bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Leaf Area by Linear Dimensions in Coffea dewevrei
Authors: Schmildt Omar , Santana Enilton Nascimento de , Oliveira Vinicius de Souza , Gouvea Rafael Ruy , Souza Lucas Corrêa , Santos Alba Nise Merícia Rocha , Silva Sirlane Machado , Santos Karina Tiemi Hassuda dos , Santos Gleyce Pereira , Fanton Cesar Jose , Arantes Sara Dousseau , Schmildt Edilson Romais
Published: July 2019

The objective of this research was to select the equation that best estimates the leaf area of the coffee tree Coffea dewevrei, from the linear dimensions of the leaves. For this purpose, 140 leaves of adult plants were collected from the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, in the city of Linhares, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The length (L), the width (W), the product of the multiplication between the length and width (LW) and the leaf area observed (OLA) were determined from all leaves. For the modeling, a 100 leaves sample was used, where OLA was used as a dependent variable in function of L, W and LW as independent variable, being obtained the following models: linear first degree, quadratic and power. For the validation, a sample of 40 leaves was used, where the values of L, W LW were substituted in the equations generated in the modeling, thus obtaining the estimated leaf area (ELA). A simple linear equation model was fitted for each modeling equation relating ELA in function of OLA. The hypotheses H0: β0 = 0 versus Ha: β0 ≠ 0 and H0: β1 = 1 versus Ha: β1 ≠ 1, were tested using Student's t test at 5% probability. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and Willmott's index d for all equations were also determined. The best model that estimates the area of Coffea dewevrei was chosen through the following criteria: β0 not different from zero, β1 not different from one, MAE and RMSE values closer to zero and index d closer to the unit. The area of the leaves can be determined by its greater width (W), through the quadratic model equation ELA=-10.255+1.020(W)+1.293(W)2.
Adaptive finite‐time stabilization of stochastic nonlinear systems with the powers of positive odd rational numbers
Authors: Jiang Mengmeng , Xie Xue‐Jun
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we give some new results on finite‐time stabilization for stochastic nonlinear systems whose powers of integrators are all positive odd rational numbers (ie, numerators and denominators of the powers are all positive odd integers) but not necessary only high order or low order. By adopting new conditions on drift and diffusion terms, Lyapunov function, and controller design method, a state feedback controller is designed to guarantee stochastic nonlinear systems finite‐time stable in probability. Moreover, when unknown parameters exist in systems, we give the adaptive finite‐time state feedback controller. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.
All‐Solid‐State Asymmetric Supercapacitors with Metal Selenides Electrodes and Ionic Conductive Composites Electrolytes
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Yang Yongrui , Ma Zhihao , Zhu Tao , Liu Lei , Zheng Jie , Gong Xiong
Published: July 2019

All‐solid‐state flexible asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) are developed by utilization of graphene nanoribbon (GNR)/Co0.85Se composites as the positive electrode, GNR/Bi2Se3 composites as the negative electrode, and polymer‐grafted‐graphene oxide membranes as solid‐state electrolytes. Both GNR/Co0.85Se and GNR/Bi2Se3 composite electrodes are developed by a facile one‐step hydrothermal growth method from graphene oxide nanoribbons as the nucleation framework. The GNR/Co0.85Se composite electrode exhibits a specific capacity of 76.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and the GNR/Bi2Se3 composite electrode exhibits a specific capacity of 100.2 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. Moreover, the stretchable membrane solid‐state electrolytes exhibit superior ionic conductivity of 108.7 mS cm−1. As a result, the flexible ASCs demonstrate an operating voltage of 1.6 V, an energy density of 30.9 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 559 W kg−1, and excellent cycling stability with 89% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. All these results demonstrate that this study provides a simple, scalable, and efficient approach to fabricate high performance flexible all‐solid‐state ASCs for energy storage.
Genome‐Wide CRISPR‐Cas9 Screening Identifies NF‐κB/E2F6 Responsible for EGFRvIII‐Associated Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma
Authors: Huang Kai , Liu Xing , Li Yansheng , Wang Qixue , Zhou Junhu , Wang Yunfei , Dong Feng , Yang Chao , Sun Zhiyan , Fang Chuan , Liu Chaoyong , Tan Yanli , Wu Xudong , Jiang Tao , Kang Chunsheng
Published: July 2019

Amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and active mutant EGFRvIII occurs frequently in glioblastoma (GBM) and contributes to chemo/radio‐resistance in various cancers, especially in GBM. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism of temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in GBM could benefit cancer patients. A genome‐wide screening under a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐Cas9 library is conducted to identify the genes that confer resistance to TMZ in EGFRvIII‐expressing GBM cells. Deep sgRNA sequencing reveals 191 candidate genes that are responsible for TMZ resistance in EGFRvIII‐expressing GBM cells. Notably, E2F6 is proven to drive a TMZ resistance, and E2F6 expression is controlled by the EGFRvIII/AKT/NF‐κB pathway. Furthermore, E2F6 is shown as a promising therapeutic target for TMZ resistance in orthotopic GBM cell line xenografts and GBM patient‐derived xenografts models. After integrating clinical data with paired primary–recurrent RNA sequencing data from 134 GBM patients who received TMZ treatment after surgery, it has been revealed that the E2F6 expression level is a predictive marker for TMZ response. Therefore, the inhibition of E2F6 is a promising strategy to conquer TMZ resistance in GBM.
Supercritical Fluid‐Facilitated Exfoliation and Processing of 2D Materials
Authors: Sun Zhenyu , Fan Qun , Zhang Mingli , Liu Shizhen , Tao Hengcong , Texter John
Published: July 2019

Since the first intercalation of layered silicates by using supercritical CO2 as a processing medium, considerable efforts have been dedicated to intercalating and exfoliating layered two‐dimensional (2D) materials in various supercritical fluids (SCFs) to yield single‐ and few‐layer nanosheets. Here, recent work in this area is highlighted. Motivating factors for enhancing exfoliation efficiency and product quality in SCFs, mechanisms for exfoliation and dispersion in SCFs, as well as general metrics applied to assess quality and processability of exfoliated 2D materials are critically discussed. Further, advances in formation and application of 2D material–based composites with assistance from SCFs are presented. These discussions address chemical transformations accompanying SCF processing such as doping, covalent surface modification, and heterostructure formation. Promising features, challenges, and routes to expanding SCF processing techniques are described.
Inner‐Evaporator Modification of Low‐Cost Metal Electrodes of Organic Field‐Effect Transistors by 2D Polyporphyrin
Authors: Yi Kongyang , Chen Xiaosong , Zhao Yan , Liu Yunqi , Wei Dacheng
Published: July 2019

The mismatch of energy alignment of low‐cost metals with organic semiconductors requires interfacial modification of the electrodes in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). However, traditional methods involve chemicals and operations that introduce potential contaminations or damages to the device, which deteriorate the device performance. Here, an inner‐evaporator modification method using ultrathin polyporphyrin film (≈1.1 nm) as the interlayer between semiconductor and Ag or Cu electrode is developed. Both the modification and device fabrication are processed simultaneously in the high‐vacuum environment of the thermal evaporator. After the contamination‐free modification, the contact resistance decreases by 2–3 orders of magnitude, and the field‐effect mobility of pentacene is one of the highest values among pentacene thin‐film bottom‐contact OFETs based on modified Ag/Cu electrodes, comparable to that of modified Au electrodes. Owing to its simplicity, efficiency in improving device performance, and compatibility with OFET fabrication process, this method has great potential for application in future organic electronics with low‐cost metal electrodes.
Thick Electrode Batteries: Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges
Authors: Kuang Yudi , Chen Chaoji , Kirsch Dylan , Hu Liangbing
Published: July 2019

The ever‐growing portable electronics and electric vehicle markets heavily influence the technological revolution of lithium batteries (LBs) toward higher energy densities for longer standby times or driving range. Thick electrode designs can substantially improve the electrode active material loading by minimizing the inactive component ratio at the device level, providing a great platform for enhancing the overall energy density of LBs. However, extensive efforts are still needed to address the challenges that accompany the increase in electrode thickness, not limited to sluggish charge kinetics and electrode mechanical instability. In this review, the principles and the recent developments in the fabrication of thick electrodes that focus on low‐tortuosity structural designs for rapid charge transport and integrated cell configuration for improved energy density, cell stability, and durability are summarized. Advanced thick electrode designs for application in emerging battery chemistries such as lithium metal electrodes, solid state electrolytes, and lithium–air batteries are also discussed with a perspective on their future opportunities and challenges. Finally, suggestions on the future directions of thick electrode battery development and research are suggested.
Manipulation of Electromagnetic and Acoustic Wave Behaviors via Shared Digital Coding Metallic Metasurfaces
Authors: Bai Guo Dong , Ma Qian , Cao Wen Kang , Li Rui Qi , Jing Hong Bo , Mu Jing , Bao Lei , Wu Rui Yuan , Zhang Cheng , Wan Xiang , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun
Published: July 2019

Introducing certain surface susceptibilities on the interface of boundaries is a well‐known strategy to steer wave behaviors in different physical domains. However, most designs are thus far limited to engineer specific functionalities in a given physical application scenario. Herein, the approach manipulating electromagnetic (EM) and acoustic waves simultaneously on a shared digital coding metallic metasurface is described. The physical mechanism to realize the multiphysics digital coding is the equivalent governing equations behind wave behaviors as well as the boundary conditions with an identical mathematic model. Using split‐ring resonators, 3‐bit multiphysics digital coding elements are created, from which flexible wave‐control devices are realized by simply designing coding sequences. As examples, multiple‐beam generation, scattering reduction, beam steering, and beam forming are numerically demonstrated for both EM and acoustic fields. The anomalous reflection phenomena based on 3‐bit multiphysics coding elements are experimentally performed to validate the design concept. The design strategy provides possibilities to manipulate multiwave behaviors in the shared metasurface, with a wide range of potential applications in the future.
Fast Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by a Copper(II) Tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine Complex through a Stepwise Mechanism
Authors: Langerman Michiel , Hetterscheid Dennis G. H.
Published: July 2019

Catalytic pathways for the reduction of dioxygen can either lead to the formation of water or peroxide as the reaction product. We demonstrate that the electrocatalytic reduction of O2 by the pyridylalkylamine copper complex [Cu(tmpa)(L)]2+ in a neutral aqueous solution follows a stepwise 4 e−/4 H+ pathway, in which H2O2 is formed as a detectable intermediate and subsequently reduced to H2O in two separate catalytic reactions. These homogeneous catalytic reactions are shown to be first order in catalyst. Coordination of O2 to CuI was found to be the rate‐determining step in the formation of the peroxide intermediate. Furthermore, electrochemical studies of the reaction kinetics revealed a high turnover frequency of 1.5×105 s−1, the highest reported for any molecular copper catalyst.
Biological Nicotinamide Cofactor as a Redox‐Active Motif for Reversible Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Kim Jihyeon , Ko Sunghyun , Noh Chanwoo , Kim Heechan , Lee Sechan , Kim Dodam , Park Hyeokjun , Kwon Giyun , Son Giyeong , Ko Jong Wan , Jung YounJoon , Lee Dongwhan , Park Chan Beum , Kang Kisuk
Published: July 2019

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is one of the most well‐known redox cofactors carrying electrons. Now, it is reported that the intrinsically charged NAD+ motif can serve as an active electrode in electrochemical lithium cells. By anchoring the NAD+ motif by the anion incorporation, redox activity of the NAD+ is successfully implemented in conventional batteries, exhibiting the average voltage of 2.3 V. The operating voltage and capacity are tunable by altering the anchoring anion species without modifying the redox center itself. This work not only demonstrates the redox capability of NAD+, but also suggests that anchoring the charged molecules with anion incorporation is a viable new approach to exploit various charged biological cofactors in rechargeable battery systems.
Simple ultrasensitive spectrofluorimetric method for determination of midodrine in its tablet form: Application to content uniformity testing
Authors: Omar Mahmoud A. , Nagy Dalia M. , Halim Monica E.
Published: July 2019

A novel, simple, sensitive method was developed for determining midodrine spectrofluorimetrically in both its raw pure form and its tablet form. This study is based on the native fluorescence of midodrine and discusses the optimum solvent used and the wavelength range. The presented method was then validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, and limits of detection and quantitation. The constructed calibration curve showed a linear range of 0.1–2.0 μg/ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation values were 0.03 and 0.10 μg/ml respectively. Finally, content uniformity testing was applied according to the United States Pharmacopoeia by adapting the presented method.
Mortality after liver surgery in Germany
Authors: Filmann N , Walter D , Schadde E , Bruns C , Keck T , Lang H , Oldhafer K , Schlitt H J , Schön M R , Herrmann E , Bechstein W O , Schnitzbauer A A
Published: July 2019

Background

Mortality rates after liver surgery are not well documented in Germany. More than 1000 hospitals offer liver resection, but there is no central regulation of infrastructure requirements or outcome quality.

Methods

Hospital mortality rates after liver resection were analysed using the standardized hospital discharge data (Diagnosis-Related Groups, ICD-10 and German operations and procedure key codes) provided by the Research Data Centre of the Federal Statistical Office and Statistical Offices of the Länder in Wiesbaden, Germany.

Results

A total of 110 332 liver procedures carried out between 2010 and 2015 were identified. The overall hospital mortality rate for all resections was 5·8 per cent. The mortality rate among 17 574 major hepatic procedures was 10·4 per cent. Patients who had surgery for colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) had the lowest mortality rate among those with malignancy (5·5 per cent), followed by patients with gallbladder cancer (7·1 per cent), hepatocellular carcinoma (9·3 per cent) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (11·0 per cent). Patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma had the highest mortality rate (14·6 per cent). The mortality rate for extended hepatectomy was 16·2 per cent and the need for a biliodigestive anastomosis increased this to 25·5 per cent. Failure to rescue after complications led to mortality rates of more than 30 per cent in some subgroups. There was a significant volume–outcome relationship for CRLM surgery in very high-volume centres (mean 26–60 major resections for CRLMs per year). The mortality rate was 4·6 per cent in very high-volume centres compared with 7·5 per cent in very low-volume hospitals (odds ratio 0·60, 95 per cent c.i. 0·42 to 0·77; P < 0·001).

Conclusion

This analysis of outcome data after liver resection in Germany suggests that hospital mortality remains high. There should be more focused research to understand, improve or justify factors leading to this result, and consideration of centralization of liver surgery.
Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity through Liquid‐Phase Exfoliation of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated with Metal Phthalocyanines in the Presence of Graphene
Authors: Morales Dulce M. , Barwe Stefan , Vasile Eugeniu , Andronescu Corina , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2019

Earth‐abundant transition‐metal‐based catalysts are attractive for alkaline water electrolysis. However, their catalytic properties are often limited by their poor electrical conductivity. Here, we present a strategy for enhancing the electrical conductivity of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) in order to further improve its properties as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. We show that NiFe LDH containing metal tetrasulfonate phthalocyanine in the interlayers between the NiFe oxide galleries can be coupled with graphene during liquid‐phase exfoliation by taking advantage of their π‐π stacking capabilities. A substantial enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity of NiFe LDH with respect to the OER was observed. Moreover, the activity and selectivity of the catalyst materials towards the oxygen reduction reaction were investigated, demonstrating that both the metal hydroxide layer and the interlayer species contribute to the electrocatalytic performance of the composite material.
Behavioral responses to conspecific mobbing calls are predator‐specific in great tits (Parus major)
Authors: Kalb Nadine , Randler Christoph
Published: July 2019

When facing a predator, animals need to perform an appropriate antipredator behavior such as escaping or mobbing to prevent predation. Many bird species exhibit distinct mobbing behaviors and vocalizations once a predator has been detected. In some species, mobbing calls transmit information about predator type, size, and threat, which can be assessed by conspecifics. We recently found that great tits (Parus major) produce longer D calls with more elements and longer intervals between elements when confronted with a sparrowhawk, a high‐threat predator, in comparison to calls produced in front of a less‐threatening tawny owl. In the present study, we conducted a playback experiment to investigate if these differences in mobbing calls elicit different behavioral responses in adult great tits. We found tits to have a longer latency time and to keep a greater distance to the speaker when sparrowhawk mobbing calls were broadcast. This suggests that tits are capable of decoding information about predator threat in conspecific mobbing calls. We further found a tendency for males to approach faster and closer than females, which indicates that males are willing to take higher risks in a mobbing context than females.
Geographic variation in fitness‐related traits of the bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus along the Baltic Sea‐North Sea salinity gradient
Authors: Barboza Francisco R. , Kotta Jonne , Weinberger Florian , Jormalainen Veijo , Kraufvelin Patrik , Molis Markus , Schubert Hendrik , Pavia Henrik , Nylund Göran M. , Kautsky Lena , Schagerström Ellen , Rickert Esther , Saha Mahasweta , Fredriksen Stein , Martin Georg , Torn Kaire , Ruuskanen Ari , Wahl Martin
Published: July 2019

In the course of the ongoing global intensification and diversification of human pressures, the study of variation patterns of biological traits along environmental gradients can provide relevant information on the performance of species under shifting conditions. The pronounced salinity gradient, co‐occurrence of multiple stressors, and accelerated rates of change make the Baltic Sea and its transition to North Sea a suitable region for this type of study. Focusing on the bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus, one of the main foundation species on hard‐bottoms of the Baltic Sea, we analyzed the phenotypic variation among populations occurring along 2,000 km of coasts subjected to salinities from 4 to >30 and a variety of other stressors. Morphological and biochemical traits, including palatability for grazers, were recorded at 20 stations along the Baltic Sea and four stations in the North Sea. We evaluated in a common modeling framework the relative contribution of multiple environmental drivers to the observed trait patterns. Salinity was the main and, in some cases, the only environmental driver of the geographic trait variation in F. vesiculosus. The decrease in salinity from North Sea to Baltic Sea stations was accompanied by a decline in thallus size, photosynthetic pigments, and energy storage compounds, and affected the interaction of the alga with herbivores and epibiota. For some traits, drivers that vary locally such as wave exposure, light availability or nutrient enrichment were also important. The strong genetic population structure in this macroalgae might play a role in the generation and maintenance of phenotypic patterns across geographic scales. In light of our results, the desalination process projected for the Baltic Sea could have detrimental impacts on F. vesiculosus in areas close to its tolerance limit, affecting ecosystem functions such as habitat formation, primary production, and food supply.
Cardiovascular biomarkers predict post‐discharge re‐hospitalization risk and mortality among Swedish heart failure patients
Authors: Molvin John , Jujic Amra , Bachus Erasmus , Gallo Widet , Tasevska‐Dinevska Gordana , Holm Hannes , Melander Olle , Fedorowski Artur , Magnusson Martin
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the predictive role of biomarkers, associated with cardiovascular stress and its neuroendocrine response as well as renal function, in relation to mortality and risk of re‐hospitalization among consecutive patients admitted because of heart failure (HF).

Methods and results

A total of 286 patients (mean age, 75 years; 29% women) hospitalized for newly diagnosed or exacerbated HF were analysed. Associations between circulating levels of mid‐regional pro‐adrenomedullin (MR‐proADM), copeptin, C‐terminal pro‐endothelin‐1, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), cystatin C, and all‐cause mortality as well as risk of re‐hospitalization due to cardiac causes were assessed using multivariable Cox regression models. A two‐sided Bonferroni‐corrected P‐value of 0.05/5 = 0.010 was considered statistically significant. All biomarkers were related to echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions and function. A total of 57 patients died (median follow‐up time, 17 months). In the multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression analyses, all biomarkers, except C‐terminal pro‐endothelin‐1, were significantly associated with increased mortality: NT‐proBNP [hazard ratio (HR) 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–2.17; P = 4.0 × 10−4], MR‐proADM (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.36–2.75; P = 2.2 × 10−4), copeptin (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.22–2.36; P = 0.002), and cystatin C (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.56–2.86; P = 1.0 × 10−6). A total of 90 patients were re‐hospitalized (median time to re‐hospitalization, 5 months). In multivariable Cox regression analyses, NT‐proBNP was the only biomarker that showed significant association with risk of re‐hospitalization due to cardiac causes (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.10–1.87; P = 0.009).

Conclusions

Among patients hospitalized for HF, elevated plasma levels of NT‐proBNP, MR‐proADM, copeptin, and cystatin C are associated with higher mortality after discharge, whereas NT‐proBNP is the only biomarker that predicts the risk of re‐hospitalization due to cardiac causes.
Systematic structural characterization of high‐density porous silicon anodes in lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Yuca Neslihan , Çolak Uner , Liu Gao
Published: July 2019

Lithium‐ion batteries lead to high energy density, especially desired for portable electronic device applications. Advanced electrode structures for high energy density lithium‐ion batteries make the technological breakthrough by improving performance. In the focus of this study, a simple, low cost, scalable, and a versatile way is chosen to obtain high‐density SiO‐based electrodes with high porosity for lithium‐ion batteries. SiO anode is fabricated in a conventional doctor blade system with the addition and removal of the NaCl to get a desired porous anode structure. Porosity and porous structure were characterized by various techniques such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope, mercury porosimetry, and pycnometry. The results showed that the porosities can be formed successfully after salt addition and removal method by providing the values of pore volumes and porosities of the electrodes before and after the salt‐washing process. According to NaCl salt content, the level of porosities was changed and it affected the electrochemical cycling performance of the lithium‐ion cells.
Validation of the lumped parameter code COCOSYS against large‐scale OECD PRISME 2 fire experiments
Authors: Klein‐Heßling Walter
Published: July 2019

Fire safety analysis is a major issue for nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the context of deterministic safety assessments as well as of probabilistic safety analyses. Oil reservoirs and cables represent major fire loads. Therefore, simulations of oil and cable fires are of interest for quantifying the risk of such internal hazards in NPPs. To investigate the applicability of lumped parameter (LP) modelling, validations against fire experiments are required. In this way, results obtained with the LP code COCOSYS for simulations of oil and cable fire experiments conducted in the OECD PRISME 2 Project are presented. The PRISME 2 VSP (vertical smoke propagation) tests involving oil fires in a confined and mechanically ventilated facility were used to assess the ability of the LP code to simulate smoke propagation through a horizontal opening from the fire compartment to a compartment on top of it. As it was already identified in the “International Collaborative Fire Modelling Project (ICFMP),” this type of opening might cause problems in fire simulations, particularly for zone or LP fire models. In these simulations, attention has been paid to the coupling between the fire and the surrounding environment due to the decrease of oxygen concentration. Furthermore, different cable materials have been tested in the PRISME 2 CORE (completing and repeating) test campaign. By simulating the CFS‐3 (cable fire spreading) test with confined underventilated conditions, the applicability of the COCOSYS cable fire model with input parameters deduced from open atmosphere fire tests (CORE‐2) was analysed. Results show that the applicability of a LP fire model to predict the pyrolysis rate is partly limited for both oil and cable fires, in confined environment. However, simulations with prescribed pyrolysis rates show encouraging results in good agreement with the experimental data and underline the capability of the LP code COCOSYS to simulate the interaction between the thermal hydraulics inside compartments and the fire source.
Effects of polymerized whey protein on survivability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 during freeze‐drying
Authors: Wang Cuina , Wang Mu , Wang Hao , Sun Xiaomeng , Guo Mingruo , Hou Juncai
Published: July 2019

Probiotic cultures are commonly freeze‐dried for storage and distribution. However, freeze‐drying and subsequent storage are accompanied by a decline in cell viability. Whey protein (WP) or polymerized whey protein (PWP) was used to protect Lactobacillus acidophilus LA‐5 against damage during freeze‐drying process and the subsequent storage. The protection capacity and effects of polymerized whey protein protected freeze‐dried L. acidophilus LA‐5 on physiochemical properties of cow and goat milk yoghurts were evaluated in comparison with maltodextrin (MD). The survival rate of L. acidophilus LA‐5 after freeze‐drying decreased in the order of MD (80.91%) > PWP (69.86%) > WP (64.89%). The particles of WP‐ and PWP‐based freeze‐dried samples showed an average diameter of about 10 μm, which was significantly higher than that of MD‐based particles (1.5 μm). Both whey protein preparations showed higher protecting effect than MD at high humidity condition during the 180‐day storage. Addition of freeze‐dried L. acidophilus LA‐5 with the presence of WP or PWP improved the protein content and decreased spontaneous whey separation and syneresis significantly for both yoghurts. PWP‐protected L. acidophilus LA‐5 addition significantly improved the firmness and adhesiveness of the yoghurt. Freeze‐dried L. acidophilus LA‐5 mixed with PWP had higher survivability in yoghurts compared with the culture alone at the end of storage. Data indicated that whey protein can be used to protect probiotics during freeze‐drying and may also improve the physiochemical properties of the yoghurt.
Partial coherence and frustration in self‐organizing spherical grids
Authors: Stella Federico , Urdapilleta Eugenio , Luo Yifan , Treves Alessandro
Published: July 2019

Nearby grid cells have been observed to express a remarkable degree of long‐range order, which is often idealized as extending potentially to infinity. Yet their strict periodic firing and ensemble coherence are theoretically possible only in flat environments, much unlike the burrows which rodents usually live in. Are the symmetrical, coherent grid maps inferred in the lab relevant to chart their way in their natural habitat? We consider spheres as simple models of curved environments and waiting for the appropriate experiments to be performed, we use our adaptation model to predict what grid maps would emerge in a network with the same type of recurrent connections, which on the plane produce coherence among the units. We find that on the sphere such connections distort the maps that single grid units would express on their own, and aggregate them into clusters. When remapping to a different spherical environment, units in each cluster maintain only partial coherence, similar to what is observed in disordered materials, such as spin glasses.
Experimental and thermal analysis of energy efficient novel design wet cooling towers
Authors: Raj Gaurav , Chandra Prakash , Pathak Piyush Kumar
Published: July 2019

Waste heat is generally dissipated from process water to atmospheric air in cooling towers. In the present study, a novel design is used to extract more amount of heat without any additional energy input by incorporating secondary ambient air in an induced draft wet cooling tower. In addition, more fresh air is induced in the tower from the rain zone, which increases the effectiveness at any value of the water to air flow rate (L/G ratio). Moreover, tower characteristics, range, and evaporation loss were also increased due to the novel design. It is noteworthy that secondary fresh air increases effectiveness, heat rejection, and tower characteristics by 10.12%, 19.65%, and 26.11%, respectively, and decreases approach by 16.32% at 0.55 L/G ratio, 44°C inlet water temperature, 29.7°C dry bulb temperature, and 18.4°C inlet air wet bulb temperature.
Overexpression of PID1 reduces high density lipoprotein level and functionality in swine
Authors: Mu Qingjie , Zhu Jing , Si Yanhong , Chen Xiaofeng , Duan Guangqing , Sun Shiyu , Fang Guofeng , Zeng Yongqing , Yang Nana
Published: July 2019

Phosphotyrosine interaction domain 1 (PID1), a protein with a phosphotyrosine‐binding (PTB) domain, interacts with the lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) to reduce the insulin sensitivity of adipocyte. Considering the role of LRP1 in lipid metabolism, we investigated the effect of PID1 on the content and biological activities of serum lipoproteins in pigs. PID1‐transgenic pigs were genetated by sperm and magnetic nanoparticles‐mediated method. The levels of PID1 in PID1‐transgenic pig's liver were higher than that in the wild‐type pig's liver. We found that serum levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) were significantly reduced in PID1‐transgenic pigs. On the other hand, PID1‐transgenic pigs displayed increased non‐HDL‐C levels. Serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were comparable between the PID1‐transgenic and the wild‐type pigs. Further, the HDL isolated from PID1‐transgenic pigs showed a significant reduction in cholesterol efflux ability. In addition, serum superoxide dismutase activity of PID1‐transgenic pigs was also obviously lowered compared with that of wild type pigs. In conclusion, these results suggest that PID1 might be able to adjust HDL‐C levels in serum and HDL cholesterol efflux ability.
Developmental programming: Sex‐specific programming of growth upon prenatal bisphenol A exposure
Authors: Vyas Arpita Kalla , Veiga‐Lopez Almudena , Ye Wen , Abi Salloum Bachir , Abbott David H. , Yang Shengping , Liao Chunyang , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Padmanabhan Vasantha
Published: July 2019

In both human and animals, in utero exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine‐disrupting chemical used in the production of plastics and epoxy resins, has been shown to affect offspring reproductive and metabolic health during adult life. We hypothesized that the effect of prenatal exposure to environmentally relevant doses of BPA will be evident during fetal organogenesis and fetal/postnatal growth trajectory. Pregnant ewes were administered BPA subcutaneously from 30 to 90 days of gestation (term 147 days). Fetal organ weight, anthropometric measures, maternal/fetal hormones and postnatal growth trajectory were measured in both sexes. Gestational BPA administration resulted in higher accumulation in male than female fetuses only at fetal day 65, with minimal impact on fetal/maternal steroid milieu in both sexes at both time points. BPA‐treated male fetuses were heavier than BPA‐treated female fetuses at fetal day 90 whereas this sex difference was not evident in the control group. At the organ level, liver weight was reduced in prenatal BPA‐treated female fetuses, while heart and thyroid gland weights were increased in BPA‐treated male fetuses relative to their sex‐matched control groups. Prenatal BPA treatment also altered the postnatal growth trajectory in a sex‐specific manner. Males grew slower during the early postnatal period and caught up later. Females, in contrast, demonstrated the opposite growth trend. Prenatal BPA‐induced changes in fetal organ differentiation and early life growth strongly implicate translational relevance of in utero contributions to reproductive and metabolic defects previously reported in adult female offspring.
Association of preoperative monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio with recurrence‐free and overall survival after resection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (US‐NETSG)
Authors: Panni Roheena Z. , Lopez‐Aguiar Alexandra G. , Liu Jingxia , Poultsides George A. , Rocha Flavio G. , Hawkins William G. , Strasberg Steven M. , Trikalinos Nikolaos A. , Maithel Shishir , Fields Ryan C. ,   and other members of US‐NETSG
Published: July 2019

Background

Preoperative systemic inflammatory response plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis, progression, and prognosis; and neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts serve as important biomarkers. An altered monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been reported to be associated with a favorable prognosis for certain hematologic malignancies and breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of MLR, NLR in patients with resectable PNETs.

Methods

Patients undergoing surgery for PNETs between 2000 and 2016 were identified using a large, multi‐center database. NLR and MLR were calculated and Contal and O'Quigley analysis was used to determine the optimal cutoff value.

Results

A total of 620 patients were included in the analytic cohort. The prognostic implications of blood count parameters were evaluated in both univariate and multivariate analysis. The univariate analysis revealed that low MLR and NLR is associated with significantly improved overall survival (OS; P < .01) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS; P < .01). On multivariate analysis, in addition to tumor size and grade, NLR was an independent predictor of improved OS and RFS.

Conclusion

In addition to established tumor‐specific factors, preoperative NLR levels can serve as a valuable biomarker that can be used as a predictor of OS and RFS after resection of PNETs.
Quantifying the use of opioids in the immediate postoperative period after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Badash Ido , Lui Christopher G. , Hur Kevin , Acevedo Joseph R. , Ference Elisabeth H. , Wrobel Bozena B.
Published: July 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

The opioid crisis is a public health emergency. There is limited evidence regarding how much opioid medication is necessary and which patients will require additional pain medication following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The objective of this study was to quantify the use of opioids in the first 24 hours following ESS and determine the risk factors associated with increased need for opioid analgesia.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

A review of opioid‐naïve patients routinely admitted to the hospital following ESS between June 2016 and August 2018 was performed. Opioid consumption was quantified for each patient and converted to a morphine milligram equivalents (MME) dose. Pain intensity scores were also recorded throughout the postoperative period. Sociodemographic characteristics as well as surgical procedures performed were evaluated for impact on MME.

Results

A total of 130 patients (45.4% female) were included for analysis. The mean opioid dose consumed per patient in the first 24 hours following ESS was 24.1 MME, and the mean pain intensity was 2.4/10. Increasing pain scores were strongly associated with increasing MME (R = 0.78, P < .001). Multiple linear regression identified that patients taking antidepressants required an additional 17.2 MME (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.5‐28.9, P = .004) in the first 24 hours following ESS, whereas patients undergoing papilloma resection required an additional 16.9 MME (95% CI: 2.5‐31.4, P = .022).

Conclusions

Patients undergoing ESS require different amounts of opioids for pain control in the immediate postoperative period. A history of antidepressant use and inverted papilloma resection during ESS were associated with increased opioid consumption postoperatively.

Level of Evidence

4

Laryngoscope, 130:1122–1127, 2020
Analysis and spline approximation of surface charge and potential at planar electrochemical interfaces
Authors: Bedin Luciano , Bazán Fermín Sinforiano Viloche , Giordani Flavia Tereza
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we consider the Poisson‐Boltzmann theory to model the electrostatic potential of a bulk electrolyte containing a single planar charged surface. In the case of a constant surface charge density, we address the problem as a ODE system by using the stability theory for autonomous dynamical systems. By stating that the surface charge density and the surface potential are non‐linearly related through the Grahame equation, we give a description of the stable manifold of the system. To solve the Grahame equation and obtain an approximation for the stable manifold, we propose a smoothing collocation method based on cubic splines, including implementation details and numerical results.
Some results on soft element and soft topological space
Authors: Polat Nazan Çakmak , Yaylalı Gözde , Tanay Bekir
Published: July 2019

All over the globe, soft set theory is a topic of interest for many authors working in diverse areas because of its rich potential for applications in several directions since the day it was defined by Molodtsov in 1999. Moreover, soft set theory is free from the difficulties where as other existing methods viz. probability theory, fuzzy set theory. Considering to these benefits, soft set theory has became very popular research area for many researchers. To contribute this research area, in this paper, we examine some properties on soft topological spaces such as neighborhood structure of a soft element and soft interior, soft closure, and soft cluster element and so on that are based on soft element definition that gives us a different perspective for development of soft set theory. Moreover, we give some examples to clarify our definitions.
A circularly polarized horn antenna with elliptical waveguide polarizer
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Yu Junsheng , Liu Xiaoming , Yao Yuan , Chen Xiaodong
Published: July 2019

In this article, a circularly polarized horn antenna with elliptical waveguide polarizer is proposed. By converting linear polarization into circular polarization in the elliptical waveguide polarizer, circularly polarized radiation can be realized by the proposed antenna in D‐band. The observation shows that the proposed antenna achieves the impedance bandwidth of 16.7% for S11 < −10 dB from 110 to 130 GHz and the axial‐ratio bandwidth of 11.7% from 114 to 128 GHz. The measured gain of the proposed antenna can reach the range 13.6‐17.82 dBic from 110 to 130 GHz. Besides, the measured normalized beam of the proposed antenna at the far field is able to realize a sidelobe below −25 dB, as well as good axial symmetry. With the elliptical waveguide polarizer, it is obtained that the proposed antenna has the potential application of circularly polarized radiation in millimeter and sub‐millimeter wave band.
Optimal neoadjuvant chemotherapy duration in Wilms tumour with intravascular thrombus: A literature review and evidence from SIOP WT 2001 trial
Authors: Morris Louise , Squire Roly , Sznajder Beata , van Tinteren Harm , Godzinski Jan , Powis Mark
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Preoperative chemotherapy is recommended for children with Wilms tumour with intravascular extension. Extended chemotherapy may improve resectability, but increase tumour adherence to vascular endothelium, precluding complete resection. To evaluate the optimal length of preoperative treatment, we report a two‐part review comprising systematic review of the literature and investigation of patients treated in the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) WT 2001 trial.

Methods

Studies were identified using Medline and Embase databases from 1996 to present. English language titles reporting management of intravascular Wilms tumour were analysed. Patients with Wilms tumour and thrombus were identified from the SIOP WT 2001 trial. Overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS), tumour regression, completeness of resection and cavectomy were investigated.

Results

The search retrieved 43 articles documenting 498 children. Note that 72% of the patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy: 101 received standard course (4‐6 weeks, standard course neoadjuvant chemotherapy [StC]) and 62 extended course (> 6 weeks, extended course neoadjuvant chemotherapy [EC]). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of thrombus regression or completeness of resection. EFS was greater in the StC group (78 vs 54%; P = .04). Of 4511 patients registered in the SIOP WT 2001 trial, 166 had thrombus. Note that 97% of the patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy: 63 StC and 67 EC. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to tumour regression, complete resection, or cavectomy. Survival was significantly higher in those receiving StC than EC (OS: 95% vs 82%, P = .025; EFS: 88% vs 72%, P = .047).

Conclusion

There is no evidence that prolonged courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy beyond the recommended protocols confer any additional benefit in treating intravascular extension of Wilms tumour.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of aliphatic poly(β‐thioether ester) with various methylene group contents: thermal properties, crystallization and degradation
Authors: Wu Wan‐Xia
Published: July 2019

A series of novel aliphatic poly(β‐thioether ester)s with various methylene group contents were prepared by direct lipase‐catalyzed polycondensation of the monomer with an acid‐labile β‐thiopropionate group. The polycondensation reaction using immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica was carried out in diphenyl ether at 90 °C. Poly(β‐thioether ester)s with high molecular weights of 20 500–57 000 Da and narrow polydispersities in the range 1.40–1.48 were obtained. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction were used to investigate the thermal properties and crystal structures of these polyesters. All the poly(β‐thioether ester)s were semicrystalline polymers and thermally stable up to at least 200 °C. In vitro degradation studies showed that they can rapidly degrade under acidic conditions by the hydrolysis of the β‐thiopropionate groups, suggesting their potential as acid‐degradable polymeric materials. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Optoelectronic and charge transport properties of the complex of carbon nanotube with perylene bisimide
Authors: Joshi Ankita , Ramachandran C. N.
Published: July 2019

In the present study we carried out an investigation on the structure and properties of the complex formed by adsorbing perylene bisimide (PBI) on the surface of (6,6) carbon nanotube (CNT) by employing different dispersion‐corrected density functionals (B97D, B3LYP‐GD3, and ωB97XD), which showed the complex as stable. The contribution of various components of interaction energy follows the order: dispersion > electrostatic > induction. The lower ionization energy of CNT and the higher electron affinity of PBI revealed that they constitute a donor‐acceptor system. Electron density distribution of the frontier molecular orbitals of complex confirmed the photoinduced charge transfer. The charge transport properties of the complex indicated higher hole mobility than electron mobility making it suitable to be used as p‐type transistor. The absorption spectrum of the complex showed absorption in the near ultraviolet‐visible‐near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum suggesting it useful for solar cells.
Automated crop plant detection based on the fusion of color and depth images for robotic weed control
Authors: Gai Jingyao , Tang Lie , Steward Brian L.
Published: July 2019

Robotic weeding enables weed control near or within crop rows automatically, precisely and effectively. A computer‐vision system was developed for detecting crop plants at different growth stages for robotic weed control. Fusion of color images and depth images was investigated as a means of enhancing the detection accuracy of crop plants under conditions of high weed population. In‐field images of broccoli and lettuce were acquired 3–27 days after transplanting with a Kinect v2 sensor. The image processing pipeline included data preprocessing, vegetation pixel segmentation, plant extraction, feature extraction, feature‐based localization refinement, and crop plant classification. For the detection of broccoli and lettuce, the color‐depth fusion algorithm produced high true‐positive detection rates (91.7% and 90.8%, respectively) and low average false discovery rates (1.1% and 4.0%, respectively). Mean absolute localization errors of the crop plant stems were 26.8 and 7.4 mm for broccoli and lettuce, respectively. The fusion of color and depth was proved beneficial to the segmentation of crop plants from background, which improved the average segmentation success rates from 87.2% (depth‐based) and 76.4% (color‐based) to 96.6% for broccoli, and from 74.2% (depth‐based) and 81.2% (color‐based) to 92.4% for lettuce, respectively. The fusion‐based algorithm had reduced performance in detecting crop plants at early growth stages.