bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biting the Bullet
Authors: Talvitie Vesa , Ihanus Juhani
Published: October 2005

The idea of unconscious fantasy plays a central role in psychoanalysis. In terms of cognitive orientation, however, the logic behind it is difficult to determine because psychoanalysis has not succeeded in establishing how and where such fantasies exist. This article introduces the reasons why psychoanalysts think in terms of unconscious fantasies: the very notion facilitates the interconnection of the analysand’s patterns of behavior and her/his emerging contents of consciousness. The authors put forward arguments in favor of an instrumentalist view of unconscious fantasies, and suggest that the talk about them abstracts the functioning of the brain. In the spirit of neuropsychoanalysis, a connection is also created between the phenomena found in clinical psychoanalytic practice and the findings of neuroscience and the empirical study of implicit knowledge.
Evilness as Intention
Authors: Bertelsen Preben
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this article is to examine on which psychological foundation we might be able to identify evil as an independent psychological phenomenon which requires its own non-clinical concept and diagnostics. An evil act, it is proposed, is something that a person does intentionally and can be held responsible for. A basic model of human activity is presented based on human connectedness to the world in general and on co-existence as a core of the human condition in particular. Genuine evilness is defined as intentional detachment from and destruction of human co-existence. This definition presupposes a level of self-organization where co-existence can be an intentional project in itself. Only beings that can have co-existence as an intentional project in itself can intentionally detach from it and act destructively towards it in a genuinely evil manner.
Meta-semiotics and Practical Epistemology
Authors: Williams Roy
Published: October 2005

This paper is a response to debates on Foucault’s articulations of power and regimes of truth, particularly in the recent work of Derek Hook. It is also a response to the specific issue of Latour’s ‘crisis of objectivity’. It deals with the issues of objectivity, subjectivity, subjects, discourses and communities of practice, and develops the concept of ‘metasemiotics’ to help explore and analyse some of the articulations of power and knowledge, particularly in modernism. This should help us to achieve the goals of Latour’s ‘political ecology’, or what we call a ‘practical epistemology’, which allows us to escape from being trapped in the reification of objectivity that characterized modernism, without rejecting the considerable advances that modernism has made.
Introduction: The Dual Evolution of Europeanization and Varieties of Governance
Authors: Leisink Peter , Hyman Richard
Published: October 2005

The concept of governance has exploded in popularity. While some criticize it for imprecision, others regard its diffuseness as well suited to analysis of the ambiguous institutions and processes of the European Union. In this introductory article, we review some of the underlying controversies and survey the articles which comprise this special issue of the European Journal of Industrial Relations. These offer some hints for the future direction of the European polity at a time when its very foundations seem precarious.
Wage Determination, Socio-Economic Regulation and the State
Authors: Koch Max
Published: October 2005

This article examines changes in socio-economic regulation and the role of the state in the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, Sweden and Germany, against the background of the theoretical debate on transition from Fordist to post-Fordist growth strategies. The first focus is on reforms in the labour market and the welfare state, and their effect on the political and social processes through which wage norms are generalized in a national economy. The second is on the changing role of the state as an institutional form. The article starts from some basic assumptions of the regulation approach and delineates the status of the concepts of wage relation and wage determination, on the one hand, and the state, on the other. It then considers the debate over modifications to these concepts in the transition from Fordist to post-Fordist growth strategies, drawing on the trajectories of the five countries.
The Soft Law of the Covenant: Making Governance Instrumental
Authors: Korver Ton , Oeij Peter R.A.
Published: October 2005

Covenants are agreements between the government and social partners to implement public policy. They are a form of soft law, guiding the regulation of self-regulation, and are specifically relevant in bridging the macro and meso levels of society. Covenants prove effective where actors share goals, and learn to advance policy-making by monitoring efforts, effects and possible risks, and by subsequently fine-tuning follow-up actions. Positive-sum outcomes often result. We describe successful examples of this method of cooperation in the realm of working conditions and employment, and claim that covenants can be helpful in facilitating collective-bargaining framework agreements. In terms of EU policies, covenants are an instance of so-called European Governance Arrangements, the political and institutional foundations of which are still to be developed.
Overview of the Software Design of the Community Climate System Model
Authors: Drake John B. , Jones Philip W. , Carr George R.
Published: October 2005

The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a computer model for simulating the Earth’s climate. The CCSM is built from four individual component models for the atmosphere, ocean, land surface, and sea ice. The notion of a physical/dynamical component of the climate system translates directly to the software component structure. Software design of the CCSM is focused on the goals of modularity, extensibility, and performance portability. These goals are met at both the component level and within the individual component models. Performance portability is the ability of a code to achieve good performance across a variety of computer architectures while maintaining a single source code. As a community model, the CCSM must run on a variety of machine architectures and must perform well on all these architectures for computationally intensive climate simulations.
A Scalable Implementation of a Finite-Volume Dynamical Core in the Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Mirin Arthur A. , Sawyer William B.
Published: October 2005

We present a distributed memory message passing parallel implementation of a finite-volume discretization of the primitive equations in the Community Atmosphere Model. Due to the data dependences resulting from the polar singularity of the latitude-longitude coordinate system, we employ two separate domain decompositions within the dynamical core: one in latitude/level space and the other in longitude/latitude space. This requires that the data be periodically redistributed between these two decompositions. In addition, the domains contain halo regions that cover the nearest-neighbor data dependences. A combination of several techniques, such as one-sided communication and multithreading, are presented to optimize data movements. The resulting algorithm is shown to scale to very large machine configurations, even for relatively coarse resolutions.
High-Resolution Mesh Convergence Properties and Parallel Efficiency of a Spectral Element Atmospheric Dynamical Core
Authors: Dennis John , Fournier Aimé , Spotz William F. , St-Cyr Amik , Taylor Mark A. , Thomas Stephen J. , Tufo Henry
Published: October 2005

We first demonstrate the parallel performance of the dynamical core of a spectral element atmospheric model. The model uses continuous Galerkin spectral elements to discretize the surface of the Earth, coupled with finite differences in the radial direction. Results are presented from two distributed memory, mesh interconnect supercomputers (ASCI Red and BlueGene/L), using a two-dimensional space filling curve domain decomposition. Better than 80% parallel efficiency is obtained for fixed grids on up to 8938 processors. These runs represent the largest processor counts ever achieved for a geophysical application. They show that the upcoming Red Storm and BlueGene/L super-computers are well suited for performing global atmospheric simulations with a 10 km average grid spacing. We then demonstrate the accuracy of the method by performing a full three-dimensional mesh refinement convergence study, using the primitive equations to model breaking Rossby waves on the polar vortex. Due to the excellent parallel performance, the model is run at several resolutions up to 36 km with 200 levels using only modest computing resources. Isosurfaces of scaled potential vorticity exhibit complex dynamical features, e.g. a primary potential vorticity tongue, and a secondary instability causing roll-up into a ring of five smaller subvortices. As the resolution is increased, these features are shown to converge while potential vorticity gradients steepen.
Load Balancing and Scalability of a Subgrid Orography Scheme in a Global Climate Model
Authors: Ghan Steven , Shippert Timothy
Published: October 2005

A subgrid orography scheme has been applied to the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model. The scheme applies all of the model column physics to each of up to 11 elevation classes within each grid cell. The distribution of the number of elevation classes in each grid cell is highly inhomogeneous. This could produce a serious load imbalance if the domain decomposition distributes grid cells evenly across processors. However, since the distribution of classes is static, static load balancing can be used to distribute the elevation classes uniformly across processors. The load balancing is accomplished first by distributing the number of classes evenly within each process. The number of chunks on processes is distributed uniformly across processes and the dynamics-physics transpose cost is minimized by assigning chunks to processes with the most dynamics grid cells from that chunk. Parallel efficiency with the subgrid scheme and load balancing exceeds parallel efficiency without the subgrid scheme for up to 128 processors. The load balancing across processes decreases run-time by 10-30% depending on configuration.
A Performance Model of the Parallel Ocean Program
Authors: Kerbyson Darren J. , Jones Philip W.
Published: October 2005

In this paper we describe a performance model of the Parallel Ocean Program (POP). In particular, the latest version of POP (v2.0) is considered, which has similarities and differences to the earlier version (v1.4.3) as commonly used in climate simulations. The performance model encapsulates an understanding of POP’s data decomposition, processing flow, and scaling characteristics. The model is parametrized in many of the main input parameters to POP as well as characteristics of a processing system such as network latency and bandwidth. The performance model has been validated to date on a medium-sized (128 processor) AlphaServer ES40 system with the QsNet-1 interconnection network, and also on a larger scale (2048 processor) Blue Gene/Light system. The accuracy of the performance model is high when using two standard benchmark configurations, one of which represents a realistic configuration similar to that used in Community Climate System Model coupled climate simulations. The performance model is also used to explore the performance of POP after possible optimizations to the code, and different task to processor assignment strategies, whose performance cannot be currently measured.
The Model Coupling Toolkit: A New Fortran90 Toolkit for Building Multiphysics Parallel Coupled Models
Authors: Larson Jay , Jacob Robert , Ong Everest
Published: October 2005

Many problems in science and engineering are best simulated as a set of mutually interacting models, resulting in a coupled or multiphysics model. These models present challenges stemming from their interdisciplinary nature and from their computational and algorithmic complexities. The computational complexity of individual models, combined with the popularity of the distributed-memory parallel programming model used on commodity micro-processor-based clusters, results in a parallel coupling problem when building a coupled model. We define and elucidate this problem and how it results in a set of requirements for software capable of simplifying the construction of parallel coupled models. We describe the package, the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT), which we have developed to meet these general requirements and the specific requirements of a parallel climate model. We present the MCT programming model with illustrative code examples. We present representative results that measure MCT’s scalability, performance portability, and a proxy for coupling overhead.
M × N Communication and Parallel Interpolation in Community Climate System Model Version 3 Using the Model Coupling Toolkit
Authors: Jacob Robert , Larson Jay , Ong Everest
Published: October 2005

The Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT) is a software library for constructing parallel coupled models from individual parallel models. MCT was created to address the challenges of creating a parallel coupler for the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). Each of the submodels that make up CCSM is a separate parallel application with its own domain decomposition, running on its own set of processors. This application contains multiple instances of the M × N problem, the problem of transferring data between two parallel programs running on disjoint sets of processors. CCSM also requires efficient data transfer to facilitate its interpolation algorithms. MCT was created as a generalized solution to handle these and other common functions in parallel coupled models. Here we describe MCT’s implementation of the data transfer infrastructure needed for a parallel coupled model. The performance of MCT scales satisfactorily as processors are added to the system. However, the types of decompositions used in the submodels can affect performance. MCT’s infrastructure provides a flexible and high-performing set of tools for enabling interoperability between parallel applications.
CPL6: The New Extensible, High Performance Parallel Coupler for the Community Climate System Model
Authors: Craig Anthony P. , Jacob Robert , Kauffman Brian , Bettge Tom , Larson Jay , Ong Everest , Ding Chris , He Yun
Published: October 2005

Coupled climate models are large, multiphysics applications designed to simulate the Earth’s climate and predict the response of the climate to any changes in the forcing or boundary conditions. The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a widely used state-of-the-art climate model that has released several versions to the climate community over the past ten years. Like many climate models, CCSM employs a coupler, a functional unit that coordinates the exchange of data between parts of the climate system such as the atmosphere and ocean. In this paper we describe the new coupler, cpl6, contained in the latest version of CCSM, CCSM3. Cpl6 introduces distributed-memory parallelism to the coupler, a class library for important coupler functions, and a standardized interface for component models. Cpl6 is implemented entirely in Fortran90 and uses the Model Coupling Toolkit as the base for most of its classes. Cpl6 gives improved performance over previous versions and scales well on multiple platforms.
Design and Implementation of Components in the Earth System Modeling Framework
Authors: Collins Nancy , Theurich Gerhard , DeLuca Cecelia , Suarez Max , Trayanov Atanas , Balaji V. , Li Peggy , Yang Weiyu , Hill Chris , da Silva Arlindo
Published: October 2005

The Earth System Modeling Framework is a component-based architecture for developing and assembling climate and related models. A virtual machine underlies the component-level constructs in ESMF, providing both a foundation for performance portability and mechanisms for resource allocation and component sequencing.
Between cosmopolitanism and the locals
Authors: Thomson Rachel , Taylor Rebecca
Published: October 2005

How useful is the distinction between cosmopolitans and locals in understanding the place of mobility and travel within contemporary youth transition? In this article we draw on a qualitative longitudinal study of young people in the UK, suggesting that localities have their own particular economy of mobility, operating at levels of the material, cultural and fantasy. In different localities young people are tied to the immediacy of physical and social space to differing degrees, and factors such as ethnicity, gender, sexuality and social class are significant in this. We illustrate and explore these themes through two longitudinal case histories in order to see how resources and agency are animated in practice. We conclude by arguing against the use of fixed typologies, suggesting that young people are torn between competing forces in relation to notions of home, tradition and fixedness on one hand and of mobility, escape and transformation on the other. The ways in which these tensions are negotiated at the biographical level are firmly embedded in gendered projects of self, through which young people work towards the kinds of men and women that they will be, drawing on family, community and cultural resources in the process.
Locality and gendered capital of working-class youth
Authors: Tolonen Tarja
Published: October 2005

This article is based on a study of social and spatial transitions of about 20-year-old young people in four different sites in Finland. The data consist of 61 interviews, and in this article four case studies are presented. I analyse young people’s social class and family background, as well as the cultural and social capitals (Bourdieu, 1986), which I assume to be mediated through gender and locality (Skeggs, 1998). Also I will inspect Coleman’s argument (1988) that social capital and cultural (i.e. human) capital are strongly connected with each other. The data agree with many previous studies and indicate that working-class young people tend to choose similar types of occupation as their parents, many are likely to stay in the local community in future, and social capital is very important while achieving cultural capital and education. However, there are great differences in the ways working-class youth make use of their cultural and social capitals, so we must analyse carefully the emotional, social, local and material conditions of young women and men in order to understand their gendered life histories and educational choices.
Relativism or Anti-Anti-Relativism? Epistemological and Rhetorical Moves in Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
Authors: Hönig Kathrin
Published: October 2005

Feminist approaches in epistemology and philosophy of science have frequently been labelled as ’relativist’, both by feminist as well as by non-feminist philosophers. Regularly the so labelled distance themselves from even the mere suspicion of relativist tendencies. There is a remarkable discrepancy between an attributed and a self-declared relativism. Taking the self-declared relativism of Lorraine Code as an example, the article argues that it is a case of a rhetorical not epistemological relativism, better termed as anti-anti-relativism, but that there are nevertheless good reasons for feminists to follow Code along that path.
The Rebirth of Civil Society
Authors: Sloat Amanda
Published: October 2005

This article examines the development, activities and effectiveness of women’s NGOs in 10 Central and Eastern European countries. It begins by examining the establishment of women’s organizations post-1989, identifying their structure, funding difficulties and the issues on which they focus. It also addresses the tension between the work of NGOs and the wider development of civil society. The article goes on to explore how negative perceptions of feminism have hindered efforts to develop a unified and coherent agenda among women’s NGOs. Finally, it analyses how public attitudes have affected relations between women’s organizations and women politicians as well as how competition and fragmentation have complicated relationships between NGOs.
Ricoeur and the Girls
Authors: Engdal Marte
Published: October 2005

Schoolgirls writing short stories have surrendered themselves to some rules of a game, which, according to Ricoeur and Gadamer, delimits a field where everything ’is played’, and thereby, ’shatters the seriousness’ of ’the self-presence of a subject’. This article proposes that this field has a serious side of its own that reveals something true about the everyday reality of being a girl. The proposed worlds in the girls’ short stories are places from which research on women’s lives should begin is a central argument, along with the contention that for the researcher to be able to take the seriousness of this playful writing into account, she also has to assume the position of a playful figure. The article suggests that the empirical data of schoolgirl writing invited the researcher to think Ricoeur and feminist epistemology together. Further, a suggestion is that the roles of reading given by the texts have consequences for a ’new’ process-oriented writing pedagogy and the teacher of writing as well.
Subjective Intersections in the Face of the Machine
Authors: Kennedy Helen
Published: October 2005

This article is a call to feminist science and technology studies (STS) to engage with debates about the intersectionality of gender with race and class in analyses of women’s relationships with their computers - these debates are well established in the broader field of gender studies, but comparatively absent from studies of gender and technology. Furthermore, in order to understand women’s many and varied technological relationships, it is necessary to explore the diverse ways in which individual women experience their gender, race and class in their relationships with their PCs. The article draws on the stories told by 14 working-class women from ethnic minority communities about the introduction of networked computers in their homes, to argue that we need to account for women’s subjective experiences of the identity intersections that take place in the face of the machine.
How to ‘Get Through’
Authors: Rolfsen Monica , Torvatn Hans
Published: October 2005

A challenge for all formative evaluators is how to communicate advice and ‘get through’ to the evaluand in order to bring about improvements. This case study of an evaluation of a Norwegian business development program analyses three different attempts at intervention by evaluators. Based on this, the article identifies four critical challenges in formative evaluation. First, stakeholders must clearly express their expectations when hiring evaluators. Second, the evaluator and the evaluand must represent different perspectives, thus together creating diversity as a basis for innovation. Third, diversity provides a challenge in terms of communication, and creates a need for a good form of communication. Fourth, we found that the best form of communication was to construct the arguments for change in terms of the functionality (does it work?) of the program. We called this functional argumentation, as opposed to normative argumentation.
Evaluating the Early Excellence Initiative
Authors: Owen Jenny , Cook Tina , Jones Elizabeth
Published: October 2005

This article focuses on an evaluation of the pilot implementation of the UK ‘Early Excellence’ programme, designed to improve Early Years services and achieve national impact. As with other ‘New Labour’ programmes, the evaluation approach was based on addressing the relationship between ‘context, process and outcome’; to facilitate this, nationally defined indicators were adopted through collaboration between a national evaluation team, local evaluators and local practitioners. This approach left considerable scope for interpretation and participation by local evaluators and practitioners, as they engaged in data collection and analysis. However, two major shifts later undermined the original scope: first, a shift from evaluation to performance management, and second, a shift from central practitioner participation to marginal practitioner involvement. In conclusion, we note the parallels and contrasts between this experience and others in UK public services, and propose some general learning points for similar evaluation initiatives.
A Case of Policy Evaluation Utilizing a Logical Framework
Authors: Sato Yuriko
Published: October 2005

This article presents a comprehensive theory-based evaluation of Japan’s Foreign Student Policy towards Thailand between the years of 1954 and 2001, utilizing a logical framework: the Policy Evaluation Matrix (PEM). Two logical frameworks were created, based on the policy objectives of Japan’s Foreign Student Policy, namely human resource development (the policy objective which is related to the development of recipient countries) and fostering pro-Japanese leaders (the policy objective which is related to national interest). The collected data are analysed on the two PEMs to measure the effectiveness, impact, efficiency and relevance of the policy. The attainment of the policy objective (i.e. effectiveness) is estimated to be 75 percent in terms of human resource development and 87.5 percent in terms of fostering pro-Japanese leaders. The result is plotted on a three-dimensional graph for ODA (Official Development Assistance) evaluation to show the relationship between inputs and impact on development and impact on national interest.
Crime, shame and reintegration in Russia
Authors: Botchkovar Ekaterina V. , Tittle Charles R.
Published: October 2005

We address individual-level hypotheses from Braithwaite’s shaming theory using Russian survey data. The results are mixed. Disintegrative shaming is associated with future misconduct, but being reintegratively shamed is also positively predictive of projected crime/deviance while participating in gossip is unrelated to future deviance. Interdependency does not seem to enhance the effects of shaming variables. In addition, guilt and fear of losing respect from others for potential misbehavior do not seem to be related to past shaming experiences nor do they mediate supposed relationships between past shaming experiences and misconduct. These results, in conjunction with the collective body of evidence already compiled, suggest that the theory may need further refinement.
Re-theorizing the penal reform functions of the prison film
Authors: Wilson David , O’Sullivan Sean
Published: October 2005

Previous literature on ‘the prison film’ has generally been sceptical as to the value of portrayals of prisons and prisoners in popular film. The prison film is said to contain little real information on penal conditions and to have contributed little or nothing to penal reform. The current article rejects this assessment and argues that the prison film can discharge several useful penal reform functions and that the importance of screen portrayals of prisons and prisoners has been understated.
Parsons’s Economic Sociology and its Extension to the Global Economy
Authors: Smelser Neil J.
Published: October 2005

This essay pursues three topics emanating from the economic sociology of Talcott Parsons. The first section summarizes the essentials of this sociology, tracing its development from his early works on capitalism through the publication of Economy and Society in 1956. Special attention is given to the transition from a focus on causal ‘factors’ to a focus on the economy and society as social systems. The second section summarizes and analyzes a chapter on class, markets and the economy, written in 1978-9, a short time before his death, and intended for a never-published book on the American societal community. Continuities and discontinuities between his earlier work and his final ideas on the subject are noted. In addition, a number of my own criticisms, also written in 1979, are elaborated. The third section identifies some threads of Parsonian theory - found both in his economic sociology and in his more general writings - that have relevance for the economics and politics of a globalized world. In particular, both the applicability and limitations of Parsons’s ideas on the dimension of solidarity in the international system are addressed.
Parsons’s Action-System Requisite Model and Weber’s Elective Affinity
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: October 2005

In this paper I closely examine Talcott Parsons’s notion of functional requisites as articulated in his action-system requisite model - the AGIL schema - which includes the application of the generalized symbolic media of interchange. My goal is to conceptually extend Parsons’s analysis of how the symbolic media dealt with three sociological factors of crucial significance to action theory in the Weberian tradition: historical analysis, communicative processes and social change. As a structural basis for symbolic representation, I propose, as an alternative to Parsons’s conceptualization, social carrier theory. In preliminary form, I demonstrate how, in tandem with Max Weber’s notion of elective affinity, social carrier theory can address more precisely than Parsons’s media theory the themes of historical analysis, communication and social change.
National Society in an Age of Globalization
Authors: Tominaga Ken’ichi
Published: October 2005

It is incorrect to view globalization as a disorganizing influence on national society. National society as an outcome of modern industrialism is a substructure of the nation state. Japan’s history proves Gellner’s thesis that the concept of nation was formed at the stage of industrialization. If we interpret Parsons’s concept of the societal community as emphasizing the increasing importance of the integrative function during the age of globalization, it would seems to suggest that, in agreement with MacIver, community is not disorganized by globalization. Although an East Asian Union, corresponding to the European Union, is not possible at the present stage, the importance of Japan’s dual relation with the West, on the one hand, and with the East, on the other, is on the increase.
Spider Silk – Providing New Insights in the Field of High Performance Materials
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. , Sakthivel J. C.
Published: October 2005

Despite being spun at ambient temperatures and pressures the excellent tensile and elongational properties of spider silk makes it very useful. A recent insight into the wonderful spinning process of the spider throws new light on the research on fibers. This article tries to overview the research in the last decade stressing on the interesting spinning and drawing techniques of the spider and some of its tensile and thermal properties, which makes the fiber unique. The recent characterizing techniques used to investigate spider silk have been discussed in depth and the future areas of research outlined.
Geometrical Modeling of the Yarn Paths in Three-dimensional Braided Structures
Authors: Rawal Amit , Potluri Prasad , Steele Colin
Published: October 2005

A circular braiding process is adapted to produce three-dimensional shapes by braiding over a contoured mandrel. The present work deals with the simulation of various braided structures. The simulated structures are based on geometrical models developed for yarns on different shapes of mandrels. The geometry of a braided structure depends upon the machine parameters, such as number of yarn carriers, rotational speed of the carriers, take-up speed, and the effective perimeter of the mandrel cross section. Virtual reality modeling language (VRML) has been employed as a visualization tool to simulate these geometrical models on a predefined mandrel geometry. Models relate to the machine speeds and a number of machine settings. The path of the yarn on the mandrel is dependent upon the shape of the mandrel, i.e., if it is circular then it will be in the form of a helix or if it is a cubical body then it will be in the form of straight lines. An expert system has been generated to take into account all the parameters interfacing with VRML to simulate the braid geometry. A comparison is also made between the experimental and simulated structures.
Research on the Adhesive Property of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Cord and Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) System
Authors: Jincheng Wang , Yuehui Chen , Zhaoqun Du
Published: October 2005

The adhesion between polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cord and nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) has been compared. The PET cord treated by hydrated silica-resorcinol-hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HRH) shows 300% T-test strength and 40% H-test strength adhesion to NBR higher than that of rescorcinolformaldehyde-latex (RFL) treated system. The adhesion mechanisms and models are analyzed and put up by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that the rubber of HRH system has deeper penetration into the cord compared with that of RFL treated system, which leads to different adhesion behaviors of the two systems.
A Systematic Approach for the Thermal Design Optimization of Building Envelopes
Authors: Al-Homoud Mohammad S.
Published: October 2005

Early design decisions can be significant in determining the thermal performance of buildings. However, necessary information to base such decisions is rarely available. Implementation of systematic approaches to the design process can help in providing such information with the least cost. This article presents the development and validation of an optimization model that utilizes a direct search optimization technique incorporated with an hourly building energy simulation program for the optimum thermal design of building envelopes. The implementation results of the model to the design of office and residential buildings at different climatic conditions are also presented.
Thermal and Hygric Parameters of Carbon-fiber-reinforced Cement Composites after Thermal and Mechanical Loading
Authors: Mnahoncakova Eva , Vejmelka Roman , Jirickova Milena , Cerny Robert , Rovnanikova Pavla , Bayer Patrik
Published: October 2005

The basic thermal and hygric parameters of two different types of carbon-fiber-reinforced cement composites are analyzed in this article. The thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, moisture diffusivity, and water vapor diffusion resistance factor are determined as functions of thermal load and tensile load applied before the measurement as well as of the combination of both types of load. The tensile load up to failure is found to be not a very significant factor for all material properties analyzed except for the moisture diffusivity. On the other hand, the thermal load is observed to result already at 600 C in considerable changes in all investigated thermal and hygric properties except for the specific heat capacity. The combinations of thermal and tensile loads lead to similar results as the effect of the thermal load alone so that the domination of the thermal load is apparent. This is supposed to be due to the positive effect of randomly distributed carbon fibers that can reduce the damage of the pore structure by the tensile stress. The resistance of the materials studied to high temperatures expressed by the change of hygric and thermal properties after thermal load is found to be positively affected by the application of the high alumina cement and in the case of the Portland cement-based composite also by using the autoclaving procedure in the production process.
Field Performance of Unvented Cathedralized (UC) Attics in the USA
Authors: Rudd Armin
Published: October 2005

This article reports on field experience of unvented cathedralized (UC) attics in several environments in the United States. Traditionally, in some regions of the country, because of high water tables or the risk of flash flooding and lower cost, slab on grade construction is a preferred mode of construction. Mechanical equipment for air conditioning and distribution ducts are usually located in the attic spaces to conserve space. Conventional construction involves providing insulation on the floor of the attic and venting the attic space to the outside. The loss in efficiency in operation of the equipment and through duct leakage is no longer sustainable. Insulating the attic roof itself and blocking of ventilation to the outside transfers the air and thermal energy controls from the boundary with the living space to the plane of the roof. The air distribution systems now fall within conditioned space, which increases their efficiency, durability, and maintainability.

While design criteria vary for different climatic regions, UC attics can be insulated in various ways and by using different vapor diffusion resistance strategies of the roof assemblies depending on the climate. The field data presented in this article include measured temperature of asphalt shingles, and thermal and moisture conditions of attic spaces and roof sheathing, as well as air leakage rates. This is of interest for determining probable roofing durability. A more complete understanding of the hygrothermal performance of the assemblies was gained through these measurements.
A Treasured Legacy (II): Hebrew Manuscripts at Cambridge University Library
Authors: Kohn Roger S.
Published: October 2005

This is the second part of a study of Hebrew manuscripts deposited in the libraries of Cambridge and Oxford Universities. The first part, focusing on the collection in the Bodleian, was published in Volume 20, July 2004 (pp. 95–116) of this journal. The collection of about one thousand Hebrew manuscripts at the Cambridge University Library is one of three most important collections in the United Kingdom, alongside those of those of the Bodleian Library, Oxford and the British Library. The manuscripts arrived at the Cambridge University Library first with the acquisition of collections of Christian Hebraists, but chiefly through an effort to acquire Hebrew manuscripts in the nineteenth century. With the publication of 'Hebrew manuscripts at Cambridge University Library: a description and introduction', by Stefan C. Reif (1997), we have for the first time access to the entire collection of Hebrew manuscripts preserved at the Library and we can fully appreciate how the present catalogue is not only a description and introduction to the collection of Hebrew manuscripts, but also how it can serve as model for other cataloguers to emulate.
Public Libraries and the Working Classes
Authors: Pateman John
Published: October 2005

This article highlights evidence regarding the use of public libraries by the working classes from the mid-nineteenth century until the Second World War. Although public libraries were used extensively by some sections of the working class, most notably autodidacts, use by working-class people was never a mass activity. The article was prompted by presentations made the conference on 'Libraries and the working classes since the eighteenth century', held at the School of Information Management, Leeds Metropolitan University, 16–17 June 2004, especially the keynote address of Jonathan Rose, author of The intellectual life of the British working classes, published in 2002. In his book Rose makes a number of references to working class use of public libraries; and this article draws attention to a selection of these.
Classification in British Public Libraries: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Bowman J. H.
Published: October 2005

The Dewey Decimal Classification has become almost universal in British public libraries. In the 1890s, however, most public libraries were arranged using a system of main classes. Gradually this system gave way to more systematic classification schemes, such as Quinn-Brown, Brown's Adjustable, and others. This article examines the spread of these schemes, including the longest lived of the rivals to Dewey, Brown's Subject Classification, which survived into the late 1960s and is still in use in a few local studies collections.
Back-reacted saponite in Jurassic mudstones and limestones intruded by a Tertiary sill, Isle of Skye
Authors: Kemp S. J. , Rochelle C. A. , Merriman R. J.
Published: October 2005

The Lòn Ostatoin stream section, Trotternish Peninsula, Isle of Skye, exposes a sequence of Middle Jurassic mudstones and limestones which have been locally metasomatized by a transgressive sill of Tertiary age. Limestones in the sequence, including some previously reported as bentonite, have been altered to an unusual assemblage of grossular garnet and saponite clay. The mudstones also contain large proportions of saponite together with pyroxene and zeolites. Saponite also occurs within the basalt intrusion. Grossular and pyroxene represent artifacts of relatively high-temperature assemblages that formed during an early phase of alteration. As the intrusion and adjacent altered country rocks cooled, lower-temperature fluids flowed through a late set of contraction (micro)fractures. Back-reacted saponite, analcime and clinoptilolite were formed, possibly as alteration products of the unstable higher-temperature minerals. The lower-temperature mineral assemblage eventually sealed the late fracture system.

This paper highlights an important concept for the study of analogue sites used to investigate thermal effects on engineered liners or barrier host rocks for the landfill and radioactive-waste industries. This is that the original thermally altered mineral assemblage may be overprinted by later, lower-temperature back-reactions. A detailed understanding of both processes is necessary in order to construct a sensible model for the thermal and mineralogical evolution of the site.
Intercalated Cu(II) benzimidazole complexes in the interlayer space of montmorillonite
Authors: Luptáková V. , Plesch G.
Published: October 2005

The results of EPR, UV-VIS and IR spectral studies show that benzimidazole forms various complexes with Cu(II) exchanged in the interlayer space of montmorillonite, depending on the acidity of the reaction medium during synthesis. In a nearly neutral solution a bis(benzimidazole)bis(aqua) Cu(II) cationic complex is formed. In a strongly basic solution, benzimidazole is bound to Cu(II) in the form of an anionic bifunctional ligand and a planar intercalated bis(benzimidazolate) Cu(II) complex is formed, where the benzimidazolate anion acts as a bridging ligand in the polymeric complex. The treatment in basic solution leads to partial illitization of the smectite. In a strongly acid solution, a nearly stoichiometric ionic exchange of benzimidazolium ion for Cu(II) ions takes place in the interlayer space of montmorillonite.
Sulphur reduction additive prepared from caustic-modified kaolin
Authors: Sun Shu-Hong , Zheng Shu-Qin , Wang Zhi-Feng , Zhang Yan-Hui , Ma Jian-Tai
Published: October 2005

The performance of a fluidized cracking catalyst additive prepared from caustic-modified kaolin microspheres for gasoline S reduction was investigated using N2 adsorption, infrared acid-site characterization, X-ray diffraction and small-scale fluid bed reactor tests. The additive exhibited improved coke selectivity and yield distribution, and the S content of cracked gasoline was reduced significantly. The results indicated that a reactive mesoporous structure was formed in the modified kaolin.
Suzhou kaolin as a FCC catalyst
Authors: Zheng Shu-Qin , Sun Shu-Hong , Wang Zhi-Feng , Gao Xiong-Hou , Xu Xian-Lun
Published: October 2005

The chemical and mineralogical compositions, the pore-diameter distribution, and the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy of kaolin from Suzhou, China, and the physicochemical and catalytic properties of a catalyst prepared from that kaolin, are presented in this paper. Crystallized microspheres (CMR) containing ~30% NaY zeolite can be prepared from the Suzhou kaolin. The catalyst produced performs better than a standard commercial catalyst in terms of activity, attrition resistance, resistance to passivation by Ni and V and better gasoline and coke selectivity.
Origin of mixed-layered (R1) muscovite-chlorite in an anchizonal slate from Puncoviscana Formation (Salta Province, Argentina)
Authors: Do Campo M. , Nieto F.
Published: October 2005

Mica-chlorite mixed-layering was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as a major or subordinate constituent in several slates of the Puncoviscana Formation from Sierra de Mojotoro (Eastern Cordillera, NW Argentina). In order to determine the crystallochemical characteristics of these mixed-layered sequences and interpret their petrological meaning, anchizonal slate P90 was chosen for TEM observations. In this slate, dioctahedral mica and chlorite form interleaved phyllosilicate grains (IPG) or stacks, up to 110 um long, preferentially oriented with (001) planes at a high angle to the slaty cleavage but also oblique to S0.

In agreement with XRD results, the main phyllosilicates identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were dioctahedral mica and random mixed-layer muscovite-chlorite, with chlorite in subordinate amounts and scarce smectite. In the lattice-fringe images of mixed-layer packets, a sequence of irregular stacking that produced apparent 24 Å (10 + 14) layers was observed, but it was frequently possible to distinguish the 10 Å layers from adjacent 14 Å layers. In nearly all packets, 14 Å layers prevail, exhibiting 14 Å:10 Å ratios between 1:1 and 3:1. Some elongated lenticular fissures which are probably a consequence of layer collapse caused by the TEM vacuum were identified in these packets. The straight, continuous appearance of lattice fringes plus the scarce evidence of collapsed layers identified suggest that these packets correspond principally to mixed-layer muscovite-chlorite, which is confirmed by analytical electron microscopy analyses. However, smectite-like layers are probably the third component of some of these mixed-layer sequences, which may account for their high Si and low (Fe + Mg) contents, their low interlayer charge in relation to theoretical interlayer muscovite-chlorite, and for the presence of Ca in the interlayer site.

Textural relationships between chlorite and muscovite packets in IPG along with the observed transformations from 14 Å to 10 Å along the layer, is compatible with a prograde metamorphic replacement of chlorite in stacks by dioctahedral mica layers, probably in the presence of an aqueous fluid.
Geology and properties of the Kawasaki and Dobuyama bentonite deposits of Zao region in northeastern Japan
Authors: Takagi T. , Koh S. M. , Song M. S. , Itoh M. , Mogi K.
Published: October 2005

The Kawasaki and Dobuyama bentonite deposits in northeastern Japan show contrasting properties even though they are only 5 km apart in a sequence of Neogene sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks. The Kawasaki deposit consists of stratiform bentonite layers up to >50 m thick, and its wall rocks are unaltered shallow marine sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the Dobuyama deposit consists of a funnel-shaped ore body 200 m across, and its wall rocks are hydrothermally altered terrestrial rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks. The Kawasaki and Dobuyama bentonites mainly consist of Na-Ca smectite and Ca smectite, respectively, with subordinate opal-CT, quartz and zeolite. The geological occurrences of the deposits and wall-rock properties suggest that the Kawasaki and Dobuyama deposits were probably formed by diagenesis and low-temperature hydrothermal alteration, respectively. The difference in exchangeable cation ratios of the smectite between the two deposits is attributable to the difference in their sedimentary environments and/or burial depth.