bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Non-Symmetrically Benzo-Substituted Phthalocyanines and Their Electronic Spectra
Authors: Ikeda Yoshihito , Konami Hideo , Hatano Masahiro , Mochizuki Katsura
Published: May 2006

A series of benzo-substituted phthalocyanine-Zn complexes was isolated from a mixed product of two nitriles(o-phthalonitrile and 2,3-dicyanonaphthalene) and metal salt by chromatographic techniques. The UV-Visible absorption spectra of these compounds showed a schematic variation with the mode of substitution. The “D2h” type complex showed strong anisotropy.
Cycloreversion of 1,4-Diphenylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene via Triplet State. Evidence for Adiabatic Process on the Triplet Surface
Authors: Nakabayashi Kenichi , Fukumoto Wataru , Yasuda Masahide , Shima Kensuke , Takamuku Setsuo
Published: May 2006

The cycloreversion of 1,4-diphenylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene (1) under triplet sensitization in benzene has been studied by γ-radiolysis and pulse radiolysis. It has been found that the cycloreversion of 1 to 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-cycloheptadiene proceeds by an adiabatic mechanism.
Shape Selective Epoxidation of Alkenes Catalyzed by Polyoxometalate-Intercalated Hydrotalcite
Authors: Tatsumi Takashi , Yamamoto Katsutoshi , Tajima Hiroshi , Tominaga Hiro-o
Published: May 2006

Hydrotalcite pillared by polyoxometalates of Mo and W catalyzed epoxidation of alkenes with H2O2 with significant shape selectivity; epoxidation of 2-hexene was favored than that of cyclohexene. The subsequent hydrolysis of epoxides to form diols was retarded compared to hydrotalcite-free catalysts.
The Reaction of α-Tributylstannylthioacetals with Enol Trimethylsilyl Ethers. Preparation of β-Tributylstannyl-α,β-unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Takeda Takeshi , Sugi Sin-ichiro , Nakayama Atsushi , Suzuki Yoshikazu , Fujiwara Tooru
Published: May 2006

The tin(IV) chloride-promoted reaction of enol trimethylsilyl ethers with α-tributylstannylthioacetals gave β-phenylthio-β-tributylstannylketones, which were easily transformed to β-tributylstannyl-α,β-unsaturated ketones (3) by the treatment with potassium hydride or DBU. On the basis of the results obtained in the study of the reaction of 3 with copper(II) bromide, it was assumed that the present reaction gave Z-isomers predominantly.
Oxidation of Secondary Amines with NiSO4-K2S2O8
Authors: Yamazaki Shigekazu
Published: May 2006

The catalytic system consisting of NiSO4 and K2S2O8 has been found to be effective for the oxidation of secondary amines to imines. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline was oxidized to 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline as the main product with a small amount of isoquinoline. N-Benzylaniline gave N-benzylideneaniline and a N-N coupling dimer.
Visible-Light Induced Effective Photoreduction of CO2 to CO Catalyzed by Colloidal CdS Microcrystallites
Authors: Kanemoto Masashi , Ishihara Ken-ichi , Wada Yuji , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Yanagida Shozo
Published: May 2006

Colloidal CdS microcrystallites prepared from Cd(ClO4)2 and H2S in N,N-dimethylformamide catalyze effective and selective photoreduction of CO2 to CO with apparent quantum yield, Φ1/2CO = 0.098 (400 nm) using triethylamine as a sacrificial electron donor.
Direct Bioelectrocatalysis at Metal and Carbon Electrodes Modified with Adsorbed d-Gluconate Dehydrogenase or Adsorbed Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Bacterial Membranes
Authors: Ikeda Tokuji , Miyaoka Shuji , Matsushita Fumio , Kobayashi Daisuke , Senda Mitsugi
Published: May 2006

d-Gluconate dehydrogenase, a flavohemoprotein, and alcohol dehydrogenase, a quinohemoprotein, are adsorbed strongly on carbon and metal electrodes. All the electrodes with the adsorbed enzymes produce anodic currents due to the electro-enzymatic oxidation of the substrates, where the adsorbed enzymes donate electrons directly to the electrodes; neither mediators nor promoters are necessary.
Adsorption-desorption Properties of Nitrogen Monoxide on Metal Ion-exchanged Zeolites
Authors: Zhang Wenxiang , Yahiro Hidenori , Mizuno Noritaka , Izumi Jun , Iwamoto Masakazu
Published: May 2006

Among the samples tested, the amounts of reversible and irreversible adsorption of NO were the largest on copper ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite and cobalt ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite, respectively. In the former case, the amounts of reversible and irreversible adsorption of NO were dependent on the aluminum content of zeolite and linearly increased with increasing the exchange level.
Synthesis of Lantern-type Dinuclear Mixed-Metal Complex of Platinum(II) and Nickel(II)
Authors: Nishioka Takanori , Kinoshita Isamu , Kitano Ken’ichi , Ooi Shun’ichiro
Published: May 2006

Reaction of tetra(4-methylpyridine-2-thiol)platinum(II) chloride (1) with nickel acetate in naphthalene at 120 °C in the presence of potassium hydrogen carbonate affords acetonitriletetra(μ-4-methylpyridine-2-thiolato)platinum(II)nickel(II) (2). Structural characterization has been made for 1 and 2, and confirmed that 2 has a lantern type structure.
Novel One-Step Synthesis of Sulfonyl Chlorides from Sulfides with Iodosobenzene and Hydrogen Chloride-Treated Silica Gel
Authors: Sohmiya Hajime , Kimura Takahide , Fujita Mitsue , Ando Takashi
Published: May 2006

Alkyl and aryl benzyl sulfides were conveniently converted into the corresponding alkyl and aryl sulfonyl chlorides in high yields with a few minutes’ pulverization of solid mixtures with iodosobenzene and hydrogen chloride-treated silica gel.
Nucleoside Phosphite, O-Bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl) Deoxyribonucleosid-3′-yl Phosphites. A Versatile Synthetic Intermediate for Phosphonate Modified Nucleotide and Oligonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Hosaka Hideo , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Funakoshi Hidenori , Takaku Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

The O-bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexa-fluoro-2-propyl) deoxyribonucleosid-3′-yl phosphite units could be converted into the O-nucleosid-3′-yl phosphonate, O-2-cyanoethyl O-nucleosid-3′-yl phosphonate, and O-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl O-nucleosid-3′-yl phosphonothioate. The phosphite unit reacted with 3′-O-benzoylthymidine in the presence of MeIm to give the dithymidylate derivatives.
Asymmetric Reduction of Butyl Pyruvate Catalyzed by Immobilized Glycerol Dehydrogenase in Organic-Aqueous Biphasic Media
Authors: Nakamura Kaoru , Takano Satoshi , Terada Kumi , Ohno Atsuyoshi
Published: May 2006

The rate of asymmetric reduction of butyl pyruvate catalyzed by glycerol dehydrogenase is largely enhanced when the enzyme system is immobilized by a water-adsorbent polymer and the reaction is run in an organic solvent with cooperation of cyclopentanol as a reducing reagent.
Starburst Dendrimers as Carriers in Electrokinetic Chromatography
Authors: Tanaka Nobuo , Tanigawa Tetsuya , Hosoya Ken , Kimata Kazuhiro , Araki Takeo , Terabe Shigeru
Published: May 2006

Starburst dendrimers (SBDs) were shown to be useful as carriers in electrokinetic chromatography in aqueous and aqueous-organic systems. Uncharged aromatic compounds were separated under electrophoretic conditions based on the differential binding to the SBDs. The separation was influenced by the size and ionization state of SBDs as well as the organic solvent content of the aqueous phase.
Artificial Metallonuclease. CuII-Promoted DNA Strand Scission as Effected by Bisresorcinol Derivatives Having a Metal-Ion Binding Site
Authors: Motomura Tadahiro , Araki Katsumi , Kobayashi Kenji , Toi Hiroo , Aoyama Yasuhiro
Published: May 2006

Bisresorcinol derivatives having an imidazolyl or an aminoalkyl group as a metal-ion binding site promotes an oxidative strand-scission of supercoiled φX-174 plasmid DNA in water at pH 7.4 in the presence of CuII. The essential role of the intramolecular bisresorcinol moiety is to reduce amine-coordinated CuII ion. The resulting CuI then reacts with O2 to give reactive oxygen species capable of oxidative DNA degradation.
Synthesis of Trinuclear Molybdenum Cluster Complex with Novel Skeleton, [Mo3(μ3-CCH3)(μ3-O)(μ-C6H5COO)6(CH3OH)3]Cl through Bridging Carboxylate Ligand Substitution
Authors: Nakata Kou , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Sasaki Yoichi , Ito Tasuku
Published: May 2006

[Mo3(μ3-CCH3)(μ3-O)(μ-CH3COO)6(H2O)3]+ undergoes bridging acetates substitution with benzoate ions in CH3OH-CH3CN mixed solvent to give [Mo3(μ3-CCH3)(μ3-O)(μ-C6H5COO)6(CH3OH)3]+, which can never be synthesized in principle by the conventional direct method.
Localization of Extracellular Matrix Receptors on the Chondrocyte Primary Cilium
Authors: McGlashan Susan R. , Jensen Cynthia G. , Poole C. Anthony
Published: May 2006

A single primary cilium is found in chondrocytes and other connective tissue cells. We have previously shown that extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules such as collagen fibers closely associate with chondrocyte primary cilia, and their points of contact are characterized by electron-opaque plaques suggesting a direct link between the ECM and the cilium. This study examines the expression of receptors for ECM molecules on chondrocyte primary cilia. Embryonic chick sterna were fluorescently labeled with antibodies against α and β integrins, NG2, CD44, and annexin V. Primary cilia were labeled using acetylated α-tubulin antibody. Expression of ECM receptors was examined on chondrocyte plasma membranes and their primary cilia using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. All receptors examined showed a punctate distribution on the plasma membrane. α2, α3, and β1 integrins and NG2 were also present on primary cilia, whereas annexin V and CD44 were excluded. The number of receptor-positive cilia varied from 8/50 for NG2 to 43/50 for β1 integrin. This is the first study to demonstrate the expression of integrins and NG2 on chondrocyte primary cilia. The data strongly suggest that chondrocyte primary cilia have the necessary machinery to act as mechanosensors, linking the ECM to cytoplasmic organelles responsible for matrix production and secretion.
Expression of Enzymes Involved in Estrogen Metabolism in Human Prostate
Authors: Takase Yasukazu , Lévesque Marie-Hélène , Luu-The Van , El-Alfy Mohamed , Labrie Fernand , Pelletier Georges
Published: May 2006

There is evidence that estrogens can directly modulate human prostate cell activity. It has also been shown that cultured human prostate cancer LNCaPcan synthesize the active estrogen estradiol (E2). To elucidate the metabolism of estrogens in the human prostate, we have studied the expression of enzymes involved in the formation and inactivation of estrogens at the cellular level. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) types 1, 2, 4, 7, and 12, as well as aromatase mRNA and protein expressions, were studied in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. For 17β-HSD type 4, only in situ hybridization studies were performed. Identical results were obtained with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. All the enzymes studied were shown to be expressed in both epithelial and stromal cells, with the exception of 17β-HSD types 4 and 7, which were detected only in the epithelial cells. On the basis of our previous results, showing that 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD type 5 are expressed in human prostate, and of the present data, it can be concluded that the human prostate expresses all the enzymes involved in the conversion of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to E2. The local biosynthesis of E2 might be involved in the development and/or progression of prostate pathology such as BPH and prostate cancer through modulation of estrogen receptors, which are also expressed in epithelial and stromal cells. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:911-921, 2006)
Expression of Bone Morphogenic Proteins and Receptors at the Injured Growth Plate Cartilage in Young Rats
Authors: Ngo Thai Q. , Scherer Michaela A. , Zhou Fiona H. , Foster Bruce K. , Xian Cory J.
Published: May 2006

The injured growth plate cartilage is often repaired by bony tissue, resulting in impaired bone growth in children. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are important for bone fracture repair, and as a step to characterize potential involvement of BMPs in bony repair of injured growth plate, expression of BMPs and receptors (BMP-R) was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in rat injured tibial growth plate. During the inflammatory response on day 1, slightly increased expression of BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-R1a, and BMP-R2 was observed, with immunostaining seen among inflammatory cells at the injury site. During mesenchymal infiltration and osteogenic responses on days 3-14, moderately increased expression of BMP-2, −3, −4, −7, and BMP-R1a was found, with immunostaining observed among infiltrated mesenchymal cells and differentiated osteoblasts lining bony trabeculae. During maturation phase on days 14-25, only BMP-7 was seen upregulated slightly and was localized in osteoblasts and marrow cells at the injury site. The temporospatial expression of BMPs and receptors at the injured growth plate suggests potential involvement of BMP-3 and −4 in regulating the inflammatory response or as its mediators in modulating downstream events, and BMP-2, −3, −4, and −7 in the fibrogenic and osteogenic responses, and BMP-7 in bone remodeling at the injured growth plate.
Differential Expression and Subcellular Localization of Claudin-7, −8, −12, −13, and −15 Along the Mouse Intestine
Authors: Fujita Hiroki , Chiba Hideki , Yokozaki Hiroshi , Sakai Naoyuki , Sugimoto Kotaro , Wada Takuro , Kojima Takashi , Yamashita Toshihiko , Sawada Norimasa
Published: May 2006

Among tight-junction proteins, claudins, which play a key role in paracellular transport across epithelia, claudins 1 to 5 are expressed in the intestine, and changes in their abundance and/or distribution are considered to contribute to various gastrointestinal diseases. We investigated, by reverse transcription-PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence analyses, which other claudin species were expressed in the mouse intestine, and whether they showed unique expression profiles. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against mouse claudin-8, claudin-12, and claudin-15 were generated, and their specificity was verified by immunoblotting using COS-7 cells transfected with individual claudin cDNAs. Claudin-7, −8, −12, −13, and −15 appeared to be expressed in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and/or colon with remarkable variations in the expression levels along the intestinal tract, and had distinct subcellular localization in the intestinal epithelium. In addition, claudin-13 and −15 exhibited gradients along the crypt-surface axis of the colon. By contrast, claudin-6, −9, −10, −11, −14, −16, −18, and −19 were not observed in the intestine. Our results indicate that five additional species of claudins have very complex expression patterns along and within the intestine, and that this may reflect differences in paracellular permeable properties, providing valuable resources for studying the significance of these claudins in gastrointestinal disorders. This manuscript contains online supplemental material available at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Reviews
Authors: Daly Kathy , Mozley John Williams , Sullivan Barbara , Maruna Shadd , Grabosky Peter , Freiberg Arie
Published: May 2006

Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation; by John Braithwaite (2002) New York: Oxford University Press. 314 pp., $150. ISBN 0-19-513639

Indigenous Human Rights; Sam Garkawe, Loretta Kelly and Warwick Fisher (Eds.) (2001) Sydney: Institute of Criminology Monograph Series. 265 pp., $33, ISBN 1864874090

The Spectacle of Violence: Homophobia, Gender and Knowledge; By Gail Mason (2002) London: Routledge. 170 pp, $49.95, ISBN 0415189551

Critical Criminology: Issues, Debates, Challenges; Kerry Carrington and Russell Hogg (Eds.) (2002), Devon: Willan. 286 pp., $49.50 ISBN 1903240689

The Japanese Way of Justice: Prosecuting Crime in Japan; By David T. Johnson (2002) New York: Oxford University Press. 327 pp., $US$45.00, ISBN 0-19-5111986-X

Can Gun Control Work?; By James B. Jacobs (2002) New York: Oxford University Press. 287 pp., $US27.50, ISBN 0-19-514562-3
Sentencing Reform in New Zealand: An Analysis of the Sentencing Act 2002
Authors: Roberts Julian V.
Published: May 2006

Sweeping changes have recently been made to punishment practices in many western nations. A number of these have reflected punitive, penal populism. The purpose of this essay is to examine recent reforms in New Zealand which reflect a philosophy of “bifurcation” with respect to the punishment of offenders. Harsher treatment is introduced with respect to the more serious forms of offending, while at the same time other elements of the Sentencing Act represent a more rational and moderate approach to sentencing reform. The Sentencing Act 2002 introduces a number of changes to the sentencing process in New Zealand. This article reviews some of the more important elements of the Act, beginning with the legislated statement of the purposes and principles of sentencing. The statutory purposes include the goals of rehabilitation, deterrence and incapacitation that have been cited in similar statements in other jurisdictions. The author explores the significance of various components of the Sentencing Act in light of experience in other jurisdictions such as Canada and England and Wales. In a number of areas the New Zealand statute offers a superior alternative to statutory language adopted in other countries.
Yanda 2001: Form and Strategy in a Chinese Anti-crime Campaign
Authors: Trevaskes Susan
Published: May 2006

This paper is about an anti-crime campaign in the People's Republic of China (PRC) which began in April 2001. It seeks to address the “what, when, where, how and why ” of the first months of China's latest “Strike Hard ” (Yanda) anti-crime campaign by examining four strategies of Yanda 2001 in relation to their precedents in China's first and bloodiest Yanda Campaign in 1983. This paper finds that although operations are more sophisticated and specialised, the broad strategies of the first months of Yanda 2001 do not differ significantly in approach from those employed in the first campaign 20 years ago. This is despite the increasing expectations of professionalism placed on the police, prosecuting bodies and courts in China over the last decade.
“Newsmaking” Criminology or “Infotainment”1 Criminology?
Authors: Buckingham Judith I.
Published: May 2006

The role of the media in mobilising public opinion about crime motivates some criminologists to participate as experts in media constructions of crime and social control. These public discourses help shape the social construction of offending, the public response to victims of violence and the organisation of popular consent for particular crime control strategies. This article reviews and critiques the empirical and theoretical foundations of a criminological discourse of gender symmetry in domestic violence, and gender bias in the criminal justice system, that has galvanised the popular press in New Zealand and disrupted widely accepted views of domestic violence and criminal justice processes.
The Uncertain Promise of Risk
Authors: O'Malley Pat
Published: May 2006

Conventional debates over risk in criminal justice (and more generally) tend to fall into several traps. These include the assumption that diverse configurations of risk can be collapsed into a single category, to be contrasted en bloc with other approaches to government. However, by attending to the diversity of forms of risk we can begin to develop certain principles that could be put forward as tools for thinking about the promise and limitations of ways of governing by risk. Through contrasting actuarial justice with a number of other configurations of risk-centred government, such relevant issues emerge as whether specific techniques of risk are inclusive or exclusionary, whether they set up a zero-sum game between victims and offenders, and whether they polarise risk and uncertainty. While this is promising, the paper also concludes that a democratic politics of security may provide more promise than a politics of risk per se.
Children Visiting Mothers in Prison: The Effects on Mothers' Behaviour and Disciplinary Adjustment
Authors: Casey-Acevedo Karen , Bakken Tim , Karle Adria
Published: May 2006

This article examines 158 inmate mothers released from a maximum security prison to determine the influence of minor children's visitation on their mothers' disciplinary adjustment in prison. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict the mothers' involvement in disciplinary behaviour. Although up to 80% of female inmates have minor children, the findings indicate that the majority of the mothers do not receive visits from them. The inmates who do receive visits from their minor children are more likely to engage in both serious and violent infractions while in prison. It appears that mothers who receive visits from their children have more difficulty adjusting to institutionalisation, perhaps because of the emotional factors surrounding visitation and separation from children. However, it is possible that the visitation with their children while imprisoned may help prepare mothers for life upon parole and reunification with their families and children.
Escalation and Deceleration of Offending Behaviours From Adolescence to Early Adulthood
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Western John
Published: May 2006

Relatively little longitudinal research is available in Australia to describe the age/crime relationship in much detail, particularly patterns of offending occurring during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood. This paper addresses this issue using self-reported criminal involvement from a school-based sample, a group of socially disadvantaged individuals, and a group of officially identified offenders.The findings support the widespread research that rates of offending peak during adolescence, at which time offending is widespread, and that the criminal career is of relatively short duration. However, the results also demonstrate that the age/crime curve is not a unitary phenomenon.The type of offending behaviour being considered, the gender of the population, and the perpetrator's exposure to the criminal justice system contribute to the variability in the curve. In this study, the prevalence and mean level of overall offending for the total sample was higher during early adulthood than adolescence for vehicle offences and drug-use, rates of theft were similar in both periods, and vandalism and serious offending were lower. In addition, socially disadvantaged young people reported involvement in crime that peaked and desisted earlier in the life course compared to the school-based sample, and gender differences within these groups were also found. For the school-based sample, offending for females began and desisted earlier than for males, but within the at-risk group, the opposite was true. Implications for crime-prevention programming are discussed.
Assessing Recidivism Risk Among Young Offenders
Authors: Putniņš Aldis L.
Published: May 2006

The development of a recidivism risk index for use with young offenders is described. A construction sample was drawn from the first 458 incarcerated youths in South Australia approached to undertake a routine standardised psychosocial screening. Items that met the selection criteria for the risk index were number of prior proven offences, current age, age at first offence, alcohol and inhalant use frequencies, and ADHD signs. The resulting index had significant correlations (.28–.53) with 6-month postrelease recidivism status among various assessment, age, gender and ethnic subgroups. A correlation of .36 was obtained between the index and 6-month postrelease recidivism status with an independent sample of 149 incarcerated youths. The results compare well with the predictive validities reported elsewhere for other risk instruments. An important use for the index could be to guide more intensive services toward those who are at highest risk of reoffending.
Does Feminism Spoil Girls? Explanations for Official Rises in Female Delinquency
Authors: Carrington Kerry
Published: May 2006

Official rates of female delinquency have been rising steadily in countries such as Australia, England, Canada and the United States since the 1960s.They have also generally been rising at a rate faster than that for boys. As yet there is little consensus about the reasons for these rises or even whether such rate rises reflect any real increase in female delinquency at all. Against this backdrop of rising official crimes rates for young women, this article revisits the various criminological explanations for these trends.
Compatibility and Conflict: Negotiation of Relationships by Dizygotic Same-Sex Twin Girls
Authors: Danby Susan , Thorpe Karen
Published: May 2006

This article conceptualizes the child as having active agency in the constructions of their social worlds, and reports on a study that understands the twin experiences from the perspectives of the twins. It examines how twins account for their relationships with their co-twins. The study drew on accounts of 60 twin children — 10 monozygotic (MZ), 10 dizygotic (DZ) same-sex, 10 DZ opposite-sex pairs — aged 5 to 10 years and their parent (n = 30). The children engaged in a sticker activity in which they represented their friendships, including their friendship with their co-twin. Using the task as a resource, the children were asked about their friends, the attributes of friendship and examples of everyday friendships encounters. These were audio-recorded and transcribed. Further, parents completed a questionnaire that provided demographic information and asked parents about the children's social experiences including twin children's time spent together, shared interests and their co-twin relationship. Using data from the pictorial representation from the sticker task and parent questionnaires, differences in relationship between MZ, DZ same-sex and DZ opposite-sex twins were examined and used to select a smaller sample for detailed study. DZ same-sex twins tended to view their co-twin less favorably and there was a nonsignificant trend in which conflict was elevated, compared to the other two groups. Based on these findings, the transcripts selected for analysis focuses on the DZ same-sex girls. The girls reported that they had differences of thought, activity and self-presentation. Conflict, competition and challenge as types of social interaction were described, suggesting that the everyday relationship of the twin with her co-twin is always being negotiated and realigned. Evident here is the complexity of social interactions in which the twins engaged everyday with each other.
Heritability of an Age-Dependent Categorical Phenotype: Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Reynolds Chandra A. , Fiske Amy , Fratiglioni Laura , Pedersen Nancy L. , Gatz Margaret
Published: May 2006

We investigated the extent to which cognitive dysfunction is shaped by genetic or environmental influences, and whether these factors differ in women and men. All members of the Swedish Twin Registry aged 65 and older were screened by telephone using the TELE, a brief cognitive assessment instrument (Gatz et al., 2002), and the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (Blessed et al., 1968) from relatives of those who scored poorly on the TELE. Data were available for 4308 pairs where both members responded and 5070 pairs where only one member was alive and participated. To analyze all available data, we used a raw data method extended to ordinal data. As the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction increases with age, we incorporated age-adjusted thresholds. The best fitting model from biometric analyses indicated 35% of the variation in liability to cognitive dysfunction could be explained by heritable influences and the remaining 65% by nonfamilial environmental influences. Differences by gender were not significant. As this is a normative population including cognitively intact individuals, preclinical dementia cases and demented individuals, the relative magnitude of genetic and environmental effects is of particular interest in light of high heritabilities found for dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. The findings emphasize the extent to which research is needed to uncover nonfamilial environmental influences on cognitive dysfunction in later life.
Twinsburg, Ohio; Twinsburg Research Institute; Twin Study Summaries; The Outside World
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: May 2006

Recent plans to establish a Twinsburg Research Institute in Twinsburg, Ohio, home of the annual Twins Days Festival, are reviewed. Included among the topics under discussion were the development of an Ohio and/or national United States twin registry and the appropriate location for such a facility. Next, recent findings on chromosomal anomalies and other adverse consequences of artificial reproduction are summarized — some results are surprising and unexplained. This information is followed by further examination of epigenetic twin studies, supplementing a review in a previous issue. The last section of this article presents insightful material about twin leaders, scholars, athletes, designers and parents.
Migraine With Aura and Migraine Without Aura Are Not Distinct Entities: Further Evidence From a Large Dutch Population Study
Authors: Ligthart Lannie , Boomsma Dorret I. , Martin Nicholas G. , Stubbe Janine H. , Nyholt Dale R.
Published: May 2006

It is often debated whether migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) are etiologically distinct disorders. A previous study using latent class analysis (LCA) in Australian twins showed no evidence for separate subtypes of MO and MA. The aim of the present study was to replicate these results in a population of Dutch twins and their parents, siblings and partners (N = 10,144). Latent class analysis of International Headache Society (IHS)-based migraine symptoms resulted in the identification of 4 classes: a class of unaffected subjects (class 0), a mild form of nonmigrainous headache (class 1), a moderately severe type of migraine (class 2), typically without neurological symptoms or aura (8% reporting aura symptoms), and a severe type of migraine (class 3), typically with neurological symptoms, and aura symptoms in approximately half of the cases. Given the overlap of neurological symptoms and nonmutual exclusivity of aura symptoms, these results do not support the MO and MA subtypes as being etiologically distinct. The heritability in female twins of migraine based on LCA classification was estimated at .50 (95% confidence intervals [CI] .27 – .59), similar to IHS-based migraine diagnosis (h2 = .49, 95% CI .19–.57). However, using a dichotomous classification (affected–unaffected) decreased heritability for the IHS-based classification (h2 = .33, 95% CI .00–.60), but not the LCA-based classification (h2 = .51, 95% CI .23–.61). Importantly, use of the LCA-based classification increased the number of subjects classified as affected. The heritability of the screening question was similar to more detailed LCA and IHS classifications, suggesting that the screening procedure is an important determining factor in genetic studies of migraine.
Hypotheses on the Effect of Cadmium on Glutathione Content of Red Blood Corpuscles
Authors: Shekar Sri Niranjan , Banerjee Tathagata , Biswas Atanu
Published: May 2006

Previous studies have shown that Glutathione, a tripeptide found in blood, is involved in protecting against toxins. Glutathione levels are known to drop in response to cadmium. Using 15 twin pairs, we modeled the effect of cadmium on glutathione levels. The heritability of glutathione content was 91%. The application of cadmium significantly reduced the mean level of GSH. However, this reduction in GSH was not due to additive genetic influences in our sample.
Air Swallowing Caused Recurrent Ileus in Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Frye Richard E. , Hait Elizabeth J.
Published: May 2006

This report describes an adolescent boy who has Tourette's syndrome and developed a subtle but significant increase in vocal tics after an 8-month respite. The increase in vocal tics was associated with an acute increase in psychological stressors and resulted in recurrent air swallowing, which, in turn, caused abdominal cramping, eructation, and flatus, eventually leading to aeroenteria. Air swallowing was recognized only after a second hospital admission for recurrent ileus. Air swallowing and associated symptoms were mitigated by reinstitution of psychopharmacologic treatment and an increase in the patient's self-awareness of the air-swallowing behavior. Clinically significant air swallowing has not been described previously in Tourette syndrome or a tic disorder. This case is important for pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists because either may be the first to evaluate a child or an adolescent with unexplained recurrent ileus. This report also documents the importance of the connection between the brain and the body.
The Background of American Federalism
Authors: McLaughlin Andrew C.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this paper is to make plain two facts: first, that the essential qualities of American federal organization were largely the product of the practices of the old British empire as it existed before 1764; second, that the discussions of the generation from the French and Indian war to the adoption of the federal Constitution, and, more particularly, the discussions in the ten or twelve years before independence, were over the problem of imperial organization. The center of this problem was the difficulty of recognizing federalism; and, though there was great difficulty in grasping the principle, the idea of federalism went over from the old empire, through discussion into the Constitution of the United States. By federalism is meant, of course, that system of political order in which powers of government are separated and distinguished and in which these powers are distributed among governments, each government having its quota of authority and each its distinct sphere of activity.

We all remember very well that, until about thirty years ago, it was common to think of the United States Constitution as if it were “stricken off in a given time by the brain and purpose of man.” About that time there began a careful study of the background of constitutional provisions and especially of the specific make-up of the institutions provided for by the instrument.
Amendments in House of Commons Procedure Since 1881: The Aims and Tendencies of the Newer Standing Orders
Authors: Porritt Edward
Published: May 2006

Students of the history and working of representative legislative institutions in every part of the world where these institutions are in existence are under indebtedness to Professor Redlich for the thoroughness and completeness with which he has performed a task never before attempted by any historian of the house of commons. In his scholarly book, published in German in 1905, and now more generally available through Mr. Steinthal's admirable translation into English, supplemented by a chapter of twenty-one pages by Sir Courtenay Ilbert, Professor Redlich has traced the history of house of commons procedure from the earliest days down to the important time-economizing changes which were made in the first and second sessions of the parliament elected in January, 1906.

As far as my knowledge goes there are now in existence only two modern books—only two books published since the reform act of 1832—in which any detailed history of parliamentary procedure at Westminster is to be found.
A Decade of Sino-Russian Diplomacy
Authors: Graham Malbone W.
Published: May 2006

The diplomatic relations between China and Russia in the past decade present a tangle of converging factors among which the Chinese revolution, the World War, and the Russian revolution play a great part. They are, however, only a phase in the larger process of imperial dissolution and national revival which has encompassed both the Russian and Chinese states and remarkably transformed them within the space of a generation. It is in relation to the forces unleashed by the disintegration of the Romanov and Manchu empires that the decade's changes in diplomatic policy must be viewed.

The most significant factor underlying the reorientation of Russian and Chinese foreign policy was the abolition of the monarchy in each country; for, with the fall of the imperial houses, came the beginnings of political and administrative disintegration, the resurgence of local nationalism, and the loosing of the centrifugal forces which the defunct dynasties had held in check. It is not our problem here to trace the constitutional consequences of such a vacancy of power in either domain, but to note the salient fact that it was a difficult, if not impossible, task immediately to create an efficient substitute authority for the dead and departed emperors, and that, in view of that difficulty, provincial separatism was for a time allowed to gain such headway as to constitute a serious menace to the national integrity of both the dissolving empires.
City Manager Plan in Ohio
Authors: Upson L. D.
Published: May 2006

City manager government will soon be in effect over some 250,000 people living in eighteen cities. One hundred seventy five thousand of these people live in Dayton and Springfield—cities which are now completing their first year under this type of administration. Any deductions to be made regarding this type of government as it operates in the case of larger communities, must be drawn from the experience of these two municipalities over the past year.

A most common test of the character of government is economy, although that is no fairer criterion of worth than it is with shoes, furniture, or tobacco. Cheap government is not necessarily good government. Even were the revenue and expense schedules for the present year available, it would be difficult to make an impartial analysis and comparison of finances in Dayton and Springfield under the two types of government. In Springfield the most concrete evidence of economy has been the reduction of the floating indebtedness from $100,000 to $40,000, although the resources were slightly less than those of former years. In Dayton the net expenditures for 1914 from ordinary sources will be approximately $78,000 more than for the previous year. However, with this increase the general revenues were charged for street repair, street lighting, and emergency health work, formerly costing a much larger amount from bonds.
The Sovereignty of the Native Indian States
Authors: O'Rourke Vernon A.
Published: May 2006

Before British India can ever be given complete home rule, the knotty problem of the relation of the native states to such a dominion must be considered. Nationalists in British India maintain that whenever complete dominion status is offered to their country, it will assume in respect to the states the same position that the crown holds toward them; meanwhile, spokesmen for the princes insist that such a step can and should never be taken without their consent. Whatever viewpoint prevails, before India can function as an independent, self-sufficient unit, some arrangement, presumably of a federal character, must certainly be effected.

An analysis of the numerous views held concerning the legal relation of the native states to the British Empire enables one to discern three principal theories: first, that held by most crown officials and Indian nationalists, which maintains the sovereignty of the crown; second, the view of the Indian princes, which attempts to prove the retention by them of the “residuary” sovereignty; and, third, the intermediate opinion of many publicists, both of Europe and of India, which asserts the existence of a divided sovereignty.

Desiring to ascertain the location of the legal sovereign in the political tangle presented by the apparently anomalous position of the princes, one is obliged to discard the theory of a divided sovereignty. Speaking in juridical terms, it is necessary to posit in some agency the source of legal sovereignty, even though its political exercise may be vested in more than one entity. There thus remains but two diametrically opposed theories, one that predicates the existence of supreme legal authority in the crown, and the other which confers it upon the rulers of the Indian states.
Judicial Influence
Authors: Mott Rodney L.
Published: May 2006

It is axiomatic that some supreme courts are more influential than others. A dictum by one judge may carry more weight than a decision by another. Anyone who has studied the opinions of our highest courts is constantly assigning values to them, and the combination of these impressions may determine the relative standing of these tribunals for that individual. That this process of appreciation or depreciation is usually unconscious, and frequently irrational, does not make the prestige which results from it any less real or less potent a factor.
Judicial Abrogation of County Home Rule in Ohio
Authors: Shoup Earl L.
Published: May 2006

On February 6, the Ohio supreme court handed down a decision invalidating the Cuyahoga county charter. While this was a severe blow to those who had worked for years for the modernization of the sadly disorganized polity of this metropolitan region, by far its most serious aspect was the court's adoption of an interpretation of the constitution which in effect abrogated the procedure for the adoption of a county charter by a simple majority of those voting in the county. This decision has doubtless set back the reform of county government a minimum of five to ten years.
The Recent Parliamentary Elections in Sweden
Authors: Arneson Ben A.
Published: May 2006

With the tense international situation as an ominous background, the regular quadrennial parliamentary elections for the lower house were held in Sweden in September, 1940. Four years ago, the autumn of 1936 witnessed spirited and warmly contested parliamentary elections in both Sweden and Norway. Because Norway's constitution was amended in 1937 to provide for quadrennial rather than triennial elections, the autumn of 1940 would—save for the German invasion of the Norwegian democracy—have seen nation-wide parliamentary elections in both countries of the Scandinavian peninsula. With Sweden as the only Scandinavian nation remaining free and independent, it has been interesting to note what effect, if any, the tremendous pressures from the surrounding totalitarian states has had on democratic processes in the Swedish state.

Over a year ago, the Swedish cabinet was reorganised into a National Cabinet with all leading political parties represented. As the time for the elections approached, some of the minority parties expressed willingness to postpone the contest, even to the extent of ignoring the constitutional provision for quadrennial elections. The remarkable expression of confidence by the smaller parties in the largest party—the Social Democrats—was countered by an equally remarkable stand taken by the leader of the Social Democrats, Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson, who insisted that the democratic processes of a popular election should be continued. The prime minister's view was accepted by all parties, since it was felt by all leaders that in such a time of stress it would be an indication of democratic strength for the parliament to go to the people. All were agreed also that the parties which would, in normal times, be in opposition should continue as vital going concerns.
Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between April 12 and July 15, 1940
Authors: Schmeckebier L. F.
Published: May 2006

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order or Reorganization Plans under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.

Administration of Insecticide Act and Naval Stores Act. Transferred to Agricultural Marketing Service from Food and Drug Administration by Order 865 of the Secretary of Agriculture of June 19, 1940, effective June 30, 1940.

Advisory Commission to Council of National Defense. On May 28, 1940, the President announced the creation of an Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense, although the official nomination of members by the Council did not appear until the publication of the Federal Register for June 26. The Council consists of the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, Commerce, Agriculture, and Labor, and the act of August 29, 1916 (39 Stat. L. 649),authorizes it to nominate and the President to appoint an advisory commission. The members of the Commission receive no compensation, but are reimbursed for expenses.
Thomas Paine—Democrat
Authors: Penniman Howard
Published: May 2006

These may be “the times that try men's souls,” as President Roosevelt recently told the nation, but they may also be the times when free and courageous men may push forward toward the better society of which Thomas Paine dreamed when he pleaded with the colonists for unity in the cause of freedom. When Paine first wrote those words 165 years ago, America had an opportunity to break away from the tyranny of Europe. But Paine was not content to win a war of independence for America alone. Like many today, he talked of world revolution aimed at the tyranny of the few over the many. He, too, argued that men—all men—should have an equal opportunity to shape their own destinies and the destiny of the world in which they found themselves. In an era when men are fighting to preserve and extend a heritage of freedom, it would be well to reëxamine the ideas of Paine, whose writings inspired men of his day in America, in England, and in France to work and to die that they might be free.
Shall Enemy Property be Returned? A Long-Term View
Authors: Southworth Constant
Published: May 2006

The ultimate disposition of some hundreds of million dollars' worth of property of enemy aliens, now under the control of the United States government, awaits a decision. In addition to patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc., the Alien Property Custodian has subjected to control enemy property amounting to nearly 200 million dollars, composed primarily of business enterprises. The United States Treasury has blocked some 330 million dollars worth of the assets of enemy nationals not involving control over specific productive assets.

Many international lawyers hold that international law requires postwar restitution of, or in lieu of restitution compensation for, enemy private property sequestered during a war; and an important question of policy now presents itself. This article, on the basis of long-term considerations, advocates a policy of restitution.
Variations on a Familiar Theme
Authors: Odegard Peter H.
Published: May 2006

As I set out to prepare for this combined inaugural and valedictory, I sought a theme worthy of the occasion and within the span of my own limited vision. Notwithstanding the lush crop of “problems” confronting our world and our profession, no suitable theme came readily to mind. I experimented with many, including “Variations on a Theme by Joe McCarthy,” or “Acheson at Armageddon,” or “General MacArthur Fades Again.” But in all such cases the theme was obscured by the variations. And so I've called these remarks “Variations on a Familiar Theme.”

Since 1903 when Frank Goodnow spoke on “The Work of the American Political Science Association,” no less than forty-five presidents have prepared annual speeches on as many different themes. It is interesting to note that of thirteen such speeches up to 1917, only one gave any major attention to international relations. Then, between 1917 and 1924, four of the seven were devoted to an international theme. But during the twenty-six years from 1924 through 1950, only two dealt primarily with international relations.