bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relation between magnetization and internal energy for ferromagnets Fe, Ni, and electron‐doped In2O3:Cr, antiferromagnetically ordered Zn Cu3(OH)6 Cl2, and the layered material κ‐(BEDT‐TTF)2 Cu[N(CN)2]Cl
Authors: March N. H.
Published: July 2009

Grout and March utilized the exact solution of the two‐dimensional Ising model to relate the internal energy E(T) to the magnetization M(T). These authors then used Bloch spin‐wave theory to relate E and M at low temperatures for both insulating and metallic ferromagnets in three dimensions.

Ayuela and March, very recently, have used experimental data on the specific heat and the magnetization to show that for metallic Fe and Ni the E – M data collapse on to a single curve. A model with long‐range exchange interactions is presented to allow insight to be gained into this feature. Reference is also made briefly to the ferromagnetism of the electron‐doped In2 O3:Cr system.

Two antiferromagnetically ordered materials are next considered, though now more qualitatively than for the ferromagnets. The first is the spin −1/2 kagome antiferromagnet ZnCu3(OH)6 Cl2, and the second is the κ‐phase layered material (BEDT‐TTF)2 Cu[N(CN)2]Cl. Anomalous low‐temperature specific heat Cv (T) is emphasized, with an enhancement that is reduced by application of a magnetic field. Further work is proposed, both experiment and theory, to understand the precise nature of the low‐lying magnetic excitations in the latter κ‐phase material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
The diameter game
Authors: Balogh József , Martin Ryan , Pluhár András
Published: July 2009

A large class of Positional Games are defined on the complete graph on n vertices. The players, Maker and Breaker, take the edges of the graph in turns, and Maker wins iff his subgraph has a given — usually monotone — property. Here we introduce the d‐diameter game, which means that Maker wins iff the diameter of his subgraph is at most d. We investigate the biased version of the game; i.e., when the players may take more than one, and not necessarily the same number of edges, in a turn. Our main result is that we proved that the 2‐diameter game has the following surprising property: Breaker wins the game in which each player chooses one edge per turn, but Maker wins as long as he is permitted to choose 2 edges in each turn whereas Breaker can choose as many as (1/9)n1/8/(lnn)3/8. In addition, we investigate d‐diameter games for d ≥ 3. The diameter games are strongly related to the degree games. Thus, we also provide a generalization of the fair degree game for the biased case. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
The critical behavior of random digraphs
Authors: Łuczak Tomasz , Seierstad Taral Guldahl
Published: July 2009

We study the critical behavior of the random digraph D(n,p) for np = 1 + ε, where ε = ε(n) = o(1). We show that if ε3n →—∞, then a.a.s. D(n,p) consists of components which are either isolated vertices or directed cycles, each of size Op(|ε|−1). On the other hand, if ε3n →∞, then a.a.s. the structure of D(n,p) is dominated by the unique complex component of size (4 + o(1))ε2n, whereas all other components are of size Op(ε−1). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Key challenges in securing WiMAX mesh networks
Authors: Kwon Bongkyoung , Beyah Raheem A. , Copeland John A.
Published: July 2009

Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), designed by the IEEE 802.16 standards group, is one of the most promising broadband wireless technologies with respect to delivering high‐speed connectivity in the last mile. A mesh network configuration was added for improved coverage and throughput. We describe security concerns for WiMAX mesh mode such as malicious sponsor nodes and privacy. We also seek to reduce the processing load as a result of the use of link encryption. We introduce two different types of attacks as a result of different types of malicious sponsor nodes. The first type of attack occurs when the malicious sponsor node has not actually joined the current mesh network but solicits new nodes to join the mesh network through it. The second type of attack occurs when the malicious node is a member of the mesh network and selectively drops data from its child nodes. To prevent the first attack, we propose a new security protocol that adds to the standard control messages a pair of secret authorization keys (AK). To handle the second attack, we propose a reputation‐based scheme that is specific to WiMAX mesh networks. We conduct a numerical analysis and simulations to highlight the strengths of the proposed schemes. The proposed reputation‐based scheme uses the MSH‐NCFG control message that is used in the WiMAX standard to send reputation information about nodes in the mesh network. Nodes that are joining the mesh network receive and process MSH‐NCFG messages and decide which sponsor node through which to join the network. We conduct a numerical analysis to determine the amount of time for reputation information to propagate through the mesh network, thus allowing joining nodes to avoid malicious sponsor nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the overall data drop rate in WiMAX mesh networks in the presence of the aforementioned attacks from malicious sponsor nodes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems biology of GAL regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Pannala Venkat Reddy , Bhat Paike Jayadeva , Bhartiya Sharad , Venkatesh K. V.
Published: July 2009

Evolutionary success of an organism depends on its ability to express or adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has evolved an elaborate genetic circuit to regulate the expression of galactose‐metabolizing enzymes in the presence of galactose but in the absence of glucose. The circuit possesses molecular mechanisms such as multiple binding sites, cooperativity, autoregulation, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and substrate sensing mechanism. Furthermore, the GAL system consists of two positive (activating) feedback and one negative (repressing) feedback loops. These individual mechanisms, elucidated through experimental approach, can be integrated to obtain a system‐wide behavior. Mathematical models in conjunction with guided experiments have demonstrated system‐level properties such as ultrasensitivity, memory, noise attenuation, rapid response, and sensitive response arising out of the molecular interactions. These system‐level properties allow S. cerevisiae to adapt and grow in a galactose medium under noisy and changing environments. This review focuses on system‐level models and properties of the GAL regulon Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Pharmacogenomics: a systems approach
Authors: Wang Liewei
Published: July 2009

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics involve the study of the role of inheritance in individual variation in drug response, a phenotype that varies from potentially life‐threatening adverse drug reactions to equally serious lack of therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacogenetics‐pharmacogenomics represents a major component of the movement to ‘individualized medicine’. Pharmacogenetic studies originally focused on monogenic traits, often involving genetic variation in drug metabolism. However, contemporary studies increasingly involve entire ‘pathways’ that include both pharmacokinetics (PKs)—factors that influence the concentration of a drug reaching its target(s)—and pharmacodynamics (PDs), factors associated with the drug target(s), as well as genome‐wide approaches. The convergence of advances in pharmacogenetics with rapid developments in human genomics has resulted in the evolution of pharmacogenetics into pharmacogenomics. At the same time, studies of drug response are expanding beyond genomics to encompass pharmacotranscriptomics and pharmacometabolomics to become a systems‐based discipline. This discipline is also increasingly moving across the ‘translational interface’ into the clinic and is being incorporated into the drug development process and governmental regulation of that process. The article will provide an overview of the development of pharmacogenetics‐pharmacogenomics, the scientific advances that have contributed to the continuing evolution of this discipline, the incorporation of transcriptomic and metabolomic data into attempts to understand and predict variation in drug response phenotypes as well as challenges associated with the ‘translation’ of this important aspect of biomedical science into the clinic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
T cell responses in lymph nodes
Authors: Bogle Gib , Dunbar P. Rod
Published: July 2009

Activation of T cells by antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in lymph nodes (LNs) is a key initiating event in many immune responses. Our understanding of this process has been both improved and complicated in recent years by evidence from techniques such as intravital microscopy that has revealed new levels of dynamism in the interaction of T cells and APCs. In particular, the complex motility of T cells within LNs, and their serial interactions with many APCs, imply that earlier static models of T cell activation need to be updated. Here we review the first attempts to model T cell interactions with APCs in LNs that incorporate simulations of T cell motility, based on experimental observations. We show that lattice‐based modeling approaches are the dominant trend in these models, and then chart a possible course for development of these models toward spatially‐resolved models of immune responses within LNs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Factors associated with positive margins in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and postconization management
Authors: Chen Yaxia , Lu Hongxian , Wan Xiaoyun , Lv Weiguo , Xie Xing
Published: July 2009

Objective

To evaluate the risk factors for positive margins in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 and the outcomes of postconization management.

Methods

A retrospective review of the records of 1113 women who underwent conization for CIN 3 between 2000 and 2008.

Results

Positive margins occurred in the following: 104 (10.7%) women with severe dysplasia versus 37 (26.2%) with carcinoma in situ; 32 (4.8%) treated with cold knife conization versus 109 (24.1%) treated with the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP); and 124 (11.6%) premenopausal versus 17 (35.4%) postmenopausal women. None of the women with severe dysplasia had invasive disease in the repeat excision specimen, whereas 3 (8.6%) women with carcinoma in situ had residual microinvasive carcinoma.

Conclusion

LEEP, carcinoma in situ, menopausal status, and larger area of lesion are risk factors for positive margins. For women with CIN 3 and positive margins, follow‐up at an interval of 6 months or repeat excision are treatment options. However, when repeat excision is technically impossible, whether simple hysterectomy or radical surgery is a rational treatment option requires further investigation.
A comparative study of the non‐pneumatic anti‐shock garment for the treatment of obstetric hemorrhage in Nigeria
Authors: Miller Suellen , Ojengbede Oladosu , Turan Janet M. , Morhason‐Bello Imran O. , Martin Hilarie B. , Nsima David
Published: July 2009

Objective

To determine whether the non‐pneumatic anti‐shock garment (NASG) can improve maternal outcome.

Methods

Women were enrolled in a pre‐intervention phase (n = 83) and an intervention phase (n = 86) at a referral facility in Katsina, Nigeria, from November 2006 to November 2007. Entry criteria were obstetric hemorrhage (≥ 750 mL) and a clinical sign of shock (systolic blood pressure < 100 mm Hg or pulse > 100 beats per minute). To determine differences in demographics, condition on study entry, treatment, and outcome, t tests and χ2 tests were used. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated for the primary outcome, mortality.

Results

Mean measured blood loss in the intervention phase was 73.5 ±93.9 mL, compared with 340.4 ± 248.2 mL pre‐intervention (P < 0.001). Maternal mortality was lower in the intervention phase than in the pre‐intervention phase (7 [8.1%]) vs 21 [25.3%]) (RR 0.32; 95% CI, 0.14–0.72).

Conclusion

The NASG showed potential for reducing blood loss and maternal mortality caused by obstetric hemorrhage‐related shock.
Comparison of sublingual misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine in active management of the third stage of labor
Authors: Singh Gunjan , Radhakrishnan Gita , Guleria Kiran
Published: July 2009

Objective

To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of sublingual misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine in active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL).

Methods

A double‐blind randomized trial of 300 women with a healthy singleton pregnancy allocated into 4 groups to receive either: 400 µg or 600 µg of sublingual misoprostol, 5 IU of intravenous oxytocin, or 200 µg of intravenous methylergometrine. The primary outcome measure was blood loss in the third and fourth stage of labor; secondary measures were duration of the third stage of labor, changes in hemoglobin levels, and adverse effects.

Results

Patients who received 600 µg of misoprostol had the lowest blood loss (96.05 ± 21.1 mL), followed by 400 µg of misoprostol (126.24 ± 49.3 mL), oxytocin (154.7 ± 45.7 mL), and methylergometrine (223.4 ± 73.7 mL) (P < 0.01). Shortest mean duration of the third stage of labor (5.74 minutes) was with 600 µg of misoprostol, while methylergometrine had the longest (6.83 minutes) (P < 0.05). Pyrexia was observed in the misoprostol groups, and raised blood pressure in the methylergometrine group (P < 0.001). The 24‐hour postpartum hemoglobin level was similar among the groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Administration of 600 µg of sublingual misoprostol was more effective than 400 µg of misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine for AMTSL.
Effects of Different Stretching Techniques on the Outcomes of Isokinetic Exercise in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Weng Ming‐Cheng , Lee Chia‐Ling , Chen Chia‐Hsin , Hsu Jui‐Jen , Lee Wei‐Der , Huang Mao‐Hsiung , Chen Tien‐Wen
Published: July 2009

We recruited 132 subjects with bilateral knee osteoarthritis (Altman Grade II) to compare the effects of different stretching techniques on the outcomes of isokinetic muscle strengthening exercises. Patients were randomly divided into four groups (I–IV). The patients in Group I received isokinetic muscular strengthening exercises, Group II received bilateral knee static stretching and isokinetic exercises, Group III received proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching and isokinetic exercises, and Group IV acted as controls. Outcomes were measured by changes in Lequesne's index, range of knee motion, visual analog pain scale, and peak muscle torques during knee flexion and extension. Patients in all the treated groups experienced significant reductions in knee pain and disability, and increased peak muscle torques after treatment and at follow‐up. However, only patients in Groups II and III had significant improvements in range of motion and muscle strength gain during 60°/second angular velocity peak torques. Group III demonstrated the greatest increase in muscle strength gain during 180°/second angular velocity peak torques. In conclusion, stretching therapy could increase the effectiveness of isokinetic exercise in terms of functional improvement in patients with knee osteoarthritis. PNF techniques were more effective than static stretching.
Urethral Stripping Caused by Stent Removal and Its Successful Treatment With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Tahmaz Lutfu , Cem Irkilata Hasan , Simsek Kemal , Zor Murat , Basal Seref , Ay Hakan
Published: July 2009

Urethral stents usually provide initial, dramatic relief from obstructive voiding symptoms. However, complications such as recurrent urinary tract infections, stent migration, encrustation and recurrent urethral strictures are not rare, and stents should be removed when complications occur. Urethral stent removal is associated with potential risks of urethral injury, bleeding and external sphincter trauma. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) accelerates wound healing by increasing tissue microcirculation, decreasing capillary pressure and resolving tissue edema. Although HBO has been used in various urologic applications, there is no report of HBO therapy being used to treat isolated urethral injuries. Here we present a case of urethral stripping caused by endoscopic stent removal, and its conservative treatment with HBO therapy.
Determinants of Peripheral Arterial Stiffness in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Chen Jui‐Hsin , Chen Szu‐Chia , Liu Wan‐Chun , Su Ho‐Ming , Chen Chiu‐Yueh , Mai Hsiu‐Chin , Chou Ming‐Chin , Chang Jer‐Ming
Published: July 2009

High prevalences of peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) and increased arterial stiffness have been reported in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, these have not been assessed in Taiwan where the prevalence of CKD is high. The aim of this study was to investigate the determinants of PAOD and arterial stiffness in patients with CKD in southern Taiwan. We enrolled 169 patients with stage 3–5 CKD in one regional hospital. Ankle‐brachial index (ABI) and brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity were measured using an ABI‐form device (Colin VP1000). In multivariate analysis, ABI < 0.9 was positively correlated with the presence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.014) and negatively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p = 0.049), and increased brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity was correlated with increased age, diabetes mellitus, increased systolic blood pressure, decreased pulse pressure and decreased eGFR. This study identified determinants of PAOD and arterial stiffness in patients with CKD in one hospital in southern Taiwan. In addition to the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, decreased eGFR was also correlated with PAOD and increased arterial stiffness in these patients.
Vardenafil Reduces Testicular Damage Following Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Erol Bulent , Tokgoz Husnu , Hanci Volkan , Bektas Sibel , Akduman Bulent , Yencilek Faruk , Mungan Gorkem , Mungan Aydin
Published: July 2009

We investigated the effect of intraperitoneal vardenafil (1 mg/kg) administration during an ischemic period in a rat model of testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). Twenty‐one adult Wistar rats were equally randomized into a control group, a T/D group and a vardenafil group. The control group was designed to collect basal values for biochemical and histopathological parameters. The T/D group underwent testicular torsion for 1 hour. The vardenafil group received vardenafil (1mg/kg) intraperitoneally at 30 minutes after torsion. All rats were sacrificed 4 hours after reperfusion to evaluate the tissue levels of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant status. Germ cell apoptosis was evaluated using the apoptosis protease activating factor 1 antibody in all groups. The expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and inducible NOS were also assessed in both testes of all rats. The malondialdehyde levels in the T/D group were significantly higher than in the control and vardenafil groups. There were also significant decreases in total antioxidant status in the T/D group compared with the control and vardenafil groups. Vardenafil treatment significantly reduced apoptosis protease activating factor 1, endothelial NOS and inducible NOS levels in the vardenafil group compared with the T/D group. Administration of 1 mg/kg vardenafil during testicular torsion decreased ischemia/reperfusion cellular damage. Our results indicate that the reduction in oxidative stress by vardenafil may play a major role in its cytoprotective effects.
Aberrant Expression of CD19 and CD43 in a Patient With Therapy‐Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia and a History of Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Hsieh Yen‐Chuan , Lin Chien‐Liang , Tsao Chao‐Jung , Hsieh Pin‐Pen , Tzeng Ching‐Cherng , Chuang Shih‐Sung
Published: July 2009

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B cell lymphoma with frequent involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and peripheral blood (PB). In addition to the B cell markers, the neoplastic cells express CD5 and CD43. In patients with a prior history of MCL with PB involvement, the appearance of leukemic cells after chemotherapy usually heralds a relapse, particularly if the leukemic cells express B cell markers and CD43. We report a patient with MCL who presented with multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the intestine. The staging procedures revealed the involvement of lymph nodes, bone marrow and PB. Three years after chemotherapy, thrombocytopenia with the appearance of rare leukemic cells in the PB was noted. Leukemic cells obtained from bone marrow aspirate expressed CD19 and CD43, suggesting a relapse. Detailed cytomorphological and immunophenotypic studies unveiled the myeloid nature of these leukemic cells, and a diagnosis of therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia was made. This case illustrates the importance of morphologic examination and performing a complete antibody panel in the diagnosis of a suspected relapse in patients with a prior history of lymphoma.
Arginine deiminase originating fromLactococcus lactisssp.lactisAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 7962 induces G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in SNU-1 stomach adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Kim Jong-Eun , Kim Seo Young , Lee Ki Won , Lee Hyong Joo
Published: July 2009

There are multiple lines of evidence that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exert cancer-preventive effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study we found that the cytoplasmic fraction ofLactococcus lactisssp.lactisAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 7962 exerted the strongest antiproliferative effects (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 17 μg/ml) in SNU-1 human stomach cancer cells and arginine deiminase (ADI;EC3.5.3.6) activity. We also cloned, expressed and purified ADI fromL. lactisssp.lactisATCC 7962 (LADI). Both purified ADI fromL. lactis(PADI; IC50 = 2 μg/ml) and recombinant ADI originating from LADI (IC50 = 0·6 μg/ml) inhibited the proliferation of SNU-1 cells. LADI induced G0/G1-phase arrest, sub-G1accumulation, DNA condensation and DNA fragmentation in SNU-1 cells. 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and DNA fragmentation data provide evidence that LADI induces apoptosis in SNU-1 cells. LADI increased the expressions of p53 and p27Kip1, and decreased the expressions of cyclin D1, c-myc and Bcl-xL in SNU-1 cells. However, LADI had no effects on the expressions of p21Cip1and Bcl-2. Collectively, these data indicate that ADI induces apoptosis and G0/G1-phase arrest of SNU-1 cells, which might contribute to the chemopreventive potential of LAB.
The Authority of English Decisions in Colonial Courts
Authors: Allott A. N.
Published: July 2009

The law of England has been introduced into colonial territories to a varying extent and by various means3; as a consequence, whether adopted en bloc or piecemeal or borrowed by way of Indian law, the English law forms the major part of the law applicable in each territory, and is often the residual law which is called on in default of an express rule. But this reception of the law of England immediately raises a problem of some magnitude; to what extent, if at all, are the decisions of courts in England to be followed by colonial courts? It is somewhat surprising that, at this late hour, the problem should not apparently have been considered by legal writers, except in a useful article by Dr. T. O. Elias4.
Law Reporting in the Sudan
Authors: Twining W. L.
Published: July 2009

The first volume of the Sudan Law Journal and Reports has at last appeared. Its publication marks the culmination of over thirty years of spasmodic agitation for an adequate system of law reporting of cases decided in the Civil Courts2 of a country which has been receiving English law under the guise of “justice, equity and good conscience” since 1900.3 In 1926 a Digest of the Decisions of the Court of Appeal of the Sudan was published, containing notes on a selection of some eighty cases decided between 1915 and 1926. It was intended that the Digest should be brought up to date annually, but in fact this was not done, and the next period covered is from January 1st, 1953, to June 30th, 1954, in a Digest of Cases in the Court of Appeal and High Court, prepared by Mr. Justice Stanley-Baker. In 1954 the first eleven judgments of the Sudan Court of Criminal Appeal, set up in 1949, were reported and published in loose-leaf form, the intention being to report and print each decision immediately after its delivery. This was done with two cases.
Afrique Equatoriale D'Expression Française
Authors: Legier H. J.
Published: July 2009

In French-speaking Equatorial Africa law has been taught since October, 1959, at a school of law and an administrative wing at Brazzaville. The school of law since December, 1961, has taught the first two years of the law and economics degrees. There are also other teaching centres in the other capitals of Equatorial Africa. The total student enrolment is 200.
The Swazi Law of Succession: A Restatement
Authors: Rubin N. N.
Published: July 2009

The question, “What is customary law?”, poses a number of different problems. It can (and no doubt it will) give rise to answers which stem from differing interpretations of the sort of discussion that it is attempting to stimulate. It is fair to suppose that some of these will deal with the jurisprudential aspects of customary law, and its relation to other branches of the law. Others may cover the purely procedural and administrative factors that govern the application of customary law in various countries. And yet others may choose to emphasize the changing nature of customary law and the doubts which surround the precise details of its future in many contemporary countries.
The Application of Equitable Doctrines by the Courts in East Africa
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: July 2009

This article is concerned with the application of the doctrines of equity by the courts in East Africa. “Equity” is used in two main ways in the laws of Commonwealth Africa: firstly, the courts were directed to apply the doctrines of equity;2 secondly, the courts were commonly directed to exclude indigenous laws if they were repugnant to “natural justice, equity and good conscience”.3 Sometimes it is used in a broad sense—“justice, equity and good conscience” is to be applied in resolving cases for which there is no other available rule. This article is concerned with the first meaning, equity in the technical, rather than the general, sense,4 with the circumstances in which the courts have applied the doctrines of equity (although it will be seen that the boundary between technical equity and equity in the sense of natural justice is notas rigid as is sometimes supposed). 5
The “Sentinels” of Liberty? The Nigerian Judiciary and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Grove David Lavan
Published: July 2009

In 1959 a Fundamental Rights Chapter was included, for reasons which are wjdely known,1 in the Constitution of the Federation of Nigeria.2 While the number of reported decisions directly involving that Chapter of the Constitution is as yet relatively small, it seems desirable to discover the approach which the courts have taken in such cases. It appears that little thought is being given in Nigeria to the manner in which the courts do, or should, treat fundamental rights cases. Many persons, in the tradition of Ivor Jennings, discount altogether the value of having fundamental rights provisions in the Constitution. Further battle with such persons is useless, for the provisions are in the Constitution; the question is no longer whether they should be there, but is rather what use should be made of them. This latter problem is not one for judges alone, though they bear the immediate brunt of meeting it. It is a problem for lawyers, law teachers and students, political scientists, indeed for society as a whole; and it must be given some more or less satisfactory answers if the courts are to play the part which the Constitution obviously intends they should play.
Reform of Customary Court Systems in Nigeria under the Military Government
Authors: Obilade A. O.
Published: July 2009

The military revolution of 15 January, 1966 brought with it ideas about striking reform of customary court systems in Nigeria.

The most notable of the reforms actually effected is the reform of customary court systems in the Northern States, where legal and judicial reforms in the pre-revolution era had always taken special care of the position of Emirs and Chiefs who wielded great powers in the administration of justice, thus playing the dual role of judges and rulers of their community.
The Present Role of Equity in Ethiopian Civil Law
Authors: Krzeczunowicz G.
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we shall not use the term “equity” in the technical sense it bears in the common law countries, where for historical reasons peculiar to England “equity” has come to denote a special body of rules for which there is no equivalent in Ethiopia. We give “equity” the straightforward meaning of a justice that is “natural”, that is, results from a conscientious judge's discretionary appreciation of what is fair in the circumstances of a case. Since appreciations of what is “fair” vary with the man on the bench, a necessary corollary of equity is incertitude of result.
Towards a Definition of “Absolute Ownership”
Authors: Allott A. N.
Published: July 2009

This draft is an attempt to meet a particular difficulty, which is likely to occur not infrequently in African countries where the present land law is dualistic in character and represents a partial amalgamation, or co-existence, of English and customary laws relating to land. Increasingly these two bodies of law will tend to draw together (as they have already done to a considerable extent in West Africa), and legislation will have to be prepared from time to time which is capable of applying both to interests held under English law and to interests under various sorts of customary law. This is pre-eminently the case where any proposal for registration, of title to land is involved, since the register (if it is not accompanied by a radical revision of the substantive land law) will have to show under as few heads as possible the different sorts of title that can exist in respect of land, under customary as well as under English law (where the latter forms the basis of the general law of the territory).
How Nigeria got its Criminal Code
Authors: Morris H. F.
Published: July 2009

The Crown Colonies have for a long time, and for obvious reasons, been regarded as affording a suitable ground for the exercise of the efforts of codifiers, and I believe I am correct in saying that if a Colonial Chief Justice or Attorney-General wishes to gain the favour of the Colonial Office, he offers to codify the laws he helps to administer.
Law out of Context: A Comment on the Creation of Traditional Law Discussion
Authors: von Benda-Beckmann Franz
Published: July 2009

The ways in which local normative systems and processes of decision-making in Third World states have been interpreted and transformed by colonial and postcolonial lawyers, administrators and social scientists have received much scholarly attention. During the past 15 years in particular, the “creation of traditional law” in Africa and the “myth of adapt” in Indonesia have became a special topic in the writing of legal anthropologists, largely influenced by scholars such as Asad arid Said. In recent years analyses have increasingly focussed upon the economic and political forces and purposes behind the transformations and on their consequences rather than on their underlying ethnocentric conceptual biases.

In his paper “Traditionalism and Traditional Law” in this volume Peter Fitzpatrick presents an elegant, sophisticated and critical account of the main strands of analysis in the discussions about the creation of customary or traditional law. In my comment upon his views and those of other authors which he discusses I am not so much concerned with a critique; I would rather like to expand and amend these views by enlarging the analytical framework in which they should be seen. My concern is with the selectivity of these analyses. Firstly, I think that they usually tend togeneralizefrom a limited (set of) context(s) in which the creation of customary law has been observed, such as adjudication in colonial courts or academic writing and teaching in colonial law.
The Political Economy of Customary Law in the Former British Territories of Africa
Authors: Seidman Ann , Seidman Robert B.
Published: July 2009

In assessing customary law two quite contradictory tendencies exist. Some approach customary law deferentially, even reverently. This constitutes “our” law. It expresses “our” values. We must nurture it. Others take precisely the opposite perception. Customary law constitutes the law of primitive tribes; we aim to become modern;ergo, we must do away with customary law. How to choose between these quite conflicting perspectives?

We argue that to understand customary law, we must understand its political economy, that is, the function it performs in existing socio-economic and political structures, particularly with respect to the class interests involved. We undertake here to put forward our understanding of the political economy of customary law in the English-speaking countries of Africa. To do that, we describe, first, the difficulties which require explanation and solution, that is, the poverty and vulnerability of the mass of Africa's people; second, for that poverty, we attempt an explanation, which takes the legal order as the manipulable variable; and, finally, we suggest briefly options for reform and change.
African Customary Law in the Former Portuguese Territories, 1954–1974
Authors: Coissoro Narana
Published: July 2009

Throughout all Portuguese colonial history in the African continent, the question of recognizing oral local laws, the so called “customary laws”, and the koranic law in some areas of Guinea and the northern region of Mozambique, could never be separate from the constitutional law applicable to the aboriginal inhabitants who follow it in their daily lives. That is the reason why accepting the principle according to which the everyday-life relations of Africa could be controlled by specific juridicial rules distinct from Portuguese “common law” was always connected with the private and territorial validity of the individual rights and guarantees included in the constitutional texts concerning Africans. As a logical consequence of this link between citizenship and the application of the Portuguese law in force in the metropolis, applying traditional law always depended on the political concepts formed during the present century, as Portuguese sovereignty, until the end of the nineteenth century, was restricted to small littoral centres and the practice of authority in the other regions acquired at the Berlin Conference was deficient or merely nominal.

The African juridical rules were always tolerated, as a means of securing colonial public peace or as a necessary condition for the smooth practice of Portuguese sovereignty beyond its European frontiers.
Detention Without Trial and Constitutional Safeguards in Zimbabwe
Authors: Hatchard John
Published: July 2009

There comes a time during the life of almost every nation when situations arise which threaten its peace and security. At such a time the government may need to acquire certain additional powers to help it combat the danger and this is frequently achieved by the declaration of a state of emergency. This enables it to utilise wide-ranging emergency powers and in this situation national security and public order considerations are placed above the constitution. As a result, among the first casualties of an emergency proclamation are the guarantees of personal liberty and protection of the law which are often abrogated or at least severely curtailed.

The use of detention without trial during periods of emergency has now become commonplace, particularly in developing countries, a point which is defended by President Nyerere of Tanzania on the grounds that:

“Our Union has neither the long tradition of nationhood, nor the strong physical means of national security, which older countries take for granted. While the vast mass of people give full and active support to their country and its government, a handful of individuals can still put our nation in jeopardy, and reduce to ashes the efforts of millions.”

The need for a nation to protect itself in this way cannot be denied and this is widely recognised. For example, Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) recognises the rights of governments
Some Notes on the Yoruba Rules of Succession and on “Family Property”
Authors: Lloyd P. C.
Published: July 2009

“A social anthropological approach to property as a social institution leads us to the position where we look upon inheritance not as ‘the entrance of living persons into the possession of dead persons’ property’ (a) or even as ‘succession to all rights of the deceased’ (b) but rather as the transference of statuses from the dead to the living with respect to specific property objects.”2A man holds many statuses each of which probably gives rights and duties in respect of property; on his death these statuses do not necessarily pass to a single individual—they may well pass individually to a number of persons each of whom succeeds to the rights and duties of the particular status which has passed to him. The status may be transferred or may even disappear. If we analyse the Yoruba customary rules of succession in this manner we shall, I believe, be able to dispel some of the confusion which surrounds the concept of ‘family property’, with its attendant problems—the respective rights of sons and brothers to the deceased's property, the rights of daughters to inherit, the rights attaching to individual and family or inherited property, the distinction between movable and immovable property, the rights over individually held houses or cocoa farms situated on family land.
Protection of Labour Rights in the Age of Democratization and Economic Restructuring in Southern Africa
Authors: Takirambudde Peter Nanyenya
Published: July 2009

The contours of human rights, especially labour rights, have undergone significant shifts in the recent past in Southern Africa. Labour law regimes have been overhauled, resulting in large-scale changes, liberalization of controls over trade unions, loosening of strictures relating to the right to strike, freeing collective bargaining from excessive governmental interference and the extension of protective legislation to previously excluded workers. These developments have been a function of dramatic changes throughout die region. The transition in Soudiern Africa has encompassed die political, economic and legal fabrics of most countries. It has been under way since die late 1980s and is being extended daily. In die constitutional zone, diere is a discernible trend towards the constdtutionalization of social rights, thus settling the debate regarding positive and negative rights in favour of the interdependence, indivisibility and interconnectedness of human rights. The transformation in Soudiern Africa is emblematic of three critical developments: democratization, economic liberalization and paradigmatic transitions in law.
New Developments in the Admiralty Jurisdiction of the Federal High Court in Nigeria
Authors: Falase-Aluko Abiola
Published: July 2009

Over 20 years ago, the Federal High Court was created. It is today the only Court with jurisdiction in matters relating to admiralty in Nigeria. This has, however, not been without some teething problems. Disputes arose over what matters fell within the admiralty jurisdiction of the courts and also as to which courts had admiralty jurisdiction. The recent Admiralty Jurisdiction Decree of 1991 addresses these issues by providing a comprehensive local code in line with the International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Sea-going Ships, 1952. This article traces the development of the admiralty jurisdiction of the Federal High Court and examines the scope of its jurisdiction today.
The Settlement of Family Disputes in the Kgatla Customary Courts: Some New Approaches
Authors: Roberts Simon
Published: July 2009

A realistic assessment of the part customary law can be expected to play in the developing legal system of an African state must depend upon the availability of detailed information as to the way in which this body of law is now responding to the problems associated with changing social and economic conditions. Information of this kind can only be obtained through the study of actual disputes and the procedures followed in their settlement. Curiously, lawyers interested in customary law have on the whole neglected such an approach, concentrating their energies upon the discovery and systematic organisation of abstract rules purporting to constitute the legal norms of the society under investigation. Moreover, the method of research followed in most instances has been to question groups of informants assumed, to be knowledgeable about customary law, rather than to search for norms directly in the raw materials provided by the law in action, and this approach has inevitably insulated the investigator still further from actual disputes and the agencies involved in their settlement. Had the only means of finding out how disputes were actually settled been to sit and watch them in progress, lawyers might have been excused for leaving that to the anthropologists. But such information is widely available through other means: informants can be persuaded to reconstruct actual disputes from memory instead of racking their brains for abstract rules, and accounts of such disputes canbe found in the written records kept by many customary courts. This latter source, particularly, seems to merit more serious attention than lawyers have been prepared to give it in the past, and it is with it that this article is concerned. Drawing upon customary court records, it is hoped to illustrate both what this source consists of and the manner in which the customary family law of a single Tswana tribe is developing.
Constitutional Transition in Museveni's Uganda: New Horizons or Another False Start?
Authors: Oloka-Onyango J.
Published: July 2009

“First of all, the idea of multi-parties is not a new one in Africa. Here in Uganda, we had multi-parties between 1962 and 1966. The generals took over power all over Africa because the multi-parties had failed: this is a historical fact. Their failure was, however, not surprising because we are talking about systems from completely different societies. In Africa, we still have pre-industrial societies without any significant level of social stratification [and] therefore, we are still dealing mainly with tribal groups. Political pluralism will come to Africa, no doubt, but not at a forced pace.”
Recent Developments in the Land Law of the Sudan: A Legislative Analysis
Authors: Gordon Carey N.
Published: July 2009

With the promulgation of the Sudanese Civil Transactions Act, 1984, in February, 1984, the Republic of the Sudan joined several other Arab countries (e.g. Egypt, Jordan, Iraq and Libya) which have codified major areas of their non-criminal law. The Sudan's previous attempt at such codification was short-lived: the Civil Code, 1971 was repealed in 1973. Although many sectors of the Sudanese legal establishment have been critical of the 1984 legislation, because of questions regarding the quality of the draftsmanship and the absence of its circulation for comment prior to promulgation, it remains the most comprehensive single piece of legislation since the 1971 Civil Code, covering such topics as contract, sales, tort, gift, insurance, bailment and property, both real and personal.

This article will survey all current Sudanese legislation affecting real property, including, most importantly, the Civil Transactions Act, 1984. Because there are more than twenty-five separate legislative acts in the Sudan relating to land, comprising more than six hundred relevant sections, the discussion herein must of necessity be to highlight the major divisions of the current land law, pointing out its distinctive features and those areas in which it appears that conflicts exist as between the various pieces of legislation.

The Civil Transactions Act, 1984 (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “C.T.A.”), was promulgated on 14 February, 1984, and took effect on that date. It comprises some 95 chapters with 819 separate sections, more than one-third of which deal with matters relating to land.
Death Duties and the Constitution [Swaziland]
Authors: Himsworth C. M. G.
Published: July 2009

The law relating to death duties for Swaziland is contained in the provisions of the Death Duties Proclamation of 1942 (now reproduced in the Revised Edition of the Laws as the Death Duties Act).
Plus Ça Change, Plus Ça Reste le Même? The New Zanzibar Land Law Project
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: July 2009

The picture of pre-Protectorate and Protectorate land tenure that emerges from the reported judicial resolutions of land disputes in Zanzibar and the legislation introduced is that of overlapping interests in one and same parcel of land (such as planting banana trees on someone else's land), a charitable toleration of land occupation by persons who had little but their labour to subsist by (such as not having to pay rents on the Sultan's lands or waqf properties, or at least very little), mobility by way of settlement on unoccupied lands through negotiation or silent acquiescence without formalistic titles as a prerequisite, and a determination to protect land security for families or for the poor against Government taxes, private debt attachments or fragmentary inheritance rules (such as through waqf, perpetual trust). Alongside these elements were the commercial uses and dispositions of land, including outright sales and conditional sales for debts, and the assignment to trees of an economic value distinct from that of the land. Against this complex background the British Protectorate Government extended and consolidated its public land holdings, specifying how the land was to be used for what may be called the “aggregate economic welfare produced by … unequal distribution of resources”, regularizing the charging of rents, and gradually breaking down the security of waqf immovables. After the First World War, despite political stability, social instability relating to land tenure broke out and plagued the Protectorate to its end. There were major dispossessions from land resulting from the government's policy of protecting the landlord's right to charge rents and of allowing creditors to sell land for the purpose of recovering accumulated debts that could no longer be paid during economic depressions. The loss of access to land led to the loss of identification with the land.
South Africa and the Common Purpose Rule in Crowd Murders
Authors: Parker Peter
Published: July 2009

The elections in South Africa are only a start in that nation's task of purging itself of the inheritance of white minority rule. However successfully the democratic process endows organs of state with legitimacy in international forums, by and of itself the fact of black enfranchisement will not change black attitudes to a legal system which for decades willingly implicated itself in the systematic oppression of the non-white majority.