bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The British Resort to Force in the Falklands/ Malvinas Conflict 1982: International Law and Just War Theory
Authors: Bluth Christoph
Published: March 2007

During the Falklands/Malvinas conflict of 1982, both Britain and Argentina defended their resort to military action on the basis of some sort of Just War principles. This article analyses the justifications given for the British resort to force. A summary of the history of the dispute and the legal arguments with regard to sovereignty over the Falkland Islands provides the context for this analysis. It is found that both Britain and Argentina have a strong, but not conclusive case. The rigorous application of Just War criteria shows that the British resort to force fails to satisfy each one. In particular, it is shown that British objectives went beyond possible just causes due to Argentine aggression. It is also argued that the British claim to have acted in the enforcement of international law is not tenable. An analysis of how the decision to send the Task Force to the South Atlantic was made, involving the Government, the Royal Navy and Parliament, reveals various extraneous factors and pressures. It is argued that the threat to the Government's survival as a result of the Argentine invasion was the main determining factor in the conduct of the conflict. The crucial turning-point was the week-end of the 1-2 May when the chances for a negotiated solution diminished after the sinking of the General Belgrano. Britain's military action also fails to satisfy the principle of proportionality. The main conclusions of this study are that Britain's resort to force did not satisfy Just War criteria, that a negotiated solution more just than the resort to force may have been possible, and that the Falklands conflict has not been successfully resolved despite Britain's military achievements.
National Interests and US Foreign Aid: The Carter and Reagan Years
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: March 2007

This study employs sets of measures to compare the relative impact of 'donor interests' and 'human needs' on US foreign aid allocations in the presumably different Presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan (in his first term). The analysis proceeds in three stages. First, the complementarity of various assistance programs is assessed and the findings for the Carter and Reagan Administrations compared. Second, the donor interest and human needs variables are regressed on total foreign assistance and empirically-discerned aggregations of aid programs. Third, the first and second stages of the analysis are repeated on subsamples of nations that share either the same level of development or US alignment to determine whether the seemingly discrete variables employed in this analysis work in interaction. The results show that political-military considerations predominated in the foreign assistance policy of both Carter and Reagan. US military inducements were the primary determinant of US aid in the Carter years, and country alignment was most important in the Reagan penod. Moreover, the results indicate that economic interests determined assistance allocated to the least-developed countries in both Administrations. Human needs are found to play a secondary role in both Administrations. Finally, this study demonstrates the importance of disaggregating assistance for analysis.
Structural Contradictions, War Traps and Peace
Authors: Tefft Stanton K.
Published: March 2007

Functional theories of warfare fail to provide adequate explanations for unrestrictive war which often results in the destruction of political communities as self-governing entities In the long run, such warfare is maladaptive for tribal populations contrary to the assertions of functional theory. An adequate theory of unrestrictive war must not only explain its structural origins but also its perpetuation. Structural contradictions within and between political communities generate 'fault lines', signified by divisive issues, that make warfare between them more likely. Perpetuation of such destructive warfare is based on the assessment of participating polities that war brings more benefits than risks. Cognitive learning theory provides an explanatory framework by means of which we can understand the decision-making process by which unrestrictive war is perpetuated as well as the circumstances under which tribes seek alternatives to it. Case studies of Mae Enga and Maori warfare are reevaluated employing a cognitive theory framework that brings into view other dimensions of Mae Enga and Maori war not consistent with 'functional' analysis.
Finnish Russophobia: The Story of an Enemy Image
Authors: Luostarinen Heikki
Published: March 2007

Using Finnish images of the Soviet Union as an example, the processes in which enemy images emerge and are dissolved are discussed. Special attention is given to factors which strengthen enemy images independently of a real external threat, for reasons arising from within the group. The preconditions for the enemy image of the Soviet Union that developed in the so-called First Finnish Republic (1918-44) were for the most part created after 1899 with the onset of a Russianization policy. The outcomes of the civil wars in Finland and Russia were completely opposite, and this had significant consequences: Finland became separated from Russia not only as an independent state, but also in ideological terms. Russophobia began to spread in a situation where there was a growing political need to strengthen national integration in a war-torn country and to explain the Civil War as having been caused by external factors. The fears of a Russian aggression were further strengthened by the commitment of the young Soviet state to the principles of the Communist International. Following World War II, several factors contributed to the dissolution of the enemy image: cultural, political, and economic interaction and exchange with the Soviet Union increased, the 1948 Treaty between the countries meant that the argument of an armed Soviet threat no longer had any currency, political power decentralized, the integration problems were largely solved, and the whole Finnish national identity changed with the new role that Finnish people had in the international community as bridge-builders. Today, Russophobia no longer exists in Finland, although the Soviet social system is still widely and often heavily criticized.
Global Policy Studies and Peace Research
Authors: Soroos Marvin S.
Published: March 2007

This introductory article notes several parallels in the mission and historical evolution of the fields of contemporary policy studies and peace research, as well as some of the basic differences in the two fields. The field of policy studies, which analyzes the potential contributions of governmental action to collective well-being, encompasses a variety of approaches, including positivism, social engineering, incrementalism, and rationalism. A case is made for development of an international and global dimension of the field of policy studies in view of the increasing seriousness and complexity of transnational problems and the scope of international problem-solving activities. Much of peace research has, in effect, the basic characteristics of the differing approaches to policy studies. Global policy studies can make several contributions to peace research, including a comprehensive theoretical orientation for guiding initiatives for achieving desired outcomes, insights into the dynamics of international conflict resolution, a greater understanding of the potential role of international law and institutions in world politics, and a recognition of the wide range of global policies that have a bearing on peace. Peace research has much to offer global policy studies, but this is a subject to be elaborated elsewhere.
Regional Policy and World Crises: An East European View
Authors: Behar Nansen
Published: March 2007

This article examines the complex relationships between several global problems and crises and national policies on a regional level. Attention is given to issues facing the European region, in particular Southeastern Europe. Questions such as how regional co-operation can impede the solution of global problems and what are the conditions under which efforts on regional and global levels can be mutually supportive, are of primary importance for understanding the impact of regional policies on global issues. Three issues are presented as case studies: the environmental crisis, the energy problem, and the new role of economic co-operation for regional security. It is concluded by changing and modernizing their domestic structures to improve the functioning of their economic systems, the Eastern European countries may contribute to the overcoming of some of the global crises.
Why the Bazar Rebels
Authors: Mozaffari Mehdi
Published: March 2007

As Iran's most homogeneous socio-professional group, the Bazar has played an important role in the continuing violence in that country. Prior to the Islamic revolution, the Bazar reacted to systematical peripheralization by state violence, assassinations, and terrorist actions. After the Islamic revolution it became an influential partner and ally of the state. This, however, did not diminish Bazari violence, which has now become an integral part of state violence in Iran. This study analyzes the Bazar through a behaviorist thesis, which postulates relations of causality between relative deprivation and aggression. A series of new explanations is also introduced to clarify the behavior of the Bazar when it was no longer deprived, but still remained aggressive.
We and Us: Two Modes of Group Identification
Authors: Eriksen Thomas Hylland
Published: March 2007

This essentially theoretical essay is intended as a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the relationship between social identification and enemy images. Empirical material from Mauritius is used to illuminate various dimensions of identification, and a number of general points are made: First, identification shifts circumstantially and is contingent on symbolic legitimation as well as personal experiences. Second, and perhaps less evidently, the composition of groups shifts accordingly - both as relevant system boundaries change and as perceived social contrasts change. Third, identification is contingent on two basic mechanisms: we-hood or internal principles for cohesion, and us-hood or contrasting with others. Fourth, the encouragement of multiple loyalties may reduce conflict potential.
Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data
Authors: Jaggers Keith , Gurr Ted Robert
Published: March 2007

This article reports and analyzes an updated version of the widely-used Polity II dataset, consisting of annual indicators of institutional democracy and autocracy for 161 states spanning the years from 1946 through 1994. The validity of the Polity III indicators of regime type is supported by their strong correlations (.85 to .92) with seven conceptually and operationally different indicators of democracy developed by other researchers. Comparative analysis of global and regional trends in democracy shows the extent to which the Middle East and Africa lag behind other world regions in the transition to democracy. A series of challenges to the `third wave' of democratization are identified, with particular attention paid to the large numbers of institutionally unconsolidated, or `incoherent', polities that have recently emerged, mainly due to attempts by autocratic elites to contain domestic and international pressures to liberalize their regimes.
Mediating International Conflicts: Is Image Change Necessary?
Authors: Ayres R. William
Published: March 2007

A basic assumption of much literature on international conflict, mediation, and social psychology is that the process of mediation can break down stereotypes or images which conflicting parties hold of each other; this breakdown is argued to facilitate settlement. The article proposes a method for the systematic testing of this assumption. This approach is then explored with a `plausibility probe' consisting of three case studies: the Israeli-Egyptian conflict from 1973 to 1979; the conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots from 1979 to 1983; and the Iran-Iraq war from 1980 to 1985. In all three cases, the predictions of hypothesized relationship were upheld. In the one case (Egypt-Israel) where resolution was reached, images did change, correlated with mediation efforts over time. In cases (Cyprus, Iran-Iraq) where no resolution was obtained, no image change occurred despite mediation efforts. These results suggest that the previously untested hypothesis of mediation theory regarding the importance of image change is a plausible one, and should be pursued with further research in the form of more case studies and large-N analyses.
Deliberation, Leverage or Coercion?
Authors: Nelson Paul J.
Published: March 2007

NGOs' influence over environmental policy in World Bank lending has involved successful application of international leverage to win compliance by borrowing governments. Decision-making at the World Bank on controversial environmental policy issues shows little evidence of growing consensus, communicative competence or widely shared values among the Bank's donor and borrower countries. Neither the World Bank's structure and mandate nor the NGO's strategies encourage such a consensus-based process. NGO environmental advocacy has instead tended to broaden the World Bank's authority to regulate its borrowers' economic and environmental policies.
Sources of Variation in U. S. City Crime, 1950 and 1960
Authors: Schuessler Karl , Slatin Gerald
Published: March 2007

This article presents statistical materials bearing on the ques tion of whether the variation in city crime may be resolved into a relatively small number of statistical components which have a recognizable sociological meaning. Two basic series of data are included: (1) seven major offense rates and 28 social, econ nomic and demographic characteristics for U.S. cities, 100,000 and over, 1950; (2) seven major offense rates and 26 social, eco nomic, and demographic characteristics for U.S. cities, 100,000 and over, 1960. The intercorrelations among variables in each series are given, along with their respective loadings after rota tion on the first five factors as obtained by the method of prin cipal components. Partial correlations with age, sex, and num ber of inhabitants held constant and their principal factors are also given.

The results of the factor analysis disclosed that the incidence of crimes against the person was related to a group factor which was tentatively designated "minority relations," and that the incidence of crimes against property was related to a group fac tor tentatively named "anomie." Taking both minority relations and anomie as indices of normative conflict and confusion, the general conclusion is reached that city crime varies with the degree of differential social disorganization.
Problems of Causal Analysis in Criminology: A Case Illustration
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

This essay offers some suggestions for improvements in causal analysis of criminology. Recommendations are illustrated through examination of one type of juvenile delinquency, "joyriding." On the basis of conclusions drawn from a review of evidence ac cumulated to date on this kind of misbehavior, it is suggested that future research be conducted in terms of more abstract con cepts to which the conflicting variables found in such sources as official records can be assigned. The deficiencies of these docu rnents for research purposes are pointed out and the need is stated for invention of new measuring instruments for the broad er social-psychological dimensions envisaged.
Negro-White Differentials and Delinquency
Authors: Stephenson Richard M. , Scarpitti Frank R.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of 1,193 sixteen- and seventeen-year-old male delin quents, who had no prior institutionalization but were assigned by the juvenile court to one of four correctional programs, revealed that the Negro youths were disproportionately rep resented, had a higher Delinquency History Score, and were more likely to be in-program failures and recidivists. Consider ation of racial, social, and economic differences did not adequate ly account for the delinquency differentials, nor was there evidence of discriminative treatment in the limited data avail able for analysis. Some inferential evidence suggests that the caste-like position of the Negro may play a role in the delinquen cy differentials found in this study.
Comparisons of Inmates' and Staff's Judgments of the Severity of Offenses
Authors: Sechrest Dale K.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the following questions: (1) Are there any differences between the inmates and staff of a correc tional institution in their judgments of the severity of various offenses? (2) What is the extent of difference in severity ratings made by inmates during various stages of incarceration? (3) To what extent does an offender differ from staff and other inmates in judging the severity of his own offense? Three inmate groups and three staff groups completed a form measuring offense severity. They rated thirty-nine offenses on a 0- to 10-point scale. Inmates were divided into early, middle, and late phase groups for analysis, and staff groups were administrative, clinical, and correctional personnel. A total of 221 participants completed the scale—142 inmates and 79 staff members. Ratings on each offense were combined to give a median score for that offense. Offenses were then ranked from the most severe to the least severe for each group. Various tests were performed on these rankings to determine the extent of differences in rated severity. Results showed that there were no significant differences between in mates and staff of a correctional institution in their rank- ordering of offenses, although some differences in overall weight ing occurred (based on the means of each group's overall scale). Inmates who were in either the early or late phase of their institutional careers tended to see all offenses more severely; however, this varied with the type of offense. In the offense categories of narcotics and false pretenses (checks and forgery), there were significant differences between the ratings of the actual offender and the inmates and staff of the institution.
Postarrest Release Decisions
Authors: Pope Carl E.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the influence of social and legal factors on postarrest decisions to release burglary arrestees prior to trial. The data were derived from a crime specific burglary program sponsored by the California Council on Criminal Justice during the period April 1972 to May 1973. Character istics of apprehended burglary offenders include such demographic informa tion as age, race, sex, number of crime partners involved in the incident, and the distance from the offender's residence to place of occurrence. Legal fac tors focus upon an offender's previous criminal history, including prior bur glary record, prior drug record, and the like. Applying the technique of pre dictive attribute analysis, the research focuses upon the importance of the above characteristics with regard to postarrest dispositions.
Additivity and Interactions in Offense Seriousness Scales
Authors: Gottfredson Stephen D. , Young Kathy L. , Laufer William S.
Published: March 2007

An issue of concern in the practical application of offense seriousness scales is that of the additive nature of separable components of criminal events. Recent attempts to verify the additivity assumption implicit in the most widely used scale have given mixed but damaging results. This report discusses additivity within the conceptual framework of interaction. In the first study reported, subjects judged the seriousness of five crime "types," each of which varied ten levels of monetary loss. Significant main effects for crime type and monetary value were observed, as was an interaction effect of crime type and monetary value. A second study replicates and extends the first. Implications for the assumption of additivity in seriousness scales are discussed.
Crime in the Region of Colorado Affected By Energy Resource Development
Authors: Covey Herbert C. , Menard Scott
Published: March 2007

Reported crime rates in areas of Colorado (boom towns) affected by energy resource development are compared with rates in areas not affected by such development. The findings indicate that crime rates have increased more dramatically and at faster rates in boom areas than in nonboom areas. Population growth does not appear suf ficient to explain the rise in the rates of criminal activity.
The Intake Dispositions of Juvenile Offenders
Authors: BELL DURAN , LANG KEVIN
Published: March 2007

This article presents the analysis of intake dispositions for a sample of 533 juvenile suspects. By using multinomial logit analysis, we found strong statistical confirmation of the relevance of prior record and demeanor of youth during intake for the selection of intake options by officers in Los Angeles County. The analysis indicates that when other factors are held constant, there is no consistent pattern of differential treatment between black and Mexican-American youth. However, whites are less likely to receive counsel and release, the most lenient option, and a detain petition, the most severe option.
Is the Crime Rate Really Falling? An “Aging” U.S. Population and its Impact on the Nation's Crime Rate, 1980-1984
Authors: STEFFENSMEIER DARRELL J. , HARER MILES D.
Published: March 2007

In this article we apply age-standardization methods to the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Survey to determine whether the recent drop in the nation's index crime rate is due to changes in the age structure of the population. The major findings are as follows: little change in person crimes but small declines in robbery and larceny rates, and a large drop in burglary rates. Overall, the age adjustment explains about 40% of the drop in the 1980-1984 crude index rate in both the UCR and the NCS statistics. When examined over a longer period, 1976-1984, the UCR and the NCS show opposite trend patterns. The UCR shows rising rates from 1976-1980, while the NCS shows declining rates. Two other national sources of crime data, the National Youth Survey and the Monitoring the Future Study, also report declining rates of crime/delinquency in the late seventies. Thus all three sources of unofficial crime data document that crime rates are falling but that the downward trend began prior to the 1980-1984 period. At the end of the report, we speculate that this downward trend in crime may be due to age effects not considered in this report and we forecast crime trends in the nation's crime rate to the year 2000. Also included is a brief summary of 1980-1985 crime trends based on preliminary 1985 figures of UCR and NCS. The 1984-1985 UCR figures rose for most crimes, so that the age-adjusted percentage changes from 1980-1985 show an overall small drop in property crimes but a small rise in personl crimes. On the other hand, the 1985 NCS figures continued their downward trend, so that the age-adjusted percentages show a small drop in person crimes and a moderately large drop in property crimes.
The Effect of Parental Attachments and Direct Controls on Delinquency
Authors: RANKIN JOSEPH H. , WELLS L. EDWARD
Published: March 2007

Prior theories of delinquency and child development suggest that specific combinations of family factors should disproportionately decrease the probability of children's deviance. Specifically, the impact of direct parental controls (e.g., discipline) on delinquency are thought to be conditional upon the level of indirect parental controls (e.g., parent-child attachments). However, the specific form of the interaction is unclear, given contradictory predictions in the literature. Our analysis of the national Youth in Transition data panel indicates that, although various measures of parental attachment and direct parental controls are consistently related to various types of delinquent behaviors, interactions between these variables are less evident than prior theory suggests.
Racial Differences in Perceived Sanction Threat: Static and Dynamic Hypotheses
Authors: BLACKWELL BRENDA SIMS , GRASMICK HAROLD G. , COCHRAN JOHN K.
Published: March 2007

This study proposes and tests both static and dynamic hypotheses concerning racial differences in the perceived certainty and severity of sanction threats (i.e., shame, embarrassment, and legal sanctions) for theft, assault, and drunk driving. Pooled data from identical surveys, 1982 and 1992, of random samples of adults living in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma are employed to examine these differences. Our findings reveal small racial differences in perceived sanction threats, which have narrowed over time. The implications of these findings for rational choice theory are discussed.
The Interethnic Generalizability of Social Control Theory: An Empirical Test
Authors: JUNGER MARIANNE , MARSHALL INEKE HAEN
Published: March 2007

Social control theory is used to model the self-reported delinquency in a sample of 788 Surinamese, Moroccan, Turkish, and Dutch boys (all living in the Netherlands). Four hypotheses are tested: (a) social bonding variables predict variations in general delinquent involvement among Turkish, Surinamese, Moroccan, and Dutch male youths; (b) social bonding variables predict variations in a variety of types of delinquency involvement and deviance among Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, and Dutch male youths; (c) delinquent friends play the same role in the causation of general delinquency among Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, and Dutch male youths; and (d) the dimensions of the social bond are interrelated in the same way among all four ethnic groups. The multivariate analyses support the key propositions. The variables most consistently related to delinquency among the four samples are beliefs in conventional values, virtual (family) supervision, (school) conflict, and participation in unconventional leisure activities.
The Impact of Age of Onset of Substance Use on Delinquency
Authors: ZHANG LENING , WIECZOREK WILLIAM F. , WELTE JOHN W.
Published: March 2007

A testable model is developed to examine the link between age of onset of substance use and delinquency. The model predicts that the effect of early substance use on delinquency is indirect through mediating variables—continuing alcohol and drug use, association with delinquent peers, and engaging in deviant activities. The model is tested with use of data from the Buffalo Longitudinal Survey of Young Men. The data support the model in general. Early substance use is significantly associated with continuing substance use, association with delinquent peers, and engaging in deviant activities, and through these intervening variables, affects delinquency. However, the mediating role of these intervening variables is different. Association with peers and engaging in deviant activities significantly mediate the effect of early substance use on all kinds of delinquency, whereas continuing substance use has modest mediating roles for the effect only on general and index delinquency.
Patterns of Community Policing in Nonurban America
Authors: Maguire Edward R. , Kuhns Joseph B. , Uchida Craig D. , Cox Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

To date, most community policing research has taken place in large urban areas. Only a handful of studies, most using case study or small-N cross-sectional methodologies, have explored patterns of community policing in the small police agencies and nonurban areas that exist throughout much of the United States. Using data from the Justice Department's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, this study examines levels and patterns of community policing implementation in a sample of nearly 6,000 American law enforcement agencies serving populations less than 50,000. The authors find significant variations in levels of community policing activity by geographic region and department size, with larger agencies and those from the Western region of the United States practicing a wider range of community-policing-related activities. The implications of these findings are discussed for three areas: future research on the police, current federal community policing programs and policies, and the broader community policing reform movement.
Gender and Victimization Risk among Young Women in Gangs
Authors: MILLER JODY
Published: March 2007

Research has documented the enhancement effects of gang involvement for criminal offending, but little attention has been given to victimization. This article examines how gang involvement shapes young women's risks of victimization. Based on interviews with active gang members, the author suggests that (1) gang participation exposes youths to victimization risk and (2) it does so in gendered ways. Young women can use gender to decrease their risk of being harmed by rival gangs or other street participants by not participating in “masculine” activities such as fighting and committing crime. However, the consequence is that they are viewed as lesser members of their gangs and may be exposed to greater risk of victimization within their gangs. The author suggests that more research is needed to examine whether and how gang involvement enhances youths' exposure to victimization risk, and that researchers should maintain a recognition of the role of gender in shaping these processes.
Student Cohorts
Authors: Sapon-Shevin Mara , Chandler-Olcott Kelly
Published: March 2007

The study was designed to trouble the commonsense notion in the field that cohorts, groups of students who move through an educational program together, provide the optimal structure for preparing future teachers. Using collaborative inductive methods, this study by two university researchers of their teaching within a preservice education program explored the following questions: What is the relationship between the positive aspects of being a community and students’ ability and willingness to become critical practitioners? What happens to relationships between students and between students and faculty when there are ruptures or critical incidents within the community? How is the role of faculty members teaching cohorts different from the role of faculty members teaching classes organized in more traditional ways? The study raises questions about various factors that affect community within the cohort and about differences between students’ and faculty’s perceptions of critical ruptures within the classroom.
Without Unions, but Socialist: The Spanish Socialist Party and its Divorce From its Union Confederation (1982-96)
Authors: RUIZ JAVIER ASTUDILLO
Published: March 2007

To what extent does the loosening of the ties between a social democratic party and its sister unions indicate a shift in the party's traditional objectives or bases of support? In this article it is argued that the estrangement between these parties and their unions is not always an indicator or a proof of the abandonment of workers and solidaristic goals by social democratic parties. The evolution of the party-union relationship is not only shaped by the economic and social policies of the party but is also constrained by the organizational context of the trade unions. And when a close relationship exists in a context of competitive unionism and a growing economy, it is highly likely that the pressure and threats that unions direct at their social democratic parties are largely inspired by their need to maintain and enhance their organizational position vis-à-vis their union rivals rather than by a change in the goals and policies of their sister parties themselves.
Race, Skill, and Section in Northern California
Authors: MANN GEOFF
Published: March 2007

In the early 1920s, a time of significant technical change in the lumber industry, hundreds of African American workers migrated from the South to work in the mills of Siskiyou County, in northern California. White workers, who dominated working-class politics in the western timber industry, understood this as the arrival of the South in the western woods. This involved the construction of a historically particular logic of racial privilege founded on local understandings of technical and environmental change, labor organization, and the broader political economic experience of the U.S. working class. The specific racism of the moment demonstrates how labor relations, occupational opportunities, and skill not only reflect racial politics but are simultaneously manipulated to produce and naturalize racial stratification.
Language Policy in Sudan
Authors: Abdel Rahman Mohammed Yeddi
Published: March 2007

The study and analysis in this paper is presented in three parts. Part one opens with a brief survey of the language policy followed by the colonial rule. Part two traces the post-colonial language policy and the question of Arabicization. Part three offers a critical conclusion.
Literacy Involvement in Papua New Guinea: The Summer Institute of Linguistics
Authors: Franklin Joice A.
Published: March 2007

In 1979 the Papua New Guinea Branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) received the UNESCO prize for literacy after be ing nominated by the Department of Education of Papua New Guinea. What does SIL endeavour to accomplish in the field of literacy in the country? This paper outlines current programs which emphasize Papua New Guinean involvement and training. With over 700 different vernaculars, three national languages and several church languages, the task of eradicating illiteracy in the country is im mense. The SIL believes good progress is being made towards this goal through the efforts of indigenous leaders and instructors in local villages throughout the country.
A Survey of Students' Motivation for Learning English
Authors: Vijchulata Boosakorn , Lee Gan Siowck
Published: March 2007

A survey to study the students' motivation for learning English in Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) was carried out in the second semester of the 1982/83 academic year. The subjects of this study consisted of approximately a thousand students from all the different faculties in UPM who were taking the five English proficiency courses (BB 051, BB 151, BB 251, BB 253, BB 254) and one special English course BB 252. The students' responses were analyzed in terms of frequency distributions; and where appropriate, cross-tabulation, Pearson's product-moment correlation, t-test and multiple range test were also used to establish relationships among some of the factors under study.

It is found that UPM students are both integratively and in strumentally oriented in the English language-learning task. In terms of motivational intensity, students from the more advanced English courses seem to be more motivated than those from the lower level or more basic courses. In general, UPM students expressed a strong desire to learn English. Overall, the majority of the students perceived their lecturers as encouraging towards their English language- learning task, as compared to their perception of their parents in the same respect.
A Learning Strategy Profile of Indonesian Elementary School Students
Authors: Sugeng Bambang
Published: March 2007

Five research questions are asked concerning the profiles of students' learning strategies in terms of general categories and subordinate categories. Three hypotheses are proposed concerning the influences of Language, Gender, and Grade on students' learning strategies. Observation was conducted by trained student observers using a modified guide (Oxford, 1990) involving a total of 240 elementary school students. Percentages were used as the statistics for the descriptive analyses. For hypothesis testing a three-by-four multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used, followed by three-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) for the four strategy categories. Correlation was calculated for the four strategy categories and non- parametric ANOVA was conducted for the metacognitive category. Use of the students' learning strategy is as follows: cognitive (63.31 %), affective (23.79%), social (9.05%), and meta-cognitive (3.85%). A significant main effect is found for Grade ( p = 0.0001), and Language ( p = 0.0126). A significant interaction is found for Grade and Language ( p = 0.0001). For metacognitive a significant interaction is found between Grade and Gender ( p = 0.0012). A significant main effect of Grade was found for cognitive ( p = 0.0009) and for affective ( p = 0.01).
Emerging Environments of English for Academic Purposes and the Implications for Learning Materials'
Authors: Goh Christine C. M.
Published: March 2007

Commercial materials can offer many practical benefits to the EAP teacher. But how useful are EAP materials produced predominantly for western contexts to learners in Southeast Asia? This paper examines some limitations in commercial EAP materials. In particular, I will focus on socio-cultural bias present in these materials. I will do this in the context of three EAP environments, which I have distinguished. Each of these environments will be described and compared. I will end by proposing some possible solutions to help meet the needs of our EAP environments. Although examples will be drawn mainly from Southeast Asia, the discussion will be of interest to anyone involved in EAP in otherAsian countries.
A Content Analysis of Elt Textbook Blurbs: Reflections of Theory-in-Use
Authors: Basturkman Helen
Published: March 2007

Language teaching is value-laden and based on theories about language and learning. Textbook blurbs are an important site for the visibility of the theories-in-use of the teaching community. However, little research has been done on this site to identify aspects of pedagogy considered particularly important in ELT. A content analysis was made of a corpus of back cover blurbs of textbooks which were best sellers in Auckland, New Zealand, 1998. Results indicated that the ELT community value practical solutions in preference to theoretical rationalisation, 'buy into' techniques and practices derived from a cognitive theory of language learning and view language as at core a set of grammatical structures.
Protestant Christianity and its Place in a Changing Korea
Authors: PARK Yong-Shin
Published: March 2007

The author examines the changing role of Protestant Christianity in Korea from the time of its introduction in 1884 to the modern era. He argues that this imported faith acted as an agent of modernization in the closing years of the 19th century, emerged as nationalistic during Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945, and became submerged in the social and political climate obsessed with the pursuit of economic development in the 1960s and 1970s. Through these times, Protestant Christianity in Korea has shown great resilience: transformative in the beginning, prominently nationalistic during the middle period, and dominant as a religious group today, yet with little sense of responsibility to transcend the status quo.
The Religious Order as a Cognitive Minority in the Church and in Society
Authors: TURCOTTE Paul-André
Published: March 2007

The religious order is a historical form of Christianity, especially of Catholicism. Among its characteristics it purports to have a vision of the world which does not depend in any significant way upon that which is dominant in the Church and society. It affirms its difference by its perception of and dealings with aspects of everyday life. The historical continuity of the typical difference of the cognitive minority can be traced through a psychosocial trajectory moving from conflictual intensity to eventual disappearance. The religious order exists through its members. It grapples with relations of institutional and cultural dependence in its effort to define frontiers for itself. This continues to be true in the initiatives following on from Vatican II, whether projects of renewal or processes of decline.
“There is No Place for Us to Go but Up”: New Religious Movements and Violence
Authors: INTROVIGNE Massimo
Published: March 2007

While the “cult wars” of the 1970s-1980s largely ended in the USA with the Fishman decision (1990), between 1994 and 2000 mass suicides and homicides perpetrated respectively by the Solar Temple, Aum Shinri-kyo, Heaven's Gate and the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God revived anti-cult feelings which eventually led to administrative and legislative action in several European countries. The author criticizes two anti-cult explanations of the incidents, one based on brainwashing and the other on psychopathology and fraud, and suggests that scholars of new religious movements and critics of “cults” may both learn from these cases and start a fruitful dialogue by revisiting the original literature on thought reform and the works of Robert Jay Lifton and Edgar H. Schein. Ultimately, and without denying that “cults” may carry out illegal activities other than those involving the actual loss of human lives, as far as “critical incidents” are concerned content-neutral models of persuasions and influence should be supplemented by an examination of which ideologies may be more conductive to suicide and violence.
Religion, Politique et Liberté
Authors: CÔTÉ Pauline
Published: March 2007

As shown in the articles by Irena Borowik, James Spickard and Judit Bokser-Liwerant, the discussion of the complex relationship between religion and liberty requires bold and careful treatment. Similar precautions, in fact, are called for in the analysis of the links between religion and violence. But in order to infuse a dose of realism—as in international relations analysis—politics must be fitted into the equation; be it power struggles in and between groups, strategies of religious mobilization, or civil government.
Aptitudes mentales comparées et orientation intellectuelle des étudiants en théologie de langue allemande
Authors: Stenger H.
Published: March 2007

With the question of the scientific formation of the clergy, the problem of mental aptitudes is posed. Here are the results, in the German case, of a enquiry and the comparisons which they permit with other studies of the same problem.
Differential fertility outlook and patterns among Major Religious Groups in Johannesburg
Authors: Higgins Edward
Published: March 2007

Une étude des faits, normes et attitudes de la fécondité parmi divers groupes socio-économiques de la population blanche de Johannes burg fut réalisée récemment par le groupe de recherches sociales du ,Department of Sociology and Social Work', de l'Université de Witwatersrand. Ce texte examine les attitudes et des types de comportements les plus importants en face de la fécondité, dans quatre grands groupes religieux: Protestants-Afrikanders, Protes tants anglais, Juifs et Catholiques, de la population blanche. L'article présente les résultats sur les questions se rapportant à la grandeur de la famille (idéale, actuelle et voulue), aux attitudes qui y sont liées, à la pratique de la limitation des naissances, au planning familial et à l'usage de contraceptifs. Dans la plupart des cas, des différences significatives furent relevées dans l'échantillon entre les femmes appartenant aux quatre groupes religieux.

On utillsa pour cette étude un échantillon stratifié et au hasard de plus de mille femmes blanches, en-dessous de 50 ans et résidant dans !a zone urbaine de Johannesburg.
Le mécanisme institutionnel de I'Eglise catholique abordé sous I'angle de la science administrative
Authors: Langrod G.
Published: March 2007

Within the development of the studies of religion by the social sciences, a place ought to be given to a scientific approach to the administrative aspect of religious organizations. Yet this is an aspect of the Catholic Church to which very little attention has been paid so far; various lawyers and historians have underlined its importance.

An approach from the point of view of the administrative science would make it possible to give the necessary importance to the methods of management and to the administrative proceedings. It would then be possible to envisage the social reality of an institution as an 'administra tive fact'. But this is only feasible if the starting point is a pluridisci plinary approach which would transform the administrative science into a science of synthesis (law, ethics, sociology, social psychology, political science).

The study of the functioning of religious organizations and its repercus sion on their internal functions offers great scientific possibilities, especially at a time when the Catholic Church is passing through profound changes. In order to do this, it is necessary to create some adequate concepts which cannot be the same as those used for the study of other institutions.

Some steps in this direction have been undertaken both at the level of the universal Church, as well as the diocesan level. The scientific and practical results of the development of such studies can be of great importance. This, for instance, would allow one to situate the Church's efforts for adaptation and reorganization within an appropriate theore tical framework.
Religion and Secularization A Matter of Definitions
Authors: Krausz Ernest
Published: March 2007

Cet article souligne le besoin pour la sociologie de clarifier le concept de sécularisation: comment en effet distinguer le religieux et le séculier ? Corrélativement l'auteur se de mande quel peut être l'utilité de cette distinction dans la re cherche sociologique, en particulier dans le domaine du chan gement social de la société industrielle.

Les thèses classiques de Marx, Comte, Durkheim, Tylor et Weber sont soumises à l'analyse critique, et les interpréta tions contemporaines sont utilisées pour accéder à des défini tions parfaitement opératoires. La religion est ainsi définie comme « un aspect institutionnel de la société, fondé sur les croyances en une réalité surhumaine ou surnaturelle ». La sécularisation est considérée comme « le processus par lequel la pensée, la pratique et les institutions religieuses perdent leur signification sociale ».

Enfin est mis en lumière la nécessité de distinguer croyan ces religieuses et croyances idéologiques, même si l'on peut reconnaître que des idéologies comme le communisme rem plissent des fonctions similaires à la religion et peuvent sub tilement se transformer en religions.
Aspects de l'abandon de la pratique religieuse en milieu juif français
Authors: Bensimon Doris
Published: March 2007

Some 550,000 Jews live in France ; it is the largest group in Europe. Before 1939 the most religiously orientated Jews were mainly immigrants from Eastern Europe. They were the most numerous amongst the victims of the Nazis.

This inquiry was semi-directive and preliminary to further research ; it was conducted on a sample of 65 adults, 11 % of whom practised their faith regularly and 38 % were non- believers. Some amongst the practising group wished to emigrate to Israel because of the difficulty of observing weekly their traditional religious practices. The feast of the Passover, on the other hand, was observed to some extent by the non- practising Jews, and behavior amongst the intermediate group was very varied.

In her conclusions, the author demonstrates the difficulty of maintaining Jewish religious practices in the diaspora and in a secularized society. Abandonment of religious practice, however, does not indicate in any way the loss of Jewish identity.