bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FDB’s centrallagre som kulturarv.
Authors: Mortensen Mette Tapdrup
Published: March 2016

I disse år tales meget om velfærdssamfundets eller efterkrigstidens kulturarv. Hvordan skal vi forholde os til de mange bygninger i nye materialer, der samtidigt er udtryk for nye måder at indrette samfundet på? Denne artikel bygger på en undersøgelse af FDB’s centrallagre, der i mere end 50 år har været produktions- og lagringssted for detailhandlens vareflow.

Abstract

Since the first member-owned co-operative shops emerged in Denmark in the second half of the 19th century, and organised themselves as the FDB in 1896, the latter’s prime objective has been to provide its members with a wide range of products at the most favourable prices. This has required continuous innovation and change, not least in the second half of the 20th century, as competition in the retailing market intensified. In the mid-1950s, the management of FDB implemented a comprehensive rationalisation of production, transport, storage, distribution and sales, as well as the overall structure connecting these aspects of its enterprise. Drawing on inspiration from the USA, within a decade this process radically transformed both the FDB itself and Danish retail trade in its entirety.

In a broader perspective, this rationalisation process and its consequences  is a part of the history of the Danish welfare society, since it concerns the emergence of the modern consumer, as well as technical, economic and administrative innovation of the retail trade. The local co-operative shop with the manager behind the desk and the goods sold loose was replaced by modern self-service shops with standardised equipment, and numerous multi-storey warehouses distributed in the old city centres were in the early 1960s substituted by seven, strategically located central warehouses serviced by fork-lift trucks. The one located in Albertslund functioned from 1964 onwards as the organization’s headquarters.. In 2007 Kulturarvsstyrelsen (The Heritage Agency of Denmark) proclaimed this warehouse in Alberslund, today the headquarters of the Coop, to be one of 25 national sites of industrial heritage.
Følelseshistorie – Teoretiske brudflader og udfordringer.
Authors: Vallgårda Karen
Published: March 2016

Følelseshistorie er et forskningsfelt i eksplosiv vækst. Med udgangspunkt i væsentlige nyere bidrag inden for historiefaget og kulturstudier diskuterer artiklen de centrale teoretiske problemstillinger, forskere konfronteres med, når de vil undersøge følelser i forskellige historiske kontekster: Hvordan skal vi definere følelser? I hvor høj grad er de socialt konstituerede og kulturelt specifikke? Er der noget naturgivent og universelt ved det menneskelige følelsesliv? Artiklen taler for at undersøge følelser som en form for praksis, der udspringer fra en social struktureret krop, og som påvirker de sociale sammenhænge, hvori de udøves.

Abstract

The history of emotions is currently a rapidly expanding field. Probing a number of important recent contributions to the field, this article discusses the central theoretical and methodological challenges that researchers must confront when interrogating emotions in different historical contexts: How should we define emotions? To what extent are they socially constituted and culturally contingent? Is there anything universal about human emotional experience? The article makes the case that the greatest challenge for historians of emotion is to conceptualize emotions in a way that captures their social constitution while at the same time implies a principle of emotional changes over time. Taking Monique Scheer’s concept of ”emotional practices” as a starting point, the article argues that it could productively be combined with theories that point to the sociopolitical effects of emotions. This conceptualization makes it possible to shift the theoretical focus away from the emotions’ ontological status towards an analysis of how emotions are done and with what effects. Examining different empirical examples from postcolonial studies, the article finally shows how the concept of emotional practices is useful to think with in analyses of the sociopolitical implications of emotions.
Number of traps and trap depth position on statistical distribution of random telegraph noise in scaled NAND flash memory
Authors: Tomita Toshihiro , Miyaji Kousuke
Published: March 2016

The dependence of random telegraph noise (RTN) amplitude distribution on the number of traps and trap depth position is investigated using three-dimensional Monte Carlo device simulation including random dopant fluctuation (RDF) in a 30 nm NAND multi level flash memory. The ΔV
th tail distribution becomes broad at fixed double traps, indicating that the number of traps greatly affects the worst RTN characteristics. It is also found that for both fixed single and fixed double traps, the ΔV
th distribution in the lowest cell threshold voltage (V
th) state shows the broadest distribution among all cell V
th states. This is because the drain current flows at the channel surface in the lowest cell V
th state, while at a high cell V
th, it flows at the deeper position owing to the fringing coupling between the control gate (CG) and the channel. In this work, the ΔV
th distribution with the number of traps following the Poisson distribution is also considered to cope with the variations in trap number. As a result, it is found that the number of traps is an important factor for understanding RTN characteristics. In addition, considering trap position in the tunnel oxide thickness direction is also an important factor.
39% access time improvement, 11% energy reduction, 32 kbit 1-read/1-write 2-port static random-access memory using two-stage read boost and write-boost after read sensing scheme
Authors: Yamamoto Yasue , Moriwaki Shinichi , Kawasumi Atsushi , Miyano Shinji , Shinohara Hirofumi
Published: March 2016

We propose novel circuit techniques for 1 clock (1CLK) 1 read/1 write (1R/1W) 2-port static random-access memories (SRAMs) to improve read access time (tAC) and write margins at low voltages. Two-stage read boost (TSR-BST) and write word line boost (WWL-BST) after the read sensing schemes have been proposed. TSR-BST reduces the worst read bit line (RBL) delay by 61% and RBL amplitude by 10% at V
DD = 0.5 V, which improves tAC by 39% and reduces energy dissipation by 11% at V
DD = 0.55 V. WWL-BST after read sensing scheme improves minimum operating voltage (V
min) by 140 mV. A 32 kbit 1CLK 1R/1W 2-port SRAM with TSR-BST and WWL-BST has been developed using a 40 nm CMOS.
Ge/graded-SiGe multiplication layers for low-voltage and low-noise Ge avalanche photodiodes on Si
Authors: Miyasaka Yuji , Hiraki Tatsurou , Okazaki Kota , Takeda Kotaro , Tsuchizawa Tai , Yamada Koji , Wada Kazumi , Ishikawa Yasuhiko
Published: March 2016

A new structure is examined for low-voltage and low-noise Ge-based avalanche photodiodes (APDs) on Si, where a Ge/graded-SiGe heterostructure is used as the multiplication layer of a separate-absorption-carrier-multiplication structure. The Ge/SiGe heterojunction multiplication layer is theoretically shown to be useful for preferentially enhancing impact ionization for photogenerated holes injected from the Ge optical-absorption layer via the graded SiGe, reflecting the valence band discontinuity at the Ge/SiGe interface. This property is effective not only for the reduction of operation voltage/electric field strength in Ge-based APDs but also for the reduction of excess noise resulting from the ratio of the ionization coefficients between electrons and holes being far from unity. Such Ge/graded-SiGe heterostructures are successfully fabricated by ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition. Preliminary pin diodes having a Ge/graded-SiGe multiplication layer act reasonably as photodetectors, showing a multiplication gain larger than those for diodes without the Ge/SiGe heterojunction.
Photoconductivity of Er-doped InAs quantum dots embedded in strain-relaxed InGaAs layers with 1.5 µm cw and pulse excitation
Authors: Murakumo Keisuke , Yamaoka Yuya , Kumagai Naoto , Kitada Takahiro , Isu Toshiro
Published: March 2016

We fabricated a photoconductive antenna structure utilizing Er-doped InAs quantum dot layers embedded in strain-relaxed In0.35Ga0.65As layers on a GaAs substrate. Mesa-shaped electrodes for the antenna structure were formed by photolithography and wet etching in order to suppress its dark current. We measured the photocurrent with the excitation of ∼1.5 µm cw and femtosecond pulse lasers. Compared with the dark current, the photocurrent was clearly observed under both cw and pulse excitation conditions and almost linearly increased with increasing excitation power in a wide range of magnitudes from 10 W/cm2 to 10 MW/cm2 order.
Filter-less fluorescence sensor with high separation ability achieved by the suppression of forward-scattered light in silicon
Authors: Choi Yong Joon , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Matsuda Motoharu , Hizawa Takeshi , Moriwaki Yu , Dasai Fumihiro , Kimura Yasuyuki , Akita Ippei , Iwata Tatsuya , Ishida Makoto , Sawada Kazuaki
Published: March 2016

The improvement of a filter-less fluorescence sensor, by suppressing forward scattering in silicon by surface planarization is presented. A fluorescence microscope has been widely used in biochemical fields. However, it is difficult to miniaturize because optical filters and other parts are necessary. We previously developed a filter-less fluorescence sensor. The separation ability of excitation light and fluorescence in the previous device was 550:1. It is necessary to improve the separation ability. This study focuses on the suppression of forward-scattered incident light in silicon, through the enhanced surface planarization of polysilicon, which is the gate electrode material. The separation ability of the filter-less fluorescence sensor was increased from 550:1 to 1250:1 by the suppression of forward-scattered light.
Efficacy of Intraoperative Single Dose Methylprednisolone on Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Function After Thyroidectomy
Authors: Emre Ali Ugur , Cakmak Guldeniz Karadeniz , Arpaci Dilek Karakaya , Ilikhan Sevil Uygun , Damar Murat
Published: March 2016

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy is an important complication of thyroid surgery. Injuries can either be permanent or temporary. Prevention or shortening the recovery period of temporary palsies is an area of interest. Some surgeons prefer to use corticosteroids for this purpose as is used for facial nerve palsies although there are conflicting data in the literature. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of perioperative single dose methylprednisolone on recurrent laryngeal nerve function. A total of 438 nerves under risk in 237 surgeries are investigated in 2 groups. In Group 1, patients are administered a single intraoperative dose of methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg) intravenously for 220 nerves under risk. A total of 218 nerves under risk in Group 2 were operated and followed without methylprednisolone. The demographic data of the patients, operation time, the final pathology reports, incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, and recovery time are documented and compared. No statistically significant difference was determined in terms of age, sex distribution, number of nerves under risk, and the operation time between groups. There were 3 unilateral RLNP in each group and the mean recovery time for Group 1 and 2 palsies were 20.4 and 19.8 days, respectively, without statistical significance. The presented data indicates that a single intraoperative dose of steroid does not seem to affect the rate and recovery period of RLNP in thyroid surgery.
Assessing waveform predictions of recent three‐dimensional velocity models of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Bao Xueyang , Shen Yang
Published: March 2016

Accurate velocity models are essential for both the determination of earthquake locations and source moments and the interpretation of Earth structures. With the increasing number of three‐dimensional velocity models, it has become necessary to assess the models for accuracy in predicting seismic observations. Six models of the crustal and uppermost mantle structures in Tibet and surrounding regions are investigated in this study. Regional Rayleigh and Pn (or Pnl) waveforms from two ground truth events, including one nuclear explosion and one natural earthquake located in the study area, are simulated by using a three‐dimensional finite‐difference method. Synthetics are compared to observed waveforms in multiple period bands of 20–75 s for Rayleigh waves and 1–20 s for Pn/Pnl waves. The models are evaluated based on the phase delays and cross‐correlation coefficients between synthetic and observed waveforms. A model generated from full‐wave ambient noise tomography best predicts Rayleigh waves throughout the data set, as well as Pn/Pnl waves traveling from the Tarim Basin to the stations located in central Tibet. In general, the models constructed from P wave tomography are not well suited to predict Rayleigh waves, and vice versa. Possible causes of the differences between observed and synthetic waveforms, and frequency‐dependent variations of the “best matching” models with the smallest prediction errors are discussed. This study suggests that simultaneous prediction for body and surface waves requires an integrated velocity model constructed with multiple seismic waveforms and consideration of other important properties, such as anisotropy.
An oceanic heat transport pathway to the Amundsen Sea Embayment
Authors: Rodriguez Angelica R. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Gille Sarah T.
Published: March 2016

The Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) on the West Antarctic coastline has been identified as a region of accelerated glacial melting. A Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) is analyzed over the 2005–2010 time period in the Amundsen Sea region. The SOSE oceanic heat budget reveals that the contribution of parameterized small‐scale mixing to the heat content of the ASE waters is small compared to advection and local air‐sea heat flux, both of which contribute significantly to the heat content of the ASE waters. Above the permanent pycnocline, the local air‐sea flux dominates the heat budget and is controlled by seasonal changes in sea ice coverage. Overall, between 2005 and 2010, the model shows a net heating in the surface above the pycnocline within the ASE. Sea water below the permanent pycnocline is isolated from the influence of air‐sea heat fluxes, and thus, the divergence of heat advection is the major contributor to increased oceanic heat content of these waters. Oceanic transport of mass and heat into the ASE is dominated by the cross‐shelf input and is primarily geostrophic below the permanent pycnocline. Diagnosis of the time‐mean SOSE vorticity budget along the continental shelf slope indicates that the cross‐shelf transport is sustained by vorticity input from the localized wind‐stress curl over the shelf break.
The role of U.S. states in facilitating effective water governance under stress and change
Authors: Kirchhoff Christine J. , Dilling Lisa
Published: March 2016

Worldwide water governance failures undermine effective water management under uncertainty and change. Overcoming these failures requires employing more adaptive, resilient water management approaches; yet, while scholars have advance theory of what adaptive, resilient approaches should be, there is little empirical evidence to support those normative propositions. To fill this gap, we reviewed the literature to derive theorized characteristics of adaptive, resilient water governance including knowledge generation and use, participation, clear rules for water use, and incorporating nonstationarity. Then, using interviews and documentary analysis focused on five U.S. states' allocation and planning approaches, we examined empirically if embodying these characteristics made states more (or less) adaptive and resilient in practice. We found that adaptive, resilient water governance requires not just possessing these characteristics but combining and building on them. That is, adaptive, resilient water governance requires well‐funded, transparent knowledge systems combined with broad, multilevel participatory processes that support learning, strong institutional arrangements that establish authorities and rules and that allow flexibility as conditions change, and resources for integrated planning and allocation. We also found that difficulty incorporating climate change or altering existing water governance paradigms and inadequate funding of water programs undermine adaptive, resilient governance.
O+ ion beams reflected below the Martian bow shock: MAVEN observations
Authors: Masunaga K. , Seki K. , Brain D. A. , Fang X. , Dong Y. , Jakosky B. M. , McFadden J. P. , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. P.
Published: March 2016

We investigate a generation mechanism of O+ ion beams observed above the Martian bow shock by analyzing ion velocity distribution functions (VDFs) measured by the Suprathermal and Thermal Ion Composition instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft. In the solar wind near Mars, MAVEN often observes energetic O+ ion beams (~10 keV or higher). Accompanied with the O+ ion beam events, we sometimes observe characteristic ion VDFs in the magnetosheath: a partial ring distribution. The partial ring distribution corresponds to pickup ions with a finite initial velocity (i.e., not newborn pickup ions), and its phase space density is much smaller than that of local pickup O+ ions of the magnetosheath. Thus, the partial ring distribution is most likely produced by the reflection of pickup O+ ions precipitating from the upstream solar wind below the bow shock. After being injected into the magnetosheath from the solar wind, the precipitating O+ ions are subject to the significantly enhanced magnetic field in this region and start to gyrate around the guiding center of the plasma frame in the magnetosheath. Consequently, a part of precipitating O+ ions are reflected back to the solar wind, generating O+ beams in the solar wind. The beams direct quasi‐sunward near the subsolar region but have large angle with respect to the sunward direction at high solar zenith angles (>50°). The reflected O+ beams are accelerated by the convection electric field of the solar wind and may escape Mars.
New Insights into Intrinsic Point Defects in V2VI3 Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Zhu Tiejun , Hu Lipeng , Zhao Xinbing , He Jian
Published: March 2016

Defects and defect engineering are at the core of many regimes of material research, including the field of thermoelectric study. The 60‐year history of V2VI3 thermoelectric materials is a prime example of how a class of semiconductor material, considered mature several times, can be rejuvenated by better understanding and manipulation of defects. This review aims to provide a systematic account of the underexplored intrinsic point defects in V2VI3 compounds, with regard to (i) their formation and control, and (ii) their interplay with other types of defects towards higher thermoelectric performance. We herein present a convincing case that intrinsic point defects can be actively controlled by extrinsic doping and also via compositional, mechanical, and thermal control at various stages of material synthesis. An up‐to‐date understanding of intrinsic point defects in V2VI3 compounds is summarized in a (χ, r)‐model and applied to elucidating the donor‐like effect. These new insights not only enable more innovative defect engineering in other thermoelectric materials but also, in a broad context, contribute to rational defect design in advanced functional materials at large.
Molecular origin of decreased diffusivity with loading for benzene/HY
Authors: Zheng Huimin , Zhao Liang , Ji Jingjing , Yang Qing , Huang Haokai , Gao Jinsen
Published: March 2016

On the basis of our recently proposed “ideal” and “insertion” adsorption mechanisms of aromatics in HY zeolites, changes in energetic and dynamic properties with loading were investigated through Monte Carlo and molecular dynamic (MD) calculations. Loading‐dependent isosteric heat could be divided into three linear ranges. The two inflection points were attributed to adsorbate interactions and inherent adsorption mechanism changes. With regard to the loading dependence of diffusivity, diffusivity decreased faster at high loadings than at low and medium loadings, separated by an inflection point. This result confirmed a two‐stage diffusion mechanism based on the distribution of adsorbate from MD simulations which was able to qualitatively predict the further restriction of the mobility. This study provided insights into the modeling of mobility at high loadings on the basis of site‐hopping mechanism. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2778–2785, 2016
Trisomy 3 mosaicism in a 5‐year‐old boy with multiple anomalies: A very rare case
Authors: Yang Yong‐jia , Yao Xu , Guo Jihong , Zhao Liu , Tu Ming , Qiou Jun , Zhao Rui , Luo Yongqi , Zhu Yi‐min
Published: March 2016

Trisomy 3 mosaicism in live birth is exceedingly rare. In this study, we report a 5‐year‐old boy with trisomy 3 mosaicism who exhibits skeletal anomalies, atypical form of ectodermal dysplasias, refractory diarrhea, and normal intelligence. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and microsatellite marker analyses confirmed the existence of trisomy 3 mosaicism and suggested that the parental origin of the additional chromosome 3 in the trisomic cells was maternal. This report further delineated the trisomy 3 mosaicism in live births. The authors propose that both common phenotypes and phenotypic diversity exist on cases with trisomy 3 mosaicism. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors affecting cashew processing by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus, Kerr 1792)
Authors: Visalberghi Elisabetta , Albani Alessandro , Ventricelli Marialba , Izar Patricia , Schino Gabriele , Fragazsy Dorothy
Published: March 2016

Cashew nuts are very nutritious but so well defended by caustic chemicals that very few species eat them. We investigated how wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) living at Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV; Piauí, Brazil) process cashew nuts (Anacardiumspp.) to avoid the caustic chemicals contained in the seed mesocarp. We recorded the behavior of 23 individuals toward fresh (N = 1282) and dry (N = 477) cashew nuts. Adult capuchins used different sets of behaviors to process nuts: rubbing for fresh nuts and tool use for dry nuts. Moreover, adults succeed to open dry nuts both by using teeth and tools. Age and body mass significantly affected success. Signs of discomfort (e.g., chemical burns, drooling) were rare. Young capuchins do not frequently closely observe adults processing cashew nuts, nor eat bits of nut processed by others. Thus, observing the behavior of skillful group members does not seem important for learning how to process cashew nuts, although being together with group members eating cashews is likely to facilitate interest toward nuts and their inclusion into the diet. These findings differ from those obtained when capuchins crack palm nuts, where observations of others cracking nuts and encounters with the artifacts of cracking produced by others are common and support young individuals’ persistent practice at cracking. Cashew nut processing by capuchins in FBV appears to differ from that observed in a conspecific population living 320 km apart, where capuchins use tools to open both fresh and dry nuts. Moreover, in the latter population, chemical burns due to cashew caustic compounds appear to be common. The sources of these differences across populations deserve investigation, especially given that social influences on young monkeys learning to open cashew nuts at FBV seem to be nonspecific. Am. J. Primatol. 78:799–815, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
σ–π Continuum in Indole–Palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Yamamoto Koji , Kimura Seita , Murahashi Tetsuro
Published: March 2016

The intrinsic features of (hetero‐arene)–metal interactions have been elusive mainly because the systematic structure analysis of non‐anchored hetero‐arene–metal complexes has been hampered by their labile nature. We report successful isolation and systematic structure analysis of a series of non‐anchored indole–palladium(II) complexes. It was revealed that there is a σ–π continuum for the indole–metal interaction, while it has been thought that the dominant coordination mode of indole to a metal center is the Wheland‐intermediate‐type σ‐mode in light of the seemingly strong electron‐donating ability of indole. Several factors which affect the σ‐ or π‐character of indole–metal interactions are discussed.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation and One‐Pot Twofold Unsymmetrical C−H Functionalization of Arenes
Authors: Ghosh Koushik , Rit Raja K. , Ramesh E. , Sahoo Akhila K.
Published: March 2016

A methyl phenyl sulfoximine (MPS) is used as a directing group in the ruthenium‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of alkene‐tethered benzoic acid derivatives to afford dihydrobenzofurans and indolines in good to excellent yields. A one‐pot, unsymmetrical, twofold C−H functionalization involving intramolecular C−C and intermolecular C−C/C−N bond formations is successfully demonstrated by using a single set of catalytic reaction conditions, which is unprecedented thus far. A novel isoquinolone‐bearing dihydrobenzofuran is constructed through an unsymmetrical twofold C−H functionalization.
Effect of anhydride curing agents, imidazoles, and silver particle sizes on the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity in the silver adhesives of LED devices
Authors: Chiang Tzu Hsuan , Lin Ya‐Chun , Chen Yi‐Fu , Chen Emi‐Yun
Published: March 2016

This study investigated the preparation of silver adhesives applied to a light‐emitting diode (LED) device as die‐attach materials consisting of silver particles, on epoxy resin, curing agents, and accelerants for complete curing at 150 °C for 30 min. For the epoxy resin, this study used 3,4‐epoxycyclohexyl‐methyl‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate mixed with different types of anhydride curing agents such as 4‐methylcyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylic anhydride and hexahydrophthalic anhydride as well as imidazole accelerants such as 2‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole‐1‐propanenitrile, 2‐phenylimidazole, 2‐methylimidazole, 2‐phenyl‐2‐imidazoline, and 1,2‐dimethylimidazole. In addition, different size of silver particles and hybrid silver particles were used for the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of silver adhesives. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measured conversion of silver adhesives based on different types and contents of the curing agents and accelerants under heating. The silver particles' distribution of silver adhesive also affected electrical resistance, as proved by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and four‐point probe. The obtained results showed that the silver adhesive containing an 100 wt % of epoxy resin mixed with 85 wt % of hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 1.0 wt % (weight of epoxy resin) of 2‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole‐1‐propanenitrile, and 80 wt % (weight of epoxy resin) of hybrid silver particles (40 wt % 15 μm and 40 wt % 1.25 μm) was perfect, having the lowest electrical resistivity at 1.11 × 10−4 Ω·cm and good thermal conductivity at 3.2 W/m·K. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43587.
Genetic mutation analysis at early stages of cell line development using next generation sequencing
Authors: Wright Chapman , Groot Joost , Swahn Samantha , McLaughlin Helen , Liu Mei , Xu Chongfeng , Sun Chao , Zheng Eric , Estes Scott
Published: March 2016

A central goal for most biopharmaceutical companies is to reduce the development timeline to reach clinical proof of concept. This objective requires the development of tools that ensure the quality of biotherapeutic material destined for the clinic. Recent advances in high throughput protein analytics provide confidence in our ability to assess productivity and product quality attributes at early stages of cell line development. However, one quality attribute has, until recently, been absent from the standard battery of analytical tests facilitating informed choices early in cell line selection: genetic sequence confirmation. Techniques historically used for mutation analysis, such as detailed mass spectrometry, have limitations on the sample number and turnaround times making it less attractive at early stages. Thus, we explored the utility of Next‐Generation Sequencing (NGS) as a solution to address these limitations. Amplicon sequencing is one such NGS technique that is robust, rapid, sensitive, and amenable to multiplexing, all of which are essential attributes for our purposes. Here we report a NGS method based upon amplicon sequencing that has been successfully incorporated into our cell line development workflow alongside other high‐throughput protein analytical assays. The NGS method has demonstrated its value by identifying at least one Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clone expressing a variant form of the biotherapeutic in each of the four clinical programs in which it has been utilized. We believe this sequence confirmation method is essential to safely accelerating the time to clinical proof of concept of biotherapeutics, and guard against delays related to sequence mutations. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:813–817, 2016
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: Diagnostic, clinical, and paleopathological considerations
Authors: Holgate Rachel L.V. , Steyn Maryna
Published: March 2016

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a disease primarily affecting the spine. However, it is also associated with the ossification/calcification of tendon, ligament, and capsule insertions (entheses) occurring at multiple peripheral sites. The etiology of the condition is unknown, as the name suggests (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis), although some correlations with diabetes mellitus, obesity, and age have been noted. Clinical diagnostic criteria have been adapted for paleopathological assessment of archeological skeletal remains, revealing some interesting patterns between monastic and lay populations; showing a higher incidence of DISH among individuals buried in monastic cemeteries. Although fascinating, the mechanisms behind this difference in prevalence are still not fully understood and have been attributed to the relatively richer diets of the monks and priests. The development of diagnostic criteria, where early stage cases of DISH can be identified as well as a better understanding of its causes, is paramount to the prevention of this potentially debilitating condition and perhaps this is where paleopathologists can assist. The use of dry bone rather than living patients for detailed assessment means that paleopathologists are less restricted by the techniques they can use in their investigations and the condition's occurrence in various archeological assemblages can provide interesting insights into its etiology. Clin. Anat. 29:870–877, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autophagy regulates the apoptosis of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxic condition via AMP‐activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Yang Ming , Wang Yabin , Wang Le , Jin Zhitao , Ding Liping , Zhang Lijuan , Zhang Lina , Jiang Wei , Gao Guojie , Yang Junke , Lu Bingwei , Cao Feng , Hu Taohong
Published: March 2016

Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) have been demonstrated as an ideal autologous stem cells source for cell‐based therapy for myocardial infarction (MI). However, poor viability of donor stem cells after transplantation limits their therapeutic efficiency, whereas the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. Autophagy, a highly conserved process of cellular degradation, is required for maintaining homeostasis and normal function. Here, we investigated the potential role of autophagy on apoptosis in BM‐MSCs induced by hypoxic injury. BM‐MSCs, isolated from male C57BL/6 mice, were subjected to hypoxia and serum deprivation (H/SD) injury for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The autophagy state was regulated by 3‐methyladenine (3MA) and rapamycin administration. Furthermore, compound C was administrated to inhibit AMPK. The apoptosis induced by H/SD was determined by TUNEL assays. Meanwhile, autophagy was measured by GFP‐LC3 plasmids transfection and transmission electron microscope. Moreover, protein expressions were evaluated by Western blot assay. In the present study, we found that hypoxic stress increased autophagy and apoptosis in BM‐MSCs time dependently. Meanwhile, hypoxia increased the activity of AMPK/mTOR signal pathway. Moreover, increased apoptosis in BM‐MSCs under hypoxia was abolished by 3‐MA, whereas was aggravated by rapamycin. Furthermore, the increased autophagy and apoptosis in BM‐MSCs induced by hypoxia were abolished by AMPK inhibitor compound C. These data provide evidence that hypoxia induced AMPK/mTOR signal pathway activation which regulated the apoptosis and autophagy in BM‐MSCs. Furthermore, the apoptosis of BM‐MSCs under hypoxic condition was regulated by autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway.
Anemia in a neonate with placental mesenchymal dysplasia
Authors: Ishikawa Satoshi , Morikawa Mamoru , Umazume Takeshi , Yamada Takahiro , Kanno Hiromi , Takakuwa Emi , Minakami Hisanori
Published: March 2016

Key Clinical Message

Causes of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) are uncertain in most placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) cases. Our case showed high α‐fetoprotein levels in the maternal circulation, markedly dilated subchorionic vessels, and neonatal hemoglobin concentration of 8.4 g/dL, suggesting that fetal anemia may explain some adverse outcomes in PMD pregnancies.
Reversible Photoresponsive Molecular Alignment of Liquid Crystals at Fluid Interfaces with Persistent Stability
Authors: Tian Tongtong , Hu Qiongzheng , Wang Yi , Gao Yanan , Yu Li
Published: March 2016

This work demonstrates a noninvasive approach to control alignment of liquid crystals persistently and reversibly at fluid interfaces by using a photoresponsive azobenzene‐based surfactant dissolved in an ionic liquid (IL), ethylammonium nitrate (EAN). As the first report on the orientational behavior of LCs at the IL/LC interface, our study also expands current understanding of alignment control of LCs at the aqueous/LC interface by adding electrolytes into aqueous solutions. The threshold concentration for switching the optical responses of LCs can be changed just by simply manipulating the ratio of EAN to H2O. This work will inspire fundamental studies and novel applications of using the LC‐based imaging technique to investigate various chemical and biological events in ILs.
Development of Photoactivated Fluorescent N‐Hydroxyoxindoles and Their Application for Cell‐Selective Imaging
Authors: Lai Jinping , Yu An , Yang Letao , Zhang Yixiao , Shah Birju P. , Lee Ki Bum
Published: March 2016

Photoactivatable fluorophores are essential tools for studying the dynamic molecular interactions within important biological systems with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, currently developed photoactivatable fluorophores based on conventional dyes have several limitations including reduced photoactivation efficiency, cytotoxicity, large molecular size, and complicated organic synthesis. To overcome these challenges, we herein report a class of photoactivatable fluorescent N‐hydroxyoxindoles formed through the intramolecular photocyclization of substituted o‐nitrophenyl ethanol (ONPE). These oxindole fluorophores afford excellent photoactivation efficiency with ultra‐high fluorescence enhancement (up to 800‐fold) and are small in size. Furthermore, the oxindole derivatives show exceptional biocompatibility by generating water as the only photolytic side product. Moreover, structure–activity relationship analysis clearly revealed the strong correlation between the fluorescent properties and the substituent groups, which can serve as a guideline for the further development of ONPE‐based fluorescent probes with desired photophysical and biological properties. As a proof‐of‐concept, we demonstrated the capability of a new substituted ONPE that has an uncaging wavelength of 365–405 nm and an excitation/emission at 515 and 620 nm, for the selective imaging of a cancer cell line (Hela cells) and a human neural stem cell line (hNSCs).
Enantioselective Degradation and Chiral Stability of Metalaxyl‐M in Tomato Fruits
Authors: Jing Xu , Yao Guojun , Wang Peng , Liu Donghui , Qi Yanli , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: March 2016

Metalaxyl is an important chiral acetanilide fungicide, and the activity almost entirely originates from the R‐enantiomer. Racemic metalaxyl has been gradually replaced by the enantiopure R‐enantiomer (metalaxyl‐M). In this study a chiral residue analysis method for metalaxyl and the metabolite metalaxyl acid was set up based on high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC‐MS/MS). The enantioselective degradation and chiral stability of metalaxyl‐M in tomato fruits in two geographically distinct regions of China (Heilongjiang and Hunan Province) were evaluated and the enantioselectivity of metalaxyl acid was also investigated. Tomato plants grew under field conditions with a one‐time spray application of metalaxyl‐M wettable powder. It was found that R‐metalaxyl was not chirally stable and the inactive S‐metalaxyl was detected in tomato fruits. At day 40, S‐metalaxyl derived from R‐metalaxyl accounted for 32% and 26% of the total amount of metalaxyl, respectively. The metabolites R‐metalaxyl acid and S‐metalaxyl acid were both observed in tomato, and the ratio of S‐metalaxyl acid to the sum of S‐ and R‐metalaxyl acid was 36% and 28% at day 40, respectively. For both metalaxyl and metalaxyl acid, the half‐life of the S‐enantiomer was longer than the R‐enantiomer. The results indicated that the enantiomeric conversion should be considered in the bioactivity evaluation and environmental pollution assessment. Chirality 28:382–386, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ressourceneffiziente Trenntechnologien für eine Green Economy
Authors: Woidasky Jörg , Iden Jan‐Moritz , Karos Alexander , Hirth Thomas
Published: March 2016

Nachhaltigkeit entwickelt sich zu einem Leitmotiv nationalen und internationalen Handelns. Im Leitbild einer umwelt‐, technologie‐ und innovationsorientierten Green Economy wird die Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie operationalisiert. Ein Element einer solchen Wirtschaftsform sind Ressourceneffizienz‐Technologien. Ein wichtiger Teilbereich solcher Technologien sind Trennverfahren. Das Forschungsvorhaben Molecular Sorting der Fraunhofer‐Gesellschaft, in dessen Rahmen zahlreiche Trennverfahren anwendungsorientiert untersucht wurden, wird vorgestellt und das Umfeld für den Einsatz dieser Ressourceneffizienz‐Ansätze wird beschrieben.
Combining Mechanistic Modeling and Raman Spectroscopy for Real‐Time Monitoring of Fed‐Batch Penicillin Production
Authors: Golabgir Aydin , Herwig Christoph
Published: March 2016

A soft sensor that combines data from Raman spectroscopy and off‐gas analyzers with a dynamic mechanistic bioprocess model was investigated for online monitoring of the physiological characteristics of Penicillium chrysogenum fed‐batch cultivations. A systematic workflow based on nonlinear observability analysis was established for accelerating and improving the process of soft‐sensor development. Using in situ Raman spectroscopy, it was possible to perform accurate and frequent measurements of the penicillin concentration in the bioreactor, which were combined with measurements of respiratory rates. Using a particle filter algorithm, the soft sensor allowed for the online estimation of the biomass concentration, the specific growth rate, and the specific penicillin production rate.
International Conference on Hydrotransport special issue section: Preface
Authors: Sanders R. Sean
Published: March 2016

Selected papers presented at the 19th International Conference on Hydrotransport (HYDROTRANSPORT 19, Golden, CO, 24–26 September 2014) are published as a special section in this issue. The transport of solid‐liquid mixtures (or slurries) in pipelines or in open‐channel flow is ubiquitous in Canada's mining, mineral processing, and oil sands industries. In particular, processes designed to produce dewatered waste tailings, which are crucial components in any strategy to reduce land disturbance and minimize water usage, involve the transport and deposition of complex, highly non‐Newtonian, settling mixtures. The specific focus of each study in this special issue section varies quite widely, ranging from a historical perspective on slurry flow modelling to fluid‐structure interactions during pump operation. The papers presented, though, are united in that they contribute to step‐change improvements in the ability to understand slurry flow behaviour through model development and advanced measurement techniques.
A General, Effcient and Green Procedure for Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxamides in Low Melting Betaine Hydrochloride/Urea Mixture
Authors: Liu Peng , Hao Jianwu , Zhang Zhanhui
Published: March 2016

A simple, facile and convenient strategy has been developed for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxamides in low melting mixture of betaine hydrochloride/urea. In this procedure, the low melting mixture of betaine hydrochloride/urea plays a triple role: as a catalyst, solvent and reactant. The present green protocol has advantages such as high yield of products, short reaction times, operational simplicity, no chromatographic separation, eco‐friendliness, and applicability for large‐scale synthesis.
In vitro sensitivity to methyl‐prednisolone is associated with clinical response in pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Cuzzoni E , De Iudicibus S , Stocco G , Favretto D , Pelin M , Messina G , Ghio L , Monti E , Pasini A , Montini G , Decorti G ,   the Nefrokid Group
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro steroid sensitivity as a predictor of clinical response to glucocorticoids in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). Seventy‐four patients (median age 4.33, interquartile range [IQR] 2.82–7.23; 63.5% male) were enrolled in a prospective multicenter study: in vitro steroid inhibition of patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation was evaluated by [methyl‐3H] thymidine incorporation assay at disease onset (T0) and after 4 weeks (T4) of treatment. Steroid dependence was associated with increased in vitro sensitivity at T4 assessed both as drug concentration inducing 50% of inhibition (IC50; odds ratio [OR] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24–0.85; P = 0.0094) and maximum inhibition at the highest drug concentration (Imax; OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02–1.31; P = 0.017). IC50 > 4.4 nM and Imax < 92% at T4 were good predictors for optimal clinical response. These results suggest that this test may be useful for predicting the response to glucocorticoid therapy in pediatric INS.
Work effectively with your institution's board of trustees
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: March 2016

The members of your institution's board of trustees can be good partners with academic affairs. You can make the most of your relationship with the board by adopting effective strategies.
Collaborate with board of trustees on academic issues
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: March 2016

Academic administrators must build good relationships to be effective. They must work well with their institution's president, other academic administrators and the faculty. And a strong working relationship with the board of trustees is critical to achieving your institution's academic goals.
Evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emissions across 202 tropical tree species
Authors: Courtois Elodie A. , Dexter Kyle G. , Paine Charles Eliot Timothy , Stien Didier , Engel Julien , Baraloto Christopher , Chave Jérôme
Published: March 2016

Plant responses to natural enemies include formation of secondary metabolites acting as direct or indirect defenses. Volatile terpenes represent one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites. We aimed to explore evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emission. We measured the composition of damage‐induced volatile terpenes from 202 Amazonian tree species, spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Volatile terpenes were extracted with solid‐phase micro extraction and desorbed in a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for compound identification. The chemical diversity of the terpene blend showed a strong phylogenetic signal as closely related species emitted a similar number of compounds. Closely related species also tended to have compositionally similar blends, although this relationship was weak. Meanwhile, the ability to emit a given compound showed no significant phylogenetic signal for 200 of 286 compounds, indicating a high rate of diversification in terpene synthesis and/or great variability in their expression. Three lineages (Magnoliales, Laurales, and Sapindales) showed exceptionally high rates of terpene diversification. Of the 70 compounds found in >10% of their species, 69 displayed significant correlated evolution with at least one other compound. These results provide insights into the complex evolutionary history of volatile terpenes in angiosperms, while highlighting the need for further research into this important class of compounds.
Demographic and traditional knowledge perspectives on the current status of Canadian polar bear subpopulations
Authors: York Jordan , Dowsley Martha , Cornwell Adam , Kuc Miroslaw , Taylor Mitchell
Published: March 2016

Subpopulation growth rates and the probability of decline at current harvest levels were determined for 13 subpopulations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) that are within or shared with Canada based on mark–recapture estimates of population numbers and vital rates, and harvest statistics using population viability analyses (PVA). Aboriginal traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on subpopulation trend agreed with the seven stable/increasing results and one of the declining results, but disagreed with PVA status of five other declining subpopulations. The decline in the Baffin Bay subpopulation appeared to be due to over‐reporting of harvested numbers from outside Canada. The remaining four disputed subpopulations (Southern Beaufort Sea, Northern Beaufort Sea, Southern Hudson Bay, and Western Hudson Bay) were all incompletely mark–recapture (M‐R) sampled, which may have biased their survival and subpopulation estimates. Three of the four incompletely sampled subpopulations were PVA identified as nonviable (i.e., declining even with zero harvest mortality). TEK disagreement was nonrandom with respect to M‐R sampling protocols. Cluster analysis also grouped subpopulations with ambiguous demographic and harvest rate estimates separately from those with apparently reliable demographic estimates based on PVA probability of decline and unharvested subpopulation growth rate criteria. We suggest that the correspondence between TEK and scientific results can be used to improve the reliability of information on natural systems and thus improve resource management. Considering both TEK and scientific information, we suggest that the current status of Canadian polar bear subpopulations in 2013 was 12 stable/increasing and one declining (Kane Basin). We do not find support for the perspective that polar bears within or shared with Canada are currently in any sort of climate crisis. We suggest that monitoring the impacts of climate change (including sea ice decline) on polar bear subpopulations should be continued and enhanced and that adaptive management practices are warranted.