bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Data Collection Method on Structural Models
Authors: DE LEEUW EDITH D. , MELLENBERGH GIDEON J. , HOX JOOP J.
Published: March 2007

In survey data, four potential sources of measurement error can jeopardize the results: the respondents, the interviewers, the questions, and the data collection method. In the past two decades, a shift has occurred in the way survey data are collected; telephone surveys and, to a lesser degree, mail surveys are now more extensively used. This has stimulated empirical research on the influence of the data collection method on data quality. Most of these mode comparisons used univariate criteria. In this study we concentrate on the potential influence of the data collection method on two substantive structural models. A controlled field experiment was conducted in which a mail, a telephone, and a face-to-face survey were compared. Using multigroup comparisons, two substantive structural equation models (one for loneliness and one for general well-being) were compared across the different data collection methods. The different data collection methods turned out to produce significantly different covariance matrices. Subsequent analyses showed that structural models, based on these covariance matrices, also differed.
Keeping the Gate
Authors: MAYNARD DOUGLAS W. , SCHAEFFER NORA CATE
Published: March 2007

The authors employ a conversation-analytic perspective, using a haphazard sample of recorded phone calls, to analyze the sequential placement of and turn construction manner for recipients' declinations of the request to participate in a telephone survey interview. Recipients regularly respond very early in the opening of the phone call, just after the “reason for the call” is stated. In constructing their declining turns, recipients are either polite (claiming the “bad timing” of the request or that they are “not interested”), or they are impolite, as when they abruptly hang up. Some declinations are without preamble and are minimalist, whereas others are expressive and contain some question about the nature or length of the interview. The distribution of declination types reflect interviewers' and recipients' coordinated social actions in their brief encounter. The authors explore implications for survey design and data quality.
The Effect of Response Categories on Questionnaire Answers
Authors: ROCKWOOD TODD H. , SANGSTER ROBERTA L. , DILLMAN DON A.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the effect that the ranges presented in answer categories for survey questions can have on respondent answers. Response categories were manipulated in a split-ballot survey conducted in both telephone and mail modes. These categories, presented in the separate ballots, overlapped in one category; the other categories were unique to each ballot. The experiment was conducted on four questions: two frequent and mundane and two rare and salient. It was found that the response categories significantly affected the response for frequent and mundane questions. One question demonstrated a significant difference in response between the mail and telephone modes. For this question, a response scale with a limited number of socially desirable alternatives resulted in a social desirability effect in the telephone mode. Alternatively, the telephone mode demonstrated an extremeness effect when the response scale comprised a greater number of socially desirable alternatives.
Between local tax and global statistic: The Census as local record
Authors: Smith Richard Saumarez
Published: March 2007

The enumeration of caste and religion by the all-India Census was emblematic of a particular kind of imperial rule. Might a different procedure of compilation and record on an alternative epistemological basis have developed? Censuses had provided governments in India with statistical information at least from the 1820s, and been used for local taxa tion from much earlier. The possibility of a continually updated civil registry had been mooted from time to time but not put into effect. Another alternative, in which a census register formed part of the village record similar to the land registers, existed for a brief period in the 1850s in the Panjab. But this 'rule by record' was itself based on a theory of positive legislation and the preservation of social difference, pannomian if not panoptic. A different kind of census could only have belonged to another kind of imperial rule.
A journey into pictorial space: Poetics of frame and field in Maithil painting
Authors: Singh Mani Shekhar
Published: March 2007

This article explores the ways in which Maithil painting is constituted in a plurality of contexts. Even though the painting is ephemeral on ceremonial occasions, the women artists take great care in composing it. Its formal structure always emphasises the dominance of the centre occupied by the vermilion dot around which the core motif (such as the lotus plant) is organised. As an ambulant object made for nobody in particular and at home everywhere, Maithil painting embodies a notion of portability and permanency during the commodity phase, which influences its formal structure in significant ways. For the first time the picto rial border is introduced to the painting. Along with new pictorial surfaces, colours and tools, the border has important implications for the organisation of the pictorial field. However, the concern for authenticity and meaning has led most scholars to overlook the complexities involved in the making of the painting, particularly such basic issues as frame and field, and foreground and background relationships. This article also tries to show that, despite these changes in the formal attributes of Maithil painting, the compositional structure continues to emphasise the dominance of centric tendencies within the pictorial field.
The burden of history: Obstacles to power sharing in Sri Lanka
Authors: Roberts Michael
Published: March 2007

For around seventeen centuries the Sinhalese have sustained a historical consciousness through oral and written modes of transmission. These vamsa traditions emphasise the moment of civilisational state formation through the founding father, Vijaya, a tale that enters modem history texts and thus receives the status of 'fact'. This tale enters contem porary verbal battles of legitimation between Sinhalese and Tamil protagonists. A recent article by Wickramasinghe indicates how the Vijaya story can be a central pillar in the refusal to countenance devolution of power to the Tamils in the north-east. His unelabor ated reference to Vijaya indicates how the belief in the Sinhalese claims to original pos session operates in semi-subterranean ways among those extremists who deny the need for autonomy on various constitutional grounds in the vocabulary of democracy. One such is the Sinhala Urumaya (Heritage) Party that emerged in mid-2000 and around which many lines of opposition to the government's 'Devolution Package' coalesced. Despite its poor electoral performance in October 2000, the SU represents a powerful strand of thinking that bears the values associated with the 'revolution of 1956', values which are now ingrained in all the Sinhala-dominated parties.
Culture and political agency: Gender, kinship and village politics in West Bengal
Authors: Tenhunen Sipra
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates the importance of heeding the local meanings of politics for an understanding of political processes and agency, rather than subsuming alliance patterns under the general heading of 'factions'. The article, which is based on ethno graphic fieldwork in a village in West Bengal, India, during 1999-2000, explores the symbolic construction of politics. The main thrust of this article is to show how the domain of politics relates to the cultural construction of gender and kinship, and how this particular configuration of the concept of politics informs local political agency. It is the linkage between the domains of politics and kinship which makes parties efficient, but also makes politics a vulnerable and conflict-ridden business which allows national party organisations to intervene and consolidate their power through family disputes. In contrast to the view that portrays women as marginal to rural politics, gender is shown to be crucial to the political construction as a whole. As the concept of politics does not exclude home, kinship, and the women's domain, the gendered understanding of politics not only limits, but also enables, women's political participation and political action.
Hindu-Christian interaction in Pondicherry, 1700-1900
Authors: More J.B.P.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the interaction between the Hindus and Christians of Pondicherry between 1700 and 1900, showing how Christianity gained a foothold among the Hindus. On the one hand, pressures, preferences and persuasion were used by the French to induce conversions, while on the other hand certain cultural, social and moral aspects of Hinduism, like vegetarian ism and the caste system, made conversions difficult. The high-handed methods of some French colonisers and missionaries also slowed down the conversions. The paper brings out both the legendary tolerance of the Hindus and Hinduism, and the intolerance exhibited by egalitarian ideologies like Christianity, which pay scant regard to diverse cultural, moral and religious traditions and beliefs. The paper also rejects the theory that there is a symbiosis at work between the Hindus and Christians and affirms the distinctive existence of a Judeo-Christian-Islamic, and a Hindu-Buddhist, world.
Sanskritization: The career of an anthropological theory
Authors: Charsley Simon
Published: March 2007

The paper sketches the origins and development of one of the most widely influential of anthropological contributions to thinking about Indian society, 'Sanskritization', tracing its sources and its evolution in the thought of M.N. Srinivas, its author. As a process, he identified it first in his work as a student of G.S. Ghurye on 1930's rural Mysore. The roots and the form of this identification are examined. The theory was named and proclaimed in his classic Religion and society among the Coorgs, based on his Ph.D. work for Ghurye which he had reworked under the influence of Radcliffe-Brown's structural functionalism. Appearing thus, its original limited base was hidden: it was no longer a theory about Mysore society but about India in general, and indeed India resurgent in the era of Independence. Two diverging theses developed, linked by the centrality of the Brahman. One, seminal for future theoretical development, introduced social mobility into caste analysis; the other, more politically significant, was on the integration of Indian society. The paper discusses the subsequent development of the theory and, in a postscript, the way in which it reappears at the centre of current ideological oppositions.
“In Affirming Them, He Affirms Himself”
Authors: KIM SUNG HO
Published: March 2007

But with the member of a Nonconforming or self-made religious community, how different! The sectary's eigene grosse Erfindungen, as Goethe calls them,—the precious discoveries of himself and his friends for expressing the inexpressible and defining the undefinable in peculiar forms of their own,—cannot but, as he has voluntarily chosen them and is personally responsible for them, fill his whole mind. He is zealous to do battle for them and affirm them; for in affirming them, he affirms himself, and that is what we all like.

Matthew Arnold
Rousseau in Kimono
Authors: KAUFMAN-OSBORN TIMOTHY V.
Published: March 2007

Where is the essence of the West in the countries of Europe and America? All these countries have different systems. What is right in one country is wrong in the next; religion, customs, morals — there is no common agreement on any of these. Europe is discussed in a general way; and this sounds splendid. The question remains, however, where in reality does what is called Europe exist?

Okakura Kakuzō (1887)
Closing Gaps in Political Communication and Knowledge
Authors: McDEVITT MICHAEL , CHAFFEE STEVEN
Published: March 2007

A model of family influence that reverses the traditional roles of parents and children is presented to explain the results of a school intervention that narrowed political communication and knowledge gaps between parents of high and low socioeconomic status (SES). Students' exposure to a civics curriculum stimulated adolescent news media use at home and discussions with parents about an ongoing election campaign. These discussions, in turn, stimulated parents to pay more attention to news and to gain political knowledge. Students in Grades 5 through 12 and one parent from each family were interviewed in a quasi-experimental evaluation of the civics curriculum (N = 457 pairs). Parents in low-SES homes had not been strongly socialized to politics in their own youth, but their children's exposure to the school intervention provided them a second chance at citizenship. This study highlights the capacity of the child to stimulate political communication in low-SES families.
Explaining Individual Differences in Third-Person Perception
Authors: PEISER WOLFRAM , PETER JOCHEN
Published: March 2007

Research on social perception and a reassessment of findings from third-person research suggest that an individual's tendency to third-person perception is constrained by his or her perceptual position. For some people (e.g., the less well educated), it is probably less easily possible to perceive others as more susceptible to media effects than themselves. These kinds of constraints were investigated using data on third-person perception of television viewing behaviors (which is analogous to third-person perception of media influences). The authors found that people indeed showed a weaker tendency to third-person perception if they were in a less favorable position to do so, given their own viewing behavior and their attitudes. The limits / possibilities perspective seems useful for integrating research findings and may enhance our understanding of individual differences in third-person perception.
The Use of Temporary Staff and Managers in a Local Government Environment
Authors: GALUP STUART , SAUNDERS CAROL , NELSON REED E. , CERVENY ROBERT
Published: March 2007

This article employs a case study to assess the relative efficacy of two theoretical perspectives in understanding temporary labor use to restructure a county information systems department. Specifically, a department's experience is reviewed in light of transaction cost and social network theories—two perspectives that have explanatory potential for temporary employment systems. The juxtaposition of a temporary, private employment system with a permanent, government labor regime produced significant strains and contrasts and important benefits. Particularly interesting was the use of temporary management in addition to temporary direct labor in the restructuring. Management's effort to cope with the challenges of restructuring, present interview findings, and quantitative data based on questionnaire responses of 99 temporary and permanent employees concerning their satisfaction, job and work involvement, and interdependence are reviewed. Transaction cost and social network theories complement one another in interpreting questionnaire and interview findings to understand temporary employment systems.
ANGLOPHONE CANADIAN AND AMERICAN MASS MEDIA Use and Effects on Québecois Adults
Authors: PAYNE DAVID E. , CARON ANDRE H.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of Anglophone Canadian and American mass media on 814 Francophone Canadian adults' political and cultural knowledge and attitude levels. Random samples from a community with only Francophone television and a matched one with Francophone, Anglophone Canadian, and American television were employed. Use of all Anglophone Canadian and American media except television was low. Viewing Anglophone Canadian or American television had a number of effects on respondents including more favorable attitudes toward and information about Canada, the United States, and American products. The importance attributed to several political issues also differed for users of Anglophone and Francophone television. The inclusion of controls for interpersonal contact with Anglophones and sociolinguistic background slightly reduced most correlation coefficients.
AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ON YOUTH CULTURE
Authors: REDDI USHA VYASULU
Published: March 2007

The Indian music industry, though small by comparison to Western nations, is vast in reach and penetration. India is one of the few developing nations to both import and export media products. A survey shows that the most popular music medium among Indian college students is radio followed by cassette tapes. Most prefer Indian popular music derived from Indian film industry to western music. Upper-class youths, however, mostly prefer western music.
Cognitive Strategies and Communication During a Presidential Campaign
Authors: STAMM KEITH R.
Published: March 2007

Changes in voters' cognitive strategies and in the relationship of cognitive strategies to political participation were examined in a cohort study of 628 students during the 1984 presidential campaign. The prevalence of four selected cognitive strategies was shown to shift during the campaign, and communication behavior differed between persons using the same strategies at different stages of the campaign. The study supports a growing body of evidence suggesting that campaign communication is not a simple function of partisanship and precampaign commitment, but is also related to the cognitive behavior of voters at particular times during a campaign.
Nominal Agenda Diversity in a Media-Rich, Less-Developed Society
Authors: ALLEN RICHARD L. , IZCARAY FAUSTO
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted in Venezuela to explore the scope and the external validity of a model—nominal agenda diversity—representing the factors that lead people to identity a greater number of social problems as important. Using survey data gathered in an urban area of this media-rich developing country, three hypotheses were tested. The first two focused on those members of the society with a higher socioeconomic status (SES). Would they be more likely to attend to the information-and entertainment-oriented content in the mass media (television and newspapers) and be able to identify a larger number of problem areas in their region and in the country than those of lower SES? Further, it was hypothesized that the greater the exposure to newspaper content (both news and nonnews sections), as compared to exposure of people to television, the greater the nominal agenda diversity. A structural equation framework (LISREL) showed strong support for these hypotheses.
Children's Understanding of a Televised Narrative
Authors: HOFFNER CYNTHIA , CANTOR JOANNE , THORSON ESTHER
Published: March 2007

Children at three age levels (5-6, 8-9, and 10-12 years) were exposed to a story in one of three videotape formats (audiovisual, video only, or audio only). Comprehension of the story and memory for the temporal order of events were assessed. The 5- to 6-year-olds in the video-only condition performed more poorly on the comprehension questions and tended to remember temporal order (as assessed by a picture-ordering task) less well than did subjects in all the other groups. The data suggest that understanding and integrating temporal aspects of a narrative are more difficult for young children when the story is presented visually than when it is presented verbally, whereas older children comprehend narratives in both formats equally well. This pattern of results is consistent with research indicating a greater developmental increase in the ability to analyze and interpret pictorial information than in the ability to process verbal information, at least among children in the age range studied. Unique characteristics of the way different media convey information are considered, and apparent discrepancies between the present study and previous research are discussed.
Person Perception and Children's Impressions of Television and Real Peers
Authors: BABROW AUSTIN S. , O'KEEFE BARBARA J. , SWANSON DAVID L. , MEYERS RENEE A. , MURPHY MARY A.
Published: March 2007

Much television programming depicts people engaged in social interaction. Children's understandings of television, therefore, may be guided by their abilities to make sense of character depictions. By examining the developmental characteristics of impressions, this study suggests that the same construal process shapes children's understandings of both television and real peers. The study also indicates that impressions of both television and real peers are based on a common set of perceptual dimensions. Moreover, children's impressions are shown to be a function both of characteristics of the target and of the common underlying construal system.
A Comparison of Several Statistical Tests of Reciprocity of Self-Disclosure
Authors: DINDIA KATHRYN
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a study that compared several statistical tests of reciprocity of self-disclosure (SD): the correlation between a subject's perception of his or her SD to the partner and the partner's SD to the subject, the correlation between a subject's perception of his or her SD to a partner and the partner's perception of his or her SD to the subject; the correlation between objective observations of partners' SD and the sequential analysis of partners' SD. The results of the study were as follows. In 30 dyadic conversations between strangers, a subject's perceptions of his or her SD to the partner was positively related to the subject's perceptions of the partner's SD to the subject; a subject's perception of his or her SD to the partner was not positively related to the partner's perception of his or her SD to the subject; there was no positive relationship between partners' observed SD; and one person's SD did not increase the probability of the partner's subsequent SD, and vice versa. Thus little evidence for reciprocity of SD was found.
Where Is All Said and Done
Authors: FITZPATRICK MARY ANNE , WAMBOLDT FREDERICK S.
Published: March 2007

It is probably a gross understatement to say that the inner workings of marital and family life hold a fascination for most people. Given this intrinsic interest in the topic, it is not surprising that the study of marital and family interaction cuts across disciplinary boundaries, with researchers housed in a variety of disciplines including communication, psychiatry, social work, sociology, and social, clinical, and developmental psychology. Each discipline approaches the study of family interaction in a somewhat unique fashion. Part of this uniqueness comes from the different weightings each discipline places on the various levels of analysis from which an examination of the family can proceed, including the study of processes within individuals; interactions between individuals; properties of the component relationships, themselves; the family group, as a whole; and the influences of the broader community on the family. The central premise behind the theme of this special issue is our belief that a more complete understanding of communication in the family results from the consideration of more than one level of analysis within the same research endeavor. Our choice of a topic for this special issue was to focus on two levels of analysis that we find particularly intriguing: the intrapersonal and the interpersonal.
The Challenge of Inference in Interinstitutional Research on Mass Communication
Authors: TUROW JOSEPH
Published: March 2007

Interinstitutional research in mass communication carries with it a chain of complex, interrelated problems regarding tactics, sampling, data reliability, and notions of causality. This article confronts a number of these difficulties and suggests ways to deal with them. In addition, it draws on notions of storytelling and cognitive aesthetics to broaden the criteria for judging research. The aim is to encourage scholarship that is ambitious in thought and act and at the same time self-reflective and open about the most daunting dilemmas that confront researchers in this important research area.
Assessing the Functions of Supportive Messages
Authors: TARDY CHARLES H.
Published: March 2007

This article reports two studies of the process by which supportive messages in nonintimate relationships yield positive outcomes. The first experiment compares the efficacy of instrumental and emotional support in reducing distress and improving performance on a cognitive task. The second experiment examines the perceived effectiveness of instrumental and emotional support messages. The results suggest that instrumental support provided by an experimenter improves performance and is evaluated positively.
Organizational Entry
Authors: MIGNEREY JAMES T. , RUBIN REBECCA B. , GORDEN WILLIAM I.
Published: March 2007

This study tests an uncertainty model of organizational assimilation assimilation that views assimilation as an active process involving both organizational attempts to form the newcomer (socialization) and the newcomer's efforts to influence the organization (individualization). Results showed that during organizational entry, socialization tactics as well as communication traits, attitudes, and values influence information / feedback-seeking behaviors, which then result in higher attributional confidence and lower role ambiguity. Organizational commitment, communication satisfaction, and role orientation likewise are influenced by organizational and individual antecedents, which then affect information-seeking behavior. Newcomers who actively sought information and became critically involved during early employment were more likely to assume an innovative role profile within the organization.
Communicative Framing Theory in Conflict Resolution
Authors: DRAKE LAURA E. , DONOHUE WILLIAM A.
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates the framing concept and its utility for communication research in conflict resolution. The framing concept holds potential heuristic value that has not been realized. The authors take three rehabilitative steps: (a) define frames as communicative, rather than cognitive, constructions, (b) provide a theoretical framework for explicating the communicative framing process and its potential impact in conflict, and (c) explore the effects of particular framing patterns on actual conflict interaction. The framing concept is enhanced through alignment with negotiated order theory, speech act theory, and speech accommodation theory. It is argued that disputants and the professionals who work with them “frame” issues, using language choices to highlight some aspects of an issue, while ignoring others. Linguistic choices function as verbal cues to other participants, who may respond by converging or diverging on frames. As expected, the results of the study found a positive relationship between frame convergence and frequency of agreements. Negotiators and mediators who guided disputant discussion toward frame convergence increased focus, control, positive social attributions, and integrativeness.
Retrieving Knowledge in Social Situations
Authors: MEYER JANET R.
Published: March 2007

According to the Implicit Rules Model (Meyer, 1990), individuals acquire implicit rules that connect request situation schemas to behaviors. Two experiments asked whether people acquire knowledge of this form. In each experiment, participants learned, based on feedback, which behavior was “correct” for multiple instances of several situation schemas. Subsequent transfer tests showed that they could choose the correct behavior for new instances of each schema. A recognition test was employed to determine whether participants confused their memories for the transfer situations with schemas abstracted during the learning phase. In Experiment 1, a schema confusion effect was observed for situations containing requests similar to those in learning instances, but not for situations with different requests. In Experiment 2, recognition accuracy scores revealed strong schema confusion effects for situations with repeated and different requests and a weak effect for situations with similar requests. The results provide support for the assumptions of the Implicit Rules Model.
Revisiting the Principle of Relative Constancy
Authors: DUPAGNE MICHEL , GREEN R. JEFFERY
Published: March 2007

This study extends prior consumer mass media expenditures research by proposing two new econometric models for testing the principle of relative constancy (PRC). The PRC posits that the proportion of income devoted to the mass media will not change significantly over time, although some variations among mass media categories may occur to enable new communication technologies to succeed in the marketplace. Regression and cointegration analyses were conducted with Belgian mass media expenditure data from 1953 to 1991. Results revealed that the PRC failed to be supported for both models. Because of the PRC's lack of economic foundation and ambiguous empirical evidence, the authors suggest a shift in emphasis from PRC research to development of alternative mass media expenditure models.
Planning Skills and Negotiator Goal Accomplishment
Authors: JORDAN JERRY MONROE , ROLOFF MICHAEL E.
Published: March 2007

Scholars recognize that planning is an essential part of negotiation, but research provides limited insight into the nature of effective negotiation planning. This research is focused on the skills necessary for effective negotiation planning. It is argued that the information processing tendencies of high self-monitors make them particularly adept at planning for negotiations. The authors extend existing work in planning by relating self-monitoring to plan generation, plan enactment, and plan consequences. Results indicate that self-monitoring is related to prenegotiation goal commitment, planning of impression management strategies, planning of integrative tactics, and plan complexity. During negotiations, high self-monitors are more likely to engage in argumentation. However, they are not especially inclined to engage in more information seeking or rapport building. High self-monitors are better able to accomplish negotiation goals, and this appears to be the result of their superior planning skills. Results have implications for plan-based theorizing and for practicing negotiators.
The Impact of Group Size and Proportion of Shared Information on the Exchange and Integration of Information in Groups
Authors: CRUZ MICHAEL G. , BOSTER FRANKLIN J. , RODRÍGUEZ JÓSE I.
Published: March 2007

Hidden profiles exist when individual group members hold all the information favoring one decision alternative but only a subset of the information favoring another alternative. Given a hidden profile, group members often fail to exchange information completely and consequently make poor decisions. Circumstances in which groups perform poorly are worrisome because groups frequently are asked to make decisions. Conditions that improve group performance on hidden profiles were sought. Group information sharing and decision-making effectiveness were found to be higher in small groups with a low percentage of shared information, and lower when groups either were large or shared a high percentage of information (N = 80 groups). Greater information sharing, however, did not correlate with longer discussions. The proportion of shared information affected bolstering and discounting of information. Qualitative observations of group behavior are presented, and the implications of the results for information sharing and decision making are discussed.
Intensifying the Dominant Response
Authors: MONAHAN JENNIFER L. , ZUCKERMAN CYNTHIA E.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the effects of initial nonconscious affective responses on subsequent evaluations made by conversational participants and observers. Participants either first engaged in a subliminal priming task to induce a positive or negative affective response toward a confederate or were in a control (no priming) condition. After the priming task, participants either engaged in an interaction with the confederate or watched the interaction on videotape and then evaluated the confederate. The confederate used an uninvolved interaction style in Study 1 (N = 240) and a more involved style in Study 2 (N = 180). Results for conversational participants suggest that the nonconscious negative prime made the involved interaction seem more positive and the uninvolved interaction seem more negative. As predicted, results were stronger for participants than for observers and were stronger for negative rather than positive nonconscious affect.
Identifying and Explaining the Relationship Between Parental Mediation and Children's Aggression
Authors: NATHANSON AMY I.
Published: March 2007

A survey of 394 parents and children in 2nd through 6th grades was conducted to explore the relations between parental mediation of violent television and children's generalized and TV-induced aggressive tendencies. In addition, explanations for why mediation is related to aggression were sought by exploring a number of intervening variables. It was found that parental active mediation and restrictive mediation were both negatively related to children's generalized and TV-induced aggressive inclinations, whereas parental coviewing was positively related to children's TV-induced aggressive tendencies. The data also revealed that parental mediation works by first influencing either how important children perceive violent TV to be or how much attention they grant this content, which, in turn, influences aggressive tendencies. Hence, parental mediation seems to socialize children into an orientation toward TV that makes them less vulnerable to negative effects.
Elite Cues and Media Bias in Presidential Campaigns
Authors: WATTS MARK D. , DOMKE DAVID , SHAH DHAVAN V. , FAN DAVID P.
Published: March 2007

Public perception of a biased news media, particularly media biased in a liberal direction, has increased over the past 3 presidential elections. To examine what might be influencing this public opinion, the authors look at shifts in public perception of media bias, press coverage of the topic of media bias, and the balance in valence coverage of presidential candidates—all during the 1988, 1992, and 1996 presidential elections. Their results suggest that the rise in public perception that news media are liberally biased is not the result of bias in valence news coverage of the candidates, but, rather, due to increasing news self-coverage that focuses on the general topic of bias in news content. Furthermore, the increased claims of media bias come primarily from conservative elites who have proclaimed a liberal bias that is viewed as including the entire media industry.
Communicative Responses to Problematic Events in Close Relationships II
Authors: SAMP JENNIFER ANNE , SOLOMON DENISE HAUNANI
Published: March 2007

Research examining the role of goals in message production has identified ways communicative goals can be characterized. The authors conducted 2 studies investigating how characteristics of goals influence linguistic features in responses to problematic events in close relationships. We posited that 5 features of goals would be associated with message focus and embellishment. In Study 1, respondents recalled a problematic event in a close relationship, the conversation they had with that partner after the event, and the reasons why they offered the recalled response. Participants then answered questions about the event. In Study 2, they presented participants with hypothetical problems and asked them to role-play leaving a telephone message for their partners about the event. The results indicated that goal challenge, intensity, and complexity were positively associated with message embellishment. Focal center was predicted by a respondent's primary message goal. They discuss implications for understanding facets of communication goals and the nature of problematic events in close relationships.
Media Attention, Institutional Response, and Health Behavior Change
Authors: YANOVITZKY ITZHAK , BENNETT COURTNEY
Published: March 2007

This study considers media effects on behavior that are mediated through other social institutions. Examined is the extent to which changes over time in the amount of media attention to the issue of drunk driving (DD) may have contributed to the reduction in DD behavior between 1978 and 1996. It was hypothesized that media effects on DD behavior were mediated by policy response (i.e., legislation) to the DD problem. Aggregated measures of media attention, legislation, and DD behavior for 38 consecutive 6-month periods were used in a time-series regression analysis. Results indicate that although substantial direct media effects on DD-related legislation and behavior were present, the direct effect of media on behavior was no longer significant when the effect of legislation on behavior was controlled. These results suggest that future research efforts to uncover media effects on human behavior may benefit from considering the indirect impact of mass media on the social and cultural environment that surrounds individuals.
Structural Implications of the Crossposting Network of International News in Cyberspace
Authors: KANG NAEWON , CHOI JUNHO H.
Published: March 2007

This article uses network analysis to examine the structure of crossposting patterns of international news in cyberspace. By examining the patterns of crossposting of international news articles among newsgroups in Clarinet, a Usenet international news service, the authors analyze a symmetrical matrix of crossposted messages out of a total of 8,562 news articles, recategorized in 45 international groups. The multimethod triangulation of Bonacich's centrality, cluster analysis, and multidimensional analysis demonstrates that newsgroups of China, developing countries in Southeast Asia, and some Middle Eastern countries like Israel and Iraq occupy central positions in the structure of the crossposting network, along with those of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. It also shows that newsgroups of several Western countries like Germany and Italy have peripheral positions in the network. Notably, newsgroups of the international organizations, which are significant actors in globalized international relations, have high centralities in the crossposting network.
The Hostile Interpretations Questionnaire
Authors: SIMOURD DAVID J. , MAMUZA JOELLE M.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the psychometric properties and construct validity of a new measure of hostility, the Hostile Interpretations Questionnaire (HIQ). The sample consisted of 146 violent offenders incarcerated in a Canadian federal institution. Participants completed a battery of self-report psychometric measures as part of a pre-release psychological assessment. Results indicated that the HIQ had acceptable internal consistency reliability ( r = .86) and demonstrated construct validity with relevant anger/hostility measures. Implications of the findings with respect to theory and practice are considered.
Self-Management during Counseling Sessions
Authors: FRIESEN WALTER , ANDREWS DON
Published: March 2007

The social learning model of behavioral self-management provides a promising base for the assessment of intra-and interindividual differences in self-control. Assessments of the anticriminal efforts of probationers were made from audiotapes of counseling sessions. The assessments proved to be reliable, to correlate with several relevant attitude and personality measures and were predictive of postprogram recidivism. The application of specific self-regulation skills were more predictive than were general plans or expressions of values supportive of self-management.
Factors of Stress among Police Officers
Authors: WHITE JACQUELYN W. , LAWRENCE P. SCOTT , BIGGERSTAFF CAROLYN , GRUBB TERRY D.
Published: March 2007

Three major areas of stress, Physical/Psychological Threat, Evaluation Systems, and Lack of Support were identified in police officers via factor analysis. These were related to bureau, age, years on the job, and race. Results were discussed in terms of an expanded model of police stress, incorporating role with the variable of time.
Delinquent Reform and the Labeling Perspective
Authors: BAZEMORE GORDON
Published: March 2007

This article examines the utility of the labeling perspective in the explanation of reform among delinquents. In the labeling view, juvenile court labeling is expected to increase the probability that offending will be extended into the adult years. Further, change in delinquent identity, or the internalization of the delinquent label, is argued to mediate the labeling/reform relationship. Using data on a cohort of delinquents followed for 15 years, an empirical test of this labeling interpretation is presented. This test is replicated in the case of “positive” labeling where the effects on reform of labeling by the school are expected to be mediated by positive self-esteem. A common alternative explanation of the posited relationship between labeling and subsequent offending focused on individual variation in delinquent involvement is also examined using these data. Findings challenge the traditional labeling view that changes in self-esteem or delinquent identity (i.e., “acceptance” of the label) are required intervening processes in the relationship between labeling and future offending or reform. The alternative explanation of the labeling/reform relationship is also not supported in these data. An organizational level interpretation and new research directions are suggested.
Correlates of the Megargee Criminal Classification System
Authors: WALTERS GLENN D.
Published: March 2007

MMPIs were gathered from the clinical files of 404 inmates confined within a maximum security military prison and then organized according to Megargee's criminal classification system into one of ten profile patterns or an unclassified group. In order to make cross-validation of initial results possible, the overall sample was subdivided into two equal halves (N = 202 subjects each). The demographic, background, self-report, and behavioral correlates of these ten types were then derived and cross-validated. Results generally supported the validity of the Megargee system for use with military prisoners, although only the two most highly elevated patterns (i.e., Charlie and How) evidenced consistently replicable findings.
Symptoms of Psychopathology among Jail Prisoners
Authors: GIBBS JOHN J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the contribution of person and environment factors to symptoms of psychopathology among jail prisoners. The data challenge the conventional view that a disproportionate number of jail prisoners exhibit symptoms of psychological and psychiatric disorders because they are mentally ill before they enter jail. The SCL-90 was administered to a sample of jail prisoners (N = 339) within 72 hours of confinement. Initially, the respondents were asked to rate symptoms since then had been confined and the week prior to their arrest and confinement. The instrument was administered again to available members of the sample (N = 102) after 5 days of incarceration, at which time the respondents were asked to rate their symptoms since their initial interview. A repeated measures analysis of variance of prisoner symptom scores for the three rating intervals indicated that for several dimensions symptoms increase markedly during incarceration's initial period and then stabilize or diminish after five days of confinement. An examination of the symptom scores in conjunction with measures of history of psychological disorder suggested that although those with a history of disorder had higher symptom scores for most dimensions than those without such a history, for some dimensions, the symptom scores of those without a history of disorder showed a sharper increase in response to incarceration than did those of their psychologically troubled counterparts. The findings demonstrate that jail can have considerable effects on symptom levels, and these effects are not restricted to those who we normally view as susceptible. The results suggest that those who hold an exclusively person-centered view of psychological disturbance among jail prisoners should expand their view to include the contribution of the jail environment.
The Interpersonal Maturity Level Classification System I-Level
Authors: HARRIS PHILIP W.
Published: March 2007

The Interpersonal Maturity Level Classification System, more commonly known as I-level, is designed to increase treatment effectiveness with delinquent youths. Consisting of both a developmental classification and a response-style typology, it clarifies differences and similarities among youths in ways that permit matching of clients with treaters, treatment strategies, and treatment environments. Its central role in California's highly-publicized Community Treatment Project resulted in spread of its use within juvenile corrections as well as considerable acclaim and criticism from researchers and policy analysts. This article summarizes I-level's development, classification methods, current status, and future developments.
Classification for Effective Rehabilitation
Authors: ANDREWS D. A. , BONTA JAMES , HOGE R. D.
Published: March 2007

Four principles of classification for effective rehabilitation are reviewed: risk, need, responsivity, and professional override. Many examples of Case x Treatment interactions are presented to illustrate the principles.
Outcome Evaluation of a Prison Therapeutic Community for Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: WEXLER HARRY K. , FALKIN GREGORY P. , LIPTON DOUGLAS S.
Published: March 2007

Some persons in the fields of substance abuse and corrections still believe that prison-based rehabilitation is ineffective and that treatment efforts should be reserved for the nonprison community. While correctional institutions are generally hostile environments that impede attempts at both treatment and research, both can be accomplished successfully, even though it is highly difficult to maintain the integrity of treatment programs and research studies within correctional facilities. This study reports treatment findings for the Stay'n Out therapeutic community (TC), which has operated in the New York State correctional system for over 12 years. This is the first large-scale study (N = 1,500) that provides convincing evidence that prison-based TC treatment can produce significant reductions in recidivism rates for males and females.
Social and Legal Policy Dimensions of Violent Juvenile Crime
Authors: FAGAN JEFFREY
Published: March 2007

The problem of what to do about violent delinquents has existed since the juvenile court was established in 1899. Doubts about the efficacy of rehabilitation, together with persistently high rates of violent juvenile crime, placed violent juvenile offenders at the center of an ideological debate between proponents of traditional juvenile justice policies and those who would restrict or eliminate the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. Recent research has shown that effect and proportionate correctional interventions in the juvenile justice system can advance crime control and rehabilitative policies. The existence of such programs obviates the rationale for judicial or legislative exclusion of violent juvenile offenders from the juvenile justice system. Policies to reallocate resources and reorganize juvenile corrections services should emphasize reintegration efforts to sustain institutional treatment through the process of community reentry.