative scheme for adaptive smoothing of functional magnetic resonance images. We propose a novel similarity measure to estimate the weights of the smoothing filter based on the functional similarity of the voxels under the smoothing kernel with the voxel under consideration as well as their similarity with a reference time‐course representing the expected BOLD response. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed method by applying the method to preprocess both simulated and real fMRI data. The method improves the functional SNR of the data while preserving the shapes of the functionally active region and its performance is not compromised when structured noise is the dominant noise source. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 260‐270, 2011;
ANALYSIS OF SEASONAL CHANGES IN WATER QUALITIES IN EUTROPHIC RESERVOIRS IN A FLAT LOW‐LYING AGRICULTURAL AREA USING AN ALGAE‐BASED ECOSYSTEM MODEL
Authors: Harada Masayoshi , Douma Akifumi , Hiramatsu Kazuaki , Nguyen Do Thuy , Marui Atsushi
Published: October 2015

In this study, a one‐box ecosystem model evaluating four algal groups (green algae, blue‐green algae, diatoms/dinoflagellates, and cryptophytes) was constructed for three eutrophic reservoirs in a flat, low‐lying agricultural area. These reservoirs are used as agricultural water resources, and they differ in characteristics such as water depth, storage capacity, and vegetation. Water quality surveys of the chlorophyll‐a concentration of each algal group, total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were conducted weekly, from July to November 2009, to verify the validity of the ecosystem model. The model evaluated seasonal changes in water qualities for the different eutrophic reservoirs and could estimate the dynamic characteristics of nutrients related to the seasonal changes in algae. The study showed promising results and the model could be used to simulate the relationship between phytoplankton and nutrients, as well as seasonal changes in the species composition of algae during the brief but critical period when strong eutrophication occurred. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF HABITATS OF A TIDAL LAND RECLAMATION AREA FOR WINTER MIGRANTS IN KOREA
Authors: Hyun Park Sang , Ok Kim Jae , Jae Ji Kwang , Bae Lee Deog
Published: October 2015

This study has been carried out to evaluate the habitat role for migratory birds in a tidal reclamation area in comparison with a river estuary in Korea. It also includes the contribution effect of the contract on the optional Choice of Paddy Field Management (CPFM) program to sustain biodiversity of winter migrants in Korea. The CPFM program has been practiced to attract winter migratory birds in cooperation with the farmers who spread rice straw, cultivate barley and provide shallow flooding paddy during the winter season in various reclaimed areas.

The study result shows that a large number of winter migratory birds visited the tidal reclamation areas and the reason given is that wave intrusion was prevented by the sea dike and water level changes in the lake are less than tidal level changes in the estuary, as well as the irrigated paddy field supply of food and shelter for the birds in the reclaimed area.

In the tidal reclamation area, the dominant species are waterfowl such as geese and ducks, while waders, shore birds and other small birds have declined after reclamation in the area, as the freshwater lakes are rather deeper than coastal shorelines to attract them.

In conclusion, tidal areas with large paddy fields and freshwater lakes have allowed not only an increase in food production but also have attracted winter migrants supported by farmers and government; however, more effort will be needed to provide habitats for rare and distinctive birds in the reclamation area. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acidic saline‐induced pain as a model for experimental masseter myalgia in healthy subjects
Authors: Castrillon E.E. , Cairns B. , List T. , Svensson P. , Ernberg M.
Published: October 2015

Background

Repeated injection of acidic saline into skeletal muscles of the leg in rodents induces a prolonged bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia that persists for up to 30 days and may be useful to model widespread muscle pain conditions. In this study, repeated injection of acidic (pH 3.3) saline solution into the masseter muscle of healthy human subjects was undertaken to determine if these injections are painful and whether they would induce a prolonged period of muscle sensitization to artificial and/or natural mechanical stimulation of the masseter and temporalis muscles.

Methods

Eighteen subjects (10 male, 8 female) participated in the study. Subjects received two injections of 0.5 mL acidic or regular isotonic saline 2 days apart, in a randomized, double blind, crossover design.

Results

There was no significant difference in pain intensity ratings when acidic saline injections were compared with regular saline injections. Pain area drawings were, however, significantly larger in response to the first injection of acidic saline than to the second injection of acidic saline or to either the first or second injection of regular saline. Repeated injection of acidic saline did not significantly alter pressure pain thresholds from the masseter or temporalis muscles on either the injected side or the opposite side over the 10‐day post injection monitoring period. There was also no effect of injections on chewing.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that, unlike in some rodent models, repeated injection of low pH solutions into jaw muscles of humans fails to induce a period of prolonged muscle hyperalgesia.
Spoken Grammar and ELT Course Materials: A Missing Link?
Authors: CULLEN RICHARD , KUO I‐CHUN VICKY
Published: October 2015

Drawing on the evidence of a growing body of corpus research over the past two decades, this article investigates the phenomenon of spoken grammar in conversational English and the extent to which our current knowledge of the area is reflected in contemporary textbooks for English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. The article reports on a survey conducted by the authors of 24 general EFL textbooks published in the United Kingdom since the year 2000 and concludes, on the basis of the survey, that coverage of features of spoken grammar is at best patchy. Where it is dealt with at all, there tends to be an emphasis on lexicogrammatical features, and common syntactic structures peculiar to conversation are either ignored or confined to advanced levels as interesting extras. We argue that this is inadequate for many learners, particularly those for whom the development of oral fluency in informal interactions with native speakers is an important goal.
RESEARCH DIGEST: TESOL TOPICS IN OTHER JOURNALS
Authors: MICHAEL‐LUNA SARA
Published: October 2015

This section presents brief synopses of empirical research and theoretical discussions in peer‐reviewed journals. The aim is to disseminate findings and perspectives in fields related to TESOL and to provide access to the diverse conversations among scholars in the field.
Inner Speech—L2: Thinking Words in a Second Language. María C. M. de Guerrero
Authors: COHEN ANDREW D.
Published: October 2015

TESOL Quarterly welcomes evaluative reviews of publications relevant to TESOL professionals.
Language, Literacy, and Technology
Authors: HAWKINS MARGARET , UZUNER SEDEF
Published: October 2015

Call Dimensions: Options and Issues in Computer‐Assisted Language Learning. Mike Levy and Glenn Stockwell

Laptops and Literacy: Learning in the Wireless Classroom. Mark Warschauer
Graphic Display of Linguistic Information in English as a Foreign Language Reading
Authors: SUZUKI AKIO , SATO TAKESHI , AWAZU SHUNJI
Published: October 2015

Two studies investigated the advantage and instructional effectiveness of the spatial graphic representation of an English sentence with coordinators over a linear sentential representation in English as a foreign language (EFL) reading settings. Experiment 1, Study 1, examined whether readers studying EFL could better comprehend the sentence—in which multiple information items are connected by coordinating conjunctions—when provided with a spatial representation than when provided with a sentential representation. Experiment 2 of Study 1 examined whether the advantage observed in Experiment 1 was due to Larkin and Simon's (1987) computational efficacy by testing whether two different task‐completion times would affect the performance of two different display groups. Study 2 examined the effectiveness of the instruction manual, which we compiled, in enabling students to rearrange a linear text with coordinating conjunctions into a spatial display for self‐study. The results indicated that the spatial graphic display enhanced EFL readers' comprehension of sentences with coordinators more than the sentential display did, and EFL readers were able to accurately rearrange a linear sentential text into a spatial display by using the instruction manual.
SEVIS and the Culture of Pedagogy
Authors: WENNERSTROM ANN
Published: October 2015

TESOL Quarterly invites commentary on current trends or practices in the TESOL profession. It also welcomes responses or rebuttals to any articles or remarks published here in the Forum or elsewhere in the Quarterly.
2.1.1 Model‐Based operational analysis for complex systems ‐ A case study for electric vehicles
Authors: Doufene Abdelkrim , Dauron Alain , G. Hugo G. Chalé , Krob Daniel
Published: October 2015

We present in this paper an operational analysis of a complex system following a Model Based Systems Engineering approach, illustrated by a case study on electric vehicles. We explain some strategic issues and reasons that make electric vehicles important and complex systems, and how these vehicles can significantly contribute to the European policies for sustainable development. We explain why it is necessary to apply a Systems Engineering approach to deal with the complexity of such systems, and we give an overview of the architectural design framework we follow. We present a model of the system of interest and of its environment built from the analysis of public documents and literature reviews. This allowed us to identify the key stakeholders, external interfaces, needs, use cases and operational scenarios. Based on this operational analysis, we present ways to pursue functional and trade‐off analyses.
2.3.1 A MBSE probabilistic framework for preliminary lifecycle costing of mechanical products
Authors: Loyer Jean‐Loup , Henriques Elsa
Published: October 2015

The challenging economic context and competitive pressure forces industrial companies to attain the highest profitability of a program, with lifecycle cost (LCC) as one of the key parameters. Thus, industrial companies are constantly developing more efficient methods to estimate LCC as early as possible in the design process. This paper presents a new Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) probabilistic framework for lifecycle cost estimation during preliminary design. Divided in two modules computing respectively manufacturing and maintenance costs, the framework is based on a suite of statistical regression‐based models whose results are aggregated in order to provide the best probabilistic estimate of lifecycle cost. The framework has been tested on components from civil jet engines but can be applied to a large variety of mechanical products. The early results are satisfactory with predictive accuracy of lifecycle costs of new components representing a significant improvement over state‐of‐the‐art methods.
3.2.2 Traceable Engineering of Fault‐Tolerant SoSs
Authors: Andrews Zoe , Ingram Claire , Payne Richard , Romanovsky Alexander , Holt Jon , Perry Simon
Published: October 2015

Systems of systems (SoSs) are characterised by a challenging combination of continuous evolution, emergent behaviour and distributed, autonomous and independent constituents. The development of SoSs that can tolerate faults and harmful events is hampered by these and other complexities. Currently there is little in the way of methods or tools to help SoS developers to design fault‐tolerant SoSs. In this paper we present a structured approach for capturing requirements for a fault‐tolerant SoS and a fault modelling architectural framework (FMAF) that supports disciplined and reusable development of fault‐tolerant architectures. We also provide a traceable mapping of the fault‐tolerant requirements into SoS architectural designs. Finally we apply our techniques to a real‐world SoS case study.
3.3.2 Re‐Use Libraries Leveraging Model‐Based Systems Engineering to greatly increase engineering productivity
Authors: Smith Warren B.
Published: October 2015

The prevalence of model‐based systems engineering tools has created a once‐in‐a‐generation opportunity for engineering organizations to dramatically improve productivity by re‐using common design elements when creating new product variants. To recognize these engineering productivity improvements, a library of model‐based reusable elements can incorporate key product design structures encompassing requirements, architecture, behavior, interfaces and tests. Unfortunately, simply using a systems model does not translate into reusability of those designs on another programs. The author's previous studies have shown real cost savings when deploying re‐use libraries: For example, when re‐using just common requirements defined on previous programs, organizations save as much as 40% of each systems engineer's time with a return on investment exceeding of 328%. This paper describes the key considerations and basic process of building a library of model‐based re‐usable elements and explores the investment required and utility of such a library.
5.2.2 Application of product lines in industrial gas turbine control systems
Authors: Jacques Jean‐Roch
Published: October 2015

Sensors and actuators are key components of industrial Gas Turbines (GTs). Their requirements include stringent safety and reliability targets. In order to improve functional interface between the GT and the Package, new control system architecture is proposed. This new architecture aims to partition the controls hardware according to its functionality as opposed to its physical location.

Hence, a product line approach has been employed to provide similar architectures across Energy products (Industrial RB211‐G(T), Trent, and RB211‐H) and to reuse controls hardware components. A key challenge is to address Third Party Package (TPP) and Rolls‐Royce package with common architecture.

In the Energy business, New Product Introduction (NPI) projects are under significant time and budget pressures. This reality increases the risk of misunderstood requirements due to project stages running in parallel. The product line approach mitigates this risk by reusing GT Control Systems across projects while reducing development time and costs.
7.1.1 Reduction of Late Design Changes Through Early Phase Need Analysis
Authors: Tranøy Eldar , Muller Gerrit
Published: October 2015

Contractors in the oil and gas industry are experiencing an increased pressure to deliver projects at a lower cost and at a shorter schedule. Extensive requirements combined with strict governing documents restrict project designs. Therefore, contractors need efficient governing processes that capture customers' needs and ensure that system requirements relates to these customer needs.

In the execution phase of a project, the engineering degrees of freedom are limited. In the early project phase of concept and study, the basic design is established. The design freeze occurs in the tender phase, based on a best interpretation of customer needs. This causes any changes made in the execution phase to be costly and have the potential to impose severe subsequent consequences. Proper use of systems engineering ensures a minimal amount of late design changes. The most important systems engineering process in such a context, is the capturing of customer needs and definition of user requirements. We researched the processes used to capture system requirements today, and the potential impact of using systems engineering techniques for this purpose. We uncovered multiple gaps in the current process of capturing customer needs, which subsequently led to the definition of system requirements based on international standards and best practices, instead of actual needs. Our research also showed that with a process of capturing customer needs based on systems engineering techniques, as much as 92% of the costs imposed by late design changes are avoidable.
7.4.3 Embedding Agile Practices within a Plan‐Driven Hierarchical Project Life Cycle
Authors: Millard Wm David , Johnson Daniel M , Henderson John Mark , Lombardo Nicholas , Bass Robert B , Smith Jason
Published: October 2015

The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and its clients have historically used a structured, plan‐driven approach to provide continuity, direction, and control to large, multi‐year programs. Projects within these programs vary greatly in size, complexity, level of maturity, technical risk, and clarity.

On a recent program one of our clients employed hierarchical requirements methodologies for technology development projects, with complex interfaces and tight project schedules, which necessitated frequent end‐to‐end product demonstrations throughout system development. In response PNNL embedded Agile engineering practices into the plan‐driven project life cycle to benefit from the Agile principle of delivering frequent, interim, and functioning products regularly throughout the project's period of performance.

This paper describes the application of those Agile practices on a large command and control system development effort. It discusses how the project team benefitted from both the plan‐driven project execution and the rapid prototyping, integration, and client feedback made possible with the implementation of Agile practices. Furthermore, this paper discusses the tools and implementing mechanisms used to transition between each methodology.
8.3.1 Increasing the value of model‐assisted communication: Modeling for understanding, exploration and verification in production line design projects
Authors: Stalsberg Bjørn , Muller Gerrit
Published: October 2015

Modeling and visualization is a common tool in the systems engineering process used to validate assumptions, increase understanding, synchronize views, and support decisions. The architect can apply models to support different purposes through all phases of a project. In this paper, we analyze model usage in production line improvement projects at GKN Aerospace Norway (GAN). We apply modeling in the understanding phase, exploration phase and verification phase of various projects. Our goal is to identify factors in the applied models that affect the models' success rate. Further, we explore how the importance of the identified factors varies in the different modeling phases. We also discuss how much effort the architect should invest in model creation.

Among the impact factors we discuss are: a models ability to be instantly edited, visual attributes like how close to reality the model appears, a model's level of details and assumptions, and how personally relevant the model content is. Observations and feedback captured during this study indicate how the importance of each identified impact factor varies relative to the modeling phase. We also suggest that the resources spent on model creation should be in accordance with the intended value of the output from the model.

By understanding how and when to use the impact factors discussed in this study, the architect will be better suited to make the proper design choices during model creation, and be able to provide more effective model‐assisted communication.
9.2.2 When “Yes” is the Wrong Answer
Authors: Beasley Richard , Nolan Andy J. , Pickard Andrew C.
Published: October 2015

Systems Engineering's value comes from doing effective pre‐work to avoid later, expensive rework. There are many barriers to uptake of Systems Engineering, including the difficulty of abstract and holistic thinking and project time pressures. This paper focuses on the time pressures, and the usual desire to show positive progress in any form of review of a project. This leads to a behavior where there is a tendency to say “yes” in answer to a question because we know it is the desired answer. Inappropriate “yes” statements to questions like “Are the requirements complete?” result in a tendency to stop the pre‐work, and start the solution stage pre‐maturely or with false confidence. The paper proposes as a heuristic that the Systems Engineer recognizes that there are implicit dangers in answering “yes” to many review type questions.
9.4.2 Application of AFD & CASE TOOL to Improve Safety of River Crossing by KWAV
Authors: Lee Cheol Woo , An Su Hong , Park Tae Woo , Na Jae Hyun , Lee In Ho , Kim Eui Whan
Published: October 2015

To mitigate and manage the risk of river crossing of ground armored vehicles has been one of the big challenges for engineers in Korea. Especially, Korean Wheeled Armored Vehicle (KWAV) development project has few references about river crossing by similar wheeled armored vehicles. So revealing and identifying failure scenarios of crossing river of KWAV requires a fundamentally creative method. We found the Anticipatory Failure Determination (AFD) method originated from TRIZ has much relevance to our task for safety improvement for KWAV river crossing.

This paper introduces AFD method and its UAV application example. And it shows AFD application on KWAV safety improvement study for river crossing. Some critical safety cases during river crossing are illustrated in this paper.

And we found that the structured approach to identifying success and failure scenarios provided by AFD can be easily modeled by CASE tools. And integration of scenarios and resources into the same CASE model is very important for modeling AFD. So we chose to apply CORE v8.0 on the AFD study of KWAV River Crossing. Some of the modeling results are illustrated in the paper. And verification cases of the above mentioned modelings and solutions are also illustrated.

This study will improve the safety in water crossing of WAV and also promote AFD & CASE TOOL application.
Comparison of outcomes obtained in murine local lymph node assays using CBA/J or CBA/Ca mice
Authors: Maeda Yosuke , Hirosaki Haruka , Yakata Naoaki , Takeyoshi Masahiro
Published: October 2015

CBA/J and CBA/Ca mice are the recommended strains for local lymph node assays (LLNAs). Here, we report quantitative and qualitative comparisons between both mouse strains to provide useful information for the strain selection of sensitization testing. LLNA was conducted, in accordance with Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development Test Guideline No. 429, with CBA/J and CBA/Ca mice using five chemicals including typical contact sensitizers and non‐sensitizers: 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), isoeugenol, α‐hexylcinnamic aldehyde (HCA), propylene glycol (PG), and hexane; then outcomes were compared based on the raw data (disintegrations per minute, DPM), stimulation index (SI) values, EC3 values and positive/negative decisions. Although a significant difference was noted between DPM values derived from each strain of mice, SI values exhibited no considerable difference. The EC3 values for DNCB in CBA/J and CBA/Ca mice were 0.04 and 0.03, those for isoeugenol were 1.4 and 0.9, and those for HCA were 7.7 and 6.0, respectively. All EC values derived from each test system were almost equivalent and were within the range of acceptance criteria of the ICCVAM performance standard for LLNA. Positive/negative outcomes for all test chemicals were consistent. In conclusion, no considerable differences were observed in the final outcomes derived from CBA/J and CBA/Ca mice in LLNA. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro bioactivity study of TiCaPCO(N) and Ag‐doped TiCaPCO(N) films in simulated body fluid
Authors: Sukhorukova I.V. , Sheveyko A.N. , Kiryukhantsev‐Korneev Ph. V. , Levashov E.A. , Shtansky D.V.
Published: October 2015

Bioactivity of multicomponent TiCaPCO(N) and Ag‐doped TiCaPCO(N) films was evaluated in vitro using simulated body fluid (SBF) and compared with that of bioactive glass Biogran. The first group of films was fabricated by magnetron sputtering of composite TiС0.5–Ti3POx–CaO target produced via the self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis (SHS) method (TiCaPCON films), after which their surface was implanted with Ag+ ions to obtain Ag‐doped TiCaPCON films. The second group of films was fabricated by pulsed electrospark deposition (PED) using SHS‐produced composite TiС0.5–Ti3POx–CaO and TiС0.5–Ti3POx–CaO–Ag electrodes. After immersion in SBF, the structure and chemistry of surface were well characterized using a combination of various microanalytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry (both in conventional and grazing incidence mode), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. The results showed that the surfaces of the TiCaPCO(N) and Ag‐doped TiCaPCO(N) films were bioactive in vitro and induced the formation of an apatite layer during exposure in SBF. In the case of the magnetron‐sputtered films, the apatite layer was formed over 14 days, while 28 days were needed to form CaP phase on the surface of PED‐modified samples. Various factors (film structure, surface roughness, surface functional groups, surface charge, and composition, supersaturation, and near‐surface local supersaturation of SBF) affecting the kinetics of bone‐like apatite formation on a bioactive surface are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 193–203, 2017.
Assessment of the extended Koopmans' theorem for the chemical reactivity: Accurate computations of chemical potentials, chemical hardnesses, and electrophilicity indices
Authors: Yildiz Dilan , Bozkaya Uğur
Published: October 2015

The extended Koopmans' theorem (EKT) provides a straightforward way to compute ionization potentials and electron affinities from any level of theory. Although it is widely applied to ionization potentials, the EKT approach has not been applied to evaluation of the chemical reactivity. We present the first benchmarking study to investigate the performance of the EKT methods for predictions of chemical potentials (μ) (hence electronegativities), chemical hardnesses (η), and electrophilicity indices (ω). We assess the performance of the EKT approaches for post‐Hartree–Fock methods, such as Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, the coupled‐electron pair theory, and their orbital‐optimized counterparts for the evaluation of the chemical reactivity. Especially, results of the orbital‐optimized coupled‐electron pair theory method (with the aug‐cc‐pVQZ basis set) for predictions of the chemical reactivity are very promising; the corresponding mean absolute errors are 0.16, 0.28, and 0.09 eV for μ, η, and ω, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SELF‐EFFICACY AND CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN NEIGHBORHOOD COUNCIL IN IRAN
Authors: Barati Zeinab , Abu Samah Bahaman , Ahmad Nobaya , Idris Khairuddin B.
Published: October 2015

This article examines the effects of self‐efficacy on citizen participation (N = 250) in neighborhood councils in Tehran, Iran. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the effects of self‐efficacy on citizen participation. Results strongly supported the reliability and validity of the survey instrument. The findings revealed that 51% of the variance in citizen participation can be explained by self‐efficacy. Citizens with higher self‐efficacy are more likely to participate in neighborhood councils.
THE FAMILY DEBATE ON VALUES AND LIVING TOGETHER: A COMMUNITY‐BASED APPROACH THROUGH PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
Authors: Viguer Paz , Rodrigo Maria F. , Sole Neus
Published: October 2015

This article presents a participatory action research that began with collaboration between the community and the university. An intervention was carried out in the form of Family Debate about Values and Living Together. Its objectives were to promote reflection and dialogue about values and living together in families and capture those families’ views on values and living together in the main contexts of socialization–family, school, and peers–and to apply that vision in the process of analyzing and transforming their reality. Participants in this study were 2,321 families living in the County of Bages in Barcelona province (Spain) with at least one child between 8 and 12 years of age. The results highlight important aspects of family values and provide preliminary assessments of the intervention from agents involved in it.
SUPPORTING RECOVERY IN THE COMMUNITY: SIX‐MONTH OUTCOMES OF CLIENTS PARTICIPATING IN THE PHOENIX HOUSE BRONX COMMUNITY RECOVERY CENTER (BCRC)
Authors: Mericle Amy A. , Cacciola John , Carise Deni , Miles Jennifer
Published: October 2015

Community recovery centers (CRCs) have the potential to be an important component in the substance abuse continuum of care, yet we lack data on their effectiveness. This study examines the 6‐month outcomes of 260 clients participating in the Phoenix House Bronx Community recovery Center (BCRC). At follow‐up, clients were significantly less likely to report substance use (odds ratio [OR] = 0.4, p = 0.002) and showed improvements on a variety of other psychosocial domains as well. Fewer clients were also using formal inpatient (OR = 0.3, p < 0.001) and outpatient substance abuse treatment services at follow‐up (OR = 0.5, p = 0.011). These data provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of recovery centers to sustain abstinence, enhance recovery capital, and curtail the use of formal, more expensive substance abuse treatment. Additional studies documenting the type and amount of services received in recovery centers, randomized trials of referrals to recovery centers and referral as usual, and studies of cost‐effectiveness are needed.
THE PARENT–CHILD ACCULTURATION GAP, PARENTAL MONITORING, AND SUBSTANCE USE IN MEXICAN HERITAGE ADOLESCENTS IN MEXICAN NEIGHBORHOODS OF THE SOUTHWEST U.S.
Authors: Marsiglia Flavio F. , Nagoshi Julie L. , Parsai Monica , Booth Jaime M. , Castro Felipe González
Published: October 2015

A sample of 206 Mexican‐heritage 7th‐grade adolescents attending predominantly Mexican‐heritage schools in Arizona was assessed on their linguistic acculturation, perceived parental monitoring, and substance use. One of their parents also reported on their own parental level of acculturation. While greater parental acculturation predicted greater marijuana use, the acculturation gap (child's level of acculturation over and above that of the parent) was not predictive of substance use. There was a significant acculturation gap by parental monitoring interaction for marijuana use, where the negative correlation between parental monitoring and marijuana use was attenuated for parent–youth dyads that exhibited the largest acculturation gap. This suggests that a greater parent–youth cultural distance (the acculturation gap) attenuates that protective effect of parental monitoring on youth marijuana use. Results are discussed in terms of how the acculturation gap increases the risk for problem behaviors in Mexican American adolescents through its effect on family processes.
CHARACTERISTICS AND LIFE EXPERIENCES ASSOCIATED WITH RECEIVING A RAPE DISCLOSURE WITHIN A NATIONAL TELEPHONE HOUSEHOLD PROBABILITY SAMPLE OF WOMEN
Authors: Paul Lisa A. , Walsh Kate , McCauley Jenna L. , Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Resnick Heidi S. , Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: October 2015

Disclosure of rape to informal support sources is relatively common, but not well understood. This study expands our limited knowledge of disclosure recipients’ experience by examining associations between their sociodemographic and life experiences with receipt of a rape disclosure and encouragement of the victim to formally report her assault. Over 35% of the 3,001 community‐residing women in this national sample reported receiving a rape disclosure. Women who had a personal history of sexual assault, met lifetime diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder or depression, met past‐year diagnostic criteria for substance abuse, engaged in monthly binge drinking and nonexperimental substance use, and sought help for emotional concerns were significantly more likely to be recipients. Approximately two thirds (69%) of disclosure recipients encouraged the victim to formally report the rape, and encouragement was also significantly associated with these characteristics. Implications of these findings for improving the disclosure process are provided.
Epistemological Development Profiles of Chinese Engineering Doctoral Students in U.S. Institutions: An Application of Perry's Theory
Authors: Zhu Jiabin , Cox Monica F.
Published: October 2015

Background

In the fields of science and engineering, Chinese students earned the largest number of doctorate degrees among foreign students in U.S. institutions from 1989 to 2009. Although prior studies have explored Chinese students’ adjustment issues in U.S. institutions, such as language capabilities, socialization, and learning experiences, little is known about the cognitive aspects of their academic experiences.

Purpose

This study adopted Perry's theory, which describes college students’ epistemological development from a dualistic to a relativistic manner of thinking in four stages, to map the epistemological developmental profiles of Chinese engineering doctoral students in U.S. institutions.

Method

The dominant epistemological development stages of Chinese engineering doctoral students from five Midwestern universities were identified through a quantitative survey with four subscales corresponding to Perry's four stages. ANOVA tests explored differences in the subscales concerning demographic parameters.

Results

The results suggested that the dominant thinking styles of nearly 80% of the students fell into the latter two stages of Perry's theory. Significant differences were observed in survey subscales regarding factors such as students’ academic progress and university at the time of research.

Conclusions

The study offers a profile of Chinese engineering doctoral students’ epistemological development using Perry's theory. Our results highlight the possible effect of U.S. engineering graduate training and demographic factors on students’ epistemological development.
Procedural sedation and implications for quality and risk management
Authors: Antonelli Mary T. , Seaver David , Urman Richard D.
Published: October 2015

A successful procedural sedation program requires a robust institutional policy backed by a solid educational program and an administrative structure. Given the nature of the services provided, combined with the growth in complexity of both patients and procedures, sedation presents a potential liability for both the provider and the institution. A sedation program is built with a multidisciplinary team of experts representing all stakeholders: healthcare providers, risk and quality improvement managers, and facility administration. An institutional procedural sedation policy should be based on nationally and state recognized practice requirements and guidelines. Clinical care must be supported with a robust risk and quality structure built within the program to ensure best practice at the point of care.