bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a self-replicating plasmid system for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Maglennon Gareth A , Cook Beth S , Matthews Dominic , Deeney Alannah S , Bossé Janine T , Langford Paul R , Maskell Duncan J , Tucker Alexander W , Wren Brendan W , Rycroft Andrew N ,   BRaDP1T consortium
Published: July 2013

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a prevalent swine respiratory pathogen that is a major cause of economic loss to pig producers. Control is achieved by a combination of antimicrobials, vaccination and management practices, but current vaccines offer only partial control and there is a need for improved preventative strategies. A major barrier to advances in understanding the pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae and in developing new vaccines is the lack of tools to genetically manipulate the organism. We describe the development and optimisation of the first successful plasmid-based system for the genetic manipulation of M. hyopneumoniae. Our artificial plasmids contain the origin of replication (oriC) of M. hyopneumoniae along with tetM, conferring resistance to tetracycline. With these plasmids, we have successfully transformed M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 by electroporation, generating tetracycline resistant organisms. The persistence of extrachromosomal plasmid and maintenance of plasmid DNA over serial passages shows that these artificial plasmids are capable of self-replication in M. hyopneumoniae. In addition to demonstrating the amenability of M. hyopneumoniae to genetic manipulation and in optimising the conditions necessary for successful transformation, we have used this system to determine the minimum functional oriC of M. hyopneumoniae. In doing so, we have developed a plasmid with a small oriC that is stably maintained over multiple passages that may be useful in generating targeted gene disruptions. In conclusion, we have generated a set of plasmids that will be valuable in studies of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenesis and provide a major step forward in the study of this important swine pathogen.
Small ruminant lentivirus genetic subgroups associate with sheep TMEM154 genotypes
Authors: Sider Lucia H , Heaton Michael P , Chitko-McKown Carol G , Harhay Greg P , Smith Timothy PL , Leymaster Kreg A , Laegreid William W , Clawson Michael L
Published: July 2013

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are prevalent in North American sheep and a major cause of production losses for the U.S. sheep industry. Sheep susceptibility to SRLV infection is influenced by genetic variation within the ovine transmembrane 154 gene (TMEM154). Animals with either of two distinct TMEM154 haplotypes that both encode glutamate at position 35 of the protein (E35) are at greater risk of SRLV infection than those homozygous with a lysine (K35) haplotype. Prior to this study, it was unknown if TMEM154 associations with infection are influenced by SRLV genetic subgroups. Accordingly, our goals were to characterize SRLVs naturally infecting sheep from a diverse U.S. Midwestern flock and test them for associations with TMEM154 E35K genotypes. Two regions of the SRLV genome were targeted for proviral amplification, cloning, sequence analysis, and association testing with TMEM154 E35K genotypes: gag and the transmembrane region of env. Independent analyses of gag and env sequences showed that they clustered in two subgroups (1 and 2), they were distinct from SRLV subtypes originating from Europe, and that subgroup 1 associated with hemizygous and homozygous TMEM154 K35 genotypes and subgroup 2 with hemi- and homozygous E35 genotypes (gag p < 0.001, env p = 0.01). These results indicate that SRLVs in the U.S. have adapted to infect sheep with specific TMEM154 E35K genotypes. Consequently, both host and SRLV genotypes affect the relative risk of SRLV infection in sheep.
Incidence and outcome of newly-diagnosed tuberculosis in schizophrenics: a 12-year, nationwide, retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Kuo Shu-Chen , Chen Yung-Tai , Li Szu-Yuan , Lee Yi-Tzu , Yang Albert C , Chen Te-Li , Liu Chia-Jen , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Su Ih-Jen , Fung Chang-Phone
Published: July 2013

Background

To control tuberculosis (TB), it is critical to identify at risk populations. Schizophrenia is recognized as an important risk factor for TB. However, previous studies have been confounded by comorbidities, and reports of TB infection outcomes are rare. Therefore, the current nation-wide study aimed to compare the adjusted incidence and outcome of TB diseases in schizophrenics and the general population.

Method

Using the National Health Insurance Research Database from 1998 to 2009, this retrospective longitudinal study included 60,409 schizophrenics and general population matched for age, Charlson’s score, and comorbidities. Diagnosis of TB was based on the international classification of disease, ninth revision and use of anti-TB drugs. Unfavorable outcome for TB was defined as death, loss to follow-up, or use of anti-TB treatment for more than 9 months.

Results

The adjusted incidence of TB in schizophrenics was significantly higher than in the general population [hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29-1.79; p < 0.001; Kaplan-Meier log-rank test, p < 0.001]. Cox regression revealed age and male gender as risk factors for newly-diagnosed TB. The outcome of TB was comparable in schizophrenics and the general population [odds ratio (OR), 0.78; 95% CI, 0.55-1.09; p =0.144]. Logistic regression revealed a statistical trend for diabetes mellitus to predict poor outcome in schizophrenics with TB (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 0.96-5.74; p = 0.062).

Conclusions

Schizophrenics are at increased risk for TB, and screening may be warranted for those living in areas with high prevalence of TB.
Schedule-dependent antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil combined with sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Deng Lifen , Ren Zhenggang , Jia Qingan , Wu Weizhong , Shen Hujia , Wang Yanhong
Published: July 2013

Background

Recently, a phase II clinical trial in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has suggested that the combination of sorafenib and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is feasible and side effects are manageable. However, preclinical experimental data explaining the interaction mechanism(s) are lacking. Our objective is to investigate the anticancer efficacy and mechanism of combined sorafenib and 5-FU therapy in vitro in HCC cell lines MHCC97H and SMMC-7721.

Methods

Drug effects on cell proliferation were evaluated by cell viability assays. Combined-effects analyses were conducted according to the median-effect principle. Cell cycle distribution was measured by flow cytometry. Expression levels of proteins related to the RAF/MEK/ERK and STAT3 pathways and to cell cycle progression (cyclin D1) were determined by western blot analysis.

Results

Sorafenib and 5-FU alone or in combination showed significant efficacy in inhibiting cell proliferation in both cell lines tested. However, a schedule-dependent combined effect, associated with the order of compound treatments, was observed. Efficacy was synergistic with 5-FU pretreatment followed by sorafenib, but it was antagonistic with the reverse treatment order. Sorafenib pretreatment resulted in a significant increase in the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5-FU in both cell lines. Sorafenib induced G1-phase arrest and significantly decreased the proportion of cells in S phase when administrated alone or followed by 5-FU. The RAF/MEK/ERK and STAT3 pathways were blocked and cyclin D1 expression was down regulated significantly in both cell lines by sorafenib; whereas, the kinase pathways were hardly affected by 5-FU, and cyclin D1 expression was up regulated.

Conclusions

Antitumor activity of sorafenib and 5-FU, alone or in combination, is seen in HCC cell lines. The nature of the combined effects, however, depends on the particular cell line and treatment order of the two compounds. Sorafenib appears to reduce sensitivity to 5-FU through down regulation of cyclin D1 expression by inhibiting RAF/MEK/ERK and STAT3 signaling, resulting in G1-phase arrest and reduction of the S-phase cell subpopulation when 5-FU is administrated after sorafenib, in which situation, combination treatment of the two agents results in antagonism; on the other hand, when sorafenib is administrated afterward, it can continue to work since it is not cell cycle specific, as a result, combination treatment of the two agents shows an additive-to-synergistic effect.
The association between self-reported lack of sleep, low vitality and impaired glucose tolerance: a Swedish cross-sectional study
Authors: Andersson Susanne , Ekman Inger , Friberg Febe , Bøg-Hansen Erik , Lindblad Ulf
Published: July 2013

Background

The increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), are serious public health issues, and several studies link sleeping disorders with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IR). This study explore how self-reported lack of sleep and low vitality, are associated with IGT in a representative Swedish population.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey conducted in two municipalities in South-western Sweden. Participants aged 30–75 were randomly selected from the population in strata by sex and age. Altogether, 2,816 participants were surveyed with a participation rates at 76%. Participants with normal glucose tolerance (n=2,314), and those with IGT (n=213) were retained for analyses. The participants answered a questionnaire before the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Associations for questions concerning sleeping disorders, vitality and IGT were analysed using logistic regression and were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI.

Results

In men a statistically significant age-adjusted association was found between self-reported lack of sleep and IGT: OR 2.4 (95% CI: 1.1-5.4). It did not weaken after further adjustment for body mass index (BMI), smoking, education, and leisure time physical activity 2.3 (1.0-5.5, p=0.044). No such associations were found in females. Corresponding age-adjusted associations between low vitality and IGT in both men 2.8 (1.3-5.8), and women 2.0 (1.2-3.4) were successively lost with increasing adjustment.

Conclusions

Insufficient sleep seems independently associated with IGT in men, while low vitality was not independently associated with IGT neither in men nor women, when multiple confounders are considered. IGT should be considered in patients presenting these symptoms, and underlying mechanisms further explored.
Childhood infections, but not early life growth, influence hearing in the Newcastle thousand families birth cohort at age 14 years
Authors: Pearson Fiona , Mann Kay D , Nedellec Raphael , Rees Adrian , Pearce Mark S
Published: July 2013

Background

While current research priorities include investigations of age-related hearing loss, there are concerns regarding effects on childhood hearing, for example through increased personal headphone use. By utilising historical data, it is possible to assess what factors may have increased hearing problems in children in the past, and this may be used to inform current public health policies to protect children against hearing loss and in turn reduce the long-term burden on individuals and services that may possible evolve. The aim of this study was to investigate which factors in early life significantly impacted on hearing level in childhood using existing data from the Newcastle Thousand Families Study, a 1947 birth cohort.

Methods

Data on early life factors, including growth, socio-economic status and illness, and hearing at age 14 years were collated for a representative subset of individuals from the cohort (n = 147). Factors were assessed using linear regression analysis to identify associations with hearing thresholds.

Results

Males were found to have lower hearing thresholds at 250 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 kHz. Main analyses showed no associations between hearing thresholds and early life growth or socio-economic indicators. An increasing number of ear infections from birth to age 13 years was associated with hearing thresholds at 250Hz (p = 0.04) and 500Hz (p = 0.03), which remained true for females (p = 0.050), but not males (p = 0.213) in sex-specific analysis. Scarlet fever and bronchitis were associated with hearing thresholds at 8 kHz. After adjustment for all significant predictors at each frequency, results remained unchanged.

Conclusions

We found no associations between childhood hearing thresholds and early life growth and socio-economic status. Consistent with other studies, we found associations between childhood infections and hearing thresholds. Current public health strategies aimed at reducing childhood infections may also have a beneficial effect upon childhood hearing.
Assessment of gene expression of intracellular calcium channels, pumps and exchangers with epidermal growth factor-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a breast cancer cell line
Authors: Davis Felicity M , Parsonage Michelle T , Cabot Peter J , Parat Marie-Odile , Thompson Erik W , Roberts-Thomson Sarah J , Monteith Gregory R
Published: July 2013

Background

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process implicated in cancer metastasis that involves the conversion of epithelial cells to a more mesenchymal and invasive cell phenotype. In breast cancer cells EMT is associated with altered store-operated calcium influx and changes in calcium signalling mediated by activation of cell surface purinergic receptors. In this study, we investigated whether MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells induced to undergo EMT exhibit changes in mRNA levels of calcium channels, pumps and exchangers located on intracellular calcium storing organelles, including the Golgi, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Methods

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was used to induce EMT in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Serum-deprived cells were treated with EGF (50 ng/mL) for 12 h and gene expression was assessed using quantitative RT-PCR.

Results and conclusions

These data reveal no significant alterations in mRNA levels of the Golgi calcium pump secretory pathway calcium ATPases (SPCA1 and SPCA2), or the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) or Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX). However, EGF-induced EMT was associated with significant alterations in mRNA levels of specific ER calcium channels and pumps, including (sarco)-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases (SERCAs), and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and ryanodine receptor (RYR) calcium channel isoforms. The most prominent change in gene expression between the epithelial and mesenchymal-like states was RYR2, which was enriched 45-fold in EGF-treated MDA-MB-468 cells. These findings indicate that EGF-induced EMT in breast cancer cells may be associated with major alterations in ER calcium homeostasis.
The anti-inflammatory effect of kaempferol on early atherosclerosis in high cholesterol fed rabbits
Authors: Kong Lingxi , Luo Cheng , Li Xiuying , Zhou Yuanda , He Haixia
Published: July 2013

Background

Atherosclerosis has been widely accepted as an inflammatory disease of vascular, adhesion molecules play an important role in the early progression of it. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of kaempferol on the inflammatory molecules such as E-selectin (E-sel), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesionmolecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in high cholesterol induced atherosclerosis rabbit models.

Methods

Thirty male New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits were randomly divided into five groups, control group, model group, fenofibrate (12mg/kg) group and kaempferol groups (150 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg). The rabbits were fed with a normal diet or a high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks. Levels of blood lipids, serum tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and serum interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) were detected at the end of the sixth and tenth week. Malonaldehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum were also determined. Lesion areas of the aorta were measured with morphometry analysis after ten weeks. Gene expression of E-sel, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in aortas was determined by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Immunohistochemical staining was employed to measure protein expression of E-sel, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1.

Results

Model rabbits fed with ten weeks of high-cholesterol diet developed significant progression of atherosclerosis. Compared with the control, levels of blood lipids, TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA increased markedly in serum of model rabbits, while SOD levels decreased. Gene and protein expressions of E-sel, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in atherosclerotic aortas increased remarkably in model group. However, comparing to the model rabbits, levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA decreased significantly and serum SOD activity increased, gene and protein expressions of E-sel, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in aortas decreased significantly with the treatment of kaempferol.

Conclusion

Kaempferol shows anti-atherosclerotic effect by modulating the gene and protein expression of inflammatory molecules.
Mitochondrial translocation of cofilin is required for allyl isothiocyanate-mediated cell death via ROCK1/PTEN/PI3K signaling pathway
Authors: Li Guo-bing , Cheng Qi , Liu Lei , Zhou Ting , Shan Chang-yu , Hu Xiao-ye , Zhou Jing , Liu E-hu , Li Ping , Gao Ning
Published: July 2013

Background

Cofilin is a member of the actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family, which regulates actin dynamics. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial translocation of cofilin appears necessary for the regulation of apoptosis.

Results

We report that allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) potently induces mitochondria injury and apoptosis. These events were accompanied by a loss of polymerized filamentous actin (F-actin) and increase in unpolymerized globular actin (G-actin). AITC also induces dephosphorylation of cofilin through activation of PP1 and PP2A. Only dephosphorylated cofilin binds to G-actin and translocates to mitochondria during AITC-mediated apoptosis. Mechanistic study revealed that interruption of ROCK1/PTEN/PI3K signaling pathway plays a critical role in AITC-mediated dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of cofilin and apoptosis. Our in vivo study also showed that AITC-mediated inhibition of tumor growth of mouse leukemia xenograft model is in association with dephosphorylation of cofilin.

Conclusions

These findings support a model in which induction of apoptosis by AITC stems primarily from activation of ROCK1 and PTEN, and inactivation of PI3K, leading in turn to activation of PP1 and PP2A, resulting in dephosphorylation of cofilin, which binds to G-actin and translocates to mitochondria, culminating in the dysfunction of mitochondria, release of cytochrome c and apoptosis.
The PAMPA datasets: a metagenomic survey of microbial communities in Argentinean pampean soils
Authors: Rascovan Nicolás , Carbonetto Belén , Revale Santiago , Reinert Marina D , Alvarez Roberto , Godeas Alicia M , Colombo Roxana , Aguilar Mario , Novas María Victoria , Iannone Leopoldo , Zelada Alicia M , Pardo Alejandro , Schrauf Gustavo , Mentaberry Alejandro , Vazquez Martín P
Published: July 2013

Background

Soil is among the most diverse and complex environments in the world. Soil microorganisms play an essential role in biogeochemical cycles and affect plant growth and crop production. However, our knowledge of the relationship between species-assemblies and soil ecosystem processes is still very limited. The aim of this study was to generate a comprehensive metagenomic survey to evaluate the effect of high-input agricultural practices on soil microbial communities.

Results

We collected soil samples from three different areas in the Argentinean Pampean region under three different types of land uses and two soil sources (bulk and rhizospheric). We extracted total DNA from all samples and also synthetized cDNA from rhizospheric samples. Using 454-FLX technology, we generated 112 16S ribosomal DNA and 14 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon libraries totaling 1.3 M reads and 36 shotgun metagenome libraries totaling 17.8 million reads (7.7 GB). Our preliminary results suggested that water availability could be the primary driver that defined microbial assemblages over land use and soil source. However, when water was not a limiting resource (annual precipitation >800 mm) land use was a primary driver.

Conclusion

This was the first metagenomic study of soil conducted in Argentina and our datasets are among the few large soil datasets publicly available. The detailed analysis of these data will provide a step forward in our understanding of how soil microbiomes respond to high-input agricultural systems, and they will serve as a useful comparison with other soil metagenomic studies worldwide.
Epilepsy: neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and APOE genotype
Authors: Aboud Orwa , Mrak Robert E , Boop Frederick A , Griffin W Sue T
Published: July 2013

Background

Precocious development of Alzheimer-type neuropathological changes in epilepsy patients, especially in APOE ϵ4,4 carriers is well known, but not the ways in which other APOE allelic combinations influence this outcome. Frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue samples resected from superior temporal lobes of 92 patients undergoing temporal lobectomies as a treatment for medication-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy were used in this study. To determine if epilepsy-related changes reflect those in another neurological condition, analogous tissue samples harvested from 10 autopsy-verified Alzheimer brains, and from 10 neurologically and neuropathologically normal control patients were analyzed using immunofluorescence histochemistry, western immunoblot, and real-time PCR to determine genotype effects on neuronal number and size, neuronal and glial expressions of amyloid β (Aβ) precursor protein (βAPP), Aβ, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), S100B, interleukin-1α and β, and α and β secretases; and on markers of neuronal stress, including DNA/RNA damage and caspase 3 expression.

Results

Allelic combinations of APOE influenced each epilepsy-related neuronal and glial response measured as well as neuropathological change. APOE ϵ3,3 conferred greatest neuronal resilience denoted as greatest production of the acute phase proteins and low neuronal stress as assessed by DNA/RNA damage and caspase-3 expression. Among patients having an APOE ϵ2 allele, none had Aβ plaques; their neuronal sizes, like those with APOE ϵ3,3 genotype were larger than those with other genotypes. APOE ϵ4,4 conferred the weakest neuronal resilience in epilepsy as well as in Alzheimer patients, but there were no APOE genotype-dependent differences in these parameters in neurologically normal patients.

Conclusions

Our findings provide evidence that the strength of the neuronal stress response is more related to patient APOE genotype than to either the etiology of the stress or to the age of the patient, suggesting that APOE genotyping may be a useful tool in treatment decisions.
Conversion of C6 and C5 sugars in undetoxified wet exploded bagasse hydrolysates using Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis CBS6054
Authors: Biswas Rajib , Uellendahl Hinrich , Ahring Birgitte K
Published: July 2013

Sugarcane bagasse is a potential feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production, rich in both glucan and xylan. This stresses the importance of utilizing both C6 and C5 sugars for conversion into ethanol in order to improve the process economics. During processing of the hydrolysate degradation products such as acetate, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural are formed, which are known to inhibit microbial growth at higher concentrations. In the current study, conversion of both glucose and xylose sugars into ethanol in wet exploded bagasse hydrolysates was investigated without detoxification using Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis CBS6054, a native xylose utilizing yeast strain. The sugar utilization ratio and ethanol yield (Yp/s) ranged from 88-100% and 0.33-0.41 ± 0.02 g/g, respectively, in all the hydrolysates tested. Hydrolysate after wet explosion at 185°C and 6 bar O2, composed of mixed sugars (glucose and xylose) and inhibitors such as acetate, HMF and furfural at concentrations of 3.2 ± 0.1, 0.4 and 0.5 g/l, respectively, exhibited highest cell growth rate of 0.079 g/l/h and an ethanol yield of 0.39 ± 0.02 g/g sugar converted. Scheffersomyces stipitis exhibited prolonged fermentation time on bagasse hydrolysate after wet explosion at 200°C and 6 bar O2 where the inhibitors concentration was further increased. Nonetheless, ethanol was produced up to 18.7 ± 1.1 g/l resulting in a yield of 0.38 ± 0.02 g/g after 82 h of fermentation.
The Pagan King before the One God
Authors: Klęczar Aleksandra
Published: July 2013

The paper is an analysis of the scene in Ant. XI, 8: the supposed meeting between Alexander the Great and the Jewish High Priest, revealing Alexander’s special status as a chosen of God. The analysis concentrates on two issues: the literary character of the description and the problem of Alexander’s kingship as presented in Jewish literature.
Alexander the Aristotelian, Teacher of Princes
Authors: Komorowska Joanna
Published: July 2013

The present paper investigates the autopresentation of Alexander of Aphrodisias as the philosopher – teacher of kings.
Dziwna etniczność
Authors: Wasyl Franciszek
Published: July 2013

Францішек Василь, Дивна етнічність. Форми вірменської ідентичності в Галичині

Стаття присвячена питанню про ідентичність польських вірменів в Галичині. Центральною постаттю аналізу у тексті є польсько- та русинськомовний австрійський барон та палкий польський патріот і господар вірменський в одній особі – Григорій Ромашкан. Метою цієї статті є на згаданому прикладі довести існування окрім традиційних етнічних маркерів як мова та віросповідання інших важливих для польських вірменів чинників збереження ідентичності. Автору вдалося довести, що складовими етнічної ідентичності цієї групи є пам’ять про минуле родини, обрядовість та переконання про етнічну самобутність. Автор переконаний у тому, що через їх емоційний характер вони западали у пам’ять частіше ніж інші швидкоплинні життєві події. Тим більше, що участь в них гуртувала представників багатьох соціальних верств, поколінь тобто переважної більшості невеликого числа місцевої вірменської громади. Таким чином урочистості на цвинтарі чи у костелі ставали простором у якому гартувалась вірменська ідентичність. Разом із тим автор дійшов висновку, що тип ідентичності польських вірменів в Галичині можна окреслити як сентиментальний. Адже пам’ять про родинні місця та емоційно важливі події впливає на особистість сильніше ніж сповідуванні ідеології та акультурація. У статті використано мемуаристику та метричні книги і списки віруючих.
Caritas na pograniczu kulturowym
Authors: Białoń Adam
Published: July 2013

Адам Бялонь, «Карітас» на культурному пограниччі. Римо-католицькі моделі та їх вплив на форми благодійності Греко-католицької Церкви в Галичині

Розвиток форм організованої доброчинності в Римсько-католицькій як і в Грекокатолицькій церквах з самого початку виявляв виразні диспропорції у своєму масштабі і динаміці. Масова полонізація руських еліт причинялася до того, що спочатку Православна, а пізніше Греко-католицька Церква безповоротно втрачали впливових опікунів і меценатів однаково церковних структур як і окремих сфер діяльності Церкви, в тому, й добродійної діяльності. Скромні умови матеріального буття всієї установи Греко-католицької Церкви, порівняно з Римсько-католицькою, а також слабка активність її духівництва в суспільній сфері, засуджували її доброчинність на вегетацію. Структурноорганізаційне оживлення Греко-католицької Церкви на території Галичині в другій половині XIX віку і опора розвитку його структур на зразках, запозичених з Римсько-католицької Церкви, спричинило динамічний розвиток різних форм організованої добродійної діяльності. У міжвоєнний період почали з’являтися нові діючі монаші згромадження на зразок на римсько-католицьких а також сучасні добродійні організації у всіх грекoкатолицьких єпархіях.
Apuntes acerca del castellano drecho
Authors: Zieliński Andrzej
Published: July 2013

Uwagi na temat języka castellano drecho
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych powodów historycznych, dla których kastylijski od połowy XIII wieku stał się językiem urzędowym w Królestwie Kastylii i Leonu, wyprzedzając o pół wieku Francję i Anglię. Konsekwencją wprowadzenia castellano drecho, terminu użytego przez samego króla Alfonsa X Mądrego, jest normatywizacja i homogenizacja starohiszpańszyzny.
Providing Critical Laboratory Results on Time, Every Time to Help Reduce Emergency Department Length of Stay
Authors: Blick Kenneth E.
Published: July 2013

Objectives:

To develop a fully automated core laboratory, handling samples on a “first in, first out” real-time basis with Lean/Six Sigma management tools.

Methods:

Our primary goal was to provide services to critical care areas, eliminating turnaround time outlier percentage (TAT-OP) as a factor in patient length of stay (LOS). A secondary goal was to achieve a better laboratory return on investment.

Results:

In 2011, we reached our primary goal when we calculated the TAT-OP distribution and found we had achieved a Six Sigma level of performance, ensuring that our laboratory service can be essentially eliminated as a factor in emergency department patient LOS. We also measured return on investment, showing a productivity improvement of 35%, keeping pace with our increased testing volume.

Conclusions:

As a result of our Lean process improvements and Six Sigma initiatives, in part through (1) strategic deployment of point-of-care testing and (2) core laboratory total automation with robotics, middleware, and expert system technology, physicians and nurses at the Oklahoma University Medical Center can more effectively deliver lifesaving health care using evidence-based protocols that depend heavily on “on time, every time” laboratory services.
Emphasising motherhood through informal saving networks: women, gamiyyaat and marriage obligations in Egypt
Authors: Hussein Nashaat
Published: July 2013

This article aims to investigate the way low-income married women utilise informal saving networks – commonly known as gamiyyaat – as a social mechanism to correspond to the contemporary, socially mediated conception of ‘good mothering’ in Egypt. Using qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with a sample of women involved in gamiyyaat, the article argues that although gamiyyaat may be treated as a financial solution for familial economic hardships, they act as tools through which women emphasise their motherhood and gain social status in their households and communities. The article concludes that despite their adverse impact on mothers’ consumer behaviour, gamiyyaat as a form of informal women’s associations, perform several functions in women’s lives and intensify positive social networks of relationships among women.
The interplay of thermodynamics and kinetics in dictating organocatalytic reactivity and selectivity
Authors: Burés Jordi , Armstrong Alan , Blackmond Donna G.
Published: July 2013

Recent reports of the real-time identification of intermediates in organocatalytic reactions by NMR spectroscopy coupled with detailed kinetic studies highlight a potential role for stable intermediates reversibly formed downstream from what is generally considered to be the enantioselectivity-determining step. In this work, we employ kinetic modeling to explore these concepts further. We demonstrate that when an intermediate is common to multiple reaction pathways, the relative reactivity of these pathways dictates the ultimate outcome, regardless of the relative stability of other intermediates connected to these pathways. Kinetic modeling also illustrates important implications for enantioselectivity depending on whether such intermediates lie on or off the catalytic cycle.
Terminology of metal–organic frameworks and coordination polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)
Authors: Batten Stuart R. , Champness Neil R. , Chen Xiao-Ming , Garcia-Martinez Javier , Kitagawa Susumu , Öhrström Lars , O’Keeffe Michael , Paik Suh Myunghyun , Reedijk Jan
Published: July 2013

A set of terms, definitions, and recommendations is provided for use in the classification of coordination polymers, networks, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). A hierarchical terminology is recommended in which the most general term is coordination polymer. Coordination networks are a subset of coordination polymers and MOFs a further subset of coordination networks. One of the criteria an MOF needs to fulfill is that it contains potential voids, but no physical measurements of porosity or other properties are demanded per se. The use of topology and topology descriptors to enhance the description of crystal structures of MOFs and 3D-coordination polymers is furthermore strongly recommended.
Promoting the Development of Civic Responsibility: Infusing Service-Learning Practices in First-Year "Success" Courses
Authors: Mayhew Matthew J. , Engberg Mark E.
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine whether first-year success courses that conceptually integrated a serving-learning component influenced the development of civic responsibility, operationally defined as charitable and social justice responsibility. We longitudinally assessed 173 students enrolled in 10 first-year success courses, 5 with service-learning components infused into its curricula and 5 without these infused components. Results showed that curricular infusion was effective for spurring developmental gains in chartable responsibility but not for parallel gains in social justice responsibility.
State Neutrality in Public School Education: An Analysis of the Interplay Between the Neutrality Principle, the Right to Adequate Education, Children's Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief, Parental Liberties, and the Position of Teachers
Authors: Temperman Jeroen
Published: July 2013

This article outlines the meaning of the emerging duty of "state neutrality" in the field of public school education. The author specifically examines how this notion impacts access to adequate education; the ramifications of state neutrality in regard to international human rights standards, particularly children's rights to education, freedom of religion or belief, and equal treatment; parental rights and liberties, particularly with regard to the upbringing and education of their children; and the impact of state neutrality on the position and role of primary school teachers. Additionally, this article contemplates the merits of neutrally teaching publically educated students on the subject of religion.
68Ge/68Ga production revisited: excitation curves, target preparation and chemical separation – purification
Authors: Adam-Rebeles R. , Hermanne A. , Van den Winkel P. , De Vis L. , Waegeneer R. , Tárkányi F. , Takács S. , Takács M. P.
Published: July 2013

Targets withstanding high beam power for production of68Ge by proton irradiation of Ga were developed using electrodeposition of Ga/Ni alloy (70/30%) on thick Cu backings. Cross sections for reactions, induced by protons (up to 36MeV) and deuterons (up to 50MeV), producing γ-emitting radioisotopes with half-lives longer than 2 h were measured in a stacked-foil irradiation using thin Ga/Ni targets produced with this technique. Excitation functions for68,69Ge are discussed, relative to the monitor reactionsnatCu(p, x)62Zn ornatAl(d, x)24,22Na. The results are compared to the scarce literature values. From derived thick target yields, optimal energy domain and batch yields for68Ge production were calculated and contamination (from69Ge and71Ge) is discussed. A PC-controlled, automated dissolution and separation chemistry set-up for delivery of nca69Ge was developed (yield about 90%) and implemented in an industrial system ready to be mounted in a hot cell.
The Archaic Polis of Azoria
Authors: Small David B.
Published: July 2013

This article seeks to build a structural model for the development of the Cretan polis through an analysis of the civic structure of Archaic Azoria. Azoria’s civic structural network is compared to that of the early polis on mainland Greece. Insights gained from comparative modeling of elite-sponsored civic structure in these two regions are applied to Crete, allowing us to construct a more robust network of early ‘polital’ structure for that island. Results of this analysis indicate that Cretan elites constructed their positions within the Cretan polis through methods such as exclusion. They additionally show that the unique relationship between civic institutions and those of the Cretan inter-polital sanctuary highlights the role that the institutions within the andreion and within civic cult play in polis development, as well as elucidating the unique character of the family–community interface on Crete. Results of this analysis highlight important issues in the emergence of the Cretan polis, and suggest fruitful future research.
Moving Landscapes, Making Place
Authors: Harmanşah Ömür
Published: July 2013

The urbanization of Syro-Hittite (Luwian and Aramaean) states is one of most complex yet little explored regional processes in Near Eastern history and archaeology. In this study, I discuss aspects of landscape and settlement change in northern Syria and southeastern Anatolia during the Early Iron Age (ca. 1200-850 BC), and suggest that the emergent geo-politics of the region involved the foundation of cities and construction of specific types of commemorative monuments including rock reliefs, steles and city gates. While defining new forms of territorial power, these monuments linked local polities to a shared Hittite past through their literary and visual rhetoric, and a discourse of inherited agricultural land. To contextualize the subject matter, I first discuss the gradual southward shift of an imperial center of power from central Anatolia towards Karkamiš and Tarhuntašša at the end of the Late Bronze Age, arguing against the widespread models of a sudden collapse of the Hittite Empire followed by dark ages. Furthermore, I present archaeological and epigraphic evidence for the formation of the regional state Malizi/Melid. This Syro-Hittite kingdom established itself in the Malatya-Elbistan Plains in eastern Turkey during the first centuries of the Early Iron Age as one of the earliest political entities to emerge from the ashes of the Hittite Empire. Monuments raised by Malizean 'county lords' in rural and urban contexts suggest a picture of a fluid landscape in transition, one that was configured through the construction of cities, and other practices of place-making.
From Roman to Byzantine
Authors: Florit Catalina Mas , Cau Ontiveros Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2013

This paper explores the Late Antique occupation of rural territories in the eastern part of the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands). Data and ceramics from several old field surveys have been re-analysed and different spatial analyses have been carried out in order to understand better the settlement patterns in this area of variable geomorphology, which includes plains, hills and coastlands. Evidence of Late Roman, Vandal and Byzantine occupation is discussed. The study of the ceramic materials enables us to investigate differences between the various historical periods of Late Antiquity on the island. The results show a significant decrease of occupied sites in the Late Roman period as compared to Early Roman times, and a slight recovery through the Vandal and Byzantine periods. The paper also explores the phenomenon of the re-occupation of pre-Roman indigenous sites, the continuity or discontinuity of Roman sites and new foundations in previously unoccupied locations. Overall, the results allow us to produce a first impression of the countryside in this area of Mallorca, in which a remarkable degree of continuity in site location coexists with a range of changes in the nature and appearance of rural settlement.
Archaeological Heritage and Spiritual Protection
Authors: Al-Houdalieh Salah Hussein
Published: July 2013

Archaeological sites in the Occupied Palestinian National Territories (OPNT) are suffering from severe destruction through the activities of antiquities looters. The main reasons for this escalating phenomenon among the Palestinian population include poverty, escalated demand for hunted archaeological material in the Israeli and the worldwide antiquities market, ongoing local and regional political crises, and poor law enforcement. In recent decades the destruction of archaeological sites and the loss of cultural heritage have entered an especially sensitive, dangerous and complicated phase, as a large number of antiquities looters have started to rely on the services of spirits, known as the jinn (singular jinni) in Arabic, to identify the location of ‘protected’ treasures. In the course of my field surveys, I came to know 73 individuals who regularly searched for antiquities with the assistance of jinn. More than half of these, however, refused to be interviewed for fear of their names being divulged to governmental authorities. The aims of this study are to identify the character, scope, effectiveness and underlying motivation of Palestinian antiquities looters working through the assistance of the jinn. The author’s personal perspective on questions of the existence or non-existence of jinn, and their practical ability to assist the antiquities looters to uncover ‘protected’ hidden treasure, remains intentionally neutral throughout this work.
Editorial
Authors: Knapp A. Bernard , Cherry John F. , Van Dommelen Peter , Terrenato Nicola , Knappett Carl , Sanmartí Joan
Published: July 2013

A. Bernard Knapp, John F. Cherry and Peter van Dommelen introduce this Silver Anniversary issue of JMA to celebrate 25 years of its publication (1988-2012). Nicola Terrenato, Carl Knappett and Joan Sanmartí also contribute their own reflections on 25 years of JMA.
Recovering the Hidden Landscape of Copper Age Sicily
Authors: Ayala Gianna
Published: July 2013

The Late Copper Age/Early Bronze Age transition has traditionally been seen as an enigma in Sicilian prehistory. The relatively incomplete nature of the archaeological record has been interpreted as a marker of societal contraction, population movement and increased dependence on pastoralism. It has become increasingly apparent that the preservation and recovery of these archaeological sites have played a highly significant role in the way that site distributions have been understood. Recently, archaeological survey projects have recovered further evidence of sites. This has begun to reveal a more complex history of settlement and landscape occupation, which can be used to question some of this period’s standard interpretations. The work of the Troina Survey in the Nebrodi Mountains of Sicily has revealed new evidence for Late Copper Age occupation in a variety of topographic locations. Crucially the integration of geoarchaeological investigations within this project has identified significant connections between the depositional and post-depositional processes, and their impact on the preservation of the archaeological record, which are particularly pertinent for our understanding not only of this time period but also of our narratives on Sicilian prehistory. This study emphasizes the fundamental importance of undertaking long-term landscape reconstruction in order to interpret regional settlement patterns.
Globalizing Mediterranean Identities
Authors: Boozer Anna Lucille
Published: July 2013

This article furthers recent gains made in applying globalization perspectives to the Roman world by exploring

two Romano-Egyptian houses that used Roman material culture in different ways within the city known

as Trimithis (modern day Amheida, in Egypt). In so doing, I suggest that concepts drawn from globalization

theory will help us to disentangle and interpret how homogeneous Roman Mediterranean goods may appear

heterogeneous on the local level. This theoretical vantage is broadly applicable to other regions in the Roman

Mediterranean, as well as other environments in which individuals reflected a multifaceted relationship

with their local identity and the broader social milieu.
An Evaluation of Human Intervention in Abandonment and Postabandonment Formation Processes in a Deserted Cretan Village
Authors: Papadopoulos Constantinos
Published: July 2013

A deserted Cretan village provided the grounds to look beyond the ruins and study the abandonment and post-abandonment formation processes that transform settlements into archaeological sites. The long abandonment period, as well as the continuous human presence and ntervention in the post-abandonment period of individual buildings and larger parts of the site, resulted in an evidence-rich environment, ideal for tracing the formation processes in the different stages of ruination. By drawing on a case study in the eastern Mediterranean basin, where only a few other observations have been undertaken, this paper highlights the historic and cultural distinctiveness of formation processes, emphasising the difficulty of generalising about post-abandonment factors associated with sites. The paper attempts to give an account of the observed structures and artefact distributions, and draw conclusions regarding the anthropogenic impact that led to an advanced state of decay only 40 years after the abandonment of the settlement. In this context, it addresses the complexity in attributing cultural causes to their effects by linking cultural behaviour to the archaeological record and incorporating informants’ responses about the invisible abandonment and post-abandonment stages. The paper concludes by underlining the spatiotemporal peculiarities and cultural circumstances of abandoned settlements and the importance of avoiding universal law-like generalisations when it comes to the interaction between humans and the environment.
Os cursos superiores de tecnologia no contexto de expansão da educação superior no Brasil: a retomada da ênfase na educação profissional
Authors: Favretto Juliana , Moretto Cleide Fátima
Published: July 2013

O artigo analisa a expansão e o comportamento da oferta dos cursos superiores de tecnologia no âmbito da educação superior brasileira. Resgata a origem da educação profissional, das legislações e ações públicas que constituíram o processo de desenvolvimento da educação superior tecnológica no Brasil. Apresenta evidências da estrutura da oferta de cursos superiores de tecnologia, em nível de categoria acadêmica, administrativa e distribuição regional, no período de 2000 a 2010, um recorte de dados secundários extraídos do banco de dados do Inep/MEC. Os dados revelam que houve uma expansão substancial dos cursos superiores de tecnologia no período analisado, quando comparados aos demais cursos de graduação, com maior ênfase no setor privado e no âmbito acadêmico das universidades.
Dolor crónico y narrativa: experiencias cotidianas y trayectorias de atención en el padecimiento de la migraña
Authors: Del Monaco Romina
Published: July 2013

Desde una perspectiva socio antropológica, este trabajo está dirigido a contribuir al conocimiento del padecimiento crónico de la migraña. Para ello se realiza una investigación cualitativa, a través de entrevistas a médicos neurólogos y personas con esta dolencia, en un hospital público del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El objetivo principal es explorar, a través de las narrativas de quienes padecen, las experiencias, prácticas cotidianas y trayectorias de atención con este tipo de dolor de cabeza. Algunas particularidades de la migraña que la diferencian de otras dolencias crónicas, y que condicionan los modos en que los pacientes se relacionan con su entorno residen en que la migraña carece de condiciones fácticas de verificación, y no tiene una etiología precisa ni un tratamiento eficaz. A partir de esto, los sujetos dicen que, en algunos casos, se relaciona al padecimiento con excusas y falta de legitimidad. Por otro lado, a través de los relatos, se observa que la migraña pasa a formar parte de la biografía de la persona. Por último, la mayoría de los pacientes dicen acostumbrarse y resignarse a estos dolores de cabeza y a tener paciencia, algo que influye en la relación consigo mismos y con los otros.