bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of slow‐cycling cells in epiphyseal cartilage and requirement of β‐catenin signaling for their maintenance in growth plate
Authors: Candela Maria Elena , Cantley Leslie , Yasuaha Rika , Iwamoto Masahiro , Pacifici Maurizio , Enomoto‐Iwamoto Motomi
Published: January 2014

Slow proliferation is one of the characteristics of stem cells. We examined the presence, distribution, and regulation of slow‐cycling cells in the developing and growing skeleton using a pulse‐chase method with a new nucleoside derivative, 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU). C57BL/6 mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of EdU from postnatal day 4 to day 7. One day after the last EdU injection, a large population of cells in articular cartilage and growth plate was labeled. Six weeks after the last injection, the number of EdU‐labeled cells dramatically decreased, but a small number of them were dominantly present in the articular surface, and the labeling index was significantly higher in the surface than that in the rest of articular cartilage. In the growth plate, most EdU‐positive cells were found in the top layer that lies immediately below the secondary ossification center. Interestingly, postnatal conditional ablation of β‐catenin in cartilage caused a complete loss of the EdU‐labeled cells in growth plate that displayed disorganization and dysfunction. Together, our data demonstrate that slow‐cycling cells do reside in specific locations and numbers in both articular cartilage and growth plate. The β‐catenin signaling pathway appears to play a previously unsuspected role in maintenance of the slow‐cycling cells. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:661–668, 2014.
Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometric assay of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical tablets and orange juice with pH adjustment and pre‐extraction of lanthanum(III)–flavonoid complexes
Authors: Olgun F Ayca Ozdemir , Ozyurt Dilek , Berker Kadriye Isil , Demirata Birsen , Apak Resat
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

This study proposes modifications to the conventional Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) spectrophotometric method for individually determining ascorbic acid (AA) in complex matrices in the presence of other phenolics and potential interferents. The conventional FC assay in the aqueous phase, which normally measures total water‐soluble phenolics and other antioxidants, has recently been modified by incorporating isobutanol (iso‐BuOH) in the solvent mixture for the simultaneous determination of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in foods.

RESULTS

Interference effects of other flavonoids and phenolics to individual AA assays were overcome by preliminary extraction–removal as their La(III) chelates into ethyl acetate (EtAc). The pH of the medium was adjusted to 3.0 in order to prevent conversion of AA into over‐oxidation products further beyond the dehydroascorbic acid stage, as encountered in the conventional FC assay carried out at pH 10. This pH does not permit most phenolics to ionise, rendering their oxidation difficult.

CONCLUSION

Both methods (conventional and iso‐BuOH‐modified FC at pH 3, with and without La(III)/EtAc pre‐extraction) were applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical tablets and orange juice, showing good agreement with HPLC results. The proposed spectrophotometric methods with their low cost, simplicity, reliability, versatility and accuracy offer novelty to the determination of AA in complex matrices. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of power ultrasound pretreatment on peptidic profiles and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition of milk protein concentrate hydrolysates
Authors: Uluko Hankie , Liu Lu , Li Hongjuan , Cui Wenming , Zhang Shuwen , Zhao Lili , Xue Haixiao , Lv Jiaping
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

The use of power ultrasound as a pretreatment to enhance the hydrolysis of milk protein concentrate (MPC) and subsequent angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity has been studied. Liquid chromatography was used to analyse peptide profiles of Neutrase‐derived MPC hydrolysates after pretreatment at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 8 min at an ultrasound power level of 800 W.

RESULTS

The peptide profiles indicated an increase in number of peptides when ultrasound pretreatment was applied. There was also an increase in the degree of hydrolysis of MPC hydrolysates. The profiles indicated that new small peptides in ultrasound pretreated samples (1–5 min) which were not present in the control samples and 8 min pretreated samples, could be responsible for increased ACE inhibitory activity. These small peptides were digested in the 8 min pretreated samples.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound pretreatment of MPC increases the ACE inhibitory activity of the hydrolysates because of the production of new small peptides. This can be used as a means to derive potent ACE inhibitory peptides at industrial scale in complex protein sources. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
CE–MS fingerprinting of Laurencia complex algae (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Machín‐Sánchez María , Asensio‐Ramos María , Hernández‐Borges Javier , Gil‐Rodríguez María Candelaria
Published: January 2014

The use of CE–ESI‐MS has been considered as a new chemical strategy for the possible discernment of genera and species of the Laurencia complex. After the selection of the CE–MS and the extraction conditions, a total of 28 specimens of the complex, including different species of four genera (Laurencia, Laurenciella, Palisada, and Osmundea) collected from five intertidal locations on the Island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) were analyzed. CE–MS fingerprints revealed that CE–MS can be used as a useful tool for these studies in order to assess similarities and differences between them and that it constitutes an important starting point for further studies in the field.
Unbounded quantum graphs with unbounded boundary conditions
Authors: Lenz Daniel , Schubert Carsten , Veselić Ivan
Published: January 2014

We consider metric graphs with a uniform lower bound on the edge lengths but no further restrictions. We discuss how to describe every local self‐adjoint Laplace operator on such graphs by boundary conditions in the vertices given by projections and self‐adjoint operators. We then characterize the lower bounded self‐adjoint Laplacians and determine their associated quadratic form in terms of the operator families encoding the boundary conditions.
The polyphenol quercetin protects themev‐1mutant ofCaenorhabditis elegansfrom glucose‐induced reduction of survival under heat‐stress depending on SIR‐2.1, DAF‐12, and proteasomal activity
Authors: Fitzenberger Elena , Deusing Dorothé J. , Marx Carolin , Boll Michael , Lüersen Kai , Wenzel Uwe
Published: January 2014

Scope

Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus but slighter increases of blood glucose levels are observed also during ageing. Using theCaenorhabditis elegans mev‐1mutant, we identified molecular mechanisms underlying the protection from glucose toxicity by the polyphenol quercetin.

Methods and results

We fedC. elegans mev‐1mutants on a liquid medium supplemented with 10 mM glucose, which resulted in a reduced survival at 37°C. The polyphenol quercetin (1 μM) was able to prevent glucose‐induced lifespan reduction completely. RNA interference revealed that the sirtuin SIR‐2.1, the nuclear hormone receptor DAF‐12, and its putative co‐activator MDT‐15 were critical for the quercetin effects. Moreover, RNA interference for key factors of proteostasis reduced survival, which was not further affected by glucose or quercetin, suggesting that those proteins are a target for both substances. Besides unfolded protein response, proper functionality of the proteasome was shown to be crucial for the survival enhancing effects of quercetin and the polyphenol was finally demonstrated to activate proteasomal degradation.

Conclusion

Our studies demonstrate that lowest concentrations of quercetin prevent a glucose‐induced reduction of survival. SIR‐2.1, DAF‐12, and MDT‐15 were identified as targets that activate unfolded protein response and proteasomal degradation to limit the accumulation of functionally restricted proteins.
Increased expression of ERp57 in rat oocytes during meiotic maturation is associated with sperm–egg fusion
Authors: Liu Yue , Zhu Yemin , Wu Xiaohui , Li Yandong , Guo Qiangsu , Li Weiping , Ding Zhide
Published: January 2014

Oocyte meiotic maturation is a developmental transition that starts during germinal‐vesicle breakdown and ends at the arrest in metaphase of meiosis II. This transition is associated with changes to both the proteins that are synthesized and the abundance/distribution of post‐translational modifications that are crucial for subsequent fertilization and embryogenesis. Here, we isolated and cultured rat oocytes in vitro during both metaphase of meiosis I (MI) and meiosis II (MII) stages, respectively, and then compared their proteomic profiles by high‐resolution, two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) followed by mass spectrometry. We found that the expression of five proteins was up‐regulated while six proteins were down‐regulated when comparing MI to MII oocytes. The expression of ERp57, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, underwent a dramatic increase between MI and MII oocytes, and became concentrated in a dome‐shaped area of the cell surface within the microvillar region. A similar profile was observed during spermatogenesis, and sperm ERp57 eventually localized to the head and flagellum surfaces, finally ending in the equatorial region of acrosome‐reacted sperm. Given the localization pattern, we tested and found that a polyclonal antiserum created against recombinant rat ERp57 significantly inhibited spermatozoa from penetrating zona pellucida‐free oocytes without affecting either sperm motility or the acrosome reaction. These results indicate that ERp57 expression on oocytes, and possibly sperm, plays an important physiological role during sperm–egg fusion. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 315–325, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of polypropylene fiber processing conditions on fiber mechanical behavior
Authors: Osta Anu R , Picu Catalin R , King Alexander , Isele Olaf , Hamm Richard , Dreher Andreas
Published: January 2014

An investigation into the mechanical behavior of melt‐spun isotactic polypropylene (iPP) fibers is reported. Two different iPP formulations, PH835 and Exxon3854, synthesized using Ziegler–Natta and metallocene catalysts, respectively, and spun at take‐up velocities ranging from 1000 to 3000 m min−1 were subjected to uniaxial tensile loading, cyclic loading and creep tests. The strain rate sensitivity was determined by performing strain rate jumps. Injection molded specimens from the same iPP formulations were tested under the same conditions. The fiber birefringence increases slightly with increasing take‐up velocity, while the crystallinity is approximately insensitive to this process parameter in this range of velocities. Fibers from the two iPP samples behave differently at large plastic strains despite having the same birefringence and crystallinity. Differences are also seen in creep. The behavior of fibers is significantly different from that of the injection molded samples of the same iPP and same crystallinity. These have lower strain hardening rate, smaller failure strains, close to zero strain rate sensitivity and exhibit a yield point phenomenon. The difference is associated with the different nature and spatial organization of the crystals and inter‐crystalline amorphous and mesomorphic phases. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Friedel–Crafts reaction on the thermal stability and flammability of high‐density polyethylene/brominated polystyrene/graphene nanoplatelet composites
Authors: Ran Shiya , Guo Zhenghong , Han Ligang , Fang Zhengping
Published: January 2014

Brominated flame‐retarded high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites containing graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were prepared via melt blending. A Lewis acid catalyst, anhydrous aluminium chloride (AlCl3), was added to initiate Friedel–Crafts reaction for promoting the dispersion of the GNPs in the polymer matrix. Transmission electron microscopy images and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the GNPs were partly unfolded and the domains became smaller in the presence of AlCl3. Limiting oxygen index and microscale combustion calorimetry showed that the incorporation of AlCl3 into HDPE reduced flammability and slowed down the heat release rate. Thermogravimetric analysis and char residue measurements proved that a uniform dispersion of GNPs was crucial for forming a continuous and compact carbon layer, thus isolating the underlying materials from flame and preventing heat transfer. Rheological and mechanical tests indicated that interfacial adhesion between polymer chains and GNPs was enhanced. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
TDDFT study on the excited‐state hydrogen bonding of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,8‐naphthalimide and N‐(3‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,8‐naphthalimide in methanol solution
Authors: Li Hui , Yang Yonggang , Yang Dapeng , Liu Yufang , Sun Jinfeng
Published: January 2014

The time‐dependent density functional theory method was performed to investigate the excited‐state hydrogen‐bonding dynamics of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,8‐naphthalimide (2a) and N‐(3‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,8‐naphthalimide (3a) in methanol (meoh) solution. The ground and excited‐state geometry optimizations, electronic excitation energies, and corresponding oscillation strengths of the low‐lying electronically excited states for the complexes 2a + 2meoh and 3a + 2meoh as well as their monomers 2a and 3a were calculated by density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory methods, respectively. We demonstrated that the three intermolecular hydrogen bonds of 2a + 2meoh and 3a + 2meoh are strengthened after excitation to the S1 state, and thus induce electronic spectral redshift. Moreover, the electronic excitation energies of the hydrogen‐bonded complexes in S1 state are correspondingly decreased compared with those of their corresponding monomer 2a and 3a. In addition, the intramolecular charge transfer of the S1 state for complexes 2a + 2meoh and 3a + 2meoh were theoretically investigated by analysis of molecular orbital. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative theory of hydrophobic effect as a driving force of protein structure
Authors: Perunov Nikolay , England Jeremy L.
Published: January 2014

Various studies suggest that the hydrophobic effect plays a major role in driving the folding of proteins. In the past, however, it has been challenging to translate this understanding into a predictive, quantitative theory of how the full pattern of sequence hydrophobicity in a protein shapes functionally important features of its tertiary structure. Here, we extend and apply such a phenomenological theory of the sequence‐structure relationship in globular protein domains, which had previously been applied to the study of allosteric motion. In an effort to optimize parameters for the model, we first analyze the patterns of backbone burial found in single‐domain crystal structures, and discover that classic hydrophobicity scales derived from bulk physicochemical properties of amino acids are already nearly optimal for prediction of burial using the model. Subsequently, we apply the model to studying structural fluctuations in proteins and establish a means of identifying ligand‐binding and protein–protein interaction sites using this approach.
Correlation between photoluminescence and structure in silicon nanowires fabricated by metal‐assisted etching
Authors: Oda Kotaro , Nanai Yasushi , Sato Toshiyuki , Kimura Seiji , Okuno Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2014

Structural and optical properties of silicon nanowires synthesized by metal‐assisted chemical etching are investigated. Macroscopic properties of nanowire arrays as well as microscopic photoluminescence (PL) and Raman scattering spectra of single nanowires are studied. The morphology of silicon nanowires changes depending on etching duration and concentration of H2O2 in the etching solution. In thick nanowires having small length and large diameter, red PL appears. Typical length and diameter are 90 μm and 600 nm, respectively. The PL spectrum is composed of two bands with the peaks at 635 and 705 nm. In thin nanowires having large length and small diameter with their ratio larger than 210, no PL appears. Clear correlation between the morphology of nanowires and the PL appearance is demonstrated. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of porous structures of silicon at the top of nanowires. In the middle part of nanowires, the interface between silicon crystalline core and surrounding silicon oxide is smooth and no nanocrystal is present. Optical Raman microscopy for a single nanowire with the space resolution of ∼1 μm clarifies positions where the red PL appears. At the top of nanowires where porous structures of silicon are present, the red PL appears. At these positions, the Raman peak of the optical phonon mode of crystalline silicon becomes broad and shifted. These Raman spectra reflect silicon nanocrystals present at the top of the nanowire. The origin of the red PL in silicon nanowires is considered to be silicon nanocrystals present at the top of nanowires.
Reducing shadow size in smooth scalable secret image sharing
Authors: Liu Yan‐Xiao , Yang Ching‐Nung , Yeh Po‐Han
Published: January 2014

A (k,n)‐scalable secret image sharing (SSIS) scheme shares a secret image into n independent shadow images. This (k,n)‐SSIS scheme can simultaneously provide the properties of threshold (k or more shadow images are required in reconstruction; but k − 1 or less shadow images reveal no information on the secret image) and the scalability (when k or more than k shadow images participate in reconstruction, more shadow images can reveal more information amount of secret image). In this paper, we deal with (k,n)‐SSIS scheme with the smooth scalability such that the information amount of revealed image is “smoothly” proportional to the number of involved shadows, the whole secret image can be reconstructed only when all the n shadow images participate in reconstruction. Comparing with the existing smooth (k,n)‐SSIS schemes, the proposed scheme has the less size of shadow image. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primers‐4‐Yeast: a comprehensive web tool for planning primers for Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yofe Ido , Schuldiner Maya
Published: January 2014

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key model organism of functional genomics, due to its ease and speed of genetic manipulations. In fact, in this yeast, the requirement for homologous sequences for recombination purposes is so small that 40 base pairs (bp) are sufficient. Hence, an enormous variety of genetic manipulations can be performed by simply planning primers with the correct homology, using a defined set of transformation plasmids. Although designing primers for yeast transformations and for the verification of their correct insertion is a common task in all yeast laboratories, primer planning is usually done manually and a tool that would enable easy, automated primer planning for the yeast research community is still lacking. Here we introduce Primers‐4‐Yeast, a web tool that allows primers to be designed in batches for S. cerevisiae gene‐targeting transformations, and for the validation of correct insertions. This novel tool enables fast, automated, accurate primer planning for large sets of genes, introduces consistency in primer planning and is therefore suggested to serve as a standard in yeast research. Primers‐4‐Yeast is available at: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/Primers‐4‐Yeast Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations of bedforms on a dissipative macrotidal beach
Authors: Miles Jon , Thorpe Antony , Russell Paul , Masselink Gerd
Published: January 2014

Field measurements of wave ripples and megaripples were made with a Sand Ripple Profiler in the surf and shoaling zones of a sandy macrotidal dissipative beach at Perranporth, UK in depths 1–6 m and significant wave heights up to 2.2 m. A frequency domain partitioning approach allowed quantification of height (η), length (λ) and migration rate of ripples and megaripples. Wave ripples with heights up to 2 cm and wavelengths ∼20 cm developed in low orbital velocity conditions (u
m < 0.65 m/s) with mobility number ψ < 25. Wave ripple heights decreased with increasing orbital velocity and were flattened when mean currents were >0.1 m/s. Wave ripples were superimposed on top of megaripples (η = 10 cm, λ = 1 m) and contributed up to 35 % of the total bed roughness. Large megaripples with heights up to 30 cm and lengths 1–1.8 m developed when the orbital velocity was 0.5–0.8 m/s, corresponding to mobility numbers 25–50. Megaripple heights and wavelengths increased with orbital velocity but reduced when mean current strengths were >0.15 m/s. Wave ripple and megaripple migrations were generally onshore directed in the shoaling and surf zones. Onshore ripple migration rates increased with onshore-directed (+ve) incident wave skewness. The onshore migration rate reduced as offshore-directed mean flows (undertow) increased in strength and reached zero when the offshore-directed mean flow was >0.15 m/s. The migration pattern was therefore linked to cross-shore position relative to the surf zone, controlled by competition between onshore-directed velocity skewness and offshore-directed mean flow.
Biological heterogeneity in ADNI amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Nettiksimmons Jasmine , DeCarli Charles , Landau Susan , Beckett Laurel ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: January 2014

Background

Previous work examining normal controls from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) identified substantial biological heterogeneity. We hypothesized that ADNI mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects would also exhibit heterogeneity with possible clinical implications.

Methods

ADNI subjects diagnosed with amnestic MCI (n = 138) were clustered based on baseline magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum biomarkers. The clusters were compared with respect to longitudinal atrophy, cognitive trajectory, and time to conversion.

Results

Four clusters emerged with distinct biomarker patterns: The first cluster was biologically similar to normal controls and rarely converted to Alzheimer's disease (AD) during follow‐up. The second cluster had characteristics of early Alzheimer's pathology. The third cluster showed the most severe atrophy but barely abnormal tau levels and a substantial proportion converted to clinical AD. The fourth cluster appeared to be pre‐AD and nearly all converted to AD.

Conclusions

Subjects with MCI who were clinically similar showed substantial heterogeneity in biomarkers.
Florbetapir (18F) for brain amyloid positron emission tomography: Highlights on the European marketing approval
Authors: Cortes‐Blanco Anabel , Prieto‐Yerro Concha , Martinez‐Lazaro Raul , Zamora Javier , Jiménez‐Huete Adolfo , Haberkamp Marion , Pohly Johannes , Enzmann Harald , Zinserling Jörg , Strassmann Valerie , Broich Karl
Published: January 2014

Florbetapir (18F) for brain amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been recently approved in Europe to estimate β‐amyloid neuritic plaque density in the brain when the subject is still alive. Such density is one of the key issues for the definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at autopsy. This capability of florbetapir (18F) is regarded as a significant improvement in the diagnostic procedures for adult patients with cognitive impairment who are being evaluated for AD and other causes of cognitive impairment. The current paper highlights the specific characteristics of the European marketing authorization of florbetapir (18F).
Priapism After Western Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus hesperus) Envenomation
Authors: Bush Sean , McCune Rohn , Phan Tammy
Published: January 2014

Priapism in children after a black widow spider bite is a rare phenomenon with only a few case reports noted in the literature. Black widow bites are commonly associated with pain, muscle cramping, hypertension, and tachycardia. Initial treatment includes pain control with opiate or opioid medications and benzodiazepines, with antivenom reserved for severe cases of envenomation manifested by uncontrolled pain or hypertension. Treatment with antivenom for priapism is not well described; however, it has been noted to resolve priapism in the few cases that have been reported. We present a case of a 3-year-old boy who was bitten by a black widow and presented with abdominal cramping and priapism.
Rural Politics in India
Authors: Roy Dayabati
Published: January 2014

This book discusses the forms and dynamics of political processes in rural India with a special emphasis on West Bengal, the nation's fourth-most populous state. West Bengal's political distinction stems from its long legacy of a Left-led coalition government for more than thirty years and its land reform initiatives. The book closely looks at how people from different castes, religions, and genders represent themselves in local governments, political parties, and in the social movements in West Bengal. At the same time it addresses some important questions: Is there any new pattern of politics emerging at the margins? How does this pattern of politics correspond with the current discourse of governance? Using ethnographic techniques, it claims to chart new territories by not only examining how rural people see the state, but also conceiving the context by comparing the available theoretical frameworks put forward to explain the political dynamics of rural India.
The Many-Headed Muse
Authors: LeVen Pauline A.
Published: January 2014

This is the first monograph entirely devoted to the corpus of late classical Greek lyric poetry. Not only have the dithyrambs and kitharodic nomes of the New Musicians Timotheus and Philoxenus, the hymns of Aristotle and Ariphron, and the epigraphic paeans of Philodamus of Scarpheia and Isyllus of Epidaurus never been studied together, they have also remained hidden behind a series of critical prejudices – political, literary and aesthetic. Professor LeVen's book provides readings of these little-known poems and combines engagement with the style, narrative technique, poetics and reception of the texts with attention to the socio-cultural forces that shaped them. In examining the protean notions of tradition and innovation, the book contributes to the current re-evaluation of the landscape of Greek poetry and performance in the late classical period and bridges a gap in our understanding of Greek literary history between the early classical and the Hellenistic periods.
Heidegger on Concepts, Freedom and Normativity
Authors: Golob Sacha
Published: January 2014

This book offers a fundamentally new account of the arguments and concepts which define Heidegger's early philosophy, and locates them in relation to both contemporary analytic philosophy and the history of philosophy. Drawing on recent work in the philosophy of mind and on Heidegger's lectures on Plato and Kant, Sacha Golob argues against existing treatments of Heidegger on intentionality and suggests that Heidegger endorses a unique position with respect to conceptual and representational content; he also examines the implications of this for Heidegger's views on truth, realism and 'being'. He goes on to explore Heidegger's work on the underlying issue of normativity, and focuses on his theory of freedom, arguing that it is freedom that links the existential concerns of Being and Time to concepts such as reason, perfection and obligation. His book offers a distinctive new perspective for students of Heidegger and the history of twentieth-century philosophy.
Arctic Searching Expedition
Authors: Richardson John
Published: January 2014

The surgeon, naturalist and Arctic explorer Sir John Richardson (1787–1865) was a lifelong friend to his former commander Sir John Franklin, with whom he had twice travelled to seek the North-West Passage. Following two years of silence from Franklin after he embarked on his 1845 expedition to the Arctic, Richardson set out on his own voyage in the hope of finding his comrade. Originally published in 1851, this two-volume work charts the journey which would inevitably fail in its ambition: Franklin, unknown to Richardson, had already died in June 1847. Volume 1, which depicts the journey to Fort Confidence in the Canadian Arctic, ends with detailed descriptions of the aboriginal Inuit and Gwich'in peoples encountered. The text is punctuated throughout by accounts of the wildlife and geographical features sighted, and the customs and cultures observed on this remarkable mission.
Two-layer gap-leaping oceanic boundary currents: experimental investigation
Authors: Kuehl Joseph J. , Sheremet V. A.
Published: January 2014

The problem of oceanic gap-traversing boundary currents, such as the Kuroshio current crossing the Luzon Strait or the Gulf Stream traversing the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico, is considered. Systems such as these are known to admit two dominant states: leaping across the gap or penetrating into the gap forming a loop current. Which state the system will assume and when transitions between states will occur are open problems. Sheremet (J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 31, 2001, pp. 1247–1259) proposed, based on idealized barotropic numerical results, that variation in the current’s inertia is responsible for these transitions and that the system admits multiple states. Generalized versions of these results have been confirmed by barotropic rotating-table experiments (Sheremet & Kuehl, J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 37, 2007, 1488–1495; Kuehl & Sheremet,J. Mar. Res., vol. 67, 2009, pp. 25–42). However, the typical structure of oceanic boundary currents, such as the Gulf Stream or Kuroshio, consists of an upper-layer intensified flow riding atop a weakly circulating lower layer. To more accurately address this oceanic situation, the present work extends the above findings by considering two-layer rotating table experiments. The flow is driven by pumping water through sponges and vertical seals, creating a Sverdrup interior circulation in the upper layer which impinges on a ridge where a boundary current is formed. The$\beta $effect is incorporated in both layers by a sloping rigid lid as well as a sloping bottom and the flow is visualized with the particle image velocimetry method. The experimental set-up is found to produce boundary currents consistent with theory. The existence of multiple states and hysteresis, characterized by a cusp topology of solutions, is found to be robust to stratification and various properties of the two-layer system are explored.
COUNTING SYMMETRIC COLOURINGS OF THE VERTICES OF A REGULAR POLYGON
Authors: ZELENYUK YEVHEN , ZELENYUK YULIYA
Published: January 2014

A colouring of the vertices of a regular polygon is symmetric if it is invariant under some reflection of the polygon. We count the number of symmetric$r$-colourings of the vertices of a regular$n$-gon.
Selective proliferation of intestinal Barnesiella under fucosyllactose supplementation in mice
Authors: Weiss Gisela A. , Chassard Christophe , Hennet Thierry
Published: January 2014

The oligosaccharides 2-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose are major constituents of human breast milk but are not found in mouse milk. Milk oligosaccharides have a prebiotic action, thus affecting the colonisation of the infant intestine by microbiota. To determine the specific effect of fucosyllactose exposure on intestinal microbiota in mice, in the present study, we orally supplemented newborn mice with pure 2-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose. Exposure to 2-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose increased the levels of bacteria of the Porphyromonadaceae family in the intestinal gut, more precisely members of the genus Barnesiella as analysed by 16S pyrosequencing. The ability of Barnesiella to utilise fucosyllactose as energy source was confirmed in bacterial cultures. Whereas B.intestinihominis and B.viscericola did not grow on fucose alone, they proliferated in the presence of 2-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose following the secretion of linkage-specific fucosidase enzymes that liberated lactose. The change in the composition of intestinal microbiota mediated by fucosyllactose supplementation affected the susceptibility of mice to dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis, as indicated by increased resistance of mice subjected to 2-fucosyllactose supplementation for 6 weeks. The present study underlines the ability of specific milk oligosaccharides to change the composition of intestinal microbiota and thereby to shape an intestinal milieu resilient to inflammatory diseases.
Fair Copyright for Canada: Lessons for Online Social Movements from the First Canadian Facebook Uprising
Authors: Haggart Blayne
Published: January 2014

Abstract.Despite the growing importance of social media, their political effectiveness remains understudied. Drawing on and updating resource mobilization theory and political process theory, this article considers how social media make “political engagement more probable” and determine the success of online social movements. It does so by examining the mainstreaming of the Canadian “user rights” copyright movement, focusing on the Fair Copyright for Canada Facebook page, created in December 2007. This decentralized, grassroots, social media-focused action—the first successful campaign of its kind in Canada and one of the first in the world—changed the terms of the Canadian copyright debate and legitimized Canadian user rights. As this case demonstrates, social media have changed the type and quantity of resources needed to create and sustain social movements, creating openings for new groups and interests. Their success, however, remains dependent on the political context within which they operate.

Résumé.Malgré l'importance croissante des médias sociaux, leur efficacité politique est encore peu étudiée. En s'appuyant sur et en mettant á jour la théorie de la mobilisation des ressources et la théorie du processus politique, cet article examine comment les médias sociaux rendent « l'engagement politique plus probable » (Jensen et al., 2012 : 16) et détermine la réussite des mouvements sociaux en ligne. Il le fait en examinant l'intégration du mouvement canadien de « droits d'utilisateur » dans le débat sur les droits d'auteur et en se concentrant sur la page FacebookFair Copyright for Canada, créée en décembre 2007. Cet action décentralisée populaire, axée sur les médias sociaux—la première campagne réussie de son genre au Canada et l'une des premières du monde—a changé les termes du débat sur les droits d'auteur canadiens et a légitimé les droits d'utilisateur canadiens. Cette affaire montre que les médias sociaux ont changé le type et la quantité des ressources nécessaires pour créer et maintenir les mouvements sociaux, et qu'ils ont crée, par la suite, des ouvertures pour des nouveaux groupes et intérêts. Leur succès reste cependant dépendant du contexte politique dans lequel elles opèrent.
The cult of Phaya Narin Songkhram: Spirit mediums and shifting sociocultural boundaries in northeastern Thailand
Authors: Baird Ian G.
Published: January 2014

Sociocultural boundaries come in many forms, and crucially, are responsive to power and constantly in flux. This article focuses on the production of space and unmarked sociocultural boundaries linked to spirit mediums in a historically contested area of northeastern Thailand who are possessed by the spirits of Phaya Narin Songkhram — a key ‘Lao’ military leader of Chao Anou's famous Vientiane revolt against Siam between 1826–28 — and those of his subordinates. Spirit mediums linked to ethnic ‘Thai’ leaders are also found to the south of this area. Through channeling and performing these historical persons, spirit mediums keep alive and reproduce group memories with space-making implications. This article also shows how the mediums' positioning has shifted over time and varies in relation to contemporary power relations, altering the sociocultural boundaries between ethnic Lao and Thai.
The impact of early nutrition on the ageing trajectory
Authors: Tarry-Adkins Jane L. , Ozanne Susan E.
Published: January 2014

Epidemiological studies, including those in identical twins, and in individualsin uteroduring periods of famine have provided robust evidence of strong correlations between low birth-weight and subsequent risk of disease in later life, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), CVD, and metabolic syndrome. These and studies in animal models have suggested that the early environment, especially early nutrition, plays an important role in mediating these associations. The concept of early life programming is therefore widely accepted; however the molecular mechanisms by which early environmental insults can have long-term effects on a cell and consequently the metabolism of an organism in later life, are relatively unclear. So far, these mechanisms include permanent structural changes to the organ caused by suboptimal levels of an important factor during a critical developmental period, changes in gene expression caused by epigenetic modifications (including DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA) and permanent changes in cellular ageing. Many of the conditions associated with early-life nutrition are also those which have an age-associated aetiology. Recently, a common molecular mechanism in animal models of developmental programming and epidemiological studies has been development of oxidative stress and macromolecule damage, specifically DNA damage and telomere shortening. These are phenotypes common to accelerated cellular ageing. Thus, this review will encompass epidemiological and animal models of developmental programming with specific emphasis on cellular ageing and how these could lead to potential therapeutic interventions and strategies which could combat the burden of common age-associated disease, such as T2D and CVD.
Papierbasierte oder internetbasierte Skalen zur Erfassung von Motivation (SELLMO) und Selbstkonzept (SESSKO)?
Authors: Wolgast Anett , Stiensmeier-Pelster Joachim , Aufschnaiter Claudia von
Published: January 2014

Die vorliegende Studie prüft die psychometrischen Eigenschaften und die Faktorenstruktur einer internetbasierten Version der Skalen zur Erfassung der Lern- und Leistungsmotivation (SELLMO) und der Skalen zur Erfassung des akademischen (schulischen) Selbstkonzepts (SESSKO) im Vergleich zu der papierbasierten Version. Darüber hinaus wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Version (papier-/internetbasiert) eine höhere Rücklaufquote aufweist. Die beiden Instrumente bearbeiteten 810 Studierende des Lehramts je nach Anfangsbuchstaben des Nachnamens papierbasiert (A bis L) oder internetbasiert (M bis Z). Die Rücklaufquote internetbasierter Fragebögen fällt bedeutend höher aus als papierbasiert. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die papier- und internetbasierten Fragebogenversionen vergleichbare psychometrische Eigenschaften aufweisen. Zudem konnte die in den Handanweisungen beschriebene Faktorenstruktur beider Instrumente repliziert werden.
Assessment of paraffin removal from prostate FFPE sections using transmission mode FTIR-FPA imaging
Authors: Hughes Caryn , Gaunt Lydia , Brown Michael , Clarke Noel W. , Gardner Peter
Published: January 2014

The effectiveness of the solvents xylene and hexane as dewaxing agents, for the preparation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical tissue sections is evaluated and a protocol suitable for infrared spectral pathology suggested.
Analysis of dialkyl urine metabolites of organophosphate pesticides by a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry technique
Authors: Sinha Sukesh Narayan , Venkat Reddy B. , Vasudev Kasturi , Vishnu Vardhana Rao M. , Noor Ahmed M. , Ashu Shaik , Kumari Alka , Bhatnagar Vijay
Published: January 2014

LC-MS chromatogram of metabolites and their respective structures.
Discovering complexes containing a metal–metal quintuple bond: from theory to practice
Authors: Harisomayajula N. V. Satyachand , Nair Anokh K. , Tsai Yi-Chou
Published: January 2014

Recent advances in quintuple bonding are highlighted based on theoretical predictions and experimental achievements.
Crystallisation in oxide glasses – a tutorial review
Authors: Karpukhina N. , Hill R. G. , Law R. V.
Published: January 2014

This tutorial review is an introduction to the crystallisation in oxide glasses and presents the topic with a few specific original points combining the fundamentals with the latest achievements in glass and glass-ceramics science.
A systematic study of chemogenomics of carbohydrates
Authors: Gu Jiangyong , Luo Fang , Chen Lirong , Yuan Gu , Xu Xiaojie
Published: January 2014

We explored the potential of carbohydrates in drug discovery by using a network-based multi-target computational approach.
A polyaniline/graphene nanocomposite prepared by in situ polymerization of polyaniline onto polyanion grafted graphene and its electrochemical properties
Authors: Wu Tao , Xu Xiaoyang , Zhang Lei , Chen Huabin , Gao Jianping , Liu Yu
Published: January 2014

Poly(sodium 4-styrensulfonate), a polyanion, was grafted onto reduced graphene oxide (RGO-g-PSSNa) by in situ radical polymerization and was then chemically reduced with hydrazine hydrate.
Rational synthesis of novel π-conjugated poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Sun Minqiang , Tang Qianqiu , Zhang Tao , Wang Gengchao
Published: January 2014

A novel π-conjugated poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) with high performance was developed through optimizing redox potential of the oxidant and controlling polymerization temperature.
Facile and green fabrication of multiple magnetite nano-cores@void@porous shell microspheres for delivery vehicles
Authors: Bi Lei , Pan Gang
Published: January 2014

Microspheres with multiple magnetite cores, porous shells and high volumes fabricated from hydrothermal treated algal cells and a single iron source (FeIII).
Improved polyvinylpyrrolidone microneedle arrays with non-stoichiometric cyclodextrin
Authors: Chen Wei , Wang Chong , Yan Li , Huang Longbiao , Zhu Xiaoyue , Chen Bing , Sant Himanshu J. , Niu Xinrui , Zhu Guangyu , Yu K. N. , Roy V. A. L. , Gale Bruce K. , Chen Xianfeng
Published: January 2014

Improved polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microneedle arrays can be fabricated by adding cyclodextrin (CD) to form PVP–CD inclusion complexes.
Beteiligung von Patienten an medizinischen Entscheidungen – ein Überblick zu Patientenpräferenzen und Einflussfaktoren
Authors: Ernst J. , Brähler E. , Weißflog G.
Published: January 2014

Die Mitwirkung von Patienten an medizinischen Behandlungsentscheidungen wird als Querschnittsthema seit einigen Jahren intensiv diskutiert. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel beschäftigt sich mit der Patientenmitwirkung an medizinischen Entscheidungen (shared decision making) überwiegend für den Bereich der Onkologie und gibt einen Überblick zu den Patientenpräferenzen sowie zu Umfang und zu den Ergebnissen der Patiententeilhabe. Skizziert werden darüber hinaus methodische Aspekte der Messung von Patientenbeteiligung und der theoretische Ansatz des shared decision making. 16–50% der Patienten präferieren eine Entscheidungsbeteiligung. Diese variiert nach soziodemografischen und krankheitsassoziierten Variablen, deren Wirkrichtung zum Teil uneinheitlich beschrieben wird. Positive Auswirkungen der Patiententeilnahme sind im Wesentlichen kurzfristig und zuvorderst für psychosoziale Outcome-Kriterien festzustellen. Eine weitere methodische Ausdifferenzierung sollte auf dyadische Konzepte fokussieren und Dimensionen der Patientenbeteiligung über die Therapie hinaus berücksichtigen. Auch stehen die Bewertung von Entscheidungsverläufen, die Interdependenzen zwischen der eher sachbezogenen medizinischen Entscheidungsfindung und der Emo­tionsregulierung im ärztlichen Gespräch sowie die Abbildung möglicher (langzeitlicher) Effekte hinsichtlich der Genesung, des Erkrankungsverlaufs, psychosozialer Folgen oder wirtschaftlicher Auswirkungen auf der Forschungsagenda.
Osteal macrophages support physiologic skeletal remodeling and anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone in bone
Authors: Cho Sun Wook , Soki Fabiana N. , Koh Amy J. , Eber Matthew R. , Entezami Payam , Park Serk In , van Rooijen Nico , McCauley Laurie K.
Published: January 2014

Significance

Cellular subpopulations in the bone marrow play distinct and unexplored functions in the regulation of the skeleton. A type of blood cell that resides in the bone marrow termed “osteal macrophage” was found to play a role in bone homeostasis by supporting bone formation and mediating parathyroid hormone-dependent bone regeneration. Furthermore, induction of cell death in mature macrophages activated the specialized process of efferocytosis (clearance of dead and dying cells), leading to a marrow microenvironment that supported bone formation.
Nursery areas of juvenile northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) in the eastern Bering Sea in relation to hydrography and thermal regimes
Authors: Cooper Daniel W. , Duffy-Anderson Janet T. , Norcross Brenda L. , Holladay Brenda A. , Stabeno Phyllis J.
Published: January 2014

Age-0 and age-1 northern rock sole were collected over large-scale areas of the eastern Bering Sea in the summers of 2003, 2008 and 2010. Age-0 presence was poorly predicted by a published resource selection model developed for the Gulf of Alaska, and the failure of that model may have been caused by oceanographic features in the eastern Bering Sea. Where a front (inner front) separated the well-mixed coastal domain from the stratified middle domain, age-0 fish were less abundant and occurred at fewer stations in the nearshore, thermally mixed coastal domain than expected by the Gulf of Alaska model. In contrast, where the inner front was not established, age-0 fish were present in the highest densities in nearshore and thermally mixed waters. North of Unimak Island, the same hydrographic pattern that inhibits the formation of the inner front also likely transports larvae near shore. Age-1 densities were highest in the coastal domain, and age-0 length decreased with distance from shore, suggesting northern rock sole move shoreward after settlement. Juvenile northern rock sole were abundant in a nursery area between Nunivak Island and Cape Newenham in a warm period (2003), but were almost completely absent in cold periods (2008 and 2010), leading to the hypothesis that climate variability limits the utility of this nursery area during cold periods.