bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘COVID waste’ and social media as method: an archaeology of personal protective equipment and its contribution to policy
Authors: Schofield John , Praet Estelle , Townsend Kathy A. , Vince Joanna
Published: March 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is creating a viral archive—an archaeological record of history in the making. One aspect of this archive is increased environmental pollution, not least through the discarded facemasks and gloves that characterise the pandemic. This article—directed specifically at archaeologists—argues that an archaeological perspective on ‘COVID waste’ using social media analysis can help to highlight environmental pollution, and that by giving this waste the status of archaeological material and working with other disciplines, archaeologists can contribute to sustainable, policy-led solutions to combat environmental pollution.
Comparative Investigation on the Curing Behavior of GS-Stabilized and Cemented Soils at Macromechanical and Microstructural Scales
Authors: Chen Xin , Yu Feng , Hong Zhe-ming , Pan Li-fang , Liu Xing-wang , Li Ying
Published: March 2021

In recent years, transportation engineering and construction of urban infrastructures have been developing rapidly in China. On the other hand, green construction demands recycling materials from industrial facilities and exploring the potential uses of waste during a second life cycle. Emerging soil stabilized materials, as alternatives of traditional cement materials, greatly improve the recycling of waste materials and the ground performance. Gypsum-slag (GS) curing agent is a new type of water-hardening inorganic gelling material composed of cement, steel slag, mineral slag, desulfurization gypsum, and additive. The unconfined compressive strength of soils stabilized by GS and by cement was investigated in this study. Meanwhile, the microstructure of stabilized soils was detected by means of scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The relationship between apparent porosity and unconfined compressive strength was established by the Python image processing method. The results show that presence of the GS soil hardening agent changes the microstructure and increases the unconfined compressive strength of the original soils. A colloidal substance is generated to envelop the soil particles and fill the pores when the curing agent and soil are fully mixed and reacted. In comparison, the effect of stabilization generated by GS is proven to be greater than that of cement in view of both microstructure and macroscopic strength.
Intracranial Electroencephalography Reveals Selective Responses to Cognitive Stimuli in the Periventricular Heterotopias
Authors: Akkol Serdar , Kucyi Aaron , Hu Wenhan , Zhao Baotian , Zhang Chao , Sava-Segal Clara , Liu Su , Razavi Babak , Zhang Jianguo , Zhang Kai , Parvizi Josef
Published: March 2021

Our recent work suggests that non-lesional epileptic brain tissue is capable of generating normal neurophysiological responses during cognitive tasks, which are then seized by ongoing pathologic epileptic activity. Here, we aim to extend the scope of our work to epileptic periventricular heterotopias (PVH) and examine whether the PVH tissue also exhibits normal neurophysiological responses and network-level integration with other non-lesional cortical regions. As part of routine clinical assessment, three adult patients with PVH underwent implantation of intracranial electrodes and participated in experimental cognitive tasks. We obtained simultaneous recordings from PVH and remote cortical sites during rest as well as controlled experimental conditions. In all three subjects (two females), cognitive experimental conditions evoked significant electrophysiological responses in discrete locations within the PVH tissue that were correlated with responses seen in non-epileptic cortical sites. Moreover, the responsive PVH sites exhibited correlated electrophysiological activity with responsive, non-lesional cortical sites during rest conditions. Taken together, our work clearly demonstrates that the PVH tissue may be functionally organized and it may be functionally integrated within cognitively engaged cortical networks despite its anatomic displacement during neurodevelopment.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeriventricular heterotopias (PVH) are developmentally abnormal brain tissues that frequently cause epileptic seizures. In a rare opportunity to obtain direct electrophysiological recordings from PVH, we were able to show that, contrary to common assumptions, PVH functional activity is similar to healthy cortical sites during a well-established cognitive task and exhibits clear resting state connectivity with the responsive cortical regions.
Quantifying the Economic Development Dynamics of a Country Based on the Lorenz Curve
Authors: Ginevičius Romualdas , Nazarko Joanicjusz , Gedvilaitė Dainora , Dacko-Pikiewicz Zdzisława
Published: March 2021

The welfare of a country depends on its economic development. In order to have the impact on it, we should have a possibility to quantitatively assess its situation at the desired point in time. Economic development, as a multifaceted and complex phenomenon, is reflected in two dimensions – intensity and uniformity. These mentioned above can be viewed as partial indicators of dynamics. Two main approaches to measuring development uniformity can be distinguished. In one of the cases, it is measured on the basis of an index that includes the main results of the country's economic development. In the other case, the values of the indicators reflecting all the essential development actions are combined in one appropriate way. From a scientific point of view, the second approach is more accurate as it allows for a better assessment of the complex nature of a country’s economic development. On the other hand, its application today is still problematic due to the fact that the models for this differ in terms of both the number and composition of indicators. For this reason, it is not possible to compare countries. Therefore, in international practice, the economic development of countries is measured by gross domestic product per capita (GDP). Based on GDP indicator, the method for the measurement of uniformity is proposed and the essence of which is the ratio of the length of the ideal trajectory of the development during the period under review to the length of the actual trajectory. Without ruling out the appropriateness of such an approach for assessing development uniformity, it makes sense to look for alternative methods. In this sense, methods that allow assessment of the extent of fluctuations of the phenomenon under consideration as an essential feature of development dynamics are suitable. These include the Gini coefficient, which is determined from the Lorenz curve.
Sovereign Credit Ratings and Asian Financial Markets
Authors: Pervaiz Khansa , Virglerová Zuzana , Khan Muhammad Asif , Akbar Usman , Popp József
Published: March 2021

Each region/country seeks to become more efficient to gain the confidence of potential investors. Most of the Asian economies are categorized as emerging markets, where the role of financial markets has even become more intensified to provide financial services to increasing economic and financial activities. Asian financial market has momentously suffered during the Asian, and global financial crisis. The mass destruction was mainly caused due to the mounting uncertainty, which spillover throughout the region, where investors lost their confidence. Considering the pivotal economic role of financial markets, and implications evolve due to sovereign credit rating announcements, this study aims to model the role of sovereign credit rating announcements by Standard and Poor’s, and Moody’s on financial market development of the Asian region. For 24 Asian countries/regions, we perform a regression analysis on sovereign credit rating changes based on financial market development index and its factors. The findings of Driscoll Kraay’s robust estimator reveals that improvement in sovereign credit rating score enhances the financial market development in the region. Moreover, we applied several robustness checks, such as alternative estimators, alternative measures, and three sub-dimensions of financial market development. According to the findings from these robustness checks, the positive impact of sovereign credit ratings on financial market development in the region is robust. Unlike prior literature (which is confined to the event study approach), this study utilizes the historical grades to establish the relationship under the standard error clustering approach. Due to the diversity of investors’ speculations, we propose a micro-level extension of the present model to overcome a difference in country policy.
AVALIACIÓN DAS POLÍTICAS ACTIVAS DE EMPREGO EN ANDALUCÍA
Authors: BLANCO CANTO Miguel
Published: March 2021

O obxectivo principal desta investigación é a realización dun estudocomparativo da eficiencia e produtividade das Políticas Activas de Emprego (PAE)desenvolvidas na Comunidade Autónoma de Andalucía durante o período 2006-2011 através do modelo DEA e o índice de produtividade de Malmsquist. Para a súa realizacióndefiníronse oito DMU correspondentes a cada unha das provincias da Comunidade. Destamaneira fixouse a posición de cada unha delas con respecto á fronteira de eficiencia. Osresultados amosan diferenzas significativas no grao de eficiencia e produtividade de cadaDMU, as cales son consecuencia de diferenzas significativas na realidade económica esocial de cada unha das zonas obxecto do estudo en canto a estrutura económica,demográfica, social e do mercado de traballo, evidenciando diferenzas na capacidade dexerar emprego en cada un dos territorios. O estudo completouse cunha análise dasrelacións entre variables territoriais, concluíndo coa necesidade de planificar e xestionaras PAE de acordo coas características endóxenas de cada territorio.
A COMPRAVENDA DE TERRAS RÚSTICAS NAS ZONAS DE ESPECIAL INTERESE AGRARIO DE GALICIA: OS TRAZOS DUN NOVO MAPA SOBRE UN VELLO PRECEPTO
Authors: ENRÍQUEZ GARCÍA María José , CORBELLE RICO Eduardo José
Published: March 2021

Os mercados son un instrumento clásico de distribución dos dereitos de propiedade. Nonobstante, nas zonas de alta fragmentación da propiedade tamén se avalía a súa eficienciacomo instrumento de reorganización parcelaria. En Galicia, esta diagnose non se abordounas últimas tres décadas e persiste o precepto de baixa mobilidade. Este traballo debuxa omapa de taxas de transferencia e prezos de compravenda a nivel concello e parroquia paraas zonas declaradas pola Lei 7/2007 como zonas de especial interese agrario de Galicia noperíodo 2008-2011. O precepto de baixa mobilidade matízase pola diversidade de valoresterritoriais e por unha marcada relación inversa entre a taxa de transferencia e o prezo. Seben a mobilidade de terras é baixa cando se mide en termos de superficie, non é talrespecto do número de parcelas. En determinadas áreas, o mercado non só se articulaentorno a superficies agrarias senón que tamén se mobiliza superficie sen uso agrarioactual. O tamaño da parcela, a copropiedade e, especialmente o absentismo, soncaracterísticas do parcelario que condicionan o volume e prezo das transaccións. Porúltimo, a diagnose espazo-temporal do mercado esixe considerar a compravenda enrelación a outros mecanismos de mobilidade (arrendamento, parcería, cesións…)
Syntactic information in bilingual Lithuanian lexicography
Authors: Griškevičienė Aurelija
Published: March 2021

The main aim of the article is to analyse which types of syntactic information should be included in bilingual dictionaries where Lithuanian is the target language. The article discusses specific features of bidirectional dictionaries and differences between the syntactic information given in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries. Also discussed are principles for selecting syntactic information on Lithuanian as a target language, general syntactic features which are relevant in lexicography, ways of presenting government and valency and the importance of contrastive analysis for bilingual lexicography. Although syntactic information on lemmas and their equivalents is not a new subject in lexicographic theory and practice, syntactic information on Lithuanian as a target language has not yet been investigated, as no dictionaries for foreign users of Lithuanian have been compiled and published. The investigation is mostly based on experience and empirical data from the “Norwegian-Lithuanian dictionary”.The analysis leads to the conclusion that the most important information to provide about Lithuanian equivalents in bilingual dictionaries is verb government and valency. The most valuable information for the users of bilingual dictionaries illustrates the syntactic differences between the source and the target language, and this information can be identified by applying a contrastive method. The relevant syntactic information can be given next to the equivalents or in the examples. Case marking, obligatory use with prepositions as well as subordination of infinitive constructions can be shown next to the equivalents. As a minimum, the syntactic information on Lithuanian verbs should state if the verb takes another object case than the accusative. It is necessary to provide equivalents with the obligatory components of valency, while facultative components might be shown in the examples. Syntactic information should be provided for phrases as well as for single-word equivalents. In the examples one can show the variety of the syntactic features of the Lithuanian equivalents and highlight the differences between the syntactic features of the Norwegian lemmas and their Lithuanian equivalents. Examples can also be used to show specific syntactic constructions which do not exist in Lithuanian and provide information on congruous syntactic features of both languages.It is hardly possible to present the syntactic features of both languages equally detailed in bilingual bidirectional dictionaries. As lemma lists and examples are usually compiled on the basis of the source language, it usually turns out that the target language is provided with less information, and it is complicated to analyse and highlight the grammar of all the equivalents of the source language.
Review of semantic research of adverbs of place in Lithuanian
Authors: Judžentytė Gintarė
Published: March 2021

Semantic investigations of adverbs of place in Lithuanian started in 1653, when in the first grammar of the Lithuanian language Danielius Kleinas offered a classification of adverbs of place that consisted of four semantic groups: 1) In Loco; 2) De Loco; 3) Per Locum; 4) Ad Locum. This semantic division remained unchanged for over two centuries, i.e. 17th – 18th century.The comparative-historical method that was introduced in the 19th century influenced Lithuanian linguistics and, as a result, such figures as A. Šleicheris, the author of the first theoretical Lithuanian language grammar and F. Kuršaitis, another author of an important grammar volume focused more on the origin of adverbs (of place) rather than their semantics.The 20th century in Lithuanian linguistics had still retained some reverberations of the 19th century, the author of the first standard Lithuanian grammar J. Jablonskis still pays more attention to the origin of adverbs of place and not its meanings.The most significant semantic research of adverbs of place in this century is considered to be K. Ulvydas’ analysis in the academic “grammar of the Lithuanian language” as it was the first one to provide a comprehensive description of what an adverb is in general as well as a definition of an adverb of place. In comparison to other grammars written earlier, this work provides the most extensive semantic classification of adverbs of place; in addition, it provides a detailed account of the meanings of adverbs of place, the overlaps of those meanings, etc.

Along with grammars of Lithuanian, adverbs of place were extensively investigated in other scholarly works. The most important of them is B. Forsman’s monograph “Das baltische Adverb” which, in comparison to other works devoted to Lithuanian adverbs of place, provides a detailed analysis and description of the semantics of adverbs of place in Lithuanian:

1. B. Forssman was the first one to apply the notion of space in the investigation of Lithuanian adverbs of place;

he was the first one to research Lithuanian adverbs of place by naming an object in relation to which the place/location is described;

he was the first one to include the notion of deixis into the history of semantic research of Lithuanian adverbs of place;

he was the first one to distinguish the meanings of Lithuanian adverbs of place according to the manner of localisation and division of space.
Euphemistic names of a snake based on its habitat and behaviour
Authors: Smetona Marius
Published: March 2021

Scholarly works on snake euphemisms have not been numerous, yet it is worth mentioning a recent article “Euphemistic snake names” by B. Jasiūnaitė and M. Smetona (2013). This publication deals with euphemistic words that refer to a snake, the motivation of which is based on a snake’s appearance. The article “Euphemistic names of a snake based on its habitat and behaviour” may be considered as a further study on euphemistic snake names adding further knowledge to the above-mentioned publication. The present article relies on the definitions of euphemisms provided in the works by V. Želvis and J. Frazer and aims at classifying, analysing and describing 66 euphemistic snake names which appeared on the basis of the habitats snakes like to live in, their supposed or actual traits and behaviour. With respect to function, the majority of snake euphemisms are enigmatic (serving the functional purpose of disguise) and only a small part constitutes the class of complimentary euphemisms. Both enigmatic and complimentary euphemisms most often are suffixal derivatives. It is common that the motivating factors for such euphemisms to occur are physical reality related to snakes. In other words, once people have encountered a snake and got familiar with its environment, they have ascribed certain behavioural traits to it and noted in which areas it is usually known to occur. Euphemisms the base word of which refers to mystical beliefs (skraiduõlė and skraiduõlinė paskraiduõlinė) or euphemisms that are based on words the meaning of which presumably has nothing in common to snakes which are used in order to flatter them (e.g., čilbùtė, čiulbùtė ) are not common.
The mental image of the hepatica in modern Lithuanian prose
Authors: Gritėnienė Aurelija
Published: March 2021

Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis) is a very well-known plant, which is common in Lithuania from early times. The works of art are filled with the images of it. The material for this article was collected from works of fiction and prose of the twenty-first century Lithuanian authors including novels, short stories, novellas, tales and other works of similar genres. The whole text is not analysed but rather separate sentences or their fragments – the collocations of hepatica. The material of this research contains 56 works of 46 prose writers, in which the hepatica is portrayed in various ways and purposes. In the compiled collocations the root žibut-/žibuč was located 76 times and žibuokl-/ was mentioned 40 times. The article investigates, which qualities of this plant rise as the most important ones, in other words, what concept of hepatica develops and how. It is found that in most cases Lithuanian prose writers emphasize on visible features of the plant – the colour and shape of the blossoms, their quality to wilt quickly and the like. The most dominant function of the image of hepatica is to express the idea of spring and because of that the parameters of time and space are used frequently in the collocations of hepatica – the exact time of emergence of the blossoms is defined and the growing places of hepaticas are indicated. The smell and purpose of the plant are also becoming quite significant components. It is ascertained that this plant is mostly depicted as the component of traditional Lithuanian scenery, however beside the domestic, realistic and concrete mental image of the plant it is often possible to identify the secondary meanings of the image as well (hepaticas help to express the state and feelings of a character, they become a symbol of faith and hope). Moreover, in the texts of prose there are plenty of cases when hepatica becomes a proper noun – through the process of onimization this title is transferred with a purpose to name people, domestic animals, streets or cafes.
Functions of the opinion leader and he or she performs
Authors: Liepinytė-Kytrienė Diana
Published: March 2021

The aim of the article is to describe the functions of the opinion leader and he or she performs. The news portal „Delfi.lt“ articles from the year 2013, in which the most popular (according to the data of the survey company TNS LT) opinion leaders express their views serve as a basis in the article. Theoretical presumptions that their personal opinions shape the public opinion, affect social decisions and actions, are applied. Although the opinion leaders achieve popularity firstly through social activeness; however, for the purpose of persuasiveness an important role is attributed to linguistic peculiarities. In many cases, they determine the aspects the readers are to notice and remember. A person working towards becoming an opinion leader must meet the requirements of media channels, observe the general oratory requirements (language regularity, purity, clarity, simplicity, consistency, vividness, appropriateness, and aesthetic appeal), and fulfil the main functions of his or her text: to explain, prove, and persuade.
Dialectal speech self–evaluation and vitality: Šakiai and Jurbarkas sub-dialects in the beginning of the twenty-first century
Authors: Bakšienė Rima
Published: March 2021

Šakiai and Jurbarkas sub-dialects belong to the northern part Western Highlanders of Kaunas region. There is described location of this area in the Lithuanian dialect classification, specific features, dialectal speech self–evaluation and vitality in the beginning of the twenty-first century. According research results Šakiai and Jurbarkas sub-dialects constitute an integral area. there are many common features, this area is transitional to Lowlanders dialect. Dialectal speech self–evaluation is different between two dialects. The Šakiai dialect speakers fully aware of its dialectal dependence, they are able to define its own dialect. However, dialect users note little dialectal features in their own speech, dialectal identity more based on geographical Location and administrative division. The Jurbarkas dialect speakers more fail to identify themselves can not to define its own dialect. The dialect names mostly are made by places of residence names. However, users of this dialect more note dialectal features. Dialectal speech prestige and vitality is high in both sub-dialects. The code switching is uncharacteristic to this area. The least noticeable features are stable, the most noticeable features most disappearing. There are not observed distinct features of the new dialect. High vitality of the dialectal speech is based on small difference from the standard language, not on dialectal prestige or linguistic provisions of dialect speakers.
Synonymous terms in Lithuanian works of literary science in 1918–1940
Authors: Mitkevičienė Asta
Published: March 2021

The article deals with synonymous terms used in the works of the theory and history of literary science published in Lithuanian between 1918 and 1940 (i.e. period of independent Lithuania). The paper discusses extent of terminology synonymy, types of one-word synonyms according to root of terms and their origin, identifies the fate of synonymous terms. The work follows the opposition principle.Synonymy is characteristic to literary terminology of aforesaid time (about 40% one-word terms have one-word synonyms). That proves terminological statement, that synonymy is typical to the first stages of development of terminology in particular domain. Besides terms have been extracted from texts and that might determine greater amount of synonymy and other variation of terminology. Since the better part of sources investigated is textbooks and other works for learning/studies, the reason for some synonyms (especially international) might be a didactic one.Synonymic relations link co-rooted terms (48% of the lines of synonyms), not co-rooted terms (37%) as well as mixed ones (15%). Lines of synonyms comprise of Lithuanian synonyms and synonyms with borrowed root (mostly international one) (38%), only Lithuanian-origin synonyms (36%) or synonyms with borrowed root alone (26%).In accordance with the number of sources, international terms and hybrids with international root not always overtake Lithuanian synonyms. Besides some of the first ones have more than one Lithuanian synonym. From international and Lithuanian synonyms now in some cases international terms are used, in other cases – Lithuanian synonyms or both Lithuanian and international terms. Several former international and Lithuanian synonyms have different meanings at present.Lithuanian-origin synonyms reflect realized possibilities for terminologization and term formation. Words that were terminologizated, in general lexis had synonyms, the same with underlying words of terms derivatives. That is a linguistic reason for some synonymous terms.Surely, some terms of lines of synonyms were used just in one source, but there are terms among them that have remained.Usually the synonym that was used in a greater number of the sources (as well as in the sources of the thirties) has entrenched. An attempt to differentiate meanings of some synonyms is observable in the period investigated.From the side of regulation of terminology, synonymous terms investigated are both the reason for terminology harmonization (efforts to find best terms) and the result of it (a few terms naming one concept for the time being particularly in different sources). Some synonyms might occur due to attempt to avoid polysemy of terms.
Benita Riaubienė. Resultative secondary predication in European languages
Authors: Mikulskas Rolandas
Published: March 2021

Doctoral dissertation (Humanities, Philology (04 H)), Vilnius: Vilnius University, 2015, p. 184.
Slavic-root verbs in CP: loanwords and problematic cases
Authors: Smetonienė Anželika
Published: March 2021

Although being a comparatively small-volume source, the Catechism of Merkelis Petkevičius (CP) discloses the complexity of analysing Lithuanian loan verbs and Slavic-root hybrids. Conducting research on loanwords from the Slavic languages, the main focus is usually laid on nominal words. The key rule applied while analysing the verbs of Slavic origin is based on the compliance between the distinguished suffixes in the analysed words and the suffixes characteristic of the Slavic languages. However, Slavic-root loanwords are also found, the suffixes of which do not have any equivalents in the Slavic languages. Traditionally such verbs are assigned to hybrids but they may be of two types. The Slavic-root verbs were selected from CP, which contributed to revealing the problems encountered while analysing them. The majority of Slavic-root verbs in the CP are attributed to regular loanwords, which are also reflected in the adjacent text in Polish. Several words fall under the category of problematic Slavic-root verbs. The suggested division of hybrids into derivational and adaptational ones is determined by several principles. The hybrid, when a Slavic-root verb does not have precise suffix equivalents and due to the objective reasons cannot be seen as a loanword (there is no word in the Lithuanian language, which can serve as a derivational base word), is regarded to be an adaptational one, i.e., its morphological component that formally complies with the suffix, underwent changes in the process of integration but modifications in the meaning are rarely identified in such cases (liecavoti, -avoja, -vojo CP 217,23). Derivational hybrids are the verbs, which have a word of common root in the recipient language and the derivational link can be envisaged between them (prarakauti, -auja, -avo CP 160,17, pasnykauti, -auja, -avo CP 88,25). Such hybrids are more frequently based on the meanings of base word and this may lead to some differences in the meanings of respective root verbs in the Slavic languages.
Digitale Grammatik der litauischen Sprache
Authors: Šveikauskienė Daiva , Šveikauskas Vytautas
Published: March 2021

Der Artikel beschreibt die ersten Schritte beim Schaffen der litauischen digitalen Grammatik. Dazu benutzt man die Software “Grammatical Framework“, die für das Schaffen der digitalen Grammatiken bestimmt ist. 2018 sind die digitalen Grammatiken für 34 Sprachen geschaffen. Sie alle werden in Resource Grammar Library aufbewahrt. Dort sind auch die Grammatik der lettischen, sowie der estnischen Sprachen, aber die litauische Grammatik steht in dieser Liste noch nicht. Der wichtigste Zweck der digitalen Grammatiken ist die maschinelle Übersetzung. Es wäre sehr nützlich beim Übersetzen unter mehreren Sprachen eine universale Grammatik zu haben. Im Artikel werden die Versuche beschrieben, eine solche Grammatik zu schaffen, aber es gelang bis jetzt noch nicht wegen der großen Unterschiede, die die einzelnen Sprachen aufweisen. In der maschinellen Übersetzung werden die statistischen sowie die neural-Network Methoden jetzt mehr geläufig. Im Artikel beschreibt man ihre Vorzüge und Nachteile. Die Beispiele der Übersetzung mit Hilfe der digitalen Grammatik der litauischen Sprache sind im Artikel aufgeführt und mit den Übersetzungen von Google verglichen.
Tendencies of the accentuation of polysyllabic nouns of the West Aukštaitian of Kaunas in the written sources of the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Ragaišienė Vilija
Published: March 2021

The article analyses the dialectal material collected in the area of the West Aukštaitian of the Kaunas subdialect in the written sources of the 1950s and 1960s at the Dialect Archive of the Geolinguistic Centre of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Based on the data of the written sources, the goal is to describe the accentuation peculiarities of the polysyllabic nouns of the West Aukštaitian of the Kaunas subdialect in the written sources of that time, to discuss their accent models and to establish the accentuation tendencies of this subdialect.           After the research was completed it was established that there is a tendency in the West Aukštaitian of the Kaunas subdialect to stress polysyllabic suffixed nouns according to three accentual models: 1) fixed, 2) mobile and 3) fixed-mobile.        The author of the article is of the opinion that the accentual variance of parallel derivatives with suffixes could have been determined not by one factor, but by a set of factors. The appearance of accentual variants is linked to semantics, the accentual and semantic model of two plurals, the accentual variance of the root words, the soft ending of the stem of words and is explained by the stress analogy of the same type of word formation.   The author surmises that the phenomena of oxytogenesis and baritogenesis in the subdialect under research could have worked by the principle of structure. The accentuation of some suffixes (e.g., -iena and -ėja) can demonstrate the change of the accentual models in the Aukštaitian subdialect – the movement of the mobile accentuation model from the South Aukštaitian subdialect in the direction of the North.
Adverbialized individual words and adverbs without suffixes in Lithuanian slang and non-normative language and their adaptative features
Authors: Kudirka Robertas
Published: March 2021

here are a number of adverbialized individual words and adverbs without suffixes in Lithuanian slang and non-normative language. Most of them are assimilated borrowings adapted to the language system. Adaptive adverbialization of borrowed adverbs is determined by certain systemic features which are related to the territorial dialects of the Lithuanian language and the standart language. When the Slavic formants of the borrowed individual words are phonetically adapted, analogous hybrid derivatives with that formant are already available in Lithuanian slang. There are few adverbs derived from the singular nominative case. There are also few adverbs derived from the conjugation forms of the verb, mostly the forms are borrowed from informal Russian language. There are a number of borrowed adverbs without formants: there are mostly phonetically, graphically adapted borrowings from Russian language; borrowings of this type are rare from English and German languages. The analysis found that the adaptive features of the slang adverbs are determined by systemic regularities. Slang adverbs are adapted phonetically and graphically according to the principle of substitution of foreign phonemes as close as possible to their own. Slang lexicon tends to copy standart language models and integrate into Lithuanian language derivative and flexic paradigms.
Prelude to lithuanian mathematical studies: Higher courses in Kaunas
Authors: Banionis Juozas
Published: March 2021

As soon as the young Lithuanian state was formed, the international situation was unfavorable (the war of independence took place) and as a result its internal life was burdened by difficulties. Therefore, the Lithuanian intelligentsia (one of their leading mathematicians Z. Žemaitis) took the initiative to organize Higher Courses (AK) in the temporary capital Kaunas. These universal courses, equivalent to the type of higher education institution (university), existed in 1920– 1922. According to the adopted statute, there were six chapters covering the basic sciences - humanities, social sciences and natural or real sciences. The existence of the latter sciences was evidenced by the Department of Mathematics and Physics, where there was an opportunity to study mathematics in Lithuanian. This article shows the circumstances of the establishment of AK, the conditions of their activity, introduces the lecturers of mathematics and shows the composition of the listeners, as well as reveals the content of mathematics studies and names the literature used for studies. During the two years of AK's existence, a solid foundation was laid for the future Lithuanian University (since 1930 – Vytautas Magnus). The staff formed consisted mainly of 1922. the core of the developing university, and the first scientific aids, books and premises were acquired - the base of the higher school. For the first time in its history, AK turned Kaunas into a university city, and the departments operating in them laid the foundations for the establishment of the university, as well as the Faculty of Mathematics.
A central limit theorem for numbers satisfying a class of triangular arrays associated with Hermite polynomials
Authors: Belovas Igoris
Published: March 2021

The paper extends the investigations of limit theorems for numbers satisfying a class of triangular arrays. We obtain analytical expressions for the semiexponential generating function the numbers, associated with Hermite polynomials. We apply the results to prove the asymptotic normality of the numbers and specify the convergence rate to the limiting distribution.
Algae of biological soil crusts from sand dunes of the Danube Delta biosphere reserve (Odesa Region, Ukraine)
Authors:   M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, NAS of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine, Mikhailyuk T.I. , Vinogradova O.M. ,   M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, NAS of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine, Glaser K. ,   University of Rostock, Institute of Biol. Sci., Department of Appl. Ecology and Phycology, 3 Albert-Einstein-Strasse, Rostock D-18057, Germany, Rybalka N. ,   Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), Albrecht-von-Haller- Institute for Plant Sci., Georg August University Göttingen, 18 Nikolausberger Weg, Göttingen 37073, Germany, Demchenko E.M. ,   M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, NAS of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine, Karsten U. ,   University of Rostock, Institute of Biol. Sci., Department of Appl. Ecology and Phycology, 3 Albert-Einstein-Strasse, Rostock D-18057, Germany
Published: March 2021

The species composition of algae from biological soil crusts (biocrusts) on the surface of sand dunes (Black Sea coast, Primorske, Izmail District, Odesa Region, Ukraine) was investigated. Samples were collected from three coastal localities: Katranivska Spit, Zhebryianska Bay and Zhebryianska Ridge. The latter two localities are in the territory of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. The samples were investigated by direct microscopy, followed by a culture approach. 60 species from Chlorophyta (32), Cyanobacteria (16), Streptophyta (7) and Ochrophyta (5) were identified. Representatives of the cyanobacterial genera Microcoleus Desmazières ex Gomont, Coleofasciculus M.Siegesmund, J.R.Johansen & T.Friedl, Nostoc Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault, Hassallia Berkeley ex Bornet & Flahault, and streptophytes from the genus Klebsormidium P.C.Silva, Mattox & W.H.Blackwell dominated in the studied biocrusts. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S/18S rRNA as well as 16S-23S ITS/ITS-1,2 regions were undertaken for some strains of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. As a result, species identification and their position in respective phylogeny was refined, as well as aiding the discovery of some interesting and rare species. New genera and species were described (Streptosarcina arenaria Mikhailyuk & Lukešová and Tetradesmus arenicola Mikhailyuk & P.Tsarenko); with two genera (Nodosilinea R.B.Perkerson & D.A.Casamatta and Pleurastrosarcina H.J.Sluiman & P.C.J.Blommers) and four species reported for the first time for the flora of Ukraine (Nodosilinea epilithica Perkerson & Casamatta, Pseudomuriella aurantiaca (W.Vischer) N.Hanagata, Pleurochloris meiringensis Vischer, Pleurastrosarcina terriformae Darienko, W.J.Kang, Orzechowski & Pröschold). Comparison of the results from this study with similar investigations at Cape Kazantip (Sea of Azov, Ukraine) and at two islands of the Baltic Sea (Rügen, Usedom, Germany) revealed that sand composition and texture, as well as climate type of the respective region, are the main factors determining species composition of algae and cyanobacteria in biocrusts of maritime dunes.
STRETCHING AS A PART OF A STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN
Authors: Angelova Petya
Published: March 2021

Tasks in the treatment of chronic pain in the lumbar region include a decrease in the degree of pain and improvement of daily activity, prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, as well as maintenance of working capacity. The aim of this study is to investigate the application of stretching exercises as a way to restore muscle balance and to prevent recurrent pain in the back. Tasks: To study available publications on the application of stretching exercises in lumbar pain; To draw conclusions after analyzing the data. Results: The proposed special exercises for fitness, muscle balance and normal tone of the dorsal muscles are important for the restoration and protection of patients from back pain. Conclusion: the regular conduct of kinesitherapy for prophylaxis, outside the acute period, would play a role in keeping the spine in condition. This would significantly limit the incidence of relapses, clinical practice in our country still lags behind this approach, unfortunately.
Approaches to Treatment of Infections of Lower Urinary Tracts in Women of Reproductive Age
Authors:   SI Institute of Urology of the NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Romashchenko O.V. , Grygorenko V.M. ,   SI Institute of Urology of the NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Biloholovska V.V. ,   SI Institute of Urology of the NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Lebid L.O. ,   SI Institute of Urology of the NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Volkov S.S. ,   SI Institute of Urology of the NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv
Published: March 2021

Infections of urinary tracts (IUT) occupy a priority place both in the level of their outspread and the emergence of recurrences of the disease in ambulatory and stationary practice of a doctor; they are conditioned by inflammatory process, mostly of bacterial genesis, developed in different anatomic parts of urinary system – from fascia renalis to external urethral opening and often combined with pelvic inflammatory diseases. Purpose of research: to evaluate the effectiveness of complex therapy of chronic recidivating cystitis in combination with pelvic inflammatory diseases in women of reproductive age. Materials and Methods. A complex clinical and microbiological examination of 39 women aged from 18 to 39 having chronic reccurent cystitis in combination with pelvic inflammatory diseases in the observation dynamics (before and after the course of anti-inflammatory therapy with the inclusion of Tiflox and probiotic Lactovit Forte) was carried out. Results. As a result of the carried out research the symptomatic development of chronic reccurent cystitis at the background of latent development of pelvic inflammatory diseases was established. In the etiological spectre of chronic reccurent cystitis there were more often microorganisms (mostly E.coli – 82.1%) in the monoculture of critical and high number of microbs, and in 17 (43.5%) mixt-infection was established. Concordance when establishing Chlamydia (7.7%), Mycoplasmas (5.1%), Ureaplasmas (10.3%), Candida (33.4%), and Gardnerella vaginalis (10.3%) both in the biomaterial from urethra and genitals in comparison with the spectre of clinical characteristics certified the presence of interconnection of urinary and reproductive systems, which has to be considered when conducting complex anti-inflammatory therapy. Conclusion. Treatment of chronic reccurent cystitis should be conducted considering the heaviness and level of changes in the inflammatory process both from the side of urinary and reproductive systems in a single context. Only after the clinical analysis of all factors in combination it is possible to determine the tactics of treatment of infections of urinary system in women of reproductive age with the prescription of grounded and adequate therapy. Key words: infections of lower urinary tracts, pelvic inflammatory diseases, women of reproductive age, diagnostics, treatment of acute and chronic recurrent cystitis, Tiflox, Lactovit Forte.
Characteristic features of puberty in adolescent girls from the Precarpathian region and the main factors of reproductive potential decline
Authors:   Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ukraine, Dziombak V.B. , Makarchuk O.M. ,   Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ukraine
Published: March 2021

Reproductive capacity significantly depends on the period of puberty of a woman-to-be, as well as on the so-called «intrauterine childhood». The objective: to determine the peculiarities of the development of a girl during her puberty, to evaluate the causes of the menstrual function disturbances and to identify the main factors of the reproductive potential decline. Patients and methods. The medical and social audit was conducted by interviewing, questioning and studying the medical documentation (clinical symptoms of extragenital pathology, duration of the disease, state of menstrual function, heredity, lifestyle and bad habits) in 264 girls in order to evaluate the probable factors of the development of menstrual function disturbance and ovarian-menstrual cycle disorders. Results. The period of «intrauterine childhood» was in the context of a complicated gestation period: the threat of abortion, preeclampsia of varying degrees of severity, perinatal infections, preterm labour, fetal hypotrophy, harmful parenting habits, fetal distress during childbirth. More than two thirds of girls have chronic diseases of the internal organs, 24.2% of patients have the comorbidity of gynaecological pathology and extragenital diseases. Menstrual disorders predominate by type of algodismenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome and juvenile uterine bleeding. In sexually active adolescents the inflammatory processes of the genitals have been revealed in 46.2% of cases, undoubtedly the number of girls with absolute or relative risk of infertility is increasing. Dyshormonal diseases of the mammary glands were noted in 16.7% of cases, in girls with gynaecological pathology – twice as often, and in patients with menstrual function disturbances – 53.4%. The comparative analysis indicated the most obvious negative effect on the reproductive capacity, ovarian reserve of ovarian operations and hereditary predisposition to the disturbed reproductive function (OR=19.3; 95%: 3.1–92.6). Conclusion. The obtained results help in classifying the risk factors of reduced reproductive potential for female adolescents and girls, which allows to optimize the formation of risk groups, to predict and monitor the reduction of the ovarian reserve and to develop preventive measures for improvement of the reproductive capacity. The most significant causes that reduce the reproductive potential of girls in the period of «intrauterine childhood» are: complicated pregnancy (severe gestosis, complicated childbirth), maternal perinatal infections (especially in the early stages), and in the adolescence – ovarian surgery, childhood infections, hypothyroidism and bad habits (smoking). Key words: puberty, main causes of menstrual disturbances, reproductive potential.
Nilai Religius pada Kearifan Lokal Tembang Macapat Madura
Authors: Effendy Moh Hafid
Published: March 2021

The religious value of the local wisdom of the Madurese Macapat song is motivated by the variety of Madurese macapat songs that contain religious values which until now have been neglected by the Madurese ethnic in everyday life. This article examines the religious value of local Madurese wisdom in macapat songs. The method in this research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. The techniques used in collecting data are through transcription, observation, documentation, and listening. Meanwhile, to analyze the data, researchers used identification, classification, and data description techniques. The results showed that the religious value of the local wisdom of the Madura macapat song contains the relationship between humans and God the creator of nature, namely Allah commands humans to carry out His good commands and stay away from His prohibitions. Meanwhile, the human-human relationship found symbolic meaning parèbhâsan with a reflection from Paul Recoer namely Kerras lamon ta’ akerrès which is intended for people who do not think before they act so that something happens less profitable for them. Madurese are advised to think before acting, so as not to be careless in doing something to others.
Manifestasi Kehadiran Tuhan di dalam Teologi Kristen: Dari Tabernakel Musa ke Bait Allah yang Hidup
Authors: Zaluchu Sonny
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to prove that the manifestation of God's presence in the Old Testament (OT) is not something final. The climax of God's presence among His people is seen in the coming of Jesus into the world through the incarnation. Through this paper, it is explained that even though God is transcendent in Christian theology, He is also immanent at the same time. God's transcendence cannot be separated from his immanent nature and vice versa. The main data used in this research is through a literature review. The results obtained from the literature review were compiled through the Integrative Critical Analysis (ICA) approach to meet the research objectives. The main conclusion is, theologically, the Christian is the abode of the true God.