bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The orbital eccentricity distribution of planets orbiting M dwarfs
Authors: Sagear Sheila , Ballard Sarah
Published: May 2023

We investigate the underlying distribution of orbital eccentricities for planets around early-to-mid M dwarf host stars. We employ a sample of 163 planets around early- to mid-M dwarfs across 101 systems detected by NASA’s
Kepler
Mission. We constrain the orbital eccentricity for each planet by leveraging the
Kepler
lightcurve together with a stellar density prior, constructed using metallicity from spectroscopy,
K

s

magnitude from 2MASS, and stellar parallax from Gaia. Within a Bayesian hierarchical framework, we extract the underlying eccentricity distribution, assuming alternately Rayleigh, half-Gaussian, and Beta functions for both single- and multi-transit systems. We described the eccentricity distribution for apparently single-transiting planetary systems with a Rayleigh distribution with

σ
=

0.19

−
0.03

+
0.04

, and for multitransit systems with

σ
=

0.03

−
0.01

+
0.02

. The data suggest the possibility of distinct dynamically warmer and cooler subpopulations within the single-transit distribution: The single-transit data prefer a mixture model composed of two distinct Rayleigh distributions with

σ
1

=

0.02

−
0.00

+
0.11

and

σ
2

=

0.24

−
0.03

+
0.20

over a single Rayleigh distribution, with 7:1 odds. We contextualize our findings within a planet formation framework, by comparing them to analogous results in the literature for planets orbiting FGK stars. By combining our derived eccentricity distribution with other M dwarf demographic constraints, we estimate the underlying eccentricity distribution for the population of early- to mid-M dwarf planets in the local neighborhood.
Cellular redox homeostasis maintained by malic enzyme 2 is essential for MYC-driven T cell lymphomagenesis
Authors: Li Wei , Kou Junjie , Zhang Zhenxi , Li Haoyue , Li Li , Du Wenjing
Published: May 2023

T cell lymphomas (TCLs) are a group of rare and heterogeneous tumors. Although proto-oncogene
MYC
has an important role in driving T cell lymphomagenesis, whether MYC carries out this function remains poorly understood. Here, we show that malic enzyme 2 (ME2), one of the NADPH-producing enzymes associated with glutamine metabolism, is essential for MYC-driven T cell lymphomagenesis. We establish a

CD4-Cre; Myc 
flox/+

transgenic mouse mode, and approximately 90% of these mice develop TCL. Interestingly, knockout of
Me2
in
Myc
transgenic mice almost completely suppresses T cell lymphomagenesis. Mechanistically, by transcriptionally up-regulating ME2, MYC maintains redox homeostasis, thereby increasing its tumorigenicity. Reciprocally, ME2 promotes MYC translation by stimulating mTORC1 activity through adjusting glutamine metabolism. Treatment with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1, blocks the development of TCL both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our findings identify an important role for ME2 in MYC-driven T cell lymphomagenesis and reveal that MYC–ME2 circuit may be an effective target for TCL therapy.
Chromophore supply modulates cone function and survival in retinitis pigmentosa mouse models
Authors: Xue Yunlu , Sun Xiaomei , Wang Sean K. , Collin Gayle B. , Kefalov Vladimir J. , Cepko Constance L.
Published: May 2023

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an ocular disease characterized by the loss of night vision, followed by the loss of daylight vision. Daylight vision is initiated in the retina by cone photoreceptors, which are gradually lost in RP, often as bystanders in a disease process that initiates in their neighboring rod photoreceptors. Using physiological assays, we investigated the timing of cone electroretinogram (ERG) decline in RP mouse models. A correlation between the time of loss of the cone ERG and the loss of rods was found. To investigate a potential role of the visual chromophore supply in this loss, mouse mutants with alterations in the regeneration of the retinal chromophore, 11-
cis
retinal, were examined. Reducing chromophore supply via mutations in
Rlbp1
or
Rpe65
resulted in greater cone function and survival in a RP mouse model. Conversely, overexpression of
Rpe65
and
Lrat
, genes that can drive the regeneration of the chromophore, led to greater cone degeneration. These data suggest that abnormally high chromophore supply to cones upon the loss of rods is toxic to cones, and that a potential therapy in at least some forms of RP is to slow the turnover and/or reduce the level of visual chromophore in the retina.
Neural representations of the content and production of human vocalization
Authors: Voigtlaender Vera A. , Sandhaeger Florian , Hawellek David J. , Hage Steffen R. , Siegel Markus
Published: May 2023

Speech, as the spoken form of language, is fundamental for human communication. The phenomenon of covert inner speech implies functional independence of speech content and motor production. However, it remains unclear how a flexible mapping between speech content and production is achieved on the neural level. To address this, we recorded magnetoencephalography in humans performing a rule-based vocalization task. On each trial, vocalization content (one of two vowels) and production form (overt or covert) were instructed independently. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we found robust neural information about vocalization content and production, mostly originating from speech areas of the left hemisphere. Production signals dynamically transformed upon presentation of the content cue, whereas content signals remained largely stable throughout the trial. In sum, our results show dissociable neural representations of vocalization content and production in the human brain and provide insights into the neural dynamics underlying human vocalization.
High-throughput experimentation for discovery of biodegradable polyesters
Authors: Fransen Katharina A. , Av-Ron Sarah H. M. , Buchanan Tess R. , Walsh Dylan J. , Rota Dechen T. , Van Note Lana , Olsen Bradley D.
Published: May 2023

The consistent rise of plastic pollution has stimulated interest in the development of biodegradable plastics. However, the study of polymer biodegradation has historically been limited to a small number of polymers due to costly and slow standard methods for measuring degradation, slowing new material innovation. High-throughput polymer synthesis and a high-throughput polymer biodegradation method are developed and applied to generate a biodegradation dataset for 642 chemically distinct polyesters and polycarbonates. The biodegradation assay was based on the clear-zone technique, using automation to optically observe the degradation of suspended polymer particles under the action of a single
Pseudomonas lemoignei
bacterial colony. Biodegradability was found to depend strongly on aliphatic repeat unit length, with chains less than 15 carbons and short side chains improving biodegradability. Aromatic backbone groups were generally detrimental to biodegradability; however, ortho- and para-substituted benzene rings in the backbone were more likely to be degradable than metasubstituted rings. Additionally, backbone ether groups improved biodegradability. While other heteroatoms did not show a clear improvement in biodegradability, they did demonstrate increases in biodegradation rates. Machine learning (ML) models were leveraged to predict biodegradability on this large dataset with accuracies over 82% using only chemical structure descriptors.
Scribble scrambles parathyroid hormone receptor interactions to regulate phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis
Authors: Stewart Bryce Z. , Mamonova Tatyana , Sneddon W. Bruce , Javorsky Airah , Yang Yanmei , Wang Bin , Nolin Thomas D. , Humbert Patrick O. , Friedman Peter A. , Kvansakul Marc
Published: May 2023

G protein-coupled receptors, including PTHR, are pivotal for controlling metabolic processes ranging from serum phosphate and vitamin D levels to glucose uptake, and cytoplasmic interactors may modulate their signaling, trafficking, and function. We now show that direct interaction with Scribble, a cell polarity-regulating adaptor protein, modulates PTHR activity. Scribble is a crucial regulator for establishing and developing tissue architecture, and its dysregulation is involved in various disease conditions, including tumor expansion and viral infections. Scribble co-localizes with PTHR at basal and lateral surfaces in polarized cells. Using X-ray crystallography, we show that colocalization is mediated by engaging a short sequence motif at the PTHR C-terminus using Scribble PDZ1 and PDZ3 domain, with binding affinities of 31.7 and 13.4 μM, respectively. Since PTHR controls metabolic functions by actions on renal proximal tubules, we engineered mice to selectively knockout Scribble in proximal tubules. The loss of Scribble impacted serum phosphate and vitamin D levels and caused significant plasma phosphate elevation and increased aggregate vitamin D
3
levels, whereas blood glucose levels remained unchanged. Collectively these results identify Scribble as a vital regulator of PTHR-mediated signaling and function. Our findings reveal an unexpected link between renal metabolism and cell polarity signaling.
Cardiac troponin T N-domain variant destabilizes the actin interface resulting in disturbed myofilament function
Authors: Landim-Vieira Maicon , Ma Weikang , Song Taejeong , Rastegarpouyani Hosna , Gong Henry , Coscarella Isabella Leite , Bogaards Sylvia J. P. , Conijn Stefan P. , Ottenheijm Coen A. C. , Hwang Hyun S. , Papadaki Maria , Knollmann Bjorn C. , Sadayappan Sakthivel , Irving Thomas C. , Galkin Vitold E. , Chase P. Bryant , Pinto Jose Renato
Published: May 2023

Missense variant Ile79Asn in human cardiac troponin T (cTnT-I79N) has been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac arrest in juveniles. cTnT-I79N is located in the cTnT N-terminal (TnT1) loop region and is known for its pathological and prognostic relevance. A recent structural study revealed that I79 is part of a hydrophobic interface between the TnT1 loop and actin, which stabilizes the relaxed (OFF) state of the cardiac thin filament. Given the importance of understanding the role of TnT1 loop region in Ca
2+
regulation of the cardiac thin filament along with the underlying mechanisms of cTnT-I79N-linked pathogenesis, we investigated the effects of cTnT-I79N on cardiac myofilament function. Transgenic I79N (Tg-I79N) muscle bundles displayed increased myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity, smaller myofilament lattice spacing, and slower crossbridge kinetics. These findings can be attributed to destabilization of the cardiac thin filament’s relaxed state resulting in an increased number of crossbridges during Ca
2+
activation. Additionally, in the low Ca
2+
-relaxed state (pCa8), we showed that more myosin heads are in the disordered-relaxed state (DRX) that are more likely to interact with actin in cTnT-I79N muscle bundles. Dysregulation of the myosin super-relaxed state (SRX) and the SRX/DRX equilibrium in cTnT-I79N muscle bundles likely result in increased mobility of myosin heads at pCa8, enhanced actomyosin interactions as evidenced by increased active force at low Ca
2+
, and increased sinusoidal stiffness. These findings point to a mechanism whereby cTnT-I79N weakens the interaction of the TnT1 loop with the actin filament, which in turn destabilizes the relaxed state of the cardiac thin filament.
Steroid receptor coactivator 3 is a key modulator of regulatory T cell–mediated tumor evasion
Authors: Han Sang Jun , Jain Prashi , Gilad Yosef , Xia Yan , Sung Nuri , Park Mi Jin , Dean Adam M. , Lanz Rainer B. , Xu Jianming , Dacso Clifford C. , Lonard David M. , O'Malley Bert W.
Published: May 2023

Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) is most strongly expressed in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells, suggesting that it plays an important role in the regulation of Treg function. Using an aggressive E0771 mouse breast cell line syngeneic immune-intact murine model, we observed that breast tumors were “permanently eradicated” in a genetically engineered tamoxifen-inducible Treg-cell-specific SRC-3 knockout (KO) female mouse that does not possess a systemic autoimmune pathological phenotype. A similar eradication of tumor was noted in a syngeneic model of prostate cancer. A subsequent injection of additional E0771 cancer cells into these mice showed continued resistance to tumor development without the need for tamoxifen induction to produce additional SRC-3 KO Tregs. SRC-3 KO Tregs were highly proliferative and preferentially infiltrated into breast tumors by activating the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (Ccl) 19/Ccl21/chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (Ccr)7 signaling axis, generating antitumor immunity by enhancing the interferon-γ/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (Cxcl) 9 signaling axis to facilitate the entrance and function of effector T cells and natural killer cells. SRC-3 KO Tregs also show a dominant effect by blocking the immune suppressive function of WT Tregs. Importantly, a single adoptive transfer of SRC-3 KO Tregs into wild-type E0771 tumor-bearing mice can completely abolish preestablished breast tumors by generating potent antitumor immunity with a durable effect that prevents tumor reoccurrence. Therefore, treatment with SRC-3-deleted Tregs represents an approach to completely block tumor growth and recurrence without the autoimmune side effects that typically accompany immune checkpoint modulators.
Fibrillin-1 regulates endothelial sprouting during angiogenesis
Authors: Alonso Florian , Dong Yuechao , Li Ling , Jahjah Tiya , Dupuy Jean-William , Fremaux Isabelle , Reinhardt Dieter P. , Génot Elisabeth
Published: May 2023

Fibrillin-1 is an extracellular matrix protein that assembles into microfibrils which provide critical functions in large blood vessels and other tissues. Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene are associated with cardiovascular, ocular, and skeletal abnormalities in Marfan syndrome. Here, we reveal that fibrillin-1 is critical for angiogenesis which is compromised by a typical Marfan mutation. In the mouse retina vascularization model, fibrillin-1 is present in the extracellular matrix at the angiogenic front where it colocalizes with microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1, MAGP1. In
Fbn1
C1041G/+
mice, a model of Marfan syndrome, MAGP1 deposition is reduced, endothelial sprouting is decreased, and tip cell identity is impaired. Cell culture experiments confirmed that fibrillin-1 deficiency alters vascular endothelial growth factor-A/Notch and Smad signaling which regulate the acquisition of endothelial tip cell/stalk cell phenotypes, and we showed that modulation of MAGP1 expression impacts these pathways. Supplying the growing vasculature of
Fbn1
C1041G/+
mice with a recombinant C-terminal fragment of fibrillin-1 corrects all defects. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that the fibrillin-1 fragment alters the expression of various proteins including ADAMTS1, a tip cell metalloprotease and matrix-modifying enzyme. Our data establish that fibrillin-1 is a dynamic signaling platform in the regulation of cell specification and matrix remodeling at the angiogenic front and that mutant fibrillin-1-induced defects can be rescued pharmacologically using a C-terminal fragment of the protein. These findings, identify fibrillin-1, MAGP1, and ADAMTS1 in the regulation of endothelial sprouting, and contribute to our understanding of how angiogenesis is regulated. This knowledge may have critical implications for people with Marfan syndrome.
HEIP1 is required for efficient meiotic crossover implementation and is conserved from plants to humans
Authors: Singh Dipesh Kumar , Lian Qichao , Durand Stéphanie , Fernandes Joiselle Blanche , Chambon Aurélie , Hurel Aurélie , Walkemeier Birgit , Solier Victor , Kumar Rajeev , Mercier Raphaël
Published: May 2023

Crossovers (CO) shuffle genetic information and physically connect homologous chromosomal pairs, ensuring their balanced segregation during meiosis. COs arising from the major class I pathway require the activity of the well-conserved group of ZMM proteins, which, in conjunction with MLH1, facilitate the maturation of DNA recombination intermediates specifically into COs. The HEI10 Interacting Protein 1 (HEIP1) was identified in rice and proposed to be a new, plant-specific member of the ZMM group. Here, we establish and decipher the function of the
Arabidopsis thaliana
HEIP1 homolog in meiotic crossover formation and report its wide conservation in eukaryotes. We show that the loss of Arabidopsis HEIP1 elicits a marked reduction in meiotic COs and their redistribution toward chromosome ends. Epistasis analysis showed that
AtHEIP1
acts specifically in the class I CO pathway. Further, we show that HEIP1 acts both prior to crossover designation, as the number of MLH1 foci is reduced in
heip1
, and at the maturation step of MLH1-marked sites into COs. Despite the HEIP1 protein being predicted to be primarily unstructured and very divergent at the sequence level, we identified homologs of HEIP1 in an extensive range of eukaryotes, including mammals.
Palladium metallene confined on MXene with increased hydroxyl binding strength for highly efficient ethanol electrooxidation
Authors: Peng Wei , Zhou Jing , Lu Ying-Rui , Peng Ming , Yuan Dingwang , Chan Ting-Shan , Tan Yongwen
Published: May 2023

Rational design and synthesis of high-performance electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) is crucial to large-scale commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cells, but it is still an incredible challenge. Herein, a unique Pd metallene/Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene (Pdene/Ti
3
C
2
T
x
)–supported electrocatalyst is constructed via an in-situ growth approach for high-efficiency EOR. The resulting Pdene/Ti
3
C
2
T
x
catalyst achieves an ultrahigh mass activity of 7.47 A mg
Pd
−1
under alkaline condition, as well as high tolerance to CO poisoning. In situ attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy studies combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that the excellent EOR activity of Pdene/Ti
3
C
2
T
x
catalyst is attributed to the unique and stable interfaces which reduce the reaction energy barrier of *CH
3
CO intermediate oxidation and facilitate oxidative removal of CO poisonous species by increasing the Pd–OH binding strength.
Glial dysregulation in the human brain in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
Authors: Dias Caroline M. , Issac Biju , Sun Liang , Lukowicz Abigail , Talukdar Maya , Akula Shyam K. , Miller Michael B. , Walsh Katherine , Rockowitz Shira , Walsh Christopher A.
Published: May 2023

Short trinucleotide expansions at the FMR1 locus are associated with the late-onset condition fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), which shows very different clinical and pathological features from fragile X syndrome (associated with longer expansions), with no clear molecular explanation for these marked differences. One prevailing theory posits that the shorter, premutation expansion uniquely causes extreme neurotoxic increases in FMR1 mRNA (i.e., four to eightfold increases), but evidence to support this hypothesis is largely derived from analysis of peripheral blood. We applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing to postmortem frontal cortex and cerebellum from 7 individuals with premutation and matched controls (n = 6) to assess cell type–specific molecular neuropathology. We found only modest upregulation (~1.3-fold) of FMR1 in some glial populations associated with premutation expansions. In premutation cases, we also identified decreased astrocyte proportions in the cortex. Differential expression and gene ontology analysis demonstrated altered neuroregulatory roles of glia. Using network analyses, we identified cell type–specific and region-specific patterns of FMR1 protein target gene dysregulation unique to premutation cases, with notable network dysregulation in the cortical oligodendrocyte lineage. We used pseudotime trajectory analysis to determine how oligodendrocyte development was altered and identified differences in early gene expression in oligodendrocyte trajectories in premutation cases specifically, implicating early cortical glial developmental perturbations. These findings challenge dogma regarding extremely elevated
FMR1
increases in FXTAS and implicate glial dysregulation as a critical facet of premutation pathophysiology, representing potential unique therapeutic targets directly derived from the human condition.
Reducing overprediction of molecular crystal structures via threshold clustering
Authors: Butler Patrick W. V. , Day Graeme M.
Published: May 2023

Crystal structure prediction is becoming an increasingly valuable tool for assessing polymorphism of crystalline molecular compounds, yet invariably, it overpredicts the number of polymorphs. One of the causes for this overprediction is in neglecting the coalescence of potential energy minima, separated by relatively small energy barriers, into a single basin at finite temperature. Considering this, we demonstrate a method underpinned by the threshold algorithm for clustering potential energy minima into basins, thereby identifying kinetically stable polymorphs and reducing overprediction.
Sex-specific and opposed effects of FKBP51 in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons: Implications for stress susceptibility and resilience
Authors: van Doeselaar Lotte , Stark Tibor , Mitra Shiladitya , Yang Huanqing , Bordes Joeri , Stolwijk Linda , Engelhardt Clara , Kovarova Veronika , Narayan Sowmya , Brix Lea M. , Springer Margherita , Deussing Jan M. , Lopez Juan Pablo , Czisch Michael , Schmidt Mathias V.
Published: May 2023

Mental health disorders often arise as a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The
FKBP5
gene, encoding the GR co-chaperone FKBP51, has been uncovered as a key genetic risk factor for stress-related illness. However, the exact cell type and region-specific mechanisms by which FKBP51 contributes to stress resilience or susceptibility processes remain to be unravelled. FKBP51 functionality is known to interact with the environmental risk factors age and sex, but so far data on behavioral, structural, and molecular consequences of these interactions are still largely unknown. Here we report the cell type- and sex-specific contribution of FKBP51 to stress susceptibility and resilience mechanisms under the high-risk environmental conditions of an older age, by using two conditional knockout models within glutamatergic (

Fkbp5
Nex

) and GABAergic (

Fkbp5
Dlx

) neurons of the forebrain. Specific manipulation of Fkbp51 in these two cell types led to opposing effects on behavior, brain structure and gene expression profiles in a highly sex-dependent fashion. The results emphasize the role of FKBP51 as a key player in stress-related illness and the need for more targeted and sex-specific treatment strategies.
Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable electrically self-healing conductors
Authors: Li Yanyan , Fang Ting , Zhang Jiaxue , Zhu Hangyu , Sun Yuping , Wang Shaolei , Lu Yanqing , Kong Desheng
Published: May 2023

Self-healing is a bioinspired strategy to repair damaged conductors under repetitive wear and tear, thereby largely extending the life span of electronic devices. The self-healing process often demands external triggering conditions as the practical challenges for the widespread applications. Here, a compliant conductor with electrically self-healing capability is introduced by combining ultrahigh sensitivity to minor damages and reliable recovery from ultrahigh tensile deformations. Conductive features are created in a scalable and low-cost fabrication process comprising a copper layer on top of liquid metal microcapsules. The efficient rupture of microcapsules is triggered by structural damages in the copper layer under stress conditions as a result of the strong interfacial interactions. The liquid metal is selectively filled into the damaged site for the instantaneous restoration of the metallic conductivity. The unique healing mechanism is responsive to various structural degradations including microcracks under bending conditions and severe fractures upon large stretching. The compliant conductor demonstrates high conductivity of ∼12,000 S/cm, ultrahigh stretchability of up to 1,200% strain, an ultralow threshold to activate the healing actions, instantaneous electrical recovery in microseconds, and exceptional electromechanical durability. Successful implementations in a light emitting diode (LED) matrix display and a multifunctional electronic patch demonstrate the practical suitability of the electrically self-healing conductor in flexible and stretchable electronics. The developments provide a promising approach to improving the self-healing capability of compliant conductors.
Interactions between nonfullerene acceptors lead to unstable ternary organic photovoltaic cells
Authors: Li Yongxi , Huang Xinjing , Mencke Austin R. , Kandappa Sunil Kumar , Wang Tonghui , Ding Kan , Jiang Zuo-Quan , Amassian Aram , Liao Liang-Sheng , Thompson Mark E. , Forrest Stephen R.
Published: May 2023

For organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices to achieve consistent performance and long operational lifetimes, organic semiconductors must be processed with precise control over their purity, composition, and structure. This is particularly important for high volume solar cell manufacturing where control of materials quality has a direct impact on yield and cost. Ternary-blend OPVs containing two acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)-type nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) and a donor have proven to be an effective strategy to improve solar spectral coverage and reduce energy losses beyond that of binary-blend OPVs. Here, we show that the purity of such a ternary is compromised during blending to form a homogeneously mixed bulk heterojunction thin film. We find that the impurities originate from end-capping C=C/C=C exchange reactions of A–D–A-type NFAs, and that their presence influences both device reproducibility and long-term reliability. The end-capping exchange results in generation of up to four impurity constituents with strong dipolar character that interfere with the photoinduced charge transfer process, leading to reduced charge generation efficiency, morphological instabilities, and an increased vulnerability to photodegradation. As a consequence, the OPV efficiency falls to less than 65% of its initial value within 265 h when exposed to up to 10 suns intensity illumination. We propose potential molecular design strategies critical to enhancing the reproducibility as well as reliability of ternary OPVs by avoiding end-capping reactions.
Bayesian interpolation with deep linear networks
Authors: Hanin Boris , Zlokapa Alexander
Published: May 2023

Characterizing how neural network depth, width, and dataset size jointly impact model quality is a central problem in deep learning theory. We give here a complete solution in the special case of linear networks with output dimension one trained using zero noise Bayesian inference with Gaussian weight priors and mean squared error as a negative log-likelihood. For any training dataset, network depth, and hidden layer widths, we find non-asymptotic expressions for the predictive posterior and Bayesian model evidence in terms of Meijer-G functions, a class of meromorphic special functions of a single complex variable. Through novel asymptotic expansions of these Meijer-G functions, a rich new picture of the joint role of depth, width, and dataset size emerges. We show that linear networks make provably optimal predictions at infinite depth: the posterior of infinitely deep linear networks with data-agnostic priors is the same as that of shallow networks with evidence-maximizing data-dependent priors. This yields a principled reason to prefer deeper networks when priors are forced to be data-agnostic. Moreover, we show that with data-agnostic priors, Bayesian model evidence in wide linear networks is maximized at infinite depth, elucidating the salutary role of increased depth for model selection. Underpinning our results is a novel emergent notion of effective depth, given by the number of hidden layers times the number of data points divided by the network width; this determines the structure of the posterior in the large-data limit.
Tuning in to real-time social interactions in macaques
Authors: Tomatsu Saeka , Isoda Masaki
Published: May 2023

Movement synchronization between individuals has been implicated in reinforcing their cohesion. How might such interindividual motor entrainment be controlled by the social brain? The answer remains elusive owing largely to the lack of suitable animal models in which direct neural recordings are available. Here, we show that macaque monkeys exhibit social motor entrainment without human prompting. We found that repetitive arm movements for horizontal bar sliding were phase coherent between two monkeys. The nature of motor entrainment was specific to animal pairs, consistent across days, dependent on visual inputs, and affected by social hierarchy. Notably, the entrainment was diminished when paired with prerecorded movies of a monkey making the same movements or bar motion alone. These findings demonstrate that motor entrainment is facilitated by real-time social exchanges, providing a behavioral platform to study the neural basis of potentially evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that support group cohesion.
Unveiling the complexity of nanodiamond structures
Authors: Zheng Qi , Shi Xian , Jiang Jinyang , Mao Haiyan , Montes Nicholas , Kateris Nikolaos , Reimer Jeffrey A. , Wang Hai , Zheng Haimei
Published: May 2023

Understanding nanodiamond structures is of great scientific and practical interest. It has been a long-standing challenge to unravel the complexity underlying nanodiamond structures and to resolve the controversies surrounding their polymorphic forms. Here, we use transmission electron microscopy with high-resolution imaging, electron diffraction, multislice simulations, and other supplementary techniques to study the impacts of small sizes and defects on cubic diamond nanostructures. The experimental results show that common cubic diamond nanoparticles display the (200) forbidden reflections in their electron diffraction patterns, which makes them indistinguishable from new diamond (n-diamond). The multislice simulations demonstrate that cubic nanodiamonds smaller than 5 nm can present the
d
-spacing at 1.78 Å corresponding to the (200) forbidden reflections, and the relative intensity of these reflections increases as the particle size decreases. Our simulation results also reveal that defects, such as surface distortions, internal dislocations, and grain boundaries can also make the (200) forbidden reflections visible. These findings provide valuable insights into the diamond structural complexity at nanoscale, the impact of defects on nanodiamond structures, and the discovery of novel diamond structures.
Cohort bias in predictive risk assessments of future criminal justice system involvement
Authors: Montana Erika , Nagin Daniel S. , Neil Roland , Sampson Robert J.
Published: May 2023

Risk assessment instruments (RAIs) are widely used to aid high-stakes decision-making in criminal justice settings and other areas such as health care and child welfare. These tools, whether using machine learning or simpler algorithms, typically assume a time-invariant relationship between predictors and outcome. Because societies are themselves changing and not just individuals, this assumption may be violated in many behavioral settings, generating what we call cohort bias. Analyzing criminal histories in a cohort-sequential longitudinal study of children, we demonstrate that regardless of model type or predictor sets, a tool trained to predict the likelihood of arrest between the ages of 17 and 24 y on older birth cohorts systematically overpredicts the likelihood of arrest for younger birth cohorts over the period 1995 to 2020. Cohort bias is found for both relative and absolute risks, and it persists for all racial groups and within groups at highest risk for arrest. The results imply that cohort bias is an underappreciated mechanism generating inequality in contacts with the criminal legal system that is distinct from racial bias. Cohort bias is a challenge not only for predictive instruments with respect to crime and justice, but also for RAIs more broadly.
Score-mediated mutual consent and indirect reciprocity
Authors: Frean Marcus , Marsland Stephen
Published: May 2023

Helping strangers at a cost to oneself is a hallmark of many human interactions, but difficult to justify from the viewpoint of natural selection, particularly in anonymous one-shot interactions. Reputational scoring can provide the necessary motivation via “indirect reciprocity,” but maintaining reliable scores requires close oversight to prevent cheating. We show that in the absence of such supervision, it is possible that scores might be managed by mutual consent between the agents themselves instead of by third parties. The space of possible strategies for such “consented” score changes is very large but, using a simple cooperation game, we search it, asking what kinds of agreement can i) invade a population from rare and ii) resist invasion once common. We prove mathematically and demonstrate computationally that score mediation by mutual consent does enable cooperation without oversight. Moreover, the most invasive and stable strategies belong to one family and ground the concept of value by incrementing one score at the cost of the other, thus closely resembling the token exchange that underlies money in everyday human transactions. The most successful strategy has the flavor of money except that agents without money can generate new score if they meet. This strategy is evolutionarily stable, and has higher fitness, but is not physically realizable in a decentralized way; when conservation of score is enforced more money-like strategies dominate. The equilibrium distribution of scores under any of this family of strategies is geometric, meaning that agents with score 0 are inherent to money-like strategies.
Superexchange-induced Pt-O-Ti
3+
site on single photocatalyst for efficient H
2
production with organics degradation in wastewater
Authors: Zhang Tao , Zhao Zhiyong , Zhang Dongpeng , Liu Xingyu , Wang Pengfei , Li Yi , Zhan Sihui
Published: May 2023

Efficient photocatalytic H
2
production from wastewater instead of pure water is a dual solution to the environmental and energy crisis, but due to the rapid recombination of photoinduced charge in the photocatalyst and inevitable electron depletion caused by organic pollutants, a significant challenge of dual-functional photocatalysis (simultaneous oxidative and reductive reactions) in single catalyst is designing spatial separation path for photogenerated charges at atomic level. Here, we designed a Pt-doped BaTiO
3
single catalyst with oxygen vacancies (BTPO
v
) that features Pt-O-Ti
3+
short charge separation site, which enables excellent H
2
production performance (1519 μmol·g
−1
·h
−1
) while oxidizing moxifloxacin (
k
= 0.048 min
−1
), almost 43 and 98 times than that of pristine BaTiO
3
(35 μmol·g
−1
·h
−1
and
k
= 0.00049 min
−1
). The efficient charge separation path is demonstrated that the oxygen vacancies extract photoinduced charge from photocatalyst to catalytic surface, and the adjacent Ti
3+
defects allow rapid migration of electrons to Pt atoms through the superexchange effect for H
*
adsorption and reduction, while the holes will be confined in Ti
3+
defects for oxidation of moxifloxacin. Impressively, the BTPO
v
shows an exceptional atomic economy and potential for practical applications, a best H
2
production TOF (370.4 h
−1
) among the recent reported dual-functional photocatalysts and exhibiting excellent H
2
production activity in multiple types of wastewaters.
Local response and emerging nonlinear elastic length scale in biopolymer matrices
Authors: Yang Haiqian , Berthier Estelle , Li Chenghai , Ronceray Pierre , Han Yu Long , Broedersz Chase P. , Cai Shengqiang , Guo Ming
Published: May 2023

Nonlinear stiffening is a ubiquitous property of major types of biopolymers that make up the extracellular matrices (ECM) including collagen, fibrin, and basement membrane. Within the ECM, many types of cells such as fibroblasts and cancer cells have a spindle-like shape that acts like two equal and opposite force monopoles, which anisotropically stretch their surroundings and locally stiffen the matrix. Here, we first use optical tweezers to study the nonlinear force–displacement response to localized monopole forces. We then propose an effective-probe scaling argument that a local point force application can induce a stiffened region in the matrix, which can be characterized by a nonlinear length scale
R
*
that increases with the increasing force magnitude; the local nonlinear force–displacement response is a result of the nonlinear growth of this effective probe that linearly deforms an increasing portion of the surrounding matrix. Furthermore, we show that this emerging nonlinear length scale
R
*
can be observed around living cells and can be perturbed by varying matrix concentration or inhibiting cell contractility.
Deontic authority-based resolution of deontic right-based resistance in online medical consultation
Authors: Wei Minwen , Ran Yongping
Published: May 2023

Previous research has investigated aspects of deontics, epistemics, and resistance in medical settings. However, few have focused on deontics and how resistance shapes the responses of deontic authority (Stivers and Timmermans 2020), especially in online medical counseling. Utilizing the data collected from online medical consultation and adopting a discursive approach, this study investigates how doctors deploy deontic authority to resolve caregivers’ deontic right-based resistance. It is found that caregivers’ deontic right-based resistance comprises two major categories: strong deontic right-based resistance and weak deontic right-based resistance. Accordingly, doctors tend to use strong deontic authority to resolve caregivers’ strong deontic right-based resistance and mitigated deontic authority to resolve weak one. Because doctors’ deontic authority is particularly vulnerable in online contexts, it is proposed that doctors value their deontic authority in the decision-making of a treatment plan, which they manifest by protecting their deontic authority when their deontic territory is invaded.
How contact patterns destabilize and modulate epidemic outbreaks
Authors: Zierenberg Johannes , Paul Spitzner F , Dehning Jonas , Priesemann Viola , Weigel Martin , Wilczek Michael
Published: May 2023

The spread of a contagious disease clearly depends on when infected individuals come into contact with susceptible ones. Such effects, however, have remained largely unexplored in the study of epidemic outbreaks. In particular, it remains unclear how the timing of contacts interacts with the latent and infectious stages of the disease. Here, we use real-world physical proximity data to study this interaction and find that the temporal statistics of actual human contact patterns (i) destabilize epidemic outbreaks and (ii) modulate the basic reproduction number R
0. We explain both observations by distinct aspects of the observed contact patterns. On the one hand, we find the destabilization of outbreaks to be caused by the temporal clustering of contacts leading to over-dispersed offspring distributions and increased probabilities of otherwise rare events (zero- and super-spreading). Notably, our analysis enables us to disentangle previously elusive sources of over-dispersion in empirical offspring distributions. On the other hand, we find the modulation of R
0 to be caused by a periodically varying contact rate. Both mechanisms are a direct consequence of the memory in contact behavior, and we showcase a generative process that reproduces these non-Markovian statistics. Our results point to the importance of including non-Markovian contact timings into studies of epidemic outbreaks.
Gravitational waves from cosmic strings associated with pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter*
Authors: Qiu Ze-Yu , Yu Zhao-Huan
Published: May 2023

We study stochastic gravitational waves from cosmic strings generated in an ultraviolet-complete model for pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter with a hidden

gauge symmetry. The dark matter candidate in this model can naturally evade direct detection bounds and easily satisfy other phenomenological constraints. The bound on the dark matter lifetime implies an ultraviolet scale higher than

. The spontaneous

symmetry breaking at such a high scale would induce cosmic strings with high tension, resulting in a stochastic gravitational wave background with a high energy density. We investigate the constraints from current gravitational wave experiments as well as the future sensitivity. We find that most viable parameter points can be well studied in future gravitational wave experiments.
Experiments on upstream induction and wake flow for multirotor wind turbines
Authors: Bartl Jan , Koi Idunn , Skoland Morten , Stenfelt Gloria , Hansen Thomas
Published: May 2023

Multirotor wind turbine concepts are increasingly discussed as cost-effective alternatives for floating wind energy installations. When multiple smaller rotors are installed next to each other, the individual rotors experience local blockage from their neighbours. Depending on the rotor arrangement, the flow through and around the multirotors will differ leading to a local variation in axial forcing and power output on the individual rotors. In this lab-scale experiment, we investigate how the spacing between the single rotors in a multirotor of seven actuator discs affects the upstream flow, thrust force distribution and downstream wake flow. Reducing the inter-rotor spacing is observed to cause larger zones of upstream velocity reductions, both in streamwise and lateral direction. Consequently, the difference in thrust force between a locally blocked central rotor and the surrounding rotors also increases for smaller rotor spacing. Measurements of the downstream wake flow behind a multirotor model indicate a lower initial velocity deficit compared to a single rotor. Reduced rotor spacing is found to increase the wake’s initial velocity deficit and turbulence levels. Consequently, the wake recovers faster, resulting in similar velocity deficits independent of the rotor-spacing in the far wake region.
Validation of a Lattice Boltzmann Solver Against Wind Turbine Response and Wake Measurements
Authors: Korb Henry , Asmuth Henrik , Ivanell Stefan
Published: May 2023

Two of the major limitations facing the adoption of large-eddy simulation (LES) to the industry today are a lack of validation against full-scale measurements and the high computational cost. The lattice Boltzmann method is an approach to conduct LES that is suitable for parallelization on graphics processing units, leading to reduction in energy-to-solution by multiple orders of magnitude compared to Navier-Stokes solvers. We validate the lattice Boltzmann solver VirtualFluids against the measurements published in the SWiFT benchmark and the results obtained with LES by the participants in the benchmark. We compare inflow, turbine response and wake quantities and show that our method yields similar results. While the other LES methods vary in the required energy by one order of magnitude, our methodology is always about one to two orders of magnitude more efficient. The benchmark allows for a comparison to a large number of models, however, the scale of the turbine is not representative of modern turbines and therefore important challenges of modern turbines, such as blade deflection, could not be validated.
Quantifying and clustering the wake-induced perturbations within a wind farm for load analysis
Authors: Lovera A. , Fekhari E. , Jézéquel B. , Dupoiron M. , Guiton M. , Ardillon E.
Published: May 2023

The main objective of the HIPERWIND project is to reduce the Levelized Cost Of Energy by controlling the uncertainties in a chain of numerical models simulating an offshore wind farm. This paper studies the wake-induced perturbations of the ambient wind conditions inside a wind farm. A theoretical floating offshore wind farm off the coast of South Brittany in France is considered as a test case, and a numerical model simulating the wake of this farm is exploited. This model gives an analytical prediction of wake deficit and added turbulence, also considering the influence of the floaters’ position due to mean wind forces. An uncertainty propagation on the wake model is performed, considering the multivariate joint distribution of ambient wind conditions as input. This results, for each turbine, in a wake-modified probabilistic distribution on the wind speed and turbulence intensity averaged over the rotor. A new approach for clustering these wake-modified distributions is proposed in this paper to regroup the wind turbines exposed to similar environmental conditions, leading to a similar structural response. This analysis is essential to ensure the practical feasibility of the reliability analysis of an overall project with the computational cost of aero-servo-hydro-elastic simulations of offshore wind turbines. Several methods classically used for clustering are compared. Finally, four clusters only are sufficient to represent the whole set of turbines in the wind farm.
Sensitivity of Lillgrund Wind Farm Power Performance to Turbine Controller
Authors: Troldborg N , Andersen S J
Published: May 2023

The impact of the choice of the individual wind turbine controller on the power production of a wind farm is studied by means of large eddy simulations (LES) combined with aero-servo-elastic actuator disc representations of the rotors. The investigation includes both two typical controllers for pitch-regulated variable speed wind turbines and a simplified control strategy based on tabulated rotor speed and pitch as a function of the average velocity at the rotor. The simulations show that the power output of the individual wind turbines is strongly affected by choosing either a standard or simplified control strategy when they operate in the deep wake of upstream turbines. On the other hand, the sensitivity to control strategy is less significant for wind directions where the effective stream-wise distance between the turbines is larger.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of the Wake Flow Field of a Model Wind Turbine and a Porous Disc under Different Freestream Turbulence Intensity Conditions
Authors: Öztürk Buğrahan , Hassanein Abdelrahman , Tuğrul Akpolat M , Abdulrahim Anas , Perçin Mustafa , Uzol Oğuz
Published: May 2023

The effects of freestream turbulence intensity on the wake development of a model wind turbine and a porous disc are investigated through Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis. The capability of porous discs for reproducing far-wake characteristics of a model wind turbine is examined through coherent structures both in the near-wake and far-wake regions. Instantaneous velocity fields are obtained through wake measurements using two-dimensional two-component particle image velocimetry (2D2C PIV). These velocity fields are considered snapshots of the spatial domain. Results show inherent differences between coherent structures of a model wind turbine and porous disc in the near-wake region, especially when the freestream turbulent intensity level is low. However, these differences reduce, and coherent structures become more comparable when the freestream turbulence intensity level is higher. It is shown that the first five streamwise components of POD modes are paired for the model wind turbine and the porous disc cases under high freestream turbulence intensity conditions in the far-wake region.