bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antarctic sub-shelf melt rates via PICO
Authors: Reese Ronja , Albrecht Torsten , Mengel Matthias , Asay-Davis Xylar , Winkelmann Ricarda
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Ocean-induced melting below ice shelves is one of the dominant drivers for mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet at present. An appropriate representation of sub-shelf melt rates is therefore essential for model simulations of marine-based ice sheet evolution. Continental-scale ice sheet models often rely on simple melt-parameterizations, in particular for long-term simulations, when fully coupled ice-ocean interaction becomes computationally too expensive. Such parameterizations can account for the influence of the local depth of the ice-shelf draft or its slope on melting. However, they do not capture the effect of ocean circulation underneath the ice-shelf. Here we present the Potsdam Ice-shelf Cavity mOdel (PICO), which simulates the vertical overturning circulation in ice-shelf cavities and thus enables the computation of sub-shelf melt rates consistent with this circulation. PICO is based on an ocean box model that coarsely resolves ice shelf cavities and uses a boundary layer melt formulation. We implement it as a module of the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) and evaluate its performance under present-day conditions of the Southern Ocean. The two-dimensional melt rate fields provided by the model reproduce the typical pattern of comparably high melting near the grounding line and lower melting or refreezing towards the calving front. PICO captures the wide range of melt rates observed for Antarctic ice shelves, with an average of about 0.1 m a−1 for cold sub-shelf cavities, for example underneath Ross or Ronne ice shelves, to 12 m a−1 for warm cavities such as in the Amundsen Sea region. This makes PICO a computationally-feasible and more physical alternative to melt parameterizations purely based on ice draft geometry.
Creating Community Capacity through Youth Empowerment: A Case Study of Rural Nicaragua
Authors: Millares Forno Carla Andrea , Boren Amy E.
Published: June 2017

Rural youth development in Nicaragua has experienced a rebirth with the re-introduction of 4-H (4-S in Spanish) after nearly two decades in dormancy. This case study explored 4-S through the eyes of 94 young club members, ages 9 to 13. Using sentence completion methods, youth provided insight into the activities they found most interesting and important. Their responses were then compared with the socioeconomic and demographic realities of the youth. Findings reveal deep connections between youth and their communities and culture. Entrepreneurial activities, agriculture, and work were important to the young people, indicating a strong sense of responsibility for contributing to their families and communities. Understanding 4-S members’ interests and ideas can serve local leaders in developing activities that reflect members’ interests and tap into their strengths.
El reverso de las corporaciones hobbesianas: responsabilidad política y conflicto regular
Authors: Rilla Jerónimo
Published: June 2017

El propósito del presente trabajo consiste en explicar por qué Hobbes adopta una perspectiva corporativista para dar cuenta de la dinámica social y política que opera al interior del Leviatán. En concreto, intentaremos demostrar cómo el ordenamiento de la sociedad política en sistemas conducidos por representantes le permite a Hobbes establecer ciertas pautas en el desenvolvimiento de los conflictos públicos, fundamentalmente, la asignación de responsabilidades. A su vez, como hipótesis subsidiaria, argüiremos que el rol de la teoría de la representación es central en la medida en que Hobbes no pretende eliminar la disputa política como tal, sino tan sólo deshacerse de su modalidad irregular.
A Sociolinguistic Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns in Jordanians’ Facebook Status Updates
Authors: Banikalef Ala’Eddin Abdullah Ahmed , Bataineh Khaleel Bader
Published: June 2017

The study investigates the types of speech acts in the status updates posted by young Jordanian Facebookers. The data were elicited from 200 students from two Jordanian universities, Irbid National University and Jadara University. To deal with content analysis data, the researchers created a special scheme based on Searel’s taxonomy. Six speech acts were found in students’ status updates on Facebook: expressive, assertive, directives, God’s invocation, quotation and humor. Also the study findings evidently indicate that the cultural norms and religious background profoundly rooted in all participants can strongly affect their linguistic choices in their native language. It is hoped that the results would help those involved in teaching and learning Arabic as a second/foreign language.
Nomear é trazer à existência: A onomástica (de crianças e de bichos) e os apelidos na produção da pessoa Capuxu
Authors: Sousa Emilene Leite
Published: June 2017

Neste artigo me dedico à análise do sistema de nominação Capuxu e sua importância para a constituição da pessoa, à extensão deste sistema para os animais como revelador das relações que o grupo estabelece com estes e ao sentido dos apelidos, atribuídos pelas crianças. Entre este povo camponês endogâmico do sertão da Paraíba descobri um sistema endonímico, que aliou a transmissão de nomes próprios a um curto leque de possibilidades de sobrenomes, prevalecendo quatro deles para praticamente duzentos habitantes. Este sistema foi paulatinamente substituído por um exonímico. Ainda assim, como esta transformação é recente, para resolver a confusão de nomes e sobrenomes semelhantes, a comunidade elegeu os apelidos, atribuídos pelas crianças e desde a infância, como designadores principais da pessoa. As crianças também exercem um importante papel na onomástica dos animais diluindo as fronteiras entre pessoas e bichos, revelando que há algo nestes que nos remete àquelas.
"Talvez eu não seja um homem" - antropomorfia e monstruosidade no pensamento ameríndio
Authors: Valentim Marco Antonio
Published: June 2017

Em vista do contraste proposto por Viveiros de Castro entre antropocentrismo ocidental e antropomorfismo ameríndio, o ensaio procura problematizar essa segunda noção através do estudo de algumas das etnografias em que se baseia a formulação do “perspectivismo cosmológico”. Para tanto, são analisados (i) variantes conceituais, nem sempre equivalentes, do postulado antropomórfico na obra do antropólogo; e (ii) modos divergentes da diferença ontológica entre humanidade e não-humanidade em algumas cosmologias. Levanta-se a hipótese segundo a qual o perspectivismo ameríndio comporta, em vez de uma concepção unívoca de humanidade, um conflito permanente entre antropomorfia e monstruosidade: uma sabedoria humana, “antropocêntrica”, entendida como crítica cultural da sobrenatureza, contra uma sabedoria extra-humana, teratológica, como crítica sobrenatural da cultura – e vice-versa.
RABELO, Miriam C.M. (2014). Enredos, Feituras e Modos de Cuidado. Dimensões da Vida e da Convivência no Candomblé. Salvador: EDUFBA. 296 p.
Authors: Cruz Alline Torres Dias da
Published: June 2017

Resenha de Enredos, Feituras e Modos de Cuidado. Dimensões da Vida e da Convivência no Candomblé.
ORO, Pedro; STEIL, Carlos e RICKLI, João (orgs). (2012). Transnacionalização religiosa. Fluxos e redes. São Paulo, Terceiro Nome. 202 pp
Authors: Stoll Sandra Jacqueline
Published: June 2017

Resenha de ORO, Pedro; STEIL, Carlos e RICKLI, João (orgs) – Transnacionalização religiosa. Fluxos e redes. São Paulo, Terceiro Nome, 2012. 202 p,
FERREIRA, Luciane Ouriques. 2013. Medicinas indígenas e as políticas da tradição: entre discursos oficiais e vozes indígenas. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Fiocruz; 202 p.
Authors: Araújo Íris Morais
Published: June 2017

Resenha do livro Medicinas indígenas e as políticas da tradição: entre discursos oficiais e vozes indígenas.
MACAGNO, Lorenzo. O dilema multicultural. Curitiba: Ed. UFPR; Rio de Janeiro: Graphia, 2014.
Authors: Barreto Marcus Vinícius
Published: June 2017

Resenha de O dilema multicultural.
Memorial José Avelino: Um lugar de memória para iluminar memórias invisíveis
Authors: Bezerra Daniele Borges , Serres Juliane Conceição Primon
Published: June 2017

Este trabalho é resultado de reflexões no campo da memória e do patrimônio, seguindo uma vertente de estudos multidisciplinares sobre processos de patrimonialização e recebe influência direta dos campos da história e da antropologia visual. Entende-se a fotografia enquanto método e objeto de estudo, mas, sobretudo, como um modo de pensar através de imagens. O método corresponde a uma abordagem fenomenológica e interpretativa baseada na análise do discurso em memoriais criados em lugares marcados por experiências dolorosas. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre a preservação e a transmissão de memórias dolorosas e a manifestação da memória por meio de imagens mentais ou objetuais. As imagens não falam por si, mas possuem o potencial de colocar as memórias em movimento e de fazer circular suas informações.Contudo,é necessário um exercício ético-moral, situado entre empatia e imaginação, que conecte o testemunho em primeira pessoa, possibilitado pela história oral, e a pensatividade das imagens.
Xamanismos de geometria variável na Amazônia
Authors: Chaumeil Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2017

Sobre xamanismos na Amazônia, uma abordagem crítica-contemporânea
EXTENSÃO E EMANCIPAÇÃO NO CONTEXTO DO PROJETO OLHARES SUL RIOGRANDENSES DA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS.
Authors: Pereira Vilmar Alves , Lemos Luciane Oliveira
Published: June 2017

Este texto se propõe a dar vida há uma experiência formativa ocorrida no contexto do Projeto de Extensão Olhares Sul Riograndenses da Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Este projeto foi desenvolvido em pareceria entre a FURG, a Secretaria Municipal da Educação do Rio Grande e a 18ª Coordenadoria de Educação do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O projeto teve financiamento no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Educação de Professores da Educação Básica voltadas a EJA na Diversidade e Inclusão onde realizamos ao longo de 2 anos uma experiência com mais de 180 educadores entre os municípios de São Jose do Norte e o Chuí. Aqui apresentaremos um recorte apenas sobre como trabalhamos as questões referentes ao compromisso político do educador associado às concepções de educação. Dessa forma a Perspectiva crítica freiriana é orientadora de toda essa experiência. Ficou reforçado que a Educação Problematizadora contribui de modo definitivo em processos formativos e emancipatórios na EJA.
Editorial
Authors: Bartelmebs Roberta Chiesa , Ferreira Gabriela Kaiana
Published: June 2017

Para celebrarmos mais uma Edição da Revista Extensão em Foco, que agora está sob nova coordenação, presenteamos os leitores e as leitoras com a rica experiência de uma das pioneiras da Extensão Universitária no Setor Palotina da Universidade Federal do Paraná. A professora Bettina Monika Ruppelt é docente da Universidade Federal do Paraná desde 1997. Foi Vice-Diretora do Setor Palotina, Vice-Diretora do Hospital Veterinário do Setor Palotina  e Coordenadora do Curso de Medicina Veterinária - Palotina. Participou da Comissão de Implantação do Programa de Apoio ao Plano de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais REUNI, no Setor Palotina. Atualmente é professora associada I da Universidade Federal do Paraná, cedida ao Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino da Pró-Reitoria de Extensão da Universidade Federal Fluminense ocupando a função de Chefe do Serviço de Controle de Qualidade do Laboratório. Coordenou o Programa de Extensão Universitária Plantas Medicinais, contemplado com os Editais PROEXT 2011 e 2013. No Edital PROEXT 2013 o Programa Plantas Medicinais foi o primeiro colocado na área da saúde. Nesta entrevista, a professora Betina discorre sobre a importância da extensão universitária, relação ensino-pesquisa-extensão, principais dificuldades e avanços na implementação de ações de extensão.
Physiological changes of pepper accessions in response to salinity and water stress
Authors: López-Serrano Lidia , Penella Consuelo , San Bautista Alberto , López-Galarza Salvador , Calatayud Angeles
Published: June 2017

New sources of water stress and salinity tolerances are needed for crops grown in marginal lands. Pepper is considered one of the most important crops in the world. Many varieties belong to the genus Capsicum spp., and display wide variability in tolerance/sensitivity terms in response to drought and salinity stress. The objective was to screen seven salt/drought-tolerant pepper accessions to breed new cultivars that could overcome abiotic stresses, or be used as new crops in land with water and salinity stress. Fast and effective physiological traits were measured to achieve the objective. The present study showed wide variability of the seven pepper accessions in response to both stresses. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration reduced mainly under salinity due to stomatal and non-stomatal (Na+ accumulation) constraints and, to a lesser extent, in the accessions grown under water stress. A positive relationship between CO2 fixation and fresh weight generation was observed for both stresses. Decreases in Ys and YW and increased proline were observed only when accessions were grown under salinity. However, these factors were not enough to alleviate salt effects and an inverse relation was noted between plant salt tolerance and proline accumulation. Under water stress, A31 was the least affected and A34 showed the best tolerance to salinity in terms of photosynthesis and biomass.
The Impact of Islamic Attributes of Destination on Destination Loyalty via the Mediating Effect of Tourist Satisfaction
Authors: Bazazo Ibrahim , Elyas Tariq , Awawdeh Loay , Faroun Myada , Qawasmeh Sa’ad
Published: June 2017

This study quantifies the associations among Islamic attributes of destination, tourist satisfaction, and destination loyalty. Islamic attributes of destination consists of four dimensions namely worship facilities, halalness, alcohol & gambling free, and Islamic morality. A survey instrument is used to examine the relationships in the proposed model by employing SEM technique. The collected primary data (n=243) from tourists in Aqaba city located in Jordan is conducted to test the relationship between exogenous and endogenous construct expressed in the proposed structural model. The findings revealed that Islamic attributes of destination directly and tourists’ satisfactions have significant impact on destination loyalty, besides tourists’ satisfaction has significant impact on tourists’ destination loyalty. However, as the coefficient of determination (R²) for the research endogenous variables for tourists’ satisfaction, and tourists’ destination loyalty were 0.41, and 0.18 respectively; this study will contribute a better understanding towards Islamic tourism management in Aqaba city.
The Influence of Total Quality Management, Market Orientation and E-Marketing on Hotel Performance
Authors: Bazazo Ibrahim , Alansari Iman , Alquraan Haya , Alzgaybh Yasmeen , Masa’deh Ra’ed
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the associations among total quality management, market orientation, e-marketing, and hotel performance. A survey instrument was used to examine the relationships in the proposed model. The collected primary data (n=191) from different employees in Aqaba hotels located in Jordan is conducted to test the relationship between exogenous and endogenous construct expressed in the proposed structural model. By employing SEM analysis, the findings revealed that e-marketing and market orientation have significant impact on hotel performance, whereas total quality management has not significant impact on it. However, the total quality management found to impact market orientation. In addition, the research will contribute a better understanding of hotel performance antecedents' towards hotels in Aqaba city.
Factors Influencing Continuous Intention to Use of Event Management Electronic Portals in 4 and 5 Star Hotels
Authors: Masa’deh Ra’ed , Al-Badi Ali , Rashaideh Aseel , Abu-Zahra Jaafer , Alsmadi Jamal
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the associations among perceived relative advantages, compatibility, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, and continuous intention to use event management electronic portals in Aqaba 4 and 5 Star hotels. A survey instrument was used to examine the relationships in the proposed model. The collected primary data (n=200) from employees who are familiar with hotels’ event management electronic portals located in Aqaba city is conducted to test the relationship between exogenous and endogenous construct expressed in the proposed structural model. By employing SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis, the findings revealed that while both variables perceived relative advantages and compatibility directly, positively, and significantly impacted perceived usefulness; both variables did not impact perceived enjoyment. Also, perceived ease of use has significant impacts on perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment. In addition, both of perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment found to impact continuous intention to use.
Contextualisation des cinq lois de la bibliothéconomie et du marketing1
Authors: Gupta Dinesh K.
Published: June 2017

Le marketing des bibliothèques et des services d’information constitue une part importante de la bibliothéconomie. Les fondements philosophiques de la bibliothéconomie démontrent d’ailleurs clairement son lien avec le marketing. Dans le présent article, nous décrirons les débuts du marketing et de la bibliothéconomie et présenterons leur développement parallèle d’un point de vue théorique. Les fondations philosophiques de la bibliothéconomie fournissent un bon exemple de marketing pour l’étude de toute autre profession. Les cinq lois de la bibliothéconomie ont fait l’objet d’interprétations diverses. Les arguments fournis mettent en lumière la similarité entre les lois du marketing et celles de la bibliothéconomie, qui se reflète dans l’uniformité des objectifs, dont le point central est l’usager, sur lequel sont axés l’ensemble des ressources organisationnelles, les installations, les services, les règles et procédures, ainsi que les technologies.
Simultaneous measurement of chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and nucleosome phasing in single cells
Authors: Pott Sebastian
Published: June 2017

Gaining insights into the regulatory mechanisms that underlie the transcriptional variation observed between individual cells necessitates the development of methods that measure chromatin organization in single cells. Here I adapted Nucleosome Occupancy and Methylome-sequencing (NOMe-seq) to measure chromatin accessibility and endogenous DNA methylation in single cells (scNOMe-seq). scNOMe-seq recovered characteristic accessibility and DNA methylation patterns at DNase hypersensitive sites (DHSs). An advantage of scNOMe-seq is that sequencing reads are sampled independently of the accessibility measurement. scNOMe-seq therefore controlled for fragment loss, which enabled direct estimation of the fraction of accessible DHSs within individual cells. In addition, scNOMe-seq provided high resolution of chromatin accessibility within individual loci which was exploited to detect footprints of CTCF binding events and to estimate the average nucleosome phasing distances in single cells. scNOMe-seq is therefore well-suited to characterize the chromatin organization of single cells in heterogeneous cellular mixtures.
Poly(A) tail length regulates PABPC1 expression to tune translation in the heart
Authors: Chorghade Sandip , Seimetz Joseph , Emmons Russell , Yang Jing , Bresson Stefan M , Lisio Michael De , Parise Gianni , Conrad Nicholas K , Kalsotra Auinash
Published: June 2017

The rate of protein synthesis in the adult heart is one of the lowest in mammalian tissues, but it increases substantially in response to stress and hypertrophic stimuli through largely obscure mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that regulated expression of cytosolic poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABPC1) modulates protein synthetic capacity of the mammalian heart. We uncover a poly(A) tail-based regulatory mechanism that dynamically controls PABPC1 protein synthesis in cardiomyocytes and thereby titrates cellular translation in response to developmental and hypertrophic cues. Our findings identify PABPC1 as a direct regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and define a new paradigm of gene regulation in the heart, where controlled changes in poly(A) tail length influence mRNA translation.
Organ sculpting by patterned extracellular matrix stiffness
Authors: Crest Justin , Diz-Muñoz Alba , Chen Dong-Yuan , Fletcher Daniel A , Bilder David
Published: June 2017

How organ-shaping mechanical imbalances are generated is a central question of morphogenesis, with existing paradigms focusing on asymmetric force generation within cells. We show here that organs can be sculpted instead by patterning anisotropic resistance within their extracellular matrix (ECM). Using direct biophysical measurements of elongating Drosophila egg chambers, we document robust mechanical anisotropy in the ECM-based basement membrane (BM) but not in the underlying epithelium. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) on wild-type BM in vivo reveals an anterior–posterior (A–P) symmetric stiffness gradient, which fails to develop in elongation-defective mutants. Genetic manipulation shows that the BM is instructive for tissue elongation and the determinant is relative rather than absolute stiffness, creating differential resistance to isotropic tissue expansion. The stiffness gradient requires morphogen-like signaling to regulate BM incorporation, as well as planar-polarized organization to homogenize it circumferentially. Our results demonstrate how fine mechanical patterning in the ECM can guide cells to shape an organ.
Parallel evolution of influenza across multiple spatiotemporal scales
Authors: Xue Katherine S , Stevens-Ayers Terry , Campbell Angela P , Englund Janet A , Pergam Steven A , Boeckh Michael , Bloom Jesse D
Published: June 2017

Viral variants that arise in the global influenza population begin as de novo mutations in single infected hosts, but the evolutionary dynamics that transform within-host variation to global genetic diversity are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that influenza evolution within infected humans recapitulates many evolutionary dynamics observed at the global scale. We deep-sequence longitudinal samples from four immunocompromised patients with long-term H3N2 influenza infections. We find parallel evolution across three scales: within individual patients, in different patients in our study, and in the global influenza population. In hemagglutinin, a small set of mutations arises independently in multiple patients. These same mutations emerge repeatedly within single patients and compete with one another, providing a vivid clinical example of clonal interference. Many of these recurrent within-host mutations also reach a high global frequency in the decade following the patient infections. Our results demonstrate surprising concordance in evolutionary dynamics across multiple spatiotemporal scales.
Structure and in situ organisation of the Pyrococcus furiosus archaellum machinery
Authors: Daum Bertram , Vonck Janet , Bellack Annett , Chaudhury Paushali , Reichelt Robert , Albers Sonja-Verena , Rachel Reinhard , Kühlbrandt Werner
Published: June 2017

The archaellum is the macromolecular machinery that Archaea use for propulsion or surface adhesion, enabling them to proliferate and invade new territories. The molecular composition of the archaellum and of the motor that drives it appears to be entirely distinct from that of the functionally equivalent bacterial flagellum and flagellar motor. Yet, the structure of the archaellum machinery is scarcely known. Using combined modes of electron cryo-microscopy (cryoEM), we have solved the structure of the Pyrococcus furiosus archaellum filament at 4.2 Å resolution and visualise the architecture and organisation of its motor complex in situ. This allows us to build a structural model combining the archaellum and its motor complex, paving the way to a molecular understanding of archaeal swimming motion.
Olfactory receptor neurons use gain control and complementary kinetics to encode intermittent odorant stimuli
Authors: Gorur-Shandilya Srinivas , Demir Mahmut , Long Junjiajia , Clark Damon A , Emonet Thierry
Published: June 2017

Insects find food and mates by navigating odorant plumes that can be highly intermittent, with intensities and durations that vary rapidly over orders of magnitude. Much is known about olfactory responses to pulses and steps, but it remains unclear how olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) detect the intensity and timing of natural stimuli, where the absence of scale in the signal makes detection a formidable olfactory task. By stimulating Drosophila ORNs in vivo with naturalistic and Gaussian stimuli, we show that ORNs adapt to stimulus mean and variance, and that adaptation and saturation contribute to naturalistic sensing. Mean-dependent gain control followed the Weber-Fechner relation and occurred primarily at odor transduction, while variance-dependent gain control occurred at both transduction and spiking. Transduction and spike generation possessed complementary kinetic properties, that together preserved the timing of odorant encounters in ORN spiking, regardless of intensity. Such scale-invariance could be critical during odor plume navigation.
A tail of translational regulation
Authors: Gray Gillian A , Gray Nicola K
Published: June 2017

An RNA-binding protein called PABPC1 has an important role in determining protein synthesis rates and hypertrophy in the heart.
Serpent Symbolism in Vepsian Incantations
Authors: Vinokurova Irina
Published: June 2017

Incantations are a little known and virtually unstudied genre of Vepsian folklore. About 35 incantations devoted to snakes were derived from published sources, as well as from archival and field materials. These texts formed the basis for the present study. An inherent feature of most Vepsian incantations is the listing of the kinds of snakes differing in coloration. During the study, 23 texts where snake colours are mentioned were found. Their analysis indicates that all texts mention, usually in the first place, the black colour - 23 occurrences, the second and third positions occupied by the motley (22) or grey (17) coloration.
Quantifying the human vaginal community state types (CSTs) with the species specificity index
Authors: Ma Zhanshan (Sam) , Li Lianwei
Published: June 2017

The five community state types (CSTs) first identified by Ravel et al. (2011) offered a powerful scheme to classify the states of human vaginal microbial communities (HVMC). The classification is a significant advance because it devised an effective handle to deal with the enormous inter-subject heterogeneity and/or intra-subject temporal variability, the quantification of which is extremely difficult but of critical importance such as the understanding of BV (bacterial vaginosis) etiology. Indeed, arguably the most plausible ecological hypothesis for interpreting the BV etiology heavily depends on the CST classification (Gajer et al., 2012; Ma, Forney & Ravel, 2012; Ravel et al., 2011). Nevertheless, the current form of CSTs is still qualitative and lacks a quantitative criterion to determine the CSTs. In this article, we develop a quantitative tool that can reliably distinguish the CSTs by applying the species specificity of Mariadassou, Pichon & Ebert (2015) and the specificity aggregation index (SAI) we propose in this study. The new tool accurately characterized the classifications of the five CSTs with both 400-crosssectional cohort (Ravel et al., 2011) and 32-longitudinal cohort (Gajer et al., 2012) studies originally utilized to develop the CST scheme. Furthermore, it offers a mechanistic interpretation of the original CST scheme by invoking the paradigm of specificity continuum for species adaptation and distribution. The advances we made may not only facilitate the accurate applications of the CST scheme, but also offer hints towards an effective tool for microbiome typing such as classifying gut enterotypes.
Microplasma-assisted hydrogel fabrication: A novel method for gelatin-graphene oxide nano composite hydrogel synthesis for biomedical application
Authors: Satapathy Mantosh Kumar , Chiang Wei-Hung , Chuang Er-Yuan , Chen Chih-Hwa , Liao Jia-Liang , Huang Huin-Ning
Published: June 2017

Toxicity issues and biocompatibility concerns with traditional classical chemical cross-linking processes prevent them from being universal approaches for hydrogel fabrication for tissue engineering. Physical cross-linking methods are non-toxic and widely used to obtain cross-linked polymers in a tunable manner. Therefore, in the current study, argon micro-plasma was introduced as a neutral energy source for cross-linking in fabrication of the desired gelatin-graphene oxide (gel-GO) nanocomposite hydrogel scaffolds. Argon microplasma was used to treat purified gelatin (8% w/v) containing 0.1∼1 wt% of high-functionality nano-graphene oxide (GO). Optimized plasma conditions (2,500 V and 8.7 mA) for 15 min with a gas flow rate of 100 standard cm3/min was found to be most suitable for producing the gel-GO nanocomposite hydrogels. The developed hydrogel was characterized by the degree of cross-linking, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, confocal microscopy, swelling behavior, contact angle measurement, and rheology. The cell viability was examined by an MTT assay and a live/dead assay. The pore size of the hydrogel was found to be 287 ± 27 µm with a contact angle of 78° ± 3.7°. Rheological data revealed improved storage as well as a loss modulus of up to 50% with tunable viscoelasticity, gel strength, and mechanical properties at 37 °C temperature in the microplasma-treated groups. The swelling behavior demonstrated a better water-holding capacity of the gel-GO hydrogels for cell growth and proliferation. Results of the MTT assay, microscopy, and live/dead assay exhibited better cell viability at 1% (w/w) of high-functionality GO in gelatin. The highlight of the present study is the first successful attempt of microplasma-assisted gelatin-GO nano composite hydrogel fabrication that offers great promise and optimism for further biomedical tissue engineering applications.
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
Authors: Bennett Milton J.
Published: June 2017

The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) created by Milton J. Bennett is a grounded theory based on constructivist perception and communication theory. It assumes that the experience of reality is constructed through perception, and that more complex perceptual categories yield more complex (sophisticated) experience. Specifically, the DMIS assumes that we are constructing boundaries of “self” and “other” in ways that guide our experience of intercultural events. The most ethnocentric construction, Denial, is one wherein only vague categories of “other” are available for perceiving people from different cultural contexts. At the other end of the continuum, the most ethnorelative construction of Integration supposes that complex self/other categories are incorporated into one's personal identity and into decision‐making regarding ethicality in multicultural relations. This entry describes the theory and application of the DMIS to diagnosis and intervention, including some discussion of measuring intercultural sensitivity and the main criticisms of the model and its measurement.
Composite embedded cubature Kalman filter
Authors: Meng Dong , Miao Lingjuan , Shao Haijun
Published: June 2017

The embedded cubature Kalman filter (ECKF) is proven as a kind of algorithm that has higher precision than cubature Kalman filter. Based on the ECKF, a new algorithm, named composite ECKF (CECKF), is presented in this paper. The new CECKF can increase filter precision by means of reusing the embedded cubature rule in the process of numerical approximation, which can realize higher precision than ECKF in theory. At the same time, another new algorithm, named adaptive CECKF, is also put forward by introducing an adaptive method based on CECKF. Through the comparison of simulation, the proposed methods are able to enhance filter precision.
Towards In Vivo Tumor Detection Using Polarization and Wavelength Characteristics of Self‐Assembled Gold Nanorods
Authors: Hou Ke , Fixler Dror , Han Bing , Shi Lin , Feder Idit , Duadi Hamootal , Wang Xiaoli , Tang Zhiyong
Published: June 2017

This work suggests a novel concept for sensing the back‐reflected and absorbed light at two polarization states and at several wavelengths based on self‐assembled gold nanorods (SGNs). While the SGNs are flowing in the bloodstream, the reflected light has a low degree of polarization at the specific wavelength. In comparison, when the SGNs are not moving, such as when the SGNs are located in a tumor, the reflected light has a high degree of polarization. Impressively, the SGNs structures further display a considerably improved contrast in the diffusion reflection (DR) system. Such characteristics provide a new strategy for possible in vivo detection of a tumor with enhanced resolution.
Experimental warming alters migratory caribou forage quality
Authors: Zamin Tara J. , Côté Steeve D. , Tremblay Jean‐Pierre , Grogan Paul
Published: June 2017

Global declines in caribou and reindeer (Rangifer) populations have drawn attention to the myriad of stressors that these Arctic and boreal forest herbivores currently face. Arctic warming has resulted in increased tundra shrub growth and therefore Rangifer forage quantity. However, its effects on forage quality have not yet been addressed although they may be critical to Rangifer body condition and fecundity. We investigated the impact of 8 yrs of summer warming on the quality of forage available to the Bathurst caribou herd using experimental greenhouses (n = 5) located in mesic birch hummock tundra in the central Canadian Low Arctic. Leaf forage quality and digestibility characteristics associated with nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), phenolics, and fiber were measured on the deciduous shrub Betula glandulosa (an important Rangifer diet component) at six time points through the growing season, and on five other very common vascular plant and lichen species in late summer. Experimental warming reduced B. glandulosa leaf nitrogen concentrations by ~10% in both late June and mid‐July, but not afterwards. It also reduced late summer forage quality of the graminoid Eriophorum vaginatum by increasing phenolic concentrations 38%. Warming had mixed effects on forage quality of the lichen Cetraria cucullata in that it increased nutrient concentrations and tended to decrease fiber contents, but it also increased phenolics. Altogether, these warming‐induced changes in forage quality over the growing season, and response differences among species, highlight the importance of Rangifer adaptability in diet selection. Furthermore, the early season reduction in B. glandulosa nitrogen content is a particular concern given the importance of this time for calf growth. Overall, our demonstration of the potential for significant warming impacts on forage quality at critical times for these animals underscores the importance of effective Rangifer range conservation to ensure sufficient appropriate habitat to support adaptability in forage selection in a rapidly changing environment.
Spinal Cord Injury Pain Instrument and painDETECT questionnaire: Convergent construct validity in individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Franz S. , Schuld C. , Wilder‐Smith E.P. , Heutehaus L. , Lang S. , Gantz S. , Schuh‐Hofer S. , Treede R.‐D. , Bryce T.N. , Wang H. , Weidner N.
Published: June 2017

Background

Neuropathic pain (NeuP) is a frequent sequel of spinal cord injury (SCI). The SCI Pain Instrument (SCIPI) was developed as a SCI‐specific NeuP screening tool. A preliminary validation reported encouraging results requiring further evaluation in terms of psychometric properties. The painDETECT questionnaire (PDQ), a commonly applied NeuP assessment tool, was primarily validated in German, but not specifically developed for SCI and not yet validated according to current diagnostic guidelines. We aimed to provide convergent construct validity and to identify the optimal item combination for the SCIPI. The PDQ was re‐evaluated according to current guidelines with respect to SCI‐related NeuP.

Methods

Prospective monocentric study. Subjects received a neurological examination according to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI. After linguistic validation of the SCIPI, the IASP‐grading system served as reference to diagnose NeuP, accompanied by the PDQ after its re‐evaluation as binary classifier. Statistics were evaluated through ROC‐analysis, with the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) as optimality criterion. The SCIPI was refined by systematic item permutation.

Results

Eighty‐eight individuals were assessed with the German SCIPI. Of 127 possible combinations, a 4‐item‐SCIPI (cut‐off‐score = 1.5/sensitivity = 0.864/specificity = 0.839) was identified as most reasonable. The SCIPI showed a strong correlation (rsp = 0.76) with PDQ. ROC‐analysis of SCIPI/PDQ (AUROC = 0.877) revealed comparable results to SCIPI/IASP (AUROC = 0.916). ROC‐analysis of PDQ/IASP delivered a score threshold of 10.5 (sensitivity = 0.727/specificity = 0.903).

Conclusion

The SCIPI is a valid easy‐to‐apply NeuP screening tool in SCI. The PDQ is recommended as complementary NeuP assessment tool in SCI, e.g. to monitor pain severity and/or its time‐dependent course.

Significance

In SCI‐related pain, both SCIPI and PainDETECT show strong convergent construct validity versus the current IASP‐grading system. SCIPI is now optimized from a 7‐item to an easy‐to‐apply 4‐item screening tool in German and English. We provided evidence that the scope for PainDETECT can be expanded to individuals with SCI.
Disciplinary Literacy in Engineering
Authors: Wilson‐Lopez Amy , Minichiello Angela
Published: June 2017

People who practice engineering can make a difference through designing products, procedures, and systems that improve people's quality of life. Literacy, including the interpretation, evaluation, critique, and production of texts and representations, is important throughout the engineering design process. In this commentary, the authors outline texts and interpretive frameworks that are common to each stage of the engineering design process as it is defined by the Next Generation Science Standards. The authors describe how disciplinary literacy can also account for students’ home languages and local bodies of knowledge, in addition to these engineering design standards. Finally, they conclude with a vision of disciplinary literacy as a tool to promote equity by rigorously supporting diverse students through the process of critiquing designs in society and creating ethical and equitable designs.
More Than 1,000 Words: Cover Judging in an Era of Multimodality
Authors: Garcia Antero
Published: June 2017

This forum reviews high‐interest young adult literature and adult texts. Exploring both print‐based and multimodal works, this column considers all kinds of texts that are encountered by contemporary readers, considering how the texts challenge and are challenged by readers.
Theoretical implications of quantitative properties of interval timing and probability estimation in mouse and rat
Authors: Kheifets Aaron , Freestone David , Gallistel C.R.
Published: June 2017

In three experiments with mice (
Mus musculus
) and rats (Rattus norvigicus), we used a switch paradigm to measure quantitative properties of the interval‐timing mechanism. We found that: 1) Rodents adjusted the precision of their timed switches in response to changes in the interval between the short and long feed latencies (the temporal goalposts). 2) The variability in the timing of the switch response was reduced or unchanged in the face of large trial‐to‐trial random variability in the short and long feed latencies. 3) The adjustment in the distribution of switch latencies in response to changes in the relative frequency of short and long trials was sensitive to the asymmetry in the Kullback–Leibler divergence. The three results suggest that durations are represented with adjustable precision, that they are timed by multiple timers, and that there is a trial‐by‐trial (episodic) record of feed latencies in memory.
List coloring digraphs
Authors: Bensmail Julien , Harutyunyan Ararat , Le Ngoc Khang
Published: June 2017

The dichromatic number of a digraph D is the least number k such that the vertex set of D can be partitioned into k parts each of which induces an acyclic subdigraph. Introduced by Neumann‐Lara in 1982, this digraph invariant shares many properties with the usual chromatic number of graphs and can be seen as the natural analog of the graph chromatic number. In this article, we study the list dichromatic number of digraphs, giving evidence that this notion generalizes the list chromatic number of graphs. We first prove that the list dichromatic number and the dichromatic number behave the same in many contexts, such as in small digraphs (by proving a directed version of Ohba's conjecture), tournaments, and random digraphs. We then consider bipartite digraphs, and show that their list dichromatic number can be as large as . We finally give a Brooks‐type upper bound on the list dichromatic number of digon‐free digraphs.
Impurity control in high performance multicrystalline silicon
Authors: Stokkan Gaute , Marisa Di Sabatino , Søndenå Rune , Juel Mari , Autruffe Antoine , Adamczyk Krzysztof , Skarstad Hanna Vaksvik , Ekstrøm Kai Erik , Wiig Marie Syre , You Chang Chuan , Haug Halvard , M‘Hamdi Mohammed
Published: June 2017

We report results from a national project about impurities in high performance multicrystalline silicon: Contamination sources, transport routes, interaction with crystal defects and impact on solar cell efficiency parameters. Several ingots were produced in a lab scale furnace. Growth parameters and crucible types were varied, and high purity quartz crucibles were compared to novel silicon nitride crucibles. The material was characterized by a range of methods including FTIR, GDMS, NAA, EBSD, dislocation etching, lifetime analysis. Wafers were processed, and lifetime was measured during the cell processing to analyse the effect of separate processing steps. Models were constructed to simulate the impurity transport during the crystallization. The diffusivity in quartz and silicon nitride crucibles required in the modelling is not generally known, and experiments were performed to evaluate them. Variations in dislocation density have the strongest impact on lifetime, even for this high quality material. The quartz crucible has the highest contamination potential, but the uncertainty in diffusion parameters makes it difficult to conclude if this potential is reached, and for which elements. We therefore make an overview showing which value of the diffusion coefficient shift the contamination dominance between feedstock/crucible/coating. The use of high purity crucibles enables comparable or even higher lifetime material to be made in lab scale compared to industrial settings. Our results indicate that a thin layer of higher purity, lower porosity quartz on the inside of the crucible can be an effective method to transfer this improvement to industrial conditions. The cell processing indicates that the diffusion/gettering sequence profoundly decreases the lifetime by rendering the random high angle grain boundaries electrically active. However, this effect is reversed after firing of the anti‐reflective coating, when the remaining active defects are dislocation clusters and CSL boundaries. Silicon nitride crucibles appear to be a promising low oxygen alternative to traditional quartz crucibles in terms of purity.
Educating young adults to be work‐ready in Ireland and the United Kingdom: A review of programmes and outcomes
Authors: Symonds Jennifer E. , O'Sullivan Carmel
Published: June 2017

Across Europe, young adult unemployment remains an important issue. Those who have grown up in contexts of social and educational disadvantage can find it particularly difficult to find work. In response, governments, charitable foundations and in the rare case, researchers, have developed programmes of training and work‐based learning to help them enter the workforce. These programmes aim to improve the young adults’ work‐readiness (also known as work‐preparedness or career‐readiness), which can be viewed as a set of competencies including career motivation, basic skills, job‐specific skills, higher‐order thinking skills, social skills and personal characteristics and attitude. Despite a growing literature on these competencies, major work‐readiness programmes in Ireland and the UK are documented as trying to get young people into work quickly, rather than on enhancing their work‐readiness thereby improving human capital. We examine this issue by reviewing work‐readiness programmes’ designs and outcomes, in relation to conceptualisations of work‐readiness and Elder's () life‐course theory. In doing so we provide detail on how programmes connect to the socio‐historical context, operate in relation to the school‐to‐work transition, impact young people through networks of linked lives and influence their agency in young adulthood and opportunity for cumulative agency throughout the life course.
Context and Implications Document for: Educating young adults to be work‐ready in Ireland and the United Kingdom: A review of programmes and outcomes
Authors: Symonds Jennifer E. , O'Sullivan Carmel
Published: June 2017

This guide accompanies the following article: Symonds, J. E. & O'Sullivan (2017) Educating young adults to be work‐ready in Ireland and the United Kingdom: A review of programmes and outcomes. Review of Education, https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3099
Studies on damping behavior of vertically mixed structures with upper steel and lower concrete substructures
Authors: Lu Zheng , He Xiangdong , Zhou Ying
Published: June 2017

This paper presents 2 models to simulate the damping behavior of a 12‐story vertically mixed structure with upper steel and lower concrete substructures (S/RC structure). One is the modal strain energy damping model based on modal damping ratio. The other is the assembled Rayleigh damping model based on damping matrix that is obtained by combining Rayleigh damping matrix of steel components with that of concrete ones. Then a 12‐story S/RC frame and a 12‐story RC frame are designed and used for shaking table test. Based on the test, the expressions for the damping behavior of steel and concrete substructures of the S/RC frame are derived, and these expressions are utilized to form 2 different damping models of the S/RC structure separately. By comparing the damping behavior of the 2 models in analysis with what has been identified in the tests, the feasibility of the 2 models are assessed in both frequency domain and time domain. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the assembled Rayleigh damping model is not applicable to conventional modal analysis because of its nonproportional characteristics. However, the modal strain energy damping model based on equivalence of the dissipated modal strain energy of structure, which embodies the essence of damping, can give better predictions on damping behavior of the S/RC frame in both time and frequency domains. Finally, some suggestions are put forward on the selection of damping parameters in practical seismic design for vertically mixed structures.