bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TAXONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON STREPTOCARA CALIFORNICA (GEDOELST, 1919) GEDOELST AND LIÉGEOIS, 1922 AND THE GENUS STREPTOCARA (NEMATODA: ACUARIIDAE)
Authors: Gibson George G.
Published: August 2008

A detailed redescription is presented for adults of Streptocara californica (Gedoelst, 1919) Gedoelst and Liégeois, 1922 based on specimens from under the gizzard lining of a common scoter, Oidemia nigra (L.), from Vancouver, Canada. Adult S. californica are here reported from the type host, Melanitta deglandi (Bonap.), and from the following new hosts near Vancouver: Anas platyrhynchos L., Aythya valisineria (Wilson), Bucephala islandica (Gmelin), Clangula hyemalis (L.), Melanitta perspicillata (L.), and Mergus serrator L. A description of the fourth-stage larvae is presented, based on specimens from Aythya marila (L.), Melanitta perspicillata (L.), and Mergus merganser L. from the same region. Yseria californica Gedoelst, 1919; Korjakinema gusi Oschmarin, 1950; Streptocara dogieli Belopolskaya, 1952; and Skrjabinobronema californicum (Gedoelst, 1919) Yamaguti, 1961 are considered synonyms of Streptocara californica. A comparison of the prevalence of S. californica with that of S. crassicauda charadrii Skrjabin, 1916 seems to indicate rather different life cycles for the two species. It is suggested that the genus Streptocara may be more highly evolved than the other genera of the Seuratiinae.
CRENOSOMA CANADENSIS N. SP. (NEMATODA: METASTRONGYLIDAE) FROM THE LUNGS OF SKUNKS
Authors: Webster W. A.
Published: August 2008

Crenosoma canadensis n. sp. from the skunk is described. Differences between this species and C. microbursa are discussed.
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND ITS APPLICATION TO A SPECIES PROBLEM IN THE SPIDER GENUS PHILODROMUS (ARANEAE: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D.
Published: August 2008

The mating behavior of Philodromus rufus Walckenaer at Kentville, Nova Scotia, and Belleville, Ontario, indicates that the population is composed of two sympatric forms, one in which the males vibrate their legs on approaching the female, the other in which the males do not vibrate. Males of both forms respond to the sex scents of females of both, and fertility of crosses between the forms is as high as it is within each form. Less than 50% of attempted crosses are successful, however, and the vibrating form is more successful at crossing than the other. On this and other evidence the forms are diagnosed as two closely related species, one of which has not previously been described.
ACTIVITY RHYTHMS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS DEFOLIATORS: II. HALISIDOTA ARGENTATA PACK. (ARCTIIDAE), AND NEPYTIA PHANTASMARIA STKR. (GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

The 24-hour activity rhythms of a gregarious arctiid (Halisidota argentata Park.) and a geometrid (Nepytia phantasmaria Stkr.) were recorded automatically at different constant temperatures and in naturally varying light and temperatures. Larval activity on foliage, adult emergence, and adult flight were all associated with sunset; eclosion began in the dark hours, but in Nepytia was particularly associated with sunrise. The rhythms were found to be adapted to the different seasonal environments normally experienced by the insects, and activity was influenced by changes in light and temperature. The rhythm of Halisidota larvae, which are active throughout the British Columbia coastal winter as well as in the autumn and spring, undergoes a temperature-related phase reversal, the larvae becoming diurnal in the coldest periods of the winter, though nocturnal in warmer periods. Larval Nepytia are found only in summer; they are generally more active on warm days and have little resistance to cold. The activity of both species of moths is less influenced by low temperatures near sunset than late in the night. The sunrise peak in Nepytia males, which normally fly during autumn nights, is less influenced by low temperatures than the corresponding peak in Halisidota, which fly on summer nights.
CESTODES OF THE HERRING GULL, LARUS ARGENTATUS PONTOPPIDAN, 1763, FROM NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA
Authors: Pomeroy M. Keith , Burt Michael D. B.
Published: August 2008

Six species of cestodes are recorded from 21 herring gulls in New Brunswick, Canada. Five of these are redescribed while the other, representing a new species, is described for the first time. Three of these species are recorded from Canada for the first time and one species represents a new host record.
A NEW SPECIES OF TROCHOPUS (MONOGENEA: CAPSALIDAE) FROM SCORPAENA GUTTATA GIRARD
Authors: Arai Hisao P. , Koski Cathryn H.
Published: August 2008

A new species of monogenetic trematode based primarily on the characteristics of the opisthaptor and anchors is described. The criteria constituting the genus Trochopus Diesing, 1850 are reconsidered. A key to the species of Trochopus is included.
MASSIVE ACCUMULATIONS OF PROTEIN IN THE NUCLEI OF CORDYLOPHORA
Authors: Mackie G. O. , Fillion D. B. , Hammond Brian , Hancock Anne
Published: August 2008

Spherical masses of non-histone protein unassociated with nucleic acid, lipid, or carbohydrate occur in most interphase epitheliomuscular and glandular cells in the hydroid Cordylophora. They are not found in nerve cells, interstitial cells, or cnidoblasts, but elsewhere they occur consistently in sexual and asexual, wild and cultured specimens. They are reduced or lost in starved specimens. The bodies reach diameters of over 5 μ, are composed of electron dense granules measuring 50–75 Å, and lack an enclosing membrane. They appear to find their nearest counterpart not in the secondary nucleoli of oocytes but in protein masses described in Natrix liver cells. It is suggested that they constitute a metabolic reserve.
AMPHISTOMES (TREMATODA) FROM DOMESTIC RUMINANTS IN NORTH BORNEO (MALAYSIA)
Authors: Schad G. A. , Kuntz R. E. , Anteson R. K. , Webster G. F.
Published: August 2008

Gastrothylax elongatus, G. synethes, G. cobboldii, Ceylonocotyle streptocoelium, C. scoliocoelium, and Ceylonocotyle gigantopharynx are reported from domestic ruminants of Borneo. C. gigantopharynx is a new name for Paramphistomum gotoi of Dawes, 1936 (not Fukui), redescribed here on the basis of median sagittal sections to permit its placement in the taxonomic system of Näsmark.
COMPARISON OF TWO POPULATIONS OF MINK FROM ALASKA
Authors: Burns John J.
Published: August 2008

Samples of two populations of mink from within the presently outlined range of Mustela vison ingens (Osgood) were compared. The samples consisted of 57 mink from the vicinity of Aniak. Alaska, and 51 from the vicinity of the type locality, Fort Yukon, Alaska. These Samples were qualitatively and quantitatively compared to determine taxonomic affinities or differences. The kind and degree of variation in cranial measurements and body length, as well as pelage characteristics, indicated that the sample of mink from the Aniak area was subspecifically distinct from the topotype specimens. The Aniak population has been designated as Mustela vison aniakensis.
VARIATIONS IN THE VOLUME AND CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD OF THE SNAIL, HELIX POMATIA L., IN RELATION TO THE WATER CONTENT OF THE BODY
Authors: Burton R. F.
Published: August 2008

A convenient measure of the "size" of a snail is its dry weight, exclusive of shell and albumen gland, and, where calculable, its blood solutes. The specimens of Helix pomatia studied contained between 3.8 and 10.2 g of Water per gram dry weight and between 51 and 456 mg of copper per kilogram dry weight. When "copper space" was defined as the weight of blood water that would contain the amount of copper present in the body, copper spaces varied between 1.1 and 4.4 g of water per gram dry weight. Variations in copper space (approximately equal to blood volume) accounted for the greater part of the variation in total body water, though the amount of water in the tissues was also variable. The concentration of sodium in the blood varied naturally over the range 46–129 mmole/kg of water, varying proportionately with chloride. Variations in sodium concentration are largely due to variations in the volume of blood in which the sodium is dissolved, but a given change in blood volume is, in general, associated with a proportionately smaller change in sodium concentration.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES IN THE CADDISFLY GENUS MYSTACIDES (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE)
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Wiggins G. B.
Published: August 2008

Three species of the leptocerid caddisfly genus Mystacides are represented in North America: M. sepulchralis (Walk.), M. alafimbriata H.-G., and M. longicornis (L.). Study of a considerable amount of new material of these species has shown, particularly in the larval and pupal stages, that certain of the characters distinguishing the species, and even the genus itself, have been misinterpreted in the past. Variation in the larval stages has also made identification of the species difficult with existing keys.This comparative study of the larvae, pupae, and adults of the three species has been undertaken to overcome these deficiencies, and to bring together the systematic data now available on these widespread caddisflies. Keys to the species are provided for larvae, pupae, and both adult sexes, and the diagnostic characters illustrated. Available records have been brought together, and maps of the known distribution of each species prepared. Field observations on behavior are noted. The phylogenetic relationships of North American and Eurasian species are discussed.
FINE STRUCTURE OF NUCLEOLI AND RNA-CONTAINING CHROMOSOME REGIONS OF SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF CHIRONOMIDS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP
Authors: Kalnins V. I. , Stich H. F. , Bencosme S. A.
Published: August 2008

Electron microscope studies of salivary gland nuclei of four chironomid species have shown that the RNA-containing chromosome regions and associated structures, which by light microscopy exhibit a great variety of structures such as bands, granules, micronucleoli, nucleoli, puffs, and Balbiani rings, consist of only few basic units: pars amorpha, nucleolonema, and Balbiani ring granules. The fine structure of the nucleoli and spherical micronucleoli located at various chromosome regions appears to be identical, consisting of pars amorpha, which contains fibers of varying diameters, and strands of nucleolonema composed of fibers and ribosome-like granules. The arrangement of pars amorpha and nucleolonema of nucleoli and spherical micronucleoli follows a consistent pattern. Chromosome fibers are closely associated with pars amorpha, whereas strands of nucleolonema border only the surfaces of pars amorpha. Balbiani ring granules, which have a diameter of 300 Å to 500 Å and are characterized by a particular structure, accumulate in Balbiani rings, in many chromosome regions, and in nuclear sap. In the Balbiani ring these granules seem to be attached to 100 Å chromosome fibers. They are absent in nucleoli and micronucleoli. The possible correlation between our electron microscopic observations and the present-day concept of ribosomal and messenger RNA production is discussed.
A STUDY OF ANTIGENS IN ADULT AND EMBRYONIC TISSUES OF THE SLUG DEROCERAS
Authors: Mattinson G.
Published: August 2008

Antigens of embryonic and adult tissues of the slug Deroceras were studied, using the techniques of agar gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Antibodies were prepared against the tissues by injection of saline homogenates into the ear of a rabbit. Antisera were prepared against whole adult homogenate and against mixed-stage embryo homogenate. The antisera obtained were tested against homogenates of a number of different adult tissues and embryo stages.Twelve or 13 antigens were found in all. Four or five of these antigens were found in embryos only and these antigens were limited to the gastrular and pregastrular stages of development. Two other antigens were found which were specific for adult blood. Five antigens appeared only in embryo and common duct homogenate reactions. One further antigen was found in three adult tissues and in embryos from the blastula stage onward. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the antigens were located partially or wholly in the cellular tissues of the embryos and not in the surrounding membranes. The antigens were located in the cytoplasm at all stages, and in the nuclei and nucleoli of one particular type of cell in the gastrular stages.
STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO AXENIC DEVELOPMENT OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS: I. BASIC CULTURE TECHNIQUES, PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT, AND THE EFFECTS OF THE GASEOUS PHASE
Authors: Meerovitch E.
Published: August 2008

Trichinella spiralis larvae from rat muscles were cultured axenically in roller tubes. In chick embryo extract and rabbit serum medium, male and female external genitalia appeared after the second incomplete molt. Molting was preceded by cuticular swelling around the neck, followed by constriction and ultimate rupture. The worms did not increase in size. Digestive enzymes and bile salts did not promote exsheathment and were often toxic. With added vitamins, the second molt was reached after 24 hours in vitro (as against 48 hours in the basic medium), but amino acids and glucose had no effect on survival and development. Under nitrogen or 5% CO2 in nitrogen the worms survived longer than in the presence of 5% oxygen or under air. Development was better in the presence of 5% CO2 than under 5% oxygen, and still better under higher CO2 tensions. Because CO2 tension in the mammalian intestine is often high, this gas and (or) carbonic acid probably play an important part in the biology of intestinal parasites. The two incomplete molts represent advancement through two stages and the worms with external genitalia are believed to be immature adults (that is, fifth stage). Because direct microscopic evidence of molting prior to encapsulation in muscles of infected animals has been obtained, the infective larvae are believed to be in the third stage.
TORPIDITY IN THE MEXICAN GROUND SQUIRREL CITELLUS MEXICANUS PARVIDENS (MEARNS)
Authors: Neumann Richard L. , Cade Tom J.
Published: August 2008

Throughout a period from early November until the end of February, spontaneous torpidity was demonstrated by the Mexican ground squirrel Citellus mexicanus parvidens (Mearns) at room temperatures (17° to 22 °C), and at ambient temperatures from 3.8° to 16 °C. The oxygen consumption of individuals torpid at room temperatures was 0.2 to 0.4 cc/g hr, while at ambient temperatures from 3.8° to 16 °C, it was 0.06 to 0.30 cc/g hr. The difference between body temperature and ambient temperature was 1° to 2 °C at ambient temperatures from 6° to 22 °C; this difference increased below 6 °C. Bouts of torpor lasted from 2 to 60 hours.From the information on the seasonal activity of this squirrel, the known climatological data for its range, and our laboratory demonstration of its ability to become torpid, we conclude that C. m. parvidens is a hibernator and possibly an aestivator.
PREDATORS OF AEDES ATROPALPUS (COQ) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AND OF OTHER MOSQUITOES BREEDING IN ROCK POOLS IN ONTARIO
Authors: James H. G.
Published: August 2008

Predators of Aedes atropalpus (Coq.) and of other rockpool mosquitoes were investigated at Cordova Mines, Ontario, by tagging larvae with radioactive phosphorus, P32. High radiation counts showed that six species of dytiscids, two of Hemiptera, a leech, and a minnow were predators of A. atropalpus. The dytiscid Laccophilus maculosus Germ. exceeded other arthropod predators in numbers and in degrees of radioactivity. Hydra oligactis Pallas killed but did not ingest the tagged larvae. Other evidence suggested that H. oligactis inhibits breeding by capturing young larvae and paralyzing later stages. Five species of aquatic insects were predacious on larvae of Anopheles and Culex.
CLYPEAL MODIFICATION IN SOME LITTORAL AND AQUATIC HETEROPTERA
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

In representatives of the littoral heteropteran families Ochteridae and Gelastocoridae and the aquatic families Corixidae, Notonectidae, and Naucoridae, the anteclypeus is greatly expanded laterally. In all but the Corixidae these expansions have fused with the loral plates, concealing all or part of the lorogenal clefts and much of the maxillary plates, and the limits of the facial sclerites have become greatly obscured. A possible explanation for this anteclypeal modification is that the lateral expansions brace the anteclypeus against the pull of dilator muscles which operate the well-developed epipharyngeal grinding or filtering devices found in the food pumps of these insects.
A FIELD POPULATION OF MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (FAB.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) AND ITS PARASITES
Authors: Smith R. W.
Published: August 2008

Nine species of Acrididae were found during a 10-year sampling of a grasshopper population in a pasture field at Chatterton, Ontario, of which Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.) constituted 74 to 90% of the specimens. Eight dipterous and one, possibly two, mermithid species were found as primary parasites, and one hymenopteron was found as a secondary parasite; microsporidia were also present. Differences in the annual levels of abundance and rates of mortality of M. sanguinipes were small. Chi-square tests of percentages of parasitism in the semimonthly periods indicate that parasitism by the complex of parasites was not significantly different at the 5% level in many years. A seasonal index of parasitism based on a sequence of parasite attacks is considered an approximation of the percentage by which parasites reduce the numbers of grasshoppers that survive to the end of the season. The 10-year series of indices was positively correlated with the number of hosts parasitized.
FIVE NEW SPECIES OF CRICONEMOIDES TAYLOR, 1936 (CRICONEMATIDAE: NEMATODA) FROM CANADA
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Five new species of Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 are described. Criconemoides bakeri n. sp. resembles C. annulatum Cobb, in Taylor, 1936, but differs in having a much smaller number of annules and the head region not set off by a constriction. Criconemoides petasus n. sp. resembles C. annulifer (de Man, 1921) Taylor, 1936, but differs in not having a basal cephalic annule, in the spear being shorter, and in the body annules being well separated by incurvations. Criconemoides hemisphaericaudatus n. sp., with males present, appears to resemble C. simile (Cobb, 1918) Chitwood, 1949. It differs in having a greater number of annules, the excretory pore more posterior in position, and the anterior vulvar lip simple. Criconemoides rotundicaudatus n. sp., with males present, also resembles C. annulatum. It differs in having the first two annules not set off by a constriction, and in having the first few annules usually packed together. The anterior vulvar lip is simple and inconspicuous. It differs from C. simile in having a longer spear, a larger number of annules, the excretory pore more posterior in position, and the anterior vulvar lip simple. Crionemoides quasidemani n. sp. is close to C. demani Taylor, 1936. It differs in having the excretory note more posterior in position, the second cephalic annule not thicker than the first annule, and the caudal half of the tail attenuated. It differs from C. princeps Andrássy, 1962 in having a greater number of annules, shorter spear, and more slender tail, and in the absence of cuticular patches on the lateral aspect.
CRICONEMA SEYMOURI N. SP. (CRICONEMATIDAE: NEMATODA)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Criconema seymouri n. sp. was collected from Mt. Seymour, near Vancouver, British Columbia, from soil under a cedar tree (Thuja plicata Donn) August 22, 1962. It is close to Criconema tenuicaudatum Siddiqi, 1961 and Criconema hungaricum Andrássy, 1962. It differs from both species in having a much shorter spear, and in having the location of the excretory pore more anterior.
ECTOPARASITES FROM ANSERIFORM BIRDS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Buscher Henry N.
Published: August 2008

A total of 107 birds were examined of which 78 were positive and 29 were negative. Eight species of ectoparasites were identified from 11 species of birds. It was not uncommon to find two or more species of ectoparasites on a single host specimen. Most of the ectoparasites of anseriform birds are not limited in their occurrence to a given species but are found to be well established on several host species.
THE ROLE OF CHEMOTACTIC STIMULI IN THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE ON WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Heron Robert J.
Published: August 2008

The effects of chemical stimuli on the feeding behavior of penultimate-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were investigated, especially in relation to the relative acceptability of staminate flowers, new vegetative shoots, and mature needles of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.Phagostimulants were extracted from the host plant tissues with 80% ethanol. Some substances known to be present in the extracts and some related compounds were investigated individually. The only substances that induced feeding responses in these tests were a number of sugars and the amino acid L-proline.In choice tests ethanol extracts of the staminate flowers were more acceptable than extracts of the shoots, and shoot extracts were more acceptable than extracts of the mature needles.The various host tissues differ quantitatively and qualitatively in the occurrence of some substances that significantly affect feeding behavior. The concentration of total sugars is greatest in the staminate flowers and least in the mature needles. Sugar concentration influenced feeding; the highest concentration encountered in the extracts evoked the greatest response. The difference in response to extracts of the various tissues was not attributable simply to differences in the sugar concentration.Staminate flowers contain much greater amounts of the amino acid L-proline than do the other tissues. Larvae offered a choice of sucrose plus L-proline or sucrose alone fed preferentially on the mixture. Similar but somewhat less pronounced responses were also noted with the related compounds, hydroxy-L-proline and L-glutamic acid.Pungenin occurs in appreciable amounts in mature spruce needles but is absent from, or present only in trace amounts, in new vegetative shoots. This glucoside deterred feeding but the difference in responses of larvae to extracts of the shoots and mature needles was not solely attributable to this effect. Shikimic acid and caffeic acid each stimulated feeding when present in mixture with sucrose. They may influence the differential feeding responses to the shoots and mature needles.
COMPOSITION OF THE FATS IN PUPAE OF AGRIA AFFINIS (FALLÉN) (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Barlow J. S.
Published: August 2008

Water and fat content and the fatty acid composition of the fats of Agria affinis (Fallén) were determined over the period from mature larvae to newly emerged adults. During pupation the insects lost about 30% of their larval weight; 85% of this was water and 7% was fat. The loss was most rapid during puparium formation and for 2 or 3 days thereafter. In the fat, the concentrations of 14 carbon fatty acids and stearic acid remained constant; the concentrations of palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids decreased by about 3, 8, and 4% respectively; and the concentrations of linoleic and erucic acids increased 11 and 3% respectively.
THE GROSS BODY COMPOSITION OF SIX GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF PEROMYSCUS
Authors: Hayward J. S.
Published: August 2008

The body composition in terms of fat, water, and protein has been determined for 115 deer mice (genus Peromyscus) of six racial stocks. The changes in composition that are characteristic of seasonal extremes and that accompany laboratory acclimation are presented. The composition of the fat-free body exhibits the constancy which has been found in other mammals. Body protein averaged 22.97% and body water 69.71% of the fat-free body weight. Body fat levels are shown to vary considerably among individuals and races. The highest fat levels occurred in the desert-adapted race (P. m. sonoriensis). The importance of considering body composition in comparative studies of metabolic rate is discussed.
DIPETALONEMA MEPHITIS N. COMB. (= MICROFILARIA MEPHITIS: WEBSTER AND BEAUREGARD, 1964) FROM THE SKUNK, MEPHITIS MEPHITIS
Authors: Webster W. A. , Beauregard M.
Published: August 2008

Adult filarioids were recovered from the subcutaneous tissue of three striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, in Quebec. The nematodes have been found to belong to the genus Dipetalonema Diesing, 1861. The microfilariae expressed from the uterus of a gravid female filarioid and those found in the blood of skunks from which adult filarioids were recovered are morphologically indistinguishable from those microfilariae found previously in brain impression smears from Ontario skunks (Webster and Beauregard 1964). The filarioid of the subcutaneous tissue of the skunk has therefore been renamed Dipetalonema mephitis n. comb. (= Microfilaria mephitis Webster and Beauregard 1964).Following histological examination of the brain tissue of a total of 116 Mephitis mephitis, 28 showed the presence of microfilariae, but failed to reveal any cellular reaction in the brain tissue or in the blood vessels of the brain which could be attributed to these parasites.
EFFECTS OF DIET ON THE COMPOSITION OF BODY FAT IN AGRIA AFFINIS (FALLÉN)
Authors: Barlow J. S.
Published: August 2008

When larvae of the parasitic fly Agria affinis (Fallén) were reared on fatty acid free diets, the characteristically high palmitoleic acid content of the body fats was much increased. Oleic acid in the diet was effective in reducing this, but not so effective as a mixture of fatty acids. The body fats still contained unusually high proportions of palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids even when a mixture of fatty acids was fed. These observations are related to earlier observations on the nutritional adequacy of various fatty acids.
AMINO ACIDS IN CALCAREOUS MARINE SKELETONS
Authors: Rucker James B.
Published: August 2008

The patterns of amino acids derived from the calcareous skeletons of various marine organisms were found to be strikingly different, even for closely related taxa. The amino acid patterns of the species Crassostrea virginica were found to be constant in spite of the fact that the specimens examined were from widely separated geographic localities ranging from Massachusetts to Texas.
BIONOMICS OF EULEIA FRATRIA (LOEW) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): I. LIFE HISTORY AND MATING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Toschi Catherine A.
Published: August 2008

Euleia fratria (Loew), one of two known leaf-mining tephritids in North America, was studied on cow parsnip in the: field and for three generations in the laboratory.In the laboratory oviposition can occur within 3 days of emergence. Eggs are usually inserted from the ventral surface into the parenchyma of the leaf margin. The morphology of the egg as well as the orientation of the mature embryo is described. The incubation period is 6 to 8 days. Larval development out of doors requires 11 to 15 days. Movements of the larvae, especially those leading to the pupation site, were studied. The stage within the puparium lasts 14 to 15 days for the male and 16 to 17 for the female. Adult longevity exceeds 13 weeks. The female is known to lay more than 210 eggs.The effects of diet on longevity, mating, and oviposition were studied. Longevity was sharply curtailed by water alone. Oviposition was good on both the carbohydrate and the carbohydrate plus protein containing diets. Mating occurred on all three regimens.Four genera of parasites, belonging to two families, were reared from field-collected insects.Male and female E. fratria perform elaborate courtship displays which are composed of unique, oft-repeated elements. These elements and their sequence are described.
DISPERSAL OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) ON SOIL SURFACE
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: August 2008

Marked adults and pitfall traps were used to study the dispersal on soil surface of four ground beetle species. Compared recaptures of Pterostichus melanarius Ill. and Harpalus erraticus Say released into two different plots indicated that carabids disperse more rapidly in cultivated than in cereal crops and that males of both species are usually more active than females. No difference, however, in the activity and dispersal rate could be established between sexes for H. compar Lec. and H. pennsylvanicus DeG. Each of the three following species tended to disperse in a different direction: P. melanarius toward the southwest, H. compar toward the northwest, and H. pennsylvanicus toward the northeast. The relatively high proportion of recoveries suggests also considerable wandering movements of the beetles inside the plots.
ADRENAL WEIGHT IN WILD MALLARD AND DOMESTIC DUCKS AND SEASONAL ADRENAL WEIGHT CHANGES IN THE MALLARD
Authors: Höhn E. O. , Sarkar A. K. , Dzubin A.
Published: August 2008

Mallards and domestic ducks are conspecific. Relative adrenal weight is similar in newly hatched mallards and domestic ducks. Immature mallards have higher relative adrenal weights than domestic ducks of similar age. Adult female mallards also have higher relative adrenal weights and a higher proportion of cortex in the adrenal than adult female domestic ducks, but adult males of the two strains fail to show these differences.Adrenal weight is related to testicular weight in mallards and domestic ducks, but no correlation is evident between adrenal weight and weight of the ovary and oviduct in mallards. Mallards show no adrenal weight sex differences at any of the three ages sampled. A seasonal adrenal weight cycle is apparent in both sexes of the mallard with a weight increase related to the breeding season and another increase during the autumn and winter.The higher relative adrenal weights of (immature and adult female) mallards compared to those of domestic ducks are attributed to the mallards' greater exposure to stress. It is suggested that this effect operates also in adult male mallards but is obscured in the comparison with adult male domestic ducks because in the latter, which have much higher testicular weights, another factor responsible for the correlation between adrenal and testicular weight as noted above makes for increased adrenal weights.
THE SONG REPERTOIRES OF CARDINALS (RICHMONDENA CARDINALIS) AT LONDON, ONTARIO
Authors: Lemon Robert E.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-live cardinals (Richmondena cardinalis) living on the campus of the University of Western Ontario at London, Ontario, had a total repertoire of 14 types of sounds, or syllables, which they used in their songs. The birds sang the syllables in various combinations to form song types, but only 10 song types were commonly used by most birds. These 10 types each consisted of only one or two types of syllables. One bird sang its 10 types in varying amounts. The results were based on tape recordings followed by analysis on a sound spectrograph instrument, or sonagraph, and also based on periods of listening.
THE EFFECTS OF SEASON, TEMPERATURE, AND SALINITY ON STANDARD AND ACTIVE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES VULGARIS (SAY)
Authors: McFarland W. N. , Pickens P. E.
Published: August 2008

The effects of season, temperature, and salinity on the standard and active oxygen consumption of Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say) from Texas bays were determined by manometry. Chronic exposure to salinities from 3.5 to 32 p.p.t. produced no change in standard oxygen metabolism. Nor were circadian or tidally induced metabolic rhythms evident. Except for summer or warm-adapted shrimps measured at 10 °C, neither season nor prolonged exposure of shrimps to 10°, 20°, or 30 °C produced shifts in the standard or active oxygen rate – temperature curves obtained between 10° and 30 °C. Rather the effect of treatment or of season was reflected primarily by adaptation to temperature extremes. Thus, warm-adapted and summer shrimps lost equilibrium at 10 °C, whereas cold-acclimated shrimps showed metabolic depressions at high temperatures (35 °C). In general, Q10 values were low (< 2.0) for both standard and active oxygen rates. Also an adaptive adjustment in the availability of energy for activity appears to occur with warm and cold adaptation. Thus, although metabolic rates do not change markedly, when exposed to warm temperatures, warm-adapted grass shrimps swim faster per unit of active oxygen consumption than do intermediate or cold-acclimated shrimps. The reverse condition prevails for cold-acclimated shrimps.
OBSERVATIONS ON LABORATORY REARING OF GRAIN APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Belvett V. B. , Sun Rou-Yun , Robinson A. G.
Published: August 2008

Four species of grain aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), R. maidis (Fitch), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius), were reared in a growth cabinet. Development and reproduction on Swan barley were observed for each species at 70 °F. When R. padi was reared on two varieties of barley at a range of constant temperatures, the optimum temperature for number of young produced in a 5-day period was 75 °F. Reproduction ceased at 45° and 100 °F, respectively. Adults of R. padi produced more young on bases of stems of barley than on leaves, up to 41 days after seeding, but the leaves were apparently more favorable as feeding sites between 41 and 61 days after seeding.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ON MURINE ANGIOSTRONGYLOSIS AND EOSINOPHILIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN MICRONESIA
Authors: Alicata Joseph E.
Published: August 2008

Further studies carried out in Micronesia have indicated the following percentage of infection with the lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, among rats examined: Ponape, 32.9; Rota, 23.8; Saipan, 20.0; and Tinian, 21.7. Rattus rattus appear to be the most common species of rats in Micronesia. Land crabs, coconut crabs, and freshwater prawns were found naturally infected with the third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis. Human infection in Micronesia is believed to result largely from the ingestion of some of the above-mentioned raw crustaceans.
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE OESOPHAGEAL REGION OF XIPHINEMA INDEX THORNE AND ALLEN, 1950, AS SEEN WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

The histology of the oesophageal region of the plant parasitic nematode Xiphinema index Thorne and Allen, 1950 has been studied in cross sections of KMnO4-fixed nematodes. The stoma consists of cuticle, which is of different types anterior and posterior to the guide ring, and its underlying hypodermis. The latter tissue is connected through the dorsal, ventral, and lateral hypodermal chords to the interchordal hypodermis of the body wall. It is suggested that the dilator buccae muscles may act to close the stoma around the odontostyle. Stylet retractor muscles are identified. Observations on the guide ring complex support the interpretation that the guide sheath is an eversible portion of the posterior stoma cuticle. The odontostyle is embedded within the tip of the extension, which appears to be similar in composition and continuous with the posterior stoma cuticle. Cellular circumoesophageal membranes occur around the oesophagus. Those surrounding the oesophageal bulb are modified as muscle cells.
THE EFFECT OF DDT ON RESPIRATORY METABOLISM OF DDT-TOLERANT MICE (MUS MUSCULUS)
Authors: Ozburn G. W. , Morrison F. O.
Published: August 2008

A comparison of respiratory rates between DDT-tolerant and non-DDT-tolerant white mice (Mus musculus) was found to indicate a definite physiological difference between the two laboratory colonies. This difference was found to be present between very young mice and disappeared with increasing age. On administration of 550 mg/kg DDT to the two groups of mice, this difference again reappeared.
ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF BRACHYLECITHUM ORFI KINGSTON AND FREEMAN, 1959 (TREMATODA: DICROCOELIIDAE), FROM THE LIVER OF THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS L. INFECTIONS IN THE VERTEBRATE AND MOLLUSCAN HOSTS
Authors: Kingston Newton
Published: August 2008

The distribution and life cycle of a dicrocoeliid trematode, Brachylecithum orfi Kingston and Freeman, 1959, from the biliary ducts of the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus, in Ontario and Michigan, have been studied in the definitive host and the intermediate molluscan hosts. Oval, dark brown, operculate eggs contain fully developed miracidia at oviposition. The eggs are coated with a lipid which prevents uptake of water and hatching until they are eaten by a mollusc; they will survive for more than 3 years at 2 °C and will tolerate exposure to −49 °C. The eggs hatch and larval stages develop in Zonitoides arboreus, Z. nitidus, Cionella lubrica, Deroceras laeve, and D. reticulatum, but not in 13 other species of terrestrial molluscs. Small, rounded, daughter sporocysts develop within the saclike mother sporocysts during the first 30 days after ingestion of eggs by suitable molluscs. Daughter sporocyst and cercarial development is completed 89–278 days after infection, depending on the species of mollusc and the temperature. The cercariae escape from the sporocyst endosac through a birth canal into the sinusoidal spaces of the mollusc. They migrate to the lung and out onto the dorsum of the mollusc via the respiratory pore, where they aggregate in numbers in slimeballs that are deposited on the substratum. Cercarial production continues for more than 100 days after onset. The longicercous, mesostomate xiphidiocercariae have a flame cell formula of 2((2 + 2 + 2) + (2 + 2 + 2)); they are provided with 6 preacetabular and 12 postacetabular glands, both groups of which open through pores lateral to the shank of the cercarial stylet. Cercariae in slime masses survive for 48 hours. When exposed to larval Colorado potato beetles, larval willow chrsyomelids, and mound-building ants, the cercariae penetrated the gut wall and encysted in the haemocoel, but died shortly afterwards.
MOSQUITO ECOLOGY IN CENTRAL ALBERTA: I. THE ENVIRONMENT, THE SPECIES, AND STUDIES OF THE LARVAE
Authors: Happold D. C. D.
Published: August 2008

The ecology of mosquitoes was studied in central Alberta in 1961 and 1962. The general environment and the habitats of the larvae are described, and notes are given on the 25 species. The abundance of larvae in the 2 years is discussed, and it is suggested that the natural distribution is not due to the nature of the water in the habitats. Comments are made on the animals associated with larvae, and on the relationship between larvae and dragonfly nymphs.
MOSQUITO ECOLOGY IN CENTRAL ALBERTA: II. ADULT POPULATIONS AND ACTIVITIES
Authors: Happold D. C. D.
Published: August 2008

Regular sampling of Aedes mosquitoes in an aspen forest in central Alberta shows that there are several peaks of abundance during the summer, each due to a different species or group of species, and that the times, amplitude, and composition of the peaks differ in two successive years. Hourly sampling over a 24-hour period shows that the mosquitoes are crepuscular, but the activity cycles of certain species show marked differences. Mosquitoes in this environment tend to remain close to the shrub layer. The factors regulating mosquito activity are discussed, and it is suggested that saturation deficiency and light intensity are the two most important environmental factors. The forest has the highest flight activity, and the willow scrubland the highest biting activity. Observations are also given on the biting activity at different levels in the forest during the afternoon, the biting activity at night and the effect of moonlight on this activity, the movement of mosquitoes into buildings, and swarms of male mosquitoes. A key to the adult female mosquitoes in the study area is included.
CHANGES IN SORBITOL CONTENT AND SUPERCOOLING POINTS IN OVERWINTERING EGGS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE (PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH))
Authors: Sømme Lauritz
Published: August 2008

Overwintering eggs of the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)), stored at 6 °C in the laboratory, were found to accumulate sorbitol during the fall, while a decrease in concentrations took place from January to March. A linear correlation suggests that increased sorbitol content causes a depression of the supercooling points. Significant changes in supercooling points during storage were found in eggs from two locations in eastern Norway, while only small changes took place in eggs from a location in western Norway. Changes in sorbitol content were significant in eggs from all locations. Maximum concentrations of sorbitol were observed at the time diapause terminated. Judging from the supercooling points, eggs collected in eastern Norway were slightly more cold-hardy than were eggs from milder climates in western Norway.
THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENT INTAKE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EGG PRODUCTION OF RHODNIUS PROLIXUS STÅHL (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)
Authors: Friend W. G. , Choy C. T. H. , Cartwright E.
Published: August 2008

Nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus usually take a meal that is nine times the body weight before feeding. Adults usually take only three times their body weight as a blood meal. During the first 24 hours after feeding, the insect eliminates over 40% of the weight of the blood meal as dilute urine. The weight loss after this period is much more gradual.The minimum blood meal which promoted molting in various instars varied between 24.7 and 42.8% of the standard "maximum meal" for each instar; the minimum meal that promoted egg production was 31.3%. Limiting the size of the blood meal to these levels does not extend the time required for molting or egg production.Third- and fifth-instar nymphs, brought to a high level of nutrition by being fed a series of meals that are too small to cause molting, can be made to molt by a terminal meal that is about half the minimum single meal required to induce molting. Thus the amount of abdominal distension required to initiate molting can be lowered if the animals have been brought to a high level of nutrition.Up to a limit of 28 eggs, the number of eggs produced by a female shows good correlation with the amount of blood taken as food.
THE EMBRYOLOGY OF LYTTA VIRIDANA LE CONTE (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE): I. MATURATION, FERTILIZATION, AND CLEAVAGE
Authors: Rempel J. G. , Church N. S.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the embryonic development of Lytta viridana from oviposition to the formation of the blastema. The egg has the features commonly found in an insect egg. Bilateral symmetry is shown by the shape of the egg, variation in thickness of the vitelline membrane, and distribution of the yolk components. In the newly laid egg the vitelline membrane is porous. This is believed to be the first record of this phenomenon in insects. During cell division chromatin elimination occurs along the spindle to the equatorial plane. It is especially marked in the first meiotic division, but continues into late cleavage. During the first 4 hours the periplasm flows first forward to the cephalic region and then caudad along the central axis. The belief is expressed that this movement is associated with the prefusion movements of the sperm and fertilization. Fertilization occurs at about 3 hours. During the first 14 hours of development, marked morphogenetic movements of the deutoplasm occur.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE OF THE TREMATODE TANAISIA ZARUDNYI (SKRJABIN, 1924) BYRD AND DENTON, 1950, FROM THE RUFFED GROUSE, BONASA UMBELLUS L.
Authors: Kingston Newton
Published: August 2008

Tanaisia zarudnyi occurs in the ureters and kidney tubules of ruffed grouse from Ontario and Michigan. The dark brown, operculate eggs are fully developed when oviposited. They remain viable for long periods of time at 2 to −15 °C and can withstand a temperature of −49 °C for 1 to 2 days. They hatch only when ingested by some mollusc. Development occurs in the digestive gland of the terrestrial snails Anguispira alternata and Succinea ovalis. Daughter sporocysts complete development in 6 weeks, by which time they contain undeveloped cercarial bodies. Within the next 2 weeks, most of the distomate. brevicercous cercariae are fully developed. The cercariae encyst within the daughter sporocyst, utilizing the contents of subcuticular glands to form the cyst. Encysted metacercariae are killed in the gizzard when fed to chickens, but excyst when inoculated directly into the duodenum. Excystation apparently results from secretions of the anterior glands of the stimulated metacercaria rather than from digestion of the cyst wall by the host. A 6-week-old ruffed grouse became infected when fed metacercariae, but 9 older ruffed grouse, 17 chickens, 4 white-throated sparrows, and 6 pheasants, fed similarly, were not infected. Apparently there is both host and age resistance to infection with this parasite.
THE EFFECT OF SALINITY ON THE IODINE METABOLISM OF COASTAL AND INLAND PRICKLY SCULPINS, COTTUS ASPER RICHARDSON
Authors: Bohn Arne , Hoar William S.
Published: August 2008

The lower mainland waterways of British Columbia are inhabited by two races of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper. The "coastal" race, which has a generally smooth skin, lives in the lower part of the rivers or estuaries and spends at least part of its life (particularly during the spawning season) under tidal conditions. The "inland" race, which displays a marked dermal "prickling", is confined entirely to freshwater, where it is found in scattered, more or less isolated populations, In freshwater the thyroid glands of both races are relatively quiescent, but with increasing salinity, particularly in a hyperosmotic environment, there is a marked increase in the uptake of tracer iodine by the thyroid and an elevation in the levels of circulating hormone. The inland fish have a greater ability than do the coastal fish to retain injected iodides in freshwater; in seawater the thyroids of the inland fish appear to be more active than do those of the coastal forms. The findings indicate a genetic divergence resulting in a relatively greater capacity of the inland fish to retain electrolytes.
SOME DETAILS OF ULTRASTRUCTURE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLAGELLAR FIBERS OF THE TENEBRIO SPERM
Authors: Cameron M. L.
Published: August 2008

In the development of the flagellum of the Tenebrio sperm, a peripheral ring of nine accessory fibers appears as a result of outgrowths from the outermost side of each of the B subfibers. In the mature sperm, after lead staining, the accessory fibers appear to have a substructure consisting of six microcylinders surrounding a single central cylinder, all embedded in an electron-dense matrix. After uranium and lead staining, the substructure consists of concentric electron-lucent and electron-dense regions. The substructure of the central fibers may be the same. The outer arm of the A subfiber is pentagonal in shape; the inner arm is rod-shaped. The lumen of the A subfiber contains a body which seems to be associated with the inner arm. It is suggested that the visualization and interpretation of substructural detail depend greatly on electron staining techniques.
CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA (F.) (COL. CURCULIONIDAE), A POTENTIAL INSECT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THISTLE, CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) SCOP., IN CANADA
Authors: Zwölfer H. , Harris P.
Published: August 2008

The suitability of Ceutorhynchus litura for the biological control of Cirsium arvense in Canada was evaluated. It is concluded that introduction of C. litura is justified on the grounds that its feeding is restricted to a group of three systematically related genera, Cirsium–Silybum–Carduus. This host pattern is highly stable, and probably prepleistocene in origin, and does not include any economic plant species. C. litura is compatible with phytophagous insects already present on C. arvense in Canada and its establishment should not prejudice the introduction of other European insects against the weed. C. litura is, however, subject to a number of ecological restrictions and is only likely to be an effective control agent in cultivated fields where it can build up a high density over several years.
EGG BURSTERS AND HATCHING IN THE CERAMBYCIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Gardiner L. M.
Published: August 2008

Form and occurrence of so-called egg bursters on first-instar larvae of 40 species of Cerambycidae are discussed. Studies of these structures in relation to hatching show that they perform an important ambulatory, as well as egg bursting, function. It is proposed that they should be more appropriately termed "hatching spines".