bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dexamethasone Therapy For Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: BONADIO WILLIAM A.
Published: December 2021

There are four studies published to date (the most recent is in Pediatrics. 1995;95:21-28) assessing the effect of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy on the outcome of pediatric bacterial meningitis that fulfill the following minimal design standard criteria: prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled; compared demographically-equivalent groups of patients with microbiologically-confirmed bacterial meningitis; administered a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic and either dexamethasone or placebo; evaluated neurologic and audiologic outcomes more than 6 weeks after hospital discharge. [SEE TABLE IN SOURCE PDF]
Use of Health Services by Children Who Were Identified During the Postpartum Period as Being at High Risk of Child Abuse or Neglect
Authors: Leventhal John M. , Pew M. Catharine , Berg Anne T. , Garber Richard B.
Published: December 2021

Objective. To examine the rates of hospitalizations of children identified as being at high risk of maltreatment compared with a sociodemographically similar comparison group.

Design. Retrospective study comparing a high-risk cohort with a sociodemographically matched comparison group at Yale-New Haven Hospital (New Haven, CT).

Patients. One hundred fourteen children who were identified from January 1979 through December 1981 by clinicians on the postpartum ward as being at high risk of abuse or neglect and 114 sociodemographically similar comparison children who were matched according to date of birth, race, gender, and method of payment for the hospitalization.

Main Outcome Measurer. During the first 4 years of life, the number of hospitalizations, reasons for admissions, and appropriateness of days in the hospital using the Pediatric Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol.

Results. Significantly more high-risk children were hospitalized (40% vs 22%; risk ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.74). High-risk children were hospitalized for 649 (mean, 9.0) days versus 124 (mean, 3.8) days in comparison children. For admissions for medical problems, 28% of hospital days in the high-risk group were considered inappropriate by the Pediatric Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol versus 8% in the comparison group.

Conclusions. There are substantial differences in the rates of hospitalizations, lengths of stay, and appropriateness of days in children identified as being at high risk of maltreatment compared with a sociodemographically similar, non-high-risk group. Preventive programs that are aimed at reducing rates of child maltreatment in high-risk young children also should examine the program's effects on the use of hospital care.
VARIATIONS BY THE BILLIONS
Authors: Student
Published: December 2021

In the present-day human population of approximately three billion there occur, with each new generation, some hundred billion to a thousand billion mutations. This is only to give some idea of the vast reservoir of fortuitous variations within the genome of a species.
Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl/Dioxin Exposure and Feeding Type on Infants' Mental and Psychomotor Development
Authors: Koopman-Esseboom Corine , Weisglas-Kuperus Nynke , de Ridder Maria A. J. , Van der Paauw Cornelis G. , Th. Tuinstra Louis G. M. , Sauer Pieter J. J.
Published: December 2021

Objective. To evaluate the effects of in utero and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins on the mental and psychomotor development of infants.

Design. Prenatal PCB exposure was estimated from the levels in maternal plasma during the last month of pregnancy. Postnatal PCB and dioxin exposure of breastfed infants was calculated from levels in human milk samples and the duration of breastfeeding. Infants were examined at 3, 7, and 18 months of age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.

Setting. General community.

Participants. Voluntary sample of 207 mother-infant pairs. One hundred five infants were breastfed and 102 were bottle-fed.

Interventions. None.

Results. Higher in utero exposure to PCBs was associated with lower psychomotor scores at 3 months of age: a doubling of the PCB load resulted in a decrease of 3 points. Breastfed infants scored significantly higher on the psychomotor score at 7 months of age, compared with formula-fed infants. However, when corrected for confounders, the psychomotor score of the 66% highest-exposed breastfed infants (>756 pg total PCB-dioxin toxic equivalent) was negatively influenced by this postnatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins, and was comparable to the psychomotor score of the formula-fed infants. Breastfed infants also scored higher on the mental scale at 7 months of age in a dose-dependent way. There was no significant influence of the perinatal PCB and dioxin exposure on the mental outcome at 3 and 7 months of age. At 18 months of age neither the mental nor the psychomotor score was related to perinatal PCB or dioxin exposure, nor to the duration of breastfeeding.

Conclusions. Prenatal PCB exposure has a small negative effect on the psychomotor score at 3 months of age. PCB and dioxin exposure through breastfeeding has an adverse effect on the psychomotor outcome at 7 months of age. The mental outcome at 7 months of age is positively influenced by breastfeeding per se; the perinatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins does not influence this outcome. At 18 months of age the development is affected neither by PCB and dioxin exposure nor by feeding type.
Recent Epidemiology of Group A Streptococcal Infections in North America and Abroad: An Overview
Authors: Kaplan Edward L.
Published: December 2021

Feared for centuries as a major cause of infection-associated morbidity and mortality among infants, children, and adults, infections caused by the Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) and the associated public health problems declined remarkably by the close of the decade of the 1960s. Rather than hospitals being filled with children and adults with rheumatic heart disease or with suppurative sequelae such as mastoiditis, serious Group A streptococcal infections and their sequelae declined to the point where they have almost been considered a "nuisance". There have been relatively rare instances of surgical infections and there have been infrequent epidemics of pharyngitis. However, in North America, Europe, and most of the industrialized countries of Asia, epidemics of serious Group A infections and their sequelae essentially are unheard of. These infections and their suppurative and nonsuppurative sequelae have been much more of a medical and public health problem in many of the developing countries of the world, where few significant changes in their epidemiologic patterns have been evident. The primary manifestations of Group A streptococcal infections have been pharyngitis and superficial skin infections (impetigo) for most industrialized countries.

During the past 10 years, however, this has changed remarkably. Serious Group A infections and their suppurative and nonsuppurative sequelae have re-emerged as significant problems for physicians and for public health authorities. For example, mortality has been greater than 30% in some reported series. This fact has placed increasing pressure on primary care physicians to appropriately diagnose and treat these infections. Understanding the epidemiology can beneficially impact patient care and public health policies.
Epidemiology and Control of Acute Respiratory Diseases With Emphasis on Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus: A Decade of U.S. Army Experience
Authors: Brundage John F. , Gunzenhauser Jeffrey D. , Longfield Jenice N. , Rubertone Mark V. , Ludwig Sharon L. , Rubin Fran A. , Kaplan Edward L.
Published: December 2021

Objective. To summarize the experiences of the U.S. Army regarding prevention and control, and frequencies, rates, trends, and determinants of febrile acute respiratory diseases (ARDs), particularly Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS).

Methodology. Since 1966, the U.S. Army has conducted routine surveillance of ARDs among basic trainees. Since 1985, all trainees with fever and respiratory tract symptoms have been cultured for GABHS. Field investigations were conducted when outbreaks of acute respiratory or GABHS-associated illnesses were detected. Mass plus tandem benzathine penicillin prophylaxis were used to interdict and control training center GABHS outbreaks.

Results. During the period 1985 to 1994, there were 65 184 hospitalizations for acute febrile respiratory illnesses among Army trainees. The crude hospitalization rate was 0.45 per 100 trainees per week. The rate consistently declined over the period. Incremental dedines were temporally associated with increased use of adenovirus immunizations and broader use of benzathine penicillin prophylaxis. During the period, 10 789 of 59 818 (18%) pharyngeal cultures were positive for GABHS. GABHS outbreaks were associated with diverse clinical manifestations including streptococcal toxic shock, acute rheumatic fever, and pneumonia. The emergence of mucoid colony morphology in clinical isolates was a consistent indicator of circulating virulent strains with epidemic potential. Outbreak-associated M types were M1, M3, M5, and M18. In response to six GABHS outbreaks, mass plus tandem benzathine penicillin chemoprophylaxis produced rapid and sustained GABHS control. ARD and GABHS recovery rates were lowest when benzathine penicillin prophylaxis was widely used.

Conclusions. ARD rates among Army trainees have consistently declined to unprecedented levels. GABHS has reemerged as an important threat to military trainees.
Why Use Homeopathic Doses of Phototherapy?
Authors: Maisels M. Jeffrey
Published: December 2021

Phototherapy is used worldwide for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia; it is safe and it works. Although there exists a vast body of literature of human, animal, and laboratory investigation dealing with the mechanisms of action, biological effects, complications, and clinical use of phototherapy (and there are several excellent recent reviews1-4), personal experience suggests that there is considerable misunderstanding about how phototherapy works, how its dose is measured, and how it should be administered. Furthermore, both the way we use phototherapy today and the indications for its use (particularly in full-term infants) have changed.1

In a bygone era, when healthy newborns remained in the hospital for at least 3 days, and hyperbilirubinemia was treated aggressively,5,6 large numbers of infants who became modestly jaundiced (serum bilirubin levels of 10 to 13 mg/dL) received phototherapy and remained in the nursery until the bilirubin levels declined.
INDOOR ALLERGEN LEVELS IN DAY NURSERIES
Authors: Sachs Martin I.
Published: December 2021

The level of indoor allergens were lower in day nurseries than in most houses. Most samples contain allergen levels below threshold levels for sensitization. The risk of sensitization to indoor allergens in day nurseries for infants appears to be less than in their own homes. It also appears that the efficacy of avoidance measures such as the use of synthetic protective mattress covers and frequent washing of sheets and toys is effective.
ASTHMA AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE) ANTIBODIES AFTER RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) BRONCHIOLITIS: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY WITH MATCHED CONTROLS
Authors: Gern James E.
Published: December 2021

RSV bronchiolitis was the most important risk factor for the development of asthma and allergen-specific IgE, although a family history of atopy or asthma further increased the risk.
A BIOASSAY FOR TOPICAL AND SYSTEMIC EFFECT OF THREE INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: Kamada Alan
Published: December 2021

The relative potencies of the inhaled steroids beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide, and triamcinolone acetonide are approximately equivalent for both topical and systemic effect when the dosage is expressed in µg. Relative potencies on the basis of actuations are therefore proportional to the number of µg delivered per actuation.
SELECTIVE DEFICIENCY IN PNEUMOCOCCAL ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN CHILDREN WITH RECURRENT INFECTIONS
Authors: Galant Stanley P.
Published: December 2021

These investigators have found a subpopulation of children with recurrent respiratory infections who have a selective Ab defect to pneumococcal antigens with normal IgG 2 levels. They recommend prophylactic antibiotics as first line therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin to be considered only if this fails.
Health Supervision for Children With Sickle Cell Diseases and Their Families
Authors:   Committee on Genetics
Published: December 2021

This set of guidelines is designed to assist the pediatrician in caring for the child in whom the diagnosis of a sickle cell disease (SCD) has been confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis. The SCDs include SS, SC, SB0 thalassemia (refers to β thalassemia mutations that do not produce any β-globin), SD, SE (the latter being noted after the influx of Southeast Asian immigrants), and others. Because some of these variants (eg, SC or SE) may be associated with minor symptoms, the information contained in these guidelines about complications, morbidity, and mortality may be overstated for these disorders. Therefore, this statement has been developed primarily for the health supervision and treatment of patients with SS disease. Because management issues may be complex, consultation, referral, and/or comanagement with a pediatric hematologist or comprehensive sickle cell program is advisable.

Medical treatment, home environment, patient and family support, and education can significantly affect the clinical outcome of children and adolescents with SCD and can facilitate their transition to adulthood. The following outline is designed to help the pediatrician in caring for children with SCDs and their families.

In addition to assuring compliance with the schedule, "Recommendations for Preventive Pediatric Health Care" of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the following areas require ongoing assessment throughout childhood and should be reviewed at each visit or periodically at appropriate ages (Table 1).

1. Establishment of baseline hemoglobin, white cell count, absolute neutrophil count, and reticulocyte count, which should be repeated periodically;

2. Monitoring growth parameters and nutritional status;
Clinical Outcomes of Children With Acute Abdominal Pain
Authors: Scholer Seth J. , Pituch Ken , Orr Donald P. , Dittus Robert S.
Published: December 2021

Objective. To determine the prevalence, associated symptoms, and clinical outcomes of children presenting for a nonscheduled visit with acute abdominal pain.

Design. Historical cohort.

Setting. Inner-city teaching hospital.

Participants. A total of 1141 consecutive children, ages 2 to 12, presenting for a nonscheduled visit (clinic or emergency department) with a complaint of nontraumatic abdominal pain of ≤3 days' duration were identified through a manual chart review.

Measurements. Collected data included: 1) demographic characteristics, 2) presenting signs and symptoms, 3) records from the hospital record for all children who returned within 10 days for follow-up, 4) test results, and 5) telephone follow-up. A clinical reviewer used the data to assign a final diagnosis to each patient.

Results. The prevalence of children presenting with abdominal pain of ≤3 days' duration was 5.1%. The most common associated symptoms were history of fever (64%), emesis (42.4%), decreased appetite (36.5%), cough (35.6%), headache (29.5%), and sore throat (27.0%). The six most prevalent final diagnoses, accounting for 84% of all final diagnoses, were upper respiratory infection and/or otitis (18.6%), pharyngitis (16.6%), viral syndrome (16.0%), abdominal pain of uncertain etiology (15.6%), gastroenteritis (10.9%), and acute febrile illness (7.8%). Approximately 1% of children required surgical intervention (10/12 for appendicitis). Approximately 7% of children returned within 10 days for reevaluation of their illness; on return, 11 had treatable medical diseases and 4 had diseases requiring surgical intervention.

Conclusions. An acute complaint of abdominal pain in children occurs in 5.1% of nonscheduled visits, is frequently accompanied by multiple complaints, and is usually attributed to a self-limited disease. Close follow-up will identify the 1% to 2% who proceed to have a more serious disease process. This epidemiologic data will aid clinic-based physicians who manage children with acute abdominal pain.
Four Patterns of Response to Inhaled Nitric Oxide for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Authors: Goldman Allan P. , Tasker Robert C. , Haworth Sheila G. , Sigston Paul E. , Macrae Duncan J.
Published: December 2021

Objective. To determine the clinical role of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN).

Study Design. Prospective open observational clinical study.

Setting. A regional cardiac and pediatric intensive care unit.

Methods. Twenty-five consecutive near-term neonates (>35 weeks gestation) with severe PPHN (oxygenation index [OI]> 25) were given a trial of iNO of 20 ppm for 20 minutes. Neonates who showed a greater than 20% improvement in Pao 2 as well as a decrease in the OI to below 40 were defined as responders and continued on this therapy.

Results. Four patterns of response emerged to the iNO therapy: Pattern 1 neonates (n = 2) did not respond to the initial trial of iNO—one survived. Pattern 2 neonates (n = 9) responded to the initial trial of iNO, but failed to sustain this response over 36 hours, as defined by a rise in the OI to >40. Six survived, five with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pattern 3 neonates (n = 11) responded to the initial trial of iNO, sustained this response, and were successfully weaned from iNO within 5 days—all survived to discharge. Pattern 4 neonates (n = 3) responded to the initial trial of iNO, but developed a sustained dependence on iNO for 3 to 6 weeks. All three died and lung histology revealed severe pulmonary hypoplasia and dysplasia. These neonates (pattern 4) not only required iNO for a longer period of time than did the sustained responders (pattern 3), but they required significantly higher doses of iNO during their first 5 days of iNO therapy.

Conclusions. Early responses to iNO may not be sustained. Neonates with pulmonary hypoplasia and dysplasia may have a decreased sensitivity and differing time course of response to iNO when compared with patients who have PPHN in fully developed lungs.
Experience in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Affects Pain Response
Authors: Johnston C. Céleste , Stevens Bonnie J.
Published: December 2021

Objective. To determine the effect of being in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on pain responses in infants of 32 weeks' postconceptual age (PCA).

Design. A cross-sectional comparative design was used.

Setting. Two level III NICUs, each in metropolitan, university teaching hospitals.

Patients. Infants of 32 weeks' PCA born within the past 4 days (the newly born group; n = 53) were compared with infants of the same PCA who had been born 4 weeks earlier (the earlier-born group; n = 36) and had spent that time in an NICU.

Outcome Measures. Heart rate, oxygen saturation levels, and facial actions were used as outcomes in a between-group repeated measures analysis of variance across the heel stick procedure. Background variables of Apgar, weight at birth and data collection, severity of illness, age group, and total number of invasive procedures were entered into a stepwise regression.

Results. The two groups responded differently to the heel stick: the earlier-born infants had less behavioral manifestations of pain than the newly born infants. The number of invasive procedures was the primary factor that explained those behavioral differences, with Apgar as a second explanatory factor. The earlier-born infants had higher heart rates and lower oxygen saturation than the newly born infants before as well as during the procedure. These physiological differences were explained by the perinatal factors of age at birth and birth weight.

Conclusion. Preterm infants who spend PCA weeks 28 through 32 in an NICU are less mature in their pain response than newborn premature infants of 32 weeks' PCA. Greater frequency of invasive procedures is associated with behavioral immaturity, whereas birth factors are associated with physiological immaturity.
Infant Mortality: Some International Comparisons
Authors: Wegman Myron E.
Published: December 2021

Comparison of infant mortality rates (IMRs) among the world's countries requires assessment of completeness and accuracy of data. The United Nations Statistical Office classifies as "C", complete, meaning at least 90% of events are actually recorded, 1994 data supplied by 80 governments, comprising one fourth of the world's population, ie, 1 450 000 000 people, and as incomplete the other three fourths, 4 180 000 000. All the "C" countries officially accept the World Health Organization definition of a live birth (any product of gestation showing any sign of life), but it has been argued that some countries routinely report as stillbirths infants counted as live births in the United States (US), thus understating their IMRs. In 1994, 22 countries had IMRs varying from 4.2 for Japan to 8.0 for the US, a remarkable achievement in the light of IMRs of 124.0 and 60.0 for these two countries in 1930. Compensating for possible underreporting of live births by excluding all deaths in the first hour of life would reduce the US IMR to about 7, still higher than 17 other countries. Between 1930 and 1994 the IMR in the US declined more slowly than several other countries, particularly during the time period 1951 through 1965, when the US rate declined by 16% and the Japanese rate, for instance, declined by 68%. Between 1983 and 1994, decline in Puerto Rico was slower than in Chile, Cuba, and the US. IMRs in all the "C" countries are lower than the US rate was in 1930. IMRs in most of the world, estimated from surveys and special studies, vary from 27 to 190. Correlation studies suggest that a high rate of teenage pregnancies has relatively little effect on IMRs but that high total fertility rates are accompanied by high infant mortality.
Birth Weight Associated With Lowest Neonatal Mortality: Infants of Adolescent and Adult Mothers
Authors: Rees Jane M. , Lederman Sally A. , Kiely John L.
Published: December 2021

Objective. We tested the hypothesis that survival is highest for infants born in the same weight range whether mothers are adolescent or adult, comparing the weights at which infants of these mothers achieve lowest neonatal mortality.

Methods. The relationship between birth weight and neonatal mortality was studied in births to 16.4 million women using the National Center for Health Statistics 1983-1987 national linked birth/infant death data sets. Neonatal mortality rates were calculated for 500 g birth weight categories. Births for maternal ages ≤15 years, 16 years, and 17 to 18 years were compared with births to adults 19 to 34 years of age, whites and blacks considered separately. The birth weight categories associated with minimum neonatal mortality and the weight range corresponding with greatest survival were determined for each age and racial group.

Results. Minimum neonatal mortality rates occurred at the same birth weights (3500 to 4499 g white and 3000 to 3999 g black) whether mothers of the infants were adolescents or adults. The most favorable range of birth weight, in which survival was greatest, commenced at 3000 g for all mothers, terminating at 3999 g for most black adolescents and black adults, 4499 g for most white adolescents, and 4999 g for white adults. Of infants born to mothers ≤16 years old, 33% were lighter and 1.5% were heavier than the favorable birth weight range.

Conclusion. The birth weight categories with minimum neonatal mortality and the birth weight range in which neonatal survival was greatest were comparable for infants of adolescents and adults. Lower birth weights, occurring more frequently in births to teenage mothers, were associated with higher neonatal mortality. Assisting adolescent mothers to bear infants with birth weights in the range corresponding with low neonatal mortality is an appropriate goal of clinical management.
Questions About Varicella Vaccine
Authors: LALLIER CHARLES
Published: December 2021

I read with interest Dr Stanley Plotkin's commentary on varicella vaccine in the February 1996 issue of Pediatrics. A lot of his points are very good.

My main concern is the long-term immunity.

As a "local medical doctor," chickenpox is seen as an irritating but generally mild disease. Complications can occur, but I don't see them often. In 11 plus years of general pediatric practice, I have admitted two patients for chickenpox complications; one had cerebellar ataxia and vomiting, and the other had a cellulitis.
Faculty Development for Community Practitioners
Authors: DeWitt Thomas G.
Published: December 2021

Developing the academic skills of the individuals who will serve as educators and role models in the community is critical to pediatric resident education in community settings. The main focus of any faculty development program must be on teaching, although for a subset of individuals, the development of research skills should also be a consideration. The three key elements that must be considered for an effective faculty development program include: (1) creating a culture of mutual respect between full-time and community faculty; (2) basing the program on sound principles of education theory, especially adult learning theory, using appropriately trained faculty; and (3) establishing ongoing institutional financial and philosophical support. Effectively addressing these elements should create a faculty development program that will help the community practitioner become an effective role model and practitioner-preceptor-educator.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Birt
Published: December 2021

One of the ongoing objectives of the Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Institute is to provide pediatricians with practical information on issues that will improve the health of children. Each year the Board of Trustees selects a topic whose importance is just becoming clear, a topic that is not being addressed adequately in other forums or in the usual pediatric reference sources. Recent topics have included what the pediatrician can contribute toward violence prevention and how the pediatrician can thrive in the changing health care system.

The Board of Trustees chose community-based education for the pediatric resident as the 1996 topic. A variety of factors, including the dramatic increase in managed care during the past few years, has led to an increasing proportion of children's care being shifted from inpatient to outpatient settings and has augmented the need for pediatrician involvement in public health and community issues. Some necessary major changes in resident education are reflected in the new Pediatric Residency Review Committee requirements and in the Pediatric Education in Community Settings. A Manual, whose sponsors or supporters included the Ambulatory Pediatric Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Health Resources and Services Administration.

After the Board selected this topic for the 1996 conference, a planning committee—Errol Alden, Carol Berkowitz, Tom DeWitt, Lewis First, Alan Kohrt, and Ken Roberts—determined the structure, content, target audience, and possible faculty. Tom DeWitt and Ken Roberts, chosen as co-chairs, assumed the crucial and laborious tasks of developing the specifics of the program and of identifying the conference faculty and the invitees.
A prediction method of regional water resources carrying capacity based on artificial neural network
Authors: Shi Chaoyang , Zhang Zhen
Published: December 2021

To better predict the water resources carrying capacity and guide the social and economic activities, a prediction method of regional water resources carrying capacity is proposed based on an artificial neural network. Zhaozhou County is selected as the research area of water resources carrying capacity prediction, and its natural geographical characteristics, social economy, and water resources situation are explored. According to the regional water resources quantity and utilization characteristics and evaluation emphasis, the evaluation index system of water resources carrying capacity is constructed to evaluate the importance and correlation of water resource carrying capacity. The pressure degree of water resources carrying capacity is divided into five grades. According to the evaluation standard of bearing capacity, the artificial intelligence BP neural network model is constructed. Based on the main impact factors of water resources carrying capacity in this area, the water resources carrying capacity grade is obtained by weight calculation and convergence iteration by using neural network model and influence factor data to realize the prediction of water resources carrying capacity. The research results show that the network model can meet the demand for precision. The prediction results have a high degree of fit with the actual data, indicating that human intelligence can obtain accurate prediction results in water resources carrying capacity prediction.
Thermal evolution of Los Cuervos formation in the southern area of the Cesar sub-basin (Colombia), based on geochemical and petrophysical data
Authors: Avendaño Gladys Marcela , Cruz Luis Felipe , Cruz Luis Enrique , Garcia Mario
Published: December 2021

The tectonic complexity to which the post-Cretaceous Cesar-Ranchería basin has been subjected has generated alterations in the evolution of its oil system, evidence of this is the lack of stratigraphic record in the Cesar sub-basin belonging to ages ranging from the Eocene to the Early Miocene. These units that are no longer present could have been deposited and eroded during this period of time, leaving their mark on the closest overlying units. Previously mentioned hypothesis oriented this research to study how the basin filling was in the time range from the Eocene to the early Miocene based on both organic (24 Tmax and 14 %Ro data) and inorganic (514 data of porosity) paleo-geothermometer data of Paleocene age formations present in two new wells ANH-LA LOMA-2 and ANH-CR-LOS CEREZOS-1X. In addition to the data provided by the wells drilled for this study, 31 published Tmax and 13 %Ro data from Los Cuervos Formation in the Calenturitas and La Jagua Mines were used. The results obtained indicate that the continuous deposition of sedimentary units did occur from the Paleocene to the middle Eocene and it is expected that the Sedimentitas del Eoceno Formation has reached a thickness between 2.5 to 3.5km with characteristics of quartz sandstones (density and compaction). This thickness of rock began to be eroded in the late Eocene to the Miocene according to recent thermo-chronological studies. The evidence obtained allow to improve the thermal evolution models of the oil system, to establish when the greatest advances were made in the transformation ratios and to estimate how the oldest source rocks of the Cesar sub-basin are currently in the studied area.
Głosić odważnie na rozstajach dróg. Zadania głosiciela słowa Bożego w środowisku zsekularyzowanym
Authors: Szewczyk Leszek
Published: December 2021

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest prezentacja zadań stawianych współczesnym głosicielom słowa Bożego w kontekście dokonujących się procesów sekularyzacyjnych. Procesy te wymagają nie tylko przenikania głoszenia słowa Bożego pierwotną gorliwością i zapałem apostolskiego przepowiadania. Wśród najważniejszych zadań stojących przed kaznodziejami głoszącymi w środowisku zsekularyzowanym należy wymienić: głoszenie z posłania i w imieniu Kościoła, głoszenie słowa Bożego, mimo niesprzyjających okoliczności i zagrożeń, budzenie pragnienie Chrystusa w sercach słuchaczy oraz odważne głoszenie na rozstajach dróg. Ostatni punkt opracowania zawiera omówienie najważniejszych zagrożeń stojących przed współczesnymi głosicielami słowa Bożego.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE PILE FOUNDATION USING SOFTWARE COMPLEXES
Authors: DUBINCHYK O. I. , NEDUZHA L. O.
Published: December 2021

Purpose. Bridge supports with a high pile caps require more attention when calculating their strength due to the difficult operating conditions of the piles. The purpose of the scientific article is to substantiate the stress-strain state of the pile foundation of the bridge structure using software computing systems SCAD and LIRA-CAD. Methodology. An analysis of software used to automate the design of foundations was conducted. The main parameters of SCAD and LIRA-CAD software packages are yielded. With their help, finite-element models of the pile foundation of the bridge support with a high pile cap were built. The developed models maximally reflect the properties of the soil base and foundation, its pile cap and piles, geometric characteristics and the influence of the finite elements meshing is considered. Calculations were performed in SCAD and LIRA-CAD software packages with monitoring of the calculation process. Findings. During the numerical analysis of the pile foundation of the bridge structure with a high pile cap, vertical displacements, force factors (normal forces and bending moments) in the piles and stresses in the body of the support and piles were determined. Based on these results, an analysis was performed, which is combined with a comparison of the obtained results. Implementation of SCAD and LIRA-CAD software allows to significantly reduce design time, to reduce project costs, to improve the quality and efficiency of investments. Originality. A comparison of the stress-strain state obtained during the numerical analysis of SCAD and LIRA-CAD software, which proved the difference in the approach to modeling in these complexes, was conducted. Practical value. The results of substantiation of the stress-strain state of the pile foundation with the use of software complexes made it possible to verify the design solution of all elements of the foundation of the bridge structure with a high pile cap.
PECULIARITIES OF WORK OF PROFILE PRODUCTS FROM COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS LOCATED IN SEISMIC AREAS
Authors: IHNATIEVA V. B. , HUD M. I.
Published: December 2021

Purpose. The aim of the article is to reveal during the analysis the peculiarities of the work of profile products from composite materials in building structures located in seismic areas. Methodology. The structure of fiber-reinforced composite materials is given and the role of each component is explained. It is noted that recently, in the construction industry for the manufacture of basic and additional structures, composite materials are used not only on the basis of epoxy resins reinforced with glass fiber, but also on the basis of carbon, organic and other fibrous fillers. The expediency of the application of products from composite materials in the construction is highlighted. Findings. The analysis of literary sources devoted to the work of products from composite materials of simple and complex cross-section in the building structures under the influence of simple (tension, compression, torsion) and complex types of loading was conducted. Distribution of stresses acting in cross-sections of complex profile rod elements made of composite materials under bending load is shown. Features of work of profile products from composite materials in building constructions are revealed. The reasons of decrease of load-carrying ability of complex profile products made of composite materials are determined. The existing methods of increasing mechanical characteristics of products from composite materials are given. Negative consequences and disadvantages of application of existing methods of increasing mechanical characteristics of products from composite materials are formulated. Originality. On the basis of the carried out analysis conclusions about necessity of refinement of existing methods of increase of mechanical characteristics of products from composite materials are made. Practical value. During the analysis features of work of profile products from composite materials in building constructions which are the basis for development of new ways of increasing mechanical characteristics of products from composite materials in building constructions and improvement of already existing ones are revealed.
PROSPECTIVE TRENDS OF HARMONIOUS POSSIBILITIES IN OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION
Authors: POLTAVETS M. O. , ARUTIUNIAN I. A. , АZHAZHA M. А.
Published: December 2021

Purpose. Scientific formation of algorithmic support of construction organization and management processes with the use of metaheuristic methods in solving practical problems of optimal control of nonlinear dynamic production systems. Methodology. Use of metaheuristic methods of optimization, system analysis and system substantiation, use of methods of systems theory, use of methods of modeling theory for the purpose of perspective management of production systems of building branch on the basis of the general laws and principles of harmony. Results. The scientific formation of the concept of harmonious optimization of production systems of construction by the metaheuristic method of the golden section is performed. The scheme of work of the method of golden section in optimization problems of construction production is developed and the detailed visualization of this method on levels of symmetry is executed. The ways of application of the principles of harmonious management in the optimization of construction production systems in the direction of sustainable and logical development are substantiated. The components of harmonious production in improving the interaction of different departments and accelerating the response to rapid change, which will accelerate the level of success of any organization. Originality. The concept of harmonious optimization of production systems of construction by metaheuristic method of golden section is offered. The scheme of work of the method of golden ratio in optimization problems of construction production is developed and the detailed visualization of this method on levels of symmetry is executed. Practical value. The use of optimization measures to increase the efficiency of construction production is proposed to be implemented according to the developed basic algorithm for optimizing the functioning of the construction production system according to the concept of the golden ratio method. Conclusions. The substantiation of ways of application of principles of harmonious management in optimization of building production systems in the direction of steady and logical development is executed. The components of harmonious production in improving the interaction of different departments and accelerating the response to rapid change, which will accelerate the level of success of any organization. The result is the creation of all conditions for the harmonious interaction of performers and equipment at all levels of construction management, which confirms the need to develop modern approaches to production on the principles of harmony.
Improving the Performance of Heterogeneous Network Systems in Machine Learning-based 5G Mobile Communication System
Authors: Kim Yoon-Hwan , Lee Dae-Young , Bae Sang-Hyun , Kim Tae Yeun
Published: December 2021

Mobile traffic, which has increased significantly with the emergence of Fourth generation longterm evolution (4G-LTE) communications and advances in video streaming services, is still currently increasing at an incredible pace. Fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems, which were developed to deal with such a drastic increase in mobile traffic, aim to achieve ultra-high-speed data transmission, low latency, and the accommodation of many more connected devices compared to 4G-LTE systems. 5G communication uses high-frequency bandwidth to implement these features, which leads to an inevitable drawback of a high path loss. In order to overcome this disadvantage, small cell technology was developed, and is defined as small, low-power base stations that can extend the network coverage and solve the shadow area problem. Although small cell technology has these advantages, different problems, such as the effects of interference due to the deployment of a large number of small cells and the differences in devices accessing the network, need to be solved. To do so, it is necessary to develop an algorithm for a service method. However, general algorithms have difficulties in responding to the diverse environment of mobile communication systems, such as sudden increase in traffic in certain areas or sudden changes in the mobile population, and machine learning technology has been applied to solve this problem. This study employs a machine learning algorithm to determine small cell connections. In addition, a 5G macro system, the application of small cells, and the application of machine learning algorithms are compared to determine the performance improvement in the machine learning algorithm. Moreover, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression and Decision Tree algorithm are employed to show a training method that uses basic training data and a small cell on-off method, and the performance enhancement is verified based on this method.
Prevalence of crack cocaine use and its associated factors in patients treated in a specialized outpatient service
Authors: Fernandes Sara Silva , Marcos Cristiane Barros , Silva Priscila Arruda da , Dumith Samuel Carvalho
Published: December 2021

Abstract Background Despite the advance in studies addressing the use of crack cocaine, knowledge about the characteristics of users that seek treatment in the different modalities of care for substance use disorders is important to plan the operationalization of these services. Objective To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with the use of crack cocaine in outpatients. Method Cross-sectional study consisting in the analysis of the medical records of outpatients of a chemical dependency clinic located in the south of Brazil from 1999 to 2015. The Fisher’s exact test and the Poisson regression model were used to analyze the data. Results Medical records from 1,253 patients were analyzed, and 1,196 (95.5%) of them contained information on the use of crack cocaine. Use of this substance was reported by 47% (95% CI [44, 50]) of the outpatients. The risk group was composed of adults aged 20-39 years, with no income, who had three or more children, did not consume alcohol or marijuana, had continuous family assistance, spontaneously looked for the service, and had already been hospitalized or assisted at a therapeutic community or psychosocial center. Conclusion There is great demand for the outpatient care of crack cocaine users. It is crucial that the risk factors guide treatment planning.
Animações de conceitos da teoria de erros usando Manim/Python
Authors: Coluci Vitor R.
Published: December 2021

Animação é o processo de dar movimento a objetos inanimados. Animações têm sido usadas como facilitadoras da aprendizagem tanto em sala de aula como no estudo individual. Diversos softwares têm permitido a criação de animações cada vez mais sofisticadas. Particularmente, a biblioteca Manim do Python permite animar fórmulas matemáticas, figuras geométricas, textos e gráficos. Neste trabalho, apresento o processo usado na criação de animações de conceitos da teoria de erros com o Manim. Esses conceitos são geralmente vistos por alunos de Física, Matemática e Engenharia nas disciplinas introdutórias de Física experimental. Por meio das animações, conceitos mostrados em livros de forma estática puderam ser apresentados de uma forma dinâmica. As animações desenvolvidas podem ser usadas em livros e apostilas didáticas interativos e como material complementar para as aulas de laboratório de Física.
Por uma pedagogia da esperança e da autonomia na era da cultura digital
Authors: Zuin Antônio Á. S. , Mello Roseli Rodrigues de
Published: December 2021

Resumo Os autores deste ensaio bibliográfico dedicam-se a oferecer argumentos para uma reflexão crítica sobre a relação professor (a)-estudante-conhecimento no contexto da cultura digital. Paulo Freire é nosso interlocutor, por meio de suas obras pós-exílio, sobretudo a “Pedagogia da Esperança” e a “Pedagogia da Autonomia”. A “Pedagogia da Esperança” retoma as bases epistemológicas presentes na “Pedagogia do Oprimido, enquanto a “Pedagogia da Autonomia” sintetiza o ato de ensinar em diálogo direto com educadoras e educadores. Concluímos que a relação entre professor (a) e estudantes, em torno do conhecimento, pode ser reconfigurada nos tempos da cultura digital a partir destas contribuições. Não se trata apenas de denúncia, mas também do anúncio: transformar dificuldades em possibilidades.
Reflexão sobre a organização do trabalho de Enfermagem no banco de leite: cuidado compartilhado e multiprofissional
Authors: Marchiori Giovanna Rosario Soanno , Alves Valdecyr Herdy , Rodrigues Diego Pereira , Vieira Bianca Dargam Gomes , Pereira Audrey Vidal , Calandrini Tatiana do Socorro dos Santos
Published: December 2021

Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre a organização do trabalho de Enfermagem no Banco de Leite Humano a partir das ações de cuidado compartilhado com a equipe multiprofissional. Método trata-se de um estudo teórico-reflexivo com base nos conceitos de campo e habitus de Pierre Bourdieu de modo a compreender o modus operandi dos seus agentes no campo e no subcampo da saúde. Resultados evidenciou-se que o Processo de Enfermagem faz parte dos procedimentos de cuidado em saúde nos diferentes espaços de atuação, todavia, é importante pontuar que há uma interdependência dos serviços prestados. Percebem-se a integralidade da proposta e a organização do trabalho do BLH a partir de uma equipe multiprofissional. Para a Enfermagem, o habitus está posto desde a formação inicial dos seus profissionais, pois há o reconhecimento do saber próprio do campo e que as ações são pautadas em conhecimentos teórico-científicos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática o cuidado compartilhado é reconhecido como importante fator de equalização da assistência e demais serviços realizados no campo do BLH. Ao mobilizar os conceitos de Pierre Bourdieu, é possível inferir o habitus nos modos de cuidar, considerando-se, ainda, aquele específico construído ao longo da história da Enfermagem.
Padrão de sono em crianças de 12 a 36 meses de idade
Authors: Marinho Catarina Andreia Rosa Saraiva , Duarte João Carvalho , Koch Cândida , Santos Margarida Reis
Published: December 2021

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o padrão de sono de crianças de 12 a 36 meses. Método Estudo transversal, realizado em uma amostra de 808 crianças com 12–36 meses de idade, que frequentavam creches no distrito de Viseu, Portugal. Coleta de dados realizada por meio de questionário aplicado aos pais, entre novembro de 2018 e setembro de 2019. Estudo aprovado pela comissão de ética do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Portugal. Resultados Verificou-se que durante a semana as crianças dormiam, por dia, entre 9h 30m e 18h (M=12h 25m ±1h 02m) e no fim de semana, entre 9h e 19h (M=12h 49m ±1h 15m). No fim de semana, as crianças deitavam-se e acordavam mais tarde que à semana (M=21h 42m ±40m, M=8h 15m ±50m, respetivamente). A maioria não dormia a sesta da manhã, somente a da tarde. Conclusão Os resultados indicam que a maioria das crianças (91,5% semana; 85,6% fim de semana) dorme o número de horas recomendado. As mais novas são as que dormem mais. Implicações para a prática É importante que, nas consultas de vigilância de saúde, os enfermeiros realizem educação para a saúde direcionada aos pais sobre a relevância de manter um padrão de sono adequado à criança.
Direito e estado de exceção: no traço dos cacos de Walter Benjamin
Authors: Dyniewicz Letícia Garcia Ribeiro
Published: December 2021

Resumo Esse artigo propõe uma leitura conjunta de dois importantes textos de Walter Benjamin: Sobre o Conceito de História e Crítica da Violência. A partir dos conceitos trabalhados pelo autor, pretende-se, com essa análise, demonstrar que, para se romper com a violência que inaugura e mantém o Direito, ou com o estado de exceção que se tornou regra, é preciso pensar uma concepção de História não-linear.