bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic assessment of the thermal decomposition of hemp fiber and the impact of pretreatments
Authors: Branca C. , Di Blasi C.
Published: October 2022

Motivated by green building applications (bio-composite and insulation materials), thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis is applied to investigate the thermal degradation of cleaned hemp fibers (F), obtained after water retting and mechanical decortication of dioecious plant stalks, and technical fiber (TF), obtained after field retting of monoecious plant stalks. Celluloses (microcrystalline PH105 cellulose and cotton linter cellulose) are used for comparison. F and TF dynamic curves are well described by a four-step scheme. The dominant one concerns pseudo-cellulose decomposition with the release of 70 and 54 mass% volatile matter, respectively. The corresponding activation energies are in the range of typical cellulose values (223 and 211 KJ mol−1). Fiber pretreatments (water washing, mild torrefaction, mercerization) modify the pseudo-cellulose content (release of 73–80 mass% volatile matter) and properties, as testified by the higher activation energies (229–248 kJ mol−1) of the decomposition process. The decortication method also contributes remarkably to the characteristics of the fiber cellulose.
Responsible model deployment via model-agnostic uncertainty learning
Authors: Lahoti Preethi , Gummadi Krishna , Weikum Gerhard
Published: October 2022

Reliably predicting potential failure risks of machine learning (ML) systems when deployed with production data is a crucial aspect of trustworthy AI. This paper introduces the Risk Advisor, a novel post-hoc meta-learner for estimating failure risks and predictive uncertainties of any already-trained black-box classification model. In addition to providing a risk score, the Risk Advisor decomposes the uncertainty estimates into aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty components, thus giving informative insights into the sources of uncertainty inducing the failures. Consequently, Risk Advisor can distinguish between failures caused by data variability, data shifts and model limitations and provide useful guidance on appropriate risk mitigation actions (e.g., collecting more data to counter data shift). Extensive experiments on various families of black-box classification models and on real-world and synthetic datasets covering common ML failure scenarios show that the Risk Advisor reliably predicts deployment-time failure risks in all the scenarios, and outperforms strong baselines.
Dimensional reduction of Courant sigma models and Lie theory of Poisson groupoids
Authors: Cabrera Alejandro , Cueca Miquel
Published: October 2022

We show that the 2d Poisson Sigma Model on a Poisson groupoid arises as an effective theory of the 3d Courant Sigma Model associated with the double of the underlying Lie bialgebroid. This field-theoretic result follows from a Lie-theoretic one involving a coisotropic reduction of the odd cotangent bundle by a generalized space of algebroid paths. We also provide several examples, including the case of symplectic groupoids in which we relate the symplectic realization construction of Crainic–Marcut to a particular gauge fixing of the 3d theory.
Individual lipid transfer proteins from Tanacetum parthenium show different specificity for extracellular accumulation of sesquiterpenes
Authors: Kashkooli Arman Beyraghdar , van Dijk Aalt D. J. , Bouwmeester Harro , van der Krol Alexander
Published: October 2022

Key message

A highly specialized function for individual LTPs for different products from the same terpenoid biosynthesis pathway is described and the function of an LTP GPI anchor is studied.

Sequiterpenes produced in glandular trichomes of the medicinal plant Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) accumulate in the subcuticular extracellular space. Transport of these compounds over the plasma membrane is presumably by specialized membrane transporters, but it is still not clear how these hydrophobic compounds are subsequently transported over the hydrophilic cell wall. Here we identified eight so-called non-specific Lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) genes that are expressed in feverfew trichomes. A putative function of these eight nsLTPs in transport of the lipophilic sesquiterpene lactones produced in feverfew trichomes, was tested in an in-planta transport assay using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Of eight feverfew nsLTP candidate genes analyzed, two (TpLTP1 and TpLTP2) can specifically improve extracellular accumulation of the sesquiterpene costunolide, while one nsLTP (TpLTP3) shows high specificity towards export of parthenolide. The specificity of the nsLTPs was also tested in an assay that test for the exclusion capacity of the nsLTP for influx of extracellular substrates. In such assay, TpLTP3 was identified as most effective in blocking influx of both costunolide and parthenolide, when these substrates are infiltrated into the apoplast. The TpLTP3 is special in having a GPI-anchor domain, which is essential for the export activity of TpLTP3. However, addition of the TpLTP3 GPI-anchor domain to TpLTP1 resulted in loss of TpLTP1 export activity. These novel export and exclusion assays thus provide new means to test functionality of plant nsLTPs.
Utilitarian Contingent Pacifism and Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution
Authors: Chan Benedict S. B.
Published: October 2022

For the role of utilitarianism in the ethics of war and peace, Shaw suggests there is a Utilitarian War Principle (UWP) and argues that the principles of the just war theory should be treated as intermediate principles that are subordinated to UWP. He also argues that the state should be the primary legitimate authority to wage war and holder of the right of national defense. I argue that the utilitarian approach should be specifically linked with contingent pacifism, a new understanding of pacifism from within the just war tradition, and the utilitarian contingent pacifism only endorses individual self-defense but not national defense. This finding is not only theoretically important but has practical implications for the debate on Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. Utilitarian contingent pacifism supports the idealist position that Article 9 is morally significant because it makes Japan a pioneer of the new kind of pacifism.
Stratification effects without morphological strata, syllable counting effects without counts – modelling English stress assignment with Naive Discriminative Learning
Authors: Arndt-Lappe Sabine , Schrecklinger Robin , Tomaschek Fabian
Published: October 2022

Stress position in English words is well-known to correlate with both their morphological properties and their phonological organisation in terms of non-segmental, prosodic categories like syllable structure. While two generalisations capturing this correlation, directionality and stratification, are well established, the exact nature of the interaction of phonological and morphological factors in English stress assignment is a much debated issue in the literature. The present study investigates if and how directionality and stratification effects in English can be learned by means of Naive Discriminative Learning, a computational model that is trained using error-driven learning and that does not make any a-priori assumptions about the higher-level phonological organisation and morphological structure of words. Based on a series of simulation studies we show that neither directionality nor stratification need to be stipulated as a-priori properties of words or constraints in the lexicon. Stress can be learned solely on the basis of very flat word representations. Morphological stratification emerges as an effect of the model learning that informativity with regard to stress position is unevenly distributed across all trigrams constituting a word. Morphological affix classes like stress-preserving and stress-shifting affixes are, hence, not predefined classes but sets of trigrams that have similar informativity values with regard to stress position. Directionality, by contrast, emerges as spurious in our simulations; no syllable counting or recourse to abstract prosodic representations seems to be necessary to learn stress position in English.
Segmentation techniques of brain arteriovenous malformations for 3D visualization: a systematic review
Authors: Colombo Elisa , Fick Tim , Esposito Giuseppe , Germans Menno , Regli Luca , van Doormaal Tristan
Published: October 2022

Background

Visualization, analysis and characterization of the angioarchitecture of a brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) present crucial steps for understanding and management of these complex lesions. Three-dimensional (3D) segmentation and 3D visualization of bAVMs play hereby a significant role. We performed a systematic review regarding currently available 3D segmentation and visualization techniques for bAVMs.

Methods

PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies reporting 3D segmentation techniques applied to bAVM characterization. Category of input scan, segmentation (automatic, semiautomatic, manual), time needed for segmentation and 3D visualization techniques were noted.

Results

Thirty-three studies were included. Thirteen (39%) used MRI as baseline imaging modality, 9 used DSA (27%), and 7 used CT (21%). Segmentation through automatic algorithms was used in 20 (61%), semiautomatic segmentation in 6 (18%), and manual segmentation in 7 (21%) studies. Median automatic segmentation time was 10 min (IQR 33), semiautomatic 25 min (IQR 73). Manual segmentation time was reported in only one study, with the mean of 5–10 min. Thirty-two (97%) studies used screens to visualize the 3D segmentations outcomes and 1 (3%) study utilized a heads-up display (HUD). Integration with mixed reality was used in 4 studies (12%).

Conclusions

A golden standard for 3D visualization of bAVMs does not exist. This review describes a tendency over time to base segmentation on algorithms trained with machine learning. Unsupervised fuzzy-based algorithms thereby stand out as potential preferred strategy. Continued efforts will be necessary to improve algorithms, integrate complete hemodynamic assessment and find innovative tools for tridimensional visualization.
Von den „frustrierten akademischen Plebejern“ zum gesellschaftlichen „Patriziat“
Authors: Klein Markus
Published: October 2022

Der Beitrag untersucht die Entwicklung der Wählerschaft von Bündnis90/Die Grünen seit der Gründung der Partei. Die Datengrundlage bilden die kumulierten ALLBUS-Erhebungen der Jahre 1980–2018. Über den Untersuchungszeitraum hinweg zeigt sich für Westdeutschland ein steigender Trend in der Unterstützung von Bündnis90/Die Grünen. Mittels einer hierarchischen Alter-Perioden-Kohorten-Analyse mit fixen Kohorteneffekten (HAPK-FC) wird gezeigt, dass die Unterstützung für Bündnis90/Die Grünen in der Generationenfolge zunimmt. Lebenszykluseffekte existieren hingegen nicht. Darüber hinaus lässt sich ein positiver Effekt der Zugehörigkeit zur sozialen und kulturellen Dienstklasse auf die Wahl der Grünen nachweisen. In abgeschwächter Form zeigen sich diese Befunde auch in Ostdeutschland.
Noninvasive assessment of renal function and fibrosis in CKD patients using histogram analysis based on diffusion kurtosis imaging
Authors: Yuan Guanjie , Qu Weinuo , Li Shichao , Liang Ping , He Kangwen , Li Anqin , Li Jiali , Hu Daoyu , Xu Chuou , Li Zhen
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To investigate the potential of histogram analysis based on diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in evaluating renal function and fibrosis associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Materials and methods

Thirty-six CKD patients were enrolled, and DKI was performed in all patients before the renal biopsy. The histogram parameters of diffusivity (D) and kurtosis (K) were obtained using FireVoxel. The histogram parameters between the stable [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2] and impaired (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) eGFR group were compared. Besides, patients were classified into mild, moderate, and severe fibrosis group using a semi-quantitative standard. The correlations of histogram parameters with eGFR and fibrosis scores were investigated and the diagnostic performances of histogram parameters in assessing renal dysfunction and fibrosis were analyzed. The added value of combination of most significant parameter with 24 h urinary protein (24 h-UPRO) in evaluating fibrosis was also explored.

Results

Seven D histogram parameters in cortex (mean, median, 10th, 25th, 75th, 90th percentiles and entropy), two D histogram parameters in medulla (75th, 90th percentiles), seven K histogram parameters in cortex (mean, min, median, 10th, 25th, 75th, 90th percentiles) and three K histogram parameters in medulla (mean, median, 25th percentile) were significantly different between the two groups. The Dmean of cortex was the most relevant parameter to eGFR (r = 0.648, P < 0.001) and had the largest area under the curve (AUC) for differentiating the stable from impaired eGFR group [AUC = 0.889; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.728–0.970]. The K90th of cortex presented the strongest correlation with fibrosis scores (r = 0.575, P < 0.001) and achieved the largest AUC for distinguishing the mild from moderate to severe fibrosis group (AUC = 0.849, 95% CI 0.706–0.993). Combining the K90th in cortex with 24 h-UPRO gained statistically higher AUC value (AUC = 0.880, 95% CI 0.763–0.996).

Conclusion

Histogram analysis based on DKI is practicable for the noninvasive assessment of renal function and fibrosis in CKD patients.
Carney complex- why thorough medical history taking is so important - report of three cases and review of the literature
Authors: Harbeck B. , Flitsch J. , Kreitschmann-Andermahr I.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To present a new case series and to review the literature on Carney complex (CNC) with an emphasis on highlighting key clinical features of the disease and pointing out possibilities of shortening the diagnostic process.

Method

Searches of PubMed, identifying relevant reports up to April 2022.

Results

CNC is a rare, autosomally dominant inherited neoplasia -endocrinopathy syndrome with high clinical variability, even among members of the same family. Data on length of diagnostic process are scarce with numerous case series reporting a diagnostic delay of decades. Suggestions to shorten the diagnostic process includes awareness of the multi-faceted clinical presentations of CNC, thorough history taking of index patients and family members and awareness of diagnostic pitfalls. Importantly, unusual symptom combinations should alert the clinician to suspect a rare endocrinopathy syndrome such as CNC. Already present and coming on the horizon are databases and novel phenotyping technologies that will aid endocrinologists in their quest for timely diagnosis.

Conclusion

In this review, we examine the current state of knowledge in CNC and suggest avenues for shortening the diagnostic journey for the afflicted patients.
L-Histidine immobilized montmorillonite for As(III) adsorption and statistical verification of data by PDF, AICcorrected and AADR models
Authors: Batool Aneeqa , Shah Khizar Hussain , Hussain Sajid , Hussain Zakir , Naqvi Syed Ali Raza , Sherazi Tauqir A.
Published: October 2022

L-Histidine immobilized montmorillonite is prepared and used as an adsorbent for removal of As(III) from aqueous solutions. The L-Histidine immobilized montmorillonite is characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA and PZC techniques that confirmed the successful insertion of Histidine into interlayer of montmorillonite structure. The various parameters such as pH, reaction time, temperature, concentration of As(III) and adsorbent dosage are optimized to obtain maximum As(III) adsorption. It is observed that usually the removal of As(III) is increased with increasing the amount of adsorbent, contact time, temperature and till pH 6. The results showed that all these adsorption parameters greatly influenced the adsorption process. The various adsorption isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radishkevich (DR) as well as kinetics models are applied to the adsorption data. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics model are well-fitted to the adsorption data. Further, the probability distribution function (PDF) is applied that verified the adsorption data well while the Akaike’s Information Criterion (AICcorrected) and Absolute Average Relative Deviation (AARD) statistical models supported the best fit adsorption isotherms. The PDF model have provided a good statistical identification of adsorption parameters, adsorption rates and maxima whereas AICcorrected and AARD models revealed the well-fitting of Langmuir adsorption isotherm model in correlating the equilibrium data. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) proved the endothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption process along with entropical changes occurring at solid-solution interface. The results showed that L-Histidine immobilized montmorillonite is an excellent material for As(III) adsorption with maximum adsorption capacity of 87.7 mg g−1.
The rescaled Pólya urn: local reinforcement and chi-squared goodness-of-fit test
Authors: Aletti Giacomo , Crimaldi Irene
Published: October 2022

Motivated by recent studies of big samples, this work aims to construct a parametric model which is characterized by the following features: (i) a ‘local’ reinforcement, i.e. a reinforcement mechanism mainly based on the last observations, (ii) a random persistent fluctuation of the predictive mean, and (iii) a long-term almost sure convergence of the empirical mean to a deterministic limit, together with a chi-squared goodness-of-fit result for the limit probabilities. This triple purpose is achieved by the introduction of a new variant of the Eggenberger–Pólya urn, which we call the rescaled Pólya urn. We provide a complete asymptotic characterization of this model, pointing out that, for a certain choice of the parameters, it has properties different from the ones typically exhibited by the other urn models in the literature. Therefore, beyond the possible statistical application, this work could be interesting for those who are concerned with stochastic processes with reinforcement.
Extended kinetic theory for granular flow in a vertical chute
Authors: Islam Mudasir Ul , Jenkins J. T. , Das S. L.
Published: October 2022

We consider steady, fully-developed flows of deformable, inelastic grains driven by gravity between identical bumpy walls. Using constitutive relations from extended kinetic theory (EKT) for the erodible bed near the centreline and the collisional flow between the surfaces of the bed and the walls, we calculate the fields of mean velocity, fluctuation velocity and solid volume fraction across the chute. We consider both situations in which the solid volume fraction at and near the centreline is high enough to form a bed and when it is not. We compare results predicted by EKT with recent discrete element simulations results, and obtain very good agreement.
Frankfurt am Meer: The “Illiberal” Liberalism of the German Confederation and Its Aspirations over the Habsburg Adriatic in 1848
Authors: Maritan Mario
Published: October 2022

In 1848, Habsburg Trieste became the target of German nationalists gathered in Frankfurt. The Frankfurt parliament, born out of the revolutions of 1848, has been widely depicted as a liberal experience. Yet its nationalist stances, which included the creation of a unitary German state through the absorption of vast multiethnic regions of the Habsburg monarchy, whose Austrian crownlands were part of the German Confederation, bear witness to the illiberal nature of the Frankfurt parenthesis of 1848–1849. Notwithstanding the assimilatory tendencies of the Frankfurt parliament, Italian activists in Trieste supported the inclusion of the Habsburg port in an enlarged Germany, hoping to break away from Habsburg rule, which they portrayed as oppressive. This article argues that the contradictory Italian support for the German Confederation highlights the paradoxes at the basis of nationalist movements at their onset, while also pointing to the difficulty that nation-states would soon witness in dealing with other ethnic groups within their borders. On the contrary, it was the Habsburg monarchy that, in its centuries-long tradition of accommodating different ethnicities into its fold, represented what to present-day observers comes closer to political liberalism than the so-called liberal national parties that opposed Habsburg rule.
L.B. Vishnyatsky and V.A. Burlacu. (2021). Buzdujeni 1: A multi-layered Middle Palaeolithic cave site in the basin of the river Pruth (in Russian, 256 pp, 120 figs, 19 tables, 3 appendices. St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya)
Authors: ALLSWORTH-JONES PHILIP
Published: October 2022

This review presents a summary of the Buzdujeni I report, which is only available in Russian, alongside recent publications in English concerning both this site and other cave sites that were included in an extensive programme of research into the later Palaeolithic of Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia.
Equality, Reciprocity, or Need? Bolstering Welfare Policy Support for Marginalized Groups with Distributive Fairness
Authors: FINDOR ANDREJ , HRUŠKA MATEJ , HLATKY ROMAN , HRUSTIČ TOMÁŠ , BOŠEĽOVÁ ZUZANA
Published: October 2022

The literature on welfare chauvinism suggests that dominant majorities are less likely to support redistribution across identity lines. To encourage support, scholarship recommends designing policies universally and signaling beneficiary deservingness. However, policies that support disadvantaged groups cannot always be designed universally. Moreover, dominant groups often hold minoritized groups to a deservingness double standard. Thus, we ask, what are effective ways to increase support for out-group redistribution? We argue that distributive justice principles—justifications for who should get what and why—can bolster support for out-group redistributive policies. We test this argument through three experiments in Slovakia, with the Roma as the out-group. Majority Slovaks support policies predicated on the principle of reciprocity—with benefits conditional on contribution. Unconditional policies and policies that are motivated by the need principle garner minority Roma support. Given salient anti-Roma prejudice, we consider our findings a floor. For less stigmatized out-groups, reciprocity-based policies may further bolster support.
Early biomineralization and exceptional preservation of the first thrombolite reefs with archaeocyaths in the lower Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Azizi Abdelfattah , El Albani Abderrazak , El Bakhouche Asmaa , Vinn Olev , Bankole Olabode M. , Fontaine Claude , Hafid Ahmid , Kouraiss Khaoula , El Hariri Khadija
Published: October 2022

Thrombolite reefs with archaeocyaths are common in the subtidal limestones of the lower Cambrian in the western Anti-Atlas of Morocco. The Igoudine Formation of the Tata Group recorded the first replacement of the microbial consortium (stromatolite-dominated) by thrombolite reefs with archaeocyaths and shelly metazoans. In order to better understand the role of the microbial community in the formation of thrombolite reefs with archaeocyaths across this critical transition, the macro-, micro- and ultra-fabric of thrombolites have been studied in detail. Three major components are identified within the first thrombolytic reef: archaeocyaths, calcimicrobes and micritic matrix. The studied thrombolites are typically dominated by the calcimicrobe Renalcis with subordinate Epiphyton and Girvanella. Scanning electron microscopy of the dark micrite of the Renalcis chambers showed amorphous translucent sheet-like structures interpreted as extracellular polymeric substances, closely associated with organominerals including nanoglobules and polyhedrons. Exceptionally well-preserved Renalcis chambers contain bacterial fossils similar to those described in modern microbialites, including microspherical coccoid fossils and filamentous bacteria that are either spaced or in close associations forming colonies. These organomineralization-related features suggest a bacterial origin for the Renalcis calcimicrobe. The matrices between the Renalcis chambers consist predominantly of clotted peloidal micrite. Mineralization of Renalcis microframes may involve two major biomineralization processes: (1) replacement of organic matter by organominerals resulting from anaerobic degradation of extracellular polymeric substances and bacterial sheaths and (2) encrustation of bacterial sheaths and extracellular polymeric substances due to increasing alkalinity of the microenvironment. These mechanisms played a crucial role in the early diagenetic cementation and preservation of the studied reefs.
Out of Sync: Dispersed Short Selling and the Correction of Mispricing
Authors: Gargano Antonio , Sotes-Paladino Juan , Verwijmeren Patrick
Published: October 2022

How synchronized are short sellers? We examine a unique data set on the distribution of profits across a stock’s short sellers and find evidence of substantial dispersion in the initiation of their positions. Consistent with this dispersion reflecting “synchronization risk,” that is, uncertainty among short sellers about when others will short sell, more dispersed short selling signals i) greater stock overpricing and ii) longer delays in overpricing correction. These effects are prevalent even among stocks facing low short-selling costs or other explicit constraints. Overall, our findings provide novel cross-sectional evidence of synchronization problems among short sellers and their pricing implications.
Vitamin D and depressive symptoms in an early adolescent cohort
Authors: Wang Gengfu , Yuan Mengyuan , Chang Junjie , Li Yonghan , Blum Robert , Su Puyu
Published: October 2022

Background

To explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between vitamin D and depressive symptoms across early adolescence.

Methods

This longitudinal study included 1607 early adolescents [mean (s.d.) age, 12.49 years; 972 (60.5%) males] from the Chinese Early Adolescents Cohort, recruited from a middle school in Anhui Province and followed up annually (2019–2021). Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured in both 2019 and 2021. Self-reports on depression were assessed at each of three time points from 2019 to 2021.

Results

In the whole sample, higher baseline serum 25(OH)D levels were linked with a lower risk of cumulative incident depression within two-year follow-ups (adjusted RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99) and the increasing trajectory of depression symptoms across the three waves (adjusted RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99). Baseline vitamin D deficiency (VDD) (adjusted RR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.10–2.05) were associated with an increased risk for the increasing trajectory of depression symptoms across the three waves. Remitted VDD was positively related to one dichotomous depression symptoms across three waves (adjusted OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.15–4.01). The above-mentioned significant association was also found in males. Additionally, baseline VDD (adjusted OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.04–2.44) and persistent VDD (adjusted OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.02–2.60) were linked to an increased risk of having two dichotomous depression symptoms only in males.

Conclusions

Our results highlight a prospective association between baseline vitamin D and depression risk in early adolescents. Additionally, a male-specific association between vitamin D and depression risk was observed. Our findings support a potential beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation in reducing depression risk in early adolescents.
‘Droughts and Flooding Rains’: Ecology and Australian Theatre in the 1950s
Authors: Varney Denise
Published: October 2022

This article uses historical-ecological insights for a re-reading of two little-known mid-twentieth-century Australian plays, Oriel Gray’s The Torrents and Eunice Hanger’s Flood, which highlight developments relevant to the environmental disasters of today. In particular, the article focuses on the significance of key cultural assumptions embedded in the texts – and a revival of The Torrents in 2019 – including those to do with land use in a period of accelerating development. This approach offers new insights into the dominance of mining, irrigation, and dam-building activities within the Australian ethos, landscape, and economy. One of these insights is the framing of development as progressive. The article thus also examines how development projected as progressive takes place amid the continuing denial of prior occupation of the land by First Nations peoples and of knowledge systems developed over thousands of years. The intersectional settler-colonialist-ecocritical approach here seeks to capture the compounding ecosystem that is modern Australian theatre and its critique. The intention is not to apply revisionist critiques of 1950s plays but to explore the historical relationship between humans, colonialism, and the physical environment over time. Denise Varney is Professor of Theatre Studies in the School of Culture and Communication at the University of Melbourne. Her research is in modern and contemporary theatre and performance, with published work in the areas of ecocriticism, feminism, and Australian theatre. Her most recent book is Patrick White’s Theatre: Australian Modernism on Stage 1960–2018 (Sydney University Press, 2021).
A Private Honesty: Torture and Interiority in the Theatre of Sarah Kane
Authors: Colangelo Jeremy
Published: October 2022

This article analyzes the role of pain and torture in the construction and destruction of subjectivity by way of a comparison of the depictions of torture in the theatre of Sarah Kane and Elaine’s Scarry’s highly influential The Body in Pain: On the Making and Unmaking of the World. The essay uses Kane in conjunction with the phenomenology of Emmanuel Levinas, as well as relevant work on the history and sociology of privacy and private speech. Its purpose is to develop an account of what is here called pain’s bi-directional character, or its capacity to represent both the presence and the absence of the victim’s subjectivity, possibly at the same time. Using Kane to expand upon Scarry’s account of the role of subjectivity in torture, we can see how the logic of torture structures numerous relationships in Kane’s work, including Blasted, Phaedra’s Love, Cleansed, and Crave. The essay establishes Kane as not only a major playwright, but also a subtle and perceptive theorist of suffering for whom the question of intersubjectivity is a major site of dramatic struggle. Jeremy Colangelo is the author of Diaphanous Bodies: Ability, Disability, and Modernist Irish Literature (University of Michigan Press, 2021) and the editor of Joyce Writing Disability (University Press of Florida, 2022). His work has appeared in such journals as Modern Fiction Studies, Journal of Modern Literature, Textual Practice, and Modern Drama. He currently teaches at King’s University College, University of Western Ontario.
Collective Responsibility Should be Treated as a Virtue
Authors: Astola Mandi
Published: October 2022

We often praise and blame groups of people like companies or governments, just like we praise and blame individual persons. This makes sense. Because some of the most important problems in our society, like climate change or mass surveillance, are not caused by individual people, but by groups. Philosophers have argued that there exists such a thing as group responsibility, which does not boil down to individual responsibility. This type of responsibility can only exist in groups that are organized with joint knowledge, actions and intentions. However, often disorganized groups without joint knowledge, actions and intentions are precisely the kinds of groups that cause problems. Therefore, in such cases, it becomes difficult, according to traditional accounts of collective responsibility to attribute responsibility to such groups. This has problematic implications. Therefore, I propose a new way of seeing collective responsibility, which is able to attribute the vice of irresponsibility to such disorganized groups. This involves seeing responsibility not as a relationship between the group and some action, but rather, as a virtue. In cases where it is difficult to establish whether a group is responsible for something, we should ask ‘is this group responsible, or irresponsible?’ This line of questioning is likely to be a more productive and philosophically legitimate way of holding groups morally responsible in such cases.
The Need for Phronesis
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the state of public and academic discourse about socio-moral issues elicited by the Covid-19 pandemic, through two informal case studies of Facebook statuses and columns in two leading UK newspapers. The Facebook statuses tended to focus on performance virtues as remedies rather than moral virtues, whereas a survey among the general public highlighted the role of moral virtues. Divisions of opinion among columnists in the Guardian and Daily Telegraph turned out to be about different prioritisations of moral virtues rather than a trade-off between virtues and economic values. However, missing from all those discourses was attention to the meta-virtue of phronesis, or practical wisdom, as an adjudicator of virtue conflicts. Recent psychological work on wisdom does not fully ameliorate this lacuna; the paper argues that a retrieval of the Aristotelian concept of phronesis is needed to help us make balanced moral decisions.
Decoding Vietnam's Foreign Policy After the Thirteenth National Party Congress: Process, Continuity, and Adjustment
Authors: Dang Cam Tu , Nguyen Vu Tung
Published: October 2022

As the third decade of the twenty-first century begins, Vietnam embarks on a more advanced phase of national development and international integration, with a greater emphasis on foreign policy as part of the country's overall national defence and development strategy. This informs greater expectations about shifts in Vietnam's foreign policy perception and discourse in pursuit of national interests and the regime's legitimacy amidst major domestic and international developments. This article analyses the making, in terms of processes and actors, and the evolution, in terms of themes and directions, of Vietnam's foreign policy under the Thirteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, which was held in early 2021. The article argues that while embedding continuity with what the country has been pursuing since its renovation process (known as Doi Moi) started in the mid-1980s, Vietnam's foreign policy under the Thirteenth Party Congress is crafted on a broader base of domestic consensus and features new dimensions, implying stronger domestic support for Hanoi's conduct of foreign affairs and a Vietnamese nation brand with greater visibility and contribution in the regional and global arenas in the coming years.
Globally Increasing Atmospheric Aridity Over the 21st Century
Authors: Fang Zhongxiang , Zhang Wenmin , Brandt Martin , Abdi Abdulhakim M. , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: October 2022

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is of great importance to control the land‐atmosphere exchange of water and CO2. Here we use in situ observations to assess the performance of monthly VPD calculated from state‐of‐the‐art data sets including CRU, ERA5, and Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA2). We investigate trends in VPD at global scale and for different climatic zones for 1981–2020 and future trends (2021–2100) from Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) outputs. The results show that monthly VPD estimated from CRU, ERA5, and MERRA2 correlated well against in situ estimates from 15,531 World Meteorological Organization stations, with R2 ranging between 0.92 and 0.96. Moreover, robust correlations were also found across in situ stations and when analyzing different months separately. During 1981–2020, VPD increased in all climatic zones, with the strongest increase in the arid zone, followed by tropical, temperate, cold and polar zones. CMIP6 simulations show a continuously increasing trend in VPD (0.028 hPa year−1), with the largest increase in the arid zone (0.063 hPa year−1). The magnitudes of trends are found to increase following the magnitude of CO2 increases in the future emission scenarios. We highlight that atmospheric aridification will continue under global warming, which may pose an increasing threat to terrestrial ecosystems and particularly dryland agricultural systems.
Size Ranges of Magnetic Domain States in Tetrataenite
Authors: Mansbach Elias N. , Shah Jay , Williams Wyn , Maurel Clara , Bryson James F. J. , Weiss Benjamin P.
Published: October 2022

Paleomagnetic studies of meteorites provide unique constraints on the evolution of magnetic fields in the early solar system. These studies rely on the identification of magnetic minerals that can retain stable magnetizations over ≳4.5 billion years (Ga). The ferromagnetic mineral tetrataenite (γ''‐Fe0.5Ni0.5) is found in iron, stony‐iron and chondrite meteorite groups. Nanoscale intergrowths of tetrataenite have been shown to carry records of paleomagnetic fields, although the effect of magnetostatic interactions on their magnetic remanence acquisition remains to be fully understood. Tetrataenite can also occur as isolated, non‐interacting, nanoscale grains in many meteorite groups, although the paleomagnetic potential of these grains is particularly poorly understood. Here, we aim to improve our understanding of tetrataenite magnetization to refine our knowledge of existing paleomagnetic analyses and broaden the spectrum of meteorite groups that can be used for future paleomagnetic studies. We present the results of analytical calculations and micromagnetic modeling of isolated tetrataenite grains with various geometries. We find that tetrataenite forms a stable single domain state at grain lengths between 6 and ∼160 nm dependent on its elongation. It also possesses a magnetization resistant to viscous remagnetization over the lifetime of the solar system at 293 K. At larger grain sizes, tetrataenite's lowest energy state is a lamellar two‐domain state, stable at Ga‐scale timescales. Unlike many other magnetic minerals, tetrataenite does not form a single‐vortex domain state due to its large uniaxial anisotropy. Our results show that single domain and two‐domain tetrataenite grains carry an extremely stable magnetization and therefore are promising for paleomagnetic studies.
Role of Biodiversity in Ecological Calendars and Its Implications for Food Sovereignty: Empirical Assessment of the Resilience of Indicator Species to Anthropogenic Climate Change
Authors: Kassam Karim‐Aly S. , Bernardo Joseph
Published: October 2022

Ecological calendars are knowledge systems based on close observation of one's habitat to measure and give meaning to time, thereby providing anticipatory capacity for livelihood activities and contributing to food sovereignty. They rely upon seasonal indicators that integrate biophysical and ecological phenomena (e.g., first snowfall, last frost, blossoming of a tree species; seasonal appearance of an animal or plant) with locally grounded cultural meaning and value systems. These context‐specific relationships have enabled Indigenous and rural societies to anticipate weather and other seasonal processes in their environment. However, anthropogenic climate change could undermine ecological calendars due to adverse impacts on specific indicators species, but this issue remains unexplored. We address this knowledge gap by examining how anthropogenic climate change might affect selected species (birds, fish, and mammals) that are seasonal and key to Indigenous food systems in two Western Arctic communities. We leverage existing dietary animal datasets to which we apply a novel methodology for assessing organismal vulnerability to climate change. The methodology uses intrinsic species traits such as physiological tolerances, genetic variability, and life history traits to generate an empirical and integrative assessment of vulnerability for any given species. Subsequently, an aggregate view of vulnerability across calendar species is achieved through comparative statistical analysis across species both within and between communities. This exercise permits the first quantitative assessment of the continued relevance and effective use of an ecological calendar, thus demonstrating that food sovereignty and livelihood security is enhanced by biodiversity of indicator species.
A Double‐Edged Sword: The Role of Sulfate in Anoxic Marine Phosphorus Cycling Through Earth History
Authors: Kipp Michael A.
Published: October 2022

Modern anoxic marine sediments release phosphorus (P) to seawater, driving feedbacks at multiple timescales. On sub‐Myr timescales, anoxic P regeneration amplifies ocean deoxygenation; on multi‐Myr timescales, it stabilizes atmospheric O2. Some authors have extended this thinking to the Precambrian: by analogy, widespread ocean anoxia would imply extensive P regeneration from sediments. However, this neglects the role of sulfate in P regeneration. While abundant in seawater today, sulfate was scarce in the Precambrian. Here a simple model is used to isolate the role of sulfate in anoxic P cycling. The model reproduces known feedbacks driven by anoxic P regeneration in a high‐sulfate world, but shows muted P regeneration in low‐sulfate, anoxic sediments. The transition between “limited” and “enhanced” P regeneration is thus controlled by sulfate. As a result, sulfate is a double‐edged sword wielded by the anoxic P cycle: it can amplify oxygenation or deoxygenation depending on environmental context.
Association of the Main Phase of the Geomagnetic Storms in Solar Cycles 23 and 24 With Corresponding Solar Wind‐IMF Parameters
Authors: Manu V. , Balan N. , Zhang Q.‐H. , Xing Z.‐Y.
Published: October 2022

The occurrence and intensity of the geomagnetic storms/activity in the weak solar cycle 24 (SC24) were studied mainly for low latitudes, with intensity being the maximum value of the activity. The impulsive strength of the activity giving its mean value during the main phase, which can better indicate the effect of the activity on utility systems, has not received much attention at any latitude. In this paper, we investigate the intensity and impulsive strength of the 179 and 85 clear geomagnetic activities (DstMin ≤ −50 nT) identified in the low, mid and high latitude indices (SymH, Kp, and AE) and corresponding solar wind velocity V, IMF Bz, and the product V × Bz in solar cycles 23–24 (1996–2019) for the first time. Compared to SC23, the total intensity and total impulsive strength in SC24 in all latitudes reduce by nearly equal amounts (∼60%) as the reduction in the number of activities (∼53%). The average intensity and average impulsive strength, however, reduce by nearly equal and largest amounts in low latitudes (∼23%), which is close to the reduction in the combination <−(V × Bz)MP > by ∼30%. At mid and high latitudes, the average intensity and average impulsive strength reduce by only small amounts (∼7.5%). Only the impulsive strength of the geomagnetic activity at low latitudes (IpsSymH) and the combination <−(V × Bz)MP> identify the two power outages happened in SC23. The correlation between IpsSymH and <−(V × Bz)MP> is also high (0.83) in SC23.
Vapor Isotope Probing of Typhoons Invading the Taiwan Region in 2016
Authors: Bhattacharya Sourendra K. , Sarkar Anindya , Liang Mao‐Chang
Published: October 2022

Every year, several typhoons originating from the West Pacific come close to Taiwan, modulating the regional weather through intense rainfall and enhanced humidity. The isotopic ratios (δ18O and δD) in the typhoon vapor evolve along its track due to rainout, recycling, and replenishment. In 2016, this signature was recorded in Taipei as typhoon vapors invaded the local atmosphere. After typhoon disintegration, the isotope ratios of the local atmosphere slowly return to the background value. The fall and rise in the ratios give rise to a V‐shaped variation. The processes controlling the fall (like moisture turnover, typhoon speed, wind speed, and direction) are fast (1–2 days). In contrast, the recovery is slow (several days) depending on the replacement rate of the local atmospheric moisture by incoming oceanic vapor. An isotope evolution model based on Rayleigh condensation and a box model of moisture mixing in the recovery phase are proposed and employed to explain the V‐shape. The combination of these two models for four major typhoons (Nepartak, Megi, Meranti, and Malakas) shows close agreement with observations. The evolution model suggests that the precipitation efficiency, PE (rainfall/overhead moisture), and typhoon size are two important parameters controlling the decrease in ratio. The characteristic turnover time of typhoon moisture (inverse of PE, obtained from European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts fifth Re‐Analysis data) is estimated to be ∼2 days for a Pacific typhoon of 500 km radius. Our isotope study provides important constraints on the moisture budget of Pacific typhoons.
Cooling and Contraction of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere From 2002 to 2021
Authors: Mlynczak Martin G. , Hunt Linda A. , Garcia Rolando R. , Harvey V. Lynn , Marshall Benjamin T. , Yue Jia , Mertens Christopher J. , Russell James M.
Published: October 2022

We examine the thermal structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) using observations from 2002 through 2021 from the SABER instrument on the NASA TIMED satellite. These observations show that the MLT has significantly cooled and contracted between the years 2002 and 2019 (the year of the most recent solar minimum) due to a combination of a decline in the intensity of the 11‐year solar cycle and increasing carbon dioxide (CO2.) During this time the thickness of atmosphere between the 1  and 10−4 hPa pressure surfaces (approximately 48 and 105 km) has contracted by 1,333 m, of which 342 m is attributed to increasing CO2. All other pressure surfaces in the MLT have similarly contracted. We further postulate that the MLT in the two most recent solar minima (2008–2009 and 2019–2020) was very likely the coldest and thinnest since the beginning of the Industrial Age. The sensitivity of the MLT to a doubling of CO2 is shown to be −7.5 K based on observed trends in temperature and growth rates of CO2. Colder temperatures observed at 10−4 hPa in 2019 than in the prior solar minimum in 2009 may be due to a decrease of 5% in solar irradiance in the Schumann‐Runge band spectral region (175–200 nm).
A New Aerosol Dry Deposition Model for Air Quality and Climate Modeling
Authors: Pleim Jonathan E. , Ran Limei , Saylor Rick D. , Willison Jeff , Binkowski Francis S.
Published: October 2022

Dry deposition of aerosols from the atmosphere is an important but poorly understood and inadequately modeled process in atmospheric systems for climate and air quality. Comparisons of currently used aerosol dry deposition models to a compendia of published field measurement studies in various landscapes show very poor agreement over a wide range of particle sizes. In this study, we develop and test a new aerosol dry deposition model that is a modification of the current model in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The new model agrees much better with measured dry deposition velocities across particle sizes. The key innovation is the addition of a second inertial impaction term for microscale obstacles such as leaf hairs, microscale ridges, and needleleaf edge effects. The most significant effect of the new model is to increase the mass dry deposition of the accumulation mode aerosols in CMAQ. Accumulation mode mass dry deposition velocities increase by almost an order of magnitude in forested areas with lesser increases for shorter vegetation. Peak PM2.5 concentrations are reduced in some forested areas by up to 40% in CMAQ simulations. Over the continuous United States, the new model reduced PM2.5 by an average of 16% for July 2018 at the Air Quality System monitoring sites. For summer 2018 simulations, bias and error of PM2.5 concentrations are significantly reduced, especially in forested areas.