bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Nanotechnology and Picotechnology to Increase Tissue Growth and Reduce Bacterial Infections
Authors: Webster Thomas , Favi Pelagie
Published: June 2021

Inspired from biological systems, nanotechnology (and more recently, picotechnology) is beginning to revolutionize medicine including improving the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of numerous diseases. This talk will emphasize novel tunable properties of nano and pico‐technology derived coatings such as mechanical, magnetic, electrical, and optical, which have made these advanced materials good candidates for medical devices. This presentation will also summarize efforts over the past decade that have synthesized novel nanoparticles, nanotubes, and other nanomaterials to improve medicine. Efforts focused on the use of nanomaterials to minimize inflammation, inhibit infection, and increase tissue growth will be especially emphasized. Tissue systems covered will include the nervous system, orthopedics, bladder, cardiovascular, vascular, and the bladder. Materials to be covered will include ceramics, metals, polymers, and composites thereof. Self‐assembled nano‐chemistries will also be emphasized. Toxicity concerns of nanoparticles will be covered.
Sox9 knock‐down in mice improves locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury by reducing CSPG levels and facilitating reactive sprouting
Authors: Brown Arthur , McKillop William , York Elisa , Xu Kathy , Hryciw Todd
Published: June 2021

We have identified the transcription factor SOX9 as a key regulator of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) production in the injured spinal cord. CSPGs in the lesion epicenter are produced by reactive astrocytes responding to the injury. CSPGs are also key components of the perineuronal matrix that surround the cell bodies and dendrites of many neurons in the central nervous system. Thus CSPGs may limit plasticity after SCI by inhibiting regeneration of axons through the glial scar or by inhibiting reactive sprouting at deafferented targets distant to the lesion. We have demonstrated reduced CSPG levels and improved locomotor recovery in spinal cord‐injured Sox9 conditional knockout mice. Herein we investigated sparing, long‐range regeneration and reactive sprouting as possible explanations for the improved locomotor outcomes in Sox9 knockout mice after SCI. We herein demonstrate that the improved recovery of locomotor function in Sox9 conditional knockout mice after SCI is due to increased reactive sprouting secondary to reduced CSPG levels distal to the lesion.
Nanoemulsion‐based delivery systems for nutraceuticals: Influence of carrier oil type on bioavailability of pterostilbene
Authors: Sun Yue , Xia Ziyuan , Zheng Jinkai , Qiu Peiju , Zhang Lijuan , McClements David , Xiao Hang
Published: June 2021

Food‐grade delivery systems are essential to improve bioavailability of nutraceuticals. Pterostilbene is a dietary flavonoid with various beneficial effects, but a low bioavailability. We determined the influence of nanoemulsion‐based delivery systems with different carrier oils (flaxseed oil vs. olive oil) on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of pterostilbene. The nanoemulsions were subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) which include mouth, stomach and small intestine, then the resulting micelles were subject to absorption and metabolism study in the Caco‐2 cell. The amounts of non‐conjugated and conjugated pterostilbene in the cells, apical and basolateral compartments were detected by HPLC. The bioaccessibility of pterostilbene in both nanoemulsions were significantly higher than the control (non‐encapsulated) group. The nanoemulsion containing olive oil had a higher extent of free fatty acid production in the small intestine than flaxseed oil one, it also increased trans‐enterocyte transport of pterostilbene more effectively. A decrease in the TEER values of the Caco‐2 cells for the olive oil nanoemulsions indicated that the tight junctions were loosened. Higher amounts of non‐conjugated pterostilbene were detected in all compartments than conjugated pterostilbene for both carrier oil types. Overall, our results demonstrated that nanoemulsions significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of pterostilbene. In addition, tight junction integrity, cell permeability, and metabolism of pterostilbene were profoundly affected by carrier oil type of nanoemulsion.
Understanding the Co‐existence Food Insecurity and Excess Weight in Costa Rican Women
Authors: Martinez‐Jaikel Tatiana , Frongillo Edward
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity co‐exists with excess body weight in women (but not men) in many middle‐and high‐income countries, but why this occurs is not well understood. We aimed to study the experiences of women with excess body weight and varying extent of food insecurity to understand why and how (i.e., through which pathways) food insecurity and excess weight co‐exist. Two discussion groups, five focus groups, seven in‐depth interviews, and two member checking sessions with 28 women in Costa Rica were audio‐taped, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. The majority of these women felt discouraged, which was at the nexus of their experiences. Food insecurity, excess body weight, and gender roles were important in causing discouragement. Discouragement resulted in anxiety, which the women understood as an agitated disquiet that caused them loss of control and wanting to eat even without hunger, especially foods that are sweet and high in carbohydrates and energy. After eating, they felt remorse and shame, and these feelings led them to feel more discouraged. Thus, these women kept spiraling down into discouragement and perpetuating their excess of body weight. Our findings suggest that food insecurity and excess weight both lead to discouragement, and discouragement in turn provides the primary link for the co‐existence of food insecurity and excess weight. Development of multidisciplinary group educational programs that use a gender approach to address emotional well‐being, provide strategies for coping with discouragement and anxiety, and impart knowledge and skills about managing excess weight (e.g., education on eating healthy at a low cost and physical activity) could break this link.
Feeding a Docosahexaenoic Acid Rich Diet During the Suckling and Weaning Period Modulates Immune Function in Offspring
Authors: Richard Caroline , Goruk Susan , Field Catherine
Published: June 2021

The objective was to determine the effect of feeding a high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) diet during the suckling and/or the weaning period on immune system development and function in offspring. Dams were randomized to one of the two nutritionally adequate diets: control diet (N=12, 0% DHA) or DHA diet (N=8, 2.2% DHA). Diets were fed to dams throughout the suckling period and then pups were randomly assigned to one of the two diets for the weaning period. At 6 weeks, immune cell phenotype and cytokine production by mitogen‐stimulated splenocytes were measured. Regardless of the weaning diet, pups fed the DHA diet during suckling had higher interleukin (IL)‐10 production by splenocytes stimulated with Concanavalin A (Con A, P=0.04) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, P=0.06) vs. the control diet. Feeding a DHA diet at weaning resulted in a lower production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in ConA‐stimulated splenocytes (P<0.01) and of IL‐1β and TNF‐α in LPS‐stimulated splenocytes (P<0.01) vs. the control diet. Feeding DHA during both periods was associated with higher proportion of total CD27+ cells (P<0.03). Our findings suggest that feeding a DHA diet during the suckling period had a programming effect on the ability of the offspring's cells to produce the regulatory cytokine IL‐10 which may contribute to the reported lower risk for atopic diseases associated with DHA intake during lactation. However, the major modulating effects occurred while DHA was fed during the weaning period with a higher proportion of mature B cells and a lower production of inflammatory cytokines which suggests beneficial effects of supplementing DHA in the weaning diet. Supported from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Vitamin D Status Predicts Rates of Cognitive Decline in a Multi‐Ethnic Cohort of Older Adults
Authors: Miller Joshua , Harvey Danielle , Green Ralph , Reed Bruce , Olichney John , Mungas Dan , DeCarli Charles
Published: June 2021

Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency is associated with cognitive decline and risk of dementia. We assessed associations between VitD and cognitive decline in an ethnically diverse cohort of older adults (N=382; age 76±7y; 41% White, 26% Hispanic, 29% African‐American, 4% other). Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was measured by immunoassay. VitD status was defined as deficiency, <12 ng/ml; insufficiency, 12‐20 ng/ml; adequacy, >20 ng/ml. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and yearly using the Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (mean follow‐up: 4.8±2.5y). Baseline diagnoses were dementia, 17%; mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 33%; cognitively normal, 50%. Mean 25OHD was 19.2±11.7 ng/ml; 26% were deficient, 35% were insufficient. 25OHD was lower in demented subjects compared with MCI and cognitively normal (16.2±9.4 vs 20.0±10.3 and 19.7±13.1 ng/ml; p=0.07). Controlling for age, sex, education, ethnicity, BMI, season, vascular risk, and apoE4, rates of cognitive decline were greater in VitD deficient and insufficient subjects compared with those with adequate VitD status for episodic memory and executive function (p<0.03). Associations of VitD with declines in semantic memory and visuospatial ability were not statistically significant. Exclusion of demented subjects did not affect the associations of VitD with cognitive decline. Low VitD status is associated with accelerated rates of decline in domains of cognitive function in ethnically diverse older adults. It remains to be determined if VitD supplements slow cognitive decline. NIH AG010129‐21
Assessing Vitamin D3 Stability in Dietary Supplements
Authors: Su Shi , Chen Tai
Published: June 2021

It is well recognized that vitamin D plays an important role not only in bone health but also in the prevention of various chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancers. The awareness of the wide spread of vitamin D‐deficiency and vitamin D‐insufficiency world‐wide has prompted the use of vitamin D supplementation to maintain normal vitamin D nutritional status. In recent years, vitamin D supplementation has been made available in the forms of softgel, tablet and capsule, and is sold in drug stores, supermarkets and through mail orders. The amount of vitamin D3 as stated on the labels ranges from 400 to 5,000 IU per softgel, tablet or capsule. We have obtained ten commercially available vitamin D supplements and analyzed their vitamin D3 content by high performance liquid chromatograph at the time of purchase, one, two and three years after they were stored in room temperature, 4°C or ‐20°C. We found that there was no detectable degradation after 3 years of storage under all three conditions. Our results therefore suggest that vitamin D3 in the form of softgel, tablet or capsule is stable and is suitable as a supplement for maintaining optimal vitamin D nutrition.
Effects of a community based weight loss intervention in rural New York: A pilot study
Authors: Chakraborty Priyanka , Gran‐Henriksen Jorunn , Gleeson‐Kreig JoAnn
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this longitudinal study is to evaluate the outcomes of a weight loss intervention in a rural community wellness center.

METHODS: This six month (Oct'13‐ April'14) community based weight loss program was coordinated by the Plattsburgh City Recreation Department and SUNY Plattsburgh. Nineteen overweight adults (18 female, 1 male) aged 18 to 60 years (43.7 ± 12.2 years) residing in Clinton County, NY were recruited through local advertisements. Participants were charged a one time @100 fee. The program comprised twice‐weekly group exercise and bi‐monthly nutrition education classes. Paired samples t‐test and McNemer tests were performed to examine the pre‐post program outcomes.

RESULTS: Individuals completing the program averaged a weight loss of 29.2 ± 22.5 pounds and inches loss of 22.04 ± 12.2. Significant reduction in BMI (3.4 ± 2.2, p < 0.001), % body fat (3.4 ± 2.3, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (11.3 ± 13.6, p < 0.05), diastolic blood pressure (7.75 ± 8.3, p < 0.05) and total cholesterol (20.33 ± 33.1, p < 0.10) were observed at 6 months. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension reduced from 80% to 46% (n =11, McNemar test: NS). Although not statistically significant, fasting lipids and blood glucose improved regardless of age. While there was no significant change in diet, consumption of roots and tubers decreased significantly.

CONCLUSION

Our program results indicate that participants who complete a self‐paid, structured rural community‐based weight loss program can achieve significant weight loss with improvement in cardiovascular risk factors regardless of age.

Funding: Presidential Research Award, SUNY Plattsburgh
Glucose Metabolism Influences MCP1 Expression in Adipocytes
Authors: Grant Ryan , Stephens Jacqueline
Published: June 2021

Adipose tissue inflammation is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Adipocytes have the capacity to regulate the recruitment of immune cells through the secretion of chemokines. Here we investigated if glucose metabolism controls MCP1 expression in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. TNF or LPS increased MCP1 expression at 20 hrs of treatment, and the glycolytic inhibitor 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DOG) reduced TNF/LPS‐induced expression of MCP1, however adiponectin was unaffected. TNF induced MCP1 gene expression after 1 hr of treatment, and 30 min pre‐treatment with 2‐DOG prevented increased MCP1 gene expression. Adipocytes were more sensitive to TNF and LPS under conditions of 10 mM pyruvate and 0 mM glucose indicating that substrates produced from glycolysis prior to pyruvate are not driving MCP1 gene expression. However, 2‐DOG still decreased TNF induced MCP1 gene expression even when pyruvate alone was present. In conclusion, 2‐DOG decreases TNF and LPS induced MCP1 transcription in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes; however it does not appear that this effect is due to inhibition of glycolysis. Thus, other metabolic effects of 2‐DOG likely underlie the anti‐inflammatory response to this glycolytic inhibitor in adipocytes. This work was supported by NIH T32 DK064584 and Purdue University.
Association between Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Results from the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Tabung Fred , Steck Susan , Liese Angela , Zhang Jiajia , Ma Yunsheng , Caan Bette , Chlebowski Rowan , Freudenheim Jo , Hou Lifang , Mossavar‐Rahmani Yasmin , Shivappa Nitin , Vitolins Mara , Wactawski‐Wende Jean , Ockene Judith , Hebert James
Published: June 2021

Objective

We examined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and risk of invasive breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women.

Methods

The DII was calculated from a baseline food frequency questionnaire administered to 117,510 women at risk of BC in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study and Clinical Trials, among whom 5,889 later developed BC and 406 died during an average of 12.3 years follow‐up. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CI by DII tertiles for invasive BC and its subtypes, and for BC mortality. The lowest tertile (representing the most anti‐inflammatory diet) was the referent.

Results

The DII was not associated with incident BC overall, but was positively associated with risk of HER2+ BC (HRT3vsT1, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.06, 1.61;Ptrend=0.01). We observed a higher risk for BC mortality with intake of more pro‐inflammatory diets, controlling for age and total energy intake (HRT3vsT1, 1.48; 95%CI, 1.15, 1.91;Ptrend, 0.002), which was attenuated in fully‐adjusted models (HRT3vsT1, 1.30; 95%CI, 0.99, 1.71;Ptrend, 0.04).

Conclusion

Future research is needed to confirm these differential findings by BC subtype and to examine whether reducing dietary inflammatory potential may improve BC survival. Funding: Prevent Cancer Foundation grant to SES & JZ, NCI grants to FKT & JRH. NHLBI funded the WHI.
Perinatal bisphenol‐A exposure causes colonic and liver inflammation in rabbit pups and alters gut bacterial and metabolite profiles
Authors: Reddivari Lavanya , Walters William , Palmer Jennifer , DN Rao Veeramachaneni , Knight Rob , Vanamala Jairam
Published: June 2021

Recent evidence suggests that bisphenol‐A (BPA), an environmental endocrine‐disrupter, is present in all the samples of umbilical cord blood obtained from pregnant women. BPA at low doses has been linked to a variety of developmental effects in vivo as well as gut permeability in rodents. We hypothesized that perinatal exposure to BPA elevates colonic inflammation in the offspring by altering gut bacterial and their metabolite profiles. To test this hypothesis, rabbits, that mimic human development with a prolonged infantile period of reproductive differentiation, were exposed to either vehicle or BPA (200 µg/kg/d) orally from day 15 of pregnancy until delivery. After 6 wks, distal colon and liver samples from rabbit pups were analyzed for histological inflammation and metabolite profiles (LC‐MS/MS). Cecal samples were analyzed for gut bacteria (16S rRNA sequencing). Perinatal BPA elevated (p 蠄 0.05) intestinal and liver histological inflammation scores based on neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte infiltration compared to control pups. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that intestinal and liver metabolites were significantly different between BPA and controls. Global gut bacterial profiles were altered with perinatal BPA exposure. In particular, the abundance of Akkermansia spp. and Bacteroidetes spp. were reduced (p 蠄 0.05) with BPA exposure. These results suggest that perinatal BPA exposure induces colonic and liver inflammation and concomitantly alters gut bacterial and metabolite profiles.
Is Brand Visibility on Snacks Affecting Their Consumption in Children? Results from an Experimental Ad‐Libitum Study
Authors: Gregori Dario , Lorenzoni Giulia , Ballali Simonetta , Vecchio Maria Gabriella , Verduci Elvira , Berchialla Paola
Published: June 2021

Objective

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of the brand (displayed on the food package and on TV advertising) when snacking in children 6‐11 years old.

Design

3x2 factorial design.

Setting

96 children were randomized based on their brand awareness scores, assessed using the IBAI instrument and conducted over two experimental sessions. First, 11 snacks were presented half laying on their own branded packages, whilst the other half unbranded. In a second afternoon break, in a different day, the condition of branded/unbranded was crossed‐over. Children were moreover randomized in three groups based on combinations of concomitant TV and advertising exposure.

Main Outcome Measure: Caloric intake (Kcal) of snacks eaten during sessions.

Analysis

Multivariable linear model adjusting for eating habits and SES.

Results

No significant differences in energy intake were recorded according to brand visibility, both in high and low‐brand ware children. Exposure to TV and advertising, showed no significant association with energy intake in different groups and with the probability of being a high consumer (defined as the top quartile in caloric consumption).

Conclusions and implications

The present study suggest that brand visibility is not promoting a higher caloric intake in 6‐11 years old children during a snacking occasion.
Moderately‐Fermentable Potato Fiber Attenuates Symptoms During Experimental Colitis
Authors: Panasevich Matthew , Allen Jacob , Woods Jeffrey , Dilger Ryan
Published: June 2021

Potato fiber (PF), a co‐product of potato starch isolation, is a moderately‐fermentable dietary fiber that was evaluated for its efficacy in attenuating the acute inflammatory response in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced colitis mouse model. We hypothesized that PF would attenuate the inflammatory response through production of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). Male C57Bl/6J mice (N=67) were randomized based on initial body weight to diets containing either cellulose (CELL; N=34) or PF (N=33) for the 22 d feeding study. On study d 14, mice were provided either distilled water or 2% (wt/vol) DSS in drinking water for 5 d, and tissues were collected at study termination. Daily weights of mice, food, and water were collected from d 14 through d 22. Colon and cecum tissues were analyzed for changes in gene expression, and SCFA concentrations were quantified in cecal contents. Mice provided the PF/DSS treatment exhibited a delayed (P < 0.05) loss in body weight compared with mice provided the CELL/DSS treatment at d 4 and d 5 post‐DSS administration. Furthermore, a diet by water treatment interaction (P < 0.05) was noted for cecal SCFA concentrations, which were higher in the PF/DSS treatment compared with the CELL/DSS treatment. Overall, dietary PF attenuated body weight loss due to experimental colitis in mice, potentially due to the production of SCFA.
Milk Oligosaccharides Prevent Stressor‐Induced Alterations in the Colonic Mucosa‐Associated Microbiota and Animal Behavior: Evidence for Effects on the Gut‐Brain Axis
Authors: Tarr Andrew , Chichlowski Maciej , Berg Brian , Galley Jeffrey , Bailey Michael
Published: June 2021

There are extensive bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS), and studies demonstrate that stress significantly alters gut microbiota community structure. We tested whether milk oligosaccharides would prevent stressor‐induced alterations in gut microbial community composition and anxiety‐like behavior. Mice were fed standard laboratory diet, or laboratory diet containing milk oligosaccharides 3″Sialyllactose (3SL) or 6″Sialyllactose (6SL) for two weeks prior to being exposed to either a social disruption stressor or a non‐stressed control condition. Stressor exposure significantly changed the structure of the colonic mucosa‐associated microbiota, as indicated by changes in beta diversity. The stressor also resulted in anxiety‐like behavior in both the light:dark preference and open field tests. This effect was associated with a reduction in neuronal proliferation in the dentate gyrus as indicated by doublecortin immunostaining. These effects were not evident in mice fed milk oligosaccharides; stressor exposure did not significantly change microbial community structure in mice fed 3SL or 6SL. In addition, 3SL and 6SL attenuated the stressor‐induced anxiety‐like behavior and prevented the reduction in doublecortin staining. These studies indicate that milk oligosaccharides can prevent the effects of stress on the microbiota and on anxiety‐like behavior, as well as modify the gut microbiota‐brain axis. Supported by Mead Johnson Nutrition.
Nobiletin and atorvastatin synergistically inhibit azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced colon carcinogenesis in rats
Authors: Wu Xian , Song Mingyue , Gao Zili , Rakariyatham Kanyasiri , Zheng Jinkai , Xiao Hang
Published: June 2021

Accumulating studies have suggested that combination of cancer chemopreventive agents may produce enhanced protective effects against carcinogenesis than each individual agent alone. The enhanced efficacy by the combination can also lower the required dose for each single agent in the combination, which may lower unwanted side‐effects possibly caused by the use of high dose of individual agents. Herein, we investigated the combination of nobiletin (NBT, a citrus polymethoxyflavone) with atorvastatin (ATST, a lipid‐lowering drug) in an AOM‐induced colon carcinogenesis rat model. The results showed that oral administration of NBT or ATST alone significantly decreased colon tumor incidence and multiplicity. However, co‐treatment of NBT and ATST at their half doses produced stronger inhibitory effect on tumor incidence and multiplicity in comparison to those produced by the treatments with individual NBT or ATST. Statistical analysis confirmed that the enhanced chemopreventive effects on colon carcinogenesis by the combination treatment were synergistic. Immunoblotting results showed that co‐treatment of NBT and ATST had much stronger anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects in colonic tissue, which was evidenced by lower expression levels of cyclin D/CDK4 and cyclin E/CDK2, and higher levels of cleaved caspase‐7, leaved caspase‐3, cleaved PARP and p53 produced by the combination treatment than the treatments with NBT or ATST alone. In conclusion, our results demonstrated the strong synergy in inhibiting colon carcinogenesis produced by NBT and ATST in combination in vivo, which provided a basis for using NBT and ATST in combination for colon cancer chemoprevention.
Iodized Salt Sales in the United States
Authors: Maalouf Joyce , Barron Jessica , Gunn Janelle , Yuan Keming , Perrine Cria , Cogswell Mary
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Identify iodized table salt sales as a percentage of all table salt sales at the retail level in the United States.

Methods

Nielsen Scan track (New York, NY) 2009 data was used to identify salt products sold in the United States. Nielsen collects information from a stratified probability sample of chain and large independent grocery stores. Sales data are aggregated and not linked to individuals. Two grocery modules that included salt products were identified. Following a standard search protocol, two dietitians categorized the salt products as iodized or non‐iodized using product descriptions. More details related to the ingredients and label were obtained using the manufacturer and other websites.

Results

A total of 1117 salt products were identified, of which 701 were salt blends (e.g., garlic salt) comprising 16% of the sales volume of the total salt products. Of the remaining 416 salt products, 57 were iodized based on available label information. When weighted by sales volume (in ounces or each sold), 53% of salt sold (excluding salt blends) was iodized. Of the 47% of non‐iodized salt sold, about 68% was regular salt, 19% Kosher salt, and 12% sea salt.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the proportion of iodized and non‐iodized salt sales at the retail level in the United States. Sales data from Nielsen ScanTrack do not include warehouse stores (e.g. Walmart and Costco), retailers with sales less than @2 million, or non‐UPC coded products and not all places where salt can be purchased were tracked. These findings may provide a baseline for future monitoring of sales of iodized salt.
Prepregnancy Body Mass Index is an Independent Risk Factor for Pregnancy Complications and Poor Birth Outcomes
Authors: Shin Dayeon , Song Won
Published: June 2021

Pregnancy complications and poor birth outcomes represent public health burden with serious consequences to both mothers and infants. Public health burdens can be reduced by achieving gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines, which are dependent on prepregnant weight status (ppg‐BMI). We examined if ppg‐BMI alone is a risk factor for gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, and birth of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) and large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) infants. Included in this study are the data of 219,868 women from 2004‐2011 PRAMS which were from the state birth certificate file plus self‐administered questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine if ppg‐BMI was associated with pregnancy complications and poor birth outcomes after controlling for gestational weight gain, maternal age, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, gestational age at birth, participation in WIC, and smoking during pregnancy.

The IOM's GWG guidelines were achieved inadequate, adequate and excessive by 23%, 29% and 48%, respectively. Even after GWG was controlled, compared to normal ppg‐BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) group, women with obese ppg‐BMI (蠅30 kg/m2) had increased adjusted odds ratio (AOR; 95% CI) of gestational hypertension (2.91; 2.76–3.07), gestational diabetes (2.78; 2.60–2.96), and LGA infants (1.87; 1.76–1.99), whereas underweight ppg‐BMI group (<18.5 kg/m2) had increased odds of preterm labor (1.25; 1.16–1.36) and SGA infants (1.36; 1.25–1.49), but decreased odds of LGA infants (0.72; 0.61–0.85).

Preconception care of reproductive aged women is as important as prenatal care during pregnancy to lower the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes.
Combining public datasets to explore global trends in dietary quality, undernutrition and chronic disease 1980‐2009
Authors: Green Rosemary , Sutherland Jenny , Dangour Alan , Webb Patrick
Published: June 2021

Agricultural production, commodity marketing and food consumption patterns have changed significantly over the past 30 years the world over, as have national epidemiological profiles. Many countries are now experiencing epidemics of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs), while some simultaneously have large burdens of childhood undernutrition. Little is known about how the changing availability of different kinds of foods may be related to both undernutrition and NCDs. Combining data for 124 countries over the period 1980‐2009, this study uses random effects models to explore associations between dietary energy availability and dietary quality, on the one hand, and nutrition and health outcomes, on the other. The analysis suggests that increased total dietary energy availability over the study period was associated with lower rates of chronic child undernutrition (stunting) but increased rates of mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), which is an important element of the NCD burden. The proportion of total dietary energy provided by different food groups was also important. In particular, increased energy from fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy products was associated with a lower prevalence of stunting, while increased availability of energy from fruit was also related to lower mortality from IHD. By contrast, the availability of energy from meat, dairy products and vegetable oils was associated with higher levels of mortality from IHD. Policy strategies to deal with the burdens of undernutrition and of NCDs are typically pursued along separate lines, the assumption being that these problems are independent of each other. Our analyses however suggest that not just the quantity but also the quality of diets is essential in tackling both undernutrition and NCDs.
High School Nutrition Policy: Case Study of Intended and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Metos Julie , Owen Rebecca , Utz Rebecca
Published: June 2021

Background

There is a fundamental gap in understanding how policies of the past decade influence high school nutrition environments and how youths' obesogenic behaviors change in response to policy interventions. The purpose of this study was to understand the consequences of recent school nutrition policies on purchasing habits of high school students.

Methods

A retrospective evaluation (2004‐2014) of high school meal program participation and competitive food sales was conducted using administrative data from a large urban school district in which local, state and federal wellness initiatives have been implemented during the past decade.

Results

School meal participation, adjusted for enrollment and price, did not change significantly immediately following local, state and federal wellness policies implemented in 2004 and 2006. Vending sales increased 12% during the same time period. Revisions to meal offerings in accordance to the Healthy and Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010 (HHFKA) resulted in a 7% decrease in meal participation and a 14% increase in vending sales in 2012‐13. A la carte sales decreased each year from 2007‐2010 until discontinued in 2011. To date, 2014‐15 data suggests stabilization of both vending revenues and meal participation following implementation of regulations requiring healthier competitive food offerings.

Conclusion

This case study suggests incremental school nutrition policies shift adolescent food behaviors towards less healthful options and this trend is reversed when all food and beverage options are regulated.

Funding provided by the University of Utah Center for Clinical and Translational Research
Scope of National Chronic Disease Prevention Priorities in the United States
Authors: Arabi Mandana , Beaudreault Amy , Mclean Mireille , Shlisky Julie
Published: June 2021

Chronic disease (CD) and disability account for nearly half of the US burden of disease. While key risk factors driving CD respond to preventive interventions such as behavior change, decisive, integrated and systematic action within the health system targeting modifiable risks is still limited. This study aimed to describe perceived priorities and challenges of CD prevention in the US, focusing on several risk factors including diet and physical activity. One‐on‐one interviews (n=74) with experts across sectors brought forth seven reoccurring themes. A workshop in September 2014 utilized the outcomes of qualitative research to prioritize CD prevention approaches and rank prevention strategies in an anonymous questionnaire. Expert interviews produced several reemerging themes: inadequate political will, difficulty of sustained behavior change, and industry resistance to change (due to misaligned incentives, lack of access to information/tools and too much focus on treatment). Barriers cited included lack of financial incentives to healthcare providers, inadequate community participation, and poorly targeted public communication. Anonymous questionnaires highlighted the changes to the physical environment as a prioritized opportunity to affect nutrition outcomes. These results highlight different perceptions among experts and decision makers of both priorities and strategies to reduce risk for CD. Consensus on a unified, prioritized agenda with broad multi‐sectoral commitment needs to be built to scale‐up preventive strategies and address the increasing burden of CD related to nutrition and physical activity.
Lunchroom environmental factors related to having school salad bars: Prevalence and findings from a state‐wide survey in Arizona
Authors: Bruening Meg , Adams Marc , Ohri‐Vachaspati Punam , Hurley Jane
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the prevalence of and factors related having salad bars in Arizona K‐12 schools.

Methods

School nutrition managers (n=653; 72% response rate) completed a 71‐item web‐based survey assessing prevalence and predictors of school salad bars in Arizona from March‐October, 2014. Logistic regression examined associations between having a salad bar and factors such as respondents' years in current position, time available for lunch, mixed versus single grade lunch periods, the number of lunch periods per day, recess/free recreation time at lunch, and having a registered dietitian (RD) on staff.

Results

The prevalence of salad bars in Arizona schools was 62.0%; 27.4% of schools never had salad bars, with 10.6% once having had salad bars. Schools that served lunches to single grades during a lunch period were 47% more likely to have salad bars compared to schools that served lunches to multiple grades each period (p<0.001). The odds of having a salad bar were 89% greater if schools had recess/recreation time at lunch (p=0.002) and 2.87 times greater if a RD was on staff full or part‐time (p<0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in the schools that had salad bars and respondents' years in their position (mean=6.4±6.0 years) or the time available for students to eat lunch (mean=31.8±19.6min).

Conclusion

The prevalence of salad bars was relatively high in Arizona. Certain factors such as having a RD on staff and having recess/recreation time at lunch were related to having a salad bar, indicating that administrative support of health‐related practices that create a more healthful environment may promote higher implementation of salad bars.
Effect of a Low Glycemic Index Diet on Markers of Oxidative Damage in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mirrahimi Arash , Chiavaroli Laura , Reiser Erika , Srichaikul Korbua , Nishi Stephanie , Augustin Livia , Sievenpiper John , Kendall Cyril , Leiter Lawrence , Jenkins David
Published: June 2021

Aims

Larger glycemic excursions are linked to greater oxidative stress and low GI diets have been shown to improve glycemic control. We therefore assessed the effect of a low glycemic index (GI) diet on oxidative damage to LDL in type 2 diabetes.

Methods

In 151 type 2 diabetic subjects who completed either 6 months of low GI or high cereal fiber diets thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated dienes (CDs), as markers of LDL oxidation, were measured.

Results

The low GI diet reduced HbA1c but did not significantly change markers of oxidative damage. Pooled data from the two treatments showed change in oxidized LDL measured as TBARS and CDs related to low GI carbohydrate intake (r=‐0.17, N=150, P=0.042 and r=‐0.22, n=151, P=0.008, respectively). Moreover, those with reductions in glycemic excursions over the day (individuals with a reduction in HbA1c but no reduction in fasting blood glucose) showed greater reduction in oxidized LDL compared to a group with a predicted rise in glycemic excursions (P=0.040).

Conclusion

Low GI carbohydrates are associated with reduction in oxidized LDL.

Funding Barilla
Evaluation of seric acyl‐carnitine and amino acid profiles in obese pregnant women with or without gestational diabetes.
Authors: Aguilar‐Lozano Ana G , Ceballos‐Angeles Armida , Pruneda‐Padilla Yunuen , Ibarra‐González Isabel , Vela‐Amieva Marcela , Vadillo‐Ortega Felipe , Palacios Berenice
Published: June 2021

During normal pregnancy, metabolic changes occur leading to weight gain, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. The presence of obesity during pregnancy may add an extra metabolic overload that may result in gestational diabetes. However, not all obese women develop gestational diabetes. We decided to study the metabolic profiles of acyl‐carnitines and amino acids in obese women and obese women with gestacional diabetes. Women were selected according to pregestational BMI and two groups were analyzed: 1. Obese women (BMI 蠅30) (O) and 2. Obese women who developed gestational diabetes (OD). Concentrations of the acyl‐carnitines, free carnitine and amino acids were determined by mass spectrometry in monthly samples of serum obtained since week 14 of gestation. A metabolomic approach was used to evaluate changes among groups. Glucose, insulin concentration, HOMA index, triglycerides and β‐hidroxybutirate were significantly higher in second trimester in OD group. Regarding acyl‐carnitines OD group had lower concentrations during second trimester. Amino acid concentrations and BCAA were significantly higher in the second trimester in OD group. In conclusion, metabolic changes associated to disruption of plasticity resulting in gestational diabetes appeared as a cluster of modifications in a specific period during weeks 22 to 26.
Adiposity, Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness in Middle School Aged Children
Authors: Nieman David , Dew Dustin , Krasen Pamela
Published: June 2021

National data suggest that aerobic fitness and adiposity are negatively correlated in children, but this relationship was established using submaximal exercise tests and skinfold measurements (NCHS Data Brief. 2014 May;(153):1‐8). This study extended previous investigations by evaluating the influence of adiposity on both aerobic and anaerobic fitness in N=458 male and N=304 female middle school aged students (mean±SD, age 13.3±0.6 y). BMI averaged 22.2±5.2 and 22.9±5.2 kg/m2 in boys and girls, respectively, with 37% of boys and 36% of girls classified as overweight or obese using CDC BMI‐for‐age growth charts. Adiposity was assessed using air‐displacement plethysmography (BOD POD, Cosmed, Rome, Italy), VO2max through a maximal, graded treadmill test (Bruce protocol) with continuous metabolic measurement (Cosmed Fitmate system, Rome, Italy), and aerobic fitness with the 30‐second Wingate test (Lode cycle ergometer, Groningen, The Netherlands). Average test scores for male and female students were as follows: body fat, 19.8±11.0 and 24.6±8.7 %, respectively; anaerobic capacity, 7.2±1.4 and 5.7±1.2 watts/kg; and VO2max, 45.1±10.8 and 33.9±8.1 ml.kg‐1.min‐1. Body fat % was negatively correlated with VO2max in boys (r=‐0.65) and girls (r=‐0.56), and with anaerobic capacity in boys (r=‐0.71) and girls (r=‐0.58) (all P<0.001). Aerobic fitness was below adequate levels (boys 42 and girls 36 ml.kg‐1.min‐1) in 39% of boys and 60% of girls, with proportions increasing in direct proportion to adiposity (P<0.001). These data indicate that over one‐third of the N=762 middle school‐aged boys and girls tested were classified as overweight/obese, and that body fat % was inversely related to aerobic and anaerobic fitness.

Funding, Golden Leaf Foundation STEM Initiative
Leptin as a Mediator of Tumor‐Stromal Interactions Promotes Breast Cancer Stem Cell Activity.
Authors: Catalano Stefania , Giordano Cinzia , Panza Salvatore , Chemi Francesca Chemi , Barone Ines , Bonofiglio Daniela , Cordella Angela , Hashim Adnan , Simoes Bruno , Clarke Robert , Weisz Alessandro , Andò Sebastiano
Published: June 2021

Breast cancer stem‐like cells (BCSC) are responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance, and metastases. BCSC rely for their properties on complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment through networks of cytokines and growth factors. Leptin, a well‐known cytokine involved in breast cancer progression, plays a crucial role in the tumor‐stromal crosstalk. Thus, we investigated how tumor microenvironmental factors and especially leptin may affect BCSC activity using MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and patient‐derived samples.

Treatment of mammosphere cultures with conditioned media (CM) from cancer associated fibroblasts and breast adipocytes resulted in a significant increase in mammosphere‐forming efficiency (MFE). Depletion of leptin from stromal cell‐CM completely abrogated this effect. Accordingly, mammosphere cultures exhibited increased leptin receptor expression and leptin exposure enhanced MFE. Microarray analyses revealed a similar expression profile of genes involved in stemness and cell proliferation in mammospheres treated with stromal cell‐CM and leptin. Finally, leptin significantly increased MFE in patient‐derived samples (metastatic ascites and pleural effusion fluid) and leptin mRNA levels in peritumoral adipose tissue of breast cancer patients were positively correlated with MFE (r= 0.449; P 蠄 0.05).

Our study highlights leptin as an important paracrine molecule that mediates the microenvironment effects on BCSC activity.
CD43 functions as an E‐selectin ligand for Th17 cells in vitro and is required for Th17 cell recruitment in vivo
Authors: Velázquez Francisco , Grodecki Anna , Knapp Andrew , Salvador Ane , Nevers Tania , Alcaide Pilar
Published: June 2021

Th17 cells are recruited at sites of inflammation and participate in important cell‐mediated inflammatory reactions. Their interactions with the vascular endothelium are highly dependent on Endothelial selectin (E‐sel). We hypothesized that Th17 cells use preferentially different E‐sel ligands than Th1 cells. We used real‐time live video microscopy to study the interactions of Th17 cells from different E‐sel ligand deficient mice with E‐sel under flow conditions and blot rolling assays, and the air pouch and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of inflammation. We report that Th17 cells express the E‐sel ligands CD44, PSGL‐1 and CD43. Interestingly, CD43 functions as an E‐sel ligand for Th17 cells in vitro in a unique way that does not require cooperation with PSGL‐1. In vivo, CD43‐/‐ Th17 cells were not recruited into the air pouch in response to TNF‐α or CCL20. Interestingly, CD43‐/‐ mice were partially protected from EAE, and had reduced recruitment of Th17 cells to the central nervous system. Our results demonstrate the relevance of CD43 as an E‐sel ligand for Th17 cells in vitro, and its role in Th17 cell recruitment to sites of inflammation in vivo. Our results suggest the possibility to target Th17 cell recruitment specifically during inflammation. Future studies will unveil alternative mechanisms by which CD43 regulates Th17 cell recruitment in vivo in the context of disease.
Maternal Weight Loss Increases Preterm Birth in Kenya
Authors: Barr Blake , Natamba Barnabas , Sumba Odada , Baresel Paul , Opinya Fredrick , Dent Arlene , Toko Eunice , Rochford Rosemary , Mehta Saurabh
Published: June 2021

Appropriate gestational weight gain is necessary for optimal pregnancy outcomes. We examined if this relationship holds in our perinatal cohort in Kenya by determining the effect of maternal weight change on preterm birth and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

One‐hundred and ninety‐one women were followed up through delivery and information on birth outcomes was recorded. Data on weight was available for four antenatal visits over the course of the pregnancy. Rate of weight change was defined as the difference between last observed weight and enrollment weight divided by the corresponding time difference. Weight loss was defined as negative rate of weight change and low birth weight (LBW) as birth weight less than 2,500 grams. Preterm delivery was defined as delivery at less than 37 weeks of pregnancy. Binomial regression was used to estimate risk ratios and p‐values for the association between weight loss and pregnancy outcomes.

The median gestational age at enrollment was 22 weeks (IQR: 18‐26 weeks). The median rate of weight change over the course of pregnancy was 0.25 kg/week (IQR: 0.12‐0.44kg/week). 26% of women lost weight over the course of pregnancy. 6% of neonates had LBW and 21% of all births were preterm. On adjusting for maternal age and BMI at enrollment, women who lost weight had 2.22 greater risk of preterm birth than women who did not lose weight (95% CI =1.03, 4.77; p=0.04).

Over 1 in 4 women in our study lost weight during the course of pregnancy. Future studies need to identify appropriate interventions for improving weight gain and optimizing birth outcomes.

Funding: National Institutes of Health
Biomechanics of mammalian feet during locomotion: an integrative 3D analysis
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Olga , Rankin Jeffery , Gatesy Stephen , Hutchinson John
Published: June 2021

Foot anatomy and mechanics vary among herbivorous quadrupeds. Horses have one toe ending in a rigid hoof, which is effective for fast‐running but generates large impact vibrations. The feet of the elephants and rhinoceroses have five and three toes, respectively, bound within a digital cushion, which absorbs locomotor forces, yet is heavy and thus costly to swing. But how do less extreme foot morphologies, such as those found in even‐toed ungulates influence foot mechanics? We developed a novel approach for this study that integrates 3D kinematic data from biplanar radiography (XROMM), inverse dynamics and finite element analysis to test the hypothesis that bone stresses during walking remain relatively constant among animals of different body mass. Foot designs and joint kinematics may act as a compensatory mechanism to maintain bone stresses at optimal levels. We provide comparative results from five species of hoofed mammals, ranging from pigs to elephants, to infer how body size and foot anatomy relate to foot mechanics.