bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust subgroup discovery
Authors: Proença Hugo M. , Grünwald Peter , Bäck Thomas , van Leeuwen Matthijs
Published: August 2022

We introduce the problem ofrobust subgroup discovery, i.e., finding a set of interpretable descriptions of subsets that 1) stand out with respect to one or more target attributes, 2) are statistically robust, and 3) non-redundant. Many attempts have been made to mine eitherlocallyrobust subgroups or to tackle the pattern explosion, but we are the first to address both challenges at the same time from aglobalmodelling perspective. First, we formulate the broad model class of subgroup lists, i.e., ordered sets of subgroups, for univariate and multivariate targets that can consist of nominal or numeric variables, including traditional top-1 subgroup discovery in its definition. This novel model class allows us to formalise the problem of optimal robust subgroup discovery using the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle, where we resort to optimal Normalised Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian encodings for nominal and numeric targets, respectively. Second, finding optimal subgroup lists is NP-hard. Therefore, we propose SSD++, a greedy heuristic that finds good subgroup lists and guarantees that the most significant subgroup found according to the MDL criterion is added in each iteration. In fact, the greedy gain is shown to be equivalent to a Bayesian one-sample proportion, multinomial, or t-test between the subgroup and dataset marginal target distributions plus a multiple hypothesis testing penalty. Furthermore, we empirically show on 54 datasets that SSD++ outperforms previous subgroup discovery methods in terms of quality, generalisation on unseen data, and subgroup list size.
People, Lemurs and Utilitarian Plants of the Littoral Forests in Southeast Madagascar
Authors: Račevska Elena , Hill Catherine M. , Longosoa Hoby Tsimijaly , Donati Giuseppe
Published: August 2022

Tropical forests support a diversity of plants. Many of them are threatened, emphasising that their shared use by people and wildlife may benefit their conservation. Litt forests of southeast Madagascar, home to seven threatened lemur species, provide the Antanosy people with natural resources. In the early 2000s, protected areas were established in two regions that historically incurred different levels of anthropogenic pressures: Sainte Luce and Mandena. We explored the local use of plants as medicine, construction materials and firewood, and examined the overlap of plants used by people and the red-collared brown lemur (Eulemur collaris), the largest lemur in this ecosystem and an important seed disperser. Between July and October 2018, 60 adults (30 women, 30 men) participated in semi-structured interviews. Our findings show 122 plants are locally used as medicines, 60 as construction materials, and 71 as firewood. Of all utilitarian plants, 52 were confirmed in this lemur’s diet. Sainte Luce participants reported they used a higher diversity of species in all three categories. Western medicines were available and preferred to medicinal plants, but the choice also often depended on the health condition being addressed. Firewood was preferred to charcoal for cooking. Resource restrictions of the protected areas has negatively affected the local people. Local ethnobotanical knowledge reflects the importance of plants, while differences in plant use of the two communities reflect differences in biodiversity and socio-economic circumstances. Emphasising this interdependence, especially in forest restoration, could be a path towards conservation of plants, lemurs, and people, as well as traditional livelihoods.
Painfully bored: the role of negative urgency and history of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Self-Administering painful stimuli
Authors: Yusoufzai Morsal Khouwaga , Vancleef Linda , Lobbestael Jill , Nederkoorn Chantal
Published: August 2022

The current study aims to examine the causal effect of boredom on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), expanding prior experimental research by including an anger induction to compare to a boredom induction, and additionally measuring whether participants specifically seekpainfulstimulation. In a sample of mostly undergraduate students (N = 146), emotional state was manipulated through video induction, and NSSI behavior was simultaneously measured, operationalized through self-administration of electric shocks. Participants’ pain thresholds were measured beforehand. NSSI history and negative urgency were included as potential moderators. Results showed that boredom increased both frequency and intensity of self-administered electric shocks, especially in participants with an NSSI history. Negative urgency was not a significant moderator. No causal anger-NSSI link was found, possibly due to the anger induction not being sufficiently effective. Clinical implications are considered through suggestions of boredom coping skills training as an intervention strategy in NSSI populations.
Spatial heterogeneity in drinking water sources in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana
Authors: Tetteh Jacob Doku , Templeton Michael R. , Cavanaugh Alicia , Bixby Honor , Owusu George , Yidana Sandow Mark , Moulds Simon , Robinson Brian , Baumgartner Jill , Annim Samuel Kobina , Quartey Rosalind , Mintah Samilia E. , Bawah Ayaga Agula , Arku Raphael E. , Ezzati Majid , Agyei-Mensah Samuel
Published: August 2022

Universal access to safe drinking water is essential to population health and well-being, as recognized in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). To develop targeted policies which improve urban access to improved water and ensure equity, there is the need to understand the spatial heterogeneity in drinking water sources and the factors underlying these patterns. Using the Shannon Entropy Index and the Index of Concentration at the Extremes at the enumeration area level, we analyzed census data to examine the spatial heterogeneity in drinking water sources and neighborhood income in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), the largest urban agglomeration in Ghana. GAMA has been a laboratory for studying urban growth, economic security, and other concomitant socio-environmental and demographic issues in the recent past. The current study adds to this literature by telling a different story about the spatial heterogeneity of GAMA’s water landscape at the enumeration area level. The findings of the study reveal considerable geographical heterogeneity and inequality in drinking water sources not evidenced in previous studies. We conclude that heterogeneity is neither good nor bad in GAMA judging by the dominance of both piped water sources and sachet water (machine-sealed 500-ml plastic bag of drinking water). The lessons from this study can be used to inform the planning of appropriate localized solutions targeted at providing piped water sources in neighborhoods lacking these services and to monitor progress in achieving universal access to improved drinking water as recognized in the SDG 6 and improving population health and well-being.
The influence of Covid-19 on publications in economics: bibliometric evidence from five working paper series
Authors: Bürgi Constantin , Wohlrabe Klaus
Published: August 2022

We compare Covid-related working papers in economics to non-Covid-related working papers in four dimensions. Based on five well-known working papers series and data from the RePEc website, we find that Covid papers mainly cover topics in macroeconomics and health, they are written by larger teams than non-Covid papers, are more often downloaded and they receive more citations relative to non-Covid papers.
On Processing Potato. 5. Survey of Societal Benefits, Stewardship and Surroundings
Authors: Haverkort A. J. , Linnemann A. R. , Struik P. C. , Wiskerke J. S. C.
Published: August 2022

Wheat, the most important food crop, can be stored for a much longer time than potato. It is ground and made into flour or pasta that can be turned into bread or a dish at any time. Potato is only storable for a limited period, so it floods the market at harvest. Major benefits of processing for growers include regulating the availability of markets and price through contracts, and the decrease in the number of consumers buying fresh tubers is compensated by processors buying raw material. Processors add value and employment and consumers are offered a wide array of affordable and convenient products. Large potato processing companies produce annual sustainability reports advocating measures for growers to spare the habitat, more efficient processes in factories, newer and healthier products and supporting communities. These are recorded and viewed in a theoretical triangulation from the angles of processors, and those trying to bend the rules. The industry, especially when expanding to new (developing) markets, faces political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal (PESTEL) issues that fluctuate according to the presence of a raw material base, competition and buying power and culture of the consumers.
Deep IV in Law
Authors: Huang Zhe , Zhang Xinyue , Wang Ruofan , Chen Daniel L.
Published: August 2022

Do US Circuit Courts' decisions on criminal appeals influence sentence lengths imposed by US District Courts? This Element explores the use of high-dimensional instrumental variables to estimate this causal relationship. Using judge characteristics as instruments, this Element implements two-stage models on court sentencing data for the years 1991 through 2013. This Element finds that Democratic, Jewish judges tend to favor criminal defendants, while Catholic judges tend to rule against them. This Element also finds from experiments that prosecutors backlash to Circuit Court rulings while District Court judges comply. Methodologically, this Element demonstrates the applicability of deep instrumental variables to legal data.
A Concise History of Canada
Authors: Conrad Margaret
Published: August 2022

Margaret Conrad's history of Canada explains what makes up this diverse, complex, and often contested nation-state. Beginning in Canada's deep past with the arrival of its Indigenous peoples, she traces its history through the conquest by Europeans, the American Revolutionary War, and Confederation in the nineteenth century to its prosperous present. This impressive second edition has expanded by 20 percent, including revised chapters and an insightful analysis of the fraught relationship between Justin Trudeau and Donald Trump. As a social historian, Conrad emphasizes the relationships between Indigenous peoples and settlers, French and English, Catholic and Protestant, men and women, rich and poor. It is this grounded approach that drives the narrative and makes for compelling reading. Despite its successes and its popularity as a destination for immigrants from across the world, Canada remains a cautious and contested country. This thorough yet concise new edition explains why.
Listening for futures along Birrarung Marr: speculative immersive experience in environmental education
Authors: Rousell David , Peñaloza-Caicedo Andreia
Published: August 2022

This paper considers experiences of speculative immersion as artists and children map the multilayered sonic ecology of Birrarung Marr, a traditional meeting place for Aboriginal language groups of the Eastern Kulin Nation. We explore how speculative practices of immersion shaped the mapping of precolonial, contemporary, and future soundscapes of Birrarung Marr, and the ceremonial burial of these sonic cartographies for future listeners. Bringing together Indigenous and non-Indigenous concepts of immersion in mutually respectful and purposeful conversation, we work to re-theorise immersive experience as a process of ecological multiplicity and affective resonance, rather than one of phenomenological containment. By approaching immersion as both a concept and a sensation that ruptures the boundary between body and environment, we follow how immersion ‘drifts’ across porous thresholds of sensing, thinking, dreaming, making, and knowing in situated environmental education contexts. In doing so, the paper stresses the importance of speculative immersive experience in cultivating liveable urban futures under conditions of climate change, and responds to the need for new understandings of immersion that take more-than-human ecologies of experience into account.
Zeroing In on the Expected Returns of Anomalies
Authors: Chen Andrew Y. , Velikov Mihail
Published: August 2022

We zero in on the expected returns of long-short portfolios based on 204 stock market anomalies by accounting for i) effective bid–ask spreads, ii) post-publication effects, and iii) the modern era of trading technology that began in the early 2000s. Net of these effects, the average anomaly’s expected return is a measly 4 bps per month. The strongest anomalies net, at best, 10 bps after controlling for data mining. Several methods for combining anomalies net around 20 bps. Expected returns are negligible despite cost mitigations that produce impressive net returns in-sample and the omission of additional trading costs, like price impact.
Comparative effectiveness of group v. individual trauma-focused treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans
Authors: Spiller Tobias R. , Duek Or , Buta Eugenia , Gross Georgina , Smith Noelle B. , Harpaz-Rotem Ilan
Published: August 2022

Background

Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and prolonged exposure (PE) delivered in an individual setting are efficacious and effective treatments for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Group CPT has been shown to be less efficacious than individual CPT, however, evidence regarding real-world effectiveness is limited.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, observational, comparative effectiveness study including veterans that received at least eight sessions of group CPT, individual CPT, or individual PE, and were discharged from PTSD residential treatment at the Department of Veterans Affairs between 1 October 2015, and 30 September 2020. PTSD symptom severity was assessed with the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and treatments delivered in a group (CPT) or individual (CPT or PE) setting were compared at discharge and 4-month post-discharge follow-up.

Results

Of 6735 veterans, 3888 [653 women (17%), median (IQR) age 45 (35–55) years] received individual and 2847 [206 women (7.2%), median (IQR) age 42 (34–54)] received group therapy. At discharge, improvement in PTSD severity was statistically greater among those treated individually (mean difference on the PCL-5, 2.55 (95% CI 1.61–3.49); p = <0.001]. However, the difference was smaller than the minimal clinically important difference of 7.9 points. The groups did not differ significantly at 4-month follow-up [mean difference on the PCL-5, 0.37 (95% CI −0.86 to 1.60); p = 0.551].

Conclusion

Group CPT was associated with a slightly smaller reduction of PTSD symptom severity than individual CPT or PE in veterans at the end of residential treatment. There were no differences at 4-month follow-up.
Prosocial behavior and psychopathology: An 11-year longitudinal study of inter- and intraindividual reciprocal relations across childhood and adolescence
Authors: Memmott-Elison Madison K. , Toseeb Umar
Published: August 2022

The current study investigated whether prosocial behavior and emotional problems, peer problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity and inattention problems were long-term longitudinally and bidirectionally related at inter- and or intra-individual levels from early childhood through mid-adolescence. Parents in the United Kingdom reported their child’s prosocial behavior and multidimensional psychopathology at ages 3, 5, 7, 11, and 14 years (N = 16,984, 51% male, 83% White). Four random intercepts cross-lagged panel models were fitted. Higher levels of earlier prosocial behavior were associated with greater than expected decrements in psychopathology. At an intraindividual, within-person level, prosocial behavior was negatively bidirectionally associated with peer, conduct, and hyperactivity and inattention problems. Also at an intraindividual, within-person level, prosocial behavior was unidirectionally protective against emotional problems. At an interindividual level, prosocial behavior and each dimension of psychopathology were negatively associated. Therefore, engaging in prosocial behavior can reduce psychopathological symptoms over time (and vice versa), and youth who are more prosocial also tend to experience fewer psychopathological symptoms. Intraindividual associations were small while interindividual associations were moderate to large. Implications for theory, future research, and evidence-based interventions are discussed.
Longitudinal associations between academic competence-building and depression symptoms in early adolescence
Authors: Hong Ryan Y. , Zainal Nur Hani , Ong Xiang Ling
Published: August 2022

The longitudinal associations between academic competence-building and depression symptoms were investigated among 741 early adolescents in Singapore. Extending from past studies on academic achievement and depression, the current research tested two competing hypotheses – theacademic incompetencehypothesis versus theadjustment erosionhypothesis using a 3-wave longitudinal study over an academic year. The former hypothesis suggests that prior deficits in academic competence-building lead to subsequent depression symptoms, whereas the latter posits that previous depression leads to subsequent deficits in competence-building. Longitudinal associations between a higher-order competence-building factor (operationalized using multiple constituent motivational variables) and depression were examined using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Results indicated that within-individual decreases in competence-building prospectively predicted subsequent within-individual increases in depression symptoms, but the opposite effect was not observed. Within-individual fluctuations in competence-building also predicted end-of-year grades and teacher-reported adjustment problems. Overall, the current findings were consistent with the academic incompetence hypothesis, suggesting that interventions aimed at sustaining academic competence-building could offer protection against the worsening of depression. These results clarified the within-individual developmental dynamics between academic competence-building and depression symptoms in adolescents over time.
Complexity, Instability and Contradiction: The Impact of Human–Thing Entanglement on the Social Decline of the Hamin Mangha Neolithic Site in China
Authors: Liu Yan
Published: August 2022

Archaeologists have discovered numerous human skeletons densely deposited on the floors of the houses of the Hamin Mangha Neolithic site (3600–3100 cal.bc) in Tongliao City, northeast China. Some researchers have hypothesized that a plague led to the decline of the Hamin Mangha population. Without dismissing the power of environmental and epidemiological factors, here I will propose additional potential forces that may have led to social change. In this regard, I will employ entanglement theory along with concepts of relational ontology, habitus and social memory to provide an expanded explanatory framework for interpreting social decline in the Hamin Mangha site. I will construct and employ a modified entanglement model to analyse the changes that occurred. I will argue that the complexity, instability and contradictions created by what is referred to as ‘human–thing entanglements’ contributed to the decline of Hamin Mangha society. I will conclude that the concept of entanglement helps us to direct attention to major factors that underlie the process of social decline in the research site.
The archer and the arrow: Zen Buddhism and the politics of religion in Nazi Germany
Authors: Panzer Sarah
Published: August 2022

Zen may be most commonly associated with Japan, but the ‘art of Zen’ was made in Germany. This article reconstructs the reception of Zen Buddhism in Nazi Germany as an extension of the regime’s project to transform Christianity. Although Japanese reformers emphasized Zen’s universal qualities, in Nazi Germany it became associated instead with a combination of völkisch nationalism and spiritual mysticism mirroring Nazi aspirations for a ‘positive’ German form of Christianity. That project may have been discredited after 1945, but the image of Zen cultivated by Nazi ideologues transitioned more or less seamlessly into the post-war New Age movement. This phenomenon thus merits attention not only for what it reveals about the extent to which Germany remained engaged in global intellectual and cultural currents during the Nazi era but also in complicating our historical understanding of how Zen came to be part of the contemporary global vernacular.
Life course of retrospective harmonization initiatives: key elements to consider
Authors: Fortier Isabel , Wey Tina W. , Bergeron Julie , Pinot de Moira Angela , Nybo-Andersen Anne-Marie , Bishop Tom , Murtagh Madeleine J. , Miočević Milica , Swertz Morris A. , van Enckevort Esther , Marcon Yannick , Mayrhofer Michaela. Th. , Ornelas Jos Pedro , Sebert Sylvain , Santos Ana Cristina , Rocha Artur , Wilson Rebecca C. , Griffith Lauren E. , Burton Paul
Published: August 2022

Optimizing research on the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) involves implementing initiatives maximizing the use of the available cohort study data; achieving sufficient statistical power to support subgroup analysis; and using participant data presenting adequate follow-up and exposure heterogeneity. It also involves being able to undertake comparison, cross-validation, or replication across data sets. To answer these requirements, cohort study data need to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR), and more particularly, it often needs to be harmonized. Harmonization is required to achieve or improve comparability of the putatively equivalent measures collected by different studies on different individuals. Although the characteristics of the research initiatives generating and using harmonized data vary extensively, all are confronted by similar issues. Having to collate, understand, process, host, and co-analyze data from individual cohort studies is particularly challenging. The scientific success and timely management of projects can be facilitated by an ensemble of factors. The current document provides an overview of the ‘life course’ of research projects requiring harmonization of existing data and highlights key elements to be considered from the inception to the end of the project.
Fundamental Ingredients of Australian Rainfall Extremes
Authors: White B. A. , Jakob C. , Reeder M. J.
Published: August 2022

Satellite observations of Australian rainfall are used with reanalysis fields to identify the fundamental ingredients that distinguish extreme rain days from non‐extreme rain days. We analyze regions from the tropics to the mid‐latitudes, seeking to address whether regions with very different large‐scale circulations have common factors required for extreme rainfall, and if so, what synoptic conditions lead to the development of the extremes. In all regions, extreme rain days occur in locally strong ascent, high moisture, and an atmosphere closer to saturation throughout the depth of the free troposphere than on weaker intensity rain days, although the synoptic processes leading to the development of these local conditions vary regionally. The concentration of moisture over several days preceding an extreme is important to the development of the extreme. We show that the local values of precipitable water and mid‐level ascent can indicate whether a rain day will be extreme. The analysis uses 20 years of satellite‐derived rain estimates covering the period 1998–2017, averaged daily and over 100 × 100 km2 areas centered on the Australian cities of Darwin (tropical), Brisbane (subtropical), and Melbourne (mid‐latitude). The daily mean rainfalls are ranked by intensity, and the top 100 days in each region are selected as extremes. The large‐scale conditions of these extreme rain days are taken from reanalysis and compared against those of the median and low intensity rain days in each region.
Sea Ice Elevation in the Western Weddell Sea, Antarctica: Observations From Field Campaign
Authors: Huang Lanqing , Hajnsek Irena , Nghiem Son V.
Published: August 2022

Sea ice elevation is crucial in the characterization of three‐dimensional (3D) sea ice patterns, providing physical insights to advance sea ice dynamic models. Moreover, how sea ice elevation may be related to the ocean geophysical environment is still a significant knowledge gap, especially in Antarctica. A radar theory relating electromagnetic scattering mechanisms to sea ice elevation over old and deformed rough ice has been reported in a prior companion paper. This follow‐up paper presents the validated model function and synthetic aperture radar (SAR)‐retrieved sea ice elevations based on the field data acquired during the Operation IceBridge and TanDEM‐X Antarctic Science Campaign. A high‐resolution sea ice digital elevation model (DEM) is generated extensively over a 19 × 450 km sector in the Western Weddell Sea, achieving a good accuracy with a low root‐mean‐square error of 0.23 m. From the SAR‐retrieved sea ice DEM, 3D sea ice patterns including roughness height, auto‐correlation lengths, correlation ellipticity, and orientation angles are calculated over the old and deformed rough sea ice. The 3D sea ice patterns give a comprehensive characterization of sea ice topography in the Western Weddell Sea and show the potential to be used for understanding sea ice formation processes in the Antarctic.
Carbonation of Serpentinite in Creeping Faults of California
Authors: Klein Frieder , Goldsby David L. , Lin Jian , Andreani Muriel
Published: August 2022

Several large strike slip faults in central and northern California accommodate plate motions through aseismic creep. Although there is no consensus regarding the underlying cause of aseismic creep, aqueous fluids and mechanically weak, velocity‐strengthening minerals appear to play a central role. This study integrates field observations and thermodynamic modeling to examine possible relationships between the occurrence of serpentinite, silica‐carbonate rock, and CO2‐rich aqueous fluids in creeping faults of California. Our models predict that carbonation of serpentinite leads to the formation of talc and magnesite, followed by silica‐carbonate rock. While abundant exposures of silica‐carbonate rock indicate complete carbonation, serpentinite‐hosted CO2‐rich spring fluids are strongly supersaturated with talc at elevated temperatures. Hence, carbonation of serpentinite is likely ongoing in parts of the San Andres Fault system and operates in conjunction with other modes of talc formation that may further enhance the potential for aseismic creep, thereby limiting the potential for large earthquakes.
Contrasting Circulation Patterns of Dry and Humid Heatwaves Over Southern China
Authors: Luo Ming , Wu Sijia , Liu Zhen , Lau Ngar‐Cheung
Published: August 2022

Heatwaves pose severe threats to human health, especially those combining heat and humidity. Here, we use dry‐ and wet‐bulb temperatures as indicators to classify dry and humid heatwaves in southern China and distinguish their different mechanisms. We find that both dry and humid heatwaves are accompanied by an eastward extension of the South Asian high, a westward extension of the western North Pacific subtropical high, and a low‐level anticyclonic anomaly. The major differences between dry and humid heatwaves are that these anomalies are more widespread albeit weaker and shift more southward for humid than dry heatwaves. Consequently, dry heatwaves are associated with drastically increased temperature and decreased relative humidity, while humid heatwaves are accompanied by relatively weaker but more expanded temperature increases and stronger increases in humidity. Understanding the differences between dry and humid heatwaves and their origins advances our knowledge of heatwaves which can better mitigate their detrimental effects.
Synoptic Impacts on the Occurrence of Mesoscale Boundaries and Their Associated Convection Over an Area of Sharp Vegetation Contrast
Authors: Huang Yipeng , Meng Zhiyong , Zhang Murong
Published: August 2022

This study examined synoptic impacts on the occurrence of boundaries and their associated convection during summers from 2012 to 2016 over Hetao Irrigation District in North China, where there is a sharp vegetation contrast. Objective synoptic‐pattern classification showed that boundary days, especially convective boundary days, were more frequent under a mid‐troposphere high‐pressure ridge or pre‐trough pattern. Such patterns featured a warmer near‐surface environment, stronger southerly winds, larger convective available potential energy (CAPE), and low‐level moisture convergence. Relative to unfavorable patterns, boundaries under favorable patterns showed more apparent arid‐area dependence, more dominant orientation along the line of vegetation contrast, more moved northward, formed and matured earlier, and triggered convection more dispersedly. Under each pattern, compared with nonboundary days, boundary days possessed higher near‐surface temperatures and stronger ambient flows against the vegetation‐contrast‐induced circulations near the surface; plus, compared with nonconvective boundary days, convective boundary days possessed stronger updrafts, larger CAPE, and higher moisture and K index.
Transcrustal Compressible Fluid Flow Explains the Altiplano‐Puna Gravity and Deformation Anomalies
Authors: Gottsmann J. , Eiden E. , Pritchard M. E.
Published: August 2022

Enigmatic large‐scale (>150 km wide) ground deformation in southern Bolivia has been ongoing for more than 50 year. Concurrent changes in gravity recorded between 2010 and 2018 imply minor changes in subsurface density in the absence of significant mass changes. Numerical modeling of the gravity changes and concurrent InSAR LOS displacements gives annual bulk density changes of 0.002 kg m−3 in the Altiplano‐Puna Magma Body (APMB) and −0.03 kg m−3 in a vertical bulge‐column ensemble beneath Uturuncu volcano. We propose that the transcrustal migration of fluids from the APMB to shallower crustal levels by compressible flow is the source of ground deformation. Localized ground subsidence south of Uturuncu can be best explained by a density decrease of 20 ± 5 kg m−3 between 2011 and 2013 in a hydrothermal reservoir. Our findings contribute to the growing recognition of transcrustal fluid migration as a source of volcanic unrest.
Intensified Northern Hemisphere Glaciation Facilitates Continuous Accumulation of Late Pliocene Loess on the Western Margin of the Pamir
Authors: Zan Jinbo , Ning Wenxiao , Heller Friedrich , Fang Xiaomin , Zhang Weilin , Kang Jian
Published: August 2022

Thick eolian loess sequences in arid Central Asia (CA) contain a wealth of information on the intensity variations of midlatitude westerlies and the aridification history of the nearby deserts. In this study, detailed lithologic and magnetostratigraphic investigations suggest that loess deposits on the western margin of the Pamir Plateau began to accumulate at around 2.7 Ma, representing the most complete and oldest loess‐paleosol sequence in western CA. The widely distributed continuous loess deposition in the region suggests a rapid desiccation of CA during the late Pliocene. A synthesis of the initial timing and spatial distribution of late Cenozoic eolian deposits on the Eurasian continent further demonstrates that the dramatic increase in global ice volume exerted a dominant role in the expansion of eolian loess deposits in CA, China, and Europe, and middle Pleistocene expansion is a crucial precondition for the establishment of modern distribution patterns of the Eurasian loess belt.
Impact of Mountains in Southern China on the Eocene Climates of East Asia
Authors: Zhang Zijian , Zhang Zhongshi , He Zhilin , Tan Ning , Guo Zhengtang , Zhu Jiang , Steinig Sebastian , Donnadieu Yannick , Ladant Jean‐Baptiste , Chan Wing‐Le , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Niezgodzki Igor , Knorr Gregor , Hutchinson David K. , de Boer Agatha M.
Published: August 2022

Inconsistencies in the Eocene climates of East Asia have been revealed in both geological studies and simulations. Several earlier reconstructions showed an arid zonal band in mid‐latitude China, but others showed a humid climate in the same region. Moreover, previous Eocene modeling studies have demonstrated that climate models can simulate both scenarios in China. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the cause of this model spread. We conducted a series of experiments using Norwegian Earth System Model 1‐F and examined the impact of mountains in Southern China on the simulated Eocene climate. These mountains, including the Gangdese and Southeast Mountains, are located along the main path of water vapor transport to East Asia. Our results reveal that the Southeast Mountains play the dominant role in controlling the simulated precipitation in Eastern China during the Eocene. When the heights of the Southeast Mountains exceed ∼2,000 m, an arid zonal band appears in mid‐latitude China, whereas humid climates appear in Eastern China when the elevation of the Southeast Mountains is relatively low.
The Shear‐Relative Variation of Inflow Angle and Its Relationship to Tropical Cyclone Intensification
Authors: Ming Jie , Liu Ruixue , Zhang Jun A. , Rogers Robert F.
Published: August 2022

Characterizing inflow structure is important to better represent tropical cyclone impacts in numerical models. While much research has considered the impact of storm translation on the distribution of inflow angle, comparatively less research has examined its distribution relative to the environmental wind shear. This study analyzes data from 3,655 dropsondes in 44 storms to investigate the radial and shear‐relative distribution of surface inflow angle. Emphasis is placed on its relationship with intensity change. The results show that the radial variation in the inflow angle is small and not significantly dependent on the shear magnitude or intensity change rate. In contrast, the azimuthal distribution of the inflow angle shows a significant asymmetry, with the amplitude of the asymmetry increasing with shear magnitude. The maximum inflow angle is located in the downshear side. The degree of asymmetry is larger in the outer core than in the eyewall. Intensifying storms have a smaller degree of asymmetry than steady‐state storms under moderate shear.
The Art of Landslides: How Stochastic Mass Wasting Shapes Topography and Influences Landscape Dynamics
Authors: Campforts Benjamin , Shobe Charles M. , Overeem Irina , Tucker Gregory E.
Published: August 2022

Bedrock landslides shape topography and mobilize large volumes of sediment. Yet, interactions between landslide‐produced sediment and fluvial systems that together govern large‐scale landscape evolution are not well understood. To explain morphological patterns observed in steep, landslide‐prone terrain, we explicitly model stochastic landsliding and associated sediment dynamics. The model accounts for several common landscape features such as slope frequency distributions, which include values in excess of regional stability limits, quasi‐planar hillslopes decorated with straight, closely spaced channel‐like features, and accumulation of sediment in valley networks rather than on hillslopes. Stochastic landsliding strongly affects the magnitude and timing of sediment supply to the fluvial system. We show that intermittent sediment supply is ultimately reflected in topography. At dynamic equilibrium, landslide‐derived sediment pulses generate persistent landscape dynamism through the formation and breaching of landslide dams and epigenetic gorges as landslides force shifts in channel positions. Our work highlights the importance of interactions between landslides and sediment dynamics that ultimately control landscape‐scale response to environmental change.
An Efficient Bayesian Approach to Learning Droplet Collision Kernels: Proof of Concept Using “Cloudy,” a New n‐Moment Bulk Microphysics Scheme
Authors: Bieli Melanie , Dunbar Oliver R. A. , de Jong Emily K. , Jaruga Anna , Schneider Tapio , Bischoff Tobias
Published: August 2022

The small‐scale microphysical processes governing the formation of precipitation particles cannot be resolved explicitly by cloud resolving and climate models. Instead, they are represented by microphysics schemes that are based on a combination of theoretical knowledge, statistical assumptions, and fitting to data (“tuning”). Historically, tuning was done in an ad hoc fashion, leading to parameter choices that are not explainable or repeatable. Recent work has treated it as an inverse problem that can be solved by Bayesian inference. The posterior distribution of the parameters given the data—the solution of Bayesian inference—is found through computationally expensive sampling methods, which require over evaluations of the forward model; this is prohibitive for many models. We present a proof of concept of Bayesian learning applied to a new bulk microphysics scheme named “Cloudy,” using the recently developed Calibrate‐Emulate‐Sample (CES) algorithm. Cloudy models collision‐coalescence and collisional breakup of cloud droplets with an adjustable number of prognostic moments and with easily modifiable assumptions for the cloud droplet mass distribution and the collision kernel. The CES algorithm uses machine learning tools to accelerate Bayesian inference by reducing the number of forward evaluations needed to . It also exhibits a smoothing effect when forward evaluations are polluted by noise. In a suite of perfect‐model experiments, we show that CES enables computationally efficient Bayesian inference of parameters in Cloudy from noisy observations of moments of the droplet mass distribution. In an additional imperfect‐model experiment, a collision kernel parameter is successfully learned from output generated by a Lagrangian particle‐based microphysics model.
Can intracellular Staphylococcus aureus in osteomyelitis be treated using current antibiotics? A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Zelmer Anja R. , Nelson Renjy , Richter Katharina , Atkins Gerald J.
Published: August 2022

Approximately 40% of treatments of chronic and recurrent osteomyelitis fail in part due to bacterial persistence.Staphylococcus aureus, the predominant pathogen in human osteomyelitis, is known to persist by phenotypic adaptation as small-colony variants (SCVs) and by formation of intracellular reservoirs, including those in major bone cell types, reducing susceptibility to antibiotics. Intracellular infections withS. aureusare difficult to treat; however, there are no evidence-based clinical guidelines addressing these infections in osteomyelitis. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine the demonstrated efficacy of all antibiotics against intracellularS. aureusrelevant to osteomyelitis, including protein biosynthesis inhibitors (lincosamides, streptogramins, macrolides, oxazolidines, tetracyclines, fusidic acid, and aminoglycosides), enzyme inhibitors (fluoroquinolones and ansamycines), and cell wall inhibitors (beta-lactam inhibitors, glycopeptides, fosfomycin, and lipopeptides). The PubMed and Embase databases were screened for articles related to intracellularS. aureusinfections that compared the effectiveness of multiple antibiotics or a single antibiotic together with another treatment, which resulted in 34 full-text articles fitting the inclusion criteria. The combined findings of these studies were largely inconclusive, most likely due to the plethora of methodologies utilized. Therefore, the reported findings in the context of the models employed and possible solutions for improved understanding are explored here. While rifampicin, oritavancin, linezolid, moxifloxacin and oxacillin were identified as the most effective potential intracellular treatments, the scientific evidence for these is still relatively weak. We advocate for more standardized research on determining the intracellular effectiveness of antibiotics inS. aureusosteomyelitis to improve treatments and patient outcomes.
Dental education in primary care: 14 years of Peninsula Dental School
Authors: Tredwin Christopher , Hanks Sally , Witton Rob , McColl Ewen , Coelho Cathy
Published: August 2022

Peninsula Dental School, established in 2006, was the UK's first new dental school in 40 years. It had the freedom to develop a completely new dental education curriculum planned on pedagogic thinking, designed to equip the dental care professionals of the twenty-first century. This was based on three distinct pillars: professionalism (developing a student's trust in their own autonomy); dental skills of the highest order (not just technical skills but also communication skills); and social engagement. As such, a truly innovative approach to dental education was created that has strong roots in evidence.

This paper describes the University of Plymouth Peninsula Dental School's achievements against these initial objectives under the following areas: training in primary care; a novel spiralling integrated curriculum and assessments; facilities reaching out to deliver patient care; bringing meaningful patient contact to students from the earliest months of their course; embedding community engagement within the curriculum; development of Peninsula Dental Social Enterprise; and team working, training a variety of dental care profession students side by side.

The University of Plymouth Peninsula Dental School, working with all its partners, has successfully pioneered and delivered significant changes in the field of education and continues to strive to further develop these and more for the future.
Corneal irregularity and visual function using anterior segment optical coherence tomography in TGFBI corneal dystrophy
Authors: Abe Yuito , Omoto Takashi , Kitamoto Kohdai , Toyono Tetsuya , Yoshida Junko , Asaoka Ryo , Yamagami Satoru , Miyai Takashi , Usui Tomohiko
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate corneal irregular astigmatism of patients with granular and lattice corneal dystrophy (GCD and LCD). 70 GCD, 35 LCD, and 81 control eyes were included. Anterior and posterior corneal topographic data obtained from anterior segment optical coherence tomography were expanded into four components via Fourier harmonic analysis. These components were compared with healthy eyes and the association between each component and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was investigated. Anterior and posterior components increased in both GCD and LCD eyes. Anterior and posterior components of GCD2, anterior of LCD type 1 (LCD1), posterior of LCD type IIIA (LCD 3A), and type IV (LCD4) significantly increased. BCVA was significantly associated with anterior and posterior components in LCD eyes but not in GCD. The anterior components of LCD1, anterior and posterior of LCD3A, and posterior of LCD4
, were positively correlated with BCVA. As conclusions, in GCD eyes, anterior and posterior components differed from those of the control but BCVA was not significantly associated with them. In LCD eyes, the anterior and posterior components increased, and BCVA was significantly associated with the anterior and posterior components.
The association between dose of hemodialysis and patients mortality in a prospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Shu-Xin , Wang Zhi-Hong , Zhang Shuang , Xiao Jia , You Lian-Lian , Zhang Yu , Dong Cui , Wang Xue-Na , Wang Zhen-Zhen , Wang Sheng-Nan , Song Jia-Ni , Zhao Xiu-Nan , Yan Xin-Yi , Yu Shu-Fan , Zhang Yi-Nan
Published: August 2022

Dialysis adequacy is a known risk factor for mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, the optimal dialysis dose remains controversial. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between dialysis dose and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among MHD. We examined the associations of dialysis dose with mortality in a cohort (n = 558) of MHD patients from 31 December 2015 to 31 December 2020. Dialysis adequacy was assessed using baseline Single-pool Kt/Vurea (spKt/V), which was categorized into three groups, and the lowest dose group was used as the reference category. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. A total of 214 patients died (64.5% for CVD). Compared with the low-dose group, high-dose group could reduce the risk of all-cause mortality by 33% (HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47–0.98). Of note, when stratification by age, high-dose group was associated with both lower all-cause (HR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26–0.81) and CVD mortality (HR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20–0.88) among patients with age below 65 years. When stratification by dialysis age, high-dose group was associated with decreased risk of CVD mortality (HR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.20–0.91) among patients with dialysis age over 60 months. spKt/V is a simple index of hemodialysis dose used in clinical practice and a useful modifiable factor in predicting the risk of death, especially in MHD patients under 65 years old or dialysis age more than 60 months.
Association between plant-based diets and metabolic health status in adolescents with overweight and obesity
Authors: Mokhtari Elahe , Mirzaei Saeideh , Asadi Ali , Akhlaghi Masoumeh , Saneei Parvane
Published: August 2022

The association of plant-based diets with health status is underestimated in pediatrics. We aimed to examine the relation between plant-based diets (including overall plant-based index (PDI), healthy plant-based (hPDI) and unhealthy plant-based (uPDI)) and metabolic health status in Iranian adolescents with overweight/obesity. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 203 adolescents with overweight/obesity (12–18 years old) selected by a multistage cluster random-sampling method. Usual dietary intakes were assessed through a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric indices and blood pressure values were measured and fasting blood samples were drawn. For classification of participants into metabolically healthy obese (MHO) or metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) groups, two methods of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and combination of IDF with Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were applied. No significant association was observed between higher adherence to PDI and odds of MUO status defined by both IDF and IDF/HOMA-IR strategies. After adjustments for all potential confounders, adolescents in the highest tertile of hPDI, compared with those in the lowest tertile, had 85% (95% CI 0.05–0.43) and 84% (95% CI 0.05, 0.52) lower odds of being MUO based on IDF and IDF/HOMA-IR criteria, respectively. Greater adherence to uPDI was associated with odd of 3.95 (95% CI 1.41, 11.12) and 4.06 (95% CI 1.31, 12.57) of being MUO based on IDF and IDF/HOMA-IR definitions, after considering all potential confounders. Stratified analysis revealed that these associations were stronger in girls and overweight subjects. Adherence to healthy plant-based foods was inversely associated with odds of MUO status in Iranian adolescents. In contrast, unhealthy plant-based diets was directly associated with MUO in pediatrics. Further studies with prospective nature, are required to affirm these results.