bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accessing the Unseen Realm: The Historical and Textual Contexts of Tipu Sultan's Dream Register
Authors: BRITTLEBANK KATE
Published: May 2011

Placing Tipu Sultan of Mysore's personal dream register in its textual and historical contexts reveals an internal logic to its structure and content that scholars have not previously recognised. An analysis of the manuscript as a whole suggests that it was compiled no earlier than 1795, as part of a range of strategies adopted by Tipu to ameliorate the position in which he found himself in the late 1790s. Isolated by his regional contemporaries and under increasing pressure from the British, he drew on a range of divinatory practices in an attempt to understand, and perhaps even influence, the outcome of events.
THE LOGARITHMIC RESIDUE DENSITY OF A GENERALIZED LAPLACIAN
Authors: MICKELSSON JOUKO , PAYCHA SYLVIE
Published: May 2011

We show that the residue density of the logarithm of a generalized Laplacian on a closed manifold defines an invariant polynomial-valued differential form. We express it in terms of a finite sum of residues of classical pseudodifferential symbols. In the case of the square of a Dirac operator, these formulas provide a pedestrian proof of the Atiyah–Singer formula for a pure Dirac operator in four dimensions and for a twisted Dirac operator on a flat space of any dimension. These correspond to special cases of a more general formula by Scott and Zagier. In our approach, which is of perturbative nature, we use either a Campbell–Hausdorff formula derived by Okikiolu or a noncommutative Taylor-type formula.
SOME C*-ALGEBRAS ASSOCIATED TO QUANTUM GAUGE THEORIES
Authors: HANNABUSS KEITH C.
Published: May 2011

Algebras associated with quantum electrodynamics and other gauge theories share some mathematical features withT-duality. Exploiting this different perspective and some category theory, the full algebra of fermions and bosons can be regarded as a braided Clifford algebra over a braided commutative boson algebra, sharing much of the structure of ordinary Clifford algebras.
PARAMETRIZED STRICT DEFORMATION QUANTIZATION OF C*-BUNDLES AND HILBERT C*-MODULES
Authors: HANNABUSS KEITH C. , MATHAI VARGHESE
Published: May 2011

In this paper, we review the parametrized strict deformation quantization of C*-bundles obtained in a previous paper, and give more examples and applications of this theory. In particular, it is used here to classify H3-twisted noncommutative torus bundles over a locally compact space. This is extended to the case of general torus bundles and their parametrized strict deformation quantization. Rieffel’s basic construction of an algebra deformation can be mimicked to deform a monoidal category, which deforms not only algebras but also modules. As a special case, we consider the parametrized strict deformation quantization of Hilbert C*-modules over C*-bundles with fibrewise torus action.
Oncolytic virotherapy for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Wennier Sonia , Li Shoudong , McFadden Grant
Published: May 2011

Within the past decade, many oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been studied as potential treatments for pancreatic cancer and some of these are currently under clinical trials. The applicability of certain OVs, such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses and reoviruses, for the treatment of pancreatic cancer has been intensively studied for several years, whereas the applicability of other more recently investigated OVs, such as poxviruses and parvoviruses, is only starting to be determined. At the same time, studies have identified key characteristics of pancreatic cancer biology that provide a better understanding of the important factors or pathways involved in this disease. This review aims to summarise the different replication-competent OVs proposed as therapeutics for pancreatic cancer. It also focuses on the unique biology of these viruses that makes them exciting candidate virotherapies for pancreatic cancer and discusses how they could be genetically manipulated or combined with other drugs to improve their efficacy based on what is currently known about the molecular biology of pancreatic cancer.
Comonotonic approximations for the probability of lifetime ruin
Authors: VAN WEERT KOEN , DHAENE JAN , GOOVAERTS MARC
Published: May 2011

This paper addresses the issue of lifetime ruin, which is defined as running out of money before death. Taking into account the random nature of the remaining lifetime, we discuss how a retiree should invest in order to avoid lifetime ruin. We also discuss the conditional time of lifetime ruin and the notion of bequest or wealth at death.

Using analytical approximations based on comonotonicity, we provide a new approach which is easy to understand and leads to very accurate results without computationally complex calculations. Our analytical approach avoids simulation, which allows to solve very general optimal portfolio selection problems.
Social security, income inequality and growth
Authors: LE GARREC GILLES
Published: May 2011

In most industrial countries, public pension systems redistribute from workers to retired people, not from high-income to low-income earners. They are close actuarial fairness. However, they are not all equivalent. In particular, some pension benefits are linked to full lifetime average earnings, while others are only linked to partial earnings history. In the latter case, we then show in this article that an actuarially fair pay-as-you-go pension system can both reduce lifetime income inequality and enhance economic growth. We also shed light on the dilemma between inequality and economic growth in retirement systems: greater progressivity results in less lifetime inequlity but also less growth.
Spatial connectivity in a highly heterogeneous aquifer: From cores to preferential flow paths
Authors: Bianchi Marco , Zheng Chunmiao , Wilson Crystal , Tick Geoffrey R. , Liu Gaisheng , Gorelick Steven M.
Published: May 2011

This study investigates connectivity in a small portion of the extremely heterogeneous aquifer at the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Columbus, Mississippi. A total of 19 fully penetrating soil cores were collected from a rectangular grid of 4 m by 4 m. Detailed grain size analysis was performed on 5 cm segments of each core, yielding 1740 hydraulic conductivity (K) estimates. Three different geostatistical simulation methods were used to generate 3‐D conditional realizations of the K field for the sampled block. Particle tracking calculations showed that the fastest particles, as represented by the first 5% to arrive, converge along preferential flow paths and exit the model domain within preferred areas. These 5% fastest flow paths accounted for about 40% of the flow. The distribution of preferential flow paths and particle exit locations is clearly influenced by the occurrence of clusters formed by interconnected cells with K equal to or greater than the 0.9 decile of the data distribution (10% of the volume). The fraction of particle paths within the high‐K clusters ranges from 43% to 69%. In variogram‐based K fields, some of the fastest paths are through media with lower K values, suggesting that transport connectivity may not require fully connected zones of relatively homogenous K. The high degree of flow and transport connectivity was confirmed by the values of two groups of connectivity indicators. In particular, the ratio between effective and geometric mean K (on average, about 2) and the ratio between the average arrival time and the arrival time of the fastest particles (on average, about 9) are consistent with flow and advective transport behavior characterized by channeling along preferential flow paths.
Experimental evaluation of the impact of the interactions of CO2‐SO2, brine, and reservoir rock on petrophysical properties: A case study from the Ketzin test site, Germany
Authors: Kummerow Juliane , Spangenberg Erik
Published: May 2011

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of impure CO2 on a possible CO2 repository. Here we present experimental data on the simulation of the injection of pure CO2 and CO2 and cocontaminant SO2 into a saline aquifer. Long‐term exposure experiments with pure CO2 reveal no significant changes in the petrophysical properties (electrical resistivity, elastic wave velocity, and permeability). In contrast, for the injection of CO2 and cocontaminant SO2 (1 vol %) we have observed significant and irreversible changes of all monitored physical parameters. On the one hand, the decrease of P wave velocity and the increase of electrical resistivity indicate a dissolution of some framework material. On the other hand, the decrease of permeability points to the mobilization and redistribution of fines. These data might be relevant for subsequent modeling and estimations about tolerable concentration limits regarding the contaminants of CO2 to be stored.
The applicability of SRTM in [18F]fallypride PET investigations: Impact of scan durations
Authors: Vernaleken Ingo , Peters Lisa , Raptis Mardjan , Lin Robert , Buchholz Hans-Georg , Zhou Yun , Winz Oliver , Rösch Frank , Bartenstein Peter , Wong Dean F , Scháfer Wolfgang M , Gründer Gerhard
Published: May 2011

The high-affinity radioligand [18F]fallypride (FP) is frequently used for quantification of striatal/extrastriatal D2/3 receptors and the receptor occupancies of antipsychotics (APs). Its 110 minutes half-life allows long scan durations. However, the optimum scan duration is a matter of debate. This investigation focuses on scan-duration-related effects on simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) results and the time point of transient equilibrium in a large sample of dynamic FP positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Fifty drug-free and 50 AP-treated subjects underwent FP-PET scans (180 minutes scan duration). The binding potential ( BPND) of the putamen, thalamus, and temporal cortex were calculated using the SRTM and the transient equilibrium model. Furthermore, receptor occupancies were calculated for AP-treated patients. Transient equilibrium in the unblocked putamen occurred after 121 ± 29.6 minutes. The transient equilibrium occurred much earlier in the extrastriatal regions or under AP treatment. Stepwise scan shortening caused BPND under-estimations of 0.58% for the first 10-minute reduction (putamen, SRTM), finally reaching 5.76% after 1 hour scan-time reduction. We observed preferential extrastriatal AP binding irrespective of the analytical method. [18F]fallypride scan durations of 180 minutes reliably reach equilibrium even in D2/3-receptor-rich regions. Moderate reductions in FP scan durations only caused small changes to SRTM results even in receptor-rich regions. Apparently, the D2/3 receptor occupancy results of APs, especially preferential extrastriatal binding observations, are not relevantly biased by inappropriate scan durations.
Lithium-Mediated Long-Term Neuroprotection in Neonatal Rat Hypoxia–Ischemia is Associated with Antiinflammatory Effects and Enhanced Proliferation and Survival of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells
Authors: Li Hongfu , Li Qian , Du Xiaonan , Sun Yanyan , Wang Xiaoyang , Kroemer Guido , Blomgren Klas , Zhu Changlian
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of lithium treatment on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, inflammation, and neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation and survival. Nine-day-old male rats were subjected to unilateral hypoxia–ischemia (HI) and 2 mmol/kg lithium chloride was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the insult. Additional lithium injections, 1 mmol/kg, were administered at 24-hour intervals for 7 days. Animals were killed 6, 24, 72 hours, or 7 weeks after HI. Lithium reduced total tissue loss by 69%, from 89.4±14.6 mm3 in controls ( n = 15) to 27.6 ±6.2 mm3 in lithium-treated animals ( n = 14) 7 weeks after HI ( P<0.001). Microglia activation was inhibited by lithium treatment, as judged by Iba-1 and galectin-3 immunostaining, and reduced interleukin-1β and CCL2 levels. Lithium increased progenitor, rather than stem cell, proliferation in both nonischemic and ischemic brains, as judged by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling 24 and 72 hours as well as by phospho-histone H3 and brain lipid-binding protein labeling 7 weeks after HI. Lithium treatment also promoted survival of newborn NSPCs, without altering the relative levels of neuronal and astroglial differentiation. In summary, lithium conferred impressive, morphological long-term protection against neonatal HI, at least partly by inhibiting inflammation and promoting NSPC proliferation and survival.
Sex Differences in Neuroprotection Provided by Inhibition of TRPM2 Channels following Experimental Stroke
Authors: Jia Jia , Verma Saurabh , Nakayama Shin , Quillinan Nidia , Grafe Marjorie R , Hurn Patricia D , Herson Paco S
Published: May 2011

The calcium-permeable transient receptor potential M2 (TRPM2) ion channel is activated following oxidative stress and has been implicated in ischemic damage; however, little experimental evidence exists linking TRPM2 channel activation to damage following cerebral ischemia. We directly assessed the involvement of TRPM2 channels in ischemic brain injury using pharmacological inhibitors and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of TRPM2 expression. Each of the four TRPM2 inhibitors tested provided significant protection to male neurons following in vitro ischemia (oxygen–glucose deprivation, OGD), while having no effect in female neurons. Similarly, TRPM2 knockdown by TRPM2 shRNA resulted in significantly reduced neuronal cell death following OGD only in male neurons. The TRPM2 inhibitor clotrimazole reduced infarct volume in male mice, while having no effect on female infarct volume. Finally, intrastriatal injection of lentivirus expressing shRNA against TRPM2 resulted in significantly smaller striatal infarcts only in male mice following middle cerebral artery occlusion, having no significant effect in female mice. Data presented in the current study demonstrate that TRPM2 inhibition and knockdown preferentially protects male neurons and brain against ischemia in vitro and in vivo, indicating that TRPM2 inhibitors may provide a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of stroke in men.
On Quispel-Roberts-Thompson extensions and integrable correspondences
Authors: Grammaticos B. , Ramani A. , Tamizhmani K. M. , Willox R.
Published: May 2011

We present several novel examples of an extension of the Quispel-Roberts-Thompson (QRT) mapping in which the coefficients are periodic functions of the independent variable and we prove that for period 2 this extension includes all so-called asymmetric QRT mappings. We establish the integrability of these new mappings by explicitly constructing rational invariants for them, which can be parametrised in terms of elliptic functions. Moreover, we show that the correspondences induced by these conserved quantities are all integrable – i.e., exhibit polynomial growth of the number of images they produce – and we present a conjecture pertaining to the degree of the growth. The case of Hirota-Kimura-Yahagi mappings and their associated correspondences is examined as well and we give examples of integrable correspondences associated with such mappings.
Higher level twisted Zhu algebras
Authors: van Ekeren Jethro
Published: May 2011

The study of twisted representations of graded vertex algebras is important for understanding orbifold models in conformal field theory. In this paper, we consider the general setup of a vertex algebra V, graded by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\Gamma /\mathbb {Z}$\end{document}Γ/Z for some subgroup Γ of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {R}$\end{document}R containing \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {Z}$\end{document}Z, and with a Hamiltonian operator H having real (but not necessarily integer) eigenvalues. We construct the directed system of twisted level p Zhu algebras \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\operatorname{Zhu}_{p, \Gamma }(V)$\end{document}Zhup,Γ(V), and we prove the following theorems: For each p, there is a bijection between the irreducible \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\operatorname{Zhu}_{p, \Gamma }(V)$\end{document}Zhup,Γ(V)-modules and the irreducible Γ-twisted positive energy V-modules, and V is (Γ, H)-rational if and only if all its Zhu algebras \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\operatorname{Zhu}_{p, \Gamma }(V)$\end{document}Zhup,Γ(V) are finite dimensional and semisimple. The main novelty is the removal of the assumption of integer eigenvalues for H. We provide an explicit description of the level p Zhu algebras of a universal enveloping vertex algebra, in particular of the Virasoro vertex algebra \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\operatorname{Vir}^c$\end{document}Virc and the universal affine Kac-Moody vertex algebra \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$V^k(\mathfrak {g})$\end{document}Vk(g) at non-critical level. We also compute the inverse limits of these directed systems of algebras.
Three-view stereoscopy in dusty plasmas under microgravity: A calibration and reconstruction approach
Authors: Himpel Michael , Buttenschön Birger , Melzer André
Published: May 2011

A three-camera stereoscopy setup is presented that allows to reconstruct the trajectories of particles in dusty plasmas under microgravity. The calibration procedure for the three-camera setup takes the special circumstances into account that occur in close-range imaging of small particles. Additionally, a reconstruction algorithm is presented that is based on the epipolar geometry and delivers the essential particle correspondences. Further improvements are achieved by analyzing the dynamic particle behavior. Two applications of our calibration and reconstruction procedure are presented: A two-dimensional dust structure in the laboratory with a large percentage of hidden particles, and particles inside the void of a dust cloud under microgravity.
Virulence differences in
Toxoplasma
mediated by amplification of a family of polymorphic pseudokinases
Authors: Behnke Michael S. , Khan Asis , Wootton John C. , Dubey Jitender P. , Tang Keliang , Sibley L. David
Published: May 2011

The population structure of
Toxoplasma gondii
includes three highly prevalent clonal lineages referred to as types I, II, and III, which differ greatly in virulence in the mouse model. Previous studies have implicated a family of serine/threonine protein kinases found in rhoptries (ROPs) as important in mediating virulence differences between strain types. Here, we explored the genetic basis of differences in virulence between the highly virulent type I lineage and moderately virulent type II based on successful genetic cross between these lineages. Genome-wide association revealed that a single quantitative trait locus controls the dramatic difference in lethality between these strain types. Neither ROP16 nor ROP18, previously implicated in virulence of
T. gondii
, was found to contribute to differences between types I and II. Instead, the major virulence locus contained a tandem cluster of polymorphic alleles of ROP5, which showed similar protein expression between strains. ROP5 contains a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase domain that includes only part of the catalytic triad, and hence, all members are considered to be pseudokinases. Genetic disruption of the entire
ROP5
locus in the type I lineage led to complete attenuation of acute virulence, and complementation with
ROP5
restored lethality to WT levels. These findings reveal that a locus of polymorphic pseudokinases plays an important role in pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis in the mouse model.
Hydrogen-bonding networks and RNA bases revealed by cryo electron microscopy suggest a triggering mechanism for calcium switches
Authors: Ge Peng , Zhou Z. Hong
Published: May 2011

Helical assemblies such as filamentous viruses, flagella, and F-actin represent an important category of structures in biology. As the first discovered virus, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was at the center of virus research. Previously, the structure of TMV was solved at atomic detail by X-ray fiber diffraction but only for its dormant or high-calcium-concentration state, not its low-calcium-concentration state, which is relevant to viral assembly and disassembly inside host cells. Here we report a helical reconstruction of TMV in its calcium-free, metastable assembling state at 3.3 Å resolution by cryo electron microscopy, revealing both protein side chains and RNA bases. An atomic model was built de novo showing marked differences from the high-calcium, dormant-state structure. Although it could be argued that there might be inaccuracies in the latter structure derived from X-ray fiber diffraction, these differences can be interpreted as conformational changes effected by calcium-driven switches, a common regulatory mechanism in plant viruses. Our comparisons of the structures of the low- and high-calcium states indicate that hydrogen bonds formed by Asp116 and Arg92 in the place of the calcium ion of the dormant (high-calcium) state might trigger allosteric changes in the RNA base-binding pockets of the coat protein. In turn, the coat protein–RNA interactions in our structure favor an adenine-X-guanine (A*G) motif over the G*A motif of the dormant state, thus offering an explanation underlying viral assembly initiation by an AAG motif.
Detection and quantification of rare mutations with massively parallel sequencing
Authors: Kinde Isaac , Wu Jian , Papadopoulos Nick , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert
Published: May 2011

The identification of mutations that are present in a small fraction of DNA templates is essential for progress in several areas of biomedical research. Although massively parallel sequencing instruments are in principle well suited to this task, the error rates in such instruments are generally too high to allow confident identification of rare variants. We here describe an approach that can substantially increase the sensitivity of massively parallel sequencing instruments for this purpose. The keys to this approach, called the
Safe
-
Seq
uencing
S
ystem (“Safe-SeqS”), are (
i
) assignment of a unique identifier (UID) to each template molecule, (
ii
) amplification of each uniquely tagged template molecule to create UID families, and (
iii
) redundant sequencing of the amplification products. PCR fragments with the same UID are considered mutant (“supermutants”) only if ≥95% of them contain the identical mutation. We illustrate the utility of this approach for determining the fidelity of a polymerase, the accuracy of oligonucleotides synthesized in vitro, and the prevalence of mutations in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of normal cells.
Assessing the Validity of Multinomial Models Using Extraneous Variables: An Application to Prospective Memory
Authors: Rummel Jan , Boywitt C. Dennis , Meiser Thorsten
Published: May 2011

The class of multinomial processing tree (MPT) models has been used extensively in cognitive psychology to model latent cognitive processes. Critical for the usefulness of a MPT model is its psychological validity. Generally, the validity of a MPT model is demonstrated by showing that its parameters are selectively and predictably affected by theoretically meaningful experimental manipulations. Another approach is to test the convergent validity of the model parameters and other extraneous measures intended to measure the same cognitive processes. Here, we advance the concept of construct validity (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955) as a criterion for model validity in MPT modelling and show how this approach can be fruitfully utilized using the example of a MPT model of event-based prospective memory. For that purpose, we investigated the convergent validity of the model parameters and established extraneous measures of prospective memory processes over a range of experimental settings, and we found a lack of convergent validity between the two indices. On a conceptual level, these results illustrate the importance of testing convergent validity. Additionally, they have implications for prospective memory research, because they demonstrate that the MPT model of event-based prospective memory is not able to differentiate between different processes contributing to prospective memory performance.
The Influence of Sentential Position on Noun Phrase Structure Priming
Authors: Melinger Alissa , Cleland Alexandra A.
Published: May 2011

This article explores the interaction between global sentence context and local syntactic decision making. Specifically, four noun phrase (NP) structural priming experiments investigated whether the position of an NP within a sentence increased speakers' tendency to repeat primed structure. We crossed the position of the NP with the structure of the NP, such that NPs could be sentence initial or final in prime sentences. We further manipulated whether the to-be-modified target NP was sentence initial or final. Structural persistence effects were consistently observed, but there was no influence of parallel position. Rather, sentence-initial NP primes had a stronger influence on subsequent syntactic decisions than sentence-final primes, suggesting a primacy effect. Sentence-initial target NPs contributed to this primacy effect, while sentence-final target NPs did not. We argue that this primacy effect arises as the result of greater processing demands and resources for early than for late sentence constituents as well as deeper encoding and more focused attention when processing the beginnings of sentences.
Conflict in Object Affordance Revealed by Grip Force
Authors: McBride Jennifer , Sumner Petroc , Husain Masud
Published: May 2011

Viewing objects can result in automatic, partial activation of motor plans associated with them—“object affordance”. Here, we recorded grip force simultaneously from both hands in an object affordance task to investigate the effects of conflict between coactivated responses. Participants classified pictures of objects by squeezing force transducers with their left or right hand. Responses were faster on trials where the object afforded an action with the same hand that was required to make the response (congruent trials) compared to the opposite hand (incongruent trials). In addition, conflict between coactivated responses was reduced if it was experienced on the preceding trial, just like Gratton adaptation effects reported in “conflict” tasks (e.g., Eriksen flanker). This finding suggests that object affordance demonstrates conflict effects similar to those shown in other stimulus–response mapping tasks and thus could be integrated into the wider conceptual framework on overlearnt stimulus–response associations. Corrected erroneous responses occurred more frequently when there was conflict between the afforded response and the response required by the task, providing direct evidence that viewing an object activates motor plans appropriate for interacting with that object. Recording continuous grip force, as here, provides a sensitive way to measure coactivated responses in affordance tasks.
Age Effects Shrink when Motor Learning is Predominantly Supported by Nondeclarative, Automatic Memory Processes: Evidence from Golf Putting
Authors: Chauvel Guillaume , Maquestiaux François , Hartley Alan A. , Joubert Sven , Didierjean André , Masters Rich S. W.
Published: May 2011

Can motor learning be equivalent in younger and older adults? To address this question, 48 younger ( M = 23.5 years) and 48 older ( M = 65.0 years) participants learned to perform a golf-putting task in two different motor learning situations: one that resulted in infrequent errors or one that resulted in frequent errors. The results demonstrated that infrequent-error learning predominantly relied on nondeclarative, automatic memory processes whereas frequent-error learning predominantly relied on declarative, effortful memory processes: After learning, infrequent-error learners verbalized fewer strategies than frequent-error learners; at transfer, a concurrent, attention-demanding secondary task (tone counting) left motor performance of infrequent-error learners unaffected but impaired that of frequent-error learners. The results showed age-equivalent motor performance in infrequent-error learning but age deficits in frequent-error learning. Motor performance of frequent-error learners required more attention with age, as evidenced by an age deficit on the attention-demanding secondary task. The disappearance of age effects when nondeclarative, automatic memory processes predominated suggests that these processes are preserved with age and are available even early in motor learning.
On commutativity of the commutant of strongly irreducible operator
Authors: Li Jue-Xian
Published: May 2011

In 2006, C. L. Jiang and Z. Y. Wang posed an open problem: If

T
T

is a strongly irreducible operator, is

A

′

(
T
)

/

rad

A

′

(
T
)

{\mathcal {A}}’(T)/\textrm {rad}\,{\mathcal A}’(T)

commutative? They conjectured that the answer is positive. In this paper, to negatively answer their problem, a counterexample is given.
Averages over starlike sets, starlike maximal functions, and homogeneous singular integrals
Authors: Watson David , Wheeden Richard
Published: May 2011

We improve some of the results in our 1999 paper concerning weighted norm estimates for homogeneous singular integrals with rough kernels. Using a representation of such integrals in terms of averages over starlike sets, we prove a two-weight

L

p

L^{p}

inequality for

1
>
p
>
2

1 > p > 2

which we were previously able to obtain only for

p
≥
2

p \geq 2

. We also construct examples of weights that satisfy conditions which were shown in our earlier paper to be sufficient for one-weight inequalities when

1
>
p
>
∞

1>p>\infty

.
𝑞-Chaos
Authors: Junge Marius , Lee Hun Hee
Published: May 2011

We consider the

L
p

L_p

norm estimates for homogeneous polynomials of

q
q

-Gaussian variables (

−
1
≤
q
≤
1

-1\leq q\leq 1

). When

−
1
>
q
>
1

-1>q>1

the

L
p

L_p

estimates for

1
≤
p
≤
2

1\leq p \leq 2

are essentially the same as the free case (

q
=
0

q=0

), whilst the

L
p

L_p

estimates for

2
≤
p
≤
∞

2\leq p \leq \infty

show a strong

q
q

-dependence. Moreover, the extremal cases

q
=
±
1

q = \pm 1

produce decisively different formulae.
Parabolic manifolds for semi-attractive analytic transformations of 𝐂ⁿ
Authors: Rong Feng
Published: May 2011

We study the local dynamics of semi-attractive analytic transformations of

C

n

\mathbf {C}^n

. Under certain assumptions, Rivi showed the existence of parabolic manifolds of dimension

m
+
1

m+1

, where

m
m

is the number of eigenvalues with modulus strictly less than one. Assuming moreover that certain matrix has

p
p

eigenvalues with positive real part, we show the existence of parabolic manifolds of dimension

m
+
p
+
1

m+p+1

.
Newton polygons of higher order in algebraic number theory
Authors: Guàrdia Jordi , Montes Jesús , Nart Enric
Published: May 2011

We develop a theory of arithmetic Newton polygons of higher order that provides the factorization of a separable polynomial over a

p
p

-adic field, together with relevant arithmetic information about the fields generated by the irreducible factors. This carries out a program suggested by Ø. Ore. As an application, we obtain fast algorithms to compute discriminants, prime ideal decomposition and integral bases of number fields.
Hidden conformations in protein structures
Authors: Ashkenazy Haim , Unger Ron , Kliger Yossef
Published: May 2011

Motivation: Prediction of interactions between protein residues (contact map prediction) can facilitate various aspects of 3D structure modeling. However, the accuracy of ab initio contact prediction is still limited. As structural genomics initiatives move ahead, solved structures of homologous proteins can be used as multiple templates to improve contact prediction of the major conformation of an unsolved target protein. Furthermore, multiple templates may provide a wider view of the protein's conformational space. However, successful usage of multiple structural templates is not straightforward, due to their variable relevance to the target protein, and because of data redundancy issues.

Results: We present here an algorithm that addresses these two limitations in the use of multiple structure templates. First, the algorithm unites contact maps extracted from templates sharing high sequence similarity with each other in a fashion that acknowledges the possibility of multiple conformations. Next, it weights the resulting united maps in inverse proportion to their evolutionary distance from the target protein. Testing this algorithm against CASP8 targets resulted in high precision contact maps. Remarkably, based solely on structural data of remote homologues, our algorithm identified residue–residue interactions that account for all the known conformations of calmodulin, a multifaceted protein. Therefore, employing multiple templates, which improves prediction of contact maps, can also be used to reveal novel conformations. As multiple templates will soon be available for most proteins, our scheme suggests an effective procedure for their optimal consideration.

Availability: A Perl script implementing the WMC algorithm described in this article is freely available for academic use at http://tau.ac.il/~haimash/WMC.

Contact:  kliger@compugen.co.il

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
3FunMap: full-sib family functional mapping of dynamic traits
Authors: Tong Chunfa , Wang Zhong , Zhang Bo , Shi Jisen , Wu Rongling
Published: May 2011

Motivation: Functional mapping that embeds the developmental mechanisms of complex traits shows great power to study the dynamic pattern of genetic effects triggered by individual quantitative trait loci (QTLs). A full-sib family, produced by crossing two heterozygous parents, is characteristic of uncertainties about cross-type at a locus and linkage phase between different loci. Integrating functional mapping into a full-sib family requires a model selection procedure capable of addressing these uncertainties. 3FunMap, written in VC++ 6.0, provides a flexible and extensible platform to perform full-sib functional mapping of dynamic traits. Functions in the package encompass linkage phase determination, marker map construction and the pattern identification of QTL segregation, dynamic tests of QTL effects, permutation tests and numerical simulation. We demonstrate the features of 3FunMap through real data analysis and computer simulation.

Availability:  http://statgen.psu.edu/software.

Contact:  rwu@hes.hmc.psu.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ocean variations associated with fishing conditions for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Lan Kuo-Wei , Lee Ming-An , Lu Hsueh-Jung , Shieh Wei-Juan , Lin Wei-Kuan , Kao Szu-Chia
Published: May 2011

Lan, K-W., Lee, M-A., Lu, H-J., Shieh, W-J., Lin, W-K., and Kao, S-C. 2011. Ocean variations associated with fishing conditions for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1063–1071. In this study, the Taiwanese longline (LL) fishery data were divided into two types: regular LL and deep LL. Furthermore, we collected environmental variables, such as sea surface temperature (SST), subsurface temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, net primary productivity, windspeed, and the north tropical Atlantic SST index (NTA) during the period 1998–2007 to investigate the relationship between LL catch data and oceanic environmental factors using principal component analysis (PCA). After the daily LL was separated into two types of LL, the results indicated that the deep LL was the major fishery catching yellowfin tuna (YFT) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. In 2003–2005, especially in 2005, the monthly catch by deep LL was double those of other years. The spatial distribution of the nominal catch per unit effort (cpue) by deep LL showed the maximum aggregation of YFT in waters with temperature above 24–25°C. The YFT mainly aggregated in the equatorial Atlantic, extending east in the first and second quarters of the year. In the third quarter of the year, the SST decreased off West Africa and the YFT migrated westwards to 15°W. Results of PCA indicated that higher subsurface water temperatures resulted in a deeper thermocline and caused a higher cpue of YFT, but the influence of NTA on the cpue of YFT seemed to be insignificant.
Response of the ocean mixed layer depth to global warming and its impact on primary production: a case for the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Jang Chan Joo , Park Jisoo , Park Taewook , Yoo Sinjae
Published: May 2011

Jang, C. J., Park, J., Park, T., and Yoo, S. 2011. Response of the ocean mixed layer depth to global warming and its impact on primary production: a case for the North Pacific Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 996–1007. This study investigates changes in the mixed layer depth (MLD) in the North Pacific Ocean in response to global warming and their impact on primary production by comparing outputs from 11 models of the coupled model intercomparison projects phase 3. The MLD in the 21st century decreases in most regions of the North Pacific, whereas the spatial pattern of the MLD is nearly unchanged. The overall shoaling results in part from intensified upper-ocean stratification caused by both surface warming and freshening. A significant MLD decrease (>30 m) is found in the Kuroshio extension (KE), which is predominantly driven by reduced surface cooling, caused by weakening of wind. Associated with the mixed layer shoaling in the KE, the primary production component resulting from seasonal vertical mixing will be reduced by 10.7–40.3% (ranges of medians from 11 models) via decreased nitrate fluxes from below it. Spring blooms in most models are projected to initiate earlier in the KE by 0–13 d (ranges of medians from 11 models). Despite the overall trends, the magnitude of changes in primary production and timing of spring blooms are quite different depending on models and latitudes.
Verticillium Wilt of Skullcap and Potential for Pathogen Dissemination via Seeds and Stems
Authors: Dung Jeremiah K. S. , du Toit Lindsey J. , Johnson Dennis A.
Published: May 2011

A commercial skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora, family Lamiaceae) crop with wilted and necrotic plants was examined in Washington State in 2008. Three fungal isolates were obtained and identified as Verticillium dahliae based on morphology and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer DNA region. All three skullcap isolates caused typical Verticillium wilt symptoms on skullcap and two peppermint cultivars. Inoculations of skullcap with the V. dahliae isolates from skullcap and an isolate from peppermint resulted in severe symptoms and a 21 to 78% reduction in aboveground biomass. Isolates from skullcap caused severe symptoms on the susceptible peppermint ‘Black Mitcham’ and reduced yield by up to 82%. One skullcap isolate caused severe symptoms on the moderately resistant ‘Redefined Murray’ in three of four trials and reduced biomass up to 71% compared with noninoculated control plants. The pathogen was recovered from 43 to 69% of skullcap stems from plants inoculated with skullcap or peppermint isolates, and was isolated from 2.5% of seed harvested from skullcap plants inoculated with the peppermint isolate of V. dahliae. This is the first report of V. dahliae infecting skullcap, and the first demonstration of V. dahliae isolates from skullcap and peppermint causing symptoms on both hosts, as well as the seedborne nature of V. dahliae in skullcap.
Soil Suppressiveness to Fusarium Disease Following Organic Amendments and Solarization
Authors: Klein Eyal , Katan Jaacov , Gamliel Abraham
Published: May 2011

Soil suppressiveness to soilborne pathogens can evolve following the incorporation of plant residues in the soil and solarization. We studied its occurrence by assessing disease incidence and severity in sandy soil which was infested after the disinfestation treatment. Disease incidence and severity of crown and root rot in cucumber plants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum macroconidia were reduced by 20 to 80% when seedlings were planted in the tested soils 2 to 34 months after soil amendment. Residues of Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket [WR]), Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon), Salvia officinalis (sage), and Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) were most effective for inducing soil suppressiveness. Effective soil suppressiveness continued to be evident after repeated inoculations and plantings in the same soil without additional treatment between inoculations. Moreover, residues of WR induced soil suppressiveness in two additional tested soils differing in their physical and chemical properties. Residues of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Mentha piperita (peppermint), and B. oleraceae var. botrytis (cauliflower) induced disease suppression at the first inoculated planting but not upon repeated inoculation and planting. The contribution of soil solarization to the evolution of soil suppressiveness, albeit evident, was inconsistent. Soil suppressiveness to Fusarium crown and root rot was also observed when cucumber seed were sown in soils which were initially amended with WR residues and later infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum chlamydospores. There is a potential for the use of plant residues for inducing soil suppressiveness and further contributing to the control of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens.
First Report of Myrothecium Leaf Spot of Hemionitis arifolia Caused by Myrothecium roridum in China
Authors: Zhang Y. X. , Huang J. H. , Xiang M. M.
Published: May 2011

Hemionitis arifolia (Burm.) Moore. was grown commercially as an ornamental plant in China. In January 2010, a new foliar disease with typical leaf spot symptoms was observed on H. arifolia in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province. Approximately 10% of the plants in the Dongguan nursery were affected. Leaf spots were circular to subcircular, dark brown, with distinct concentric zones, and ranged from 10 to 20 mm in diameter. Lesions developed mostly on the lower leaves and black sporodochia with white mycelial tufts were produced mostly in older lesions under high humidity. Single-spore isolates from lesions plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) produced white, floccose colonies and dark green-to-black sporodochia. Colonies reached 60 mm on PDA at 25°C after 14 days. Conidiophores branched repeatedly. Conidiogenous cells in whorls of two to six on ultimate branches were hyaline, cylindrical, and 13 to 20 × 1.2 to 1.8 μm. Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical, mostly with both rounded ends, occasionally one blunt end, and mean size was 6.1 (4.5 to 7.0) × 2.3 (1.8 to 3.0) μm. These characteristics were consistent with the descriptions of Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr. (2–4). The internal transcribed spacer regions including ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S rRNA of one isolate were PCR amplified and sequenced. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed highest similarity (99%) to M. roridum sequences from isolates collected from Germany (Accession Nos. AJ302001.1 and AJ301995.1). The M. roridum sequence from the Chinese isolate was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. JF343832). To confirm pathogenicity, five leaves on five H. arifolia plants were inoculated with 5-mm mycelial plugs from the periphery of 7-day-old cultures; sterile PDA plugs were used as the control treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags and incubated in a growth chamber at 28°C. Necrotic lesions appeared 2 to 3 days after inoculation and the symptoms described above were observed after 7 days on all inoculated leaves, whereas sterile PDA plugs did not produce any leaf lesion. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated leaves and confirmed to be M. roridum on the basis of morphological characteristics. There are approximately 271 hosts of M. roridum (1), including many ornamental plants such as salvia (2) and garden hydrangea (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Myrothecium leaf spot on H. arifolia. Because the disease caused damage to the foliage and reduced the ornamental value of H. arifolia plants, control measures may need to be implemented for production of this species in ornamental nurseries.

References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrived from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 6 February 2011. (2) J. A. Mangandi et al. Plant Dis. 91:772, 2007. (3) M. T. Mmbaga et al. Plant Dis. 94:1266, 2010. (4) M. Tulloch. Mycol. Pap. No. 130. CMI, Wallingford, UK, 1972.
Variation in Phenotypic Characteristics of Phytophthora capsici Isolates from a Worldwide Collection
Authors: Granke L. L. , Quesada-Ocampo L. M. , Hausbeck M. K.
Published: May 2011

To determine variation within Phytophthora capsici, 124 P. capsici isolates from 12 countries were characterized for sporangial length and width, pedicle length, oospore diameter, sporangia and chlamydospore production, and growth at 32, 35, and 38°C. Sporangia were 23 to 35 μm wide and 38 to 60 μm long; differences in width and length were noted when isolates were grouped by genetic cluster and continent of origin. Length:breadth ratio (1.34 to 2.07) and pedicle length (20 to 260 μm long) varied widely among isolates; differences were apparent by continent and host family of origin. Oospore diameters varied among isolates (22 to 37 μm), but no differences were noted by isolate genetic cluster, host family of origin, continent of origin, mating type, or sensitivity to mefenoxam. Differences in sporangia production were observed among isolates grouped by continent, and isolates from nonvegetable hosts produced fewer sporangia than isolates from vegetable hosts. When cultures were incubated in a liquid medium, 35 P. capsici isolates formed chlamydospores. Most (122 of 124) of the isolates were able to grow at 35°C, but all of the isolates grew poorly at 38°C. The results of this study indicate substantial variation in morphological and physiological characteristics among P. capsici isolates.
Variation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Bean Isolates from Multisite Resistance Screening Locations
Authors: Otto-Hanson Lindsey , Steadman James R. , Higgins Rebecca , Eskridge Kent M.
Published: May 2011

There is no complete resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, cause of white mold in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Variable resistance expression is one problem in screening for improved white mold resistance. With no previous information in the literature, pathogen variation in multisite screening nurseries was evaluated as one cause of diverse resistance expression. In all, 10 isolates of S. sclerotiorum used in greenhouse screening and 146 isolates collected from nine white mold field screening nurseries in major bean production areas in the United States were compared using mycelial compatibility groupings (MCGs) and an aggressiveness test. These 10 greenhouse screening isolates formed six MCGs. Among 156 field and greenhouse isolates, 64 MCGs were identified and 36 of those were each composed of a single unique isolate. Significant differences in isolate aggressiveness were found between some isolates in different MCGs but the isolates within an MCG did not differ in aggressiveness. High isolate variation found within and between field locations could influence the disease phenotype of putative white mold resistant germplasm. We next compared genotype and phenotype of isolates from screening nurseries and those from producer fields. Variability found in and among screening locations did reflect variability found in the four producer fields sampled. White mold resistance screening can be improved by knowledge of isolate genotypic and phenotypic characteristics.