bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Cranberry Stem and Leaf Extracts
Authors: Landin Sarah Elizabeth , Freeman Michelle R , Hoeft Nicole L , Malone Christopher J , Singh Ajay P , Vorsa Nicholi , Wilson Ted
Published: June 2021

Cranberry fruits are rich in phenolics, however little is known about phenolic content and antioxidant activity in cranberry leafs or stems. Tissues were harvested from three cranberry cultivars, grown at four locations, in three states. Phenolic content was determined by gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and antioxidant capacity was measured for runner leaf (RL), upright leaf (UL), runner stem (RS), and upright stem (US) tissue extracts. LDL oxidation in the presence/absence of extracts was induced with 10uM Cu++ and quantified (A234nm lag‐time) at extract concentrations of 100μg/L, 10μg/L, and 1μg/L to determine antioxidant activity. There was a complex plant‐tissue relationship between UL, US, RL, and RS, cultivar, harvest location, and extract concentration (four‐way‐interaction). All leaf extracts had a significantly higher GAE than all stem extracts, but no similar trends were seen between runner and upright orientations. RL, UL and US extracts from Mullica Queen (MQ) demonstrated superior antioxidant activity relative to Early Black and Demoranville stem extracts. With the exception of MQ, all other leaf extracts (R/U) demonstrated better antioxidant capacity than the remaining stem extracts. Understanding the complexities of cranberry plant phenolics and antioxidant activity may be important for the development of future cranberry‐derived health products.
Delphinidin Alters Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Tokarev Yulia , Fischer Joan G
Published: June 2021

Delphinidin has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells at high concentrations while protecting normal cells at low concentrations. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of lower levels (1–25 μmol/L) of delphinidin on cell viability and apoptosis in hydrogen peroxide stressed HT‐29 human adenocarcinoma cells. Cells, incubated at 37ºC, 5% CO2, 95% air, were pre‐treated for 4 h with 1, 5, 10, and 25 μmol/L delphinidin before being stressed with 100 μmol/L H2O2 for 2 h. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay 36 h after treatment. Delphinidin had a protective effect against H2O2 induced cytotoxicity, significantly (p< 0.05) increasing cell viability at 1–10 μmol/L compared to H2O2 alone, with highest increase found at 1 μmol/L. This suggests an antioxidant effect at low concentrations. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring caspase‐3 activity 48 h after treatment. While it was hypothesized that an increase in cell viability would be associated with a decrease in caspase‐3 activity, our initial results suggested an increase in caspase‐3 activity from 1 – 10 μmol/L delphinidin, although this was only significant at the 10 μmol/L concentration (p < 0.05). Funding: GA‐AES.
Quercetin supplementation and upper respiratory tract infection: a randomized community clinical trial
Authors: Nieman David Christopher , Heinz Serena A , Henson Dru A , Austin Melanie , Jin Fuxia
Published: June 2021

Quercetin in culture with pathogens exerts anti‐pathogenic activities, but little is known regarding quercetin's effects on upper respiratory tract infection rates (URTI). The purpose of this randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial was to measure the influence of two quercetin doses (500 and 1000 mg/day) compared to placebo on URTI rates in a community group (N=1002, ages 18 to 85 years). Subjects ingested supplements for 12 weeks and logged URTI symptoms on a daily basis using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey. No significant group differences were measured for URTI outcomes, or when analyzing separately by gender, BMI, and age categories. Regression analysis revealed that the strongest interaction effect with group status was self‐reported fitness level. A separate analysis of subjects ≥ 40 years of age rating themselves in the top half of the entire group for fitness level (N=325) showed lower URTI severity (36% reduction, P=0.020) and URTI total sick days (31% reduction, P=0.048) for the Q‐1000 group compared to placebo In summary, quercetin supplementation over 12 weeks had no significant influence on URTI rates or symptomatology compared to placebo for all subjects combined. A reduction in URTI was experienced in subjects ≥ 40 years of age ingesting 1000 mg quercetin/day and rating themselves as physically fit.

Supported by a grant from Coca‐Cola and Quercegen Pharma
Beta‐glucan supplement reduces upper respiratory tract infections and improves mood state in healthy stressed subjects
Authors: Talbott Shawn , Talbott Julie , Cox Don
Published: June 2021

Several studies show a suppression of both immune system function and mood state following psychological stress. Beta‐1,3/1,6 D glucan, extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is effective in reducing the incidence of colds and flu. This study evaluated the effect of a beta‐glucan supplement (Wellmune) on upper‐respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and psychological well‐being. One hundred twenty‐two healthy subjects (32 men, 90 women, 38 ± 12y) pre‐screened for moderate levels of psychological stress, self‐administered a placebo or 250mg of Wellmune daily for 12‐weeks. We used the Profile of Mood States (POMS) psychological survey to assess changes in mental/physical energy levels (Vigor) and overall well‐being (Global Mood State). A quantitative health perception log was used to tract URTI symptoms. Subjects in the treatment group reported fewer URTI symptoms compared to Placebo (−58% URTI Sx, 7.3% v 17.3%), better overall well‐being (+9.5% Global Mood State, 103.1±19.7 v 113.9±32.8, p<0.05), and superior mental/physical energy levels (+11% Vigor, 18.7±4.7 v 16.6±5.7, p<0.05). These data show that daily dietary supplementation with Wellmune reduces URTI symptoms and improves mood state in stressed subjects, and thus may be a useful approach for maintaining immune protection against daily stressors. This study was conducted by GLH Nutrition (SupplementWatch) and sponsored by Biothera.
Chlorogenic acids from green and roasted coffees are equally absorbed and metabolized by humans.
Authors: Monteiro Mariana C. , Marques Viviane X. , Farah Adriana
Published: June 2021

The bioavailability of chlorogenic acids (CGA) in humans has been recently reported. However, the role of the food matrix in this bioavailability has not yet been investigated. This study aimed at comparing the urinary excretion of CGA and metabolites in humans after green and roasted coffees consumption. Subjects (n=7) consumed in different days either capsules of green coffee, roasted coffee (8.4μmol of CGA/Kg weight) or placebo. Urine samples were collected at baseline and for 24h after treatments. CGA and metabolites were measured in urine by HPLC. Six CGA (3 caffeoylquinic and 3 dicaffeoylquinic acids) and 14 metabolites (caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, isoferulic, p‐coumaric, gallic, p‐hydroxybenzoic, dihydrocaffeic, syringic, sinapic, 3,4‐dihidroxyphenilacetic, 3‐[4‐hydroxyphenil]propionic, trans‐3‐hydroxycinnamic and benzoic acids) were quantified in the urine samples. The total urinary excretion of phenolic compounds after consumption of green (489μmol) and roasted (531μmol) coffees was higher (p<0,000) than placebo (374μmol), with no significant difference between both coffee treatments. On average, after the consumption of green and roasted coffees, respectively, 33% and 37% of total hydroxycinnamic and quinic acid moieties’ derivatives were recovered in urine. Our results indicate that CGA from both green and roasted coffees are equally absorbed and metabolized by humans.

Financial Support: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Brazil.
The addition of milk to coffee decreases the urinary excretion of chlorogenic acids and metabolites in humans when compared to plain coffee
Authors: da Silva Duarte Giselle , Farah Adriana
Published: June 2021

In vitro digestion studies have reported a potential negative effect of milk addition to coffee and tea on their phenolic compounds’ absorption by humans. This study evaluated the effect of milk addition on the urinary excretion of chlorogenic acids (CGA) and metabolites in 5 healthy adults after the consumption of a regular coffee brew containing 561μmol of CGA. On separate days, each volunteer ingested 4g of instant coffee diluted in either water or whole milk. Urine samples were collected at baseline and for 24h after the beverage consumption. CGA and metabolites were determined in urine by HPLC/LC‐MS. Six CGA (3 caffeoylquinic and 3 dicaffeoylquinic acids) and 15 metabolites (caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, isoferulic, p‐coumaric, gallic, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, dihydrocaffeic, syringic, sinapic, 2,4‐dihidroxybenzoic, 3,4‐dihidroxyphenilacetic, 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenil) propionic, trans‐ 3‐hydroxycinnamic and benzoic acids) were quantified in the urine samples. The total urinary excretion after coffee‐milk consumption (0.5mmol) was lower (p<0.05) than after coffee‐water consumption (0.8mmol). On average, after coffee consumption, 68% of total hydroxycinnamic acid and quinic acid moieties’ derivatives were recovered in urine, while after coffee‐milk consumption only 40% was recovered. This study indicates that milk addition to coffee negatively affects the bioavailability of CGA in humans.

Financial Support: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Brazil.

Grant Funding Source: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Antimicrobial and Genotoxicity Activities of Medicinal Plant Extracts in vitro
Authors: Park Sung Jin , He Xinlong , Ahn Juhee
Published: June 2021

The effect of selected plant extracts on microbial growth and mutagenicity was evaluated in this study. The initial population of foodborne pathogens was approximately 5 log CFU/mL. The growth of selected pathogens was inhibited by the extracts in a concentration‐dependent manner. The bactericidal effect was observed against L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and S. boydii at 100 mg/mL of the extract, showing more than 5 log reduction compared to the control. The mutagenic activity of the extracts was evaluated against frame‐shift mutants (TA98 and TA1537) and base‐pair substitution‐carrying mutants (TA100 and TA1535) of S. typhimurium with and without metabolic activation. The numbers of spontaneous revertant colonies were ranged from 16 to 110 for all test strains of TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, and TA 1537 with and without S9, while those of mutagen‐induced revertants were ranged from 157 to 1410. No significant differences in the frequencies of revertants of S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, and TA 1537 were observed at the different concentrations of the extract when compared to the negative controls, indicating that the extract is not mutagenic against all test strains in the absence and the presence of S9. The results imply that the medicinal plant extracts was not involved in the production of mutagenic metabolites and the secondary metabolites and released substances did not caused genotoxicity in vitro. The extract used in this study can be a promising additive for functional foods.
Antiobesity effects of doenjang prepared with bioceramic stone water in 3T3‐L1 adipocyte
Authors: Bak Soon‐Sun , Jeong Ji‐Kang , Xin Zhao , Jeong Eun‐Jung , Park Kun‐Young
Published: June 2021

The functionality, especially antiobesity effect, of doenjang, the Korean traditional fermented soybean food, can be influenced by using the different kinds of raw materials such as soybeans, water, and salt when it is prepared. In this study, we made doenjang with different water, SY bioceramic stone water (BCSD) and tap water (TD). The bioceramic stone (BCS) water was made by dipping a pair of BCS (diameter: 5 cm, thickness: 1 cm) into 20 L of tap water for 24 h. To make doenjang, soybeans were soaked in water for 12 h and cooked and inoculation with Aspergillus oryzae and fermentation at 30°C And then mixed with the different water and salt and fermented for 2 months. The pH was lower and acidity was higher in the BCSD than that of the TD during the fermentation periods. Contents of vitamin B2, B6, linoleic acid, genistein in the BCSD were higher than those of the TD (p < 0.05). The oil‐red‐o staining and leptin level were decreased and glycerol level was increased significantly in the BCSD treated 3T3‐L1 adipocyte. Protein expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα were decreased on BCSD compared to the TD in 3T3‐L1 adipocyte. These results suggested that bioceramic stone water can help to fermentation process and it increases the antiobesity effects of doenjang.
Antiobesity and Inflammatory Cytokines Effect of Lactobacillus sp. OPK‐3 Isolated from Kimchi on 3T3‐L1 Preadipocytes
Authors: Cha Youn‐Soo , Park Jeong‐Eun , Oh Suk‐Heung
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the inhibitory effect Lactobacillus sp. OPK‐3 isolated from kimchi (Korean traditional fermented food) (L. sp. OPK‐3) on cellular lipid accumulation and inflammatory cytokines in preadipocyte 3T3L‐1 cells. 3T3‐L1 cells were treated with KOLAB exhibited less lipid accumulation, as well as GPDH activity, and mRNA levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα, the master adipogenic transcription factors, were regulated by L. sp. OPK‐3. Moreover, mRNA levels of PPARγ target genes (fat‐specific marker genes), such as aP2 and CD36 are also down‐regulated by L. sp. OPK‐3. We also assessed the effects of L. sp. OPK‐3 on inflammatory cytokines production in preadipocytes. White adipose tissue is now recognized as an important endocrine organ which secretes various signal factors and protein termed adipockines. In this study, we investigated the effects of L. sp. OPK‐3 on TNF‐α‐induced changes in pro‐atherogenic adipokines in 3T3‐L1 cells. The results suggested that treatment of fat cell using lactic acid bacteria from kimchi might play a role in the prevention of fat accumulation and improve obesity‐induced cardiovascular disease, particularly atherosclerosis, by attenuating the TNF‐α‐induced changes in adipokine production. Furthermore, animal research suggests the possible action of lactic acid bacteria from kimchi as a modulator of lipid metabolism. (This work was supported by grant No. R01‐2008‐000‐20979‐0 from Korea Science and engineering foundation)
Effect of Probiotics on Dietary Energy‐Harvest by Modulation of Intestinal Carbohydrate‐ and Lipid‐Digesting Enzymes
Authors: Cotten Reese , Vattem Dhiraj A , Friedman BJ , Maitin Vatsala
Published: June 2021

Composition of an individual's gut microflora is a recently recognized factor in diet‐related obesity. An obese phenotype has been associated with a relative abundance of the bacterial phylum Firmicutes, resulting in increased ‘energy‐harvest’ or caloric extraction from the diet. Firmicutes are predominantly Clostridium sp., but include Lactobacillus sp., some of which are probiotics. The objective of this study was to compare ‘energy‐harvesting’ ability of probiotics Lactobacillus casei (Firmicute) with Bifidobacterium longum (Actinobacterium), in terms of effects on intestinal carbohydrate‐ and lipid‐digesting enzymes. Effect of cell‐free supernatants (CFS) from pure cultures of L. casei and B. longum on intestinal disaccharidases maltase and sucrase was investigated in differentiated Caco‐2 cells. Pancreatic lipase activity was measured by an in vitro turbidimetric assay. Un‐inoculated bacterial growth medium was the control. L. casei CFS resulted in an increase in maltase and sucrase activity by 36.7% and 22.6% respectively. B. longum did not significantly alter maltase, and decreased sucrase activity by 12%. Both CFS decreased lipase activity, with a greater decrease in case of L. casei. Overall, the results indicate a greater capacity for caloric‐extraction by L. casei, partially offset by a decrease in lipase activity. Funding source: Texas State University Research Enhancement Program.
Alcohol consumption and Western style diet alter colonic Sirt1 gene expression during aging
Authors: Park Lara Kristin , Sauer Julia , Jang Hyeran , Zimmerly Ella May , Ledbetter Sarah , Choi Sang‐Woon
Published: June 2021

We investigated colonic expression of Sirt1 in young and old mice in response to alcohol and Western style diet (WSD). Sirt1 is a deacetylase that targets histones and is associated with longevity and cancer. Colonic Sirt1 expression was assessed by real time RT‐PCR corrected for by GAPDH expression in two animal studies. In study #1 4‐month old and 18‐month old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to alcohol containing liquid diet (18% total energy as ethanol) or control for 10 weeks. In study #2 C57BL/6 mice age 2 months were randomized to WSD containing low calcium, vitamin D, fiber, methionine and choline with increased fat and calories, or control and to 4 levels of folate. Mice were killed following 6, 12 or 18 month exposure to diets. Study #1 showed lower Sirt1 expression in old mice compared to young (p=0.0018) and a trend for reduced expression with alcohol (p=0.0572). Study #2 also showed age as a significant predictor of Sirt1 expression (p=0.0019) with 14 month old mice having lower expression than 8 month old (p=0.0527) and 20 month old mice (p=0.0014). WSD showed a trend for reduced Sirt1 expression (p=0.0563) compared to control, while folate had no effect. Aging and diet are major determinants in the reduction of colonic Sirt1 expression which may alter histone acetylation status and disease susceptibility. Supported by NIH Grants R01 AG25834 and R21 AA16681
Unsaturated Fatty Acids Repress the Expression of Adipose Fatty Acid Binding Protein (aP2) in RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Coleman Sara Lynn , Park Young‐Ki , Ku Chai Siah , Lee Ji‐Young
Published: June 2021

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, aP2, present in macrophages has been implicated in the integration of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response, contributing to development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. We investigated the modulation of aP2 expression by inflammatory insults and fatty acids in RAW 264.7 macrophages. When the cells were incubated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 100 ng/ml) or 10 ng/ml of tumor necrosis factor α for 18 h, aP2 mRNA and protein levels were drastically increased. Unsaturated fatty acids (100 μM of 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:5 in complex with BSA), but not saturated fatty acids (16:0), significantly repressed the basal aP2 expression and abolished induction of aP2 expression by LPS. Trichstatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, increased aP2 mRNA levels but abolish the repressive effect of 18:2 on aP2 expression in unstimulated and LPS‐stimulated macrophages. Depletion of HDAC3 or c‐Jun by siRNA significantly increased aP2 expression in unstimulated macrophages. In summary, our data suggest that basal aP2 expression in macrophages is likely to be repressed by c‐Jun in association with a corepressor complex containing HDAC3 and unsaturated fatty acids may inhibit the basal as well as LPS‐induced aP2 expression by modulating the recruitment or activity of co‐repressor complex to the promoter of aP2.

Grant Funding Source: Faculty Seed Grant from University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Research Council
Phylogenetic and gene‐centric metagenomics of the canine gastrointestinal microbiome reveals similarities with human and mouse gut metagenomes
Authors: Swanson Kelly S , Dowd Scot E , Suchodolski Jan S , Middelbos Ingmar S , Vester Brittany M , Barry Kathleen A , Nelson Karen E , Cann Isaac K O , White Bryan A , Fahey George C
Published: June 2021

Our objective was to use a metagenomics approach to characterize the phylogeny and functional capacity of the canine gut microbiome. Six healthy adult dogs were used in a crossover design and fed diets containing 0% (K9C) or 7.5% beet pulp (K9BP). Pooled fecal DNA samples from dogs fed each diet were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing. Dominant phyla included Bacteroides/Chlorobi and Firmicutes, both of which comprised ~35% of sequences, followed by Proteobacteria (13–15%) and Fusobacteria (7–8%). K9C had greater Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria, while K9BP had greater Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi and Firmicutes. Archaea, all Crenarchaeota and Euryarhaeota, represented ~1% of all sequences. Three fungal phylotypes, all Dikarya, were present in K9C, but none in K9BP. Viruses represented < 0.4% of sequences, with >99% associated with bacteriophage. Primary functional categories were associated with carbohydrates; protein metabolism; DNA metabolism; cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups, and pigments; amino acids and derivatives; cell wall and capsule; and virulence. Hierarchical clustering of our data and that of other gut metagenomes demonstrated high phylogenetic and metabolic similarity between dogs, humans, and mice. More research is needed to provide deeper coverage of the canine microbiome and identify its role in gastrointestinal disease.
Effects of dietary fat on resistant starch fermentation in mice
Authors: Badkoobeh Diana , Tulley Richard , Martin Roy J , Raggio Anne M , McCutcheon Kathleen L , Goldsmith Felicia , Zhou Jun , Keenan Michael J
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have demonstrated health benefits of resistant starch fermentation in rodents, with some evidence that a high fat diet may reduce this fermentation. In a current study, 39 mature male C57Bl/6 mice were fed 4 diets (n=9–10): high fat resistant starch (HFRS), low fat resistant starch (LFRS), high fat energy control (HFEC), and low fat energy control (LFEC) for 13 weeks. The mice were fed a purified Western diet for 7 weeks prior to the treatment diets to induce obesity. A 2×2 factorial design with diet type (RS and EC) and diet fat level (HF and LF) was used and results were considered significant at p< 0.05. Fermentation was indicated by the weight of the empty cecum and was significantly affected by diet type (RS greater than EC), but not by fat level. Both diet type and fat level had a significant effect on weight of cecum contents, with an interaction between diet type and fat level, with values lower for HFRS than LFRS. An assay was performed to determine amount of RS present in the cecum contents. Diet type had a significant effect, and fat level and interaction approached significance at p=0.09. Results indicate that while fermentation occurred in both HFRS and LFRS mice, the weight of cecal contents was significantly lower, and the amount of RS in cecal contents was numerically less in HFRS mice. It appears that more RS was digested in the small intestine of mice fed the HF diet. Funding: LSU AgCenter and National Starch.
Soluble fibers and resistant starch ameliorate disease activity in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Bassaganya‐Riera Josep , Diguardo Maggie , de Horna Anibal , Sanchez Sandra , Einerhand Alexandra W.C. , Sanders Lisa , Hontecillas Raquel
Published: June 2021

The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of dietary fibers in preventing gut inflammation in interleukin‐10‐deficient (IL‐10−/−) mice. C57BL/6J wild type mice (n=90) and IL‐10−/− mice (n=185) were randomly assigned to either a control or isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets supplemented with PROMITOR™ soluble corn fiber (SCF), STA‐LITE III® polydextrose (PDX), biogum (BG), pullulan, PROMITOR™ resistant starch‐75 (RS‐75), SGF&BG, RS‐75&BG and inulin (4 g fiber/100 g diet). On day 47 spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were macroscopically and histologically evaluated. The spleen and Peyer's patches (PP) were collected in sterile conditions for isolating mononuclear cells, measuring the percentages of regulatory T cells (Treg) and cytokines produced by CD4+ T cells (i.e., IL‐12, IFN‐γ; and IL‐10). Dietary supplementation with RS‐75, SCF, RS‐75&BG and inulin had a preventive effect in spontaneous colitis and ileitis and ameliorated disease activity, but only RS‐75 reduced inflammatory lesions in the MLN, ileum and colon. RS‐75, SCF and inulin significantly decreased IFN‐γ; production by effector CD4+ T cells from PP and RS‐75 increased the Treg compartment in spleen and PP. These data suggest certain soluble fibers and resistant starch may influence Treg and cytokine production to minimize gut inflammation. Supported by Tate & Lyle Health & Nutrition Sciences
Punicic acid modulates mucosal immune responses and prevents gut inflammation through PPAR γ and δ‐dependent mechanisms
Authors: Bassaganya‐Riera Josep , Diguardo Maggie , Climent Montse , Vives Cristina , de Horna Anibal , Sanchez Sandra , Orpi Marcel , Duran Elisa , Einerhand Alexandra W.C. , O'Shea Marianne , Hontecillas Raquel
Published: June 2021

Punicic acid (PUA) is a conjugated linolenic acid isomer that has shown promise in suppressing gut inflammation. The goal of this study is to elucidate the mechanisms by which PUA modulates mucosal immunity and prevents or ameliorates gut inflammation. The expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) α, γ and δ and their responsive genes was examined in the colonic mucosa of two mouse models of experimental inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Immune cell‐specific PPAR γ null, PPAR δ null and wild‐type (WT) mice were administered control or PUA‐supplemented diets and challenged with 2.5% DSS. The phenotype of immune cell subsets was examined in the mucosal and peripheral immune system. The prophylactic efficacy of PUA was also examined in an IL‐10−/− model of IBD. PUA intake upregulated colonic PPAR δ, keratinocyte growth factor and the orphan nuclear receptor RORγt expression and suppressed colonic and M1 macrophage‐derived TNF‐α. In the mesenteric lymph nodes (i.e., mucosal inductive sites), PUA increased the levels of IL‐17 and IFN‐γ in CD8+ T cells. Clinically, PUA ameliorated DSS colitis in WT mice and spontaneous pan‐enteritis in IL‐10−/− mice. The loss of PPAR γ or δ impaired the preventive effects of PUA in IBD. Our studies provide molecular evidence in vivo suggesting that PUA modulates mucosal immune responses and ameliorates gut inflammation through PPAR γ and δ‐dependent mechanisms
Cardiovascular and Autonomic Changes Induced by 2 Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Salt and Fructose
Authors: Fiorino Patricia , Yokota Rodrigo , Selles Cintia , Akemi Raquel , Fonteles Manasses , Farah Vera
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular and autonomic changes induced by high salt intake in fructose‐fed rats. Male Wistar rats (50–60g) were divided into 4 groups (N=10) and followed during 8 weeks: Control (CG); Salt intake (SG;1% NaCl solution during 10 days); Fructose (FG; 10% fructose in drinking water for 8 weeks) and Fructose and salt intake (FSG). Blood pressure variability (BPV) and low frequency spectral oscillations were measured using autoregressive spectral analysis. The fructose overload induced an increase in fasting glycemia in FG and FSG compared to SG and CG. The SG (115 +/− 2 mmHg), FG (117 +/− 6 mmHg) and FSG (112+/− 1 mmHg) presented increased arterial pressure compared to CG (103 +/− 2 mmHg). No changes in heart rate were observed. BPV was increased in SG (17 +/− 2 mmHg2), FG (39 +/− 7 mmHg2) and FSG (15 +/− 5 mmHg2) compared to CG (8.5 +/− 1 mmHg2) and its low‐frequency domain suggesting an increase in sympathetic modulation to the vasculature in experimental groups. These data suggests that salt intake (1% during 10 days) did not change the cardiovascular and autonomic alterations induced by fructose overload.
Use of a mouse model for conjugated linoleic acid‐induced changes in adipose depots
Authors: Ippagunta Siri Manasa , Kanosky Kayla M , Barnes Kimberly M
Published: June 2021

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to decrease backfat and increase marbling in pigs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of CLA on lipid accumulation in mouse muscle. Male mice (n=80) were fed 7% soy oil (SO) or coconut oil (CO) diets for 6 wk, then 0 or 0.5% CLA was added for 12 d. A body fat index was calculated and muscle lipid content was determined by ether extraction. Fatty acid β ‐oxidation was indicated by determining the enzyme activity of carnitine palmitoyl‐transferase (CPT)‐1. Body fat was reduced by CLA (P < 0.05). CLA caused a 28% decrease (P < 0.01) in thigh muscle lipid and a non‐significant (P = 0.22) 24% decrease in back muscle lipid. CPT‐1 activity in thigh muscle was decreased by CLA (P < 0.01) in SO‐fed mice (80.94 vs. 14.27 EU/mg protein) but not in CO‐fed mice (38.86 vs. 12.49 EU/mg protein). These results appear to indicate that mice do not accumulate muscle lipid in response to dietary CLA as do pigs. Also the reduction in muscle CPT‐1 activity caused by CLA might be associated with the reduction of fatty acids available for β‐oxidation, so the effect of CLA may be time‐dependent.

Grant Funding Source: West Virginia University
Zinc Supplementation Protects THP‐1 Cells against Etoposide‐Induced Apoptosis through Promoting Metallothionein Expression
Authors: Xu Zhaoming , Purtzki Markus
Published: June 2021

Chemotherapy drugs can cause detrimental side effects on noncancerous cells (e.g. hematopoietic cells). Strategies to minimize these side effects include dosage reduction and delay in chemotherapy. Consequently, the effectiveness of chemotherapy could be seriously compromised. This study was to determine whether zinc supplementation increased the tolerance of human blood mononuclear THP‐1 cells to etoposide and to explore the possible cellular defense mechanisms involved. THP‐1 cells were cultured in DMEM + 10% FBS for 3 days followed by zinc treatment (ZnSO4) at 0, 25, 50 or 100 μM for 24 h. Zinc supplementation resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in total cellular zinc concentration and the abundance of the labile intracellular pool of zinc (p < 0.05). Zinc supplementation at 50 and 100 μM increased MT1x and MT2a mRNA levels, while zinc supplementation at 100 μM increased MT3a mRNA level (p < 0.05). When THP‐1 cells were exposed to etoposide (2μM) for 24 h, zinc supplementation at 50 and 100 μM reduced etoposide‐induced apoptosis by 15 and 33%, respectively, with an inverse correlation (r2 = 0.99). Zinc supplementation also reduced caspase‐3 and ‐9 activities, and etoposide‐induced oxidative DNA damage (p < 0.05). Overall, these results showed that zinc supplementation reduced etoposide‐induced cytotoxicity in THP‐1 cells, likely though induction of metallothionein synthesis. (Supported by NSERC).
Sulforaphane absorption and excretion from fresh broccoli sprouts and a semi‐purified broccoli powder rich in glucoraphanin in healthy men
Authors: Cramer Jenna M , Jeffery Elizabeth H
Published: June 2021

Glucoraphanin (GRP) from broccoli exhibits properties of cancer prevention only after hydrolysis to the isothiocyanate (ITC) sulforaphane (SF). Our objective was to evaluate the absorption of SF from fresh broccoli sprouts rich in the hydrolyzing enzyme myrosinase and a GRP‐rich broccoli powder lacking myrosinase, individually and in combination. Four subjects each consumed four meals consisting of dry cereal, yogurt and either fresh broccoli sprouts, broccoli powder, both or neither. A seven day washout period separated meals. Blood was collected at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 24 h after each meal. Urine was collected over 24 h. The 24 h urinary SF recovery, as the N‐acetyl cysteine conjugate, was 78, 65 and 31% of the GRP ingested from broccoli sprouts, combination and broccoli powder meals, respectively. Sulforaphane recovery was delayed from broccoli powder (1/5 during the first 6 h), compared to the sprouts and combination meals (3/5 during the first 6 h). Plasma ITC appearance was similarly delayed from the broccoli powder. These data are consistent with data from our previous study and indicate a delayed appearance in plasma and urine of SF from the broccoli powder relative to sprouts. Combining broccoli sprouts with the powder favored earlier and elevated levels of SF absorption from broccoli powder, suggesting that sprouts’ myrosinase supports exogenous GRP hydrolysis, offering the potential for development of foods that modify the health impact of broccoli products. (Supported by Univ. of IL)
Dietary intakes in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during chemotherapy
Authors: Chatvuttinun Suthida , Phoonlapdacha Phanphen , Suthutvoravut Umaporn , Chongviriyaphan Nalinee
Published: June 2021

Inadequate nutrient intakes are among causes of malnutrition in patients with cancers. This study was conducted to assess daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, vitamins C (VC), and E (VE) in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at time of diagnosis (baseline) and during the 6‐month period of chemotherapy.

Ten pediatric patients, newly diagnosed with ALL, and 10 age‐matched healthy children (as controls) were enrolled. A 3‐day food record and food frequency questionnaires were used for evaluation of daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, VC, and VE in patients at baseline, 3, and 6 months of chemotherapy. In controls, the data was collected at recruitment.

The mean energy, VC, and VE intakes were not different between patients and controls at enrollment. The patients had lower energy and carbohydrate intakes at 3 months during chemotherapy than at baseline (p = 0.023). At 6 months, energy and macronutrient intakes were higher than those at 3 months, No difference was found between those at 6 months and baseline except protein, which was higher than that at baseline (p = 0.038). VC and VE intakes at 3 and 6 months were lower than at baseline (p = 0.018).

In conclusion, dietary intakes in patients with ALL had changed during chemotherapy. Therefore, dietary intakes should be monitored to prevent malnutrition in these patients.

This study was funded by the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Research Grant
Effect of Family Support and Education on Diabetes Self Management in Cuban Americans
Authors: Gundupalli Deva P. , Vaccaro Joan , Huffman Fatma G.
Published: June 2021

Effect of family support and education level on diabetes self management in Cuban Americans with type 2 diabetes was studied (n=183). Diabetes self‐management (DSM) score was calculated using 21 questions from questionnaire in which a higher score reflected better diabetes management. Family support score was calculated using questions about familys’ acceptance of patients’ condition and their support in DSM. Correlations were run for the variables DSM, family support score and education. In Cuban Americans the correlation between DSM and family support was statistically significant (r=.281, p<0.001). Data indicates that, in Cuban Americans, DSM is positively influenced by family support and education. DSM was regressed with family support score and educational levels. Family support (standardized β=.153, p=0.052) and educational levels (standardized β=.265, p=0.001) were significant in the model and explained 9.6% of the variation in DSM scores (Adjusted r2 =9.6). Hence its implications would be to involve family of the patient in type 2 diabetes self management in this Hispanic sub‐group, Cuban Americans. The better the family support, the better the diabetes management outcomes. Supported by a grant from NIH/SCORE.

Grant Funding Source: NIH/SCORE
Waist circumference was not better in identifying individuals at risk for metabolic disorders than BMI among Koreans
Authors: Lee Soo‐Kyung
Published: June 2021

Obesity is an important global public health issue. Effective screening tools for obesity and co‐morbidities, therefore, are also important. This study examined whether BMI is better than waist circumference as a screening tool for obesity‐related metabolic disorders, using 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sensitivity and specificity of BMI and waist circumference were calculated for metabolic disorders (diabetes, hypertension, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL‐c, and LDL‐c). Waist circumference showed similar levels of sensitivity (40~50%) and specificity (60~80%) to those of BMI of 25 (“obesity). But, BMI of 23(“overweight”) resulted in higher sensitivity (70~80%) and lower specificity (40~60%). The problem of waist circumference was low sensitivity at the range of 30s to 40s, and low sensitivity would mean high proportion of false negative. The study did not find the superiority of waist circumference to BMI in identifying individuals at risk for metabolic disorders among Koreans. Therefore, it appears that BMI is still the practical screening tool for obesity‐related metabolic disorders. This work was supported by INHA UNIVERSITY Research Grant (INHA‐37464).
A mouse model for Non‐alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Sundaresan Sinju , Vijayagopal Parakat , Mills Nathaniel , Imrhan Victorine , Prasad Chandan
Published: June 2021

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome that could progress to cirrhosis. Animal models adequately mimicking this condition in humans are scanty. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether high‐fat diets (HFD) with adequate methionine and choline levels can induce pathophysiological features typical of human NASH in C57BL/6J mice. Forty C57BL/6J mice, divided into control and high‐fat groups were fed low‐fat diet or HFD ad libitum for 20 weeks. At the end of 20 weeks animals were sacrificed and assays were performed for blood biomarkers typical of human NASH. HFD led to increased triglyceride accumulation in the liver and induced histopathological features of human NASH including hepatic steatosis, ballooning, inflammation and fibrosis. Liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT‐80.12 IU/L), aspartate transaminase (AST‐ 64.23 IU/L) and alkaline phosphatase (AP ‐ 67.43 IU/L) were significantly elevated in the high‐fat group compared to controls (ALT ‐ 38.14 IU/L; AST ‐ 23.18 IU/L, and AP ‐ 25.05 IU/L). Mice on HFD also developed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypoadiponectinemia along with elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α), resistin, hs‐CRP, free fatty acids, and malondialdehyde levels that characterize NASH in humans. Long‐term HF feeding with adequate methionine and choline can induce many of the pathophysiological features of human NASH in C57BL/6J mice.

Supported by Research Enhancement Program, TWU and Texas Department of Agriculture
Obese canine skeletal muscle transcriptome exhibits altered inflammatory signaling
Authors: Grant Ryan W. , Vester Boler Brittany M. , Ridge Tonya K. , Graves Thomas K. , Swanson Kelly S.
Published: June 2021

Obesity induces changes in skeletal muscle that lead to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to characterize the skeletal muscle transcriptome of lean and obese dogs after 24 wk of diet‐induced obesity. Intact female beagles were fed a commercially available high‐fat diet and randomized to either ad libitum feeding (n=5) or weight maintenance (n=4). Latissimus dorsi muscle and blood samples were collected and body composition was measured at baseline and at 24 wk. The skeletal muscle transcriptome of lean and obese dogs, at 24 wk, were assessed using Affymetrix Canine 2.0 microarrays and analyzed using the Limma package. Obese dogs had increased (P≤0.05) BW, body fat mass, bone mineral mass, and blood leptin and insulin concentrations, but lean mass and blood NEFA, triglycerides, glucose, and adiponectin concentrations were unchanged. 77 gene transcripts were differentially expressed in obese dogs. Functional classification of 55 annotated gene transcripts revealed differential regulation of cell signaling, transport, growth, and transcription. The obese state had decreased expression of anti‐inflammatory gene transcripts (SOCS2, CISH) and increased expression of pro‐inflammatory gene transcripts (STAT2, FLT1, TPST1). These results indicate that skeletal muscle of obese dogs has increased inflammation.

Funding: Illinois CFAR # CF071‐003‐SEN
Impact of adherence to new IOM weight gain guidelines on birth outcomes among obese pregnant women
Authors: Castaneda Diana , De Haene Jessica , Perez Marcela , Stotland Naomi , Murphy Elizabeth , King Janet C.
Published: June 2021

The new Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy have been released recently. These guidelines now include an upper limit for weight gain among obese women. However, the impact/feasibility of adhering to these new guidelines remains to be evaluated. The objective of this study was to compare birth outcomes as well as fat mass gain among obese pregnant women during the second half of pregnancy. Fifty‐four women (early pregnancy BMI ≥30) were enrolled at 20wks gestation. Weight, height and body density (using air plethysmography) were measured at 20, 28 and 34 weeks gestation. Body fat then was estimated using Van Raaij's equations (Van Raaij, 1988). Birth information (weight, length and gestational age) were recorded. Weight gain rate was determined and used to categorize women into 3 groups: less than (L), within (W) or above than (A) recommended. On average, women gained 1.2± 2.9 kg between 20–34wk. Twenty‐seven percent had a weight gain rate below recommendations, while 29% was within and 19% was above recommended. Fat mass gain was significantly lower among L group, when compared to W and M (median±InterQ range: L: −0.3 ± 5.11kg; W: 1.6±2.89 and A: 2.7±2.1; p< 0.030). However, no differences were found on birth weight or length after controlling for gestational age at birth. Our preliminary results suggests that higher weight gain rate during the second half of pregnancy might be related to maternal fat accretion and perhaps not to fetal growth among obese women. Composition of weight gain should be incorporated in studies to further evaluate impact of weight gain on maternal and fetal outcomes.
Extreme childhood obesity and risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Koebnick Corinna , Getahun Darios , Smith Ning , Porter Amy H , DerSarkissian Jack , Jacobsen Steven J
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Childhood obesity may increase risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Therefore, we investigated whether moderate and extreme obesity is related to a higher odd for GERD in children of different age groups.

Methods

For this population‐based, cross‐sectional study, diagnosis of GERD, and measured weight and height were extracted from electronic medical records of 690,321 children aged 2–19 years who were enrolled in an integrated prepaid health plan between 2007/2008. Percentile of body mass index [BMI]‐for‐age was calculated according to 2000 CDC growth charts to assign weight class (normal weight, overweight, moderate and extreme obesity).

Results

GERD was diagnosed in 1.5% of boys and 1.8% of girls (P<0.001). Moderate and extreme obesity were associated with 16% and 32% higher odds for GERD in children aged 6–11 years compared to normal weight, respectively (OR 1.16, 95%‐CI 1.02–1.32 and 1.32, 95%‐CI 1.13–1.56). In children aged 12–19 years, moderate and extreme obesity were associated with 16% and 40% higher odds for GERD compared to normal weight, respectively (OR 1.16, 95%‐CI 1.07–1.25 and 1.40, 95%‐CI 1.28–1.52). Obesity was not related to an increased odd for GERD in children aged 2–5 years of age.

Discussion

Extreme obesity in youth may increase GERD risk by up to 40%. Increasing obesity epidemic among youth may further contribute to an increased incidence of other diseases associated with GERD such as esophagitis and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Early screening of obese youth and treatment of GERD symptoms may help to avoid persistence of GERD into adulthood.
The Fat Suit Study: When Skinny Companions Lead Us to Eat Healthier
Authors: Shimizu Mitsuru , Smith Laura Elizabeth , Wansink Brian
Published: June 2021

Does what an eating companion eat determine what you eat? They answer may depend on their size. After watching a female confederate eater in an inflatable fat suit serve herself very large amounts of either a healthy (salad) or less healthy (pasta) food, 83 college undergraduates were given the opportunity to serve and eat lunch from the same buffet. When the confederate was wearing the fat suit (versus when she was not), participants ate less healthy food regardless of what and how much the woman served (F (1, 72) = 13.47, p < .001). When she was thin (not wearing the fat suit), participants were more likely to eat healthier food when she did so than when she did not (F (1, 72) = 3.92, p = .05).
Consumption of High‐Oleic Peanuts Reduces LDL Cholesterol in Golden Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Shay Neil F , Tillman Barry , Gorbet Daniel W
Published: June 2021

The Florida‐07 peanut contains more oleic acid vs. standard peanut strains. Consumption of oleic acid, a major constituent of olive oil, may favorably influence blood lipid levels. To determine if consumption of high‐oleic peanuts improved lipid metabolism standard rodent diets were modified to provide either high‐oleic acid utilizing the F‐07 peanut or the AP‐3 peanut containing lower levels of oleic acid. Two peanut‐free, high‐ and low‐oleic control diets were prepared using non‐peanut products (olive and corn oil). Male Golden Syrian Hamsters (n=8/group) were provided free access to diets for 33.5 days and diets were removed 36 h prior to termination of the study. ANOVA indicated a significant reduction in LDL‐cholesterol levels in hamsters consuming peanuts (1.34±0.38 vs. 1.68±0.26 mmol/L; P<0.05); further, hamsters consuming high levels of oleic acid from peanuts had lower LDL‐cholesterol compared to hamsters consuming the same level of oleic acid in a non‐peanut diet (1.26±0.39 vs. 1.72±0.13 mmol/L; P<0.05). Our data indicate beneficial effects of consumption of oleic acid and the possibility that a non‐oleic acid component of peanut may help reduce LDL levels.
The synergistic effect of calcium (Ca), alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) and conjugated‐linoleic acid (CLA) on osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis
Authors: Kim Youjin , Kelly Owen J , Ilich Jasminka Z
Published: June 2021

Recent research points into connections between bone and adipose tissue with major players being Ca, ALA and CLA. The aim of this study was to investigate possible synergistic effects among ALA, CLA and Ca on preosteoblastic MC3T3‐E1, preadipocytic MC3T3‐L1 and stromal ST2 cell proliferation. Low or high (0.5 or 2 mM) Ca in media containing individual or mixture of ALA (8.75–50 μM; n‐6/n‐3=4/1) and CLA isomers (20 μM of c9, t11/t10, c12‐CLAs; 80/10, 90/10, 90/5% respectively) were treated for 6 days (triplicate). Cell proliferation was determined by resazurin salt solution, and florescence was measured at 590 nm. ST2 and 3T3‐E1 cell proliferation was higher at 0.5 mM and lower at 2 mM Ca; Reversed was true for 3T3‐L1 cells (p<0.05). At both Ca levels, individual or mixture of ALA and CLA did not affect 3T3‐L1 cells. In ST2 cells, the effect of ALA was lowered by adding CLA (80/10; 90/10) at 0.5 mM Ca, whereas at 2 mM Ca, ALA+CLA (80/10) further enhanced proliferation. In 3T3‐E1 cells, even though ALA significantly increased proliferation at 0.5mM Ca, its effect was markedly lowered by addition of CLA at all combinations/both Ca levels. Overall, providing high Ca may reduce adipogenesis, but enhance osteoblastogenesis. In a proliferative stage, a synergistic effect among Ca, ALA and CLA on bone/fat cell may not be substantial, but is significant in increasing progenitor stromal cell formation. DMI#1673 and FSU‐CRC#119532

Grant Funding Source: National Dairy Council