bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

Throughout the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries every category of political actor in the Empire habitually entered into lateral contractual relationships, which this book calls ‘associations’. The archetypal association was the treaty-based alliance or league, regulating military and judicial affairs between two or more parties. Whereas existing historiography of the German lands characterizes associations as marginal and illegitimate, or else as the preserve of specific social groups, the evidence shows that alliances and leagues were ubiquitous and unavoidable features of the political landscape. Providing the first truly comparative typology of Upper German associations, this chapter examines shorter-term alliances (including sub-types such as peace-associations, knightly societies, and citizen-alliances) and longer-term unions such as the Swabian League and the Swiss Confederation. The latter emerges in this analysis as one end of a continuum of Upper German associative forms based on a universal template, rather than a unique proto-national coalition.
Beyond Alliances and Leagues
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

Structures and dynamics characterized in this book as ‘associative’—that is, pertaining to contractual relationships and interactions between power-wielders who were not arranged in a clear hierarchy—were not confined to leagues and alliances. In the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, a range of challenges beyond the remit of individual authorities were addressed through multilateral treaties. This gave rise to a variety of associative configurations and solutions, such as coinage unions to preserve currency values, ‘castle-peaces’ (Burgfrieden) between co-lords with intermingled rights and properties, and treaty-based relationships between two or more co-rulers within a princely dynasty. Upon close examination, even those entities depicted in unitary terms in most historiography of the Empire—‘territories’ and their ‘estates’—were structured as loose and overlapping networks of contractually related actors. The constituents of principalities depicted themselves as collectivities engaged in associative negotiation, often at Tage (diets—also the favoured format for discussion within alliances).
Persistence in Paradox
Authors: Cunha Miguel Pina e , Clegg Stewart
Published: September 2018

Many scholars accept persistence as a core characteristic of paradox, but why paradoxes persist is a question that has been left underexplored. The chapter first situates persistence in the conceptual evolution of paradox; second, it explores why persistence is inherent to paradox as a consequence of push-pulls between synergies and tradeoffs; and third, borrowing from Benson’s (1977) dialectical frame, it discusses how persistence operates. Overall, the chapter contributes to explaining why persistence, not resolution, is integral to a process view of paradox. To appreciate paradox is to assume that tradeoffs can become synergies and that synergies can untap tradeoffs, only before they rotate their order, in a circular movement with no end in sight. The appreciation of paradox entails an acquired taste for infinity.
Creating Production Values in a Dramatic Television Series
Authors: Maier Esther R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter draws on the insights generated through an ethnographic study of a dramatic television series production, to show how the creative and financial imperatives of the project are integrated through the calculative practices of the mid-level managers on the project. The analysis draws on a broader definition of calculative practice that does not restrict calculation to mathematical or numerical computations but also incorporates judgement and intuition. The findings show how the final configuration of the product emerges through monetary valuations or ‘estimates’ prepared by the mid-level managers for each scene in the scripts. In their focus on the creation of ‘production values’ project members also incorporate properties of the product that are not related to money or price into their calculative practice.
Unpacking the Dynamics of Paradoxes across Levels
Authors: Gilbert Frédéric , Michaud Valérie , Bentein Kathleen , Dubois Carl-Ardy , Bédard Jean-Luc
Published: September 2018

Based on an in-depth case study of a healthcare organization, this chapter shows how paradoxical tensions were transferred between managers and professionals at different levels as they were dealing with them. It adds to the existing literature on nested tensions by showing more precisely how tensions transfer not only through discourse, but through control of specific structures and tools, according to actors’ power and views. The results shed light on how paradoxical tensions undergo transformation and surface, as actors at a higher level mobilize and impact others at a lower level. While previous studies have suggested that managers’ ability to embrace and deal with paradoxical tensions like quality and efficiency favours organizational change and maximizes organizational performance, the findings explained in this chapter question whether this permanent quest for performance could also compromise workers’ experience.
Vicious and Virtuous Cycles
Authors: Lewis Marianne W.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter we discuss how paradox theory proposes that contrasting approaches to paradox—interwoven and persistent contradictions—fuel vicious and virtuous cycles in organizations. Interwoven cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses can trigger cyclical dynamics. Defensive responses reinforce counterproductive, either/or approaches, fostering stuckness in a struggle against the experience of tensions. In contrast, we explore the way in which engaging paradox enables movement that fosters both confidence and humility in one’s ability and need to continuously learn and change. The dramatic pendulum swings of the LEGO company serve as an illustration of this, enabling insights into these cycles and their fuel in practice.
Studying Paradox as Process and Practice
Authors: Jarzabkowski Paula , Bednarek Rebecca , Lê Jane K.
Published: September 2018

This chapter develops a strong process and practice methodological approach to studying salience and latency in paradox. It assumes, first, that both paradoxes and responses to them are socially constructed within people’s moment-by-moment activities and practices. Second, that the experience of paradox as salient or latent is not inevitable but is constructed within these activities and practices. It develops three process- and practice-based indicators, language, emotion, and action, through which the construction of paradox as salient may be identified and studied empirically. It then looks at latent paradox, showing how the study of mundane everyday practices, and the juxtaposition of salience with non-salience across time and within different spaces, provide indicators of latent paradox. It extends existing paradox research by reasserting the need for embedded, qualitative, processual research designs that enable us to go beyond the study of paradox through response, cognition, and discourse.
Global Impacts from the White House to a Kenyan House
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

In recent decades global business has created unprecedented growth in the global economy. The increase in world population and the number of nations since the middle of the twentieth century has fueled consumption and created new channels for trade. The rising trend in global trade is not just in products and services but also in knowledge, investment, and people. The evolution of technology, at a pace never seen before, has connected the whole world seamlessly to further enhance global trade with easy access to customers and suppliers. Despite the growth generated by global business, globalization remains a hot topic with some segments of society trying to promote protectionism and create rhetoric in favor of anti-globalization. The combination of trade channels already in place, cross-border trade by most countries, support from internet technology, and the connectedness of the whole world has continued to support global business to date.
The Age of Innocence
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

Nuclear physics emerged as the dominant field in experimental and theoretical physics between 1919 and 1939, the two decades between the First and Second World Wars. Milestones were Ernest Rutherford’s discovery of artificial nuclear disintegration (1919), George Gamow’s and Ronald Gurney and Edward Condon’s simultaneous quantum-mechanical theory of alpha decay (1928), Harold Urey’s discovery of deuterium (the deuteron), James Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron, Carl Anderson’s discovery of the positron, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton’s invention of their eponymous linear accelerator, and Ernest Lawrence’s invention of the cyclotron (1931–2), Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie’s discovery and confirmation of artificial radioactivity (1934), Enrico Fermi’s theory of beta decay based on Wolfgang Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis and Fermi’s discovery of the efficacy of slow neutrons in nuclear reactions (1934), Niels Bohr’s theory of the compound nucleus and Gregory Breit and Eugene Wigner’s theory of nucleus+neutron resonances (1936), and Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch’s interpretation of nuclear fission, based on Gamow’s liquid-drop model of the nucleus (1938), which Frisch confirmed experimentally (1939). These achievements reflected the idiosyncratic personalities of the physicists who made them; they were shaped by the physical and intellectual environments of the countries and institutions in which they worked; and they were buffeted by the profound social and political upheavals after the Great War: the punitive postwar treaties, the runaway inflation in Germany and Austria, the Great Depression, and the greatest intellectual migration in history, which encompassed some of the most gifted experimental and theoretical nuclear physicists in the world.
Vienna and the Institute for Radium Research
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

Rutherford and Chadwick’s experiments and Rutherford’s explanation were vigorously challenged in 1922 by the Swede, Hans Pettersson and his Austrian partner, Gerhard Kirsch, working in the Institute for Radium Research in Vienna, which had been founded by an Austrian industrialist and philanthropist and officially opened in 1910. Its director, Rutherford’s friend Stefan Meyer, was a cultured Viennese of Jewish descent who created a family-like environment that was unusually supportive of women researchers. Its existence was seriously threatened by the postwar runaway inflation in Austria, whose devastating consequences were somewhat mitigated when Rutherford arranged to purchase the radium loaned to him on Meyer’s initiative by the Vienna Academy of Sciences before the war.
New Theories of Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

Bohr, inspired by Fermi’s discovery of slow neutrons, conceived his theory of the compound nucleus by the end of 1935. He went on to speculate that if the energy of a neutron incident on a nucleus were increased to the fantastically high energy of 1000 million electron volts, the compound nucleus would explode. Using small wooden models Otto Robert Frisch had constructed, Bohr lectured widely on his theory on a trip around the world in the first half of 1937. By then, Russian-born theoretical physicist Gregory Breit and Hungarian-born theoretical physicist Eugene Wigner in Princeton had conceived their fundamentally equivalent theory of neutron+nucleus resonances. Together, their theory and Bohr’s transformed the theory of nuclear reactions. Orso Mario Corbino, Fermi’s mentor, friend, and protector, died on January 23, 1937, at age sixty. Ernest Rutherford, the greatest experimental physicist since Michael Faraday, died on October 19, 1937, at age sixty-six.
The New World
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

On December 19, 1938, Otto Hahn wrote to Lise Meitner in Stockholm, asking her if she could propose some “fantastic explanation” for his and Fritz Strassmann’s finding of barium when bombarding uranium with neutrons. She and Otto Robert Frisch found such an explanation for what he called “nuclear fission” over the Christmas holidays, based on Gamow’s liquid-drop model of the nucleus. Bohr was astonished by this, but in 1936 he had speculated that the uranium nucleus would just explode. He, his son Erik, and his associate Léon Rosenfeld then took a ship to New York, arriving on January 16, 1939. Rosenfeld reported the discovery of fission that evening to the Princeton physics journal club. On January 26, physicists everywhere learned about this stunning discovery when Bohr and Fermi reported it at a conference in Washington, D.C. Physicists entered the New World of Nuclear Physics, taking Humanity with them.
Price Fixing and the Political Community, 1778–1779
Authors: Owen Kenneth
Published: September 2018

In 1779, Pennsylvanians undertook a bold experiment in economic regulation—forming price-fixing committees to reverse wartime inflation. This chapter analyzes the committees’ structure and the context in which they were created. Winter 1778 saw great political turbulence: the evacuation of Philadelphia, treason trials, and an attempt to rewrite the state constitution. By 1779, defenders of the constitution were using price-fixing committees as a means of defending a Constitutionalist vision of government in which the people held the reins of power and the right to shape that government. Though the committees struggled to establish universal legitimacy, they helped legitimate a robust participatory political culture based upon popular sovereignty. This culture, though, remained turbulent, as in the Fort Wilson Incident of October 1779, in which militiamen surrounded the house of Republican politician James Wilson. This chapter investigates how Constitutionalists defended their vision of political culture even during periods of great upheaval.
Old Principles, New Constitutions, 1783–1790
Authors: Owen Kenneth
Published: September 2018

This chapter investigates the period between the federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 and the revision of the Pennsylvania State Constitution in 1790. Debates over the ratification of the US Constitution grew out of and reflected long-running Pennsylvanian debates over ideal forms of government. These debates—rhetorically and literally violent—saw Federalists adopt the language of their Anti-Federalist opponents in using popular sovereignty and a participatory political culture to justify their new frame of government. This widened debates on governmental reform to include extra-governmental activism alongside formal structures of government. Thus the success of Pennsylvanian Federalists in revising the state constitution in 1790 was only possible through legitimizing extra-governmental mobilization—which in turn ensured that the spirit of the 1776 constitution remained at the heart of Pennsylvanian politics.
Chinese Religion
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

The first religion proper is that of ancient China. Hegel’s analysis, while mentioning Taoism and Confucianism, seems primarily to be concerned with the state religion that was introduced by the Zhou Dynasty, which ruled ancient China from 1045 BC to 256 BC. The Zhou defeated the Shang Dynasty and instituted a number of religious reforms. They introduced the idea of an impersonal deity named Tian, which represents a universal force of nature or the universe. In an effort to claim a special divine mandate for their dynasty, the Zhou conceived the emperor as having a unique relation to this deity, which had entrusted him with ruling the world. The emperor is thus regarded as the “Son of Heaven.” Chapter 3 explores Hegel’s critical analysis of this religion and his numerous sources of information about it, which for the most part come from Jesuit missionaries.
Hinduism
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

Hegel treats Hinduism under the title “The Religion of Imagination” or, with another translation, “The Religion of Fantasy.” Hegel’s study of Hinduism came during the period when there was a rapidly growing interest in India, indeed, an Indomania, in the German-speaking world, which included figures such as Friedrich von Schlegel, August Wilhelm von Schlegel, Novalis, Jean Paul, Goethe, Bettina von Arnim, Heinrich Heine, Christian Gottlob Heyne, and E.T.A. Hoffmann. An account is given of the rise of Indology in Great Britain, France, and the German States with a special eye towards the sources of Hegel’s information. The main analysis explores Hegel’s critical treatment of the Hindu gods, Brahmā, Vishnu, and Shiva, and the religious practices associated with them. Despite the fact that the Hindus have with these three gods a kind of trinity, Hegel argues that this is fundamentally different from the true speculative Trinity of Christian dogma.
The Egyptian Religion
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

Hegel refers to the Egyptians’ belief system as “The Religion of Mystery” or, with an alternative translation, “The Religion of the Enigma.” With this designation he intends to emphasize the hidden or secret nature of much of the Egyptian religion. Hegel’s analysis of the Egyptian cult of the dead sheds light on one of the seminal issues in the development of the Hegel schools in the 1830s and ’40s, namely, the question of whether he had a theory of immortality. Hegel’s positive assessment of the Egyptian belief in immortality affords important insight into the nature of his own thought on this issue. Chapter 7 argues that this analysis reveals that Hegel did in fact have a theory of immortality, albeit an unorthodox one, that constitutes an important part of his overarching theory of the development of subjective freedom.
Theorems of Natural Selection: Results of Price, Fisher, and Robertson
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews a number of “theorems” of natural selection. These include exact results (true mathematical theorems): the Robertson-Price identity, Price's general expression for any form of selection response, and the Fisher-Price-Ewens version of Fisher's fundamental theorem. Their generality comes as the cost of usually being very difficult to apply. An important exception is the Robertson-Price identity, which expresses the within-generation change in the mean of a trait as its covariance with relative fitness. This chapter also examines three classic approximations: Fisher's fundamental theorem for the behavior of mean population fitness, and Robertson's secondary theorem and the breeder's equation for the expected response in a trait under selection, showing both how these results are connected and the error given by the various approximations. Finally, the chapter examines the connection between the additive variance of a trait and its correlation with fitness.
Using Molecular Data to Detect Selection: Signatures from Multiple Historical Events
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the search for a pattern of repetitive adaptive substitutions over evolutionary time. In contrast with the previous chapter, only a modest number of tests toward this aim have been proposed. The HKA and McDonald-Kreitman tests contrast the polymorphism to divergence ratio between different genomic classes (such as different genes or silent versus replacement sites within the same gene). These approaches can detect an excess of substitutions, which allows one to estimate the fraction of adaptive sites. This chapter reviews the empirical data on estimates of this fraction and discusses some of the sources of bias it its estimation. Over an even longer time scale, one can contrast the rate of change of sites in a sequence over a phylogeny. These tests require a rather special type of selection, wherein the same specific site (usually a codon) experiences multiple adaptive substitutions over a phylogeny, such as might occur in arms-race genes.
The Neutral Divergence of Quantitative Traits
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

The joint action of genetic drift and mutation results in the divergence of trait means over time. This chapter examines the expected amount of divergence, which forms the basis for a number of tests on whether an observed pattern is either too large relative to drift (suggesting directional selection) or two small (suggesting stabilizing selection). It then applies these results to examine tests for selection over a very diverse range of data sets, ranging from a stratophenetic series of fossils to divergence in gene expression over time. It also examines a number of trait-augmented marked-based tests (such as using the QTLs or GWAS hits for a trait) for departures from neutrality.
Family-Based Selection
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

A number of selection schemes (especially in plant breeding) are based on using family information. Individuals may be chosen based on the mean of their families (among-family selection), on their standing within their family (either strict within-family selection or family-deviations selection), or on some weighted combination of these two factors (family index selection). This chapter reviews the general theory of response in such settings and examines the relative effectiveness of a number of different family-based selection decisions.
Maintenance of Quantitative Genetic Variation
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

One of the major unresolved issues in quantitative genetics is what accounts for the amount of standing genetic variation in traits. A wide range of models, all reviewed in this chapter, have been proposed, but none fit the data, either giving too much variation or too little apparent stabilizing selection.
Political Realignment
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: September 2018

The pace of electoral change is accelerating in contemporary democracies. This study explains why. Green parties, far right parties, and shifting voting patterns reflect deeper processes of electoral realignment. This book tracks the evolution of citizen and party elite opinions on economic and cultural issues from the 1970s to the 2010s—and the impact of these opinions on electoral politics. Economic issues remain important predictors of vote, but are now matched by cultural issues. An unprecedented time series of empirical evidence from Europe and the United States shows how these changes have reshaped party systems, and the policy linkages between voters and parties.
Programmatics
Authors: Heslin Peter J.
Published: September 2018

The three sections of this chapter offer readings of the major mythological passages in the first three poems of Propertius’ first book, each of which has important programmatic significance for the way the poet deploys myth. In the first, Milanion establishes the polemic with Virgil as a major theme of Propertius’ project, while also demonstrating his technique of playing upon the subtle differences between alternative versions of a myth. In the second, Propertius thematizes the use of myth as poetic ornament, both articulating and exemplifying a technique by which exempla that appear to be thrown together casually are constructed with consummate care. In the third, the mapping of myth onto the characters of elegy proves to be unstable and evades the control of the narrator, flipping to reveal Cynthia’s perspective.
Political Philosophy
Authors: Forster Michael N.
Published: September 2018

Although Herder is not usually known as a political philosopher, he in fact developed what is perhaps the most important political philosophy of his age. In domestic politics he was a liberal, a democrat, and an egalitarian; in international politics the champion of a distinctive pluralistic form of cosmopolitanism that sharply rejected imperialism, colonialism, slavery, and all other forms of exploitation of one people by another. Spanning both domains, while he enthusiastically shared the substantive goals of supporters of human rights he also developed a subtle critique of the concept itself, replacing it with his own concept of humanity. His political philosophy is theoretically minimalist and is all the stronger for being so.
Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Forster Michael N.
Published: September 2018

Like most German philosophers of his day Herder was no radical critic of religion and Christianity in the later manner of Marx or Nietzsche, but some of his contributions in this area did advance their sort of project. He was a liberal Christian, in terms of both tolerance and doctrine—examples of the latter sort of liberalism being his naturalized conception of immortality and his neo-Spinozism. In fact, he was the central figure in the emergence of neo-Spinozism, which he developed by the mid-1770s and which went on to constitute the foundations of both German Romanticism and post-Kantian German Idealism. He developed important new secular principles of biblical interpretation and thereby made important interpretive discoveries concerning the Bible. He conceived the novel project of a comparative study of religions and mythologies. And despite being a devout Christian, he also developed stinging criticisms of the history of organized Christianity.
Biological Small Angle Scattering
Authors: Lattman Eaton E. , Grant Thomas D. , Snell Edward H.
Published: September 2018

The technique of small angle solution scattering has been revolutionized in the last two decades. Exponential increases in computing power, parallel algorithm development, and the development of synchrotron, free-electron X-ray sources, and neutron sources, have combined to allow new classes of studies for biological specimens. These include time-resolved experiments in which functional motions of proteins are monitored on a picosecond timescale, and the first steps towards determining actual electron density fluctuations within particles. In addition, more traditional experiments involving the determination of size and shape, and contrast matching that isolate substructures such as nucleic acid, have become much more straightforward to carry out, and simultaneously require much less material. These new capabilities have sparked an upsurge of interest in solution scattering on the part of investigators in related disciplines. Thus, this book seeks to guide structural biologists to understand the basics of small angle solution scattering in both the X-ray and neutron case, to appreciate its strengths, and to be cognizant of its limitations. It is also directed at those who have a general interest in its potential. The book focuses on three areas: theory, practical aspects and applications, and the potential of developing areas. It is an introduction and guide to the field but not a comprehensive treatment of all the potential applications.
Avoiding Attack
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P.
Published: September 2018

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It considers how potential prey avoid detection, how they make themselves unprofitable to attack, how they communicate this status, and how other species have exploited these signals. Using carefully selected examples of camouflage, mimicry, and warning signals drawn from a wide range of species and ecosystems, the authors summarize the latest research into these fascinating adaptations, developing mathematical models where appropriate and making recommendations for future study.This second edition has been extensively rewritten, particularly in the application of modern genetic research techniques which have transformed our recent understanding of adaptations in evolutionary genomics and phylogenetics. The book also employs a more integrated and systematic approach, ensuring that each chapter has a broader focus on the evolutionary and ecological consequences of anti-predator adaptation. The field has grown and developed considerably over the last decade with an explosion of new research literature, making this new edition timely.
Turn Over for Act Two
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

The ways in which music from Broadway reached listeners were different than most of popular music: show tunes had content, but full scores from Broadway had context as well as content. The act and the art of recovering the musical experience of a Broadway show for home listeners were both complex and challenging; how producers and composers met the technical and aesthetic challenges of capturing a narrative stage experience is the journey of this book. The songs from Broadway were and are an intensely personal and popular aspect of American popular culture; likewise, the cast albums themselves—and the songs from them—were among the most commercially successful recordings of the twentieth century.
The Jewish Population of Tennessee
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the first way that the imprimatur of Broadway reached consumers was through the immense distribution of colorful and tuneful sheet music. Early music publishers learned quickly that associating a song with a Broadway show such as the Ziegfeld Follies, Broadway personalities such as Al Jolson and Fanny Brice, or Broadway composers such as Victor Herbert gave that tune a special identity that increased its popularity. In addition, music publishers, such as Max Dreyfus, were major power brokers in the popular music industry, yielding the ability to make a song into a hit, and continued to be influential through the first half of the twentieth century.
“And My Fair Lady Is a Terrific Show, They Say”
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

When Goddard Lieberson assumed the role of executive vice president at Columbia Records in the mid-1940s, he established the greatest powerhouse for the recording of Broadway material in the twentieth century. Lieberson produced studio versions of unrecorded Broadway classics; acquired and produced some of the biggest hit albums of the 1950s and 60s; and oversaw a battalion of single releases of Broadway material for the pop charts. He also masterminded the initiatives of the Columbia Record Club and the advent of stereo, both of which enabled additional revenue streams for Broadway material. Lieberson’s masterwork was the cast album of My Fair Lady, released originally in mono, then rerecorded in stereo; it became one of the most ubiquitous and successful albums of all time.
Was There Too Much of a Crowd, All Too Lush and Loud?
Authors: Maslon Laurence
Published: September 2018

The decade of the 1960s provided the last fertile commercial field for pop singers interpreting Broadway material. Songs from incipient Broadway scores were introduced to America far ahead of their debuts on the New York stage; likewise, there was an important cadre of pop singers who were associated with Broadway material: Tony Bennett, Bobby Darin, Louis Armstrong, to name a few. Even more compellingly, there were pop singers who also performed to acclaim on Broadway: Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gormé, Robert Goulet, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Barbra Streisand. The symbiotic relationship between their stage and pop material would invigorate the musical scene. At the same time, rock and roll ascended the cultural ladder and elbowed show music out of the express lane of popular music. Throughout the 1960s, the two genres coexisted in a tenuous détente, but by the end of the decade, Broadway music had to face the specter of cultural irrelevance.
Hip Hop as Martial Art
Authors: Rollefson J. Griffith
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how hip hop exemplifies the instrumentalization of verbal arsenals, lyrical kung fu, and other rhetorical gestures to “words as weapons.” Indeed, this weaponization of knowledge may be thought of as the very premise of hip hop—of rap music as martial art. While this theorization will help explain hip hop’s enduring polycultural commitment to martial arts, the aim here is a more foundational one—to account for the ways that the trope of physical violence functions in hip hop discourses and performative practices. The chapter employs a political economy framework to argue that this translation from the discursive to the material is a counterhegemonic response to the conflation of the First and Second Amendments of the US Constitution: “the freedom of speech” and “the right to bear arms.” The chapter concludes by explaining why hip hop has proven an unlikely force for nonviolence in the Black Lives Matter moment.
Rhythm Technologies, Workflows, and Convergence Culture in Amateur Hip Hop Beat-Making YouTube Videos
Authors: Brett Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter traces a history of rhythm technologies in hip hop and examines the creative workflows in contemporary production practices through an analysis of three amateur beat-making instructional YouTube videos. The workflows in these case studies illustrate the online production and perception of hip hop as producers demonstrate techniques and tacit knowledge used to design dynamic grooves, and the fan discourse of viewers’ comments and questions help explain and legitimize the uses of rhythm technologies. Based on this work, the chapter suggests that hip hop instructional videos are a convergence culture in which amateur musicians blur the lines between fan and producer, engage the history and future of a vibrant musical art, and show how the guiding concepts and skill sets of beat-making are learned and circulated as aural tradition.
“I Still Don’t Understand Award Shows”
Authors: Colley Tara
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the evolution of the rapper, producer, fashion designer, and reluctant reality television personality Kanye West. An artist whose subject matter addresses personal anxieties and self-doubt in ways seldom seen in mainstream rap, West engages fame and celebrity in conflicting and often incongruous ways. Through the amateur creation and distribution of memes, gifs, hashtags, and other “viral” cultural articles, the public plays an unprecedented role in the construction—and destruction—of celebrity. Exploitation of this process, in which West consciously engages, constitutes a unique enactment of celebrity work. West’s interaction with the notion of celebrity—as an antihero, an activist, and an icon—speaks both to the changing role of hip hop in mainstream American culture and to the ongoing racial microaggressions of “post-race” America toward influential black celebrity.
Improving Infrastructure Resilience in Developing Countries
Authors: Rozenberg Julie , Bonzanigo Laura , Nicolas Claire
Published: September 2018

Increasing the amount of resilient infrastructure investments in developing countries is key to achieving development goals. Two issues need to be addressed to better support investment decisions. First, analysts need to better integrate the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of investment decisions in their quantitative analyses, given the intertwined objectives of climate change adaptation and poverty reduction. Second, analysts and practitioners need to recognize that the future state of those three dimensions is deeply uncertain and that new techniques need to be used that look for robust investments—performing well under multiple future conditions—rather than an optimal solution under a single prediction of the future. Doing so can be achieved by beginning important decision processes with an integrated model representing technical and socioeconomic factors, and exploring various interventions under many possible futures.
Reporting Disease Outbreaks in a World with No Digital Borders
Authors: Davies Sara E.
Published: September 2018

In a world of fast-paced, globalised travel and trade, early detection of communicable disease outbreaks has become ever more important to prevent the rapid spread of disease. To facilitate surveillance and reporting, detection and communication must be as fast paced as the movement of the outbreak. This sense of urgency has prompted a pivot to technology as the best solution to keep up with the spread of disease. Reliance on a variety of state and nonstate informants with access to surveillance platforms to report potential disease outbreak events to the World Health Organization (WHO) has led to its formal recognition in the revised International Health Regulations (IHRs). However, as this chapter discusses, the inclusion of nonstate reports in disease surveillance and reporting remains a practical and political challenge.
Dewey’s Naturalistic Metaphysics
Authors: Alexander Thomas
Published: September 2018

Dewey gradually abandoned the absolute idealism of his early period for what became his well-known philosophy of experience, his “cultural naturalism,” as he came to call it. During this development, he had to reconsider some very basic metaphysical commitments found not only in idealism but in many other metaphysical systems. The result was his development of a robust version of nonreductive naturalism that emphasized process and creative emergence. This essay does two things: (a) it traces the development of key themes in Dewey’s metaphysics prior to Experience and Nature (1925, revised 1929), and then (b) it focuses on that work as the culminating expression of his metaphysics, especially with regard to the “generic traits of existence.”
Systematic two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of super-Eddington accretion flow and outflow: Comparison with the slim disk model
Authors: Kitaki Takaaki , Mineshige Shin , Ohsuga Ken , Kawashima Tomohisa
Published: September 2018

To what extent can the one-dimensional slim disk model reproduce the multi-dimensional results of global radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of super-Eddington accretion? With this question in mind, we perform a systematic simulation study of accretion flow onto a non-spinning black hole for a variety of black hole masses of (10–107) M⊙ and mass accretion rates of (1.4 × 102–5.6 × 103) LEdd/c2 (with LEdd and c being the Eddington luminosity and the speed of light). In order to adequately resolve large-scale outflow structure, we extensively expand a simulation box to cover the space of 3000 rS (with rS being the Schwarzschild radius), larger than those in most previous studies, so that we can put relatively large angular momentum on the gas injected from the outer simulation boundary. The adopted Keplerian radius, at which the centrifugal force balances the gravitational force, is rK = 300 rS. The injected mass first falls and is accumulated at around this radius and then slowly accretes toward the central black hole via viscosity. We simulate such accretion processes, taking inverse and bulk Compton scattering into account. The simulated accretion flow is in a quasi-steady state inside rqss ∼ 200 rS. Within this radius the flow properties are, on the whole, in good agreement with those described by the slim disk model except that the radial density profile of the underlying disk is much flatter, ρ ∝ r−0.73 (cf. ρ ∝ r−3/2 in the slim disk model), due probably to efficient convection. We find very weak outflow from inside r ∼ 200 rS, unlike the previous studies.
How large is the global living wage gap and the price increase needed to close it?
Authors: Hall Murray R , Suh Sangwon
Published: September 2018

We estimated the global living wage gap (LWG) as $US674 billion per year, which is comparable to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Switzerland. India (IND), the largest LWG country, contributed 32% of the global LWG. For a pair of jeans, closing the gap increases low-skilled cotton and textile wages in IND by 137% and 52%, respectively, while the retail price would increase only by 8% if consumed in Western countries. However, we found that most of the outputs with large LWGs from low-income countries are consumed domestically, suggesting that (a) closing the gap significantly increases the domestic price of products such as agriculture and textiles in low-income countries; and that (b) living wage premiums in high-income countries alone have a limited impact on closing the global LWG. The results highlight the need for both ethical trade and domestic living wage initiatives to close global LWGs.
An empirical Bayes method for serotype case-carrier ratios, with an application to Group B streptococcus
Authors: Lewnard Joseph A. , Cowley Lauren A.
Published: September 2018

Background

Case-carrier ratios quantifying the relative pathogenicity of serotypes can inform vaccine formulations for antigenically-diverse pathogens. However, sparse serotype-specific counts in epidemiologic datasets may undermine such analyses, most notably for rare serotypes that pose emergence risks in vaccinated populations. This challenge is well-illustrated in Group B streptococcus (GBS), where serotype III dominates in both carriage and disease.

Methods

We develop an empirical Bayes random-effects model based on conjugate Dirichlet-multinomial distributions of serotype frequencies in carriage and disease states. We validate the model using simulated datasets, and apply it to data from 15 paired sets of GBS isolates from intrapartum rectovaginal colonization (n=3403) and neonatal invasive disease (NID; n=1088), 16 from blood (n=2352) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=780) neonatal specimens, and 3 from fatal (n=173) and non-fatal (n=1684) neonatal invasive infections.

Results

Our method accurately recovers parameters in simulated datasets. Using this approach, we confirm that GBS serotype III exhibits the greatest invasiveness, followed by serotype Ia with a 75.3% (95%CrI: 43.7-93.8%) lower estimate. Enhanced invasiveness of serotypes III and Ia is most evident in late-onset disease. Non–hexavalent-vaccine serotypes, which are rare in carriage and disease, generally show lower invasiveness; serotype IX/non-typeable GBS, the most prevalent cause of non–vaccine-preventable disease, is 98.7% (81.7-99.9%) and 94.2% (13.9-99.6%) less invasive than serotypes III and Ia, respectively.

Conclusions

We present a strategy for measuring associations of serotype with carrier and disease states in the presence of sparse counts, avoiding biases that exist in common ad-hoc approaches.
Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia
Authors: Feldman Michal , Fernández-Domínguez Eva , Reynolds Luke , Baird Douglas , Pearson Jessica , Hershkovitz Israel , May Hila , Goring-Morris Nigel , Benz Marion , Gresky Julia , Bianco Raffaela A. , Fairbairn Andrew , Mustafaoğlu Gökhan , Stockhammer Philipp W. , Posth Cosimo , Haak Wolfgang , Jeong Choongwon , Krause Johannes
Published: September 2018

Anatolia was home to some of the earliest farming communities. It has been long debated whether a migration of farming groups introduced agriculture to central Anatolia. Here, we report the first genome-wide data from a 15,000-year-old Anatolian hunter-gatherer and from seven Anatolian and Levantine early farmers. We find high genetic continuity (∼80-90%) between the hunter-gatherer and early farmers of Anatolia and detect two distinct incoming ancestries: an early Iranian/Caucasus related one and a later one linked to the ancient Levant. Finally, we observe a genetic link between southern Europe and the Near East predating 15,000 years ago that extends to central Europe during the post-last-glacial maximum period. Our results suggest a limited role of human migration in the emergence of agriculture in central Anatolia.
Exploring spatio-temporal neural dynamics of the human visual cortex
Authors: Yang Ying , Tarr Michael J. , Kass Robert E. , Aminoff Elissa M.
Published: September 2018

The human visual cortex is organized in a hierarchical manner. Although a significant body of evidence has been accumulated in support of this hypothesis, specific details regarding the spatial and temporal information flow remain open. Here we present detailed spatio-temporal correlation profiles of neural activity with low-level and high-level features derived from a “deep” (8-layer) neural network pre-trained for object recognition. These correlation profiles indicate an early-to-late shift from low-level features to high-level features and from low-level regions to higher-level regions along the visual hierarchy, consistent with feedforward information flow. To refine our understanding of information flow, we computed three sets of features from the low-and high-level features provided by the neural network: object-category-relevant low-level features (the common components between low-level and high-level features), low-level features roughly orthogonal to high-level features (the residual Layer 1 features), and unique high-level features that were roughly orthogonal to low-level features (the residual Layer 7 features). Contrasting the correlation effects of the common components and the residual Layer 1 features, we observed that the early visual cortex exhibits a similar amount of correlation with the two feature sets early in time (60 to 120 ms), but in a later time window, the early visual cortex exhibits a higher and longer correlation effect with the common components/low-level task-relevant features as compared to the low-level residual features—an effect unlikely to arise from purely feedforward information flow. Overall, our results indicate that non-feedforward processes, for example, top-down influences from mental representations of categories, may facilitate differentiation between these two types of low-level features within the early visual cortex.
Towards identifying subnetworks from FBF binding landscapes inCaenorhabditisspermatogenic or oogenic germlines
Authors: Porter Douglas F. , Prasad Aman , Carrick Brian H. , Kroll-Connor Peggy , Wickens Marvin , Kimble Judith
Published: September 2018

Metazoan PUF (Pumilio and FBF) RNA-binding proteins regulate various biological processes, but a common theme across phylogeny is stem cell regulation. InCaenorhabditis elegans, FBF (fem-3Binding Factor) maintains germline stem cells regardless of which gamete is made, but FBF also functions in the process of spermatogenesis. We have begun to “disentangle” these biological roles by asking which FBF targets are gamete-independent, as expected for stem cells, and which are gamete-specific. Specifically, we compared FBF iCLIP binding profiles in adults making sperm to those making oocytes. Normally, XX adults make oocytes. To generate XX adults making sperm, we used afem-3(gf)mutant requiring growth at 25°; for comparison, wild-type oogenic hermaphrodites were also raised at 25°. Our FBF iCLIP data revealed FBF binding sites in 1522 RNAs from oogenic adults and 1704 RNAs from spermatogenic adults. More than half of these FBF targets were independent of germline gender. We next clustered RNAs by FBF-RNA complex frequencies and found four distinct blocks. Block I RNAs were enriched in spermatogenic germlines, and included validated targetfog-3, while Block II and III RNAs were common to both genders, and Block IV RNAs were enriched in oogenic germlines. Block II (510 RNAs) included almost all validated FBF targets and was enriched for cell cycle regulators. Block III (21 RNAs) was enriched for RNA-binding proteins, including previously validated FBF targetsgld-1andhtp-1. We suggest that Block I RNAs belong to the FBF network for spermatogenesis, and that Blocks II and III are associated with stem cell functions.