bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternative income sources when profits are falling
Authors: Gransby James
Published: January 2017

With GP profits under pressure, James Gransby has some advice for practice managers needing to pursue new ideas on how to maximise income for their practice
Shaping future primary care services
Authors: Prosser Linda , Muirhead Marina
Published: January 2017

Linda Prosser and Marina Muirhead look at the introduction of NHS England's Sustainability and Transformation Plans, and examine some of the factors vital for the success of the General Practice Forward View
The head and the heart
Authors: Moffat Polly
Published: January 2017

Advice on diet and lifestyle to improve patients' future health prospects is vital – but what if that advice comes from an overweight GP?
A financial game plan for 2017
Authors: Taylor Keith
Published: January 2017

Less income and increased costs means that practices are having to cut back on services, putting pressure on their ability to maintain profits. So how does a practice manager ensure their practice survives the coming year?
Teaching practice: Explanations
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: January 2017

In the first of a new series of articles, due to run over the next two terms, Matt Bromley will be dissecting, explaining and offering advice and tips on key aspects of teaching practice. He begins by looking at explanations and modelling
Mortality rates in pediatric septic shock
Authors: Rusmawatiningtyas Desy , Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih
Published: January 2017

Background Septic shock remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children admitted to the intensive care unit. Recent investigations from developed countries have reported mortality rates of 20-30%. Few studies have reported mortality rates from pediatric septic shock in intensive care settings in developing countries with limited resources.  Objective  To determine the current mortality rates for pediatric patients with septic shock in a developing country.Methods A retrospective study was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at DR. Sardjito General Hospital. Medical records and charts were reviewed and recorded for diagnoses of septic shock, from November 1st, 2011 to June 30th, 2014. Results  A database of all PICU admissions was assembled, and cases with diagnoses of septic shock were reviewed. The final data consisted of 136 patients diagnosed with septic shock. Septic shock was defined as a clinical suspicion of sepsis, manifested by hyperthermia or hypothermia, and accompanied by hypoperfusion  The overall mortality rate for the study cohort was 88.2%.  The median age of patients was 16 months, with 52.2% males. Median initial PRISM III and PELOD scores were 10 and 22, respectively. The median length of PICU stay was 4 days. A total of 48.5% of the subjects were in need of crystalloid and colloid fluid at a median amount of 40 mL/kg. The median time required to complete the initial resuscitation was 60 minutes. Mechanical ventilator support in the first 24 hours was required in 79.4% of the cases. Fluid overload of > 10% (FO>10%) was found in 58.8% of the subjects.Conclusion The mortality rate in pediatric septic shock in our hospital is very high. There is a higher incidence of fluid overload in the non-survival group .
Comparison of serum aminotranferases in overweight and obese children
Authors: Shanti Ayu Shintia , Sidiartha I Gusti Lanang
Published: January 2017

Background Obesity has become a global issue. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a metabolic complication of obesity, and indicated by elevated serum aminotransferases.Objective To compare serum aminotransferase levels in overweight and obese children.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2015. A total of 82 subjects aged 6-10 years met the study criteria. Blood specimens and data concerning lifestyle and family history using questionnaires were collected. Subjects were divided into three groups based on BMI: overweight, obese, and severely obese. Comparisons of serum aminotransferase levels were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc tests, with P values < 0.05.Results The median serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in overweight, obese, and severely obese subjects were 14 (IQR 6-42) U/L, 15 (IQR 11-44) U/L, and 23 (IQR 9-59) U/L, respectively (P=0.031). The median serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in overweight, obese, and severely obese subjects were 22 (IQR 17-36) U/L, 22 (IQR 16-32) U/L, and 24 (IQR 15-41) U/L, respectively (P=0.049). Post hoc analysis revealed that median serum ALT levels were significantly higher in the severely obese group than in the overweight group [-8.982 (95% CI -14.77 to -3.20; P=0.003)], as well as in the obese group [-5.297 (95% CI -10.58 to -0.02; P=0.049)]. In addition, the median serum AST level was significantly higher in the severely obese group than in the obese group [-2.667(95% CI -5.27 to -0.07; P= 0.044)].Conclusion Median serum ALT and AST levels are significantly higher in severely obese children than in obese and overweight children.
Eradikasi Polio
Authors: Satari Hindra Irawan , Ibbibah Laila Fitri , Utoro Sidik
Published: January 2017

Poliomielitis atau yang lebih dikenal dengan polio merupakan penyakit menular yang dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan dan atrofi otot yang ireversibel, bahkan kematian pada anak. Sejak dilaporkan kejadian luar biasa (KLB) terjadi di Eropa pada abad ke-19, angka kejadian polio terus meningkat hingga menjadi andemi pada awal abad ke-20. Saat ini, gerakan inisiatif global yang dibentuk oleh WHO telah berhasil menurunkan angka insidensi polio sampai 80%, berkat pemberian vaksin yang didukung oleh program pemerintah dan sistem pengawasan yang baik. Namun, muncul masalah terkait pemberian vaksin, oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), yaitu circulating vaccine derived polio viruses (cVDPVs) dan vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Untuk itu, American Academy of Pediatrics merekomendasikan pemberian inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) sebagai pengganti OPV. Rekomendasi tersebut tidak efektif apabila diterapkan di negara berkembang yang masih banyak terdapat infeksi polio liar, seperti Indonesia, karena perlindungan IPV tidak cukup kuat, tidak dapat menimbulkan herd immunity, dan harganya jauh lebih mahal. Pemberian OPV masih menjadi pilihan, dengan rekomendasi terbaru dari WHO yang mempertimbangkan pemberian bivalent (bOPV) karena trivalent (tOPV) dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian cVDPV akibat virus polio tipe-2 (VP2). Upaya eradikasi polio ditunjang Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)melalui Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan dengan target bebas polio pada tahun 2018.
Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation with Alumina: a case report
Authors: Alves Ricardo Holanda , Venâncio Gisely Naura , Meira Joyce de Figueiredo , Toda Carina , Conde Nikeila Chacon de Oliveira , Bandeira Maria Fulgência Costa Lima
Published: January 2017

All-ceramic restoration of anterior teeth is a challenging clinical situation for which a variety of all-ceramic systems are available. The aim of this study is to present a case report of the construction of two single-unit metal-free fixed prostheses in anterior teeth. A 30-year-old male patient came to the Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, concerned about his teeth. Elements 11 and 12 were endodontically retreated and fiberglass intracanal retainer posts were inserted. Dental crowns were prepared using the silhouette technique. The crowns were cemented with resin cement. The patient was very satisfied with his new smile and the aesthetic rehabilitation of the anterior teeth provided by the treatment.Keywords: Aesthetics; Oral rehabilitation; Dental porcelain.
Profile of special needs patients assisted in a dental project
Authors: Faker Khawana , Di Lanaro Nattalia , Paula Viviane Andrade Cancio , Tostes Mônica Almeida
Published: January 2017

Objective: The aim of this paper was to outline the profile of patients with special needs who sought treatment at School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense (FO-UFF). Material and Methods: We evaluated the charts of 17 patients who sought care during the survey period. The variables were gender, age, reason for consultation, continuous use of psychotropic drugs, socioeconomic status, consumption of sugar, toothbrushing frequency, dental occlusion dental care and length of treatment. All patients were treated by two undergraduate students linked to the project under supervision. Results: The mean age of the patients was 9.65 years old and males were the most prevalent (52.94%). Individuals with mental retardation and Down´s syndrome were the predominant group seeking dental care (35,3%) and pain was cited as the main reason (58,82%). The average dmft 0.9 (±1,4) and DMFT was 3.29 (±7,07) among patients and restorative treatment was provided for 25% of the patients. Conclusions: In conclusion the greatest demand was for curative and not preventive procedures and that the prevalence of caries is high in this group of patients.Keywords: Dental caries; DMFT index; Intellectual disability.
The correlation between malocclusions and morphofunctional aspects: analysis of patients aged from 7 to 12 years old
Authors: Da Silva Regiane Almeida , Jóias Renato Morales , Josgrilberg Erika , Rode Sigmar de Mello , Paranhos Luiz Renato , Joias Renata Pilli
Published: January 2017

Objective: To classify the malocclusions and their occlusal and morphofunctional aspects in order to establish possible correlations. Material and Methods: The present observational and analytical study was performed within 432 dental records of patients. The patients were aged between 7 and 12 years old (228 males and 204 females) from an Educational Institute in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data regarding the malocclusions and the related associations underwent parametric statistical tests for quantitative and qualitative analysis (ANOVA, Tukey test and Chi-square) considering the significance level at 5%. Results: Most of the patients had permanent dentition (58.6%), followed by mixed dentition. Angle’s Class II malocclusion was the most prevalent (67.2%), followed by Class I and III. Overbite and anterior open bite represented, respectively, 47% and 7.2% of the vertical discrepancies. The average overbite was 3.08mm, while the average overjet was 4.67mm. Approximately 43,1% of the sample presented moth breathing. Atypical swallowing reached 78.7% of the patients. Statistically significant correlations were observed associating Angle’s Class III malocclusion with anterior cross bite and bilateral posterior cross bite; as well as between Angle’s Class II with overbite, and Angle’s Class I with overbite and atypical swallowing. A correlation was observed between atypical swallowing; the use of pacifiers; and predominant mouth breathing (p<0.001). Conclusion: An important correlation was found between the type of malocclusions and the morphofunctional aspects of occlusion in patients aged from 7 to 12 years old, indicating the need for immediate intervention once the diagnosis is established. Keywords: Applications of epidemiology, Malocclusion, Child.
Effect of chlorhexidine, green tea and egcg as therapeutic primers to increase the durability of resin-dentin bond
Authors: Barcellos Daphne Camara , Fonseca Beatriz Maria , Bresciani Eduardo , Pucci Cesar Rogerio , Araujo Maria Amelia Maximo de
Published: January 2017

Objective - This study evaluated the effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (CHX), green tea and active epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) used as therapeutic primers on the long-term bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesive to dentin. Material and Methods - Eighty bovine incisors were worn to expose an area of dentin, that were acid-etched (37% phosphoric acid) and rinsed.  The teeth were divided into 4 groups (n = 20): Group C (Control) - Single Bond; Group CHX - 0.2% CHX for 30s + Single Bond;  Group EGCG - active EGCG gel at 10 µM for 30 s + Single Bond;  Group GT - aqueous green tea for 30s + Single Bond. Blocks of composite were fabricated and stored for 24 h or 6  months, sectioned into beams  and  submitted  to  microtensile  tests. Results  were  analyzed  by  two-way  ANOVA  and Tukey’s test (5%).  Results - Mean (±SD) values (in MPa) were as follow: CHX (24 h) – 41.76 (±2.62); C (24 h) - 40.81 (±3.35); GT (24 h): 37.38(2.98); CHX (6 months) - 36.04 (±3.52); EGCG (24h) - 35.91 (±4.82); EGCG (6 months) - 35.75 (±4.44); GT (6 months) - 31.95 (±3.40); C (6 months): 30.05 (±1.54). Conclusion - EGCG produced resin-dentin bonds that did not change after 6 months water storage but it decreased the immediate bond strength when compared to control and chlorhexidine groups.Keywords: Tensile bond strength; Dentin; Total-etch adhesives; Chlorhexidine gluconate; Green tea.
Technology in favor of education
Authors: De Oliveira Matheus Lima
Published: January 2017

.
'O Estranho caso de Angélica': afinidade entre Fantástico e Documental
Authors: Benis Rita
Published: January 2017

Em 2010, Manoel de Oliveira filma "O Estranho Caso de Angélica", projeto datado do início dos anos cinquenta. Nele, o confronto entre o lado mais documental (as sequências onde o protagonista, Isaac, fotografa os trabalhadores da vinha) e as sequências fantásticas (os episódios com o fantasma de Angélica) parece indiciar uma afinidade. Aquela "sombra de semelhança" de que Petrarca falava ao seu amigo Giovanni Boccaccio: "(…) aquele que imita deve proceder de maneira que [o que faça] seja semelhante mas não igual, e que a semelhança não seja a que há entre o original e a cópia, que quanto mais semelhante mais é louvável, mas a que deve haver entre pai e filho, entre os quais, ainda que se dê muita diferença no aspecto, há, contudo, como que uma sombra de semelhança a que os pintores chamam 'aire' (…)" (apud Rodrigues 2003: 5).Um "ar de família" como correlação viva que vem ao nosso encontro e que é sentida como compreensão imediata (não sendo uma evidência definível). No filme, o arrepio que nos chega através da aparição de Angélica parece anunciar algo que ultrapassa essa mesma visão: a eminência do desaparecimento dos trabalhadores da vinha e dos seus gestos, uma perda de ligação entre Homem e Natureza. A afinidade presente – Angélica/cavadores - espelha-se na imensa melancolia de Isaac, a única personagem aparentemente capaz de percepcionar a paisagem, o "aire" que esta relação evoca. Todo o filme é atravessado pelo vislumbre desse indefinível parentesco, pela porosidade decorrida entre mundo sensível e mundo espectral, o permanente entrelaçar de visibilidades/invisibilidades que nos possibilitam o acesso a esse outro espaço-tempo cinematográfico, mais percetível que visível, em que, segundo Manoel de Oliveira, o fantasma da realidade física se revela "mais real, contudo, que a realidade em si mesma" (Baecque e Parsi 1999: 81).
Em presença da história técnica do cinema
Authors: Monassa Tatiana
Published: January 2017

Comentário crítico da exposição "De Méliès à la 3D. La machine cinéma" na Cinemateca francesa. Apresenta-se uma contextualização dos estudos sobre a técnica e as máquinas cinematográficas e percorre-se de forma analítica os diferentes aspectos da exposição.
Organic Lead Toxicology
Authors: Patočka Jiří
Published: January 2017

Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied occupational and environmental poison. Despite intensive study, there is still debate about the toxic effects of lead, both from low-level exposure in the general population owing to environmental pollution and historic use of lead in paint and plumbing and from exposure in the occupational setting. Significant position have organic lead compounds used more than 60 years as antiknock additives in gasoline. Chemical and toxicological characteristics of main tetraalkyl leads used as gasoline additives are discussed in this article. The majority of industries historically associated with high lead exposure have made dramatic advances in their control of occupational exposure. However, cases of unacceptably high exposure and even of frank lead poisoning are still seen, predominantly in the demolition and tank cleaning industries. Nevertheless, in most industries blood lead levels have declined below levels at which signs or symptoms are seen and the current focus of attention is on the subclinical effects of exposure. The significance of some of these effects for the overt health of the workers is often the subject of debate. Inevitably there is pressure to reduce lead exposure in the general population and in working environments, because current studies show that no level of lead exposure appears to be a ‘safe’ and even the current ‘low’ levels of exposure, especially in children, are associated with neurodevelopmental deficits.
Discussions on Correction of Goodman Jack Test
Authors: Hou R. , Zhang K. , Sun K. , Gamage R. P.
Published: January 2017

The Goodman jack is widely used to measure the deformation modulus of rock in the field. Although some corrections have been proposed for the jack in the research literature, the accuracy of the test remains unsatisfactory, and the results of the Goodman jack test are lower than the actual values. Based on the corrections proposed in the literature, we reported on two factors which may lead to a lower value of the Goodman jack test: one was the non-full rock/platen contact when the borehole is under- or over-sized (relative to the standard borehole with a diameter of 76.2 mm), and the other was the upper limitation on the applied hydraulic pressure. First, a numerical simulation was carried out to investigate the impact of the borehole diameter on the rock/platen contact and the calculated rock modulus. The results showed that when there is a deviation of 0.6 mm in the borehole diameter, the calculated rock modulus may be 2 to 5 times lower. Based on the results of numerical simulation, a borehole diameter-related correction is proposed for the tests in under- or over-sized boreholes. Second, to ensure that the rock responds elastically during the test, we analyzed the stress around the borehole, and based on the Mohr-Coulomb and tensile failure criteria, deduced the upper limitation for the applied hydraulic pressure. The results of a case study in a coal mine suggest that the pressure limitation is controlled by the initial stress in the field and the rock strength, and influenced significantly by the loading direction of the jack. Finally, based on the observations in the present research, a new procedure is suggested for the Goodman jack test, which may be helpful in improving the accuracy of in situ testing.
Estimation of Elastic Modulus of Rock Using Modified Point-Load Test
Authors: Zhao T. , Fang K. , Wang L. , Zou J. , Wei M.
Published: January 2017

An alternative method for determining the elastic modulus of sandstone using a point-load test (PLT) is presented. The PLT was modified to obtain the relationship curve between the test load and the displacement of the load platen. A model is modified to establish the relationship between the elastic modulus and the slope of the linear portion of the curve. Several types of sandstone specimens with different sizes were used in the tests conducted to examine the validity of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method in the present study is in good agreement with the standard test method for the elastic modulus. In addition, the adaptability of the method for irregular rock specimen was also discussed.
Literature Survey and Experimental Study on the Direct Tension Test on Rocks
Authors: Hashiba K. , Okada T. , Tani K. , Shirasagi S. , Hayano K. , Nakamura T. , Oikawa Y. , Ono M. , Shimamoto K. , Yamada S. , Wakabayashi N. , Namikawa T. , Nishikane Y.
Published: January 2017

Direct tension tests are indispensable for obtaining an accurate understanding of the deformation and failure characteristics of rocks in tension. For this technical note, the authors collected original papers published in international journals and surveyed the previously reported methods and results of direct tension tests on rocks. Some important factors affecting the strength and stress–strain curve are discussed, such as the shape, size, anisotropy, and water content of the specimen; the loading rate; and the confining pressure. The relationship between the results of the direct tension tests and those of other tests also is discussed. Although various types of testing apparatuses have been adopted in direct tension tests on rocks, the dependence of test results on the apparatuses has not been investigated. In this study, direct tension tests were conducted using various testing apparatuses in seven laboratories. The results of the direct tension tests showed that direct tensile strengths were not dependent on the type of test apparatus used or whether a flexible linkage system was used. The results of the tuff in this study showed that the coefficient of variation of the direct tensile strengths is smaller than that of the Brazilian tensile strengths. Moreover, the results revealed that the coefficient of variation of the direct tensile strengths is comparable to that of the uniaxial compressive strengths of the tuff. The authors noted that to obtain the stress–strain curve from the pre-failure region to the post-failure region, it is necessary to conduct a test with a high-stiffness machine and without a flexible linkage system. This technical note summarized the results of the standardization activity by the authors in the Japanese Geotechnical Society.
Fully Automated Active Contour Model Based Approach for Segmentation of Common Carotid Artery Using Ultrasound Images
Authors: Tauseef H. , Fahiem M. A. , Farhan S.
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we have proposed an automated approach to segment common carotid artery from longitudinal carotid B-mode ultrasound images and calculate the carotid intima media thickness. The proposed approach extracts the contours in the ultrasound images using gradient vector flow snakes with an improved snake initialization process. The seed points for this improved snake initialization process are extracted using selected edges returned by the candidate line-selection algorithm. Intima media thickness is calculated from the extracted contours. The proposed approach is tested and clinically validated on a data set of 100 longitudinal ultrasound images of the carotid artery. There is no significant difference between intima media thickness measurements obtained using the proposed approach and the manual measurements. The intra-observer error of 0.088, a coefficient of variation of 12.99 %, Bland–Altman plots with small differences between experts (0.01 and 0.03 for Expert1 and Expert2, respectively) and figure of merit of 98.5 % are obtained. The proposed approach can be used successfully for carotid intima media thickness measurement, which can further be used for risk estimation of cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke. The proposed approach makes the segmentation process automated and yet reduces the risk of subjectivity and operator variability for intima media thickness measurement.
Contingent Continent
Authors: St. John Rachel
Published: January 2017

This article highlights how Americans used intertwined arguments about space and geography to justify and denounce different territorial configurations from the late eighteenth century through the Civil War. These arguments wove together ideas about geography (a set of physical, topographical features) and space (the human constructs that shape movement and human relations) in everything from theoretical arguments about the ideal size of republics to specific ideas about how rivers, mountains, oceans, and other features related to the proper shape of the nation. Americans evoked a variety of assumptions about how the physical landscape shaped human activity. They also made arguments about space and the ways that places were physically, and thus should be politically, connected. Highlighting an underappreciated current of manifest disunion, this article illustrates how different factions used geographic and spatial arguments not only to support and condemn varied expansionist visions, but also to justify disunion and secession.
Adolescent Risk Behaviors and Use of Electronic Vapor Products and Cigarettes
Authors: Demissie Zewditu , Everett Jones Sherry , Clayton Heather B. , King Brian A.
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND:

Adolescent use of tobacco in any form is unsafe; yet the use of electronic cigarettes and other electronic vapor products (EVPs) has increased in recent years among this age group. We assessed the prevalence and frequency of cigarette smoking and EVP use among high school students, and associations between health-risk behaviors and both cigarette smoking and EVP use.

METHODS:

We used 2015 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (N = 15 624) to classify students into 4 mutually exclusive categories of smoking and EVP use based on 30-day use: nonuse, cigarette smoking only, EVP use only, and dual use. Prevalence of cigarette smoking and EVP use were assessed overall and by student demographics and frequency of use. Prevalence ratios were calculated to identify associations with health risk-behaviors.

RESULTS:

In 2015, 73.5% of high school students did not smoke cigarettes or use EVPs, 3.2% smoked cigarettes only, 15.8% used EVPs only, and 7.5% were dual users. Frequency of cigarette smoking and EVP use was greater among dual users than cigarette-only smokers and EVP-only users. Cigarette-only smokers, EVP-only users, and dual users were more likely than nonusers to engage in several injury, violence, and substance use behaviors; have ≥4 lifetime sexual partners; be currently sexually active; and drink soda ≥3 times/day. Only dual users were more likely than nonusers not to use a condom at last sexual intercourse.

CONCLUSIONS:

EVP use, alone and concurrent with cigarette smoking, is associated with health-risk behaviors among high school students.
The Adolescent’s Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, Braverman Paula K. , Adelman William P. , Alderman Elizabeth M. , Breuner Cora C. , Levine David A. , Marcell Arik V. , O’Brien Rebecca
Published: January 2017

In this statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its position that the rights of adolescents to confidential care when considering abortion should be protected. Adolescents should be encouraged to involve their parents and other trusted adults in decisions regarding pregnancy termination, and most do so voluntarily. The majority of states require that minors have parental consent for an abortion. However, legislation mandating parental involvement does not achieve the intended benefit of promoting family communication, and it increases the risk of harm to the adolescent by delaying access to appropriate medical care. This statement presents a summary of pertinent current information related to the benefits and risks of legislation requiring mandatory parental involvement in an adolescent’s decision to obtain an abortion.
La organización de la justicia mendocina. Entre el antiguo régimen y el orden republicano. 1831-1852
Authors: Bransboin Hernán David
Published: January 2017

Al producirse la disolución de la relación entre la monarquía española y las nacientes repúblicas latinoamericanas, nuevos problemas emergieron para los actores que definieron la organización política de los nuevos estados. Durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, imbuidos en un espíritu de renovación, las elites gobernantes establecieron nuevas formas de organización institucional y de imposición de la autoridad. Sin embargo, estos cambios fueron efectuados sobre cuerpos sociales que respondían a patrones culturales que podríamos definir de antiguo régimen. En este trabajo abordaremos esta contradicción en relación a la organización de la justicia al considerarla pieza clave en el pasaje del antiguo régimen a la república liberal y moderna. Analizaremos la justicia de la provincia rioplatense de Mendoza en un  momento histórico en el que las provincias del Río de la Plata conformaban una confederación, por lo que cada estado provincial ejercía su soberanía en forma independiente.
Trópico y Raza. Miguel Jiménez López y la inmigración japonesa en Colombia, 1920-1929
Authors: Martínez Martín Abel Fernando
Published: January 2017

Este artículo aborda el debate sobre la inmigración en Colombia en la década de 1920, centrándose en la inmigración japonesa, una inmigración problemática, lejana de la deseada inmigración europea. Así mismo, pone en evidencia el importante papel que desempeña el médico y político conservador Miguel Jiménez López y su Teoría de la Degeneración de la raza colombiana. Jiménez López es autor de La inmigración amarilla a la América, publicación con que la Academia Nacional de Medicina da respuesta al Ministerio de Industrias, que pregunta por el impacto que tendría una inmigración japonesa en los Llanos Orientales. Jiménez López medicaliza y biologiza el problema usando más argumentos del racismo y del determinismo geográfico que de la eugenesia, afirma que una inmigración japonesa a Colombia no era aconsejable, pues ponía en peligro el progresivo blanqueamiento logrado –con el paso del tiempo- por la raza colombiana.
Identitas Keacehan dalam Isu-Isu Syariatisasi, Kristenisasi, Aliran Sesat dan Hegemoni Barat
Authors: Makin Al
Published: January 2017

This article presents a study of the Acehnese religious identity in responding to the issues of shar??ah application in the province, Chirstian mission, deviant sects, and Western hegemony. These themes somehowe play a role in defining the Acehnese identity in the way in which the informants use these themes to project themselves; who they are in relating Islam to the Aceh identity. The spirit of conservatism can be seen in their feeling of being threatened by Christian missionary, deviant sects, and Western hegemo-ny. The application of shar??ah , on the other hand, gives another legitimacy of the Acehnese identity. Although the issue of shar??ah can be found in other provinces in Indonesia, shar??ah in Aceh is perceived to be different. This article also presents different voices of the Acehnese who are critical to their fellow Acehnese who support shar??ah appli-cation, and give negative reaction to the Christian mission, deviant sects and Western hegenomy. This article is based on a fieldwork by interviewing some informants in Banda Aceh in July 2013.
Structural design of pavements incorporating foamed bitumen mixtures
Authors: Kuna Kranthi , Airey Gordon , Thom Nick
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a rational structural design methodology termed the ‘cumulative damage approach’ for road, port and airport pavements incorporating cold bituminous mixtures with foamed bitumen. This has been developed along with a laboratory test, the uniaxial indirect tensile test, to evaluate the fatigue characteristics of these mixtures. The test was developed with a view to addressing the limitations of conventional fatigue tests for foamed bitumen mixtures. The new design approach takes account of the actual stiffness evolution of the mixtures obtained from the fatigue test. It is compared with a traditional approach for conventional flexible pavements, which is based on pavement life as a function of computed tensile strain in the material and interpretation of fatigue data in a conventional way. The results show that the traditional design approach yields conservative outcomes for pavements with foamed bitumen mixtures if the same transfer function or shift factor used for hot mix asphalt is applied. The results also show that if all factors other than induced load influence are the same, the shift factor for foamed bitumen mixtures could be 25–35% higher than for hot mix asphalt.
A procedure for the direct determination of Bishop's χ parameter from changes in pore size distribution
Authors: Vaunat J. , Casini F.
Published: January 2017

Most of the recent works relating to the concept of effective stress in unsaturated soils focus on the proposal by Bishop, and, more particularly, on the search for suitable relationships between Bishop's χ parameter and the main controlling variables. These relationships are generally formulated by theoretical derivations and back-analyses of the dependency of mechanical parameters on hydraulic variables such as suction or saturation. In this note, a new procedure is proposed to evaluate directly, and without any a priori assumptions, values for Bishop's χ parameter. In the first part, a general derivation based on the definition of work conjugated variables allows the χ parameter to be defined as the ratio of the change of water volume over the change in pore volume during a process at constant suction. This definition is further exploited to evaluate Bishop's parameter from the changes suffered by material pore size distribution during loading. The method is applied to data obtained by mercury intrusion porosimetry tests on low-plasticity silt (Jossigny silt), low-plasticity sandy clay (lean clay) and highly plastic clay (Febex clay). Values obtained for these materials show that the χ parameter is close to the effective degree of saturation rather than the total degree of saturation.
Lane rental – plotting the way forward in the age of disruption
Authors: Williams Jonathan
Published: January 2017

If you've been stuck in a traffic jam caused by roadworks this summer, you will understand the Local Government Association's (LGA) urgency in asking the government to grant councils the power to introduce a daily rate or lane rental for digging up certain busy roads. According to the LGA, the country currently has a £12 billion backlog of repairs, and one in five roads is classed as being in poor condition, so something has to give, and why should it always be the road user? But what advantage does the lane rental model have over permits? And how easy will it be for councils to follow early adopters Kent County Council and Transport for London and dramatically cut disruption? Jonathan Williams, Product Consultant of Yotta, UK, believes lane rental is a great idea, but not necessarily the easy option. Success, Williams says, lies in the execution. So what do councils need to think about to get it right? This article takes a look at the key challenges roadworks pose and looks in detail at the viability of lane rental in providing a solution.
Behaviour of soft soil improved by floating soil–cement columns
Authors: Rashid Ahmad Safuan A. , Kueh Ahmad Beng Hong , Mohamad Hisham
Published: January 2017

Deep mixing method is a soil modification technique, in which the soil is mixed in situ with cement stabiliser agents. Limited attempts have been made to investigate the failure behaviour of soil–cement columns constructed in a floating manner. Hence, this paper aims to examine the failure mechanisms and bearing capacity of floating soil–cement columns, in which columns of 24 mm diameter and 100 mm length were constructed by means of the replacing method below a rigid foundation of 100 mm width in a soft clay bed. Improvement area ratios of 17, 26 and 35% have been explored for parametric investigation. The close range photogrammetry and particle image velocimetry techniques were used to evaluate the associated failure mechanisms. The obtained bearing capacity and failure mechanisms were then compared with the ultimate limit state theory and analytical solution for verification. Departing from a good agreement from the verification, a non-linear relationship was established between the average shear strength of improved ground underneath the footing and the strength of the surrounding soil, cua/cus and bearing capacity factor, Nc. In general, it was found that the column failed in both shearing and bending modes.
Heaping at Round Numbers on Financial Questions: The Role of Satisficing
Authors: Gideon Michael , Helppie-McFall Brooke , Hsu Joanne W.
Published: January 2017

Survey responses to quantitative financial questions frequently display strong patterns of heaping at round numbers. This paper uses two studies to examine variation in rounding across questions and by individual characteristics. Rounding was more common for respondents low in ability, for respondents low in motivation, and for more difficult questions, all consistent with theories of satisficing. Questions that require more difficult information retrieval and integration of information exhibit more heaping. The use of records, which lowers task difficulty, reduces rounding as well. Higher episodic memory is associated with less rounding, and standard measures of motivation are negatively associated with rounding. These relationships, along with the fact that longer response latencies are associated with less rounding, all support the idea that rounding is a manifestation of satisficing on open-ended financial questions. Rounding patterns also appear remarkably similar across the two studies, despite being fielded in different modes and employing different question order and wording.
Depression, anxiety, stress, and mortality
Authors: Belialov F I
Published: January 2017

The analytical paper summarizes the main results of recent investigations of the relationships of depression, anxiety, and stress with overall and cardiovascular mortality. It shows that depression and stress are associated with an increased risk of death mainly from cardiovascular diseases, and depression treatment and stress control can increase life expectancy.
Central regulation of pain in patients with joint disease and approaches to therapy
Authors: Filatova E S , Erdes Sh F , Filatova E G
Published: January 2017

The paper reviews investigations studies that have demonstrated that chronic pain syndrome is mixed in rheumatic diseases. The nervous system is involved in its pathogenesis with different frequency and different mechanisms. Under the influence of afferent pain impulses from damaged joints, there are changes in the excitability of spinal cord neurons, which is called central sensitization (CS). A number of patients have enhanced CS and clinical manifestations as neuropathic sensitive phenomena. The mixed model of the development of chronic pain in joint diseases and its presence along with nociceptive (inflammatory) and neuropathic pain components may explain the discrepancy between joint inflammatory and structural changes and pain intensity, the presence of distant pain and sensitive disorders in the areas outside the joint, and sometimes the efficiency of anti-inflammatory therapy. The presence of the neuropathic pain component serves as a rationale for combined therapy by adding centrally acting drugs, such as anticonvulsants.
Non-allergic activation of eosinophils after strenuous endurance exercise
Authors: McKune AJ , Smith LL , Semple SJ , Wadee AA
Published: January 2017

Objective. To determine the effect of prolonged endurance exercise on the serum concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), immunoglobulin E (IgE) and upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS).
Design. In 11 healthy, experienced volunteers (6 males, 5 females, age 43 ± 9.8 years) the serum concentrations of ECP and IgE were measured, 24 hours prior to projected finishing time, immediately post exercise (IPE), and 3 h, 24 h, and 72 h after an ultramarathon (90 km). Self-reported URTS were also recorded for 14 days after the race. ECP was measured using radioimmunoassay and IgE using the Alastat Microplate Total IgE kit. The after-exercise values were corrected for plasma volume changes, which were calculated from haematocrit and haemoglobin values. Serum concentrations of ECP and IgE were analysed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing values with before-exercise levels. Level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results. ECP was significantly elevated at 72 hours (+52%), whilst IgE was not significantly altered after the ultramarathon. There were no reported URTS for the 14 days after the race.
Conclusion. The eosinophil is a pro-inflammatory leukocyte involved in bronchial hyperreactivity and allergic inflammation of the airways. IgE is associated with allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. Serum ECP is a sensitive marker of eosinophil activation. The result provides evidence for the non-allergic activation of blood eosinophils during prolonged endurance exercise. Whether this indicates exercise or environmentally induced airway inflammation, or a role for ECP in muscle /tissue repair, are hypotheses that require additional research.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 12-16
Augmentation of the acute phase response in vitamin C-supplemented ultramarathoners
Authors: Peters EM , Anderson R , Nieman DC
Published: January 2017

Objective. To investigate the effects of vitamin C (VC) supplementation on the alterations in systemic markers of inflammation as a result of participation in a 90 km down run from Pietermaritzburg to Durban in 29 subjects who completed the 1999 Comrades Marathon.
Interventions. Runners were divided into groups receiving 500 mg/day VC (VC500; N = 10), 1 500 mg/day VC (VC1500; N = 12) or placebo (P, N = 7) for 7 days before the race, on the day of the race, and for 2 days following completion.
Main outcome measures. Each subject recorded dietary intake before, during and after the race and provided 35 ml blood samples 15 - 18 hours before the race, immediately post race, 24 hours post race and 48 hours post race. These were analysed for full blood count, vitamins A, C and E, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), amyloid A, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations. All post race concentrations were adjusted for plasma volume changes.
Results. Analyses of dietary intakes and blood glucose and anti-oxidant status on the day preceding the race and the day of the race excluded carbohydrate intake or plasma vitamins E and A as significant confounders in the study. Mean pre-race concentrations of serum vitamin C in VC500 and VC1500 groups (128 – 10.2 and 153 – 10.2 mol/l) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than in the P group (83 – 10.8 mol/l) and confirmed the additional dietary VC intake of both groups. Serum CRP concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the VC500 group than in the VC1500 and P groups. This finding was supported by similar trends in serum amyloid A, plasma IL-6 and IL-8. When the data from the two VC groups were pooled and the vitamin intake in the placebo (N = 7) and VC (N = 22) groups compared, CRP concentrations in the VC groups were significantly higher at each of the post-race time points (p < 0.05).
Conclusion. These data confirm previous findings of a trend towards an enhanced pro-inflammatory response following VC intake ≥500 mg per day.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 4-10
Short Report: New use of current technology to measure rectal temperature and heart rate during endurance exerciseToEd
Authors: Dugas JP , Burger B , Noakes TD
Published: January 2017

The technology necessary to log data remotely and independently has been available for some years. This technology has been applied mostly to environmental and natural sciences, however, and not in life sciences. This was due primarily to the cost of the technology and the small demand for it in the life sciences, especially in studies of exercise physiology. Our recent collaboration with a local technology company (SyGade Solutions (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg) has resulted in the use of miniature data loggers to record rectal temperature, heart rate (HR), and altitude during road and cycle racing. This technology has the potential to measure these variables simultaneously and in a free-living situation and will therefore contribute to more innovative research. South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 29-30
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the exercise-induced stress response
Authors: Claassen N , Snyman J , Koorts A , Nolte H , Wagenaar B , Kruger M , Becker PJ , Viljoen M
Published: January 2017

Objective. This study investigated the effects of single dosages of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) naproxen, and of the coxib, rofecoxib, on the exercise-induced stress response. Design. Eight subjects (age 20.9 ± 1.1 years, weight 70.4
± 3.9 kg, height 170.9 ± 6.7 cm, body surface area 1.82 ± 0.09 m2, body mass index 24.1 ± 1.3 kg.m-2) took part in a double-blind, drug-placebo, cross-over design study. The
experimental procedures were performed on 3 occasions on each volunteer, i.e. once on placebo, once on naproxen (single dose of 1 000 mg) and once on rofecoxib (single dose of 50 mg). Results. Mean post-exercise cortisol values were significantly higher than pre-exercise values with the subjects on placebo (p = 0.0365) and rofecoxib (p = 0.0208), but not on naproxen (p = 0.0732). Post-exercise oral temperatures were significantly higher than pre-exercise temperature values on placebo (p = 0.0153) and rofecoxib (p = 0.0424),
but not on naproxen (p = 0.5444). Conclusion. The results of this study suggest a role for
cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in the exercise-induced cortisol and temperature response to exercise. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 4-8
C-reactive protein - biological functions, cardiovascular disease and physical exercise
Authors: Semple SJ
Published: January 2017

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant that increases in response to noxious stimuli that inevitably induce cellular and/or tissue injury. The increased synthesis
of CRP occurs predominantly in the liver and peaks 24 - 48 hours after the inciting stimulus. CRP forms an integral component of innate immunity and serves primarily to recognise
potential pathogens and damaged cells. It facilitates the removal of these cells through opsonisation and activates the complement system. With increasing evidence
supporting the classification of artherosclerosis as inflammatory in nature, CRP has received considerable attention as a marker, and in some cases a contributor towards
this cardiovascular disease. Traditionally, CRP has been measured within exercise studies to provide evidence that an acute-phase inflammatory response can or has been initiated. Although the elevation in CRP following exercise has largely been attributed to muscle damage, evidence is mounting to contest this premise. Participation in chronic
exercise has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Numerous studies have now shown an inverse relationship between physical activity levels and
resting concentrations of CRP. Thus, exercise may prove beneficial in lowering systemic inflammatory markers such as CRP, and consequently contribute towards preventing
the progression of inflammatory disorders. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 24-28
Influence of menstrual phase on ventilatory response to submaximal exercise
Authors: Oosthuiyse T , Bosch AN
Published: January 2017

Objectives. To determine whether an increase in respiratory drive, due to elevated progesterone and oestrogen concentration during various menstrual phases, persists throughout prolonged submaximal exercise and potentially contributes to fatigue. Furthermore, to determine whether the difference in the ventilatory response to exercise from one menstrual phase to another is correlated to the ovarian hormone concentrations.
Design. We compared the change in ventilatory parameters during 90 min exercise at 60%VO2max between the early follicular (EF) and mid-luteal (ML) phase (N = 9) and between the EF and late follicular (LF) phase (N = 5) in eumenorrhoeic women. Main outcome measures. Menstrual phase comparisons and correlations between the change in ventilatory parameters (minute ventilation (VE), respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume) from the EF to ML or from the EF to LF phase and ovarian hormone concentration. Results. The difference in RR between EF and ML phases correlated to progesterone concentration in the ML phase (r = 0.7, p = 0.04). In addition, RR was higher during exercise in the ML compared with EF phase for the full duration of exercise by on average 2.3 ± 2.1 breaths/min (p <
0.05). However, no difference in submaximal VO2 between menstrual phases was evident. No significant difference in exercising-VE was observed between menstrual phases, but the change in VE from EF to ML correlated to oestrogen (r = 0.8, p = 0.02) and progesterone (r = 0.7, p = 0.04) concentration in the ML phase. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (2) 2006: pp. 31-37