bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A relação teoria e prática na formação de professores de história: a experiência de laboratórios de ensino de história (1980-2010)
Authors: Marin Marilú Favarin
Published: March 2016

Este estudo toma como princípio a compreensão da existência de uma “Didática da História” como aporte do aprendizado docente na formação de professores de História e das suas práticas no ensino da disciplina de História. Tambémtoma como base a produção do teórico alemão Jörn Rüsen na busca da conceituação para a categoria Didática da História como um campo de análise dos fundamentos da Educação Histórica, a qual cumpre papel central no processo de reflexão sobre as atividades dos historiadores.
A escola não é lugar de barriga
Authors: Rohr Denise Raquel , Schwengber Maria Simone Vione
Published: March 2016

A escola pública e a gravidez em jovens alunas foram o tema central da dissertação de mestrado Experiências escolares de meninas-mães da periferia de Ijuí-RS, da qual este artigo é fruto. Assim sendo, discute-se neste estudo a relação das escolas públicas com as alunas gestantes ou mães, a partir da fala das equipes diretivas acerca das ações que as escolas procuram desenvolver ao se depararem com os temas da sexualidade e da gravidez no seu cotidiano. Além disso, procuram-se entender os limites e as possibilidades da escola ao defrontar-se com uma aluna gestante e da aluna ao perceber-se como uma gestante na escola. Quanto à escola, parece que é vista como um não lugar de barrigas, pois a gravidez de uma jovem aluna aponta para certo estranhamento, mesmo que invisível, entre a gestante e a escola. A pesquisa evidenciou que nenhuma das escolas possui um projeto para o ano letivo que trabalhe com as questões da sexualidade, da gravidez, mas o que acontecem são ações isoladas dentro de uma ou outra disciplina. Além disso, pode-se perceber que quando as jovens deixam de frequentar a escola, esta tenta, de várias formas, trazê-las novamente para as aulas, muitas vezes, sem sucesso.
Corporeidade e ludicidade nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental: crenças, dúvidas e possibilidades
Authors: Pereira Lucia Helena Pena
Published: March 2016

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender dificuldades encontradas para que a corporeidade e a ludicidade possam ser mais vivenciadas em sala de aula das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. A pesquisa de campo de cunho qualitativo teve a colaboração de quatro professoras de escolas públicas de Minas Gerais. Constatou-se que a corporeidade e a ludicidade são aspectos relevantes na realidade do educador desta etapa e que se faz necessária nova compreensão destes aspectos. As atividades lúdicas se apresentam como possibilidade valiosa de trabalhar a corporeidade, a criatividade e a expressividade tanto do educando quanto do educador. Também se mostram como uma contribuição para o fortalecimento dos laços afetivos professor-aluno e para o desenvolvimento das dimensões afetiva, cognitiva e motora da criança.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Induce Angiogenesis via Microvesicle Transport of miRNA-31
Authors: Kang Ting , Jones Tia M. , Naddell Clayton , Bacanamwo Methode , Calvert John W. , Thompson Winston E. , Bond Vincent C. , Chen Y. Eugene , Liu Dong
Published: March 2016

Cell secretion is an important mechanism for stem cell-based therapeutic angiogenesis, along with cell differentiation to vascular endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells. Cell-released microvesicles (MVs) have been recently implicated to play an essential role in intercellular communication. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential effects of stem cell-released MVs in proangiogenic therapy. We observed for the first time that MVs were released from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and were able to increase the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Endothelial differentiation medium (EDM) preconditioning of ASCs upregulated the release of MVs and enhanced the angiogenic effect of the released MVs in vitro. RNA analysis revealed that microRNA was enriched in ASC-released MVs and that the level of microRNA-31 (miR-31) in MVs was notably elevated upon EDM-preconditioning of MV-donor ASCs. Further studies exhibited that miR-31 in MVs contributed to the migration and tube formation of HUVECs, microvessel outgrowth of mouse aortic rings, and vascular formation of mouse Matrigel plugs. Moreover, factor-inhibiting HIF-1, an antiangiogenic gene, was identified as the target of miR-31 in HUVECs. Our findings provide the first evidence that MVs from ASCs, particularly from EDM-preconditioned ASCs, promote angiogenesis and the delivery of miR-31 may contribute the proangiogenic effect.

Significance

This study provides the evidence that microvesicles (MVs) from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), particularly from endothelial differentiation medium (EDM)-preconditioned ASCs, promote angiogenesis. An underlying mechanism of the proangiogenesis may be the delivery of microRNA-31 via MVs from ASCs to vascular endothelial cells in which factor-inhibiting HIF-1 is targeted and suppressed. The study findings reveal the role of MVs in mediating ASC-induced angiogenesis and suggest a potential MV-based angiogenic therapy for ischemic diseases.
Genomic epidemiology of artemisinin resistant malaria
Authors:   MalariaGEN Plasmodium falciparum Community Project
Published: March 2016

The current epidemic of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia is the result of a soft selective sweep involving at least 20 independent kelch13 mutations. In a large global survey, we find that kelch13 mutations which cause resistance in Southeast Asia are present at low frequency in Africa. We show that African kelch13 mutations have originated locally, and that kelch13 shows a normal variation pattern relative to other genes in Africa, whereas in Southeast Asia there is a great excess of non-synonymous mutations, many of which cause radical amino-acid changes. Thus, kelch13 is not currently undergoing strong selection in Africa, despite a deep reservoir of variations that could potentially allow resistance to emerge rapidly. The practical implications are that public health surveillance for artemisinin resistance should not rely on kelch13 data alone, and interventions to prevent resistance must account for local evolutionary conditions, shown by genomic epidemiology to differ greatly between geographical regions.
Contrasting roles for parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons in two forms of adult visual cortical plasticity
Authors: Kaplan Eitan S , Cooke Sam F , Komorowski Robert W , Chubykin Alexander A , Thomazeau Aurore , Khibnik Lena A , Gavornik Jeffrey P , Bear Mark F
Published: March 2016

The roles played by cortical inhibitory neurons in experience-dependent plasticity are not well understood. Here we evaluate the participation of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) GABAergic neurons in two forms of experience-dependent modification of primary visual cortex (V1) in adult mice: ocular dominance (OD) plasticity resulting from monocular deprivation and stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP) resulting from enriched visual experience. These two forms of plasticity are triggered by different events but lead to a similar increase in visual cortical response. Both also require the NMDA class of glutamate receptor (NMDAR). However, we find that PV+ inhibitory neurons in V1 play a critical role in the expression of SRP and its behavioral correlate of familiarity recognition, but not in the expression of OD plasticity. Furthermore, NMDARs expressed within PV+ cells, reversibly inhibited by the psychotomimetic drug ketamine, play a critical role in SRP, but not in the induction or expression of adult OD plasticity.
Anomalous electrostatic potential properties in carbon nanotube thin films under a weak external electric field
Authors: Ishiyama U , Cuong Nguyen Thanh , Okada Susumu
Published: March 2016

Using density functional theory, we studied the electronic properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) thin films under an electric field. The carrier accumulation due to the electric field depends strongly on the CNT species forming the thin films. Under a low electron concentration, the injected electrons are distributed throughout the CNTs, leading to an unusual electric field between CNTs, the direction of which is opposite to that of the applied field. This unusual field response of CNT thin films to an external electric field is ascribed to the internal electric field arising from the electrostatic potential difference between the constituent CNTs.
Enhanced inverse spin-Hall voltage in (001) oriented Fe4N/Pt polycrystalline films without contribution of planar-Hall effect
Authors: Isogami Shinji , Tsunoda Masakiyo
Published: March 2016

In this study, the output DC electric voltage (V
out) generated by a Pt-capped Fe4N bilayer film (Fe4N/Pt) under ferromagnetic resonance conditions at room temperature was assessed. The contributions from the inverse spin-Hall effect (ISHE), the planar-Hall effect (PHE) and the anomalous-Hall effect (AHE) were separated from the output voltage by analysis of V
out values determined at varying external field polar angles. The results showed that the polarity of the ISHE (V
ISHE) component of V
out was opposite to that of the PHE (V
PHE). As a result, the magnitude of the intrinsic V
ISHE was beyond V
out by as much as the magnitude of V
PHE. The X-ray diffraction structural analysis revealed the polycrystal of the Fe4N/Pt with (001) orientation, which might be one of the possible mechanisms for enhanced intrinsic V
ISHE.
Anomalous Hall effect based on Pt/Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 bilayers
Authors: Gao Rongli , Fu Chunlin , Cai Wei , Chen Gang , Deng Xiaoling , Zhang Hongrui , Sun Jirong , Shen Baogen
Published: March 2016

A 2.5-nm-thick platinum film with the shape of a Hall bar was deposited by magnetron sputtering on weak ferromagnetic rhombohedral and tetragonal Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 thin films. An anomalous Hall effect (AHE) was observed and studied as a function of magnetic field (H) and temperature (T). For the two samples, besides the obvious difference in the anomalous Hall resistance, the anomalous Hall resistance increases sharply with decreasing temperature, and even changes sign, thus violating the conventional expression. This observation indicates strong proximity effects and local-field-induced magnetic ordering in Pt on weak ferromagnetic thin films of rhombohedral and tetragonal Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 and their contribution to the spin-related measurements should not be neglected.
Enhancement of Au-induced lateral crystallization in electron-irradiated amorphous Ge on SiO2
Authors: Moto Kenta , Sakiyama Shin , Okamoto Hayato , Hara Hideyuki , Nishimura Hiroto , Takakura Kenichiro , Tsunoda Isao
Published: March 2016

We have investigated the acceleration energy (0.5–2.0 MeV)-modulated electron irradiation effect of Au-induced lateral crystallization for amorphous Ge on SiO2. As a result, low-energy electron (≤1.0 MeV) irradiation was not effective for Au-induced lateral crystallization. On the other hand, when high-energy electron (2.0 MeV) irradiation was utilized, the lateral growth velocity was significantly enhanced (∼1.8 times). We have confirmed that the Au-induced lateral growth is enhanced by electron irradiation, which is due to the introduction of point defects into amorphous Ge, allowing the easy diffusion of Au atoms.
Investigation of new stacking surface passivation structures with interfacial tuning layers on p-type crystalline silicon
Authors: Ikeno Norihiro , Katsumata Taka-aki , Yoshida Haruhiko , Arafune Koji , Satoh Shin-ichi , Chikyow Toyohiro , Ogura Atsushi
Published: March 2016

We fabricated a Y2O3–ZrO2 film (YZO) on Al2O3 to achieve the field effect passivation with high negative fixed charge densities on p-type Si. The surface recombination velocity was improved down to 30 cm/s after annealing at 400 °C. This improvement can be attributed to the effective fixed charge enhancement while the interface state densities were kept almost constant. A high thermal tolerance of over 600 °C upon inserting a 2-nm-thick ZrO2 layer between the YZO and Al2O3 interface was confirmed. This result showed that the ZrO2 layer acts as a protective barrier to prevent Al and Y interdiffusions. Annealing at a higher temperature of 800 °C resulted in interface degradation and YZO crystallization, which led to the deterioration of the passivation properties.
1911-1918 Yılları Arasında Türk Yurdu Dergisine Konu Olan Bazı Tartışma ve Polemikler /
Some Polemics and Discussions which were Subjected In Turk Yurdu Magazine Between 1911-1918
Authors: Erkan Ümmet
Published: March 2016

Some Polemics and Discussions which were Subjected In Turk Yurdu Magazine Between 1911-1918 

Abstract

Started to press in 1911, The Turk Yurdu Magazine which is the longest press in Turkish Nationalism, leaded by the Turks in Russia whose aims were the Turkish Nation’s going up in all areas. This article examines some polemics, letters and replies for these letters took place in the issues between the years 1911/1918. In this polemics, the topics of what should be understood from the simplification of Turkish and its boundaries, the lack of idealism in education, education with Turkish language, the damages of minority schools on the social life of Ottoman people, the success of the programs of Tanzimat, the effects of national ID on religious ID and the like were discussed. These polemics which the authors of Turk Yurdu and the other intellectuals who took place in the discussion from different newspapers and magazines got a very rich content. This article focuses on the topics which the debates revolves around and and the intellectual discussions about them. 

1911-1918 Yılları Arasında Türk Yurdu Dergisine Konu Olan

Bazı Tartışma ve Polemikler 

Öz

Türk Yurdu Dergisi 1911 yılında yayın hayatına başlamış, Türk milliyetçiliinin en uzun soluklu yayın organıdır. Rusya Türklerinin öncülük ettiği dergide Türklüğün her alanda yükselmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu makalede Türk Yurdu dergisinin 1911-1918 yılları arasındaki sayılarından yola çıkılarak dergideki bazı kalem tartışmaları, mektuplar ve onlara verilen cevaplar incelenecektir. Bu kalem tartışmalarında Türkçenin sadeleştirilmesinden ne anlaşılması gerektiği ve sınırları, eğitimde ideal eksikliği, eğitim dilinin Türkçe olması ve azınlık okullarının Osmanlı sosyal bünyesine verdiği zararlar, Tanzimatçı reform programının başarılı olup olmadığı ve nedenleri, milli kimliğin dini aidiyete zarar verip vermeyeceği konuları ele alınacaktır. Türk Yurdu dergisi yazarları ile dönemin diğer önemli entelektüellerinin çeşitli gazete ve dergilerde dâhil olduğu bu kalem tartışmaları zengin bir muhteva kazanmıştır. Bu tartışmalar dönemin entelektüel fikir hareketleri ve siyasi akımlar hakkında önemli bilgiler içermektedir. Bu araştırma, yapılan tartışma ve polemiklerin hangi konular etrafında yoğunlaştığını ve Türk Yurdu dergisinin bu tartışma ve polemiklerde ne tür bir yöntem izlediğini ortaya koymaktadır. 
Mevlana'nın Nazarında Ölüm / Death in Mowlawee's View
Authors: Uğurlu Tuğberk
Published: March 2016

Death in Mowlawee's View

Death is one of the main obsessions of man and ranks among his most sophisticated mental and spiritual enigmas. It is hard to accept that there will come a day when we will have to abandon all our mundane attachments to set out a journey to an unknown world. Islamic mystics and sophis even went farther. They regarded death not only as a beginning of a new life but also as a means to reunite with the Eternal Beloved from whom they had been detached by their mundane life. Therefore they consider death as an auspicious event which they always welcome cheerfully and the arrival of which they long for. In this essay, writer constitutes the main topic of the conversation as Mawlana’s opinion about death who is one of most famous intellectual and mystic of Islam history. By doing this, he uses Mawlana’s most notorious compositions ‘Masnawi’ and ‘Fihi Ma Fih’. In the essay, from the opinion of Mawlana as 'death is not an annihilation but a door which anybody has to pass for a new and brighter start' influenced strongly.  

Mevlana'nın Nazarında Ölüm

Ölüm, insanın başlıca endişelerinden biridir ve onun karmaşık akli ve manevi muammalarının içerisinde üst sıralardadır. Günün birinde, tüm dünyevi bağlarımızı ardımızda bırakıp bilinmeyen bir dünyaya yolculuğa çıkacağımızı kabul etmek zordur. İslam mistisistleri (Sufiler) bu konuda daha da ileri gitmişlerdir. Onlara göre ölüm sadece yeni bir hayata başlangıç değil, aynı zamanda dünya hayatında gurbet çektikleri “Ebedi Sevgili”ye kavuşmak manası taşır. Bu yüzden ölümü her zaman neşeyle karşılanacak, hasret çektikleri şeye kavuştukları kutlu bir olay olarak görürler. Bu makalede yazar, İslam tarihinin belki de en meşhur sufi ve düşünürü Hz. Mevlana'nın ölüm konusundaki yaklaşımlarını konu edinmiştir. Bunu yaparken de ekseriyetle onun en meşhur eserleri; 'Mesnevi' ve 'Fihi Ma Fih'den faydalanmıştır. Makalede Hz. Mevlana'nın ölümü bir yok oluş değil, yeni ve daha parlak bir başlangıca açılan geçilmesi zaruri bir kapı olarak gördüğü düşüncesi ağırlıktadır. 
Risk‐based planning analysis for a single levee
Authors: Hui Rui , Jachens Elizabeth , Lund Jay
Published: March 2016

Traditional risk‐based analysis for levee planning focuses primarily on overtopping failure. Although many levees fail before overtopping, few planning studies explicitly include intermediate geotechnical failures in flood risk analysis. This study develops a risk‐based model for two simplified levee failure modes: overtopping failure and overall intermediate geotechnical failure from through‐seepage, determined by the levee cross section represented by levee height and crown width. Overtopping failure is based only on water level and levee height, while through‐seepage failure depends on many geotechnical factors as well, mathematically represented here as a function of levee crown width using levee fragility curves developed from professional judgment or analysis. These levee planning decisions are optimized to minimize the annual expected total cost, which sums expected (residual) annual flood damage and annualized construction costs. Applicability of this optimization approach to planning new levees or upgrading existing levees is demonstrated preliminarily for a levee on a small river protecting agricultural land, and a major levee on a large river protecting a more valuable urban area. Optimized results show higher likelihood of intermediate geotechnical failure than overtopping failure. The effects of uncertainty in levee fragility curves, economic damage potential, construction costs, and hydrology (changing climate) are explored. Optimal levee crown width is more sensitive to these uncertainties than height, while the derived general principles and guidelines for risk‐based optimal levee planning remain the same.
A failure to reject: Testing the correlation between large igneous provinces and deep mantle structures with EDF statistics
Authors: Doubrovine Pavel V. , Steinberger Bernhard , Torsvik Trond H.
Published: March 2016

Absolute reconstructions of large igneous provinces (LIPs) for the past 300 Ma reveal a remarkable spatial pattern suggesting that almost all LIPs have erupted over the margins of the two large‐scale structures in the Earth's lower mantle commonly referred to as the Large Low Shear‐wave Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs). This correlation suggests that mantle plumes that have triggered LIP eruptions rose from the margins of LLSVPs, implying long‐term stability of these structures and suggesting that they may be chemically distinct from the bulk of the mantle. Yet, some researchers consider the LLSVPs to be purely thermal upwellings, arguing that the observed distribution of LIPs can be explained by plumes randomly forming over the entire areas of LLSVPs. Here we examine the correlation between the LIPs and LLSVPs using nonparametric statistical tests, updated plate reconstructions, and a large number of alternative definitions of LLSVPs based on seismic tomography. We show that probability models assuming plume sources originating at the margins of LLSVPs adequately explain the observed distribution of reconstructed LIPs. In contrast, we find strong evidence against the models seeking to link LIPs with plumes randomly forming over the entire LLSVP areas. However, the hypothesis proposing that the correlation can be explained by plumes randomly forming over a larger area of slower‐than‐average shear wave velocities in the lowermost mantle cannot be ruled out formally. Our analysis suggests that there is no statistically sound reason for questioning the hypothesis that the LIPs correlate with the margins of LLSVP globally.
Impact of sea ice initialization on sea ice and atmosphere prediction skill on seasonal timescales
Authors: Guemas V. , Chevallier M. , Déqué M. , Bellprat O. , Doblas‐Reyes F.
Published: March 2016

We present a robust assessment of the impact of sea ice initialization from reconstructions of the real state on the sea ice and atmosphere prediction skill. We ran two ensemble seasonal prediction experiments from 1979 to 2012 : one using realistic sea ice initial conditions and another where sea ice is initialized from a climatology, with two forecast systems. During the melting season in the Arctic Ocean, sea ice forecasts become skilful with sea ice initialization until 3–5 months ahead, thanks to the memory held by sea ice thickness. During the freezing season in both the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans, sea ice forecasts are skilful for 7 and 2 months, respectively, with negligible differences between the two experiments, the memory being held by the ocean heat content. A weak impact on the atmosphere prediction skill is obtained.
Surface circulation at the Strait of Gibraltar: A combined HF radar and high resolution model study
Authors: Soto‐Navarro Javier , Lorente Pablo , Álvarez Fanjul Enrique , Carlos Sánchez‐Garrido Jose , García‐Lafuente Jesús
Published: March 2016

Observations from a high frequency radar system and outputs from a high resolution operational ocean model working at the Strait of Gibraltar have been analyzed and compared during the period February 2013 to September 2014 in order to evaluate their capability to resolve the surface circulation of the region. The description of the mean circulation patterns has been statistically assessed, showing good agreement, particularly in the central region of the strait corresponding with the Atlantic Jet (AJ) stream, although some short scale features are not reproduced by the model. In the frequency domain very high concordance is observed. Tidal maps of diurnal and semidiurnal constituents are in good agreement with previous observations. The analysis of the model and radar response to the wind forcing reveals that the low resolution of the model wind‐forcing field and its deeper superficial level smoothes the wind effect on the simulated currents. The first three EOF modes account for the 86% of model and radar variances. The coincidence between the observed and simulated patterns is very significant for the first two modes, which account for the mean velocity field and the latitudinal shifting of the AJ consequence of the flow‐topography interaction. The third mode captures the wind‐induced circulation, and greater discrepancies are found in this case. Results underline the complementary character of both systems: radar observations improve the model description, resolving short scale processes, while the model completes the radar information when the time or spatial coverage is poorer.
The Stochastic Parcel Model: A deterministic parameterization of stochastically entraining convection
Authors: Romps David M.
Published: March 2016

Convective entrainment is a process that is poorly represented in existing convective parameterizations. By many estimates, convective entrainment is the leading source of error in global climate models. As a potential remedy, an Eulerian implementation of the Stochastic Parcel Model (SPM) is presented here as a convective parameterization that treats entrainment in a physically realistic and computationally efficient way. Drawing on evidence that convecting clouds comprise air parcels subject to Poisson‐process entrainment events, the SPM calculates the deterministic limit of an infinite number of such parcels. For computational efficiency, the SPM groups parcels at each height by their purity, which is a measure of their total entrainment up to that height. This reduces the calculation of convective fluxes to a sequence of matrix multiplications. The SPM is implemented in a single‐column model and compared with a large‐eddy simulation of deep convection.
Intercomparison of methods of coupling between convection and large‐scale circulation: 2. Comparison over nonuniform surface conditions
Authors: Daleu C. L. , Plant R. S. , Woolnough S. J. , Sessions S. , Herman M. J. , Sobel A. , Wang S. , Kim D. , Cheng A. , Bellon G. , Peyrille P. , Ferry F. , Siebesma P. , van Ulft L.
Published: March 2016

As part of an international intercomparison project, the weak temperature gradient (WTG) and damped gravity wave (DGW) methods are used to parameterize large‐scale dynamics in a set of cloud‐resolving models (CRMs) and single column models (SCMs). The WTG or DGW method is implemented using a configuration that couples a model to a reference state defined with profiles obtained from the same model in radiative‐convective equilibrium. We investigated the sensitivity of each model to changes in SST, given a fixed reference state. We performed a systematic comparison of the WTG and DGW methods in different models, and a systematic comparison of the behavior of those models using the WTG method and the DGW method. The sensitivity to the SST depends on both the large‐scale parameterization method and the choice of the cloud model. In general, SCMs display a wider range of behaviors than CRMs. All CRMs using either the WTG or DGW method show an increase of precipitation with SST, while SCMs show sensitivities which are not always monotonic. CRMs using either the WTG or DGW method show a similar relationship between mean precipitation rate and column‐relative humidity, while SCMs exhibit a much wider range of behaviors. DGW simulations produce large‐scale velocity profiles which are smoother and less top‐heavy compared to those produced by the WTG simulations. These large‐scale parameterization methods provide a useful tool to identify the impact of parameterization differences on model behavior in the presence of two‐way feedback between convection and the large‐scale circulation.
From MAD to SAD: The Italian experience for the low‐frequency aperture array of SKA1‐LOW
Authors: Bolli P. , Pupillo G. , Virone G. , Farooqui M. Z. , Lingua A. , Mattana A. , Monari J. , Murgia M. , Naldi G. , Paonessa F. , Perini F. , Pluchino S. , Rusticelli S. , Schiaffino M. , Schillirò F. , Tartarini G. , Tibaldi A.
Published: March 2016

This paper describes two small aperture array demonstrators called Medicina and Sardinia Array Demonstrators (MAD and SAD, respectively). The objectives of these instruments are to acquire experience and test new technologies for a possible application to the low‐frequency aperture array of the low‐frequency telescope of the Square Kilometer Array phase 1 (SKA1‐LOW). The MAD experience was concluded in 2014, and it turned out to be an important test bench for implementing calibration techniques based on an artificial source mounted in an aerial vehicle. SAD is based on 128 dual‐polarized Vivaldi antennas and is 1 order of magnitude larger than MAD. The architecture and the station size of SAD, which is along the construction phase, are more similar to those under evaluation for SKA1‐LOW, and therefore, SAD is expected to provide useful hints for SKA1‐LOW.
Simultaneous sorption and mechanical entrapment during polymer flow through porous media
Authors: Farajzadeh R. , Bedrikovetsky P. , Lotfollahi M. , Lake L. W.
Published: March 2016

Physical adsorption and mechanical entrapment are two major causes of polymer retention in porous media. Physical adsorption is considered an equilibrium process and is often modeled by assuming a Langmuir isotherm. The outcome is a steady state pressure response because the permeability reduction is also accounted for by adsorption. However, some experimental data show gradual increase of pressure with time, implying that polymer retention is a time‐dependent process. We discuss simultaneous effect of sorption and mechanical entrapment on the polymer retention in porous media. An exact solution for 1‐D flow problem for the case of constant filtration coefficient and Langmuir‐sorption isotherm, including explicit formulae for breakthrough concentration and pressure drop across the core is derived. The general model with a varying filtration coefficient was successfully matched with experimental data confirming the occurrence of simultaneous sorption with deep‐bed filtration during polymer flow in porous media. In the absence of mechanical entrapment, the physical adsorption causes delay in the polymer front and does not affect the polymer concentration behind the front. Addition of mechanical entrapment results in slow recovery of the injected concentration at the outlet (for a varying filtration coefficient) or reaching to a steady state concentration, which is only a fraction of the injected concentration (for a constant filtration coefficient). Accurate assessment and quantification of the polymer retention requires both pressure and effluent concentration data at the outlet of the porous medium.
High‐velocity frictional strength across the Tohoku‐Oki megathrust determined from surface drilling torque
Authors: Ujiie Kohtaro , Inoue Tomoya , Ishiwata Junya
Published: March 2016

High‐velocity frictional strength is one of the primary factors controlling earthquake faulting. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project drilled through the shallow plate boundary fault, where displacement was ~50 m during the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. To determine downhole frictional strength, we analyzed the surface drilling torque data acquired at rotation rates equivalent to seismic slip rates (0.8–1.3 m/s). The results show a clear contrast in high‐velocity frictional strength across the plate boundary fault: the apparent friction coefficient of frontal prism sediments (hemipelagic mudstones) in the hanging wall is 0.1–0.3, while that of the underthrust sediments (mudstone, laminar pelagic claystone, and chert) in the footwall increases to 0.2–0.4. The apparent friction coefficient of the smectite‐rich pelagic clay in the plate boundary fault is 0.08–0.19, which is consistent with that determined from high‐velocity (1.1–1.3 m/s) friction experiments. This suggests that surface drilling torque is useful in obtaining downhole frictional strength.
Creep along the northern Jordan Valley section of the Dead Sea Fault
Authors: Hamiel Yariv , Piatibratova Oksana , Mizrahi Yaakov
Published: March 2016

We geodetically investigate the interseismic deformation along two neighboring sections of the Dead Sea Fault in Israel and present first clear evidence for shallow creep along this fault. We obtain the velocities of near‐fault GPS campaign stations across the northern section of the Jordan Valley Fault (JVF) and the Jordan Gorge Section (JGS) that were surveyed each year between 2009 and 2015. The JVF extends from the northern shore of the Dead Sea to the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, and the JGS extends from the Sea of Galilee to the Hula Basin. We infer a slip rate of ~4.1 mm/yr and a locking depth of ~10 km for both sections. Data analysis indicates that while the JGS is found to be fully locked above the locking depth, the northern section of the JVF is found to be creeping from a depth of 1.5 ± 1.0 km to the surface, with a creep rate of 2.5 ± 0.8 mm/yr. Our observations also suggest that the current slip rate of the fault at the western margin of the Jordan Valley is minor, less than the GPS velocities uncertainties.
Simulated long‐term climate response to idealized solar geoengineering
Authors: Cao Long , Duan Lei , Bala Govindasamy , Caldeira Ken
Published: March 2016

Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a potential means to counteract anthropogenic climate change, yet it is unknown how such climate intervention might affect the Earth's climate on the millennial time scale. Here we use the HadCM3L model to conduct a 1000 year sunshade geoengineering simulation in which solar irradiance is uniformly reduced by 4% to approximately offset global mean warming from an abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric CO2. During the 1000 year period, modeled global climate, including temperature, hydrological cycle, and ocean circulation of the high‐CO2 simulation departs substantially from that of the control preindustrial simulation, whereas the climate of the geoengineering simulation remains much closer to that of the preindustrial state with little drift. The results of our study do not support the hypothesis that nonlinearities in the climate system would cause substantial drift in the climate system if solar geoengineering was to be deployed on the timescale of a millennium.
Molecular Genetics of Cherubism
Authors: Reichenberger Ernst J , Ueki Yasuyoshi
Published: March 2016

Cherubism is a rare fibro‐osseous genetic disorder caused and maintained by autoinflammatory processes that are caused by mutations in the
SH3BP2
gene. Cherubism is a form of fibrodysplasia of the jaws that affects children at 2–6 years of age. The typical symmetrical bone resorption lacunae are self‐limiting to the jaws. Bone is replaced with fibrous tissue that can expand significantly and lead to the characteristic facial swelling. Disease progression normally stops at puberty and regresses thereafter. Mutations in SH3BP2 affect a six‐amino acid recognition sequence for tankyrase, a poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase that marks proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. SH3BP2 has multiple functions in cell types of hematopoietic origin. Elevated SH3BP2 protein levels in macrophage/osteoclast precursors cause increased osteoclastogenesis with reduced thresholds for stimulants. Increased TNF‐α levels generate an inflammatory environment in a cherubism mouse model and conceivably also in the oral cavity of cherubism patients. More research to explain the spatiotemporal progression of cherubism is needed.

Key Concepts

Cherubism is a temporospatially restricted bone lysis disorder with bone being substituted by expansile fibrous tissue.

Patients with cherubism develop symmetrical bone lesions only in the maxilla and mandible.

Signs of cherubism develop in children as early as 2 years of age and bone lysis typically resolves after puberty. First diagnosed often on dental radiographs.

Known mutations are in the adaptor protein SH3BP2, which is involved in regulating the adaptive and innate immune system.

Mutations in SH3BP2 are within a six‐amino acid interval and cause inhibition of tankyrase binding, which is needed for efficient degradation.

High levels of intracellular SH3BP2 protein cause increased osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in jaws.

Bone lysis is regulated via TLR2/TLR4 and TNF‐α‐dependent autoinflammatory response.

Jaw‐specific bone resorption in cherubism patients likely involves response to oral bacteria (pathogen‐associated molecular patterns; PAMPS) and bone remodelling during tooth eruption (damage‐associated molecular patterns; DAMPS).

Diagnosis for some patients is consistent with cherubism but no mutations are found in exons of
SH3BP2
.
Molecular Genetics of
OXPHOS
Disorders
Authors: Blázquez Alberto , Arenas Joaquín , Martín Miguel A
Published: March 2016

OXPHOS disorders are a common (estimated prevalence 1:5.000) clinically heterogeneous group of genetic disorders caused by dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation system, which is the main cellular source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mutations in genes encoded by either nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA) or mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) are the underlying molecular cause. Maternal inheritance, mtDNA heteroplasmia and random mitotic segregation contribute to the phenotypic expression of mtDNA mutations. Most OXPHOS disorders are recognized to be caused by nuclear genes. Mutations in genes encoding structural and assembly factors of OXPHOS system cause isolated OXPHOS complex deficiencies and frequently severe paediatric diseases. mtDNA stability nuclear disorders produce secondary mtDNA depletion or multiple mtDNA deletions. Emerging types of OXPHOS disorders are originated by mutations in nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial transcription and translation and in Fe–S cluster biogenesis. Next‐generation sequencing approaches are paving the way to the identification of molecular defects underlying OXPHOS diseases.

Key Concepts

Mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders are caused by mutations in genes encoded by two genomes: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear – chromosomal – DNA (nDNA).

Most OXPHOS disorders are caused by nuclear genes, mainly in paediatric OXPHOS patients.

Mitochondrial DNA contains 13 genes encoding subunits of electron transport chain complexes I, III and IV, and FoF1‐ATP synthase (complex V). The four complex II subunits are encoded by nDNA.

mtDNA genetics key points are as follows: 16,5 kb long, polyplasmy (several copies per cell), maternal inheritance, mitotic segregation, absence of introns, polycistronic transcription and polymorphic.

mtDNA disorders could be caused by heteroplasmic or homoplasmic mutations that could be sporadic or maternal inherited.

Nuclear OXPHOS defects are caused by genes involved in highly heterogeneous biological pathways.

Mutations in genes encoding structural and assembly factors of OXPHOS system cause mainly, but not always, isolated complex defects of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC), and cause commonly severe paediatric diseases, being the most common Leigh syndrome.

mtDNA stability/maintenance disorders cause secondary mtDNA depletion or multiple mtDNA deletions by mutations in genes with roles in mtDNA replication/repair, mitochondrial dNTP pool preservation and mitochondrial dynamics.

Mitochondrial transcription and translational defects by mutations in genes involved in different steps may cause combined MRC defects, with numerous novel nuclear disease‐causing genes recently discovered.

High rates of novel nuclear disease‐causing‐genes detection involved in different OXPHOS biogenesis and functions owing to next‐generation sequencing approaches have expanded the spectrum of genes and pathways associated with OXPHOS dysfunction.
Electrophoretically‐Deposited Metal‐Decorated CNT Nanoforests with High Thermal/Electric Conductivity and Wettability Tunable from Hydrophilic to Superhydrophobic
Authors: Balram Anirudh , Santhanagopalan Sunand , Hao Boyi , Yap Yoke Khin , Meng Dennis Desheng
Published: March 2016

A single‐step, room‐temperature, and scalable electrophoretic deposition process is reported to form nanocomposites on any electrically conductive surface with metal nanoparticle decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The contact angles (CAs) can be easily tuned from ≈60° to 168° by varying the deposition voltage, while hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity surprisingly arise from the hydrophilic CNTs being deposited. The relatively high voltage tends to vertically align CNTs during deposition, leading to architectural micro/nanoscale roughness on the surface. The combination of the multiscale roughness along with the low surface energy of hydrocarbon functional groups on the CNT surface has enabled facile wettability control, including the Petal and Lotus effects. Further, the relatively vertical orientation of the CNTs, without any coating, allows for current and heat transfer along their axis with superior conductivity. Similar behavior in terms of CA control is seen for all three divalent metal ions in the deposition solution (i.e., Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+) that are used to charge the CNTs while eventually getting co‐deposited. This implies that this method could possibly be extended to other metals by selecting appropriate charging salt. A patterning technique is also demonstrated for facile fabrication of superhydrophobic CNT‐metal islands surrounded by hydrophilic CNT coating.
Effects of a Molecular Monolayer Modification of NiO Nanocrystal Layer Surfaces on Perovskite Crystallization and Interface Contact toward Faster Hole Extraction and Higher Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Bai Yang , Chen Haining , Xiao Shuang , Xue Qifan , Zhang Teng , Zhu Zonglong , Li Qiang , Hu Chen , Yang Yun , Hu Zhicheng , Huang Fei , Wong Kam Sing , Yip Hin‐Lap , Yang Shihe
Published: March 2016

NiO is a promising hole transporting material for perovskite solar cells due to its high hole mobility, good stability, easy processibility, and suitable Fermi level for hole extraction. However, the efficiency of NiO‐based cells is still limited by the slow hole extraction due to the poor perovskite/NiO interface and the inadequate quality of the two solution‐processed material phases. Here, large influences of a monolayer surface modification of NiO nanocrystal layers with ethanolamine molecules are demonstrated on the enhancement of hole extraction/transport and thus the photovoltaic performance. The underlying causes have been revealed by a series of studies, pointing to a favorable dipole layer formed by the molecular adsorption along with the enhanced perovskite crystallization and the improved interface contact. Comparatively, the solar cells based on a diethanolamine‐modified NiO layer have achieved a rather high fill factor, indeed one of the highest among NiO‐based perovskite solar cells, and high short‐circuit photocurrent density (Jsc), resulting in a power conversion efficiency of ≈16%, most importantly, without hysteresis.
Aging in Water and in an Alkaline Medium of Unsaturated Polyester and Epoxy Resins: Experimental Study and Modeling
Authors: Arias Juan P. Morales , Bernal Celina , Vázquez Analía , Escobar Mariano M.
Published: March 2016

The change in stiffness with temperature in the presence of different media has been discussed for a long time because the ability to predict this behavior becomes fundamental to the design of new materials and their applications. That is why, in this work, the application of a mathematical model, which is able to predict the elastic properties of two polymers, is presented. The study takes into account the relationship between the viscoelastic and absorption properties of these materials in alkaline solution (Ca (OH)2, pH 12.5) and in distilled water (H2O, pH 7) as the immersion media. Diffusion coefficient values were higher when the resins were immersed in water than in the alkaline solution. In addition, the effect of the alkaline medium was higher for the unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The highest decrease in modulus at the glassy state of the polymer network was observed for the UPR immersed in the alkaline medium. The greatest reduction of the Tg value due to network plasticizing was found for the epoxy resin (ER) in the alkaline medium. Therefore, the ER exhibited a more stable behavior after aging at moderate temperature than the UPR.
Mechanism of Na+ Insertion in Alkali Vanadates and Its Influence on Battery Performance
Authors: Hartung Steffen , Bucher Nicolas , Franklin Joseph B. , Wise Anna M. , Lim Linda Y. , Chen Han‐Yi , Weker Johanna Nelson , Michel‐Beyerle Maria‐E. , Toney Michael F. , Srinivasan Madhavi
Published: March 2016

Sodium‐ion batteries may become an alternative to the widespread lithium‐ion technology due to cost and kinetic advantages provided that cyclability is improved. For this purpose, the interplay between electrochemical and structural processes is key and is demonstrated in this work for Na2.46V6O16 (NVO) and Li2.55V6O16 employing operando synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. When NVO is cycled between 4.0 and 1.6 V, Na‐ions reversibly occupy two crystallographic sites, which results in remarkable cyclability. Upon discharge to 1.0 V, however, Na‐ions occupy also interstitial sites, inducing irreversible structural change with some loss of crystallinity concomitant with a decrease in capacity. Capacity fading increases with the ionic radius of the alkali ions (K+ > Na+ > Li+), suggesting that smaller ions stabilize the structure. This correlation of structural variation and electrochemical performance suggests a route toward improving cycling stability of a sodium‐ion battery. Its essence is a minor Li+‐retention in the A2+xV6O16 structure. Even though the majority of Li‐ions are replaced by the abundant Na+, the residual Li‐ions (≈10%) are sufficient to stabilize the layered structure, diminishing the irreversible structural damage. These results pave the way for further exploitation of the role of small ions in lattice stabilization that increases cycling performance.
The prognostic value of hematogones in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Chantepie Sylvain P. , Parienti Jean‐Jacques , Salaun Véronique , Benabed Khaled , Cheze Stéphane , Gac Anne‐Claire , Johnson‐Ansah Hyacinthe , Macro Margaret , Damaj Gandhi , Vilque Jean‐Pierre , Reman Oumedaly
Published: March 2016

In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), new prognostic tools are needed to assess the risk of relapse. Hematogones (HGs) are normal B‐lymphocyte precursors that increase in hematological diseases and may influence remission duration in AML. HG detection was prospectively investigated in 262 AML patients to determine its prognostic value. Flow cytometric HG detection was performed in bone marrow aspiration after intensive chemotherapy at the time of hematological recovery. Patients with HGs in bone marrow samples had a significantly better relapse‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) than patients without HGs (P = 0.0021, and P = 0.0016). Detectable HGs independently predicted RFS (HR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.42 − 0.89, P = 0.012) and OS (HR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.38 − 0.92, 0.019) controlling for age, ELN classification, the number of chemotherapy cycles to achieve CR, performance status, secondary AML and flow cytometric minimal residual disease (MRD). In intensively treated AML, individual determination of HGs could be useful to stratify the optimal risk‐adapted therapeutic strategy after induction chemotherapy. Am. J. Hematol. 91:566–570, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
APOE2 eases cognitive decline during Aging: Clinical and preclinical evaluations
Authors: Shinohara Mitsuru , Kanekiyo Takahisa , Yang Longyu , Linthicum Duane , Shinohara Motoko , Fu Yuan , Price Laura , Frisch‐Daiello Jessica L. , Han Xianlin , Fryer John D. , Bu Guojun
Published: March 2016

Objective

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a major cholesterol carrier in the brain, is associated with a strong risk for Alzheimer disease. Compared to the risky APOE4 gene allele, the effects of the protective APOE2 gene allele are vastly understudied, and thus need to be further clarified.

Methods

We reviewed National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center clinical records and performed preclinical experiments using human apoE‐targeted replacement (apoE‐TR) mice, which do not show amyloid pathology.

Results

Clinically, the APOE2 allele was associated with less cognitive decline during aging. This effect was also seen in subjects with little amyloid pathology, or after adjusting for Alzheimer disease‐related pathologies. In animal studies, aged apoE2‐TR mice also exhibited preserved memory function in water maze tests. Regardless, apoE2‐TR mice showed similar or greater age‐related changes in synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress compared to apoE3‐TR or apoE4‐TR mice. Interestingly, apoE concentrations in the cortex, hippocampus, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were positively correlated with memory performance across apoE isoforms, where apoE2‐TR mice had higher apoE levels. Moreover, apoE2‐TR mice exhibited the lowest levels of cholesterol in the cortex, despite higher levels in CSF and plasma. These cholesterol levels were associated with apoE levels and memory performance across apoE isoforms.

Interpretation

APOE2 is associated with less cognitive decline during aging. This can occur independently of age‐related synaptic/neuroinflammatory changes and amyloid accumulation. Higher levels of apoE and associated cholesterol metabolism in APOE2 carriers might contribute to this protective effect. Ann Neurol 2016;79:758–774