bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF WHEAT AND OAT BRANS ON THE DOUGH RHEOLOGICAL AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTANT VERMICELLI
Authors: SUDHA M.L. , RAJESWARI G. , VENKATESWARA RAO G.
Published: November 2011

Wheat bran (WB) and oat bran (OB), which are rich in dietary fiber content, were blended separately with wheat flour at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The incorporation of WB and OB increased the farinograph water absorption from 58.3 to 64.1 and 62.3%, respectively. The dough stability decreased from 10 to 5.5 and 7.0 min. The increase in maximum pressure value was greater upon the addition of WB. The peak viscosity value decreased from 818 to 673 Brabender units (BU) upon the addition of WB. The addition of either WB or OB in the preparation of instant vermicelli made the strands tough. The moisture content and oil uptake decreased from 6.5 to 5.1% and from 18.3 to 16.6%, respectively. The cooked weight decreased, while the cooking loss increased with increasing levels of either of the bran. Combination of WB (5%) and OB (10–15%) resulted in instant vermicelli of acceptable quality having total dietary fiber content of 6.12%.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

High‐fiber ingredients exhibit many properties that influence the physiological functions of foods. Consumption of high‐fiber products has shown several health benefits. There is a need to have products enriched with dietary fiber. Wheat bran and oat bran, which are good sources of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, respectively, have been used in the preparation of various bakery products. The utilization of such sources has also helped in reducing the oil uptake during processing. This study would surely help the industry in developing fiber‐rich instant vermicelli using the naturally available fiber‐rich sources.
CONSUMERS' TEXTURE PERCEPTION OF MILK DESSERTS. I – RELATIONSHIP WITH RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: ARES GASTÓN , BUDELLI ELIANA , BRUZZONE FERNANDA , GIMÉNEZ ANA , LEMA PATRICIA
Published: November 2011

Studying and predicting consumers' texture perception of milk desserts are important for dairy companies during new product development and the design of positioning, advertising and communication strategies. In this context, the aim of the present work was to study the relationship between consumers' texture perception of milk desserts and rheological measurements.

Six commercial milk desserts were evaluated by a panel of 50 consumers, who were asked to answer a check‐all‐that‐apply question. The rheological behavior of the desserts was evaluated using oscillatory tests, flow curves and the evaluation of structural breakdown by α‐amylase.

Multiple factor analysis showed that data from rheological measurements and consumers' responses to the check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) question provided similar information and were able to identify differences in the texture of the evaluated milk desserts. Rheological measurements were able to predict consumers' perception of the characteristics responsible for the largest texture differences between the desserts.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Check‐all‐that‐apply question consisted on a useful and simple methodology to gather an insight on consumers' perception of the sensory characteristics of milk desserts, providing information that was in agreement with rheological measurements. The advantage of this methodology is that it only requires participants to select words from a list, being easier, less time consuming and more natural to use.
Claiming the Right to Health in Brazilian Courts: The Exclusion of the Already Excluded?
Authors: da Silva Virgílio Afonso , Terrazas Fernanda Vargas
Published: November 2011

The aim of this article is to test a widespread belief among Brazilian legal scholars in the area of social rights, namely, the claim that courts are an alternative institutional voice for the poor, who are usually marginalized from the political process. According to this belief, social rights litigation would be a means (supposedly “a better means”) of realizing rights such as the right to health care, since supposedly both the wealthy and the poor have equal access to the courts. To probe the consistency of this belief, we analyzed the socioeconomic profiles of plaintiffs in the city of Sao Paulo (Brazil) who were granted access to specific medications or medical treatments by judicial decisions. In this study, the justiciability of social rights has not proven to be a means of rendering certain public services more democratic and accessible.
Religion and the Practices of Popular Constitutionalism: Sarah Gordon's The Spirit of the Law
Authors: Dubler Joshua
Published: November 2011

Sarah Gordon'sThe Spirit of the Law: Religious Voices and the Constitution in Modern America (2010)details the advent, beginning in the 1940s, of a “new constitutional world” pertaining to the religion clauses. By focusing on case studies, Gordon's narrative history shows the emergence, maturation, and waning of a rich historical moment in which religiously motivated popular constitutionalists had a profound impact on how the Constitution was technically interpreted by the courts. Shifting perspectives from history to ethnography, the essay synthesizes Gordon's stories to yield an anatomy of “religious” popular constitutionalism as it appears in Gordon's book and conjectures at what it might look like if we left court records behind.
Taxonomic revision of family Tropiduchidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Korea
Authors: RAHMAN Mohammad Atikur , KWON Yong Jung , SUH Sang Jae
Published: November 2011

The family Tropiduchidae is revised taxonomically comprising five genera and five species from Korea. Catullia vittata Matsumura is redescribed here on the basis of a series of males recently collected in Korea. Cixiopsis punctatus Matsumura and Catullia vittata Matsumura were transferred from Achilidae to Tropiduchidae and are redescribed here with male genitalia for the first time from Korea. Ommatissus binatatus Fieber previously reported was an incorrect identification of Ommatissus lofouensis Muir. Another species, Trypetimorpha koreana Kwon and Lee, is the macropterous form of Trypetimorpha japonica Ishihara. All Korean species of the Tropiduchidae are redescribed and illustrated, and an identification key to the genera of Tropiduchidae is provided.
Postembryonic Development of the Central Nervous System in the Wolf Spider. Arctosa kwangreungensis (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Authors: Yang Sung‐Chan , Moon Myung‐Jin
Published: November 2011

Microstructural characteristics of the central nervous system from postembryo to early instar spiderings in the wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis were studied using paraffine embedded tissue preparation and three dimensional image reconstruction techniques. The CNS of the postembryo was fully functional, despite its primitive microstructure. The CNS consists of a supraesophageal ganglion (brain) and a subesophageal mass, and they are joined with circumesophageal connectives. The brain of 1st instar spidering after a molt of the postembryo is also made up of a protocerebral and tritocerebral ganglion. Moreover, the subesophageal ganglionic mass is composed of a single pair of pedipalpal ganglia, four pairs of appendage ganglia, and a fused mass of abdominal neuromeres. For image processing and reconstruction, serially sectioned paraffin blocks were scanned with research complex microscopy and 3D images were reconstructed from the brain sections. The image stacks of the central complex and surrounding neuropils obtained from the brain sections were processed using Amira 5.3.2 software.
Impact of flood intensity on aquatic insect communities in a Korean stream under monsoonal climate
Authors: Kim Dong Gun , Yoon Tae Joong , Baek Min Jeong , Choi Lak Jung , Lee Cha Young , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2011

As a consequence of climate change, localized torrential rainfall has increased in intensity and frequency in Northeast Asia under the influence of the monsoonal climate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of flood intensity on aquatic insect communities in a Korean stream, where the summer monsoonal flood is normal. Quantitative sampling was conducted according to stream reaches (upstream, midstream, and downstream sites) in Gapyeong stream, located in the central Korean peninsula, during July 2008–October 2009. Sampling was conducted within 48 hours after every rain event during the rainy season, and flood intensity was evaluated using the total amount of precipitation for 3 days before sampling. Precipitation was categorized in 100 mm increments. Water velocity and Froude number (Fr) were measured, and mean species abundance and species richness were determined. Habitat orientation groups (HOGs) were analyzed. Data were analyzed using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination and two‐way analyses of variance .

As a result, the velocity increased as precipitation increased at all sites, and the Fr at the upstream and midstream sites were below critical flow for all precipitation categories. The EPT‐group (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) together with Diptera were >90% in abundance at all study sites. The mean abundance of some major taxa (i.e., Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera) decreased significantly as precipitation increased, particularly, at the downstream site. The mean abundance of all HOGs was more influenced by the relatively large amount of precipitation (e.g., >200 mm) at all sites. According to NMS ordination, the amount of precipitation was the major factor determining the composition of aquatic insect communities in the study stream. In conclusion, aquatic insect communities in the Gapyeng stream were significantly influenced by the intensity of precipitation, and the impact was intensified at the downstream site.
Four Caddisfly Species of Oecetis (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) New to Korea
Authors: Lee Song Ji , Hur Jun Mi , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2011

The genus Oecetis McLachlan is one of two largest genera in Leptoceridae and includes approximately 500 species in the world and 40 species in the East Palearctic region. Four Oecetis species were recorded in North Korea by Kumanski in 1991, but no species are known in South Korea. In this study, we recorded three Oecetis species new to the Korean Peninsula, O. antennata Martynov, O. notata Rambur, and O. caucula Yang and Morse, and an additional species, O. nigropunctata Ulmer, which is previously known in North Korea by Kumanski. Diagnoses, illustrations, and taxonomic remarks are provided for each species.
Introduction of Myanmar Butterflies (I)
Authors: Park Jong Kyun , Park Jinyoung , Choi Eun Young , Oh Yong Kyun , Choi Ik Je
Published: November 2011

Collecting expeditions of Insect were conducted in Popa resort, Myanmar from Aug. 7, 2011 to Aug. 17, 2011. As a protected area of the Forest department, these areas were almost natural conservation field and limited to collection actions.

There are rich biological diversity, among them, lots of insect discovered and collected. Usually on day time, butterflies collected by sweeping net, like various plants, they show high diversity. Lycaenidae of small size as well as large size like Papilionidae butterflies recognized in this expedition. Mostly Nymphalidae species are easily show on the road of mountain, otherwise some Papilionidae species are difficult to meet because they fly very high and fast, usually they visit to top of trees.

Materials are expected more than 100 species belonging to 10 families but it was difficult to identification because of lack of references of this areas. Maybe lots of new or new recorded species will discover from Myanmar. Among them, with rare species, manifold butterflies are provided with photos, ecological notes and activities of Myanmar.
Morphology of the egg and first instar larva of Physosmaragdina nigrifrons (Hope). (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Clytrinae)
Authors: Park Jinyoung , Lee Jong Eun , Park Jong Kyun
Published: November 2011

Among the Coleoptera, case bearing is found in four related subfamilies of the Chrysomelidae, the so‐called Camptosomates: Clytrinae, Cryptocephalinae, Chlamisinae, and Lamprosomatinae (Böving and Craighead, 1931). Adults of case‐bearing chrysomelids feed on foliage of a variety of eudicots (Erber, 1988), but their larvae often show departures from strict phytophagy. Besides those with true herbivore larvae that feed on green plant parts and complete development on the host plant the larvae of most species live on the ground, in leaf litter, and feed on dry vegetable material and detritus (Erber, 1988; Brown and Funk, 2005). The larvae of some clytrine species live in ant nests (Erber, 1988; Brothers et al., 2000), but besides these mirmecophiles, many other clytrine larvae live in leaf litter and some few others on plants (Erber, 1988; Jolivet, 1988).

The genus Physosmaragdina Medvedev, a clytrine genus with restricted distribution (Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, South‐East Asia). In the Paleoarctic region 14 species have been reported; however, 10 were treated as synonymous, leaving 4 currently reported (Löbl and Smetana, 2010). Four Physosmaragdina species are distributed throughout south‐east Asia, from Korea to Japan, while on the other side, only one species were reported in Korea (Lee and An, 2001). Nothing is known about the immature stages of the genus Physosmaragdina.

The purpose of this study is to describe, to illustrate the egg, egg‐case and first instar larva of P. nigrifrons (Hope), and remarks on their systematics.
Overview of Pyraloidea fauna (Insecta, Lepidoptera) in Jilin Province of China
Authors: Qi Mu‐jie , Li Chengde , Han Hui‐lin , Bae Yang‐Seop
Published: November 2011

Pyraloidea is one of the larger superfamilies of Lepidoptera which comprises 16,000 named species (Kristensen, 1999). The larvae of Pyraloidea are generally concealed feeders. Most of pyraloid moths do harm to grains, vegetables, fruits and even insects. (Malcolm, 1992). Jilin Province is an important area of forestry and agriculture in NE China, many diseases and pests occurred each year. Accordingly to survey the diversity of Pyraloidea in Jilin Province is significant for systematic study and it is the basis for pests control in NE China.

According to the references, we got the Pyraloidea checklist of China, which includes totally 110 species in Jilin Province, and up to now, we identified 76 species, among them, Pyralidae: 4 subfamilies, such as: 1 species of Galleriinae, 10 species of Pyralinae, 2 species of Epipaschiinae, 13 species of Phycitinae; Crambidae: 4 subfamilies, such as: 34 species of Pyraustinae, 2 species of Evergestinae, 4 species of Scopariinae, 10 species of Crambinae. Of them, 55 species are the first time reported in Jilin Province. All of the materials examined are kept in University of Incheon, which were collected from 2000–2003 in China.
Taxonomic Study of the subfamily Anteoninae R.C.L Perkins (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) from South Korea.
Authors: Kim Chang‐Jun , Lee Jong‐Wook
Published: November 2011

The Anteoninae is one of the largest subfamily among the Dryinidae and consists of five extant genera: Anteon Jurine, 1807; Deinodryinus R.C.L. Perkins, 1907; Lonchodryinus Kieffer, 1905; Metanteon Olmi, 1984; Prioranteon Olmi, 1984. Generally Anteoninae are morphologically distinguished from other subfamilies of Dryinidae by the following combination of the characters: fully winged (occasionally brachypterous), forewing with costal, median and submedian cells clearly enclosed by pigmented veins; mandibles quadridentate, with teeth progressing larger from the anterior one to posterior; maxillary palpi with 6 segments and labial palpi with 3 segments; occipital carina complete; tibial spur(s) 1(fore), 1(mid), 2(hind); (female) dorsal surface of pronotum flat; foretrochanters short and broad; foretarsus chelate, chela without rudimentary claw, enlarged claw without teeth and lamellae. Also, Anteoninae is parasitoids of the Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Herein, we report the seven species of Anteoninae for the first time in South Korea: one new species, Anteon. n. sp. and six unrecorded species, A. ephippiger (Dalman); A. javanum Olmi; A. jurineanum Latreille; A. munitum Olmi; A. Septentrionale Xu, He & Olmi; Lonchodryinus infuscatus Xu, Olmi & He. We provide key to the species of Anteoninae from South Korea and the color photos for each species.
Taxonomic study of tribe Eucosmini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) in the Northern part of Vietnam
Authors: Le Xuan‐Vi , Pham Thi‐Vuong , Chae Do‐Young , Bae Yang‐Seop
Published: November 2011

The tribe Eucosmini is the second largest tribe of Olethreutinae with more than 1,000 species in over 125 genera, distributed mostly in the Holarctic region, and over half of the known species occur in the Nearctic region (Horak and Brown, 1991b). Eucosmini can be separated from other tribes by a combination of the following characters proposed by Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov (1984): 1) one‐branched protuberance of the valve; 2) gnathos and uncus is very weakened or reduced.

In Vietnam, in the period 1977–1978 and 1997–1998, National Institute of Plant Protection (NIPP) recorded only seven Tortricidae species. Recently, Kuznetzov (2001) recorded four species in the Southern part of Vietnam: Eucosmogastra aeolantha (Meyrick, 1914), Noduliferola pleurogramma (Clarke, 1976), N. atriplaga (Clarke, 1976), N. phaeostropha (Clarke, 1976). Razowski recorded 14 species of 10 genera of Eucosmini (2009).

In this study, we are briefly reviewed of tribe Eucosmini in the Northern part of Vietnam. As the result of this study, a total of 19 Eucosmini species of 13 genera are recognized. Of them, 17 species are reported for the first time from Vietnam such as: Coenobiodes acceptana Kuznetzov, 1973; Epiblema foenella (Linnaeus, 1785); Lepteucosma ceriodes (Meyrick, 1909), etc. The materials identification based on the collection of University of Incheon, which has collected from 2004–2009 in the Northern part of Vietnam by Vietnamese and Korean entomologist.
Taxonomy of the Genus Eusphalerum Kraatz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) from South Korea
Authors: Kim Tae‐Kyu , Ahn Kee‐Jeong
Published: November 2011

The eusphalerine single genus, Eusphalerum Kraatz contains about 230 species distributed in the Holearctic and Oriental regions. In East Asia, 74 species of the genus are studied and Zanetti reported six species from North Korea in 1993. They are known to feed pollen on flowers of shrubs and trees. As a result, they have peculiar molar structure.

Members of the Eusphalerum are characterized by the combination of following features: body spindle‐shape and parallel‐side; eyes large and protruded, temple short; mandibles subtriangular and edentate, molar and scissorial area fused, medial surface of molar with grinding cones; maxillary palpomere 4 as wide as palpomere 3; antennae gradually wide apically, antennomere 10 almost as wide as long; tarsomeres 1–4 short and broad, ventral surface setose densely, tarsomere 5 as long as or longer than basal four combined.

In this paper, we report four South Korean Eusphalerum species and provide illustrations of the diagnostic characters including first line drawings of spermatheca and accessary sclerite. The specimens studied are deposited in the Chungnam National University Insect Collection (CNUIC), Daejeon, Korea.
Analysis and Prediction for Spatial Distribution of Functional Feeding Groups of Aquatic Insects in the Geum River
Authors: Park Young‐Jun , Kim Ki‐Dong , Nam Sang‐Ho
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study is to define a correlation between spatial distribution of functional feeding groups of aquatic insects and their habitat types in the Geum River based on the theory of River Continuum Concept (RCC). For that object we had classified habitat types of the study area according to various environmental factors and examined closely their distribution characteristics by correlation analysis between biota community and the environmental factors. And then, a probabilistic method named Frequency Ratio Model (FRM) and spatial analysis function of GIS were applied to produce a predictive distribution map of biota community considering their distribution characteristics according to the environmental factors as related variables. As a result, 6 major environmental factors that might affect the classification of habitat types were extracted. Finally, we had compared the predicted distribution map with prior survey database from other researches and then could find out a high correlation between them. The results of this study might be used to develop a new estimation method for aquatic ecosystem with functional feeding groups of aquatic insects and also be used as preliminary data for conservation and restoration of stream habitats.
Change Pattern of the Biodiversity of Insect fromSihwa Lake Region, Gyeonggi Province
Authors: Ju Young‐Don , Chae Do‐Young , Le Xuan‐Vi , Qi Mu‐jie , Na Sol‐mun , Bae Yang‐Seop
Published: November 2011

Studying on insect diversity from reclaimed wetland in Sihwalake region has been conducted from 2005 to 2010. Totally, 30 times surveyed by day (24 times) and night (6 times) collecting.The daytime collecting method by sweeping, beating, brushing and others, that were depend on the conditions. The night collecting methods by using light trap (High Pressure Mercury Lamps (KSC7604) X 1, FL20SBL X 2). The results of this survey, a total of 255 species of76 families belonging to 10 orders were recorded in 2005; 273 species of83 families belonging to 10 orders were recorded in 2006; 282 species of 86 families belonging to 13 orders were recorded in 2007; 354 species of110 families belonging to 13 orders were recorded in 2008; 338 species of107 families belonging to 12 orders were recorded in 2009 and295 species of97 families belonging to 10 orders were recorded in 2010. The result of this study showed that, biodiversity of insect was continuously increased from 2005 to 2008, but it decreased from 2009. The remarkable species is Lycaenadisparaurata (Leech) that protect species of Incheon.
Community Structure and Similarity Analysis of the Benthic Macroinvertebrate in Bohyeon Stream and Mugye Stream of Nakdong River
Authors: Shin Shuk‐Min , Seo Eul won , Lee Jong Eun
Published: November 2011

This study was conducted for searching the fauna, community structure and similarity alalysis of the benthic macroinvertebrate on Bohyeon Stream and Mugye Stream. The species were collected 4 times of 5 sites during March to October in 2010. The identified species were 91 species belong to 48 families, 16 orders, 7 classes, and 5 phyla. Insecta were collected with Ephemeroptera 26 species, Trichoptera 21 species, Diptera 14 species, Plecoptera 9 species, Coleoptera 4 species, Odonata 3 species, Hemiptera, Megaloptera 1 species and the non‐insecta were collected with Basommatophora 3 species, Mesogastropoda, Rhynchobdellida, 2 species, and Tricladida, Gordea, Archioligochaeta, Arhynchobdellidae, Isopoda 1 species respectively. In the results of community analysis, the hightest score of dominance index was 0.53 in St. 5, diversity index was 3.39 in St. 2, richness index 6.06 in St. 1, and evenness index was 0.62 in St. 2 respectively. In the functional feeding group, the Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera which belong to GC and P were the highest in all surveyed sites. In the result of the similarity analysis of each site, similarity index was 0.50 in site 1 and 2.
Long‐term monitoring of the life history of a riverine mayfly Ephemera orientalis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) in the Han River in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Lee Cha Young , Hwang Jeong Mi , Yoon Tae Joong , Kim Dong Gun , Beak Min Jeong , Kang Hyo Jeong , Lee Song Ji , Choe Lak Jung , Cho Seo Young , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2011

Climatic change often affects life history aspects of aquatic insects. Long‐term monitoring was conducted to understand the life history variability of the riverine mayfly Ephemera orientalis in the Han river, where habitat is largely disturbed by summer floods. Water level of the study site, Godeok‐dong area in Seoul, is regulated by the Paldang Dam located approximately 14 km above the study site. E. orientalis often emerged in large numbers around the study area. Larvae were sampled monthly from April 2006 to July 2010 using a Surber sampler (50 × 50 cm, mesh 0.25 mm, two replicates). Additional qualitative sampling was conducted using a hand net. As a result, based on the larval body size distribution, E. orientalis had a univoltine life cycle with two distinct slow growing cohort groups: the S1group emerged during May–June and the S2 group emerged during August–September. Our previous study conducted in Gapyeong stream in Gyeonggi‐do showed that E. orientalis normally had three cohort groups, S‐1 and S‐2 groups and the F‐group (a fast growing cohort developed during May–August). However, the Han River population of E. orientalis lacked such a fast growing cohort. It is most probable that habitat disturbances caused by high water level during the rainy season negatively affected the development of the fast growing cohort (F‐group) in the Han River area. The relationships between monthly E. orientalis population data and water level in the Han River are presented.
The role of dead Korean fir as the snag‐dwelling arthropods' habitat in forest ecosystem
Authors: Kim Hyun Jung , Kim So Yeon , Seong Jieun , Yi Hoonbok
Published: November 2011

This snag‐dwelling arthropod community study was conducted for the ecological evaluation of dead woods at Korean fir stand in Mt. Woonak in Pocheon‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, from April 2010 to August 2011. We put a windows trap and an emergence trap on the trunk of each snag, and we selected the six snags during the study periods. We collected 3930 individuals (5 class, 21order, 52 families) but we didn't include the number of unidentified larva. We separated those individuals into the three functional groups and we found out the proportion and number of each functional group from the total individuals: herbivores (27.6%, 1083) predators (10.9%, 430), detritivores (61.4%, 2413), etc (0.1%, 4). We found out the proportion and number of each taxon group for herbivores, Armadillidae (0.15%, 6), Acarina (2.57%, 101), Psocoptera (0.25%, 10), Hemiptera (0.46%, 18), Mecoptera (0.05%, 2), Hymenoptera (not ant) (5.14%, 202), Aphididae (3.82%, 150), Cicadellidae (0.4%, 16), Curculionidae (3.61%, 142), Chrysomelidae (0.23%, 9), Elateridae (3.36%, 132), Erotylidae (3.16%, 124), Nitidulidae (2.6%, 102), Pyrochoroidae (0.08%, 3), Scarabaeidae (0.31%, 12), and Cetoniidae (0.13%, 5). Predators were consisted of the following taxa groups: Araneae (2.9%, 114), Chilopoda (0.31%, 12), Formicidae (4.25%, 167), Carabidae (0.08%, 3), Staphylinidae (1.09%, 43), Cleridae (0.05%, 2), Pselaphidae (0.1%, 4), Colydiidae (0.38%, 15), Harpalidae (0.1%, 4), Histeridae (0.36%, 14), and Dermestidae (0.8%, 31). Detritivores were consisted of the following taxa groups: Millipedes (0.92%, 36), Archaeognatha(1.6%, 63), Diptera (7.81%, 307), Collembola (35.47%, 1394), Protura (0.03%, 1), Dermaptera (0.1%, 4), Tettigoniidae (0.08%, 4), Raphiidophoridae (0.03%, 1), Ipidae (14.12%, 555), Silphidae (0.15%, 6), Cuculidae (0.15%, 6), Cerambycidae (0.38%, 15), Oedeeridae (0.03%, 1), Lucamnidae (0.03%, 1), Stenotrachelidae (0.05%, 2), Buprestidae (0.13%, 5), Tenebrionidae (0.23%, 9), and Mordellidae (0.1%, 4), etc. Conclusively, the snag plays an important roll as the diverse arthropods' habitats in the Korean fir forest ecosystem.
Exoskeletal Microstructure of the Bark Beetle Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: Moon Myung‐Jin , Park Jong‐Gu , Kim Hyo‐Jeong , Choi Won‐Ill
Published: November 2011

Bark beetles are minute beetles found in forest and can make galleries directly into the heartwood of trees. As a part of research for controlling this pest insect, here we demonstrate the fine structural aspects of their external bodies of the bark beetle Ips acuminatus using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). This beetle has well developed sensory system respond to both of visual and chemical stimuli. The mouthparts which consisted of a labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and the labium are very effective devices for penetration and boring holes. The thorax contains a particularly hard exoskeleton and hard elytra including the powerful muscles that operate both the wings and legs. The beetle's exoskeleton is made up of numerous plates called sclerites, separated by thin sutures. This structure can provide strong armor of this beetle while maintaining flexibility.
Fine Structure of the Mouthparts in the Bark Beetle Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: Moon Myung‐Jin , Park Jong‐Gu , Koh Sang‐Hyun , Choi Won‐Ill
Published: November 2011

The beetles of the superfamily Curculionidae have a distinct snout which has mouthpart at its end and is used for boring holes. These beetles are mostly plant feeders and are economically important pests of crops. Evolutionally, this beetle has developed its effective drilling mouthpart enough to make galleries directly into the heartwood of the tree. Here we have analysed the fine structural aspects of its functional mouthpart in the bark beetle Ips acuminatus using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to understand the mechano‐dynamic characteristics. The mouthparts of this beetle consist of a labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and the labium. The mouthparts of this bark beetle exhibit typical morphology of mycophagous coleopteran beetles and have those characteristics of chewing mouthparts that can excavate galleries in the hardwood. Both of maxillary and labial palpi have the functions of direct the food to the mouth and hold it while the mandibles chew the food. The distal ends of these palpi are flattened and have shovel‐like setae.
Sexual Maturity Time and Spermatheca Size of the Bumblebee Bombus ignitus at Mating for Artificial Insemination
Authors: Yoon Hyung Joo , Lee Kyeong Yong , Kim Mi Ae , Park In Gyun
Published: November 2011

We investigated the mating age for sexual maturity of the bumblebee Bombus ignitus queens and males. In the mating age of sexual maturity of queen, mating rate was 1.1% at 3 days of emergence, peaked 24.7% at 20 days of emergence, and decreased thereafter. In case of mating age of sexual maturity of male, mating rate was 3.3% at just emergence and 20.0% to 43.3% at 6 days to 20 days of emergence. The colony development at aging of B. ignitus queen and male was a similar tendency to the mating age of sexual maturity. The age and copulation times of B. ignitus male were older and more, the copulation duration was longer. In case of multiple mating, B. ignitus was mated by 4 times, mating was mostly showed a peak at 9 to 11 AM, which was 70.5%. The number of ovum per ovariole in ovarium in non‐ mated and mated queens was 4.13 and 4.29, respectively at 10 days of emergence, and decreased thereafter. The number of ovum per ovariole of mated queens was a little more than that of non‐ mated queens. The size of spermatozoa of B. ignitus queen was a similar tendency to the number of ovum per ovariole. Our results indicate that period favorable for artificial insemination of B. ignitus was from 6‐10 days after emergence for queen and 9‐20 days after emergence for male.
Cloning and expression profiles of tumor suppressor QM homologue in response to granulovirus in Pieris rapae
Authors: JO Yong Hun , OH Seung Han , PARK Bo Mi , Kim Dong Hyun , PATNAIK Bharat Bhusan , LEE Ho Beom , JEONG Hun Cheon , LEE Yong Seok , KO Kisung , Bang In Seok , KIM Iksoo , HAN Yeon Soo
Published: November 2011

The tumor suppressor, QM, has been cloned and characterized from various model organisms such as human, plant and invertebrates. Yet, it has not been seriously investigated for its role in conjunction with antiviral mechanisms involving innate insect immunity. From the expressed sequence tag (ESTs) project, conducted with larval cDNA library of cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, a partial fragment (718 bp) of QM homologue, termed PrQM containing 660 bp long open reading frame (ORF) encoding protein of 219 amino acids was identified. In silico analysis of PrQM ORF revealed the presence of ribosomal protein L10a/L10e type domain. Phylogenetic analysis of the P. rapae QM‐like protein showed high amino acid sequence similarity with other PrQM polypeptides identified from Heliothis virescenes (95%), Plutella rapae (92%), Bombyx mori (92%), Drosophila melanogaster (89%), and Polyrhachis vicina (85%). The butterfly QM has the closest phylogenetic relationship to a moth (Hv) QM homologue. Further investigations revealed the expression of PrQM at all developmental stages, with pronounced presence at the egg stage. In addition, spatial pattern analysis indicated its high expression in the head, salivary gland, integument and fat body with visible presence in Malpighian tubule and gut. Time course expression studies conducted after immune‐challenge with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) showed the induction of PrQM mRNA at 12 h and 24 h after challenge and also in response to granulovirus (GV). Results of this investigation therefore suggest possible role of QM‐like proteins from Pieris rapae to be involved in innate antiviral immune responses. Further elucidation on the precise function of PrQM during antiviral immune responses by using RNA interference remains a viable research front.
Evidence for FOXO transcription factor in the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae)
Authors: Kim Jin Hee , Lee Bong Hee
Published: November 2011

Foxo transcription factors, including Foxo1, Foxo3a and Foxo4, are implicated in the regulation of several biological processes, including the stress resistance, metabolism and apoptosis. We have analyzed Foxo1 and Foxo3a, its regulation by insulin signaling pathway and apoptosis after starvation in the Bombyx mori fat body. Under starvation conditions, Foxo1 and Foxo3a are localized to the nucleus. Levels of the insulin receptor (InR), p‐AKT and p‐JNK gradually increased in the nucleus after starvation. Also, caspase‐3 and caspase‐mediated PARP were observed in early stages of starvation. In conclusion, it has been shown that Foxo transcription factors are localized to the nucleus by cellular stress and the state of starvation led to changes in insulin signaling pathway and apoptosis in B. mori. These data suggest that the Foxo transcription factors act downstream of insulin signaling pathway to regulate physiological process in B.mori. Our future studies will focus on the molecular mechanisms of signaling pathway in B.mori.
Molecular cloning and expression patterns of FK506‐binding protein 12, an immunophilin from the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae
Authors: Jo Yong Hun , Kim Dong Hyun , Oh Seung Han , Patnaik Bharat Bhusan , Lee Ho Beom , Jeong Hun Cheon , Lee Yong Seok , Ko Kisung , Bang In Seok , Kim Iksoo , Han Yeon Soo
Published: November 2011

FK506‐binding protein (FK506BP) class belonging to immunophilin protein family has been known to play key roles in modulating T‐cell activation, regulation of cell cycle and protein folding. However, little is known about the involvement of FK506BP during viral pathogenesis in insect host. In this study, an attempt has been made to focus on the involvement of FK506BP in antiviral innate immunity, by cloning the full‐length cDNA of FK506BP12 (PrFK506BP12) from the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. It comprised of 532 bp (excluding poly‐A tail) with a longest open reading frame (ORF) of 327 bp encoding 108 amino acids. In silico analysis of PrFK506BP12 ORF revealed a highly conserved FK506‐binding domain (FKBD). As expected, it showed high homology to other FK506BPs identified from Bombyx mori (92%), Manduca sexta (91%), Suberites domuncula (82%), Tribolium castaneum (81%) and Aedes aegypti (74%). Expression of PrFK506BP12 was observed during developmental stages of P. rapae, but was pronounced in late pupal and adult stage. In addition, spatial expression pattern analysis indicated its high expression in the head and fat body. Furthermore, PrFK506BP12 mRNA was induced 12 h after LTA, Poly I:C treatment and 3h after Pieris rapae granulovirus (PrGV) treatment in carcass. It suggests that PrFK506BP12 appears to be involved in immune responses and also play an important role in the fat body, although it remains to be clarified about their precise role in response to granulovirus.
Why a Membrane‐Anchored Chitinase (CHT7) in Tribolium?
Authors: Noh Mi Young , Muthukrishnan Subbaratnam , Kramer Karl J. , Beeman Richard W. , Arakane Yasyuki
Published: November 2011

Insect chitinases (CHTs) and chitinase‐like proteins, which belong to family 18 glycosylhydrolases (GH‐18), have been detected in molting fluid and gut tissues and are predicted to mediate the digestion of chitin present in the exoskeleton and peritrophic matrix (PM) in the gut to chitooligosaccharides. Based on amino acid sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, insect chitinase family proteins have been classified into eight groups (group I to VIII). The chitinases belonging to different groups have distinctly different developmental patterns of expression and tissue specificity, suggestive of distinct biological functions.

CHT7s belong to Group III chitinase contain two catalytic domains and one CBD. The catalytic domain 1 of this group of chitinases exhibits greater sequence similarity to one another than to the catalytic domain 2 in the same protein(s), suggesting distinct functions and/or evolutionary origins for each of these two catalytic domains. This group of chitinases, unlike most insect CHTs, possesses a predicted transmembrane segment at the N‐terminal region. The recombinant T. castaneum CHT7 that was expressed in Hi‐5 insect cells was bound to the cell membrane. Apparently, the catalytic domains of this CHT face the extracellular space as revealed by its ability to hydrolyze an artificial chitin substrate added to the medium.

DsRNA mediated post‐transcription gene silencing (RNAi) for several chitinases and chitinase‐like genes in Tribolium castaneum and demonstrated that chitinases belong to groups I (TcCHT5), II (TcCHT10) and V (TcIDGF4) play roles of insect molting. In other hand, RNAi for TcCHT7 did not affect any types of molting such as larval‐larval, larval‐pupal and pupal‐adult. The resulting pupae (and adults), however, failed to wing‐expansion and abdominal contraction suggesting that TcCHT7 may function in tissue differentiation rather than in molting.
Evaluations of Attractants, Lights and Fans for Indoor Mosquito Traps against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: KIM Dong‐Min , Lee Dong‐Kyu
Published: November 2011

The study evaluated the efficacy of indoor LED light traps (LED‐Trap) to develop with two different LED light frequencies, three attractants, two fan speeds, and three different types of mosquito traps under laboratory conditions on collection of Culex pipiens females. The attractants tested were various concentrations of lactic acid, ammonia solution and ammonium hydrogen carbonate. Four repetitions of the study were performed in each 20 or 50 Cx. pipiens in an 1.8 m x 3.7 m x 1.8 m screened enclosure. Collection rates of Cx. pipiens were not significantly different in the traps between 380 nm (mean 76.5% of a collection rate) and 400 nm (mean 96.0%) of wavelengths from the LED light traps for 14 hour operations. Without lights, the rates were not significantly different among the three different traps such as Nozawa (mean 70.7% of a collection rate), Black‐hole (mean 80.0%) and the LED‐Trap of fan speed 2,600 rpm (mean 74.7%) but they were all significantly higher than that of the LED‐Trap of a fan speed 1,350 rpm (mean 29.3%) for 14 hours. Three different concentrations of lactic acid baits in the M‐traps were not significantly different collection rates among 500, 1,000, 10,000 ppm with average collection rates of 80.0%, 93.0%, and 81.5% after 14 hour operations, respectively. Culex pipiens were not more significantly captured in the LED‐traps using five concentrations of ammonia solutions from 100 ppm to 20,000 ppm compared with those of control traps. However, the traps with ammonium hydrogen carbonate collected more mosquitoes of the averages of 26.3%, 22.5%, 43.8% at 1,000, 10,000, 20,000 ppm than control traps (fan only), respectively. Further work is needed to investigate the bait chemicals.
Identification of insect pests as food foreign materials using DNA barcodes
Authors: Cho Seo Young , Suh Kyong In , Yoon Tae Joong , Na Ja Hyun , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2011

Insect foreign materials in food are of great economic and hygienic significance. However, identifying these species with any certainty requires an expert taxonomist and can be a time consuming process. Furthermore, insects are found as body parts or they are immature specimens that cannot be identified by conventional means. For these reasons, a reference database and efficient means of identification by non‐specialists are necessary to control insect pests.

In this study, we chose 15 important insect pest species, because they had a higher probability of being included in human foods. We tested the utility of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) DNA barcodes for the identification. A 658‐bp fragment of the COI gene was sequenced, aligned, and a sequence data bank was constructed. As a result, the COI barcode sequence was suitable for identifying insect pests as food foreign materials. Photographs of morphological key characters by stereoscopic microscope and a pictorial key of the species are provided.
Let the Questions Be Your Guide: MBE as Interdisciplinary Science
Authors: Rose L. Todd , Daley Samantha G. , Rose David H.
Published: November 2011

From its inception, the field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) has been conceived as an interdisciplinary science, and with good reason: The phenomena the field aims to understand often arise from interactions among multiple factors, span levels of analysis, and are context dependent. In this article, we argue that to reach its potential as an interdisciplinary science—and in order to explain such complex phenomena—MBE must be fundamentally organized around meaningful, discipline‐spanning questions, and the questions must determine tools and research methods (not the other way around). Using examples from three central questions in MBE—“who,”“when,” and “how”—we highlight the limits of single disciplines, and the value of a question‐driven interdisciplinary approach in MBE, with respect to questions that can be asked, the perspectives that can be considered, and the array of methods, tools, and models that can be made available. We believe that the future is bright for MBE, and that the field has a unique opportunity to provide meaningful answers to some of the most difficult questions in education today. However, realizing this potential depends on, as a first step, allowing the questions themselves to drive the field's work moving forward.
Communication in Mind, Brain, and Education: Making Disciplinary Differences Explicit
Authors: Kalra Priya , O'Keeffe Jamie K.
Published: November 2011

Difficulties in communication within Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) can arise from several sources. One source is differences in orientation among the areas of research, policy, and practice. Another source is lack of understanding of the entrenched and unspoken differences across research disciplines in MBE—that is, recognition that research in MBE comes from many diverse disciplines, rather than some monolithic entity. A third challenge to communication in MBE arises from the nature of studying the mind and brain; we address the different levels of analysis in mind–brain research. Throughout our article, we emphasize that recognizing these differences—across areas (research, practice, and policy), disciplines, and levels of analysis—and making them explicit can facilitate effective communication in MBE. We illustrate these concepts with examples from the study of reading disorders across several disciplines.
Body in Mind: How Gestures Empower Foreign Language Learning
Authors: Macedonia Manuela , Knösche Thomas R.
Published: November 2011

It has previously been demonstrated that enactment (i.e., performing representative gestures during encoding) enhances memory for concrete words, in particular action words. Here, we investigate the impact of enactment on abstract word learning in a foreign language. We further ask if learning novel words with gestures facilitates sentence production. In a within‐subjects paradigm, participants first learned 32 abstract sentences from an artificial corpus conforming with Italian phonotactics. Sixteen sentences were encoded audiovisually. Another set of 16 sentences was also encoded audiovisually, but, in addition, each single word was accompanied by a symbolic gesture. Participants were trained for 6 days. Memory performance was assessed daily using different tests. The overall results support the prediction that learners have better memory for words encoded with gestures. In a transfer test, participants produced new sentences with the words they had acquired. Items encoded through gestures were used more frequently, demonstrating their enhanced accessibility in memory. The results are interpreted in terms of embodied cognition. Implications for teaching and learning are suggested.
Effects of Eastern Hemlock Decline on Large Wood Loads in Streams of the Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Evans Daniel M. , Dolloff C. Andrew , Aust W. Michael , Villamagna Amy M.
Published: November 2011

Evans, Daniel M., C. Andrew Dolloff, W. Michael Aust, and Amy M. Villamagna, 2012. Effects of Eastern Hemlock Decline on Large Wood Loads in Streams of the Appalachian Mountains. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 266‐276. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00610.x

Abstract:  Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), a foundation species important to riparian forests of the Appalachian Mountains, is in decline due to the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae). The effect of this insect on large wood (LW) production and recruitment to streams is largely unknown. We measured LW load, riparian forest composition, and T. canadensis health in 47 streams from Maine to Alabama and developed a conceptual model that frames the expected forest stand and instream LW response to the disturbance caused by HWA. In stands with HWA, 24.3% of the overstory T. canadensis basal area was stressed and 7.5% was dead, whereas only 3.0% was stressed and 2.0% was dead in stands without HWA. Mean T. canadensis effective LW load was 0.20 m3/100 m2 in streams with adjacent stands infested by HWA, almost three times higher than in streams flowing through uninfested stands (p = 0.048). Higher frequencies of LW were found at streams with HWA present and there was a positive association between the percent of dead T. canadensis and T. canadensis LW load (ρ = 0.4468; p = <0.0001). Greater total LW loads were associated with higher stream gradients, lesser bankfull widths, and streams at lower latitudes. Our research supports the hypothesis that HWA infestation of T. canadensis in riparian forest stands has increased LW loads in streams. This episodic disturbance to the riparian forest overstory may have lasting impacts on aquatic ecosystem structure and function.