bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anteseden yang Mempengaruhi Mobile Game Loyalty dan Dampaknya terhadap In-App Purchase Intention
Authors: Munadie Nur Arif , Widodo Teguh
Published: October 2019

Mobile technology has become something inseparable thing from everyday life. One feature of mobile technology that often used is gaming applications or also called mobile games, this technology using behavior creates opportunities for every business involved in the mobile game industry. The growth of mobile games usage in addition to creating opportunities also creates challenges in the form of competition from other business actors in the same industry. In order to win the competition, a strategy that can be used to meet consumer expectations of value of the product which ultimately leads to the urge to make a purchase is needed. This study aims to measure the influence of values perceived by consumers and loyalty as a mediator of purchase intentions in consumers of mobile games in Indonesia. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for this study. Tests were carried on 207 players in Indonesia with the characteristics of never having previously purchased in-app purchases. The results showed that the playfulness variable had a positive and significant impact on loyalty. The connectedness variable had a positive and significant impact on good price, loyalty, and in-app purchase intention, and the good price variable had a positive and significant impact on in-app purchase intention.
Peran Lembaga Simpan Pinjam Berbasis Masyarakat (LSPBM) Usaha Bersama Desa Siboang terhadap Pembangunan Ekonomi Pedesaan
Authors: Dewi Nirmala , Arafa Moh , Suprapty Rika
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this research is investigatinhg and analyzing the basic needs of Community-Based Savings and Loan Institutions as well as efforts in local economic development and determining the strategies needed in developing the capacity of Community-Based Savings and Loan Institutions (LSPBM) and Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Siboang Village. This research also investiagates the role of LSPBM in the social and economic fields as well as internal and external factors to create strategies supporting the existence of LSPBM in Siboang village in order to empower local communities.This study applies a qualitative approach supported by the study of quantitative data. The data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected by in-depth interviews with key figures and the researcher conducted observations, while secondary data were obtained from various literature studies including population documents from Sojol Subdistrict, Siboang Village and the 2016 Joint Venture LSPBM Annual Report. Information consisted of the Joint Venture LSPBM Management of Siboang Village, Secretary of Siboang Village, and Village Head. The technique of analyzing primary data and secondary data is processed through three stages of activity and carried out simultaneously, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions through verification. Furthermore, qualitative data is processed into quantitative data, the researcher applies the SWOT analysis method that deals with internal and external factors of qualitative research that will produce a development strategy for the Joint Venture LSPBM.The results shows that the role of LSPBM is quite large in encouraging the local economy and is able to provide loans to LSPBM members in order to increase business, and it can develop and strengthen Joint Ventures LSPBM with SMEs in business and sharing cooperation for service and service coverage. It increases business capital with a savings pattern to get used to saving for members of the Joint Venture LSPBM. It also encourages LSPBM Assistance through institutions related in Donggala Regional Government for supervision and development of institutions, improvement of managerial human resources to be more optimal and professional.
Financial mindset, entrepreneurial mindset, and personal finance of university students
Authors: Atto Aplonia , Ndun Ariyon Stefen
Published: October 2019

The purpose of the research is identifying the influence of financial mindset and entrepreneurial mindset to personal finance. This is a quantitative research with descriptive analysis and simple linear regression analysis. The research’s respondents are eighty one (81) students of Faculty of Economics, Universitas Persatuan Guru 1945 NTT. The sampling technique is random sampling with questionnaire as data collection method. The research instrument for financial mindset is adopted from “OTM The Knew Rules of Building Wealth (CNBC)’ by Rhodes (2010) and the entrepreneurship mindset’s instrument is adopted from ‘Building E-Businesses series and Personal finance’ by Spinela, Yang & Laster (2007). The results imply that both financial mindset and entrepreneurial mindset have significant and simultaneous influence to personal finance.
Two Sided Markets: The Case of The Waterbed Effect in OECD Mobile Telecommunications Markets
Authors: KAR Mikail
Published: October 2019

Efforts to develop appropriate policies and accurate strategies
through the most accurate analyzes highlight the examination of two-sided
markets, which differ significantly from one-sided markets. In this study,
mobile telecommunications market which has a special place in two-sided market
analysis will be studied. In mobile telecommunications market, it is suggested
that a reduction in mobile interconnection rates for the interconnection
service will show the waterbed effect, resulting in an increase in mobile
communication prices that the end user faces in the market. In this context, an
empirical analysis was made by Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG)
estimator using the 41 quarter period data of 21 OECD countries between 2005
and 2015, and the effect of mobile interconnection rates, income and quantity
were estimated in determining the mobile communication prices. According to the
results, the waterbed effect in mobile telecommunications markets could not be
determined in the period analyzed for the related country group and mobile
interconnection rates acted as a cost factor and changed the prices in the same
direction.  The coefficient of income
variable was positive and the expectation that the increase in income would
increase the price was met.  The
explanatory variable coefficients of the number of subscribers and the penetration
rate representing the quantity were negative and they were evaluated to behave
in accordance with economic expectations and two-sided market characteristics.
The influence of solution annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties heat-resistant cast Steel HK30 modified by Niobium
Authors: Delić Alen , Oruč Mirsada , Rimac Milenko , Gigović-Gekić Almaida , Sunulahpašić Raza
Published: October 2019

In this paper, the room temperature mechanical properties, as well as the microstructure of HK 30 Nb steel, were tested in the initial as-cast and solution annealed condition. Results show that tensile properties after the solution annealing have a slightly lower value than as-cast samples. Microstructural analysis of samples after solution annealing showed dissolution of primary carbides present in the initial as-cast condition. The morphology and composition of carbides were changed during a solution annealing. Analysis of microstructure was done by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), whereas hardness and tensile tests were performed for characterization of mechanical properties.
Parametric study of the evaporation rate in the presence of an airflow
Authors: Aliouali Abdelouahad , Talbi Kamel , Bouakkaz Rafik
Published: October 2019

The present work consists of determining the rate of evaporation through a porous and permeable flat wall surface in the presence of a laminar flow of dry air. We propose a numerical analysis of the mass transfer in the gaseous phase whose physical properties are variable. A parametric study of the different influences on the mass flow rate of steam is carried out. The mathematical formulation of this problem is based on the coupled equations of the dynamic field, temperature, and mass fraction of the vapor. The system of equations with the boundary conditions and the interface is solved through the finite volume method.
Bromelain improved long-term erythema multiforme attacks induced by herpes simplex infection : a case report
Authors: AKTAŞ Habibullah
Published: October 2019

Erythema multiforme is an immune- mediated skin disorder characterized by erythematous target –like macules, papules and plaques commonly located over distal extremities as well as mucosal involvement. It is mostly induced by herpes simplex infections and various medications. Recurrences of herpes simplex infections result in new erythema multiforme lesions in immunologically susceptible people. Therefore, suppressing herpes reactivations also suppresses erythema multiforme attacks. Antiviral medications such as acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir have limited capacity to prevent such recurrences due to their inadequate efficiency after continuous use . Those patients usually seek an absolute remedy to prevent recurrences. Bromelain is a well-known herbal supplement containing proteolytic enzymes produced from pineapple plant. It has been used in many clinical conditions including sinusitis, sports injuries and neoplastic diseases for years with a great safety profile. Herein, we present a young female patient with long -term erythema multiforme attacks induced by herpes simplex infections. She became free of disease after using oral bromelain 500 mg twice a day for one year.
Is Thiol/Disulphide Homeostasis Reliable as an Additional Serum Marker to PSA in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer?
Authors: TOPAKTAŞ Ramazan , ÜRKMEZ Ahmet , KUTLUHAN Musab Ali , AKKOÇ Ali , ÖZSOY Emrah , EREL Özcan
Published: October 2019

Aim: We aimed to investigate thiol/disulphide homeostasis as an additional serum marker to prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Patients and Methods: Prospective study was conducted among 174 patients with PSA levels of 2.5–20 ng/mL without suspicion of malignancy in rectal examination and who underwent prostate needle biopsy. A total of 75 patients were included in our study after exclusion criteria. Serum PSA, thiol, and disulphide levels of the patients were recorded prior to biopsy. In this study, 25 patients with pathology results indicating prostate cancer, 25 randomly selected patients with pathology results indicating chronic prostatitis, and 25 randomly selected patients with pathology results indicating benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) were included. Results: Total and native thiol levels were higher in prostate cancer group than in BPH and chronic prostatitis groups; however, no statistically significant difference was observed (p> 0.05). When prostate cancer sub-groups were investigated, total and native thiol levels were noted to be higher in patients with a Gleason score of 7, 8, and 9 than in those with a Gleason score of 6; however, no statistically significant difference was observed (p> 0.05). Conclusions: Thiol levels were higher in prostate cancer group than in benign disease (BPH and chronic prostatitis) groups; these levels were also higher in group with high Gleason scores (Gleason 7, 8, or 9) than in group with a low Gleason score (Gleason 6); however, these differences were not statistically significant.
Pediatrik Herediter Multipl Egzostozis Hastalarında Ağrı ve Depresyon
Authors: AYCAN Osman Emre
Published: October 2019

Amaç: Çalışmamızda Herediter Multipl Egzostozis (HME) hasta grubunda başta ağrı olmak üzere hastalığa ait komplikasyonların çocuk ve adölesan dönemdeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Hastalar ve Yöntem: 10-19 yaş arası 72 (37Erkek/ 32Kadın) hasta değerlendirmeye dahil edildi. Ortalama yaş 13.8±2.6 idi. Hastaların demografik verileri, lezyonların ilk ortaya çıktığı yaş, lezyon sayıları, deformite varlığı ve VAS skoru ile ağrı durumları değerlendirildi. Çalışmaya katılan hastalara, ağrının yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmeye yönelik bir anket yöneltildi. Depresyon değerlendirmesi 17 yaş ve altı hastalarda Çocuklar için Depresyon Ölçeği (ÇDÖ) ve 18 yaş ve üstü hastalar için Hamilton Depresyon Ölçeği (HAM-D) ile değerlendirildi. Grup değişkenlerinin frekans ve yüzdelik değerleri, iki grup ortalaması arasındaki farkları belirlemede “t-testi”; ikiden fazla ortalamanın karşılaştırılmasında; tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanıldı Bulgular: Hastaların %68.1’i (n=49) HME nedeniyle bir veya daha fazla cerrahi girişim geçirmiş olgulardan oluşmaktaydı. Ağrı, hastaların %72.2’sinde (n=52) en belirgin şikayet idi. Ağrıyı başlatan en sık sebepler hastaların %52.8’inde koşma iken, %50’sinde kontakt sporlar (futbol, basketbol vb.) idi. Hastaların %31.9’u ağrının günlük yaşam aktivitelerini kısıtlayabildiğini bildirirken ortalama tüm gruplarda ortalama VAS skoru 7.4±2.4 idi. VAS skoru azaldıkça ÇDÖ puanlarında anlamlı bir artış tespit edildi. (p=0.005) Yüksek ÇDÖ ve HAM-D puanlarının geçirilen ameliyat sayısı (p=0.015), bir aydaki ağrılı gün sayısı (p<0.001), düşük VAS skoru (p=0.005) ve ekstremitelerde yer alan lezyon sayıları (p=0.003) ile anlamlı olarak ilişkili olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç: Ağrı pediatrik HME hastalarında sosyokültürel aktiviteleri ve etkileşimi kısıtlayabilen en önemli sorunlardan biridir. Geçirilen ameliyat sayısı, bir ayda yaşanan ağrılı gün sayısı, düşük VAS skorları ve artmış lezyon sayıları HME hastalarında yaşam kalitesini negatif etkileyen ve pediatrik yaş grubunda depresyona yol açabilen faktörlerdir. HME hastalığın süresi pediatrik hastalarda depresyon ile ilişkilidir.
Prognostic effect of serum sodium, glucose, creatinine in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism
Authors: CALİS Aliye Gamze , OGUS Aliye Candan
Published: October 2019

Aim: Pulmonary thromboembolism is a disease with high mortality and morbidity. In this study, the impacts of serum sodium, glucose and creatinine levels on prognosis were investigated. Patients and Methods: The data of the patients with PTE who received treatment between January 2010 and December 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. Routine laboratory values, arterial blood gas and transthoracic echocardiography results at the time of admission and 30-day mortality rates were recorded. Results: The mean serum sodium level and eGFR in the group with high mortality were significantly lower compared to the other group, while the serum glucose level was higher. When the compatibility of these markers with PESI was examined, it was found that serum sodium level and eGFR were lower and serum glucose level was higher in PESI class V compared to the other classes, and this difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that serum sodium, glucose and eGFR levels, which have the advantage of availability in every center, were compatible with RVD, troponin and PESI parameters that were previously proven prognostic factors in determining the mortality risk in acute PTE.
Yumurta Alerjisi Olan Süt Çocuklarında Kızamık Kızamıkçık Kabakulak Aşılama Deneyimi
Authors: HAZAR SAYAR Esra
Published: October 2019

Amaç: Besin alerjisi sıklığı dünya genelinde artış göstermektedir. Yumurta alerjisi süt alerjisinden sonra çocuklarda 2. sıklıkta görülmektedir. Kızamık, kızamıkçık, kabakulak (KKK) aşısı, kızamık ve kabakulak virüsünün tavuk embriyo kültürlerinde üretilmesi nedeniyle eser miktarda yumurta proteini içermektedir. Bu nedenle yumurta alerjisi olan çocuklarda aşılamada çekinceler oluşmaktadır. Çalışmamızda yumurta alerjisi nedeniyle değerlendirilen süt çocuklarının 1 yaş KKK aşılaması sonrasında yan etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Hastanemiz Çocuk Alerji İmmünoloji polikliniğinde Şubat 2018- Nisan 2019 tarihleri arasında yumurta alerjisi nedeniyle takip edilen ve kliniğimizde 12. ayda KKK aşısı uygulanmış olan 44 olgu çalışmaya alındı. Olguların demografik verileri, klinik bulguları, cilt prick testleri, bakılmış olan vakaların total IgE, eozinofil, alerjen spesifik IgE düzeyleri, aşılama sonrası yan etki profilleri retrospektif olarak  değerlendirildi.Bulgular: Olguların 24’ü (%54,5) kız, 20’si (%45,5) erkekti. Hastaların 31’inde (% 70,4) atopik dermatit, 7’sinde (%15,9) ürtiker/döküntü, 6’sında (%13,6) reaktif havayolu hastalığı tanıları mevcuttu. Olguların cilt prick testlerinde; 31 olguda (% 70,5) yumurta beyazı, 26 olguda (%59,1) yumurta sarısı ile pozitif reaksiyon saptanmıştı. KKK aşılaması yapılan 44 süt çocuğundan 4’ünde (%9) reaksiyon gözlenmiş olup 3 olguda ilk 4 saatte, 1 olguda ilk 24 saatte reaksiyon gelişmiştir. Olguların hiçbirinde hayatı tehdit eden ciddi reaksiyon gözlenmemiştir.Sonuç: Bağışıklamanın önemi dikkate alındığında; anaflaksi riskinin düşük olması nedeniyle yumurta alerjisi olan çocuklarda aşı güvenle yapılabilir. Ancak atopik çocuklarda aşının, acil müdahale edilebilecek uygun koşullarda yapılması ve uygun süre gözlem altında kalmalarının önemli olduğunu düşünüyoruz.
Association between inflammatory markers and primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: BEYSEL Selvihan , ÇALIŞKAN Mustafa , KIZILGÜL Muhammed , ÇİLEKAR Murat , ÖZBEK Mustafa , ÇAKAL Erman
Published: October 2019

Aim: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is associated with systemic inflam-mation. The effect of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on inflammatory markers is contro-versial. The aim of our study was to investigate changes in inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and red cell distribution width (RDW) before and after PTX. Patients and Methods: PHP patients (n=55) and age and sex matched healthy controls (n=50) were included in the study. The clinical and laboratory results of the PHP and control groups were compared before PTX and 6-months after PTX.Results: At baseline, serum hs-CRP (4.01±3.44 vs. 2.48±1.73 mg/L), PLR (127.21±25.77 vs. 103.63±32.52), RDW (15.50±2.53 % vs. 13.49±0.70 %) values were higher in the PHP group than in the control group (p<0.05). After PTX, hs-CRP (3.59±3.07 mg/L), PLR (123.03±31.94), RDW (14.25±1.51 %) values did not change (p>0.05). Post-PTX hs-CRP, PLR, and RDW values were higher in the PHP group than in the control group (p<0.05). PTH value was positively correlated with pre-PTX hs-CRP (r2=0.377, p=0.001), PLR (r2=0.234, p=0.023), RDW (r2=0.296, p=0.004).Conclusion: Before PTX, inflammatory markers were higher in PHP patients com-pared with healthy controls. After PTX, the inflammatory markers did not significantly decrease; however these postoperative markers were higher than controls. İnflam-mation occurs in PHP patients, and also shows a partial recovery from inflammation despite successful surgery.
Clavicle Hook Plate Technique and Functional Results in the Treatment of Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation
Authors: ETLİ İbrahim , KILIÇASLAN Ömer Faruk
Published: October 2019

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional results of patients with acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation and who were treated surgically with Hook plate (HP) .Patients and Methods:Patients with ACE dislocation between the years of 2016- 2018 and treated surgically with clavicle KP technique were included in the study. Of the 19 patients, 17 were male and 2 were female. 13 patients had Rockwood Type IV joint dislocation and 6 patients had Rockwood Type V joint dislocation. Functional results were evaluated with modified Constant-Murley shoulder score and standard test protocol. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.Results: The plate was removed at 10 months after the operation due to severe pain and limitation of movement in 1 patient. Two of the patients had plate dislocation. Other patients had no complaints. Degenerative changes were detected in direct radiography in 2 patients. The mean Modified Constant-Murley Shoulder Score of the patients was 65 (min: 26, max: 84). The mean pain score of the patients was 7. Ten (53%) patients had moderate and severe pain. Four of the patients had pain at the severity of 8, 4 of the patients had pain at the severity of 10, and 2 of the patients had pain at the severity of 12. The mean daily life activity score of the patients was 12 (min: 6-max: 20). The flexion and abduction score of the patients were lower than the external rotation and internal rotation. The mean total motion score of the patients was calculated as 27 (min: 8-max: 36).Conclusion: The HP method in the treatment of ACJ dislocation is early movement and load can be given, surgery is short and easy to apply as a method. However, it causes moderate and severe pain. This may affect functional results.
Modello di tutto il mondo tracciato a perfezione
Authors: Milanesi Milanesi
Published: October 2019

This article presents the first results of the studies on the geographical content of the heart-shaped map of the world signed Cagi Acmet (1559), which has been made possible by the complete transliteration and translation of the work. The considered area, i.e. Central Asia, is presented and compared with 16th-century cartography. The Author draws from an in-depth examination of this area, as well as from the study of all the other parts of the map, the conclusion that the heart-shaped map is the work of the cartographer Giacomo Gastaldi, active in Venice between 1545 and 1566.
Una luna velata sul ‘Tetto del Mondo’
Authors: Pedrini Giovanni
Published: October 2019

Afghanistan is an ancient land, rich in traditions and cultures having their roots in the millennial history of this country. Situated along the ancient caravan routes of Central Asia, by its caravanserais and markets it has represented an important point for exchange, communication and cultural interaction between the East and the West. Afghanistan is partly linked to the complex genealogical tree of Central Asia, full of intricate branches; one of those branches, at its eastern extremity, is knotted with the ‘Roof of the World’ (Bam-e Dunya): the vast orographic area of Pamir bordering on Tajikistan, Pakistan and China. This Afghan border territory (Wakhan Woluswali) includes different ecological areas: from the high-altitude valleys to the pastures in the plateaus, as far as the highest mountains of Pamir. Wakhan is populated particularly by Wakhi and, in its easternmost part, by Kyrgyz people. The Wakhi follow a subsistence strategy based on mountain agriculture combined with pasturage; they are Ismaili Nizaris and they speak a language (khik-zik,khik-wor) belonging to the north-eastern branch of the Iranian languages. Identity and religious cultures significantly influence the social life of those small mountain communities cut off on the ‘Roof of the World’.
The OSCE and EU Actions towards Georgian Separatist Conflicts: the Case of South Ossetia.
Authors: Vielmini Fabrizio
Published: October 2019

Both the OSCE and the EU got involved in the management of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict considering it as a testing ground for their capacities to act as security actors and easier to deal with in comparison with the other unsolved confrontations in the Post-Soviet area. By this way, they disregarded the root causes of the conflict and then proved unable to deploy the necessary resources to respond to the security expectations of the two sides, especially since the regional geopolitical environment switched from cooperation to confrontation between Russia and an expanding NATO presence. Following the 2008 War, the EU is left as the only mediating player on the ground but is not recognised as such by the SO side supported by Russia while Georgia has thwarted the possibilities of conflict resolution adopting a punitive ‘Occupied Territories’ narrative.
Evaluation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for giant buttercup control in dairy pastures
Authors: Verkaaik M.L. , Hurrell G.A. , Bourd?t G.W. , Saville D.J.
Published: October 2019

An experiment was established in November 2002 on each of two dairy farms in Golden Bay (East Takaka and Pupu Valley) to evaluate a myceliumonwheat formulation of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a mycoherbicide against giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris) Granules were applied to individual giant buttercup plants or manually broadcast onto infested pasture at 500 kg/ha The mortality of the giant buttercup plants reached 63 at East Takaka compared with 13 at Pupu Valley Survivors were stunted so that the mean size of a treated plant was 27 and 56 of that of untreated plants 100 days after treatment at the East Takaka and Pupu Valley sites respectively These effects remained evident 12 months after application A second experiment confirmed these results
Wounding of Cirsium arvense enhances the efficacy of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a mycoherbicide
Authors: Bourdot G.W. , Hurrell G.A. , Saville D.J.
Published: October 2019

Two experiments were conducted in which mycelial fragments of the plantpathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were applied with an organic food source to Cirsium arvense shoots with and without prior wounding In the first experiment more shoots developed disease when the fungus was applied to crush wounds on stems (100 of stems diseased) than when applied to the wound of decapitated stems (38) or to the uppermost leaf axil of decapitated stems (13) In the second experiment reduction in the autumnal shoot dry mass of C arvense due to the mycoherbicide (broadcast in early December at 60 kg/ha) was greater when the shoots were wounded with a spade before applying the mycoherbicide (49 reduction) than when not wounded (26) These results imply a greater susceptibility of wounded C arvense tissues to S sclerotiorum that could be exploited to enhance the efficacy of this fungus as a mycoherbicide
Is the poor establishment and performance of heather beetle in Tongariro National Park due to the impact of parasitoids predators or disease
Authors: Peterson P.G. , Fowler S.V. , Barrett P.
Published: October 2019

Heather beetle (Lochmaea suturalis) introduced in 1996 into Tongariro National Park New Zealand to control heather (Calluna vulgaris) has established poorly and only damaged heather at one site This work investigated whether natural enemies could be reducing heather beetle establishment and impact No egg larval or adult parasitism was found Possible egg predation by a carabid beetle larvae and occasional attacks on larvae by the native pentatomid (Cermatulus nasalis) were observed in the field Neither the microsporidian pathogen discovered in some beetles imported from the United Kingdom nor any other pathogenic diseases were detected in fieldcollected beetles in New Zealand It is suggested that adverse weather was responsible for a collapse in heather beetle numbers at Te Piripiri during 2002 Further efforts to redistribute heather beetle and continued monitoring of beetle numbers impact natural enemies and climate at release sites are recommended
Vigilantreg; herbicide for control of two wilding conifer species contorta pine and Douglas fir
Authors: Newfield M. , Ward B.G.
Published: October 2019

Wilding conifers are usually killed without herbicide by severing the stem below the lowest green needles This is difficult for example when multistemmed trees are growing on unstable or rocky substrates Under such circumstances a picloram gel formulation (Vigilantreg; herbicide gel) was applied to freshly cut surfaces of stumps of contorta pine (Pinus contorta) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Stumps were pruned so that some green needles remained on the stump below the cut Treatments were applied in May 2002 After 6 months many herbicidetreated plants showed leaf distortion and yellowing After 18 months 97 of the 75 herbicidetreated contorta pine plants were dead compared with only 13 (n30) of those receiving no herbicide The herbicide killed 100 of the 15 treated Douglas fir plants compared with 3 death rate for the 15 receiving no herbicide
Characterising plant surfaces for spray adhesion and retention
Authors: Gaskin R.E. , Steele K.D. , Forster W.A.
Published: October 2019

A simple measurement of static contact angle of aqueous acetone droplets on surfaces has been developed for characterising leaf surfaces It allows leaves to be compared and grouped by their surface roughness factor and it differentiates between easy difficult and very difficulttowet species This paper describes how the method has been used to survey a large number of plant species including weeds and crops fruit and foliage High contact angles indicate difficulttowet surfaces The quantitative measure of contact angle is a useful tool to predict spray droplet adhesion and rank plant surfaces for retention properties It can also indicate whether surfactant addition is likely to be beneficial for agrochemical sprays targeted at fruit or foliage on different crops Surfactants were most useful for improving spray droplet adhesion and retention on difficulttowet surfaces but results varied with surface wettability surfactant type and concentration and with plant architecture
Thrips palmi potential survival and population growth in New Zealand
Authors: Stephens A.E.A. , Dentener P.R.
Published: October 2019

Thrips palmi Karny is a major pest of various crops in many countries It does not occur in New Zealand but could be imported on ornamental plants or vegetables and is potentially a serious threat Characterising the likely population growth and development of T palmi under New Zealand conditions may assist with any eradication or long term management stemming from an incursion In northern Asia T palmi overwinters in the field in warmer areas while in cooler areas it overwinters in glasshouses which act as a source of infestation each spring A simple model was created using the DYMEX population modelling software and previously published parameters It was modified to fit Japanese and Korean data before running simulations for locations in New Zealand In New Zealand T palmi was predicted to be able to overwinter outdoors in warmer areas but if greenhouse populations establish these could give rise to outdoor populations during summer in almost all areas investigated
Reducing the impact of fruit spoilage diseases on New Zealands fruit export industries
Authors: Beresford R.M.
Published: October 2019

Fungal plant pathogens that cause fruit spoilage affect New Zealands fruit industries through direct losses disease control costs and market uncertainty costs Market access costs also occur related to the use of certain agrochemicals and to perceived biosecurity risks from the presence of specifi c organisms on exported fruit A small number of pathogens cause a diverse range of diseases affecting many different fruit crops Fruit rot diseases are often difficult to control difficult to understand and difficult to predict Recurring research issues include unclear taxonomy and cryptic fungal life cycles Determining when infection occurs and what factors affect it is difficult because infections that establish during fruit development often remain symptomless until ripening occurs Lessening the impact of these diseases requires an ongoing specialist research capability working in conjunction with industry partners and supported by consistent levels of funding
Novel approaches to controlling fruit pathogens
Authors: Beever R.E. , Plummer K.M. , Wurms K.V.
Published: October 2019

Despite many years of research fruit loss due to disease is still a major factor in fruit production worldwide Recent advances in understanding the biology of fruit pathogens and the complex interactions between host plants and pathogens offer opportunities for novel ways to better manage these diseases These opportunities are reviewed with particular reference to the major fruit pathogens (Botrytis Colletotrichum Cryptosporiopsis Monilinia and Venturia) and fruit crops (kiwifruit apple grape avocado and stonefruit) in New Zealand Approaches based on fungal biology include the possible use of fungal viruses as biocontrol agents the use of reducedpathogenicity strains of pathogens as biocontrol agents and using fungal genomic data and molecular techniques to identify key pathogenicity factors as targets for novel control products Approaches based on host defence mechanisms include enhancing expression of host defence responses such as antifungal proteins and volatiles through markerassisted breeding and postharvest treatments
Present status of strawberry fruit rot diseases in New Zealand
Authors: Timudo-Torrevilla O.E. , Everett K.R. , Waipara N.W. , Weeds K.S.H. Boyd-Wilson , Langford G.I. , Walter M.
Published: October 2019

The New Zealand strawberry industry experiences losses due to fungal diseases that can cost up to 44 million per annum or 20 of the crop value Disease control relies almost exclusively on applications of the fungicide captan During the 2003/2004 production season grower monitoring trials investigated the relative importance of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) and leak (Rhizopus spp) in causing postharvest fruit rot The average fruit rot incidence (expressed per day) was 36 22 and 16 for grey mould leak and anthracnose respectively when ripe fruit was incubated at room temperature under high humidity In two grower trials and one replicated spray trial frequent captan applications did not reduce grey mould anthracnose or leak incidence compared to an unsprayed treatment Integrated management strategies for control of strawberry fruit rot diseases are urgently required for New Zealand strawberry growers
Comparing surface wetness inside and outside grape canopies for regionwide assessment of plant disease risk
Authors: Henshall W.R. , Beresford R.M. , Chynoweth R.W. , Ramankutty P.
Published: October 2019

Wetness duration measured by flat plate sensors inside and outside a grape canopy was recorded from DecemberMarch Sensors outside the canopy generally recorded longer wetness duration than sensors inside the canopy For days with rain short wetness durations detected by outside sensors were not detected by inside sensors because of sheltering by the canopy When wetness arose solely from dew duration inside was much shorter than outside for prolonged wet periods Wetness was used to calculate infection periods according to two botrytis bunch rot risk models Agreement between sensors was worse inside the canopy than outside although on occasions when rainfall exceeded 10 mm there was greater uniformity between sensors For regionwide disease risk monitoring wetness duration measured outside leaf canopies at standard meteorological sites would give a worstcase estimate of disease risk Regression equations are presented that allow estimation of inside wetness duration from outside wetness duration for rainy and nonrainy days
Suitability of valued eucalypt species for the larval development of the gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens
Authors: Potter K.J.B. , Stephens A.E.A.
Published: October 2019

Gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens is native to Australia and is a common defoliator of Eucalyptus Uraba lugens was first recorded in New Zealand in 1992 and is now well established in the Auckland region As U lugens has the potential to damage Eucalyptus in New Zealand nochoice larval development trials were used to assess the ability of U lugens larvae to develop on 18 Eucalyptus species that are highly valued in New Zealand Eucalyptus nitens and E nicholii were the most suitable larval hosts as larval mortality was low and development time was brief Larvae reared on E fastigata had a rapid development time and high growth rates resulting in heavy female pupae although larval mortality was in the intermediate range Species that were least suitable for U lugens development included Corymbia maculata E microcorys the juvenile foliage of E globulus globulus and E globulus maidenii
Parasitism of tomato fruitworm larvae in process tomatoes at Pukekohe
Authors: Walker G.P , Herman T.J.B. , Qureshi M.S. , Winkler S. , Wallace A.R.
Published: October 2019

A process tomato trial was undertaken at Pukekohe to investigate the interactions between tomato fruitworm Helicoverpa armigera and its larval parasitoids the accidentally introduced generalist Meteorus pulchricornis and the introduced specialists Cotesia kazak and Microplitis croceipes Total mortality of larvae caused by parasitism was 75 with M pulchricornis the dominant parasitoid reared from 54 of parasitised larvae and C kazak and M croceipes reared from 33 and 13 respectively Cotesia kazak attacked smaller larvae than the other two species and was able to survive in the presence of the entomopathogenic fungus Zoophthora radicans late in the crop These results contrast with those for corresponding parasitism in Hawkes Bay where C kazak is very dominant It is concluded that the availability of alternative hosts in areas like Pukekohe is causing the displacement of C kazak there but that this is having little impact on biocontrol of this pest in tomatoes
Susceptibility of New Zealand wheat cultivars to sharp eyespot
Authors: Cromey M.G. , Butler R.C. , Munro C.A. , Shorter S.C.
Published: October 2019

The susceptibility of 12 New Zealand wheat cultivars to sharp eyespot (caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis) was examined in three autumnsown field trials in the 200405 growing season Moderate to high disease incidence was recorded in two of the trials and low levels occurred in the third While disease incidence was high in at least some plots of most cultivars low incidence was recorded in all plots of two cultivars and all but two plots of two other cultivars These trials provide evidence that at least 2 of the 12 cultivars have useful levels of resistance to sharp eyespot and that several cultivars are highly susceptible Ranking of the more susceptible cultivars varied between locations Further work is required to determine whether this is due to genetic interactions between hosts and pathogens or whether relative susceptibility of cultivars to sharp eyespot can be affected by environment
Seasonal variation of 24D export through surface runoff from pasture
Authors: M?ller K. , Stenger R. , Rahman A.
Published: October 2019

One day after the herbicide 24D was applied to 1050 m2 of a pastoral hillslope in Waikato runoff was generated with a sprinklertype rainfall simulator and 24D transport in surface runoff was measured The runoff coefficients differed significantly between an autumn (47) and a spring (19) event in spite of similar preevent soil water conditions Saturation excess with a variable contributing area had earlier been identified as the main runoff generating process for the autumn event In contrast infiltration excess possibly induced by treading effects and hydrophobicity are proposed as runoff causing processes for the spring event The eventaveraged 24D concentration in runoff was higher in autumn (049 mg/litre) than in spring (024 mg/litre) Correspondingly the exported 24D loss in autumn totalled 75 g/ha which equals 7 of the applied mass compared to only 14 g/ha (or 1) during the spring event
Colonisation of apple roots by arbuscular mycorrhiza in specific apple replant disease affected soil
Authors: Kandula K.D.R. , Jones E.E. , Stewart A. , Horner I.J.
Published: October 2019

In New Zealand specific apple replant disease (SARD) causes retarded tree growth and poor establishment in replanted apple orchards In two pot experiments arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) colonisation of apple roots in different SARD treated soils was assessed In the first experiment AM colonisation was significantly lower in SARD soil compared with nonSARD soil In this experiment 456 of roots were AM colonised at planting and AM colonisation was increased in both soil types following chloropicrin fumigation or fungicide application The second experiment used only SARD soil and at planting only 03 of roots were colonised with AM AM colonisation was significantly greater in two commercial Trichoderma treatments (pellet and powder formulations) than untreated control uninoculated blank pellets and chemical nutrient treatments AM colonisation in fumigated soil was very low and remained similar to the initial root stock material
Monoxenic culture of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Scutellospora calospora and RiTDNA transformed carrot roots
Authors: Kandula J. , Stewart A. , Ridgway H.J.
Published: October 2019

This paper presents the first report of cultivation of Scutellospora calospora with RiTDNA transformed carrot (Daucus carota L) roots Carrot root transformation was done using Agrobacterium rhizogenes Spore germination tests were conducted on 6 water agar and minimal media to assess the time taken for germination Morphological characteristics of extraradical mycelium intraradical mycelium branched absorbing structures and auxiliary cell formation were recorded Auxiliary cell formation started within 35 days of root contact and continued until 2 months There was an extensive thick brown extraradical mycelial development following root infection but spore formation was low (four spores) and was observed only after 8 months Spores were full of oil globules and were produced on MSR medium but not M medium
A survey of subtropical nursery plants for fungal diseases in Northland
Authors: Braithwaite M. , Hill C.F. , Ganev S. , Pay J.M. , Pearson H.G. , Alexander B.J.R.
Published: October 2019

During 2003 and 2004 fortyfive randomly selected wholesale and retail plant nurseries were surveyed for plant diseases The plant families Agavaceae Annonaceae Arecaceae Bromeliaceae Cycadaceae and Musaceae were targeted Plants were examined in situ for disease symptoms as well as samples being collected for laboratory analyses Fungi were identified using morphological characteristics and where necessary with molecular techniques The survey resulted in a range of fungi being identified from the target plants These fungi ranged from saprophytes to plant pathogens some of which may have undesirable effects on New Zealands biodiversity or economy Many new host/pathogen records were observed and several fungi were detected for the first time in New Zealand This paper presents and discusses the results of these findings
The potential occurrence of Puccinia asparagi in New Zealand
Authors: Viljanen-Rollinson S.L.H. , Deng Y. , Marroni M.V. , Cheah L-H
Published: October 2019

Wind dispersal of plant pathogens is one of the pathways of entry for rust fungi into New Zealand from Australia Asparagus rust (caused by Puccinia asparagi) has already caused damage to asparagus crops in Australia It poses a serious risk to New Zealands biosecurity and the 2000 ha asparagus industry CLIMEX Match Climates simulations showed that climates in locations where asparagus rust is already present are similar to New Zealand climates
Managing biological succession in intensive pastoral ecosystems for improved production and sustainability
Authors: Bell N.L. , Hardwick S. , Eerens J.P.J. , James T.K.
Published: October 2019

Use of forage succession to increase productivity and upgrade runout pasture has become an integral part of modern pastoral production systems Use of new forage types has increased along with increases in area sown This growth in forage crop use and diversity has largely been without a coordinated view to long term benefits and costs in terms of weeds pests and diseases This paper describes the potential impacts on insects weeds and nematodes of a forage succession (pasture to turnips to annual ryegrass to turnips to perennial ryegrass/white clover) that commonly occurs in the Waikato region of New Zealand Pest distributions host ranges phenology and survival biology are used to elucidate strengths and weaknesses of the rotation Knowledge gaps are identified so that they can be addressed and add to robust forage succession design in the future
A life sentence or parole conditional release approval of biological control agents
Authors: Whiteman S.A. , Barratt B.I.P. , Ridley G.S.
Published: October 2019

Changes made in 2003 to the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act 1996 introduced a new approval type called conditional release Previously the only option was for full release approval under which the organism was no longer subject to HSNO Act regulation Applicants seeking approval for conditional release of a biological control agent have expressed concern that a resulting approval may have onerous and costly controls required for risk mitigation In 2005 Microctonus aethiopoides a biological control agent of Sitona lepidus (clover root weevil) became the first organism to be granted a conditional release approval This paper discusses the controls on that approval and other possible options for controls that could be considered in the future
Modelling the farm scale impacts of clover root weevil herbivory
Authors: White T.A. , Gerard P.J.
Published: October 2019

Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus CRW) is a major New Zealand pasture pest This study used computer simulation and decision support modelling to simulate CRW herbivory estimate the longterm consequences on clover abundance pasture production and quality and financial implications to a typical sheep and beef farmer Three farm scenarios were explored the absence of CRW and the presence of CRW with and without additional nitrogen (N) For a hypothetical 325 ha Waikato sheep and beef farm CRW decreased mean clover abundance from 21 to 13 pasture production from 9200 to 7900 kg DM/ha/year pasture quality from 105 to 102 MJME/kg DM and N fixation from 60 to 42 kg N/ha/year This resulted in a 16 reduction in the annual gross margin However assuming current prices and costs and that an N response could be consistently achieved urea could be used to replace the reduction in N fixation without affecting profits
Measuring performance of invasive plant eradication efforts in New Zealand
Authors: Holloran P.
Published: October 2019

New Zealands Biosecurity Act 1993 which has enabled local governments to pursue eradication of 69 different invasive plant taxa is strongly influenced by new public management doctrine and its emphasis on specific management objectives annual plans and performance measures Data to support meaningful eradication performance measures are still rare despite such requirements It can take several decades to achieve eradication since seed banks and other factors often complicate invasive plant eradication efforts Since eradication of all sites is often preceded by the gradual elimination of some infestations evaluating trends in site status (whether aboveground plants are present or absent) and site population size (based on complete censuses) may help biosecurity staff to evaluate progress improve eradication efforts and communicate their successes These performance measures are illustrated using a 7year dataset from Raoul Island
Armoured scale insect infestation on kiwifruit in relation to position on the vine
Authors: MG M.G. Hill , Mauchline N.A. , Ramankutty P.
Published: October 2019

The infestation of armoured scale insects on kiwifruit at various distances from the leader in a commercial organic cv Hayward block in the Bay of Plenty was examined at harvest in 2005 This was to test the hypothesis that fruit further from the leader have fewer armoured scale insects than those nearer to the leader From the 25 pergolatrained vines examined kiwifruit from directly beneath the leader had a significantly higher probability of being infested with armoured scale insects (26) compared with fruit sampled from 08 m (116) or 16 m (63) away from the leader The orientation of fruit on the vine (westfacing or eastfacing) had no effect on armoured scale insect incidence Individual vines differed significantly in their level of armoured scale insect infestation Latania scale comprised 84 of the scale insects The implications of these results for growers are discussed