bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element analysis and experimental study of static performance of multi‐CFRP tendon composite anchorage system
Authors: Li Xue , Mei Kuihua , Sun Shiyu , Wang Yuanzhi , Jia Wenke
Published: August 2024

A novel composite anchorage with dispersed arrangement of carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons was proposed. The bonding length and constraint ratio of the dispersed‐tendon composite anchorage were determined by numerical simulation. Six groups of multi‐CFRP tendon composite anchorage systems (MTCAS) were tested to investigate their static performance. The axial force dispersion coefficient cv and relative slip ratio coefficient δ were proposed to evaluate the static performance of the MTCAS with variables, including pre‐tension load, the inner inclination angle of the sleeve and the modified bonding medium. Results demonstrated that increasing the bonding length and restraint ratio of steel sleeve could improve the stress state of tendon in the anchorage. The anchorage with a bonding length of 280 mm and a constraint ratio of the sleeve of 0.90 can reliably anchor multiple CFRP tendons arranged in a dispersed arrangement. An inner inclination angle of 3.1° of the sleeve can be adopted on the premise that strength utilization ratio is guaranteed and anchorage diameter meets the requirements. An adequate pre‐tension load can reduce the slips of tendons, and the recommended pre‐tension load value should not exceed 0.7 Fptk. The 0.25% basalt fiber‐modified epoxy resin anchorage obtained the highest strength utilization ratio.

Highlights

A novel composite anchorage with dispersed carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer tendons was designed.

New mechanical parameters evaluating anchorage performance were proposed.

Basalt fiber (BF)‐modified epoxy resin (ER) can improve anchoring performance.

The 0.25% BF‐modified ER anchorage obtained the highest strength utilization ratio.

Pre‐tension load should not exceed 0.7 times the theoretical tensile load.
Synergic Effects of Chemical Reduction and Nitrogen Doping on the Structural and Electrical Properties of N‐ZnO/N‐rGO Nanostructures
Authors: Mary Manoj Alisha , Madeshwaran Kavithanjali , V Mahalakshmi , Vasu Kuraganti , M Usha Rani , G Boopalan , Rose Viannie Leema
Published: August 2024

In this study, the synthesis, followed by a detailed evaluation of the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the N‐ZnO/N‐rGO nanocomposite prepared using a one‐step low‐temperature hydrothermal process, is reported. By employing N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as the reducing agent and urea as the nitrogen precursor, simultaneous reduction and nitrogen doping are achieved in the nanocomposite. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman measurements are used for the structural evaluation. The formation of composites is verified using the ZnC/ZnOC bonds in the XPS. The nitrogen doping in the nanocomposites varies from 0.8% to 1.8%. The major nitrogen moieties observed here include pyrrolic N, pyridinic N, and graphitic N. The electrical response is measured using current–voltage characteristics, and enhanced conductivity was observed in the sample with the highest percentage of pyrrolic N. This is attributed to the superior electron transport mechanism of pyrrolic N in the graphene structure. The current response is found to increase from 2 to 10 μA from ZnO/rGO to N‐ZnO/N‐rGO nanocomposite. The integration of N‐rGO support with extensively doped pyrrolic end groups for the N‐ZnO nanoparticles has been found to improve the conduction mechanism and is hence promising for many applications.
Promoting sustainable development in the Australian Murray‐Darling basin: Envisioning an EcoSocial work approach
Authors: Boetto Heather
Published: August 2024

Interdisciplinary approaches for promoting sustainable development are critical for navigating social‐ecological issues caused by the global environmental crisis. This paper examines the contribution that social work can make towards enhancing social and ecological wellbeing in the Australian Murray‐Darling Basin. Located in south‐eastern Australia, the Murray‐Darling Basin encompasses a network of river systems and is facing severe ecological decline. Compounded by climate change, agricultural production is having adverse social and ecological impacts on local communities, including First Nations peoples, farmers, and women. EcoSocial Work is an area of practice within social work that emphasises the interdependence between ecological and human wellbeing. By applying a transformative EcoSocial Work model, interventions for supporting ecological and social wellbeing are considered at ontological, epistemological, and methodological dimensions of practice. Implications for promoting sustainable development suggest the need to integrate health and social wellbeing as a key element in government policy pertaining to the Murray‐Darling Basin.
Porous Carbon Electrode from Starch Soluble for Realizing High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Zhang Jv , Jiao Mingxing , Geng Ziyi , Liu Yaofeng , Cui Zheng , Xu Siyu , Li Zhuo , Zhang Xin , Cheng Shaoheng , Wang Qiliang , Li Hongdong
Published: August 2024

Organic potassium salts are the promising green activators for synthesizing porous carbon materials for energy storage. Herein, we report the synthesis of hierarchical porous carbon material derived from the mixture of soluble starch and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dipotassium salt dihydrate (EDTA‐2K) via carbonization and activation strategy. The sample is used as supercapacitors electrode, which exhibits superior mass specific capacitance (307.3 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), good rate performance (255.0 F g−1 at 10 A g−1), and excellent stability (retaining 83 % after 15000 cycles). This enhanced electrode performance is mainly due to the high specific surface area, the heteroatom co‐doping providing pseudo‐capacitance and the improved electronic conductivity. In addition, the asymmetric supercapacitor device shows a high energy density of 15 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 800 W kg−1 and capacitance retention of 90 % after 12000 cycles.
Synthesis of ZnO/Poly(Styrene‐co‐Methacrylic Acid) Hybrid Polymer Particles for Enhanced UV‐Visible Photodegradation of Methylene Blue
Authors: Ullah Wali , Sultana Sarker Mahima , Akter Ayesha , Rahman Abdur
Published: August 2024

In this study, a series of submicron‐sized functional polymer particles poly(Sty‐co‐MAA) with variable methacrylic acid (MAA) content were prepared by soap‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene (Sty), methacrylic acid (MAA), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The number‐average diameters of polymer particles (Dn) were in the range of 0.11 to 0.19 μm. A decrease in particle size was observed with increasing the molar ratio of MAA comonomer in the recipe. ZnO/poly(Sty‐co‐MAA) hybrid polymer particles were prepared by seeded emulsion copolymerization in presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as seed particles synthesized using Citrus lemon aqueous leaf extract. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microsphere (TEM), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformed infra‐red (FT‐IR) analysis were performed to characterize polymer particles. The crystalline size of ZnO NPs and ZnO/poly(Sty‐co‐MAA) hybrid polymer particles calculated from XRD analysis were 20.75 and 29.85 nm, respectively. These hybrid polymer particles were applied as photocatalyst in the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under UV irradiation, which showed high catalytic activity with degradation efficiency of 85.70 % at room temperature compared to bare ZnO NPs.
An Experimentally Derived Prediction Model for Diffusion and Electrostatically Controlled Physical Interactions of Polyampholytes and Salts
Authors: Das Sougat , Majumdar Saptarshi
Published: August 2024

The interactions of salts with polyampholytes are well established using the Hofmeister series. However, the effect of these salts on the diffusivities of polyampholytes is unknown. This article discusses these electrostatically driven physical interactions using two developed prediction models. Sodium and Potassium salts are considered with 3 chaotropic anions and 2 kosmotropic anions. A dimensionless parameter has been developed to predict the trend for these salt interactions. Another model has been developed to predict these interactions for different salt mixtures. The effect of these salts and the mixtures on the second virial coefficient is also studied, and statistical clustering using the k‐means method has been defined, which can provide insight towards the changes in the solution properties of polyampholytes with these salt mixtures. At lower pH, the salt first screens the repulsions in the polyampholytes followed by a re‐expansion phenomenon.
Bio‐Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles for Catalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes and Colorimetric Sensing of Hg2+
Authors: Moond Monika , Singh Sushila , Rani Jyoti , Beniwal Anuradha , Sharma Rajni Kant
Published: August 2024

In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized via green synthesis using fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) seeds of variety HM 425. The AgNPs were characterized by using UV‐Visible spectroscopy, Particle size analyzer, Field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled to Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, XRD, High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The AgNPs were spherical and had an average particle size of 28 nm. The reduction of cationic dyes Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and an anionic azo dye Methyl Orange by Sodium borohydride was used as a model reaction to investigate the catalytic ability of AgNPs. The results demonstrated an efficient catalytic dye degradation of methylene blue (95.81 %, 25 min, 0.1737±0.01 min−1), Rhodamine B (90.23 %, 15 min, 0.1388±0.01 min−1) and methyl orange (83.63 %, 39 min, 0.0412±0.002 min−1). The synthesized AgNPs had an excellent detection limit of 12.50 μM for Hg2+, making them excellent solid bio‐based sensors for mercury sensing.
Optimized Nb‐Doped TiO2/rGO Nanocomposites for Assessment of Photovoltaic Performance With Metal‐Free Dye and Polymer Gel Electrolyte
Authors: Pawar Prakash S. , Koyale Pramod A. , Patil Mrunal M. , Mullani Navaj B. , Kapdi Yash G. , Soni Saurabh S. , Dhodamani Ananta G. , Delekar Sagar D.
Published: August 2024

This research presents the development of niobium (Nb)‐doped titania (TiO2)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites (NTR NCs) for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The novelty lies in two aspects: introducing Nb (V) ions into TiO2/rGO nanocomposites via an in‐situ sol‐gel method with doping concentrations from 1.0 to 3.0 mol %, and fabricating photoanodes using the doctor blade technique, sensitized with a Co2+/Co3+‐based PEO‐PEG polymer gel electrolyte‐assisted D‐π‐A carbazole metal‐free (SK3) dye. Detailed investigations into the optoelectrical, structural, and morphological properties were conducted using various spectral and analytical tools. Notably, DSSCs based on Nb‐doped TiO2/rGO nanocomposites with 2.0 mol % Nb (NTR‐2) achieved a remarkable solar efficiency (η) of 5.48 % under AM 1.5 solar simulation, significantly outperforming devices based on bare TiO2 nanoparticles and undoped TiO2/rGO NCs by factors of 4.15 and 2.97, respectively. The substantial enhancement in photovoltaic performance is attributed to superior charge transfer properties and higher carrier density, as revealed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott‐Schottky (M–S) analysis. Nb‐doping results in an energetic surface nature, improved optical absorption, and reduced charge transfer resistance, collectively boosting the overall efficiency of DSSCs. This work underscores the potential of Nb‐doped TiO2/rGO NCs as effective photoanode materials in enhancing DSSC performance.
The Support and Bimetallic Synergy Effects in Cu‐Ni/SiO2 Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Furfural
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Min , Wang Rong , Guo Xiaoying , Yang Jing‐He
Published: August 2024

Herein, a series of Cu, Ni catalysts were synthesized using mesoporous SiO2 (MCM‐41) and fumed SiO2 as supports for the catalytic hydrogenation of furfural (FF). The MCM‐41 support facilitated the high dispersion of Cu, Ni nanoparticles (NPs), and the hydrogenation products are primarily in the form of alcohols. For fumed SiO2, the proper amounts of acid sites contributed to the better selectivity of 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran(2‐MTHF). Hydrogenation results showed that the 10Cu10Ni/MCM‐41 catalyst afforded a 93.6 % yield of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), while the 10Cu10Ni/SiO2 catalyst afforded a 61.73 % yield of 2‐MTHF and a 31.63 % yield of THFA. Meanwhile, it is also found that impregnating nickel salt before copper salt is more likely to promote the formation of deep hydrogenation products. Cyclic experiments indicate that developing a one‐step hydrogenation process with selective production of fully hydrogenated products is still a daunting and challenging task.
Development of a Chitosan‐Based Food Packaging Film with the Incorporation of Pectin and Silver Nanoparticles for Improved Antibacterial and Physical Properties
Authors: Tran Khanh Quang , Nguyen Chi Thi Khanh , Duong Quan Xuan , Tran Thu Thi Tuyet , Ngo Thu Hong Anh
Published: August 2024

This research incorporated grapefruit peel‐derived Pectin and Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the Chitosan‐based bio‐packaging film to improve its antibacterial efficacy and physical properties such as moisture content, swelling degree, and biodegradability in soil. Systematic investigations revealed that preservative films made from Chitosan 1.75 wt %, Pectin 0.55 wt %, and AgNP 31 ppm have shown a 17.5‐fold reduction in swelling degree in water compared to Chitosan films. At the same time, the anti‐gram‐positive and anti‐gram‐negative bacteria capacity, the ability to retain moisture, and biodegradability in soil, have been enhanced. Low swelling degrees provided better barrier performance, extending the shelf life of packaged products by preventing the ingress of oxygen, and water vapor; on the other hand, higher moisture content improved the flexibility and handling characteristics of packaging films, making them easier to manipulate during packaging processes. These findings herald a sustainable option for eco‐friendly food packaging, a critical step toward minimizing plastic waste and strengthening food preservation procedures using Chitosan‐based antibacterial films enhanced with natural additives.
Highly Efficient Catalyst for Methyl Formate Decomposition Through KOH Activation of Carbon Material Supports
Authors: Wang Ran , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhang Xin , Shen Wei , Xu Liyuan , Yang Wenxing , Pan Pengbin , Yao Yuangen
Published: August 2024

In this research, we utilized potassium hydroxide (KOH) to re‐activate activated carbon and subsequently loaded zinc oxide to obtain a more efficient catalyst for the decomposition of methyl formate. The objective of KOH activation was to augment the catalytic activity of the original ZnO/AC catalyst. Various techniques were used to characterize the prepared catalyst samples, including BET, FT‐IR, SEM, XRD, XPS, and CO2‐TPD. We found that KOH re‐activation of AC can increase the carrier's specific surface area and alkaline sites, significantly improving the catalyst's performance.
Self‐Healable Sandfish Scale‐Inspired Scalable Triboelectric Layer for Hybrid Energy Harvesting in Desert Environment
Authors: Chen An‐Rong , Parashar Parag , Sharma Manish Kumar , Shih Jing‐Siang , Yeh Hsuan‐Yu , Lin Yen‐Jui , Kaswan Kuldeep , Fan Kai‐Po , Chen Po‐Yu , Lin Zong‐Hong
Published: August 2024

In deserts, sedimentation from frequent dust activities on solar cells poses a substantial technical challenge, reducing efficiency and necessitating advanced cost‐inefficient cleaning mechanisms. Herein, a novel sandfish scale‐inspired self‐healing fluorinated copolymer‐based triboelectric layer is directly incorporated on top of the polysilicon solar cell for sustained hybrid energy harvesting. The transparent biomimetic layer, with distinctive saw‐tooth microstructured morphology, exhibits ultra‐low sand adhesion and high abrasion‐resistant properties, inhibits sedimentation deposition on solar cells, and concurrently harvests kinetic energy from wind‐driven sand particles through triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The film exhibits a low friction coefficient (0.149), minimal sand adhesion force (27 nN), and a small wear area (327 µm2). In addition, over 2 months, a solar cell with the sandfish scale‐inspired structure demonstrates only a 16% decline in maximum power output compared to the bare solar cell, which experiences a 60% decline. Further, the sandfish scale‐based TENG device's electrical output is fully restored to its original value after a 6‐h self‐healing cycle and maintains consistent stable outputs. These results highlight the exceptional advantages of employing biomimetic self‐healing materials as robust triboelectric layers, showcasing sustained device stability and durability for prolonged use in harsh desert environments, ultimately contributing to a low cost‐of‐electricity generation paradigm.
High‐Precision Printing of Cermets by Collapsable Matrix Assisted Digital Light Processing
Authors: Shan Yupeng , Zhao Zhi , Wang Haibin , Li Yurong , Wang Yue , Xing Ming , Song Xiaoyan
Published: August 2024

Shaping hard and brittle materials, e.g. cermets, at micrometer resolution has long been known challenging for both mechanical machining and high energy beam based additive manufacturing. Digital light processing (DLP), which features great printing quality and decent precision, unfortunately lacks capability to deal with the popular slurry‐typed cermet precursor due to the tremendous optical absorption by its particles. Here, an innovative protocol based on a versatile collapsable matrix is devised to allow high‐precision printing of WC‐Co cermets on DLP platform. By tuning the external environment, this matrix attenuates composite powders to facilitate photopolymerization at the printing stage, and shrinks to condense green parts prior to thermal sintering. The as‐obtained samples by collapsable matrix assisted DLP can reach a relative density of ≈90%, a record‐breaking resolution of ≈10 µm, and a microhardness of up to 14.5 GPa. Complex delicate structures, including school emblem, honeycomb, and micro‐drill can be directly fabricated, which has never been achieved before. Impressively, the as‐obtained micro‐drill is able to be directly used in drilling tasks. The above strategy represents a great progress in DLP by enabling shaping strong light attenuating materials at high resolution. Such advantages are ideal for the next generation ceramic‐metal composite additive manufacturing.
Using rhetorical writing frames to enhance negotiated independent construction in second language writing
Authors: Uzun Kutay
Published: August 2024

The genre‐based approach (GBA) to teaching second language (L2) writing follows the stages of establishing context, modelling, analysis, joint construction, and independent construction. The passage from joint construction to independent construction in the GBA requires scaffolding. Thus, studies on GBA suggest teacher support in independent construction or a negotiated independent construction (NIC) stage where learners receive feedback and revise their texts. However, studies on the techniques for enhancing performance in NIC are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to test the effects of using rhetorical writing frames (RWFs) on L2 writing performance (L2WP) during the NIC stage of genre‐based instruction (GBI). Sixty undergraduate students participated in the matching‐only posttest‐only control group design. The experiment group used writing frames to tag the rhetorical moves in their literary analysis essays (LAE) while the control group did not use them. The findings showed that using RWF enhanced L2WP in the NIC stage in terms of writing quality, presenting arguments and supporting arguments. The study proposes a genre‐based markup language to boost L2WP while learners may be struggling to produce a recently learned genre independently.
Griffith Evans: a forgotten pioneer of veterinary medicine
Authors: Watkins Paul
Published: August 2024

Reviewed by Paul Watkins, a veterinary surgeon with an interest in veterinary and medical history, who has published widely on these areas.
Evaluating deterrents to reduce depredation of wood duck eggs in nest boxes
Authors: Miller Emily M. , Kaminski Richard M. , Bauer Beau A. , Yarrow Greg K. , Barrett Kyle , Anderson James T.
Published: August 2024

Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) are secondary natural cavity‐nesting species that also nest in artificial nest boxes. Since the early 20th century, nest boxes have been widely deployed in North America to increase nesting sites for wood ducks and bolster production. Equipping nest boxes with a predator guard beneath the box is a common practice to deter climbing predators from accessing boxes; however, there is no device to repel avian predators. We found that eastern rat snakes (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) and woodpeckers (Picidae) were primary predators of wood duck eggs in boxes in North Carolina and South Carolina. Accordingly, we designed experiments to deter snakes and woodpeckers using a commercial brand of snake repellent pellets and a plastic raptor decoy, respectively. Male and female snakes that accessed boxes averaged 1.4 m (SE = 2.0 cm) in length. Digital camera data indicated that snakes climbed nest box posts and thrust their anterior body atop predator guards to continue their ascent into the box. We recorded 671 nest failures of which rat snakes accounted for 39.9% (n = 268) and woodpeckers 22.4% (n = 150). Snakes consumed ≥649 eggs, observed as protuberances in their stomachs. Our experiment showed that commercial snake repellent pellets did not deter snakes (P = 0.957). Placing a plastic hawk decoy atop nest boxes when females were incubating ≥12 days increased nest survival during the incubation stage (P = 0.001). Wood duck nest boxes at our study sites may be experiencing increased nest predation by rat snakes due to poor maintenance and installation of predator guards. Rat snakes and woodpeckers may be depredating wood duck eggs in the southeastern United States at unknown rates, potentially decreasing production and recruitment from these structures.
Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): tensile, compression and bending properties
Authors: Fruehwald-Koenig K. , Heister L.
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the macromechanical and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood by testing the elastomechanical properties in bending, compression parallel and perpendicular and tension parallel and perpendicular to the vascular bundles of small-size test specimen depending on the position within the trunk, the density and the number of vascular bundles per unit area as well as the plantation site. All properties tested show a much higher exponential increase with the density, following power law relationships with exponents > 1, than common wood species and a significant gradient over both trunk height and cross section. Oil palm wood can be seen as a unidirectional long-fiber-reinforced bio-composite, if vascular bundles are considered as reinforcements (fibers) and parenchymatous ground tissue as matrix. The adapted rule-of-mixture based on the number of vascular bundles per unit area can be confirmed for the density, but not for the tensile properties, because the number of vascular bundles per unit area and share of fibers within the bundles is greater in the periphery than in the trunk central tissue. Furthermore, cell wall thickening over time is more pronounced in the peripheral than in the central tissue and more at the bottom than near the top. Different from small test specimens from common wood species, the compression strength exceeds the tensile strength: fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.4 : 2.2–1.2 : 1. The performance indices for minimum weight design by Ashby and coworkers are comparable to that for coconut and date palm wood.
Different covering numbers of compact tree ideals
Authors: Kuiper Jelle Mathis , Spinas Otmar
Published: August 2024

We investigate the covering numbers of some ideals on

$${^{\omega }}{2}{}$$

ω

2

associated with tree forcings. We prove that the covering of the Sacks ideal remains small in the Silver and uniform Sacks model, respectively, and that the coverings of the uniform Sacks ideal and the Mycielski ideal,

$${\mathfrak {C}_{2}}$$

C
2

, remain small in the Sacks model.
Prevalence and Experience of Urinary Incontinence Among Elite Female Gaelic Sports Athletes
Authors: Culleton-Quinn Elizabeth , Bø Kari , Fleming Neil , Cusack Cinny , Daly Déirdre
Published: August 2024

Introduction and Hypothesis

This study was aimed at identifying the prevalence and experience of urinary incontinence (UI) among elite female Gaelic sports athletes in Ireland.

Methods

A cross-sectional study comprising an anonymous online survey of elite Gaelic sports (Camogie and Ladies Gaelic Football) players. Players were asked about their background information, knowledge of the pelvic floor and practice of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), as well as their experiences of UI. The prevalence and severity of UI was assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-UI Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF) questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors.

Results

A total of 185 players responded (25 ± 5 years) and 95.3% (n = 176) were nulliparous. Forty-one percent (n = 75) of players had learned about PFMT and 13% (n = 24) had performed PFMT within the last 4 weeks. The ICIQ-UI-SF was completed by 159 players, with UI reported by 61.6% (n = 98), 52% (n = 51) of whom experienced stress urinary incontinence (SUI). A significant association was found between UI and longer weekly sporting activity time (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.008). Parous players were more likely to experience UI (p = 0.025). Jumping and sprinting activities were the most commonly reported triggers, with pre-voiding and wearing protection (liners, pads) the most commonly adopted UI management strategies. Only ten players reported receiving treatment for UI.

Conclusions

Urinary incontinence is prevalent among this cohort of elite female Gaelic sports athletes. Many players used strategies to manage their UI whereas few sought help for what is a treatable condition. Findings suggest the need for education of players regarding pelvic floor health and treatment options available.
Coronary computed tomography angiography improves assessment of patients with acute chest pain and inconclusively elevated high-sensitivity troponins
Authors: Arslan Murat , Schaap Jeroen , van Gorsel Bart , Aubanell Anton , Budde Ricardo P. J. , Hirsch Alexander , Smulders Martijn W. , Mihl Casper , Damman Peter , Sliwicka Olga , Habets Jesse , Dubois Eric A. , Dedic Admir
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To determine whether coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) can improve the diagnostic work-up of patients with acute chest pain and inconclusively high-sensitivity troponins (hs-troponin).

Methods

We conducted a prospective, blinded, observational, multicentre study. Patients aged 30–80 years presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain and inconclusively elevated hs-troponins were included and underwent CCTA. The primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy of ≥ 50% stenosis on CCTA to identify patients with type-1 non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS).

Results

A total of 106 patients (mean age 65 ± 10, 29% women) were enrolled of whom 20 patients (19%) had an adjudicated diagnosis of type-1 NSTE-ACS. In 45 patients, CCTA revealed non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) or no CAD. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value and area-under-the-curve (AUC) of ≥ 50% stenosis on CCTA to identify patients with type 1 NSTE-ACS, was 95% (95% confidence interval: 74–100), 56% (45–68), 98% (87–100), 35% (29–41) and 0.83 (0.73–0.94), respectively. When only coronary segments with a diameter ≥ 2 mm were considered for the adjudication of type 1 NSTE-ACS, the sensitivity and NPV increased to 100%. In 8 patients, CCTA enabled the detection of clinically relevant non-coronary findings.

Conclusion

The absence of ≥ 50% coronary artery stenosis on CCTA can be used to rule out type 1 NSTE-ACS in acute chest pain patients with inconclusively elevated hs-troponins. Additionally, CCTA can help improve the diagnostic work-up by detecting other relevant conditions that cause acute chest pain and inconclusively elevated hs-troponins.

Clinical relevance statement

Coronary CTA (CCTA) can safely rule out type 1 non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) in patients presenting to the ED with acute chest pain and inconclusively elevated hs-troponins, while also detecting other relevant non-coronary conditions.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03129659). Registered on 26 April 2017

Key Points

Acute chest discomfort is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department.

CCTA achieved very high negative predictive values for type 1 NSTE-ACS in this population.

CCTA can serve as an adjunct for evaluating equivocal ACS and evaluates for other pathology.

Graphical Abstract
Acute kidney injury is associated with abnormal cefepime exposure among critically ill children and young adults
Authors: Pavia Kathryn , Girdwood Sonya Tang , Paice Kelli , Dong Min , Mizuno Tomoyuki , Tang Peter , Mangeot Colleen , Vinks Alexander A. , Kaplan Jennifer
Published: August 2024

Background

Elevated cefepime blood concentrations can cause neurotoxicity in adults. The consequences of elevated cefepime concentrations among pediatric patients are unknown. Future exploration of such effects requires first identifying patients at risk for elevated cefepime exposure. We investigated the role of acute kidney injury as a risk factor for increased cefepime concentrations in critically ill children.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis at a single pediatric intensive care unit. Analyzed patients received at least 24 h of cefepime and had at least two opportunistic samples collected for total cefepime concentration measurement. Individual pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles during treatment courses were reconstructed using Bayesian estimation with an established population PK model. Elevated trough concentration (Cmin) was defined as ≥ 30 mg/L based on adult toxicity studies. The effect of kidney dysfunction on cefepime PK profiles was interrogated using a mixed-effect model.

Results

Eighty-seven patients were included, of which 13 (14.9%) had at least one estimated Cmin ≥ 30 mg/L. Patients with elevated Cmin were more likely to have acute kidney injury (AKI) during their critical illness (92% vs. 57%, p = 0.015 for any AKI; 62% vs. 26%, p = 0.019 for severe AKI). Patients who had AKI during critical illness had significantly higher cefepime exposure, as quantified by the area under the concentration–time curve over 24 h (AUC24h) and Cmin.

Conclusions

Among critically ill children, AKI is associated with elevated cefepime concentrations. Identifying these high-risk patients is the first step toward evaluating the clinical consequences of such exposures.

Graphical abstract
Accumulation of branched-chain amino acids deteriorates the neuroinflammatory response of Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy via leucine/Sestrin2-mediated sensing of mTOR signaling
Authors: Gong Qiaoyun , Wang Jingyi , Luo Dawei , Xu Yupeng , Zhang Rulin , Li Xin , Yin Zihan , Fang Junwei , Wang Haiyan
Published: August 2024

Aims

This study aimed to investigate branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism in diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods

Wild-type and db/db mice were fed BCAAs (5 or 10 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks, and hyperglycemia-exposed Müller cells were treated with BCAAs (2 or 5 mmol/L) for 24 and 48 h. BCAA levels were measured using MS/MS. Western blotting was performed to detect proteins. Flow cytometry, oxygen consumption rate, and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays were used to evaluate Müller cell viability. Each experiment was conducted at least thrice.

Results

BCAAs and branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs) were increased in the retina and systemic tissues of diabetic mice, and these changes were further enhanced to approximately 2-fold by extra BCAAs compared to wild-type group. In vitro, BCAAs and BCKAs were induced in hyperglycemic Müller cells, and augmented by BCAA supplementation. The aberrant BCAA catabolism was accompanied by mTORC1 activation and subsequently induced TNF-ɑ, VEGFA, GS, and GFAP in retinas and Müller cells under diabetic conditions. The cell apoptosis rate increased by approximately 50%, and mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by hyperglycemia and BCAA in Müller cells. Additionally, mTORC1 signaling was activated by leucine in Müller cells. Knockdown of Sestrin2 or LeuRS significantly abolished the leucine-induced mTORC1 phosphorylation and protected Müller cell viability under diabetic conditions.

Conclusions

We found that BCAA catabolism is hindered in DR through mTORC1 activation. Leucine plays a key role in inducing mTORC1 by sensing Sestrin2 in Müller cells. Targeting Sestrin2 may ameliorate the toxic effects of BCAA accumulation on Müller cells in DR.
Comparing the new concept of impairment in personality functioning with borderline personality disorder: differential psychosocial and psychopathological correlates in a clinical adolescent sample
Authors: Wyssen Andrea , Lerch Stefan , Reichl Corinna , Mürner-Lavanchy Ines , Sigrist Christine , Schär Selina , Cavelti Marialuisa , Koenig Julian , Kaess Michael
Published: August 2024

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is an established diagnosis in adolescence with high comorbidity and psychosocial impairment. With the introduction of the alternative model for personality disorders in DSM-5 (AMPD), personality functioning is operationalized using the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS), which has been shown to be associated with severity of personality pathology. The present study aimed at examining differential psychopathological and psychosocial correlates of LPFS and BPD. A total of 526 adolescent in- and outpatients were interviewed with the STiP-5.1 (LPFS) and the SCID-II. Mixed linear regression was used to investigate the associations between the two interviews with measures of psychopathology and psychosocial impairment. 11.4% met the diagnostic threshold of both interviews, 16.1% only of the LPFS, and 64.1% were below the diagnostic threshold in both interviews (no PD). The BPD only group was larger than expected—8.4% of patients who met criteria for BPD did not fulfill criteria for significant impairment in the LPFS. The highest burden was found in individuals concurrently showing significant impairment in LPFS and fulfilling BPD diagnosis (LPFS + BPD). Differences between the LPFS only group and the BPD only group were found in risk behavior and traumatic experiences, with higher prevalence in the BPD group. Findings confirm the high psychopathological burden and psychosocial impairment associated with both BPD and LPFS. Those exceeding the diagnostic threshold of LPFS in combination with a BPD diagnosis are characterized by greatest disability. Not all adolescents fulfilling formal BPD diagnosis showed a clinically significant impairment in LPFS, which may refer to a distinct diagnostic group.
Livelihood impacts of community-based forest landscape restoration in the Hindu Kush Himalaya, Pakistan
Authors: Ullah Ayat , Bavorova Miroslava
Published: August 2024

Over the past decade, community-based forest landscape restoration (FLR) has gained policy attention in Pakistan. However, there is a lack of information on how FLR affects the livelihood capital of mountain communities. To fill this gap, this study investigated the livelihood impacts of FLR in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region of Pakistan. To understand the role of FLR in livelihood restoration, we utilized focus group discussions (FGDs) and field observations. The study revealed that community members perceived various impacts of FLR on their livelihood assets. FLR helped restore the ecology, improved access to food, education, and health facilities, developed infrastructure, and initiated ecotourism in the study area. FLR activities were executed through several institutions, particularly extension services, Village Development Committees (VDCs), and Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs), through the process of equity, accountability, and collaboration. We recommend continuing the implementation of FLR initiatives through extension services to maximize positive impacts on social, natural, human, financial, and physical capitals.
Health risk behaviour prevention/intervention programmes targeted at youth/adolescents engaging in risky behaviour—a scoping review
Authors: Daniels Kurt John , Hoosen Ibraaheem , Pharaoh Hamilton
Published: August 2024

Background

Youth in disadvantaged socio-economic circumstances in South Africa face significant risks to their physical and mental well-being due to exposure to harmful behaviours. More than 50% of the global disease burden is attributed to non-communicable diseases linked to such behaviours. While interventions have been initiated to address these risks, the limited reduction in risky behaviour necessitates closer examination and the exploration of more targeted or innovative approaches for effective mitigation.

Objectives

To explore existing health risk behaviour prevention/intervention programmes targeting youth, focusing on decreasing risky behaviour engagement and to discuss the success of the intervention used.

Methods

Three electronic databases were searched from 2009 until November 2023. Studies specifically reported using an intervention programme in youth or adolescents aged 9 to 19 were included. Data extracted included age, grade, sample size, targeted risky behaviour, and outcome.

Results

A total of 1072 articles were screened across three major databases, and of the nine included studies, n = 7 yielded mild to moderate intervention success results. The use of incentives yielded unsuccessful results. The most successful intervention strategy identified was school-based intervention programmes targeting multiple risky behaviours.

Conclusion

School interventions combining counselling, electronic screening, and personalized feedback effectively modified behaviour, while incentive-based programs had minimal impact. This underscores the importance of targeted interventions to discourage risky behaviour among young people.

Clinical implications

Effective intervention and prevention programs targeting health risk behaviours in youth are essential in safeguarding their mental and physical well-being. A clear link between risky behaviour engagement and the potential development of non-communicable diseases or trauma should be emphasised.
Indigenous access to clinical services along the lung cancer treatment pathway: a review of current evidence
Authors: Signal Virginia , Smith Moira , Costello Shaun , Davies Anna , Dawkins Paul , Jackson Christopher G. C. A. , Koea Jonathan , Whitehead Jesse , Gurney Jason
Published: August 2024

Background

Lung cancer is a deadly cancer. Early diagnosis and access to timely treatment are essential to maximizing the likelihood of survival. Indigenous peoples experience enduring disparities in lung cancer survival, and disparities in access to and through lung cancer services is one of the important drivers of these disparities. In this manuscript, we aimed to examine the current evidence on disparities in Indigenous access to services along the lung cancer treatment pathway.

Methods

A narrative literature review was conducted for all manuscripts and reports published up until July 20, 2022, using Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. Following the identification of eligible literature, full-text versions were scanned for relevance for inclusion in this review, and relevant information was extracted. After scanning 1,459 documents for inclusion, our final review included 36 manuscripts and reports that included information on lung cancer service access for Indigenous peoples relative to non-Indigenous peoples. These documents included data from Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the USA (including Hawai’i).

Results

Our review found evidence of disparities in access to, and the journey through, lung cancer care for Indigenous peoples. Disparities were most obvious in access to early detection and surgery, with inconsistent evidence regarding other components of the pathway.

Conclusion

These observations are made amid relatively scant data in a global sense, highlighting the need for improved data collection and monitoring of cancer care and outcomes for Indigenous peoples worldwide. Access to early detection and guideline-concordant treatment are essential to addressing enduring disparities in cancer survival experienced by Indigenous peoples globally.
Mechano-chemical, high-consistency activation of kraft pulp in deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride and urea
Authors: Vehviläinen Marianna , Suopajärvi Terhi , Sirviö Juho Antti , Spönla Elisa , Ahokas Pauliina , Rahikainen Jenni , Minkkinen Hannu , Liimatainen Henrikki
Published: August 2024

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer an appealing green medium for the activation of cellulose fibres to promote their swelling, reactivity, hydrolysis, disintegration, and solubility for further processing. Typically, DES treatments are carried out below 5 wt% consistency even though a higher solids content could enhance the fibre activation and reduce the solvent consumption. In this work, a high-consistency (HC) mechano-chemical activation of bleached softwood kraft pulp was elucidated using a simultaneous fibre treatment with DES of choline chloride-urea and a sigma-type kneader or a twin-screw extruder at a solids content of 15–35 wt% and 30 wt%, respectively. Both HC treatments efficiently triggered fibre swelling, which was indicated by an increase in the fibre width, and loosened the cell wall structure which was indicated by an increase in the mesopore volume. Mechano-chemical HC processing generated fibre fines and external fibrillation, while the molecular-level structural alteration or changes in chemical composition were minor; the intrinsic viscosity and the crystallinity of the pulp remained at their initial level and only a small amount of xylan was dissolved. Overall, HC treatment in a twin-screw extruder caused notably more severe morphological changes in the fibres than batch treatment in a sigma-type kneader. Thus, the mechano-chemical HC treatment with DES provides an industrially relevant technology for cellulose modification and opens possibilities to enhance heterogeneous cellulose modification processes in which the highly available surface area of pulp is a key parameter.
An inexact regularized proximal Newton method without line search
Authors: vom Dahl Simeon , Kanzow Christian
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we introduce an inexact regularized proximal Newton method (IRPNM) that does not require any line search. The method is designed to minimize the sum of a twice continuously differentiable function f and a convex (possibly non-smooth and extended-valued) function $$\varphi $$
φ
. Instead of controlling a step size by a line search procedure, we update the regularization parameter in a suitable way, based on the success of the previous iteration. The global convergence of the sequence of iterations and its superlinear convergence rate under a local Hölderian error bound assumption are shown. Notably, these convergence results are obtained without requiring a global Lipschitz property for $$ \nabla f $$

∇
f

, which, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is a novel contribution for proximal Newton methods. To highlight the efficiency of our approach, we provide numerical comparisons with an IRPNM using a line search globalization and a modern FISTA-type method.
Reported Barriers and Facilitators for Autistic Individuals, Persons with Other Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, and Their Caregivers to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine: A Pilot Study
Authors: Resnikoff Annie W. , Colantuono Valerie , Wieckowski Andrea Trubanova , Chernak Esther , Plumb Jennifer , Baynard Maurice , Sheridan Elisabeth , Robins Diana L.
Published: August 2024

Autistic individuals and persons with other intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD) may experience challenges in social engagement, sensory processing, and behavior rigidity. This population is more likely to face barriers to successful preventative healthcare, including vaccines, compared to neurotypical peers. Autistic individuals and persons with other IDD may be at greater risk for COVID-19 infection due to sensory dysregulation that interferes with mitigation such as wearing masks, and challenges in social communication that impose difficulties in understanding and adhering to prevention measures. Adaptations are needed to make vaccine opportunities more accessible for neurodivergent individuals. A series of seven Sensory-Friendly COVID-19 Vaccine Clinics (SFVCs) were conducted between December 2021 and August 2022 in collaboration with the A.J. Drexel Autism Institute and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. SFVCs examined perceived barriers and facilitators to vaccine experiences, based on feedback from autistic individual/persons with IDD and their caregivers. Surveys were administered to autistic individuals/persons with IDD or their caregivers (n = 35) from the larger sample who attended the clinic; 18 participants also complete a supplemental interview. Scaled survey questions were analyzed to determine the acceptability of the SFVCs. Open-ended survey questions and interview responses were coded thematically to identify barriers, facilitators, and areas of improvement. All individuals who came to a SFVC with intent to be vaccinated were successfully administered a COVID-19 vaccine. More than 90% of participants reported that experiences at the SFVCs were positive, promoted retention, and they would recommend clinics to others. Staff clinical expertise, sensory-friendly elements, and hosting clinics at a neutral location (free from past medical history) served as facilitators to successful vaccine administration, whereas factors such as ill-equipped pharmacy staff, behavioral challenges, and logistical issues may serve as barriers. Incorporating reported barriers, facilitators, and accommodations of SFVC experiences may lead to more successful preventative healthcare processes for neurodivergent individuals.
Using Video Modeling Plus Feedback to Teach Vocational Social Skills to Employment-Aged Autistic Youth
Authors: McLucas Alan S. , Som Sopia , Fleming Jesse , Ingvarsson Einar , Therrien William J.
Published: August 2024

Youth with autism often require additional instruction in common vocational social skills to improve their employment outcomes. This study examined the effects of an assessment-based intervention involving video modeling plus feedback to teach common workplace social skills in a simulated work environment. Three transition-aged youth with autism participated in the study. We found the intervention to be highly effective at teaching the initial acquisition of skills; however, we observed mixed results regarding generalization of skills to new supervisors and to a community work setting.