bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Policy Design Matter? Comparing Universal and Targeted Approaches to Encouraging College Participation
Authors: Mumper Michael
Published: April 2003

This article compares universal and targeted program designs in the federal and state programs to encourage participation in higher education. It begins by reviewing the policy design literature in political science. Then, using that literature, it compares the experiences of universally designed state policies (subsidies for low tuition) and targeted state policies (high-tuition/high-aid funding). It also compares the experience of a universally designed federal program (Pell Grants) with a targeted program (Stafford Loans). The analysis concludes that design had only a limited impact on program sustainability. However, the federal loan programs seemed more sustainable than the Pell Grant. Finally, the article notes the rise of a new design strategy, reverse targeting, evident in the state merit scholarship and federal tax credit programs. This design seems more politically popular than either of the conventional designs.
Beyond Baldridge: Extending the Political Model of Higher Education Organization and Governance
Authors: Pusser Brian
Published: April 2003

This article presents a case study of organizational decision making in higher education through an analysis of the contest over affirmative action at the University of California. It presents an overview of the development of the prevailing model of the politics of higher education, J. Victor Baldridge’s interest articulation framework, and discusses the evolution of the study of the politics of higher education organizations. The findings from this case suggest that contemporary models for understanding the political dynamics of postsecondary governance and decision making will be more effective if they extend the interest-articulation framework to include positive theories of institutions and State theoretical perspectives.
The Bologna Declaration: Some of the Historic Dilemmas Posed by the Reconstruction of the Community in Europe’s Systems of Higher Education
Authors: Neave Guy
Published: April 2003

This article examines the Bologna Process to explore some of issues that Euroland faces in its bid to construct the European Higher Education Area. However, the author’s purpose lies elsewhere—namely, to lay bare some of the assumptions beneath the various major systems of higher education in Western Europe. The article examines some of the tensions certain assumptions have created in the ongoing saga of reconstruction, particularly those that relate to one of the basic issues in higher education: namely, the community to which the university is answerable and how it is answerable. Finally, this article examines changes between higher education and its referential community in Western Europe in terms of the Bologna Declaration. In place of the monolithic, territorially defined referential community—the nation-state—that evolved over the past 190 years or more, the power both of a superordinate community and of subnational units is growing.
Caring Behaviors of Advanced Practice Nursing Students
Authors: Schaefer Karen Moore
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this project was to provide advanced practice nursing (APN) students with the opportunity to enrich their aesthetic knowing and acquire the meaning of caring in their practice by reflecting on their caring narratives. Students were asked to write about a caring encounter they experienced in their practice. The instructor analyzed and organized that data from each narrative. The instructor shared the data with the students for reflection and discussion. This report focuses on the caring practices of the APN students. Nine themes that embraced physical care, communication, comfort, presence, knowing, acceptance, touch, collaboration, and encouragement were identified. The APN students demonstrated aesthetic knowing as well as other ways of knowing in their caring narratives. Through reflection on the caring experiences and discussion in class, students were able to identify the meaning of caring in their practice.
In Search of Legitimacy: Peace Grant Making of U.S. Philanthropic Foundations, 1988-1996
Authors: Aksartova Sada
Published: April 2003

This analysis of peace grant making of U.S. foundations in 1988-1996 is guided by neoinstitutional organizational theory. The author argues that legitimacy concerns underlie the choices foundations make regarding the organizations and causes they fund. Academic and elite recipients give legitimacy to foundations and draw most of the latter’s support. Foundations’ authority in conferring legitimacy is prominent vis-à-vis nonelite organizations, which often seek to mobilize foundation support but receive much less of it than elite grantees do. The overall size of peace grant making was very small in the examined period and declined in constant dollars from 1988 to 1996. The author suggests that foundations were disinclined to fund peace due to normative pressure from the “national security state.” Future research should advance theories about sources of external influence on foundations, paying particular attention to the state’s capacity to shape organizational behavior of foundations and of the nonprofit sector generally.
Taking the Chaste Out of Chastisement
Authors: GREEN LORRAINE , BUTT TREVOR , KING NIGEL
Published: April 2003

This article analyses research and theoretical material from sociological and psychological sources to explore the sexual implications of the corporal punishment of children. Through explicating and utilizing a social constructionist perspective, not only are the shortcomings of some of the current arguments against corporal punishment exposed, but such a perspective enables us to additionally understand how such practices can be construed in a sexualized manner, either by the child or the adult, and hence in some cases can be seen to constitute a form of sexual as well as physical abuse.
The Cultural Construction of Childhood
Authors: HOLLOS MARIDA
Published: April 2003

The article examines the concept of childhood in an African society and tracks a contemporary shift in thinking about what a child is when a major sociocultural transformation effects a large segment of that population. The Pare, traditionally patrilineal highland cultivators, have recently experienced a change in their subsistence base from hoe cultivation to wage labor. This brought about a shift away from reliance on lineage authority to more couple-centered relations in some couples. A consequence of this has been a reduction in fertility in these couples and a view on children which departs from the traditional one. The article compares the daily lives of the children and the two types of parents' conceptualizations of childhood.
Opinion, Dialogue, Review
Authors: BEN-ARIEH ASHER , OFIR ANAT
Published: April 2003

Concerns about children's time-use and daily activities are not new. Nevertheless it is evident that such studies are scarce and partial and that as of today the knowledge we have on the patterns of children's everyday activities and the way in which different patterns of activity impact on children's well-being is insufficient. This article makes a case for the importance of time-use studies of children: such studies that will provide a flexible resource for describing and analysing children's social lives and well-being. Based on an extensive and rigorous literature review, the article analyses various studies on children's time-use by their goals, target population and methods. An analysis that provides not only the basis for calling for more studies but suggests how children's time-use could be studied on a larger scale and on a regular basis as a part of society's effort to study and monitor its children's well-being.
Children's Citizenship and the Structuring of Adult-child Relations in the Primary School
Authors: DEVINE DYMPNA
Published: April 2003

This article analyses the experience of school in terms of children's citizenship, exploring the level of participation experienced by a sample of Irish primary school children over decisions related to the control of their time, space and interaction in school. Locating such experience within the context of the structuration of adult-child relations, education for and into citizenship, it is argued, must take account of the dynamics of power and control between adults and children, teachers and pupils and the impact on children's construction of themselves as citizens with a voice to be both heard and expressed in school.
The Consequences of Economic Restructuring for the Gender Earnings Gap in Israel, 1972-1995
Authors: Yaish Meir , Kraus Vered
Published: April 2003

This article adopts a `structural perspective' of earnings determinants to examine changes over time in the gender earnings gap in Israeli society. It studies the combined effect of the expansion of the services and public sector employment on the gender earnings gap, utilizing data from the 1972 and 1995 censuses in Israel. It shows that within the context of an advanced legislation system regarding women's payment and rights, Israeli women are in disadvantaged economic positions relative to men in all segments of the economy. However, Israeli women are in a relatively better economic position in 1995 than in 1972. It also shows that some segments of the economy are more `women friendly' than others. Women in the private sector experience the highest level of pay discrimination, while women in the public sector experience the lowest. Finally, it shows that pay discrimination against women is similar in both industrial sectors - service and transformative. It thus concludes that despite the impressive growth in service employment over the years, the division of the economy into public and private sectors is a more useful feature in explaining the gender earnings gap in Israel.
Continuity or Change?
Authors: Adam-Smith Derek , Norris Gill , Williams Steve
Published: April 2003

Drawing on data generated from interviews with employers, managers and workers the article examines the reasons for the limited impact of the recently introduced National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the UK hospitality industry. Managerial control over the terms of the wage-work bargain, together with the significant influence of product and labour market pressures, has allowed the NMW to be introduced with little disruption. Contrary to expectations of a regulatory or labour market `shock', the introduction of the NMW appears to have reinforced, rather than challenged, existing employment relations arrangements in hospitality.
Supply Chain Rationalization
Authors: Wright Christopher , Lund John
Published: April 2003

This article reviews the implementation of supply chain management within the Australian food and grocery industry and examines the workplace implications of this new form of industry rationalization within the manufacturing, distribution and retailing components of the grocery supply chain. Based upon documentary sources and interviews with employers, consultants and trade union officials, we find the dominant workplace trend involves a focus on increased labour flexibility amongst upstream suppliers in response to the strategic power of the dominant supermarket chains. However, variations in labour use strategies and union responses across the supply chain also highlight the continued diversity of workplace regimes that result even within a highly concentrated product market. The implications of this case for broader debates on the process of `systemic rationalization' are explored.
The ghosts in the meme machine
Authors: Jahoda Gustav
Published: April 2003

The notion of `memes' as replicators similar to genes, but concerned with cultural units, was put forward by Dawkins (1976). Blackmore (1999) used this notion to elaborate an ambitious theory designed to account for numerous aspects of human evolution and psychology. Her theory is based on the human capacity for imitation, and although the operation of the `memes' is said to be purely mechanical, the figurative language used implies that their `actions' are purposive. This article will show that imitation had been regarded as important for human advance well before Darwinism. Moreover, at the end of the 19th century descriptions of the functioning of imitation in society had been put forward that closely parallel those given by Blackmore. Hence it is argued that what is convincing about her thesis is not new, and what is new is speculative and highly questionable.
A Dutch treat: randomized controlled experimentation and the case of heroin-maintenance in the Netherlands
Authors: Dehue Trudy
Published: April 2003

In 1995, the Dutch Minister of Health proposed that a randomized clinical trial (RCT) with heroin-maintenance for severe abusers be conducted. It took nearly four years of lengthy debates before the Dutch Parliament consented to the plan. Apart from the idea of prescribing heroin, the minister and her scientific advisers had to defend the quite high material and non-material costs that would arise from employing the randomized controlled design. They argued that the RCT represented the truly scientific approach and was the royal way to unambiguous results. In the present article, I question this common dual justification of RCTs. First, I situate the historical origins and the basic assumptions of the ideal experiment in 20th-century economic liberalism. Secondly, using the Dutch heroin experiment as an example, I discuss human-science experimentation as an attempt to create reality rather than merely record it. Finally, I discuss some surprising responses by heroin users. These responses display the assumptions of RCTs discussed in the historical section, and underline the importance of the culture of heroin use. In the epilogue, I suggest that cultural aspects of heroin consumption can best be studied by thorough ethnographic research.
Thinking political sociology: beyond the limits of post-Marxism
Authors: Nash Kate
Published: April 2003

This article is concerned with post-Marxism and materialism in the work of Judith Butler, Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. As `post-Marxists' these writers use `material' in a variety of ways, all of which indicate limits and constraints. The article focuses on one version of `materialism' in this work, a version that is more implied than elaborated, in which `material' is equivalent to institutionalized performativity or sedimented discourse: to `objective' social structures and institutions. Post-Marxists often use `the social' as equivalent to `material' in this sense, to gesture towards the context in which politics succeeds or fails. I argue that the specificities of `the social' cannot be theorized from within the terms of post-Marxism itself and that Butler and Laclau acknowledge this limitation in their most recent work. I therefore conclude that post-Marxism needs a supplement that I call political sociology. This is a dangerous supplement in the Derridean sense: a necessary addition that destabilizes the value post-Marxism gives to the distinction between `social' and `political' in which the latter is the privileged term.
Orientation of Aromatic Ion Exchange Diamines and the Effect on Melt Viscosity and Thermal Stability of PMR-15/Silicate Nanocomposites
Authors: Campbell Sandi , Scheiman Daniel
Published: April 2003

Nanocomposites of PMR-15 polyimide and a diamine modified silicate were prepared by the addition of the silicate to PMR- 15 resin. The orientation of the ion exchange diamine within the silicate gallery was evaluated by x-ray diffraction and found to depend on the clay cation exchange capacity. The melt viscosity of the oligomer and the uncured nanocomposite was measured. The melt viscosity exhibited a dependence on the orientation of the diamine in the silicate interlayer and, in some cases, on the chain length of the diamine. A correlation was observed between the oligomer melt viscosity and the crosslinking enthalpy, where nanocomposites with an increased melt viscosity exhibited a decrease in enthalpy on crosslinking. After crosslinking, a poorer nanocomposite thermal oxidative stability was also observed, compared to the less viscous systems. The melt viscosity was tailored by coexchange of an aromatic diamine and an aliphatic amine, increasing the thermal oxidative stability of the nanocomposite. PMR-15/silicate nanocomposites were investigated as a matrix for carbon fabric reinforced composites. Dispersion of an organically modified silicate into the PMR-15 matrix greatly enhanced the thermal oxidative stability of the polymer matrix composite.
Synthesis of New Polymers for Photoresist and Lithographic Printing Applications
Authors: Davidson K. , El-Attawy S. , El-Gamal M. , Khattab M. A. , El-Demerdach A. M.
Published: April 2003

Lithographic resist materials based on copolymers and/or terpolymers have been synthesised. These materials are comprised of one component to induce water solubility, such as Nvinyl pyrrolidinone (NVP) or N, Ndimethyl acrylamide (DMAC); and another material to give the photoactive response, in this case allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Copolymers and terpolymers of various compositions have been prepared by free radical copolymerization. Cationically initiated photocrosslinking was induced using mixed arylsulphonium hexaflouroantimonate (MAS+-SbF6) as a photoacid generating (PAG) species.
Temperature-Dependence of the Electrical Conductivity for Cross-Linked Mono-and Divalent Metal-Alginate Complexes
Authors: Khairou K. S. , Hassan R. M.
Published: April 2003

The electrical conductivities of Ag (I), Ca (II), Sr (II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Cd (II) and Pb (II)alginate complexes in the form of circular discs have been investigated as a function of a wide range of temperatures. At lower temperatures, the Arrhenius plot of In 6 vs 1/T showed that the electrical conductivity for the silver-alginate complex was gradually increased until it reached a maximum and then began to decrease with temperature, whereas no change in the electrical conductivity was observed with respect to the divalent metal-alginate complexes. Again, at higher temperatures, 6 values increased continuously with temperature for both monoand divalent metal-alginate complexes. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that all these alginate complexes are amorphous in nature. IR absorption spectra indicated the presence of chelated metal ions in the chains of alginate macromolecules. The activation energies have been calculated and tentative conduction mechanisms in good agreement with the experimental results are suggested.
Preparation and Properties of Photosensitive Polymers Based on Hyperbranched Aromatic Polyamides
Authors: Kaneko Ryosuke , Jikei Mitsutoshi , Kakimoto Masa-Aki
Published: April 2003

UV-curable hyperbranched aromatic polyamides were prepared by the acylation reaction of amine terminal groups of hyperbranched polyamides. End amino groups of hyperbranched aromatic polyamides with a molecular weight (IlI) of 11000 or 2600 were chemically modified by acryl, 4- pentenoyl, and 10-undecanoyl chlorides to introduce UV-curable vinyl groups. The photopolymerization kinetics of the UV-curable hyperbranched aromatic polyamides was investigated by Photo-DSC measurements. The photopolymerization of the polymer with the acryl amide terminal groups proceeded faster than with other functionalized polymers. Low molecular weight polymers showed high reactivity when the polymer had the same end functional group. The UV-cured films were transparent and yellow. Solubility of the films in organic solvents decreased significantly after UV-cure. The glass transition temperatures of the films increased after the UV-curing in comparison with the original functionalized polymers.
Romance and friendship in pre-teen stories about conflicts: `we decided that boys are not worth it'
Authors: Walton Marsha D. , Weatherall Ann , Jackson Sue
Published: April 2003

Although scholars have given considerable attention to adolescent romance, few have examined the discursive practices of pre-adolescents, as they are just beginning to take up (and to resist) cultural coherence systems that construct gender and sexuality. From a corpus of 689 personal narratives written by US inner-city pre-teens about interpersonal conflict, we selected the 33 stories that included themes of romance (`liking', `goin' with', `having a girlfriend/boyfriend'). The analytic approach was based on a sociocultural, interpretive theory of narrative and on developments in discursive and critical social psychology. Children used contrasting interpretive repertoires to produce stories of romantic contests or romantic intrigue, both drawing on narratives of romance available in popular culture. We examined children's struggle and identified strategies they used to preserve same-sex friendships and to resist taking subject positioned that construed them as passive objects. An examination of the process by which children enter the discursive practices of their communities promises to unveil awkward contradictions and instabilities in meaning systems that tend to be cleverly disguised in the discourse of more sophisticated users of culture.
`Political Correctness': the Politics of Culture and Language
Authors: FAIRCLOUGH NORMAN
Published: April 2003

In this article, I approach the controversy over `political correctness' (PC) in terms of three questions: a socio-historical question, a theoretical question and a political question as follows. (1) Why this apparently increasing focus in politics on achieving social and political change through changing culture and changing language - what has happened socially that can explain the `cultural turn' and the `language turn' in politics, in social and political theory, and in other domains of social practice? (2) How are we to understand the relationships among culture, language and other elements of social life and social practices - how are we to understand the relationship between change in culture and language, and social change? (3) For those who are politically committed to substantive social and political change (whether on the right or on the left), what place can a politics centred around culture and language have in a political strategy which is to have some chance of success? The article concludes with a discussion of strategies and tactics for contesting critiques of `PC'.
Unions in Germany: Regaining the Initiative?
Authors: Behrens Martin , Fichter Michael , Frege Carola M.
Published: April 2003

This article analyses union strategies in six different arenas. It argues that although German unions pursue a wide range of projects and activities, these do not constitute a focused strategy for revitalization. While the breadth of activities is impressive, there is no strategic priority; nor have unions developed a coherent strategy which would combine the strengths of the different approaches pursued within the six arenas. An important part of the explanation for this shortcoming lies in a growing imbalance between the unions' capacity for autonomous action and their embeddedness in an extensive array of institutional arrangements.
Strategies of Union Revitalization in Spain: Negotiating Change and Fragmentation
Authors: Hamann Kerstin , Lucio Miguel Martinez
Published: April 2003

Spanish unions have pursued various strategies in their attempt to revitalize. Political action has been of particular importance, but collective bargaining and cooperation between the two major union confederations have also been significant factors. We argue that the broader political context and historical legacies are crucial in explaining unions' strategic choices. In particular, we look at the tensions between the unions' institutional role in industrial relations and a fragmented civil society and labour market. Further, the search for a new union identity needs to be understood in the context of the interests of employers. While the unions have been innovative in devising new strategies, the measures of success are still inconclusive.
Union Revitalization in Britain
Authors: Heery Edmund , Kelly John , Waddington Jeremy
Published: April 2003

This article reviews the contradictory evidence on union revitalization in Britain. It examines organizing, partnership proposals, relations between unions and the Labour Party, international activities and union restructuring. Although policies and strategies in these different areas are mixed and uneven in effect, the increased resources devoted to organizing and the impact of the Employment Relations Act appear to have underpinned the limited elements of revival that are in evidence.
Between Paid Work and Private Commitments
Authors: Oechsle Mechtild , Geissler Birgit
Published: April 2003

Life planning by young women inevitably refers to different time structures. However, it was only recently that researchers began to consider the impact of `private' time structures and experiences in the life course. As working hours become increasingly flexible and the boundaries between work and private life become blurred, attention is drawn to the conflicting relations between time structures in the public and in the private sphere. In the following text we focus upon the significance of occupational time constraints for private life and life planning by couples in young adulthood. Based on an empirical study we explore the different ways in which the temporal structures of training and paid work, and of commitments to significant others are reflected in the biographical decisions of young women. Through case studies we illustrate the knowledge about occupational time structures that young women draw on when making biographical choices. We also examine the ways in which young women are establishing links to their partner's life course and life planning. Finally we discuss the opportunities and risks of various biographical configurations between paid work and commitments to others.
Mega-events, Time and Modernity
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: April 2003

This article addresses the relation between `mega-events' and time in modern society. `Mega-events', or international cultural and sport events such as the Olympic Games and World's Fairs, have an `extra-ordinary' status by virtue of their very large scale and their periodicity. Mega-event genres have had an enduring mass popularity in modernity since their creation in the late 19th century and continue to do so in a period of globalization. Drawing on recent analysis of mega-events the article suggests that this popularity derives from the significant positive and adaptive roles they continue to play in relation to the interpersonal and public structuring of time.
Hopkins’ rhetoric: between the material and the transcendent
Authors: Sobolev Dennis
Published: April 2003

This article addresses the problem of the ‘inscription’ of religious meaning within the poetic descriptions of the material world and existential experience; it analyses this problem with reference to the poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins. The article begins with a brief review of Hopkins’ poetic goals, and then turns to the interrelations between the thematic and rhetorical concerns in his writings. As a first step, it analyses Hopkins’‘metaphors with double referential field’ that partly bridge the gap between the material and the transcendent. It also shows that many of Hopkins’ poems are structured as ‘macro-metaphors’ of a special type, which is often designated as ‘diaphora’. After the analysis of metaphors, the article turns to other rhetorical strategies used by Hopkins, which create multiple internal relations between heterogeneous elements of his poetic world and thus imitate the unifying function of divine presence. Finally, the article analyses Hopkins’ rhetoric of temporality. It shows that Hopkins’ rhetoric of ‘nowness’ creates the poetic space that is situated beyond empirical time: halfway between the temporal and the eternal.
‘The fool sees with his nose’: metaphoric mappings in the sense of smell in Patrick Süskind’s Perfume
Authors: Popova Yanna B.
Published: April 2003

Based on linguistic studies of perception verbs and on a general cognitive-linguistic premise of embodiment as a fundamental factor for explaining aspects of language behaviour, the article seeks to examine the representation of smell in the novel Perfume by Patrick Süskind. It argues that there are cognitive and experiential motivations for the metaphoric mappings in the sense of smell in the novel. Our cognitive model of the external world, as far as it is based on perception, derives mainly from the sense of vision, a fact that provides motivated explanation for certain aspects of language structure. We see and know through our eyes, and a representation of the world through an alternative modality should resort to equally alternative ways of expression. A study and an explanation of these alternative ways are then offered. That an analysis of linguistic structure can be seen to contribute to an overall understanding of a complex work like Perfume is taken to add validity to the theoretical claims on which the analysis is based.
Femininity, Masculinity, Physicality and the English Tabloid Press
Authors: Harris John , Clayton Ben
Published: April 2003

This article is an examination of how femininity, masculinity and physicality are created and (re)presented within the English tabloid press. In identifying mechanisms for the construction and maintenance of (hegemonic) femininity and masculinity within sport, a gendered sports formula has been developed to analyse and explain sports coverage within this particular medium. Copies of the Sun and Mirror newspapers were collected and analysed over the course of the summer of 2000. The study highlights that idealized conceptualizations of femininity and masculinity are prevalent within the dominant narratives of both publications, not least through the disproportionate ratio of male/female sports coverage where only 5.9 percent of the sports reporting focused upon women’s sport. Our analysis of this mechanism is explicated through focusing upon one of the most photographed athletes in the world today, the Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. Kournikova, we posit, is the most powerful symbol of the masculinity/femininity nexus within media sport and accounted for one-third of all articles on women’s sport. She is presented as the masculinists’ transcendent image of the idiosyncratic sportswoman, whereby masculinity is maintained through ideological representations of femininity. While the analysis does not focus exclusively on Kournikova, it is argued that she, more than any other athlete, epitomizes the gendered sports formula within the tabloid press.
The Requirement to Develop Specific Skills for Teaching in an Intercultural Setting
Authors: Teekens Hanneke
Published: April 2003

The growing mobility of students worldwide increases the number of classes in international education. More and more teaching staff are confronted with new challenges, because the competency for teaching in the international classroom is not something that comes easily. It requires practice and learning of special skills. But what precisely are these skills? This article describes an ideal profile of the lecturer in the international classroom in the hope that it will give insight into the demanding role of standing before a culturally mixed group and, often, teaching in another language than your own.
Come Bien, Camina y No Se Preocupe—Eat Right, Walk, and Do Not Worry: Selective Biculturalism During Pregnancy in a Mexican American Community
Authors: Laganá Kathleen
Published: April 2003

Mexican American childbearing women appear to offer a healthy model for pregnancy. However, statistics suggest that they may be at increased risk for poor birth outcome as they acculturate to a U.S. lifestyle. An ethnographic study in Watsonville, California, examined the influence of acculturation on pregnancy beliefs and practices of 29 Mexican American childbearing women. Data from formal semi-structured interviews were submitted to content analysis. During pregnancy, women balanced well-documented, traditional Mexican cultural beliefs with the individualistic beliefs common to Anglo-Americans. Selective biculturalism emerged as a protective approach to stress reduction and health promotion. Stress reduction interventions as part of routine prenatal care have potential benefit for all pregnant women. Future research on cultural barriers to family-based social support during pregnancy is needed.
Moving Toward Justice for Female Juvenile Offenders in the New Millennium
Authors: Bloom Barbara , Owen Barbara , Deschenes Elizabeth Piper , Rosenbaum Jill
Published: April 2003

This article presents an overview of national and state efforts to address gender-specific programming and summarizes findings from a statewide assessment in California in 1997 and 1998. Review of the literature and results of data analyses of a cross-sectional survey of program providers and agency representatives, along with information from focus group interviews with program participants and providers, show that the needs of girls and young women in the juvenile justice system are tied to specific, identifiable risk and protective factors, from which it is possible to model gender-appropriate interventions. The results indicate that the family is the most important risk and protective factor for young women. Respondents indicated a wide range of barriers to program services and the need for more information and gender-specific program models or best practices. It would appear that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's Challenge Activity E grant has provided the initial momentum toward shaping the policies and programs for the new millennium in California and other states, but there is still much to be done to meet this challenge.
Spatial Patterns in Residential Burglary
Authors: Martin David
Published: April 2003

In this study, the author tests the significance of several concepts as predictors of neighborhood burglary rates using multivariate regression and spatial analysis techniques. The characteristics the author investigates have been identified by studies on the social ecology of crime and by more recent research evaluating community-oriented policing. He draws heavily from recent work by Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls as well as others who have advanced the social disorganization theory of crime. This perspective views the presence of “community” as a key factor that helps maintain order in neighborhoods, even in the presence of structural criminogenic conditions such as concentrated poverty.
Self-Reported Psychiatric Treatment Needs Among Felony Drug Offenders
Authors: Belenko Steven , Lang Michelle A. , O’connor Lisa A.
Published: April 2003

Among 280 felony drug sale offenders with substance use disorders, self-reported psychiatric treatment, medication, and symptoms yielded estimates that 40% to 60% had comorbid psychiatric disorders. Two thirds reported recent psychiatric symptoms or emotional problems, or were troubled by these symptoms/problems, and more than one third of them felt they needed psychiatric treatment; only 4 were currently receiving treatment. More than two thirds of those reporting current symptomatology and a need for mental health treatment had never received treatment. Offenders who reported a need for treatment were more likely to recently experience cognitive difficulties, mental or emotional problems, or be troubled by psychiatric symptoms. Those reporting current treatment need were more likely to have a history of outpatient psychiatric treatment. The strongest predictor for self-reported psychiatric treatment need was being troubled by psychiatric symptoms, independently or in combination with recent cognitive difficulties, experiencing any emotional problems recently, or outpatient treatment history.
Roles, Relationships, And Groups In Organizations: Some Conclusions And Recommendations
Authors: Hare A. Paul
Published: April 2003

Based on a review of the small groups literature on roles, relationships, and groups in organizations, some suggestions are made concerning the ways that research findings might be integrated into a more general theory of groups. Examples of the application of Parsons’s analysis of four functions (meaning, resources, integration, and goal attainment) to small group phenomena are given to illustrate some of the possibilities for the extension of one of several current theoretical perspectives.
Web-based discrete event simulation models: Current states and possible futures
Authors: Kuljis Jasna , Paul Ray J.
Published: April 2003

Environments and languages for Web-based simulation, particularly Java-based approaches, are reviewed. Some Web-based applications are mentioned. A summary of the current state forms the basis for discussing the future of simulation modeling on the Web. The future directions of Web-based simulation range from the traditional to the revolutionary, with the revolution coming from new blood into the simulation profession.
Creating a Web-based simulation gaming exercise using PERL and JavaScript
Authors: Pillutla Sharma
Published: April 2003

Business simulation gaming has been around for quite a few years. The pedagogical and, more recently, the assessment value of gaming has been recognized and accepted in many circles. Many functional and total enterprise gaming exercises have been used in various business courses. Over the year, as technology has improved, simulation exercises have become more sophisticated and user friendly. The student can now concentrate on the content and learning in the gaming exercise without getting too diverted by the mechanics of playing the game. With the advent of the Internet an added dimension of convenience is now available. Using the World Wide Web (WWW) is a natural extension of making simulation games more powerful and the access more convenient. Due to the ubiquitous nature of the World Wide Web, which is accessible today from any home computer connected to the Internet, it behooves academics to explore and take advantage of this technology. This article delineates one such implementation that makes the entire game available on the Web. The game has been in continuous use for the past 3 years. The various components of the game and how the programming languages Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (PERL) and JavaScript can provide the functionality for making the game available on the Internet are described.
Measuring Video Gambling: Instrument Development and Validation
Authors: Pike Cathy King
Published: April 2003

Objective: This article reports the initial validation of an instrument designed to measure problem gambling on video gambling devices. Methods: Two samples were collected and included (a) individuals at random lists of playing locations for all counties in one state (n = 553) and (b) a general public sample also drawn from each county (n = 542). Results: The scales attained high levels of internal consistency reliability and had a stable factor structure. The items predicted with high accuracy pathological and nonpathological gambling, and the scales performed well in examinations of discriminant and convergent construct validity. Conclusions: The research provided strong evidence of internal consistency reliability, as well as content, construct, factorial, and preliminary evidence of known-groups validity.
Evaluating the Outcomes of a Cognitive-Behavioral Group Intervention Model for Persons at Risk of Developing Mental Health Problems in Hong Kong: A Pretest-Posttest Study
Authors: Wong Daniel Fu Keung , Sun Stephen Yu Kit , Tse Jessica , Wong Fritz
Published: April 2003

Objective: The authors investigated the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral group intervention in helping members deal with maladaptive physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional responses to stressful life circumstances. Methods: Data on 32 clients’ measures of mental health, rational thinking, coping skills and in negative and positive emotions at pretest and posttest were analyzed. Results: Significant positive changes in mental health, rational thinking, and in negative and positive emotions were found. Although changes in coping skills did not reach a significant level, all items tended to a positive direction. Conclusion: The results suggest the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral group for Chinese clients in Hong Kong. However, when applying such a group model to Chinese people, social workers ought to pay particular attention to the research design, the group contents, and cultural issues such as the difficulty of Chinese people to “think about their thinking” and to externalize success and internalize failure.
Evaluating an Empowerment Group for Divorced Chinese Women in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Cecilia L. W. , Chan Yu , Lou Vivian W. Q.
Published: April 2003

Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Body-Mind-Spirit empowerment group for divorced Chinese women in Hong Kong. Method: A pretest and posttest comparison was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the group intervention by comparing perceived level of stress and sense of empowerment among 67 divorced women participants. Results: Compared to data obtained before intervention, the participants reported significant changes in their perceived level of stress and sense of empowerment after five group sessions. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the empowerment group for divorced Chinese women was supported by the findings.
Short-Term Outcomes for Youth Receiving Runaway and Homeless Shelter Services
Authors: Thompson Sanna J. , Pollio David E. , Constantine Jodi , Reid Donna , Nebbitt Von
Published: April 2003

Objective: Few studies have assessed the outcomes of runaway/homeless youth that seek assistance from shelter or crisis services, which would provide much needed documentation of intervention effectiveness and point to new directions for service provision. The goals of the current study were to: (1) assess short-term outcomes among runaway/homeless youth using emergency shelters and crisis services and (2) compare short-term outcomes achieved by runaway/homeless youth in crisis shelters with similar youth using other, longer-term treatment modalities. Method: The study sampled 261 youth using runaway/homeless shelters from four midwestern states at intake and six-weeks postdischarge and 47 high-risk youth using longer-term services at intake and six weeks postintake; ten key outcome variables were assessed. Results: Every outcome variable demonstrated improvement postintervention: days on the run, school suspension and/or detention, and sexual activity decreased; perceived family support and self-esteem increased; and youth were more likely to be currently employed and less likely to have been fired. In comparing runaway/homeless crisis shelter users with day treatment users on the ten outcome variables, there were no significant differences across any of the outcome variables. Conclusions: Despite limitations, the research provides evidence for the short-term effectiveness of crisis shelter services for runaway/homeless youth.
The Effectiveness of an Integrated Treatment Approach for Clients With Dual Diagnoses
Authors: DiNitto Diana M. , Webb Deborah K. , Rubin Allen
Published: April 2003

Objective: A randomized experiment tested the effectiveness of adding a psychoeducationally oriented group therapy intervention, Good Chemistry Groups, to standard inpatient chemical dependency services for clients dually diagnosed with mental and substance dependence disorders. Method: Ninety-seven clients were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 48) and a control group (n = 49). Outcome variables included drug and alcohol use, participation in self-help support group meetings, incarceration days, psychiatric symptoms, psychiatric inpatient admissions, compliance with prescribed psychotropic medication plans, and composite scores on the Addiction Severity Index. Results: No significant treatment effects were found on any of the outcome variables. The findings were generally consistent with those of prior controlled studies. Conclusion: Good Chemistry Groups did not add to the effects of standard treatments for dually diagnosed clients. Practitioners should continue to develop and evaluate alternative integrated treatment approaches that might prove to be more effective than this one.
Are Mainstream Programs for Juvenile Delinquency Less Effective With Minority Youth Than Majority Youth? A Meta-Analysis of Outcomes Research
Authors: Jo Wilson Sandra , Lipsey Mark W. , Soydan Haluk
Published: April 2003

Objective: A meta-analysis was undertaken to synthesize research results about the effectiveness of mainstream service programs for minority juvenile delinquents relative to White delinquents. The analysis addresses the question of whether mainstream interventions that are not culturally tailored for minority youth have positive outcomes on their subsequent antisocial behavior, academic performance, peer relations, behavior problems, and other outcomes. In addition, outcomes were compared with those for White samples receiving the same interventions to identify any differences in the responsiveness of minority and majority youth. Method: 305 studies were selected from a large meta-analytic database in which the participant samples were either predominantly (60% or more) minority or White youth. Effect sizes and more than 150 study descriptors were coded from these studies and analyzed using standard meta-analytic techniques. Results: The results showed positive overall intervention effects with ethnic minority respondents on their delinquent behavior, school participation, peer relations, academic achievement, behavior problems, psychological adjustment, and attitudes. Overall, service programs were equally effective for minority and White delinquents. Although there were slight differences in effectiveness for different service types between minority and majority youth, none of these differences was statistically significant. Conclusions: The use of mainstream service programs for ethnic minority juvenile delinquents without cultural tailoring is supported by these findings.
The Assessment of High-Risk Sexual Behavior and Self-Presentation Concerns
Authors: Scandell Donald J. , Klinkenberg W. Dean , Hawkes Melanie C. , Spriggs Linda S.
Published: April 2003

Objective: This project developed a new questionnaire format to facilitate the self-report of risky sexual behavior. This new format asked participants whether they or their partners initiated various sexual behaviors. It was predicted that allowing respondents to attribute their behaviors to others would facilitate the disclosure of risky sex. Method: College student participants were randomly assigned to one of two sexual behavior questionnaire formats (Initiation vs Standard). Results: Individuals assigned to the Initiation Questionnaire format, in comparison to Standard format, reported significantly more sexual partners during the past 1 and 3 months. Women reported significantly more unprotected oral sex during the previous 3 months using the Initiation format. Participants not in a committed relationship reported significantly more unprotected vaginal intercourse in the Initiation condition during the previous 1 and 3 months. Conclusion: The Initiation Questionnaire format may facilitate the self-report of risky sexual behavior.