bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stilted Movements and Improbable Stares
Authors: Gallese Vittorio , Guerra Michele
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses how cinema is able to produce the sense of body immanence, allowing audiences to identify with the characters they see on the screen. The subheadings are “Someone moved, but who?”, in which famous scenes from Alfred Hitchcock’s Notorious, Robert Montgomery’s Lady in the Lake, and Delmer Daves’ Dark Passage are analyzed, with a discussion of how cinema creates a subjective perspective; “Resonating with movement” discusses the pertinence of neuroscience to the issues introduced in the preceding pages; “Positions” addresses the mind–movie problem; lastly, “Sherlock Jr.” analyzes the problem of spatial segregation between screen and audience, discussing scenes from Buster Keaton’s film Sherlock Jr.
Combining linguistic theories in a Minimalist Machine
Authors: Ginsburg Jason , Fong Sandiway
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes a Minimalist Machine that utilizes Chomsky’s (2001) bottom-up phase-based system to automatically construct detailed derivations of examples from important work in the Minimalist Program. We have successfully modeled expletive constructions and multiple agreement, thematization/extraction, that-trace effects and subject vs. object wh-movement, and relative clauses. We present particular modifications necessary to combine the linguistic theories that account for these target constructions into a single unified theory. We demonstrate how a computer model is ideal for incorporating core elements of a variety of theories into a single unified model that we can verify produces all target constructions. This is an important and necessary step towards making the Minimalist Machine viable because there is no guarantee that theories in the same framework are compatible, since they might rely on contradictory assumptions.
Monologue and Dialogue
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: November 2019

With the telling and retelling of stories by the narrator and characters, Homer’s Odyssey seems to invite the reworking of episodes and characters in new forms. Modern poets favour the dramatic monologue for entering into dialogue with a revered canonical text, often in an irreverent or subversive manner. Dramatic monologues are crucial to the revisionist mythology of women writers, often representing female characters who are peripheral and largely silent in classical texts in order to articulate some element of the story that was previously untold. Poets such as Linda Pastan, Carol Ann Duffy, Louise Glück, and Judith Kazantzis use monologue and dialogue to create reworkings of the Odyssey that relocate Odysseus to the margins of the story and question the importance of his heroic adventures.
The limiting theory
Authors: Wellwood Alexis
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers how the compositional theory argued for in the preceding chapters might apply to a variety of additional cases where a lexical, degree-theoretic semantics has been proposed. For example, the analysis of attitude verbs like “to want”, nouns like “idiot”, and verbs like “to cool”. The chapter suggests that, rather than diagnosing scalar structure, the kinds of data motivating lexical degree-theoretic interpretation here should be understood as diagnostic of order-theoretic properties on the relevant expression’s domain of predication. Supporting the idea of a general recipe for how such cases should be addressed, the chapter raises theoretical questions like the following: do any lexical categories natively have a degree semantics? When is a degree-theoretic treatment appropriate? Should there be morphosyntactic requirements (e.g., overt or covert “much”) for an interpretation based on degrees, or not? What alternative analyses of extant cases are available?
Human Difference
Authors: Stock Paul
Published: November 2019

Chapter 5 explains how debates about human origins and distinctiveness inform ideas about Europe. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books often argue that the natural environment shapes human characteristics, and that Europeans are distinctive because they have been exposed to certain conditions. However, the books also propose that Europeans possess intrinsic, unchanging qualities. This tension highlights the complexities of contemporary racial thought, which combines ideas about inherent nature, inheritance, environmental influence, and aesthetics. Some geographical texts argue for a single European race, but others identify a range of European races, often premised on categorization of languages.
Entanglement
Authors: Kenyon Ian R.
Published: November 2019

The distiction between classical product states and quantum entangled states is disclosed with examples. Spontaneous parametric down conversion as a source of entangled photons is described. The action of a perfect beam splitter is analysed using creation and annihilation operators. The HOM interferometer is described. Its use in demonstrating the indistinguishability of photons and in measuring bandwidth of sources at the level of femtoseconds is recounted. Two particle entanglement is analysed using the Bloch sphere representation showing how the full knowledge of the entangled state does not fix the state of the individual particles. The four Bell states, eigenstates of two particle entanglement, are introduced. Teleportation of a photon state using entangled photons is described, and an experiment to entangle the quantum states of atoms at space-like separation outlined.
EPR and Bell’s theorem, and quantum algorithms
Authors: Kenyon Ian R.
Published: November 2019

EPR showed that quantum mechanics is not a local deterministic theory and on this account they argued that it is incomplete. Quantum mechanics predicts correlations over time-like separations. The suggested resolution in terms of local hidden variables is presented. Bell’s analysis leading to experimental tests is described. The experiment of Aspect, Grangier and Roger vindicating quantum mechanics is described. More refined experiments, avoiding conceivable biases, confirm this result. Then computing based on quantum principles is discussed. Bits with two states in a register would be replaced by qubits with values represented by points on the Bloch sphere. Basic gates are presented. Shor’s algorithm to decompose products of primes is described and a gate structure presented to implement it. Implementation would undermine current encryption methods. Quantum cryptography is described using the BB84 protocol. The no-cloning theorem protects this absolutely against attempts to intercept the encryption data.
Gaseous Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Kenyon Ian R.
Published: November 2019

The (gaseous) BECs are introduced: clouds of 106−8 alkali metal atoms, usually 87Rb or 23Na, below ~1 μK. The laser cooling and magnetic trapping are described including the evaporation step needed to reach the conditions for condensation. The magnetooptical and Ioffe–Pritchard traps are described. Imaging methods, both destructive and non-destructive are described. Evidence of condensation is presented; and of interference between separated clouds, thus confirming the coherence of the condensates. The measurement of the condensate fraction is recounted. The Gross–Pitaevskii analysis of condensate properties is given in an appendix. How Bragg spectroscopy is used to obtain the dispersion relation for excitations is detailed. Finally the BEC/BCS crossover is introduced and the role therein of Feshbach resonances.
The Voice in the Schoolroom
Authors: Richards Jennifer
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the centrality of voice to a Latinate, grammar-school education in the sixteenth century. It focuses on the part of rhetoric that has long been missed out of our histories of Renaissance rhetoric and reading: pronuntiatio (delivery). It considers the types of textual evidence we might use to recover training in vocal modulation. It explores the importance of pairing elocutio with pronuntiatio, focusing especially on Omer Talon’s Rhetorica; and it considers how attention to the performance of sentences from collections might help us to ‘listen’ to the historical schoolroom. It asks what happened to women’s voices when they were impersonated in the male-only schoolroom, and whether ‘real’ women were ever trained in pronuntiatio. Finally, it considers why Desiderius Erasmus chose the voice of a woman, Folly, to defend the importance of delivery to establish a relationship with God.
Philosophy and Linguistic Authority
Authors: Rowe Christopher
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on two particular aspects of the back history of Liddell and Scott (LSJ). First, Plato is, for LSJ, still one of the most important writers of ‘the best’ Attic prose, as he was, for its predecessors, of ‘correct’ Attic; he tends to be one of the benchmarks for Attic usage. But secondly, at the same time LSJ typically treats Plato as belonging to a breed apart: that of the Philosopher, with his own technical or semi-technical vocabulary, his own special ‘philosophical’ ways of thinking, as if these were quite separate from those of non-’philosophical’ authors. The chief purpose of the chapter is to illustrate some of the difficulties attaching to these two approaches, both of which are rooted firmly in earlier editions, stretching back even to the first in 1843.
The Ancient, the Medieval, and the Modern in a Greek-English Lexicon, or How To Get Your Daily ‘Bread’ in Greek Any Day Through the Ages
Authors: Janse Mark
Published: November 2019

Liddell and Scott (LSJ) has always been entitled A Greek-English Lexicon, from the first (1843) through to the ninth edition (1940). Clearly no need was felt to add Ancient to the title, even though LSJ is not and never was intended to be a comprehensive lexicon of the Greek language in its entire history. This chapter asks whether the scope of Ancient should be extended to include later stages, particularly the Medieval and the Modern, given the remarkable continuity of the Greek language stressed by Chantraine and others. With the availability of the online LSJ this is an option which should be seriously considered, although the editorial problems of a continuously updated online version may seem forbidding.β‎
Tools for Calculation
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the calculation of quantities observable in elementary particle reactions — cross sections and partial decay widths. It introduces relativistic phase space. It introduces Feynman diagrams and describes their role in visualizing elementary particle reactions.
Electron-Positron Annihilation
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter works out the theory of electron-positron annihilation to muon pairs as a model for electron-positron annihilation to quarks. It explains that this naive model provides a good description of observed properties of the process of electron-positron annihilation to hadrons.
Chiral Symmetry
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces chiral symmetry, the extra symmetry that QCD acquires when the masses of quarks are set to zero. It introduces the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking and explains the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in QCD. It introduces the concept of a Goldstone boson, a particle that has zero mass as the result of spontaneous symmetry breaking, and explains how this concept explains properties of the pi and K mesons and allows us to determine the underlying values of the quark masses.
Gauge Theories with Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes theories that combine the ideas of gauge symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking. It explains that this combination gives rise to massive spin-1 bosons. This construction is used to propose fundamental equations for the weak interaction. The predictions of these equations for high-energy neutrino scattering are worked out and compared to experiment.
Quark Mixing Angles and Weak Decays
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents the extension of the gauge theory model of the weak interaction to describe the weak interaction decays of quarks. It introduces the Cabibbo angle and the more general scheme of CKM mixing. It describes the realization of parity, CP, and time reversal symmetries in a general theory of quark mixing. Finally, it pulls all of the strands of previous chapters together to write the full set of equations of the Standard Model of particle physics.
Frege’s Begriffsschrift: Accomplishments
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2019

In his Begriffsschrift Frege gave us the basis of our modern understanding of quantification and made many other contributions to logic. The underlying semantics is his theory of conceptual contents, in which sentences stand for circumstances, involving objects falling under concepts (properties), and properties falling under higher-level properties.
‘I like the Spanish title’: William Carlos Williams’s Al Que Quiere!
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2019

This chapter ponders the decision of William Carlos Williams to give his volume Al Que Quiere! a Spanish title. It examines the social inequities implied—in a North American context—between this poet’s use of Spanish and English, and reflects upon not only the sociopolitical, but the creative aesthetic and the biographical ramifications of this choice. The chapter looks at the relationship between Williams’s use of non-translation and a democratic view of the pleasures of modern poetry. This chapter suggests that implications of the non-translated title speak to the pleasures and themes contained within the poems themselves, examined in a series of close readings of particular poems.
‘The passionate moment’: Untranslated Quotation in Pound and Eliot
Authors: Romer Stephen
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines in depth the deeply personal use of ‘talismanic’ fragments of non-translation in the work of Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot. Viewed as a specialized branch of modernist allusion, examples are considered in detail, in particular, Eliot’s references to the Provençal of Arnaut Daniel in Ash-Wednesday and elsewhere, and Pound’s use of Cavalcanti in The Cantos, read as a complex double-gesture, highly personal and yet strange. The chapter closes by considering the development of Eliot’s poetic practices, including the deployment of allusion and relative absence of non-translation, in Four Quartets.
Writing Otium
Authors: Schneider Robert A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter uses four full-scale works to demonstrate how a posture of “retreat” could, paradoxically, prove effective as a means of engagement with public, even political, affairs. The first two are works on reason of state; the second two are works of fiction, two of the “best-sellers” of the day. The discussion shows how both discursively and in terms of the content, these works create a distance between the authors and their texts and the “world,” but they nevertheless embody very effective ways of entering it. This chapter recapitulates and illustrates many of the themes running through Dignified Retreat.
To-Day and To-Morrow, Cultural Studies, and Everyday Life
Authors: Saunders Max
Published: November 2019

Taking up the suggestion at the end of Chapter 4, this one proposes that an important effect of the concerted futurological project was to place a novel emphasis in the series on everyday life; and that this in turn contributed to the development—already in embryo—of cultural and media studies. After a discussion of these emerging disciplines, volumes are analysed dealing with advertising, the press, communication and travel, the home and the family, law, the environment, and leisure. A key volume in this discussion is C. E. M. Joad’s Diogenes; or, The Future of Leisure (1928), which moves wittily between a satire of contemporary pastimes and a consideration—via G. B. Shaw’s ‘metabiological’ suite of plays, Back to Methusaleh, of a possible evolutionary future that informs the one imagined by Bernal. The chapter ends by discussing the volumes on labour and sport, and concluding that the series’ vision of everyday life is one profoundly conditioned by the experience of the recent war as giving a new valuation of life in all its forms.
Conclusion
Authors: Saunders Max
Published: November 2019

This steps back from the series in two respects. First, it assesses its broader reception, looking at its sales as well as reviews. It considers why it ended when it did. And it considers why it is not better known. It then assesses the significance of the project. Taking issue with Paul Saint-Amour’s study of interwar literature, Tense Future, it argues that the series’ futurological orientation offered a means of keeping a utopian hope alive in the face of anxiety about future catastrophe. It draws on Saint-Amour’s taxonomy of ‘critical futurities’, which assembles three currents of thought: ‘nuclear criticism, queer temporalities scholarship, and work that strives to re-emplot or reactivate futures past’. I argue that while the series most obviously falls into the third category, it also anticipates the others. This is demonstrated via a discussion of Haldane’s imagination of global annihilation, and the non-normative temporalities of a number of the volumes. A contrast with the 1999 collection Predictions reveals To-Day and To-Morrow’s success in anticipating future futurology. Ultimately, the series is posed as not merely offering some of the best writing on the individual topics, but as offering, collectively, a major documentation of how the interwar period thought about time, modernity, life, art and science. In doing so, it transforms our sense of modernism and modernity.
Conclusions of a Tentative Post-Conciliar Theology of the Jewish People
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 6 systematically draws together all doctrinal teachings developed in this book related to Jewish cultic rituals, the land, and mission. Regarding Jewish cultic rituals it summarizes why the Catholic Church is not going against earlier magisterial teachings that apparently teach that Jewish rituals are dead and deadly. Those very documents provide a counter current which suggests the opposite reading. Regarding the land it summarizes why the Catholic Church can support a minimalist Zionism that interprets the Jewish return as biblical, while refusing to endorse the state government or its various decisions, while also affirming the rights of Palestinians to a homeland and to justice. Regarding mission, it argues that a grass roots Hebrew Catholic community can offer witness to the reality that Judaism is not eradicated and superseded were a Jewish person to accept Christ and the truth of the Catholic Church. This is a form of mission.
Introduction
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: November 2019

This chapter sets out the central objective of this book: to provide a comprehensive examination of how effective and appropriate the investment treaty framework is in protecting foreign investment in times of armed conflict. It identifies the principal concerns that frame the analysis of the book and justify the need for the present study. It then outlines the scope of the enquiry, focusing on the concept of armed conflict. It identifies different approaches to conceptualizing armed conflict and proposes a typology to enhance the understanding of the main argument. The chapter concludes by presenting the research methodology and structure of the rest of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: November 2019

This chapter concludes the book. Drawing on the findings of the preceding chapters, it proposes the analytical framework for the appraisal of investment treaty protections in times of armed conflict. Specifically, it argues that how the competing objectives will be balanced at different stages of investment treaty claims depends on the combination of the paradigm dominating a particular treaty (investment v security), and the type and conditions of a conflict giving rise to the investment claim. It summarizes how the paradigms have shifted through the evolution of the investment protection rules and ultimately advocates a paradigm that combines both investment and security approaches.
Early changes in English
Authors: Allen Cynthia L.
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents statistical evidence that dative external possessors declined within the Old English period. A more informal comparison with Gothic and Old Saxon suggests that the use of such possessors had declined in English compared with the Common Germanic period. Specifically, the use of dative external possessors with beneficially affected possessors had all but disappeared with subject and object possessa arguments of lexical verbs by the earliest written Old English, but such possessors are found in both Gothic and Old Saxon. In the Late West Saxon texts, dative external possessors were restricted to severely adversely affected body parts with such possessa, although they were still used frequently with object of preposition possessa, especially in idioms.
External possessors in Early Middle English
Authors: Allen Cynthia L.
Published: November 2019

This chapter documents the use of dative external possessors in Middle English with possessa referring to the body and the mind. This construction was infrequent but still productive with body subject and object possessa in the earliest period of Middle English, similar to the latest stage of Old English, but by about 1250 had pretty well disappeared. With possessa playing the role of object of preposition, the construction experienced a dramatic drop in frequency early in Middle English, a finding that runs contrary to the assumption that expressions like ‘look me in the eyes’ are relics of the Old English construction. Dative external possessors were never very common with mind possessa and disappeared early in Middle English outside of some idioms.
Sexual Exegetics and the Female Text
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz
Published: November 2019

Chapter 1 argues that paternity’s claims to authority were undermined by the inherent doubts associated with siring offspring. The inability for a man to know his children to be his own with certainty epitomized the divine limitations that had been placed upon men’s cognition. There was no perfect reciprocity between sign and meaning within a fallen world; men were forced to acquiesce to a semiotics of doubt and insufficiency. Chaucer explores these themes within the Manciple’s Tale and the Clerk’s Tale. In the former he writes affirmations of paternal certainty out of his source texts, and in the latter he depicts the search of a husband for cognitive certainty, a search that condemns the man’s wife, Griselda, to torturous scrutiny. Chaucer concludes that men must simply live with their own doubt, for doubt is a reminder to man that he is human, that true authority belongs to God alone.
Policy Favors
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 4 examines clientelistic strategies where political brokers deploy state resources—privileged access to policy resources or administrative favors—as positive promises of future access to incentivize electoral choices of voters. Drawing on ethnographic research, it examines the strategies by which these brokers (mayors or employees in the local administration) seek to establish norms of political reciprocity to voters, the activation of these norms of reciprocity during elections, and the strategies used by brokers to ensure that voters comply with their political promises and vote for the correct candidate. Using list experiments, the chapter documents the use of these strategies during recent elections and examines the variation across localities in the use of such strategies. Finally, the informational opportunities and constraints associated with the use of this clientelistic strategy are examined. Using survey-based experiments, the chapter shows that the use of clientelistic strategies premised on favors has the least negative impact on perceptions of candidates with voters who are happy with the existing distribution of social policy resources.
A Fissile National Community
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 1 explores anti-communist movements of the Russian diaspora, setting the stage for their participation in the Cold War. The anti-communist cause housed four major movements in the postwar years: the Whites, or Russian conservatives who had fled communist rule during the Russian Civil War (1918–22); a cohort of democratic socialists who had opposed the tsars before being driven out by Lenin; the so-called Vlasovites, Soviet citizens who exited their home country during World War II and then attached themselves to a Russian liberation army formed under Nazi auspices; and the National Labor Alliance (NTS), a far-right émigré organization, most of whose members collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II. As the chapter argues, the different experiences of these groups—in Russia, during displacement, and while in exile—informed their divergent notions of Russia’s past and future.
Socialists and Vlasovites
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines a project of the late 1940s to forge a transatlantic alliance in the Russian emigration. The unlikely initiators of this scheme were elderly Russian socialists in the United States, including Russia’s former premier Aleksandr Federovich Kerenskii, who attempted to build an alliance against Stalin with the Vlasovites in Germany. The intended partnership was troubled from the start, as émigré attempts to mobilize against communism instead gave rise to divisive debates about collaboration during World War II and the Russian Revolution. As seen throughout the book, exile mobilization against the Soviet Union gave rise to debilitating conflicts to define the Russian national interest.
The Real Anti-Soviet Russians?
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 9 examines Soviet defectors, citizens who fled Soviet rule, with a focus on Germany. The United States developed elaborate programs to utilize defectors as sources of unattainable information about the enemy, as recruits for psychological warfare or espionage operations, and as symbols of Western superiority in the clash of ideological systems. This chapter draws on previously unused sources to draw a collective portrait of Soviet defectors. Rather than committed cold warriors, most defectors were low-level soldiers or personnel who fled the Soviet bloc for non-political reasons and then experienced an isolated and fearful existence in West Germany. They constituted an unreliable cohort in American political-warfare efforts, as shown by the history of TsOPE, the CIA’s defector organization. They were also a problematic addition to the Russian political exiles in Germany, as the defectors blended into and even encouraged the internecine conflict that was the norm in Russian diaspora politics.
“All Will Be Forgiven”
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 10 addresses “redefection,” or the movement of Russian exiles back across the Iron Curtain from West to East. In mid-decade, in part as a reaction to Amcomlib’s emergence as a viable sponsor of psychological-warfare programs, the Kremlin launched a massive campaign to convince Soviet exiles to relocate to the USSR. The chapter depicts the return campaign, pursued through a KGB-front organization called the Committee for Return to the Homeland, as an effective tool for destabilizing and demoralizing the Russian anti-communists in Germany. While the return campaign damaged the émigré anti-communist camp badly, it also had the unanticipated consequence of encouraging American cold warriors and Russian anti-communists to bury their differences after the fiasco of the united-front campaign. In this way, the return campaign demonstrated the difficulty both superpowers experienced in influencing the Russian émigré milieu, as each step by one side produced a countermove by the other.
Unreliable Allies
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 11 turns to a crucial challenge faced by the CIA-backed Russian exiles: the shifting political situation in West Germany, the crucial place d’armes for Cold War political operations against the Soviet bloc. The two main Russian organizations funded by the agency, the NTS and TsOPE, attempted with great persistence to gain the sympathy of West German political and academic elites in the 1950s. German anti-Russian sentiment limited the success of the émigré charm offensive, however, while the shifting form of the Cold War in Europe weakened their position in the country. In the second half of the 1950s, CIA operations utilizing exiles came under scrutiny and pressure from the now sovereign West German state, which sought to safeguard its new diplomatic relationship with the USSR.
Notes from the Mediterranean
Authors: Mainwaring Ċetta
Published: November 2019

The introductory chapter first examines how and why EU migration policies have focused on control at the external border. The following section looks at how these policies encourage dangerous journeys across the Mediterranean and result in an increasing number of migrant deaths at the edge of Europe. In this context, shipwrecks play an important role in the politics of migration and are alternately cast as a humanitarian crisis and an enforcement problem, with migrants reduced to symbols of suffering or criminality and disorder. The Mediterranean space is reduced to an empty space, a mare nullius that allows for the projection of a unified, cohesive ‘Europe’ and provides a moral alibi for deaths at sea. Next, the chapter introduces the central case study of Malta, which EU policies place in the crosshairs of migration flows and migration control. It is from here, the EU’s smallest and most southern member state, that the book examines migrant experiences as well as Malta’s response to its new role as a migration gatekeeper within the EU. Finally, the chapter describes the methods and methodology employed before mapping the subsequent chapters of the book. In the book, ethnographic methods are combined with macro-level analyses in order to examine the relationships between local, national, and regional levels.
Schooling Little Gentlemen
Authors: Hatfield Mary
Published: November 2019

Based on primary source material from bourgeois and elite boarding schools, this chapter considers the debate on appropriate education for middle-class boys. Irish middle-class schools largely emulated the classical curriculum offered in British and Continental elite schools; however, there was a move towards offering a more practical course of studies for scholars bound for a mercantile future during the 1840s. An examination of the bourgeois school environment, the institutional construction of masculine success and failure, and the content of a manly education suggest a way of understanding adult projections of boyhood and children’s experience of a boarding school education.
Divination and the ‘Real Presence’ of the Divine in Ancient Greece
Authors: Flower Michael A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter applies Robert Orsi’s concepts of ‘real presence’ and ‘abundant history’ to the study of ancient Greek religion, using divination as a case study. It proposes that we should take real presence seriously as something that most Greeks took for granted. Although investigating religious experience is extraordinarily difficult, one of the best places to look is in the ubiquitous practice of divination. For it is in the context of the divinatory ritual that the real presence of the divine was commonly to be experienced. Case studies include the epiphany of Asklepios to Isyllos of Epidauros, the lead oracular tablets from Dodona, and the role of divination in the Athenian expedition to Sicily in 415 bce. The latter event is compared to the belief of the Lakota Sioux that their ghost shirts would protect them from bullets at the Battle of Wounded Knee in 1890. In both cases, a collective belief in prophecy and in the real presence of supernatural forces instilled an assurance of victory, and this assurance was then followed by a rejection of the religious specialists who had promoted a positive interpretation of the message and the outcome.
Which Gods if Any
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores two important factors that led to differences in how Greek and Chinese interlocutors addressed mantic queries to divine powers, and argues that the relative absence of ‘gods’ in Chinese mantic practice (divination) had significant consequences for both cosmology and mantic practice itself. The first of these factors was different beliefs about the degree of direct divine involvement. Greek mantic practices consistently address gods directly, whereas some Chinese mantic methods are significantly grounded in cosmological contexts and calculations. The second was the Chinese belief in a systematic cosmos, which had no immediate Greek parallel. The chapter examines how Chinese ‘spirits’ (shen 神) were addressed in mantic practice, despite this ‘cosmological turn’. It revisits two problems within the literature on this topic. One (the so-called ‘“question” question’), a controversy in the study of Shang dynasty oracle bone inscriptions, is whether we should understand ‘mantic questions’ as queries or requests. The other, a controversy in the study of Greek divination, is how Greek oracular responses were used by consultor states, especially the argument that the most important functions of oracles were political and rhetorical.
Hamiltonian Dynamics and Phase Space
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

Hamiltonian dynamics are derived from the Lagrange equations through the Legendre Transform that expresses the equations of dynamics in terms of the Hamiltonian, which is a function of the generalized coordinates and of their conjugate momenta. Consequences of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian equations of dynamics are conservation of energy and conservation of momentum, with applications to collisions and orbital dynamics. Action-angle coordinates can be defined for integrable Hamiltonian systems and reduce all dynamical motions to phase space trajectories on a hyperdimensional torus.
Relativistic Dynamics
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

The invariance of the speed of light with respect to any inertial observational frame leads to a surprisingly large number of unusual results that defy common intuition. Chief among these are time dilation, length contraction, and loss of simultaneity. The Lorentz transformation intermixes space and time, but an overarching structure is provided by the metric tensor of Minkowski space-time. The pseudo-Riemannian metric supports 4-vectors whose norms are invariants, independent of any observational frame. These invariants constitute the proper objects of reality to study in the special theory of relativity. Relativistic dynamics defines the equivalence of mass and energy, which has many applications in nuclear energy and particle physics. Forces have transformation properties between relatively moving frames that set the stage for a more general theory of relativity that describes physical phenomena in noninertial frames.
Bingo as Practice and Lens
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

Chapter 1 argues that gambling in general, and bingo in particular, provide a valuable entry point for conversations about political economy. Specifically, it shows how bingo offers a distinctive lens on existing debates about gambling and political economy, allowing new questions to be posed. To this end, the chapter engages directly with three reasons the author was given for why not to study bingo: (1) that its player demographics mean that the game is too niche and marginalized to offer generalizable lessons; (2) that it is not really gambling; and (3) that it is dead or dying. The chapter considers each in turn, contending that bingo matters in part because of its distinctive demographics, its self-effacing nature, its awkwardness of fit, and its decades-long decline. Rather than making the game irrelevant, these factors suggest that bingo—no less than casinos, or stock markets—can contribute to new ways of thinking about capitalism.
‘Something Rather Perverse’
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

Focused on debates preceding the passing of the Gambling Act 2005, Chapter 4 traces a final set of changes in how gambling was understood to relate to national visions of risk, profit-making, insurance, and welfare in the UK. Under New Labour, commercial gambling was repositioned as a potential regeneration tool, with the state’s role in part to ensure its success in the domestic and global marketplace. This led to a further narrowing of lawmakers’ visions about gambling. The chapter focuses specifically on New Labour’s casino expansion and online gambling liberalization plans, identifying a reorientation of elite gambling debates to focus on globally salient, technologically cutting-edge spectacles, designed to draw outsiders. Everyday forms of play—especially in multi-use environments—became newly problematic for the state, and in some cases they were to be subjected to increased surveillance. The chapter hereby challenges claims that the 2005 Act represented a neo-liberal effort to encourage risk-taking.
Conclusion
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

The conclusion recaps the two uses that Bingo Capitalism has made of bingo—as practice and lens—to summarize its contribution to work on diverse economies, regulation, and gender. In its own right, bingo matters for our debates about gambling law and policy: indeed, we cannot understand the evolution of UK gambling law and policy without taking the game into account. Bingo reveals both the historical centrality of non-commercial, mutual aid gambling to UK law and policy debates, and the ongoing diversity of meanings attached to gambling in everyday life. In particular current bingo practices show the key role of workers—along with members and consumers—in reanimating gambling vernaculars, in the face of technologies and state definitional practices that seek to automate play. Bingo also brings women’s voices and experiences into gambling debates, and shows how gender is both shaped by, and constitutive of, state rules on everyday playful speculation. Using bingo as lens, the book has argued that the space for the coexistence of diverse economies has been reduced, with the mutual aid dimensions of political economy increasingly eclipsed by commercial and/or charitable dimensions. Given these findings, our accounts of political economy need to focus more on the gendered regulatory entanglements between capitalist and more-than-capitalist dimensions of everyday life.
Contemporary Neuroscience’s Epiphenomenal Challenge to Responsibility
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: November 2019

This paper examines a particular challenge to responsible agency thought to be mounted by contemporary neuroscience. The challenge stems from the alleged experimental demonstration that human choices, and the actions they putatively cause, are mere epiphenomena of one another, co-effects of common causes in the brain of the acting subject. Denied by this challenge is that choices cause the actions that are their objects, seemingly an indispensable requirement for there to be responsible agency. The force of this challenge is blunted by a showing that in certain cases we can control (and thus be responsible) for more than we cause—that (more specifically) we sometimes are in control of a harm that is one horn of an epiphenomenal fork by knowing of the fork’s existence and by being in control of the other horn of that fork, even while recognizing that of course there can be no causal relationship across the horns of such forks.
Associationist Aesthetics and the Foundations of the Architectural Imagination
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

This chapter seeks to provide an account of how aestheticians and practising architects in the long eighteenth century variously accounted for the imaginative potential of Gothic architecture. Showing how architectural debates in the period were structured according to the classical/Gothic divide, it explores the empiricist discourse of architectural association as it runs from John Locke, through Joseph Addison, Mark Akenside, William Chambers, Alexander Gerard, Thomas Gray, William Gilpin, and others, into the work of John Soane. Situating the architectural writings of Horace Walpole within this tradition, it discusses Walpole’s engagement with the architectural theories of his day. Through a reading of the work of William Beckford, the chapter charts the shift from empiricism to idealism in the architectural imagination of the early nineteenth century.
History is a Map 2
Authors: Nelson Claudia , Morey Anne
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines a set of texts—Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson and the Olympians series (2005–9), Vaughan Edwards and Barry Creyton’s The Dogs of Pompeii (2011), Paul Shipton’s Gryllus the Pig duology (2004–6), Gary Northfield’s Julius Zebra series (2015–18), and Robin Price’s Spartapuss series (2004–15)—that undermine the reader’s presumption of distance from the classical world through an emphasis upon grotesquerie and play. While the protagonists of the first two sets of texts examined are children, the other books deploy animals or humans in animal bodies to emphasize that the classics are accessible to the child reader and that consuming narratives about the past is both serious business and play. In these narratives, the past is itself an object to be consumed as popular culture is consumed; the protagonist of these narratives is likewise obliged to offer himself as an object of consumption through acts of heroic (or mock-heroic) self-sacrifice. Rather than proposing the past as a hard-to-access site of superior culture, these narratives propose it as a place of triumphant popular culture familiar to child readers from their own experience.
History is Fractal
Authors: Nelson Claudia , Morey Anne
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores dystopian works—Diana Wynne Jones’s The Game (2007), Alan Garner’s Red Shift (1971), John Christopher’s Fireball series (1981–6), N. M. Browne’s Warriors series (2000–9), Suzanne Collins’s Hunger Games trilogy (2008–10), Sabaa Tahir’s An Ember in the Ashes and its two sequels (2015–18), and Megan Whalen Turner’s The Queen’s Thief series (1996–2017)—whose dominant spatial metaphor is that of the fractal. The fractal structure offers a jaundiced view of progress marred by conflicts large and small whose protagonists are caught within uncontrollable repetition. It is argued that memory is central to this exploration of conflict and that memory is intertwined with guilt and empathy. While these works also foreground the agency of the young protagonist, efforts at communication are as likely to be damaging as healing, and emotion is often revealed to be a matter of performance rather than authenticity.
“But I Voted for Him for Other Reasons!”
Authors: Liberman Alida
Published: November 2019

Many people presume that you can permissibly support the good features of a symbol, person, activity, or work of art while simultaneously denouncing its bad features. Chapter 7 refines and assesses this commonsense (but undertheorized) moral justification for supporting problematic people, projects, and political symbols, and proposes an analogue of the Doctrine of Double Effect called the Doctrine of Double Endorsement (DDN). DDN proposes that when certain conditions are met, it is morally permissible to directly endorse some object in virtue of its positive properties while standing against its negative properties, even though it would be morally impermissible to directly endorse those negative properties themselves. These conditions include separability (the good and bad features must not be inextricably linked), proportionality (the positive value of the good features must be significantly greater than the negative value of the bad features), and constrained choice (there must not be other things that the agent could endorse instead that share the same positive features but are not saddled with the negative ones). The chapter applies these constraints to a number of practical issues, including (among others) voting for morally troubling candidates, supporting Confederate monuments, and consuming sexist art.
From Teleosemantics to Normative Ethics
Authors: Ross Jacob
Published: November 2019

The morally wrong actions, it seems, are the actions that are worthy of moral disapproval. Hence, one way to approach normative ethics is to ask the following question: Toward what kinds of action is moral disapproval fitting or correct? Chapter 13 argues that we can answer this question by adopting a teleosemantic framework. The chapter proceeds in three stages. It begins by proposing and defending a teleological theory of the contents of attitudes in general. The account proposed implies that the content of an attitude depends on its functional role. Accordingly, the second part of the paper defends an account of the functional role of moral disapproval. Then the third part combines the results of the first two parts in order to determine the content, and hence the correctness conditions, of moral disapproval. The chapter concludes with some remarks about the normative implications of the resulting view. In particular, it argues for a form of moral relativism.
Introduction
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2019

Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics features new work in the field of normative ethical theory. The chapters in this ninth volume collectively address the following topics: the relation between duty and motive, the structure of requests, discretionary moral duties, third-party forgiveness, persons as things, fitting love, the doctrine of double endorsement, taking oneself lightly, duty and right reasons, deontological decision theory, suboptimal beneficence, the self and radical change, and teleosemantics and normative ethics....
The Contextual Framework
Authors: Coss Peter
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 deals with the contextual framework for the study of Tuscany under three headings. These are: the Italian context, concentrating on the decline of the kingdom of Italy during the iron century which provides a backdrop to this study; public and private authority; patrimonialization and the localization of power; the Tuscan context, concentrating on its geography and its broad history, including the march of Tuscia; the role of bishops, and castles; and the historiography of Tuscany, introducing key scholars and the grand narrative which centred on the binary distinction between the city as the site of progress and the backward-looking feudal countryside. Key terminology will be discussed: signoria, incastellamento, libellus, pievi, contado, consorteria.
The Aristocracy in City and Contado
Authors: Coss Peter
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 examines the general characteristics of the Tuscan aristocracy across both town and city during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the important shifts which took place, centring on Florence and its contado, the Fiorentino. The reader will be introduced to the most recent Italian scholarship and its terminological underpinning. It will discuss the high aristocracy (marquises and counts) and the involvement of these and of the bishops in local politics. Particular attention will be given to the house of Canossa. The chapter then turns to the aristocrazia intermedia: their interests; their relationships with the high aristocracy; their role in monastic patronage; their family structure and strategies; and their changing relationship with the city of Florence. It concludes with a comparison between Florence and other Tuscan cities.