bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overdrive atrial pacing does not improve obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Authors: Pépin J-L. , Defaye P. , Garrigue S. , Poezevara Y. , Lévy P.
Published: January 2005

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of overdrive atrial pacing to reduce sleep apnoea severity.

A total of 17 unselected patients (12 males; mean±sdage 71±10 yrs; body mass index 27±3 kg·m−2) who had received permanent atrial-synchronous ventricular pacemakers for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias and not known to have central or obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) were studied. Using a crossover study design, patients were or were not in pacing mode with atrial overdrive (15 beats·min−1faster than mean baseline nocturnal cardiac frequency) for 1 month. Patients were paced only during sleep periods, identified by a specific algorithm included in the pacemaker. Patients underwent three overnight polysomnographic evaluations 1 month apart. The first was performed for baseline evaluation. The patients were then randomly assigned to either 1 night in spontaneous rhythm or to 1 night in pacing mode with atrial overdrive. Two patients refused to continue the study after the first polysomnographic evaluation.

OSAS was highly prevalent in this population: 10 of the 15 (67%) patients exhibited an apnoea–hypopnoea index of >30 events·h−1. The nocturnal spontaneous rhythm was 59±7 beats·min−1at baseline, compared to 75±10 beats·min−1with atrial overdrive pacing. The apnoea–hypopnoea index was 46±29 events·h−1in spontaneous rhythm, compared to 50±24 events·h−1with atrial overdrive pacing. Overdrive pacing changed none of the respiratory indices, or sleep fragmentation or sleep structure parameters.

In conclusion, atrial overdrive pacing has no significant effect on obstructive sleep apnoea.
Investigation and management of chronic cough using a probability-based algorithm
Authors: Kastelik J. A. , Aziz I. , Ojoo J. C. , Thompson R. H. , Redington A. E. , Morice A. H.
Published: January 2005

Chronic cough is a common and distressing symptom. A novel algorithm has been developed for the management of chronic cough, in which an assessment of clinical probability of disease determines the need to proceed to investigation.

In this study, the performance of this algorithm in clinical practice was prospectively evaluated. A total of 131 consecutively referred patients (86 females) whose principal presenting symptom was a cough of duration >8 weeks were studied. Their age (median (range)) was 60 (16–88) yrs and cough duration 5.9 (0.2–65) yrs.

A cause of cough was established in 93% of cases. The most frequent diagnoses were asthma (24% of cases), gastro-oesophageal disease (22%), post-viral cough (8%), bronchiectasis (8%) and interstitial lung disease (8%). Primary pulmonary disease was significantly more likely in patients with a productive cough and in patients with an abnormal chest radiograph. Only a small proportion (<8%) of patients had multiple causes of cough. The probability of treatment started on the basis of a high clinical suspicion of either asthma, gastro-oesophageal disease or rhinitis being successful was 74%. Overall, 26% of the patients were managed successfully without the need for any form of investigation other than chest radiography and spirometry.

Use of the algorithm resulted in identification of the cause of cough and successful treatment in the large majority of cases. It is concluded that this protocol has the potential to improve management by providing a structured approach, reducing the number of investigations performed, and minimising unnecessary delays in treatment.
Increased proviral load in HTLV-1-infected patients with rheumatoid arthritis or connective tissue disease
Authors: Yakova Maria , Lézin Agnès , Dantin Fabienne , Lagathu Gisèle , Olindo Stéphane , Jean-Baptiste Georges , Arfi Serge , Césaire Raymond
Published: February 2005

Background

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load is related to the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been shown to be elevated in the peripheral blood in HTLV-1-infected patients with uveitis or alveolitis. Increased proliferation of HTLV-1-infected cells in, or migration of such cells into, the central nervous system is also seen in HAM/TSP. In the present study, we evaluated the proviral load in a cohort of HTLV-1-infected patients with arthritic conditions.

Results

HTLV-1 proviral load in the peripheral blood from 12 patients with RA and 6 patients with connective tissue disease was significantly higher than that in matched asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers, but similar to that in matched HAM/TSP controls. HAM/TSP was seen in one-third of the HTLV-1-infected patients with RA or connective tissue disease, but did not account for the higher proviral load compared to the asymptomatic carrier group. The proviral load was increased in the synovial fluid and tissue from an HTLV-1-infected patient with RA, the values suggesting that the majority of infiltrated cells were HTLV-1-infected. In the peripheral blood from HTLV-1-infected patients with RA or connective tissue disease, HTLV-1 proviral load correlated with the percentages of memory CD4+ T cells and activated T cells, and these percentages were shown to be markedly higher in the synovial fluid than in the peripheral blood in an HTLV-1-infected patient with RA.

Conclusions

These biological findings are consistent with a role of the retrovirus in the development of arthritis in HTLV-1-infected patients. A high level of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and their accumulation in situ might play a central role in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated inflammatory disorders. Alternatively, the autoimmune arthritis, its etiological factors or treatments might secondarily enhance HTLV-1 proviral load.
Adolescents and young adults with 22qll deletion syndrome: psychopathology in an at-risk group
Authors: Baker Kate D. , Skuse David H.
Published: January 2005

Background

22q11 deletion syndrome is associated with high rates of psychiatric morbidity, especially schizophrenia. If common neurodevelopmental trajectories characterise 22q11 deletion syndrome and idiopathic schizophrenia, then similar ‘premorbid’ features would be predicted.

Aims

To define psychopathology in adolescents and young adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome.

Method

Individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome (n=25) and age- and IQ-matched comparison participants (n=25), along withtheir parents/carers, completed standardised semi-structured assessments.

Results

Psychiatric disorders were more prevalent among those with the syndrome and included attention deficit, depression and anxiety; nearly half reported transient psychotic experiences. Inappropriate emotionality and disrupted social behaviour were also common. Poor functional adjustment was associated with schizotypal symptoms and was more marked in older individuals.Conclusions22q11 deletion syndrome is associated with significant psychopathology prior to adulthood. Double the proportion expected to develop schizophrenia reported psychotic phenomena. These findings imply a continuum of developmental disruption in 22q11 deletion syndrome, associated with declining mental health in early adulthood.
Existential needs of people with psychotic disorders in Pôrto Alegre, Brazil
Authors: Wagner Luciane C. , King Michael
Published: January 2005

Background

Needs for care in service users with schizophrenia are often defined by professionals and focus on basic needs for health and social care rather than broader existential issues.

Aims

To examine the perceptions of users and formal and informal carers of the needs of people with non-affective psychosis.

Method

A qualitative study was conducted involving focus groups of service users and informal and formal carers in a major Brazilian city Results Existential needs were the most important theme for people with psychotic disorders. Informal and formal carers mainly regarded such needs as secondary to needs for health, housing, leisure and work. Carers usually reduced the existential questioning of the ill person to symptoms or the result of a privation such as lack or failure of medication and its consequences.

Conclusions

We require an approach to service users wherein respect and understanding are prized as the first needs from which all others will naturally follow. We also need to give greater priority to existential issues in validated schedules that measure needs in clinical work and research.
St John's wort for depression
Authors: Linde Klaus , Berner Michael , Egger Matthias , Mulrow Cynthia
Published: January 2005

Background

Extracts of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) are widely used to treat depression. Evidence for its efficacy has been criticised on methodological grounds.

Aims

To update evidence from randomised trials regarding the effectiveness of Hypericum extracts.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 double-blind randomised controlled trials that compared clinical effects of Hypericum monopreparation with either placebo or a standard antidepressant in adults with depressive disorders.

Results

Larger placebo-controlled trials restricted to patients with major depression showed only minor effects over placebo, while older and smaller trials not restricted to patients with major depression showed marked effects. Compared with standard antidepressants Hypericum extracts had similar effects.

Conclusions

Current evidence regarding Hypericum extracts is inconsistent and confusing. In patients who meet criteria for major depression, several recent placebo-controlled trials suggest that Hypericum has minimal beneficial effects while other trials suggest that Hypericum and standard antidepressants have similar beneficial effects.
Training for consultants in 2020: Response to Drs Mukherjee and Nimmagadda
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh
Published: January 2005

At its meeting in June 2004, the Court of Electors approved the proposals indicating changes in training and assessment in psychiatry to enable consultant psychiatrists to practise in 2020. The main recommendations are presented elsewhere in this issue (Bhugra & Holsgrove, pp. 49–52, this issue).
Are psychiatrists real doctors? A survey of the medical experience and training of psychiatric trainees in the west of Scotland
Authors: Robinson Laura
Published: January 2005

Aims and Method

A questionnaire was sent to 122 psychiatric trainees in the west of Scotland to clarify the extent to which trainees provide physical healthcare to their in-patients and to establish trainees' views on the need for further training.

Results

Almost all of the 65 respondents were expected to provide emergency care, and a large majority dealt with physical health problems on a regular basis. Few respondents had received any formal training in physical health care problems since entering psychiatry.

Clinical Implications

The results of the questionnaire suggest that psychiatric trainees are currently providing a considerable amount of physical healthcare for psychiatric in-patients. Clarifying the medical experiences and training of psychiatric trainees may help to inform future debate as to the appropriate management of physical healthcare for psychiatric patients.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolites
Authors: Wakihara Toru , Okubo Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

Zeolites have been widely utilized in industry and in household products, for example as adsorbents, ion-exchangers, and catalysts, and have attracted considerable attention as host materials for various nanotechnology applications. Recent developments in analytical methods have enabled detailed studies on the crystallization mechanism of zeolites. The purpose of this review is to give a survey of recent progress in hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of zeolites.
Chemical Recycling of Polycarbonate to Raw Materials by Thermal Decomposition with Calcium Hydroxide/Steam
Authors: Yoshioka Toshiaki , Sugawara Katsuya , Mizoguchi Tadaaki , Okuwaki Akitsugu
Published: January 2005

We investigated the influence of the decomposition conditions (temperature: 500, 700, 900 °C, steam concentration: 0, 35, 86 vol %, Ca(OH)2/PC molar ratio: 0 or 5) on polycarbonate (PC). Without steam and Ca(OH)2 the liquefaction yield was 57 wt % (low and high boiling products 14, 43 wt %, respectively), the gasification yield 12 wt %, and the carbonization yield 31 wt % at 500 °C. At a steam concentration of 86 vol %, 84 wt % liquids (low and high boiling products 17, 67 wt %, respectively), 1 wt % gases and 15 wt % residues were observed. The amount of low boiling products increased from 17 to 31 wt %, and the amount of high boiling products decreased from 67 to 49 wt % when Ca(OH)2 was added at a steam concentration 86 vol %. At this time, the yield of phenol in the low boiling fraction increased from 15 to 74 mol % (20 wt % of all products).
The First S-Bridged CoIIICdIICoIII and CoIIICdII2CoIII Structures Controlled by Chirality of Mono(thiolato)-Type Cobalt(III) Units
Authors: Aridomi Takashi , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Igashira-Kamiyama Asako , Konno Takumi
Published: January 2005

Treatment of the racemic Δ/Λ-[Co(aet)(en)2]2+ (aet = 2-aminoethanethiolate) with CdII in the presence of excess Cl− in water gave ΔΛ-[CdCl4{Co(aet)(en)2}2]2+ (ΔΛ-[1]2+), while the corresponding reaction using the optically active Λ-[Co(aet)(en)2]2+ produced ΛΛ-[Cd2Cl7{Co(aet)(en)2}2]+ (ΛΛ-[2]+). The crystal structures of these complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography.
DNA-photocleaving Activities of Water-soluble Carbohydrate-containing Nonionic Homooxacalix[3]arene·[60]fullerene Complex
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi , Ejima Akinori , Nishiguchi Koji , Kikuchi Jun-ichi , Matsumoto Takahiro , Hatano Tsukasa , Shinkai Seiji , Goto Masahiro
Published: January 2005

A new water-soluble carbohydrate-containing “nonionic” homooxacalix[3]arene (2) was synthesized. 2 could solubilize [60]fullerene (C60) into water and the resultant complex acted as an efficient DNA photocleaving reagent.
Osteomalacia in Hazara District, Pakistan
Authors: Herm F B , Killguss H , Stewart A G
Published: February 2005

Osteomalacia is most commonly seen in the remoter northern regions (Kohistan District) of Hazara District, Pakistan. Low serum calcium is common, as is tetany, but not universal. A 2% prevalence was found retrospectively in all obstetric patients from 1978-1985. Overall, there was a 12% caesarean section rate (61/annum), of which 37% (22) exhibited cranio-pelvic disproportion, nearly half of which (n=83, 46%) were thought clinically to be due to osteomalacia. Osteomalacia was found prospectively in 3.6% of all female outpatients (3600/100,000). Purdah did not appear to influence the incidence of osteomalacia, although sunlight exposure varied significantly due to place of abode (0.05 >P > 0.025); those living in the deeper, darker valleys suffered more from osteomalacia and its side effects, such as cranio-pelvic disproportion and the resulting need for caesarean sections. Diet is an important factor, showing little variety in the affected region; it lacks animal protein and is low in calories. The estimated intake of vitamin D is ~1 μg per day, seriously short of the daily requirement of 2.5 μg. The other main factor is higher parity in the women with osteomalacia (15/18 affected women had more than three pregnancies compared with 9/18 controls; odds ratio 13, 0.05 > P > 0.025). These all indicate that in a marginal situation added metabolic stress can precipitate the condition. While supplementation of the diet is essential in such communities it will be difficult to initiate and maintain. We therefore also recommend that strategies for prevention be focused on the men to encourage them to help improve the diet and lifestyle of their womenfolk.
Concurrent bacteraemia and malaria in febrile Nigerian infants
Authors: Ayoola Omolola O , Adeyemo Adebowale A , Osinusi Kikelomo
Published: February 2005

In the tropics, febrile illnesses are often presumed to be due to malaria, because of its endemicity, and treatment can lead to delay in diagnosis or failure to detect severe infections such as bacteraemia. This study sought to determine the prevalence of bacteraemia and malaria parasitaemia in febrile post-neonatal infants (age 1-12 months) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, and the bacterial aetiological agents of bacteraemia in the infants.

Therefore, 102 infants aged 1-12 months who presented with fever with a negative history of antimicrobial use in the week prior to presentation were evaluated and had blood cultures done for the detection of aerobic organisms by standard methods and blood films for malaria parasites.

Bacteraemia was found in 38.2% of the infants, malaria parasitaemia was found in 46.1%. The most common organisms isolated were Escherichia coli (35.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (33.3%) and Klebsiella spp. (10.3%).

Febrile children should be investigated for the presence of bacterial infection even if the blood film for malaria parasites is positive. Where laboratory facilities are not available, consideration should be given to the use of both anti-malarial therapy and empiric antibiotic therapy in the management of febrile infants, depending on the clinician's judgement.
Technical aspects in the management of complex vesicovaginal fistulae
Authors: Singh R B , Pavithran N M , Khatri H L , Nanda S
Published: February 2005

Thirteen complex vesicovaginal fistulae were successfully closed by a technique of wide separation and water-tight closure of vagina from the urinary bladder and augmentation of the repair with a pedicled omental interposition flap.
Complications of scalp vein infusion in infants
Authors: Ameh Emmanuel A , Wammanda Robinson D , Sabiu Liadi
Published: February 2005

The scalp vein is an invaluable route for venous access in infants. Complications are rarely reported.
Degeneration of Myelinated Efferent Fibers Prompts Mitosis in Remak Schwann Cells of Uninjured C-Fiber Afferents
Authors: Murinson Beth B. , Archer David R. , Li Yongbo , Griffin John W.
Published: February 2005

The factors inducing normally innervated Schwann cells in peripheral nerve to divide are poorly understood. Transection of the fourth and fifth lumbar ventral roots (L4/5 ventral rhizotomy) of the rat is highly selective, sparing unmyelinated axons and myelinated sensory axons; Wallerian degeneration is restricted to myelinated efferent fibers. We found that L4/5 ventral rhizotomy prompted many normally innervated nonmyelinating (Remak) Schwann cells to enter cell cycle; myelinating Schwann cells of intact (sensory) axons did not. Three days after L4/5 ventral rhizotomy, [3H]thymidine incorporation into Remak Schwann cells increased 30-fold. Schwann cells of degenerating efferents and endoneurial cells also incorporated label. Increased [3H]thymidine incorporation persisted at least 10 d after ventral rhizotomy. Despite Remak Schwann cell proliferation, the morphology of unmyelinated nerve (Remak) bundles was static. Seven days after L5 ventral rhizotomy, Remak Schwann cells in the L5-predominant lateral plantar nerve increased slightly; endoneurial cells doubled. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling-positive nuclei increased dramatically in peripheral nerve after L5 ventral rhizotomy; many of these were macrophage nuclei. In summary, we find that the degeneration of myelinated motor axons produced signals that were mitogenic for nonmyelinating Schwann cells with intact axons but not for myelinating Schwann cells with intact axons.
Glycinergic and GABAergic Synaptic Activity Differentially Regulate Motoneuron Survival and Skeletal Muscle Innervation
Authors: Banks Glen B. , Kanjhan Refik , Wiese Stefan , Kneussel Matthias , Wong Loke M. , O'Sullivan Gregory , Sendtner Michael , Bellingham Mark C. , Betz Heinrich , Noakes Peter G.
Published: February 2005

GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic transmission is proposed to promote the maturation and refinement of the developing CNS. Here we provide morphological and functional evidence that glycinergic and GABAergic synapses control motoneuron development in a region-specific manner during programmed cell death. In gephyrin-deficient mice that lack all postsynaptic glycine receptor and some GABAAreceptor clusters, there was increased spontaneous respiratory motor activity, reduced respiratory motoneuron survival, and decreased innervation of the diaphragm. In contrast, limb-innervating motoneurons showed decreased spontaneous activity, increased survival, and increased innervation of their target muscles. Both GABA and glycine increased limb-innervating motoneuron activity and decreased respiratory motoneuron activity in wild-type mice, but only glycine responses were abolished in gephyrin-deficient mice. Our results provide genetic evidence that the development of glycinergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs onto motoneurons plays an important role in the survival, axonal branching, and spontaneous activity of motoneurons in developing mammalian embryos.
Neural Correlates of Relational Memory: Successful Encoding and Retrieval of Semantic and Perceptual Associations
Authors: Prince Steven E. , Daselaar Sander M. , Cabeza Roberto
Published: February 2005

Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we identified brain regions involved in successful relational memory (RM) during encoding and retrieval for semantic and perceptual associations or in general, independent of phase and content. Participants were scanned while encoding and later retrieving associations between pairs of words (semantic RM) or associations between words and fonts (perceptual RM). Encoding success activity (ESA) was identified by comparing study-phase activity for items subsequently remembered (hits) versus forgotten (misses) and retrieval success activity (RSA) by comparing test-phase activity for hits versus misses. The study yielded three main sets of findings. First, ESA-RSA differences were found within the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) and within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Within the left MTL, ESA was greater in the anterior hippocampus, and RSA was greater in the posterior parahippocampal cortex/hippocampus. This finding is consistent with the notion of an encoding-retrieval gradient along the longitudinal MTL axis. Within the left PFC, ESA was greater in ventrolateral PFC, and RSA was greater in dorsolateral and anterior PFC. This is the first evidence of a dissociation in successful encoding and retrieval activity within left PFC. Second, consistent with the transfer-appropriate processing principle, some ESA regions were reactivated during RSA in a content-specific manner. For semantic RM, these regions included the left ventrolateral PFC, whereas for perceptual RM, they included occipitoparietal and right parahippocampal regions. Finally, only one region in the entire brain was associated with RM in general (i.e., for both semantic and perceptual ESA and RSA): the left hippocampus. This finding highlights the fundamental role of the hippocampus in RM.
Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Is Essential for Maturation and Survival of Photoreceptor Cells
Authors: Yi Xianjin , Schubert Markus , Peachey Neal S. , Suzuma Kiyoshi , Burks Deborah J. , Kushner Jake A. , Suzuma Izumi , Cahill Christopher , Flint Carrie L. , Dow Matthew A. , Leshan Rebecca L. , King George L. , White Morris F.
Published: February 2005

Insulin receptor substrates (Irs-proteins) integrate signals from the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptors with other processes to control cellular growth, function, and survival. Here, we show that Irs2 promoted the maturation and survival of photoreceptors in the murine retina immediately after birth. Irs2 was mainly localized to the outer plexiform layer as well as to photoreceptor inner segments. It was also seen in ganglion cells and inner plexiform layer but in smaller amounts. Compared with control littermates, Irs2 knock-out mice lose ∼10% of their photoreceptors 1 week after birth and up to 50% by 2 weeks of age as a result of increased apoptosis. The surviving photoreceptor cells developed short organized segments, which displayed proportionally diminished but otherwise normal electrical function. However, IGF1-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was barely detected, and cleaved/activated caspase-3 was significantly elevated in isolated retinas ofIrs2-/-mice. When diabetes was prevented, which allowed theIrs2-/-mice to survive for 2 years, most photoreceptor cells were lost by 16 months of age. Because apoptosis is the final common pathway in photoreceptor degeneration, pharmacological strategies that increase Irs2 expression or function in photoreceptor cells could be a general treatment for blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa.
Defective Neuromuscular Synapses in Mice Lacking Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and APP-Like Protein 2
Authors: Wang Pei , Yang Guang , Mosier Dennis R. , Chang Paul , Zaidi Tahire , Gong Yan-Dao , Zhao Nan-Ming , Dominguez Bertha , Lee Kuo-Fen , Gan Wen-Biao , Zheng Hui
Published: February 2005

Biochemical and genetic studies place the amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the center stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Although mutations in theAPPgene lead to dominant inheritance of familial AD, the normal function of APP remains elusive. Here, we report that the APP family of proteins plays an essential role in the development of neuromuscular synapses. Mice deficient inAPPand its homolog APP-like protein 2 (APLP2) exhibit aberrant apposition of presynaptic marker proteins with postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors and excessive nerve terminal sprouting. The number of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals is dramatically reduced. These structural abnormalities are accompanied by defective neurotransmitter release and a high incidence of synaptic failure. Our results identify APP/APLP2 as key regulators of structure and function of developing neuromuscular synapses.
β-Amyloid-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis Involves c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Dependent Downregulation of Bcl-w
Authors: Yao Mingzhong , Nguyen Thuy-Vi V. , Pike Christian J.
Published: February 2005

β-Amyloid protein (Aβ) has been implicated as a key molecule in the neurodegenerative cascades of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ directly induces neuronal apoptosis, suggesting an important role of Aβ neurotoxicity in AD neurodegeneration. However, the mechanism(s) of Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis remain incompletely defined. In this study, we report that Aβ-induced neuronal death is preceded by selective alterations in expression of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis-related genes. Specifically, we observe that Aβ significantly reduces expression of antiapoptoticBcl-wandBcl-xL, mildly affects expression ofbim,Bcl-2, andbax, but does not alter expression ofbak,bad,bik,bid, orBNIP3.Aβ-induced downregulation of Bcl-w appears to contribute to the mechanism of apoptosis, because Aβ-induced neuronal death was significantly increased by Bcl-w suppression but significantly reduced by Bcl-w overexpression. Downstream of Bcl-w, Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis is characterized by mitochondrial release of second mitochondrion-derived activator of caspase (Smac), an important precursor event to cell death. We observed that Smac release was potentiated by suppression of Bcl-w and reduced by overexpression of Bcl-w. Next, we investigated the upstream mediator of Aβ-induced Bcl-w downregulation and Smac release. We observed that Aβ rapidly activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Pharmacological inhibition of JNK effectively inhibited all measures of Aβ apoptosis: Bcl-w downregulation, Smac release, and neuronal death. Together, these results suggest that the mechanism of Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis sequentially involves JNK activation, Bcl-w downregulation, and release of mitochondrial Smac, followed by cell death. Complete elucidation of the mechanism of Aβ-induced apoptosis promises to accelerate development of neuroprotective interventions for the treatment of AD.
Drawing Shadows to Stone
Authors: Lee Molly
Published: January 2005

Drawing Shadows to Stone: Photographing North Pacific Peoples (1897‐1902). American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, November 14, 1997‐ March 1, 1998.

Drawing Shadows to Stone: The Photography of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 1897‐1902. Laurel Kendall. Barbara Mathé. and Thomas Ross Miller. with Stanley A. Freed. Ruth S. Freed. and Laila Williamson. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1997, and Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997. 112 pp., 97 illust.
Primate Cognition
Authors: Byrne Richard W.
Published: January 2005

Primate Cognition. Michael Tomasello and Josep Call. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.518 pp.
Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe
Authors: Smart Alan
Published: January 2005

Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid. eds. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.336 pp.
Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives
Authors: Shankman Paul
Published: January 2005

Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives. Philippe Descola and Gisli Pálsson. eds. New York: Routledge, 1996. 310pp.
Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication
Authors: McCay Bonnie
Published: January 2005

Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication. Roy Ellen and Katsuyoshi Fukui. eds. Oxford: Oxford International Publishers Ltd., 1996.664 pp.
Marketing and Modernity
Authors: Arnould Eric
Published: January 2005

Marketing and Modernity. Marianne Elisabeth Lien. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1997.308 pp.
High Paternity Certainties of Jewish Priests
Authors: Boster James S. , Hudson Richard R. , Gaulin Steven J. C.
Published: January 2005

Recent evidence (Skorecki et al. 1997) of significant differences between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim) and laymen (Israelites) indicate very high degrees of paternity certainty (p, the probability that a man's wife's children are his own, Hartung 1985). Estimates of gene flow into the Kohanim from Israelites indicate that approximately 20% of living Ashkenazic Kohanim and 56% of living Sephardic Kohanim are descended through males from the founding priest. These suggest average per generation paternity certainties of .988 and .996 respectively. Multinomial discrete generation simulation establishes fairly narrow 95% lower bounds on these estimates. Given that paternity certainty is thought to vary with cultural practices (Hartung 1985), the genetic evidence poses the important social and cultural question of how these high certainties were achieved. [Y chromosome, human evolution, male lineage]
Late-Onset Septicemia in a Norwegian National Cohort of Extremely Premature Infants Receiving Very Early Full Human Milk Feeding
Authors: Rønnestad Arild , Abrahamsen Tore G. , Medbø Sverre , Reigstad Hallvard , Lossius Kristin , Kaaresen Per I. , Egeland Thore , Engelund Inger E. , Irgens Lorentz M. , Markestad Trond
Published: February 2005

Objectives. To investigate the occurrence of and risk factors for late-onset septicemia (LOS) in a national cohort of extremely premature infants who received very early full human milk feeding.

Methods. A prospective study of all infants born in Norway in 1999 and 2000 with gestational age of <28 weeks or birth weight of <1000 g was performed. Extensive clinical information, including data on feeding practices and episodes of septicemia, was collected on predefined forms. LOS was defined as growth of bacteria or fungi in blood cultures in conjunction with clinical symptoms consistent with systemic infection occurring after day 6 of life. Cox regression models, including models allowing for time-dependent covariates, were applied in the analysis of LOS.

Results. Of 464 eligible infants, 462 (99.6%) were enrolled and 405 (87.7%) survived until day 7. LOS was diagnosed for 80 (19.7%). The predominant pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by Candida spp. Case fatality rates associated with septicemia were 10% in general and 43% for Candida spp septicemia. Necrotizing enterocolitis or bowel perforation was diagnosed for 19 infants (4%). Enteral feeding with human milk was initiated within the third day for 98% of patients, and 92% were receiving full enteral feeding (FEF) with human milk within the third week. Both high Clinical Risk Index for Babies scores and an umbilical venous catheter in situ at 7 days of age significantly predicted LOS. However, the overall most influential risk factor for LOS was the number of days without establishment of FEF with human milk, with an adjusted relative risk of 3.7 (2.0–6.9) for LOS if FEF was not established within the second week of life.

Conclusions. The incidence and case fatality rate of septicemia for this cohort of extremely preterm infants were lower than values in comparable studies. The main difference, compared with other studies, was the feeding practice, and the data suggest that very early FEF with human milk significantly reduces the risk of LOS among extremely premature infants.
Lack of compensatory increase in islet blood flow and islet mass in GK rats following 60% partial pancreatectomy
Authors: Svensson Annika M , Östenson Claes-Göran , Bodin Birgitta , Jansson Leif
Published: January 2005

The effects of a 60% partial pancreatectomy were studied in hyperglycemic GK (Goto–Kakizaki) rats. Partial pancreatectomy or a sham operation was performed on 12-week-old female Wistar rats, GK rats or hybrids between male GK rats and female Wistar rats. Measurements of pancreatic blood flow and islet blood flow were performed by a microsphere technique 2 weeks after surgery. Glucose tolerance was decreased in hybrid compared with Wistar rats, and in GK rats compared with both hybrid and Wistar rats before surgery. Partial pancreatectomy induced minor changes in glucose tolerance. Wistar rats had a decreased islet mass following partial pancreatectomy. Both hybrid and GK rats showed a significant decrease in relative islet volume, but only GK rats in total islet mass, compared with Wistar rats 2 weeks after surgery. Pancreatic blood flow and islet blood flow did not significantly differ between sham-operated Wistar, hybrid or GK rats. After partial pancreatectomy, islet blood flow in relation to islet mass increased 3-fold in Wistar rats and 2-fold in hybrid rats. In contrast, GK rats showed no increase in islet blood flow following partial pancreatectomy. It is concluded that compensatory mechanisms after partial pancreatectomy are operating less effciently in hybrid and GK rats.
Metabolic hormones modulate the effect of growth hormone (GH) on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA level in primary culture of salmon hepatocytes
Authors: Pierce A L , Fukada H , Dickhoff W W
Published: January 2005

Liver production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a major point of control in the growth hormone (GH)/IGF axis, the endocrine system regulating body growth in fishes and other vertebrates. Pituitary GH stimulates hepatocyte production of IGF-I; however, in catabolic states, hepatocyte GH resistance results in decreases in liver IGF-I production. To investigate endocrine mechanisms leading to the development of hepatocyte GH resistance, we examined the regulation of IGF-I mRNA level by GH and metabolic hormones in primary culture of salmon hepatocytes. Cells were cultured in RPMI medium, and exposed to insulin (Ins, 10−6 M), glucagon (Glu, 10−6 M), triiodothyronine (T3, 10−7 M), dexamethasone (Dex, 10−6 M) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP, 10−6 M), in the presence and absence of GH (5×10−9 M). GH always increased IGF-I mRNA. None of the other hormones tested alone affected IGF-I mRNA. However, Dex, Ins and Glu reduced the response to GH. The response to GH was inhibited by Dex at concentrations of 10−12 M and above, by Ins at 10−9 M and above, and by Glu only at 10−6 M. Inhibition of GH response by glucocorticoids is found in other vertebrates. Salmon hepatocytes were very sensitive to Dex, suggesting that glucocorticoids may play an important role in salmon growth regulation even in unstressed conditions. Inhibition of GH response by Ins is the opposite of what is found in mammals and chickens, suggesting that the role of Ins in growth regulation may differ between fishes and tetrapods. To examine mechanisms for modulation of GH sensitivity, we measured hepatocyte GH receptor (GHR) mRNA levels. Ins inhibited and Dex stimulated GHR mRNA, suggesting that different mechanisms mediate the inhibition of GH response by these hormones. This study shows that glucocorticoids, Ins, and Glu induce GH resistance in cultured salmon hepatocytes.
Capacitative calcium entry in testosterone-induced intracellular calcium oscillations in myotubes
Authors: Estrada M , Espinosa A , Gibson C J , Uhlen P , Jaimovich E
Published: January 2005

Ca2+ oscillations are one of the most important signals within the cell. The mechanism for generation of Ca2+ oscillations is still not yet fully elucidated. We studied the role of capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) on intracellular Ca2+ oscillations induced by testosterone at the single-cell level in primary myotubes. Testosterone (100 nM) rapidly induced an intracellular Ca2+ rise, accompanied by Ca2+ oscillations in a majority of myotubes. Spectral analysis of the Ca2+ oscillations revealed a periodicity of 20.3 ± 1.8 s (frequency of 49.3 ± 4.4 mHz). In Ca2+-free medium, an increase in intracellular Ca2+ was still observed, but no oscillations. Neither nifedipine nor ryanodine affected the testosterone-induced Ca2+ response. This intracellular Ca2+ release was previously shown in myotubes to be dependent on inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Intracellular Ca2+ store depletion in Ca2+-free medium, using a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-pump inhibitor, followed by re-addition of extracellular Ca2+, gave a fast rise in intracellular Ca2+, indicating that CCE was present in these myotubes. Application of either testosterone or albumin-bound testosterone induced Ca2+ release and led to CCE after re-addition of Ca2+ to Ca2+-free extracellular medium. The CCE blockers 2-aminoethyl diphenylborate and La3+, as well as perturbation of the cytoskeleton by cytochalasin D, inhibited testosterone-induced Ca2+ oscillations and CCE. The steady increase in Ca2+ induced by testosterone was not, however, affected by either La3+ or cytochalasin D. These results demonstrate testosterone-induced Ca2+ oscillations in myotubes, mediated by the interplay of IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ influx through CCE.
Early‐Onset Periodontitis
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Mombelli Andrea
Published: February 2005

In 1993, the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology explicitly recognized that there was insufficient knowledge to differentiate truly different forms of periodontal disease from differences in the presentation/severity of the same disease. In spite of recent progress in our understanding of periodontal diseases, the issue is far from having been resolved. Classification of periodontal diseases, therefore, remains based upon the definition of specific clinical syndromes. Early‐onset periodontitis (EOP) is one such syndrome and comprises a group of pathological conditions leading to loss of periodontal tissues early in life. The notion that classifies periodontitis syndromes as “early‐onset” or “adult” is primarily epidemiological in nature and is based on the observation that periodontitis is rather infrequent in children and young adults. Nevertheless, considerable epidemiological evidence indicates that periodontitis does affect children and young adults to a level of severity that may lead to premature exfoliation of primary and/or permanent teeth. Clinical presentation of periodontitis early in the life of an individual is thought to indicate that the etiologic agents have been able to cause considerable tissue damage over a relatively short period of time. It also implies either infection with highly virulent bacteria and/or a highly susceptible subject. The purpose of this review is to discuss the criteria generally utilized to classify EOP, provide the rationale to designate EOP as a distinct disease entity, and to review the evidence justifying a subclassification into particular subgroups of EOP. Ann Periodontol 1999;4:39‐52.
Periodontitis Modified by Systemic Factors
Authors: Kinane Denis F.
Published: February 2005

Microbial dental plaque is the initiator of periodontal disease but whether it affects a particular subject, what form the disease takes, and how it progresses, are all dependent on the host defenses to this challenge. Systemic factors modify all forms periodontitis principally through their effects on the normal immune and inflammatory defenses. Some good examples of this effect exist such as when there is a reduction in number or function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) that may result in an increased rate and severity of periodontal destruction. Many other systemic factors are much less clear cut and are difficult to causally link to periodontitis. In many cases the literature is insufficient to make definite statements on links between systemic factors and periodontitis. It is also at times dif‐ ficult to be precise regarding the causative agent in systemic exposures such as smoking and even prescribed drug therapy. The possible role of systemic diseases and systemic exposures in initiating or modifying the progress of periodontal disease is clearly a complex issue. It is however generally agreed that several conditions may give rise to an increased prevalence, incidence, or severity of gingivitis and periodontitis. The categorization of the systemic modifying factors causing periodontitis and the evidence to support the role of these factors are the focus of this review. An attempt has been made to consider the conditions under broad headings, but it will be clear that many conditions fall within more than one category and that for several conditions only case reports exist whereas in other areas an extensive literature is present. Ann Periodontol 1999;4:54‐63.
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Authors: Rowland Randal W.
Published: February 2005

Necrotizing periodontal diseases are unique in their clinical presentation and course. Data suggest that the etiology and pathogenesis of necrotizing periodontal diseases may also be distinctive from other periodontal diseases. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) is a type of necrotizing periodontal disease in which the necrosis is limited to the gingival tissues. Three specific clinical characteristics must be present to diagnose NUG, pain (usually of rapid onset) interdental necrosis, and bleeding. Epidemiological and prospective clinical studies have found an altered ability to cope with psychological stress, immunosuppression, and tobacco use to be strongly associated with the onset of NUG. Ann Periodontol 1999;4:65‐73.
Dental Plaque‐Induced Gingival Diseases
Authors: Mariotti Angelo
Published: February 2005

Gingival diseases are a diverse family of complex and distinct pathological entities found within the gingiva that are the result of a variety of etiologies. There are several clinical characteristics common to all gingival diseases and these features include clinical signs of inflammation, signs and symptoms that are con‐ fined to the gingiva, reversibility of the disease by removing the etiology, the presence of bacterial laden plaque to initiate and/or exacerbate the severity of the disease and a possible role as a precursor for attachment loss around teeth. Defining and classifying gingival diseases has not been an easy task. The tools and methods to identify gingival diseases have varied depending on the criteria used by epidemiologists, researchers, or the practicing clinician. The classification of gingival disease in this review relied upon experimental and/or epidemiological human studies that accurately and reliably assessed an underlying functional derangement that was localized to the gingiva and was reported in a peer‐reviewed journal. The classification of gingival diseases that depends on dental plaque to initiate the disease process(es) has been categorized into two groups. The two categories of plaque‐induced gingival diseases are those affected by local factors and those that are affected by local factors and modified by specific systemic factors found in the host. In this review, the clinical characteristics of gingival disease associated with plaque, endogenous hormone fluctuations, drugs, systemic diseases, and malnutrition were investigated. Ann Periodontol 1999;4:7‐17.
Implant Surface Coating and Bone Quality‐Related Survival Outcomes Through 36 Months Post‐Placement of Root‐Form Endosseous Dental Implants
Authors: Truhlar Richard S. , Morris Harold F. , Ochi Shigeru
Published: February 2005

Survival rates from placement to 36 months were reported for the ongoing Dental Implant Clinical Research Group studies of root‐form endosseous dental implants. Failure rates for all implants were similar in bone qualities 1 and 2 (6.2% and 6.7%, respectively) and slightly higher in bone qualities 3 and 4 (8.5% and 8.7%, respectively). Hydroxyapatite (HA)‐coated implants had an overall failure rate of 3.9% over 36 months in all bone qualities combined, while non‐coated implants had a 13.4% failure rate for the same parameters. For each bone quality, there was a significant difference in implant survival for the non‐coated implants (P <0.01). The highest failure rates for non‐coated implants were in bone qualities 3 and 4 (19.1% and 25.5%, respectively). No major difference in survival was found for HA‐coated implants placed in each bone quality. Possible reasons for the differences in survival are discussed. Ann Periodontol 2000;5:109‐118.
Influence of Research Center on Overall Survival Outcomes at Each Phase of Treatment
Authors: Morris Harold F. , Ochi Shigeru
Published: February 2005

Background: Clinical studies of dental implants tend to fall into two broad categories. Efficacy studies apply strict exclusion criteria under carefully controlled conditions to produce a narrow range of results. Effectiveness studies more closely model real‐world treatment environments, with a more diverse patient sample and broader range of provider skills. In this multi‐center study of more than 2,900 dental implants, study centers were grouped by implant survival scores in an attempt to draw attention to the influence of confounding variables associated with the treatment environment.

Methods: Thirty‐two study centers were ranked by implant survival scores at uncovering and assigned to three performance groups. Centers whose overall scores were within approximately one standard deviation of the mean were placed in the middle (70%) performance group (MPG). The remaining centers were placed in either the top (15%) performance group (TPG) or the lower (15%) performance group (LPG). Overall survival and survival by phase of treatment were recorded for each of six implant designs in each of the three performance groups.

Results: From implant placement to 36 months, the TPG achieved survival rates from 100% (for 3 designs) to 95.5% (for one design), with an average of 97% for all designs. Increased variations in survival (97.2% to 73%) occurred in the MPG, with larger variations (96.4% to 48%) in the LPG. The HA‐coated cylinder recorded consistently high survival scores (over 95%) in all performance groups and all phases of treatment. Failures for other designs in the MPG and LPG were concentrated in the healing period (placement to uncovering), except for the commercially pure titanium screw, which had the most failures between uncovering and prosthesis loading.

Conclusions: Implant design and treatment environment both play an important role in implant survival. Two design characteristics appear to enhance survival: 1) a surgical protocol involving minimal instrumentation at placement, and 2) hydroxyapatite (HA) coating. The HA‐coated press‐fit cylinder design was the least affected by the center's performance. Ann Periodontol 2000;5:129‐136.