bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatherhood In East And West Germany: Results Of The German Family And Fertility Survey
Authors: Pohl Katharina
Published: October 2023

This paper focuses on the aftermath of an event that captured the world’s attention for several months, beginning in November 1989. The Berlin Wall, built in August 1961, was suddenly opened for the first time in 28 years, and thousands of East Germans made ready, almost overnight, to leave their country and enter West Germany. Such an east-west exodus, of course, never actually came to pass, but what did occur were profound political, economic, and social changes, from the highest level of society down to the smallest demographic unit: changes that are continuing to unfold in the transition to a unified Germany. Among these changes are those involving family formation and reproduction.
Costa Rica: Mismanagement of the Coffee Boom
Authors: Gonzalez-Vega Claudio
Published: October 2023

Costa Rica is a small economy. With a population of 3.2 million people, per capita GDP of US$2,050, and total GDP of about US$6.5 billion, by the early 1990s the country’s domestic market was still comparatively insignificant. Given a narrow resource base and a limiting domestic market, Costa Rica always perceived that trade must act as the economy’s engine of growth. Indeed, much of the impulse for growth during this century was provided by exports of agricultural commodities. The development for export of coffee, bananas, cacao, sugar, and beef raised the levels of domestic output and income, increased the country’s capacity to import, and yielded dynamic benefits from specialisation and competition.
Thailand: Trade Shocks and Domestic Responses
Authors: Warr Peter G , Chaiyindeepum Soonthorn
Published: October 2023

Like most developing countries, Thailand has experienced its share of internally and externally induced economic and political shocks. The internal shocks have included domestic political turmoil through out most of the past sixty years. Authoritarian military governments alternated with brief periods of democracy or semi-democracy, all combined with repeated coups, attempted coups, threatened coups, and general political unrest. The paradox is the stability of Thailand’s economic policies and performance despite its apparent political instability.
Women, Poverty, and Demographic Change: Some Possible Interrelationships over Time and Space
Authors: Basu Alaka Malwade
Published: October 2023

This chapter originally had a slightly different sub-title from the current one. This earlier sub-title was ‘Some Interrelationships over Time and Space’ and it was chosen to emphasize that this was going to be a general essay on a vast canvas; that is, it would not be a nit-picking description of the situation in one particular study situation. But as work on the chapter progressed, the sub-title took on an entirely new meaning. I discovered as I went through the literature that one cannot really talk about the interrelationships between poverty, the situation of women, and demographic change at any real level of generalization—one must always specify the study situation one is referring to in terms of both space and time. That is, not only do the nature of the interrelationships vary with the physical location of the characters involved, these interrelationships are also in a highly dynamic state of flux and can change, sometimes drastically, over time.
Daughters and Wives: Marital Status, Poverty, and Young Women’s Employment in Sri Lanka
Authors: Malhotra Anju , DeGraff Deborah S
Published: October 2023

Women’s labour force activity is regarded as one of the most important factors defining women’s lives: it influences not only their economic role, but also their power in the household, their fertility levels, and the nutrition and welfare of their families (Acharya and Bennett 1983; Bruce and Dwyer 1988; Desai and Jain 1994). Research on developing societies in the last two decades has highlighted the complexity in the patterns and determinants of female labour force participation (Blumberg 1991; King and Evenson 1983; Leslie and Paolisso 1989; Popkin 1983; Youssef 1976). A much-emphasized theme emerging from these works is that differences in socio-economic class, familial responsibilities, and labour force settings must be taken into account in examining which women work for pay and why.
Aims and Structure of the Book
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E
Published: October 2023

How do we justify another contribution to the prodigious literature on sustainable development? First, the mineral economies comprise around one-fifth of the developing countries and they face special problems in achieving sustainable development and they have as a whole been less successful than resource-poor countries. Second, there is a need for a better understanding of the problems faced by the mineral economies as a basis for policy decisions required to overcome them. The term ‘sustainable development’ is often used ambiguously to identify a particular social, economic, or ideological objective. We shall refrain from presenting yet another general concept of sustainable development (for the diversity of approaches compare, for example, Atkinson et al. (1997), Nordhaus (1992), Norgaard (1994), and WRI (1992) ), but use an interpretation that reflects the principal concern of this study, which is: How can a country’s mineral resources best be employed for achieving and maintaining the maximum rate of economic growth consistent with the country’s social objectives? The degree to which this objective is realized becomes our general measure of sustainability.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Henrietta
Published: October 2023

What does it mean to be Chinese? It is a paradox worth considering that much of what outsiders tend to think of as definitively ‘Chinese’ has been rejected by a great many Chinese people over the course of the twentieth century. The imperial system, the worship of Confucius, the braiding of the hair into a long plait or queue, the wearing of the long gown, the binding of women’s feet, the celebration of the lunar New Year, and traditional marriage and death rituals are all practices which have during the last two centuries been considered by outsiders to be distinctive markers of the Chinese people.
The Republican Citizen
Authors: Harrison Henrietta
Published: October 2023

When Sun Yatsen formally adopted the solar calendar in January 1912 it was an action that had the potential to affect the daily lives of the entire population. Over the years the Republic came to affect not only people’s perception of time, but also the clothes they wore, the way they greeted friends, even the way they moved and stood. From being conscious choices of the moment of revolution these were soon being inculcated in schoolchildren.
Sun Yatsen’s Burial and the Limits of Citizenship
Authors: Harrison Henrietta
Published: October 2023

As dawn broke on I June 1929 Sun Yatsen’s embalmed body, shrunken and a shade darker than he had been in life, lay in state in the central headquarters of the Nationalist Party in the new capital, Nanjing. As the sun rose over the Purple Mountains the boom of guns announced to the thousands who had been for hours assembling on the newly built Zhongshan Road that the last rites of the leader had begun.
Financial Markets
Authors: Willer Dirk
Published: October 2023

One of the features of the centrally planned economies was the conspicuous absence of (legal) financial markets. There were neither markets for foreign exchange nor for debt or equity. While the optimal timing of the introduction and liberalization of such markets is controversial, it is nearly universally accepted that the final outcome of the reform project had to provide for such markets. Consequently, one of the first steps of the Russian reformers was to create (or rather allow the creation of) financial markets. These markets have developed rapidly and were of constantly increasing sophistication up to the crash in August 1998. Since the domestic government debt market turned out to be the crucial link that translated worldwide emerging market pressures to Russia and caused the collapse, the authorities reacted to the crash by re-introducing controls over these markets, stopping the earlier process of increasing liberalization dead in its tracks. As the crash also led to significant changes in government, the strategy towards the creation of financial markets changed.
The Labour Market
Authors: Commander Simon , Tolstopiatenko Andrei
Published: October 2023

A distinguishing feature of the transition in cast and central Europe (ECE) and Russia by comparison with the former Soviet Union (FSU) has been the behaviour of the labour market, especially unemployment. The contrast is particularly pronounced when using registrations data. Seven and more years into their respective transitions, unemployment in ECE averaged over 10 per cent of the labour force as against under 3 per cent in Russia. Part of this discrepancy is rightly attributed to measurement error. Some official estimates of unemployment based supposedly on labour force survey data suggest a far smaller gap; unemployment in Russia, for example, exceeded 11 per cent at cnd-1998, rather than the 2.5 per cent rate shown by registrations data. However, the first is more an estimate than a robust measure and even if correct, given the size of shocks to output and the speed at which privatization was carried out, Russian unemployment still remains low relative to east and central Europe (ECE), as can be observed in Figure 11.1.
The Reform of Agriculture
Authors: Leonard Carol Scott , Serova Eugenia
Published: October 2023

Russian agriculture made only limited progress towards the market economy in the 1990s. Roughly 1,000 farm enterprises out of 26,900 were restructured.1 Most farm managers were more concerned with state orders and volume of production rather than with economic efficiency and profits, a management style which was characterized by analysts as post-Communist ‘survival’ behaviour (Dolgopiatova and Evseeva Boeva 1995; Leonard 1996). ‘Survival’ strategies included the retention of labour, reliance on subsidies and debt write-offs, and long-term contracting. Lack of government effort to eliminate this ‘survival’ behaviour by deep restructuring was the main policy failure of the transition reform of agriculture in Russia.
Challenging the Liberal Nation State? Postnationalism, Multiculturalism, and the Collective Claims-making of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany*
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Statham Paul
Published: October 2023

If we are to believe the current communisopinio in political philosophy and sociology, the liberal nation-state as we know it is rapidly becoming endangered. While not yet extinct, it is at least in decline or seriously challenged. Two broad processes have been identified as driving this development (Habermas 1996). First, the nation-state’s position as the predominant unit of social organization is being eroded from the outside by the forces of globalization, and the shift of the locus of power from the national to the supra- and transnational levels. Second, the nation-state’s legitimacy, authority, and integrative capacities are being weakened from within by the increasing pluralization of modern societies.
Xenophobic Violence and Ethnic Conflict at the Local Level: Lessons from the Scandinavian Experience
Authors: Björgo Tore
Published: October 2023

Violent attacks against asylum seekers and labour migrants increasingly became considered a serious problem in Scandinavia during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Several local communities in Sweden and Norway in particular came into focus as strongholds for racist groups and their violent activities. However, these attacks gave rise to widely different interpretations. Some regarded the violence as expressions of racism and xenophobia, orchestrated by far-right organizations. Others saw the violence as a ‘natural response’ from locals who felt they are being swarmed by unwanted aliens, and that the violent outbursts indicated that the population’s ‘natural threshold’ for assimilating foreigners has been exceeded. Still others considered the violent incidents as ‘boyish tricks and drunken pranks’, carried out by the usual local trouble makers. Obviously, these divergent interpretations provided frameworks for highly different types of responses to the violence.
Moving Social Security towards Fully Funded Schemes: Who Pays the Cost?
Authors: Rofman Rafael P
Published: October 2023

Analysing the costs involved in social security reforms is not an easy task. In theory, assessing the cost of closing down a balanced pay-as-you-go system and replacing it with a pure fully funded one should be simple because it requires only an estimation of the expenditures necessary to continue paying benefits to older retirees and eventually to compensate those workers who contributed to the pay-as-you-go system. Most reforms, however, aim to replace pay-as-you go schemes made seriously unstable by deficits and other problems with multipillar systems, which include elements of both pay-as-you-go and fully funded schemes. In addition, most reforms include some measures that improve the performance of the systems, such as increasing contribution tax rates or raising minimum ages for retirement. These changes should not be confused with introducing a fully funded scheme, for they could be applied without modifying the basic pay-as-you-go scheme of the old systems. In that sense, it is necessary to disentangle the effects of these corrective measures from those of creating a new, fully funded system.
The Political Economy of Two Chilean Pension Systems
Authors: Valdés-Prieto Salvador
Published: October 2023

The latest wave of reforms of mandatory pension systems has included shifts away from the pay-as-you-go financing method towards partial or full funding. This is not the first time that funding has been attempted. Many pension systems started in the first quarter of this century were partially or fully funded. The provident funds created in ex-British colonies in the 1950s and 1960s also attempted funding. One new aspect of the most recent wave of reforms is that they have privatized pension provision. Examples are found in Chile (1981), Switzerland (1985), the United Kingdom (1988), Australia (1986 and 1992), Peru (1993), and Argentina (1994). In this chapter I link privatization to the political economy of pension systems.

Pension policy is a creation of the state, not a market phenomenon. In addition, I argue that political analysis is more important in pension economics than in other areas of economic policy. The reason is that pension institutions must function suitably over a time horizon that spans six or more decades, a period long enough for the state itself to experience profound changes. Therefore, the optimal pension policy appears to be a function, first and foremost, of the stability of a country’s political regime.
Financial Intermediation, Transfers, and Commitment: Do Banks Crowd out Private Insurance Arrangements in Low-Income Rural Areas?
Authors: Foster Andrew D , Rosenzweig Mark R
Published: October 2023

An important feature of countries that have not experienced sustained economic development is that a large proportion of their populations participates in informal institutional arrangements to provide services that in developed countries are furnished by formal institutions. One important service is the provision of income insurance. It is also thought that the performance of informal institutions in underdeveloped areas is constrained by the absence of formal contracts and a legal system that could serve to enforce compliance. In particular, the absence of these features of developed environments creates significant barriers to trade across time and states of the world by reducing the ability of parties to commit to certain actions and thus results in inefficient allocations.
Introduction The Contemporary Debate about Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Baylis John , O’neill Robert
Published: October 2023

Since the end of the cold war nuclear weapons have receded somewhat in the policy debates between the United States, Russia, and China. The process of relegation began with the 1987 INF Treaty banning ground-based theatre nuclear weapons in Europe, which was followed in 1991 with an agreement between President Bush and President Gorbachev to eliminate shorter range, tactical nuclear weapons. The START I and II Agreements were also signed in 1990 and 1993 respectively, which, if fully implemented, will reduce the number of American and Russian strategic weapons from around 20,000 to 3,500 on each side by 2007. Other recent positive developments have included the May 1994 decision by the United States and Russia to stop targeting each other’s territory (although not to take their strategic missiles off alert), the indefinite extension of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1995 and the signing of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in September 1996 after nearly thirty years of sporadic negotiations.
To Confuse Ourselves: Nuclear Fallacies
Authors: Gray Colin S
Published: October 2023

This chapter is designed to filter judgements broadly on nuclear ideas and policy. So much of the professional literature today barely lifts its level of concern from the weeds of the erstwhile marshes of southern Iraq, or ventures beyond the containing walls of nuclear reactors, that major effort is required to escape capture by technical and diplomatic detail and local context. This author is concerned lest these early years of the second nuclear age (understood as the years since the ending of the cold war in 1989-91) should be squandered by a transnational, extended Western defence community which is not equipped theoretically to understand the strategic history that is to hand, let alone the strategic history that may be.
The South Asian Nuclear Challenge
Authors: Thakur Ramesh
Published: October 2023

The tit-for-tat nuclear tests of May in south Asia destroyed the Indian summer of complacency induced by the indefinite extension of the nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in May 1995 and the adoption of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) in September 1996. Not only did the ‘in your face’ tests represent the first substantial breach in the non-proliferation regime established by the NPT in 1968; they also called into question the tools avail able to great powers for protecting their hegemonic political status, and the modalities for converting international community norms into enforceable regimes.
The Elimination of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: MccGwire Michael
Published: October 2023

Is it desirable? Is it feasible? The case for eliminating nuclear weapons requires a ‘yes’ to both questions. In practice, the focus of the first question needs to be sharpened to ask ‘Is it preferable?’. The subjects for comparison are the likely outcomes over time of alternative courses of action: (1) persist with existing policies; or (2) adopt the ‘firm and serious policy goal’ of a nuclear-weapons free (NWF) world. Neither course of action is risk-free. It is therefore mis leading to differentiate between traditionalists and eliminators by saying the former are ‘realists’. The latter’s view of international relations is equally, if not more jaundiced.
Population, Poverty, and Subsistence in China, 1700-2000*
Authors: Lee James Z , Feng Wang , Bozhong With Li
Published: October 2023

Yet it must be owed that notwithstanding the great sobriety and industry of the inhabitants of China, the prodigious number of them occasions a great deal of misery. There are some so poor that being unable to supply their children with common necessaries they expose them in the street, especially when the mothers fall sick or want milk to nourish them; so that these little innocents are in some sense condemned to death as soon as they begin to live.
Economic-Demographic Crises?*
Authors: Haines Michael A
Published: October 2023

In his original Essay on the Principle of Population of 1798, Thomas Robert Malthus remarked on the rapid growth of the population of the United States, formerly the British North American colonies:
Methods and Livelihoods
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

This and the next chapter are concerned with appropriate methods for investigating livelihoods, in the context of applying the livelihoods approach to rural projects and policies. First, in this chapter, a general discussion of alternative methods for discovering important attributes of livelihoods is provided, focusing in particular on the activity and income dimension of livelihoods in accordance with the diversity theme of the book as a whole. Second, in the next chapter, a case-study of implementing a combined participatory and small sample survey approach to discovering livelihood attributes in three villages in Tanzania is presented.
Livelihoods, Diversification, and Policies
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

This book sets out a livelihoods approach to rural poverty reduction, and locates this framework in a larger context of dimensions of the development process, such as poverty, gender and the environment that concern re searchers, policy makers and development practitioners in rural development. The book is not a practical guide to implementing the livelihoods approach; however, many of the points it raises and the examples used to illustrate those points, provide insights into the key components that should feature in applications of the framework. A central theme running throughout the book is that of livelihood diversification; in other words, the observation that poor rural families tend to adopt survival strategies composed of a diverse portfolio of activities that cut across orthodox economic sectors and transcend the rural-urban divide.
The Volume and Structure of Trade
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

The framework developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin assumes that countries have the same technologies. Specialization and trade are determined by relative factor abundances. Consider two countries trading capital intensive and labor intensive manufactures. The country that is relatively more capital abundant, in the sense of featuring a greater endowment of capital per worker, is predicted to export capital- intensive manufactures and import labor-intensive manufactures. The idea is that, in a scenario with no trade, the relatively abundant factor earns a low rental rate in relation to other factor. There are thus incentives to specialize and export the product that uses the relatively abundant factor more intensively while importing the product that uses the relatively scarce factor more intensively. The relative factor abundance theory, or simply the factor abundance theory, is useful in explaining a significant part of word trade. For instance, the exchange of US manufactures for Venezuelan oil can be explained by the fact that skilled labor is relatively abundant in the United States while oil is relatively abundant in Venezuela.
Innovation, Research, and Learning
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

What determines the level of technological sophistication and the rate of technological change in an economy? A more advanced technology can be developed by research and development spending and evolve by learning-by-doing productivity gains. Research and development (R&D) refers to investments in the production of new scientific know- ledge and knowledge directed towards a practical application or commercial objective. R&D can lead to the production of new and better products and the development of new and improved production processes. Learning-by-doing is new knowledge and improvement of skills acquired through repeated experience in the production process. Technologies developed by others can be transferred by purchase or licensing. They can also generate externalities (spillovers) resulting from the interaction between innovators and non innovators and from copying and adaptation of existing technologies.
Dumping, Market Access, and Sanctions
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

Exporters incur in dumping when they charge unfair or abnormally low prices abroad. Antidumping laws seek to eliminate these practices. If the targeted firms fail to increase prices or to reduce sales, the imposition of antidumping duties corrects the price distortion. Antidumping activity, the most important form of contingent protection and a major source of trade friction, proliferated in the 1980s and 1990s. The number of antidumping petitions filed by General Agreement Tariffs and Trade (GATT) members surged from about 100 cases in the 1960s to about 1600 in the 1980s and over 2200 in the 1990s. The proliferation of antidumping investigations stems from their use as a protectionist tool in a world where traditional protection instruments have lost their force because tariff barriers are relatively low and quotas are on their way out. In contrast with traditional forms of protection, antidumping duties are temporary measures, selective in terms of target, discretionary in application, based on administrative decisions rather than legislation and are not transparent. These features also characterize other forms of contingent protection. These include countervailing duties intending to counter foreign subsidies and escape clauses allowing the imposition of temporary duties to protect domestic firms from fair but still disrupting market penetration by foreign firms.
The Development of Studies of the Japanese Economy in the United States: A Personal Odyssey
Authors: Patrick Hugh
Published: October 2023

This is essentially a personal reminiscence rather than a comprehensive or objective evaluation of the development of the study of the Japanese economy in the United States since the end of the Second World War. As such, it reflects my own research odyssey. It is weighted more heavily toward the earlier years and most of the people mentioned are those active when the field was first developing in the 1950s and early 1960s – that is, my generation and our teachers. (It is a pleasure to note that many of us are still active. I apologize to those not mentioned, as well as those mentioned but not described adequately.) The expository style is deliberately informal. After all, I am writing about friends.
The Role of Gender Context in Shaping Reproductive Behaviour in Nigeria
Authors: Kritz Mary M , Makinwa-Adebusoye Paulina , Gurak Douglas T
Published: October 2023

Several studies carried out in the Asian region support the claim that reproductive behaviour varies across communities and other geographic areas that differ in gender systems. Morgan and Niraula (1995), for instance, studied two Nepalese communities that differ in levels of women’s autonomy and found that women living in a village where women’s autonomy was high had lower demand for children and higher contraceptive use than women living in a village where women’s autonomy was low. Son preference was also stronger in the low autonomy village. Balk (1994) looked at the effect of several indicators of women’s social status on fertility in two regions of Bangladesh that differed in gender systems and found that two indicators— women’s physical mobility and household authority—had strong effects on fertility in the region where women’s autonomy was high but none in the region where it was low. Dyson and Moore (1983) showed that the demographic transition was more advanced in Southern India, a region of relatively high gender equity, but remained at an earlier stage in Northern India where gender equity is lower.
Sustainable Growth in Open Economies
Authors: Bretschger Lucas , Egli Hannes
Published: October 2023

International environmental economics can be conducted both in a static and in a dynamic mode. This chapter introduces the dynamic approach view. We analyze the impact of international trade and the natural environment on long term economic development. In the literature, there are hardly any contribu tions which cover environmental economics, trade, and growth at the same time. Most of the papers in this field concentrate either on the interaction between (i) international trade and the environment (see Chapters 2-4),

(ii) economic growth and the environment or (iii) trade and economic growth. To obtain a comprehensive view of the intersection of all three issues, we proceed in the following manner. In the first section, we focus on economic growth and the natural environment by introducing the most important concept in this field: sustainability. Section 9.2 demonstrates how endogenous growth theory identifies sustainable development paths. We present the pre dictions of different growth models, which also portray changes in the natural environment.
From the cold war to cooperative security: an overview
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw
Published: October 2023

In the 1980s CBMs and CSBMs were extensively discussed and analysed in numerous publications.11 With the end of the cold war, interest in measures to enhance security and stability and in other instruments of arms control dwindled as their applicability to the new risks and challenges emerging in Europe became moot. Nevertheless, the search for new measures, mechanisms and other approaches has continued.
Regional CSBMs
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw
Published: October 2023

Since the end of the cold war the focus of CSBMs in Europe has shifted towards specific European regions, which is where the main challenges to peace and stability have arisen. The CSCF/OSCE participating states have always been aware that such challenges would present themselves, but finding the best way to utilize CSBMs to address the problem of regional crises and conflicts has nonetheless been difficult. The formidable obstacle was the fear of fragmentizing, and thus undermining, European security. The Balkan crisis and the break up in the early 1990s of two federative states-the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia-demonstrated both the relative inadequacy of traditional CSRMs and the need for solutions below the pan-European level. New measures were clearly needed to meet the challenges arising from the changes in Europe.
Inspiring the non-European CSBM debate
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw
Published: October 2023

The normalization of military relations in Europe has not been adequately paralleled by similar steps in other regions of the world. The successive generations of confidence- (and security-) building measures were tailored to the specific context of a divided Europe and its specific post-cold ,war context. The experience of some non-European regions seems to prove the exclusivity rather than the universality of European CSHMs.42’ Various attempts to utilize them in other politico-military contexts have yielded mixed results. In the Association of South-Fast Asian Nations (ASFAN) region and Latin America. military CBMs have been agreed within packages of broader, loose confidence-enhancing steps, and the political and military authorities have endeavoured to test more and more of them. In Central Asia CSBM and arms control agreements were reached in 1996-97 by the ‘Shanghai Five’ (China and Russia plus three Central Asian states).
Theory, evidence, and the labour market
Authors: Backhouse Roger E
Published: October 2023

At one level these two papers (chs. 5 and 6) are very different indeed, but it is possible to discern strong similarities. They both accept (as too obvious to need documenting) that macroeconomics is generally based on the premiss that the labour market can be analysed as a perfectly competitive market in which individual agents maximize utility and wages rise or fall according to whether excess demand for labour is positive or negative. They both provide a methodological critique of what they see as the prevailing orthodoxy. Ferri’s (ch. 5) critique is theoretical. He argues that the Phillips curve should be viewed as an equation describing the operation of the whole system, not as a single component of a macromodel (as a reduced form rather than a structural equation). Oswald and Trostel (ch. 6), on the other hand, argue that the competitive model is inconsistent with well-established facts about the labour market.
New Keynesian macroeconomics: general discussion
Authors: Blaug Mark
Published: October 2023

Huw Dixon: The view I am trying to put forward here is not that empirical evidence has nothing to do with it. In fact, what Blaug finally articulated at the end of his talk was very much my view-it drops into the background. But I still think that there is a problem. If there was agreement on a set of stylized facts, that would be great, but people can just ignore things. They can say, ‘OK, there may be these imperfections, but they are very small. They don’t really matter.’ How do you know whether a particular imperfection is important or not? I agree with you entirely. I think imperfect competition does matter but others say it doesn’t and they write down models which don’t have any imperfections at all-no involuntary unemployment and so on-and they think that these are quite adequate to explain things. They are interested in other evidence.
‘Born Pious, Literary, and Legal’1 Lord Coleridge’s Criticisms in Law and Literature
Authors: Geary Ray
Published: October 2023

Any consideration of the career of Lord Chief Justice Coleridge invokes a mystery. Why, despite all his achievements, was that career not deemed to have been a success? His obituary in The Times offered only a grudging appreciation of his accomplishments. When his friends referred to him they constantly felt the need to apologize on his behalf, and one summary of his career opined that, ‘posterity will probably with difficulty understand his importance in his own day’. In fact on any consideration of his achievements alone the opposite view is more aptly the case. As a lawyer Coleridge was one of the most prominent barristers of his day; he was an important liberal politician, he held high political office as Solicitor-General and then Attorney-General, and he occupied the position of Lord Chief Justice of England. He was involved in many of the leading cases of his day, either as counsel or judge, and in the latter capacity delivered judgments that are still leading authorities today.
Governing Bodies, Tempering Tongues: Elizabeth Barton and Tudor Treason
Authors: Polito Mary
Published: October 2023

In the fall of 1533, Elizabeth Barton, a nun and well-known mystic and prophet, was brought to the tower of London for interrogation about certain prophecies of political significance. In particular, she had prophesied that the king’s divorce and remarriage to Anne Boleyn would be his doom, that one month after such an event, the king (Henry VIII) would be king no more. The month safely come and gone, the king sought a case of high treason against her under the Treason Statute of 1352.
The New Monetary Law Of The European Union
Authors: Louil’ jean-Victor
Published: October 2023

The Maastricht Treaty laid down the programme for the progressive establish-7.01 ment of economic and monetary union (EMU). According to Article 4(2) (ex Article 3a), EMU includes ‘the irrevocable fixing of exchange rates leading to the introduction of a single currency, the ECU, and the definition and conduct of a single monetary policy and exchange-rate policy’.

The Community made the irrevocable transition to the third stage on 7.02 1 January 1999, as envisaged in the EC Treaty (Article 121(4)-ex Article 109j(4)) and the Protocol on the transition to the third stage of economic and monetary union).
The Exchange Rate Regime Between ‘Euroland’ And Other European Countries (With A Postscript On Norway)
Authors: Christiansen Per
Published: October 2023

The nominal1 exchange rate of a currency may be defined as the amount of a cur-12.01 rency which is needed to buy a unit of another currency, ie the price of a currency expressed in another currency. The mechanism within which the nominal exchange rates are determined is called an ‘exchange rate regime’. The word ‘between’ indicates that an exchange rate regime can be seen from two sides, in this case either from Euroland’s point of view or from that of
International Harmonization Of Regulatory :And Supervisory Frameworks
Authors: Follak’ Klaus Peter
Published: October 2023

Banking supervision comprises the techniques to ensure the proper conduct of 16.01 banking businesses. However, banking services can no longer be regarded as an isolated field.
Core Legal Principles Across Major Large-Value Credit Transfer Systems
Authors: Baxter Thomas C , Stephanie Heller
Published: October 2023

During the past decade a number of countries inside as well as outside the Group 18.01 of Ten have introduced real-time gross settlement systems for large-value credit transfers. In 1997, the Bank for International Settlement’s Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems of the central banks of the Group of Ten countries issued a report on the design of real-time gross settlement systems in the light of ‘the growing awareness of the need for sound risk management in large-value funds transfer systems’ and of the fact that real-time gross settlement systems offer ‘a powerful mechanism for limiting settlement and systemic risks in the interbank settlement process... ‘. On the eve of the end of the century, real-time gross settlement systems have become an international standard.
Who wins Nobel Prizes?
Authors: Hargittai István
Published: October 2023

I once made a frivolous comparison in an after-dinner talk between winning the Nobel Prize and becoming Miss America. I had read about a company in Texas that specialized in preparing young ladies for winning the Miss America title. There were many specific features of their preparation, like plastic surgery, that are not relevant for our comparison. However, the company carefully studied the prevailing public opinion, then adjusted the candidate’s characteristics to best approximate it. If they found it necessary, they would even launch a campaign to sway public preferences towards the characteristics of their leading candidate. Although it would be outrageous to suggest anything similar in the quest for the Nobel Prize, the Swedish judges cannot ignore public opinion and the expectations of the scientific community, whether consciously or unconsciously. In spite of the independence of the Nobel institution, the judges care deeply about the approval of the international scientific community. Conversely, public relations may promote a discovery and maymake the scientist and his work better known; it also helps if the scientistis a good performer.
Family Values
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

In the United States the family is the principal means by which the individual is socialized. The family is the agency through which children are brought up in the knowledge of the values of their parents and of American society. The nuclear family is widely regarded as the sacred cornerstone of the American social project and it is perceived as fundamental to the happiness and success of the individual, the nation, and corporate life. An American myth of the family is still generally subscribed to and commonly recognized as a natural ambition and primary means of personal fulfilment. Furthermore, the nation family of the United States is a governing narrative for those who purport to speak on behalf of society and is integral to their ideas of American citizenship.
Religious Divisions In Early Moderneurope
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

One faith, one law, one kingߣ.1 The French adage had been taken for granted in the Middle Ages, but its first constituent at least ceased to be universally applicable in the sixteenth century. Before the Reformation, Catholicism had been regarded as the ߢtrueߣ faith, the certainty of which would be reinforced by further philosophical enquiry. The Reformation dashed these earlier assumptions. Most contemporaries considered that ߢinnovation in religionߣ was a cause of sedition in states and that diversity of religious belief was objectionable in theory and unworkable in practice. In twentieth-century secular society it is difficult to comprehend a Europe in which men and women were prepared to die for specific religious beliefs, or to understand that issues such as the capacity for sin and the certainty of salvation were, if not the only, certainly the chief, preoccupations of informed men and women. Few literate and articulate people in early modern Europe were agnostics or sceptics. The rise of sceptical thought was closely linked to knowledge of ancient Greek philosophy; the key texts of this tradition were printed in translation only after 1562. Even then, scepticism was used in religious argument only to demonstrate the greater validity of one religious creed over others. Before 1655 no one attempted to argue that the Scriptures were anything other than an objective and accurate historical account, or to suggest that they needed to be subjected to the same analysis and scrutiny as other historical documents. The entire Reformation debate took place in the context of the totally literal acceptance of the Scriptures.
Society before the Revolt
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Abroad tendency developed, from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries onwards, throughout the Low Countries towards freeing the peasantry from feudal ties and obligations. Land reclamation, and colonization of new areas, in Flanders and Brabant, as well as north of the rivers, together with the high level of urbanization, led the nobility and Church to offer attractive terms, and free status, in order to coax peasant farmers to work newly cultivated areas (and others to remain on older land) as well as counter the attraction of migration to newly colonized regions of Germany.’ Thus, at a faster rate than in France or England, it became usual, in the greater part of the Netherlands, north and south, to lease lands out to peasant farmers, free from seigneurial control, for plain money rents.
The Republic Becomes a Great Power, 1590-1609
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

By the late 1580s, the Republic resembled a compressed spring taut with pent-up impetus. After the loss of Zutphen and Deventer virtually the whole eastern side of the north Netherlands, from Nijmegen to the Ems estuary, was again under Spanish control, the States General’s troops retreating west of the IJssel. During 1589, the Spaniards took Geertruidenberg and Rheinberg, and besieged Heusden, squeezing the Dutch also along the rivers, to the south. But within this contracting territory, besieged by Spanish armies to the south, east, and north-east, a restructuring of institutions, military organization, and the economy was in progress which, as events were to prove, immeasurably enhanced the prospects of the surviving core of the rebel state.
The Commencement of Dutch World Trade Primacy
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The 1590s, the years of transition from the harsh circumstances of the Revolt to the onset of the Golden Age, witnessed a dramatic transformation of Dutch urban society and the economy. At the heart of this process, one of the most crucial shifts in Dutch history, was the rise of the ‘rich trades’ and the processing industries which accompanied them. This economic ‘miracle’ of the 1590s resulted from the convergence of many factors: the internal stabilization of the Republic after 1588, improvement in the strategic situation, the reopening of the rivers and waterways linking Holland and Germany, influx of capital and skills from Antwerp after 1585, the lifting of Philip II’s embargo on Dutch ships and cargoes in the Iberian peninsula in 1590 (whilst retaining his embargo on England), and the Republic’s tightening grip on the Scheidt and Ems estuaries and naval blockade of the Flemish coast.
Protestantization, Catholicization, Confessionalization
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

On the outbreak of the great Revolt, in 1572, the States of Holland had made no attempt to curb Protestantism but, initially, did try to ensure that both the old Church, and the Reformed, would be tolerated Among the regent, and noble, elites, a substantial grouping wished to defend the king’s faith and its clergy. However, the mood of the militias and populace was strongly anti-Catholic and official efforts to protect Catholic worship, clergy, and images had little chance of succeeding. Just two weeks after Leiden went over to the Revolt, the several hundred clergy in the city were expelled and Catholic services suppressed. The story was the same in Dordrecht, Rotterdam, Delft, and Gouda. Everywhere, principal churches were seized, the mass forbidden, and Catholic clergy driven out, generally without any demonstration, hardly a protest, from the Catholic side. So weak was the Catholic position that even Orange could do nothing to prevent this. Anxious not to alienate opinion in the south, the Prince made a determined attempt to oppose the suppression and even reintroduced the mass at Delft in December 1572, in one of the city’s two main churches. But this brief revival of Catholic practice lasted less than three months. Renewed anti-Catholic rioting erupted in February, and again in March 1573, and the Prince was forced to acquiesce in the total suppression of Catholic worship.
Crisis within the Dutch Body Politic,1607-1616
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The armistice of 1607 and Spain’s entering into peace talks with the Dutch, and then the concluding of the Truce in 1609, were regarded throughout Europe as sensational successes for Oldenbamevelt and the Holland regents. The Truce confirmed the separation of north and south indefinitely and the survival, at least north of the rivers, of the Revolt. Furthermore, the Truce was an unquestioned triumph not only for Oldenbamevelt and the Holland regents but for the Republic, government by a consultative, decision-making process without an ‘eminent head’ or monarchical element. Yet, at this very moment there were already worrying signs of rising tensions within the infant Republic which many believed could soon undo all that had been achieved. The young Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) was just one of many who predicted, in 1607, that the truce with Spain would release a rising tide of faction, discord, and popular pressure.
Intellectual Life, 1572-1650
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The Revolt opened a chasm separating north from south, creating two mutually alien and antagonistic cultures where, previously, there had been one. The result was a dichotomy rooted in the religious divide which permeated all aspects of education and cultural life, a separation in the intellectual sphere which paralleled the separateness in economic life and politics reaching back over centuries. After 1585, the civilization of the south Netherlands, both French and Dutch-speaking provinces, was exclusively Catholic, with a confessional grip on education, thought, and book censorship so strong as to render culture largely free of major internal stresses, aside only from the Jansenist controversies (see pp. 649-53 below). Also, this south Netherlands culture rapidly became integrated into the broader framework of Counter-Reformation education, art, thought, and censorship, encompassing much of continental Europe, with especially close cultural links with the German ecclesiastical states and Rome. By contrast, the cultural world of the north evolved into an uneasy blend of Protestant Catholic confrontation, humanist-confessional antagonism, and Protestant anti-Calvinist dissent, which fragmented thought and education, creating a new kind of European culture fraught with powerful and insoluble internal stresses. The result was a highly dynamic, if initially unstable, culture, in many ways quite unlike that to be found in neighbouring Protestant as well as Catholic lands.
The Stadholderate of William II, 1647-1650
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The stadholderate of William II was brief but of great signiflcance in the history of the Republic. For it produced the most severe crisis of the Dutch state between 1618 and the fall of the De Witt regime in 1672. It also renewed some of the former ideological intensity of Dutch politics after the calmer era of the 1630s and early 1640s.