bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicações dos biotecidos na cirurgia plástica: Uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Araújo Rafael Silva de , Mussalem Matheus Galvão Valadares Bertolini , Silva Nicole Tortoro , Garcia Elvio Bueno , Ferreira Lydia Masako
Published: January 2025

Introdução Biotecidos são combinações organizadas de substâncias sintéticas e/ou biológicas que interagem com sistemas biológicos complexos para tratar, substituir ou remodelar tecidos ou órgãos. A bioengenharia de tecidos emprega diversos métodos, incluindo scaffolds biológicos e sintéticos, com interação com células-tronco e citocinas. Esta revisão examina técnicas e métodos para a síntese de biotecidos, além de sua eficácia em modelos animais e humanos.

Materiais e Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão sistematizada da literatura nas plataformas PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo e Cochrane, utilizando descritores específicos. A análise focou na identificação dos países de origem dos estudos, categorização das técnicas e recursos empregados, visando auxiliar na escolha de estratégias para o uso de biotecidos na cirurgia plástica reconstrutiva.

Resultados Dos 37 artigos selecionados, 15 abordaram experimentação in vitro, 14 in vivo, e 8 utilizaram ambas as abordagens. Os estudos foram classificados em 3 subtemas principais: adipogênese (18 artigos), angiogênese (10 artigos) e condrogênese (nove artigos), todos voltados para reconstruções teciduais.

Conclusão Os avanços no uso de biomateriais na medicina regenerativa são promissores, com experimentos satisfatórios alinhados à cirurgia plástica contemporânea. Embora a aplicação em humanos seja limitada, o potencial das células-tronco e fatores de crescimento sugerem avanços significativos que devem ser melhor desenvolvidos isoladamente em estudos futuros. Esta revisão esclarece as tecnologias e progressos no uso de biomateriais, destacando seu impacto na evolução técnica da cirurgia plástica reconstrutiva.
Retalho anterolateral da coxa para o tratamento de sequelas da angina de Ludwig: Relato de caso
Authors: Veloso Olga Lanusa Leite , Silva Diego Arley Gomes da , Lima Felipe Mazza de , Silva Kariny Oliveira , Pinho Pessoa Breno Bezerra Gomes de , Menezes Júnior José Maria Sampaio de
Published: January 2025

A angina de Ludwig é um processo infeccioso polimicrobiano, geralmente de origem odontogênica, que requer diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, e é agravada por doenças sistêmicas. Procedimentos cirúrgicos podem ser necessários, como desbridamento e criação de retalhos para reconstrução. O retalho anterolateral da coxa é um retalho livre com inúmeras vantagens, como grande área doadora e sequelas funcionais mínimas. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso de angina de Ludwig grave em que um retalho anterolateral da coxa foi utilizado para tratar as sequelas.
Complicações não habituais da cirurgia plástica de abdome que causam dor pós-operatória de diagnóstico difícil: Uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Pires Samara Tessari , Rosseto Marcelo
Published: January 2025

Introdução A cirurgia plástica abdominal está sujeita a complicações comuns, como hematoma, seroma e deiscência de suturas, a complicações graves, como sepse e tromboembolismo, e a complicações não habituais, como síndrome de quebra-nozes, pioderma gangrenoso, hérnia de hiato e distonia da motricidade do esôfago, que podem causar dor de diagnóstico difícil no pós-operatório, o que leva o cirurgião e a sua equipe a inúmeros diagnósticos por vezes não coincidentes com a patologia devido à raridade dos casos.

Materiais e Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa dos casos das complicações não habituais da cirurgia plástica de abdome relatados nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e LILACS, e os achados foram comparados com a casuística de um dos autores (MR) nos últimos 30 anos.

Resultados Não foram encontrados artigos de casos de síndrome de quebra-nozes e de distonia da motricidade do esôfago associados à abdominoplastia nas bases de dados. Foram encontrados nove casos de pioderma gangrenoso e três casos de hérnia de hiato. Na casuística de um dos autores (MR), havia um caso de cada uma das complicações, os quais foram comparados com os casos encontrados na literatura.

Conclusão As complicações não habituais da abdominoplastia influenciam a recuperação pós-operatória do paciente e podem dar origem à dor associada a outros sinais e sintomas de diagnóstico difícil.
Effect of a heavy neon impurity on heat capacity of solid parahydrogen
Authors: Bagatskiĭ M. I. , Minchina I. Ya. , Manzheliĭ V. G.
Published: January 2025

The heat capacity of solid solutions p-H2–o-H2–Ne with orthohydrogen concentration 5 · 10–3–1.3 mole% and neon concentration 0.02–0.25 mole% is investigated under equilibrium vapor pressure in the temperature range 1–8 K. The excess heat capacity ΔC of the solutions relative to the heat capacity of parahydrogen is determined. The temperature dependence of ΔC is nonmonotonic and has a peak at T = 5.7 K. In the temperature range 1–8 K, ΔC(T) does not depend on the neon concentration. It is concluded that the limiting solubility of Ne at helium temperatures is found to be lower than 0.02%. The anomalous behavior of ΔC(T) at T > 3 K is associated with a change in the arrangement of hydrogen molecules in the vicinity of neon atoms.
Effect of an ac electric field on weak electron localization in Bi films
Authors: Belevtsev B. I. , Hasse J. , Anopchenko A. S. , Beliayev E. Yu.
Published: January 2025

We have studied the effects of weak localization and electron-electron interaction in the conductivity of Bi films at temperatures between 1.1 and 4.2 K in the presence of a high-frequency electric field (≃9.4 GHz). The experiments were carried out under conditions of no appreciable overheating of electrons due to a microwave radiation. The data obtained permit us to examine the influence of temperature on quantum corrections Δσ(Ω) at high-frequency electric field more comprehensively and reliably than in earlier works. The experimental dependences Δσ(Ω,T) are found to be in good agreement with the known theoretical models.
Breakdown of antiferrodistortion Jahn–Teller ordering in a KDy(MoO4)2 crystal in a magnetic field: intermediate phase formation
Authors: Kharchenko Yu. N.
Published: January 2025

The layered crystal KDy(MoO4)2 has been investigated by means of polarization optics in the wavelength range 400–800 nm in a magnetic field applied along the direction of the maximum g-factor of the sites of one of the sublattices. A new field-induced structural phase transition is revealed at T=7 K in the field H1=32 kOe. The mutual transformations between the low- and high-temperature phases occur through the formation of an intermediate phase which might have a modulated structure. The extrapolation of the temperature dependences H1(T) and H2(T) of the transition fields indicates that the intermediate crystal phase must also exist at H=0 in the temperature range from T1 = 11.5 K to T2=14.3 K.
Variation of polarization induced by a varying magnetic field at low spin temperatures
Authors: Abashidze A. I. , Buishvili L. L , Buishvili T. L. , Khomeriki R. R.
Published: January 2025

The saturation of the NMR line by a high-frequency magnetic field is considered for arbitrary values of polarization of the spin system. It is shown that for polarization values close to unity, its time variation follows a power law in contrast to the high-temperature case when the dynamics of polarization can be described by an exponential law.
Peculiarities of the low-temperature self-trapping of excitons in one-dimensional molecular chains (J-aggregates)
Authors: Malyukin Yu. V. , Seminizhenko V. P. , Tovmachenko O. G.
Published: January 2025

Peculiarities of self-trapping of excitons in J-aggregates of quino-2-monomethin cyanine at low temperatures are discussed. The parameters characterizing the exciton–phonon interaction are determined. The relation between these parameters indicates the coexistence of free and self-trapped excitons.
Tunneling to the normal state of metal oxide superconductors
Authors: Svistunov V. M. , Khachaturov A. I. , Belogolovskiĭ M. A. , Chernyak O. I.
Published: January 2025

It is shown that some principles generally accepted in tunneling spectroscopy of traditional superconductors are inapplicable to metal oxides. The barrier characteristic of a symmetric contact formed by two metal oxides with a low Fermi energy is not necessarily parabolic. In some cases, the tunnel conductivity exhibits a resistance-type zero-bias anomaly depending on the barrier parameters. Moreover, in the case of a large potential barrier height and a small width, this characteristic can decrease over the entire range of bias voltage.
Andreev reflection and proximity effect in Hg0.8Pb0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ ceramics under pressure: anomalously rapid increase in Δ(P)
Authors: Tarenkov V. Yu. , Abaleshev A. V. , D’yachenko A. I. , Svistunov V. M. , Lutsiv R. V. , Myasoedov Yu. N.
Published: January 2025

The experiments on Andreev reflection at Ag/Hgl223 junctions reveal that the energy gap Δ≈42 meV of Hg-based ceramics increases with pressure much more steeply than the critical temperature Tc(dΔ/dP=0.43 ±0.03 meV/kbar, dTc/dP=0.28 ±0.04 K/kbar). The ratio 2Δ/kTc increases thereby from 7.3 to 8 at P=11 kbar. Conventional BCS-type superconductors exhibit the opposite behavior: the ratio 2Δ/kTc decrease with increasing pressure if the pressure P causes an increase in phonon frequencies.
Experimental observation of transitions between phase states in four-junction parallel-series connected Josephson loops
Authors: Mikheenko P. N. , Lewandowski S. J. , Monaco R. , Milyaev V. A.
Published: January 2025

Experimental data confirming the existence of stationary phase states in a multiple junction interferometers as a result of mismatching between the phases of strong and weak junctions of the loop. It is found that each state is characterized by its own dependence of critical current on the applied magnetic field in accordance with theoretical calculations. Transitions observed between the phase states are manifested in the form of regularly repeated voltage jumps.
Mobility of ferroelectric microdomain polaron and conductivity of HTS compounds
Authors: Lykah V. A.
Published: January 2025

Anisotropy and discreetness of a polaron and lattice excitation are analyzed as possible reasons behind operation of different mechanisms of polaron motion along various axes of the crystal. Temperature dependences of polaron mobility, effective mass, and electrical conductivity of HTS materials are considered. Polaron model as a hole inside a ferroelectric domain having a variable size and consisting of several dipoles in chain oxygen is discussed.
Polaron transport in insulating phase of YBa2Cu3Oy
Authors: Varyukhin S. V. , Parfenov O. E. , Chubchev G. N.
Published: January 2025

The formation of (bi)polaron states in metal oxides is considered as a real mechanism responsible for high-temperature superconductivity. Investigation of polaron characteristics in the metal state is complicated by the renormalization of initial states due to high concentrations of charge carriers. In this research, the conductivity of oxygen-deficient YBa2Cu3Oy, samples (6.16≪y ≪6.31) is measured at low frequencies (0.3 kHz≪f≪100 kHz) in the temperature range 1.1 K<T<300 K. The conductivity exhibits a power frequency dependence σ= σ0+σ(ω)= σ0+Aωs, where ω is the measuring frequency and the exponent s(T)<1. It is found that the temperature dependence s(T) has a minimum for all the samples under investigation. The observed singularity in s(T) can be described in the model assuming the tunneling of large-radius polarons between random centers [A. R. Long, Adv. Phys. 36, 135 (1987)]. This model makes it possible to estimate the binding energy of a polaron and its radius. The observed dependence of the polaron binding energy on the oxygen concentration is explained.
Resistive state of broad superconducting films and phase-slip lines (A Review)
Authors: Dmitrenko I. M.
Published: January 2025

This review is devoted to an analysis of the processes determining the structure of the resistive state of films whose width is larger than the penetration depth λ┴ , the form of current–voltage characteristic, critical currents, hysteresis loops of different origin, nonlinearities of the dynamic mixed state, and the formation of phase slip lines. The distribution of potentials of pairs and quasiparticles along phase-slip lines, interaction between such lines, and peculiarities of vortex dynamics in the region of charge disbalance are also considered. Phase-slip centers in narrow superconducting channels and the interaction of films with microwave fields are mentioned briefly. The available results on HTS materials as well as visual information obtained with the help of low-temperature laser scanning microscopy are described.
The state at the lability boundary as a premise of high-temperature superconductivity
Authors: Sukharevskiĭ B. Ya. , Tsybul’skiĭ E. O.
Published: January 2025

It is shown that in Bi-based HTS compounds with the general formula Bi2z+Sr2Cam−1CumOz+2m+1+δ (z+ is the ionic charge and m the number of CuO2 planes), the δ-dependence of the concentration of conduction holes in the CuO2 plane, the concentration of holes at Bi ions and oxygen concentration in Bi–O plane corresponds to the state at the lability boundary for these compounds. The obtained dependences are universal for compounds of the type 2201, 2212, and 2223. The results of calculations are in good agreement with the available experimental values of Tc and the concentration of high-valence Bi ions. The calculation of the lability boundary and the fact that the values of basic parameters correspond to the state at the lability boundary make it possible to calculate the value of oxygen index and the concentration of low-charge oxygen ions on the basis of these experimental data. On the other hand, the state at the lability boundary should be regarded as a premise of high-temperature superconductivity since HTS is realized just at these values of parameters in the compounds.
Peculiarities of magnetic ordering in heavy rare earth metals
Authors: Boyarsky L. A.
Published: January 2025

The peculiarities of antiferromagnetic transformation in heavy rare earth metals with a helicoidal structure (Tb, Dy, Ho) and structure described by a longitudinal spin density wave (Er, Tm) are considered. The points of agreement and contradiction between the theory and experiment are noted. The proofs of the existence of intermediate phases near the Néel point are given. The emergence of commensurability points for magnetic and lattice periodicity is discussed. Some models describing the behavior of a metal near these singular points are considered.
Magnetoacoustic oscillations in antiferromagnet FeBO3
Authors: Korolyuk A. P. , Tarakanov V. V. , Khizhnyi V. I. , Seleznoyv V. N. , Strugatsky M. B.
Published: January 2025

The amplitude oscillations of sound propagating at right angles to the applied magnetic field H (the Gakel’–Turov oscillations, GTO) have been investigated in an iron borate plate at T=77 K(T/TN=0.22, where TN is the Neel temperature). The fine structure of GTO is discovered. It is shown that, for H <200 Oe, the period of GTO differs significantly from the theoretical value taking into account only the magnetostriction mechanism of magnetoelastic coupling. These peculiarities of GTO in FeBO3 are considered by taking the piezomagnetic properties of the crystal into consideration.
Resonant photoelectron emission in La2CuO4+x single crystals
Authors: Mikheeva M. N. , Nazin V. G. , Svishchev A. V. , Tsetlin M. B. , Law D. S.-L. , Hayes N. , Downes S.
Published: January 2025

Photoelectron spectra of La2CuO4+x single crystals with various oxygen contents (0.005 ⩽ x ⩽0.03) are measured at photon energy hω varying from 15 to 33 eV. A resonant increase in emission is observed from electron states belonging to the valence band and characterized by the binding energy ∼6.2eV for hω ∼ 17 eV, which is close to the excitation threshold for La5p electron states. Similar measurements have been made for metallic La with a gradually increasing degree of surface oxidation in order to clarify the origin of this effect. It is found that the resonance is not observed in the case of a pure La surface, is manifested weakly in the case of complete oxidation, and is very strong for an intermediate oxidation (with an oxygen dose ∼0.5 langmuirs). A common feature of the structures of La2CuO4 and LaOx is the presence of La–O bonds. Consequently, the resonance is manifested for a certain mutual arrangement of La and O atoms which is realized in a structure of the type of La2CuO4 or in the case of a slightly oxidized La surface.
Optical absorption of Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O films
Authors: Okunev V. D. , Djachenko T. A.
Published: January 2025

Optical absorption spectra of amorphous and crystalline Bi1.8Pb0.2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x (2223 phase) and Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+x films (2212 phase) are studied. It is found that the form of the spectra is sensitive to the film structure. The long-wave region of the absorption spectra of crystalline films has a segment associated with absorption by free charge carriers, in which the absorption coefficient is proportional to the product of the volume concentration of the metallic phase and the hole concentration. The position of the minimum in absorption spectra (whose limiting values are 1.25 eV for films of the 2223 phase and ∼ 1.15 eV for films of the 2212 phase) is connected with the position of the Fermi level. Examples of application of the obtained results for determining the metal phase concentration and hole concentration are given.
Quadratic temperature dependence of resistivity of Nd2−xCexCuO4−δ thin films in the normal state and magnetic scattering of charge carriers
Authors: Babushkina N. A. , Belova L. M. , Zhernov A. P. , Trubitsyn V. I. , Ivanov A. A. , Churkin O. A.
Published: January 2025

Temperature dependence of resistivity ρ(T) of the electronic superconductors Nd2–xCexCuO4–δ in the normal state is studied for cerium concentrations x = 0.12–0.20. For all investigated samples, the ρ(T) dependence has the form ρ(T) = ρ0+AT2. With increasing cerium concentration, the quadratic term in ρ(T) and the residual resistance decrease. The behavior of ρ(T) is explained qualitatively by magnetic scattering of charge carriers by spin correlations.
Nonstationary dissipative behavior of current-carrying type II superconductors in a longitudinal magnetic field
Authors: Genenko Yu. A.
Published: January 2025

The diagram of a resistive state of a type II superconductor in the current–field coordinates is considered on the basis of exact solutions for helical magnetic vortices in superconducting cylinder and plate. The generalized Silsbee rule is formulated for the onset of the resistive state in an applied magnetic field parallel to the transport current. The possibility of dissipative cycles with oscillations of the longitudinal magnetic moment and emf due to the left-handed helical instability of longitudinal vortices (which is especially important in low-dimensional superconductors) is demonstrated.
Interaction of Abrikosov vortices in superconductors with a void superlattice
Authors: Rud’ko V. N. , Shevtsova O. N. , Shiyanovskii S. V.
Published: January 2025

The interaction of a vortex lattice with the ordered structure of defects, i.e., void superlattice, is considered. It is shown that if the vortex–defect interaction is quite strong, structures with a constant vortex density are formed in certain intervals of magnetic field. The symmetry of these structures may not coincide with the symmetry of the void superlattice. First-order phase transitions (PT) associated with structural variations or second-order phase transitions associated with the generation of additional vortices or vacancies occur at the boundaries of these intervals.
Correspondence of macroscopic magnetic properties of fine-grained polycrystalline YBaCuO near T
c to the properties of ideal type II superconductors
Authors: Krasilnikov A. S. , Mamsurova L. G. , Trusevich N. G. , Shcherbakova L. G. , Pukhov K. K.
Published: January 2025

Equilibrium magnetization M(H) as a function of magnetic field is calculated for type II superconductors (the Ginzburg–Landau parameter κ = 100) of a small size comparable with the London penetration depth. Calculations are made taking into account the interaction of Abrikosov vortices with the surface as well as the grain size distribution similar to that observed for fine-grained polycrystalline HTS samples. A comparison of theoretical curves with experimental quasi-reversible magnetization curves M(H) at T = 85 K for fine-grained YBaCuO reveals their good qualitative and quantitative agreement.
Magnetic relaxation in a superconducting disc
Authors: Babich I. M. , Mikitik G. P.
Published: January 2025

Equations describing magnetic relaxation in an anisotropic superconducting disc are derived. An explicit expression is obtained for the magnetic relaxation rate in the special case of an isotropic disc. The obtained results can be used for describing the magnetic relaxation in single crystals of high-Tc superconductors.
Relaxation of the superconducting transition temperature of ReBa1.5Sr0.5Cu3Ox(Re = Y,Gd) under pressure
Authors: Baran M. , Gladczuk L. , Szymczak H. , Dyakonov V. P. , Markovich V. I. , Fita I. M.
Published: January 2025

The effect of pressure up to 1 GPa on the superconducting state of ReBa1.5Sr0.5Cu3Ox ceramics (Re = Y,Cd) is studied by magnetic measurements. It is shown that the relaxation of Tc is associated with oxygen reordering in CuO-chains. The relaxation time for Tc under pressure is found to increase with x. The effects associated with a change in the lattice volume are separated from those due to oxygen ordering under pressure, and their dependence on the oxygen index is established. The effect associated with oxygen ordering increases abruptly with decreasing x. The total effect dTc/dP ≃ 20K·GPa−1 for the system with Re = Y (x = 6.56) is the strongest for 1–2–3 HTS compounds.
Dissipative structures induced by microwave field in KEr(MoO4)2
Authors: Kut’ko V. I. , Kobets M. I.
Published: January 2025

The intensity of relaxation absorption in the critical region of the structural phase transition in KEr(MoO4)2 is measured for different values of microwave field power. A sequence of peculiarities (bifurcations) of a threshold nature in the intensity of microwave radiation is observed in relaxation absorption. It is assumed that the peculiarities in relaxation absorption are Hopf bifurcations caused by the formation of dissipative structures at vibrations of the crystal lattice of KEr(MoO4)2.
From a hemoglobin protein to a tiny, engineered scaffold
Authors: Ross Leigh Ann
Published: January 2025

A unique network further expands the usefulness of resilient carbon fiber
The log-Sobolev inequality for spin systems with higher order interactions
Authors: Konstantopoulos Takis , Papageorgiou Ioannis
Published: January 2025

We study the infinite-dimensional log-Sobolev inequality for spin systems on Zd with interactions of power higher than quadratic. We assume that the single site measure without a boundary satisfies a log-Sobolev inequality and determine conditions so that the infinite-dimensional Gibbs measure also satisfies the inequality. As a concrete application, we prove that a certain class of nontrivial Gibbs measures with non-quadratic interaction potentials on an infinite product of Heisenberg groups satisfy the log-Sobolev inequality.
Eigen-potentials in the Schrödinger equation
Authors: Bildstein Steve , Grabowski Marek
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we extend the number of potentials where the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically. The technique generalizes the well-known Frobenius trial series method used successfully on, e.g., the hydrogen atom and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator problems, where each of these potentials have one term. In these simple systems, the energy is quantized by the requirement of normalizability of the wave function. Our method uses this same idea, but is applied to potentials with an arbitrary number of terms, where here these terms are monomials of integer powers of r. Upon applying our technique to these more complicated potentials, we find quantization and relationships between not only the energy but also the various coupling constants. We apply our method to the two-dimensional exciton potential and to a family of two-dimensional potentials related by the Hurwitz transformation. We also suggest families of potentials functionally invariant, or periodic, to Hurwitz transformations. Finally, we treat a three-dimensional potential of interest in nuclear physics, and the three-dimensional sextic double-well potential.
Constraining safe and unsafe overshoots in saddle-node bifurcations
Authors: Enache Elias , Kozak Oleksandr , Wunderling Nico , Vollmer Jürgen
Published: January 2025

We consider a dynamical system undergoing a saddle-node bifurcation with an explicitly time-dependent parameter p(t). The combined dynamics can be considered a dynamical system where p is a slowly evolving parameter. Here, we investigate settings where the parameter features an overshoot. It crosses the bifurcation threshold for some finite duration te and up to an amplitude R, before it returns to its initial value. We denote the overshoot as safe when the dynamical system returns to its initial state. Otherwise, one encounters runaway trajectories (tipping), and the overshoot is unsafe. For shallow overshoots (small R), safe and unsafe overshoots are discriminated by an inverse square-root border, te∝R−1/2, as reported in earlier literature. However, for larger overshoots, we here establish a crossover to another power law with an exponent that depends on the asymptotics of p(t). For overshoots with a finite support, we find that te∝R−1, and we provide examples for overshoots with exponents in the range [−1,−1/2]. All results are substantiated by numerical simulations, and it is discussed how the analytic and numeric results pave the way toward improved risk assessments separating safe from unsafe overshoots in climate, ecology, and nonlinear dynamics.
From a pressureless gas Euler system with a time dependent source term to Newton second law: A distributional product approach
Authors: Sarrico C. O. R.
Published: January 2025

In the present paper we study, strictly within distribution theory, a one-dimensional pressureless gas Euler system with a delta measure and a step function as initial conditions. We will see that the concept of α-solution allows us to simplify this problem. Thus, we are able to get interesting and explicit distributional solutions that can be interpreted in the framework of Newtonian dynamics. Consequences about the concept of force are also derived. To be self contained, a brief survey of ideas and formulas used to multiply distributions is included.
A niobium nitride superconducting hot electron bolometer direct terahertz detector working at 9 K
Authors: Shi Hongkai , Xu Tao , Zhe Yijun , Su Runfeng , Li Jianfeng , Bao Han , Tu Xuecou , Fan Kebin , Jia Xiaoqing , Kang Lin , Chen Jian , Wu Peiheng
Published: January 2025

Increasing the bath temperature of the hot electron bolometer (HEB) while ensuring sensitivity could expand the application field and reduce the system complexity and cost. This study proposed and prepared a suspended NbN/Nb5N6 HEB with doubled bath temperature and undegraded sensitivity compared to NbN HEB. Under the bath temperature of 9 K, the optical noise equivalent power of the system was still of the order of pW/Hz1/2. Moreover, the influence of thermal relaxation on the device sensitivity was simulated. The results would provide a pathway for improving the bath temperature and detector sensitivity through fine adjustments of the thermal boundaries.
Self-assembly of architected macromolecules: Bridging a gap between experiments and simulations
Authors: Yu Ji Woong , Yoo Changsu , Cho Suchan , Seo Myungeun , Kim YongJoo
Published: January 2025

Macromolecular self-assembly is essential in life and interfacial science. A macromolecule consisting of chemically distinct components tends to self-assemble in a selective solvent to minimize the exposure of the solvophobic segments to the medium while the solvophilic segments adopt extended conformations. While micelles composed of linear block copolymers represent classic examples of such solution assembly, recent interest focuses on the self-assembly of complex macromolecules with nonlinear architectures, such as star, graft, and bottlebrush. Such macromolecules include several to hundreds of polymer chains covalently tied to a core and a backbone. The pre-programmed, non-exchangeable chain arrangement makes a huge difference in their self-assembly. The field has witnessed tremendous advances in synthetic methodologies to construct the desired architectures, leading to discoveries of exotic self-assembly behavior. Thanks to the rapid evolution of computing power, computer simulation has also been an emerging and complementary approach for understanding the association mechanism and further predicting the self-assembling morphologies. However, simulating the self-assembly of architected macromolecules has posed a challenge as a huge number of objects should be included in the simulations. Comparing experimental results with simulations is not always straightforward, as synthetic routes to well-defined model systems with systematically controlled structural parameters are not often available. In this manuscript, we propose to bridge a gap between experiments and simulations in self-assembly of architected macromolecules. We focus on the key articles in this area reporting experimental evidence and simulation details and also cover recent examples in the literature. We start with discussing simulation methodologies applicable to investigate solution self-assembly across multiple levels of chemical resolution from all-atom to particle dynamics. Then, we delve into topological design, synthesis, and simulation of nonlinear macromolecules, including dendritic/star, network, and graft/bottlebrush polymers, to understand the architectural effect on the self-assembly behavior. We expand our discourse to embrace recent advances toward realizing more complex systems. For example, self-assembly in the presence of strong Coulombic interactions, such as in the case of polyelectrolytes, geometric constraints, and other components in solutions, exemplified by inorganic fillers, are introduced. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are discussed in the final section of the manuscript.
Controlling spiral wave dynamics of the BZ system in a modified Oregonator model: From suppression to turbulence
Authors: Khan Parvej , Dutta Sumana
Published: January 2025

Spirals are a special class of excitable waves that have its significance in the understanding of cardiac arrests and neuronal transduction. In a theoretical model of the chemical Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction system, we explore the dynamics of the spatiotemporal patterns that emerge out of competing reaction and diffusion phenomena. By modifying the existing mathematical models of the reaction kinetics, we have been able to explore the explicit effect of hydrogen ion concentration in the system, so as to achieve various regimes of wave activity, from stable spirals to oscillation death. In between the two extremes, we show how instability sets in, with anisotropy leading to drifting spirals, core defects resulting in spiral breakup and turbulence, chaotic oscillations, and target patterns, before the system finally reaches a non-oscillating steady state. On varying other stoichiometric parameters, we also illustrate the changes in system dynamics and wave properties.
Transport properties of h-BN lateral devices
Authors: Somasundaram G. , Tingsuwatit A. , Alemoush Z. , Li J. , Lin J. Y. , Jiang H. X.
Published: January 2025

One of the well-established and significant applications of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is in solid-state neutron detectors, which necessitate the development of quasi-bulk h-BN crystals. To advance the material and device development of h-BN, it is essential to characterize its bulk electrical transport properties. However, this task is challenging due to h-BN's ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) of approximately 6.1 eV, which results in an extremely high electrical resistivity, typically exceeding 1012 Ω⋅cm. On the other hand, the mobility-lifetime (μτ) product, a key figure of merit for determining the overall device performance, is more readily accessible through the characterization of the I-V characteristics under illumination. In this study, we investigate the in-plane μτ products of lateral devices fabricated from freestanding quasi-bulk h-BN wafers synthesized by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Our results reveal an unexpected decrease in the in-plane μτ product as the device width decreases. Utilizing a simple two-region carrier transport model, where the central region of the device represents the bulk h-BN material free from metal contacts and the two edge regions are influenced by metal contacts, we demonstrate that the μτ product in the edge areas covered by metal contacts decreases by nearly two orders of magnitude compared to the bulk value. We attribute this significant reduction in μτ product to the layered crystalline structure of h-BN, which permits metal atoms to infiltrate into the interlayer spacings. As a result, the measured μτ product is significantly lower than the true bulk value. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and fabrication of high-performance h-BN devices, which typically leverage its exceptional in-plane transport properties.
Reduced resistance at molecular-crystal electrolyte and LiCoO2 interfaces for high-performance solid-state lithium batteries
Authors: Watanabe Yuki , Kobayashi Shigeru , Ruijie Zheng , Jun Deng , Tanaka Kenjiro , Nishio Kazunori , Nakayama Ryo , Shimizu Ryota , Moriya Makoto , Hitosugi Taro
Published: January 2025

Molecular crystal electrolytes are promising solid electrolytes owing to their ionic conductivity and mechanical flexibility. However, solid-state batteries using these electrolytes suffer from the large resistance at the interfaces with positive electrodes. Herein, we fabricate a battery using Li{N(SO2F)2}(NCCH2CH2CN)2, referred to as Li(FSA)(SN)2, a molecular-crystal electrolyte, and demonstrate the stable thin-film battery cycling. The novel fabrication method forms electrochemically stable interfaces, allowing the thin-film batteries to cycle at a current density of up to 500 μA cm−2 in the voltage range of 3.00–4.05 V vs Li/Li+. This current density is 500 times higher than that reported previously. Notably, the Li(FSA)(SN)2–LiCoO2 interface resistance (24 Ω cm2) is comparable to that of the interface of liquid-electrolyte and LiCoO2 in Li-ion batteries. Furthermore, inserting an amorphous Li3PO4 layer into the Li(FSA)(SN)2–LiCoO2 interface enables stable cycling up to 4.30 V vs Li/Li+, suppressing the decomposition of electrolytes. These quantitative investigations and interfacial controls pave the way for the practical applications of molecular-crystal electrolytes to solid-state batteries.
Revealing the twist-angle-dependent interlayer coupling in WS2/MoSe2 heterostructures
Authors: Wu Shutong , Wu Ke , Shi Yanwei , Cheng Yufan , Chen Xumin , Zhou Hongzhi , Li Yang , Chen Wen , Xu Hongxing
Published: January 2025

Periodic moiré superlattice structures in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) heterostructures exhibit nanoscale tunable electronic and optical properties. Much effort has been devoted to understand the twist-angle-dependent optical properties of the TMDs heterostructures. Therefore, quickly determining the stacking angle of TMDs and constructing the desired moiré superlattice structure is crucial. Here, we investigate the twist-angle-dependent optical properties of WS2/MoSe2, finding that the out-of-plane Raman mode is a reliable marker for determining the stacking angle. The interlayer exciton energy, being close to that of MoSe2 excitons, is highly sensitive to material quality and fabrication, making it unsuitable for identifying the stacking angle. In contrast, the out-of-plane Raman peaks of WS2 and MoSe2 are more sensitive to changes in the stacking angle. The out-of-plane Raman mode of WS2 is enhanced more than fivefold in near 0° or 60° WS2/MoSe2 heterostructures, while the out-of-plane mode of MoSe2 is only significantly decreased in near 0° heterostructures. Combining the intensity of out-of-plane Raman mode of WS2 and MoSe2, near 0° and 60° heterostructures can be distinguished without the need for complex optical characterizations. These typical peaks offer researchers an efficient way to construct the desired moiré superlattice structures.
Blow-up issues and peakons for a two-component high-order Fokas–Olver–Rosenau–Qiao system
Authors: Han Xuanxuan , Wang JinRong , Yang Shaojie
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we investigate the blow-up issues and peakons for a two-component high-order Fokas–Olver–Rosenau–Qiao system, which can be view as a multi-component extension of the high-order Fokas–Olver–Rosenau–Qiao equation. We first address the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem in the framework of the Sobolev and Besov spaces. Next, we derive the precise blow-up mechanism for strong solutions through transport equation theory, utilizing the system’s fine structure and conservation law, we present two new blow-up results about certain initial profiles in finite time. Finally, peakon solutions are discussed as well. The results are helpful to understand how two-component and high-order nonlinearities affect the blow-up solutions.
kV-class vertical p-n heterojunction rectifier based on ITO/diamond
Authors: Wan Hsiao-Hsuan , Chiang Chao-Ching , Li Jian-Sian , Ren Fan , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: January 2025

Indium tin oxide (ITO) layers were sputter-deposited onto commercially available vertical p/p+ diamond structures consisting of 5 μm thick p-type (1.3 × 1016 cm−3) drift layers deposited by chemical vapor deposition on 250 μm thick heavily B-doped (3 × 1020 cm−3) single crystal substrates. The ITO is found to form a type II band alignment allowing Ohmic contact to the p-type diamond and creating a vertical n-p heterojunction. The maximum reverse breakdown of heterojunction rectifiers was ∼1.1 kV, with an on-resistance (RON) of 13 mΩ · cm2, leading to a power figure of merit of 99.3 MW/cm2. The on-voltage was 1.4 V, diode ideality factor was 1.22, with a reverse recovery time of 9.5 ns for 100 μm diameter rectifiers. The on/off ratios when switching from −5 V forward to 100 V reverse were in the range of 1011–1012. This is a simple approach for realizing high performance vertical diamond-based rectifiers for power switching applications.
On the use of clustering workflows for automated microstructure segmentation of analytical STEM datasets
Authors: Kho Zhiquan , Bridger Andy , Butler Keith , Duran Ercin C. , Danaie Mohsen , Eggeman Alexander S.
Published: January 2025

This study considers the issue of automated segmentation of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) datasets using unsupervised machine learning approaches. To this end, a systematic comparison of two clustering workflows that had been established in previous literature was performed on two distinct material systems—an experimentally acquired Co2FeSi Heusler alloy and a simulated Au-matrix and Al2Cu precipitate. The cluster outputs were evaluated using a variety of unsupervised clustering metrics measuring separation and cohesion. It was found that the cluster output of a variational autoencoder (VAE) performed better compared to a more conventional latent transformation via Uniform Manifold Approximation & Projection (UMAP) on 4D-STEM data alone. However, the UMAP workflow applied to merged 4D-STEM and STEM-energy dispersive x-ray (STEM-EDX) data produced the best cluster output overall, indicating that the correlated information provides beneficial constraints to the latent space. A potential general workflow for analyzing merged datasets to identify structural-composition changes across different material systems is proposed.
Donations triggered by inequality tolerance affect the evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods game
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Xiaogang , An Xingyu , Wu Dan , Yin Xiaoxiao , Shi Lei
Published: January 2025

Generosity through donation plays a crucial role in reducing inequality and influencing human behavior. However, previous research on donation has overlooked individuals’ acceptance of the extent of inequality, which acts as a trigger for donation. To address this gap, this paper systematically explores the impact of donation based on inequality tolerance on the evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods game. Specifically, donation occurs only when an individual’s payoff advantage exceeds her inequality tolerance. The results show that donation patterns are crucial for the emergence and stability of cooperation. In the enduring period, the defector-to-cooperator donation pattern helps to form cooperative clusters. In the expanding period, cooperator-to-cooperator, defector-to-defector, and defector-to-cooperator donation patterns create a stable three-layer structure through self-organization, providing a payoff advantage to boundary cooperators. As donation ratio increases, the three-layer structure provides a greater payoff advantage to boundary cooperators, leading to an increase in cooperation. As inequality tolerance increases, changes in donation patterns weaken the three-layer structure, causing cooperation to decrease or disappear through discontinuous phase transitions. Subsequently, all critical points of discontinuous phase transitions are identified by specific spatial configurations. In addition, the influence of donation patterns on the evolution of cooperation is robust, even in heterogeneous small-world networks. This paper offers valuable insights into the dynamics of cooperation evolution and the role of donation in shaping behavior.
Reward based optimization of resonance-enhanced piezoresponse spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Yu , Slautin Boris , Bemis Jason , Proksch Roger , Pant Rohit , Takeuchi Ichiro , Udovenko Stanislav , Trolier-McKinstry Susan , Kalinin Sergei V.
Published: January 2025

Dynamic spectroscopies in scanning probe microscopy (SPM) are critical for probing material properties, such as force interactions, mechanical properties, polarization switching, electrochemical reactions, and ionic dynamics. However, the practical implementation of these measurements is constrained by the need to balance imaging time and data quality. Signal to noise requirements favor long acquisition times and high frequencies to improve signal fidelity. However, these are limited on the low end by contact resonant frequency and photodiode sensitivity and on the high end by the time needed to acquire high-resolution spectra or the propensity for sample degradation under high field excitation over long times. The interdependence of key parameters such as instrument settings, acquisition times, and sampling rates makes manual tuning labor-intensive and highly dependent on user expertise, often yielding operator-dependent results. These limitations are prominent in techniques like dual amplitude resonance tracking in piezoresponse force microscopy that utilize multiple concurrent feedback loops for topography and resonance frequency tracking. Here, a reward-driven workflow is proposed that automates the tuning process, adapting experimental conditions in real time to optimize data quality. This approach significantly reduces the complexity and time required for manual adjustments and can be extended to other SPM spectroscopic methods, enhancing overall efficiency and reproducibility.
How should the advancement of large language models affect the practice of science?
Authors: Binz Marcel , Alaniz Stephan , Roskies Adina , Aczel Balazs , Bergstrom Carl T. , Allen Colin , Schad Daniel , Wulff Dirk , West Jevin D. , Zhang Qiong , Shiffrin Richard M. , Gershman Samuel J. , Popov Vencislav , Bender Emily M. , Marelli Marco , Botvinick Matthew M. , Akata Zeynep , Schulz Eric
Published: January 2025

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly incorporated into scientific workflows. However, we have yet to fully grasp the implications of this integration. How should the advancement of large language models affect the practice of science? For this opinion piece, we have invited four diverse groups of scientists to reflect on this query, sharing their perspectives and engaging in debate. Schulz et al. make the argument that working with LLMs is not fundamentally different from working with human collaborators, while Bender et al. argue that LLMs are often misused and overhyped, and that their limitations warrant a focus on more specialized, easily interpretable tools. Marelli et al. emphasize the importance of transparent attribution and responsible use of LLMs. Finally, Botvinick and Gershman advocate that humans should retain responsibility for determining the scientific roadmap. To facilitate the discussion, the four perspectives are complemented with a response from each group. By putting these different perspectives in conversation, we aim to bring attention to important considerations within the academic community regarding the adoption of LLMs and their impact on both current and future scientific practices.
The present and future of peer review: Ideas, interventions, and evidence
Authors: Aczel Balazs , Barwich Ann-Sophie , Diekman Amanda B. , Fishbach Ayelet , Goldstone Robert L. , Gomez Pablo , Gundersen Odd Erik , von Hippel Paul T. , Holcombe Alex O. , Lewandowsky Stephan , Nozari Nazbanou , Pestilli Franco , Ioannidis John P. A.
Published: January 2025

What is wrong with the peer review system? Is peer review sustainable? Useful? What other models exist? These are central yet contentious questions in today’s academic discourse. This perspective critically discusses alternative models and revisions to the peer review system. The authors highlight possible changes to the peer review system, with the goal of fostering further dialog among the main stakeholders, including producers and consumers of scientific research. Neither our list of identified issues with the peer review system nor our discussed resolutions are complete. A point of agreement is that fair assessment and efficient change would require more comprehensive and rigorous data on the various aspects of the peer review system.
Alternative models of funding curiosity-driven research
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd , Allen Colin , Gaillard Stefan , Goldstone Robert L. , Haaf Julia , Holmes William R. , Kashima Yoshihisa , Motz Benjamin , Musslick Sebastian , Stefan Angelika
Published: January 2025

Funding of curiosity-driven science is the lifeblood of scientific and technological innovation. Various models of funding allocation became institutionalized in the 20th century, shaping the present landscape of research funding. There are numerous reasons for scientists to be dissatisfied with current funding schemes, including the imbalance between funding for curiosity-driven and mission-directed research, regional and country disparities, path-dependency of who gets funded, gender and race disparities, low inter-reviewer reliability, and the trade-off between the effort and time spent on writing or reviewing proposals and doing research. We discuss possible alternative models for dealing with these issues. These alternatives include incremental changes such as placing more weight on the proposals or on the investigators and representative composition of panel members, along with deeper reforms such as distributed or concentrated funding and partial lotteries in response to low inter-reviewer reliability. We also consider radical alternatives to current funding schemes: the removal of political governance and the introduction of international competitive applications to a World Research Council alongside national funding sources. There is likely no single best way to fund curiosity-driven research; we examine arguments for and against the possibility of systematically evaluating alternative models empirically.