bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Opioids
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano , Porzio Giampiero , Gebbia Vittorio
Published: May 2014

Despite the skilled use of opioid analgesics, which is crucial to the relief of cancer pain, there is a lack of evidence to support many aspects of current clinical practice. Therefore, there is a significant need for more effective treatment options. New opioids have been marketed in the past years, including hydrocodone and oxymorphone. Moreover, mixed opioids with combined mechanisms of action have been developed; one such agent, tapentadol, is a centrally acting oral analgesic that possesses a combined mechanism of action: μ-opioid receptor activation with norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. Drug development strategies involving naloxone have been initiated to reduce peripheral opioid-related adverse effects. The rationale is based on the local antagonist activity of naloxone in intestinal opioid receptors and the negligible oral bioavailability of naloxone, particularly in a prolonged-release formulation. New delivery systems have been developed to provide rapid analgesia with potent opioid drugs such as fentanyl. Despite the upcoming availability of these new drugs and technologies that will add to existing types of opioid medication, their benefits and liabilities will ultimately need to be determined by the individual physician and individual patient experiencing pain.
Pain in Cancer Survivors
Authors: Glare Paul A. , Davies Pamela S. , Finlay Esmé , Gulati Amitabh , Lemanne Dawn , Moryl Natalie , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Paice Judith A. , Stubblefield Michael D. , Syrjala Karen L.
Published: May 2014

Pain is a common problem in cancer survivors, especially in the first few years after treatment. In the longer term, approximately 5% to 10% of survivors have chronic severe pain that interferes with functioning. The prevalence is much higher in certain subpopulations, such as breast cancer survivors. All cancer treatment modalities have the potential to cause pain. Currently, the approach to managing pain in cancer survivors is similar to that for chronic cancer-related pain, pharmacotherapy being the principal treatment modality. Although it may be appropriate to continue strong opioids in survivors with moderate to severe pain, most pain problems in cancer survivors will not require them. Moreover, because more than 40% of cancer survivors now live longer than 10 years, there is growing concern about the long-term adverse effects of opioids and the risks of misuse, abuse, and overdose in the nonpatient population. As with chronic nonmalignant pain, multimodal interventions that incorporate nonpharmacologic therapies should be part of the treatment strategy for pain in cancer survivors, prescribed with the aim of restoring functionality, not just providing comfort. For patients with complex pain issues, multidisciplinary programs should be used, if available. New or worsening pain in a cancer survivor must be evaluated to determine whether the cause is recurrent disease or a second malignancy. This article focuses on patients with a history of cancer who are beyond the acute diagnosis and treatment phase and on common treatment-related pain etiologies. The benefits and harms of the various pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic options for pain management in this setting are reviewed.
Nonopioid Drugs in the Treatment of Cancer Pain
Authors: Vardy Janette , Agar Meera
Published: May 2014

The WHO analgesic ladder for the treatment of cancer pain provides a three-step sequential approach for analgesic administration based on pain severity that has global applicability. Nonopioids were recommended for mild pain, with the addition of mild opioids for moderate pain and strong opioids for severe pain. Here, we review the evidence for the use of nonopioid analgesic agents in patients with cancer and describe the mode of action of the main drug classes. Evidence supports the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophen/paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for mild cancer pain. Adding an NSAID to an opioid for stronger cancer pain is efficacious, but the risk of long-term adverse effects has not been quantified. There is limited evidence to support using acetaminophen with stronger opioids. Corticosteroids have a specific role in spinal cord compression and brain metastases, where improved analgesia is a secondary benefit. There is limited evidence for adding corticosteroids to stronger opioids when pain control is the primary objective. Systematic reviews suggest a role for antidepressant and anticonvulsant medications for neuropathic pain, but there are methodologic issues with the available studies. Bisphosphonates improve pain in patients with bony metastases in some tumor types. Denosumab may delay worsening of pain compared with bisphosphonates. Larger studies of longer duration are required to address outstanding questions concerning the use of nonopioid analgesia for stronger cancer pain.
Role of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Agents in the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Pain
Authors: Cheville Andrea L. , Basford Jeffrey R.
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To provide an overview of rehabilitation medicine– and physical modality–based approaches to cancer pain management, and to highlight the fact that these approaches are generally used in conjunction and that a majority are focused on minimizing pain during periods of mobility and the performance of activities of daily living.

Methods

We performed a nonsystematic literature review and provide a description of the current standard of care.

Results

Rehabilitative and physical modalities used to manage pain can be grouped into four categories: those that modulate nociception, stabilize or unload painful structures, influence physiological processes that indirectly influence nociception, or alleviate pain arising from the overloading of muscles and connective tissues that often occurs after surgery or with sarcopenia in late-stage cancer. Most modalities have been pragmatically refined over the years, and many have an evidence base, although few have been explicitly validated in the oncologic setting. With few exceptions, they are patient controlled and free of adverse effects.

Conclusion

Physical modalities and rehabilitation medicine offer a range of pain management approaches that may serve as beneficial adjuncts to the conventional systemic and interventional analgesic strategies used to control cancer-related pain. These approaches may be particularly beneficial to patients with movement-associated pain and those who are ambivalent regarding pharmacoanalgesia.
Development of the prethalamus is crucial for thalamocortical projection formation and is regulated by Olig2
Authors: Ono Katsuhiko , Clavairoly Adrien , Nomura Tadashi , Gotoh Hitoshi , Uno Aoi , Armant Olivier , Takebayashi Hirohide , Zhang Qi , Shimamura Kenji , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Parras Carlos M. , Ikenaka Kazuhiro
Published: May 2014

Thalamocortical axons (TCAs) pass through the prethalamus in the first step of their neural circuit formation. Although it has been supposed that the prethalamus is an intermediate target for thalamocortical projection formation, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms of this targeting. Here, we demonstrated the functional implications of the prethalamus in the formation of this neural circuit. We show that Olig2 transcription factor, which is expressed in the ventricular zone (VZ) of prosomere 3, regulates prethalamus formation, and loss of Olig2 results in reduced prethalamus size in early development, which is accompanied by expansion of the thalamic eminence (TE). Extension of TCAs is disorganized in the Olig2-KO dorsal thalamus, and initial elongation of TCAs is retarded in the Olig2-KO forebrain. Microarray analysis demonstrated upregulation of several axon guidance molecules, including Epha3 and Epha5, in the Olig2-KO basal forebrain. In situ hybridization showed that the prethalamus in the wild type excluded the expression of Epha3 and Epha5, whereas loss of Olig2 resulted in reduction of this Ephas-negative area and the corresponding expansion of the Ephas-positive TE. Dissociated cultures of thalamic progenitor cells demonstrated that substrate-bound EphA3 suppresses neurite extension from dorsal thalamic neurons. These results indicate that Olig2 is involved in correct formation of the prethalamus, which leads to exclusion of the EphA3-expressing region and is crucial for proper TCA formation. Our observation is the first report showing the molecular mechanisms underlying how the prethalamus acts on initial thalamocortical projection formation.
Role of En2 in the tectal laminar formation of chick embryos
Authors: Omi Minoru , Harada Hidekiyo , Watanabe Yuji , Funahashi Jun-ichi , Nakamura Harukazu
Published: May 2014

The chick optic tectum consists of 16 laminae. Here, we report contribution of En2 to laminar formation in chick optic tecta. En2 is specifically expressed in laminae g-j of stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS). Misexpression of En2 resulted in disappearance of En2-expressing cells from the superficial layers (laminae a-f of SGFS), where endogenous En2 is not expressed. Misexpression of En2 before postmitotic cells had left the ventricular layer indicated that En2-misexpressing cells stopped at the laminae of endogenous En2 expression and that they did not migrate into the superficial layers. Induction of En2 misexpression using a tetracycline-inducible system after the postmitotic cells had reached superficial layers also resulted in disappearance of En2-expressing cells from the superficial layers. Time-lapse analysis showed that En2-misexpressing cells migrated back from the superficial layers towards the middle layers, where En2 is strongly expressed endogenously. Our results suggest a potential role of En2 in regulating cell migration and positioning in the tectal laminar formation.
Adult neurogenesis: mechanisms and functional significance
Authors: Braun Simon M. G. , Jessberger Sebastian
Published: May 2014

New neurons are generated throughout life in distinct regions of the mammalian brain. This process, called adult neurogenesis, has been implicated in physiological brain function, and failing or altered neurogenesis has been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms governing the neurogenic process in the adult brain and describe how new neurons may contribute to brain function in health and disease.
The Drosophila MAST kinase Drop out is required to initiate membrane compartmentalisation during cellularisation and regulates dynein-based transport
Authors: Hain Daniel , Langlands Alistair , Sonnenberg Hannah C. , Bailey Charlotte , Bullock Simon L. , Müller H.-Arno J.
Published: May 2014

Cellularisation of the Drosophila syncytial blastoderm embryo into the polarised blastoderm epithelium provides an excellent model with which to determine how cortical plasma membrane asymmetry is generated during development. Many components of the molecular machinery driving cellularisation have been identified, but cell signalling events acting at the onset of membrane asymmetry are poorly understood. Here we show that mutations in drop out (dop) disturb the segregation of membrane cortical compartments and the clustering of E-cadherin into basal adherens junctions in early cellularisation. dop is required for normal furrow formation and controls the tight localisation of furrow canal proteins and the formation of F-actin foci at the incipient furrows. We show that dop encodes the single Drosophila homologue of microtubule-associated Ser/Thr (MAST) kinases. dop interacts genetically with components of the dynein/dynactin complex and promotes dynein-dependent transport in the embryo. Loss of dop function reduces phosphorylation of Dynein intermediate chain, suggesting that dop is involved in regulating cytoplasmic dynein activity through direct or indirect mechanisms. These data suggest that Dop impinges upon the initiation of furrow formation through developmental regulation of cytoplasmic dynein.
Identification of Ssm1b, a novel modifier of DNA methylation, and its expression during mouse embryogenesis
Authors: Ratnam Sarayu , Engler Peter , Bozek Grazyna , Mao Liqun , Podlutsky Andrej , Austad Steve , Martin Terence , Storb Ursula
Published: May 2014

The strain-specific modifier Ssm1 is responsible for the strain-dependent methylation of particular E. coli gpt-containing transgenic sequences. Here, we identify Ssm1 as the KRAB-zinc finger (ZF) gene 2610305D13Rik located on distal chromosome 4. Ssm1b is a member of a gene family with an unusual array of three ZFs. Ssm1 family members in C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice have various amino acid changes in their ZF domain and in the linker between the KRAB and ZF domains. Ssm1b is expressed up to E8.5; its target transgene gains partial methylation by this stage as well. At E9.5, Ssm1b mRNA is no longer expressed but by then its target has become completely methylated. By contrast, in D2 embryos the transgene is essentially unmethylated. Methylation during B6 embryonic development depends on Dnmt3b but not Mecp2. In differentiating B6 embryonic stem cells methylation spreads from gpt to a co-integrated neo gene that has a similarly high CpG content as gpt, but neo alone is not methylated. In adult B6 mice, Ssm1b is expressed in ovaries, but in other organs only other members of the Ssm1 family are expressed. Interestingly, the transgene becomes methylated when crossed into some, but not other, wild mice that were kept outbred in the laboratory. Thus, polymorphisms for the methylation patterns seen among laboratory inbred strains are also found in a free-living population. This may imply that mice that do not have the Ssm1b gene may use another member of the Ssm1 family to control the potentially harmful expression of certain endogenous or exogenous genes.
Migrating cells mediate long-range WNT signaling
Authors: Serralbo Olivier , Marcelle Christophe
Published: May 2014

In amniotes, it is widely accepted that WNTs secreted by the dorsal neural tube form a concentration gradient that regulates early somite patterning and myotome organization. Here we demonstrate in the chicken embryo that WNT protein is not secreted to act at a distance, but rather loaded onto migrating neural crest cells that deliver it to somites. Inhibiting neural crest migration or ablating their population has a profound impact on the WNT response in somites. Furthermore, we show that a central player in the efficient delivery of WNT to somites is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan GPC4, expressed by neural crest. Together, our data describe a novel mode of signaling whereby WNT proteins hitch a ride on migratory neural crest cells to pattern the somites at a distance from its source.
Cosolvent-Free Sol–Gel Synthesis and Optical Characterization of Silica Glasses Containing LaF3 and (La,Er)F3 Nanocrystals
Authors: Suzuki Kotomi , Kajihara Koichi , Kanamura Kiyoshi
Published: May 2014

Monolithic transparent silica glasses containing LaF3 nanocrystals were prepared by a cosolvent-free sol–gel method based on the pyrolysis of lanthanum trifluoroacetate. The two-step mixing of alkoxide and water, consisting of partial hydrolysis under acidic conditions and subsequent neutralization to catalyze the polycondensation of hydrophobic silica oligomers, makes it possible to shorten the processing time while eliminating the need for cosolvents. The size of the LaF3 nanocrystals decreases with an increase in the volume fraction of LaF3. This suppresses Rayleigh scattering and improves transparency at LaF3-rich compositions. Green and red upconversion photoluminescence (PL) bands, mainly caused by energy-transfer upconversion (ETU), are observed in Er-doped samples under excitation at 980 nm. The PL intensity drastically increases with an increase in the volume fraction of the LaF3 phase as a result of improved crystallinity of LaF3. The quantum yields recorded for the green and red upconversion PL bands were ca. 0.08% and ca. 0.04%, respectively.
AS PERCEPÇÕES DO PROFESSOR UNIVERSITÁRIO DA ÁREA DE GESTÃO ACERCA DAS MUDANÇAS NA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR: Uma pesquisa com profissionais de instituições de ensino privadas do Triângulo Mineiro
Authors: Seno João Paulo , Kappel Lucas Borges , Valadão Júnior Valdir Machado
Published: May 2014

Este artigo tem como objetivos a identificação dos pontos de vista do professor acerca das mudanças na educação superior e da percepção deste profissional sobre o impacto destas mudanças em seu trabalho. Para isso foram analisadas 21 entrevistas realizadas por e-mail com professores da área de gestão, de instituições de ensino privadas, localizadas no Triângulo Mineiro. Os resultados foram confrontados com a literatura existente e geraram insights a respeito de problemas relacionados à profissão. Os resultados sugerem que o professor é um sujeito altruísta, pelas escolhas que faz, e flexível, à medida que se adapta às mudanças que se impõem ao seu ambiente de trabalho. Também se observa que um novo aluno está presente em sala de aula e as tecnologias da informação e comunicação são a ponte para se chegar até ele; sugere-se, ainda, que o incentivo à carreira docente pode partir de boas experiências vividas já na graduação.
'Nenhum Problema Tem Solução': Um Arquivo Digital do Livro do Desassossego
Authors: Portela Manuel
Published: May 2014

O projeto 'Nenhum Problema Tem Solução: Um Arquivo Digital do Livro do Desassossego' tem como objetivo a criação de um arquivo digital hipermédia dedicado à obra Livro do Desassossego [LdoD], de Bernardo Soares/Fernando Pessoa. O arquivo agregará fac-símiles digitais dos materiais documentais do LdoD, transcrições topográficas desses materiais, transcrições textuais das quatro edições críticas publicadas entre 1982 e 2010 (Coelho 1982 [2ª edição, 1997]; Cunha 1990-91 [2ª edição, 2008]; Zenith 1998 [10ª edição, 2012]; Pizarro 2010), e ainda ferramentas de pesquisa e análise textual. Esta agregação e codificação eletrónica dos fragmentos combina edição genética e edição social do LdoD, mostrando-o como rede potencial de intenções autorais e como construção conjetural dos seus sucessivos editores. O arquivo digital criará ainda um espaço de virtualização do LdoD que favoreça novas dinâmicas de leitura, edição, investigação e escrita. Este artigo apresenta o projeto nos seus aspetos teóricos, técnicos e metodológicos, enquadrando-os na investigação em curso neste domínio.
Abstract The research project 'No Problem Has Solution: A Digital Archive of the Book of Disquiet' aims to produce a digital hypermedia archive of the Book of Disquiet [LdoD], by Bernardo Soares/Fernando Pessoa. The archive will contain digital facsimiles of the documentary materials of LdoD, topographic transcriptions of those materials, textual transcriptions of the four critical editions published between 1982 and 2010 (Coelho 1982 [2nd edition, 1997]; Cunha 1990-91 [2nd edition, 2008]; Zenith 1998 [10th edition, 2012]; Pizarro 2010), and also tools for search and textual analysis. This aggregation and electronic encoding of textual fragments combines genetic and social editing of LdoD, showing it both as a network of potential authorial intentions and as a conjectural construction of its successive editors. This digital archive will also provide a space for virtualizing LdoD that encourages new dynamics of reading, editing, research, and writing. This article presents the project in its theoretical, technical, and methodological aspects, contextualizing them within ongoing research in the field.
 
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_1-1_1
The Art of Demediation: Conceptual Materialities of the Book(-)work
Authors: Teixeira Samuel
Published: May 2014

Review of Garrett Stewart, Bookwork. Medium to Object to Concept to Art, Chicago, University Of Chicago Press, 2011, 272 pp. ISBN 978-0226773919 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_1-1_11
Jogo dos Paradigmas: O Semblante da Literatura
Authors: Maduro Daniela Côrtes
Published: May 2014

Recensão de Markku Eskelinen, Cybertext Poetics: The Critical Landscape of New Media Literary Theory. London & New York, Continuum Books, 2012, 462 pp. ISBN: 9781441107459. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_1-1_12
A Máquina Triunfal: A Importância da Máquina de Escrever na Proliferação Heteronímica de Fernando Pessoa
Authors: Zhou Cristina
Published: May 2014

A máquina de escrever marca uma diferença significativa entre as práticas literárias modernistas e pré-modernistas. O caso de Fernando Pessoa/Álvaro de Campos oferece-nos um exemplo excelente. Na criação do famoso “Dia Triunfal”, Pessoa especificou que a Ode Triunfal de Campos surgiu “à máquina de escrever”. Até que ponto é que devemos tomar o “efeito” da máquina de escrever em consideração quando analisamos a poética de Pessoa/Campos? O nosso trabalho visa reflectir sobre esta questão, através duma leitura comparativa das poesias de Caeiro e de Campos.AbstractThe typewriter makes a significant difference between the literary practices of the modernists and the pre-modernists. The case of Fernando Pessoa/Álvaro de Campos provides us with a perfect example. In the creation of the famous “Day of Triumph”, Pessoa reveals that Ode Triunfal, by Campos, was written “at the typewriter”. To what extent should we be concerned with the “effect” of the typewriter when analyzing the art of Pessoa/Campos? Our work aims to reflect upon this issue through a comparative reading of the poetry of Caeiro and Campos. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_1-1_7
STABILITY OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES IN A PT-SYMMETRIC DOUBLE-δ POTENTIAL CLOSE TO BRANCH POINTS
Authors: Löhle Andreas , Cartarius Holger , Haag Daniel , Dast Dennis , Main Jörg , Wunner Günter Wunner
Published: May 2014

A Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a double-well potential, where atoms are incoupled to one side and extracted from the other, can in the mean-field limit be described by the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with a PT symmetric external potential. If the strength of the in- and outcoupling is increased two PT broken states bifurcate from the PT symmetric ground state. At this bifurcation point a stability change of the ground state is expected. However, it is observed that this stability change does not occur exactly at the bifurcation but at a slightly different strength of the in-/outcoupling effect. We investigate a Bose-Einstein condensate in a PT symmetric double-δ potential and calculate the stationary states. The ground state’s stability is analysed by means of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations and it is shown that the difference in the strength of the in-/outcoupling between the bifurcation and the stability change can be completely explained by the norm-dependency of the nonlinear term in the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
A SIMPLE DERIVATION OF FINITE-TEMPERATURE CFT CORRELATORS FROM THE BTZ BLACK HOLE
Authors: Ohya Satoshi
Published: May 2014

We present a simple Lie-algebraic approach to momentum-space two-point functions of two-dimensional conformal field theory at finite temperature dual to the BTZ black hole. Making use of the real-time prescription of AdS/CFT correspondence and ladder equations of the Lie algebra so(2,2) ∼= sl(2,R)L⊕sl(2,R)R, we show that the finite-temperature two-point functions in momentum space satisfy linear recurrence relations with respect to the left and right momenta. These recurrence relations are exactly solvable and completely determine the momentum-dependence of retarded and advanced two-point functions of finite-temperature conformal field theory.
Harriet Martineau, Charles Dickens, and the Rise of the Victorian Woman of Letters
Authors: Crawford Iain
Published: May 2014

This essay revisits a public dispute between Harriet Martineau and Charles Dickens during the winter of 1855–56. It argues both that the nature of their quarrel has been largely misunderstood and also that its wider implications for understanding nineteenth-century intellectual and literary culture have been overlooked. The essay thus reexamines the dispute, its origins, and its aftermath, and places the event within the context of recent critical readings of Utilitarianism, the experience of industrial society, and the emergence of the professional woman writer. In so doing, it shows that a deeper exploration of the relationship between Martineau and Dickens adds considerably not only to our knowledge of the two authors themselves but also to our understanding of the ways in which nineteenth-century intellectual history interacts with the gender politics of Victorian literary culture and publishing.
Rutile Nanorods: Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Kotsyubynsky V.O. , Myronyuk I.F. , Chelyadyn V.L. , Moklyak V.V.
Published: May 2014

Nanodispersed rutile with rod-like particles was synthesized by hydrolysis of TiCl4 in hydrochloric acid - ethanol alcohol aqueous solution at 40°C. It was found that the specific surface area, crystallite size, degree of agglomeration are determined by molar ratios of ethanol. The obtained material was used as the base of cathode composition for lithium power sources. The maximum values of specific capacity (250 mAh/g) at discharge in galvanostatic conditions are fixed in the case of using material with the maximum agglomeration degree and minimal particle size. Phasic character of Li+ ions intercalation is set and the diffusion coefficient at different stages of the process is calculated.
Mossbauer Study of Yttrium Iron Carnet Epitaxial Films Magnetic Microstructure
Authors: Kotsyubynsky V.O. , Moklyak V.V. , Ostafiychuk B.K.
Published: May 2014

The magnetic microstructure of the yttrium iron garnet epitaxial films surface layer were studied by conversion electronic Mossbauer  spectroscopy method. The presence of two magnetically non-equvivalent positions of Fe3+ ions in tetrahedral sites of garnet structure and a paramagnetic phase  formed by Fe2+ ions were fixed. Using the  model  of  mixed  magnetic  and  quadrupole  interaction  by  the diagonalization of the nuclear Hamiltonian matrix the information about the spatial orientation of the cation sublattices magnetic moments  was obtained and the components of electric field gradient tensor at 57Fe nuclei in different crystal non-equvivalent  positions were calculated.
Prolonged QTc Interval in Association With Medium-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Authors: Wiles Jason R. , Leslie Nancy , Knilans Timothy K. , Akinbi Henry
Published: May 2014

Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is the most common disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. We report a term male infant who presented at 3 days of age with hypoglycemia, compensated metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia, and prolonged QTc interval. Pregnancy was complicated by maternal premature atrial contractions and premature ventricular contractions. Prolongation of the QTc interval resolved after correction of metabolic derangements. The newborn screen was suggestive for MCAD deficiency, a diagnosis that was confirmed on genetic analysis that showed homozygosity for the disease-associated missense A985G mutation in the ACADM gene. This is the first report of acquired prolonged QTc in a neonate with MCAD deficiency, and it suggests that MCAD deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnoses of acute neonatal illnesses associated with electrocardiographic abnormality. We review the clinical presentation and diagnosis of MCAD deficiency in neonates.
Child Passenger Deaths Involving Alcohol-Impaired Drivers
Authors: Quinlan Kyran , Shults Ruth A. , Rudd Rose A.
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Approximately 1 in 5 child passenger deaths in the United States involves an alcohol-impaired driver, most commonly the child’s own driver. The objective of this study was to document recent trends and state-specific rates of these deaths.

METHODS:

A descriptive analysis of 2001–2010 Fatality Analysis Reporting System data for child passengers aged <15 years killed in alcohol-impaired driving crashes. Driver impairment was defined as a blood alcohol concentration of ≥0.08 g/dL.

RESULTS:

During 2001–2010, 2344 children <15 years were killed in crashes involving at least 1 alcohol-impaired driver. Of these children, 1515 (65%) were riding with an impaired driver. Annual deaths among children riding with an alcohol-impaired driver decreased by 41% over the decade. Among the 37 states included in the state-level analysis, Texas (272) and California (135) had the most children killed while riding with an impaired driver and South Dakota (0.98) and New Mexico (0.86) had the highest annualized child passenger death rates (per 100 000 children). Most (61%) child passengers of impaired drivers were unrestrained at the time of the crash. One-third of the impaired drivers did not have a valid driver’s license.

CONCLUSIONS:

Alcohol-impaired driving remains a substantial threat to the safety of child passengers in the United States, and typically involves children being driven by impaired drivers. This risk varies meaningfully among states. To make further progress, states and communities could consider increased use of effective interventions and efforts aimed specifically at protecting child passengers from impaired drivers.
Impulsivity, “Advergames,” and Food Intake
Authors: Folkvord Frans , Anschütz Doeschka J. , Nederkoorn Chantal , Westerik Henk , Buijzen Moniek
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children. However, the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children’s snack intake.

METHODS:

First, impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task. Then a randomized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or nonfood products. As an extra manipulation, half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating, the other half were not. Children could eat freely while playing the game. Food intake was measured. The children then completed questionnaire measures, and were weighed and measured.

RESULTS:

Overall, playing an advergame containing food cues increased general caloric intake. Furthermore, rewarding children to refrain from eating decreased their caloric intake. Finally, rewarding impulsive children to refrain from eating had no influence when they were playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks, whereas it did lead to reduced intake among low impulsive children and children who played nonfood advergames.

CONCLUSIONS:

Playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks contributes to increased caloric intake in children. The advergame promoting energy-dense snacks overruled the inhibition task to refrain from eating among impulsive children, making it more difficult for them to refrain from eating. The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements.
Establishment and functioning of the Vascular Registry in Hungary
Authors: Menyhei Gábor , Simó Gábor , Szeberin Zoltán , Bíró Gábor , Kováts Tamás
Published: May 2014

Randomized controlled trials provide the best evidence in clinical trials; however, they do have limitations. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments, population based registries may also yield useful information about the actual practice and they may enable users to carry out a dynamic follow-up. To evaluate the outcome of vascular procedures, the Vascular Registry in Hungary has been established in 2002. This article presents the establishment and functioning of the Vascular Registry and provides information about scientific results obtained during the past years. The Vascular Registry is an internet based database with on-line input. The backup server is provided by the National Institute for Quality and Organizational Development in Healthcare and Medicines. The database collects data in three different fields: interventions for carotid artery, aneurysm (any type) and lower extremity vascular diseases. Twenty five vascular surgical units record interventions in the registry, which corresponds to two thirds of the whole activity. Since joining the Vascunet Group of the European Society for Vascular Surgery, the registry has contributed to several publications based on evaluation of a large common dataset in different fields of vascular surgery. A validation process has been recently performed which confirmed the internal and external validity of the database. The authors conclude that despite unsolved problems related to financing issues, the Vascular Registry has proved to be a useful tool during the past years. In order to take advantage of the registry to its fullest, measures should be taken to achieve a more complete data recording, increase publication activity on the national dataset, improve the flow of information during operation and develop a system of regular feedback. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(19), 755–760.
Effect of KHCO3, K2CO3 and CO2 on the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 into Organics on a Cu Electrode for the Solar Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Zhong Heng , Fujii Katsushi , Nakano Yoshiaki
Published: May 2014

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 into useful organics combined with photovoltaics is thought to be one of the promising ways to effectively store and transport the solar energy. In most of the previous researches, CO2 bubbling in different solutions were used as the electrolyte. However, the effects of the electrolyte and the CO2 bubbling are not clear. Therefore, in this research, the effects of different electrolyte, CO2 bubbling, concentration of the electrolyte and temperature on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on a Cu working electrode were studied. The results showed that the form of the carbon source in the electrolyte, such as HCO3-, CO32- and H2CO3, had a strong effect on this reaction, which was controlled by the pH of the electrolyte. Furthermore, high concentration of the HCO3- and elevated temperature can strongly improve the reaction current density.
Reinventing Religious Studies
Authors: Sheedy Matt
Published: May 2014

I interviewed Scott S. Elliott in December 2013, where we discussed his recent book (as editor) Reinventing Religious Studies: Key Writings in the History of a Discipline (Acumen 2013). Our conversation ranged from the history of the Council of Societies for the Study of Religion to how articles appearing in its journal, the CSSR Bulletin, over some 40-odd years have been at the leading edge of advancing debates in the study of religion, from problems in theory and method and the definition of religion, to issues of identity politics and the study of Islam.
Field Notes
Authors: Tite Philip
Published: May 2014

The Bulletin welcomes announcements, including call for papers, conference announcements, grant competitions, news items, and other informative updates on happenings in the discipline. Such announcements (like those below) will first appear on the Bulletin’s blog for timely distribution with occasional inclusion in issues of the Bulletin. There is no charge for announcements being included in Field Notes. Please email all announcements (of approximately 500 words) to the editors. Our editorial staff will also be watching for interesting items to include in this section of the Bulletin.
CEO Origin and Accrual-Based Earnings Management
Authors: Kuang Yu Flora , Qin Bo , Wielhouwer Jacco L.
Published: May 2014

SYNOPSIS

This study examines the influence of CEO origin on accrual-based earnings management and how these effects evolve over the CEO's tenure in office. Compared with CEOs promoted from within the company, CEOs recruited from outside have a stronger incentive to demonstrate their abilities in the initial years after their appointment; these outside CEOs also may have a lower expectation of surviving the short run. We predict and find that outside CEOs engage in greater income-increasing manipulation in the early years of their tenure. However, the differences in earnings management practices become insignificant after CEOs survive the short run. Our results are robust to a variety of alternative hypotheses and sensitivity checks. The findings thus show that CEO origin is an important factor for explaining financial reporting strategies; they also add to our understanding of CEO origin, managerial horizon problems, and the determinants of aggressive accounting.

Data Availability: The data used in this study are publicly available from the sources indicated in the text.
The Impact of Auditor Association on Client Multi-Venue Disclosure Transparency
Authors: Wheeler Stephen W. , Cereola Sandra J. , Louwers Timothy J.
Published: May 2014

We investigate the issue of duplicate disclosures of a common accounting issue in audited financial statements and the unaudited Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) sections of annual 10-K filings. We do so to address whether the degree of auditor association with client public disclosures affects the transparency of these disclosures. Despite different, but similar, disclosure criteria for the two venues, we note significantly lower disclosure frequencies for presumed LIFO liquidations in the MD&A than in the financial statement footnotes. Furthermore, none of the audit reports for the companies examined contained explanatory language to indicate that auditors considered these disclosure-tendency differences to be material inconsistencies as defined in SAS Nos. 8 and 118. We discuss how the wording of the applicable auditing standards may cause the noted disclosure differences, indicating a need to clarify further auditors' responsibilities regarding other information in documents containing audited financial statements.
Monitoring of HPLC profiles of selected polyphenolic compounds in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) plant parts during annual growth cycle and estimation of their antioxidant potential
Authors: Bittová Miroslava , Krejzová Eliška , Roblová Vendula , Kubáň Petr , Kubáň Vlastimil
Published: May 2014

Presented work summarizes the data about polyphenolic profiles in various plant parts (leaves, shoots, berries) of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) during the annual growth cycle. A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method (RP-HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) was optimized for determination of catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rutin (quercetin 3-rutinoside) and quercitrin (quercetin 3-rhamnoside). The content of these polyphenolic compounds was monitored in extracts of sea buckthorn plant samples from April to October. The total antioxidant activity was determined using scavenging of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) cation radical (ABTS·+) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·). The total content of polyphenols was estimated by conventional spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The monitoring of temporal changes of selected polyphenolic compounds by RP-HPLC showed that catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid were the most abundant analytes in annual green shoots and leaves, and their content varied significantly during the studied period.
Realizing actual feedback control of complex network
Authors: Tu Chengyi , Cheng Yuhua
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we present the concept of feedbackability and how to identify the Minimum Feedbackability Set of an arbitrary complex directed network. Furthermore, we design an estimator and a feedback controller accessing one MFS to realize actual feedback control, i.e. control the system to our desired state according to the estimated system internal state from the output of estimator. Last but not least, we perform numerical simulations of a small linear time-invariant dynamics network and a real simple food network to verify the theoretical results. The framework presented here could make an arbitrary complex directed network realize actual feedback control and deepen our understanding of complex systems.
Different approaches to date bricks from historical buildings
Authors: Stella Giuseppe , Fontana Dorotea , Gueli Anna , Troja Sebastiano
Published: May 2014

The application of Thermally (TL) and Optically (OSL) Stimulated Luminescence on bricks used as building material has allowed solving an chronological issue in the field of historical building dating.

The possibility to use one or more methodologies of dating is closely related to the luminescent and granulometric characteristics of the sample. Using some brick samples collected in the church of Sain Seurin in Bordeaux (France), this paper discusses the implications and the possibility to use different approaches and techniques for dating. With this aim luminescence measurements were performed on both polymineral fine grain and quartz inclusion phases extracted from each brick. For Equivalent Dose (ED) and consequently age determination, TL on mixed fine grain fraction (FG), OSL on quartz inclusions (QI) and on mixed fine grain (FG*) fraction, were used. The results obtained suggest the advantage of using OSL technique on fine grain fraction cleaned up by IR stimulation (FG*), but the use of quartz inclusion represents indeed a good alternative.
Ferromagnetic and spin wave resonances in thin layer of expanded austenite phase
Authors: Typek J. , Guskos N. , Zolnierkiewicz G. , Berczynski P. , Guskos A. , Baranowska J. , Fryska S.
Published: May 2014

Four samples of austenite coatings deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on silicon substrate at four different temperatures and pressures were investigated by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) method at room temperature. The expanded austenite phase S (γ
N) layers with thickness in the 160–273 nm range and concentration of magnetic atoms: 72 % Fe, 18 % Cr and 10 % Ni, were obtained. The coatings with nanometric size grains were strongly textured and grown mostly in [100] direction, perpendicular to the sample surface. Intense FMR spectra were recorded at various angles between the static magnetic field direction and the sample surface. A strong magnetic anisotropy of the main uniform FMR mode was observed and the effective magnetization 4πM
eff determined. Spin wave resonance (SWR) modes were observed in all investigated samples in out-of-plane geometry of the magnetic field. The resonance fields of SWR modes in our samples varied linearly with the spin wave mode number. The value of the effective magnon stiffness constant was determined assuming a parabolic shape of the magnetization variation across the sample thickness.
Community Urinary Tract Infection due to ESBL producing E. coli: epidemiology and susceptibility to oral antimicrobials including Mecillinam
Authors: Datta P , Gupta V , Sidhu S , Chander J
Published: May 2014

Background: There is increasing incidence of (Extended spectrumbeta lactamases) ESBL producing E. coli causing community urinary tract infections (UTI). The primary objective of this study was to study the epidemiological factors associated with ESBL positive community acquired uropathogenic E. coli isolates and to determine their susceptibility to newer oral drugs including mecillinam. Methods: In this prospective study, from total of 140 community isolates of E. coli causing UTI, ESBL was detected by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute criteria. Drug susceptibility was done by Kirby-Bauer method disc diffusion method for various oral antimicrobial agents. Various epidemiological factors associated with ESBL for each patient were recorded on individual forms. This included age, presence of diabetes mellitus, renal calculi, pregnancy, history of urinary instrumentation, recurrent UTI and antibiotics intake. Results: Out of total of 140 strains of E. coli, which were screened for ESBL production, 30 (21.4%) isolates were positive. High-level resistance 94 (70%) was seen for many antimicrobial agents. Only4.5% of uropathogenic E. coli were resistant to Mecillinam. Various epidemiological factors associated with ESBL causing infections were female patients, H/o antimicrobial intake, elderly age > 60 years, renal calculi and H/o recurrent UTI. Conclusions: The epidemiology of ESBL positive uropathogenic E. coli is becoming more multifaceted. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 5-7 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10341
Family Planning and Health Commodities Security in Nepal
Authors: Shakya HS , KC NP
Published: May 2014

Background: Commodity security is essential for effective delivery of quality health services. Commodity security exists when people are able to choose, obtain and use products whenever they need them. With leadership of Government of Nepal’s Logistics Management Division and with technical assistance from United States Aid for International Development funded projects have been consistently working toward this goal with priority to Family Planning (FP), Reproductive Health, and Maternal Child Health commodities. Methods: A National Consensus Contraceptive Security Forecast meeting is held annually at center. The meeting is participated by Regional, District, Program Divisions, National Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, External Donor Partners, Social Marketing agencies, and Non Governmental Organizations (NGO). The quantity needed, shipment schedule, funding requirement and funding shortfall, distribution and storage strategies for the Public, Social Marketing, and NGO sectors are presented for next five years. Results: With secured funding, increased availability of family planning commodities (stock-outs rate is less than 2%) at service delivery sites have contributed to improve national health indicators like Total Fertility Rate and Contraceptive Prevalence Rate. Key program interventions have ensured FP commodity security through effective coordination of public, private and external donor partners. Conclusion: Key lessons learned was a spirit of ‘Teamwork’ and good coordination –active involvement of other stakeholders is essential for ensuring FP commodity security. Other was an importance of ‘Advocacy’ for commodity security at district, regional and central levels of government and among stakeholders. Challenges are complexity of public procurement procedure and frequent transfer of trained staff, and distribution and transportation of health commodities from district to health facilities still poses a challenge to supply chain management. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 51-56 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10359
Héctor Germán Oesterheld
Authors: Isabelinho Domingos
Published: May 2014

This text was inspired by a personal perplexity occasioned by the Argentinian miniseries on TV Pública, Germán, últimas viñetas [Germán's Last Panels] with actor Miguel Ángel Solá in the leading role. (The series aired from 30 April to 23 May 2013.) I mean perplexity because why would a TV channel devote a whole series to a comics scriptwriter? I ask because in many countries and moments in history the comics scriptwriter was not even credited. On the other hand, the series implies another question: what happens to a great creator when he finds himself, because of his life's circumstances, in the situation of practising his trade in a primarily conservative and commercial environment? I'll try to answer those questions, but since Oesterheld's achievements are still too unknown in Europe I hope to also give here my humble contribution to help correct the situation.