bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Veränderung subjektiver Kompetenzeinschätzungen von Lehramtsstudierenden im Praxissemester
Authors: Gröschner Alexander , Schmitt Cordula , Seidel Tina
Published: January 2013

Im Rahmen der Reform der Lehrerausbildung in Deutschland sind Praxisphasen und die Gestaltung der Lernbegleitung Studierender während dieser Phasen besonders im Blick. Dabei fehlen bislang Analysen von Zusammenhängen zwischen der Lernbegleitung und den Kompetenzeinschätzungen von Lehramtsstudierenden in Praxisphasen. Die Studie untersucht die Veränderung subjektiver Kompetenzeinschätzungen von Lehramtsstudierenden und betrachtet Zusammenhänge dieser mit der wahrgenommenen Lernbegleitung im Rahmen eines Praxissemesters. Hierzu wurden N = 221 Lehramtsstudierende vor und nach einem Praxissemester schriftlich befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen systematische Zusammenhänge zwischen der universitären Lernbegleitung und den Veränderungen in den Kompetenzeinschätzungen der Studierenden. Insbesondere die wahrgenommene Lernbegleitung in den universitären Begleitseminaren stellt einen Prädiktor für die Zuwächse in den Kompetenzselbsteinschätzungen während des Praxissemesters dar.
Der subjektive Wert von Schule in Abhängigkeit vom verbalen und mathematischen Selbstkonzept
Authors: Kessels Ursula , Steinmayr Ricarda
Published: January 2013

Ausgehend von der aktuellen Betonung von – vor allem auf verbalen Kompetenzen basierenden – Schlüsselkompetenzen in der Schule untersucht die Studie erstens, ob das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept (FSK) im verbalen Bereich mit einer höheren Wertschätzung für Schule einhergeht als die Einschätzung der eigenen mathematischen Begabung, und zweitens, ob der Befund, dass Mädchen der Schule einen höheren Wert zuschreiben als Jungen, zum Teil darauf zurückgeführt werden kann, dass Mädchen ein höheres verbales Selbstkonzept haben. In einer Stichprobe von N = 630 Schülerinnen und Schülern der gymnasialen Oberstufe (Alter M = 17.0 Jahre) zeigte sich, dass das FSK Deutsch mit dem der Schule zugeschriebenen Wert korrelierte, nicht aber das FSK Mathematik. Mädchen hielten Schule für nützlicher, interessanter und wichtiger als Jungen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Geschlecht und dem Wert von Schule wurde durch das FSK Deutsch partiell mediiert. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund des derzeit geringeren Bildungserfolges von Jungen und dem Nachwuchsmangel in den MINT-Fächern diskutiert.
Water, Technology, and Development: Transformations of Development Technonatures in Changing Waterscapes
Authors: Sultana Farhana
Published: January 2013

Delivering safe drinking water is often equated with delivering development in much of the Global South. Yet different arrangements of technologies, waters, and social relations constitute uneven waterscapes and produce different water — society relations across sites and scales. Analyzing the contradictory roles of water-producing technologies and differentiated waters in enabling and challenging processes of development thus becomes important to explaining the political ecologies of development. In order to investigate the technonatural relations of power that constitute development, I look at the ways that different types of waters, water technologies, nature (aquifers, groundwater, arsenic), and power relations coproduce water (in)securities and (un)healthy development subjects, with a case study from waterscapes of the Bengal Delta. Contaminated tubewells have resulted in a drinking water crisis and a reconfiguration of hydro — social relations. Groundwater usage for drinking water purposes was introduced via tubewell technology, creating a public health success story as ‘safe’ groundwater offered alternatives to the consumption of unsafe surface water sources that had caused high morbidity and mortality rates. But a situation of millions of tubewells producing water with unsafe levels of naturally occurring arsenic has resulted in challenging such development narratives of success, where the tubewells that embodied social status and notions of progress (producing ‘good water’) came to slowly poison people across the delta (with ‘bad water’). I detail the ways that hybrid waters (safe/unsafe/untested and good/bad) and the discourses of water poisoning are produced by water technologies, aquifers, and social relations that are enrolled to support notions of development; in addition, I critically analyze the ways that development goes awry when these technonatural assemblages are unexpectedly altered by the agencies and materialities of variously contaminated waters, differentiated aquifers, and the changing status of water-producing technologies. In contributing to political — ecological analyses of water and technology, I raise questions about the troubled relationship between development and so-called appropriate technologies by bringing attention to the articulations and mutual enrollments of technologies, ecologies, discourses, and subjects in the technonatural processes of development.
PARRICIDE: BASIC FACTS AND LITERATURE
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines killings of parents (mothers and fathers combined) and stepparents (stepmothers and stepfathers combined). Special attention is focused on parricides and stepparricides involving youths under 18, females, multiple offenders, and multiple victims. It also includes a discussion of research involving double parricides (the killing of both parents) and familicides (the killing of parents and other family members, such as siblings). Analyses of thousands of parricide cases in the United States over a 32-year period indicated that adult males predominated in parricide and stepparricide incidents. Their rate of involvement was even higher in multiple-victim killings involving parents and stepparents. A higher percentage of juveniles than of adults was involved in multiple-offender parricides. Girls who killed parents often had accomplices. In fact, the percentages of juvenile and adult females involved in multiple-offender situations involving both parents and stepparents were higher than those for their male counterparts.
Defending Parricide Offenders
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses defense strategies in parricide cases. It highlights the importance of the early involvement of mental health professionals in helping defense lawyers understand the dynamics that lead sons or daughters to kill their parents. It explains the law of self-defense, with special attention to battered child syndrome (BCS), given its relevance to youths who kill their abusive parents. Parallels between battered woman's syndrome and BCS are examined. The chapter concludes with a review of other mental health status defenses, most notably the insanity defense. Adult parricide offenders are more likely to be found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) than adolescents. NGRI judgments are more common among adult parricide offenders than younger parricide offenders because adults who kill parents are more likely than their adolescent counterparts to have a documented history of severe mental illness and to be delusional at the time of the killing.
Peter Jones
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses the case of Peter Jones, a 17-year-old white male from a lower-middle-class background, who was arrested within five hours of killing his father. He shot his father twice in the back of the neck and once just behind the ear with a .22 caliber rifle as the man sat watching television in the middle of the night. It describes the assessment of Peter based on a six-hour clinical interview and a review of numerous case materials. This homicide represents the most common type of adolescent parricide: the abused child who has been pushed beyond his or her limits. Peter was raised in a home with an alcoholic father. His recollections of his life before the homicide indicated that he had witnessed spouse abuse, other extreme forms of physical violence, and verbal abuse. He was himself a victim of physical and verbal abuse, physical and emotional neglect, and emotional incest.
Daniel Culbreath
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses the case of Daniel Culbreath, a 20-year-old who was convicted for shooting his parents. It presents the assessment of Daniel based on a six-and-a-half-hour evaluation conducted in jail about nine months after his arrest, and another evaluation six years later when he was 27 years old and housed in a medium-security prison. Daniel believes that the idea of killing his parents often popped into his mind, was rehearsed in conversations with friends, was fantasized about during arguments with his parents, and later exploded into reality when he erupted into rage.
Simple Heuristics: The Foundations of Adaptive Social Behavior
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Hoffrage Ulrich
Published: January 2013

This chapter shows how simple heuristics can be an essential tool for navigating the complexities and vagaries of social environments. The research program on the nature of social rationality presented here can be summarized by the following theses: As perceived by the human mind, the social world (Umwelt) is complex, but not necessarily more complex than the nonsocial world. However complex the social world may be, its complexity does not require cognitive complexity; rather, it entails conditions that make simple heuristics indispensible, such as intractability, multiple competing goals, and incommensurable reasons. Much of reasoning and decision making occurring in human and animal social environments can be modeled in terms of simple heuristics. Although simple heuristics forgo extensive information search and complex calculations, they can be as accurate and even more accurate than more complex strategies and/or can be used to reach other goals that are valued in social environments (e.g., transparency, fairness, speed). Heuristics can be simultaneously successful and simple by coopting evolved capacities. The capacities themselves can represent complex adaptive specializations (e.g., memory, movement tracking). Simple heuristics per se are neither rational nor irrational. Their rationality is ecological. That is, their performance depends on the match between the architecture of the heuristic and the structure of the environment in which it is used. The heuristics' simplicity inoculates them against overfitting and enables them to achieve robust performance given small samples of information. Simple heuristics can model adaptive decision making both in games against nature and in social games. There is no social intelligence distinct from nonsocial intelligence. Simple heuristics are tools of moderate generalizability. Some can be used only in games against nature, whereas others are restricted to social games. Still other heuristics can be applied in both types of games. Shedding light on the adaptive toolbox of simple heuristics used to navigate social environments, and characterizing their strengths and weaknesses, can help us design environments and/or heuristics in ways that improve public welfare.
Trust-Your-Doctor: A Simple Heuristic in Need of a Proper Social Environment
Authors: Wegwarth Odette , Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: January 2013

Many health decisions appear so complex and inscrutable that laypersons may feel the best solution for making a right decision to be “trust your doctor.” Although applying this heuristic may have been rational in the past when access to information was limited, in today's modern world full of advanced science, statistics, and books, it may not always be rational. Using the dual-mode model of trust (Siegrist, Earle, & Gutscher, 2003), this chapter defines requirements in which the “trust-your-doctor” heuristic would and would not be socially rational and subsequently investigated whether these requirements are met in the current environment of health decision making. This chapter focuses on decisions about cancer screening because these do not involve hurry or pain, and evidence on the effectiveness of several screening tests exist. The investigation makes obvious that mere trust in doctors is often not justified, given that many doctors do not know basic facts about screening and some of their decisions are not free of conflicting interests. When investigating the alternative strategy of patients searching for health information on their own, however, the chapter finds it to be unjustified as well, because health-related pamphlets and web sites designed for patients often provide misleading and unbalanced information about screening. To solve this dilemma, the chapter suggests different ways of how to redesign the health environment so that applying the heuristic “trust-your-doctor” when making health decisions can become socially rational again.
Writing with Scissors
Authors: Gruber Garvey Ellen
Published: January 2013

Men and women 150 years ago grappled with information overload by making scrapbooks—the ancestors of Google and blogging. From Abraham Lincoln to Susan B. Anthony, African American janitors to farmwomen, abolitionists to Confederates, people cut out and pasted down their reading. This book opens a new window into the feelings and thoughts of ordinary and extraordinary Americans. Like us, nineteenth-century readers spoke back to the media, and treasured what mattered to them. The book reveals a previously unexplored layer of American popular culture, where the proliferating cheap press touched the lives of activists and mourning parents, and all who yearned for a place in history. Scrapbook makers documented their feelings about momentous public events such as living through the Civil War, mediated through the newspapers. African Americans and women's rights activists collected, concentrated, and critiqued accounts from a press that they did not control to create “unwritten histories” in books they wrote with scissors. Whether scrapbook makers pasted their clippings into blank books, sermon collections, or the pre-gummed scrapbook that Mark Twain invented, they claimed ownership of their reading. They created their own democratic archives. The book argues that people have long had a strong personal relationship to media. Like newspaper editors who enthusiastically “scissorized” and reprinted attractive items from other newspapers, scrapbook makers passed their reading along to family and community. This book explains how their scrapbooks underlie our present-day ways of thinking about information, news, and what we do with it.
Understanding and Rule-Following
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: January 2013

The chapter offers an account of the rational application of a concept that respects the intuitive idea that rational judgement results from the interaction of understanding or grasp, together with background information and the thinker’s perceptions. The account is a form of truth-conditional account, on which understanding consists fundamentally in tacit knowledge of fundamental reference rules for concepts. The chapter argues for the explanatory power of such an account. The account also provides the resources for replying to Wright’s arguments that the intuitive conception is erroneous. It makes possible an account of the first-person phenomenon of knowing what one means. It allows us to steer a middle course between the two very unattractive positions of extreme Platonism and linguistic idealism. It leaves room for substantive philosophy of particular concepts and particular types of concepts.
7 The Commission’s Enforcement Powers in Context
Authors: Andersen Stine
Published: January 2013

This chapter first places the general EU infringement procedure (the enforcement stage) in the broader context of a comprehensive (negotiated) policy process. It argues that the enforcement stage shares many features with earlier steps in the legislative process. These include flexibility and deliberation. The second part of the chapter ties together the themes of the various chapters. It draws on responsive regulation theory and argues that implementation of EU law is primarily a member state responsibility. This is the case generally and also in the enforcement phase. Even when a member state fails to comply and the Commission initiates infringement proceedings, the member state plays a decidedly active role and retains responsibility for reinstalling compliance. Consequently, the member states have a high stake in the solutions to compliance problems.
Classifying and massifying incrementally in Chinese language comprehension
Authors: Klein Natalie M. , Carlson Greg N. , Li Renjie , Jaeger T. Florian , Tanenhaus Michael K.
Published: January 2013

Unlike English nouns, Mandarin nouns do not syntactically reflect the mass/count distinction, but are akin to English mass nouns (e.g. water) in that they refer to unindividuated pluralities. Thus speakers must use classifiers after numerals and demonstratives to semantically partition all nouns: count concepts must be counted with a classifier (一架钢琴, one FRAME piano) the way English mass nouns are (one GLASS OF water). While an ontological distinction is not apparent in Chinese nouns, some have argued that this information might be encoded at the classifier level and that classifiers might play a functional role similar to that of gender-marked determiners. In order to better understand the role massifiers and classifiers play in language comprehension, three visual world experiments were conducted. Phonological cohort competition and anticipatory eye-movements were examined in cases of English mass reference, Chinese count reference, and Chinese mass reference. Results suggest that classifiers are interpreted structurally and have an immediate impact on referential selection, and this effect is potentially stronger with massifiers and mass referents.
1 Introduction
Authors: Zee Emile van der , Vulchanova Mila
Published: January 2013

This chapter lays the foundation for the collection of chapters included in the current volume. It addresses the importance of studying motion encoding in spatial language and how it has been approached in previous research. It then outlines the main contributions of this volume in relation to theory (parameters and grain levels in linguistic motion encoding) and methodology (for example, the use of novel statistical methods). The chapter concludes by suggesting new venues of research emerging from the work presented here.
The Materiality of Technology: An Affordance Perspective
Authors: Faraj Samer , Azad Bijan
Published: January 2013

The research at the nexus of technology-organizational change has converged on the materiality of technology as a fundamental theoretical concern. This chapter highlights three major weaknesses in how the extant research conceptualizes technology: conflation of product categories over technologies; superimposition of feature and technology; and static conception of technology over time. The chapter then points out how these weaknesses tend to decontextualize technology-in-use and thus underemphasize technology's materiality. The chapter then goes on to propose affordances as a viable scaffolding to undergird the development of a conceptual apparatus that takes account of materiality more holistically and in a more relational manner. The chapter concludes by pointing out the challenges ahead in the further development of the affordances concept to account for technology's materiality.
Aristotle On Odour And Smell
Authors: Johnstone Mark A.
Published: January 2013

The sense of smell occupies a peculiar intermediate position in Aristotle's theory of sense perception: odours, like colours and sounds, are perceived at a distance through an external medium; yet in their nature they are intimately related to flavours, the proper objects of taste, which for Aristotle is a form of touch. This paper examines Aristotle's claims about odour and smell, especially in De Anima II.9 and De Sensu 5, to see what light they shed on his theory of sense perception more generally. First, it is argued that neither of the two most influential recent ways of understanding Aristotle's theory of perception can adequately account for what he says about the sense of smell. Then the paper offers a new, positive account, resolving various puzzles raised by Aristotle's claims about the nature of odour and its relation to flavour. Finally, it is concluded that Aristotle's discussions of odour and smell suggest a plausible way of understanding the relationship, on his view, between ordinary, material changes in the sense organs and the activation of the capacity to perceive, considered as such.
Sounding Scottish: Sound Practices and Silent Cinema in Scotland
Authors: Griffiths Trevor
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines the forces shaping developments in the use of sound in cinemas across Scotland until the end of the 1920s and which contributed to unusually high levels of support for this new entertainment medium. Paying particular attention to the legal and business contexts within which decisions were taken, it focuses especially on the role of elocutionists in presenting film to audiences in Aberdeen. Here, the practice of “speaking to” the pictures, inaugurated early in cinema’s second decade, endured for much of the remainder of the silent era. The unusual persistence of this mode of presentation reveals much about the financial calculations underlying picture-house management, as well as the extent to which cinema’s appeal continued to be rooted in depictions of the local and the immediate.
“The efforts of the wretched pianist:”
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: January 2013

This chapter focuses on the development of an aesthetic of correspondence between music and film in the early 1910s. It was a period of change, uncertainty and exploration, however, and despite exhortations in the trade press, attention was not generally paid to close correspondence of this sort until at least the mid-1910s. Here Andrew Higson explores a wide variety of the competing discourses in circulation during the period, including letters to, and columns from, the trade papers from the early 1910s, alongside views from manuals and—more unusually—contemporary fiction.
Edmund Meisel’s “Visual Sound” inThe Crimson Circle(1929): The Case of the Vanishing Part-Talkie
Authors: Ford Fiona
Published: January 2013

In August 1929, British Talking Pictures released a part-talking feature called The Crimson Circle. This early British sound feature was a re-working of the German silent film Der rote Kreis (directed by Friedrich Zelnik in 1928). Recorded using a sound-on-disc process, the rejuvenated Crimson Circle had dialogue sections (directed by Sinclair Hill) interspersed within a synchronised soundtrack of music and sound effects devised by the Austrian composer Edmund Meisel, notorious for his propulsive accompaniment to the German release of Battleship Potemkin (Sergei Eisenstein, 1926). Neither the print nor the discs from The Crimson Circle are known to survive, but aspects of the lost soundtrack can be glimpsed from surviving documentary evidence and by comparison with Meisel’s extant film scores and soundtracks.
Buddhism as a Vehicle for Girls’ Safety and Education in Thailand
Authors: Falk Monica Lindberg
Published: January 2013

This chapter focuses on girls who study at a Buddhist samnak chii (female Buddhist “temple”) in Thailand. The Thai education system has recently been reformed and today free basic education with free twelve years of schooling is provided to all Thai boys and girls. The reform has decreased the gender gap in education that previously favored boys’ education over girls’. However, the education reform has made other disparities more visible, such as economic inequality and lack of educational services for the poor. The Dhammajarinee School (Buddhist school for girls) in central Thailand has brought services to poor communities, and to girls in those communities in particular. This chapter investigates the makeup of the student bodies at these schools, why the children have chosen to study there, and how teaching, living, and learning at the Buddhist school are experienced by the schoolgirls and their teachers.
Zen-Boy Ikkyū
Authors: Curley Melissa Anne-Marie
Published: January 2013

The fifteenth-century priest Ikkyū Sōjun is a major figure in the history of Japanese Zen, but he is better known to generations of Japanese children as the little monk at the center of countless picture books and cartoons, including Tōei’s internationally successful series Ikkyū-san. This chapter considers how the gap between the historical Ikkyū Sōjun and the contemporary Ikkyū-san is mediated by Tokugawa-period folktales about the adventures of Ikkyū, and explores how the Tokugawa materials are rewritten in order to serve a particularly modern understanding of childhood as a realm free of conflict and antagonism. It argues that the historical man and the child saint exist in an ambiguous relationship with one another, with the success of the image of the child relying on an audience that has only a vague memory of the man.
Young Lord Maitreya
Authors: Rodrigues Hillary
Published: January 2013

Among figures that have been linked to the persona of Maitreya, the teaching Buddha to come, the Indian born spiritual teacher Jiddu Krishnamurti presents us with a particularly compelling case. This chapter examines Krishnamurti’s remarkable childhood and early adulthood against the backdrop of the Buddhist configurations of the Theosophical Society, the organization that chose and groomed the boy to be the next World Teacher. Krishnamurti’s seeming rejection of his role, along with his subsequent body of teachings, provide a framework for an inquiry into religious upbringings and whether freedom from such conditioning – an essential feature of his message -- is possible.
Economic Perspectives on Some Important Dimensions of Early Childhood Development in Developing Countries
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Urzúa Sergio S.
Published: January 2013

Delayed child development is a cumulative process that starts as early as in the womb and, once begun, may be difficult (or very costly) to reverse during school years and adulthood. This explains why early childhood development (ECD) has been recognized as having high returns over the life cycle in both developing and developed countries. Yet, very little is known with confidence about the economic justification for ECD programs in general and in developing countries in particular. The economic justification must depend on the comparison of benefits and costs of each ECD program. In this chapter, we review what is known and, perhaps more importantly, what is not known about components of economic analysis of ECD programs.
Community-Based Approaches to Early Childhood Development
Authors: Hayden Jacqueline , Wai Sithu
Published: January 2013

Community-based programs are a major service delivery outlet for early childhood programs, especially in underresourced and developing contexts. They provide scope for identifying and analyzing specific community issues and for prioritizing, designing, and managing activities at the local level. As such, they are often associated with grassroots accountability, efficiency, community participation, empowerment, and sustainability. However, there are potential pitfalls. The reliance on voluntary participation can result in skewed representation and exclusion of marginalized groups; there may be difficulties in building capacity and overreliance on imported technical assistance; and there is a danger that agencies directing community-based programs can misrepresent true community needs and/or reduce issues to fit their own terms of reference. Perhaps most concerning, community-based programs can mask government inattention and perpetuate marginalization. We provide a list of investigating questions to guide the assessment of early childhood development (ECD) programs according to principles that transcend governing structure, auspice, and/or label.
Building and Strengthening National Systems for Early Childhood Development
Authors: Vargas-Barón Emily
Published: January 2013

National early childhood development (ECD) systems are complex and diverse, due especially to varying economic, cultural, and linguistic factors; tensions among sectoral, multisectoral, and integrated approaches; and systemic issues often found between centralized and decentralized leadership, coordination, and management. In light of these and other challenges, eight essential elements for building and strengthening national ECD systems are identified and discussed: equity and rights; multisectorality, integration and coordination; governance through participatory ECD policy development and structures; legislation, standards, regulations, and agreements; quality improvement and resource development; accountability through ECD management information systems; investment and systemic issues for going to scale; and policy advocacy and social communications. Based on research and practice, recommendations for building strong and sustainable ECD systems are provided.
The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh
Authors: Fenech Louis E.
Published: January 2013

This book deals with one of the only Persian compositions attributed to the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708), the Ẓafar-nāmah or “Epistle of Victory.” Written as a masnavi or Persian poem this letter was originally sent to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (d. 1707) rebuking his most unbecoming conduct. Yet the missive does far more than censure. By teasing out the letter’s direct and subtle references to the Iranian national epic, the Shāh-nāmah, the epistle’s mythic template, and to Shaikh Sadi’s thirteenth-century Būstān, from which the letter’s most popular couplet derives, the book demonstrates how this letter served as a form of Indo-Islamic verbal warfare, ensuring the tenth Guru’s moral and symbolic victory over the legendary and powerful Mughal empire. In the process of analyzing the Ẓafar-nāmah, this book resurrects one of the key components of the Sikh tradition, its Islamicate aspect.
Studying Public Religion: Beyond the Beliefs-Driven Actor
Authors: Lichterman Paul
Published: January 2013

This chapter shows that cultural norms of group life shape possibilities for public religious expression, whether interfaith or denominationally specific. When we relocate public religious expression from the edges to the center of our inquiry, we can learn a lot about how Americans negotiate religious pluralism in everyday life, as well as learning specifically where and how Americans do things with religion in public. This focus on settings for public religious expression, rather than public religious actors, spotlights two of the other “edges” that shape this volume. First, it invites criticism and revision of some of the more optimistic portraits of religion's social roles. It finds that religion's effects on social ties are setting specific and variable; religious identity does not necessarily promote social networking even with coreligionists. Second, the pragmatic perspective apprehends “religion” itself in a way that may be counterintuitive given an emphasis on deep personal beliefs that is common in Christian, especially Protestant Christian, understandings that frequently have informed previous, American social research on religion.
Negotiating Religious Differences in Secular Organizations: The Case of Hospital Chapels
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores how religious pluralism is negotiated outside of congregations in the space of secular hospital chapels in the United States. Hospital chapels are one of many ways religion and spirituality are negotiated in contemporary American hospitals. While the spaces have shifted from tradition specific to more interfaith over time, they continue to display ambivalence on several levels. First, despite renovations and attempts to create more interfaith and welcoming spaces, some—not all—retain traditional Christian or Jewish motifs in their stained glass windows, pews, and orienting objects like altars. Others have replaced these Christian motifs with abstract stained glass and nature images—implicitly, as well as explicitly, removing religious symbols from the spaces as underlying Protestant assumptions fade. Second, despite a movement toward interfaith spaces, the majority of hospitals continue to offer poorly attended services—most especially Catholic mass—sometimes in symbol-less physical spaces. More generally, the chapel spaces described here reinforce arguments about ambivalence around religion and spirituality in hospitals more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Knight John Allan
Published: January 2013

This chapter introduces the overall argument of the book. It describes the concerns that drive the divide between liberals and postliberals. Liberal theologians are concerned to validate theological claims as being true, while postliberals are concerned with the Barthian project of preserving the lordship of Jesus Christ over all of theology, including method. This leads in turn to a concern to maintain the particularity of soteriological and Christological claims and to avoid systematizing. These concerns yield a postliberal theology that is essentially Wittgensteinian both in its understanding of the meaning of theological claims and in its antitheoretical bias. The liberal concern for validation, on the other hand, yields a theological method that accepts descriptivist requirements for successful reference and a descriptivist or truth-conditional understanding of the meaning of theological claims. Neither of these understandings of language are adequate, but recent developments in analytic philosophy of language make possible more adequate accounts of meaning and reference, which in turn can yield a more inclusive method that can lead beyond the liberal/postliberal divide.
A Purified Liberal Theology
Authors: Knight John Allan
Published: January 2013

This chapter describes the liberal theological method of Schubert Ogden. It begins by describing the most important contributors to Ogden’s thought: Rudolf Bultmann’s existential hermeneutics, Alfred North Whitehead’s analysis of human subjectivity, and Charles Hartshorne’s concept of God. The chapter then describes Ogden’s method of interpreting and validating theological claims, displayed in his dual criteria of adequacy. Theological claims must be appropriate to Jesus Christ (an existential criterion) and credible to common human experience and reason. Ogden derives his articulation of common human experience through a transcendental analysis of the conditions of the possibility of any and all acts of human subjectivity. Further, Ogden’s transcendental argument for God’s existence yields an understanding of God whose existence is necessary. The descriptive sense Ogden associates with “God” thus picks out God alone as its referent. Additionally, the descriptive senses associated with the predicates of theological claims are also derived from elements of human experience. We can therefore have knowledge, either through acquaintance or through description, of whether the conditions described in those descriptive senses are satisfied. Therefore, This allows him to meet the demands of Russell as well as Flew and other falsification theorists.
Limb Remote Ischemic Preconditioning for Intestinal and Pulmonary Protection during Elective Open Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Li Cai , Li Yun-Sheng , Xu Miao , Wen Shi-Hong , Yao Xi , Wu Yan , Huang Chan-Yan , Huang Wen-Qi , Liu Ke-Xuan
Published: January 2013

Background:

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) may confer the cytoprotection in critical organs. The authors hypothesized that limb RIPC would reduce intestinal and pulmonary injury in patients undergoing open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Methods:

In this single-center, prospective, double-blinded, randomized, parallel-controlled trial, 62 patients undergoing elective open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio by computerized block randomization to receive limb RIPC or conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (control). Three cycles of 5-min ischemia/5-min reperfusion induced by a blood pressure cuff placed on the left upper arm served as RIPC stimulus. The primary endpoint was arterial–alveolar oxygen tension ratio. The secondary endpoints mainly included the intestinal injury markers (serum intestinal fatty acid–binding protein, endotoxin levels, and diamine oxidase activity), the markers of oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory response, and the scores of the severity of intestinal and pulmonary injury.

Results:

In limb RIPC group, a/A ratio was significantly higher than that in control group at 8, 12, and 24 h after cross-clamp release (66 ± 4 vs. 45 ± 4, P = 0.003; 60 ± 6 vs. 37 ± 4, P = 0.002; and 60 ± 5 vs. 47 ± 6, P = 0.039, respectively). All biomarkers reflecting intestinal injury increased over time, and there was significant differences between limb RIPC and control group (P < 0.001). The severity of intestinal and pulmonary injury was decreased by limb RIPC (P = 0.014 and P = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions:

Limb RIPC attenuates intestinal and pulmonary injury in patients undergoing elective open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair without any potential risk.
Neuroprotective Effects of Dexmedetomidine against Glutamate Agonist-induced Neuronal Cell Death Are Related to Increased Astrocyte Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression
Authors: Degos Vincent , charpentier Tifenn Le , Chhor Vibol , Brissaud Olivier , Lebon Sophie , Schwendimann Leslie , Bednareck Nathalie , Passemard Sandrine , Mantz Jean , Gressens Pierre
Published: January 2013

Background:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a prominent role in neuroprotection against perinatal brain injury. Dexmedetomidine, a selective agonist of α2-adrenergic receptors, also provides neuroprotection against glutamate-induced damage. Because adrenergic receptor agonists can modulate BDNF expression, our goal was to examine whether dexmedetomidine’s neuroprotective effects are mediated by BDNF modulation in mouse perinatal brain injury.

Methods:

The protective effects against glutamate-induced injury of BDNF and dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with either a neutralizing BDNF antibody or an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway (PD098059) were compared in perinatal ibotenate-induced cortical lesions (n = 10–20 pups/groups) and in mouse neuronal cultures (300 μm of ibotenate for 6 h). The effect of dexmedetomidine on BDNF expression was examined in vivo and in vitro with cortical neuronal and astrocyte isolated cultures.

Results:

Both BDNF and dexmedetomidine produced a significant neuroprotective effect in vivo and in vitro. Dexmedetomidine enhanced Bdnf4 and Bdnf5 transcription and BDNF protein cortical expression in vivo. Dexmedetomidine also enhanced Bdnf4 and Bdnf5 transcription and increased BDNF media concentration in isolated astrocyte cultures but not in neuronal cultures. Dexmedetomidine’s protective effect was inhibited with BDNF antibody (mean lesion size ± SD: 577 ± 148 μm vs. 1028 ± 213 μm, n = 14–20, P < 0.001) and PD098059 in vivo but not in isolated neuron cultures. Finally, PD098059 inhibited the increased release of BDNF induced by dexmedetomidine in astrocyte cultures.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that dexmedetomidine increased astrocyte expression of BDNF through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent pathway, inducing subsequent neuroprotective effects.
Involvement of the Tyr Kinase/JNK Pathway in Carbachol-induced Bronchial Smooth Muscle Contraction in the Rat
Authors: Sakai Hiroyasu , Watanabe Yu , Honda Mai , Tsuiki Rika , Ueda Yusuke , Nagai Yuki , Narita Minoru , Misawa Miwa , Chiba Yoshihiko
Published: January 2013

Background:

Tyrosine (Tyr) kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases have been thought to participate in the contractile response in various smooth muscles. The aim of the current study was to investigate the involvement of the Tyr kinase pathway in the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle.

Methods:

Ring preparations of bronchi isolated from rats were suspended in an organ bath. Isometric contraction of circular smooth muscle was measured. Immunoblotting was used to examine the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinasess (JNKs) in bronchial smooth muscle.

Results:

To examine the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase(s) in bronchial smooth muscle contraction, the effects of MPAK inhibitors were investigated in this study. The contraction induced by carbachol (CCh) was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with selective Tyr kinase inhibitors (genistein and ST638, n = 6, respectively), and a JNK inhibitor (SP600125, n = 6). The contractions induced by high K+ depolarization (n = 4), orthovanadate (a potent Tyr phosphatase inhibitor) and sodium fluoride (a G protein activator; NaF) were also significantly inhibited by selective Tyr kinase inhibitors and a JNK inhibitor (n = 4, respectively). However, the contraction induced by calyculin-A was not affected by SP600125. On the other hand, JNKs were phosphorylated by CCh (2.2 ± 0,4 [mean±SEM] fold increase). The JNK phosphorylation induced by CCh was significantly inhibited by SP600125 (n = 4).

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that the Tyr kinase/JNK pathway may play a role in bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Strategies to inhibit JNK activation may represent a novel therapeutic approach for diseases involving airway obstruction, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Employer policy and manager practice in the fast food industry: a match made in heaven or a loveless marriage
Authors: Gould Anthony M
Published: January 2013

Scholarly literature identifies a distinctive fast food approach to labour management. Much of the archetypal ‘McJob’ image of industry work arises from this approach. The strategy has high‐profile elements which include fervent opposition to unions, scientific management, and use of human resource principles which attach no importance to employee preference. It is often assumed that the attitudes and opinions of industry pioneers such as Ray Kroc and Harlan Sanders are ubiquitous among modern fast food managers. However, this study presents survey data suggesting that fast food outlet managers are not necessarily committed to, nor do they apply, their employer's approach.
Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 October 2012–30 November 2012
Authors:   Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium, Aksoy Serap , Almeida‐Val Vera Maria F. , Azevedo V. C. R. , Baucom Regina , Bazaga Pilar , Beheregaray L. B. , Bennetzen Jeffrey L. , Brassaloti Ricardo A. , Burgess Treena I. , Caccone Adagisa , Chang Shu‐Mei , Ciampi A. Y. , Ciancaleoni S. , Clímaco Gisele T. , clouet Cécil , Coimbra Maria R. M. , Coutinho Luiz L. , Dantas Hozana L. , De Vega Clara , Echodu Richard , Enyaru John , Figueira Antonio , Filho Manoel A. G. , Foltz Britnie , Fressigné L. , Gadomski Mateusz , Gauthier Nathalie , Herrera Carlos M. , Hyseni Chaz , Jorge Erika C. , Kaczmarczyk Dariusz , Knott Emily , Kuester Adam , Lima Ana P. S. , Lima Maíra A. , Lima Marcos P. , Longo Ana Luiza B. , Lor Grant , Maggioni Rodrigo , Marques Thiago S. , Martins Aline R. , Matoso Daniele A. , Medrano Mónica , Mendonça M. A. C. , Mettler Raeann , Nascimento Priscila Roberta M. , Negri V. , Oliveira Karine K. C. , Oliveira L. O. , Ovcarenko Irina , Paula‐Silva Maria N. , Raggi L. , Sandoval‐Castillo J. , Santos Carlos Henrique Dos Anjos , Martin Schaefer H. , Segelbacher Gernot , Seino Miyuki M. , Sistrom Mark , Taole Matsepo M. , Teske P. R. , Tsagkarakou Anastasia , Verdade Luciano M. , Villela Priscilla M. S. , Vinson C. C. , Wingfield Brenda D. , Wingfield Michael J.
Published: January 2013

This article documents the addition of 153 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Brassica oleracea, Brycon amazonicus, Dimorphandra wilsonii, Eupallasella percnurus, Helleborus foetidus, Ipomoea purpurea, Phrynops geoffroanus, Prochilodus argenteus, Pyura sp., Sylvia atricapilla, Teratosphaeria suttonii, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Trypanosoma brucei. These loci were cross‐tested on the following species: Dimorphandra coccicinea, Dimorphandra cuprea, Dimorphandra gardneriana, Dimorphandra jorgei, Dimorphandra macrostachya, Dimorphandra mollis, Dimorphandra parviflora and Dimorphandra pennigera.
An improved high yield method to obtain microsatellite genotypes from red deer antlers up to 200 years old
Authors: Hoffmann G. S. , Griebeler E. M.
Published: January 2013

Analysis of DNA from older samples, such as museum specimen, is a promising approach to studying genetics of populations and ecological processes across several generations. Here, we present a method for extracting high quality nuclear DNA for microsatellite analysis from antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus). The genotyping of individuals was based on nine microsatellite loci. Because the amount of DNA found in antlers was high, we could reduce the amount of sample and chemicals used and shorten the decalcification time in comparison to other methods. Using these methods, we obtained genotypes from antlers up to 200 years old.
Undersampling and the measurement of beta diversity
Authors: Beck Jan , Holloway Jeremy D. , Schwanghart Wolfgang
Published: January 2013

Beta diversity is a conceptual link between diversity at local and regional scales. Various additional methodologies of quantifying this and related phenomena have been applied. Among them, measures of pairwise (dis)similarity of sites are particularly popular. Undersampling, i.e. not recording all taxa present at a site, is a common situation in ecological data. Bias in many metrics related to beta diversity must be expected, but only few studies have explicitly investigated the properties of various measures under undersampling conditions.

On the basis of an empirical data set, representing near‐complete local inventories of the Lepidoptera from an isolated Pacific island, as well as simulated communities with varying properties, we mimicked different levels of undersampling. We used 14 different approaches to quantify beta diversity, among them dataset‐wide multiplicative partitioning (i.e. ‘true beta diversity’) and pairwise site x site dissimilarities. We compared their values from incomplete samples to true results from the full data. We used these comparisons to quantify undersampling bias and we calculated correlations of the dissimilarity measures of undersampled data with complete data of sites.

Almost all tested metrics showed bias and low correlations under moderate to severe undersampling conditions (as well as deteriorating precision, i.e. large chance effects on results). Measures that used only species incidence were very sensitive to undersampling, while abundance‐based metrics with high dependency on the distribution of the most common taxa were particularly robust. Simulated data showed sensitivity of results to the abundance distribution, confirming that data sets of high evenness and/or the application of metrics that are strongly affected by rare species are particularly sensitive to undersampling.

The class of beta measure to be used should depend on the research question being asked as different metrics can lead to quite different conclusions even without undersampling effects. For each class of metric, there is a trade‐off between robustness to undersampling and sensitivity to rare species. In consequence, using incidence‐based metrics carries a particular risk of false conclusions when undersampled data are involved. Developing bias corrections for such metrics would be desirable.