bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Dares to Wear Trousers? Adoption of a New Fashion by Finnish Women 1920–1980
Authors: Turunen Arja
Published: December 2020

Trousers have traditionally been men’s clothing that women have not been allowed to wear. In this article, I study the history of women’s wearing of trousers in the twentieth-century Finnish context by analysing women’s own memories and experiences of the trouser trend. My research material consists of written reminiscences, which I use, first, to reconstruct the social and cultural factors that framed women’s choices. Second, I approach their personal preferences and choices by analysing their narrative identities in the context of dress. My analysis shows that the cultural norms, conventions and expectations about a proper dress were crucial for adopting a new fashion trend. The most important factor in the choice of apparel was, however, the sensual, embodied experiences of wearing clothes. 
A magyar tudományos közlések nyelvének alakulása orvosi folyóiratainkban – Markusovszky Lajos
Authors: Bősze Péter
Published: December 2020

Hungarian language medical journals were published only since the 19th century. The first one among them was the Medical Magazine founded and edited by Pál Bugát and Ferenc Schedel Toldy in 1831. Unfortunately, it ceased to exist after the freedom fight 1848-49. One decade after the bloody defeating of the freedom fight founded Lajos Markusovszky the Orvosi Hetilap 1857 that was issued without a break to our days. This is the world’s seventh oldest medical journal a proud part of the Hungarian Heritage as well. Specialists published first in the supplements of the journal and the Gyógyászat founded by Imre Poór separated first from the original paper. At the end of the century, there were published already specific journals of many specialities. These journals mirrored exactly the development of Hungarian medical language. The Orvosi Tár revealed obviously all difficulties of creating new medical terms. However, the Orvosi Hetilap used already exact Hungarian definitions. It is almost unbelievable how precisely the authors wrote their articles. Only since the second half of the 20th century were emerging terms of foreign origin, initially Greco-Latin and later on the rapidly spreading English.
Qu’est-ce que la lexicographie parasite ? Typologie d’une pratique qui influence la représentation du français québécois
Authors: Vincent Nadine
Published: December 2020

Au cours des dernières années, certaines productions hexagonales (guide de conjugaison, roman, film) ont voulu tenir compte du français québécois ou ont tenté de reproduire cette variété de français. Ces aventures n’ont pas toujours été heureuses, et pourtant elles s’étaient basées sur des dictionnaires produits au Québec. En analysant en parallèle les critiques reçues au Québec par ces productions françaises et par les dictionnaires qui leur ont servi de source, nous établissons dans cet article une typologie de cette branche de la lexicographie profane que nous nommons la lexicographie parasite.
Evolution of approaches to the concept of monetary transmission mechanism
Authors: Grebenkina Alina M.
Published: December 2020

Importance. The article examines evolution of the concept of the monetary transmission mechanism in a broad and narrow sense in a view of economic thought development and of empirical and econometric analysis improvement.Objectives. The article aims to provide an overview of historical and modern approach to the definition and analysis of monetary transmission mechanism and its channels.Methods. To achieve the goal, the article uses descriptive method of analysis, aggregation of historical and modern concepts of monetary transmission mechanism and its formal systematization.Conclusions. The article shows that modern approach to the analysis of the monetary transmission mechanism has pronounced functional grounds and allows to apply a wide range of research methods. At the same time, the process of channels particularization and emerging role of global, supranational channels may lead to extension of the monetary transmission mechanism concept in general.
Venedik’te Bir Denizci:Rodoslu Michael ve Eseri
Authors: ÖZBEY Muhammet Talha
Published: December 2020

Rodoslu Michael 15. yüzyılda yaşamış bir denizciydi. Michael, Venedik’in Akdeniz’de üstünlüğü ele aldığı ve bu denizde doğudan batıya gemi dolaştırdığı bir dönemde Venedik donanmasında çeşitli görevlerde hizmet etti. Uzun süren deniz görevi ve edindiği tecrübeler Michael’ın muazzam bir bilgi birikimine sahip olmasının yolunu açtı. Bu birikimini yazıya döktü. Böylelikle ortaya dönemin denizciliği hakkında oldukça tafsilatlı ve değerli bir eser çıktı. Michael’ın eseri seyir, astronomi, matematik ve gemi inşası gibi çok çeşitli alanlarda bilgiler ihtiva etmektedir. İçerikte yüzeysel anlatımdan ziyade fiili tatbiki mümkün mühendislik ilmine uygun bilgiler mevcuttur. Eserin önemi bu döneme kadar yazılan ve ilham alınan başlıca risalelerden biri olmasıdır.
Forestry divisions of Primorskaya Oblast in the pre-soviet period
Authors:   Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, Manko Yu.I. , Gladkova G.A. ,   Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS
Published: December 2020

The history of the creation of forestry divisions in Primorskaya Oblast is shown. The dates of its formation are established with high accuracy. An attempt was made to restore the names of the heads of forestry divisions (foresters), who managed not only of forest lands, but all state property of the region. The paper concisely reflects the legislative framework of forestry activities.
THE ROLE OF COLORISTIC IN THE CONFLICT STUDIES
Authors: Liudmyla Kovtun Liudmyla Kovtun
Published: December 2020

The current situation in Ukraine is quite difficult: the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict has been going on for seven years, systemic shifts and changes are taking place in society, cardinal reassessment of values and production of qualitatively new socio-cultural paradigms are taking place. In these conditions, various conflicts intensify: interpersonal, intergroup, interparty, and so on. The Ukrainian military, which took part in the Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO) and the Joint Forces Operation (JFO), needs quality treatment, restoration of lost functions, social, physical and psychological rehabilitation and return to full life.
The paper is concerned with the study of peculiarities of colors choice by veterans of the Anti-Terrorist Operation and the Joint Forces Operation. It is proved that a person's perception of different colors depends on the emotional state, as well as attachment to one some colors, indifference to the second colors and the rejection of the third colors. The study allows us to conclude that color is a basic component and attribute of the culture of any community. Colors are associated with an extremely diverse system of associations, images, meanings, meanings, symbols, which are carriers of information about traditions, mentality, ethnic picture of the world, national character, national image of the world of different peoples. The study identified the important role of color in the study of conflict of both individual and collective actors. Our proposed scheme for the formation of the diagnostic function of colors: reflection – state – categorization – representation – knowledge – attitude – use, allows us to determine the role of color in the study of the conflictity of different subjects.
The research with the use of M. Luscher's color test in which individual and collective laws of conflict of various spheres of life in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian interstate armed conflict were revealed is analyzed. M. Luscher's color test is a unique "early warning system" for conflicts and stressful situations at an early stage of their deployment. This test also provides additional information for psychotherapeutic work with patients, allowing to identify the compensatory capabilities of the subjects. The conflictizational dimension of the M. Luscher test is extremely important for the psychological rehabilitation of ATO and OOS veterans, as it can detect pre-conflict, conflict and postconflict states of subjects.
UKRAINIAN YOUTH AND CIVIL SOCIETY UNDER CONDITIONS OF MODERN CHALLENGES
Authors: Boiko Svitlana
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the outline and research of several topical critical questions related to the study of the role of the Ukrainian youth in the development of civil society in terms of the undeclared Russian-Ukrainian war and global crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the influence of the civilization borderland factor on the mentality and behavior of borderland residents. The article focuses on the fact that the concurrently multidirectional influences, such as geopolitical, cultural, religious and others, make the borderland a zone of attraction and rejection, as well as the space for large-scale manipulations. The formation of civil society in the borderland area has its own specifics, yet scantily explored in the academic research. Special attention is paid to the increase of the civil society’s significance in various spheres from the promotion of reforms at the state level to the voluntary assistance provided to the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the “Joint Forces Operation”, internally displaced persons, and other segments of the population. To successfully solve the problem of building the Ukrainian civil society, it is necessary to fundamentally comprehend the youth’s participation in the solution of various problems of modern Ukraine. Thus, it is important that young citizens be ready for active cooperation with the state and public organizations. The research emphasizes one of the popular ways to transform young people into active citizens of Ukraine, which consists in their encouragement to participate in the process of building civil society at all levels of the educational process in the educational establishments of our state, Ukrainian weekend schools abroad; involvement in the work of the Young Scholars’ Council and various public organizations. This all caused the need to search for fundamentally new approaches to preparing youth for an active life in the Ukrainian society. The author of the article has elucidated the work experience of the scholars of the Research Institute of Ukrainian Studies regarding the effective forms and methods of increasing young people’s activity through the prism of academic, cultural, and educational work.
Las almanaqueras dieciochescas españolas y la reivindicación de la mujer escritora
Authors: Gimeno Puyol María Dolores
Published: December 2020

Al hilo del debate de los sexos en el siglo XVIII, las mujeres trataron de incorporarse a la República de las Letras, dominada por los hombres. Géneros menores con éxito como los almanaques ofrecieron esa posibilidad, según revelan tres autoras conocidas en el ámbito español: Manuela Sánchez de Oreja, "la Gran Piscatora Aureliense"; Francisca de Osorio, "la Musaraña del Pindo"; y Teresa González, "la Pensadora del Cielo", que publicaron en las décadas de los 40, 50 y 60, respectivamente. Las tres aprovecharon los paratextos antepuestos a los pronósticos astrológicos (dedicatorias, prólogos, ficciones literarias) para defender su igual capacidad y para exhibir su preparación, obtenida con esfuerzo, y de ahí, para reivindicar su derecho a ser escritoras a pesar de los recelos masculinos. Su breve producción ejemplifica la existencia de un sujeto literario femenino y los intentos de reformular las funciones sociales tradicionales ya a mediados de siglo.
Immune related prognosis biomarkers for outcomes of joint preservation surgery in children with ischemic deformity of the proximal femur (preliminary results)
Authors:   Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kurgan, Russian Federation, Teplenky M.P. , Chepeleva M.V. ,   Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kurgan, Russian Federation, Kuznetsova E.I. ,   Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kurgan, Russian Federation
Published: December 2020

Objective Assess the immune status of children with ischemic deformity of the proximal femur taking into account the treatment outcome. Material and methods Preoperative assessment of the immune status was performed for 16 adolescents with ischemic deformity of the proximal femur. Patients' age was 14.4 ± 0.45 years. Immunological parameters of 12 adolescents with satisfactory (group I) and 4 patients with poor (group II) anatomical and functional outcome of surgical treatment were compared. Peripheral blood lymphocyte typing was produced with laser cytometry assay, and IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE, IL-18, IFNγ and circulating immune complexes were quantified with enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results Сomparative analysis of preoperative immunological parameters showed statistically significant decline of Т-helper cells (СD3+СD4+), high levels of activated СD3+CD25 and СD3+HLADR T lymphocytes, low levels of activated NК cells (СD8dimCD38+) and IFNγ in group II. Humoral immune parameters indicated to low levels of IgA, IgM, IgG and higher levels of circulating immune complexes in group II relative to group I. Conclusion Preliminary data obtained suggest that cellular and humoral immune deficiency can be associated with unfavorable outcome of joint preservation procedure. Such immunological parameters as T lymphocytes subpopulation, immunoglobulins, circulating immune complexes and IFNγ can be used as significant prognostic factors for preoperative planning and postoperative rehabilitation of adolescents with ischemic deformity of the proximal femur.
Regional anesthetic techniques for hip surgery in children with cerebral palsy
Authors:   Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kurgan, Russian Federation, Evreinov V.V. , Zhirova T.A. ,   V.D. Chaklin Ural Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Published: December 2020

Patients with cerebral palsy (CP) experience pain through the lifespan. The hip joint is the main source of nociceptive input. Use of nonopioid adjuvant medication and regional anesthesia for hip surgeries can be an integral part of a perioperative strategy to decrease opioid use. Regional anesthesia can be delivered efficiently and safely for pediatric orthopedic patients. Objective To compare different regional anesthetic techniques used for multi-level lower limb orthopedic surgeries in children with moderate and severe CP. Material and methods A prospective randomized comparative clinical trial enrolled 101 CP patients who underwent unilateral multi-level lower limb surgery for spastic hip displacement or subluxation. According to a type of anesthesia used, patients were allocated into 3 groups: patients receiving prolonged epidural analgesia (PEA) and fentanyl for sedation (PEAF, n = 32); patients receiving PEA and benzodiazepine for sedation (PEAB, n = 37), and patients receiving a continuous femoral plus single-shot sciatic nerve block and benzodiazepines for sedation (FSNBB, n = 32). Hemodynamic findings, pain intensity, a need for opioids and additives (NSAIDs), the level of sedation and complication rate were evaluated. Results The use of NSAIDs (paracetamol) was significantly higher in PEAB and FSNBB groups as compared to PEAF patients with fentanyl administered, and there were no statistically significant differences in the level of pain recorded with the r-FLACC score among the study groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the level of sedation and agitation measured with the Ramsay Sedation Scale and Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) among the groups at early postoperative period. Apnoea as a complication was observed in a PEAF patient. Conclusion A continuous femoral plus single-shot sciatic nerve block and PEA added with NSAIDs (paracetamol) and benzodiazepines for sedation have shown the comparative effectiveness and safety for a perioperative analgesia of CP patients undergoing multi-level lower limb surgeries as compared to the use of PEA and fentanyl for sedation.
Surgical repair of humerus fracture in a patient with central pontine myelinolysis
Authors:   Clinical hospital № 1 of the Department of Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, Mironov A.V. , Ozden U.A. ,   Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: December 2020

Introduction Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a rare neurologic disorder involving severe damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons. Clinical features usually include tetraparesis, pseudobulbar palsy and altered mental status. Objective To review a case of humerus fracture in a female with CPM. Material and methods A 65-year-old patient with CPM sustained humerus fracture that was first treated conservatively. With two neurological examinations and a clinical case conference the humerus fracture of the high-risk patient was nailed. Results No neurological deterioration was observed postoperatively. A satisfactory bone alignment was noted radiologically. The patient was discharged from the hospital with a satisfactory outcome. Discussion The favorable outcome suggests that patients with CPM can benefit from surgical treatment. Conclusion CPM cannot be considered an absolute contraindication for surgical treatment, however, further study is required.
Multilevel lumbar spondylolysis: case report and literature review
Authors:   Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russian Federation, Skryabin E.G. , Akselrov M.A. ,   Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russian Federation, Lebedev I.A. ,   Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russian Federation
Published: December 2020

Introduction Diagnosis and treatment of vertebrogenic pain syndrome caused by multilevel lumbar spondylolysis is crucial for patients of different age groups. Objective To report a clinical case of diagnosis and treatment of a two-level lumbar spondylolysis in a 16-year-old male patient, and review the relevant literature. Material and methods We had an experience of treatment and follow-up of a 16-year-old athlete who presented with low back pain and was diagnosed with spondylolysis of the pars interarticularis at the L3 and L5 levels. Diagnostic workup included patient history, physical examination, diagnostic imaging (plain radiograph, computed tomography). Scientific publications from modern medical databases were used for literature review. A total of 32 relevant articles brought out between 1975 and 2019 were reviewed. Results The 16-year-old athlete was diagnosed with multilevel spondylolysis of lumbar spine based on patient history, physical examination data and diagnostic imaging of lumbar spine. No pathognomonic clinical findings were revealed. The diagnosis was confirmed with computed tomography. Conservative treatment was initiated for the patient and a long-termfollow- up was available. Literature review included epidemiologic data characterizing multilevel lumbar spondylolysis: the indicence, patients' gender and age. Major etiological factors, common localization of the pathology, the incidence of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, treatment strategy including surgical procedures are described. Discussion There is a small number of scientific publications describing different aspects of multilevel spondylolysis of the lumbar spine in the current medical literature. The diagnosis is often delayed for the reason. The natural history of pain in adolescent athletes sustaining the load placed on them in both training and competition can be helpful for timely diagnosis. Conclusion The implications of this clinical case report can be practical for accentuation of multilevel spondylolysis of the lumbar spine among Russian specialists, contribute to medical knowledge and extend to both early diagnosis and efficient management.
Experiencia y jurisprudencia de la coerción estatal (artículo 155 CE)
Authors: Cruz Villalón Pedro
Published: December 2020

La activación de la «coerción estatal» (art. 155 CE) por primera vez en cuatro décadas de vigencia de la Constitución de 1978 ha tenido el doble efecto de generar una «experiencia constitucional» y, en la estela de esta, una jurisprudencia constitucional con alcance de conformación del instituto. La suma de esa experiencia y de esa jurisprudencia permite hoy un primer balance, no ya puramente abstracto, de las posibilidades y límites de esta pieza básica a la vez del derecho de excepción y de la estructura territorial del Estado.
Coronavirus Pandemic in Morocco: Measuring the Impact of Containment and Improving the Learning Process in Higher Education
Authors:   Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Larache, Morocco, Hibbi Fatima-Zohra , Abdoun Otman , Khatir Haimoudi El
Published: December 2020

The higher education in Morocco knows a real challenge due to the consequences of covid19. This challenge was effect by the transformation of the teaching mode from face to face (learning at school) into a distance learning (home based learning). This paper reports comparative studies of technologies that used in Moroccan Higher education and the constraints encountered the E-learning mode. The objective of this article is to describe how to success the higher education in this period of confinement via a case study and recommend a proposed solution. The experiments and results that presented in this article are based on data which collected from a private professional training institution and the collaboration of the learners in the field of study.
Online Teaching Challenges during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:   Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt, Hassan Mohamed
Published: December 2020

A serious situation the world has faced, a virus is spreading very fast almost in every country leaving millions infected and hundreds of thousands dead. The whole aspects of life have been affected, health, economy, travel, manufacturing, trade and education is no exception. Universities cancelled face-to-face study, canceled study-abroad programs, forced students to leave dorms and in some cases students in off-campus housing, too, were asked to vacate and moved to online teaching. Meanwhile, Scheduled conferences have been cancelled, and almost every sports event or even practice have also been put on hold. The coronavirus pandemic has upended the world’s education system, as most schools in almost every country have closed their doors for extended periods to combat the spread of the virus. Millions of students across 209 countries infected by the COVID-19 virus have been affected by school closures and health officials were predicting the crisis would last for months. The uncertainty caused by the pandemic seems to discourage not only the parents but also the educators as well from being hopeful that the quality of the education process will be guaranteed. This paper provides a view point and a review for the challenges faced by the students, educators, and schools during the Coronavirus pandemic in order to have better understanding for the online education challenges for better planning and management of the education process.
The Impact of Social Environment on the Sexual Self-Regulation of University Students in Uganda
Authors: Muwaga Musa , Nashori Fuad , Sholeh Achmad
Published: December 2020

Most societies consider sexual self-regulation to represent a general temptation control mechanism, postponing gratification. This study aims to determine the social environment's impact on university students' sexual self-regulation in Uganda. The data were obtained using convenience technique sampling of undergraduate students at university "X" in Uganda. Students voluntarily completed the questionnaire in a regular classroom setting. The questionnaire elicited information regarding sexual regulative capacities like seeking accurate information from social environments like family, peer, and university environments. The data were analyzed using both univariate analyses (chi-square and analysis of variance and logistic regression. The results indicated that the social environment had a positive and significant relationship with sexual self-regulation and university students with a value of 1t1 ≥1.96, and factor loading≥0.50 was significant. These results should be considered by those working with university students in human sexuality and human development
Numerical Modelling and Mechanical Characterization of Pure Aluminium 1050 Wire Drawing for Symmetric and Axisymmetric Plane Deformations
Authors: Ikumapayi Omolayo M. , Attah Benjamin I. , Afolabi Samuel O. , Adeoti Olurotimi M. , Bodunde Ojo P. , Akinlabi Stephen A. , Akinlabi Esther T.
Published: December 2020

This present paper focused on the numerical modelling and simulation of the influence of friction and drawing tension while validating it with experimental results for both symmetric and axisymmetric plane deformations in stranded and unstranded wire drawing of pure aluminium. It must be noted that several methods have been deployed in recent years such as empirical, numerical, mathematical, analytical, as well as experimental in analyzing and optimizing forces and stresses in wire drawing and there are no definite solutions yet in solving the numerical complexities involved as a result of enormous number of factors during the wire drawing operation. On this note, modelling and simulation with different cases had been established. In this study, 9.50 mm was drawn into different diameters having 4.4 mm as entry and 1.7 mm as exit with intermediate sizes. It was established in the study that half conical angle must be kept as moderate as possible, it must not be too high or too low. An increase in reduction ratio (deformation) leads to an increase in tensile strength and that the tensile strength of material during wire during increases with an increase in the frictional coefficient. The fractographical examination revealed that unstranded aluminium drawn wire is more ductile due to the presence of a large network of dimples which are bimodal and equiaxed dominated by a cup and cone structures and this can be attributed to the ductile failure mode. Whereas the stranded aluminium-drawn wire possessed low ductility as revealed in fractography due to the presence of “Rock Candy fracture”.
Return to Sports Activities in athletes with Covid-19 with a Cardiovascular Approach
Authors: Barati Amir Hossein , Naderifar Homa
Published: December 2020

Introduction: The widespread prevalence of Coronavirus (COVID-19) around the world has raised concerns about physical activity and exercise. Patients with COVID-19 are 22% percent more likely to have heart damage than other people with infectious diseases. Due to the cardiovascular complications seen in patients, there are limitations for athletes due to the severity of the disease. Despite doubts about the outcomes of COVID 19 disease, there is a lot of insist on athletes to continue sports matches, including football, due to economic and competitive factor. The main aim of this study was to explain about the time when athletes with Covid-19 and cardiovascular approach return to sports activities.
Evaluation of Herbal Medicine Administration by Physicians in the Prescriptions of Yazd State Pharmacy
Authors: Meybodi Mohsen , Arbab Tafti Neda , Ramezani Vahid , Tavakolian Ardakani Mahsa , Akrami Maryam , Ranjbar Jamal abadi Ali Mohammad
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Herbal medicines are one of the most widely used complementary therapies in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to perform exact studies on the status of herbal medicines in communities. The aim of this study was surveying the prescription amount of herbal medicines prescribed by physicians and the effect of variables such as gender, degree of education, age, type of specialization of physicians, different seasons, source of drug production, price and the rate of insurance coverage on it.
Methods: The current study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional one. This research was conducted in the period of April 1 to March 20, 2016 in a public pharmacy in Yazd. 1824 prescriptions were obtained using Cochran's statistical formula and the amount of prescription containing herbal medicines was evaluated using the prepared lists. The collected data in three general categories, including physicians' demographic characteristics, prescriptions and their containing drugs specification were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) software and using the Chi-square statistical test.
Results: Among the 1824 prescription examined, only 120 prescriptions contained herbal medicines with the average number of 1.05 ± 0.22 herbal medicine items in each prescription. 114 prescriptions (95%) and 6 prescriptions (5%) included one and two herbal items, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the amount of herbal medicine and the degree (P=0.041), type of specialization (P=0.04) and gender of the doctors (P=0.009), however, there was no significant relationship between the amount of prescription containing herbal medicines, the seasons of prescription (P=0.866) and the age of the physicians (P=0.089).
Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, the amount of herbal medicines prescribed by physician in Yazd city is low.
Analysis of the peasants’ livelihood strategies in the Paute basin of Ecuador
Authors: Vanegas Raúl , Demoulin Fabrice , Ruivenkamp Guido , Henry Sabine
Published: December 2020

The article analyses the livelihood of peasant farmers in the rural area of three parishes in the Paute basin in Ecuador. First, the article presents the gathered empirical data of the study sites, respectively the Pichacay in the Santa Ana parish, Caldera in the Javier Loyola parish, and Llavircay in the Rivera parish. Applying the Chayanovian and van der Ploeg interpretation frames, three types of peasant households could be distinguished, based upon their specific organizational forms of producing and reproducing their livelihoods. The article concludes that a more in-depth analysis is needed in the peasant’s art of farming, particularly in their core balance of being conditioned by and linked to as well as resistant to the capitalist economy.
On Release from Subsidiary Liability
Authors:   PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Korshunov Petr N.
Published: December 2020

In this article, the author examines the application of the legislation on subsidiary liability in bankruptcy in order to establish the proper behavior of owners and management of a legal entity in conducting business. Despite the fact that in business activity is always based on risk, the author comes to the conclusion that modern entrepreneurs are obliged to take as many measures as possible to minimize risks if they have any creditors, even if there are no grounds to assume bankruptcy. In such circumstances, it is unlikely that subsidiary liability will be invoked.
Result Oriented Planning in the Activities of the Legal Service
Authors:   Teaching Assistant of the Department of Commercial Law and Legal Methods of the Law Faculty of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), PhD (Law), Dolganin Aleksandr A.
Published: December 2020

The article discusses main features of results oriented planning of legal departments’ activity of commercial companies. The author analyzes the specifics of applying quantitative parameters to evaluate the effectiveness of lawyers' work. The importance of initiative as a basic principle of legal activity organization and the significance of positive goals are substantiated. The main elements of results oriented planning as one of the approaches to improving the efficiency of the legal department are proposed for consideration on concrete examples.)
High-Tech Ethics: Establishment Issues and Development Prospects
Authors:   Head of the Department of Medical Law of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), LL.D., Professor, Mokhov Aleksandr A. , Yavorskiy Aleksandr N. ,   Chief Research Scientist of the Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences of the Ministry of Education of Russia, Doctor of Medicine, Professor
Published: December 2020

The article examines the general theoretical, organizational and legal problems of the formation and development of the ethics of high technologies in Russia. The authors propose organizational and legal means and mechanisms for resolving the main problems in the area under consideration. Based on the results of the study, amendments and additions to the current domestic legislation are proposed.
Legal Issues of Innovative Activities in the Area of Circulation of Medical Devices
Authors:   Lawyer of the Moscow Chamber of Lawyers, PhD (Law), Rasaeva Khedi A.
Published: December 2020

The main value of any state is the health of the population, the protection of which serves as a strategic direction of state activity. The effective development of healthcare in Russia is today named as one of the key tasks of the leadership of our country. The article examines the problems, features and topical aspects of innovation in the medical industry, in particular, in the field of circulation of medical devices, and also assesses the state of the Russian medical industry at the present stage. The author proposes measures aimed at the development of Russian production of medical devices.
Contractual Obligations in the Area of Entrepreneurship under the PRC Laws: Discharge, Termination, Liability for Violation
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Commercial Law of the Saint Petersburg State University, PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Zhmulina Diana A.
Published: December 2020

The article considers the legal regulation of contractual obligations between persons engaged in business activities in China. The author aims to investigate the proper performance of business contractual obligations under the law of China, to consider the liability measures established for their non-performance or improper performance, as well as to analyze the grounds for termination of obligations. Based on the results of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the principles of honesty and trust are essential for contractual obligations in the sphere of business activity. The parties are obliged to cooperate fully, including, and in addition to performing the obligations stipulated in the contract. Moreover, this obligation remains even after the termination of all contractual obligations. The conditions for liability for violation of obligations in the sphere of business activity are also established.
Guarantees of Citizens` Constitutional Rights and Freedoms in Conditions of Special Legal Regimes
Authors:   Head of the Department of Cooperation with Regional Human Rights Commissioners and Civil Society Institutions of the Executive Office of the Human Rights Commissioner of the Russian Federation, Kharitonov Sergey I.
Published: December 2020

The article reviews general legal guarantees of human and civil constitutional rights and freedoms in conditions of an emergency situation and other special legal regimes, criteria for restriction of the said rights and freedoms, the mechanism of enforcement and protection thereof.
The Legal Nature of the Reasonable Term Principle and the Development Thereof in the Russian Criminal Procedure
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics of the Samara National Research University, PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Kuvaldina Yulia V. , Maryina Evgenia V. ,   Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics of the Samara National Research University, PhD (Law)
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the article. The authors of the article propose for discussion the problems associated with determining the nature of a reasonable time through the prism of the generally recognized properties of the principles, in order to show that the inclusion of Article 6.1 in the criminal procedure law had not only external factors (first of all, the influence of the decisions of the ECHR), but also internal, historical prerequisites, as well as the needs of practice. Methodology: in the preparation of the study, both general scientific and special methods were used: system analysis, historical, specific sociological and formal legal. Conclusions. 1. A reasonable time, on the one hand, can be viewed as an inter-sectoral organizational principle of justice, and, on the other hand, as an organizational principle of the entire criminal process. 2. The principle of a reasonable time obliges law enforcement officials to carry out their activities: a) in compliance with the procedural time limit; b) timely; c) as quickly as possible. 3. Speed means that the law enforcement officer performs all the necessary and sufficient procedural actions before the deadlines established by law for their production. 4. Reasonable criminal procedure can be both lengthy and fast, but does not go beyond the legal deadlines. 5. A reasonable time limit for legal proceedings contains general provisions (duty to comply with procedural deadlines; duty to carry out proceedings promptly, taking into account the criteria contained in the law), which are specified in other articles of the criminal procedure law. 6. For violation of a reasonable time, preventive and suppressive measures have been established. Scientific and practical significance. The conducted research can be useful for scientists, teachers of higher educational institutions, graduate students interested in the problems of criminal procedure.
Types of Digital Innovations on the Financial Market (Financial Law Aspects)
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Financial Law of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), PhD (Law), Kartashov Aleksandr V.
Published: December 2020

Purpose. This article is devoted to the consideration of legal approaches to the description of digital financial innovations in the financial market. The author strives to identify the features of the legal regulation mechanism and the prospects for introducing innovations in the process of providing financial services by credit and non-credit financial organizations. Methodology: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative legal and structuralsystem approaches. Results. The author points out that the lack of legal consolidation of the types of innovations in regulatory legal acts is due to their universal nature and does not depend on the level of economic development and the type of legal system. The introduction of digital innovations in the financial market is designed to improve the quality of services provided to consumers, which at the present stage is supported by the adopted basic regulations and correlates with the goals of the financial market development strategy developed by the relevant regulators, in particular the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Scientific and practical significance. The article aims to systematize existing research developments in the field of digital innovations in the financial market, which involves analyzing their features, as well as identifying existing problems, the solution of which will contribute to the development of law enforcement practice in this direction.
A National Preventive Mechanism as a New System of the State and Public Control Facilitating Legality of Operations of Detention Facility Administrations in the Russian Federation
Authors:   3rd Year Student of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Gulyaev Dmitriy E.
Published: December 2020

The problem of the use of torture and violence by employees of places of detention against persons who are there has been relevant in Russia for more than a decade. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the need to create legal conditions for increasing the level of legality in the activities of administrations of places of detention and the effectiveness of protecting human rights and freedoms in such places. There are few scientific works on this problem in Russia. The research methodology is based on general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, including dialectical, logical, systemic, formal legal and statistical. It is concluded that an increase in the level of legality in the activities of administrations of places of detention is possible as a result of the signing and ratification by the Russian Federation of the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which provides for the creation on the basis of the principles enshrined in it a new unified preventive system for monitoring the observance of human rights in places of detention — the National Preventive Mechanism (NPM). The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in proposing a conceptual change in the existing system of state and public control over the observance of law in places of detention in Russia.
LIMITES À RESPONSABILIDADE SOLIDÁRIA AMBIENTAL E À CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO POLUIDOR INDIRETO
Authors: Winter de Carvalho Délton
Published: December 2020

No Brasil há uma visível carência na atualização da reflexão jurídica dos critérios justificadores da incidência do instituto da solidariedade nos casos de responsabilidade civil ambiental, sobretudo quanto a seus limites. A ampliação irrestrita e alheia às complexidades técnicas e fáticas de determinado dano ambiental, pode redundar em assimetrias, desequilíbrios e perda do caráter dissuasório (por excesso). Ao revés, a aplicação consolidada e definida dos casos sujeitos e os limites do instituto tendem a fortalecer a proteção ambiental, tal como, a desejável estabilidade das relações socioeconômicas. Nesse sentido, o artigo visa lançar luzes ao tema ainda tormentoso no Direito Ambiental, quanto aos critérios definidores dos limites da incidência do instituto da solidariedade e a definição de poluidor indireto. Para tanto, se utiliza de reflexões sistêmicas, com enfoque nos sistemas jurídico e econômico, e de pesquisa documental, com grande ênfase no direito comparado, a partir das experiências de países industrializados que enfrentaram problemas de contaminação ambiental-industrial e que têm compatibilidade com o sistema e tradição jurídica brasileira. Os critérios de definição e aplicação desses institutos passam a ser de fundamental importância para a obtenção de uma proteção ambiental eficiente e exercida em equilíbrio com as dimensões da sustentabilidade.
A POLISSEMIA DO TERMO “ÁREA PROTEGIDA” E OS CONCEITOS DA CDB E DA UICN
Authors: Leite André Olavo
Published: December 2020

Partindo de uma demonstração da polissemia que caracteriza o uso do termo “área protegida” na jurisprudência e na literatura científica brasileiras sobre a proteção do ambiente natural, este trabalho discute brevemente os problemas relacionados a esse fenômeno, no âmbito do direito e do campo multidisciplinar das políticas públicas de conservação, e busca oferecer elementos para sua superação. Com essa finalidade, ele apoia-se em uma revisão bibliográfica para discutir os conceitos de área protegida da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB) e da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (UICN), buscando distingui-los quanto a seus conteúdos e potenciais usos. Demonstra-se que os conteúdos atribuídos a esses conceitos conheceram modificações sucessivas e que, embora atualmente ambos compreendam as unidades de conservação da Lei n. 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000, eles apresentam interesses distintos. Enquanto o conceito de área protegida da CDB concerne a atividade jurisdicional e análises sobre o direito e as políticas públicas brasileiras relacionadas à CDB, o conceito de área protegida da UICN é um instrumento científico e, como tertium comparationis dos regimes jurídicos de áreas protegidas dos direitos nacionais, permite operacionalizar pesquisas que buscam conhece-los por meio do método funcional do direito comparado.
Student Associations: News and Events
Authors:   The University of Southern Mississippi
Published: December 2020

News and events from SLIS student groups: Library and Information Science Students Association (LISSA) and Southern Miss Student Archivists (SMSA).
Editorial
Authors: Kreutz Thiago de Campos
Published: December 2020

Breve descrição dos textos publicados.
Subjective Safety Assessment as an Indicator of Adaptation to the Risks of Social Change: Methodological and Empirical Justification of the Research Approach
Authors: Shlykova Elena
Published: December 2020

Subjective Safety Assessment as an Indicator of Adaptation to the Risks of Social Change: Methodological and Empirical Justification of the Research Approach
Reference Universities: Sociological Support of Educational Innovation in Russian Regions
Authors: Korosteleva Larisa
Published: December 2020

The article discusses measures taken at the government level to develop Russian regions and reduce socio-economic disparities between them. As one of the directions of political and managerial practices to mitigate the heterogeneity of the development of Russian regions, the sphere of higher education is cited as the main branch of personnel reproduction of the economy. Transformations in higher education, often used as tools of “shock therapy” to revive the education system itself, are simultaneously projected on the economy, being a kind of impulse for positive changes in the regions. The program “supporting universities”is an example of solving the problems of uneven socio-economic development of regions, the outflow of population from them to megacities and large cities, and the reduction of human and social potential. The analysis of the program for creating reference universities in 2015–2017 in the regions of Russia, its goals, objectives and main stages of implementation revealed a number of shortcomings of the project.
Research competence of cadets as an important training component
Authors: Sukhorukov Valentain N.
Published: December 2020

We presented the scientific and theoretical conditionality of the research competence of future officers, considered in the context of the analysis of the essence of key concepts: “research competence” and “research competence”. We defined the research competence of future officers as the integrative quality of the individual, combining knowledge, skills, abilities to master modern design technologies and organize scientific research based on a competent approach to solving professional problems; the formation of personally significant qualities of a specialist; ability to define goals, objectives, strategies for professional activity; willingness to use the results of scientific research to ensure the effectiveness of their professional activities; ability to solve professional problems by understanding the fundamental foundations of military-professional activity. On the basis of certain content of research activities of cadets (design, information, analytical, practical) we highlighted components of research competence of future officers: motivational-value, intellectual, constructive-projective, organizational-communicative, informational and reflexive-corrective, we revealed their peculiarities. At the same time, the independent activity of cadets in the development of research abilities and skills, intensified by the research approach in training, contributes to the formation of research competence of cadets. Determining in the formation of research skills of cadets are the methodology and organization of their educational, educational and research activities, the implementation of which is carried out in several stages: orientation and research; organizational research and research.