bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law or Aspiration? The European Union Proposal for a Labour Standards Clause in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
Authors: Gruni Giovanni
Published: March 2022

On the 6th of November 2015 the European Commission unveiled a proposal for the inclusion in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) of a clause dedicated to sustainable development which also refers to several international labour law instruments. The European Commission defined the proposal as ‘the most ambitious provisions ever put forward on these issues to any trading partner’. The claimed main purpose of the operation is to ensure that high standards for labour are upheld both in the European Union (EU) and the United States. This short contribution challenges this institutional understanding of the clause highlighting several substantive weaknesses of the proposal. The article shows that the TTIP proposal contains considerably fewer labour standards than what EU Member States have to respect under public international law. In addition, the clause presents some legal weaknesses which limit its capacity to uphold labour standards among the parties to the agreement.
The Failure of the Troika to Measure the Impact of the Economic Adjustment Programmes on the Vulnerable
Authors: O’Gorman Roderic
Published: March 2022

The economic adjustment programmes for Ireland, Portugal, Greece and Cyprus were based on a range of legal measures and economic policy documents. In each programme, the concept of ‘monitoring the impact of the programme measures on the vulnerable’ was expressed, though in different formats. Based on research undertaken on the quarterly reviews compiled by the Troika missions to each of the four bail-out states, this article demonstrates that an inconsistent approach was taken to the monitoring of the impact of the programme measures on vulnerable groups and that statistical information was used in a haphazard manner. The legal consequences of this failure to adequately undertake statistical monitoring is examined in the context of challenges mounted to aspects of some of the bailout programmes before the European Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Social Rights. The article highlights how information concerning the impact on the vulnerable was accessible through the Union’s longstanding commitment to provide statistical data through Eurostat and the specific availability of figures on social deprivation through the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
The Chapeau: Stringent Threshold or Good Faith Requirement
Authors: Riffel Christian
Published: March 2022

The international trading order has lately come under increased pressure: the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) struggles to pass ratification; the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations are stalled; and the Trans- Pacific Partnership (TPP) has been downsized. The overarching issue is to find the right balance between trade liberalization, on the one hand, and non-trade values, on the other hand. Critics of the current system point out that the law as it stands emphasizes excessive trade liberalization to the detriment of the regulatory autonomy of national lawmakers. The author submits that the key clause affecting the entire system is the introductory clause of the general exceptions: the chapeau. This clause also features in free trade agreements (FTAs) and international investment agreements, as it is common practice to draw on the language of the WTO Agreement. The interpretative conflict pivots around two extremes: On one end of the spectrum, the chapeau is read as a stringent threshold requirement, thus reducing the policy space of states to regulate public welfare matters. On the other end, the chapeau reaffirms the tenet of good faith, which guides the performance of every treaty in any event. The author argues that the meaning of the chapeau should be clarified by negotiators in future FTAs, such as RCEP, with a view to curtailing its restrictive clout while maintaining its potential to promote good governance, notably administrative due process, and advances a concrete proposal to this effect.
Brexit and Implications for the Free Movement of Capital
Authors: Mukwiri Jonathan
Published: March 2022

One misleading mantra in the Brexit debate is that the EU’s single market freedoms were inseparable. This article takes a micro-legal research approach in examining the question: to what extent would free movement of capital be available to the UK when the UK leaves the EU’s single market? The free movement of capital is the only one of the EU’s fundamental freedoms that extends beyond Member States to also apply to third countries. Like other fundamental freedoms, it extends beyond equal treatment to require market access. This article argues that free movement of capital would still be available to the UK post-Brexit, as all restrictions to free movement of capital are prohibited unless justified under EU law. It argues that as long as the post-Brexit legal context in the UK remains comparable with that of the EU, the justifiable derogations to free movement of capital would not apply against the UK. Thus, the mantra that the EU’s single market freedoms were inseparable is misleading.
Approaching Judgment Day: The Influence of Brexit on the EU Pharmaceutical Framework
Authors: Kohnstamm N. M.
Published: March 2022

Though the plans for Brexit keep changing daily at the time of writing of this article, it seems useful to identify and discuss the differences between various types of EU trade agreements with third countries as possible models for a future EU–UK relationship, whatever the outcome. At some point after all the political drama, civil servants and negotiators will need to get down to business and find practical solutions for the new situation. This article examines the impact of such a transition on the integrated EU pharmaceutical industry. First, a state of play chapter details the EU and UK legislation regarding Brexit, possible future agreements and an overview of the pharmaceutical regulatory framework. The focus of the analysis itself is the level of participation in the European Medicine Association on the basis of a European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement (Norway), a Bilateral Agreement (Switzerland), and a Free Trade Agreement (Canada). Within this framework, key regulatory complications of the EU pharmaceutical framework (Market Authorization, Research & Development and Safety Monitoring) are investigated. Finally, the article demonstrates some of the dilemmas and diverging demands of the EU and UK as new trading partners in the pharmaceutical sector.
Enforcement Practice Under Preferential Trade Agreements: Environmental Consultations and Submissions on Environmental Enforcement Matters in the US-Peru TPA
Authors: Pacheco Restrepo Yilly Vanessa
Published: March 2022

The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA), in force since 2009 contains an environment chapter and a particular Annex on Forest Sector Governance with strong provisions to tackle trade associated with illegal logging and to promote legal trade in timber products. Both the Chapter and the Annex are subject to governmental environmental consultations, linked to the Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the TPA. Additionally, the treaty grants the right to file a submission to any person when a Party is failing to effectively enforce its environmental laws, with a Secretariat created just in 2015. As a result, three files have been already submitted against Peru seeking the implementation of (1) an international environmental agreement, (2) the national environmental law and, (3) a provision of the Annex of the TPA. On the latest, furthermore, the US Government requesting in January 2019 the first consultations on environmental matters involving forest issues under a TPA.
Similar, Therefore Different: Judicial Review of Another Unconventional Monetary Policy in Weiss (C-493/17)
Authors: Van Der Sluis Marijn
Published: March 2022

In Weiss, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) was asked again by the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) to examine the legality of an unconventional monetary policy measure of the European Central Bank (ECB). The Court upheld the Public Sector Purchases Program (PSPP) using largely the same legal tests for government bond purchases as set out in its previous ruling. This case note argues that Weiss nevertheless signals a further unwillingness of the Court to strictly review the actions of the ECB, as the Court refrained from examining the actual effects and implementation of this unconventional measure. Even though the Court clarifies some legal issues surrounding the review of actions of the ECB, it shies away from offering a broader perspective on its own role in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).
Member States in the EU Economic Constitution: Rule of Law Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Van Cleynenbreugel Pieter
Published: March 2022

The rule of law has become a hotly debated issue at EU level recently. What appears to be missing in those debates, however, is attention to the peculiarities the rule of law presents in the setup of the EU’s economic constitutional framework. The founding EU Treaties have put in place such framework permitting Member States’ diversified (capitalist) economies to grow ever closer. At the same time, however, that framework has also continuously given rise to specific rule of law challenges. This diagnostic article revisits and summarizes those challenges, arguing that addressing them is more than ever necessary if only to increase the EU’s legitimacy in targeting more general rule of law deficiencies in some of its own Member States.
CETA and the External Autonomy of the EU Legal Order: Risk Regulation as a Test
Authors: Leonelli Giulia Claudia
Published: March 2022

This article endeavours to assess whether the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (‘ISDS’) mechanism established under the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (‘CETA’) may in fact undermine the external autonomy of the EU legal order, arguing that in Opinion 1/17 the Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’) has lowered the bar in its analysis of compatibility with this principle. After a brief overview of the notion of external autonomy the article turns to an analysis of the CETA Opinion, arguing that the CJEU confined itself to a formal scrutiny of the relevant textual provisions and failed to thoroughly explore the impact that CETA’s ISDS mechanism is liable to have in practice. The article then deploys two hypothetical scenarios, both involving the field of EU risk regulation. These will show how CETA Tribunals might indirectly interpret EU law as a matter of law and how, when assessing whether an EU measure breaches CETA, they might encroach on the EU determination of the adequate level of protection of public interests. Against this backdrop, the article argues that CETA’s ISDS system is liable to undermine the uniform and consistent interpretation and application of EU law. Further, CETA Tribunals might de facto bind the CJEU in its interpretation of EU law and influence other EU institutions in the exercise of their powers.

CETA, ISDS, External Autonomy, Achmea, Risk Regulation, GMOs, Health and Environmental Protection.
The EU Market in Times of a Global State of Emergency: Internal and External Trade Barriers in the Age of Pandemics
Authors: Mariani Paola
Published: March 2022

This article explores the immediate reaction of the EU and its Member States to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Europe in terms of trade restrictions. Almost all Member States adopted export control measures on personal protective equipment (PPE) essential to combat the pandemic in order to preserve it for the domestic market. The trade barriers affected the intra-EU trade as well as the external trade with third countries. The article explores whether and to what extent these restrictive measures on exports within the internal market may be justified on grounds of the protection of health and life of humans, as allowed by Article 36 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). It will be argued that the consolidated case law justifying a Member State facing health emergencies to adopt restrictive measures to protect the population on its territory is not suitable in case of pandemics. The degree of market integration and the rising concept of health solidarity as an EU objective allow a different interpretation of the health exception assuming as term of reference the whole EU population. The article further analyses the export authorization scheme adopted by the Commission to allow restrictions on exports of PPE to third countries in case of shortages in essential goods in the Union. The article concludes by suggesting a preventive EU mechanism of control of intra-EU export restrictions in case of serious cross-border threats to health, similar to the export authorization scheme for extra EU exports, in order to avoid unilateral and disjointed responses by Member States in the future.

COVID-19 crisis, European Union response, Export control measures, Public health exception to free movement of goods, Member States general interest, Health solidarity in the EU, External trade restrictions, Export authorization schemes.
O Recurso à Arbitragem no Entendimento de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC
Authors: de Andrade Thalis Ryan
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The arbitration recourse in WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding has been invoked several times over these 13 years of WTO existence. This fact should be due to the old mechanism of arbitration has been explicitly regulated in the 1994 Uruguay Round results. In this way, despite voluntary implementation of the decisions by the States still is a very delicate issue, it is important to understand the role that this specific jurisdictional mechanism is capable. For this task, will be analyzed the rules of Disputes Settlement Understanding as a whole, detailing, especially, the arbitration recourse in this agreement. Understanding the issue, can be concluded, the reasons why arbitration has obtained success in prodigious task of leading the States to respect the reports adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body.
Adaptação, pelos Árbitros, dos Contratos de Parceria Público-Privada (PPP)
Authors: Garcia-Duran Patricia
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: Several long-term contracts contain hardship or equivalent clauses which foresee that, periodically, or in case that a change in the original economic circumstances causes an imbalance to the contractual obligations, the parties should renegotiate certain essential elements of the agreement, in order to adapt it to the new circumstances. However, the vast majority of these contracts do not establish which are the consequences of a failure of the negotiations between the parties. In light of the public interest involved in the performance of Public-Private Partnership contracts, it is worth considering whether an arbitrator could, upon request of the parties, and in case of failure of the parties' negotiations, adapt the contract to new economic circumstances. Some commentators and case law recognise the power of the arbitrators to adapt the contractual provisions, others simply deny it. However, these opinions and decisions somehow convert, since they all establish that arbitrators can adapt a contract when they are expressly authorised by the interested parties. The possibility of including such an express authorization in a contract must be evaluated in view of the applicable law. In Public-Private Partnership contracts, this requirement is even more relevant.
O Procedimento Cautelar Pré-Arbitral da CCI
Authors: Lima Leandro Rigueira Rennó
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: Em 1990, a CCI apresentou aos usuários do comércio internacional o Regulamento do Procedimento Cautelar Pré-arbitral. Trata-se de um mecanismo que permite às partes o recurso a um terceiro "habilitado a determinar medidas visando à resolução de um problema urgente". Em 2003, após uma decisão da Corte de Apelação de Paris, por meio da qual ela se pronunciou a respeito da natureza jurídica da "determinação cautelar" do "terceiro determinador", a doutrina francesa se dividiu. De um lado, os adeptos de uma natureza arbitral e jurisdicional e, do outro, os defensores de sua natureza con­vencional. Mais que um simples debate jurídico, trata-se de saber se essa "determinação" pode ser executada ou anulada diante do juiz estatal.
Arbitragem e Direito Público
Authors: Salla Ricardo Medina
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The article addresses the use of arbitration by the Public Administration. It initially seeks to raise and clarify basic arbitrability issues by interpreting the section 1 of the Law 9.307/1996, and by looking into other legal aspects, including constitutional issues related to the subject. After this first approach, the article refers to arbitration characteristics, whenever it is validly used to solve conflicts derived from administrative contracts. At this point, the article reflects upon some arbitral tools, such as confidentiality, equity, flexibility to choose the procedure's language and seat.
How U.S. Courts Can Assist You with Your Arbitration Proceeding in Brazil
Authors: Fellas John
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The article discusses three US statutes that enable parties to arbitration proceedings sited outside of the US to seek the assistance of US courts in aid of those proceedings. The first relates to the taking of evidence located in the US for use in an international arbitration proceeding (US federal statute - 28 U.S.C. § 1782). The second relates to provisional remedies for pre-award attachment or enjoining of the transfer of assets located in New York that might be used to satisfy an ultimate award, in aid of an arbitration in another country (New York state law - section 7502(c) of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules). The third relates to the post-award location and attachment of assets to satisfy an actual award (New York State law - section 5225(b) of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules). US courts can assist not only with the conduct of the arbitration proceedings themselves, but also with the preservation and maximization of assets available for the enforcement of any ultimate award.
A Aplicação do Direito Comunitário em Arbitragens de Investimento
Authors: de Borja Ana Gerdau
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the application of Community law as part of the law of the host state in investment treaty arbitration. In particular, it examines applicable law rules of investment treaties, default rules setting out applicable law rules, and umbrella clauses and broad jurisdiction clauses under such treaties. The author argues that the terms of a bilateral investment treaty (BIT), which derives from international law, define the scope and the limits of any reference to the law of the host state. In this sense, Community law, such as European Union and Andean Community law, can be applicable to investment treaty disputes as incorporated into the law of the host state, as long as the latter is the proper law of a particular legal relationship. The author concludes that, even where the frame of reference under the applicable law is state responsibility under international law, Community law may have implications which can be relevant for the interpretation of international standards under BITs.
Cross-Border vs. Domestic Intricacies In International Trade Regimes: a Game Theoretical Analysis of the Vienna Convention for the International Sale of Goods  CISG  in Light of its Ratifi
Authors: Damiani Gerson
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: This article suggests Game Theory as a model of scientific analysis in the field of International Dispute Resolution. As Game Theoretical approaches continue to gain acceptance in International Relations and Law, the present study intends to address the ratification of supranational regimes at the domestic level. The regime herein considered is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), as a uniform code for cross-border commercial contracts. Throughout the article a comparison is made between two nation-states: an old traditional power, represented by the United Kingdom, and an emerging global player, Brazil.
Sentenças Arbitrais Estrangeiras: Homologar, Naturalizar ou Executar?
Authors: Junqueira Gabriel Herscovici
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine the methods by which it is, theoretically, possible to confer force, in Brazil, to foreign arbitral awards. The author identifies and analyzes three alternatives: recognition, manipulation of nationality and, lastly, the direct enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. The conclusion offered at the end confirms the second option as favorite.
LInterprétation des Clauses des Traités DInvestissement Déterminant le Droit Applicable à LArbitrage
Authors: Hamida Walid Ben
Published: March 2022

Abstract: 1 L'interprétation des clauses de choix du droit applicable rencontrées dans certains traités d'investissement n'est pas toujours aisée. A part un nombre limité de traités qui tentent de coordonner, au moins partiellement, les sources prévues , la plupart des traités contiennent des clauses qui combinent plusieurs sources de droit sans les articuler, ce qui soulève de nombreuses interrogations. Y a-t-il priorité pour la source citée en premier lieu? S'agit-il d'appliquer les règles communes aux différentes sources citées? L'arbitre peut-il envisager une application alternative des différentes sources du droit? Quelles règles faut-il privilégier en cas de contradiction ? Pour répondre à ces questions, il convient de s'interroger sur l'articulation des sources de droit choisies par les clauses de détermination de droit applicable (I) avant d'examiner leur autorité (II).
Conflito de Competência em Matéria de Arbitragem
Authors: Ladeira Ana Clara Viola
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the conflict of jurisdiction in arbitration from the perspective of Brazilian law. This subject is important due to its close relationship with fundamental principles of the arbitration system, such as competence-competence, and it became the issue of intense discussions after recent decisions by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice. More specifically, this paper approaches the positive and negative aspects of the conflict of jurisdiction between (i) arbitrators; (ii) arbitral institutions, focusing on the analysis of the precedent CC STJ 113.260/SP; and (iii) arbitrators and judges; excluding from its scope discussions about consolidations, international lispendens and related topics. It discusses the model of competence-competence adopted by Brazil and other characteristics of arbitration to understand the pathology of the positive conflicts of jurisdiction. Taking into account features of civil procedure, as principles that outline the rules of conflict of jurisdiction between judges (neutrality and hierarchy), and of the arbitration system, as the autonomy of arbitration and the arbitrator's position in relation to the organizational chart of the Judiciary Branch, this paper concludes that the contribution of the state court in the resolution of conflicts of jurisdiction involving arbitral proceedings is inadequate. It ponders on some solutions to the proposed problems, accepting the use of the action of article 7 of the Brazilian Arbitration Law for cases in which there was no positive acceptance of jurisdiction by the arbitrators. Ultimately, it states the inconvenience of opening state courts to discussions about the jurisdiction of arbitrators during arbitral proceedings.
La renuncia tácita al arbitraje
Authors: Cadenas Pedro J. Saghy
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: This article is a critical analysis of the Venezuelan case law acceptance of parties’ waiver to arbitration. The critics are organized in two groups. Firstly, from the obligation law perspective; secondly, from the arbitration law perspective. The objective is to contribute with the release of this rara avis of Venezuelan arbitration law to its place of origin.
Arbitragem e administração pública  primeiras reflexões sobre a arbitragem envolvendo a administração pública
Authors: Carmona Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The article approaches the main issues arisen from the legislative confirmation concerning the possibility of Public Administration being a party to arbitration proceedings (Law 14.129, May 2015). The discussion of such issues is important in view of the need for the Brazilian Public Administration to adapt to arbitration (and not the opposite) so that the country remains competitive, particularly in the context of public-private partnerships. Thus, this article addresses the issues concerning the choice of the arbitral institution, the appointment of arbitrators, the payment of costs and expenses, attorney fees, seat and language of the arbitral proceedings, as well as the degree of publicity of the arbitration.
Pedidos entre demandados na arbitragem: notas sobre evoluções recentes a partir do direito português
Authors: Monteiro Matilde Líbano
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: this article addresses the admissibility of cross-claims (meaning the claims filed against co- -respondents) in a given arbitration, which is one of the several procedural issues which often arise in the context of complex arbitrations – a constantly growing reality in international arbitration in the last two decades. Although national legislations on arbitration are (yet?) generally silent on the admissibility and framework of cross-claims, several arbitration institutions expressly adress the topic in the most recent version of their rules, showing its growing theoretical and practical relevance. The goal of this text is thus to undertake a brief tour on the several insights and criteria which can support the decision on the admissibility of cross-claims, on the basis of the Portuguese legal system.
Six rounds in the (arbitration) Chamber: selected U.S. measures and their impact on International Commercial Arbitration
Authors: Vasconcellos Márcio
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: O foco do presente artigo é discutir certas medidas disponíveis perante Cortes nos Estados Unidos que podem ajudar e influenciar procedimentos em arbitragem comercial internacional. Inicialmente, o artigo discute certos poderes que os árbitros têm e que não têm em se tratando de arbitragem comercial internacional. Em seguida, o artigo se dedica a certas medidas em Cortes norte-americanas e seus impactos na arbitragem comercial internacional. Como conclusão, o potencial efeito perturbador que estas medidas podem ter na arbitragem fazem com que conhecê-los e se proteger contra eles seja uma necessidade.

ABSTRACT: The focus of the present paper is to discuss certain key measures available before courts in the United States that may assist and influence international commercial arbitration. Initially, the paper discusses certain powers that the arbitrators have and do not have in international commercial arbitration. Then, the paper turns to selected U.S. measures and their impact in international commercial arbitration. As a conclusion, the potential disruptive effect that these measures may have in arbitration make knowing and protecting against them a necessity.
A Arbitragem e o Direito Regulatório Brasileiro
Authors: Costa Maria D’Assunção
Published: March 2022

Presenting Regulatory Law evolution in Brazil and the peculiar characteristics of its creation made by Regulatory Agencies and its connectivities to Arbitration Law application and Arbitral Court competence.
Homologação de Sentença Arbitral Estrangeira Anulada na Origem: uma Análise do Caso EDF International S/A x Endesa Latinoamerica S/A e YPF S/A no Sistema Brasileiro e no Direito Co
Authors: Bonato Giovanni
Published: March 2022

The issue of homologation of a foreign arbitral award annulled by a court in the host country of the arbitration presents a problem that has been sought historically through territorialist and transnationalist theories. The purpose of this research is to revitalize the subject. In order to do so, a case study of SEC nº 5.782 (2011/0129084-7), the leading case in Brazil on the subject, to which the STJ applied the theory of unrestricted territoriality. It is intended to discuss in this investigation the grounds that led the brazilian court to decide this paradigmatic case, as well as to consider the existence of other solutions to the impasse in comparative law. At the end, some weights are weighed about the correctness of the decision pointed out, it’s defending their plausibility in the concrete case, but it’s stating their recklessness as a parameter for others judged.
In Re Petrobras Securities Litigation: Validade e Abrangência da Cláusula Arbitral
Authors: Salama Bruno Meyerhof
Published: March 2022

In Re Petrobras Securities Litigation involves Petrobras investors who acquired securities both in Brazil and in the United States and who filed a class action in an American court. Petrobras sought to block access to the US jurisdiction by reasoning about the validity and scope of the arbitration clause contained in its bylaws. This article explains the arguments raised by each party to the lawsuit and clarifies the decision given by the US court. It then presents some of the implications and doubts that are relevant for Brazilian companies issuing securities in the United States.
A Mitigação da Confidencialidade da Arbitragem na Recuperação Judicial
Authors: Cabral Thiago Dias Delfino
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: O presente artigo visa explorar a confidencialidade da arbitragem na recuperação judicial. De forma mais específica, analiso se essa característica de determinadas arbitragens merece ser mitigada em prol do processo de recuperação judicial e, após concluir por uma resposta positiva, proponho parâmetros de flexibilização. Para atingir essa finalidade, analisei a confidencialidade da arbitragem nos ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros e no Brasil. Em seguida, apresentei situações que impõem a mitigação da confidencialidade no Brasil, cujos fundamentos permitem defender que a confidencialidade deve ser flexibilizada em decorrência de um procedimento recuperacional. Por fim, apresentei situações e parâmetros para flexibilização da confidencialidade na recuperação judicial.

 

ABSTRACT: This article aims to explore the confidentiality of arbitration in judicial reorganization. More specifically, I analyze if it is worth mitigating this characteristic of certain arbitrations in favor of the judicial reorganization process and, after getting a positive response, I propose parameters of flexibility. To achieve this, I analyzed the confidentiality of arbitration in foreign legal systems and in Brazil. Moreover, I presented situations that impose the mitigation of confidentiality in Brazil, whose fundamentals allow us to defend that confidentiality should be flexible due to a recuperation procedure. Finally, I presented situations and parameters for the flexibility of confidentiality in judicial reorganization.

SUMÁRIO: Introdução; 1 A confidencialidade na arbitragem: conceito; 1.1 Um panorama da confidencialidade nos ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros; 1.2 A confidencialidade no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro; 2 Exceções à confidencialidade da arbitragem; 3 Confidencialidade da arbitragem v. publicidade da recuperação judicial; 3.1 O dever de informar sobre a arbitragem no pedido de recuperação judicial; 3.2 O dever de informar sobre a instauração de arbitragem durante o processo de recuperação judicial; 3.3 Requisição do administrador judicial; 3.4 Inserção de crédito decorrente de procedimento arbitral como forma de pagamento aos credores no plano de recuperação judicial; 3.5 Cooperação entre o juízo arbitral e o juízo recuperacional; Conclusão.
Da Possibilidade de Submissão de Crédito Decorrente de Sentença Arbitral ao Juízo Universal Concursal. Momento de Constituição do Crédito. Da Aplicação do
Authors: Moraes Felipe , Ferreira Nathália Pais
Published: March 2022

SUMÁRIO: I – Julgado; II – Comentário.
Arbitrating under the 2018 DIS rules: recent developments
Authors: Bickmann Julian K.
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir as recentes modificações com relação às regras de arbitragem do Instituto Alemão de Arbitragem (Deutsche Institution für Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit – DIS), em vigor a partir de março de 2018.

 

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the recent amendments to the arbitration rules of the German Arbitration Institute (Deutsche Institution für Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit – DIS), in force from March 2018.
Effects of Teacher’s Teaching Techniques on MBA Students’ Learning at College Level
Authors: Zaman Ameerzada Fakhar , Ahmad Waqar , Ali MD Ratan , Tonwy Tanha Tanjum
Published: March 2022

This study investigates the effect of teacher’s teaching techniques on student's learning at the college level. Teachers teaching techniques are very important for students’ academic performance, especially for MBA level students learning attitude and behaviour. Teaching methods play an important role in the teaching and learning process. The target population of this study was the teachers of secondary colleges of Lahore. The sample of this study was 300 college level teachers. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire to collect data. A questionnaire following the Likert scale was employed, and the data was analyzed using SPSS by calculating ANOVA, t-test statistics. Study results explain that teachers had shown a positive attitude towards teaching techniques on students learning. The findings revealed that most teachers agreed and shown a positive attitude and perception towards the effects of teaching techniques on students learning. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the perception of public and private respondents’ responses’ respect to teaching techniques. Implications can be applied in higher education institutions to boost the teachers teaching techniques for the students' learning process. This study can be handy for school and university level students in a future context.
Recomiéndeles que se queden en el páramo: ¿Un fragmento discursivo racista/regionalista?
Authors: Ochoa Boris Raúl , Gordillo Iñiguez Sandra Katherine
Published: March 2022

El presente artículo se sumerge en las palabras, especialmente en siete: -Recomiéndeles que se queden en el páramo- palabras que sobrevivieron a la obsolescencia inmanente de su naturaleza, al ser pronunciadas desde el poder, por una autoridad legitimada en el discurso: Jaime Nebot, a quien, en los lapsus linguae de diferentes actores se lo sigue reconociendo como Alcalde de Guayaquil, pese a no serlo. Su frase pronunciada en pleno paro nacional, exacerbó el regionalismo y abrió una herida social olvidada: el racismo, pero ¿es racista/regionalista? Para responder esto, se recorren diferentes categorías teóricas, se hace un análisis contextual del fragmento discursivo, guiado por las preguntas ¿Quién está hablando?  ¿Qué está hablando? ¿A quién le está hablando? ¿En qué escenario? ¿Con cuáles objetivos?; y se revisan fragmentos discursivos aledaños al principal, a la luz de la teoría sobre análisis de discurso racista propuesta por Van Dijk.
Desarrollo microempresarial de la ciudad de Loja, desde la realidad socio jurídica y de mercadeo
Authors: Flores Loaiza Rosa Paola , Boada Hurtado Max Gabriel , Moncayo Cuenca Rosario Paulina
Published: March 2022

El propósito de investigación se fundamenta en la identificación de variables significativas que inciden en el crecimiento de las microempresas, identificando fuentes primarias y secundarias de información por medio de una investigación exploratoria- concluyente a un total de 397 microempresarios, permitiendo concatenar información para conocer las diferentes perspectivas que tienen los dueños de las mismas. En la investigación se tomó en consideración cincuenta variables de las cuales para este análisis se han seleccionado seis; considerando la importancia para el desarrollo empresarial, puntualizando la relación de dos preguntas, (detalladas en escala Likert); (Las variables más relevantes que inciden en el crecimiento empresarial) y (Las variables más relevantes que impiden el crecimiento empresarial). Permitiendo conocer aspectos importantes para mejorar la oferta de bienes y servicios con políticas definidas en una estrategia Ganar – Ganar, cumpliendo las obligaciones con el Estado, dispuestas en la Constitución del Ecuador y la legislación conexa.
Hacking ético en el sector financiero
Authors: León Castro Marcelo , León Paulina
Published: March 2022

El presente artículo analiza sobre los beneficios que brindan el hacking ético en las instituciones bancarias, también se evaluará sobre la seguridad de la información que poseen las entidades financieras, ya que en la actualidad son las principales víctimas de ataques informáticos. Por lo tanto, se considera necesario que toda institución financiera debe poseer una seguridad informática, validada por las diferentes normas de seguridad y garantizada por un hacker ético, ya que es la persona que desarrolla su propia herramienta para trabajar, brindando un mejor servicio a las entidades financiera. Para poder contar con un hacking ético es necesario tener el permiso de la compañía, evitando problemas a futuro, es necesario realizar un contrato de confiabilidad, indicando cuales son las responsabilidades que se debe de cumplir, exponiendo los beneficios en las instituciones financieras al momento de contar con un hacking ético, ya que se busca evitar las vulnerabilidades de las entidades financieras.
Supressio e boa-fé objetiva nas relações contratuais: uma análise à luz da jurisprudência brasileira
Authors: De Sousa Lima Luiz Gustavo , Marcelo Lauar Leite
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo visa analisar o instituto da supressio, desdobramento do princípio contratual da boa-fé objetiva, tendo por base o exame dos mais relevantes casos acerca dessa temática encontrados na jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça brasileiro. Primeiramente, foi feito um breve estudo sobre o assunto, no qual se buscou apontar os principais aspectos legislativos e doutrinários da boa-fé objetiva, com destaque para a supressio. Adiante, partiu-se para busca, nos casos julgados pelo STJ, de discussões quanto à aplicação desse instituto. Da análise jurisprudencial, foi possível aferir que, diante dos casos concretos, o Tribunal, por vezes, acaba ignorando algum dos requisitos apontados pelos doutrinadores, e que o lapso temporal necessário para constatar a supressão do direito, decorrente de sua inércia, não é dotado de entendimento jurisprudencial equânime. Ademais, concluiu-se que a fase pós-contratual não teve a devida atenção do legislador do Código Civil, o que acaba tendo reflexos nos julgamentos.
Mathematical Modelingon Assessing Rate of deforestation in The Sheka Forest South West Ethiopia
Authors: Taddesse Yilekal Yewlu
Published: March 2022

Deforestation leads to increasing temperature and depletion of soil nutrients, to soil erosion, and to changes in local and, some evidence indicates, global climate. These environmental disruptions increase the risk to human populations from both natural and man-made disasters and the immediate risk-takers are the local population. Tropical deforestation has become a global concern, with an annual total forest loss of 9.4 million hectares. The total forested area of Ethiopia has decreased substantially during the past half-century and the recent figures show that the country’s forest cover has shrunk to less than 3–3.6%. Primary data was collected from the local community in addition to the secondary data about the forest. The growth rates of forestry resources and population density are assumed to be following the logistic growth model. The growth of forest resources is in the direct proportion of population density and population pressure. The mathematical model of a system of differential equations was solved using backward Euler’s method; the deforestation rate was decreased because of the NGOs and the government worked together to increase awareness to the community about the importance of the forest. The rate of deforestation is per population change, this indicates the rate of deforestation is decreased. Recommendations were given to the concerned body.
Năm Toàn Xá – Thời Gian Trọn Vẹn Dành Cho Thiên Chúa Và Sống Công Bình Với Nhau
Authors: Vu Chi Thanh
Published: March 2022

Sách Lê-vi ghi lại những điều luật mà Thiên Chúa ban con cái Ít-ra-en để họ sống đúng giao ước, và nhờ đó họ cũng nhận ra sự thánh thiện của Ngài. Sự thánh thiện ấy còn được thể hiện qua việc Thiên Chúa muốn dân Ngài nên thánh. Chính vì ước muốn ấy mà Thiên Chúa ấn định cho dân Ngài những thời gian đặc biệt, cụ thể là Năm toàn xá (Lv 25,8-17). Trong năm toàn xá, dân Chúa được mời gọi sống tinh thần “một sa-bát trọn vẹn” để phụng thờ Thiên Chúa và phải trở về với những giá trị cốt lõi mà Thiên Chúa ấn định. Những giá trị cốt lõi ấy phải là điểm tựa và tác động đến mọi tương quan của dân, đồng thời linh hoạt chúng trở nên hài hòa.
Trong bài viết này, đầu tiên sẽ là phần phê bình bản văn Lv 25,8-17, và sức năng động cấu trúc của nó. Sau đó là phần phân tích bản văn xoay quanh chủ đề Năm toàn xá: (1) Năm toàn xá là thời gian thánh dành riêng cho Thiên Chúa; (2) Năm toàn xá là một “sa-bát trọn vẹn” để phụng thờ Thiên Chúa; (3) Năm toàn xá là thời gian phục hồi nền công bình mà Thiên Chúa muốn. Cuối cùng là phần suy tư phản tỉnh và liên hệ thực tế đến việc thực hành Năm toàn xá trong Giáo Hội Công Giáo.
Year of amnesty - A Year Dedicated to God and Righteous Coexistence - Text Analysis of Lv 25, 8-17
The book of Leviticus contains the commandments that God provided to the children of Israel in order for them to live in accordance with the covenant and therefore accept His holiness. That holiness is also demonstrated through God's desire for his people to be holy. It is for this reason that God designates unique seasons for his people, namely the Jubilee Year (Lev 25:8-17). Throughout the Jubilee year, God's people are urged to live in the spirit of "one whole sabbath" in order to worship God and rediscover God's basic principles. These essential ideals must serve as the fulcrum, affecting all human connections while simultaneously flexing them toward harmony.
The first section of this paper will be devoted to a critique of the Lv 25.8-17 text and its structural dynamics. Then there is a textual examination of the Jubilee theme: (1) The Jubilee Year is a holy period dedicated to God; (2) The plenary year is a "full sabbath" of God worship; (3) The Jubilee Year is the time to restore God's desired justice. Finally, there is a study on and practical connection to the Catholic Church's Jubilee practice.
Keywords: Year of amnesty, Fear, God, Righteousness, Law, Holy Time
Vai Trò Ngôn Sứ Của Người Dân Ngoại - Thiên Chúa Chọn Ky-rô Để Hoàn Tất Lời Hứa
Authors: Nguyễn Văn Thế
Published: March 2022

Lời hứa của Đức Chúa phán với Giê-rê-mi-a đã được ứng nghiệm: Ba-by-lon sụp đổ, Ít-ra-en được trả tự do, họ được trở về Giê-ru-sa-lem tái thiết đền thờ. Dưới nhãn quan chính trị, việc trả tự do cho Ít-ra-en là kế sách cai trị của Ky-rô. Dưới nhãn quan tôn giáo, việc trả tự do cho Ít-ra-en được coi là do Thiên Chúa làm. Ngang qua Ky-rô, Thiên Chúa đã viếng thăm dân Ngài. Ngài chọn ông để đưa dân về quê hương xứ sở. Ông là hoàng đế dân ngoại nhưng Đức Chúa đã trao sứ mạng cho ông tái thiết đền thờ. Lời mời gọi hãy tái thiết đền thờ không chỉ được trao cho người Ít-ra-en mà cho tất cả mọi thần dân của Ky-rô. Bài viết này tìm hiểu vai trò ngôn sứ của dân ngoại qua nhân vật Ky-rô được đề cập trong sách Ét-ra, cụ thể là Er 1,1-6. Đầu tiên là phần cấu trúc và sức năng động của bản văn. Sau đó là phần phân tích bản văn Er 1,1-6, xoay quanh 3 điểm quan trọng: (1) Thiên Chúa tác động trên Ky-rô; (2) Thiên Chúa trao sứ mạng cho Ky-rô; (3) Việc xây nhà Đức Chúa. Sau cùng là phần suy tư phản tỉnh về lời mời gọi mỗi người tái thiết đền thờ Thiên Chúa chính là tâm hồn của mình. The Prophetic Role of the Gentiles - God Chose Cyrus to Fulfill His Promise Text Analysis of Er 1, 1-6 God's promise to Jeremiah is fulfilled: Babylon falls, Israel is set free, and they return to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple. From a political standpoint, Cyrus' authority was predicated on the liberation of Israel. From a religious perspective, Israel's deliverance is seen as a divine act. God visited His people via Cyrus. He picked him to bring the people home. He was a heathen monarch, yet God entrusted him with the task of rebuilding the temple. Not only the Israelites were invited to rebuild the temple, but all of Cyrus's people were as well. The purpose of this essay is to examine the Gentiles' prophetic function via the figure Cyrus as recounted in the book of Ezra, notably Er 1:1-6. The first is the text's structure and dynamism. This is followed by an examination of the text of Er 1:1-6, focusing on three critical points: (1) God operates via Cyrus; (2) God entrusts Cyrus with the task; (3) The construction of the temple of the Lord. Finally, there is a contemplative contemplation on the need for each individual to construct God's temple in their own heart. Keywords: repatriation, God, Cyrus, reconstruction, temple, Jerusalem
Osmanlı Kentlerinin Topoğrafik Özelliklerinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Yoluyla Değerlendirilmesi: Beypazarı, Göynük, Sivrihisar ve Taraklı Örnekleri
Authors: KOÇ Canan , KOÇ Ahmet
Published: March 2022

Osmanlı kentlerinin yer seçiminde ticari yollara yakınlık, iklim ve topoğrafik özelikler belirleyici olmuştur. Ülkemizde iklimsel ve topoğrafik özelliklerin etkisiyle organik dokuda şekillenen ve özgün dokusunu koruyan Osmanlı kenti örneklerine rastlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Beypazarı (Ankara), Göynük (Bolu), Sivrihisar (Eskişehir) ve Taraklı (Sakarya) tarihi kentleri incelenerek topoğrafya ile yerleşme düzeni arasındaki ilişki ortaya konmuştur. Bu kentlerin yükseklik, eğim ve bakı durumları analiz edilerek, geleneksel kent dokusunun topoğrafik etmenler ve çevresindeki kullanımlar ile arasındaki ilişki değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, Osmanlı kentinin genel özelliklerine değinilmiş ve yerleşim yerlerinin topoğrafik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla Arcgis 10.2 programı kullanılarak analizleri yapılmıştır. Tarihi kent dokularının yükseltinin ve eğimin fazla olduğu yerlerde konumlandığı, bu durumun tarım alanlarının korunmasını sağlarken, bazı noktalarda yolların dik ve merdivenli olması, dar ve kıvrımlı sokak dokusunun ise ulaşım açısından sorunlara neden olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Vicecomiţi în comitatul Timiş (sec. XIV – XV) / Viscounts in Timiş County (14 th– 15th).
Authors: Iusztin Zoltán
Published: March 2022

The leadership of the counties or other administrative districts through deputies did not represent an innovation in the Hungarian kingdom at the beginning of the 14th century.Already in the previous centuries, the tax collection, the trial of various causes and the management of local issues represented the responsibility of the delegates sent by the central authority. For the end of the Arpad’s dynasty one can trace the institutionalization of these delegates, who were appointed as viscounts, as they were intended to represent and second the counts. Besides, both their service and social status reveal significant evidence about familiarity and the nature of relations within medieval society.Due to the scarcity of documentary sources we could identify only some 50 viscounts who worked in Timiş County, in a period of two centuries. This number is small, as on some occasions the leadership of administrative units consisted in two, three or four persons. The fact that their number was sometimes so high is due to the counts, which, as proved by some examples, had an interest to attract the provincial wealthy noblemen in their service. Thus the counts were the ones who decided the number and the identity of the viscounts. Some historiography sources state that the viscounts were also the rulers of the counties seat castles. This reality can by proved also in the case of Timiş County, where some of viscounts held the title of vice/castelanus de Temeswar.