bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical insights into the behavior of finite amplitude waves in plasma fluid dynamics
Authors: Altuijri Reem , Abdel-Aty Abdel-Haleem , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Khater Mostafa M. A.
Published: May 2024

This study introduces innovative analytical solutions for the [Formula: see text]-dimensional nonlinear Jaulent–Miodek ([Formula: see text]) equation, a governing model elucidating the propagation characteristics of nonlinear shallow water waves with finite amplitude. Employing analytical methodologies such as the Khater II and unified methods, alongside the Adomian decomposition method as a semi-analytical approach, series solutions are derived with the primary aim of elucidating the fundamental physics dictating the evolution of [Formula: see text] waves. Within the realm of nonlinear fluid dynamics, the [Formula: see text] equation encapsulates the behavior of irrotational, inviscid, and incompressible fluid flow, wherein nonlinear effects and dispersion intricately balance to yield stable propagating waves. This equation encompasses terms representing nonlinear convection, dispersion, and nonlinearity effects. The analytical methodologies employed in this investigation yield solutions for various instances of the [Formula: see text] equation, demonstrating convergence, accuracy, and computational efficiency. The outcomes reveal that the Adomian decomposition method yields solutions congruent with those obtained through analytical techniques, thereby affirming the precision of the derived solutions. Furthermore, this study advances the comprehension of the physical implications inherent in the [Formula: see text] equation, serving as a benchmark for evaluating alternative methodologies. The analytical approaches elucidated in this research furnish accessible tools for addressing a diverse array of nonlinear wave equations in mathematical physics and engineering domains. In summary, the introduction of novel exact and approximate solutions significantly contributes to the advancement of knowledge pertaining to the [Formula: see text]-dimensional [Formula: see text] equation. The ramifications of this research extend to the modeling of shallow water waves, offering invaluable insights for researchers and practitioners engaged in the field.
Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages from a Chinese-centric Perspective: A Survey
Authors: Zhang Jinyi , Su Ke , Li Haowei , Mao Jiannan , Tian Ye , Wen Feng , Guo Chong , Matsumoto Tadahiro
Published: May 2024

Machine translation–the automatic transformation of one natural language (source language) into another (target language) through computational means–occupies a central role in computational linguistics and stands as a cornerstone of research within the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). In recent years, the prominence of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has grown exponentially, offering an advanced framework for machine translation research. It is noted for its superior translation performance, especially when tackling the challenges posed by low-resource language pairs that suffer from a limited corpus of data resources. This article offers an exhaustive exploration of the historical trajectory and advancements in NMT, accompanied by an analysis of the underlying foundational concepts. It subsequently provides a concise demarcation of the unique characteristics associated with low-resource languages and presents a succinct review of pertinent translation models and their applications, specifically within the context of languages with low-resources. Moreover, this article delves deeply into machine translation techniques, highlighting approaches tailored for Chinese-centric low-resource languages. Ultimately, it anticipates upcoming research directions in the realm of low-resource language translation.
On-device Online Learning and Semantic Management of TinyML Systems
Authors: Ren Haoyu , Anicic Darko , Li Xue , Runkler Thomas
Published: May 2024

Recent advances in Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) empower low-footprint embedded devices for real-time on-device Machine Learning (ML). While many acknowledge the potential benefits of TinyML, its practical implementation presents unique challenges. This study aims to bridge the gap between prototyping single TinyML models and developing reliable TinyML systems in production: (1) Embedded devices operate in dynamically changing conditions. Existing TinyML solutions primarily focus on inference, with models trained offline on powerful machines and deployed as static objects. However, static models may underperform in the real world due to evolving input data distributions. We propose online learning to enable training on constrained devices, adapting local models toward the latest field conditions. (2) Nevertheless, current on-device learning methods struggle with heterogeneous deployment conditions and the scarcity of labeled data when applied across numerous devices. We introduce federated meta-learning incorporating online learning to enhance model generalization, facilitating rapid learning. This approach ensures optimal performance among distributed devices by knowledge sharing. (3) Moreover, TinyML’s pivotal advantage is widespread adoption. Embedded devices and TinyML models prioritize extreme efficiency, leading to diverse characteristics ranging from memory and sensors to model architectures. Given their diversity and non-standardized representations, managing these resources becomes challenging as TinyML systems scale up. We present semantic management for the joint management of models and devices at scale. We demonstrate our methods through a basic regression example and then assess them in three real-world TinyML applications: handwritten character image classification, keyword audio classification, and smart building presence detection. The results confirm the effectiveness of our approaches from various perspectives, such as accuracy improvement, resource savings, and engineering effort reduction.
Soft Contrastive Sequential Recommendation
Authors: Zhang Yabin , Wang Zhenlei , Yu Wenhui , Hu Lantao , Jiang Peng , Gai Kun , Chen Xu
Published: May 2024

Contrastive learning has recently emerged as an effective strategy for improving the performance of sequential recommendation. However, traditional models commonly construct the contrastive loss by directly optimizing human-designed positive and negative samples, resulting in a model that is overly sensitive to heuristic rules. To address this limitation, we propose a novel soft contrastive framework for sequential recommendation in this article. Our main idea is to extend the point-wise contrast to a region-level comparison, where we aim to identify instances near the initially selected positive/negative samples that exhibit similar contrastive properties. This extension improves the model’s robustness to human heuristics. To achieve this objective, we introduce an adversarial contrastive loss that allows us to explore the sample regions more effectively. Specifically, we begin by considering the user behavior sequence as a holistic entity. We construct adversarial samples by introducing a continuous perturbation vector to the sequence representation. This perturbation vector adds variability to the sequence, enabling more flexible exploration of the sample regions. Moreover, we extend the aforementioned strategy by applying perturbations directly to the items within the sequence. This accounts for the sequential nature of the items. To capture these sequential relationships, we utilize a recurrent neural network to associate the perturbations, which introduces an inductive bias for more efficient exploration of adversarial samples. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our model, we conduct extensive experiments on five real-world datasets.
SIGLOG Monthly 248
Authors: Anastasiadi Elli
Published: May 2024

The Fifteenth International Symposium on Games, Automata, Logics, and Formal Verification (GandALF 24) will be held in Reykjavik (Iceland) on June 19--21, 2024. This year, GandALF is part of the Reykjavik Summer of Cool Logic 2024 (SCooL 2024) and is co-located with the Twelfth Scandinavian Logic Symposium (SLSS 2024) and the Fifth Nordic Logic Summer School (NLS 2024).
Green Plasma Enhanced Synthesis of Multi-Phase NiMnO3 Cathode for Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries
Authors: Barclay Mitchell , De Alwis Kudachchige Asanga G. , Firestein Konstantin , Golberg Dmitri , Motta Nunzio , Dubal Deepak , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: May 2024

Rechargeable Zn-ion batteries have the potential to address the need for cheap and widely accessible energy storage. Metal-doped manganese oxide cathodes are a common and effective choice for Zn-ion batteries. Zn-ion battery development can be advanced by overcoming the poor cycle life that many metal-doped Mn-oxide cathodes suffer from. Plasma-treated water (PAW) is created using low input power of 0.145 kWh per liter of PAW and is used to accelerate the reduction and precipitation of MnO4
− and nickel acetate (Ni(Ac)) to form a multiphase NiMnO3 electrode with Ni2+ and Ni3+ doped into the MnO6 octahedra, which exhibits capacitance dominated charge storage mechanisms. The electrode shows initial specific capacitance of 60.1 F g−1 and a capacitance retention of 100.8% after 10,000 cycles and 92.2% after 12,000 cycles. The beneficial layer of nanoflake morphology is formed during cycling, which causes a rapid increase in specific capacitance due to the larger electrochemically active surface area and the associated surface adsorption-based (pseudo-capacitive) type charge storage. We also demonstrate the capability of our multiphase NiMnO3 electrode to be coupled with a Zn metal anode in a battery cell which exhibits 330 mAh g−1 peak specific capacity and capacity retention of 63.8% after 380 cycles.
Review—Nanotechnology-Assisted Electrochemical Immunosensors for Human Reproductive Cancer Diagnostics: Toward Laboratory to Clinics to Personalized Health Care
Authors: R Kokilavani , Kotal Hiranmoy , Kaushik Ajeet , Jana Saikat Kumar
Published: May 2024

Immunosensors have emerged as vital tools in cancer diagnostics, providing simplified and rapid detection of biomarkers that are necessary for timely diagnosis. The objective of using an electrochemical immunosensor is to detect cancers at early stages, so that obtained biological information can be analyzed using artificial intelligence (AI) for deciding an appropriate treatment, avoiding false diagnosis, and preventing patient fatalities. The focus of this article is on four major reproductive cancers—breast, ovarian, cervical, and prostate cancers. Specifically, it explores the identification and optimization of biomarkers crucial for the precise detection of these cancers. Examining a decade of research, the review delves into nanotechnology-assisted electrochemical immunosensors (affinity biosensors), outlining advancements and emphasizing their potential in reproductive cancer diagnostics. Furthermore, the review contemplates avenues for enhancing sensor characteristics to pave the way for their application in field diagnosis, with a forward-looking perspective on AI-assisted diagnostics for the next generation of personalized healthcare. In navigating the landscape of reproductive cancer diagnostics, the integration of advanced technologies promises to transform our approach, offering improved accuracy and outcomes for patients.
Review—Recent Advancements in Perovskites Solar Cell Materials and the Investigation of Transition Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Usage in Perovskites Solar Cells
Authors: AlZaidy Ghadah Abdulrahman , Alanazi Hamdah T.A.
Published: May 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have drawn interest in recent years due to their progressively improving power conversion efficiency (PCE), lightweight and wearable properties, straightforward solution fabrication process, suitability for flight, potential for deployment in ultra-lightweight space applications, and low-cost material constituents, among other factors. The efficiency of perovskite solar cells has exceeded 25% by developing novel low-cost synthesis methods and advancements in interface and electrode materials, enhancing the production of high-quality perovskite films. Moreover, perovskite solar cells’ stability has been the focus of several studies. This review primarily examines recent advances in perovskite solar cells concerning their properties, composition, and synthesis methods. The main focus is to study transition metal oxide (TMO)-based nanocomposites for various PSC layers, including electron transport layers (ETLs), hole transport layers (HTLs), and other layers. These TMO-based nanocomposites were employed in perovskite solar cells, considering their band gap, carrier mobility, transmittance, and other relevant factors. The prospects of different TMO (iron, titanium, copper, nickel, etc) -based perovskite solar cells and their potential for commercialization feasibility have also been examined.
Influence of Coating Material Thickness on the Attraction Force of Dental Magnetic Attachment: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Kusumadewi An-Nissa , Dewi Mikyal Delvi Luth , Damayanti Lisda , Rukiah Rukiah , Risdiana Risdiana
Published: May 2024

Objectives. This study aimed to determine the influence of coating material thickness on the attraction force of dental magnetic attachment (DMA). Materials and Methods. An in vitro experimental design was implemented using DMA as samples coated with different material types including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and glass ionomer varnish. DMA consists of keeper and assembly. The coating material was applied to DMA in two ways, on the assembly only and both the keeper and assembly. The thickness of each coated DMA was measured with a digital micrometer, and analysis was subsequently conducted with a universal testing machine to evaluate potential alterations in magnetic attraction force. Comparison was made between the attraction force of both the coated and uncoated DMA serving as a control specimen. Result. The thickness of the coating material applied to both the keeper and assembly was 25 μm, while PTFE and varnish coating on the assembly alone was estimated as 12 and 10 μm, respectively. The magnetic attraction force of the uncoated DMA was 613.63 gf. Following coating, the magnetic attraction force decreased by 34.02–79.45 gf. The ANOVA test indicated that the decrease in magnetic attraction observed across both types of coating material and technique did not show significant differences. Conclusion. The thickness and type of coating material had no significant effect on magnetic attraction.
Rapid and Visual Favor Analysis Using Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS) in Meat Products: Research Progress and Future Trends
Authors: Jia Shiliang , Jia Zhifang , An Jun , Ding Yicheng , Chang Jie , Wang Yanbo , Zhou Xuxia
Published: May 2024

The flavor profile of meat and its processed products is highly volatile and subject to significant changes during storage, processing, and transportation. It is therefore crucial to monitor the flavor of meat to evaluate sensory quality and protect consumer health and safety. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) has become increasingly popular due to its advantages of being nondestructive, rapid, and capable of trace detection. The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using this technique is continuously applied in the assessment of food freshness, origin traceability, and adulteration detection. GC-IMS has emerged as a promising tool for accurate monitoring and characterization of VOCs in food, particularly in the field of meat flavor analysis. Its applications include meat product authentication, adulteration detection, processing and storage-related flavor changes, and freshness monitoring. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the working principle of GC-IMS and its applications in meat flavor analysis, while exploring future trends and potential limitations associated with the technique.
PVRIG is Expressed on Stem-Like T Cells in Dendritic Cell–Rich Niches in Tumors and Its Blockade May Induce Immune Infiltration in Non-Inflamed Tumors
Authors: Alteber Zoya , Cojocaru Gady , Granit Roy Z. , Barbiro Inbal , Wool Assaf , Frenkel Masha , Novik Amit , Shuchami Adi , Liang Yu , Carmi Vered D. , Sabath Niv , Foreman Rob , Petrenko Natalia , He Jiang , Kliger Yossef , Levy-Barda Adva , Eitan Ram , Raban Oded , Sadot Eran , Sulimani Omri , Nathan Abraham Avi , Adewoye Henry , Ferre Pierre , Levine Zurit , Ophir Eran
Published: May 2024

Cancers that are poorly immune infiltrated pose a substantial challenge, with current immunotherapies yielding limited clinical success. Stem-like memory T cells (TSCM) have been identified as a subgroup of T cells that possess strong proliferative capacity and that can expand and differentiate following interactions with dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we explored the pattern of expression of a recently discovered inhibitory receptor poliovirus receptor-related immunoglobulin domain protein (PVRIG) and its ligand, poliovirus receptor-related ligand 2 (PVRL2), in the human tumor microenvironment. Using spatial and single-cell RNA transcriptomics data across diverse cancer indications, we found that among the T-cell checkpoints, PVRIG is uniquely expressed on TSCM and PVRL2 is expressed on DCs in immune aggregate niches in tumors. PVRIG blockade could therefore enhance TSCM–DC interactions and efficiently drive T-cell infiltration to tumors. Consistent with these data, following PVRIG blockade in patients with poorly infiltrated tumors, we observed immune modulation including increased tumor T-cell infiltration, T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality, and intratumoral T-cell expansion, all of which were associated with clinical benefit. These data suggest PVRIG blockade as a promising strategy to induce potent antitumor T-cell responses, providing a novel approach to overcome resistance to immunotherapy in immune-excluded tumors.
Supplementary Figure S3 from The FKBP51s Splice Isoform Predicts Unfavorable Prognosis in Patients with Glioblastoma
Authors: Giordano Carolina , Marrone Laura , Romano Simona , Della Pepa Giuseppe Maria , Donzelli Carlo Maria , Tufano Martina , Capasso Mario , Lasorsa Vito Alessandro , Quintavalle Cristina , Guerri Giulia , Martucci Matia , Auricchio Annamaria , Gessi Marco , Sala Evis , Olivi Alessandro , Romano Maria Fiammetta , Gaudino Simona
Published: May 2024

Immunoblot (IB) of pSTAT3 expression levels upon FKBP51s modulation in glioblastoma cell lines. (a) IB of U87 cell transfected with Flag-FKBP51, Flag-FKBP51s or correspondent EV as control. The spliced FKBP51s (short), but not the canonical FKBP51 (long), increased pSTAT3 levels. (b) IB of D54 cell transfected with siFKBP51s or a non-silencing RNA (NS) as control. FKBP51s silencing reduced pSTAT 3 levels (c) IB of GB83 cells transfected with siFKBP51s or a non-silencing RNA (NS) as control and with Flag-FKBP51s or correspondent EV as control. Densitometric analysis of the two blots are shown. Bands were quantitated by densitometry, using ImageJ 1.42q for Macintosh. Integrated optical densities (ODs) were normalized to a relative housekeeping gene and expressed as fold increase, arbitrarily using the control of each experiment as reference sample (expression =1).
Supplementary Figure S15 from The FKBP51s Splice Isoform Predicts Unfavorable Prognosis in Patients with Glioblastoma
Authors: Giordano Carolina , Marrone Laura , Romano Simona , Della Pepa Giuseppe Maria , Donzelli Carlo Maria , Tufano Martina , Capasso Mario , Lasorsa Vito Alessandro , Quintavalle Cristina , Guerri Giulia , Martucci Matia , Auricchio Annamaria , Gessi Marco , Sala Evis , Olivi Alessandro , Romano Maria Fiammetta , Gaudino Simona
Published: May 2024

ITSS score and Immunophenotype of TME and peripheral blood. Graphical representation of flow cytometry data of TME (graphs on the left) and peripheral blood (graphs on the right) from primary tumors. Patient were divided into 3 groups, ITSS score=0,1 (black histogram), ITSS score=2 (blue histogram), ITSS score=3 (red histogram) and p values were calculated using one way ANOVA.
Evaluation of Deficient Nutrients in Infants and Toddlers Mainly Taking Amino Acid-Based Elemental Formulas: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Takeuchi Ichiro , Funayama Rie , Shoji Hiromichi , Nambu Ryusuke , Jimbo Keisuke , Hara Tomoko , Shimizu Hirotaka , Nomura Ichiro , Iwama Itaru , Kudo Takahiro , Shimizu Toshiaki , Arai Katsuhiro
Published: May 2024

Introduction: This study evaluated nutrient deficiencies in infants and toddlers with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs), whose primary nutritional source is elemental formulas (EFs). Methods: The nutrient status of children with IBD and EGID aged 6 months to 6 years was evaluated. Results: Twenty-one children fed with EFs (EF group) and 25 controls (CL group) were enrolled. The selenium level in the EF group was lower than that in the CL group (2.2 μg/dL vs. 9.3 μg/dL; p < 0.01). Although fat-soluble vitamins were deficient in some EF group participants, no significant differences were observed in their concentration and insufficiency proportion. However, ascorbic acid deficiency was more frequent in the EF group, with significantly lower levels (8.6 μg/mL vs. 12.0 μg/mL; p < 0.01). The triene:tetraene ratio was significantly higher in the EF group (0.046 vs. 0.010; p < 0.01). Asparagine and taurine levels were significantly lower in the EF group (asparagine: p < 0.01; taurine: p < 0.01) and tyrosine and phenylalanine levels were higher in the EF group, resulting in a lower Fisher’s ratio (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Long-term feeding with EFs can cause deficiencies in essential fatty acids, selenium, and ascorbic acid and also carries a risk of amino acid imbalance in infants and toddlers.
Loss of One X and the Y Chromosome Changes the Configuration of the X Inactivation Center in the Genus Tokudaia
Authors: Matiz-Ceron Luisa , Okuno Miki , Itoh Takehiko , Yoshida Ikuya , Mizushima Shusei , Toyoda Atsushi , Jogahara Takamichi , Kuroiwa Asato
Published: May 2024

Introduction: X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an essential mechanism for dosage compensation between females and males in mammals. In females, XCI is controlled by a complex, conserved locus termed the X inactivation center (Xic), in which the lncRNA Xist is the key regulator. However, little is known about the Xic in species with unusual sex chromosomes. The genus Tokudaia includes three rodent species endemic to Japan. Tokudaia osimensis and Tokudaia tokunoshimensis lost the Y chromosome (XO/XO), while Tokudaia muenninki (TMU) acquired a neo-X region by fusion of the X chromosome and an autosome (XX/XY). We compared the gene location and structure in the Xic among Tokudaia species. Methods: Gene structure of nine genes in Xic was predicted, and the gene location and genome sequences of Xic were compared between mouse and Tokudaia species. The expression level of the gene was confirmed by transcripts per million calculation using RNA-seq data. Results: Compared to mouse, the Xic gene order and location were conserved in Tokudaia species. However, remarkable structure changes were observed in lncRNA genes, Xist and Tsix, in the XO/XO species. In Xist, important functional repeats, B-, C-, D-, and E-repeats, were partially or completely lost due to deletions in these species. RNA-seq data showed that female-specific expression patterns of Xist and Tsix were confirmed in TMU, however, not in the XO/XO species. Additionally, three deletions and one inversion were confirmed in the intergenic region between Jpx and Ftx in the XO/XO species. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that even if the Xist and Tsix lncRNAs are expressed, they are incapable of producing a successful and lasting XCI in the XO/XO species. We hypothesized that the significant structure change in the intergenic region of Jpx-Ftx resulted in the inability to perform the XCI, and, as a result, a lack of Xist expression. Our results collectively suggest that structural changes in the Xic occurred in the ancestral lineage of XO/XO species, likely due to the loss of one X chromosome and the Y chromosome as a consequence of the degradation of the XCI system.
Abstract 07: Spatial Modeling of Social Determinants of Hypertension Within the RESTORE Network
Authors: Teshome Biruk , Parikh Karan , Ibukun Folahan A , Wheeler-Martin Katherine , Dennison Himmelfarb Cheryl R , Cooper Lisa A , Commodore-Mensah Yvonne , Ogungbe Oluwabunmi V
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
Multiple environmental and neighborhood factors impact hypertension (HTN) prevalence. Applying spatial methods to explore drivers of HTN risks can reveal complex social and ecologic drivers.

Objectives:
To examine ecological associations between social determinants of health (SDoH), space, and HTN across the American Heart Association-funded RESTORE (Add
RE
ssing
S
ocial
D
eterminants
TO
p
R
event Hypertension) Network.

Methods:
We used City Health Dashboard data, which contains city and county-level aggregate 2019 data for over 950 US cities. We included populated census tracts and counties in RESTORE Network states (Alabama, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New York). Primary outcome was HTN prevalence: proportion of adults ≥18 years with diagnosed HTN. Covariates were indicators of clinical care, health behaviors, health outcomes, and physical environment. Using Bayesian hierarchical Besag-York-Mollié (BYM) models with Gaussian distribution by integrated nested Laplace approximation, we estimated associations between social determinants and HTN, accounting for spatial autocorrelation.

Results:
Of the 5 states assessed, 4828 tracts were in New York, 2745 tracts in Michigan, 1175 tracts in Alabama, 1463 tracts in Massachusetts and 1388 tracts in Maryland, totaling 11,599 census tracts. The observed spatial variation in the model was 91% in New York, 83% in Michigan, 78% in Alabama, 79% in Massachusetts, and 74% in Maryland. After adjusting for known HTN risk factors at the tract level, results showed a moderate-high spatial random effect, i.e., residual HTN prevalence remained in several tracts in the 5 states. Patterns of variation of this spatial random effect also differed between states (
Figure
).

Conclusions:
These findings can be used to identify areas that have higher rates of HTN after accounting for other SDoH. Targeted local health policies may reduce the burden of HTN across the 5 states and advance cardiovascular health equity.
Abstract 34: Social Risks, Glycemic Control and Elevated Blood Pressure Among Patients With Diabetes in the Ascension Health System
Authors: Howell Carrie R , Cherrington Andrea , Watson Courtney , Miller Collin , Jones Ashlin , Aloia Thomas , Rice Erin , Conrad Benjamin , Garrett-Ray Stacy , Fogel Richard , Masoudi Frederick A
Published: May 2024

Background:
Calls to address social risks have stimulated interest in integrating screening measures into the electronic medical record (EMR) - particularly, self-reported individual level social risks - to improve care for chronic diseases like diabetes (DM).

Objective:
Examine associations between individual-level social risks and glycemic control and elevated blood pressure (BP) among patients with DM in the Ascension Health System.

Methods:
A 10-item EMR-embedded survey [access to care, resources, transportation, employment] was collected in Ascension primary care clinics in 12 U.S. states. Neighborhood-level risk was characterized with the CDC Social Vulnerability index (SVI) by census tract of patients’ residences. Associations between social risk (individual/composite) and uncontrolled DM (HbA1c >9%) and elevated BP (>120/80) adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, SVI, region, and chronic conditions were examined.

Results:
Among 75,848 patients with DM and social risk data available [median age 62, 53% female, 22% Black, 7.5% Hispanic]. 20% had poor glycemic control; 27% had elevated BP; 20% lived in a high SVI census tract. Patients identifying any social risk were more likely to have poor glycemic or elevated BP. Patients with the highest social risk scores had higher odds of uncontrolled glycemia (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.60-1.85) and elevated BP (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.10-1.26).

Conclusion:
Examination of a large sample of primary care patients in a large multi-region health system determined that individual-level social risks were correlated with glycemic and BP control. These data highlight the need to simultaneously address social risks and medical conditions to impact population health.
Abstract 37: Urinary Metal Levels and Coronary Artery Calcification: Longitudinal Evidence in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: McGraw Katlyn E , Schilling Kathrin , Glabonjat Ronald A , Galvez-Fernandez Marta , Domingo-Relloso Arce , Martinez-Morata Irene , Jones Miranda R , Post Wendy S , Kaufman Joel D , Tellez-Plaza Maria , Valeri Linda , Brown Elizabeth R , Kronmal Richard A , Barr Graham R , Shea Steven , Navas-Acien Ana , Sanchez Tiffany R
Published: May 2024

Objective:
Growing evidence indicates that exposure to metals are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that higher urinary levels of metals with prior evidence of an association with CVD, including non-essential (cadmium , tungsten, and uranium) and essential (cobalt, copper, and zinc) metals are associated with baseline and rate of change of coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression, a subclinical marker of atherosclerotic CVD.

Methods:
We analyzed data from 6,418 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) with spot urinary metal levels at baseline (2000-2002) and 1-4 repeated measures of spatially weighted coronary calcium score (SWCS) over a ten-year period. SWCS is a unitless measure of CAC highly correlated to the Agatston score but with numerical values assigned to individuals with Agatston score=0. We used linear mixed effect models to assess the association of baseline urinary metal levels with baseline SWCS, annual change in SWCS, and SWCS over ten years of follow-up. Urinary metals (adjusted to μg/g creatinine) and SWCS were log transformed. Models were progressively adjusted for baseline sociodemographic factors, estimated glomerular filtration rate, lifestyle factors, and clinical factors.

Results:
At baseline, the median and interquartile range (25th, 75th) of SWCS was 6.3 (0.7, 58.2). For urinary cadmium, the fully adjusted geometric mean ratio (GMR) (95%Cl) of SWCS comparing the highest to the lowest quartile was 1.51 (1.32, 1.74) at baseline and 1.75 (1.47, 2.07) at ten years of follow-up. For urinary tungsten, uranium, and cobalt the corresponding GMRs at ten years of follow-up were 1.45 (1.23, 1.71), 1.39 (1.17, 1.64), and 1.47 (1.25, 1.74), respectively. For copper and zinc, the association was attenuated with adjustment for clinical risk factors; GMRs at ten years of follow-up before and after adjustment for clinical risk factors were 1.55 (1.30, 1.84) and 1.33 (1.12, 1.58), respectively, for copper and 1.85 (1.56, 2.19) and 1.57 (1.33, 1.85) for zinc.

Conclusion:
Higher levels of cadmium, tungsten, uranium, cobalt, copper, and zinc, as measured in urine, were associated with subclinical CVD at baseline and at follow-up. These findings support the hypothesis that metals are pro-atherogenic factors.
Abstract 48: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Multimorbidity Progression Among Older United States Adults
Authors: Green Michael D , Mentz Robert J , Greene Stephen J , Hammill Bradley G , Essien Utibe R , Xian Ying , Michos Erin D , Thorpe Roland J , Dupre Matthew E , O'Brien Emily C , Lusk Jay B
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
There is a knowledge gap in the potential unequal burden and progression of cardiovascular multimorbidity. Understanding the progression of cardiovascular multimorbidity and recognizing racial and ethnic disparities are needed to develop effective strategies to achieve health equity. Our objective is to investigate racial and ethnic disparities in the development and progression of cardiovascular multimorbidity among older adults in the United States and estimate relative life expectancies among patients with severe multimorbidity.

Hypothesis:
We hypothesized that life expectancy among older adults with severe cardiovascular multimorbidity is inversely related to the number of comorbid conditions and varies by race and ethnicity.

Methods:
Repeated cross-sectional cohort study of inpatient, outpatient, and carrier claims for a 5% nationwide Medicare sample. We included Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 or older enrolled in Medicare Fee-For-Service program from 2010 to 2020 and living in the continental United States. Multistate life table models were employed to estimate cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression and total life expectancies from ages 65 to 85 years. Progression probabilities and life expectancies were adjusted for age, non-cardiovascular comorbidities, and Medicaid dual eligibility. A microsimulation approach was utilized to derive life tables, and bootstrapping was used to estimate variability. The primary outcome was the development and progression of cardiovascular multimorbidity, defined by the number of major cardiovascular conditions (atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and chronic ischemic heart disease). Comorbidities were assessed using validated algorithms based on diagnostic codes billed over a 1-year lookback period, and beneficiaries were followed forward from their index date.

Results:
Of 2,189,633 beneficiaries, the median age was 69, median follow-up duration was 6 years. The cohort mainly consisted of individuals who are Non-Hispanic White (84.4%, n=1,848,410), followed by individuals who are Non-Hispanic Black (8.2%, n=179,694) and individuals from other racial or ethnic groups (7.4%, n=161,529. Non-Hispanic Black beneficiaries had higher odds of multimorbidity progression compared to Non-Hispanic White beneficiaries. Specifically, those initially with one CVD had elevated odds of developing multiple severe CVDs (OR range: 1.02-1.09). Furthermore, they generally had higher odds of progressing to a greater burden of CVD multimorbidity (OR range: 1.00-1.25).

Conclusions:
These findings suggest persistent racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular multimorbidity progression, identifying a potentially important target for the promotion of health equity.
Abstract 53: Effect of Race / Ethnicity on Attrition and Weight Loss in a Behavioral Intervention
Authors: Jakicic John M , Rogers Renee J
Published: May 2024

Background:
Race and ethnic disparities may contribute to differences in the prevalence of excess weight and adiposity. Thus, it is of clinical, public health, and ethical importance for interventions to demonstrate effectiveness for all persons, and if not demonstrated, to appropriately modify these interventions.

Hypothesis:
We hypothesize that attrition and weight loss in a behavioral intervention differs by race/ethnicity.

Methods:
Participants were adults with overweight/obesity (N=383, age=45.6±8.0 years, BMI=32.4±3.8 kg/m
2
), with 68.9% self-identifying as non-Hispanic white (NHW) and 31.1% self-identifying as a race/ethnicity other than NHW (non-NHW). Randomization was to one of three weight loss interventions for 12 months: 1) behavioral intervention plus a prescribed energy-reduced diet (DIET), 2) DIET plus prescribed progression to 150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, 3) DIET plus prescribed progression to 250 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Attrition was assessed across the intervention period. Weight loss was assessed at 6-months and 12-months.

Results:
Attrition at 6 months was 11.2%, with this being 8.7% for NHW and 16.8% for non-NHW (p=0.020). Attrition at 12 months was 15.9%, with this being 12.9% for NHW and 22.7% for non-NHW (p=0.015). For participants completing 6 months of the intervention, percent weight loss was greater in NHW (-10.8% [95% CI: -11.6, -10.1]) versus non-NHW (-7.8% [-9.0, -6.6]) (p<0.001), with this not differing by intervention condition (p=0.666). Similar findings were observed for participants completing 12 months of the intervention (NHW = -12.0% [95% CI: -13.0, -10.9]; non-NHW = -8.5% [95% CI: -10.2, -6.8]) (p=0.001). At 6 months, 83.4% of NHW and 66.7% of non-NHW achieved weight loss of ≥5% (p=0.001) and at 12 months 80.9% of NHW and 59.8% of non-NHW achieved weight loss of ≥5% (p<0.001).

Conclusions:
On average, a behavioral intervention results in significant weight loss in both NHW and non-NHW adults. However, weight loss is less and the percent of adults achieving a clinically meaningful weight loss of ≥5% is lower in non-NHW compared to NHW. These findings along with greater attrition warrant consideration when implementing a behavioral weight loss intervention. Whether this difference in weight loss also attenuates the beneficial effects on adiposity-related conditions warrants examination. Supported by the National Institute of Health (HL103646)
Abstract 60: Cost-Effectiveness of Intensive Lipid-Lowering in Young Adulthood
Authors: Kohli-Lynch Ciaran N , Bellows Brandon K , Moran Andrew E , Zhang Yiyi , Wilkins John T , Allen Norrina B , Lloyd-Jones Donald M
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
Cumulative exposure to elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in young adulthood (ages 18-39) increases later life atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Statins are cost-effective in young adults with LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL. However, current guidelines only recommend statins for LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL. Some young adults may not achieve treatment goals with statin monotherapy and additional lipid-lowering therapy may be cost-effective, especially given the advent of generic pricing for ezetimibe and reduced pricing for PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9-Is).

Objective:
We aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of statins with supplemental ezetimibe and supplemental PCSK9-Is in US young adults with LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL.

Methods:
The CVD Policy Model, an established computer simulation model, calculated the lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of lipid-lowering therapy. Analyses were stratified by pretreatment LDL-C and sex and the model accounted for cumulative LDL-C exposure in young adulthood. Treatment costs and effects were derived from published literature and publicly available data. Results were presented as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and categorized as highly cost-effective (<$50,000/QALY), intermediately cost-effective ($50,000-$150,000/QALY), and not cost-effective (>$150,000/QALY).

Results:
Compared with no treatment, statin plus ezetimibe therapy was highly cost-effective for young adult men with LDL-C ≥160 mg/dL (ICER: $38,400/QALY; Table) and young adult women with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL (ICER: $26,600/QALY). Statin plus PCSK9-I therapy substantially increased QALYs but was not cost-effective in any subgroup. To be highly cost-effective for young adults with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL, PCSK9-I prices would need to be reduced by 61%.

Conclusion:
With generic pricing, statin plus ezetimibe therapy is highly cost-effective for young adults with elevated LDL-C. Large price reductions are required for statins plus PCSK9-Is to be cost-effective.
Abstract 64: Risk Factors for Carotid Artery Lipid Deposition Measured by Gray Scale Median of the Intima-Media in Children and Young Adults Over the Life Course
Authors: Guo Fangqi , Chen Xinci , Li Yanjie , Yan Mingzhu , Hodis Howard N , Farzan Shohreh
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
Echogenicity of the carotid arterial wall, measured by gray scale median of the intima-media (GSM-IM), is a unitless measure that reflects lipid deposition in the arterial wall, with lower values indicating greater lipid deposition and atherosclerosis. Due to the relative novelty of GSM-IM, its progression and associated risk factors are incompletely understood. This study investigated the GSM profile in childhood and young adulthood using a longitudinal cohort of individuals followed over time, and conducted a
priori
analysis on the behavioral, psychosocial, and health risk factors for GSM.

Methods:
Data were collected as part of the Meta-Air2 follow-up study of participants enrolled in the Southern California Children’s Health Study. A total of 240 study participants underwent a carotid artery ultrasound examination in 2008 (mean age±standard deviation [
SD]
: 11.2±0.6 years), and again between 2018 and 2023 (24.2±1.6 years) to assess changes in carotid artery health, including GSM-IM, carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), and carotid artery distensibility. Participants self-reported lifestyle behaviors, psychosocial health, and underwent anthropometric and blood pressure measures at both time points. Mixed effects models were

used to predict GSM-IM changes with repeated measurements of lifestyle behaviors, perceived stress, BMI, and blood pressure.

Results:
Means and SDs of GSM-IM were 110.0±27.4 in childhood, and 75.6±15.8 in adulthood, with an annual change rate of -2.6 per year. Individuals of Hispanic ethnicity, and those with lower parental education levels had significantly lower GSM-IM in both childhood and adulthood. GSM-IM was significantly correlated with other measures of carotid artery atherosclerosis, including CIMT (r=0.28;
p
<0.001) and carotid artery distensibility (r=0.36;
p
<0.001). Results of mixed effects models adjusting for covariates, indicated that higher BMI (β=-1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.70, -0.99;
p
<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (β=-0.32, 95% CI, -0.55, -0.09; p=0.007) were significantly associated with lower GSM-IM. A significant interaction between BMI and age (β difference=0.14; 95% CI, 0.09, 0.20;
p
<0.001) suggested that a per-unit change in BMI has a greater effect on GSM-IM among adolescents compared to young adults. Health compromising behaviors, including less sleeping time, smoking, drug use, and higher perceived stress were significantly associated with lower GSM-IM in unadjusted models. However, these associations were attenuated after adjustment for covariates.

Conclusion:
Our study highlights the influence of BMI, particularly during childhood, blood pressure and lifestyle behaviors on adverse changes in GSM-IM, indicative of greater lipid deposition. These risk factors may be key targets for early prevention for atherosclerosis.
Abstract 67: Childhood Adversity and Young Adult Cardiovascular Health: Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS)
Authors: Pedamallu Havisha , Ning Hongyan , Wilkins John T , Goldman Noreen , Notterman Daniel A , Hou Lifang , Zheng Yinan , Marma Amanda M , Van Horn Linda , Stein James H , Korcarz Claudia E , Hansen Kristin , Mitchell Colter , Heard-Garris Nia , Lloyd-Jones Donald M , Allen Norrina B
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
Adversity during childhood, usually measured as retrospectively, is associated with long-term health. We examined associations of
prospectively
assessed childhood adversity with young-adult (YA) cardiovascular health (CVH).

Methods:
We included 1155 YAs with adversity measures from baseline Y0 (birth), Y1, Y3, Y5, Y9, and who completed a CVH exam at Y22 in the FFCWS. An adversity score (AS) (range: 0-7) represented the number of adverse childhood exposures experienced by age 9 out of 7 categories - emotional abuse and neglect; physical abuse and neglect; parental incarceration, parental substance use, and interpersonal violence. CVH was estimated using the Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) score (range: 0-100 points) overall and for each component, excluding sleep due to data unavailability. Linear regression models were adjusted for age and sex.

Results:
By age 9, 38% of YAs had experiences from 0-2 categories, 30% experienced 3, 21% experienced 4, and 11% experienced 5-7. People with higher AS were more likely to self-identify as Black compared to White, Hispanic, or other. In addition, higher AS correlated with lower BMI and higher nicotine use. Compared to individuals with 0-2 AS, an AS of 4 was associated with a 3.6-point (CI: -6.5 to -0.7) lower (less favorable) LE8 score and an AS of 5-7 was associated with a 4.9-point (CI: -8.5 to -1.3) lower LE8 score. Among individual LE8 components, smoking and physical activity scores varied significantly by AS. Compared with an AS of 0-2, a score of 5-7 was associated with a 13.0-point (CI: -22.9 to -3.1) lower smoking score. For physical activity an AS of 4 and 5-7 were associated with a 12.1-point (CI: -21.8 to -2.3) and a 14.4-point (CI: -26.3 to -2.4) lower PA score, respectively.

Conclusions:
Higher level of childhood adversity was prospectively associated with lower LE8 scores and worse CVH in young adulthood. Understanding the prospective associations between childhood adversity and CVH can help identify higher risk populations and guide treatment recommendations.
Abstract MP20: Incident Dementia Attributable to Diabetes in Midlife and Late-Life: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Smith Jason , Sharrett A R , Pike James , Lutsey Pamela L , Palta Priya , Windham B Gwen , Selvin Elizabeth , Coresh Josef , Gross Alden , Deal Jennifer A
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
Midlife diabetes is associated with an increased risk of dementia. Associations between late-life diabetes and dementia are less robust, potentially because late-life multisystem dysregulation from frailty—a strong predictor of dementia—could influence dementia expression. Given diabetes is more prevalent in old age, the contribution of diabetes to dementia may vary by age of diabetes assessment and frailty status. We quantified population attributable fractions (PAFs) of dementia, which account for exposure prevalence and strength of relative risks, by diabetes in midlife and late-life. We also investigated whether associations for late-life diabetes varied by frailty status.

Hypothesis:
Because diabetes prevalence rises with age and the strength of the relative risk of dementia tends to decrease, PAFs should be higher with older age of diabetes ascertainment, and larger among those without frailty.

Methods:
We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Dementia was ascertained from baseline (1987-89) to 2020. We quantified PAFs of incident dementia by age 80 and 90 from diabetes assessed at various age strata (aged 45-54 [n=7,731], 55-64 [n=12,273], 65-74 [n=6,660], and 75-84 [n=2,126] years). Among those aged 75-84, we stratified PAFs by frailty status (robust, pre-frail/frail).

Results:
Diabetes prevalence increased with age (Table). Diabetes was associated with large PAFs of dementia by age 80 in midlife through early late-life (Table) (e.g., PAF: 45-54, 7.9% [95% CI: 6.2-9.1%]; 65-74, 18.4% [95% CI: 14.1-22.0%]). PAFs of dementia by age 90 were of a smaller magnitude (Table) (e.g., PAF: 45-54, 6.5% [95% CI: 5.2-7.6%]; 65-74, 8.2% [95% CI: 6.2-9.9%]). PAFs were 8-fold larger among robust individuals relative to pre-frail/frail individuals (Table).

Conclusions:
Up to 18% of incident dementia was attributed to diabetes through age 74. Diabetes after age 74 might be associated with a large fraction of dementia among people without frailty.