bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ignitability of Unprotected and Retardant Protected Samples of Spruce Wood
Authors: Mitterová Iveta , Zachar Martin , Ružinská Eva , Majlingová Andrea
Published: August 2014

The paper deals with the protection of the wood and its evaluation in terms of fire. It aims in comparison of ignitability of the unprotected and retardant protected samples of spruce wood, using the testing method defined in the STN EN 11925-2: 2011 (test with single-flame source), where the main evaluation criterion is the ignition and flame spread over the surface of the test samples.
Influence of the Mixing Ratio on Combustion Parameters for Mixed Refuse Derived Fuel
Authors: Kulich Martin , Štroch Petr
Published: August 2014

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the effect of the percentage mixture of refuse derived fuels created from industrial waste on selected combustion parameters resulting from the mixture of the fuels, whose principal component is coal. The selected combustion parameters are; the lower explosive limit (LEL), maximum explosion pressure (pmax), maximum rate of the rise in pressure (dp/dt)max) and the cubic constant (KSt). The paper also includes a description of the test equipment and methods by which the tests of the combustion variables were carried out.
Energy Utilization of Selected Woody Species in Terms of their Impact on the Environment
Authors: Végsöová Oľga
Published: August 2014

Among all biomass resources the work concentrates on one of the most important fuel source - dendromass. This paper focuses on comparison of some energy woody species for process of combustion from the aspect of amount of produced emissions, lower calorific value, humidity and presence of solid pollutants. The measured results compare which woody species are more suitable in terms of influence on the environment and surroundings.
Thermography Diagnostics of Photovoltaic Panels
Authors: Fiala Jozef , Kuracina Marcel , Blinová Lenka , Soldán Maroš
Published: August 2014

The technologies based on photovoltaic effect, which achieve their fulfilment from small applications to some big power stations that can be in size of few square kilometers, still come to the fore more. The growth of the interest and installations of these technologies brought also amount of technical, legislative or financial problems and also in issues of safety of its operation, of its service, of intervention of rescue squad and last but not least of recycling. Solar thermography is the use of an infrared camera to inspect photovoltaic solar systems for problems that can cause; damage to the cells, loss of efficiency, and fire hazards. In this work were observed temperature distributions for solar panel using digitized thermal imagers and the detected problems with the overheated connections at the junction box from the front of the panel and problems with a defective cell. Also were detected problems of photovoltaic panel with the overheated place caused by dirt on the panel.
Review of Health and Safety Risks of Wood Chips Use
Authors: Müllerová Jana , Puskajler Jozef
Published: August 2014

Alternative solid fuels becoming popular thanks to considerable fuel cost save (comparing to gas). Pellet quality varies depending on content of bark, straw and other non-wood additives. These additives decrease the combustion efficiency and increase the fuel consumption and solid emission. Pellets stored in large amount bring certain hazard for a man. They may become dangerous for the high fire risk due to self-ignition tendency and also due to moulds presence attacking the human breath system.
Airport Emergency Plan and Emergency Events Management System in Transport of Renewable Resources
Authors: Ščurek Radomir , Maršálek Daniel , Konečný Martin , Stoniš Ondřej
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses the possibilities of emergency planning in the airport environment and the creation of the airport emergency plan with a focus on renewable resources transport. The work describes the tactical, operational and strategic levels of management at the airport and status of the person responsible.
Application of Recyclable Materials for an Increase in Building Safety against the Explosion of an Improvised Explosive Device
Authors: Figuli Lucia , Magura Martin , Kavický Vladimir , Jangl Štefan
Published: August 2014

With the increase of terrorist attacks it is necessary to explore the option of increasing the strength of structures against the blast wave resulted from explosion of an improvised explosive device. In our research we have focused on recyclable materials that could provide such protection and their comparison with other known materials. We present a FEM analysis of a wall strengthened with different type of materials. In conclusion we show the economical and ecological comparison of used materials.
Environmental Aspects of Renewable Sources of Energy in the Slovak Education System
Authors: Stebila Ján , Brozman Dušan , Ružiak Ivan , Gajtanska Milada
Published: August 2014

Due to relatively low environmental awareness of a man, we have reported considerable deterioration of the environment on the Earth resulting mainly in destruction of the nature. In general, increasing people ́s awareness along with conscious environmentally-responsible behaviour may help slow down the process of degradation or even stop it. Consequently, in some regions and localities, we could report improvement in environmental conditions and thus ensure harmonisation of a relationship between the nature and a man as an unseparable part hereof.
Decreasing Aftermath Large Extraordinary Situations via the Simulations
Authors: Maléřová Lenka , Smetana Marek , Drozdová Michaela
Published: August 2014

In 2010, the Faculty of Safety Engineering at the VSB – Technical University of Ostrava (FBI VŠB-TUO) commenced work on the SIMPROKIM (Simulation of crisis management processes in the system of whole-life education of the integrated rescue system (IRS) units and public administration bodies) project. The SIMPROKIM project falls under the framework of Safety research program, financed by the Ministry of Interior of the Czech Republic (MI CR), for which two main objectives have been determined:
Renewable Resources and Critical Infrastructure - The Framework
Authors: Klučka Jozef
Published: August 2014

One of the government’s functions is to protect and secure its citizens. Globalization, increasing independence and complexity, new technologies and climate change create new challenges for the government and its approach to security policy. To safeguard security that was the idea why the concept of CI was invented. The concept of critical infrastructure (CI) is based on the critical elements, assets and interrelations among them. The functionality of this system is essential for State security and for the fulfillment of vital State functions. The concept of the CI has its political, social and economic dimensions.
System of Management of Uncertainty and Risk of Renewable Resources
Authors: Ščurek Radomir , Stoniš Ondřej , Konečný Martin , Maršálek Daniel
Published: August 2014

The article deals mainly with the risk analysis and uncertainty of a risk of renewable resources. It also mentions the importance of managing the risks associated with the uncertainty of a risk of renewable resources. Specifically, in the paper addressed the relationship between risk and uncertainty, their interdependence, and the possibilities of how to work with uncertainty at risk. The distinguishing factor between the risk and the uncertainty is that risk is seen as a measurable property and has a place in the calculation of probability, while uncertainty does not have such property. The paper deals with an approach to this situation.
Using of Renewable Resources as the Stabilizing Instrument of Global Security
Authors: Ondrušek Miloš
Published: August 2014

This paper deals with issue of increasing of using the renewable resources as the stabilizing tool in relation to the world security. In this paper, there are identified and described basic critical issues of recent world security. Moreover there is a definition of wide seized security. After depicting of the basic problems of the world security there are deeper analyzed issue of oil deposits state and their diversification as a security problem as well as the problem of socio-economic development. This is followed by the security risk analysis related to the drink water world reserves. In further text there are characterized some scenarios of future security and socio-economic development related to the impact of possible lack of oil and water in world economics. This is followed by the characteristics of recent consumption of renewables within the primary energetic consumption, as well as by description of the stabilizing effects of increasing of using of renewables to the global security and socio-economic development.
Safety and Corporative Communications in Rural Accommodation Facilities Located in Rural Areas
Authors: Beresecka Janka , Kapusniak Jaroslav
Published: August 2014

Slovak landscape becomes visible in terms of tourism with the mark of a butterfly with spread wings. With the small wings the authors would like to express the size of the country and those big, huge potential, which is located in this area. The general professional public as well as development of economic indicators suggests that this potential is untapped. The paper is aimed to identify barriers of the development of small and medium-sized tourism enterprises providing services in rural areas, which may use this potential significantly. Then to define criteria and identify rural accommodation facilities, because of these reasons, there was limited ability to provide non-repayable foreign financial resources from the Structural Funds. A part of this work is to identify the problems with the size of these enterprises and to define the expected assistance from authorities at regional level, also in the field of fire protection.
Equipment for Securing Environmental Safety in the Transport of Oil
Authors: Mračková Eva , Chromek Ivan
Published: August 2014

Pipeline is even essential technical means on the territory of Slovakia for the transit of oil. Like other states traversed by these arteries, even Slovakia must ensure ecological safety of this product during transport through its territory. The greatest risk of oil spills is in the area of pipeline crossing a watercourse. Content of the article focuses on the description of the organizational - technical measures and technical means for the destruction of oil spill into the watercourse.
Fill Sealing Material Removal in Electronic Components Using Laser Cutting
Authors: Song Lin Sen , Zhao Xiao Nan , Wei Li Na
Published: August 2014

To ensure the normal operation of the electronic components, packaging technology is widely used in the production process of semiconductors, such as stand-alone device, LSI, super LSI, etc. This approach makes a lot of wasted components stay intact and reused. This paper uses laser cutting technology to remove material from PCB resin potting material, establishes the mathematical model of electronic potting materials, designs precision CNC laser cutting equipment for removing potting material under different circumstance. Using precision laser cutting technique, the resin potting material of waste PCB circuit can be removed, so as to expose entirely electronic components and all the solder joints. The technology has high economic benefit by ensuring electronic component function intact for reuse and improving the utilization rate of resource.
An Association of Reaction Time with Bone Quantitative Ultrasound
Authors: Mao Jun Feng , Mu Zhao Xia , Li Yong
Published: August 2014

Requirement of artificial bone materials is high, which demands us to consider many factors of human body. Evidence exists that estrogen influences neuronal physiology and cognitive function. Bone mineral density has been proposed as a marker for cumulative estrogen exposure. This study examined whether choice reaction time (CRT) would be related to calcaneus quantitative ultrasound (QUS). 222 ethnic Han Chinese men were recruited. Besides age and body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, as an important environment factor influencing cognition and bone health, was included in covariants. Results showed that CRT performance was statistically significantly positively correlated with bone quality index (p < 0.01) and speed of sound (SOS) (p < 0.001) before controlling covariants. After adjustment for age, BMI, and smoking, CRT remained significantly related to SOS (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that CRT may be associated with bone status, which suggests an effect of artificial bone on nervous system should be considered when it is produced.
Modeling Methodology for Stress Determination by XRD in Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Dufrenoy Stéphane , Chauveau Thierry , Brenner Renald , Fontugne Christophe , Bacroix Brigitte
Published: August 2014

To get a quantitative estimate of residual stresses in polycrystals from XRD measurements, a micromechanical modeling is required, except in particular cases. The most widely used method is only valid for homogeneous and isotropic samples. We present here the possibility to determine residual stresses by coupling measurements with the portable INELTMXsolo equipement with a self-consistent polycrystalline model. This methodology may take into account texture and intergranular stresses induced by thermomechanical treatments. One example obtained for titanium subjected to tensile loading illustrates the methodology.
Microscopic Stress and Strain Evolved in a Twinning-Induced Plasticity Fe-Mn-C Steel
Authors: Suzuki Shigeru , Sato Shigeo , Hotta Koji , Kwon Eui Pyo , Fujieda Shun , Shinoda Kozo , Kajiwara Kentaro , Sato Masugu
Published: August 2014

White X-ray diffraction with micro-beam synchrotron radiation was used to analyze microscopic stress evolved in coarse grains of a twinning-induced plasticity Fe-Mn-C steel under tensile loading. In addition, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to determine the crystal orientation of grains in the polycrystalline Fe-Mn-C steel. Based on these orientation data, the stress and strain distribution in the microstructure of the steel under tensile loading was estimated using FEM simulation where the elastic anisotropy or the crystal orientation dependence of the elasticity was taken into account. The FEM simulation showed that the strain distribution in the microstructure depends on the crystal orientation of each grain. The stress analysis by the white X-ray diffraction indicated that the direction of the maximum principal stresses at measured points in the steel under tensile loading are mostly oriented toward the tensile direction. This is qualitatively consistent with the results of by the FEM simulation, although absolute values of the principal stresses may contain the effect of heterogeneous plastic deformation on the stress distribution.
Stress Gradient Analysis by Noncomplanar x-Ray Diffraction and Corresponding Refraction Correction
Authors: Benediktovitch Andrei , Ulyanenkova Tatjana , Keckes Jozef , Ulyanenkov Alex
Published: August 2014

X-ray residual stress analysis is a widespread nondestructive technique to investigate the residual stress and residual stress gradient in thin films and protective coatings.In the present contribution we introduce a new method based on the noncomplanar measurement geometry that allow to span large area of sin2ψ and penetration depth values without sample inclination. The refraction correction and absorption is considered in details for the noncomplanar measurements. The proposed technique is applied to determine stress gradients of blasted hard TiN coatings.
Influence of Layer Removal Methods in Residual Stress Profiling of a Shot Peened Steel Using X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Alkaisee Rasha , Peng Ru Lin
Published: August 2014

For X-Ray Diffraction Measurement of Depth Profiles of Residual Stress, Step-Wise Removal of Materials has to be Done to Expose the Underneath Layers to the X-Rays. this Paper Investigates the Influence of Layer Removal Methods, Including Electro-Polishing in Two Different Electrolytes and Chemical Etching, on the Accuracy of Residual Stress Measurement. Measurements on Two Shot-Peened Steels Revealed Large Discrepancy in Subsurface Distributions of Residual Stress Obtained with the Respective Methods. Especially, the Chemical Etching Yielded much Lower Subsurface Compressive Stresses than the Electro-Polishing Using a so Called AII Electrolyte. the Difference was Explained by the Influence of the Different Layer Removal Methods on the Microscopic Roughness.
About Error Calculation in X-Ray Stress Measurement
Authors: Ortner Balder
Published: August 2014

It is shown that the knowledge of standard deviations (Δσij) of the components of a stress tensor (σij) is not sufficient to calculate also standard deviations of quantities derived from the stress tensor, as principal stresses (σI, σII, σIII), von Mises stress, Tresca stress, and the components of the deviatoric stress tensor σ'ij. For such a calculation one needs all information about the measurement and the method for the calculation of σij. This information is: the accuracy of each measured lattice plane distance and the x-ray elastic factors Fij(φ,ψ,hkl) of each measured point. Equations are given for the calculation of the standard deviations of all the mentioned quantities. For special cases of measurement strategy the wanted calculations become easier. This is also given.
Plasticity and Stress Heterogeneity Influence on Mechanical Stress Relaxation Residual Stress Measurements
Authors: Kim Ho Kyeom , Pavier Martyn J. , Shterenlikht Anton
Published: August 2014

Two common problems of mechanical strain relaxation(MSR) residual stress measurement methods are investigated in this work:(1) assumption of stress uniformity and (2) the effect of plasticity at relaxation. A new MSR technique, designed specifically for highly non-uniformin-plane residual stress fields, is applied in this work to measure the residual stress field resulted from pure bending of an Al7075 alloy.The method involves introducing a straight cut across the whole part in a single increment, and collecting full field displacement fields from the side surface. Application of a 2D high resolution digital image correlation (DIC) method proved successful in this work.The reconstructed residual stress agrees well with that predicted by FE modelling. It is shown that the direction of the propagation of the slit has a major influence on plastic flow during relaxation.The major conclusion from this work is that it is possible to substantially reduce, or completely eliminate, plastic flow on relaxation by careful planning of the slit orientation and the cutting schedule.
Study of Microstrain and Stress in Non-Planar Palladium Membranes for Hydrogen Separation
Authors: Brisotto Mariangela , Gelfi Marcello , Rinaldi Claudia , Depero Laura Eleonora
Published: August 2014

Palladiums tubular membranes are developed to operate up to 400 °C, for the synthesis of H2 and for the separation of CO2 in Water Gas Shift (WGS) processes and reforming gas of methane [. Palladium has FCC lattice that allows the separation of hydrogen from carbon dioxide through a solution-diffusion mechanism [. To ensure high selectivity in the separation process, the functional Pd layer on the porous substrate of the membranes must have a microstructure with low defects and free from residual stresses [.MicroXRD measurements were performed to evaluate the effect of the stress-relief heat treatment, carried out for different time and temperatures, on the palladium layer. Microstrains were assessed before and after stress-relief by the Williamson-Hall method [. The use of microdiffraction was mandatory considering the tubular shape of membranes. The data were corrected for elastic anisotropy of palladium and the altered Williamson-Hall method was successfully applied.The XRD two-dimensional (2D) images and the integrated spectra collected from the samples allowed to study also the evolution of Pd microstructure and the reduction of micro-stresses due to stress relief. The results of the study allowed to identify the optimal thermal profile for the heat treatment of palladium membranes.
Incremental Hole-Drilling Method Vs. Thin Components: A Simple Correction Approach
Authors: Held Esther , Schuster Simone , Gibmeier Jens
Published: August 2014

The incremental hole-drilling method is a widely used technique to determine residual stress depth profiles in technical components. Its application is limited in respect to the components geometry, for instance the components thickness. In this paper, a direct correction of the measured strain relaxations is proposed to consider the impact of deviant geometries, here the component thickness, on the residual stress evaluation that moreover, allows the application of commercially available evaluation software. The herein proposed approach is based on finite element simulation of the incremental hole drilling. The simulated strain relaxations for thin metal sheets are evaluated with an algorithm as used in commercially available evaluation software (i) for uncorrected data as well as (ii) for strain data corrected by the proposed correction procedure. It is shown that the correction approach leads to a significant improvement of the measurement accuracy. Further, by means of the approach residual stress depth profiles in thin metal sheets can be as usual determined using commercial evaluation software for the incremental hole-drilling method regardless of the algorithm used, i.e. differential or integral.
Residual Stress Measurement Using the Hole Drilling Technique on Components outside the ASTM E837 Standard
Authors: Serra Yann , Ficquet Xavier , Kingston Ed
Published: August 2014

The hole drilling technique is probably the most widely used residual stress measurement technique. The ASTM E837 standard covers hole drilling measurements for thin and thick specimens. VEQTER have encountered several cases when the specimen was between the thick and thin specification. In order to gain a greater understanding of the sensitivity of the analyses and accurately measure the residual stresses using the hole drilling technique within intermediate thickness specimens and within thin specimens containing non-uniform residual stresses a study was performed.
Flexible Head, Designed for Measuring Residual Stress along Variable Curves Using Ultra-Sonic Tranducers
Authors: Daniel Laurent , Belahcene Farid
Published: August 2014

Ultra-sonic measure of residual stress has been along for a while. One main drawback of this technique is the need for a measuring head adapted to each new surface shape. We introduce a new measurement head designed to adapt to changing curves. This device will open the possibility of curved surfaces residual stress cartography. We focus on the device geometric design, its possibilities and limitations.
Welding Induced Residual Stresses in Explosion Cladded AL-6XN Superaustenitic Stainless Steel and ASME SA516-70 Steel Composite Plates
Authors: Varavallo Rogério , de Melo Moreira Vitor , Paes Vinicius , Brito Pedro , Olivas Jose , Pinto Haroldo Cavalcanti
Published: August 2014

Explosion welding is a solid state joining process that allows the manufacturing of corrosion resistant structural composite materials in the form of plates. In the present work, composite bimetal plates of AL-6XN superaustenitic stainless steel and ASME SA516-70 carbon steel produced by welded were studied. Post-weld annealing for stress relief was conducted at 600 °C for 30min and the materials were examined in both the as welded an heat treated conditions. The microstructure of the weld was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy and the variation of hardness across the cladded interface was determined by applying Vickers microhardness. The residual stresses generated by the explosion welding process were analyzed by X-ray diffraction using the sin2ψ technique. The cladded interface exhibited a wavy morphology, characteristic of high bonding strength in explosion welds and the variation of hardness was found to be strongly influenced by strain hardening at the cladded interface. Elevated tensile stresses (700 ± 30 MPa) were present after explosion welding. Application of the proposed heat treatment allowed for significant stress relaxation, with a final tensile stress of 90 ± 10 MPa.
Investigating the Effects of Process Variables on the Residual Stresses of Weld and Laser Cladding
Authors: Schnier Gladys , Wood James , Galloway Alexander
Published: August 2014

Weld cladding was investigated using a nickel alloy clad on a high strength low alloy carbon steel substrate. The effects of pre-heat temperature, clad material and post-weld heat-treatment are examined, along with the potential for thinner clad layers using laser cladding. Experimental residual stress measurements show good correlation with the simulation model. Metallurgical studies illustrate good fusion between clad and substrate materials. The potential for a fatigue-resistant cladding was demonstrated in a stainless steel clad with the possible use of post-cladding operations to enhance the outcomes for the nickel alloy clad.
Microstructure and Residual Stress Analysis of Explosion Cladded Inconel 625 and ASME SA516-70 Carbon Steel Bimetal Plates
Authors: Varavallo Rogério , de Melo Moreira Vitor , Paes Vinicius , Brito Pedro , Olivas Jose , Pinto Haroldo Cavalcanti
Published: August 2014

In the present work the explosion welded joint produced between an Inconel 625 alloy and ASTM A516-70 carbon steel sheets was investigated. After welding, the cladded plates were submitted to stress relief annealing at 600 °C for 3 h. The cross section of the cladded plates was examined in both as welded and heat treated conditions by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The hardness profile across the cladded interface was determined and the residual stress state created as a consequence of the explosion welding process was determined by X-ray diffraction. The experimental results showed that the Inconel 625 alloy adhered well to the ASTM SA516-70 steel, demonstrating the viability of the explosion cladding process for producing bimetal plates of the mentioned alloys. In the as welded condition, metallography analysis indicated severe plastic deformation close to the cladded interface and a wavy morphology characteristic of high bond strength. Elevated tensile residual stresses were created as a result of the welding process and considerable stress relaxation was attained by application of the proposed heat treatment.
The Influence of Austenite Grain Size during Welding Simulations of Ferritic Steels
Authors: Hamelin Cory J. , Muránsky Ondrej , Edwards Lyndon
Published: August 2014

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the simulation of ferritic steel welding processes. The successful validation of a single-pass autogenous TIG beam weld in SA508 Gr.3 Cl.1 steel has identified key simulation variables required for the accurate prediction of post-weld residual stress in ferritic weldments. The present work outlines a sensitivity study performed to examine the influence of austenite grain growth on predicted solid-state phase transformation kinetics and consequently, residual stress predictions.
Investigations of Residual Stress Distributions in Retained Austenite and Martensite after Carbonitriding of a Low Alloy Steel
Authors: Katemi Richard J. , Epp Jeremy , Hoffmann Franz , Steinbacher Matthias
Published: August 2014

Specimens of low alloy steel were carbonitrided under different conditions to attain varying levels of carbon and nitrogen contents. The residual stress depth distribution was evaluated in martensite and retained austenite by X-ray diffraction. Beside standard evaluations, triaxial residual stress states with σ33≠0 in both phases were also considered. High values of residual stresses in both phases were observed. The sign, magnitude and location of maximum compressive residual stresses were greatly influenced by the level of carbon and nitrogen contents.
Influence of Vibration and Heat Treatment on Residual Stress of a Machined 12%Cr-Steel
Authors: Ru Lin Peng , Moverare Johan , Avdovic Pajazit , Billenius Annethe , Chen Zhe
Published: August 2014

In this paper we investigated the influence of vibratory stress relieving technique, which is widely used for stress relaxation of weld and casting components/structure, on machining residual stresses in a ring-component of 12%Cr-steel. It was shown that the employed vibratory treatment, without significantly altering the microstructure, turned the surface layer from tension into compression but retained the compressive residual stresses in the subsurface. In comparison, a stress relieving heat treatment, included as a reference in the study, removed completely the surface tensile residual stresses and reduced the subsurface compressive residual stresses to a low level. Significant microstructural changes in the form of recrystallization also occurred in a thin surface layer of the machining affected zone after the heat treatment.
Residual Stresses Induced by Dry and Cryogenic Cooling during Machining of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Outeiro Jose Carlos , Batista António Castanhola , Marques Maria Jose
Published: August 2014

The major challenge of the Mg alloys has been their unsatisfactory corrosion resistance, which can be enhanced by improving the surface integrity. Cryogenic machining, where liquid nitrogen was used during machining, has been reported to improve the surface integrity of machined components, including compressive residual stresses. This paper analyses the influence of several cutting parameters, tool geometry and cryogenic conditions on the surface and subsurface residual stresses distribution.
Characterisation of Residual Stress due to Fillet Rolling on Bolts Made of a Nickel Base Superalloy
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Shu Yan , Kabra Saurabh , Tremsin Anton , Abbey Brian , Kirkwood Henry , Terret Daniel , Ndoye Serigne , McDevitt Erin T.
Published: August 2014

This paper investigates residual stress due to fillet rolling on bolts made of ATI 718Plus® superalloy. Incremental hole drilling, neutron diffraction and neutron transmission have been used to assess residual stress near the bolt head fillet. A compressive residual stress field was identified in the first 0.5 mm from the surface. Post fillet rolling solution anneal can relieve the residual stress at the fillet.
Impact of Shot-Peening on a Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Morancais Amélie , Fevre Mathieu , François Manuel , Kanoute Pascale , Kruch Serge , Longuet Arnaud
Published: August 2014

Shot-peening is used to improve the lifetime of mechanical components through the introduction of compressive residual stresses (RS) in a surface layer. In this study, we investigate the impact of such a pre-stressing treatment on a single crystal nickel-based superalloy for high pressure turbine blades of engine aircrafts. In addition to conventional metallographic tools used to characterize the alloy microstructure and the zone affected by shot-peening, X-ray measurements have been performed in order to determine residual stress depth profiles.
The Concept of Local Fatigue Strength Extended by Statistical Approaches to Assess Manufacturing Influences such as Residual Stresses
Authors: Buchhöcker Kristina , Schulze Volker , Hoffmeister Jürgen , Bacher-Höchst Manfred , Herz Elisabeth
Published: August 2014

This contribution deals with manufacturing induced surface states and their influence on fatigue strength. An extension to the Concept of Local Fatigue Strength is introduced, taking into account the statistical distribution of both residual stresses and work hardening. To validate this new approach, residual stress measurements and fatigue tests on specimens with different machined surfaces were performed. The statistically distributed local fatigue strength is calculated and can be used to derive failure probabilities. These are compared with experimental results.
Fatigue Crack Growth in Laser Shock Peened Thin Metallic Panels
Authors: Troiani Enrico , Taddia Sara , Meneghin Ivan , Molinari Gianluca
Published: August 2014

Flat thin aluminum panels with centered crack have been Laser Shock Penned along straight patterns perpendicular to the crack. Despite of the locally induced compressive residual stresses, the experimental tests showed the negative effect of the LSP on the fatigue crack propagation performances of panels. Starting from the numerical assessment of the self-balancing residual stress distribution along the entire panel width, the fatigue crack growth through the panels has been analytically evaluated and compared with experimental results, showing a good agreement. The comparison highlights the sensitivity of the fatigue crack propagation life to the selected LSP pattern configuration (i.e. the width of the LSP treated strip and the relative position to the crack centre) which have to be accurately setup in order to exploit the full potentiality of the LSP process in increasing the fatigue life and avoid undesired reduction of the component performances.
Intragranular Residual Stress Evaluation Using the Semi-Destructive FIB-DIC Ring-Core Drilling Method
Authors: Lunt Alexander J.G. , Korsunsky Alexander M.
Published: August 2014

Titanium aluminide (TiAl) is a lightweight intermetallic compound with a range of exceptional mid-to-high temperature mechanical properties. These characteristics have the potential to deliver significant weight savings in aero engine components. However, the relatively low ductility of TiAl requires improved understanding of the relationship between manufacturing processes and residual stresses in order to expand the use of such components in service. Previous studies have suggested that stress determination at high spatial resolution is necessary to achieve better insight. The present paper reports progress beyond the current state-of-the-art towards the identification of the near-surface intragranular residual stress state in cast and ground TiAl at a resolution better than 5μm. The semi-destructive ring-core drilling method using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used for in-plane residual stress estimation in ten grains at the sample surface. The nature of the locally observed strain reliefs suggests that tensile residual stresses may have been induced in some grains by the unidirectional grinding process applied to the surface.
Accounting for a Distribution of Morphologies and Orientations on Stresses Analysis by X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction: Normalized Self-Consistent Modeling
Authors: Hounkpati Viwanou , Fréour Sylvain , Gloaguen David , Legrand Vincent
Published: August 2014

The historical Eshelby-Kröner self-consistent model is only valid in the case when grains can be assumed similar to ellipsoids aligned preferentially along a same direction into the polycrystal. In this work, distributions of crystallites morphologies and geometrical orientations were accounted for, owing to the so-called generalized self-consistent model, in order to satisfy Hills averages principles. Different nonlinear εφψ-vs.-sin2ψ distributions were predicted in elasticity, even in the absence of crystallographic texture, in the case when several morphologies and geometrical orientations coexist within the same polycrystal.
Residual Stress Study in Oxide Scale Obtained on High Temperature Oxidation of AISI 430 Stainless Steel
Authors: Li Ning , Xiao Ji , Prud’homme Nathalie , Ji Vincent
Published: August 2014

The objective of this work was to investigate high temperature oxidation behavior of AISI 430 stainless steel, which was proposed to use as interconnector in the planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The oxidation of the alloy has been conducted at 700°C, 800°C and 900°C for 12h-96h by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) system. The oxide surface morphology, cross-section microstructure and the chemical composition of the oxide scales were performed by FEG-SEM and EDX. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the oxide phases formed on the alloy and to determine the residual stress in the scale. It has been found that the oxide scale composed of a inner Cr2O3 layer and an outer Mn1.5Cr1.5O4 layer. The residual stresses in both oxide layers are compressive and the residual stress evolutions in the two layers are different according the oxidation temperature.
Residual Stress Evaluation of Short-Fiber Reinforced Plastics by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Tanaka Keisuke , Koike Yuuki , Akiniwa Yoshiaki
Published: August 2014

The X-ray diffraction method is used to evaluate the residual stress in injection-molded plates of short-fiber reinforced plastics (SFRP) made of crystalline thermoplastics, polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), reinforced by carbon fibers with 30 mass%. The stress in the matrix in the skin layer was determined using Cr-Kα radiation with the sin2 ψ method. The X-ray evaluation of stress in carbon fibers was not possible because of high texture. A new method was proposed to evaluate the macrostress in SFRP from the measurement of the matrix stress. According to micromechanics analysis of SFRP, the matrix stresses in the fiber direction and perpendicular to the fiber direction, and shear stress can be expressed as linear functions of the applied (macro-) stresses in the fiber direction and perpendicular to the fiber direction, and shear stress. The proportional constants are named stress-partitioning coefficients. Using skin-layer strips cut parallel, perpendicular and 45° to the molding direction, the stress in the matrix was evaluated under the uniaxial applied stress and the stress-partitioning coefficients of the above equations were determined. Once the relations between the macrostress and matrix stress are established, the macrostress in SFRP can be evaluated from the measurements of the matrix stresses using X-rays.
Healthy Dried Egg Production
Authors: Wang Xin , Tong Qi Gen
Published: August 2014

At present people are exploring new varieties of nutritious egg products, to improve the commercial value of the eggs, dried egg production is one of them. Whole egg as raw material whole egg dry, add 8% potato starch and 3% salt and other condiments, constant temperature of 85°C water bath cooked, made ​​into a spicy taste and cumin taste, good taste and chewy.
Chemical Composition of the Root Bark Oil of Litsea mollis from China
Authors: Wang Fa Song , Li Yun He , Huang Dong Hai , Xiang Jia Gui
Published: August 2014

The essential oil from the Root Bark of Litsea mollis was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 31 compounds were identified, representing 95.22% of the oil. The main components identified were (R)-citronellal (39.9%), (R)-citronellol (13.63%), (Z)-citral (11.5%) and β-caryophyllene (5.78%).
A Zigzag Chain Cd (II) Coordination Polymer Based on 2,4-Dinitro-benzoic Acid Ligand: Syntheses, Structure and Photoluminescence
Authors: Bai Hui , Gao Hong , Hu Ming
Published: August 2014

The coordination polymer, namely, [Cd (L)2(phen)]n (1) (HL=2,4-dinitro-benzoic acid, phen=1,10-phenanthroline) has been hydrothermally synthesized. Compound 1 was structurally characterized by IR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffractions. The carboxylate groups of L- adopt the bridging monodentate and bidentate modes to link two Cd2+ ions, resulting in a 1-D zigzag chain structure. The solid state photoluminescent property of 1 has been investigated at room temperature.
Food Grade Bioplastic Based on Corn Starch with Banana Pseudostem Fibre/Bacterial Cellulose Hybrid Filler
Authors: Hermansyah Heri , Carissa Rena , Faiz Merisa Bestari , Deni Priscilla
Published: August 2014

Food grade bioplastic has become a popular research topic these days. However, further studies are still required in order to develop bioplastic that has comparable mechanical and water barrier properties with synthetic plastic. In this research, to improve mechanical and water barrier properties of plant cellulose filled bioplastic, bacterial cellulose is added to create hybrid filler with banana pseudostem fibre in glycerol plasticized corn starch matrix. The filler banana pseudostem fibre and bacterial cellulose were first dispersed in mixture of glycerol and distilled water, starch was added and mixture was heated until gelatinization occured. The mixture was then casted and dried in oven. Research proved that 10wt% against starch mass was an optimum filler composition, which resulted in the highest mechanical strength of bioplastic. The utilization of hybrid filler showed a decrease in mechanical strength compared with bioplastic with single filler. The ratio of banana pseudostem:bacterial cellulose compotition in hybrid filler that gave the best mechanical properties was 25:75 which resulted in tensile strength 4.599 MPa and modulus 174.1 MPa. Although the utilization of hybrid filler did not improve the mechanical properties of bioplastic, the addition of bacterial cellulose was proven to give positive effect to water barrier properties. Bioplastic filled with hybrid 10wt% banana pseudostem fibre and 35wt% bacterial cellulose had water vapour transmission rate 3.8958 g/m2/hour. The mechanical and water barrier properties of bioplastic was confirmed with SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. Soil burial test for 9 days proved that banana pseudostem filler decreased 6.9% of corn starch bioplastic biodegradation rate.
Experimental Research of the 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate with Micro-Channel Reaction Production Technology
Authors: Chen Xi Chao , Yang Yan , Yin Fang Hua , Xu Ran , Wang Long Yao
Published: August 2014

The paper is about synthesizing the 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) with nitric acid and 2-Ethyl hexanol as raw materials and sulfuric acid as catalyst in a micro-channel reactor. The best synthetic conditions were determined under experiments: 1:2 for the mole ratio of nitric acid and sulfuric acid; 1:1 for the mole ratio of nitric acid and 2-Ethyl hexanol, the optimal liquid hourly space velocity is obtain as 4000h-1. In this condition, The yield and purity of EHN are Relatively high. This method is simple in process, mild conditions, safe, reliable and low energy consumption, providing the theory basis for industrialized production.
Synthesis of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Based on Pretreated Bamboo Shaving
Authors: Chen Wei Qing , Lou Dong Ping
Published: August 2014

Bamboo shaving is a by-product of bamboo industry, often be discarded or incinerated.
In this work, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was prepared from pretreated bamboo shaving as raw material, while the main reaction conditions affecting product properties such as pretreated method, alkalization temperature and time, etherified temperature and time were studied. The results showed that the optimized pretreated conditions for bamboo cellulose were soaked in 15% NaOH at 1:8 (w/v) ratio of cellulose to solvent for 1 h at 95°C, The content of α-cellulose reach to 94.25%. The optimized reaction conditions for CMC synthesis were alkalified at 30°C for 70 min and etherified at 55°C for 90min; afterwards, temperature was kept at 70°C for 10min. Under these conditions, viscosity of 1% CMC aqueous solution was above 260 mPa·s, degree of substitution (DS)≥0.8, and content of chloride and moisture were less than 1.2 % and 10 % respectively.
Synthesis of 4-Subsituted-9-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribosyl)-7H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wu Yan Li , Xiao Qiang , Yang Ru Chun
Published: August 2014

A series of 4-subsituted-9-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribosyl)- 7H-pyrimido [4,5-b] indole nucleosides were synthesized in high yield. Their structures were confirmed by various spectra.
An Improved Synthesis of Isonucleoside of Tubercidin
Authors: Huang Hai Yang , Sun Zhi Dong , Gong Zi Wen , Xiao Qiang , Chen Xi
Published: August 2014

An efficient approach for the synthesis of isonucleoside of tubercidin was described. The key step in the synthesis was the direct coupling of pyrrolo [2,3-d] pyrimidine with the cyclic sulfate of 1-deoxy-D-ribose. This reaction proceeded with high regiospecificity and stereospecificity and could have broad application for the synthesis a series of isonucleoside.
Behavior of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Collagen Scaffolds in a Dynamic Culture System
Authors: Li Xiang Qin , Song Ke Dong , Liu Tian Qing
Published: August 2014

Aim: BMSCs cultivation in vitro under three-dimensional (3D) dynamic conditions. Methods: a novel bioreactor system without shear stress acting on cells was developed by the combined use of collagen gel, hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) and air-lift loop bioreactor (ALB). During the expansion period, the cell growth curves were measured and after 7 days, the cell viability and morphology were assayed by fluorescence staining microscopically. Moreover, the BMSC characters of expanded cells were identified by specific expressions of CD29, CD34, CD44 and CD45 and by multilineage differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Results: the cultured BMSCs expanded about 17-fold under dynamic condition, 13-fold under static condition with the initial density of 5×105 cells·mL-1; after 7 days, the cells maintained high viability of about 92% and spread with a spindle appearance and long cell protrusions in gel; the expanded cells were CD29 and CD44 positive, CD34 and CD45 negative, and they could differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes; the cells expanded under dynamic condition spread more and showed stronger multi-differentiation potentials.
Expression and Identification on the MPB83-MPB70 Fusion Gene of Mycobacterium bovis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Gao Yun Hang , Liu Yan , Zhang Ying Nan , Yu Yan , Liu Chun Lei , Ma Hong Xia , Wang Chun Fang , Luo Bao Feng , Liu Xin , Ai Bing , Jiang Xiu Yun
Published: August 2014

For raising the antigenicity of Mycobacterium bovis single antigen, fusion protein of two genes was acquired. The DNA fragments of mpb83 and mpb70 were fused by splicing by overlapping extension (SOE) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the fusion gene mpb83-mpb70 were cloned into pMD18-T vector, then we got the recombinant plasmid pMD-83-70. pMD-83-70 and pET28a (+) were digested by BamH I and EcoR I double enzymes. The purified pMD-83-70 fusion gene was subcloned into the expression vector pET28a (+), and the prokaryotic expression vector pET-83-70 was constructed. Plasmid containing pET-83-70 was transformed into competence Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The bacterium was induced by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and the lysates were loaded directly onto sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), approximately 41 kDa exogenous protein was observed on the SDS-PAGE. The protein was analyzed by using Western blotting, the results indicated that the protein was of antigenic activity of M. bovis. These results could serve as a basis for further studies on the usefulness of the fusion gene and its expression product in the development of subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine against bovine tuberculosis.
Determine the Consumption of Fluorescent Scale Inhibitor SC260 Using Dibenzofuran-2-Sulfonic Acid Hydrate
Authors: Jiao Chun Lian , Wu Yun Fang , Hou Chun Yang , Cheng Guo Chen , Wu Dong Xia , Xu Xu , Yin Jian Hua
Published: August 2014

Fluorescence spectra and signal stability of the fluorescent scale inhibitor SC260 and dibenzofuran-2-sulfonic acid hydrate in deionized water and in seawater concentration experiment were described. There was no impact on respective excitation and emission peaks of each other and the change of fluorescence intensity was no more than 5%. The relationship between fluorescence intensity and concentration of SC260 and BFN were linear. Because the fluorescence signals of SC260 and BFN were stable in seawater concentration experiment, the consumption of fluorescent inhibitor SC260 in seawater was studied.