bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal modulation of phospholipase Cβ isoforms: Adaptation to chronic morphine
Authors: Chakrabarti Sumita , Liu Nai-Jiang , Gintzler Alan R.
Published: November 2003

Phosphoinositide turnover and calcium mobilization are fundamental determinants of acute and chronic opioid effects. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) are key signaling enzymes that play a pivotal role in mediating opioid modulation of inositol trisphosphate production and cytosolic calcium distribution, substrates for many acute and chronic opioid effects. Notably, phosphorylation of the β isoforms of PLC, by kinases that are up-regulated after chronic morphine, is a potent modality for their regulation. Direct assessment of PLCβ1 and PLCβ3 phosphorylation in the guinea pig longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus tissue revealed substantial alterations after the induction of opioid tolerance. Notably, the direction of this modulation is isoform-specific. Phosphorylation of PLCβ1 is significantly reduced, whereas that of PLCβ3 is substantially augmented, changes not accompanied by altered content of PLCβ1 or PLCβ3 protein. In contrast to chronic morphine, acute morphine treatment of opioid naïve longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus tissue attenuates PLCβ3 phosphorylation, an effect also manifested by endogenous opioids that is reflected by the ability of acute naloxone to substantially augment PLCβ3 phosphorylation. This indicates that PLCβ phosphorylation is dynamically regulated. PLCβ1 and PLCβ3 activities are negatively modulated by phosphorylation. Thus, their concomitant reciprocal phosphorylation would alter the relative contribution of these isoforms to PLC/Ca
2+
signaling, a significant shift in light of their differential regulatory characteristics. Reciprocal modulation of the phosphorylation (activity) of two isoforms within the same subclass of signaling enzyme, proteins that have a high degree of structural similarity and subserve the same biological function, represents an adaptation modality to chronic morphine that has heretofore not been recognized.
Delayed K
+
clearance associated with aquaporin-4 mislocalization: Phenotypic defects in brains of α-syntrophin-null mice
Authors: Amiry-Moghaddam Mahmood , Williamson Anne , Palomba Maria , Eid Tore , de Lanerolle Nihal C. , Nagelhus Erlend A. , Adams Marvin E. , Froehner Stanley C. , Agre Peter , Ottersen Ole P.
Published: November 2003

Recovery from neuronal activation requires rapid clearance of potassium ions (K
+
) and restoration of osmotic equilibrium. The predominant water channel protein in brain, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), is concentrated in the astrocyte end-feet membranes adjacent to blood vessels in neocortex and cerebellum by association with α-syntrophin protein. Although AQP4 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema, its functions in normal brain physiology are uncertain. In this study, we used immunogold electron microscopy to compare hippocampus of WT and α-syntrophin-null mice (α-
Syn
-/-
). We found that <10% of AQP4 immunogold labeling is retained in the perivascular astrocyte end-feet membranes of the α-
Syn
-/-
mice, whereas labeling of the inwardly rectifying K
+
channel, Kir4.1, is largely unchanged. Activity-dependent changes in K
+
clearance were studied in hippocampal slices to test whether AQP4 and K
+
channels work in concert to achieve isosmotic clearance of K
+
after neuronal activation. Microelectrode recordings of extracellular K
+
([K
+
]
o
) from the target zones of Schaffer collaterals and perforant path were obtained after 5-, 10-, and 20-Hz orthodromic stimulations. K
+
clearance was prolonged up to 2-fold in α-
Syn
-/-
mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, the intensity of hyperthermia-induced epileptic seizures was increased in approximately half of the α-
Syn
-/-
mice. These studies lead us to propose that water flux through perivascular AQP4 is needed to sustain efficient removal of K
+
after neuronal activation.
DNA replication of mitotic chromatin in Xenopus egg extracts
Authors: Prokhorova Tatyana A. , Mowrer Karen , Gilbert Catherine H. , Walter Johannes C.
Published: November 2003

Prereplication complexes are assembled at eukaryotic origins of DNA replication in the G
1
phase of the cell cycle, and they are activated in S phase by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)2/cyclin E and Cdk2/cyclin A. Previous experiments using
Xenopus
nuclear assembly egg extracts suggested that Cdk1/cyclin A, which is normally active in early mitosis, can replace the function of Cdk2 in driving DNA replication, whereas Cdk1/cyclin B, which functions later in mitosis, cannot. Here, we use a completely soluble replication system derived from
Xenopus
egg extracts to show that Cdk1/cyclin B also can support DNA replication. The ability of mitotic Cdks to drive DNA replication raises the question of whether DNA replication is possible in mitosis. To address this question, chromatin containing prereplication complexes was driven into mitosis with Cdk1/cyclin B. Strikingly, upon addition of a replication extract, the chromatin underwent a complete round of DNA replication. Replicating mitotic chromosomes became visibly decondensed, and, after DNA replication was complete, they recondensed. Our results indicate that there is extensive overlap in the substrate specificity of the major metazoan Cdk/cyclin complexes and that mitosis is not fundamentally incompatible with DNA replication. The results suggest that origins that fail to initiate DNA replication in S phase might still be able to do so in mitosis.
Regulation of CD18 expression on neutrophils in response to fluid shear stress
Authors: Fukuda Shunichi , Schmid-Schönbein Geert W.
Published: November 2003

When leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells and are exposed to fluid shear stresses, they often retract pseudopods and reduce their attachment. Leukocytes use CD18 for membrane adhesion, but the kinetics of such integrin adhesion molecules under fluid shear is unknown. We examine on neutrophils with confocal microscopy of single adherent cells and flow cytometry of cell suspensions the CD18 expression under fluid shear after labeling with fluorescent antibodies. Fluid shear causes reduction of CD18-associated immunofluorescence of extracellular epitopes, especially in areas of the membrane exposed to elevated levels of shear (1.5 dyne/cm2maximum shear stress; 1 dyne = 10 mN). CD18 was also translocated over the leukocyte surface from regions of higher shear to lower shear and into the membrane contact areas with the substrate. We obtained no evidence for cytoplasmic internalization of CD18. Fluid shear (5 dyne/cm2) in a suspension of human leukocytes resulted in cleavage of the extracellular domain but not against a cytoplasmic domain of CD18. Chelation of extracellular Ca2+abolished the down-regulation of CD18. Cysteine protease inhibitors and a selective inhibitor for cathepsin B, but no blockade of other cysteine proteases such as cathepsin L and calpain, aminopeptidases, elastase, or metalloproteinases, suppressed shear-induced CD18 down-regulation. The evidence suggests that physiological levels of fluid shear cause release of cysteine protease(s) including cathepsin B, leading to cleavage of the extracellular domain of CD18 molecules and possible membrane detachment.
Src kinase activation by direct interaction with the integrin β cytoplasmic domain
Authors: Arias-Salgado Elena G. , Lizano Sergio , Sarkar Sugata , Brugge Joan S. , Ginsberg Mark H. , Shattil Sanford J.
Published: November 2003

Src tyrosine kinases transmit integrin-dependent signals pivotal for cell movement and proliferation. Here, we establish a mechanism for Src activation by integrins. c-Src is shown to bind constitutively and selectively to β3 integrins through an interaction involving the c-Src SH3 domain and the carboxyl-terminal region of the β3 cytoplasmic tail. Clustering of β3 integrins
in vivo
activates c-Src and induces phosphorylation of Tyr-418 in the c-Src activation loop, a reaction essential for adhesion-dependent phosphorylation of Syk, a c-Src substrate. Unlike c-Src, Hck, Lyn, and c-Yes bind more generally to β1A, β2, and β3 cytoplasmic tails. These results invoke a model whereby Src is primed for activation by direct interaction with an integrin β tail, and integrin clustering stabilizes activated Src by inducing intermolecular autophosphorylation. The data provide a paradigm for integrin regulation of Src and a molecular basis for the similar functional defects of osteoclasts or platelets from mice lacking β3 integrins or c-Src.
TSGDB: a database system for tumor suppressor genes
Authors: Yang Yanming , Fu Li M.
Published: November 2003

Summary: A Web-based database system was constructed and implemented that contains 174 tumor suppressor genes. The database homepage was created to accommodate these genes in a pull-down window so that each gene can be viewed individually in a separate Web page. Information displayed on each page includes gene name, aliases, source organism, chromosome location, expression cells/tissues, gene structure, protein size, gene functions and major reference sources. Queries to the database can be conducted through a user-friendly interface, and query results are returned in the HTML format on dynamically generated web pages.

Availability: The database is available at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~yy1/HTML-TSGDB/Homepage.html (data files also at http://www.patcar.org/Databases/Tumor_Suppressor_Genes)
MASV—Multiple (BLAST) Annotation System Viewer
Authors: Carter Kim , Bellgard Matthew
Published: November 2003

Summary: Multiple (BLAST) Annotation System Viewer (MASV) is a tool designed to aid in the annotation of genomic sequences. MASV enables the researcher to compare and analyse differences in annotation and analysis, resulting from changes in databases, analysis program parameters and results. This provides a unique capability for the user to conduct further bioinformatics analysis from the information obtained.

Availability:  http://cbbc.murdoch.edu.au/projects/masv/
Lipoprotein receptors and a Disabled family cytoplasmic adaptor protein regulate EGL-17/FGF export in C. elegans
Authors: Kamikura Darren M. , Cooper Jonathan A.
Published: November 2003

Growth factors and morphogens need to be secreted to act on distant cells during development and in response to injury. Here, we report evidence that efficient export of a fibroblast growth factor (FGF), EGL-17, from the Caenorhabditis elegans developing vulva requires the lipoprotein receptor-related proteins Ce-LRP-1 and Ce-LRP-2 and a cytoplasmic adaptor protein, Ce-DAB-1 (Disabled). Lipoprotein receptors are transmembrane proteins best known for their roles in endocytosis. Ce-LRP-1 and Ce-LRP-2 possess a conserved intraluminal domain that can bind to EGL-17, as well as a cytosolic FXNPXY motif that can bind to Ce-DAB-1. Ce-DAB-1 contains signals that confer subcellular localization to Golgi-proximal vesicles. These results suggest a model in which Ce-DAB-1 coordinates selection of receptors and cargo, including EGL-17, for transport through the secretory pathway.
Performance of Islamic and mainstream banks in Malaysia
Authors: Azhar Rosly Saiful , Afandi Abu Bakar Mohd
Published: November 2003

The study found that Islamic banking scheme (IBS) banks have recorded higher return on assets (ROA) as they are able to utilize existing overheads carried by mainstream banks. As this lowers their overhead expenses, it is found that the higher ROA ratio for IBS banks does not imply efficiency. It is also inconsistent with their relatively low asset utilization and investment margin ratios. This finding confirmed our contention that Islamic banking that thrives on interest‐like products (credit finance) is less likely to outshine mainstream banks on efficiency terms. Although Islamic credit finance products may have complied with Shariah rules, their lack of ethical content is not expected to motivate IBS banks to strive for efficiency through scale and scope economies.
Trade liberalization and environment in Pacific island countries (FICs): is it a case of “two gains for one”?
Authors: Chand Prasad Biman , Asafu‐Adjaye John
Published: November 2003

Trade liberalization policies pursued by the Pacific Forum Island Countries (FICs) have been further cemented as an appropriate strategy for economic growth through the recently adopted trade agreements. Proponents of trade liberalization also argue that free trade leads to improvements in environmental quality. According to the “environmental uznets curve” (EKC) hypothesis there would initially be some environmental degradation, but as income rises through free trade, demand for higher environmental quality would lead to improvements in the quality of the environment. It is suggested that FICs should have complementary environmental and social policies to ensure that the environment is sustainably managed and the poor are not left out in the new economic environment. Free trade amongst the FICs therefore is not a case of “two gains for one”. That is, we cannot expect both a rise in per capita income and environmental quality to be delivered simultaneously without the adoption of complementary environmental and social policies. The vulnerable environment of the FICs cannot wait for environmental quality based on the EKC hypothesis.
World Income Distribution and Tax Reform: What Tax Systems Do Low‐Income Countries Need?
Authors: Pillarisetti J. Ram
Published: November 2003

This article develops a new method for assessing relative direct tax burdens across all countries, treating the world as a single economic entity and assuming identical preferences across countries. Empirical results show that the new direct tax burden indices are significantly high in low‐income countries in comparison with middle‐ and high‐income countries. This article argues in favour of narrowing the base of income and capital gains tax in low‐income countries and a long‐term convergence of the tax burden levels across countries. Future research into tax reforms in low‐income countries should focus simultaneously on economic growth, quality of life and the natural environment.
What Price Tourism?
Authors: Meyer Dorothea
Published: November 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

D. Harrison, Tourism in the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies

F. McCool and N. Moisey, Tourism Recreation and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment

K. Ghimire, The Native Tourist: Mass Tourism within Developing Countries
Passive Investment Strategies and Efficient Markets
Authors: Malkiel Burton G.
Published: November 2003

This paper presents the case for and the evidence in favour of passive investment strategies and examines the major criticisms of the technique. I conclude that the evidence strongly supports passive investment management in all markets—small–capitalisation stocks as well as large–capitalisation equities, US markets as well as international markets, and bonds as well as stocks. Recent attacks on the efficient market hypothesis do not weaken the case for indexing.
Spanish Stock Returns: Where is the Weather Effect?
Authors: Pardo Angel , Valor Enric
Published: November 2003

Psychological studies support the existence of an influence of weather on mood. Saunders (1993) and Hirshleifer and Shumway (2001) argue that the weather could affect the behaviour of market traders and, therefore, it should be reflected in the stock returns. This paper investigates the possible relation between weather and market index returns in the context of the Spanish market. In 1989, this market changed its open outcry trading system into a computerised and decentralised trading system. Therefore, it is possible to check the influence of weather variables (sunshine hours and humidity levels) on index returns in an open outcry trading system, and to compare it with a screen traded environment. The empirical evidence indicates that, independently of the trading system, there is no influence of weather on stock prices. Thus, these findings do not contest the notion of efficient markets.
A revision of Holm's Early and early Mid Cambrian hyoliths Of Sweden
Authors: Malinky John M. , Berg‐Madsen Vivianne
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT. Re‐examination of type specimens of Early Cambrian and early Mid Cambrian hyoliths from Sweden confirms placement of Hyolithes teretiusculus Linnarsson in Hexitheca Syssoiev, and reassignment to the order Hyolithida rather than Orthothecida. Inclusion of Hyolithes affinis Holm within Decoritheca Syssoiev is re‐confirmed, and Hyolithes socialis Linnarsson is now referred to Nevadotheca Malinky and Slapylites Marek. An operculum included under Hyolithes oelandicus Holm is transferred provisionally to Maxilites Marek, and conchs of that species are placed under Tulenicornus Val'kov with question. No other hyolith species of Holm can be definitely assigned to genus. The rarity of well preserved opercula is a major impediment to recognizing hyolith taxa confidently, and we follow Holm in attributing the comparative rarity of opercula to the fact that in some hyolith taxa the operculum may have been composed of a different, and perhaps less stable, material than the rest of the conch.
Lower and middle Jurassic woods of the Cleveland Basin (North Yorkshire), England
Authors: MORGANS HELEN S.
Published: November 2003

Allochthonous Lower and Middle Jurassic (Pliensbachian–Bathonian) permineralized and charcoalified woods from the Cleveland Basin (North Yorkshire, England) are assigned to five genera of gymnospermous wood (Cupressinoxylon spp., Taxodioxylon spp., Cedroxylon spp., XenoxylonAraucarioxylon) and two species (Xenoxylon phyllocladoidesAraucarioxylon lindlei). Cell structure is commonly well preserved, particularly in calcified and charcoalified samples, and several features of the growth rings have palaeoclimatological significance. These include distinct growth rings, commonly narrow latewood, low to moderate annual sensitivity and mean sensitivity values, and presence of false rings. Overall, these characteristics reflect fairly consistent growth, both during the growing season and from year to year. Temporally, there is a transition towards narrower rings of more variable width, proportionally wider latewood, and more abundant false rings in Bathonian woods. Water supply is interpreted as the primary limiting control on growth and was probably more restricted in the Bathonian. This is suggested to be a consequence of relatively low sea‐level and, more importantly, a genuinely drier climate at this time, manifested as an accentuated annual dry season. In all, the increase in seasonality during the Early and Mid Jurassic in North Yorkshire is compatible with the effects of a developing Mediterranean‐type climate.
Late Jurassic tethyan ancestry of Recent southern high‐latitude marine isopods (Crustacea, Malacostraca)
Authors: Brandt A. , Crame J. A. , Polz H. , Thomson M. R. A.
Published: November 2003

Isopods are one of the key marine groups that radiated extensively in the southern high‐latitude regions, and it is widely assumed that they did so essentially through the Cenozoic era. Nevertheless, palaeontological evidence is now beginning to accumulate which suggests that some at least of the key isopod taxa may be of considerably greater antiquity. In particular, Schweglerella strobli Polz from the Early Tithonian Plattenkalk of Solnhofen, southern Germany indicates that the suborder Sphaeromatidea is of at least Late Jurassic ancestry, and possibly much older. Schweglerella strobli is phylogenetically close to both the Bathynataliidae and Serolidae, but is here placed in a new family, Schweglerellidae. Like the decapods, the early phylogenetic history of the isopods may be characterized by a considerable macroevolutionary lag. Perhaps a number of major marine invertebrate groups underwent a Mesozoic phase of widespread dispersal when the Pangaean margins were still largely intact and climates globally more equable? The subsequent radiation of groups such as the sphaeromatidean isopods may have been largely contingent upon the Cenozoic thermal isolation of the Southern Ocean.
A new libelluloid family from the Upper Paleocene of Argentina
Authors: Petrulevicius Julián F. , Nel André , Muzón Javier
Published: November 2003

A new family of dragonflies, Palaeomacromiidae, based on Palaeomacromia multicellulata gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Late Paleocene Maíz Gordo Formation of north‐western Argentina. The present discovery demonstrates that the present knowledge of the Early Cenozoic insect fauna of the Neotropical region remains very poor.
A new Pliensbachian ichthyosaur from Dorset, England
Authors: McGowan Christopher , Milner Angela C.
Published: November 2003

The first ichthyosaur to be recorded from the Pliensbachian Stage of the English Lower Liassic is described as Leptonectes moorei sp. nov., extending the geological range of Leptonectes to the Pliensbachian. According to criteria for assessing the maturity of ichthyosaurs, it is concluded that L. moorei is an immature individual of a relatively small, slender and short snouted species close to the earlier long‐snouted L. tenuirostris (Conybeare) which ranges from the Rhaetian to the Sinemurian. The presence of a short‐snouted leptonectid in the Pliensbachian suggests two contrasting patterns of rostral morphology within the clade Leptonectidae in the latest Early Jurassic, rostral reduction within the genus Leptonectes and rostral elongation in ExcalibosaurusEurhinosaurus.
Two new polychaete families from the upper Ordovician of Estonia
Authors: Hints Olle
Published: November 2003

Study of three upper Ordovician borehole sections from Estonia has revealed abundant and well‐preserved scolecodonts representing more than 50 species of jaw‐bearing eunicid polychaetes. In this paper, two monotypic families, Conjungaspidae and Tretoprionidae, are introduced, based on two new species (Conjungaspis minutus gen. et sp. nov. and Tretoprion astae gen. et sp. nov.). The most distinctive features of conjungaspids are the small, distally rounded and long‐horned carriers, merged with large basal and laeobasal plates, and symmetrical jaw apparatus. Conjungaspids are supposedly a primitive group displaying common features with some placognaths and labidognaths. Tretoprionids are characterized by sub‐transversely prolonged and strongly elevated scraper‐like denticles in the anterior part of the posterior maxillae, unusual anterior maxillae composed of several weakly fused teeth, and occurrence of a hole or large incision in the outer face of the left posterior maxilla.
Cladistic analysis of Albian heteromorph ammonites
Authors: Monks Neale
Published: November 2003

A computer‐based parsimony analysis of Albian heteromorph ammonites from the Tethyan and European faunal provinces is demonstrated. The results indicate that whilst Anisoceratidae, Baculitidae, Scaphitidae and Turrilitidae are monophyletic, Hamitidae is not. Previous studies of ammonite phylogenetics have used the coiling mode, ornamentation of the shell and the suture line as sources of characters. Comparison of the consistency and retention indices of these character suites indicates that whereas ornamentation is relatively consistent within clades, suture line morphology is highly homoplastic. The earliest known Sciponoceras, S. skipperae sp. nov., is described.
Two Palaeozoic Hydrothermal Vent Communities from the Southern Ural Mountains, Russia
Authors: Little Crispin T. S. , Maslennikov Valeriy V. , Morris Noel J. , Gubanov Alexander P.
Published: November 2003

The Sibay and Yaman Kasy massive sulphide deposits contain macrofossil assemblages that represent some of the oldest known hydrothermal vent communities. The deposits are hosted respectively by Middle Devonian and Silurian arc‐related volcanic rocks in the Ural Mountains of Russia, and formed under the same environmental constraints as modern vent sulphides. The Sibay palaeocommunity comprises, in order of decreasing abundance, tubes of an indeterminate ?annelid and the vestimentiferan Tevidestus serrriformis Shpanskaya, Maslennikov and Little and articulated specimens of the modiomorphid bivalve Sibaya ivanovi gen. et sp. nov. The Yaman Kasy palaeocommunity comprises, in order of decreasing abundance, tubes of the ?polychaete Eoalvinellodes annulatus gen. et sp. nov. and the vestimentiferan Yamankasia rifeia Shpanskaya, Maslennikov and Little, and specimens of the ?kirengellid tergomyan Themoconus shadlunae gen. et sp. nov., the lingulate brachiopod Pyrodiscus lorrainae gen. et sp. nov., an indeterminate vetigastropod, and the ambonychiid bivalve Mytilarca sp. Some of these taxa have affinities to endemic taxa at modern hydrothermal vent sites and some belong to taxa that are typical of Palaeozoic non‐vent marine palaeocommunities. Therefore, there has been movement of taxonomic groups in and out of the vent ecosystem through the Phanerozoic.
Loriolella, a key taxon for understanding the early evolution of irregular echinoids
Authors: Smith Andrew B. , Anzalone Laura
Published: November 2003

Loriolella Fucini is an enigmatic and poorly understood Early Jurassic sea‐urchin that has been interpreted both as a regular and an irregular echinoid. The discovery of new and well‐preserved material of the type species L. ludovicii (Meneghini) from the Upper Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Lombardy, Italy, has clarified the morphology of this genus for the first time. Loriolella resembles regular echinoids in having a large (almost certainly monocyclic) apical disc enclosing the periproct, and large primary interambulacral tubercles and spines. However, its peristome is extremely small with only vestigial buccal notches and auricles, and the ambulacra expand adorally forming cassiduloid‐like phyllodes. Cladistic analysis suggests that Loriolella is the earliest known microstomatid irregular echinoid. Its unique mixture of primitive and derived characters is important for interpreting the initial steps by which irregular echinoids arose from diadematoid‐like regular ancestors.
A new tribe of dictyoclostid brachiopods from the Lower Permian of the Tarim Basin, north‐west China
Authors: Chen Z. Q. , Shi G. R.
Published: November 2003

Several finely capillated brachiopod genera are re‐examined based on new material obtained from the Lower Permian of the Tarim Basin, north‐western China and previously published information. A new genus, Tarimoplecta, is proposed. Comparison with other related genera reveals that Liraplecta Jin and Sun and Tarimoplecta gen. nov. represent a new tribe, Liraplectini, of the Dictyoclostidinae Stehli. The stratigraphical and geographical distributions of both LiraplectaTarimoplecta indicate that they are restricted to the Sakmarian to Kungurian (Lower Permian) of the Tethyan Realm. Four species are described herein: Liraplectapaojianggouensis sp. nov., L. richthofeni (Chao), L. apsera (Wang), and Tarimoplecta tarimensis gen. et sp. nov.
Miocene spiders in Dominican amber (Oonopidae, Mysmenidae)
Authors: Penney David
Published: November 2003

Oonops seldeni sp. nov. and Mysmenopsis lissycoleyae sp. nov. are described from male specimens preserved in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic and are the first fossil records of these extant genera. Gamasomorpha incerta Wunderlich, 1988 is transferred to Stenoonops. Two females previously described as Orchestina dominicana? Wunderlich, 1981 are transferred to Orchestina sp. indet., and one new specimen of a male of Orchestina dominicana Wunderlich, 1988 is identified. Oonopidae is reported for the first time from Cretaceous ambers of Burma, Lebanon and New Jersey. These are the oldest records of this family, extending the known range from the Rupelian (Oligocene) to the Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous). Recent StenoonopsMysmenopsis are unknown from Hispaniola. The presence of these genera in amber suggests that they will be found. The presence of Mysmenopsis in amber is further evidence of kleptoparasitic/commensal spiders in the Miocene.
Questioning the water wars rationale: a case study of the Indus Waters Treaty
Authors: Alam Undala Z
Published: November 2003

The water wars rationale predicts that countries will wage war to safeguard their access to water resources, especially if there is water scarcity, competitive use and the countries are enemies due to a wider conflict. Following this argument, India and Pakistan should have fought a war over the Indus basin instead of negotiating the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. In explaining this Indo–Pakistan cooperation which is specifically over water, the critical feature that emerges is that through cooperation the countries were able to safeguard their long–term water supply. In other words, cooperation is water rational. Using the Indus basin experience, the underlying logic of the water wars rationale is questioned, in particular, the use of public statements by key decisionmakers as evidence of future water wars and is shown to be wanting.
Molecular characterisation of group A Neisseria meningitidis isolated in Sudan 1985–2001
Authors: JACOBSSON SUSANNE , ISSA MOHAMED , UNEMO MAGNUS , BÄCKMAN ANDERS , MÖLLING PAULA , SULAIMAN NAGEEB , OLCÉN PER
Published: November 2003

A total of 33 group A Neisseria meningitidis (Mc) isolates, collected in Sudan between 1985 and 2001, were studied in order to describe the changes over time in a country within the meningitis belt of Africa. The isolates were characterised by traditional phenotypic methods (serogrouping, serotyping, serosubtyping and antibiogram) and molecular techniques (genosubtyping, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] with restriction endonucleases SpeI and NheI, and multilocus sequence typing [MLST]). Three clones of group A Mc were identified: one before 1988 (sulphadiazine sensitive, serotype 4, genosubtype P1.7,13‐1,35‐1, sequence type 4 [ST‐4]); another during and after the 1988 epidemic (sulphadiazine resistant, serotype 4, genosubtype P1.20,9,35‐1, ST‐5); and a third causing the 1999 epidemic (sulphadiazine resistant, serotype 4, genosubtype P1.20,9,35‐1, ST‐7). The first clone showed major differences compared to the other two. The second and third clones had many similarities with differences in only a single gene (pgm) in the MLST (47 of the 450 bp) but significant other differences according to the PFGE patterns. Within the clones, genosubtyping and MLST gave identical information (except one base substitution in the aroE gene in one isolate). However, the PFGE patterns showed changes over time within the clones, where SpeI revealed somewhat more diversity than NheI.
Chemotherapy and antiangiogenesis: drug‐specific effects on microvessel sprouting
Authors: ALBERTSSON PER , LENNERNÄS BO , NORRBY KLAS
Published: November 2003

Tumors are angiogenesis dependent. Some chemotherapeutics have been shown to be able to suppress angiogenesis and thus tumor growth in vivo at low, well‐tolerated doses. Not much is known about the angiogenesis‐modulating effects of chemotherapeutics in vivo, however. Microvessel sprouting is inherent to angiogenesis. Using the rat mesentery assay, we studied the effect of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and paclitaxel at a low, atoxic dose on the number of sprouts per unit tissue volume (No. SP) and their length (Le. SP) at the edge of the expanding network in VEGF165‐mediated angiogenesis. A single dose of each cytotoxic drug was administered i.v. 7 days before the animals were sacrificed. Cyclophosphamide significantly lengthened the shortest Le. SP and shortened the longest Le. SP, doxorubicin did not significantly affect Le. SP, whereas paclitaxel significantly shortened both the shortest and the longest Le. SP. No correlation was found between the present results and the distinctly drug‐specific results of microvessel segment number and length analyzed within central parts of the same expanding network (1). To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative report on the effect of chemotherapy on angiogenesis sprouting in vivo. Collectively, the data suggest that cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and paclitaxel at a non‐toxic dose primarily target different intrinsic components of the angiogenic cascade, leading to distinctly drug‐specific effects.
Technology Challenges in Responding to Biological or Chemical Attacks in the Civilian Sector
Authors: Fitch J. Patrick , Raber Ellen , Imbro Dennis R.
Published: November 2003

Increasingly sophisticated technologies are needed for counterterrorism responses to biological and chemical warfare agents. Recently developed detection and identification systems are characterized by increased sensitivity, greater automation, and fewer false alarms. Attempts are also under way to reduce the cost and complexity of field-deployable systems. A broad range of decontamination reagents for equipment and personnel is emerging, but decontamination of large buildings, inaccessible spaces, and sensitive equipment remains problematic.
Retraction in Amoeboid Cell Motility Powered by Cytoskeletal Dynamics
Authors: Miao Long , Vanderlinde Orion , Stewart Murray , Roberts Thomas M.
Published: November 2003

Cells crawl by coupling protrusion of their leading edge with retraction of their cell body. Protrusion is generated by the polymerization and bundling of filaments, but the mechanism of retraction is less clear. We have reconstituted retraction in vitro by adding
Yersinia
tyrosine phosphatase to the major sperm protein–based motility apparatus assembled from
Ascaris
sperm extracts. Retraction in vitro parallels that observed in vivo and is generated primarily by disassembly and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Therefore, cytoskeletal dynamics alone, unassisted by conventional motors, are able to generate both of these central components of amoeboid locomotion.
Nucleolar Clustering of Dispersed tRNA Genes
Authors: Thompson Martin , Haeusler Rebecca A. , Good Paul D. , Engelke David R.
Published: November 2003

Early transfer RNA (tRNA) processing events in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
are coordinated in the nucleolus, the site normally associated with ribosome biosynthesis. To test whether spatial organization of the tRNA pathway begins with nucleolar clustering of the genes, we have probed the subnuclear location of five different tRNA gene families. The results show that tRNA genes, though dispersed in the linear genome, colocalize with 5
S
ribosomal DNA and U14 small nucleolar RNA at the nucleolus. Nucleolar localization requires tRNA gene transcription-complex formation, because inactivation of the promoter at a single locus removes its nucleolar association. This organization of tRNA genes must profoundly affect the spatial packaging of the genome and raises the question of whether gene types might be coordinated in three dimensions to regulate transcription.
Three-Dimensional Structure of Herpes Simplex Virus from Cryo-Electron Tomography
Authors: Grünewald Kay , Desai Prashant , Winkler Dennis C. , Heymann J. Bernard , Belnap David M. , Baumeister Wolfgang , Steven Alasdair C.
Published: November 2003

Herpes simplex virus, a DNA virus of high complexity, consists of a nucleocapsid surrounded by the tegument—a protein compartment—and the envelope. The latter components, essential for infectivity, are pleiomorphic. Visualized in cryo–electron tomograms of isolated virions, the tegument was seen to form an asymmetric cap: On one side, the capsid closely approached the envelope; on the other side, they were separated by ∼35 nanometers of tegument. The tegument substructure was particulate, with some short actin-like filaments. The envelope contained 600 to 750 glycoprotein spikes that varied in length, spacing, and in the angles at which they emerge from the membrane. Their distribution was nonrandom, suggesting functional clustering.
Chondritic Meteorite Fragments Associated with the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Antarctica
Authors: Basu Asish R. , Petaev Michail I. , Poreda Robert J. , Jacobsen Stein B. , Becker Luann
Published: November 2003

Multiple chondritic meteorite fragments have been found in two sedimentary rock samples from an end-Permian bed at Graphite Peak in Antarctica. The Ni/Fe, Co/Ni, and P/Fe ratios in metal grains; the Fe/Mg and Mn/Fe ratios in olivine and pyroxene; and the chemistry of Fe-, Ni-, P-, and S-bearing oxide in the meteorite fragments are typical of CM-type chondritic meteorites. In one sample, the meteoritic fragments are accompanied by more abundant discrete metal grains, which are also found in an end-Permian bed at Meishan, southern China. We discuss the implications of this finding for a suggested global impact event at the Permian-Triassic boundary.
Nota Bene: Wonders Will Never Cease
Authors: Ash Caroline
Published: November 2003

To See the Fellows Fight
Eyewitness Accounts of Meetings of the Geological Society of London and Its Club, 1822-1868. John C. Thackray. British Society for the History of Science, Faringdon, UK, 2003. 262 pp. Paper, £15.00, $26. ISBN 0-906450-14-4. BSHS Monograph 12.

Thackray presents an informative and enjoyable record of discussions and debates on geological research that helped shape British geology in the early 19th century.
THE POISSON BRACKET FOR POISSON FORMS IN MULTISYMPLECTIC FIELD THEORY
Authors: FORGER MICHAEL , PAUFLER CORNELIUS , RÖMER HARTMANN
Published: November 2003

We present a general definition of the Poisson bracket between differential forms on the extended multiphase space appearing in the geometric formulation of first order classical field theories and, more generally, on exact multisymplectic manifolds. It is well defined for a certain class of differential forms that we propose to call Poisson forms and turns the space of Poisson forms into a Lie superalgebra.
PHASE TRANSITION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF RELAXATION PHENOMENA
Authors: YOSHIDA NOBUO
Published: November 2003

Some results on the relaxation processes (Glauber dynamics) obtained in the last decade are presented. This article is intended to be a short guided tour through these results for readers without prior knowledge of rigorous statistical mechanics or stochastic processes.
D-DIMENSIONAL IDEAL QUANTUM GASES IN A Arn+Br-n POTENTIAL
Authors: JELLAL AHMED , DAOUD MOHAMMED
Published: November 2003

This paper is concerned with thermostatistics of both D-dimensional Bose and Fermi ideal gases in a confining potential of type Arn+Br-n, where A, B are strictly positive constants and n is the power-law exponent. The investigation is performed in the framework of the semiclassical approximation. Some physical quantities for such systems are derived, like the density of states, density profiles and the number of particles. Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) is discussed in the high and low temperature limits corresponding to T→∞ and T→0, respectively.
THE ANDREWS–CURTIS CONJECTURE AND BLACK BOX GROUPS
Authors: BOROVIK ALEXANDRE V. , KHUKHRO EVGENII I. , MYASNIKOV ALEXEI G.
Published: November 2003

The paper discusses the Andrews–Curtis graph Δk(G,N) of a normal subgroup N in a group G. The vertices of the graph are k-tuples of elements in N which generate N as a normal subgroup; two vertices are connected if one of them can be obtained from another by certain elementary transformations. This object appears naturally in the theory of black box finite groups and in the Andrews–Curtis conjecture in algebraic topology [3].

We suggest an approach to the Andrews–Curtis conjecture based on the study of Andrews–Curtis graphs of finite groups, discuss properties of Andrews–Curtis graphs of some classes of finite groups and results of computer experiments with generation of random elements of finite groups by random walks on their Andrews–Curtis graphs.
THE STRUCTURE OF RESIDUATED LATTICES
Authors: BLOUNT KEVIN , TSINAKIS CONSTANTINE
Published: November 2003

A residuated lattice is an ordered algebraic structure [Formula: see text] such that  is a lattice,  is a monoid, and \ and / are binary operations for which the equivalences [Formula: see text] hold for all a,b,c ∈ L. It is helpful to think of the last two operations as left and right division and thus the equivalences can be seen as "dividing" on the right by b and "dividing" on the left by a. The class of all residuated lattices is denoted by ℛℒ

The study of such objects originated in the context of the theory of ring ideals in the 1930s. The collection of all two-sided ideals of a ring forms a lattice upon which one can impose a natural monoid structure making this object into a residuated lattice. Such ideas were investigated by Morgan Ward and R. P. Dilworth in a series of important papers [15, 16, 45–48] and also by Krull in [33]. Since that time, there has been substantial research regarding some specific classes of residuated structures, see for example [1, 9, 26] and [38], but we believe that this is the first time that a general structural theory has been established for the class ℛℒ as a whole. In particular, we develop the notion of a normal subalgebra and show that ℛℒ is an "ideal variety" in the sense that it is an equational class in which congruences correspond to "normal" subalgebras in the same way that ring congruences correspond to ring ideals. As an application of the general theory, we produce an equational basis for the important subvariety ℛℒCthat is generated by all residuated chains. In the process, we find that this subclass has some remarkable structural properties that we believe could lead to some important decomposition theorems for its finite members (along the lines of the decompositions provided in [27]).
FAST ISOMORPHISM TESTING IN ARITHMETICAL VARIETIES
Authors: GORAZD TOMASZ A.
Published: November 2003

Let [Formula: see text] be a finitely generated, arithmetical variety such that all subdirectly irreducible algebras from [Formula: see text] have linearly ordered congruences. We show that there is a polynomial time algorithm that tests the existing of an isomorphism between any two finite algebras from [Formula: see text].

This includes the following classical structures in algebra:

• Boolean algebras.

• Varieties of rings generated by finitely many finite fields.

• Varieties of Heyting algebras generated by an n–element chain.
The Factory Action and the Events at the Rosenstrasse in Berlin: Facts and Fictions about 27 February 1943 — Sixty Years Later
Authors: Gruner Wolf
Published: November 2003

On 27 February 1943 in Nazi Germany the Gestapo brutally arrested more than ten thousand Jewish men and women. Martin Riesenburger, later the Chief Rabbi of the German Democratic Republic, recalled that day as “the great inferno.” This large-scale raid marked the beginning of the final phase of the mass deportations, which had been under way since October 1941. Also interned in Berlin were people who, according to NS terminology, lived in so-called mixed marriages. But new documents show that no deportation of this special group was planned by the Gestapo. In the past decade, in both the German as well as the American public, quite a bit of attention has been paid to the fact that non-Jewish relatives publicly demonstrated against the feared deportation of their Jewish partners. The scholarly literature as well has pictured this protest as a unique act of resistance that prevented the deportation of these Jews living in mixed marriages. The fact that during this raid an untold number of Jews, both women and men, fled and went underground has so far been ignored. Since we still know much too little, the following article will discuss all the events of the spring of 1943 and their background.
From Amrum to Algiers and Back: The Reintegration of a Renegade in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Rheinheimer Martin
Published: November 2003

In the year 1724, fifteen-year-old Hark Olufs sailed on the ship the Hoffnung (Hope), half of which was owned by his father and the other half by Ricklef Flor, the captain. The ship was sailing under the flag of Hamburg although the entire crew consisted of Danish subjects: three came from Amrum, as did Hark, one from the neighboring island of Föhr, three from the Elbe. The ship was sailing from Nantes to Hamburg to unload its cargo. Although these waters were considered to be safe, the Hoffnung was seized by a “Turkish” privateer near the Scilly Isles and towed to Algiers.
Cobalt Tetraphenylporphine Electrocatalyzed N2O Reduction in DMF Solution
Authors: Tezuka Meguru , Iwasaki Masakazu
Published: November 2003

The electrocatalytic reduction of N2O in the presence of cobalt tetraphenylporphine (CoTPP) was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV). Based on the kinetical treatment of the data, the rate constant for the electron transfer to N2O from CoTPP dianion could be determined and the activation energy of the step was estimated as 39.5 kJ mol−1.
New In2O3(ZnO)m Photocatalysts with Laminal Structure for Visible Light-induced H2 or O2 Evolution from Aqueous Solutions Containing Sacrificial Reagents
Authors: Kudo Akihiko , Mikami Ikko
Published: November 2003

In2O3(ZnO)m powder with laminal structure like a superlattice showed photocatalytic activities for H2 evolution from an aqueous methanol solution and O2 evolution from an aqueous silver nitrate solution under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). Anodic photocurrent was also observed under visible light irradiation (λ > 480 nm) when In2O3(ZnO)m sintered electrodes were employed. The band gaps of In2O3(ZnO)3 and In2O3(ZnO)9 were 2.6 and 2.7eV, respectively, which were smaller than those of In2O3 and ZnO of starting materials.
Tightly Packed Membranes Composed of 36-Membered Macrocyclic Diether Phospholipid Found in Archaea Growing under Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents
Authors: Arakawa Kenji , Eguchi Tadashi , Kakinuma Katsumi
Published: November 2003

We were the first to investigate the properties of the archaeal 36-membered macrocyclic diether phospholipid 1a in comparison with the corresponding acyclic counterpart 2a. Results from thermal analyses and monolayer studies indicated that the 36-membered macrocyclic diether lipid can aggregate to more tightly packed structures than the acyclic congener due to less motional freedom at the alkyl chain region.
The Development and Use of a Triage Protocol for Patients with Dental Problems Contacting an Out-of-hours General Medical Practitioner Cooperative
Authors: Horton Michael , Harris Rebecca V , Ireland Robert S
Published: November 2003

Purpose of the study

The number of patients contacting general medical practitioner (GMP) out-of-hours services with dental problems is perceived to be a significant problem by the medical profession. This study was undertaken to design and pilot a triage protocol that could be used by non-dental staff to refer callers with dental complaints for appropriate treatment.

Basic procedures

A triage protocol was designed to address the patient conditions considered to be relevant to emergency dental care. The triage protocol was piloted for three months at a GMP cooperative in North Wales, which provided an out-of-hours service for 61 GMPs. Baseline data were collected for three months prior to the introduction of the triage protocol.

Main findings

The study showed that the number of dental callers contacting the out-of-hours service was not as great as GMPs imagined, and was similar to other studies. The introduction of the triage protocol resulted in a rise in the number of callers asked to call the general dental practitioner (GDP) support line. The number of unregistered patients given the name of a dentist also increased. The need to make a second telephone call seemed not to affect patient satisfaction since when patients were later questioned on their experience, those who had used the service since the introduction of the triage protocol were more likely to be satisfied with the service.

Principal conclusions

This study provides some evidence that a triage protocol can be used successfully by non-dental staff to sift requests for out-of-hours emergency dental care.