bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1 Maccabees
Authors: Schwartz Daniel R.
Published: February 2023

A new translation and commentary on I Maccabees that offers a fresh interpretation of the author’s values and purpose

First Maccabees, composed in the second century BCE, chronicles four decades of clashes between Hellenistic Syria and Judea, from Antiochus Epiphanes’s ascent to the throne in 175 BCE to the Hasmoneans’ establishment of an independent Judean state, ruled by Simon and his sons.

In this volume, Daniel R. Schwartz provides a new translation of the Greek text and analyzes its historical significance. In dialogue with contemporary scholarship, the introduction surveys the work’s themes, sources, and transmission, while the commentary addresses textual details and issues of historical reconstruction, often devoting special attention to the lost Hebrew original and its associations. Schwartz demonstrates that 1 Maccabees, despite its Hebraic biblical style and its survival within the Christian canon, deviates from biblical and Judaic works by marginalizing God, evincing scorn for martyrs, and ascribing to human power and valor crucial historical roles. This all fits its mandate: justification of the Hasmonean dynasty, especially the Simonides.
Sistem pemasaran domba di Pasar Hewan Geurugok Kecamatan Gandapura Kabupaten Bireuen
Authors: Zulkiram Zulkiram
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di Pasar Hewan Geurugok Kabupaten Bireuen pada bulan Juli 2021, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem pemasaran dari setiap lembaga dan saluran pemasaran ternak domba di pasar hewan geurugok. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey dengan 20 responden pelaku pemasaran yaitu 10 orang peternak dan 10 orang pedagang pengumpul. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lembaga pemasaran yang terlibat meliputi peternak dan pedagang pengumpul, terdapat dua saluran pemasaran ternak domba yaitu saluran I yang meliputi: peternak - konsumen dan saluran II yaitu: peternak - pedagang pengumpul - konsumen. Margin pemasaran pada saluran I adalah Rp. 114.210/ekor dengan biaya pemasaran Rp. 10.526 sedangkan Saluran ke II memiliki margin pemasaran Rp. 150.000/ekor dengan biaya pemasaran Rp. 12.241. Nilai efisiensi pemasaran pada saluran I diperoleh nilai sebesar 0,61% dan nilai efisiensi pada saluran II diperoleh nilai 0,72 %. Saluran I dan saluran II adalah efisien karena memiliki nilai < 1.

Kata Kunci: Sistem Pemasaran, Ternak Domba, Pasar Hewan Geurugok.
Analisis produktivitas kakao di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara
Authors: Ariani Rita
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya kesenjangan produktivitas yang sangat tinggi di antara kecamatan-kecamatan penghasil kakao di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis apakah terdapat perbedaan produktivitas kakao di tiga kecamatan di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara. Tiga kecamatan tersebut adalah Kecamatan Deleng Pokhkisen yang merupakan kecamatan yang memiliki produktivitas tertinggi, Kecamatan Babul Makmur dengan produktivitas sedang, dan Kecamatan Tanoh Alas merupakan kecamatan dengan produktivitas terendah. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara. Penentuan lokasi penelitian ini ditentukan dengan cara purposive sampling. Ruang lingkup penelitian hanya untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perbedaaan produktivitas kakao di tiga kecamatan di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua petani kakao yang melakukan usahatani kakao di daerah penelitian. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan Teknik cluster sampling dan teknik stratified random sampling. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis data yang dilakukan yaitu dengan menggunakan uji statistik. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan produktivitas antara luas lahan kecil, luas lahan sedang, dan luas lahan besar. Dari hasil analisis terlihat bahwa F hitung adalah 1,362 dengan nilai signifikan 0,264. Dimana nilai signifikan lebih besar dari alpha 0,05.

Kata Kunci: Analisis, Produktivitas, Kakao
FREQUENCY AND RISK FACTORS FOR CHORONIC HCV IINFECTION:A COMMUNITY BASED STUDY
Authors: Tahir Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Babar , Abbas Hassan Burair , Mustafa Ghulam
Published: February 2023

Objectives: It was a community based, cross sectional study undertaken to access the frequency of  HCV infection and to find out risk factor accociated with its spread..

Results: The frequency of HCV was found to be 53.6%.The most  important risk factore associated with the transmission of HCV infection was unsafe injection therapy with contaminated equipment.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Young Paediatricians About Chelation Therapyin Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Major Children
Authors: Fakih Misbah , Basheer Faisal , Ateeq Saad , Ikram Farooq , Asad Hafsa , Khan Qamar uz Zaman
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of young paediatricians about chelation therapy in transfusiondependent thalassemia major children.

Study Design: KAP survey

Place and Duration of Study: Six different hospitals in Rawalpindi and Islamabad Pakistan, from Jul 2019 to Jan 2020.

Methodology: We study enrolled a sample of 98 doctors. The study included all residents (R1, R2, R3, and R4) and senior registrars of the six hospitals, while those on leave for any reason like maternity or others were excluded. A pre-validated questionnaire was used to collect the data.

Results: Out of 98, maximum residents were of third-year (R3) 27(27.6%), followed by the second-year resident (R2) and senior registrar (SR) 19(19.4%). About 52(53.1%) residents reported that they did not have any thalassemia centre in their facility,with a maximum from Rawalpindi 65(66.3%). The study revealed that 61.2% study population had fair knowledge and attitude towards chelation therapy, while 22(22.4%) had poor and 16(16.3%) had satisfactory scores. The study revealed varied practices except for combination therapy, where 82.7% preferred it. The study showed a significant association between different categories of knowledge and attitude with professional levels, (p-value = 0.014).

Conclusion: The majority had a fair knowledge and attitude towards chelation therapy, while the practice varies mostly,except for the maximum preferred combination therapy for chelation. The study further concluded that with an increase in professional experience, knowledge, attitude and practice improved towards better treatment.
Clinical Course of SARS CoV-2 Infection in Hospitalized Pregnant Patients
Authors: Ansari Asma , Siraj Asifa , Khan Sumaira , Jalil Rabiya , Choudary Abeera , Khalil Hafsa
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the clinical course and outcome of hospitalized pregnant patients with laboratory confirmed SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection

Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study

Place and Duration of Study: Obstetrics Units of Pak Emirates Military Hospital and Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Jun 2020.

Methodology: All patients reporting for childbirth were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and those testing positive were included. The primary outcome was virus clearance time and categorization according to the severity of the disease into asymptomatic,mild, moderate, severe and critical. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the presence of comorbid conditions and symptoms in the category of COVID-19. In addition, neonatal sample evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 was done.

Results: Out of the 881 women giving birth, 41(4.6%) tested positive for SARS Cov-2. Majority were asymptomatic 28(68.3%)followed by mild 8(19.5%), moderate 4(9.8%) and severe 1(2.4%) category. There was a significant association of the COVID categories with symptoms (p-value<0.005) and comorbid condition (p-value<0.001). The mean virus clearance time was 8.20±1.66 days. During hospital stay 34(82.9%) delivered. All 34(100%) delivered babies had no evidence of vertical transmission.

Conclusion: Pregnant women with COVID-19 infection have a nearly similar clinical course to non-COVID women in this study. There is also no evidence of vertical transmission to the neonate.
Outcome of Primigravida with Unengaged Fetal Head at Term or Onset of Labour
Authors: Haroon Mariyam , Baqai Shehla , Choudry Abeera , Gul Mahwish , Ahmed Madiha
Published: February 2023

Objective: To investigate the duration and course of labour, the need for intervention and feto-maternal outcome in a primigravida with an unengaged fetal head at term in labour.

Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Oct 2019.

Methodology: This study was carried out on 150 term primigravida women with an unengaged head in labour. Informed consent, detailed history and examination were made along with ultra-sonographic and pelvic assessment.

Results: Deflexed head was a frequent cause 49(32.67%), cephalopelvic disproportion 24(16%), and loop of cord around theneck 8(5.34%), however, no cause was found 54(36%) women with unengaged fetal head. Ninety three patients (62%)continued with spontaneous labour, while the rest had to be induced. Vaginal deliveries were 100(66.67%), while 50(33.34%) were delivered via Lower Segment Caesarean Section. Out of the 57patients who received induction of labour, 25(43.86%) had vaginal deliveries, while 32(56.14%) underwent Lower Segment Caesarean Section. Five (3.34%) went into a postpartum haemorrhage. Grade 3 perineal tears were seen in 3(2%) patients, and one had a wound infection. APGAR score at ten minutes was between 7 and at ten minutes in 115(76.67%) neonates.

Conclusion: In primigravida at the onset of labour with an unengaged fetal head at term gestation, vaginal delivery is possible with watchful expectancy and appropriate intervention. However, there is a need to ensure that all inductions are strongly indicated.
Thrombocytopenia and its Relationship with Bleeding Manifestations in Dengue Patients-A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience
Authors: Shabir Mahtab , Nisar Shazia , Urooj Zobia , Sohail Mohina , Khan Muhammad Shahid , Khan Danish Hassan
Published: February 2023

Objective: To explore the extent of bleeding among three different groups of patients based on their blood platelet count and identify the frequency of specific types of bleeding manifestations among the study groups.

Study Design: Comparative prospective study.

Place and Duration of Study: Pak-Emirates Military Hospital, (PEMH) Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2019.

Methodology: One hundred patients hospitalized with dengue fever and platelet count of less than 100,000 per microliter of blood were enrolled in the study. They were divided into three groups based on platelet count, i.e., <20,000 (Group-1), 20,000- 50,000 (Group-2), and >50,000 (Group-3) per microliter of blood and observed for different types of bleeds and were also categorized as no bleed, single-site bleed and multiple-site bleed.

Results: Group comparisons revealed that no patient from Group-1 versus 3(10.3%), patients from Group-2 whereas 11(19.3%) patients from Group-3 experienced single site bleed (p=0.05). In addition, patients belonging to Group-1 experienced significantly more petechiae as compared to Groups 2 and 3 (92.8% vs 65.5% vs 19.2%, p<0.001). Similarly, gum bleeding and purpura were more commonly observed in Group-1 than in two other groups (50% vs 44.8% vs 14.0%, p 0.001; 85.7% vs 44.8% vs 3.5%, p<0.001, respectively).

Conclusion: Bleeding complications among dengue patients has a positive relationship with platelet count, but some specific bleeds, e.g., melena, hematemesis, hemoptysis and per vaginal bleed, cannot be directly correlated with the number of platelets circulating in the blood.
Frequency of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Hospitalized Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Hussain Murtaza , Malik Qudrat Ullah , Khan Qamar uz Zaman , Mumtaz Shaista , Abbas Muhammad , Bashir Junaid
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) and associated risk factors.

Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2019 to Aug 2020.

Methodology: After approval from the Ethical Review Board, 126 children were included in the study. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children. The direct immunofluorescence method was utilized to detect intracellular viral antigens of the respiratory syncytial virus. In addition, the presence of symptoms and history for identification of the presence or absence of risk factors was recorded.

Results: 57(45.2%) patients were found to be respiratory syncytial virus positive, and 69(54.8%) were respiratory syncytial virus negative. Significant differences were found in symptoms between RSV-positive and negative children (p=0.001).

Conclusion: Respiratory syncytial virus was among the leading causes of children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections, with fever and recurrent wheezing as the most common symptoms.
Effect of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Soft Tissue Injuries of Foot and Ankle in Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Khursheed Roqayyah Munawwer , Akhlaq Ali Khan Faisal , Ali Hyder , Zahid Zaara , Kiran Saba , Ullah Ansari Muhammad Kamran
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the effect of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) in patients with foot and/or ankle injury compared with conventional dressing techniques.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial (Trial No: NCT04569305).

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plastic Surgery, Dr Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi Pakistan, from Dec 2019 to Oct 2020.

Methodology: All patients with foot and ankle injury resulting in soft tissue injury with or without bones and tendons exposed were included. Thirty-five patients were randomized into the NPTW-Group and 35 into the Conventional Treatment Group using the lottery method. NPTW was applied to an injured foot and ankle area after debridement and cleaning the necrosed tissue. The effect of the technique was assessed by measuring the wound surface area covered with healthy granulation tissue measured in a centimetre square on follow-up.

Results: Mean wound grade at the start of treatment was estimated as 3.20±0.71 in the NPWT-Group and 3.14±0.73 in the Control-Group, and at the end of treatment as 1.20±0.53 in the NPWT-Group and 1.71±0.78 in the Control Group. The mean wound size at the start of treatment was estimated as 52.74±21.92 cm2 in the NPWT-Group and 54.08±23.28 cm2 in Controls.At the end of treatment, an average wound size was estimated as 21.61±13.46 in NPTW and 30.40±16.50 in controls. NPTW significantly reduced wound grade and size more effectively than the conventional technique (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Negative pressure wound therapy was more effective for soft tissue injury of the foot and/or ankle injury than the conventional............
A Comparison Between AH 26 and Sealapex for Post-Obturation Pain
Authors: Ahmad Rana Muzzamil Jamil , Rana Mehmood Ahmad , Alam Mafaza , Bangash Ajmal Yousaf , Bhangar Faisal , Munir Asma
Published: February 2023

Objective: To find out the post-obturation pain with Sealapex and AH26 Sealers on the first, third and seventh day.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Nov 2019.

Methodology: Three hundred eighty-eight patients of either gender, ranging from age 20 to 45, presenting in the OPD for root canal treatment were selected. Teeth were opened, cleaned and shaped properly with rotary HyFlex EDM files. Obturation was done with Sealapex sealer in half cases, and the rest were obturated using AH26. Post-operative pain was recorded with VAS scoring on the days 1,3 and 7.

Results: Of 388 patients reporting, 131(67.5%) were males, and 63(32.5%) were females. Comparative pain recording on the days 1, 3 and 7 showed post-operative pain for the AH Sealer-Group as 80(58%), 64(72.3%), 22(84.3%) and Sealapex SealerGroup as 58(42%), 24(27.7%) and 4(15.7%) respectively. The difference between post-obturation pain of both groups on all days was statistically significant, with an increased pain in the AH 26 Sealer-Group. There was a statistically significant relation between post-operative pain with gender distribution. Younger patients reported more pain as compared to older subjects.

Conclusion: The post-obturation pain for AH26 is more than Sealapex sealer which gradually decreases with each passing day.
Aetiologies of Central Nervous System Infections: A Study at Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern Punjab
Authors: Shafait Saima , Alamgir Wasim , Yousaf Ali , Hashmat Asif , Nawaz Khurram Haq , Nizami Asif
Published: February 2023

Objective: To identify demographic patterns and etiologies of CNS infections and to identify the clinical presentations, diagnostic accuracy, and clinical outcomes of various CNS infections in hospitalized patients in a tertiary care hospital.

Study Design: Cross sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Oct 2019 to Jun 2020.

Methodology: A total of 97 adult patients presenting with clinical features of Central Nervous System (CNS) infection were enrolled for this in-hospital study. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected for a routine examination, bacterial culture, and viral Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) serology and neuroimaging were done in all cases. The diagnosis was established based on World Health Organization guidelines for infectious diseases. Infections were classified into four major categories for analysis purposes.

Results: Of 97 enrolled patients, the mean age was 38.8±18.5 years. CNS tuberculosis was the most common infection seen in 46(47.4%) cases, 25(25.7%) patients had viral encephalitis, and 17(17.5%) had bacterial meningitis. The rest of the patients (n=9) had fungal (3%) or parasitic infections (4%). In contrast, two patients were found to have focal cerebritis, one due to Brucella and the other due to Salmonella typhi.

Conclusion: Tuberculosis is the most common (CNS infection in this region. First, patients with CNS infections, especially chronic ones, present very late in our setting, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Secondly, Molecular diagnosis is obtainable in only a small percentage of cases for various reasons.
Post-Operative Pain Intensity After Using Different Instrumentation Techniques for Canal Preparation
Authors: . Avinash , Sheikh Abubakar , Ali Muhammad , Rashid Saqib , Atkary Gulrukh , Atkary Hussain
Published: February 2023

Objective: To measure the intensity of post-operative pain after using two techniques for root canal treatment.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.

Place of Study and Duration: Operative Dentistry Department, Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi Pakistan, from May to Oct 2019.

Methodology: The study was conducted on 60 patients referred to the Department of Endodontic, Fatima Jinnah Dental College. Enrolled patients were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) using the sealed envelope technique. Two different root canal file systems were used to assess the post-operative pain intensity in both groups.

Results: The post-operative pain intensity considerably decreased in both groups. The difference between the rotational and reciprocal techniques was found to be statistically insignificant (p=0.86) in the 6 hours (p=0.73) and 24 hours’ periods (p=0.147) between the instrumentation techniques. However, pain experienced in the 48 hours was statistically different between the two groups (p=0.03).

Conclusion: Post-operative pain is a consequence of both instrumentation techniques, which should be thoroughly investigated and assessed.Keywords: Instrumentation, Post-operative pain, Pro-taper, Root canal treatment, Wave-one.
Efficacy and Safety of Intense Pulsed Light in Patients of Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris
Authors: Sajid Fatima , Rizwan Muneeza , Sheikh Saleha Saeed
Published: February 2023

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of IPL in patients with inflammatory Acne Vulgaris.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, Pakistan Air Force Hospital, Fazaia Medical College, Islamabad Pakistan, from Aug 2019 to Jan 2020.

Methodology: Ninety patients with inflammatory facial acne were enrolled and received four Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) sessions at two weeks intervals with fluence 25J/cm2 and 420nm cut-off filter. The duration of treatment for each patient was two months. Clinical improvement was assessed using the Global Acne Grading System score (GAGs score).

Results: Mean age of the patients was 18.5±3.3years, of which nine were males (10%), and 81 were females (90%). IPL was effective in 42(46.7%) patients with inflammatory acne vulgaris. The median GAGS score before treatment was 20(22–19), and after treatment was 10(12-9), with a significant p-value(<0.001). Only 8(9%) developed erythema, and 1(1%) patient developed post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Conclusions: Intense Pulsed Light was a significantly effective and safe treatment for inflammatory acne of all grades, ages,and genders.Keywords: Efficacy, Inflammatory acne vulgaris, Intense pulsed light, Safety, Treatment.
Association of Body Mass Index with the Severity of SARS-COVID-19 Pneumonia in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Zafar Zara , Alamgir Wasim , -Humayun M. Zill-e , Rehman Aayesha , Ain Qurat Ul , Ilyas Sumaira
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the association of body mass index with the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia in hospitalized patients.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, form May to Jun 2021.

Methodology: Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia on PCR and chest imaging and admitted to our hospital were included in the study. Body mass index was calculated on the first day of hospital admission, and they were followed up for two weeks during the disease. Increased oxygen demand, duration of admission, CT severity score and use of non-invasive ventilation were compared in patients with normal and increased body mass index.

Results: A total of 800 COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital were included in the final analysis. The mean age of the study participants was 41.36±4.55 years. Out of 800 patients, 337(42.1%) had normal BMI, 420(52.5%) were classed in the category of overweight and 43(5.4%) were obese. Furthermore, it was seen that increased demand for oxygen, high CT severity score and longer duration of hospital admission had a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) with high body mass index.

Conclusion: More than half of the patients admitted after diagnosis of COVID-19 had higher than normal body mass index. A significant association was found between increased demand for oxygen, high CT severity score, longer hospital admission duration, and high body mass index.Keywords: Body mass index, COVID-19, Outcome.
Diagnostic Value of Rapid COVID-19 Antigen Test (Panbio, Abbott) Compared to RT- PCR in Suspected Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Riaz Muhammad Omair , Din Nasir Ud , Khan Sara Waqar , Mushtaq Saadiya , Parveen Bushra
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the diagnostic value of rapid COVID-19 antigen test (Panbio, Abbott) in comparison with Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in suspected community cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection at a tertiary care center in Pakistan

Study Design: Cross sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jun 2020 to Jun 2021.

Methodology: The diagnostic value of the Panbio®COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test (Panbio, Abbott), was determined in comparison with RT-PCR in suspected community cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection at a tertiary care center on samples taken simultaneously. 200 individuals reporting to the hospital with signs and symptoms of potential COVID infection or history of significant contact exposure (>1 hour without masking and social distancing) to a RT-PCR positive COVID patient and concurrently requiring a rapid COVID antigen test due to an underlying health condition were included in the study by consecutive sampling.Results: Out of 200 individuals, 53(26.5 %) were COVID positive by RT–PCR whereas 147(73.5%) were clearly negative with no cases of indeterminate viremia on RT PCR. 32(60.3%) out of 53 RT-PCR positive COVID cases were also found to be positive by COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test, whereas 21(39.6%) were negative. Out of 147 RT-PCR negative COVID cases,146(99.3%) were negative by COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test as well whereas 1(0.68%) was positive.

Conclusion: COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test is suitable adjunct to RT-PCR testing in suspected cases in emergent settings in early days of admission.
Increase Mortality Rate in Sepsis Patients with qSOFA Score Greater than Two
Authors: Waqar Khan Raja Muhammad , Mahmood Asad , Qayyum Mohsin , Younas Zahid
Published: February 2023

Objective: To look for patients of sepsis with a qSOFA score of more than two and an association of a high qSOFA score with mortality and other socio-demographic factors.

Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Sialkot Pakistan, from Nov 2021 to May 2022.

Methodology: All baseline and relevant investigations were carried out at the time of initial clinical assessment, and the qSOFA score was calculated by a consultant medical specialist for all the patients diagnosed with the septic condition. Patients were followed up for two weeks to look for mortality.

Results: A total of 500 patients, managed for sepsis during the study period were included in the study. Of them, 298(59.6) were males, while 202(40.4) were females. Out of all the patients in the study, 379(75.8) had a qSOFA score of two or less than two, while 121(24.2) had a qSOFA score of more than two. Increased mortality, patients with more than 50 years and comorbid illnesses were found statistically significantly more in the group having a qSOFA score of more than two (p-value<0.001).

Conclusion: Mortality was significantly high in patients with sepsis who had a qSOFA score greater than two at the time of initial assessment compared to those with a score of two or less.
Superbugs with Antibiotic Resistance; The Frequency of Community-Acquired MRSA Isolation on Frequently Touched Surfaces by Public
Authors: Humayun Shumaila , Amjad Tahira , Chohan Maham Javed , Khan Lyba , Azam Naila , Zaidi Nosheen
Published: February 2023

Objective: to detect the presence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) on frequently touched surfaces in the community, like handles and seats of shopping trolleys and to identify disinfecting practices of the grocery store owners.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Grocery stores in Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Jun to Nov 2019.

Methodology: A total of 200 swabs from two separate surfaces of 100 trolleys were collected, with 100 samples each from handles and the seats. Trolleys from seven different grocery stores in Rawalpindi Pakistan, were selected by multistage sampling. The swabs were presented to the Microbiology laboratory at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan to test for bacterial presence.

Results: The samples showed growth on 65% of trolley handles and 66% of trolley seats. Trolleys washed once in 6 to 12 months, had 42.5% bacterial growth. Staphylococcus Aureus was present on 42 % of both surfaces, with 24% MRSA on Trolley handles and 18% on trolley seats. The significant association was observed in Bacterial growth on the handles of trolleys and servicing frequency of shopping trolleys with the p-value of <0.001.

Conclusion: MRSA strain was alarmingly detected on shopping trolleys, a community-use item. Grocery store keepers following guidelines for the trolleys’ sanitation along with regular monitoring can protect staff and the general public. In addition, it is important to impart health education to the general public regarding disease transmission through such sources and their preventive strategies.
An Obituary - Lt Col M B Azami Breathes his Last
Authors: . Maj Gen M H Kazmi (R)
Published: February 2023

With profound grief, we learnt about the saddemise of Lt Col M B Azami. We mourn the loss of thisgreat human being and a teacher. We salute him for hismost extraordinary life. His unbreakable spirit andcourage in facing adversities and physical challengeswere commendable. His true passion was to serve theailing humanity, and he devoted himself to this causethroughout his life. He would be remembered for hisboundless generosity and unwavering principlesregardless of consequences. He was a great mentor anda model for many of us. He was the teacher of teachersand was the only person on whose recommendationFRCP (Eden) was awarded. He was kind enough to visitAFM College MH and Medical Directorate on ourrequest, and we had the pleasure of his presence in thewards where his voice still echoes. To describe hisclinical acumen would amount to adding another hueto the rainbowMay God bless his soul, and our prayers are for the bereaved family!
Author Index
Authors: . Pafmj
Published: February 2023

Author Index
Alignment between actual and planned assessments: implementation of the Accounting curriculum in Eswatini.
Authors: Sithole Nosipho P , Osodo Joseph , Pereira Liphie
Published: February 2023

This study explored the extent to which the assessments produced by teachers in the implementation of the Eswatini General Certificate of Secondary Education (EGCSE) Accounting curriculum (actual assessment) align with the requirements of the curriculum (planned assessment). EGCSE is a learner-centred curriculum which was introduced in 2006 in Eswatini. It emphasises the development of higher-order thinking skills. The study used a mixed-methods approach and a descriptive survey design. Simple random sampling was adopted to select nine (9) Accounting teachers who participated in this study. Questionnaires, interviews and document analysis were the method used in data collection. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and measures of central tendency were used to analyse quantitative data. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The study found that there is no alignment between what is required of the learner in external and internal assessments. It was concluded that teachers were not implementing the EGCSE Accounting curriculum as intended. In-service training for all senior secondary school Accounting teachers was recommended so to equip teachers with assessment skills for the effective implementation of the EGCSE Accounting curriculum.
Student mobility in Kenya’s private universities: An assessment of the effect of universities’ customer care services
Authors: Samuel Mercy Igoki , Kibaara Tarsilla , Gichohi Paul
Published: February 2023

The study sought to analyse the effect of customer care services on student mobility in private universities in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study employs a descriptive survey design targeting 26 registered private universities. A study sample of 180 private university students and 9 registrars was selected using multi-stage sampling whereby the private universities from Nairobi County, Kenya, were purposely selected. The universities were further sampled in stratus using stratified sampling. The registrars further applied random sampling to select the students who were interviewed. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires for registrars and students. Analysis was then done descriptively and through thematic means for quantitative and qualitative data. Linear regression analysis was also used to establish the extent of the effect on the dependent variables of independent variables. The study's findings indicate that customer care services influence students’ mobility in private universities in Nairobi County in Kenya. This implies that students prefer being in institutions of learning that provide good customer care services. The study recommends that marketing departments of universities in the target areas invest more in customer care services to promote their respective universities to prospective students.
influence of disciplinary roles played by student councils in curbing the frequency of student unrests in public boys boarding secondary schools in Elgon sub-county, Kenya
Authors: Tikoko Betty Jeruto , Kimame Leslie
Published: February 2023

This study sought to address the influence of disciplinary roles played by student councils in curbing the frequency of student unrests in public boy’s boarding schools in Elgon Sub-county, Kenya. This study was based on a survey research design where the researcher interacts naturally with respondents and records observations without undue influence. The study was conducted in Elgon Sub-county, Bungoma County, Kenya. It also used a multistage sampling technique as well as purposive sampling. In conclusion, it was found out that student councils play important roles in disciplining other students, which could in turn, help in curbing the frequency of student unrest in schools. Such roles are: reporting offenders, punishing and supervising students who are being punished, and ensuring that students adhere to school rules and regulations. This study recommends that students should be given more powers to assist teachers in supervising other students and, more so, the ones who have high tendencies to flout school rules. Through proper policy formulation, capacity building and sensitisation of both teachers and students should be undertaken by stakeholders so that students and teachers could support student leadership.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Biologi Konsep Sistem Pernapasan pada Manusia melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Numbered Head Together (NHT) bagi Siswa Kelas VIIIE SMP Negeri 1 Burau
Authors: Megawati Ruth
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (Classroom Action Research) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar biologi siswa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe NHT di SMP Negeri 1 Burau pada konsep sistem pernapasan. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIIIE SMP Negeri 1 Burau yang berjumlah 32 orang. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 siklus yang dilaksanakan selama empat kali pertemuan. Pengambilan data hasil belajar siswa dilakukan melalui tes tertulis pada tiap akhir siklus  dan observasi aktivitas belajar siswa dilakukan pada setiap proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa setelah penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Numbered Head Together (NHT) pada siklus I mencapai skor rata-rata 62,5 meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 72,7. Ketuntasan belajar siswa pada siklus I adalah 59,3%  dengan jumlah siswa yang tuntas hanya 19 orang meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 87,5% dengan jumlah siswa yang tuntas belajar sebanyak 28 orang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Numbered Head Together (NHT) dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar biologi khususnya pada konsep sistem pernapasan, siswa kelas VIIIE SMP Negeri 1 Burau.Kata kunci: Pembelajaran Kooperatif  tipe NHT,  Hasil belajar.
Ketahanan Kulit Batang Sagu terhadap Rayap Tanah
Authors: Tenriawaru Eka Pratiwi , Supu Idawati , Cambaba Sunarti
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk menguji ketahanan kulit batang sagu terhadap rayap tanah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan lima kali pengulangan. Preparasi sampel kulit batang kayu mengacu pada SNI ISO 3129: 2011, dan pengujian terhadap rayap tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) mengacu pada SNI 01-7207-2006. Hasil ditentukan berdasarkan penurunan berat kulit batang sagu setelah perlakuan yang dibandingkan dengan kelas ketahanan terhadap rayap berdasarkan SNI 01-7207-2006. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kulit batang sagu tidak tahan terhadap rayap tanah dan tergolong dalam kelas ketahanan IV berdasarkan SNI 01-7206-2006. Kata kunci:  kulit batang sagu, ketahanan terhadap rayap tanah, kekuatan kayu.
Pengaruh Pemberian Tes Formatif terhadap Hasil Belajar Kognitif Mahasiswa Semester IV Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi Tahun Ajaran 2015/2016 Universitas Cendrawasih
Authors: Megawati Ruth , Akobiarek Maik
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain kuasi eksperimen yang bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian tes formatif terhadap hasil belajar mahasiswa semester IV program studi pendidikan biologi, tahun ajaran 2015/2016). Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa semester genap (IV) program studi pendidikan biologi, yang berjumlah 26 orang. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan sampling jenuh dimana seluruh populasi dijadikan sebagai sampel penelitian. Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu; (1)Tes formatif berupa uraian untuk menjaring hasil belajar mahasiswa yang diberikan setiap usai satu topik bahasan, (2) kuesioner berisi pertanyaan yang relevan dengan penelitian, (3) dokumentasi yaitu mencari data mengenai hal-hal atau variabel yang berupa catatan atau transkrip nilai. Teknik ini digunakan untuk mengungkap data tentang hasil belajar mahasiswa, yang sebelumnya telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis deskriptif untuk menggambarkan variable yang diteliti dan untuk melihat pengaruh antar variabel digunakan uji t dengan bantuan SPSS versi 17. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tes formatif mampu meningkatkan penguasan konsep mata kuliah struktur hewan semester genap tahun akademik 2016/2017 sebesar 84,61%; selanjutnya hasil analisis data menunjukkan Uji t satu sampel ini menguji H0: µ≥ 60 terhadap H1: µ< 60. Nilai p-values untuk 2-tailed = 0.325; karena kita melakukan uji hipotesis satu maka nilai p-values harus dibagi 2 = 0.162 dengan demikian nilainya lebih besar dari α = 0,05 H0 diterima sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan bentuk tes formatif pengaruhnya signifikan terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar mahasiswa.Kata kunci: Tes Formatif, Hasil Belajar.
Keanekaragaman Avifauna di Objek Wisata Alam Air Terjun Berambai, Samarinda Kalimantan Timur
Authors: Sason Helda , , Jusmaldi , Hendra Medi
Published: February 2023

Keanekaragaman jenis burung berkaitan dengan struktur dan strata vertikal vegetasi. Namun kerusakan hutan dapat mengganggu komunitas burung di habitatnya.  Objek wisata alam air terjun Barambai di Samarinda Kalimantan Timur adalah salah satu contoh  hutan yang mulai mengalami kerusakan akibat aktifitas pembukaan lahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman, dominasi dan kesamaan jenis burung berdasarkan strata vertikal  vegetasi di kawasan Objek Wisata Alam Air Terjun Berambai. Metode point count digunakan untuk mengamati keanekaragaman jenis burung  berdasarkan  empat stratifikasi vertikal  vegetasi dan metode plot digunakan untuk membual profil vegetasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan total 45 jenis burung dari  674 individu ditemukan. Keempat statifikasi vertikal vegetasi menunjukkan indeks keanekaragaman sedang , indeks keseragaman relatif merata dan tidak ada jenis burung yang dominan
Perbandingan Hasil Belajar Biologi melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif tipe Student Teams Achievement Division dengan Model Pembelajaran Biologi Konstruktivistik berbasis Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi pada Siswa Kelas VIII MTs Negeri Model Makassar
Authors: Nur Surahman , Rizka Ainulia Andi Dewi
Published: February 2023

Perbandingan Hasil Belajar Biologi melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Student Teams Achievement Division dengan Model Pembelajaran Biologi Konstruktivistik Berbasis Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi pada siswa Kelas VIII MTs Negeri Model Makassar. Penelitian ini bertujuan (i) Untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar biologi siswa kelas VIII MTsN Model Makassarsesudah diajar dengan menggunakan kooperatif tipe STAD dan MPBK berbasis TIK. (ii) Untuk mengetahui ada-tidaknya perbedaan peningkatan hasil belajar biologi siswa kelas VIII MTs Negeri Model Makassar sesudah diajar dengan menggunakan kooperatif tipe STAD dan MPBK berbasis TIK. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu (quasi experimental designs). Data hasil belajar biologi siswa didapatkan dengan menggunakan tes. Data penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (i) Hasil belajar biologi siswa pada kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dan MPBK berbasis TIK menunjukkan ada peningkatan dari pretest kepostest berdasarkan analisis gain ternormalisasi yaitu 0,64 dan 0,69 (kategori sedang). (ii) Perbandingan hasil belajar biologi siswa pada kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD diperolehp-value= 0,200>α= 0,05, dan MPBK berbasis TIK diperoleh p-value=0,200>α= 0,05 dan menunjukkan data tersebut berdistribusi normal. Berdasarkan analisis data dengan meggunakan Levene's test diperoleh nilai p-valueuji-f=0,351> 0.05 yang artinya kedua data tersebut memiliki varians sama atau homogen. Pada uji statistik uji-t diperoleh p-value uji-t sebesar 0,007< ,05, hal ini menunjukkan H1 diterima yang berarti ada perbedaan peningkatan hasil belajar biologi siswa pada kedua model pembelajaran yang diterapkan. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan (i) Terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar biologi siswa pada kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dan MPBK berbasis TIK. (ii) Ada perbedaan peningkatan hasil belajar biologi siswa pada kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dan MPBK berbasis TIK.Kata Kunci:  Perbandingan Hasil Belajar Biologi, Model Pembelajaran MPBKberbasis TIK dan STAD
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) Berbasis Media Camtasia terhadap Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa Semester IV Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Cenderawasih Tahun Ajaran 2017/2018
Authors: Megawati Ruth , Akobiarek Maik
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TwoStay Two Stray (TSTS) berbasis media camtasia yang diajarkan pada semester IV khusus mata kuliah ekologi hewan tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Populasi pada penelitian ini yaitu seluruh mahasiswa semester IV yang berjumlah 23 orang dan pengambilan sampel penelitian ini yaitu dengan metode sampling jenuh yaitu metode yang menggunakan seluruh populasi sebagai sampel penelitian. Instrument penelitian ada dua (2) yaitu tes berupa pilihan ganda, ompong  dan essay yang digunakan untuk menjaring data hasil belajar, dan lembar observasi untuk menjaring keterlaksanaan model TSTS berbasis media camtasia. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistic inferensial yaitu regresi, dan dibantu dengan aplikasi statistic SPSS versi 17.0 untuk melihat seberapa besar pengaruh model pembelajaran TSTS  berbasis media camtasia ini terhadap hasil belajar peserta didik. Hasil analisis data penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai signifikasi 0,000 > 0,005 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ho ditolak, dan memiliki arti bahwa terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran TSTS berbasis media camtasia ini terhadap hasil belajar mahasiswa semester IV program study pendidikan biologi, jurusan pendidikan MIPA,FKIP, Universitas Cenderawasih.Kata kunci: Model Pembelajaran TSTS, Media Camtasia, dan Hasil Belajar
Analisis Aktivitas Enzim Antioksidan Katalase dan Peroksida
Authors: , Fitri , Alang Hasria
Published: February 2023

ine"> </Enzim atau biokatalisator adalah katalisator organik yang dihasilkan oleh sel.Enzim sangat penting dalam kehidupan, karena semua reaksi metabolisme dikatalis oleh enzim. Praktikum ini bertujuan mengamatitingkat aktivitas enzim katalase dan periksodase pada daun selama cekaman kekeringan, salinitas dan kontrolAnalisis aktivitas enzim katalase dengan cara supernatan sebanyak 0,04 ml ditambahkan kedalam larutanyang mengandung 2,56 ml, 50 Mm Pottasium Phosphate Buffer pH 7 dan 0,4 ml 15 Mm H2O2 dalam waktusatu menit menggunakan spektrofotometer dengan panjang gelombang 240 nm . kurva standar katalasediperoleh persamaan Y= 2,045.x – 0,173; R2 = 0,976 yang digunakan dalam perhitungan aktivitas enzimkatalase... Aktivitas enzim katalase tertinggi terjadi pada tanaman kontrol dengan aktivitas enzim katalasesebesar 13.189 μmol/g dan pada tanaman yang diberi perlakuan salinitas sebesar 13.158 μmol/g aktivitasenzim paling rendah terjadi pada tanaman dengan perlakuan kekeringan 12.670 μmol/g.Kata Kunci:Aktivitas Enzim, Katalase, Kekeringan, Salinitas
Efek Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Daun Tumbuhan Pulai (Alstonia sp.) yang Dimanfaatkan Masyarakat Pulau Moa Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya terhadap Bakteri E. coli, Salmonella sp, dan S. Aureus.
Authors: , Sulfiana , Astuty Eka , Nindatu Maria , Taihuttu Yuniasih MJ
Published: February 2023

Bakteri patogen selalu dianggap sebagai penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada manusia. Meskipun ada upaya yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan farmasi untuk memproduksi obat antimikroba yang baru dan lebih efektif,  permintaan global untuk obat yang bersumber dari tanaman terus meningkat, sehingga diperlukan skrining dan investigasi lebih banyak terhadap senyawa bioaktif tanaman sebagai antimikroba, keamanan dan kemanjurannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak metanol daun tumbuhan pulai (Alstonia sp) yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat Pulau Moa  Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya terhadap bakteri E. coli, Salmonella sp, dan S. aureus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan  luas zona hambat (zona bening) terhadap bakteri patogen uji dengan menggunakan ekstrak metanol daun tumbuhan pulai (Alstonia sp) konsentrasi 125 mg/mL, paling efektif menghambat bakteri gram positif dalam hal ini S. aureus. Dalam penelitian ini, luas rata-rata zona hambatnya rata-rata <5 mm yang mengindikasikan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun tumbuhan pulai memiliki daya hambat yang lemah terhadap ketiga bakteri yang diujikan
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Group Investigation dengan Menggunakan Media Berbasis ICT untuk Meningkatkan Penguasaan Konsep Keseimbangan Ekosistem dan Pelestarian Hewan Di Kelas VI SD Negeri 179 Tanahberu Kabupaten Bulukumba
Authors: Rostan H
Published: February 2023

Peran guru dalam melaksanakan proses pembelajaran sangat menentukan peningkatan penguasaan konsep IPA sebagai hasil belajar siswa. Model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation dengan menggunakan media berbasis ICT  adalahSalah satu penerapan model dan media pembelajaran yang ssesuai dengan karateristik mata pelajaran IPA. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan di kelas VI SD Negeri 17 Tanahberu di Kabupaten Bulukumba. Masalah yang menjadi fokus yang diteliti adalah apakah penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation dengan menggunakan media berbasis ICT dapat meningkatkan penguasaan konsep keseimbangan ekosistem dan pelestarian hewan sebagai hasil belajar IPA siswa di kelas VI SD Negeri 179 Tanahberu kebupaten Bulukumba. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis statistik deskriptif. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe  group investigation dengan menggunakan media berbasis ICT dapat meningkatkan penguasaan konsep kesimbangan ekosistem dan pelestarian hewan sebagai hasil belajar IPA siswa di kelas VI SD Negeri 179 Tanahberu kabupaten Bulukumba.Kata kunci: Group investigation, media berbasis ICT dan hasil belajar