bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-resolved Measurements of Loading Ratios and Heat Evolution in D2 (and H2)-Pd·Zr Mixed-oxide Systems
Authors: Kitamura Akira , Miyoshi Yuki , Sakoh Hideyuki , Taniike Akira , Takahashi Akito , Seto Reiko , Fujita Yushi
Published: December 2024

Using a twin system for hydrogen absorption, we have studied heat evolution and high-energy particle generation by D2 and H2 gas absorption into nano-sized mixed oxide powders of palladium and zirconium. We have found very large energy of hydrogen absorption by Pd·Zr oxide compounds exceeding 1.0 eV/D (or H) together with a very high D/Pd loading ratio, exceeding 1.0. The system has been improved to enable time-dependent measurements of the gas flow rate and loading ratio simultaneously with the output heat. It has been revealed that the first phase is divided into two sub-phases; the 1a-phase, where most of the anomalously large output energy is produced with a very high loading, D/Pd ≈ 1.2, and the 1b-phase, where much smaller power is produced as loading increases further by a ratio of about 0.5 with a difference in pressure between deuterium and hydrogen.
Energy Exchange In The Lossy Spin-Boson Model
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

Excess heat in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment is observed without commensurate energetic particles, which is inconsistent with known nuclear reactions. Any proposed model must address this at the outset. At present, we recognize are two general approaches to the problem: mechanisms which transfer the reaction energy directly to a condensed matter mode, which requires the fractionation of a large quantum into many small quanta; mechanisms in which the large energy quantum is converted to kinetic energy over a very large number of neighboring nuclei. We have focused on the first approach, and we have found a model that seems to accomplish this. Here we introduce the model, which we call the “lossy spin-boson model”. We find that energy exchange in the lossless spin-boson model is hindered due to destructive interference effects. Augmenting the model with loss removes the destructive interference, and we use perturbation theory on a specific example for illustration. Feshbach projection operators and the Brillouin–Wigner formalism which we adopt to describe loss in the model are reviewed in Appendix A.
When Bubble Cavitation becomes Sonofusion
Authors: Stringham Roger S.
Published: December 2024

xperimentally, excess heat, Qx, and 4He are the measured fusion products of transient high-density sonofusion, SF. A possible path to DD fusion is explained by piezo driven cavitation bubbles, where the critical parameters are temperature, pressure, acoustic input, and frequency that control, for a picosecond, the low-energy nuclear reactions that produce DD fusion events. The electromagnetic, EM, pulse compressed deuteron clusters squeezing them into a Bose Einstein Condensate. The BEC cluster environment provides for the direct conversion of fusion energy into heat and 4He. The continuous production of 1016 bubbles/sec produces radiation free usable heat as observed via ejecta site surveys.
TOF-SIMS Investigation on Nuclear Transmutation from Sr to Mo with Deuterium Permeation through Multi-layered Pd/CaO
Authors: Murase A. , Takahashi N. , Hibi S. , Hioki T. , Motohiro T. , Kasagi J.
Published: December 2024

The selective nuclear transmutation from 88Sr to 96Mo reported by Iwamura et al. was investigated replacing electrochemical deposition with ion implantation for seeding 88Sr+ and replacing a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a time of flight mass spectrometer for secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) for analysis of possible transmuted products. At the surface of the Sr implanted Pd/CaO multilayer foil, Mo was clearly detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after deuterium gas permeation. After the D2 permeation, the sample was heat treated in the air to remove S which condensed at the surface during the permeation. After the successful removal of S, Mo could be clearly detected by XPS on the surface of the 88Sr+ implanted Pd/CaO multilayer foil. The isotopic abundance ratio of the surface Mo measured by TOF-SIMS was similar to that of natural Mo. However, after the removal of the outermost surface layer with ion sputtering, the observed isotopic abundance ratio of Mo changed from that of natural Mo with an isolatedly strong peak at a mass close to 96Mo. This result duly suggests that the transmutation from 88Sr to 96Mo had took place, although the peak of m/z = 96 might be also assigned to GaAl+, Ca2O+ or CaFe+, beside 96Mo+. By further analyses of the TOF-SIMS data from the viewpoint of accurate masses, depth profiles and isotopic abundances, it was clarified that the peak of m/z = 96 was assigned to Ca2O+ originated from Pd/CaO multilayer.
Bose–Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion: Role of Monopole Transition
Authors: Kim Yeong E. , Ward Thomas E.
Published: December 2024

Based on a single conventional physical concept of Bose–Einstein condensation of deuterons in metal, theory of Bose–Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF) has been developed to explain many diverse experimental results. We investigate the role of monopole transition in BECNF theory, assuming a collective monopole vibrational excited nuclear state in 4He. Using the threshold resonance reaction mechanism, we derive formulae for S-factor, which can be used in BECNF theory to obtain the nuclear reaction rate. We find the reaction rate for this reaction is far greater than other exit reaction channels. The proposed monopole transition mechanism is capable of dissipating fusion energy into vibrational (phonon) energies in metal. Experimental tests of the monopole transition mechanism are proposed.
Underlying Mechanism of the Nuclear of Implied by the Energy–momentum Conservation [ I ]
Authors: Sawada Tetsuo
Published: December 2024

By studying the conservation of energy and momentum, it is found that in the nuclear cold fusion, existence of the localized external potential is necessary to absorb the large momentum transfer. We can narrow down the candidate of the required external field to the magnetic field produced by the magnetic monopole. The roll of the magnetic monopole in lowering the repulsive Coulomb barrier when two deuterons come close and fuse is considered.
A Review on Nuclear Products Generated During Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR)
Authors: Mosier-Boss Pamela A.
Published: December 2024

Given the response to the Fleischmann–Pons news conference in 1989, it became clear to many researchers in the field that excess heat was not convincing enough evidence to prove that nuclear processes were occurring inside a metal lattice. Skeptics attributed the excess heat to recombination of deuterium and oxygen gases and/or poor calorimetry, despite the fact that control experiments showed that this was not the case. Consequently, a number of researchers redirected their efforts from measuring heat to looking for nuclear products such as neutrons, charged particles, X- and gamma rays, and transmutation. The results of these efforts are discussed in this communication.
First-principles Studies of Electronic and Ionic Transport in Palladium Hydrides/Deuterides
Authors: Luo N. , Miley George H.
Published: December 2024

We review first principles studies on some transport properties and ion dynamics of the palladium hydride/deuteride system. The review is not meant to extensive, because it is aimed at understanding the abnormal and not-so-well-known part of the transport in the aforementioned compound that may be of particular importance to scientists studying Low-energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) as well as persons interested in hydrogen storage in metal hydrides. Many well-known properties of Pd/H, such as the steady-state electronic structure, have already been covered by numerous studies and reviews elsewhere. Many of the studies reviewed here were carried out at the University of Illinois. We focus on the three different but related topics: (1) The charge state of H in Pd, especially in the hopping process. (2) The electron–phonon interaction, and its role in the negative differential resistivity. (3) Defects and dislocations in Pd and their effects in the H state and its transport. The latter is of intellectual interest relative to our recent research on LENRs involving the conjectured formation of hydrogen/deuterium clusters in such defects.
uclear Exothermic Reactions in Lattices Pd: A Theoretical Study of d–d Reaction
Authors: Frisone Fluvio
Published: December 2024

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the Coulomb barrier has variations in both time and space. Further, in this paper, we have taken the interaction between deuteron-optical photons, we want to clarify this point, of course, these photons have a vibrational frequency of interest because it was discovered that the interaction between photons and deuterons causes the Coulomb barrier is not static, that has of oscillations in different directions within the lattice. So we can conclude that this phenomenon of cold fusion that breaks new ground in modern nuclear physics. In recent years, over 20 years, have seen thousands of experiments and theoretical models to explain the phenomenon of fusion at low energy (LENR) in specialized heavy hydrogen systems. We can say that a new possible way to obtain nuclear energy without waste is emerging. Nevertheless in spite of experimental contributions, the theoretical framework is not known. In this work, we try to explain the deuteron–deuteron reactions within palladium lattice by means of the coherence theory of nuclear and condensed matter. The coherence model of condensed matter affirms that within a deuteron-loaded palladium lattice there are three different plasmas: electrons, ions and deuterons plasma. Then, according to the loading percentage x = D/Pd, the ions deuterium can take place on the octahedrical sites or in the tetrahedral in the (1,0,0)-plane. In the coherence theory it is called β-plasma the deuterons plasma in the octahedral site and γ-plasma which in tetrahedral. We propose a general model of effective local time-dependent deuteron–deuteron potential, that takes into account the electrons and ions plasma oscillations. The main features of this potential are extracted by means of many-body theory considering the interaction deuteron–phonon–deuteron. In fact the phonon exchange produces a attractive component between two deuteron within the D2 molecular. This attractive force is able to reduce the inter-nuclear distance from about 0.7 to 0.16 Å. It means that the lattice strongly modifies the nuclear environment with respect to free space. In this way according to deuterons energy, loading percentage and plasma frequency we are able to predict high o low tunneling probability. The fusion rates (s−1) computed vary from 10−70 to 10−17 and also a set of other mechanism, which could be enhanced these values, are proposed. In this way we hope that by means of this approach in the future will be possible to realize and control the nuclear exothermic reactions that take place in the condensed matter in order to obtain clean energy.
Model for Electromagnetic pulsed BEC Experiments
Authors: Stringham Roger
Published: December 2024

Sonofusion experiments, which incorporate transient Bose Einstein condensates, BEC, have recently focused on related sono- superconductivity. Cavitation jets implant high-density deuteron clusters into a target foil. Clusters are then squeezed by accelerated charges that form dense transient EM pulses. Cavitation and the associated sonoluminescence phenomena, used as a measuring tool, helps develop and explain related experimental results. Two outcomes, sonofusion and sono-superconductivity both produce D+ clusters in reactors of different geometries. MHz reactor No. 1 is driven by a disk piezo and has produced excess heat, Qx, using the foil target and other products, including 4He. The new MHz reactor No. 2 is driven by a cylindrical piezo low power with a concentric wire target with transient cluster steady state concentration near the wire surface. The target’s steady state cluster coverage may satisfy a sono-superconductivity subsurface cluster connectivity during the MHz’s 100 ns collective sonoluminescence pulse. It was anticipated that ambient sono-superconductivity was possible but so far has proved difficult to measure. Cavitation D2O bubbles in both reactors were controlled by three main parameters for the two reactors: temperature, pressure of Ar gas over D2O, and acoustic watt input; Ti, Pi, and Qa. The z-pinch jets’ contents of deuterons and electrons were implanted, with an induced picosecond transient charge separation. This charge separation produced an electromagnetic, EM, cluster compression pulse that formed a high-density BEC environment, as the EM pulse pressure overwhelmed repulsive deuteron cluster pressure for that picosecond. This model used unique attributes of the high-density transient deuterons to produce sonofusion in reactor No. 1 and sono-superconductivity in reactor No. 2 near ambient temperature. The measurements showed the presence of sonoluminescence pulses, implanted plasma, and heat pulse ejecta sites.
What is needed in LENR/FPE studies?
Authors: McKubre Michael C. H. , Tanzella Francis L.
Published: December 2024

ICCF16 marks nearly 22 years of research into the phenomenon first called “cold fusion”. This new field has expanded in breadth to the point that numerous acronyms compete to describe overlapping effects. Two of these are: LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reactions) and its subset FPE (the Fleischmann Pons Effect). Research to elucidate the basic processes and shed light on mechanisms has proceeded effectively continuously since March 1989 at SRI and elsewhere, and diligently and as “time and funds” have allowed at numerous other accomplished institutions worldwide. It is now clear to a well-informed but relatively small group of scientifically interested individuals that the deuterium-palladium systems conceals a heat source with energy exceeding by several orders of magnitude mechanical, lattice storage or chemical energy effects. Evidences of possible dd fusion products have been widely and numerously observed, at least partially ratifying the original speculative designation of “cold fusion”. The effect, however, is apparently not limited to deuterium as a fuel, to helium as a product or to palladium as a matrix, hence the classification of the field as Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS) to differentiate these “new” effects from those observed in the rarified environments of particle and plasma physics. The materials-related issues associated with the so-called irreproducibility of CMNS effects presents the greatest barrier to the advancement and acceptance of the field. Precisely because we are dealing with condensed matter, micro-structural and micro-impurity control is difficult and expensive, requiring specialized equipment, control and skill. Problems of similar scale (and origin) have been faced and overcome in the past in the development of technologies having similar significance for mankind. Two (of many) examples are: the development of solid-state semiconductors; implementation of conventional nuclear power (and weapons). Absent another Bell Labs or Manhattan Project how should the CMNS field best proceed? Several overlapping options will be discussed. It is well within the capability of “mainstream” scientists and engineers in academia, and in national and private laboratories to resolve the materials issues and the questions of whether or not specific products are or are not present. Without funding they will not be encouraged to do so; without (a higher degree of) acceptance, adequate funding will not be made available. This paper will address various options and strategies to surmount this logical dilemma.
Stimulation of Metal Deuteride Wires at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Tanzella Francis , Bao Jianer , McKubre Michael , Hagelstein Peter
Published: December 2024

Several groups have reported anomalous effects (heat and nuclear products) in thin PdDx materials stimulated by different forms of electro-diffusion. Using our cryogenic calorimeter we have measured the energy released from destructive electro-diffusion of a highly loaded PdH(D)xwires, co-deposited PdH(D)xon highly loaded PdH(D)xwires, and NiH(D)xwires. Generally, the D loaded metals yielded greater and more reliable excess energy than seen with the H loaded metals. The co-deposited PdDxon highly loaded PdDx wires yielded greater excess energy than the bulk wire hydrides or PdDx co-deposited on Ag wires as predicted by the calculations of Hagelstein and DeChiaro. The addition of a partial monolayer of a recombination poison yields a highly loaded PdDx cathode. Electro-stimulation of NiH(D)x wires have also shown excess energy, suggesting that renewed interest in this system may be justified.
Piezonuclear Neutrons from Iron
Authors: Cardone Fabio , Petrucci Andrea , Mignani Roberto
Published: December 2024

We report the results of neutron measurements carried out during the application of ultrasounds to bars of iron and Steel. Like in our previous similar works with cavitated solutions of iron, neutrons were emitted in bursts and the spectrum of this peculiar emission was measured for the first time. A further and very interesting outcome of these experiments was the unexpected appearance of circular, macroscopical and regular damages on the lateral surface of the bars which was not directly in contact with the sonotrode. The superficial elemental micro-analysis on these spots showed some interesting and macroscopic departures of the concentration of chemical elements from that of the undamaged surface, which may suggest that, along with the emission of neutrons, some transmutations occurred as well.
Study on the Phenomenon Reported “Neutron Generation at Room Temperature in a Cylinder Packed with Titanium Shavings and Pressurized Deuterium Gas” (2)
Authors: Asami Takayoshi , Sano Noriaki
Published: December 2024

Following the previous study of the state of deuterium atoms in the titanium crystal (J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 5 ( 2011 ) 7), in this paper, the authors have analyzed the state of the deuterium atom in a tetrahedron cage, using the first principle molecular orbital calculation. In the simulation analysis of the tetrahedron cage, it is indicated that the titanium pair causes the deuterium atom to have ligancy 2 in the cage with two hydrogen atoms. If neutron generation occurs, we can deduce from the past experimental results that it occurs after a small increase of kinetic energy of deuterium atoms. This suggests that the quantity of neutron generated may increase if we can give kinetic energy to the adsorbed deuterium atoms in the titanium crystal by another means other than a temperature rise, at a suitable temperature and pressure. The authors propose a new experimental apparatus which appears to promote and increase the neutron generation.
Characteristics and Energetics of Craters in LENR Experimental Materials
Authors: Nagel David J.
Published: December 2024

Small craters have been observed frequently in the surfaces of cathodes from electrochemical LENR experiments. They are generally 1–100 μm in size. The craters vary widely in shape and areal distribution. Two methods were used to determine the energies needed to produce such craters. The resulting energies range from nJ to mJ, depending on the crater size. If craters are caused by LENR, then many nearly simultaneous MeV-level energy releases would have to occur in a very small volume. There are numerous open basic questions regarding the formation and characteristics of craters in LENR cathodes. It remains to be seen if craters will be helpful in understanding the origin and nature of LENR. But already, the existence and features of craters seriously challenge theories that seek to understand LENR.
From the Naught Orbit to the 4He Excited State
Authors: Meulenberg A.
Published: December 2024

An electron pair (lochon) in a deep hydrogen ‘naught’ orbit (n = 0) has similarities to muonic hydrogen in that it has a small orbital radius that allows the protons in molecular hydrogen to be very much closer together than is possible in a normal molecule. There are also significant differences between lochon- and muon-catalyzed fusion (e.g., one leads to ‘cold’ fusion and the other the ‘hot’ fusion). However, since muon-catalyzed fusion is an accepted phenomenon and Lattice-assisted Nuclear Reaction (LANR) or Low-energy Nuclear Reaction ( LENR) is not, we will examine the similarities and differences in various mechanisms with the fusion of deuterons in mind. We start with the assumption that both solutions of the Klein–Gordon equation are actually real and the one that has here-to-for been rejected correctly identifies a single deep orbit below the n = 1 ground state. (It is generally accepted that, at least for spinless bosons such as the lochon, this solution of the Klein–Gordon equation holds.) We then compare the creation model and characteristics of these two naught orbits with those of the muonic orbits (both atomic and molecular). The similarities lead both naught-orbit and muonic-orbit molecules to fusion. The differences lead the non-relativistic (but >100 MeV excess energy) muon-induced fusion of deuterons to the fragmentation of excited helium nuclei and the relativistic (but <10 eV excess energy) lochon-induced D–D fusion to an excited helium 4He* state that is below these fragmentation levels. The reason for this different response to the respective “tight” orbits is described along with some of the consequences, e.g., electron capture. In addition, internal conversion, a known physical process involving nucleon interaction with atomic electrons, is compared with the Extended Lochon Model to provide a means of de-exciting 4He* without production of energetic particles or radiation.
Effect of Forced Oxidation on Hydrogen Isotope Absorption/Adsorption Characteristics of Pd–Ni–Zr Oxide Compounds
Authors: Miyoshi Yuki , Sakoh Hideyuki , Taniike Akira , Kitamura Akira , Takahashi Akito , Seto Reiko , Fujita Yushi
Published: December 2024

Deuterium and protium gas absorption/adsorption by 0.1-μmφ Pd powder (PP), Pd-black (PB), Pd nano-particles (∼10 nmφ) admixed with ZrO2 (PZ) and Pd·Ni binary nano-particles (∼2 nmφ) dispersed in ZrO2 holder-flakes (PNZ2B) has been examined. For the PP, the PB and the PZ samples, both the deoxidized samples and those reused without baking process showed essentially the same values of the loading ratio D(H)/Pd, the specific output energy E1 and the hydridation energy QD(H) which are consistent with the published values for bulky samples. For the as-received and oxidized samples both D(H)/Pd and E1 are increasing functions of fineness of the Pd surface, and exceeds 2.0 and 1.5 eV/atom-Pd, respectively, for the PZ sample, giving the hydridation energy larger than the published value of the surface adsorption energy of 0.5 eV for bulky Pd samples. A rather large isotope effect in the differential heat of sorption, ηD(H), has sometimes been observed in the 1a-phase characteristic of the oxygen-treated samples. The Pd0.04Ni0.29Zr0.67 oxide composite sample, PNZ2B, has unique properties: Both D(H)/[Pd·Ni] ≈ 3.0 and E1 ≈ 1.4 eV/atom- [Pd·Ni] for the as-received, the oxidized and deoxidized sample runs are very large, while QD(H) = 0.50± 0.1 eV/atom-D(H) for all cases is modest. It is inferred that the Pd atoms act as a catalyst for the hydrogen isotope absorption/adsorption of Ni at room temperature. From the fact that the No. 2 run after the forced deoxidation has essentially the same values of the absorption parameters as those of the No. 1 and No. 3 runs, it is inferred that the surface adsorption potential is made shallower in the PNZ2B sample than in Pd-based samples. The ratio ηD/ηH is sometimes greater than 1.5, which appears to be suggesting the existence of heat component of nuclear origin.
On Martin Fleischmann: An Obituary and More
Authors: Bockris J. O'M.
Published: December 2024

After receiving a Ph.D. Degree from Imperial College, Fleischmann (F) went to work in the University of Newcastle in the U.K. and spent productive years there (metal deposition, micro-electrodes, and electrochemical extraction from mixtures metals). His reputation grew at a time (1950–1960) when electrochemistry was a popular subject for university research. British Electricity saw their chance to get a star performer down to Southampton University as professor, so they paid for a chair for a person who could attract research support and found that F could fill the job, although it was open to other candidates. Fleischmann occupied the chair for only a few years, less than had been foreseen, and retired from university life some years before it is usual. By this time he already was a Fellow of the Royal Society and also a director of the Max Planck Institute in Berlin. Fleischmann made a colleague of Stanley Pons, head of the Chemistry Department in the University in Utah. Pons (P) was of independent means and could fund research which the two of them might think out together. Fusion means coming together and F saw in electrochemistry a high performance way whereby this might be done. What they found was that the heat evolved in a particular deuterium solution when they passed current through it was larger than it should have been according to known chemical theory. In addition to this they observed some neutrons. They suggested that the extra heat was due to an unknown nuclear reaction. What was unusual about the next step was that F&P got on the McNeil–Lehrer Hour and announced that they had been the first to carry out a nuclear reaction in the cold. After a short time, the nuclear chemists of the world turned against F&P and said that their claims must be all nonsense. The anti-Fleischmann opinion expressed at meetings was so great that they decided that it would be a good thing to escape to some other country. They had a friendship with a very wealthy man, Mr. Toyota, and he had already founded some laboratories in the South of France. He offered F and P laboratory space there and they could move their operation to it free of the negative atmosphere which reigned in America. At first the news which came from the laboratory in France was good. Alas, this was not maintained and after two years they split up and P retired to live in France whilst F retired to Tisbury in the U.K. But F’s creativity would not lie down and he was soon to apply something new, Quantum Electrodynamics. He made a colleagueship with a well-known Italian physicist Preparata. However, fate was not kind to F and he discovered that he was suffering from Parkinson ’s disease. This is a slow disease but it’s incurable. However, for a couple of years F continued to attend meetings and make intelligent remarks at them. He died on 3 August 2012. Was F a brilliant theorist who did not have time to realize his true vision or had Jack the Flash, his nickname, flashed too much? The field that could have been his greatest is now called condensed matter nuclear reactions.
The Role of Voids as the Location of LENR
Authors: Storms Edmund
Published: December 2024

A proposed model explaining the low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) process is described. The process occurs in voids of a critical size and involves a string of resonating hydrons, each of which is separated by an electron. This unique structure, called a “hydroton”, is proposed to make LENR possible and provides a process that can explain all reported observations and predict several new behaviors while using only three basic assumptions.
Nature of Energetic Radiation Emitted from a Metal Exposed to H2
Authors: Storms Edmund , Scanlan Brian
Published: December 2024

Layers of metals were applied so as to cause local stress, which is proposed to create voids in which nuclear reactions can be initiated when the material is exposed to H2. Photon emission having energy sufficient to pass through 3.86 g/cm2 of absorbing material was detected using a Geiger-Mueller detector. This radiation was observed to last many hours and is not typical of what is called fracto-fusion.
Born–Oppenheimer and Fixed-point Models for Second-order Phonon Exchange in a Metal
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

We have been interested in the development of a model for anomalies in condensed matter nuclear science, and over the past few years we have developed new models that describe coherent phonon exchange between a highly-excited vibrational mode and nuclei under conditions of fractionation. When we modeled collimated X-ray emission in the Karabut experiment, we found that the conditions required by the model did not match the conditions of the experiment. One possible reason for this might be the neglect of phonon fluctuations due to coupling with conduction electrons. We would like to add a description of this effect to our phonon–nuclear model; however, models normally used for electron–phonon interactions in metals are based on the Bloch picture, and we were concerned that it may not be well suited to the problem. This has motivated us to develop a new model for phonon fluctuations in a metal that is based on the Born–Oppenheimer picture, within the context of a Brillouin–Wigner formulation. The Born–Oppenheimer results are complicated, so we have reduced them in a simpler fixed-point picture (which is based on a Taylor series expansion of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation around fixed nuclear equilibrium points). In order to verify the resulting formalism, we constructed a simplified model for the monatomic crystal phonon dispersion relation, which is well known in the Bloch picture literature. From this model we are able to extract the longitudinal dielectric constant. We find that the fixed-point dielectric constant at second order is more accurate than the Bloch picture equivalent, and that it includes dynamic corrections that match the result from field theory up to O(ω2). This model is used in a subsequent paper for the development of phonon fluctuation models, where it is found that the Bloch picture is appropriate when the metal sample is micron scale or larger, and that the Born–Oppenheimer picture is appropriate for nano-scale samples.
Cold Fusion – from the Laboratory to the World Setting the Stage for ICCF-17
Authors: Park Sunwon , Gordon Frank
Published: December 2024

The objective of ICCF-17 is to allow international groups of scientists to present their data to further the collective understanding of scientists working in the field and so that skeptical members of the mainstream scientific community, the media, and the public will see the evidence that “Cold Fusion” is real. Indeed several groups are currently developing commercial products that produce energy using the “Cold Fusion” phenomena. Ultimately, the reality of cold fusion will be determined by the public acceptance of commercial devices. People and companies who continue to deny the existence of cold fusion will become ir relevant as the applications are placed into service.
Energy Gain From Preloaded ZrO2–PdNi–D Nanostructured CF/LANR Quantum Electronic Components
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R. , Verner Gayle , Tolleson Jeffrey
Published: December 2024

Previously, we reported that such nanocomposite ZrO2–PdNiD LANR materials have been made into LANR/CF transistors which exhibit energy gain and simultaneous non-thermal near infrared emission. This is accompanied by complicated polariza- tion/transconduction phenomena including an avalanche transconduction electrical breakdown, which has a critical role in excess heat generation. This paper presents a new generation of preloaded LANR (CF) activated nanocomposite ZrO2–PdNiD CF/LANR quantum electronic devices capable of energy gain. These devices dry, glued into electrically conductive, sealed, configurations. The core is ZrO2–(PdNiD) with additional D2 and H2. They are self-contained CF/LANR quantum electronic components containing ZrO2–PdNi–D LANR/CF nanostructured materials which generate significant excess heat from applied electric fields. They also feature two terminals and self-contained superior handling properties enabling portability and transportability. Most importantly, the activation of the desired LANR reactions is, for the first time, separated from the loading of the substrate. Although their develop- ment has required control of their breakdown states and the quenching tendencies of nanostructured materials, these ZrO2–PdNiD CF/LANR quantum electronic devices are potentially very useful because they are reproducible active nanostructured CF/LANR quantum electronic devices.
Phonon–nuclear Coupling for Anomalies in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

Excess heat in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment is thought to have a nuclear origin, yet there are no energetic particles observed in amounts commensurate with the energy produced. This in our view is the most fundamental issue in connection with theory. In earlier work we developed a mathematical model (the lossy spin–boson model) which shows coherent energy exchange between two-level systems and an oscillator under conditions of fractionation. Recently, we have found an interesting physical model that is closely connected, and which is capable of coherent energy exchange with fractionation; this model is based on a relativistic description of composite nuclei in a lattice. In this work we present a much stronger development of the model directly from field theory than given previously. In the lossy spin–boson model, the ability of the model to fractionate a large quantum depends on the presence of suitable loss mechanisms; the same is true in the case of the new physical model. The new model predicts anomalies such as excess heat without energetic nuclear radiation, 4He production, low-level gamma emission, and collimated X-ray emission in the Karabut experiment; however, as yet we have not demonstrated agreement between theory and experiment. Last summer we concluded (erroneously) that coupling with strong static transitions might impact the fractionation power of the model on dynamic transitions, and the resulting model appeared to be in agreement with our interpretation of the experiment. Here we review this kind of model more carefully, and find that no such enhancement is present. Our conclusion in the end is that the theory, model, and interpretation are “close” to the experimental results in the case of the Karabut experiment, but some problem remains.
Detecting Energetic Charged Particle in D2O and H2O Electrolysis Using a Simple Arrangement of Cathode and CR-39
Authors: Aizawa H. , Mita K. , Mizukami D. , Uno H. , Yamada H.
Published: December 2024

Electrolysis of D2O and H2O solutions is carried out under several DC current patterns using a Ni film cathode. A CR-39 track detector is set in close contact with the cathode to detect an energetic charged particle. An impressive increasing in number of etch pit is occasionally observed.
The Importance of the Removal of Helium from Nano-Pd Particles after Solid Fusion
Authors: Wang X. F. , Arata Y.
Published: December 2024

According to the measuring results of our paper presented at ICCF15 (2009), helium as an important evidence of solid-state fusion has been confirmed clearly by mass analyzer “QMS”. After one solid fusion cycle, the produced helium remained inside the particles. To measure the quantity of helium correctly, the residual helium inside these particles must be completely removed. However, it is not very easy. In this paper, one of the methods to solve the problem of the removal from the nano-Pd particle is discussed.
Investigation of Radiation Effects in Loading Ni, Be and LaNi5 by Hydrogen
Authors: Bazhutov Yu N. , Belousova E. O. , Parkhomov A. G. , Sapozhnikov Yu A. , Sablin-Yavorsky A. D. , Koretsky V. P.
Published: December 2024

The installation permitting to investigate gamma, X-ray and neutron radiations emitted by metals loaded with protium–deuterium mixture at temperature up to 750◦C and pressure up to 100 bar is created. It was discovered that LaNi5 powder, nickel and beryllium are radiated presumably X-rays and neutrons. Radiation emission occurs in the form of short bursts or series of bursts lasting up to several tens of minutes.
Cold Fusion
Authors: Biberian Jean-Paul
Published: December 2024

This paper is a review of the work which I have performed on the subject of Cold Fusion alone or in collaboration with other scientists. It covers a number of techniques such as solid-state electrolytes, electrolysis and gas diffusion. The experiments described below produced positive results. I also tried many other techniques that failed, which are not described.
Changes Observed in the Elemental Composition of Palladium and Rhenium Specimens Irradiated in Dense Deuterium by γ -Quanta with Boundary of Energy 23 MeV
Authors: Didyk A. Yu , Wisniewski R.
Published: December 2024

We have studied the elemental composition of palladium and rhenium specimens irradiated in dense gaseous deuterium by γ -quanta of a continuous spectrum with the threshold energy of 23 MeV. Significant anomalies are found in the structure and elemental composition of the irradiated specimens. At both ends of the palladium wire considerable changes are observed in the form of blowouts (resembling congealed “Solar protuberances”) of molten metal with complex elemental composition. The palladium surface proved to be covered with small particles, approximately 1–2 μm in size, composed of rhenium oxide Re2O7 , while near the cracks and fractures the surface was covered with rhenium, carbon and oxygen crystallites of hexagonal symmetry. The entire surface of the rhenium sample became cracked and coated with a thick layer of carbon compounds with rhenium as RexCy. The phenomenological model of nuclear reactions leading to the observed elemental composition of rhenium and palladium is discussed.
Controlled Electron Capture and the Path toward Commercialization
Authors: Godes Robert , George Robert , Tanzella Francis , McKubre Michael
Published: December 2024

We have run over 150 experiments using two different cell/calorimeter designs. Excess power has always been seen using Q pulses tuned to the resonance of palladium and nickel hydrides in pressurized vessels. Excess energies of up to 100% have been seen using this excitation method.
Isotope Effect for Heat Generation upon Pressurizing Nano-Pd/Silica Systems with Hydrogen Isotope Gases
Authors: Hioki Tatsumi , Sugimoto Noriaki , Nishi Teppei , Itoh Akio , Motohiro Tomoyoshi
Published: December 2024

The isotope effect for heat generation upon pressurization with hydrogen isotope gases was clearly observed in a reproducible manner for nano-Pd/silica systems. For Pd/zeolite, the isotope effect decreased with increasing cycle of pressurization and almost disappeared at several cycles, whereas the effect was observed up to 15 cycles or more for Pd/FSM. Pd particles with sizes less than 2 nm are suggested to be essential for the isotope effect to be clearly observable.
Conventional Nuclear Theory of Low-energy Nuclear Reactions in Metals: Alternative Approach to Clean Fusion Energy Generation
Authors: Kim Yeong E.
Published: December 2024

Low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) in metals are described using conventional nuclear theory based on the optical theorem formulation. It can be applied to both deuteron and proton induced LENRs. Cryogenic ignition of deuteron fusion in metal particles is proposed as an alternative approach to clean fusion energy generation.
Recent Progress in Gas-phase Hydrogen Isotope Absorption/Adsorption Experiments
Authors: Kitamura A. , Miyoshi Y. , Sakoh H. , Taniike A. , Furuyama Y. , Takahashi A. , Seto R. , Fujita Y. , Murota T. , Tahara T.
Published: December 2024

To enhance reusability of the nanopowder samples for heat generation by gas-phase hydrogen isotope absorption, porous-silica- inclusion has been applied to Pd nanopowders (PSII) and Pd·Ni nanocomposite (PNS) samples. Absorption parameters repeatedly obtained in the repeated runs including repeated oxidization-hydridation cycles suggest interesting role of admixed minority atoms in the nanoparticles.
Diamond-based Radiation Sensor for LENR Experiments. Part 1: Sensor Development and Characterization
Authors: Lukosi Eric , Prelas Mark , Shim Joongmoo , Kasiwattanawut Haruetai , Weaver Charles , Mathai Cherian Joseph , Gangopadhyay Shubhra
Published: December 2024

There have been many reports on charged particle and neutron production in LENR experiments but as of yet they have not been correlated in time with excess heat generation. Diamond sensors with palladium electrodes can be utilized to address this need. First results using a diamond sensor are presented.
“Excess Heat” in Ni–H Systems and Selective Resonant Tunneling
Authors: Li Xing Z. , Dong Zhan M. , Liang Chang L.
Published: December 2024

Selective resonant tunneling model is applied to Ni–H systems to explain the “excess heat” without strong neutron and gamma radiations. In combination with Bethe’s solar model of weak interaction, the reaction rate is estimated, and compared with experiments. An experimental test is further suggested.
Calorimetric Studies of the Destructive Stimulation of Palladium and Nickel Fine Wires
Authors: McKubre Michael , Bao Jianer , Tanzella Francis , Hagelstein Peter
Published: December 2024

An experimental program was designed and performed to test three aspects of CMNS studies. A fourth objective was added in the light of reports from Rossi regarding large scale heat release from the nickel – natural hydrogen system, that prompted re-evaluation of earlier work on this system performed by Piantelli, and later claims by Defkalion.
Method of Controlling a Chemically Induced Nuclear Reaction in Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Mizuno Tadahiko
Published: December 2024

A nuclear reaction can occur when metal nanoparticles are exposed to hydrogen isotopes in the gas phase. When hydrogen isotopes (light hydrogen and deuterium) enter the nanoparticles and are exposed to electron irradiation, the hydrogen reacts inside the lattice, producing energy. The reaction also produces neutrons, gamma rays and transmutations. Protons and heavy electrons take part in the reaction. The method of control and the experimental results are reported here.
Neutron Emission from Cryogenically Cooled Metals Under Thermal Shock
Authors: Prelas Mark A. , Lukosi Eric
Published: December 2024

During the summer of 1991, intense neutron bursts were observed after temperature shocking titanium chips which had been saturated with deuterium gas. The titanium chips were cooled and loaded with deuterium at 77 K and then rapidly heated to 323 K. The rapid heating produces a large pressure increase inside the crystalline lattice of the host metal. An Event Timer/Counter (ETC) card was designed and developed which counted and kept a time distribution of the neutron pulses as they occurred from a helium-3 neutron counter embedded in a paraffin moderator [1]. The experiment produced copious neutron counts. During one cooling and heating cycle, over 2 million neutrons were counted over a 5 min time period. In subsequent cooling and heating cycles using the same titanium chips, significant neutron bursts were observed with diminishing counts after each subsequent cycle. This paper will discuss the 1991 experiments and the status of ongoing experiments. .
The Future May be Better than You Think
Authors: Rothwell Jed
Published: December 2024

Cold fusion researchers are prone to be unduly pessimistic about the potential for cold fusion. They know too much; they are too close to the problem. They may also have unexamined assumptions. Researchers feel put-upon because of political opposition. The LENR-CANR.org web site log file proves there is a great deal of interest in this field. There is broad, untapped, latent support for it. The log shows that every week scientists and engineers download thousands of papers on cold fusion.
Statistical Analysis of Transmutation Data from Low-energy Nuclear Reaction Experiments and Comparison with a Model-based Prediction of Widom and Larsen
Authors: Scholkmann Felix , Nagel David J.
Published: December 2024

Nuclear transmutations were reported in many low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) experiments. In the present study, we analyzed (i) whether three available nuclear transmutation data sets show a consistent pattern and (ii) whether this pattern correlates with a model-based prediction of Widom and Larsen. Our analysis revealed that the data sets (i) exhibit a similar pattern and (ii) correlate with the predicted function. The last three peaks as a function of atomic mass A (intervals: 64–70, 116–129, 191–208 A) were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the averaged data despite great differences in the experiments.
Hydrogen Isotope Absorption and Heat Release Characteristics of a Ni-based Sample
Authors: Sakoh H. , Miyoshi Y. , Taniike A. , Furuyama Y. , Kitamura A. , Takahashi‡ A. , Seto R. , Fujita Y. , Murota T. , Tahara T.
Published: December 2024

Recently, several researchers have claimed excess heat from Ni-based alloy nano-compound samples during gas-phase protium absorption. nickel is used instead of expensive Pd-based nano-compounds. We have performed hydrogen isotope absorption runs using the Cu–Ni–ZrO2 and Ni–ZrO2 nano-powders. We observed long-lasting temperature changes corresponding to astonishingly large output energy of several hundred eV/atom-Ni.
Evidence from LENR Experiments for Bursts of Heat, Sound, EM Radiation and Particles and for Micro-explosions
Authors: Nagel David J. , Srinivasan Mahadeva
Published: December 2024

We examined published evidence for power production by LENR, which occurred too fast to be captured by calorimeters. That evidence includes observations of craters in materials, measurements of sound emission, recordings of radio-frequency, infrared and X-ray emissions, measurements of neutrons and charged particles and micro-explosions. The energy emission times, some below 1 ms, are tabulated.
Transmutations and Isotopic Shifts in LENR Experiments An Overview
Authors: Srinivasan Mahadeva
Published: December 2024

This overview presents a brief summary of observations of products of transmutation reactions, which occur in a variety of LENR configurations wherein the “host metal” nuclei react with loaded deuterium or hydrogen, resulting in the formation of new stable elements or isotopes not present prior to an experimental run.
Demonstration of Energy Gain from a Preloaded ZrO2–PdD Nanostructured CF/LANR Quantum Electronic Device at MIT
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R. , Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

A self-contained, preloaded CF/LANR quantum electronic component, a NANOR®-type LANR device containing active ZrO2–PdD nanostructured material at its core, showed energy gain during, and after, the January, 2012 IAP MIT Course on CF/LANR. The Series VI two terminal device featured new composition, structure, and superior handling properties. Most importantly it was preloaded so that LANR activation is separated from loading. The calorimeter had parallel diagnostics, including heat flow measurement, and calibrations included an ohmic (thermal) control located next to the NANOR®-type device. The preloaded LANR device demonstrated energy gain which ranged generally from 5 to 16. It was 14.1 energy gain while the MIT IAP course was ongoing. During February and March, through a range of experiments, the NANOR® continued to produce excess energy, confirmed by daily calibrations. This open demonstration has confirmed the existence, reproducibility, and improved control of CF/LANR reactions, and as importantly, has shown a possibly superior preloaded nanostructured LANR material and driving device.
Sonofusion’s Transient Condensate Clusters
Authors: Stringham Roger S.
Published: December 2024

D2O cavitation produces Z-pinch jets implanting a target lattice. Measurements, data interpretations, and FE SEM photos explain products heat and 4He produced in target foils. The picosecond dynamics of a deuteron electron plasma charge separation and pressure pulse produce alpha particles and heat.