bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of modular isoxazoline-β2,2-amino acid-based peptidomimetic foldamers as a chemical model system for studying the tau misfolding mechanism
Authors: di Lorenzo Davide , Bisi Nicolo , Bucci Raffaella , Ennen Inga , Presti Leonardo Lo , Dodero Veronica , Brandt Roland , Ongeri Sandrine , Gelmi Maria-Luisa , Tonali Nicolo
Published: October 2024

Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the deposition of abnormal aggregates of tau protein into the brain. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein whose physiological role is related to the modulation of microtubule dynamics and the correct axonal transport in neurons. In tauopathies, the mechanism of conversion of the tau molecule from a physiological to a pathological form is still unclear. Nevertheless, two hexapeptide sequences, named PHF6 and PHF6*, located in the R3 and R2 repetition domains of tau, respectively, seem to be crucial in triggering the aggregation. In the native state, the hydrophobic residues of PHF6 and PHF6* are protected by a β-hairpin-like structure. Contrary to that, the misfolded protein exposes hydrophobic residues, which can form hydrophobic interactions and drive the self-assembly process. Chemical model systems, other than being more straightforward and easily accessible than full-length proteins, can provide valuable insight, which is difficult to tease out by studying the natural systems directly, and can especially be employed to examine the structures and modes of folding of amyloid proteins. Here, we exploit the use of chemical systems to modulate and study the mechanism of tau misfolding and aggregation. By employing a new non-natural β2,2-amino acid, we have induced the two hot spot sequences of tau (PHF6 and PHF6*) either to have a totally extended conformation or a β-hairpin, according to the(S)or(R)stereochemistry of the scaffold, respectively. The aim of this work was to provide, through the interchange between β-hairpin-like and extended conformations, a possible explanation for the mechanism of tau misfolding. We demonstrated that an extended conformation, exposing the hydrophobic residues of both sequences and driving away PHF6* from PHF6, can trigger the aggregation of tau and behaves as a seed-competent monomer model system. Conversely, a β-hairpin imitates the favorable folding of tau, allowing the protein to maintain its soluble monomeric form. Furthermore, a β-hairpin mimic, based on the chaperone protein Hsp90, demonstrated the further application of this type of peptidomimetic foldamers as both aggregation inhibitors and chaperone mimics for the corrective folding of tau in a neuronal environment.
Tag with Caution — How protein tagging influences the formation of condensates
Authors: Dörner Kerstin , Gut Michelle , Overwijn Daan , Cao Fan , Siketanc Matej , Heinrich Stephanie , Beuret Nicole , Sharpe Timothy , Lindorff-Larsen Kresten , Maria Hondele
Published: October 2024

Fluorescent proteins and peptide tags are essential tools in cellular biology, but can alter the biochemical properties of target proteins. Biomolecular condensates, which have emerged as key principles of cellular organization, are suggested to provide robustness to cells, yet they can also respond sensitively to small changes in environmental conditions—or tagging of their components, as our findings suggest. Here, we investigated the effects of sixteen widely used tags on condensate formation in various model organisms,in vitro, in cells and by computational modelling. We find that tagging strongly influenced condensation for some proteins, while others remained unaffected. Effects varied, with some tags enhancing and others decreasing condensation, and depended on the protein being tagged. Coarse-grained simulations suggest that the charge of the fluorescent protein tags is a critical factor modulating condensation behavior. Together, our results underscore the importance of rigorous experimental design and interpretation in condensate experiments.
Adult lifespan effects on functional specialization along the hippocampal long axis
Authors: Bowman Caitlin R. , Charles Cara I. , Birr Saisha M.
Published: October 2024

There has been increasing attention to differences in function along the hippocampal long axis, with posterior regions proposed to have properties that are well suited to representing fine-grained details and coarser representations in anterior regions. Whether long axis functional specialization persists into older age is not well understood, despite well documented memory changes in older age. In this study, we used a large database of fMRI data (n =323 humans of both sexes included) from across the adult lifespan (ages 18-88) to determine the degree of functional differentiation across the hippocampal posterior-anterior axis. Our first approach was to measure the similarity among signals within each hippocampal subregion. We found that intra-region signals within the most posterior hippocampal subregion became more similar in older age, but did not relate to episodic memory performance. As a second approach, we measured functional connectivity between hippocampal subregions and the rest of the brain. The functional connectivity profiles of the posterior and anterior hippocampal subregions became more distinct from one another with increasing age, and age-related reductions in connectivity were strongest for the intermediate portion of the hippocampus. In contrast, anterior hippocampal functional connectivity remained relatively stable across the adult lifespan, and stronger anterior hippocampus connectivity with the anterior cingulate was associated with better episodic memory in older adults, suggesting that the anterior hippocampus may help some older adults compensate for age-related changes to more posterior hippocampal regions to preserve episodic memory.

Significance Statement

There is an increasing understanding that differences across the hippocampal long axis help give rise to multifaceted episodic memories. Yet, whether hippocampal long axis differentiation persists into older age is not well understood. Here, we show that older age exaggerates the differentiation along the hippocampal long axis due largely to changes in posterior and intermediate portions of the hippocampus. Anterior hippocampal signals were more stable and were sometimes associated with better episodic memory performance in older age. These findings suggest that functional declines in posterior hippocampus may be a normal part of healthy aging, but that some older adults offset this decline by upregulating anterior hippocampal function, which in turn helps maintain episodic memory.
Early auditory and adult mating experiences interact with singer identity to shape neural responses to song in female zebra finches
Authors: Catalano Isabella , Woolley Sarah C.
Published: October 2024

Social and sensory experiences across the lifespan can shape social interactions, however, experience-dependent plasticity is widely studied within discrete life stages. In the socially monogamous zebra finch, in which females use learned vocal signals to identify individuals and form long-lasting pair bonds, developmental exposure to song is key for females to show species-typical song perception and preferences. While adult mating experience can still lead to pair-bonding and song preference learning even in birds with limited previous song exposure (“song-naïve”), whether similarities in adult behavioral plasticity between normally-reared and song-naïve females reflect convergent patterns of neural activity is unknown. We investigated this using expression of a marker of neural activity and plasticity (phosphorylated S6) in mated normally-reared and song-naïve females in response to song from either their mate, a neighbor, or an unfamiliar male. We found that, in portions of a secondary auditory region (the caudomedial nidopallium NCM) and in dopaminergic neurons of the caudal ventral tegmental area, hearing the mate’s song significantly increased pS6 expression in females from both rearing conditions. In contrast, within other NCM subregions, song-identity drove different patterns of pS6 expression depending on the rearing condition. These data suggest that developmental experiences can have long-lasting impacts on the neural signatures of behaviors acquired in adulthood and that socially-driven behavioral plasticity in adults may arise through both shared and divergent neural circuits depending on an individual’s developmental experiences.
Quality and noodle‐making performance of wheat flour with varied gluten strengths altered by addition of various arabinoxylans
Authors: Kim Jeongeon , Kweon Meera
Published: October 2024

This study examined the effects of adding different types of arabinoxylans (AXs) to wheat flour with varying gluten strengths on flour quality and noodle‐making performance, with the aim of utilizing AXs as health‐enhanced ingredients. Three flours (Goso, Hojoong, and Joongmo) with low, medium, and high gluten strengths were used, along with two water‐extractable AXs (E1 and E2) and one water‐unextractable AX (U) with diverse molecular weights and viscosities. The addition of 2% AXs increased the water and sucrose solvent retention capacity values and decreased the gluten performance index values for all flours, with a notable effect on Goso flour by U. The dough development time was prolonged in all flours, necessitating more water for development. The sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume increased with the addition of AXs, especially with E2 and U. Pasting properties remained unaffected, suggesting a minimal impact on starch‐related properties. However, noodles made with E2 and U showed deteriorated quality in terms of fresh noodle texture, weight gain, cooking water turbidity, and cooked noodle texture, in contrast to noodles made with E1 alone. Additionally, adjusting the water amount when adding U altered the textural properties, approaching that of noodles without added AXs. Overall, the impact of AXs on flour and noodle quality varied depending on their molecular weights, viscosities, and the gluten strength of the flour. Additionally, AXs could be successfully utilized by adjusting the water amount for the production of health‐enhancing noodles.

Practical Application

Arabinoxylans, as health‐promoting ingredients, can be utilized in noodle production by optimizing the water amount and mixing time.
Optimization of a gelatin/carboxymethylcellulose‐based probiotic microcapsule and its application in preventing dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis in mice
Authors: Zhu Xiao , Zhi Yiming , Heng Xiaoyi , Zhou Lihui , Liu Chang , Zhao Yiwen , Wang Yijun , Liu Jun , Huang Jinbao
Published: October 2024

Oral administration of probiotics has demonstrated substantial potential in alleviating colitis. However, most of the ingested microorganisms struggle to survive the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to decreased efficacy. In the present study, using double emulsification (W1/O/W2) and complex coacervation methods, we developed a gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)‐based probiotic microcapsule and analyzed the efficacy of encapsulated probiotics in preventing dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced colitis in mice. Our results reveal that nearly 90% of the encapsulated probiotics remained viable after 30‐day storage at 4°C and approximately 38.1% of viable bacteria (4.0 × 108 cfu/g) survived after 4‐h simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In a DSS‐induced colitis model, pretreatment with probiotics exerted significant protective effects, with the bacterial microcapsule‐treated group having superior outcomes to those of the bacterial suspension plus empty carrier group. Probiotic treatments, especially those administered in the encapsulated form, significantly increased fecal short‐chain fatty acid contents, and altered the intestinal microbial composition. The family Muribaculaceae, dominant bacteria in the mouse gut, may be the key microorganism involved in the BM regulation process. Our study presents an alternative approach to treating colitis using probiotics.

Practical Application

The encapsuled probiotic showed remarkable storage stability at 4°C, maintained good vitality after simulated digestion, and gained superior outcomes in preventing colitis. Our results offer an alternative approach for the probiotic preparations aiming to prevent the intestinal inflammation.
tert‐Butylhydroquinone alleviates a postharvest pericarp browning of longan fruit by regulating antioxidant metabolism
Authors: Yu Zhiqian , Kang Wenjing , Zhang Zhengke , Yang Ziqin , Jiang Yueming , Pan Yonggui , Yang Jiali
Published: October 2024

Harvested longan fruit is prone to pericarp browning, which restricts preservation quality and shortens fruit shelf life. The antioxidant system can defend against oxidative stress–mediated quality deterioration such as fruit browning. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) on anti‐browning ability of longan fruit in association with redox metabolism. The results indicated that the application of 0.02% TBHQ significantly suppressed the progression of pericarp browning. In comparison with control, TBHQ treatment decreased the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radical (O2−⋅), and malondialdehyde, and retained high levels of ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), total phenolics as well as 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging rate. Enhanced enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), but decreased activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were also observed in TBHQ‐treated fruit. Gene expression analysis indicated that redox metabolism‐related genes, including DlSOD, DlCAT, DlGR, and DlAPX, were upregulated after TBHQ treatment. Correlation analysis suggested that antioxidants, including AsA, GSH, CAT, APX, SOD, and DHAR, were negatively correlated to reactive oxygen species production and percarp browning. These results suggest that TBHQ is effective in alleviating pericarp browning by increasing antioxidant capacity of longan fruit.
Efficient elimination of 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol fatty acid ester from palm oil via using activated carbon grafted with Tween80
Authors: Ji Junmin , Li Changjiang , Hou Jie , Xu Fengyao , Li Nannan
Published: October 2024

In the current study, we attempt to remove 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol fatty acid ester (3‐MCPD ester) from palm oil with developed composite adsorbent (Tween80 modified activated carbon [AC]), and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen content adsorption‐desorption and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the modifications. We further examined the adsorption capability of the composite adsorbent for 3‐MCPD ester and found that the highest removal efficiency was 87.36% (5.3% of adsorbent dose at 104°C for 29 min). This is approximately three times higher than that of pristine AC, implying that the composite can be employed as a novel adsorbent for 3‐MCPD ester reduction. Along with the adsorption mechanism of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Temkin models were also tested. It has been suggested that Freundlich model could best describe the adsorption process. Adsorption was found to be well‐fitted by pseudo‐second‐order kinetics according to the kinetic study. An endothermic and spontaneous adsorption mechanism was demonstrated by the thermodynamic studies.
Perpetuating ableism in engineering education: The role of user abstraction and expertise hierarchies in the design process
Authors: Hardin Jessica , Carter Anna , Smith Lee , Lama Pema , Pasquantonio Anna , Hakim Makenna
Published: October 2024

This ethnographic study investigates the teaching and learning of the design process in biomedical engineering classrooms. Through classroom fieldwork, we examine how faculty and students conceptualize and implement the design process, focusing on its linear teaching methods, the abstraction of users, and the reinforcement of expertise hierarchies. Our analysis reveals how these pedagogical practices perpetuate ableist assumptions within engineering education. This research contributes to the understanding of how educational practices in engineering shape professional identities and reinforce systemic biases.
Are Systemic Inflammation Markers Reliable for Diagnosing Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy? A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Özkan Sadullah , Aksan Alperen , Kurt Dilara , Kurt Ahmet , Fıratlıgil Fahri B. , Sucu Serap , Sucu Sadun , Reis Yıldız A. , Öztürk Burcu G. , Çağlar Ali T.
Published: October 2024

Problem

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of inflammation indexes (systemic immune‐inflammation index [SII], systemic inflammation response index [SIRI], pan‐immune inflammation value [PIV], and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio [NLR]) in the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP).

Method of Study

A retrospective study was conducted, reviewing medical records of patients diagnosed with ICP who delivered between October 1, 2022, and May 31, 2023, at the Perinatology clinic of Etlik City Hospital, Ankara. A control group of healthy pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies was also included. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and laboratory results, including systemic inflammation indices and liver enzyme levels, were collected and analyzed.

Results

A total of 242 participants were included, with 121 ICP patients and 121 controls. White blood cell count, neutrophil count, and monocyte count showed significant differences between the two groups (p = 0.011, p = 0.004, and p = 0.039, respectively). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly elevated in the ICP group (p < 0.001 for both). SII and NLR were higher in the ICP group compared to controls (p = 0.032 and p = 0.010, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed moderate predictive values for SII (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.581, p = 0.030) and NLR (AUC = 0.598, p = 0.009), with no significant difference in their predictive power (p = 0.502).

Conclusions

Systemic inflammation indices such as SII and NLR offer a cost‐effective and rapid means of diagnosing ICP, potentially complementing or surpassing traditional biomarkers like bile acid levels and liver function tests (LFTs). These indices can be easily integrated into routine clinical practice, providing timely intervention to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and establish standardized protocols for their use in ICP management.
Scoping review finds insufficient evidence on potential risks of procedural sedation with dexmedetomidine in children
Authors: Båtelsson Anna , Lannsjö Claudia , Fläring Urban , Rooyackers Olav
Published: October 2024

Aim

Dexmedetomidine is commonly used in hospitals for sedation during procedurals. It has been considered safe even though studies have shown that it may cause bradycardia and hypotension. The aim of this study was to map the current evidence regarding potential risks of sedation of children with dexmedetomidine.

Methods

Two database searches were conducted to gather all articles published through 30 January 2024 that matched the inclusion criteria. PubMed and Embase were chosen for the initial search. Search terms were chosen to create a broad systematic search that would include articles reporting adverse events during procedural sedation on children. From the included articles, data on type of sedation, administration, patient characteristics, endpoints and number of adverse events were collected.

Results

After the initial search, 357 individual papers were screened and 41 papers were included. The most common adverse event reported was bradycardia. In almost 40% of the articles that measured oxygen saturation, one or more incidents of desaturation occurred. 27% reported that interventions to prevent further harm were preformed, most of the interventions were to improve oxygenation.

Conclusion

There is a need for further investigation regarding adverse events, especially respiratory adverse events during sedation with dexmedetomidine.
Review article: The role of the gut–brain axis in inflammatory bowel disease and its therapeutic implications
Authors: Riggott Christy , Ford Alexander C. , Gracie David J.
Published: October 2024

Background

Treatments targeting the gut–brain axis (GBA) are effective at reducing symptom burden in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The prevalence of common mental disorders and IBS‐type symptom reporting is significantly higher in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than would be expected, suggesting potential GBA effects in this setting. Manipulation of the GBA may offer novel treatment strategies in selected patients with IBD. We present a narrative review of the bi‐directional effects of the GBA in IBD and explore the potential for GBA‐targeted therapies in this setting.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMBASE Classic, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant articles published by March 2024.

Results

The bi‐directional relationship between psychological well‐being and adverse longitudinal disease activity outcomes, and the high prevalence of IBS‐type symptom reporting highlight the presence of GBA‐mediated effects in IBD. Treatments targeting gut–brain interactions including brain–gut behavioural treatments, neuromodulators, and dietary interventions appear to be useful adjunctive treatments in a subset of patients.

Conclusions

Psychological morbidity is prevalent in patients with IBD. The relationship between longitudinal disease activity outcomes, IBS‐type symptom reporting, and poor psychological health is mediated via the GBA. Proactive management of psychological health should be integrated into routine care. Further clinical trials of GBA‐targeted therapies, conducted in selected groups of patients with co‐existent common mental disorders, or those who report IBS‐type symptoms, are required to inform effective integrated models of care in the future.
Social class group identity, intergroup attitudes, and views on social mobility and inequality in the U.K. and the U.S.
Authors: Elenbaas Laura , McGuire Luke , Ackerman Amanda , Kneeskern Ellen , Kinnard Lauren , Farooq Aqsa , Law Fidelia , Makanju Damilola , Ebert Kaili , Mistry Rashmita S.
Published: October 2024

Drawing on social identity theory (SIT), this study explored social class group identity, intergroup attitudes, and views about social mobility and inequality among socioeconomically and racially/ethnically diverse adults in the U.K. (n = 457) and the U.S. (n = 595). U.K. participants evidenced greater consensus about the social class groups present in their society than did U.S. participants, but lower, working, middle, and upper class were commonly perceived in both contexts, and many participants self‐identified as working class (38% U.K., 17% U.S.) or middle class (45% U.K., 47% U.S.) Consistent with SIT, participants in both contexts identified with their social class ingroup (e.g., felt they belonged) and stereotyped it less harshly on dimensions (warmth or competence) on which it was generally negatively stereotyped. Importantly, middle and upper class participants tended to feel more positively (e.g., proud) about their ingroup, and believed society was more fair and equal, and upward mobility more likely, than did lower and working class participants.
Consolidating the Role of Mutated ATP2B2 in Neurodevelopmental and Cerebellar Pathologies
Authors: Stehr Antonia M. , Lenberg Jerica , Friedman Jennifer , Dobbelaere Dries , Imbard Apolline , Levy Jonathan , Donoghue Sarah , Derive Nicolas , Stoeva Radka , Gueguen Paul , Zech Michael
Published: October 2024

Plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) encoded by ATP2B genes have been implicated in Mendelian diseases with ataxia, dystonia, and intellectual disability. Work to date has shown that ATP2B2 (encoding PMCA2) is required for synaptic function and Purkinje‐cell integrity in the cerebellum. A recent case series has linked ATP2B2 to a novel entity, characterized by neurodevelopmental and movement phenotypes, in only seven individuals. We called for collaboration to collect five unpublished families affected by the new rare ATP2B2‐related condition. Exome‐/genome sequencing‐identified genotypes included four likely pathogenic/pathogenic heterozygous de novo missense variants and one dominantly inherited end‐truncating frameshift allele. The six affected individuals shared features with the described patients including developmental delay, cognitive disturbances, epilepsy, autistic traits, and motor disorders. Striking cerebellar atrophy was observed in one affected individual. In association with hearing loss and movement abnormalities, we report a recurrent p.(Glu457Lys) substitution, previously documented in a neurologically impaired ATP2B2 mouse mutant. Our study further delineates the mutational spectrum and presentation of a human syndrome caused by ATP2B2 variants, confirming the importance of PMCA2 in neurotypical and cerebellar development.
Contents of sensitising rubber accelerators in disposable rubber gloves: A Copenhagen market survey
Authors: Kursawe Larsen Christoffer , Schwensen Jakob F. B. , Zachariae Claus , Svedman Cecilia , Johansen Jeanne D. , Bergendorff Ola
Published: October 2024

Background

Rubber gloves contain rubber accelerators that may cause contact allergy. The content of sensitising rubber accelerators in contemporary rubber gloves is not well known.

Objectives

Identify and quantify the content of rubber accelerators in disposable rubber gloves.

Methods

Fifty‐one gloves of 49 different brands were collected. Forty‐eight of the gloves were disposable and three re‐usable. The gloves were analysed for their content of sensitising rubber accelerators, that is, zinc dithiocarbamates, thiurams, thiazoles/benzothiazoles, diphenylguanidine, and thioureas by high‐performance liquid chromatography.

Results

Rubber accelerators were identified in 43/48 (90%) of the disposable gloves. In total, 39 gloves contained zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC) (0.18–1.96 mg/g), 34 zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC) (0.032–2.78 mg/g), three zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (0.65–1.4 mg/g), one zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (0.23 mg/g), and one 1,3‐diphenylguanidine (0.21 mg/g). 2‐cyanoethyl dimethyldithiocarbamate (CEDMC) was identified in three gloves (<0.052 mg/g). The one glove labelled as accelerator free contained ZDBC (1.07 mg/g). Only few glove packages had the specific content of rubber accelerators labelled.

Conclusions

The most frequent rubber accelerators in rubber gloves are ZDEC and ZDBC. Accelerator‐free gloves may contain rubber accelerators. Full labelling of rubber gloves is needed and producers should be sure not to falsely claim that the rubber gloves are free of rubber accelerators.
Enhancing Early Adolescents' Sense of Responsibility: The Roles of Different Needs‐Based Support in Teaching Practices
Authors: Ma Junkui , Zhang Yixin , Huang Haoyan
Published: October 2024

Cultivating responsible future citizens is of increasing importance in school education. The objective of this study is to identify the most prominent factors from the school needs‐based support that enhance early adolescents' sense of responsibility, using Self‐Determination Theory as the framework. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 3034 10‐year‐old Finnish students (from 513 classes, with 50.4% female) and their teachers from the OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills. Hierarchical linear modelling was adopted, revealing the following key results: (1) contrary to the expectation, competence evaluation and relatedness support exhibited strong effects on adolescents' sense of responsibility, whereas the effect of autonomy support was indirect; (2) regarding competence evaluation, mastery evaluation emerged as the most effective strategy, whereas ability differentiation in tasks had the most adverse effect; (3) sense of school belonging emerged as a more beneficial form of relatedness support compared with perceived teachers' emotional support and (4) guided inquiry showed indirect associations through its effects on mastery evaluation and two types of relatedness support. Findings imply the most effective needs‐based supports and related teaching practices to nurture adolescents' sense of responsibility.
Enhancing Gifted Students' Creative Thinking Through Science Laboratory
Authors: Coştu Fatma
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the Predict‐Explain‐Observe‐Discuss‐Explain (PEODE)‐based laboratory on enhancing the verbal and figural creativity of gifted students. The quasi‐experimental research design utilised a pre‐ and post‐test approach with a non‐equivalent control group, consisting of 60 sixth‐grade gifted students. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups: the experimental group (EG; n = 30) and the control group (CG; n = 30). During the study, the control group underwent traditional laboratory tasks, whereas the experimental group participated in PEODE‐based laboratory tasks. Both groups engaged in laboratory work for a total of 16 h. Data were collected using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) scale, and statistical analysis methods were applied. The results revealed significant differences in favour of the EG regarding both verbal and figural creativity. These findings suggest that the PEODE‐based laboratory approach can effectively enhance the creative abilities of gifted students.
Chronotype, sleep quality, depression and pre‐sleep rumination: A diary and actigraphy study
Authors: Lamprou Efthymia , Kivelä Liia M. M. , Rohling Jos H. T. , Meijer Johanna H. , van der Does Willem , Antypa Niki
Published: October 2024

Eveningness has been associated with both disturbed sleep and depression. It is unclear, however, if deprived sleep explains evening types' vulnerability to depression. The role of pre‐sleep rumination in these associations also remains understudied. The present study assessed the relationship between eveningness and sleep quality, as well as the possible mediating effect of pre‐sleep rumination and the moderating effect of a history of depression, under naturalistic conditions. Eighty‐eight Dutch‐speaking participants (87.5% females, 21.4 ± 3.7 years) were selected on the basis of their non‐intermediate chronotype using the Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire (evening types (n = 53); morning types (n = 35)). Depression status was assessed through a diagnostic interview (healthy (n = 61); remitted depressed (n = 27)). Participants' sleep characteristics were monitored via actigraphy and sleep diaries for seven consecutive days and nights. Pre‐sleep rumination was measured via a self‐report questionnaire. Evening types had longer subjective and actigraphic sleep onset latency than morning types. Pre‐sleep rumination did not mediate the former associations but predicted longer subjective sleep onset latency. Furthermore, the relationship between chronotype and subjective sleep onset latency was moderated by depression history. Remitted depressed evening types reported longer sleep onset latency than healthy evening and morning types, possibly posing the former at a higher risk for depressive relapse. Overall, the current findings address the need to further investigate the physiological signature of circadian rhythms and sleep latency. This could serve as a foundation for the development of prevention and early intervention programs, tailored for mood and sleep disorders.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging as a new tool for molecular histopathology in epilepsy surgery
Authors: Cagnoli Cinzia , De Santis Dalia , Caccia Claudio , Bongarzone Italia , Capitoli Giulia , Rossini Laura , Rizzi Michele , Deleo Francesco , Tassi Laura , de Curtis Marco , Garbelli Rita
Published: October 2024

Objective

Epilepsy surgery is a treatment option for patients with seizures that do not respond to pharmacotherapy. The histopathological characterization of the resected tissue has an important prognostic value to define postoperative seizure outcome in these patients. However, the diagnostic classification process based on microscopic assessment remains challenging, particularly in the case of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Imaging mass spectrometry is a spatial omics technique that could improve tissue phenotyping and patient stratification by investigating hundreds of biomolecules within a single tissue sample, without the need for target‐specific reagents.

Methods

An in situ proteomic technique called matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) is here investigated as a potential new tool to expand conventional diagnosis on standard paraffin brain tissue sections. Unsupervised and region of interest‐based MALDI‐MSI analyses of sections from 10 FCD type IIb (FCDIIb) cases were performed, and the results were validated by immunohistochemistry.

Results

MALDI‐MSI identified distinct histopathological features and the boundaries of the dysplastic lesion. The capability to visualize the spatial distribution of well‐known diagnostic markers enabling multiplex measurements on single tissue sections was demonstrated. Finally, a fingerprint list of potential discriminant peptides that distinguish FCD core from peri‐FCD tissue was generated.

Significance

This is the first study that explores the potential application of MALDI‐MSI in epilepsy postsurgery fixed tissue, by utilizing the well‐characterized FCDIIb features as a model. Extending these preliminary analyses to a larger cohort of patients will generate spectral libraries of molecular signatures that discriminate tissue features and will contribute to patient phenotyping.
A novel triage framework for emergency department based on machine learning paradigm
Authors: Menshawi Alaa Mohammad , Hassan Mohammad Mehedi
Published: October 2024

Emergency departments, crucial in managing patient emergencies, are often challenged by overcrowding and diagnostic errors during triage—the process that assesses the urgency of patients' conditions. Traditional triage systems, heavily dependent on human judgement, are prone to errors like under‐triage, where severe conditions are missed, delaying treatment, and over‐triage, where less severe conditions are overly prioritized, causing unnecessary resource use and morbidity. This thesis presents a novel multi‐model machine‐learning framework designed to enhance triage accuracy by evaluating multiple medical conditions concurrently, including chronic illnesses like heart disease. The framework employs various machine‐learning techniques—such as logistic regression, support vector machines, random forests, deep neural networks, and decision trees—to analyze different medical conditions in two comprehensive phases. In the first phase, patients' conditions are categorized, and a multi‐tiered analysis using multiple classifiers refines the assessment by considering probabilistic outcomes from each classifier. The second phase synthesizes these insights into a unified and precise triage decision, distinguishing between patients who require critical care and those needing less urgent hospitalization. This integration of diverse machine learning models allows for a fused and precise triage decision, overcoming traditional triage systems' limitations that usually focus on single conditions and rely on isolated model predictions. A hybrid feature selection method is also utilized to identify critical predictors, enhancing the decision‐making process. The framework is validated through a specially curated dataset that simulates multiple triage scenarios, evaluated by medical experts for efficacy. Comparative analysis with traditional triage methods demonstrates significant improvements in decision accuracy, as evidenced by higher area under curve (AUC) values—0.95 for critical care and 0.90 for hospitalization. The implementation of this data‐driven approach substantially reduces human error, boosts operational efficiency, and aids medical staff in making rapid, informed decisions. This research represents a significant advancement in emergency medical care, illustrating the benefits of integrating sophisticated machine learning techniques to improve patient outcomes and resource management.
In vitro evidence that the vasorelaxant effects of 2‐nitro‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol on rat coronary arteries involve cyclic nucleotide pathways
Authors: Vasconcelos‐Silva Alfredo Augusto , Paula Suliana Mesquita , Lima‐Silva Karine , de Gadelha Kalinne Kelly Lima , de Siqueira Rodrigo José Bezerra , dos Santos Armenio Aguiar , Lahlou Saad , de Freitas Lima Ricardo , Magalhães Pedro Jorge Caldas
Published: October 2024

The synthetic nitro‐alcohol 2‐nitro‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol (NPP) has endothelium‐independent relaxing properties in isolated preparations of rat aorta and mesenteric artery. In this study, we investigated whether the vasodilator effects occur in coronary vessels and explored whether hyperpolarization is involved in the underlying mechanism of NPP‐induced smooth muscle relaxation. The relaxing responses were studied in isolated preparations of the left anterior descending coronary (ADC) and the septal coronary (SC) arteries, which had been previously maintained under sustained contraction induced by the thromboxane A2 analogue U‐46619. Administered cumulatively, NPP elicited concentration‐dependent vasorelaxation with similar potency in both vessels. The relaxant effect remained unaffected by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L‐NAME, the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide IV and the Rho‐associated protein kinase inhibitor Y‐27632. However, it was significantly diminished by the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor MDL‐12,330A, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ, as well as the K+ channel inhibitors tetraethylammonium and CsCl. In ADC preparations impaled with intracellular micropipettes, NPP hyperpolarized the vascular preparation. When the isolated preparation was precontracted by 5‐hydroxytryptamine or 80 mM KCl, NPP‐induced relaxation with lower pharmacological potency compared to the vessels contracted by U‐46619. In conclusion, NPP exhibits vasorelaxant effects on rat coronary arteries, likely involving pathways that include cyclic nucleotide production and membrane hyperpolarization.
Enhancing Sustainability and Conservation of White Shrimp Penaeus schmitti in Northeast Brazil: Insights Into Life History, Reference Points, and Management Strategies for Beach Seining
Authors: Castro‐Neto Hildemário , Craveiro Cecília , Santos Lucas , Silva Emanuell F. B. , Soares Roberta , Peixoto Sílvio
Published: October 2024

Artisanal fishing significantly not only contributes to socioeconomic development of numerous countries but also exerts pressure on natural populations. The white shrimp (Penaeus schmitti) is a key species in Brazilian artisanal fisheries, yet it is currently classified as data‐deficient. Conducting comprehensive studies on its population dynamics is essential to establish reference points that guarantee sustainable fishing. Therefore, we estimated population parameters to assess status of the white shrimp stock captured by beach seining in Northeast Brazil. Monthly samples of white shrimp were collected using a beach trawl. Based on population parameters, the white shrimp population in the study area, the sex ratio was 1 male to 1.29 females, with females larger and heavier than males. Weight–length relationships revealed positive allometric growth for males, females, and grouped sexes, with no significant difference between sexes. Asymptotic length, t_achor, and growth performance index also did not differ between sexes; however, the growth coefficient was higher for females. Beach trawling in northeastern Brazil predominantly targeted adult white shrimp, with carapace length at first capture (Lc50) averaging 2.12 cm for females and 2.19 cm for males. Mortality and exploitation rates were below maximum sustainable levels, so the stock was classified as underexploited. Overall, beach‐seine fishing was less harmful to this stock (F = 1.42) than motorized fishing and can be considered a sustainable fishing activity for the white shrimp population.
Women and girls’ participation in haemophilia clinical trials
Authors: Fedewa Stacey A. , Cafuir Lorraine , Valentino Leonard A. , Koo Andee , Antun Ana , Kempton Christine L.
Published: October 2024

Key Points

women and girls were infrequently represented in haemophilia clinical trials

intentional recruitment strategies are needed for haemophilia trials to be more inclusive of women and girls
Haemophilia testing of young girls in Canada: Describing the current recommendations for factor level and genetic testing and the experiences of Canadian parents
Authors: Chaigneau Megan , Grabell Julie , Wijnker Emil , Bowman Mackenzie , James Paula
Published: October 2024

Introduction

It is widely acknowledged that haemophilia affects women and girls, yet current testing recommendations for factor level and genetic testing vary and do not universally incorporate updated research. Canadian parents have expressed frustration at inconsistent recommendations and reported instances where delayed testing led to missed diagnosis and preventable bleeding.

Aim

Study aim was to explore and describe the practice of haemophilia‐related testing of young girls in Canada.

Methods

A mixed methods study was carried out with two populations: (1) Nurses working in haemophilia care completed a survey regarding the current testing recommendations of their Haemophilia Treatment Centre (HTC), (2) Parents of obligate or potential haemophilia carriers completed a structured interview with questions about their family experience of haemophilia and testing decisions for daughters.

Results

Twenty‐six survey responses were received and showed wide variation in the usual recommendations of Canadian HTCs. Different factor level testing recommendations may be given to obligate and potential carriers despite no difference in bleeding risk. Only a minority of HTCs currently recommend an early baseline factor level (< 10 years) to obligate carriers (27%) or potential carriers (15%). For genetic testing of potential carriers, 70% of HTC would approve a family request for genetic testing of a minor with specific conditions. The majority of parents interviewed felt dissatisfied with their testing experience (58%) and highlighted many issues related to delayed testing recommendations.

Conclusion

Updated, nationally affirmed testing recommendations are needed that align with research on bleeding in women and girls affected by haemophilia.
Management of dermatosis papulosa nigra: a systematic review
Authors: Jain Shivani , Caire Haley , Haas Christopher J.
Published: October 2024

Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) is a variant of seborrheic keratosis that typically presents as hyperpigmented pedunculated papules on the face, trunk, and/or back in those with skin of color. Although benign, the lesions can cause significant discomfort and distress. Management options are limited and often unaffordable, as treatment is elective in most cases. This study was undertaken to provide an updated summary of safe and efficacious treatments for DPN. Five databases were searched to identify full‐text publications reporting on treatments and outcomes in adults with DPN. Seventeen publications met inclusion criteria and were included: six cohort studies, one randomized controlled trial, five case report studies, one case series, and four pilot studies. Treatment options included simple excision, curettage, electrodesiccation, cryotherapy, topicals, and laser therapies. These modalities varied in their documented outcomes and associated potential adverse effect profiles. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation is a common adverse effect that often leads to patient dissatisfaction. It can be mitigated with topical treatments aimed at reducing local inflammation. Study limitations included small sample size in individual studies, lack of consistent reporting of Fitzpatrick skin type, and lack of comparison to the standard treatment of electrodesiccation or curettage. Ultimately, treatment should consider the patient's Fitzpatrick type, treatment area, associated costs, and potential adverse effects.
Factors related to spontaneous space closure following early first permanent molar extraction: A systematic review
Authors: Alqanas Sarah , Alsahiem Jood , Aljami Abdullah , Alsudairi Nourah , Ahmad Shakil , Sharma Sonali , Rajinder Sumit , Alamri Abdulaziz , Alhazmi Hesham , Hegazi Fahad
Published: October 2024

Background

Dental caries and molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH) are primary reasons for the extraction of first permanent molars (M1) in children, which can lead to significant dental and facial development issues such as a midline shift and temporomandibular joint disorder.

Aim

This systematic review aimed to identify key factors influencing spontaneous space closure following the early extraction of first permanent molars (M1) in children aged 5–15.

Design

We conducted a comprehensive search across Scopus, PubMed, Dimensions, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases, including the literature from 1960 to 2024. The inclusion criteria focused on clinical trials, case–control, cross‐sectional, cohort studies, and case series that evaluated the impact of various factors on the spontaneous closure after M1 extraction.

Results

The analysis highlights that chronological age and the developmental stage of the second permanent molars (M2) at the time of extraction are significant predictors of successful spontaneous space closure. Additionally, the presence and angle of M2, along with the presence of third permanent molars (M3), play crucial roles but require further investigation.

Conclusion

Early assessment of M2's developmental stage and inclination, and the presence of M3 are essential for enhancing the likelihood of successful spontaneous space closure following M1 extraction in children.
Effect of relative humidity on the interlayer spacing of phosphate intercalated Mg, Al layered double hydroxide (hydrotalcite‐like) crystals
Authors: Reed Titus , Wonderling Nichole , Gevaudan Juan Pablo , Mauro John C.
Published: October 2024

The availability of water and the type of interlayer anions present affect the arrangement and interlayer spacing of layered double hydroxide (LDH). A systematic study of the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the basal spacing of phosphate intercalated, magnesium aluminum LDHs (MgAl–PO4 LDH) was conducted, confirming that MgAl‐PO4 LDH exhibit distinct interlayer spacing corresponding to separate low‐ and high‐hydration states produced when exposed to low and high humidity conditions. The transition from the low‐ to high‐hydration form begins when RH exceeds 33% and is accompanied by the transition from one to two interlayers of water. An improved understanding of the effect of RH on MgAl–PO4 LDHs will enable more accurate atomistic modeling and experimental characterization of MgAl–PO4 LDHs and may lead to improvements in the tunability of MgAl‐PO4 LDHs for commercial applications such as slow‐release fertilizer.