bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facilitating reconciliation in divided communities in Mashonaland Province, Zimbabwe
Authors:   , Shonhiwa Kudakwashe
Published: July 2022

Conflicts in Zimbabwe have triggered communities to be divided along political party lines. Violence has been prevalent and this has intensified economic ruin and social polarity. In high density urban areas this violence continues to divide communities. The overall aim of this research study was to facilitate reconciliation in divided communities in Mashonaland province, Zimbabwe with the Alternative for Violence Project (AVP), an international non-profit organisation that provides experiential training to individuals and organisations in nonviolence and pre-emptive conflict resolution. The objectives of the study were to explore the underlying causes of violence in Zimbabwe, its consequences and impact since 2000, and also to explain the concepts of conflict transformation, forgiveness and reconciliation as used by AVP. In addition, the study explored AVP’s outcomes in different contexts and examined its potential as an instrument for reconciliation by implementing several AVP workshops in the divided communities. Hatcliffe, a high density area outside Harare, was used as a sample population for the study which drew from Lederach’s theory of conflict transformation and from Azar‘s model of protracted social conflicts. The researcher used a qualitative approach in the field research and interviewed both the victims and perpetrators of violence as well as elected leaders in the Hatcliffe community. The main findings of the study were that reconciliation efforts are best begun with an orientation towards peace-building for community residents and local ownership of all reconciliation processes. All community members directly or indirectly involved in a conflict situation are critical to reconciliation efforts and third parties must ensure that these people are empowered to make their own decisions. The study concluded that AVP is an effective tool which can be used to change people’s perspectives about conflict and that creating safe spaces where people can articulate their issues in a relaxed atmosphere can be deeply healing. Because the findings are not disconfirmed by prior theories and research based on similar efforts, but rather add to knowledge already gained, one can assume that there also is a degree of external validity to the study.
An investigation into the Generation X sub-culture on three South African metropolitan areas: their values and attitudes woth regard! to work, family, and marketing.
Authors:   , Aiston Belinda
Published: July 2022

The term Generation X has generated a lot of interest and controversy around the world, particularly in America. Yet many people have been using the term without having a clear understanding of who Generation X is. Although there are numerous articles to be found on the American Generation X, very little research has been done in South Africa on this particular topic. The confusion that surrounds generational theory highlights the need for marketers to conduct more research on this particular area. The following study was conducted within the South African marketplace, in three major metropolitan areas, using quantitative research methods. The sample for the study consisted of three hundred respondents between the ages of 18 to 34. The respondents were selected using quota and judgement sampling. Respondents had to complete a five page questionnaire, with an interviewer present to aid in completion. The main objective of the research was to determine whether Generation X exists in South Africa, and if Generation X does exist, to what extent the South African Generation X differs from their American counterparts, in terms of their values and attitudes towards marketing, family and work.
A study of selected information technology systems on potential business units within departments in the M L Sultan Campus of the Durban Institute of Technology (DIT)
Authors:   , Ramroop Navitha
Published: July 2022

Over the last decade computer technology has impacted tremendously on the survival and productivity of organisations. In today's technologically advanced business environment, much emphasis is being placed on obtaining a competitive advantage through the use of computers - a commodity that has become available to almost everyone in an organisation. Increasing global competition and pressing social needs have impacted with such vigo~ that even tertiary institutions are now facing major financial constraints, thus forcing them to investigate alternative sources of income to maintain sustainability. Through the use of computer technology - searching, retrieving, sorting, producing and organising data efficiently and accurately - the belief is that many departments at the M L Sultan Campus of the Durban Institute of Technology can be converted into income-generating units that can be self-sustaining. There are many departments at the M L Sultan Campus with the relevant infrastructure and person-power to establish business units. These departments vary in the services that they provide, thus relevant information systems need to be aligned to future business units within these departments. This study focuses on a) investigating the impact of information technology and its systems on businesses; b) ensuring that information technology and its systems is looked at a~ a cost effective resource for maintaining a competitive edge and promoting business value. The interaction of business processes, people and technology will ensure successful planning and implementation of strategies within the potential business units; and c) recommending to selected departments the expected fmdings whereby they could choose to adopt these recommendations to transform themselves into business units in order to maintain a competitive edge for financial sustainability.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN INSENTIF DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP SEMANGAT KERJA KARYAWAN DI BAGIAN PRODUKSI PT. JASA INDAH MARITIM
Authors: Faruk Faruk
Published: July 2022

Sumber daya manusia merupakan factor terpenting yang dimiliki perusahaan untuk menggerakkan segala jenis aktivitas di perusahaan.oleh karena itu sumber daya manusia harus tetap dijaga semangatnya dalam melakukan pekerjaan yang diberikan.semangat kerja yang baik harus dimiliki oleh setiap sumber daya manusia yang ada di perusahaan.karena semangat kerja salah satu factor yang dapat membawa keberhasilan dari suatu perusahaan tersebut,untuk dapat bertahan di era yang kompetitif ini.dengan semangat kerja yang baik perusahaan mampu untuk mencapai tujuannya dan mampu mencapai target yang diinginkan oleh perusahaan tersebut.dengan pemberian insentif yang layak dan lingkungan kerja yang baik dan nyaman mampu menambah rasa semangat bekerja karyawan,dan memperbaiki kondisi internal yang ada di perusahaan menjadi lebih baik.  Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder,data primer diperoleh dari jawaban responden karyawan.seluruh karyawan distratifikasi berdasarkan golongannya dalam organisasi.meliputi golongan I,II,III. dan data sekunder didapat dari hasil wawancara dengan bagian pengembangan sumber daya manusia PT. Jasa Indah Maritim.untuk memenuhi tujuan penelitian.hipotesis diuji dengan menggunakan PLS (Partial Least Square).  Hasil penelitian berdasarkan PLS (Partial Least Square) menunjukkan bahwa variable pemberian insentif dan variable lingkungan kerja berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadapa semangat kerja karyawan pada PT. Jasa Indah Maritim,dan variable lingkungan kerja mempunyai pengaruh dominan terhadap semangat kerja karyawan di PT. Jasa Indah Maritim.
ANALISIS KECENDERUNGAN PENGHINDARAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN
Authors: Prayogi Gusti Dian , Eka Fariani , Andi B Putri Zitma
Published: July 2022

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penghindaran pajak penghasilan pada perusahaan  yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2013-2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan data sekunder diperoleh melalui media perantara yang telah diolah dan telah didokumentasikan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah empat puluh empat perusahaan setelah dipilih secara purposive sampling menjadi sebanyak empat belas perusahaan dengan penelitian selama lima tahun sehingga jumlah sampel sebanyak 70. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat pengujian hipotesis yaitu uji regresi linier berganda, uji parsial. uji (uji t), koefisien determinasi, uji koefisien korelasi, dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah financial distress berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap penghindaran pajak. Profitabilitas tidak berpengaruh pada penghindaran pajak. Kata Kunci: Financial Distress, Profitability, and Tax Avoidance
PENGARUH KECANGGIHAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI, PARTISIPASI MANAJEMEN, DAN KEMAMPUAN TEKNIK PEMAKAI SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI TERHADAP KINERJA INDIVIDU PADA KARYAWAN KOPERASI REPUBLIK INDONESIA (KPRI) DI KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO
Authors: Santosa Herlambang Pudjo , Suana Suana , A Tania Vivi , Mutaqin Saiful
Published: July 2022

Kinerja individu mempengaruhi keberhasilan sebuah perusahaan, diharapkan individu dapat menyelesaikan tugas tepat waktu. Agar kinerja individu berjalan dengan baik, suatu organisasi perlu memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor kecanggihan teknologi, partisipasi manajemen, dan kemampuan teknik pemakai sistem informasi akuntansi terhadap kinerja individu. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada karyawan Koperasi Republik Indonesia (KPRI) di Kabupaten Bondowoso. Jumlah sampel yang diambil sebanyak 140 responden. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah ketua dan bendahara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode non probability sampling, khususnya purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, dokumentansi dan kuesioner. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kecangggihan teknologi informasi, partisipasi manajemen dan kemampuan teknik pemakai sistem informasi akuntansi berpengaruh positif pada kinerja individu.Kata kunci: kecanggihan teknologi informasi, kemampuan teknik pemakai sistem informasi akuntansi, kinerja individu, partisipasi manajemen
PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI PERSEDIAAN BARANG DAGANGAN DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP BEBAN POKOK PENJUALAN
Authors: Wibowo Ario , Mawar Pladius , Lalong Saferianus , Narisa Romy
Published: July 2022

ABSTRAKTujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perlakuan akuntansi Persediaan Barang Dagangan yang berpengaruh terhadap Beban Pokok Penjualan pada PT. Setia Makmur Surabaya serta dapat digunakan sebagai bahan masukan perusahaan, untuk dapat menggunakan metode persediaan yang lebih tepat dalam penentuan Beban Pokok Penjualan dalam kaitannya dengan Laporan Keuangan. Perlakuan akuntansi untuk persediaan menjadi penting bagi banyak perusahaan, khususnya perusahaan dagang dan manufaktur, karena mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap penyajian di Neraca dan Laporan Perhitungan Laba Rugi. PT. Setia Makmur, Surabaya menggunakan Metode Fisik (Physical Method) untuk mencatat persediaannya dan Metode LIFO (MTKP) untuk melakukan penilaian terhadap Persediaan Barang Dagangannya. Penggunaan Metode Fisik (Physical Method) untuk pencatatan Persediaan Barang Dagangan mempunyai kelemahan dari sudut pengendalian internal. Sedangkan penggunaan Metode LIFO (MTKP) dalam penilaian Persediaan Barang Dagangan tidak sesuai dengan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan yang hanya memperbolehkan Metode Identifikasi Khusus, Metode FIFO (MPKP) dan Metode Average (Rata- rata). Kekeliruan dalam pemilihan metode penilaian persediaan yang tepat akan berakibat pada penyajian Persediaan, Beban Pokok Penjualan dan Laba Bersih yang disajikan terlalu tinggi (overstated) atau terlalu rendah (understated).Keywords: merchandise inventory, physical method, perpetual method, LIFO, FIFO, average.
EL COMPROMISO ORGANIZACIONAL Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL LIDERAZGO DE LOS DOCENTES DE UNA UNIVERSIDAD DE DURANGO MÉXICO
Authors: Tortolero Portugal Rosalío , Carreón Reyes América Gabriela
Published: July 2022

El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito determinar la relación que tienen los estilos de liderazgo y el compromiso organizacional desde la perspectiva de los docentes de una institución de educación superior de Durango México. La recolección de los datos se hizo a través de la encuesta, la cual incluye 48 preguntas distribuidas en las dimensiones de cada una de las variables, medidas con escala Likert, aplicándose al total de trabajadores de la institución estudiada en el mes de abril del año 2021. El diseño del estudio es no experimental, de nivel descriptivo y correlacional, además de ser transversal en cuanto a su temporalidad. Como resultado se tiene que existe una relación positiva de los tres estilos de liderazgo estudiados con la variable compromiso organizacional, así mismo, se obtuvo que el liderazgo transformacional es el estilo que presenta la relación más alta. Se concluye que los docentes que presentan un liderazgo transformador generan mayor compromiso con la institución, impulsando sus valores y su filosofía.
IMPACTO DE LAS CLASES EN LÍNEA EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE ESTUDIANTES DE INGENIERÍA
Authors: Reyes Sánchez Ericka , Hernández Rodríguez Aurelio , Gallegos Guerrero Miguel A.
Published: July 2022

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio de impacto en el aprendizaje debido a las clases en línea, en estudiantes de ingeniería del 5 al 8 semestre. Se analizan los resultados obtenidos de encuestas aplicadas, donde se observa que la educación en línea a sumado beneficios dentro de las habilidades de aprendizaje de la población estudiantil y se identifica la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la modalidad en línea. Se analiza la percepción de los estudiantes sobre el nivel de aprendizaje que adquirieron en una clase en línea, su disponibilidad para elegir un Sistema Hibrido para el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje y por último su nivel de conocimiento en las habilidades desarrollados durante las clases en línea.
Um Esboço do Passado, Presente e Futuro da Ciência e Tecnologia
Authors: Oliveira Agamenon
Published: July 2022

Este texto resume a palestra que proferi ao final do Scientiarum Historia 14, realizado em modalidade remota pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em História das Ciências e das Técnicas e Epistemologia, entre 7 e 11 de dezembro de 2021. As características fundamentais da Revolução do século XVII são brevemente apresentadas. À medida que avançamos para a Revolução Industrial na Inglaterra, retornaremos aos eventos mais importantes desde a chamada primeira Revolução Industrial até os dias atuais, ou seja, na virada da Quarta Revolução Industrial, quando a C & T desempenha um papel decisivo na passagem da chamada Indústria 4.0. Como veremos, ao longo do tempo a convergência entre ciência e tecnologia torna-se mais evidente, com exemplos que apontam para um completo intercâmbio e fusão de objetivos. Algumas características fundamentais do trabalho em C & T são apresentadas como desafios contemporâneos, quando uma luta feroz contra o negacionismo científico é exigida de toda a comunidade científica, sob pena de fechar os olhos e facilitar a adoção de uma cultura que apoie regimes políticos autoritários.
Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: Did wind shear impact secondary ice production?
Authors: Dedekind Zane , Grazioli Jacopo , Austin Philip H. , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Intense dual-polarization Doppler signatures in conjunction with strong vertical wind shear were observed by an X-band weather radar during a winter high precipitation event over the Swiss Alps. An enhancement of differential phase shift (Kdp > 1° km−1) around −15 °C suggested that a large population of oblate ice particles was present in the atmosphere. Here, we will show that ice-graupel collisions are a likely origin of this population. We perform sensitivity simulations that include ice-graupel collisions of a cold frontal passage to investigate whether these simulations can capture the event better and whether the vertical wind-shear had an impact on the secondary ice production (SIP) rate. The simulations are conducted with the Consortium for Small scale Modeling (COSMO), at a 1 km horizontal grid spacing in the Davos region in Switzerland. The rime-splintering simulations could not reproduce the high ice number concentrations, produced too large ice particles and therefore overestimated the radar reflectivity. The collisional-breakup simulations reproduced both the measured horizontal reflectivity and the ground-based observations of hydrometeor number concentration more accurately (∼ 20 L−1). During 14:30–15:45 UTC the vertical wind shear strengthened by 60 % within the region favorable for SIP. Calculation of the mutual information between the SIP rate and vertical wind shear and updraft velocity suggested that the SIP rate is best predicted by the vertical wind shear rather than the updraft velocity. The ice-graupel simulations were insensitive to the conversion rate size restriction from ice to graupel and snow to graupel.
Particle size distribution and particulate matter concentrations during synoptic and convective dust events in West Texas
Authors: Ardon-Dryer Karin , Kelley Mary C.
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Dust events are an important and complex constituent of the
atmospheric system that can impact Earth's climate, the environment, and
human health. The frequency of dust events in the Southern High Plains of West Texas has increased over
the past 2 decades, yet their impact on air quality in this region is
still unclear. This is due to the fact that there is only one air quality monitoring station that
measures only PM2.5 concentrations (particulate matter with
an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm), and there is no information on
other PM sizes or the particle size distribution. The Aerosol Research
Observation Station (AEROS) unit provides insight into the local variation
in particle concentration during different dust events and allows for a
better understanding of the impact of dust events on air quality. As this area is prone to dust events, we were wondering if dust events
generated by different meteorological causes (synoptic vs. convective) would
present similar particle concentrations or particle size distributions. Thus, in
this project, three different dust events were measured by AEROS and
compared. Each dust event originated from a different direction and lasted a
different duration. One of the dust events was synoptic (10 April 2019) and
two were convective (5 and 21 June 2019). Measurements of particle mass and
number concentration, size distribution, and meteorological conditions for
each dust event were compared. The synoptic dust event (on 10 April) was
longer (12 h) and had stronger wind speed conditions (up to 22.1 m s−1), whereas the two respective convective dust events on 5 and 21 June lasted only 20 and 30 min and had lower wind speeds (up to 16.5 and 13.4 m s−1). Observation of PM based on daily and hourly values
showed an impact on air quality, yet measurements based on daily and hourly
values underestimate the impact of the convective dust events. Observations
based on a shorter timescale (10 min) reveal the true impact of the two
convective dust events. A comparison of the particle size distribution showed
that all three dust events presented an increase in particles in the 0.3–10 µm size range. Comparisons of the particle concentration for particles
> 5 and > 10 µm show very high
values during the dust events. Some particle sizes even
increase in concentration by ∼ 2 orders of magnitude compared
with the time before the dust event. This leads us to speculate that the impact
of convective dust events on air quality in this region is underestimated
with the current (hourly basis) method.
Evaluation of the methane full-physics retrieval applied to TROPOMI ocean sun glint measurements
Authors: Lorente Alba , Borsdorff Tobias , Martinez-Verlarte Mari C. , Butz Andre , Hasekamp Otto P. , Wu Lianghai , Landgraf Jochen
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) due to its wide swath performs observations over the ocean in every orbit, enhancing the monitoring capabilities of methane from space. In the short-wave infrarred (SWIR) spectral band ocean surfaces are dark except for the specific sun-glint geometry, for which the specular reflectance detected by the satellite provides a signal that is high enough to retrieve methane with high accuracy and precision. In this study, we build upon the RemoTeC full-physics retrieval algorithm for land measurements and we retrieve four years of methane concentrations over the ocean from TROPOMI. We fully assess the quality of the dataset by performing a validation using ground-based measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) from near-ocean sites. The validation results in an agreement of -0.5 ± 0.3 % (-8.4 ± 6.3 ppb) for the mean bias and station-to-station variability, which show that glint measurements comply with the mission requirement of precision and accuracy below 1 %. Comparison to ocean measurements from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) satellite results in a bias of -0.2 ± 0.9 % (-4.4 ± 15.7 ppb), equivalent to the comparison of measurements over land. The full-physics algorithm simultaneously retrieves the amount of atmospheric methane and the physical scattering properties of the atmosphere from measurements in the near-infrarred (NIR) and SWIR spectral bands. Based on the backscattering properties of the atmosphere and ocean surface reflection we further validate retrievals over the ocean. Using the "upper-edge" method, we identify a set of ocean glint observations where scattering by aerosols and clouds can be ignored in the measurement simulation to investigate other possible error sources such as instrumental errors, radiometric inaccuracies or uncertainties related to spectroscopic absorption cross-sections. With this ensemble we evaluate the RemoTeC forward model via the validation of the total atmospheric oxygen (O2) column retrieved from the O2-A band, as well as the consistency of XCH4 retrievals using sub-bands from the SWIR band, which show a consistency within 1 %. We discard any instrumental and radiometric errors by a calibration of the O2 absorption line strengths as suggested in the literature.
Monitoring post-fire recovery of various vegetation biomes using multi-wavelength satellite remote sensing
Authors: Bousquet Emma , Mialon Arnaud , Rodriguez-Fernandez Nemesio , Mermoz Stéphane , Kerr Yann
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Anthropogenic climate change is now considered to be one
of the main factors causing an increase in both the frequency and severity of
wildfires. These fires are prone to release substantial quantities of
CO2 into the atmosphere and to endanger natural ecosystems and
biodiversity. Depending on the ecosystem and climate regime, fires have
distinct triggering factors and impacts. To better analyse this phenomenon,
we investigated post-fire vegetation anomalies over different biomes, from
2012 to 2020. The study was performed using several remotely sensed
quantities ranging from visible–infrared vegetation indices (the enhanced
vegetation index (EVI)) to vegetation opacities obtained at several passive-microwave wavelengths (X-band, C-band, and L-band vegetation optical depth
(X-VOD, C-VOD, and L-VOD)), ranging from 2 to 20 cm. It was found that C-
and X-VOD are mostly sensitive to fire impact on low-vegetation areas (grass
and shrublands) or on tree leaves, while L-VOD depicts the fire
impact on tree trunks and branches better. As a consequence, L-VOD is probably a
better way of assessing fire impact on biomass. The study shows that L-VOD
can be used to monitor fire-affected areas as well as post-fire recovery,
especially over densely vegetated areas.
Modelling the effects of benthic fauna on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Ehrnsten Eva , Savchuk Oleg Pavlovitch , Gustafsson Bo Gustav
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Even though the effects of benthic fauna on aquatic
biogeochemistry have been long recognized, few studies have addressed the
combined effects of animal bioturbation and metabolism on ecosystem–level
carbon and nutrient dynamics. Here we merge a model of benthic fauna (BMM)
into a physical–biogeochemical ecosystem model (BALTSEM) to study the
long-term and large-scale effects of benthic fauna on nutrient and carbon
cycling in the Baltic Sea. We include both the direct effects of faunal
growth and metabolism and the indirect effects of its bioturbating
activities on biogeochemical fluxes of and transformations between organic
and inorganic forms of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and oxygen
(O). Analyses of simulation results from the Baltic Proper and Gulf of Riga
indicate that benthic fauna makes up a small portion of seafloor active
organic stocks (on average 1 %–4 % in 2000–2020) but contributes
considerably to benthic–pelagic fluxes of inorganic C (23 %–31 %), N
(42 %–51 %) and P (25 %–34 %) through its metabolism. Results also
suggest that the relative contribution of fauna to the mineralization of
sediment organic matter increases with increasing nutrient loads. Further,
through enhanced sediment oxygenation, bioturbation decreases benthic
denitrification and increases P retention, the latter having far-reaching
consequences throughout the ecosystem. Reduced benthic–pelagic P fluxes
lead to a reduction in N fixation and primary production, lower organic
matter sedimentation fluxes, and thereby generally lower benthic stocks and
fluxes of C, N and P. This chain of effects through the ecosystem overrides
the local effects of faunal respiration, excretion and bioturbation. Due to
large uncertainties related to the parameterization of benthic processes, we
consider this modelling study a first step towards disentangling the complex
ecosystem-scale effects of benthic fauna on biogeochemical cycling.
Southern African rainfall regimes in a warmer world: Insight from PlioMIP2 mid-Pliocene Warm Period (3.264-3.025 Ma) simulations
Authors: Roffe Sarah , Engelbrecht Francois , Bamford Marion
Published: July 2022

The mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP; 3.264-3.025 Ma) was characterised by near-modern geography and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (~400 ppmv). With temperatures ~3°C warmer than the pre-Industrial era, it is often considered an analogue for near-future climate change. While many paleoenvironmental reconstructions suggest wetter conditions across southern Africa, projections for the mPWP and future suggest drier conditions associated with warmer climate states. Southern Africa’s mPWP proxy record is, however, limited and to date no detailed study exists for the region using Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) model outputs. Thus, to further understand southern African climate during the mPWP and to add constraints to future warmer world scenarios for the subcontinent, we use outputs from 17 models participating in the second PlioMIP phase to explore changes in annual and seasonal rainfall and associated atmospheric circulation patterns during the mPWP, compared to pre-Industrial period simulations. Although patterns of change are diverse, robust signals are evident. An annual rainfall decline, of approximately -0.5 mm/day, is quantified for most regions. Overall, drier conditions of a similar magnitude for the summer (October-March) and winter (April-September) periods contribute to this change, but the winter period shows more consistent drying. Relatively strong consistency across individual models for the pattern of intensification and expansion of the subtropical high-pressure belt suggests increased subsidence is a dominant driver behind the drying evident. General poleward tendencies of large-scale atmospheric circulation belts cause a poleward shift in the subcontinent's rainfall zones, resulting in a farther (reduced) southwestern (northeastern) extent of the summer (winter) rainfall zone (SRZ and WRZ). Projections reveal reduced seasonality for WRZ regions due to relatively stable summer rainfall and substantially reduced winter rainfall, while a relatively large early (late) summer rainfall decline (increase) for October-December (January-March) for SRZ regions re-organises the summer wet-season to be more concentrated in the late summer period.
Modeling the Mid-Pliocene at High Resolution
Authors: Otto-Bliesner Bette L. , Zhu Jiang , Tierney Jessica , Feng Ran , Tabor Clay , Nusbaumer Jesse , Walters Andrew , Brady Esther , Sun Chijun
Published: July 2022

In this poster, I will present plans to complete a PlioMIP2 simulation at high resolution (HR) in the fully-coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM). This simulation is part of the NCAR Accelerated Scientific Discovery PaleoWeather project and also includes HR simulations of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, with CO2 reconstructed to be much higher than today’s, and the Last Glacial Maximum with much lower CO2. CESM is being configured with a resolution of 0.25° for the atmosphere and land, and 0.1° for the ocean and sea ice.

This set of fully-coupled paleo-HR climate simulations for past greenhouse and icehouse climates will study the drivers that govern the characteristics of extreme weather events in both atmosphere and ocean under altered climate states. Potential applications include diagnosing changes in atmospheric synoptic features like mesoscale convective systems, tropical cyclones, monsoons, and atmospheric rivers, of coastal upwelling zones, and for their impacts on past regional precipitation patterns. In addition, the paleo-HR simulations will better resolve the landscape of topographies and coasts.  Both are critical for accurate comparison with the paleoclimate record since most of the terrestrial and marine paleo-observations come from basins surrounded by mountains and near-shore locations.

The paleo-HR simulations will complement the preindustrial, historical and RCP8.5 future simulations available from the iHESP project (https://ihesp.tamu.edu/), resulting in HR simulations to investigate the dynamics that connect past and future climate changes.
Exploring climate sensitivity from Pliocene temperatures
Authors: Renoult Martin , Sagoo Navjit , Mauritsen Thorsten
Published: July 2022

In recent years, simulations of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) of the cold Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the warm mid-Pliocene have been used to constrain the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) in an emergent constraint framework. The constraint on ECS arising from Pliocene temperatures is surprisingly robust, as opposed to that based on LGM temperatures. Nevertheless, observational uncertainties on proxy data from the Pliocene are large, in particular at high latitudes. We analyse the sensitivity of the Pliocene-based emergent constraint on ECS to different reconstructions as to verify if the well-constrained ECS is sensitive to the proxy data. We also investigate the boundary conditions of the Pliocene to identify key structural elements which may weaken the emergent constraint relationship. We show that the wider range of ECS in models simulating the Pliocene, as well as numerous sensitivity experiments, is a great advantage for the emergent constraint approach.
A new global climate reconstruction for the mid-Pliocene Warm Period.
Authors: Annan James , Hargreaves Julia , Mauritsen Thorsten
Published: July 2022

We present a new reconstruction of global climatological temperature fields for the mid-Pliocene Warm Period.

The method combines globally complete modelled temperature fields, with sparse proxy-based estimates of local temperature anomalies. We use the full set of PlioMIP and PlioMIP2 model simulations, and the proxy-based SST estimates of of Haywood et al 2020 (time slice at MIS KM5c, 3.2Ma) to ensure the best possible global coverage. 

We perform some initial filtering of the model simulations to remove duplicates and closely related models. We then de-bias the ensemble (relative to the proxy data) and show via sensitivity tests that this can be an essential step in the process. Specifically, any bias in the prior ensemble leads to a significant bias (which may take roughly 70-80% of its initial magnitude) in the posterior estimate. Thus we recommend that this step is taken in similar reconstructions unless the researcher is confident that the bias in the prior ensemble is low relative to likely bias in interpretation of proxy data.

The assimilation method is a localised Ensemble Kalman Filter, which ensures spatially coherent fields that both respect the physical principles embodied in the models, and are also tied closely to observational estimates. This method takes the processed ensemble of models to represent our prior uncertainty, and updates it with observational estimates arising from the proxy data. Thus, in areas where proxy data are sparse and/or highly uncertain, our result is still described by the spread of model results. However, accurate proxy data can improve the estimate over a local region. Our reconstruction has a global mean surface air temperature anomaly of + 4.7 +- 1C relative to the pre-industrial climate.
Dynamics associated with a stronger mid-Pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in PlioMIP2
Authors: Weiffenbach Julia , Baatsen Michiel , Dijkstra Henk , von der Heydt Anna ,   PlioMIP2 model community
Published: July 2022

Sea surface temperature (SST) proxies of the mid-Pliocene warm period (3.264-3.025 Ma) indicate amplified warming over the North Atlantic with respect to the pre-industrial period, which may be linked to an intensified Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the mid-Pliocene. Earlier results from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2) show that all models in the PlioMIP2 ensemble simulate a stronger AMOC in the mid-Pliocene than in the pre-industrial. However, no consistent relationship has been found between the stronger mid-Pliocene AMOC and either the Atlantic northward ocean heat transport (OHT) or average North Atlantic SSTs.

In this study, we look further into the drivers and consequences of a stronger AMOC in mid-Pliocene compared to pre-industrial simulations in PlioMIP2. We find that all model simulations with a closed Bering Strait and Canadian Archipelago show reduced freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean into the North Atlantic. The resulting increase in salinity in the subpolar North Atlantic and Labrador Sea drives the stronger AMOC in the mid-Pliocene. To investigate the ensemble’s variable response of the total Atlantic OHT to the stronger AMOC, we separate the Atlantic OHT into two components associated with either the overturning circulation or the wind-driven gyre circulation. While the ensemble mean of the overturning component is increased significantly in magnitude in the mid-Pliocene, it is partly compensated by a reduction of the gyre component in the northern subtropical gyre region. This reduction originates from a zonal asymmetry in mid-Pliocene warming in the subtropical North Atlantic, rather than through changes in atmospheric forcing of the gyre. Our results indicate that these components should be considered separately to gain a more complete understanding of the Atlantic OHT response to a stronger mid-Pliocene AMOC. In addition, we show that the AMOC exerts a stronger influence on North Atlantic SSTs in the mid-Pliocene than in the pre-industrial, providing a possible explanation for the improved agreement of the PlioMIP2 ensemble mean SSTs with reconstructions in the North Atlantic.
Pliocene Reef Gap in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Harrison George William , Johnson Ken , Renema Willem
Published: July 2022

Since the Pliocene Climate Optimum is frequently referenced as a parallel to future conditions, studying the trajectories of Pliocene coral reefs might give insights into the future of Anthropocene reefs. The Coral Triangle and surrounding areas in North Australia are the biodiversity hotspots for Anthropocene reef associated taxa so we assembled a database of all published reef-containing cores from the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene of the Coral Triangle and North Australia regions and analyzed it for shifts in reef occurrences over time. In the Pliocene, the Coral Triangle and North Australia regions had half as many reefs as they did in the Miocene or Pleistocene. This decline cannot have been driven by temperature since the Miocene was warmer than the Pliocene but likely resulted from local tectonics and possibly fluctuating CO2 levels. This study also provides a comprehensive stage-level dataset of Pliocene coral reef locations in the Coral Triangle and North Australia which could be combined with models of reef-promoting conditions in the Anthropocene to test models of Pliocene climate.
Were Winds Weird in a Warmer World? A Data-Model Comparison of the Pliocene Westerlies
Authors: Abell Jordan , Osman Matthew
Published: July 2022

The midlatitude jet streams, frequently referred to as ‘the westerlies’, are an important facet of the climate system that critically impact global hydroclimate, ocean circulation, and aerosol distributions. Recent observations hint at changes in both the position and intensity of the westerlies due to ongoing anthropogenic climate change.  However, the historical significance of these shifts, as well as the magnitude and implications of projected future westerly changes, remains highly uncertain given the short time span of modern observations. Here we use output from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2) to evaluate changes in the position, intensity, and variability of the westerlies during the mid-Pliocene (~3.3 to 3.0 Ma), a warm period in Earth’s history that is considered an analogue for climate expected in the coming decades to century. We focus on comparing the Pliocene results to output from corresponding Pre-industrial simulations for three societally relevant ocean basins: the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, and the Southern Ocean. For the annual mean, we find considerable cross-model disagreement, amounting to near-negligible multi-model mean (n = 17) shifts of ≤1˚ and <0.5 m s-1 in the position and intensity of the westerlies, respectively, during the Pliocene. While these are considerably smaller than those indicated by prior (PlioMIP1) results, we show that annual averaging obscures a much larger seasonal divergence in Pliocene westerly wind variability, which appears broadly consistent across models and oceans basins. This divergence is especially evident in the North Atlantic westerlies, which show a poleward migration and intensification of nearly 2˚ and ~1 m s-1, respectively, during boreal winter, and an equatorward shift and diminishing of ~4˚ and ~1 m s-1 during boreal summer. To better contextualize and further validate these findings, ongoing efforts are now comparing the PlioMIP2 results to available paleoclimate dust flux, precipitation, and sea-surface temperature records that are potentially relevant for characterizing the Pliocene westerlies.
The influence of SST on the loss and development of coral reefs in the Coral Sea from the Miocene to Pliocene
Authors: Petrick Benjamin , Reuning Lars , Auer Gerald , Auderset Alexandra , Duprey Nicolas , Martienz-Garcia Alfredo , Zhang Yige , Schwark Lorenz , Pfeiffer Miriam
Published: July 2022

The Queensland Plateau in the Coral Sea has one of the best constrained geologic histories of coral reef expansion and demise since the early Miocene. The development coral reefs in the past is not well understood with a number of theories proposed for their loss and expansion. Coral reefs were first established in the Early Miocene in the Coral Sea. In the Late Miocene, between 11 and 7 Ma, the reef area on the Queensland Plateau declined by ~50% leading to a partial drowning and a change in platform geometry from a reef rimmed platform to a carbonate ramp. The modern atoll reefs were reestablished around 3.6 Ma although the Great Barrier Reef only developed around 0.7-0.6 Ma. The loss of the reefs has often been tied to the expansion cool nutrient rich waters in the Coral Sea during the Late Miocene. This model has been used to explain the loss and expansion of corals in other parts of the globe. However, there have been questions about the planktonic δ18O based Sea Surface Temperature (SST) records on which they are based and how accurately they reflect SSTs. Here we show new TEX86 SST data from the Queensland Plateau from ODP site 811 showing temperature changes from the Late Miocene to 1 Ma. Our data shows instead of cooler SSTs during the Late Miocene in fact SSTs were warmer than the modern Coral Sea and at the upper end of the modern coral window. Therefore, it is unlikely that cooler SSTs during the Late Miocene caused the loss of corals on the Queensland Plateau. Instead, the loss seems to have been driven by the restricted growth combined with high SST driven lower growth rate and increases in subsidence at the same time among other drivers.  We also will discuss changes in the latitudinal extent of the warm pool during the late Pliocene and what caused the re-expansion of corals during this period of time.  Given the modern debate about the future of coral reefs under current climate predictive scenarios it is worth pointing out that a similar series of changes is occurring in the modern ocean.
A holistic view of the Pliocene climate
Authors: Fedorov Alexey
Published: July 2022

Debates continue on various aspects of the Pliocene climate, and Pliocene warmth in general, but there are several characteristics of this climate state on which we seem to agree, including the reduced equatorial (east-west) and reduced meridional SST gradients in the Pacific ocean relative to the modern. The actual magnitude of these reductions (in the range of 1 to 4oC) is however strongly debated, as it depends on the way the gradients are defined, particular calibrations used to estimate temperature, and specific time intervals considered. In contrast to the equatorial Pacific SST gradient, the pH gradient was probably stronger during the Pliocene, and biological productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific was higher. In the subtropics, coastal upwelling regions were much warmer (up to 10oC). Subtropical land regions were wetter and had extensive lake systems and lush  vegetation. Arctic inland annual-mean temperatures were much warmer (by 10-20oC). The subarctic North Pacific may have sustained deep water formation leading to an active Pacific meridional overturning circulation (PMOC) at least during parts of the Pliocene, with more evidence becoming available recently. The early Pliocene was probably 1-2oC warmer, and some of these effects were more pronounced, compared to the mid-Pliocene. The Pliocene climate had atmospheric CO2 concentrations around 400ppm (with a large uncertainty and slightly higher concentrations during the early Pliocene). Several of the Pliocene climatic features appear to be consistent with each other, such as warmer coastal upwelling regions and stronger precipitation in the subtropics. Other features seem to contradict, as the reduced equatorial SST gradient, and hence a weaker Walker circulation and equatorial upwelling, versus increased productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The question then arises whether these climate features are independent or closely linked and therefore have to be explained together. Here, I attempt to combine these disparate features into one holistic picture of the Pliocene climate that puts all these elements in a consistent framework, based on changes in both atmospheric and oceanic circulations, and incorporating models and data.
Stratigraphical evidence for glacial-interglacial sea-level changes in the Indian Ocean: Projection to the Antarctic ice sheet dynamics
Authors: Ratnayake Amila Sandaruwan
Published: July 2022

Sedimentary profiles in Sri Lanka capture evidence for the regional and global-scale long-term climatic transition (e.g. K-Pg boundary mass extinction, Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum, Eocene–Oligocene climate transition, the growth of the Antarctic ice sheets) during its northward voyage from Gondwana to Asia. However, a glacial-interglacial climatic transition is not studied yet in Sri Lanka, and is poorly resolved in the Indian Ocean. Consequently, this ongoing research project is aimed to (i) reconstruct glacial-interglacial sea-level changes and (ii) identify its teleconnection to the Antarctic ice sheet dynamics. Sri Lanka has few recorded seismically driven tectonic activities and a low tidal range (about 0.5 m) making it suited for interglacial sea-level studies. The continental shelf along the south and southwest coasts of Sri Lanka is narrow and it is among the steepest continental slope in the world. However, several sea cliffs along the northwest and southeast coasts of Sri Lanka can be used to reconstruct interglacial sea-level changes in the central Indian Ocean. Here, several sedimentary profiles (i.e. deepwater Mannar Basin  and sea cliffs at Point Kudrimalai in the Wilpattu National Park,  Bundala and Patirajavela cliffs, and Ussangoda cliff) were examined to identify stratigraphic variations. Results show that carbonate burial drastically increased (average = 40.2%) in the Mannar Basin sediments from the Late Paleocene (close to the Paleocene–Eocene boundary). This observation can be linked to the movement of the Indian plate (including Sri Lanka) northward into equatorial latitudes and/or the growth of the Antarctic ice sheets by the sharp decline of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The Miocene limestone in the northwest of Sri Lanka has also suggested the global cooling trend. Nevertheless, sea cliffs along the northwest and southeast coasts of Sri Lanka provide sufficient sedimentological evidence for the interglacial highstands. The Uranium–Thorium ages of marine shells in near-coast sites in India are dated to ca. 124.0–112.0 ka. It suggests that sea-level rose about 6–9 m to the present level during the Eemian interglacial period. The association of cross-bedded sandstone with calcrete in the upper beds shows a terrestrial dune environment after a relative sea-level fall during the glacial period. Consequently, the preliminary stratigraphic observations concluded that sea cliffs in Sri Lanka can be identified as promising sites to study teleconnection between glacial-interglacial sea-level changes in the Indian Ocean and the melting history of Antarctic ice sheets.
A combined geochemistry study of late Pliocene Red Clay deposits from southern Chinese Loess Plateau and their paleoclimate implications
Authors: Wang Kexin , Lu Huayu , Lei Fang , Garzione Carmala , Wang Jingjing
Published: July 2022

Pliocene warmth has been used as one of the best analogues for future anthropogenic warming. How East Asian hydroclimate respond to the increased temperature during the Pliocene is still elusive. Here, we present a combined element and isotopic geochemistry study of a Red Clay and loess-paleosol sequence covering the period 4-2 Ma on the southern Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The Na/K ratio and CIA values indicate increased weathering intensity during the late Pliocene. Meanwhile, the stable carbon isotopic compositions of pedogenic carbonate (δ13Ccarb) show relatively negative values which are explained as enhanced soil respiration flux (SRF) along with increased vegetation density. We propose that the increased East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) precipitation is a primary control of increased weathering intensity and vegetation density during the late Pliocene. An overall higher SRF across the CLP during the mid-Pliocene, compared with the Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum, suggests there was a northwestward shift of the EASM rain belt and vegetation under warmer climate. In combination of modeling result from CESM 2, we support the hypothesis that global warming has driven the increasing of the EASM-derived rainfall, through the north migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the monsoon precipitation belt during the Pliocene warmth.