bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medicine, racism and immigration control
Authors: Gordon Paul
Published: March 2007

This article shows how medical controls and examinations have always been an important part of immigration control and how such controls, which operate on the seemingly objective basis of scientific fact, are in many cases no different from legal and administrative controls. On the contrary, while health checks do play an important role in preventing the spread of ill-health, they are at the same time based on a racism which seeks to keep black people out of Britain and in many circum stances are not based on scientific fact at all but on extensive discretion. In addition, this article examines the related question on the use of medical techniques in the control of immigration where no question of health is involved.
Labourism: means and ends
Authors: Hoggett Paul , McGill Ian
Published: March 2007

The Labour Party has a restricted socialist vision of the welfare state as a machine or `system' which can be run through sound administration, This view underpins both local and national labourism, seeking technical solutions to political problems.Labourism simply takes on the form of the state as a model for administration without questioning either the formula tion of ends or the construction of means. The Labour Party should break with this technocratic tradition and develop a new language, neither administrative nor managerial. which builds on the experiences of those who work within the welfare state.
Consultation or legitimation? Race and gender politics and the making of the national curriculum
Authors: Arnot Madeleine
Published: March 2007

This article traces the ways in which equality debates, particularly those concerned with race and gender, have entered into the framing of the National Curriculum and its consultation processes. It analyses the approach taken by the National Curriculum Council and subject working groups to issues of gender and race in education. The conclusion is reached that the processes of consultation have been used by the Conserva tive Government, primarily, as a means of legitimation and control. Equal opportitnities has had little effect on the construction of the curriculum, since it has been defined as a problem of implementation. The responsibil ity for promoting social justice has again been transferred from central government to teachers as agents of reform, despite attacks on teacher autonomy. The effect of such processes of policy formation has been to reinforce the ideology of the curriculum's neutrality.
Easy targets: a disability rights perspective on the 'children as carers' debate
Authors: Keith Lois , Morris Jenny
Published: March 2007

This article looks at how the children of disabled parents are being defined as 'young carers', arguing that the way in which this is hap pening undermines both the rights of children and the rights of disabled people, Analysis of the social construction of 'children as carers' illustrates that researchers and pressure groups are colluding with the government's insistence that 'care in the community' must mean 'care by the community'.
New Labour's communitarianisms
Authors: Driver Stephen , Martell Luke
Published: March 2007

This article argues that communitarianism can be analysed on different levels—sociological, ethical and meta—ethical—and along different di mensions—conformist—pluralist, more conditional-less conditional, progressive-conservative, prescriptive-voluntary, moral-socioeconomic and individual-corporate. We argue that New Labour's communitarian ism is a response to both neo-liberalism and old social democracy. It is sociological, ethical and universalist rather than particularist on the meta-ethical level. Labour increasingly favours conditional, morally pre scriptive, conservative and individual communitarianisms. This is at the expense of less conditional and redistributional socioeconomic, progress ive and corporate communitarianisms. It is torn between conformist and pluralist versions of communitarianism. This bias is part of a wider shift in Labour thinking from social democracy to a liberal conservatism which celebrates the dynamic market economy and is socially conserva tive.
Deceptive Message Intent and Relational Quality
Authors: Kalbfleisch Pamela J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the popular belief that deception is necessary for maintaining relational quality. A total of 517 undergraduate students involved in close relationships served as research participants in this study. Eighty-nine participants were married, engaged, and/or living together, 200 were seriously dating, 100 were casually dating, and 128 were involved in close friendships. Members of relationships with low suspicion and high relational quality reported less use of deceptive messages and more use of other types of communication strategies to sustain their relationships than those in relationships with higher suspicion and lower relational quality. Additionally, lies told with the intent to protect a partner were related to higher suspicion levels in a relationship, as were lies told with the intent to benefit self or hurt a partner. Other types of messages designed to contribute to a positive relational environment were not strongly related to deceptive messages.
The Use of Hand Gesture in Political Speeches: Some Case Studies
Authors: Bull Peter
Published: March 2007

Through the detailed analysis of videotapes, this research examines the relationship between the style and content of political speeches and the hand gestures politicians use. The results show that hand gesture is closely related to intonation, both in terms of vocal stress and tone group boundaries. The results also show that hand gesture is linked to the elicitation and control of applause. For example, a speech by Mr Arthur Scargill showed that he was highly successful in arousing applause through the use of rhetorical devices such as three-part lists and contrasts, which he typically accompanied with carefully synchronised hand gestures. He also frequently uses hand gesture to quell the applause, so that he actually seems to conduct his audience: his gestures both accompany rhetorical devices which evoke applause and curtail the applause once it has been aroused.
Social Goals and Speech Production: Effects of Multiple Goals on Pausal Phenomena
Authors: Greene John O. , Lindsey A. E. , Hawn John J.
Published: March 2007

There is a current widespread recognition that communication involves the production and processing of messages aimed at accomplishing multiple social goals. Despite this, it remains to discover how people design and implement such messages. The research reported here was undertaken to examine various temporal and content features of multiple-goal messages on the assumption that these features are essential to the development of theory in this domain. The speech of participants given a great number of social goals was contrasted with that of participants assigned the task of pursuing fewer goals. Messages developed in pursuit of more goals were found to be characterised by slower speech onset latency, longer message duration, more frequent use of sociocentric sequences, and a higher rate of ideational repetitions. The effects of construct differentiation on these variables were also examined, but proved to have little effect on the message features of interest.
An Empirical Test of an Axiomatic Model of the Relationship Between Language Intensity and Persuasion
Authors: Hamilton Mark A. , Hunter John E. , Burgoon Michael
Published: March 2007

The study tested six axioms concerning the effect of language intensity on receiver attitudes. The axioms specify source and receiver variables which might moderate the relationship between intensity and attitude change. The results were consistent with an information processing model based on message discrepancy, expectancy and elaboration likelihood theories. Intensity affected attitudes through three routes. First, intensity increased attitude change via message clarity, with clarity acting as a mediator variable. Second, intensity inter acted with discrepancy and perceived source likeability to produce attitude change. Third, the effect of intensity on attitudes was moderated by source expectations. Results showed that intensity enhances persuasiveness for a high credibility source, inhibits persuasiveness for a low credibility source, and has no effect for a moderate credibility source. Receiver anxiety moderated the effect of source gender expectations on the intensity-attitude relationship. A revised model of intensity effects, based on axioms derived from information processing theory and expectancy theory, is discussed.
Prologue
Authors: Gallois Cynthia
Published: March 2007

This prologue to the special issue points to the diversity in research and theory on the communication of emotion and its relation to culture and to social power. Part of this diversity results from the fact that scholars work at different levels of analysis, concentrating on different aspects of emotion and its communication, and often paying little attention to the importance of other levels. In addition, there is not agreement on what counts as an emotion, on the concept of culture, or on the definition of display rules. Finally, the role of social status or power has been very infrequently invoked in studies of emotion and its communication. The articles in this issue present diverse perspectives of the impact of power and culture on the communication of emotion. They also highlight contentious issues in the study of emotion. At the same time, they serve to widen our understanding of this central area in social life.
"Power-Related Talk"
Authors: Thimm Caja , Rademacher Ute , Kruse Lenelis
Published: March 2007

This study examines verbal exchange in a bargaining situation. It focuses on the verbal behavior of subjects holding different hypotheses about the personalities of their partners. Pairs of participants were given the task of fixing a date, time, and place for a meeting. Participants had different timetables to work with and were given different partner information (dominant vs. submissive). The power-related talk approach focuses on the relationship between the claim to be powerful and the response of the target person, who can accept or reject the power claim. The main emphasis is on the dimension of interactional control. Speech patterns were classified as control-claiming moves, controlyielding moves, and control-neutral moves. Results of those control speech patterns and other speech measures (e.g., speech rate, pauses, feedback) showed that the partner hypothesis in particular influenced negotiation strategies. A more context-oriented approach toward power and interaction is suggested.
Interpersonal Deception
Authors: Burgoon Judee K. , Buller David B. , Guerrero Laura K.
Published: March 2007

Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) posits that socially skilled individuals are better able to project truthful demeanors and evade detection than are unskilled individuals. IDT also predicts that social skills benefit receivers, making them better able to detect deception. Past research by Riggio, Thcker, Throckmorton, and Widaman in 1987 (in two separate studies) has shown that socially skilled individuals emit nonverbal behaviors that enhance believability. The present study extends Riggio's findings by investigating how social skills and nonverbal communication work in concert to predict three forms of deception/detection success: believability, accuracy, and bias. Acquainted and unacquainted dyads participated in interviews in which interviewees (senders) answered two questions truthfully and then used falsification, equivocation, or concealment to deceive on the remaining 13 questions. Results confirmed that as sender social skills increased, believability increased and receiver detection accuracy decreased, especially during equivocation. Skilled senders were more fluent and less hesitant. Senders were more believable, and truth biases were higher, if senders displayed greater involvement, positive affect, fluency, and composure and used a concealment strategy. Hesitancy was also implicated in a complex way. Only one dimension of receiver skill improved accuracy. Receivers were also more accurate if senders were less fluent.
Refining Our Understanding of Language Attitudes
Authors: Edwards John
Published: March 2007

Social psychology, in its studies of language attitudes, has typically not related evaluative reactions to particular speech attributes. Sociolinguists, on the other hand—who have, of course, investigated these attribute—have not given sustained attention to social ratings. Obviously, some bridging is called for, and that is the purpose of the present collection. Here, I summarize the previous papers and attempt to establish the important generalities underlying the basic demonstration: that given speech characteristics can indeed be related to differential social evaluations.
Supporting Student Teachers in School-Based Work: Some Policy Implications
Authors: Williams Anne
Published: March 2007

Dr Anne Williams is Senior Lecturer in Education and Senior Tutor for PGCE courses at the School of Education, University of Birmingham. In 1992 the Government published new criteria for secondary initial training which challenged schools and HE to develop courses which met requirements on teacher involvement and funding within tight time and financial constraints. This paper discusses some of the emerging policy issues using as illustration the views of students, teachers and tutors involved in the implementation of a new course.
Developing more Effective Primary Deputy (or Associate) Heads
Authors: Jayne Edith
Published: March 2007

Edith Jayne is currently Coordinator for Education Management at the College of St Mark and St John in Plymouth. Her article presents evidence from a variety of sources of some recent managerial experiences and training of primary-school deputy headteachers in one West Country county. She suggests that training of deputies may be too important to leave just to the heads and governors of the schools in which they work.
Achieving School Improvement through `Investors in People'
Authors: Brown Marie , Taylor John
Published: March 2007

In this paper the authors survey the literature and reflect upon their own experiences as consultants and assessors to examine various aspects of the purposes and the processes of the `Investors in People' scheme and of its implementation within schools as a means of achieving improvement.
Lies, Damned Lies- and Storytelling
Authors: Thody Angela
Published: March 2007

This article investigates story as an acceptable effective presentation of experience which facilitates research, teaching and learning in educational management. Stories, written by school principals about real events which influenced their practice, are interspersed with discussion on the art of storytellers and how their magic can be distinguished from that of actors and management gurus. It is suggested that storytelling is an acceptable method of research since it records experience authoritatively and can lead to categorization. It is also claimed that storytelling is an effective method of teaching since it stimulates the imagination and offers learning stimuli from varying sources which link teacher and taught through shared experience. Three stories are offered enabling the reader to test the ideas presented.
Network Society, Network-centric Warfare and the State of Emergency
Authors: Dillon Michael
Published: March 2007

This article describes the new strategic discourse of network-centric warfare that has come to dominate US operational doctrines and concepts as well as strategic thinking. It also describes 11th September as a network attack. The state of exception becomes the rule via the confluence of geopolitical with biopolitical power and the strategic logic of network-centric thinking, and with it the problematization of security goes hyperbolic in the form of `The Terror'.
Individual Transitions to Socialism
Authors: Forbes Ian , Street John
Published: March 2007

This article proceeds from the assumption that the transition to socialism must take account of individuals as they are, not as they might be. The emphasis on the individual appears to be inconsistent with the marxian basis of socialist thought. Attempts to resolve this inconsistency have led marxists to concentrate on cultural and psychological explanations of people within capitalist society. We criticise these attempts, and argue for a view of the individual in society which recognises personal autonomy yet acknowledges the role of structural forces in social change. Given this model, we then ask if there is any indication of individual changes within contemporary capitalism which promote the transition to socialism. In contrast to the pessimistic interpretations which dominate the literature, we argue that the present psychological and cultural states of individuals within capitalism can engender socialist change.
Inside the Zone
Authors: Wacquant Loïc
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to illumine the street-level, internal, meshing of social structure, strategy and experience in the contemporary black American ghetto by dissecting the practices of a professional `hustler' who works the streets of Chicago's South Side. A socioanalytic interpretation of Rickey's life - his background, worldview and social attachments, as well as his techniques of coping and methods of predatory entrepreneuralism - shows how individual strategies of survival at the core of today's `dark ghetto' can aggregate into a trajectory of collective destruction that gives all appearances of being self-inflicted, even as it is (over)determined by the twofold retrenchment of market and state and by the social entropy that these determine. Through an ironic historical reversal, it is whites who, having vanished from the social universe and consciousness of ghetto residents, have become the `invisible men' of the new sociospatial structure of relegation that consigns poor urban blacks to an internecine war with neither victors nor end. The analysis of a single individual lifeworld thus serves to illumine the whole system of material and symbolic relations, visible and invisible, local and societal, that compose the late 20th-century ghetto as instrument of relegation and lived reality.
On Report: The Southampton Office Report Centre
Authors: Alderson Dorothy , MacDonald Jim
Published: March 2007

One City's attempt to rationalise 'low priority' work by offering a reporting service popular with clients and satisfying for staff. A review of the first twelve months operation.
The Client's Right to Know and Understand
Authors: Wells Owen
Published: March 2007

Do we intentionally or carelessly confuse or mislead clients or leave them in ignorance about where they stand? Clear and simple written guides can aid communication.
The Victim and Direct Reparation
Authors: Brown Marilyn , Murphy George
Published: March 2007

The current input of Government funds to develop victim support schemes could promote over-enthusiasm for direct reparation which may damage rather than help victims. Victims and volunteer support workers could be exploited in order to provide another sanction for the Courts, as society conveniently offloads collective responsibility onto the individual victim.
A Time of Change: Education of people with a visual impairment in Poland
Authors: Marek Boguslaw , Marek Boguslaw
Published: March 2007

Major education reforms were presaged by the fall of Communism and its central methodology in Poland at the end of the 1980s but only now are real reforms beginning to take shape in the education of blind and visually impaired children and their outcome is still open to doubt.
Local Action Over Sight Loss
Authors: Lomas Graham M.
Published: March 2007

Much of the local action to help people with impaired vision has been with us for well over a century. You would think, therefore, that its purpose - its essential credo - would now be well established and clear. Not so. In fact its place in the firmament of community endeavour has never been more muddied and muddled. it is under pressure, under attack and insecure. Why is this so? This paper explores how local voluntary action has lost focus; and what can be done to reassert the values and mores that should underpin it.
Learning a new area with and without the use of tactile maps: a comparative study
Authors: Spencer Christopher , Travis Jayne
Published: March 2007

Most of the literature on tactile maps for the visually handicapped has concentrated upon production techniques and upon symbol discriminability, with very few studies evaluating the use of maps in complex settings compared with other learning techniques. A small-scale study is presented, in which six subjects learned two new areas of their city, in a counterbalanced design: three learned the first area with the aid o f a tactile map and the second without; the other three subjects learned the second area with a map and the first without. The availability o f a map conveyed no overall advantages to these skilled travellers, either in terms of speed of travel or of information gained; but individual differences in preferences for and in the use of the maps were noted. Congenitally blind individuals would seem as able to benefit from tactile maps as are the adventitiously blind; but the general benefits of such maps should not be overstated.
Parental perceptions of special educational provision for the visually impaired
Authors: Buultjens Marianna
Published: March 2007

In a project which monitored the procedures of the Education (Scotland) Act, 1981, as they affect visually impaired children, parents were questioned regarding satisfaction with their children's place ment in either a special school or unit for the visually impaired or in a local mainstream school. The parents were generally content with their children's present placement whilst being fully aware of its advantages and disadvantages.
Fro m segregation to integration: 25 years at Stamford Hill
Authors: Israel Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

The author examines the radical changes which have taken place in the concept, membership and organisation of the Jewish Blind Society Day Centre (for the visually handicapped) at Stamford Hill. Though these changes are deeply regretted by some, they were essential in view of new attitudes to the visually impaired and their position in society.
Technological changes: implications for visually disabled persons
Authors: Gill J.M.
Published: March 2007

The following article is based on a talk given at a Press Conference in London, 17 April 1990. The author considers the significance of present and future technological changes and their effects on visually disabled persons in the spheres o f daily living, education and employment.
Introducing a Talking Book Service to Ireland
Authors: Kenny Desmond
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the setting up o f a Talking Book Service in Ireland and the range o f options from which to choose, It reports on a meeting in Dublin in which the main talking book providers agreed to co-operate in future research and development.
A pilot sociometric survey of friendships among visually handicapped and sighted pupils in an integrated secondary school in Zambia
Authors: Kalabula Darlington M.
Published: March 2007

Once they are in an Integrated school, visually handicapped pupils become members of groups of age-mates, usually within the same class The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the pattern of friendships of three blind pupils in grade 12N of a prestigious secondary school in Zambia The conclusion reached is that functional interaction does not guarantee social interaction, and that the needs of the visually handicapped pupils may be construed by their sighted peers as interfering with their own goals and ambitions The implications of this viewpoint are discussed.
Equality in practice
Authors: Blunkett David
Published: March 2007

The following article is an edited version of the SRAB Annual Lecture given at the National Westminster Hall, London, 19 November 1992. There is still substantial progress to be made if visually impaired people are to work and live on equal terms with sighted members of the community. Appropriate facilities and equipment must be available; and even more importantly, a true understanding of the problems and a realistic attitude to visual impairment must be promoted. The speaker illustrates these points with reference to his own personal experience.
The Speed of Information Processing Test for the blind in a tactile version
Authors: Hull Tim , Mason Heather
Published: March 2007

This article describes a two-year project (1990-92) which set out to produce a tactile version of an existing psychometric test and establish its feasibility for use with blind children. It gives an overview of the origins, aims and findings of the project, and discusses its implications for the education of blind school-age children.
The paperless newspaper
Authors: Kelway Peter
Published: March 2007

The author up-dates the developments of the paperless newspaper (the Guardian) in terms of the organisations involved, the production and delivery techniques and the facilities offered to visually impaired people. This is followed by a discussion of reader reactions and what they imply.
LEA visual impairment services: the challenge of change
Authors: Clunies-Ross Louise , Sharpe Katharine
Published: March 2007

This article presents findings from the third survey of local education authority (LEA) Visual Impairment (VI) Services in England and Wales, highlighting changes and pressure points, examining the impact of local management of schools (LMS) and outlining future possibilities in the light of local government reorganisation.
Blindness in later life: myths, attitudes and reality
Authors: Tobin Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Psychoanalytic and symbolist interpretations of blindness are discussed and questioned on the grounds of their relevance to the everyday concerns of elderly blind people; notions of threat and saintliness, light and dark, and other bi-polar metaphors often used for conceptualising blindness are examined; and then the results are reported of an empirical investigation into the competencies of congenitally and adventitiously blind older people as perceived by themselves, by young blind adults, and by a group of sighted adults undertaking training to become specialist teachers of blind children. The close agreement among the groups on the relative difficulty of common daily tasks, on the differences between early and later blinded people, and on the effects of the ageing process itself is taken as representing a good understanding of the personally and socially handicapping effects of blindness. It is inferred that the heterogeneity of needs among elderly blind people may best be addressed in terms of the specific skills training they may require to regain or retain their autonomy.
Capital Offence: Does Braille Capitalisation Affect Reading Performance?
Authors: Shipway Jane
Published: March 2007

Two equivalent Braille reading tests, one without and one with capital letters, were given to five educationally blind pupils who were given scores for reading rate, accuracy and comprehension which were statistically analysed. The rate of reading passages with capitals is significantly slower than those without; there is no significant difference in accuracy; and comprehension is greater when reading passages with capitals. Reasons for these observations are proposed.
Reflections on the Meaning of Blindness in the Life Experiences of Four New Zealanders (Part Two of Two)
Authors: Higgins Nancy , Ballard Keith
Published: March 2007

In the second part of a Paper (for the first part see BJVI, 17.1, pp.36-40) on a study of four blind people in New Zealand, the attitudes of the participants are further reported and discussed.
Services for Deaf-blind Adults: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Scott Jackie
Published: March 2007

Jackie Scott, Chief Executive, Deafblind UK, outlines the problems faced by deaf-blind adults and describes some solutions.
The Paradox of Stability and Change in Relationships: What Does Chaos Theory Offer for the Study of Romantic Relationships?
Authors: Weigel Dan , Murray Colleen
Published: March 2007

This article explores the potential relevance of chaos theory in understanding development and change in romantic relationships. Chaos theory implies that relationship development may not be linear, that relationships may quickly and spontaneously shift to different states and relational patterns, and that predicting their future state may be problematic. Furthermore, chaos theory generates several methodological and statistical issues for relationship studies. The application of chaos theory may increase the understanding of relation- ships as it stimulates a renewed emphasis on relationships as process, a moving from concern with predictability to emerging patterns, seeing variability as normal, and the recognition of the need for multiple perspectives and methods in studying relational development.
Sex Differences and Perceptions of Conflict in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Hojjat Mahzad
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present investigation was to replicate and extend what is known about sex differences in conflict management behaviors. In particular, two main questions were addressed in two studies: (1) How do men and women perceive their own and their partner's conflict management behaviors? (2) Is there a relationship between relationship satisfaction and self-partner congruence of perceptions? Consistent with the past literature, the findings indicated that women perceived themselves to be significantly more negative-active in their conflict behaviors than men, whereas men perceived themselves as significantly more positive-passive in their conflict management interactions compared with women. Women showed a greater understanding of their partner's conflict management strategies; their perceptions of men as being more positive-passive, compared with women, were in accord with men's self-perceptions and with the independent judges' ratings of men's conflict behaviors. In addition, consistent with women's self-ratings, the independent judges evaluated women's conflict behaviors as significantly more negative-active when compared with men. The findings also revealed a positive association between understanding of partner's conflict management strategies and satisfaction.
Marital Attachment Interview: Adult Attachment Assessment of Marriage
Authors: Dickstein Susan , Seifer Ronald , St Andre Martin , Schiller Masha
Published: March 2007

We present pilot data of a newly developed attachment measure, the Marital Attachment Interview. This interview was developed to assess adults' representations of their current relationship with a partner as an adjunct to available assessments of relationship representations of parents with young children (infant-parent attachment) and adults with their own parents (adult attachment). From this pilot study of 24 couples, we present: (1) the distribution of marital attachment classifications, (2) the concordance between marital attachment and adult attachment classifications; and (3) the associations between marital attachment classification (representation) and family factors. We then speculate about the utility of this new narrative approach for understanding how attachment in intimate relationships may be useful in appreciating components of intergenerational transmission of attachment.
Relationship Uncertainty, Partner Interference, and Intimacy within Dating Relationships
Authors: Solomon Denise Haunani , Knobloch Leanne K.
Published: March 2007

The transition from casual to serious involvement appears to constitute a unique period of relating within courtships. We suggest that the moderate levels of intimacy characterizing this phase correspond with heightened uncertainty about the relationship and greater interference from partners in every-day activities. In a test of these predictions, individuals in dating relationships (N= 341) completed self-report measures of intimacy, relationship uncertainty, partner's influence in the respondent's everyday activities, and partner's interference in those activities. Contrary to our expectations, we observed a negative linear association between intimacy and relationship uncertainty. Although the effect size was small, results indicated support for a curvilinear association between the experience of interference from partners and intimacy; as predicted, interference was greatest at moderate levels of intimacy. In addition, results revealed an ordinal interaction between intimacy and a partner's influence in everyday activities, such that the partner's influence was more positively associated with interference at low levels of intimacy than at high levels of intimacy. The discussion highlights the implications of these findings for conceptualizing the development of romantic relationships.
'The Head that Doesn't Speak One Calls a Cabbage:' Hiv, Aids, Risk, and Social Support in the 21St Century
Authors: Elwood William N.
Published: March 2007

This essay comments on articles in this special issue on HIV and AIDS in the context of social and personal relationships. Specifically, it argues that active communication about sex and condom use and equally vigorous communication regarding HIV-treatment issues is required to reduce HIVtransmissions and to facilitate its treatment. In particular, the articles demonstrate that undereducated, impoverished individuals may require more active and instructional case management than their more informed and affluent counterparts.
Negative Interaction and Changes in Functional Disability During Late Life
Authors: Krause Neal , Shaw Benjamin A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses. The first specifies that negative social interaction exerts a deleterious effect on changes in functional disability over time. The second proposes that the adverse effects of negative interaction on health will be especially evident among respondents with less education. Data from a nationwide longitudinal survey provide support for Hypothesis 2, but not Hypothesis 1. A set of supplementary analyses was performed to explore why less educated elders may be at risk. These additional analyses reveal that levels of exposure to negative interaction are not greater among older adults with less education, nor is negative interaction more stable in this group. Instead, the most likely explanation for why less educated elders may be at risk may involve differential vulnerability to negative interaction that may be due to depleted individual coping resources.
The Behavioral Effects of Training Premarital Couples in Mutual Problem Solving;Skills
Authors: Ridley Carl A. , Nelson Rodney R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to extend the evaluation of the effectiveness of a mutual problem solving training program (MPS) for premarital couples. The 19 couples who participated in this problem solving program were compared to 19 couples who were involved in a relationship discussion group (RD). The two groups were compared on behavior changes in `work' and `non-work' interaction styles at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Training for both groups lasted ten weeks, three hours per week. Results indicated that the MPS group, relative to the RD group, showed a significant increase in one `work' style and decreased in one `non-work' style. The same pattern of results was maintained at follow-up, six months later.
Conceptions of Friendship, Social Behaviour and School Achievement in Six-Year-Old Children
Authors: Sants Harriet
Published: March 2007

Thirty six-year-old children were observed in the classroom and in the playground with friends and with non-friends. The children were given verbal IQ, reading and number tests, and the developmental level of their friendship conception was also assessed. Children with a high level of friendship conception were more likely than lows to ignore others, tried to control and organise others more, and were more successful at it. Highs were also less likely to be the victirms of all forms of negative behaviour. These links appear to be stronger when companions were non-friends. Level of friendship conception was positively correlated with verbal IQ for all children but with reading and number test scores only for girls. For boys, level of friendship conception was negatively correlated with reading and number test scores. These results are discussed in the context of the development of children's social understanding and the different ways in which boys and girls reconcile the expectations of teachers and peers.
Reciprocity of Marital Communication
Authors: Pike Gary R. , Sillars Alan L.
Published: March 2007

The discussions of seventy-three married couples were analysed for sequential and distributional patterns of paralinguistic affect and verbal conflict. The paralinguistic analyses supported behavioural skills approaches to marital communication: on highly salient topics, less satisfied couples had greater negative reciprocity than more satisfied couples. However, the verbal communication results were inconsistent with prevailing assumptions about effective communication: more satisfied couples had a higher rate of conflict avoidance. Subsequent analyses indicated that the relationship between verbal communication patterns and marital satisfaction depends on a couple's implicit expectations and standards of communication. Non-verbal affective patterns appear to have more general meaning than verbal disclosure and conflict avoidance.
Interspousal Similarity: A New Approach to an Old Question
Authors: Thelen Mark H. , Fishbein M. Daniel , Tatten Heather A.
Published: March 2007

Married couples from the community were given the Couples Interaction Assessment (CIA) to determine the degree of interspousal similarity/dissimilarity. The CIA is a newly developed in vivo procedure in which the couples discuss predetermined situations. The discussions are recorded and later scored for occurrences of dominating and energizing responses, and for time of communicating. Analyses showed a significant positive correlation between spouses on dominating and communicating, but not on energizing. The advantages and possible further developments of the CIA were discussed.
Assessment and Treatment of Social Contexts: Towards an Interactional Therapy
Authors: Searight H. Russell , Openlander Patrick
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a description and justification for conducting an interactional therapy. Such a therapy is based on the analysis of and intervention in social contexts. An examination of the recent history of interactional assessment and therapy from social psychological and psychiatric perspectives is presented. The chapter concludes with a description of how personal and therapeutic realities are constructed. Research findings supportive of the systems model are also described.
Adult-Child Relationships and Language Acquisition
Authors: Messer David J.
Published: March 2007

This paper concerns social relationships and language development and it attempts to show that the consideration of the totality of communication within the adult-child relationship is necessary if we are to understand the process of language acquisition. Non-linguistic communication may play a part in developing skills necessary to regulate conversations, contribute to the development of communicative intentions and provide information which aids the comprehension of speech. The role of non-linguistic interpersonal communication in the development of syntax appears to be more problematic. Non-linguistic communication can provide the skills necessary for infants to begin to tackle syntactic problems and can provide information which forms the basis for detecting syntactic regularities. However, the complexity of syntax suggests that its acquisition is unlikely to occur simply by the provision of appropriate information. Instead, a common explanation has been that mastery of syntax is possible because children possess innate abilities. Even if this position were correct, interpersonal relationships would still be of fundamental importance to acquisition. Such relationships provide children with the cultural background for language. This allows children to develop shared understandings of the process of communication within their culture - and without such knowledge language could not develop. From this perspective discussions about whether acquisition is a result of cognitive development or socialization becomes meaningless; both are fundamental and interrelated processes.

This article also illustrates that although messages between adults and children are conveyed in many different ways they are invariably integrated in a form which follows rules or conventions. Similar points can be made about communication which involves other social and personal relationships. Thus, there is an additional message to this paper that research often needs to go beyond language to consider the way that both linguistic and non-linguistic communication channels are employed within social relationships.
Exploring Marital Expectations
Authors: Sabatelli Ronald M. , Pearce John
Published: March 2007

Marital comparison levels, i.e. the outcomes that a person realistically expects and feels are deserved from a relationship, are often assumed (in the social exchange framework) to be involved in the evaluation of marital outcomes. The present study examines factors influencing such expectations in a sample of 301 married individuals. Expectation levels positively co-vary with the importance attributed to them. In addition, relational commitment emerges as the most powerful co-variate of expectations. Finally, age emerges as a co-variate of expectations for both males and females with relatively older men and relatively younger women having higher expectation levels.
Family, Social Ties and Self-Meaning in Old Age: The Development of an Affective Identity
Authors: Mutran Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

The meaning of the self in old age is examined from an interactionist perspective, employing a variation of a recently developed methodological technique (Burke & Tully, 1977). The identity of older persons is found to incorporate a dimension of affectiveness versus effectiveness, i.e. a self-meaning as one who operates from feeling and emotion rather than action. The meaning of affectiveness is stressed as not synonymous with ineffectiveness. In addition, the analysis related identity directly with age, poor health and widowhood. For men, lack of social involvement and the `empty nest' also contribute to a sense of affectiveness, but appears to have no effect on women. It is concluded that although differences in the environment, including poor health and role losses, are related to differences in the self meaning of the elderly, the meaning is not necessarily a negative or pathological one.
Understanding the Therapeutic Relationship as a Personal Relationship
Authors: Winstead Barbara A. , Derlega Valerian J. , Lewis Robin J. , Margulis Stephen T.
Published: March 2007

Theories of personal relationships are reviewed to help us understand the therapeutic relationship as a personal relationship: Chambliss's (1965) theory of friendship which focuses on impression management; Kelley & Thibaut's (1978) theory of interdependence and Rusbult's (1980a) investment model of relationship satisfaction and commitment which focus on social exchange processes; and Levinger's (Levinger & Snoek, 1972) incremental exchange theory which focuses on developmental changes in a relationship. Taking these theories into consideration enables us to view psychotherapy as a personal relationship and suggests avenues for research and hypothesis testing. Conversely, the unique characteristics of therapy as a personal but asymmetric relationship also suggest implications for the development of concepts and research on other types of personal relationships.
The Day-to-Day Functioning of Close versus Casual Friendships
Authors: Hays Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Sixty five undergraduates maintained daily records of their interactions with two same-sexed target friends (one casual friend and one close friend) for a one week period. Data concerned structural (e.g. time, location, initiator) and functional (e.g. degree to which various costs and benefits were experienced, perceived effect of the interaction) aspects of the interactions. Compared to casual friends, close friends were found to interact more frequently, to interact across a greater range of settings and to describe their interactions as being more exclusive and providing more benefits (particularly emotional and informational support). Social exchange dynamics were found to vary for casual versus close friendships. Most strikingly, costs appeared to be weighted more heavily when interacting with casual friends than with close friends. However, for both close and casual dyads, the amount of fun and relaxation experienced with one's friend was the variable most correlated with evaluations of friendship progression. Gender differences in interaction patterns also emerged.
Types of Influence Goals in Personal Relationships
Authors: Dillard James Price
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to address three issues: (1) What types of influence goals do people see as typical in their close relationships? (2) How can these goals best be interpreted empirically and theoretically? (3) How do different types of influence goals correspond to action? Cluster analytic methods were applied to a sample of goals generated by people who were asked to recall their goal in an interpersonal influence event of their own initiation. A six-group solution was retained whose clusters were labeled Give Advice (Lifestyle), Gain Assistance, Share Activity, Change Political Stance, Give Advice (Health), and Change Relationship. These clusters differed significantly on each of nine variables used to validate the cluster solution. In addition, goal types were differentially associated with three aspects of compliance-gaining messages. These results provide some of the foundational material that is prerequisite to the development of theory in the area of interpersonal influence in personal relationships.
Shyness, Sociability and Patterns of Everyday Affiliation
Authors: Arkin Robert M. , Grove Timothy
Published: March 2007

The regulation of affiliation patterns in everyday life has important implications for subjective well-being. For instance, Cheek & Buss (1981) distinguished approach (sociability) motivation from avoidance tendencies (shyness) and found that individuals high in both traits experienced the most stilted and uncomfortable interaction in comparison to any other trait combination among dyad members. In the present field study, participants were free to self-regulate their social interaction in any way. Meaningful patterns of initiation of encounters, perceptions of the encounter and objective features of the encounter emerged. The pattern of findings suggests that further research on the self-regulation of affective life, through affiliation patterns, would be productive.