bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shabbetai Tsvis nedstigning til Farao – et jødisk eksempel på forløsning gennem urenhed
Authors: Schleicher Marianne
Published: March 2019

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As a Jewish example of redemption through impurity, this article analyses the ’strange acts’ of the Jewish mystic Shabbetai Tsvi. These acts included pronunciation of the tetragrammaton, liturgical subversions of synagogue service and Jewish praxis in general, odd approaches to sex, praying at grave sites, extreme asceticism, and conversion to Islam. Referring to theories by Robert Bellah, Philippe Descola, and Hans J. Lundager Jensen, I argue for the adequacy of ’inverted dualism’ as a concept that can explain these strange acts in conflict with Jewish law. The explanation is situated in the historical development of Israelite-Jewish religion from a monistic worldview, over a direct dualistic worldview, to an inverted, this-worldly dualism with great bearings on how Jews would perceive evil and the Torah.

DANSK RESUMÉ: Som et jødisk eksempel på forløsning gennem urenhed analyseres den jødiske mystiker Shabbetai Tsvis ’fremmedartede handlinger’ så som udtalelse af tetragrammet, liturgiske omkalfatringer af synagogegudstjenesten og jødisk praksis generelt, mærkværdige tilgange til sex, grave som bedesteder, ekstrem askese og konversion til islam. Med reference til teorier af Robert Bellah, Philippe Descola og Hans J. Lundager Jensen argumenterer jeg for begrebet ’inverteret dualisme’ som egnet til at forklare disse fremmedartede handlinger i konflikt med jødisk lovstof. Forklaringen indlejres i den israelitisk-jødiske religions udvikling fra en monistisk verdensopfattelse over en direkte dualistisk verdensopfattelse til en inverteret dualisme i det dennesides, hvilket især har konsekvens for opfattelsen af ondskab og Torah.
Kāmākhya, den menstruerende gudinde: Tantrisme for lægfolk og elite
Authors: Fibiger Marianne Qvortrup
Published: March 2019

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Based on an analysis of the cult around the tantric goddess Kāmākhya from Assam, I will discuss her appeal for both laypeople and ascetics. A special feature is that she menstruates and that her blood is held to have thaumaturgical as well as transformative properties. For laypeople the hope is that it will have a positive effect on their lives here and now, and for the ascetics that it will give rise to an internal process with a soteriological goal in mind. Consequently, I shall present a differentiation between a hardcore and a softcore tantrism and, furthermore, their interrelationship.

DANSK RESUMÉ: Med udgangspunkt i en analyse af kulten omkring den tantriske gudinde Kāmakhya fra Assam diskuteres hendes brede appeal for både lægfolk og asketer. Det specielle ved gudinden er, at hun menstruerer, og at blodet tillægges både thaumaturgiske og transformative egenskaber. For lægfolk er håbet, at det kan have positiv effekt for deres liv nu og her, for asketer at det vil sætte gang i en individuel proces med et soteriologisk mål for øje. I den forbindelse vil en skelnen imellem en hard core- og en soft core-tantrisme og deres interrelation blive præsenteret.
Anmeldelse af Levine, Gregory P. A., Long Strange Journey. On Modern Zen, Zen Art, and Other Predicaments
Authors: Borup Jørn
Published: March 2019

Anmeldelse af Levine, Gregory P. A., Long Strange Journey. On Modern Zen, Zen Art, and Other Predicaments, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 2017,
Indkomne bøger
Authors: Lundager Jensen Hans J.
Published: March 2019

Indkomne bøger
La eficacia del listado de incumplidores relevantes a la Hacienda Pública
Authors: Olivares Olivares Bernardo David
Published: March 2019

En la actualidad desconocemos la efectividad de las estrategias preventivas y educativas puestas en marcha por los estados para incrementar los recursos públicos, combatir la impunidad de los incumplidores relevantes y coadyuvar al cumplimento voluntario de los deberes tributarios. Con este fin, presentamos los datos de una investigación que analiza la eficacia y la adecuación constitucional en España de los listados de deudores publicados en 2015, 2016 y 2017 respecto del derecho a la protección de datos de carácter personal. Los resultados muestran que la medida es escasamente efectiva para alcanzar los fines propuestos por el legislador. Se discuten sus repercusiones respecto del juicio de proporcionalidad y se señalan los principales aspectos susceptibles de mejora.
Trabajo en plataformas: innovaciones jurídicas para unos desafíos crecientes
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Royo Miguel
Published: March 2019

La aparición de las plataformas de intercambio de bienes y servicios ha supuesto un desafío para el derecho de la economía y en particular, dentro de este, para el derecho del trabajo. Ha puesto en evidencia que algunas de las bases sobre las que se ha construido la regulación de las prestaciones de servicios han dejado de ser válidas, como la separación radical de regímenes entre trabajo asalariado y trabajo autónomo, o el escaso nivel de protección atribuido a este. Además, las plataformas pueden colocar a las personas en una situación de precariedad y dependencia de múltiples sujetos, hasta niveles de hiperdependencia, a la vez que han reducido la capacidad regulatoria y de control del Estado sobre el mercado de servicios. Frente a esto hacen falta enfoques innovadores, que no se queden en desarrollar algunas figuras contractuales específicas (que sí pueden ser útiles), sino que vayan más allá. En este trabajo se proponen dos líneas de actuación: por un lado, pensar en términos de mercados de servicios profesionales más que de mercado de trabajo tradicional; y por otro, desarrollar la dimensión colectiva en la actuación de estos trabajadores. Finalmente, se proponen algunas medidas para que el Estado recupere sus funciones en este particular mercado.
Reseña del libro Internet de las cosas, de Moisés Barrio Andrés (2018), Editorial Reus
Authors: Caballero Trenado Laura
Published: March 2019

El «Internet de las Cosas» (IoT, en sus siglas en inglés) es un fenómeno complejo que está ayuno de una regulación propia. Su naturaleza híbrida, conformada por una amalgama de tecnología, economía y derecho, plantea problemas sui generis, pues no encuentra fácilmente acomodo en un concreto sector normativo, lo que supone un desafío regulatorio al que urge dar respuesta. De ello se ocupa, precisamente, la obra Internet de las Cosas, de Moisés Barrio Andrés, una monografía rigurosa y exhaustiva que examina en clave jurídica tanto los aspectos tecnológicos sustantivos como los retos que plantea su cualidad disruptiva.
State transitions in the substantia nigra reticulata predict the onset of motor deficits in models of progressive dopamine depletion in mice
Authors: Willard Amanda M , Isett Brian R , Whalen Timothy C , Mastro Kevin J , Ki Chris S , Mao Xiaobo , Gittis Aryn H
Published: March 2019

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose cardinal motor symptoms are attributed to dysfunction of basal ganglia circuits under conditions of low dopamine. Despite well-established physiological criteria to define basal ganglia dysfunction, correlations between individual parameters and motor symptoms are often weak, challenging their predictive validity and causal contributions to behavior. One limitation is that basal ganglia pathophysiology is studied only at end-stages of depletion, leaving an impoverished understanding of when deficits emerge and how they evolve over the course of depletion. In this study, we use toxin- and neurodegeneration-induced mouse models of dopamine depletion to establish the physiological trajectory by which the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) transitions from the healthy to the diseased state. We find that physiological progression in the SNr proceeds in discrete state transitions that are highly stereotyped across models and correlate well with the prodromal and symptomatic stages of behavior.
Challenging the Limits of Sex
Authors: Leng Kirsten
Published: March 2019

Sexology opened up new ways of thinking about sexual subjectivity that challenged the male/female binary and its assumed heterosexuality. This chapter analyzes how Anna Rüling, Johanna Elberskirchen, and Rosa Mayreder critically engaged theories of female homosexuality to formulate and espouse non-normative, non-heterosexual subjectivities as legitimate social identities with “natural” needs for social rights and sexual freedoms. All three authors represented their subjects as enjoying a special relationship to the feminist movement and as superior to “normal”—that is, unambiguously feminine and heterosexual—women, who they viewed as limited in their existential possibilities by virtue of their reproductive sexuality. Women sexologists’ insistence that sex was biologically fluid led them on the one hand to argue that sexual diversity ought to be recognized, celebrated, and accepted, and on the other hand to create new hierarchies of political and existential value among different types of women, precisely along lines of sexuality.
Troubling Normal, Taking on Patriarchy
Authors: Leng Kirsten
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines how Johanna Elberskirchen, Rosa Mayreder, and Grete Meisel-Hess engaged scientific knowledge to criticize masculinity and male heterosexuality. Specifically, they argued that human male sexuality contravened and exceeded the demands and requirements of nature, with negative implications for the further development of the species and civilization. They further insisted upon the superiority of female (hetero)sexuality and sought a greater place for women in the governance of sexual life. However, these theorists disagreed on what was required to reform male sexuality and to emancipate women from men’s purportedly oppressive and excessive sexual demands. Indeed, as this chapter demonstrates, not all women sexologists believed that male sexuality could be reformed.
Epilogue
Authors: Karmel Jonathan D.
Published: March 2019

Most good stories have an arc to their plotline, usually without any loose ends and unfinished business at the conclusion. Cliffhangers eventually run out of cliffs to dangle over. Happy endings are what most of us yearn for, in our books and in our lives, even if getting there was frightful and dangerous. All the better to exhale a sigh of relief at the end, certain as we turn the last page that our heroine is safe and sound and will live happily ever after as we read silently to ourselves, ...
Crumbs to Corporations
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: March 2019

What has become a huge and lucrative global industry, engaging millions of people, started as a simple, do-it-yourself domestic activity, primarily as a humane way to assist birds during winter. This chapter explores the origins of the practice and follows recent developments and rapid commercialization, highlighting the key points of innovation and development of practices.
Education Between Iran and the West
Authors: Shannon Matthew K.
Published: March 2019

The introduction reconstructs Iran’s historical educational ties the West and explains how the United States became the primary destination for Iranian student during the Cold War era. It also engages with various historiographies to situate the book within the appropriate scholarly context.
Gender, Labor, and Emotion in a Global Economy
Authors: Bloch Alexia
Published: March 2019

This chapter considers how shuttle traders, or small-scale entrepreneurs in the wholesale garment business, move merchandise from Turkey to locations across the former Soviet Union and are part of a broader transformation of intimate practices and affective states brought about by gendered mobility in the region. Featuring the accounts of three women entrepreneurs from Russia, the chapter reflects on how particular political-economic formations generate their own distinctive affective states. The chapter considers the emotion work required of women as men contend with shame about no longer being primary breadwinners, and as women widely reflect on their shame associated with becoming traders. Overall, the chapter analyzes how ideals around gender and labor are renegotiated as global capitalism encompasses former socialists.
“Other Mothers,” Grandmothers, and the State
Authors: Bloch Alexia
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines nurturing practices in southern Moldova to reflect on how these enable the transnational mobility made necessary by an ineffective state. The chapter shows how historical experience of both local and socialist state structures of caregiving, as well as a virtual communication era, are part of a distinctive transnational nurturing nexus, where children are provided for by remittances from women labor migrants (other mothers), as well as by state-run daycares, grandmothers, and sometimes friends. Five women’s accounts of their experiences of nurturing as transnational labor migrants form the crux of this chapter as it engages with feminist questions about nurturing and othermothers, including how these are linked to women’s prospects for supporting households and pursuing their own aspirations.
On the Move
Authors: Bloch Alexia
Published: March 2019

This chapter opens emphasizing how recent refugee flows into Turkey and Europe, as well as intensified policing of migrants and general isolationism in Europe and America, suggest an immediate future of global anti-migrant sentiment and immobility for labor migrants. The chapter traces key contributions of the book, specifically drawing attention to: historically inflected circuits of mobility and state power distinctly defining Eurasia under global capitalism; how structures of feeling established under socialism continue to shape the region; and gendered intimate practices as central to the experience of labor migration. Finally, the chapter argues that looking to migrants’ everyday lives, aspirations, and intimate practices provides a more humanized portrait of migrants that can contribute to bringing about political transformation addressing global inequalities.
2002, Year Zero
Authors: Schubert Jon
Published: March 2019

Since the end of the Angolan conflict in 2002, the ruling MPLA party has been promoting a ‘master narrative’ of ‘peace and reconstruction’ through which the Angolan conflict is resignified as a merely technical issue, and the question of ‘national reconciliation’ is limited to the reconstruction of infrastructures. This chapter analyses the discursive strategies and performative acts employed in these processes, and looks at the symbolic and material effects of this ‘technical’ hegemonic discourse in the country’s capital, Luanda. As national reconciliation is limited to the reconstruction of infrastructures, the master narrative of the ‘New Angola’ is also physically imposed on the urban cityscape; similarly, any substantive political dialogue about the war is precluded as a threat to the ‘gains of peace’, which are measured again in purely material terms of the built environment.
Sambizanga
Authors: Schubert Jon
Published: March 2019

This chapter looks at the affects of place in the ‘historic’ neighbourhood of Sambizanga: how does the material transformation of a specific place seep into people’s memories? How does the engagement with urban space, and narrative-making stabilise the unruliness and disruptive potential of past violence that cannot publicly be spoken of? The chapter discusses the multiple ways in which memories are a central element to the renegotiation and dialogical construction of the relation of ‘people’ with ‘power’, and how political subjectivities within the system are shaped by central affects like fear, melancholia, or nostalgia for the future promised at independence.
Introduction
Authors: Gross James A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter sets the stage for understanding the Wagner Act as a human rights law, the influence of value clashes in interpreting that law, and the counter-revolution against this rights law.
The Gould Board: Conflicting Agendas
Authors: Gross James A.
Published: March 2019

These chapters discuss NLRB Chairman Bill Gould’s politically charged appointment process. They explain how significant doctrinal and administrative accomplishments occurred during the Gould Chairmanship but were less than they could have been due to self-destructive inside-the-Board hostility coupled with ideologically–driven, outside-the-Board opposition.
Naval Operations and Grand Strategy in a New Security Environment
Authors: Reich Simon , Dombrowski Peter
Published: March 2019

This chapter begins with a vignette regarding the 2004 Asian tsunami to illustrate the increasing demands placed on the US Navy and associated seas services – beyond warfighting to ‘Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW). Then it examines the contrasting definitions of grand strategy – and how the definitions have no relationship to the illustration. The chapter then entails a systematic discussion of three major forms of changes since the end of the Cold War that the Navy has to address: the proliferation of actors (from states to also include nonstate actors); of threats (from conventional warfare to non-traditional threats such as pandemics and various flows such as drugs, people, fissile materials); and forms of conflict (from conventional warfare to irregular warfare and now hybrid warfare). The Navy, it notes, has to address these various forms of threats in specific environments, demanding tailored strategies.
Navigating the Proliferation Security Initiative and Informal Sponsorship
Authors: Reich Simon , Dombrowski Peter
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines an informal variant of a sponsorship strategy. It focuses on the case of the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), a global campaign designed to combat the smuggling of nuclear, biological and chemical materials and related component parts. The chapter begins with an vignette involving the interception of a North Korean vessel on the high seas suspected of carrying missile technology by a member of the US’ Seventh Fleet – and the vessel’s return to its home port. The chapter then describes and explains the military importance of the PSI, the informal coalition’s (numbering 130 states) rejection of American leadership, and yet the pivotal role nonetheless played by the US Navy in collaboration with a variety of countries.
Controlling the Southern Maritime Approaches with an Isolationist Strategy
Authors: Reich Simon , Dombrowski Peter
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines the historic US policy of isolationism in the Western Hemisphere. It begins with a vignette about the U.S. Coast Guard cutter seized a submersible vessel (a rudimentary submarine) dubbed “Bigfoot” off the southwest coast of Costa Rica. The chapter then focuses on the use of the Navy and Coast Guard around the American littoral in battling illicit flows (notably drugs but also people) largely originating from Latin/Central America and the Caribbean. The central point of the chapter is to demonstrate that isolationist strategies are nothing new, nor simply historic. They are employed by the Navy and Coast Guard every day.
Flexibility
Authors: Chamberlain James A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the regime of flexibility as a neoliberal instantiation of freedom in relation to work, focusing in particular on its perverse effects. Flexibility constructs an individualistic social formation by dismantling collective institutions, particularly unions, and empowering individual employees through a menu of rights and norms. Moreover, the decollectivizing and individualizing modes of flexibility compel and reward a spirit of self-entrepreneurialism and adaptability. Rather than the flexible worker taking control of work, the chapter argues that work has enveloped the life of the flexible worker and created a subject more committed than ever to devoting his or her energies to its demands, which in turn imperils non-monetary activities, such as leisure, care, and community service.
The Postwork Community
Authors: Chamberlain James A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between capitalism and the post-work community, and responds to a possible objection that such a community would amount to a free rider’s paradise bereft of duties to others. It argues that the post-work community entails overcoming capitalism, but entails taking responsibility for the wellbeing of others, even though this can take the form of work. While the post-work community therefore does not prohibit a duty to perform work, this work should not and cannot function as a mechanism of inclusion. The chapter closes with some brief reflections on how we might move toward the post-work community, including a discussion of some of the major obstacles to doing so and how to overcome them.
On the Ṣaḍdhātusamīkṣā, a Lost Work Attributed to Bhartṛhari
Authors: Ratié Isabelle
Published: March 2019

The fifth-century grammarian-philosopher Bhartṛhari has long attracted scholarly attention, and deservedly so: his magnum opus, the Vākyapadīya, had a profound impact on later Indian schools of thought, Brahmanical as well as Buddhist. The Vākyapadīya is not, however, the only grammatical and/or philosophical work ascribed to Bhartṛhari in addition to a commentary on Patañjali’s Mahābhāṣya: according to several sources dating back at least to the tenth century, the same author also composed a Śabdadhātusamīkṣā or Ṣaḍdhātusamīkṣāi, which, unfortunately, has not come down to us, and which is still shrouded in mystery, as its main topic, and even title and attribution, are considered uncertain to date. The goal of this article is to examine the available fragments and testimonies and to establish on their basis that the work, the original title of which must have been the Ṣaḍdhātusamīkṣā, endeavored to show that the whole phenomenal world is made of six elements (earth, fire, water, air, ether, and consciousness) while ultimately defending a nondualistic point of view. Verses quoted by later authors as belonging to the Ṣaḍdhātusamīkṣā are gathered and translated in an appendix to the article.
“Yiwen zhi” 藝文志 (Treatise on Arts and Letters) Bibliography in Its Own Context
Authors: Hunter Michael
Published: March 2019

On the shortlist of truly indispensable texts within early China studies, a special place is reserved for Ban Gu’s 班固 (32–92 CE) “Yiwen zhi” 藝文志 (Treatise on Arts and Letters), the oldest extant bibliography in the East Asian tradition, if not the oldest extant and complete bibliography from the ancient world. After outlining the bibliography in the first section, I argue that the “Yiwen zhi” was never meant to serve as a “library catalogue” in the everyday sense of the term. Instead, it was a highly selective and ideological subject bibliography of texts deemed by Han (202 BCE–220 CE) imperial bibliographers as being useful for governance. The second half of the paper counters the tendency to read the “Yiwen zhi” as a stand-alone text or even, in the words of Mark Edward Lewis, as “the final encyclopedic work of the Western Han.” Set against the other nine “treatises” (zhi 志) of Ban Gu’s Hanshu 漢書 (History of the Han), the “Yiwen zhi” emerges as one among many products of a centuries-long effort undertaken by numerous parties to “survey” (lüe 略) and “synthesize” (zong 總) all domains of knowledge of relevance to the imperium, a project modeled on the “Hong fan” 洪範 (Great Plan) chapter of the Shangshu 尚書 (Exalted Documents). The rhetoric, organization, and value of the “Yiwen zhi” were all contingent on that larger vision.
Philosophical Perspectives on Modern Qurʾānic Exegesis: Key Paradigms and Concepts. By Massimo Campanini
Authors: Kersten Carool
Published: March 2019

Philosophical Perspectives on Modern Qurʾānic Exegesis: Key Paradigms and Concepts. By Massimo Campanini. Themes in Qurʾānic Studies Series. Sheffield and Bristol: Equinox, 2016. Pp. x + 154. $29.95, £19.99 (paper).
Medieval Reception of the Shāhnāma as a Mirror for Princes. By Nasrin Askari
Authors: Marlow Louise
Published: March 2019

The Medieval Reception of the Shāhnāma as a Mirror for Princes. By Nasrin Askari. Studies in Persian Cultural History, vol. 9. Leiden: Brill, 2016. Pp. xi + 398. $189, €136.
Novel Medicine: Healing, Literature, and Popular Knowledge in Early Modern China. By Andrew Schonebaum
Authors: Idema Wilt L.
Published: March 2019

Novel Medicine: Healing, Literature, and Popular Knowledge in Early Modern China. By Andrew Schonebaum. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016. Pp. viii + 283. $50.
Making History Matter: Kuroita Katsumi and the Construction of Imperial Japan. By Lisa Yoshikawa
Authors: Kadia Miriam Kingsberg
Published: March 2019

Making History Matter: Kuroita Katsumi and the Construction of Imperial Japan. By Lisa Yoshikawa. Harvard East Asian Monographs, vol. 402. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press, 2017. Pp. xii + 367. $49.95.
Daughters of Hecate: Women & Magic in the Ancient World. Edited by Kimberly B. Stratton and Dayna S. Kalleres
Authors: Fried Lisbeth S. , Scodel Ruth
Published: March 2019

Daughters of Hecate: Women & Magic in the Ancient World. Edited by Kimberly B. Stratton and Dayna S. Kalleres. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xv + 533. $39.95 (paper).
ʿUthmān ibn Ibrāhīm al-Nābulusī. The Sword of Ambi- tion: Bureaucratic Rivalry in Medieval Egypt. Edited and translated by Luke Yarbrough
Authors: Sabra Adam
Published: March 2019

ʿUthmān ibn Ibrāhīm al-Nābulusī. The Sword of Ambi- tion: Bureaucratic Rivalry in Medieval Egypt. Edited and translated by Luke Yarbrough. Library of Arabic Literature. New York: New York University Press, 2016. Pp. xliv + 261. $40.
Simple MSEIR Model for Measles Transmission
Authors: Osman Mojeeb Al-Rahman EL-Nor , Ebenezer Appiagyei , Adu Isaac Kwasi
Published: March 2019

In this paper, an Immunity-Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovery (MSEIR) mathematical model was used to study the dynamics of measles transmission. We discussed that there exist a disease-free and an endemic equilibria. We also discussed the stability of both disease-free and endemic equilibria.  The basic reproduction number  is obtained. If , then the measles will spread and persist in the population. If , then the disease will die out.  The disease was locally asymptotically stable if  and unstable if  . ALSO, WE PROVED THE GLOBAL STABILITY FOR THE DISEASE-FREE EQUILIBRIUM USING LASSALLE'S INVARIANCE PRINCIPLE OF Lyaponuv function. Furthermore, the endemic equilibrium was locally asymptotically stable if , under certain conditions. Numerical simulations were conducted to confirm our analytic results.

Our findings were that, increasing the birth rate of humans, decreasing the progression rate, increasing the recovery rate and reducing the infectious rate can be useful in controlling and combating the measles.
Comparison of the risk of developing lumbar herniated intervertebral disc between dentists and other occupations: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Wei-Ta , Weng Shih-Feng , Hsu Chien-Chin , Lin Hung-Jung , Su Shih-Bin , Wang Jhi-Joung , Huang Chien-Cheng
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Dentists may have a higher risk of developing lumbar herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD) due to prolonged sitting and improper postures during work. We conducted this study to delineate this issue, which is still unclear.

Methods

This nationwide population-based study was conducted using Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. We identified 10 734 dentists, 72 066 non-dentist health-care providers (HCPs), and an identical number of age- and gender-matched participants from the general population. The risk of developing lumbar HIVD among dentists, non-dentist HCPs, and general population was compared by tracing their medical histories between 2007 and 2011.

Results

The cumulative incidence rate of lumbar HIVD among dentists during the 5-year follow-up period was 1.40%. After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, the risk of developing lumbar HIVD was found to be lower among dentists than that among the general population (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64-1.00) and non-dentist HCPs (AOR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.96).

Conclusions

Dentists in Taiwan have a lower risk of developing lumbar HIVD than that among other occupations. Although this result is different from the general cognition, it does not imply that the prevention of lumbar HIVD in dentists is not important. Further studies are warranted to better address this issue.
Designing and Manufacturing of Polymer‐Foam Hybrid Materials Using Fused Deposition Modeling
Authors: Tezel Tugce , Kovan Volkan , Camurlu Hasan Erdem , Topal Eyup Sabri
Published: March 2019

3D printing technology has grown in the past decades. Faster and cheaper techniques are developed to produce complicated parts. It is also known that the hybrid material approach is beneficial in material selection. In this way, the mechanical properties are improved by using the materials instead of using them alone. In this study, TPE (Thermoplastic Elastomer) + Air and TPE + Foam hybrid materials are designed to get better performance than those obtained during only TPE material using. TPE are produced by 3D printer using FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technique. Fabricated hybrid materials are exposed to compression test according to ASTM D695 standard. The effect of different filling ratios and infill patterns are investigated. As a result of the study, the highest compressive strength is acquired with triangle infill pattern. These mechanical characteristics are increased in all infill patterns with increasing filling ratio. When TPE + Air and TPE + Foam hybrid materials are compared, higher Young's modulus and compressive yield strength values (about 95% increasing) are procured with TPE + foam hybrid materials. This hybrid material approach, rapid prototyping, and the combined use of foam material are provided a significant increment in compressive strength and a wide range of material properties can be obtained.
Self‐Adaptive Antibacterial Porous Implants with Sustainable Responses for Infected Bone Defect Therapy
Authors: Jin Xin , Xiong Yan‐Hua , Zhang Xin‐Yang , Wang Renxian , Xing Yonggang , Duan Shun , Chen Dafu , Tian Wei , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: March 2019

The development of responsive antibacterial implants is highly significant for the treatment of implant‐associated infection. In this study, one self‐adaptive antibacterial porous implant with sustainable responses is flexibly designed and constructed for infected bone defect therapy. Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) implants derived from nature bones, one typical implant, are first functionalized via low‐cytotoxic ethanediamine‐functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) brushes, and gentamicin sulfate (GS, a kind of aminoglycoside antibiotic in clinic) is subsequently conjugated by an acid‐responsive bond to produce smart antibacterial HA implants (HA–GS). The release of GS can be triggered by the acidic environment induced by the metabolism of bacteria for self‐adaptive antibacterial response. Due to the good drug loading capacity and chemical stability of HA–GS in neutral condition, the sustainable antibacterial ability is readily achieved for long‐term applications. The highly effective in vivo anti‐infection therapy with HA–GS is demonstrated in one infected bone defect rabbit model. The implant‐associated infection is completely inhibited by HA–GS at the early stage and the defected bones exhibit superior recovery at the late stage. This design strategy of sustainable self‐adaptive antibacterial implants will provide a promising concept for the prevention and therapy of implant‐associated infections.
Chiral Excitonic Organic Photodiodes for Direct Detection of Circular Polarized Light
Authors: Schulz Matthias , Balzer Frank , Scheunemann Dorothea , Arteaga Oriol , Lützen Arne , Meskers Stefan C. J. , Schiek Manuela
Published: March 2019

A facile route to soft matter self‐powered bulk heterojunction photodiode detectors sensitive to the circular polarization state of light is shown based on the intrinsic excitonic circular dichroism of the photoactive layer blend. As light detecting materials, enantiopure semiconducting small molecular squaraine derivates of opposite handedness are employed. Via Mueller matrix ellipsometry, the circular dichroism is proven to be of H‐type excitonic nature and not originating from mesoscopic structural ordering. Within the green spectral range, the photodiodes convert circular polarized light into a handedness‐dependent photocurrent with a maximum dissymmetry factor of ±0.1 corresponding to 5% overall efficiency for the polarization discrimination under short circuit conditions. On the basis of transfer matrix optical simulations, it is rationalized that the optical dissymmetry fully translates into a photocurrent dissymmetry for ease of device design. Thereby, the photodiode's ability to efficiently distinguish between left and right circularly polarized light without the use of external optical elements and voltage bias is demonstrated. This allows a straightforward and sustainable future design of flexible, lightweight, and compact integrated platforms for chiroptical imaging and sensing.
CD47 Blockade and Cowpea Mosaic Virus Nanoparticle In Situ Vaccination Triggers Phagocytosis and Tumor Killing
Authors: Wang Chao , Steinmetz Nicole F.
Published: March 2019

Contemporary immunotherapies, e.g., those that target the CTLA‐4 and PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis, act on T cells to reinstate their antitumor activity. An alternative, and possibly more powerful approach is to target and reprogram the innate immune system within the tumor microenvironment. To this end, blockade of CD47 has been demonstrated as an attractive approach. Blockade of CD47 inhibits antiphagocytic signals therefore inducing macrophage phagocytosis of cancer cells. CD47 blockade also primes antitumor T‐cell responses by either activating antigen‐presenting cells or inhibiting interactions between CD47 on cancer cells and the matricellular protein thrombospondin‐1 on T cells. Here, a combination immunotherapy is identified using cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) in situ vaccination and CD47‐blocking antibodies. The CPMV in situ vaccine synergizes with CD47 blockade, because CPMV in situ vaccination activates the innate immune system, leading to recruitment and activation of phagocytes. Therefore, the combination therapy targets monocytes and boosts their ability of cancer cell phagocytosis, in turn priming the adaptive immune system leading to a potent antitumor immune response. This work presents a novel strategy to promote macrophage activity to kill tumor cells, and hold promise to enhance T cells targeted immunotherapies by inducing both innate and adaptive arms of immune system.
Tailored Melt Electrowritten Scaffolds for the Generation of Sheet‐Like Tissue Constructs from Multicellular Spheroids
Authors: McMaster Rebecca , Hoefner Christiane , Hrynevich Andrei , Blum Carina , Wiesner Miriam , Wittmann Katharina , Dargaville Tim R. , Bauer‐Kreisel Petra , Groll Jürgen , Dalton Paul D. , Blunk Torsten
Published: March 2019

Melt electrowriting (MEW) is an additive manufacturing technology that is recently used to fabricate voluminous scaffolds for biomedical applications. In this study, MEW is adapted for the seeding of multicellular spheroids, which permits the easy handling as a single sheet‐like tissue‐scaffold construct. Spheroids are made from adipose‐derived stromal cells (ASCs). Poly(ε‐caprolactone) is processed via MEW into scaffolds with box‐structured pores, readily tailorable to spheroid size, using 13–15 µm diameter fibers. Two 7–8 µm diameter “catching fibers” near the bottom of the scaffold are threaded through each pore (360 and 380 µm) to prevent loss of spheroids during seeding. Cell viability remains high during the two week culture period, while the differentiation of ASCs into the adipogenic lineage is induced. Subsequent sectioning and staining of the spheroid‐scaffold construct can be readily performed and accumulated lipid droplets are observed, while upregulation of molecular markers associated with successful differentiation is demonstrated. Tailoring MEW scaffolds with pores allows the simultaneous seeding of high numbers of spheroids at a time into a construct that can be handled in culture and may be readily transferred to other sites for use as implants or tissue models.
Simultaneous T Cell Activation and Macrophage Polarization to Promote Potent Tumor Suppression by Iron Oxide‐Embedded Large‐Pore Mesoporous Organosilica Core–Shell Nanospheres
Authors: Chen Lin , Ma Xiaobo , Dang Meng , Dong Heng , Hu Hongming , Su Xiaodan , Liu Wenfei , Wang Qing , Mou Yongbin , Teng Zhaogang
Published: March 2019

Nanomaterial‐based immunotherapy stimulating T cell activation or tumor‐associated macrophage (TAM) conversion holds great promise for promoting tumor suppression. Herein, a novel nanoplatform, iron oxide‐embedded large‐pore mesoporous organosilica nanospheres (IO‐LPMONs), is prepared for the first time to simultaneously activate cytotoxic T cells and polarize macrophages for potent tumor immunotherapy. The IO‐LPMONs have large mesopores (6.3 nm) and inorganic–organic hybrid shells, which contribute to a high payload (500 µg mg−1) of the antigen ovalbumin (OVA). The IO‐LPMONs effectively deliver OVA to dendritic cells (DCs) and activate DCs. Subsequently, high activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ effector antigen‐specific T cells is achieved for powerful antitumor effects. Moreover, the IO‐LPMONs also act as an immune modulator to polarize TAMs from an immunosuppressive M2 to a tumor‐killing M1 phenotype, which induces efficient apoptosis of tumor cells. The combined T cell activation and macrophage polarization strategy based on the IO‐LPMONs elicits remarkable combined antitumor effects in vivo, showing great promise for tumor treatment.
Chirality Controls Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lineage Diversification through Mechanoresponses
Authors: Wei Yan , Jiang Shengjie , Si Mengting , Zhang Xuehui , Liu Jinying , Wang Zheng , Cao Cen , Huang Jianyong , Huang Houbing , Chen Lili , Wang Shutao , Feng Chuanliang , Deng Xuliang , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2019

Biogenesis and tissue development are based on the heterogenesis of multipotent stem cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell fate specification are unclear. Chirality is one of the most crucial factors that affects stem cell development and is implicated in asymmetrical cell morphology formation; however, its function in heterogeneous cell fate determination remains elusive. In this study, it is reported that the chirality of a constructed 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) differentiates mesenchymal stem cells to diverse lineages of osteogenic and adipogenic cells by providing primary heterogeneity. Molecular analysis shows that left‐handed chirality of the ECM enhances the clustering of the mechanosensor Itgα5, while right‐handed chirality decreases this effect. These differential adhesion patterns further activate distinct mechanotransduction events involving the contractile state, focal adhesion kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 cascades, and yes‐associated protein/runt‐related transcription factor 2 nuclear translocation, which direct heterogeneous differentiation. Moreover, theoretical modeling demonstrates that diverse chirality mechanosensing is initiated by biphasic modes of fibronectin tethering. The findings of chirality‐dependent lineage specification of stem cells provide potential strategies for the biogenesis of organisms and regenerative therapies.
Scalable Manufacturing of Large and Flexible Sheets of MXene/Graphene Heterostructures
Authors: Zhao Meng‐Qiang , Trainor Nicholas , Ren Chang E. , Torelli Michelle , Anasori Babak , Gogotsi Yury
Published: March 2019

Stacking different 2D materials is a promising strategy to fabricate heterostructures that combine the advantages and eliminate the associated shortcomings of individual building blocks. When used for energy storage, 2D heterostructures provide the opportunity to manufacture flexible and conductive paper electrodes, which require no binders, conductive additives, or current collectors. Here, 2D MXene/graphene heterostructured papers are manufactured by alternately stacking Ti3C2Tx MXene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets using spray‐assisted layer‐by‐layer assembly. Up to letter paper–sized free‐standing films can be manufactured within half an hour of spraying. When used directly as anodes for Na‐ion storage, the MXene/rGO heterostructured films exhibit improved electrochemical performance compared to pure MXene and rGO films in terms of capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability. Capacities of ≈600 mAh g−1 are achieved by the Ti3C2Tx MXene—20 wt% rGO heterostructured films at 0.25 C (≈220 mAh g−1 at 2.5 C) along with excellent cycling stability. This work demonstrates the advantages of 2D heterostructures and possibility of large‐scale manufacturing of MXene‐based materials for energy, separation, electromagnetic interference shielding, and biomedical applications.
Enhanced Li‐O2 Battery Performance in a Binary “Liquid Teflon” and Dual Redox Mediators
Authors: Balaish Moran , Gao Xiangwen , Bruce Peter G. , Ein‐Eli Yair
Published: March 2019

Low capacity, poor rechargeability, and premature cell death are major setbacks in the operation of Li‐O2 battery, hindering its practical application. A promising approach of meeting those challenges is via the use of redox mediators (RMs), promoting Li2O2 solution phase formation upon cell discharge and an efficient oxidation on charging. The use of dual RMs decouples the electrochemical reactions at the cathode with formation/decomposition of Li2O2, resulting in improved discharge capacity, lower charge overpotential, and cycle stability. Although Li‐O2 cell performance is no longer mitigated by an insulating Li2O2, a major inherent barrier to implement viable and functioning Li‐air batteries lies in both limited O2 mass transport and pores clogging. Here, a record discharge capacity of 6 mAh cm−2 (60% increase), by combining dual RMs with “liquid Teflon” type perfluorocarbons binary system, is demonstrated. The combination of the two materials in the cell contributes to the enhanced cell performance manifested also in lower charge overpotential values throughout dozens of cycles. This is also attributed to the unique compact and an exceptionally smooth morphology of the Li2O2 deposit layers at both ends of the air cathode.
Methodologies for On‐Demand Dispersion Engineering of Waves in Metasurfaces
Authors: Pu Mingbo , Guo Yinghui , Ma Xiaoliang , Li Xiong , Luo Xiangang
Published: March 2019

Dispersion is one common yet critical property of all kinds of waves. It is related to the spatial and spectral evolution of waves in structured materials. This review gives a summary of the methodologies used for the on‐demand dispersion engineering of waves in metasurfaces, which possess many unusual properties such as extremely short wavelength, diffraction‐less directional propagation, and tunable phase shift, resulting in many exciting applications with performances beyond the limitations set by traditional geometric and physical optics. Since most metasurfaces could be continuously transformed from simple thin films, the methodologies proposed here are universal and may be applied to analyze and design various functional metasurfaces.
Construction of High‐Quality Cu(I) Complex‐Based WOLEDs with Dual Emissive Layers Achieved by an “On‐and‐Off” Deposition Strategy
Authors: Li Jiayi , Li Xiaoyue , Tan Yu , Yu Xiao , Yuan Fanglong , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Jin Qionghua , Lu Zhenghong , Huang Chunhui
Published: March 2019

Inexpensive and highly luminescent Cu(I) complexes exhibit great potential as emitters in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), especially in white OLEDs (WOLEDs). In this work, two compounds 9‐(3‐(quinolin‐4‐yl)phenyl)‐9H‐carbazole (CzPQ) and 9,9′‐(quinoline‐4,6‐diylbis(3,1‐phenylene))bis(9H‐carbazole) (2CzPQ) are designed and synthesized to form Cu(I) complexes in situ by codeposition with copper iodide (CuI). The corresponding OLEDs show an orange red emission with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 6.7%. Based on this result, an “on‐and‐off” strategy is proposed to achieve WOLEDs with the combination of Cu(I) complex layer and the pure ligand layer by controlling the shutter of CuI source on and off. The optimized WOLEDs give a maximum EQE of 2.4% with excellent Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.32, 0.33) and a remarkable color‐rendering index (CRI) of 94. It can be forecasted that the device efficiency would be improved by tuning the chemical structure of the ligand.
Reconfigurable Terahertz Metasurface Pure Phase Holograms
Authors: Guo Jinying , Wang Teng , Zhao Huan , Wang Xinke , Feng Shengfei , Han Peng , Sun Wenfeng , Ye Jiasheng , Situ Guohai , Chen Hou‐Tong , Zhang Yan
Published: March 2019

Terahertz (THz) radiation has many potential applications. However, comparing with the rapid development of THz sources and detectors, functional devices for THz modulation, especially the spatial modulation devices, are still insufficient. Here, a novel approach for generating arbitrary wavefronts of a THz beam is presented. By dynamically creating metasurface structures through illuminating a thin silicon wafer with femtosecond laser, which is spatially modulated, an array of reconfigurable subwavelength resonators is generated. The wavefront of the THz beam is then determined by forming spatial profiles of the Pancharatnam–Berry scattering phase by dynamically controlling the resonator orientation. Proof‐of‐concept experiments demonstrate that streaming holographic images and lenses of variable focal length can be realized in real time. The reconfigurable scheme demonstrated here is convenient and fast, and may lead to advances in a host of THz applications.
Polarization Generation and Manipulation Based on Nonlinear Plasmonic Metasurfaces
Authors: Zang Wenbo , Qin Zhaofu , Yang Xin , Chen Zhuo , Wang Shuming , Wang Zhenlin
Published: March 2019

Polarization is one of the most important properties of light, which is also a typical dimension for light field manipulation. With specially designed meta‐atoms and tailorable phase distribution, metasurfaces have been employed to achieve arbitrary polarization state in linear regime. Moreover, metasurface is also a platform for various types of nonlinear light generation, which can be used to realize an integrated polarized light source combined with its powerful capability of polarization manipulation. Here, a nonlinear plasmonic metasurface that is able to simultaneously realize nonlinear light generation and polarization manipulation is demonstrated. Two separated second harmonic (SH) beams with orthogonal circular polarizations are achieved from a linearly polarized fundamental wave (FW), and illuminated by circularly polarized FW the same nonlinear plasmonic metasurface can generate linearly polarized SH, which can be viewed as an SH quarter‐wave plate. Furthermore, arbitrary elliptical polarized SH can also be obtained from properly designed nonlinear metasurfaces. This design provides a new approach for miniaturized light source for special polarization requirement, which may have potential applications in integrated optics.