bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tongue-Tied Imagination
Authors: Warner Tobias
Published: January 2020

Should a writer work in former colonial language, or in a vernacular? The language question was once one of the great, intractable problems that haunted postcolonial literatures in the twentieth century, but it has since acquired a reputation for being a dead end of narrow nationalism. Instead of asking whether language matters, The Tongue-Tied Imagination explores how the language question itself came to matter. Focusing on the case of Senegal, this book studies the intersection of French and Wolof. Drawing on extensive archival research and an under-studied corpus of novels, poetry, and films in both languages, the chapters follow the emergence of a politics of language from colonization into the early independence decades and through to the era of neoliberal development. Chapters explore the works of well-known francophone authors such as Léopold Senghor, Ousmane Sembène, Mariama Bâ, and Boubacar Boris Diop alongside the more overlooked vernacular artists with whom they are in dialogue. Pushing back against a prevailing view of postcolonial language debates as a terrain of nativism, this book argues for the language question as a struggle over the nature and limits of literature itself. Language debates tend to pull in two directions: first, they produce literary commensurability by suturing vernacular traditions into the normative patterns of world literature; but second, they create space to imagine how literary culture might be configured otherwise. Drawing on these insights, this book models both a new understanding of translation and a different approach to literary comparison.
“That Which Is Not Assumed Is Not Healed”
Authors: Chaudhari Pia Sophia
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores a central premise of patristic soteriology. It gives a brief outline of the thought of several key church fathers. Finally, it explores the Eastern Orthodox emphasis on theosis as a model of transformation.
Exponentiated uniform distribution: An interesting alternative to truncated models
Authors: Ramires Thiago Gentil , Nakamura Luiz Ricardo , Righetto Ana Julia , Pescim Rodrigo Rosseto , Telles Tiago Santos
Published: January 2020

Neste artigo é apresentado um novo modelo probabilístico denominado de distribuição uniforme exponencial, do qual algumas propriedades da nova distribuição são apresentadas e discutidas, tais como a função quantílica, momentos, função geradora, desvios médios, curvas de Bonferroni e Lorenz, entropia de Shannon e Renyi. O modelo proposto, definido no intervalo [a;b], pode ser utilizado como alternativa aos modelos truncados. A estimativa da máxima verossimilhança do parâmetro do modelo também é realizada e um estudo de simulação foi realizado para verificar a consistência do parâmetro do modelo. Uma aplicação para um conjunto de dados real ilustra a potencialidade do mesmo, comparando a nova distribuição com outras três distribuições truncadas conhecidas na literatura.
Response surface for sugars extracted from lignocellulosic material providing low energy expenditure
Authors: Pieta Fabiana da Silva , Bariccatti Reinaldo Aparecido
Published: January 2020

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho a extração de açúcares do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar a partir do pré-tratamento químico com ácido sulfúrico diluído, com um planejamento fatorial de 3 fatores com dois níveis cada. Foram adotados os níveis de 5 e 15 g para massa da amostra, duas variações de concentração do ácido 5 e 10% e a variação de temperatura 25 e 50 oC. A caracterização do hidrolisado se deu através do índice de refração e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Para o índice de refração, os ensaios 3, 7 e 8 tiveram maior quantidade de sólidos solúveis extraído, sendo 13,005; 13,025 e 13,010 oBrix, respectivamente. Segundo os efeitos obtidos a partir dos resultados do índice de refração, o único efeito principal significativo é o aumento da concentração de ácido, que aumenta o índice de refração. Nos resultados obtidos por cromatografia líquida, conseguimos identificar a presença de glicose, xilose e celobiose nas soluções e a condição que resultou numa maior extração de açúcares foi: 15 g de biomassa, 10% de concentração de ácido e temperatura a 50 oC.  Com a concentração do ácido no limite superior (10%) a extração de açúcares nesse trabalho foi significativa com 13,025 gL -1.
Polyvinyl alcohol films with different degrees of hydrolysis and polymerization
Authors: Mali Suzana , Carvalho Fabíola Azanha , Bilck Ana Paula , Yamashita Fabio
Published: January 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir filmes biodegradáveis à base de álcool polivinílico (PVA) e, também avaliar o efeito dos diferentes graus de hidrólise (DH) e graus de polimerização (DP) do PVA nas propriedades desses filmes. Quatro tipos diferentes de PVA com DH variando de 88,0 a 98,4% e DP variando de 150 a 2000 foram utilizados para produzir os filmes por casting, e o glicerol foi usado como plastificante. Os filmes formulados com PVA com menor DH (SelvolTM 540 e 203) apresentaram maior solubilidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água e capacidade de absorção de água, além de serem menos rígidos e apresentarem menores temperaturas de transição vítrea e de fusão quando comparados aos filmes obtidos com PVA com maior DH (SelvolTM 325 e 107). O DP afetou a solubilidade dos filmes, o filme produzido com PVA com maior DP (SelvolTM 325 - DP = 1000????1500) apresentou menor valor de solubilidade. Os filmes formulados com PVA com maior DP (SelvolTM 540 e 325) apresentaram maiores valores de elongação na ruptura. Tanto o DH quanto o DP afetaram as propriedades dos filmes de PVA, resultando em materiais com diferentes possibilidades de aplicação, no entanto, observou-se que o efeito do DH foi mais importante para as propriedades dos filmes de PVA do que o efeito DP.
Soliton propagation in lossy optical fibers
Authors: Dall'Agnol Caroline , Natti Paulo Laerte , Cirilo Eliandro Rodrigues , Romeiro Neyva Maria Lopes , TakanoNatti Érica Regina
Published: January 2020

Neste trabalho estudamos a propagação de solitons em fibras ópticas com perdas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a perda de energia da onda soliton durante a propagação e avaliar o impacto dessa perda na transmissão do sinal soliton. Neste contexto, um esquema numérico foi desenvolvido para resolver um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais complexas (EDPC), que descreve a propagação de solitons em fibras óticas com mecanismos de perdas e de amplificações não-lineares. O procedimento numérico é baseado na teoria matemática das séries de Taylor para funções complexas. Adaptamos o método de diferenças finitas (MDF) para aproximar derivadas de funções complexas. Em seguida, resolvemos o sistema algébrico resultante da discretização, implicitamente, por meio do método de Gauss-Seidel com relaxamento (MGSR). O estudo numérico do sistema de EDPC com atenuação linear e cúbica mostrou que ondas soliton sofrem efeitos de atenuação, dispersão e oscilação. Por outro lado, verificamos que ao considerar o termo não linear (termo cúbico) como uma amplificação ótica é possível compensar parcialmente a atenuação do sinal ótico. Finalmente, mostramos que um ganho de 9 % triplica a distância de propagação da onda soliton fundamental, quando a taxa de dissipação é de 1 %.
Modeling Design and Implementation of an Embeds System Real Time Over a Network of Wireless Sensors to Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Essahlaoui F. , Elhajrat N. , El Abbassi A. , Elouatssi O. , Aftatah M.
Published: January 2020

Artificial Neurons Network (ANN) is used in the decision and control of dynamic systems which can be with a lack of superfluous information.it forces the use of fuzzy logic.

For this reason, several methods and monitoring techniques have been implemented. This article presents a technique based on artificial neural networks implanted at the level of a multisensor surveillance system. It is a statistical learning method that displays optimal training and generalization performance in several domains, including the recognition domain of forms.

In this case ANN based on raspberry PI card for decision node and arduino for the input and hidden nodes, in order to develop a complete platform environmental monitoring system. and hence enhance multi-Sensor wireless signals aggregation via multi-bit decision fusion.

The back-propagation algorithm generates a weight for all nodes in the networks, with aim of minimizing absolute error committed in fusion data and economics of electrical energy using artificial intelligence techniques. This algorithm is more efficient than the human being since it can reason and learn from its errors so as not to repeat them.

Its main applications include a variety of data monitoring parameters (such as : temperature, humidity, gas sensor, … etc), that can be found in factory automation, for instance : home automation, remote monitoring and home device control, or it may be used in environment to make an exact decision in short time.
Requirements upon Agreements in Favour of the NCC and the German Chambers – Clashing with the Brussels Ibis Regulation?
Authors: Antonopoulou Georgia
Published: January 2020

Requirements upon Agreements in Favour of the NCC and the German Chambers – Clashing with the Brussels Ibis Regulation?

In recent years, the Netherlands and Germany have added themselves to the ever-growing number of countries opting for the creation of an international commercial court. The Netherlands Commercial Court (NCC) and the German Chambers for International Commercial Disputes (Kammern für internationale Handelssachen, KfiH) will conduct proceedings entirely in English and follow their own, diverging rules of civil procedure. Aspiring to become the future venues of choice in international commercial disputes, the NCC law and the legislative proposal for the establishment of the KfiH allow parties to agree on their jurisdiction and entail detailed provisions regulating such agreements. In particular, the NCC requires the parties’ express and in writing agreement to litigate before it. In a similar vein, the KfiH legislative proposal requires in some instances an express and in writing agreement. Although such strict formal requirements are justified by the need to safeguard the procedural rights of weaker parties such as small enterprises and protect them from the peculiarities of the NCC and the KfiH, this article questions their compliance with the requirements upon choice of court agreements under Article 25 (1) Brussels Ibis Regulation. By qualifying agreements in favour of the NCC and the KfiH first as functional jurisdiction agreements and then as procedural or court language agreements this article concludes that the formal requirements set by the NCC law and the KfiH proposal undermine the effectiveness of the Brussels Ibis Regulation, complicate the establishment of these courts’ jurisdiction and may thus threaten their attractiveness as future litigation destinations.
On Vladimir Markov type inequality in Lp norms on the interval [-1; 1]
Authors: Baran Mirosław , Ozorka Paweł
Published: January 2020

We prove inequality ||P(k)||Lp(-1;1)≤Bp||Tn(k)||Lp(-1;1)n^(2/p) ||P||Lp(-1;1); where Bp are constants independent of n = deg P with 1 ≤ p ≤ 2, which is sharp in the case k ≥ 3. A method presented in this note is based on a factorization of linear operator of k-th derivative throughout normed spaces of polynomial equipped with a Wiener type norm.
Assessment of the Training of Private Individuals and Non-commissioned Officers in the Reserve within the Academic Legion from the Perspective of the Students from Słupsk
Authors: Gierszewski Janusz , Rutkowski Patryk
Published: January 2020

This article presents the opinions of Pomeranian Academy students about military training organized as a part of the Academic Legion and their subjective view on this training and the perspective of working in the army. In the study, special attention was paid to the strengths and weaknesses of the first edition of the theoretical program carried out at the Pomeranian University and practical carried out at the training center in Ustka. An additional motive for undertaking the study was the exploration of the university environment, especially the attempt to determine the level of preparation of students to perform roles in the army, which allowed to examine the feelings and attitudes of students to the program of the Academic Legion and develop six recommendations for its change. The research problem is the question: How do students evaluate the program of the Academic Legion? Due to the lack of research in this area, no hypothesis was adopted. The research method was a diagnostic survey conducted using a survey technique using the author’s own questionnaire.
Cole Blease’s Pardoning Pen
Authors: Wood Amy Louise
Published: January 2020

examines prison reform efforts in South Carolina under the governorship of Cole Blease in the 1910s to argue that Progressive-era prison reform played out in distinct ways in the South due to the region’s class and racial politics. Despite his fierce racism, Blease, in the name of reform, pardoned or paroled more criminals, many of them African American, than any previous governor. Yet, Blease’s use of executive clemency had much more to do with imposing an authoritarian and pre-modern form of power onto state bureaucracy than it did with progressive ideals about the promise of the regulatory state. His approach to prison reform illuminates larger tensions within southern progressivism
The University Reacts
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

The administration dithered, unsure how to react to the DuBois Club application, and the uncertainty dragged on for months. Various left-liberal campus groups coalesced around the issue, seeing a link between the DuBois question and the Clabaugh Act and an opportunity to test the law. FBI Director Hoover and Attorney General Katzenbach opined on the situation. Meetings and discussions proceeded among students, protesters, faculty, and administrators; they consulted lawyers and examined federal laws yet decided nothing.
Then There Was Dow
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

In mid-October a peaceful Dow sit-in at UW Madison turned violent when the university’s president directed police to intervene. The day after, Illinois SDS met and voted to sit-in against a Dow visit the following week, over Gutowsky’s strenuous objection. Accompanied by an outdoor teach-in and picket lines, the action took place at the East Chem building, but the administration did not send in police, allowing the interviews to be halted, and followed with charges after the fact. The Daily Illini complimented the administration’s restraint, a small number of identified students were charged, and hundreds signed a statement of complicity.
Spring Sputters to an End
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

In a quiet end to a tumultuous year, Jim Kornibe was elected student-body president on a platform of increased student control. Daily Illini writer Linda Picone asked if the campus New Left had run out of steam with its year-long focus on teach-ins, gripe-ins, pray-ins, and educational days of protest, events high on edification but low on excitement. Some campus leaders shifted focus to CRJ, while others questioned the way forward, as student rebellions raged in France, China, and Mexico. Chancellor Peltason spoke with pride of the Project 500 program, likening it to university efforts for the handicapped.
Summer ’68: The Turning Begins
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

The decade of the sixties was filled with violence toward civil rights protesters, Viet Cong guerrillas, and Vietnamese civilians, and with Black Panthers and ghetto riots and assassinations; yet the summer of ‘68 marked the first time violence targeted the privileged, white youth of the student movement, and the Democratic convention in Chicago proved to be the watershed. Protesters remembered changing attitudes reflected in national SDS meetings, where some advocated violence, others rebelled at the thought, and the makings of a rupture appeared. Many activists lacked clear direction, even the Beatles seemed confused, and the movement began to flounder.
Strike: The Final Days
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Rallies were scheduled to protest the killings and the invasion; activist leaders announced support for a nationwide strike, black ministers met with their city council but received no answers. Demonstrations spread to colleges throughout the state and across the country, while Illinois students turned violent after an evening RU rally, breaking windows in several buildings. The strike began on Wednesday, with hundreds of picket lines across campus, the number growing throughout the week, so that by Friday the university was virtually closed, though Peltason refused to make the closure official. Ogilvie sent nine thousand guardsmen to the campus, calling for calm.
Spirituality in the Classroom
Authors: Maparyan Layli
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, the author writes about her experiences with spirituality in the classroom. For most of her life as a teacher/professor, the classroom has not been a hospitable place for the expression of spirituality. Neither has it been a space even for the serious consideration of spirituality. She notes that it would be true until she completed her second book about womanism, The Womanist Idea, at the end of 2010. It was at that point that she decided to bring spirituality into the classroom. Moreover, she made the decision to include it in all of her academic, scholarly, intellectual, and political work—whether people liked it or not.
A Deeper Shade of Consciousness
Authors: Chaudhary Atika
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the importance of coming to consciousness through the practice of woman-of-color feminist and womanist ideologies in and outside the academe. The struggle for voice and visibility starts with the personal responsibility of coming to consciousness and coming to voice and the urgent need to establish coalitions across all classes, genders, sexualities, and ethnicities. By blending the critical and the autobiographical, this chapter spotlights the significance of bridging the gap between the personal and the academic while questioning politics of skin color against the backdrop of white supremacy.
The Journalist of Castro Street
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

First-ever biography of controversial journalist and author Randy Shilts, one of the nation’s first openly gay reporters for a major daily newspaper. Known for his tenacity in reporting, he quickly became the “AIDS scribe” among American journalists. His work was not without controversy, however, with posthumous reviews of his “new journalism” techniques called into question, including the accuracy of some of his research. Review is provided of Shilts’s childhood struggles with physical abuse, his adult battles with alcohol and drug addiction, and his ultimate death from AIDS. The critical review of Shilts is most focused on his 1987 book, And the Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic – although his work on The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk (1982) and Conduct Unbecoming: Gays & Lesbians in the U.S. Military (1993)
Into the Crucible
Authors: Fain Cicero M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the period from 1870 to 1900, a time in which African Americans increasing move into the capitalist-wage system to better their circumstance. It highlights the criticality of black workers and the duality of their experience in the construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, the opening up of southern West Virginia’s coalfields, and the rise of Huntington as an important urban-industrial enclave. It contends that while their labor was valued, their humanity was not. Racism and occupational barriers blocked black workers’ autonomy and advancement in the workplace. Further, within Huntington, black class stratification and white working-class hostility blunted the formation of concerted black or inter-racial working class activism that might have opened up increased opportunities for each group.
The Objects of Poetry and the Economics of Art
Authors: Scuriatti Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on Loy's ambivalent and subtle understanding of the processes underpinning the creation of the economic and symbolic value of artworks, or the economic and cultural processes validating and sustaining their privileged status. Drawing on modernist aesthetics, critical theory and thing theory, the chapter examines early and later texts in dialogue with works by Marianne Moore, Gertrude Stein, Carl Van Vechten, Marcel Duchamp, Ezra Pound and Walter Benjamin, and shows how Loy proposes a dialogic version of the art work as encounter, collaboration, or event, rather than as a self-contained masterpiece. In this chapter the author analyses the notion of artistic creation as labor, investigates the status of Loy’s poetic objects in relation to the world of commerce and of commodities, and explores Loy’s critical assessment of the author’s signature within the “culture industry”.
Mina Loy’s Dialogic and “Narratable” Selves
Authors: Scuriatti Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that Loy’s constant concern with autobiography relies on poetic and narrative forms which construe selfhood as dialogic, rather than self-contained. On the basis of Loy’s critique of authorship and autobiographism, the author argues that Loy’s unfinished autobiographical projects (the writing of which formed the accompaniment to her whole career) should also be deemed to include her novel Insel, a work of biofiction and a collaborative autobiography. The chapter makes the case that “Songs to Johannes”, “Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose,” Insel, some early poems and unpublished works, claim authorship and interiority as fundamental categories of literary production and reception, but construct selfhood as inherently dialogic and narrative. This is particularly evident when Loy rewrites contemporary authors and uses their voices, as in the case of Papini and Barnes, and in Insel, which the author reads in dialogue with Carl Van Vechten’s novel Peter Whiffle. This analysis is based on Adriana Cavarero’s notion of “narratable selves.”
Topographies of Removal
Authors: Starzmann Maria Theresia
Published: January 2020

Archaeological studies tend to examine prisons as individual sites that order space and restrict mobility. Prisons are not isolated places, however. They are distributed across vast landscapes, forming carceral archipelagos that serve the purpose of removing undesirable populations from political life. Over time, this practice of social banishment has given shape to what I call “topographies of removal”—a geography capable of obscuring the political violence of prisons. Rethinking the archaeology of prisons means revealing the historical silences and blind spots contained in these topographies.
“Make sure you Aim, for one Shot well pointed is worth a Dozen thrown away”
Authors: Catts Wade P. , Balicki Joseph F.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 explores archaeological evidence of a target range at Valley Forge National Historic Park. Under the direction of General von Steuben, American soldiers began to take on the organization and discipline necessary to challenge the British Regular army. Musketry and marksmanship were important skills for the Revolutionary war soldier. Using metal detecting and ballistic evidence, Catts and Balicki demonstrate how they documented and analysed this kind of training in the context of winter encampments.
Introduction
Authors: Link William A.
Published: January 2020

William Link introduces key contexts for the book, namely that the origins, onsets, and resolutions of the American Civil War are best understood as a global struggle. Not only was the creation of a new American nation a result of the war, but this creation also occurred in concert with a worldwide emergence of modern nationalism. By 1860, the American South contained the world’s largest and most valuable enslaved population, and the huge wealth in cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco secured through slave labor is what drove exports, trade, and profit in American and global financial centers. This book suggests new ways to situate US Reconstruction as affecting and being affected by global events, and it argues that Reconstruction cannot be understood unless we extend our analysis beyond national borders.
The Legacies of the Second Slavery
Authors: Marquese Rafael
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 by Rafael Marquese compares the impact of the demise of slavery in the US and Brazil and the transformation of the coffee economies and cotton economies. Marquese connects American Reconstruction with larger global processes to explore the reorganization of the national state and American capitalism that took place in the Era of Globalization (1870–1914). He shows how “Second Slavery,” a concept articulated by Dale Tomich, provides a model for understanding both the integrated trajectory of slavery in Brazil and the United States and the ways the coffee plantationa and economies and the cotton plantations and economies of these nations interacted after emancipation.
Revealing the History and Archaeology of Fort St. Joseph
Authors: Nassaney Michael S.
Published: January 2020

This introduction provides the historical and cultural context and rationale for archaeological investigations at Fort St. Joseph. It includes discussions of the research design that has focused on understanding the multiethnic composition of the post, the identities of the Fort St. Joseph community, and the ways in which the Fort occupants participated in a fur trade society. It highlights how the material goods made, used, deposited, and discarded at Fort St. Joseph provide insight into the lived experience and identities of the site occupants as they negotiated the new conditions associated with colonialism and frontier life.
Geoarchaeology Underwater and Its Challenges
Authors: Garrison Ervan G.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines, in detail, the Geoarchaeological methods for both predicting and interpreting sites subjected to anthropogenic activities and taphonomic processes specific to inundated contexts. Garrison and Hale show that sediment particle-size, grain-size, and point-count studies coupled with debitage/micro-debitage analyses isolate middens deposits from those of natural origin. Chemical, faunal (primarily vertebrate), and floral proxies for anthropogenic activities were lacking, but they related the nature on inundated sites in a marine environment. The authors discuss how sea-level rise is coupled with these factors.
Mounds, Watery Places, and Death in South Florida
Authors: Seinfeld Daniel M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter by Daniel Seinfeld revisits William Sears’s 1960s excavations at Fort Center, specifically looking at ideas about the mortuary pond. Seinfeld provides a reassessment of earlier ideas about a mortuary platform, the date of the pond burials, and new ways to think about the Fort Center mortuary pond in light of our understanding of Southeastern Native American worldviews.
The Pineland Site Complex
Authors: Walker Karen J. , Marquardt William H. , Newsom Lee A.
Published: January 2020

In chapter 6, Karen Walker, William Marquardt, Lee Newsom, and Merald Clark explore the uneven distribution of wetsite deposits at the Pineland site complex in Southwest Florida. Walker and her colleagues propose a model that explains where wetsite deposits can be expected within the sprawling complex of mounds, middens, and canals. The Thomasson figurehead of a crane also is discussed in light of the similar figurehead carvings from Key Marco.
Introduction
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

The introduction challenges the widely held view in Western scholarship that the supposed “militarization” of the Cuban Revolution is key to understanding its longevity. While the pervasiveness of the armed forces in revolutionary Cuba is hard to refute, this chapter argues that it is the Revolution’s guerrilla origins, rather than its “militarism,” that partly explains its survival and the political authority of its leaders. Specifically, it is the promotion of a guerrilla ethos in the Revolution’s official, hegemonic discourse that, through the creation of a new political culture since 1959, has afforded historic legitimacy to the ex-guerrilla fighters in power. This chapter explains how the author, through discourse analysis, draws on the works of Michel Foucault and Norman Fairclough to examine a range of texts that span the Revolution’s six decades in power. This analysis reveals a consistent endorsement of the values and attributes associated with the guerrilla fighter, a phenomenon introduced here as guerrillerismo.
Introduction
Authors: Hadley David P.
Published: January 2020

The introduction examines the overall questions animating the core work. Using Director of Central Intelligence William E. Colby’s explanation of how opinion shaped CIA activity, it explores how the CIA both was influenced by the press and sought to influence the press to shape the environment in which it operated. The introduction also explores the previous understandings of how the press and the CIA interacted and disputes a persistent theory originated by Deborah Davis that there existed a program called Mockingbird designed by the CIA to manipulate the press. It argues also that, in addition to Cold War–related activities, the CIA was interested in the press as a way to promote its reputation and establish its security within the national security bureaucracy.
The Postwar Intelligence Debate and the CIA
Authors: Hadley David P.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the dissolution of the World War II–era U.S. intelligence agency, the Office of Strategic Services. Facing competition from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the military intelligence services, and without a strong political patron, the OSS was not maintained after the war as many of its members wished. Beyond desiring that the OSS continue to function, many of its members articulated a clear ideology of intelligence, calling for a centralized, activist agency that could both gather secret intelligence and conduct covert warfare. This model was at odds with the collection and coordination focus of the early Central Intelligence Agency. While initially unsuccessful, the OSS vision ultimately triumphed in part because of the cultivation of key members of the press. The press was especially important owing to its criticism of the CIA for failures of prediction while remaining silent on covert operations; thus, failed operations did not impede advocates for covert action, while advocates for an agency focused on collection and analysis labored under unrealistic expectations.
The British Gaumont Thrillers
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the seven thrillers created by Hitchcock in Britain just before he left for America: The Man Who Knew Too Much, The 39 Steps, Secret Agent, Sabotage, Young and Innocent, The Lady Vanishes, and Jamaica Inn. These thrillers established his international reputation and helped build a demand for his services among American studios. The chapter explores the influence of the British Board of Film Censors on these films as well as the reaction of the Production Code Administration, which reviewed each of the films in the light of its own criteria before permitting US distribution. At first, American censors simply scissored ‘objectionable’ scenes, but toward the end of Hitchcock’s British tenure, they involved themselves in decisions made at every stage of the production process.
Spellbound (1945)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

In one of the earliest films to depict the budding field of psychoanalysis, Alfred Hitchcock dealt with oversight from David O. Selznick’s personal psychiatrist as well as the Production Code. Both the psychiatrist and the censors found an abundance of erotic symbolism in the dream sequence created by Salvador Dal’, which was cut significantly in the final film. The Production Code office was also concerned about the suggestion of an illicit affair between psychiatrist Ingrid Bergman and her patient Gregory Peck, the new head of the asylum where much of the story takes place. The film did well at the box office, but its simplistic view of psychoanalysis has caused it to age poorly.
I Confess (1953)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

I Confess is based on a 1902 play in which a priest, after hearing the confession of a murderer, is himself accused of the crime and, unwilling to break the seal of the confessional and reveal the real killer’s identity, is convicted and sent to the gallows. Here again, a Hitchcock film ran afoul of the Code dictum that murderers may not go unpunished. The Production Code Administration logged more suggestions regarding this film, fifty-nine in all, than they did on any other Hitchcock film. Most involved the details of the confessional seal and the priest’s obligations. The censors were also concerned about a love affair the priest had before deciding to enter the seminary. Despite all these concerns, the Code office had no objections to the priest being hanged, so long as the real murderer did not get off scot-free. However, Warner Bros. did not want to send rising star Montgomery Clift to the gallows, so the script was rewritten to acquit him, leading to a climax in which the real murderer is fingered by his wife and killed trying to escape.
Hitchcock in Ascendance
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes Hitchcock’s working relationships during his most productive years as a director. Under terms negotiated by his agent, Lew Wasserman, ownership of the films he directed for Paramount reverted to Hitchcock eight years after their initial release, eventually pushing his earnings well beyond those of his peers. As Hitchcock’s star ascended, the influence of Joe Breen and the Production Code declined. Joe Breen’s health failed, and he was replaced in 1954 by his assistant, Geoffrey Shurlock, who was more accommodating than his predecessor with directors he admired, like Hitchcock. The Code itself received a major makeover in 1956 with the rescinding of flat bans on illegal drugs, abortion, white slavery, and kidnapping. Restrictions on such long-forbidden words as damn and hell were also lifted, and some directors, like Otto Preminger, openly challenged the Code and released films, notably The Moon Is Blue, without a Code Seal. Subsequent chapters include detailed discussions on the impacts of censorship on each of the eleven films Hitchcock made during his glory years.
Vertigo (1958)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

Vertigo received mixed reviews on its initial release, but a 2012 poll of film critics rated it the best film of all time. During script preparation and filming, the Production Code Administration reported several objections to the somewhat implausible story of a man who tricks a friend with vertigo, played by James Stewart, into witnessing the ‘suicide’ of the man’s wife with the help of a double for the wife who later falls in love with the friend. Code office objections included the filming of intimate undergarments drying on a line, discussions of brassiere design, a ‘cat house’ reference, all scenes that are ‘objectively lustful’ and feature ‘open mouth kissing,’ and any hint of sexual relations between the Stewart character and the two characters played by Kim Novak. Most of all, the censors advised that ‘it is most important’ that the guilty husband be brought back for trial. The ban on unpunished crime had an adverse impact on more of Hitchcock’s American films, starting with Rebecca, than almost any other Code provision. Hitchcock made a show of accommodating the dictum in Vertigo by filming an ending in which Stewart and his ex-fianc’e listen to a news broadcast announcing that the villainous husband has been captured and is about to be extradited for trial. The ending was so out of place and obviously ‘tacked on’ that it was cut from the American release but included in foreign prints to satisfy the censorship boards of other countries.
North by Northwest (1959)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

North by Northwest chronicles a cross-country chase in which Cary Grant is mistakenly identified as a spy and pursued by spies and police from the UN building in New York to Mount Rushmore in South Dakota. The Production Code lodged three key objections to the film: the possible homosexuality of the henchman played by Martin Landau; Cary Grant’s status as a twice-divorced man; and any hint that the double agent played by Eva Marie Saint is a ‘woman of loose morals.’ The Code also seriously questioned the advisability of identifying Saint’s character as the mistress of the lead spy, played by James Mason.
Hitchcock accommodated many of the Code objections by dubbing in dialogue changes, a few of which are visible on-screen. In the film’s climax, he looped in dialogue in which Grant welcomes Eva Marie Saint as his new wife as he helps her into an upper berth on the Twentieth Century Limited, but undermines this lip service with a final scene of the train going through a tunnel a clear bit of phallic symbolism.
Family Plot (1976)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

There is little in Hitchcock’s final film that could not have been filmed ten years earlier under the Production Code. Double entendres between two of the lead actors, Barbara Harris and Bruce Dern, along with a smattering of swear words, are the only elements that might have been questioned by the Code censors. Critical reviews were mixed, but the film did well at the box office and ended with Barbara Harris winking at the camera, a wink that Hitchcock appropriated for his own image in the ad campaign, which featured him winking at the audience from inside a crystal ball, a fitting end to over fifty years of collaboration with a grateful audience.
Strategic Landpower
Authors: Hillison Joel
Published: January 2020

While Clausewitz would suggest that the nature of war never changes, the nature of landpower has changed over time. Deviant globalization and the empowerment of non-state actors have increased the challenges in the application of landpower. Non-state actors, such as the Taliban, the Islamic State, Al Qa'ida, and Transnational Criminal Networks (TCN) are just a few examples. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, landpower has been employed to address a much broader range of traditional and non-traditional threats. While the United States has a strong record of accomplishment in successfully employing landpower at the tactical and operational levels, its ability to achieve desired political outcomes with the application of landpower is less stellar. By examining the diffusion of power and its impact on non-state actors, senior military leaders will be better equipped to employ landpower in pursuit of US interests. Leaders seeking to employ strategic landpower must improve their ability to link tactical and operational success to strategic victory.
Denying Sanctuary
Authors: Roberts Gregory
Published: January 2020

This chapter contends that the United States' inability to conclude the war in Afghanistan has been a direct consequence of its political aim. Policy-makers intended Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) to achieve a state of perpetual prevention that not only eliminated terrorist sanctuaries but also denied terrorists the possibility of sanctuary in the future. Attaining this goal required an open-ended commitment of American landpower, until such time as a new Afghan political order could prevent terrorist safe havens from reemerging. However, US policy-makers repeatedly planned for the termination of the military campaign rather than the achievement of its political objective.Consequently, the United States never developed a strategy for achieving OEF's desired end state.
Reading Manila, Thinking Wiesbaden
Authors: DiCrocco James
Published: January 2020

This is a comparison of the difficult situations facing two different American armies, one in the Philippines in 1941-1942 and the other in contemporary Europe, headquartered in Wiesbaden, Germany. Although there are many differences between the two situations confronting the two armies, there also are similarities. Both armies were understrength, consisting of about 30,000 US soldiers. Both operated in a resource-constrained environment. Both had to prepare to contend with large, aggressive powers in the region. Both armies were responsible for the defense of a broad regional expanse. The United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) ultimately were ill-prepared when the Japanese struck the Philippines on 8 December 1941. It is important that United States Army Europe (USAREUR) and its allies do not meet a fate similar to what their comrades in arms did in 1942.
Foreword
Authors: Bolger Daniel P.
Published: January 2020

American landpower has failed in the wars of post-9/11, particularly while combating the insurgencies in Afghanistan and Iraq. The United States and its allies have a lot to learn before successes can be achieved again. Self-appraisal will only occur from studies like this one.
What Matters in (Naturalized) Metaphysics?
Authors: Allen Sophie R. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

Can metaphysics ever really be compatible with science? In this paper, I investigate the implications of the methodological approach to metaphysical theorizing known as naturalized metaphysics. In the past, metaphysics has been rejected entirely by empirically-minded philosophers as being too open to speculation and for relying on methods which are not conducive to truth. But naturalized metaphysics aims to be a less radical solution to these difficulties, treating metaphysical theorizing as being continuous with science and restricting metaphysical methods to empirically respectable ones. I investigate a significant difficulty for naturalized metaphysics: that it lacks the methodological resources to comparatively evaluate competing ontological theories, or even to distinguish adequately between them. This objection is more acute when applied to robust realist versions of naturalized metaphysics, since the realist should be able to say which theory is true of the objective world. If this objection holds, then it seems that the commitment to naturalized metaphysics, or to robust realism about the categories and processes in metaphysics, will have to be relaxed.
Intuition as Philosophical Evidence
Authors: Pailos Federico Mathías ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

Earlenbaugh and Molyneux’s argument against considering intuitions as evidence has an uncharitable consequence — a substantial part of philosophical practice is not justified. A possible solution to this problem is to defend that philosophy must be descriptive metaphysics. But if this statement is rejected, one can only argue (a) that experts’ intuition does constitute evidence, and (b) that philosophical practice is justified by the overall growth of philosophical knowledge it generates.
Is James’s Pragmatism Really a New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking?
Authors: Shaw Elizabeth ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

Pragmatism may be the aspect of William James’s thought for which he is best known; but, at the same time, James’s pragmatism may be among the most misunderstood doctrines of the past century. There are many meanings of word “pragmatism,” even within James’s own corpus. Not a single unified doctrine, pragmatism may be better described as a collection of positions which together form a coherent philosophical system. This paper examines three interrelated uses of the term: (1) pragmatism as a temperament, (2) pragmatism as a philosophical method, and (3) pragmatism as a “humanistic” and “concrete” theory of knowledge and truth. Some critics infer that pragmatist truth is relative or subjective. This paper concludes with a consideration of James’s responses to such critics. Though James maintains truth is something both “made” and “satisfying,” he just as clearly affirms that as it develops, truth is ever constrained by the elements of extramental reality as well as previously vetted truths. This pragmatist truth is not a function of personal caprice, and the pragmatist is certainly not one who denies an objective order or bends the world to his wishes.
How to Investigate the Grammar of Aspect-Perception
Authors: Agam-Segal Reshef ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

I argue that the typical Wittgensteinian method of philosophical investigation cannot help elucidate the grammar of aspect-seeing. In the typical Wittgensteinian method, we examine meaning in use: We practice language, and note the logical ramifications. I argue that the effectiveness of this method is hindered in the case of aspect-seeing by the fact that aspect-seeing involves an aberrant activity of seeing: Whereas it is normally nonsense to say that we choose what to see (decide to see the White House red, for instance), it is possible to see aspects at will—e.g. to decide to see Jastrow’s duck-rabbit as a duck. I suggest an alternative method of investigation, one that reflects on language from a disengaged standpoint: a method that allows us to entertain a form of conceptualization of an object but does not commit us to adopting that way—namely, that does not involve us in a use of the object according to the norms that govern that conceptualization. This method, I argue, fits the subject matter of aspect-perception, since aspect-perception itself involves such a disengaged form of reflection.
Listening between the Lines: Alexander’s Musical Legacy in Italy (13th–15th Centuries)
Authors: Restani Donatel
Published: January 2020

This chapter consists of three examples of sound and music tales in Alexander’s life as transmitted in Italian medieval literature, and a coda pertaining to the early modern era. It deals with the Italian segment of Alexander’s musical legacy in medieval European literature, elaborated from vulgarisations and adaptations of the so-called Alexander Romance. Three main topics are focused on: human voice vs non-human voice, music education for a king and sonorous mirabilia. Two features are introduced: the significant role of music in shaping Alexander’s knowledge and his image as a chivalric king; the impact of the literature on Alexander upon 13th–14th century travellers by Europeans in Asia. The coda concerns the possibility that Alexander was imitated as idealised patron of the sciences and arts in the musical performance (intermedi) organised for the 1589 Florentine wedding of Ferdinand I de’ Medici and Christina of Lorraine.
The Music of the Modern Greeks in Western and Eastern Music Literature, from the 9th to the 19th Centuries
Authors: Romanou Katy
Published: January 2020

This chapter concerns the interactions between Eastern and western music from the ninth to the 19th century. Through observations of western writers (such as Zarlino, Burney, Martini, Villoteau, Fétis) about the music of their contemporary Greeks, it is shown that most of the Eastern terms and concepts described in western treatises of the 9th century (when the East influenced the West) have been preserved almost unchanged in the Greek church over the centuries. By the end of the 18th century, westernisation of the East and the spread of nationalism brought great political and cultural changes to the population of Asia Minor. In Constantinople, music theory and the notation of the Greek chant were then rationalised (westernised). In the books of the reformer, Chrysanthos of Madytos, the strong influence of the French Enlightenment is most evident, side by side though with, still vivid, Eastern concepts and ideas.