bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Similar GABAergic inputs in dentate granule cells born during embryonic and adult neurogenesis
Authors: Laplagne Diego A. , Kamienkowski Juan E. , Espósito M. Soledad , Piatti Verónica C. , Zhao Chunmei , Gage Fred H. , Schinder Alejandro F.
Published: May 2007

Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus follows a unique temporal pattern that begins during embryonic development, peaks during the early postnatal stages and persists through adult life. We have recently shown that dentate granule cells born in early postnatal and adult mice acquire a remarkably similar afferent connectivity and firing behavior, suggesting that they constitute a homogeneous functional population [Laplagne et al. (2006)PLoS Biol., 4, e409]. Here we extend our previous study by comparing mature neurons born in the embryonic and adult hippocampus, with a focus on intrinsic membrane properties and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic inputs. For this purpose, dividing neuroblasts of the ventricular wall were retrovirally labeled with green fluorescent protein at embryonic day 15 (E15), and progenitor cells of the subgranular zone were labeled with red fluorescent protein in the same mice at postnatal day 42 (P42, adulthood). Electrophysiological properties of mature neurons born at either stage were then compared in the same brain slices. Evoked and spontaneous GABAergic postsynaptic responses of perisomatic and dendritic origin displayed similar characteristics in both neuronal populations. Miniature GABAergic inputs also showed similar functional properties and pharmacological profile. A comparative analysis of the present data with our previous observations rendered no significant differences among GABAergic inputs recorded from neurons born in the embryonic, early postnatal and adult mice. Yet, embryo‐born neurons showed a reduced membrane excitability, suggesting a lower engagement in network activity. Our results demonstrate that granule cells of different age, location and degree of excitability receive GABAergic inputs of equivalent functional characteristics.
5‐HT1B receptors in nucleus accumbens efferents enhance both rewarding and aversive effects of cocaine
Authors: Barot Sabiha K. , Ferguson Susan M. , Neumaier John F.
Published: May 2007

Whether serotonin‐1B (5‐HT1B) receptor activation enhances or diminishes the reinforcing properties of psychostimulants remains unclear. We have previously shown that increased expression of 5‐HT1B receptors in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell neurons sensitized rats to the locomotor‐stimulating and rewarding properties of cocaine. In this study we further examined the contribution of 5‐HT1B receptors on the effect of cocaine under conditions intended to selectively influence either conditioned place preference or avoidance (CPP or CPA, respectively). Viral‐mediated gene transfer techniques were used to overexpress 5‐HT1B receptors in medial NAcc shell medium spiny neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area. Animals were then conditioned to associate place cues with the effects of either a low (5 mg/kg) or moderately high (20 mg/kg) dosage of cocaine immediately or 45 min after intraperitoneal cocaine administration. Animals with increased 5‐HT1B expression showed cocaine‐induced CPP immediately after administration of the low 5 mg/kg dose of cocaine, but a CPA 45 min after administration of the high 20 mg/kg dose. Control animals showed no preference at the 5 mg/kg dose and a significant preference at 20 mg/kg. Given this, we believe that increased 5‐HT1B receptor activation in NAcc shell projection neurons intensifies both the rewarding and negative properties of cocaine use.
AMPA and NMDA receptor regulation of firing activity in 5‐HT neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei
Authors: Gartside S. E. , Cole A. J. , Williams A. P. , McQuade R. , Judge S. J.
Published: May 2007

The glutamatergic regulation of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) neuronal activity has not been extensively studied. Here, we used extracellular single unit recording in midbrain slices to examine glutamate receptor mediated effects on 5‐HT neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and the median raphe nucleus (MRN). Alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA; 1 and 3 µm) concentration‐dependently increased firing in 5‐HT neurons in both the DRN and the MRN. The response to AMPA was blocked by the AMPA receptor antagonist, 6,7‐dinitroquinoxaline‐2,3(1H‐4H)‐dione (DNQX; 10 µm) but not the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid (AP‐5; 50 µm). NMDA (10–100 µm) also increased 5‐HT neuronal firing in a concentration‐dependent manner in both the DRN and MRN; a response that was blocked by AP‐5 (50 µm). In some DRN neurons the NMDA response was partially antagonized by DNQX (10 µm) suggesting that NMDA, as well as directly activating 5‐HT neurons, evokes local release of glutamate, which indirectly activates AMPA receptors on 5‐HT neurons. Responses of DRN 5‐HT neurons to AMPA and NMDA were enhanced by the γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA)A receptor antagonist, bicuculline (50 µm), suggesting that both AMPA and NMDA increase local release of GABA. Finally in the DRN the 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY100635 (100 nm), failed to enhance the response of 5‐HT neurons to AMPA and caused only a small increase in the excitatory response to NMDA suggesting a low degree of tonic activation of 5‐HT1A autoreceptors even when 5‐HT neuronal firing rate is high.
The nature of local recurrence after colorectal cancer resection
Authors: Thomson W. H. F. , Foy C. J. W. , Longman R. J.
Published: May 2007

Objective  Local recurrence (LR) after rectal cancer resection has long been regarded as a particular problem, its incidence having been high. This study aims to determine the reasons why.

Method  A prospective record was kept of all 887 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma referred to one surgeon between 1989 and 2000. Of these, 802 underwent major resection. They were followed up for 5 years or until death.

Results  There was no significant difference between LR rates throughout the colorectum (P = 0.74). LR was significantly related to tumour grade (P < 0.001) and to tumour stage (P < 0.001), but not to the need to resect involved adjacent structures (P = 0.08), nor, after restorative rectal resection, to the distal margin of clearance (P = 0.97). A difference became apparent between recurrence resulting from tumour left in or implanted into the operation field and tumour resulting from pre‐excision metastasis, here called, respectively, technique‐related (TLR) and pre‐excision metastatic (MLR) local recurrence. MLR was significantly related to tumour stage (P < 0.001), while TLR was not. Some TLR can be curatively excised.

Conclusion  Rectal LR is no more common than colonic LR. There may be practical merit in discriminating between TLR and MLR.
Crohn's disease: systematic review of assessment of disease severity and its relevance to surgery
Authors: Dhruva Rao P. K. , Davies M. , Price P. E. , Torkington J.
Published: May 2007

Background  The aims of treatments for Crohn's disease are symptom control by medical or surgical means and improvement in health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). A wide number of classification systems, instruments of disease activity measurement (DAM) and HRQOL are available, but few are used in routine surgical practice.

Objective  To review the validity of DAM and HRQOL instruments and their applicability to surgically treated patients.

Method  A systematic literature search was undertaken to identify these instruments. Qualifying articles were used to determine the construct, content and criterion validity of the instruments identified with respect to surgically treated patients.

Results  Thirteen disease activity indices and 11 HRQOL assessment tools were identified. Construct validity was demonstrated throughout but concerns of content and criterion validity were noted.

Conclusion  None of the current disease activity or HRQOL tools can be used without potential bias in a trial of surgical vs medical therapy as the items included favour the outcomes experienced following medical therapy. A more balanced assessment tool in the setting of a multidisciplinary trial is needed.
Excision of residual skin tags during stapled anopexy does not increase postoperative pain
Authors: Gerjy R. , Nyström P. O.
Published: May 2007

Objective  We studied whether excision of residual external skin tags causes additional pain in patients undergoing a stapled anopexy for muco‐anal prolapse.

Method  Seventeen patients in whom skin tags had been excised were compared with 24 patients having no excision. The patients were selected from a prospective database of haemorrhoid surgery if they had submitted a diary with self‐reported postoperative pain scores as well as a self‐reported symptom questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively. The tags were excised with preservation of the subdermal fascia.

Results  There were 41 patients who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. Seventeen (group 1) had tags excised and 24 (group 2) did not. Fifty‐nine per cent in group 1 and 67% in group 2 experienced preoperative prolapse needing manual reposition. The mean height of the staple line was 2 cm above the dentate line in both groups. Daily average postoperative pain recorded as the sum of a self‐reported VAS rating over 14 days was 26 points in both groups. The peak pain experienced was 42 and 43 points respectively (not significant). Resolution of postoperative pain over 14 days was identical. The preoperative and postoperative symptom score was comparable in both groups.

Conclusion  Excision of anal skin tags should be carried out at the time of stapled anopexy.
Laparoscopic appendicectomy: a training model for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy?
Authors: Pandey S. , Slawik S. , Cross K. , Soulsby R. , Pullyblank A. M. , Dixon A. R.
Published: May 2007

Objective  To analyse the outcome of laparoscopic appendicectomy and right hemicolectomy and see if the surgical approach to the former can be applied to the latter.

Method  A prospective electronic laparoscopic database identified 330 appendicectomies and 78 right hemicolectomies (using this approach) between 1996 and 2005.

Results  Three hundred and thirty patients (188 males: median age 38 years, range 17–74 years) underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy; 270 (82%) were performed by trainees (higher surgical trainee 71%, basic surgical trainee 12%). The median operative time for trainees was 35 min (14–75 min) with a conversion rate 2%. There were no intra‐operative complications. The postoperative complication rate excluding minor wound infection (5.5%) was 1.5%. There were no deaths. The median hospital stay was 2 days (1–15 days). The 30‐day readmission rate was 1%. Seventy‐eight patients (23–93 years) underwent laparoscopic right hemicolectomy during 2004/5; trainees performed parts thereof in the majority or all of the surgery in 25 cases. The median operation time was 55 min: trainees 115 (65–145 min). There was one conversion. The median hospital stay was 4 days (2–23 days) falling to 3 for the last 20 operations (1–8 days). There were two readmissions for wound sepsis and small bowel obstruction and three deaths (3.8%): anastomotic leak (one), C difficile infection leading to renal failure (one) and duodenal perforation (one).

Conclusion  Laparoscopic appendicectomy is a safe, predictable, easily learnt operation and an ideal model for learning the skills and principles required for more advanced laparoscopic colorectal interventions and in particular, right hemicolectomy.
Self‐everting ileostomy
Authors: MacKay G. , Goldberg J.
Published: May 2007

Objective  Self‐everting ileostomy.

Method  After delivering the small bowel through the trephine wound the bowel is opened and with time the mucosa migrates to the skin edge forming a spouted ileostomy.

Results  Five patients underwent the self‐everting ileostomy with no stomal complications experienced. The end result is indistinguishable from a primarily sutured stoma.

Conclusion  The self‐everting ileostomy can be a useful technique to get out of a difficult situation.
Nurse specialist led flexible sigmoidoscopy in an outpatient setting
Authors: Kelly S. B. , Murphy J. , Smith A. , Watson H. , Gibb S. , Walker C. , Reddy R.
Published: May 2007

Objective  There has been an increasing demand for diagnostic flexible sigmoidoscopy. In order to improve our diagnostic services, we established a nurse specialist led flexible sigmoidoscopy clinic in 1999. The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of this service between 1999 and 2004.

Method  The following information was collected prospectively: source of referral, presenting symptoms, the result of the flexible sigmoidoscopy, depth of insertion, the follow‐up plan and complications.

Results  A total of 3956 patients had a flexible sigmoidoscopy performed between 1999 and 2004. The presenting symptoms were as follows: rectal bleeding (RB) in 1915 patients, change of bowel habit (CBH) in 421 patients, RB+CBH in 814 patients. The depth of insertion of the sigmoidoscope was as follows: rectum in 85 patients, sigmoid colon in 595 patients, descending colon in 1969 patients, splenic flexure in 958 patients and transverse colon in 311 patients. The findings at sigmoidoscopy were as follows: normal in 1560 patients, cancer in 132 patients, inflammatory bowel disease in 276 patients, polyps in 415 patients, diverticular disease in 584 patients and haemorrhoids in 926 patients. Two patients sustained an iatrogenic rectal perforation.

Conclusion  The nurse specialist led flexible sigmoidoscopy clinic offers an efficient and safe diagnostic service for patients presenting with colorectal symptoms.
Emphysematous cystitis: a review of 135 cases
Authors: Thomas Anil A. , Lane Brian R. , Thomas Arun Z. , Remer Erick M. , Campbell Steven C. , Shoskes Daniel A.
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE

To review recently published data on emphysematous cystitis (EC), a potentially life‐threatening condition characterized by air within the bladder wall, and that most typically affects middle‐aged diabetic women.

METHODS

All articles published in English between 1956 and 2006 were identified using a Medline search for keywords ‘emphysematous cystitis’, and ‘cystitis emphysematosa.’ Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, pathological and therapeutic data were evaluated, including risk factors such as the presence of diabetes mellitus or other comorbid emphysematous infections of the urinary tract.

RESULTS

In all, 102 published papers, including 135 cases of EC, were reviewed; the median patient age was 66 years, 64% were women and 67% had diabetes mellitus. Most cases were diagnosed using plain films of the abdomen (84%), although more recently, computed tomography was the primary imaging method. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated organism. Most patients were treated with medical management alone (90%), while 10% of infections were treated with a combination of medicine and surgery. The overall death rate was 7%.

CONCLUSIONS

EC is the most common and typically the least severe gas‐forming infection of the urinary tract. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is warranted to prevent the potential morbidity and mortality of this infectious condition.
An investigation of the relationship between sex‐steroid levels and urological symptoms: results from the Boston Area Community Health survey
Authors: Litman Heather J. , Bhasin Shalender , O’Leary Michael P. , Link Carol L. , McKinlay John B. ,   BACH Survey Investigators
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether circulating levels of sex hormones are associated with urological symptoms, using data from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

BACH used a multistage stratified‐cluster approach to randomly sample 5506 adults aged 30–79 years in Boston, MA, USA. Anthropometric measures, lifestyle and psychosocial factors, comorbidities and urological symptoms were obtained using a questionnaire administered by an interviewer. Serum testosterone, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (E2) levels were measured, and bioavailable testosterone (BT) was calculated in 1899 men (538 Black, 651 Hispanic and 710 White). Regression analysis was used to investigate the relationships between androgen levels and American Urological Association symptom index (AUA‐SI), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (≥ 8 on the AUA‐SI), urinary incontinence (UI), dribble and hesitancy.

RESULTS

Of all subjects, 19% reported LUTS, 6% UI, 9% dribble and 4% hesitancy. Testosterone, BT and DHEAS levels were inversely related to the AUA‐SI (P = 0.009, <0.001 and <0.001, respectively); SHBG values and the AUA‐SI were positively correlated (P < 0.001). Adjusting for age, BT and DHEAS levels had negative relationships with the AUA‐SI; BT and DHEAS levels were negatively related to LUTS and SHBG was positively related to LUTS (both P < 0.001); after age adjustment, only LUTS and DHEAS remained related, and only the relationship between dribble and E2 remained significant; no hormone levels were related to hesitancy.

CONCLUSIONS

Circulating levels of sex hormones are generally not significant predictors of urological symptoms in men after adjusting for age. The pathophysiology of LUTS is complex and probably includes factors other than circulating sex steroid levels.
Caffeine restores regional brain activation in acute hypoglycaemia in healthy volunteers
Authors: Rosenthal M. J. , Smith D. , Yaguez L. , Giampietro V. , Kerr D. , Bullmore E. , Brammer M. , Williams S. C. R. , Amiel S. A.
Published: May 2007

Aims  Caffeine enhances counterregulatory responses to acute hypoglycaemia. Our aim was to explore its effects on cortical function, which are not known at present.

Methods  Regional brain activation during performance of the four‐choice reaction time (4CRT) at different levels of complexity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at euglycaemia (5 mmol/l) and hypoglycaemia (2.6 mmol/l) in the presence and absence of caffeine in six healthy right‐handed men.

Results  During hypoglycaemia, caffeine enhanced adrenaline responses to hypoglycaemia (2.5 ± 0.7 nmol/l to 4.0 ± 1.0 nmol/l, P = 0.01) and restored the brain activation response to the non‐cued 4CRT, the linear increases in regional brain activation associated with increased task complexity and the ability to respond to a cue that were lost in hypoglycaemia alone.

Conclusions  Caffeine can sustain regional brain activation patterns lost in acute hypoglycaemia, with some restoration of cortical function and enhanced adrenaline responsiveness. A methodology has been established that may help in the development of therapies to protect against severe hypoglycaemia in insulin therapy for patients with diabetes and problematic hypoglycaemia.
Prognostic significance of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes and need for early revascularization therapy
Authors: Choi E.‐K. , Koo B.‐K. , Kim H.‐S. , Cho Y.‐M. , Kang H.‐J. , Cho Y.‐S. , Chung W.‐Y. , Chae I.‐H. , Choi D.‐J. , Oh B.‐H. , Park Y.‐B. , Choi Y.‐S.
Published: May 2007

Aims  Information on the clinical outcome of patients with diabetes with silent myocardial ischaemia is limited. We compared the clinical and angiographic characteristics, and the clinical outcomes of diabetic patients with asymptomatic or symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods  Three hundred and ten consecutive diabetic patients with CAD were divided into two groups according to the presence of angina and followed for a mean of 5 years. Fifty‐six asymptomatic patients with a positive stress test and CAD on coronary angiography were compared with 254 symptomatic patients, 167 with unstable angina and 87 with chronic stable angina.

Results  Although the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, revascularization therapy was performed less frequently in the asymptomatic than the symptomatic patients (26.8 vs. 62.0%; P < 0.001). Asymptomatic patients experienced a similar number of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs; death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, and revascularization; 32 vs. 28%; P = 0.57), but had higher cardiac mortality than symptomatic patients (26 vs. 9%; P < 0.001). However, patients who underwent revascularization therapy at the time of CAD diagnosis in these two groups showed similar MACE and cardiac mortality (20.0 vs. 22.5%, 6.7 vs. 5.3%, respectively; all P > 0.05).

Conclusions  This study suggests that diabetic patients with asymptomatic CAD have a higher cardiac mortality risk than those with symptomatic CAD, and that lack of revascularization therapy may be responsible for the poorer survival.
Evidence‐based medicine for diabetes educators: a pilot study
Authors: Meyer G. , Köpke S. , Lenz M. , Kasper J. , Mühlhauser I.
Published: May 2007

Aims  Health‐care professionals are increasingly asked to communicate research results to patients and consumers. Diabetes educators play a decisive role in the information process of patients with diabetes. Evidence‐based medicine (EBM) is not a regular part of their training in Germany. We performed a pilot study to test whether the inclusion of a short EBM module into the standard graduate programme is feasible and leads to a meaningful increase in knowledge and skills.

Methods  The study group consisted of 121 diabetes educator trainees. The EBM modules were delivered in 1‐ to 3‐day courses. Increase in knowledge and skills were assessed using a questionnaire covering three main elements: (i) general aspects of an intervention study, (ii) effect size calculation, (iii) general aspects of evidence‐based patient information and communicating numbers as patient orientated statements. Two researchers independently rated the assessment sheets.

Results  The majority of participants rated the course as important and useful but too short. Knowledge and skills in EBM increased after the course by 2 points out of 13.5 (mean score before course 5 ± 2 vs. 7 ± 2; P < 0.001). Inter‐rater reliability analysis using Cohen's Kappa coefficients demonstrated substantial to almost perfect agreement for 10 of the 13 items.

Conclusions  Our pilot study demonstrates that EBM education for diabetes educator trainees is feasible. However, the increase in knowledge and skills appears not to be clinically relevant. Short EBM courses are unlikely to yield important effects. More intensified course formats are necessary to meet the needs of diabetes educators.
The association of life course socio‐economic position with diagnosis, treatment, control and survival of women with diabetes: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study
Authors: Lawlor D. A. , Patel R. , Fraser A. , Smith G. Davey , Ebrahim S.
Published: May 2007

Objectives  To examine the association of socio‐economic position (SEP) with the diagnosis, treatment and control of diabetes, and with survival in women with and without Type 2 diabetes.

Methods  Prospective cohort study of 4277 women from 23 centres in Great Britain, aged 60–79 years at baseline.

Results  Of the 4277 women, 220 (5.1%) were known to have Type 2 diabetes and a similar number [n = 188 (4.4%)] had undiagnosed diabetes based on a single fasting glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l. Neither childhood nor adult SEP was associated with being correctly diagnosed amongst the 408 women with either diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes. In both women with and without diabetes, SEP was associated with more adverse levels of fasting insulin, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and body mass index, but was not associated with glycated haemoglobin in either group. Over the follow‐up period, 395 women died. The hazard ratio for all‐cause mortality per additional indicator of adverse SEP in adulthood in women with diabetes [1.40 (1.05, 1.85)] was similar to that in women without diabetes [1.26 (1.12, 1.41], P for difference in the two estimates = 0.70). Childhood SEP was not associated with survival.

Conclusion/interpretation  A considerable number of older women with Type 2 diabetes are not diagnosed, but SEP is not related to being correctly diagnosed. The marked socio‐economic gradient for all‐cause mortality is the same for women with and without diabetes and is not fully explained by conventional risk factors.
Comparison of the effects of pioglitazone and voglibose on circulating total and high‐molecular‐weight adiponectin, and on two fibrinolysis inhibitors, in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Aso Y. , Yamamoto R. , Suetsugu M. , Matsumoto S. , Wakabayashi S. , Matsutomo R. , Takebayashi K. , Inukai T.
Published: May 2007

Background  To investigate short‐term effects of pioglitazone and voglibose on serum concentrations of both total and high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) adiponectin measured with a novel sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ,and on plasma fibrinolysis indicators, in Type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycaemic control on sulphonylureas.

Methods  Thirty‐four diabetic patients were randomized to receive pioglitazone or voglibose treatment for 12 weeks, after which serum HMW adiponectin was measured. Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1 and thrombin‐activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), a recently identified inhibitor of fibrinolysis, were measured as fibrinolysis inhibitors.

Results  At baseline, serum HMW adiponectin correlated negatively with plasma TAFI in all patients with Type 2 diabetes (r = –0.367, P = 0.0423). Both groups showed similar improvements in glycaemic control. Serum total and HMW adiponectin increased in patients treated with pioglitazone, but did not change in patients treated with voglibose. The HMW : total adiponectin ratio increased significantly after treatment with pioglitazone (P = 0.0004). The change in HbA1c correlated negatively with changes in serum HMW adiponectin in patients treated with pioglitazone (r = –0.694, P = 0.0034). Plasma PAI‐1 and TAFI did not change with pioglitazone treatment.

Conclusion  Increased serum HMW adiponectin may contribute to the improvement in glycaemic control after pioglitazone treatment. Plasma PAI‐1 and TAFI were unchanged by either drug.
An in vitro test for the assessment of eye irritancy in consumer products – preliminary findings
Authors: YORK M. , LAWRENCE R. S. , GIBSON G. B.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

An in vitro procedure for preliminary screening of severe eye irritants is described. Rabbit eyes are removed immediately after death and are placed in temperature controlled chambers. The eyes are superfused with isotonic saline and, after a suitable equilibration period, are treated with test substances. The effects of treatment (corneal swelling, and the severity, extent, and rate of development of opacity in the corneal epithelium and stroma) are assessed using the slit lamp biomicroscope. Experiments show that the cornea of the isolated eye remains viable and physiologically active for the duration of the test.

Results of in vitro tests show a reasonably good correlation with in vivo data for a series of chemicals reported in the literature to be severely, moderately, or non‐irritant to eyes. The effects of a range of high pH sodium hydroxide solutions are described. Thresholds for effect in vitro are defined and related to in vivo thresholds for high pH products. The effects of shampoos in the in vitro system are described, with preliminary results suggesting that the method can distinguish between normal ‘adult’shampoos and ‘baby’shampoos, which are known to differ in irritancy in vivo.

Overall the in vitro procedure appears to offer a reliable screening procedure to identify severe eye irritants. Materials producing severe effects in vitro following a short contact time should not be tested in vivo, but where no effects are observed in vitro, in vivo testing may still be required. Like all in vitro procedures it has limitations compared with the in vivo eye test. It takes no account of the effects on the conjuctivae, nor does it take account of the rate of healing, both of which are important aspects of in vivo eye tests.

Test in vitro pour 1'evaluation de 1'irritation occulaire dans les produits d'hygiène (Résultats préliminaires)
Filtres solaires dérivés de l'acide paraaminobenzoïque identification et dosage des N‐propoxyl paraaminobenzoates d'ethyl dans les crèmes solaires
Authors: MASSE M‐O. , HERPOL‐BORREMANS M. , Et R. GRIMEE , GLEVICZKY S.
Published: May 2007

Resumé

Les dérivés de l'acide paraaminobenzoïque figurant à la liste des ‘agents de protection de la peau contre les rayonnements solaires’, publiée par le Conseil de l'Europe (février 1981) sont mis en évidence par de simples méthodes chromatographiques (TLC + GLC) décrites dans un article précédent.

Dans l'Amerscreen RP* (dénomination commerciale du N‐propoxyl paraaminobenzoate d'éthyle), 4 constituants sont identifiés par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) et dosés par chromatographie liquide à haute pression (HPLC) dans les crèmes solaires.

Sunscreens derived from paraaminobenzoic acid. Identification and dosage of N‐propoxylated ethyl paraaminobenzoates in sun‐creams.

The derivatives of paraaminobenzoic acid listed by the council of Europe (February 1981) as ‘Sunscreen agents used to protect the skin’can be determined by simple chromatographie methods (TLC + GLC) described in a previous article.

In Amerscreen R‐P*, (trade name of N‐propoxylated ethyl paraaminobenzoate), four constituants are identified by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and quantitatively measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in sun‐creams.
Concentrated solutions of preservatives: their technological and analytical advantages in cosmetic products
Authors: DUC T. L PHAM , PAPACONSTANTIN E. , ETIENNE J. J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Introducing concentrated solutions of preservatives (CSP) provides a methodology both for the use of preservative systems and for their routine control in cosmetic products.

From some typical examples, characteristics of such CSP are described and it is shown how the accurate determination of every component present in the initial liquid blend eliminates the tedious determinations in the finished product where only a single analysis of one preservative is necessary.

Quick and simple methods are described for the analysis of CSP containing parabens, Germall 115® and Kathon CG®. An appropriate new analytical approach is given for routine controls without any tedious extraction and /or costly equipment.

In addition it is shown how this methodology provides a number of substantial advantages at every step of development of new products, storage of raw materials and manufacturing, leading to increased safety and ensuring energy and time savings.

Les mélanges liquides concentrés de conservateurs: leur intérêt technologique et analytique dans les produits cosmétiques
The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes
Authors: KIRKLAND D. J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A number of the constituents of semi‐permanent and permanent hair dyes have been shown to be mutagenic in bacteria, to induce mutation, chromosome breakage, sister chromatid exchanges and malignant transformation in mammalian cells, to cause mutation in Drosophila, to induce mitotic recombination in yeast and to induce tumours in rodents. Some hair dye ingredients and commercial dyes have been shown to give rise, in the urine of treated rats, to metabolites which are also mutagenic in bacteria.

The test systems used are briefly described and the data generated are reviewed. In addition, attempts to identify whether the hazards predicted from the laboratory studies present a risk to man either by epidemiological studies or monitoring of exposed populations are also discussed.

La mutagenese et la carcinogenese des colorants capillaires
In vivo procedures for assessment of hair greasiness
Authors: KNOTT C. A. , DAYKIN K. , RYAN J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Greasy hair is a common problem in Europe. The first step in developing anti‐grease hair products must be to establish a sensitive protocol for measuring any changes in perceived hair greasiness.

Sensitive clinical trials and in vivo evaluation methods of determining hair greasiness have been developed that show significant differences in the perceived hair greasiness following the use of different shampoos.

Products tested in two clinical trials for efficacy as anti‐grease shampoos were an anti‐grease shampoo containing 2% 3,4‐thiolanediol as the active ingredient, and a baby shampoo based on mild surfactants. The same placebo shampoo based on ether sulphates used in typical European shampoo formulations was used in both tests. A shampoo containing 2% zinc pyrithione was included in the trials as a control, since there were indications that this would increase the amount of hair greasiness.

Neither of the test products were shown to be effective anti‐grease shampoos. The shampoo containing 2% zinc pyrithione was shown to produce significantly more greasiness than both the placebo and the test shampoos.

Since significant differences could be shown between the different shampoos, the protocol and in vivo evaluation techniques used in these clinical trials are considered to be validated.

Méthodes in vivo d'évaluation du graissage des cheveux
The evaluation of underarm deodorants
Authors: BAXTER P. M. , REED J. V.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Double‐blind cross‐over trials in which trained assessors evaluated axillary malodour on a 0 to 10 scale showed that ethanol at 60% and 99% w/w significantly reduced odour for up to 24 h. Reduction in odour was increased by the addition of non‐volatile antimicrobial ingredients such as chlorhexidine, Irgasan DP 300 (Triclosan, Ciba Geigy) or aluminium chlorhydrate.

Volunteer panellists were able to identify statistically significant deodorant effects when they rated their own axillary odour on a 0 to 10 scale.

An odour absorber, zinc ricinoleate (Grillocin, Grillo‐Werke, A. G.) was used to treat existing malodour and gave reduced perception of that malodour for up to 24 h.

A close correlation was found between panel odour scores and the bacterial status of the axilla as assessed by the replipad technique when biocidal systems were studied. Irgasan DP 300, a bacteriostat, did not perform so well in skin flora sampling procedures, but was nevertheless effective as a deodorant ingredient. Thus in vivo microbiological techniques, although often useful as predictors of deodorancy, do not replace the carefully controlled clinical trial with direct assessment of odour.

L'evaluation de l'odeur des aisselles
A new microbiological approach to the assessment of underarm deodorants
Authors: FEARNLEY C. , COX A. R.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A general survey of odour generation in the axillae is given, with particular reference to the role of topically applied antimicrobial agents in odour suppression.

A new apparatus is described which will allow a rapid and reliable quantification of in vivo antimicrobial action and which may be usefully employed in optimization of individual systems to achieve effective deodorancy.

Findings are presented on the antimicrobial efficacy of deodorant compositions and correlated with practical olfactory studies.

Nouvelle approche microbiologique dans l'évaluation des déodorants axillaires
Contribution to the quantification of the conditioning effects of hair dyes
Authors: BAUER D. , BECK J.P. , MONNAIS C. , VAYSSIE C.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Apart from the problem of colour, the cosmetic properties of hair after dyeing play a vital role both for the cosmetic chemist and the user.

A methodology for a quantitative assessment of these conditioning effects is proposed.

This methodology is based on a realistic approach to the protocols, and uses original apparatus and accessories which take the particular context of the dyeing process into account.

Particular importance is given to studying the length of set hold and the ease of combing. Big differences were observed between three dyes on sale on the market, including their finishing treatment products such as shampoo or rinse.

Contribution à la quantification des effets conditionnants des teintures
Anti‐static properties of some cationic polymers used in hair care products
Authors: PATEL C. U.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Anti‐static properties of cationic polymers on hair have been measured by using an electrostatic voltmeter. Comparisons are made with conventional cationic surfactants. Behaviour of cationic polymers from a cationic base and an anionic base have been explained. Experiments are performed to arrive at the hypothesis that cationic polymers form a complex with anionic detergent and that this cation‐anion complex solubilizes in excess of anionic detergent, but on dilution with water it forms a turbid solution.

Propriétés anti‐statiques de certains polymères cationiques utilisés dans les produits de soins pour les cheveux
Percutaneous absorption of 2‐nitro‐p‐phenylenediamine
Authors: HOWES D. , BLACK J. G.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Studies have been done on the absorption and metabolism of the hair colourant 2‐nitro‐p‐phenylenediamine (2‐NPPD) in rats with particular reference to skin penetration.

When [14C]2‐NPPD was given orally or injected intraperitoneally into male and female rats, excretion was rapid and mainly in the faeces (60%) and urine (35%). No radioactivity was measurable in the expired air. At 3 days after dosing, approximately 2% of the dose was retained in the body.

Application of [14C]2‐NPPD in ethanol to the clipped skin of rats gave a high skin penetration. Male rats absorbed less (11.7 μg cm‐2) through the skin than did female rats (24.6 μg cm‐2).

Application of [14C]2‐NPPD in a solution of a hair colourant product base to the clipped skin of rats gave a high penetration if the skin was occluded or not rinsed. Penetration was much reduced after rinsing and protection by non‐occlusive patches. With these latter conditions, skin penetration in clipped rats treated with a 0.5% (w/v) solution of [14C]2‐NPPD doubled to 6.1 μg cm‐2 when the contact time was increased from 5 to 30 minutes, increased two to three times after two and three repeated applications, increased in proportion to the applied concentration and was reduced by half when applied to unclipped skin.

The metabolic pattern in urine from rats after different routes of administration showed only a trace of the parent [14C]2‐NPPD but six other radioactive components. The identity of these components has not yet been fully resolved. Blood levels of radio‐activity during 2 days after topical administration were low.

Under realistic conditions of use by the consumer the calculated dose through the skin based on the experimental rat data is up to 10 μg/kg body weight per application of a semi‐permanent hair colourant product containing 1% of 2‐NPPD.

L'adsorption transcutanée de la 2‐nitro‐p‐phenylenediamine

On a étudié l'adsorption transcutanée et le métabolisme du colorant capillaire 2‐nitro‐p‐phenylènediamine (2‐NPPD) sur le rat.

Lorsque la [14C]2‐NPPD est administrée par voie orale ou injectée par voie intra‐péritonéale sur des rats mâles et femelles, l'excrétion est rapide et principalement dans les fèces (60%) et dans les urines (35%). Il n'y a pas de radioactivité mesurable dans l'air expiré. Trois jours après l'administration, environ 2% de la dose est retenue dans l'organisme.
A new approach to assessing sweat production
Authors: MICHNIAK B. B.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Since 1916 when Stillians (1) first reported that excessive axillary sweating could be reduced by the application of 25% aqueous aluminium chloride, sales of antiperspirant products have increased dramatically. In spite of many studies, the mechanism of action of these compounds has not been clearly elucidated (2). In most cases, investigations have been performed on animal foot pads, excised human biopsy specimens and skin samples in vivo (3). A model which eliminated problems encountered in whole body investigations (for example, influence of blood flow) would be preferable. One such method, introduced in part by Sato (3), has been investigated. Preliminary investigations suggest that this method could become useful in the evaluation of the mode of action of antiperspirants.

Sweat production was induced using carbachol and methacholine in isolated rat plantar sweat glands. These were maintained in a suitable environment (modified Krebs‐Ringer bicarbonate at 38°C containing 30% w/v fresh rat serum). The output of sweat was measured every 5 minutes for 85 minutes and the maximal final volume obtained with any one gland was 23 nanolitres.

Sweat production ceased on administration of appropriate concentrations of atropine or the withdrawal of calcium ions from the bathing fluid.

Une nouvelle approche pour évaluer la transpiration
Influence of some humectants on the physical characteristics of solidified sodium stearate‐based sticks
Authors: KASSEM A. A. , MATTHA A. G. , EL–KHATIB G. K.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A comparative study was conducted on the influence of widely used humectants [glycerol, propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycols 400 and 600 (PEG 400 and PEG 600)] on the physical characteristics of solidified sodium stearate‐based sticks (SSSS).

– Sticks prepared with PG or PEG 600 generally tended to be harder than the corresponding ones containing glycerol or PEG 400;

– PG lowered the penetrability of the sticks while PEG 400 tended to increase it. Glycerol or PEG 600 produced sticks with intermediate penetrability values;

– all investigated sticks showed practically acceptable softening points;

– PG‐based sticks showed the lowest yield by abrasion values while PEG 400‐based ones showed the highest such values. Glycerol or PEG 600 produced sticks with intermediate behaviour;

– sticks prepared with PG generally showed the highest tendency to dry by evaporation. There was a clear tendency towards reduction in evaporation with all the considered humectants, proportional to humectant concentration increase;

– sticks formulated with PEGs showed considerably longer disintegration times than those formulated with glycerol or PG;

– all sticks showed a plastic thixotropic flow behaviour;

– static and dynamic yield value‐humectant concentration curves exhibited an almost identical behaviour with all investigated systems;

– generally speaking, SSSS with PG showed the highest dynamic and static yield values while those formulated with PEG 400 showed the lowest such values; the presence of PEG 400 or glycerol resulted in sticks with intermediate behaviour in this respect;

– PG produced sticks showing the highest thixotropic breakdown by shear; glycerol came next in this respect. PEG‐based sticks showed strong fluctuations in their thixotropic breakdown‐humectant concentration behaviour;

– PG gave sticks with the highest plastic viscosity; they, indeed, had a tough texture. Glycerol or PEG 600‐based sticks had intermediate plastic viscosities and acceptable spreading characteristics. PEG 400‐based sticks had the lowest plastic viscosity and best spreading characteristics;

– almost all sticks investigated proved to be stable after 18 months storage as far as
Use of fibroblast cell culture for the study of wound healing drugs
Authors: ADOLPHE M. , POINTET Y. , RONOT X. , WEPIERRE J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Wound healing involves the activity of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. This process is particularly accompanied by an increase in the proliferative capacity of the fibroblasts and by the biosynthesis of constitutive proteins of connective tissue. To study the action of wound healing drugs on the growth of fibroblasts, they were cultured in a medium containing a suboptimal concentration of serum. Several growth factors (eye‐derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor) were compared with various healing products for their effects on the growth curve. Some products slightly increased the proliferation of fibroblasts, in comparison with the optimal growth obtained with growth factors.

Intérêt des fibroblastes en culture dans l'étude de produits cicatrisants
ESR study of hair and melanin–keratin mixtures – the effects of temperature and light
Authors: ARNAUD RENÉ , PERBET GILLES , DEFLANDRE ANDRÉ , LANG GERARD
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The ESR spectrum of hair presents a symmetrical absorption band with the same characteristics as pure melanin (g= 2.0030; δH= 5 G). Between 250°K and 490°K, the intensity of the signal increases as for pure melanin. This variation may be explained by a change in the moisture content of hair as function of the temperature. Below 250° K, in a frozen medium, melanin‐water interactions remain constant and the number of radicals is no longer a function of temperature.

Under exposure to light of hair, melanin‐derived radicals were formed. Stable and short‐lived radicals were observed at λ > 345 nm; only unstable radicals were formed at λ > 450 nm. At shorter wavelengths (λ > 280 nm), a new asymmetric signal (g= 2.0065H= 20 G) appeared on UV exposure of black, grey or white hair; this signal was attributed to radicals formed in the direct excitation of keratin amino acids.

Le spectre RPE des cheveux
Bacteriological contamination of products used for skin care in babies
Authors: BAIRD ROSAMUND M.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Two hundred and thirty‐two products used in the skin care of babies were examined for bacterial contamination. Contamination rates were compared between unused samples collected from homes, those used in the home, and those used in the maternity wards of a local hospital. Products used and unused, originating from the home had a low incidence of contamination and small bacterial populations. One product used in hospital was found to be susceptible to contamination; several samples were contaminated with Gram‐negative rods. The significance of these contaminants in products used on babies is discussed and proposals are put forward for avoiding in‐use contamination.

Contamination bactérienne des produits utilisés pour les soin de la peau des bébés
Electrostatic emulsification of domestic and personal care products
Authors: HUGHES J.F. , ROBERTS J.M.C.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A technique is described for producing high quality emulsions in a controllable and reproducible way. The dispersed liquid phase is atomized electrostatically, thus enabling particle size to be well below 10μm for wax solutions while at the same time maintaining a very narrow particle size distribution. The energy saving over conventional emulsification methods is considerable, amounting to up to 85% for one typical domestic care product.

Emulsification is achieved in a one‐step process in a machine which essentially has no moving parts and requires no auxiliary air supply. In addition to the ability to create high quality emulsions, electrostatic atomization of the dispersed phase itself introduces a new and useful parameter, electrical conductivity, enabling greater flexibility in terms of ensuring emulsion stability. Even in conventional emulsifier systems, electrically charging the dispersed phase may have important implications which have not to date been fully appreciated.

Emulsification de produits de soins de la peau et de produits de ménage par une méthode électrostatique