bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐cultural differences in intercultural mindreading: Evidence from a sample of Palestinian, Italian, and German adolescents
Authors: Hünefeldt Thomas , Hussein Ola , Olivetti Belardinelli Marta
Published: December 2020

Despite the fact that the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test (RMET) is now available in more than 20 languages, there are only very few cross‐cultural researchers using this test, and these researchers generally focus on North American versus East Asian cultures. Considering that the RMET stimuli were selected and constructed in the United Kingdom, this research explored cross‐cultural differences in intercultural mindreading with a large sample of adolescents from Palestine (PAL), Italy (ITA), and Germany (GER). In addition to significant main effects of age (younger < older) and gender (male < female), we found a significant main effect of country (PAL < ITA < GER) and a significant interaction between gender and country. Individualism was not related to mindreading in any of the three countries whereas collectivism was positively related in PAL, but not in ITA or GER, accounting only for a very small amount of the variance. Our results suggest that (a) there may be cultural ingroup effects on mindreading, (b) the known female superiority in mindreading may be moderated by cultural factors, and (c) depending on cultural factors, individualism and collectivism may be differently related to mindreading.
Rotational molding of compatibilized PA6/LLDPE blends
Authors: López GonzalezNúñez Rosa Gabriela , Vázquez‐Fletes Roberto Carlos , Ortega‐Gudiño Pedro , Vázquez‐Lepe Milton Oswaldo , Rodrigue Denis , González‐Núñez Rubén
Published: December 2020

In this work, rotational molding was used to produce parts based on a blend of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polyamide 6 (PA6). In particular, the concentration of PA6 (0, 10, 20, and 30% vol) with and without a compatibilizer (Surlyn 9020) was investigated via two methods: dry blending in a high‐shear mixer and melt compounding in a twin‐screw extruder followed by pulverization. To determine the efficiency of the rotomolding process, similar parts were produced via compression molding. For rotational molding, dry ice (solid CO2) was used to create an inert atmosphere in the mold and the processing conditions were followed by the mold internal air temperature traces. From the samples produced, thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties were measured. The results showed that the rotomolded parts of the melt blended compounds generated smaller and better dispersed PA6 particles in the LLDPE matrix. This finer morphology led to improved mechanical properties, especially when the compatibilizer was present. But the latter was found to be more effective on the compression‐molded samples.
A twelve‐year neonatal and pediatric high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation transport experience
Authors: Piloquet Jean‐Eudes , Genuini Mathieu , Kessous Katia , Maury Isabelle , Rambaud Jérôme , Léger Pierre Louis , Lodé Noëlla
Published: December 2020

Objective

To describe the evolution over a 12‐year period of a pediatric intensive care unit transport team's (PICU‐TT) experience of pediatric and neonatal interhospital transportation on high‐frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV).

Methods

This was a monocentric retrospective observational study from January 2006 to December 2017. All patients aged under 18 years old who were transported on HFOV by the Robert Debré Hospital PICU‐TT were included.

Results

Over a 12‐year period, 125 patients were transported on HFOV, including 107 newborns and 18 children. Median (range) age and weight were 9 days (1 h–9 years) and 3.3 (0.6–39) kg, respectively. Initial median oxygenation index, SpO2/FiO2 ratio and mean airway pressure were 32, 91, and 18 cmH2O, respectively, without significant difference between values before and after transport. Adverse events occurred during 28 transportations (22%) including three recovered cardiac arrests and one death. Overall survival rate at discharge was 74%, 78% in neonates and 56% in pediatrics, respectively. HFOV transportation rate increased over the last four years of the study for neonates and remained stable for older children. Extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) initiation rate on arrival decreased and survival rate increased significantly during the last four years of the study (p < .05).

Conclusion

This study showed the feasibility of HFOV transportation by a PICU‐TT, despite some challenges. A trend towards using ECMO more than HFOV for the most severe respiratory and/or circulatory failures was seen over the 12‐year period. The HFOV transportation rate has increased for less severe neonatal patients.
Addendum to: Updated constraints on non-standard interactions from global analysis of oscillation data
Authors: Esteban Ivan , Gonzalez-Garcia M. C. , Maltoni Michele , Martinez-Soler Ivan , Salvado Jordi
Published: December 2020

In this addendum we re-assess the constraints on Non-Standard Interactions (NSI) from the global analysis of neutrino oscillation data after including the new results released since the publication of ref. [1], in particular those presented at the Neutrino2020 conference. The new data considered here includes the total energy spectrum and the day-night asymmetry of the 2970-day SK4 solar neutrino sample [2], as well as the latest results from long-baseline (LBL) experiments T2K [3, 4] and NOvA [5, 6]. In addition, we have updated the reactor experiments Double-Chooz [7, 8] to 1276/587 days of far/near detector data and RENO [9, 10] to 2908 days of exposure.
Disjoint Blocks in a MOL(6)
Authors: Betten Dieter
Published: December 2020

We prove that the maximal number of pairwise disjoint 4-blocks in a MOL(6) is 3. We recall various proofs for the non-existence of a MOL(6) and show: with the theorem the proofs can be simplified considerably.
Ionic thermoelectric materials for waste heat harvesting
Authors: Yang Boxuan , Portale Giuseppe
Published: December 2020

Ionic thermoelectric polymers are a new class of materials with great potential for use in low-grade waste heat harvesting and the field has seen much progress during the recent years. In this work, we briefly review the working mechanism of such materials, the main advances in the field and the main criteria for performance comparison. We examine two types of polymer-based ionic thermoelectric materials: ionic conductive polymer and ionogels. Moreover, as a comparison, we also examine the more conventional ionic liquid electrolytes. Their performance, possible directions of improvements and potential applications have been evaluated.
Morphological and functional variability in central and subcentral motor cortex of the human brain
Authors: Eichert Nicole , Watkins Kate E. , Mars Rogier B. , Petrides Michael
Published: December 2020

There is a long-established link between anatomy and function in the somatomotor system in the mammalian cerebral cortex. The morphology of the central sulcus is predictive of the location of functional activation peaks relating to movement of different effectors in individuals. By contrast, morphological variation in the subcentral region and its relationship to function is, as yet, unknown. Investigating the subcentral region is particularly important in the context of speech, since control of the larynx during human speech production is related to activity in this region. Here, we examined the relationship between morphology in the central and subcentral region and the location of functional activity during movement of the hand, lips, tongue, and larynx at the individual participant level. We provide a systematic description of the sulcal patterns of the subcentral and adjacent opercular cortex, including the inter-individual variability in sulcal morphology. We show that, in the majority of participants, the anterior subcentral sulcus is not continuous, but consists of two distinct segments. A robust relationship between morphology of the central and subcentral sulcal segments and movement of different effectors is demonstrated. Inter-individual variability of underlying anatomy might thus explain previous inconsistent findings, in particular regarding the ventral larynx area in subcentral cortex. A surface registration based on sulcal labels indicated that such anatomical information can improve the alignment of functional data for group studies.
Individual and Environmental Factors Affecting Adaptive Behavior of Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Role of Parents’ Socio-cultural Level
Authors: Balboni Giulia , Bacherini Alice , Rebecchini Gessica , Cagiano Romina , Mancini Alice , Tancredi Raffaella , Igliozzi Roberta , Muratori Filippo
Published: December 2020

The effects of environmental factors [including Socio-Economic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital (Socio-Cultural Level) of both parents] on the Vineland-II adaptive behavior dimensions of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in addition to individual factors, was investigated in 148 Italian toddlers (82% males), aged 18 to 37 months with ASD. Toddlers’ age and Griffiths Mental Development Scales general development affected all of the adaptive behavior dimensions, with negative and positive associations, respectively. The Child Behavior Checklist comorbid conditions were negatively associated with some adaptive behavior dimensions while the ADOS-2 Social affect only with the communication dimension. Mothers’ and fathers’ specific Socio-Cultural Level dimensions were positively associated with toddlers’ specific adaptive behavior dimensions with the same magnitude as comorbid conditions.
A Systematic Search and Review of Questionnaires Measuring Individual psychosocial Factors Predicting Return to Work After Musculoskeletal and Common Mental Disorders
Authors: Gragnano Andrea , Villotti Patrizia , Larivière Christian , Negrini Alessia , Corbière Marc
Published: December 2020

Purpose Individual psychosocial factors are crucial in the return to work (RTW) process of workers with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and common mental disorders (CMDs). However, the quality and validity of the questionnaires used to measure these factors have rarely been investigated. The present systematic search and literature review aims at identifying, categorizing, and evaluating the questionnaires (measurement tools) used to measure individual psychosocial factors related to the perception of the personal condition and motivation to RTW that are predictive of successful RTW among workers with MSDs or CMDs. Methods Through a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO library databases and grey literature, we identified the individual psychosocial factors predictive of successful RTW among these workers. Then, we retrieved the questionnaires used to measure these factors. Finally, we searched for articles validating these questionnaires to describe them exhaustively from a psychometric and practical point of view. Results: The review included 76 studies from an initial pool of 2263 articles. Three common significant predictors of RTW after MSDs and CMDs emerged (i.e., RTW expectations, RTW self-efficacy, and work ability), two significant predictors of RTW after MSDs only (i.e., work involvement and the self-perceived connection between health and job), and two significant predictors of RTW after CMDs only (i.e., optimism and pessimism). We analyzed 30 questionnaires, including eight multiple-item scales and 22 single-item measures. Based on their psychometric and practical properties, we evaluated one of the eight multiple-item scales as questionable and five as excellent. Conclusions: With some exceptions (i.e., self-efficacy), the tools used to measure individual psychosocial factors show moderate to considerable room for improvement.
Usability of cooperative surgical telemanipulation for bone milling tasks
Authors: Schleer Philipp , Vossel Manuel , Heckmann Lotte , Drobinsky Sergey , Theisgen Lukas , de la Fuente Matías , Radermacher Klaus
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Cooperative surgical systems enable humans and machines to combine their individual strengths and collaborate to improve the surgical outcome. Cooperative telemanipulated systems offer the widest spectrum of cooperative functionalities, because motion scaling is possible. Haptic guidance can be used to assist surgeons and haptic feedback makes acting forces at the slave side transparent to the operator, however, overlapping and masking of forces needs to be avoided. This study evaluates the usability of a cooperative surgical telemanipulator in a laboratory setting.

Methods

Three experiments were designed and conducted for characteristic surgical task scenarios derived from field studies in orthopedics and neurosurgery to address bone tissue differentiation, guided milling and depth sensitive milling. Interaction modes were designed to ensure that no overlapping or masking of haptic guidance and haptic feedback occurs when allocating information to the haptic channel. Twenty participants were recruited to compare teleoperated modes, direct manual execution and an exemplary automated milling with respect to usability.

Results

Participants were able to differentiate compact and cancellous bone, both directly manually and teleoperatively. Both telemanipulated modes increased effectiveness measured by the mean absolute depth and contour error for guided and depth sensitive millings. Efficiency is decreased if solely a boundary constraint is used in hard material, while a trajectory guidance and manual milling perform similarly. With respect to subjective user satisfaction trajectory guidance is rated best for guided millings followed by boundary constraints and the direct manual interaction. Haptic feedback only improved subjective user satisfaction.

Conclusion

A cooperative surgical telemanipulator can improve effectiveness and efficiency close to an automated execution and enhance user satisfaction compared to direct manual interaction. At the same time, the surgeon remains part of the control loop and is able to adjust the surgical plan according to the intraoperative situation and his/her expertise at any time.
Radon Transforms in Hyperbolic Spaces and Their Discrete Counterparts
Authors: Casadio Tarabusi Enrico , Picardello Massimo A.
Published: December 2020

In the hyperbolic disc (or more generally in real hyperbolic spaces) we consider the horospherical Radon transform R and the geodesic Radon transform X. Composition with their respective dual operators yields two convolution operators on the disc (with respect to the hyperbolic measure). We describe their convolution kernels in comparison with those of the corresponding operators on a homogeneous tree T, separately studied as acting on functions on the vertices or on the edges. This leads to a new theory of spherical functions and Radon inversion on the edges of a tree.
An experimental analysis of overconfidence in tariff choice
Authors: Dowling Katharina , Stich Lucas , Spann Martin
Published: December 2020

Consumers regularly have to choose between a pay-per-use and a flat-rate option. Due to the increasing number and range of (digital) services, the frequency at which consumers have to make tariff-choice decisions to use these services has become even more prevalent. Prior work has demonstrated that consumers’ tariff choices are often systematically biased and identified overconfidence as one of the key drivers. Yet, prior research is non-experimental and focused on the so-called flat-rate bias. By contrast, we examine the effects of overconfidence on the choice between a pay-per-use and a flat-rate option using an experimental approach. We develop an incentive-compatible experiment to provide causal evidence for the effect of overconfidence on tariff-choice decisions. We find that overconfident (underconfident) consumers underestimate (overestimate) their actual usage, which leads them to choose a pay-per-use (flat-rate) option relatively more frequently. Based on the results, we discuss theoretical and managerial implications as well as avenues for future research.
Underdevelopment and African Literature
Authors: Brouillette Sarah
Published: December 2020

People looking for works in cities are immersed in English as the lingua franca of the mobile phone and the urban hustle – more effective instigations to reading than decades of work by traditional publishers and development agencies. The legal publishing industry campaigns to convince people to scorn pirates and plagiarists as a criminal underclass, and to instead purchase copyrighted, barcoded works that have the look of legitimacy about them. They work with development industry officials to 'foster literacy' – meaning to grow the legal book trade as a contributor to national economic health, and police what and how the newly literate read. But harried cash-strapped audiences will read what and how they can, often outside of formal economies, and are increasingly turning to mobile phone platforms that sell texts at a fraction of the price of legally printed books.
Measuring Hohokam Household Inequality with Construction Costs of Domestic Architecture at Pueblo Grande
Authors: Abbott David R. , Craig Douglas B. , Zanotto Hannah , Judd Veronica X. , Kober Brent
Published: December 2020

Recent archaeological efforts to explain the emergence and persistence of social inequality have been hampered by little information about how wealth was transmitted across generations, and how it may have accumulated or diminished over time. Building on studies that have shown domestic architecture to be an excellent material expression of household wealth, we provide a method for reconstructing the amount of labor invested in house construction among the Hohokam of southern Arizona. We also account for different architectural styles from different time periods. To illustrate the utility of the method for addressing broader social issues, we investigate the relationship among population increases, resource shortages, and wealth differentials at Pueblo Grande—one of the preeminent settlements in the Hohokam region. Inequality at Pueblo Grande was tracked over time and compared to similar results at the Grewe site. High-status households at both sites were distinguished architecturally by larger and, in some instances, more elaborate houses. The proximity of these households to public areas for ceremonial expression further suggests that access to ritual played a key role in creating and maintaining inequality in Hohokam society.
Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder in Routine Care
Authors: Colhoun Helen , Kannis-Dymand Lee , Rudge Marion , Le Compte Dianne , O'Flaherty Sarah J. , Gilbert Claire , Jones Monique , Harrow Sarah-Eve , Chambers Ron , Woolcock Colette , Macleod Juliet , Lovell Geoff P , Bell Caroline
Published: December 2020

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent chronic condition with a large demand for treatment. This community outpatient study examined the effectiveness of a group intervention version of the established one-to-one cognitive therapy derived from the Clark and Wells model for SAD. Questionnaires were completed pre-treatment and post-treatment for SAD symptoms (Social Phobia Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale), depressive symptoms (BDI-II), self-focused attention, safety behaviours (Social Phobia Weekly Summary Scale and Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination), and impaired functioning (Work and Social Adjustment Scale). From an initial sample of 159 participants, 101 completed at least seven of the nine weekly group sessions (Mage = 34.1 years, SDage = 10.8 years, 53% female). Significant improvements were demonstrated on all measures. Large effect sizes were found for social anxiety symptoms and safety behaviour use. Self-focused attention, depressive symptoms, and impaired functioning had moderate effect sizes. Effect sizes for anxiety (d = 1.00 and 1.32) and mood measures (d = 0.71) were as high, or in some cases, higher than previous group treatment studies. Results suggest group cognitive therapy for SAD based on the Clark and Wells model is effective in a clinical setting for individuals with moderate/severe and treatment-resistant social anxiety.
Attaining Accuracy and Precision of Measuring Containers During the Qin Dynasty
Authors: Li Kin Sum (Sammy)
Published: December 2020

This article explores how Qin Dynasty bureaucrats attained accuracy and precision in producing and designing measuring containers. One of the salient achievements of the Qin empire was the so-called unification of measurement systems. Yet measurement systems and the technological methods employed to achieve accuracy and precision in ancient China have scarcely been explored in English-language scholarship. I will examine the material features of the containers and reconstruct the production methods with which the clay models, molds, and cores of the containers were prepared before casting. I also investigate the inscriptions on the containers to determine whether they were cast or engraved. In so doing, I supply the field of Qin history with additional solid evidence about how accuracy and precision were defined in the Qin empire.
Arcminute-scale studies of the interstellar gas towards HESS J1804−216: Still an unidentified TeVγ-ray source
Authors: Feijen Kirsty , Rowell Gavin , Einecke Sabrina , Braiding Catherine , Burton Michael G. , Maxted Nigel , Voisin Fabien , Wong Graeme F.
Published: December 2020

The Galactic TeV${\gamma}$-ray source${\mathrm{HESS\,J}1804{-}216}$is currently an unidentified source. In an attempt to unveil its origin, we present here the most detailed study of interstellar gas using data from the Mopra Southern Galactic Plane CO Survey, 7- and 12-mm wavelength Mopra surveys and Southern Galactic Plane Survey of HI. Several components of atomic and molecular gas are found to overlap${\mathrm{HESS\,J}1804{-}216}$at various velocities along the line of sight. The CS(1-0) emission clumps confirm the presence of dense gas. Both correlation and anti-correlation between the gas and TeV${\gamma}$-ray emission have been identified in various gas tracers, enabling several origin scenarios for the TeV${\gamma}$-ray emission from${\mathrm{HESS\,J}1804{-}216}$. For a hadronic scenario,${\mathrm{SNR\,G}8.7{-}0.1}$and the progenitor supernova remnant (SNR) of${\mathrm{PSR\,J}1803{-}2137}$require cosmic ray (CR) enhancement factors of${\mathord{\sim} 50}$times the solar neighbour CR flux value to produce the TeV${\gamma}$-ray emission. Assuming an isotropic diffusion model, CRs from both these SNRs require a slow diffusion coefficient, as found for other TeV SNRs associated with adjacent ISM gas. The morphology of gas located at 3.8 kpc (the dispersion measure distance to${\mathrm{PSR\,J}1803{-}2137}$) tends to anti-correlate with features of the TeV emission from${\mathrm{HESS\,J}1804{-}216}$, making the leptonic scenario possible. Both pure hadronic and pure leptonic scenarios thus remain plausible.
The convergence rate of the fast signal diffusion limit for a Keller–Segel–Stokes system with large initial data
Authors: Li Min , Xiang Zhaoyin
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we investigate the fast signal diffusion limit of solutions of the fully parabolic Keller–Segel–Stokes system to solution of the parabolic–elliptic-fluid counterpart in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional bounded domain with smooth boundary. Under the natural volume-filling assumption, we establish an algebraic convergence rate of the fast signal diffusion limit for general large initial data by developing a series of subtle bootstrap arguments for combinational functionals and using some maximal regularities. In our current setting, in particular, we can remove the restriction to asserting convergence only along some subsequence in Wang–Winkler and the second author (Cal. Var., 2019).
Follow the majority? How voters coordinate electoral support to secure club goods
Authors: Duell Dominik
Published: December 2020

Voters often favor candidates who benefit them individually but may coordinate their support with their social group on other candidates in exchange for policies targeting their group. In a laboratory experiment, I induce group identities to investigate the behavior of voters facing such trade-offs. I find that groups with low within heterogeneity often secure the club good from a candidate who is also individually beneficial to a majority of the group. In more heterogeneous groups, coordination on that candidate often fails and while the group still receives club goods, it is from a candidate whose policies are otherwise individually costly to most of the group. The results highlight the role strategic considerations play in the formation of group-based electoral coalitions.
Differential effects of maternal diets on birth outcomes and metabolic parameters in rats after ethanol consumption during pregnancy
Authors: Wang Yidi , Feltham Bradley A. , Eskin Michael N. A. , Suh Miyoung
Published: December 2020

Maternal nutrition status plays an important role in the development of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), but its direct evidence is lacking. This study compared a standard chow with a semi-purified energy-dense (E-dense) diet on birth and metabolic outcomes in rats after ethanol (EtOH) consumption during pregnancy. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were randomised into four groups: chow (n 6), chow + EtOH (20 %, v/v) (n 7), E-dense (n 6) and E-dense + EtOH (n 8). Birth outcomes including litter size, body and organ weights were collected. Metabolic parameters were measured in dams and pups at postnatal day (PD) 7. Maternal EtOH consumption decreased body weights (P < 0·0001) and litter sizes (P < 0·05) in chow-fed dams. At PD7, pups born to dams fed the E-dense diet had higher body (P < 0·002) and liver weights (P < 0·0001). These pups also had higher plasma total cholesterol (P < 0·0001), TAG (P < 0·003) and alanine aminotransferase (P < 0·03) compared with those from chow-fed dams. Dams fed the E-dense diet had higher plasma total (P < 0·0001) and HDL-cholesterol (P < 0·0001) and lower glucose (P < 0·0001). EtOH increased total cholesterol (P < 0·03) and glucose (P < 0·05) only in dams fed the E-dense diet. Maternal exposure to the E-dense diet attenuated prenatal EtOH-induced weight loss and produced different metabolic outcomes in both dams and pups. While the long-lasting effects of these outcomes are unknown, this study highlights the importance of maternal diet quality for maternal health and infant growth and suggests that maternal nutrition intervention may be a potential target for alleviating FASD.
Calcareous meiofauna associated with the calcareous algaCorallina officinalison bedrock and boulder-field shores of Ceredigion, Wales, UK
Authors: Wilson Brent , Hayek Lee-Ann C.
Published: December 2020

The intertidal coastline of Ceredigion, Wales, comprises a patchwork of unstable sand and cobble beaches, and stable bedrock areas and boulder-fields. The last two shoreline types support rock-pools with growths of the red algaCorallina officinalis, the thalli of which are a popular substrate for calcareous epiphytes. Replicate samples ofC. officinalis(four per site) were taken from (a) three bedrock sites (Ceinewydd, Aberystwyth Victoria Rocks and Castle Rocks) and (b) three boulder-fields (Llanon, Aberaeron lower shore (Aberaeron LS), Llanina) on the lower shore. The middle shore boulder field at Aberaeron (Aberaeron MS) was also sampled. These replicates were examined for calcareous meiofauna (63–2000 μm) not previously examined as a community: spirorbids, foraminifera, gastropods, bryozoans, ostracods and ophiuroids. These were assigned to sessile and vagile modes of life. The sessile association overwhelmingly dominated bedrock coastlines and the Aberaeron MS, while the vagile association was at its most abundant on theCorallinafrom lower shore, stable boulder-fields. Gastropods were almost entirely limited toCorallinaon boulder-fields. We hypothesize that the boulders induce low-energy turbulence among breaking waves, allowing the less firmly attached vagile meiofauna to dominate onC. officinalisin rock-pools in lower shore boulder-fields. The small attachment area of sessile organisms allows them to settle bedrock sites in greater densities than do vagile organisms at boulder-field sites, which are presumed to require larger foraging areas.
Plotting the Modern City: John Dryden'sSir Martin Mar-Allon the Dorset Garden Stage
Authors: Fawcett Julia H.
Published: December 2020

Over the course of four days in September, 1666, a fire sparked in a bakery turned four-fifths of central London to dust. Wandering the streets around his home three days after the Great Fire subsided, the diarist John Evelyn describes a city in ruins—its buildings and landmarks “mealted, & reduc'd to cinders by the vehement heats,” its “bielanes & narrower streetes … quite fill'd up with rubbish, nor could one have possibly known where he was, but by the ruines of some church, or hall, that had some remarkable towre or pinacle remaining.” John Dryden echoes Evelyn's sense of disorientation inAnnus Mirabilis, his poem dedicated to the people of London and published in 1667; he describes “the Cracks of Falling houses,” the “Shrieks of Subjects” as the Fire “wades the Streets,” threatens the palace, and lays the city's famed financial centers “to waste.” And he describes, too, the desperate attempts by those left homeless by the Fire to make spaces for themselves in the ruins:Those who have [no home] sit round where once it was,And with full Eyes each wonted Room require:Haunting the yet warm ashes of the place,As murder'd Men walk where they did expire.
INTERGENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN 19TH-CENTURY SPAIN (VALENCIA), 1841-1870
Authors: Santiago-Caballero Carlos
Published: December 2020

This paper sheds light on a crucial period of Spanish economic history, analysing changes in intergenerational occupational mobility. We use newly collected empirical evidence from Valencia, a region that followed a path of growth based on agrarian capitalism focused on international markets. We show that occupational mobility improved between 1841 and 1850, but that this situation reversed during the following decades. The opportunities offered to individuals from poorer families quickly disappeared. Put in international perspective, occupational mobility in Valencia was far lower than in other European countries, where both downward and especially upward mobility were considerably higher. By 1870, Valencia had become a polarised society, where the lowest part of the income distribution suffered increasing pauperisation and downward mobility.
Introduction: International Institutions and Peaceful Change
Authors: He Kai , Paul T. V. , Wivel Anders
Published: December 2020

The rise of “the rest,” especially China, has triggered an inevitable transformation of the so-called liberal international order. Rising powers have started to both challenge and push for the reform of existing multilateral institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and to create new ones, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). The United States under the Trump administration, on the other hand, has retreated from the international institutions that the country once led or helped to create, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP); the Paris Agreement; the Iran nuclear deal; the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). The United States has also paralyzed the ability of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to settle trade disputes by blocking the appointment of judges to its appellate body. Moreover, in May 2020, President Trump announced his decision to quit the Open Skies Treaty, an arms control regime designed to promote transparency among its members regarding military activities. During the past decade or so, both Russia and the United States have been dismantling multilateral arms control treaties one by one while engaging in new nuclear buildups at home.
Managing a Law Firm Research Service from Home: from ‘What's Zoom?’ to Trainee Induction Week from a Bedroom
Authors: Hunter Ian
Published: December 2020

In this article Ian Hunter considers his experiences, learning points and recommendations on running an international law firm research service from home for 6 months, after being sent home at one hour's notice. In the article he considers working from home, including the psychological benefits of having a ‘journey’ to work, providing a research service and a library service, managing a team and the use of communications technology.
The impact of maternal protein restriction during perinatal life on the response to a septic insult in adult rats
Authors: Khazaee Reza , Vinokurtseva Anastasiya , McCaig Lynda A. , Yamashita Cory , Hardy Daniel B. , Arany Edith , Veldhuizen Ruud A. W.
Published: December 2020

Although abundant evidence exists that adverse events during pregnancy lead to chronic conditions, there is limited information on the impact of acute insults such as sepsis. This study tested the hypothesis that impaired fetal development leads to altered organ responses to a septic insult in both male and female adult offspring. Fetal growth restricted (FGR) rats were generated using a maternal protein-restricted diet. Male and female FGR and control diet rats were housed until 150–160 d of age when they were exposed either a saline (control) or a fecal slurry intraperitoneal (Sepsis) injection. After 6 h, livers and lungs were analyzed for inflammation and, additionally, the amounts and function of pulmonary surfactant were measured. The results showed increases in the steady-state mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in the liver in response to the septic insult in both males and females; these responses were not different between FGR and control diet groups. In the lungs, cytokines were not detectable in any of the experimental groups. A significant decrease in the relative amount of surfactant was observed in male FGR offspring, but this was not observed in control males or in female animals. Overall, it is concluded that FGR induced by maternal protein restriction does not impact liver and lung inflammatory response to sepsis in either male or female adult rats. An altered septic response in male FGR offspring with respect to surfactant may imply a contribution to lung dysfunction.
Residential Segregation at the Dawn of the Great Migration: Evidence from the 1910 and 1920 Census
Authors: Bae Hyun Hye , Freeman Lance
Published: December 2020

The second decade of the twentieth century is viewed as the pivotal period for ghetto formation in the United States. This decade witnessed the onset of the Great Migration and it was during this time that modern ghettos, massive agglomerations of tens of thousands of Blacks and virtually only Blacks, became visible. Despite the importance of this period for ghetto formation and the subsequent segregation experienced by Blacks, our understanding of the dynamics of segregation during this period is incomplete. We utilize recently released fine-grained census data to present a more precise and complete picture of segregation in American cities in the second decade of the twentieth century and in doing so make several contributions to the historical literature on residential segregation. First, we document how segregation varied across the full range of American cities, including Southern and smaller cities overlooked in most historical accounts. Second, we assess how the influx of Southern Black migrants into Northern cities was related to increasing segregation. Third, we ascertain the role of Blacks’ socioeconomic status in determining proximity to Whites. Fourth, we examine racial zoning’s impact on segregation. Finally, we consider how the presence of immigrants in a city was related to the residential segregation experienced by Blacks. This research thus adds to the literature on residential segregation by providing more reliable estimates of the degree of residential segregation experienced by Blacks at the beginning of the Great Migration as well as exploring other factors associated with varying levels of segregation at that time.
Influence of chaff and chaff lines on weed seed survival and seedling emergence in Australian cropping systems
Authors: Walsh Michael J. , Rayner Annie E. , Ruttledge Annie , Broster John C.
Published: December 2020

Chaff lining and chaff tramlining are harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems that involve the concentration of chaff material containing weed seed into narrow (20 to 30 cm) rows between or on the harvester wheel tracks during harvest. These lines of chaff are left intact in the fields through subsequent cropping seasons in the assumption that the chaff environment is unfavorable for weed seed survival. The chaff row environment effect on weed seed survival was examined in field studies, and chaff response studies determined the influence of increasing amounts of chaff on weed seedling emergence. The objectives of these studies were to determine the influences of (1) chaff lines on the summer–autumn seed survival of selected weed species and (2) chaff type and amount on rigid ryegrass seedling emergence. There was frequently no difference (P > 0.05) in seed survival of four weed species (rigid ryegrass, wild oat, annual sowthistle, and turnip weed) when seeds were placed beneath or beside chaff lines. In one instance, wild oat seed survival was increased (P < 0.05) when seed were placed beneath compared to beside a chaff line. The pot studies determined that increasing amounts of chaff consistently resulted in decreasing numbers of rigid ryegrass seedlings emerging through chaff material. The suppression of emergence broadly followed a linear relationship in which there was approximately a 2.0% reduction in emergence with every 1,000 kg ha–1 increase in chaff material. This relationship was consistent across wheat, barley, canola, and lupin chaff types, indicating that the physical presence of the chaff was more important than chaff type. These studies suggested that chaff lines may not affect the survival over summer–autumn of the contained weed seeds but that the subsequent emergence of weed seedlings will be restricted by high amounts of chaff (>40,000 kg ha–1).
Elastic and Thermoelastic Effects on Thermal Water Convection in Fracture Zones
Authors: Patterson James W. , Driesner Thomas
Published: December 2020

Natural groundwater convection in fractures is an important mechanism of mass and heat transfer in the subsurface, locally altering temperature by several tens of degrees. The thermoelastic stresses resulting from these thermal anomalies induce thermal strains, which in turn alter the transmissivity (permeability times thickness) of the fracture and, therefore, the convective flow within. We investigate the effect of thermal strains on fracture convection patterns using a three‐dimensional thermo‐hydraulic‐mechanical numerical model, implementing the Barton‐Bandis relationship between fracture transmissivity and effective normal stress, which results in a downward‐narrowing of the fractures. When thermoelasticity is not taken into account, convection forms narrow upflow zones and wide downflow zones. Decreasing fracture stiffness results in similar upflow/downflow patterns, but restricted to the shallow portions of the fracture, creating relatively minor thermal changes. When thermo‐elasticity is included in the model, thermal strains induced by cool downflow zones create narrow high‐transmissivity channels within the fracture, allowing convective flow to reach greater depths and significantly reducing the geothermal gradient near the fracture. Fracture stiffness is a key parameter in determining convection depth and thermal perturbation strength for a given set of host rock mechanical properties. When fracture stiffness is below some threshold, subsequent contractive thermoelastic strains were found to induce tensile failure of the host rock below the fracture, propagating and deepening the fracture into the host rock. This observation provides support to the previously proposed concept of convective downward migration.
Seasonal and Solar Wind Sector Duration Influences on the Correlation of High Latitude Clouds With Ionospheric Potential
Authors: Tinsley Brian A , Zhou Limin , Wang Lin , Zhang Liang
Published: December 2020

Irradiances from long‐lived stratus‐type clouds at Alert (Canada), Summit (Greenland), and South Pole, previously measured, show correlations with the day‐to‐day input to the global atmospheric electric circuit from the solar wind, as well as with the inputs of low‐ and mid‐latitude thunderstorms and shower clouds. We analyze the measured Alert cloud irradiances, and find differences in the responses to 2, 4, or more solar wind sectors per 27‐days solar rotation. We find seasonal variations in the correlations, with sign reversal in the summer. The correlation coefficients that were found previously for all‐year, all sector types show further increases for just winter months and in addition, for just 2‐sector intervals. At high magnetic latitudes, the ionospheric potential correlates strongly with the solar wind sector structure, and determines the flow of current density (JZ) to the Earth's surface that passes through clouds and modifies space charge in them. Parameterizations of the potential distribution near the magnetic pole are used in the correlations. The daily average values depend mainly on the solar wind (interplanetary) magnetic field (IMF) BY component, with lesser influence of the solar wind speed and IMF BZ. Mechanisms by which space charge in clouds can affect cloud microphysics and cloud opacity are described and are qualitatively consistent with the correlations, but need quantitative testing.
Bed Particle Displacements and Morphological Development in a Wandering Gravel‐Bed River
Authors: McQueen R. , Ashmore P. , Millard T. , Goeller N.
Published: December 2020

Bed particles were tracked using passive integrated transponder tags in a wandering reach of the San Juan River, British Columbia, Canada, to assess particle movement around three major bars in the river. In‐channel topographic changes were monitored through repeat LiDAR surveys during this period and used in concert with the tracer data set to assess the relationship between particle displacements and changes in channel morphology, specifically, the development and re‐working of bars. This has direct implications for virtual velocity and morphologic based estimates of bedload flux, which rely on accurate estimates of the variability and magnitude of particle path lengths over time. Tracers were deployed in the river at three separate locations in the Fall of 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018, with recovery surveys conducted during the summer low‐flow season the year after tracer deployment and multiple mobilizing events. Tracers exhibited path length distributions reflective of both morphologic controls and year to year differences related to the annual flow regime. Annual tracer transport was restricted primarily to less than one riffle‐pool‐bar unit, even during years with a greater number of peak floods and duration of competent flow. Tracer deposition and burial was focused along bar margins, particularly at or downstream of the bar apex, reflecting the downstream migration and lateral bar accretion observed on Digital Elevation Models of difference. This highlights the fundamental importance of bar development and re‐working underpinning bedload transport processes in bar‐dominated channels.
Accelerated tooth movement in Rsk2-deficient mice with impaired cementum formation
Authors: Nottmeier Cita , Decker Maximilian G. , Luther Julia , von Kroge Simon , Kahl-Nieke Bärbel , Amling Michael , Schinke Thorsten , Petersen Julian , Koehne Till
Published: December 2020

Coffin–Lowry–Syndrome (CLS) is a X-linked mental retardation characterized by skeletal dysplasia and premature tooth loss. We and others have previously demonstrated that the ribosomal S6 kinase RSK2, mutated in CLS, is essential for bone and cementum formation; however, it remains to be established whether RSK2 plays also a role in mechanically induced bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). We, therefore, performed OTM in wild-type (WT) mice and Rsk2-deficient mice using Nitinol tension springs that were fixed between the upper left molars and the incisors. The untreated contralateral molars served as internal controls. After 12 days of OTM, the jaws were removed and examined by micro-computed tomography (µCT), decalcified histology, and immunohistochemistry. Our analysis of the untreated teeth confirmed that the periodontal phenotype of Rsk2-deficient mice is characterized by alveolar bone loss and hypoplasia of root cementum. Quantification of OTM using µCT revealed that OTM was more than two-fold faster in Rsk2-deficient mice as compared to WT. We also observed that OTM caused alveolar bone loss and root resorptions in WT and Rsk2-deficient mice. However, quantification of these orthodontic side effects revealed no differences between WT and Rsk2-deficient mice. Taken together, Rsk2 loss-of-function accelerates OTM in mice without causing more side effects.
High rate oxygen reduction reaction during corrosion of ultra-high-purity magnesium
Authors: Wang Cheng , Mei Di , Wiese Gert , Wang Linqian , Deng Min , Lamaka Sviatlana V. , Zheludkevich Mikhail L.
Published: December 2020

Comprehending the corrosion mechanism of magnesium is of major interest in diverse fields. Typically, hydrogen evolution reaction is considered as the only cathodic reaction during Mg corrosion. However, recent works demonstrate importance of considering oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as a second cathodic process at specific conditions. With oxygen micro-optode, we show that ORR rate was higher on slower corroding ultra-high-purity Mg (UHP-Mg), while lower on faster corroding commercially pure Mg (CP-Mg), where massive hydroxide layer impeded oxygen permeation. These findings shed light on yet another facet of complex mechanism of Mg corrosion.
Radixin modulates the function of outer hair cell stereocilia
Authors: Prasad Sonal , Vona Barbara , Diñeiro Marta , Costales María , González-Aguado Rocío , Fontalba Ana , Diego-Pérez Clara , Subasioglu Asli , Bademci Guney , Tekin Mustafa , Cabanillas Rubén , Cadiñanos Juan , Fridberger Anders
Published: December 2020

The stereocilia of the inner ear sensory cells contain the actin-binding protein radixin, encoded by RDX. Radixin is important for hearing but remains functionally obscure. To determine how radixin influences hearing sensitivity, we used a custom rapid imaging technique to visualize stereocilia motion while measuring electrical potential amplitudes during acoustic stimulation. Radixin inhibition decreased sound-evoked electrical potentials. Other functional measures, including electrically induced sensory cell motility and sound-evoked stereocilia deflections, showed a minor amplitude increase. These unique functional alterations demonstrate radixin as necessary for conversion of sound into electrical signals at acoustic rates. We identified patients with RDX variants with normal hearing at birth who showed rapidly deteriorating hearing during the first months of life. This may be overlooked by newborn hearing screening and explained by multiple disturbances in postnatal sensory cells. We conclude radixin is necessary for ensuring normal conversion of sound to electrical signals in the inner ear.
The chemical biology of coronavirus host–cell interactions
Authors: Datta Suprama , Hett Erik C. , Vora Kalpit A. , Hazuda Daria J. , Oslund Rob C. , Fadeyi Olugbeminiyi O. , Emili Andrew
Published: December 2020

Chemical biology strategies can play important roles in studying the complexity of SARS-CoV-2–host interactions at molecular level detail.
Interfaces determine the nucleation and growth of large NbS2 single crystals
Authors: Cheng Zhaofang , He Shaodan , Han Xiaona , Wang Min , Zhang Shimin , Liu Shiru , Liang Gongying , Zhang Shengli , Xia Minggang
Published: December 2020

The synthesis of large NbS2 single crystals benefits from Na–Nb–O droplet interfaces, which reduces nucleation density and increases growth rate.