bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Functionalization of Imidazopyridine and Indazole: An Overview
Authors: Ghosh Debashis , Ghosh Sumit , Hajra Alakananda
Published: October 2021

Electrochemical synthesis offers a mild, simple, and efficient tool for the preparation of interesting and useful molecules, thus eluding severe chemical oxidizing and reducing agents used in conventional synthetic methods. In particular, electrochemical C−H activation is expected to play an important role in the direct functionalization of heterocyclic compounds. Over the past few decades, the research interest in imidazopyridine and indazole has increased significantly due to their multipurpose uses in medicinal and industrial chemistry. Therefore, structural modification of these heterocycles using electro‐oxidation has become one of the important research topics among synthetic organic chemistry in recent time. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of electrochemical functionalization of indazoles and imidazopyridines published so far. A summary of the current challenges and the future direction for the development of efficient and green electrochemical methods for functionalization of these heterocycles is also presented.

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LTA4H Prevalence and Mortality in Adult Zambians with Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Siddiqi Omar K. , Ghebremichael Musie , Musukuma Kalo , Dang Xin , Mubanga Eugene , Birbeck Gretchen L. , Love Shawn , Buback Clayton , Kosloff Barry , Ayles Helen , Atadzhanov Masharip , Koralnik Igor J.
Published: October 2021

We conducted a prospective cohort study to determine the prevalence of leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) polymorphisms in Zambian adults with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and its association with mortality. We completed genotype testing on 101 definite cases of TBM and 119 consecutive non‐TBM controls. The distribution of genotypes among TBM patients was as follows: C/C (0.83), C/T (0.14), T/T (0.03). There was no significant difference in genotype distribution between TBM and non‐TBM patients. We found no relationship between LTA4H polymorphism and survival. Prospective studies are needed to determine the benefit of adjuvant steroids in TBM based upon population LTA4H genotype. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:994–998
Long‐Term Cognitive Outcome in Anti–N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Authors: Heine Josephine , Kopp Ute A. , Klag Johanna , Ploner Christoph J. , Prüss Harald , Finke Carsten
Published: October 2021

Objective

Cognitive dysfunction is a core symptom of anti–N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, but detailed studies on prevalence, characteristics of cognitive deficits, and the potential for recovery are missing. Here, we performed a prospective longitudinal study to assess cognitive long‐term outcome and identify clinical predictors.

Methods

Standardized comprehensive neuropsychological assessments were performed in 43 patients with NMDAR encephalitis 2.3 years and 4.9 years (median) after disease onset. Cognitive assessments covered executive function, working memory, verbal/visual episodic memory, attention, subjective complaints, and depression and anxiety levels. Cognitive performance of patients was compared to that of 30 healthy participants matched for age, sex, and education.

Results

All patients had persistent cognitive deficits 2.3 years after onset, with moderate or severe impairment in >80% of patients. Core deficits included memory and executive function. After 4.9 years, significant improvement of cognitive function was observed, but moderate to severe deficits persisted in two thirds of patients, despite favorable functional neurological outcomes (median modified Rankin Scale = 1). Delayed treatment, higher disease severity, and longer duration of the acute phase were predictors for impaired cognitive outcome. The recovery process was time dependent, with greater gains earlier after the acute phase, although improvements were possible for several years after disease onset.

Interpretation

Cognitive deficits are the main contributor to long‐term morbidity in NMDAR encephalitis and persist beyond functional neurological recovery. Nonetheless, cognitive improvement is possible for several years after the acute phase and should be supported by continued cognitive rehabilitation. Cognition should be included as an outcome measure in future clinical studies. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:949–961
Combining Electrochemiluminescence Detection with Aptamer‐Gated Indicator Releasing Mesoporous Nanoparticles Enables ppt Sensitivity for Strip‐Based Rapid Tests
Authors: Climent Estela , Rurack Knut
Published: October 2021

The combination of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and aptamer‐gated indicator delivering (gAID) magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles embedded into glass fibre paper functionalised with poly(ethyleneglycol) andN‐(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)diethanolamine allowed the development of a rapid test that detects penicillin directly in diluted milk down to 50±9 ppt in <5 min. Covalent attachment of the aptamer “cap” to the silica scaffold enabled pore closure through non‐covalent electrostatic interactions with surface amino groups, while binding of penicillin led to a folding‐up of the aptamer thus releasing the ECL reporter Ru(bpy)32+previously loaded into the material and letting it be detected after lateral flow by a smartphone camera upon electrochemical excitation with a screen printed electrode inserted into a 3D‐printed holder. The approach is simple, generic and presents advantages with respect to sensitivity, measurement uncertainty and robustness compared with conventional fluorescence or electrochemical detection, especially for point‐of‐need analyses of challenging matrices and analytes at ultra‐trace levels.
Single‐phase fluid mass transfer in petroleum processing and petrochemical technology: Theory and application
Authors: Xu Aijie
Published: October 2021

The application of single‐phase fluid mass transfer theory in petrochemical industry, particularly in chemical plants and operating processes, has attracted wide attention for decades. In this review, the single‐phase fluid mass transfer theory, including molecular diffusion and convective diffusion, and its application in petroleum refining and chemical industry are systematically summarized. Both experimental studies and theoretical calculations, based on numerical and analytical methods, are exactly introduced. Their applications in porous media of fixed bed, fluidized bed and pebble bed, structured packed tower, rotary disc contactor, chemical reactors, and corrosion are discussed in detail. The existing technology and knowledge can provide potential approaches to optimize design and modification of chemical plants and further study on related theories of fluid mass transfer.
Hybrid super‐twisting fractional‐order terminal sliding mode control for rolling spherical robot
Authors: Salemizadeh Parizi Mohammad , Salemizadehparizi Fatemeh , Vanaei Shohreh , Karimi Arash , Komijani Hossein
Published: October 2021

The unmodeled parameters, uncertainties, chattering, and disturbances can be serious problems for a controller. These issues decrease the performance of the controller and make it difficult to have a satisfactory movement path as well. This paper presents a novel hybrid super‐twisting fractional‐order terminal sliding mode controller (HSTFOTSMC) for a rolling spherical robot (RSR) considering bounded model uncertainties for robot dynamics in presence of external disturbances and noise. The controller is based on a new adaptive fractional‐order terminal sliding surface. The stability of the proposed controller is proved by the Lyapunov theory, and then, it is tuned by a novel extended grey wolf optimizing (EGWO) algorithm to adjust the controller parameters, and assure to achieve the precise robot performance. The results of the optimized controller (EGWO‐HSTFOTSMC) are compared with the typical sliding mode controller (SMC), fractional‐order terminal sliding mode controller (FOTSMC), and super‐twisting fractional‐order terminal sliding mode controller (STFOTSMC), which demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller scheme. The controller implementation can potently eliminate the impacts of disturbances, noise, and uncertainties; meanwhile, it decreases the tracking error and increases the convergence speed of robot responses.
Süllkästen zur Inspektion und Sanierung von Uferbauwerken
Authors: Osthoff David , Clausen Martin
Published: October 2021

Süllkästen sind wasserdichte Stahlkästen, die in das Gewässer eingetaucht und gegen das Uferbauwerk abgedichtet werden. Durch Lenzen der Süllkästen wird das Uferbauwerk örtlich trockengelegt und für eine Inspektion und eine Sanierung zugänglich. Sanierungsmaßnahmen können im Schutz eines Süllkastens mit einer sehr hohen Ausführungsqualität durchgeführt werden, die durch gängige Taucherarbeit nicht zu erreichen ist. Süllkästen wurden durch die Aug. Prien Bauunternehmung für verschiedene Anforderungen entwickelt und erfolgreich eingesetzt. In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene Einsätze von Süllkästen vorgestellt und auf die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen und Vorzüge der Konstruktion eingegangen.
Experimental aspects of NPY‐decorated gold nanoclusters using randomized hybrid design against breast cancer cell line
Authors: Desai Drashti , Shende Pravin
Published: October 2021

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are potential carrier system for bioactive like proteins and peptides used in various therapeutics against various ailments. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is consists of 36 amino acids used to treat depression, obesity, epilepsy, and so on. but possess instability at higher temperatures causing its limited usage. The present study focused on the NPY‐decorated AuNCs prepared using desolvation reduction technique and optimized through randomized hybrid design. ATR‐FTIR, 1H NMR and CD spectroscopic studies confirmed the AuNCs structure interaction with NPY. The optimized NPY‐decorated AuNCs possessed 85.6 ± 2.08% of entrapment efficiency with 85.32 ± 7.55% of NPY release for 24 h. It displayed dose‐dependent cell cytotoxicity, IC50 value of 0.7 ± 0.05 μg mL‐1 and apoptosis of 68.48 ± 7.35% with controlled cell migration causing G0G1 cell arrest by penetrating cancer cell membrane on MCF‐7 cell line. Furthermore, the AuNCs caused surface disruption of the cancerous cell further interrupting the protein synthesis by MAPK pathway leading to cell death. The AuNCs were stable for 3 months at 25 ± 2°C due to steric hindrance. Hence, NPY‐decorated AuNCs were found to be effective on MCF‐7 cell line with a significant anti‐apoptotic effect, further emerging as a novel therapeutic delivery system in the management of breast cancer.
Modular development enables rapid design of media for alternative hosts
Authors: Biedermann Andrew M. , Gengaro Isabella R. , Rodriguez‐Aponte Sergio A. , Love Kerry R. , Love J. Christopher
Published: October 2021

Developing media to sustain cell growth and production is an essential and ongoing activity in bioprocess development. Modifications to media can often address host or product‐specific challenges, such as low productivity or poor product quality. For other applications, systematic design of new media can facilitate the adoption of new industrially relevant alternative hosts. Despite manifold existing methods, common approaches for optimization often remain time and labor‐intensive. We present here a novel approach to conventional media blending that leverages stable, simple, concentrated stock solutions to enable rapid improvement of measurable phenotypes of interest. We applied this modular methodology to generate high‐performing media for two phenotypes of interest: biomass accumulation and heterologous protein production, using high‐throughput, milliliter‐scale batch fermentations of Pichia pastoris as a model system. In addition to these examples, we also created a flexible open‐source package for modular blending automation on a low‐cost liquid handling system to facilitate wide use of this method. Our modular blending method enables rapid, flexible media development, requiring minimal labor investment and prior knowledge of the host organism, and should enable developing improved media for other hosts and phenotypes of interest.
Comparative pharmacokinetic study of six lignans in normal and diabetic rats after oral administration ofSaururus chinensisextract by LC–MS/MS
Authors: Chen Hongjiang , Luo Yiyuan , Liu Jianan , Chen Jianwei , Chen Yong , Li Xiang
Published: October 2021

Saururus chinensis(SC) possesses significant anti‐diabetic activity and lignans were its major bioactive compounds. In this study, a rapid and sensitive ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous quantification of six lignans, namely (‐)‐(7R,8R)‐machilin D (1), verrucesin (2),rel‐(7S,8S,7′R,8′R)‐3,3′,4,4′,5,5′‐hexamethoxy‐7.O.7′,8.8′‐lignan (3), manassantin A (4), manassantin B (5), and saucerneol F (6) in rat’s plasma. It was validated with acceptable linearity (r ≥ 0.9922), accuracy (80.42–95.17%), precision (RSD ≤ 12.08%), and extraction recovery (80.36–93.45%). The method was successfully applied to the comparative pharmacokinetic study of the six lignans in normal and diabetic rats after oral administration of SC extract. Results showed that the areas under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC0 → tand AUC0 → ∞) of (‐)‐(7R,8R)‐machilin D,rel‐(7S,8S,7′R,8′R)‐3,3′,4,4′,5,5′‐hexamethoxy‐7.O.7′,8.8′‐lignan, manassantin B, and saucerneol F in diabetic rats were significantly increased, and the plasma clearance (CL) of (‐)‐(7R,8R)‐machilin D in diabetic rats was significantly decreased. However, the AUC0 → tand AUC0 → ∞of verrucesin were significantly decreased, and its CL was significantly increased in diabetic rats compared with those in normal rats. These results indicated that there were remarkable differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the normal and diabetic rats. The pharmacokinetic studies might be beneficial for the clinical use of SC as hypoglycemic agent.
Variation of surgical anatomy of the thoracic portion of the long thoracic nerve
Authors: Ormsby Neal M. , Hawkes David H. , Ng Chye Yew
Published: October 2021

Decompression of the long thoracic nerve (LTN) is a potentially beneficial procedure for selected patients with LTN palsy. The aim of this work is to describe the surgical anatomy of the thoracic part of the LTN and highlight its variations. A retrospective review of patients undergoing exploration of the LTN was performed. Preoperatively, all patients had serratus anterior dysfunction and underwent electromyographic (EMG) assessment. All patients had an initial trial of nonoperative management. The surgical procedures were undertaken by the senior author. The anatomy of the LTN and the associated vasculature was recorded in patient records, and with digital photography. Forty‐five patients underwent LTN exploration. Two patients with iatrogenic injury were excluded, leaving 43 patients for analysis. Mean age was 36 years. Sixty‐seven percent of cases involved the dominant side. Trauma was the commonest cause, followed by neuralgic amyotrophy. Four patients had typical features of serratus anterior dysfunction but with normal EMG studies. Two distinct patterns of LTN anatomy were noted. In 79% of cases, a single major nerve trunk coursing along serratus anterior was observed and classified as a type I LTN. In 21% of cases, two equal major branches of the nerve were identified, which was classified as a type II LTN. Approximately one in five patients may have two major branches of the LTN. This is of clinical relevance to those who undertake any thoracic procedures, as well as those who are considering exploration of the LTN.
Carbon Nanospheres with High Intra‐ and Inter‐Sphere Porosities for High‐Rate Energy‐Storage Applications
Authors: Liu Xudong , Wang Xinling , Zhang Ximeng , Raisi Bahareh , Rahmatinejad Jalal , Ye Zhibin
Published: October 2021

Kinetic problems restrict the applications of carbon‐based materials in energy‐storage systems at high currents. Herein, small carbon nanospheres (5 and 20 nm in average diameter) featured with high intra‐sphere micro‐/meso‐porosity and inter‐sphere meso‐/macro‐porosity are demonstrated as high‐rate anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (capacity retention: 42.3 % at 1 A g−1 relative to 0.05 A g−1), enabling rapid lithium‐ion diffusion with shortened diffusion lengths. Additionally, the rapid lithium‐ion response is also verified with their superior capacitance retention at high currents as electrode materials for electrical double layer capacitors (capacitance retention: 69.2 % at 100 A g−1 relative to 0.5 A g−1). Our results confirm the optimum energy‐storage performance of this class of nanocarbons with hierarchical micro‐/meso‐/macro‐porous structures.
Rigid, Highly Reactive and Stable DOTA‐like Tags Containing a Thiol‐Specific Phenylsulfonyl Pyridine Moiety for Protein Modification and NMR Analysis**
Authors: Ma Bo , Chen Jia‐Liang , Cui Chao‐Yu , Yang Feng , Gong Yan‐Jun , Su Xun‐Cheng
Published: October 2021

Site specific installation of a paramagnetic ion with magnetic anisotropy in a biomolecule generates valuable structural restraints, such as pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). These paramagnetic effects can be used to characterize the structures, interactions and dynamics of biological macromolecules and their complexes. Two single‐armed DOTA‐like tags, BrPSPy‐DO3M(S)A‐Ln and BrPSPy‐6M‐DO3M(S)A‐Ln, each containing a thiol‐specific reacting group, that is, a phenylsulfonyl pyridine moiety, are demonstrated as rigid, reactive and stable paramagnetic tags for protein modification by formation of a reducing resistant thioether bond between the protein and the tag. The two tags present high reactivity with the solvent exposed thiol group in aqueous solution at room temperature. The introduction of Br at the meta‐position in pyridine enhances the reactivity of 4‐phenylsulfonyl pyridine towards the solvent exposed thiol group in a protein, whereas the ortho‐methyl group in pyridine increases the rigidity of the tag in the protein conjugates. The high performance of these two tags has been demonstrated in different cysteine mutants of ubiquitin and GB1. The high reactivity and rigidity of these two tags can be added in the toolbox of paramagnetic tags suitable for the high‐resolution NMR measurements of biological macromolecules and their complexes.
Exciton Coupling in Redox‐Active Salen based Self‐Assembled Metallacycles
Authors: Herasymchuk Khrystyna , Allain Magali , MacNeil Gregory A. , Carré Vincent , Aubriet Frédéric , Leznoff Daniel B. , Sallé Marc , Goeb Sébastien , Storr Tim
Published: October 2021

The incorporation of a redox‐active nickel salen complex into supramolecular structures was explored via coordination‐driven self‐assembly with homobimetallic ruthenium complexes (bridged by oxalato or 5,8‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinato ligands). The self‐assembly resulted in the formation of a discrete rectangle using the oxalato complex and either a rectangle or a catenane employing the larger naphthoquinonato complex. The formation of the interlocked self‐assembly was determined to be solvent and concentration dependent. The electronic structure and stability of the oxidized metallacycles was probed using electrochemical experiments, UV‐Vis‐NIR absorption, EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, confirming ligand radical formation. Exciton coupling of the intense near‐infrared (NIR) ligand radical intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) bands provided further confirmation of the geometric and electronic structures in solution.
Design and Control of Perylene Supramolecular Polymers through Imide Substitutions
Authors: Wilson‐Kovacs Robert S. , Fang Xue , Hagemann Maximilian J. L. , Symons Henry E. , Faul Charl F. J.
Published: October 2021

The number and type of new supramolecular polymer (SMP) systems have increased rapidly in recent years. Some of the key challenges faced for these novel systems include gaining full control over the mode of self‐assembly, the creation of novel architectures and exploring functionality. Here, we provide a critical overview of approaches related to perylene‐based SMPs and discuss progress to exert control over these potentially important SMPs through chemical modification of the imide substituents. Imide substitutions affect self‐assembly behaviour orthogonally to the intrinsic optoelectronic properties of the perylene core, making for a valuable approach to tune SMP properties. Several recent approaches are therefore highlighted, with a focus on controlling 1) morphology, 2) H‐ or J‐ aggregation, and 3) mechanism of growth and degree of aggregation using thermodynamic and kinetic control. Areas of potential future exploration and application of these functional SMPs are also explored.
Selection of endometrial carcinomas for p53 immunohistochemistry based on nuclear features
Authors: Kang Eun Young , Wiebe Nicholas JP , Aubrey Christa , Lee Cheng‐Han , Anglesio Michael S , Tilley Derek , Ghatage Prafull , Nelson Gregg S , Lee Sandra , Köbel Martin
Published: October 2021

The World Health Organization endorses molecular subclassification of endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (EECs). Our objectives were to test the sensitivity of tumor morphology in capturing p53 abnormal (p53abn) cases and to model the impact of p53abn on changes to ESGO/ESTRO/ESP (European Society of Gynaecological Oncology/European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology/European Society of Pathology) risk stratification. A total of 292 consecutive endometrial carcinoma resections received at Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (2019–2021) were retrieved and assigned to ESGO risk groups with and without p53 status. Three pathologists reviewed the representative H&E‐stained slides, predicted the p53 status, and indicated whether p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) would be ordered. Population‐based survival for endometrial carcinomas diagnosed during 2008–2016 in Alberta was obtained from the Alberta Cancer Registry. The cohort consisted mostly of grade 1/2 endometrioid carcinomas (EEC1/2; N = 218, 74.6%). One hundred and fifty‐two EEC1/2 (52.1% overall) were stage IA and 147 (50.3%) were low risk by ESGO. The overall prevalence of p53abn and subclonal p53 was 14.5 and 8.3%, respectively. The average sensitivity of predicting p53abn among observers was 83.6%. Observers requested p53 IHC for 39.4% with 98.5% sensitivity to detect p53abn (99.6% negative predictive value). Nuclear features including smudged chromatin, pleomorphism, atypical mitoses, and tumor giant cells accurately predicted p53abn. In 7/292 (2.4%), p53abn upgraded ESGO risk groups (2 to intermediate risk, 5 to high risk). EEC1/2/stage IA patients had an excellent disease‐specific 5‐year survival of 98.5%. Pathologists can select cases for p53 testing with high sensitivity and low risk of false negativity. Molecular characterization of endometrial carcinomas has great potential to refine ESGO risk classification for a small subset but offers little value for approximately half of endometrial carcinomas, namely, EEC1/2/stage IA cases.
Chemistry education for sustainability – sustainability as a common thread through school chemistry and an example of a teaching unit on the climate impact of carbon dioxide
Authors: Kiesling Elisabeth , Venzlaff Julian , Bohrmann‐Linde Claudia
Published: October 2021

Nachhaltigkeitsbezogene Themen werden schon lange im Chemieunterricht behandelt. Um einer Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung, BNE, nachzukommen, müssen mehrere Dimensionen, die ökologische, die ökonomische, die politische, die soziale und die kulturelle Dimension, eines Themas betrachtet werden, um Zusammenhänge zu verstehen und Lernende zu einem nachhaltigen Handeln zu führen. Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie fast alle Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) der UNESCO angebunden an die Pflichtinhalte des Chemieunterrichts berücksichtigt werden können. Exemplarisch wird zudem für ein vorgestelltes Lernangebot zum Thema “Klimawirksamkeit von Kohlenstoffdioxid und Ansätze zur Emissionsreduktion“ für die Einführungsphase (Klasse 10 bzw. 11) aufgezeigt, wie die genannten Dimensionen im Chemieunterricht adressiert werden können.
Aquaculture for improving productivity, income, nutrition and women's empowerment in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gonzalez Parrao Constanza , Shisler Shannon , Moratti Marta , Yavuz Cem , Acharya Arnab , Eyers John , Snilstveit Birte
Published: October 2021

Background

A steady increase in the international production and consumption of fish has positioned aquaculture as a development option. Previous literature has highlighted the potential of aquaculture to improve economic, nutritional and gender equality outcomes, however, the evidence on the effectiveness of these programmes remains unclear.

Objectives

The review assessed whether aquaculture interventions increase the productivity, income, nutrition, and women's empowerment of individuals. We additionally aimed to identify barriers and facilitators that could affect the effectiveness of these interventions, and the cost‐effectiveness of such programmes.

Methods

We searched for experimental and quasi‐experimental studies focused on low‐ and middle‐income countries. We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Campbell Collaboration for the data collection and analysis.

Results

We identified 21 impact evaluations assessing the effect of 13 aquaculture interventions in low‐ and lower‐middle income countries. Twelve of these studies have a high risk of bias. Aquaculture interventions lead to a small increase in the production value, income, total expenditures and food consumption of participants. The limited availability of evidence prevented us from assessing other nutritional and women's empowerment outcomes. We identified barriers and facilitators affecting the programmes' set up, the participation of beneficiaries, and the level of productive activities. Insufficient cost data hindered full comparisons across programmes.

Conclusions

The review suggests a lack of rigorous evidence assessing the effectiveness of aquaculture programmes. Future research could focus on evaluating nutrition and women's empowerment impacts, promoting reporting standards, and the use of cost data to continue building quality evidence around aquaculture interventions.
Adjuvant tamoxifen adherence in male patients with breast cancer: An ongoing challenge
Authors: Falkson Carla I.
Published: October 2021

Male breast cancer, a rare disease, is usually treated with adjuvant tamoxifen during early stages. Unfortunately, studies suggest a high rate of discontinuing adjuvant tamoxifen, but reasons for stopping this treatment are not always clear, and additional studies investigating this are needed.
Is local recurrence higher among patients who downstage to breast conservation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy?
Authors: Mamtani Anita , Sevilimedu Varadan , Le Tiana , Morrow Monica , Barrio Andrea V.
Published: October 2021

Background

In early studies, local recurrence (LR) rates were higher after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in comparison with upfront surgery. Modern outcomes are uncertain, particularly among those who are initially breast‐conserving surgery–ineligible (BCSi) and downstage to being breast‐conserving surgery–eligible (BCSe).

Methods

Among patients with cT1‐3 breast cancer treated from 2014 to 2018 who were BCSe after NAC, clinicopathologic characteristics and LR were compared between initially BCSe patients and BCSi patients who downstaged. Breast‐conserving surgery (BCS) eligibility was determined prospectively.

Results

Among 685 patients, 243 (35%) were BCSe before and after NAC and had BCS; 282 (41%) were BCSi before NAC, downstaged to BCSe, and had BCS; and 160 (23%) were BCSi before NAC, downstaged to BCSe, and chose mastectomy. The median age was 52 years, and most cancers were cT1‐2 (84%), cN+ (61%), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive (HER2+; 38%) or triple‐negative (34%). Those who were BCSe before NAC had a lower cT stage, whereas those who chose mastectomy were younger (P < .05). NAC was usually ACT (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and a taxane)‐based (92%), 99% of HER2+ patients received dual blockade, and 99% of BCS patients received adjuvant radiation. At a median follow‐up of 35 months, 22 patients (3.2%) had developed LR. The Kaplan‐Meier 4‐year LR rates were not different among the groups (1.9% for those who were BCSe before and after NAC, 6.3% for those who downstaged to being BCSe and underwent BCS, and 2.7% for those who downstaged and underwent mastectomy; P = .17).

Conclusions

LR rates are low after NAC and BCS, even among BCSi patients who downstage, and they are not improved in patients who downstage and choose mastectomy. Mastectomy can be safely avoided in BCSi patients who downstage with NAC.
Architectural colour planning strategy and planning implementation evaluation of historical and cultural cities based on different urban zones in Xuzhou (China)
Authors: Hong Xiaochun , Ji Xiang , Wu Zihan
Published: October 2021

This research examined the colour planning of the city of Xuzhou in Jiangsu Province, China to empirically study the colour planning of historical and cultural cities. Based on considerable investigations, we identified Xuzhou's main hue, which spans from yellowish grayish‐white to yellowish‐gray (XZ11 ~ XZ29). Moreover, we formulated special colour planning schemes according to the attributes of different urban zones. To verify a plan's implementation impact, we used the analytical hierarchy process to construct an evaluation index system for the execution of urban colour planning. The system includes five secondary and 14 tertiary indicators. We employed the Delphi method to evaluate the established index system and to ascertain the weight of each index. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was also used. We assessed the implementation of Xuzhou's main colours in six zones. The results suggest that the impact of colour planning is quite different in various urban zones, and that the colour planning influence of historical blocks is better than that of other urban zones. However, the coordination between colour planning in some areas is not adequate. Based on the above analysis, we evaluate specific problems in the implementation effect of Xuzhou's urban colour planning, as reflected in the secondary evaluation index results, and discuss measures of urban colour harmony planning and design in Xuzhou. We propose a comprehensive planning strategy that can be combined with different scales of urban colour landscapes in the future, which could provide a new optimization direction for Xuzhou's urban colour planning.
Ionization of 2‐ and 4(5)‐Nitroimidazoles Radiosensitizers: A “Kinetic Competition” Between NO2 and NO Losses
Authors: Satta Mauro , Casavola Anna Rita , Cartoni Antonella , Castrovilli Mattea Carmen , Catone Daniele , Chiarinelli Jacopo , Borocci Stefano , Avaldi Lorenzo , Bolognesi Paola
Published: October 2021

Nitroimidazoles are a class of chemicals with a remarkable broad spectrum of applications from the production of explosives to the use as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. The understanding of thedynamics of their fragmentation induced by ionizing sources is of fundamental interest. The goal of this work is to theoretically investigate the kinetic competition between the two most important decomposition channels of 2, 4 and 5‐Nitroimidazole cations: the NO and NO2 losses. The calculated rate constants of the two processes are in very good agreement with the experimental Photoelectron‐Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) branching ratio. This study solves the intriguing and theoretically unexplained experimental observation that 2‐Nitroimidazole, at variance with the other two regio‐isomers is a source for only NO at low energies (<12.76 eV). This is a key point for biomedical application of the nitroimidazoles, because NO is the vasodilator that favors the reoxigenation of hypoxic tumor tissues.
Sacred Space: Student Supervisees' Experiences of Spiritual Issues
Authors: Gonzales‐Wong Christine D. , Harris Janeé R. Avent
Published: October 2021

In this phenomenological study, we explored student supervisees’ experiences of spiritual issues during practicum. Six participants from programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs completed a demographic questionnaire and a semistructured interview. Participants reported experiences of internal tension due to spiritual issues and expressed hesitation in discussing spiritual issues with supervisors, prior to seeking resolution through reflecting on their counselor training, engaging in discussion with their supervisor depending on the comfort level in the relationship, and seeking outside support. Recommendations for counselor educators and supervisors are provided.
Temporal and scalar variations affect resource use of northern bobwhite broods
Authors: Kubečka Bradley W. , Terhune Theron M. , Martin James A.
Published: October 2021

Disparate resource use originating from phenology of biotic resources, abiotic conditions, and life cycles of exploiting organisms underscores the importance of research across time and space to guide management practices. Our goal was to evaluate resource use of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; bobwhite) at two spatial scales and across three age classes, from hatching through a period of the postjuvenile molt. Our study was conducted at Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL, USA—situated in a landscape subjected to small scale (<20 ha) prescribed fires on a 2‐year fire rotation. We predicted prescribed fire, disking, and supplemental feeding would dictate resource use, but effects would depend on time since fire, brood age, and time of day. We predicted vegetation and temperature would govern roost use by broods, but these effects would also depend on age. We radio‐tracked 62 broods 21–35 times / week during May–October 2018 and 2019. Broods were less likely to use areas with large proportions of hardwood drains but favored sites with greater proportions of burned uplands, regardless of the time of day. Broods were less likely to use areas at greater distances from supplemental feed; this relationship had no interaction with age but was stronger later in the nesting season (>July 15). Broods were more likely to use areas with greater proportions of fallow fields during the day than for roosting. Broods used roosts with more woody cover and visual obscurity than at available sites. Roosts consisted of less grass and bare ground. However, these effects interacted with age; broods used sparser cover at older ages. Neonate broods were more likely to use cooler roosts with greater thermal stability, but this effect was reversed for juveniles. Broods may alter resource use with changes in vulnerabilities to threats such as thermal risks and predation.
Many lifetime growth trajectories for a single mammal
Authors: Veylit Lara , Sæther Bernt‐Erik , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Baubet Eric , Gamelon Marlène
Published: October 2021

Despite their importance in shaping life history tactics and population dynamics, individual growth trajectories have only been rarely explored in the wild because their analysis requires multiple measurements of individuals throughout their lifetime and some knowledge of age, a key timer of body growth. The availability of long‐term longitudinal studies of two wild boar populations subjected to contrasting environments (rich vs. poor) provided an opportunity to analyze individual growth trajectories. We quantified wild boar growth trajectories at both the population and the individual levels using standard growth models (i.e., Gompertz, logistic, and monomolecular models) that encompass the expected range of growth shapes in determinate growers. Wild boar is a rather altricial species, with a polygynous mating system and is strongly sexually dimorphic in size. According to current theories of life history evolution, we thus expect wild boar to display a sex‐specific Gompertz type growth trajectory and lower sexual size dimorphism in the poorer environment. While wild boar displayed the expected Gompertz type trajectory in the rich site at the population level, we found some evidence for potential differences in growth shapes between populations and individuals. Asymptotic body mass, growth rate and timing of maximum growth rate differed as well, which indicates a high flexibility of growth in wild boar. We also found a cohort effect on asymptotic body mass, which suggests that environmental conditions early in life shape body mass at adulthood in this species. Our findings demonstrate that body growth trajectories in wild boar are highly diverse in relation to differences of environmental context, sex and year of birth. Whether the intermediate ranking of wild boar along the precocial–altricial continuum of development at birth may explain the ability of this species to exhibit this high diversity of growth patterns remains to be investigated.
Major biogeographic barriers in eastern Australia have shaped the population structure of widely distributed Eucalyptus moluccana and its putative subspecies
Authors: Flores‐Rentería Lluvia , Rymer Paul D. , Ramadoss Niveditha , Riegler Markus
Published: October 2021

We have investigated the impact of recognized biogeographic barriers on genetic differentiation of grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana), a common and widespread tree species of the family Myrtaceae in eastern Australian woodlands, and its previously proposed four subspecies moluccana, pedicellata, queenslandica, and crassifolia. A range of phylogeographic analyses were conducted to examine the population genetic differentiation and subspecies genetic structure in E. moluccana in relation to biogeographic barriers. Slow evolving markers uncovering long term processes (chloroplast DNA) were used to generate a haplotype network and infer phylogeographic barriers. Additionally, fast evolving, hypervariable markers (microsatellites) were used to estimate demographic processes and genetic structure among five geographic regions (29 populations) across the entire distribution of E. moluccana. Morphological features of seedlings, such as leaf and stem traits, were assessed to evaluate population clusters and test differentiation of the putative subspecies. Haplotype network analysis revealed twenty chloroplast haplotypes with a main haplotype in a central position shared by individuals belonging to the regions containing the four putative subspecies. Microsatellite analysis detected the genetic structure between Queensland (QLD) and New South Wales (NSW) populations, consistent with the McPherson Range barrier, an east‐west spur of the Great Dividing Range. The substructure was detected within QLD and NSW in line with other barriers in eastern Australia. The morphological analyses supported differentiation between QLD and NSW populations, with no difference within QLD, yet some differentiation within NSW populations. Our molecular and morphological analyses provide evidence that several geographic barriers in eastern Australia, including the Burdekin Gap and the McPherson Range have contributed to the genetic structure of E. moluccana. Genetic differentiation among E. moluccana populations supports the recognition of some but not all the four previously proposed subspecies, with crassifolia being the most differentiated.
Seasonal variation of behavior and brain size in a freshwater fish
Authors: Versteeg Evan J. , Fernandes Timothy , Guzzo Matthew M. , Laberge Frédéric , Middel Trevor , Ridgway Mark , McMeans Bailey C.
Published: October 2021

Teleost fishes occupy a range of ecosystem, and habitat types subject to large seasonal fluctuations. Temperate fishes, in particular, survive large seasonal shifts in temperature, light availability, and access to certain habitats. Mobile species such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) can behaviorally respond to seasonal variation by shifting their habitat deeper and further offshore in response to warmer surface water temperatures during the summer. During cooler seasons, the use of more structurally complex nearshore zones by lake trout could increase cognitive demands and potentially result in a larger relative brain size during those periods. Yet, there is limited understanding of how such behavioral responses to a seasonally shifting environment might shape, or be shaped by, the nervous system.

Here, we quantified variation in relative brain size and the size of five externally visible brain regions in lake trout, across six consecutive seasons in two different lakes. Acoustic telemetry data from one of our study lakes were collected during the study period from a different subset of individuals and used to infer relationships between brain size and seasonal behaviors (habitat use and movement rate).

Our results indicated that lake trout relative brain size was larger in the fall and winter compared with the spring and summer in both lakes. Larger brains coincided with increased use of nearshore habitats and increased horizontal movement rates in the fall and winter based on acoustic telemetry. The telencephalon followed the same pattern as whole brain size, while the other brain regions (cerebellum, optic tectum, olfactory bulbs, and hypothalamus) were only smaller in the spring.

These findings provide evidence that flexibility in brain size could underpin shifts in behavior, which could potentially subserve functions associated with differential habitat use during cold and warm seasons and allow fish to succeed in seasonally variable environments.
Manganese‐Octacyanidoniobate‐Based Ferrimagnet Possessing Bridging Ligands with Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Kanno Takefumi , Nakabayashi Koji , Imoto Kenta , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi
Published: October 2021

We synthesized a cyanido‐bridged Mn−Nb metal assembly possessing large‐sized bridging ligands with disulfide bonds, [Mn(dpds)2]2[Nb(CN)8] ⋅ 6H2O (MnNb, dpds: 4,4’‐dipyridyldisulfide). MnNb has a three‐dimensional coordination framework in which the Mn and Nb sites are bridged by cyanides, while the Mn sites are combined by dpds ligands. The two crystallographically independent dpds ligands are bent around the disulfide bond with large C(pyridine)−S−S−C(pyridine) dihedral angles of 105.4(5)° and 102.2(5)°, respectively. For molecule‐based magnets, dpds is a relatively large bridging ligand, but it is compatible with the limited space of the cyanido‐bridged Mn−Nb coordination framework due to the bent structure. Additionally, antiferromagnetic coupling in MnNb of −13 cm−1 between MnII (S=5/2, g=2) and NbIV (S=1/2, g=2) induces ferrimagnetism with a critical temperature of 46 K.
Consensual and idiosyncratic trustworthiness perceptions independently influence social decision‐making
Authors: Jaeger Bastian
Published: October 2021

Trustworthiness perceptions are based on facial features that are seen as trustworthy by most people (e.g., resemblance to a smile) and features that are only seen as trustworthy by a specific perceiver (e.g., resemblance to a loved one). In other words, trustworthiness perceptions reflect consensual and idiosyncratic judgment components. Yet, when examining the influence of facial cues on social decision‐making previous studies have almost exclusively focused on consensual judgments, ignoring the potential role of idiosyncratic judgments. Results of two studies, with 491 participants making 15,656 trust decisions, showed that consensual and idiosyncratic trustworthiness judgments independently influenced participants’ likelihood to trust an interaction partner, with no significant differences in the magnitude of the effects. These results highlight the need to consider both consensual and idiosyncratic judgments. Previous work, which only focused on the effect of consensual judgments, may have underestimated the overall influence of trustworthiness perceptions on social decision‐making.
Comparison of 1D a 2D ITP‐MS performance parameters and application possibilities: Ultratrace determination of B vitamins in human urine
Authors: Piestansky Juraj , Cizmarova Ivana , Matuskova Michaela , Mikus Peter
Published: October 2021

The possibility to investigate analytes at ultra‐low concentration levels still remains a hot topic in bioanalysis. In this area, various preconcentration techniques are an integral part of analytical procedures. When applying electromigration separation techniques, an isotachophoresis has been advantageously employed many times for this purpose. To solve current biomedical tasks effectively, an advanced two‐dimensional isotachophoretic instrument (in a hydrodynamically closed separation system with an enhanced sample load capacity) hyphenated with mass spectrometry (ITP‐ITP‐MS) has been proposed by Foret and coworkers. As a continuation, this work represents the first study dealing with a full validation of an ITP‐ITP‐MS method. In order to see the benefits of an online ITP sample pretreatment (preconcentration and clean‐up) on the performance parameters, the developed 2D ITP‐MS method was compared with a corresponding 1D ITP‐MS method. Application potentialities of the compared methods were demonstrated via a determination of two B vitamins, namely thiamine and pyridoxine, in human urine samples. The developed 2D ITP‐MS method showed its enhanced effectivity and usefulness for a routine biomedical use (here, a reliable screening of trace B vitamins in human urine without an offline sample preparation).
Recent advance in structure regulation of high‐capacity Ni‐rich layered oxide cathodes
Authors: Qiu Lang , Zhang Mengke , Song Yang , Xiao Yao , Wu Zhenguo , Xiang Wei , Liu Yuxia , Wang Gongke , Sun Yan , Zhang Jun , Zhang Bin , Guo Xiaodong
Published: October 2021

High‐capacity layered oxide Ni‐rich cathodes are attractive to enhance the driving‐range of electric vehicles because of its preferential costs. Nevertheless, in Ni‐rich cathodes, there are still many issues such as microcracks generation along grain boundaries and interface side reaction between active substance and electrolyte, resulting in the rapidly deterioration of electrochemical property. Herein, improving the performance of Ni‐based cathodes by structural regulation is summarized. The remaining challenges and outlook are discussed as well.

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