bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Australian public affairs: links to European corporate communication
Authors: Tixier Maud
Published: July 2002

The Australian social and political environments have broadened the traditional “public affairs” function to include specific tools, such as environmental communication, corporate giving, issues management and community relations. Future trends indicate a more strategic “public affairs” focus.
Internal communication during change management
Authors: Kitchen Philip J. , Daly Finbarr
Published: July 2002

Globalisation, “glocalisation”, deregulation, privatisation, mergers, acquisitions and a movement of labour toward less expensive economic locations, coupled with revolutionary advances in technology and simultaneous empowering of consumers coupled with changes in demand – are among the revolutionary forces impacting organisations around the world. In this dynamic context, organisations need to re‐evaluate their purpose and raison d’être. This evaluative process will help them to decide which changes: strategic or operational, will have to be made in order to perpetuate survival and growth. While, undoubtedly, organisations realise the importance of good communications, they often find it hard to forge the link between “what gets said” and “what gets done”. Aims, initially therefore, to explore the nature of the link between change, change management and internal communications. Ultimately aims to explore how internal communications contribute to the “successful” implementation of change management programmes. Develops as a theoretical contribution in the domains mentioned. As such, the authors would welcome comments and debate from colleagues with an interest in the fields of internal communication and change management.
Agency versus identity: actor‐network theory meets public relations
Authors: Somerville Ian
Published: July 2002

This article offers an introduction to a theoretical approach which has recently begun to be used by organisational theorists to explain the distribution and exercise of power between organisations and entities within particular spheres, or “networks”. This approach, which has been labelled “actor‐network” theory, argues that focusing on questions of “identity”, particularly questions of self‐identity, depends upon accepting and reproducing a “modern” set of presuppositions. These modern presuppositions are concerned primarily with the creation of stable boundaries and hierarchies, between subject and object, and between self and other. Actor‐network theory proposes that the notion of “agency” offers an alternative “amodern” perspective from which to explore how entities, or actors, influence other actors through the process of translation. Concludes that actor‐network theory, as a meta‐theoretical position and as a methodological approach offers an alternative to existing public relations theory which cannot easily be ignored.
Changing responsibilities for financial management in an era of TQM
Authors: Gryna Frank M. , Jankowski Joel R.
Published: July 2002

Examines six issues to decide whether total quality management (TQM) concepts can improve the effectiveness of company‐wide financial activities, i.e. the finance function. These issues address the basic role of a central finance department; TQM concepts in specific financial processes including capital budgeting and working capital management; competitive benchmarking; and personnel skills needed for the future. The finance function in most organizations has been pulled in many directions recently by downsizing, technology, ethical issues and, of course, TQM. The central finance office (CFO) needs to understand how TQM issues may not be a negative constraint on the finance process but actually assist in re‐engineering the finance process for the future. Defines the service role of the finance function and how it can be decentralized throughout the organization. Presents many issues in a question format which allows the finance manager to organize the implications of TQM in the total finance operation. Also investigates various financial processes such as capital budgeting and working‐capital management.
US health‐care revolution: cost and quality challenges
Authors: Larrabee June H.
Published: July 2002

Discusses challenges facing the US health‐care system now that prepaid or capitated health plans are gaining market share. Investigates how this affects providers, payers and policy makers and the concerns for the maintenance of a quality system. Concludes that the current changes in the US health‐care system are driven by the changing role of the consumer, concerns for quality and efforts to contain costs. Maintains that further research is needed to provide better guidelines to help these challenges to be met.
Statistical process control and forecasting
Authors: Atienza O.O. , Ang B.W. , Tang L.C.
Published: July 2002

Explores the relationships between statistical process control (SPC) and forecasting procedures. While both procedures are often applied and used in different contexts, a careful analysis shows that they go through the same stages that culminate in process or forecast monitoring. This apparent similarity of SPC and forecasting enables a general framework to be established for model‐based SPC. Discusses some forecasting procedures applicable to SPC and underlines the importance of SPC concepts in forecasting.
Quality management in developing economies
Authors: Madu Christian N.
Published: July 2002

Explores the importance of quality management in achieving global competitiveness. Emphasizes the need for developing countries to revitalize their economies through quality management practice. Uses Deming principles of quality management and dialectical materialism inquiry system to demonstrate how the practice of quality can help developing countries to improve their national economies and, therefore, compete effectively in international markets.
The role of top management commitment in quality management: an empirical analysis of the auto parts industry
Authors: Ahire Sanjay L. , O’Shaughnessy K.C.
Published: July 2002

Examines the associations between ten integrated quality management constructs and the resulting product quality. Analyzes responses from plant managers of 449 auto‐parts firms using stepwise regression. Notes three primary predictors (customer focus, empowerment, and supplier quality management) explaining 26 per cent of variation in product quality. Examines the role of top management commitment in TQM implementation by splitting the sample into firms with high and low top management commitment based on the mean score on this construct. Concludes, first, that firms with high top management commitment produce high quality products despite variations in individual constructs, and, second, that in firms with low top management commitment, four other constructs, i.e. customer focus, supplier quality management, empowerment, and internal quality information usage are primary predictors of product quality.
An empirical assessment of quality: research considerations
Authors: Madu Christian N.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines research design issues in quality management studies. Potential research problems are identified and suggestions provided on how these problems could be addressed through effective research design techniques. A good research design enables the researcher to address the right questions and to provide meaningful recommendations. The emphasis of this paper is on empirical research in total quality management. Empirical studies are now common in validating some of the claims associated with quality, especially its association with organizational performance. However, conclusions on tests conducted on quality hypotheses are as good as the research design. Therefore, empirical researchers in the quality management field need to focus more attention on their research design and methodology to ensure that their conclusions are indeed a reflection of their hypotheses.
Speeding up the progress curve towards effective supply chain management
Authors: Towill Denis R. , Childerhouse Paul , Disney Stephen M.
Published: July 2002

Introduces a supply chain “health check” procedure successfully applied in the European automotive sector and presents the results for the analysis of 20 trans‐European value streams covering a wide range of first and second tier suppliers. The health check procedure is activated via a quick scan methodology (QSM) requiring execution by a multi‐disciplinary team working on‐site. The degree of integration within the value chain is estimated by the QS team, using the uncertainty circle concept which apportions observed uncertainties in the product delivery process (PDP) according to source. In our experience the four major contributors are: the demand side; supply side; value added process side; and systems controls. The results clearly demonstrate a well‐trodden and hence proven route for value stream performance improvement. They also identify value chain exemplars and many areas of best practice, but most importantly they provide a list of actions focused on improving the performance of individual value streams. Properly applied, re‐engineering programmes based on these trigger points will speed up the progress curve towards effective supply chain management.
Environmental change and supply chain management: a multi‐case study exploration of the impact of Y2000
Authors: Dewhurst Frank , Spring Martin , Arkle Nigel
Published: July 2002

As businesses worked towards Y2000 compliancy and checked their sources of supply, the mechanisms and nature of relationships in the supply chain were exposed. A multi‐case study methodology of four UK‐based SMEs and one large multinational company was undertaken to exploit this time‐window. Although the Y2000 problem was to some extent unique, it is only one of many potential environmental changes that organisations, particularly businesses, have to respond to in the rapidly changing future. Thus any lessons that can be learned from studying this event could provide useful information for future significant environmental changes; changes to trading and market environments; changes to employment law. Whilst the terms “supply chain” and “supply chain management” are universally adopted, their meaning and actual application is less certain. This paper explores the limited but diverse multidisciplinary literature and the “theory/practice” gap in the area of supply chain management and the impact on the supply chain of preparing for the Year 2000.
Supply chain management: a case study of a dedicated supply chain for bananas in the UK grocery market
Authors: Wilson Natasha
Published: July 2002

Looks at the concept of supply chain management, discussing the theory and its relevance to the distribution and marketing of fresh produce. Vertical co‐ordination has seen an accelerated introduction in the context of UK food retailing and the major food retailers are increasingly demanding dedicated supply as their influence grows. Looks at three main players: J Sainsbury, the second largest UK grocery retailer; Mack Multiples, an operating division of M & W Mack, the UK’s largest privately‐owned importer and distributor of fresh produce; and Noboa, a major family‐owned plantation business in Ecuador.
Integrated logistics: achieving logistics performance improvements
Authors: Daugherty Patricia J. , Ellinger Alexander E. , Gustin Craig M.
Published: July 2002

Presents the results of a recent survey of logistics executives concerning their perceptions regarding integrated logistics. Focuses discussion on an assessment of the current level of implementation of the integrated logistics concept among US firms and provides support for a relationship between integration and logistical performance improvements. Reveals that the results have significant managerial implications as more organizations place emphasis on supply chain management, and that internal and external integration are necessary to facilitate channel‐wide linkages and enhance channel efficiency.
Beyond MRP ‐ the operation of a modern scheduling system
Authors: Exon‐Taylor Mac
Published: July 2002

Scheduling systems can be developed to model all the significant processes in a business and desktop computers have the power to generate integrated schedules designed to realize optimized throughput. However, the step from design and development to installation and operation introduces the power of reality that will remorselessly reveal both strengths and weaknesses in the software or in the concept. Reviews ‐ from the points of view of the developers, the system drivers and a key (new) user ‐ gains and losses, issues and advantages which came to light during the first 18 months after installation of a modern scheduling system for a multinational pharmaceutical company.
Information enrichment: designing the supply chain for competitive advantage
Authors: Mason‐Jones R. , Towill D.R.
Published: July 2002

Speed of response to customer demand has long been recognized as a key attribute to business success since customer loyalty can be won or lost on product availability. With everyone implementing lean manufacturing philosophies, companies additionally need to become smart chain managers and ensure continuous improvement to stay competitive. Exploits further the concept of the “seamless supply chain”, by encouraging market place information to move through the supply chain with as little distortion as possible. The simulation model used to benchmark performance improvement is representative of both the MIT beer game and much experimental industrial practice. It is therefore realistic as an aid to the implementation of decision support systems (DSS). Presents the beneficial dynamic effects of enriching each supply chain member’s order decision with undistorted market sales. Concludes that tremendous benefits can result from adopting a holistic approach if the attitudinal problems associated with information sharing can be overcome.
Attitudes towards use of electronic data interchange in industrial buying: some Australian evidence
Authors: Ramaseshan B.
Published: July 2002

Considering the growing importance of EDI in improving business performance examines the level of EDI usage in industrial buying and attitudes towards EDI among Australian organizations. Reports the results of a survey. Suggests that the use of computers for communication is expected to increase considerably in the next five years for most activities in industrial buying. The majority of respondents felt that the introduction of EDI will have a dramatic effect on buyer/seller relationships with computers becoming the dominant form of communication with their suppliers in the future. General concern was expressed regarding the possible threat to the security of organizational databases from EDI. Also found that cost reduction, competitive advantage, accuracy and improved customer service were perceived to be the major advantages of EDI and there is a growing preference among firms to deal with vendors/customers who have EDI facilities.
Quality assurance in Scotland’s beef and lamb sector
Authors: Simpson Brian , Muggoch Adam , Leat Philip
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines the Scotch Quality Beef and Lamb Association (SQBLA) approach to quality assurance and product traceability in the beef and lamb sectors. The schemes employed provide assurance that set quality standards have been maintained throughout the production and marketing chain from farmer through to retailer and caterer. They were set up in response to a growing awareness, especially by the primary producer, of the need to be able to “guarantee” to the consumer the conditions under which an animal was reared and sold on. The schemes have been extended to include other sectors in the meat supply chain. There are complementary but separate schemes which are run by some processor/retailer partnerships and the paper outlines the operation of one of the most advanced ‐ Scotbeef’s Beeftrack system.
Scottish Quality Cereals and Coastal Grains ‐ combinable crop assurance in action
Authors: Jack David , Pardoe Terence , Ritchie Ceri
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines the objectives and quality assurance arrangements of Scottish Quality Cereals (SQC), the first major assurance scheme to be implemented for combinable crops in the UK. Thereafter, the traceability arrangements of Coastal Grains, a farmer co‐operative drawing grain from the English and Scottish Borders, are described. The Coastal Grains′ system provides traceability, quality and treatment information from seed and farm of origin right through to the industrial customer. SQC and Coastal Grains provide clear examples of how quality assurance and traceability may be developed in the combinable crops sector.
Environmental performance indicators for integrated supply chains: the case of Xerox Ltd
Authors: McIntyre Kirstie , Smith Hugh , Henham Alex , Pretlove John
Published: July 2002

The Integrated Supply Chain at Xerox Ltd is a large complex organisation which has many potential impacts on the environment. In order to better understand and reduce those impacts, an environmental bias has been introduced into the decision making process which allows more environmentally conscious decisions to be made. This paper details how the environmental bias was developed and how it can be used to provide both a measure of environmental performance for the whole supply chain, each functional element within the chain and for different product delivery scenarios. The environmental decision making tool construction is discussed and preliminary results show that it is the working life of a typical product which causes the biggest environmental impact.
Constraints to quick response systems in the implosive industries
Authors: Lehtonen Juha‐Matti , Holmström Jan , Slotte Jonas
Published: July 2002

Studies the problem of producing a product range with high customer service in the implosive industries. In the implosive industries a wide range of end products are manufactured from a limited number of standard materials. The problem of producing a product range with high customer service is studied within the framework of product range, capacity and customer acceptable lead time. In the existing just‐in‐time literature, strong emphasis is put on set‐up and through‐put time reduction for achieving high product availability with low cost. However, the decision regarding the product range and its implications on production control is not adequately considered. It is proposed that the relevant time scope to consider demand and capacity is the product range cycle. Three cases from the food and paper industry are studied. The cases indicate constraints for achieving quick response capability.
A conceptual model of the fashion process – part 2
Authors: Cholachatpinyo A. , Padgett I. , Crocker M. , Fletcher B.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents two separate empirical investigations of a new conceptual model of fashion – the “fashion transformation process model” presented in part 1 (this issue). One important strand of that model is the role played by individual wearers in the transformation of fashion. This level is defined as the micro‐subjective level. There are two important forces that operate at this level – known as the “differentiating” and “socialising” forces. In the first study, 300 people were given questionnaires that considered a whole variety of fashion aspects, and also included a tool to distinguish between four types of consumers: fashion innovators, early fashion adopters, fashion followers and laggards. The results clearly confirmed these classifications and, importantly, confirmed the dominance of the differentiating force on fashion choices for “innovators”, and the socialising force for “followers” and “laggards”.The second study, involving interviewing 40 females, was concerned to investigate how new fashions might be adopted. The innovators were, again, shown to be motivated by quite different forces to fashion followers, in the choices they made. The study confirms an important aspect of the new conceptual model – the micro‐subjective level forces. The dynamic role played by the individual also shows why fashion has to be continuously innovative and what forces operate to ensure primary markets respond to the majority of wearers.
An expanding Europe
Authors: Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2002

There has been over the last decade an emergence of new democratic states in Eastern Europe and a growing aspiration by many of these states to enter the EU. There would appear to be six front runners in this move towards EU membership – Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. Slovenia, though a small state and previously part of Yugoslavia, is one of these front runners with aspirations for early entry into the EU. This paper is intended to give an insight into Slovenia, giving some comparison of its case to other aspiring EU entrants. It looks at the culture and background of Slovenia, the extent of western European penetration into its fashion market, the extent of its clothing industry and considers the implication of EU membership to this emerging democracy. The paper takes a broad look at a country that may soon be a fellow member of the EU and a potential partner in EU projects.
Apparel shopping on the Internet
Authors: Hye Park Ji , Stoel Leslie
Published: July 2002

Despite the rapid growth in online sales of apparel, some consumers are still reluctant to purchase clothing on the Internet. This may be due to perceptions of risk associated with the type and quantity of information on which to make their purchase decision. The purpose of this study was to explore the availability of product and customer service information and to examine Web site quality of leading US Internet apparel retailers. A content analysis of their Web sites shows that online apparel merchants are providing a large amount of basic product information traditionally provided on labels, but are not providing sensory or experiential product information useful in making purchase decisions for fashion‐oriented garments. Online merchants are providing extensive customer service information. Basic Web site quality components are evident on most apparel Web sites, but entertaining and aesthetic features that can differentiate a merchant from competitors are being used sparsely.
Corporate career support: Chinese mainland expatriates in Hong Kong
Authors: Selmer Jan , Ebrahimi Bahman P. , Mingtao Li
Published: July 2002

Business expatriates from the Chinese mainland assigned to Hong Kong responded to a questionnaire regarding availability and usage of corporate career development activities. It was found that corporate development activities had a very low availability, indicating little interest on the part of the Chinese parent organizations to assist in the development of their expatriates’ careers. Comparing these findings with western expatriates in the territory, the Chinese expatriates were at a clear disadvantage. Nevertheless, those career development activities that were made available by the Chinese assigning organizations were well used.
Becoming a partner in a professional services firm
Authors: Stumpf Stephen A.
Published: July 2002

Being your own boss, becoming a partner in or part‐owner of a business, and achieving great wealth and prestige are the dreams of many youths. Professional service firms (PSFs) provide many opportunities – for leadership, authority, and autonomy; for equity participation; and for advising the leadership giants of business. It looks like a good match. Growth in PSFs and the desirability of working in PSFs has been increasing at an average of 15 per cent per year for over a decade. Yet, most newcomers to PSFs indicate that they are not planning to become a “partner or owner”. The answer may be more than rejection apprehension. Most newcomers, even after five to seven years of experience, remain uninformed and rather clueless as to what it means to be a partner.
Policy capturing as a tool to enhance recruiting
Authors: Williamson Crystal L. , Cope John G. , Foster Thompson Lori , Wuensch Karl L.
Published: July 2002

During labor shortages, organizations that wish to recruit effectively must advertise jobs attractive to applicants. Demonstrates that policy capturing methodology can be used to uncover the job attributes of interest to potential applicants. Examines the influence of five organizational attributes on the willingness to apply for and accept a job offer in law enforcement. A total of 213 individuals seeking basic law enforcement training certification participated in this study. Each participant completed a survey made up of 32 scenarios varying on levels of five attributes. For the dependent variables “willingness to apply for a job” and “willingness to accept a job offer”, starting salary exerted the most influence on individuals’ job choice decisions. Relocation requirements, advancement opportunities, image, and retirement plan followed respectively in amount of influence exerted for each variable.
Rethinking tomorrow’s company for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Bostock Richard
Published: July 2002

Puts forward the view that the real and controlling resource and the absolutely decisive factor of production is no longer capital, nor land, nor labour but knowledge. We now live in a post‐capitalist society in which the intelligent worker is the dominant means of production and key to the future. Feels we are entering a turbulent era which calls for management of change and re‐engineering of companies. With this in mind the Royal Society of Arts has published a report,Tomorrows Company: The Role of Business in a Changing World,and this article has been written by a member of the inquiry’s task force.
Improved employee selection and staffing through meta programmes
Authors: Patrick Georges D.
Published: July 2002

To obtain desirable results through people, executives need to be aware of new approaches to employee selection and staffing. The establishment of a new discipline called neurolinguistic programming (NLP) in the USA can offer such new approaches. Research in NLP has identified about two dozen mental subprogrammes people unconsciously use which affect work preferences. NLP calls them meta programmes, from the Greek prefix meta which means “beyond” or “after”. They were so called because they appear to be operating beyond or on another level from that of the main programmes which drive mental processes. Proposes that executives could utilize meta programmes to determine more accurately if job applicants are qualified for the positions they are seeking. These techniques could also be useful in taking transfer and promotion decisions and in working out succession tables.
German consultants discuss reunification and employment
Authors: DeGroot Dean R.
Published: July 2002

Since November 1989, East Germany (like other former eastern bloc nations) has found that economic progress has come at a slow and painful pace. These efforts, however, have been unique since they have involved reunification with sisters and brothers in the west. A three‐year study was conducted with German business consultants, many of whom are involved in either outplacement or career development services. The study is in two phases: face‐to‐face interviews in Germany in early 1993; and follow‐up surveys and telephone contacts between November 1995 and January 1996. Results indicate that reunification has so far resulted in growth of GDP and that East Germans are as a whole a talented group that are integrating into the economy. However, adjustment to a capitalist economy continues to be difficult psychologically for these employees and unemployment continues to remain fairly high throughout Germany. Their experiences also appear to reflect a greater trend globally ‐ powerful economies unable to create enough quality jobs for their populace, which then leads to job loss or fear of job loss. Knowledge of these results can assist career professionals in working with the workforce in Germany, as well as in other nations recovering from the Soviet regime.
Realigning international careers ‐ a more strategic focus
Authors: Fish Alan , Wood Jack
Published: July 2002

Presents a model of strategic international career management. Argues that while existing career models assist in providing a strategic focus to organizational career management, in that they match career practice with business strategy, they essentially fail to recognize the inherent differences that exist in international career movesvis‐à‐vismore traditional domestic career mobility. As there are significant differences in work role transition when an international career move takes place, there has been a failure to recognize that international career moves are, as has been suggested elsewhere, transitional, discontinuous, recursionary and stage‐interdependent in nature. Stresses the centrality of these career considerations, inherent in international career mobility and generally missing from existing career models to the development of the strategic international career management model advanced.
Why managerial performance appraisals are ineffective: causes and lessons
Authors: Longenecker Clinton O.
Published: July 2002

Claims that, in the quest for competitive advantage, modern organizations are making increasing demands on their change managers. Questions what organizations are doing to help managers develop the skills necessary to operate in a rapidly changing work environment. Suggests that systematic management development efforts at organizational level are vital to accelerate and sustain management change. Seeks to identify why managerial appraisals frequently fail and are ineffective as a management development tool. Proposes that, if an organization is going to rely heavily on the use of formal performance appraisals as a vehicle to foster managerial development (which many do) they had better employ an effective appraisal system.
Managing excellence in sports performance
Authors: Lyle John W.B.
Published: July 2002

Identifies performance sport as a phenomenon which has received relatively little conceptual or management analysis. The management of excellence in performance sport is conceptualized as an input‐treatment‐output‐system. Focuses on an evaluation of the key elements of an integrated system and compares these against current provision in the UK. Identifies a failure to distinguish between community recreation and performance sport and a dearth of knowledge about talent identification as significant weaknesses. Concludes that there is an absence of co‐ordinated management and structure, and that investment in education and training is necessary to sustain progress.
Recipes for organisational effectiveness. Mad, bad, or just dangerous to know?
Authors: Burnes Bernard
Published: July 2002

Suggests that current advice on how to achieve, maintain or improve organisational effectiveness is flawed in certain respects: there is a lack of clarity as to what organisational “effectiveness” is; there is a tendency to assume that all organisations operate in the same unpredictable and dynamic environment; it is assumed that the proffered panaceas suit all organisations irrespective of size, purpose, mode of ownership or industry; and though some management gurus acknowledge that there may be some drawbacks to their prescriptions, they tend to see this as an unavoidable consequence of pursuing effectiveness. Conversely, this article argues that as there is no universal definition of organisational effectiveness, there can be no universal recipe for achieving it; organisations operating under the same conditions may adopt different approaches and still be successful. Organisations have a wide degree of choice in the priorities they set and the approaches they use to achieve these. Just as the fate of individual organisations cannot be divorced from the host society in which they operate, the reverse is also true.
Effective employment screening practices
Authors: Engleman Doreena , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: July 2002

Since 1991, employers in the USA may be liable for the criminal actions of their employees even if those actions are not job‐related. As a result, costly law suits and settlements are on the rise. The right person in the right job makes economic sense. However, choosing the right person for the right job is more difficult that it sounds. As corporate America continues downsizing, competition for jobs has intensified. Resume fraud and mis‐stated information on applications is common. Therefore, effective pre‐employment screening is a necessity not an option. Pre‐employment screening covers a broad spectrum of personal information about the applicant. New approaches and methods have been introduced. Outsourcing reference and background checks are common practice. To employ effective screening practices, a company must know what information to gain, how to gain it, and what to do with it once it is received.
Lifelong learning at the corporate university
Authors: Fulmer Robert M. , Gibbs Philip A.
Published: July 2002

Organizations have been seeking new ways to satisfy the requirement for continuous learning. It is argued that a blend of on‐the‐job education, skill development and action learning will be required to fuse individual development with corporate development. Some corporations are adopting corporate universities to ensure that education is relevant and to help them become learning organizations. The development of such institutions is considered and a number are described.
Let’s change the subject and change our organization: an appreciative inquiry approach to organization change
Authors: Whitney Diana
Published: July 2002

Takes a social constructionist view of organizational change focusing on how to engage the multitude of internal and external stakeholders. Argues that current models of change often leave people feeling demoralized and presents appreciative inquiry (AI) as an aproach to organization development that deliberately focuses attention on learning and dialogue about what gives life to an organization. Explains AI principles and the 4‐D model for positive change. Provides some examples of this.
The two faces of leadership
Authors: Washbush John B. , Clements Christine
Published: July 2002

A number of years ago, the psychologist David McClelland, in his studies of managerial motivation, identified two types of power: egoistic (using others for personal gain) and social (facilitating group cooperation and effort for the achievement of the general good). Clearly, the power motive is intimately related to the concept of leadership. However, over the last two or three decades, a school of thought has arisen which equates leadership with “doing the right thing”. Defining leadership in such an ethical light is both misleading and dangerous. Leadership, as influence skill, possesses the ability to induce both positive and negative results. A failure to acknowledge and examine the “dark side” of leadership can distort efforts to learn about leadership, may encourage development of a blind‐eye approach to examining the results of influence attempts, and might turn well‐intentioned groups into lemmings heading for the sea. Authenticity requires a balanced discussion.
A new paradigm for leadership development: simple guideline questions that serve as reminders of issues to consider in every decision
Authors: Rausch Erwin
Published: July 2002

It is not widely understood how much society, even the world, loses because managers are not sufficiently competent. Part of the reason for the problem is that managers are not adequately aware of the importance, the implications, and the scope, of the “leadership” issues that should enter their decisions. This paper briefly presents three basic guideline questions for this leadership component, which should be considered in every decision, together with the technical/functional component. The three guideline questions, with great depth of meaning, serve as reminders of all the issues to consider. They can be applied by managers immediately, to improve decisions, based on their own experience. Because such application raises questions about what else might be useful to think about, the basic guidelines motivate to further learning.
Cultural diversity: challenges facing the management of cross‐border business careers
Authors: Fish Alan
Published: July 2002

As organisations respond to changes in cross‐border business activity career practices more attuned to differences in business and cultural practices are required if organisations are to become more effective in their cross‐ border business activities. Missing from the career management practices of many cross‐border organisations are two complementary challenges. First is the selection, development and retention of a “diverse” cross‐section of skilled managers, representative of the various locations of the business entity, reflecting an organisational culture that values the “know‐how” possessed by skilled managers from disparate cultural backgrounds. Second is the existence of a corporate culture that values a “mindset” reflective of the cultural diversity of the organisation, as well as the disparate values, attitudes and behaviours that potentially exist across the firm’s foreign business operations. The literature on these themes is reviewed and some recommendations for the development and management of cross‐border careers and propositions for future research are outlined.
Are workaholics job satisfied and successful in their careers?
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , MacDermid Graeme
Published: July 2002

Although workaholism in organizations has received considerable attention in the popular press, our understanding of it based on research evidence is quite limited. This study, using measures developed by Spence and Robbins (1992), examined the relationship of workaholism type to indicators of job and career success. Data were collected from 530 male and female managers and professionals using anonymous questionnaires. The results indicated a negative relationship between workaholism and job and career satisfaction and career prospects and a positive relationship with quit intentions.
Mentoring relationships and the female managerial career
Authors: Linehan Margaret , Walsh James S.
Published: July 2002

Mentoring relationships may be important for female managers seeking career advancement in both domestic and international management. The relative scarcity of mentoring relationships for female managers, particularly outside the USA, raises certain questions. This paper reviews some of the current literature on mentoring in order to highlight the barriers faced by female managers in developing mentoring relationships. In particular, the paper presents the results of empirical research in relation to mentoring conducted with senior female international managers in Europe. The findings suggest that mentoring relationships may be even more important for the career successes of female international managers in comparison to female managers employed in their home‐country organisations. Gender differences in mentoring relationships are also discussed. Finally, some implications for practice and an agenda for further research are presented.
The effects of work orientations on job satisfaction among sheriffs’ deputies practicing community‐oriented policing
Authors: Halsted Amy J. , Bromley Max L. , Cochran John K.
Published: July 2002

Numerous prior studies have explored the level of job satisfaction of police officers. Some research has also focused on officer perceptions of community policing as practiced in municipal police agencies. There has been little empirical research on either topic conducted in sheriffs’ offices throughout the US. The present study examines the relative effects of work orientation on levels of job satisfaction among deputy sheriffs in an urban sheriff’s office which practices community policing on an agency‐wide basis. Our findings suggest service‐oriented deputies are somewhat more satisfied with their jobs than their crime control oriented counterparts.
An analysis of police officer satisfaction with defense and control tactics
Authors: Kaminski Robert J. , Martin Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2002

There is a lack of research into the police’s physical defense and control tactics training. Approximately 600 officers in the USA form the research population and their opinions are sought about the defense and control tactics training they receive, their experiences in using these tactics and their interest in alternative techniques and training methods. Results support the idea that in‐service training might be improved. There are high levels of dissatisfaction with the training and there are hints as to how training can be improved.
Perceptions of neighborhood problems and their solutions: implications for community policing
Authors: Bohm Robert M. , Reynolds K. Michael , Holmes Stephen T.
Published: July 2002

This exploratory study tests one of the key assumptions of community policing: that there is a relatively high level of consensus both within and between community groups, or stakeholders, about community problems and potential solutions. Results show that in the target community there is some consensus about social problems and their solutions. However, the study also reveals that the consensus may not be community‐wide, but may exist only among a relatively small group of “active” stakeholders who differ significantly about the seriousness of most of the problems and the utility of some solutions. Implications for community policing are discussed.
Australian police management education and research: a comment from “outside the cave”
Authors: Vickers Margaret H.
Published: July 2002

Examines police management education and research practices from an observer’s perspective. Believes that with changes in management education and research practices police managers should be able to respond better to the issues they face. Highlights the anti‐intellectual subculture and the emphasis on practice and experience within the Australian police education proglrams. Supports the change to an organisation which values theory, reflection and critique. A more holistic approach to management is required. The choices of research methodology should be considered more in the quest for more valid and useful information.
Community policing and the reform of the Royal Ulster Constabulary
Authors: Smyth Jim
Published: July 2002

In deeply divided societies such as Northern Ireland the question of police reform cannot be divorced from broader political issues. This article looks at the connections between police reform and the political process, in the particular context of the recommendations of the Patten Report, which put forward a framework for a fundamental reform of policing in Northern Ireland. The problems encountered during the subsequent reform process – both political and institutional – are discussed. It is argued that the model of a decentralized and democratically accountable police service, based on the core principle of community policing, although not fully realized, offers a model for policing in societies which are becoming increasingly multi‐ethnic.
The Police Law 1995: organization, functions, powers and accountability of the Chinese police
Authors: Ma Yue
Published: July 2002

Since the early 1980s, with the implementation of the policy of economic modernization, China has experienced a significant increase in crime. In order to meet the challenge of the rising crime rate under the new social and economic conditions, China has implemented a series of police reforms. Based on the newly promulgated Police Law and other relevant laws and regulations, discusses the organization, functions, powers and accountability issues of the contemporary Chinese police system.
The dual face of policing: an Australian scenario
Authors: Bryett Keith
Published: July 2002

The police function in Australia is trying to accommodate a very wide range of demands. This has created a situation where officers within the same organization must strive to achieve a publicly acceptable level of interaction with the community at large with all its day‐to‐day needs, a capability to control the terrorists and the organized crime regime and all those other requirements which lie between these two extremes. Questions the ability of Australia’s police services to satisfy that range of requirements from within one organization.
Police and occupationally related violence: a review
Authors: Lennings C.J.
Published: July 2002

Police, it has been claimed, are at constant risk of danger. While theirs is not the only occupation that involves personal danger some factors about the type of threats police work with make such stress unique. A consensus has been built which claims that policing is a high stress job. Reviews the literature pertaining to four questions that revolve around the issues of policing and occupationally rated violence. To what extent is exposure to violence of one form or another a significant stressor for police? What are the pattern of stressors, overall, for police and how does violence rate within this pattern? What factors might be isolated that augment the effects of violence, and what are the effects of violence? Finally, what characteristics of police coping may be identified that either ameliorate or exacerbate the effects of stress?
Determinants of citizen satisfaction with the police
Authors: Kusow Abdi M. , Wilson Leon C. , Martin David E.
Published: July 2002

Empirical findings on the determinants of perceived satisfaction with the police generally have been sparse and inconclusive. More importantly, most studies have failed to control for the confounding effects of race and residential location on perceived satisfaction. Presents a contribution to the evaluation of public perceptions of the police. Using multiple classification analysis, examines whether race and residential location interact in their effects on citizen attitudes toward the police. Concludes that there is little support for the view that minorities in general are less satisfied with police performance. Suggests that perceived satisfaction with the police is determined by residential location rather than racial factors.
Research on police pursuits: advantages of multiple data collection strategies
Authors: Wells L. Edward , Falcone David N.
Published: July 2002

Presents an investigation of the perennial problem of collecting valid empirical data on police vehicle pursuits, an organizationally sensitive and often controversial behavior, through a new data collection strategy using police emergency radio transmissions. Analyzes taped vehicle pursuits recorded on the Illinois State Police Emergency Radio Network and codes them for content as a data source on police vehicle pursuits. Compares these radio‐transmission data with more conventional pursuit data collection methods, e.g. administrative/official data, elicited‐pursuit‐reporting‐form data, and officer‐self‐report data. Evaluates these as an alternative or supplemental data window for empirically studying the incidence and content of police vehicle pursuits. While some differences appear, results from emergency‐channel radio transmission data largely converge with earlier findings from more conventional data collections. Divergent findings, which are few, appear to be largely the artifacts of different samplings of pursuits that the different data collection methods yield, rather than a result of differential validity.
Police academy training: are we teaching recruits what they need to know?
Authors: Marion Nancy
Published: July 2002

Police recruit training has come under scrutiny recently by both practitioners and academics who question the quality of education recruits receive prior to beginning their jobs. Past researchers have questioned whether the training adequately prepares recruits to be effective police officers. This study analyses the content of one police academy to determine if the training is sufficient. This was done by actually attending an academy training program as a recruit to determine what occurs within the academy setting. By comparing the content of this academy to the required elements identified in academic and practitioner’s literature, it was determined that this police academy is providing quality training to potential officers within time and budgetary constraints.