bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BUILDING LOCAL RESILIENCE CAPACITY IN COMMUNITIES VULNERABLE TO FLOODS IN THE ORASHI REGION OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Brisibe Warebi G. , Brown Ibama
Published: May 2020

Building resilience capacities to survive flood disasters in vulnerable communities in the global south encompasses techniques that are unique to such communities. These strands of unique techniques are embedded in their indigenous knowledge as a people and revealed through the actions they display during such times of disaster. Data was obtained from four communities in the Orashi region in the aftermath of the 2012 floods in Nigeria, to investigate the techniques and actions adopted to help build local resilience capacity amongst vulnerable communities there. Interviews and focus groups were the primary means of data collection and analysis was done qualitatively. The findings revealed five key attributes the communities possessed that enabled them build their resilience capacity to cope with the flood disaster.
URBAN SPATIAL GROWTH AND LANDUSE CHANGE DETECTION ANALYSIS OF ALIGARH CITY, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA USING HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING DATA, GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) AND GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) TECHNIQUES
Authors: Kumar Virendra , Rathore Vijay Kumar Singh
Published: May 2020

Use of High Resolution temporal satellite imageries and Geographical Information System(GIS) provide us present and past status of extensions and Landuse change in oukskirts ofurban centres. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the temporal urban growth andlanduse change of Aligarh city using Survey of India Topographical Map surveyed in 1971and IKONOS satellite data of various time periods from 2004, 2009 and 2014. The resultshows that in 1971 the urban built-up land of the city based on SOI Topographical Map was2224.6555 hectare, based on interpretation of IKONOS satellite imagery of 2004, 2009 and2014 , the urban built-up area of the city is 4724.7614 hectare in 2004, 5872.6774 hectare in2009 and 7059.8875 hectare in 2014 respectively. This has increased to 2500.1059 hectare in aperiod of 33 years from 1971 to 2004 and in the period from 2004-2009 and 2009-2014 it hasincreased by 1148 hectare and 1187.211 hectare respectively. Agricultural land,Orchard/Plantations and water bodies to built-up (urban) has been calculated in GIS and ithas been observed that there is a tremendous increase in the built-up urban area. The loss ofprime arable land, orchard/plantation and water bodies has been converted in to built-upurban land. The digital database created for urban growth and landuse change of Aligarhcity, Uttar Pradesh, India using multi-date data in Arc-GIS software would be very useful forurban development authorities, planners, decision makers for better landuse planning andmanagement for proposed landuse programmes.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND PERFORMANCE OF PERMANENT MAGNET AND WOUNDED TYPE DC MOTOR USING OF REGULATOR
Authors: Mahobia Tanu , Kori Dr. A. K.
Published: May 2020

The DC motor has important role in moving system because of mostly use in the industry. Thespeed control of DC motor is increasingly getting sophisticated and precise. The Speed of theDC motor is controlled by with the help of controlling the armature voltage. There are variousmethods of speed control of DC drives namely field control, armature voltage control.
Batılılaşma Dönemi Osmanlı Mimarisinde Uygulanabilmiş Bir Hapishane Projesi: Siroz (Serez) Hapishane Binası
Authors: KOLAY Emre
Published: May 2020

Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ceza Hukukunu modernleştirme çabaları Tanzimat’ın ilanına kadar uzanmaktadır. 1840, 1851, 1858 ve 1880 yıllarında çıkartılan kanun ve nizamnameler ile Osmanlı Ceza Hukuku, Batı normları doğrultusunda temel şeklini almıştır. Bu süreç 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreği içerisinde yeni nizamname ve talimatnamelerle gelişim göstermiştir. Söz konusu ıslahat programları kapsamına hapishanelerin fiziki koşulları da dahil edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda hapishane binalarının da modern hukuk ilkelerine uygun bir şekilde belirli standartlara sahip olması için çalışmalar başlatılmıştır. Avrupa ülkelerinin müdahaleleri ve yönlendirmeleri ile de hız kazanan bu modernizasyon süreci Cumhuriyet dönemine kadar devam etmiş fakat tam olarak istenilen düzeye ulaşamamıştır. Özellikle II. Abdülhamid ve II. Meşrutiyet dönemlerinde yoğunlaşan hapishane inşası projeleri, genellikle Avrupa kaynaklı projelerden hazırlanmış ve tip proje olarak Osmanlı topraklarında uygulanmıştır. Arşiv belgeleri, söz konusu projeler hakkında araştırmacılara hatırı sayılır düzeyde kaynak sunmaktadır. Genellikle Neo-klasik cephe ve plan düzenlemelerinin tercih edildiği hapishane projelerinde mekânların kullanım amaçları da ayrıntılı bir şekilde belirtilmiştir. Projelerin yoğunluğuna karşın inşa edildiği tarihten günümüze ulaşabilen Osmanlı hapishanelerinin sayısı yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu da söz konusu projelerin hangi oranda uygulanabildiği sorusunu akla getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada ele alınan Siroz (Serez) Hapishanesi, uygulanabilmiş olması açısından önem kazanmakta, modern bir Osmanlı hapishanesinin genel hatlarını proje dosyası aracılığıyla bize sunmaktadır. Arşiv belgeleri ışığında Siroz (Serez) Hapishane binasının tarihî ve mimarî özellikleri bu makalenin içeriğini teşkil etmektedir.
EVALUATION OF MEDIA-CHILD RELATIONSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF MEDIA LITERACY IN NEW COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Utma Seçil
Published: May 2020

Teknolojik gelişmeler neticesinde yeni medya araçları, hemen her yaşam kesimi tarafından sıklıkla kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Günlük yaşam pratiklerinde büyük yer tutan bu araçların sık kullanımı, yeni medyanın bilinçli ve doğru kullanımı
konusunda bir takım endişeleri beraberinde getirmekte, özellikle çocuklar söz konusu olduğunda durumun ciddiyeti daha da artmaktadır. Çocukların fiziksel ve zihinsel gelişimlerinde, dünyayı anlamlandırmalarında yeni medya araçlarının
önemli rolü bulunmaktadır. Medya iletileri karşısında savunmasız durumda bulunan çocukları korumak, medyanın olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak noktasında gündeme gelen medya okuryazarlığı, önemli bir beceri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
Bu araçların kontrollü ve sağlıklı kullanımı konusunda küçük yaşlardan itibaren verilen medya okuryazarlığı eğitimi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Çocukların ve gençlerin yeni medyayı etkin ve verimli kullanmaları noktasında farkındalıklarının
arttırılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. İnternet kullanımında yasaklamaların tek başına bir çözüm olmadığı bilinerek, içselleştirilmiş bir takım davranışlar kazandırılarak internetin sağlıklı kullanımı konusunda çocuklara rehberlik
yapılmalıdır. Çalışmada yeni medya kavramı üzerinde durularak, yeni medya ortamında çocukların bu araçlarla ilişkisi, medya okuryazarlığı çerçevesinde kuramsal olarak incelenmiştir.
LOCATIVES AS SMALL CLAUSE PREDICATES IN TURKISH
Authors: KURAM Kadri
Published: May 2020

Locative phrases are assumed to denote the place where the event denoted by the predicate of the sentence takes place. Recent studies, however, have revealed that there is more to locatives than meets the eye. One such example is Maienborn’s
(2001, 2003) ternary classification of locatives. She claims that there are three types of locative phrases each in different phrase structural positions and anchoring different lexical items of the sentence. These differing phrases
thus lead to differing truth values. However, in doing so Maeinborn misses an important point. There is an extensive literature on the predicative uses of locative phrases, like Hoekstra & Mulder (1990) and Muromatsu (1997).
This paper is an attempt to merge the main clause predicate proposal for locatives with ternary classification thus reducing it to binary classification. The underlying idea is that one of these types, Internal Modifier, is actually
the pre-/postpositional predicate of the small clause embedded in the main clause. The paper concludes with a discussion on the probable small clause analysis of some other pre-/postpositional constructions.
COMPARISON OF VISUAL ARTS EDUCATION IN TURKEY AND DENMARK CONTEXT OF LIFELONG LEARNING
Authors: Tekin Karagöz Ceren , AKSOY Şeniz
Published: May 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye ve Danimarka’da hayat boyu öğrenme politikaları, bu politikalar içerisinde görsel sanatlar eğitiminin yeri ve uygulama biçimleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada, yöntem olarak karşılaştırmalı eğitim yaklaşımlarından
“yatay yaklaşım” ve “tanımlayıcı yaklaşım” kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar incelenmiştir. Birincil kaynaklar Danimarka Eğitim Bakanlığından ve Türkiye Milli Eğitim Bakanlığından ve iki ülkenin istatistik
kurumlarından elde edilen dokümanlar, programlar ve araştırmacı gözlemlerinden, ikincil kaynaklar ise karşılaştırmalı eğitim literatüründen oluşmaktadır. Verilerin analizi sonucunda Danimarka’nın hayat boyu öğrenme kapsamında hali
hazırda düzgün ilerleyen bir sisteminin olduğunu düşündükleri ve öncelikli ihtiyaçlara yönelik eylem planları yaparak sürecin sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamaya çalıştıkları, Türkiye’nin ise işleyen sisteminde yaygın etkiyi artırmak
ve acil ihtiyaçlara Türkiye’den daha fazla olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Görsel sanatlar ile ilgili kurumları da nüfusa yönelik eylem planlarının hazırlanarak hayata geçirilmeye çalışıldığı görülmektedir. Görsel sanatlar eğitimi
açısından Danimarka’da gerçekleştirilen kursların ve bu kurslara katılımın nüfusa oranla oranla Türkiye’den daha fazladır. Sonuç olarak Danimarka’nın görsel sanatlar eğitimi açısından Hayat boyu öğrenme kurumlarının ve bu kurumlara
katılım oranlarının Türkiye’ye göre daha yüksek olduğu, Türkiye’nin bu tip kurslara yönelik tanıtım çalışmalarını artırması gerektiği söylenebilir.
THE HISTORICAL GLANCE OF STYLES IN CONTEMPORARY KAZAN TATAR LINGUISTICS
Authors: CANAL Fatma CANPOLAT
Published: May 2020

Tarihsel süreçte ayrı çalışma alanları olarak değerlendirilen dil ve üslup arasında her ne kadar kesinleştirilmemiş bir ilişki söz konusu olsa da son zamanlarda bu alanda yapılan akademik çalışmalarla konuya netlik kazandırma çabaları
devam etmektedir. Konunun güncelliği de göz önünde bulundurularak bu yöndeki çalışmalara katkı sağlamak amacıyla edebi dil-üslup bağlamında kültür açısından oldukça zengin olan Kazan-Tatar Türklerindeki üslubun tarihi gelişimine
değinilerek, üslup ve üslup türleri hakkında bilgi vermek çalışmamızın ana düşüncesini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma esnasında Tatar dil bilimcilerin üslup hakkındaki görüşlerine ilişkin bilgiler çeşitli kaynaklardan araştırılarak karşılaştırma
yöntemiyle ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY READING TRY: THE “EAST” AND THE “TURKISH” IMAGES FROM CERVANTES’ PERSPECTIVE
Authors: ZENGİNOĞLU Samet
Published: May 2020

Bireylerin, toplumların ve milletlerin bugüne dair düşüncelerini etkileyen tarihsel hafızaları vardır. Bu hafıza, aktörlerin “öteki” imajını belirleyen yol göstericilerden birisidir. “Öteki”nin zihin dünyasındaki inşasında; tarihi,
toplumsal ve politik faktörler söz konusu olduğu gibi, “öteki”ne dair kaleme alınan çeşitli eserler de önemli bir diğer faktördür. Tarihsel derinlikten bugüne –oryantalizmin de göz ardı edilemez etkisi ile– Batı karşısında Doğu,
bu perspektifte bir “öteki” olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Özellikle oryantalist seyyahların Doğu’ya dair yazdıkları eserler, içerdikleri olumsuz tespitler ve yaklaşımlar sebebiyle birçok alanda bu değerlendirmeye dair örnekler ortaya
koymuşlardır. Şüphesiz “Doğu” kavramı ile birlikte “Türk” imajına dair de benzer bir durumun olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. İşte bu çalışma, gerek “Doğu” gerekse de “Türk” imajını, bu kez bir oryantalist seyyahın gözünden değil,
mecburi nedenlerden dolayı Doğu ile tanışan bir yazarın, Cervantes’in penceresinden değerlendirmek amacındadır. Cervantes’in hayatı da bir bakıma, bir başka serüven olarak anlatılabilecek kadar maceralarla doludur. Bu maceralar
içerisinde şüphesiz, yazarın Doğu ve Türkler ile olan ilişkisi de farklı bir bağlam teşkil etmektedir. Bu ilişki, Cervantes’in eserlerinde de çeşitli yansımalara sahiptir. Çalışma kapsamında, bu yansımaların ne şekilde ifade edildiği
yazarın belirlenen eserleri üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Bu analiz ve değerlendirmeler ışığında, Batı karşısındaki Doğu ve Türk algısına dair çalışmalara bir katkı yapılması da hedeflenmiştir.
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF “–GIN” SUFFIX AT THE TURKEY TURKISH DIALECTS
Authors: Çakır Aylin
Published: May 2020

Ölçünlü dilde bulunmayan pek çok biçimi, işlevi barındıran Türkiye Türkçesi ağızları; dil araştırmalarının önemli kaynaklarından biridir. Unutulduğu zannedilen birçok kelimeye, ek ve işleve ağızlarda rastlamak mümkündür.“-GIn” eki
eskiden beri daha çok sıfat yapma görevinde işlek olarak kullanılan bir yapım ekidir. Ancak tarihî metinlerde bu ekin kip eki olarak da kullanıldığını gösteren bir kayıt yoktur. Ancak İzmir ili Kiraz ilçesi, Şemsiler ve Çömlekçi
köylerinden yapılan derlemelerde “-GIn” ekinin duyulan geçmiş zaman eki olarak kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Tarihî metinlerde duyulan geçmiş zaman için genellikle “-GAn” ve “-mIş” eki kullanılmıştır. “-GIn” ekinin ise böyle bir
işlevine tarihî metinlerde de rastlanmamıştır. Bu yazıda “–GIn”yapım ekinin ağızlardaki farklı bir işlevi üzerinde durulacaktır.
THE CONCEPT OF NATION, THE EFFECT OF EVENTS IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES ON THE FORMATION OF NATIONALISM
Authors: Celik Bekir
Published: May 2020

Modern bir düşünce tarzı olduğu düşünülen ve ne zaman ortaya çıktığı tam olarak bilinmeyen milliyetçilik son yüzyılların en önemli siyasi kavramlarından biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Fransız İhtilali ile Avrupa’da yayılmaya başlayan
ve zamanla tüm dünyayı etkisine alan milliyetçilik akımlarının çeşitleri ve de dönemlere göre gelişimini inceleyen bu makalede milliyetçiliğe giden yoldaki ana temalardan biri olan millet kavramı işlenmiş, millet oluşumu ve kökenleri
hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Millet ve milliyetçilik kavramlarının birlikte incelenmesinin nedeni ise hala tam olarak millet kavramının mı milliyetçiliği oluşturduğu yoksa milliyetçilik sonunda mı milletlerin oluştuğu sorunsalı
hakkında bilgi vermektir. Alanla ilgili literatür taraması yapıldığında genellikle yakın dönem milliyetçilik türlerinden bahsedilmektedir. Aynı zamanda alan çalışmaları Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde milliyetçilik türleri, Meşrutiyet
dönemi milliyetçilik türleri ve Türkiye’nin oluşumunda kabul gören milliyetçilik türlerini içermektedir. Bu araştırma milliyetçiliğin kökenine ulaşmayı ve Avrupa’daki olayların milliyetçiliğe etkilerini gözlemlemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
DOCTOR OF ATATÜRK NİHAT REŞAT BELGER
Authors: Bozaslan Neslihan Bolat
Published: May 2020

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’e siroz teşhisini ilk koyan doktor olan, hastalığı boyunca Yalova’dan başlayıp son anına kadar yanında olan Nihat Reşat Belger, doktor kimliğinin yanı sıra diplomat ve milletvekili olarak da Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne
hizmette bulunmuş önemli bir isimdir. Paris Barış Konferansı’nda Türk Heyeti adına konuşma yapmış, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluş belgesi olarak kabul edilen Lozan Barış Antlaşması’nda müşavir ve basın sorumlusu olarak görev almıştır.
9. Dönem İstanbul milletvekilliği, Temsilciler Meclisi I. Dönem Devlet Başkanlığı temsilciliği, Kurucu Meclis I. dönem üyeliği görevlerinde bulunarak TBMM’nde de yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada tıpçı, diplomat ve siyasetçi olarak Türkiye
Cumhuriyeti’nin siyasi ve sosyal gelişimine önemli katkılarda bulunan Nihat Reşat Belger’in hayatı ve hizmetleri konu edilmiştir.
Pendugaan Parameter Genetik dan Seleksi Karakter Kuantitatif Cabai Rawit (Capsicum annuum L.) Populasi F3
Authors: Fajar Sidiq Abdul Rahman , Syukur Muhamad , Marwiyah Siti
Published: May 2020

Konsumsi cabai rawit terus meningkat namun produktivitasnya masih rendah, sehingga diperlukan pemuliaan yang mengarah pada perbaikan daya hasil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keragaman genetik, korelasi antar karakter, heritabilitas arti luas, dan nilai kemajuan seleksi populasi F3 cabai rawit. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Leuwikopo, IPB, Dramaga, Bogor dan Laboratorium Genetika dan Pemuliaan Tanaman, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB. Percobaan menggunakan 5 genotipe tetua dan 6 genotipe F3 cabai rawit, dengan genotipe tetua yang diulang sebanyak 3 ulangan dan genotipe F3 tanpa ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter bobot buah per tanaman dan jumlah buah per tanaman memiliki keragaman genetik luas pada semua genotipe. Semua karakter pengamatan berkorelasi positif terhadap daya hasil kecuali umur berbunga dan umur panen. Nilai heritabilitas arti luas dengan kriteria tinggi terdapat pada karakter bobot buah per tanaman, bobot per buah, dan panjang buah. Hasil seleksi indeks yang dilakukan menunjukkan kemajuan seleksi yang besar pada karakter bobot buah per tanaman dan jumlah buah per tanaman.
Pengaruh Sumber dan Posisi Penanaman Stek terhadap Produksi Ubi Cilembu
Authors: Ajie Dhanang , Setiawan Asep
Published: May 2020

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh sumber dan posisi penanaman stek terhadap produksi ubi cilembu. Percobaan dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Leuwikopo IPB mulai dari bulan Desember 2015 hingga Mei 2016. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) dua faktor dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah sumber stek, terdiri dari sumber stek yang berasal dari pucuk dan batang. Faktor kedua adalah posisi tanam, terdiri dari posisi tanam vertikal (tegak), miring 45° dan horizontal. Sumber stek yang berasal dari pucuk menghasilkan pertumbuhan tanaman yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sumber stek yang yang berasal dari batang. Sumber stek yang berasal dari pucuk menghasilkan rataan bobot umbi total 7,87 ton ha-1 dan rataan jumlah umbi tanaman-1 1,8 umbi sementara sumber stek yang berasal dari batang menghasilkan rataan bobot umbi total 4,17 ton ha-1 dan rataan jumlah umbi tanaman-1  1,3 umbi. Stek yang ditanam dengan posisi miring  45° cenderung menghasilkan umbi berbentuk  bulat  dan  stek  yang  ditanam  dengan  posisi  vertikal (tegak)  dan  horizontal  cenderungmenghasilkan umbi berbentuk lonjong memanjang. Terdapat korelasi positif antara jumlah cabangdenganbobot umbi total dan jumlah umbi serta terdapat juga korelasi positif antara jumlah umbidengan jumlahumbi grade A dan indeks panen.
Efektivitas Hipoglikemik Fraksi Etil Asetat Ampas Tahu menggunakan Model Hewan Ikan Zebra (Danio rerio)
Authors: Herlina Nina , Mulyati  , Yulianita  , Ananda Putri
Published: May 2020

Ampas tahu mengandung isoflavon genistein dan daidzein yang diduga memiliki efek hipoglikemik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efek hipoglikemik fraksi etil asetat ampas tahu (FEAAT). Ekstraksi isoflavon ampas tahu dilakukan dengan metode refluks menggunakan etanol dan HCl, kemudian fraksinasi menggunakan etil asetat. Efek hipoglikemik FEAAT dibuktikan menggunakan ikan zebra sebagai hewan uji. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari kontrol negatif (akuades), FEAAT1 dan FEAAT2 dengan konsentrasi 3,75% dan 5% serta kontrol positif (metformin). Hiperglikemia diinduksi dengan perendaman menggunakan aloksan 0,05% selama 30 menit, glukosa 1% selama 30 menit. Selanjutnya dilakukan pemberian sampel uji selama 120 menit secara berurutan untuk menguji efek hipoglikemik dari sampel uji. Cuplikan darah diambil pada menit ke-0, 30, 60, 90, dan 120 untuk diuji kadar glukosa darah. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada luas Area Under Curve (AUC0-120) kontrol negatif dengan FEAAT2 dan metformin (p < 0,01). Sementara hasil nilai AUC0-120 FEAAT1 tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol negatif. FEAAT2 efektif sebagai agen hipoglikemik pada model hewan ikan zebra yang diinduksi hiperglikemik.
Efek Antidiabetes Fraksi Etil Asetat Ampas Tahu pada Model Hewan Resisten Insulin
Authors: Herlina Nina , Indriati Dwi , Mulyati  , Yulianita  , Fitria Elsa
Published: May 2020

Ampas tahu telah menunjukkan efek antidiabetes pada model hewan yang diinduksi aloksan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efek antidiabetes fraksi etil asetat ampas tahu (FEAAT) pada model hewan resisten insulin. Ampas tahu diekstraksi dengan metode refluks menggunakan etanol dan HCl, kemudian difraksinasi menggunakan etil asetat. Mencit dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, induksi, obat pembanding (Metformin), FEAAT1 (200 mg/kg bb) dan FEAAT2 (400 mg/kg bb). Mencit diinduksi resisten insulin dengan pemberian diet tinggi lemak dan glukosa selama 14 hari. kemudian diberikan bahan uji selama 14 hari. Pengujian efektivitas antidiabetes dilakukan dengan modifikasi Tes Toleransi Glukosa Oral (TTGO). Nilai Area Under Curve (AUC) diukur sebagai gambaran efek penurunan kadar glukosa darah. Data AUC yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji Analisi of varians (ANOVA) dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa nilai AUC kelompok FEAAT1 tidak memberikan perbedaan yang nyata (p > 0,05) dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif, sedangkan kelompok FEAAT2 dan Metformin memberikan perbedaan yang nyata (p < 0,05). Jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal, kelompok FEAAT2 dan Metformin tidak memiliki pengaruh yang berbeda nyata (p > 0,05) sementara nilai AUC FEAAT1 berbeda nyata (p < 0,05). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa FEAAT2 efektif sebagai antidiabetes pada model hewan resisten insulin.
Role of statins in controlling cough and improving lung function and exercise capacity in bronchiectasis patients.
Authors: Rauf Abdul , Naqvi Syed Sarmad Ali , Sharif Muhammad Imran , Alam Masood , Shehzad Muhammad Imran
Published: May 2020

Objectives: To investigate the role of high dose atorvastatin in controlling cough improving lung function and exercise capacity in patients with bronchiectasis. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: From outdoor of respiratory unit of Nishtar hospital Multan. Period: January 2016 to September 2018. Material & Methods: Total 58 patients were enrolled having clinically significant bronchiectasis having productive cough and were clinically stable. Consecutive sampling was done and patients were divided into two groups by lottery method. Group A received high dose atorvastatin 80mg once daily for 6 months and group B received placebo for 6 months. Patients in both groups received other standard medical treatment. Consent was taken from these patients and approval was taken of this research from ethical committee. Data was analyzed by SPSS volume 22. Qualitative variables OD data like gender, age, smoking status were statistically calculated by percentage and chi square test was applied to check the significance. Quantitative variables like LCQ score, FEV1, FVC and its ratio and 6-minute walk test were calculated in mean and standard deviation and significance checked with t test. P value of less than .005 was considered significant. Results: The mean FEV1, FVC, FEV2/FVC, WBC, CRP and LCQ score unit for the statin group was 2.44±0.73 L, 3.36±0.84 L, 67.42±6.21, 6.94±1.89×109 cells per L, 6.35±1.21 mg/L and 15.40±3.62 respectively. While, the mean FEV1, FVC, FEV2/FVC, WBC, CRP and LCQ score unit for the placebo group was 2.10±0.86 L, 2.82±1.11 L, 67.31±3.09, 6.53±2.55×109 cells per L, 9.21±6.39 mg/L and 13.56±2.73 respectively. The difference was statistically significant for FVC (p=0.038), CRP (p=0.022) and LCQ score units (p=0.033). The mean FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, improvement in 6MWT and improvement in LCQ scores units for the statin group was 0.0517±0.31 L, -0.0172±0.32 L, 0.000±0.20, -0.1354±0.48 m and 2.2±1.08 units respectively. Improvement in LCQ score> 1.3 units was observed in n=7 (24.1%) patients. While, the mean FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, improvement in 6MWT and improvement in LCQ scores units for the placebo group was 0.061±0.24 L, -0.0483±0.30 L, 0.179±0.29, 0.001±0.47 m and -0.7214±0.25 units respectively. Improvement in LCQ score> 1.3 units was observed in n=12 (41.4%) patients. The difference was statistically significant for improvement in LCQ score units (p=0.000). Conclusion: Statins can be used in controlling the cough in patients with bronchiectasis. But its role in improving lung function test and exercise capacity need further research and investigation.
Major clinical risk factors for seizures in febrile children aged 6 to 60 months.
Authors: Ishaq Shahid , Mazari Ejaz , Rehman Fazal ur
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common type of seizures and typically transpire in children with ages from 6 to 60 months. This study was planned to find out major clinical risk factors for seizures in febrile children who were aged 6 to 60 months. A total of 100 febrile children aged 6 to 60. Study Design: Analytical Study. Setting: Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Multan. Period: From 1st April 2018 to 31st December 2018. Material & Methods: Group A had 40 children with febrile seizures while group B had 60 febrile children but without seizures. Demographic features along with family history of (H/O) epilepsy as well as family history of febrile seizure, types of seizure and infection diseases were noted and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Odds ratio was calculated for various risk factors. Chi square test was applied and P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Out of a total of 100 children, there were 54 (54.0%) male and 46 (46.0%) female. There was no statistical difference in terms of gender between the two groups (p value = 0.566). Overall, mean age of the children was 26.02 months with standard deviation of 13.4 months. There were 28 (70.0%) children who reported with simple seizures while complex seizures were found in 12 (30.0%) cases. Statistically significant difference (p value = 0.001) was seen in terms of types of infections between the two study groups. When risk of seizures for various risk factors was calculated, family H/O FS, family H/O epilepsy, and upper RTI were as 14, 7 and 3 times respectively and turned out to be the major risk factors for seizures in febrile children. Conclusions: Family H/O FS, family H/O epilepsy and upper RTIs are the major risk factors related with seizures in febrile children. Measures to prevent these risk factors can decrease the burden of FS in our population.
To compare the efficacy and safety profile of sitagliptin and glimipiride in type 2 diabetic patients.
Authors: Hussain Mazhar , Rafique Muhammad Amir , Arain Abdul Qudoos , Akhtar Shoaib , Ghafoor Muhammad Bilal , Akhtar Lubna
Published: May 2020

Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety profile of sitagliptin vs. glimepiride in type 2 diabetic patients. Study Design: Comparative study. Setting: At Islam Central Hospital, Sialkot at its Medical outdoor unit. Period: 16 week from September to December 2018. Materials & Methods: In which Type 2 diabetic patients (n=220) were randomly placed into interventional groups to prescribed either sitagliptin or glimepiride for an interval of 16 weeks. A blood sugar level was maintained by dose titration in both groups. The main end point was change in FBG & HbA1C while additional end point was change in body weight, hypoglycemic episodes and gastrointestinal adverse effects from baseline by using SPPS 16. Results: After 16 weeks of treatment both sitagliptin and glimepiride caused a significant improvement (P<0.001) in glycemic control by reducing FBG (-22±3.2 &-33.5±4.4) & HbA1c (0.78±0.3 & 1.12±0.25) respectively. However when comparison was done between two group, glimepiride has more pronounced effect on glycemic control as compared to sitagliptin (P<0.001). Net BMI reduced to 0.8±0.68 in sitagliptin group while net BMI increased to 1.1±0.78 in glimepiride treated group with (P<0.001). There were no adverse effects reported in sitagliptin treated group while 25 hypoglycemic episodes were noticed in glimepiride treated group. Conclusion: Glimepiride has more pronounced effect on glycemic control as compared to sitagliptin. However this pronounced effect was associated with more hypoglycemic episodes and weight gain. Euglycemic effect and weight reducing property of sitagliptin precludes that it has better safety and tolerability profile in comparison with glimepiride.
Effect of stress induced changes in neuropeptide Y on antioxidant status.
Authors: Zainab Saadia , Khan Umar Ali , Munir Tahir Ahmad , Ilahi Anjum , Saleem Khan Adnan , Javed Ayesha
Published: May 2020

In chronic stress, release of catecholamines, adrenocorticoids and pituitary hormones result impaired release of neuromodulator - neuropeptide Y. The deregulated neuropeptide Y results imbalanced redox homeostasis reduced endogenous superoxide dismutase and raised malondialdehyde. Objectives: To find the effect of chronic stress on plasma neuropeptide Y, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde levels. Study Design: Quasi-experimental. Setting: Al-Nafees Medical College & Hospital in collaboration with National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Period: January 2016 to December 2016. Material & Methods: After approval from institutional review board, thirty healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were included in the study and were divided equally into group I (control) and group II (restraint stress). The animals were housed in stainless steel cages, at humidity (40-60%), temperature (22 ± 2°C) and a 12-h light-dark cycle with lights on at 0700 am. After adaptation, group II was exposed to restraint stress of 6 hours daily for 28 days. The blood sampling for plasma neuropeptide Y, serum superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels were taken. Results: There was significant decline in neuropeptide Y plasma and superoxide dismutase serum levels while an increase in malondialdehyde levels serum levels was noticed in restraint stress group. Conclusions: Chronic stress induces decrease in plasma NPY with subsequent increase in serum malondialdehyde and decrease in superoxide dismutase levels.
Comparison of frequency of seroma formation in flap fixation versus conventional closure after modified radical mastectomy.
Authors: Mujahid Muhammad Dilawaiz , Zubair Muneeza , Tanvir Tayyab Ahsan , Masood Jaweria
Published: May 2020

Seroma formation is a known complication after any surgery where excessive dissection of subcutaneous tissue leads to disruption of lymphatic channels. Seroma formation, its sequelae and frequent visits to doctor for their management are a common source of discomfort for patients. Objectives: Comparison of frequency of seroma formation after flap fixation versus convetional closure after modified radical mastectomy. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: Department of Surgery, Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: 6 months from May 1, 2016 to October 31, 2016. Material & Methods: After permission from Hospital ethics committee and informed consent from patients, 70 patients were randomly divided into two groups (35 participants in each group). Findings were noted and data was analyzed statistically. Results: It was observed that incidence of seroma formation following modified radical mastectomy was lower with flap fixation technique (14.29%) as compared to conventional closure of wound margins (42.86%). Conclusion: Flap fixation technique is better approach compared to conventional method to prevent seroma formation.
Diagnosis of admitted diabetic patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan.
Authors: Siddiqui Rabia , Rukhsana Nighat , Sahar Najmus , Fahim Muhammad Faisal
Published: May 2020

Objectives: An observational study to assess the reasons for admission of diabetic patients in a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional observational study. Setting: Department of Medicine, PN Shifa Hospital, Karachi. Period: June to August 2018. Material & Methods: All patients admitted to medical ward of PNS Shifa over a period of three months were included in the study. Admissions were done with the primary diagnosis of diabetes in both males and females aged 20-80 years, who were taking some form of hypoglycemic agents (oral or insulin). A questionnaire was formed and filled by the investigator, containing information about demographics details of the patients, duration of diabetes, duration of hospital stay, pre-existing co-morbid conditions and principal reason for admission along with blood parameters (FBS and HbA1c). Results: Mean age of admitted patients in both male and females was between 36-40 years. There were more male patients who were hospitalized. Hospital stay in days was longer for men than women. Women had done primary level of education and Men had Secondary level of education. Men had diabetes of 11-15 years duration as compared to women who had diabetes of less than 10 years duration. All patients had uncontrolled diabetes despite drug treatment and as depicted by an average HbA1c of 8.07 %. A preexisting history of Hypertension, coronary artery disease, bronchial asthma and dyslipidemia were more prevalent in all diabetic patients. The four most common reasons for hospital admissions Angina/ Acute coronary syndrome, Pneumonia, Stroke and Urinary Tract Infections. Conclusion: This study shows that diabetic patients who were admitted had more male patients and their glycemic control was poor. Diseases of cardiovascular system was the pre-existing co-morbid associated with diabetes. Infection (Pneumonia) was the major cause of hospital admission followed by coronary artery disease (Angina/ Acute coronary syndrome).
Pattern of head injuries in patients admitted in tertiary trauma Centre.
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Dilber Muzamil , Bhatia Moti Ram , Mari Abdul Razaque , Shaikh Hamid Akbar , Brohi Shams Raza
Published: May 2020

Objectives: The aim of study to know the pattern of injury in terms of severity & outcome in patients with head injuries admitted in trauma unit of a tertiary care Centre. Study Design: Descriptive Study. Setting: Trauma Centre, Peoples medical university hospital Nawabshah. Period: From June, 2018 to May, 2019. Material & Methods: This included 385 patients admitted in trauma unit of Neurosurgery Department of Peoples medical university hospital Nawabshah, through emergency Department with head injury sustained due to road traffic accident, fall, sports related injuries or Assault etc as evident on CT scan brain (plain) with bone window. Patients with poly trauma, bleeding disorders, previously operated and those who failed to turn up in OPD for follow up were excluded.  Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was used for categorizing the subjects with head injury into mild (GCS 14-15), moderate (GCS 9-13) and severe injury (GCS 3-8). CT scan brain with bone window was done in all patients. These were then managed accordingly according to the severity of the injuries. Follow up Glasgow Coma Outcome scale was used to assess the outcome in these patients. Results: Regarding nature of traumatic injuries in these patients commonest were contusion (21.8%), extradural hematoma (27.5%), subdural hematoma (22.3%), diffuse axonal injury (13.2%), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (4.2%). This was followed by skull fracture (7.3%) and intracerebral hemorrhage (3.6%). Majority of the patients were with severe head injury. Glasgow Outcome Scale of Patients at Follow- up reveled complete recovery in 106 (27.5 %), Mild disability in 81(21.0%), Moderate Disability in 64 (16.6%), Severe Disability in 72 (18.7%), Persistent Vegetative state in 36 (9.4%), and death in 26 (6.8 %). Conclusion: Good outcome is observed in patients who are properly treated by continuous monitoring & timely surgical intervention in a tertiary care hospital.
Hemorrhoidectomy in Patients with Grade III and IV Disease: Harmonic Scalpel compared with Conventional technique.
Authors: Ahmed Safia Zahir , Mobeen Noor ul , Ahmed Bilal
Published: May 2020

Objectives: To compare conventional hemorrhoidectomy with harmonic scalped hemorhoidectomy for Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy is traditional closed procedure for 3rd and 4th degree hemorrhoids that is being practiced since centuries. With new innovations and technology, harmonic scalpel is an ultrasonic device which has shown to have promising results. With these two techniques a comparison study variables of pain outcome as a patient perceives, time taken for operation and length of stay in hospital. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Services hospital Lahore. Period: From August 2015 to February, 2016. Material & Methods: Patients were divided into two equal groups: Group A: conventional hemorrhoidectomy and Group B: Harmonic Scalpel. The study was performed by a single surgical operating team. Patient’s selection criteria were male and female between 20 to 80 ages with III and IV degree hemorrhoids. The outcomes were operative time, post-operative pain and duration of stay in the hospital. Results: One hundred patients with mean age 40.86+10.26 were included and randomly assigned. This came out significant difference in operative time 28.4+11.004, postoperative pain 3.73+1.96, and length of hospital stay 2.43+1.795. There were equal distribution in age and gender in both groups. Conclusions: It is concluded that harmonic scalpel technique in hemorrhoidectomy is better than conventional closed hemorrhoidectomy in 3rd and 4th degree hemorrhoids.
Breast feeding practices in children with sepsis admitted in intensive care.
Authors: Hammad Ali , Anwar Hafiz Muhammad , Latif Sadia , Naeem Malik Muhammad
Published: May 2020

Objectives: The objective was to study breast feeding practices in children with sepsis admitted in intensive care unit of Children Hospital, Lahore. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Medical Intensive Care Unit of The Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health Lahore. Period: From June 2018 to December 2018. Material & Methods: Considering 95% confidence level, 7.5% margin of error and the expected percentage of bottle feeding children i.e. 27% (least among both) feeding types in children with sepsis admitted in ICU, a sample size of 140 children was taken. All the patients from 6 month to 2 years of age and either gender admitted in medical ICU with sepsis were included in the study through non-probability consecutive sampling. After taking an informed written consent from caregiver, a preformed and pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection. Diagnosis of sepsis as based upon the criteria for SIRS. Exclusively breastfed children for first 6 months of life were classified as ‘breastfed’. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22 and Chi-square test. P value < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Total 140 children were included in the study with the mean age of 14.64 ± 5.26 months. In this study, 47 (33.57%) children were found breast fed while 93 (66.43%) children were not breast fed as per history. Conclusion: The study concluded that breast feeding practice is uncommon in children admitted in intensive care unit with sepsis and breastfeeding was found to be significantly associated with maternal education and gender of the child.
Gossypiboma: A case study of medical error in obstetrician Tertiary Care Hospital.
Authors: Ali Ikram , Kashif Muhammad , Aziz Muhammad Owais , Darain Haider
Published: May 2020

Pakistan is striving hard to achieve millennial developmental goals by considering multiple factors. However, maternal mortality and morbidity due to medical errors remain unnoticed and undocumented due to lack of reporting system. This case report is based on a multigravida, who presented with severe abdominal pain and tenderness. She was on multiple medications after five months of three consecutive surgeries including initial surgery for uterine rupture during labor. On examination, a mass was noticed in the umbilical region. A foreign body was suspected on ultrasound and diagnosed as gossypiboma after surgery. It is usually misdiagnosed and needs attention especially considering differential diagnosis in post-operative patients. Such errors might be avoided by properly counting number of gauze pieces before and after an intervention, and usage of radio opaque gauze pieces.
Coagulation profile in myeloproliferative Neoplasms.
Authors: Taj Sadia , Aziz Mona , Asif Maliha , Arooj Amna , Islam Madiha , Tariq Adnan
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Evaluation of coagulation profile in patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Study Design: Cross sectional survey. Setting: Department of Haematology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Period: From 10-03-2015 to 09-03-2016. Materials & Methods: A total of 55 patients of myeloproliferative neoplasms (Chronic Myeloid leukaemia, Polycythemia vera, Essential thrombocytosis and Primary Myelofibrosis) were studied over 1 year period. Patients of >15 yrs and both the genders were included. Patients already on anticoagulation and liver disease were excluded. All patients underwent screening of PT, APTT and D-dimer. PT and APTT was measured by KC4 Amelung coagulometer and D-Dimer by Latex Kit 60X. Results: Twenty four of 55 cases (43.64%) of myeloproliferative neoplasms had elevated Prothrombin time. Activated partial thromboplastin time was elevated in 18 of 55 (32.73%) cases and D-Dimer was elevated in 11 of 55 (20%) cases. Conclusion: CML is statistically the most spreading form of MPN and ET is least common form in comparison with other MPNs. Thrombohaemorrhagic complications significantly affect the morbidity and mortality of MPN patients which can be assessed by coagulation studies. Timely diagnosis of these prothrombotic/haemorrhagic states can decrease the morbidity in these patients
Congenital heart defects in neonates born to diabetic mother (IDM): A single center experience.
Authors: Shamoon Muhammad , - Zunaira , Ahsan Muhammad , Maqbool Tehmina , Aslam Rabia , Yaseen Ambreen
Published: May 2020

Neonates born to diabetic mothers babies are more prone to develop congenital anomalies and defects. Overall risk of development of congenital malformations increases by 2-12% compared to normal neonates. In Pakistan, the true prevalence of CHD is unknown. Objectives: To determine the frequency of congenital heart diseases in infants born to diabetic mothers (IDM). Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Pediatric Ward, Emergency and OPD, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: Six month after the approval of synopsis, August 16, 2017 to February 16, 2018. Material & Methods: Total 295 neonates born to diabetic mothers diagnosed presenting in neonatal unit were enrolled in study. Chest X-ray, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography were done to identify CHDs. Results: Total 292 infants born to diabetic mother were selected. Mean age of the patients was 10.1±5.9 days. Of total, 189 (64.7%) were males and 103 (35.3%) were females. Out of 292 infants of diabetic mothers, 138(47.3%) were having various (CHD) and remaining 48(47.5%) were found normal after echocardiography. Conclusion: The cardiovascular system along with other systems of the body of neonates is affected in about 50% of the neonates born to diabetic mothers. Early diagnosis of CHD using a screening echocardiography is recommended to morbidity and mortality.
Anatomical study of Gerdy’s tubercle, its shape, texture and clinical application.
Authors: Hussain Anwaar , Mughal Irfan Ahmed , Hanif Muhammad
Published: May 2020

Objectives: The objective of this study is to lay emphasis on Gerdy’s tubercle, its morphology and clinical significance of Gerdy’s safe area in upper lateral part of tibia for any surgical intervention to avoid injury to neighboring common peroneal nerve. Study Design: Comparative anatomical study. Setting: Anatomy Department Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad. Period: From 1st September 2018 to 20th Feb 2019. Material & Methods: Total 72 dried Pakistani tibia irrespective of sex (38 right and 34 left) were taken from the bone bank of Anatomy Department FMU. The upper end of tibia was studied with respect to the shape and texture of Gerdy’s tubercle. The shape is divided in to Group A having triangular, Group B oval, Group C irregular and group D unidentified in both right and left bones and their % age was calculated. Similarly the texture Of GT was divided in to Group A facet (smooth), Group B tubercle (rough) and Group C unidentified in both right and left tibia and then % age was calculated. Results: Total 72 dried human tibia were examined out of which 38 were of right side and rest 34 were of left side all showed presence of Gerdry’s tubercle. Regarding shape of GT Right tibia showed 12(31.5%) triangular (group A), Oval shape was 20 (52.6%) (Group B), number of irregular was 6 (15.9%) (Group C) and none unidentified (0%) (Group D). Regarding texture GT Right Tibia showed facet type Group A 16(42%), Group B 57% were of tubercle type (22) and non unidentified (Group D) Zero %. Total 34 left tibia Shape of GT was examined and found triangular (group A) in 18 tibia (52%) and oval shaped 6(17.6%) in group B. Whereas in group C 10 (29.4%). were irregular. The texture of left tibia 41.1% (14) were of facet Type Group A and 58.82% (20) were of tubercle type (group B). Total Number of Tibia (N=72) GT showed 41.6% triangular, 36.1% oval and 22.2% irregular. While 41.6% were facet and 58.3% tubercle in texture. Conclusion: This study concluded that the morphological study of Gerdy’s tubercle is mandatory to approach the lateral compartment of the knee joint for any surgical intervention. The calculation of safe area is so important to avoid injury to common peroneal nerve.
Effects of Sitagliptin on HbA1c levels in uncontrolled hyperglycemia in diabetics using conventional OAD’s.
Authors: Nazir Amar , Sheikh Fida Muhammad , Saleem Sheraz
Published: May 2020

Objectives: The study anticipates to appraise HbA1c levels after three months of sitagliptin addition (100mg/day) to patients already using conventional oral antidiabetics in patients of type II diabetes mellitus who have a meager retort to these existing anti diabetics. Study Design: Mainly cross sectional prospective multicenter, open labeled study. Setting: Department of Medicine University medical diagnostic center & District Head Quarter Hospital Sargodha. Period: January 2017 to June 2017. Material & Methods: 100 inadequately controlled diabetics using different types of oral anti diabetics were chosen and an especially designed performa was accomplished. In our study we gave preference to those patients who were on preexisting oral anti diabetics and now dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors were added for the first time. The patients were instructed (at the baseline visit) to report during the subsequent visit about glycemic control. Patients were not clued-up that glycosylated hemoglobin control was the main seek of the study, so there was no chance for Pygmalion effect. Results: Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin were significantly reduced after three months of treatment compared to baseline, with a mean alteration in HbA1c level from baseline of −0.77% (range, −0.68 to − -0.86%) in the entire study population at three months. The percentage of patients who achieved an HbA1c level of <6.9% significantly increased after three months of treatment, reaching 58.1%. Conclusion: HbA1c significantly lowered in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on conventional OADs after adding sitagliptin.
Double uterus with single cervix.
Authors: Mohsin Nisa
Published: May 2020

Mullerian duct anomalies are congenital defects of female genital system that arise from abnormal embryological development of the mullerian ducts. A didelphys uterus, also known as double uterus is one of the least common amongst mullein duct anomalies. This report discuss a case of 25 years old girl, married since 6 years with one missed miscarriage 4 years back. Her complains were severe dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia. Ultrasound scans showed double uterus with left ovarian endometriosis cyst. On laparotomy there was right sided communicating rudimentary uterus with small fallopian tube and normal ovary attached to it. Another enlarged non communicating uterine horn was present at right side, with dilated tube and cystic ovary attached to it. Resection of noncommunicating uterine horn with salpingoopherectomy was done.