bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive Assessment of Neuromuscular Disease in Dogs: Use of the 6‐minute Walk Test to Assess Submaximal Exercise Tolerance in Dogs with Centronuclear Myopathy
Authors: Cerda‐Gonzalez S. , Talarico L. , Todhunter R.
Published: March 2016

Background

Noninvasive methods of quantitating exercise tolerance in dogs with neuromuscular disease are needed both for clinical and research use. The 6‐minute walk test (6MWT) has been validated as a reliable test of exercise tolerance in dogs with pulmonary and cardiac disease, but not in dogs with neuromuscular disease.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Distance walked and number of steps taken during 6MWT will differ between Labrador retriever dogs with centronuclear myopathy (CNM) and control (ie, healthy) littermates.

Animals

Eight purebred Labrador retrievers were drawn from a purpose‐bred research colony (status: 3 clear, 2 carrier, and 3 homozygous mutants for the protein tyrosine phosphatase‐like A (PTPLA) gene mutation associated with CNM).

Methods

Pilot, prospective, Case–controlled study. Researchers were blinded to disease status. Each dog was leash‐trained and acclimatized to the testing area (length, 12.8 m). At the start of testing, each animal was fitted with a pedometer, a timer was started, and dogs were allowed to walk at their own pace for 6 minutes. Distance walked and pedometer readings were recorded.

Results

Degree of paresis varied among affected dogs, and was reflected by significant differences in distance walked between CNM‐affected dogs and those with clear and carrier genotypes (P = .048). Pedometer readings did not vary according to genotype (P = .86).

Conclusions

The 6MWT appears to differentiate between the ambulatory capacity of normal and CNM‐affected dogs. Additional studies are needed to confirm this relationship in a larger number of dogs, and to evaluate the ability of the 6MWT to differentiate between dogs with variable severity of neuromuscular disease‐associated exercise intolerance.
Magadi tilapia ecological specialization: filling the early gap in the speciation continuum
Authors: Pinho Catarina , Faria Rui
Published: March 2016

Cichlid fish are well known for their high speciation rates, which are usually accompanied by spectacular and rapid diversification in eco‐morphological and secondary sexual traits. This is best illustrated by the famous repeated explosive radiations in the African Great Lakes Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria, each lake harbouring several hundreds of mostly endemic species. Correspondingly, cichlids diversified very rapidly in many other lakes across their range. Although the larger radiations, unparalleled in vertebrates, are certainly the most intriguing, they are also the most intricate and difficult to address because of their complex nature. This is where smaller, simpler systems may prove to be the most useful. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Kavembe et al. () report very recent genetic diversification accompanied by ecological specialization in cichlids of the small and ecologically extreme Lake Magadi, in Kenya. Combining geometric morphometrics, stable isotope analysis, population genomics using RADSeq data and coalescent‐based modelling techniques, the authors characterize the eco‐morphological differences between genetically distinct populations of Magadi tilapia (Alcolapia grahami), which are consistent with the different environmental conditions they experience, and infer their history of divergence. The simplicity of the focal system and the use of a multidisciplinary approach make this work particularly important for our understanding of the early stages of speciation, in both cichlids and other organisms.
Color patterns in white‐beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from Iceland
Authors: Bertulli Chiara G. , Galatius Anders , Kinze Carl C. , Rasmussen Marianne H. , Keener William , Webber Marc A.
Published: March 2016

Few studies have examined the natural complex pigmentation patterns of white‐beaked dolphins. From 2002 to 2014, whale‐watching trips in Iceland provided a platform of opportunity to collect a large body of photographs of free‐ranging individuals from a single area of distribution for this species. Based on 823 images, 571 individuals showing one or more color components were identified, and assigned to the following four age classes: adults (n= 437), juveniles (n= 109), calves (n= 14), and neonates (n= 11). A total of 26 color components were observed and described: seven terms previously applied to white‐beaked dolphins, 12 previously applied to other dolphin species, and seven newly defined terms. Results showed that each age class could be positively identified by differences in specific color components, some of which were exclusive. Therefore, color patterns may prove useful in estimating maturity in free‐ranging white‐beaked dolphins. This tool could be further refined through assessment of a wide sample of freshly stranded specimens of known sex and age, which could reveal new age class‐specific components, as well as sexually dimorphic characteristics not seen here. Geographic variation should be investigated by comparing image data sets and stranded animals from different parts of the North Atlantic.
In vivo characterization of two additional Leishmania donovani strains using the murine and hamster model
Authors: Kauffmann F. , Dumetz F. , Hendrickx S. , Muraille E. , Dujardin J.‐C. , Maes L. , Magez S. , De Trez C.
Published: March 2016

Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite causing the neglected tropical disease visceral leishmaniasis. One difficulty to study the immunopathology upon L. donovani infection is the limited adaptability of the strains to experimental mammalian hosts. Our knowledge about L. donovani infections relies on a restricted number of East African strains (LV9, 1S). Isolated from patients in the 1960s, these strains were described extensively in mice and Syrian hamsters and have consequently become ‘reference’ laboratory strains. L. donovani strains from the Indian continent display distinct clinical features compared to East African strains. Some reports describing the in vivo immunopathology of strains from the Indian continent exist. This study comprises a comprehensive immunopathological characterization upon infection with two additional strains, the Ethiopian L. donovani L82 strain and the Nepalese L. donovani BPK282 strain in both Syrian hamsters and C57BL/6 mice. Parameters that include parasitaemia levels, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly and alterations in cellular composition of the spleen and liver, showed that the L82 strain generated an overall more virulent infection compared to the BPK282 strain. Altogether, both L. donovani strains are suitable and interesting for subsequent in vivo investigation of visceral leishmaniasis in the Syrian hamster and the C57BL/6 mouse model.
Local Community Characteristics and Cooperation for Shared Green Reputation
Authors: Rivera Jorge , Naranjo Maria Angelica , Robalino Juan , Alpizar Francisco , Blackman Allen
Published: March 2016

This article examines how basic socioeconomic and political factors are associated with higher levels of cooperation to garner a local community's shared green reputation. We analyze panel data on participation efforts in a collective voluntary environmental program, the Ecological Blue Flag Program, by the entire population of beach communities in Costa Rica between 2001 and 2009. Collective voluntary environmental programs are relatively new and aim to improve environmental performance and shared “green” reputation through joint participation and certification of multisector groups comprising businesses, governmental institutions, and nongovernmental organizations. Our results indicate that higher levels of within‐community cooperation for shared green reputation are more likely in seashore localities with lower income inequality and/or a higher number of businesses. These findings run counter to research suggesting these same characteristics are associated with lower levels of cooperation in the management of common pool natural resources such as fisheries and forests. We also find that within‐community cooperation is positively correlated with a greater proportion of expatriates from industrialized countries and/or with higher levels of democratic political participation.
Curcumin enhances human macrophage control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Bai Xiyuan , Oberley‐Deegan Rebecca E. , Bai An , Ovrutsky Alida R. , Kinney William H. , Weaver Michael , Zhang Gong , Honda Jennifer R. , Chan Edward D.
Published: March 2016

Background and objective

With the worldwide emergence of highly drug‐resistant tuberculosis (TB), novel agents that have direct antimycobacterial effects or that enhance host immunity are urgently needed. Curcumin is a polyphenol responsible for the bright yellow‐orange colour of turmeric, a spice derived from the root of the perennial herb Curcuma longa. Curcumin is a potent inducer of apoptosis—an effector mechanism used by macrophages to kill intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

Methods

An in vitro human macrophage infection model was used to determine the effects of curcumin on MTB survival.

Results

We found that curcumin enhanced the clearance of MTB in differentiated THP‐1 human monocytes and in primary human alveolar macrophages. We also found that curcumin was an inducer of caspase‐3‐dependent apoptosis and autophagy. Curcumin mediated these anti‐MTB cellular functions, in part, via inhibition of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NFκB) activation.

Conclusion

Curcumin protects against MTB infection in human macrophages. The host‐protective role of curcumin against MTB in macrophages needs confirmation in an animal model; if validated, the immunomodulatory anti‐TB effects of curcumin would be less prone to drug resistance development.
Adolescents' Judgments of Doubly Deviant Peers: Implications of Intergroup and Intragroup Dynamics for Disloyal and Overweight Group Members
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Palmer Sally B. , Van de Vyver Julie , Hayes Daniel , Delaney Katrina , Guarella Sophie , Purewal Kiran
Published: March 2016

Group membership, loyalty, and weight are highly relevant for adolescent peer evaluations at school. This research tested how in‐group/out‐group membership affected judgments of peers who deviated from social norms for weight and loyalty. Two hundred and forty 11–13‐year‐olds (49 percent female; 94 percent Caucasian) judged two in‐group or out‐group peers: one was normative (loyal and average weight) and the other was non‐normative (i.e., ‘deviant’). The deviant target was overweight, disloyal to their own group (school), or both (‘doubly deviant’). Derogation of overweight relative to average weight peers was greater if they were in‐group rather than out‐group members, revealing a strong ‘black sheep effect’ for overweight peers. Disloyal out‐group deviants were judged favorably, but this effect was eliminated if they were doubly deviant, suggesting that their disloyalty was insufficient to overcome the overweight stigma. Consistent with developmental subjective group dynamics theory, effects of group membership and types of deviance on adolescents’ favorability toward peers were mediated by adolescents’ perceptions of how well the deviant members would ‘fit’ with the in‐group school. Implications for theory and strategies to reduce peer exclusion, particularly weight stigmatization, are considered.
Surgical Treatment of Iatrogenic Ventral Glottic Stenosis Using a Mucosal Flap Technique
Authors: Kane‐Smyth Justine , Barnett Timothy P. , O'Leary John Mark , Dixon Padraic M.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To describe a novel surgical technique for correcting postoperative ventral glottic stenosis (cicatrix or web formation) and the outcome in 2 Thoroughbred racehorses.

Study Design

Retrospective case report.

Animals

Thoroughbreds diagnosed with ventral glottic stenosis (n=2).

Methods

Horses presenting with iatrogenic ventral glottic stenosis and resultant exercise intolerance and abnormal exercise‐related noise were anesthetized and a midline sagittal skin incision was made over the ventral larynx and between the sternohyoideus muscles overlying the cricothyroid notch. The cricothyroid ligament, attached laryngeal cicatrix, and overlying mucosa were sagittally sectioned at the dorsal aspect of the cicatrix on the left side. The laryngeal mucosa, cicatrix, and underlying cricothyroid ligament immediately rostral and caudal to the cicatrix were sectioned in a medial (axial) direction as far as the right side of the cricothyroid notch. After resection of the majority of the attached cicatrix tissue, the residual mucosal flap (attached to the right side of the larynx) was reflected ventrally and sutured to the attachment of the cricothyroid ligament on the right side of the cricothyroid notch, creating an intact mucosal layer on the right side of the ventral larynx.

Results

Both horses had good intralaryngeal wound healing with minimal redevelopment of ventral glottic stenosis at 5 and 9 months postoperatively and were successfully returned to racing with complete absence of abnormal respiratory noise.

Conclusion

The unique laryngeal anatomy of horses, with a cartilage‐free ventral laryngeal area (cricothyroid notch), allowed the use of this novel surgical technique to successfully treat ventral glottic stenosis.
Purinergic signalling underlies transforming growth factor‐β‐mediated bladder afferent nerve hyperexcitability
Authors: Gonzalez Eric J. , Heppner Thomas J. , Nelson Mark T. , Vizzard Margaret A.
Published: March 2016

Key points

The sensory components of the urinary bladder are responsible for the transduction of bladder filling and are often impaired with neurological injury or disease.

Elevated extracellular ATP contributes, in part, to bladder afferent nerve hyperexcitability during urinary bladder inflammation or irritation.

Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) may stimulate ATP release from the urothelium through vesicular exocytosis mechanisms with minimal contribution from pannexin‐1 channels to increase bladder afferent nerve discharge.

Bladder afferent nerve hyperexcitability and urothelial ATP release with CYP‐induced cystitis is decreased with TGF‐β inhibition.

These results establish a causal link between an inflammatory mediator, TGF‐β, and intrinsic signalling mechanisms of the urothelium that may contribute to the altered sensory processing of bladder filling.

The afferent limb of the micturition reflex is often compromised following bladder injury, disease and inflammatory conditions. We have previously demonstrated that transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signalling contributes to increased voiding frequency and decreased bladder capacity with cystitis. Despite the functional presence of TGF‐β in bladder inflammation, the precise mechanisms of TGF‐β mediating bladder dysfunction are not yet known. Thus, the present studies investigated the sensory components of the urinary bladder that may underlie the pathophysiology of aberrant TGF‐β activation. We utilized bladder–pelvic nerve preparations to characterize bladder afferent nerve discharge and the mechanisms of urothelial ATP release with distention. Our findings indicate that bladder afferent nerve discharge is sensitive to elevated extracellular ATP during pathological conditions of urinary bladder inflammation or irritation. We determined that TGF‐β1 may increase bladder afferent nerve excitability by stimulating ATP release from the urothelium via vesicular exocytosis mechanisms with minimal contribution from pannexin‐1 channels. Furthermore, blocking aberrant TGF‐β signalling in cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis with TβR‐1 inhibition decreased afferent nerve hyperexcitability with a concomitant decrease in urothelial ATP release. Taken together, these results establish a role for purinergic signalling mechanisms in TGF‐β‐mediated bladder afferent nerve activation that may ultimately facilitate increased voiding frequency. The synergy between intrinsic urinary bladder signalling mechanisms and an inflammatory mediator provides novel insight into bladder dysfunction and supports new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Analytical Solution of the Thermal Entrance Heat Transfer Problem for Viscous Flow in Annulus
Authors: Vachagina E. K. , Kadyirov A. I.
Published: March 2016

The Graetz–Nusselt problem with Brinkman extension is considered for steady-state laminar Newtonian flow in annuli. To solve the problem, a separation of variables method is used. In the limiting cases, the eigenvalues are in full agreement with the eigenvalues corresponding to flat channel and circular pipe. Useful formulas are represented to calculate the length of the thermal entrance region and Nusselt numbers in annuli.
Load–Displacement Relationship of a Ball Bearing With Axial, Radial, and Angular Displacements for Both the Inner and Outer Rings
Authors: Ohta Hiroyuki , Sakaguchi Tomoya , Uchiumi Masaharu
Published: March 2016

This paper deals with the load–displacement relationship of a ball bearing with axial, radial, and angular displacements for both the inner and outer rings. First, the expressions for the load–displacement relationship of ball bearings with any number of balls under the combined axial, radial, and moment loads were presented by using a system in which both the inner and outer rings are allowed to move in the axial, radial, and angular directions. Second, the presented expressions were compared with Jones' expressions (which are typical conventional expressions for the load–displacement relationship), then the range of application of Jones's expressions were elucidated. Third, the relative axial displacement, the relative radial displacement, and the relative angular displacement of a miniature ball bearing type 692 under the combined axial, radial, and moment loads were calculated. Finally, it was shown that the relative angular displacement in the case with no inner ring angular displacement is Ri/Ro times the relative angular displacement in the case with no outer ring angular displacement, in which Ri and Ro are the radii of the inner and outer race curvature center loci.
Equations to Calculate Casing Collapse Strength Under Nonuniform Load Based on New ISO Model
Authors: Deng Kuanhai , Lin Yuanhua , Liu Wanying , Zeng Dezhi , Sun Yongxing , Li Kewei
Published: March 2016

Many studies focused on casing collapse resistance under uniform load have been done, and API 5C3 and ISO standards have been formed. However, the collapse models presented by API 5C3 and ISO standards are not suitable for calculating and predicting the casing collapse resistance under nonuniform load (NUL), despite it is well known that the NUL has a significant impact on the casing collapse resistance. Hence, based on the elastic theory and new ISO collapse model, the conception of advance coefficient of plastic collapse of casing under NUL is put forward, and the new equations to compute casing collapse resistance under NUL are established, which takes into full account the effect of manufacturing defects (such as ovality and eccentricity) and residual stress on the casing collapse resistance. The influence rule of nonuniform coefficient of load (NCL) on casing collapse resistance has been analyzed. Numerical and experimental comparisons show that the calculation results (CR) of new equations are much closer to the real failure data than the current equations proposed by Han and EI-Sayed (1992, “Resistance of Cemented Concentric Casing Strings Under Nonuniform Loading,” SPE Drill. Eng., 7(1), pp. 59–64). Research results can provide an important theoretical reference for casing design in complicated stratum (such as plastic creep and dipping stratum).
Static Analysis of an Inverted Planetary Roller Screw Mechanism
Authors: Abevi Folly , Daidie Alain , Chaussumier Michel , Orieux Stéphane
Published: March 2016

The paper examines the static behavior of the inverted planetary roller screw (PRS) through numerical and experimental studies. The numerical analysis of the inverted PRS is first presented to capture the global and local deformations in different configurations. Using a three-dimensional finite element (3D FE) method, a sectorial model of the mechanism is built involving an entire roller. The model describes the static behavior of the system under a heavy load and shows the state of the contacts and the in-depth stress zones. The current work also investigates the axial stiffness (AS) and the load distribution (LD) under both compressive and tensile loadings. It is shown that the LDs are not the same at each contact interface of the roller and that they depend on the configuration of the system. Also, the nut is less stressed than the screw shaft because of their contact curvatures. In parallel, complementary experiments are carried out to measure the axial deflection of the screw shaft and the rollers in five cases with different numbers of rollers. In each situation, the mechanism is under the same equivalent axial and static load. The tests reveal that rollers do not have the same behavior, the difference certainly being due to manufacturing and positioning errors that directly affect the number of effective contacts in the device. This stresses the fact that the external load is unequally shared over rollers and contacting threads. By introducing the notion of an equivalent roller, the results are used to validate the previous numerical model of an inverted PRS. As they provide a better understanding of the inverted PRS, these investigations are useful to improve the existing analytical models of the device.
Detailed evaluation of an automated approach to interactive optimization for volumetric modulated arc therapy plans
Authors: Tol Jim P. , Dahele Max , Delaney Alexander R. , Doornaert Patricia , Slotman Ben J. , Verbakel Wilko F. A. R.
Published: March 2016

Purpose:

Interactive optimization during treatment planning requires intermittent adjustment of organ‐at‐risk (OAR) objectives relative to the dose–volume histogram line. This is a labor‐intensive process and the resulting plans are prone to variations in quality. The authors’ in‐house developed approach to automated interactive optimization (AIO) automatically moves the mouse cursor to adjust the position of on‐screen optimization objectives. This allows for the use of more objectives per OAR and results in a more frequent and consistent adjustment of these objectives during optimization. The authors report a detailed evaluation of AIO performance in support of its implementation for routine head and neck cancer (HNC) planning and an evaluation for locally advanced lung cancer (LC) planning which requires a different optimization strategy.

Methods:

Volumetric modulated arc therapy AIO plans (APs) were created for 70 HNC patients with a simultaneously integrated boost and 20 LC patients and benchmarked against their respective manually interactively optimized plans (MPs). The same set of optimization objectives and priorities was used for all APs, although planning target volume (PTV) optimization priorities could be increased manually in a subsequent “continue previous optimization” calculation. HNC plans were benchmarked using mean dose to individual and composite OARs and elective/boost PTV (PTVE/PTVB) volumes receiving 95% and 107% of the prescription dose (V95% and V107%, respectively). A clinician performed blinded comparison of 20 APs and respective MPs. LC plans were compared using PTV V95%/V107%, contralateral lung (CL) volume receiving 5 Gy (V5Gy), total lung (TL)‐PTV V5Gy/V20Gy, and esophagus and heart V40Gy/V60Gy/mean doses.

Results:

For HNC, statistically significant improvements in sparing of all OARs, except for the ipsilateral submandibular gland and trachea, were obtained in the APs compared to MPs. Average mean dose to oral cavity, composite salivary, and swallowing structures were 25.4/23.8, 24.2/23.2, and 29.5/25.5 Gy, respectively, for the MPs/APs. PTV heterogeneity was similar: in the APs, PTVB V95% was 0.2% higher while PTV B/PTV E V107% was 0.4%/1.0% lower. In 19 out of 20 HNC patients, the clinician preferred the AP, mainly because of better OAR sparing and PTV dose homogeneity. For LC, APs had a significantly lower CL V5Gy (6.1%), heart mean dose/V60Gy (0.9 Gy/1.2%) and esophagus mean dose/V60Gy (0.9 Gy/2.8%), a nonsignificantly higher TL V20Gy (1.4%), and a slight, but significantly higher dose deposition to the body. PTV dose coverage and homogeneity were similar in the APs and MPs. AIO was considered sufficiently robust for clinical use in LC.

Conclusions:

HNC and LC APs were at least as good as, and often of improved quality over MPs. To date, AIO has been clinically implemented for HNC planning.
Multivariate analysis for the estimation of target localization errors in fiducial marker‐based radiotherapy
Authors: Takamiya Masanori , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Akimoto Mami , Ueki Nami , Yamada Masahiro , Tanabe Hiroaki , Matsuo Yukinori , Mizowaki Takashi , Kokubo Masaki , Hiraoka Masahiro , Itoh Akio
Published: March 2016

Purpose:

To assess the target localization error (TLE) in terms of the distance between the target and the localization point estimated from the surrogates (|TMD|), the average of respiratory motion for the surrogates and the target (|aRM|), and the number of fiducial markers used for estimating the target (n).

Methods:

This study enrolled 17 lung cancer patients who subsequently underwent four fractions of real‐time tumor tracking irradiation. Four or five fiducial markers were implanted around the lung tumor. The three‐dimensional (3D) distance between the tumor and markers was at maximum 58.7 mm. One of the markers was used as the target (Pt), and those markers with a 3D |TMDn| ≤ 58.7 mm at end‐exhalation were then selected. The estimated target position (Pe) was calculated from a localization point consisting of one to three markers except Pt. Respiratory motion for Pt and Pe was defined as the root mean square of each displacement, and |aRM| was calculated from the mean value. TLE was defined as the root mean square of each difference between Pt and Pe during the monitoring of each fraction. These procedures were performed repeatedly using the remaining markers. To provide the best guidance on the answer with n and |TMD|, fiducial markers with a 3D |aRM ≥ 10 mm were selected. Finally, a total of 205, 282, and 76 TLEs that fulfilled the 3D |TMD| and 3D |aRM| criteria were obtained for n = 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) was used to evaluate TLE as a function of |TMD| and |aRM| in each n.

Results:

|TMD| for n = 1 was larger than that for n = 3. Moreover, |aRM| was almost constant for all n, indicating a similar scale for the marker's motion near the lung tumor. MRA showed that |aRM| in the left–right direction was the major cause of TLE; however, the contribution made little difference to the 3D TLE because of the small amount of motion in the left–right direction. The TLE calculated from the MRA (MRATLE) increased as |TMD| and |aRM| increased and adversely decreased with each increment of n. The median 3D MRATLE was 2.0 mm (range, 0.6–4.3 mm) for n = 1, 1.8 mm (range, 0.4–4.0 mm) for n = 2, and 1.6 mm (range, 0.3–3.7 mm) for n = 3. Although statistical significance between n = 1 and n = 3 was observed in all directions, the absolute average difference and the standard deviation of the MRATLE between n = 1 and n = 3 were 0.5 and 0.2 mm, respectively.

Conclusions:

A large |TMD| and |aRM| increased the differences in TLE between each n; however, the difference in 3D MRATLEs was, at most, 0.6 mm. Thus, the authors conclude that it is acceptable to continue fiducial marker‐based radiotherapy as long as |TMD| is maintained at ≤58.7 mm for a 3D |aRM|  ≥  10 mm.
A robust and passive method for geometric calibration of large arrays
Authors: Vanwynsberghe Charles , Challande Pascal , Marchal Jacques , Marchiano Régis , Ollivier François
Published: March 2016

This paper presents a complete strategy for the geometry estimation of large microphone arrays of arbitrary shape. Largeness is intended here in both number of microphones (hundreds) and size (few meters). Such arrays can be used for various applications in open or confined spaces like acoustical imaging, source identification, or speech processing. For so large array systems, measuring the geometry by hand is impractical. Therefore a blind passive method is proposed. It is based on the analysis of the background acoustic noise, supposed to be a diffuse field. The proposed strategy is a two-step process. First the pairwise microphone distances are identified by matching their measured coherence function to the one predicted by the diffuse field theory. Second, a robust multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm is adapted and implemented. It takes advantage of local characteristics to reduce the set of distances and infer the geometry of the array. This work is an extension of previous studies, and it overcomes unsolved drawbacks. In particular it deals efficiently with the outliers known to ruin standard MDS algorithms. Experimental proofs of this ability are presented by treating the case of two arrays. They show that the proposed improvements manage large spatial arrays.
Effect of modulation depth, frequency, and intermittence on wind turbine noise annoyance
Authors: Ioannidou Christina , Santurette Sébastien , Jeong Cheol-Ho
Published: March 2016

Amplitude modulation (AM) may be an important factor for the perceived annoyance of wind turbine noise (WTN). Two AM types, typically referred to as “normal AM” (NAM) and “other AM” (OAM), characterize WTN AM, OAM corresponding to having intermittent periods with larger AM depth in lower frequency regions than NAM. The extent to which AM depth, frequency, and type affect WTN annoyance remains uncertain. Moreover, the temporal variations of WTN AM have often not been considered. Here, realistic stimuli accounting for such temporal variations were synthesized such that AM depth, frequency, and type, while determined from real on-site recordings, could be varied systematically. Listening tests with both original and synthesized stimuli showed that a reduction in mean AM depth across the spectrum led to a significant decrease in annoyance. When the spectrotemporal characteristics of the original far-field stimuli and the temporal AM variations were taken into account, the effect of AM frequency remained limited and the presence of intermittent OAM periods did not affect annoyance. These findings suggest that, at a given overall level, the AM depth of NAM periods is the most crucial AM parameter for WTN annoyance.
Real-space localization and quantification of hole distribution in chain-ladder Sr
3
Ca
11
Cu
24
O
41
superconductor
Authors: Bugnet Matthieu , Löffler Stefan , Hawthorn David , Dabkowska Hanna A. , Luke Graeme M. , Schattschneider Peter , Sawatzky George A. , Radtke Guillaume , Botton Gianluigi A.
Published: March 2016

Atomic resolution core-level spectroscopy in the TEM reveals the hole distribution among chains and ladders in Sr
3
Ca
11
Cu
24
O
41
.
ESCRT III repairs nuclear envelope ruptures during cell migration to limit DNA damage and cell death
Authors: Raab Matthew , Gentili Matteo , de Belly Henry , Thiam Hawa-Racine , Vargas Pablo , Jimenez Ana Joaquina , Lautenschlaeger Franziska , Voituriez Raphaël , Lennon-Duménil Ana-Maria , Manel Nicolas , Piel Matthieu
Published: March 2016

Repairing tears in the nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope segregates genomic DNA from the cytoplasm and regulates protein trafficking between the cytosol and the nucleus. Maintaining nuclear envelope integrity during interphase is considered crucial. However, Raab
et al.
and Denais
et al.
show that migrating immune and cancer cells experience frequent and transitory nuclear envelope ruptures when they move through tight spaces (see the Perspective by Burke). The nuclear envelope reseals rapidly during interphase, assisted by components of the ESCRT III membrane-remodeling machinery.

Science
, this issue pp.
359
and
353
; see also p.
295
Zika virus in the Americas: Early epidemiological and genetic findings
Authors: Faria Nuno Rodrigues , Azevedo Raimunda do Socorro da Silva , Kraemer Moritz U. G. , Souza Renato , Cunha Mariana Sequetin , Hill Sarah C. , Thézé Julien , Bonsall Michael B. , Bowden Thomas A. , Rissanen Ilona , Rocco Iray Maria , Nogueira Juliana Silva , Maeda Adriana Yurika , Vasami Fernanda Giseli da Silva , Macedo Fernando Luiz de Lima , Suzuki Akemi , Rodrigues Sueli Guerreiro , Cruz Ana Cecilia Ribeiro , Nunes Bruno Tardeli , Medeiros Daniele Barbosa de Almeida , Rodrigues Daniela Sueli Guerreiro , Nunes Queiroz Alice Louize , Silva Eliana Vieira Pinto da , Henriques Daniele Freitas , Travassos da Rosa Elisabeth Salbe , de Oliveira Consuelo Silva , Martins Livia Caricio , Vasconcelos Helena Baldez , Casseb Livia Medeiros Neves , Simith Darlene de Brito , Messina Jane P. , Abade Leandro , Lourenço José , Alcantara Luiz Carlos Junior , Lima Maricélia Maia de , Giovanetti Marta , Hay Simon I. , de Oliveira Rodrigo Santos , Lemos Poliana da Silva , Oliveira Layanna Freitas de , de Lima Clayton Pereira Silva , da Silva Sandro Patroca , Vasconcelos Janaina Mota de , Franco Luciano , Cardoso Jedson Ferreira , Vianez-Júnior João Lídio da Silva Gonçalves , Mir Daiana , Bello Gonzalo , Delatorre Edson , Khan Kamran , Creatore Marisa , Coelho Giovanini Evelim , de Oliveira Wanderson Kleber , Tesh Robert , Pybus Oliver G. , Nunes Marcio R. T. , Vasconcelos Pedro F. C.
Published: March 2016

Zika virus genomes from Brazil

The Zika virus outbreak is a major cause for concern in Brazil, where it has been linked with increased reports of otherwise rare birth defects and neuropathology. In a phylogenetic analysis, Faria
et al.
infer a single introduction of Zika to the Americas and estimated the introduction date to be about May to December 2013—some 12 months earlier than the virus was reported. This timing correlates with major events in the Brazilian cultural calendar associated with increased traveler numbers from areas where Zika virus has been circulating. A correlation was also observed between incidences of microcephaly and week 17 of pregnancy.

Science
, this issue p.
345
Papers of note in
Science Translational Medicine
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: March 2016

This week’s articles describe how inflammation contributes to bone loss.
SOX to be fat
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: March 2016

Increased abundance of the transcription factor SOX6 may contribute to the tendency of low-birthweight neonates to develop obesity later in life.
LIGHTing up the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: March 2016

Two new ways of targeting immune cells may help kill cancer.
Metabolic control of arthritis: Switch pathways to treat
Authors: Tsokos George C.
Published: March 2016

A shunting of glucose metabolism to the pentose phosphate pathway in rheumatoid arthritis T cells causes exhaustion of oxidants, enhanced cell proliferation, and differentiation toward the T helper 1 (T
H
1) and T
H
17 programs (Yang
et al
., this issue).
One step closer to shining light in humans?
Authors: Fung Lawrence K.
Published: March 2016

Optogenetics can now be applied to the large brains of nonhuman primates, bringing this technology one step closer to translation to humans.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Bacteriocin-Producing Strain
Enterococcus faecium
M3K31, Isolated from Griffon Vultures (
Gyps fulvus
subsp.
fulvus
)
Authors: Arbulu Sara , Frantzen Cyril , Lohans Christopher T. , Cintas Luis M. , Herranz Carmen , Holo Helge , Diep Dzung B. , Vederas John C. , Hernández Pablo E.
Published: March 2016

Enterococcus faecium
M3K31 is a bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacterium (LAB) isolated from griffon vulture (
Gyps fulvus
subsp.
fulvus
) feces. The draft genome sequence of this strain provides genetic data that support its biotechnological potential.
Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
Serovars Enteritidis, Veneziana, and Salford, Isolated from Herbs
Authors: Frink Stephen , Morales Christina , Kiang David
Published: March 2016

Salmonella
is a foodborne pathogen found in a wide variety of sources. Here, we report draft genome sequences of three
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovars found in herbs: Enteritidis, Veneziana, and Salford, with the latter two being extremely rare in California.
Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Mucoralean Fungus
Absidia glauca
, a Model for Studying Host-Parasite Interactions
Authors: Ellenberger Sabrina , Burmester Anke , Wöstemeyer Johannes
Published: March 2016

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of
Absidia glauca
has been completely sequenced. It is 63,080 bp long, has a G+C content of 28%, and contains the standard fungal gene set.
A. glauca
is the recipient in a laboratory model for horizontal gene transfer with
Parasitella parasitica
as a donor of nuclei and mitochondria.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Extensively Drug-Resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
Strains Isolated from Pus Samples
Authors: Mahalingam Niranjana , Manivannan Bhavani , Jadhao Sudhir , Mishra Gayathri , Nilawe Pravin , Pradeep Bulagonda Eswarappa
Published: March 2016

We report the draft genomes of two extensively drug-resistant (XDR)
Acinetobacter baumannii
strains isolated from pus samples of two patients with surgical site infections at Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Prasanthigram, India. The average genomic size and G+C content are 4 Mbp and 38.96% (AB28) and 4 Mbp and 38.94% (AB30), respectively.
Novel balloon application for rescue and realignment of a proximal end migrated pipeline flex embolization device into the aneurysmal sac: complication management
Authors: Martínez-Galdámez Mario , Ortega-Quintanilla Joaquin , Hermosín Antonio , Crespo-Vallejo Eduardo , Ailagas Juan José , Pérez Santiago
Published: March 2016

The pipeline embolization device (PED) has become a routine firstline option for the treatment of an increasing population of intracranial aneurysms at many neurovascular centers. Intraprocedural complications during PED deployment, or complications associated with migration of the device, are rarely reported problems. Significant mismatch in luminal diameter between the inflow vessel and the outflow vessel or excessive dragging–stretching of the PED have been related to ‘watermelon seed’ or ‘accordion’ effects, respectively, resulting in stent migration. Here we present a novel balloon technique that was successfully used to realign an in situ flow diverting stent that had prolapsed into a large aneurysm. This represents a useful salvage technique and should be considered when encountering this potential complication.
Unusual finding of concrescence
Authors: Palermo Daniel , Davies-House Ayisha
Published: March 2016

Concrescence is a rare dental anomaly whereby adjacent teeth are united by cementum. It has been reported to occur in around 0.8% of permanent dental extractions and a correct diagnosis prior to surgical intervention is important to ensure that patients can make an informed decision about their treatment and to reduce the potential for dentolegal action against the responsible clinician. An 83-year-old woman was referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at the Wirral University Teaching Hospital, for extraction of her upper left first molar tooth. The operator noted that, when the upper left first molar was extracted, the upper left second molar tooth was also removed. Clinically, the roots of the adjacent teeth appeared fused and a diagnosis of concrescence was established. The patient was informed of the complication and provided with a 1-week review appointment, at which stage she was discharged.
IgG4-related mastitis, a rare disease, can radiologically and histologically mimic malignancy
Authors: Yamada Rin , Horiguchi Shin-ichiro , Yamashita Toshinari , Kamisawa Terumi
Published: March 2016

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is characterised by high serum concentrations of IgG4, dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates, storiform fibrosis and increased IgG4-positive plasma cells in tissues. This systemic disease occurs in various organs metachronously, but IgG4-related mastitis appears extremely rare. We report a case of IgG4-related mastitis, radiologically considered to represent breast cancer mainly composed of intraductal component and requiring histological differentiation from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The breast mass disappeared with steroid therapy. When patients have a breast mass, regardless of the presence or absence of IgG4-RD, IgG4-related mastitis should be considered in addition to breast cancer. If histological findings show dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates, IgG4-related mastitis should be suspected in addition to malignant lymphoma, and lack of monoclonality should be confirmed. To avoid unnecessary surgery or chemotherapy, knowledge and accurate diagnosis of the entity of IgG4-related mastitis is necessary.
Cohort profile of the UK Biobank: diagnosis and characteristics of cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Hewitt J , Walters M , Padmanabhan S , Dawson J
Published: March 2016

Purpose

The UK Biobank is a large-scale biomedical resource, containing sociodemographic and medical information, including data on a previous diagnosis of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). We described these participants and their medication usage.

Participants

We identified participants who either self-reported or were identified from a nurse-led interview, having suffered a stroke or a TIA and compared them against participants without stroke ort TIA. We assessed their risk factor burden (sex, age, deprivation, waist to hip ratio (WHR), hypertension, smoking, alcohol intake, diabetes, physical exercise and oral contraception use (oral contraceptive pill, OCP)) and medication usage.

Findings to date

We studied 502 650 people (54.41% women), 6669 (1.23%) participants self-reported a stroke. The nurse-led interview identified 7669 (1.53%) people with stroke and 1781 (0.35%) with TIA. Hypertension, smoking, higher WHR, lower alcohol consumption and diabetes were all more common in people with cerebrovascular disease (p<0.0001 for each). Women with cerebrovascular disease were less likely to have taken the OCP (p=0.0002). People with cerebrovascular disease did more exercise (p=0.03). Antithrombotic medication was taken by 81% of people with stroke (both self-report and nurse-led responders) and 89% with TIA. For self-reported stroke, 63% were taking antithrombotic and cholesterol medications, 54% taking antithrombotic and antihypertensive medications and 46% taking all 3. For the nurse-led interview and TIA, these figures were 65%, 54% and 46%, and 70%, 53% and 45%, respectively.

Future plans

The UK Biobank provides a large, generalisable and contemporary data source in a young population. The characterisation of the UK Biobank cohort with cerebrovascular disease will form the basis for ongoing research using this data source.
What is important for you? A qualitative interview study of living with diabetes and experiences of diabetes care to establish a basis for a tailored Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for the Swedish National Diabetes Register
Authors: Svedbo Engström Maria , Leksell Janeth , Johansson Unn-Britt , Gudbjörnsdottir Soffia
Published: March 2016

Objectives

There is a growing emphasis on the perspective of individuals living with diabetes and the need for a more person-centred diabetes care. At present, the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR) lacks patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) based on the perspective of the patient. As a basis for a new PROM, the aim of this study was to describe important aspects in life for adult individuals with diabetes.

Design

Semistructured qualitative interviews analysed using content analysis.

Setting

Hospital-based outpatient clinics and primary healthcare clinics in Sweden.

Participants

29 adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) (n=15) and type 2 DM (n=14). Inclusion criteria: Swedish adults (≥18 years) living with type 1 DM or type 2 DM (duration ≥5 years) able to describe their situation in Swedish. Purposive sampling generated heterogeneous characteristics.

Results

To live a good life with diabetes is demanding for the individual, but experienced barriers can be eased by support from others in the personal sphere, and by professional support from diabetes care. Diabetes care was a crucial resource to nurture the individual's ability and knowledge to manage diabetes, and to facilitate life with diabetes by supplying support, guidance, medical treatment and technical devices tailored to individual needs. The analysis resulted in the overarching theme ‘To live a good life with diabetes’ constituting the two main categories ‘How I feel and how things are going with my diabetes’ and ‘Support from diabetes care in managing diabetes’ including five different categories.

Conclusions

Common aspects were identified including the experience of living with diabetes and support from diabetes care. These will be used to establish a basis for a tailored PROM for the NDR.
‘Why should I worry, since I have healthy feet?’ A qualitative study exploring barriers to use of footwear among rural community members in northern Ethiopia
Authors: Kelemework Abebe , Tora Abebayehu , Amberbir Tsigie , Agedew Getnet , Asmamaw Abiyu , Deribe Kebede , Davey Gail
Published: March 2016

Objective

To explore the influence of personal, cultural and socioeconomic factors related to footwear use and non-use in northern Ethiopia.

Design

A qualitative study was conducted using focus group discussions and in-depth individual interviews. Data were collected using semistructured interview guides.

Setting

The study was conducted in East and West Gojjam Zones, Amhara region, northwest Ethiopia.

Participants

A total of 91 individuals from 4 target groups participated in individual and group interviews: (1) non-affected community leaders includingIdir(a form of social insurance) leaders, school principals,kebele(the lowest administrative unit) officials, health professionals, teachers, merchants and religious leaders; (2) affected men and women; (3) non-affected men and women not in leadership positions; and (4) school children (both male and female).

Results

Participants perceived a range of health benefits from donning footwear, including protection against injury and cold. Various types of shoes are available within the community, and their use varied depending on the nature of activities and the season. Personal and socioeconomic barriers hindered the desire to consistently use footwear. Widely established barefoot traditions and beliefs that footwear is uncomfortable, heavy and may weaken the feet have made the regular use of footwear uncommon. Economic constraints were also mentioned as hindering ownership and use of footwear. Distance from places where shoes could be bought also contributed to limited access. Cultural influences promoting gender inequality resulted in women being least able to access shoes.

Conclusions

We identified several individual, cultural and socioeconomic barriers that influence individuals’ decisions about and use of footwear in rural northern Ethiopia. Promoting education on the health benefits of footwear, curbing podoconiosis-related misconceptions and integrating these with economic empowerment programmes, may all improve the use of footwear.