bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Amounts of Aflatoxin Extracted From Raw Peanuts Using AOAC Methods I and II1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W.
Published: April 2010

Four lots of raw shelled peanuts, naturally contaminated with aflatoxin, were each ground into a paste. Sixty-four 50-g samples were removed from three of the lots and forty 50-g samples were removed from the fourth lot. For each lot, aflatoxin was extracted from half of the samples by the AOAC Method I (CB) and from the remaining half by the AOAC Method II (BF). The 4 lots averaged 57.8, 127.6, 238.5, and 447.1 parts per billion (ppb) total aflatoxin when measured by the CB method. On the average across the four lots, the BF method extracted 26, 25, 22, and 18% less aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively, than the CB method.
Improved Methods for Removing Oil from “Difficult-to-Press” Peanuts1
Authors: Pominski J. , Pearce H. M. , Spadaro J. J. , Baxley J. R.
Published: April 2010

In pressing peanuts for subsequent use in partially defatted products, the oil is difficult to remove in certain lots of peanuts. New laboratory procedures showed increased yields of oil can be obtained from “difficult-to-press” (DTP) peanuts by mixing them with “easy-to-press” (ETP) peanuts on a 50-50 basis or by drying them to a moisture level between 4.3 and 4.7%. Oil yields by pressing are little affected when peanuts are stored at temperatures of 4.4 (40F) and 23.9C (75F) for periods of up to 12 months.
Peanut Peg Strength: Force Required for Pod Detachment in Relation to Peg Structure1
Authors: Thomas R. J. , Pettit R. E. , Taber R. A. , Jones B. L.
Published: April 2010

Peanut peg strength, which influences the proportion of peanut pods harvested, was measured as a function of the force required either to detach the peg from the pod or to break the peg. Pegs from 10 commercial cultivars and 30 plant introductions were tested for peg strength with an Instron Test Instrument. The mean peg detachment forces for Florunner, Florigiant, Spantex, Tamnut-74, and Toalson varieties were 10.0, 12.7, 13.0, 17.2, and 22.1 Newtons (N), respectively. Peg detachment forces for Plant Introductions 295210, 393523, 393530, and 393647 were 28.2, 35.2, 35.3, and 37.2 N, respectively. Peg anatomy and the intensity of phloroglucinol staining for lignin were directly correlated with peg detachment forces. Strong pegs had highly developed sclerenchymatous tissue and large crescentshaped, closely spaced, and highly lignified bundle caps. Bundle caps in weaker pegs were small, less compact, and spaced farther apart. Peg detachment forces and peg anatomy are criteria that could be considered in the development of improved peanut varieties.
Interaction of dinitramine and dinoseb with Cylindrocladium crotalariae and the Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) disease of peanut.1
Authors: Barron J. A. , Phipps P. M.
Published: April 2010

Axenic growth by Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers in potato dextrose broth was suppressed significantly by dinoseb at 50 and 100 μg/mL, and Dyanapà (dinoseb + naptalam) at 100 μg/mL. High concentrations of either dinitramine or alachlor suppressed growth of only one of two C. crotalariae isolates tested. Benefin, diphenamid, vernolate, and 2,4 DB at rates up to 100 μg/mL failed to have similar effects on growth of either isolate. Dinitramine at rates up to 100 μg/g soil had no effect on survival of C. crotalariae microsclerotia (ms) in a Ruston or a Woodstown loamy fine sand. Dinoseb reduced ms populations significantly in Woodstown soil at 5, 10, 50 and 100 μg/g soil and in Ruston soil at rates of 50 and 100 μg/g soil. Soil type inoculum density, and herbicide dosage were demonstrated to be important interacting factors affecting CBR development in peanut. Greenhouse and field tests implicated dinitramine at 0.56 kg/ha and dinoseb at 1.68 kg/ha as herbicide treatments which can increase the severity of CBR in Florigiant peanut.
A Comparison of Methods of Evaluating Resistance to Cylindrocladium crotalariae in Peanut Field Tests1
Authors: Green C. C. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C.
Published: April 2010

Three methods presently used to evaluate disease resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) were compared to identify the most efficient method to screen peanut lines in field tests. Forty randomly selected F2 families in the F5 generation from a cross of the CBR-resistant source NC 3033 with NC 6 and the two parents were evaluated for percent dead and diseased plants, root rot index and microsclerotia/g of root. Significant differences were detected between the parents (p = 0.05) and among segregates (familes) (p = 0.01) for percent dead and diseased plants only. Error components exceeded the mean square values for differences among segregates for the root rot index and microsclerotia/g of root resulting in no significant differences among entries for these traits and low to no correlations among traits. Percent dead and diseased plants was concluded to be the best of the three methods for screening peanut lines in the field for CBR resistance.
Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on Visibly Sound Rehydrated Peanut, Corn and Soybean Seed1
Authors: Wilson David M. , Bell Durham K.
Published: April 2010

Peanut, corn and soybean seed were inoculated with 14 isolates of Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare. The seeds were hand sorted to remove all visibly damaged seeds and were fumigated under vacuum (-95.25 k Pa Hg) with 2.2% cyano (methylmercuri) guanidine at 37 C for 48–96 hours. All fumigated seed had a minimum of 95% germination and a maximum of 5% residual contamination by fungi and bacteria. Corn and peanut samples (100 g/flask) were rehydrated to 28% moisture and inoculated with all isolates; soybean samples (100 g/flask) were rehydrated to 28% moisture and inoculated with four A. flavus and two A. parasiticus isolates. Samples were incubated for 10 days at 30 C and analyzed for aflatoxins. Aspergillus parasiticus isolates produced aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 while A. flavus isolates produced aflatoxin B1 and B2. Mean B1 production for 12 isolates was 34 mg/kg in peanut seed and 3.6 mg/kg in corn seed. Two A. flavus isolates produced 3.8 to 5.4 mg/kg B1 in peanut seed, and 2.2 mg/kg in corn seed. Overall, the mean B1 production was about 10 times higher on peanut seed than on corn seed. However, more G1 was produced on soybean seed than B1. The isolate and the substrate are apparent limiting factors in aflatoxin production. Peanut seed accumulated more aflatoxin than corn or soybean seed when inoculated with the same isolates and incubated under similar conditions.
Irrigation Scheduling Based on Evaporation and Crop Water Requirement for Summer Peanuts1
Authors: Pahalwan D. K. , Tripathi R. S.
Published: April 2010

Field experiment was conducted during dry season of 1981 and 1982 to determine the optimal irrigation schedule for summer peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in relation to evaporative demand and crop water requirement at different growth stages. It was observed that peanut crop requires a higher irrigation frequency schedule during pegging to pod formation stage followed by pod development to maturity and planting to flowering stages. The higher pod yield and water use efficiency was obtained when irrigations were scheduled at an irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation ratio of 0.5 during planting to flowering, 0.9 during pegging to pod formation and 0.7 during pod development to maturity stage. The profile water contribution to total crop water use was higher under less frequent irrigation schedules particularly when the irrigations were scheduled at 0.5 irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation ratio up to the pod formation stage.
Changes in Free Amino Acids and Sugars of Peanuts During Oil Roasting1
Authors: Oupadissakoon Chintana , Young Clyde T.
Published: April 2010

Changes in free amino acids and sugars during oil roasting of peanuts at a temperature of 147C (9–14 min) were investigated. While a majority of the free amino acids decreased as a result of the roasting treatment, glutamic acid and peptide-cysteine showed the largest percent decreases (59.5% and 83.5% respectively). Alanine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, unknown (4)-tyrosine showed only small changes. Typical flavor precursors (the sum of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, peptide, phenylalanine, and histidine) decreased about 57% during roasting while atypical flavor precursors (the sum of threonine, tyrosine, lysine, and arginine) dercreased slightly. The sugar data were variable, but on the average significantly decreased 8%.
Potential Peanut Performance in Double-Cropping Systems1
Authors: Mixon A. C. , Dowler Clyde C.
Published: April 2010

The potential for utilizing selected peanut cultivars in multiple-cropping sequences was studied on a Bonifay sand and Tifton loamy sand soil in cropping sequences with grain sorghum, tomato transplants, and cucumbers. The peanut cultivars Pronto, Comet, and Florunner always produced more pods under a 114-day growing period than for a 99-day growing period. In a 99-day growing period, Pronto and Comet produced significantly more peanuts than Florunner. Total sound mature kernels (TSMK) percentages were always greater for a 114—day growing period. Seeding rate did not affect TSMK or OK characteristics. On restricted growth periods (99 days), early-maturing peanut cultivars resulted in higher percentages of TSMK than the late-maturing cultivars. Under small production scale research units, Pronto peanut was planted early – April, or late June – under both clean and conservation type tillage. The moldboard land preparation portion of a tillage experiment resulted in greater yields when peanut was planted early or late in 4-row seeding, but not statistically more than 2-row seeding. Grain sorghum grown at a population of approximately 200,000 plants/ha produced greater yields when planted in July than in August planting. Greater grain yields of sorghum were produced using moldboard land preparation.
Response of Peanuts and Other Crops to Fertilizers and Lime in Two Long Term Experiments1
Authors: Cope J. T. , Starling J. G. , Ivey H. W. , Mitchell C. C.
Published: April 2010

Two long term fertility experiments on a Dothan fine sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudult) included peanuts for short periods. Peanuts were in a rate of N-P-K experiment during 1973-75 and 1981-83. They did not respond to N. Mehlich-1 extractable soil test P dropped from 30 mg/kg in 1954 to 11 mg/kg by 1983. No yield response to P was found for any crop. The soil test K level of 44 mg/kg remained about the same over the 30 years. Cotton yield was doubled by the addition of 37 kg/ha of K, which also increased the soil test level to 56 mg/kg. Peanut and corn yields were increased by 19 kg/ha K, with no further response to higher rates. The addition of lime produced large yield increases from all three crops.

A 2-year rotation experiment from 1929 through 1983 included cotton, corn, soybeans, and wheat at different periods until 1982 and 1983, when the crops were peanuts and grain sorghum. Soil test P in 1929 was 33 mg/kg. No response to P was found on summer crops in over 50 years, and soil test P decreased to only 21 mg/kg during this period. Plots that received no K maintained a constant soil test K level of about 36 mg/kg for 54 years. Annual applications of 28 kg/ha increased the level to around 60 mg/kg. Cotton and grain sorghum produced maximum responses to this rate of K. When peanuts were planted in this experiment for the first time in 1982 and 1983, they produced no response to K. All crops except wheat responded to lime.
Resistance to Late Leafspot Peanut of Progenies Selected for Resistance to Early Leafspot1
Authors: Walls Stephen B. , Wynne J. C. , Beute M. K.
Published: April 2010

Fifty-six F7 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines previously selected for resistance to early leafspot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori) were evaluated in the field and greenhouse for resistance to late leafspot [Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton]. After growing in field plots for 12 weeks, differences for numbers of lesions per 15 leaves were found among the lines and between these lines and NC 3033, the susceptible control. Eleven lines with the fewest numbers of lesions and their parents were screened in the greenhouse for components of resistance. These lines had lesions that were significantly smaller, produced lesions with longer latent periods, and produced fewer conidia than NC 3033. Latent periods ranged from 23 to 26 days for the selections compared to 20 days for NC 3033. GP-NC 343 and NC 5 were the most resistant parents with latent periods of 24 days each. A rank correlation of greenhouse and field data revealed that the rank of an entry in the greenhouse for latent period, lesion area and amount of sporulation was correlated with the rank of the entry in the field. Thus, these variables could be used as measurements of resistance to predict the performance of a line in the field for this population. Lines with resistance to late leafspot can be selected from a population of lines with this parentage which have been selected for resistance to early leafspot.
Tolerance of Sclerotinia minor to Procymidone and Cross Tolerance to Other Dicarboximide Fungicides and Dicloran1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Phipps P. M.
Published: April 2010

Procymidone-tolerant isolates of Sclerotinia minor Jagger were cross-tolerant to iprodione, vinclozolin and dicloran. Hyphal growth of procymidone-tolerant isolates an agar amended with 1 to 100 μg/mL procymidone, iprodione, vinclozolin or dicloran was similar. Procymidone-tolerant isolates were tolerant to all fungicides after 10 weekly hyphal tip transfers to nonamended agar. Subsequently, cross-tolerance persisted on agar amended with either 10 μg/mL procymidone, iprodione, vinclozolin or dicloran. Most procymidone-tolerant isolates of S. minor were pathogenic to peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and caused symptoms similar to those initiated by sensitive isolates.
Measuring Aggregate‐Level Ideological Heterogeneity
Authors: LEVENDUSKY MATTHEW S. , POPE JEREMY C.
Published: April 2010

Ideological heterogeneity is a key variable for the study of legislative and electoral politics. Scholars have long recognized that members with more ideologically heterogeneous constituencies behave differently than members with more homogeneous ones. Empirical tests of these theories, however, have typically been stymied by a lack of appropriate measures. We corrected this shortcoming by developing a measurement model for ideological heterogeneity, and we used our method to generate estimates for the 50 U.S. states and 435 congressional districts. Beyond the specific results presented here, a key contribution of our model is its flexibility: our technique can be used to produce similar estimates in a variety of contexts.
Subcutaneous local anesthesia versus intravenous regional anesthesia for endoscopic carpal tunnel release: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nabhan Abdullah , Steudel Wolf-Ingo , Dedeman Lutfi , Al-Khayat Jehad , Ishak Basem
Published: April 2010

Object

This study compares the effectiveness of subcutaneous infiltration of a local anesthetic agent (LA) versus intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) during endoscopic carpal tunnel release.

Methods

Forty-four patients suffering from severe symptoms restricting normal daily activities—such as persistent loss of feeling in the fingers or hand, or no strength in the thumb in spite of prolonged nonsurgical treatment—and with electromyographically proven carpal tunnel syndrome were enrolled in this study. All underwent endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Twenty-two patients had an endoscopic release of the median nerve under LA (LA Group). The other 22 patients underwent the surgery after intravenous induction of regional anesthesia (IVRA Group). The operating room in-out time and tourniquet time were evaluated in both groups. The patients were also asked to evaluate the pain associated with the tourniquet during surgery using a visual analog scale.

The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire was used to assess the functional outcome preoperatively and at both 2 weeks and 6 months postoperatively.

Results

One patient in the LA Group needed an additional application of prilocaine, whereas 3 patients in the IVRA Group needed additional LA and 1 of these required propofol. The tourniquet time and operating room time were significantly lower in the LA Group (p = 0.01 for both). There were no complications related to the endoscopic surgery. The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire did not show significant differences between the groups at either postoperative follow-up examination.

Conclusions

Endoscopic carpal tunnel release with subcutaneous infiltration of LA was well tolerated and effective. Injection-associated problems such as increased thickness of the synovial layer or impaired endoscopic view did not occur.
Effective conversion of irinotecan to SN-38 after intratumoral drug delivery to an intracranial murine glioma model in vivo
Authors: Wang Weijun , Ghandi Alex , Liebes Leonard , Louie Stan G. , Hofman Florence M. , Schönthal Axel H. , Chen Thomas C.
Published: April 2010

Object

Irinotecan (CPT-11), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is a cytotoxic agent with activity against malignant gliomas and other tumors. After systemic delivery, CPT-11 is converted to its active metabolite, SN-38, which displays significantly higher cytotoxic potency. However, the achievement of therapeutically effective plasma levels of CPT-11 and SN-38 is seriously complicated by variables that affect drug metabolism in the liver. Thus the capacity of CPT-11 to be converted to the active SN38 intratumorally in gliomas was addressed.

Methods

For in vitro studies, 2 glioma cell lines, U87 and U251, were tested to determine the cytotoxic effects of CPT-11 and SN-38 in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo studies were performed by implanting U87 intracranially into athymic/nude mice. For a period of 2 weeks, SN-38, CPT-11, or vehicle was administered intratumorally by means of an osmotic minipump. One series of experiments measured the presence of SN-38 or CPT-11 in the tumor and surrounding brain tissues after 2 weeks' exposure to the drug. In a second series of experiments, after 2 weeks' exposure to the drug, the animals were maintained, in the absence of drug, until death. The survival curves were then calculated.

Results

The results show that the animals that had CPT-11 delivered intratumorally by the minipump expressed SN-38 in vivo. Furthermore, both CPT-11 and SN-38 accumulated at higher levels in tumor tissues compared with uninvolved brain. Intratumoral delivery of CPT-11 or SN-38 extended the average survival time of tumor-bearing animals from 22 days to 46 and 65 days, respectively.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that intratumorally administered CPT-11 can be effectively converted to SN-38 and this method of drug delivery is effective in extending the survival time of animals bearing malignant gliomas.
Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System: electrochemical monitoring of serotonin using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry—a proof-of-principle study
Authors: Griessenauer Christoph J. , Chang Su-Youne , Tye Susannah J. , Kimble Christopher J. , Bennet Kevin E. , Garris Paul A. , Lee Kendall H.
Published: April 2010

Object

The authors previously reported the development of the Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System (WINCS) for measuring dopamine and suggested that this technology may be useful for evaluating deep brain stimulation–related neuromodulatory effects on neurotransmitter systems. The WINCS supports fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at a carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFM) for real-time, spatially resolved neurotransmitter measurements. The FSCV parameters used to establish WINCS dopamine measurements are not suitable for serotonin, a neurotransmitter implicated in depression, because they lead to CFM fouling and a loss of sensitivity. Here, the authors incorporate into WINCS a previously described N-shaped waveform applied at a high scan rate to establish wireless serotonin monitoring.

Methods

Optimized for the detection of serotonin, FSCV consisted of an N-shaped waveform scanned linearly from a resting potential of +0.2 to +1.0 V, then to −0.1 V and back to +0.2 V, at a rate of 1000 V/second. Proof-of-principle tests included flow injection analysis and electrically evoked serotonin release in the dorsal raphe nucleus of rat brain slices.

Results

Flow cell injection analysis demonstrated that the N waveform, applied at a scan rate of 1000 V/second, significantly reduced serotonin fouling of the CFM, relative to that observed with FSCV parameters for dopamine. In brain slices, WINCS reliably detected subsecond serotonin release in the dorsal raphe nucleus evoked by local high-frequency stimulation.

Conclusions

The authors found that WINCS supported high-fidelity wireless serotonin monitoring by FSCV at a CFM. In the future such measurements of serotonin in large animal models and in humans may help to establish the mechanism of deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disease.
Tibial intraneural ganglia at the ankle and knee: incorporating the unified (articular) theory in adults and children
Authors: Davis Gavin A. , Cox Ian H.
Published: April 2010

Object

The etiology of intraneural ganglia has been debated for centuries, and only recently a unifying theory has been proposed. The incidence of tibial nerve intraneural ganglia is restricted to the occasional case report, and there are no reported cases of these lesions in children. While evidence of the unifying theory for intraneural ganglia of the common peroneal nerve is strong, there are only a few reports describing the application of the theory in the tibial nerve. In this report the authors examine tibial nerve intraneural ganglia at the ankle and knee in an adult and a child, respectively, and describe the clinical utility of incorporating the unifying (articular) theory in the management of tibial intraneural ganglia in adults and children.

Methods

Cases of tibial intraneural ganglion cysts were examined clinically, radiologically, operatively, and histologically to demonstrate the application of the unified (articular) theory for the development of these cysts in adults and children.

Results

Two patients with intraneural ganglion cysts of the tibial nerve were identified: an adult with an intraneural ganglion cyst of the tibial nerve at the tarsal tunnel and a child with an intraneural ganglion cyst of the tibial nerve at the knee. In each case, preoperative MR imaging demonstrated the intraneural cyst and its connection to the adjacent joint via the articular branch to the subtalar joint and superior tibiofibular joint. At surgery the articular branch was identified and resected, thus disconnecting the tibial nerve intraneural cyst from the joint of origin.

Conclusions

These cases detail the important features of intraneural ganglion cysts of the tibial nerve and document the clinical utility of incorporating the unifying (articular) theory for the surgical management of tibial intraneural ganglia in adults and children.
Combined effects of viscous dissipation and temperature dependent thermal conductivity on MHD free convection flow with conduction and joule heating along a vertical flat plate
Authors: Nasrin R. , Alim M. A.
Published: April 2010

Combined effects of viscous dissipation and temperature dependent thermal conductivity on MHD free convection flow with heat conduction and Joule heating along a vertical flat plate have been described in the present work. The governing boundary layer equations with associated boundary conditions for this phenomenon are converted to non-dimensional form using a suitable transformation. The resulting non-linear partial differential equations are then solved using the implicit finite difference method with Keller-box scheme. The numerical results in terms of the skin friction coefficient, the surface temperature, the velocity and the temperature profiles over the whole boundary layer are shown graphically for different values of the Prandtl number Pr, the magnetic parameter M, the thermal conductivity variation parameter γ, viscous dissipation parameter N and the Joule heating parameter J. Numerical results of the local skin friction co-efficient and the surface temperature profile for different values of N are presented in tabular form.Keywords: Joule heating; MHD; conduction; temperature dependent thermal conductivity; viscous dissipation;natural convection.DOI: 10.3329/jname.v5i2.2648Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 6(1)(2009) 30-40
Numerical study of magnetohydrodynamic free convective heat transfer flow along a vertical flat plate with temperature dependent thermal conductivity
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Alim M. A.
Published: April 2010

The present numerical work describes the effect of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convective heat transfer flow along a vertical flat plate with temperature dependent thermal conductivity and heat conduction. The governing equations reduce to local non-similarity boundary layer equations using suitable transformation have been integrated by employing an implicit finite difference method together with the Keller box technique. Comparison with previously published work is performed and excellent agreement is observed. Profiles of the dimensionless velocity and temperature distributions as well as the local skin friction coefficient and surface temperature distribution are shown graphically for various values of the magnetic parameter M, thermal conductivity variation parameter g and Prandtl number Pr.Keywords: Implicit finite difference method, free convection flow, vertical flow, vertical flat plate, temperature dependent thermal conductivityDOI: 10.3329/jname.v6i1.2654Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Vol.6(1) 2009 16-29
Effect of Counterion and Configurational Entropy on the Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of Ionic Surfactant and Electrolyte Mixtures
Authors: Takata Youichi , Tagashira Hiroaki , Hyono Atsushi , Ohshima Hiroyuki
Published: April 2010

In order to clarify the adsorption behavior of cationic surfactants on the air/aqueous electrolyte solution surface, we derived the theoretical equation for the surface tension. The equation includes the electrical work required for charging the air/water surface and the work attributable to the configurational entropy in the adsorbed film. By fitting the equation to the experimental data, we determined the binding constant between adsorbed surfactant ion and counterion, and found that the bromide ions, rather than the chloride ions, are preferentially adsorbed by the air/water surface. Furthermore, it was suggested that the contribution of configurational entropy to the surface tension is predominant in the presence of electrolytes because of the increase in the surface density of surfactant molecules associated with decreasing the repulsive interaction between their hydrophilic groups.
Surface-Modified Membrane as A Separator for Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery
Authors: Kim Jun Young , Lim Dae Young
Published: April 2010

This paper describes the fabrication of novel modified polyethylene (PE) membranes using plasma technology to create high-performance and cost-effective separator membranes for practical applications in lithium-ion polymer batteries. The modified PE membrane via plasma modification process plays a critical role in improving wettability and electrolyte retention, interfacial adhesion between separators and electrodes, and cycle performance of lithium-ion polymer batteries. This paper suggests that the performance of lithium-ion polymer batteries can be greatly enhanced by the plasma modification of commercial separators with proper functional materials for targeted application.
Anthracenedione Derivatives as Anticancer Agents Isolated from Secondary Metabolites of the Mangrove Endophytic Fungi
Authors: Zhang Jian-ye , Tao Li-yang , Liang Yong-ju , Chen Li-ming , Mi Yan-jun , Zheng Li-sheng , Wang Fang , She Zhi-gang , Lin Yong-cheng , To Kenneth Kin Wah , Fu Li-wu
Published: April 2010

In this article, we report anticancer activity of 14 anthracenedione derivatives separated from the secondary metabolites of the mangrove endophytic fungi Halorosellinia sp. (No. 1403) and Guignardia sp. (No. 4382). Some of them inhibited potently the growth of KB and KBv200 cells, among which compound 6 displayed strong cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 3.17 and 3.21 μM to KB and KBv200 cells, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mechanism involved in the apoptosis induced by compound 6 is probably related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of these compounds are discussed.
Sterilization Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Human Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Allografts
Authors: Reid James , Sikka Robby , Tsoi William , Narvy Steven J. , Hedman Thomas , Lee Thay Q. , Vangsness C. Thomas
Published: April 2010

Novel allograft processing methods are available from tissue banks to decrease disease transmission. This study evaluated the effects of 3 of these techniques on the initial mechanical properties of bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) allografts: (1) aseptic harvest with low-dose radiation processing, (2) BioCleanse Tissue Processing System, and (3) Clearant Process. Ten-mm BPTB allografts were potted in an MTS 858 machine (MTS Systems Corp, Eden Prairie, Minnesota), cycled, and loaded to failure at a strain rate of 100%/s. Data were critically analyzed for graft dimensions and age and sex of donor. The 10th cycle and last cycle stiffness after 1000 cycles were measured at the toe region and at all points. The 2% yield stress (MPa), Young's modulus (MPa), elongation failure (mm), strain fracture (%), ultimate stress (MPa), and toughness (kJ) were measured. Forty-two tendons were tested (15 control, 11 BioCleanse, and 16 Clearant). No statistically significant differences were detected between the groups at their 10th cycle and last cycle stiffness (
P
>.05). Yield stress ranged from 19 to 28.8 MPa without a statistically significant difference (
P
>.05). Young's modulus ranged from 178.3 to 213.8 MPa without a statistically significant difference (
P
>.05). Similarly, elongation to failure, strain to failure, ultimate stress, and toughness showed no statistically significant differences among the 3 groups (
P
>.05). These processing techniques did not affect the time zero mechanical properties of the BPTB allograft tendons under these testing conditions. Clinical use of allografts should proceed with caution for selected patients.
Biomechanical Comparison of 3 Possible Fixation Strategies to Resist Femoral Neck Shortening After Fracture
Authors: Alves Tim , Neal John W. , Weinhold Paul S. , Dahners Laurence E.
Published: April 2010

In light of recent reports that patients with femoral neck shortening following fracture fixation are dissatisfied with their outcomes, the objective of this study was to compare the compressive strength, or resistance to shortening, of 3 possible strategies for stabilization of the femoral neck that should resist shortening. The proximal portion of 21 synthetic composite femurs were prepared to isolate the femoral neck for study. A 4-mm segment of the femoral neck was removed to simulate a transcervical comminuted fracture that would be expected to shorten under standard treatment conditions. These simulated fractures were fixed by 1 of 3 methods: a 3-screw configuration using parallel partially threaded screws augmented with an injectable hydroxyapatite bone substitute in the fracture site; a 3-screw configuration using parallel fully threaded screws; or a nonparallel 3-screw configuration using partially threaded screws. The specimens were tested in compression along the axis of the femoral neck, and the mean stiffness and load to failure values were calculated.

The hydroxyapatite bone substitute-augmented partially threaded screw fixation construct resulted in the highest stiffness (1928±135 N/mm) and load to failure (6529±674 N), followed by the fully threaded screw construct (1210±166 N/mm and 3987±419 N, respectively), and finally the nonparallel construct (518±176 N/mm and 592±295 N, respectively) (
P
<.001 for all groups). This study supports further evaluation of hydroxyapatite bone substitute augmentation at the fracture site to prevent femoral neck shortening in femoral neck fractures receiving internal fixation.
Prophylactic Bilateral Intramedullary Femoral Nails for Bisphosphonate-associated Signs of Impending Subtrochanteric Hip Fracture
Authors: Yoon Richard S. , Beebe Kathleen S. , Benevenia Joseph
Published: April 2010

In the short and midterm, bisphosphonates have proven highly efficacious in the prevention of low-energy fractures, but long-term results and adverse effects have yet to be definitively identified. Of particular concern are emerging reports of long-term bisphosphonate users presenting with unusual low-energy subtrochanteric femur fractures. Perhaps associated with hyperactive bone remodeling leading to an eventually weakened bony architecture, the efficacy of longer-term bisphosphonate use has come into question, especially in those with >5 years of therapy.

This article describes a case of a 65-year-old woman with a 10-year history of bisphosphonate use who presented with prodromal thigh pain and characteristic radiographic findings indicative of potential impending subtrochanteric insufficiency fracture. Supported by reports in the literature, unique characteristics of a certain clinical picture warn of potential bisphosphonate-associated subtrochanteric hip fracture; to our knowledge, we present the first reported prophylactic bilateral femoral intramedullary nailing to prevent fragility fracture. A deeper look into the biochemistry behind associated bony weakness caused by long-term incorporation of bisphosphonates is needed, especially if an endpoint to the therapy is to be determined. However, with mounting clinical evidence supporting the risk of bisphosphonate-associated fragility fracture, a characteristic radiographic appearance and clinical presentation cannot be ignored. In the interim, elective surgery may be an efficacious alternative in the treatment of an expected, readily preventable fracture.
Meralgia Paresthetica of the Contralateral Leg After Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Weier Chris A. , Jones Lynne C. , Hungerford Marc W.
Published: April 2010

In the United States, total hip arthroplasty (THA) is typically performed with the patient in the lateral decubitus position. Positioning of the morbidly obese patient can be technically challenging and may require special positioning equipment. Although the increased incidence of complications after THA in obese patients has been well documented, neurologic complications in the contralateral limb are rare. This article describes a case of a patient with impairment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in the contralateral leg after THA.

A 55-year-old woman with a body mass index of 34.24 kg/m
2
underwent THA in the right lateral decubitus position. Because of her body habitus, a bean-bag positioner was used. Total hip arthroplasty was performed using a direct lateral approach. Intra-operative surgical time was 2.5 hours, and total anesthesia time was 3.5 hours. A few days postoperatively, the patient began to experience “burning and shooting” pain in the contralateral hip, but she did not report this pain until 6 weeks postoperatively. She was treated initially with a single lidocaine injection. When this was ineffective, she was treated with topiramate (100 mg daily) and vitamin B6 (100 mg orally twice daily). The symptoms lessened markedly at 5 months and resolved completely at 9 months postoperatively.

Meralgia paresthetica is an uncommon, but known, complication of THA. To our knowledge, it has been reported only in the operative limb. This report reinforces the need for careful positioning to avoid pressure over the anterior superior iliac spine intraoperatively.
Problem Solving Strategies Used by RN-to-BSN Students in an Online Problem-Based Learning Course
Authors: Oldenburg Nancy L. , Hung Wei-Chen
Published: April 2010

It is essential that nursing students develop the problem solving and critical thinking skills required in the current health care environment. Problem-based learning has been promoted as a way to help students acquire those skills; however, gaps exist in the knowledge base of the strategies used by learners. The purpose of this case study was to gain insight into the problem solving experience of a group of six RN-to-BSN students in an online problem-based learning course. Data, including discussion transcripts, reflective papers, and interview transcripts, were analyzed using a qualitative approach. Students expanded their use of resources and resolved the cases, identifying relevant facts and clinical applications. They had difficulty communicating their findings, establishing the credibility of sources, and offering challenging feedback. Increased support and direction are needed to facilitate the development of problem solving abilities of students in the problem-based learning environment.
Interventions to Reduce Cognitive Decline in Aging
Authors: Williams Kristine N. , Kemper Susan
Published: April 2010

As the population ages, risks for cognitive decline threaten independence and quality of life for older adults and present challenges to the health care system. Nurses are in a unique position to advise older adults about cognitive health promotion and to develop interventions that optimize cognition in older adults. A literature review was conducted to provide nurses in mental health and geriatric care with an overview of research related to the promotion of successful cognitive aging for older adults. Research evaluating cognitively stimulating lifestyles and the effects on cognitive function in older adults of interventions targeting cognitive training, physical activity, social engagement, and nutrition were reviewed. Overall research findings support positive effects of cognitive and physical activity, social engagement, and therapeutic nutrition in optimizing cognitive aging. However, the strength of the evidence is limited by research designs. Applications for health promotion to optimize cognitive aging and future directions for research are discussed.
Temperature Increase in Human Cadaver Retina During Direct Illumination by Femtosecond Laser Pulses
Authors: Sun Hui , Mikula Eric , Kurtz Ronald M. , Juhasz Tibor
Published: April 2010

PURPOSE:

Femtosecond lasers have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for ophthalmic surgery, including use in creating corneal flaps in LASIK surgery. During normal operation, approximately 50% to 60% of laser energy may pass beyond the cornea, with potential effects on the retina. As a model for retinal laser exposure during femtosecond corneal surgery, we measured the temperature rise in human cadaver retinas during direct illumination by the laser.

METHODS:

The temperature increase induced by a 150-kHz iFS Advanced Femtosecond Laser (Abbott Medical Optics) in human cadaver retinas was measured in situ using an infrared thermal imaging camera. To model the geometry of the eye during the surgery, an approximate 11×11-mm excised section of human cadaver retina was placed 17 mm behind the focus of the laser beam. The temperature field was observed in 10 cadaver retina samples at energy levels ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 µJ (corresponding approximately to surgical energies of 0.8 to 3.2 µJ per pulse).

RESULTS:

Maximal temperature increases up to 1.15°C (corresponding to 3.2 µJ and 52-second illumination) were observed in the cadaver retina sections with little variation in temperature profiles between specimens for the same laser energy illumination.

CONCLUSIONS:

The commercial iFS Advanced Femtosecond Laser operating with pulse energies at approximately the lower limit of the range evaluated in this study would be expected to result in a 0.2°C temperature increase and do not therefore present a safety hazard to the retina. [J Refract Surg. 2010;26:272–277.]
Cause of Monocular Diplopia Diagnosed by Combining Double-pass Retinal Image Assessment and Hartmann-Shack Aberrometry
Authors: Pérez Guillermo M. , Abenza Salomé , De Casas Alvaro , Marín Jose M. , Artal Pablo
Published: April 2010

PURPOSE:

To report an advanced optical procedure developed for the diagnosis of a particular case of diplopia.

METHODS:

This approach combined the quantification of the level of intraocular scattering by using an Objective Scatter Index provided by a double-pass instrument (Optical Quality Analysis System) with the analysis of higher order aberrations using a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor.

RESULTS:

The value of the Objective Scatter Index revealed increased intraocular scattering; the Hartmann-Shack images showed the existence of an optically differentiated area at the upper region of both crystalline lenses. Simulation of retinal images computed from the wavefront maps confirmed that, under low luminance conditions, this inhomogeneous region of the lens was included in the pupil, generating a secondary image and therefore the diplopia.

CONCLUSIONS:

This report demonstrates the potential of combining two objective optical methods to show the presence of minor lens opacities that may severely degrade quality of vision. [
J Refract Surg
. 2010;26:301–304.]
Real Ray Tracing Simulation Versus Clinical Outcomes of Corneal Excimer Laser Surface Ablations
Authors: Einighammer Jens , Oltrup Theo , Bende Thomas , Jean Benedikt
Published: April 2010

Purpose:

To investigate the recently reported discrepancy between theoretical expectations and clinical outcomes of corneal ablations after excimer laser corneal refractive surgery.

Methods:

Thirty-four eyes of 25 patients who had laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) for myopia (mean −6.26±2.52 diopters [D], full correction diameter 6.71±0.25 mm) without astigmatism correction were assessed. Based on preoperative topographies, corneal ablation was simulated using the Munnerlyn formula—one with homogeneous beam fluence and another with variable beam fluence (including reflection loss and non-normal laser beam incidence). Corneal shape was analyzed pre- and postoperatively. Corneal wavefront aberration was calculated with real ray tracing and reported according to the Optical Society of America standard.

Results:

Corneal asphericity for a 6.0-mm diameter showed that preoperative measured corneas (−0.21±0.11) and postoperative simulated corneas (homogeneous beam fluence −0.32±0.19, variable beam fluence −0.41±0.22) were prolate, whereas postoperative measured corneas (0.40±0.57) were oblate. Corneal wavefront aberration (higher order aberrations 3rd to 6th/spherical aberration Z[4,0] in microns) for a 6.0-mm diameter, compared to the preoperative state (0.34±0.19/0.15±0.09), did not increase in postoperative simulation (homogeneous beam fluence 0.29±0.15/0.05±0.08, variable beam fluence 0.34±0.14/0.16±0.08), but in contrast increased for postoperative measurements (0.64±0.17/0.49±0.15).

Conclusions:

The increase in oblateness, higher order aberrations, and spherical aberration of real patients’ postoperative corneas was not seen in simulations using a Munnerlyn ablation profile. The fluence loss of the laser was one important factor, but did not explain all increasing aberrations observed clinically. We hypothesize that corneal wound healing and biomechanics play a role.
Lack of Glaucoma Following Infantile Cataract Surgery with Primary Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation
Authors: Khan Arif O. , Al-Dahmash Saad
Published: April 2010

Background and Objective:

To determine the incidence of glaucoma following infantile cataract surgery with primary posterior chamber lens (PC-IOL) implantation for isolated non-traumatic cataract.

Patients and Methods:

Retrospective institutional medical record review.

Results:

Thirty-six eyes of 31 patients were identified. Small incision surgery (including posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy) was performed at a mean age of 7.6 months (median: 7 months; range: 5 to 10 months) with in-the-bag PC-IOL placement in 27 eyes and sulcus PC-IOL placement in 9 eyes. Last follow-up examination was a mean 67.1 months postoperatively (median: 65 months; range: 60 to 84 months). No eye was diagnosed as having glaucoma. In a similar population (same methods, age range, and ethnic group) that was left aphakic, the incidence of glaucoma was 22 of 57 eyes (38.6%).

Conclusion:

Primary PC-IOL implantation may confer protection against delayed-onset glaucoma following cataract surgery between 5 and 10 months of age.
“Easing the Way” for Spouse Caregivers of Individuals with Dementia: A Pilot Feasibility Study of a Grief Intervention
Authors: Ott Carol H. , Kelber Sheryl T. , Blaylock Michele
Published: April 2010

A multicomponent intervention targeting grief symptoms in spouse caregivers of individuals with dementia was pilot tested in this feasibility study. Twenty spouse caregivers completed the study within the 5-month protocol. The five-component intervention, deduced from Meuser, Marwit, and Sanders' Dementia Caregiver Grief Model and tailored to participants' grief, mental health, and learning needs, included supportive grief counseling, emotional support, education, skill building, and referral to community resources. Significant changes were found from baseline to intervention completion for the measures of grief, depression, anxiety, positive states of mind, and self-efficacy, resulting in a moderate effect size of −0.43 for grief to a large effect size of −2.40 for anxiety. Increases in quality of life and decreases in grief persisted at the 8-month follow up for caregivers who continued to provide care in the home. The Easing the Way intervention protocol is a promising caregiver program that warrants further testing in a randomized controlled study.
Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) associated with cold-water coral substrates in the Porcupine Seabight (NE Atlantic): species composition, diversity and reflections on the origin of the fauna
Authors: Gheerardyn Hendrik , De Troch Marleen , Vincx Magda , Vanreusel Ann
Published: April 2010

The harpacticoid copepod fauna associated with the coral degradation zone of Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758) reefs was investigated for the first time in the Porcupine Seabight (NE Atlantic). The species list of the coral degradation zone includes 157 species, 62 genera and 19 families, and the most species-rich families were Ectinosomatidae (36 species), Ameiridae (29 species) and Argestidae (17 species). At least 80% of the species were considered new to science. Most of the 23 known species have been reported from NE Atlantic coastlines and from higher latitudes in northern Subpolar and Polar Seas. At the family level, the harpacticoid fauna in the Porcupine Seabight did not seem to differ markedly from other deep-sea areas, with essentially the same abundant families. However, the presence of typically epifaunal taxa indicates that the hard substrates of the coral degradation zone provide an exceptional habitat. Further, harpacticoid composition and diversity of sediment and coral fragments were compared with similar substrates in a tropical reef lagoon (Zanzibar, Tanzania). Both regions harboured different fauna and the difference between coral and sediment was more obvious in the tropical lagoon. Species richness and evenness of the two microhabitats in the tropical lagoon were lower than in the deep sea.
Thermal Shock Performance of Fine Grained Al2O3 Ceramics With TiO2 and ZrO2 Additions for Refractory Applications
Authors: Aneziris Christos G. , Dudczig Steffen , Gerlach Nora , Berek Harry , Veres Dániel
Published: April 2010

Due to zirconia and titania additions carbon‐free fine grained alumina ceramics are produced with superior thermal shock performance. The decomposition of Al2TiO5 in the alumina doped matrix dominates during thermal shock attack and leads to higher strengths in comparison to the as sintered samples after thermal shock. EDX, EBSD, and XRD investigations describe the phase evolution before and after quenching the samples from 950 to 1200 °C in water, respectively.