bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O exercício físico melhora a sensibilidade à insulina de ratos expostos à fumaça de cigarro
Authors: Silva Patrícia Ebersbach , Alves Thâmara , Fonseca Ágatha Tomoko Sakata , Oliveira Márcia Aparecida do Nascimento , Machado Ubiratan Fabres , Seraphim Patrícia Monteiro
Published: September 2011

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: Sabe-se que o tabagismo pode provocar alterações cardiovasculares e redução na sensibilidade à insulina, e que o exercício físico melhora este quadro. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tabagismo e da prática de atividade física sobre a sensibilidade à insulina em músculo cardíaco de ratos, através da avaliação de expressão do transportador de glicose GLUT4. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: (CS) controle, (CE) controle exercitado, (FS) fumante sedentário e (FE) fumante submetido ao exercício físico. Os grupos FS e FE foram submetidos à combustão de quatro cigarros/30 min/60 dias, 2x/dia. Os grupos CE e FE executaram corrida em esteira rolante durante 60 min/60 dias. Foi realizado teste de tolerância à insulina, e a expressão de GLUT4 no coração foi feita através de Western Blotting - ECL e RT-PCR. Foi utilizado método estatístico descritivo e o teste ANOVA, e as diferenças entre os grupos foram consideradas significantes quando P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Nem o tabagismo nem a atividade física alteraram o peso corpóreo (CS: 364,7 ± 9,7; CE: 372,4 ± 7,2, FS: 368,9 ± 6,7; FE: 376,4 ± 7,8g) e o peso do coração (CS: 1,12 ± 0,05; CE: 1,16 ± 0,04; FS: 1,14 ± 0,05; FE: 1,19 ± 0,05g). A sensibilidade à insulina foi reduzida no grupo fumante, porém, a prática de exercício físico melhorou este quadro (CS: 3,7 ± 0,3; CE: 5,28 ± 0,5*; FS: 2,1 ± 0,7*; FE: 4,8 ± 0,09** %/min; *P < 0,05 vs. CS, **P < 0,05 vs. FS). Os conteúdos de RNAm e de proteína não se alteraram entre os grupos. Porém, quando se calculou o conteúdo total de proteína GLUT4 por grama de tecido, observou-se que o tabagismo causou redução e que o exercício induziu aumento neste parâmetro (CS: 119,72 ± 9,98; CE: 143,09 ± 9,09; FS: 84,36 ± 10,99*; FE: 132,18 ± 11,40# UA/g tecido, *P < 0,05 vs. CS, #P < 0,01 vs. FS). CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o tabagismo reduz a sensibilidade à insulina e a capacidade do coração captar glicose. Já a prática de exercício físico moderado reverte este quadro por completo.
O papel do esteroide anabolizante sobre a hipertrofia e força muscular em treinamentos de resistência aeróbia e de força
Authors: Carmo Everton Crivoi do , Bueno Junior Carlos Roberto , Fernandes Tiago , Barretti Diego , Soares Stéphano Freitas , Silva Junior Natan Daniel da , Uchida Marco Carlos , Brum Patrícia Chakur , Oliveira Edilamar Menezes de
Published: September 2011

INTRODUÇÃO: Os efeitos dos esteroides anabolizantes (EA) sobre a massa muscular e força são controversos e dependentes do treinamento realizado e das fibras musculares recrutadas. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da associação de EA ao treinamento de força ou aeróbio sobre a hipertrofia e força muscular. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar (42) foram divididos em seis grupos: sedentário (SC, n = 7), sedentário anabolizante (SA, n = 7), treinado natação controle (TNC, n = 7), treinado natação anabolizante (TNA, n = 7), treinado força controle (TFC, n = 7) e treinado força anabolizante (TFA, n = 7). O EA foi administrado duas vezes por semana (10mg/kg/semana). Os protocolos de treinamento foram realizados durante 10 semanas, cinco sessões semanais. Foram avaliadas a hipertrofia dos músculos sóleo, plantar e gastrocnêmio (massa muscular corrigida pelo comprimento da tíbia), a proteína total muscular (Bradford) e a força muscular em patas traseiras (testes de resistência à inclinação). RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significantes na hipertrofia do músculo sóleo. Os grupos TFC e TFA apresentaram, respectivamente, hipertrofia de 18% e 31% no músculo plantar comparado ao grupo SC. A hipertrofia foi 13% maior no grupo TFA em relação ao grupo TFC. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados no músculo gastrocnêmio. Os grupos TFC e TFA apresentaram significantes aumentos na quantidade total de proteína nos músculos plantares, sendo essa mais pronunciada no grupo TFA e positivamente correlaciona a hipertrofia muscular. Observamos aumento de força nas patas traseiras nos grupos TCF e TAF. CONCLUSÃO: A administração de EA ou sua associação ao treinamento aeróbio não aumenta a massa muscular e força. Porém, à associação ao treinamento de força leva a maior hipertrofia muscular em fibras glicolíticas. Portanto, o tipo de treinamento físico, recrutamento muscular e características das fibras musculares, parecem ter importante impacto sobre as respostas anabólicas induzidas pelo EA
Mouthrinses containing alcohol and oral cancer: revision of epidemiological studies
Authors: Blanc Silvia Adriana López de , Baruzzi Ana María
Published: September 2011

The strong association between alcohol usage and the development of oral cancer (OC) has been reported in numerous papers. As some mouthrinses contain significant amounts of ethanol, a possible relationship to this pathology has been considered. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze several epidemiological studies which evaluated the association between commercial mouthrinses and the etiology of OC. Although some authors report an association, most of the studies are unclear and sometimes contradictory. The controversial aspects regarding the role of alcohol in OC may also make difficult to find a clear relationship between the use of mouthrinses containing alcohol and OC.
Control of Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and Coast Fiddleneck (Amsinckia menziesii) with Aminopyralid
Authors: Kyser Guy B. , Peterson Vanelle , Orloff Steve B. , Wright Steven D. , DiTomaso Joseph M.
Published: September 2011

Yellow starthistle is the most widespread broadleaf invasive plant in the western United States, and it is particularly prevalent in California. Prior to the registration of aminopyralid in 2005, the standard for chemical control of yellow starthistle was the herbicide clopyralid. We report on a compilation of several independent trials comparing the efficacy of aminopyralid and clopyralid on yellow starthistle. Treatments were applied at several rates and timings at 11 locations in four states between 2001 and 2007. Treatments were made pre-emergence and postemergence at the seedling and rosette stages of yellow starthistle. Results showed that aminopyralid, even at the low rate of 18 g ae ha−1, provided nearly complete control of yellow starthistle when treatments were made at the seedling stage. However, less consistent control (80 to 100%) resulted with applications made at the pre-emergence and rosette stages. At the seedling stage, aminopyralid is about four times more effective on yellow starthistle compared to clopyralid, based on the rate of acid equivalent. In the Central Valley of California, complete control was obtained at the lowest registered rate (53 g ae ha−1) when applications were made from December through February. At two locations we also evaluated control of the poisonous native plant coast fiddleneck. Although clopyralid does not adequately control coast fiddleneck, aminopyralid provided almost complete control when applied in the winter growing season. Applications of aminopyralid at the rosette stage resulted in a two-fold increase in annual forage grass biomass the following year. These results indicate that aminopyralid is a valuable tool for land managers and can play an important role in integrated management strategies for yellow starthistle and coast fiddleneck.
The Significance of Early Alpha-Fetoprotein Level Changes in Predicting Clinical and Survival Benefits in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Receiving Sorafenib
Authors: Yau Thomas , Yao T.J. , Chan Pierre , Wong Hilda , Pang Roberta , Fan Sheung Tat , Poon Ronnie T.P.
Published: September 2011

Background.

The role of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) changes in predicting the treatment outcomes of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients to sorafenib remains unknown.

Methods.

Serum AFP was collected prospectively at baseline and subsequent follow-up visits in parallel with clinical and survival outcomes. AFP response was defined as a relative drop of AFP >20% of the baseline level after 6 weeks of sorafenib. The relationship between AFP response and the treatment outcomes was first explored in patients who received sorafenib in a phase II study. Subsequently, an independent validation set of patients were obtained to validate the association of AFP response to clinical outcomes.

Results.

Included in the exploration and validation sets for analysis were 41 and 53 patients, respectively, with baseline AFP level >20 μg/L. In the exploration cohort, AFP response was significantly associated with clinical benefit (CB) rate (relative chance 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–11.1), and multivariate analysis indicated that AFP response was associated with significantly better progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.31; 95% CI, 0.13–0.76) and marginally better overall survival (OS) (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09–1.02). When applying AFP changes in the validation set, significant associations were again found between AFP response with CB rate (relative chance, 5.5; 95% CI, 2.3–13.6) and PFS (HR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.04–0.30) but not OS (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.27–1.26).

Conclusion.

Drop in AFP level at 6 weeks is an exploratory early surrogate for both CB and PFS in advanced HCC patients receiving sorafenib.
Despotic, high‐impact species and the subcontinental scale control of avian assemblage structure
Authors: Mac Nally Ralph , Bowen Michiala , Howes Alison , McAlpine Clive A. , Maron Martine
Published: September 2011

Some species have disproportionate influence on assemblage structure, given their numbers or biomass. Most examples of such “strong interactors” come from small‐scale experiments or from observations of the effects of invasive species. There is evidence that entire avian assemblages in open woodlands can be influenced strongly by individual species over very large areas in eastern Australia, with small‐bodied species (<50 g) being adversely affected. We used data from repeated surveys in 371 sites in seven districts across a region from Victoria to Queensland (>2000 km). A series of linked Bayesian models was used to identify large‐bodied (≥50 g) bird species that were associated with changes in occurrence and abundance of small‐bodied species. One native species, the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala; family Meliphagidae), was objectively identified as the sole large‐bodied species having similar detrimental effects in all districts, depressing occurrence of 57 of 71 small‐bodied species. Adverse effects on abundances of small‐bodied species were profound when the Noisy Miner occurred with mean site abundances ≥ 1.6 birds/2 ha. The Noisy Miner may be the first species to have been shown to influence whole‐of‐avifauna assemblage structure through despotic aggressiveness over subcontinental scales. These substantial shifts in occurrence rates and abundances of small‐bodied species flow on to alter species abundance distributions of entire assemblages over much of eastern Australia.
Possible Quaternary growth of a hidden anticline at the front of the Jura fold-and-thrust belt: geomorphological constraints from the Forêt de Chaux area, France
Authors: Molliex Stéphane , Fabbri Olivier , Bichet Vincent , Madritsch Herfried
Published: September 2011

This study presents new constraints for Plio-Quaternary (post-2.4 Ma to present-day) anticline growth along the frontal zone of the Jura fold-and-thrust belt, in the Forêt de Chaux area, located 30 km SW of Besançon. The Forêt de Chaux area consists of a N080°E-elongated depression bordered by the Doubs and Loue rivers to the north and south respectively, and filled with Sundgau-type Pliocene alluvial deposits. The upper surface of the Pliocene deposits between the Loue and Doubs rivers is marked by a N065°E-trending ridge crossing the depression in a median position. A differential uplift along this ridge, post-dating the deposition of the gravels (2.4 Ma), is suggested by several geomorphological observations such as the opposite river migration on each side of the ridge as well as variations of drainage geometry and incision intensity. Geological and geophysical subsurface data indicate that the ridge roughly coincides with the axis of an anticline hidden beneath the Pliocene deposits. The observed uplift is presumably related to a post-2.4 Ma anticline growth. The fact that the azimuth of the hidden anticline axis is parallel to the strike of deep-seated Late Paleozoic basement faults and not to the local strike of the thin-skinned Jura structures indicates that the inferred post-Pliocene deformation could possibly be an expression of a recent thick-skinned deformation of the basement of the northern Alpine foreland. The focal depth (15 km) of the February 24th, 2004, Besançon earthquake supports the hypothesis of a basement fault reactivation.
Midwest Cropping System Effects on Soil Properties and on a Soil Quality Index
Authors: Jokela William , Posner Joshua , Hedtcke Janet , Balser Teri , Read Harry
Published: September 2011

Cropping systems may improve or decrease soil quality depending on the specific crop rotation, nutrient amendments, and tillage practices employed. We conducted this study to determine the effect of six cropping systems in the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial on soil properties after 18 yr of continuous treatments. We sampled soils (0–5 cm and 5–20 cm depths) following the corn (Zea mays L.) year of three grain‐based systems (continuous corn and two grain rotations), after both corn and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in two forage‐based systems (organic and conventional), and in grass–legume pasture. Extractable P and K, pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total N, active soil C, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), water‐stable aggregates (WSA), bulk density (BD), penetrometer resistance, and total microbial biomass (TMB) were measured, and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) soil quality index (SQI) was determined. The pasture (0–5 cm) was significantly better than all other systems in almost all soil quality indicators and had the highest SQI (96 vs. mean of 87 for others). The alfalfa‐based systems had more total N, TOC, active C, PMN, and WSA and higher BD in one or both depths than did the grain‐based systems but SQIs were not different. Among the grain systems, there was less variation and few significant differences were observed. While there were significant differences among systems for most soil properties, a SQI based on a composite of seven soil properties, showed few differences on this well managed, productive, prairie‐derived soil.
Nitrogen and Water Stress Affect Winter Wheat Yield and Dough Qualities
Authors: Kharel Tulsi P. , Clay David E. , Clay Sharon A. , Beck Dwayne , Reese Cheryl , Carlson Gregg , Park Hyejin
Published: September 2011

Nitrogen recommendations designed to increase wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields may diminish wheat quality. By understanding fertility management impacts on quality, it may be possible to optimize N recommendations to sites and climates. The objective of this study was to quantify the combined and individual impacts of N and water stress on winter wheat grain yield, grain protein, dough quality, and water and N use efficiency. A field experiment using five N rates (ranging from 0 to 1.5 times the current university recommendation) and two water levels (adequate and deficient) was conducted in South Dakota in 2007 and 2008. Dough characteristics were measured using a farinograph. In 2007, soil N mineralization was high (192 kg N ha−1), supplemental water increased grain yield and grain N use efficiency (GNUE) by 25% and reduced yield loss due to N stress from 1141 to 480 kg ha−1, whereas relative to 0 N, the recommended N rate increased water use efficiency by 21% and reduced yield loss due to water stress from 737 to 481 kg ha−1. These benefits were achieved without a loss of dough quality. In 2008, N mineralization was low (99 kg N ha−1), water did not impact GNUE, and the adequate water treatment had lower grain protein (12.5 vs. 13.1 g kg−1) and arrival (3.3 vs. 4.3 min) and peak times (6.1 vs. 7.8 min) than the deficient water treatment. These findings suggest that the implementation of strategically applied N fertilizer may require improved estimates of N mineralization.
Foliar Boron and Pyraclostrobin Effects on Corn Yield
Authors: Nelson K. A. , Meinhardt C. G.
Published: September 2011

Corn (Zea mays L.) response to boron (B) on fine textured soils has had limited research, and no research has evaluated interactions between B and crop protection chemicals such as pyraclostrobin. This research evaluated effects of foliar‐applied B at 0.56 kg ha−1 and pyraclostrobin {carbamic acid, [2,[[[1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl]oxy]methyl]phenyl]methoxy‐, methyl ester} at 0.11 kg ha−1 a.i. on yield, tissue B concentration, severity of disease, and grain quality. Field research was conducted at four locations in Northeast Missouri from 2008 to 2010. Boron was applied at V5–V6, V5–V6 followed by (fb) pyraclostrobin at VT, and with or without pyraclostrobin at VT. Pyraclostrobin was applied alone at VT, and a nontreated control was also included. Over the 12 site‐years, pyraclostrobin alone at VT increased yield 5% and B at V5–V6 fb pyraclostrobin at VT increased yield 6% compared to the nontreated control. A split‐application of B at V5–V6 fb pyraclostrobin at VT increased yield 0.52 Mg ha−1 compared to B plus pyraclostrobin at VT. Pyraclostrobin increased grain moisture 3 to 7 g kg−1, decreased starch 1 to 2 g kg−1, and decreased extractable starch 3 to 4 g kg−1 concentration compared to the nontreated control. However, no difference in the number of barren stalks, grain with diplodia (Stenocarpella maydis) symptoms, oil, or protein concentrations was detected among treatments. Disease severity was reduced most consistently with B at V5–V6 fb pyraclostrobin or pyraclostrobin alone. Boron at 0.56 kg ha−1should be applied before VT to avoid antagonism with pyraclostrobin on fine textured soils.
Location, Variety, and Seeding Rate Interactions with Soybean Seed‐Applied Insecticide/Fungicides
Authors: Cox William J. , Cherney Jerome H.
Published: September 2011

Cool conditions after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planting may increase soil pest incidence and reduce emergence. Field‐scale studies were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at three locations in New York on two varieties at four seeding rates (272,000, 346,000, 420,000, and 490,000 seeds ha−1) with and without seed‐applied insecticide/fungicides to determine if treated seed enhances plant establishment, allowing for lower seeding rates for maximum yield and partial return. Plant density and yield had location × variety × seed treatment interactions. A treated vs. untreated Asgrow variety had 16 to 22% plant density increases and 4% yield increases at two locations, whereas a Pioneer variety had a 16% density increase at one location but no yield increases. At a third location, the treated vs. untreated Pioneer variety had 19 and 4% increases, respectively, whereas the Asgrow variety had no increases. Yield, which had no seeding rate × seed treatment interaction, had quadratic responses to seeding rate and early plant densities (maximum yield at 478,300 seeds and 295,300 plants ha−1, respectively). Partial return, which had a seeding rate × seed treatment interaction, had quadratic responses to seeding rate with maximum values at 398,800 and 341,800 seeds ha−1 for untreated and treated seed, respectively. Maximum partial returns at these seeding rates ($1241–1245 ha−1, respectively) were similar because seed treatment cost offset lower seed cost. Maximum partial return occurred at early plant densities of 248,400 plants ha−1, but the variety × location × seed treatment interaction complicates selecting seeding rates for this plant density.
Rapid Mapping of the Leaf Area Index in Agricultural Crops
Authors: Gebbers Robin , Ehlert Detlef , Adamek Rolf
Published: September 2011

The leaf area index (LAI), as the ratio of the leaf area to a given unit of land area, is an essential parameter to describe plant productivity and make management decisions. Most methods for estimating the LAI are not suitable for practical agricultural management at the field scale due to delayed availability of data, high costs, or inaccuracy at late growth stages. Therefore, a new approach for rapid LAI mapping by ground‐based laser rangefinders mounted on a vehicle was evaluated. Two types of laser rangefinders were tested in various configurations. Field trials were conducted to evaluate whether these sensors were capable of capturing temporal and spatial variability of LAI, biomass, and crop height. Crops included in the trials were winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), winter rye (Secale cerealeL.), and oilseed rape (Brassica napusL. ssp.napus). Correlation coefficients ranging from 0.3 to more than 0.9 (Pearson's r) between sensor readings, LAI, and biomass were observed. Best correlations were achieved with the time‐of‐flight based rangefinder in winter wheat. This study demonstrated that vehicle‐based laser distance sensors offer potential for rapid mapping of LAI in crops. The sensors are robust and allow for real‐time data processing. It is anticipated that they will become affordable in the near future, for example, due to mass production for collision avoidance in automobile industry. Thus, vehicle‐based laser distance sensors might be used for precision agriculture applications like fertilizing, crop protection, and yield prediction.
Targeting Curcusomes to Inflammatory Dendritic Cells Inhibits NF-κB and Improves Insulin Resistance in Obese Mice
Authors: Yekollu Suman Kumar , Thomas Ranjeny , O’Sullivan Brendan
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether and by what mechanism systemic delivery of curcumin-containing liposomes improves insulin resistance in the leptin deficient (ob/ob) mouse model of insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Insulin resistant ob/ob mice with steatosis were injected intraperitoneally with liposome nanoparticles, entrapping the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor curcumin (curcusomes), and uptake in liver and adipose tissue was determined by flow cytometry. The effects of curcusomes on macrophage NF-κB activation and cytokine production were assessed. Transfer experiments determined the role of hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/inducible nitric oxide synthase-producing dendritic cells (Tip-DCs) and adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in inflammation-induced insulin resistance, determined by homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance.

RESULTS

Phagocytic myeloid cells infiltrating the liver in ob/ob mice had the phenotypic characteristics of Tip-DCs that arise from monocyte precursors in the liver and spleen after infection. Targeting Tip-DCs and ATMs with curcusomes in ob/ob mice reduced NF-κB/RelA DNA binding activity, reduced TNF, and enhanced interleukin-4 production. Curcusomes improved peripheral insulin resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

Both hepatic Tip-DCs and ATMs contribute to insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Curcusome nanoparticles inhibit proinflammatory pathways in hepatic Tip-DCs and ATMs and reverse insulin resistance. Targeting inflammatory DCs is a novel approach for type 2 diabetes treatment.
Hepatic Glucagon Action Is Essential for Exercise-Induced Reversal of Mouse Fatty Liver
Authors: Berglund Eric D. , Lustig Daniel G. , Baheza Richard A. , Hasenour Clinton M. , Lee-Young Robert S. , Donahue E. Patrick , Lynes Sara E. , Swift Larry L. , Charron Maureen J. , Damon Bruce M. , Wasserman David H.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Exercise is an effective intervention to treat fatty liver. However, the mechanism(s) that underlie exercise-induced reductions in fatty liver are unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that exercise requires hepatic glucagon action to reduce fatty liver.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) and assessed using magnetic resonance, biochemical, and histological techniques to establish a timeline for fatty liver development over 20 weeks. Glucagon receptor null (gcgr−/−) and wild-type (gcgr+/+) littermate mice were subsequently fed HFD to provoke moderate fatty liver and then performed either 10 or 6 weeks of running wheel or treadmill exercise, respectively.

RESULTS

Exercise reverses progression of HFD-induced fatty liver in gcgr+/+ mice. Remarkably, such changes are absent in gcgr−/− mice, thus confirming the hypothesis that exercise-stimulated hepatic glucagon receptor activation is critical to reduce HFD-induced fatty liver.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that therapies that use antagonism of hepatic glucagon action to reduce blood glucose may interfere with the ability of exercise and perhaps other interventions to positively affect fatty liver.
miR-146a–Mediated Extracellular Matrix Protein Production in Chronic Diabetes Complications
Authors: Feng Biao , Chen Shali , McArthur Kara , Wu Yuexiu , Sen Subhrojit , Ding Qingming , Feldman Ross D. , Chakrabarti Subrata
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

microRNAs (miRNAs), through transcriptional regulation, modulate several cellular processes. In diabetes, increased extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) production is known to occur through histone acetylator p300. Here, we investigated the role of miR-146a, an FN-targeting miRNA, on FN production in diabetes and its relationship with p300.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

miR-146a expressions were measured in endothelial cells from large vessels and retinal microvessels in various glucose levels. FN messenger RNA expression and protein levels with or without miR-146a mimic or antagomir transfection were examined. A luciferase assay was performed to detect miR-146a’s binding to FN 3′–untranslated region (UTR). Likewise, retinas from type 1 diabetic rats were studied with or without an intravitreal injection of miR-146a mimic. In situ hybridization was used to localize retinal miR-146a. Cardiac and renal tissues were analyzed from type 1 and type 2 diabetic animals.

RESULTS

A total of 25 mmol/L glucose decreased miR-146a expression and increased FN expression compared with 5 mmol/L glucose in both cell types. miR-146a mimic transfection prevented such change, whereas miR-146a antagomir transfection in the cells in 5 mmol/L glucose caused FN upregulation. A luciferase assay confirmed miR-146a’s binding to FN 3′-UTR. miR-146a was localized in the retinal endothelial cells and was decreased in diabetes. Intravitreal miR-146a mimic injection restored retinal miR-146a and decreased FN in diabetes. Additional experiments showed that p300 regulates miR-146a. Similar changes were seen in the retinas, kidneys, and hearts in type 1 and type 2 diabetic animals.

CONCLUSIONS

These studies showed a novel, glucose-induced molecular mechanism in which miR-146a participates in the transcriptional circuitry regulating extracellular matrix protein production in diabetes.
Reversal of cerebral vasospasm via intravenous sodium nitrite after subarachnoid hemorrhage in primates
Authors: Fathi Ali Reza , Pluta Ryszard M. , Bakhtian Kamran D. , Qi Meng , Lonser Russell R.
Published: September 2011

Object

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced vasospasm is a significant underlying cause of aneurysm rupture-related morbidity and death. While long-term intravenous infusion of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) can prevent cerebral vasospasm after SAH, it is not known if the intravenous administration of this compound can reverse established SAH-induced vasospasm. To determine if the intravenous infusion of NaNO2 can reverse established vasospasm, the authors infused primates with the compound after SAH-induced vasospasm was established.

Methods

Subarachnoid hemorrhage–induced vasospasm was created in 14 cynomolgus macaques via subarachnoid implantation of a 5-ml blood clot. On Day 7 after clot implantation, animals were randomized to either control (saline infusion, 5 monkeys) or treatment groups (intravenous NaNO2 infusion at 300 μg/kg/hr for 3 hours [7 monkeys] or 8 hours [2 monkeys]). Arteriographic vessel diameter was blindly analyzed to determine the degree of vasospasm before, during, and after treatment. Nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite, nitrate, and S-nitrosothiols) were measured in whole blood and CSF.

Results

Moderate-to-severe vasospasm was present in all animals before treatment (control, 36.2% ± 8.8% [mean ± SD]; treatment, 45.5% ± 12.5%; p = 0.9). While saline infusion did not reduce vasospasm, NaNO2 infusion significantly reduced the degree of vasospasm (26.9% ± 7.6%; p = 0.008). Reversal of the vasospasm lasted more than 2 hours after cessation of the infusion and could be maintained with a prolonged infusion. Nitrite (peak value, 3.7 ± 2.1 μmol/L), nitrate (18.2 ± 5.3 μmol/L), and S-nitrosothiols (33.4 ± 11.4 nmol/L) increased significantly in whole blood, and nitrite increased significantly in CSF.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that the intravenous infusion of NaNO2 can reverse SAH-induced vasospasm in primates. Further, these findings indicate that a similar treatment paradigm could be useful in reversing cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal SAH.
Morbidity and mortality after spinal deformity surgery in patients 75 years and older: complications and predictive factors
Authors: Acosta Frank L. , McClendon Jamal , O'Shaughnessy Brian A. , Koller Heiko , Neal Chris J. , Meier Oliver , Ames Christopher P. , Koski Tyler R. , Ondra Stephen L.
Published: September 2011

Object

As the population continues to age, relatively older geriatric patients will present more frequently with complex spinal deformities that may require surgical intervention. To the authors' knowledge, no study has analyzed factors predictive of complications after major spinal deformity surgery in the very elderly (75 years and older). The authors' objective was to determine the rate of minor and major complications and predictive factors in patients 75 years of age and older who underwent major spinal deformity surgery requiring a minimum 5-level arthrodesis procedure.

Methods

Twenty-one patients who were 75 years of age or older and underwent thoracic and/or lumbar fixation and arthrodesis across 5 or more levels for spinal deformity were analyzed retrospectively. The medical and surgical records were reviewed in detail. Age, diagnosis, comorbidities, operative data, hospital data, major and minor complications, and deaths were recorded. Factors predictive of perioperative complications were identified by logistic regression analysis.

Results

The mean patient age was 77 years old (range 75–83 years). There were 14 women and 7 men. The mean follow-up was 41.2 months (range 24–81 months). Fifteen patients (71%) had at least 1 comorbidity. A mean of 10.5 levels were fused (range 5–15 levels). Thirteen patients (62%) had at least 1 perioperative complication, and 8 (38%) had at least one major complication for a total of 17 complications. There were no perioperative deaths. Increasing age was predictive of any perioperative complication (p = 0.03). However, major complications were not predicted by age or comorbidities as a whole. In a subset analysis of comorbidities, only hypertension was predictive of a major complication (OR 10, 95% CI 1.3–78; p = 0.02). Long-term postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (52%), and revision fusion surgery was necessary in 3 (14%).

Conclusions

Patients 75 years and older undergoing major spinal deformity surgery have an overall perioperative complication rate of 62%, with older age increasing the likelihood of a complication, and a long-term postoperative complication rate of 52%. Patients in this age group with a history of hypertension are 10 times more likely to incur a major perioperative complication. However, the mortality risk for these patients is not increased.
Abstracts Vol.24(2)
Authors: Editor The
Published: September 2011

Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 79-81   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8534
International News Vol.24(2)
Authors: Editor The
Published: September 2011

Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 85-86   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8536
Scalpel or SABR for Treatment of Early-Stage Lung Cancer: Clinical Considerations for the Multidisciplinary Team
Authors: Shirvani Shervin M. , Chang Joe Y.
Published: September 2011

Treatment options for early-stage (T1-2 N0) non-small cell lung cancer are often limited by the patient’s advanced age, poor performance status, and comorbidities. Despite these challenges, stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) provides a highly effective and safe therapy for intrathoracic tumors and has become the standard of care for delivering definitive treatment in medically inoperable patients. High-quality treatment, which includes reliable immobilization, accurate tumor targeting, and precise verification of dose delivery, is essential both to achieve successful cure and to avoid debilitating toxicities. Generally, SABR is well tolerated in patients with peripherally located tumors, but even centrally or superiorly located lesions can be treated if there is adequate conformal avoidance of normal structures and/or modified fractionation to meet dose constraints. While several preliminary studies suggest that SABR is as efficacious as surgery in operable patients, results of randomized data will illuminate whether the indications for SABR can be expanded to include patients who are candidates for surgical resection. Herein, we review the rationale for using SABR and its application in treating different patient populations with early-stage lung cancer.
Phase II Study of Pomalidomide in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Amato Robert J. , Glode L. Michael , Podolnick Jeremy , Knight Robert , Crawford David
Published: September 2011

Background: Pomalidomide is a distinct immunomodulatory agent that also displays anti-proliferative and proapoptotic activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of pomalidomide for the treatment of chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Methods: Pomalidomide was administered orally in doses of 1 or 2 mg/day without interruption. Follow ups were conducted every 4 weeks with evaluation of study outcomes at 12 weeks. The principal study outcomes were PSA response, time to progression (TTP) using RECIST, overall survival (OS), and safety. A total of 32 patients were enrolled: 15 in the 1 mg/day cohort (median baseline PSA level of 12.30 ng/mL [0.8–236.0]), and 17 in the 2 mg/day cohort (median baseline PSA level of 12.50 ng/mL [0.6–191.8]). Results: In the 1 mg cohort disease was stabilized for ≥28 days in eight patients, and median TTP was 2.90 months. In the 2 mg cohort, PSA decreased >50% in three patients, disease was stabilized for ≥28 days in seven patients, and median TTP was 5.87 months. Toxicity in both cohorts was predominantly grade 1 or 2; 2 grade 3 toxicity (fatigue) occurred in the 1 mg cohort, and 5 grade 3 toxicities (chest pain, diarrhea, epigastric pain, impaction, pain) occurred in the 2 mg cohort. One grade 4 toxicity of cardiac ischemia occurred. Conclusions: Pomalidomide shows promising activity in patients with CRPC and has an acceptable safety profile.
Frajunolides L–O, Four New 8-Hydroxybriarane Diterpenoids from the Gorgonian Junceella fragilis
Authors: Liaw Chia-Ching , Kuo Yao-Haur , Lin Yun-Sheng , Hwang Tsong-Long , Shen Ya-Ching
Published: September 2011

Four new 8-hydroxybriarane diterpenoids, frajunolides L–O (1–4), were isolated from the Taiwanese gorgonian Junceella fragilis. The structures of compounds 1–4 were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis, especially 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and HRMS. Compounds 1 and 4 showed weak anti-inflammatory activity as tested by superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophil in response to fMLP/CB. Compound 3 showed selective inhibition on elastase release in vitro.
Mathematical Evaluation of the Amino Acid and Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activities of Fruits from Different Apricot Cultivars
Authors: Sochor Jiri , Skutkova Helena , Babula Petr , Zitka Ondrej , Cernei Natalia , Rop Otakar , Krska Boris , Adam Vojtech , Provazník Ivo , Kizek Rene
Published: September 2011

Functional foods are of interest because of their significant effects on human health, which can be connected with the presence of some biologically important compounds. In this study, we carried out complex analysis of 239 apricot cultivars (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivated in Lednice (climatic area T4), South Moravia, Czech Republic. Almost all previously published studies have focused only on analysis of certain parameters. However, we focused on detection both primary and secondary metabolites in a selection of apricot cultivars with respect to their biological activity. The contents of thirteen biogenic alpha-L-amino acids (arginine, asparagine, isoleucine, lysine, serine, threonine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, proline and alanine) were determined using ion exchange chromatography with UV-Vis spectrometry detection. Profile of polyphenols, measured as content of ten polyphenols with significant antioxidant properties (gallic acid, procatechinic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, rutin, ferrulic acid and quercetrin), was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with spectrometric/electrochemical detection. Moreover, content of total phenolics was determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was determined using five independent spectrophotometric methods: DPPH assay, DMPD method, ABTS method, FRAP and Free Radicals methods. Considering the complexity of the obtained data, they were processed and correlated using bioinformatics techniques (cluster analysis, principal component analysis). The studied apricot cultivars were clustered according to their common biochemical properties, which has not been done before. The observed similarities and differences were discussed.
t-Bu2SiF-Derivatized D2-Receptor Ligands: The First SiFA-Containing Small Molecule Radiotracers for Target-Specific PET-Imaging
Authors: Iovkova-Berends Ljuba , Wängler Carmen , Zöller Thomas , Höfner Georg , Wanner Klaus Theodor , Rensch Christian , Bartenstein Peter , Kostikov Alexey , Schirrmacher Ralf , Jurkschat Klaus , Wängler Björn
Published: September 2011

The synthesis, radiolabeling and in vitro evaluation of new silicon-fluoride acceptor (SiFA) derivatized D2-receptor ligands is reported. The SiFA-technology simplifies the introduction of fluorine-18 into target specific biomolecules for Positron-Emission-Tomography (PET). However, one of the remaining challenges, especially for small molecules such as receptor-ligands, is the bulkiness of the SiFA-moiety. We therefore synthesized four Fallypride SiFA-conjugates derivatized either directly at the benzoic acid ring system (SiFA-DMFP, SiFA-FP, SiFA-DDMFP) or at the butyl-side chain (SiFA-M-FP) and tested their receptor affinities. We found D2-receptor affinities for all compounds in the nanomolar range (Ki(SiFA-DMFP) = 13.6 nM, Ki(SiFA-FP) = 33.0 nM, Ki(SiFA-DDMFP) = 62.7 nM and Ki(SiFA-M-FP) = 4.21 nM). The radiofluorination showed highest yields when 10 nmol of the precursors were reacted with [18F]fluoride/TBAHCO3 in acetonitrile. After a reversed phased cartridge purification the desired products could be isolated as an injectable solution after only 10 min synthesis time with radiochemical yields (RCY) of more than 40% in the case of SiFA-DMFP resulting in specific activities >41 GBq/µmol (>1,100 Ci/mmol). Furthermore, the radiolabeled products were shown to be stable in the injectable solutions, as well as in human plasma, for at least 90 min.
Une comparaison des prévisions des experts à celles issues des modèles B VAR
Authors: Lardic Sandrine , Mpacko Priso Auguste
Published: September 2011

A Comparison of Expert Forecasts with BVAR Model Forecasts by Sandrine Lardic and Auguste Mpacko-Priso

This paper checks whether economic and financial experts forecast macroeconomic and financial variables «better» than alternative techniques and in particular the Bayesian method. The BVAR methodology, presented in detail in Lardic and Mpacko-Priso (1996) and summarised in this paper, is used to generate six-month and twelve-month forecasts of the Consumer Price Index, Industrial Production Index, Standard and Poors 425, and Standard and Poors 500 for two samples. These forecasts are then compared with economic and financial expert predictions as well as with forecasts derived from traditional techniques for the same periods of time. Statistical and economic criteria are used to gauge the different forecasts. We show that the BVAR forecasts are generally better than the individual expert forecasts. We conclude that the BVAR methodology merits being used more than it is at present.
Évaluation publique de la production de biocarburants. Application au cas de l'ester méthylique de colza
Authors: Costa Sandrine , Réquillart Vincent
Published: September 2011

This paper analyses the costs and advantages of producing biofuels from processing agricultural produce. Taking the example of rapeseed methyl ester, we propose a methodological framework adapted to the European agricultural context to evaluate the redistributive benefit of an income gain for agricultural producers and the induced effects of these projects on the agricultural markets. Application to a French project shows that the induced effects on the agricultural markets substantially improve the cost/benefit effectiveness of the rapeseed methyl ester production project. However, the redistributive benefit of an agricultural income gain and the effects on the agricultural markets would apparently not be enough to offset this project's deficit. This is still found to be the case even when allowance is made for the agricultural productivity gains associated with the production of hybrid rapeseed.
L'attitude à l'égard des inégalités en France à la lumière du système de prélèvements socio-fiscal
Authors: Gajdos Thibault , Lhommeau Bertrand
Published: September 2011

Les mesures traditionnelles des inégalités considèrent l'aversion collective à l'égard des inégalités comme un paramètre déterminé a priori. Nous proposons ici d'utiliser les données fiscales pour construire un indicateur d'inégalités qui tienne compte de l'attitude collective à l'égard des inégalités. Nous utilisons cet indicateur pour mesurer l'évolution des inégalités de revenus en France entre 1990 et 1997. Il ressort de notre analyse que l'aversion collective à l'égard des inégalités a augmenté au cours de cette période, ce qui s'est essentiellement manifesté par une modification de la politique de prélèvements sociaux. Ainsi, bien que la dispersion des revenus disponibles soit restée à peu près constante sur la période considérée, les inégalités perçues auraient augmenté.
Au-delà de Kyoto : enjeux d'équité et d'efficacité dans la négociation sur le changement climatique
Authors: Blanchard Odile , Criqui Patrick , Trommetter Michel , Viguier Laurent
Published: September 2011

Beyond Kyoto: Issues of Equity and Efficiency in Climate Change Negotiations by Odile Blanchard, Patrick Criqui, Michel Trommetter and Laurent Viguier

This paper develops some basic methodological principles which can be used to study two questions: firstly, equitable methods of integrating developing countries into a long-term global programme to limit growth in greenhouse gas emissions, and, secondly, the contribution, in terms of economic efficiency, of tradable emission-permit systems. With regard to the first question, it turns out that no operative rule of differentiation or single principle of equity seems able to obtain the approval of all countries in so far as their interests remain structurally different. We have therefore constructed a simple and pragmatic scenario of CO2 emission stabilisation by 2030 and then shown that it could lead to a relative convergence of laws and a greater regard for democratic equality. In terms of efficiency, the findings emphasise the benefit of introducing a market for tradable emission permits, since this would make it possible to restore ex post facto the efficiency which had not existed a priori in the initial distribution of rights. The utilitarian concept of equity would also be respected in this case.
Régulation de l'effet de serre d'origine agricole : puits de carbone et instruments de second rang
Authors: De Cara Stéphane , Jayet Pierre-Alain
Published: September 2011

Regulation of the Greenhouse Effect from Farming: Carbon Sinks and Second-Best Policies

by Stéphane De Cara and Pierre-Alain Jayet .

This article focuses on the comparative merits of various policies for regulating the greenhouse effect from farming. Separately and concurrently, it deals with second-best policies aimed at limiting methane emissions from livestock farming and incentives for reafforestation of land under fixed set-aside in the Common Agriculture Policy. Impact in terms of harm and social welfare are analysed using a techno-economic model of agricultural supply based on mathematical programming. Although the second-best policies for methane reduction, founded on taxation of animals and their feed, produces significant results, it is appreciably overshadowed, for both harm reduction and total welfare, by the policy of reafforestation.
Le rôle du changement technique dans le double dividende d'écotaxes
Authors: Hourcade Jean-Charles , Ghersi Frédéric
Published: September 2011

The Role of Technological Progress in the Double Dividend of Carbon Taxes

by Jean-Charles Hourcade and Frédéric Ghersi

Modelling work on the macro-economic effects of carbon taxes has confirmed that a "weak" form of double dividend exists when the revenue raised is used to reduce the most distortionary taxes. However, it has also found restrictive conditions for a "strong" form of double dividend with a positive impact on both the environment and growth. This paper shows that the "strong" dividend is sensitive to assumptions about the labour market, energy consumption behaviour, substitution effects in the production process, and crowding-out effects resulting from the ratio of emissions-reducing investments to other investments. The paper starts with a brief review of the current debates on double dividends. It then presents a series of analytical tests to show how technological progress assumptions change the macro-economic parameters involved in the case of ploughing the revenue from the new taxes into reducing payroll deductions. Last but not least, numerical applications to France define the scope of validity for a strong second dividend (in terms of household consumption and employment) resulting from different assumptions about the adjustment of technology and consumer choices to new prices.
La croissance optimale d'une économie confrontée à un risque de catastrophe écologique
Authors: Chevé Morgane
Published: September 2011

Dans cet article nous développons un modèle de croissance optimale d'une économie dont les activités productives sont à l'origine d'émissions polluantes qui dégradent le bien-être des ménages. De plus, l'accumulation de la pollution induit un risque de catastrophe écologique ayant des effets irréversibles sur l'activité économique. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons que la présence de rendements constants dans la production et la disponibilité d'activités de dépollution efficaces ne suffisent plus à garantir que l'économie puisse atteindre une croissance durable à long terme.

Par ailleurs, le risque de catastrophe écologique induit un comportement plus conservateur au sens où les émissions polluantes sont réduites. Cette réduction des émissions est d'autant plus forte que la probabilité de catastrophe est importante et/ou que les conséquences de la catastrophe sont graves.