bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulation of Parainfluenza Virus in Nashville, Tennessee Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Qwaider Yasmeen Z , Amarin Justin Z , Hayek Haya , Stopczynski Tess , Spieker Andrew J , Hamdan Olla , Schmitz Jonathan , Chappell James D , Wrenn Jesse O , Halasa Natasha B
Published: November 2023

Background

During the COVID-19 pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were introduced and altered circulation of common respiratory viruses, including the parainfluenza viruses (PIVs). Our aim was to describe the circulation of PIVs in Nashville, Tennessee before and during the pandemic.

Methods

We retrieved records of all respiratory specimens tested using a clinician-ordered respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) test between 01/01/2018, and 12/01/2022, at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Using the results of RPP testing, we evaluated the proportion of PIV-positive tests before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, including by age groups (0–4, 5–17, 18–64, ≥65), and by PIV types 1-4. Any individual with a medical encounter >14 days was considered a distinct case. We used 04/01/2020, the day Tennessee’s stay-at-home order took effect, as the start date of the pandemic period.

Results

Of the 58,001 tests ordered during the 60-month study period, 2,601 (4.5%) tests were positive for PIV. PIV-3 was the most common serotype (1,493, 57.4%), followed by PIV-4 (374,14.4%), PIV-2 (356,13.7%), and PIV-1 (351,13.5%). The median age of those who tested PIV-positive was 2.6 years (IQR, 0.9–7.3 years) and 1,395 (53.6%) were male. PIV-1 and PIV-2 were more common children compared to adults. Before the pandemic, PIV-1 and PIV-2 peaked biennially, with PIV-1 peaking in the fall of odd months and PIV-2 peaking in the fall of even years. (Figure 1). PIV-3 and PIV-4 circulated annually, with PIV-3 peaking in the spring and PIV-4 peaking in the fall. During the pandemic, all PIV serotypes skipped a season, but resurfaced the following season. The distribution of detections across age groups was comparable before and during the pandemic.

Figure 1. Monthly proportions of RPP tests positive for parainfluenza virus (PIV) in Nashville, Tennessee before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2018–December 2022). The dashed line represents the first day Tennessee’s stay-at-home order was in effect. Co-detection refers to detection of more than one PIV serotype simultaneously.

Conclusion

The circulation of PIV in Nashville, Tennessee was disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, with PIVs not circulating for an entire season. However, circulation resumed the following season. Further investigation is needed to determine if clinical outcomes differed before and during the pandemic and the influence of NPIs shaped PIV transmission.
Extensive Phylogenomic Discordance and the Complex Evolutionary History of the Neotropical Cat Genus Leopardus
Authors: Lescroart Jonas , Bonilla-Sánchez Alejandra , Napolitano Constanza , Buitrago-Torres Diana L , Ramírez-Chaves Héctor E , Pulido-Santacruz Paola , Murphy William J , Svardal Hannes , Eizirik Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Even in the genomics era, the phylogeny of Neotropical small felids comprised in the genus Leopardus remains contentious. We used whole-genome resequencing data to construct a time-calibrated consensus phylogeny of this group, quantify phylogenomic discordance, test for interspecies introgression, and assess patterns of genetic diversity and demographic history. We infer that the Leopardus radiation started in the Early Pliocene as an initial speciation burst, followed by another in its subgenus Oncifelis during the Early Pleistocene. Our findings challenge the long-held notion that ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and margay (L. wiedii) are sister species and instead indicate that margay is most closely related to the enigmatic Andean cat (L. jacobita), whose whole-genome data are reported here for the first time. In addition, we found that the newly sampled Andean tiger cat (L. tigrinus pardinoides) population from Colombia associates closely with Central American tiger cats (L. tigrinus oncilla). Genealogical discordance was largely attributable to incomplete lineage sorting, yet was augmented by strong gene flow between ocelot and the ancestral branch of Oncifelis, as well as between Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) and southern tiger cat (L. guttulus). Contrasting demographic trajectories have led to disparate levels of current genomic diversity, with a nearly tenfold difference in heterozygosity between Andean cat and ocelot, spanning the entire range of variability found in extant felids. Our analyses improved our understanding of the speciation history and diversity patterns in this felid radiation, and highlight the benefits to phylogenomic inference of embracing the many heterogeneous signals scattered across the genome.
Automatic quality control of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq using valiDrops
Authors: Kavaliauskaite Gabija , Madsen Jesper Grud Skat
Published: November 2023

Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (sxRNA-seq) measures gene expression in individual cells or nuclei enabling comprehensive characterization of cell types and states. However, isolation of cells or nuclei for sxRNA-seq releases contaminating RNA, which can distort biological signals, through, for example, cell damage and transcript leakage. Thus, identifying barcodes containing high-quality cells or nuclei is a critical analytical step in the processing of sxRNA-seq data. Here, we present valiDrops, an automated method to identify high-quality barcodes and flag dead cells. In valiDrops, barcodes are initially filtered using data-adaptive thresholding on community-standard quality metrics, and subsequently, valiDrops uses a novel clustering-based approach to identify barcodes with distinct biological signals. We benchmark valiDrops and show that biological signals from cell types and states are more distinct, easier to separate and more consistent after filtering by valiDrops compared to existing tools. Finally, we show that valiDrops can predict and flag dead cells with high accuracy. This novel classifier can further improve data quality or be used to identify dead cells to interrogate the biology of cell death. Thus, valiDrops is an effective and easy-to-use method to improve data quality and biological interpretation. Our method is openly available as an R package at www.github.com/madsen-lab/valiDrops.
Creativity in and through Music
Authors: Addessi Anna Rita
Published: November 2023

Starting from an overview of the most recent studies on musical creativity in childhood, this chapter introduces a constructivist perspective based on “reflexive” interaction and the concept of creativity in and through music as a need and a tool for children to express and shape their emotions, style, and identity. The reflexive interaction paradigm is related to the phenomena of repetition-variation, turn-taking, and co-regulation. It is grounded on neuroscience, flow theory, and embodied cognition, and there are empirical evidences that it can have significant effects on musical creative processes in children. The chapter provides an outline of the theoretical framework and presents examples of studies and activities with children between eight months and ten years of age in reflexive interactive environments. Implications for practices are suggested.
Voices of Influence
Authors: Sole Meryl
Published: November 2023

Music is a powerful tool that supports children as they navigate through toddlerhood, an intense developmental period of transformation. In this chapter, the author analyzes toddlers’ private pre-sleep vocalizations called “crib songs” (Sole, 2014/2017) to gain insight into the impact of daily musical practices and exchanges. In their everyday lives, toddlers’ experiences and musical moments are shaped by “voices of influence”: parents, caregivers, teachers, and musical environments. Data shared in this chapter include fully improvised crib songs sung about parents and reflections of musical sharing with caregivers, teachers, and peers. Additionally, the crib song examples highlight musical influences from toddlers’ diverse musical surroundings that are shaped by access to technology. By offering glimpses into a few toddlers’ private musical worlds, we may begin to understand how music supports musical and social-emotional development as well as the impact that musical parenting has on raising children and building and sustaining relationships.
Maracatu de Baque Virado
Authors: Cantarelli Vita Juliana
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents aspects of the community of musical practice formed by the children involved in the maracatu de baque virado tradition, an Afro-Brazilian musical culture and tradition situated in the northeastern city of Recife, capital of Pernambuco state. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, the chapter intends to (1) present an overview of maracatu de baque virado; (2) discuss children’s community of musical practices within this community music setting; and (3) examine enculturation as a social soundscape, oficinas as nonformal education, and transmission as children’s pedagogical processes. Lastly, this chapter argues the importance of welcoming children in a tradition rooted in resistance and constant movement while carrying centuries’ worth of meanings, as children gain a sense of musical and cultural ownership that will lead to a sustainable future, transforming this community of musical practice as a community of musical resistance.
Section Commentary
Authors: McFerran Katrina Skewes
Published: November 2023

This commentary explores music in relation to courage, determination, commitment, and a willingness to face some hard truths about humankind. It asks authors and readers to acknowledge that communities perpetrate abuse against some of our youngest members, and that we are therefore obliged to take action. In this context, music programs can be seen as a life raft, representing the resources that children need as they strive to survive adversity. Music programs are the responsibility of a caring society who recognize that something needs to be done to enable children to develop trust in the playful and creative possibilities of life. These music programs need to be contextually situated, demonstrating respect for the specific needs of groups and the particular affordances of music that might be beneficial. They should be supported with regular, sustainable funding so that they are available when needed. And importantly, the facilitators should be cared for.
Musical Parenting in a Digital Age
Authors: Abad Vicky , Shoemark Helen , Barrett Margaret S.
Published: November 2023

Research into music engagement in early life provides a growing body of evidence that music benefits early learning and development. In pursuit of these desirable benefits, parents have sought out music engagement and education opportunities beyond the home. While the development of commercial programs and musical apps afford parents the opportunity to extend and deepen their music engagement activities with their child, such programs and apps might also potentially replace the day-to-day intimacies of parent-child musical engagement in the home. This chapter outlines the affordances and constraints of music in the parent-child relationship (as musical parenting) in the home and the “public” spaces of commercial providers, and provides a case study of the ways in which families have engaged with online delivery of music early learning programs during the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring the potential of current technology and community based programs to extend and enhance contemporary notions of musical parenting.
Familiar Music, Comfort, and Pain in the NICU
Authors: Hugoson Pernilla , Eulau Louise
Published: November 2023

The underlying assumption in music therapy for preterm-born infants and their parents is that music can be provided to address treatment goals relating to psychosocial care, pain management, developmental skill attainment, and family issues. In the NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit), music therapists use singing, vocal improvisation, and instruments to support families to socialize and to strengthen the bonding within the family. The music therapist constructs specialized experiences of music to prevent loss of capability where that might be expected, address immediate psychological needs for the parents and/or caregivers, and remediate acute needs such as pain, stress, or distress in both baby and parents. Within an ecological framework that places the infant at the center of the family and then in the wider setting, this chapter incorporates theory and evidence to illustrate the specialized integration of music therapy methodologies to support the needs of the infant with pain.
The Impact of Visual Impairment on Early Musical Development
Authors: Voyajolu Angela , Axon Rosie , Ockelford Adam
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the impact of visual impairment on musical development in early childhood. Evidence is gathered from research that sought to explore the musical development of children who are blind or partially sighted and musical engagement is gauged using the Sounds of Intent in the Early Years framework. We suggest that children who are severely visually impaired represent an exceptional cohort of the population as a whole; while the full range of musical ability is present, a relatively high percentage display exceptional levels of musical development beyond that of their sighted peers. We suggest that music can play an important role in the lives of young children who are blind or partially sighted, potentially having a positive impact on wider development and wellbeing.
Autism and Family-Centered Approaches in and through Music
Authors: Thompson Grace , Lisboa Tania , Ockelford Adam
Published: November 2023

Music practitioners with various qualifications, including music therapists and music educators, acknowledge that musical experiences offer a form of expression, interaction, and understanding that do not rely on words. Musical interactions and engagement may therefore offer a valuable context that can support diverse forms of communication and connection in early childhood that are advantageous for child development. The potential benefits of music participation for children on the autism spectrum are illustrated through descriptions of two distinct approaches: the Sounds of Intent framework, which aims to identify and promote music engagement and musical development over time; and family-centered music therapy, which aims to foster the child’s development and strengthen parent-child relationships. The dual perspectives presented in this chapter highlight possible benefits both in music and also through music for other areas of development, such as social communication, language, and cognition.
Future Perspectives
Authors: Welch Graham F. , Barrett Margaret S.
Published: November 2023

The concluding chapter of the handbook reflects on the contents of each of its contributory sections and the themes that emerge across chapters. Key themes embrace the potential for young children to develop both in and through music, outlining the ways our underlying multi-sited neurological processing of embodied musical sound is shaped and developed by social and cultural contexts. Authors also provide critical international perspectives of what counts as music and children’s musicality—noting that these are in a symbiotic relationship to the theoretical position adopted by the researcher(s), with each perspective offering distinctive insights into the phenomena. We also note how inherent biases in the existing research literature offer opportunities for future, deeper inter- and intra-disciplinary insights, including greater acknowledgment and understandings of the music practices in the majority world.
Christianity, Law, and the Bible
Authors: Strawn Brent A.
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers three important issues relating to Christianity, law, and the Bible. The first is where law appears in the Bible. While the classic locus of law is the Pentateuch, legal discourse exists beyond the first five books of the Bible. The extent of law across the Bible leads to the second issue, which is how the Bible as a whole has often been received as (a kind of) law in religious circles. The oddity of a generically complex collection like the Bible being perceived as if it were only one genre, and law at that, raises the third and final issue—namely, what kind of law is found in the Bible, and what kind of law is the Bible when it is understood or construed as law? Similarities between legal hermeneutics and the kinds of activity that mark the pursuit of wisdom in ancient Israel suggest intriguing connections between law and wise living. These connections, in turn, indicate that wisdom may be the best descriptor for biblical law and for the Bible understood as law. If so, the corpus of biblical law, and the Bible understood as law, is a way of life and a matter of the heart.
Catholic Reform, Law, and the School of Salamanca
Authors: Lantigua David
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the legal contours of the School of Salamanca, a Catholic theological reform movement in early modern Spain spanning nearly a century (1520s to c. 1600), whose diffusion spread among universities and thinkers across Iberia, Western Europe, and the globe. From Francisco de Vitoria to Francisco Suárez, a common intellectual synthesis of late Scholastic theology and law developed from the University of Salamanca inspired by the medieval thought of Saint Thomas Aquinas. After locating this Catholic reform movement in context, the chapter focuses on the Spanish Scholastic contribution to law according to two enduring contours: first, the rational and obligatory character of law, including positive law; and second, the importance of self-preservation and the legal concepts of dominium and subjective rights associated with it. These contours signaled a Scholastic confluence of Renaissance humanism and the ius commune tradition, admitting both a shared repository of Christian thinking about justice and law beginning with Vitoria, and variability among the juristic-minded theologians inhabiting the influential orbit of the Salamanca School.
Christianity and Law in North America Today
Authors: Chapman Nathan S.
Published: November 2023

The current relationship between law and Christianity in the United States, Mexico, and Canada is shaped by historical disputes about the proper relationship between church and state and contemporary religious and political demography. This chapter asks how the current law of each nation treats Christianity (typically as one expression of religion) and how Christianity affects the law (typically through the engagement of Christians in the ordinary political process). All three nations have formally abandoned an establishment of Christianity in favor of a liberal form of neutrality between church and state, and all three have grown increasingly religiously pluralist, but the contours of neutrality are different in each nation. In the United States, neutrality tends toward religious accommodation and government partnerships with legally independent religious institutions to provide social goods. A variety of forms of Christianity continue to influence the policy goals of both major parties; Christianity has both shaped and been shaped by partisan polarization and culture wars over family, race, and education. In Mexico, liberalism has long meant government control of the Catholic Church. Though the numbers of evangelical Protestants are growing, most Mexicans remain Catholic. The government remains committed to being secular yet exercising tight control over ecclesiastical property, press, and political rights. Canada has a long history of close church-state collaboration—the Catholic Church with Quebec and Protestant churches with the other provinces—but in recent decades the Canadian society and government have both grown increasingly secular.
Christianity and Roman Law
Authors: Doerfler Maria
Published: November 2023

Christians’ relationship with the laws of the Roman Empire evolved considerably throughout the opening centuries of the Common Era. From a religious minority who sought to carve out space for itself within the empire’s laws, Christians increasingly attracted the attention of Roman government officials and, from the third century onward, its lawmakers. With the rise of Constantine and subsequent Christian emperors, Christians moved further toward the center of the empire’s legislative and judicial activities, with bishops, for example, formally assuming the role of arbiters vis-à-vis their communities and claiming legal privileges for themselves and other Christian elites. Roman law in turn came to shape the Christian theological imagination as well, contributing both to Christians’ views of the Last Judgment and to definitions of orthodoxy and heresy. The fifth-century Theodosian Code bears witness both to the innovations precipitated by the ascendancy of Christianity—including Christians’ relationships with other religious communities—and to the continuities with earlier phases of Roman law and policy. This chapter traces these developments with particular attention to three discursive threads: that of Christian writings as witnesses to Roman law, that of Christian leaders as deeply engaged with the production and execution of Roman law, and that of the relationship of Roman law with the laws of nature and scripture.
Christianity and Law in the Middle East Today
Authors: Engelcke Dörthe
Published: November 2023

In most Middle Eastern jurisdictions, the applicable family law is determined based on the religious and confessional affiliation of the parties involved. Inheritance law is also sometimes split along religious lines, whereas in other cases Christians apply the national Islamic inheritance law. A distinction can be made between countries in which Christian communities enjoy only normative autonomy—that is, they can largely determine the norms of their family laws—and countries in which they can additionally also establish their own courts. The way in which Christian legal autonomy was institutionalized in combination with discriminatory state and community-based family laws has meant that Christians do not enjoy full citizenship rights in many Middle Eastern countries. Discrimination within family law and state law affects Christian women especially hard. Since the early 2000s, some Christian communities have issued their own inheritance laws that formally assign equal shares to men and women of the same degree of kinship—i.e., sisters and brothers, for example. The question remains to what extent this formal equality between men and women translates into real, lived equality in inheritance matters.
Protestant Church Laws
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: November 2023

There are profound similarities between the laws of Protestant churches across the world. These similarities have enabled Protestants to contribute imaginatively to the work of the ecumenical panel that issued its Statement of Principles of Christian Law in 2016. These principles reflect in large measure the laws of churches in the various Protestant traditions in a multiplicity of legal instruments—from constitutions to books of church order. It is possible to postulate the category of Protestant church laws as they apply to so many aspects of Protestant ecclesial life—from the rights and duties of members and church governance, through doctrine, worship, and rites of passage, to property and church-state relations. In all this, what is remarkable is the unifying potential of law within Protestantism.
Popular Music
Authors: Young Shawn David
Published: November 2023

Popular musical styles have been criticized for centuries. Rock ’n’ roll, jazz, the blues, ragtime, even classical music have all come under scrutiny. While the needle of pop culture continues to move, there remains a growing fear from both the right and the left. Both sides of the aisle have acknowledged the immense power of popular music: for conservatives it is a tool for evangelism, and for liberals it can be a voice for social change. Nothing has raised the ire of fundamentalists quite like hot-button topics such as modernism, Darwinism, equal rights, or biblical inerrancy. Except for, perhaps, rock ’n’ roll.
Sport
Authors: Putz Paul Emory
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the ways fundamentalists and their evangelical heirs have engaged with sport since the turn of the twentieth century. It highlights the ways that this engagement has always been shaped by cultural ideas and developments related to race and gender. It also shows that fundamentalists have never disengaged from sport, but that they have expressed a persistent ambivalence with the culture of competitive athletics due to their efforts to maintain a distinctive Christian identity. This tension helped to motivate and inspire the development of a nebulous worldwide movement that capitalized on the platform of sport to share the message of born-again salvation. Originally American in orientation, this movement has since taken root in countries across the globe.
Abortion
Authors: Lewis Andrew R.
Published: November 2023

Analyses of the anti-abortion movement in the United States have largely focused on the important role of Catholics, evangelical Protestants, and the Republican Party. Less attention has been paid to the influence of fundamentalists. Prominent fundamentalists actively opposed abortion prior to the Supreme Court’s 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, and fundamentalists often linked opposition to abortion to broader cultural concerns about sexual morality and the family. This chapter documents fundamentalism’s approach to abortion in the twentieth century, and then draws connections to contemporary anti-abortion politics within the Republican Party. The chapter argues that both the content and style of fundamentalist approaches to opposing abortion shaped the New Christian Right’s political activity, and the fundamentalist legacy continues to influence the current abortion politics, especially the populist elements of the Christian Right.
Business
Authors: Grem Darren E.
Published: November 2023

The history of fundamentalism is inexplicable without business. Recent ventures like Hillsong, a megachurch and multinational ‘brandscape’ based in Australia, reveals long-standing intersections between business and fundamentalism: a fundamentalist–business nexus. Seeking standardization of theological ‘truths’ and broader social influence, early fundamentalists sought the money, marketing prowess, and organizational know-how of business interests. Early innovators like evangelist D. L. Moody laid the groundwork for later business-minded and business-backed fundamentalist superstars like Billy Graham. Behind-the-scenes agents like Herbert J. Taylor and the Christian Business Men’s Committee International (CBMCI) informed fundamentalist start-ups, from seminaries to parachurch ministries to missionary groups. In the private sector, business leaders rebranded fundamentalism as merely ‘Christian’ and sponsored a wide array of small and large-scale businesses marketing ‘Christian’ consumer goods and experiences. From multilevel marketing to the Christian music industry to party politics, business sustained and proliferated fundamentalism well into the present age of global, mass consumerism.
The Southern Baptist Convention
Authors: Smith Andrew Christopher
Published: November 2023

The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) was predisposed towards fundamentalist influence in the twentieth century. During the first wave of fundamentalist controversy during the early 1920s, Southern Baptists took note of developments among Northern Protestants. Relying on the idea that the South was insulated from modernist ideas, leaders encouraged Southern Baptists to support the contentions of the fundamentalists, not by giving credence to rumours of heterodoxy in Southern Baptist institutions, but by redoubling their commitment to their own denomination and its systems of funding. Mid-century developments introduced Northern-style fundamentalism to the South, and some segments of Southern Baptist life began to reflect that influence. By 1979, a group of leaders had framed a plan that would deliver control of the SBC into more conservative hands. Using the idea of biblical inerrancy as a rallying cry, they gave that idea shape by linking it to opposition to women’s ordination and to feminism more generally. These leaders captured control of the SBC, though were rather less successful in negotiating their denomination’s place in a changing region and nation.
Space Syntax and Pedestrian Modeling
Authors: Wu Mu-Chun
Published: November 2023

Comprised mainly of axial, convex, and visibility graph analysis, space syntax is a spatial network approach toward the understanding of the social-spatial paradigm. It investigates the connectivity among spatial units and analyses their relations with each other as well as the entire spatial layout through the concept of accessibility. However, underlying this concept of accessibility is the scrutiny of pedestrian movement and its social-cultural implications. This chapter highlights this link between accessibility and pedestrian movement and further showcases how space syntax and Ingold’s (2011) theory of “wayfaring” could be a marriage made in heaven.
Food Webs
Authors: Crabtree Stefani A. , Dunne Jennifer A.
Published: November 2023

In the past ten years the ability to leverage modern computational approaches with the increasing quantity of digitized archaeological data has enabled the analysis of archaeologically informed ecological networks. Food webs are a type of ecological network that represent the trophic interactions, or consumption links, within ecological communities. Because the vast collections of zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical data often pertains to human trophic interactions, these well-curated traces of the past can aid in compiling and modeling detailed ecological networks of the past that center on humans. Combining this data with other sources such as mosaics, frescos, writings, or inferences enables a richer understanding of the place of humans in ecological networks across space and time.
Perspectives on Human Behavioral Evolution from the Study of Primate Networks
Authors: Romano Valéria , Lozano Sergi
Published: November 2023

This chapter proposes archaeological approaches to human behavioral evolution by combining insights from primate networks’ studies and human behavioral ecology. To this end, we first outline the application of social network analysis in primatology, specifically focusing on the effect of the social structure on key ecological and evolutionary outcomes. Then we introduce possible applications of this knowledge to the study of human behavioral evolution, focusing on modularity as an example of relevant structural metric. By showing how fine-scale analysis of primate networks sheds light on important ecological and evolutionary mechanisms, we underscore the possibilities of assessing the social structure in past human societies by means of cross-disciplinary approaches.
Settlement Scaling Analysis as Social Network Analysis
Authors: Ortman Scott G.
Published: November 2023

Recent work demonstrates the power and potential of network analysis in archaeology. In this chapter, I show that settlement scaling analysis can also be construed as a form of social network analysis. I first illustrate the role of network thinking in settlement scaling theory (SST), a framework that provides a general account of agglomeration effects. I then discuss three advantages of the SST approach relative to popular applications of social network analysis in archaeology: (1) it eases the empirical burdens of empirical network analysis; (2) it leads to specific expectations regarding what the aggregate properties of social networks should be; and (3) it provides a mechanism for the emergence of new properties in human societies. Finally, I suggest a means of integrating scaling analysis with regional archaeological network analysis.
Networks and Sociopolitical Organization
Authors: Holland-Lulewicz Jacob
Published: November 2023

Archaeological network analysis provides a set of robust methodological tools to describe and evaluate sociopolitical histories. Network analyses allow archaeologists to move from the bottom up, to critically engage with traditional models of sociopolitical organization commonly deployed in archaeological interpretation. The use of network analyses rooted in large-scale, robust datasets allows for the identification of organizational characteristics that may be masked or unaccounted for by a reliance on essentialized sociopolitical types derived from the ethnological record. This chapter outlines the methodological principles and conceptual frameworks made available through the use of archaeological network analysis in characterizing and evaluating the underlying organizational structures that connect members of a society to one another. Instead of focusing on sociopolitical types, a framework is presented that places the primacy of investigations on particular patterns of relationships between social and political actors and entities.
Archaeological Network Science
Authors: Brandes Ulrik
Published: November 2023

The majority of contributions in this handbook are written from the perspective of researchers using network approaches while working in archaeology. As a self-described network data scientist with a background in computer science and by now having a decade of exposure to archaeological research, I am pleased to offer a view from the other side of the arena. While archaeology is but one domain in which the application of network concepts is becoming ever more common, challenges that arise are particularly rich and at times rather special. Following a cursory outline of a data-centric approach to network science, this chapter highlights what might be considered distinctive of archaeological network science.
Network Epistemologies in Archaeology
Authors: Knappett Carl , Mol Angus
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we argue that network approaches can bridge the divergent epistemologies through which relations are addressed in the discipline of archaeology. We identify three poles of divergence: explanation (Erklären) vs. understanding (Verstehen); formalism vs. relationalism; and big (fast) vs. small (slow) data. Each of these can be linked with perspectives in archaeology that can be loosely understood as processual and post-processual respectively. We suggest that network approaches, although associated by some scholars with the former set of “values” (i.e. explanation, formalism, big/fast data, and processualism) can effectively occupy a more intermediate epistemological ground. The potential for this bridging role is being demonstrated in a series of recent studies that engage with both more formal network ideas and more relational ones drawn from sources such as entanglement or assemblage theory. Notwithstanding the considerable epistemological divide that is still apparent in divergent archaeological perspectives on relations, we conclude that network thinking in our discipline has started to do some significant bridge-building to narrow the gap.
Anticipating the Next Wave of Archaeological Network Research
Authors: Munson Jessica , Mills Barbara J. , Brughmans Tom , Peeples Matthew A.
Published: November 2023

As indicated by the diversity of chapters in this volume, network methods are now established techniques for investigating a wide range of past relational phenomena. While this work is encouraging and much has been learned, there are domains of archaeological inquiry where network approaches have not been as widely adopted. We conclude this Handbook of Archaeological Network Research by considering some possible future directions of investigation, and what this research has to offer beyond archaeology. In particular, we outline four areas where archaeological network research could play an important role: (1) archaeological landscapes and socioecological systems; (2) cultural and biological evolution; (3) historical archaeology; and (4) archaeological praxis. As we anticipate the next wave of archaeological network research, we argue for continued interdisciplinary collaboration and methodological innovation to realize the full potential of network science for archaeology.
(Un)settling Late Colonial Niassa, Mozambique (1966–1974)
Authors: Castelo Cláudia
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to present a case study of a particular instance of colonial fieldwork to explain why and how social knowledge was first produced and then not applied in the forced resettlement conducted in the Niassa district, in Mozambique’s far north-west, bordering Malawi and Tanzania, during the Portuguese counter-insurgency campaign against the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO). The chapter will explore the Portuguese civil and military authorities’ development discourse and practice as it concerned the inhabitants of the Niassa region. Of particular interest is the work of a female geographer, Raquel Soeiro de Brito (b. 1925), who was a professor at the Advanced Institute of Social Sciences and Overseas Policy (Lisbon Technical University) and researcher at the Mission for the Study of Portuguese Overseas Physical and Human Geography (Portuguese Overseas Research Board). Soeiro de Brito carried out fieldwork in the Niassa plateau and lakeshore before and during the war, her studies focused on the Yao and the Nianja people.
Limits of Sovereignty
Authors: Kakati Aditya Kiran
Published: November 2023

This chapter illustrates the paradoxes of establishing state sovereignty in transnational borderzones against competition by insurgent armed groups. The costs of achieving authority in such situations were generally reckoned to be high due to the historically spasmodic presence of states in borderzones. Yet, we find that states did not always seek to establish sovereignty by traditional means such as administrative and legal structures. What emerges instead are continuities in colonial policies of fragmenting spaces, creating exceptional legal regimes and using coercion, all of which assumed new forms after the end of the Second World War in the China-India-Burma border-confluence.

This conflict and subsequent decolonization disrupted existing patterns of state-making, and created ‘blank spaces’ at a time when new nation-states sought to claim more sharply defined international “bordered-lands”. Insurgencies emerged in these ‘blank spaces’ either in response to the forced nationalization of territory, or due to exclusions caused by such spatial policies. I argue that states did not seek to ‘fill’ the vacuum in these spaces through routinized administration and welfare-development, and instead oscillated between various modes of coercive control and power-sharing arrangements to coopt local populations. From that immediate post-war period, counter-insurgency and development-like activities have gone hand in hand in maintaining these geographies as ‘remote’ and ‘dangerous’ and have thus served to justify further securitization.
Exile, Safe Havens, and Rear Bases
Authors: von Bülow Mathilde
Published: November 2023

Scholars have increasingly turned their attention to the transnational dimensions of late colonial insurgencies. Their research has helped shed new light on the diplomatic activities of anti-colonial movements, the responses of the international community of states, and the role of non-state solidarity movements both east and west of the Iron Curtain and in the nascent ‘Third World’. Few, however, have examined the other ways in which liberation movements used external places and spaces to further their strategic goals, or the manner in which the transnational dimension of late colonial insurgencies affected counter-insurgent strategies. This chapter seeks to address this gap in our understanding of colonial insurgencies and counter-insurgencies. It will do so by (a) examining how anti-colonial movements made use of external exile, safe havens and rear bases in order to aid and abet internal insurgent action, and (b) assessing how these activities encumbered colonial counter-insurgency efforts. The chapter will focus primarily on the Algerian War of Independence, which became a model for subsequent liberation struggles. It will situate the Algerian case study within a wider framework in order to identify patterns in practice. Ultimately, the chapter will argue that resort to external sanctuary proved a vital asset to the survival and success of many liberation movements during the late colonial era.
Internment, Imprisonment, Interrogation, and Resistance in Low-Intensity Conflict
Authors: Craig Tony
Published: November 2023

This chapter uses the context of the Northern Ireland Troubles to situate a wider discussion of legal and carceral warfare within counter insurgency. The chapter argues that strategies relating to imprisonment, along with those related to its resistance in these circumstances, constitute a conflict of significance and importance in their own right. Beyond Northern Ireland, examples from Kenya, Cyprus, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia are used to highlight similarities and shared approaches by both insurgents and counter insurgents before looking at how education is perceived among both prisoners and those imprisoning them in these contexts. The chapter concludes that far from acting as a site for either further radicalisation or deradicalization, imprisonment and prisoner treatment can serve as both a crucial indicator of the wider conflict as well as a potentially pivotal component of it.
Unwanted Friends
Authors: Branch Daniel
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the role and significance of loyalists in Britain’s imperial wars from the South African War of 1899–1902 to the wars of decolonization fought in Kenya, Cyprus, and Malaya. It draws upon archival research carried out in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Kenya, and Singapore to demonstrate the various motivations of loyalty by imperial subjects during periods of anti-colonial rebellion. The chapter argues against an assumption that British imperial rulers instinctively welcomed loyalty by non-white imperial subjects. Drawing on recent scholarship on race, identity, and citizenship within the British Empire, the chapter argues that loyalty by imperial subjects provoked anxiety and suspicion on the part of British actors. This had significant implications for subjects seeking to demonstrate their loyalty. They discovered that their erstwhile allies within colonial and imperial institutions were unwilling to recognize the loyalty of imperial subjects. That loyalty was only finally widely acknowledged and reciprocated in the final years of imperial rule. Loyalists then assumed a new importance as imperial priorities were adjusted away from maintaining formal rule to transferring power to new independent states and ensuring lasting British influence.
Violence and (Dis)Order in the Caribbean Postcolony
Authors: Curless Gareth
Published: November 2023

The Anglophone Caribbean state entered the twenty-first century in crisis. For many observers, the region’s various maladies—political violence, crime, and economic deprivation—were symptoms of a post-Cold War neoliberal (dis)order. Such diagnoses correctly identified the proximate causes of the crisis, but there was a deeper history shaping the postcolonial condition. The crisis of the Anglophone Caribbean state, as this chapter demonstrates in relation to Guyana and Jamaica, was rooted in the contested nature of decolonization and its violent afterlives. In both cases, decolonization witnessed the emergence of rival political parties, who were more concerned with capturing the state and distributing resources to their respective supporters than they were in effecting radical change. The result was low-intensity political conflict, linked to party, trade union, and communal affiliation, and, as the hopes of independence went unrealized, growing anger amongst the most disenfranchised. These episodes of political warfare and collective popular protest meant that the postcolonial state in Guyana and Jamaica came to rely on the same violent modalities as its colonial predecessor. In turn, the continuities between the colonial and postcolonial contributed to an experience of time that for many people was, as Deborah Thomas has argued, non-linear, characterized by a sense of stasis, repetition, and even reversal. In other words, if we are to understand the successive crises that have affected the Anglophone Caribbean since the end of the Cold War, we have to listen attentively to the ongoing dialogue between the colonial past and the postcolonial present.
The Place of Revolutionary Violence in India, 1905–1947
Authors: Singh Gajendra
Published: November 2023

The ordering principle in the historiography of the nationalist movement(s) in colonial India—the longest and most sustained of anti-colonial nationalist movements from the early years of the First World War to the aftermath of the Second—has been to consider them in relation to the normative nationalism of Gandhi and Gandhism. Non-violence is assumed to have been its natural character, and political violence its failure, its limits, and the expression of sub-, semi-, or aberrant nationalisms. If these movements are considered on their own terms, however, a different history can be constructed. They were central to the imaginary that justified the violence excesses of the colonial state (both in judicial and extra-judicial violence), developed a logic or legitimate violence and proportionate response that endured throughout the early twentieth century, and defined the nationalist mainstream in the 1940s, through the Quit India Movement and the mass insurgencies and genocides of that decade. This paper will offer an overview of these movements; of their logics, consciousnesses, and violent excess.
The Labours Of (In)Security In Portuguese Late Colonialism
Authors: Bandeira Jerónimo Miguel , Monteiro José Pedro
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses studies of the historical entanglements between securitarian and developmental languages and repertoires of action during late colonial insurgencies and counter-insurgencies. Health, education, and social policies broadly defined were constitutive elements of imperial strategies designed either to strengthen the allegiance of local populations or to minimize sources of unrest and anti-colonial mobilization. Focusing on the labour question in Portuguese late colonialism, this chapter stresses its centrality as a political issue and securitarian concern for Portuguese authorities even before organized anti-colonial conflict erupted in the early 1960s. As the chapter reveals, labour remained a fundamental aspect of military, civil, and diplomatic strategies as colonial wars in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau were being waged. Colonial labour policies were recognized as, at once, a potential source of dissent, a fundamental element in efforts to control the movements and spatial distribution of local populations, and, additionally, an effective means to counter ‘subversive’ activities and to conquer the ‘hearts and minds’ of African subjects in a bid to prevent the advance of decolonization.
Sinning Quietly
Authors: Drohan Brian
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the role of human rights and law during British counter-insurgencies in Kenya, Cyprus, and Aden. Colonial law was designed not to protect the colonized subject, but to enhance the power of the state. Using this dynamic to their advantage, colonial officials adopted emergency regulations as a weapon against insurgents, while insurgents, dissenting British officials, and international organizations responded by making legal claims against colonial governments and appealing to human rights norms to win public support for their causes. Ultimately, the chapter explains how British officials handled legal and human rights issues and links these actions to broader developments concerning the emergence of international human rights movements. The result is a story in which violent decolonization is inextricably intertwined with the history of human rights.