bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-COVID-19 impacts on male sexual and reproductive functions
Authors: Bansal Arjit , Saran Brijesh , Bhagat Tripta S. , Batra Jyoti , Dhandayuthapani Sivanesan
Published: June 2023

Background:

Assessment of the male sexual and reproductive health status with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2infected COVID19 disease could create awareness about the lateral impact of those patients recovered from COVID19 infection.

Aim and Objectives: Therefore, the main focus of the current study was to determine the postCOVID19 infection on male sexual and reproductive functions.

Materials and Methods:

A crosssectional study by involving two groups of the study individuals namely: Group 1: age and sexmatched normal healthy control human individuals. Group 2: postCOVIDtreated patients, at least 912 months after treatment success. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), a questionnaire developed by Rosen et al. to question on sexual functions has been used in the present study.

Results:

Based on analysis of the 15point International Index of Erectile Function analysis, it was found that overall there was a statistically significant difference in (P < 0.05) in sexual behaviors in both the groups. It was also found that marital status, place of living, and vaccination status are statistically significant associated with sexual behaviors, whereas occupation, religion, and education are statistically insignificant.

Conclusion:

The current study showed significant differences after the COVID19 infection and treatment in male fertility from a single tertiary care hospitalbased study in Western Uttar Pradesh. However, involving a large population from different parts of the country could pave the way to show what needs to be done by the scientific and clinical community to tackle our limited understanding of the disease. Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, International Index of Erectile Function, male sexual and reproductive functions, postCOVID19.
Methotrexate-induced lung injury in a patient of psoriasis
Authors: Bhardwaj Vidushi , Saxena Prachi , Sharma Manish Kumar , Mahendran C. S.
Published: June 2023

Methotrexate is a widely used medication with an array of recognized side effects and it is often the first-line drug prescribed for connective tissue disorders and rheumatological diseases. The aim of the study was to present a case demonstrating methotrexate-induced lung injury in a patient of psoriasis.
Tuberculosis masquerading as a cystic mass
Authors: Sodhi Ramanpreet Singh , Pandey Ankit , Saini Mukul , Sharma Manish Kumar
Published: June 2023

Patients with a tuberculoma typically present with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and have risk factors for TB. The risk factors for TB include contact with an infectious case with a high bacillary load, immunosuppressive conditions, malnutrition, young age, diabetes mellitus, working in health care, recent incarceration, alcohol use, and tobacco use. Although rare, it is possible for a patient to present with a tuberculoma despite the absence of risk factors for TB and without pulmonary involvement.
Basic point-of-care ultrasound in the emergency department
Authors: Yadav Sakshi , Yaseen Mohd. , Sharma Mohit
Published: June 2023

Intensivists who manage critically sick patients frequently employ point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS), which allows them to precisely and quickly check for a variety of diseases, including pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, hydronephrosis, hemoperitoneum, and deep vein thrombosis, among others. It enables front-line practitioners to decide on diagnosis and treatments in real-time. The reader will receive a thorough overview of this significant subject in this article.
Factors associated with bronchial asthma
Authors: Das Pooja , Mahendran C. S. , Chandra Eshutosh , Dhandayuthapani Sivanesan , Bhardwaj Vidushi
Published: June 2023

Introduction:

The current study is to get a glimpse of various confounders in bronchial asthma in order to achieve better remission and symptom control rates.

Materials and Methods:

Patients presenting to the pulmonary medicine department between September 2021 and August 2022 and eventually diagnosed with bronchial asthma by the consultant, based on the detailed clinical evaluation and investigations, were taken up for this study. Demographics, PFT, details of current asthma treatment, presence of any co-morbidities and AQI on the day of evaluation were documented. The above data were collected in an Excel form and statistically evaluated.

Results:

Various parameters associated with bronchial asthma were evaluated in our study population.

Conclusion:

This pilot study highlights factors impacting bronchial asthma diagnosis and management. It emphasizes the importance of thorough assessment, adherence to treatment guidelines, addressing comorbidities, and patient education. Further research is needed to validate findings and develop effective management strategies.
A comparative study on the efficacy of pranayama and dietary restriction on altered body mass index and thyroid-stimulating hormone in middle-aged women with subclinical hypothyroidism
Authors: Subramani Saravanakumaran , Prabhakaran Rajkumar , Dutta Shaktibala , Batra Jyoti , Bhagat Tripta S. , Dhandayuthapani Sivanesan
Published: June 2023

Background:

Among the various thyroidrelated diseases hypothyroidism, is one of the prevalent thyroid disorders, which is more common in women than in men. The prevalence among the general population ranges between 0.2% and 5.3% in Europe and 0.3% and 3.7% in the USA.

Aim and Objectives:

Therefore, the current study was designed and carried out to determine the efficacy of yoga on the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism with reference to lipid profiles of women suffering from hypothyroidism.

Materials and Methods:

The recruited subjects were randomly assigned into three groups namely: Group 1: Control group (15 patients) did not instruct to follow any intervention; Group 2: Patients were trained and instructed to follow the yogic practice 60 min a day, 6 days/week for 8 weeks; and Group 3: Patients were instructed to follow the dietary restriction for the same 8week period. Body mass index (BMI) of the study subjects and the blood thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) levels were assessed before and after the intervention periods.

Results:

The results observed in the current study; it can be concluded that our study findings are in line with the theme that a decrease in the levels of TSH, along BMI with are showing the evidence of decreased severity of hypothyroidism in patients under the interventions with more specific to the yogic intervention than the dietary intervention.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that our study findings are in line with the theme that decrease in the BMI along with the levels of TSH are showing the evidence of decreased severity of hypothyroidism in patients under the interventions with more specific to the yogic intervention than the dietary intervention.
Cancer and immunotherapy
Authors: Khajuria Atul , Kushte Shilpa Sujit
Published: June 2023

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor immunology. It has become a powerful clinical strategy for treating cancer; these therapies aim to improve antitumor immune responses with fewer adrift than chemotherapies and other agents that directly kill cancer cells. This review focuses on some of the developments in cancer immunology and immunotherapy and highlights the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies.
Artificial intelligence in medical imaging technology
Authors: Khajuria Atul , Bilal Nahida , Bhanot Diksha
Published: June 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a very popular Recently, experimental results, particularly in the field of image analysis and processing. In medicine, specialties where images are central, like radiology, pathology or oncology, have provide the opportunity and considerable efforts in research and development have been deployed to transfer the potential of AI to clinical applications. With AI becoming a more mainstream tool for typical medical imaging analysis tasks, such as diagnosis, treatment or classification, and for a safe and efficient use of clinical AI applications relies. By using AI in medical imaging, physicians can identify conditions much quicker, promoting early intervention can accurately detect and diagnose cancer by analyzing tissue scans in a better way. The aim of this review is to present the basic technological pillars of AI.
An insight into new world health organization classification (2022) of odontogenic lesions
Authors: Tomar Upma , Tomar Sanjeev
Published: June 2023

In March 2022, 5th Edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Head and Neck Tumors was released with an online access. Rapid updates of molecular basis of pathologies and quick progression in the field of diagnostic pathology, this time the 5th Edition of classification was released in <5 years of time-span, from its previous classification, which was released in 2017. Although concept behind these two subsequent classifications are not much different from each other, but this is the first time, when essential and desirable criteria are decided for pathologies. Specific molecular updates also described with almost each lesion to get confirmation from their differential diagnosis. This manuscript also highlights the changes in the nomenclature and addition of new entity, as adenoid ameloblastoma has been added in the category of benign odontogenic tumor. Also, surgical ciliated cyst has been Include in the cysts of jaws. Specific clinical, radiological, and histopathological features have been added with each entity which helps in quick and accurate diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to shed light on important changes in the new 2022 WHO odontogenic lesions classification, its difference from the 2017 WHO classification and a brief description on the essential diagnostic criteria and current molecular updates.
A case of Crouzon syndrome with papilloedema and exotropia
Authors: Pawaiya Shikha , Aggarwal Sarita , Ranjan Somesh , Jawa Aarav , Patel Shivang
Published: June 2023

Early fusion of skull bones is the root cause of craniosynostosis. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis affect only one suture of the skull while syndromic craniosynostosis affects multiple sutures and are associated with craniofacial dysmorphisms also abnormalities of extremities and other bony anomalies. 90% of cases are attributed to fibroblast growth factor gene 2 on chromosome 10p 25-q26, is responsible for more than. Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal dominant cause that constitutes 4.5% of craniosynostosis patients incidence of which is 0.16/10,000 population worldwide, most commonly involving coronal and frontosphenoidal suture. There is increased antero-posterior diameter of skull, hypoplasia of maxilla, and shallow orbits. Other features being brachycephaly, mid-face hypoplasia, and wider skull base anteriorly causing hypertelorism. Compensatory growth of uninvolved structure causes frontal bossing. Hydrocephalus, parrot beak-nose, hypoplasia of the maxilla, and high-arched palate is also noted. Relative proptosis is seen in most of the cases due to orbital hypoplasia. Ocular findings include vision impairment, strabismus, glaucoma, nystagmus, occasionally, corneal size abnormalities, keratoconus, corectopia, or aniridia. This case report is unique as it describes a 12 year old female of crouzon syndrome which presented with papilloedema and divergent squint which is rearely associated with this syndrome.
Clinical features of macular telangiectasia type 2 and comparison of staging system in Taiwanese patients
Authors: Chen Yan-Yu , Chen Yi-Ling , Wu Jian-Sheng , Chen San-Ni
Published: June 2023

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this study is to report the clinical characteristics of macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel 2) in Taiwan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with MacTel 2 over a 7-year period in Changhua Christian Hospital. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA) images were reviewed. Differences in BCVA and central macular thickness (CMT) were compared between the initial/baseline and final visits. The staging was performed according to the Gass and Blodi classification and OCTA.

RESULTS:

There were 38 eyes in 19 patients were collected (Male: Female = 5:14). The mean age at diagnosis was 65.90 ± 8.26 years and the follow-up duration was 39.26 ± 28.31 months. All patients had both eyes affected, and eight of the 19 patients had a history of diabetes mellitus (DM). The mean initial logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA was 0.40 ± 0.31 and the mean final logMAR BCVA was 0.61 ± 0.53. Difference of BCVA equal or more than two lines between both eyes was noted in 63.1% (12 of 19) of patients at the initial visit and in 78.9% (15 of 19) of patients at the final follow-up. The mean CMT was 224.42 ± 38.50 μm at baseline and 222.05 ± 40.27 μm at the final visit. OCT illustrated macular hole in three eyes of three patients. At the final follow-up, retinal-choroidal anastomosis was noted in 17 eyes. Subretinal neovascularization (SRNV) was not present in any eye.

CONCLUSION:

Bilateral involvement, asymmetrical BCVA in both eyes, low incidence of SRNV, and high prevalence of DM were characteristics of patients of MacTel 2 in Taiwan.
Icing Qualification Wind Tunnel Test of Helicopter Engine with Inlet Barrier Filter Air Intake
Authors: van 't Hoff Stefan , Lammers Karel , Jung Joo Hyun , Kim Hyung Sik , Ressejac Sandy
Published: June 2023

Icing wind tunnel testing was performed as part of the Republic of Korea certification of the Light Civil Helicopter (LCH) for inadvertent flight in icing conditions. The test was aimed at the compliance demonstration of the engine and air intake with dry-media Inlet Barrier Filter (IBF) and was performed with an Arriel 2C2 engine in turbojet configuration. Testing took place at the sea level ambient pressure Large Climatic Wind Tunnel (CWT) at Rail Tec Arsenal (RTA) in Vienna, Austria, by an integrated test team comprising engineers from the Royal Netherlands Aerospace Centre (NLR), Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), and Safran Helicopter Engines. The test matrix covered the AC29-2C Appendix C 10,000 ft icing envelope, as well as simulated ground icing conditions, considering both a clean and artificially contaminated IBF. Beyond the aforementioned certification conditions, exploratory testing was performed in conditions with Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) and rain. The test set-up consisted of the front section of the full-scale production cowling with internal modifications to accommodate the test engine and interface with the RTA exhaust gas handling system. Prior to tunnel entry, initial check-out and integration tests were performed with the same set-up at Safran, as well as in the Small CWT at RTA. Data gathering included the delta-pressure across the IBF, static pressures at the Aerodynamic Interface Plane (AIP), engine parameters, high-speed camera imagery, and 3-D scans of the critical ice shapes. The latter was used to support dry air flight testing with simulated ice shapes and blockage to demonstrate altitude effects and measure inlet distortion.
Additional Large-Drop Ice Accretion Test Results for a Large Scale Swept Wing Section from January 2022
Authors: Broeren Andy , Lee Sam , Tsao Jen-Ching
Published: June 2023

In-flight icing is an important consideration that affects aircraft design, performance, certification and safety. Newer regulations combined with increasing demand to reduce fuel burn, emissions and noise are driving a need for improvements in icing simulation capability. To that end, this paper presents the results of additional ice accretion testing conducted in the NASA Icing Research Tunnel in January 2022 with a large swept wing section typical of a modern commercial transport. The model was based upon a section of the Common Research Model wing at the 64% semispan station with a streamwise chord length of 136 in. The test conditions were developed with an icing scaling analysis to generate similar conditions for a small median volumetric diameter (MVD) = 25 μm cloud and a large MVD = 110 μm cloud. A series of tests were conducted over a range of total temperature from -23.8 °C to -1.4 °C with all other conditions held constant. Another series of tests explored cloud MVD variations from 50 μm to 230 μm while holding constant certain scaling parameters. The variation in ice mass and scanned ice volume across repeat conditions was approximately 50% lower than the uncertainty in the cloud MVD and liquid water content. The measured ice mass and volume calculated from the 3D scans were used to compute the mass to volume ratio that is sometimes referred to as ice density or void fraction. When the ice volume based on the ice shape maximum combined cross section was used to determine this ratio, the resulting values were in the range of 240 to 455 kg/m3. This is consistent with analogous values previously reported in the literature. The ice shape mass and volume increased with MVD from 50 to 230 μm at fixed values of the scaling parameters. The ice mass to volume ratio was approximately constant for all of the cases which showed that the accreted mass and volume increased at approximately the same rate. These results demonstrate the significance of cloud MVD on ice shape mass and volume.
UAM Icing: Ice Accretion Experiments and CFD Icing Simulations on Rotors for eVTOL Unmanned Aircraft
Authors: Heramarwan Henidya , Müller Nicolas , Hann Richard , Lutz Thorsten
Published: June 2023

Urban air mobility (UAM) is a fast-growing industry that utilizes electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) technologies to operate in densely populated urban areas with limited space. However, atmospheric icing serves as a limitation to its operational envelope as in-flight icing can happen all year round anywhere around the globe. Since icing in smaller aviation systems is still an emerging topic, there is a necessity to study icing of eVTOL rotors specifically. Two rotor geometries were chosen for this study. A small 15-inch rotor was selected to illustrate a multirotor UAV drone, while a large 80-inch rotor was chosen to represent a UAM passenger aircraft. The ice accretion experiments were conducted in an icing wind tunnel on the small 15-inch rotor. The icing simulations were performed using FENSAP-ICE. The ice accretion simulations of the 15-inch rotor sections at –5 °C show a large, rather streamlined ice shape instead of the expected glaze ice characteristics. At –15 °C the numerical ice accretion presents the typical rime ice shape. The results of the 80-inch rotor simulation present more varied ice shapes, which could indicate higher sensitivity towards the icing condition. Ice horns formed at temperatures close to freezing and the flow separation aft of the ice led to significant aerodynamic penalties. The 3D ice accretion simulation of the 80-inch rotor shows discrepancies with the 2D results as it does not predict ice accretion at the outer region of the blades at – 15 °C. This could be due to the higher stagnation temperature, increased friction, and three-dimensional crossflows preventing ice accumulation. The performance degradation simulations show that ice accretion causes significant aerodynamic penalties, especially in cases where horn ice accretion forms. Finally, the anti-icing loads required to mitigate ice accretion thermally were calculated. Both rotors require high power consumption for a fully evaporative IPS design.
Ice Crystal Environment - Modular Axial Compressor Rig: Comparisons of Ice Accretion for 1 and 2 Stages of Compression
Authors: Mason Jeanne , Neuteboom Martin , Chalmers Jennifer , Dumont Christopher , Chow Philip
Published: June 2023

In 2021 the Federal Aviation Administration in collaboration with the National Research Council of Canada performed research on altitude ice crystal icing of aircraft engines using the modular compressor rig, ICE-MACR, in an altitude wind tunnel. The aim of the research campaign was to address research needs related to ice crystal icing of aircraft engines outlined in FAA publication Engine Ice Crystal Icing Technology Plan with Research Needs. This paper reports the findings on ice accretion from a configuration of ICE-MACR with two compression stages. Inherent in two-stage operation is not just additional fracturing and heating by the second stage but also higher axial velocity and potentially greater centrifuging of particles. These factors influence the accretion behavior in the test article compared to single stage accretion.

The melt ratio (liquid/total water content) has been shown to be an important parameter in ice crystal icing, with a relatively narrow band of melt ratios associated with optimum icing. Comparisons of appearance and the development of ice accretions were made at constant melt ratio for 1 and 2 stages, and important differences were found. The ice appeared different for two cases with equal melt ratio, and optimum icing occurred at much higher melt ratios for the 2-stage than the 1-stage configuration. The extent to which fracturing, centrifuging, heating and velocity affects the resulting ice accretions is evaluated using video, thermocouple, heat flux gauge and shadowgraph measurements. Heat flux gauge analysis provides insight into the importance of the dry-side temperature in the accretion process.
Simulating Local Concentration Factor Sensitivities for Ice Crystal Icing Using LEWICE3D
Authors: Malone Adam
Published: June 2023

Determining local ice crystal icing concentration factors in the region of the forward fuselage is critical for setting the Total Water Content levels for air data probe qualification testing. Simulation, modeling, and testing techniques for this concentration-factor phenomenon are still in their infancy, and there is currently not a significant amount of this type of analysis in the literature. A representative, 3D analysis was conducted using transport airplane geometry and flight conditions that explored the sensitivities resulting from parametric changes to flight and ice crystal icing conditions, particle modeling parameters, and bouncing effects.
Investigation of the Influence of Aero-Thermal Non-equilibrium Conditions of an SLD Cloud on Airfoil Icing
Authors: Bora Venkateshwar Reddy , Gallia Mariachiara , Knop Inken , Guardone Alberto
Published: June 2023

This study examines the impact of slip in aero-thermal conditions of supercooled large droplets (SLD) produced in an Icing Wind Tunnel (IWT) on the ice accretion characteristics. The study identifies potential biases in the SLD model development based on IWT data and numerical predictions that assume the SLD to be in aerothermal equilibrium with the IWT airflow. To obtain realistic temperature and velocity data for each droplet size class in the test section of the Braunschweig Icing Wind Tunnel (BIWT), a Lagrangian droplet tracking solver was used within a Monte Carlo framework. Results showed that SLDs experience considerable slips in velocity and temperature due to their higher inertia and short residence time in the Braunschweig IWT. Large droplets were found to be warmer and slower than the flow in the test section, with larger droplets experiencing larger aerothermal slips. To examine the impact of these slips, numerical ice accretion simulations were performed on a NACA 0012 airfoil using in-house icing software PoliMIce with realistic droplet slip conditions and ideal equilibrium conditions. Results showed that an increase in velocity slips with larger droplets led to a reduction in the impingement water mass rate and impingement limits. Further, the velocity slip reduced the splashed mass rate estimated by NASA LEWICE and ONERA SLD models. The reduced supercooling of larger droplets reduces the freezing fraction and produces extended runback limits at warmer temperatures ([-1, -5] °C). However, the influence of thermal slip is negligible below -5°C. The study concludes that aero-thermal slips significantly alter the ice accretion characteristics of SLD. It emphasizes the need to consider these slips in IWT data-driven SLD icing model development and subsequent SLD ice accretion simulations.
Influence of Realistic Aircraft Conditions on Accretion of Supercooled Large Droplet
Authors: Dejean Baptiste , Alary Thomas , Duchayne Quentin , Berthoumieu Pierre
Published: June 2023

The present paper deals with the accretion of supercooled large droplets (SLD) at high velocity on wall. A visualization technique of the accretion of ice is used to measure and characterize the thickness of ice during the accretion phenomenon. Influences of air velocity, air temperature, drop size, impact angle and altitude were studied. The experiments are conducted in the ONERA icing wind tunnel, which allows to reach regimes close to realistic conditions for aircrafts (i.e. high velocity: → 190 m/s and altitude: → 11 500 m).
Comparison of Freeze-Out versus Grind-Out Ice Crystals for Generating Ice Accretion Using the ICE-MACR
Authors: Neuteboom Martin , Fleurent-Wilson Eric , Chalmers Jennifer
Published: June 2023

Since the introduction of ice crystal icing certification requirements [1], icing facilities have played an important role in demonstrating compliance of aircraft air data probes, engine probes, and increasingly, of turbine engines. Most sea level engine icing facilities use the freezing-out of a water spray to simulate ice crystal icing conditions encountered at altitude by an aircraft in flight. However, there are notable differences in the ice particles created by freeze-out versus those observed at altitude [2, 3, 4]. Freeze-out crystals are generally spherical as compared to altitude crystals which have variable crystalline shapes. Additionally, freeze-out particles may not completely freeze in their centres, creating a combination of super-cooled liquid and ice impacting engine hardware. An alternative method for generating ice crystals in a test facility is the grinding of ice blocks or cubes to create irregular shaped crystals. These grind-out particles have a different morphology to atmospheric crystals. but are fully glaciated and their irregular shapes may better approximate the fracture dynamics of atmospheric crystals when impacting engine hardware. The National Research Council (NRC), in collaboration with Transport Canada Civil Aviation (TCCA), have studied the differences between using freeze-out generated ice crystals and grind-out ice crystals to generate ice accretion in a compressor rig: the ice-crystal environment-modular axial compressor rig (ICE-MACR) in the NRC’s altitude icing wind tunnel (AIWT). Comparison of the freestream ice crystal morphologies is presented as well as the fractured particle characteristics downstream of a two-stage compressor within the compressor annulus. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons are made of the accretion behaviour resulting from the two ice-crystal generating methods. It was found that while particle morphology differs considerably between freeze-out and grind-out before rotor impact, fractured particle size and accretion within the rig was similar for both methods for the limited range of overlapping conditions that could be produced in the test facility.
Engine Cascade Rig Design Tests and Results in App C Conditions
Authors: Pervier Hugo , Vénuat Clément , Neubauer Thomas
Published: June 2023

Current modelling capability for engine icing accretion prediction is still limited for App. C. To further validate icing codes in complex engine geometries, it is necessary to perform additional experimental work in relevant geometrical and environmental conditions. Within the frame of ICE GENESIS [1], an experiment has been setup to replicate the condition at the inlet of an engine first stage compressor. This paper describes the choices for the design of the engine compressor model, the setup within the icing wind tunnel and the methodology employed to obtain the results. Additionally, more effort has been focused on obtaining accurate ice shapes using a 3D scanning system. Results of 3D scans are given.
Optical Temperature Sensor for Thermodynamic Measurement of Icing Dynamics
Authors: Gonzales Joseph , Yamazaki Masafumi , Sakaue Hirotaka
Published: June 2023

A fundamental understanding of the icing process for aircraft requires a more thorough analysis of the thermodynamics of supercooled droplet impingement. To better study such thermodynamic processes, a novel temperature sensor that functions within supercooled water and ice crystals was developed. The temperature sensor is non-intrusive and provides temperature and phase change information for both liquid water and solid ice. The temperature sensor is an optical sensor based on the luminophore pyranine. The use of pyranine allows for the measurement of spatially and temporally resolved temperature fields for icing applications. The sensitivity of the sensor is -9.2±0.1%/K for temperature measurement in the solid phase and 0.8±0.1%/K for the liquid phase. The performance of the sensor was demonstrated through a calibration process using spectral analysis, the observation of the melting process of a rectangular prism created from the luminescent ice, and the study of the temperature profile of accreted ice onto a cooled surface. Measurements of the melting and accreted ice were performed using a high-speed color camera.
Development of a New Ice Crystal Icing Shear Adhesion Rotary Test Rig and Method
Authors: Fuleki Dan , Hagerman Philip
Published: June 2023

This paper discusses the development and implementation of a new ice crystal icing (ICI) ice adhesion test system and technique. It is based on the state of the art rotary shear adhesion test rig developed at the NRC altitude icing wind tunnel (AIWT) used for supercooled liquid water (SLW) ice accretion adhesion testing. This rig was modified to use strain gauged arms for shed force measurements and implemented into the NRC ICI cascade rig at its research altitude test facility (RATFac). This permitted the exposure to a wide range of ICI conditions both in supercooled and wetbulb below freezing ICI conditions. The result is a standalone system that can be run remotely thus improving the testing efficiency by avoiding the need for accretion calibration points previously required to correlate accreted mass to icing exposure time. This technique was shown to be very repeatable with adhesion results for repeat points generally being within ±4 kPa and being highly sensitive in being able to measure shear adhesion strengths in the range of 8 to 200 kPa, with adhesion strengths down to 2 kPa measured but with increased noise levels. ICI accretion adhesion shear strengths are lower than typical SLW adhesion strengths and this new method proved to be effective in covering the full range.
Optical Ice Detector Lite: Initial Flight Test Results
Authors: Ray Mark , Anderson Kaare , Ramthun Kent
Published: June 2023

In response to safety regulations regarding aircraft icing, Collins Aerospace has developed and tested a new generation of optical ice detectors (OID Lite) intended to discriminate among icing conditions described by Appendix C and Appendix O of 14 CFR Part 25 and Appendix D of Part 33. The OID Lite is a flush-mounted, short-range, polarimetric optical sensor that samples the airstream up to two meters beyond the skin of the aircraft. The intensity and polarization of the backscatter light correlate with bulk properties of the cloud, such as cloud density and phase. Drizzle-sized droplets, mixed within a small droplet cloud, appear as scintillation spikes in the lidar signal when it is processed pulse-by-pulse. Scintillation in the backscatter (in combination with the outside air temperature monitored by another probe) signals the presence of supercooled large droplets (SLD) within the cloud—a capability incorporated into the OID Lite to meet the requirements of Appendix O. Recent laboratory and flight tests have demonstrated the ability of the OID Lite to discriminate among the various icing conditions. In addition, the OID Lite has discriminated mixed phase in a flight test aboard the Weather Modification International Cessna Citation-II research aircraft. The threshold for detection as defined by SAE AS5498B is 0.5 g/m3 IWC, while that for liquid water cloud detection is 0.05 g/m3 LWC [1].
Icing Environment Comparisons for the Distinct Parts of Jet Aircraft
Authors: Akbal Omer , Ayan Erdem , Murat Canibek , Ozgen Serkan
Published: June 2023

Distinct parts of the aircraft may be exposed to different icing conditions due to varying flow and ambient conditions around them. These differences can be easily noticed, especially when icing conditions on the external surface and inside the engine air intake are compared for a jet aircraft. In this paper, the icing conditions around these parts are matched to between them. The purpose of this comparison study is to evaluate the functionality of ice detectors, located inside the air inlets, in detecting icing conditions around external surfaces as well. These systems provide information to the flight crew and/or airplane systems concerning inflight icing. On jet fighter or trainer type aircraft, they are generally located inside the engine air intake that serve as a warning equipment for icing risks on the aircraft engine itself. Sometimes, their warnings are also valid for intake lip ice detection if they are properly located. However, the usage of this equipment for ice detection on external surfaces is a big question mark, and this functionality is examined in this study.
Airborne Platform for Ice-Accretion and Coatings Tests with Ultrasonic Readings (PICTUR)
Authors: Nichman Leonid , Fuleki Dan , Song Naiheng , Benmeddour Ali , Wolde Mengistu , Orchard David , Matida Edgar , Bala Kenny , Sun Zhigang , Bliankinshtein Natalia , Ranjbar Keyvan , DiVito Stephanie
Published: June 2023

Hazardous atmospheric icing conditions occur at sub-zero temperatures when droplets come into contact with aircraft and freeze, degrading aircraft performance and handling, introducing bias into some of the vital measurements needed for aircraft operation (e.g., air speed). Nonetheless, government regulations allow certified aircraft to fly in limited icing environments. The capability of aircraft sensors to identify all hazardous icing environments is limited. To address the current challenges in aircraft icing detection and protection, we present herein a platform designed for in-flight testing of ice protection solutions and icing detection technologies. The recently developed Platform for Ice-accretion and Coatings Tests with Ultrasonic Readings (PICTUR) was evaluated using CFD simulations and installed on the National Research Council Canada (NRC) Convair-580 aircraft that has flown in icing conditions over North East USA, during February 2022. This aircraft is a flying laboratory, equipped with more than 40 sensors providing a comprehensive characterization of the flight environment including measurements of temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction, water droplet size and number distribution, and hydrometeor habits imagery. The flight tests of the platform included assessment of passive icephobic coatings as well as heat-assisted tests. Monitoring tools included visual high resolution, real-time inspection of the surface as well as detection of surface ice using NRC’s Ultrasonic Ice Accretion Sensors (UIAS). In this paper, we present the new platform and show some preliminary commissioning results of PICTUR, collected inflight under, predominantly, supercooled small droplets and supercooled large drops (SLD) icing conditions. The combination of the platform and the complementary sensors on the aircraft demonstrated an effective and unique technique for icing studies in a natural environment.
Monitoring Melting Ice Formations in Aircraft Fuel Tank by Acoustic Emission
Authors: Pfeiffer Helge
Published: June 2023

Considerable amounts of water accumulate in aircraft fuel tanks due to condensation of vapor during flight or directly during fueling with contaminated kerosene. This can result in a misreading of the fuel meters. In certain aircraft types, ice blocks resulting from the low temperatures at high altitude flights or in winter time can even interfere with the nozzles of the fuel supply pipes from the tanks to the engines. Therefore, as part of the maintenance operations, water has to be drained in certain intervals ensuring that no remaining ice is present. In the absence of an established method for determining residual ice blocks inside, the aircraft operator has to wait long enough, in some cases too long, to start the draining procedure, leading potentially to an unnecessary long ground time. A promising technology to determine melting ice uses acoustic signals generated and emitted during ice melting. With acoustic emissions, mainly situated in the ultrasonic frequency range, a very high number of events can be recorded to characterize stress relaxation processes that occur during conversions from ice to water. In the present paper, in addition to the case of the fuel tank, the icing of a fuselage panel is also considered. The results obtained provide evidence that it is possible to determine the moment when all ice has melted. However, it is not possible to give exact figures on the amount of ice remaining or melted, which is not a limitation in practice.
Computational Icing Analysis on NASA’s SIDRM Geometry to Investigate Collection Efficiency
Authors: Stewart Eric , Bartkus Tadas
Published: June 2023

Computational icing analysis results were compared to experimental icing tunnel data including aerothermal (e.g., dry air) and supercooled water droplet rime-ice conditions from tests conducted in early 2022 at the NASA Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). The Simulated Inter-compressor Duct Research Model (SIDRM) test article was used in this study, and its geometry represents the inter-compressor duct region of a turbofan engine. The test article’s purpose is to study the physics of supercooled water icing and ice crystal icing. This study compared three different icing codes: FENSAP-ICE (Eulerian approach), LEWICE3D (Lagrangian approach), and GlennICE (Lagrangian approach). All three icing codes were conducted on SIDRM’s complex body flow-field and compared to different experimental supercooled water rime runs. The test article instrumentation (pressure taps, thermocouples, etc.) and 3D laser scans of final ice shapes were used to compare against the different icing code simulations. The overall objectives are to understand how the icing codes handle capturing collection efficiency on the complex test article’s unheated surfaces. In the aerothermal cases, pressure tap readings matched the CFD results, but dry air CFD underpredicted thermocouple readings. Collection efficiency results from all three icing codes matched well together on the main body leading edge, main body slope, and the strut leading edges. Rime experimental collection efficiency was calculated from the raw 3D laser scan of the ice shape using a traditional equation. Results showed different matches to the icing codes at the main body nose, ramp, and strut leading edges. All three icing codes underpredicted the final ice shape using a single-shot constant ice density approach, with more difficulty coming from the strut leading edge ice shape due to the swept wing like flow field. NASA’s overall goal for this effort is to develop computational icing tools to assist in the design and certification of engines for flight in icing conditions.
In Flight Ice Shape Prediction with Data Fit Surrogate Models
Authors: Akbal Omer , Ayan Erdem , Murat Canibek , Ozgen Serkan
Published: June 2023

Accurate simulation of icing is important for the assessment of several potential icing scenarios and complex icing regulations. However, performing all possible icing scenarios is a demanding process in terms of computational cost, especially when modification of the geometry due to ice accretion is required. Additionally, aircraft icing safety assessment necessitates an evaluation of the accumulated ice. Thus, numerical representation of the non-linear and complex geometries is essential for the parametrization of this ice. Indeed, surrogate models have the capability of predicting these complex, non-linear shapes. For this purpose, a method for ice accretion prediction on a selected airfoil, NACA 22112, is proposed in this study with different surrogate models that will later be used for fast prediction in 6DOF simulations to directly evaluate its effects on aerodynamic performance during flight. The required datasets in order to train for clean and iced airfoils are based on numerical analysis results obtained through the FENSAP-ICE 2022 R1 commercial tool with a multi-shot technique. They are generated by varying four variables (liquid water content, ambient temperature, median volumetric diameter, and exposure time), which are the most prominent atmospheric or cloud parameters for ice shapes. The combination of these input datasets is selected based on the 14 CFR Part 25 Appendix-C envelopes, and ice shapes are modeled by applying the Fourier series expansion approach. According to the results, nearly 30 Fourier coefficients can accurately capture nonlinear rime ice shapes within acceptable deviations. Moreover, surrogate models such as artificial neural networks and Gaussian processes are compared to predict these coefficients in terms of their ability to capture targeted ice shapes.
Snow Particle Characterization. Part B: Morphology Dependent Study of Snow Crystal 3D Properties Using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
Authors: JAFFEUX Louis , Coutris Pierre , Schwarzenboeck Alfons , Dezitter Fabien
Published: June 2023

This study presents the results of the ICE GENESIS 2021 Swiss Jura Flight Campaign in a way that is readily usable for ice accretion modelling and aims at improving the description of snow particles for model inputs. 2D images from two OAP probes, namely 2D-S and PIP, have been used to extract 3D shape parameters in the oblate spheroid assumption, as there are the diameter of the sphere of equivalent volume as ellipsoid, sphericity, orthogonal sphericity, and an estimation of bulk density of individual ice crystals through a mass-geometry parametrization. Innovative shape recognition algorithm, based on Convolutional Neural Network, has been used to identify ice crystal shapes based on these images and produce shape-specific mass particle size distributions to describe cloud ice content quantitatively in details. 3D shape descriptors and bulk density have been extracted for all the data collected in cloud environments described in the regulation as icing conditions. They are presented under the form of composite size distributions and gathered in size classes, representative of fixed portions of the total mass encountered during the field campaign. The examination of the data shows high discrepancies between crystals of identical size. To solve this issue shape parameters are combined with the morphological analysis to provide comprehensive explanations for the observed snow descriptor variabilities. Finally, the results are summarized under the form of simple habit-specific parametrizations for 3D shape descriptors and bulk density, as functions of crystal size.
Assessing Mixed-Phase Conditions during the ICE GENESIS Snow Measurement Campaign
Authors: Coutris Pierre , Febvre Guy , Jaffeux Louis , Schwarzenboeck Alfons , Dezitter Fabien , Billault-Roux Anne-Claire , Grazioli Jacopo , Berne Alexis , Jorquera Susana , Delanoe Julien
Published: June 2023

In the framework of the European ICE GENESIS project (https://www.ice-genesis.eu/), a field experiment was conducted in the Swiss Jura in January 2021 in order to characterize snow microphysical properties and document snow conditions for aviation industry purposes. Complementary to companion papers reporting on snow properties, this study presents an investigation on mixed-phase conditions sampled during the ICE GENESIS field campaign. Using in situ measurement of the liquid and total water content, the ice mass fraction is calculated and serves as a criteria to identify mixed-phase conditions. In the end, mixed phase conditions were identified in almost 30 % of the 3800 km long cloud samples included in the ICE GENESIS dataset. The data suggests that the occurrence of mixed-phase does not clearly depend on temperature in the 0 to -10 °C range, but varies significantly from one cloud system to another. The distribution of mixed phase and liquid only spatial scales cascades from 100 m (instrumental resolution limit) to 12 km, existing most of the time as pockets of few hundreds of meters embedded in larger cloudy areas.
A Review of OB/GYN, Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Pediatrics Residency Program Websites for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Elements
Authors: Mallicoat Benjamin C. , Herstine Blake A. S. , Kelly Elizabeth M. , Koechley Hannah E. , DeSouza Julie A. , Anas Sydney A. , Maxwell Rose A. , Reisinger-Kindle Keith M.
Published: June 2023

Background

Residency program websites have become a central source of information for applicants due to a shift toward virtual interviewing. Applicants, particularly those from diverse backgrounds, place strong value on programs that present commitments to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). The DEI content of residency program websites for primary care specialties has been largely unexplored.

Objective

The objective of this study is to review, in an exploratory manner, family medicine, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics residency program websites for number of DEI elements present. By identifying lacking DEI content, we hope to give residency programs that are seeking to increase diversity among applicants some direction for improving their websites.

Methods

We reviewed all available residency program websites (1814) in the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) from August to December 2021. Each website was evaluated for the presence of 10 DEI elements chosen from previously published website reviews and informal applicant surveys. Some elements included the presence of resident and faculty photos/biographies, patient population descriptions, and dedicated DEI curricula. Program demographic information was collected, and summative statistics were performed.

Results

The average number of DEI elements displayed per program ranged from 3.5 (internal medicine) to 4.9 (pediatrics). The most common elements were resident and faculty photographs/biographies. Internal medicine programs displayed significantly fewer elements than the other 3 specialties. This difference remained significant after controlling for program size, location, and type.

Conclusions

This study highlights a lack of DEI elements available for residency program website visitors to review.