bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randomised clinical trial of a group parent education programme for Australian Indigenous families
Authors: Turner Karen MT , Richards Mary , Sanders Matthew R
Published: April 2007

Aim:  Parenting programmes have been shown to improve children’s adjustment and reduce problem behaviour; however, little research has addressed outcomes for Indigenous families. The aim of this project was to assess the impact and cultural appropriateness of a parenting programme tailored for Indigenous families, an adaptation of the evidence‐based Group Triple P – Positive Parenting Program.

Methods:  A repeated measures randomised group design methodology was used, comparing the intervention with a waitlist control condition pre‐ and post‐intervention, with a 6‐month follow‐up of the intervention group.

Results:  Parents attending Group Triple P reported a significant decrease in rates of problem child behaviour and less reliance on some dysfunctional parenting practices following the intervention in comparison to waitlist families. The programme also led to greater movement from the clinical range to the non‐clinic range for mean child behaviour scores on all measures. Effects were primarily maintained at 6‐month follow‐up. Qualitative data showed generally positive responses to the programme resources, content and process. However, only a small number of waitlist families subsequently attended groups, signalling the importance of engaging families when they first make contact, helping families deal with competing demands, and offering flexible service delivery so families can resume contact when circumstances permit.

Conclusions:  This study provides empirical support for the effectiveness and acceptability of a culturally tailored approach to Group Triple P conducted by Child Health and Indigenous Health workers in a community setting. The outcomes of this trial may be seen as a significant step in increasing appropriate service provision for Indigenous families and reducing barriers to accessing available services in the community.
Bruising: When it is spontaneous and not idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
Authors: Davey Amanda L , Foxton Sarah‐Jane , Bala Pronab , Richards Michael , Cuthbert Ann
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Bruising is a presentation that often causes concern. There are many causes of bruising in children, including non‐accidental injury, which must be excluded. We report a case of a 22‐month‐old boy where all the common diagnoses were excluded. We highlight the need to be aware of transient acquired inhibitors of coagulation that can cause spontaneous bleeding.
Photos in Pediatrics
Authors: Ogawa Eiji
Published: April 2007

On behalf of the Editors it is a great pleasure to introduce a new section in Pediatrics International– Photos in Pediatrics. The purpose of the section is to present state‐of‐the‐art images that assist in the diagnosis of both common and unusual cases of pediatric illnesses. The Editors will select photos based on their educational or artistic value and interest to the pediatric community. Submissions are welcome and must be accompanied by a brief caption for each photo as well as a description of why this image or series of photos would be of interest to our readers. All work submitted to the journal must be original and the author‘s own material, or appropriate permission obtained.

Professor Yukishige Yanagawa Editor‐in‐Chief
Efficacy of laparoscopic ovarian drilling for polycystic ovary syndrome resistant to clomiphene citrate
Authors: Kato Mariko , Kikuchi Iwaho , Shimaniki Hiroto , Kobori Hiroyuki , Aida Takuya , Kitade Mari , Kumakiri Jun , Takeuchi Hiroyuki
Published: April 2007

Aim:  It is difficult to induce ovulation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) resistant to clomiphene citrate (CC) because of the narrow safety margin of human menopausal gonadotropin preparations. In the present study, patients diagnosed as having PCOS according to the Japanese diagnostic criteria were divided into two groups (Groups H and N). Testosterone level was used as a cut‐off value between Groups H and N to examine the usefulness of laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) to induce ovulation.

Methods:  Thirty‐two women with PCOS resistant to CC who underwent LOD were evaluated. The patients were divided into a high and a normal androgen group (Groups H and N with 19 and 13 patients, respectively) based on the level of testosterone measured 1 week before surgery using a cut‐off value of 50 ng/dL. LOD was performed with microlaparoscopy under intravenous anesthesia.

Results:  After LOD, spontaneous ovulation occurred in 16 (84.2%) and nine (69.2%) patients in Groups H and N, respectively. Additional treatment with CC was given to 12 (63.2%) and 11 (84.6%) patients, respectively. No significant difference was noted with regard to the spontaneous ovulation rate after LOD. Eighteen pregnancies were established in 17 patients (53.1%). The pregnancy rate after LOD was not significantly different between Groups H and N: 42.1% (8 patients) and 76.9% (10 patients), respectively.

Conclusion:  Patients with PCOS as diagnosed based on the Japanese diagnostic criteria include those with increased and normal androgen levels. LOD is considered an effective ovulation induction method for both types of patients with PCOS.
Exploring the Gaps between Meanings and Practices of Gender Equity in a Sport Organization
Authors: Hoeber Larena
Published: April 2007

This article analyses the explanations organizational members used to make sense of the meanings and practices of gender equity. Studying gender equity as an organizational value provided a way of understanding how gender inequity is perpetuated and embedded in the culture of an organization. This study was informed by post‐structuralist feminist theory as it provided a lens for understanding and critiquing the local meanings and production of gendered knowledge, and encouraged discussion of transforming meanings and practices. This study was situated in a Canadian university athletic department in which gender equity was an espoused organizational value, but gender inequities were evident. Data were collected from in‐depth interviews with administrators, coaches and athletes, observations of practices and competitions, and the analysis of relevant documents. These data were coded and categorized using Atlas.ti. Respondents' explanations for the gap between what was espoused and what was enacted centred on two dominant, but contradictory, themes: a denial of gender inequities and a rationalization of gender inequities. These themes suggested respondents often understood inequities as expected, natural, or normal.
The Politics of Gender in the NHS: Impression Management and ‘Getting Things Done’
Authors: Greener Ian
Published: April 2007

This article is concerned with gendered differences in managerial repertoires in the National Health Service. Interviews carried out with senior NHS managers across several geographical areas suggest that, from an impression management perspective, where they are able to occupy senior management positions, a different management style begins to emerge amongst women, with a separation between their ‘front‐stage, ‘backstage’ and ‘outside’ stage activities. Women managers appeared to acknowledge that they could not behave front stage in the same way with doctors as they often did in their outside stage encounters with them, but that the additional strategies they utilized whilst outside stage were key elements to their repertoire for getting things done. This view of management is contrasted with a very different one exhibited by male managers. The implications of the analysis are explored in the article's conclusion.
An Overlooked Entente: Lord Malmesbury, Anglo‐French Relations and the Conservatives’ Recognition of the Second Empire, 1852
Authors: HICKS GEOFFREY
Published: April 2007

This article uses the third earl of Malmesbury's friendship with Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as a prism through which to view the Conservative Party's handling of Anglo‐French relations during the period when Bonaparte was cementing his hold over France. After noting the long‐term historiographical neglect of the subject, it explores Malmesbury's discussions with Louis Napoleon between 1848 and 1852, and indicates what they revealed about the assumptions underpinning Conservative foreign policy. It suggests that analysis of Malmesbury's role illuminates British domestic politics by placing his appointment to the Foreign Office in a clearer context than has been the case hitherto. It then examines the management of Conservative foreign policy in detail, describing how the 1852 Derby government recognized the new French empire and nurtured an Anglo‐French entente without alienating Russia, Austria or Prussia. This was a significant diplomatic and political achievement, helping to demonstrate that Conservative diplomacy had a distinct identity and that mid‐Victorian Britain did not view the world merely through a Whig or Palmerstonian lens. The article concludes that the events of 1852 represent an important and overlooked phase in the history of Anglo‐French relations.
Development of a practical photogrammetric network design using evolutionary computing
Authors: Olague Gustavo , Dunn Enrique
Published: April 2007

Photogrammetric network design is the process of optimising a network configuration in terms of the accuracy of object points. This accuracy is improved by selecting the best set of intersection rays in a bundle adjustment. This paper explains the approach followed to achieve the development of a practical network design using a real robotic system. The aim is to integrate a simulation‐based network design into a practical vision metrology system. The simulation is carried out with a population search metaheuristic inspired by the evolutionary computing paradigm. The proposed approach uses an analytical criterion to search for a suitable first‐order design in a fraction of the computational time required by the evolutionary approach using a rigorous bundle adjustment. The combination of an evolutionary algorithm simulation with the very well‐established bundle adjustment provides a straightforward approach to network design. An example of a photogrammetric network design is provided to illustrate the result of a complete network design.
Semi‐automatic approach toward mapping of flat‐roofed buildings within a non‐stereoscopic environment
Authors: Avrahami Yair , Raizman Yuri , Doytsher Yerach
Published: April 2007

In this paper, algorithms for semi‐automatic flat roof extraction are described which focus on extraction from panchromatic medium scale aerial images with a known model solution. The algorithms developed are based on a 2D approach to solving the 3D reality. In order to initialise the extraction, the operator needs to point, in the left image space, within a typical radiometric area of the desired roof to be extracted. This process defines the algorithm as semi‐automatic and from here on the process is fully automatic. The next stages include: extraction of a bounding contour in the left image space, calculation of the approximated height and transformation of the manual pointer from the left image to the right image space, extraction of a bounding contour in the right image space, simplification of the contours, an iterative process for precise height extraction and final mapping of the building. These algorithms can be employed in two ways, either as part of a fully automatic process when the pointers are extracted automatically, or standing alone so as to enable a new approach for semi‐automatic extraction within a non‐stereoscopic environment, without using 3D spectacles. In order to examine the efficiency of the algorithms, a semi‐automatic application for flat roof extraction was developed. Based on panchromatic images at a scale of 1:42 000 and scanned at 14 μm resolution, the results obtained are satisfactory with accuracies of 0·97 and 0·46 m for the planimetric and altimetric measurements, respectively. This paper presents the algorithms, the experiments and the results.
Characterization and expression analysis of the aspartic protease gene family of Cynara cardunculus L.
Authors: Pimentel Catarina , Van Der Straeten Dominique , Pires Euclides , Faro Carlos , Rodrigues‐Pousada Claudina
Published: April 2007

Cardosin A and cardosin B are two aspartic proteases mainly found in the pistils of cardoon Cynara cardunculus L., whose flowers are traditionally used in several Mediterranean countries in the manufacture of ewe's cheese. We have been characterizing cardosins at the biochemical, structural and molecular levels. In this study, we show that the cardoon aspartic proteases are encoded by a multigene family. The genes for cardosin A and cardosin B, as well as those for two new cardoon aspartic proteases, designated cardosin C and cardosin D, were characterized, and their expression in C. cardunculus L. was analyzed by RT‐PCR. Together with cardosins, a partial clone of the cyprosin B gene was isolated, revealing that cardosin and cyprosin genes coexist in the genome of the same plant. As a first approach to understanding what dictates the flower‐specific pattern of cardosin genes, the respective gene 5′ regulatory sequences were fused with the reporter β‐glucuronidase and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. A subsequent deletion analysis of the promoter region of the cardosin A gene allowed the identification of a region of approximately 500 bp essential for gene expression in transgenic flowers. Additionally, the relevance of the leader intron of the cardosin A and B genes for gene expression was evaluated. Our data showed that the leader intron is essential for cardosin B gene expression in A. thaliana. In silico analysis revealed the presence of potential regulatory motifs that lay within the aforementioned regions and therefore might be important in the regulation of cardosin expression.
SIMULTANEOUS EMBEDDING OF OUTERPLANAR GRAPHS, PATHS, AND CYCLES
Authors: DI GIACOMO EMILIO , LIOTTA GIUSEPPE
Published: April 2007

Let G1 and G2 be two planar graphs having some vertices in common. A simultaneous embedding of G1 and G2 is a pair of crossing-free drawings of G1 and G2 such that each vertex in common is represented by the same point in both drawings. In this paper we show that an outerplanar graph and a simple path can be simultaneously embedded with fixed edges such that the edges in common are straight-line segments while the other edges of the outerplanar graph can have at most one bend per edge. We then exploit the technique for outerplanar graphs and paths to study simultaneous embeddings of other pairs of graphs. Namely, we study simultaneous embedding with fixed edges of: (i) two outerplanar graphs sharing a forest of paths and (ii) an outerplanar graph and a cycle.
AN OPTIMAL REBUILDING STRATEGY FOR AN INCREMENTAL TREE PROBLEM
Authors: THIBAULT NICOLAS , LAFOREST CHRISTIAN
Published: April 2007

This paper is devoted to the following incremental problem. Initially, a graph and a distinguished subset of vertices, called initial group, are given. This group is connected by an initial tree. The incremental part of the input is given by an on-line sequence of vertices of the graph, not yet in the current group, revealed on-line one after one. The goal is to connect each new member to the current tree, while satisfying a quality constraint: the average distance between members in each constructed tree must be kept in a given range compared to the best possible one.

Under this quality constraint, our objectives are to minimize the number of critical stages and the number of elementary changes of the sequence of constructed trees. We call "critical" a stage where the inclusion of a new member implies heavy changes in the current tree. Otherwise, the new member is just added by connecting it with a (well chosen) path to the current tree. In both cases, updating a tree implies a certain number of elementary changes (that we define).

We propose a strategy leading to at most O(log i) critical stages (i is the number of new members) and to at most a constant average number of elementary changes per stage. We also prove that there exists situations where Ω(log i) critical stages are necessary to any algorithm to maintain the quality constraint. Our strategy is then worst case optimal in order of magnitude for the number of critical stages criterion and induces a constant number of elementary changes in average per stage.
A model for genetic complementation controlling the chromosomal abnormalities and loss of heterozygosity formation in cancer
Authors: Nestor A.L. , Hollopeter S.L. , Matsui S.-I. , Allison D.
Published: April 2007

The relationship between the apparently random chromosomal changes found in aneuploidy and the genetic instability driving the progression of cancer is not clear. We report a test of the hypothesis that aneuploid chromosomal abnormalities might be selected to preserve cell-survival genes during loss of heterozygosity (LOH) formations which eliminate tumor suppressor genes. The LOHs and structurally abnormal chromosomes present in the aneuploid LoVo (colon), A549 (lung), SUIT-2 (pancreas), and LN-18 (glioma) cancer cell lines were identified by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Spectral Karyotyping (SKY). The Mann-Whitney U and chi square tests were used to evaluate possible differences in chromosome numbers and abnormalities between the cell lines, with two-tailed P values of <0.01 being considered significant. The cell lines differed significantly in chromosome numbers and frequency of structurally abnormal chromosomes. The SNP analysis revealed that each cell line contained at least a haploid set of somatic chromosomes, consistent with our hypothesis that cell-survival genes are widely scattered throughout the genome. Further, over 90% of the chromosomal abnormalities seemed to be selected, often after LOH formation, for gene-dosage compensation or to provide heterozygosity for specific chromosomal regions. These results suggest that the chromosomal changes of aneuploidy are not random, but may be selected to provide gene-dosage compensation and/or retain functional alleles of cell-survival genes during LOH formation.
Molecular characterization of the equine ATP2A2 gene
Authors: Mömke S. , Distl O.
Published: April 2007

The mammalian ATP2A2 gene encodes a P-type cation pump located in the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticula of muscle cells. We isolated one bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing the equine ATP2A2 gene and determined the complete coding sequence of this gene. Cloning and characterization of the equine ATP2A2 gene revealed that the equine ATP2A2 gene consists of 20 exons. In total, 32 horses out of 16 breeds were analyzed for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A mutation scan for SNPs included ten exons and their flanking introns. We detected in total 17 SNPs, 14 of which were located in introns, one in exon 9 and two in exon 20. In this report we provide the genomic organization and the equine ATP2A2 coding sequence and an association analysis for chronic pastern dermatitis using a sample of South German draft horses.
Karyotype, centric fusion polymorphism and chromosomal aberrations in captive-born mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula)
Authors: Rubes J. , Pagacova E. , Kopecna O. , Kubickova S. , Cernohorska H. , Vahala J. , Di Berardino D.
Published: April 2007

Chromosomes of fourteen captive-born mountain reedbucks (Redunca fulvorufula) have been investigated. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 56 (FN = 60). The mountain reedbuck karyotype consists of 26 acrocentric and two biarmed chromosome pairs resulting from two centric fusions involving chromosomes 2 and 25, and 6 and 10, respectively. In some animals, 57 chromosomes were detected. Variation in the diploid number was found to be due to polymorphism for the centric fusion 6;10. Both X and Y chromosomes are large and acrocentric. The entire Y chromosome and the proximal part of the X chromosome consist of heterochromatin. The chromosomes X, 9 and 14 appeared to be of caprine type. Chromosome aberrations have been detected in two of the 14 animals investigated. A de novo formed Robertsonian translocation rob(6;13) was found in one female heterozygous for the fusion 6;10. CBG-banding revealed one block of centromeric heterochromatin in the de novo formed translocation rob(6;13) and also in the evolutionarily fixed centric fusions 6;10 and 2;25. One examined male homozygous for fusion 6;10, had a mosaic 56,XY/57,XYY karyotype, with 11% of analyzed cells containing two Y chromosomes. The findings were confirmed by cross-species fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with bovine (Bos taurus L.) chromosome painting probes. The study demonstrates the relevance of cytogenetic screening in captive animals from zoological gardens.
Fenofibrate Effect on Triglyceride and Postprandial Response of Apolipoprotein A5 Variants
Authors: Lai Chao-Qiang , Arnett Donna K. , Corella Dolores , Straka Robert J. , Tsai Michael Y. , Peacock James M. , Adiconis Xian , Parnell Laurence D. , Hixson James E. , Province Michael A. , Ordovas Jose M.
Published: April 2007

Objective—

Apolipoprotein A5 (
APOA5
) is a key determinant of plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Genetic variation at the
APOA5
locus could be responsible for some of the observed differences in response to fenofibrate therapy.

Methods and Results—

We examined the association between tag SNPs (−1131T>C and 56C>G) at
APOA5
and TG and HDL-C response to fenofibrate and a postprandial lipid challenge in 791 men and women participating in the GOLDN study. After 3-week drug treatment,
APOA5
56G carriers displayed significant decrease in TG (
P
=0.006), and increase in HDL-C (
P
=0.002) levels relative to their basal values in the fasting state when compared with noncarriers (a TG reduction of −35.8±2.8% versus −27.9±0.9% and a HDL-C increase of 11.8±1.3% versus 6.9±0.5%, respectively). In the postprandial lipemia after a fat load, the 56G carriers showed a significant decrease in the area under curve for TG and increase for HDL-C than the noncarriers. These diverse beneficial responses of 56G carriers to fenofibrate were further characterized by a higher increase in large LDL-C concentrations and LDL size. On the other hand, subjects with different
APOA5
-1131T>C genotypes showed no significant response to fenofibrate intervention.

Conclusion—

This study suggests that the
APOA5
56G carriers benefited more from the fenofibrate treatment than noncarriers in lowering plasma TG and increasing HDL-C levels.
Glutaredoxin Mediates Akt and eNOS Activation by Flow in a Glutathione Reductase-Dependent Manner
Authors: Wang Jing , Pan Shi , Berk Bradford C.
Published: April 2007

Objective—

The glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin (Grx) system regulates activities of many redox sensitive enzymes. This system has been shown to protect cells from hydrogen peroxide–induced apoptosis by regulating the redox state of Akt. Grx can be regulated by redox state; the oxidized Grx is selectively recycled to the reduced form by GSH. Flow can maintain endothelial cells in a reduced state by activating glutathione reductase (GR) and increasing the GSH/GSSG ratio. Because steady laminar flow exerts an antioxidant effect, we hypothesized that Grx mediates flow induced Akt and eNOS phosphorylation in a GR dependent manner.

Methods and Results—

Exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) to physiological steady laminar flow (shear stress=12 dyn/cm
2
) for 5 minutes significantly increased Grx activity (1.9±0.2-fold), and also increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. Overexpression of GFP-GR in ECs significantly increased Grx activity by 1.6±0.1-fold. Pretreatment with the GR inhibitor 1,3-bis[2-chloroethyl]-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) for 30 minutes dramatically reduced Grx activity and inhibited the increase in Akt and eNOS phosphorylation induced by flow. Overexpression of wild-type Grx in ECs increased both Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. In contrast, a mutated Grx (C22S/C25S), which lacks thioltransferase activity, had no effect. Therefore, flow-induced Akt and eNOS phosphorylation depend on Grx thioltransferase activity. Downregulation of Grx by small interfering RNA decreased flow induced Akt and eNOS phosphorylation.

Conclusions—

These data suggest that Grx is an important mediator for flow-induced Akt and eNOS activation, and Grx activity depends on GR-mediated changes in EC redox state.
Thrombolysis for Ischemic Stroke in Children
Authors: Janjua Nazli , Nasar Abu , Lynch John K. , Qureshi Adnan I.
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose—

Few pediatric reports of thrombolysis exist. We sought to determine national rates of thrombolysis among pediatric ischemic stroke patients using a national database.

Methods—

Patients between the ages of 1 and 17 years, entered in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2000 and 2003, with International Classification of Diseases codes for ischemic stroke were included in the study. Differences in mean age, gender distribution, ethnicity, secondary diagnoses, medical complications, associated procedure rates, modes of discharge, and hospital costs between pediatric stroke patients receiving and not receiving thrombolysis were estimated.

Results—

In the United States, between 2000 and 2003 an estimated 2904 children were admitted with ischemic stroke, of which 46 children (1.6%) received thrombolytic therapy. Children who received thrombolysis were on the average older (11 versus 9 years), more likely to be male (100% versus 53.8%), with significantly higher hospital costs ($81 800 versus $38 700). These children were also less likely to be discharged home with higher rates of death and dependency, although differences in clinical severity between the 2 groups was not known.

Conclusion—

Thrombolysis, though not indicated for patients <18 years of age, is currently being administered to children, with unclear benefit. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this treatment for children.
A Seasonal Heat Budget across the Extent of the California Current
Authors: Edwards Kathleen A. , Kelly Kathryn A.
Published: April 2007

A seasonal heat budget is based on observations that span the broad California Current (CC) region. Budget terms are estimated from satellite data (oceanic heat advection), repeat ship transects (heat storage rate), and the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) (surface heat flux). The balance between terms differs with distance from shore. Offshore, a local balance between the heat storage rate and net heat flux (Q0) holds; the latter is dominated by its shortwave component QSW. Shoreward of ∼500 km, oceanic heat advection shifts the phase of the heat storage rate to earlier in the year and partially offsets an increase in Q0 due to cloud clearing. During the summer maximum of Q0, the ∼500-km-wide CC region loses heat to alongshore geostrophic transport, offshore Ekman transport, and, to a lesser degree, cross-shore geostrophic transport and eddy transport. The advective heat loss is neither uniform in space nor temporal phase; instead, the region of geostrophic and eddy heat loss expands cross shore with the annual widening of the California Current to ∼500 km. This expansion begins in spring with the onset of equatorward winds. A region of relatively positive wind stress curl widens at the same gradual rate as the CC, suggesting a coupling mechanism between the two.
Integrated Microfluidic Platform for Oral Diagnostics
Authors: HERR AMY E. , HATCH ANSON V. , GIANNOBILE WILLIAM V. , THROCKMORTON DANIEL J. , TRAN HUU M. , BRENNAN JAMES S. , SINGH ANUP K.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  While many point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostic methods have been developed for blood‐borne analytes, development of saliva‐based POC diagnostics is in its infancy. We have developed a portable microfluidic device for detection of potential biomarkers of periodontal disease in saliva. The device performs rapid microfluidic chip‐based immunoassays (<3–10 min) with low sample volume requirements (10 μL) and appreciable sensitivity (nM–pM). Our microfluidic method facilitates hands‐free saliva analysis by integrating sample pretreatment (filtering, enrichment, mixing) with electrophoretic immunoassays to quickly measure analyte concentrations in minimally pretreated saliva samples. The microfluidic chip has been integrated with miniaturized electronics, optical elements, such as diode lasers, fluid‐handling components, and data acquisition software to develop a portable, self‐contained device. The device and methods are being tested by detecting potential biomarkers in saliva samples from patients diagnosed with periodontal disease. Our microchip‐based analysis can readily be extended to detection of biomarkers of other diseases, both oral and systemic, in saliva and other oral fluids.
Salivary α‐Amylase in Biobehavioral Research
Authors: GRANGER DOUGLAS A. , KIVLIGHAN KATIE T. , El‐SHEIKH MONA , GORDIS ELANA B. , STROUD LAURA R.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  In the history of science, technical advances often precede periods of rapid accumulation of knowledge. Within the past three decades, discoveries that enabled the noninvasive measurement of the psychobiology of stress (in saliva) have added new dimensions to the study of health and human development. This widespread enthusiasm has led to somewhat of a renaissance in behavioral science. At the cutting edge, the focus is on testing innovative theoretical models of individual differences in behavior as a function of multilevel biosocial processes in the context of everyday life. Several new studies have generated renewed interest in salivary α‐amylase (sAA) as a surrogate marker of the autonomic/sympathetic nervous system component of the psychobiology of stress. This article reviews sAA's properties and functions; presents illustrative findings relating sAA to stress and the physiology of stress, behavior, cognitive function, and health; and provides practical information regarding specimen collection and assay. The overarching intent is to accelerate the learning curve such that investigators avoid potential pitfalls associated with integrating this unique salivary analyte into the next generation of biobehavioral research.
Human Saliva Proteome Analysis
Authors: HU SHEN , LOO JOSEPH A. , WONG DAVID T.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Human saliva contains proteins that can be informative for disease detection and surveillance of oral health. Comprehensive analysis and identification of the proteomic content in human whole and ductal saliva is a necessary first step toward the discovery of saliva protein markers for human disease detection. The article will review the recent advances in human saliva proteome analysis, including the efforts of the UCLA saliva proteome consortium funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). We aim to summarize the proteomics technologies currently used for global analysis of saliva proteins and to elaborate on the application of saliva proteomics to discovery of disease biomarkers, in particular for oral cancer and Sjögren's syndrome, and discuss some of the critical challenges and perspectives for this emerging field. The impact of human saliva proteome analysis in the search for clinically relevant disease biomarkers will be realized through advances made using proteomics technologies.
Development of a Microfluidic Device for Detection of Pathogens in Oral Samples Using Upconverting Phosphor Technology (UPT)
Authors: ABRAMS WILLIAM R. , BARBER CHERYL A. , McCANN KURT , TONG GARY , CHEN ZONGYUAN , MAUK MICHAEL G. , WANG JING , VOLKOV ALEX , BOURDELLE PETE , CORSTJENS PAUL L. A. M. , ZUIDERWIJK MICHEL , KARDOS KEITH , LI SHANG , TANKE HANS J. , SAM NIEDBALA R. , MALAMUD DANIEL , BAU HAIM
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Confirmatory detection of diseases, such as HIV and HIV‐associated pathogens in a rapid point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostic remains a goal for disease control, prevention, and therapy. If a sample could be analyzed onsite with a verified result, the individual could be counseled immediately and appropriate therapy initiated. Our group is focused on developing a microfluidic “lab‐on‐a‐chip” that will simultaneously identify antigens, antibodies, RNA, and DNA using a single oral sample. The approach has been to design individual modules for each assay that uses similar components (e.g., valves, heaters, metering chambers, mixers) installed on a polycarbonate base with a common reporter system. Assay miniaturization reduces the overall analysis time, increases accuracy by simultaneously identifying multiple targets, and enhances detector sensitivity by upconverting phosphor technology (UPT). Our microfluidic approach employs four interrelated components: (1) sample acquisition–OraSure UPlink™ collectors that pick‐up and release bacteria, soluble analytes, and viruses from an oral sample; (2) microfluidic processing–movement of microliter volumes of analyte, target analyte extraction and amplification; (3) detection of analytes using UPT particles in a lateral flow system; and (4) software for processing the results. Ultimately, the oral‐based microscale diagnostic system will detect viruses and bacteria, associated pathogen antigens and nucleic acids, and antibodies to these pathogens.
Implications for Diagnostics in the Biochemistry and Physiology of Saliva
Authors: NIEUW AMERONGEN ARIE v. , LIGTENBERG ANTOON J. M. , VEERMAN ENNO C. I.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Oral fluid mainly consists of a mixture of glandular salivas. In addition, it is contaminated by some crevicular fluid, containing serum constituents. The contribution of the various salivary glands shows a continuous variation, resulting in wide ranges of concentrations for all constituents of oral fluid. As a consequence, the collection of oral fluid for diagnostic purposes should be standardized. Oral fluid can be used to detect a number of diseases and recent use of illicit drugs. It can also be used to monitor therapeutic drug concentrations. The development of microchips for salivary components offers great possibilities to use oral fluid for point‐of‐care testing.
Point‐of‐Care Diagnostics Enter the Mouth
Authors: TABAK LAWRENCE A.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  In this succinct review, I delineate a case supporting point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostics to provide a brief outline of why oral fluid/saliva–based POC offer several advantages over more traditional blood‐based tests and conclude with a focused overview of the ethical, legal, and social implications of more widespread access to oral fluid/saliva–based POC diagnostics.
Experimental evidence for the influence of molecular crowding on nuclear architecture
Authors: Richter Karsten , Nessling Michelle , Lichter Peter
Published: April 2007

Many compounds in the cell nucleus are structurally organized. To assess the influence of structural organization on nuclear function, we investigated the physical mechanisms of structure formation by using molecular crowding as a parameter for nuclear integrity. Molecular crowding promotes compaction of macromolecular compounds depending on their size and shape without the need for site-specific interactions. HeLa and MCF7 cells were incubated with hypertonic medium to increase crowding of their macromolecular content as a result of the osmotic loss of water. Supplementation of sucrose, sorbitol or NaCl to the growth medium shifted nuclear organization, observed by fluorescence and electron microscopy, towards compaction of chromatin and segregation of other nuclear compounds. With increasing hypertonic load and incubation time, this nuclear re-organization proceeded gradually, irrespective of the substances used, and reversibly relaxed to a regular phenotype upon re-incubation of cells in isotonic growth medium. Gradual and reversible re-organization are major features of controlled de-mixing by molecular crowding. Of fundamental importance for nuclear function, we discuss how macromolecular crowding could account for the stabilization of processes that involve large, macromolecular machines.
A Foucauldian look at the Design Jury
Authors: Webster Helena
Published: April 2007

There can be little argument that the design jury features as a key symbolic event in the education of the architect. However, whilst the centrality of the design jury is widely acknowledged there continues to be considerable disagreement about exactly what students learn and how. This
paper, inspired by Michel Foucault's genealogical studies of relationship between knowledge, power and the formation of the modern subject, reports on the findings of a year-long ethnographic study carried out in a British school of architecture that sought to explicate the workings of the
design jury as specific form of pedagogic practice. The study uncovered a considerable misalignment between the espoused aims of the design jury and the effects of the jury in practice. Given the widespread use of the design jury these findings suggest that it is time for schools to review,
modify or even abandon the design jury.
Technologies of delusion and subjectivity
Authors: Mojica Martha Patricia Nio
Published: April 2007

This paper deals with how telematic technologies such as the cellular phones, Internet, telerobotics and other varieties of telematic communication and control are placing into discussion the nature of knowledge and its scope. These technologies offer us knowledge by description and
representation instead of physical contact, a fact that is often seen with suspicion since they are perceived as technologies of delusion in a culture characterized by its conspicuous materialism. What are the possible roles for our mediated activities in relation with the comprehension of
our environment and the construction of subjectivity? Telematic mediation necessarily deals with the immaterial aspects of technologies such as the changing concepts of reality and nature, future possibilities of an ethereal afterlife achieved through spiritual or technological means and the
concept of distance that can render mediated communication delusory and unsatisfying while acting as an agent of delocalization. This view is supported by our traditional Platonic view that perceives representation of things as a palpable degradation while neglecting the constructive aspects
of those fictional endeavours.
Altered states: Multi-site performance high
Authors: Masura A.B.D Nadja
Published: April 2007

The relative freedom, spontaneity, and complexity of the images formed between the elastic body/mind of the dancer present in the room with me, the projected video of bodies, and performers interacting in space gave a palpable electric sense of virtual synergy. These are the words I
wrote to describe the experience of being immersed in my first Interplay multi-site performance. I had the sense that I had experienced a telematic embrace, an event that was truly more than the sum of its parts, which Roy Ascott described as a feeling of connection and close community,
almost an intimacy quite unlike face to face meetings.
Population Dynamics and Behavior of Bighorn Sheep with Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: JANSEN BRIAN D. , KRAUSMAN PAUL R. , HEFFELFINGER JAMES R. , NOON TED H. , DEVOS JAMES C.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Introduced disease is a major mortality factor in some populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Epizootics of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) and contagious ecthyma occurred in bighorn sheep in the Silver Bell Mountains of south‐central Arizona, USA, from 1 December 2003 to 31 March 2004. Our objectives were to 1) investigate the influence of the epizootic on abundance and demographics and 2) examine how IKC affected the mortality, behavior, and movements of clinically affected animals. Morbidity was 39%, and all sex and age classes were affected. The population declined 23%, with most mortality in the adult female (1 M, 11 F) segment of the population. Of the diseased animals that were marked (n = 27), 44% recovered and 44% died. Predation (50%) and starvation (33%) were the primary causes of mortality of diseased bighorn sheep. Bighorn sheep that were infected spent less time feeding and moved less than noninfected animals during the epizootic. Managers might be able to minimize losses of infected animals through predator control. To minimize losses to starvation, managers should refrain from any activity that disturbs infected animals (including treatment) because disturbances increase energy expenditures and expose infected animals to injury.
Observer Bias in Anuran Call Surveys
Authors: LOTZ AARON , ALLEN CRAIG R.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTAmphibian monitoring programs rarely question the quality of data obtained by observers and often ignore observer bias. In order to test for bias in amphibian call surveys, we sampled 29 clusters of wetlands from the Rainwater Basin, Nebraska, USA, totaling 228 functionally connected wetlands. Sampling consisted of 3‐minute stops where volunteers recorded species heard and made digital recordings. Based on 627 samples, we examined 3 types of observer bias: omission, false inclusion (commission), and incorrect identification. Misidentification rates ranged from 4.2% to 18.3%. Relatively high and unquantified error rates can negatively affect the ability of monitoring programs to accurately detect the population or abundance trends for which most were designed.
Video Surveillance to Assess Highway Underpass Use by Elk in Arizona
Authors: DODD NORRIS L. , GAGNON JEFFREY W. , MANZO AMANDA L. , SCHWEINSBURG RAYMOND E.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT We used integrated video systems to compare wildlife use of 2 bridged wildlife underpasses (UPs) on a reconstructed highway in central Arizona, USA, from September 2002 to September 2005. Both UPs opened into the same riparian—meadow complex, were situated < 250 m apart, and had different below‐span characteristics and dimensions. Our objectives were to compare Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) response to the UPs and test hypotheses that passage rate (crossing frequency/approach frequency), probability of use, and behavioral response at the 2 UPs did not differ. We related differences in elk use and response to UP design characteristics. Elk accounted for >90% of the animals we recorded on videotape, with 3,708 elk in 1,266 groups recorded at the 2 UPs. We used multiple logistic regression to predict the probability of UP use by elk, incorporating the combined effects of UP, season, and year. Season had the greatest effect on UP use, with the probability of UP use in summer (0.81) higher than in winter (0.58), when migratory elk less habituated to the UPs were present. A pattern of high summer (>0.80) and low winter passage rates (<0.40), regardless of UP, existed in all 3 years of video surveillance. Underpass also had an effect on the probability of elk crossing the UPs; the probability of use of the UP with 2 times the openness ratio, one‐half the length for elk to traverse, and sloped earthen sides (0.75) was higher than the neighboring UP with concrete walls (0.66). Proportions of elk displaying behaviors indicative of resistance to crossing were dependent on UP and were higher at the UP with concrete walls. In all cases, elk preferred the more open UP with natural earthen sides. We believe that differences in UP length and the concrete walls contributed to differences in elk use and behavioral response. Continued video surveillance of these and other UPs will allow us to evaluate their efficacy in promoting wildlife permeability and safer highways.
Attitudes of Missouri Small Game Hunters Toward Nontoxic‐Shot Regulations
Authors: SCHULZ JOHN H. , REITZ RONALD A. , SHERIFF STEVEN L. , MILLSPAUGH JOSHUA J.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Wildlife managers are becoming more concerned about the exposure of birds, in addition to waterfowl, to spent lead shot. Knowledge of hunter attitudes and their acceptance of nontoxic‐shot regulations will be important in establishing new regulations. Our objective was to assess the attitudes of small game hunters in Missouri, USA, toward a nontoxic‐shot regulation for small game hunting, specifically for mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). Most hunters (71.7–84.8%) opposed additional nontoxic‐shot regulations. Hunters from rural areas, hunters with a rural background, hunters who hunt doves, hunters who currently hunt waterfowl, hunters who primarily use private lands, and current upland game hunters were more likely to oppose new regulations. For mourning dove hunting, most small game hunters (81.1%) opposed further restrictions; however, many non‐dove hunters (57.1%) expressed no opinion. Because our results demonstrate that most small game hunters and dove hunters in Missouri are decidedly against further nontoxic‐shot regulations, any informational and educational programs developed to accompany future policy changes must address their concerns.
Influence of alcohol on mechanical and electrical properties of thin organic films
Authors: Kopáni Martin , Weis Martin
Published: April 2007

Stability of organic materials properties is essential for further applications and was intensely investigated in last few decades. The aim of this study is to detect the structural changes of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayer as a model system of organic material under influence of alcohols solutions. As subphases of monolayers (Langmuir films), pure water, ethanol and methanol solutions were used. For detection of changes in charge states of the molecules as well as relation with structural and conformational changes, a contactless method employing Maxwell’s displacement currents (MDC) was used. In DPPC monolayer on the subphase of methanol-water, a gradual absorption of methanol molecules into the layer can appear. In DPPC monolayer on the subphase of ethanol-water adsorption of ethanol molecules on the layer can be observed. Influence of alcohols results in a significant change of mechanical and electrical properties as well as in the stability of thin films.
Fruit Juices
Authors: Ashurst Philip R.
Published: April 2007

Fruit juices are important items of commerce. They are available both as direct juices and reconstituted from concentrates. Important juices of commercial interest are orange and apple, although a wide variety of other juices is now also available. Work on composition of juices enables verification of their authenticity to be confirmed.

Typical juice processing follows a generalized sequence after harvest and collection. Fruit is washed and sized, milled, pressed, and the juice separated. Expressed juice is usually pasteurized and may either be packed directly or concentrated up to six or seven times, stored cold, or frozen and then shipped to packers. Many variations in this generalized process exist to provide for different fruit types. Concentration of juice can permit the collection of aroma volatiles. Enzymes are widely used to improve yields and assist clarification.

Pasteurization is important to minimize the risk of spoilage. Thermal processes are most often used although other methods can be employed.

Final packaging now incorporates a wide variety of different containers although aseptic packaging into laminated boxes is often preferred.