bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Quests for a “Culture of Assessment” Mired in a “Culture War” Over Assessment? A Q-Methodological Inquiry
Authors: Baas Larry , Rhoads James C. , Thomas Dan B.
Published: January 2016

The “Assessment Movement” in higher education has generated some of the most wide-ranging and heated discussions that the academy has experienced in a while. On the one hand, accrediting agencies, prospective and current clientele, and the public-at-large have a clear vested interest in ensuring that colleges and universities actually deliver on the student learning outcomes that they promise. Anything less would be tantamount to a failure of institutional accountability if not outright fraud. On the other hand, it is no secret that efforts to foster a “culture of assessment” among institutions of higher learning have frequently encountered resistance, particularly on the part of faculty unconvinced that the aspirations of the assessment movement are in fact achievable. One consequence of this tension is the emergence of an embryonic literature devoted to the study of processes that monitor, enhance, or deter the cultivation of a “culture of assessment” with sufficient buy-in among all institutional stakeholders, faculty included. Despite employment of a wide-ranging host of research methods in this literature, a significant number of large unresolved issues remain, making it difficult to determine just how close to a consensual, culture of assessment we have actually come. Because one critical lesson of extant research in this area is that “metrics matter,” we approach the subjective controversy over outcomes assessment through an application of Q methodology. Accordingly, we comb the vast “concourse” on assessment that has emerged among stakeholders recently to generate a 50 item Q sample representative of the diverse subjectivity at issue. Forty faculty and administrators from several different institutions completed the Q-sort which resulted in two strong factors: the Anti-Assessment Stalwarts and the Defenders of the Faith. Suggestions are offered regarding strategies for reconciling these “dueling narratives” on outcomes assessment.
Latina/o or Mexicana/o? The Relationship between Socially Assigned Race and Experiences with Discrimination
Authors: Vargas Edward D. , Winston Nadia C. , Garcia John A. , Sanchez Gabriel R.
Published: January 2016

Discrimination based on one’s racial or ethnic background is one of the oldest and most perverse practices in the United States. Although much research has relied on self-reported racial categories, a growing body of research is designed to measure race through socially assigned race. Socially assigned or ascribed race measures how individuals feel they are classified by other people. In this study, the authors draw on the socially assigned race literature and explore the impact of socially assigned race on experiences with discrimination using a 2011 nationally representative sample of Latina/os ( n = 1,200). Although much of the current research on Latina/os has been focused on aggregation across national-origin group members, this study marks a deviation in the use of socially assigned race and national origin to understand how being ascribed as Mexican is associated with experiences of discrimination. The authors find evidence that being ascribed as Mexican increases the likelihood of experiencing discrimination relative to being ascribed as White or Latina/o. Furthermore, the authors find that being misclassified as Mexican (ascribed as Mexican but not of Mexican origin) is associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing discrimination compared with being ascribed as White, ascribed as Latina/o, and correctly ascribed as Mexican. The authors provide evidence that socially assigned race is a valuable complement to self-identified race/ethnicity for scholars interested in assessing the impact of race/ethnicity on a wide range of outcomes.
Designing Effective Speech-Language Interventions for Children in the Public Schools
Authors: Justice Laura M. , Logan Jessica , Schmitt Mary Beth , Jiang Hui
Published: January 2016

In the U.S. public school system, more than 6 million children receive special education services, including many children with speech and language impairments. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) design and implement effective interventions—including how much intervention children receive—to circumvent the negative effects of speech-language impairments on educational outcomes. Existing policy and position statements suggest that increasing the number of sessions (frequency) and amount of intervention (dose) would improve children’s outcomes, assuming that greater treatment intensity is associated with better treatment outcomes. However, current empirical evidence, coupled with cognitive theory, suggests that more treatment may not relate to improved outcomes. The present article draws on current empirical studies and established cognitive theories of spacing effects (learning distributed over time) to propose a systematic way for SLPs to plan and implement an effective intensity of intervention for children with speech and language impairments.
Phase 2 study of the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody blinatumomab in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Viardot Andreas , Goebeler Marie-Elisabeth , Hess Georg , Neumann Svenja , Pfreundschuh Michael , Adrian Nicole , Zettl Florian , Libicher Martin , Sayehli Cyrus , Stieglmaier Julia , Zhang Alicia , Nagorsen Dirk , Bargou Ralf C.
Published: January 2016

Key Points

Among evaluable patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL who received blinatumomab 112 μg/d, overall response was 43% (CR was 19%). Blinatumomab continuous infusion was feasible with weekly stepwise dose escalation (9-28-112 μg/d) and dexamethasone prophylaxis.
Epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: An evidence based review of surgical management
Authors: Chin Christopher J. , Rotenberg Brian W. , Witterick Ian J.
Published: January 2016

Patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) frequently present with epistaxis. Up to 98 % of these patients will have epistaxis at some point in their life. There are multiple ways to deal with this problem, including conservative, medical and surgical options. We present a case and an update on the treatment options for HHT, with a focus on the newer and experimental techniques.
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Cheah Chan Yoon , Seymour John F. , Wang Michael L.
Published: January 2016

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an uncommon subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma previously considered to have a poor prognosis. Large gains were made in the first decade of the new century when clinical trials established the importance of high-dose therapy and autologous stem-cell rescue and high-dose cytarabine in younger patients and the benefits of maintenance rituximab and bendamustine in older patients. In particular, greater depth of understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of MCL has resulted in an explosion of specifically targeted new efficacious agents. In particular, agents recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration include the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, immunomodulator lenalidomide, and Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. We review recent advances in the understanding of MCL biology and outline our recommended approach to therapy, including choice of chemoimmunotherapy, the role of stem-cell transplantation, and mechanism-based targeted therapies, on the basis of a synthesis of the data from published clinical trials.
Disruption of CXCR4 signaling in pharyngeal neural crest cells causes DiGeorge syndrome-like malformations
Authors: Escot Sophie , Blavet Cédrine , Faure Emilie , Zaffran Stéphane , Duband Jean-Loup , Fournier-Thibault Claire
Published: January 2016

DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a congenital disease causing cardiac outflow tract anomalies, craniofacial dysmorphogenesis, thymus hypoplasia, and mental disorders. It results from defective development of neural crest cells (NC) that colonize the pharyngeal arches and contribute to lower jaw, neck and heart tissues. Although TBX1 has been identified as the main gene accounting for the defects observed in human patients and mouse models, the molecular mechanisms underlying DGS etiology are poorly identified. The recent demonstrations that SDF1-CXCR4 axis is implicated in NC chemotactic guidance and impaired in cortical interneurons of mouse DGS models prompted us to search for genetic interactions between Tbx1, Sdf1/Cxcl12 and Cxcr4 in pharyngeal NC and to investigate the effect of altering CXCR4 signaling on the ontogeny of their derivatives affected in DGS. Here, we provide evidence that Cxcr4 and Sdf1/Cxcl12 are genetically downstream of Tbx1 during pharyngeal NC development and that reduction of CXCR4 signaling causes misrouting of pharyngeal NC in chick and dramatic morphological alterations in the mandibular skeleton, thymus and cranial sensory ganglia. Our results therefore underlines the possibility of a pivotal role for SDF1/CXCR4 axis in DGS etiology.
On Evaluation of Effectiveness of Respiratory Protective Devices
Authors: Капцов  , Kaptsov V. , Чиркин  , Chirkin A.
Published: January 2016

Federal Law 426-FZ obliges employers to evaluate the safety and hygiene conditions at the workplace. This law allows to

reduce the hazard class when workers are provided with effective personal protective equipment, including respirators. This

article describes the problems that arise during the assessment of the effectiveness of respirators in the workplaces and in

the laboratories. Current level of world science is insufficient to accurately measure the concentration of harmful substances

in the air inhaled through respirator mask. A random and unpredictable nature of leakage of unfiltered air under the mask

prevents the application of the results of the measurements to assess the effectiveness in other cases. Therefore, accurate

assessment of the effectiveness of respirators is not possible. This article shows that the requirements for assessing the

effectiveness do not correspond to the current level of world science, and they do not prevent the provision of respirators,

that are wittingly not effective enough. It is necessary to stop lowering the hazard class levels and develop requirements to

provide employees with adequate respirators only.
Polymeric Sorbent for Catching Emergency Emissions of Organic Compounds
Authors: Гуткович  , Gutkovich S.
Published: January 2016

The article describes installation and technology of the system of sorption of hazardous organic compounds with

polyvinylchloride granules as sorbent. The results of testing the sorption capabilities of sorbent depending on its

composition are provided. Industrial unit already operating at chemical plant has been created.
Routing Optimization Under Uncertainty
Authors: Jaillet Patrick , Qi Jin , Sim Melvyn
Published: January 2016

We consider a class of routing optimization problems under uncertainty in which all decisions are made before the uncertainty is realized. The objective is to obtain optimal routing solutions that would, as much as possible, adhere to a set of specified requirements after the uncertainty is realized. These problems include finding an optimal routing solution to meet the soft time window requirements at a subset of nodes when the travel time is uncertain, and sending multiple capacitated vehicles to different nodes to meet the customers’ uncertain demands. We introduce a precise mathematical framework for defining and solving such routing problems. In particular, we propose a new decision criterion, called the Requirements Violation (RV) Index, which quantifies the risk associated with the violation of requirements taking into account both the frequency of violations and their magnitudes whenever they occur. The criterion can handle instances when probability distributions are known, and ambiguity when distributions are partially characterized through descriptive statistics such as moments. We develop practically efficient algorithms involving Benders decomposition to find the exact optimal routing solution in which the RV Index criterion is minimized, and we give numerical results from several computational studies that show the attractive performance of the solutions.
Promoting activism through critical social work education: the impact of global capitalism and neoliberalism on social work and social work education
Authors: Morley Christine
Published: January 2016

The impacts of global capitalism and neoliberalism on higher education can reduce the social work curriculum to competency-based skills acquisition rather than critically reflective, transformative learning. This encourages the promotion of establishment social work approaches aimed at accepting the status quo, rather than critical forms of social work that critique the dominant social structures and power relations that cause broad social divisions. The marginalisation of critical approaches reshapes social work towards conservative, market-led demands, yet an explicitly critical social work curriculum is pivotal to the claim of social work as an emancipatory project. This article presents original research that discusses the impact of an Australia critical social work programme on students’ development as agents of change. The findings suggest that developing a curriculum based on critical social science, and using critical pedagogical processes, assists students/graduates to work effectively for social justice and promotes their participation in collective social action.
Coding the Grail: Ready Player One’s Arthurian Mash-Up
Authors: Aronstein Susan , Thompson Jason
Published: January 2016

Ernest Cline’s Ready Player One (2011) is a Grail tale for the Twitter-PS4-Wii generation masquerading as a postmodern techno-bildungsroman .
Reinventing an Iconic Arthurian Moment: The Sword in the Stone in Films and Television
Authors: Stock Lorraine K.
Published: January 2016

Filmmakers adapting medieval and post-medieval texts devise various modifications of the iconic sword-extraction that reflect their contemporary audiences’ cultural issues and concerns.
Wrecking It With Camelot
Authors: Rushton Cory James
Published: January 2016

Arthurian studies has some difficulty defining itself and is prone to conflating fidelity and aesthetics. Using a low culture object (the film Talladega Nights ), this article attempts to raise some questions for the field to consider, including questions of genre and purpose.
Introduction: Touching Arthur
Authors: Kaufman Amy S.
Published: January 2016

The temporary collapse of Arthurnet reveals a fraught relationship between scholars and public audiences, but Elizabeth Sklar’s work provides solutions for rebuilding broken bridges.
Arthurian Fragments, Arthurian Mosaics
Authors: Elliott Andrew B.R.
Published: January 2016

Arthurian images are often the result of a composite process of assembly rather than a dogged fidelity to a pre-existent source text. This article analyzes a range of modern Arthurian fragments, exploring them not as wholesale reprisals of individual images but as fragments which hold new meanings for successive generations.
A Dwarf in King Arthur’s Court: Perceiving Disability in Arthurian Romance
Authors: Neufeld Christine Marie
Published: January 2016

This article contrasts contemporary and medieval conceptualizations of the dwarf in texts stemming from the French Arthurian tradition in order to draw attention to the critical limitations that ensue from our scholarly tendencies to treat such non-normative bodies as prodigious objects rather than possible subjects.
Arthur and Adaptation
Authors: Howey Ann F.
Published: January 2016

Recent adaptation scholarship theorizes repetition, alteration, and fragmentation—important strategies in the production of Arthuriana. This essay explores intersections of adaptation theory and Arthurian studies, examining representations of Morgan in Avalon High: Coronation and BBC’s Merlin as adaptations to a perceived ‘post-feminist’ culture.
Rethinking Pacific Studies Twenty Years On
Authors: Wesley-Smith Terence
Published: January 2016

This essay reflects on developments in the field since the 1995 publication of “Rethinking Pacific Islands Studies” first explored a number of intellectual or academic foundations of such programs. It suggests that the pragmatic rationale for Pacific studies, which often has more to do with influence than understanding, and the laboratory rationale, which values Pacific Islanders primarily as objects of study, are both alive and well twenty years on, albeit with more attention among practitioners to issues of positionality, research ethics, and the politics of knowledge. The essay discusses the challenges of realizing the empowerment rationale advocated in the original article but argues that there has been some progress in giving primacy to indigenous perspectives, interests, and epistemologies in Pacific studies scholarship. The essay concludes with a discussion of how the empowerment rationale has informed curriculum and program development at the Center for Pacific Islands Studies at the University of Hawai‘i–Mānoa over the past two decades.
Multidimensional, Gender-Sensitive Poverty Measurement: Perspectives from Fiji
Authors: Chattier Priya
Published: January 2016

The central argument in this article is that existing measures of poverty in Fiji and the Pacific are not sensitive to gender for three reasons. First, they use the household rather than the individual as the unit of analysis. This masks inequalities in the intra-household distribution of resources and burdens, resulting in inadequate understanding of gendered poverty (Bessell 2014). Second, they rely on data sources, which are often gender blind, limiting the potential for understanding the gendered nature of poverty. Third, poverty studies are often informed by experts without taking into account local dimensions of poverty and reflecting the interests and views of poor women and men. Drawing from the fieldwork in Fiji and employing a qualitative participatory approach, this article illuminates differences in the extent and nature of poverty at the individual level based on the participants’ poverty criteria. The rationale for engendering the measurement of poverty and the ways in which feminist research approaches inform research methodology and methods are discussed. Key findings on the gendered dimensions of poverty and hardship are presented along with what these may suggest as important steps toward the development of a new, gender-sensitive measure of deprivation. It is hoped that the gender perspective will contribute to widening the concept of poverty by identifying the need to measure poverty in a way that accounts for its complexity and multidimensionality.
Cartooning History: Lai’s Fiji and the Misadventures of a Scrawny Black Cat
Authors: Mishra Sudesh
Published: January 2016

For four decades after the country’s independence from Britain in 1970, Laisenia Naulumatua, known as Lai, was Fiji’s preeminent political cartoonist, capturing the volatile history of the nation in panels he sketched for the Saturday edition of the Fiji Times and the Sunday edition of the Daily Post . Lai’s cartoons afford an idiosyncratic overview of the events and agents, large and small, lighthearted and serious, that shaped the nation’s character in the closing decades of the twentieth century. Seldom driven by the livid savagery of the firebrand cartoonist, Laiadopted the casual bystander’s wry approach to representing public events and personalities and included in many of his panels a scrawny black cat to convey the sentiments of the hoi polloi. He tackled social and political ills certainly, but without ill will. In its espousal of the attributes of restraint, equanimity, and moderation, and in its preference for surface levity over piercing gravity, Lai’s oeuvre promotes the middle path of slight and cautious adjustments to daily political and social ructions. This essay discusses Lai’s work in relation to that of his peers and antecedents, locally as well as internationally, and in the context of established theories of the political cartoon.
Kant’s Moderate Cynicism and the Harmony between Virtue and Worldly Happiness
Authors: Forman David
Published: January 2016

For Kant, any authentic moral demands are wholly distinct from the de- mands of prudence. This has led critics to complain that Kantian moral demands are incompatible with our human nature as happiness-seekers. To address this worry, Kant would need to show us that aiming at morality does not require us to abandon our hope for happiness in this life. This paper argues that Kant—building on insights from rousseau that Kant identifies with Cynicism—offers an account of a harmony between virtue and worldly happiness that can sustain such a hope.
On Marxian Utopophobia
Authors: Leopold David
Published: January 2016

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels hold a surprising view about socialist design. They recommend that socialists refrain from serious and sustained reflection on the institutions and ethos of the ideal (socialist) society that they seek to bring about. Marx and Engels insist on the need for detailed and persuasive accounts of the failings of capitalism, but deny the need for similarly detailed and persuasive accounts of what might replace it. The grounds for this surprising view are not well understood. The present article identifies three different foundational Marxian arguments against utopian blueprints: a normative claim that they are “undemocratic”; an epistemological claim that that they are “impossible”; and an empirical claim that they are “unnecessary.” As foundational arguments against utopianism, none of these three lines of reasoning are judged persuasive. However, reconfigured as non-foundational objections, they might contribute to a more productive dialogue between Marxian socialism and utopianism.
Reason, Mimesis, and Self-Preservation in Adorno
Authors: Hulatt Owen
Published: January 2016

In this paper I argue that Adorno’s narrative of mimesis’s development is best understood as not produced by a simple opposition between mimesis and reason, but rather a tri-partite conflict between mimesis, self-preservation, and reason. I develop this account with special reference to Roger Caillois, whose identification of mimesis with an organic drive toward passivity orthogonal to self-preservation had great influence on Adorno’s own conception of mimesis. I show that Adorno sees mimesis as, at the outset, a raw impulse toward inaction and dissolution, which shares much in common with Freud’s death drive (a connection Adorno himself notes). Drawing on this, I argue that Adorno’s narrative of the development of mimetic behavior (in relation to magic, reason, and the artwork) is not driven solely by tendencies intrinsic to mimesis. Rather, it is the intensifying conflict between mimesis and the controlling and ordering principle of self-preservation that drives the formation of increasingly spiritualized forms of abstraction. This gives us cause to revise our understanding of Adorno’s account of magical praxis and rationality, and the relationship between them. Finally, this allows me to recast Adorno’s claim that the artwork becomes a “refuge” for mimesis. I argue that this should not be understood, as it often is, in terms of a flat antagonism between mimesis and reason. Rather, the artwork becomes a refuge for mimesis as a consequence of self-preservation’s socio-epistemic intolerance of mimetic forms of behavior in virtually all realms of society save for a privileged few exceptions, art being the most notable of these.
How to Escape Indictment for Impiety: Teaching as Punishment in the Euthyphro
Authors: Edwards G. Fay
Published: January 2016

In the Euthyphro , Socrates claims that, if he gains knowledge of piety, he should be able to secure his acquittal on charges of impiety. This paper examines why Socrates thinks that this is the case. It offers two readings: reading (a), according to which Socrates will use this knowledge to prove that he is innocent of impiety, and reading (b), according to which Socrates believes that this knowledge will make him pious henceforth and that his instruction in piety is a suitable punishment for any past impiety. The paper argues in favor of reading (b), and suggests that Socrates endorses a functional definition of punishment in the Euthyphro , according to which whatsoever reforms a wrongdoer constitutes punishment.
The Coherence of Bayle’s Theory of Toleration
Authors: Solère Jean-Luc
Published: January 2016

Many commentators argue that there is a flaw in Bayle’s plea for tolerance: the so-called “conscientious persecutor aporia.” In order to show the wrongness of persecutions, Bayle appeals to the primary ethical imperative of obeying the “dictates” of one’s conscience. It is wrong to oblige others to do something that their conscience judges to be bad because it obliges them to do something immoral. But if the integrity of conscience should always be respected, it seems that, as a consequence, one must not stop fanatics whose consciences order them to persecute dissenters. Therefore, Bayle’s theory appears to justify intolerance. However, I demonstrate that there actually is no “conscientious persecutor aporia.” The semblance of an aporia results from 1) a confusion between two steps of Bayle’s argument, and 2) errors in interpretation of his moral philosophy—specifically, the conditions for an action to be good and the nature of conscience.
Ethical Dilemmas Relating to the Management of a Newborn with Down Syndrome and Severe Congenital Heart Disease in a Resource-Poor Setting
Authors: Edwin Ama K. , Edwin Frank , McGee Summer J.
Published: January 2016

Decision-making regarding treatment for newborns with disabilities in resource-poor settings is a difficult process that can put parents and caregivers in conflict. Despite several guidelines that have helped to clarify some of the medical decision-making in Ghana, there is still no clear consensus on the specific moral criteria to be used. This article presents the case of a mother who expressed her wish that her child with Down syndrome should not have been resuscitated at birth. It explores the ethical issues at stake in both her misgivings about the resuscitation and her unwillingness to consider surgical repair of an atrioventricular (AV) canal defect. Knowing that children born with Down syndrome are able to pursue life’s goals, should our treatment of complete AV canal defect in such children be considered morally obligatory, even in resource-poor settings like Ghana?
Introduction
Authors: DuBois James M.
Published: January 2016

Abstract:
Twelve personal narratives address the challenges, benefits, and pitfalls of genetic testing. Three commentary articles explore these stories and suggest lessons that can be learned from them. The commentators come from backgrounds that include bioethics, public health, psychology, and philosophy.
Personal Narratives of Genetic Testing: Expectations, Emotions, and Impact on Self and Family
Authors: Anderson Emily E. , Wasson Katherine
Published: January 2016

The stories in this volume shed light on the potential of narrative inquiry to fill gaps in knowledge, particularly given the mixed results of quantitative research on patient views of and experiences with genetic and genomic testing. Published studies investigate predictors of testing (particularly risk perceptions and worry); psychological and behavioral responses to testing; and potential impact on the health care system (e.g., when patients bring DTC genetic test results to their primary care provider). Interestingly, these themes did not dominate the narratives published in this issue. Rather, these narratives included consistent themes of expectations and looking for answers; complex emotions; areas of contradiction and conflict; and family impact. More narrative research on patient experiences with genetic testing may fill gaps in knowledge regarding how patients define the benefits of testing, changes in psychological and emotional reactions to test results over time, and the impact of testing on families.
In Guanine We Trust: Genetic Testing and the Sense of Coherence
Authors: DuBois James M. , Antes Alison L.
Published: January 2016

Aaron Antonovsky, the medical sociologist, defined the sense of coherence as a pervasive sense that the events in one’s life are comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful or worthwhile. Research on the sense of coherence indicates that it is positively correlated with resilience and adaptive coping with disabilities and illnesses. The collection of first–person narratives published in Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics on genetic testing can be understood as expressions of the human effort to restore or sustain a sense of coherence in the face of illness, uncertainty, or even curiosity about one’s origins and future wellbeing. While the medical usefulness of the genetic testing that was discussed in the collection of narratives was often modest, the contribution of testing to the sense of coherence was often greater. Understanding the sense of coherence as a possible motive for genetic testing might reshape the way that we conceive of the benefits and the burdens of genetic testing and the disclosure of incidental findings.
Appreciating Uncertainty and Personal Preference in Genetic Testing
Authors: Kadlac Adam
Published: January 2016

Genetic testing seems to hold out hope for the cure of a number of debilitating conditions. At the same time, many people fear the information that genetic testing can make available. In this commentary, I argue that as of now, the nature of the information revealed in such tests should lead to cautious views about the value of genetic testing. Moreover, I suggest that our overall views about such testing should account for the fact that individuals place different sorts of value on the possession of their own genetic information. As a result, we should largely defer to personal preference in thinking about the propriety of genetic testing.
Physician Religion and End–of–Life Pediatric Care: A Qualitative Examination of Physicians’ Perspectives
Authors: Bateman Lori Brand , Clair Jeffrey Michael
Published: January 2016

Physician religion/spirituality has the potential to influence the communication between physicians and parents of children at the end of life. In order to explore this relationship, the authors conducted two rounds of narrative interviews to examine pediatric physicians’ perspectives (N=17) of how their religious/spiritual beliefs affect end–of–life communication and care. Grounded theory informed the design and analysis of the study. As a proxy for religiosity/spirituality, physicians were classified into the following groups based on the extent to which religious/spiritual language was infused into their responses: Religiously Rich Responders (RRR), Moderately Religious Responders (MRR), and Low Religious Responders (LRR). Twelve of the 17 participants (71%) were classified into the RRR or MRR groups. The majority of participants suggested that religion/spirituality played a role in their practice of medicine and communication with parents in a myriad of ways and to varying degrees. Participants used their religious/spiritual beliefs to support families’ spirituality, uphold hope, participate in prayer, and alleviate their own emotional distress emerging from their patients’ deaths.
System Failure: No Surgeon To Be Found
Authors: Bayley Carol
Published: January 2016

A woman admitted to the emergency room of a hospital died because no surgeon could be found to stop the bleeding from injuries she sustained in a farming accident. The case points to ethical shortcomings both institutionally and professionally. The call system is inadequate, and physician fears of being sued or insufficiently compensated contribute to the overall problem. Potential responses include the institutional equivalent of a root cause analysis and an understanding of the pressures brought to bear on physicians to treat emergencies.
Immune Cell Identity: Perspective from a Palimpsest
Authors: Rothenberg Ellen V.
Published: January 2016

The immune system in mammals is composed of multiple different immune cell types that migrate through the body and are made continuously throughout life. Lymphocytes and myeloid cells interact with each other and depend upon each other, but each are highly diverse and specialized for different roles. Lymphocytes uniquely require developmentally programmed mutational changes in the genome itself for their maturation. Despite profound differences between their mechanisms of threat recognition and threat response, however, the developmental origins of lymphocytes and myeloid cells are interlinked, and important aspects of their response mechanisms remain shared. It is notable that the chain of logic toward our current understanding of the immune defense system over the past 50 years has been driven by strongly posited models that have led to crucial discoveries, even though these models ended up being partly wrong. The predictive strength of these models and their success as guides to incisive experimental research have illuminated the limits of each model’s explanatory scope, beyond which another model needed to assume the lead. This brief review describes how a succession of distinct paradigms has helped to clarify a sophisticated picture of immune cell generation and control.
Reprogramming and Stemness
Authors: Laplane Lucie
Published: January 2016

Reprogramming technologies show that cellular identity can be reprogrammed, challenging the classical conception of cell differentiation as an irreversible process. If non-stem cells can be reprogrammed into stem cells, then what is it to be a stem cell, and what kind of property is stemness? This article addresses this question both philosophically and biologically, states the different possibilities, and illustrates their potential consequences for science with the example of anti-cancer therapies.
Chromatin: Its history, current research, and the seminal researchers and their philosophy
Authors: Deichmann Ute
Published: January 2016

The concept of chromatin as a complex of nucleic acid and proteins in the cell nucleus was developed by cytologists and biochemists in the late 19th century. It was the starting point for biochemical research on DNA and nuclear proteins. Although interest in chromatin declined rapidly at the beginning of the 20th century, a few decades later a new focus on chromatin emerged, which was not only related to its structure, but also to its function in gene regulatory processes in the development of higher organisms. Since the late 20th century, research on chromatin modifications has also been conducted under the label of epigenetics. This article highlights the major phases of chromatin research until the present time and introduces major investigators and their scientific and philosophical outlooks.
Genomics, “Discovery Science,” Systems Biology, and Causal Explanation: What Really Works?
Authors: Davidson Eric H.
Published: January 2016

Diverse and non-coherent sets of epistemological principles currently inform research in the general area of functional genomics. Here, from the personal point of view of a scientist with over half a century of immersion in hypothesis driven scientific discovery, I compare and deconstruct the ideological bases of prominent recent alternatives, such as “discovery science,” some productions of the ENCODE project, and aspects of large data set systems biology. The outputs of these types of scientific enterprise qualitatively reflect their radical definitions of scientific knowledge, and of its logical requirements. Their properties emerge in high relief when contrasted (as an example) to a recent, system-wide, predictive analysis of a developmental regulatory apparatus that was instead based directly on hypothesis-driven experimental tests of mechanism.
Connections between Fingerspelling and Print: The Impact of Working Memory and Temporal Dynamics on Lexical Activation
Authors: Williams Joshua T. , Newman Sharlene D.
Published: January 2016

Recently there has been a renewed interest in characterizing the role of fingerspelling for deaf readers. The present study takes a step back and creates a theoretical foundation for investigating similarities between fingerspelling and print decoding in hearing signers. In this way, we can probe the constraints of temporal processing and memory on L1 orthography and the processing of L2 fingerspelling. Using a cross-modal priming paradigm, the role of orthography and phonology in print and fingerspelling word recognition was investigated. Results indicate significant inhibition in target retrieval when the prime was fingerspelled but not when it was presented in print. It was hypothesized that inhibition was due to either recoding or prime temporal dynamics. Hearing nonsigners were tested with serially or simultaneously presented print to determine the role of recoding and temporal dynamics. The results suggest that: (1) difficulties in processing fingerspelling for L2 learners might arise from recoding back into an L1 orthographic representation; (2) working memory abilities may reduce inhibition caused by recoding in L2 learners; (3) serial presentation of an orthographic code, either manual or visual, reduces priming effects; and (4) letter position differences provide evidence of depletion of activation over time.
Understanding and Not-Understanding: What Do Epistemologies and Ontologies Do in Deaf Worlds?
Authors: Friedner Michele
Published: January 2016

This article explores the role of understanding and not-understanding in deaf worlds. Using ethnographic data from fieldwork in urban India, ethnographic work by another scholar based in the United States, and an analysis of an advertisement campaign by a video relay service in the United States, the article argues that an effort to “make understanding happen” is a part of deaf socialities in India and elsewhere. Working toward and valuing understanding are components of deaf people’s epistemologies and ontologies. Deaf people’s (signed) language ideologies emphasize the importance of understanding, which helps produce deaf communities of practice. An explicit desire to make understanding happen—on multiple levels—demonstrates the importance of the work that understanding does in deaf worlds.
Sampling Shared Sign Languages
Authors: de Vos Connie
Published: January 2016

This article addresses some of the theoretical questions, ethical considerations, and methodological decisions that guided the creation of the Kata Kolok corpus as well as the Kata Kolok child signing corpus. This discussion is relevant to the formation of prospective sign corpora that aim to portray the various sociolinguistic landscapes in which sign languages, whether rural or urban, emerge and evolve.
An Initial Description of the Deaf Community in Haiti and Haitian Sign Language (LSH)
Authors: Hochgesang Julie A. , Mcauliff Kate
Published: January 2016

Deaf people in Haiti have stated that they use a distinct language, namely Haitian Sign Language (LSH). It has yet to be documented or described. This article is the first attempt at such a description based on a research collaboration between Deaf Haitians and American signed language linguists. Here we describe the language community and its language.
A Theatre of Many Dimensions: The Italian New Spectacularity and the Inhabitable Image
Authors: Pitrolo Flora
Published: January 2016

This essay investigates the use of space in the Italian New Spectacularity of the early 1980s; in particular, it takes as its subject some of the early productions of two companies, La Gaia Scienza (Rome) and Falso Movimento (Naples). In these works the use of theatrical space creates an “inhabitable image”—an image invested in continuously illuminating and crossing between the properties of two- and three-dimensionality, between the properties of real and unreal space. In analyzing these works, the essay explores the resonances between the inhabitable image and the languages of site-specific, intermedial, and immersive practices. It then threads the concept of inhabitability through Fredric Jameson’s views on postmodern spatialization, and asks whether these performances could be seen as taking creative advantage of what he describes as a “bewilderment” of the spectator. It concludes with some hypotheses regarding the utopian impulse behind the inhabitable image: the transformed space of the theatre is likened to similar transformations in architecture to wonder whether, although in both fields certain experiments were regarded as fanciful, they were expressions of a kind of utopian thought which, however soft or weak, may still hold political potential.
Co-Performances of Bodies and Buildings: Compagnie Willi Dorner’s Bodies in Urban Spaces and fitting and Asphalt Piloten’s Around the Block
Authors: Haedicke Susan
Published: January 2016

Street performances disrupt everyday activities in public spaces and challenge the status quo with propositions of alternative possible worlds. While many street performances rely upon urban public spaces and architecture as a way to expose normative behavioral codes and social constructions of seemingly neutral spaces, Compagnie Willi Dorner and Asphalt Piloten focus attention on re -placing the human body in and on city buildings to interrogate the complex materiality of urban architecture and imagine symbiotic links between bodies and buildings that revise expectations about city life. Their ephemeral performance installations appear to merge bodies and buildings, enabling the artists to dispute notions of architectural solidity and durability, to suggest the possibility of human thing-ness, and thus to question ways of inhabiting the city. Key to political engagement is that these artists create events in which the public, consciously or unconsciously, can re -view the workings of the city, and initiate debate (in words or actions) about the city’s priorities, processes, and agendas. The possible worlds suggested by Compagnie Willi Dorner and Asphalt Piloten are not completed projects, but rather stimuli for inquiry into alternative urban futures because they invite audiences to enter a reciprocal relationship between bodies and buildings that acknowledges mutual growth, change, and dependence. These alternatives enable the spectator to experience previously unimagined possible worlds—some optimistic, some exceedingly pessimistic.
Possible Worlds of the Pomarańczowa Alternatywa
Authors: Kobialka Michal
Published: January 2016

The twenty-fifth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall provides an excellent background to consider how to think about what promised to be a possible world in 1989. Today, one must either blind oneself to the disastrous failure of the emancipatory endeavors prompted by liberal democracy, which took the form of the ethnic conflicts in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa; accept neoliberal politics as the only recourse and possible world; regress to a recurring utopian dream that it will be still possible to construct an isotopia, a chronotopia, a heterotopia, or a utopia; adopt a cynical distance when faced with a chunk of the Berlin Wall in front of the Westin Hotel on which it is written “Property of the Westin Grand Hotel. Damages to the Wall are not permitted”; or return to the need to reconceptualize history in a manner which could help in critically evaluating the past and the time of the “now” in their complex, often contradictory historical materiality. This essay, using the critical work of Walter Benjamin and Theodor Adorno, draws attention to the events in Poland between mid-1980 and mid-1989, which prompted a multitude of cultural and political phenomena of unprecedented representational heterogeneity hitherto underexplored. Using the streets actions of the Orange Alternative, it argues that theatre and visual arts during that period revealed the tension between the hegemonic lexicon of bureaucratic socialism, which was in the process of losing its power, and a new democratic authority, which did not or could not yet fully enunciate its operations and strategies. These happenings and street actions, which occupied a contested intellectual, emotional, and spiritual terrain claimed by the referents to the disputed ideology and power of the state and Solidarity/the Church, contribute to the discourse on possible worlds by resisting the course of the world and its reified residues, as Adorno would aver.
Participatory art and the impossible public
Authors: Arden Holly
Published: January 2016

Arts discourse abounds with references and concessions to the public – that disorderedly mass of individuals who may stumble across the threshold of the public museum. Likewise, the public is invoked in conjunction with public engagement with art, or with public galleries, public funding, public art and so on. In spite of the institutional and critical focus on art’s public dimensions intensifying since the 1990s (from Suzanne Lacy’s ‘new genre public art’ to Nicolas Bourriaud’s ‘relational aesthetics’, Grant Kester’s writings on ‘dialogical art’ and Claire Bishop’s on participation) it seems an oversight that the relationship between art and the public as such has not been considered in any significant critical depth. At the same time, much of this critical discourse has appeared within a politico-economic climate of neo-liberal capitalism, which has devastatingly (re)fashioned the public in its own image. This article argues that it is precisely this potential dimension of the public that a number of contemporary artists are testing or seeking to redeem. It contends that the public’s definitive excess, the impossibility of pinning it down, is also its potent political and democratic potential. I focus on participatory works by the former collaborative duo Komar and Melamid, and by Stuart Ringholt, arguing that each work contributes to unique understandings of the public with respect to contemporary art.
Once upon a time in the west: Or, the rise and fall of the (bourgeois) public sphere, as told by Jürgen Habermas
Authors: Sheikh Simon
Published: January 2016

Jürgen Habermas’ famous description of the public sphere, and its central place in liberal democracy, has unfortunately become a normative model, both within arts and politics. However, as this article argues, Habermas’ proposition is not only historical, but was retrograde from the outset, and now functions more as a blacking of political action than an enabler, and must be contested in terms of counterpublic formations and experiences, as well as criticized from its insistence on rationality and negotiation in an era of post-political consensus within the former public sphere.
The ugly truth: Street Art, Graffiti and the Creative City
Authors: Schacter Rafael
Published: January 2016

‘The ugly truth’ explores the relationship between Street Art and the Creative City. Examining the recuperation of this supposedly insurgent aesthetic, it exposes the ‘artwashing’ that Street Art is now implicated within, the simulacrum of authenticity and the beautiful lie that it now presents. Reacting against the impulses of both publicly and privately funded contemporary public art projects, as well as the complicity and lack of criticality of many Street Artists themselves, this article will call for a re-examination of the types of visuality our cities need. Concluding with an examination of a number of truly critical independent public art projects, the article will thus stake a claim for that which may be ‘ugly’ yet important, disagreeable but necessary. It will stake a claim for the ugly truth essential to the sustainability of a vibrant public sphere.
Read My Lips: Talking with Gran Fury about artistic activism and pedagogy
Authors: Desai Dipti
Published: January 2016

This interview with a few members of Gran Fury explores and draws lessons about the pedagogy of collective activists artistic practice within schools and in the public sphere. Based on an educational workshop conducted by Gran Fury several years ago with graduate students, the conversation highlights not only the how and why of artistic activist education, but also what it means to teach artistic activism for the public sphere in institutional settings, such as schools.