bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of MC4R rs17782313 Genotype With Energy Intake and Appetite: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Álvarez-Martín Cristina , Caballero Francisco Félix , de la Iglesia Rocio , Alonso-Aperte Elena
Published: June 2024

Context

The melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) is associated with a higher risk of obesity by the presence of the C allele in rs17782313, but the mechanisms are not clear.

Objective

The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between the different genotypes of MC4R rs17782313 and energy intake and appetite.

Data Sources

A literature search was conducted up to June 2023 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration databases, following PRISMA guidelines.

Data Extraction

Inclusion criteria were studies in humans measuring energy intake, appetite, or satiety in all ages and physiological conditions. Studies dealing solely with body mass index were excluded. Twenty-one articles representing 48 560 participants were included in the meta-analysis.

Data Analysis

According to the NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) quality-assessment criteria, all case-control studies and 6 out of 17 cohort and cross-sectional studies were classified as “good,” while the rest scored as “fair.” Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in a (CT+CC) vs TT dominant model, and both random-effects and fixed-effects models were used. A statistically significant association between the presence of the C allele and increased appetite was found (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.01–1.49; P = .038) using the fixed-effects model, but the random-effects model proved nonsignificant. However, no association with energy intake was found. None of the variables considered (sample size, year of publication, sex, age group, type of population, origin, and quality) were identified as effect modifiers, and no publication biases were found after subgroup and meta-regression analyses.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis that has analyzed the association between rs17782313 of MC4R and energy intake and appetite. Identifying people genetically predisposed to increased appetite may be of great interest, not only to prevent obesity in younger populations but also to avoid malnutrition in elderly persons. This paper is part of the Nutrition Reviews Special Collection on Precision Nutrition.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023417916.
More than Nothing
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney
Published: June 2024

This book is a history of how it came to be that our best physical theories of particles, gravity, and spacetime are theories of the vacuum, of empty space. Today, physicists calculate “vacuum expectation values,” predict the influence of “vacuum fluctuations,” and describe universes and black holes composed of dynamic, yet empty, spacetime. More than this, vacuum physics seems paradoxical. Physicists depict the vacuum as by turns placid and roiling; as a rippling sheet and a crashing sea. More than Nothing provides new interpretations of seminal advances in the history of relativistic quantum theory, including Paul Dirac’s positron theory and Richard Feynman’s and Julian Schwinger’s Quantum Electrodynamics. It provides sustained analysis of understudied figures, including John Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, Roger Penrose’s diagrammatic methods, and Sidney Coleman’s false vacuum. These studies analyze physicists’ diverse interests. This reveals surprising connections between positron theory and mathematical beauty; between fluctuations and Marxian philosophy; between the psychology of “impossible objects” and drawings of black holes; and between symmetry breaking and science fiction. The development of the physics of the vacuum was inseparable from the development of aesthetics, art, psychology, fiction—from culture. By analyzing scientific practice—as documented in notes, correspondence, drawings, laboratory notebooks, and published material—this book shows that physicists chose to center the vacuum because of its utility. Over and again, theorists found the vacuum useful.
Paul Dirac’s Seas and Bubbles
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents a revisionist history of Paul Dirac’s development of his famous “hole” theory of the positron, which proposed that the vacuum was an infinite “sea” of electrons. It argues that the deciding factor in Dirac’s plenum vacuum was his development of tools and practices from non-relativistic many-electron quantum theory. The chapter first demonstrates that Dirac’s early career consistently aimed at a relativistic and many-electron theory. Second, it uses new archival evidence to demonstrate the connection between Dirac’s approximate, many-electron formalism and positron theory. Third, it shows how the continued application of those tools, in collaboration with Rudolf Peierls, resulted in new vacuum phenomena, including vacuum polarization. This chapter argues that a paragon of “fundamental” relativistic theory was in fact (also) an approximate, non-relativistic theory. This was not a problem for Dirac, who felt that approximations could also be beautiful.
Life in a New Language
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Williams Tetteh Vera
Published: June 2024

International migration is at an all-time high as ever more people move across national borders for work or study, in search of refuge or adventure. Regardless of their motivations and whether they intend their moves to be temporary or permanent, all transnational migrants face the challenge of re-building their lives in a different cultural and linguistic context, far away from family and friends, and the everyday routines of their previous lives. Established populations in destination countries may treat migrants with benign neglect at best and outright hostility at worst. How then do migrants make a new life? To answer that question, this book examines the language learning and settlement experiences of 130 migrants to Australia from 34 different countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America over a period of 20 years. Reusing data from six separate sociolinguistic ethnographies, the book illuminates participants’ lived experience of learning and communicating in a new language, finding work, and doing family. Additionally, participants’ experiences with racism and identity-making in a new context are explored. The research uncovers not only significant hardship, but also migrants’ courage and resilience. The book has implications for language service provision, migration policy, and social justice movements.
Collusion and Its Discontents
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

The San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906 is an important milestone in the development of the fire insurance industry, a trajectory that had thus far been characterized by persistent conflicts about rates punctuated by conflagrations and insolvencies. While fire insurance was less frequently included in broader Progressive Era conversations about social insurance, there were significant distributional issues in pricing, availability, and claims adjustment, making it a potent public issue. During the late nineteenth century, state regulators attempted various approaches to reduce premiums, including antitrust strategies and state rate setting. During this period the empirical basis of underwriting improved with the development of detailed maps and schedules that attempted to relate rates to specific hazards. These developments helped to move fire insurance away from the cyclical rate wars that characterized the nineteenth century to a system of sanctioned collusion.
The Challenge to Information Categories
Authors: Clifford Damian
Published: June 2024

Data protection law protects personal data. Personal data is generally defined broadly in data protection law as information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. However, there are significant differences across jurisdictions, and these relate both to the application and interpretation of the definition but also the exclusion of certain types of information from the scope of protection. The challenge is that such exclusions arguably create arbitrary lines disconnected from the risk of harm posed by personal data processing. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to explore this disconnect between how we feel about personal data and risks posed through the lens of the categories-based approach in data protection laws. To demonstrate this disconnect, the analysis in part explores the development of emotional artificial intelligence as a case study from the perspective of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation.
Against Choice of Law Exceptionalism
Authors: Roosevelt Kermit
Published: June 2024

Over the years, choice-of-law scholars have developed a perspective on choice of law as a field distinct from ordinary legal analysis, operating by its own rules. In its first incarnation, this perspective, which I call ‘choice of law exceptionalism’, was a way to remedy some of the defects of territorialist theory. It produced desirable results, but it was not necessary, because the same results could have been reached by simply abandoning territorialist dogma in favour of ordinary legal analysis. As time went on, scholars embraced choice of law exceptionalism for other reasons: first to advance their preferred substantive values and second for its own sake, as a way of freeing scholars from the constraints of ordinary legal analysis and the obligation to listen to state lawmakers. Each of these reasons is bad and choice of law exceptionalism should be abandoned: choice of law needs less theory, not more.
Conflict of Laws
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the dynamic of question and response at work in conflict of laws. On the one hand, questions about jurisdiction and choice of law confront a collective with the experience of collective contingency: conflict of laws exposes ‘us’ to the experience that legal relations can be and are regulated otherwise than how ‘we’ regulate them. Decisions about these questions unfold a double act of identification. On the one hand, they are acts of self-identification that respond to the question, ‘Who are we?’ On the other, they also establishes what, in the instant case, counts for ‘us’ as the alterity of the Other. The double asymmetry at work in conflict of laws—the hiatus or in-between joining and separating the question raised and the question to which ‘we’ respond—renders the encounter between self and Other a political and ethical encounter. It is the ‘inter’ animating what Joseph Story’s Commentaries calls the ‘mutual intercourse between Nations’.
Private International Law and the Legal Pluriverse
Authors: Michaels Ralf
Published: June 2024

Private international law responds to the plurality of existing normative orders, and at the same time, as domestic law, it partakes in that plurality. As a consequence, private international law does not overcome legal plurality, nor does it provide a metanormativity shared between the regimes; it merely adds a second level to the plurality of substantive laws and conflicts regimes. This makes a legal ontology necessary that avoids oneness and embraces plurality. The chapter suggests pluriversality as such an ontology. Drawing on different theories—Carl Schmitt, William James, and decolonial theory—such an ontology is developed and analysed. Private international law is not an add-on in such an ontology; instead it is a constitutive element.
Legal Professional Privilege: General Principles
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides a concise summary of the law of legal professional privilege, with a particular focus on aspects which are most relevant to criminal investigations and proceedings. The chapter examines each of the elements required to establish a claim to legal advice privilege and litigation privilege, including the definition of legal advice, the breadth of communications included within the scope of legal advice privilege once a relevant legal context is established, the definition of ‘client’ in a corporate context, the application of legal advice privilege to documents that are not strictly communications, the types of proceedings to which litigation privilege can apply, at what stage litigation can be said to be reasonably in contemplation, and the meaning of ‘conducting litigation’. The chapter also explains the key principles governing loss and waiver of privilege, including loss of confidentiality, confidential disclosure to third parties, waiver in proceedings, collateral waiver, inadvertent disclosure to the prosecution, and implied waiver. Other topics include statutory abrogation of privilege, the status of pre-existing documents, joint interest privilege, and common interest privilege.
The Police Station and Interviews under Caution
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

An interview under caution is an extremely important stage of the investigative process, and decisions made by suspects at this stage (with or without legal advice) can change the course of the investigation. This chapter focuses on the interaction between legal professional privilege and the practice and procedure of providing advice regarding an interview under caution. Much of the discussion focuses on how privilege may be lost or waived as a result of what the client or their legal adviser says or does whilst at the police station or during interview. Topics include the extent to which a lawyer’s advice to answer no comment can be revealed during an interview under caution without waiving privilege, engaging with third parties on a client’s behalf, the impact on privilege of consulting with a client in the presence of a third party such as an appropriate adult, whether a physical copy of a prepared statement is privileged after having been read out, and the limitations on a suspect who wishes to rely on information that is subject to the privilege of a third party.
Waiver and Cooperation
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the circumstances in which a party may decide to waive legal professional privilege and voluntarily disclose material to investigators or prosecutors, particularly in circumstances where the party self-reports to the authorities and cooperates with an investigation or prosecution. As well as reviewing the law governing limited waivers of privilege, the chapter explains the risks associated with voluntary disclosure of privileged material, including use of the material against the privilege holder, waiver being more extensive than intended, the risk of privilege being lost if the material ceases to be confidential as a result of being referred to in open court, and the risk of onward disclosure to authorities in other jurisdictions. The chapter looks in detail at deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) and the expectations of the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) for waiving privilege in this context. The chapter also briefly considers the approach authorities other than the SFO take to waiver of privilege, including agreements under the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (SOCPA 2005) and the Sentencing Act 2020, leniency agreements with the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), and waiver to the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).
On the Historical Emergence of Basic Human Equality
Authors: Bejan Teresa
Published: June 2024

Recent debates about basic human equality (BHE) in moral and political philosophy share a number of assumptions: (1) that BHE expresses a relationship of sameness with respect to humans’ fundamental status or worth; (2) that it operates as a normatively egalitarian premise of political argument; and (3) that is a definitively modern idea at odds with premodern assumptions of basic human inequality. This chapter challenges all of these assumptions by excavating the many different ideas of equality—as a relationship of balance, indifference, proportion, and parity—on offer in ancient Greece, Rome, and early Christianity. It argues that BHE emerged as an egalitarian premise in early modern England through a largely contingent process of conceptual conflation. Understanding this process can, in turn, shed light on certain objections pressed by critics of BHE today.
Equal Moral Status and the Collective Nature of Rationality
Authors: Christiano Thomas
Published: June 2024

This chapter defends the idea that imperfectly rational beings have equal moral status. It develops a concept of moral status and the relation of moral status to autonomy. It articulates a conception of imperfect rational nature and the collective character of rational nature. It first articulates some intuitive arguments for the truth of equal moral status despite the inequality of rational capacities. It enables us to see persons as having equal moral status on the basis of rational capacities even though they have unequal capacities. Beyond this, the chapter develops a positive argument for the thesis that reflective rational natures are equal in moral status based on the collective nature of rationality and the importance of autonomy as a marker of moral status. The chapter explores some objections to the argument and some limits to the strategy and what the next steps are to overcoming those limits.
Basic Human Moral Equality
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: June 2024

The claim to human equality has been challenged by proponents of a view they call moral individualism. In the face of such criticism, I want to assert the moral equality of all human beings born in a condition compatible with life. My claim of human equality should be understood as a sufficiency condition, one compatible with the extension of moral equality to nonhumans. My refutation of moral individualism proceeds by examining the importance of species membership for assessing moral harm and moral status. It examines the utilitarian arguments of Peter Singer and Jeff McMahan’s ‘Convergent Assimilation’. Each develops a two-tiered moral status, one for moral persons and the other for nonpersons. I especially target the position that intrinsic capacities are the basis for human moral equality and moral personhood. Finally, I propose that denying the sufficiency condition leaves us without the protections of full moral status should we ourselves lose or otherwise find ourselves without the intrinsic properties that moral individualists consider criterial for moral personhood.
Mathematizing Morality
Authors: Buchenau Stefanie
Published: June 2024

This chapter investigates the relationship between Wolff, Baumgarten, and Kant, providing an alternate perspective on their philosophical development. Buchenau emphasizes Wolff’s ambition to transform moral philosophy into a scientific discipline using the mathematical method, with the dual goal of widespread accessibility and moral enhancement for humanity. Highlighting Baumgarten’s critique of Wolff’s aims and his incorporation of practical psychology and aesthetics, the chapter portrays Baumgarten’s work as a softening of Wolff’s rationalistic approach. It contends that Kant’s philosophy can be seen as a partial return to the Wolffian framework, as he also aims to establish a systematic foundation for moral principles and their popular dissemination. Its analysis underscores the intricate interplay between Pietism and Wolffianism, and Baumgarten’s intermediary role between these philosophical currents, shaping the path from Wolff to Kant.
Baumgarten and Kant on Conscience
Authors: Wood Allen
Published: June 2024

Both Baumgarten and Kant adopt a legalistic perspective in ethics, emphasizing the significance of imputation and judgment. They both regard moral conscience as the capacity to evaluate one’s actions, with Baumgarten emphasizing judgment as imputation: the interpretation of actions and the application of moral obligation based on one’s conscience. He advocates acting in line with the “best” conscience. Conversely, Kant distinguishes between judgments regarding actions and the judgment of conscience, advocating following one’s best judgment while acknowledging its fallibility. To act morally, Kant demands an evaluation of whether we are guilty or innocent before our own judgment of doing our best to determine what we ought to do, and thus from the standpoint of morality, not mere legality. Finally, he asserts that conscience is infallible, akin to a court of last instance, having the final say about each decision, although it can still be subjectively mistaken.
A Case Study of the Right of Nature
Authors: Hymers John
Published: June 2024

Drawing from his philosophy of natural right and his universal practical philosophy, this chapter derives the genesis of Baumgarten’s just war doctrine and shows its impact on Kant’s philosophy of peace. It underscores the historical development of Baumgarten’s ideas within the framework of first practical philosophy, particularly drawing from his works such as the Elements, the Ethica philosophica, the Ius naturae, and the Sciagraphia encyclopaediae philosophicae. Analyzing Baumgarten’s departure from traditional theories of just war, the chapter reveals his innovations, including a three-fold temporality of defense, a strict limitation of just war to self-defense, a clear distinction between force and violence, and a prohibition against punitive war. Emphasizing the significance of Baumgarten’s ideas, the chapter highlights their currently unrecognized influence on the principles of the United Nations Charter, with particular attention paid to the doctrines of defensive war and the exclusion of punitive war, which were later adopted by Kant.
Continuity, Discontinuity, and Change
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 1 explores the features of business during Japan’s feudal period through three themes. The first is the institutional context for economic activities, characterized by a division of society by class and a business system comprised of merchant houses operating in large cities as well as rural capitalists engaging in the development of regional economies. The second is the continuity of business operations over time. This is illustrated by the large number of Japanese firms with a history of over 100 years, some of which have their roots in the Edo period. Many of these ‘old firms’ (chōjū kigyō) are still owned and operated by the founder’s descendants. Third is the role of the merchant houses, the most famous being the House of Mitsui, in the formation of Japanese business over time. Some emerged as major players in the Edo economy, and continued to influence business, society, and politics in the Meiji period and beyond. The chapter draws connections between the features of the Edo businesses and the nation’s preparedness to embrace global capitalism at the start of the Meiji period.
Business during the Occupation Period
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 7 focuses on the transformation in Japanese capitalism during the US occupation. It highlights how technologies that had been used to build weapons of war were applied to the development of new civilian industries, such as transportation (Shinkansen) and consumer appliances. Japan’s defeat created a favourable environment for business, which was further fuelled by economic nationalism. Following the purge, a younger, more entrepreneurial class of business leaders, such as Nishiyama Yatarō in the steel industry, took the top posts at large enterprises. Anti-monopoly laws fostered a competitive climate that was conducive to innovation. After their dissolution, the former zaibatsu re-emerged as business groups, thus providing an example of continuity. One major discontinuity was that they were no longer family-owned operations, a distinguishing feature of big business/capitalism in Japan. Business groups can be characterized by their interlocking networks of firms with a main bank, and contributed not only to rebuilding the nation, but also to industrial expansion long after the occupation. While labour unrest was rampant in the early days of the occupation, the labour–employer relationship gradually became more harmonious as working conditions improved and their goals coalesced. Their shared objectives combined with paternalism helped to crystallize what is known as ‘Japanese-style management’ at large companies epitomized by Matsushita Electric. A collectivistic form of capitalism—communitarian capitalism—began to take shape in postwar Japan to support business expansion in the high-growth period.
Business and Consumerism in the High and Stable Growth Periods
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 9 explores the development of consumerism and new retail formats. In the high-growth period, a consumption boom occurred thanks to a rise in the average income accompanied by growth in the demand for new goods and services. These factors and others provided businesses with new opportunities to market a variety of mass-manufactured products ranging from refrigerators and rice cookers to instant noodles and packaged curry. The changes taking place at the workplace and in homes were influenced by the Westernization of the Japanese lifestyle and the growth of new retail outlets for shopping. The case of Nakauchi Isao, founder of Japan’s first American-style supermarket, Daiei, helps to illustrate these changes. In the stable growth period, consumption patterns continued to evolve. Suzuki Toshifumi’s idea to import the American convenience store model in the form of Seven-Eleven Japan and adapt it to local circumstances responded to the need for greater convenience. He also helped to usher in the third industrial revolution in Japan thanks to the introduction of digital technology. Not all of the changes during the high and stable growth periods were positive. This chapter ends with a discussion of the dark side of capitalism, pollution, as well as a bright one, Honda Sōichirō’s technological innovation, the CVCC engine. His engine emitted less CO2 than those on the market. He also contributed to the image of Japan as a high-tech nation, while facilitating the entry of Honda Motor into the US market as an automobile producer.
Rebooting Global Competitiveness in Post-3.11 Japan
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the changes that took place under Prime Minister Abe Shinzō in response to the March 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami, or 3.11. The disaster drastically reduced the nation’s energy-generating capabilities and led to the weakening of the competitiveness of Japanese firms both at home and abroad. Even before the introduction of Abe’s reform package, known as Abenomics, Japanese capitalism was already transitioning towards a more shareholder-focused form of financial capitalism. The third of the three arrows (goals) for Abenomics was systemic reform. This was designed to enhance productivity in part by modifying Japan’s workplace culture, which is often characterized by long working hours and limited opportunities for the advancement of women to executive positions. The Abe government also pegged a relatively new industry to promote, one with a high perceived potential for national as well as regional growth, tourism. The hosting of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics was to be the springboard for the new growth sector; however, due to the pandemic, the games were re-scheduled and the borders closed to tourism. While the tourism industry provides new hope for economic revitalization, it also sparks a heated debate about its sustainability. The changes that have occurred since March 2011 have created an unprecedented opportunity for a new national discussion on how to achieve a more sustainable form of Japanese capitalism—one that balances the needs of society and the economy.
Introduction
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

The Introduction outlines the theoretical and conceptual stakes of the project in terms of its contributions to Victorian art historical and literary studies as well as to queer and crip theory. The Introduction presents a scene of encounter in Charles Dickens’s Our Mutual Friend (1865) in which we meet the disabled dolls’ dressmaker, Jenny Wren. This scene is exemplary according to John Ruskin’s concept of innocence of the eye, which the Introduction discusses in relation to his larger oeuvre. Mobilizing queer and crip theoretical writings alongside nineteenth-century writing by figures such as William Wordsworth, Thomas Carlyle, and John Stuart Mill, the Introduction gives a detailed account of what extranormativity—a term the author coins to express the odd relation to normativity the figures under discussion bear—looks like and how we might know it—or not—when we see it.
Art Work
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

The primary focus of this chapter are two disabled artists for whom art work is a necessary form of labor: Jenny Wren from Dickens’s Our Mutual Friend and Olive Rothesay from Dinah Mulock Craik’s Olive (1850). Jenny is a master craftswoman, subverting an upper-class able-bodied gaze to aggressively assert her control—visual and otherwise—in the marketplace. This chapter looks through the lens of Hegel’s master/slave dialectic to interrogate the ways in which the mastery of one’s craft becomes a means of deflecting a diagnostic look when innocence of the eye seems well-nigh impossible. Olive becomes a professional painter as a substitute for a marriage plot she incorrectly assumes will be denied her on account of her slight deformity. Both figures create queer spaces, mostly characterized by intimacies between women, in which they do not have to engage in the acts of evasion that characterize their everyday lives.
The Ruskinian Draughtsman
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 turns to the disfigured amateur artist, Philip Wakem, from George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss (1860). Philip directly exemplifies the practices of the Ruskinian amateur artist—even Ruskin himself—and these practices turn him, like Ruskin, from artist to author. Philip in fact practices innocence of the eye, or tries to, as an artist. Philip is a potential but always thwarted lover in a novel characterized by an endlessly unraveling marriage plot for the protagonist, Maggie Tulliver. Philip, through his art making, effaces his body when confronted with an all-too-knowing viewer. Despite his own attempted ethical optics, Philip is nearly never perceived with an innocent eye; even Maggie looks at him lovingly but not innocently. Assuming a conjunction between disability, undesirability, and asexuality, critics have emasculated Philip far more completely than the novel does, and the chapter reconsiders the status of Philip as lover and artistic and moral exemplar.
Women and language in the Journal de la langue françoise (1784–95)
Authors: McLaughlin Mairi
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the presence and representation of women in the first periodical devoted to the French language, namely Urbain Domergue’s Journal de la langue françoise, soit exacte soit ornée (1784–95). A tripartite investigation of the principal figures involved and evoked in the periodical, readers’ letters, and the thematics of women and gender reveals where women were present and how they were represented especially as it relates to questions of language. The study shows how the linguistic practice and metalinguistic discourse of the Journal de la langue françoise contributed to the reflection and construction of attitudes and ideologies surrounding women and language in the eighteenth century. At the most general level, the research underscores the importance of the periodical medium which opened up a new space for women to share their metalinguistic thought in the public realm.
On the rise and fall of modern français régional in the rural Côte d’Or
Authors: Temple Rosalind A. M.
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents a pilot study of data recorded in the Côte d’Or, Burgundy, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, which is compared with a sample of data from the Atlas linguistique de la France, published a century earlier. In the light of these empirical observations it explores the dominant narrative concerning diatopic variation in northern Gallo-Romance across the period, namely that the dialectes d’Oïl, which are qualitatively distinct from French and have their own names (norman, bourgignon) were replaced rapidly over roughly the first half of this period by varieties of French (français norman, français bourguignon); these in turn have been subject to dialect levelling since at least the 1980s. The discussion focuses on whether the evidence supports this cyclical narrative or suggests that in at least some regions it would be more appropriate to consider the changes observed as part of one overarching process.
Introducing Harold Arlen
Authors: Frisch Walter
Published: June 2024

Arlen’s inventiveness as a songwriter made him a favorite of musicians like André Previn and Stephen Sondheim. His experience as arranger, singer, and pianist in the 1920s contributed to the distinctive richness of harmonic, melodic, rhythmic, and textural detail in his songs. In interviews Arlen always stressed that a lyricist is the composer’s “best friend”; together they work to achieve a “happy wedding” of music and words. Although like all standards Arlen’s songs change constantly as they are interpreted by performers, this study will treat them in part as stable works whose formal, harmonic, and melodic features can be closely analyzed. This chapter closes with a discussion of two key elements of Arlen’s musical identity—his formative years as the son of a prominent Jewish cantor in Buffalo and his early, close association with Black musicians in New York.
Becoming the System
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This book examines the ways that the institutionalization of bilingual education in the post–Civil Rights era connected to two broader global reconfigurations of race. The first reconfiguration was the shift from biological to cultural conceptualizations of race. In the US context, this discursive shift was produced within a complex interrelationship between liberal multiculturalism framed within social science research and race radicalism framed within self-determination struggles. At the core of both discourses was a psychologically damaged racialized subject produced either as a product of cultural deficiencies or a history of colonial oppression. This foundational logic shaped the Bilingual Education Act and its subsequent implementation in ways that recruited Latinx activists to accept longstanding deficit perspectives of their communities in order to get access to the professional positions made available by increased funding for bilingual education. The second reconfiguration is the neoliberal multicultural shift away from governmental to market-bases solutions to combating racial inequities. While the psychologically damaged racialized subjects remains at its core, neoliberal multiculturalism also embraces converse racialization that reframes racialized cultural practices as mobile resources for the consumption of affluent white communities. This converse racialization has emerged in efforts to promote bilingual education via the politics of school choice and the proliferation of dual language education in ways that further exacerbate existing racial inequities in the name of offering bilingual education as an option for all. The book ends with a personal reflection that situates my own lived experience within the broader (re)configurations of race analyzed throughout the book.
From Community Control to Neoliberalism
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter situates the emergence of bilingual education within the context of the Civil Rights movement. Particularly relevant to the struggle for bilingual education were struggles for community control of schools that emerged out of increased frustration with the lack of progress in efforts to desegregate schools. These struggles for community control were ideologically diverse and existed on a continuum. On the one side of the continuum was race radicalism, which framed community control as part of broader struggles for self-determination of racialized communities worldwide. On the other side of the continuum was liberal multiculturalism, which framed community control as part of efforts to provide racialized communities access to mainstream institutions. Examining the discourses produced by prominent community-control advocates, this chapter traces the echoes of the demands for community control within contemporary neoliberal educational reform.
Readerly Pleasures: Screen Reading, and The Motion Picture Story Magazine
Authors: Gleeson-White Sarah
Published: June 2024

This chapter picks up on Chapter 3’s conclusion about motion pictures’ ability to expand literature’s readership in order to discover the ways readers responded to and navigated new literary forms and materials generated out of literature’s encounters with motion pictures. To do so, it considers motion pictures’ invitations to read—both on screen and in motion-picture fan magazines—a strategy of motion-picture address recasting literary features. It also considers with the new experiences of and encounters with literature in venues beyond its more conventional sites and print objects. In sum, Chapter 4 aims to discover how motion pictures may have generated, contributed to or altered habits of literary reading and, just as importantly, what pleasures motion-picture reading promised it readers.
Ragnar Rommetveit on Contextures and Partially Shared Understandings
Authors: Linell Per
Published: June 2024

This text was written to commemorate Ragnar Rommetveit’s work. Rommetveit (e.g. 2008) was very engaged in developing theories of dialogue. Dialogism, which is a humanistic and social-scientific framework opposing extreme individualism and insisting on the role of others in thinking and communication. Contexts of sense- and meaning-making were of fundamental importance for Rommetveit. He accused certain competing approaches in the scientific areas of human communication, interaction, and language from suffering from myopia, that is, they maintained insufficient versions of contexts or complex contexts (contextures). The insufficiencies were especially unfortunate when we try to understand each other in various situations. In this paper I will provide some authentic examples of mismatches in communication, rather than using only made-up examples. Towards the end of the paper I will give some modest remarks on possible contributions of dialogism to the study of large-scale politics of our time.
Active Citizenship and Participation Through “Dialogues in the Square”
Authors: Beatrice Ligorio Maria , Barzanò Giovanna , Amenduni Francesca , Cauchi Roberta , Turrisi Sergio , Raffio Lorenzo , Ragazzini Claudia , Valentino Ludovica
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we describe an ongoing project (“Dialogues in the Square”—DiS) that started in 2017, where active citizenship and social participation are developed through concrete actions concerning the improvement of public spaces. The project focuses on students’ analysis of the degradation of an important historical square in Rome, to plan and implement innovative interventions tackling its flaws, while exploiting its potential to contribute to the common good. Nineteen classes of students (age 8–19), from two schools, have been involved for different periods of time, from one to four years. The DiS project offers a rich array of opportunities for dialogue inside and outside the school. Several stakeholders are engaged with students and teachers on different subjects, including the local municipality, artists, academics, and experts of different fields. Creativity, dreams, and ideas are continuously shared and negotiated, while considering challenges, opportunities, and constraints. Overall, the project can be seen as a broad landscape for dialogue between various human and nonhuman actors: students, teachers, classes, institutions, stakeholders, community, environment, and monuments. Many artefacts were used and produced, including working materials and videos, renderings, and posters prepared by students. Working sessions were video-recorded, and teachers were interviewed. We qualitatively analyzed these materials to understand what type of dialogue is activated by the multiplicity of agents involved in the project and to reflect upon the role school should cover to support active citizenship.
Using Microblogging to Create a Space for Attending and Attuning to Others
Authors: Rasmussen Ingvill , Warwick Paul
Published: June 2024

The aim of this chapter is to view technology-mediated classroom dialogue through the lens of Ragnar Rommetveit’s ideas of attunement and intersubjectivity. The authors draw on work from an international research project that examined the use of one microblogging tool in classrooms in Norway and England and present vignettes of classroom practice. Through the use of vignettes, the authors highlight examples of classroom practice that demonstrate how a combination of spoken dialogue and microblogging can foster students’ attentiveness and attunement towards the thoughts and ideas of their peers. Moreover, this integration of technology and dialogue promotes intersubjectivity within a classroom community, allowing for the co-construction of knowledge. Ultimately, the authors shed light on the potential benefits of microblogging as a tool for enhancing classroom dialogue and facilitating a collaborative learning environment.
The Importance of Intersubjectivity in Teacher–Child Joint Story Construction
Authors: Hagtvet Bente Eriksen , Hølland Silje , Brinchmann Ellen , Inger Engevik Liv , Karlsen Jannicke , Kruse Jana
Published: June 2024

This chapter reports on a study of how teacher–child intersubjectivity relates to teacher–child joint picture-book story construction and teacher mediation. We carried out an in-depth qualitative study of six teacher–child dyads including 5-to-8-year-old children varying in cognitive-linguistic skills (typical development, impaired language, and Down syndrome). By comparing the joint story constructions of dyads at high and low levels of intersubjectivity within each language group, we obtained detailed information on how their story constructions and teacher mediation related to levels of intersubjectivity. The results showed that within each language group, dyads scoring high on teacher–child intersubjectivity co-constructed longer, more nuanced, and more comprehensive stories than did the dyads scoring low. The role of the mediating teacher in co-constructing the stories with a basis in intersubjectivity was essential to both the construction process and the qualities produced. The findings have implications for educators and policy makers involved in teaching and educational planning.
Amitis Motevalli
Authors: Vikram Anuradha
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the work of the interdisciplinary artist Amitis Motevalli, who confronts desire as Othering by embodying and figuring the woman of color as a “problem condition” in a culture that simultaneously lusts for foreign plunder while displaying crippling xenophobia. As an Iranian American, Motevalli occupies a racially ambiguous space as part of a community that has been granted “white” status when it serves the majority and racialized at other times. This chapter examines works in Motevalli’s oeuvre from the perspective of sexuality and race, while considering intersecting concerns including gender, class, xenophobia and Islamophobia, and immigration rights. Motevalli’s work ranges from drawing and painting to interventions in public spaces and in museums. Her practice of disidentification with racial stereotypes and gender tropes is anchored in a strategy of “terrorist drag,” a term coined by José Esteban Muñoz to describe the work of Motevalli’s mentor, the artist Vaginal Davis.
Sexual Racism as White Privilege
Authors: Robinson Russell K.
Published: June 2024

This chapter centers people of color and focuses on how White privilege functions as an unwritten script in their sexual interactions with White partners. Drawing on qualitative interview data from a United States-based study known as the LGBT Relationships Study, the chapter examines the accounts of those who experienced fetishization (n = 48) to unmask the process of how White privilege may sculpt the negotiation of desire, sex, and power within interracial sexualized encounters in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex communities. Data analysis yielded three themes: (1) White privilege sets the scene by projecting coconstructed gendered, sexualized, and racialized assumptions on people of color and their sexual possibilities, (2) White privilege restricts negotiation because people of color risk losing access to sexual and romantic encounters, and (3) White privilege infuses resistance. Building on these findings, this chapter explores opportunities to recalibrate such dynamics toward healthier, more mutual sexual and romantic relationships.
Curating Desire
Authors: Egwuatu Chibundo , Stardust Zahra , Miller-Young Mireille , Ducati Daisy
Published: June 2024

Black porn performers have long criticized the industry’s racial stratification, identifying how nonwhite bodies are ranked and inferiorized in pornographic labor, representation, and distribution. More recently, these issues have been amplified as streaming sites increasingly rely on automation and machine learning to codify racism and sort user-generated content at scale. This chapter explores how “tagging” practices on the world’s largest online pornography site, Pornhub, both presume and manufacture a white gaze by invisibilizing whiteness in their search categories. It shows how sexual racism and white supremacy shape the grammar of tagging, curate audience desire, and impact the visibility (and, thus, livelihood) of performers. This chapter argues the project of “undesiring whiteness, undoing sexual racism” requires a creative revisioning of tagging regimes to dismantle lexicons, semiotics, and systems of desirability that center whiteness in pornography, in addition to the decentralization of Internet infrastructure, material resources, and porn distribution.
Approaching Chord Tones from Below
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 discusses ways in which to ornament the root triad by approaching each chord tone from a half-step below. New rhythms are introduced that emphasize the importance of the upbeat or “and” of four in jazz. The Lesson Plan addresses how to move from chord to chord with these new melodic ornaments. The teacher’s notes cover upbeats and harmonic anticipation, intuitive jazz rhythm, and ornamenting major triads. Notes for the rhythm section cover lightly kicking upbeats in the drums and ornamenting chord voicings from a half-step below on piano and guitar.
Approaching Chord Tones from Above
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 5 looks into how to design melodies that approach chord tones from above by scale-step. In preparation for improvising on the entire chord or scale in chapter 8, a new shape is applied to diatonic 3rds. The rhythms in this chapter continue to emphasize the importance of the “and” of four upbeat. More attention is given to ways of moving from one chord to the next. Longer melodic lines are designed using approach tones. The notes for the rhythm section consider adding approach tones to bass lines and approaching chord voicings for piano or guitar from above.
Introduction
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

The chapters in this book fall into four segments. Chapters 1–3 are concerned with getting started. Chapters 4 and 5 lay the foundation for the thesis. Chapters 6–9 discuss different aspects of writing a thesis. Chapter 10 explores what lies beyond the thesis.