bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology of Narcolepsy
Authors: Nishino Seiji , Mignot Emmanuel
Published: November 2015

Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal rapid eye movement sleep. It affects about 0.05% of the Caucasian population. Human narcolepsy involves the interaction of environmental factors with a specific immunogenetic background. It is tightly associated with a major histocompatibility complex allele, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*0602. Genetic factors other than HLA are also involved. In contrast, narcolepsy in Dobermans is transmitted as a single autosomal recessive trait. This canine narcolepsy gene is unlinked to the major histocompatibility complex class II but co-segregates with a DNA segment with high homology to the human immunoglobulin μ-switch sequence, further suggesting immunopathology in narcolepsy. However, attempts to demonstrate that narcolepsy is an autoimmune disease have been unsuccessful. Narcolepsy is treated with antidepressants for rapid eye movement sleep-related symptoms and with amphetamine-like stimulants for sleepiness. Pharmacological studies using narcoleptic canines indicate that monoaminergic and cholinergic systems are involved in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy. Dopaminergic uptake mechanisms and D2(3) autoreceptors are involved in the control of alertness, whereas adrenergic uptake mechanisms, α-1 and α-2/dopaminergic D2(3) receptors, are involved in the control of cataplexy, suggesting that amphetamine-like stimulants act via the dopaminergic system and that antidepressants exhibit their anticataplectic effects via the adrenergic system. Local drug perfusion studies indicate that D2(3) agonists in the ventral tegmental area induce cataplexy and sleepiness in narcoleptic dogs but not in control dogs. Furthermore, perfusion of M2 agonists in the pontine reticular formation and the basal forebrain induces cataplexy in narcoleptic dogs. Extracellular single-unit and acetylcholine measurement studies suggest that basal forebrain cholinoceptive sites mediate the emotional trigger for cataplexy. Although narcolepsy does not seem to be a classical autoimmune disease, concomitant increases in microglial HLA class II expression with the development of the disease occur in canine narcolepsy. A neuroimmune-related process at an early age is thus likely to contribute to the neurochemical imbalance seen in narcolepsy. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:133–143, 1998
Contractile Properties of Human Motor Units: Is Man a Gat?
Authors: Bigland-Ritchie Brenda , Fuglevand Andrew J. , Thomas Christine K.
Published: November 2015

A major goal in neuroscience is to understand how the CNS controls posture and movement in humans. This requires an understanding of individual human motor unit properties and how they interact within the muscle to perform different tasks. This article describes differences and similarities between the contractile properties of human motor units and those of the cat prototype medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle, on which so many studies have been conducted. The article describes the methods available for measuring human motor unit properties and their limitations, and it discusses how far the behavior of whole muscles can be predicted from their histochemistry. It questions the extent to which human motor units conform to the conventional criteria by which S (slow, fatigue resistant), FR (fast but fatigue resistant) and FF (fast, fatigable) unit types are usually classified. An important difference between human and cat MG data is that weak human motor units are not necessarily slow, nor strong ones fast; that is, generally, human unit force is not correlated with contractile speed. Also, unlike cat MG, the few human muscles studied so far contain few if any FF units but a high proportion of units with intermediate fatigue resistance (Flnt). These apparently aberrant human properties, however, are also found in other cat and rat muscles. Thus, cat MG may not be the best model for motor unit behavior generally. Finally, the influence of human motor unit properties on force output by recruitment and/or rate coding is discussed.
Summer Science Schools Sweden
Authors: Susanna Möller
Published: November 2015

Susanna Möller
Leadership Training: In League with the Future
Authors: Rosselli Hilda C.
Published: November 2015

A tree of many arm spans is produced from a tiny sprout. A tower of nine stories is raised from a pile of earth. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a footstep.
Are We Serious about Meeting Student Needs?
Authors: Coleman Mary Ruth
Published: November 2015

The current focus of many educational initiatives seems to be “individualization.” The idea that we need to address an individual student's needs is reflected in discussions of diagnostic teaching, differentiated instruction, and student-focused curricula with constructive approaches.
Working on Behalf of Gifted Students
Authors: Cross Tracy
Published: November 2015

The following is the third column in a series on meeting the social and emotional needs of gifted students. In this series, I have provided a number of ideas that teachers, parents, and counselors can consider as they work on behalf of gifted students. Some of the ideas are reasonably well researched, while others are rooted in my professional experiences.
Indicators of Technological Excellence in Educational Settings
Authors: Benno Mark
Published: November 2015

Excellence in educational technology is more than one can discern on a brief campus tour. Walking through a school, it is easy to see computers in classrooms or labs. It is easy to see students working on machines and their published work on bulletin boards. But educational technology is more than visible hardware and products.
Children's Museums: Meaningful Processing or Superficial Surfing?
Authors: Haensly Patricia
Published: November 2015

It was a hot summer day in 1975. Our family, ranging in age from 2 to 10 to adulthood, was enjoying a camping vacation on the ocean beach with all the accompanying swimming, sand castles, beach combing, fishing from the dock, watching sealife and ships, and hot dog and marshmal-low roasting over camp fires.
Framing Immigration: Geo-Ethnic Context in California Newspapers
Authors: Grimm Josh , Andsager Julie L.
Published: November 2015

In 2006, millions of immigrants protested against H.R. 4437, a new bill in Congress that threatened to treat undocumented immigrants as felons. Content analysis of news coverage of the bill reveals that frames of the restrictionist legislation varied based on race and geography of the surrounding community. These results suggest that geo-ethnic context, which has been studied in terms of communication infrastructure within communities, should be taken into account when trying to understand how an issue is framed, particularly when trying to explain and predict why and when certain frames might occur.
Revisiting Abu Ghraib: Journalists' Sourcing and Framing Patterns
Authors: Hickerson Andrea A. , Moy Patricia , Dunsmore Kate
Published: November 2015

Drawing on the literature related to indexing and sourcing, this study analyzes portrayals and sourcing patterns of New York Times coverage of Abu Ghraib and invocations of the events during Alberto Gonzales' nomination as U.S. Attorney General. Content analysis of all 760 articles published revealed that journalists overwhelmingly consulted official, though not necessarily partisan, sources during the pre-nomination, nomination, and hearing phases leading up to Gonzales' confirmation. Despite introducing the idea of “scandal” into coverage of Abu Ghraib, which suggests press independence, journalists consulted routine sources and increasingly relied on congressional sources over time.
The “Panoplist”: 19th-Century Religious Magazine
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

The Rev. Jedidiah Morse stood stern-faced against the growing liberalism in New England after 1800 which was to crystallize as Unitarianism. Morse began a magazine which vainly espoused his views, but which also carried material of interest to literary historians, as the author shows.
The Long-Run Incidence of Government Spending on Education
Authors: Krzyzaniak Marian , Eris Ebrahim
Published: November 2015

The main concern of the paper is the study of the combined long-run incidence of a selected tax (on profits or on factor incomes), the proceeds of which are spent on education. The analysis is done with the help of a neo-classical growth model modified so as to incorporate Harrod-neutral technological change induced by such expenditures. The authors show that such a policy leads to burdens in the short run and gains in the long run for the economy. A set of necessary conditions for minimization of discounted burdens (measured both in terms of global income and consumption) is obtained. Distributional effects of the policies is the subject of the last section of the paper.
Differential Impacts of Provincial Government Expenditures: An Application of Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Kubursi A. A. , Frank R. H.
Published: November 2015

Economists have long been concerned with the impact of total government expenditures on employment, level of income, and income distribution. However, only recently has attention been paid to the effects of changes in the compostion of these expenditures. These studies have generally tended to neglect that variations in government expenditures entail changes in industrial purchases as a consequence of changes in government programs or functions (e.g., education, health, and so forth). This paper utilizes an input-output model to trace the impact of government expenditures, organized by function, on the level of income, employment, and distribution of income.
Equity Effects and Revenue Potential of Sales Taxation of Services: Some Empirical Findings
Authors: Ghazanfar S. M.
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the effects on sales tax regressivity and revenue productivity when various combinations of consumer services are added to the base. Idaho's commodities-oriented tax structure (which is similar to that of most other states) is the basis of this investigation. Unlike the conventional methods, progressivity-regressivity indices are developed to evaluate the equity effects, and this approach is argued to be superior. Two ability-to-pay measures are adopted for this purpose. Further, the study evaluates the revenue significance of including services in the base. From the standpoints of equity and revenue, the results strongly favor inclusion of service in the sales tax base.
Grants and the Theory of Power
Authors: Samuels Warren J.
Published: November 2015

The theoretical and empirical literature of grants economics is restated and integrated through a paradigm of power. General principles of grants economics are articulated in terms of power and opportunity sets and applied to hitherto classificatory matters. These include: gifts and tribute, positive and negative grants, explicit and implicit grants, grantee- and grantor-determined, voluntary and involuntary, private and public, and legitimate and illegitimate. Normative vis-à-vis positive grants economics is also interpreted in terms of the problem of power. In addition, rights definition and assignment are identified as the most fundamental or primary level of the grants economy. The final section explores the power bases and interrelations between the grant sand exchange economies.
An Econometric Analysis of a Federal Revenue-Sharing Allocation Formula
Authors: Barth James R. , Bennett James T. , Kraft John
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the proposed allocation of funds sunder the Better Communities Act of 1973 by assessing the degree to which funds are actually allocated according to specific formulas incorporated in the legislation. Under the Better Communities Act, funds would be allocated to state and local governments on the basis of population, poverty, and overcrowded housing The degree to which these allocation criteria as well as other economic variables explain the proposed allocation of Federal funds is assessed. When the three variables in the formula were used to explain the variation in the distribution of funds among states, the results were poor because only about 33% of the total variance was explained. Although the explanatory power of these three variables was considerably higher when SMSAs were employed as the unit of observation, the empirical findings still indicated that the allocation criteria proposed alone were relatively unimportant. Moreover, our results reveal that the formula explains little of the variation in per capita distribution of funds among either states or SMSAs, even after including other economic variables as allocation criteria. In conclusion, these findings imply that the proposed distribution of funds among both states and large SMSAs fails to follow closely the requirements of the allocation formula set forth in the Better Communities Act. The approach employed here can be applied to evaluate other distributions of Federal revenue-sharing funds according to specified criteria of need.
Distribution in Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Review of Theoretical Issues
Authors: Hettich Walter
Published: November 2015

The paper investigates the distributional basis for benefit-cost analysis when utility functions are independent. The change in utility for any individual caused by a given project can be written as the product of the marginal utility of income (Λ) and the income equivalent (measured by the appropriate area under the demand curve). Three theoretical positions are possible to deal with the distributional issue. First, one may assume Λ to be the same for all those affected by the project. A second position admits that Λ is dependent on income and tries to determine how different people view their own marginal utilities of income. Finally, it is possible to define the marginal utility of income in terms of social value judgments. This requires a social welfare function which reflects either the collectivity's expressed consensus or the decision maker's own set of judgments. The first approach is most commonly adopted and most convenient for actual analysis. The paper advocates more explicit analysis of distributional effects than is commonly undertaken and disputes the claim that such analysis is outside the professional realm of the economist.
A Model of State Income Maintenance Decisions
Authors: Sloan Frank A.
Published: November 2015

This study presents a model of state-local government budgetary choice with particular emphasis on the impact of federal grants-in-aid on income maintenance decisions on the part of the recipient governments. The model assumes that the state sets the level of five decision variables in a manner that maximizes political leadership utility subject to a government budget constraint. As part of the study, parameters of the political leaders' preference function are estimated as are parameters of equations explaining the reactions of potential welfare recipients and local bureaucrats, once certain welfare regulations are set at the state level. The model permits simulations of the effects of alternative public programs. These are briefly described.
Consumption Externalities in Models of Urban Transportation
Authors: Stano Miron
Published: November 2015

A two-sector, two-commodity model, in which the consumption externalities of one good are treated as public “bads,” is used to evaluate diagrammatically the case for consumption subsidies for the other good. The model is discussed within the context of urban transportation where public bads are assumed to be generated by the consumption of private transportation. Of particular interest is whether a transfer of purchasing power through public transportation subsidies from one (higher-income) group to the other (lower-income) group can, by reducing the consumption of private transportation by the latter, improve the respective welfare levels of both parties (i.e., produce a Paretian improvement). It is shown that while a subsidy may result in a Pareto efficient allocation of resources, the likelihood of Paretian improvements is remote. The equity and efficiency implications of alternative subsidy proposals are also examined.
Revenue Sharing and the Intrastate Fiscal Mismatch: A Critical View
Authors: Tomer John F.
Published: November 2015

An important stated objective of the General Revenue Sharing (GRS) program is to reduce the fiscal mismatch among local governments, especially between the problem-ridden center cities and the more affluent suburbs. To do this, the GRS intrastate allocation formula was designed to allocate funds among localities inversely with per capita income, the measure both of need and per capita fiscal capacity. The basic findings from the analysis of intrastate formula distributions are: (1) relatively little equalization in the per capita income sense occurs among localities within stales, (2) there are substantial variations in the degree of equalization among states, and (3) the lac of and differences in equalization can largely be explained by the role of the tax variable in the formula. Therefore, the formula requires change if it is to perform its equalization role satisfactorily. Some proposals formula change are made.
Games Pythagoreans Play
Authors: Richter Donald K.
Published: November 2015

This paper critically evaluates the theoretical basis of a variety of welfare change measures. It does this in a unified fashion by examining the basic mathematical framework underlying the consumer's surplus analysis. In particular, the place of Harberger's welfare measure within this basic framework is discussed.
Forecasting State Income Tax Collections: A New Approach
Authors: Reaume David M.
Published: November 2015

This paper reports on an application of the microsimulation method to the estimation of income tax collections for the State of North Carolina. Detailed forecasts of Income distribution make it Possible to model the law in nearly complete detail. The model provides quarterly forecasts of collections disaggregated by withheld taxes, declarations payments, final payments, and refunds.
Budget Deficits: A Major Cause of Inflation?
Authors: Sharp Ansel M. , Flenniken Phyllis Smith
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the proposition that budget deficits are a major cause of inflation. Economic theory does not unconditionally support the proposition, and available empirical evidence does not support the proposition. During periods of expansion, 1949–1973, the increases in the money supply that can be directly traced to budget deficits are often a contributing but not necessarily a major cause of inflations. On the other hand, the fiscal effects of the budget, because of the automatic growth in federal receipts, are usually checking the growth in both prices and real output. Based on the discussion and data presented in this paper, the deficit hypothesis cannot be accepted. Inflations are too complicated phenomena to be explained by a single variable such as budget deficits.
Tax Reduction without Sacrifice: Private-Sector Production of Public Services
Authors: Bennett James T. , Johnson Manuel H.
Published: November 2015

This article investigates an alternative which permits tax reduction without significant effects on the output of public services: private-sector production of public services. Empirical evidence on a wide variety of services is examined: refuse collection, fire protection, debt collection, health care and hospital services, claims processing, ship repair, and the operation of utilities and airline services. The evidence indicates that the economies achievable are real and not hypothetical; the private-sector provision of public services offers an excellent opportunity for tax reduction without sacrificing services.
Life-Cycle Welfare Costs of Social Security
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Turner John A.
Published: November 2015

One-period models predict that a substantial welfare gain would result from removing the social security earnings test. In this article, we show that such models overestimate the size of potential gains. If one uses instead a two-period model, which captures intertemporal effects, the net result of removing the earnings test is ambiguous. In the presence of a personal income tax, workers who reduce their labor supply in the first period create a welfare loss which must also be considered. We use a present value model to estimate the change in lifetime welfare. We find that the net potential gain from removing the earnings test is probably small, especially when compared to the alternative of an increased personal income tax.
Tax Rates and Tax Collections: The Basic Analytics of Khaldun-Laffer Curves
Authors: Adams Roy D.
Published: November 2015

This article describes the relation between tax rates and tax collections for three different types of taxes: unit excises, ad valorem excises, and general income taxes. The tax rate-tax collections relationship is currently the subject of widespread discussion, but the determinants of the shape of the function have not been clearly specified. This article presents mathematical and graphical expositions of the linkage between supply and demand for taxed commodities and the tax rate-tax collections relationship. The tax collections function will often, but not always, be shaped as it is commonly drawn; its shape is uniquely determined by the underlying supply and demand functions in the taxed market. Whether a tax rate change will increase or reduce tax collections is always an empirical issue which depends on the values of items identified by the theoretical analysis in this article.
Corrective Taxes and Auctions of Rights in the Control of Externalities: A Reply
Authors: Holcombe Randall G. , Meiners Roger E.
Published: November 2015

Our original article noted that auctions of pollution rights could increase a tendency toward monopoly in the offending industry. Professor Oates has provided some insightful comments in arguing for auctions rather than Pigouvian taxes, but the validity of the argument in our original article is not affected. Oates's suggestions for pricing externalities in the real world are a welcome addition to the discussion, but there are some reasons to believe that his approach would not be optimal under all circumstances.
Tracheobronchial foreign bodies in cats: a retrospective study of 12 cases
Authors: Leal Rodolfo Oliveira , Bongrand Yannick , Lepoutre Julie Gallay , Gomes Eymeric , Hernandez Juan
Published: November 2015

Objectives

The aim of the study was to evaluate age, sex, breed, clinical signs, time between onset of signs and presentation, diagnostic procedures, method of extraction, location and nature of foreign bodies (FBs) in confirmed cases of tracheobronchial FBs in cats. We hypothesised that bronchoscopy was effective in extracting tracheobronchial FBs in cats.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed using clinical reports from three private practices in France between May 2009 and November 2014. Cats were included if an intraluminal tracheobronchial FB had been identified and extracted (either by bronchoscopy or surgery).

Results

Twelve cats (six male, six female) were included. Mean age was 3.75 ± 2.5 years. Coughing was the main complaint and was present in 9/12 (75%) of the cats. Thoracic radiographs were obtained in 12/12 cats (100%) and a FB was suspected in 11/12 (92%). Bronchoscopy was performed in all of the cats and enabled FB extraction in 10/12 (83%) of them. In 2/12 cats (17%), an additional surgical approach was required. In 6/12 (50%) cats, FBs were located in the trachea, while in 6/12 (50%) cats FBs were in the bronchial tree, particularly in the right caudal bronchus (4/6; 66%). Seven of 12 (58%) FBs were vegetal in nature, 3/12 (25%) were mineral and 2/12 (17%) were undetermined. All the mineral FBs were extracted from the trachea, while the majority of the vegetal ones (5/7; 71%) were found in the bronchi.

Conclusions and relevance

Feline respiratory FBs can be found in the trachea and in the bronchial tree, particularly in the right caudal bronchus. Vegetal FBs tend to migrate through the bronchial tree, whereas mineral ones tend to lodge in the trachea. Bronchoscopy seems to be a highly effective procedure for the extraction of tracheobronchial FBs in cats.
Evaluation of a Pilot Telemedicine Network for Accident and Emergency Work
Authors: Brebner E M , Brebner J A , Ruddick-Bracken H , Wootton R , Ferguson J
Published: November 2015

A pilot accident and emergency teleconsulting service was established in Scotland. It was based at the accident and emergency department of the main hospital in Aberdeen. There were three peripheral sites in rural Grampian (Peterhead, Turriff and Huntly) and one in the Shetland Isles. The videoconferencing equipment used was connected by ISDN at 384 kbit/s. During the 15 months of the study, 1998 videoconference calls were made, of which 402 (20%) calls were made to the accident and emergency department for clinical consultations. The majority of the clinical calls (95%) were made between 09:00 and 1 7:00, and more than 90% were completed within 20 min. During the majority of calls (87%) one or more X-ray images were transmitted. The majority of patients (89%) received treatment without transportation to the main centre in Aberdeen. The present study demonstrated that accident and emergency teleconsultations can be technically reliable, effective in reducing the number of patient transfers and acceptable to the referring clinicians. As a result, approximately £1.5 million has been made available by the government to develop a national system for Scotland.
Child Advocacy Outreach: Using Telehealth to Expand Child Sexual Abuse Services in Rural Kentucky
Authors: Burton Deborah C , Stanley Deborah , Ireson Carol L
Published: November 2015

We evaluated the use of videoconferencing as an educational and consultative tool for physicians and mental health staff providing services for child victims of sexual abuse in rural Kentucky. The number of counties with access to sexual abuse examinations by a qualified physician increased from 16 to 23 in the first year and to 54 in the second. The number of cases increased from 77 to 83 in the first year and to 339 in the second year. The number of consultations increased from zero to eight in the first year and to 74 in the second year. A user survey showed that the equipment supported clinical decision making, was useful and was easy to use. However, it was not as effective for case conferencing as for one-to-one interactions. Rural health professionals' knowledge of child sexual abuse increased.
Patient-Focused Urban Tele-Ophthalmology Services
Authors: Blomdahl Sven , Calissendorff Berit , Jacobsson Ulf
Published: November 2015

Since 2000, routine tele-ophthalmology services have been provided by St Erik's Eye Hospital to three large urban primary care centres in Stockholm. Diagnostic support from the specialist eye hospital to primary care centres uses video slit-lamps and realtime videoconferencing. After the initial introduction period at the primary care centres, the number of teleconsultations stabilized at a very low level. Despite this, the general practitioners learned to handle more diagnostic conditions by themselves and to identify what diagnostic situations should be referred to a specialist without having to consult the specialist beforehand via telemedicine. The availability of instant eye expertise via telemedicine therefore proved to be an excellent on-the-job training tool to develop and maintain the diagnostic competence of general practitioners. Patient satisfaction was high.
Video-Hypnosis—The Provision of Specialized Therapy via Videoconferencing
Authors: Simpson Susan , Morrow Emma , Jones Maria , Ferguson James , Brebner Eileen
Published: November 2015

Hypnosis is not normally accessible to patients living in remote areas. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of providing hypnosis via videoconferencing, using ISDN at 384 kbit/s. Eleven of 15 patients invited to do so took part. Ten of the 11 stated that they were satisfied with the video-hypnosis session and all indicated that they would like to have further video-hypnosis sessions in the future. Sound quality and image quality were acceptable during nearly all sessions, in spite of some interference as a result of technical problems and weather conditions. The results suggest that hypnosis can be provided successfully via videoconferencing.
Design of a Centralized Telemedicine Model in Palestine
Authors: Zatari Daoud I
Published: November 2015

To provide patients with easy-access telemedicine services in Palestine, a simple and low-cost telemedicine system has been established. The system is based on a star topology network between local hospitals and a main telemedicine centre. In a pilot trial, a computerized tomography image was transmitted from a local hospital connected to the telemedicine service centre by ISDN (128 kbit/s). A videoconferencing discussion between the two ends was held. The performance of the system was satisfactory. The transmission time for a 1 MByte image was about 60 s. A conference was conducted to discuss this real clinical case by use of interactive sharing of the medical record. The session lasted 20 min. Encouraging results were obtained. The pilot study suggests that telemedicine can overcome existing isolation problems of cities and villages and the difficulties of transferring patients from one location to another.
A Study of the Perceptions of the Labour Market by Human Resource Managers in the UK Hotel Industry: A Cognitive Approach
Authors: Gore Julie , Riley Michael
Published: November 2015

It is reasonable to assume that if the labour market is the dominant force in labour management then the significance of the role of the human resource manager lies in the position it holds at the intersection between the external and the internal market, with recruitment as the joining process. This paper describes a qualitative investigation of hotel human resource managers' perceptions of their labour market environment using the process of recruitment as a vehicle to explore cognitive processes. A cognitive task analysis was completed which utilised four interview methods: task diagram; knowledge audit; simulation interview; and repertory grid. The findings show that the HR managers conform to the appellation of ‘expert’ in that they would use few and simple rules in making decisions. They also assume that the labour market will always provide and that perceptions of what goes on inside the organisation are quite separate. In other words there is both an industry and in organisational perspective at work.
Economic Impact of the Summer X-Games 1998 on the San Diego Economy
Authors: Doshi Kokila
Published: November 2015

Using a standard economic impact methodology, this study examines the quantitative estimates of the direct and total economic impact of the summer X-Games on the San Diego economy. The paper closely follows the framework developed by Tyrrell (1995) in his study of the X-Games in Rhode Island. The direct economic impact consists of spectator impact, athlete impact, sponsor impact and administration, media and volunteer impact. The study also estimates the fiscal impact in terms of the transient occupancy tax (TOT) revenues generated by this ten-day event created and organised by the Entertaining and Sports Programming Network (ESPN). An attempt is made to quantify the impact of television exposure of the city of San Diego through television programming and commercials. The X-Games are relatively new, having started in 1995. This is the first study of the summer X-Games that uses primary data collected through the surveys of 500 spectator parties and 250 athletes to deduce the regional economic impact.
PREPARe: A Model to Aid the Development of Policies for Less Unsustainable Tourism in Historic Towns
Authors: Bruce David M. , Jackson Marion J. , Cantallops Antonl Serra
Published: November 2015

The PREPARe wheel is a dynamic model showing how a systematic environmental audit system could be applied to the development and management of tourism. The model was derived during research on four European historic walled towns characterised as destinations for heritage and urban tourism. Embracing the approach implied by Local Agenda 21 and ‘best value’ reviews, the paper illustrates how such towns can be assessed for levels of compliance with defined actions and policies set out as the necessary elements of an overall programme to move towards less unsustainable tourism in these destinations. This involves six successive stages: Policy, Responsibility, Eco-awareness, Programme, Audit and Review. Local stakeholders were involved at each stage, from defining objectives for tourism development locally to assessing the levels of compliance with expected policies and actions, although this brought a degree of subjectivity to the results. Turning the PREPARe wheel illustrates the continuous repetition of this process, which is necessary to stimulate ongoing improvements in levels of compliance with policies to move towards less unsustainable tourism. Developments in tourism policy in Alcúdia (one of the original study towns) since 1993 have been analysed to illustrate the process in practice.
Developing and Managing Small Islands as Tourist Attractions
Authors: Henderson Joan C.
Published: November 2015

This paper considers tourism policy in Singapore with specific reference to the country's small offshore islands which are being developed for tourism. It explains the features of the three islands selected for inclusion in the case study and discusses them as tourist attractions within the context of management, planning and development issues. Attention is also given to questions of resource protection and the promotion of ecotourism. Although the circumstances of Singapore are highly distinctive, examination of the case illustrates the challenges facing those responsible for the management of such sites as tourist attractions, including securing an appropriate balance between public and private sector participation and between conservation of natural resources and their exploitation for tourism. Such a balance is critical in pursuit of sustainability, incorporating economic, environmental and social dimensions.
Tourism and Peripherality: Perspectives from Asia and the South Pacific
Authors: Pearce Douglas G.
Published: November 2015

This paper argues that effective policy-making for peripheral regions requires a greater understanding of the nature and structure of the linkages between cores and peripheries. First, the literature is reviewed and two distinctive approaches to tourism and peripherality are outlined, the attributes-based and the structural. The attributes-based approach focuses on the conditions and characteristics of the regions themselves, in this context on their attributes as tourist destinations.

The structural approach emphasises the functional relationships between focal peripheral regions and other areas, especially cores. This latter approach is then developed with reference to the examples of Sarawak and Samoa. Core-periphery relationships are examined there at a range of spatial scales with regard to marketing and distribution channels, air transport and planning. Finally, some policy implications are presented and some parallels with the Nordic situation are offered.
Changed Context for the Danish Tourism Industry: A Strategic Analysis
Authors: Lyck Lise
Published: November 2015

The Danish tourism industry is analysed strategically in a diagnostic and qualitative perspective in order to investigate its competitive position. It is found that the context of the Danish tourism strategy has changed decisively and that the changes have not yet been included in the strategy. The industry is analysed in a Porter model and in a model that is focused on competitive strength dynamics inspired by Hamal and Prahalad. Finally, elements of a new strategy and design of a strategic route for the Danish tourism industry is presented. It is concluded that not only re-engineering processes, but also regenerating strategies are needed if the Danish tourism industry is to regain and further develop competitiveness
Discriminating Perceptions of a Peripheral ‘Nordic Destination’ among European Tourists
Authors: Jensen Øystein , Kornellussen Tor
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses tourists' abilities to discriminate between different features and images of a peripheral tourist destination based on their geographical origin. The data consist of personal interviews with 424 tourists of various nationalities visiting northern Norway (in the county of Nordland). The starting point of the exploratory analysis presented here is based on a section of the original data and focuses on images and features of northern Norway compared with wider Nordic/Norwegian destination levels. One of the main suggestions of this paper is that geographical and cultural distance relative to the tourists' country of origin has a negative effect on their ability to discriminate between distinct features and images of the destination to which they are travelling. This hypothesis is only partly confirmed. The analysis is based on a quantitative methodological approach. The results of this paper are assumed to contribute a useful insight into some of the perceptual factors that are important for the marketing and positioning of a peripheral destination on international markets.
Regional Development of Finnish Tourism at the End of the 1990s: Some Considerations
Authors: Toivonen Timo
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study is to find some regional trends in Finnish tourism at the end of 1990s. The motivation for choosing the period 1995–2000 is that it was a period of strong financial support to tourism development aimed at regional dispersion. Other factors that possibly have had an impact on development that has taken place are also discussed and evaluated. The data used were the number of nights spent in paid accommodation in different accommodation establishments (hotels, camping, hostels etc). The growth of nights spent was fastest in the Helsinki region and in south-western Finland; areas where the population is becoming increasingly concentrated. A remarkable trait is that the growth of tourism in these areas was principally in leisure trips, posing the question whether an urbanised society is content to take leisure tourism within an urban milieu. In any case, it appears that the decentralisation policy has been powerless in the face of these opposing forces.
Sami Tourism in Northern Sweden: Measuring Tourists' Opinions Using Stated Preference Methodology
Authors: Pettersson Robert
Published: November 2015

A declining and restructured reindeer herd is forcing some Sami into other permanent or temporary occupations. In the Swedish parts of Sami land, Sápmi, an increasing number of Sami are involved in small companies dealing with tourism that focuses on their culture. These companies, their products and their location, are today relatively well known. What the tourists demand and appreciate, on the other hand, is not so well known. The purpose of this paper is to analyse which factors matter when tourists make their decisions. Using the stated preference method, respondents were requested to evaluate a number of hypothetical alternatives. The tourists' opinions and considerations were measured in respect of three attributes; the companies' offers, the prices for these products and access. The study shows that there seems to be a considerable potential in these kinds of activity and that there is, in some respects, a gap between supply and demand.
Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Tourism: The Houseboats of Kerala
Authors: Kokkranikal Jithendran , Morrison Alison
Published: November 2015

Within developing countries it has been identified that one means of achieving sustainable tourism is through the effective engagement of local communities. In particular, this involves the encouragement of indigenous entrepreneurship, often in the forms of self-employment and small-scale enterprises. The aim is to maximise potential economic and social benefits of tourism development within the host destinations. This paper provides a conceptual framework and descriptive case study within which to analyse an example of indigenous entrepreneurship as evidence in the operators of a houseboat tourism product in the State of Kerala, India. Conclusions are drawn relative to the sustainability of both the product and indigenous entrepreneurial activity.
The General Agreement on Trade in Services and the Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Tourism and Sustainability
Authors: Hoad Darren
Published: November 2015

After years of protracted negotiation the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was due to come into force at the end of 2002. This agreement, the first multilateral and legally enforceable liberalisation agreement covering trade in services, including tourism services, aims to eliminate obstacles and discriminatory barriers to service trade and increase markets for investment. The agreement, covering a range of sectors, promises to have a significant effect on tourism service provision and perhaps pose a significant challenge to the efforts to develop sustainable forms of tourism. The subject of considerable controversy, the GATS has been criticised by human rights, environmental and developing world activist groups, many of whom see it as nothing more than a front for corporate domination of global markets, accelerating environmental degradation and undermining local governance structures. Supporters, on the other hand, see the GATS potential in overcoming trade disputes and hold out the promise of regional development and employment through increased inward investment. This paper aims to outline the GATS, examine its legal principles and explain the enthusiasm of its supporters and the concerns of the critics. Furthermore, it considers the potential impact of the GATS on sustainability and on issues such as local community participation and tourism governance.
A Preliminary Investigation into the Transition and Utilisation of Hospitality Graduates in SMEs
Authors: Holden R. J. , Jameson S. M.
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses a pilot research project on graduate employment in small hospitality firms. It examines the transition and utilisation of the graduates within these firms. Findings from interviews suggest that these graduates and their managers were satisfied with levels of performance. However, much of the graduates' time was spent on relatively low-level tasks and responsibilities, in relation to which they were relying heavily on pre-degree learning. The paper speculates that in particular types of small firms graduate labour may remain underutilised and underdeveloped. It questions, therefore, prevailing assumptions that the future for graduate labour within hospitality will be dominated by small firms. The paper concludes that future research into employment of hospitality graduates must be focused upon the demand for and utilisation of graduates by, explicitly, growth SMEs.
Photometry at the National Physical Laboratory
Authors: Walsh John W. T.
Published: November 2015

This paper gives a general description of the work of the Photometry Division of the National Physical Laboratory. The accommodation provided in the new Photometry Building is described in some detail, and an account is given of the arrangement of supplies and of the principal apparatus installed. The special lighting is also described and illustrated.
The Photometric Properties of Some Luminescent Materials
Authors: Harper W. E. , Robinson Margaret B. , Bowtell J. N.
Published: November 2015

Photometric data of some luminescent paints and lacquers are given which enable these materials to be treated as items of illuminating engineering equipment.

Factors which affect the brightness of a luminescent material are shown to include the type of material, its weight per unit area, the nature of the backing surface, the type and intensity of the exciting radiation and the temperature of the material. The effect of these factors is described and the general effect of deterioration in luminescence with life investigated.

The phenomenon of phosphorescence has also been investigated for certain materials.

A method is given by which luminescent effects may be calculated from a knowledge of visual data of a similar installation.
The Measurement or Gauging of Low Values of Illumination and Brightness
Authors: Walsh J. W. T.
Published: November 2015

Present-day problems in illuminating engineering call for the measurement of very low values of both illumination and brightness. Such measurements are difficult, both on account of the reduced sensitivity of the eye to brightness differences and because of the operation of the Purkinje effect. The need is generally for measurements which will represent what is experienced under practical conditions, and so coloured light is measured by visual comparison with white and the results are termed values of “apparent illumination” or “apparent brightness.” The particular features required in illumination gauges and illuminometers suitable for measuring low values of illumination are described, with special reference to the appropriate British Standard Specifications. For certain purposes a portable standard of brightness is convenient, especially where the use of a gauge is awkward or impossible. In the study of luminescent materials a special type of brightness gauge is used, capable of measuring apparent brightness down to 0.0001 foot-lambert.