bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of grain size and residual stress on the corrosion resistance of friction stir spot welded AZ31B joints
Authors: Savguira Y. , North T. H. , Thorpe S. J.
Published: April 2016

Localized corrosion at the weld periphery of AZ31B friction stir spot welds has been associated with the formation of a galvanic cell between the stir zone material and the adjacent base metal. However, this explanation did not take into account the effects of residual stress and grain growth in material adjacent to the stir zone region. In this study, the influence of microstructural changes on the electrochemical characteristics of FSSW joints is investigated using a combination of microcapillary polarization, stress relief heat‐treatment and micro‐hardness testing. It is confirmed that residual stress has no significant effect on the corrosion resistance properties of completed joints. Also, based on a detailed examination of the electrochemical characteristics of materials in the stir zone, TMAZ and HAZ regions, grain growth had negligible influence on the corrosion resistance properties.
Nondestructive Molecular Characterization of Polycarbonate–Polyvinylamine Composites after Thermally Induced Aminolysis
Authors: Zimmerer Cordelia , Nagel Jürgen , Steiner Gerald , Heinrich Gert
Published: April 2016

Thermal induced solid phase polymer reactions between bisphenol‐A‐based polycarbonate (PC) and polyvinylamine (PVAm) are used to form permanent composite material. The PC–PVAm interface is characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. IR spectra of synthesized reference substances which can be expected after PC–PVAm reaction are recorded and used to identify amidation product structures within the PC–PVAm interphase. Curve fit analysis is performed to isolated sub‐bands. The spectral position of the carbonyl absorption band is a suitable marker for the identification of different amidation products. While the formation of urethane and cyclic Allophanate points to the formation of a co‐polymer cyclic Urea indicates a PC chain scission without binding between both polymer materials.

image
Generalized weighted Morrey spaces and classical operators
Authors: Nakamura Shohei
Published: April 2016

We introduce the notion of generalized weighted Morrey spaces and investigate the boundedness of some operators in these spaces, such as the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator, generalized fractional maximal operators, generalized fractional integral operators, and singular integral operators. We also study their boundedness in the vector‐valued setting.
Sliding block codes between shift spaces over infinite alphabets
Authors: Gonçalves Daniel , Sobottka Marcelo , Starling Charles
Published: April 2016

Recently Ott, Tomforde and Willis introduced a notion of one‐sided shifts over infinite alphabets and proposed a definition for sliding block codes between such shift spaces. In this work we propose a more general definition for sliding block codes between Ott–Tomforde–Willis shift spaces and then we prove Curtis–Hedlund–Lyndon type theorems for them, finding sufficient and necessary conditions under which the class of the sliding block codes coincides with the class of continuous shift‐commuting maps.
Novel Approach for Invention of Nubbly‐Like Cd(SSe) Thin Film: Photoelectrochemical Application
Authors: Khot Kishorkumar V. , Mali Sawanta S. , Patil Pallavi B. , Kharade Rohini R. , Mane Rahul M. , Hong Chang Kook , Bhosale Popatrao N.
Published: April 2016

Self‐organized arrested precipitation technique (APT) has been successfully used for synthesis of nubbly‐like cadmium sulfoselenide (Cd(SSe)) thin film. Deposited Cd(SSe) thin films was characterized by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) study, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Surface profiler study revealed that thickness of deposited thin film is 793 nm. Optical absorption study indicated that, direct allowed type of transition with 1.86 eV optical band gap energy. XRD study confirmed that, deposited thin film is nanocrystalline in nature with pure hexagonal crystal structure and calculated crystallite size is 68 nm. Well‐adherent and crack free deposition on substrate surface was observed in low resolution FESEM image. High resolution FESEM image shows formation of nubbly‐like surface morphology from bunch of smaller nanospheres. EDS pattern confirms that deposited thin film is stoichiomtric in nature. Highest short circuit current density (Jsc) of 0.454 mA/cm2 and corresponding value of open circuit voltage (Voc) was 782 mV. From J–V measurement, photoconversion efficiency of 0.57% was achieved.
Prediction of the Phase Structure Evolution during Processing of Polymer Blends. Results and Problems
Authors: Fortelný Ivan , Jůza Josef
Published: April 2016

The paper summarizes state of art in the description of the droplet breakup, coalescence, and competition between them in flowing immiscible polymer blends. It has been shown that, in contrast to the conditions for the start of droplet breakup, knowledge of the dependence of the droplet breakup frequency on system parameters is quite limited. It has been demonstrated that the switch between expressions for the matrix drainage between spherical and highly deformed droplets leads to a reasonable description of the flow induced coalescence. This method makes it possible to include the effect of the matrix elasticity into the calculation of the probability of coalescence. The analysis of the competition between the droplet breakup and coalescence leads to the conclusion that knowledge of the mechanism and frequency of the droplet breakup is essential for at least qualitative prediction of the droplet size dependence on system parameters. The article addresses main features of flowing polymer blends, not adequately reflected in available theories.
Performance of Cladding Modified PANI‐ZnO Nanocomposite Glucose Oxidase Immobilized Fiber Optic Intrinsic Glucose Biosensor
Authors: Pahurkar Vikas , Harde Gajanan , Nagale Vinod , Muley Gajanan
Published: April 2016

The cheapness, easy availability of raw materials, easy synthesis, good environmental stability, good electrical and optical properties, simple doping and de‐doping chemistry makes the place of polymers very important in sensing applications. Besides all the conducting polymers, polyaniline (PANI) has found comfortable and suitable for the immobilization of biomolecules. In the present study, we have fabricated PANI‐ZnO nanocomposite by chemical polymerization route and used to modify cladding of an optical fiber for immobilization of enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) on it with the help of cross‐linking technique for the development of cladding modified fiber optic intrinsic glucose biosensor (FOIGB). The properties of deposited PANI‐ZnO nanocomposite have been studied. The sensitivity of prepared sensor in the form of power and modal power distribution (MPD) has also been reported.
Effect of Concentration and Temperature on Rheological Behaviour of Polystyrene Solution
Authors: Suresh Kelothu , Boro Rijumoni , Kumar R. Vinoth , Pugazhenthi G.
Published: April 2016

This article addresses the rheological properties of various concentration of polystyrene solution at different temperatures. Xylene was used as a solvent to make different concentration of polystyrene solution (5, 10 and 15 wt%). The rheological characteristics were carried out at various temperatures (20, 30 and 40°C) and the shear rate was varied from 0.1 to 100 s−1. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the solution rheology is influenced by shear rate, solution concentration and testing temperature. It is also observed that for the studied temperatures, the viscosity of polystyrene solution rapidly decreases with increasing shear rate from 0.1 to 16 s−1. In order to elucidate the rheological behavior, different rheological models such as Power law, Herschel–Bulkley, Casson, Sisko, Cross and Carreau model were used to determine the flow characteristics of the polystyrene solutions. According to regression coefficient and Bias factor analysis, it can be concluded that Herschel–Bulkley model describes well for 5 wt% solution, whereas Cross model provides the best fit for 10 and 15 wt% polymer solution.
Synthesis and Characterization of Aniline and 4‐Fluoroaniline Conducting Copolymer Composites Doped with Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Vijayanand Pachanoor Subbaian , Vivekanandan Janakiraman , Mahudeswaran Arunachalam , Jayaprakasam Ramasamy
Published: April 2016

A new series of silver nanoparticles doped poly (aniline‐co‐4‐fluoroaniline) nanocomposites was synthesized by chemical oxidative in‐situ polymerization method. The characterization of these nanocomposites was carried out by using FTIR, UV‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a standard four probe conductivity method. The synthesized conducting copolymer shows good solubility in common organic solvents such as DMF and DMSO. In FT‐IR spectroscopy a broad band around 1153 cm−1 corresponds to the presence of a halogen (fluoro) group. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) characterization reveals the crystalline nature of the copolymer. The scanning electron microscopic study shows the nanolayered spherical granular particles are of agglomeration nature. The increase in conductivity is also due to the interfacial interaction of nano‐scale Ag nanoparticles in the poly (aniline‐co‐4‐fluoroaniline) matrix that leads to fast charge transfer process. It may be used in the manufacture of batteries, electrodes, electrochromic devices, photovoltaic cells, light emitting diode and biosensors etc.
Formulation and Characterization of Sustained Release Microspheres of Lornoxicam Using Gelatin with HPMCAS Coating
Authors: Fule Ritesh , Dhamecha Dinesh , Khale Anubha , Amin Purnima
Published: April 2016

Sustained release polymeric microspheres of lornoxicam are prepared by using calcium chloride gelatin followed by amphiphilic HPMCAS (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate H grade) polymer by solvent evaporation method. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used as an emulsifier which was found to improve shape whereas HPMCAS increased surface smoothness of microspheres. In vitro dissolution studies in acidic and neutral pH showed sustained release profile for all formulations. Microspheres were characterized by using advanced analytical instruments like SEM, XRD, DSC, FT‐IR, Raman spectroscopy etc. Microspheres are evaluated for its swelling index, shape and entrapment efficiency. The prepared microspheres found to be stable and release controlled which consequently sustained the drug effect for longer time.
Slowed relaxation of diaphragm in septic rats is associated with reduced expression of sarco‐endoplasmic reticulum CA2+‐ATPase genes SERCA1 and SERCA2
Authors: Wu Jin , Zhang Jian You , Gong Yuan , Li Shi Tong
Published: April 2016

Introduction: The aim of this study was to study the effects of sepsis on diaphragm relaxation properties and the associated expression of sarco‐endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase genes SERCA1 and SERCA2. Methods: Rats were randomized to undergo either sham surgery or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Diaphragm isometric relaxation parameters were measured after 24 h. The mRNA expression and protein content of SERCA1 and SERCA2 in diaphragm muscles were determined. Results: Both diaphragm maximal twitch and tetanus relaxation rates were reduced. Twitch half‐relaxation time was prolonged after normalization to half of peak twitch tension. The mRNA expression and protein content of SERCA1 and SERCA2 were decreased. Conclusions: Slowed relaxation of the diaphragm in septic rats was associated with reduced expression of SERCA1 and SERCA2. Muscle Nerve 54: 1108–1113, 2016
Serial assessment of functional recovery following nerve injury using implantable thin‐film wireless nerve stimulators
Authors: Gamble Paul , Stephen Manu , MacEwan Matthew , Ray Wilson Z.
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Comprehensive assessment of the time course of functional recovery following peripheral nerve repair is critical for surgical management of peripheral nerve injuries. This study describes the design and implementation of a novel implantable wireless nerve stimulator capable of repeatedly interfacing peripheral nerve tissue and providing serial evaluation of functional recovery postoperatively. Methods: Thin‐film wireless implants were fabricated and subcutaneously implanted into Lewis rats. Wireless implants were used to serially stimulate rat sciatic nerve and assess functional recovery over 3 months following various nerve injuries. Results: Wireless stimulators demonstrated consistent performances over 3 months in vivo and successfully facilitated serial assessment of nerve and muscle function following nerve crush and nerve transection injuries. Conclusions: This study highlights the ability of implantable wireless nerve stimulators to provide a unique view into the time course of functional recovery in multiple motor targets. Muscle Nerve 54: 1114–1119, 2016
Denervation versus pre‐ and postsynaptic muscle immobilization: Effects On acetylcholine‐ and muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase receptors
Authors: Kramer Christopher , Zoubaa Saida , Kretschmer Alexander , Jordan Denis , Blobner Manfred , Fink Heidrun
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Functional immobility of the diaphragm by mechanical ventilation impairs neuromuscular transmission and may result in ventilator‐induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. We compared 3 diaphragmatic immobilization models with respect to their effects on expression of adult and fetal acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), muscle‐specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK), and muscle fiber morphology.

Methods

Diaphragms of rats were immobilized by either: (1) phrenicotomy; (2) presynaptic tetrodotoxin nerve blockade; or (3) postsynaptic polyethylene orthosis. AChR subtypes and MuSK were quantified by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Muscle fiber morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin–eosin staining.

Results

Adult AChRs remained unchanged, whereas fetal AChRs and MuSK were upregulated in all models. Denervation induced the strongest changes in muscle morphology.

Conclusions

Each diaphragm immobilization model led to severe morphologic and postsynaptic receptor changes. Postsynaptic polyethylene orthosis, a new model with an intact and functioning motor unit, best reflects the clinical picture of a functionally immobilized diaphragm. Muscle Nerve 55: 101–108, 2017
Oxyhydroxy Silicate Colloids: A New Type of Waterborne Actinide(IV) Colloids
Authors: Zänker Harald , Weiss Stephan , Hennig Christoph , Brendler Vinzenz , Ikeda‐Ohno Atsushi
Published: April 2016

At the near‐neutral and reducing aquatic conditions expected in undisturbed ore deposits or in closed nuclear waste repositories, the actinides Th, U, Np, and Pu are primarily tetravalent. These tetravalent actinides (AnIV) are sparingly soluble in aquatic systems and, hence, are often assumed to be immobile. However, AnIV could become mobile if they occur as colloids. This review focuses on a new type of AnIV colloids, oxyhydroxy silicate colloids. We herein discuss the chemical characteristics of these colloids and the potential implication for their environmental behavior. The binary oxyhydroxy silicate colloids of AnIV could be potentially more mobile as a waterborne species than the well‐known mono‐component oxyhydroxide colloids.
Rhabdomyolysis associated with risperidone and escitalopram
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: April 2016

Rhabdomyolysis is a potentially life‐threatening syndrome. Destruction of muscle fibers secondary to disruption of calcium homeostasis in muscle cells allows leakage of toxic cellular contents into the systemic circulation, resulting in fiber necrosis. Significant elevation of serum creatine kinase usually occurs in patients with rhabdomyolysis. This case report describes a patient who developed rhabdomyolysis after receiving concurrent risperidone and escitalopram.
Optimal Designs of the Variable Sample Size Chart Based on Median Run Length and Expected Median Run Length
Authors: Teoh W. L. , Chong J. K. , Khoo M. B. C. , Castagliola P. , Yeong W. C.
Published: April 2016

The variable sample size (VSS)chart, devoted to the detection of moderate mean shifts, has been widely investigated under the context of the average run‐length criterion. Because the shape of the run‐length distribution alters with the magnitude of the mean shifts, the average run length is a confusing measure, and the use of percentiles of the run‐length distribution is considered as more intuitive. This paper develops two optimal designs of the VSSchart, by minimizing (i) the median run length and (ii) the expected median run length for both deterministic and unknown shift sizes, respectively. The 5th and 95th percentiles are also provided in order to measure the variation in the run‐length distribution. Two VSS schemes are considered in this paper, that is, when the (i) small sample size (nS) or (ii) large sample size (nL) is predefined for the first subgroup (n1). The Markov chain approach is adopted to evaluate the performance of these two VSS schemes. The comparative study reveals that improvements in the detection speed are found for these two VSS schemes without increasing the in‐control average sample size. For moderate to large mean shifts, the optimal VSSchart withn1 = nLsignificantly outperforms the optimal EWMAchart, while the former is comparable to the latter whenn1 = nS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian relief
Authors: Hofkirchner Hubertus
Published: April 2016

Changes in business and society creates challenges for researchers… enter prediction markets.
The quest for substance
Authors: Welter Christoph , King Helen
Published: April 2016

Global food culture is torn between post‐authenticity and hyper‐realness—but where's the substance?
Surviving and Thriving
Authors: Keys Tracey
Published: April 2016

Resources are under pressure; mass migration is rewriting the rules on freedom of movement; geopolitical threats and social tensions are increasing. Digitalisation, cross industry competition and shifting consumer behaviours are shaking up, if not completely upending, traditional business models and notions of industry and market segmentation. Financial markets are being disrupted by technology and new players. Automation and multiple generations are reshaping the workforce.
Test equality in binary data for a 4 × 4 crossover trial under a Latin‐square design
Authors: Lui Kung‐Jong , Chang Kuang‐Chao
Published: April 2016

When there are four or more treatments under comparison, the use of a crossover design with a complete set of treatment‐receipt sequences in binary data is of limited use because of too many treatment‐receipt sequences. Thus, we may consider use of a 4 × 4 Latin square to reduce the number of treatment‐receipt sequences when comparing three experimental treatments with a control treatment. Under a distribution‐free random effects logistic regression model, we develop simple procedures for testing non‐equality between any of the three experimental treatments and the control treatment in a crossover trial with dichotomous responses. We further derive interval estimators in closed forms for the relative effect between treatments. To evaluate the performance of these test procedures and interval estimators, we employ Monte Carlo simulation. We use the data taken from a crossover trial using a 4 × 4 Latin‐square design for studying four‐treatments to illustrate the use of test procedures and interval estimators developed here. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Impacts of Power Outages during Hurricane Sandy—A Resilience‐Based Analysis
Authors: Henry Devanandham , Ramirez‐Marquez Jose Emmanuel
Published: April 2016

The dependence on continuous availability of power for day‐to‐day functioning and sustenance of life is more critical today than ever before. A prolonged loss of power is no longer just an inconvenience, but brings normal life to a standstill. When Hurricane Sandy hit the U.S East Coast in October 2012, many lost their homes and properties due to the flooding and severe winds. However, a significant impact was the power outages to over 8 million customers across 21 states, for days and even weeks. This paper takes a systems view of these power outages from supply and demand sides, from a quantitative resilience perspective. The focus of this study is on the resilience action that enables restoration of the disrupted system. Generic resilience framework and metrics are used as the basis for the resilience analysis; the observations, lessons learnt, and recommendations based on this analysis are expected to improve recovery from large‐scale power outages resulting from any disruptive event in future.
The uniform electron gas
Authors: Loos Pierre‐François , Gill Peter M. W.
Published: April 2016

The uniform electron gas or UEG (also known as jellium) is one of the most fundamental models in condensed‐matter physics and the cornerstone of the most popular approximation—the local‐density approximation—within density‐functional theory. In this article, we provide a detailed review on the energetics of the UEG at high, intermediate, and low densities, and in one, two, and three dimensions. We also report the best quantum Monte Carlo and symmetry‐broken Hartree‐Fock calculations available in the literature for the UEG and discuss the phase diagrams of jellium. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:410–429. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1257

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
The extension of the method of dimensionality reduction to non‐compact and non‐axisymmetric contacts
Authors: Argatov I. , Heß M. , Pohrt R. , Popov V.L.
Published: April 2016

The Hertz‐type three‐dimensional frictionless contact problem with a single controlling parameter is considered through a prism of the method of dimensionality reduction (MDR). The corresponding MDR formalism has been developed with respect to the main contact parameters (contact force and contact approach). It is shown that the half‐length of the 1D contact interval can be uniquely interpreted as the harmonic radius of the original contact area. Also, the case of self‐similar contact is studied in detail, and the obtained relations are applied to this case.
The aetiological association between the dynamics of cortisol productivity and ADHD
Authors: Pinto Rebecca , Rijsdijk Fruhling , Ouellet-Morin Isabelle , Asherson Philip , McLoughlin Grainne , Kuntsi Jonna
Published: April 2016

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, indexed by salivary cortisol. The phenotypic and aetiological association of cortisol productivity with ADHD was investigated. A selected twin design using 68 male twin-pairs aged 12–15, concordant or discordant for high ADHD symptom scores, or control twin-pairs with low ADHD symptoms, based on developmentally stable parental ADHD ratings. A genetic growth curve model was applied to cortisol samples obtained across three points during a cognitive-electroencephalography assessment, to examine the aetiological overlap of ADHD affection status (high versus low ADHD symptom scores) with latent intercept and slope factors. A significant phenotypic correlation emerged between ADHD and the slope factor, with cortisol levels dropping faster for the group with high ADHD symptom scores. The analyses further suggested this overlap was mostly driven by correlated genetic effects. We identified change in cortisol activity over time as significantly associated with ADHD affection status, primarily explained by shared genetic effects, suggesting that blunted cortisol productivity can be a marker of genetic risk in ADHD.
Antenatal manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism: autopsy findings suggestive of a metabolic disorder
Authors: Collardeau‐Frachon Sophie , Cordier Marie‐Pierre , Rossi Massimiliano , Guibaud Laurent , Vianey‐Saban Christine
Published: April 2016

This review highlights the importance of performing an autopsy when faced with fetal abortion or termination of pregnancy with suspicion of an inborn error of metabolism. Radiological, macroscopic and microscopic features found at autopsy as well as placental anomalies that can suggest such a diagnosis are detailed. The following metabolic disorders encountered in fetuses are discussed: lysosomal storage diseases, peroxisomal disorders, cholesterol synthesis disorders, congenital disorders of glycosylation, glycogenosis type IV, mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders, transaldolase deficiency, generalized arterial calcification of infancy, hypophosphatasia, arylsulfatase E deficiency, inborn errors of serine metabolism, asparagine synthetase deficiency, hyperphenylalaninemia, glutaric aciduria type I, non‐ketotic hyperglycinemia, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, glutamine synthase deficiency, sulfite oxidase and molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
Age at disease onset and peak ammonium level rather than interventional variables predict the neurological outcome in urea cycle disorders
Authors: Posset Roland , Garcia‐Cazorla Angeles , Valayannopoulos Vassili , Teles Elisa Leão , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo , Brassier Anaïs , Burlina Alberto B. , Burgard Peter , Cortès‐Saladelafont Elisenda , Dobbelaere Dries , Couce Maria L. , Sykut‐Cegielska Jolanta , Häberle Johannes , Lund Allan M. , Chakrapani Anupam , Schiff Manuel , Walter John H. , Zeman Jiri , Vara Roshni , Kölker Stefan ,   Additional individual contributors of the E‐IMD consortium
Published: April 2016

Background

Patients with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) have an increased risk of neurological disease manifestation.

Aims

Determining the effect of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions on the neurological outcome.

Methods

Evaluation of baseline, regular follow‐up and emergency visits of 456 UCD patients prospectively followed between 2011 and 2015 by the E‐IMD patient registry.

Results

About two‐thirds of UCD patients remained asymptomatic until age 12 days [i.e. the median age at diagnosis of patients identified by newborn screening (NBS)] suggesting a potential benefit of NBS. In fact, NBS lowered the age at diagnosis in patients with late onset of symptoms (>28 days), and a trend towards improved long‐term neurological outcome was found for patients with argininosuccinate synthetase and lyase deficiency as well as argininemia identified by NBS. Three to 17 different drug combinations were used for maintenance therapy, but superiority of any single drug or specific drug combination above other combinations was not demonstrated. Importantly, non‐interventional variables of disease severity, such as age at disease onset and peak ammonium level of the initial hyperammonemic crisis (cut‐off level: 500 μmol/L) best predicted the neurological outcome.

Conclusions

Promising results of NBS for late onset UCD patients are reported and should be re‐evaluated in a larger and more advanced age group. However, non‐interventional variables affect the neurological outcome of UCD patients. Available evidence‐based guideline recommendations are currently heterogeneously implemented into practice, leading to a high variability of drug combinations that hamper our understanding of optimised long‐term and emergency treatment.
A method to qualitatively assess arm use in stroke survivors in the home environment
Authors: Leuenberger Kaspar , Gonzenbach Roman , Wachter Susanne , Luft Andreas , Gassert Roger
Published: April 2016

Wearable sensor technology has enabled unobtrusive monitoring of arm movements of stroke survivors in the home environment. However, the most widely established method, based on activity counts, provides quantitative rather than qualitative information on arm without functional insights, and is sensitive to passive arm movements during ambulatory activities. We propose a method to quantify functionally relevant arm use in stroke survivors relying on a single wrist-worn inertial measurement unit. Orientation of the forearm during movements is measured in order identify gross arm movements. The method is validated in 10 subacute/chronic stroke survivors wearing inertial sensors at 5 anatomical locations for 48 h. Measurements are compared to conventional activity counts and to a test for gross manual dexterity. Duration of gross arm movements of the paretic arm correlated significantly better with the Box and Block Test (

$$r=0.95$$

r
=
0.95

) than conventional activity counts when walking phases were included (

$$r=0.69$$

r
=
0.69

), and similar results were found when comparing ratios of paretic and non-paretic arms for gross movements and activity counts. The proposed gross arm movement metric is robust against passive arm movements during ambulatory activities and requires only a single-sensor module placed at the paretic wrist for the assessment of functionally relevant arm use.
ADL disability and death in dementia in a French population‐based cohort: New insights with an illness‐death model
Authors: Delva Fleur , Touraine Celia , Joly Pierre , Edjolo Arlette , Amieva Hélène , Berr Claudine , Rouaud Olivier , Helmer Catherine , Pérès Karine , Dartigues Jean‐François
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Transition to bathing or dressing disability is a milestone in the evolution of dementia. We examined the transition to disability in these specific activities and considered death to be a competitive event and age and sex to be prognostic factors.

Methods

From a large cohort of 570 incident dementia cases screened in two prospective population‐based cohorts, the Paquid study, and the Three‐City study, we estimated the probabilities of remaining nondisabled, becoming disabled in bathing or dressing, or dying after the diagnosis using an illness‐death model.

Results

On average, approximately half of the period (3 years) of living with dementia was free of disability. In women, a higher survival rate was associated with an average of 1 additional year with disability.

Discussion

The joint prediction of death and disability in dementia by an illness‐death model gives original and useful parameters for the prognosis and management of dementia.
Magneto-gravitational convection in a vertical layer of ferrofluid in a uniform oblique magnetic field
Authors: Rahman Habibur , Suslov Sergey A.
Published: April 2016

The stability of base gravitational convection in a layer of ferrofluid confined between two vertical wide and tall non-magnetic plates, heated from one side, cooled from the other and placed in a uniform oblique external magnetic field is studied. Two distinct mechanisms, thermo-gravitational and thermo-magnetic, are found to be responsible for the appearance of various stationary and wave-like instability modes. The characteristics of all instability modes are investigated as functions of the orientation angles of the applied magnetic field and its magnitude for various values of magnetic parameters when both the thermo-magnetic and gravitational buoyancy mechanisms are active. The original three-dimensional problem is cast in an equivalent two-dimensional form using generalised Squire’s transformations, which significantly reduces a computational cost. Subsequently, full three-dimensional instability patterns are recovered using the inverse Squire’s transformation, and the optimal field and pattern orientations are determined.
SOCIOECONOMIC VARIATIONS IN INDUCED ABORTION IN TURKEY
Authors: Ankara Hasan Giray
Published: April 2016

This study aimed to identify the levels of, and socioeconomic variations in, income-related inequality in induced abortion among Turkish women. The study included 15,480 ever-married women of reproductive age (15–49) from the 2003 and 2008 waves of the Turkish Demographic and Health Survey. The measured inequalities in abortion levels and their changes over time were decomposed into the percentage contributions of selected socioeconomic factors using ordinary least square analysis and concentration indices were calculated. The inequalities and their first difference (difference in inequalities between 2003 and 2008) were decomposed using the approaches of Wagstaffet al.(2003). Higher socioeconomic characteristics (such as higher levels of wealth and education and better neighbourhood) were found to be associated with higher rates of abortion. Inequality analyses indicated that although deprived women become more familiar with abortion over time, abortion was still more concentrated among affluent women in the 2008 survey. The decomposition analyses suggested that wealth, age, education and level of regional development were the most important contributors to income-related inequality in abortion. Therefore policies that (i) increase the level of wealth and education of deprived women, (ii) develop deprived regions of Turkey, (iii) improve knowledge about family planning and, especially (iv) enhance the accessibility of family planning services for deprived and/or rural women, may be beneficial for reducing socioeconomic variations in abortion in the country.
Slant board immobilisation of head-and-neck radiotherapy patients who cannot tolerate a flat position
Authors: Qu Song , Singer Lisa , Chen Josephine , Shugard Erin , Garsa Adam A. , Yom Sue S.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head-and-neck cancer are often positioned supine on a carbon fibre board to which a thermoplastic mask is attached to immobilise the head and shoulders. For patients unable to tolerate a supine position, we developed a tilting board that accommodates a full-scale head-and-shoulder mask.

Materials and methods

Phantom measurements were obtained to confirm the dosimetric accuracy of our treatment planning system when using this board. A patient was simulated in the flat and tilted positions on the board. The two corresponding treatment plans were evaluated by comparing the target coverage and doses with organs at risk. The patient’s intra-fraction motion was quantified during his tilted treatments.

Results

Phantom measurements confirmed the accuracy of the dosimetric calculations. The tilted plan met dosimetric standards for clinical acceptability. The intra-fraction motion of the patient in the tilted position was >3 mm in any direction.

Conclusions

The tilting board met clinical requirements for IMRT planning and delivery. Full-scale head-and-shoulder immobilisation was achieved in a more tolerable tilted position.
When may soldiers participate in war?
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe
Published: April 2016

I shall argue that in some wars both sides are (as a collective) justified, that is, they can both satisfy valid jus ad bellum requirements. Moreover, in some wars – but not in all – the individual soldiers on the unjustified side (i.e. on the side without jus ad bellum) may nevertheless kill soldiers (and also civilians as a side-effect) on the justified side, even if the enemy soldiers always abide by jus in bello constraints. The reason for this is that with regard to some forms of inflicting harm on others one may give special weight to one’s own interests and the interests of those to whom one has special responsibilities when assessing the proportionality of those acts. That is, the proportionality calculation may be agent-relative. This is in particular so in the case of foreseeably preventing innocent and non-threatening people from being saved (for instance, by shooting down a tactical bomber who would have saved them by destroying an ammunitions factory) but less so in the case of the intentional or foreseeable direct harming of innocent and non-threatening people (dropping bombs on people standing near an ammunitions factory). In the light of these considerations, I will then answer the question as to when soldiers may justifiably participate in war (and when not).
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Adaptation of the Tactical Skills Inventory for Sports in the School Context
Authors: Viciana Jesús , Mayorga-Vega Daniel , Blanco Humberto
Published: April 2016

Tactical skills in sport are the basis for current models of invasion team sports instruction, and relate to other psychological variables that exert a mediating influence on people’s normal physical activity. This study aimed to validate the Spanish adaptation of the Tactical Skills Inventory for Sports by Elferink-Gemser, Visscher, Richart, and Lemmink (2004) and verify its factorial invariance. The sample included 540 participants 12.89 ± 1.73 years of age (10 to 17 years old; 333 males and 207 females). The adaptation and translation of the original questionnaire followed the methodological steps established by the International Test Commission. Then two measurement models with the original questionnaire’s four-factor structure were compared. Confirmatory analyses were conducted using the software AMOS 21 and maximum likelihood estimation. Results indicated a four-factor structure (positioning and deciding, knowing about ball actions, knowing about others, acting in changing situations) was viable and showed goodness of fit to the data, with adequate indices of reliability (α between .72 and .86) and validity (GFI = .955; RMSEA = .044; CFI = .974), and strong evidence of stability in the factor structure. Moreover, factorial invariance was observed between participants who do and do not practice team sports, with practitioners scoring higher than non-practitioners on all factors (p < .001; effect sizes between .97 and 1.08).
How Do Party Systems Shape Insurgency Levels?A Comparison of Four Nineteenth-Century Latin American Republics
Authors: Somma Nicolás M.
Published: April 2016

This article explores how variations in party systems shape the intensity of insurgency against national authorities in nineteenth-century Latin America. I argue that, under certain conditions, two-party systems may polarize and lead to intense insurgency because they simplify the process of blame attribution, encourage the incumbent party to exclude its opponent from power positions, and motivate leaders to emphasize extreme ideological positions. Conversely, multiparty systems may encourage flexible electoral and congressional alliances among parties, resulting in lower insurgency. I test the argument in four nineteenth-century Latin American republics with different insurgency levels. While in Colombia and Uruguay two-party systems polarized and fueled intense insurgency across the century, Chile and Costa Rica developed flexible multiparty systems that prevented polarization and favored low insurgency.
Populationseffekte einer flächendeckenden Implementierung familienbasierter Präventionsprogramme
Authors: Frantz Inga , Heinrichs Nina
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die flächendeckende Implementation evidenzbasierter Programme zur Verhütung kindlicher Verhaltensprobleme in Kommunen könnte hilfreich sein, um viele Familien zu erreichen. Ob sich durch diese Form der Verhaltensprävention tatsächlich psychische Auffälligkeiten von Kindern auf Populationsebene in Deutschland reduzieren lassen, ist unklar. Fragestellung: Lassen sich nach der möglichst flächendeckenden Implementation (universeller) Präventionsprogramme in einer deutschen Kommune, Veränderungen in der Lebensqualität oder im Verhalten von Kindern im Alter von 3 – 12 Jahren feststellen? Methode: Drei Programme wurden in einer Kommune (Interventionsstadt) implementiert. Vorher, ein und zwei Jahre später wurden jeweils eine zufällig gezogene Stichprobe aus der Population aller Familien der Interventionsstadt sowie einer Vergleichsstadt telefonisch befragt. Ergebnisse: Univariate zweifaktorielle Varianzanalysen ergaben keinen Interaktionseffekt für die Zwischensubjektfaktoren Stadt und Messzeitpunkt in Bezug auf Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und Lebensqualität von Kindern im Elternbericht. Das Risiko, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten zu berichten und in der Interventionsstadt zu leben (Kontrast: Vergleichsstadt) war zu Beginn (OR 1.84) höher als zwei Jahre später (OR 0.78). Schlussfolgerungen: Es konnten keine eindeutigen Effekte auf Populationsebene nachgewiesen werden.
Validierung einer deutschen Version des Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTS-D)
Authors: Helmig Simone , Meyer Andrea H. , Bader Klaus
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Der Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTS) wurde entwickelt, um einen ruminativen Denkstil unabhängig von Inhalt, zeitlicher Orientierung und Valenz der Gedanken zu erfassen. Fragestellung: Überprüfung von Reliabilität und Validität einer deutschen Übersetzung des Fragebogens (RTS-D). Methode: Psychometrische Kennwerte und Faktorenstruktur der deutschsprachigen Version wurden an einer nicht-klinischen (N = 203) und einer klinischen Stichprobe (N = 201) überprüft. Ergebnisse: Die einfaktorielle Struktur der Originalversion konnte für die deutsche Übersetzung nicht bestätigt werden. Hingegen schnitt ein von Tanner, Voon, Hasking und Martin (2013) vorgeschlagenes vierfaktorielles Modell mit 15 Items zufriedenstellend ab. Die 15-Item-Version beinhaltet neben dem übergeordneten Faktor Ruminativer Denkstil die vier Subskalen Repetitives Denken, Kontrafaktisches/Hypothetisches Denken, Problemfokussiertes Denken und Antizipatorisches Denken. Die Befunde zu Reliabilität und Validität der gekürzten Fragebogenfassung erwiesen sich als zufriedenstellend bis gut. Schlussfolgerungen: Der RTS-D bildet Rumination als mehrdimensionales Konstrukt mit verschiedenen Facetten von grüblerischem Denken ab und kann sowohl im nicht-klinischen Setting als auch störungsübergreifend im klinischen Bereich eingesetzt werden. Weiterführende Untersuchungen insbesondere zur faktoriellen Struktur des Fragebogens werden jedoch empfohlen.
Was passiert nach dem letzten Klick?
Authors: Brachel Ruth von , Windgassen Anja , Hötzel Katrin , Hirschfeld Gerrit , Vocks Silja
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Bisherige Studien zeigen, dass internetbasierte Interventionen kurzfristig die Veränderungsmotivation bei Essstörungen verbessern können. Zur Stabilität dieser Effekte ist jedoch wenig bekannt. Fragestellung: Wie entwickeln sich die Veränderungsmotivation, die Essstörungspsychopathologie und das Selbstwertgefühl 8 Wochen nach Abschluss eines internetbasierten Motivationsprogramms? Methode: Neunzig Frauen bearbeiteten den Stages of Change Questionnaire for Eating Disorders, den Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire und die Rosenberg Self-Esteem-Scale unmittelbar (Post) sowie 8 Wochen nach Abschluss der Intervention (Katamnese). Ergebnisse: Es zeigten sich stabile Effekte in der Veränderungsmotivation sowie im Selbstwertgefühl. Zusätzlich zeigten sich in der Essstörungspsychopathologie signifikante Verbesserungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studie belegt die längerfristige Wirksamkeit eines internetbasierten Motivationsprogramms für Frauen mit Essstörungen.
A Cross-Cultural Validation of the Implicit Positive and Negative	Affect Test (IPANAT)
Authors: Quirin Markus , Wróbel Monika , Norcini Pala Andrea , Stieger Stefan , Brosschot Jos , Kazén Miguel , Hicks Joshua A. , Mitina Olga , Shanchuan Dong , Lasauskaite Ruta , Silvestrini Nicolas , Steca Patrizia , Padun Maria A. , Kuhl Julius
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Self-report measures of affect come with a number of difficulties that can be circumvented by using indirect measurement procedures. The Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT) is a recently developed measure of automatic activation of representations of affective states and traits that draws on participants’ ratings of the extent to which nonsense words purportedly originating from an artificial language bear positive or negative meaning. Here we compared psychometric properties of this procedure across 10 countries and provide versions in corresponding languages (Chinese, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, and Spanish). The results suggest good reliability, metric invariance, and construct validity across countries and languages. The IPANAT thus turns out as a useful tool for the indirect assessment of affect in different languages and cultures.
Construct Validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory	(ECBI)
Authors: Hukkelberg Silje Sommer , Reedtz Charlotte , Kjøbli John
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Despite the wide use of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI), its construct validity is still an issue of debate. Whereas previous studies primarily have relied on confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), the present study aimed to evaluate the Norwegian 22-item version of the ECBI intensity scale using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), which offers more flexibility compared to traditional CFA. The study used data from three samples of parents with children with emerging or existing problem behaviors. Results showed that the ESEM model showed good fit and identified the three factors Oppositional defiant behavior, Conduct problem behavior, and Inattentive behavior. In addition, the ESEM approach revealed several small and significant (λ ≤ .21) cross-loadings. The results illustrated the strengths of ESEM over CFA and suggest that ESEM provide a useful statistical framework to evaluate the structure of ECBI items.
Are Workaholism and Work Engagement in the Eye of the	Beholder?
Authors: Mazzetti Greta , Schaufeli Wilmar B. , Guglielmi Dina
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Virtually all studies on workaholism and engagement – two forms of heavy work investment – rely on self-part questionnaires. However, the limitations of self-reports are widely acknowledged and in their final sections, papers on workaholism and engagement typically lament the use of such measures. Investigating data other than respondents’ self-reports, such as peer ratings, may overcome these limitations. Using a sample of 73 dyads composed of focal workers and their colleagues, the present study aimed: (1) to compare focal workers’ and coworkers’ perceptions concerning their levels of work engagement and workaholism; and (2) to explore the discriminant validity of engagement and workaholism. A multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix and a correlated trait-correlated method model, the CT-C(M-1) model, were examined. Our results showed a considerable agreement between both raters (i.e., focal workers and coworkers) in levels of engagement and workaholism. In contrast to previous findings, a significant difference between raters on the cognitive dimension of workaholism (i.e., working compulsively) was observed. Moreover, our results provided further evidence for the discriminant validity between the two forms of heavy work investment.
Disentangling the Process of Work–Family	Conflict
Authors: Haun Sascha , Dormann Christian
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The purpose of this conceptual article is to deliver a new framework model for research on work–family conflict (WFC), which overcomes existing limitations. By adopting an organizational stress perspective on WFC we show that WFC should be conceptualized as a process. By disentangling its components we point out several problems of WFC research and how our new approach can help to avoid them. Research on WFC often does not comply with the current standards of organizational stress research. Common WFC measures bear the potential of content that overlaps with determinants and outcomes, which might spuriously inflate correlations. To avoid measurement overlap, we propose to operationalize incompatible demands by interaction effects between the work and the family domain. We further acknowledge that incompatible demands increase the need to make role decisions, which affect direct indicators of WFC like role performance. The separate measurement of the components of the WFC process delivers a more objective insight than measures of WFC that do not capture all those components separately. Many problems of WFC research have been addressed before, but this is the first attempt to solve several of them by providing an overall conceptual model. The propositions we derive from this model can easily be tested in future studies. We also point out how our model could be expanded to include other important concepts of the work–family interface.