bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel algorithm for conceptual design and optimisation of an affordable gliding airdrop platform using TCOMOGA
Authors: Nosratollahi M. , Ghapanvary M.A.
Published: May 2018

Unlike conventional ballistic parachutes, gliding parachutes have been extensively used as guided precision aerial delivery system (GPADS) platforms in recent years. The reasoning may be found in gliding and manoeuvering capabilities, which make this kind of ram-air parachutes superior for precision aerial delivery application. In contrast, wing-shaped configuration along with more design variables create a cumbersome design procedure for this type of parachute. Especially, when an affordable configuration is demanded, the design procedure will be a more important problem. In this respect, an innovative integrated design framework is proposed in which significant design aspects are considered so that the gliding parachute configuration can be optimiseoptimised through a bi-objective optimisation problem to find optimum cost for achievable gliding ranges. To do so, the configuration is defined with minimum required parameters and design space is constrained by performance and stability as significant design requirements to guarantee the feasibility of the solutions in practice. The objective functions are defined in terms of gliding characteristics and amount of materials for fabrication which are representative for maximum reachable stand-off distance and unit cost, respectively. As an effective numerical optimisation method, a niched multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to generate a pareto-optimal set for a specific payload mass whereas constraints are handled through a tournament selection process. Based on results, the provided pareto front can aid the designers in decision-making and trade-off between demanded objectives for a payload weight. The underlying design problem is solved using an all-at-once (AAO) approach and the design loop converges to favourable results in a reasonable time. Finally, as a comparative study, an optimiseoptimised affordable cargo parachute is proposed for the GPADS application in which the material cost is reduced by at least 25% with respect to an available low-cost gliding parachute with the same glide ratio.
An Exploration of Complex Longitudinal Relationships Between Care Factors and Post-Care Outcomes in South Africa
Authors: van Breda Adrian D.
Published: May 2018

Research on young people transitioning out of the childcare system and into young adulthood is inevitably reductionist in that it is unable to take into account the many complex forces that play a role in the development of a child from birth, into and through the care system and on to adulthood. Consequently, studies on the outcomes of care-leavers need to be interpreted with care and thought. This paper serves to illustrate these challenges in research and the various ways that research results can be interpreted by drawing on data from a study being conducted in a residential care programme in South Africa. Demographic, pre-care and in-care variables of a sample of care-leavers are compared with a set of independent living outcome variables a year after aging out of care. Unanticipated results are contrasted with those that were anticipated, and multiple interpretations of the same results are provided. Because of this, the author calls for judicious and humble use of research results when making judgements about the outcomes of care-leavers and the effectiveness of child welfare interventions.
2408
Authors: Chahal Anwar A. , Luu Thao , Timm Paul , Sheppard Paul , Sandness David , Enke Ashley , Dueffer Lucas , Dresow Max , McCarter Stuart J. , Somers Virend K. , Louis Erik K. St.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To assess the association between probable OSA and the sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP-7) risk profiling index in monitored adult inpatients with epilepsy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed 49 consecutive adults (>18 years) with refractory epilepsy admitted to our inpatient epilepsy monitoring unit. The SUDEP-7 inventory was performed for all subjects. Probable OSA was identified using overnight oximetry, the Sleep Apnea Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (SA-SDQ), and STOP-BANG inventory. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent of participants screened positive for probable sleep apnea. Patients with high SUDEP-7 scores were more likely to have a positive screen for OSA. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: OSA is an independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death. OSA may be a hitherto unrecognized contributor to sudden death risk in epilepsy. Further studies determining the relationship between OSA, neural circulatory control and SUDEP are warranted.
2203
Authors: Anderson Joseph , Hendrix Kyle , Beegle Julie , Nolta Jan A. , Abedi Mehrdad
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To date, only 1 documented case of an individual cured of HIV has been reported. He received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant with cells harboring an HIV-resistant genotype. To mimic this result, we have initiated a Phase I to evaluate the safety of an autologous stem cell gene therapy bone marrow transplant in HIV-related lymphoma patients. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The first cohort of patients will receive a 1:1 ratio of unmanipulated CD34 hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and lentivector modified CD34 HSC expressing a combination of HIV-resistant genes and a selectable marker for cell sorting prior to transplantation. Safety of the HIV-resistant stem cells will be assessed by evaluating engraftment, expression of the anti-HIV genes, and the stability and sequence of the vector. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: One patient has been enrolled and transplanted with the HIV-resistant stem cells. After 1 and 2 months post-transplant, patient blood samples were received, processed for genomic DNA, analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and displayed successful engraftment of 16 and 12 vector copies per 100 cells, respectively. Expression of all anti-HIV genes was confirmed by qPCR. PCR on genomic DNA confirmed the correct sizes and sequences of the integrated vector and confirmed the successful engraftment of our gene modified cells. Currently, we are enrolling more patients into the trial. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: If successful, this therapy has the potential to change HIV treatment.
2224
Authors: Katherine Howell Mary , Mellman Thomas
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Sleep disturbance is a common problem following military deployment. Insomnia is associated with other adverse psychiatric and medical health outcomes. There are specialized cognitive behavioral therapies that can effectively treat insomnia; however, these tend to emphasize dysfunctional beliefs about sleep rather than nocturnal vigilance. Deployment to a threatening environment can engender nocturnal vigilance, which appears to be a salient feature of sleep disturbance in formerly deployed veterans. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize sleep-interfering thoughts and behaviors observed in an ongoing pilot study of a novel 2-session intervention incorporating various cognitive techniques to improve sleep in veterans. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To date, 10 formerly deployed US veterans with disturbed sleep have been recruited from the greater DC area. Participants are assessed at baseline, receive 2 intervention sessions, and are again assessed in 3 months. Sleep-interfering thoughts and behaviors are evaluated via self-report forms including the Fear of Sleep Inventory (FoSI), interviews, and prospective diaries. A portion of both intervention sessions addresses vigilant behaviors and sleep-interfering thoughts by teaching participants 1 of 4 techniques that target nocturnal vigilance: cognitive defusion, body scan, self-guided pleasant imagery, and dream rescripting. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: All of the first 10 participants endorsed sleep-interfering thoughts on the Fear of Sleep Index (FOSI) at a severity level of at least “a few times per month” (rating of ≥1), including several regarding previous trauma (#5) and nightmares (#10 and #16). Other elicited thoughts included thoughts about their environment (n=6), sleep (n=5), social or occupational concerns (n=8), nightmares (n=5), and health (n=4). All of the first 10 participants endorsed vigilant behaviors, including being over-attentive to their environment (n=7), checking behaviors (n=6), and being “on-guard” (n=8). Cognitive technique was selected by the participant in collaboration with the facilitator. Customized recommendations were given as to the timing and duration of practice, but all participants were instructed to practice at least once daily. Three participants (n=3) were fully compliant with their cognitive technique recommendations (choosing a body scan or imagery), 5 were partially compliant, and 2 were not compliant (both chose cognitive defusion). There was a significant reduction in sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset from baseline to post-treatment (p<0.05). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The preliminary data suggests that veterans exhibit cognitive and behavioral patterns that involve vigilance and interfere with sleep and demonstrates the need for an intervention targeting the link between nocturnal vigilance and sleep disturbance. More veteran participants and feedback are needed to optimize the efficacy and effectiveness of this sleep training.
2320
Authors: White Brewton Honoreé , Stangl Bethany L. , Kwako Laura E. , Sinha Rajita , Ramchandani Vijay
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Alcohol craving, particularly in response to stress and alcohol cues, can lead to relapse in alcohol-dependent individuals. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis markers such as the cortisol to corticotrophin (CORT:ACTH) ratio have been shown to be a significant predictor of alcohol relapse. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of HPA-axis measures on intravenous alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) in binge and nonbinge drinkers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Healthy, non-dependent binge drinkers (n=14) and nonbinge drinkers (n=11) participated in this study. They underwent 3 personalized imagery sessions, where they heard 5-minute personalized audio scripts designed to trigger stress, alcohol craving, and neutral-relaxation states. Immediately following these cues, participants were given access to alcohol using a novel IV-ASA paradigm for 120 minutes. Serial blood samples were collected for cortisol and ACTH levels. Subjective measures were collected serially using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS), Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ), and Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ). Analyses were conducted using linear regression. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results showed that peak and average ACTH levels as well as the CORT:ACTH ratio during the early phase of the IV-ASA session following the stress and alcohol cues were significantly higher than the neutral script; this effect was seen primarily in binge drinkers. After script administration, a greater change from baseline for ACTH predicted time to peak BrAC during IV-ASA. Gender and binge group predicted AUQ MAX (peak alcohol craving over the entire study session) and WANT MAX (peak “want more alcohol” scores over the session). There was a significant correlation between IV-ASA and increased ACTH peak and average values in binge drinkers. The DEQ and AUQ measures were positively correlated with ACTH peak and ACTH change from baseline. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These findings, to our knowledge, are the first demonstration that exposure to both stress and alcohol cues lead to an increase in ACTH during cue-induced IV-ASA, particularly in binge drinkers. These results suggest that changes in HPA-axis reactivity following stress and alcohol may be important determinants of alcohol consumption in non-dependent binge drinkers.
2322
Authors: Elizabeth Langdon Amy , Bulow Christopher , Reske Kim , Sun Sherry , Hink Tiffany , Jones Courtney , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Dubberke Erik R. , Dantas Gautam
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of infectious antibiotic associated diarrhea. It is often refractory to antimicrobial therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is emerging as a therapeutic option. The objective is to characterize the direct effects of FMT on the gut microbiota. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Fecal specimens were obtained from a cohort of 29 subjects with recurrent C. difficile infection who received FMTs from 1 of 4 healthy donors as part of a phase 2 trial (Rebiotix). Fecal specimens were collected from the subject before FMT and up to 6 months post FMT. 16S rRNA sequencing and whole-genome shotgun sequencing were used to assess microbial community composition as compared by weighted Unifrac. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Before treatment, the microbial community of subjects with C. difficile infection was highly distinct from the composition of the healthy donors in terms of metabolic profile. Quantification of phylogenetic community distance from donor by weighted Unifrac distance showed a significant decrease within the 1st week (Wilcoxon rank sum, p<0.01). This metric was predictive of both treatment failures and antibiotic resistance gene count (LR=22.45, p<0.0001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We conclude that distance from donor is a useful metric to quantify FMT success and that FMTs are a promising treatment for otherwise untreatable carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and organisms.
2363
Authors: Buckley Leo , Canada Justin , Carbone Salvatore , Trankle Cory , Mattia Viscusi Michele , Regan Jessica , Dixon Dave , Abouzaki Nayef , Christopher Sanah , Billingsley Hayley , Kadariya Dinesh , Arena Ross , Abbate Antonio , Van Tassell Benjamin
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our goal was to compare the ventriculo-arterial coupling and left ventricular mechanical work of patients with systolic and diastolic heart failure (SHF and DHF). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Patients with New York Heart Association Functional Class II-III HF symptoms were included. SHF was defined as left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction<50% and DHF as >50%. Analysis of the fingertip arterial blood pressure tracing captured with a finger plethysmography cuff according to device-specific algorithms provided brachial artery blood pressure and stroke volume. LV end-systolic volume was measured separately via transthoracic echocardiography. Arterial elastance (Ea), a measure of pulsatile and nonpulsatile LV afterload, was calculated as LV end-systolic pressure (ESP)/end-diastolic volume. End-systolic elastance (Ees), a measure of load-independent LV contractility, was calculated as LV ESP/end-systolic volume. Ventriculo-arterial coupling (VAC) ratio was defined as Ea/Ees. Stroke work (SWI) was calculated as stroke volume index×LV end-systolic pressure×0.0136 and potential energy index (PEI) as 1/2×(LV end-systolic volume×LV end-systolic pressure×0.0136). Total work index (TWI) was the sum of SWI+PEI. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Patients with SHF (n=52) and DHF (n=29) were evaluated. Median (IQR) age was 57 (51–64) years. There were 48 (58%) and 59 (71%) patients were male and African American, respectively. Cardiac index was 2.8 (2.2–3.2) L/minute and 3.0 (2.8–3.3) L/minute in SHF and DHF, respectively (p=0.12). Self-reported activity levels (Duke Activity Status Index, p=0.48) and heart failure symptoms (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, p=0.55) were not different between SHF and DHF. Ea was significantly lower in DHF compared with SHF patients [1.3 (1.2–1.6) vs. 1.7 (1.4–2.0) mmHg; p<0.001] whereas Ees was higher in DHF vs. SHF [2.8 (2.1–3.1) vs. 0.9 (0.7-1.3) mmHg; p<0.001). VAC was 1.8 (1.3–2.8) in SHF Versus 0.5 (0.4–0.7) in DHF (p<0.001). Compared with SHF, DHF patients had higher SWI [71 (57–83) vs. 48 (39–68) gm×m; p<0.001) and lower PEI [19 (12–26) vs. 44 (36–57) gm×m; p<0.001]. TWI did not differ between SHF and DHF (p=0.14). Work efficiency was higher in DHF than SHF [0.80 (0.74–0.84) vs. 0.53 (0.46–0.64); p<0.001]. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The results underscore the differences in pathophysiology between SHF and DHF patients with similar symptom burden and exercise capacity. These results highlight the difference in myocardial energy utilization between SHF and DHF.
2491
Authors: Erves Jennifer , Mayo-Gamble Tilicia , Hopkins Wilkins Consuelo
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing parental willingness of adolescent participation in clinical trials. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We applied community engaged research principles to conduct a theory-based, cross-sectional study of parental willingness. Parents (N=307) were given a survey from November 2014 to April 2015. Factors influencing parental willingness were identified using binary logistic regression. SPSS version 22.0 was used to perform analyses, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The most impactful factor on willingness was Advantages of Adolescent Clinical Research (p = .001), followed by Disadvantages of Clinical Research (p = .006), Knowledge of Adolescent Clinical Trials (p = 0.029), and Perceived Health Status of Adolescent (p = .036). In further exploring the influence of Perceived Advantages and Perceived Disadvantages, “My child will do something to help others.” (p = .026) and “My child is too young to participate in a clinical trial.” was the only significant Perceived Disadvantage (p = .001) were significantly associated with parental willingness. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Improving parental knowledge and understanding of adolescent clinical trials, the advantages and disadvantages of adolescent participation, and the health status requirements for child participation are important factors to address when influencing parental willingness to allow adolescents to participate in clinical trials. Recruitment strategies that incorporate this information could improve future adolescent participation in clinical trials, ultimately promoting adolescent health and disease prevention.
2239
Authors: Luther Lauren , McCormick Bryan P. , Lapish Christopher C. , Salyers Michelle P.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Motivation deficits are one of the strongest determinants of poor functional outcomes in people with schizophrenia. Mobile interventions are a promising approach to improving these deficits, as they can provide frequent cues and reinforcements that support goal-directed behavior. The objective of this study is to describe the intervention protocol and initial effectiveness of a personalized mobile text message intervention, Mobile Enhancement of Motivation in Schizophrenia (MEMS). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This pilot study will examine the effects of MEMS compared with a control group using a randomized design. Up to 40 outpatients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder will be recruited. All participants will set individualized recovery goals to complete over an 8-week period; those randomized to receive MEMS will also receive 3 sets of personalized, interactive text messages each weekday to reinforce and cue goal completion. Before and after the 8-week period, participants in both groups will complete validated measures of motivation, quality of life, and functioning. Both groups will also report their goal attainment after 8 weeks. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is anticipated that those in the MEMS group will demonstrate greater goal attainment and improvements in motivation, quality of life, and functioning compared with the control group. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This project will test the initial effectiveness of a novel intervention for improving one of the most debilitating aspects of schizophrenia.
2537
Authors: Makhni Sonya , Tuchman Daniel , Fasihuddin Farah , Rogers Jason , Atreja Ashish
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To assess the usability and adoption of RxUniverse, a novel platform that enables health care providers to directly disseminate proven, evidence-based mobile health apps to patients. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Among 5 pilot clinical sites, 40 physicians and front-line providers consisting of medical assistants and receptionists were trained on the RxUniverse platform. They were instructed on the platform’s purpose, were shown a demonstration of the functionality, and were observed in a trial process of prescribing an app. Specific implementation plans were designed with the help of the clinic staff in order to best fit in with their present workflows. The well-validated System Usability Score (SUS) was used to assess the usability of the platform. Prescriptions of 100 relevant app prescriptions within a 8-week pilot period was set as the adoption goal. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Within the pilot period, greater than 2000 apps were prescribed across all users. Of the 40 providers trained on the RxUniverse platform, 26 prescribed >5 apps during the trial period. Of these 26 individuals, 18 prescribed >20 apps, 14 prescribed >50 apps, and 5 prescribed >80 apps; 58% of users reported frequent use (weekly or daily) of the platform. In total, 19 responses were received for the SUS survey. The RxUniverse platform received a usability score of 82%. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: As the pace of innovation continues to accelerate, health care providers will need to quickly integrate new digital-based tools into their workflows, and patients will need to be able to easily and readily access these tools. RxUniverse provides the necessary mechanisms, user-friendly interface, and EHR integration functionality to accomplish this. The total number of apps prescribed surpassed 2000, which far exceeded the initial target of 100 apps. The platform also scored an 82% on the SUS, which is considered an “A” by industry standards. By comparison, other health apps considered to have to be in the highest-rating groups have reported scores of 77.5% and an overall average of 68% among all systems. These outcomes demonstrate the high adoption and usability of the RxUniverse platform, an important platform that can be used to prescribe the latest technologies directly to patients.
2018
Authors: Joelle Greenberg Alexandra , Staff Nathan P. , Windebank Anthony
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Translating conventional and regenerative medicine strategies from the research laboratory into the clinic is a complex process that can delay bringing novel therapies to the patient. Navigating the increasingly complex regulation surrounding cell-based and combination product technologies is a major challenge for the translational biomedical scientist. To this end, Mayo Clinic created a new position, the “Translational Integrator,” as part of the cGMP Biomaterials Facility in the Center for Regenerative Medicine. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Translational Integrator educates investigators about FDA standards and regulatory pathways; determines where the product is on the translational spectrum; works to understand the science behind the product; determines what additional studies may be needed; supports investigators in preparing for FDA communications and submissions; and educates researchers about institutional resources and funding mechanisms needed to move their product into manufacturing and trials. A primary objective is to meet investigators at an early stage in product development to avoid conducting potentially redundant work to meet regulatory requirements. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Robust training in clinical and translational research methodology enables the integrator to facilitate the collaboration necessary between investigators, clinicians, institutional resources, regulators and funders to move products towards FDA IND/IDE approval and first-in-human trials. It is an iterative process using technology/translational readiness criteria, project management and review by subject matter experts that is highly interactive and customized to each project. Current projects include topics in orthopedic surgery and ENT. In creating and refining this position, several key lessons have been learned. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: First, the Translational Integrator must undergo constant reflection and assessment of investigator needs, which requires flexibility and understanding that their role may change in the context of each product. Second, the support that the Translational Integrator provides can shift the mindset of the investigator from being averse to engaging in the translational process to eager to move their product forward. Finally, for the investigator who does not personally want to move their work into first-in-human trials, establishing connections to intellectual property generation and licensing may support movement of their findings into patients.
2244
Authors: Samuels Elias M. , Perorazio Thomas E. , Eakin Brenda , Champagne Ellen , Marilyn Lantz
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The first goal of this project is to test the reliability and validity of an objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) that was designed to assess competency in clinical and translational research. The second goal is to evaluate the impact of MICHR’s Summer Research Program on the participating trainee’s competency development. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The methodology used for this study was reviewed and exempted from oversight by the U-M Institutional Review Board (HUM00113293). The participants in the study include 17 pre-doctoral students in health professions programs at U-M who participated MICHR’s Summer Research Program. The Research OSCE was administered using a pretest, post-test design. The pretest was administered once during the 1st week of program in the Summer of 2016 and the post-test during the 10th week of the program. The Research OSCE was proctored and rated by trained staff members. We will assess the reliability of the Research OSCE using Generalizability Theory (Webb et al., 2006). And the construct validity of the Research OSCE will be tested using factor analysis and other statistical analyses. Growth in the competence of the trainees participating in the Summer Research program will be evaluated by testing for significant differences between their pretest and post-test scores. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that this study will show that the Research OSCE is a reliable competency assessment with proven construct validity. We also anticipate that the use of the Research OSCE will show the trainees participating in the Summer Research program experienced a gain in competence during the course of the 10-week program. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This project uses a common and standardized testing approach. The primary goal of this project is to evaluate the reliability and validity of an OSCE to assess competency in clinical and translational research. It represents a new application for a well-studied testing method used extensively in the health professions to assess the clinical competency of health practitioners. This project will lead to a better understanding of (a) the reliability and validity of the Research OSCE designed to test research competency and (b) the effectiveness of the Summer Research Program curriculum in better preparing participants to conduct clinical and translational research. Showing how a specific competency assessment can be used for this purpose will provide the administrators, evaluators, and other stakeholders of clinical and translational research training programs with information that can be used to design more rigorous and relevant evaluations of their research training programs.
2260
Authors: Monda Steven , Weese Jonathan R. , Anderson Barrett G. , Venkatesh Ramakrishna , Cheng Baisong , Figenshau Robert S.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: More partial nephrectomies are performed every year as a surgical treatment for kidney cancer. However, this procedure remains technically challenging. Surgeons require a substantial number of cases before their performance plateaus. No established practice mode exists; thus, there is a need for training models to simulate real tumor excisions and kidney suturing. In this study, we seek to validate these silicone models using multiple simulations with urologists of different training levels. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We created silicone renal tumor models using 3D printed molds of a patient’s kidney with a mass. Medical students, urology residents, fellows, and attending surgeons are recruited to perform simulated partial nephrectomies on these models. Four trials are performed with a da Vinci surgical robot on 2 different days. We are evaluating surgeon performance and improvement using validated measures as well as operation-specific metrics. Operation-specific metrics include renal artery clamp time and surgical margins. Validated measures of self-assessed operative demand (NASA TLX) and reviewer-assessed surgical performance (GEARS) are also recorded across trials. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The preliminary results of 2 medical students, 10 urology residents, 3 endourology fellows, and 2 attending urologists are reported here. Model face validity was evaluated on a 0–100 sliding scale anchored at unrealistic and realistic. Mean results thus far are 77.7 for overall feel, 82.7 for needle driving, 75.6 for cutting, and 73.2 for visual representation. Between trials 1 and 4 there was a mean reduction of 3.26 minutes in renal artery clamp time, and a 75% reduction in positive margins. There was a reduced incidence of positive surgical margins with advanced training stage. Fellows, residents, and medical students had positive tumor margins in 25%, 50%, and 75% of their trials, respectively. We expect to recruit 15 additional subjects for this study. Upon completion of data acquisition, more robust statistical comparisons and measures will be reported. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Face validity measures indicate the model adequately represents reality. Preliminary data suggest improved surgical performance over the course of the training and better performance in urologists of higher training levels. This model may have potential for broader application and integration into minimally invasive surgery training programs.
2292
Authors: Jones Matthew , Felson David , Center David , Kotton Darrell
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Provide an innovative, integrative, and interdisciplinary training program which will leverage a unique and internationally recognized strength of BU and establish an environment that facilitates translational team science interactions with MD scientists and clinicians, thereby synergistically bridging research strengths with interdisciplinary approaches. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This overall mission of the RMTP is pursued through 2 independent aims. Aim 1: Provide an innovative, integrative, and interdisciplinary training program which will leverage a unique and internationally recognized strength of BU. Aim 2: Establish an environment that facilitates translational team science interactions with MD scientists and clinicians, thereby synergistically bridging research strengths with interdisciplinary approaches. To achieve these aims, we have developed a specialized didactic curriculum that is fully integrated in graduate school training and can be shared for the benefit of others outside of the BU community. We are also developing online iPSC practicum workshops for more efficient distribution of didactic content. Interdisciplinary team science approaches to stem cell research related to cures for human diseases are fostered across investigators across diverse hubs at BU, BU Medical Center, the Charles River Campus and the Framingham Heart Study. All methodology, data and materials are provided in a transparent and open-source manner to benefit the greater scientific community and ensure rigorous reproducibility. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: As a nascent TL1 training program, we are just arriving at the end of our second year. At this point, 5 out of a total of 11 appointed trainees have concluded RMTP support, all of whom have transitioned into biomedical science-related pursuits; 2 predoctoral trainees were awarded F31 fellowships, 2 postdoctoral trainees were awarded career transition grants (K99/R00 and LERN fellowship), and 1 postdoctoral trainee became a Senior Scientist at a Biopharmaceutical company. Given the quality of our trainees and their RMTP mentors, we anticipate that close to 100% of those supported by this mechanism will continue their career development in the biomedical sciences. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Implementation of the RMTP TL1 would not only serve to increase the capacity of trainees within the CReM, but would also extend the scope of regenerative medicine research to other CTSI-participating hubs and more broadly to other scientific disciplines.
2494
Authors: Weston Christine M. , Terkowitz Mia S. , Ford Daniel E.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The purpose of this study is to determine if the prevalence of interdisciplinary collaborations has increased over the past 10 years at 1 CTSA-funded institution. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used Scopus to identify all articles published by authors affiliated with any of the Johns Hopkins Institutions for the years 2005, 2010, and 2015. We limited the search by the Scopus Field Codes “Subject Area” to biomedical science only, “Document Type” to articles only, and “Source Type” to journals only. We further eliminated all articles with 1 author or more than 10 authors. This resulted in 2800 articles for 2005, 3987 for 2010, and 4569 for 2015. After exporting the articles, we randomly selected 25 from each of the 3 time periods. Using the World Public Library Outline of Academic Disciplines as a guide, every author was assigned 1 of the following disciplines: Social Science (eg, Psychology), Basic Science (eg, Biology, Chemistry), Agriculture, Computer Science, Engineering, Medicine, Public Health, Nursing, or an Interdisciplinary field (eg, Genetic Medicine) based on their department and school affiliation. Articles with authors who belonged to 1 discipline only were considered single-discipline articles, and articles with authors in a least 2 different disciplines were considered “interdisciplinary.” RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Based on the results of an initial pilot study, in 2005, 24% of articles were interdisciplinary, in 2010, 20% of articles were interdisciplinary, and in 2015, 60% of articles were interdisciplinary. The large gap between the first 2 time periods (2005 and 2010) and the most recent (2015), suggests a possible pattern of increasing growth of interdisciplinary collaborations over time. Expanding this analysis to a much larger sample size will provide additional important evidence. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Increasing emphasis is being placed on evaluating the effectiveness of the CTSA consortium in achieving its goals and on developing methods to gauge its success. Systematic methods that are easy to replicate across hubs are needed to better understand and track the evolution of scientific collaborations over time. This study outlines a process for determining whether one of the major desirable outcomes of the CTSA, notably the growth of interdisciplinary collaborations, can be determined through the analysis of authorship patterns. Further research is needed to confirm the generalizability of these results across other CTSA hubs.
2513
Authors: Lamere Michelle , Merrifield Angela , Hendricks Deborah , Hoffman Megan , Larson Megan , Wells Sandra , Ingbar David H.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The 2 primary objectives were to (i) insure that Scholars can effectively communicate the translational impact of their research to a lay audience and (ii) assess the benefits and efficacy of having community, as well as faculty members, judge the translational impact of KL2 Scholar’s poster presentations. An explicit secondary goal was to further the engagement of community members in CTSI-sponsored translational research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CTSI’s Education, Community Engagement, Discovery and Translation, and Translational Workforce Development Cores created the translational impact questions and evaluation sheets. The Community Engagement and Office of Discovery and Translation recruited community judges from their respective networks and they were assigned to relevant studies. Scholars were provided with the judges scoring template in advance. After the Research Poster Session, the KL2 Scholars evaluated the quality of their presentations and the impact of having feedback from Community Judges. The Community Judges evaluated their perceived “added value” to the research presentations and their interactions with the Scholars. Both Scholars and judges completed evaluations of the poster presentation and judging process, performed on a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: KL2 Scholars felt that the community impact judges provided valuable feedback on their research (3.8/5) and were satisfied overall with the poster session (3.4/5). In evaluating their own presentations, Scholars tended to rate themselves higher (4.2–4.6/5) on the clarity of their translational impact presentations than the community judges rated the Scholars (4.1–4.2/5). Scholars also rated themselves somewhat higher in the quality of their dealing with any ethical issues and their dissemination plan (4.0/5) than the community judges (3.8/5). Judges were very positive and felt they brought value to the experience (4.2–4.4/5). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Community judges added qualitative value to the Scholar presentations based on the Scholar and community judge evaluations and based on comparison based on prior year poster sessions. Documenting the degree of impact of the combination of this proscribed poster format and community-judging process awaits future assessment of Scholar presentations before and after the next annual poster presentation.
2521
Authors: Straughn Victoria , Haynes Erin , Jones Emma , Knapke Jacqueline
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goal of this innovative course is to provide community members with sufficient information to either join or decline participation in clinical research. We anticipate that they will gain knowledge in why research is conducted, the ways participants are recruited, the history of research, regulations that guide research today, participant protections, understand the consent process, their risks and benefits of participating in clinical research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will recruit interested community members via flyers placed at the training location and at other local community centers and agencies that receive heavy foot traffic. The course is listed in the Communiversity catalogue which is distributed in hardcopy (over 30,000) and email each semester. The course will be taught by a longstanding community member and research coordinator at the University of Cincinnati. Each session will be highly interactive including videos, role-play, and discussion of the presented research topics. Evaluation will occur both pre and post-session, along with pre and post-course. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate 20–30 participants at each of the 4 sessions. We anticipate that we will learn current perceptions of clinical research and barriers to their participation to enable improved research recruitment. In addition, we will gain new insights into clinical research needs of the community. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Through these interactive sessions, we will learn why community members participate in research and their barriers to participating. Understanding the perception of research by the target community is critical when developing clinical research recruitment strategies. We will also be developing a more educated community towards clinical research. We will also gain great insight into new clinical research directions as indicated by community members.
2014
Authors: Bradley Sherille , Lizee Greg
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The specific objective of this proposal is to identify and validate targetable tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in ovarian and pancreatic cancer. It is our central hypothesis that the accurate identification and selection of appropriate TAAs will provide a foundation on which to develop of novel and effective cancer immunotherapies. We have formulated this hypothesis on the basis of preliminary results in which we have used high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry (MS) to successfully identify TAAs from melanoma patient tumors. We have subsequently generated TAA-specific T-cells that showed specific recognition and killing of tumor cells, and will form the basis of an upcoming clinical trial for our melanoma patients. We now have extended this antigen identification pipeline into ovarian cancer to accomplish our objective of developing effective T-cell-based immunotherapies for ovarian cancer and pancreatic patients. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We have collected patient tumor specimens, and we performed HLA immunoprecipitation, peptide elution, and completed high-throughput tandem MS on these eluted samples to identify TAAs. In addition, we have validated the safety of potential targets through the use of the publicly available RNA sequence data sources GTEX and TCGA. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To date, we have successfully completed over 60 peptide elutions from ovarian and pancreatic patients samples. In total, we have found several potential novel tumor-associated targets. VGLL1, is one of these identified antigens, and in conjunction with our collaborators, we have successfully generated T-cells against it. Additionally, we have found that VGLL1 is a potential novel TAA for 3 other cancer types, including bladder, gastric, and triple negative breast cancers. We are now focusing our efforts on testing these T-cells against additional ovarian cancer cell lines and these cancer types to determine their specificity. We plan to continue the generation and testing other identified potential TAAs as well. We plan to use these T-cells directly in clinical trials in the future. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The rationale for this proposal is that through the identification and validation of TAAs, we can open the door to a new world of therapies that can potentially increase the survival rate in a disease with a historically grim prognosis.
2079
Authors: Middleton Redd Andrew
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This research seeks to create a next generation documentation system that exists independent of but is complimentary to the packaging system in R. The new documentation can be manipulated programmatically as with all R objects. It also implements multiple translators for creating documentation from different sources, including documentation pages written in latex and code comments. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This work is based on input from the R Documentation Task Force, which is a working group, supported by the R Consortium and the University of Utah Center for Clinical and Translational Science, consisting of R Core developers, representatives from the R Consortium member companies and community developers with relevant interest in documentation. An abstraction of the documentation currently in use was created and extended. This abstraction was translated to a class system in R so that documentation can be stored and manipulated in R. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The class system representing the documentation and the tools for creating the translators are currently being implemented in R. A preview of the system is scheduled to be available at the time of the conference. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Good documentation is critical for researchers to disseminate computational research methods, either internally or externally to their organization. This work will facilitate the creation of documentation by making documentation immediately accessible and promote documentation consumption through multiple outputs which can be implemented by developers.
2114
Authors: Knudtson Jennifer , Liu Ya-Guang , Tellez Santos Marlen , Tekmal Rajeshwar , Vadlamudi Ratna , Schenken Robert
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To further elucidate the role of estrogen receptor β (ER-β) in the early endometriotic lesion attachment. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: EECs were immortalized using a telomerase vector. Immortalized cells and parental cells were characterized by genotyping, and expression of ER-β as well as other epithelial cell markers. ER-β was knocked-down in immortalized EECs using lentivirus-mediated shRNA transduction. ER-β knockdown was confirmed by RT-qPCR and Western analysis. EEC cells with or without ER-β knockdown were used to assess their attachment to PMCs in an established in vitro assay (Lucidi, 2005). Results were analyzed with Student t-test. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Genotyping using karyotype assay confirmed a normal chromosomal profile. Also positive staining for cytokeratin and lack of any staining with vimentin confirms the epithelial origin of these cells. ER-β knockdown has a significant decrease in attachment compared to control (p=0.02). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Primary and immortalized cells were 46XX, cytokeratin positive, and vimentin negative confirming their epithelial origin. ER-β knockdown has a significant decrease in attachment compared with control.
2172
Authors: Torres-Hernández Bianca A. , Ríos Motta Miriam E. , Llerenaes Adrián , Duconge Jorge
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Patients with epilepsy often combine their antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with complementary medicine (CM). They use CM to treat their symptoms of comorbidities disorder, to reduce the side effect of the AEDs or trying to achieve better control of their seizures. However, the inconsistent patters of the use of CM among countries have been attributed to cultural and socio-economic factors and limited studies have explored biological factors. The aim of this study is to determinate whether or not there is an association between having genetic polymorphisms on candidate pharmacogenes for drug-metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) and the use CM among patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this cross-sectional study, patients will be recruited in the Epilepsy Clinic in the Medical Science Campus of University of Puerto Rico and in private Neurology clinics. To participate in this study, patients need to have both parents of Puerto Rican origin to be defined as Puerto Rican and have a diagnosis of DRE, defined as persistent seizures after at least 2 good trials of the proper drugs at the right dose. After the patient sign, the inform consent, a buccal swap will be collected, and the patient will complete a questionnaire. In the questionnaire, the patient will do a self-report about the use of CM (including natural products, meditation, yoga, and others), frequency of use and socio-economic information. Polymorphisms for CYP 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, or 1A2 will be determined using TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays. Data analysis will include descriptive statistical, χ2 and ANOVA test. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expected to determine the frequency distribution of functional polymorphisms on CYPs among patients with DRE who are either using CM and AEDs or standard care (AEDs). Quantified the use of CM and ascertain if there is an association with the CYPs polymorphisms. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study is novel, because we will use an objective test, pharmacogenetics approach to rule out biological factors associated with the use of Complementary Medicine by patients’ DRE. The study will provide evidence for prospective study using specifics Complementary Medicine guiding by genotyping.