bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of HEG biofeedback on selected cognitive functions—Randomized study in children with ADHD and neurotypical children
Authors: Skalski Sebastian , Pochwatko Grzegorz , Balas Robert
Published: June 2021

Commonly proven abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are related to cognitive deficits in children with ADHD. The purpose of the randomized controlled study was to assess the efficacy of intervention using hemoencephalographic biofeedback (HEG BFB) in PFC in ADHD and neurotypical children. The final cohort consisted of 120 children aged 9–15 years, including 60 children with ADHD. The individuals were randomized in 10 HEG BFB or physical activity (PA) training sessions. Children with ADHD exhibited lower cognitive capacity in terms of vigilance, visual search, multitasking, inhibitory control and working memory compared to neurotypical children. The performance of children with ADHD and neurotypical children in cognitive functions improved under the influence of HEG BFB (the PA training did not have a statistically significant impact on the results). The important gain predictors in HEG BFB involved: intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control and positive mood.
Exact arithmetic, computational estimation and approximate arithmetic are different skills: Evidence from a study with 5‐year‐olds
Authors: Sekeris Elke , Verschaffel Lieven , Luwel Koen
Published: June 2021

Research distinguishes three types of arithmetic: exact arithmetic, computational estimation and approximate arithmetic. Little is, however, known about the interrelationship among these three arithmetic skills and the general cognitive and early numeracy skills that underlie these arithmetic skills. The current study investigates this interrelationship and underlying processes in 389 kindergartners. Exact arithmetic and computational estimation skills were assessed using a manipulative task, while approximate arithmetic was measured using a computerized task. Correlational analysis showed significant relations among the three arithmetic skills. At the same time, confirmatory factor analyses showed that they are different constructs. In addition, regression analysis showed that different general cognitive and early numeracy skills are predictive of the three arithmetic skills. Since the different arithmetic skills are related but distinct constructs and because they are driven by different processes, teaching and learning each of these skills ask for a different approach.
Two cases of immunoglobulin G4‐related disease diagnosed by transvaginal urethral needle biopsy
Authors: Murata Shiori , Inoue Koji , Makita Noriyuki , Suzuki Issei , Kubota Masashi , Tohi Yoichiro , Sugino Yoshio , Kawakita Mutsushi
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease is a systemic disease characterized by multifocal systemic involvement. We report two cases of women diagnosed with immunoglobulin G4‐related disease in the urethra.

Case presentation

Case 1: A 67‐year‐old woman presented with discomfort around her perineum. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well‐defined mass around the urethra. She underwent an ultrasound‐guided core needle biopsy of the mass. The pathologic specimen showed immunoglobulin G4 positive cells. Steroid therapy was initiated, causing improvement of symptoms, decreased serum immunoglobulin G4 levels, and shrinking of the mass. Case 2: An 89‐year‐old woman was accidentally diagnosed with renal pelvic wall thickening on computed tomography. The pathologic specimen captured by ultrasound‐guided needle biopsy showed immunoglobulin G4 positive cells. She had no symptoms and received no medical treatment.

Conclusion

The frequency of urethral mass formation in female patients with immunoglobulin G4‐related disease may also be high, and an echo‐guided transvaginal urethral biopsy may be performed as a definitive diagnostic tool for immunoglobulin G4‐related disease.
Determination of canal seepage loss in Arrah Main Canal: A case study*
Authors: Singh Vivekanand , Raj Chandan , Sandilya Shashank Shekhar
Published: June 2021

In this study, seepage losses have been determined by the direct inflow–outflow method at four selected reaches of the unlined Arrah Main Canal. Grain size analyses of bed materials of all reaches have been carried out, and in situ hydraulic conductivities have been computed using the Guelph permeameter method in all the reaches. The inflow and outflow discharges of all the reaches have been measured using the area–velocity method. The cross‐section and velocity profiles at the corresponding canal sections have been measured using an echo sounder and a digital current meter, respectively, upstream and downstream of all the selected reaches. Seepage loss in each reach has been computed using the continuity equation assuming the evaporation losses are negligible. Also, the empirical equations (Molesworth, Offengenden, and Moritz) have been used to calculate the seepage losses in these reaches and compared with the seepage losses determined by the experimental observations. The measured seepage losses in the unlined Arrah Main Canal varied from 3.66 to 13.4 m3/s/106 m2. The percentage of seepage losses varied from 2.2% to 8.35%, and seepage losses measured and estimated using empirical equations were comparable.
Mental Health Care Experiences of Trans Service Members and Veterans: A Mixed‐Methods Study
Authors: Shaine Megan J. Doughty , Cor Deanna N. , Campbell Andrew J. , McAlister Abbey L.
Published: June 2021

We explored mental health care experiences of trans service members and veterans (TSMVs) through a mixed‐methods, convergent parallel design. Quantitative survey data from 50 TSMVs were analyzed using paired‐samples t tests to identify differences in perceived stigma and barriers to care in accessing services from nonmilitary versus military‐affiliated or Veteran's Health Administration providers (MVAPs). We conducted semistructured interviews with 10 participants, exploring their lived experiences in accessing mental health care from both nonmilitary providers and MVAPs. Integrated mixed‐methods results indicate TSMVs are more concerned about anti‐trans stigma when accessing care from MVAPs, whereas logistical concerns inform access to nonmilitary providers. Key themes shaping participants' mental health care experiences were (a) access to trans competent care, (b) fear/fear of consequences, (c) therapeutic relationship, (d) transition‐related factors, and (e) military systems and culture. Implications for training and practice are discussed.
Severe loss of mechanical efficiency in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Pleguezuelos Eulogio , Del Carmen Amin , Llorensi Gemma , Carcole Jessica , Casarramona Paula , Moreno Eva , Ortega Pilar , Serra‐Prat Mateo , Palomera Elisabet , Miravitlles Marc M. , Yebenes Joan Carles , Boixeda Ramón , Campins Lluis , Villelabeitia‐Jaureguizar Koldo , Garnacho‐Castaño Manuel Vicente
Published: June 2021

Background

There is limited information about the impact of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) on the muscular dysfunction, despite the generalized weakness and fatigue that patients report after overcoming the acute phase of the infection. This study aimed to detect impaired muscle efficiency by evaluating delta efficiency (DE) in patients with COVID‐19 compared with subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischaemic heart disease (IHD), and control group (CG).

Methods

A total of 60 participants were assigned to four experimental groups: COVID‐19, COPD, IHD, and CG (n = 15 each group). Incremental exercise tests in a cycle ergometer were performed to obtain peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). DE was obtained from the end of the first workload to the power output where the respiratory exchange ratio was 1.

Results

A lower DE was detected in patients with COVID‐19 and COPD compared with those in CG (P ≤ 0.033). However, no significant differences were observed among the experimental groups with diseases (P > 0.05). Lower VO2peak, peak ventilation, peak power output, and total exercise time were observed in the groups with diseases than in the CG (P < 0.05). A higher VO2, ventilation, and power output were detected in the CG compared with those in the groups with diseases at the first and second ventilatory threshold (P < 0.05). A higher power output was detected in the IHD group compared with those in the COVID‐19 and COPD groups (P < 0.05) at the first and second ventilatory thresholds and when the respiratory exchange ratio was 1. A significant correlation (P < 0.001) was found between the VO2peak and DE and between the peak power output and DE (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Patients with COVID‐19 showed marked mechanical inefficiency similar to that observed in COPD and IHD patients. Patients with COVID‐19 and COPD showed a significant decrease in power output compared to IHD during pedalling despite having similar response in VO2 at each intensity. Resistance training should be considered during the early phase of rehabilitation.
Kinetics and thermodynamics for aldo/keto conversion of D‐xylose and D‐glucose catalyzed by xylose isomerase from Thermotoga naphthophilaRKU‐10
Authors: Fatima Bilqees , Aftab Muhammad Nauman , Haq Ikram‐ul
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Aldo‐keto isomerizations of D‐xylose and D‐glucose catalyzed by xylose isomerase (XI) is commercially carried out to produce bio‐ethanol and high fructose corn syrup. XI is a metalloenzyme. In this paper, kinetics and thermodynamics of the activity and stability of hyperthermophilic recombinant XI from Thermotoga naphthophila RKU‐10T (TnapXI) were studied in the presence and absence of metal ions.

RESULTS

Kinetics parameters of recombinant XI from TnapXI were calculated as Km = 0.99 mmol L–1, Vmax = 500 μmol.mg−1.min−1, and kcat = 68.3 min−1 for the isomerization of D‐xylose(aldo)⇌D‐xylulose(keto), whereas for D‐glucose(aldo)⇌D‐fructose(keto) conversion Km = 7.72 mmol L–1, Vmax = 90 μmol.mg−1.min−1, and kcat = 12.4 min−1. Ionization constants were calculated as pKa1 = 6.0 and pKa2 = 7.6, whereas activation constants (Ka) of TnapXI were 0.3, 0.5, and 4.0 mmol L–1 for Co2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+, respectively. Inhibition constant (Ki) was 0.119 mmol L–1 for Ca2+. Q10 was 2.8 and Ea = 82.25 kJ.mol−1. Thermodynamics for isomerization were calculated as ∆H* = 79.2 kJ.mol−1, ∆G* = 83 kJ.mol−1, and ∆S* = −10.5 J.mol−1.K−1. The z‐value was 12.6 °C for apo‐TnapXI and 32.6 °C for holo‐TnapXI. Deactivation parameters were ∆G*(d) = 100 kJ.mol−1, ∆H*(d) = 206 kJ.mol−1, ∆S*(d) = 0.28 kJ.mol−1.K−1 for apo‐TnapXI and t1/2 = 18 min at 95 °C, while ∆G*(d) = 104 kJ.mol−1, ∆H*(d) = 767 kJ.mol−1, ∆S*(d) = 1.8 kJ.mol−1.K−1 for holo‐TnapXI and t1/2 = 65 min at 95 °C.

CONCLUSION

These noteworthy features make this enzyme an attractive candidate for the industrial production of fuel ethanol and high fructose corn syrup at high temperatures to maximize the product yield. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Charge transfer dissociation of a branched glycan with alkali and alkaline earth metal adducts
Authors: Sasiene Zachary J. , Ropartz David , Rogniaux Hélène , Jackson Glen P.
Published: June 2021

Alkali and alkaline earth metal adducts of a branched glycan, XXXG, were analyzed with helium charge transfer dissociation (He‐CTD) and low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (LE‐CID) to investigate if metalation would impact the type of fragments generated and the structural characterization of the analyte. The studied adducts included 1+ and 2+ precursors involving one or more of the cations: H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Regardless of the metal adduct, He‐CTD generated abundant and numerous glycosidic and cross‐ring cleavages that were structurally informative and able to identify the 1,4‐linkage and 1,6‐branching patterns. In contrast, the LE‐CID spectra mainly contained glycosidic cleavages, consecutive fragments, and numerous neutral losses, which complicated spectral interpretation. LE‐CID of [M + K + H]2+ and [M + Na]+ precursors generated a few cross‐ring cleavages, but they were not sufficient to identify the 1,4‐linkage and 1,6‐branching pattern of the XXXG xyloglucan. He‐CTD predominantly generated 1+ fragments from 1+ precursors and 2+ product ions from 2+ precursors, although both LE‐CID and He‐CTD were able to generate 1+ product ions from 2+ adducts of magnesium and calcium. The singly charged fragments derive from the loss of H+ from the metalated product ions and the formation of a protonated complementary product ion; such observations are similar to previous reports for magnesium and calcium salts undergoing electron capture dissociation (ECD) activation. However, during He‐CTD, the [M + Mg]2+ precursor generated more singly charged product ions than [M + Ca]2+, either because Mg has a higher second ionization potential than Ca or because of conformational differences and the locations of the charging adducts during fragmentation. He‐CTD of the [M + 2Na]2+ and the [M + 2 K]2+ precursors generated singly charged product ions from the loss of a sodium ion and potassium ion, respectively. In summary, although the metal ions influence the mass and charge state of the observed product ions, the metal ions had a negligible effect on the types of cross‐ring cleavages observed.
Characteristics of neonicotinoid and metabolite residues in Taiwanese tea leaves
Authors: Yuan Tzu‐Hsuen , Yu Meng‐Ting , Ikenaka Yoshinori , Chen Yi‐Hsuan , Nakayama Shoji F , Chan Chang‐Chuan
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Neonicotinoids are widely used insecticides, and tea is a popular non‐alcoholic beverage in Taiwan. However, the levels of neonicotinoids in Taiwanese tea leaves remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to understand the characteristics of neonicotinoid and metabolite residues in Taiwanese tea leaves.

METHODS

In this study, 12 tea leaf samples were collected in Taiwan and extracted by solid‐phase extraction before analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the levels of neonicotinoids were compared with the maximum residue level standards from other countries.

RESULTS

In Taiwanese tea leaves, five neonicotinoids and seven metabolites were detected. Different tea species influenced the levels of neonicotinoids and their metabolites in the present study. Moreover, the levels of neonicotinoids and their metabolites in partially fermented leaves were higher than in completely fermented leaves. In Jin‐Xuan tea, the levels of neonicotinoids and their metabolites in most winter‐harvested teas were lower than in summer‐harvested teas.

CONCLUSION

The residue levels of neonicotinoids and their metabolites were detectable in Taiwanese tea leaves. Moreover, different tea species, manufacturing processes, and harvest seasons might influence the levels of these pesticides. Therefore, the government should monitor the use of neonicotinoids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing the quality of life of head and neck healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic—A self‐reported global cross‐sectional questionnaire study by the International Federation of Head and Neck Oncologic Societies
Authors: Singh Arjun , Garg Apurva , Mandlik Dushyant , Vander Poorten Vincent , Patel Snehal G. , O'Neill James Paul , Spriano Giuseppe , Shaha Ashok , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Cernea Claudio , Shah Jatin
Published: June 2021

Background

Considering the pandemic's mode of transmission, the impact on quality of life (QOL) is likely to be exaggerated among healthcare workers (HCWs) who treat head and neck diseases (hHCWs).

Methods

A cross‐sectional self‐reported QOL assessment was undertaken between July and September 2020 using the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument sent out to hHCWs. Factors that predicted a poorer QOL were identified using regression models and mediation analysis.

Results

Responses from 979 individuals across 53 countries were analyzed with 62.4% participation from low‐ and middle‐income countries. The physical domain had the highest mean scores of 15 ± 2.51, while the environmental domain was the lowest (14.17 ± 2.42). Participants from low‐ and middle‐income countries had a significantly worse physical (p < 0.001) and environmental (p < 0.001) domains, while a low coronavirus disease 2019‐related mortality significantly impacted the environmental domain (p‐0.034).

Conclusion

QOL‐related issues among hHCWs are a vexing problem and need intervention at an individual and systems level in all parts of the world.
The dose effect of dansyl chloride on the derivative products of bisphenols and its application for the determination of bisphenols in human serum by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Guo Cuicui , Zhao Xueqin , Jin Jing , Wang Longxing , Tan Dongqin , Chen Jiping , Ni Yuwen
Published: June 2021

Human exposure to bisphenols has rarely been reported. The most important challenges in this regard are the sensitivity and accuracy of the analytical methods employed. Dansyl chloride derivatization prior to high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry has been prevalently employed to improve sensitivity. However, the dose effect of the derivatization reagent on the reaction products is not well understood, especially for reactants with two or more active groups. This study investigated the mass ratio of dansyl chloride to bisphenols and found the mass ratio played a vital role in changing the composition of derivatives; further, the optimal ratio for obtaining di‐substituted derivatives was confirmed. Under optimal conditions, solid‐phase extraction followed by dansyl chloride derivatization coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect eight bisphenols in human serum samples. The method detection limits of the eight bisphenols were 0.025‒0.28 ng/mL, and the recoveries were 72.9‒121.7% by spiking bisphenols (2, 5, and 20 ng/mL) into bovine serum. The detection frequencies of bisphenol A and bisphenol F in 73 serum samples obtained from children from Guangzhou were 41.1% and 71.2%, respectively, while the detection frequencies of other bisphenols were below 20%. The concentrations of bisphenol A and bisphenol F were < 0.28‒8.0 ng/mL and < 0.028‒7.6 ng/mL, respectively.
Rapid changes in river plume dynamics caused by advected wind‐driven coastal upwelling as observed in Lake Geneva
Authors: Soulignac Frédéric , Lemmin Ulrich , Ziabari Seyed Mahmood Hamze , Wynn Htet Kyi , Graf Benjamin , Barry David Andrew
Published: June 2021

Based on field investigations carried out in Lake Geneva during summer stratification in 2019, this study documents, for the first time, the rapid change of negatively buoyant river inflow dynamics caused by the passing of a coastal upwelling. Under calm conditions, the negatively buoyant Rhône River, entering at the eastern end of the lake, interacts with the lake density profile such that the river intrusion moves as an interflow in the thermocline layer straight out into the lake. A strong, large‐scale spatially homogeneous wind that lasts for several days causes a downward thermocline tilt at the western end of the lake, coastal downwelling on the northern shore, and coastal upwelling on the southern shore. This cold‐water upwelling progresses like a Kelvin wave around the lake after wind forcing ceases. When it arrives at the river inflow area, it homogenizes the lake water temperatures, and the river inflow transforms into an intrusion that spreads over the whole water column. Trapped by strong alongshore currents generated by the progressing coastal upwelling, the river plume is sharply deviated and flows along the shore in the nearshore zone, potentially bringing nutrients directly into the phototrophic near‐surface layer. Following the passage of the coastal upwelling, the river inflow transforms back into an interflow. This change in inflow dynamics, which is documented for five strong wind events between June and September by combining in situ measurements, remote sensing, and numerical simulation, can be expected to occur in other large lakes with comparable wind‐induced large‐scale thermocline displacement.
Difficulties in Management of Functional Movement Disorders: Three Illustrative Cases
Authors: Nadler Martine , Cary Isabel , Symeon Christopher
Published: June 2021

Background

Some patients with FND and FEVD cannot re‐establish walking ability with standard treatment alone.

Cases

Novel invasive treatment of FEVD trialed in three females, aged 19, 30 and 33 years with >18 month history of FND. None could walk and all were wheelchair‐dependent needing home carers. Standard treatment plus novel step‐wise escalation of invasive “intervention+” was individually tailored to correct FEVD; functional electrical stimulation, botulinum toxin injections, tibial nerve block, serial casting, and for Case 3, manipulation under anesthetic and surgical tendon lengthening. All regained walking ability and discontinued carers. Case 1 resumed dancing and Case 3 returned to employment. Improvements were largely maintained at 3 and 6 month follow‐up.

Conclusions

As a last resort, invasive adjuncts may be considered in a very small proportion of FND patients who fail to regain walking ability with standard treatment alone and reach a “dead end” where no further progress is feasible.
Constitutive and insect‐induced transcriptomes of weevil‐resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce
Authors: Whitehill Justin G. A. , Yuen Macaire M. S. , Bohlmann Jörg
Published: June 2021

Spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a significant pest of regenerating spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus) forests in North America. Weevil larvae feed in the bark, phloem, cambium, and outer xylem of apical shoots, causing stunted growth or mortality of young trees. We identified and characterized constitutive and weevil‐induced patterns of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) transcriptomes in weevil‐resistant (R) and susceptible (S) trees using RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and differential expression (DE) analyses. We developed a statistical model for the analysis of RNA‐seq data from treatment experiments with a 2 × 3 factorial design to differentiate insect‐induced responses from the effects of mechanical damage. Across the different comparisons, we identified two major transcriptome contrasts: A large set of genes that was constitutively DE between R and S trees, and another set of genes that was DE in weevil‐induced S‐trees. The constitutive transcriptome unique to R trees appeared to be attuned to defense, while the constitutive transcriptome unique to S trees was enriched for growth‐related transcripts. Notably, a set of transcripts annotated as “fungal” was detected consistently in the transcriptomes. Fungal transcripts were identified as DE in the comparison of R and S trees and in the weevil‐affected DE transcriptome of S trees, suggesting a potential microbiome role in this conifer‐insect interaction.
The reduced form of the antibody CH2 domain
Authors: Xi Zhaoyong , Liu Xianglei , Lin Rui , Persons John D. , Ilina Tatiana V. , Li Wei , Dimitrov Dimiter S. , Ishima Rieko
Published: June 2021

Among the immunoglobulin domains, the CH2 domain has the lowest thermal stability, which also depends on amino acid sequence and buffer conditions. To further identify factors that influence CH2 folding and stability, we characterized the domain in the reduced form using differential scanning fluorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance. We show that the CH2 domain can fold, similarly to the disulfide‐bridged form, without forming a disulfide‐bridge, even though the protein contains two Cys residues. Although the reduced form exhibits thermal stability more than 15°C lower than the disulfide‐bridged form, it does not undergo immediate full oxidization. To explain this phenomenon, we compared CH2 oxidization at different conditions and demonstrate a need for significant fluctuation of the folded conformation to enhance CH2 disulfide‐bridge formation. We conclude that, since CH2 can be purified as a folded, semi‐stable, reduced protein that can coexist with the oxidized form, verification of the level of oxidization at each step is critical in CH2 engineering studies.
Inference in functional mixed regression models with applications to Positron Emission Tomography imaging data
Authors: Shi Baoyi , Ogden R. Todd
Published: June 2021

In a function‐on‐scalar regression framework, we present some modeling strategies for functional mixed models and also some approaches for making inference about various aspects of the fixed effects. This is presented in the context of modeling positron emission tomography (PET) data in order to explore the density of various proteins of interest throughout the human brain. For this application, information about the density of the target protein in a given brain region is encapsulated in theimpulse response function(IRF) of the region. Previous work on nonparametric estimation of the IRF is limited in that it is only able to model a single brain region at a time. We propose an extension, based on principles of functional data analysis, that will allow modeling of multiple brain regions simultaneously. Applicable more broadly to functional mixed regression modeling, we discuss two general approaches for permutation testing and describe valid strategies for identifying exchangeable units within the model and building corresponding permutation tests. We illustrate our methods with an application to PET data and explore the effects of depression and sex on the IRF.
The legacy of representation in medieval Europe for incomes and institutions today
Authors: Pavlik Jamie Bologna , Young Andrew T.
Published: June 2021

Why can some governments credibly commit to the rule of law and protection of property rights while others cannot? A potential answer involves deep historical traditions of institutions that constrain rulers. We explore whether experiences with representative assemblies in medieval/early modern Europe have left their mark on incomes and institutions today. We employ Stasavage's (2010) data on representative assembly activity in 30 medieval/early modern European polities and the Putterman and Weil (2010) data on descendancy shares from circa 1500 populations to construct country‐level measures of historical assembly experience. We find that assembly experience is positively correlated with a measure of the rule of law and property rights and the Polity IV index that emphasizes constraint. Our estimates imply an important advantage for countries with assembly experience – an increase in experience from zero to that of an average Stasavage country would improve the country's property rights score by nearly 1.5 points.
Animal‐related factors predicting fatal cases of blackleg and gas gangrene in cattle
Authors: Richter Veronika , Roch Franz‐Ferdinand , Knauss Marlena , Hiesel Jörg , Wolf Robert , Wagner Peter , Käsbohrer Annemarie , Conrady Beate
Published: June 2021

Background

Blackleg and gas gangrene are acute clostridial infections primarily affecting cattle. The objectives of this study were to identify (i) animal‐related factors influencing the occurrence and (ii) prognostic pathological findings supporting the differentiation of fatal blackleg and gas gangrene cases in the cattle population from 1998 to 2018 in Styria, Austria.

Methods

Two binomial logistic models were applied to analyse the research questions. Additionally, cross‐validations were performed to estimate the accuracy of the predictive models.

Results

Model results show that animal‐related factors (i.e., age, geographical discovery location of dead cattle, vaccination status) significantly influence the occurrence of blackleg when compared to gas gangrene. Pathological findings are similar for both diseases.

Conclusions

Model results reveal that using animal‐related factors has a better accuracy to predict the fatal cases caused by both pathogens. Thus, the authors recommend not relying on pathological findings as predictive factors in the differentiation between blackleg and gas gangrene in cattle.
Deep Learning Driven Self-adaptive Hp Finite Element Method
Authors: Paszyński Maciej , Grzeszczuk Rafał , Pardo David , Demkowicz Leszek
Published: June 2021

The finite element method (FEM) is a popular tool for solving engineering problems governed by Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). The accuracy of the numerical solution depends on the quality of the computational mesh. We consider the self-adaptive hp-FEM, which generates optimal mesh refinements and delivers exponential convergence of the numerical error with respect to the mesh size. Thus, it enables solving difficult engineering problems with the highest possible numerical accuracy. We replace the computationally expensive kernel of the refinement algorithm with a deep neural network in this work. The network learns how to optimally refine the elements and modify the orders of the polynomials. In this way, the deterministic algorithm is replaced by a neural network that selects similar quality refinements in a fraction of the time needed by the original algorithm.
The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 epidemic growth in the 37 OECD member states
Authors: Pozo-Martin Francisco , Weishaar Heide , Cristea Florin , Hanefeld Johanna , Bahr Thurid , Schaade Lars , El Bcheraoui Charbel
Published: June 2021

We estimated the impact of a comprehensive set of non-pharmeceutical interventions on the COVID-19 epidemic growth rate across the 37 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and between October and December 2020. For this task, we conducted a data-driven, longitudinal analysis using a multilevel modelling approach with both maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation. We found that during the early phase of the epidemic: implementing restrictions on gatherings of more than 100 people, between 11 and 100 people, and 10 people or less was associated with a respective average reduction of 2.58%, 2.78% and 2.81% in the daily growth rate in weekly confirmed cases; requiring closing for some sectors or for all but essential workplaces with an average reduction of 1.51% and 1.78%; requiring closing of some school levels or all school levels with an average reduction of 1.12% or 1.65%; recommending mask wearing with an average reduction of 0.45%, requiring mask wearing country-wide in specific public spaces or in specific geographical areas within the country with an average reduction of 0.44%, requiring mask-wearing country-wide in all public places or all public places where social distancing is not possible with an average reduction of 0.96%; and number of tests per thousand population with an average reduction of 0.02% per unit increase. Between October and December 2020 work closing requirements and testing policy were significant predictors of the epidemic growth rate. These findings provide evidence to support policy decision-making regarding which NPIs to implement to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Easy Ontology, Regress, and Holism
Authors: Miller J. T. M.
Published: June 2021

In this paper, I distinguish between two possible versions of Amie Thomasson’s easy ontology project that differ in virtue of positing atomic or holistic application conditions, and evaluate the strengths of a holistic version over a non-holistic version. In particular, I argue that neither of the recently identified regress or circularity problems are troublesome for the supporter of easy ontology if they adopt a holistic account of application conditions. This is not intended to be a defence of easy ontology from all possible objections, but rather to compare holistic and non-holistic versions of the view. This discussion is also significant in that it serves to highlight two distinct forms of easy ontology, which, I argue, need to be distinguished when assessing the merits of the easy approach in future work.
Anomalous effect of Cu2O and CuO deposit on the porosity of a macroreticular anion exchanger
Authors: Kociołek-Balawejder Elżbieta , Stanisławska Ewa , Jacukowicz-Sobala Irena , Jasiorski Marek
Published: June 2021

When synthesizing copper compounds containing polymeric adsorbents, it was found that the two copper oxides, Cu2O and CuO, deposited in the skeleton of a strongly basic macroreticular anion exchanger (An) radically diminished the porosity of the obtained composites in relation to the host material. In order to investigate this phenomenon more closely, An/Cu2O and An/CuO (both based on the commercial anion exchanger Amberlite IRA900Cl), containing 8.6 and 8.2 wt% Cu, respectively, were subjected to scrutiny. The porous characteristics of the thermally dried and freeze-dried samples were determined using the N2 adsorption–desorption method and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The thermally dried samples lost their porosity and increased their bulk density in relation to the pure resin indicated a significant reduction in their volume. It was found that during drying, the grains shrank as much as the pores collapsed. The decay of the porous structure resulted from the surface morphology of the Cu2O and CuO particles and their tendency to agglomerate. Both freeze-dried samples retained the porous characteristics typical for macroporous anion exchangers. In contrast to the most popular hybrid ion exchangers containing hydrated polyvalent metal oxides (such FeOOH), An/Cu2O and An/CuO showed markedly strong volume contraction effect in relation to moisture content.

Graphical abstract
Estimating the minimum important difference in the DEMQOL instrument in people with dementia
Authors: Lee Ellen C. , Wright Jessica , Walters Stephen J. , Cooper Cindy L. , Mountain Gail A.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The Dementia-Related Quality of Life (DEMQOL) measure and the DEMQOL-Utility Score (DEMQOL-U) are validated tools for measuring quality of life (QOL) in people with dementia. What score changes translate to a clinically significant impact on patients’ lives was unknown. This study establishes the minimal important differences (MID) for these two instruments.

Methods

Anchor-based and distribution-based methods were used to estimate the MID scores from patients enrolled in a randomised controlled trial. For the anchor-based method, the global QOL (Q29) item from the DEMQOL was chosen as the anchor for DEMQOL and both Q29 and EQ-5D for DEMQOL-U. A one category difference in Q29, and a 0.07 point difference in EQ-5D score, were used to classify improvement and deterioration, and the MID scores were calculated for each category. These results were compared with scores obtained by the distribution-based methods.

Results

A total of 490 people with dementia had baseline DEMQOL data, of these 386 had 8-month data, and 344 had 12-month DEMQOL data. The absolute change in DEMQOL for a combined 1-point increase or decrease in the Q29 anchor was 5.2 at 8 months and 6.0 at 12 months. For the DEMQOL-U, the average absolute change at 8 and 12 months was 0.032 and 0.046 for the Q29 anchor and 0.020 and 0.024 for EQ-5D anchor.

Conclusion

We present MID scores for the DEMQOL and DEMQOL-U instruments obtained from a large cohort of patients with dementia. An anchored-based estimate of the MID for the DEMQOL is around 5 to 6 points; and 0.02 to 0.05 points for the DEMQOL-U. The results of this study can guide clinicians and researchers in the interpretation of these instruments comparisons between groups or within groups of people with dementia.

Trial Registration Number and date of registration:

ISRCTN17993825 on 11th October 2016.
Bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) survival, pollen usage, and reproduction are not affected by oxalate oxidase at realistic concentrations in American chestnut (Castanea dentata) pollen
Authors: Newhouse Andrew E. , Allwine Anastasia E. , Oakes Allison D. , Matthews Dakota F. , McArt Scott H. , Powell William A.
Published: June 2021

Transgenic American chestnut trees expressing a wheat gene for oxalate oxidase (OxO) can tolerate chestnut blight, but as with any new restoration material, they should be carefully evaluated before being released into the environment. Native pollinators such as bumble bees are of particular interest:Bombus impatiensuse pollen for both a source of nutrition and a hive building material. Bees are regular visitors to American chestnut flowers and likely contribute to their pollination, so depending on transgene expression in chestnut pollen, they could be exposed to this novel source of OxO during potential restoration efforts. To evaluate the potential risk to bees from OxO exposure, queenless microcolonies of bumble bees were supplied with American chestnut pollen containing one of two concentrations of OxO, or a no-OxO control. Bees in microcolonies exposed to a conservatively estimated field-realistic concentration of OxO in pollen performed similarly to no-OxO controls; there were no significant differences in survival, bee size, pollen use, hive construction activity, or reproduction. A ten-fold increase in OxO concentration resulted in noticeable but non-significant decreases in some measures of pollen usage and reproduction compared to the no-OxO control. These effects are similar to what is often seen when naturally produced secondary metabolites are supplied to bees at unrealistically high concentrations. Along with the presence of OxO in many other environmental sources, these data collectively suggest that oxalate oxidase at field-realistic concentrations in American chestnut pollen is unlikely to present substantial risk to bumble bees.
Testicular shear wave elastography in oligo-astheno-teratozoospermic individuals: a prospective case–control study
Authors: Illiano Ester , Trama Francesco , Ruffo Antonio , Romeo Giuseppe , Riccardo Filippo , Crocetto Felice , Iacono Fabrizio , Costantini Elisabetta
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the testicular stiffness by ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) both in men with oligo-astheno-teratozospermia (OAT) and in control group. The secondary objective was to identify a possible correlation between semen quality with testicular stiffness.

Methods

This was a prospective case-control study. We divided the sample in two groups; Group A (case group) included men with OAT, and Group B (control group) men with normal sperm parameters. All participants had at last two semen analysis in the past 180 days (at last 90 days apart), using performed ultrasound and SWE elastography.

Results

We analyzed 100 participants, 50 patients in Group A and 50 controls in Group B. There were statistically significant differences in term of testicular volume and testicular stiffness between two groups. Men with OAT had the testicular stiffness value higher than the controls in both sides (left testicular stiffness 21.4 ± 5.4 kPa vs 9.9 ± 1.6 kPa, p < 0.0001; right testicular stiffness 22.9 ± 4.8 kPa vs 9.5 ± 2.4 kPa, p < 0.0001). Men with abnormal semen parameters showed an inverse correlation between the mean value of testicular stiffness and total sperm count (22.15 ± 3.38 kPa, r = − 0.387, p = 0.005), sperm concentration (22.15 ± 3.38 kPa, r = − 0.244, p = 0.04), and progressive motility (22.15 ± 3.38 kPa, r = − 0.336, p = 0.01), while the correlation was not evident in controls group.

Conclusion

SWE is able to differentiate between testicles with spermatogenic changes from a healthy testicle. For this reason, it could be used to evaluate, in a non-invasive way, the tissue alterations of the organ.
Many-Objective Optimization of Sustainable Drainage Systems in Urban Areas with Different Surface Slopes
Authors: Seyedashraf Omid , Bottacin-Busolin Andrea , Harou Julien J.
Published: June 2021

Sustainable urban drainage systems are multi-functional nature-based solutions that can facilitate flood management in urban catchments while improving stormwater runoff quality. Traditionally, the evaluation of the performance of sustainable drainage infrastructure has been limited to a narrow set of design objectives to simplify their implementation and decision-making process. In this study, the spatial design of sustainable urban drainage systems is optimized considering five objective functions, including minimization of flood volume, flood duration, average peak runoff, total suspended solids, and capital cost. This allows selecting an ensemble of admissible portfolios that best trade-off capital costs and the other important urban drainage services. The impact of the average surface slope of the urban catchment on the optimal design solutions is discussed in terms of spatial distribution of sustainable drainage types. Results show that different subcatchment slopes result in non-uniform distributional designs of sustainable urban drainage systems, with higher capital costs and larger surface areas of green assets associated with steeper slopes. This has two implications. First, urban areas with different surface slopes should not have a one-size-fits-all design policy. Second, spatial equality must be taken into account when applying optimization models to urban subcatchments with different surface slopes to avoid unequal distribution of environmental and human health co-benefits associated with green drainage infrastructure.
„Meistens sind Forscher älter, meist tragen die eine Brille“ – Schülervorstellungen über Wissenschaftler*innen
Authors: Hagenkötter Ramona , Nachtigall Valentina , Rolka Katrin , Rummel Nikol
Published: June 2021

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde mithilfe einer eigens entwickelten Fotosortierungsaufgabe die Bedeutung stereotyper Merkmale von Wissenschaftler*innen für die von Schüler*innen eingeschätzte Typikalität von Wissenschaftler*innen untersucht. Zudem wurde exploriert, wie diese Vorstellungen mit den mathematik- und naturwissenschaftsbezogenen Aktivitäten der Schüler*innen sowie ihrer Freude und ihrem Interesse an Mathematik und den Naturwissenschaften zusammenhängen. Dafür nahmen 74 Schüler*innen der Jahrgangsstufen 8 bis 10 an der Fotosortierungsaufgabe sowie an einer schriftlichen Befragung teil. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass aus Schülersicht vor allem folgende Merkmale typisch für Wissenschaftler*innen sind: mit Brille, älter, ohne Styling (bei Frauen) bzw. ohne Bart (bei Männern) und männlich. Ihre Auswahl begründeten die befragten Schüler*innen damit, dass Wissenschaftler*innen viel lesen müssten (Grund für Brille) und eine längere Ausbildungszeit hätten (Grund für höheres Alter). Es lassen sich zudem geschlechterspezifische Unterschiede in den Schülervorstellungen über Wissenschaftler*innen feststellen: Männliche Schüler schätzten vor allem männliche Personen und weibliche Schülerinnen eher weibliche Personen, insbesondere Frauen mit Brille und ohne Styling, als typische Wissenschaftler*innen ein. Außerdem zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass Personen mit Bart verstärkt von Schüler*innen mit eher hohen mathematikbezogenen Aktivitäten und jüngere Personen verstärkt von Schüler*innen mit eher hoher Freude und hohem Interesse an Mathematik als typische Wissenschaftler*innen angesehen wurden. Weitere Zusammenhänge zwischen den mathematik- und naturwissenschaftsbezogenen Aktivitäten bzw. der Freude und dem Interesse der Schüler*innen an Mathematik und den Naturwissenschaften einerseits und der eingeschätzten Typikalität anderer Merkmale von Wissenschaftler*innen andererseits wurden nicht festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit bisherigen Forschungsbefunden verglichen und Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung solch stereotyper Wahrnehmungen diskutiert.
Apparent roughness coefficient in overbank flows
Authors: Fernandes João N.
Published: June 2021

Overbank flows occur in alluvial valleys during flood events when the conveyance of main channel of rivers is exceeded. Once floodplains are inundated and the so-called compound channel flow is observed, the faster flow in the main channel interacts with the slower flow in the floodplain featuring a much more pronounced 3D flow structure compared to single channel flow. These flow mechanisms comprise a shear layer near the interface, lateral momentum transfer and strong secondary currents due to the non-isotropic turbulence. This paper starts by giving an overview of the main flow mechanisms in compound channels pointing out the importance of taking into account the apparent shear stress generated between the main channel and the floodplain flows due to the interaction of these flows. A new simple model was developed to include the apparent shear stress concept as a correction of the Manning roughness coefficient of main channel and floodplains. The proposed method for predicting stage–discharge relationships was calibrated and validated by experimental data from several compound channel facilities. A significant improvement in prediction of the compound channel conveyance in comparison with the traditional methods was achieved.
On Boolean posets of numerical events
Authors: Dorninger Dietmar , Länger Helmut
Published: June 2021

With many physical processes in which quantum mechanical phenomena can occur, it is essential to take into account a decision mechanism based on measurement data. This can be achieved by means of so-called numerical events, which are specified as follows: Let S be a set of states of a physical system and p(s) the probability of the occurrence of an event when the system is in state $$s\in S$$

s
∈
S

. A function $$p:S\rightarrow [0,1]$$

p
:
S
→
[
0
,
1
]

is called a numerical event or alternatively, an S-probability. If a set P of S-probabilities is ordered by the order of real functions, it becomes a poset which can be considered as a quantum logic. In case the logic P is a Boolean algebra, this will indicate that the underlying physical system is a classical one. The goal of this paper is to study sets of S-probabilities which are not far from being Boolean algebras by means of the addition and comparison of functions that occur in these sets. In particular, certain classes of so-called Boolean posets of S-probabilities are characterized and related to each other and descriptions based on sets of states are derived.
Special Issue on Climate Migration
Authors: David Anda , Docquier Frédéric
Published: June 2021

How do weather shocks influence human mobility and poverty, and how will long-term climate change affect future migration over the course of the 21st century? These questions have gained unprecedented attention in public debates as global warming is already having severe impacts around the world, and prospects for the coming decades get worse. Low-latitude countries in general, and their agricultural areas in particular, have contributed the least to climate change but are the most adversely affected. The effect on people's voluntary and forced displacements is of major concern for both developed and developing countries. On 18 October 2019, Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) organized a workshop on Climate Migration with the aim of uncovering the mechanisms through which fast-onset variables (such as weather anomalies, storms, hurricanes, torrential rains, floods, landslides, etc.) and slow-onset variables (such as temperature trends, desertification, rising sea level, coastal erosion, etc.) influence both people's incentives to move and mobility constraints. This special issue gathers five papers prepared for this workshop, which shed light on (or predict) the effect of extreme weather shocks and long-term climate change on human mobility, and stress the implications for the development community.