bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between olive colobus (Procolobus verus), Diana guenons (Cercopithecus diana), and other forest monkeys in Sierra Leone
Authors: Oates John F. , Whitesides George H.
Published: June 2005

Close association between olive colobus (Procolous verus) and other monkeys (especially Cercopithecus species) has been observed throughout the range of P. verus in the forest zone of West Africa. To investigate the basis of this association, we made new observations in Sierra Leone, concentrated at Tiwai Island. We obtained data on the association patterns of monkeys over a large area of the island from line‐transect samples, and studied association behavior via long‐term observational sampling of habituated groups of olive colobus and Diana monkeys (C. diana). During transect sampling, olive colobus always were seen less than 50 m from monkeys of other species, especially Cercopithecus. In studies of habituated groups, we found that one groups of olive colobus associated closely with a larger groups of Diana monkeys for more than 3 years. Members of the two groups were within 50 m of each other on over 80% of scan samples; the two groups shared the same range, but foraged in different parts of the canopy and had little dietary overlap; association was maintained by the behavior of the colobus. The olive colobus was the only Tiwai monkey species seen less than 50 m from members of a secon Diana study group more frequently than expected, although in this case the two species were associated during less than 12% of samples. In both cases, we detected month‐to‐month variation in association frequency. We suggest that olive colobus has a strong tendency to associate with other monkeys as part of an evolved strategy; that observed association patterns depend on the ranging habits and group dispersion patterns of the other species in the area; and that this strategy evolved because it reduces predation risk for a small‐bodied monkey that forages in small, dispersed groups.
Effects of mixed‐species association on resource use by Saimiri sciureus and Cebus apella
Authors: Podolsky Robert D.
Published: June 2005

Short‐term associations between primate species offer the opportunity to measure changes in individual behavior and ecology in response to alterations in group size and composition. During a three‐month study of associations between squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in Manu National Park, Peru, I measured resource use and feeding efficiency for both species when in mixed and solitary troops, as well as the context and outcome of competitive interactions. Saimiri traveled among Cebus home ranges and were periodically led by Cebus to large fruiting and flowering trees. Feeding rates in large fruit trees were altered by the presence of the other species–positively for Cebus, but negatively for Saimiri. Association increased the average diameter of the troop only for Cebus, which could control access to small, concentrated resoures found while the mixed troop moved through the forest. Results of this short‐term study suggest that effects of association on resource use differ for the two species, and are related to the size of resources as well as to differences in body size and group size between the species.
Alouatta caraya: Population density and demography in Northern Argentina
Authors: Rumiz Damián I.
Published: June 2005

A long‐term study was carried out on a black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) population living in 150 ha of forest patches spread out in a 3,000 ha rural area in Northern Argentina. A total of 22 different groups were located between 1980 and 1984 and 11 of these were monitored regularly during 28 months.

Ecological density varied between 12.14 and 12.93 groups per sq km of thall dense forest (0.80 to 1.15 ind./ha; biomass 306 to 365 kg/sq km). Solitaries and small associations of adult or subadult individuals of both sexes were also recorded but occupied habitats of inferior quality. Mean sizes of reproductive groups varied from 6.4 to 8.4 and the range was 3 to 15 individuals. Reproductive groups had 1 to 3 adult males, 1 to 3 adult females, and several immatures. Sex ratio was biased toward females among the adults but it varied in other age classes. Births occurred throughout the year showing a peak in the colder and drier season. Subadult or young adult males and females dispersed from suspected natal groups and became solitaries or joined associations. Males invaded groups and displaced or coexisted with resident males. Infanticides and disappearances of infants were associated with male changes.

Comparative censuses on an island not far from the main study area showed higher density and biomass (2.8 ind./ha; 1,117 kg/sq km) and different group sizes and composition. Habitat features as well as the history of each study site may account for the observed demographic differences.
Genetic relationships among three squirrel monkey types: Implications for taxonomy, biomedical research, and captive breeding
Authors: Vandeberg John L. , Williams‐Blangero Sarah , Moore Charleen M. , Cheng Min‐Lee , Abee Christian R.
Published: June 2005

Fourteen electrophoretically variable and 12 monomorphic erythrocytic and serum proteins were used to determine the genetic relationships among Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis), Peruvian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis), and Guyanese squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus). The results supported the classification scheme of Hershkovitz (AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 7:155–210, 1984), which is used above. A profile of marker phenotypes can unambiguously discriminate between the two species examined, and can discriminate most S. b. boliviensis from most S. b. peruviensis. All three groups can be distinguished unambiguously by the location of the centromeres (acrocentric or submetacentric) on chromosomes 15 and 16; however, the biochemical genetic markers provide a powerful means of detecting admixture that might not be detected cytogenetically in instances where hybridization occurred earlier than the preceding generation. The use of this panel of biochemical genetic markers, combined with karyotypic analysis, can ensure a high degree of certainty that animals selected for experimental protocols are uniform with respect to unique physiological characteristics of each species and subspecies. They also can ensure that animals selected to be members of breeding colonies are of a single species/subspecies type and reproductively compatible.
The taxonomy of savannah baboons: An odontomorphometric analysis
Authors: Hayes V. J. , Freedman L. , Oxnard C. E.
Published: June 2005

The subgeneric relationships of savannah baboons have long been a point of contention among taxonomists. Recent documentation of morphological clines and evidence of interspecific hybridization have further complicated this problem. In this investigation, the dental dimensions of 443 savannah baboons, representing three of the generally recognized species, Papio anubis, P. cynocephalus, and P. ursinus, were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical procedures. A small number of possible P. ursinus/P. cynocephalus hybrids was included in the analysis. The results suggest that the three morphotypes are clearly distinct. Furthermore, the hybrid group possesses a dentition incorporating different elements of the two interbreeding species. However, these individuals are not simply intermediate but quite different. These findings, considered in conjunction with other morphological and distributional data, tend to warrant maintenance of the present specific distinctions.
Polyspecific association of two tamarin species, Saguinus labiatus and Saguinus fuscicollis, in Bolivia
Authors: Buchanan‐Smith Hannah
Published: June 2005

A 5 month field study was conducted in the Pando Department of northern Bolivia, on two tamarin species: the red‐bellied tamarin, Saguinus l. labiatus, and the saddle‐back tamarin, S. fuscicollis weddelli. Data were collected both by observation and radio‐location on the group sizes, ranging behavior, daily activity patterns, and intergroup interactions. The two tamarin species formed stable mixed associations and each mixed species troop shared a common home range which they jointly defended against neighboring mixed species troops. Both species appeared to occupy a similar ecological niche, but differences were highlighted in their methods of insect foraging, their preferred height in the forest, and their mode of travel.
Reproductive parameters in the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus atys)
Authors: Gust Deborah A. , Busse Curt D. , Gordon Thomas P.
Published: June 2005

Data obtained over a 7.5 year period from a captive group of sooty mangabeys were analyzed to examine the relationship between demographic variables and reproductive events. Perineal swelling and reproductive data collected from 67 females contributed to the analyses. Sexual maturation, as marked by the onset of swelling cycles, was recorded at an average age of 36.4 ± 1.1 (mean ± SEM) months and first parturition at 56.5 ± 1.8 months, indicating a period of adolescent sterility of over 1 year. A total of 198 births were recorded, of which 165 (83.3%) were live births with infant survival to 30 days of age. Both parity and the duration of infant survival influenced interbirth interval, with the shortest interval observed in multiparous females with infants surviving less than 6 months (10.0 ± 0.5 months) and the longest in primiparous females with infants surviving more than 12 months (22.4 ± 1.2 months). Infant survival did not vary significantly according to the age class of the mother. Births and the onset of perineal swellings in young females showed a seasonal distribution, with swelling cycles and conceptions rarely occurring from April through September.
Variability in spider monkeys' vocalizations may provide basis for individual recognition
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Weary Daniel M.
Published: June 2005

Analysis of long‐range vocalizations given by spider monkeys revealed consistent acoustic differences among the calls of individuals. Of seven acoustic measurements, four exhibited significant variation between individuals. A discriminant analysis demonstrated that two of these variables allowed correct identification of the caller 44% of the time. Including the remainder of the variables increased the percentage correctly identified to 50%. Individual identification by call structure could benefit spider monkeys, where individuals forage separately in subgroups and the interactions between specific pairs of individuals is highly variable. Acoustic recognition of callers would facilitate the choice of which subgroups to join, thus allowing individuals to manipulate the size and composition of their subgroups. In addition, the calls of mothers and offspring appeared to be similar in acoustic properties.
Confirmation of ovulation and characterization of luteinizing hormone and progesterone secretory patterns in cycling, isosexually housed Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
Authors: Alexander S. E. , Yeoman R. R. , Williams L. E. , Aksel S. , Abee C. R.
Published: June 2005

In the female Bolivian squirrel monkey a much greater elevation of serum estradiol (E2) was measured after mating than that observed in similary cycling monkeys that did not mate. This raised the possibility that cycling squirrel monkeys may not ovulate during nonmated cycles To test this hypothesis, we performed laparoscopies on nine isosexually housed, cycling monkeys to observe the ovaries after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, which was measured by mouse interstitial cell bioassay using LER 1909‐2 as the standard. Single ovulatory stigmas were identified as well demarcated, red, punctate depressions at the center of dome‐shaped elevations on the ovarian surface in eight monkeys, when laparoscopically examined 9‐56 hr after the LH peak. One monkey examined laparoscopically prior to the LH surge had a large translucent cystic follicle, confirming the morphology of the mature prevulatory follicle. Mean progesterone (P) concentrations fell to a nadir 1 day prior to the LH surge and then began to rise on the LH surge. Peak P levels were found 2 days after the LH surge. In the ovulating animals in which periovulatory E2 levels were measured, no value was greater than 800 pg/ml, indicating that the presence of follicular rupture was not sufficient to account for the elevated E2 levels observed after mating. These data confirm ovulation and follicular rupture in the absence of mating and delineate the relationship between periovulatory LH, P, and E2 secretory patterns in cycling squirrel monkeys.
Estimation of immunoreactive testicular androgen metabolites in the urine of saddle‐back tamarins
Authors: Epple G. , Küderling I. , Belcher A. M. , Schäfer A , Lerchl A.
Published: June 2005

Hydrolysis, extraction, and radioimmunoassay techniques for the estimation of excreted testosterone metabolites in the urine of saddle‐back tamarins have been validated and are described. The steroids measured with the testosterone antiserum used are mostly present as glucuronides and sulfates. Immunoreactivity in high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions of urinary extracts and in a standard mixture of cortisol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were compared. The fractions with the same retention data as testosterone accounted for the major part of the immunoreactivity. Several other immunoreactive compounds of unknown identity were present in low concentrations. These results suggest that testosterone conjugates are the major steroid metabolites measured with this method in Saguinus fuscicollis. Urinary testosterone levels of castrated males were much lower than those of intact males. Testosterone treatment of castrated males resulted in a temporary superphysiological increase in the levels of urinary testosterone and in an individually variable increase in the levels of the minor immunoreactive compounds. These results suggest that estimation of testosterone metabolite levels in urine is a valid method for the assessment of testicular activity in Saguinus fuscicollis.
Diet in one group of woolly spider monkeys, or muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides)
Authors: Strier Karen B.
Published: June 2005

Data on feeding behavior in one group of muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) were collected during a 14 month study at Fazenda Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Muriquis devoted an average of 51% of their annual feeding time to leaves, 32% to fruits, and 11% to flowers. The high proportion of leaves in their diet is consistent with predictions from the energetics of body size. However, they devoted a greater proportion of their feeding time to patchy fruit and flower resources than was expected from comparisons with smaller, sympatric howler monkeys. Muriqui diet varied with the availability of preferred food types across sample months. Fruit and flower consumption corresponded to the availability and abundance of these food resources in the forest. Leaves contributed substantially to muriqui diet throughout the year but appeared to be eaten primarily to provide necessary protein and/or necessary bulk. Male and female diets differed only in the greater proportion of feeding time females devoted to flowers.
Dyadic and triadic reconciliation in pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Judge P. G.
Published: June 2005

The tendency in primates for former antagonists to approach and affiliate following aggression has been termed reconciliation because the response is thought to resolve social conflicts produced by aggression. In primate societies, however, an aggressive interaction between two individuals often spreads to include other group members, especially the kin of the combatants. If post conflict affiliation resolves aggressive conflicts in a group, then affiliative increases might occur between combatants and the kin of their opponents following aggression as well as between former opponents. This hypothesis was tested in a captive group of 39 pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) by comparing affiliative response frequencies of combatants during the 5 minute period following aggression to affiliative response frequencies during 5 minute baseline periods not preceded by aggressive activity. Following aggression, affiliation rates increased between combatants and their opponents, aggressors and the kin of their opponents, and aggressors and their own kin. Additional analyses showed that aggression among kin was reconciled more often than aggression among nonkin. Recipients of aggression reconciled with their attackers more often than aggressors reconciled with their victims. Animals with similar dominance ranks reconciled proportionately more often than those with large rank disparities and aggressive infractions of a calculated dominance hierarchy were reconciled more often than attacks consistent with the hierarchy. Results suggest that both dyadic and triadic reconciliations occur in M. nemestrina and that compared to other primate species M. nemestrina exhibit a moderate‐to‐high conciliatory tendency.
DNA “fingerprinting” and the genetic management of a captive chimpanzee population (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Ely John , Alford Patricia , Ferrell Robert E.
Published: June 2005

DNA fingerprinting probes are cloned sequences which simultaneously detect a large number of similar hypervariable loci in the target DNA. The resulting highly polymorphic pattern visualized on an autoradiograph allows resolution of questions concerning individual identification and parentage. M13 bacteriophage has been used as a DNA fingerprinting probe for paternity ascertainment among captive chimpanzees housed in multi‐male groups as part of the National Chimpanzee Breeding and Research Program. In 31 cases of unknown paternity where DNA samples for mother, offspring, and all potential sires were available, DNA fingerprinting with M13 resulted in the unambiguous assignment of paternity for all 31 infants. Knowledge of pedigrees among the captive‐born animals is used to address several issues important in the genetic management of captive breeding colonies, including estimation of effective population size and of the rate of decline in genetic variability, variance in male and female reproduction, and the effect of social dominance on male reproductive success. Our analysis demonstrates the beneficial effects of genetic management by comparing the managed dedicated cohort to the Bastrop colony as a whole.
Copulatory frequency, urinary pregnanediol, and fertility in great apes
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Collins Delwood C.
Published: June 2005

Previous research on sexual behavior of the great apes suggests that female chimpanzees readily conceive in traditional laboratory pair tests, i.e., free‐access tests (FATS), but female gorillas and orang‐utans do not. Although several different mechanisms could account for this result, the one tested is derived from R.V. Short's hypothesis that “form reflects function,” with respect to the ratio of testis weight to body weight in the great apes. The implication of this hypothesis is that the more frequent maleinitiated mating that occurs prior to ovulation in the FATs, in comparison with the wild, reduces the fertility of male orang‐utans and gorillas as a function of their relatively small testes. The hypothesis was tested by conducting restricted‐access tests (RATS) with female choice, tests in which the female determines whether and when copulation may occur. In the RATs, the cycle rate of copulation was reduced in both the gorillas and orang‐utans to rates typical of their wild counterparts. Three females of each species, moreover, did conceive in the RATs, but this result was not statistically significant. Several conditions were implicated in the failure of additional females of both species to conceive during the RATs, including an absence of copulation, copulation without ejaculation, and copulation with ejaculation temporally dissociated from the presumptive time of ovulation. Little support was obtained for the hypothesis that failure to conceive during the FATs was due to the males' relatively small testes and frequent copulation, but such a possibility cannot be ruled out. Relatively low levels of pregnanediol glucuronide during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle were implicated in the failure to conceive by female gorillas but not female orang‐utans. The data suggest that female regulation of mating in the RATs results in patterns and rates of copulation that are more characteristic of these species than those obtained in the FATs. Restricted‐access testing thus may prove useful in facilitating the breeding of gorillas and orang‐utans in other captive settings.
Postpartum infertility in common chimpanzees
Authors: Graham Charles E. , Struthers Elaine J. , Hobson William C. , McDonald Trent , Faiman Charles , Buckman Maire T. , Collins Delwood C.
Published: June 2005

The endocrine profile during normal postpartum amenorrhea in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) closely resembles that of women, and its duration is similarly extended by nursing. However, when infant chimpanzees in our colony were removed at birth, excessively prolonged postpartum amenorrhea (7–26 months duration) occurred in 24% of cases. Our endocrine studies indicate that such prolonged postpartum amenorrhea (PPAm) is a pathological condition associated with chronically elevated serum prolactin levels and galactorrhea.

In the absence of nursing, we sought an alternate behavioral basis for PPAm. Breast and genital auto‐ and partner‐directed manipulation was compared in PPAm chimpanzees, normal 2–3 mo. postpartum chimpanzees (infants removed at birth), and regularly‐menstruating chimpanzees. A statistically significant pattern of breast, but not genital, manipulation was observed in the PPAm group only, at levels comparable to normal suckling. In particular, a characteristic pattern of nipple auto‐manipulation (spooling) occurred. Two partner‐stimulated PPAm animals were also identified: when caged individually, they resumed cycling within a few days. In contrast, 2 self‐stimulators did not resume cyclicity when isolated. These observations suggested that interruption of breast stimulation allowed cyclicity to resume.

Treatment of PPAm chimpanzees with oral Bromocryptine Mesylate (Sandoz, 2.5–5.0 mg b.i.d.) was associated with depression of prolactin levels in most animals and resumption of cyclicity in 11/13 subjects within 4 months. Oral Pergolide (Eli Lilly, 200 μg once daily, 13–17 days), appeared much more effective, cyclicity resumed in 8/8 animals within 14 days of commencing treatment; both drugs significantly reduced postpartum amenorrhea duration.
National chimpanzee breeding program: Primate research institute
Authors: Hobson William C. , Graham Charles E. , Rowell Thomas J.
Published: June 2005

The Primate Research Institute (PRI) dedicated a colony of 81 proven breeders (60 females, 21 males) to the National Chimpanzee Breeding and Research Program (NCBRP). When possible, infants were left with their mothers for a minimum of 18 months. Programs to define and reduce fetal wastage and neonatal mortality were implemented. Pregnancies were diagnosed both by RIA for serum chorionic gonadotropin and by ultrasound prior to day 30 of pregnancy. Of 65 pregnancies detected by ultrasound and RIA, 15 (23%) resulted in fetal loss. Without the use of ultrasound and RIA, only 8 of these losses would have been detected. Infant mortality (7 of 53 live births; 13%) was primarily due to maternal abuse or problems related to premature delivery. The incidence of losses due to maternal abuse has been reduced by placing females in single cages 2 weeks prior to their estimated delivery date so endangered infants can be recognized and removed. The new system provided the first opportunity for most of the mothers to care for their infants; 25 succeeded (in 2 instances in the second pregnancy only) and 12 did not (infants from 2 mothers were removed due to delivery of twins). During this 26‐month period the colony grew by 46 infants (58%), half of which will be retained as future breeders. Thus, the NCBRP goal of achieving a self‐sustaining population appears viable.
Rearing infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) in pairs produces deficient social development compared with rearing in single cages
Authors: Ruppenthal Gerald C. , Walker Coleen G. , Sackett Gene P.
Published: June 2005

Many scientists and colony managers assume that social housing is a beneficial living condition for all captive primates. Several older studies of primate development question the generality of this assumption. We recently tested this assumption by comparing the social development of pigtailed macaque infants raised in pairs and those that were raised in individual cages. All animals received 30 min of daily socialization in a playroom. Infants paired from postnatal week 3 through month 4 developed a playroom behavioral repertoire consisting largely of mutual clinging, fear, and social withdrawal. This was especially true of females. Unlike the singly caged infants, pair‐reared monkeys did not successfully adapt to living in a large social group at 8–10 months of age. In this situation, pair‐reared infants were subordinate and spent almost all of their time huddling on the pen floor. It was concluded that rearing macaque infants in pairs produces a behavioral repertoire that is maladaptive with respect to social development.
Infant carrying in a polygynous group of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Koenig A. , Rothe H.
Published: June 2005

In a captive group of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), consisting of six group members and the three infants of the two breeding females, we analyzed participation of all group members in infant carrying, and suckling by the two breeding females. During the first two weeks of the infants' lives, the two breeding females carried their own infant(s) almost exclusively due primarily to the mutual avoidance by the two females. At the beginning of the third week of the infants' lives nearly all group members began to carry all infants to a relatively high degree and both breeding females suckled all infants. The results indicate that the greater energetic demands in rearing three infants simultaneously are compensated by an extended division of labor among group members.

All breeding animals preferred to carry and to suckle the infants according to kinship predictions. However, observed preferences of nonbreeding group members in infant carrying seemed not to be related to different degrees of genetic relatedness.
Characterization of prolactin and growth hormone immuno‐ and bioactivities in the pituitary gland and serum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
Authors: Scammell J. G. , Von Haven R. , Friesen H. G. , Wear L. B. , Thompson M. E. , Brady A. G. , Williams L. E. , Abee C. R.
Published: June 2005

The immunological and biological activities of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in the pituitary gland and serum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) have been studied. Proteins in pituitary homogenates were solubilized in 1% SDS, electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose. Squirrel monkey GH and PRL were identified by immunoblotting with anti‐human GH antibodies and a monoclonal antibody to ovine PRL, 6F11, respectively. Squirrel monkey GH appeared predominantly as two proteins of apparent molecular weight 22 and 20 kD, corresponding to native and variant forms of human GH. Squirrel monkey PRL appeared as two proteins of apparent molecular weight 24 and 26.5 kD, which co‐migrated with native and glycosylated forms of ovine PRL. The cross‐reactivity of neutralizing antibodies to human GH and PRL with squirrel monkey GH and PRL were examined using the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay. One of three monoclonal antibodies to human GH (2A1) neutralized squirrel monkey GH with an apparent affinity for squirrel monkey GH (IC50 = 70 ng IgG/ml) which was fourfold lower than for human GH (IC50 = 15 ng IgG/ml). Both polyclonal [AR38‐5(1)] and monoclonal (9C3) antibodies to human PRL inhibited the activity of squirrel monkey PRL, athough their affinities for squirrel monkey PRL were four‐ and twentyfold lower than for human PRL. The activities of antibodies 2A1 and 9C3 on GH and PRL in squirrel monkey serum were also examined by the Nb2 bioassay. The anti‐glucocorticoid RU486 was used in all incubations with squirrel monkey serum to eliminate the effect of high glucocorticoid levels on Nb2 cell growth. The mitogenic activity of squirrel monkey serum in the Nb2 assay was completely eliminated in the presence of 2A1 and 9C3. This study represents the first description of the biochemistry of GH and PRL in the squirrel monkey.
Urinary and plasma gonadotropin concentrations in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus r. rosalia)
Authors: French Jeffrey A. , deGraw William A. , Hendricks Shelton E. , Wegner Fritz , Bridson William E.
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the development and validation of a plasma and urinary gonadotropin immunoassay for golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia), an endangered New World callitrichid primate. The assay is derived from a macaque chorionic gonadotropin assay and was validated for both plasma and urine samples in L. rosalia. Levels of immunoreactive LH/CG in lion tamarin urine were highly correlated (r = + 0.98) with gonadotropin bioactivity. Immunoreactive LH/CG levels were examined in two contexts: in the urine of adult females and in the plasma of adult males after administration of estrogen. Peaks of gonadotropin excretion were detected in samples collected from nonpregnant adult females. The peaks occurred immediately prior to cyclic elevations in urinary estrogen excretion. Plasma LH/CG concentration in males measured 24 and 48 hours after a single 50 μg injection of estradiol benzoate were significantly lower than levels at these time points measured after control treatment. Together, the results of this study point to the utility of the gonadotropin assay for monitoring reproductive function in both female and male lion tamarins.
Nonsocial behavior of captive infant gorillas
Authors: Gold Kenneth C.
Published: June 2005

Frequencies of eight nonsocial behaviors (object contact, environmental exploration, mouthing, self‐directed behavior, display behavior, solitary behavior, rest, and locomotion) were obtained for 20 infant lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) between 14 and 36 months of age. They lived in 13 groups in 10 zoological collections. Approximately 12 hours of one‐zero data were collected on each animal. Behavioral data were analyzed with regard to the following independent variables: rearing history of the focal animal (mother‐reared vs. human‐reared), time of day (a.m. vs. p.m.), sex of the focal animal, age of the focal animal, and complexity of the physical and social environment. Results indicated significant differences in the frequency of behaviors within each independent variable, including selfdirected behavior, rest, environmental exploration, and display behavior with rearing history. Additional significant differences in the frequencies of behavior were also found, including mouthing behavior and locomotion with infant age.
The care of infants in a wild marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps) group
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F.
Published: June 2005

The behavior of a free‐ranging group of buffy‐headed marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps) was observed in detail over a five‐month period following the birth of twins. Infant care, principally carrying and food sharing, were analyzed and the variation both between age‐sex classes and through time investigated. Potentially reproductive males exhibited a relatively high degree of interest in the infants during the first week following birth, but their provision of care was otherwise little different from that of other group members. The data are considered in relation to the factors stimulating care‐giving behavior and possible differences between callitrichid genera are discussed.
Male chimpanzee behavior in relation to female ano‐genital swelling
Authors: Shefferly Nancy , Fritz Paul
Published: June 2005

This study examined the relationships between male agonistic, affiliative, and sexual behaviors and female estrus condition in captive adolescent and young‐adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data on agonistic, affiliative, and sexual behaviors of 11 males living in three social groups were collected during daily 45 minute observations over a 5 month period. Female estrus condition was assessed daily using the relative size of the female's ano‐genital swelling. It was hypothesized that the presence of maximally tumescent females would generate conflicts between males, so an increase in inter‐male agonism was predicted. Males exhibited higher rates of agonism toward other males when at least one female in the group was maximally tumescent. Male affiliative behavior directed toward other males and social play with males were affected by the presence and number of maximally tumescent females. Male sexual behavior increased when maximally tumescent females were present.
Interplay between various aspects in social relationships of young rhesus monkeys: Dominance, agonistic help, and affiliation
Authors: Janus Magdalena
Published: June 2005

Relationships between group‐living primates depend strongly on their position in the group dominance hierarchy and on their relationships with other group members. The influence of various behaviours on social relationships of immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was investigated here. Dominance ranks were established and related to the degree of affiliation in a dyad. Older monkeys were mostly dominant to the younger ones, regardless of kinship. Subordinate monkeys left proximity of their dominant members more often than they were left by them both among siblings and non‐siblings, but the effect of dominance rank on the amount of play initiation and grooming in a dyad differed between these two types of dyads. The amount of agonistic help two individuals provided for each other was low among immatures. Nevertheless, pairs of siblings gave help to each other in agonistic conflicts more often than non‐siblings, and such help was more often reciprocated between siblings than between non‐siblings. Help in agonistic conflicts was positively correlated with the amount of time monkeys spent playing, grooming, or in proximity. Adults tended to interfere less in conflicts of frequent sibling play partners or non‐sibling grooming partners. No evidence was found for young monkeys to exchange reciprocally grooming for agonistic help. It is argued that the time monkeys spend interacting with each other in affiliative interactions increases their familiarity and thus promotes close relationships between them. On the whole, young monkeys' relationships, like those between adults, are influenced strongly by their kinship, and position in the dominance hierarchy.
Endocrine and developmental correlates of unilateral cryptorchidism in a wild baboon
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Alberts Susan , Sapolsky Robert M.
Published: June 2005

A wild, group‐living 8.5‐year‐old adult baboon was found to have only a single palpable testicle, the only case of cryptorchidism found among more than 200 males that we have examined. This young adult had an unusually small body size for his age, one that was comparable to that of immature males two years younger, and during maturation his body mass was increasingly small for his age. As a young adult, he also had very low testosterone concentrations, which, in combination with his small size, history of impaired growth, and the absence of any obvious scars around the scrotum, suggest that this is a case of spontaneous unilateral cryptorchidism of unknown cause rather than one of monorchidism arising from injury. Despite striking differences in his growth, adult body size, and testosterone levels, the male's cryptorchidism seemed to have relatively little effect on his social and sexual maturation in his natal group. Nonetheless, it may be related to his inability to gain entry into another group after dispersal.
The genetic demography of a chimpanzee colony
Authors: Williams‐Blangero S. , Eichberg J. W. , Dyke B.
Published: June 2005

Chimpanzees used for biomedical research must be bred in captivity because of restrictions on importation. Because they are large and expensive animals, population sizes at breeding facilities are limited. This implies that inbreeding at some level is inevitable and that genetic management techniques should be employed to minimize matings between related individuals. The purpose of this paper is to consider the genetic history of the chimpanzee colony at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) and to suggest ways in which genetic variability may be affected by management schemes.

A total of 339 chimpanzees resided at SFBR between January, 1980, and January, 1990. Although only one mating between related individuals has occurred so far, the average level of kinship in the colony and between potential breeders is increasing. Population structure techniques were employed to assess the mating patterns which have occurred and to explore the degree of change in the characteristics of potential mates. A “gene dropping” simulation method was used to predict expected levels of heterozygosity and strategies for maintaining variability by increasing the breeding portion of the population were evaluated using a simulation approach. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of sexual dimorphism in serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations in baboons
Authors: Towne Bradford , Blangero John , Mott Glen E.
Published: June 2005

Sexual dimorphism is evident in many quantitative genetic traits, and there has been much speculation on the evolution of primate sexual dimorphism. Morphological characters have been the main focus of attention, while sexual dimorphism in physiological quantitative traits has been neglected. In either case, the genetic basis of primate sexual dimorphism has received little attention. This study characterizes genotype by sex (GxS) interactions in two physiological traits, serum apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations, in baboons fed two different diets, a basal diet and a high cholesterol saturated fat (HCSF) diet. A GxS interaction effect on a trait indicates a heritable component of male/female differences in that trait. Using maximum likelihood methods, eight different quantitative genetic models were evaluated. Significant GxS interactions were found for serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations on the basal diet. GxS interactions were suggested for serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations on the HCSF diet, but they were not statistically significant. These results reveal that sexual dimorphisms in serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations in baboons are heritable, with heritabilities that are influenced by diet. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of male blue monkey “Pyow” calls for long‐term individual identification
Authors: Butynski Thomas M. , Chapman Colin A. , Chapman Lauren J. , Weary Daniel M.
Published: June 2005

This study examines whether individual adult male blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) can be identified through acoustic analysis of their “pyow” calls. It is possible to reliably assign the pyow call of the blue monkeys of Kibale Forest, Uganda, to the individual caller based on the acoustic properties of the vocalization. Analysis of pyows made by a recognizable male over a 10‐yr period shows that the acoustic properties of one individual's pyow call can remain relatively constant over time. Acoustic analysis of pyow calls may provide a relatively easy and reliable method to document tenure lengths of adult male blue monkeys resident in groups. Similar analyses of the loud calls of other species of primates may, likewise, prove to be useful in documenting long‐term membership. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies in neurobiology and aging at the United States National Institutes of health‐sponsored regional primate research centers
Authors: King F. A. , Yarbrough C. J.
Published: June 2005

The seven NIH‐sponsored Regional Primate Research Centers conduct a wide variety of studies in the neurosciences and on aging. Monkeys and chimpanzees are investigated to validate the results of research obtained with lower species. In addition, primates are often the only species with the appropriate characteristics for studying a particular health problem or certain behavioral or biological principles. One neurological disorder for which the primate model has proven crucial is Parkinson's disease. The surgical implantation of dopaminergic cells and tissue containing a growth factor has been developed in the primate model, and is now being evaluated clinically in humans with Parkinsonism. In addition to neurological diseases such as Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, the visual system is a strong focus of basic and applied research at the Centers. In 1981, two neuroscientists whose basic research on vision with application to pediatric ophthalmology took place in part at the New England Regional Primate Research Center, were honored with the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Currently, vision studies at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, for example, focus on myopia, post‐surgical treatment of congenital cataracts, adult cataract development and treatment, and laser surgery to correct corneal abnormalities. At the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, the role of diet in visual impairment is evaluated during infancy. Diet is also studied to determine its role in the aging process, and the effects of aging on memory. Further, brain cells and other components of the nervous system in aging are also being investigated at these centers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information programs for primatologists: Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center
Authors: Jacobsen Larry
Published: June 2005

Four outreach programs of the WRPRC Library are: (1) the International Directory of Primatology, (2) Primate‐Talk, (3) Primate Info Net (PIN), and (4) the Audiovisual Service. The first International Directory of Primatology, published in 1992, is intended to promote resource sharing among a wide variety of organizations involved in the field. Primate‐Talk is an electronic mail‐based network for communications among primatologists worldwide. It currently includes over 600 primatologists from 30 countries and allows for the rapid electronic transmission of information. The WRPRC Audiovisual Service promotes the collection and lending of audiovisual resources in primatology. This collection includes 500 videotapes, 5,500 slides, and a variety of audiotapes and films. A description of these services and information about how to access them is reviewed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social and reproductive patterns in neotropical primates: Relation to ecology, body size, and infant care
Authors: Tardif Suzette D. , Garber Paul A.
Published: June 2005

The papers in this issue stem from a symposium presented at the 1992 International Primatological Congress in Strasbourg, France. Due to the paucity of information on social organization, reproduction, and the relation of these to ecology in neotropical primates, we organized this symposium, which included researchers conducting comparative studies and those examining aspects of socioecology in single platyrrhine species. The papers in the symposium are organized around three issues: (1) the relation between body size, ecology, and reproduction (papers by Dietz et al., Tardif, and Williams et al.); (2) ranging and dispersal patterns as determinants of social structure (papers by Boinski and Mitchell, Norconk and Kinzey, and Kinzey and Cunningham); (3) phylogenetic and comparative analyses of behavioral and anatomical traits (Ford and Garber). Within these areas, the papers provide new information and new syntheses of existing information on platyrrhine socioecology. In addition, many detail innovative methodological approaches which could fruitfully be applied to other primates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative energetic cost of infant care in small‐bodied neotropical primates and its relation to infant‐care patterns
Authors: Tardif Suzette D.
Published: June 2005

Small neotropical primates display an array of infant‐care patterns, including maternal care, paternal care, and care by non‐mothers, both male and female. The high energetic cost of infant care has frequently been proposed as the primary determinant of the need for caregivers other than the mother in these species. This report examines the evidence regarding cost associated with infant care inAotus, Callicebus, Saimiri, Callimico, SaguinusandCallithrixgenera with adult weights of less than 2 kg. The energetic costs of lactation (estimated from infant growth data) and transport (estimated from relative infant weight and travel patterns of each species) are lowest forAotusandCallicebus, highest forSaguinusandCallithrix(when they rear twins), and intermediate forSaimiriandCallimico. When these costs are compared to the extent that mothers relinquish care to others, there is no clear relation; that is, the energetic cost of infant care is a relatively poor predictor of the apparent “need” for additional caregivers. Additional factors are proposed which better explain the infant‐care patterns displayed by these species; these factors include (1) differences in the relative cost that infant care places on foraging efficiency. These differences are proposed to relate to differences in need for concealment as an anti‐predator strategy; (2) differences in availability of suitable helpers; (3) differences in nursing frequency, such that the smallest, fastest growing species are more limited in the extent to which mothers may relinquish infant carrying to others. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability in platyrrhine social organization
Authors: Kinzey Warren G. , Cunningham Elena P.
Published: June 2005

Greater intraspecific and intrageneric variability exists in the social organization of platyrrhine primates than has previously been recognized. Although this is most marked and already recognized in the callitrichins, it also appears in many other neotropical species. One area of striking variability is the degree of troop fragmentation. Fission‐fusion and cohesion are ends of a continuum of social organizations in which troop fragmentation is greatest among the former and least among the latter. Troop fragmentation appears to be a facultative adjustment to environmental, demographic, and social conditions among New World primates. A hallmark of the non‐monogamous platyrrhines, and possibly of all neotropical primates, is flexibility in their social systems, and the occurrence, to a greater or lesser extent, of troop fragmentation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.