bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paternal involvement in child caregiving and infant sociability
Authors: Frascarolo France
Published: November 2004

In this study, the influence of paternal involvement in caregiving on infant sociability was assessed using a “strange situation” paradigm adapted from the work of Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall (1978). Thirty‐seven families participated with their firstborn child (aged 12–14 months). According to the questionnaire, 20 “nontraditional” fathers were very involved in caretaking, and 17 fathers were less or not at all involved. Infant sociability was assessed using three of Ainsworth et al.'s rating scales: proximity or contact‐seeking, avoidance, and distance interaction. Results indicated that infants of nontraditional fathers were globally more sociable with all their partners (father, mother, and stranger) than infants of traditional fathers. Furthermore, results suggested that it was not only the father–infant relationship or infant development which were affected by the amount of paternal involvement in daily caretaking but the family system as a whole. Indeed, infants from nontraditional families appeared to interact equally with their fathers and mothers in direct interaction. In addition, these infants interacted at a distance with a “stranger” as much in the presence of their fathers as in the presence of their mothers, thereby suggesting that both parents represented an equally secure base.
Temporal changes in the affective experience of new fathers and their spouses
Authors: Kaitz Marsha , Katzir Daphna
Published: November 2004

Our aim was to study temporal changes in fathers' affective experience during the first year of parenthood. For comparison, data also were collected from their spouses. Fifty‐five Israeli couples comprised the initial sample, and both partners were interviewed during the prepartum period and at 3, 6, and 12 months' postpartum. Measures of emotionality, positive affect, negative affect, and mood regarding self, infant, and spouse/marriage were derived by finely coding parents' answers to interview questions. Analyses show that, for fathers and mothers, time effects were most substantial between the prepartum period and 3 months postpartum, and most of the changes were in a positive direction. Fathers and mothers showed continuity in positive affect and in negative affect, respectively. Overall, the sample experienced heightened positive affect and more positive moods after the birth of their infant than prior to it.
Colic and fussing in infancy, and sensory processing at 3 to 8 years of age
Authors: DeSantis Andrea , Coster Wendy , Bigsby Rosemarie , Lester Barry
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this follow‐up study was to examine whether a group of 28 clinic‐referred infants with colic, excessive crying, or both at 4 to 12 weeks demonstrated sensory processing, coping, and behavioral/attention regulation difficulties at 3 to 8 years of age. Seventy‐five percent of the sample demonstrated atypical behavioral responses to sensory experiences. Hours of fussing during infancy significantly correlated with inattention, emotional reactivity, touch processing, environmental coping, and externalizing behavior at 3 to 8 years, but not hours of crying. The most striking result was that children with more hours of early fussing showed less efficient sensory processing, poorer coping with the environment, and more attention/hyperactivity problems compared to those with less hours of fussing. Results suggest that hours of fussing rather than crying could be an early marker for infants at risk.
Determination of bromazepam in human plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection: application to a bioequivalence study
Authors: Andraus Maristela H. , Wong Anthony , Silva Ovandir A. , Wada Cicília Y. , Toffleto Odaly , Azevedo Cristina P. , Salvadori Myriam C.
Published: November 2004

A simple method using a one‐step liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (ESI‐MS/MS) detection was developed for the determination of bromazepam in human plasma, using lorazepam as internal standard. The acquisition was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode, monitoring the transitions: m/z 316 > 182 for bromazepam and m/z 321 > 275 for lorazepam. The method was linear over the studied range (1–100 ng ml−1), with r2 > 0.98, and the run time was 2.5 min. The intra‐ and inter‐assay precisions were 2.7–14.6 and 4.1–17.3%, respectively and the intra‐ and inter‐assay accuracies were 87–111 and 75.8–109.5%, respectively. The mean recovery was 73.7%, ranging from 64.5 to 79.7%. The limit of quantification was 1 ng ml−1. At this concentration the mean intra‐ and inter‐assay precisions were 14.6 and 7.1%, respectively, and the mean intra‐ and inter‐assay accuracies were 102.5 and 104%, respectively. Bromazepam stability was evaluated and the results showed that the drug is stable in standard solution and in plasma samples under typical storage and processing conditions. The method was applied to a bioequivalence study in which 27 healthy adult volunteers (14 men) received single oral doses (6 mg) of reference and test bromazepam formulations, in an open, two‐period, randomized, crossover protocol. The 90% confidence interval of the individual ratios (test formulation/reference formulation) for Cmax (peak plasma concentration), AUC0–96 and AUC0–inf (area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time zero to 96 h and to infinity, respectively) were within the range 80–125%, which supports the conclusion that the test formulation is bioequivalent to the reference formulation regarding the rate and extent of bromazepam absorption. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of 5,6‐dichlorotetradecanoic acid, an isolated metabolite of 9,10‐dichlorooctadecanoic acid, by studying picolinyl esters, pyrrolidides and methyl esters with electron ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Åkesson‐Nilsson Gunilla , Wesén Clas
Published: November 2004

A method is presented for identification of positional isomers of dichlorinated fatty acids, based on derivatization to picolinyl esters prior to gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis in the electron ionization mode. The mass spectra of the picolinyl esters showed structure‐specific fragmentation patterns. By using the picolinyl ester, 5,6‐dichlorotetradecanoic acid was identified as a metabolite from a cell‐culture medium obtained by culturing human cell lines in media supplemented with threo‐9,10‐dichlorooctadecanoic acid. This indicates that dichlorinated fatty acids are degraded by β‐oxidation. It is also possible to locate tentatively the position of chlorine atoms in 5,6‐dichlorotetradecanoic acid as its methyl ester or pyrrolidide. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge permutation reactions in tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: He Min , McLuckey Scott A.
Published: November 2004

Central to the tandem mass spectrometry experiment is the process that gives rise to product ions, i.e. the reaction intermediate to stages of mass analysis. Changes in mass or charge of the parent ion (or both) are generally readily detected by all forms of tandem mass spectrometry. Charge changing, or charge permutation, reactions have a long history in mass spectrometry. However, with the advent of new ionization methods, such as electrospray ionization, and the expansion of tandem mass spectrometry instrumentation to include ion trapping instruments, the past decade has seen a major increase in the types of charge permutation reactions that can be studied. Most charge permutation reactions involve electrons or protons as the charge mediating agents. This report, therefore, provides an overview of charge permutation reactions involving protons or electrons. Particular emphasis is placed on processes that involve interactions of precursor ions with gaseous neutral species, electrons or oppositely charged ions. Charge permutation reactions involving electron gain/loss are described first according to a rough order of the energy required for the reaction beginning with the most endoergic reactions and ending with the most exoergic reactions. An analogous approach is then taken with charge permutation reactions involving proton gain/loss. Important charge permutation reactions discussed herein, among others, include those referred to as charge inversion, charge stripping, electron capture dissociation, collision‐induced ionization and charge separation. These reaction types, and others described herein, are the subjects of active research and are also finding use in many current areas of application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral recognition in solution and the gas phase. Experimental and theoretical studies of aromatic D‐ and L‐amino acid–Cu(II)–chiragen complexes Jennifer L. Seymour František Tureček Andrei V. Malkov Pavel Kočovský Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2004; 39: 1044–1052
Authors: Seymour Jennifer L. , Tureček František , Malkov Andrei V. , Kočovský Pavel
Published: November 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2004; 39: 1044–1052.
Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance
Authors: Avolio Bruce J. , Zhu Weichun , Koh William , Bhatia Puja
Published: November 2004

Using a sample of 520 staff nurses employed by a large public hospital in Singapore, we examined whether psychological empowerment mediated the effects of transformational leadership on followers' organizational commitment. We also examined how structural distance (direct and indirect leadership) between leaders and followers moderated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Results from HLM analyses showed that psychological empowerment mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Similarly, structural distance between the leader and follower moderated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Implications for research and practice of our findings are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The proficiency trap: how to balance enriched job designs and the team's need for support
Authors: Drach‐Zahavy Anat
Published: November 2004

The present study seeks to enlighten our understanding of ways to promote the performance of teams of professionals. Considering that job enrichment practices might block support for a team, and hence its performance, the study examined the moderating effects of cultural factors, namely individualism–collectivism and power distance, and the team leader's practices as a source of support in the job enrichment–team support relationship. Further, the study examined the mediating role of team support in improving the performance of professional teams. Results from 56 healthcare teams from different hospitals indicated that attempts to promote professionals' performance should consider at a minimum how to balance job enrichment practices and the team's need for support. The findings suggest that this balance could be achieved by emphasizing the support provided by the leader, and by strengthening the cultural values of low power distance and collectivism in the team. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling negative affectivity and job stress: a contingency‐based approach
Authors: Barsky Adam , Thoresen Carl J. , Warren Christopher R. , Kaplan Seth A.
Published: November 2004

Understanding the role of negative affectivity (NA) in relations between job stressors and resultant strains has been a major source of research interest in the organizational literature for almost two decades. In this study, we propose a contingency approach, whereby the role of NA depends on the nature of the strain construct under investigation. Specifically, we predicted that perceived job stressors would fully mediate the relationship between NA and turnover intentions, while job stressors would only partially mediate the relationship between NA and job and life satisfaction, and job stressors would be unrelated to depression once NA was taken into account. The relative fit of these four models is tested utilizing data from two divergent samples (sales representatives and managers) employing both self‐ and informant reports of strain measures where feasible. Hypotheses regarding the specified nature of the NA → stressor → strain relationship generally were supported and replicated across samples. In addition, an alternate model specifying that NA moderates the relationship between stressors and strains was not supported for any strain variable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning behavior and perceived control of time at work
Authors: Claessens Brigitte J. C. , Van Eerde Wendelien , Rutte Christel G. , Roe Robert A.
Published: November 2004

This study investigated two mediation models of time management. The first model consisted of parts of Macan's (1994) model. The second model combined this model with Karasek's (1998) Job Demand–Control model. Two sets of self‐report questionnaires were collected and were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The first model, in which perceived control of time was hypothesized to fully mediate the relation between planning behavior and work strain, job satisfaction, and job performance, was found to be less adequate than the second model, which added workload and job autonomy as independent variables. Results also indicated that partial, rather than full, mediation of perceived control of time fitted the data best. The study demonstrated the importance of studying both planning behavior and job characteristics, which was not part of past research. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐ and deep‐level diversity in workgroups: examining the moderating effects of team orientation and team process on relationship conflict
Authors: Mohammed Susan , Angell Linda C.
Published: November 2004

The increased use of teams in organizations, coupled with an increasingly diverse workforce, strongly suggests that we should learn more about how team diversity affects functioning and performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the differential impact of surface‐level diversity (gender, ethnicity), deep‐level diversity (time urgency, extraversion), and two moderating variables (team orientation, team process) on relationship conflict over time. Hypotheses were tested by tracking 45 student project teams in a longitudinal design. Results revealed that team orientation and team process moderated the diversity–conflict link. Specifically, team orientation helped to neutralize the negative effects of surface‐level (gender) diversity on relationship conflict. In a similar manner, team processes worked to weaken the deleterious effects of deep‐level diversity (time urgency) on relationship conflict. In addition, relationship conflict resulted in lower perceived performance by team members. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Client–project manager engagements, trust, and loyalty
Authors: Webber Sheila Simsarian , Klimoski Richard J.
Published: November 2004

This study addresses the behaviors of project managers under various conditions of cognitive and affective trust, and the implications for obtaining client loyalty. Theoretical foundations were drawn from interpersonal and interorganizational trust literature. A test of the proposed theoretical framework was conducted in a field setting utilizing a matched design of both project managers and their clients. The results show that reliable project performance positively impacted client loyalty intentions and service‐oriented OCBs positively impacted client secondary retention. An interaction showed that in low cognitive trust situations the project manager behavior of reliable project performance facilitated the obtainment of client loyalty intentions. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electro‐reaction‐diffusion systems with nonlocal constraints
Authors: Glitzky A.
Published: November 2004

The paper deals with equations modelling the redistribution of charged particles by reactions, drift and diffusion processes. The corresponding model equations contain parabolic PDEs for the densities of mobile species, ODEs for the densities of immobile species, a possibly nonlinear, nonlocal Poisson equation and some nonlocal constraints. Based on applications to semiconductor technology these equations have to be investigated for non‐smooth data and kinetic coefficients which depend on the state variables.

In two space dimensions we discuss the steady states of the system, we prove energy estimates, global a priori estimates and give a global existence result. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A strongly degenerate diffusion equation with strong absorption
Authors: Winkler Michael
Published: November 2004

It is shown that the Cauchy problem in ℝ for the strongly degenerate parabolic equation

has a nonnegative weak solution for any nonnegative bounded continuous initial datum, provided that q ≤ p – 1, while there is no (continuous) weak solution for q > p – 1. The evolution of the spatial positivity set {u(t) > 0}, continuity of the free boundary and the extinction rate are also investigated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A finite element formulation of the outlet gradient boundary condition for convective–diffusive transport problems
Authors: Cornaton Fabien , Perrochet Pierre , Diersch Hans‐Jörg
Published: November 2004

A simple finite element formulation of the outlet gradient boundary condition is presented in the general context of convective–diffusive transport processes. Basically, the method is based on an upstream evaluation of the dependent variable gradient along open boundaries. Boundary normal unit vectors and gradient operators are evaluated using covariant bases and metric tensors, which allow handling finite elements of mixed dimensions. Even though the presented method has implications for many fields where diffusion processes are involved, discussion and illustrative examples address more particularly the framework of contaminant transport in porous media, in which the outlet gradient concentration is classically, but wrongly assumed to be zero. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural orbital functional for correlation in polymers
Authors: Piris Mario , Otto Peter
Published: November 2004

We extend a natural orbital functional to calculate correlation energies for periodic polymers. We generalize the proposed correlation matrix in a two‐particle reduced density matrix to achieve a size‐consistent functional. Because of the linearity in two‐electron integrals, our functional does not behave properly for weakly interacting systems. We separate the Coulomb operator into two parts and consider only the short‐range operator for the two‐electron integrals in the correlation term of the energy functional. The long‐range interactions will be included in the future development of the functional to consider dispersion interactions. Application is made to alternating trans‐polyacetylene. The experimentally observed reduction of the Hartree–Fock lattice spacing by the inclusion of electron correlation is correctly predicted. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Surface energies of simple metals from slabs: Comparison of exchange‐correlation density functionals
Authors: Fiolhais Carlos , Almeida L. M.
Published: November 2004

Surface energies of some simple metals (Be, Al, Mg, Li, and Na) were calculated within density functional theory. Various approximations for the exchange and correlation were tested: local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximations (GGA), and meta–generalized gradient approximation (MGGA). We used the Crystal98 code to calculate slabs with one to 10 layers using both all‐electron and pseudopotential approaches. The extraction of the surface energy from the series of slab energies was done by the linear‐fitting method. Our LDA and GGA results agree reasonably well with those from other authors. The MGGA values are, in general, close to LDA and higher than GGA ones, a pattern also observed in the jellium model. They also agree reasonably well with the experimental data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Fractional occupation number approaches for CAS (2,2) systems based on second‐order density
Authors: Takeda Ryo , Yamanaka Shusuke , Yamaguchi Kizashi
Published: November 2004

In previous work, we applied a fractional occupation number (FON) approach within density functional theory (DFT) for twisted methylene and found that the applicability of FON‐DFT is limited for the neighborhood of the completely degenerate state, implying the necessity of the second‐order density (SOD) expression of the energy functional. In the succeeding work, we have derived the exact expression of SOD of CAS (2,2) by the natural orbitals (NOs) and their occupation numbers, which we call “one‐body representation of second‐order density” (ORSOD). We present here the FON scheme based on ORSOD by directly optimizing the NOs and their occupation numbers. In contrast to the previous FON‐DFT, this FON scheme is found to work well, in particular, the dissociation limit of the heteronuclear systems, showing that this scheme can be an alternative for complete active space self‐consistent field (2,2) methods for such cases. The current scheme provides a guideline for extension and approximations of the FON scheme to investigate mesoscopic systems with large active space. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Multiscale modeling of polymers on a surface: From ab initio density functional calculations of molecular adsorption to large‐scale properties
Authors: Delle Site Luigi , Kremer Kurt
Published: November 2004

By combining ab initio density functional calculations and polymer coarse‐grained models we study the interplay of adsorption energy and conformational entropy for polymer systems in contact with a surface. The central idea is to divide the chain or even the monomers into submolecules small enough to allow an ab initio study of molecular adsorption at the surface. By making appropriate considerations, this can then be incorporated into a coarse‐grained model for the polymer–surface interaction. The modeling procedure consists of applying a qualitative adsorption mechanism together with coarse‐grained polymer conformations. The main advantage of such an approach is that direct potential parameterizations are not required and that for the current purpose ab initio calculations are sufficiently accurate. Our method is rather general and can be applied to a large class of polymers interacting with surfaces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Study of radical defects in crystalline lattices from first‐principles molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Van Speybroeck V. , Pauwels E. , Stevens F. , Callens F. , Waroquier M.
Published: November 2004

Theoretical calculations are presented to determine the structure of radical defects in crystalline lattices. The applications are concentrated on radical defects as they are induced by irradiation in organic crystals and paramagnetic molecular ions embedded in alkali halide lattices. Various approaches are possible to model the molecular environment: the single‐molecule approach, the cluster approach, and periodic calculations. The latter are based on a Car–Parrinello formalism in which the molecular orbitals are expanded in a plane‐wave basis set and in which the optimized structures at 0 K are obtained by a simulated annealing technique. The pros and cons of the various approaches are highlighted, and where possible comparison with experimental electron paramagnetic resonance data are given. Due to the different natures of ionic and organic crystals, specific computational procedures are needed to get good correspondence with the experimental data. In various cases there is experimental evidence that some radical structures are submitted to noticeable changes with increasing temperature. These effects were theoretically reproduced by performing molecular dynamics calculations at elevated temperatures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Optimized effective potential method at finite temperature: An application to superconductivity
Authors: Shigeta Yasuteru
Published: November 2004

To deal with superconductivity without introducing an external pairing potential we extend the effective potential methodology into that at finite‐temperature cases, starting from Green's function theory based on the Sham–Schlüter (SS) equation. This extension corresponds to a Kohn–Sham–Bogoliubov equation that includes electron exchange‐correlation effects. Then we linearize the Dyson equation with respect to the anomalous Green function and adopt a linear response approximation to the SS equation. Numerical calculation is performed with a model Hamiltonian within the exchange‐only case. We compare the results obtained by the present optimized potential method with those by the exact Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov method and confirm a good performance of the present method. We evaluate anomalous effective exchange potentials resulting from purely positive electron interactions and observe the singlet superconducting state due to multiband effects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Bonding properties of the new zintl‐phase hydrides
Authors: Orgaz Emilio , Aburto Andrea
Published: November 2004

We investigated the electronic structure of three recently discovered Zintl‐phase hydrides: SrAl2H2, Ca3SnH2, and Ca5Sn3H. The energy bands and the total and partial densities of states were computed by means of the full‐potential linearized augmented‐plane‐wave method. We found the SrAl2H2and Ca5Sn3H hydrides are metallic and Ca3SnH2is a small‐gap semiconductor. We analyzed the chemical bonding features of this series of compounds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Titanium oxides and silicates as high‐κ dielectrics: A first‐principles investigation
Authors: Rignanese G.‐M. , Rocquefelte X. , Gonze X. , Pasquarello Alfredo
Published: November 2004

Using density functional theory, we investigate the structural, vibrational, and dielectric properties of titanium oxides and silicates, which have attracted considerable attention in the framework of the quest for alternative high‐κ materials. For the oxides, three crystalline phases of titanium dioxide are considered. The first two are hypothetical; they are obtained by similarity with the cubic and tetragonal structure of zirconia ZrO2 or hafnia HfO2. The third is the rutile, a crystal that occurs naturally. For the silicates, we analyze a hypothetical TiSiO4 structure constructed by analogy with crystalline ZrSiO4 and HfSiO4 (zircon and hafnon). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
DFT description of the magnetic structure of polynuclear transition‐metal clusters: The complexes [{Cu(bpca)2(H2O)2}{Cu(NO3)2}2], (bpca = Bis(2‐pyridylcarbonyl)amine), and [Cu(DBSQ)(C2H5O)]2, (DBSQ = 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐semiquinonato)
Authors: Bencini Alessandro , Totti Federico
Published: November 2004

Broken symmetry B3LYP‐DFT calculations on three‐ and four‐spin systems, namely the complexes [{Cu(bpca)2(H2O)2}{Cu(NO3)2}2], (bpca = Bis(2‐pyridylcarbonyl)amine), 1, and [Cu(DBSQ)(C2H5O)]2, (DBSQ = 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐semiquinonato), 2, have been performed. A procedure to compute the exchange coupling constants through the use of a complete set of broken symmetry determinants is suggested. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Theoretical study of neutral and cationic complexes involving phenol
Authors: Tran Fabien , Wesołowski Tomasz A.
Published: November 2004

Geometry and interaction energy in complexes of the Ph–L type (L = Ar, N2, CO, H2O, NH3, CH4, CH3OH, CH3F) involving neutral or cationic phenol were determined using the density functional theory formalism based on the minimization of the total energy bifunctional and gradient‐dependent approximations for its exchange‐correlation and nonadditive kinetic‐energy parts. For the neutral complexes the calculated interaction energies range from 1 kcal/mol for the Ph–Ar complex to about 10 kcal/mol for Ph–NH3. The interactions are stronger if the cationic phenol is involved (up to 25 kcal/mol). It is found, except for neutral Ph–Ar, that the hydrogen‐bonded structure is more stable than the π‐bound one. Calculated interaction energies (De) correlate well with the experimental dissociation energies (D0). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Nesidioblastosis: An Old Term and a New Understanding
Authors: Kaczirek Klaus , Niederle Bruno
Published: November 2004

Nesidioblastosis is a clinically, pathologically, and genetically heterogeneous disease. Differences between well described forms in neonates with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) and rare forms in adults are described. Histopathologic criteria include hypertrophic islets occasionally showing beta cells with pleomorphic nuclei, ductuloinsular complexes, and neoformation of islets from ducts. These changes can be found as diffuse or focal forms of nesidioblastosis. Although most cases occur sporadically, several genetic defects (SUR1, Kir6.2, GCK, and GLUD1 genes) have been described in neonates. In adults a higher rate of nesidioblastosis is observed in conjunction with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. The disease is diagnosed biochemically by a supervised fasting test in adults and in neonates by determining the glucose requirements to maintain normoglycemia, inappropriately high insulin and c‐peptide levels, low free fatty acid and ketone body concentrations, glycemic response to glucagons, and the absence of ketonuria. If all highly selective noninvasive imaging techniques fail to identify a tumor, selective arterial calcium stimulation testing for gradient‐guided surgery in adults and percutaneous transhepatic pancreatic venous sampling in neonates should be performed. a 95% pancreatectomy is necessary in neonates with a diffuse form of nesidioblastosis, whereas focal forms can be treated by partial pancreatectomy.
Prognostic Indications for Hürthle Cell Cancer
Authors: Kushchayeva Yevgeniya , Duh Quan‐Yang , Kebebew Electron , Clark Orlo H.
Published: November 2004

Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) has been reported to have variable clinical behavior. The objective of this study was to determine the important prognostic factors in patients with HCC. It was a retrospective investigation of 33 patients with HCC treated in our institution from 1976 to 2002. The average age of our 33 patients with HCC was 55.2 years (range 20–82 years; 23 women, 10 men). Fifteen patients (45.5%) presented with a T2 tumor, 7 (21.2%) with a T3 tumor, and 8 (24.2%) with a T4 tumor; the tumor stage was unknown in three patients. Coexisting papillary carcinoma occurred in six patients (18%), 9% of whom presented with metastatic disease. Twelve patients (36.4%) had metastases, four of whom (12.2%) had persistent HCC, and 8 (24.2%) developed recurrent HCC (range 1–9 years). Eight of these twelve patients (66.7%) died from the HCC. The average follow‐up time was 5.5 years (range 1–16 years). Altogether, 3 of 23 women and 5 of 10 men died from their HCC (p < 0.05). Of the 22 patients with T2‐T3 tumors, 5 (22.7%) developed metastases and 1 patient died; 5 of 8 patients (62.5%) with T4 tumors developed metastases and died (p < 0.01). Patients who were treated by less than total thyroidectomy had a worse prognosis by univariate analysis (p < 0.01) but not by multivariate analysis. Survival time for patients with persistent disease was shorter than for those with recurrent disease (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis, however, revealed no difference for extent of operation or those with persistent and recurrent disease. The cause‐specific survivals were 74% and 49% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Disease‐free survivals were 65.0% and 40.5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Our findings show that gender and stage of disease influence the prognosis of patients with HCC.
Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Operative Technique
Authors: Uchino Shinya , Noguchi Shiro , Yamashita Hiroyuki , Watanabe Shin
Published: November 2004

Our standard surgical approach to patients with papillary thyroid cancer is subtotal thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection (MRND) on the affected side. MRND preserves the jugular vein, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the accessory nerve, effectively conserving function and cosmesis. Knowledge of the anatomy of the neck, precise staging, prognostic evaluation, and experience are needed for a surgeon to perform MRND. Radical neck dissection should not be performed unless the tumor invades the jugular vein and sternocleidomastoid muscle. Berry picking is not indicated for patients with thyroid cancer. The skin incision used is an extended collar incision. If lymph node metastasis is present at the upper bifurcation of the carotid artery, a modified MacFee incision is used. Taping of the carotid artery or sternocleidomastoid muscle is avoided unless the tumor invades these tissues. MRND is a safe procedure when performed by skilled, experienced surgeons.
Resection and Reconstruction of the Airway in Patients with Advanced Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Nakao Kazuyasu , Kurozumi Kazushi , Nakahara Masaaki , Kido Tetsuo
Published: November 2004

The prognosis of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer is relatively fair, with a 10‐year survival rate above 80%. One of the important prognostic factors is cancer invasion to the airway. For the last 25 years we have been performing combined resection of the trachea and larynx and have reported a relatively good 10‐year survival (67.7%) and improved quality of life (QOL). However, operative complications associated with the procedure, especially insufficiency of the anastomosis and bleeding from large vessels, are life‐threatening. Of 40 patients who underwent resection of the trachea, insufficiency of the anastomosis occurred in 4 and subsequent massive bleeding from carotid artery due to neck infection in 2. Tracheal resection should be carried out carefully by avoiding insufficiency. We have concluded that combined resection is a good treatment choice for survival and good QOL when performed for local control in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
Laparoscopic Pancreatic Surgery for Islet Cell Tumors of the Pancreas
Authors: Assalia Ahmad , Gagner Michel
Published: November 2004

The experience with laparoscopic pancreatic surgery (LPS) in general, and pancreatic islet cell tumors (ICTs) in particular, is still limited. Because insulinoma is the most prevalent tumor and is mostly benign, single, and curable with surgical excision, it comprises most of the cases. Our experience with 17 cases (10 insulinomas, 2 gastrinomas, 1 nesidioblastoma, 4 nonfunctioning tumors) and those recorded in the literature (93 cases) show that laparoscopic surgery for small, solitary benign islet cell tumors located in the body and tail is feasible and safe and can result in rapid postoperative recuperation and a complication rate comparable or lower than that achieved with open surgery. It duplicates the success rate seen with conventional surgery regarding intraoperative localization and cure of disease. The main morbidity continues to be the occurrence of a fistula (18%), most often after enucleation, but the clinical course is benign in most instances. Preoperative imaging studies are required for localization, and the combined use of biphasic helical computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography (US) seems to be cost‐effective. The use of laparoscopic US is an integral part of the laparoscopic procedure, and the information achieved is valuable for both confirming localization and decision making concerning the most appropriate surgical procedure. In cases of distal pancreatectomy, splenic salvage, preferably with preservation of splenic vessels, is feasible albeit more demanding and can be achieved in most cases.
Prospective Evaluation of Imaging Procedures for the Detection of Pancreaticoduodenal Endocrine Tumors in Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Authors: Langer Peter , Kann Peter H. , Fendrich Volker , Richter Gerd , Diehl Saskia , Rothmund Matthias , Bartsch Detlef K.
Published: November 2004

Early identification of pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumors (PETs) in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN‐1) is mandatory, because these tumors represent the most common cause of death within the syndrome. The diagnostic value of imaging procedures has therefore been evaluated in a prospective observational study. Between December 1997 and June 2003 twenty‐two MEN‐1 patients with genetically confirmed disease were followed for PETs using a standardized screening program with serum hormone measurements, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), computed tomography (CT), and somatostatin‐receptor scintigraphy (SRS). Results could be validated by surgery and histopathology in 13 patients during 18 operations. In 12 asymptomatic patients with tumors measuring 10 mm or less, who have not yet undergone operation, PETs were detected by EUS in 12/12, by CT in 1/12, and by SRS in 2/11 cases. In 13 patients who have undergone surgical exploration EUS, CT, and SRS were true positive in 12 of 16, 7 of 13, and 12 of 17 cases, respectively, although the number of tumors detected by each imaging procedure alone was lower than the number detected intraoperatively and histopathologically in almost every case. A solitary liver metastasis in one patient and a nonfunctioning PET recurrence in another were identified only by SRS. Endoscopic untrasonography is the most sensitive imaging procedure for the detection of small (≤ 10 mm) PETs in MEN‐1, whereas SRS is the procedure of choice for the identification of metastases of MEN‐1 PETs—i.e., for staging. Detection of PETs at an early stage by an aggressive screening program using EUS may lead to prompt surgical intervention and improved prognosis of MEN‐1 PETs.
Value of the Cervical Compartments in the Surgical Treatment of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Goropoulos Apostolos , Karamoshos Konstantinos , Christodoulou Andreas , Ntitsias Theodoros , Paulou Konstantinos , Samaras Asterios , Xirou Persefoni , Efstratiou Ioannis
Published: November 2004

In the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), supplementary lymph node dissection (LND) is not well standardized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of the cervical compartments in the lymphatic spread of PTC and the impact of modified radical neck dissection (MRND) as an additional surgical procedure to thyroid resection. From 1999 to 2002, LND of the central compartment (compartment A) was performed in 39 patients. Among this group, additional MRND of the ipsilateral compartment (compartment B) and the contralateral compartment (compartment C) was performed in 29 and 15 patients respectively, who met the selection criteria. The mean number of nodes resected was 11 (5–22) in compartment A, 23 (8–37) in compartment B, and 22 (10–31) in compartment C. Histopathologic findings revealed node invasion of compartment A in 25 patients (64.1%), of A and B in 20 patients (51,2%) and of A, B, and C in 13 patients (33.3%). From the 25 patients with metastases in compartment A, 80% (20 patients) already had metastases in compartment B and 52% (13 patients) had metastases in all three compartments. All patients free of metastasis (M0) in compartment A were also metastasis free in both lateral compartments. Postoperative whole‐body scanning I131 in M0 patients showed no uptake at all. Mapping of the cervical anatomy in compartments seems to be a useful taxonomy for clarifying the lymphatic spread of PTC. Patients having PTC without metastasis in compartment A are almost certainly disease free at the time of operation. Lymph node metastasis in the central compartment appears to be a valuable indicator of lymphatic invasion of the lateral compartment and a strong indication for performance of a unilateral or bilateral MRND to complete the surgical removal of tumor.
Partial versus Total Adrenalectomy by the Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Approach: Early and Long‐term Results of 325 Consecutive Procedures in Primary Adrenal Neoplasias
Authors: Walz Martin K. , Peitgen Klaus , Diesing Daniela , Petersenn Stephan , Janssen Onno E. , Philipp Thomas , Metz Klaus A. , Mann Klaus , Schmid Kurt W. , Neumann Hartmut P. H.
Published: November 2004

The retroperitoneoscopic approach is a standardized operative procedure for primary adrenal gland tumors. It allows direct access with a detailed view of the adrenal gland. Thereby, a clear differentiation between normal and neoplastic adrenal tissue is often possible, which permits a planned partial resection of the gland in selected cases. Between July 1994 and November 2003 325 posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomies were performed for primary benign adrenal gland tumors (106 Conn’s adenomas, 83 pheochromocytomas, 76 Cushing’s adenomas, 60 nonfunctioning tumors; size: 2.8 ± 1.5 cm; site: 160 right, 165 left) in 318 patients (122 M, 196 F, age: 49.0 ± 14.3 years). In 96 patients 100 tumors were removed by partial adrenalectomy (30 Conn’s adenomas, 33 pheochromocytomas, 20 Cushing’s adenomas, 17 nonfunctioning tumors; site: 61 right, 59 left) maintaining tumor‐free parts of the adrenal gland. Of this group, 15 patients suffered from bilateral adrenal neoplastic diseases. During the same period, 225 total adrenalectomies (76 Conn’s adenomas, 50 pheochromocytomas, 56 Cushing’s adenomas, 34 nonfunctioning tumors; site: 109 right, 116 left) were performed in 224 patients. There was no mortality. Major complications were seen in 1.8%, minor complications in 14.5%. Three conversions were necessary to an open or a laparoscopic approach (2 patients and 1 patient, respectively). There are no differences between the two groups (total versus partial adrenalectomy) with regard to tumor size (2.8 ± 1.6 cm versus 2.8 ± 1.5 cm), operating time (80 ± 44 minutes versus 79 ± 42 minutes), and blood loss (33 ± 71 ml versus 29 ± 31 ml). In all patients with partial adrenalectomy, biochemical healing was proven. Fourteen of 15 patients with bilateral diseases had preservation of adrenocortical function. After a mean follow up of 51 months (range: 7–120 months) local recurrence or relapse of the initial diseases was noticed in 6 patients after total adrenalectomy: in 4 patients with Conn’s syndrome and bilateral hyperplasia, and in 2 patients with malignant pheochromocytoma and adrenocortical carcinoma, respectively. Our data demonstrate that partial adrenalectomy is a safe procedure not only perioperatively but also in the long‐term follow‐up.
Quick Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Assay: Surgical Adjunct to Allow Limited Parathyroidectomy, Improve Success Rate, and Predict Outcome
Authors: Irvin George L. , Solorzano Carmen C. , Carneiro Denise M.
Published: November 2004

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay (QPTH) has made possible less invasive operative approaches in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism with stated advantages. When compared to the traditional bilateral neck exploration (BNE), only the targeted, hypersecreting gland is excised, leaving in situ non‐visualized but normally functioning parathyroids. The QPTH‐guided limited parathyroidectomy (LPX) must be able to identify multiglandular disease (MGD), predict a successful outcome, and have a low recurrence rate. In our series, 421 patients who underwent LPX were compared to 340 undergoing BNE; all operative failures and patients followed for 6 months or longer were included. Operative failure occurred if serum calcium and PTH levels were elevated within 6 months of parathyroidectomy. Multiglandular disease was defined in the LPX group as more than one gland excision guided by QPTH or operative failure after removal of a single abnormal gland; in the BNE group it was defined as excision of more than one enlarged gland. Recurrence was defined as elevated calcium and PTH after 6 months of eucalcemia. Operative failure and MGD rates were compared using chi‐squared analysis. The method of Kaplan‐Meier and the log‐rank test were used to compare recurrence rates. Operative success was seen in 97% of LPX patients and in 94% of the BNE group (p = 0.02). Multiglandular disease was identified in 3% of LPX patients and 10% of BNE patients (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the overall recurrence rates (p = 0.23). The QPTH‐guided parathyroidectomy identifies MGD and allows an improved success rate with the same low recurrence rate when compared to the results of BNE.
Langerin (CD207) Staining in Normal Pediatric Tissues, Reactive LymphNodes, and Childhood Histiocytic Disorders
Authors: Chikwava Kudakwashe , Jaffe Ronald
Published: November 2004

Langerin is a recently identified lectin for which antibodies can be used as immunohistochemical markers of Langerhans cells (LCs). We describe the distribution of staining in autopsy pediatric tissues, dermatopathic and other reactive lymph nodes, and childhood histiocytic lesions using the 12D6 antibody (Novocastra). We also correlate CD1a (antibody O1O) staining to these factors. Langerin on epidermal LCs has a coarsely granular cell membrane and a cytoplasmic staining pattern that is always associated with CD1a expression. All 6 skin samples had Langerin+/CD1a+ LCs within the epidermis. Six of 8 thymuses showed single scattered dendritic-shaped cells in the medulla and rare cells within Hassall corpuscles that coexpressed Langerin and CD1a. Cortical thymocytes were CD1a+/Langerin-. Four of 8 livers examined showed a sinusoidal lining pattern of Langerin+/CD1a-. All 15 autopsy lymph nodes showed a similarly strong Langerin+/CD1a- sinus pattern of staining on fixed tissue elements, mostly in medullary sinuses. All 12 dermatopathic lymph nodes showed accumulation of Langerin+/CD1a+ cells in the pale paracortical nodules. All 24 instances of LC histiocytosis (LCH) were Langerin+/CD1a+. All 12 non-LCH histiocytic disorders are negative for Langerin in the histiocytes of interest. We conclude that Langerin is coexpressed with CD1a on LCs and LCH. Lymph node sinuses and hepatic sinusoids show Langerin+/CD1a-cells, indicating that, when used alone to confirm LCH infiltration, the 12D6 antibody should be used with caution. At other sites, its diagnostic accuracy is similar to that of CD1a.
Substitutional editing of transcripts from genes of cyanobacterial origin in the dinoflagellate Ceratium horridum
Authors: Zauner Stefan , Greilinger Doris , Laatsch Thomas , Kowallik Klaus V. , Maier Uwe-G.
Published: November 2004

Peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates, a group of alveolate organisms, harbour small plasmids called minicircles. As most of these minicircles encode genes of cyanobacterial origin, which are also found in plastid genomes of stramenopiles, they were thought to represent the plastid genome of peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates. The analyses of minicircle derived mRNAs and the 16S rRNA showed that extensive editing of minicircle gene transcripts is common for Ceratium horridum. Posttranscriptional changes occur predominantly by editing A into G, but other types of editing including a previously unreported A to C transversion were also detected. This leads to amino acid changes in most cases or, in one case, to the elimination of a stop‐codon. Interestingly, the edited mRNAs show higher identities to homologous sequences of other peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates than their genomic copy. Thus, our results imply that transcript editing of genes of cyanobacterial origin is species specific in peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates and demonstrate that editing of genes of cyanobacterial origin is not restricted to land plants.