bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Benzannelated Annulenones. Syntheses and Properties of 10-Methylbenzo[d]- and Dibenzo[d,j]-6,8-bisdehydro[13]annuIenone
Authors: Ojima J\={u}ro , Yokoyama Y\={o}ji , Enkaku Michiko
Published: July 2006

In order to examine the paratropic nature expected for a thirteen-membered ring system arising from polarization of the carbonyl group, the two benzannelated bisdehydro[13] annulenones, VI and IX, were prepared respectively by the aldol condensation of an appropriate aldehyde and an appropriate ketone followed by the oxidative coupling of the resulting acyclic ketone containing terminal acetylene groups. The NMR spectra indicate that both of VI and IX, as well as the respective protonated species, VII and X, are paratropic and paratropicities decrease in the sequence of VI>IX with the increasing number of fused benzene ring. The dibenzannelated annulenone (IX) and its precursor (VIII) were converted into the corresponding alcohols or ethers (XIIa, XIIb and XIa, XIb), respectively, to test the presence of the paratropic nature of IX. The NMR spectra of XIa, XIb and XIIa, XIIb, in addition to those of VIII and IX, suggested that IX seemed to be weakly paratropic. An attempt made to prepare the dibenzannelated bisdehydro[13]annulenyl anion (XIII) was unsuccessful.
Boron Trifluoride Etherate-Catalyzed Backbone Rearrangement of 3β,4β-Epoxyshionane and the Synthesis of Dihydrobaccharis Oxide
Authors: Tachibana Kazuo , Tori Motoo , Moriyama Yoshihiko , Tsuyuki Takahiko , Takahashi Takeyoshi
Published: July 2006

3β,4β-Epoxyshionane (15) was treated with boron trifluoride etherate in ether at −30 °C to give dihydrobaccharis oxide (4; yield 17%), 4α-fluoroshionan-3β-ol (17; 10%), D: B-friedo-bacchar-5-en-3β-ol (18; 18%), D:B-friedo-bacchar-5(10)-en-3β-ol (20; 15%), and D: C-friedo-bacchar-7-en-3β-ol (21; 15%). The reaction in benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, or in hexane at −5 °C or at room temperature yielded bacchar-12-en-3β-ol (5), D: C-friedo-bacchar-8-en-3β-ol (25), 18, 20, and 21. The reaction product ratios in the same reaction in various solvents are listed in Table 1.
Photochemistry of 1,2-Diphenylcyclobutene in Protic Solvents. Addition of Alcohols, Acetic Acid, and Water
Authors: Sakuragi Masako , Sakuragi Hirochika , Hasegawa Masaki
Published: July 2006

Irradiation of 1,2-diphenylcyclobutene (1) in methanol affords the methyl ethers, 1,2-diphenyl-1-methoxycyclobutane (2a) and 1-(α-methoxybenzyl)-1-phenylcyclopropane (3a). In acetic acid and in a mixture of water and dioxane, the corresponding esters (2b and 3b) and alcohols (2c and 3c) are formed, respectively. Evidence supporting the involvement of a singlet species was obtained upon finding that the fluorescence of 1 is substantially quenched upon the addition of methanol or acetic acid to a solution of 1 in hexane.
A Palladium-catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Ethynylmercury Compounds
Authors: Kasahara Akira , Izumi Taeko , Suzuki Akio
Published: July 2006

Bis(phenylethynyl)mercury reacts with carbon monoxide and alcohol at room temperature in the presence of palladium(II) salt to form dialkyl phenylmaleate, accompanied by small amounts of alkyl phenylpropiolate and dialkyl phenylfumarate. An alkoxycarbonylation at 100 °C afforded a trialkoxycarbonylation product, accompanied by dialkoxycarbonylation products. The alkoxycarbonylation of bis(ethylethynyl)mercury proceeds similarly.
Synthesis of 3-(Alkoxycarbonylmethylthio)coumarins from Thiocyanatoacetic Esters and Salicylaldehydes
Authors: Kambe Satoshi , Takajo Tokiharu , Hayashi Toshio , Midorikawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

A number of 3-(alkoxycarbonylmethylthio)coumarins (3) were prepared by reactions of thiocyanatoacetic esters (1) with salicylaldehydes in the presence of potassium carbonate.
The Synthesis of Several Octose Derivatives Related to Octosyl Acids A and B
Authors: Anzai Kentaro , Saita Tsuneo
Published: July 2006

Starting from 1,2: 5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-allofuranose (3a), the sugar portion of octosyl acids A and B (1a and 1b) was synthesised, though with some protecting groups. Compound 7a, thus obtained, was found to be acid-liable, and treatment of 7a in a dilute hydrochloric acid in methanol resulted in furanose-ring opening, affording an isopropylidene compound 8.
The Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance of Dibromoiodate Ions
Authors: Okuda Tsutomu , Tomoyasu Isamu , Yamada Koji , Negita Hisao
Published: July 2006

The NQR sepctra due to 81Br and 127I in potassium dibromoiodate and its monohydrate were observed, and the Zeeman effect of 81Br NQR in the monohydrate was examined. The resonance lines indicate that both compounds have two kinds of dibromoiodate ions and that these ions in the anhydride are slightly asymmetric, while those in the monohydrate are symmetric. The difference in frequency between the two resonance lines due to each resonant nucleus in the monohydrate is explained in terms of the I···Br intermolecular interaction. The charge distributions in both compounds were evaluated to be about −0.6e and 0.2e on the terminal and central atoms respectively.
Structural Studies of Asymmetric Hydrogenation. II. The Crystal Structure of Methyl(R(+)-α-methylbenzylamine)bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(III) Benzene Solvate
Authors: Ohashi Yuji , Sasada Yoshio
Published: July 2006

The structure of methyl (R(+)-α-methylbenzylamine)bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(III) benzene solvate has been determined by X-ray crystal analysis. The crystal is orthorhombic; space group, P212121; Z=4 with a=14.074(1), b=14.390(1), and c=12.202(1) Å. The structure was deduced by the heavy-atom method and refined by the block-diagonal least-squares method to a final R value of 0.063 for 1413 observed reflections. The symmetry of the bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt moiety has been lowered from D2h to C2h as a result of the steric repulsion from optically active amine. It is proposed that this deformation is a factor inducing the asymmetry in the hydrogenation catalyzed by the complex of bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt and the active amine.
Thermal Decomposition of Hydrogen Cyanide in Shock Waves
Authors: Tabayashi Kiyohiko , Fueno Takayuki , Takasa Kenji , Kajimoto Okitsugu , Okada Kazuo
Published: July 2006

The thermal decomposition of hydrogen cyanide diluted to 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mol% in argon was studied behind incident shock waves over the temperature range 2600–3600 K. The decomposition process was followed by monitoring the CN X2Σ+-B2Σ+ (0-0) absorption centered at 3883 Å. The bimolecular rate constants for the reaction HCN+Ar→H+CN+Ar were obtained from the initial slopes of absorption; k1=(1.26±0.28)×1016exp[–(99.69±1.39)kcal mol−1/RT] cm3 mol−1 s−1. The kinetic results are well fitted by the classical collision-theory expression, k1=λ(Z⁄n!)(E⁄RT)nexp(–E⁄RT), with λ=0.22, n=3.5, and E=D0(H–CN)= 118.7 kcal/mol. The overall absorption profiles were found to be explicable on the basis of the reaction scheme involving the homorecombinations of H and CN as well as the chain reaction with H and CN as carrier species.
Reactions of 125I Activated by 125Xe(EC)125I Process with Methane
Authors: Saeki Masakatsu , Tachikawa Enzo
Published: July 2006

The reactions of 125I obtained from the 125Xe(EC)125I process with methane have been investigated. It was confirmed that electron scavengers, such as I2, SF6, and O2, play an important role. The main product is only CH3125I, the yield decreasing significantly with the concentration of Xe. By adding various additives, the yield of CH3125I in the presence of trace amount of I2 was assigned as follows: 8.7±6.7% by the hot atom reaction, 35.8±8.0% by 125I+ in the 1D2 state, and 31.5±2.0% by 125I+ in the 3P states. The results are discussed in comparison with those reported on similar reactions utilizing different activation processes. Chemical sequences of the formation of CH3125I are proposed.
Organic N-Halogen Compounds. X. Preparative Studies on N-Benzimidoylsulfilimines
Authors: Fuchigami Toshio , Odo Keijiro
Published: July 2006

N-Chlorobenzamidine (1) reacted readily with dimethyl sulfide to form N-benzimidoylaminodimethylsulfonium chloride (2). Treatment of 2 with sodium hydroxide gave N-benzimidoyl-S,S-dimethylsulfilimine (3) quantitatively. The thermolysis of acyl derivatives of 3 gave rise to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. N-Chloro derivative (6) prepared by treating 2 with sodium hypochlorite, reacted with potassium thiocyanate to form N-(3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolyl-5-yl)-S,S-dimethylsulfilimine (7).
Photochemical Behavior of 1,2-Diphenylcyclobutene in Protic Solvents. Addition of Secondary Amines
Authors: Sakuragi Masako , Sakuragi Hirochika
Published: July 2006

Irradiation of 1,2-diphenylcyclobutene (1) and diethylamine in hexane with light of longer wavelengths than 300 nm affords N,N-diethyl-1,2-diphenylcyclobutanamine (2a), 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane (3), and 1,1′,2,2′-tetraphenylbicyclobutyl (4). Upon similar irradiation, 1 and morpholine afford N-(1,2-diphenylcyclobutyl)morpholine 3 and 4. A mechanism involving a charge-transfer complex is proposed on the basis of the observations that the amines quenched the olefin fluorescence at a rate close to the diffusion limit in hexane, and that when diethylamine-N-d was used as an additive the deuterium was retained in the methine groups of compounds 2a, 3, and 4.
Studies of Unusual Amino Acids and Their Peptides. VIII. The Syntheses of an Iminohexapeptide as a Model of Bottromycin and Its Related Iminopeptides
Authors: Yamada Takashi , Miyazawa Toshifumi , Kuwata Shigeru , Watanabe Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

As a model of bottromycin, the structure of which had been proposed by Nakamura et al., an iminohexapeptide, Z–Val–Val–ImPro–Gly–Phe–Phe–OMe, and its related iminopeptides were synthesized in good yields. These syntheses were achieved by the condensation of the imidates, Z–ImPro–OEt, Z–Val-ImPro–OEt·HCl, or Z–Val–Val–ImPro–OEt·HCl, with the peptide esters, Gly–Phe–OMe·HBr or Gly–Phe–Phe–OMe·HCl, in the presence of triethylamine. All of the resulting iminopeptides were isolated as the hydrobromide or the hydrochloride. The pKa values of these iminopeptide salts were measured to be 9.75–9.3 in methanol-water; they showed that the pKa rule of Nakamura et al. could not be applied in the cases of these iminopeptides.
An X-Ray Diffraction Study on the Structure of the Aqua Indium(III) Ion in the Perchlorate Solution
Authors: Maeda Masunobu , Ohtaki Hitoshi
Published: July 2006

The structure of the aqua indium(III) ion has been studied in a 3 mol dm−3 In(ClO4)3 solution at 25 °C by an X-ray diffraction method. The result showed that the indium(III) ion has six nearest water molecules and the In–OH2 bond distance is 2.15±0.03 Å.
A New Synthesis of 9-Xanthenones by the Reaction of 2-Hydroxybenzophenones with Metal Salts
Authors: Ueda Shuichi , Kurosawa Kazu
Published: July 2006

Seven 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenones were oxidized with manganese(III) acetate to give 9-xanthenones (24–65%). 2-Hydroxy-3′,4,4′,6-tetramethoxybenzophenone gave 1,3,6,7-tetramethoxy-9-xanthenone in a 5% yield. 2-Hydroxy-3′,4,4′,5-tetramethoxybenzophenone yielded 2,5-dihydroxy-3′,4,4′-trimethoxybenzophenone (9%). The oxidation of the 2-hydroxybenzophenones with lead tetraacetate also gave the 9-xanthenones, but in poor yields.
Synthesis of Corticotropin Peptides. XVI. The Total Syntheses of Porcine and Human Corticotropins
Authors: Inouye Ken , Watanabe Kunio , Otsuka Hideo
Published: July 2006

The syntheses are described of two nonatriacontapeptides corresponding to the primary structure of porcine corticotropin (αp-ACTH) and that of human hormone (αh-ACTH). The porcine peptide is synthesized by assembling three fragment peptides corresponding to ACTH(1–10), ACTH(11–21) and αp-ACTH (22–39). The Synthetic product is compared with natural αp-ACTH in terms of chemical, physicochemical, and biological properties to establish their identity. The human peptide is synthesized via two different routes, one of which is the same as that employed for the synthesis of porcine peptide. The two synthetic preparations of human peptide are not only indistinguishable from each other, but also very similar to αp-ACTH in various items of physicochemical measurements and in the in vivo steroidogenesis assay. The collected data prove the satisfactory synthesis of αh-ACTH as well as αp-ACTH.
Formose Reactions. II. The Photochemical Formose Reaction
Authors: Shigemasa Yoshihiro , Matsuda Yoshinobu , Sakazawa Chikahiro , Matsuura Teruo
Published: July 2006

Under UV irradiation in the presence of an inorganic base, aqueous formaldehyde was found to give pentaerythritol and 2-hydroxymethylglycerol as the main products, accompanied by the concomitant formation of a mixture of sugars and sugar alcohols. The results indicate that this photochemical formose reaction is considerably different in product distribution from the thermal formose reaction using the Ca(OH)2 catalyst. The detailed examination of the photochemical formose reaction was carried out in the presence of Na2CO3, and a possible scheme for the formation of pentaerythritol and 2-hydroxymethylglycerol is proposed.
Factor Group Splitting and the Lowest Triplet State of Tetrachlorophthalic Anhydride Crystals
Authors: Sano Mizuka , Narisawa Takatoshi , Matsuka Mitsunobu , I’Haya Yasumasa J
Published: July 2006

The electronic configuration of the lowest triplet state for tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (TCPA) was determined to be B2(ππ*) by means of Zeeman spectroscopy. The electronic origin for the singlet-triplet absorption of a TCPA single crystal was found in the region of 421.3 nm at 1.7 K. The first peak in the absorption spectrum was found to possess two components; the one observed at 23726.1 cm−1 corresponds to the transition to the Bu, and the other observed at 23728.5 cm−1 to that to the Au triplet factor group state. The splitting between the two states is 2.4 cm−1.
Studies of Peptide Antibiotics. XXXIV. Syntheses of Tyrocidine A and Its Analogs Containing Glycine
Authors: Okamoto Kouji , Nonaka Kazuhiko , Izumiya Nobuo
Published: July 2006

The synthesis of Tyrocidine A (TA), an antibiotic cyclic decapeptide, was achieved by a revised conventional method. Two analogs of TA, 6-glycine-TA and 7-glycine-TA, were synthesized by a similar method to investigate the contribution of l-phenylalanine6 and d-phenylalanine7 residues in TA to its antibacterial activity. The properties of synthetic TA were identical to natural TA. The antibacterial activities of the two analogs were weaker when compared with TA; the activity of 6-glycine-TA being weaker than 7-glycine-TA. The three cyclic peptides synthesized were subjected to droplet countercurrent chromatography (DCCC) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), and the elucidation of the difference in the activities between the two analogs was followed with DCCC and ORD.
Catalysis and Mechanism of the Isomerization of a Δ5-3-Keto Steroid
Authors: Okuyama Tadashi , Kitada Akira , Fueno Takayuki
Published: July 2006

The acid- and base-catalyzed isomerizations of Δ5- to Δ4-testosterone have been kinetically studied in aqueous solution. Solvent isotope effects of kH3O+⁄kD3O+=0.69 and kOH−⁄kOD−=3.1 were obtained. It was thus concluded that the acid-catalyzed isomerization proceeds through rate-determining enolization but the base-catalyzed reaction through rate-determining protonation of an enolate ion. It was found that primary amines efficiently catalyze the isomerization via an iminium ion intermediate. Possible bifunctional catalysis was suggested for the high catalytic activity of polyfunctional primary amines.
Ketyl Radicals Formed in Grignard Reaction. IV. Sterically Hindered Ketyl Radicals in Nuclear Replacement and Conjugate Addition
Authors: Okubo Masao
Published: July 2006

The reaction in which 4′-methoxy and 4′-cyano substituents on 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzophenone are effectively replaced by benzyl- and t-butylmagnesium chloride was examined by means of ESR measurements. Both the original and the “replaced” ketyl radicals were identified, and an electron-transfer mechanism similar to that of SRN−-type reactions was proposed. Some sterically hindered αβ-enones were also found to form detectable amounts of ketyl radicals. The factors governing the production ratio of the normal and the conjugate adduct were discussed.
A Modified Method of Discrete Fourier Transform Application to Electron Spin Resonance Spectral Data
Authors: Nishikawa Toshio , Someno Kazuo
Published: July 2006

With the development of signal processing techniques, the spectral data obtained from analytical instruments have been collected and searched with the aid of a digital computer. Recognition of the spectrum as a wave pattern is adequate in such situations. The previous study demonstrated signal processing based on this idea, involving the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) applied to ESR spectral data, and the advantages of this method with respect to memory capacity and searching speed. In that study, however, the spectral data were limited to symmetrical traces from organic free radicals in solution, in which case the ESR spectra exhibit isotropic hyperfine structure. This paper describes some modifications of the method rendering it applicable to asymmetrical traces, thus, for general use.
Photochemical Dimroth Rearrangement of 1,4-Diphenyl-5-amino- and 4-Phenyl-5-anilino-1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Ogata Yoshiro , Takagi Katsuhiko , Hayashi Eiji
Published: July 2006

Irradiation of 1,4-diphenyl-5-amino-1,2,3-triazole (1a) gives 4-phenyl-5-anilino-1,2,3-triazole (2a) and the reverse photochemical reaction is possible. Hence, the reaction is reversible, the ratio of 1a : 2a in equibrium being 1.2–1.7, which is different from the ratio 0.33 in the thermal reaction (Dimroth rearrangement). The mechanism is discussed on the basis of spectral data and analogous reactions.
Synthesis of 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid (Royal Jelly Acid) from the Butadiene Telomer
Authors: Tsuji Jiro , Masaoka Kazutaka , Takahashi Takashi , Suzuki Akira , Miyaura Norio
Published: July 2006

Ethyl 2-acetyl-4,9-decadienoate obtained by palladium catalyzed reaction of butadiene and ethyl acetoacetate was converted to 4,9-decadienoate. Hydroboration of the terminal olefin gave 10-hydroxy-4-decenoate. After hydrogenation and protection of the hydroxyl group, the double bond was created at the conjugated position by introduction of phenylseleno group and subsequent oxidative removal to give 10-hydroxyl-2-decenoic acid.
The Heat of Solution of Poly(oxyethylehe) Dodecyl Ethers in Dodecane
Authors: Miura Takayasu , Nakamura Masao
Published: July 2006

The heats of mixing of nonionic surfactants, poly(oxyethylene) dodecyl ethers C12H25(OC2H4)nOH (n=0—5) with a nonpolar liquid, dodecane were measured directly with a twin conduction microcalorimeter. A discontinuity appears on the heat of mixing vs. concentration curve except for n=0, the concentration of which decreases exponentially with n. This was regarded as the critical micelle concentration. It was deduced from the heat of solution at infinite dilution, Δsh2\ominus, that the poly(oxyethylene) chain is in a cyclic state in dodecane due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the terminal OH group with an oxygen atom in the chain. In addition, the energy of the solute-solvent interaction, Δiu2\ominus, was estimated from Δsh2\ominus, and the heat of evaporation of the solute, Δeh0. As a consequence, the interaction energies of the OH group with nonpolar hydrocarbon are similar, regardless of whether or not the OH group is intramolecularly hydrogen bonded.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of 3-(Adenin-9-yl)propiontryptamide
Authors: Ohki Minoru , Takenaka Akio , Shimanouchi Hirotaka , Sasada Yoshio
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure of 3-(adenin-9-yl)propiontryptamide (3-(adenin-9-yl)-N-[2-(3-indolyl)ethyl]propionamide) has been investigated as a model for adenine-tryptophan interaction. The space group of the crystal is P21/c, with dimensions a=8.512(2), b=16.884(3), c=12.405(3) Å, β=105.54(2)°, and Z=4. The structure was solved by the direct method and refined by a block-diagonal least-squares method. A slight overlapping between adenine and indole moieties is found, but it may not be sufficient to produce a strong π-π interaction. The adenine base is paired with that related by the centre of symmetry through two N(6)H···N(1) hydrogen bonds, and also with the other centrosymmetrically related adenine base through two N(6)H···N(7) hydrogen bonds. Adenine and indole are bound through a hydrogen bond between N(7) of adenine and imino nitrogen of indole.
A Wittig-type Reaction of Phosphoranes with Carbon Monoxide Coordinated to Palladium. A Synthetic Route to Isocyanide Palladium Complexes
Authors: Kiji Jitsuo , Matsumura Akira , Haishi Tomoyuki , Okazaki Satoshi , Furukawa Junji
Published: July 2006

The reaction of carbon monoxide with triphenyl(phenylimino)phosphorane proceeded at room temperature in the coordination sphere of palladium to give a mixture of phenyl isocyanide and carbonyl complexes of palladium. Triphenyl (t-butylimino)phosphorane gave bis(t-butyl isocyanide)palladium chloride in a low yield. Benzophenone triphenylphosphazine and triphenyl(p-tolylsulfonylimino)phosphorane failed to react with carbon monoxide.
Reactions of Thiocarboxylic Acids with Oximes and Nitrones. A New Synthesis of Thiones
Authors: Kimura Kazuhiko , Niwa Hiroaki , Motoki Shinichi
Published: July 2006

The reactions of ketone derivatives containing carbon-nitrogen double bond such as oximes (3), N-alkyloximes (nitrones, 11), oxime O-alkyl ethers, phenylhydrazones and semicarbazones with thiocarboxylic acids were studied for the purpose of preparing thioketones. Both 3 and 11 reacted with thiocarboxylic acids to give thioketones in good yields. The reaction did not proceed in the cases of other ketone derivatives, the starting materials being recovered. The reaction of benzophenone oxime with thiobenzoic acid gave thiobenzophenone, dibenzoyl disulfide and ammonium benzoate, while that of benzophenone-N-methylnitrone with thioacetic acid gave thiobenzophenone and N-acetyl-N-methylhydroxylamine. The mechanisms of these reactions are presented.
Gel Chromatography of β-Diketones and Their Metal Complexes. III. The Chromatographic Behavior of Metal(II, III) Chelates with Acetylacetone in Systems of a Poly(vinyl acetate) Gel and Various Eluting Solvents
Authors: Suzuki Nobuo , Saitoh Koichi
Published: July 2006

Chelate compounds of acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione) with metal ions (Al(III), Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(III), and Be(II)) were passed through a chromatograph in columns packed with a cross-linked poly(vinyl acetate) gel (Merckogel OR-2000). Various organic solvents (chloroform, benzene, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, and methanol) were used as the eluents. The distribution coefficient, Kav, for each chelate in a given column system was measured to within 0.7% of the relative standard deviation. The Kav values of a chelate were dependent on the solvent used. With most of the solvents, the Kav values of the metal(III)-chelates were close together and smaller than the Kav value of the Be(II)-chelate. The effective molar volume, Veff, of the chelates thus determined, using calibration charts prepared on the basis of elution data for normal alkanes, depended strongly on the solvent used. With all the solvents except chloroform, the Feff values of each chelate were smaller than the literature value of the molar volume for that chelate.
The Photochemical Reaction of 1,2-Naphthoquinones with Aldehydes. III. The Reactions with Aromatic Aldehydes and α, β-Unsaturated Aliphatic Aldehydes
Authors: Takuwa Akio
Published: July 2006

Photochemical reactions of 1,2-naphthoquinone and the substituted derivatives with a variety of aldehydes in the liquid phase have been investigated. The reaction with saturated aliphatic aldehydes gives a mixture of 3-acyl-1,2-naphthalenediol and 1,2-naphthalenediol monoacyl esters. On the other hand, the irradiation of the benzene solution of a 1,2-naphthoquinone derivative and an aromatic aldehyde gives, in general, 1,2-naphthalenediol monoaroyl esters, together with small amounts of other products. Unlike saturated aliphatic aldehydes, α, β-unsaturated aldehydes; i.e., propenal, 2-butenal, trans-2-hexenal, 1-cyclopentenecarbaldehyde, and 1-cyclo-hexenecarbaldehyde, behave similary to the aromatic aldehydes in the photochemical reaction, giving only 1,2-naphthalenediol monoesters. However, 10-undecenal, 3-phenylpropanal, cyclopentanecarbaldehyde, cyclohexanecarbaldehyde, and 3-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde give mixtures of 3-acyl-1,2-naphthalenediols and 1,2-naphthalenediol monoacyl esters similar to those from saturated aliphatic aldehydes. The origin of these significant differences is discussed.
Phosphorescence Spectra of [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6][CdCl5]. Splitting of Their 0–0 Bands
Authors: Yamamoto Yusuke
Published: July 2006

High resolution 2E→4A2 phosphorescence spectra of [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6][CdCl5] were measured. The 0–0 bands split into two components separated by 3.7 and 3.4 cm−1 for [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6][CdCl5], respectively. The same spacings were also resolved in the ν8 bands. The splitting in both cases is assigned as that of the 2E phosphorescent electronic level.
Spin-Probe Study of Aqueous Soap and Polysoap Solutions
Authors: Aizawa Masayuki , Komatsu Tsuyoshi , Nakagawa Tsurutaro
Published: July 2006

Poly(2-vinylpyridine) partially quaternized with 1-dodecylbromide, a “polysoap,” sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and dodecylpyridinium bromide (DPBr) in their micellar solutions were investigated by the spin-probe technique. It was found that the alkyl side chains in polysoap micelles associate more rigidly than in low-molecular surfactant micelles. This fact is attributed to the surface active groups covalently connected to long polymer chains in the polysoap molecule. By a recently developed method, the rotational correlation times of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-benzoyloxypiperidin-1-oxyl radical in SDS and DPBr micelles were found to be 5.9×10−10 and 3.5×10−10 s/rad, respectively. From the values of the isotropic hyperfine splitting constants, it was estimated that the DPBr micelle solubilizes the probe molecule at a more inner site of the hydrophobic portion than does the SDS micelle.
“Molecular Orbital Analysis” of Naphthalene Derivatives. An Application of Configuration Analysis to the Assignment of Photoelectron Spectra
Authors: Fujii Tsuneo , Suzuki Satoshi
Published: July 2006

Molecular orbital analysis, which is an application of configuration analysis proposed by Baba et al., has been applied to the interpretation of the photoelectron spectra of substituted naphthalenes, with particular attention paid to the dependence of the spectra on the position of substitution and on the character of the substituents. The results of MO calculations based on the Pariser-Parr-Pople method have been analyzed in terms of the π-MO’s of naphthalene and the π-AO or π-MO’s of a substituent. The results of the molecular orbital analysis for naphthalene derivatives with an electron-donating group are compared with the results for those with an electron-accepting group.
A Selectivity Study on Liquid Anion Exchange Membranes
Authors: Yoshida Nobuo , Ishibashi Nobuhiko
Published: July 2006

The selectivity of liquid anion exchange membranes consisting of a perchlorate, thiocyanate, or iodide salt of Crystal Violet dissolved in nitrobenzene was studied by measuring membrane potentials. In bi-ionic systems the selectivity coefficient was observed to vary with the concentrations of aqueous solutions and of the ion exchanger in the membrane. This was attributed mainly to the ionic composition at the membrane-solution interface differing from that in the bulk solution. However, when the concentration of the aqueous solutions was sufficiently high in comparison with that of the ion exchanger, a selectivity coefficient intrinsic to a pair of counter ions was obtained. This selectivity coefficient was also applicable to mixed electrolyte systems and was shown to be consistent with the Conti-Eisenman theory on the relation between the selectivity coefficient and ionic parameters.
Electronic States of the Picric Acid Complexes with 1-Methylnicotinamide, Tryptamine, Dl-Tryptophan, and Serotonin
Authors: Tanaka Masashi
Published: July 2006

The polarized reflection spectra of the crystals of the picric acid complexes with 1-methylnicotinamide, tryptamine, Dl-tryptophan and serotonin have been measured from 15000 to 40000 cm−1 and the molar extinction coefficient of these crystals has been obtained by the Kramers-Kronig transformation. Furthermore, the theoretical calculation of the electronic states of these complexes has been made and compared with the experimental results. This analysis shows that the appearance of the new band in the region of 20000 cm−1 is the origin of the reddish color of the crystals of tryptamine picrate, Dl-tryptophan picrate, and serotonin picrate; the new band can be assigned to the charge-transfer band from the picrate anion to the indole nucleus.
Synthesis and Properties of Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), and Copper(II) Complexes with Acetaldehyde Oxime and Benzaldehyde Oxime
Authors: Tanaka Hideaki , Kuma Hiro , Yamada Shoichiro
Published: July 2006

Cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) complexes with acetaldehyde oxime and benzaldehyde oxime have been prepared and characterized by vibrational and electronic spectroscopy, magnetism, and other methods. The cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes isolated are of the general formulae: (A) MX2(oxime)4 (X=Cl, Br, I, NO3, NCS and CH3COO); (B) M(NCS)2(oxime)2; (C) MSO4 (oxime)3·3H2O. They are all six-coordinate, and the complexes (B) are probably multinuclear. Copper(II) forms complexes of the formulae: (A) CuX2(oxime)4 (X=Cl, Br), (B) CuX2(oxime)2 (X=Cl, Br, NCS); (C) CuSO4(oxime)H4·H2O. Possible structures for these copper(II) complexes are also discussed. Acetaldehyde oxime and benzaldehyde oxime are unidentates in all these complexes, being coordinated through their nitrogen atom.
A New Type of Iminocarbonylaton of Diols, Mercaptoalkanol, and Dithiol via Their Dibutylstannyl Derivatives
Authors: Sakai Shizuyoshi , Niimi Hiroji , Kobayashi Yoshihiro , Ishii Yoshio
Published: July 2006

Reactions of phenyl isothiocyanate with cyclic and acyclic dibutylstannyl dialkoxides derived from several alcohols, such as 1,2- and 1,3-diols and methanol, afforded quantitatively phenyliminocarbonate derivatives with the elimination of dibutylstannyl sulfide. Cyclic organostannyl sulfides, such as 2,2-dibutyl-1,3,2-oxathiastannolane and -dithiastannolane, reacted with phenyl or alkyl isothiocyanate to give 2-imino-oxathiolane (10) and -dithiolane (14), respectively. At higher reaction temperatures, rearrengment and decomposition of products 10 and 14 occurred.
Stereoselective Monoalkylation of α-Halocyclopropyllithiums. A Versatile Method for the Synthesis of α-Alkylcyclopropyl Acetates and Alkylidenecyclopropanes
Authors: Kitatani Katuzi , Hiyama Tamejiro , Nozaki Hitosi
Published: July 2006

The title carbenoids (7 and 8) prepared by the action of butyllithium on dihalocyclopropanes are smoothly methylated with methyl iodide. The product ratio of cis-methylated product (3)/trans-methylated one (4) (or endo-methylated product (5)/exo-methylated one (6) is found to depend on the aging period of the carbenoids; thermodynamic equilibration gives almost 3 or 5. This procedure has been extended to general alkylation by utilizing HMPA co-solvent. The resulting α-alkylated cyclopropyl halides are converted into allylic acetates or cyclopropyl acetates upon acetolysis and also into alkylidenecyclopropanes upon base treatment. The protonolysis of 8 gives trans- or exo-bromocyclopropanes stereoselectively.
Pressure Effect of the Nondispersive Infrared Gas Analyser
Authors: Yonezawa Tsutomu , Niki Eiji
Published: July 2006

Based on the Elsasser model, a formula for the mean absorption applicable to the pressure effect of the nondispersive infrared gas analyser has been derived. The formula is generalized by removing the assumption in the Elsasser model that the total absorption coefficient, the half width and the spectral distance are constant.
Reduction of Selenoxides with Thione Reagents
Authors: Tamagaki Seizo , Hatanaka Isao , Kozuka Seizi
Published: July 2006

The reaction of selenoxides with various thione compounds such as carbon disulfide, thioamides and thioureas was found to give selenides. The reaction mechanism was discussed.
The Synthesis of the (Diacetylmethyl)tropylium Ion and Its Transformation to the 3-Acetyl-2-methylfurotropylium Ion
Authors: Komatsu Koichi , Tanaka Satoshi , Saito Seiki , Okamoto Kunio
Published: July 2006

The intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded cation, the (diacetylmethyl)tropylium ion (3), has been synthesized. The deprotonation of 3 does not afford 8,8-diacetylheptafulvene, but does give the intramolecularly cyclized cycloheptatriene derivative, which can be transformed to the peripheral ten-π-electron cation, 5; 5 is characterized by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Addition Reaction of Copper(I) Methyltrialkylborates with Ethyl Propiolate. Stereospecific Synthesis of (E)-α,β-Unsaturated Acid Esters
Authors: Yamada Kinji , Miyaura Norio , Itoh Mitsuomi , Suzuki Akira
Published: July 2006

The reaction between ethyl propiolate and copper(I) methyltrialkylborates was found to give the corresponding addition products which are converted by hydrolysis into the α,β-unsaturated acid esters in relatively good yields. The α,β-unsaturated esters thus obtained are selectively E-isomers.
Electron-Capture Reaction of Halogenated Benzenes in MTHF Glass at 77 K
Authors: Shimokawa Toshinari , Sawai Takeshi
Published: July 2006

The relative electron-capture efficiency of a number of halogenated benzenes was determined by means of competition with biphenyl as a reference material in glassy MTHF at 77 K. It was observed that the efficiency increased as the number of chlorine-atom substitutions on the benzene ring increased. Similar results were obtained for brominated benzenes. An excellent linear correlation is found between the logarithm of the efficiency and the polarographic reduction potential of a series of chlorinated benzenes. Moreover, a semilog plot of the efficiency vs. electron affinity of monohalogenated benzenes is apparently linear. The mechanisms of the electron-capture reaction are also discussed.
Synthesis and PMR Study of Mixed Ligand Cobalt(III) Complexes with Aliphatic α-Hydroxyimino Ketone and Pyridine
Authors: Tanaka Minoru , Ryu Ryonte , Masuda Isao , Shono Toshiyuki
Published: July 2006

Cobalt(III) complexes with a series of aliphatic α-hydroxyimino ketone (moH) and pyridine (py) were obtained as fine crystals. The aliphatic α-hydroxyimino ketones used are R–C(=O)–C(=NOH)–R′ where R=CH3 or C2H5 and R′=CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7, n-C3H7 or COCH3. These complexes are formulated as [Co(mo)2(py)2]ClO4. The PMR spectral investigation shows that the proton resonances of the alkyl group bound to the hydroxyimino group are shifted toward higher fields upon complex formation. This unusual upfield shift is accounted for by consideration of the specific configuration and ring-current of the pyridine in the complex.
12,13-Epoxy-C-nor-D-homosteroids. IV. The Reaction of 11-Oxygenated 17α-Acetyl-12α,13α-epoxyetiojervanes with Boron Trifluoride Etherate
Authors: Murai Akio , Sasamori Hiroshi , Masamune Tadashi
Published: July 2006

The titled compounds were treated with boron trifluoride etherate in benzene at room temperature, 11α-Hydroxy-12α,13α-epoxide (1) underwent rapid cleavage of the epoxy ring at both C13 and C12 to give 11α-hydroxy-13β-fluoro-12α-alcohol (2), 13α-hydroxy-12β-11-ketone (3), 17-deacetyl-Δ12-11-ketone (4), and an acetophenone derivative (5) in comparative yields. The same acid treatment of 11α-acetoxy-12α,13α-epoxide (1a) yielded 11α-acetoxy-13β-fluoro-12α-alcohol (2a) as a single isolable product, while that of 11-unsubstituted 12α,13α-epoxide (16) afforded 12β-fluoro-13α-alcohol (17) besides 5, a major product. Evidently, compounds 2a and 17 are products formed by the epoxy ring opening at C13 and C12 respectively. Interestingly, compounds 2 and 2a, when treated with bases, produced a rearranged 13α-pregnane derivative (12) via 11α, 12α-dihydroxy-Δ13(17)-20-ketone (10), in good yields. On the other hand, the epoxy cleavage of 11-oxo-12α,13α-epoxide (13) led to predominant formation of rearranged products, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,9-dione and hydrooxepin derivatives (14 and 15). It is emphasized that the epoxy cleavage reactions proceeded more slowly and took place at C13 rather than at C12 with increase of electronegativity of the 11-substituents.
The Reactions of 1,3-Indandiones and 1,3(2H)-Phenalenediones with Lead Tetraacetate
Authors: Ezoe Keiichi , Kurosawa Kazu
Published: July 2006

The reaction of 1,3-indandione with lead tetraacetate gave phthalic anhydride and 2,2-diacetoxy-1,3-indandione. The reaction of 2,2-dihydroxy-1,3-indandione gave phthalic anhydride. The reactions of 1,3(2H)-phenalenedione and 2,3-dihydroxy-1-phenalenone yielded acenaphthenequinone and 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride. The reactions of acenaphthenequinone and 2,2-dihydroxy-1,3-phenalenedione gave 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride with higher yields. The reactions of [2-14C]-labeled compounds showed that the middle carbon atom was lost.
The Volumetric Behavior of Nitrobenzene in Electron Donating Solvents
Authors: Fried Vojtech , P. Miller Lewis , Wachter Howard N
Published: July 2006

The excess volumes of 18 binary solutions containing nitrobenzene as a weak electron acceptor and various mono- and polysubstituted aromatic donors were evaluated at 25 °C. The partial molal volume of nitrobenzene in these solvents was also evaluated. There is no quantitative correlation between the volumetric behavior of the solutions and the electron donor acceptor abilities of the solution constituents. The results, however, clearly prove that isomers of higher cohesive energy affect the volumetric behavior of solutions less than their lower cohesive energy counterparts. An attempt is made to interpret this observation in terms of the steric effect and the cohesive energy of donors.
Synthesis and Spectra of 3-Benzyl(or p-tolyl)-5-methyl-2-(substituted benzothiazol-2′-ylimino)-4-thiazolidones
Authors: Shyam Radhey , Tiwari I C
Published: July 2006

Some 3-benzyl(or p-tolyl)-5-methyl-2-(substituted benzothiazol-2′-ylimino)-4-thiazolidones were prepared. Their structures and the purity of the compounds were corroborated by their analytical and spectral data. Screening tests on these compounds showed the 4-chloro and 6-bromo analogues to be the most active as CNS depressants, muscle relaxants and anticonvulsants.
cis-2-Pentenyl Moiety from 5,6-Dihydro-2H-thiopyran. A Convenient Synthesis of cis-Jasmone
Authors: Torii Sigeru , Tanaka Hideo , Tomotaki Yoshihisa
Published: July 2006

A method for the synthesis of cis-jasmone from 5,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran is described. Formation of cis-2-pentenyl moiety was achieved by reductive desulfurization of the 2H-thiopyran derivative obtained by the alkylation of 5,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran with epichlorohydrin.
Metal Phosphinylides and Phosphinothioylides. VII. The Structure of [Ph2PX]M (X=O, S) in Solution and Their Disproportionation
Authors: Goda Koshiro , Gomi Hideyuki , Yoshifuji Masaaki , Inamoto Naoki
Published: July 2006

The species [Ph2PO]M in THF were found to exist as Ph2P–O–M by 31P-NMR, and [Ph2PS]MgCl as Ph2P–S–MgCl by Raman spectrum. The species [Ph2PS]M undergo easy disproportionation by heating.
An ESR Study of the 4,4′-Difluorobiphenyl Cation Radical
Authors: Nemoto Fujito , Ishizu Kazuhiko , Shimoda Fumio
Published: July 2006

The ESR spectra of the 4,4′-difluorobiphenyl cation show resolved second-order splittings and a marked line-broadening attributable to the modulation of the 19F anisotropic hyperfine interactions by the tumbling motion. This dipolar broadening is mainly observed for the lines associated with the triplet state (I=1) of the two equivalent 19F nuclei. When the temperature is lowered, the wings of the triplet due to the two 19F and the downfield second-order components become broad and finally disappear. The dipolar contributions to the line widths are calculated as a function of the correlation time for the molecular motion, τ2. Furthermore, the ESR observation of the 13C hyperfine structures is carried out, and the spin densities on each ring carbon and the fluorine atoms are experimentally determined. From the spin densities thus determined, the parameters in the equation

a_F=Q_CF^Fρ_C^π+Q_F(FC)^Fρ_F^π,

in which the 19F hyperfine coupling constant is correlated to the π spin densities on the fluorine atom and the adjacent carbon atom, are estimated to be QCFF=39 and QF(FC)F=324 G.
Radiation-induced Phase Transformations in NdNb1−xVxO4
Authors: Kenjo Tadao , Yajima Seishi
Published: July 2006

When NdNb1−xVxO4 compounds were exposed to a fast neutron dose of 6.6×1018  nvt, their monoclinictetragonal transition temperatures were lowered; particularly the transition temperature for the compound with x=0.3 was lowered to a temperature below room temperature. The lowering of the transition temperatures was greater for samples containing more V5+ ions. Although the present work does not fully reveal why neutronirradiation lowers the transition temperature, it does show that neither the internal stress due to radiation damage nor the change in valency state of Nb5+ or Nd3+ lowers the transition temperature.
A Study of Catalysis by Metal Phosphates. IV. The Alkylation of Phenol with Methanol over Metal Phosphate Catalysts
Authors: Nozaki Fumio , Kimura Isao
Published: July 2006

The catalytic methylation in the vapor phase over various metal phosphates has been investigated using a conventional flow reactor at temperatures ranging from 350 to 500 °C under atmospheric pressure. The Ca3(PO4)2 catalyst was excellent in both its activity and its selectivity for ortho-methylation, giving predominantly o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol, whereas the BPO4 or CaHPO4 catalyst simultaneously promoted the formation of anisole. The activity of Ca3(PO4)2 was significantly higher than that of the CaO or MgO catalyst. The influences of the reaction temperature, the contact time, and the calcination temperature of the catalyst upon the conversion of phenol, and the yields of the products were investigated in detail over the Ca3(PO4)2 catalyst. The activities and the selectivities of various catalysts were discussed in connection with their acid-base properties. The mechanism of the participation of both the acidic and basic sites in the methylation was also discussed.
Photoemission from Anthracene and Compounds Containing Anthracene-ring Systems
Authors: Hino Shojun , Hirooka Tomohiko , Inokuchi Hiroo
Published: July 2006

The Photoemission from the organic compounds containing anthracene rings—anthracene, 9-methyl-anthracene, 9,10-dichloroanthracene and 9,9′-bianthryl—was measured. The photoelectron energetic responses of all these compounds were nearly the same. The resemblance of the photoelectron energy distribution curves and the spectral dependence of the quantum yield revealed the coincidence of the electronic structures of these compounds in a solid. The comparison between solid- and gas-phase photoelectron spectra showed that the optical excitation process is the most characteristic one in photoemission phenomena.
The Microwave Spectrum of Dichlorodifluoromethane
Authors: Takeo Harutoshi , Matsumura Chi
Published: July 2006

The microwave spectra of three isotopic species of dichlorodifluoromethane have been observed, and the following rotational constants have been obtained:

& A=4118.90 MHz, B=2638.70 MHz, C=2233.72 MHz for ^12C^35Cl_2F_2

& A=4092.07 MHz, B=2582.30 MHz, C=2185.54 MHz for ^12C^35Cl^37ClF_2

& A=4115.73 MHz, B=2638.95 MHz, C=2232.86 MHz for ^13C^35Cl_2F_2.

The bond lengths and angles determined from them are r(C–Cl)=1.744 Å, r(C–F)=1.345 Å, ∠Cl–C–Cl=112°33′, and ∠F–C–F=106°14′. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants in the C-Cl bond axis system are χzz=−82.7 MHz and ηbond=0.06.
V-51 and Mn-55 NMR Studies of Metal Carbonyls
Authors: Nakano Taku
Published: July 2006

The metal chemical NMR shifts of metal carbonyls are reported and discussed in relation to the bonding nature characteristic of carbonyl compounds of the M(CO)6- and Mn(CO)5X-types, where M is V or Mn, and X is a halogen or SCN. Theoretically evaluated chemical shift data based upon Ramsey’s expression agree well with those observed for the M(CO)6-type carbonyls. Regarding Mn(CO)5X, the variation of the shifts for halogens is elucidated theoretically and revealed to be dependent upon the π-bonding nature between the metal and the halogen atom.
The Absolute Configuration of the (+)546-β-Oxalato[(6R,8S)-dimethyl-2,5,9,12-tetraazatridecane]cobalt(III) Ion, (+)546-β-[Co(ox)(N,N′-Me2-R,S-2,3″,2-tet)]+
Authors: Yano Shigenobu , Furuhashi Keizo , Yoshikawa Sadao
Published: July 2006

The crystal and molecular structure of (+)546-β-[Co(ox)(N,N′-Me2-R,S-2,3″,2-tet)]+ has been determined from three-dimensional intensity data collected by counter methods. The structure has been refined by least-squares techniques to an R factor of 5.9% for 838 reflections above the background. The red violet crystals are orthorhombic, with a space group of P212121, with Z=4 (Dm=1.501, Dc=1.505 g/cm3), and with cell constants of a=14.175(5), b=18.591(2) and c=7.747(4) Å. The complex ion has the Δ absolute configuration, which was determined by the Bijvoet method. The quadridentate ligand, N,N′-Me2-R,S-2,3″,2-tet), is coordinated to the Co via 4 N atoms in the cis-β configuration, yielding two terminal 5-membered chelate rings with the λ conformation and a central 6-membered ring with a chair conformation (both C–CH3 groups are equatorial). The secondary N atoms have R chirality except for one terminal N atom, the absolute configuration of which is S. The N(S)–CH3 group in the “out-of-plane” 5-membered ring is equatorial, whereas the N(R)–CH3 group in the other ring has an axial disposition.
Performance of Thermal Separation Column with Vertical Barriers
Authors: Sasaki Kazuo , Hirano Yoshio , Tao Seiji
Published: July 2006

The relative performance of a new type thermal separation column has been reinvestigated. It was concluded that a column having a couple of vertical barriers is superior to an ordinary open column working under the same temperature gradient.
The Microwave Spectrum of anti-Acetaldehyde Oxime-d
Authors: Ohashi Osamu , Hara Hisao , Noji Keiko , Sakaizumi Takeshi , Onda Masao , Yamaguchi Ichiro
Published: July 2006

The microwave spectrum of anti-acetaldehyde oxime-d was investigated in the frequency region from 9 to 36 GHz. The rotational transition lines widely split into the A and E species due to the tunneling of the methyl group through the low potential barrier hindering the internal rotation. The transition lines belonging to the A species were fitted to the rigid rotor Hamiltonian, and the following effective rotational constants in MHz were obtained: AA=17250, BA=6284.33, and CA=4704.96. All the observed transition frequencies were fitted to the Hamiltonian containing perturbation terms to the fourth order in order to obtain the internal-rotation parameters using the principal axis method. The potential barrier, V3, hindering the internal rotation was determined to be 373 cal mol−1. The dipole moment was determined to be 0.828 D from the Stark effect of the transitions belonging to the A species.
Relaxation Studies of the Adsorption-Desorption Equilibrium of Surfactants on the Gas-Liquid Interface. I. Theoretical Studies
Authors: Sasaki Minoru , Yasunaga Tatsuya , Tatsumoto Nobuhide
Published: July 2006

A general theory for the propagation characteristics of the capillary wave on the gas-liquid interface, where the physicochemical equilibrium exists, is proposed. The theory is developed on the basis of the two-dimensional relaxation theory and the surface thermodynamics. The relaxation parameters in the equations are closely related to the dynamic behavior of the equilibrium. As an example, the theory was applied to the surfactant solution, taking account of the adsorption-desorption and diffusion processes of the surfactant. The derived equations revealed that the adsorption-desorption process plays an important role in the surfactant transfer between the surface and the bulk phase in a concentrated surfactant solution, while the diffusion process plays such a role in a dilute solution.