bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure of the class of iterated function systems that generate the same self-similar set
Authors: Deng Qi-Rong , Lau Ka-Sing
Published: March 2017

Let

{\mathscr H}_K

denote the family of homogenous IFSs that satisfy the open set condition (OSC) and generate the same self-similar set

K

, we call the IFSs in

{\mathscr H}_K

isotopic
, and give the isotopic class

{\mathscr H}_K

a multiplication operation defined by composition. The finitely generated property of

{\mathscr H}_K

was first studied by Feng and Wang on

\mathbb{R}

[FW], and by the authors on

\mathbb{R}^d

under the strong separation condition [DL]. In this paper, we continue the investigation of the isotopic class on

\mathbb{R}^d

. By using a new technique with the OSC, we prove that

{\mathscr H}_K

is finitely generated if either (i)

K

is totally disconnected, or (ii) the convex hull

{\rm Co}(K)

is a polytope, and there exists a line

L

passing through a vertex of Co

(K)

such that

L\cap K

is a totally disconnected infinite set. The conditions are easy to check and are satisfied by many standard self-similar sets.
О некоторых локальных свойствах пространственных обобщенных квазиизометрий
Authors: Salimov Ruslan Radikovich , Sevost'yanov Evgenii Aleksandrovich
Published: March 2017

Получена оценка сверху для меры образа шара
в некотором классе отображений,
являющихся обобщением пространственных квазиизометрий
с ветвлением. Как следствие, для указанных отображений получен
аналог классической леммы Шварца
при некотором дополнительном ограничении интегрального характера.
Полученные результаты имеют соответствующие приложения
в классах Соболева и Орлича-Соболева.
Библиография: 19 названий.
Аппроксимативные свойства рядов Фурье по многочленам, ортогональным по Соболеву с весом Якоби и дискретными массами
Authors: Sharapudinov Idris Idrisovich
Published: March 2017

Рассмотрены ряды Фурье по полиномам Якоби
$P_k^{\alpha-r,-r}(x)$, $k=r,r+1,…$,
ортогональным относительно скалярного произведения
типа Соболева следующего вида:
$$
\langle f,g\rangle=\sum_{\nu=0}^{r-1}
f^{(\nu)}(-1)g^{(\nu)}(-1)
+\int_{-1}^1f^{(r)}(t)g^{(r)}(t)(1-t)^\alpha dt.
$$
Показано, что такие ряды представляют собой частный
случай смешанных рядов по полиномам Якоби
$P_k^{\alpha,\beta}(x)$, $k=0,1,…$, рассмотренных
автором ранее. Исследованы вопросы сходимости смешанных
рядов по общим полиномам Якоби и их аппроксимативные
свойства. Полученные результаты применяются к исследованию
аппроксимативных свойств рядов Фурье по полиномам Якоби
$P_k^{\alpha-r,-r}(x)$, ортогональным по Соболеву.
Библиография: 19 названий.
Volcanic ash modeling with the online NMMB-MONARCH-ASH v1.0 model: model description, case simulation, and evaluation
Authors: Marti Alejandro , Folch Arnau , Jorba Oriol , Janjic Zavisa
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Traditionally, tephra transport and dispersal models have evolved decoupled (offline) from numerical weather prediction models. There is a concern that inconsistencies and shortcomings associated with this coupling strategy might lead to errors in the ash cloud forecast. Despite this concern and the significant progress in improving the accuracy of tephra dispersal models in the aftermath of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull and 2011 Cordón Caulle eruptions, to date, no operational online dispersal model is available to forecast volcanic ash. Here, we describe and evaluate NMMB-MONARCH-ASH, a new online multi-scale meteorological and transport model that attempts to pioneer the forecast of volcanic aerosols at operational level. The model forecasts volcanic ash cloud trajectories, concentration of ash at relevant flight levels, and the expected deposit thickness for both regional and global configurations. Its online coupling approach improves the current state-of-the-art tephra dispersal models, especially in situations where meteorological conditions are changing rapidly in time, two-way feedbacks are significant, or distal ash cloud dispersal simulations are required. This work presents the model application for the first phases of the 2011 Cordón Caulle and 2001 Mount Etna eruptions. The computational efficiency of NMMB-MONARCH-ASH and its application results compare favorably with other long-range tephra dispersal models, supporting its operational implementation.
Technical note: Conversion of isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOHs) on metal environmental simulation chamber walls
Authors: Bernhammer Anne-Kathrin , Breitenlechner Martin , Keutsch Frank N. , Hansel Armin
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Sources and sinks of isoprene oxidation products from low-NOx isoprene chemistry have been studied at the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber with a custom-built selective reagent ion time-of-flight mass spectrometer (SRI-ToF-MS), which allows quantitative measurement of isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOHs). The measured concentrations of the main oxidation products were compared to chemical box model simulations based on the Leeds Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) v3.3. The modeled ISOPOOH concentrations are a factor of 20 higher than the observed concentrations, and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) concentrations are up to a factor of 2 lower compared to observations, despite the artifact-free detection method. Addition of catalytic conversion of 1,2-ISOPOOH and 4,3-ISOPOOH to methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) on the stainless-steel surface of the chamber to the chemical mechanism resolves the discrepancy between model predictions and observation. This suggests that isoprene chemistry in a metal chamber under low-NOx conditions cannot be described by a pure gas phase model alone. Biases in the measurement of ISOPOOH, MVK, and MACR can be caused not only intra-instrumentally but also by the general experimental setup. The work described here extends the role of heterogeneous reactions affecting gas phase composition and properties from instrumental surfaces, described previously, to general experimental setups. The role of such conversion reactions on real environmental surfaces is yet to be explored.
Spatial estimation of air PM2.5 emissions using
activity data, local emission factors and
land cover derived from satellite imagery
Authors: Gibe Hezron P. , Cayetano Mylene G.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Exposure to air particulate matter (APM) is a presently relevant issue that affects the environment and the health of residents of many urban areas globally. In the Philippines, most existing studies and emission inventories have mainly focused on point and mobile sources, while research involving personal exposures to particulate pollutants is mostly lacking. This paper presents a method for estimating the amount fine (PM2.5) particulate emissions in a test study site in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija in the Philippines by utilizing local emission factors, regionally procured data and land cover/land use (activity data) interpreted from satellite imagery. The estimated emissions have been mapped using geographic information systems (GIS) software. Results suggest that vehicular emissions from motorcycles and tricycles, as well as biomass-based household fuels (charcoal) and burning of agricultural waste largely contribute to PM2.5 emissions in Cabanatuan City. Overall, the method used in this study can be applied to any study site, as long as on-site specific activity data, emission factor and satellite-imaged land cover are available.
The version 3 OMI NO2 standard product
Authors: Krotkov Nickolay A. , Lamsal Lok N. , Celarier Edward A. , Swartz William H. , Marchenko Sergey V. , Bucsela Eric J. , Chan Ka Lok , Wenig Mark
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We describe the new, version 3.0 NASA Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) standard nitrogen dioxide (NO2) products (SPv3). The products and documentation are publicly available from the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/uui/datasets/OMNO2_V003/summary). The major improvements include: (1) new spectral fitting algorithm for NO2 slant column density (SCD) retrieval; (2) higher resolution (1° latitude and 1.25° longitude) a priori NO2 and temperature profiles from the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry-transport model with yearly varying emissions to calculate air-mass factors (AMFs) required to convert SCDs into vertical column densities (VCDs). The new SCDs are systematically lower (by ~ 10 %–40 %) than previous, version 2, estimates. Most of this reduction in SCDs is propagated into stratospheric VCDs. Tropospheric NO2 VCDs are also reduced over polluted areas, especially over Western Europe, the eastern US and eastern China. Initial evaluation over unpolluted areas has shown that the new SPv3 products agree better with independent satellite and ground based FTIR measurements. However, further evaluation of tropospheric VCDs is needed over polluted areas, where the increased spatial resolution and more refined AMF estimates may lead to better characterization of pollution hotspots.
New insights on resource stoichiometry: assessing availability of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to bacterioplankton
Authors: Soares Ana R. A. , Bergström Ann-Kristin , Sponseller Ryan A. , Moberg Joanna M. , Giesler Reiner , Kritzberg Emma S. , Jansson Mats , Berggren Martin
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Boreal lake and river ecosystems receive large quantities of organic nutrients and carbon (C) from their catchments. How bacterioplankton respond to these inputs is not well understood, in part because we base our understanding and predictions on total pools, yet we know little about the stoichiometry of bioavailable elements within organic matter. We designed bioassays with the purpose of exhausting the pools of readily bioavailable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), bioavailable dissolved nitrogen (BDN), and bioavailable dissolved phosphorus (BDP) as fast as possible. Applying the method in four boreal lakes at base-flow conditions yielded concentrations of bioavailable resources in the range 105–693 µg C L−1 for BDOC (2 % of initial total DOC), 24–288 µg N L−1 for BDN (31 % of initial total dissolved nitrogen), and 0.2–17 µg P L−1 for BDP (49 % of initial total dissolved phosphorus). Thus, relative bioavailability increased from carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P). We show that the main fraction of bioavailable nutrients is organic, representing 80 % of BDN and 61 % of BDP. In addition, we demonstrate that total C : N and C : P ratios are as much as 13-fold higher than C : N and C : P ratios for bioavailable resource fractions. Further, by applying additional bioavailability measurements to seven widely distributed rivers, we provide support for a general pattern of relatively high bioavailability of P and N in relation to C. Altogether, our findings underscore the poor availability of C for support of bacterial metabolism in boreal C-rich freshwaters, and suggest that these ecosystems are very sensitive to increased input of bioavailable DOC.
Soil water migration in the unsaturated zone of semiarid region in China from isotope evidence
Authors: Yang Yonggang , Fu Bojie
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Soil water is an important driving force of the ecosystems, especially in the semiarid hill and gully region of the northwestern Loess Plateau in China. The mechanism of soil water migration in the reconstruction and restoration of Loess Plateau is a key scientific problem that must be solved. Isotopic tracers can provide valuable information associated with complex hydrological problems, difficult to obtain using other methods. In this study, the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are used as tracers to investigate the migration processes of soil water in the unsaturated zone in an arid region of China's Loess Plateau. Samples of precipitation, soil water, plant xylems and plant roots are collected and analysed. The conservative elements deuterium (D) and oxygen (18O) are used as tracers to identify variable source and mixing processes. The mixing model is used to quantify the contribution of each end member and calculate mixing amounts. The results show that the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Anjiagou River basin is affected by isotopic fractionation due to evaporation. The isotopic compositions of soil waters are plotted between or near the local meteoric water lines, indicating that soil waters are recharged by precipitation. The soil water migration is dominated by piston-type flow in the study area and rarely preferential flow. Water migration exhibited a transformation pathway from precipitation to soil water to plant water. δ18O and δD are enriched in the shallow (< 20 cm depth) soil water in most soil profiles due to evaporation. The isotopic composition of xylem water is close to that of soil water at the depth of 40–60 cm. These values reflect soil water signatures associated with Caragana korshinskii Kom. uptake at the depth of 40–60 cm. Soil water from the surface soil layer (20–40 cm) comprised 6–12 % of plant xylem water, while soil water at the depth of 40–60 cm is the largest component of plant xylem water (ranging from 60 to 66 %), soil water below 60 cm depth comprised 8–14 % of plant xylem water and only 5–8 % is derived directly from precipitation. This study investigates the migration process of soil water, identifies the source of plant water and finally provides a scientific basis for identification of model structures and parameters. It can provide a scientific basis for ecological water demand, ecological restoration, and management of water resources.
Sensitivity, stability and future evolution of the world's northernmost ice cap, Hans Tausen Iskappe (Greenland)
Authors: Zekollari Harry , Huybrechts Philippe , Noël Brice , van de Berg Willem Jan , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In this study the dynamics and sensitivity of Hans Tausen Iskappe (western Peary Land, Greenland) to climatic forcing is investigated with a coupled ice flow–mass balance model. The surface mass balance (SMB) is calculated from a precipitation field obtained from the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO2.3), while runoff is calculated from a positive-degree-day runoff–retention model. For the ice flow a 3-D higher-order thermomechanical model is used, which is run at a 250 m resolution. A higher-order solution is needed to accurately represent the ice flow in the outlet glaciers. Under 1961–1990 climatic conditions a steady-state ice cap is obtained that is overall similar in geometry to the present-day ice cap. Ice thickness, temperature and flow velocity in the interior agree well with observations. For the outlet glaciers a reasonable agreement with temperature and ice thickness measurements can be obtained with an additional heat source related to infiltrating meltwater. The simulations indicate that the SMB–elevation feedback has a major effect on the ice cap response time and stability. This causes the southern part of the ice cap to be extremely sensitive to a change in climatic conditions and leads to thresholds in the ice cap evolution. Under constant 2005–2014 climatic conditions the entire southern part of the ice cap cannot be sustained, and the ice cap loses about 80 % of its present-day volume. The projected loss of surrounding permanent sea ice and resultant precipitation increase may attenuate the future mass loss but will be insufficient to preserve the present-day ice cap for most scenarios. In a warmer and wetter climate the ice margin will retreat, while the interior is projected to thicken, leading to a steeper ice cap, in line with the present-day observed trends. For intermediate- (+4 °C) and high- warming scenarios (+8 °C) the ice cap is projected to disappear around AD 2400 and 2200 respectively, almost independent of the projected precipitation regime and the simulated present-day geometry.
Monitoring Tropical Debris Covered Glacier Dynamics from High Resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry, Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Authors: Wigmore Oliver , Mark Bryan
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca Peru are rapidly retreating as a result of climate change, altering timing, quantity and quality of water available to downstream users. Furthermore, increases in the number and size of proglacial lakes associated with these melting glaciers is increasing potential exposure to glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Understanding how these glaciers are changing and their connection to proglacial lake systems is thus of critical importance. Most satellite data are too coarse for studying small mountain glaciers and are often affected by cloud cover, while traditional airborne photogrammetry and LiDAR are costly. Recent developments have made Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) a viable and potentially transformative method for studying glacier change at high spatial resolution, on demand and at relatively low cost. Using a custom designed hexacopter built for high altitude (4000–6000 m asl) operation we completed repeat aerial surveys (2014 and 2015) of the debris covered Llaca glacier tongue and proglacial lake system. High resolution orthomosaics (5 cm) and digital elevation models (DEMs) (10 cm) were produced and their accuracy assessed. Analysis of these datasets reveals highly heterogeneous patterns of glacier change. The most rapid areas of ice loss were associated with exposed ice cliffs and melt water ponds on the glacier surface. Considerable subsidence and low surface velocities were also measured on the sediments within the pro-glacial lake, indicating the presence of extensive regions of buried ice and continued connection to the glacier tongue. Only limited horizontal retreat of the glacier tongue was observed, indicating that simple measurements of changes in aerial extent are inadequate for understanding actual changes in glacier ice quantity.
Partitivity and case marking in Turkish and related languages
Authors: von Heusinger Klaus , Kornfilt Jaklin
Published: March 2017

The paper discusses the conditions for case marking on partitive constructions in direct object position in Turkish and some related languages. We focus on Turkish and then turn to some details of corresponding constructions in some other Turkic languages and in Standard Mongolian. Turkish exhibits Differential Object Marking, which primarily depends on the semantic-pragmatic factor of specificity. Partitive constructions with the ablative for the superset in Turkish come in different forms, depending on how the subset expression is realized: (a) by a lexical noun as head, (b) by the classifier tane ‘item’, functioning as a “dummy noun”, and (c) by a numeral, quantifier or adjective. Case marking of the direct object is optional for (a), and obligatory for (most instances of) (c). This type of obligatory case marking is dependent on the obligatory marking of the adjective, quantifier or numeral with a default 3rd person singular agreement suffix, which then requires case marking. Construction (b) does not allow for case marking, when the classifier is bare; when the classifier is followed by the default 3rd person singular agreement marking, that marking requires obligatory case morphology, just like in construction (c). We hypothesize that structural case marking can either express the semantic-pragmatic condition of specificity in terms of referential anchoring or it must obey a formal condition, namely the requirement of the agreement suffix to be followed by overt case. The languages we have studied show an interesting micro-variation. They differ (among other properties) with respect to classifiers – in particular, with respect to whether they have [+human] classifiers or not. In addition, one language among the languages under investigation, namely Kirghiz, substitutes the agreement marker in its function as a filler of the partitive’s nominal head by a different marker: a morpheme expressing a set. Here, the agreement marker is used to express specificity, given that its presence is not required for formal reasons. In direct object partitive constructions with subset expressions that are expressed as full noun phrase/lexical noun heads (option (a) above), overt accusative case indicates specificity in most of the investigated languages. In options (b) and (c), the investigated languages provide different patterns when marking the referential status of the partitive heads, thus indicating the variation among these languages with respect to the nominal category feature of the partitive heads involved.This article is part of the Special Collection: Partitives
Relationship between Leisure Facilitators and Serious Leisure among Female Korean College Soccer Participants
Authors: Kang Hee Yeob , Kim Hyung Hoon , Choi Hyun Wook , Lee Won Il , Lee Chul Won
Published: March 2017

This study identifies the relationship between leisure facilitators and serious leisure of female college soccer participants. To this end, data were collected from a total of 223 surveys from participants in female college soccer participants. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted using SPSS and AMOS program. Frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed. All tests were performed using a .05 significance level. The results of this study were as follows. First, intrapersonal facilitators of leisure facilitators had a positive effect on serious leisure. Second, interpersonal facilitators of leisure facilitators had a positive effect on serious leisure. Third, structural facilitators of leisure facilitators had a positive effect on serious leisure.
A Study on the Cultivation of Female Students Ability in the Girl's Athletic Association-Taking Qingdao University of Science and Technology as an Example
Authors: Chu Xiaodong , Liu Xiaowen
Published: March 2017

This paper studied the status of o the Girl’s Athletic Association in the matter of the organization and function. Some problems in development progress are analyzed, such as the number of members reduced, the chaos of organization construction, the shortage of fund. Some proposals and countermeasures are putted forward from strengthen and improving the organization system construction, carrying out rich and colorful activities, the funding, hiring teachers and the association responsible person, increasing the association activity time, changing the content of activities To play an important role in the aspects of actively encouraging and guiding the female classmate association activities, and promoting the all-round development of girl's ability.
Solving Society’s Big Ills, A Small Step
Authors: Kashyap Ravi
Published: March 2017

We look at a collection of conjectures with the unifying message that smaller social systems, tend to be less complex and can be aligned better, towards fulfilling their intended objectives. We touch upon a framework, referred to as the four pronged approach that can aid the analysis of social systems. The four prongs are:1. The Uncertainty Principle of the Social Sciences2. The Objectives of a Social System or the Responsibilities of the Players3. The Need for Smaller Organizations4. Redirecting Unintended OutcomesSmaller organizations mitigating the disruptive effects of corruption is discussed and also the need for organizations, whose objective is to foster the development of other smaller organizations. We consider a way of life, which is about respect for knowledge and a desire to seek it. Knowledge can help eradicate ignorance, but the accumulation of knowledge can lead to overconfidence. Hence it becomes important to instill an attitude that does not knowledge too seriously, along with the thirst for knowledge. All of this is important to create an environment that is conducive for smaller organizations and can be viewed as a natural extension of studies that fall under the wider category of understanding factors and policies aimed at increasing the welfare or well-being to society.
The ASEAN Free Trade Agreement and Vietnam’s Trade Efficiency
Authors: Nguyen Hai Thi Hong , Doan Thang Ngoc
Published: March 2017

This study employs a stochastic gravity model to estimate the efficiency performance of Vietnam’s trade with its main trading partners from 1995-2015. Trade efficiency is measured as the ratio of actual trade volume to the maximum likelihood. Moreover. it analyzes the effects of both natural and man-made trade barriers on trade efficiency. The empirical results suggest that the actual trade of Vietnam appears to be much smaller than a possible efficiency level and that there is large space for further progress. Export efficiency outweighs that of import. Vietnam’s ASEAN Free Trade Agreement membership has, in general, improved the trade efficiency, whereas tariffs and domestic devaluation have impaired it. Our findings lead to the recommendation that Vietnam should join more Free Trade Agreements and break down the man-made barriers.
Prospective Teachers’ Opinions Concerning Children’s Rights
Authors: Faiz Melike , Kamer Selman Tunay
Published: March 2017

Consideration of the child as a social being and his/her not having the power of self-protection have propounded the significance of children’s rights. Teachers are important to educate the individual. Prospective teachers who will be teachers of the future will have a considerable amount of presidency. Thus, the main objective of this research is to reveal the opinions of prospective teachers regarding children rights. Among the qualitative research methods, phenomenological research method has been adopted in this study. Among the participants of the study were 30 prospective teachers who were senior students from three different teacher education programs from a university placed in Turkey. Participants were from the departments of preschool teacher education (n=10), primary school teacher education (n=10) and social studies teacher education (n=10). Data were collected through a structured interview and analyzed by means of content analysis method. According to the findings, most prospective teachers believe that children possess differences in their educational settings, family life, economical situations and their environment that they are being raised. Hence, almost all of them stated inequality among children. Regarding implementation of child rights in the families, all prospective teachers have regarded child at an important position within the family; however, they have mentioned that families did not pay required attention to children’s right. According to prospective teachers, families should realize child as an individual, look after their rights and pay respect to children’s opinions. Furthermore, implementation of children’s rights at schools highlighted two views: The first one stress that schools are not provided required sensitivity to children’s rights, and secondly children show discipline problems in school due to limitless freeness provided for them. Regarding helping children for comprehending their rights, prospective teachers mentioned importance of reaching the large masses by means of mass media and raising the awareness of families through activities such as seminars.
Estimating NDMA Formation in a Distribution System Using a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Moradi Sina , Chow Christopher W.K. , Cook David , Newcombe Gayle , Amal Rose
Published: March 2017

A model was developed for estimation of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) concentration in a case study of a chloraminated water distribution system in Australia using influencing parameters that had an impact on NDMA formation via a hybrid genetic algorithm method. The model was based on hydraulic retention time, temperature, and monochloramine residual. The genetic algorithm and quasi‐Newton optimization with a Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno Hessian updating method were combined into a hybrid parameter optimization scheme for robust calibration of NDMA model parameters. In order to test the applicability and the accuracy of the proposed model, NDMA concentration and water quality characteristics for 220 post‐disinfection water samples collected between 2006 and 2016 were used. Good agreement between measured and estimated NDMA concentrations was observed by performing statistical analysis on an independent set of water sample data (R2 = 0.93). This modeling approach has the potential to be used as a decision support tool in order to manage and improve the chloramine disinfection process.
Women in Engineering Careers: Does Parental Income Affect their Work Values?
Authors: Llenares Ian , Llenares Reallyn , Sario Jay
Published: March 2017

Engineering is one of the male dominated careers, however, there is an increasing women entry into the engineering profession in the Philippines. Scholars have reported numerous factors on women entry in engineering careers such as rewarding work opportunities, interest, and talent in science and mathematics, etc. This different reason led women to enter into engineering career which is worthy of study. The study assessed the effects of parental income on work values of women in the engineering profession. A descriptive survey research designed was used, 39 respondents were purposively selected from various Engineering programs (civil, mechanical, electrical, computer, electronics, marine engineering, and environmental and sanitary). The study utilized One way MANOVA with post hoc analysis. Results showed that the respondents have "moderate" intellectual achievement orientations, interpersonal, and occupational work values and they had "weak" familial, managerial, and material work values. Further, the computed One way MANOVA reported that parental income affects the intellectual-achievement orientation, interpersonal, managerial, material, and occupational some work values of women engineers. This report has implication on guidance and counseling practice on career placement of women in the engineering industry.
A Literature Review on Women in Management in Asian Countries: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Velasco Cecilia
Published: March 2017

The discrimination of women in the workplace is a real problem. Despite national and international organizations having made huge strides against it and implementation of United Nations Women's Treaty, apparently, nothing much has changed in the direction of eliminating it. This study aimed to find out if gender equality in terms of women representation and/or participation in the corporate world, politics, higher education management and labor workforce is practiced. Likewise, it aimed to find out the causes of inequality, if there exists. This research is essentially qualitative since it uses narrative review to assess, summarize, and interpret the results from a broad spectrum of related studies. Only 65 studies were included in the review, out of 122 studies read. The results reveal that glass ceiling and inadequate government regulations and lack of implementation of existing policies in women's leadership hinder women to forge ahead in the realm of management. This study concludes that gender inequality exists globally despite substantial national and international measures being taken against it.  Breaking the glass ceiling and fine tune the mindset of the population in favor of gender equality are highly recommended.
Cytopathologic Features in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Arising From Benign Nodular Disease
Authors: Choi Su Yun , Jung Jin Chul , Nam Eun Sook
Published: March 2017

The presence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) arising from benign nodular disease (PTCAB) is a rare condition. Our study evaluates the clinicopathologic features of PTCAB. PTCAB is extremely rare, and its characteristics have not been well described. From April 2007 through March 2014, 323 patients with PTC were treated at Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital. During this period, 10 cases of PTCAB were found. We also randomly selected 15 cases each of benign and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) for controls. We reviewed the medical records and the cytomorphologic features of fine-needle aspiration cytology and postoperative specimens. There was a significant difference in the rates of capsular invasion (P = 0.003) and lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.040) between the PTCAB and PTMC groups. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was more prevalent in the PTCAB group (62.5%, P = 0.026). The PTCAB group had a more even and variable distribution from category II to VI by the Bethesda Systems for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (P < 0.001). The most common cytomorphologic features of PTCAB were nuclear grooves (90%), pale chromatin (90%), and follicles (60%). Moderate to high cellularity and anisonucleosis were absent in 90% and 80%, respectively, of PTCAB cases. The only cytomorphologic feature significantly different between PTCAB and PTMC group was cellularity. Clinical characteristics were similar between PTCAB and PTMC. PTCAB has an overlapping pattern of cytomorphologic features between benign nodules and PTMC. However, most PTCAB cases contained a nuclear groove, pale chromatin, numerous follicles, and low cellularity, and these features help to establish a new diagnostic point for PTCAB.
From data to decisions: Processing information, biases, and beliefs for improved management of natural resources and environments
Authors: Glynn Pierre D. , Voinov Alexey A. , Shapiro Carl D. , White Paul A.
Published: March 2017

Our different kinds of minds and types of thinking affect the ways we decide, take action, and cooperate (or not). Derived from these types of minds, innate biases, beliefs, heuristics, and values (BBHV) influence behaviors, often beneficially, when individuals or small groups face immediate, local, acute situations that they and their ancestors faced repeatedly in the past. BBHV, though, need to be recognized and possibly countered or used when facing new, complex issues or situations especially if they need to be managed for the benefit of a wider community, for the longer‐term and the larger‐scale. Taking BBHV into account, we explain and provide a cyclic science‐infused adaptive framework for (1) gaining knowledge of complex systems and (2) improving their management. We explore how this process and framework could improve the governance of science and policy for different types of systems and issues, providing examples in the area of natural resources, hazards, and the environment. Lastly, we suggest that an “Open Traceable Accountable Policy” initiative that followed our suggested adaptive framework could beneficially complement recent Open Data/Model science initiatives.

Plain Language Summary

Our review paper suggests that society can improve the management of natural resources and environments by (1) recognizing the sources of human decisions and thinking and understanding their role in the scientific progression to knowledge; (2) considering innate human needs and biases, beliefs, heuristics, and values that may need to be countered or embraced; and (3) creating science and policy governance that is inclusive, integrated, considerate of diversity, explicit, and accountable. The paper presents a science‐infused adaptive framework for such governance, and discusses the types of issues and systems that it would be best suited to address.
Timescale separation in the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling during St. Patrick's Day storms in 2013 and 2015
Authors: Alberti T. , Consolini G. , Lepreti F. , Laurenza M. , Vecchio A. , Carbone V.
Published: March 2017

In this work, we present a case study of the relevant timescales responsible for coupling between the changes of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions and the magnetospheric dynamics during the St. Patrick's Day Geomagnetic Storms in 2013 and 2015. We investigate the behavior of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) component Bz, the Perreault‐Akasofu coupling function and the AE, AL, AU, SYM‐H, and ASY‐H geomagnetic indices at different timescales by using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and the delayed mutual information (DMI). The EMD, indeed, allows to extract the intrinsic oscillations (modes) present into the different data sets, while the DMI, which provides a measure of the total amount of the linear and nonlinear shared information (correlation degree), allows to investigate the relevance of the different timescales in the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling. The results clearly indicate the existence of a relevant timescale separation in the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling. Indeed, while fluctuations at long timescales (τ > 200 min) show a large degree of correlation between solar wind parameters and magnetospheric dynamics proxies, at short timescales (τ < 200 min) this direct link is missing. This result suggests that fluctuations at timescales lower than 200 min, although triggered by changes of the interplanetary conditions, are mainly dominated by internal processes and are not directly driven by solar wind/IMF. Conversely, the magnetospheric dynamics in response to the solar wind/IMF driver at timescales longer than 200 min resembles the changes observed in the solar wind/IMF features. Finally, these results can be useful for Space Weather forecasting.
Longitude‐dependent lunar tidal modulation of the equatorial electrojet during stratospheric sudden warmings
Authors: Siddiqui Tarique A. , Stolle Claudia , Lühr Hermann
Published: March 2017

The effects of coupling between different layers of the atmosphere during Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW) events have been studied quite extensively in the past few years, and in this context large lunitidal enhancements in the equatorial ionosphere have also been widely discussed. In this study we report about the longitudinal variabilities in lunitidal enhancement in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) during SSWs through ground and space observations in the Peruvian and Indian sectors. We observe that the amplification of lunitidal oscillations in EEJ is significantly larger over the Peruvian sector in comparison to the Indian sector. We further compare the lunitidal oscillations in both the sectors during the 2005–2006 and 2008–2009 major SSW events and during a non‐SSW winter of 2006–2007. It is found that the lunitidal amplitude in EEJ over the Peruvian sector showed similar enhancements during both the major SSWs, but the enhancements were notably different in the Indian sector. Independent from SSW events, we have also performed a climatological analysis of the lunar modulation of the EEJ during December solstice over both the sectors by using 10 years of CHAMP magnetic measurements and found larger lunitidal amplitudes over the Peruvian sector confirming the results from ground magnetometer observations. We have also analyzed the semidiurnal lunar tidal amplitude in neutral temperature measurements from Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) at 110 km and found lesser longitudinal variability than the lunitidal amplitude in EEJ. Our results suggest that the longitudinal variabilities in lunitidal modulation of the EEJ during SSWs could be related to electrodynamics in the E region dynamo.
A study of ionopause perturbation and associated boundary wave formation at Venus
Authors: Chong Ghai Siung , Pope Simon A. , Zhang Tielong , Collinson Glyn A. , Walker Simon N. , Balikhin Michael A.
Published: March 2017

Magnetometer and electron spectrometer data from Venus Express (VEX) are used to investigate the occurrence of boundary wave phenomenon occurring in the vicinity of the Venusian terminator. On 26 June 2006, VEX data show the ionosphere to be unmagnetized (≈0 nT), a common observation usually expected during solar maximum. This results in the respective Venusian boundaries to be higher than the nominal altitudes. This paper reports the occurrence of rippling of the ionopause boundary in the terminator plane. The ripples appear to propagate mainly in the Y direction in the Venus solar orbital coordinates. Further examination of the first oscillation in magnetic field suggests that it is a flux rope. The flux rope is found to be just inside the ionosphere close to the ionopause. The diameters of the flux rope and boundary wave oscillations are estimated to be ∼113 km and ∼133 km, respectively. We suggest that the boundary wave is generated by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. This research provides evidence of the ionopause boundary existing in a wave‐like state and its relation to Venus atmospheric loss into space.
Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays during the neutron monitor era: Calibration using PAMELA data for 2006–2010
Authors: Usoskin Ilya G. , Gil Agnieszka , Kovaltsov Gennady A. , Mishev Alexander L. , Mikhailov Vladimir V.
Published: March 2017

A new reconstruction of the heliospheric modulation potential for galactic cosmic rays is presented for the neutron monitor era, since 1951. The new reconstruction is based on an updated methodology in comparison to previous reconstructions: (1) the use of the new‐generation neutron monitor yield function; (2) the use of the new model of the local interstellar spectrum, employing in particular direct data from the distant missions; and (3) the calibration of the neutron monitor responses to direct measurements of the cosmic ray spectrum performed by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light‐nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) spaceborne spectrometer over 47 time intervals during 2006–2010. The reconstruction is based on data from six standard NM64‐type neutron monitors (Apatity, Inuvik, Kergulen, Moscow, Newark, and Oulu) since 1965 and two International Geophysical Year‐type ground‐based detectors (Climax and Mount Washington) for 1951–1964. The new reconstruction, along with the estimated uncertainties is tabulated in the paper. The presented series forms a benchmark record of the cosmic ray variability (in the energy range between 1 and 30 GeV) for the last 60 years and can be used in long‐term studies in the fields of solar, heliospheric, and solar‐terrestrial physics.
Monthly top‐down NOx emissions for China (2005–2012): A hybrid inversion method and trend analysis
Authors: Qu Zhen , Henze Daven K. , Capps Shannon L. , Wang Yi , Xu Xiaoguang , Wang Jun , Keller Martin
Published: March 2017

We develop an approach combining mass balance and four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) methods to facilitate inversion of decadal‐scale total nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions. In 7 year pseudo‐observation tests, hybrid posterior emissions have smaller normalized mean square error (NMSE) than that of mass balance when compared to true emissions in most cases and perform slightly better in detecting NOx emission magnitudes and trends. Using this hybrid method, OMI NO2 satellite observations and the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model, we find more than 30% increases of emissions over most of East China at the 0.5° × 0.667° grid cell level, leading to a 16% growth of emissions over all of China from 2005 to 2012, whereas emissions in several urban centers have decreased by 10–26% in the same period. From 2010 to 2012, a decline is found in the North China Plain, Hubei Province, and Pearl River Delta area, coinciding with China's enforcement of its twelfth “Five Year Plan.” Changes in individual grid cell may be different from changes over the entire city or province, as exemplified by opposite trends in Beijing versus the Mentougou district of Beijing from 2005 to 2012. Also, NO2 columns do not necessarily have the same trend as NOx emissions due to their nonlinear response to emissions and the influence of meteorology, the latter alone which can cause up to 30% interannual changes in NO2 columns. Compared to recent bottom‐up inventories, hybrid posterior emissions have the same seasonality, smaller emissions, and emission growth rate at the national scale.
Surface reflectivity climatologies from UV to NIR determined from Earth observations by GOME‐2 and SCIAMACHY
Authors: Tilstra L. G. , Tuinder O. N. E. , Wang P. , Stammes P.
Published: March 2017

The primary goal of this paper is to introduce two new surface reflectivity climatologies. The two databases contain the Lambertian‐equivalent reflectivity (LER) of the Earth's surface, and they are meant to support satellite retrieval of trace gases and of cloud and aerosol information. The surface LER databases are derived from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME)‐2 and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instruments and can be considered as improved and extended descendants of earlier surface LER climatologies based on the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), GOME‐1, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) instruments. The GOME‐2 surface LER database consists of 21 wavelength bands that span the wavelength range from 335 to 772 nm. The SCIAMACHY surface LER database covers the wavelength range between 335 and 1670 nm in 29 wavelength bands. The two databases are made for each month of the year, and their spatial resolution is 1° × 1°. In this paper we present the methods that are used to derive the surface LER; we analyze the spatial and temporal behavior of the surface LER fields and study the amount of residual cloud contamination in the databases. For several surface types we analyze the spectral surface albedo and the seasonal variation. When compared to the existing surface LER databases, both databases are found to perform well. As an example of possible application of the databases we study the performance of the Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A‐band (FRESCO) cloud information retrieval when it is equipped with the new surface albedo databases. We find considerable improvements. The databases introduced here can not only improve retrievals from GOME‐2 and SCIAMACHY but also support those from other instruments, such as TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), to be launched in 2017.
Future CO2 emissions and electricity generation from proposed coal‐fired power plants in India
Authors: Shearer Christine , Fofrich Robert , Davis Steven J.
Published: March 2017

With its growing population, industrializing economy, and large coal reserves, India represents a critical unknown in global projections of future CO2 emissions. Here, we assess proposed construction of coal‐fired power plants in India and evaluate their implications for future emissions and energy production in the country. As of mid‐2016, 243 gigawatts (GW) of coal‐fired generating capacity are under development in India, including 65 GW under construction and an additional 178 GW proposed. These under‐development plants would increase the coal capacity of India's power sector by 123% and, when combined with the country's goal to produce at least 40% of its power from non‐fossil sources by 2030, exceed the country's projected future electricity demand. The current proposals for new coal‐fired plants could therefore either “strand” fossil energy assets (i.e., force them to retire early or else operate at very low capacity factors) and/or ensure that the goal is not met by “locking‐out” new, low‐carbon energy infrastructure. Similarly, future emissions from the proposed coal plants would also exceed the country's climate commitment to reduce its 2005 emissions intensity 33% to 35% by 2030, which—when combined with the commitments of all other countries—is itself not yet ambitious enough to meet the international goal of holding warming well below 2°C relative to the pre‐industrial era.
Early Greek Wars, 750–450BC
Authors: van Wees Hans
Published: March 2017

The fragmented politics of the Greek world and the desires of states to maximize their power generated incessant warfare. Some was against outsiders, such as the Lydian kingdom in Asia Minor or neighbors of western colonial foundations, but much was between Greek communities, with some being reduced to subject status (e.g. Messenia). Specific information is fragmentary and is almost invariably preserved for a reason unrelated to the actual conflict, so that it is difficult to do more than sketch the overall shape of the activity that led to the emergence of the main Greek powers of the classical period: Athens and Sparta.