bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Correlates and Outcome of Cognitive, Behavioral and Physiological Treatments of Agoraphobia
Authors: Michelson Larry , Marchione Karen , Marchione Norman , Testa Sandra , Mavissakalian Matig
Published: August 2011

The primary aim of this investigation was to ascertain the cognitive correlates and outcome of cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological treatments of agoraphobia. 39 severe and chronic agoraphobics with panic attacks, diagnosed using DSM-III criteria, were randomly assigned to one of the three cognitive-behavioral treatments: paradoxical intention, graduated exposure, or progressive deep muscle relaxation training. The effects of the treatments on cognition measures with regard to differential outcome and maintenance were examined. Exploratory analyses were also performed to examine sex differences, demographic, clinical and historical measures, with regard to pretreatment cognitive measures.
Beliefs and Inferences: A Test of a Rational-Emotive Hypothesis: 2. On the Prospect of Seeing a Spider
Authors: Dryden Windy , Ferguson Julia , McTeague Sean
Published: August 2011

96 subjects were asked to imagine that they were about to enter a room in which there may have been one or more spiders. They were also asked to imagine that (a) they either held a rational or an irrational belief about spiders, (b) they were about to enter the room either alone or with someone, and (c) that the room was either dark or light. Having absorbed their assigned role, the subjects were then asked to make inferences about various elements of their situation. The results supported the hypothesis that holding an irrational belief leads to more negative inferences. It was also found that the lighting conditions in the room and whether the subject was alone or with someone affected the negativity of the inferences made. In addition, there were several two-way and three-way interactions between the independent variables which indicated that entering a light room or being with someone else tended to moderate the negativity of inferences made by those holding a rational belief rather than the opposite, amplifying the negativity of inferences made by those holding an irrational belief. The results supported Ellis's (1985) recent formulation concerning the complex relationship between events and inferences (A), beliefs (B), and emotional and behavioral consequences of beliefs (C).
Marital Quality as a Function of Conservative Religious Identification in a Sample of Protestant and Catholic Wives from the Midwest
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Obiorah Felix C. , Silliman Benjamin
Published: August 2011

Chi and Houseknecht in 1985 reported a negative relationship between fundamentalism and marital adjustment when only one spouse was a fundamentalist and no relationship when both were fundamentalists. In this study of 174 Protestant and Catholic wives, frequency of church attendance and self-identification as a fundamentalist, evangelical, or charismatic Christian were used to predict nine measures of marital quality in a regression analysis, with controls for marital social desirability. No significant relationships were found between the independent and dependent measures. No relationship was observed between the independent variables and marital social desirability.
Peer Relations and Behaviors of Adoptive Children in Residential Treatment
Authors: Blitz Jacquelyn M. , Glenwick David S.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the peer relationships and behaviors of 17 adoptive children in a residential treatment center. Compared to a group of 17 nonadoptive children, the youngsters tended to be rejected more by peers and to be perceived as having greater attentional difficulties by child-care workers.
Statistical versus Clinical Significance in Research with the MMPI
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Kixmiller Jeffrey S. , Larsen R. Kurt
Published: August 2011

Some of the contradictions in psychological research may be attributable to failure to distinguish statistical from clinical significance. 82 articles in which the MMPI was the research instrument were analyzed to see how often the results reported as significant were in fact large enough to warrant such a conclusion. Articles were classified as to whether or not the clinical interpretations were consistent with the statistical results. Excluding articles in which data were insufficient to reach an independent conclusion, 54.90% of the articles presented conclusions of clinical significance that were not supported by the data, while 45.10% reported clinical results that were supported by the data.
A Causal Model of Mathematics Performance in Early Adolescence: The Role of Sex
Authors: Midkiff Robert M. , Burke Joy Patricia , Helmstadter Gerald C.
Published: August 2011

Using path analysis, the present investigation was done to clarify possible causal linkages among general scholastic aptitude, academic achievement in mathematics, self-concept of ability, and performance on a mathematics examination. Subjects were 122 eighth-grade students who completed a mathematics examination as well as a measure of self-concept of ability. Aptitude and achievement measures were obtained from school records. Analysis showed sex differences in prediction of performance on the mathematics examination. For boys, this performance could be predicted from scholastic aptitude and previous achievement in mathematics. For girls, performance only could be predicted from previous achievement in mathematics. These results indicate that the direction, strength, and magnitude of relations among these variables differed for boys and girls, while mean levels of performance did not.
Mathematical Knowledge and Attitudes of Elementary School Teachers from Urban and Suburban Areas of Houston
Authors: Okech Jack Green
Published: August 2011

From 1965 urban and 1441 suburban elementary school teachers in Houston (Texas) Independent School District, 186 urban and 166 suburban teachers were randomly selected for study of their mathematical knowledge and attitudes. There were no significant effects of place of employment, but the correlations between attitudes and knowledge were higher for white and suburban teachers than they were for the other groups.
Mental Health of Iranian High School and College Students
Authors: Makaremi Azar
Published: August 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the mental health of Iranian high school and college students with regard to sex differences and to compare the results with those from other countries. The sample included 159 high school students (79 boys, 80 girls) and 160 college students (80 boys, 80 girls). The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire was used to measure free floating anxiety, depression, phobia, obsession, and somatization. Significant effects of group and sex were noted for phobia, but for depression only the main effect of group was significant. For other scales neither the main effects of group and sex nor their interactions were significant. Iranian college students showed more anxiety than their British peers.
Stability of WISC—R Scores for a Sample of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Schmidt H. P. , Kuryliw A. J. , Saklofske D. H. , Yackulic R. A.
Published: August 2011

The study was designed to assess the stability of WISC—R profiles of 36 learning disabled children given the WISC—R two times. The mean time between tests was 2.5 yr. The pattern reported for learning disabled children on Bannatyne's categories was evident for the group at both times, however, this pattern was not found for the majority of subjects. Analysis indicated a decrease over time in Verbal IQs, Full Scale IQs, and Bannatyne's Conceptual category, confirming previous findings. Possible reasons for the changes in scores are discussed.
Sex Differences in Behavioral Reactions to Provocation of Anger
Authors: Biaggio Mary Kay
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in behavioral reactions to provocation of anger. In a field study, 72 subjects recorded all anger-arousing incidents for a 2-wk. period. Physical and Verbal Antagonism were found in more reports by men while Passive Consent was noted in more reports by women. For a laboratory study, 101 subjects responded to self-report scales of behavioral responses after exposure to an insulting letter. No sex differences were noted in subjects' self-reports of behavioral reactions. Variations in design are brought to bear in interpreting the findings.
Level of Object Representation and Psychic Structure Deficit in Obese Persons
Authors: Raynes Ellen , Auerbach Carl , Botyanski Nancy C.
Published: August 2011

The structural deficit and external regulation hypotheses of addiction state that addicts do not have adequate psychic structure with which to regulate painful affects internally. They instead use their drug of choice as an external regulator to self-medicate painful affects. This study tests whether the hypotheses can be applied to obese persons, for whom food may be the drug of choice. The level of object representation of 22 moderately obese and 24 normal weight subjects was compared using the Blatt Family Interaction Questionnaire. The mean level of object representation of both parents was lower for the obese subjects than for the normal-weight subjects. This finding supports the structural deficit and external regulation hypotheses of food addiction.
Relationship between Academic Achievement and Measured Career Interest: Examination of Holland's Theory
Authors: Henry Paul
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to examine Holland's hypothesis that person-environment congruence relates positively to academic achievement. The sample of 157 nontraditional premedical students completed Holland's Self-directed Search interest inventory. The students were enrolled in the Medical/Dental Education Preparatory Program, which is designed to increase the number of qualified applicants who are underrepresented in the medical profession. Using scores on Holland's inventory students were classified as congruent or incongruent. A cumulative grade point average and a science grade point average were calculated for each student. An analysis of variance supported Holland's Congruence-achievement hypothesis. Congruent students did in fact achieve significantly higher cumulative GPA and science GPA than did incongruent students. Implications for counseling and academic advisement as well as further research are discussed.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: Li. 1890–1935: An Era of Systems: A Period of Experimental Psychology in Practice
Authors: Hartman Alan M.
Published: August 2011

The years 1890 through 1935 are often characterized as the era of systems of psychology, a time in which classic systems supposedly had profound practical and theoretical influence. In contrast to this view, psychology in America has been described as basically asystematic or functionalist in outlook and generalist in practice. The purpose of this paper was to gain perspective on these contradictory views of the role and significance of classic systems of psychology. A survey of the training and research of a “sample” of psychologists who held academic positions during the period 1890–1935 indicated that a majority of them were not directly trained or even indirectly influenced by the systematists. Systematic issues were not the foci of the research of the psychologists surveyed.
Effects of Alcohol on Variability-Contingent Reinforcement in Human Subjects
Authors: McKinley Paul J. , Quevedo-Converse Yolanda G. , Crow Lowell T.
Published: August 2011

Subjects responded under LAG-5 reinforcement conditions after consuming alcohol in table wine (0.4 g/kg ethanol). For reinforcement (points), a four-response sequence from two buttons was required which differed from the previous five sequences of four responses. In addition, some subjects responded under restricted conditions in which sequences were limited to those of moving a cursor within a 3 × 3 matrix, while other subjects had no such restrictions. Also some subjects worked alone while others were accompanied by an experimenter. Analysis showed that compared to controls, men in the unrestricted condition who received alcohol showed increased uncertainty in responding while comparable women receiving alcohol showed a decrease in uncertainty of responding. The results are discussed in terms of previous work on alcohol and behavioral variability.
Sex Differences in Written Language among Elementary Pupils: A Seven-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Yarborough Betty H. , Johnson Roger A.
Published: August 2011

This seven-year longitudinal study compared the development in written language skills of 41 boys and 38 girls from kindergarten through Grade 6. Advantages often attributed to girls were not found. Present results tend to refute the traditional view that girls are linguistically superior to boys and confirm the more recent view that neither sex has an advantage over the other in written language skills in the elementary school.
Predicting Nursing GPA and National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (Nclex-Rn): A Thorough Analysis
Authors: Feldt Ronald C. , Donahue James Marie
Published: August 2011

The study involved prediction of GPA in a nursing program and NCLEX-RN licensure score following completion of the program. The sample included 155 students who completed and 34 who failed to complete a baccalaureate nursing program for the 1984–1986 years. The best set of predictors of nursing GPA included ACT composite score, anatomy grade, and chemistry grade, R = .73. The best set of predictors of NCLEX-RN included ACT composite score, high school percentile rank, nursing GPA, and chemistry grade, R = .68. Classification of withdrawn and completing groups and also pass and fail NCLEX-RN performance via discriminant analysis provided results comparable to those of previous research; however, residual analysis indicated very large residuals for those withdrawing from the program as well as those who failed the licensure exam. An alternative to discriminant analysis for classifying students is suggested.
Which Employment Interview Skills Best Predict the Employability of Schizophrenic Patients?
Authors: Charisiou James , Jackson Henry J. , Boyle Gregory J. , Burgess Philip M. , Minas I. Harry , Joshua Stephen D.
Published: August 2011

To examine the effects of verbal and nonverbal interview microbehaviors and interview characteristics on employability, Simulated Employment Interviews were conducted with 46 psychiatric inpatients who each met the DSM-III criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Each interview was videotaped and shown to two raters, who generated independent ratings for six microbehaviors (eye-contact, facial gestures, body posture, verbal content, voice volume, and length of speech) and six subject characteristics (motivation, self-confidence, ability to communicate, manifest adjustment, manifest intelligence and overall interview skill). A panel of three Commonwealth Employment Service psychologists viewed the same videotaped interviews and generated employability ratings. Verbal and nonverbal microbehaviors were relatively independent while subject characteristics were highly interdependent. Microbehaviors and characteristics correlated at a high level. Of the 12 interview microbehaviors and characteristics, manifest adjustment and ability to communicate accounted for 64% of the total variance in predicting employability. Interviewees who were perceived as behaving in an adjusted manner and as being good communicators were rated as more employable.
Mediating Effect of Prestige on Occupational Stereotypes
Authors: Croxton Jack S. , Van Rensselaer Barbara A. , Dutton Dawn L. , Ellis James W.
Published: August 2011

180 undergraduates rated level of aspiration and likelihood of success for male or female targets of high, low, or unknown physical attractiveness possessing masculine, feminine, or androgynous gender characteristics for occupations varying in prestige and gender orientation. Perceived level of aspiration and likelihood of success was influenced by sex of target only for female-oriented occupations. Physical attractiveness increased the perceived likelihood of success in high prestige male-oriented and neutral occupations. Gender characteristics influenced perceived level of aspiration for all high prestige occupations but for only one low prestige occupation. Results are discussed relative to changing stereotypes in today's society.
Is Feeling “in Control” Related to Happiness in Daily Life?
Authors: Larson Reed
Published: August 2011

This research concerns the relation of subjective control and happiness within normal daily experience. Respondents from several nonclinical samples rated their feelings of control at randomly-selected moments during a week in their lives, following the procedures of the Experience Sampling Method. Analyses consider the relation of these ratings to similar ratings of affective states, first, within persons and, second, between persons. The within-person analyses show relatively little moment-to-moment correlation of subjective control and affective states. For many persons there is no correlation at all and on the average people report feeling only slightly more happy at times when feeling in control. The between-persons analyses yield findings that are more in line with explanations of subject control, showing that individuals reporting higher average daily control also experience greater average happiness. The results confirm that a generalized sense of control is important to well being in daily life, but for nondisturbed individuals short-term experiences of discontrol are not accompanied by substantial distress.
Flood Experience and Posttraumatic Trait Anxiety in Appalachia
Authors: Simpson-Housley Paul , De Man Anton
Published: August 2011

114 men and women participated in a study which focused on the long-term effect on trait anxiety resulting from a severe flood which occurred in 1972 in Buffalo Creek, West Virginia. Analysis indicates that residents of Buffalo Creek, who did experience the devastating flood, after all these years tend to report higher trait anxiety than do residents of Kopperston who had not been subjected to such a disaster.
Substitution of Self-Reporting for Observing Time Spent on Work Activities by Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Foster Betsey , Williams Robert B.
Published: August 2011

Self-reported time spent on work activities by mental health professionals during 1147 1/2 hr. compared favorably with the results of a study that involved direct observation of professionals' time spent on work activities.
Preference for the Color Red and Activation: A Test of Thayer's Theory
Authors: Crane Larry L. , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

As a test of Thayer's two-dimensional arousal theory, it was reasoned that a stimulus with a relatively high arousal potential would be preferred by persons who scored higher on the energetic dimension and would not be preferred by persons who scored high on the tense arousal dimension. A group of undergraduates was asked to rank colors in order of their preference and to respond to the items of the Thayer scale. Using only the scores of the 21 individuals who reported either high or low preference for the color red, i.e., color having a high arousal potential, a single difference score was calculated for each person. This value reflected the relative scores on the energetic and tense dimensions of the Thayer scale. These data clearly supported the hypothesis.
Treating Drunk Drivers with Moral Reconation Therapy: A One-Year Recidivism Report
Authors: Little Gregory L. , Robinson Kenneth D.
Published: August 2011

115 convicted drunk drivers were treated with Moral Reconation Therapy during their incarceration. Postrelease recidivism (rearrest) and convictions of these treated subjects was compared to a control group of 65 convicted drunk drivers who did not receive treatment due to limited bed space. Analysis showed a rearrest rate of 20% for the treated group during the first year of the program's operation compared to 27.6% for the control group during the same period. Subjects who participated in a structured aftercare program after release showed only a 4.3% recidivism rate.
Age and Living Conditions as Related to Perceptions of Ambiguous Figures
Authors: Beer John , Beer Joe , Markley Robert P. , Camp Cameron J.
Published: August 2011

For ambiguous figures, reversing and embedded/hidden subfigures, data were obtained from four groups of 20 subjects each varying in age (young or elderly) and living environments (in college, in the community, and in nursing homes or confined to an institution). 10 men and 10 women were tested in each of the four groups. Dependent measures were the number of reversals passively reported for the Necker cube, the Mach book, the Schroeder staircase within 90 sec. on each task, and the number of embedded/hidden figures located. Younger subjects generally saw more reversals and found more embedded figures than elderly ones. The subjects' living situation, education, and verbal ability also were correlated with perceptual performance. These results suggest generalization of age associations with scores in 90 sec. must be tempered by consideration of other factors which affect intactness, basic competence, and how competence is measured.
Age-Related Differences in Machiavellianism in an Adult Sample
Authors: Mudrack Peter E.
Published: August 2011

This research investigated age-related differences in Machiavellianism among adults. In this sample of 252 (135 women, 117 men, age range = 17 yr. to 66 yr.), Mach scores appeared to decline with age; respondents aged 38 yr. and older had significantly lower scores than did the two younger groups of respondents (17 yr. to 21 yr., and 22 yr. to 24 yr.). No evidence of nonlinearity in the age-Machiavellianism relationship could be detected.
Norms for Free Associations and Five Types of Constrained Associations
Authors: Block Robert I. , Farnham Sara , Braverman Kathleen , Hinrichs James V. , Ghoneim M. M.
Published: August 2011

Normative data on verbal free associations and constrained associations of five types (opposites, superordinates, examples of categories, coordinates, and properties) were collected from 72 men and 72 women (mean age, 19.2 yr.). A list of the different responses given by subjects for each of 360 stimuli and the frequency of each response is available.
A Descriptive Demographic and Personality Study of Second-Generation Jewish Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Ontell Marsha K.
Published: August 2011

This descriptive study was done to identify critical demographic and personality descriptors associated with second generation Jewish Holocaust survivors. Subjects rated Self, Mother, and Father on 34 adjectives from the Adjective Check List deemed relevant for this population. Findings were discussed in terms of developing realistic psychological intervention programs.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LVIII. Freud's Dualistic Mind-Body Interactionism: Implications for the Development of His Psychology
Authors: Silverstein Barry
Published: August 2011

Freud's views on the mind-body question are reviewed. It is argued that, throughout his career, Freud was consistent in adopting a dualistic-interactionist view of the mind-body relationship. This position was the prerequisite for his development of a psychology which sought the determinants of consciousness in dynamic, unconscious mental processes, without concern for correlations with an underlying neural substrate.
Personality Priorities of Adolescents: Some Caribbean Findings
Authors: Richardson Arthur G.
Published: August 2011

The Personality Priorities Inventory for Adolescents was administered to a sample of 194 Caribbean adolescent students (80 boys and 114 girls) to measure their personality priorities. The subjects had a mean age of 15.6 yr. and were randomly selected from the Grade 10 population of high schools in Barbados. The rank order which emerged from the analysis indicated preference for Pleasing behaviors followed in order by Significance, Avoiding, and Detaching. Comparison between the sexes showed girls as being more inclined toward Pleasing, Significance, and Avoiding than boys.
Midlife Friendships in an American Faculty Sample
Authors: Fiebert Martin S. , Wright Kimberly S.
Published: August 2011

This study explored midlife same-sex friendship patterns in an American sample of married faculty members. of particular interest were perceived changes in friendship behavior from young adulthood to midlife and sex differences in friendship interactions. 14 men and 14 women between the ages of 40 and 55 yr. provided responses in a structured interview and completed a comprehensive friendship survey, the Acquaintance Description Form. Analysis showed that while both men and women spend less time now with their close friends than they did formerly, the strength of relationship and expressed self-disclosure were perceived to increase with time. Women, compared to men, reported relating more intimately with their friends and rated their current friendships as more important to them than did men. The durations of men's friendships, both currently and retrospectively, were longer than women's.
Freudian Sexual Symbolism: Theoretical Considerations and an Empirical Test in Advertising
Authors: Ruth William J. , Mosatche Harriet S. , Kramer Arthur
Published: August 2011

Freudian sexual symbolism theory and research are discussed and an empirical test of that theory is presented. Following up the 1985 findings of Ruth and Mosatche, an experimental investigation measured the effects of sexual symbolism in advertising on self-reported purchasing tendencies. A within-subjects design exposed 42 male and 57 female undergraduates to liquor advertisements containing genital symbolism and to liquor advertisements lacking such symbolism. Liquors presented in advertisements were matched on purchasing desirability prior to the experimental manipulation with a separate undergraduate sample to balance for actual preference for liquor. Dependent t tests consistently indicated stronger purchasing tendencies for symbolic than for nonsymbolic advertisements. Data from these undergraduates supported the psychoanalytic postulate that sexual symbolism unconsciously motivates an observer toward goal-directed behavior. Specifically, psychoanalytic theory would suggest that genital symbolism motivates consumers' behavior via the sexual arousal based on an unconscious recognition of the male and female genitalia and the act of sexual intercourse.
Correlations among Organizational Climate, Apprehension about Communication, and Locus of Control in Mid-Level Bank Managers
Authors: Smeltzer Larry R. , Fann Gail L.
Published: August 2011

Significant statistical correlations were not observed among organizational climate, apprehension about communication, and locus of control when the tests were administered to 120 mid-level bank managers from 30 organizations. It was concluded that the three inventories measure three different concepts.
Eating Motivations and Bulimic Behavior among College Women
Authors: McCormack Sheila , Carman Roderick S.
Published: August 2011

Given observed correlations between certain types of motivations for alcohol use and problem-drinking outcomes, it was hypothesized that a similar pattern of eating motivations might predict bulimic eating behavior. For a sample of 161 college women, eating motivations which imply stress reduction or mood alteration correlated positively with bulimia as measured by the Bulimia Test.
Psychology of Computer Use: XI. Students' Attitudes toward Use of Computer-Simulation Games in Teaching Business Finance
Authors: Sachdeva Darshan
Published: August 2011

105 students' attitudes toward use of computerized simulation games in teaching an introductory course in money, banking, and financial institutions were assessed. Responses indicate that most students favored use of computer-simulation games method of instruction in this course. They also thought that students majoring in finance should take at least one finance course which used computerized simulation games.
Effects of Race on Interrater Reliability of Peer Ratings
Authors: Jordan James L.
Published: August 2011

The effect of race on interrater reliability of peer ratings was investigated using data collected on 1,219 U.S. Army ROTC cadets at summer camp. White raters rating white ratees had a higher interrater reliability than black raters rating black ratees. Implications of this study are discussed.
Smoking and Narcotics Use among Chronic Pain Patients
Authors: Barton Scott B. , Kofoed Bruce A. , Doleys Daniel M.
Published: August 2011

Among 137 noncancer patients having pain for more than 6 mo. and being within 30 to 69 yr. of age, narcotics users were evenly distributed but tobacco smokers were significantly more likely than nonsmokers to use narcotics.
Discrimination against Aids Victims
Authors: Johnson Stephen D.
Published: August 2011

Samples were taken from “Middletown” in 1985, 1986, and 1987 to assess tendencies to discriminate against AIDS victims and what factors were related to this tendency. A tendency to discriminate against AIDS victims has decreased significantly from 1985 to 1987, and those who are most likely to discriminate were members of the Christian Right and who have more of an individual than a community orientation.
The Clients' Role in Psychological Burnout in Teachers and Administrators
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Greenglass Esther
Published: August 2011

This study compared levels of self-reported psychological burnout, and its antecedents and consequences, among male and female teachers/administrators of three ages of students: elementary—6 to 12 yr., junior—13 to 14 yr., and secondary—15 to 20 yr. Elementary teachers/administrators exhibited significantly lower psychological burnout than junior and secondary teachers/administrators. Similar patterns of differences were present on theoretically-based antecedents and consequences of burnout.
A Psychological Reactance Scale: Development, Factor Structure and Reliability
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook , Page Sandra
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the development of Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale. An exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded a clearly defined four-factor structure based on the data from 257 tertiary students. This structure compared favourably with previous research findings. Reliabilities for the scale were satisfactory and its use is recommended for gathering further psychometric data with different populations.
Pleasant Words: Relation with Concreteness and Imagery Values When Stimuli are Controlled
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: August 2011

We affirm, contrary to the opinion of some authors, that there is no correlation between values of pleasantness and values of concreteness of words, and we also affirm that there is no correlation between pleasant and imagery values of words. The fact that a word is pleasant or unpleasant depends on the meaning of a word. The concrete level only influences so a pleasant word is more pleasant and an unpleasant word is more unpleasant. The imagery value of a word does not influence in the fact that a word is pleasant or unpleasant. It will only influence the intensity of the pleasant or the unpleasant. We presented four lists of words (concrete-pleasant, concrete-unpleasant, abstract-pleasant, abstract-unpleasant) to 160 students who scored each word on three scales, pleasantness, imagery and concreteness. We obtained correlations of −.05 between pleasantness and concreteness and of .05 between pleasantness and imagery; however, we found a positive correlation between pleasantness and concreteness and also between pleasantness and imagery when we used pleasant words; a negative correlation obtained when we used unpleasant words.
Cd-Rom Databases in Academic Libraries
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Perdue Bob
Published: August 2011

Of 200 libraries in 50 states 130 responded to a survey showing the major CD-ROM databases available: ERIC, PsycLIT, INFOTRAC/INFOTRAC II, Social Science Index, COMPACT DISCLOSURE. For 38 libraries costs prevented purchases.
Coping Strategies and Diastolic Blood Pressure
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Sweeney Dennis
Published: August 2011

An organizational field study involving 95 civil service employees examined the ways these individuals coped with the stressful events of their daily living. Lazarus' cognitive-phenomenological analysis of psychological stress provided the theoretical framework. Subjects indicated on Lazarus' Ways of Coping Checklist those coping thoughts and actions used in the specific encounter described as stressful. As hypothesized, individuals experiencing higher diastolic blood pressure were more likely to cope using strategies characterized by wishful thinking, avoidance, and minimization of threat than were individuals exhibiting lower blood pressure. Implications from both an individual and organizational perspective are discussed.
A Measure of Global Trust and Suspicion: Replication
Authors: Lagace Rosemary R. , Gassenheimer Jule B.
Published: August 2011

A replication of earlier results of a scale to measure trust and suspicion was conducted. With 242 adults as subjects, a confirmatory factor analysis soundly supported the two-factor solution. Sex differences appeared on Suspicion but not on Trust.
Locus of Control in Women Occupying Middle-Management and Nonmanagement Positions
Authors: St-Yves A. , Contant F. , Freeston M. H. , Huard J. , Lemieux B.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between locus of control and occupational level was investigated for middle-management ( n = 20) and nonmanagement ( n = 41) women employed at a financial services company. No significant difference was found between the groups for locus of control or for social desirability. Significant correlations were found for the nonmanagement group between externality and schooling ( r = –.39), years of service ( r =.42), and social desirability ( r = –.47), but none were found for women in middle management. A significant moderate correlation of –.39 was obtained between locus of control and social desirability for all 61 women.
Comparison of the Rorschach Comprehensive System's Isolation Index and Mmpi Social Introversion Score
Authors: Simon Michael J.
Published: August 2011

An attempt was made to test the hypothesis that Exner's 1986 Isolation Index and the Social Introversion scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory tap closely related areas of personality functioning. 50 criminal defendants referred for psychiatric evaluation were routinely administered the Rorschach and MMPI as a standard part of the assessment process. Although analysis showed no significant relationship between Isolation Index and Social Introversion scores, the results do not necessarily invalidate the Isolation Index, but do indicate that it taps traits different from those measured by the Social Introversion scale. Replication on a different population is recommended.
Treatment of Multicultural Counseling in Correctional Psychology Textbooks
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to examine the extent to which multicultural counseling has been incorporated in correctional psychology textbooks. A content analysis of 12 textbooks published between 1977 and 1988 showed that 10 of the books did not include topics concerning multicultural counseling.
Highest Happiness: An Analysis of Artists' Peak Experience
Authors: Yeagle Ellen H. , Privette Gayle , Dunham Frances Y.
Published: August 2011

Descriptions of peak experiences collected from 29 exhibiting artists were compared with parallel data from a comparison group of 123 men and women enrolled in university courses in social sciences. Each person narratively described a personal incident of highest happiness, then rated a series of descriptions on Likert-type scales. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in the two groups' descriptions of peak experience, and subsequent t tests showed no significant differences on any item. Responses from both groups provide a constellation of experiential correlates of the peak experience consistent with major theoretical descriptions of subjective characteristics of the event. Demographic differences between the groups, triggers, and experiential characteristics of peak experiences were examined. Differences on demographic variables and triggers and the absence of significant differences in the descriptions of peak experience suggest one approach that would bolster Maslow's position of the universality of the peak experience.
Effects of Response Involvement, Quality of Arguments, and Number of Arguments on Attitude Change
Authors: Pentony Joseph F.
Published: August 2011

Previous research has indicated conflicting effects of attitude change by level of involvement, quality of arguments, and number of arguments. The present experiment used a 2 (response involvement) × 2 (argument quality) × 2 (number of arguments) design. Subjects were made to feel highly involved by allowing them to vote on their own final examination questions. Good arguments were significantly superior to bad ones on all dependent variables. Only two of 28 interactions were significant, which is about what could be expected by chance. Much previous research employed involvement in issues while the present study used response involvement. This difference could account for the differences between the present study and previous research. Two kinds of response involvement are posited to account for differences from other studies of response involvement.
Happiness among Adolescents in the Netherlands: Ethnic and Sex Differences
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel
Published: August 2011

A nationwide sample of 2710 Dutch adolescents and 518 ethnic minority adolescents living in the Netherlands was used to examine ethnic and sex differences in happiness. Analyses of variance were conducted with ethnic background, sex, and length of residence in the Netherlands, as variables. Socioeconomic status was included in the analyses as a covariate. Adolescents from ethnic minority backgrounds, as compared to the Dutch, had significantly lower scores on a generalized estimates of life satisfaction and on a measure of hedonic effect. Both differences, however, explained only a very small amount of variance. Girls (from all ethnic groups including the Dutch) had lower scores than boys on both measures. There was no significant effect for length of residence on either measure.
Anger Assessment and its Relation to Self-Report of Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Unverzagt Frederick W. , Schill Thomas
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of anger assessment in classifying self-report of aggressive behavior was examined using a sample of normal college students. Paper-and-pencil measures of anger (Novaco Anger Inventory and Spielberger's Trait Anger scale) were not effective in accurately classifying subjects high and low in self-report of aggressive behavior. Explanations of this finding were discussed.
Professional Psychotherapists Vs Nonpsychotherapists: Thought Processes, Verbal Behavior, and Clients' Satisfaction
Authors: Gold Jeffrey , Dole Arthur A.
Published: August 2011

Combining eight case studies, we compared professional people matched on age and education, but with no training in counseling (NPs), with experienced professional psychologists or psychotherapists (Ps) on verbal responses made in the session, retrospections (recalled thoughts during counseling), clients' responses, and clients' satisfaction. After the two groups independently interviewed the same coached client who presented the same problem to both, the two groups, P and NP, retrospected. Transcripts were coded on six dimensions of retrospections and on 9 clients' and 14 counselors' categories of verbal response. Interrater congruence exceeded 75% agreement. Although clients' responses to both counselors were comparable, those without training differed from trained therapists in certain styles of thought and verbal behaviors. Clients considered the latter significantly more helpful than the former. Implications for theory and practice were discussed.
The Factor Structure of the Wagner and Morse Competence Index: Another View
Authors: Snyder Roberta.
Published: August 2011

Srinivasan and Anantharaman's analysis of the factor structure of the Wagner and Morse (1975) Competence Index is considered in light of previous research and new data. Results support the factor structure proposed by Snyder and Morris in 1978.
Biological Explanation, Psychological Explanation, and Tolerance of Homosexuals: A Cross-National Analysis of Beliefs and Attitudes
Authors: Ernulf Kurt E. , Innala Sune M. , Whitam Frederick L.
Published: August 2011

Controversies are commonplace among scientists who endorse different ideas about the determinants of homosexual orientation and their concomitant social and political implications. To measure the relationship between beliefs about the determinants of homosexual orientation and attitudes toward homosexuals, we asked 745 respondents in four societies about their beliefs concerning the origins of homosexual orientation. Analysis indicated that subjects who believed that homosexuals are “born that way” held significantly more positive attitudes toward homosexuals than subjects who believed that homosexuals “choose to be that way” and/or “learn to be that way.”
Occupational Sex-Typing: A Declining Problem in Australia
Authors: Clarke Valerie A.
Published: August 2011

The existence of occupational sex-typing among Australian adults was assessed by surveying a quota sample of 595 respondents. of 40 occupations, 36 were sex-typed, 12 as female and 24 as male. Occupational sex-typing was stronger among men than women, and among older than younger respondents. Male occupations were perceived as having higher social status. Sex of interviewer had little effect on response patterns. Although generalisation of the over-all level of sex-typing may be limited, the differences between age and sex groups and the associations between sex-typing and status are substantial.
Detection of Faking Good on the MMPI in a Psychiatric Inpatient Population
Authors: Kelly David B. , Greene Roger L.
Published: August 2011

The efficacy of the Mp and X minus zero scales of the MMPI in identifying fake-good profiles was investigated. 30 volunteers from the admissions unit of a state mental hospital were administered the MMPI once under instructions to fake good and once under standard instructions. Under fake-good instructions, psychiatric inpatients were able to produce profiles similar to those of normal college students. Both the Mp and X minus zero scales discriminated significantly between the standard and fake-good profiles. Interactions with order of administration occurred for the Mp scale.
Learning Style, Repeated Stimuli, and Originality in Intellectually Gifted Adolescents
Authors: Masten William G.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed differences in originality between groups with different learning styles as a function of repeated presentations of stimuli. Subjects were 104 gifted adolescents who were administered a measure of originality (Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Words) and Your Style of Learning and Thinking, a measure of learning style. Analysis indicated significant differences in originality for learning styles, for sounds, for presentations, and a significant interaction of sounds and presentations.
Attitudes of French-Canadian University Students toward Use of Condoms: A Structural Analysis
Authors: Bernard Jean , Hébert Yves , de Man Anton , Farrar David
Published: August 2011

164 French-Canadian university students took part in a study analyzing the factorial pattern of attitudes toward the use of condoms. A principal component analysis identified 7 factors, namely, positive general attitude toward use of condoms, contraceptive security, inhibition of sexual pleasure, inconvenience, embarrassment, responsibility, and lessening of physical pleasure.
Effect of Knowledge of One Correct Choice on Group Performance
Authors: Harlow Kirk C.
Published: August 2011

In this study of the effect of goal specificity as knowledge of a single correct choice on group performance 28 groups of five persons were assigned to one of two conditions in a problem-solving role play. In one condition group members were told there was only one correct answer among seven choices, and in the other members were told simply to choose what they thought was the best answer. Analysis yielded significantly more correct responses among the groups knowing there was one correct answer, although no difference was found in the amount of time taken to solve the problem.
Vacation Discrepancy: Correlates of Individual Differences and Outcomes
Authors: Utecht Kathleen M. , Aldag Ramon J.
Published: August 2011

This paper examines individual differences and individual and organizational outcomes as correlates of vacation discrepancy. Vacation discrepancy, the degree to which actual and ideal vacation characteristics are discrepant, is operationalized by five vacation indices—duration, usage, nature, sacrifice, and banking and cash payment. These vacation discrepancy indices are seen to be related to five individual difference characteristics—age, job level, Type A behavior, adherence to protestant work ethic ideals, and valence of vacations—and to six individual and organizational outcomes—job growth satisfaction, perceived fairness of vacations, vulnerability to stress, health, absenteeism and performance. Suggestions for research on vacation discrepancy in particular, and on the effects of vacation policies in general, are presented.
Memory for Information in Self-Help Psychology Books
Authors: Lubusko Andrew , Forest James
Published: August 2011

Research on psychological self-help books has not demonstrated conclusively that improvements in mental health occur after people read the books. This study examined a more sensitive measure of change: how much information is retained when people read a self-help book. 107 men completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire in Session 1, read a self-help book during a 2-wk. interval, and completed an immediate or delayed 50-item true-false memory test in Session 2. The dependent measure was the score on the memory test. Regression analysis indicated that retention interval, personality scores, interest, and impact measures were significant predictors of memory scores. Memory for self-help information could be an important predictor of self-directed psychological change.
Stigmatizing Artifacts and Their Effect on Personal Space
Authors: Conigliaro Leslie , Cullerton Sharon , Flynn Kim E. , Roeder Sharlene
Published: August 2011

Examining the relationship between personal space and a stigmatizing artifact, a white cane, with 58 randomly selected subjects indicated that significantly more personal space was accorded a person with an apparent visual impairment.
Improving Wais—R Estimates with the Shipley-Hartford and Wonderlic Personnel Tests: Need to Control for Reading Ability
Authors: Frisch Michael B. , Jessop Norman S.
Published: August 2011

The present study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Shipley-Hartford and Wonderlic in the prediction of Full Scale WAIS—R IQs while controlling for subjects' reading ability. 34 psychiatric patients from the Waco VA Medical Center who had attained at least a sixth-grade reading level on the basis of the Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised were administered the WAIS—R, Shipley-Hartford and Wonderlic in random order. Significant correlations were found between Full Scale WAIS—R IQs and age-corrected WAIS—R equivalent scores for the Shipley-Hartford and the Wonderlic. The results of these and other analyses supported the view that both the Shipley-Hartford and Wonderlic are accurate in making gross estimates of Full Scale WAIS—R IQs. The results are discussed in the context of previous research, using both clinical and nonclinical samples. Clinical implications and suggestions for research, including further methodological refinements, are also discussed