bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlling an Electron‐Transfer Reaction at a Metal Surface by Manipulating Reactant Motion and Orientation
Authors: Bartels Nils , Krüger Bastian C. , Auerbach Daniel J. , Wodtke Alec M. , Schäfer Tim
Published: October 2014

The loss or gain of vibrational energy in collisions of an NO molecule with the surface of a gold single crystal proceeds by electron transfer. With the advent of new optical pumping and orientation methods, we can now control all molecular degrees of freedom important to this electron‐transfer‐mediated process, providing the most detailed look yet into the inner workings of an electron‐transfer reaction and showing how to control its outcome. We find the probability of electron transfer increases with increasing translational and vibrational energy as well as with proper orientation of the reactant. However, as the vibrational energy increases, translational excitation becomes unimportant and proper orientation becomes less critical. One can understand the interplay of all three control parameters from simple model potentials.
Numerical analysis of flow in a highly efficient flotation column
Authors: Gong Maoming , Li Chunshan , Li Zengxi
Published: October 2014

For the purpose of optimization by numerical analysis, a highly efficient flotation column named cyclonic‐static micro‐bubble flotation apparatus, which is widely used in mineral processing, was simulated with computational fluid dynamics to study the distributions of velocity magnitude, pathlines, turbulent intensity, and turbulent kinetic energy under different discretization schemes, turbulence models, and rotational speeds of pump. This simulation was based on the volume of fluid multiphase and multiple reference frame models. Spatial discretization scheme had an obvious effect on the velocity distribution in the column and revolving flotation sections, especially in the former. The introduction of a turbulence model changed the velocity distribution, the turbulence state, and the pathlines in the column and revolving flotation sections. Moreover, the standard, renormalization group (RNG), and realizable k‐epsilon turbulence models had numerous differences. Among these models, the RNG and realizable turbulence models had the most similar results. As the rotational speed of pump increased, velocity and turbulence field intensified. The flow field in the column flotation section differed from that in the revolving flotation section. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing–formulation–performance relationships of polypropylene/short flax fiber composites
Authors: Mihai Mihaela , Chapleau Nathalie , Denault Johanne
Published: October 2014

This work is a comprehensive study of the effect of extrusion process parameters and formulation on the properties of polypropylene (PP)/short flax fiber composites. The parameters that were varied during the twin‐screw extrusion process were screw configuration, revolutions per minute (rpm), extrusion temperature, and flow rate. The effect of the feeding zone location of cellulosic fiber was also considered. This study investigates the effect of the formulation, cellulosic fiber content, the presence of a coupling agent, and of a reactive additive on composite performance. The composites were characterized in terms of morphology and microstructure, fiber length, rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. Sensibility to humidity and recyclability were also considered. When compared with as‐received PP, the tensile strength of injection‐molded parts increased with cellulosic content by up to 40 vol %, and the tensile modulus increased 3.5 times when a combination of coupling and reactive agents was used. Exposed to controlled humidity of 50% during 1 year, these composites exhibited a very low level of humidity uptake around 0.85 wt %. The processability of these materials using a cast film line and the mechanical properties of extruded sheets are also presented. Furthermore, these materials demonstrate a good recyclability using injection molding by keeping the integrality of their mechanical properties after five reprocessing cycles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41528.
High performance synthetic paper used for color printing based on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/SiO2by using TIPS method
Authors: He Wenqing , Cheng Dangdang , Du Juan , Luo Yan
Published: October 2014

The production of traditional cellulose paper not only consumes lots of timber, but also brings about some environmental issues. Therefore, it is being increasingly replaced by synthetic paper. In this study, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/SiO2synthetic paper with high application performance was prepared by the thermally induced phase separation method using mineral oil as diluent. The corresponding properties of synthetic paper, including surface morphology, overall porosity, tensile strength, thermal stability, acid and alkali resistance, whiteness, and inkjet print effect were investigated respectively. The results show that the overall porosity of UHMWPE/SiO2synthetic paper is above 45%, and the tensile strength exceeds 4.3 MPa. UHMWPE/SiO2synthetic paper also presents light weight, as well as good resistance to heat, acid and alkali. Meanwhile, the average whiteness of the samples is up to 91.8%. The sample K‐50, which contains 31.5 wt % SiO2, takes on the best print performance caused by its dense surface and higher SiO2content. It is indicated that UHMWPE/SiO2synthetic paper has good market prospects in the color printing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41529.
The modification of lanthanum‐exchanged montmorillonite with anionic surfactants to enhance the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Wang Haijiao , Wang Heyun , Chen Kai , Song Yanmei , Wei Zhong , Xue Mei
Published: October 2014

A series of thermally stable lanthanum organic montmorillonites (La‐OMMTs) were successfully prepared by modifying Na‐MMT with anionic surfactants and lanthanum chloride. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction indicated that the anionic surfactants resided in the interlayer spaces and expanded the MMT basal spacing from 1.23 nm to 3.3 nm. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) results showed that the intercalation of sodium dodecyl sulfonate into the lanthanum organic MMT resulted in its excellent thermal stability. The use of the La‐OMMT samples in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins was tested, and the TG/DTG results revealed that the three La‐OMMTs could significantly enhance the thermal stability of PVC. The modified La‐OMMT with the highest thermal stability is expected to be useful in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41535.
Genetic monitoring of deep‐water exploited banks of the precious Sardinia coralCorallium rubrum(L., 1758): useful data for a sustainable management
Authors: Cannas Rita , Sacco Flavio , Cau Alessandro , Cuccu Danila , Follesa Maria Cristina , Cau Angelo
Published: October 2014

The precious coralCorallium rubrumis one of the most vulnerable resources in the Mediterranean Sea because of the high levels of human‐related and natural mortality rates. The aim of the present study was to document the diversity and connectivity patterns among SardinianCorallium rubrumpopulations focusing, in particular, on deep populations (>80 m depth) where the commercial exploitation is concentrated.

Microsatellite markers revealed high levels of inbreeding, heterozygote deficits, and significant genetic differentiation between and within areas at different depths, with an associated ‘isolation by distance’ pattern.

These results indicated that for precious coral populations in Sardinia the ‘deep reef refugia hypothesis’, that envisages the capacity for deep corals to act as seed banks for the shallower impaired (over‐harvested) populations, is not supported.

The highest genetic diversity recorded in Sardinia for all areas and depths with respect to other Mediterranean areas indicates that the strict local management has been effective, since harvesting has not yet led to a substantial erosion of the genetic pool.

Possible causes for the high levels of observed diversity in Sardinia are discussed in relation to hydrological conditions, its geographical position and its proximity to some putative glacial refugia.

Thus, given the occurrence in Sardinia of highly diverse and differentiated deep‐water populations ofC. rubrumwhose genetic diversity are important for the long‐term resilience of the species, the results of the present study strongly support the close monitoring of harvesting, along with the maintenance or even strengthening of the current management and conservation measures (no‐take protected areas) already in place in the area.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UAV Path Planning in Mixed‐Obstacle Environment via Artificial Potential Field Method Improved by Additional Control Force
Authors: Luo Guan‐chen , Yu Jian‐qiao , Mei Yue‐song , Zhang Si‐yu
Published: October 2014

This paper deals with a UAV path planning problem in the environment where both solid obstacles and soft obstacles exist. The artificial potential field approach is updated by introducing an additional control force and integrating it with the concept of receding horizon control for UAV trajectory optimization. The original problem is converted into a multi‐objective optimization problem by regarding the involved additional control term as the optimization variable. Seeing as the establishment of an additional control force of soft obstacles is dependent on the probability of certain specifications such as survivability, the additional control term accomplishes the description of the specified property index better than those that have been considered in the past, such as distance and control energy. The optimal solution to the path planning problem, in terms of the additional control force method, and the computational efficiency according to the receding horizon control, both contribute to the proposed algorithm. Meanwhile, the proposed method is able to protect the UAV from local minima of additional control force. The numerical examples verify the advantages of this approach.
Adenosine reagent‐free detection by co‐immobilization of adenosine deaminase and phenol red on an optical biostrip
Authors: Bartzoka Foteini , Venetsanou Katerina , Clonis Yannis
Published: October 2014

Adenosine detection in human serum is important because this ribonucleoside has established clinical applications, modulating many physiological processes. Furthermore, a simple and cheap detection method is useful in adenosine production processes. Adenosine can be determined enzymatically using either S‐adenosyl‐homocysteine hydrolase and 3[H]‐adenosine, or adenosine kinase combined with GTP and luciferase, or an amperometric biosensor carrying adenosine deaminase (ADA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and xanthine oxidase. We developed a simple and cheap method relying on a transparent biostrip bearing ADA and the indicator phenol red (PR), co‐immobilized to polyacrylamide, itself chemically adhered to a derivatized glass strip. The ADA‐catalyzed conversion of adenosine to inosine and ammonia leads to a local pH alteration, changing the absorbance maximum of PR (from 425 to 567 nm), which is measured optically. The biostrip shows an analytical range 0.05–1.5 mM adenosine and is reusable when stored at 4 °C. When the biostrip was tested with serum, spiked with adenosine (70 and 100 μM), and filtered for protein and adenosine phosphates depletion, it showed good adenosine recovery. In summary, we show the proof‐of‐concept that adenosine can be determined reagent‐free, at moderate sensitivity on an easy to construct, cheap, and reusable biostrip, based on commercially available molecular entities.
Systematic review of molecular mechanism of action of negative-pressure wound therapy
Authors: Glass G E , Murphy G F , Esmaeili A , Lai L-M , Nanchahal J
Published: October 2014

Background

Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) promotes angiogenesis and granulation, in part by strain-induced production of growth factors and cytokines. As their expression profiles are being unravelled, it is pertinent to consider the mode of action of NPWT at the molecular level.

Methods

MEDLINE (January 1997 to present), Embase (January 1997 to present), PubMed (no time limit), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched for articles that evaluated the influence of NPWT on growth factor expression quantitatively.

Results

Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Tumour necrosis factor expression was reduced in acute and chronic wounds, whereas expression of interleukin (IL) 1β was reduced in acute wounds only. Systemic IL-10 and local IL-8 expression were increased by NPWT. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, transforming growth factor β and platelet-derived growth factor was increased, consistent with mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor transduction in response to stress and hypoxia. Matrix metalloproteinase-1, -2, -9 and -13 expression was reduced but there was no effect on their enzymatic inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1.

Conclusion

Cytokine and growth factor expression profiles under NPWT suggest that promotion of wound healing occurs by modulation of cytokines to an anti-inflammatory profile, and mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor-mediated cell signalling, culminating in angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling and deposition of granulation tissue. This provides a molecular basis for understanding NPWT.
Determination of sunitinib and its active metabolite, N‐desethyl sunitinib in mouse plasma and tissues by UPLC‐MS/MS: assay development and application to pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies
Authors: Chen Xiao , Wang Zhong , Liu Mengping , Liao Min , Wang Xinfeng , Du Huajuan , Chen Jiefeng , Yao Meicun , Li Qing
Published: October 2014

A simple, sensitive and specific method using ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) was developed to determine sunitinib and N‐desethyl sunitinib in mouse plasma and tissues. The analytes were separated by an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and buffer solution (water with 0.1% formic acid and 5 m m ammonium acetate; 40: 60, v/v) running at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min for 2 min. Quantification was performed using a mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring in positive electrospray ionization mode. The transition was monitored at m/z 399 → 283, m/z 371 → 283 and m/z 327 → 270 for sunitinib, N‐desethyl sunitinib and internal standard, respectively. Calibration curves were linear over concentration ranges of 2–500, 0.5–50 and 1–250 ng/mL for plasma, heart and other biosamples. The method was successfully applied to animal experiments. The pharmacokinetic study indicated that sunitinib was eliminated quickly in mice with a half‐life of 1.2 h; tissue distribution data showed more sunitinib and its metabolite in liver, spleen and lung, which provided reference for further study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaling up from convictions to self‐reported offending
Authors: Theobald Delphine , Farrington David P. , Loeber Rolf , Pardini Dustin A. , Piquero Alex R.
Published: October 2014

Aim

The main aims of this article are to estimate the number of offences that are committed for every one that leads to conviction, and to estimate the probability of an offender being convicted.

Method

In the Pittsburgh Youth Study, 506 boys were followed up from age 13 to age 24 years, in interviews and criminal records. Self‐reports and convictions for serious theft, moderate theft, serious violence and moderate violence were compared.

Results

On average, 22 offences were self‐reported for every conviction. This scaling‐up factor increased with age and was the highest for moderate theft and the lowest for serious theft. The probability of a self‐reported offender being convicted was 54%. This percentage increased with the frequency and seriousness of offending and was always higher for African American boys than for Caucasian boys. These race differences probably reflected differences in exposure to risk factors.

Conclusions

More research is needed on scaling‐up factors, on frequent and serious offenders who are not convicted, on self‐reported non‐offenders who are convicted and on why African American boys are more likely than Caucasian boys to be convicted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Childhood predictors and age 48 outcomes of self‐reports and official records of offending
Authors: Dubow Eric F. , Huesmann L. Rowell , Boxer Paul , Smith Cathy
Published: October 2014

Background

The key question is: are self‐reports and official records equally valid indicators of criminal offending?

Aims

We examine the correspondence between self‐reports and official records of offending, the similarity of childhood and adolescent individual and contextual predictors of both measures of offending, and the similarity of age 48 correlates of both measures of offending.

Methods

Men (N = 436) from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, a sample of all 3rd graders in Columbia County, New York, in 1959–60, participated. The youth, their peers and their parents were interviewed when the youth were age 8; the youth were later interviewed at ages 19, 30 and 48.

Results

We found moderate to high correspondence between self‐reports of having been in trouble with the law and official arrest records. Lifetime self‐reports and official records of offending were generally predicted by the same childhood and adolescent variables, and were correlated with many of the same adult outcome measures. By age 48, life‐course non‐offenders defined by either self‐reports or official records had better outcomes than offenders.

Conclusions

The results validate the use of adolescent and adult self‐reports of offending, and the early identification of individuals at risk for adult criminal behaviour through childhood parent and peer reports and adolescent self and peer reports. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in the concordance of self‐reports and official records
Authors: Forrest Walter , Edwards Benjamin , Vassallo Suzanne
Published: October 2014

Background

Although self‐reported and official measures of criminal behaviour are highly correlated, the concordance between self‐reports and official records appears to vary across the population. Few studies, however, have considered the range of individual traits and characteristics that might influence the relative accuracy of self‐reports and official records.

Method

Using data collected from the Australian Temperament Project, we investigated the concordance between official records and self‐reports together with some of the factors that might influence it.

Results

Those with criminal records were 3.5 times more likely to report police contact than those with no criminal record. However, there were significant sources of individual‐level variation in their convergence, and notably honest respondents were less likely to report an interaction with police. Those at risk of crime and delinquency were less likely to consent to official records searches.

Conclusions

Many individual characteristics that predisposed individuals towards a criminal career also affected their willingness to consent to official records searches and the concordance between criminal records and self‐reports. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the relationship between self‐reported offending and official criminal charges across early adulthood
Authors: Gilman Amanda B. , Hill Karl G. , Kim B. K. Elizabeth , Nevell Alyssa , Hawkins J. David , Farrington David P.
Published: October 2014

Background

There has been very little research examining criminal careers in adulthood using both self‐report data and official records.

Aims

The aims of this paper are to use self‐reports and official criminal records to explore (1) the prevalences and frequencies of offending behaviour in adulthood; (2) continuity in offending behaviour across the life course; and (3) predictors of official court charges in adulthood.

Method

Data are drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study of 808 participants followed from childhood into early adulthood. Data from ages 21 through 33 are used to examine criminal careers.

Results

Prevalences of offending behaviour decreased with age, whilst frequency amongst offenders remained stable or increased. There was significant continuity in offending from adolescence to adulthood in both self‐reports and official records, especially for violence. Violent offences were most likely to result in a court charge. Even after controlling for self‐reported frequency of offending, demographic variables (gender, ethnicity, and poverty) were significantly related to a court charge.

Conclusions

Self‐report and official records, both separately and together, provide valuable information for understanding criminal careers in adulthood, especially with regard to offending continuity across the life course and predicting the likelihood of a court charge. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the nature and mix of offences among serious adolescent offenders
Authors: Brame Robert , Mulvey Edward P. , Piquero Alex R. , Schubert Carol A.
Published: October 2014

Background

Much of the research on specialisation in offending tends to show that offending careers are marked by more versatile than specific criminal activity. One key limitation of this research has been that very few studies have used both official records and self‐reports to study the longitudinal mix of offences.

Aims

This study uses longitudinal data to examine the mixture of offences during mid‐adolescence and into early adulthood, a key transitionary period of the life course, using both self‐reports and official records.

Method

Data from 1354 serious adolescent offenders are used to study the mixture of offences over a 7‐year period.

Results

The results point strongly to the conclusion that generality is typical and specialisation is exceptional. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical coherence tomography imaging of the patent ductus arteriosus: First known uses in congenital heart disease
Authors: Hill James A. , Mahadevaiah Guruprasad , Jenkins Michael W.
Published: October 2014

Background

Angiography is used to assess ductal morphology and caliber during interventional closure of the ductus arteriosus. We are evaluating the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate ductal anatomy given the potential benefit of superior resolution and lower radiation.

Methods

Standard angiograms were performed on two patients with patent ductus arteriosus prior to device occlusion. OCT was then used to obtain high‐resolution three‐dimensional vessel reconstructions. Devices were chosen based on angiographic measurements.

Results

OCT resulted in excellent three‐dimensional anatomic definition, with elliptical narrowest lumenal measurements of 2.2 × 3.1 mm and 1.6 × 2.3 mm, respectively, compared with angiographic measurements of 2.6 and 1.4 mm.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first reported use of OCT use in pediatric patients outside the coronaries, and in patients with congenital heart disease. We found OCT imaging of the PDA to be feasible, and only used a small amount of additional radiation and contrast. The three‐dimensional OCT reconstructions provided additional anatomic information that could potentially improve device selection, and in both cases may have led to choosing larger devices than what was chosen based on angiography. In addition, once the technique is perfected, little or no angiography or fluoroscopy will be required to perform imaging runs, and only a small injection of contrast appears to be sufficient for vessel imaging. However, there are certain limitations to OCT imaging that are unlikely to make it the method of choice specifically for imaging the patent ductus arteriosus, but we have shown its ability to provide high resolution imaging in a relatively simple fashion which may prove useful for other purposes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyanide‐free Enantioselective Synthesis of Nitriles: Synthetic Proof of a Biocatalytic Concept and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Metzner Richard , Okazaki Seiji , Asano Yasuhisa , Gröger Harald
Published: October 2014

The first (“by definition”) cyanide‐free enantioselective synthetic approach towards chiral α‐ and β‐branched nitriles is reported. This process is based on a biocatalytic dehydration of racemic aldoximes by using an aldoxime dehydratase and proceeds with high conversion and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee) with water as the only side‐product when starting from a racemic substrate with a high E/Z ratio. Thus, in combination with the facile generation of aldoximes through condensation of readily accessible aldehydes with hydroxylamine, this methodology offers an attractive and efficient path to chiral nitriles with excellent atom economy in aqueous solution. Furthermore, this study shows a surprising enzymatic dependency of the enantiopreference on the E or Z configuration of the aldoxime moiety. Notably, the whole stereochemical course of this enzymatic reaction has been rationalized by means of a computational study.
Breakage Probability of Stressed Granules Using a Degradation Model
Authors: Salman  , Aman Sergej , Tomas Jürgen
Published: October 2014

The proposed degradation model is verified by experiments to determine the breakage behavior of inhomogeneous granules. The stressing contact points are configured by repeated stressing. The model represents contact point configuration and distributed mechanical properties within a single granule by fitting Monte‐Carlo data. It is applied to fit the cumulative breakage probability with normal, random, and Weibull strength distributions. The drop weight test verifies the model by testing γ‐Al2O3 and Zeolite 4AK granules. A damage accumulation effect by repeated stressing is observed.
Iron Oxide/Polymer‐Based Nanocomposite Material for Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption Applications
Authors: Blatt Oliver , Helmich Martin , Steuten Bastian , Hardt Sebastian , Bathen Dieter , Wiggers Hartmut
Published: October 2014

The processing of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from spray flame synthesis for specific adsorption applications is described. After the as‐prepared particles proved the ability for H2S removal in pure gas treatment, two different nanoparticle‐based composite materials were prepared. While impregnation of activated carbon with the as‐prepared nanoparticles showed the expected increase in H2S adsorption capacities, a significant enhancement in desulfurization performance was observed for a novel iron oxide nanoparticle composite material. H2S adsorption was tested in fixed‐bed breakthrough curve measurements. The H2S removal efficiency of the novel material under ambient conditions indicates highly promising properties for potential use in industrial and air pollution control applications.
Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis at Single Gold Nanoparticles Attached to Carbon Nanoelectrodes
Authors: Yu Yun , Gao Yang , Hu Keke , Blanchard Pierre‐Yves , Noël Jean‐Marc , Nareshkumar Thangavel , Phani Kanala L. , Friedman Gary , Gogotsi Yury , Mirkin Michael V.
Published: October 2014

Electrochemical experiments at individual metal nanoparticles (NPs) can provide new insights into their electrocatalytic behavior. In this Communication, we report the preparation of nanometer‐sized carbon electrodes and their use as substrates for the immobilization of single gold NPs (AuNPs). In addition to its very small size, the surface of a carbon nanoelectrode is catalytically inert, which makes it an excellent substrate for studying electrocatalytic reactions. The activity of single AuNPs towards the hydrogen evolution reaction was investigated and compared to that of low‐atomicity gold clusters. Three approaches to attaching AuNPs to either chemically modified or bare carbon nanoelectrodes, and the effects of immobilization on hydrogen adsorption and catalytic behavior of AuNPs are discussed. The developed methodology should be useful for studying the effects of NP size, geometry, and surface attachment on the electrocatalytic activity.
Mesoporous Silica Particles as Topologically Crosslinking Fillers for Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels
Authors: Miyamoto Nobuyoshi , Shimasaki Kotaro , Yamamoto Kosuke , Shintate Morio , Kamachi Yuichiro , Bastakoti Bishnu Prasad , Suzuki Norihiro , Motokawa Ryuhei , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: October 2014

Here it is demonstrated that mesoporous silicas (MPSs) can be used as effective “topological crosslinkers” for poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels to improve the mechanical property. Three‐dimensional bicontinuous mesporous silica is found to effectively reinforce the PNIPA hydrogels, as compared to nonporous silica and two‐dimensional hexagonally ordered mesoporous silica.
Benzene Solubility in Ionic Liquids: Working Toward an Understanding of Liquid Clathrate Formation
Authors: Pereira Jorge F. B. , Flores Luis A. , Wang Hui , Rogers Robin D.
Published: October 2014

The solubility of benzene in 15 imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, pyridinium, and piperidinium ionic liquids has been determined; the resulting, benzene‐saturated ionic liquid solutions, also known as liquid clathrates, were examined with 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to try and understand the molecular interactions that control liquid clathrate formation. The results suggest that benzene interacts primarily with the cation of the ionic liquid, and that liquid clathrate formation (and benzene solubility) is controlled by the strength of the cation–anion interactions, that is, the stronger the cation–anion interaction, the lower the benzene solubility. Other factors that were determined to be important in the final amount of benzene in any given liquid clathrate phase included attractive interactions between the anion and benzene (when significant), and larger steric or free volume demands of the ions, both of which lead to greater benzene solubility.
Coordination‐Driven Macrocyclization for Locking of Photo‐ and Thermal cis→trans Isomerization of Azobenzene
Authors: Yamamura Masaki , Yamakawa Koji , Okazaki Yuki , Nabeshima Tatsuya
Published: October 2014

Both trans and cis isomers of azobenzene‐linked bis‐terpyridine ligand L1 were incorporated in rigid macrocycles linked by FeII(tpy)2 (tpy: terpyridine) units. The complex of the longer trans‐L1 is dinuclear [(trans‐L1)2⋅FeII2], whereas the complex of the shorter cis‐L1 is mononuclear [cis‐L1⋅FeII]. The complex cis‐L1⋅FeII was not only thermally stable but also photochemically inactive. These results indicate a perfectly locked state of cis‐azobenzene. The stable macrocyclic structure of cis‐L1⋅FeII causes locking of the isomerization. To the best of our knowledge, this is first example of dual locking of photo‐ and thermal isomerization of cis‐azobenzene.
Dual Gold Catalysis: Synthesis of Polycyclic Compounds via CH Insertion of Gold Vinylidenes
Authors: Wieteck Marcel , Tokimizu Yusuke , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Ohno Hiroaki , Fujii Nobutaka , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: October 2014

New and interesting polycyclic compounds have been synthesized from non‐conjugated diyne systems by dual gold catalysis. A quaternary carbon center in the backbone and the accompanying Thorpe–Ingold effect enabled the unprecedented insertion of sp3 and sp2 CH bonds that for the first time were incorporated within the backbone of the diyne system and allowed the construction of complex polycyclic carbon scaffolds inaccessible by previous approaches in which the CH bonds for the insertion were situated at the other end of the alkyne.
Removal of excess fluoride from groundwater using natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam and microfiltration
Authors: da Conceição Vinicíus Masquetti , Ambrosio Ugri Miriam Carla Bonicontro , Silveira Carole , Nishi Letícia , Vieira Marcelo Fernandes , de Jesus Bassetti Fátima , Vieira Angélica Marquetotti Salcedo , Bergamasco Rosângela
Published: October 2014

The consumption of water that has a high level of fluoride can result in dental or skeletal fluorosis, which causes changes in the teeth and bones. Thus, this study aimed to verify the efficiency of the reduction of fluoride in groundwater using coagulation with extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds (MO) combined with microfiltration. Coagulation/flocculation tests were carried out in Jar test with different concentrations of the coagulant and subsequent treatment of water by microfiltration membranes. The concentration of fluoride in water was adjusted to 5 mgF‐/L and pH set to 7.0. The test used 1.5 g/L of the coagulant MO, for a 3 mgF‐/L initial concentration of fluoride and pH 3.0 proved effective for the removal of fluoride, colour, and turbidity of water with residual amounts of 1.07 mgF‐/L, 19 mgPt‐Co/L, and 3 NTU, respectively. The best results were obtained using 5 g/L of the coagulant MO and 2 bar pressure in the microfiltration step. Under these conditions, the final water quality complies with the recommendations of the Brazilian legislation, with residual fluoride at 1.2 mgF‐/L, 1.56 NTU turbidity and 8.56 mgPt‐Co/L colour. These results indicate the potential of the proposed treatment and that this represents an alternative for reducing excessive fluoride from water by combining the use of a natural and biodegradable coagulant with microfiltration processes, which contributes to the final quality of water.
A multiscale approach to study dead end microfiltration of mono and bidispersed particle suspensions
Authors: Hassan Ines Ben , Lafforgue Christine , Ayadi Abdelmoneim , Schmitz Philippe
Published: October 2014

Microfiltration of particle suspensions is widely used, especially in bioprocess engineering. However, particle accumulation at the filter surface reduces productivity and can modify selectivity of the separation. Numerous macroscopic models have been developed to predict filtration performance and help in device design, assuming a uniform cake formation. In order to improve the model accuracy, cake formation mechanisms have to be better understood at the microscale level.

The objective of this work is to study the cake build up at the particle level and to establish correlations with microfiltration performance measured at the process scale. 3D characterization of microsieves fouling was achieved using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and a filtration chamber allowing direct microscopic observations of particle deposition and cake characterization, specially designed for in situ observations. Suspensions of fluorescent monodispersed and bidispersed spherical particle (1 µm and 4.8 µm) were filtered under constant flow rate through 0.8 µm pore diameters silicon nitride microsieve. Online images of particle deposition were recorded and the cake build up was followed layer by layer. The relations between cake resistance and particle organizations were studied.
Tele‐Seismic PS‐Wave Splitting from the Basement in the Capital Area of China
Authors: Chong‐Tao HAO , Chen YAO
Published: October 2014

An important advantage of tele‐seismic PS‐waves is carrying the anisotropy information of media beneath seismic stations. This paper uses the analysis method of three‐component PS‐wave splitting to analyze the basement PS‐waves based on the high‐precision tele‐seismic data of Capital Area Seismic Network (CASN) from 2002 to 2003. The purpose is to acquire the PS‐wave splitting parameters beneath the seismic stations, including polarization of fast PS‐waves and the time delays of fast and slow PS‐waves, and to reveal the shallow crust anisotropy beneath the seismic stations. The results show that this method preserves the original information of the wave field, which allows us to analyze the features of PS‐wave splitting. The tele‐seismic PS‐waves from the basement recorded by short period stations have the advantage of less noise and higher SNR, and have splitting phenomena commonly. Besides we find the time delay of fast and slow PS‐waves is beyond our expectation, which has average values of time delay 0.1∼0.2 s. This research can be compared with shear‐wave splitting, which would help recognize anisotropy and stress state of crust and study tectonics and seismic activity.
Low‐Velocity Layer Atop the Mantle Transition Zone in the Lower Yangtze Craton from P Waveform Triplication
Authors: Guo‐Hui LI , Yi SUI , Yuan‐Ze ZHOU
Published: October 2014

The P waveform triplications from the seismograms of a mid‐deep earthquake at the Ryukyu subduction zone recorded by the Chinese Digital Seismic Network between the epicentral distances from 10° to 23° are used to study the upper mantle structure beneath the lower Yangtze craton. Comparing the observed seismograms with the synthetic ones from different models based on IASP91 earth model and using the ray‐tracing method, we find that the 410 km discontinuity is a gradient zone with the thickness of 20 km and there is a low‐velocity layer atop the discontinuity which becomes thicker from southwest to northeast beneath the lower Yangtze craton. The low‐velocity layer is characterized by a thickness varied from 40 km to 57 km and P velocity decreased by 2.7%∼4.5% and should be the result of partial melting of mantle peridotite.
Comparison of the Thermal and Dynamic Structural Characteristics in Boundary Layer with Different Boundary Layer Parameterizations
Authors: Wen‐Yan HUANG , Xin‐Yong SHEN , Wei‐Guo WANG , Wei HUANG
Published: October 2014

To evaluate model performance of simulating structural characteristics in boundary layer at the forested areas of northern United States and compare the thermal and dynamic structural characteristics in boundary layer with five different boundary layer parameterizations, high resolution mesoscale WRF model was used in this paper to conduct some experiments with different boundary layer parameterization configurations. The results showed that WRF model with different boundary layer schemes could successfully simulate the characteristics of strong turbulent mixing in boundary layer at daytime and strong inversion, inverse wet and low level jet in stable boundary layer at nighttime except for some individual schemes. Compared with local schemes MYJ and UW, the nonlocal schemes YSU and ACM2 simulated strong turbulent mixing and entrainment at daytime, producing higher temperature, lower humidity, higher mixing layer, larger sensible heat flux in convective boundary layer, which were closer to the results of observations. This indicated that considering the nonlocal transport of large eddy was more reasonable in the instable stratification. But local schemes had some advantages in the prediction of wind speed and direction. TEMF scheme predicted the weakest local turbulent mixing in all schemes, which was difficult to form the mixing layer, and could not describe the characteristics of vertically homogeneous distribution of meteorological elements in convective boundary layer. For nocturnal stable boundary layer simulation, the discrepancies from different schemes were small. But to a certain extent, the scheme YSU overestimated mechanical turbulence at nighttime, leading to strong local turbulent mixing, and could not simulate stable boundary layer well.
Separating the Near‐Surface Seismic Scattered Waves Using Seismic Interferometry Method
Authors: Ji‐Xiang XU
Published: October 2014

It is important to separate the near‐surface seismic scattered waves from low signal‐noise data in mountain seismic exploration, and seismic interferometry is one of promising methods. The seismic interferometry representations of the near‐surface scattered wave are derived according to the seismic interferometry theory and the scattering theory. Those representations are composed of interferometry between actual wavefield and background wavefield and include cross‐correlation type and convolution type seismic interferometry expression. According to the near‐surface scattered wave separation theory and the geometry of land seismic exploration, the mixed configuration of convolution type and deconvolution type seismic interferometry is used. The application effect of the near‐surface scattered wave method is showed using the real land seismic data. The theoretical analysis and real data tests in gravel area indicate that the seismic interferometry method can separate not only scattered wave generated by scattering sources on survey lines, but also partial side scattered wave. The advantages of this technology are that it adapts to the uneven terrain and the complex near‐surface structure without information about topography and near‐surface velocity. In this article, the subtraction method of multi‐traces self‐adaptive matched filter is used to eliminate the near‐surface scattered wave from the real seismic data, and gets preferable results in gravel area.
A Facile Approach for Synthesis of Benzofuro[2,3‐c]pyridines via Intramolecular Cascade Annulations
Authors: Duan Ying , Wang Ye , Li Dongmi
Published: October 2014

A facile synthesis of benzofuro[2,3‐c]pyridines has been achieved under mild conditions by using ammonium acetate as the nitrogen source through intramolecular cascade annulation. This reaction could efficiently construct pyridine ring and furan ring in one step. Moreover, the key annulation step was demonstrated through dihydrobenzofuran intermediates.
Synthesis of PAA‐g‐PNVCL Graft Copolymer and Studies on Its Loading of Ornidazole
Authors: Qian Wenhao , Xu Peicheng , Lu Guolin , Huang Xiaoyu
Published: October 2014

A well‐defined amphiphilic graft copolymer, consisting of hydrophobic poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA) backbone and hydrophilic poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) side chains, was synthesized by successive reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A new acrylate monomer bearing a chlorine‐based initiating group, tert‐butyl 2‐((2‐chloropropanoyloxy)methyl)acrylate, was first RAFT homopolymerized in a controlled way to give a well‐defined homopolymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn=1.15). This homopolymer directly initiated ATRP of N‐vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) to afford a well‐defined PtBA‐g‐PNVCL graft copolymer (Mw/Mn=1.22) via the grafting‐from strategy without polymeric functionality transformation. PAA‐g‐PNVCL graft copolymer was prepared by selectively hydrolyzing PtBA‐g‐PNVCL. Ornidazole (ONZ)‐loaded polymeric micelles using PAA‐g‐PNVCL copolymer as carrier were prepared by physical entrapping. Drug release experiment of the nano‐carrier indicated the pH‐dependent drug release characteristics.
Distinct Spatial Relationship of the Interleukin‐9 Receptor with Interleukin‐2 Receptor and Major Histocompatibility Complex Glycoproteins in Human T Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Nizsalóczki Enikő , Csomós István , Nagy Péter , Fazekas Zsolt , Goldman Carolyn K. , Waldmann Thomas A. , Damjanovich Sándor , Vámosi György , Mátyus László , Bodnár Andrea
Published: October 2014

The interleukin‐9 receptor (IL‐9R) consists of an α subunit and a γc chain that are shared with other cytokine receptors, including interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R), an important regulator of T cells. We previously showed that IL‐2R is expressed in common clusters with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins in lipid rafts of human T lymphoma cells, which raised the question about what the relationship between clusters of IL‐2R/MHC and IL‐9R is. Confocal microscopy colocalization and fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments capable of detecting membrane protein organization at different size scales revealed nonrandom association of IL‐9R with IL‐2R/MHC clusters at the surface of human T lymphoma cells. Accommodation of IL‐9Rα in membrane areas segregated from the IL‐2R/MHC domains was also detected. The bipartite nature of IL‐9R distribution was mirrored by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation results. Our data indicate that co‐compartmentalization with MHC glycoproteins is a general property of γc receptors. Distribution of receptor chains between different membrane domains may regulate their function.
Robust dissipativity and passivity analysis for discrete‐time stochastic neural networks with time‐varying delay
Authors: Nagamani G. , Ramasamy S. , Balasubramaniam P.
Published: October 2014

In this article, we consider the problem of robust dissipativity and passivity analysis for a class of general discrete‐time recurrent neural networks (NNs) with time‐varying delays. The NN under consideration is subject to time‐varying and norm bounded parameter uncertainties. By the latest free‐weighting matrix method, an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and using stochastic analysis technique a sufficient condition is established to ensure that the NNs under consideration is strictly
‐dissipative. The derived conditions are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Numerical examples and its simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 47–58, 2016
carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase (cad) regulates Notch signaling and vascular development in zebrafish
Authors: Coxam Baptiste , Neyt Christine , Grassini Daniela R. , Le Guen Ludovic , Smith Kelly A. , Schulte‐Merker Stefan , Hogan Benjamin M.
Published: October 2014

Background: The interplay between Notch and Vegf signaling regulates angiogenesis in the embryo. Notch signaling limits the responsiveness of endothelial cells to Vegf to control sprouting. Despite the importance of this regulatory relationship, much remains to be understood about extrinsic factors that modulate the pathway. Results: During a forward genetic screen for novel regulators of lymphangiogenesis, we isolated a mutant with reduced lymphatic vessel development. This mutant also exhibited hyperbranching arteries, reminiscent of Notch pathway mutants. Positional cloning identified a missense mutation in the carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase (cad) gene. Cad is essential for UDP biosynthesis, which is necessary for protein glycosylation and de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine‐based nucleotides. Using a transgenic reporter of Notch activity, we demonstrate that Notch signaling is significantly reduced in cadhu10125 mutants. In this context, genetic epistasis showed that increased endothelial cell responsiveness to Vegfc/Vegfr3 signaling drives excessive artery branching. Conclusions: These findings suggest important posttranslational modifications requiring Cad as an unappreciated mechanism that regulates Notch/Vegf signaling during angiogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 244:1–9, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.