bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new species of free-living marine nematode, Fotolaimus cavus sp. nov. (Nematoda, Oncholaimida, Oncholaimidae), isolated from a submarine anchialine cave in the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan
Authors: Shimada Daisuke , Kakui Keiichi , Fujita Yoshihisa
Published: November 2023

Fotolaimus cavussp. nov. was described from a submarine anchialine cave called Akuma-no-yakata on the Shimoji Island, Miyako Island Group, Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. This is the first free-living marine nematode isolated from a submarine cave in Japan, and the third species of the genus Fotolaimus. This new species differs from its congeners by its small body size, wide amphids, long buccal cavity, long conico-cylindrical tail, and proximally curved gubernaculum. We provide amended dichotomous keys to genera in the subfamily Oncholaiminae and species in Fotolaimus. We also analyzed partial DNA sequences encoding ribosomal small subunit RNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from Fotolaimus cavussp. nov. and six other species of Oncholaimidae collected from Japanese waters. The phylogenetic tree based on the ribosomal small subunit RNA sequences using maximum likelihood analysis suggested a close relationship between Fotolaimus and Wiesoncholaimus as well as Oncholaimus. The topology of the tree was similar to those from previous studies; however, it suggested a new phylogenetic position of Adoncholaimus as a sister clade for Viscosia and Oncholaimus.
Appréhender la proximité organisée avec la textométrie et l’analyse de réseaux
Authors: Le-Van-Suu Julien
Published: November 2023

Cet article propose différentes métriques pour évaluer la proximité organisée. La textométrie est notamment utilisée pour explorer un corpus d'entretiens semi-directifs afin d’appréhender la logique de similitude qui relie les acteurs du secteur logistique en Région Occitanie. Actuellement, la coordination entre secteur logistique et territoire repose sur des institutions telles que le Cluster Tenlog. Cependant, la création seule de ces instances ne peut répondre aux défis du secteur logistique, étant donné que les acteurs ont peu d'objectifs collectifs. Ainsi, la construction d'un langage commun, de modes de travail et d'une confiance mutuelle joue un rôle central dans les processus de coordination. La gouvernance logistique en Région Occitanie, dynamique et transactionnelle, constitue donc un exemple pertinent pour tester la méthodologie proposée.
Generalizations of AM-GM-HM means inequalities
Authors: Ren Yonghui
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we showed some generalized refinements and reverses of arithmetic-geometric-harmonic means (AM-GM-HM) inequalities due to Sababheh [J. Math. Inequal. 12 (2018), 901–920]. Among other results, it was shown that if $ a, b > 0 $, $ 0 < p\leq t < 1 $ and $ m\in\mathbb{N^{+}} $, then

   \begin{document}$ \begin{align*} \frac{(a\nabla_{p}b)^{m}-(a!_{p}b)^{m}}{(a\nabla_{ t}b)^{m}-(a!_{ t}b)^{m}}\leq\frac{p(1-p)}{ t(1- t)} \end{align*} $\end{document}

and

   \begin{document}$ \begin{align*} \frac{(a\sharp _{p} b)^{m}-(a!_{p}b)^{m}}{(a\sharp _{ t} b)^{m}-(a!_{ t}b)^{m}}\leq\frac{p(1-p)}{ t(1- t)} \end{align*} $\end{document}

for $ b\geq a $, and the inequalities are reversed for $ b\leq a $. As applications, we obtained some inequalities for operators and determinants.
BREAST CANCER DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION USING HISTOPATHOLOGICAL IMAGES BASED ON OPTIMIZATION-ENABLED DEEP LEARNING
Authors: Salim Samla , Sarath R.
Published: November 2023

Cancer is the second cause of mortality worldwide and it has been identified as a perilous disease. Among all types of cancers, Breast Cancer (BC) is a substantial research subject in the medical imaging area, because it is a serious disease and primary reason for death in women. Proper diagnosis helps patients to get adequate treatment, enhancing the probability of surviving. Because of the poor contrast and unclear structure of tumor cells in the images, automatic segmenting of breast tumors remains a difficult task. However, the identification and interpretation of breast lesions is challenging even for expert radiologists. To address these limitations, an efficient mechanism for BC detection and classification using histopathological images is proposed, which employs a DenseNet-based Chronological Circle Inspired Optimization Algorithm (CCIOA). Deep Learning (DL) approaches are used in the suggested BC classification scheme to precisely segment and identify the BC. The segmentation is done using ResuNet++, and an efficient optimization method called Invasive Water Ebola Optimization (IWEO) is used to fine-tune the DL network’s parameters. Furthermore, DenseNet is utilized for BC detection, while CCIOA is used for DenseNet training. The CCIOA-DenseNet is evaluated using the metrics of accuracy, True Positive Rate (TPR), and True Negative Rate (TNR). Experiment results show that the CCIOA-DenseNet attained better accuracy of 0.971, TPR of 0.966, and TNR of 0.954.
TCR Pathway Mutations in Mature T Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Zhang Yue , Cheng Kathleen , Choi Jaehyuk
Published: November 2023

Mature T cell lymphomas are heterogeneous neoplasms that are aggressive and resistant to treatment. Many of these cancers retain immunological properties of their cell of origin. They express cytokines, cytotoxic enzymes, and cell surface ligands normally induced by TCR signaling in untransformed T cells. Until recently, their molecular mechanisms were unclear. Recently, high-dimensional studies have transformed our understanding of their cellular and genetic characteristics. Somatic mutations in the TCR signaling pathway drive lymphomagenesis by disrupting autoinhibitory domains, increasing affinity to ligands, and/or inducing TCR-independent signaling. Collectively, most of these mutations augment signaling pathways downstream of the TCR. Emerging data suggest that these mutations not only drive proliferation but also determine lymphoma immunophenotypes. For example, RHOA mutations are sufficient to induce disease-relevant CD4+ T follicular helper cell phenotypes. In this review, we describe how mutations in the TCR signaling pathway elucidate lymphoma pathophysiology but also provide insights into broader T cell biology.
Challenges and Prospects in Developing Future SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Overcoming Original Antigenic Sin and Inducing Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Evans John P , Liu Shan-Lu
Published: November 2023

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the development of several effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, waning vaccine efficacy as well as the antigenic drift of SARS-CoV-2 variants has diminished vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection and may threaten public health. Increasing interest has been given to the development of a next generation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with increased breadth and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this Brief Review, we discuss recent work on the development of these next-generation vaccines and on the nature of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. We examine recent work to develop pan-coronavirus vaccines as well as to develop mucosal vaccines. We further discuss challenges associated with the development of novel vaccines including the need to overcome “original antigenic sin” and highlight areas requiring further investigation. We place this work in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution to inform how the implementation of future vaccine platforms may impact human health.
Cost estimation of COVID Kavach test developed in 2020: A National Reference Laboratory initiative during early phase of Indian pandemic mitigation
Authors: Sambhare Susmit Balkrishna , Gurav Yogesh Krishnarao , Minhas Naveen , Sapkal Gajanan N. , Deshpande Gururaj Rao , Ullas Padinjaremattathil Thankappan , Shete Anita , Abraham Priya
Published: November 2023

Background & objectives:

A new indigenously developed technology, coronavirus disease (COVID) Kavach, an IgG immunoglobulin-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, was developed in 2020 by the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India. The primary objective of this study was to determine the total cost of development of COVID Kavach IgG ELISA and estimate the unit cost (UC) as well.

Methods:

The total development cost (TDC) of COVID Kavach and its UC during the early phase of pandemic mitigation were estimated through a micro-costing approach from provider’s perspective. An activity-based bottom-up costing approach was used to facilitate data collection from all resources, and analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel version 2016. The micro-costing data were utilized to interpret the breakdown of cost across all inputs and different levels of activity.

Results:

The TDC of COVID Kavach was estimated to be

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-202310000-00007/363FF04/v/2023-11-25T134903Z/r/image-tiff

2,884,032 (US$ 38,265). The UC of providing test results for exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was estimated to be

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-202310000-00007/363FF04/v/2023-11-25T134903Z/r/image-tiff

300 (US$ 4) during July 2020. The capital and recurrent cost were incurred around 5-10 per cent and 90-95 per cent, respectively, in both the development and UC of COVID Kavach. The major portion of funds (70-80%) was utilized for procurement of laboratory consumables, followed by human resources (8-12%) in the development as well as for UC of COVID Kavach.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The estimates from this study can be useful for conducting economic evaluations, which will help in deciding upon the subsidy in government health facilities. The data may be useful to set up laboratory facilities analogous to the National Reference Laboratory located at the ICMR-NIV, Pune and for allotting sufficient budget to develop such assays in government-funded laboratories.
Three-dimensional of lingual arch form and creation of templates in Iraqi normal occlusion
Authors: Razzaq Ali Jamal Abdul , Dewachi Zaid
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate the lingual dental arch form types in class I canine and molar relationship based on scanning dental cast models using three-dimensional laser scan and to give a new lingual arch form pattern created on this classification to be used for clinical submission by studying three-dimensional virtual models of the normal occlusion samples.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Maxillary and mandibular casts of 120 young adults (18-24 ± 1.84 years) have normal occlusion that was scanned using a 3Shape E1 laser scanner, and then, the data were analyzed using SPSS software; then, we used K-means cluster to classify the arch form into clusters depending on the measurement of 10 landmarks designated on the lingual surface of the teeth.

RESULTS:

Many dental arch patterns have been established for both the mandible and the maxilla.

CONCLUSION:

The minimum sizes were found in the females, and the biggest sizes were found in the male subjects, and three sets were well defined for each sex; three categories for each mandible and maxilla are as follows: narrow, mid, and broad. The lingual arch form can be classified into three groups based on posterior and anterior dimensions, so a template of the three arch forms has been exemplified.
Orthodontic management of a growing skeletal class II case with functional appliance and atypical extractions: A case report
Authors: Raza Monis , Sharma Payal , Jain Shubhangi , Kumar Piush
Published: November 2023

Extractions are commonly used to alleviate moderate to severe crowding, retract protrusive incisors, or correct anteroposterior inconsistencies in the maxillomandibular area. The choice of which teeth to be extracted requires a thorough assessment of the dentition of the patient, taking into account treatment objectives, dental and periodontal properties as well as ease of mechanics with minimum iatrogenic effects. This case report discusses the successful treatment with myofunctional appliance of a growing patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion followed by fixed mechanotherapy involving atypical teeth extraction.
Effect of Mini-implant assisted Micro-osteoperforation on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement—A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Singh Shresthaa , Jain Abhay K. , Prasad Raghu R. , Sahu Anshu , Priya Parul , Kumari Priyanka
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the effectiveness of micro-osteoperforation (MOP) over a 56-day period and to determine the influence of number of perforations on the rate of canine retraction. In addition, the amount of pain and discomfort caused by the MOP was evaluated.

TRIAL DESIGN:

A single-center, split-mouth, triple-blind, randomized, controlled trial.

METHODS:

22 patients (18–30 years) who need fixed orthodontic treatment were recruited and randomly assigned to MOP1 and MOP2 groups. The recruited patients were divided into two groups with 1:1 allocation ratio. Randomization for the determination of experimental side and number of perforations was done using sealed envelopes. On each patient, the other side of mouth worked as control side with no MOPs. 4 months after first premolar extraction, patients in MOP1 received 3MOPs on the buccal surface of alveolar bone, whereas patients in MOP2 received three buccal and three palatal MOPs in the experimental side. The amount of canine retraction was measured every 28 days at two intervals on both sides of mouth. Pain perception was measured after 1 hr, 24 hr, 72 hr, 7 days, and 28 days of procedure.

RESULTS:

Result of the intra-examiner reliability using ICC is more than 0.97 (P < 0.001), indicating excellent repeatability and reliability of the measurements. The baseline characteristics between groups were similar (P > 0.05). A statistically significant difference in the rate of canine retraction on the MOP side was observed at the end of 56 days, amounting to two folds more than that of the control side. No significant difference was seen between MOP1 and MOP2 groups (P > 0.05). Mild-to-moderate pain was experienced only in first 72 hours of procedure.

CONCLUSION:

The study recommends that MOP procedure has substantial potential to be used as an adjunct to the routine mechanotherapy for accelerating tooth movement, as it may reduce treatment time by half in the first four weeks after the MOP procedure.

TRIAL REGISTRATION:

Clinical trial registry of India (CTRI/2022/12/048181).
Canine retraction and anchorage loss using self-ligating and conventional brackets with sliding mechanics: A split-mouth clinical study
Authors: Tiwari Anurag , Aafaque Syed , Rizwana Y , Quadri Syed Altafuddin , Kanagasabapathy B , Villuri Chandrika , Babu J Suresh , Swarnalatha C , Nayyar Abhishek Singh
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE:

Appliance biocompatibility, orthodontic treatment efficiency and patient convenience are the major issues confronting contemporary orthodontic practice. Very few studies have been published till date regarding the efficiency of self-ligating brackets as against conventional brackets. Hence, the present study was planned to compare the rate of canine retraction between self-ligating and conventional brackets and to determine the amount of anchorage loss during canine retraction.

METHODS:

The present clinical study was designed as a prospective, observational study comprising of 25 patients requiring first premolar extraction as a part of orthodontic treatment. Self-ligating and conventional brackets were bonded using a split-mouth study design randomly. Retraction of canines was done with 150 grams of force using Dontrix gauge with E-chains. The study was conducted in relation to upper arch only, while the rate of retraction was evaluated every 4 weeks for 3 months. Average rates of retraction in 3 months were calculated. For anchorage loss, an acrylic guide plug was used in mid-treatment cast (T0) and after 3 months of retraction (T3). The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Independent t-test was used to compare the means of the two variables studied, while Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the variables studied in the groups included. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:

The correlation coefficient between the average rate of canine retraction with self-ligating brackets vs. conventional brackets over a period of 3 months came out to be 0.6434, while on comparing the data in terms of anchorage loss over a period of 3 months, the respective correlation coefficient value was found to be 0.6659 with the results being statistically highly significant in either case (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Self-ligating brackets showed double the amount of displacement compared to conventional brackets in some of the cases. Also, chair side time was significantly reduced with self-ligating brackets as against conventional brackets.
Comparison of shear bond strength of composite resin, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements in primary teeth: An in-vitro study
Authors: Kumar R Kranthi , Subramani Savadamoorthi Kamatchi , Swathika B , Ganesan S , Chikkanna Meenakumari , Murugesan Sabari , Babu J Suresh , Swarnalatha C , Nayyar Abhishek S.
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE:

The contemporary esthetic restorative materials such as composite resin and glass-ionomer cements and their modifications have all been developed keeping in mind the requirements of permanent teeth. There have been plenty of studies that have focused on the characteristics of these materials in relation to permanent teeth with a relative dearth of such studies as regard to the primary teeth. The present study was undertaken to compare and evaluate the shear bond strength of composite resin, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements in primary teeth.

METHODS:

Thirty non-carious primary molars that were indicated for extraction because of physiological resorption or, for orthodontic reasons, were selected. The selected teeth were randomly allocated to three groups of 10 each for composite, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements. The enamel from the occlusal surface of all teeth was removed to expose the superficial dentin and was wet polished with 400 grit sand paper. Composite, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer stubs were bonded on to the occlusal surfaces using a plastic tube as a template. All samples were, then, subjected to thermocycling and evaluation of shear bond strength using the universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min, whereas the results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), whereas one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple post-hoc procedures were used for statistical analysis. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:

The mean shear bond strength values for Groups I, II, and III were found to be 11.7 ± 3.07 MPa, 7.74 ± 4.16 Mpa, and 4.43 ± 2.08 Mpa, respectively, whereas one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post-hoc procedures indicated that there were remarkable differences among the three groups with the results being statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Composite resin showed the highest shear bond strength in relation to primary dentin when compared to compomer and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements.
Investigation of the change in the degree of Frankfort mandibular plane angle after levelling the curve of spee in different malocclusion groups
Authors: Fawaz V , Purushothaman Binu , Siyo Rasool Karim Nizaro , Naseem KT , Ashok Amrita , Bavitha TK
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

The curve of Spee is a naturally occurring phenomenon in the human dentition. Leveling the curve of Spee can affect the Frankfort-mandibular plane (FMP) Angle and thus the lower anterior facial height. This study examined the degree of change in FMP angle after leveling the curve of Spee in different malocclusion groups.

METHODS:

In this study, 75 patients who were aged >14 years and had undergone fixed appliance therapy using a 0.022-slot MBT bracket system were included. The pre- and post-treatment casts and lateral cephalograms of the patients were divided into three groups, namely Class I, II, and III malocclusions, with 25 patients in each group. The curve of Spee and FMP angle were measured before and after orthodontic treatment, and their correlation was evaluated.

RESULTS:

After leveling the curve of Spee, the FMP angle decreased in Class I and II groups and increased in Class III group. These results were statistically significant except in Class I malocclusion group. A mild positive correlation was observed between the curve of Spee and FMP angle in Class I and III malocclusion groups and a negative correlation in Class II malocclusion group.

CONCLUSION:

The change in FMP angle, following the leveling of the curve of Spee, in Class II and III malocclusion group, is attributed to alterations in lower anterior facial height. The study observed a mild positive correlation between the curve of Spee and FMP angle in Class I and III malocclusion groups and a negative correlation in Class II malocclusion group.
Microesthetics in orthodontics: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Alam Mohammad Khursheed , Alanazi Nawadir Hamoud , Alanzi Tethkar Mukhlef , Alrwuili Shahad Mohammad , Alazmi Mona Saleh , Alruwaili Awsaf Murdhi , AlRashed Aynaa Fawaz , Alogaibi Yahya Abdullah
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND:

Microesthetics in orthodontics, which focuses on subtly and precisely enhancing a patient's smile's esthetics, has seen a rise in popularity in recent years. The objective of this systematic study was to assess our present understanding of orthodontic microesthetics.

METHODS:

A thorough search was done using the terms “microesthetics in orthodontics,” “aesthetic orthodontics,” “orthodontic aesthetics,” and “orthodontic smile design” across different databases. Articles published between 2011 and 2022 were considered for selection in this review.

RESULTS:

Five studies were selected for the review. The meta-analysis found a statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in microesthetic parameters due to orthodontic treatment. The odds ratio estimate was 0.32 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.28 to 0.37), suggesting a noticeable effect of orthodontic treatment on microesthetic parameters. The forest plot also showed an overall risk ratio of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.53 to 0.61) and a risk difference of -0.28 (95% CI: -0.31 to -0.24) for noticeable versus negligible effects of orthodontic treatment on microesthetic parameter in patients. The heterogeneity was significant among the studies, with a Chi-square value of 15.34 (P = 0.004) and 14.79 (P = 0.005) for the odds ratio and risk difference, respectively, indicating a moderate level of heterogeneity.

CONCLUSION:

The results of this study's review and meta-analysis point to a statistically significant and clinically meaningful difference in the microesthetic parameters between individuals who received orthodontic treatment and those who did not. The heterogeneity statistics, however, indicates significant variation between research studies.

REGISTRATION:

This review protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration number: CRD42022397219).
Abelian surfaces and the non-Archimedean Hodge-$\mathcal{D}$-conjecture – The semi-stable case
Authors: Sreekantan Ramesh
Published: November 2023

If

X

is a smooth projective variety over

\mathbb{R}

, the Hodge

\mathcal{D}

-conjecture of Beilinson asserts the surjectivity of the regulator map to Deligne cohomology with real coefficients. It is known to be false in general, but is true in some special cases like Abelian surfaces and

K3

-surfaces – and still expected to be true when the variety is defined over a number field. We prove an analogue of this for Abelian surfaces at a non-Archimedean place where the surface has bad reduction. Here, the Deligne cohomology is replaced by a certain Chow group of the special fibre. The case of good reduction is harder and was first studied by Spiess (1999) in the case of products of elliptic curves and by the author in general (Sreekantan, 2014). The case of bad reduction was also studied by the author in Sreekantan (2008).
Løgstrup, Knud Ejler (1905–81)
Authors: Stern Robert , Rabjerg Bjørn
Published: November 2023

Løgstrup is the most significant Danish theological and philosophical thinker after Søren Kierkegaard (see Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye) and the most important Danish intellectual of the twentieth century if judged on originality and influence on the contemporary cultural debate. In his key work Den etiske fordring (The Ethical Demand 1956), he explores our mutual vulnerability, and argues that this gives rise to a ‘radical demand which says that the other’s life should be cared for in a way that best serves the other’ (1956: 48). Despite his own personal religious commitments, and the apparent religiosity of some of his language, he resists attempts to ground this demand in theological notions (such as God as a commander or a creator), and so attempts to articulate this ethics in ‘purely human terms’ (1956: 3). In doing so, he presents an original ‘ontological ethics’ which grounds ethics in the basic structure of being; this involves him in secularising some key Lutheran ideas while at the same time criticising a range of alternative accounts, including those proposed by Kant, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and the contemporary analytic ethics of his time.
Artistic style
Authors: Robinson Jenefer
Published: November 2023

Style in art is typically described as how one describes or depicts something, rather than what is described or depicted. Style is thus often identified with form rather than subject-matter. But choice of subject-matter can be part of style and not all formal features are stylistic. One way of thinking about artistic style is as a set of recurrent features of works of art that identify them as the product of a particular person, period or place: as Nelson Goodman says, style functions as an individual or group signature. This definition may be adequate for some purposes, but it ignores the fact that a style has a unified ‘physiognomy’ or expressive character.

The relation between style and expression is complex. A period style is often thought to express the cultural attitudes of the period, but it cannot do so in a very direct way. What a period style expresses is a function of where it occurs in the history of style. Similarly, a work of art in an artist’s individual style will be expressive only in the context of the possibilities of that style.

According to the Romantic tradition, individual style is a genuine expression of the artist’s self, either of the artist’s personality and qualities of mind or of the artist’s artistic ideals. For Richard Wollheim, there is a big difference between general style categories and the individual style of a particular artist, which, he claims, has ‘psychological reality’. Robinson (1985) has suggested that an individual style is rather the expression of the personality of the implied author of a work, the artist as she seems to be from the evidence of the work itself. But, as Derek Matravers, among others, points out, the implied author is not the actual author but something constructed by the author and may therefore lack the requisite psychological reality. Arthur Danto argues that style is not an expression of the artist’s psychology as revealed in her ordinary life, but is rather an expression of the artistic personality revealed in the artist’s total oeuvre. For Nick Riggle it is the expression of artistic ideals.

Modernist and post-modernist theories of ‘writing’ do not treat ‘the author’ as a source of expression in this way, but merely as a means of classifying types of discourse: literary works have authors whereas scientific writing need not, for example. According to Michel Foucault, ‘the author’ is simply one of the principles that identifies the ‘author-function’ of an artwork.
Mathematical explanations
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: November 2023

Mathematical facts appear in many scientific explanations, since (paraphrasing Galileo) the universe’s laws are written in the language of mathematics. But some scientific explanations are distinctively mathematical in that they do not appeal to laws of nature or derive their explanatory power from describing the world’s causal connections. Rather, distinctively mathematical explanations transcend natural laws and causal connections.

Several varieties of distinctively mathematical explanations can be distinguished. Some of these explanations reveal the natural facts being explained to be mathematically necessary. Other distinctively mathematical explanations show that the reason that different laws of nature (such as laws concerning electrostatics and thermodynamics) are mathematically analogous is that they derive in mathematically analogous ways from mathematically analogous more fundamental laws.

Philosophers have investigated how distinctively scientific explanations operate – for instance, the source of their explanatory asymmetry. Philosophers have also investigated what mathematical facts could be, such that they can explain some physical facts. Distinctively mathematical explanations have been used to argue for mathematical platonism, on the grounds that platonist mathematical objects are indispensible to those scientific explanations. But some philosophers have regarded facts about platonist mathematical objects as incapable of explaining physical facts. These philosophers have regarded distinctively mathematical explanations as supporting non-platonist interpretations of mathematics, such as Aristotelian realism.
Credences
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: November 2023

An individual’s credence in a proposition is a measure of the strength of their belief in that proposition; that is, it measures how confident they are in that proposition. Typically, credences are measured on a scale from 0 per cent or 0 (which represents complete disbelief) to 100 per cent or 1 (which represents complete certainty). Credences are used in philosophy to provide a more fine-grained representation of an individual’s doxastic state than we obtain if we merely specify whether they believe the proposition. When we represent individuals using credences, we must say when those doxastic states are rational and when they’re not. These norms govern much scientific theorising, since scientists reason with their credences about different hypotheses and different bodies of evidence to come to conclusions about the world; but they also govern our reasoning in our daily life. We also use credences in our daily lives to guide our actions, and there are norms that govern how we should do that.
Philosophy of psychiatry
Authors: Tekin Şerife
Published: November 2023

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that aims to scientifically understand the causes of mental disorders and develop effective clinical interventions to address the needs of those experiencing them. Philosophy of psychiatry is concerned with conceptual and practical issues pertaining to mental disorders, their diagnosis, scientific investigation, ethical treatment, and experiences of individuals affected by them, as well as philosophical issues on the place of psychiatry in broader areas of inquiry in medicine and bioethics. It encompasses a variety of topics of interest not only to philosophers, but also to the general public, including the definition of mental disorders, their diagnosis according to medical manuals, features of particular disorders (e.g., substance abuse disorders, depression, autism spectrum disorders), the sources of information about mental disorders (e.g., fMRI studies, clinical trials, first-person reports), ethical issues surrounding the clinical treatment of individuals with mental disorders, and cognate concepts such as the self, rationality, and responsibility.

A thoroughly interdisciplinary form of inquiry, philosophy of psychiatry developed out of both the traditional areas of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of science/cognitive science, social and political philosophy, philosophy of medicine, and ethics, and clinical contexts pertaining to medical treatment of mental disorders or mental illnesses. In the last few decades, however, philosophy of psychiatry has evolved into a cutting-edge and popular subdiscipline of philosophy in its own right, with its own dedicated journals, books, book series, societies, and conferences.

This entry provides an overview of important recent debates in philosophy of psychiatry as they map onto the fundamental areas of philosophy. §1 introduces the terminology; §2 focuses on metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of science, and medicine related themes; §3 examines themes in philosophy of mind, cognitive science, and neuroscience; §4 turns to social, political, and feminist philosophy; §5 covers issues in ethics and applied ethics.
Philosophy of nanoscience and nanotechnology
Authors: Bursten Julia R.S.
Published: November 2023

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are two interrelated fields of study centred on designing, synthesising, analysing, and investigating nanoscale materials, their properties, and their behaviours. Nanoscale materials are materials with at least one spatial dimension confined to the nanoscale, which is roughly one to 100 nanometres. A nanometre, abbreviated nm, is one billionth of a metre, and is approximately 1/200th the width of a human hair. Nanoscale materials exhibit properties and behaviours that are distinct from macroscopic, i.e. bulk, materials made of the same type of matter, and they also exhibit properties and behaviours that are distinct from molecular materials of similar sizes. For instance, nanoscale carbon materials are touted for their functionality as semiconductors, while bulk carbon is not a conductor at all and is rather an insulator. Likewise, large carbon-based molecular materials, such as proteins, exhibit structure, properties, and functions distinct from those of carbon nanomaterials.

The unusual and scale-dependent properties and behaviours of matter at the nanoscale are the main source of scientific interest in nanoscale materials. These changes also raise a variety of puzzles within the philosophy of science and technology. While many of these puzzles are interrelated, they can be divided into six main categories: (1) puzzles related to the applied or synthetic character of nanomaterials, nanoscience, and nanotechnology (2) puzzles about how to classify and model nanoscale materials in relation to bulk materials, (3) puzzles related to reduction and emergence in physics and the quantum–classical interface, (4) puzzles arising from the interdisciplinary nature of nanoscience and nanotechnology research, (5) puzzles arising from technological peculiarities in the detection instruments, simulations, and experimental techniques that are used to study nanomaterials, and (6) ethical, legal, and social puzzles about the societal impact of nanoscale materials.

These puzzles are united by a common interest in reckoning with the very basic challenge of trying to make sense of what nanoscale materials are and how they fit into the existing fabric of scientific thought about the nature and behaviour of matter. The very act of shrinking a material down to the nanoscale can profoundly change its physical and chemical properties. This challenges a widely held scientific and philosophical assumption that the composition of a material dictates its properties. As such, nanoscale materials can inspire thought experiments and examples relevant to a wide range of areas of philosophical thought even outside the philosophy of science and technology, including metaphysics and the philosophy of language.
Philosophy of climate science
Authors: Bradley Richard , Frigg Roman , Steele Katie , Thompson Erica , Werndl Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Climate science is an umbrella term referring to scientific disciplines studying aspects of the Earth’s climate. It includes, among others, parts of atmospheric science, oceanography, and glaciology. In the wake of public discussions about an appropriate reaction to climate change, parts of decision theory and economics have also been brought to bear on issues of climate. The philosophy of climate science is a new sub-discipline of the philosophy of science that began to crystalise at the turn of the twenty-first century when philosophers started having a closer look at climate science. It comprises a reflection on almost all aspects of climate science, including observation and data, methods of detection and attribution, kinds of uncertainties, model ensembles, and decision-making under uncertainty. The philosophy of climate science operates in close contact with science itself and pays careful attention to the scientific details.
Skolem, Thoralf (1887–1963)
Authors: Brady Geraldine
Published: November 2023

The twentieth-century mathematician Thoralf Skolem is known principally for two achievements. The first is the statement and proof of the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem. The second is his construction of countable nonstandard models of Peano arithmetic and set theory when these theories are expressed in first-order (predicate) logic.

The Löwenheim-Skolem theorem, for which Skolem gave several proofs, showed that no first-order axiom system can characterise a unique infinite model. Skolem regarded this theorem as casting doubt on the belief that mathematics can be reliably founded on formal axiomatic systems alone. He discovered that first-order logics are necessarily incomplete descriptions of their intended models. There is a vivid contrast between the comprehensive syntactic expressive power of first-order theories and their very limited power to constrain their models to a priori desired models.

The startling conclusion he derived from his theorem is known as ‘Skolem’s paradox’. It asserts that concepts such as cardinality must be interpreted relative to a given model and thus have no absolute meaning. Anticipating modern model theory, in a later paper he gave a direct construction of a nonstandard model of first-order arithmetic based on plus and times by a method which anticipated the ultraproduct construction of models of first-order theories.

He realised that it might be possible to construct new models for set theory which demonstrate the consistency or the independence of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. The first goal was realised in the early 1930s by Kurt Gödel’s introduction of the notion of constructability for consistency proofs. The second goal was realised in the early 1960s by Paul Cohen’s introduction of the notion of forcing for independence proofs, for which he was awarded the Field’s medal in 1966.
Apoha
Authors: Prueitt Catherine
Published: November 2023

Apoha, a Sanskrit term meaning exclusion, was used by the late fifth- to early sixth-century Buddhist philosopher Dignāga as a keystone in his theory of denotation. According to Dignāga, a word denotes its meaning through the exclusion of what is other (anyāpoha). This idea provoked celebration and controversy that would last through the end of Sanskritic Indian Buddhism. In the hands of Dignāga’s successor Dharmakīrti (seventh century), who developed what became the normative version of this theory, apoha leverages the fact that a causally efficacious real thing is different from everything else to describe how the interaction between living beings and their worlds produces judgements that are either shared or not in accord with the various factors contributing to the judgement’s formation. Dharmakīrti argues that there’s an infinite number of ways that a real thing could be conceptualised since each real thing is different from the infinite expanse of other real things. Acting toward a real thing requires delimiting the scope of what one ignores so that just some of the differences are left over. A living being can afford to ignore the differences between the differences that are left over in this exclusion because these differences don’t impact the specific goal based on which the living being judges an object to be efficacious or not.
Piosenka i rytmy nowoczesności. Nad Sekwaną i nad Wisłą
Authors: Paczoska Ewa
Published: November 2023

Song and the Rhythms of Modernity at the Seine and Vistula Rivers

The article recalls the figures of Pierre-Jean de Béranger and Soter Antoni Rozbicki – the 19th-century creators of the first modern songs as well as their strategies. Both of them, even though under different political circumstances and in diverging context of (Polish and French) cultures, created songs for the community of the city inhabitants from the time of modernisation. The social functioning of these songs and their fate reflect the processes connected to the modernity: formation of the new type of listeners, as well as status establishment of an author and performer of their own songs as an independent observer and commenter of the reality.
Programy Jacka Kaczmarskiego – genologia, charakterystyka, tendencje, media
Authors: Janiszewski Andrzej
Published: November 2023

Programmes of Jacek Kaczmarski – Genealogy, Characteristics, Tendencies, Media

The article aims at describing the notion of “programme” in the Jacek Kaczmarski’s oeuvre as accurately as possible. The conclusions of Krzysztof Nowak and the category of cyclicality were mentioned in the introduction. Then the author describes forms similar to a programme – amongst others, album and song cycle. Moreover, the author points to the clear distinctiveness of the “programme” in its strict literary sense from the cycles created by the artist. In the next part of the article, the characteristics of said form, such as presence of atypical paratexts or the form fluidity depending on the medium, were characterised. The aforementioned description becomes the starting point for formulating a definition of a literary-musical programme in its narrow meaning and looking closely at the changes that happen in the next cycles of Kaczmarski, as well as the tendencies that accompany them. The observed regularities and the knowledge of the creation contexts of each cycle allow the author to divide the programmes into three groups. The main conclusions resulting from the article are concisely presented in the summary
A Case of Using Competency Analysis for Organizing Competency-Based Liberal Arts Curriculum of K Junior College
Authors: Moon Young-bit , Kim Shin-gon
Published: November 2023

In this study, K College’s competencies were analyzed in order to systematically apply the competency-based curriculum, which is emphasized in higher education, to the liberal arts curriculum. In order to obtain data for competency analysis, a survey was conducted targeting students and professors, and through the use of Borich needs and LFF analysis, competencies that should be considered preferentially were extracted while organizing a liberal arts curriculum. The subjects of the survey were students and professors. The students were classified according to their age (25), and the priority of competency for each group was derived. As a result of the analysis, ‘Interpersonal Skills (O2)’ were recognized as being of high importance to both students and professors, and the competencies that were considered important to both groups were ‘Setting Career Goals’, ‘Job Competency Analysis’, and implementing a ‘Self-directed Learning Strategy’. The biggest difference between professors and students was their perception regarding prior competency. Looking at the data more closely, professors percieve competencies concerning interpersonal and problem-solving skills to be important, while students perceive career-related competencies as most important. For the students over the age of 25, the demand for competencies related to ‘Self-direction (F2)’ scored higher. From these results, the implications are as follows: first, it is necessary to consider career design-related subjects as being more important, and second, the lectures that can help learner-directed learning are needed. Thirdly, we need to increase our understanding in these areas between professors and students.
Effects of Learning Portfolios in General Education Courses on Undergraduates' Self-Regulated Learning Abilities, Ego-Resilience, and Self-Directed Learning Readiness
Authors: Hwang Soonhee , Choi Keumjin
Published: November 2023

Learning portfolios have garnered attention in education since the mid-1990s. Despite this, there is a lack of comprehensive research on their effect, particularly regarding their affective factors. This study aims to design a course using learning portfolios in general education and to verify its effects on self-regulated learning, ego-resilience, and self-directed learning readiness. The research involved a total of 226 Korean and Chinese international students from one Korean university. They were surveyed before and after participating in the learning portfolio course. The self-regulated learning abilities, ego-resilience, and self-directed learning readiness of both participating and non-participating groups were measured and analyzed. The findings indicated that learning portfolios significantly enhanced self-regulated learning abilities, ego-resilience, and self-directed learning readiness among Korean undergraduates. Conversely, these activities had no notable impact on the self-regulated learning abilities, ego-resilience, and self-directed learning readiness of Chinese international students. Based on these results, implications were suggested for integrating learning portfolio activities into general education.
The Effects of Campus Community Mapping Activities on Students’ Sense of Community and Sense of Place : Focused on G University
Authors: Kim Hyung-suk
Published: November 2023

This study investigated the effects of campus community mapping activities, which are part of the university liberal arts course , on students. The method of using campus community mapping is a student participatory class, consisting of students setting topics for in-school community mapping, planning, mapping, finding problems, suggesting solutions, and presenting and evaluating these problems. As a result of these campus community mapping activities, students significantly improved their sense of community and their sense of place in school. Also, students' learning satisfaction with campus community mapping activities was positive. Therefore, in-school community mapping activities in liberal arts classes can help improve a sense of community among the students and a their sense of place in schools. These activities also provide opportunities for students to become interested in and participate with the communities wherein that they actually live.
Effectiveness of the ‘Untact Unification Education Program’ on the Leadership Development of Unification Awareness of MZ Generation : FGI
Authors: Oh Eunkyung
Published: November 2023

This study examines the unification awareness of the MZ generation and develops unification leadership. To extract data of detail, the study of the focus group interview (FGI) included a total of 12 students who took the course throughout the first and second semester of 2021. Necessary procedures were taken to prevent ethical breaches from study participants, and all data were categorized. Through a process of transcriptionAs a result of the study, a total of 12 subcategories with 30 concepts were derived from 4 areas of categories. Namely, research results, significance as a liberal arts subject, positive perception of unification, negative perception of unification, leadership cultivation through education and vision design (there are more than 4 categories listed). Through this study, a plan for unification education was derived and proposed to raise awareness of unification for the development of leadership competency.