bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The BepiColombo Planetary Magnetometer MPO-MAG: What Can We Learn from the Hermean Magnetic Field?
Authors: Heyner D. , Auster H.-U. , Fornaçon K.-H. , Carr C. , Richter I. , Mieth J. Z. D. , Kolhey P. , Exner W. , Motschmann U. , Baumjohann W. , Matsuoka A. , Magnes W. , Berghofer G. , Fischer D. , Plaschke F. , Nakamura R. , Narita Y. , Delva M. , Volwerk M. , Balogh A. , Dougherty M. , Horbury T. , Langlais B. , Mandea M. , Masters A. , Oliveira J. S. , Sánchez-Cano B. , Slavin J. A. , Vennerstrøm S. , Vogt J. , Wicht J. , Glassmeier K.-H.
Published: April 2021

The magnetometer instrument MPO-MAG on-board the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) of the BepiColombo mission en-route to Mercury is introduced, with its instrument design, its calibration and scientific targets. The instrument is comprised of two tri-axial fluxgate magnetometers mounted on a 2.9 m boom and are 0.8 m apart. They monitor the magnetic field with up to 128 Hz in a $\pm 2048$
±
2048
 nT range. The MPO will be injected into an initial $480 \times 1500$
480
×
1500
 km polar orbit (2.3 h orbital period). At Mercury, we will map the planetary magnetic field and determine the dynamo generated field and constrain the secular variation. In this paper, we also discuss the effect of the instrument calibration on the ability to improve the knowledge on the internal field. Furthermore, the study of induced magnetic fields and field-aligned currents will help to constrain the interior structure in concert with other geophysical instruments. The orbit is also well-suited to study dynamical phenomena at the Hermean magnetopause and magnetospheric cusps. Together with its sister instrument Mio-MGF on-board the second satellite of the BepiColombo mission, the magnetometers at Mercury will study the reaction of the highly dynamic magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind. In the extreme case, the solar wind might even collapse the entire dayside magnetosphere. During cruise, MPO-MAG will contribute to studies of solar wind turbulence and transient phenomena.
Physiological performance of Kazachstania unispora in sourdough environments
Authors: Korcari Dea , Ricci Giovanni , Capusoni Claudia , Fortina Maria Grazia
Published: April 2021

In this work we explored the potential of several strains of Kazachstania unispora to be used as non-conventional yeasts in sourdough fermentation. Properties such as carbohydrate source utilization, tolerance to different environmental factors and the performance in fermentation were evaluated. The K. unispora strains are characterized by rather restricted substrate utilization: only glucose and fructose supported the growth of the strains. However, the growth in presence of fructose was higher compared to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial strain. Moreover, the inability to ferment maltose can be considered a positive characteristic in sourdoughs, where the yeasts can form a nutritional mutualism with maltose-positive Lactic Acid Bacteria. Tolerance assays showed that K. unispora strains are adapted to a sourdough environment: they were able to grow in conditions of high osmolarity, high acidity and in presence of organic acids, ethanol and salt. Finally, the performance in fermentation was comparable with the S. cerevisiae commercial strain. Moreover, the growth was more efficient, which is an advantage in obtaining the biomass in an industrial scale. Our data show that K. unispora strains have positive properties that should be explored further in bakery sector.

Graphic abstract
Application of Imaging Techniques to Determine the Post-Yield Behaviour of the Heterogeneous Microstructure of Friction Stir Welds
Authors: Ramachandran S. , Lakshminarayanan A. K. , Reed P. A. S. , Dulieu-Barton J. M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) causes intense plastic deformation and consequent thermomechanical interactions resulting in a localised heterogeneous microstructure. To understand the weld mechanical behaviour, it is necessary to identify each microstructural sub-region in the weld.

Objective

Determine the relationship between the local microstructure and mechanical behaviour of the different microstructural regions in a FSW.

Methods

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identified the microstructural sub-regions of an FSW joint. A novel High-Resolution Digital Image Correlation (HR-DIC) methodology enabled the determination of full-field strain response to provide the mechanical behaviour of the FSW sub-regions. X-ray computed tomography (CT) identified the geometry of the FSW and material composition.

Results

The grain morphology in the FSW varied in the stir zone with a fine grain structure in the weld nugget and larger grains in the thermomechanical affected zone (TMAZ); the grains were larger in the retreating side (RS) compared to the advancing side (AS). Tungsten deposits were found in the weld nugget and attributed to tool wear. The mechanical properties of the weld subregions showed that the material in the stir zone had a greater yield strength than the base material and the RS of the FSW was much more ductile than the weld nugget and the AS side. The tungsten distributions in the stir zone correlated with the local mechanical behaviour.

Conclusions

A novel methodology is developed that combines microstructural observations with HR-DIC enabling, for the first time, the FSW sub-region mechanical behaviour, to be related to the local grain morphology and inclusions caused by tool wear.
Plantar forefoot pain: ultrasound findings before and after treatment with custom-made foot orthoses
Authors: Albano Domenico , Bonifacini Carlo , Zannoni Stefania , Bernareggi Susan , Messina Carmelo , Galia Massimo , Sconfienza Luca Maria
Published: April 2021

Purpose

No prior studies investigated the role of ultrasound in the assessment of response of patients undergoing treatment of metatarsalgia with custom-made orthoses. Our aim was to describe ultrasound findings of patients with plantar forefoot pain treated with custom-made foot orthoses.

Methods

Twenty patients (15 females; mean age: 62.6 ± 11 years) affected by metatarsalgia in 27/40 feet underwent clinical evaluation before, three months and six months after treatment with custom-made full foot insole with a support proximal and an excavation below the painful metatarsals. Ultrasound was performed before and three months after the use of orthoses to examine the presence of intermetatarsal/submetatarsal bursitis, metatarsophalangeal joints effusion, anterior plantar fat pad oedema, flexor tendinitis/tenosynovitis, and Morton’s neuroma. Outcome measures were clinical response with Foot Function Index (FFI)/Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and ultrasound features changes.

Results

Median VAS and FFI before treatment were 8[5–8.5] and 45.85[32.4–59.4], respectively. After 3 and 6 months of insoles use, both median VAS (2.5 [0–5] and 0 [0–2.75], respectively) and median FFI (7.9 [3.95–20] and 0 [0–3.95], respectively) showed a significant reduction in pain and disability (p < .001). Before treatment, ultrasound revealed 22 intermetatarsal bursitis, 16 submetatarsal bursitis, 10 joint effusions, 20 fat pad oedema, 3 flexor tendinitis/tenosynovitis and 3 Morton’s neuromas. After 3 months of treatment, a significant decrease of intermetatarsal bursitis (7, p < .001) was observed. No significant changes were observed in any other ultrasound parameters.

Conclusion

Ultrasound might be able to detect some imaging features associated with the response of forefoot pain to custom-made foot orthoses, especially intermetatarsal bursitis.
Kompetenzdiagnose im Wirtschaftsbereich Fußballsport: Das Kompetenzinventar Profifußball (KIPF)
Authors: Decius Julian
Published: April 2021

In einer zunehmend professionalisierten Welt des Fußballsports wächst auch die Bedeutung einer theoretisch fundierten Kompetenzentwicklung bei Profifußballspielern. Mit dem Kompetenzinventar Profifußball (KIPF) wird in diesem Beitrag in der Zeitschrift Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO) ein Fragebogeninstrument vorgestellt, um die beruflichen Handlungskompetenzen im Berufsfeld Profifußball messbar zu machen. Das KIPF basiert auf einem Kompetenzstrukturmodell, dessen Entwicklung anhand einer Literaturrecherche und auf Grundlage von Experteninterviews dargestellt wird. Der Entwicklungsprozess der Fragebogenitems, die Durchführung einer explorativen sowie einer konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse und die Überprüfung psychometrischer Gütekriterien werden ausführlich beschrieben. Die Entwicklung und Validierung basieren auf den quantitativen Daten von insgesamt 427 Fußballspielern. Die finale Version des KIPF umfasst die acht Kompetenzdimensionen Taktisches Wissen, Wissen zu Ernährung und Gesundheit, Einsatz von Resilienzmethoden, Umgang mit Medien, Kommunikationsfähigkeit, Teamunterstützende Anpassungsfähigkeit, Mentale Stärke sowie Kritikfähigkeit. Jede Kompetenzdimension wird mit drei Items erfasst. Abschließend werden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der Praxis (für Trainer, Verbandsfunktionäre, Spielerberater, Profifußballer) sowie in der Wissenschaft vorgestellt und Möglichkeiten der Übertragung beispielsweise auf den Frauenfußball, andere kulturelle Kontexte und weitere Mannschaftssportarten diskutiert.
Calculation of Phase Diagrams and First-Principles Study of Germanium Impacts on Phosphorus Distribution in Czochralski Silicon
Authors: Dong Hongqun , Tao Xiaoma , Paulasto-Kröckel Mervi
Published: April 2021

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most widely used donor dopants for fabricating a low-resistivity silicon (Si) substrate. However, its volatile nature and the relatively small equilibrium segregation coefficient in Si at the melting temperature of Si impede the efficient and effective growth of low-resistivity Czochralski (CZ) Si single crystal. The primary objective of this work is to theoretically perceive the influence of germanium co-doping on the heavily P-doped Si crystal by means of CALculation of PHase Diagrams (CALPHAD) approaches and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Phase equilibria at the Si-rich corner of the Si-Ge-P system has been thermodynamically extrapolated based on robust thermodynamic descriptions of involved binary systems, where Si-P and Ge-P have been re-assessed in this work. Phase diagram calculation results indicate that at a given P concentration (e.g. 0.33 at.% P) Ge co-doping lowers the solidification temperature of the Si(Ge, P) alloys, as well as the relevant equilibrium segregation coefficients of P in the doped Si. DFT calculations simulated the formation of (i) monovacancy in Si as well as (ii) solutions of Si(P) and Si(Ge) with one dopant substitutionally inserted in 64- and 216-atom Si cubic supercells. Binding energies were calculated and compared for Ge-Ge, Ge-P and P-P bonds positioning at the first nearest-neighbors (1NN) to the third nearest-neighbors (3NN). P-P bonds have the largest bonding energy from 1NN to 3NN configurations. The climbing image nudged elastic band method (CL-NEB) was utilized to calculate the energy barriers of P 1NN jump in the 64-atom Si cubic supercell with/without a neighboring Ge atom. With Ge present, a higher energy barrier for P 1NN jump was obtained than that without involving Ge. This indicates that Ge can impede the P diffusion in Si matrix.
Between Teleophilia and Teleophobia
Authors: Schaetzle Eric , Hendlin Yogi
Published: April 2021

Denis Noble convincingly describes the artifacts of theory building in the Modern Synthesis as having been surpassed by the available evidence, indicating more active and less gene-centric evolutionary processes than previously thought. We diagnosis the failure of theory holders to dutifully update their beliefs according to new findings as a microcosm of the prevailing larger social inability to deal with competing paradigms. For understanding life, Noble suggests that there is no privileged level of semiotic interpretation. Understanding multi-level semiosis along with organism and environment contrapunctally, according to Jakob von Uexküll’s theoretical biology, can contribute to the emerging extended evolutionary synthesis.
Surgery for Good Prognosis Breast Cancers
Authors: McIntosh Stuart A.
Published: April 2021

Purpose of Review

The introduction of mammographic screening programmes has resulted increasing numbers of women with small breast cancers with biologically favourable characteristics. Many of these cancers may represent overdiagnosis, with a resulting treatment burden for women and healthcare costs for providers. Here, current surgical approaches to the treatment of such tumours are reviewed, together with alternative approaches to their management.

Recent Findings

The surgical treatment of small, screen-detected breast cancers with biologically favourable characteristics has been extrapolated from the management of symptomatic breast cancers. There is no prospective randomised evidence for conventional open surgery compared with other approaches in this setting. A number of minimally invasive techniques, most notable vacuum-assisted excision, have been described for the management of these tumours, but at present, there is a lack of high-quality evidence to support their routine use. There are currently ongoing randomised trials evaluating risk-adapted surgical and minimally invasive approaches to the management of good prognosis disease.

It is possible that the surgical treatment of good prognosis screen-detected breast cancers may be de-escalated. However, high-quality evidence from ongoing prospective randomised trials will be required in order to change clinical practice.
Live fuel moisture content time series in Catalonia since 1998
Authors: Gabriel Eva , Delgado-Dávila Ruth , De Cáceres Miquel , Casals Pere , Tudela Antoni , Castro Xavier
Published: April 2021

Key message

We present a structured and curated database covering 21 years of LFMC measurements in the Catalan region, along with an associated R package to manage updates and facilitate quality processing and visualisation. The data set provides valuable information to study plant responses to drought and improve fire danger prediction. Dataset access is athttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4675335, and associated metadata are available athttps://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/srv/fre/catalog.search#/metadata/583fdbae-3200-4fa7-877c-54df0e6c5542.
Interdependence of friction, wear, and noise: A review
Authors: Lontin Kevin , Khan Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Phenomena of friction, wear, and noise in mechanical contacts are particularly important in the field of tribomechanics but equally complex if one wants to represent their exact relationship with mathematical models. Efforts have been made to describe these phenomena with different approaches in past. These efforts have been compiled in different reviews but most of them treated friction, wear mechanics, and acoustic noise separately. However, an in-depth review that provides a critical analysis on their interdependencies is still missing. In this review paper, the interdependencies of friction, wear, and noise are analysed in the mechanical contacts at asperitical level. The origin of frictional noise, its dependencies on contact’s mechanical properties, and its performance under different wear conditions are critically reviewed. A discussion on the existing mathematical models of friction and wear is also provided in the last section that leads to uncover the gap in the existing literature. This review concludes that still a comprehensive analytical modelling approach is required to relate the interdependencies of friction, noise, and wear with mathematical expressions.
On Thresholds for Dynamic Strength in Solids
Authors: Bourne N. K.
Published: April 2021

The limits of elastic behaviour change with the nature of the impulse applied to a target and the size of volume interrogated by a measurement, since it is the pre-existing defects sampled within its rise that determine the response observed. This review considers a range of solids of different material classes and tracks the development of the strength of the material during shock loading, from yield at the Hugoniot elastic limit, across the weak shock regime, to its transition to strong shock behaviour. It is shown that at this stress, the weak shock limit (WSL), the shear component of the applied stress exceeds the theoretical strength of the material. Beyond this threshold, there are a number of new responses that confirm a transition from an inhomogeneous to a homogeneous state. Further, whilst strength rises across the weak shock regime, it saturates at the WSL. For instance, failure in shocked glasses transitions from localised fracture initiated at target boundaries to a global failure at this threshold at the theoretical strength. Sapphire′s strength asymptotes to the theoretical strength of the strongest direction in its lattice. Finally, the fourth-power dependence of strain rate upon stress appears to be a consequence of the homogeneous flow in the strong shock regime. This review suggests that µ/2π is a good approximation for the unrelaxed theoretical strength of solids at increasing stresses beyond the WSL. The methodology unfolded here represents a new means to experimentally determine the ultimate shear strength of solids.
Cathode Design for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells in Automotive Applications
Authors: Wang Haojie , Wang Ruiqing , Sui Sheng , Sun Tai , Yan Yichang , Du Shangfeng
Published: April 2021

An advanced cathode design can improve the power performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), thus reducing the stack cost of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Recent studies on highly active Pt alloy catalysts, short-side-chain polyfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer and 3D-ordered electrodes have imparted PEMFCs with boosted power density. To achieve the compacted stack target of 6 kW/L or above for the wide commercialization of FCVs, developing available cathodes for high-power-density operation is critical for the PEMFC. However, current
developments still remain extremely challenging with respect to highly active and stable catalysts in practical operation, controlled distribution of ionomer on the catalyst surface for reducing catalyst poisoning and oxygen penetration losses and 3D (three-dimensional)-ordered catalyst layers with low Knudsen diffusion losses of oxygen molecular. This review paper focuses on impacts of the cathode development on automotive fuel cell systems and concludes design directions to provide the greatest benefit.
Repositioned Drugs for COVID-19—the Impact on Multiple Organs
Authors: Chan Christina , Foster Sean T. , Chan Kayla G. , Cacace Matthew J. , Ladd Shay L. , Sandum Caleb T. , Wright Paul T. , Volmert Brett , Yang Weiyang , Aguirre Aitor , Li Wen , Wright Neil T.
Published: April 2021

This review summarizes published findings of the beneficial and harmful effects on the heart, lungs, immune system, kidney, liver, and central nervous system of 47 drugs that have been proposed to treat COVID-19. Many of the repurposed drugs were chosen for their benefits to the pulmonary system, as well as immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. However, these drugs have mixed effects on the heart, liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Drug treatments are critical in the fight against COVID-19, along with vaccines and public health protocols. Drug treatments are particularly needed as variants of the SARS-Cov-2 virus emerge with some mutations that could diminish the efficacy of the vaccines. Patients with comorbidities are more likely to require hospitalization and greater interventions. The combination of treating severe COVID-19 symptoms in the presence of comorbidities underscores the importance of understanding the effects of potential COVID-19 treatments on other organs.
The Relationship Between COVID-19 Confinement, Psychological Adjustment, and Sexual Functioning, in a Sample of Portuguese Men and Women
Authors: Carvalho Joana , Campos Priscila , Carrito Mariana , Moura Catarina , Quinta-Gomes Ana , Tavares Inês , Nobre Pedro
Published: April 2021

Background

Past research has revealed the detrimental effects of social isolation and physical distancing measures in health related outcomes. However, only recently COVID-19 confinement measures provided a context to test whether such detrimental effects exist in the human sexuality domain.

Aim

This study was aimed at testing the relationship between COVID-19 confinement levels and sexual functioning domains in men and women, while accounting for the mediating role of psychological adjustment during lockdown.

Methods

Two hundred and forty five men and 417 women completed a web survey on the effects of COVID-19 in sexual health. The reference period includes the first confinement in Portugal (March 19–June 1, 2020). Data were handled under Hays’ procedures for simple mediation analysis.

Outcomes

Measurement outcomes included self-reported levels of confinement, IIEF and FSFI scores, and psychological adjustment during lockdown.

RESULTS

Psychological adjustment during lockdown mediated the relationship between confinement levels and most sexual functioning domains in men but not in women. Also, while confinement levels were not directly related with most sexual functioning domains, psychological adjustment during lockdown did predict lower sexual functioning in both genders.

Clinical Translation

Findings support that human sexual functioning should be framed within a contextual perspective, emphasizing how psychological adjustment and situational life stressors, such as lockdown situations, shape individuals’ sexuality. Such perspective should be considered in treatment protocols implemented during current pandemic.

Strengths & Limitations

Data add to the literature on the effects of lockdown in the sexuality domain. However, the study precludes inference of causality and targets only a little proportion of all the dynamics involved in sexuality during the current historical moment.

CONCLUSION

Psychological adjustment during COVID-19 seems to have a role on human sexual functioning, over the single effects of confinement.
For Land and Liberty
Authors: Bowen Merle L.
Published: April 2021

For Land and Liberty is a comparative study of the history and contemporary circumstances concerning Brazil's quilombos (African-descent rural communities) and their inhabitants, the quilombolas. The book examines the disposition of quilombola claims to land as a site of contestation over citizenship and its meanings for Afro-descendants, as well as their connections to the broader fight against racism. Contrary to the narrative that quilombola identity is a recent invention, constructed for the purpose of qualifying for opportunities made possible by the 1988 law, Bowen argues that quilombola claims are historically and locally rooted. She examines the ways in which state actors have colluded with large landholders and modernization schemes to appropriate quilombo land, and further argues that, even when granted land titles, quilombolas face challenges issuing from systemic racism. By analyzing the quilombo movement and local initiatives, this book offers fresh perspectives on the resurgence of movements, mobilization, and resistance in Brazil.
Healthcare Professionals’ Experience, Training, and Knowledge Regarding Immigration-Related Law Enforcement in Healthcare Facilities: An Online Survey
Authors: La Charite Jaime , Braverman Derek W. , Goplerud Dana , Norton Alexandra , Bertram Amanda , Berger Zackary D.
Published: April 2021

U.S. immigration policies and enforcement can make immigrants fearful of accessing healthcare. Although current immigration policies restrict enforcement in “sensitive locations” including healthcare facilities, there are reports of enforcement actions in such settings.
Repair of frontal sinus fractures: clinical and radiological long-term outcomes
Authors: Alon E E , Glikson E , Shoshani Y , Dobriyan A , Yahalom R , Yakirevitch A
Published: April 2021

Objective

The long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of patients surgically treated for frontal sinus fracture were assessed.

Methods

A retrospective, single-centre analysis was conducted of patients treated for frontal sinus fracture in a tertiary trauma centre between 2000 and 2017. Patients who underwent surgical repair for frontal sinus fracture followed by clinical and radiographical evaluation for at least six months were included.

Results

Of 338 patients admitted with frontal sinus fracture, 77 were treated surgically. Thirty patients met the inclusion criteria for long-term follow-up. The average follow-up duration was 37 months (range, 6–132 months). Reconstruction, obliteration and cranialisation of the frontal sinus fracture were performed in 14, 9 and 7 patients, respectively. Two patients with a reconstructed frontal sinus and one with an obliterated frontal sinus developed mucoceles. One patient developed forehead disfigurement following obliteration.

Conclusion

Long-term complications of frontal sinus repair using the chosen repair techniques are rare, but patients need to be made aware of these potential complications.
Fencing affects African wild dog movement patterns and population dynamics
Authors: O'Neill Helen M. K. , Durant Sarah M. , Strebel Stefanie , Woodroffe Rosie
Published: April 2021

Wildlife fences are often considered an important tool in conservation. Fences are used in attempts to prevent human–wildlife conflict and reduce poaching, despite known negative impacts on landscape connectivity and animal movement patterns. Such impacts are likely to be particularly important for wide-ranging species, such as the African wild dogLycaon pictus, which requires large areas of continuous habitat to fulfil its resource requirements. Laikipia County in northern Kenya is an important area for wild dogs but new wildlife fences are increasingly being built in this ecosystem. Using a long-term dataset from the area's free-ranging wild dog population, we evaluated the effect of wildlife fence structure on the ability of wild dogs to cross them. The extent to which fences impeded wild dog movement differed between fence designs, although individuals crossed fences of all types. Purpose-built fence gaps increased passage through relatively impermeable fences. Nevertheless, low fence permeability can lead to packs, or parts of packs, becoming trapped on the wrong side of a fence, with consequences for population dynamics. Careful evaluation should be given to the necessity of erecting fences; ecological impact assessments should incorporate evaluation of impacts on animal movement patterns and should be undertaken for all large-scale fencing interventions. Where fencing is unavoidable, projects should use the most permeable fencing structures possible, both in the design of the fence and including as many purpose-built gaps as possible, to minimize impacts on wide-ranging wildlife.
From civil rights to social policy: the political development of family and medical leave policy
Authors: Ramanathan Kumar
Published: April 2021

Family and medical leave policy in the United States is often noted for its lack of wage compensation, but is also distinctive in its gender neutrality and its broad coverage of several types of leave (combining pregnancy leave with medical, parental, and caregiving leave). This article argues that the distinctive design of leave policy in the United States is explained by its origins in contestation over the civil rights policy regime that emerged in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, women's movement advocates creatively and strategically formulated demands for maternity leave provision that fit an interpretation of this new policy regime's antidiscrimination logic. Because of this decision to advance an antidiscrimination claim, advocates became committed to pursuing a leave guarantee on gender-neutral grounds, which in turn enabled the broad-coverage leave design. This case study suggests that scholars of social policy and American political development should pay greater attention to the impact of civil rights on social policy. This article also contributes to the study of policy development by providing an example of how political actors cross boundaries between policy domains during the policy making process and by presenting a reconceptualization of “policy regimes.”
A New Argument Against Critical-Level Utilitarianism
Authors: Williamson Patrick
Published: April 2021

One prominent welfarist axiology, critical-level utilitarianism, says that individual lives must surpass a specified ‘critical level’ in order to make a positive contribution to the comparative status of a given population. In this article I develop a new dilemma for critical-level utilitarians. When comparatively evaluating populations composed of different species, critical-level utilitarians must decide whether the critical level is a universal threshold or whether the critical level is a species-relative threshold. I argue that both thresholds lead to a range of axiological puzzles and objections as yet undiscussed within the literature, and therefore conclude that critical-level utilitarianism should not be taken as a morally plausible welfarist axiology. I show that certain competitive formulations of critical range utilitarianism are subject to the argument too, and that further attempts to relativise critical levels to a particular group or category of welfare bearer (in particular, individual-relative critical levels) are unsustainable.
Isolated absent right pulmonary artery in an infant with 22q11 deletion
Authors: Garg Ankit , Azad Sushil , Radhakrishnan Sitaraman
Published: April 2021

DiGeorge syndrome is a rare spectrum of disorder affecting structures derived from third and fourth pharyngeal pouches characterised by aplasia or hypoplasia of thymus and parathyroid glands, and conotruncal anomalies. Presentation includes infants with hypocalcemic seizures, CHD, or recurrent infection. This case report illustrates a unique combination of proximal interruption of right pulmonary artery and aberrant right subclavian artery in a 3-month-old infant who was subsequently diagnosed as DiGeorge syndrome. This constellation of vascular anomalies in an infant with DiGeorge syndrome has not been previously reported in the literature.
An advanced lentil backcross population developed from a cross between Lens culinaris × L. ervoides for future disease resistance and genomic studies
Authors: Gela Tadesse S. , Adobor Stanley , Khazaei Hamid , Vandenberg Albert
Published: April 2021

Genetically accessible variation to some of the abiotic and biotic stresses are limited in the cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) germplasm. Introgression of novel alleles from its wild relative species will be useful for enhancing the genetic improvement of the crop. L. ervoides, one of the wild relatives of lentil, is a proven source of disease resistance for the crop. Here we introduce a lentil advanced backcross (LABC-01) population developed in cultivar ‘CDC Redberry’ background, based on L. ervoides alleles derived from an interspecific recombinant inbred population, LR-59-81. Two-hundred and seventeen individuals of the LABC-01 population at BC2F3:4 generation were screened for the race 0 of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lentis) and stemphylium blight (Stemphylium botryosum) under controlled conditions. The population showed significant variations for both diseases and the transfer of resistance alleles into the elite cultivar was evident. It also segregated for other traits such as days to flowering, seed coat colour, seed coat pattern and flower colour. Overall, we showed that LABC-01 population can be used in breeding programmes worldwide to improve disease resistance and will be available as a valuable genetic resource for future genetic analysis of desired loci introgressed from L. ervoides.
THE LATTICE OF SUPER-BELNAP LOGICS
Authors: PŘENOSIL ADAM
Published: April 2021

We study the lattice of extensions of four-valued Belnap–Dunn logic, called super-Belnap logics by analogy with superintuitionistic logics. We describe the global structure of this lattice by splitting it into several subintervals, and prove some new completeness theorems for super-Belnap logics. The crucial technical tool for this purpose will be the so-called antiaxiomatic (or explosive) part operator. The antiaxiomatic (or explosive) extensions of Belnap–Dunn logic turn out to be of particular interest owing to their connection to graph theory: the lattice of finitary antiaxiomatic extensions of Belnap–Dunn logic is isomorphic to the lattice of upsets in the homomorphism order on finite graphs (with loops allowed). In particular, there is a continuum of finitary super-Belnap logics. Moreover, a non-finitary super-Belnap logic can be constructed with the help of this isomorphism. As algebraic corollaries we obtain the existence of a continuum of antivarieties of De Morgan algebras and the existence of a prevariety of De Morgan algebras which is not a quasivariety.
Beurteilung konkurrierender Interessen bei Leitlinien zur Behandlung von Substanzstörungen
Authors: Bühringer Gerhard , Czernecka Robert
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Ab 2018/2019 wurden drei S3-Leitlinien (LL) zur Behandlung von alkohol-, medikamenten- und tabakbezogenen Störungen entwickelt und verabschiedet. Neben dem fachlich korrekten Vorgehen bei der Entwicklung von LL sind die Erfassung und Bewertung möglicher konkurrierender Interessen (KI) der Teilnehmenden zentral für die Qualität der LL. Zielsetzung: Beschreibung der Methodik bei der Bearbeitung möglicher KI und der Ergebnisse. Methodik: Zu 11 Themenbereichen möglicher materieller und immaterieller KI von 217 Teilnehmenden wurden die Angaben mit einem vorgegebenen Fragebogen, teilweise vorgegebenen Kriterien, einem neu entwickelten Kodierungssystem für die Angaben zu möglichen KI sowie einem neu entwickelten System für Beteiligungseinschränkungen nach fachlichen Themenbereichen der LL ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: 69 von 217 Teilnehmenden (32 %) hatten keinen KI, 48 (22 %) einen KI mit geringer Relevanz (limitierte Leitungsfunktion), 86 (40 %) mit moderater (Stimmenthaltung), weitere 14 (6 %) mit hoher Relevanz (Beratungsausschluss). Durch das neue Instrument themenbezogener Mitwirkungsbegrenzungen konnten sich dennoch von den 148 Mitwirkenden mit einer Einschränkung weitere 60 % bis 90 % bei einzelnen Themen beteiligen. Schlussfolgerungen: Das Beurteilungssystem fand eine hohe Akzeptanz, bei nur etwa 5 % war eine zweite Überprüfung notwendig. Die statistischen Kennziffern unterscheiden sich erheblich zwischen verschiedenen LL, und erfordern methodenkritische Studien und bessere Instruktionen mit Beispielen, insbesondere zu immateriellen KI.
Harmonization of RBSP and Arase Energetic Electron Measurements Utilizing ESA Radiation Monitor Data
Authors: Sandberg Ingmar , Jiggens Piers , Evans Hugh , Papadimitriou Constantinos , Aminalragia‐Giamini Sigiava , Katsavrias Christos , Boyd Alexander J. , O’Brien Thomas Paul , Higashio Nana , Mitani Takefumi , Shinohara Iku , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Baker Daniel Ν. , Daglis Ioannis A.
Published: April 2021

Accurate measurements of trapped energetic electron fluxes are of major importance for the studies of the complex nature of radiation belts and the characterization of space radiation environment. The harmonization of measurements between different instruments increases the accuracy of scientific studies and the reliability of data‐driven models that treat the specification of space radiation environment. An intercalibration analysis of the energetic electron flux measurements of the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) and the Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope (REPT) instruments on‐board the Van Allen Probes (VAP) Mission versus the measurements of the Extremely High Energy Electron Experiment (XEP) unit on‐board Arase satellite is presented. The performed analysis demonstrates a remarkable agreement between the majority of MagEIS and XEP measurements and suggests the rescaling of MagEIS HIGH unit and of REPT measurements for the treatment of flux spectra discontinuities. The proposed adjustments were validated successfully using measurements from ESA Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) on‐board GSAT0207 and the Standard Radiation Monitor (SREM) on‐board INTEGRAL. The derived results lead to the harmonization of science‐class experiments on‐board VAP (2012–2019) and Arase (2017–) and propose the use of the data sets as reference in a series of space weather and space radiation environment developments.
Thank You to Our 2020 Reviewers
Authors: Pincus Robert , Blyth Eleanor , Griffes Stephen M.
Published: April 2021

As the editors of a scientific journal, we have the honor of front‐row seats to the peer review process. We watch as reviewers bring fresh perspectives to authors' work, identifying weakness in conception or expression, suggesting refinements, and urging authors to clarify a point or better support an argument. The process is occasionally uncomfortable but almost always respectful and constructive. The final papers are uniformly better for this input—a reminder of the power of collaboration. At the Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES), we are fortunate to have a pool of reviewers who volunteer their time, knowledge, and intelligence to improve the work of their colleagues and peers. It is no small task: In 2020, we received 956 reviews by 634 individuals. Speaking for ourselves, the 19 devoted associate editors, and many of our authors, we thank each of you for your selfless contributions to strengthening our community.
The Paleogeography of Laurentia in Its Early Years: New Constraints From the Paleoproterozoic East‐Central Minnesota Batholith
Authors: Swanson‐Hysell Nicholas L. , Avery Margaret S. , Zhang Yiming , Hodgin Eben B. , Sherwood Robert J. , Apen Francisco E. , Boerboom Terrence J. , Keller C. Brenhin , Cottle John M.
Published: April 2021

The ca. 1.83 Ga Trans‐Hudson orogeny resulted from collision of an upper plate consisting of the Hearne, Rae, and Slave provinces with a lower plate consisting of the Superior province. While the geologic record of ca. 1.83 Ga peak metamorphism within the orogen suggests that these provinces were a single amalgamated craton from this time onward, a lack of paleomagnetic poles from the Superior province following Trans‐Hudson orogenesis has made this coherency difficult to test. We develop a high‐quality paleomagnetic pole for northeast‐trending diabase dikes of the post‐Penokean orogen East‐Central Minnesota Batholith (pole longitude: 265.8°; pole latitude: 20.4°; A95: 4.5°; K: 45.6 N: 23) whose age we constrain to be 1,779.1 ± 2.3 Ma (95% CI) with new U‐Pb dates. Demagnetization and low‐temperature magnetometry experiments establish dike remanence be held by low‐Ti titanomagnetite. Thermochronology data constrain the intrusions to have cooled below magnetite blocking temperatures upon initial emplacement with a mild subsequent thermal history within the stable craton. The similarity of this new Superior province pole with poles from the Slave and Rae provinces establishes the coherency of Laurentia following Trans‐Hudson orogenesis. This consistency supports interpretations that older discrepant 2.22–1.87 Ga pole positions between the provinces are the result of differential motion through mobile‐lid plate tectonics. The new pole supports the northern Europe and North America connection between the Laurentia and Fennoscandia cratons. The pole can be used to jointly reconstruct these cratons ca. 1,780 Ma strengthening the paleogeographic position of these major constituents of the hypothesized late Paleoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna.
Intercalated architecture of MA2Z4 family layered van der Waals materials with emerging topological, magnetic and superconducting properties
Authors: Wang Lei , Shi Yongpeng , Liu Mingfeng , Zhang Ao , Hong Yi-Lun , Li Ronghan , Gao Qiang , Chen Mingxing , Ren Wencai , Cheng Hui-Ming , Li Yiyi , Chen Xing-Qiu
Published: April 2021

The search for new two-dimensional monolayers with diverse electronic properties has attracted growing interest in recent years. Here, we present an approach to construct MA2Z4 monolayers with a septuple-atomic-layer structure, that is, intercalating a MoS2-type monolayer MZ2 into an InSe-type monolayer A2Z2. We illustrate this unique strategy by means of first-principles calculations, which not only reproduce the structures of MoSi2N4 and MnBi2Te4 that were already experimentally synthesized, but also predict 72 compounds that are thermodynamically and dynamically stable. Such an intercalated architecture significantly reconstructs the band structures of the constituents MZ2 and A2Z2, leading to diverse electronic properties for MA2Z4, which can be classified according to the total number of valence electrons. The systems with 32 and 34 valence electrons are mostly semiconductors. Whereas, those with 33 valence electrons can be nonmagnetic metals or ferromagnetic semiconductors. In particular, we find that, among the predicted compounds, (Ca,Sr)Ga2Te4 are topologically nontrivial by both the standard density functional theory and hybrid functional calculations. While VSi2P4 is a ferromagnetic semiconductor and TaSi2N4 is a type-I Ising superconductor. Moreover, WSi2P4 is a direct gap semiconductor with peculiar spin-valley properties, which are robust against interlayer interactions. Our study thus provides an effective way of designing septuple-atomic-layer MA2Z4 with unusual electronic properties to draw immediate experimental interest.
A high-conductivity n-type polymeric ink for printed electronics
Authors: Yang Chi-Yuan , Stoeckel Marc-Antoine , Ruoko Tero-Petri , Wu Han-Yan , Liu Xianjie , Kolhe Nagesh B. , Wu Ziang , Puttisong Yuttapoom , Musumeci Chiara , Massetti Matteo , Sun Hengda , Xu Kai , Tu Deyu , Chen Weimin M. , Woo Han Young , Fahlman Mats , Jenekhe Samson A. , Berggren Magnus , Fabiano Simone
Published: April 2021

Conducting polymers, such as the p-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have enabled the development of an array of opto- and bio-electronics devices. However, to make these technologies truly pervasive, stable and easily processable, n-doped conducting polymers are also needed. Despite major efforts, no n-type equivalents to the benchmark PEDOT:PSS exist to date. Here, we report on the development of poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline):poly(ethyleneimine) (BBL:PEI) as an ethanol-based n-type conductive ink. BBL:PEI thin films yield an n-type electrical conductivity reaching 8 S cm−1, along with excellent thermal, ambient, and solvent stability. This printable n-type mixed ion-electron conductor has several technological implications for realizing high-performance organic electronic devices, as demonstrated for organic thermoelectric generators with record high power output and n-type organic electrochemical transistors with a unique depletion mode of operation. BBL:PEI inks hold promise for the development of next-generation bioelectronics and wearable devices, in particular targeting novel functionality, efficiency, and power performance.
Zooplankton grazing of microplastic can accelerate global loss of ocean oxygen
Authors: Kvale K. , Prowe A. E. F. , Chien C.-T. , Landolfi A. , Oschlies A.
Published: April 2021

Global warming has driven a loss of dissolved oxygen in the ocean in recent decades. We demonstrate the potential for an additional anthropogenic driver of deoxygenation, in which zooplankton consumption of microplastic reduces the grazing on primary producers. In regions where primary production is not limited by macronutrient availability, the reduction of grazing pressure on primary producers causes export production to increase. Consequently, organic particle remineralisation in these regions increases. Employing a comprehensive Earth system model of intermediate complexity, we estimate this additional remineralisation could decrease water column oxygen inventory by as much as 10% in the North Pacific and accelerate global oxygen inventory loss by an extra 0.2–0.5% relative to 1960 values by the year 2020. Although significant uncertainty accompanies these estimates, the potential for physical pollution to have a globally significant biogeochemical signal that exacerbates the consequences of climate warming is a novel feedback not yet considered in climate research.
Author Correction: Rapid multi-directed cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system
Authors: Sethuramanujam Santhosh , Matsumoto Akihiro , deRosenroll Geoff , Murphy-Baum Benjamin , Grosman Claudio , McIntosh J. Michael , Jing Miao , Li Yulong , Berson David , Yonehara Keisuke , Awatramani Gautam B.
Published: April 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22763-3
Intranasal powder live attenuated influenza vaccine is thermostable, immunogenic, and protective against homologous challenge in ferrets
Authors: Luczo Jasmina M. , Bousse Tatiana , Johnson Scott K. , Jones Cheryl A. , Pearce Nicholas , Neiswanger Carlie A. , Wang Min-Xuan , Miller Erin A. , Petrovsky Nikolai , Wentworth David E. , Bronshtein Victor , Papania Mark , Tompkins Stephen M.
Published: April 2021

Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics; vaccination is the most effective countermeasure. Intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are needle-free, mimic the natural route of infection, and elicit robust immunity. However, some LAIVs require reconstitution and cold-chain requirements restrict storage and distribution of all influenza vaccines. We generated a dry-powder, thermostable LAIV (T-LAIV) using Preservation by Vaporization technology and assessed the stability, immunogenicity, and efficacy of T-LAIV alone or combined with delta inulin adjuvant (Advax™) in ferrets. Stability assays demonstrated minimal loss of T-LAIV titer when stored at 25 °C for 1 year. Vaccination of ferrets with T-LAIV alone or with delta inulin adjuvant elicited mucosal antibody and robust serum HI responses in ferrets, and was protective against homologous challenge. These results suggest that the Preservation by Vaporization-generated dry-powder vaccines could be distributed without refrigeration and administered without reconstitution or injection. Given these significant advantages for vaccine distribution and delivery, further research is warranted.
Directed evolution for high functional production and stability of a challenging G protein-coupled receptor
Authors: Waltenspühl Yann , Jeliazkov Jeliazko R. , Kummer Lutz , Plückthun Andreas
Published: April 2021

Membrane proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) carry out many fundamental biological functions, are involved in a large number of physiological responses, and are thus important drug targets. To allow detailed biophysical and structural studies, most of these important receptors have to be engineered to overcome their poor intrinsic stability and low expression levels. However, those GPCRs with especially poor properties cannot be successfully optimised even with the current technologies. Here, we present an engineering strategy, based on the combination of three previously developed directed evolution methods, to improve the properties of particularly challenging GPCRs. Application of this novel combination approach enabled the successful selection for improved and crystallisable variants of the human oxytocin receptor, a GPCR with particularly low intrinsic production levels. To analyse the selection results and, in particular, compare the mutations enriched in different hosts, we developed a Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) strategy that combines long reads, covering the whole receptor, with exceptionally low error rates. This study thus gave insight into the evolution pressure on the same membrane protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Our long-read NGS strategy provides a general methodology for the highly accurate analysis of libraries of point mutants during directed evolution.