bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple method to estimate prediction intervals and predictive distributions: Summarizing meta‐analyses beyond means and confidence intervals
Authors: Wang Chia‐Chun , Lee Wen‐Chung
Published: March 2019

A systematic review and meta‐analysis is an important step in evidence synthesis. The current paradigm for meta‐analyses requires a presentation of the means under a random‐effects model; however, a mean with a confidence interval provides an incomplete summary of the underlying heterogeneity in meta‐analysis. Prediction intervals show the range of true effects in future studies and have been advocated to be regularly presented. Most commonly, prediction intervals are estimated assuming that the underlying heterogeneity follows a normal distribution, which is not necessarily appropriate. In this article, we provide a simple method with a ready‐to‐use spreadsheet file to estimate prediction intervals and predictive distributions nonparametrically. Simulation studies show that this new method can provide approximately unbiased estimates compared with the conventional method. We also illustrate the advantage and real‐world significance of this approach with a meta‐analysis evaluating the protective effect of vaccination against tuberculosis. The nonparametric predictive distribution provides more information about the shape of the underlying distribution than does the conventional method.
Spatial variation in the frequency and magnitude of mass movement in a semiarid, complex‐terrain agricultural watershed on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Zhu Tongxin , Xu Xiangzhou , Zhu Axing
Published: March 2019

The previous inventory datasets of mass movement typically include large‐sized mass movements (e.g., landslides), whereas small ones are often missing due to either being too small to be interpreted from remote sensing images or too time‐consuming to measure them in the field. Thus, the relative significance of different‐sized mass movement in sediment production remains unknown. In this study, first, a total of 547 recent mass movements, with a volume ranging from 0.3 to 19,000 m3, are surveyed in a small complex‐terrain watershed on the Loess Plateau of China; then, sediment contributions by mass movement of different magnitude and frequency are evaluated; furthermore, the effects of causative factors on both mass movement frequency and magnitude are examined and compared; finally, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical methods are employed to assess mass movement susceptibility and erosion risk. The results showed that majority of the mass movements are very small (<10 m3). Even though a large mass movement can produce a disproportionally high amount of debris on a per event basis, small‐ and medium‐sized mass movements (<1,000 m3) are overall more important in sediment production in the watershed. The GIS‐based modeling results also demonstrate that there is significant difference in spatial variation between the susceptibility and erosion risk of mass movements. Therefore, although the mass movement susceptibility map is very useful in prioritizing hazard prevention and mitigation, it should be combined with the mass movement erosion risk map in erosion control planning and design, which has not been done in the past.
Developing a resilience assessment framework for the Urban Land–Water System
Authors: Li Yangfan , Lin Jingyu , Li Yi , Nyerges Timothy
Published: March 2019

Coastal areas of China have experienced rapid land development accompanied by an increase of impervious surface area often, leading to considerable environmental degradation, particularly for water quantity and quality. This land–water interaction within an urban milieu, called an Urban Land–Water System, involves critical ecosystem function loss and undesirable resilience change. With the purpose of identifying changes in spatial–temporal resilience of an Urban Land–Water System, we formulated an innovative quantitative method for resilience assessment based on the concept of critical functionality and Hooke's Law. The resilience assessment method contextualizes critical functionality of complex systems by integrating subsystems of impervious surface area with subsystems of water quantity and water quality. The method was applied in a study area named Lianyungang, whereby we compared different contributions of three subsystems within two scenarios, Scenario a (one‐fourth of impervious surface area, one‐half of water quantity, and one‐fourth of water quality) and Scenario b (one‐third for each subsystem). Overall, resilience degrades for the Urban Land–Water System from 2005 to 2010 to a relatively lower state with significantly increasing areas (from 62.88 to 281.50 km2) of low‐value resilience. Impervious surface area and water quantity were the main contributors to resilience change. In particular, the loss of resilience within Lianyungang was mostly due to the loss of evapotranspiration and increased built‐up land in both urban and rural areas. The resilience assessment method developed herein identifies areas of significant influences on nested and overlapping resilience change, thereby offering a practical approach for identifying hotspots for managing balances between different spatial–temporal subsystems.
State of the Art of Small‐Diameter Vessel‐Polyurethane Substitutes
Authors: Li Jinge , Chen Zhaobin , Yang Xiaoniu
Published: March 2019

Cardiovascular diseases are a severe threat to human health. Implantation of small‐diameter vascular substitutes is a promising therapy in clinical operations. Polyurethane (PU) is considered one of the most suitable materials for this substitution due to its good mechanical properties, controlled biostability, and proper biocompatibility. According to biodegradability and biostability, in this review, PU small‐diameter vascular substitutes are divided into two groups: biodegradable scaffolds and biostable prostheses, which are applied to the body for short‐ and long‐term, respectively. Following this category, the degradation principles and mechanisms of different kinds of PUs are first discussed; then the chemical and physical methods for adjusting the properties and the research advances are summarized. On the basis of these discussions, the problems remaining at present are addressed, and the contour of future research and development of PU‐based small‐diameter vascular substitutes toward clinical applications is outlined.
Fabrication and Characterization of Reconstituted Silk Microgels for the Storage and Release of Small Molecules
Authors: Liu Xizhou , Toprakcioglu Zenon , Dear Alexander J. , Levin Aviad , Ruggeri Francesco Simone , Taylor Christopher G. , Hu Mengsha , Kumita Janet R. , Andreasen Maria , Dobson Christopher M. , Shimanovich Ulyana , Knowles Tuomas P. J.
Published: March 2019

Silk fibroin is a natural protein obtained from the Bombyx mori silkworm. In addition to being the key structural component in silkworm cocoons, it also has the propensity to self‐assemble in vitro into hierarchical structures with desirable properties such as high levels of mechanical strength and robustness. Furthermore, it is an appealing biopolymer due to its biocompatability, low immunogenicity, and lack of toxicity, making it a prime candidate for biomedical material applications. Here, it is demonstrated that nanofibrils formed by reconstituted silk fibroin can be engineered into supramolecular microgels using a soft lithography‐based microfluidic approach. Building on these results, a potential application for these protein microgels to encapsulate and release small molecules in a controlled manner is illustrated. Taken together, these results suggest that the tailored self‐assembly of biocompatible and biodegradable silk nanofibrils can be used to generate functional micromaterials for a range of potential applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.
Comparative study of cerebrospinal fluid α‐synuclein seeding aggregation assays for diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kang Un Jung , Boehme Amelia K. , Fairfoul Graham , Shahnawaz Mohammad , Ma Thong Chi , Hutten Samantha J. , Green Alison , Soto Claudio
Published: March 2019

Background

PD diagnosis is based primarily on clinical criteria and can be inaccurate. Biological markers, such as α‐synuclein aggregation, that reflect ongoing pathogenic processes may increase diagnosis accuracy and allow disease progression monitoring. Though α‐synuclein aggregation assays have been published, reproducibility, standardization, and validation are key challenges for their development as clinical biomarkers.

Objective

To cross‐validate two α‐synuclein seeding aggregation assays developed to detect pathogenic oligomeric α‐synuclein species in CSF using samples from the same PD patients and healthy controls from the BioFIND cohort.

Methods

CSF samples were tested by two independent laboratories in a blinded fashion. BioFIND features standardized biospecimen collection of clinically typical moderate PD patients and nondisease controls. α‐synuclein aggregation was measured by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (Soto lab) and real‐time quaking‐induced conversion (Green lab). Results were analyzed by an independent statistician.

Results

Measuring 105 PD and 79 healthy control CSF samples, these assays showed 92% concordance. The areas under the curve from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the diagnosis of PD versus healthy controls were 0.93 for protein misfolding cyclic amplification, 0.89 for real‐time quaking‐induced conversion, and 0.95 when considering only concordant assay results. Clinical characteristics of false‐positive and ‐negative subjects were not different from true‐negative and ‐positive subjects, respectively.

Conclusions

These α‐synuclein seeding aggregation assays are reliable and reproducible for PD diagnosis. Assay parameters did not correlate with clinical parameters, including disease severity or duration. This assay is highly accurate for PD diagnosis and may impact clinical practice and clinical trials. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Association between ADIPOQ G276T and C11377G polymorphisms and the risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Mengwei , Liu Shan , Shang Mengke , Liu Xiuping , Wang Yue , Li Qian , Mambiya Michael , Yang Luping , Zhang Qian , Zhang Kaili , Nie Fangfang , Zeng Fanxin , Liu Wanyang
Published: March 2019

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant contributor to global hepatic disorders. ADIPOQ gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with NAFLD susceptibility, but with inconsistent results across the studies. This study aimed to investigate the association between ADIPOQ polymorphisms (+276G>T, rs1501299 and −11377C>G, rs266729) and the risk of NAFLD.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were used to identify the relevant published literature. Statistical analyses were calculated with STATA 11.0 software and RevMan 5.2. Summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated to assess the strength of the associations.

Results

Eleven relevant articles with a total of 3,644 participants (1,847 cases/1,797 controls) were included. Our meta‐analysis results revealed that ADIPOQ gene +276G>T polymorphism was not associated with NAFLD under various genetic models (allele model: OR = 0.99, 95% CI [0.69, 1.41]; dominant model: OR = 1.06, 95% CI [0.71, 1.58]; recessive model: OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.42, 1.65]; homozygous model: OR = 0.86, 95% CI [0.38, 1.95]; heterozygous model: OR = 1.10, 95% CI [0.80, 1.53]; respectively). Moreover, no statistical significant association was found between +276G>T and NAFLD risk in the subgroups. ADIPOQ gene −11377C>G polymorphism significantly increased the risk of NAFLD (allele model: OR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.28, 1.75]; dominant model: OR = 1.64, 95% CI [1.35, 1.99]; recessive model: OR = 1.77, 95% CI [1.16, 2.70]; homozygous model: OR = 2.13, 95% CI [1.38, 3.28]; heterozygous model: OR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.29, 1.93]; respectively).

Conclusion

ADIPOQ gene −11377C>G may be a risk factor for NAFLD, while there was no association between ADIPOQ gene +276G>T polymorphism and the risk of NAFLD. Further studies are needed to detect the relationship between these ADIPOQ polymorphisms and NAFLD.
Quantitative prediction of discrete element models on complex loading paths
Authors: Sibille Luc , Villard Pascal , Darve Félix , Aboul Hosn Rodaina
Published: March 2019

The ability of discrete element models to describe quantitatively (and not only qualitatively) the constitutive behaviour of a dense sand is assessed in this paper. Two kinds of 3D discrete models are considered. Both consider spheres as elementary particles. Nevertheless, the first model implements a contact law with rolling resistance whereas the second takes into account clumps made of two spheres. The discrete models are calibrated and validated from mechanical tests performed on a dense Hostun sand with a true triaxial apparatus. The calibration is carried out from axisymmetric drained compression tests, while the validation is discussed from monotonic and cyclic stress proportional loading paths and from a circular stress path in the deviatoric stress plane. The quality of the predictions of the discrete models are evaluated by comparison with the predictions given with advanced phenomenological constitutive relations, mainly an incrementally non‐linear relation. Predictions given by the discrete models are remarkable, particularly when it is put in perspective with respect to the very few number of mechanical tests required for their calibration. However, these results and conclusions were reached in enabling conditions, and some limitations of such discrete models should be kept in mind.
Birth outcomes of second children after community‐based home visiting: A research protocol
Authors: Holland Margaret L. , Condon Eileen M. , Younts C. Wesley , Sadler Lois S.
Published: March 2019

Birth‐related outcomes, such as birth weight, have lifelong impacts on health. Home visiting (HV) is an established approach to improve the health of children and families, parenting practices, and connections to social and health services. Many HV programs target first‐time mothers, in part because HV activities related to a first‐birth may improve birth outcomes for subsequent children, but few researchers have examined these effects. We will link data from a statewide HV program (Nurturing Families Network [NFN]) to birth certificate data to create comparison groups and measure outcomes in this observational study. Specifically, we will compare birth outcomes for NFN second‐children (n = 3000) to those for: (a) first‐child older siblings whose birth/gestation led to NFN enrollment (n = 3000); (b) second children of families who were screened as eligible for NFN, but not offered the program due to home visitor availability and other logistical reasons (n = 650); and (c) non‐NFN second children in a propensity‐score‐matched group created using the likelihood of enrollment in NFN based on maternal health, demographics, and neighborhood characteristics (n = 6000). The outcomes we will examine are birth spacing, prenatal care received, cesarean section rate, gestational age, and birth weight in second‐children. We will also examine the associations between program attendance (i.e., missed visits, dropout) and birth outcomes, that will generate evidence that may be used in programmatic decisions regarding continued funding and/or modification of NFN, prioritization of specific retention efforts, and targeting of first‐time mothers. Use of this evidence should improve outcomes for future NFN families and may inform similar programs.
Dynamic and thermo‐mechanical properties of hybridized kenaf/PALF reinforced phenolic composites
Authors: Asim Mohammad , Jawaid Mohammad , Paridah Md. Tahir , Saba Naheed , Nasir Mohammed , Shahroze Rao M.
Published: March 2019

Natural fibers are very versatile materials; their properties vary with chemical composition to physical structure. The present study deals with the incorporation of different ratios pineapple leaf fiber and kenaf fiber into a phenolic resin to develop hybrid composites. Incorporation of pineapple fibers in kenaf composites are supposed to improve the thermal properties due to higher cellulosic content of pineapple fibers and thermal characterization are studied by thermo‐gravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis and thermo‐mechanical analysis. Thermo‐gravimetric of 7P3K displayed lowest percentage of weight decomposition and highest residue indicated thermal stability among all the composites. The storage modulus showed decreasing trend with increasing temperature for all the hybrid composites due to constituents of natural fibers. Among all hybrid composites 3P7K hybrid composite showed highest storage modulus and loss modulus at 55.13°C and 101.68°C, respectively. The recorded peak heights of tan δ were minimum for 1P1K (128°C) and maximum for 7P3K hybrid composites (137°C). The Cole–Cole graph determines the heterogeneity of the hybrid composites. Thermo‐mechanical analysis was used to investigate the coefficient of thermal expansion and the mechanical stability of the composites against increasing temperature. Overall results showed that the hybridization of pineapple fibers and kenaf revealed various thermal properties on various fiber ratios. However, 7P3K improves the thermal stability of the obtained material, whereas the 3P7K hybrid composite showed the highest dynamic mechanical properties among all the hybrid composites. 7P3K improved the thermal properties due to presence of cellulosic content whereas 3P7K improved the dynamic mechanical analysis due to better interfacial bonding. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3814–3822, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Self‐healing imidazolium‐based ionene‐polyamide membranes: an experimental study on physical and gas transport properties
Authors: Kammakakam Irshad , O'Harra Kathryn E , Dennis Grayson P , Jackson Enrique M , Bara Jason E
Published: March 2019

A new series of six imidazolium‐based ionenes containing aromatic amide linkages has been developed. These ionene‐polyamides are all constitutional isomers varying in the regiochemistry of the amide linkages (para, meta) and xylyl linkages (ortho, meta, para) along the polymer backbone. The physical properties as well as the gas separation behaviors of the corresponding membranes have been extensively studied. These ionene‐polyamide membranes show excellent thermal and mechanical stabilities, together with self‐healing and shape memory characteristics. Most importantly, [TC‐API(p)‐Xy][Tf2N] and [IC‐API(m)‐Xy][Tf2N] membranes (TC, terephthaloyl chloride; API, 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)imidazole; Xy, xylyl; Tf2N, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide; IC, isophthaloyl chloride), where the amide and xylyl linkages are attached at para and meta positions, exhibit superior selectivity for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 gas pairs. We also demonstrate the transport properties and diverse applicability of our newly developed ionene‐polyamides, particularly [TC‐API(p)‐Xy][Tf2N], for various industrial applications. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Why Do Politicians Tweet? Extremists, Underdogs, and Opposing Parties as Political Tweeters
Authors: Hong Sounman , Choi Haneul , Kim Taek Kyu
Published: March 2019

Why do some politicians actively use social media, while others lag behind? To answer this question, we propose that opposing party politicians, underdogs, and extremists are more likely to become active political tweeters. Research has shown that media attention is generally concentrated on politicians with power; that is, ruling parties and party leaders. We thus hypothesize that politicians marginalized from media attention, namely backbenchers and those from opposing parties, may perceive greater potential benefits from social media. Further, politicians whose ideological positions do not match well with those of major news media (i.e., extremists) may perceive risks in facing tough questions from journalists, as well as the media's gatekeeping process. We thus hypothesize that extremists may perceive greater benefits from using social media, because they can control their message. We tested these hypotheses using data on U.S. Senators’ public communication activities on Twitter and in press releases in 2009–2011 and found strong support.
Change in lung clearance index with microbiological status in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Walicka‐Serzysko Katarzyna , Postek Magdalena , Milczewska Justyna , Sands Dorota
Published: March 2019

The impact of infections caused by bacteria, especially Gram‐negative, on the progression of lung disease in cystic fibrosis is well established. Decline in pulmonary function commence already at early age. In this group of patients, the lung clearance index seems to be a better marker than FEV1 allowing non‐invasive monitoring of changes in small airways. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the microbiological status and LCI derived from multiple breath washout (MBW) technique as well as FEV1 and FVC in children suffering from cystic fibrosis. Over the 1‐year recruitment period, 136 CF patients aged 5‐18 with: Staphylococcus aureus (n‐27), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (first time (n‐27), intermittent (n‐9), and chronic (34) infection), Aspergillus fumigatus (n‐6) and without pathogenic flora (n‐33) were included in the study. Patients had performed a spirometry and MBW test during the visit at outpatient clinic. The study showed that the lung clearance index in patients infected with Aspergillus fumigatus was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in those with normal throat flora. There was also statistically significant differences in the lung clearance index obtained in subjects with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and those with first Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (P < 0.05). Furthermore, significant statistical differences (P < 0.05) were observed between the groups of patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection FEV1 > 70% and FEV1 < 70%. In conclusion, LCI was associated with microbiological status of CF patients. Chronic lung infections, especially Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were associated with increased LCI. Early eradication of pathological flora positively affects the maintenance of lower LCI.
Neonatal respiratory status predicts longitudinal respiratory health outcomes in preterm infants
Authors: Luo Hong‐Ji , Wang Li‐Ying , Chen Pei‐Shan , Hsieh Wu‐Shiun , Hsu Chyong‐Hsin , Peng Steven , Jeng Suh‐Fang
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To examine the relationship between neonatal respiratory status and longitudinal respiratory health outcomes in preterm infants with very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight <1500 g).

Methods

A total of 109 VLBW preterm infants were prospectively assessed for respiratory status using the Toce clinical and radiographic scoring method on a postnatal day 28, and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36‐weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), respiratory morbidity within 1 year of corrected age (CA), pulmonary function test, and six‐minute walk test at 4 years of age.

Results

A high Toce clinical score on day 28 was associated with the occurrence of respiratory morbidity within 1 year of CA and poor pulmonary function and functional exercise performance at 4 years of age in VLBW preterm infants (all P < 0.05). BPD at 36‐weeks PMA was associated with an increased risk of respiratory morbidity within 1 year of CA and its negative impact on pulmonary function and functional exercise performance at 4 years of age was most pronounced in the severe form (all
P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Early assessments of neonatal respiratory status including Toce clinical score and the severity of BPD are valid to identify VLBW preterm infants who are at risk of adverse longitudinal respiratory health outcomes.
Interfacial Properties for a Monolayer CrS2 Contact with Metal: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Habib Mohammad R. , Wang Shengping , Obaidulla Sk M. , Khan Yahya , Pi Xiaodong , Xu Mingsheng
Published: March 2019

Limited calculations show that monolayer (ML) chromium dichalcogenide (CrS2) has a direct bandgap and valley polarization but with a smaller bandgap than ML MoS2 and with distinct piezoelectric and ferromagnetic properties. It is highly desirable to determine an appropriate metal contact for novel two‐dimensional (2D) CrS2‐based devices. By using density functional theory (DFT), the interface between ML CrS2 and commonly used metals, including s‐electron and d‐electron metals, is studied systematically by evaluating the binding energy, Schottky barrier, orbital overlap, and tunneling barrier at the interfaces. The d‐electron metals show higher binding energy with the ML CrS2 than the s‐electron metals, which is due to the different occupancy and position of the d‐band of the metals. A strong Fermi level pinning is found in the metal–CrS2 contacts. Both n‐type and quasi p‐type phenomena for CrS2 with respect to pristine CrS2 can be produced at the CrS2 contacts with the metals. The higher overlap states between the CrS2 and Ti result in a higher minimum electron density at the Schottky interface, suggesting that Ti is the best contact among the investigated metals for use in CrS2‐based devices for efficient electron injection. The DFT results provide a guideline that is invaluable for experimentally designing novel 2D CrS2 semiconductor devices.
Stabilization of the Perovskite Phase in the Y–Bi–O System By Using a BaBiO3 Buffer Layer
Authors: Bouwmeester Rosa Luca , de Hond Kit , Gauquelin Nicolas , Verbeeck Jo , Koster Gertjan , Brinkman Alexander
Published: March 2019

A topological insulating phase has theoretically been predicted for the thermodynamically unstable perovskite phase of YBiO3. Here, it is shown that the crystal structure of the Y–Bi–O system can be controlled by using a BaBiO3 buffer layer. The BaBiO3 film overcomes the large lattice mismatch of 12% with the SrTiO3 substrate by forming a rocksalt structure in between the two perovskite structures. Depositing an YBiO3 film directly on a SrTiO3 substrate gives a fluorite structure. However, when the Y–Bi–O system is deposited on top of the buffer layer with the correct crystal phase and comparable lattice constant, a single oriented perovskite structure with the expected lattice constants is observed.
Effects of turmeric and curcumin on oral mucositis: A systematic review
Authors: Normando Ana Gabriela Costa , de Menêses Amanda Gomes , de Toledo Isabela Porto , Borges Gabriel Álvares , de Lima Caroline Lourenço , dos Reis Paula Elaine Diniz , Guerra Eliete Neves Silva
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of turmeric and curcumin in the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients undergoing chemo and/or radiotherapy. The systematic review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses. The search was performed in the following database: Cochrane Library, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A gray literature search was undertaken using Google Scholar, Open Grey, and ProQuest. The methodology of included studies was evaluated by the Meta‐Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument. After a two‐step selection process, four randomized and one nonrandomized clinical trials were included in the analysis. Two studies were categorized as low and three as moderate risk of bias. Turmeric/curcumin was applied topically as a gel or as a mouthwash. Patients treated with turmeric/curcumin experienced reduced grade of mucositis, pain, erythema intensity, and ulcerative area. Current evidence suggests that topical application of turmeric or curcumin is effective in controlling signs and symptoms of oral mucositis. Thus, further investigation is required to confirm the promising effect of turmeric and curcumin in oral inflammatory lesions.
A pilot, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel Boswellia serrata extract in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee
Authors: Majeed Muhammed , Majeed Shaheen , Narayanan Narayanan K. , Nagabhushanam Kalyanam
Published: March 2019

A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled human trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a standardized oral supplementation of Boswellin®, a novel extract of Boswellia serrata extract (BSE) containing 3‐acetyl‐11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid (AKBBA) with β‐boswellic acid (BBA). A total of 48 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee were randomized and allocated to the BSE and placebo groups for intervention. Patients were administered BSE or placebo for a period of 120 days. The trial results revealed that BSE treatment significantly improved the physical function of the patients by reducing pain and stiffness compared with placebo. Radiographic assessments showed improved knee joint gap and reduced osteophytes (spur) confirming the efficacy of BSE treatment. BSE also significantly reduced the serum levels of high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein, a potential inflammatory marker associated with OA of the knee. No serious adverse events were reported. This is the first study with BSE conducted for a period of 120 days, longer than any other previous clinical trial on patients with OA of the knee. The findings provide evidence that biologically active constituents of BSE, namely, AKBBA and BBA, act synergistically to exert anti‐inflammatory/anti‐arthritic activity showing improvement in physical and functional ability and reducing the pain and stiffness.
Facile Preparation of Benzoxazoles from S8‐Promoted Cyclization of 2‐Nitrophenols with Arylmethyl Chloride
Authors: Gan Haifeng
Published: March 2019

A simple, metal‐free methodology has been obtained for the preparation of 2‐arylbenzoxazoles from 2‐nitrophenols and arylmethyl chloride via an elemental sulfur‐promoted cyclization reaction. The reactions proceeded in moderate to good yields, and gram‐scale is applicable.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence and Electronic States of Several Organometallic Eu(III) and Tb(III) Complexes: Effects of the Ligands
Authors: Ishimatsu Ryoichi , Kunisawa Eri , Nakano Koji , Adachi Chihaya , Imato Toshihiko
Published: March 2019

We report the electrochemical properties, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of eight different organometallic complexes of Eu(III) and Tb(III), Eu(dbm)3phen, Eu(dbm)3bath, Eu(fod)3phen, Eu(tta)3phen, Tb(acac)3phen, Tb(acac)3bath, Tb(fod)3phen, and Tb(tmhd)3bpy in acetonitrile, where phen, bath, and bpy are 1, 10‐phenanthroline, bathophenanthroline, 2,2′‐bipyridyl, respectively, and the anionic ligands, acac−, dbm−, fod−, and tta− are the enolate forms of acetylacetone, dibenzoylmethanate, 6,6,7,7,8,8,8‐heptafluoro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐octanedione, and thenoyltrifluoroacetone, respectively. The electronic states of the neutral and some charged states of the complexes were clarified with density functional theory calculations. The ECL spectra were recorded by using S2O82− as a coreactant, and for all complexes, sharp ECL spectra, which are attributable to the f‐f transitions, were observed. On the potential‐dependent ECL spectra, broad ECLs, which were originated from the ligands, were also detected. Based on the ECL behavior and the electronic states, the mechanisms of the intraconfigurational ECL were discussed.
Efficient composite likelihood for a scalar parameter of interest
Authors: Pace Luigi , Salvan Alessandra , Sartori Nicola
Published: March 2019

For inference in complex models, composite likelihood combines genuine likelihoods based on low‐dimensional portions of the data, with weights to be chosen. Optimal weights in composite likelihood may be searched following different routes, leading to a solution only in scalar parameter models. Here, after briefly reviewing the main approaches, we show how to obtain the first‐order optimal weights when using composite likelihood for inference on a scalar parameter in the presence of nuisance parameters. These weights depend on the true parameter value and need to be estimated. Under regularity conditions, the resulting likelihood ratio statistic has the standard asymptotic null distribution and improved local power. Simulation results in multivariate normal models show that estimation of optimal weights maintains the standard approximate null distribution and produces a visible gain in power with respect to constant weights.
Air quality impact of carbon monoxide emission from diesel engine electric power generators
Authors: Fakinle Bamidele Sunday , Okedere Oyetunji Babatunde , Adebanjo Sunday Adekunle , Adesanmi Adewole Johnson , Sonibare Jacob Ademola
Published: March 2019

An emissions inventory and the AERMOD View dispersion model were used to estimate the concentrations and the potential effects of carbon monoxide (CO) from diesel engine electric power generators operated by and providing electricity to a textile factory in Nigeria on its host air shed. The CO emissions from simultaneous operations of all of the electric power generators in the factory resulted in: 1‐hr average CO emissions of 4.2 to 54.5 micrograms per cubic meters (μg/m3) and 24‐hr average CO emissions of 0.3 to 20.9 μg/m3. The estimated 1‐hr averaging period maximum ground‐level concentrations of CO were deposited within the factory, while the 24‐hr maximum ground‐level concentrations are estimated at a distance 90 meters (m) from the factory in a southeast direction. The ground‐level concentrations of CO emanating from the textile factory are within the stipulated ambient air quality standards.
Meeting harvest expectations is key for duck hunter satisfaction
Authors: Bradshaw Lauren , Holsman Robert H. , Petchenik Jordan , Finger Taylor
Published: March 2019

Current literature suggests that seeing and bagging game, among other experiences, play a major role in overall satisfaction for hunters. In addition, research highlights relationships that harvest expectations may have with harvest success and in explaining satisfaction. We add to the multiple satisfactions concept that, despite other derived benefits, harvest success may be fundamental to sustain participation and duck (Anatidae) hunters themselves are agents of their own success. We used data from mail surveys conducted between 2007–2015 of Wisconsin, USA, waterfowl hunters to investigate the role of duck hunter behavior and expectations in explaining differences in season satisfaction ratings. We found that duck hunters who spent more days afield, scouted prior to hunting, were mobile during the season, and utilized public lands harvested substantially more ducks than those who did not put effort into these behaviors. Furthermore, we find evidence in support of previous work that by examining the effect of harvest success through the lens of harvest expectations, it better describes satisfaction than either measure did alone among this population of duck hunters. Based on past experiences, duck hunters may develop unrealistic expectations that doom them to dissatisfactory harvests. These results provide assistance to managers and conservationists in helping hunters understand and set realistic harvest expectations, achieve their harvest goals, and continue to be active hunters.© 2019 The Wildlife Society.
On the prevalence of elliptic and genus one fibrations among toric hypersurface Calabi-Yau threefolds
Authors: Huang Yu-Chien , Taylor Washington
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We systematically analyze the fibration structure of toric hypersurface Calabi-Yau threefolds with large and small Hodge numbers. We show that there are only four such Calabi-Yau threefolds with h
1,1 ≥ 140 or h
2,1 ≥ 140 that do not have manifest elliptic or genus one fibers arising from a fibration of the associated 4D polytope. There is a genus one fibration whenever either Hodge number is 150 or greater, and an elliptic fibration when either Hodge number is 228 or greater. We find that for small h
1,1 the fraction of polytopes in the KS database that do not have a genus one or elliptic fibration drops exponentially as h
1,1 increases. We also consider the different toric fiber types that arise in the polytopes of elliptic Calabi-Yau threefolds.
Good arm identification via bandit feedback
Authors: Kano Hideaki , Honda Junya , Sakamaki Kentaro , Matsuura Kentaro , Nakamura Atsuyoshi , Sugiyama Masashi
Published: March 2019

We consider a novel stochastic multi-armed bandit problem called good arm identification (GAI), where a good arm is defined as an arm with expected reward greater than or equal to a given threshold. GAI is a pure-exploration problem in which a single agent repeats a process of outputting an arm as soon as it is identified as a good one before confirming the other arms are actually not good. The objective of GAI is to minimize the number of samples for each process. We find that GAI faces a new kind of dilemma, the exploration-exploitation dilemma of confidence, which is different from the best arm identification. As a result, an efficient design of algorithms for GAI is quite different from that for the best arm identification. We derive a lower bound on the sample complexity of GAI that is tight up to the logarithmic factor $$\mathrm {O}(\log \frac{1}{\delta })$$

O
(
log

1
δ

)

for acceptance error rate $$\delta $$
δ
. We also develop an algorithm whose sample complexity almost matches the lower bound. We also confirm experimentally that our proposed algorithm outperforms naive algorithms in synthetic settings based on a conventional bandit problem and clinical trial researches for rheumatoid arthritis.
‘Beneath This Mask There is More Than Flesh, Beneath This Mask There is an Idea’: Anonymous as the (Super)heroes of the Internet?
Authors: Alexopoulou Sofia , Pavli Antonia
Published: March 2019

Who is Anonymous? What is the group’s connection with hacktivism? Can we speak of an Internet group consisting of new ‘e-Robin Hoods’? Do modern heroes still exist as a source of inspiration? The answers to these questions are not unproblematic. Many would say that the group Anonymous falls into the contemporary hero category. If so, its members, Anons, could be deemed ‘reincarnations’ of the mythical Robin Hood but in digital form, since they tackle corruption, repression, and injustice, as he did. Others will disagree with this view. The only safe statement is that Anonymous constitutes a global, Internet-based social movement of mostly young and dissatisfied people who have decided to follow their own strategy to oppose established global governance and order. This paper sheds light on the latest hacking activity of Anonymous against several governmental websites in Greece. According to Anonymous, it sought to protect/defend Greek citizens suffering because of the financial crisis and to teach a ‘strong lesson’ to the elected politicians in office. Drawing on material from videos (uploaded on YouTube), online articles from Greek newspapers, and a few online articles from international media outlets, we attempt to understand whether Anonymous follows the long tradition of Robin Hood by acting as a heroic figure/icon. This paper contributes to the semiotics of hacktivism, but also to the further investigation of the identity of Anonymous as comprising ‘new Robin-Hoods’ based on its staged identity and actions.
Seals with combined fire and water ingress protection capabilities safeguard railway substations in Australia
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: March 2019

In the May 2018 issue of Sealing Technology we briefly explained how technology developed by Swedish Roxtec Group – a provider of modular-based cable and pipe seals – is helping to protect rail infrastructure in Belgium. The rail network in Sydney, Australia, is being upgraded with new electrical infrastructure, and the owners have also specified Roxtec seals for use in new and existing traction power substations because of their combined fire and water ingress protection capabilities, as this brief article explains.
Big Data, Algorithmic Governmentality and the Regulation of Pandemic Risk
Authors: ROBERTS Stephen L
Published: March 2019

This article investigates the rise of algorithmic disease surveillance systems as novel technologies of risk analysis utilised to regulate pandemic outbreaks in an era of big data. Critically, the article demonstrates how intensified efforts towards harnessing big data and the application of algorithmic processing techniques to enhance the real-time surveillance and regulation infectious disease outbreaks significantly transform practices of global infectious disease surveillance; observed through the advent of novel risk rationalities which underpin the deployment of intensifying algorithmic practices to increasingly colonise and patrol emergent topographies of data in order to identify and govern the emergence of exceptional pathogenic risks. Conceptually, this article asserts further howthe rise of these novel risk regulating technologies within a context of big data transforms the government and forecasting of epidemics and pandemics: illustrated by the rise of emergent algorithmic governmentalties of risk within contemporary contexts of big data, disease surveillance and the regulation of pandemic.
Health benefits of probiotics
Authors: Goldin Barry R.
Published: March 2019

This paper reviews the evidence for the claims of health benefits derived from the use of probiotics. A brief history of probiotics and the types of probiotics currently used and the criteria for the selection of probiotics is discussed. The ability of probiotics to enhance the nutritional content and bioavailability of nutrients and the scientific evidence for the usefulness of probiotics in alleviating the symptoms of lactose intolerance and in enhancing growth development is examined. The remainder of the review focuses on studies of a specific probiotic, Lactobacillus GG which has been extensively investigated for its health benefits in humans and animals. These studies serve as a model for the potential benefits of probiotics. The ability of Lactobacillus GG to treat or prevent diarrhoeal disease, to serve as an adjuvant for vaccines, to prevent rotavirus-induced diarrhoea, to prevent milk-based allergic reactions, alcohol-induced liver disease and colon cancer are presented. The review concludes with a discussion of the data supporting the safety of probiotics.
Effects of probiotics and prebiotics on blood lipids
Authors: Taylor Gary R. J. , Williams Christine M.
Published: March 2019

Since the early work of Mann and Spoerry, probiotics in the form of fermented milk products have been reputed to have cholesterol-lowering properties in humans. However, studies conducted since the early 1970s have produced equivocal findings, with interpretation of the outcomes complicated by use of excessive quantities of product, inadequate sample sizes, failure to control nutrient intake and energy expenditure and variations in baseline blood lipids. More recent studies are of better quality, but fail to provide convincing evidence that ‘live’ fermented milk products have cholesterol-lowering efficacy in man. Future studies using probiotics should ensure adequate sample sizes sufficient to detect relatively small changes in blood cholesterol and should be conducted over longer periods of time. The recent introduction of the concept of prebiotics has directed attention towards the possibility that alterations in gut microflora induced by the fermentation of non-digestible components of the diet may also have the potential to influence systemic lipid metabolism. This possibility has been strengthened by the observation that in animals, dietary oligofructosaccharides cause suppression of hepatic triglyceride and VLDL synthesis, resulting in marked reductions in triglyceride, and to a lesser extent cholesterol, levels. Evidence for similar effects in humans is sparse and more studies are needed, particularly with respect to effects on postprandial triglyceride concentrations.
Schistosoma mansoni infection and risk factors among the fishermen of Lake Hawassa, southern Ethiopia
Authors: Menjetta Tadesse , Debalke Serkadis , Dana Daniel
Published: March 2019

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by different species of genus Schistosoma. Schistosoma mansoni causes a severe intestinal parasitic infection of high public and medical importance in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, S. mansoni infection among the fishermen of Lake Hawassa, southern Ethiopia, using a cross-sectional study design. A total of 243 fishermen were selected from the Hawassa Town Fishermen Association’s list in 2013. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected from the fishermen using semi-structured questionnaires. Stool samples were collected and processed using the Kato–Katz thick smear technique. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni among the fishermen was 29.21% and the mean intensity of infection was 158.88 eggs per gram (EPG). The overall prevalence of intestinal helminths, including S. mansoni, was 69.54%. Similar prevalences of S. mansoni were recorded in age groups 15–19, 20–24 and 25–29 years: 31.82%, 31.75% and 31.94%, respectively. Fishermen who swam a minimum of once a week in Lake Hawassa were 2.92 times (95% CI: 1.554, 5.502) more likely to have acquired S. mansoni infection than those who swam in the lake less than once a week. The results indicate moderate endemicity of S. mansoni infection among the fishermen of Lake Hawassa. These fishermen could be a potentially high-risk group for S. mansoni infection and might be responsible for the transmission of infection to other segments of the community visiting the lake for recreation. Moreover, a high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) was recorded among the fishermen. Integrated prevention and control strategies for schistosomiasis and STHs by different sectors are needed to tackle this problem.
‘The rage of the Northmen’: Extreme metal and North-motivated violence
Authors: Sellheim Nikolas P.
Published: March 2019

The Vikings have for generations yielded significant output in different cultural venues. Also the music scene has utilised perceptions of the North and the Northmen to generate a stereotypical image of medieval Scandinavian society. Extreme metal, most notably black and Viking metal, have applied narratives pertaining to the Viking Age for its own purposes. This paper examines one particular aspect of the black and Viking metal music scene: violence. It examines how the North and its inhabitants are utilised to justify violent behaviour. Drawing from pinpointed examples of extreme metal, this paper shows that stereotypical assumptions of violent Viking expansion as well as fear of subjugation motivate the ‘rage of the Northmen.’
Evolutionary-developmental modeling of neurodiversity and psychopathology
Authors: Oller D. K.
Published: March 2019

Modeling the extremes of mental/emotional conditions requires explicit accounts of evolutionary-developmental sources of human neurodiversity, not merely psychopathology. The target article's approach could be improved by incorporation of a hierarchical scheme wherein mental/emotional infrastructure interacts across differentiated layers of function. The notion of “symptom networks” thus calls for differentiation into hierarchically interacting components of mental/emotional evolution and development.
Brain networks for emotion and cognition: Implications and tools for understanding mental disorders and pathophysiology
Authors: Pessoa Luiz
Published: March 2019

Understanding how structure maps to function in the brain in terms of large-scale networks is critical to elucidating the brain basis of mental phenomena and mental disorders. Given that this mapping is many-to-many, I argue that researchers need to shift to a multivariate brain and behavior characterization to fully unravel the contributions of brain processes to typical and atypical function.