bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A RAPID SCREENING METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND THEIR METABOLITES IN URINE
Authors: SHESTAKOVA K. M. , SAVCHUK S. A. , MESONZHNIK N. V. , KUHARENKO A. V. , APPOLONOVA S. A.
Published: August 2021

The ongoing appearance of new psychoactive substances on the black market of illegal drugs, as well as the lack of information on their influence on the human body, faces several challenges in their determination by standard analytical techniques. Moreover, the rapid metabolism of new psychoactive substances reveals in the absence of possibility in the identification of their native structures in biological fluids. This study presents a new screening method for determination 137 psychoactive substances including their metabolites. 'Dilute-and-shoot' method was chosen as the preferable sample preparation technique, and consisted of 1:5 dilution of urine specimens with the solution of acetonitrile and water (30:70) followed by electrospray ionization – liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The developed qualitative method was validated according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime requirements that included assessment of selectivity, limits of detection, precision, and stability. In addition, the presented method was tested on 50 certified positive urine specimens containing different drugs of abuse. The confirmatory analysis was performed using a high-resolution mass-spectrometry approach. The presented screening method provides the possibility of simultaneous determination of synthetic cannabinoids (96), opioid analgesics (16), stimulators (13), hallucinogens (5), benzodiazepines (5) and non-classified drugs (10) during one run. The validation assessments of the novel method have shown high rates of its specificity, selectivity, intra- and inter-day precision and stability with the limit of detection ranged from 1 to 5 ng?mL-1. At the same time, tests of 50 positive samples showed excellent applicability of the developed screening method for routine preliminary screening analysis in toxicological laboratories.
PRODUCTION OF A DAIRY PRODUCT BASED ON CAMEL MILK FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
Authors: DIKHANBAYEVA F. , ZHAKSYLYKOVA G. , SYZDYKOVA L. , SMAILOVA Z. , TASTURGANOVA E.
Published: August 2021

The manuscript discusses the possibility of producing a dairy product based on special-purpose camel milk. Specialized nutrition is intended for all population groups and risk groups due to the content of targeted functional ingredients and balanced or enriched composition of food substances. The risk group, in addition to children and persons with impaired health, are elderly people, for whom a special nutrition is provided. Probiotic ferments are used in the production of fermented dairy products, as well as in butter and cheese making. The leaven is introduced into the product and allowed to develop in it under controlled conditions. In the process of fermentation taking place in this way, bacteria form substances that give the fermented milk product its characteristic properties, such as acidity (pH), taste, aroma, and consistency. The decrease in pH occurring during fermentation by lactose bacteria to lactic acid has a preservative effect on the product while improving nutritional value and digestibility. Unlike cow's milk, camel's milk is more saturated with vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is a healing biological natural medicine, as well as an immune modulator for the human body. Camel milk is the common food for pastoral society and a rich source of nutrients with therapeutic value. Milk processing can improve the nutritional properties, increase the digestibility of macromolecules and make it safe from harmful microbes. The optimal ratio (1:1) of probiotic ferments for fermented milk drinks – new Bio Drinks based on camel milk - was established.
GEOMETRY ANALYSIS OF SUPERSONIC FLOW AROUND TWO AXIALLY SYMMETRICAL BODIES USING THE DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING METHOD
Authors: BODRYSHEV V. V. , KORZHOV N. P. , NARTOVA L. G. , RABINSKIY L. N.
Published: August 2021

The scientific paper covers the research of the geometric laws of the intersection of two angle shock waves formed upon supersonic flow with zero incidence of two bodies. The positions of shock waves engaging with the surfaces of the models of axially symmetrical bodies are determined. Systems of analysis and decision support are based on the involvement of photographs (video frames) processing results by the image intensity parameter. This method facilitates the identification of the shock wave angle with a higher rate of probability, and, therefore, the more precise definition of the engagement points of the shock wave with the researched surface. This paper analyses the video frames of the interaction of shock waves using the digital image processing method by the image intensity parameter, the formulas determining the intersection point of shock waves, that occur upon the supersonic motion of two axially symmetric bodies near each other, are determined. The positions of the point of contact of the outgoing shock wave with the surface of the second object were determined, factoring in the difference in the the incoming and outgoing shock wave angles. The availability of sufficient statistics allowed to identify theoretical relationships between the gas flow rate, the geometric parameters of objects, the distances between them, density, pressure and image intensity in photographs. The method of digital image processing can be applied to the analysis of shock waves during the flow around a supersonic stream of bodies with a "blunt" end. The shock wave front in this case is described by a secondorder curve, upon the analysis of which it is necessary to select a portion of this curve, replacing it with some accuracy by a straight line segment (Mach line).
MELT DROPS MOVEMENT OVER SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES CONTROLLED BY ELECTRIC FIELD
Authors: SKVORTSOV A. A. , KORYACHKO M. V. , ZUEV S. M. , DEMCHENKOVA A. A.
Published: August 2021

The problems of molten zones formation and their subsequent migration over material surface are of interest from the viewpoint of developing novel technological methods of forming microelectronic structures. Such drops can be used as primary working elements of microlenses and reflectors, displays, weighers. The aim of this work was experimental studying processes of electromigration of molten silver- and aluminum-based inclusions over surfaces of germanium and aluminum semiconductor crystals. The issues of formation and motion of molten drops over the surfaces of silicon and germanium semiconductor crystals are considered within the framework of the electrocapillary approach. It is shown by an example of Ge-Ag and Si-Al systems that accelerated migration is related to the contribution of an electrocapillary component that relates surface tension force of melt drops to electric potential difference at the interface. The experiment consisted in applying metal grain to the surface of the samples and vacuuming the chamber where excessive pressure and the surface temperature were created. Migration of inclusions by powerful current pulses was initiated. An analysis of the effect of direct current on a drop of melt deposited on the surface of a crystalline matrix was made. An analysis of the droplet composition was carried out using the AES method, the results of which showed the relationship between silver and germanium concentrations. Quantitative evaluations are given for migration rates in systems under direct current flow as well as under pulsed current loads. During the experiment, it was found that the energy required to detach the droplet from the rigid matrix was not consumed. The value of the surface charge transfer density was estimated. The results of the work can be used to develop new technological methods for the formation of microelectronic structures and their use for practical purposes.
MICROFACIES AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE DALICHAI FORMATION: A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL ALBORZ IN SEMNAN PROVINCE, NORTHERN IRAN
Authors: SHAHKARAM E. , ADABI M. H. , JAHANI D. , VAZIRI S. H.
Published: August 2021

Top Bajocian progressive deposits are marly accumulation and limestone filled with ammonites and other marine fossils that are called ‘Dalichai formation’ with 1420m in thickness. There are erosion and inconsistent boundary that distinct Dalichai formation from Shemshak formation. The boundary of Dalichai and Lar formations is isocline and graded. The presence of Benthic foraminifera, sponge sparkles, and ammonites in the Sharaf section alludes the existence of shallow to deep open marine. Such diagenetic processes as cementation, micritization, porosity, accumulation, iron oxide and bioturbation are observed in Dalichai formation. The carbonates in this formation could have primary aragonitic composition according to the studies on main and secondary elements, carbon and oxygen isotopes, and drawing these values against each other. In such condition, non-marine diagenesis influenced the carbonates mostly. By comparing Sr/Ca and Mn, a semi-closed to open diagenetic environment can be suggested to have impacts on carbonates. Dalichai formation and Lar formation can identify a boundary in 1200m thickness since there are changes in Sr/Ca, Sr/Na, Sr, and carbon and oxygen isotopes to study. Dalichai formation limestone temperature was calculated 32.9 °C. Regarding lithology and analysis of Sharaf section microfacies, three microfacies are specified that appear as deposits in outer ramp. In this study, the model of Homoclinal ramp is suggested to utilize for such formation. Sharaf section Dalichai Formation entails aragonitic mineralogy composition on which burial diagenesis has substantially influenced.
INVESTIGATION OF PROCESSES OF DEFORMATION OF PLASTIC MATERIALS WITH THE HELP OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Authors: BODRYSHEV V. V. , BABAYTSEV A. V. , RABINSKIY L. N.
Published: August 2021

As of now, many investigations are performed in order to develop methods of correlation with the help of relevant algorithms. This is especially helpfull for plotting vectors of displacements in order to estimate deformation of various materials, as well as to determine correspondence between sections of two images through calculation of the cross-correlating functions and to ensure seeking of the extremum. The aim of this study was to develop relevant method to estimate mechanism of fracture of materials in accordance with the data of analysis of a photographic image in respect of the parameter of the image intensity. In addition, this method is to be used with the help of the multivariate analysis (multi-factor analysis) of the interrelationship between image intensity, surface roughness, and possibility to determination the geometrical parameters of the deformation area/deformation volume under different conditions of operation. Digital method of processing of photographs/video frames has been used in order to investigate microstructure and surface of materials in respect of criterion of the image intensity in the course of mechanical tests in accordance with deformations. Quantitative parameters of the image intensity were compared to the structure of material, as well as to the surface roughness before and after destruction of samples. The images used were obtained during mechanical testing of aluminium samples. To ensure the validity of the test results, six specimens of the same type were tested. A stress-strain diagram was drawn up for each specimen. Stress-strain diagrams from the mechanical tests were compared with those from the photo analysis using the method described above. The results correlate well with each other, but unlike the experiment, where the strain is measured only at the strain gauge location, the photo analysis provides a complete picture of the strain distribution over the entire specimen area. In addition, a multivariate analysis has been carried out to evaluate the geometric dimensions and shapes of the structure elements.
TISSUE CULTURE OF MICE KIDNEYS FOR THE TOXICITY EVALUATION OF SOME CYTOSTATICS
Authors: PASHCHENKO V. P. , NAZARENKO N. A. , GROMOVA L. E. , PASHCHENKO G. S. , NAZARENKO M. Y.
Published: August 2021

The rationale for the present study is explained by a high risk of the development of side effects, including nephrotoxic, in patients that receive the treatment with cytostatics bleocin, lastet, and cisplatin for oncologic diseases. The present article focuses on the evaluation of the toxicity of the mentioned drugs. The method of plasma-free renal tissue cultures in mice on the perforated millipore filters was used. The identification of the toxicity of different doses of the drugs was performed by the comparison of the areas of the grown colonies. The authors presented the data that the inhibition of the growth of renal tissue cultures (by 50%) required a 4.3-fold increase in the dose of lastet in comparison with bleocin. The inhibition of the tissue culture colony growth with cisplatin by 85% was registered in the dose of the drug that corresponded to a 3% solution. The materials of the article have significant practical value because a rational indication of cytostatics bleocin, lastet, and cisplatin with regard to their nephrotoxic effect will allow the specialists to improve the treatment outcome and will contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of patients.
THERAPEUTIC AND PROPHYLACTIC APPLICATION OF MESODIENCEPHALIC MODULATION DURING DENTAL IMPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: YUMASHEV A. , MATVEEVA E. , TAMBOVTSEVA N. , LI J. , YANG B.
Published: August 2021

Dental implantation is stressful and can increase blood sugar levels, placing patients with diabetes mellitus at risk. There is a need for alternative treatments that can prevent mental and somatic stress manifestations during dental implantation in such patients. We investigated the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of mesodiencephalic modulation (MDM) in patients with mild type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent dental implantation. This clinical randomized controlled study included 67 patients with mild type 2 diabetes mellitus and a dental pathology comprising a single defect in a dental arch. Group G-1 (n = 22) received dental implants and MDM therapy during the early post-implantation period. Group TG-2 (n = 22) received dental implants and MDM therapy during pre-implantation and early post-implantation periods. Group RG (n = 23) received dental implants without MDM therapy. Patients’ blood glucose levels, heart rate, and emotional state in pre-and post-implantation periods were compared. In all groups, blood sugar levels and heart rate peaked at 5 minutes after dental procedure completion. An increase from 5 minutes before starting to 5 minutes after completing the dental procedures was significant in TG-1 and RG groups but not in the TG-2 group. Quality of life was significantly higher in both the treatment groups than in the RG group at 10 days after the procedure. MDM has therapeutic and prophylactic value for patients with mild type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing dental implantation during pre- and post-implantation periods as well as on the quality of life in the early post-surgery recovery period.
THE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN EARLY DIAGNOSTICS OF THE METABOLIC MYOCARDIAL DISORDERS IN INSULIN-RESISTANT PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Authors: ROYTBERG Grigory Efimovich , SHARKHUN Olga Olegovna , PLATONOVA Oksana Evgenyevna , STEPANOVA Anna Alexandrovna
Published: August 2021

Recent studies demonstrated the Hepato-cardiac relationship in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as subclinical, structural, and functional alterations in the heart. However, the mechanisms underlying the changes in the cardiovascular system are understudied and not clear. The aim of the study was to assess glucose metabolism, its perfusion in the cardiomyocytes and the detection of the myocardial dysfunction in patients with fatty liver disease and insulin resistance using the positron emission tomography with fludeoxyglucose. During the study, 18 patients (14 men and 4 women, mean age 52 ± 4.2 years) with the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR>2.6) were examined. There were 12 patients in the control group. Echocardiography revealed various types of the left ventricular cardiac remodeling in the study group: 44.4% of patients with eccentric hypertrophy, 38.9% with concentric hypertrophy, and 16.7% with the concentric remodeling. In this group, there was a pronounced diffuse uneven distribution of the radiopharmaceutical. In addition, zones of hypometabolism and paradoxical accumulation of glucose were detected. Thus, it was shown that in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance, the intensity and nature of glucose metabolism in cardiomyocytes changed, indicating the presence of myocardial metabolic dysfunction. We believe that the systemic insulin resistance metabolic processes were disturbed not only in the liver cells but also in the cardiomyocytes. As a result of the metabolic dysfunction, the geometric parameters of the heart are changed, and various types of cardiac remodeling are formed.
LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CROTON RHAMNIFOLIOIDES(PAX HOFFM) ESSENTIAL OIL ENCAPSULATED IN A POLYMERIC NANOSYSTEM AGAINST THE MOSQUITO AEDES AEGYPTI
Authors: SANTOS Andréia Gregório da Silva , NAVARRO Daniela do Amaral Ferraz , MAGALHÃES Nereide Stela Santos , MELO-SANTOS Maria Alice Varjal , BRANDÃO Sofia Suely Ferreira
Published: August 2021

Aedes aegypti is a species of mosquito with wide distribution worldwide, involved in the cycles of transmission of dengue, Zika and chikungunya. The lack of vaccines for most of these arboviruses highlights the importance of vector control as a measure to reduce the incidence of these diseases. Several researches have been carried out in order to find substances of plant origin that are candidates for the control of A. aegypti. In this sense, medicinal plants that also have an insecticidal action have shown promise for the development of new products, environmentally safer than traditional chemical insecticides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the essential oil of the leaves of Croton rhamnifolioides and its formulation in nanocapsules for A. aegypti. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (CG/MS). Formulations were produced containing concentrations of pure oil, which ranged from 40 to 80 μg/mL and polycaprolactone nanocapsules with concentrations from 30 to 120 μg/mL. Larvicide tests were performed using varying concentrations of an aqueous suspension, in triplicates, containing 20 larvae / concentration, in addition to an untreated control. As a result, the essential oil had an average content that varied between 1.4% and 0.58%, depending on the time of collection and, as main constituents, eucalyptol (16.57%) and (E) -cariophylene (11, 32%). LC50 values ranged from 26.3 μg/mL to 52.2 μg/mL and CL90 from 37.8 μg/mL to 68.7 μg/mL for pure oil. In encapsulated oil, the LC50 = 63.4 μg/mL and the LC90 = 104.8 μg/mL. The pure oil of Croton rhamnifolioides was considered more active against the larvae of A. aegypti than the encapsulated one, although both have great potential for application as a larvicide.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING TITRATION CURVES IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Authors: FERNANDEZ-MAESTRE Roberto
Published: August 2021

Titration curves are an essential subject of an Analytical Chemistry course. The main objective of calculating titration curves is the selection of an indicator for such titrations. The calculation of titration errors is imperative because they establish if a given indicator can be used for a given titration. This study reviews the available literature on titration curves and calculating their errors. Its purpose is to draw attention to the importance of undergraduate chemistry students having competencies to determine the titration errors rather than skills to build titration curves as the ultimate purpose of these curves is to determine the failure committed when using a given indicator to assess their endpoints. It is shown that the pH and potential calculation at the equivalence point in acid-base and redox titrations, respectively, are not required to choose the titration indicator, one that yields an acceptable error according to the type of application needed. Methods to calculate these errors in the four main types of titrations are presented; those for complexometric and precipitation titrations are simpler than in the literature. Here, it is also demonstrated that calculating points immediately after and before the curve inflection are more critical for this selection in these two types of titrations. Also, it is deducted that complexometric and precipitation curves are not required to select indicators for these titrations. These demonstrations are essential because analytical chemistry teachers may disregard teaching important topics by spending time calculating unnecessary titration curves (complexometric and precipitation titrations) or additional points of titration curves (redox and acid-base titrations) when the calculation of titration errors of these reactions is more critical. Most analytical chemistry textbooks neglect this topic. Undergraduate chemistry programs should focus more on
calculating titration errors than on the construction of titration curves.
CHANGES IN PHOSPHORUS-CALCIUM METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: GANEEV Timur Irekovich , KABIROVA Milyausha Fauzievna , YUNUSOV Renat Ramizovich , GALIULLINA Marina Vladimirovna
Published: August 2021

The aim of this work was to study changes in the state of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, indicators of certain hormones, cytokine profile, and histological structure of bone tissue in experimental hypothyroidism in rats. Experimental hypothyroidism was caused by daily intragastric administration of Thiamazole in a dose of 2.5 mg / 100 g body weight for 21 days. The colorimetric method was used to determine blood serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium content. Bone metabolism markers, thyrotropin level, total T3 and T4, testosterone, follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LH) hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and -6 (IL-6), necrosis factor tumors-alpha (TNF-α) were studied using an enzyme immunoassay. To determine the histological structure of bone tissue, prepared sections of the femoral diaphysis were studied under a microscope of the MZ-300 series (Austria). It was found that hypothyroidism development is confirmed by decreased content of thyroxine and triiodothyronine on the background of the increased secretion of thyroidstimulating hormone. Experimental hypothyroidism is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of bone alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum while maintaining the collagen C-terminal telopeptides type 1, reflecting impaired remodeling processes, there is also a decrease in testosterone secretion, an increase in gonadotropins, parathyroid hormone, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Signs characteristic for the developing dysplastic osteoporosis are histologically revealed in the diaphysis of the tubular bones.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY PERIODONTAL DISEASES
Authors: UTYUZH Anatoly S , YUMASHEV Alexey V , ISAKOV Esenali I , MAKAROV Alexey L , MATVEEVA Elena A
Published: August 2021

Untimely diagnosis of the oral cavity leads to an underlying periodontal inflammation. Therefore, it was raised an issue of psychological correction in patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases where it was observed the role of mental state and the importance of the addition of this therapeutic component to a comprehensive program for the treatment of patients in dental clinics is emphasized. The study consisted of two stages: diagnostic and therapeutic. The first stage included 76 patients who needed an examination to detect periodontal inflammation; these patients were examined using the Fluorit-4S therapeutic and diagnostic device (TDD). The second stage of the study included 28 patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases. Patients of the study group (14 people) received treatment using a mesodiencephalic modulation method (MDM-therapy). It was proved the possibility of earlier detection of periodontal inflammation (even at the level of a "latent" process) using the Fluorit-4S device. Higher therapeutic efficacy of comprehensive dental treatment in patients with periodontal inflammation using the Fluorit-4S TDD and MDM-therapy was proved compared to standard therapeutic strategy in terms of more evident
reduction in local discomfort (by 0.5 points compared to the control group), more significant decrease in the PMA index (an index that measures the presence or absence of gingival inflammation as occurring on the papillae or the marginal or attached gingivae) (by 0.9% compared to the control group), fuller elimination of the pathological focus, as well as a complete normalization of the emotional state. The use of the Fluorit-4S TDD in dental practice allows dentists to study the affected tissues more closely, resulting in objective conclusions on the pathological processes in the oral mucosa and, accordingly, the selection of adequate therapeutic strategies for individual clinical cases.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF LIQUID PHASE PERCOLATION CLUSTER IN HIGHLY PERMEABLE GLASSY POLYMERS
Authors: SOBOLEV Vladimir D , YUSHKIN Alexey A , SABBATOVSKIY Konstantin G , SERGEEVA Inessa P
Published: August 2021

Porosity, permeability, and conductivity of PTMSP membranes in ethanol-water mixtures were determined by analyzing the impedance characteristics. The critical volume fraction of porosity at which through conductivity channels are formed was calculated. When the alcohol content in the solution increases, it was 0.29; when it decreases, it was 0.17. The obtained dependencies indicate that the transfer of matter in the membrane occurs the liquid phase elements, forming a percolation cluster as the amount of sorbed liquid increases. The hysteresis effect was observed in the measured values of porosity, permeability, conductivity, and capacity. The porous structure of a dry PTMSP membrane consists of free volume elements that are unconnected to each other. At ⁓30% alcohol concentration, through channels, begin to form, connecting both sides of the membrane. In this case, both permeability and electrical conductivity increase as a power function, in contrast to the porosity that increases linearly. Lichtenecker and Rother’s formula helped to calculate the volume fractions of the conducting and non-conducting phases in the system. The obtained values of the amount of liquid in the membrane at various spatial arrangements of the channels made it possible to establish the structure of the liquid-filled channels. The best agreement with the experimental values was obtained for the chaotic structure. This is consistent with the existing ideas about the structure of the studied membranes and confirms the assumption that the percolation cluster is formed from free volume elements filled with the liquid phase. The observed low values of the zeta potential and, consequently, the low values of the electrostatic component of the wedging pressure indicate that the increase in the size or the number of transport channels is associated with non-electrostatic forces.
EXPRESS EVALUATION OF SORPTION MECHANISM ON PEAT CONTAINING MATERIALS
Authors: GEVORGYAN Silva A , HAYRAPETYAN Sergey S , HAYRAPETYAN Martin S , KHACHATRYAN Hambardzum G
Published: August 2021

Peat is an effective sorbent of heavy metals, which is due to its high cation-exchange ability. The use of peat sorbents has many advantages. It is an inexpensive, affordable, and effective sorbent for a wide range of environmental pollutants. Also, it can be used either separately or as a combined sorbent and complex constituents; however, it also has several disadvantages, such as insufficient mechanical strength and low chemical stability of peat particles. To overcome these shortcomings, various methods of peat modification have been developed (e.g., peat modified with chitosan, which is used as a sorbent for heavy metals removal like peat). The ion-exchange sorption properties of sorbents on the base of peat and chitosan - modified peat were evaluated by the method of pH meter. An acid-activated peat sample was also investigated. The experiments were carried
out in a static mode using natural peat samples taken from the Lake Sevan (near the city of Vardenis of the Gegharkunik region of the Republic of Armenia). Also, a similar study was conducted on KU-2-8 cation exchange resin. The purpose of this article was the express evaluation of the sorption mechanism of peat sorbents. Cation exchanger was transferred to the H+ form by treatment with HCl (1N). Changes in the pH profile as a function of the exposure time indicate their identity with the pattern of the pH change of the cation exchanger. It was found that acid activation of peat (exposure of a peat sample in HCl 1N for 10-16 hours) increases its adsorption capacity. In this case, the maximum decrease in pH is pH = 2.33, which is 1.44 points lower than for peat (pH = 3.77) and 0.95 points more than for KU-2-8 cationite. This indicates that sorbents based on peat can be regenerated. Chitosan-modified peat exhibits deterioration in sorption capacity. In this case, pHmin = 3.9, which shows that sorption on chitosan is not ion-exchange in nature.
INFLUENCE OF WATER MINERALIZATION ON ZOOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY IN RESERVOIRS OF AKMOLA REGION
Authors: AUBAKIROVA Gulzhan , ADILBEKOV Zhanat , NARBAYEV Serik
Published: August 2021

The effect of water mineralization on zooplankton productivity in the reservoirs of the Akmola region is a very relevant study. The chemical composition of natural waters is inextricably linked to the composition and structure of the soil, which, in turn, was formed during the long evolution of the earth's crust under the influence of climate. Natural waters have a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative chemical composition. The basis for systematization in existing classifications are the amount of mineralization, the predominant component or group, the relationship between different values of concentrations of various ions, the presence of increased amounts of any specific elements of the gas and salt regimes. The relevance of the work is due to insufficient study of the fishing potential of medium-sized reservoirs in Northern Kazakhstan. The work aimed to study the mineralization of water as a factor determining the life of aquatic organisms. As a result of this research, data confirmed the position that the factors that determine the viability of marine organisms are the mineralization of water. To characterize zooplankton across the entire lake area, samples were taken, taking into account different stations. The number of individual organisms in the sample was determined. The degree of mineralization of lakes in the Akmola region was indicated. The correlation coefficient for features in the "mineralization – zooplankton abundance" pair was calculated as r = -0.96, and in the "mineralization – zooplankton biomass" pair r = -0.85. When analyzing the data obtained, it was observed an inverse relationship between water mineralization and zooplankton abundance. When water mineralization increases by 4.03% in July, the number of zooplankton organisms decreases from 170.03 to 152.6 thousand copies/m3. When the salinity of the Uyali - Shalkar lake water increases from 362 (May) to 508 mg/L (July), the zooplankton biomass decreases from 6.02 to 5.73 mg/m3.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND STRUCTURE– ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS: STUDY OF SOME MONO- AND DI-SCHIFF BASES
Authors: JASIM Ekhlas Q , DHAIF Hawraa K , MUHAMMAD-ALI Munther A
Published: August 2021

Schiff bases (SB) are an important type of organic compounds and have a wide range of biological activities due to commercial and pharmaceutical trading uses. The different activities of these compounds induced the researchers to synthesized and studied new types of these compounds. Two series of Schiff base derivatives were synthesized by the condensation reactions of substituted aldehydes salicylaldehyde, 4-(N,Ndimethylamino) benzaldehyde or 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde with 2-amino-5-iodobenzoic acid (1:1) or with 3,5- diamenobenzoic acid (1:2) in ethanol absolute as a solvent. Different analytical techniques characterized the structure of the synthesized Schiff bases; for instance, Fourier transform infrared FT-IR and proton nuclear magnetic resonance 1H-NMR. The purity of the synthesized compounds was tested by elemental microanalysis CHN and thin layer chromatography TLC. The structural properties of the studied molecules were investigated theoretically by performing density functional theory (DFT) using the HyperChem software. The lipophilicity of the tested compounds showed that the compounds 2c, 2b, 2a, and 1c have logP values less than (5), 2.90, 3.78, 3.82 and 4.57, respectively, whereas, 1b and 1a have logP values higher than (5), 5.01 and 5.03, respectively. The Mulliken charge distribution showed that the carbonyl oxygen atom of the carboxylic group is more negative (~ - 0.4) as compared to other oxygen atoms (~ -0.3) in all selected compounds. Frontier molecular orbitals energy diagram and their bandgap provided indications about chemical reactivity and kinetic stability of the molecules. The synthesized compounds were tested for antifungal effects against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, which indicated that the compounds had good antifungal activity.
MODERN OPPORTUNITIES OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS PHARMACOTHERAPY: NEW DIRECTIONS
Authors: DUTOVA Svetlana Vyacheslavovna , SARANCHINA Julia Vladimirovna , KILINA Oksana Yuryevna , KHANARIN Nikolai Vladimirovich , KULAKOVA Tatiana Sergeevna
Published: August 2021

Despite the successful achievements in modern applied medicine and the application of hypolipidemic drugs into clinical practice for the past 50 years, the issue of prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease (AVD) remains unsolved. Implementation of the theory of immunopathogenesis of atherosclerosis that was experimentally proved by modern studies allows the specialists to expand the possibilities of pharmacotherapy and pharmacoprevention for AVD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze new directions in the development of anti-atherosclerotic drugs (AAD) with a pathogenetic activity that suppressed chronic autoimmune inflammation in the areas of atherosclerotic damage of vessels. In the course of the study, the search and analysis of the publications in the databases Web of Science, PubMed, and RSCI (Russian Science Citation Index) for the period of 2016-2018 were performed. According to the performed analysis, the most perspective molecular targets for AAD are pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that develop a disbalance in patients with AVD. Thus, the drugs that are based on monoclonal antibodies to the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and pro-inflammatory interleukins (1β, 17А), used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, can be used for the treatment of AVD. Recombinant interleukins 6, 13, 19, and substances that suppress the expression of interferon regulatory factors will also exert an antiatherogenic effect. The studies on the modeling of the pathogenesis of AVD in inbred animals showed that other molecular targets for AAD could be enzymes involved in the lipid and immune cells metabolism. They include inositol requiring enzyme 1, proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type 9, and the enzymes of paraoxonase family. Besides, the review includes the discussion of the successful application of drugs based on monoclonal antibodies to TNFα (infliximab), IL-17A (secukinumab) and IL-1β (canakinumab), as well as the drugs with antienzymatic activity (evolocumab and darapladib), in clinical practice for the treatment of AVD. The modern knowledge on molecular mechanisms of immunopathogenesis can give grounds for the development of drugs for pathogenetic pharmacotherapy and pharmacoprevention for the complications of AVD. The most effective solution would be the indication of drugs that affect the disbalance of cytokines and metabolic processes in the immune cells.
CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEWBORN ADAPTATION BORN FROM MOTHERS WITH INTRAUTERINE INFECTION
Authors: ZHUMALINA Akmaral K , TUSUPKALIEV Balash T , ZAME Yuliya A , VOLOSHINA Lyudmila V , DARZHANOVA Klara B
Published: August 2021

Today about 40 % of babies are infected with intrauterine infections. The immune statuses of children during the neonatal period are largely associated with the patterns of pregnancies in their mothers. This work aimed to study clinical and immunological features in newborns of mothers with intrauterine infection. 48 infants were observed. Neonates were divided into two groups: group 1 – 33 newborns from mothers infected with cytomegalovirus infection, group 2 – 15 children from healthy mothers. The diagnosis of intrauterine infection verifizierung the basis of survey questionnaire for pregnant women, outpatient data of pregnant women and neonates, serologic study, PCR, ELISA, and the cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Somatic and obstetric and gynecological history of mothers was thoroughly collected and the risk factors for the development of complications in the early period of adaptation were assessed. The result of the study revealed that the structure of risk factors in pregnant women with intrauterine infections is of great importance the age of 30 years, genital and extragenital pathology during pregnancy, spontaneous abortions and non-developing pregnancy, abortion. Associated viral infections (CMV, Cytomegalovirus) predominate in the structure of congenital infection. The analysis indicates significantly burdened perinatal anamnesis in children infectious factors and factors of perinatal hypoxia. The leading clinical symptoms for intrauterine infections among the examined children are in the early neonatal period prematurity asphyxia, urinary symptoms, late neonatal period differ polymorphism symptomatic. In this period reveals a specific organ of the Central nervous system. In newborns with intrauterine infections observed inhibition of immunological indicators (CD4+, Cd8+, Cd 19+).
SYNTHESIS OF SPINEL Mn3O4 AND SPINEL Mn3O4/ZrO2 NANOCOMPOSITES AND USING THEM IN PHOTO-CATALYTIC DECOLORIZATION OF Fe(II)-( 4,5- DIAZAFLUOREN-9-ONE 11) COMPLEX
Authors: HAYAWI Mohammed Kareem , KAREEM Mohanad Mousa , AHMED Luma Majeed
Published: August 2021

The spinel structure Mn3O4 and the spinel Mn3O4/ZrO2 nano-composites particles were synthesized successfully as photocatalysts by employing the co-precipitation process and ultrasonic technique, respectively. The morphology of the top mention prepared photocatalysts was distinguished using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and indicated that the mean crystal sizes and particle sizes for all studied samples were nanometric. In addition, the optical properties of the obtained photocatalysts were investigated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer with Labsphere diffuse reflectance accessory to measure the bandgaps of them. Based on the Tauc equation, the bandgaps (Bg) for the studied photocatalysts were determined. The bandgaps are indirect for all samples, and it is increased in values for the nanocomposites with the increasing the ratio of ZrO2. So, the sequence of bandgaps values is: Bg spinel Mn3O4 Bg Comp.1
Bg Comp.2
Bg Comp.3
Bg ZrO2, and equal to 2.21 eV
3.15 eV
4.51 eV
4.26 eV
5.29 eV. The research revealed that the spinel Mn3O4 and the spinel Mn3O4 ZrO2 nano-composites particles were quasispherical and spherical particles respectively. Moreover, the incorporation of spinel Mn3O4 particle with ZrO2 particle was successfully carried out that was proved by XRD and AFM analyses. This work discovered that the photocatalytic reaction response via employing Fe(II)-(4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one 11) complex as model material under UV-A lamp with the use of the studied photocatalysts. The primary photo experiments for these photocatalysts found that the decolorization of Fe(II)-(4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one 11) complex is not active without addition of H2O2, that attitude is due to the very high stability of these complex with having an octahedral structure, which was proved with using mole ratio method. Whereas, after the addition of H2O2 to the aqueous solution of these complex, the activity with using the spinel Mn3O4 ZrO2 nanocomposite 3 was found to be the double active than that using the spinel Mn3O4 alone, and the sequence of phootdecolorization efficiency (E%) is being: E% composite 3
E% composite 2
E% composite 1 E% spinel Mn3O4.
ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATIONS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES USING A NEW RUTHENIUM (II) DIARSENIC AQUACOMPLEX AS CATALYST
Authors: BATALINI Claudemir , DE GIOVANI Wagner Ferraresi
Published: August 2021

Various organic functions can undergo oxidation reactions, and the chemical industry increasingly seeks to develop processes based on the Green Chemistry approach in the search for more sustainable practices. Electrochemical electron transfer processes using metal complexes thus appear as an important alternative in these oxidative processes since they exploit numerous reactions in aqueous media and use catalytic amounts of the complex. The purpose of this work was to test the electrocatalytic ability of a new ruthenium (II) diarsenic aqua complex, [Ru(L)(totpy)(OH2)](ClO4)2 (L=Ph2AsCH2CH2AsPh2); (totpy=4´-(4-tolyl)-2,2´:6´,2´´-terpyridine), in electrooxidation experiments of organic substances with different functions. The experiments were conducted at a constant potential of +1.00 V (vs ECS) in a solution of 7:3 phosphate buffer: t-butanol, pH 8.1, with a ratio of 1.00 mmol.L-1 of the aqua complex [Ru(L)(totpy)(OH2)](ClO4)2 to 50.00 mmol.L-1 of each organic substrate. The oxidized organic starting materials and the respective products obtained therefrom were benzyl alcohol (benzaldehyde), benzaldehyde (benzoic acid), benzyl butyl ether (benzaldehyde and benzoic acid) and 1-phenylethanol (acetophenone). Selective reactions with good yields for the products were observed. The electrochemical process used here revealed some benefits over other classic oxidative methods, such as biological advantages and inorganic oxidants, emphasizing the speed, the possibility of using aqueous media in the reactions, selectivity in the formation of products, and the possibility of using small amounts of catalyst.
INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE OF VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ON CHEMISTRY LEARNING: A CASE STUDY
Authors: ASTUTI Elsa Ari , WORO Sumarni , WIYANTO A.
Published: August 2021

Interpersonal intelligence is social intelligence that shows one's ability to create good relationships with friends or the environment. In fact, this intelligence has not been maximally trained in learning at school, especially in chemistry learning, even though the intelligence is important enough to hone the child's ability to be able to socialize with their environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the real conditions of students' interpersonal intelligence in Pharmacy Vocational High School in the city of Semarang. A survey was performed in the academic year 2018/2019 with a sample of 57 students of class XII Pharmacy Vocational High School in the city of Semarang, Indonesia, who had given their approval as participants. Sampling was done randomly. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, peer assessment, and self-assessment when applying chemistry learning. The results showed that 56% of students had low interpersonal intelligence based on observations and, according to the results of survey analysis with peer assessment instruments, there were 59% of students also categorized low for this capability. The survey results with self-assessment instruments also showed 56% of students had low interpersonal intelligence. Low intelligence is mainly in the indicators of the ability to ask, answer questions, and provide answers. This fact is relatively similar to the literature, which reveals that 50% of students have interpersonal intelligence with a medium-low category. So the conclusion is that in reality, this intelligence is still low.
THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: GAPSALAMOV Almaz Rafisovich , MERZON Elena Efimovna , KUZNETSOV Maksim Sergeyevich , VASILEV Vladimir Lvovich , BOCHKAREVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Published: August 2021

The modern world is entering a new state of its development associated with the digitalization process. It affects all aspects of society, changes the traditional foundations and imposes new requirements for the educational process. National educational systems cannot remain aloof from this process. The purpose of this article is to study the digitalization process and its impact on the education system of the world and the Russian Federation. The methodology of the article is based on a systemic and structural-functional approach. The validity of the results of the study is based on the use of popular scientific and special methods, including analysis, synthesis, historical and comparative analysis. On the basis of the analysis of scientific literature, the authors formed an overall picture of the problem under consideration. The work analyzes the processes occurring in the world associated with the beginning of a new historical period. The new time also imposes new requirements on various branches of knowledge, updates approaches to the use of modern and future information technologies. A particular place is given to the synergistic approach, which is an optimistic alternative to mastering the knowledge and competencies of the digital education. In the article the authors point to the lag in the theoretical base of the digitalization process, the lag in infrastructure, shortcomings in the organization of the educational process, reveal cognitive contradictions and, at the same time, show possible ways to solve them.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NORWAY MAPLE (ACER PLATANOIDES L.) IN THE CONDITIONS OF TECHNOGENIC STRESS
Authors: KUZMIN Petr A , BUKHARINA Irina L , KUZMINA Ajgul M
Published: August 2021

A reasonably large number of publications devoted to the study of the role of antioxidant substances in plants growing under anthropogenic stress have appeared in scientific journals. However, these problems and issues are not studied sufficiently. This study aimed to reveal the biochemical composition features of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) in the conditions of urban plantations (by the example of the large industrial center in the city of Naberezhnye Chelny). The paper presents the results of investigations of biochemical composition features of Norway maple in the conditions of a large industrial center, the city of Naberezhnye Chelny (the Republic of Tatarstan). In the circumstances of intensive technogenic load, Norway maple shows higher ascorbic acid oxidase activity at the initial stages of active vegetation and lower activity at the end of vegetation, in comparison with plants in the conventional control zones (CCZ). At the same time, the content of ascorbic acid in the leaves also decreases during the vegetation of plants in the buffer zone plantations of industrial enterprises and trunk plantations. In the buffer zone plantations of industrial enterprises and trunk plantations, Norway maple was characterized by an increase in polyphenol oxidase activity, in comparison with the control plantings. The rise in polyphenol oxidase activity is accompanied by a decrease in the content of tannins. Norway maple in trunk plantations has lower peroxidase activity in its leaves in the conditions of the most intense load in July than in plantations of CCZ, and in August, this activity is higher than in the control group.