bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from the Arabian Gulf off the coast of Kuwait. Family Bucephalidae Poche, 1907, and the description of a new species
Authors: Nahhas F. , Sey O. , Nakahara G.
Published: September 2006

Six species of Bucephalidae are reported: Subfamily Bucephalinae: Bucephalus sphyraenae Yamaguti, 1952 from Sphyraena obtusata and S. chrysotaenia (Sphyraenidae) (new host records); Bucephalus margaritae Ozaki and Ishibashi, 1934 from Atropus atropos, Scomberoides commersonianus, Carangoides malabaricus (Carangidae), Gerres filamentosus (Gerreidae) (new host record) and Sphyraena jello (new host record); Rhipidocotyle pseudorhombi n. sp. from Pseudorhombus arsius is characterized by and differs from its congeners by several characteristics including an elongate body, a rhynchus with 7 thin papillae, a long tuular caecum extending posteriorly to the ovarian level, goads in the posterior half of the body, and contiguous testes not separated by uterine coils. More specifically it differs from R. heptathelata and R. septapapillata by having a long cirrus sac relative to body length, tandem and more anterior testes. Subfamily Prosorhynchinae: Prosorhynchus pacificus Manter, 1940 from Epinephelus tauvina (Serranidae) and Gnathonodon speciosus (Carangidae) (new host record); P. epinepheli Yamaguti, 1939 from Epinephelus areolatus; P. manteri Srivastava, 1938 from Trichiurus lepturus (Trichiuridae). All species, except Prosorhynchus epinepheli represent new records from the Arabian Gulf.
Nematode parasites of the characid fish Brycon hilarii from the River Juba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Saraiva A. , Silva F. , Silva-Souza A.
Published: September 2006

Specimens of the characid fish Brycon hilarii collected in dry and wet seasons in the River Juba, Tangará da Serra, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were surveyed for nematode parasites. Contracaecum sp. Type 1 and Type 2 larvae of Moravec, Kohn et Fernandes, 1993 were detected in the mesentery and liver, and Neocucullanus neocucullanus and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus were observed in the intestine and pyloric caeca 75% of the nematodes were detected in the wet season. This is the first report of fish parasites from the River Juba and of the occurrence of Contracaecum larvae in B. hilarii.
Digenetic trematodes of some teleost fish off the Mudanya Coast (Sea of Marmara, Turkey)
Authors: Oguz M. , Bray R.
Published: September 2006

A total of 200 fishes belonging to nine species were sampled from the Sea of Marmara. Thirteen trematode species were recorded in the intestine of these hosts: Helicometra fasciata and Diphterostomum brusinae in Zosterisessor ophiocephalus; Monascus filiformis in Trachurus trachurus; Dicrogaster purpusilla, Schikhobalotrema sparisomae and Sacccocoelium obesum in Liza saliens; Macvicaria alacris, H. fasciata and Gaevskajatrema perezi in Symphodus tinca; Anisocladium fallax and A. capitellum in Uranoscopus scaber; Stephanostomum caducum in Merluccius merluccius; Bucephalus marinus, Stephanostomum gaidropsari and H. fasciata in Gaidopsarus mediterraneus; H. fasciata in Scorpaena scrofa and Gobius cobitis.
Influence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita r. 1 on growth of grapevine
Authors: Sasanelli N. , D’Addabbo T. , Lišková M.
Published: September 2006

The effect of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 at different population densities (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25,... 256 eggs and juveniles/cm3 soil) on the growth of a rootstock (1103 Paulsen) and a cv. Italia of grapevine was studied in glasshouse experiment. One-year-old, self-rooted plants were transplanted into 1,200 cm3 plastic pots containing soil infested by M. incognita race 1 at different inoculum levels. Reproduction of M. incognita race 1 was significantly higher on cv. Italia than on the rootstock 1103 Paulsen. Tolerance limits (T) of 1.28 and 0.78 eggs and juveniles/cm3 soil were estimated respectively for 1103 Paulsen and Italia. Minimum relative plant growth of 0.55, 0.80 and 0.85, respectively for shoot length and node number increase and fresh top weight, were estimated for 1103 Paulsen; whereas values of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.60 were assessed for the cv. Italia. Nematode equilibrium density was 33.6 and 137.8 eggs and juveniles/cm3 soil, on 1103 Paulsen and Italia, respectively.
Nematode communities in three types of grassland in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Čerevková A.
Published: September 2006

Nematode communities were studied and compared in three different types of grassland throughout the Slovak Republic: new meadow (established during last 3 years), permanent meadow and permanent pasture. A total of 85 nematode species from 64 genera were found. The identified nematode species belonged mainly to the orders Tylenchida (31), Dorylaimida (22), and Rhabditida (12). The most abundant species were Helicotylenchus digonicus, Rhabditis spp., Filenchus filiformis and Enchodelus macrodorus in new meadows, H. digonicus and E. macrodorus in permanent meadows and H. digonicus and Aporcelaimellus obtusicaudatus in permanent pastures. Plant parasitic nematodes were dominant in all investigated types of grassland, followed by bacterial feeders in new meadows and omnivores in permanent meadows and pastures. Maturity index (MI) and B/F depended with the age of grassland and thus with succession from newly established meadows to permanent meadows and permanent pastures. Nematode communities were more similar in permanent meadows and pastures than in new meadows and were also influenced by geographic condition.
Tetrameres (Tetrameres) nouveli bodrogensis n. ssp. (Spirurata) and other nematodes of three species of shorebirds (Charadriiformes) in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Macko J. , Štefančíková A. , Macková A.
Published: September 2006

Eight taxons of nematode parasites were recovered from three species of charadriid shorebirds (Charadriiformes) from Slovakia: common ringed plover — Charadrius hiaticula (L.) (No=9), little ringed plover — Charadrius dubius Scop., 1786 (No=56) and golden plover — Pluvialis apricaria (L.)(No=14). New host record (Ch.dubius) were registered for Tetrameres (Tetrameres) nouveli (Seurat, 1914), described as so far unknown Tetrameres (T.) nouveli bodrogensis n. ssp. New data on Victorocara charadrii Belopolskaja, 1953 have been pointed out. Besides the taxons mentioned above, the following species were registered: Eucoleus contorta, Eucoleus obtusiuscula and in Slovakia so far not described Capillaria limicolae, Tetrameres (T.) sp., Capillaridae gen. sp. and Anisakidae gen. sp.
Occurrence of Xiphinema species in grapevine areas of Tyrnavos with comments on the distribution of X. italiae in Greece
Authors: Tzortzakakis E. , Pateras D. , Charoulis A.
Published: September 2006

A survey for presence of Xiphinema species was undertaken in the viticulture areas of Tyrnavos, Thessally, Greece. Soil samples were collected from existing vineyards and from fields where grapevines had been uprooted and were currently under fallow or a cereal crop. The species X. index, X. italiae and X. pachtaicum were present in 37% of the samples with a prevalence of the last two species in uprooted fields. The occurrence of X. italiae in association with light sandy soils is discussed and compared with similar findings from other Greek grapevine areas.
Metamaterial-based source and scattering enhancements: From microwave to optical frequencies
Authors: Ziolkowski R.
Published: September 2006

A brief review of metamaterial applications to source and scattering problems in the microwave and optical frequency regimes is given. Issues associated with modelling these systems are discussed. Electrically small radiating and scattering systems are emphasized. Single negative, double negative, and zero-index versions of these metamaterial-based systems are introduced that provide a means to manipulate their efficiency, bandwidth, and directivity characteristics.
Modelling of isotropic double negative media for microwave applications
Authors: Vendik I. , Vendik O. , Kolmakov I. , Odit M.
Published: September 2006

A composite medium consisting of two sublattices of dielectric spherical particles of high permittivity and different radii embedded in a dielectric matrix of smaller permittivity are considered. It has been shown that such a composite medium reveals properties of an isotropic double negative media (DNG) in a limited frequency range, when resonance oscillations of HIII mode in one kind of particles and EIII mode in another kind of particles are excited simultaneously. The EIII resonance and the HIII resonance give rise to the magnetic dipole momentum and the electric dipole momentum correspondingly. Averaging the magnetic momentum and the electric momentum over the cells belonging to the appropriate spherical particles gives the negative permittivity and permeability. The model of diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave on a dielectric sphere is presented and compared with the mixing rule based consideration. The results obtained are rather close. Distribution of the electromagnetic wave outside the sphere is calculated. Influence of the dispersion of the sphere size and the dielectric permittivity on the effective parameters of the DNG material is estimated.
A review of size and geometrical factors influencing resonant frequencies in metamaterials
Authors: Johnson N. , Khokhar A. , Chong H. , Rue R. , Antosiewicz T. , McMeekin S.
Published: September 2006

Although metamaterials and so-called left-handed media have originated from theoretical considerations, it is only by their practical fabrication and the measurement of their properties that they have gained credibility and can fulfil the potential of their predicted properties. In this review we consider some of the more generally applicable fabrication methods and changes in geometry as they have progressed, exhibiting resonant frequencies ranging from radio waves to the visible optical region.
Identifying magnetic response of split-ring resonators at microwave frequencies
Authors: Aydin K. , Ozbay E.
Published: September 2006

In this study we provide experimental methods to identify the magnetic resonance of split ring resonantors (SRR) at the microwave frequency regime. Transmission measurements were performed on both single SRR unit cell and periodic arrays of SRRs. The magnetic response of the SRR structure was demonstrated by comparing the transmission spectra of SRRs with closed ring resonators (CRR). Effects of the changes in the effective dielectric constant of the SRR medium on the band-gaps of SRR are investigated experimentally. SRRs not only exhibit a magnetic resonance band gap but also a band gap due to the electric resonance. Finally, we present the effect of electric coupling to the magnetic resonance of bianisotropic SRRs by utilizing SRRs with different orientations, and incident electromagnetic wave polarizations.
Photonic band structure of oxidized macroporous silicon
Authors: Glushko A. , Karachevtseva L.
Published: September 2006

We investigated theoretically the effect of surface silicon oxide layer on the photonic band structure of a macroporous silicon photonic crystal. Using the plain wave method we have shown that the bandgap in oxidized structure is shifted to the higher frequencies relative to non-oxidized case. We also demonstrate that comparatively wide absolute bandgap can be obtained for low air filling fractions by using thick SiO2 layer. As an example of possible application of such three-component systems, we have shown the concept of a selector of electromagnetic modes based on our calculations.
Optical bistability of planar metal/dielectric nonlinear nanostructures
Authors: Noskov R. , Zharov A.
Published: September 2006

We study theoretically a nonlinear response of the planar metal/dielectric nanostructures constituted from periodical array of ultra thin silver layers and the layers of Kerr-like nonlinear dielectric. We predict hysteresis-type dependences of the components of the tensor of effective dielectric permittivity on the field intensity allowing the change in material transmission properties from transparent to opaque and back at extremely low intensities of the light. It makes possible to control the light by light in all-optical nanoscale devices and circuits.
Optical guided dispersions and subwavelength transmissions in dispersive plasmonic circular holes
Authors: Kim K. , Cho Y. , Tae H. , Lee J.
Published: September 2006

The light transmission through a dispersive plasmonic circular hole is numerically investigated with an emphasis on its subwavelength guidance. For a better understanding of the effect of the hole diameter on the guided dispersion characteristics, the guided modes, including both the surface plasmon polariton mode and the circular waveguide mode, are studied for several hole diameters, especially when the metal cladding has a plasmonic frequency dependency. A brief comparison is also made with the guided dispersion characteristics of a dispersive plasmonic gap [K.Y. Kim, et al., Opt. Express 14, 320–330 (2006)], which is a planar version of the present structure, and a circular waveguide with perfect electric conductor cladding. Finally, the modal behaviour of the first three TM-like principal modes with varied hole diameters is examined for the same operating mode.
Electromagnetic modelling of 3D periodic structure containing magnetized or polarized ellipsoids
Authors: Koledintseva M.
Published: September 2006

Coupling matrix and coupling coefficient concepts are applied to the interaction of an incident plane wave with a regular array of small magnetized or polarized ellipsoids, placed in a homogeneous surrounding medium. In general case, the angle of incidence and polarization of the plane wave upon an array of ellipsoids can be arbitrary. In this model, it is assumed that all the ellipsoids are the same, and the direction of their magnetization is also the same. The direction of magnetization is arbitrary with respect to the direction of the propagation of the incident wave and to the boundary plane between the first medium, where the incident wave comes from, and the array material under study. Any magnetized or polarized ellipsoid is represented as a system of three orthogonal elementary magnetic radiators (EMR) and/or three orthogonal elementary electric radiators (EER). Mutual interactions of individual radiators in the array through the incident plane wave and corresponding scattered electromagnetic fields are taken into account. The electrodynamic characteristics — reflection from the surface of the semi-infinite array (in particular, containing uniaxial hexagonal ferrite resonators), transmission through the array, and absorption are analyzed.
Experimental Techniques for the Investigation of the Elasto‐Plastic Transition Zone of Foamed Materials
Authors: Öchsner A. , Fiedler T. , Grácio J. , Kuhn G.
Published: September 2006

The classical assumption in solid materials, i.e. that the plastic behaviour is incompressible, does no longer hold in the case of cellular materials. The plastic behaviour is pressure‐sensitive due to the cellular structure even when the pure base material is independent of the hydrostatic pressure in the plastic range. Therefore, the yield criterion needs to incorporate the hydrostatic pressure. In many cases, the yield criterion can be simplified to an additive form where an arbitrary scalar function weights the influence of the hydrostatic stress. The yield stress can be obtained from uniaxial tests but the determination of the weighting function for the hydrostatic stress requires the realisation of multi‐axial stress states. This work presents two experimental procedures, i.e. an experiment under plane strain conditions and the axial compression, for the determination of the parameters of the yield criterion in the elasto‐plastic transition zone. Furthermore, both experiments aim to determine a second elastic constant if for example Young's modulus is known from uniaxial compression tests. The proposed procedures are numerically applied to a material obeying the Deshpande‐Fleck yield criterion.[1,2]
Density‐Graded Cellular Aluminum
Authors: Brothers A. H. , Dunand D. C.
Published: September 2006

Open‐cell metallic foams with controlled, continuous density gradients were created from polyurethane foam precursors using an investment casting method. This method, designed to improve mass‐efficiency in load‐bearing metallic foams and facilitate bonding of foams to dense materials in higher‐order structures, is described in detail, and demonstrated through pure aluminum foams with model relative density gradients. Methods for structural characterization, including non‐destructive local density mapping, are also illustrated.
Replication Processing of Highly Porous Materials
Authors: Conde Y. , Despois J.‐F. , Goodall R. , Marmottant A. , Salvo L. , San Marchi C. , Mortensen A.
Published: September 2006

There exist several methods for the production of highly porous materials; among these, replication processing is well‐adapted for open‐pore microcellular structures. The process begins by making a porous preform, open pores of which are filled with the foam material. Thereafter the preform is removed, generally by shaking or by dissolution, leaving an interconnected porous network within the foam material. We give here a general description of the process and its variants. We then give a brief overview of its fundamentals, placing particular focus on pathways it offers for microstructural tailoring and control.
The Structure of Random Foam
Authors: Kraynik A. M.
Published: September 2006

Surface Evolver models of soap froth with a wide range of cell‐size distributions are used to investigate random cellular morphology. Geometric properties of foams and foam cells are analyzed. A simple, accurate theory relates the total suface area of foam to the cell‐size distribution. The total surface area is approximately equal to the total edge length when both quantities are scaled by average cell volume. Voronoi structures are significantly different from foams, which raises questions over their use for predicting structure‐property relationships.
Cover Picture: The Structure of Random Foam (Adv. Eng. Mater. 9/2006)
Authors: Kraynik A. M.
Published: September 2006

The cover picture shows some results of simulated metal foam structures. To learn more about the structure of random foams, read the article by Andrew M. Kraynik on page 900.

Surface Evolver models of soap froth with a wide range of cell‐size distributions are used to investigate random cellular morphology. Geometric properties of foams and foam cells are analyzed. A simple, accurate theory relates the total suface area of foam to the cell‐size distribution. The total surface area is approximately equal to the total edge length when both quantities are scaled by average cell volume. Voronoi structures are significantly different from foams, which raises questions over their use for predicting structure‐property relationships.
Asymmetric oxidation of sulfides catalyzed by chiral (salen)Mn(III) complexes with a pyrrolidine backbone
Authors: Gao Aiping , Wang Mei , Shi Jicheng , Wang Dongping , Tian Wei , Sun Licheng
Published: September 2006

Catalytic properties of a series of chiral (pyrrolidine salen)Mn(III) complexes for asymmetric oxidation of aryl methyl sulfides were evaluated. Moderate activity, good chemical selectivity and low enantioselectivity were attained with iodosylbenzene as a terminal oxidant. Enantioselectivity of sulfide oxidation was affected slightly by polar solvent and the sulfoxidation carried out in THF for thioanisole and in CH3CO2Et for electron‐deficient sulfides gave better enatioselctivities. The addition of the donor ligand PPNO (4‐phenylpyridine N‐oxide) or MNO (trimethylamine N‐oxide) only has a minor positive effect on the enantioselectivity. Also explored was the steric effect of the Naza‐substituent in the backbone of (pyrrolidine salen)Mn(III) complexes on the enantioselectivity of sulfide oxidation. The sulfides' access pathway is discussed based on the catalytic results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work roles, tasks, and the information behavior of dentists
Authors: Landry Carol Fay
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects work roles (patient management/service provider, administrator/manager, researcher, educator, and student) and their associated tasks have on the choice of information sources used to meet private practice dentists' information needs. Additionally, the study investigated how the Internet has affected the information seeking of dentists. Using Leckie, Pettigrew, and Sylvain's (1996) model of the information seeking of professionals as the conceptual framework, vignette‐based, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 12 dentists in the metropolitan areas of Seattle, Tacoma, and Everett, Washington. Follow‐up interviews were used to investigate dentists' use of the Internet. Findings revealed that the type of work role‐related task significantly shapes dentists' choices of information sources; the Internet emerged as a significant information source because it provides up‐to‐date information in a convenient and timely manner; the Internet is a complement to traditional information sources, not a replacement for them; and the Leckie and associates (1996) general model of professional information seeking is supported by this study.
Role of blood flow on RF exposure induced skin temperature elevations in rabbit ears
Authors: Jia Fu , Ushiyama Akira , Masuda Hiroshi , Lawlor George F. , Ohkubo Chiyoji
Published: September 2006

In this in vivo study, we measured local temperature changes in rabbit pinnae, which were evoked by radiofrequency (RF) exposure for 20 min at localized SAR levels of 0 (sham exposure), 2.3, 10.0, and 34.3 W/kg over 1.0 g rabbit ear tissue. The effects of RF exposures on skin temperature were measured under normal blood flow and without blood flow in the ear. The results showed: (1) physiological blood flow clearly modified RF induced thermal elevation in the pinna as blood flow significantly suppressed temperature increases even at 34.3 W/kg; (2) under normal blood flow conditions, exposures at 2.3 and 10.0 W/kg, approximating existing safety limits for the general public (2 W/kg) and occupational exposure (10 W/kg), did not induce significant temperature rises in the rabbit ear. However, 2.3 W/kg induced local skin temperature elevation under no blood flow conditions. Our results demonstrate that the physiological effects of blood flow should be considered when extrapolating modeling data to living animals, and particular caution is needed when interpreting the results of modeling studies that do not include blood flow. Bioelectromagnetics 28:163–172, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Challenging computer‐based projects for a Mechatronics course: Teaching and learning through projects employing virtual instrumentation
Authors: See Alex
Published: September 2006

For the Mechatronics program in the School of Engineering, at Monash University, one of the approaches to Mechatronics education is mainly through a project‐based course. In this pedagogical approach, the synergistic combination of traditional lecture‐type of teaching and projects were presented to students. This approach is believed to be useful in the providing for hands‐on engineering experience for Mechatronics undergraduate students (MechUGs). This paper describes a second‐year Mechatronics undergraduate project‐based course. This paper deals with and reports on the successfully utilization of virtual instrumentation for Mechatronics projects and engaging the students to learn intuitively. This paper summarizes four different projects based on commercial National Instruments (NIs) LabVIEW software and various hardware, which were successfully implemented. Four groups of second‐year MechUGs were enrolled for a project‐based course for one semester period. The four projects involved the utilization of a variety of hardwares. A common software, LabVIEW was used for all the four projects. These projects involved data acquisition, signal processing, motion control, low‐cost machine vision, and digital I/O (Input/Output) control on NI‐ELVIS (Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite) workstation. This approach has prolifically enabled intuitive learning and hands‐on experience gained by these MechUGs. They were able to successfully complete their Mechatronics projects within a short span of 13 weeks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 14: 222–242, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20083
Academic pathways and increased opportunities for underserved students: Crosscutting themes and lessons learned
Authors: Barnett Elisabeth A. , Bragg Debra D.
Published: September 2006

Drawing on previous chapters in the volume, this chapter identifies crosscutting themes and lessons for those engaged in the development and study of academic pathways. Particular attention is paid to the ways that pathways can increase opportunities for traditionally underserved students.
Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Total Synthesis of Vitamin E by Employing a Domino Wacker–Heck Reaction
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Stecker Florian , Zinngrebe Julia , Sommer Konrad M.
Published: September 2006

An enantioselective total synthesis of vitamin E in which a novel palladium‐catalyzed domino reaction was employed as the key step is described. This reaction allows the formation of the chiral chroman framework and the concurrent introduction of part of the side chain of vitamin E. The sequence comprises an enantioselective Wacker cyclization and a subsequent Heck reaction. Accordingly, reaction of alkenylphenol 12 with methyl vinyl ketone (13) in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(OTFA)2 (TFA = trifluoroacetate), the enantiopure ligand (S,S)‐Bn‐BOXAX (8 b; Bn = benzyl, BOXAX = 2,2′‐bis(oxazolyl)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl, and p‐benzoquinone (9) as an oxidant gives access to chiral chroman 10 with an enantioselectivity of 97 % ee in 84 % yield. Chroman 10 is then converted into 24 by an aldol condensation reaction with (3R)‐3,7‐dimethyloctanal (11). Subsequent 1,2‐addition of methyllithium, elimination of water, and hydrogenation yields vitamin E.
Overtone Spectroscopy: A Sensitive Probe of Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Kjaergaard Henrik G. , Howard Daryl L.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Changes in surgical management resulting from case review at a breast cancer multidisciplinary tumor board
Authors: Newman Erika A. , Guest Amy B. , Helvie Mark A. , Roubidoux Marilyn A , Chang Alfred E. , Kleer Celina G. , Diehl Kathleen M. , Cimmino Vincent M. , Pierce Lori , Hayes Daniel , Newman Lisa A. , Sabel Michael S.
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND

The treatment of breast cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach, and patients are often referred to a multidisciplinary cancer clinic. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the impact of this approach on the surgical management of breast cancer.

METHODS

The medical records of 149 consecutive patients referred to a multidisciplinary breast cancer clinic over a 1‐year period with a diagnosis of breast cancer were reviewed retrospectively for alterations in radiologic, pathologic, surgical, and medical interpretations and the effect that these alterations had on recommendations for surgical management.

RESULTS

A review of the imaging studies resulted in changes in interpretations in 67 of the 149 patients studied (45%). This resulted in a change in surgical management in 11% of patients. Review of the pathology resulted in changes in the interpretation for 43 of the 149 patients (29%). Thirteen patients (9%) had surgical management changes made solely as a result of pathologic reinterpretation. In 51 patients (34%), a change in surgical management was recommended after discussion with the surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists that was not based on reinterpretation of the radiologic or pathologic findings. Overall, a second evaluation of patients referred to a multidisciplinary tumor board led to changes in the recommendations for surgical management in 77 of 149 of those patients studied (52%).

CONCLUSIONS

The changes in management stemmed from differences in mammographic interpretation, pathologic interpretation, and evaluation by medical and radiation oncologists and surgical breast specialists. Multidisciplinary review can provide patients with useful additional information when making difficult treatment decisions. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A Novel Copper(I) Halide Framework Templated by Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Polyoxometalate Chains Formed In Situ: A New Route for the Design and Synthesis of Porous Frameworks
Authors: Jin Hua , Qi Yanfei , Wang Enbo , Li Yangguang , Qin Chao , Wang Xinlong , Chang Song
Published: September 2006

A 1D organic–inorganic hybrid polyoxometalate chain has been used as a non‐coordinating anionic template for the construction of a novel 3D copper halide 4,4′‐bipy framework, namely [Cu3ICl(4,4′‐bipy)4][CuII(1,10‐phen)2Mo8O26]. X‐ray diffraction experiments revealed that the title compound consists of chloride‐bridged trinuclear CuI units linked by neutral organic 4,4′‐bipy groups into a 3D framework with hexagon‐like channels in which 1D organic–inorganic hybrid polyoxometalate chains reside. This is the first example of a 1D organic–inorganic hybrid polyoxometalate chain functioning as a novel anionic template for the construction of a 3D framework. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The influence of articulation, self‐monitoring ability, and sensitivity to others on creativity
Authors: De Vet Arne J. , De Dreu Carsten K. W.
Published: September 2006

Although it is often recommended to think aloud to solve problems and to become more creative, cognitive and social psychological research suggests thinking aloud may actually produce less creative ideas than thinking in silence. The results of two experiments indeed showed that thinking aloud hinders creativity—although people produced the same amount of new uses for an object, these were judged to be less original in the thinking aloud condition. Experiment 2 further showed that this effect was particularly pronounced for individuals with high sensitivity to what other's think of them and low ability to adapt to these expectations. From this, we conclude that the felt presence of an actual or implied audience when thinking aloud, reduces creative idea generation especially among those having difficulty adapting to others. Implications for creativity research, and for promoting creativity in applied settings such as organizational teams are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Sulfur Containing Amino Acids at Renewable Ni‐Powder Doped Carbon Ceramic Electrode: Application to Amperometric Detection L‐Cystine, L‐Cysteine and L‐Methionine
Authors: Salimi Abdollah , Roushani Mahmoud
Published: September 2006

A sol‐gel technique was used here to prepare a renewable carbon ceramic electrode modified with nickel powder. Cyclic voltammograms of the resulting modified electrode show stable and a well defined redox couple due to Ni(II)/Ni(III) system with surface confined characteristics. The modified electrode shows excellent catalytic activity toward L‐cystine, L‐cysteine and L‐methionine oxidation at reduced overpotential in alkaline solutions. In addition the antifouling properties at the modified electrode toward the above analytes and their oxidation products increases the reproducibility of results. L‐cystine, L‐cysteine and L‐methionine were determined chronoamperometricaly at the surface of this modified electrode at pH range 9–13. Under the optimized conditions the calibration curves are linear in the concentration range 1–450 μM, 2–90 μM and 0.2–75 μM for L‐cystine, L‐methionine and L‐cysteine determination, respectively. The detection limit and sensitivity were 0.64 μM, 3.8 nA/ μM for L‐cystine, 2 μM, 5.6 nA/ μM for L‐methionine and 0.2 μM and 8.1 nA/μM for L‐cysteine. The advantageous of this modified electrode is high response, good stability and reproducibility, excellent catalytic activity for oxidation inert molecules at reduced overpotential and possibility of regeneration of the electrode surface by potential cycling for 5 minutes. Furthermore, the modified electrode has been prepared without using specific reagents. This sensor can be used as an amperometric detector for disulfides detection in chromatographic or flow systems.
Direct analysis of hydrogen peroxide by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Shihabi Zak K.
Published: September 2006

A method is described for analysis of hydrogen peroxide directly by CZE in borate buffer based on its absorption in UV light at 185 nm, without reaction with dyes. The absorption at 185 nm was about 3.5 times better than that at 214 nm. Hydrogen peroxide was generated enzymatically from glucose in aqueous solutions and in serum and was removed by the catalase enzyme. To improve the sensitivity of detection, samples were concentrated on the capillary based on stacking by ACN. The method is rapid (∼7 min) and specific.
Rainfall partitioning within semiarid juniper communities: effects of event size and canopy cover
Authors: Owens M. Keith , Lyons Robert K. , Alejandro Chris L.
Published: September 2006

Partitioning bulk rainfall into canopy interception, litter interception, stemflow and throughfall allows an estimate of the physical impact of trees on the local hydrologic budget. Despite recognition of the potentially large effect of interception and associated processes on the hydrologic budget, few, if any, studies have quantitatively evaluated the multiple components simultaneously in semiarid savannas, nor have the effects of rainfall intensity within storms been rigorously evaluated. We monitored interception and rainfall partitioning in individual Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei Buchholz) canopies at ten sites over a 3‐year period. Averaged over all ten sites for 2700 total rain events, about 35% of the bulk rainfall falling on juniper trees was intercepted by the tree canopy, 5% was intercepted by the coarse litter and duff beneath the tree, 55% reached the ground surface as direct and released throughfall, and 5% was redirected to the base of the tree as stemflow. Small amounts of rainfall (<2·5 mm) were entirely captured by the canopy and evaporated to the atmosphere, contributing nothing to soil water under juniper trees. Low intensity rainfall (e.g. 13 mm over a 19‐h period) that could conceivably benefit the local plant community was largely intercepted by the tree canopy (>60% interception). High intensity rainfall was less influenced by juniper canopies. At high intensities (e.g. > 70 mm over a 15‐h period) only 20% of the bulk precipitation was intercepted by the canopy and litter. The hourly pattern of rainfall within extended storms demonstrated periods with low intensity and periods with high intensity. The interception rates during these periods closely mimic the rates seen in similar intensity short duration storms. Canopy and litter interception effectively reduced the beneath‐canopy precipitation from 600 to 360 mm in the western region and from 900 to 540 mm in the eastern region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Springs on rangelands: runoff dynamics and influence of woody plant cover
Authors: Huang Yun , Wilcox Bradford P. , Stern Libby , Perotto‐Baldivieso Humberto
Published: September 2006

To date, little effort has been devoted to understanding the nature of streamflow from dryland catchments where springs are found, and little is known about how changes in vegetation may alter that streamflow. But where they do occur in drylands, springs are important—ecologically as well as hydrologically. Areas that naturally support spring flow, such as those having an underlying karst geology, hold the most promise for increasing streamflow through control of woody plants. For rangelands, this possibility is a particularly appealing one. However, few studies have documented that such a method is effective (except in Mediterranean climates). For this reason, we studied runoff generation for a site on the Edwards Plateau of Texas: a first‐order (19‐ha) rangeland catchment supplied with intermittent streamflow from a spring at its base. Using hydrometric as well as isotopic characterization, we evaluated the extent to which runoff changed following removal of most of the woody plant cover (predominantly Ashe juniper). After monitoring streamflow for 4 years (two before plant removal and two following removal), we found that (1) streamflow increased following removal of juniper, by about 46 mm annually, except during the summer; (2) for the 4 years of observation, runoff made up about 22% of the water budget, with baseflow from the spring accounting for about half the total flow; and (3) hydrograph separation analysis conducted for two events following juniper removal indicated that pre‐event water made up 25% and 50% of the runoff (these numbers represent lower bounds for the percentage of water derived from the spring during storm events). These findings are important, not only because they add to our understanding of runoff generation from spring‐fed catchments, but also in particular because they demonstrate that where springs are present, decreasing woody plant cover may augment runoff. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crosslinking of discrete self‐assembled collagen threads: Effects on mechanical strength and cell–matrix interactions
Authors: Cornwell Kevin G. , Lei Pedro , Andreadis Stelios T. , Pins George D.
Published: September 2006

Bundles of threads extruded from type I collagen have been researched extensively as scaffolds to promote the repair and regeneration of torn tendons and ligaments. The success of these scaffolds has been limited by insufficient tissue ingrowth from the wound margin, which may be inhibited by the chemical or physical crosslinking treatment used to increase the mechanical properties and decrease the degradation rate of these scaffolds. Recently, self‐assembled collagen threads extruded from solutions of type I collagen molecules were shown to possess ultimate tensile strengths and structural properties comparable to native tendon fibers; however the tissue response to these threads has yet to be determined. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of various crosslinking techniques on the mechanical properties as well as the in vitro rate of new tissue ingrowth on these threads. Our findings indicate that the physical crosslinking techniques, dehydrothermal (DHT) or ultraviolet light (UV), most significantly improve the mechanical strengths of the threads, but most significantly decrease the rate of cell migration. In contrast, carbodiimide (EDC) crosslinking achieved sub‐optimal strength generation, but demonstrated improved cell migration rates. Future studies will investigate the design of threads with surface biochemistries that maximize tissue ingrowth while maintaining the mechanical stability of the scaffold. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Targeting histone deacetylases for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases
Authors: Huang Lili
Published: September 2006

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in chromatin remodeling and modification of nonhistone transcription regulatory proteins, thus modulating the expression of genes important for complex biological events. Dysregulation of HDACs and aberrant chromatin acetylation and deacetylation may be implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. A significant number of HDAC inhibitors (HDIs) have been developed in the past decade. These inhibitors demonstrate strong anti‐neoplastic effects in vitro and in vivo by inducing growth arrest, differentiation, and programmed cell death, inhibiting cell migration, invasion, and metastasis, and suppressing angiogenesis. More than a dozen HDIs are currently being evaluated in phase I–II clinical trials in patients with solid and hematological malignancies, and some have already shown promising activity with low toxicity. HDIs also exhibit strong anti‐inflammatory effects in vitro and in animal models for various inflammatory diseases, thus representing a new class of promising agents for treating inflammatory diseases. This review provides an overview of HDACs in gene regulation, HDIs for cancer therapy and for potential treatment of inflammatory diseases, and future perspectives. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 611–616, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mornings with art, lessons learned: Feedback regulation, restriction threshold biology, and redundancy govern molecular stress responses
Authors: Bey Erik A. , Wuerzberger‐Davis Shelly M. , Pink John J. , Yang Chin‐Rang , Araki Shinako , Reinicke Kathryn E. , Bentle Melissa S. , Dong Ying , Cataldo Eva , Criswell Tracy L. , Wagner Mark W. , Li Longshan , Gao Jinming , Boothman David A.
Published: September 2006

Work from the laboratory of Dr. Arthur B. Pardee has highlighted basic principles that govern cellular and molecular biological processes in living cells. Among the most important governing principles in cellular and molecular responses are: (i) threshold “restriction” responses, wherein a level of response is reached and a “point of no return” is achieved; (ii) feedback regulation; and (iii) redundancy. Lessons learned from the molecular biology of cellular stress responses in mammalian cancer versus normal cells after ionizing radiation (IR) or chemotherapeutic agent exposures reveal similar instances of these guiding principles in mammalian cells. Among these are the: (i) induction of cell death responses by β‐lapachone (β‐lap), a naphthoquinone anti‐tumor agent that kills cancer cells via an NQO1 (i.e., X‐ray‐inducible protein‐3, xip3)‐dependent mechanism; (ii) induction of secretory clusterin (sCLU) in response to TGF‐β1 exposure, and the ability of induced sCLU protein to down‐regulate TGF‐β1 signaling; and (iii) induction of DNA mismatch repair‐dependent G2 cell cycle checkpoint responses after exposure to alkylating agents. We have learned these lessons and now adopted strategies to exploit them for improved therapy. These examples will be discussed and compared to the pioneering findings of researchers in the Pardee laboratory over the years. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 604–610, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of extrusion on nutritional quality of maize and Lima bean flour blends
Authors: Pérez‐Navarrete Cecilia , González Rolando , Chel‐Guerrero Luis , Betancur‐Ancona David
Published: September 2006

Maize flour (Zea mays) (M), Lima bean flour (Phaseolus lunatus) (B) and blends of these in proportions of 75M/25B, 50M/50B and 25M/75B (w/w) were extruded and their nutritional quality evaluated. Extrusion was done with a single screw extruder at 160 °C, 100 rpm and 15.5% moisture. In vitro protein digestibility (87%) was higher in the extruded products. Available lysine and resistant starch were highest in 50M/50B raw flour (59.5 g kg−1 protein, 67.9 g kg−1, respectively) but decreased after extrusion (45.5 g kg−1 protein, 16.6 g kg−1, respectively). The same treatment had the lowest available starch (561.6 g kg−1 flour, 507.9 g kg−1 extrudate). Total dietary fiber in the 50M/50B raw flour blend was 144 g kg−1 versus 176 g kg−1 in its extrudate. This was most noticeable for soluble dietary fiber, which increased from 10.6 g kg−1 to 79.4 g kg−1 after processing. Extrusion of blends is feasible up to a 50% bean inclusion level, which improves the nutritional value of the expanded product.Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiwavelength fiber laser based on a high-birefringence
fiber loop mirror
Authors: Liang D-M , Xu X-F , Li Y , Pei J-H , Jiang Y , Kang Z-H , Gao J-Y
Published: September 2006

In this letter, we propose a novel multiwavelength
fiber laser based on fiber loop mirror formed by a
high-birefringence fiber, a polarisation controller, and a 3 dB
directional coupler. By setting the polarisation controller as
half-wave-plate, the fiber loop mirror acts as a
polarisation-independent wavelength filter; Erbium-doped fiber
(EDF) cooling by liquid nitrogen acts as gain medium. The
wavelength spacing between the adjacent modes of the laser can be
varied accurately by adjusting the length of the
High-Birefringence (HiBi) fiber.
Frequency weighted laser Doppler perfusion measurements in skin
Authors: Meinke M , Schröder M , Schütz R , Netz U , Helfmann J , Dörschel K , Pries A , Müller G
Published: September 2006

The laser Doppler (LD) technique has been applied to
measurements of blood perfusion in a number of studies and is the
most popular method for investigating microcirculation in
patients. The skin is supplied with nutrients by the capillaries,
the smallest blood vessels. The nutritive blood flow within the
capillaries is very slow and should be distinguished from the
blood flow of other vessels such as those in deeper layers of the
skin. In this work, a novel laser Doppler flux meter was used. In
contrast to the usual LD technique that only provides a mean flux
value, partial flux values can be calculated which are correlated
to different flow velocities by analyzing different Doppler
frequencies. The influence of the changes in the microcirculation
on the spectral LD signal was investigated on the inner part of
the wrist to select frequency bands, which would allow the best
discrimination of capillary blood flux. The LD measurements were
performed during selective compression of the skin. Results were
obtained from different volunteers and the Doppler signal
intensity in a frequency range from 50 Hz to about 400 Hz was
found to correlate best with the capillary blood flux of the skin.
Application of in-vivo laser scanning microscopy for evaluation
of barrier creams
Authors: Rieger T , Teichmann A , Richter H , Sterry W , Lademann J
Published: September 2006

The occurrence of skin irritation and contact
dermatitis is a common problem in various occupational groups. The
use of barrier creams represents a frequently utilized
prophylactic measure for the protection of the skin, even if their
effectiveness is hotly debated. Up to now, a number of in-vivo and
in-vitro methods are in existence for the evaluation of barrier
creams (BC), which have shown different results regarding the
effectiveness of BC. The aim of the present study was the
application of the in-vivo laser scanning microscopy for the
evaluation of barrier creams. Therefore, sodium fluorescein was
applied topically to track its penetration. Three different
barrier creams were investigated (Vaseline (B) and 2 different
commercially available barrier creams (C and D)) and compared to a
reference area (A). It was shown that Vaseline represents a 100%
protection against sodium fluorescein as no fluorescence could be
detected in the stratum corneum. For barrier cream C, only a weak
fluorescent signal was detectable, while in the case of barrier
cream D, the fluorescent signal was comparable to that of the
reference skin area. The present study revealed that the laser
scanning microscopy represents an adequate, non-invasive, quick
in-vivo technique for the evaluation of BC that even tracks low
differences of effectiveness, which enables the ranking of BC.