bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La validation du récit par la poétique de la parole dans le théâtre de Daniel Danis
Authors: Ryngaert Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2015

Dans cet article, l’auteur cherche à cerner en quoi l’accumulation d’épisodes, souvent violents, dans le théâtre de Danis se trouve à prendre le contrepied des usages dominants des « raconteurs d’histoires » dans l’espace public contemporain. Raconter ne suffit pas, encore faut-il savoir jouer des modalités énonciatives que l’acte de parler libère chez le locuteur danisien. Cette poétique de la parole est certes marquée par le Gestus de la comparution, du témoignage d’après les faits — temporalité dans l’après-coup et responsabilité de dire le vrai —, mais aussi par la vivacité émotionnelle de la mise en confidence et du commentaire, à même un dispositif apte à faire du spectateur un partenaire du choeur des parleurs. Là est l’originalité de cette choralité à la fois intime et publique, objectivante et parfaitement subjective.
Un désir de refondation
Authors: Jubinville Yves
Published: January 2015

L’auteur réfléchit ici aux tenants et aboutissants du « vivre-ensemble » dans
plusieurs oeuvres de Danis. L’analyse fait travailler des notions empruntées à la sociologie
et à l’anthropologie afin de tester quelques hypothèses touchant la référence aux origines
ensauvagées du monde danisien — sans pour autant y voir un passé érigé en mythe fondateur —,
mais renvoyant aussi aux tensions qui affectent ses membres volontiers en rupture de ban
dans leurs rapports avec les représentants de l’autorité et de la bien-pensance. Ce faisant,
le théâtre de Danis exposerait des mondes livrés à la logique de dissolution du « commun »,
mais en même temps animés par des mouvements de résistance et, en dernière instance, à la
recherche d’une communauté réinventée en mesure de se dresser face à la société administrée.
C’est de là, peut-on penser, qu’émane la volonté affichée dans cette dramaturgie de
privilégier les figures marginales et métissées dans la reconquête, jamais acquise mais
toujours espérée, d’une liberté pour tous — visée utopique qui se nourrit de questionnements
multiples sur la modernisation rapide de la société canadienne-française, en exhumant les
traces de ce que ses agents ont pu refouler.
Oiseaux migrateurs
Authors: Selao Ching
Published: January 2015

Kim Thúy et Linda Lê sont toutes deux d’origine vietnamienne, l’une est québécoise et l’autre française. Si les deux auteures ont en commun d’avoir vécu l’expérience singulière des boat people, la représentation de l’exil dans les écrits de chacune diffère considérablement. Dans Ru, Kim Thúy présente l’immigration comme une renaissance, comme la réalisation du « rêve américain », alors que l’exil est dans l’oeuvre de Linda Lê l’expression d’une perte irréparable. Cet article propose d’explorer les différents points de vue sur l’expérience exilique et l’intégration tels qu’on les retrouve dans le premier livre de Kim Thúy, qui semble avoir un parti pris pour le bonheur, et dans quelques textes de Linda Lê, qualifiée de « professeur de désespoir » par Nancy Huston et d’« écrivain méchant » par Simon Harel. Il s’agira en somme de voir comment le récit de l’une rassure, tandis que l’écriture de l’autre déroute par son intransigeance et son refus du conformisme.
Découvrir le sens de l’expérience du passage à la vie adulte en contexte de vulnérabilité : une démarche d’analyse par théorisation enracinée
Authors: Richard Marie-Claude
Published: January 2015

Cet article décrit les procédures de collecte et d’analyse de données utilisées dans le cadre d’une recherche en service social s’intéressant à mieux comprendre l’expérience du passage à la vie adulte en contexte de vulnérabilité. L’approche d’analyse par théorisation enracinée a permis de faire le pont entre une perspective théorique du parcours de vie et une modélisation des trajectoires de passage à la vie adulte priorisant la parole des personnes concernées. L’idée centrale dégagée suggère que le sens du passage à la vie adulte, pour les personnes rencontrées, se révèle dans le rapport entretenu avec la société, les autres et soi-même. L’analyse par théorisation enracinée s’est avérée une méthode cohérente avec notre perspective de découverte et de meilleure compréhension des phénomènes humains.
Le portrait sociologique de la profession des pompiers du Québec. Une démarche inductive et mixte inspirée de la MTE
Authors: St-Denis Karine
Published: January 2015

La profession des pompiers du Québec demeure peu étudiée. Par une méthodologie inductive et mixte (qualitative et quantitative), inspirée des assises épistémologiques et méthodologiques de la MTE, nous avons réalisé un portrait de cette profession. Nous montrerons ici comment cette démarche inductive et mixte a été favorable à l’établissement de la relation de confiance et à l’appropriation de nos travaux par les pompiers québécois tout en étant bénéfique pour le développement et la saturation de nos catégories d’analyse. L’article sera divisé en trois parties. Premièrement, nous exposerons les modalités d’appropriation de l’induction et de l’itération dans une démarche de recherche mixte. Deuxièmement, nous montrerons comment les données qualitatives obtenues lors d’observations et d’entrevues ont contribué à l’élaboration d’un questionnaire de recherche. Troisièmement, nous verrons à l’aide d’exemples la pertinence d’une analyse mixte pour l’élaboration et la validation interne et externe de la théorisation.
Le vieillissement cognitif chez des personnes avec déficience intellectuelle légère
Authors: Haddar Yazid , Haelewyck Marie-Claire
Published: January 2015

L’objectif de cette étude est de savoir s’il existe un vieillissement cognitif spécifique des personnes avec déficience intellectuelle légère. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, quarante personnes déficientes intellectuelles légères, selon les critères de DSM IV, ont été sélectionnées. Elles sont âgées entre 21 ans et 60 ans. Ces participants sont regroupés en quatre groupes d’âge, dont chacun comporte 10 personnes. Les résultats obtenus dans cette étude montrent qu’effectivement la moyenne des scores obtenus aux tests MMSE (F <1) et de la MATTIS (F [3, 36] = 1,882) est inférieure aux moyennes de la population non déficiente. Cependant, il n’y a pas une régression cognitive spécifique avec l’âge, des sujets avec déficience intellectuelle légère. Les résultats de la WAIS III montrent que les déficients intellectuels légers ne présentent pas de déclin cognitif spécifique avec l’avancée en âge.
Un modèle d’équipe de soutien à l’enseignant pour offrir des services intégrés en contexte inclusif ontarien : le cas d’élèves présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme
Authors: Trépanier Nathalie , Labonté Mariette
Published: January 2015

En Ontario, une réelle volonté politique existe pour que les élèves à risque d’échec scolaire reçoivent des services adéquats en contexte inclusif. On dénote cependant l’absence d’une procédure claire pour ce faire. Cet article illustre une application d’un modèle d’équipe de soutien à l’enseignant, pour offrir des services intégrés à des élèves qui présentent un trouble du spectre de l’autisme scolarisés en classe ordinaire. Le cas d'un élève présentant de l’autisme est présenté pour illustrer les composantes du modèle d’équipe de soutien à l’enseignant. Enfin, l’évaluation des effets de la mise en oeuvre de ce modèle de service a été effectuée auprès de plus d'une centaine d’équipes, incluant une vingtaine d'équipes pour des élèves présentant de l'autisme.
Parentalité et déficience intellectuelle : exploration des représentations sociales des intervenants impliqués
Authors: Milot Élise , Turcotte Daniel , Tétreault Sylvie
Published: January 2015

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude exploratoire québécoise portant sur les constituants des représentations sociales (RS) de la parentalité des personnes ayant une déficience ou une lenteur intellectuelle (DI/LI) (réfère aux personnes ayant un diagnostic établi où ayant des déficits sur les plans cognitif et adaptatif caractéristiques d’une lenteur intellectuelle, aux limites du diagnostic.) chez les intervenants impliqués. Vingt-sept professionnels d’établissements publics et communautaires ont participé à des entrevues individuelles semi-structurées. Des analyses se dégagent des RS plutôt positives. Or, plusieurs facteurs liés à l’expérience ou au contexte de leur pratique y exercent une influence. De leur point de vue, ils ne disposent pas des connaissances nécessaires à une intervention adaptée et l’actualisation du travail de collaboration avec les partenaires est altérée par l’ambiguïté des rôles et les difficultés d’arrimage des mandats. Des recommandations liées aux préoccupations exprimées par les participants sont abordées
Intraplate volcanism due to convective instability of stagnant slabs in the mantle transition zone
Authors: Motoki Matthew H. , Ballmer Maxim D.
Published: January 2015

The study of volcanism can further our understanding of Earth's mantle processes and composition. Continental intraplate volcanism commonly occurs above subducted slabs that stagnate in the Mantle Transition Zone (MTZ), such as in Europe, eastern China, and western North America. Here, we use two‐dimensional numerical models to explore the evolution of stagnant slabs in the MTZ and their potential to sustain mantle upwellings that can support volcanism. We find that weak slabs may go convectively unstable within tens of million years. Upwellings rise out of the relatively warm underbelly of the slab, are entrained by ambient‐mantle flow and reach the base of the lithosphere. The first and most vigorous upwellings rise adjacent to lateral heterogeneity within the slab. Ultimately, convective instability also acts to separate the compositional components of the slab, harzburgite, and eclogite, from each other with harzburgite rising into the upper mantle and eclogite sinking into the lower mantle. Such a physical filtering process may sustain a long‐term compositional gradient across the MTZ.
A brittle failure model for long‐period seismic events recorded at Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica
Authors: Eyre Thomas S. , Bean Christopher J. , De Barros Louis , Martini Francesca , Lokmer Ivan , Mora Mauricio M. , Pacheco Javier F. , Soto Gerardo J.
Published: January 2015

A temporary seismic network, consisting of 23 broadband and six short‐period stations, was installed in a dense network at Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica, between 8 March and 4 May 2011. During this time 513 long‐period (LP) events were observed. Due to their pulse‐like waveforms, the hypothesis that the events are generated by a slow‐failure mechanism, based on a recent new model by Bean et al. (2014), is tested. A significant number (107) of the LPs are jointly inverted for their source locations and mechanisms, using full‐waveform moment tensor inversion. The locations are mostly shallow, with depths < 800 m below the active Southwest Crater. The results of the decompositions of the obtained moment tensor solutions show complex source mechanisms, composed of high proportions of isotropic and low, but seemingly significant, proportions of compensated linear vector dipole and double‐couple components. It is demonstrated that this can be explained as mode I tensile fracturing with a strong shear component. The source mechanism is further investigated by exploring scaling laws within the data. The LPs recorded follow relationships very similar to those of conventional earthquakes, exhibiting frequency‐magnitude and corner frequency versus magnitude relationships that can be explained by brittle failure. All of these observations indicate that a slow‐failure source model can successfully describe the generation of short‐duration LP events at Turrialba Volcano.
The global structure of upper troposphere‐lower stratosphere ozone in GEOS‐5: A multiyear assimilation of EOS Aura data
Authors: Wargan Krzysztof , Pawson Steven , Olsen Mark A. , Witte Jacquelyn C. , Douglass Anne R. , Ziemke Jerald R. , Strahan Susan E. , Nielsen J. Eric
Published: January 2015

Eight years of ozone measurements retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument and the Microwave Limb Sounder, both on the EOS Aura satellite, have been assimilated into the Goddard Earth Observing System Version 5 (GEOS‐5) data assimilation system. This study evaluates this assimilated product, highlighting its potential for science. The impact of observations on the GEOS‐5 system is explored by examining the spatial distribution of the observation‐minus‐forecast statistics. Independent data are used for product validation. The correlation of the lower stratospheric (the tropopause to 50 hPa) ozone column with ozonesondes is 0.99 and the (high) bias is 0.5%, indicating the success of the assimilation in reproducing the ozone variability in that layer. The upper tropospheric (500 hPa to the tropopause) assimilated ozone column is about 10% lower than the ozonesonde column, but the correlation is still high (0.87). The assimilation is shown to realistically capture the sharp cross‐tropopause gradient in ozone mixing ratio. Occurrence of transport‐driven low ozone laminae in the assimilation system is similar to that obtained from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) above the 400 K potential temperature surface, but the assimilation produces fewer laminae than seen by HIRDLS below that surface. Although the assimilation produces about 25% fewer occurrences per day during the 3 years of HIRDLS data, the interannual variability is captured correctly. This data‐driven assimilated product is complementary to ozone fields generated from chemistry and transport models. Applications include study of the radiative forcing by ozone and tracer transport near the tropopause.
Spatial variability in tropical forest leaf area density from multireturn lidar and modeling
Authors: Detto Matteo , Asner Gregory P. , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Sonnentag Oliver
Published: January 2015

Leaf area index and leaf area density profiles are key variables for upscaling from leaves to ecosystems yet are difficult to measure well in dense and tall forest canopies. We present a new model to estimate leaf area density profiles from discrete multireturn data derived by airborne waveform light detection and ranging (lidar), a model based on stochastic radiative transfer theory. We tested the method on simulated ray tracing data for highly clumped forest canopies, both vertically homogenous and vertically inhomogeneous. Our method was able to reproduce simulated vertical foliage profiles with small errors and predictable biases in dense canopies (leaf area index = 6) including layers below densely foliated upper canopies. As a case study, we then applied the method to real multireturn airborne lidar data for a 50 ha plot of moist tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The method is suitable for estimating foliage profiles in a complex tropical forest, which opens new avenues for analyses of spatial and temporal variations in foliage distributions.
Self‐consistency tests of large‐scale dynamics parameterizations for single‐column modeling
Authors: Edman Jacob P. , Romps David M.
Published: January 2015

Large‐scale dynamics parameterizations are tested numerically in cloud‐resolving simulations, including a new version of the weak‐pressure‐gradient approximation (WPG) introduced by Edman and Romps (2014), the weak‐temperature‐gradient approximation (WTG), and a prior implementation of WPG. We perform a series of self‐consistency tests with each large‐scale dynamics parameterization, in which we compare the result of a cloud‐resolving simulation coupled to WTG or WPG with an otherwise identical simulation with prescribed large‐scale convergence. In self‐consistency tests based on radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE; i.e., no large‐scale convergence), we find that simulations either weakly coupled or strongly coupled to either WPG or WTG are self‐consistent, but WPG‐coupled simulations exhibit a nonmonotonic behavior as the strength of the coupling to WPG is varied. We also perform self‐consistency tests based on observed forcings from two observational campaigns: the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP‐ICE) and the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) Summer 1995 IOP. In these tests, we show that the new version of WPG improves upon prior versions of WPG by eliminating a potentially troublesome gravity‐wave resonance.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling of N,N‐Disubstituted Formamides and Phenols: A Direct Access to Carbamates
Authors: Ali Wajid , Rout Saroj K. , Guin Srimanta , Modi Anju , Banerjee Arghya , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: January 2015

An efficient copper‐catalyzed protocol has been developed for the synthesis of carbamates from dialkylformamides and phenols possessing directing groups such as benzothiazole, quinoline and formyl at the ortho‐position. In this chelation assisted approach, CO bond formation takes place via a cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) between the formyl CH of dialkylformamide and phenolic OH in the presence of copper(II)acetate/aqueous tert‐butyl hydroperoxide. Under identical reaction conditions, salicylic acid derivatives underwent amidation with the carboxylic group rather than formamidation of the phenolic OH. The use of a cheap and environmentally benign catalyst along with the tolerance of a wide range of functional groups makes this an easy, phosgene‐free route to carbamates.

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Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of D. tertiolecta for the production of bio‐oil over different acid/base catalysts
Authors: Chen Yu , Wu Yulong , Ding Ranran , Zhang Pan , Liu Ji , Yang Mingde , Zhang Pan
Published: January 2015

In this article, two acid catalysts (ZrO2/SO42− and HZSM‐5) and two base catalysts (MgO/MCM‐41 and KtB) were used in catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Dunaliella tertiolecta (D. tertiolecta) for the production of bio‐oil. The results indicated that the acid/base property of the catalyst plays a crucial role in the catalytic HTL process, and the base catalyst is conducive to the improvement of conversion and bio‐oil yield. When KtB was used as the catalyst, the maximum conversion and bio‐oil yield was 94.84 and 49.09 wt %, respectively. The detailed compositional analysis of the bio‐oil was performed using thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, FT‐IR, and GC‐MS. The compositional analysis results showed that the introduction of catalyst is beneficial for reducing the fixed carbon content in the bio‐oil, and the structure of catalyst influences on the bio‐oil composition and boiling point distribution. Based on our results and previous studies, the probable catalytic HTL microalgae model over various catalysts can be described that the main chemical reactions include ketonization, decarboxylic, dehydration, ammonolysis, and so forth. with HZSM‐5 and MgO/MCM‐41 as the catalyst; the cyclodimerization, decomposition, Maillard reaction, and ketonization are the main reactions with ZrO2/SO42− as the catalyst; the dehydration, ammonolysis, Maillard reaction, and ketonization can occur with KtB as the catalyst. Therefore, a plausible reaction mechanism of the main chemical component in D. tertiolecta is proposed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1118–1128, 2015
Drug‐induced thrombotic microangiopathy: Experience of the Oklahoma registry and the BloodCenter of Wisconsin
Authors: Reese Jessica A. , Bougie Daniel W. , Curtis Brian R. , Terrell Deirdra R , Vesely Sara K. , Aster Richard H. , George James N.
Published: January 2015

Many drugs have been reported to cause thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), often described as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or hemolytic‐uremic syndrome (HUS). We recently established criteria to evaluate the evidence for a causal association of a drug with TMA and then we systematically reviewed all published reports of drug‐induced TMA (DITMA) to determine the level of evidence supporting a causal association of the suspected drug with TMA. On the basis of this experience, we used these evaluation criteria to assess the Oklahoma TTP‐HUS Registry patients who had been previously categorized as drug‐induced, 1989–2014. We also reviewed the experience of the BloodCenter of Wisconsin with testing for drug‐dependent antibodies reactive with platelets and neutrophils in patients with suspected immune‐mediated DITMA, 1988–2014. Among 58 patients in the Oklahoma Registry previously categorized as drug‐induced (15 suspected drugs), 21 patients (three drugs: gemcitabine, pentostatin, quinine) had evidence supporting a definite association with TMA; 19 (90%) of the 21 patients had quinine‐induced TMA. The BloodCenter of Wisconsin tested 40 patients with suspected DITMA (eight drugs); drug‐dependent antibodies, supporting a definite association with TMA, were identified in 30 patients (three drugs: oxaliplatin, quinine, vancomycin); 28 (93%) of the 30 patients had quinine‐induced TMA. Combining the data from these two sources, 51 patients (five drugs) have been identified with evidence supporting a definite association with TMA. DITMA was attributed to quinine in 47 (92%) of these 51 patients. Am. J. Hematol. 90:406–410, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic modifiers of ambulation in the cooperative international Neuromuscular research group Duchenne natural history study
Authors: Bello Luca , Kesari Akanchha , Gordish‐Dressman Heather , Cnaan Avital , Morgenroth Lauren P. , Punetha Jaya , Duong Tina , Henricson Erik K. , Pegoraro Elena , McDonald Craig M. , Hoffman Eric P. ,   on behalf of the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group Investigators
Published: January 2015

Objective

We studied the effects of LTBP4 and SPP1 polymorphisms on age at loss of ambulation (LoA) in a multiethnic Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cohort.

Methods

We genotyped SPP1 rs28357094 and LTBP4 haplotype in 283 of 340 participants in the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group Duchenne Natural History Study (CINRG‐DNHS). Median ages at LoA were compared by Kaplan–Meier analysis and log‐rank test. We controlled polymorphism analyses for concurrent effects of glucocorticoid corticosteroid (GC) treatment (time‐varying Cox regression) and for population stratification (multidimensional scaling of genome‐wide markers).

Results

Hispanic and South Asian participants (n = 18, 41) lost ambulation 2.7 and 2 years earlier than Caucasian subjects (p = 0.003, <0.001). The TG/GG genotype at SPP1 rs28357094 was associated to 1.2‐year‐earlier median LoA (p = 0.048). This difference was greater (1.9 years, p = 0.038) in GC‐treated participants, whereas no difference was observed in untreated subjects. Cox regression confirmed a significant effect of SPP1 genotype in GC‐treated participants (hazard ratio = 1.61, p = 0.016). LTBP4 genotype showed a direction of association with age at LoA as previously reported, but it was not statistically significant. After controlling for population stratification, we confirmed a strong effect of LTBP4 genotype in Caucasians (2.4 years, p = 0.024). Median age at LoA with the protective LTBP4 genotype in this cohort was 15.0 years, 16.0 for those who were treated with GC.

Interpretation

SPP1 rs28357094 acts as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of GC response, and LTBP4 haplotype modifies age at LoA in the CINRG‐DNHS cohort. Adjustment for GC treatment and population stratification appears crucial in assessing genetic modifiers in DMD. Ann Neurol 2015;77:684–696
Eine effiziente Synthese von chiralen Allyloxyaminen durch stereospezifische Allylierung von Nitrosoarenen mit chiralen Allylboronaten
Authors: Li Yuanming , Chakrabarty Shyamal , Studer Armido
Published: January 2015

Es wird ein neuartiger und effizienter Zugang zu Allyloxyaminen über die Allylierung von Nitrosoarenen mit α‐chiralen Allylboronaten vorgestellt. Die C‐O‐Bindungsknüpfung erfolgt mit hoher Stereospezifität, und die erhaltenen Allyloxyamine lassen sich leicht zu wertvollen chiralen Bausteinen wie Isoxazolidinen und Allylalkoholen umwandeln. Die Reaktion verläuft mit vollständiger Regioselektivität (O‐Selektivität), hoher E/Z‐Selektivität und mit exzellentem Chiralitätstransfer.
General Method for the Synthesis of Salicylic Acids from Phenols through Palladium‐Catalyzed Silanol‐Directed CH Carboxylation
Authors: Wang Yang , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: January 2015

A silanol‐directed, palladium‐catalyzed CH carboxylation reaction of phenols to give salicylic acids has been developed. This method features high efficiency and selectivity, and excellent functional‐group tolerance. The generality of this method was demonstrated by the carboxylation of estrone and by the synthesis of an unsymmetrically o,o′‐disubstituted phenolic compound through two sequential CH functionalization processes.
Quadruple Switching of Pleated Foldamers of Tetrathiafulvalene–Bipyridinium Alternating Dynamic Covalent Polymers
Authors: Chen Lan , Wang Hui , Zhang Dan‐Wei , Zhou Yaming , Li Zhan‐Ting
Published: January 2015

Two dynamic covalent polymers P1 and P2 were prepared by alternately linking electron‐rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and electron‐deficient bipyridinium (BIPY2+) through hydrazone bonds. In acetonitrile, the polymers were induced by intramolecular donor–acceptor interactions to form pleated foldamers, which unfolded upon oxidation of the TTF units to the radical cation TTF.+. Reduction of the BIPY2+ units to BIPY.+ led to the formation of another kind of pleated secondary structures, which are stabilized by intramolecular dimerization of the BIPY.+ units. The diradical dicationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (CBPQT2(.+)) could further force the folded structures to unfold by including the BIPY.+ units of the polymers. Upon oxidation of the BIPY.+ units of the cyclophane and polymers to BIPY2+, the first folded state was regenerated. Switching or conversion between the four conformational states was confirmed by UV/Vis spectroscopic experiments.
Metal Redox Processes for the Controlled Synthesis of Metal Alloy Nanoparticles
Authors: Kirkeminde Alec , Spurlin Stan , Draxler‐Sixta Laura , Cooper Jamie , Ren Shenqiang
Published: January 2015

Nanocrystalline metals have received widespread interest and found various applications owing to their magnetic and catalytic properties and in energy‐related fields. A flexible approach for the growth of nanoalloys with controlled properties and well‐defined structures on the atomic scale is thus greatly desired. A new synthetic method that avoids incompatible reduction potentials and rates would be critical to grow metal nanostructures with high purities and the desired stoichiometries. A metal‐redox strategy that employs spontaneous oxidation/reduction reactions to grow nanocrystalline alloys using molecular‐scale zerovalent metal precursors is now described. The selection of suitable zerovalent metal species allows for thermodynamic control of the compositional stoichiometry during the temperature‐dependent formation of the metal alloy nanoparticles. A practical and scalable strategy for nanoalloy growth that can potentially produce key metal components of superior metallurgical quality for catalytic and magnetic systems has thus been developed.
Thermal and mechanical properties of PA12/C30B nanocomposites in relationship with nanostructure
Authors: Hassan Hanaya , Aït Hocine Nourredine , Médéric Pascal , Deffarges Marie‐Pierre , Poirot Nathalie
Published: January 2015

This work focuses on the effect of nanoclay mass fraction on the properties of polyamide 12 matrix. Relationships between mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of polyamide 12/Cloisite® 30B nanocomposites were studied. The material structure, previously described from XRD and TEM experiments, was more thoroughly characterized in the present work using SEM and FTIR techniques. The FTIR results clearly showed that clay galleries are intercalated by PA chains, which leads to a partially exfoliated nanostructure, confirming the TEM observations and the XRD analysis. However, a few micrometric aggregates are evidenced by SEM analysis, particularly at high clay fractions. TGA and DTA measurements showed that the thermal stability of PA12 matrix is slightly modified by the Cloisite® 30B content. Viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposites in solid‐state were analyzed as functions of strain, frequency, and temperature. The extent of the linear response regime of the material is shown to be sensitive to the amount of clay: nonlinearities appear at lower strain values as the clay mass fraction increases. Both relative dynamical moduli also increase with increasing clay mass fraction, with frequency dependence for the viscous modulus and without frequency dependence for the elastic modulus. Finally, similarities have been pointed out between viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposites in solid and melt states. For example, the percolation threshold is highlighted at the same clay mass fraction, ∼2%, in both states. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41938.
Mono‐ and bifunctional six‐membered cyclic carbonates synthesized by diphenyl carbonate toward networked polycarbonate films
Authors: Matsukizono Hiroyuki , Endo Takeshi
Published: January 2015

The synthesis of six‐membered cyclic carbonates from diols utilizing less toxic and easily‐handled diphenyl carbonate (DPC) is carried out based on the reactivity and selectivity at different conditions. Commercially‐available neopentylglycol (NPG) or di(trimethylolproapane) (DTMP) react effectively with DPC at 140°C and converted to their corresponding monofunctional NPG‐carbonate (NPGC) or bifunctional DTMPC‐carboante (DTMPC), respectively. The selectivity of these carbonates changes depending on a feed ratio of DPC and these diols. After a NPG/DPC mixture with the DPC/NPG feed ratio of 4 was heated at 140°C for 48 h, the NPGC is isolated with a yield of 74%. A 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU)‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of NPGC with DTMPC can form effectively networked structures. By only drying of THF solutions containing NPGC, DTMPC, and a catalytic amount of DBU at 60°C for 12 h, the ROP efficiently proceeds and networked polycarbonate films with well transparency and flexibility are easily obtained. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41956.
Control of thermal degradation of poly(lactic acid) using functional polysilsesquioxane microspheres as chain extenders
Authors: Han Ting , Xin Zhong , Shi Yaoqi , Zhao Shicheng , Meng Xin , Xu Hui , Zhou Shuai
Published: January 2015

Two functional polysilsesquioxane microspheres, poly(epoxypropoxy)silsesquioxane (PESQ) and poly(epoxypropoxy/amino)silsesquioxane (PEASQ), were grafted onto commercial polylactic acid (PLA) via functional group reactions through melt processing and directly used as novel chain extenders to improve the thermal stability of PLA. During the whole reaction time of 35 min, the torques of P‐2PESQ and P‐1PEASQ were 60% higher than that of processed PLA. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the addition of PESQ or PEASQ into PLA increased the onset temperature for thermal degradation. PEASQ was found to be a potential chain extender for PLA. Compared with the processed PLA, the thermal decomposition temperatures of PEASQ modified PLA increased from 318 to 334°C at 5% weight loss. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41977.
Breathing in a box: Constraints on lung ventilation in giant pterosaurs
Authors: Geist Nicholas R. , Hillenius Willem J. , Frey Eberhard , Jones Terry D. , Elgin Ross A.
Published: January 2015

Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to achieve active flight, with some derived forms reaching enormous size. Accumulating fossil evidence confirms earlier indications that selection for large size in these flying forms resulted in a light, yet strong skeleton characterized by fusion of many bones of the trunk. However, this process also added mechanical constraints on the mobility of the thorax of large pterosaurs that likely limited the options available for lung ventilation. We present an alternative hypothesis to recent suggestions of an avian‐like mechanism of costosternal pumping as the primary means of aspiration. An analysis of the joints among the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and pectoral girdle of large pterosaurs indicates limited mobility of the ribcage and sternum. Comparisons with modes of lung ventilation in extant amniotes suggests that the stiffened thorax, coupled with mobile gastralia and prepubic bones, may be most consistent with an extracostal mechanism for lung ventilation in large pterodactyloids, perhaps similar to a crocodile‐like visceral displacement system Anat Rec, 297:2233–2253, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
User conceptions of trustworthiness for digital archival documents
Authors: Donaldson Devan Ray , Conway Paul
Published: January 2015

Trust is the most important characteristic of digital repositories designed to hold and deliver archival documents that have persistent value to stakeholders. In theoretical models of trust in information, the concept of trustworthiness is emerging as both fundamentally important and understudied, particularly in the domain of digital repositories. This article reports on a qualitative study designed to elicit from groups of end users components of trustworthiness and to assess their relative importance. The study draws on interview data from 3 focus groups with experienced users of the Washington State Digital Archives. Utilizing thematic analysis and micro‐interlocutor analysis to examine a combination of interview transcripts and video recordings, the study provides a realistic picture of the strength and character of emergent themes that underpin the more general concept of trustworthiness. The study reinforces the centrality of trustworthiness at the individual document level, but calls into question the formulation of trustworthiness as a concept in Kelton, Fleischmann, and Wallace's (2008) Integrated Model of Trust in Information.
Rockin' robins: Do congresswomen rule the roost in the Twittersphere?
Authors: Evans Heather K. , Ovalle Joycelyn , Green Stephen
Published: January 2015

Recent work byEvans,Cordova, andSipole (2014) reveals that in the two months leading up to the 2012 election, female House candidates used the social media siteTwitter more often than male candidates. Not only did female candidates tweet more often, but they also spent more time attacking their opponents and discussing important issues inAmerican politics. In this article, we examine whether the female winners of those races acted differently than the male winners in the 2012 election, and whether they differed in their tweeting‐style during two months in the summer of 2013. Using a hand‐coded content analysis of every tweet from each member in theU.S.House ofRepresentatives inJune andJuly of 2013, we show that women differ from their male colleagues in their frequency and type of tweeting, and note some key differences between the period during the election and the period after. This article suggests that context greatly affects representatives'Twitter‐style.
A readability level prediction tool forK‐12 books
Authors: Denning Joel , Pera Maria Soledad , Ng Yiu‐Kai
Published: January 2015

The readability levels of books identify suitable reading materials. Unfortunately, the majority of published books are assigned a readability level range, which is not useful to readers who look for books at a particular grade level. Existing readability formulas/analysis tools require at least an excerpt of a book to estimate its readability level, which is a severe constraint, since copyright laws prohibit book contents from being made publicly accessible. To alleviate the constraint, we have developedTRoLLwhich relies on publicly accessible online book metadata, in addition to using a book's snippet, if it is available, to predict its readability level. Based on a multi‐dimensional regression analysis, TRoLL determines the grade level of any book instantly, even without a sample of its text, and considers its topical suitability, which is unique. Furthermore,TRoLLis a significant contribution to the educational community, since its computed book readability levels can enrichK‐12 readers' book selections and aid parents, teachers, and librarians in locating reading materials suitable for theirK‐12 readers, which can be a time‐consuming and frustrating task that does not always yield a quality outcome. Conducted empirical studies have verified the prediction accuracy ofTRoLLand demonstrated its superiority over well‐known readability formulas/analysis tools.
Costly collaborations: The impact of scientific fraud on co‐authors' careers
Authors: Mongeon Philippe , Larivière Vincent
Published: January 2015

Over the past few years, several major scientific fraud cases have shocked the scientific community. The number of retractions each year has also increased tremendously, especially in the biomedical field, and scientific misconduct accounts for more than half of those retractions. It is assumed that co‐authors of retracted papers are affected by their colleagues' misconduct, and the aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence of the effect of retractions in biomedical research on co‐authors' research careers. Using data from the Web of Science, we measured the productivity, impact, and collaboration of 1,123 co‐authors of 293 retracted articles for a period of 5 years before and after the retraction. We found clear evidence that collaborators do suffer consequences of their colleagues' misconduct and that a retraction for fraud has higher consequences than a retraction for error. Our results also suggest that the extent of these consequences is closely linked with the ranking of co‐authors on the retracted paper, being felt most strongly by first authors, followed by the last authors, with the impact is less important for middle authors.
ZnCr Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Nanosheets Assisted Formation of Hierarchical Flower‐Like CdZnS@LDH Microstructures with Improved Visible‐Light‐Driven H2 Production
Authors: Yao Lihua , Wei Ding , Yan Dongpeng , Hu Changwen
Published: January 2015

The development of new semiconductor photocatalysts toward splitting water has supplied a promising way to obtain sustainable and clean hydrogen energy. Herein, CdZnS@layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites with a hierarchical flower‐like microstructure have been fabricated with the aid of ZnCr–LDH nanosheets as templates. XRD, SEM and HRTEM show that the ZnCr–LDH nanosheets are uniformly dispersed within the composites. The surface of the hierarchical structures is rough and composed of numerous nanocrystals of CdZnS. The HRTEM images indicate that the surface of CdZnS nanocrystals is mainly composed of the (111) plane. Moreover, the visible‐light‐driven H2 production performance of the CdZnS in the presence and absence of ZnCr–LDH nanosheets has been measured. The results show that ZnCr–LDH nanosheets play an important role in the hierarchical morphology and photocatalytic activity of the as‐prepared samples. In the water‐splitting process, the visible‐light‐driven H2‐production rate of hierarchical flower‐like CdZnS@LDH is 4.03 times and nearly 10 times higher than that of pristine CdZnS microsphere and pure commercial CdS, respectively. Therefore, this work not only achieves enhanced catalytic performance of the CdZnS by the introduction of ZnCr–LDH nanosheets, but also supplies an insight into the relationship between the hierarchical morphology and the semiconductor photocatalytic activity.
Controllability of Stochastic Delay Systems with Impulse in a Separable Hilbert Space
Authors: Guo Yingxin , Xu Chao
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we study the controllability of a kind of nonlinear stochastic impulsive system with infinite delay in abstract space. Sufficient conditions for the controllability are obtained via the generalization of the contraction mapping principle and with none of the compactness condition restriction on the evolution family of operators for the system. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.
Asymptotical Synchronization of Coupled Nonlinear Partial Differential Systems With Impulsive Effects
Authors: Wu Kai‐Ning , Zhu Ya‐Nan , Chen Bor‐Sen , Yao Yu
Published: January 2015

This paper considers the asymptotical synchronization of coupled nonlinear impulsive partial differential systems (PDSs) in complex networks. The cases of both complex networks with fixed topology and switching topology are studied. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasoviskii functional method, sufficient conditions are presented to guarantee the asymptotical synchronization of nonlinear impulsive PDSs, under the cases of fixed topology or switching topology. The effect of the spatial domain is exhibited in these sufficient conditions. Moreover, these sufficient conditions provide a method for selecting a suitable impulsive strategy for the coupled PDSs to achieve the asymptotical synchronization. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the correctness.
Simple Tuning Rules for Integrating Processes with Large Time Delay
Authors: Ajmeri Moina , Ali Ahmad
Published: January 2015

In the present article, controllers of the modified Smith predictor are designed for pure integrating, integrating plus first order and double integrating processes with large time delays. The direct synthesis approach is used to tune the set point tracking controller. Suitable values of the desired closed loop time constant that satisfies both robust stability and robust performance conditions are provided based on extensive simulation studies. The PD controller, which is used for load disturbance rejection, is designed so as to achieve a specified slope (ψ) of the Nyquist curve at the gain crossover frequency. The gain crossover frequency that corresponds to a phase margin of 45 degrees is suggested for all three considered integrating processes. Furthermore, ψ is recommended as 45 degrees for double integrating processes and 90 degrees for pure integrating and integrating plus first order process models. Two simulation examples are considered to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed tuning rules.
Low frequency magnetic field therapy in patients with cytostatic‐induced polyneuropathy: A phase II pilot study
Authors: Geiger Georg , Mikus Eberhard , Dertinger Hermann , Rick Oliver
Published: January 2015

Cytostatic‐induced polyneuropathy (CIPN) is a common and serious toxicity in tumor patients. Treatment and prophylactic measures are mainly ineffective. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a sufficient therapy for pPNP. Between July 2007 and August 2008, 20 patients were treated with low frequency (4–12 Hz) magnetic field therapy (MFT), and neurological examinations were conducted at the trial therapy's beginning, as well as after 3–4 weeks. Standardized testing methods were applied, i.e., the Common Toxicity Criteria questionnaire of the National Cancer Institute and the measurement of nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in the electrophysiological examination. In terms of the components sensory ataxia and neuropathy as well as neuropathic pain, an improvement was achieved using MFT. This effect was confirmed by an increase in NCV. Using low frequency MFT, CIPN was influenced positively on both hands and feet. This could represent a future therapy principle for these patients. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:251–254, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sources of dynamic variability in NF‐κB signal transduction: A mechanistic model
Authors: Mothes Janina , Busse Dorothea , Kofahl Bente , Wolf Jana
Published: January 2015

The transcription factor NF‐κB (p65/p50) plays a central role in the coordination of cellular responses by activating the transcription of numerous target genes. The precise role of the dynamics of NF‐κB signalling in regulating gene expression is still an open question. Here, we show that besides external stimulation intracellular parameters can influence the dynamics of NF‐κB. By applying mathematical modelling and bifurcation analyses, we show that NF‐κB is capable of exhibiting different types of dynamics in response to the same stimulus. We identified the total NF‐κB concentration and the IκBα transcription rate constant as two critical parameters that modulate the dynamics and the fold change of NF‐κB. Both parameters might vary as a result of cell‐to‐cell variability. The regulation of the IκBα transcription rate constant, e.g. by co‐factors, provides the possibility of regulating the NF‐κB dynamics by crosstalk.
Luminescence and energy transfer in Ce3+, Mn2+‐doped K2AEP2O7 (AE = Ca, Sr) phosphor
Authors: Hatwar L. R. , Wankhede S. P. , Moharil S. V. , Muthal P. L. , Dhopte S. M.
Published: January 2015

Pyrophosphates K2AEP2O7 (AE = Ca, Sr) prepared by the classical solid‐state technique and activated with Ce3+ are described. Intense emission was observed in K2AEP2O7 (AE = Ca, Sr). The effect of Mn2+ co‐doping was studied. The broad emission peak of Mn2+ was observed at 534 nm in K2SrP2O7:Ce3+ and at 539 nm in K2CaP2O7:Ce3+, Mn2+. Mn2+ emission was greatly enhanced by addition of the sensitizer Ce3+ due to efficient energy transfer from Ce3+ to Mn2+. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of manganese‐ and manganese‐containing fungicides with lucigenin–Tween‐20‐enhanced chemiluminescence detection
Authors: Yaqoob Mohammad , Asghar Mohammad , Nabi Abdul
Published: January 2015

A flow‐injection (FI) method is reported for the determination of Mn(II), maneb and mancozeb fungicides based on the catalytic effect of Mn(II) on the oxidation of lucigenin and dissolved oxygen in a basic solution. The Tween‐20 surfactant has been reported for first time to enhance lucigenin chemiluminescence (CL) intensity in the presence of Mn(II) (53%) and maneb and mancozeb (89%). The calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range of 0.001–1.5 mg L–1 (R2 = 0.9982 (n = 11) with a limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.1 µg L–1 for Mn(II) and 0.01–3.0 mg L–1 [R2 = 0.9989 and R2 = 0.9992 (n = 6)] with a limit of detection (S/N =3) of 1.0 µg L–1 for maneb and mancozeb respectively. Injection throughputs of 90 and 120 h–1 for Mn(II) and maneb and mancozeb respectively, and relative standard deviations of 1.0–3.4% were obtained in the concentration range studied. The experimental variables, e.g., reagents concentrations, flow rates, sample volume, and photomultiplier tube voltage, were optimized and potential interferences were investigated. The analysis of Mn(II) in river water reference materials (SLRS‐4 and SLRS‐5) showed good agreement with the certified values incorporating an on‐line 8‐hydroxyquinoline chelating column in the manifold for removing interfering metal ions. Recoveries for maneb and mancozeb were in the range of 92 ± 5 to 104 ± 3% and 91 ± 2 to 100 ± 4% (n = 3) respectively. The effect of 30 other pesticides (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) was also examined in the lucigenin–Tween‐20 CL system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.