bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definición de estrategias para la educación ambiental en el nivel básico de Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia
Authors: Rodríguez Muñoz Raúl , Guerrero Caicedo Aleyda Emilce
Published: March 2024

The work focuses on Environmental Education from three perspectives, definitions, global strategies that are developed in several countries of the Ibero-American area and the state of environmental issues in Tumaco Nariño. Empirical methods of obtaining information supported by the Likenrt scale are used; the results of interviews with teachers and students are compared with those obtained from the analysis of current strategies in Environmental Education for the Department of Tumaco, to reaffirm the need to develop strategies contextualized from the educational institution as evidenced by experiences that derive from work from the Metropolitan University of Ecuador. Therefore, the objective is to show the state of the subject and to point out where the changes in the Environmental Education strategies should be directed. As conclusions, we share the need to contextualize the strategies of Environmental Education with an integrating approach to actions prioritizing the participation of all socio-environmental actors, to achieve an environmental awareness and positive effects in the mitigation of climate change.
BILINGUISMO E NEUROCIÊNCIA
Authors: Ustulin de Lourenço Camila , Marciano Monteiro Eliana Maria , De Oliveira Silva Luã Armando
Published: March 2024

A Educação Bilíngue de Prestígio é um assunto em pauta em instituições de ensino que apresenta diversas polêmicas. Seus benefícios, relacionados tanto a aspectos cognitivos quanto à saúde dos indivíduos, ainda estão em estudo por médicos e profissionais da educação, tanto em aspectos relacionados à neurociência quanto em aspectos que remetem à pedagogia. Ainda assim, porém, também é afirmado por pessoas que a desconhecem que tal abordagem possa trazer aspectos negativos quanto à aprendizagem de crianças e adolescentes. A partir disso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar as vantagens e a importância do uso do ensino bilíngue a curto e a longo prazo, assim como o processo evolutivo de crianças bilíngues, o desenvolvimento cognitivo e neurociência associados ao bilinguismo. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, buscando artigos e projetos de pesquisa que analisem o desenvolvimento cognitivo de indivíduos inseridos no ensino bilíngue. No que tange à metodologia, esta pesquisa se apresenta de natureza qualitativa e de cunho exploratório. A partir da pesquisa realizada, mostrou-se o quão importante é a implementação da educação bilíngue nas instituições de ensino como um todo, apresentando as evoluções do desenvolvimento de crianças bilíngues, quando comparadas a crianças monolíngues. Por fim, constatou-se que a educação bilíngue é mais vantajosa do que a educação tradicional no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento cognitivo e neurociência, além da neuroplasticidade.
The advantages of rare disease biobanking: A localised source of genetic knowledge to benefit the South African rare disease community and related stakeholders worldwide
Authors: Dercksen M , Conradie E H , Hendriksz C J , Malherbe H , Vorster B C
Published: March 2024

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Progress towards 90-90-90 and 95-95-95 strategy implementations and HIV positivity trends in the City of Johannesburg
Authors: Nyasulu J C Y , Maposa I
Published: March 2024

Background. The 95-95-95 strategy implementation is a positive initiative for moving the HIV tide towards elimination, with a focus on addressing the huge inequalities in existence in access to HIV services.Objectives. To establish performance towards the 90-90-90 and 95-95-95 targets and trends in HIV positivity rates since strategy implementation rollout in the City of Johannesburg (CoJ), South Africa.
Methods. This was a descriptive study, part of the bigger quasi-experimental study using the monthly District Health Information System during the implementation and rollout of the 90-90-90 strategy. HIV access trends were tracked and compared with the set strategy implementation targets. In addition, the HIV positivity rate was analysed to observe trends. A time trend analysis for aggregated data was performed on all the measured indicators to determine whether the decrease or increase was statistically significant. P<0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance.
Results. The study has shown that by March 2022, 15 months after December 2020, CoJ had reached 91-65-88. There were significant steady increases in the number of people who knew their HIV status (slope = 0.044, p<0.001) and initiating on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (slope = 0.001, p<0.001), and significant decreases for overall HIV positivity rate (slope = –0.016, p<0.001), adolescent positivity rate (slope = –0.0087, p<0.001) and antenatal care HIV positivity rate (slope = –0.013, p<0.001).
Conclusion. This study has established positive progress made by the CoJ towards HIV testing, ART initiation, viral load suppression and HIV positivity rate. On the other hand, gaps in linkage to care after testing positive have been highlighted. It is therefore critical in the 95-95-95 strategy implementation era to focus on finding those missed during the 90-90-90 phase through revised and renewed innovative approaches.
Physicochemical and sensory parameters of black locust and chestnut honey quality
Authors: Biber Lejla , Brkičević Denisa , Taljić Irzada , Mirjanić Goran , Toroman Almir
Published: March 2024

Black locust honey is produced from nectar collected from the Robinia tree (Robinia pseudoacacia). It has light yellow colour, very light and neutral fragrance, and smells of acacia blossom. It has a medium-sweet to very sweet taste, which is fairly to very long-lasting. Its aroma lasts for a short time and it slowly crystallizes. Chestnut honey is produced from nectar or collected from the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa). Honey is dark brown with a red tint colour, dark colour depends on the region and year, and its aroma is very distinctive with extremely characteristic bitter taste. It rarely crystallizes. This paper presents the characteristics of quality black locust and chestnut honey produced in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period 2012-2015. The study included 31 samples of honey. Laboratory testing of black locust and chestnut honey were carried out in accordance with the rules of the Ordinance on Honey and other Bee Products (Official Gazette of BiH, No. 37/09) and the EU Directive 2001/110/EC; CODEX STAN 12-1981. Indicators of quality (water content, electrical conductivity, total acidity, pH, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and colour) and sensory properties of honey were determined. It was found that patterns of black locust and chestnut honey classified according to years showed certain variability in the physicochemical and sensory characteristics.
Breves periodos de ausencia del calderón común Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809) en el Estrecho de Gibraltar
Authors: Andréu Ezquiel , Medina Baldomero , García Ana , Martínez Mónica , Gallego Pierre , Cervera Juan Lucas
Published: March 2024

Long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809) are resident in the Strait of Gibraltar. Because of their predictable presence and distribution, they account for most of the sightings and represent the main target for whale-watching operators. Nevertheless, these groups have been reported to disappear for one or two weeks each summer, possibly because of increased disturbance due to the presence of sportfishing vessels and whale-watching operators in the area. Our research was conducted in the Strait of Gibraltar from an opportunistic whale-watching platform, from April to October every year from 2003 to 2006. Large numbers of offspring were observed in a great number of sightings. Newborns were present throughout the entire sighting season. Group size decreased just before the disappearance of the pilot whales. The Strait of Gibraltar has very strong currents and winds and supports intense maritime traffic. Additionally, interactions between long-finned pilot whales and killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Strait of Gibraltar have recently been described, the former chasing the latter. The period during which long-finned pilot whales disappeared in 2003 and 2004 coincided with the arrival of killer whales in the Strait of Gibraltar, but not in later seasons. We postulate that the majority of, or the entire long-finned pilot whale population, moves from the Strait of Gibraltar during this period to the calmer and safer waters of the Alboran Sea to give birth. However, we do not rule out the possibility that the presence of killer whales may influence the absence of pilot whales directly or in combination with the other factors described above.
Activvidad y uso del hábitat por parte del erizo europeo (Erinaceus europeus Linnaeus, 1758) en el Parque Natural de la Serrallada de Marina (Barcelona, Cataluña)
Authors: García Sergi , Puig Xavier , Peris Albert
Published: March 2024

The activity and habitat selection patterns of seven European hedgehogs were studied using radio-tracking from 2005 to 2007 in a periurban area of Badalona (Barcelona, north-east Spain) which lies within the Serralada de Marina Natural Park. Euclidean distance methods were used to analyze habitat selection patterns. Our results suggest that European hedgehogs positively select cluttered forest areas as well as urban areas, and forage mainly in the ecotone without showing any tendency to penetrate into uniform habitat patches. In our case study, urban areas were represented by roads and traditional rural buildings, the former including stone walls and fences from a nearby irrigated golf course, where the animals were also found. Foraging areas (MCPs) were slightly larger among males than females, ranging from 3.03 to 28.01 ha among males, and from 3.47 to 9.89 ha among females. Hedgehogs began their activity shortly after sunset and stopped by dawn, showing a bimodal activity pattern.
Patrones de uso del espacio del topillo nival Chionomys nivalis (Martins, 1842)
Authors: Pérez-Aranda Diana , Suárez Francisco , Soriguer Ramón C.
Published: March 2024

There can be major intersexual differences among small mammals in their degree of territoriality, giving rise to a great variety of spatial organization systems which manifest at the interspecific and intraspecific levels. At the intraspecies level, this variety is seen not only between populations, but also within single populations whose spatial organization system changes over time according to the local environmental and social conditions. Taking into account such phenotypic flexibility in microtine social organization patterns, our aim was to study spatial patterns among the snow vole Chionomys nivalis (Martins, 1842) in two study colonies, located in the Sierra Nevada (Andalusia) and Peñalara (Madrid), respectively. We used radiotracking techniques to study snow vole home ranges. Animals were monitored in August 2005 in the Sierra Nevada and in August 2006 in Peñalara. Home range estimates were based on a kernel application since it provided the model best fitted to the particular set of snow vole locations. We observed clear spatial segregation of individuals with a varying degree of overlap between their home ranges in both localities. Nevertheless, there were also differences between the two populations which suggest that the space use pattern in the Sierra Nevada is related to poorer habitat resources (e.g. food and mates) than is the case in Peñalara. Finally, we discuss the most probable mating system in Peñalara based on the characteristics of the space use pattern observed.
Abnormal blockage of water flow in valveless nanopumps
Authors: Li Wei-Jian , Zhou Xiao-Yan , Lu Hang-Jun ,   Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
Published: March 2024

In the narrow orifice of a cone-shaped channel, blockage can occur for granular matter. However, water molecules can enter into and even permeate through carbon nanotubes of diameters down to 0.8 nm at ultrafast rates. Here we demonstrate by molecular dynamics simulations that clogging can also emerge unexpectedly in the water flowing through a nanoscale valve-less pump. The designed pump features two truncated carbon nanocones, with the narrowest region having a diameter of 1.2 nm (larger than that of (6, 6) carbon nanotube), linked to a fluid cavity volume, and is powered by the vibration of a graphene sheet. In the low frequency range, water molecules can be driven through the nanocones effectively by the vibration of the graphene sheet. The maximum flux reaches 83 ns–1, which is approximately 20 times the measured value of (3.9 ± 0.6) ns–1 for aquaporin-1. However, at higher frequencies, water molecules suffer blockage at the narrow exits. Much unlike granular matter, high-frequency vibration cannot restore water flow. The key to this phenomenon is that in the narrow exits of two nanocones acting as diffuser/nozzle, the number density of water molecules rapidly increases with frequency increasing, the tight hydrogen-bonding network is formed, and the mean lifetime of hydrogen bonds increases dramatically under high-frequency vibrations. High frequency fluctuations in the middle chamber make H-bond network between water molecules in the narrow exits more stable. The probability density distribution of water exhibits a non-equilibrium transition from a disordered state to ordered state. This work reveals a new mechanism of water flowing/blocking in a nanoscale valve-less pump based on two asymmetrical nanocones, offers valuable insights into understanding nonequilibrium jamming transition in nanoscale fluid.
Molecular dynamics simulation of effect of non-condensable gases on heat transfer of water molecule flow in nanochannels
Authors: Xing He-Wei , Chen Zhan-Xiu , Yang Li , Su Yao , Li Yuan-Hua , Huhe Cang ,   School of Energy and Environment Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
Published: March 2024

With the development of higher performance and miniaturization of electronic components, the flow heat transfer of working fluids in nanochannels has received more attention. To elucidate this phenomenon, molecular dynamics simulations are used to simulate the behaviors of fluids within nanochannels at temperatures of 300 K, 325 K, and 350 K. Water serves as a flow medium, with argon substituted for any non-condensable gases. In the flow process, argon atoms aggregate into clusters that are characterized by high potential energy. As the temperature rises, the concomitant increases in the fluid’s potential energy, which leads to the gradual diminution or complete dissipation of these clusters. A minor presence of gas atoms can facilitate fluid movement; however, an excess of argon promotes the formation of larger gaseous clusters in the central region of the channel, thereby impeding fluid flow. Concurrently, the application of heat to the fluid appreciably diminishes the coefficient of flow resistance. The temperature of the fluid in the near-wall region exceeds that of the central area. In the clusters, the atoms exhibit heightened activity, leading to an increase in the average molecular kinetic energy and a concomitant rise in temperature. The inherent hydrogen-bonding structure of water enhances heat transfer within the nanochannels. Argon atoms exert an influence on the number of hydrogen bonds, and rising temperatures disrupts the hydrogen-bond network established by water molecules, ultimately leading to a decrease of the Nusselt number. This investigation offers insights into the heat transfer dynamics of water molecular flow within microchannels under the perturbation of non-condensable gases, thereby furnishing theoretical guidance for enhancing heat transfer within electronic devices.
Delayed Gastric Perforation by Nasogastric Tube: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Junyeol , Cho Soo-Jeong
Published: March 2024

Nasogastric (NG) tube insertion is a common and routine procedure that is performed for various purposes. Gastric perforations caused by NG tubes are rare but potentially life-threatening. We report a rare case involving a delayed gastric perforation caused by an NG tube in an adult with end-stage heart failure.
Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Yoon Dong Jin , Kim Joon Sung
Published: March 2024

Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB), which predominantly occurs secondary to peptic ulcers, presents a major challenge in emergency departments and is associated with high mortality rates. The staged approach used for management of NVUGIB comprises preendoscopy, endoscopy, and post-endoscopy. Proton pump inhibitors and prokinetics are used for pre-endoscopy preparation to improve visualization and outcomes. Various endoscopic hemostatic methods, including injection therapy, clipping, and thermal techniques are described, which reflects the need for personalized strategies based on patient conditions and lesion characteristics. Post-endoscopic care includes continuous acid suppression therapy and selective second-look endoscopy. Overall, the approach to effective NVUGIB management is tailored to individual clinical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes.
Predicting Chinese stock market using XGBoost multi-objective optimization with optimal weighting
Authors: Liu Jichen
Published: March 2024

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in various fields has been a recent research hotspot. As a representative technology of AI, the specific application of machine learning models in the field of economics and finance undoubtedly holds significant research value. This article proposes Extreme Gradient Boosting Multi-Objective Optimization Model with Optimal Weights (OW-XGBoost) to comprehensively balance the returns and risks of investment portfolios. The model utilizes fusing label with optimal weights to achieve multi-objective tasks, effectively controlling the impact of various risk and return indicators on the model, thus improving the interpretability and generalization ability of the model. In the experiments, we tested the model using China A-share data from October 2022 to April 2023 and conducted a series of robustness tests. The results indicate that: (1) The OW-XGBoost outperforms the XGBoost Model with Yield as Label (YL-XGBoost), XGBoost Multi-Label Classification Model (MLC-XGBoost) in controlling risk or achieving returns. (2) OW-XGBoost performs better overall compared to baseline models. (3) The robustness tests demonstrate that the model performs well under different market conditions, stock pools, and training set durations. The model performs best in moderately fluctuating stock markets, stock pools comprising high market value stocks, and training set durations measured in months. The methodology and results of this study provide a new perspective and approach for fundamental quantitative investment and also create new possibilities and avenues for the integration of AI, machine learning, and financial quantitative research.
Selected aspects of monuments protection in Poland in the inter war period
Authors: Agata Mikrut-Kusy  , Krystian Sikorski
Published: March 2024

The article concerns research on the history of the conservation of architectural monuments in Poland in the interwar period. A comparison of the first post-independence resolutions covering the protection of Polish monuments shows that the content of the provisions is based on the findings and assumptions developed while the partitions were still in progress. Undoubtedly, the work of societies and conservationist groups, for the purpose of popularizing knowledge about historical objects and making the public aware of the need to undertake conservation activities, became the foundation for the organization of future conservation services.

The article presents an analysis of the process of forming Polish conservation structures in the independent state and presents the methods of work of district conservators adopted at that time. This paper pays attention to the attitude of the clergy, scientific circles and the general public to the formed concept of conservation. It should be emphasized that many of the organizational assumptions and legal regulations of the time have influenced the practice and methods of contemporary conservators today.
Perceived Causes of Vulnerable Employment among Rural Youth in Agricultural Endeavours: Insights and Recommendations
Authors: Gunashekhar H.  , Sreenivasulu M.  , Prashanth P.
Published: March 2024

In India, where over 60% of the youth reside in rural areas, agriculture remains the primary source of livelihood. However, the sector faces a critical challenge: its young workforce is increasingly migrating towards urban areas in search of better opportunities. This research, conducted across eight villages in Karnataka (India), sheds light on the complex reasons behind this exodus. Through surveys with 120 rural youths, the study uncovers a multifaceted cocktail of challenges hindering their agricultural aspirations. Precarious employment emerges as a key theme, fueled by low remuneration for their produce, restrictive credit access, inadequate storage facilities, and the overall perception of agriculture as an unprofitable endeavor. Beyond economic constraints, the research delves into social and environmental factors like limited market access, lack of technical expertise, and the unpredictability of monsoons, further compounding the vulnerabilities faced by young farmers. Recognizing these intricate challenges, the study proposes actionable recommendations. It advocates for improving access to institutional credit, ensuring remunerative minimum support prices, investing in local infrastructure like storage facilities, and facilitating timely input supply. By implementing these suggestions and fostering a more enabling environment, policymakers and stakeholders can reverse the tide of rural youth migration, revitalize the agricultural sector, and pave the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future for India's rural communities.
The Influence of Institutional Ownership and Foreign Ownership on Tax Avoidance with Audit Quality as a Moderation Variable
Authors: Susilawati Elis , Tarmidi Deden
Published: March 2024

Objective: This research was conducted with the aim of examining how institutional ownership, foreign ownership, and audit quality can influence tax avoidance practices.

Time and Place of Research: Consumer Goods Sector Manufacturing Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018-2022

Methods: This research involved a sample of 72 manufacturing companies in the consumer goods sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The object of study used is company financial data from 2018 to 2022. There are 370 pieces of data in this research population. This research selects samples by selecting data from panels so that the number of data that can be used as a sample is 125. In this research, the analysis technique used is EVIEWS 13 software.

Conclusion: Institutional ownership has a negative effect on tax avoidance, foreign ownership has a positive effect on tax avoidance, audit quality moderates institutional ownership on tax avoidance, audit quality does not moderate foreign ownership on tax avoidance.
Effect of Hairamin and Fertilizer Application on Grain Yield and Its Attributes in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties
Authors: Mohan Jag , Singh Ishwar , Behl R. K. , Sharma Pravin Kumar , Bharti Babita , Arya Ridhima , Mittan Sahil , Tomar Vikas
Published: March 2024

A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm of the Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala during Rabi season of 2021. Response of three wheat varieties to integrated nutrient management involving Hairamin (protein hydrolysate from human hair) and inorganic fertilizers (NPK) for grain yield and its attributes was studied in a field experiment. The soil was sandy loam, well-drained, alkaline (pH 7.23), low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus, and high in potassium, with an electrical conductivity of 0.89 d/Sm. Eight treatments comprising a control and seven combination application of Hairamin, Azotobecter and recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers were evaluated in three wheat varieties “DBW 222", "HD 2967" and "PBW 723” in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The T7 treatment, 75% recommended N, P, K dose throughout synthetic fertilizers and appropriate dose of  Hairamin foliar spray, exhibited highest grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. This treatment was shown to be statistically comparable to T6 (50% recommended N, P, K dose throughout synthetic fertilizers and appropriate dose of Hairamin Foliar spray). This increase in yield was reflected in higher expression of yield attribute in traits namely (ears per running meter row length, spikelets ear-1, grains ear-1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index). Therefore, use of Hairamin as bio-stimulant with reduced fertilizer doses is recommended for sustainable wheat production.
Forging new relations between states and institutions around accountability, autonomy, and the public good: The case of Virginia
Authors: Blake Peter A.
Published: October 2006

The Commonwealth of Virginia overcame an environment of each institution for itself to craft an accountability process oriented around state needs.
Define and align: Advancing the public agenda
Authors: Votruba James C.
Published: October 2006

Northern Kentucky University shapes internal and external accountability efforts around its mission to meet the needs of the region.
Accountability in the California State University system
Authors: Spence David S.
Published: October 2006

One large state university system took the initiative to establish an institutional system of accountability that simultaneously met external and internal purposes.
Pulmonale Komplikationen von Lebererkrankungen
Authors: Dollinger
Published: October 2006

Als pulmonale Komplikationen von Lebererkrankungen werden das hepatopulmonale Syndrom (HPS) und die portopulmonale Hypertonie (POPH) bezeichnet, die beide pathogenetisch auf die portale Hypertension zurückgeführt werden. Das Hauptsymptom beider Krankheitsbilder ist die Dyspnoe, mit einer Prävalenz von 5–30% ist das HPS jedoch häufiger und wird über den Nachweis einer arteriellen Hypoxämie und eines pulmonalen arterio-venösen Shuntvolumens diagnostiziert. Die mit einer Prävalenz von 2–16% seltenere POPH ist eine Ausschlussdiagnose bei gleichzeitig vorliegender portaler und pulmonaler Hypertension. Die Prognose des HPS und der POPH ist bei moderaten und schweren Verlaufsformen erheblich eingeschränkt, als einzig kurative Behandlungsform steht derzeit nur die Lebertransplantation zur Verfügung, die aber insbesondere bei der POPH auch mit einer hohen perioperativen Mortalität belastet ist.
Two-color visible/vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron imaging dynamics of Br2
Authors: Plenge Jürgen , Nicolas Christophe , Caster Allison G. , Ahmed Musahid , Leone Stephen R.
Published: October 2006

An experimental two-color photoionization dynamics study of laser-excited Br2 molecules is presented, combining pulsed visible laser excitation and tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation with photoelectron imaging. The XΣg+1–BΠ0+u3 transition in Br2 is excited at 527nm corresponding predominantly to excitation of the v′=28 vibrational level in the BΠ0+u3 state. Tunable VUV undulator radiation in the energy range of 8.40–10.15eV is subsequently used to ionize the excited molecules to the XΠ3∕2,1∕22 state of the ion, and the ionic ground state is probed by photoelectron imaging. Similar experiments are performed using single-photon synchrotron ionization in the photon energy range of 10.75–12.50eV without any laser excitation. Photoelectron kinetic energy distributions are extracted from the photoelectron images. In the case of two-color photoionization using resonant excitation of the intermediate BΠ0+u3 state, a broad distribution of photoelectron kinetic energies is observed, and in some cases even a bimodal distribution, which depends on the VUV photon energy. In contrast, for single-photon ionization, a single nearly Gaussian-shaped distribution is observed, which shifts to higher energy with photon energy. Simulated spectra based on Franck-Condon factors for the transitions Br2(XΣg+1,v″=0)–Br2+(XΠ1∕2,3∕22,v+) and Br2(BΠ0+u3,v′=28)–Br2+(XΠ1∕2,3∕22,v+) are generated. Comparison of these calculated spectra with the measured images suggests that the differences in the kinetic energy distributions for the two ionization processes reflect the different extensions of the vibrational wave functions in the v″=0 electronic ground state (XΣg+1) versus the electronically and vibrationally excited state (BΠ0+u3,v′=28).
Construction and calibration of an instrument for three-dimensional ion imaging
Authors: Koszinowski Konrad , Goldberg Noah T. , Pomerantz Andrew E. , Zare Richard N.
Published: October 2006

We describe a new instrument based on a delay-line detector for imaging the complete three-dimensional velocity distribution of photoionized products from photoinitiated reactions. Doppler-free [2+1] resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of H and D atoms formed upon photolysis of HBr and DBr in the range 203nm⩽λphotolysis⩽243nm yields radial speeds measured to be accurate within 1% of those calculated. The relative speed resolution is about 5% and limited by photoionization recoil broadening. A relative speed resolution of 3.4% is obtained for [3+1] REMPI, which minimizes the ionization recoil. We also determine the branching ratio between ground-state and spin-orbit-excited product channels and their associated anisotropies. We find that DBr photolysis dynamics differs slightly from its HBr counterpart.
CORRELATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN WITH METABOLIC PARAMETERS—III*
Authors: Talwar G. P. , Chopra S. P. , Goel B. K. , D'Monte B.
Published: October 2006

1. The residual protein content per unit DNA of the tissue rises markedly in occipital cortex, cerebral cortex, tectum and hippocampus of the developing rabbits in days following the opening of the eyes. The change is much less marked in cerebellar cortex during this period.

2. Prior blinding of the animals diminishes significantly the rise in proteins of the occipital cortex. The effect of blinding on the expected rise in proteins of other areas is not significant.

3. Exposure of adult animals to light stimulates the incorporation of dl‐[1‐14C]‐ valine and [U‐14C]glucose into proteins of the occipital cortex as compared to animals kept in the dark room.
INCORPORATION OF RADIOACTIVE GLUCOSAMINE INTO MACROMOLECULES AT NERVE ENDINGS1
Authors: Barondes S. H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Mice were injected intracerebrally with [14C]glucosamine, and incorporation into macromolecules in various subcellular fractions of brain was studied at a number of times after administration of the precursor. The [14C]glucosamine was rapidly incorporated into macromolecules of all the subcellular fractions of brain including both the soluble and particulate fractions of isolated nerve endings. Incorporation into macromolecules in the soluble fraction of nerve endings was quite extensive 3 hr after administration of the precursor and the specific acitvity of this fraction fell thereafter. In contrast there was only slight incorporation of [14C] leucine into the soluble protein from isolated nerve endings in the first few hours after administration, whereas the other subcellular fractions were maximally labelled at that time. The data suggests that, unlike protein which is largely transported to nerve endings in the axoplasm, there is extensive incorporation of carbohydrate into macromolecules in nerve endings. Whereas the protein component of a glycoprotein or mucopolysaccharide may be transported to the nerve ending from the perikaryon, the structure and function of this protein may be modified at the nerve ending by further incorporation of glucosamine, sialic acid and possibly other carbohydrates. The carbohydrate‐containing macromolecules could influence nerve ending function immediately after these final synthetic reactions since these reactions occur at the nerve ending and not in the perikaryon.
COMPONENTS OF FAST AND SLOW PHASES OF AXOPLASMIC FLOW1
Authors: Kidwai A. M. , Ochs S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Cat ventral roots removed at times from hours to days after injection of [3H]leucine into the seventh lumbar and first sacral spinal cord segments were homogenized and subjected to sub‐cellular fractionation. The soluble fraction was further analysed for protein content by column chromatography with Sephadex. The fast phase of axoplasmic flow carries down labelled free leucine, polypeptide, and soluble protein. The slow phase of axoplasmic flow carries down labelled soluble protein. The sub‐cellular components were labelled with the small particulate fraction showing a higher specific activity than the other sub‐cellular fractions.
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND HIGH POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS ON THE EFFLUX OF [3H] γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID FROM BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Srinivasan Vasanta , Neal M. J. , Mitchell J. F.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Brain slices were incubated with [3H]GABA in a medium containing aminooxyacetic acid to prevent metabolism of [3H]GABA by GABA‐glutamate transaminase. The slices, which rapidly accumulated radioactivity, were then continuously perfused and the efflux of [3H]GABA from the tissue was measured. The spontaneous efflux of [3H]GABA consisted of an initial rapid phase followed by a much slower release of [3[H]GABA. After 40 min perfusion 90 per cent of the radioactivity remained in the tissue.

The slices were depolarized by electrical stimulation or by perfusion with a medium containing a high potassium concentration (40 mM). These procedures caused a striking increase in the efflux of [3H]GABA. The increased efflux produced by potassium, but not that produced by electrical stimulation, was dependent on calcium ions in the medium. The effect of electrical stimulation on [3H]GABA release was considerably reduced by a raised concentration (10 mM) of magnesium in the medium.

High potassium concentrations and electrical stimulation did not cause an increase in the efflux of [14C]urea, L‐[3H]leucine or [14C]α‐amino‐isobutyric acid from brain slices. These results are consistent with the suggestion that GABA may be an inhibitory transmitter in the cerebral cortex.
EFFECT OF INSULIN ON THE INCORPORATION OF 14C OF RADIOACTIVE GLUCOSE INTO GLYCOGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN CEREBRAL CORTICAL SLICES
Authors: Visweswaran P. , Prasannan K. G. , Subrahmanyam K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Slices from the cerebral cortices of normal and alloxan‐diabetic rats were incubated with [U‐24C]glucose. When insulin was added to the incubation medium the incorporation of 14C into glycogen was significantly increased in both groups. Insulin did not appear to have any significant effect on the incorporation of 14C into carbon dioxide.
AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN THE OPTIC NERVE AND TRACT OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Sjöstrand J. , Karlsson J.‐O.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

The axonal transport of labelled proteins was studied in the optic system of adult rabbits after an intraocular injection of [3H]Ieucine. It was demonstrated that the precursor was incorporated into protein, which was transported along the axons of the retinal ganglion cells.

Intraocularly injected puromycin inhibited protein synthesis in the retina and markedly inhibited the appearance of labelled protein in the optic nerve and tract. It was further demonstrated by intracisternal injection of [3H]leucine that an intraocular injection of puromycin did not affect the local protein synthesis in the optic nerve and tract.

Cell fractionation studies of the optic nerve and tract showed that the rapidly migrating component, previously described as moving at an average rate of 110‐150 mm/day, was largely associated with the microsomal fraction. About 40 per cent of the total protein‐bound radioactivity in this component was found in the microsomal fraction and about 15 per cent was recovered in the soluble protein fraction. Most of the labelled material moving at a rate of 1‐5‐2 mm/day was soluble protein. The specific radioactivity of this component was about ten times greater than that of the fast one. In the slow component about 50 per cent of the radioactivity was found in the soluble protein fraction and about 10 per cent of the radioactivity was recovered in the microsomal fraction.

Radioautography demonstrated incorporated label in the neuropil structures in the lateral geniculate body as early as 4‐8 hr after intraocular injection. The labelling of the neuropil increased markedly during the first week, and could be observed after 3 weeks.
IDENTIFICATION OF A PROTEIN FRACTION IN THE OCCIPITAL CORTEX OF THE MONKEY RAPIDLY LABELLED DURING THE EXPOSURE OF THE ANIMAL TO RHYTHMICALLY FLICKERING LIGHT
Authors: Singh U. B. , Talwar G. P.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Monkeys exposed to a rhythmically flickering light (flicker frequency 7/sec, intensity 1614 lumens/m2) show a higher incorporation of intracisternally administered l‐(U‐3H)‐lysine into proteins of the visual cortex as compared to monkeys kept in darkness. An increase in specific radioactivity is noticed in both the soluble and particulate (including membrane linked) proteins.

The 105,000 g supernatant proteins from the visual cortex have been fractionated on DEAE‐cellulose columns followed by resolution of each fraction on polyacrylamide gels. The results suggest that there is a group of acidic low molecular weight proteins whose synthesis is significantly stimulated during the exposure of the animal to flickering light. The fractions give immunological cross‐reaction with anti S‐100 Serum.
THE ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHATIDYL INOSITOL BY GUINEA PIG BRAIN:
Authors: Friedel R. O. , Brown J. D. , Durell J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Phosphatidylinositol hydrolase activity of homogenates of guinea pig brain was studied by using [2‐3H]inositol labelled substrate and measuring the release of radioactivity into the acid soluble fraction.

Inositol phosphate and diglyceride were found to be the main hydrolysis products. The principal enzyme involved, therefore, is a phosphatidylinositol inositolphosphohydrolase.

Most of the enzymic activity (61 per cent) was found in the soluble fraction. Osmotic shock of the high speed particulate fraction resulted in release of an additional 23 1 per cent into the soluble fraction. However, as contrasted to lactate dehydrogenase, significant activity remained particulate bound.
PROTEIN METABOLISM IN GOLDFISH BRAIN1
Authors: Lim R. , Agranoff B. W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Protein metabolism of goldfish brain was studied in vivo by means of intraperitoneal or intracranial injections of [3H]leucine and compared with concomitant studies in the mouse. Heterogeneity of turnover values was observed. Long turnover times were seen relative to other organs examined. The free amino acid pools of goldfish brain were determined, and the fate of tritium from labelled leucine was followed at various times after injection.

Following ‘chasing’ with large amounts of unlabelled leucine or protein inhibitors shortly after isotope injection, further incorporation was arrested, but examination of the labelled protein over a period of 2 weeks indicated a slow decay, similar to that seen without ‘chasing’.

Possible use of ‘pulse‐chase’ experiments in vivo in animals is discussed in relation to behavioural studies.
ROTATORY DISPERSION AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF BRAIN ‘PROTEOLIPID’ PROTEIN1
Authors: Sherman Gwendolyn , Folch‐Pi J
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The proteolipid and its partially delipidated protein from brain tissue have been studied by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism in various solvents. The protein exhibits a helix content of 60–70 per cent in chloroform‐methanol and 2‐chloroethanol and is dextrorotatory in the visible region. In 1,1,1‐trinuoroethanol, a higher helix content of 90 per cent is observed but the protein is laevorotatory. The helix content decreases in water and methanol with a much greater negative specific rotation in methanol. No random coil form has been observed.
MICROASSAY OF ADENOSINE‐3′,5′‐MONOPHOSPHATE (CYCLIC AMP) IN BRAIN AND OTHER TISSUES BY THE LUCIFERIN‐LUCIFERASE SYSTEM1
Authors: Ebadi M. S , Weiss B , Costa E
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A simple, sensitive and specific method for assaying cyclic AMP in various tissues is reported. Cyclic AMP was isolated from contaminating nucleotides and was converted to ATP with a phosphodiesterase‐myokinase‐pyruvate kinase system. The ATP was determined enzymically in a liquid scintillation counter by the firefly luciferin‐luciferase technique. This procedure was capable of detecting as little as 5 × 10−14 mol of cyclic AMP and could therefore be used for analyses on less than 1 mg of brain. The assay was reproducible and linear over a wide range of tissue concentrations.

In the rat, the highest levels of cyclic AMP (2.7–4.2 pmol/mg wet wt. of tissue) were present in the pineal, heart, pituitary, thyroid, cerebellar cortex, kidney, adrenal, liver and pyloric region of the stomach; intermediate levels (1.5–2.7 pmol/mg wet wt. of tissue) were found in testis, skin, aorta, intestine, submaxillary gland, spleen, muscle and cerebral cortex, moderately low levels (1.0–1.5 pmol/mg wet wt. of tissue) were found in lung, trachea and greater curvature of the stomach; whereas low levels (0.15–0.60 pmol/mg wet wt. of tissue) were found in adipose tissue.
STUDIES ON AMINO ACID LEVELS AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN THE BRAINS OF GALACTOSE‐INTOXICATED CHICKS1
Authors: Blosser J. C. , Wells W. W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Levels of free amino acids, profiles of polyribosomes, and rates of protein synthesis and degradation were examined in the brains of chicks fed toxic levels of galactose. The content of a number of amino acids were altered; alanine and leucine were most strikingly depressed, whereas levels of aspartate were elevated. Polyribosomal profiles were unaltered. There appeared to be no detrimental effect on protein synthesis as judged by in vivo incorporation of L‐[U‐14C]leucine and L‐[guanidino‐14C]arginine. Likewise, the half‐lives of proteins, measured by the loss of L‐[guanidino‐14C]arginine, were similar in experimental and control groups. In contrast, initial rates of incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into glycoproteins were enhanced. The effect was greatest in the microsomal fraction and typically 50 per cent greater than controls. Levels of free glucosamine and protein‐bound hexosamine were essentially unaltered in the galactose‐fed chicks.
BRAIN DOPAMINE‐β‐HYDROXYLASE: REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTS OF LESIONS AND 6‐HYDROXY‐DOPAMINE ON ACTIVITY
Authors: Reis D. J. , Molinoff P. B.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A modification of a specific and sensitive radioassay was used to measure dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) (EC 1.14.2.1) in various regions of the rat CNS. Highest activity was found in the hypothalamus. Relative to activity in the hypothalamus (= 100 per cent), activity in brainstem was 80 per cent, in sensory motor cortex 55 per cent, in caudate nucleus 32 per cent, and in cervical spinal cord 30 per cent. Two to three weeks after a unilateral electrolytic lesion of the lateral hypothalamus, activity of DBH in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex fell to 17 per cent of control values without changes in activity ipsi‐ or contra‐laterally in the brainstem. Thalamic lesions did not affect DBH activity. In cerebral cortex contralateral to the hypothalamic lesion, enzymic activity rose 30 per cent. After intracisternal administration of 6‐hydroxy‐dopamine (6‐OH‐DA), cortical DBH activity fell to 20 per cent of control values. Reserpine (3 mg/kg subcutaneously for 3 days) did not increase the activity of DBH in brain regions but did increase the activity of DBH in adrenal gland 200 per cent. Our results suggest that: (a) DBH is widely distributed in neurons in CNS with a regional pattern of activities that appears to parallel the Jevels of norepinephrine; (b) DBH activity in the cerebral cortex depends on the integrity of structures (e.g. medial forebrain bundle) in lateral hypothalamus; (c) DBH in brain areas lacking cell bodies of nore‐ pinephrine‐neurons (e.g. cerebral cortex) is contained in norepinephrine‐containing axon terminals and (d) the activity of DBH in brain is not increased by reserpine under conditions that provoke marked increase of DBH activity in the adrenal gland.
LOCALIZATION, SOLUBILIZATION AND PROPERTIES GANGLIOSIDE TRANSFERASES IN RAT BRAIN OF N‐ACETYLGALACTOSAMINYL AND GALACTOSYL GANGLIOSIDE TRANSFERASES IN RAT BRAIN
Authors: DiCesare J. L. , Dain J. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The subcellular distributions of UDP‐N‐acetylgalactosamine: GM3 N‐acetyl‐galactosaminyl transferase and UDP‐galactose: GM2 galactosyl transferase, two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of gangliosides, were determined in the 7‐day‐old rat brain by means of synaptosomal fractionation techniques. The enzymes were located on the synaptic membranes and appeared to be closely associated with gangliosides and acetylcholinesterase. Solubilization of the transferase enzymes from the microsomal particles was achieved and differed from the solubilization of acetylcholinesterase and of the total membrane protein. Competition studies suggest that the N‐acetylgalactosaminyl transferase involved in the formation of GM2 from GM3 is different from the N‐acetylgalactosaminyl transferase involved in the formation of GalNAoGal‐Glc‐ceramide from Gal‐Glc‐ceramide, whereas in contrast, both the formation of GM1 from GM2 and of Gal‐GalNAc‐Gal‐Glcceramide from GalNAc‐Gal‐Glc‐ceramide appear to be catalysed by the same galactosyl transferase.
ADENOSINE 3′,5′‐MONOPHOSPHATE IN GUINEA PIG CEREBRAL CORTICAL SLICES: EFFECTS OF α‐ AND β‐ADRENERGIC AGENTS, HISTAMINE, SEROTONIN AND ADENOSINE
Authors: Schultz J. , Daly J. W.
Published: October 2006

—Norepinephrine and epinephrine, in combination with either adenosine or histamine, enhanced the accumulation of cyclic AMP in guinea pig cerebral cortical slices. Isoproterenol had only marginal effects under the same conditions. Studies with d‐ and l‐norepinephrine and with the α‐ and β‐adrenergic blocking agents, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, dihydroergokryptamine, propranolol and sotalol, indicated that the effect of catecholamines on cyclic AMP levels in this tissue was stereo‐specific and was mediated primarily via interaction with a classical α‐adrenergic receptor. Studies with the antihistaminics, diphenhydramine and pheniramine, and the antiserotonin agent, methysergide, indicated that guinea pig cerebral cortical slices contain receptors for histamine and serotonin, whose activation also stimulates an enhanced accumulation of cyclic AMP in the presence of adenosine.
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONS FOR THE INHIBITION OF 5‐HT UPTAKE INTO RAT HYPOTHALAMIC HOMOGENATES BY SEROTONIN AND TRYPTAMINE ANALOGUES
Authors: Horn A. S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Various 5‐HT and tryptamine analogues have been examined as inhibitors of [3H]5‐HT uptake into rat hypothalamic homogenates. Acetylation of the terminal amino group or methylation of the hydroxyl group of 5‐HT resulted in compounds having a reduced affinity for the serotonin uptake site. This also occurred when the hydroxyl group of 5‐HT was substituted in other positions on the benzene ring. Substitution of the tryptamine side chain in the a‐position by methyl or ethyl groups, but not by a carboxyl function, enhanced the affinity for the 5‐HT uptake site. Increasing the tryptamine side chain by one carbon atom also resulted in a more potent compound. Several of the compounds tested are known to be either hallucinogens or antidepressants.