bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Morphometric Parameters as the Basis for Hydrological Inferences in Water Resource Management: A Case Study from the Sinú River Basin in Colombia
Authors: López-Ramos Alvaro , Medrano-Barboza Juan Pablo , Martínez-Acosta Luisa , Acuña Guillermo J. , Remolina López John Freddy , López-Lambraño Alvaro Alberto
Published: August 2022

The geomorphology of a basin makes it possible for us to understand its hydrological pattern. Accordingly, satellite-based remote sensing and geo-information technologies have proven to be effective tools in the morphology analysis at the basin level. Consequently, this present study carried out a morphological analysis of the Sinú river basin, analyzing its geometric characteristics, drainage networks, and relief to develop integrated water resource management. The analyzed zone comprises an area of 13,971.7 km2 with three sub-basins, the upper, the middle, and the lower Sinú sub-basins, where seventeen morphometric parameters were evaluated using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) tools to identify the rainwater harvesting potential index. The Sinú basin has a dendritic drainage pattern, and the results of the drainage network parameters make it possible for us to infer that the middle and lower Sinú areas are the ones mainly affected by floods. The basin geometry parameters indicate an elongated shape, implying a lesser probability of uniform and homogeneous rainfall. Additionally, the hypsometric curve shape indicates that active fluvial and alluvial sedimentary processes are present, allowing us to conclude that much of the material has been eroded and deposited in the basin’s lower zones as it could be confirmed with the geological information available. The obtained results and GIS tools confirm the basin’s geological heterogeneity. Furthermore, they were used to delimit the potential water harvesting zones following the rainwater harvesting potential index (RWHPI) methodology. The research demonstrates that drainage morphometry has a substantial impact on understanding landform processes, soil characteristics, and erosional characteristics. Additionally, the results help us understand the relationship between hydrological variables and geomorphological parameters as guidance and/or decision-making instruments for the competent authorities to establish actions for the sustainable development of the basin, flood control, water supply planning, water budgeting, and disaster mitigation within the Sinú river basin.
Critical Roles of Polycomb Repressive Complexes in Transcription and Cancer
Authors: Dong Guan-Jun , Xu Jia-Le , Qi Yu-Ruo , Yuan Zi-Qiao , Zhao Wen
Published: August 2022

Polycomp group (PcG) proteins are members of highly conserved multiprotein complexes, recognized as gene transcriptional repressors during development and shown to play a role in various physiological and pathological processes. PcG proteins consist of two Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) with different enzymatic activities: Polycomb repressive complexes 1 (PRC1), a ubiquitin ligase, and Polycomb repressive complexes 2 (PRC2), a histone methyltransferase. Traditionally, PRCs have been described to be associated with transcriptional repression of homeotic genes, as well as gene transcription activating effects. Particularly in cancer, PRCs have been found to misregulate gene expression, not only depending on the function of the whole PRCs, but also through their separate subunits. In this review, we focused especially on the recent findings in the transcriptional regulation of PRCs, the oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles of PcG proteins, and the research progress of inhibitors targeting PRCs.
PPARGC1A Is a Moderator of Skeletal Muscle Development Regulated by miR-193b-3p
Authors: Ma Manting , Cai Bolin , Kong Shaofen , Zhou Zhen , Zhang Jing , Zhang Xiquan , Nie Qinghua
Published: August 2022

Meat production performance is one of the most important factors in determining the economic value of poultry. Myofiber is the basic unit of skeletal muscle, and its physical and chemical properties determine the meat quality of livestock and poultry to a certain extent. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) as a transcriptional coactivator has been found to be widely involved in a series of biological processes. However, PPARGC1A is still poorly understood in chickens. In this manuscript, we reported that PPARGC1A was highly expressed in slow-twitch myofibers. PPARGC1A facilitated mitochondrial biogenesis and regulated skeletal muscle metabolism by mediating the flux of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses revealed that PPARGC1A promoted intramuscular fatty acid oxidation, drove the transformation of fast-twitch to slow-twitch myofibers, and increased chicken skeletal muscle mass. Mechanistically, the expression level of PPARGC1A is regulated by miR-193b-3p. Our findings help to understand the genetic regulation of skeletal muscle development and provide a molecular basis for further research on the antagonism of skeletal muscle development and fat deposition in chickens.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Activation in the Brain in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Diz-Chaves Yolanda , Mastoor Zainab , Spuch Carlos , González-Matías Lucas C. , Mallo Federico
Published: August 2022

The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a pleiotropic hormone well known for its incretin effect in the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion. However, GLP-1 is also produced in the brain and displays a critical role in neuroprotection and inflammation by activating the GLP-1 receptor signaling pathways. Several studies in vivo and in vitro using preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases show that GLP-1R activation has anti-inflammatory properties. This review explores the molecular mechanistic action of GLP-1 RAS in relation to inflammation in the brain. These findings update our knowledge of the potential benefits of GLP-1RAS actions in reducing the inflammatory response. These molecules emerge as a potential therapeutic tool in treating neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammatory pathologies.
Characterization of Philadelphia-like Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Experiences in Mexican Pediatric Patients
Authors: Martínez-Anaya Daniel , Moreno-Lorenzana Dafné , Reyes-León Adriana , Juárez-Figueroa Ulises , Dean Michael , Aguilar-Hernández María Montserrat , Rivera-Sánchez Netzi , García-Islas Jessica , Vieyra-Fuentes Victoria , Zapata-Tarrés Marta , Juárez-Villegas Luis , Paredes-Aguilera Rogelio , Vega-Vega Lourdes , Rivera-Luna Roberto , Juárez-Velázquez María del Rocío , Pérez-Vera Patricia
Published: August 2022

Ph-like subtypes with CRLF2 abnormalities are frequent among Hispano–Latino children with pre-B ALL. Therefore, there is solid ground to suggest that this subtype is frequent in Mexican patients. The genomic complexity of Ph-like subtype constitutes a challenge for diagnosis, as it requires diverse genomic methodologies that are not widely available in diagnostic centers in Mexico. Here, we propose a diagnostic strategy for Ph-like ALL in accordance with our local capacity. Pre-B ALL patients without recurrent gene fusions (104) were classified using a gene-expression profile based on Ph-like signature genes analyzed by qRT-PCR. The expressions of the CRLF2 transcript and protein were determined by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. The P2RY8::CRLF2, IGH::CRLF2, ABL1/2 rearrangements, and Ik6 isoform were screened using RT-PCR and FISH. Surrogate markers of Jak2-Stat5/Abl/Ras pathways were analyzed by phosphoflow. Mutations in relevant kinases/transcription factors genes in Ph-like were assessed by target-specific NGS. A total of 40 patients (38.5%) were classified as Ph-like; of these, 36 had abnormalities associated with Jak2-Stat5 and 4 had Abl. The rearrangements IGH::CRLF2,P2RY8::CRLF2, and iAMP21 were particularly frequent. We propose a strategy for the detection of Ph-like patients, by analyzing the overexpression/genetic lesions of CRLF2, the Abl phosphorylation of surrogate markers confirmed by gene rearrangements, and Sanger sequencing.
Soluble ST2 as a Potential Biomarker for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms—A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Klopf Johannes , Demyanets Svitlana , Brekalo Mira , Eilenberg Wolf , Wojta Johann , Neumayer Christoph , Brostjan Christine , Stojkovic Stefan
Published: August 2022

The maximal aortic diameter is the only clinically applied predictor of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression and indicator for surgical repair. Circulating biomarkers resulting from AAA pathogenesis are attractive candidates for the diagnosis and prognosis of aneurysmal disease. Due to the reported role of interleukin 33 in AAA development, we investigated the corresponding circulating receptor molecules of soluble suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (sST2) in AAA patients regarding their marker potential in diagnosis and prognosis. We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study in a diagnostic setting, measuring the circulating serum sST2 protein levels of 47 AAA patients under surveillance, matched with 25 peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients and 25 healthy controls. In a prognostic setting, we analyzed the longitudinal monitoring data of 50 monitored AAA patients. Slow versus fast AAA progression was defined as a <2 or ≥2 mm increase in AAA diameter over 6 months and a <4 or ≥4 mm increase over 12 months. Additionally, the association of circulating serum sST2 and AAA growth was investigated using a specifically tailored log-linear mixed model. Serum sST2 concentrations were significantly increased in AAA patients compared with healthy individuals: the median of AAA patient cohort was 112.72 ng/mL (p = 0.025) and that of AAA patient cohort 2 was 14.32 ng/mL (p = 0.039) versus healthy controls (8.82 ng/mL). Likewise, PAD patients showed significantly elevated sST2 protein levels compared with healthy controls (the median was 12.10 ng/mL; p = 0.048) but similar concentrations to AAA patients. Additionally, sST2 protein levels were found to be unsuited to identifying fast AAA progression over short-term periods of 6 or 12 months, which was confirmed by a log-linear mixed model. In conclusion, the significantly elevated protein levels of sST2 detected in patients with vascular disease may be useful in the early diagnosis of AAA but cannot distinguish between AAA and PAD or predict AAA progression.
Longterm Increased S100B Enhances Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Proliferation in a Transgenic Mouse Model
Authors: Rodrigues Leticia , Wartchow Krista Minéia , Buchfelder Michael , Souza Diogo Onofre , Gonçalves Carlos-Alberto , Kleindienst Andrea
Published: August 2022

(1) The neurotrophic protein S100B is a marker of brain injury and has been associated with neuroregeneration. In S100Btg mice rendering 12 copies of the murine S100B gene we evaluated whether S100B may serve as a treatment option. (2) In juvenile, adult, and one-year-old S100Btg mice (female and male; n = 8 per group), progenitor cell proliferation was quantified in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and the granular cell layer (GCL) of the dentate gyrus with the proliferative marker Ki67 and BrdU (50 mg/kg). Concomitant signaling was quantified utilizing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) immunohistochemistry. (3) Progenitor cell proliferation in the SGZ and migration to the GCL was enhanced. Hippocampal GFAP was reduced in one-year-old S100Btg mice. ApoE in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of male and BDNF in the frontal cortex of female S100Btg mice was reduced. RAGE was not affected. (4) Enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis in S100Btg mice was not accompanied by reactive astrogliosis. Sex- and brain region-specific variations of ApoE and BDNF require further elucidations. Our data reinforce the importance of this S100Btg model in evaluating the role of S100B in neuroregenerative medicine.
“Omic” Approaches to Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Identification
Authors: Janiszewska Daria , Szultka-Młyńska Małgorzata , Pomastowski Paweł , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: August 2022

The quick and accurate identification of microorganisms and the study of resistance to antibiotics is crucial in the economic and industrial fields along with medicine. One of the fastest-growing identification methods is the spectrometric approach consisting in the matrix-assisted laser ionization/desorption using a time-of-flight analyzer (MALDI-TOF MS), which has many advantages over conventional methods for the determination of microorganisms presented. Thanks to the use of a multiomic approach in the MALDI-TOF MS analysis, it is possible to obtain a broad spectrum of data allowing the identification of microorganisms, understanding their interactions and the analysis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. In addition, the literature data indicate the possibility of a significant reduction in the time of the sample preparation and analysis time, which will enable a faster initiation of the treatment of patients. However, it is still necessary to improve the process of identifying and supplementing the existing databases along with creating new ones. This review summarizes the use of “-omics” approaches in the MALDI TOF MS analysis, including in bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance mechanisms analysis.
Dissecting Physiopathology of COVID-19
Authors: Kubiak Jacek Z. , Kloc Malgorzata
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic declared on 11 March 2020 by WHO [...]
Monoclonal Antibody Engineering and Design to Modulate FcRn Activities: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ramdani Yanis , Lamamy Juliette , Watier Hervé , Gouilleux-Gruart Valérie
Published: August 2022

Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying the pH-dependent nature of FcRn binding, as well as the various factors influencing the affinity to FcRn, was concurrent with the arrival of the first recombinant IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and IgG Fc-fusion proteins in clinical practice. IgG Fc–FcRn became a central subject of interest for the development of these drugs for the comfort of patients and good clinical responses. In this review, we describe (i) mAb mutations close to and outside the FcRn binding site, increasing the affinity for FcRn at acidic pH and leading to enhanced mAb half-life and biodistribution, and (ii) mAb mutations increasing the affinity for FcRn at acidic and neutral pH, blocking FcRn binding and resulting, in vivo, in endogenous IgG degradation. Mutations modifying FcRn binding are discussed in association with pH-dependent modulation of antigen binding and (iii) anti-FcRn mAbs, two of the latest innovations in anti-FcRn mAbs leading to endogenous IgG depletion. We discuss the pharmacological effects, the biological consequences, and advantages of targeting IgG–FcRn interactions and their application in human therapeutics.
Transoral Tongue Suspension for Obstructive Sleep Apnea—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hsin Li-Jen , Lee Yi-Chan , Lin Wan-Ni , Lu Yi-An , Lee Li-Ang , Tsai Ming-Shao , Cheng Wen-Nuan , Chiang Yen-Ting , Li Hsueh-Yu
Published: August 2022

Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel technique for transoral tongue suspension (TOTS) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. Material and Methods: The retrospective study enrolled 24 consecutive OSA patients (21 males; average age, 43 years; average apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), 42.2 event/h; average body mass index (BMI), 25.7 kg/m2) with tongue obstruction confirmed by drug-induced sleep endoscopy. All patients received TOTS as the main procedure in conjunction with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). Key procedures of TOTS included a transoral sublabial approach, drilling two holes on the mandible, passing the polypropylene through the hole to the tongue base using a suture passer and returning the polypropylene through loop traction, and tying the polypropylene to the mandible. Lingual tonsil ablation (n = 8) was also implemented in hypertrophic lingual tonsils (grades III and IV). Results: The operation time for TOTS was around 30 min. No wound bleeding or airway compromise occurred throughout the postoperative period. Minor complications were temporary and included swelling of the tongue, numbness of the lower incisor, and sublabial wound dehiscence (n = 2). The quality of life improved significantly in the patients’ subjective daytime sleepiness according to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (11.4 ± 3.2 vs. 5.7 ± 1.6, p < 0.001). The objective parameters of OSA also improved significantly in the apnea/hypopnea index (42.2 ± 21.8 vs. 19.5 ± 16.2, p < 0.001), minimal oxygen saturation (77.1 ± 12.2 vs. 81.7 ± 8.1, p = 0.026), and snoring index (207 ± 141 vs. 101 ± 91, p = 0.03). Conclusions: The demonstrated TOTS showed its advantage in low morbidity with a scarless exterior and easy performance with free availability in treating adult OSA patients with tongue obstruction. TOTS combined with UPPP significantly improved AHI and daytime sleepiness. TOTS can be implemented with lingual tonsillectomy to achieve both stabilization of the tongue and widening of hypopharyngeal airway.
Association of Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphism and Coagulopathy in Patients with Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
Authors: Wu Cheng-Ta , Lin Rio L. C. , Sung Pei-Hsun , Kuo Feng-Chih , Yip Hon-Kan , Lee Mel S.
Published: August 2022

Genetic polymorphism of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can cause reduction of nitric oxide (NO) levels and may be associated with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). However, the association of coagulopathy and NOS polymorphism in ONFH patients has not been confirmed. Between November 2005 and October 2013, 155 patients with ONFH were recruited in the study of serum coagulation profiles and NOS polymorphism. Another 43 patients who had dysplasia, osteoarthritis, or trauma of hip joints were included as controls. PCR genotyping for the analysis of NOS 27-bp polymorphism in intron 4 was performed. The analysis of coagulation profiles included fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation product (FDP), protein S, protein C, and anti-thrombin III. The results showed that 27-bp repeat polymorphism was significantly associated with ONFH (OR 4.32). ONFH patients had significantly higher fibrinogen, FDP, protein S, and anti-thrombin III levels than that of the controls. The incidence of coagulopathy was significantly higher in ONFH patients (73.2%), and the odds ratio increased from 2.38 to 7.33 when they had 27-bp repeat polymorphism. Patients with hyperfibrinogenemia, elevated FDP levels, and with the risk factor of alcohol or steroid use had significantly higher risks of bilateral hip involvement. This study demonstrated the presence of NOS polymorphism, and a resultant reduction in NO production was associated with coagulopathy, which in turn might contribute to higher risks of bilateral ONFH. Our data suggests that checking NOS polymorphism and coagulopathy may provide a new avenue in managing ONFH.
Lamination of Cast Hemp Paper with Bio-Based Plastics for Sustainable Packaging: Structure-Thermomechanical Properties Relationship and Biodegradation Studies
Authors: Nabels-Sneiders Martins , Platnieks Oskars , Grase Liga , Gaidukovs Sergejs
Published: August 2022

Composite laminate recycling and waste disposal routes remain a burden to existing systems, requiring special treatment and separation. The inclusion of a plastic layer is important for several key properties that are required for food safety, which in turn has made these products exceptionally hard to substitute in food packaging. Yet, the continued use of non-degradable commodity plastics is unsustainable. In this research, we compare the four most promising biodegradable and bio-based plastics that could replace non-degradable plastics in laminates. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA) were applied as a direct melt coating on porous cast hemp papers, and the final composite was compressed under three different loads: 0.5 MT, 1.5 MT, and 3.0 MT. To promote sustainable agriculture waste management, we opted to use cast paper made from ground hemp stalks. The formation of the composite structure was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while surface wetting on the paper side of the laminate was performed to understand structural changes induced by polymer impregnation into the paper layer. Mechanical performance properties were investigated with tensile and peel tests, and suitability for an extended range of temperatures was examined with dynamical mechanical analysis. An increase in compression pressure yielded up to a two-fold improvement in elastic modulus and tensile strength, while thermomechanical analysis revealed that the polymer’s transition into a viscoelastic state significantly affected the laminate’s storage modulus values. Biodegradation was performed in a controlled compost at 58 °C, resulting in full degradation within 40 to 80 days, with PLA and PHA laminates showing 40 and 50 days, respectively. Produced bioplastic laminates have a tremendous potential to replace polyolefin laminates in packaging applications.
Coastal Zone Environment Integrity Assessment for Sustainable Management: Part 1. Development of Adaptive Expert-Driven Coastal Zone Health Index Framework
Authors: Cabrera Jonathan Salar , Lee Han Soo
Published: August 2022

The coastal zone is the environment that connects terrestrial and marine environments. It is the most productive ecosystem on the planet. It has been estimated that 23 percent of the population lives in the coastal regions. The attractive landscape and seascape of the coastal zone environments attract human settlement and increase the economic activities in the area. Unfortunately, massive human urbanization is also attributed to coastal zone ecosystem degradation. In addition, water-related phenomena due to the changing climate also affect the said environment. The negative impacts of human activities and the water-related phenomena typically deplete the environment’s health. Thus, this study developed an adaptive index framework to assess the coastal zone environment condition. The principle of this framework is the sustainable co-existence of human development with the coastal zone environment. The identified coastal cities in the Philippines were utilized as the case study for developing the framework. The results show that the decision-makers are conservationists while extractive. In contrast, environmental educators are conservationists in nature. Moreover, each city has its own unique framework and signifies that the framework is adaptive to the perspective of the decision makers in their city.
Investigating the Co-Volatility Spillover Effects between Cryptocurrencies and Currencies at Different Natures of Risk Events
Authors: Hsu Shu-Han
Published: August 2022

This paper examines and confirms the varying volatility of the relationship between cryptocurrency and currency markets at different time periods, such as when the market encountered multiple risk events including the US–China trade war, COVID-19, and the Russian–Ukraine war. We employ the Diagonal BEKK model and find that the co-volatility spillover effects between the returns of cryptocurrencies and currencies, with the exception of Tether and the U.S. dollar index, evolved significantly. Furthermore, the co-volatility spillover effects between cryptocurrencies and EUR have the largest effects and fluctuations. Large-cap cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin and Ethereum) have greater co-volatility spillover effects between them and currencies. Regarding the ability of cryptocurrencies to act as safe-haven for currencies, we observe that Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Tether served as safe-havens during the US–China trade war, and Bitcoin was a safe-haven during COVID-19. During the 2022 Russian–Ukraine war, Bitcoin and Tether were safe-havens. Interestingly, our findings point out that Bitcoin provides a more consistent safe-haven function for currency markets. Overall, by including multiple global risk events and a comprehensive dataset, the results support our conjecture (and earlier studies) indicating that the capabilities of cryptocurrency are time-varying and related to market status and risk events with different natures.
Discovering Themes and Trends in Digital Transformation and Innovation Research
Authors: Gao Pengbin , Wu Weiwei , Yang Ying
Published: August 2022

In recent years, the relationship between digital transformation and innovation became very popular topics, attracting extensive attention, and inspiring a number of documents. Although much literature discusses the intersection of both fields, most works offer neither a complete nor a truly objective overview of the current state of research. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive and objective review of research themes to analyze the intersection. For this purpose, based on the literature collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database published between 1994 and 2021, co-word analysis was carried out to explore research themes and identify the most salient themes in digital transformation and innovation research. The results of scientific output show that digital transformation and innovation is attracting increasing academic interest of scholars from many countries and different fields. The distribution of high-frequency keywords shows that the research in this field is multidisciplinary, including not only many economic and management fields, but also many classical theories and research methods. The clustering results of keywords reveal five clusters of themes: diffusion and adoption of technology and innovation, digital innovation management, digital transformation management, digital platform and ecosystem, and digital entrepreneurship and economy. According to the results of strategic diagram and performance analysis, digital innovation management and digital transformation management are the mainstream of research, while digital platform and ecosystem and digital entrepreneurship and economy have strong development potential. This study provides a snapshot of the thematic development of digital transformation and innovation research, enabling researchers to better master the current situation and suggesting the development trend in the future.
Mandibular Advancement Device Therapy in Japanese Rugby Athletes with Poor Sleep Quality and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi , Nakayama Toshiyuki , Sawa Arisa , Yagi Tatsuo , Iwata Yoshihiro , Takeuchi Hiroki , Motoyoshi Miho , Chow Chin-Moi , Komiyama Osamu
Published: August 2022

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may contribute to poor sleep quality. This study assessed subjective sleep quality, the Respiratory Event Index (REI), reaction times, and the therapeutic effects of a custom-made mandibular advancement device (MAD) in male Japanese elite rugby athletes. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and level III sleep test (REI and minimum oxygen saturation [SpO2 min]) were used to evaluate sleep quality. MAD therapy was used daily for 3 weeks. A telephone-based reaction time test of kinetic vision (the ability to identify moving objects) was recorded within 15 min of waking and over 5 days of pre- and post-MAD therapy. Differences in variables were evaluated using paired t-tests. Of the 42 players (mean age, 26.3 ± 3.7 years; mean body mass index, 28.7 ± 3.2 kg/m2) included in this study, 29 (69.0%) had poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5.5), and 27 were diagnosed with OSA (64.3%) (mild = 16/moderate = 9/severe = 2). Six were treated with MAD therapy, which significantly improved the REI (p < 0.01), SpO2 min (p < 0.001), ESS score (p < 0.001), reaction times (p < 0.01), and sleep quality. A significant reduction in reaction times suggests that OSA treatment can improve kinetic vision. Future studies should systematically evaluate the impact of sleep-disordered breathing on kinetic vision in athletes.
The Role of 4-Phenylbutyric Acid in Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in a Mouse Model of Simulated Microgravity
Authors: Shama Shama , Qaisar Rizwan , Khan Naveed Ahmed , Tauseef Isfahan , Siddiqui Ruqaiyyah
Published: August 2022

The altered gut microbes of astronauts during space travel may contribute to health issues after their return to Earth. Previously, an association between the elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and gut microbial dysbiosis has been described. Herein, we induced gut microbial changes in mice under a simulated microgravity environment in an established model of hindlimb unloaded (HU) mice. The intestinal metabolomic profiles under microgravity conditions using the HU model were examined, along with the potential role of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), a potent ER stress inhibitor. For a microgravity environment, the mice were suspended in special cages individually for three weeks. Mice were sacrificed, and gut dissections were performed, followed by amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial species via DNA extraction and 16S rRNA analysis. The results indicate that the gut bacterial communities of mice differed under gravity and microgravity conditions. Principal component analyses revealed differences in the bacterial community structure in all groups. Around 434 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were specific to mice seen in controls, while 620 OTUs were specific to HU mice. Additionally, 321 bacterial OTUs were specific to HU mice treated with 4-PBA. When the relative abundance of taxa was analyzed, Bacteroidetes dominated the gut of control and HU mice treated with 4-PBA.. In contrast, the untreated HU mice were dominated by Firmicutes. At the genus level, a reduction in beneficial species of Akkermansia and Lactobacillus was observed in HU but not the unloaded–treated and control mice. Furthermore, an increase in the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Enterorhabdus, associated with inflammation, was observed in HUmice but not in controls and unloaded-treated mice. Following treatment with 4-PBA, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was restored in unloaded–treated mice, comparable to controls. Of note, beneficial microbes such as Akkermansia and Lactobacillus were observed in unloaded–treated mice but not or in lesser relative abundance in HU mice. Nonetheless, microbial diversity was reduced in unloaded–treated mice compared to controls, and future studies are needed to mitigate this finding. These may comprise the addition of pre-/pro- and postbiotic species in the diet to increase microbial diversity. Overall, the findings suggest that 4-PBA, a potent ER stress inhibitor, may have therapeutic value in treating patients on prolonged bed rest or astronauts during spaceflight.
Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma at First Diagnosis: Review of the Literature
Authors: Berciano-Guerrero Miguel-Angel , Guardamagna Mora , Perez-Ruiz Elisabeth , Jurado Jose-Miguel , Barragán Isabel , Rueda-Dominguez Antonio
Published: August 2022

Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a pathological entity with a very poor prognosis that, until a few decades ago, had a low response rate to systemic treatments. Fortunately, in the last few years, new therapies for metastatic melanoma have emerged. Currently, targeted therapy and immunotherapy are the mainstays of the therapeutic arsenal available for patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma. However, both clinical evolution and drug efficacy in melanoma patients are very different depending on the stage at which it is diagnosed. In fact, the aggressiveness of melanoma is different depending on whether it debuts directly as metastatic disease or if what occurs is a relapse after a first diagnosis at an early stage, although the biological determinants are largely unknown. Another key aspect in the clinical management of metastatic melanoma at first diagnosis strives in the different prognosis of melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) compared to melanoma of known primary (MPK). Understanding the mechanisms behind this, and the repercussion of implementing targeted and immune therapies in this specific form is crucial for designing diagnosis and treatment decision algorithms that optimize the current strategies. In this review article, we recapitulate the information available thus far regarding the epidemiology and response to immunotherapy treatments or targeted therapy in patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma as a first diagnosis, with especial emphasis on the emerging specific information of the subpopulation formed by MUP patients.
Influence of Scanning Speed on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser Alloying Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Substrate
Authors: Yu Huijun , Meng Xiaoxi , Wang Zifan , Chen Chuanzhong
Published: August 2022

Laser alloying has attracted significant attentions due to the advantages of high processing precision, good controllability and low heat effects on the substrate. However, the complexity of laser alloying requires further attentions on its processing parameters. This study aims at improving the wear resistance of the Ti-6Al-4V substrate by means of laser surface alloying with Ni-coated graphite (G@Ni). The effect of laser scanning speed is explored. The result suggests that the coating has a high surface quality and excellent metallurgical bonding with the substrate. NiTi and NiTi2 have a eutectic microstructure as well as in the TiC ceramic-reinforced phase as dendrites distribute in the γ-Ni matrix of the coatings. At higher scanning speeds, the lower energy density and shorter existence time of the molten pool refines the microstructure of the coating, improving its microhardness. At the scanning speed of 15 mm/s, the coating has the lowest wear weight loss due to its high microhardness and dense structure. This paper explores the influence of scanning speed on the microstructure and properties of the coatings, expanding the application of laser alloying on the surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloys.
Preparation, Antimicrobial Properties under Different Light Sources, Mechanisms and Applications of TiO2: A Review
Authors: Shang Changyu , Bu Junyu , Song Cui
Published: August 2022

Traditional antimicrobial methods, such as antibiotics and disinfectants, may cause adverse effects, such as bacterial resistance and allergic reactions. Photocatalysts based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) have shown great potential in the field of antimicrobials because of their high efficiency, lack of pollution, and lack of side effects. This paper focuses on the antimicrobial activity of TiO2 under different light sources. To improve the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2, we can reduce electron-hole recombination and extend the photocatalytic activity to the visible light region by doping with different ions or compounds and compounding with polymers. We can also improve the surface properties of materials, increase the contact area with microorganisms, and further enhance the resistance to microorganisms. In addition, we also reviewed their main synthesis methods, related mechanisms, and main application fields to provide new ideas for the enhancement of photocatalytic microorganism performance and application popularization in the future.
Planar Crack Approach to Evaluate the Flexural Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Sections
Authors: Carmona Jacinto R. , Cortés-Buitrago Raúl , Rey-Rey Juan , Ruiz Gonzalo
Published: August 2022

This article describes a model based on concepts of Fracture Mechanics to evaluate the flexural strength of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) sections. The model covers the need by structural engineers to have tools that allow, in a simple way, the designing of FRC sections and avoiding complex calculations through finite elements. It consists of an analytical method that models FRC post-cracking behavior with a cohesive linear softening law (σ − w). We use a compatibility equation based on the planar crack hypothesis, i.e., the assumption that the crack surfaces remain plane throughout the fracture process, which was recently proven true using digital image correlation. Non-cracked concrete bulk follows a stress–strain law (σ − ε) combined with the Bernoulli–Navier assumption. We define a brittleness number derived from non-dimensional analyses, which includes the beam size and the softening characteristics. We show that this parameter is key to determining the FRC flexural strength, characterizing fiber-reinforced concrete, and reproducing the size-effect of sections in flexure. Moreover, we propose an expression to calculate the flexural strength of FRC as a function of the cited brittleness number. The model also gives the ratio between the residual strength in service conditions and the flexural strength. Model results show a good agreement with tests in the scientific literature. Finally, we also analyze the brittle–ductile transition in FRC sections.
Altering Microbiomes with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: A Metagenomic Analysis
Authors: Uskoković Vuk , Wu Victoria M.
Published: August 2022

Hydroxyapatite (HAp), the most abundant biological material among mammals, has been recently demonstrated to possess moderate antibacterial properties. Metagenomics provides a series of tools for analyzing the simultaneous interaction of materials with larger communities of microbes, which may aid in optimizing the antibacterial activity of a material such as HAp. Here, a microbiome intrinsic to the sample of sandy soil collected from the base of an African Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa) shrub surrounding the children’s sandbox at the Arrowhead Park in Irvine, California was challenged with HAp nanoparticles and analyzed with next-generation sequencing for hypervariable 16S ribosomal DNA base pair homologies. HAp nanoparticles overwhelmingly reduced the presence of Gram-negative phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species, and consequently elevated the relative presence of their Gram-positive counterparts. Thermodynamic, electrostatic and chemical bonding arguments were combined in a model proposed to explain this selective affinity. The ability of amphiphilic surface protrusions of lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria and mycolic acid in mycobacteria to increase the dispersibility of the bacterial cells and assist in their resistance to capture by the solid phase is highlighted. Within the Gram-negative group, the variability of the distal, O-antigen portion of the membrane lipopolysaccharide was shown to be excessive and the variability of its proximal, lipid A portion insufficient to explain the selectivity based on chemical sequence arguments. Instead, flagella-driven motility proves to be a factor favoring the evasion of binding to HAp. HAp displayed a preference toward binding to less pathogenic bacteria than those causative of disease in humans, while taxa having a positive agricultural effect were largely captured by HAp, indicating an evolutionary advantage this may have given it as a biological material. The capacity to selectively sequester Gram-negative microorganisms and correspondingly alter the composition of the microbiome may open up a new avenue in environmental and biomedical applications of HAp.
The Utilization of a Fiberglass Mesh–Reinforced Foamcrete Jacketing System to Enhance Mechanical Properties
Authors: Mat Serudin Anisah , Othuman Mydin Md Azree , Mohd Nawi Mohd Nasrun , Deraman Rafikullah , Sari Marti Widya , Abu Hashim Mohammad Firdaus
Published: August 2022

Foamcrete is fabricated by combining mortar slurry and constant foam. Owing to the existence of air entrained in its cementitious matrix, foamcrete is tremendously brittle compared to normal-strength concrete. The addition of synthetic and natural plant fibers demonstrates an enhancement to foamcrete’s mechanical performance yet exerts a harmful effect on long-term performance. Depreciation of natural plant fibers and corrosion of synthetic fibers impact the lifespan and durability properties of foamcrete. Hence, this study aims to investigate the mechanical properties and mode of failures of foamcrete reinforced with fiberglass mesh (FM). The parameters assessed were the compression, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths of 1100 kg/m3 density foamcrete confined with various layers of 145 g/m2 of FM. The optimal foamcrete mechanical properties enhancement was attained with three-layer jacketing. Notable augmentations of 108% in the compressive strength, 254% in flexural strength, and 349% in splitting tensile strength were achieved in comparison to the control specimens at day 28. The control foamcrete samples under compressive, flexural, and tensile loads encountered brittle failure in comparison to the confined foamcrete. The mode of failure under the tensile load indicates that only a slight crack occurred at the upper side and a perpendicular mark at the lateral section of the foamcrete with one to three layers of FM jacketing. Thus, the jacketing system of foamcrete with FM enhances the behavior and load carrying capacity of foamcrete to the extent of preventing the propagation of cracks.
Some Distinct Attributes of ZnO Nanorods Arrays: Effects of Varying Hydrothermal Growth Time
Authors: Almamari Mohammed Rashid , Ahmed Naser M. , Holi Araa Mebdir , Yam F. K. , Kyaw Htet Htet , Almessiere M. A. , Al-Abri Mohammed Z.
Published: August 2022

This study investigates the growth time effect on the structural, morphological, optical, and photoelectrochemical characteristics of highly oriented ZnO nanorod arrays (ZNRAs). The nanorod arrays were grown on ITO substrates using the unified sol-gel spin coating and hydrothermal techniques. ZnO nanoparticles (ZNPs) were synthesized using the sol-gel spin coating method. In contrast, the hydrothermal method was used to grow the ZnO nanorods. The hydrothermal growth time investigated was between 4 and 12 h. The synthesized ZNRAs were used as the photoanode electrodes to investigate their photoelectrochemical (PEC) electrode potency. The as-prepared ZNRAs were characterized using various analytical tools to determine their structures, morphologies, optical, and photoelectrochemical traits. EDX spectra showed the presence of uncontaminated ZnO chemical composition, and FTIR spectra displayed the various functional groups in the samples. A rod-shaped ZnO nanocrystallite with mean lengths and diameters of 300–500 nm and 40–90 nm, respectively, is depicted. HRTEM images indicated the nucleation and growth of ZNRAs with a lattice fringe spacing of 0.26 nm and a growth lattice planer orientation of [002]. The optimum ZNRAs (grown at 8 h) as photoelectrode achieved a photoconversion efficiency of 0.46% and photocurrent density of 0.63 mA/cm2, that was 17 times higher than the one shown by ZNPs with Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. Both values were higher than those reported in the literature, indicating the prospect of these ZNRAs for photoelectrode applications.
Influences of Toothbrushing and Different Toothpastes on the Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Interim Prosthodontic Materials
Authors: Köroğlu Ayşegül , Şahin Onur , Küçükekenci Ahmet Serkan , Dede Doğu Ömür , Yıldırım Hüsniye , Yilmaz Burak
Published: August 2022

The surface properties and color stability of interim crown materials may vary depending on the toothbrushing procedure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of toothbrushing and different toothpastes on the surface roughness (Ra) and color stability of different interim crown materials. Disc-shaped specimens were prepared from four interim crown materials (Tab 2000 (ChPM), Imident (LaPM), Protemp 4 (ChDM), and Telio-CAD (CadPM)). Specimens were divided into four subgroups for the control group (Cnt) and for simulated toothbrushing with distilled water (Dw) or with two different toothpastes (whitening toothpaste (WTp), activated charcoal toothpaste (ACTp)). The specimens’ Ra values were measured before and after 10,000 cycles of toothbrushing. The color parameters were measured and the color differences (ΔE00) were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD tests. A significant increase in the Ra values was observed after toothbrushing, except for the LaPM_Dw, ChDM_Dw, and all the CadPM specimens (p < 0.05). Toothbrushing with toothpastes increased the ΔE00 values of all ChPM and ChDM interim materials (p < 0.05). Before and after all toothbrushing procedures, the CadPM specimens had smoother and ChPM specimens had rougher surfaces than the other interim materials. The two tested toothpastes had similar effects on the Ra of all interim materials. Non-perceivable color changes were seen only with the CadPM_Dw group.
A Mini Review on Persulfate Activation by Sustainable Biochar for the Removal of Antibiotics
Authors: Li Mengxue , Li Peng , Zhou Qi , Lee Stephanie Ling Jie
Published: August 2022

Antibiotic contamination in water bodies poses ecological risks to aquatic organisms and humans and is a global environmental issue. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) are efficient for the removal of antibiotics. Sustainable biochar materials have emerged as potential candidates as persulfates (Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and Peroxydisulfate (PDS)) activation catalysts to degrade antibiotics. In this review, the feasibility of pristine biochar and modified biochar (non-metal heteroatom-doped biochar and metal-loaded biochar) for the removal of antibiotics in PS-AOPs is evaluated through a critical analysis of recent research. The removal performances of biochar materials, the underlying mechanisms, and active sites involved in the reactions are studied. Lastly, sustainability considerations for future biochar research, including Sustainable Development Goals, technical feasibility, toxicity assessment, economic and life cycle assessment, are discussed to promote the large-scale application of biochar/PS technology. This is in line with the global trends in ensuring sustainable production.
A Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Model for Solid Propellant with Rate-Dependent Cumulative Damage
Authors: Chen Shenghao , Wang Chunguang , Zhang Kaining , Lu Xuan , Li Qun
Published: August 2022

Solid propellant is a composite material exhibiting classic nonlinear viscoelastic mechanical characteristic, which is due in a large part to a cumulative damage process caused by the formation and growth of microflaws inside. The standard relaxation tests and uniaxial tension tests under different velocities of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant are carried out in this paper, where Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique is applied to record deformation. The experimental results show that the material mechanical behavior is rate-dependent. It is also observed that the yield stress and failure stress are significantly rate-dependent on the tensile velocity. Based on these experimental results, it can be inferred that the stiffness degradation and damage evolution of HTPB propellant are a rate-dependent processes. Therefore, the damage accumulation of HTPB propellant is considered rate-dependent in this research. In order to describe the mechanical characteristic precisely, a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model with rate-dependent cumulative damage is developed. The damage model is developed based on the concept of pseudo strain, in which a Prony series representation of viscoelastic material functions is applied. Besides, a rate-dependent damage variable is introduced into the model through considering the rate-dependent characteristics of cumulative damage process. In addition, a new normalized failure criterion is derived on the basis of the proposed damage model, which is independent of strain-rate after normalization. Finally, it is implemented in commercial finite element software for stress analysis to verify the predictive capacities of the damage model. The accuracy of the constitutive model and failure criterion is validated under uniaxial tensile tests of various strain rates.