bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silky Liquid Metal Electrodes for On‐Skin Health Monitoring
Authors: Menke Maria A. , Li Braden M. , Arnold Meghan G. , Mueller Logan E. , Dietrich Robin , Zhou Shijie , Kelley‐Loughnane Nancy , Dennis Patrick , Boock Jason T. , Estevez Joseph , Tabor Christopher E. , Sparks Jessica L.
Published: October 2023

Next generation on‐skin electrodes will require soft, flexible, and gentle materials to provide both high‐fidelity sensing and wearer comfort. However, many commercially available on‐skin electrodes lack these key properties due to their use of rigid hardware, harsh adhesives, uncomfortable support structures, and poor breathability. To address these challenges, this work presents a new device paradigm by joining biocompatible electrospun spider silk with printable liquid metal to yield an incredibly soft and scalable on‐skin electrode that is strain‐tolerant, conformable, and gentle on‐skin. These electrodes, termed silky liquid metal (SLiM) electrodes, are found to be over five times more breathable than commercial wet electrodes, while the silk's intrinsic adhesion mechanism allows SLiM electrodes to avoid the use of harsh artificial adhesives, potentially decreasing skin irritation and inflammation over long‐term use. Finally, the SLiM electrodes provide comparable impedances to traditional wet and other liquid metal electrodes, offering a high‐fidelity sensing alternative with increased wearer comfort. Human subject testing confirmed the SLiM electrodes ability to sense electrophysiological signals with high fidelity and minimal irritation to the skin. The unique properties of the reported SLiM electrodes offer a comfortable electrophysiological sensing solution especially for patients with pre‐existing skin conditions or surface wounds.
Simultaneous Capture of CO2 Boosting Its Electroreduction in the Micropores of a Metal–organic Framework
Authors: Liu Yuan‐Yuan , Huang Jia‐Run , Zhu Hao‐Lin , Liao Pei‐Qin , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: October 2023

Integration of CO2 capture capability from simulated flue gas and electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) active sites into a catalyst is a promising cost‐effective strategy for carbon neutrality, but is of great difficulty. Herein, combining the mixed gas breakthrough experiments and eCO2RR tests, we showed that an Ag12 cluster‐based metal–organic framework (1‐NH2, aka Ag12bpy‐NH2), simultaneously possessing CO2 capture sites as “CO2 relays” and eCO2RR active sites, can not only utilize its micropores to efficiently capture CO2 from simulated flue gas (CO2 : N2=15 : 85, at 298 K), but also catalyze eCO2RR of the adsorbed CO2 into CO with an ultra‐high CO2 conversion of 60 %. More importantly, its eCO2RR performance (a Faradaic efficiency (CO) of 96 % with a commercial current density of 120 mA cm−2 at a very low cell voltage of −2.3 V for 300 hours and the full‐cell energy conversion efficiency of 56 %) under simulated flue gas atmosphere is close to that under 100 % CO2 atmosphere, and higher than those of all reported catalysts at higher potentials under 100 % CO2 atmosphere. This work bridges the gap between CO2 enrichment/capture and eCO2RR.
Do Vermicompost Applications Improve Growth Performance, Pharmaceutically Important Alkaloids, Phenolic Content, Free Radical Scavenging Potency and Defense Enzyme Activities in Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.)?
Authors: Cimen Ayca , Baba Yavuz , Yildirim Arzu Birinci , Turker Arzu Ucar
Published: October 2023

Leucojum aestivum L. contains galanthamine and lycorine, which are two pharmaceutically valuable alkaloids. Vermicompost (VC), an organic waste product created by earthworms enhances soil quality and can improve the medicinal quality of the plant that is crucial to the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four different VC concentrations (5 %, 10 %, 25 %, and 50 %) on L. aestivum growth parameters, alkaloid levels (galanthamine and lycorine), total phenol‐flavonoid content, free radical scavenging potential, and defense enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) compared to control (no VC). The width, length, and fresh weight of the leaves were improved by 10 % VC treatment. The highest total phenolic content was found in the bulbs and leaves treated with 50 % VC. HPLC‐DAD analysis of alkaloids showed that 10 % and 50 % VC treatments contained the most galanthamine in the bulb and leaf extracts, respectively. The application of 25 % VC was the most efficient in terms of lycorine content in both extracts. CAT activity was elevated at 10 %, 25 %, and 50 % VC. Based on the growth performance and galanthamine content of the bulbs and leaves, it can be concluded that a 10 % VC application was the most effective in the cultivation of L. aestivum.
A multifaceted architectural framework of the mouse claustrum complex
Authors: Grimstvedt Joachim S. , Shelton Andrew M. , Hoerder‐Suabedissen Anna , Oliver David K. , Berndtsson Christin H. , Blankvoort Stefan , Nair Rajeevkumar R. , Packer Adam M. , Witter Menno P. , Kentros Clifford G.
Published: October 2023

Accurate anatomical characterizations are necessary to investigate neural circuitry on a fine scale, but for the rodent claustrum complex (CLCX), this has yet to be fully accomplished. The CLCX is generally considered to comprise two major subdivisions, the claustrum (CL) and the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn), but regional boundaries to these areas are debated. To address this, we conducted a multifaceted analysis of fiber‐ and cytoarchitecture, genetic marker expression, and connectivity using mice of both sexes, to create a comprehensive guide for identifying and delineating borders to CLCX, including an online reference atlas. Our data indicated four distinct subregions within CLCX, subdividing both CL and DEn into two. Additionally, we conducted brain‐wide tracing of inputs to CLCX using a transgenic mouse line. Immunohistochemical staining against myelin basic protein (MBP), parvalbumin (PV), and calbindin (CB) revealed intricate fiber‐architectural patterns enabling precise delineations of CLCX and its subregions. Myelinated fibers were abundant dorsally in CL but absent ventrally, whereas PV expressing fibers occupied the entire CL. CB staining revealed a central gap within CL, also visible anterior to the striatum. TheNr2f2, Npsr1, andCplx3genes expressed specifically within different subregions of the CLCX, andRprmhelped delineate the CL‐insular border. Furthermore, cells in CL projecting to the retrosplenial cortex were located within the myelin sparse area. By combining own experimental data with digitally available datasets of gene expression and input connectivity, we could demonstrate that the proposed delineation scheme allows anchoring of datasets from different origins to a common reference framework.
Examining the influence of institutional investors on the readability of environmental disclosure inCSRreports of Chinese listed firms
Authors: Lin Philip T. , Li Peixia , Akbar Ahsan
Published: October 2023

Environmental disclosure conveys non‐financial information primarily through narrative descriptions. The readability of such narratives affects the effectiveness of environmental communication and shapes information content. Prior research on the influence of institutional ownership on corporate disclosure strategy remains inconclusive due to the heterogeneity of institutional investors. In this study, we analyze a comprehensive sample of A‐share Chinese companies that issued corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports to examine the impact of institutional investors on the overall readability of environmental disclosure. Our findings indicate that long‐term institutional investors have a positive influence on the readability of environmental disclosure, while short‐term institutional investors do not show significant correlation with readability. Furthermore, corporate governance acts as a mediating factor in the relationship between long‐term institutional investors and readability. We also find that long‐term institutional investors can enhance firm value by improving the readability of environmental disclosures.
Cytomorphological features of syringocystadenoma papilliferum mimicking pilomatricoma at a rare location and in an unusual age group: A cytological diagnostic challenge
Authors: Malik Shaivy , Singh Priyanka , Singh Mukul , Ranga Sunil
Published: October 2023

Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is a rare, benign skin adnexal tumor of apocrine or eccrine differentiation usually occurring in the head and neck region of children. It is a difficult entity to diagnose clinically and even cytological diagnosis remains challenging due to overlapping and masquerading cyto‐morphological features with other benign cutaneous adnexal tumors. Here we present, one such intriguing case of SCAP with its cytological features mimicking those of pilomatricoma. Moreover, the lesion was located at the right lower abdomen, which in itself is a rare site and its presentation was in an adult male which is an unusual age group. However, fine needle aspiration cytology still remains a very useful investigation for cutaneous tumors as it helps in differentiating benign lesions from malignant and metastatic neoplasms and therefore aids in correct treatment and follow‐up of patients.
IWGDF/IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes‐related foot infections (IWGDF/IDSA 2023)
Authors: Senneville Éric , Albalawi Zaina , van Asten Suzanne A. , Abbas Zulfiqarali G. , Allison Geneve , Aragón‐Sánchez Javier , Embil John M. , Lavery Lawrence A. , Alhasan Majdi , Oz Orhan , Uçkay Ilker , Urbančič‐Rovan Vilma , Xu Zhang‐Rong , Peters Edgar J. G.
Published: October 2023

The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has published evidence‐based guidelines on the management and prevention of diabetes‐related foot diseases since 1999. The present guideline is an update of the 2019 IWGDF guideline on the diagnosis and management of foot infections in persons with diabetes mellitus.

The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used for the development of this guideline. This was structured around identifying clinically relevant questions in the P(A)ICO format, determining patient‐important outcomes, systematically reviewing the evidence, assessing the certainty of the evidence, and finally moving from evidence to the recommendation. This guideline was developed for healthcare professionals involved in diabetes‐related foot care to inform clinical care around patient‐important outcomes. Two systematic reviews from 2019 were updated to inform this guideline, and a total of 149 studies (62 new) meeting inclusion criteria were identified from the updated search and incorporated in this guideline. Updated recommendations are derived from these systematic reviews, and best practice statements made where evidence was not available. Evidence was weighed in light of benefits and harms to arrive at a recommendation. The certainty of the evidence for some recommendations was modified in this update with a more refined application of the GRADE framework centred around patient important outcomes. This is highlighted in the rationale section of this update. A note is also made where the newly identified evidence did not alter the strength or certainty of evidence for previous recommendations.

The recommendations presented here continue to cover various aspects of diagnosing soft tissue and bone infections, including the classification scheme for diagnosing infection and its severity. Guidance on how to collect microbiological samples, and how to process them to identify causative pathogens, is also outlined. Finally, we present the approach to treating foot infections in persons with diabetes, including selecting appropriate empiric and definitive antimicrobial therapy for soft tissue and bone infections; when and how to approach surgical treatment; and which adjunctive treatments may or may not affect the infectious outcomes of diabetes‐related foot problems.

We believe that following these recommendations will help healthcare professionals provide better care for persons with diabetes and foot infections, prevent the number of foot and limb amputations, and reduce the patient and healthcare burden of diabetes‐related foot disease.
Pore structure and fractal characteristics of transitional shales with different lithofacies from the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin
Authors: Wang Tao , Deng Ze , Hu Haiyan , Tian Fenghua , Ding Rong , Zhang Tao , Ma Zhanrong , Hou Songyi , Li Xiaogang , Dai Ruirui , Hong Xing
Published: October 2023

To better characterize the heterogeneity of transitional shale pore structure and understand its impact on shale gas enrichment, fine characterization of the pore structure of different shale lithofacies was performed by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, high‐pressure mercury injection, low‐temperature N2 adsorption, and low‐pressure CO2 adsorption. Fractal theory was used to obtain the fractal dimension of the shale pores at different scales and reveal the relationships among the pore structural characteristics, mineral composition, total organic carbon content, and fractal dimension of the shale and their geological significance. The results showed that organic pores, intergranular pores, intragranular pores, and microcracks were generally developed in the transitional shale samples from the study area; elliptic or irregular organic pores were mainly developed in the argillaceous shale lithofacies and siliceous shale lithofacies, and wedge‐shaped or irregular intragranular pores were mainly developed in the calcareous shale lithofacies. The pore size distribution showed a multipeak pattern, and mesopores were the main contributors to the total pore volume (PV), while micropores and macropores contributed little to the total PV. The PV and specific surface area of the siliceous shale were lower than those of the argillaceous shale but higher than those of the calcareous shale, indicating that the change in lithofacies had a significant effect on the shale pores. The common influence of clay minerals, quartz content, and total organic carbon content results in strong heterogeneity and complex pore structure characteristics of shale reservoirs. The pores in the transitional shale from the study area had obvious multiscale fractal characteristics, and the fractal dimension characteristics of different lithofacies and pores at different scales were different, which reflected that the pore structure of the shale had strong heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of the shale pores mainly originated from the macropores and mesopores, while the heterogeneity of micropores was relatively low. The heterogeneity of the pore development and structure at different scales was controlled by the mineral composition matter and organic matter abundance to varying degrees.
Integrating CLDs and machine learning through hybridization for human‐centric wireless networks
Authors: Kumari Binita , Yadav Ajay Kumar , Cengiz Korhan , Salah Bashir
Published: October 2023

Wireless sensor networks, more commonly abbreviated as WSNs, have been regarded as helpful tool for managing human‐centric applications. Nevertheless, the design of wireless systems that are accurate, efficient, and robust remains difficult due to the variables and dynamics of the wireless environment as well as the requirements of the users. Cross‐layer designs along with the machine‐learning techniques need to be integrated into a novel hybridization framework for human‐centric wireless networks in order to simplify the process and make it more manageable. The purpose of the proposed framework is to enhance wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in terms of their energy efficiency, robustness, real‐time performance, and scalability. In particular, machine learning are employed for the purpose of extracting features from sensor data, and the framework combines cross‐layer optimization and RL in order to facilitate effective and adaptable communication and networking. In comparison to previous work in this field, the accuracy, energy consumption, robustness, real‐time performance, and scalability of the proposed framework are all significantly improved. The hybridization framework that has been proposed provides a promising approach to addressing the challenges, and it can be of use to a variety of applications.
Comparative genomic characterization of indigenous fat‐tailed Akkaraman sheep with local and transboundary sheep breeds
Authors: Kizilaslan Mehmet , Arzik Yunus , Behrem Sedat , White Stephen N. , Cinar Mehmet Ulas
Published: October 2023

The domestic sheep with over 1200 breeds descended from those early domesticated animals that are bred for a variety of resources such as meat, milk and wool. Akkaraman, a fat‐tailed indigenous sheep breed of Türkiye, is widespread throughout Central Anatolia, with the largest indigenous sheep population. Assessing the genetic diversity and genomic structure of animal breeds is among the key contributors to deciphering adaptation to environmental extremes and constructing efficient genetic improvement strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the genome of Akkaraman breed against various world‐renowned transboundary sheep and indigenous sheep with fat and thin tails. Genetic similarities and differences between those breeds have been displayed by estimating and comparing various genetic diversity indices, linkage disequilibrium (LD) estimates and fixation index (FST), runs of homozygosity (ROH) as well as PCA and neighbour‐joining tree analysis. Akkaraman sheep were observed to form a cluster alongside Moghani, Karakas, Tibetan and Cyprus Fat Tail sheep, which are primarily the sole representatives of fat‐tailed sheep in the study. This clustering was evident in both the PCA and neighbour‐joining tree analysis. The Akkaraman sheep was also observed to have the lowest genomic inbreeding and one of the lowest numbers of ROHs, which might also indicate that the breed has not been exposed to historical intensive selection pressure, inbred mating or a massive population bottleneck that might leave strong marks of genomic homozygosity. The results improve our understanding of the genetic diversity in Akkaraman sheep in comparison with certain mainstream sheep breeds as well as those indigenous breeds from around the world. Additionally, findings will also provide valuable insights to perform further GWAS effectively by considering population structure, diversity and LD patterns observed among the breeds while providing practical knowledge that will contribute to designing efficient and successful genome‐based selection programmes for worldwide sheep production systems.
Kinase fusion positive intra‐osseous spindle cell tumors: A series of eight cases with review of the literature
Authors: Suurmeijer Albert J. H. , Xu Bin , Torrence Dianne , Dickson Brendan C. , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: October 2023

Mesenchymal spindle cell tumors with kinase fusions, often presenting in superficial or deep soft tissue locations, may rarely occur in bone. Herein, we describe the clinicopathologic and molecular data of eight bone tumors characterized by various kinase fusions from our files and incorporate the findings with the previously reported seven cases, mainly as single case reports. In the current series all but one of the patients were young children or teenagers, with an age range from newborn to 59 years (mean 19 years). Most tumors (n = 5) presented in the head and neck area (skull base, mastoid, maxilla, and mandible), and remaining three in the tibia, pelvic bone, and chest wall. The fusions included NTRK1 (n = 3), RET (n = 2), NTRK3 (n = 2), and BRAF (n = 1). In the combined series (n = 15), most tumors (73%) occurred in children and young adults (<30 years) and showed a predilection for jaw and skull bones (40%), followed by long and small tubular bones (33%). The fusions spanned a large spectrum of kinase genes, including in descending order NTRK3 (n = 6), NTRK1 (n = 4), RET (n = 2), BRAF (n = 2), and RAF1 (n = 1). All fusions confirmed by targeted RNA sequencing were in‐frame and retained the kinase domain within the fusion oncoprotein. Similar to the soft tissue counterparts, most NTRK3‐positive bone tumors in this series showed high‐grade morphology (5/6), whereas the majority of NTRK1 tumors were low‐grade (3/4). Notably, all four tumors presenting in the elderly were high‐grade spindle cell sarcomas, with adult fibrosarcoma (FS)‐like, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)‐like and MPNST phenotypes. Overall, 10 tumors had high‐grade morphology, ranging from infantile and adult‐types FS, MPNST‐like, and MPNST, whereas five showed benign/low‐grade histology (MPNST‐like and myxoma‐like). Immunohistochemically (IHC), S100 and CD34 positivity was noted in 57% and 50%, respectively, while co‐expression of S100 and CD34 in 43% of cases. One‐third of tumors (4 high grade and the myxoma‐like) were negative for both S100 and CD34. IHC for Pan‐TRK was positive in all eight NTRK‐fusion positive tumors tested and negative in two tumors with other kinase fusions. Clinical follow‐up was too limited to allow general conclusions.
The Influence of a Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Service on Vancomycin‐Associated Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Yang Jennifer J. , Brett Jonathan , Sordo Anna , Reuter Stephanie E. , Stocker Sophie L. , Day Richard O. , Roberts Darren M. , Carland Jane E.
Published: October 2023

Vancomycin's widespread use as the mainstay antibiotic against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections is complicated by its narrow therapeutic index. Therapeutic drug monitoring using area under the concentration–time curve (AUC)–guided dosing is recommended to optimize therapy and prevent vancomycin‐associated nephrotoxicity (VAN). In 2018, a consultative therapeutic drug monitoring Advisory Service (the Service) was piloted at an Australian hospital to enable AUC‐guided vancomycin dosing. This study sought to compare the incidence of VAN pre‐ and post‐Service implementation. A 4‐year retrospective observational study of intravenous vancomycin therapy (greater than 48 hours) in adults (aged 18 years or older), spanning 3 years before and 1‐year after implementation of the Service was undertaken. Nephrotoxicity was defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentrations of 26.5 μmol/L or greater or 50% or more from baseline, on 2 or more consecutive days. Univariate analysis was performed to compare patients before and after implementation, and with and without VAN. Independent factors associated with VAN were identified using a multivariate model. In total, 971 courses of vancomycin therapy, administered to 781 patients, were included: 764 courses (603 patients) before implementation and 207 courses (163 patients) after implementation. The incidence of VAN decreased by 5% after Service implementation (15% before implementation vs 10% after implementation; P = .075). Independent factors associated with VAN were sepsis, heart failure, solid‐organ transplant, concomitant piperacillin–tazobactam, and average vancomycin AUC during therapy. In conclusion, there was a nonsignificant trend toward a reduced incidence of VAN after the Service. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the Service.
Financial development in Africa: Do expenditure and population matter? Evidence through pooled mean group and generalized method of moments estimators
Authors: Kapaya Saganga Mussa
Published: October 2023

This article assesses the impact of government expenditure and population structure on financial development among selected African economies for a panel of 37 selected African economies from years 1980 to 2018. The pooled mean group regression estimator was used, which suitably isolates short run from long run impacts while allowing for heterogeneities and homogeneities for each run respectively. Additionally, generalized method of moments technique was applied for robustness check and allows for dynamism in the estimations. Findings show that financial development is sensitive to both productive and non‐productive government expenditures in the long run. They affirm positive impacts convergences on financial development. Financial development responds only to non‐productive expenditures in the short run. Young and elderly populations do not benefit financial development but mature population does due to its active role in the private sector. Further, it helps support the negative impact of inflation and provides positive impacts of economy openness and individual's economic output. Also, results support short‐run adjustment towards long‐run equilibrium. These results are significant both statistically and economically. Unlike former studies, this work comprehensively disaggregated government expenditure into productive and unproductive types. It isolated population structure age‐wise. In order to stimulate financial development, governments in Africa need to favour policies that stabilize government expenditures, having both short‐run and long‐run foci, encourage public–private partnership and mutually beneficial linkages, devise population policies based on respective age‐structures, and promote economy openness, and growth per capita, and control inflation.
Effect of coating material on microencapsulated phenolic compounds extracted from agroindustrial ciriguela peel residue
Authors: Silva Júnior Marcony Edson da , Silva Nathalia Barbosa da , Araújo Maria Vitória Rolim Lemos , Converti Attilio , dos Santos Lima Marcos , Maciel Maria Inês Sucupira
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Extract of ciriguela residue was microencapsulated by spray‐drying and freeze‐drying using maltodextrin (M), gum arabic (GA) and their mixture (50% M; 50% GA on dry basis) as encapsulating agents. Total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant activity, physicochemical properties, profile of phenolic compounds by HPLC with diode‐array detection and storage stability were evaluated.

RESULTS

TPC content of powders ranged from 306.9 to 451.2 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 dry powder. The spray‐dried powder prepared using GA as encapsulating agent had higher TPC content and antioxidant activity, whereas the freeze‐dried powder had lower moisture and water activity. Spray‐dried microcapsules had spherical shape, whereas freeze‐dried products had irregular structures. The profile of phenolic compounds identified in samples was similar, with rutin (342.59 and 72.92 μg g−1) and quercetin (181.02 and 43.24 μg g−1) being the major compounds in liquid and freeze‐dried extracts, respectively, whereas myricetin (97.41 μg g−1) was predominant in spray‐dried ones. Storage stability tests carried out for 45 days at 7 or 25 °C revealed no statistically significant difference in TPC.

CONCLUSION

Ciriguela residue can be considered a source of TPC and used as ingredient with good antioxidant activity in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Granular Cell Tumors of the Larynx: A Systematic Review
Authors: Luke Alex S. , Mairson Theresa M. , Husain Inna A. , Kaplan Seth E.
Published: October 2023

Objective

Granular cell tumor of the larynx is an uncommon, typically benign lesion that may be confused for a malignant neoplasm based on histopathology. This review examines cases of granular cell tumor of the larynx in adults to highlight key distinctions in diagnosis/management and demonstrate how misclassification may lead to unnecessary escalations in therapy.

Data Sources and Methods

A systematic search of PubMed, Ovid, and EBSCO Search Hosts was completed in December 2021. The search yielded 501 articles with 87 full‐text articles included in the review. Primary search terms included granular cell, tumor, larynx, and adult. Primary endpoints were patient presentation, primary management, pathological features, and disease course.

Results

A systematic review of 87 articles identified 200 patients with granular cell tumors (GCTs) of the larynx. Of the 200 patients, 50.3% were males and 49.7% were females. Of these, 54.0% were reported as white patients, and 46.0% were reported as black patients. The most common presenting symptoms were dysphonia (85.9%) and stridor/dyspnea (14.1%). On examination, the lesions were most commonly polypoid/nodular and firm. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) was identified in 33.5% of cases, and 2% of cases were malignant. GCTs were misdiagnosed as other malignant lesions in 11% of cases. In benign cases, 13.5% of patients underwent additional surgeries beyond simple excision/laryngofissure, including laryngectomy and neck dissection. Less than 2% of lesions reoccurred.

Conclusion

Granular cell tumors of the larynx are typically benign lesions that may be misdiagnosed with unnecessary escalation of treatment. However, most lesions resolve via primary surgical excision. Laryngoscope, 134:1523–1530, 2024
Effects of different farmland utilization types on soil organic carbon in China: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ouyang Xueying , Zhu Liqun
Published: October 2023

Exploring the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and different farmland utilization types can contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in agriculture. Over the past few decades, numerous researchers have conducted a multitude of studies on the effects of farmland utilization types on SOC in China, and these studies have yielded a wealth of data from field experiments. However, these experiments are limited in that they lack sufficient quantitative analyses of studies conducted on regional or national scales. In this study, we analyzed the three most common farmland utilization types (paddy field [PF], dry land [DL], and vegetable field [VF]) in China using a national‐scale meta‐analysis and included data from 108 observations from 28 studies in the field. In this meta‐analysis, we conducted three comparisons (control vs. treatment): (a) PF versus DL, (b) PF versus VF, and (c) DL versus VF. The results showed that in comparison (a), DL had a significantly lower SOC than PF (ln R++ = −0.463, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = −0.580 ~ −0.345), with DL showing 37.1% lower SOC than PF. In comparison (b), although there was no statistically significant difference between PF and VF (ln R++ = −0.078, 95% CIs = −0.167 ~ 0.011), VF had 7.5% lower SOC than PF. In comparison (c), VF had significantly higher SOC than DL (ln R++ = 0.227, 95% CIs = 0.147 ~ 0.307), with VF showing 25.5% higher SOC than DL. It should be noted that the effects of farmland utilization types on SOC content observed in China varied depending on different factors such as the regions, climatic conditions, and cropping systems. In conclusion, SOC content could be affected by farmland utilization types. Therefore, in order to promote the development of low‐carbon agriculture in China, it is important to consider farmland utilization types in agricultural production, as well as to consider carbon budgets, food security, and field practices to maximize agronomic and environmental benefits.
Using virtual reality based learning to provide education on the management of diabetes emergencies for doctors in training
Authors: Mallik Ritwika , Pottle Jack , Atkinson Ben , Kar Partha , Patel Mayank
Published: October 2023

It is essential that all doctors in training feel confident in their ability to manage diabetes emergencies occurring in hospital settings. This is particularly pertinent when specialist expertise is not always immediately available, as well as at a time when diabetes prevalence in hospitals is rising.

The project team created interactive, immersive scenarios and ran ‘DEVICE’ (Diabetes Emergencies: Virtual Interactive Clinical Education), a pilot study to test the feasibility of using virtual reality (VR) as a safe‐space learning medium for training medical staff on diabetes emergency management. Each study participant worked through two emergency scenarios, under the supervision of a consultant trainer. Analysis of the participants’ performance metrics showed improved clinical approaches and increased confidence in handling diabetes emergencies by these non‐specialist participants.

Here we describe this pilot study development in more detail, as well as provide an update following the national roll‐out of these training resources across seven national postgraduate medical deaneries. The DEVICE initiative was found to be scalable and sustainable, with VR‐based learning deemed to be a popular, safe, and effective teaching tool for diabetes. We are now developing VR‐based training cases for use by other health care professionals within primary and secondary care. Copyright © 2023 John Wiley & Sons.
The growing use of continuous glucose monitors in people without diabetes: an evidence‐free zone
Authors: Guess Nicola
Published: October 2023

The use of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) is growing among people without diabetes, and is being encouraged by CGM manufacturers and personalised nutrition companies alike. This article critically discusses the issues that may arise from this new trend, including pathologising normal post‐prandial glucose excursions, the unnecessary avoidance of healthful foods and the risk of a glucocentric approach to nutrition which could inadvertently increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases a person is trying to avoid. The theoretical benefits of CGMs in people without diabetes will be discussed, and recommendations for the evidence needed to help realise their potential will be made. Copyright © 2023 John Wiley & Sons.
Digital enabled learning for people with diabetes postCOVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: McDowell Joan RS , Mehar Salma , Chandok Raj S , Watson Wendy A
Published: October 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic was the catalyst for a rapid increase in digital learning for people with diabetes. This paper aims to discuss the research on digital learning and the impact and synergy of COVID‐19 on health inequalities, and present some digital educational resources. Copyright © 2023 John Wiley & Sons.
Overcoming barriers to technology in special groups
Authors: Alshatti Asmaa , Bishop Katherine
Published: October 2023

Diabetes demands a high volume of self‐care and management, which poses many obstacles for those with advanced age, cognitive impairment, or physical disability. The latest diabetes technologies, including smart insulin pens, continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pumps, have great potential to improve glycaemic control and quality of life, particularly for those affected by impairment or disability. Although these groups may face barriers to using diabetes technology, accessing and harnessing the benefits and opportunities of the technologies can be achieved with appropriate support and education. This article explores the role of diabetes technology in the care of individuals in special groups, including those with visual impairment, learning disability, cognitive impairment, or reduced dexterity, and elderly people. Copyright © 2023 John Wiley & Sons.
The accuracy of capillary blood glucose testing versus real time and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring
Authors: El‐Abd Souha , Poole Ruth
Published: October 2023

In this sixth article in our ‘Test Tips’ series, Dr Souha El‐Abd and Dr Ruth Poole examine the benefits and limitations of traditional capillary blood glucose testing and the more technologically advanced continuous glucose monitoring in the management of glycaemic control.
DFT Study of the SNAr Reactions of 1‐Chloro‐2‐nitro‐ and 1‐Phenoxy‐2‐nitro‐benzenes with Aniline in Acetonitrile and Toluene: Concerted or Multistep Mechanism?
Authors: Oloba‐Whenu Oluwakemi A. , Isanbor Chukwuemeka
Published: October 2023

Computational studies to determine the rate constants and thermodynamic properties of the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of 4‐R‐1‐chloro‐2,6‐dinitrobenzenes 1, 6‐R‐1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzenes 2 and some of the corresponding 1‐phenoxy derivatives 3 and 4 with aniline in the gas phase, acetonitrile and toluene is reported at the M06‐2x/6‐31g+(d,p) level of theory; R=H, NO2, CF3, CN and ring N. Formation of the Meisenheimer complex intermediate was observed in all cases and its stability was dependent on the number of electron‐withdrawing groups present on the ring and their relative position. The overall reaction was found to be exothermic and exergonic in all cases. From kinetics calculations, the initial attack of the aniline nucleophile on the dinitrobenzene to form the intermediate is rate limiting with the chloride ion as the leaving group in acetonitrile and decomposition of the MC was rate limiting in vacuum and toluene. With the phenoxide ion as the leaving group, the decomposition of the MC intermediate is rate limiting in all cases. The observation of MC and thermodynamic data obtained are suggestive of the prevalence of a multistep SNAr mechanism and ring activation by electron withdrawing group increased the rate of reaction.
Functionalization and Properties of Olive Wood Shell Stone and Its Use in Polyester Biocomposites
Authors: Sánchez‐Sevilla Bernardo , Olmedo‐Navarro Melissa , Pérez Juana M. , Martínez‐Lao Juan A. , Fernández Ignacio
Published: October 2023

The use of olive wood shell stone (OS) as a revalorized agri‐food residue has been investigated for the development of new biocomposites in which a significant amount of the mineral filler is substituted by olive wood stone (APTMS). In addition, we have explored the functionalization of olive stone with different types of coupling agents that are known to improve adhesion between the lignocellulosic matrix and, in our case, unsaturated polyester resin as the most used binder in composite materials. The new functionalized materials have been thoroughly characterized by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra (ATR and FTIR‐DRIFT), ζ‐potential, elemental analysis, XRF, pore size distribution, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric (TG), moisture content and particle size distribution. The mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting composites have been evaluated, showing promising results with very good characteristics in flexural strength and heat deflection temperature (HDT), but with lower Barcol hardness and Young's modulus compared to those based on feldspar as an inorganic filler.
Facilely Synthesized Cobalt Doped TiO2 Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as an Advanced Photocatalyst Material for Degradation of Methylene Blue
Authors: Altin Ilknur
Published: October 2023

In this work, cobalt activated TiO2 photocatalyst have been successfully prepared on graphene oxide (GO) using simple and cost‐effective method to prepare Co‐TiO2/GO nanocomposites for the photocatalytic treatment of methylene blue (MB), representative organic dye, under visible light irradiation. The as‐prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV‐vis diffused reflectance spectra (DRS), Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The characterization results confirmed that Co‐TiO2 catalyst is decorated on the graphene oxide. The photocatalytic efficiency of Co‐TiO2/GO for the degradation of MB was also improved by changing the proportion between Co‐TiO2 and GO. Highest photocatalytic activity was observed for Co‐TiO2 loaded with 5 wt % GO (88.7 %) compared with neat Co‐TiO2 (43.4 %) after 180 min of visible light irradiation. Furthermore, degradation by products was analyzed on Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (QTOF/LCMS) and the possible degradation pathway was proposed. It is investigated that the Co‐TiO2/GO nanocomposite has potential use in the catalytic degradation of organic contaminants under visible light irradiation.
Decoration, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Novel Nano‐Based 1,2‐Phenylenediamine Functionalized Maleic Anhydride‐Allylphenyl Ether Conjugate
Authors: Karakus Gulderen , Atas Mehmet
Published: October 2023

1,2‐Phenylenediamine (o‐PDA) is a well‐known fluorescent dye that enables the decoration of next‐generation chemotherapeutics. A novel o‐PDA‐functionalized maleic anhydride‐allyl phenyl ether (poly(MA‐alt‐APE)/o‐PDA conjugate) was successfully synthesized according to the Ringsdorf model, which is the starting point for macromolecular prodrugs. Functional polymeric‐carriers were prepared by free‐radical polymerization in butyl acetate with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) radical‐initiator at 70 °C. The conjugation was carried out at 40 °C in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) using triethylamine (Et3N) as the conjugation catalyst. Characterization was performed by Attenuated Total Reflectance‐Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR‐FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H‐NMR), UV‐Vis and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Weight average molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity index (PDI) (Mw/Mn) were calculated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The surface morphology was also elucidated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity against two Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus), two Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one yeast Candida albicans was performed using the broth microdilution method according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Interestingly, S. aureus was found to be more sensitive to polymer‐based samples and, in particular, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the conjugate was lower than that of ciprofloxacin used as a control compound.
High Yield and High Volumetric Capacitance Activated Carbons by One‐step Homogeneous Activation of Diaphragma Juglandis Fructus for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wen Xiaoguang , Deng Jiacheng , Hu Sujuan , Chen Yao
Published: October 2023

Diaphragma juglandis fructus (DJF) is selected as a precursor of activated carbon (AC). Saturated absorption of solution containing desirable amount of KOH in DJF leads to one‐step homogeneous activation which produces AC‐1 comprising non‐honeycombed smaller particles with lower energy consumption compared with AC‐2 by the conventional two‐step method. The non‐honeycombed morphology of AC‐1 results in a high yield of 24.2 % and a high packing density of 0.78 g cm−3. Although the specific surface area of AC‐1 is only 1030 m2 g−1, the specific capacitance reaches 244 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in 6 mol L−1 KOH in a three‐electrode cell, higher than that of AC‐2 due to the reasonable pore distribution. In a symmetrical supercapacitor with the 6 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte, the maximum specific cell capacitance is 58.1 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1, corresponding to a high volumetric capacitance of 181 F cm−3 for a single electrode. The flexible supercapacitor with PVA/KOH electrolyte shows areal capacitance of 637 mF cm−2 and can maintain 70 % of the initial value after 180° bending for 400 times. The AC‐1 cell with the ionic liquid electrolyte has a maximum specific energy of 30.6 Wh kg−1, which can illuminate 16 light‐emitting diodes simultaneously.
Electrochemical Properties of Multi‐Morphology Polypyrrole Electrode Materials Depended on Template Agents
Authors: Ren Huifang , Sun Ran , Jin Yu , Xu Muhuan , Pei Yifei , Wang Qiyang , Yan Manqing
Published: October 2023

With different template agents (blank, macromolecule polyvinyl alcohol PVA and micromolecule cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CTAB), nanoparticle‐like polypyrrole (PPyNP), nanosphere‐like polypyrrole (PPyNS) and nanowire‐like polypyrrole (PPyNW) were synthesized respectively by in‐situ polymerization. Interestingly, the diameter of PPyNS was about 108–160 nm by adjusting the mass of PVA, while the width range of PPyNW was about 63–87 nm by regulating the mass of CTAB. Also, the electrochemical properties of the as‐obtained PPy with rich morphologies were investigated in aqueous electrolytes of different ionic and pH. The results show the electrochemical behaviors largely depend on the morphology of PPy, ionic and pH of the electrolyte. The specific capacitance of PPyNW fabricated with CTAB template delivers a maximum capacitance of 307 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in H2SO4 electrolyte. Thus, the electrochemical behaviors of multi‐morphology PPy in different electrolytes provide a strong reference and good selection for supercapacitor electrode materials.
Fabrication, Characterization and In Vitro Cell Cytotoxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles on MDA‐MB 231 Breast Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Kumar Janakiraman Ashok , Yin Wong Zi , Cheng Zenli , Khanna Kushagra , Begum M. Yasmin , Djearamane Sinouvassane , Bhupathyraaj Mullaicharam , Shing Wong Ling , Kumar Abhishek , Moideen Muthu Mohamed Jamal
Published: October 2023

The intention of this study was to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) via bottom‐up approach and evaluate their physiochemical, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. ZnO‐NPs were first prepared by the direct precipitation method with zinc sulphate heptahydrate, followed by characterization tests using sophisticated analytical and imaging instruments. Upon characterization, ZnO‐NPs were studied for their antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as their anticancer activity against breast cancer cell line (MDA‐MB 231). The ZnO‐NPs possessed a mean particle diameter of 225.2 nm and a zeta potential of −15.8 mV. A sharp absorption peak of ZnO was recorded at 354 nm via UV‐Visible spectroscopy. Hexagonal wurtzite shape of ZnO‐NPs has been observed and confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X‐Ray diffraction (XRD). ZnO‐NPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against the Gram‐positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. In an in vitro cell cytotoxicity study, ZnO‐NPs showed a dose‐dependent relationship against MDA‐MB 231 breast cancer cells. It was observed that as the concentration of ZnO‐NPs increased (0.25 μg to 35 μg), there was a sharp reduction in the proliferation rate of the cancer cell line. Overall, our study reported successful synthesis of ZnO‐NPs, which can be efficient antibacterial and anticancer agents.
Functionalized ZIF‐8 with Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as Montelukast Sodium Carrier for Medical Application
Authors: Kani Seyedeh Narges Mousavi , Samadi‐Maybodi Abdolraouf , Najafzadehvarzi Hossein
Published: October 2023

Montelukast sodium (MS) as an anti‐inflammatory agent in asthma requires a drug delivery system to sustain release at specific doses. ZIF‐8 commonly used in drug delivery systems due to its low cytotoxicity and biodegradability was functionalized with 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTES) as a carrier (ZIF‐8@APTES) for MS. The particles were characterized with Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) method, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the biocompatibility of ZIF‐8@APTES‐MS on a normal murine cell line (L929) and its antioxidant activity were investigated. The results showed that MS was gradually released from ZIF‐8@APTES‐MS in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) over 6 hours. ZIF‐8@APTES and ZIF‐8@APTES‐MS also had good biocompatibility properties, and significantly (P≤0.05) enhanced total antioxidant activity at high doses (32 μg/mL). In conclusion ZIF‐8@APTES‐MS can be a promising drug delivery system for MS.