bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migrants of the British Diaspora Since the 1960s
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This is the first social history to explore the experience of British emigrants from the peak years of the 1960s to the emigration resurgence of the turn of the twentieth century. It scrutinises migrant experiences in Australia, Canada and New Zealand alongside other countries. The book challenges the assumption that the ‘British diaspora’ ended in the 1960s, and explores its gradual reinvention from a postwar migration of austerity to a modern migration of prosperity. Building on previous oral histories of British emigration to single countries in postwar years, it offers a different way of writing migration history, based on life histories but exploring mentalities as well as experiences, against a setting of deep social and economic change. The book charts the decade-by-decade shift in the migration landscape, from the 1970s loss of Britons’ privilege in destination countries and the 1980s urgency of ‘Thatcher’s refugees’, to shifting attitudes to cosmopolitanism and global citizenship by the 1990s. Key moments are the rise of expatriate employment, changing dynamics of love and marriage, the visibility of British emigrants of colour, serial migration practices, enhanced independence among women migrants and ‘lifestyle’ change ambitions. These are new patterns of discretionary and nomadic migration, which became more common practice generally from the end of the twentieth century.
Postwar pioneers of modern mobility: the 1940s to the 1960s
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines features of the first generation of postwar British emigrants which foreshadowed the later rise of modern global mobility. The drive of Anglophone immigrant countries to attract skilled employees, coinciding with the spread of higher education and social mobility in Britain, opened the way for aspiring migrants to use migration as a means to social advancement and entrepreneurship. Continuing global mobility, once the preserve of elites, was becoming democratised, and young travellers seized on the facilities to pioneer new forms of serial migration. At the same time the shadow of the British Empire continued to exert its influence on potential migrants with backgrounds in the military and imperial administration. Some faced the threat of downward social mobility, but, comfortable with global transience, turned to continuing migration as a means of comfortable survival. ‘Nomad daughters of the Empire’ describes women’s adaptation to new forms of mobility, and ‘the empire of the imagination’ explores ways in which the power of the ‘colonial dividend’ worked to stimulate thoughts of ‘wanderlust’ and serial migration, setting powerful precedents for the next generation of mobile Britons.
Migration and career stories: work in an age of mobility
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This chapter drills down more deeply into the role of work and career at a time when changing motivations, like adventure and lifestyle, were beginning to dominate the migration landscape. Material improvement remained central to modern migrant motivations, but it was mediated by new elements and subjected to changing contexts of employment in a globalising world. In these ways career stories underline the centrality of change alongside continuity in migration history. Skilled migrant stories point to changes in opportunities and ambitions beyond more traditional ‘job for life’ expectations, and explore the role of trade union pathways to career advancement. The expansion of tertiary education from the 1960s spawned a growing body of upwardly mobile middle-class job hunters for whom migration offered unique opportunities of geographical and social mobility. For some professionals this translated into the stellar success they thought was closed to them in Britain, illustrated by examples in medicine, journalism and Information Technology. Exploration of the traditionally mobile career of academic employment illustrates ways in which old patterns of academic mobility intensified under new conditions. Here career drove mobility, but with surprising developments, including career change combined with return migration.
The quest for new lifestyles: migration, treechange and grey nomads
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This chapter canvasses the turn to ‘lifestyle’ goals in migration, in ‘escape stories’, in drives to realise ecological principles and anti-urban ideology and in quests for a ‘purer’ way of life often driven by enhanced modern expressions of individualism. It begins with two examples of ‘island stories’, on Salt Spring Island in British Columbia, and on Dangar Island in New South Wales. Both exemplify ‘escape’ themes alongside ecological pursuits, close-knit community living and local identities. ‘Tree-change’ stories’ denote similar lifestyle passions, one shaping a lifetime pursuit for Nordic landscapes, finally settling in New Zealand. Others establish connections between lifestyle goals and ‘new age’ aspirations, settling in locations associated with alternative lifestyles like Byron Bay in New South Wales. Cosmopolitan identities co-existed with continuing mobility, a strong sense of place and high valuation on belonging to ‘the land’. ‘Grey nomad’ touring marked the ultimate extension of serial migration, with a nomadic couple’s account of passions for global mobility and lifestyle pursuits into retirement years, recalling former migration while continuing permanent itinerancy in the mobile home, earning a living on the road without fixed address.
Changing faces of modern migration
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This chapter uses some striking migrant stories from ‘new faces’ of modern migration to scrutinise the underlying theme of change and continuity in modern migration history. The stories range across return migration, the heightened place of Europe in British migration practice, women’s turn to life-writing to make sense of their mobile experiences, the phenomenon and role of British goods shops in migrant destinations, and a British-Indian professional woman’s ambivalent responses to her further migration history. They illustrate the impact of migrant experience on shifting patterns of identity, global, national and local, on the diminishing hold of ‘associational’ culture among the British, on the changing profiles of migrant women who navigated their strategic management of career, marriage and family, and on the interplay of race and gender in migrant lives. All these themes illustrate deep changes which characterised the migrant experience of the modern British diaspora, but alongside enduring continuities.
Mega-Events and Social Change
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

This book analyses the biggest, most spectacular and at times most controversial types of events, namely ‘mega-events’, and particularly recent Olympics and Expos. In this respect it builds on the sociological, historical and empirical account of mega-events originally presented in Roche’s influential study ‘Mega-Events and Modernity’ (2000). This new book addresses how mega-events have changed in recent times. It argues that contemporary mega-events reflect the major social changes which now influence our societies, particularly in the West, and which amount to a new ‘second phase’ of the modernization process. These are particularly visible in the media, urban and global locational aspects of mega-events. The book suggests that contemporary mega-events, both in their achievements and their vulnerabilities, reflect, in the media sphere, the rise of the internet; in the urban sphere, de-industrialisation and the growing ecological crisis; and in the global sphere, the relative decline of the West and the rise of China and other ‘emerging’ countries. It investigates the way in which contemporary mega-events reflect, but also mark and influence, social changes in each of these three contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

Book Introductions should aim to answer three main questions, namely, why the book has been written (and thus relatedly why it might possibly be of interest to readers), what it is about and how its concerns and contents will be addressed and organised. In this Introduction I will address these three questions....
Mega-events and urban development: Olympics and legacies
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the ‘material embedding’ of mega-event spectacles in the legacies they leave in host cities which can be of both a negative and positive kind, and consist of the creation of new place and space legacies. These themes are illustrated with reference to the modern Olympics, and particularly in the contemporary period. The chapter’s main focus is on Olympic mega-events as urban ‘place-makers’. That is they often involve new constructions, on the one hand of sports and related event facilities complexes, and on the other hand of community-related developments in housing and places of employment. Since the turn of the millennium they are now effectively required by the IOC bidding system to leave such legacies. The chapter explore such legacies in some detail in the influential case of the Sydney 2000 Olympic project which, in some respects, was understood to represent a ‘model’ for subsequent Olympic cities. The case of the Sydney Olympics is seen to show how mega-events can simultaneously be urban ‘space-makers’ as well as ‘place-makers’. Since Sydney mega-events have often been notably associated with strategically important values and policies of both ‘greening’ and humanising modern urbanisation through the provision of open and green spaces in urban centres.
Setting up a non-profit enterprise (1945–47)
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 depicts the political, social and economic situation on the European continent at the end of World War Two and gives an account of international and United States relief activities to help feed the war-afflicted civilian populations in Europe. It takes a closer look at the incorporation and establishment of the Cooperative for American Relief to Europe (CARE) as a temporary private voluntary relief organization and sheds light on the social and political dynamics leading up to the establishment of one of the fastest growing US humanitarian NGOs in the aftermath of WWII
Food aid and private–public cooperation in Egypt
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 is a case study on CARE’s overseas operations in Egypt. It traces CARE’s cooperation with US and Egyptian government agencies and officials and sketches how Cold War dynamics both triggered and impeded effective cooperation in large-scale school feeding programs.
CARE and the Peace Corps
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Chapter 7 takes a closer look at CARE’s role in the creation of the Peace Corps. It looks at CARE’s stakes in the training and handling of Peace Corps volunteers in the United States and on the ground in Colombia and shows how the transfer of development expertise and knowledge between a private player and a government agency worked. It also traces the development of organizational rivalries and competitive behaviour between CARE and the Peace Corps up to the point where both organizations severed their ties and went their separate ways.
Conclusion
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Tea and Empire
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T. M.
Published: January 2018

This book examines the remarkable life story of James Taylor, renowned as ‘the father of the Ceylon tea enterprise’. Published in 2017, the 150th anniversary of Ceylon tea, the book documents Taylor’s role in that global commodity, and its forerunners, coffee and cinchona. It utilises Taylor’s own writings together with documentary and ethnographic evidence, to recreate plantation life in the high noon of the Victorian empire. It shows that the imperial experience was not simply about conquest and subordination but could also involve both human contacts across the cultures and sometimes a degree of cooperation between them.
Introduction
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

James Taylor was, in a sense, fairly typical of the countless number of young Scots who sought their fortunes in the British Empire and beyond throughout the nineteenth century. Yet his particular career merits special attention for his efforts helped to create the foundations for the transformation of the country’s economy which helped to shape the world’s drinking habits. The introduction sets the scene for the book and outlines the diverse sources – including Taylor’s private and published correspondence and photographs – which have made this ‘subaltern biography’ possible.
Transition to tea
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

Ceylon was a latecomer to the global trade in tea. When James Taylor began his experimental attempts at planting in the later 1860s, the two dominant suppliers to the international market were China and, to a lesser extent, Assam in India. Even Taylor's pioneering efforts did not at first lead to much in the way of a significant increase in commercial tea planting or marketing in Ceylon. Indeed, Taylor, from the mid-1860s, was mainly concerned with the cultivation of cinchona rather than tea. We examine his contribution to that enterprise and then chart his early experiments in tea.
Cross-cultural contact
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

From his first arrival in Ceylon, James Taylor showed awareness of the ethnic diversity of the population, especially Tamil and Sinhalese estate labour. This chapter examines his impressions of the workforce and those of other peoples whom he encountered during his four decades in Ceylon. Particular attention is given to his perceptions at the time of the Indian ‘Mutiny’ and his graphic testimony of that event. His opinions are not treated in a vacuum but within the broader context of nineteenth-century racial thought. The chapter concludes with a tantalising account of his intimate interracial encounters.
Triumph and tears: last years and legacy
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

In 1891, James Taylor received public acclaim for his role in Ceylon’s tea and cinchona enterprises. A mere six months after this public accolade, he was dead and his reputation sullied beforehand. We examine the public scandal surrounding Taylor’s dismissal from his position as superintendent at Loolecoondera, followed by his mysterious death and the public outrage it generated. We conclude with an assessment of Taylor’s legacy in both Sri Lanka and Scotland with a particular emphasis on tourism.
Hospitals and Charity
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

Medieval hospitals in Italy, originally intended to house pilgrims and comfort the dying, evolved from religious institutions reflecting communal and personal piety to civic facilities intended to provide a comprehensive social welfare and medical service to the urban community. The founding and management of hospitals provided a means for the acquisition of political power and social status for the new urban elites. Brasher’s study provides the first comprehensive examination of the foundation of small independent hospitals throughout the region beginning in the twelfth century and then considers the challenges to establishing and managing these institutions in the face of ecclesiastical and political interference over the succeeding three centuries. The resulting charitable institutions reflected a nexus of lay initiative, religious culture, and civic political life. The independent nature of the individual hospitals has made generalization difficult, yet through a comprehensive examination of evidence from over 175 hospitals, the volume covers a wide geographic and chronological expanse to create a picture of the internal life of the institutions and their place within the urban community. The rise of the central, civic hospital of the fifteenth century, generally seen as a particular phenomenon of the Renaissance, is placed in the context of its earlier origins. The book will be of interest to students and researchers of medieval social, religious, or urban history.
Introduction
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the purpose of the book and provides an outline of the organization of the chapters. The argument is made that the medieval hospital provides an excellent vehicle for examining the alteration of the civic jurisdictional landscape of the city. The hospital movement also illustrates the nature of religious life and charitable activity among lay citizens. The evolution of the medieval hospital illuminates the transition of influence, status, wealth, and power from ecclesiastical authorities to the lay citizenry and from them, finally, to the civic authorities of the budding modern state. Over the course of the twelfth through fifteenth centuries medieval hospitals in Italy, originally intended to house pilgrims and comfort the dying, evolved from religious institutions reflecting communal and personal piety to civic facilities intended to provide a comprehensive social welfare and medical service to the urban community.
The foundation of hospitals
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

Chapter two examines the phenomenon of the rapid growth of the foundation of hospitals in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. A comprehensive consideration of these hospitals’ foundational charters provides insight into the location, purpose, need, and political context of the origins of the hospital movement. Various founders including bishops, confraternities, individuals and neighbourhood associations as well as the differences between rural and urban facilities are considered. The geographic importance of pilgrimage and trade routes to the establishment of hospitals is also explored.
Hospital management
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

In this chapter the various structures of hospital management are examined. As the model for charity in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was almost exclusively religious, these institutions were universally organized within some format of religious or semi-religious community that provided housing for staff and administrators as well as, patients, the poor, and pilgrims. Confraternities, converse, regular canons, neighbourhood associations and semi-religious groups such as the Humiliati were all involved in managing hospitals. This chapter provides an analysis of the groups and individuals who administered the hospitals and their affiliations with other larger religious and community entities.
Internal life of the hospital
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

Chapter four provides a detailed description of the physical plant of the hospital, the daily life of individuals, and rules and statutes followed by its members as well as consideration of the social composition of donors, workers, and recipients of hospital services. The chapter includes a thorough examination of documentation such rules, statutes of operation, oblation ceremonies, inventories, wills and bequests in order to illuminate some aspects of the physical structure, living conditions, internal and external relations of members, and relationships between the hospitals and ecclesiastical and civic authorities. The fact that much of our information on these institutions comes from ecclesiastical visitation and dispute settlement documentation suggests the challenges faced by hospitals.
Conclusion
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

The conclusions chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier chapters and reiterates the claim that throughout northern Italy, beginning as early as the twelfth century, as result of the pious impulse of an emerging class of cittadini, the focus of religious charitable activity was targeted on specific localized communities resulting in the founding of small, community-cantered hospitals. Over the following three centuries management of these hospitals evolved from grass-roots initiative of the community, through ecclesiastical reform and finally was appropriated by the civic government of the city-states. This evolution mirrored changes in urban society during the period and provides and excellent lens through which to view late medieval Italian society and religious culture.
The US vs China
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This book addresses the most important question in geopolitics today – the future of the relations between the US and China. Concerned that the economic rise of China would lead it to challenge the US’s position in world affairs, the US reminded the world it is ‘both a Pacific and an Atlantic power’ and in 2010 announced it was making an historic shift in foreign policy to ‘pivot to Asia’, turning its strategic orientation from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Asia China. This book does not portray China position one-sidedly, but nonetheless challenges frontally the dominant causal explanations for and professed intentions of this US’s shift in policy, arguing that rather than countering a ‘regional aggressor’ or a dangerous ‘revisionist power’, the US is creating regional instability through an intervention against China that has echoes of the Cold War. The book delves into the real dynamics of contemporary Sino-American relations, surveying their complex interactions in the context of their post-war history. It surveys key components of the relations between China and the US in Asia, whether this is Russia’s turn to the east, the impact of Japanese nationalism, democracy in Myanmar, North Korea’s nuclear programme or disputes in the South China Sea, illuminating the defining issue shaping global politics for our time.
Introduction: America’s Pacific century?
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter outlines the US shift in foreign policy to focus on Asia and China and the reasons for it. It considers the degree and speed with which China is catching up with the US economically and militarily and how this is working through into increased political and diplomatic influence. It considers how this is accelerating the long-term decline in US global preeminence, by giving additional leverage to countries that do not want to go along with the behests of the US, whether economically or politically. It summarises the initiatives that the US has begun to put in place to respond to this challenge - from its shift in military focus from the Atlantic to the Pacific to the TPP – and how China has responded. Having outlined the parameters of these global shifts, the chapter explains the structure of the book, and the questions it will address.
Can China rise peacefully?
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

The case that China must be contained rests on the premise that it is – or is about to – engage in a coercive expansion of its influence in ‘Central Asia, the South China Sea, the internet and outer space’ and it is only a matter of time before China tries ‘to push the United States out of the Asia-Pacific region, much the way the United States pushed the European great powers out of the Western hemisphere in the 19th century’. China’s rise is cast as dangerous for the security of its neighbours and world peace, with the only guarantee of regional and global stability the maintenance of the leading role of the US, particularly in Asia itself. This chapter examines the truth of these claims in the light of the China’s own explanation of the direction of its foreign policy. It argues that while China’s foreign policy has become more emphatic in pursuing its international interests, especially relating to trade and energy security, that there is a great deal of difference between greater confidence in pursuing China’s national interests and a new aggressive stance.
Russia: facing west or east
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews US-China-Russia relations in the post-war period, and considers how recent developments affect prospects for the US ‘pivot’. It explains why those driving US foreign policy towards China see the confrontation with Russia in Ukraine as a dangerous and diversionary adventure, leading to Sino-Russian convergence, distracting US attention from East Asia and undermining confidence among the US’s Asian allies of its commitment to the region. It is argued that if the US is to maintain primacy in the 21st century, it must subordinate other foreign policy goals to the paramount objective of containing China’s rise. The US’s failure to do this, instead pitting itself against both Putin in the West and China in the East, means it has driven Russia and China together, quite possibly sacrificing its vital need to contain China for a lesser goal of uncertain outcome in Ukraine.
Winning over India
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

India has the potential to prevent China becoming the unchallenged leader in Asia. Given that India has its own concerns about a resurgent China – including over unresolved border disputes, relations with Pakistan especially on Kashmir, and China’s increasing presence in the Indian Ocean – the US has logged it for recruitment to a US-led curtailment of China. This chapter looks at US-India and India-China relations in their historical context and that of the US ‘pivot’. It finds that while recent Indian governments have continued the warming of relations with the US that began in the 1990s, this has not led India into a new axis with the US. Rather India can be said to be pursuing a contemporary variant of its Cold War ‘non-alignment’.
Losing Central Asia
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the strategic interrelation of the US, China and Russia in Central Asia. It views the region both from the perspective of China’s concerns for the stability of its sensitive western province of Xinjiang, and the prospects for the US to advance its military and strategic position in the region. It looks at the problems of China’s Xinjiang province and the challenge from separatism and Islamic fundamentalism. It demonstrates the growing collaboration of Russia and China in Central Asia, for both security and trade. It concludes that after an advance into the region in the aftermath of the fall of the USSR, accelerated by US and NATO intervention in Afghanistan from 2001, the US is now in retreat from Central Asia, while Russian and Chinese influence has grown.
The ‘Charlotte’ cult: writing the literary pilgrimage, from Gaskell to Woolf
Authors: Wynne Deborah
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers how writers and literary tourists imagined Charlotte Brontë during the fifty years after her death. It is framed by Elizabeth Gaskell’s The Life of CharlotteBrontë and Virginia Woolf’s essay, ‘Haworth, 1904’, both writers assessing Brontë’s legacy as an author. While Gaskell’s biography unleashed the ‘Charlotte’ cult, whose devotees became instrumental in the establishment of the Brontë Society in 1893 and the eventual opening of the parsonage as a museum, Woolf pondered the negative impact of literary tourism on the legacy of writers. For decades after her death, literary tourists sought traces of Brontë’s ghostly presence in Haworth, initiating the creation of the parsonage as literary shrine and a tourist industry based on the notion of literary pilgrimage. Analysing a range of accounts of visits to Haworth, along with obituaries, this chapter argues that Brontë’s reputation was initially shaped by myths and misconceptions as much as by her literary works.
The ethics of appropriation; or, the ‘mere spectre’ of Jane Eyre: Emma Tennant’s Thornfield Hall, Jasper Fforde’s The Eyre Affair and Gail Jones’s Sixty Lights
Authors: Lewis Alexandra
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the ethics of neo-Victorian appropriation through close analyses of three Brontëan afterlives: novels by Emma Tennant (Thornfield Hall), Jasper Fforde (The Eyre Affair) and Gail Jones (Sixty Lights). This chapter explores the impact of Charlotte Brontë’s writing upon the field of neo-Victorian fiction—and vice versa. How has Brontë’s Jane Eyre been reflected upon and invoked in twentieth- and twenty-first-century novels about the Victorians, and with what range of textual and wider cultural effects? This chapter shows that re-workings of Jane Eyre often speak directly to the accreted meanings of prior neo-Victorian revisions (such as Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea), as well as their critical contexts; reveals the way the allusive power (or broad communal meaning) of an archetypal text can be contingent upon the oversimplification of literary and cultural complexities; and contends that recent engagements with Brontë’s life and fiction by creative writers have much to reveal about nostalgia and our own cultural moment. A recognition of the nuances and unresolved tensions of the Victorian original is crucial in fostering a debate on the ethics of appropriation, particularly the question of whether certain neo-Victorian novels may best be seen as acts of respect or retaliation, nostalgia or theft, or something in between.
The synthetic proposition: conceptualism as political art
Authors: Shaked Nizan
Published: January 2018

This chapter takes a comparative look at several models of interdisciplinary conceptualist practices that responded critically to Conceptual Art’s original claims. Artists responded to a limitation they identified in the narrow focus of early Conceptual Art, and turned to the social, the political, and the “life-world,” external to the hermeneutic definition of art. When this second wind of conceptualism integrated external subject matter, it was no longer in the modernist sense of art and politics. Synthetic conceptualism incorporated the basic investigations of Conceptual Art to form a complex method of artmaking that was deconstructive just as it was referential. Artists integrated a meta-critique to reveal frameworks that endowed artistic language and strategies with pre-conceived meaning. Three artists exemplify this shift. Adrian Piper transitioned from an analysis of the art object as a factor of time and space to the role of cultural forms in formulating gendered and racialised social meaning; Mary Kelly from labour and gender issues to the discourse of the subject; and Martha Rosler from the documentary mode to the critique of representation in mass media.
The return of studio realism?
Authors: Hewett Richard
Published: January 2018

While location realism would seem to predominate in the 2010s, live drama continues to be popular in the form of ‘one-off’ specials and ‘event’ television. Special anniversary episodes of soap operas EastEnders (BBC, 1985- ) and Coronation Street (ITV, 1960- ) in 2015, plus the 2005 re-mount of The Quatermass Experiment and the combination of theatre and live musical forms that comprised Frankenstein’s Wedding (BBC, 2011), suggest a continuing fascination on the part of both producers and audiences with the practices of live studio realism. In this closing chapter, modern-day practitioners discuss the possibility of multi-camera studio drama once again finding a place in the British television landscape outside of soap and sitcom, and what form the ideal template, balancing rehearsal and performance, might take in the future.
A triangle in crisis: violence, aggression, anti-Israel and anti-Semitic phenomena
Authors: Nachmani Amikam
Published: January 2018

Muslims in Europe are often the source of enmity against Jews and Israel. Recent events in the Middle East such as Israel’s winter 2008/09 “Cast Lead” Operation in Hamas-controlled Gaza and the Egyptian army’s 2013 overthrow of the Muslim Brotherhood regime, as well as internecine Muslim wars in North Africa and the Middle East have caused backlashes against European Jews. Though studies show that the majority of Europe’s Muslim community members are primarily concerned with daily family life rather than issues abroad, extremist elements, often European born, perpetrated the 7/7 London Transport (2005) bombings, the 2012 shooting deaths at the Jewish school in Toulouse, France, the brutal anti-Semitic 2006 Ilan Halimi murder and the 2015 Charlie Hebdo killings both in Paris, and 2016 Brussels massacres. Britain’s Muslim community exported the two suicide bombers who attacked Tel Aviv’s Mike’s Place Bar (2003). Muslim anti-Jewish attitudes and acts are often the product of religious training by imported imams; anti-establishment, anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist education; and social and ethnic issues that include police brutality, crime and imprisonment, and low self-esteem and self-worth in an alien environment.
Saving the future: the roots of Malatesta’s anti-militarism
Authors: Turcato Davide
Published: January 2018

Is anti-militarism an essential or disposable feature of anarchism? The question can be addressed by examining the controversy over intervention in the First World War, in which Malatesta argued that anarchists were to “stand aside to save at least their principles—which means to save the future.” Tellingly, his arguments were the same by which he supported his anti-parliamentarianism. This shows how foundational those arguments were for his anarchism. They concerned the principle of coherence between ends and means, which in turn proceeded from awareness of the heterogony of ends and its twin sides: the unintended consequences of intentional action and the displacement of goals. Malatesta’s perspective ultimately rested on his methodological individualism, which took the form of voluntarism in the prescriptive domain. Malatesta’s foresight is best appreciated in retrospect, for his seeming defeatist attitude truly saved the future: it allowed anarchism to preserve its aims intact by keeping its means coherent with them.
Malatesta and the war interventionist debate 1914–17: from the ‘Red Week’ to the Russian revolutions
Authors: Levy Carl
Published: January 2018

This chapter will examine Errico Malatesta’s (1853-1932) position on intervention in the First World War. This will include polemics within the Italian anarchist communities in Italy, London and the diaspora, and with the international anarchist movement, most notably with Kropotkin. The organising theme is the concept of the lesser evil in choosing war or peace. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the unintended consequences of the First World War, which posed challenges and crises for anarchism.
‘No man and no penny’: Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, anti-militarism and the opportunities of the First World War1
Authors: Altena Bert
Published: January 2018

What can an antimilitarist anarchist do when war breaks out? In 1914 Dutch anarchist F. Domela Nieuwenhuis had a long track-record as an anti-militarist. During the 1870s as a radical liberal he had been inspired by Émile de Laveleye’s transnational solutions to prevent wars, but during the 1880s as a socialist he had learned to value the action of workers themselves. He now favoured the general strike and a general refusal to take up arms. During the 1890s he openly became an anarchist and combined his socialist means with the proposals of De Laveleye. In the international anarchist movement he became the leading expert on anti-militarism. Nevertheless, when war broke out, Domela Nieuwenhuis was empty-handed. His solutions were invalid if they were not reciprocally applied. Because of his anti-German prejudice it took him some time to find a truly internationalist stance. Moreover, the war prevented the re-establishment of the anarchist anti-militarist movement. In the end he hoped that a revolution in Germany would end the war, but when the revolution broke out in Russia he soon came to see that this means hardly could help the anarchist cause.
Introduction
Authors: Howard Penny McCall
Published: January 2018

Key aspects of the history, social relations and economy of the west of Scotland, particularly the area around the Isle of Skye and Lochalsh. The market pressures that lead to deaths at sea are outlined, and the book’s labour-centred approach to analysis is introduced. The book’s content is situated in both phenomenological and political economy approaches to anthropological analysis. It is also situated historically in the development of capitalism, waged labour and fisheries on the west coast of Scotland and anthropological studies of Scotland and the sea. Finally, the introduction outlines the details of sea-centered approach to ethnographic fieldwork that the book is based on, and the opportunities and limitations this afforded.
From ‘where am I?’ to ‘where is that?’ Rethinking navigation
Authors: Howard Penny McCall
Published: January 2018

Chapter Four continues the discussion of techniques and technologies with a focus on orientation and navigation. The chapter draws on Tim Ingold’s and James Gibson’s descriptions of orientation as a process of movement through the landscape to find affordances. The chapter describes the techniques used locally for finding position from the 1960s onwards: dead-reckoning, and the use of radar, depth sounders, Decca, and GPS. Challenging anthropological accounts of ‘Western’ navigation that assume Westerners always rely on charts and instruments and that these alienate people from direct relations with their environment, the GPS chartplotter shows the perpetual importance of the subjective and experiential aspects of orientation in a digital age. The chapter argues that alienation is instead produced by relations of ownership and exploitation, and that the chartplotter facilitates the centralisation of fishing knowledge with the skipper and the employment of low-waged migrant workers as crew. While authors such as Edwin Hutchins describe navigation as answering the absolute question ‘where am I?’, the chapter proposes that the aim of navigation is usually to answer the relational question ‘where is that?’
Conclusion
Authors: Howard Penny McCall
Published: January 2018

The conclusion focusses on the importance of considering labour, production and capitalism in anthropological analysis. In contrast, a focus on consumption can result in the ‘enchantment of things’ – a reification that obscures processes, history and how things are brought into being and transformed. The role of labour and capitalism can be harder to see at sea due to the overwhelming environment, but they are no less important than on land. Neil Smith has described how capitalist relations currently produce nature as a totality, and this includes the marine environment – what Jason Moore describes as the Capitalocence. An analysis of the political economy of capitalism can make an important contribution to understanding the sea, human-environment relations, human-machine relations, and human societies more generally. There is much to explore in the connections between human and environmental exploitation, violence and capitalism at sea, and contradictions and class in Western society. People’s labour plays a critical role within the enormous metabolism of capitalism, which ties people and their environments together on a huge scale.
Introduction
Authors: Oldham Joseph
Published: January 2018

This Introduction begins by exploring how key production personnel on both Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (BBC 2, 1979) and Spooks (BBC 1, 2002-11) drew inspiration from the BBC itself when developing a fictionalised version of an intelligence service for the screen,. This is used to frame a brief overview of the histories of British intelligence, broadcasting and spy fiction through the early and mid-20th century, noting numerous intersections and parallels. In particular, it describes the expansion in all three areas in the post-war years, resulting from a complex blend of Cold War paranoia and the growth of an affluent, consumer society. Surveying the book’s methodology, it discusses how this account blends case study analyses with broader examinations of television institutions and British cultural history, in particular considering problems of 'realism' in relation to both the spy genre and British television drama. An overview of the main chapters is provided.
‘A professional’s contest’: procedure and bureaucracy in Special Branch (ITV, 1969–74) and The Sandbaggers (ITV, 1978–80)
Authors: Oldham Joseph
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses two series which aimed to present a more authentic portrayal of intelligence activity, embracing a new ‘realism’ grounded in documentary detail and procedure. Special Branch (ITV, 1969-74) focused on the Metropolitan Police unit of the name whose remit centred on issues of national security, the series incorporating the thematic interests of the spy genre into the less heightened generic trains of the police procedural. This chapter explores how this focus converged with a concurrent trend in single plays towards increased location filming on ‘gritty’ 16mm film, with Special Branch’s adoption of this style from its 1973 revamp by Euston Films enhancing to a new narrative interest in international terrorism. This is contrasted with The Sandbaggers (ITV, 1978-80), a series focused on the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6) which made an alternative claim to ‘realism’ through mounting an unprecedented examination of the bureaucracies underpinning intelligence activity.
‘Who killed Great Britain?’: Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (BBC 2, 1979) as a modern classic serial
Authors: Oldham Joseph
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the 1979 BBC 2 serialised adaptation of John Le Carré’s Tinker Tailor Solider Spy, positioning this as the first instance of the BBC seizing the initiative over ITV in the spy genre. It explores how this was produced within the BBC classic serial tradition, most traditionally reserved for adapting canonical 19th century novels, whilst the casting of acclaimed actor Alec Guinness in central role of George Smiley imparted further prestige from film and theatre. It argues that the serial achieved its popular impact through embracing the complex narrative pleasures of the long-form serial, whilst countering this with the simple through line of a whodunit (or mole-hunt) storyline, offering multiple possibilities for audience engagement. Finally, it argues that through extensive location filming the serial was able it to effectively visualise some of the elegiac themes of the novel through landscape and architecture.
Penda of Mercia and the Welsh borderlands in Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica
Authors: Brady Lindy
Published: January 2018

Chapter one examines one of the earliest and most historically significant surviving Anglo-Saxon texts, Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. This chapter argues that Bede’s narrative of Anglo-Saxon religious and ethnic cohesion also depicts a distinct culture in the borderlands in the seventh century, shared between the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia and the Welsh kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys, formed in opposition to cultural changes brought about by the conversion of surrounding Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to Roman Christianity. Bede has long been understood as highly critical of both the heretical Britons and the heathen Mercians, but in his hostility, he preserves important details about the life of king Penda of Mercia which provide a window into the culture of the borderlands as a region which stands apart from Bede’s narrative of ethnic division between Anglo-Saxons and Britons. Several early Welsh poems reflect the same perspective from the west: the borderlands not as a site of strife, but a nexus of Anglo-Welsh culture.
The transformation of the borderlands outlaw in the eleventh century
Authors: Brady Lindy
Published: January 2018

By the end of the eleventh century, the region of the Welsh borderlands had undergone a significant shift in representation from a distinct territory with a singular style of fighting to a place linked particularly with outlawry. Chapter five explores the transitional moment between these two conceptualisations of the borderlands through an extended study of the Peterborough Chronicle, the recension of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle continued for the longest period following the Norman Conquest. This text marks the beginning of an important conceptual shift in which a culture of outlawry moved from the mixed Anglo-Welsh inhabitants of the borderlands to the Welsh alone by the end of the eleventh century, underscoring the impact of the Norman presence on the culture of this region.
Conclusion: Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo-Saxon in the Welsh borderlands
Authors: Brady Lindy
Published: January 2018

Writing the Welsh borderlands in Anglo-Saxon England concludes with the Latin Life of Harold Godwinson, an understudied text set during the transition from Anglo-Saxon to Anglo-Norman England. The Vita Haroldi continues to depict the Welsh borderlands as a distinctive territory where two peoples came together across the temporal divide of the Norman Conquest. This work claims that Harold was not killed at the Battle of Hastings, but survived and lived for many years afterwards disguised as a hermit in the Welsh borderlands. Harold’s curious Vita is a fitting microcosm of this book. The Welsh borderlands serve as the cultural intersection between Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, the last place where English identity is preserved after the Norman arrival. Yet Harold, the last Anglo-Saxon, can survive only within the borderlands, a cultural nexus of Anglo-Saxon and Welsh. The Vita Haroldi underscores the reputation of the Welsh borderlands as a distinct region where two peoples came together, even from a perspective of longing for a lost English past after the Norman Conquest.
Moral dilemmas
Authors: Fives Allyn
Published: January 2018

The argument of this chapter is that we can be faced with genuine, real moral dilemmas, that is, moral conflicts for which there is no general rule for their resolution and conflicts that leave us with moral regret at the item not acted upon. For example, there is a moral conflict involved in every act of parental paternalism. When I, as a parent, act paternalistically, in attempting to do what is best for my child I violate a moral rule in regard to my child. In making this argument, I reject Philippa Foot’s counter arguments claiming to show the moral dilemmas are a logical contradiction. If we cannot identify a general rule for their resolution, how can we resolve moral conflicts? In this chapter I try to show that we can do so through practical reasoning and practical judgement. In doing so, I will borrow from John Rawls and his account of reasonableness and Thomas Nagel’s account of public justification in a context of actual disagreement. However, we must be cognisant of a number of possible dangers here. In particular, we must ensure that we do not impose a ‘liberal’ political solution on moral conflicts and in that way ourselves become guilty of the moral simplification we have been critical of in others.
Children’s agency
Authors: Fives Allyn
Published: January 2018

Even when parents exercise their power in a paternalistic fashion so as to make up for children’s deficits, parents can be faced with moral dilemmas, conflicts which call into question the legitimacy of parents’ exercise of power even in these instances. This is the case, I shall argue in this chapter, because a number of different moral considerations are relevant when we consider children’s agency, and they can pull in different directions and make incompatible demands when we evaluate parents’ power. In particular, we address the following question: how do we evaluate situations where, while promoting children’s positive freedom, parents violate the rights that protect children’s negative freedom?