bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
African experiences of doing PhDs abroad: negotiating careers within broader life considerations
Authors: Mcalpine Lynn , Chiramba Otilia Fortunate , Keane Matt
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Many nations, including African ones, view PhD graduates as a means to be more internationally competitive, and national policies may encourage outward mobility of potential PhDs, expecting that graduates on return will enhance the country’s capacity. Many studies of such mobility, as with studies of early career researchers generally, focus on their work-related experiences. That is, they do not incorporate the broader life considerations that can intersect with their work-career decisions. So, this study of 36 Africans who completed their PhDs abroad uses a framework that embedded an individual’s work within personal considerations, such as life goals, while not ignoring the structural factors, such as job availability, in play when making work-career decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper used a narrative methodology, with two stages of analysis: first of individual cases, then of patterns across individuals.

Findings

Multiple personal factors came to bear in negotiating the structural factors related to work and career. Moreover, there were multiple intersections between personal factors, and the influence of a factor ranged from sustaining through disrupting, highlighting the specific context-bounded nature of the thinking at the time of decision-making.

Research limitations/implications

This was a small-scale study with no intention to generalize to the broader population of African PhD holders. Rather but the goal was an in-depth examination of individual’s work within personal considerations to further conceptualize the understanding of career decision-making.

Practical implications

PhD programmes could encourage PhD students to consider the importance of life intentions and hopes in career decision-making and how careers evolve over time in light of structural and life factors.

Originality/value

Overall, participants demonstrated an intricate weighing of personal factors in making decisions as they also sought to negotiate different structural factors to advance their careers. Further, no other studies the authors are aware of report how the same interacting factors can have a sustaining through disrupting influence dependent on specific contexts, thus further revealing how nested contexts and personal factors co-influence the work-career decisions that each individual makes.
Colorado River Water Use and Climate: Model and Application
Authors: Booker James F.
Published: June 2022

Water availability to meet consumptive use demands over the next century in the Lower Basin of the Colorado River in the southwestern United States is considered under alternative climate and policy scenarios. Modeling reservoir storage and annual releases under scenario alternatives demonstrates that policy can only modestly mitigate losses from potential long run streamflow reductions. The major reservoirs Lake Powell and Lake Mead are treated as composite storage, and Upper Basin depletions are held constant over 97 annual periods beginning with calendar year 2020. Averaged over six climate change scenarios with mean inflow reductions of 22% (reaching 45% by end of century) estimated mean releases fall by 16% to 23% from year 2020 levels depending on decision scenario. Mean releases under the existing Law of the River are 6.1% below the benchmark decision scenario which uses a perfect forecast of future flows. This is largely the result of evaporation losses because reservoir storage across climate scenarios is about double that of the benchmark. In contrast, a decision scenario based on next year and future mean flow expectations shows a release reduction of only 2.6% below the benchmark, and a 2.8% decrease in standard deviation. Across the three decision scenarios, future reservoir storage is well below capacity in almost all years, and under the three higher impact climate scenarios mean storage across the century is only 35% to 40% of capacity.
Evaluation Methods and Indexes for Ultra‐deep Petroleum Reservoir Preservation with Case Studies
Authors: YUAN Yusong , WANG Guojian , HU Wenxuan , CHEN Shuping , WANG Xiaolin , ZOU Yu , WANG Xinpeng , ZHANG Rongqiang , HAO Yunqing
Published: June 2022

Following consideration of the characteristics of high temperature, high pressure and high in‐situ stress in ultra‐deep sedimentary basins, together with the existence of hydrocarbon phase state transformation, hydrocarbon‐water‐rock interaction and rock mechanical property transition at those depths, the evaluation index system for hydrocarbon preservation was established. The physical leakage evaluation indexes can be divided into three categories: the dynamic efficiency indexes of micro‐sealing, caprock integrity and natural gas diffusion. The chemical loss evaluation indexes can be divided into two categories: the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) index in marine gypsum‐bearing carbonate strata and the thermochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons (TOH) index in clastic strata. The slippage angle and overconsolidation ratio (OCR) are the key evaluation indexes in the evaluation of the integrity of shale caprocks. TSR intensity can be quantitatively calculated by use of the ZnPVT state parameter method. The TOH strength can be used to estimate the degree of hydrocarbon chemical loss, based on the TOH‐related authigenic calcite cement content or the degree of negative δ13C of authigenic calcite. For the evaluation of ultra‐deep preservation in specific areas, key indexes can be selected according to the local geological conditions, instead of all indexes needing to be evaluated for every scenario.
Process and Mechanisms of Deep Fluid Effects on Hydrocarbon Generation and Pore Space in Shale: A Case Study from the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation in the Zhaojiashan Section
Authors: MENG Qingqiang , PANG Qian , HU Guang , JIN Zhijun , ZHU Dongya , LIU Jiayi , ZHANG Chuanwen
Published: June 2022

Heat carried by deep fluid might greatly affect hydrocarbon generation and pore space in shale. Dyke intrusion carrying high levels of heat may be a means by which to explore the influence of deep fluid on shale reservoirs. This study evaluates hydrocarbon generation and analyzed the evolution of shale storage space in the third member of the Xiamaling Formation in the Zhaojiashan section, Hebei Province, based on experimental data such as TOC, SEM, VRo, low‐temperature N2 adsorption and high‐pressure mercury injection. The results show that the dyke intrusion reduced the shale TOC content drastically—by up to 77%—and also induced instantaneous hydrocarbon generation over a range about 1.4 times the thickness of the intrusion. Furthermore, the dyke intrusion might transform organic pores in surrounding shales into inorganic pores. There were two shale porosity peaks: one appeared when VRo = 2.0%, caused by the increase of organic pores as thermal maturity increased, the other occurred when the VRo value was between 3% and 4%, caused by the increase of inorganic mineral pores. It can be concluded that dyke intrusion can be an effective tool with which to study how deep fluid affects instantaneous hydrocarbon generation and pore space in shale.
Three‐dimensional Geometry and Kinematics of the Changning Anticline in the Southern Sichuan Basin
Authors: YANG Jinhe , HE Dengfa , ZHANG Weikang , HUANG Hanyu
Published: June 2022

In this study, we aim to clarify the structural characteristics and deformation process of the Changning anticline. We carefully interpret 38 two‐dimensional (2D) seismic profiles in the study area and establish three‐dimensional (3D) geometric and quantitative kinematic models of the Changning anticline. This study shows that the basement fault controls the formation of the Changning anticline. The fault slope of the main fault in the basement shows ‘steep in the upper and gentle in the lower’ structural characteristics vertically, possessing obvious segmentary characteristics transversely and presents the overall characteristics of ‘steep in the east and gentle in the west’. Further analysis shows that the Changning anticline proceeds west and terminates at the boundary defined by current surface features but gradually disappears westward across the Mt. Huaying fault zone. Furthermore, we identified that deformation of the Changning anticline began during the early Yanshanian movement period. Under compressional stress from the southeast, the anticline slid forward along the basement fault until the end of the Yanshanian movement period, when the dominant WNW–ESE structure gradually emerged. Since the Himalayan movement period, a series of NE‐trending structures have been formed in the anticline, owing to multi‐directional compressive stress.
Clinical variables, including novel joint index, associated with future patient‐physician discordance in global assessment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity based on a large RA database in Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Yusuke , Sawada Tetsuji , Nishiyama Susumu , Tahara Koichiro , Hayashi Haeru , Mori Hiroaki , Kato Eri , Tago Mayu , Matsui Toshihiro , Tohma Shigeto
Published: June 2022

Background

Discordance between patient global assessment (PGA) and physician global assessment (PhGA) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity is mainly determined by pain and functional disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the shift in PGA‐PhGA discordance and the variables associated with future positive discordance (PGA > PhGA) based on the NinJa database in Japan.

Methods

We examined 7557 adults with RA registered in both NinJa 2014 and 2018, with a discordance cutoff of 3 on a 10‐cm scale. The affected joint distribution was investigated using the joint indices x, y, and z, which were calculated as indices for the upper joint, lower joint, and large joint involvement, respectively. The variables in NinJa 2014 that were associated with positive discordance in NinJa 2018 were examined using binary stepwise logistic regression analysis.

Results

Due to the small number of patients with RA categorized as having negative discordance (PGA < PhGA), we focused on patients with RA categorized as having either concordance or positive discordance. Logistic regression analysis revealed that positive discordance in NinJa 2018 was associated with age, pain, modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ) score, corticosteroid use, and existent positive discordance and was inversely associated with C‐reactive protein (CRP) and x at baseline (NinJa 2014). The same findings were observed when patients with RA were divided based on the discordance status at baseline. Persistence (positive discordance to positive discordance) was associated with pain and mHAQ scores but inversely associated with CRP.

Conclusions

Positive discordance may persist. Circumventing this requires adequate management of pain and functional impairment.
Prediction of fitness under different breeding designs in conservation programs
Authors: Pérez‐Pereira N. , López‐Cortegano E. , García‐Dorado A. , Caballero A.
Published: June 2022

The expected change in fitness under inbreeding due to deleterious recessive alleles depends on the amount of inbreeding load harbored by a population, that is, the load of deleterious recessive mutations concealed in the heterozygous state, and the opposing effect of genetic purging to remove such a load. This change in fitness can be thus predicted if an estimate of the inbreeding load and the purging coefficient (the parameter that quantifies the amount of purging) are available. These two parameters can be estimated in pedigreed populations, as has been shown for populations under random mating. A question arises whether these parameters can also be estimated under other breeding systems as well as whether they allow accurate prediction of the corresponding expected change in fitness. In conservation programs, it is usually recommended to preserve genetic diversity by equalizing contributions from parents to progeny and avoiding inbred matings. Regular systems of inbreeding have also been proposed as breeding conservation strategies to purge the inbreeding load. Using computer simulations, we first test a method to jointly estimate the initial inbreeding load and the purging coefficient in populations subjected to equalization of parental contributions, circular mating, and partial full‐sib mating. Then, using the expected values of the inbreeding coefficient and the variance of family size, as well as the estimates of the inbreeding load and the purging coefficient, we make simple predictions of the change in fitness over generations under these breeding systems and compare them with simulation results. We discuss how these fitness predictions can help undertaking conservation designs under different breeding scenarios.
Antenatal depression screening and psychosocial assessment in an Australian private hospital: An evaluation
Authors: Kohlhoff Jane , Tooke Sarah , Philipov Marisa , Hickinbotham Rachael , Knox Catherine , Roach Vijay , Barnett Bryanne
Published: June 2022

Background

Universal mental health screening and psychosocial assessment during pregnancy have been recommended as best practice, but uptake of universal programs in the private hospital system has been slow.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Pre‐admission Midwife Appointment Program (PMAP), an antenatal mental health screening program at the Mater Hospital, Sydney.

Materials and Methods

In this mixed‐methods design study, PMAP interview data were collected for a consecutive series of 485 women who attended the PMAP during a 10‐month period. Women also completed two postnatal telephone interviews (10 weeks and 9 months postpartum). The interviews involved depression screening and questions about the program.

Results

Of the 485 participants, 4.1% screened positive for depression on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. In total, 19% were identified as currently suffering from, or at risk of developing, perinatal mental health issues; referrals to support services were provided for the 13% who were not already linked in with appropriate supports. All women displayed a decrease in depressive symptom severity from pregnancy to 10 weeks and 9 months postpartum. The PMAP was viewed positively by consumers, with >93% viewing the program as helpful and >98% saying that they would recommend the program to others. Additional program benefits identified included opportunities to gain practical information and prepare for motherhood and to think/reflect on their emotional well‐being.

Conclusions

Given the observed rates of psychosocial risk among this sample, related referral opportunities and positive consumer feedback, we recommend other Australian private hospitals consider implementing PMAP or similar programs.
Position statement from the Editors of Anaesthesia on equity, diversity and inclusion
Authors: Agarwal S. , El‐Boghdadly K. ,   Editors
Published: June 2022

There is a need to prioritise equity, diversity and inclusion within anaesthesia and medicine as a whole. This position statement outlines the Anaesthesia Editors' current policies and practices aiming to achieve equity, represent the diversity of our specialty and actively include people engaged with this journal and beyond. We will define, promote and embed principles of equity, diversity and inclusion across all our work. We will monitor and report author and editor characteristics and ensure recruitment practices are transparent and adhere to our principles on equity, diversity and inclusion. We will attempt to remove systemic barriers restricting those from under‐represented groups from progressing into leadership roles within anaesthesia. We will respond to threats and barriers to the principles and practices we set. With these principles and specific actions we undertake, we aim to be pro‐active rather than reactive. We commit to embracing and embedding equity, diversity and inclusion in all our practices and regularly reviewing, improving and updating our policies and practices.
How Industrial Design Matters for Firm Growth at Different Stages of Development: Evidence from Korea, 1970s to 2010s
Authors: Lee Keun , Kang Raeyoon , Park Donghyun
Published: June 2022

The traditional literature on the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) in innovation highlights the strength of IPR protection in the context of the tradeoff between innovation and diffusion. More recent literature analyzes the role of diverse forms of IPR in promoting innovation and growth and delves into not only regular patents but also utility models (or petite patents) and trademarks. Using firm‐level IPR (patents, designs and trademarks) data from Korea, we further extend this new strand of literature to explore the role of designs at different stages of development. The data spans five decades and can be divided into three subperiods that represent different stages of economic development. We find that design‐intensive sectors tend to be more export oriented. Further, firms’ sales growth is significantly associated with the design intensity of firms. Such association is found only during the later stages of economic development in Korea. Taken together with earlier studies, our findings imply that different forms of IPR, in particular designs, matter differently for innovation and firm performance at different stages of development. Designs are not that important in the early stages of development when economic growth relies on the mass production of low‐cost goods by low‐wage workers. The importance of design rises with economic development at later stages when product differentiation becomes critical. A unique and smart appearance increases value in the eye of the customer value and, thus, could help firms’ sales performance.
Salivary metabolomics with machine learning for colorectal cancer detection
Authors: Kuwabara Hiroshi , Katsumata Kenji , Iwabuchi Atsuhiro , Udo Ryutaro , Tago Tomoya , Kasahara Kenta , Mazaki Junichi , Enomoto Masanobu , Ishizaki Tetsuo , Soya Ryoko , Kaneko Miku , Ota Sana , Enomoto Ayame , Soga Tomoyoshi , Tomita Masaru , Sunamura Makoto , Tsuchida Akihiko , Sugimoto Masahiro , Nagakawa Yuichi
Published: June 2022

As the worldwide prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) increases, it is vital to reduce its morbidity and mortality through early detection. Saliva‐based tests are an ideal noninvasive tool for CRC detection. Here, we explored and validated salivary biomarkers to distinguish patients with CRC from those with adenoma (AD) and healthy controls (HC). Saliva samples were collected from patients with CRC, AD, and HC. Untargeted salivary hydrophilic metabolite profiling was conducted using capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. An alternative decision tree (ADTree)‐based machine learning (ML) method was used to assess the discrimination abilities of the quantified metabolites. A total of 2602 unstimulated saliva samples were collected from subjects with CRC (n = 235), AD (n = 50), and HC (n = 2317). Data were randomly divided into training (n = 1301) and validation datasets (n = 1301). The clustering analysis showed a clear consistency of aberrant metabolites between the two groups. The ADTree model was optimized through cross‐validation (CV) using the training dataset, and the developed model was validated using the validation dataset. The model discriminating CRC + AD from HC showed area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curves (AUC) of 0.860 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.828‐0.891) for CV and 0.870 (95% CI: 0.837‐0.903) for the validation dataset. The other model discriminating CRC from AD + HC showed an AUC of 0.879 (95% CI: 0.851‐0.907) and 0.870 (95% CI: 0.838‐0.902), respectively. Salivary metabolomics combined with ML demonstrated high accuracy and versatility in detecting CRC.
Pertuzumab retreatment for HER2‐positive advanced breast cancer: A randomized, open‐label phase III study (PRECIOUS)
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaka , Iwata Hiroji , Taira Naruto , Masuda Norikazu , Takahashi Masato , Yoshinami Tetsuhiro , Ueno Takayuki , Toyama Tatsuya , Yamanaka Takashi , Takano Toshimi , Kashiwaba Masahiro , Tsugawa Koichiro , Hasegawa Yoshie , Tamura Kenji , Tada Hiroshi , Hara Fumikata , Fujisawa Tomomi , Niikura Naoki , Saji Shigehira , Morita Satoshi , Toi Masakazu , Ohno Shinji
Published: June 2022

No standard options existed for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive advanced breast cancer that progresses after second‐line trastuzumab emtansine therapy before 2020. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of pertuzumab retreatment after disease progression following pertuzumab‐containing therapy for HER2‐positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer for the first time. This randomized, open‐label, multicenter phase III trial was undertaken in 93 sites in Japan. Eligible patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer who had received pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and chemotherapy as first‐ and/or second‐line therapy were randomly assigned (1:1) to: (i) pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and physician's choice chemotherapy (PTC), or (ii) trastuzumab and physician's choice chemotherapy (TC). The primary end‐point was investigator‐assessed progression‐free survival (PFS). Between August 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018, 219 patients were randomized to PTC (n = 110) or TC (n = 109). Median follow‐up was 14.2 months (interquartile range, 9.0–22.2), and median PFS was 5.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0–6.6) with PTC and 4.2 months (95% CI, 3.2–4.8) with TC (stratified hazard ratio 0.76 [95% CI upper limit 0.967]; p = 0.022). Progression‐free survival was improved by adding pertuzumab in all prespecified subgroups. The PTC arm showed a trend towards better overall survival and duration of response, but similar objective response and health‐related quality of life. The incidence of treatment‐related adverse events was similar between groups except for diarrhea. Pertuzumab retreatment contributes to disease control for HER2‐positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer previously treated with pertuzumab‐containing regimens.
Science‐based planning can support law enforcement actions to curb deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Mataveli Guilherme , de Oliveira Gabriel , Chaves Michel E. D. , Dalagnol Ricardo , Wagner Fabien H. , Ipia Alber H. S. , Silva‐Junior Celso H. L. , Aragão Luiz E. O. C.
Published: June 2022

While Brazil publicly committed to reduce deforestation in Amazonia at the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26), the Brazilian parliament is moving toward weakening environmental laws. Deforestation rates continue ascending, reaching in 2021 the highest value since 2006 (13,235 km2). To overcome this paradox, strategies to curb deforestation are mandatory. The current strategy, “Plano Amazônia 21/22,” prioritizes law enforcement actions to curb illegal deforestation in only 11 Amazonian municipalities. Here, we show that this prioritization is likely to be insufficient since these municipalities account for just 37% of the current deforestation rate. This strategy may also be undermined by the leakage of deforestation actions to unmonitored municipalities. Using a set of spatially explicit datasets integrated into a deforestation‐prediction modeling approach, we propose a science‐based alternative method for ranking deforestation hotspots to be prioritized by law enforcement actions. Our prioritization method accounts for more than 60% of the deforestation, detecting larger deforested areas in both private and public lands, while covering 27% less territory than “Plano Amazônia 21/22.” Optimizing the detection of priority areas for curbing deforestation, as proposed here, is the first step to reducing deforestation rates and comply with the Brazilian legal commitment of 3925 km2 year−1.
Explanation and evaluation in Foucault's genealogy of morality
Authors: Lichtenstein Eli B.
Published: June 2022

Philosophers have cataloged a range of genealogical methods by which different sorts of normative conclusions can be established. Although such methods provide diverging ways of pursuing genealogical inquiry, they typically converge in eschewing historiographic methodology, in favor of a uniquely philosophical approach. In contrast, one genealogist who drew on historiographic methodology is Michel Foucault. This article presents the motivations and advantages of Foucault's genealogical use of such a methodology. It advances two mains claims. First, that Foucault's early 1970s work employs a distinct genealogical method, which borrows from contemporary historiographic models of explanation to expand the range of objects that are proper to genealogical accounts of historical change. I demonstrate how Foucault modifies two central commitments of Nietzsche by broadening the dimensions of genealogical inquiry and explanation. Second, that historical method has normative relevance for genealogy, insofar as different historiographic choices can lead to different normative conclusions. I motivate this second claim by explaining how Foucault's multidimensional genealogical method expands both (a) the range of objects that are subject to evaluative assessment, and (b) the set of possible prescriptive recommendations that follow from such assessment.
Preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for post‐anaesthetic pulmonary oedema in horses
Authors: Shnaiderman‐Torban Anat , Steinman Amir , Abu Ahmad Wiessam , Kushnir Yishai , Abells Sutton Gila , Epstein Ana , Kelmer Gal
Published: June 2022

Background

Pulmonary oedema is an uncommon but life‐threatening condition in horses. It is defined as an abnormal accumulation of liquid and solute in the extravascular tissues and spaces of the lungs, which causes oxygen diffusion impairment and a reduction in lung compliance. Diagnosis is determined by typical clinical signs, including frothy, haemorrhagic nasal discharge and respiratory distress, and can be supported by thoracic imaging and arterial blood gas analysis. In horses, post‐anaesthetic pulmonary oedema (PAPOE) is poorly reported, and there is a lack of information regarding risk factors and prognosis.

Objectives

The objective of the study was to determine risk factors and short‐term outcome for PAPOE during the recovery period in horses.

Study design

A retrospective case‐control study including 17 cases and 53 controls.

Methods

Medical records of clinical cases and controls over a period of four and a half years were reviewed. Short‐term outcomes and risk factors for PAPOE were investigated using conditional multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results

Ascarid impaction prevalence in PAPOE cases was significantly higher than controls (p = 0.03). In a univariable analysis, the following variables were significantly associated with PAPOE (p ≤ 0.05): gastric reflux on admission, haemorrhage during surgery, intravenous crystalloid treatment prior to admission, fresh frozen plasma and hydroxyethyl starch administration during anaesthesia. On multivariable analysis, gastric reflux on admission (OR = 7.9, 95% CI 1.1, 57.2) and fresh frozen plasma treatment during anaesthesia (OR = 9.6, 95% CI 1.2, 79.1) were found as risk factors for PAPOE. There was no significant difference in outcome between cases and controls.

Main limitations

The low number of cases, the lack of gross and histological post‐mortem examinations of the horses that did not survive and the clinical definition of PAPOE.

Conclusions

Gastric reflux and fresh frozen plasma administration during general anaesthesia are associated with PAPOE.
Higher hospitalization and mortality rates among SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected persons in rural America
Authors: Anzalone Alfred Jerrod , Horswell Ronald , Hendricks Brian M. , Chu San , Hillegass William B. , Beasley William H. , Harper Jeremy R. , Kimble Wesley , Rosen Clifford J. , Miele Lucio , McClay James C. , Santangelo Susan L. , Hodder Sally L. ,   National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Consortium
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Rural communities are among the most underserved and resource‐scarce populations in the United States. However, there are limited data on COVID‐19 outcomes in rural America. This study aims to compare hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality among SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected persons stratified by residential rurality.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) assesses 1,033,229 patients from 44 US hospital systems diagnosed with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection between January 2020 and June 2021. Primary outcomes were hospitalization and all‐cause inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes were utilization of supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressor support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events or hospital readmission. The analytic approach estimates 90‐day survival in hospitalized patients and associations between rurality, hospitalization, and inpatient adverse events while controlling for major risk factors using Kaplan‐Meier survival estimates and mixed‐effects logistic regression.

Findings

Of 1,033,229 diagnosed COVID‐19 patients included, 186,882 required hospitalization. After adjusting for demographic differences and comorbidities, urban‐adjacent and nonurban‐adjacent rural dwellers with COVID‐19 were more likely to be hospitalized (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16‐1.21 and aOR 1.29, CI 1.24‐1.1.34) and to die or be transferred to hospice (aOR 1.36, CI 1.29‐1.43 and 1.37, CI 1.26‐1.50), respectively. All secondary outcomes were more likely among rural patients.

Conclusions

Hospitalization, inpatient mortality, and other adverse outcomes are higher among rural persons with COVID‐19, even after adjusting for demographic differences and comorbidities. Further research is needed to understand the factors that drive health disparities in rural populations.
Novel Word Learning With Verbal Definitions and Images: Tracking Consolidation With Behavioral and Event‐Related Potential Measures
Authors: Lei Daisy , Liu Yushuang , van Hell Janet G.
Published: June 2022

We examined the impact of images on novel word learning and consolidation, in a conceptual replication of Liu and Van Hell (2020). After participants had learned one set of novel words with definitions and images on Day 1 (remote words) and a different set on Day 2 (recent words), they judged the semantic relatedness of word pairs on Days 2 and 8 while event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Day 2 ERPs showed that remote, but not recent, novel words elicited a late positive component. By Day 8, both remote and recent novel words elicited a late positive component. We observed no N400 on either day. Comparing these learners (definition‐image group) with learners trained with definitions only (using data from Liu & Van Hell, 2020) revealed that the groups’ ERP patterns did not differ, but definition recall and relatedness judgment performances were higher for the definition‐image group than for the definition‐only group. Learning novel word meanings through definitions and images strengthened behavioral outcomes but did not affect ERP signatures of learning and consolidation.
Human milk‐sharing practices and infant‐feeding behaviours: A comparison of donors and recipients
Authors: Peregoy Jennifer A. , Pinheiro Giovana M. , Geraghty Sheela R. , Dickin Katherine L. , Rasmussen Kathleen M.
Published: June 2022

Human milk sharing (HMS) is growing in popularity as an infant‐feeding strategy in the United States. HMS families are a hidden population because HMS is a nonnormative and stigmatized behaviour. Thus, gaining access to HMS participants is challenging, and research on this topic remains limited. In particular, little is known about the broader infant‐feeding behaviours of HMS parents. This study aimed to describe and compare the infant‐feeding behaviours and HMS practices among a network of HMS donors and recipients. A detailed online survey was distributed to HMS parents in the Washington, DC region. Bivariate analyses were used to summarize the data by donor/recipient status when possible. Group differences were tested using analysis of variance for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables. Donors and recipients did not differ in their sociodemographic characteristics. Recipients were significantly more likely than donors to have experienced complications of labour and delivery, traumatic birth, postpartum depression or a negative breastfeeding experience. Donors and recipients did not differ significantly in their duration of lactation or HM‐feeding. Interestingly, 30% of recipients ever produced excess milk and 21% of donors ever had difficulty producing enough milk for their child. Compared with donors, recipients faced numerous maternal health challenges, but were still able to achieve a long duration of HM‐feeding. HMS recipients represent a vulnerable group who may benefit from additional psychosocial and lactation support to improve their health and breastfeeding outcomes. Additional research is needed to investigate the associations between HMS participation, infant‐feeding behaviours and lactation outcomes.
Presidential Strategies in Statements of Administration Policy
Authors: Ostrander Ian , Sievert Joel
Published: June 2022

Presidents routinely employ Statements of Administration Policy (SAPs) to inform Congress about the executive's thoughts and position on pending legislation. Such statements are used for a variety of purposes, including bill promotion, suggesting changes, issuing veto threats, and addressing perceived threats to traditional powers. While SAPs have been identified as an important vehicle for interbranch communication and a key source of insight into presidential preferences, many questions remain as to how presidents make use of SAPs' full range of potential. Using a novel data set of over 4,600 SAPs across multiple administrations, we explore the content of these interbranch communications to uncover how, when, and why presidents use such statements over time. Ultimately, we demonstrate the many ways that presidential use of SAPs is strategic based on political contexts.
Radial and Axial Displacement of the Initially-Tensioned Orthotropic Arterial Wall Under the Influence of Harmonics and Wave Reflection
Authors: Hao Zhili
Published: June 2022

This study examines radial and axial displacement of the arterial wall under the influence of harmonics and wave reflection for the role of axial wall displacement in pulsatile wave propagation. The arterial wall is modeled as an initially-tensioned thin-walled orthotropic tube. In conjunction with three pulsatile parameters in blood flow, a free wave propagation analysis is conducted on the governing equations of the arterial wall and no-slip conditions at the blood-wall interface to obtain the frequency equation and pulsatile parameter expressions under different harmonics. The influence of wave reflection is then added to pulsatile parameter expressions. With the harmonic values of measured pulsatile pressure and blood flow rate at the ascending aorta in the literature, the waveforms of radial wall displacement, axial wall displacement, and wall shear stress are calculated under different orthotropicity and axial initial tension. The developed theory and calculated results indicate that (1) difference in waveform between blood flow rate, wall shear stress, and axial wall displacement is caused by harmonics, rather than wave reflection; (2) Axial wall displacement does not affect blood flow rate, radial wall displacement, and wall shear stress; (3) Besides wall shear stress, radial wall displacement gradient also contributes to axial wall displacement and its contribution is adjusted by axial initial tension; (4) different wave reflections only noticeably affect the maximum and minimum values of wall shear stress; and (5) The amplitude and waveform of axial wall displacement are predominantly dictated by axial elasticity and axial initial tension, respectively.
Chemical vapor deposition of sp2-boron nitride on mechanically polished pyrolytic boron nitride substrates
Authors: Jean-Remy Philip M. , Cabral Matthew J. , Davis Robert F.
Published: June 2022

Nanocrystalline sp2-boron nitride (BN) thin films have been grown for 2 and 4.5 h on mechanically polished polycrystalline pyrolytic boron nitride substrates at 1060 °C via chemical vapor deposition using diborane (B2H6) and ammonia (NH3) as the B- and N sources, respectively. The use of an N/B gas phase ratio of 200 resulted in sp2-BN thin films having a stoichiometric surface chemistry, as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed the initial growth of ∼4 nm thick partially ordered [0001] sp2-BN layers regardless of the crystallographic orientation of the sets of layers in the substrate. A transition zone then formed within the deposited films that contained randomly oriented polycrystalline grains and that culminated in the formation of protrusions. Atomic force microscopy verified an increase in roughening of the surfaces of the films with an increase in growth time and the associated thickness.
Clinical Significance of BD Bactec FX Blood Culture Incubation Beyond 96 Hours (4 Days)
Authors: Ulrich Patrizia Sophia , Bastian Ingmar N. , Chen Derrick J.
Published: June 2022

Blood cultures (BC) for bacteria and yeast have traditionally been incubated for 5 days using modern instruments. Many organisms may grow sooner, and the need for the full 5-day incubation period has been questioned.
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RNase Activity and of the 3′ Untranslated Region Polyuridine Insertion in a Low-Virulence Classical Swine Fever Virus Triggers a Cytokine Storm and Lethal Disease
Authors: Wang Miaomiao , Bohórquez José Alejandro , Muñoz-González Sara , Gerber Markus , Alberch Mònica , Pérez-Simó Marta , Abad Xavier , Liniger Matthias , Ruggli Nicolas , Ganges Llilianne
Published: June 2022

CSF is one of the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine, with high economic and sanitary impact. Systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination has permitted regional virus eradication.
Supplemental Material: Extensive and ancient feldspathic crust detected across north Hellas rim, Mars: Possible implications for primary crust formation
Authors: Phillips Michael S. , al. et
Published: June 2022

Supplemental methods, Notes 1–5, Figures S1–S7, Tables S1 and S2, additional references, and Data Set S1. 
Supplemental Material: Geoheritage: Progress toward Preservation
Authors: Clary Renee , al. et
Published: June 2022

 Table S1. Geoheritage video and Story Maps, aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards Earth and Space Science Disciplinary Core Ideas, with suggested free resources from SERC Carlton Teach the Earth Collection.  
Autoimmune storm following alemtuzumab
Authors: Chan Chelsea , Beauchemin Philippe , Sayao Ana-Luiza , Carruthers Mollie
Published: June 2022

Alemtuzumab has been associated with the emergence of secondary autoimmune diseases. We report a case of a patient with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis who developed a refractory immune thrombocytopaenia associated with vasculitis, myelofibrosis and later Guillain-Barré syndrome following alemtuzumab. The medical community should be aware of unusual and unexpected adverse events that may be associated with alemtuzumab, especially when occurring simultaneously in the same patient.
Metastatic insidious super giant basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Ahmed Maryam , Muradashvili Tinatin , Soliman Sara , Ghaly Medhat
Published: June 2022

A middle-aged woman presented with a mechanical fall. Physical examination revealed a massive purulent ulcerated lesion spanning her entire back and axilla, which had reportedly been brewing for over a decade. Punch biopsy revealed infiltrative basal cell carcinoma. She was treated with Vismodegib, with a remarkable decrease in the size of the cancer. However, surveillance imaging after 6 months of treatment revealed new bone metastases. In the setting of progressive disease, medical therapy was switched to cemiplimab instead. Basal cell carcinoma is commonly known as a benign tumour of the skin, rarely larger than 5 cm. Here, we discuss the entity of metastatic super giant basal cell carcinoma; this case is one of the largest reported lesions. As locoregional therapy, such as surgery is sometimes not appropriate for such advanced lesions, we discuss the current forefront of therapy including oral hedgehog pathway and check point inhibitors.
Citizen beliefs concerning wood as a construction material under extreme weather events
Authors: Vehola Anni , Hurmekoski Elias , Lähtinen Katja , Ruokamo Enni , Roos Anders , Toivonen Ritva , Toppinen Anne
Published: June 2022

Climate change places great pressure on the construction sector to decrease its greenhouse gas emissions and to create solutions that perform well in changing weather conditions. Our study explores citizen perceptions on wood usage as a building material under expected mitigation and adaptation measures aimed at a changing climate and extreme weather events. The data are founded on an internet-based survey material collected from a consumer panel from Finland and Sweden during May–June 2021, with a total of 2015 responses. By employing exploratory factor analysis, we identified similar belief structures for the two countries, consisting of both positive and negative views on wood construction. In linear regression models for predicting these beliefs, the perceived seriousness of climate change was found to increase positive views on wood construction but was insignificant for negative views. Both in Finland and Sweden, higher familiarity with wooden multistory construction was found to connect with more positive views on the potential of wood in building, e.g., due to carbon storage and material properties. Our findings underline the potential of wood material use as one avenue of climate change adaptation in the built environment. Future research should study how citizens’ concerns for extreme weather events affect their future material preferences in their everyday living environments, also beyond the Nordic region.
Inhibitory relationships of resident bacteria isolated from the mantle fluids ofCrassostrea virginica
Authors: Braun Phyllis C. , Bongo Ryan D.
Published: June 2022

Thirteen aerobic, halotolerant marine bacterial strains were isolated from the mantle fluids and associated mucus of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica harvested from the highly impacted Black Rock Harbor in western Long Island Sound. All isolated strains were Gram negative and had previously been identified using 16S RNA gene sequence analysis. These 13 strains were examined for their ability to inhibit the growth of each other employing a diffusion agar method used by antibiotic assays. All challenger strains were able to inhibit at least one of the indicator isolates. Enhanced antimicrobial activity was observed from cultures of Pseudoalteromonas sp. (L), Shewanella sp. (H), Thalassospira sp. (JA), and Alteromonas sp. (JB) when used to challenge the indicator isolates. The indicator isolate most sensitive to antimicrobial activity was another Pseudoalteromonas species (KC) whose growth was inhibited by 10 of the challenger strains, whereas Pseudoalteromonas (L) was resistant to all growth challenges. Growth autoinhibition was observed with isolates Tenacibaculum ascidiaceicola (KC), Vibrio (B), and Shewanella (H) during a 24 h incubation. No antimicrobial growth inhibition was detected when 24 and 48 h cell-free extracts of these isolates were used to challenge indicator isolate growth.
Self-intersecting filling curves on surfaces
Authors: Parsad Shiv , Sanki Bidyut
Published: June 2022

Let [Formula: see text] be a closed and oriented surface of genus [Formula: see text]. A closed curve [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text] is said to fill [Formula: see text] (or simply be filling), if its complement in the surface is a disjoint union of topological discs. It is assumed that the curve [Formula: see text] is always in minimal position. To a filling curve, we associate a number [Formula: see text], the number of topological discs in its complement. For [Formula: see text], such a filling curve is called minimally intersecting. We prove that for every [Formula: see text] there exists a filling curve [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text] whose complement is a disjoint union of [Formula: see text] many topological discs. Furthermore, we provide an upper bound on the number of mapping class group orbits of closed curves which fills [Formula: see text] minimally.
Enhanced Structural and Dielectric Properties of Calcium and Chromium-Based M-Type Hexagonal Ferrites with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Polymer Composites
Authors: Zahid Muhammad , Khan Hasan M. , Zaheer Beenish , Imran Muhammad , Assiri Muhammad A. , Rehman Aziz Ur , Batool Zahida
Published: June 2022

[Formula: see text]-type hexagonal ferrites with compositions Ca[Formula: see text]CrxFe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] at ([Formula: see text], 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were successfully prepared by sol–gel auto combustion method and then immersed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by ultrasound-assisted in situ emulsion technique. The results indicate that the synthesized nanoparticles were diffused homogeneously in PVA retaining the size and shape of the particle. The single-phase [Formula: see text]-type hexagonal structure was revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with extra 101 peak of PVA at 2[Formula: see text]. The suitable signal-to-noise ratio in the high density recording media can be achieved due to the small particle size of the prepared composites as compared to pure hexaferrites. The interaction between PVA and nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the homogeneous distribution of grains, the crystallite size was measured from SEM (25–38[Formula: see text]nm), and it is also in agreement as calculated from the Scherer formula. Dielectric properties were also explored in the range of 1 MHz–3 GHz frequencies. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss were found to decrease with increasing frequency and decrease with the addition of ferrite ratio in the polymer matrix. This impact is because of the grain boundary at low frequency regime. The occurrence of resonance at high frequency regime recommends the investigated samples for multilayer chip inductor.
RDF: A Reconfigurable Dataflow Model of Computation
Authors: Fradet Pascal , Girault Alain , Krishnaswamy Ruby , Nicollin Xavier , Shafiei Arash
Published: June 2022

Dataflow Models of Computation (MoCs) are widely used in embedded systems, including multimedia processing, digital signal processing, telecommunications, and automatic control. In a dataflow MoC, an application is specified as a graph of actors connected by FIFO channels. One of the first and most popular dataflow MoCs, Synchronous Dataflow (SDF), provides static analyses to guarantee boundedness and liveness, which are key properties for embedded systems. However, SDF and most of its variants lack the capability to express the dynamism needed by modern streaming applications. In particular, the applications mentioned above have a strong need for reconfigurability to accommodate changes in the input data, the control objectives, or the environment.

We address this need by proposing a new MoC called Reconfigurable Dataflow (RDF). RDF extends SDF with transformation rules that specify how and when the topology and actors of the graph may be reconfigured. Starting from an initial RDF graph and a set of transformation rules, an arbitrary number of new RDF graphs can be generated at runtime. A key feature of RDF is that it can be statically analyzed to guarantee that all possible graphs generated at runtime will be consistent and live. We introduce the RDF MoC, describe its associated static analyses, and present its implementation and some experimental results.