bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Abramoff Peter , Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

The antibody responses to simultaneous injection of varying concentrations (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight) of bovine serum albumin and human γ globulin, of 40 mg/kg body weight of bovine serum albumin and bovine hemoglobin and of 40 mg/kg body weight of bovine hemoglobin and hog thyroglobulin are described.

At each antigenic concentration the responses to bovine serum albumin and human γ globulin when compared at the 8th day after injection show lower titers than in their respective controls. Analysis of antibody production for 20 and 80 mg/kg body weight of bovine serum albumin and human γ globulin at various intervals after injection shows that anti-human γ globulin appears first and reaches a peak comparable to that of its control; however the response to bovine serum albumin is reduced. A crowding out effect which may be due to the larger molecular weight of human γ globulin is postulated. Simultaneous injection of bovine serum albumin and bovine hemoglobin shows no detectable antibody response to bovine hemoglobin in either experimental or control animals but the response to bovine serum albumin was considerably reduced in those animals receiving both antigens.
Studies on Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Combined Immunization in Children
Authors: Chen Bei-Loo , Chou Chi-Tao , Huang Chien-Tao , Wang Yao-Tung , Ko Hsiu-Hua , Huang Wan-Chen
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The immune responses of 239 free-living children who received primary vaccination with 3 monthly doses of alum-precipitated DPT vaccine were analyzed on the basis of latent diphtheria immunity prior to vaccination. It was found that the latently diphtheria-immune group yielded significantly weaker pertussis agglutinin and tetanus antitoxin responses than the diphtheria non-immune group. The responses of the latently diphtheria-immune group showed the following characteristics: The magnitude of pertussis agglutinin formation was suppressed, with a mean titer ratio of 1:3.2 against the diphtheria non-immune group 1 mo after the third dose. During the period of observation, the interfered pertussis agglutinin response curve showed no tendency to cross the normal pertussis agglutinin response curve.Both speed and magnitude of tetanus antitoxin formation were heterologously interfered with, the most striking interference following the second dose (mean titer ratio 1:11.3). The interfered tetanus antitoxin response curve tends to cross the normal tetanus antitoxin response curve at their peaks.Weak but detectable interference of pertussis agglutinin and tetanus antitoxin responses occurs when there pre-exists the slightest degree of latent diphtheria immunity. As the degree of pre-existing diphtheria immunity increases, the interference intensifies. In our studies, a diphtheria antitoxin level of 0.01 u/ml represents that degree of immunity over and under which the intensity of interference differs significantly. A further graded increment of pre-existing diphtheria immunity above this level, however, does not result in proportional enhancement of interference.

The significance of these observations is discussed.
Selection of Hemophilus Pertussis Strains for Vaccine Production in the Mouse Protection Test in a Balanced Design
Authors: Cohen H. H. , Leppink G. J.
Published: January 2023

An experimental balanced design, consisting of four 3 × 3 lattices, for selecting Hemophilus pertussis strains for vaccine production is described. In each test three vaccines were compared with a reference vaccine, using for each vaccine 20 mice per dose with three doses at five fold intervals. The ED50 values of the 9 vaccines examined in comparison with the N.I.H. reference vaccine no. 5 could be evaluated with reasonable accuracy by such a design.

The ED50 values of the nine vaccines were found to differ significantly in their immunizing capacity. Five strains were selected for vaccine production with the aid of the method of Tukey (7).
Antibody Response of Lethally X-Irradiated Mice Treated with Rat Bone Marrow
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Makinodan Takashi
Published: January 2023

Mice receiving sublethal irradiation (710 r) responded better to sheep RBC antigens than to rat RBC antigens. Survival of lethally irradiated mice (950 r) injected with heterologous rat bone marrow was affected by caging conditions. As expressed by body weight and gross appearance, the recovery of lethally irradiated rat bone marrow treated mice was incomplete. Immunologically, the heterologously protected animals failed to respond to rat RBC antigens and responded weakly to sheep RBC antigens. The hypothesis of a delayed immunologic response of the host to the foreign transplanted tissue was tested in part. All mice receiving 710 r plus rat bone marrow died within 16 days after treatment, whereas all mice receiving 710 r plus isologous mouse bone marrow survived.
Effect of Ultraviolet Light on Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Taylor A. R. , Kay W. W. , McLean I. W. , Oppenheimer F. , Stimpert F. D.
Published: January 2023

A method of calculating the effective incident ultraviolet energy available in the Oppenheimer Centri-Filmer and its practical application as an inactivation procedure is described and discussed in terms of actual experimental findings with poliomyelitis virus-infected tissue culture suspensions. It has been shown that the non-linear character of ultraviolet inactivation rate curves of poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture medium 199 can be attributed to 1) a marked differential in the ultraviolet absorption characteristics of the medium and the virus itself. and the fact 2) that progressive ultraviolet inadiation of the virus results in an increase in the ultraviolet absorption characteristics of the virus which may possibly be associated with alterations within the virus particle or cell itself.
Aspects of the Immune Hemolytic Reaction
Authors: Plescia O. J. , Amiraian K. , Heidelberger M.
Published: January 2023

It is again shown that the extent of hemolysis depends markedly on the concentration of sensitized erythrocytes even though the ratio of C′ to erythrocytes is kept constant. Because of concentration dependence, the concentration of sensitized erythrocytes must be in the range in which the extent of hemolysis is relatively independent of concentration if the hemolytic reaction is to be expected to give a valid titer of C′. The concentration dependence may differ quantitatively for C′ from different species and for C′ from individuals of the same species. Because of possible quantitative differences in concentration dependence, arbitrary concentrations of sensitized erythrocytes can be used to give relative titers of C′ only if the curves for concentration dependence can be superimposed.
An Indirect Hemagglutination Test for Hydatid Disease
Authors: Garabedian Garabed A. , Matossian Robert M. , Djanian Aida Y.
Published: January 2023

By the employment of complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination tests 50 serum samples obtained from patients with hydatid disease and other conditions were tested. Of the 16 serum samples collected from hydatid disease patients positive results were obtained in 13 (81.25%) in indirect hemagglutination tests and in 11 (68.75%) in complement fixation tests. Of the 34 serum samples obtained from patients with other than hydatid disease the number of positive reactors was zero in indirect hemagglutination tests, and 2 (5.88%) in complement fixation tests.

The results of the limited number of determinations indicate that indirect hemagglutination is a more sensitive and more specific serologic diagnostic procedure for hydatid disease than is complement fixation. Furthermore, it is easier to run than the complement fixation test and is less expensive.
Influence of Normal Animal Sera on Influenza Viruses in Cultures of Trypsin-Dispersed Monkey Kidney Cells
Authors: Henry Claudia , Youngner J. S.
Published: January 2023

The normal sera of most species of animals contain varying amounts of both Francis and Chu inhibitors. The factor capable of neutralizing the cytopathogenic effects of influenza A′ strains in monkey kidney tissue cultures was heat labile, as is the Chu inhibitor. There is no factor in normal sera which inhibits the cytopathogenic effects of the B′ or mouse-pathogenic A strains tested. Presumably, these strains lack the receptors necessary for effective combination with the inhibitor.

The neutralizing effect of normal serum inhibitor is due primarily to direct combination of the inhibitor with the virus. This combination takes place rapidly, and the complex formed is stable and unaffected by further incubation or dilution. If present in sufficiently high concentration, the inhibitor of cytopathogenicity can exert a secondary effect, namely, neutralization of progeny virus released from infected cells. The presence of this inhibitor in normal sera has practical implications in the use of tissue culture methods for the study of influenza viruses.
Mechanism of Antibody Formation
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott , Englberger Frieda
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A study has been made of the secondary antibody response in guinea pigs immunized with purified diphtheria toxoid. The antitoxin content of the alum granuloma at the injection site, the draining lymph node and the blood was measured by the rabbit intracutaneous test and, whenever possible, by the quantitative precipitin technique.

From the observed time-concentration curves it is postulated that lymph antibody is a measure of the rate of antibody production and that serum antibody represents the accumulation of antibody liberated into the blood reservoir. The antibody pattern in the alum granuloma appears to reflect both the processes of synthesis and accumulation. A theoretical curve for serum antibody calculated from the above assumptions agrees well with the experimental data and strongly supports the hypothesis.

These findings confirm the results of a previous study on the kinetics of cholera antibody formation in guinea pigs (1, 4). Furthermore, since similar rates of antibody production were obtained with either a soluble or particulate antigen, with different routes of inoculation and at different sampling sites, it is concluded that a general measure of secondary antibody synthesis has been demonstrated for one species of experimental animal.

A correlation of the rate of diphtheria antitoxin formation with the determinations of toxoid decay in the lymph node indicates that the anamnestic production of antibody proceeds in at least two steps. The current theories of antibody formation which postulate various intermediates are considered in the light of the kinetic evidence.
Sedimentation Properties of Human and Sheep Erythrocyte Hemolysins
Authors: Johnson Alonza , Woernley Donald , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antisheep erythrocyte hemolysin and rabbit anti-Rh+ human erythrocyte hemolysin are precipitated out of immune sera by Na2SO4 in the γ globulin fraction.

Sedimentation analysis in a partition cell indicated that the sheep hemolytic activity has a sedimentation value of 18.3 Svedberg units which corresponds to observations of others. However, human erythrocyte hemolysin has a sedimentation value of 6.95S which corresponds to the sedimentation constant, 6.94S, obtained by optical measurements on the bulk of the material (γ globulin) in this preparation.

Thus, different types of hemolysin are produced by rabbits depending on the source of erythrocytes used.
Studies of the Immunochemistry of Leptospires
Authors: Rothstein Nathaniel
Published: January 2023

Precipitinogens prepared from 9 leptospiral serotypes were tested against a series of non-leptospiral antisera. Those sera that were positive were then tested against live leptospiral antigens in the micro-agglutination test. A Shigella dysenteriae 1 antiserum reacted at a significant level with 2 strains of Leptospira pomona; absorption of this antiserum with Leptospira pomona organisms removed the leptospiral titers almost entirely and reduced the Shigella precipitin titer to one-fourth of its original value. A precipitinogen prepared from Shigella dysenteriae 1 reacted with Leptospira pomona serotypes to titers of approximately the order usually obtained with the homologous antigen-antibody systems of both the Shigella and the leptospires. Shigella tube agglutination tests against leptospiral antisera showed a constant cross-reaction with Shigella flexneri 1. The data obtained from this study point to the existence of a heterogenetic relationship between Leptospira and other microorganisms.
Corneal Reactions to Horse Serum in Rabbits Passively Sensitized by Leukocytes
Authors: Tremaine Mary M.
Published: January 2023

Sensitization of experimental animals to serum antigens commonly results in the formation of circulating antibody. Subsequent reactions of the skin to the antigen are predominantly of the immediate type of sensitivity. These reactions are quantitatively related to the level of circulating antibody; they can be elicited in normal animals after passive sensitization with antigserum. However, occasional “delayed” or tuberculin-like reactions of the skin to serum antigens have been reported in actively sensitized animals (1) and in man (2). The number and intensity of “delayed” responses is increased when animals are sensitized with antigen plus acid-fast bacilli: injection of antigen into an active tuberculous lesion (3), incorporation of antigen with killed tubercle bacilli in oil (4), and use of extracted “wax” from tubercle bacilli as an adjuvant (5) are all effective techniques. Reactions of the skin to antigen after these procedures have characteristics of both immediate- and delayed-type sensitivity reactions.
Further Studies Upon the Complement Fixation Test in Chronic Gonorrhea in Women
Authors: Wilson M. A. , Forbes Mary V. , Schwartz Florence
Published: January 2023

Investigation of various media for the preparation of gonococcus antigen showed that any of the starch-free and hemoglobin-free media that would give a profuse growth of the gonococcus within forty-eight hours at 37°C. would give antigens of equal value.

Recently isolated gonococci were of lower antigenicity than the Torrey strains isolated many years ago.

Autogenous antigens gave no stronger reactions with their homologous serums than did the Torrey strain antigen.

In this study we have encountered very few anticomplementary patients' serums that could not be controlled by heating.

The incidence of natural antisheep amboceptor that gave a negative reaction in a positive serum was only 0.3 per cent of 2374 bleedings. We found the Kaliski-Bauer test to be inadequate as a diagnostic measure, but of value as a control. Absorption of natural antisheep amboceptor did not give us uniform reactions.

As previously reported, we found the difference in fixative and hemolytic value of guinea-pig complements to be the greatest factor of variation in the gonococcus complement fixation test.

In order to give a true interpretation of our diagnostic tests in relation to the clinical classification, we have had to include three reactions frequently encountered in our tests that were not mentioned by Citron. Otherwise, our interpretations agree with Citron's.

Specificity tests with heterologous antigens gave no fixation with gonorrheal serums, as shown in table 3.

Non-gonorrheal serums tested with gonococcus antigens gave no complement fixation.

Tables 4 and 5 show the relative value of smear, culture and complement fixation. These three laboratory methods are discussed in a paper by Torrey and Wilson (15).

The clinical value of our gonococcus complement fixation tests is discussed in the publications of Barringer and Williams (3), and Barringer and von Bose (2).
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Chilcote R. C. , Hospital V. M.
Published: January 2023

The isolated organs of horse serum sensitized dogs, perfused with Locke's solution containing 0.04 to 2.5 per cent horse serum, give the following reactions: Lungs: Slight preliminary vasodilation, followed by a pronounced vasoconstriction. Marked edema. Intestines: Distinct vasoconstriction. Marked edema. Liver: Slight vasoconstriction. Slight edema. Hind Quarters: Either: (1) slight vasodilation without edema or (2) slight vasoconstriction with marked edema. The vasoconstriction in these organs may possibly be secondary to increased tissue pressure from edema. If so, increased specific capillary permeability must be looked upon as the dominant underlying physiological factor in these reactions.
The Vaccine Treatment of Asthma
Authors: Rackemann Francis M. , Graham Lillian B.
Published: January 2023

The method of making autogenous vaccines and of treating patients with emphysema, chronic bronchitis and with bacterial asthma is described. Ninety patients have been treated with autogenous vaccines. A predominating organism was found and used in 29 cases with good results in 11 and fair results in 11. In 61 cases, there was no predominating organism but a selection from several autogenous vaccines was made on the basis of the local reactions following the test dose. Good results occurred in 13 and fair results in 14. Forty-one patients have been treated with stock vaccines likewise selected on the basis of the local reactions with good results in 16 and fair results in 12. Whatever vaccine is used the fact that good results occur only in those cases where the various doses of the vaccine are followed by local reactions at the site of inoculation is definite and striking. The importance of the local reaction plus the fact that the results with stock vaccines are as good or better than those with autogenous vaccines gives rise to the impression that the action of all vaccines in asthma is non-specific. Of the entire series of 131 patients 9 or 7 per cent have been “cured;” 31 or 22 per cent have been definitely benefited; 13 or 10 per cent have been helped somewhat; 24 or 18.5 per cent have been relieved temporarily but 54 or 41 per cent have not been relieved at all. Although good proof of a cure brought about by vaccines is lacking, vaccines do good in many cases. And at least until we know more of the fundamental pathological physiology of asthma, their use is reasonable and justifiable.
Inhibition of Rh0(D) Antibody by Eluates from Rh0(D) Erythrocytes Treated with Mumps Virus or the Periodate Ion
Authors: Bigley Nancy J. , Chandler Robert W. , Dodd Matthew C.
Published: January 2023

Rh0(D) positive red cells treated with periodate or mumps virus were not agglutinated by anti-Rh sera containing specific saline agglutinins. Agglutinability was restored by trypsinization. Eluates from periodate or mumps-treated Rh0(D) erythrocytes or stromata inhibited agglutination of both normal and trypsinized Rh0(D) cells by specific antiserum. Eluates from Rh0(D) negative cells or stromata were not inhibitory. No inhibition was demonstrable with eluates from Rh0(D) cells treated with influenza or Newcastle disease viruses. Eluates from periodate or mumps-treated Rh0(D) cells or stromata formed precipitates when mixed with anti-Rh0(D) serum. The virus-treated cell eluates were more effective in producing precipitation. Titers of anti-Rh inhibitor in eluates from virus-treated stromata fluctuated considerably in samples obtained at various intervals during prolonged treatment. Similar fluctuations in the titer of anti-Rh inhibitor in samples of eluates from periodate-treated stromata occurred only for a short time after treatment was begun, no inhibition being demonstrable in later samples. Both titer and the fluctuations of inhibitor in eluates from mumps-treated stromata were affected by the stromata-virus ratio and by pH. Fluctuations in the titer of anti-Rh inhibitor were correlated with fluctuations in the viral hemagglutinin titers of eluates. Fluctuations in the inhibitor titer of virus-cell eluates were abolished by addition of antimumps serum and by inactivation of virus by heat. The subsequent addition of living virus to heated eluates was followed by the reappearance of the characteristic fluctuations of inhibitor titer. The anti-Rh inhibitor in both types of eluates was tentatively identified as Rh0(D) antigen chiefly on the basis of its serologic specificity. It was proposed that antigen existed in different forms in the two eluates. A carbohydrate complex having a dual antigen-receptor function was postulated for the virus cell eluate.
The Neutralization of Animal Viruses
Authors: Fazekas de St.Groth S. , Watson G. S. , Reid A. F.
Published: January 2023

The statistical-kinetic theory of reactions is applied to the system of virus and its specific antibody. The mathematical model defines, without any additional assumptions whatever, the rate at which virus-antibody unions are formed and broken, as well as the equilibrium state of the system. Equations covering the effects of dilution, of altering the concentration of any component, and of competition set up between similar reagents are derived and solved explicitly.

Based on this model, the biological action of antibodies is considered in the form of several equally likely alternatives. Choice of the appropriate mechanism of neutralization must rest on experiment.

The methods available for the study of the neutralization of infectivity are shown to carry various systematic errors. The nature and magnitude of these is discussed, and means are proposed by which they can be either avoided or accounted for quantitatively.
Studies on Nonprecipitating Antibody Coexisting with Precipitating Antibody
Authors: Feinberg Robert
Published: January 2023

Nonprecipitating antibody of the blocking type has been produced in rabbits by multiple subcutaneous injections of antigen suspended in Freund's adjuvant. Injection of animals intravenously and intramuscularly with antigen adsorbed onto alum failed to produce this type of antibody. The nonprecipitating antibody detected by combination with radioiodinated antigen was precipitable by sheep antirabbit globulin and electrophoretically is a γ-globulin.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Hayashi J. A. , Stone W. H. , Link K. P. , Irwin M. R.
Published: January 2023

Blood group specific substances have been prepared from bovine gastric mucosa. In general, preparations from cows carrying the gene for the J character show high and specific J activity as determined by inhibition tests, while those preparations from cows lacking the gene have no activity. There was no detectable difference in the gross chemical composition of the J active and J inactive preparations. The amounts of the various constituents found (nitrogen content, methylpentose, hexosamine and reducing sugars after hydrolysis) were comparable to those reported by others for the blood group specific substances from various species. The J substance prepared from gastric mucosa and the J substance as it occurs normally on the red blood cells and in the serum behaved similarly in cross-reactions within other blood group systems. Thus, the J active preparations possessed cattle J, sheep R and human A activity, while the J inactive. However, none of the preparations had activity for human blood group B as has been reported by other workers. Further, there was some weak sheep r and strong human O activity among both the J positive and J negative preparations. It has not been possible to produce specific precipitating antisera against the J preparations by immunizing rabbits, cattle or chickens. However, cattle immunized with a J active preparation may have produced precipitins specifically reactive with A active substance from hog, horse and human sources. This paradoxical reactivity for nonhomologous substances has been observed with the naturally occurring anti-J antibodies also. The chicken anti-J sera showed reactions which seemingly were species specific and not J specific.
Differences in the Antigenic Components of Sera of Individual Rabbits as Shown by Induced Isoprecipitins
Authors: Dray Sheldon , Young Glendowlyn O.
Published: January 2023

Differences in the antigenic components of sera of individual rabbits have been studied by the induction of isoantibodies. For this purpose, rabbits were injected with normal rabbit sera plus paraffin-oil type adjuvants. The titers of isoantibodies can be estimated by precipitin reactions in agar gel and by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. Isoprecipitins were found to serum antigens with electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to α-, β-, and γ-globulins.

The sera of 90 normal rabbits were tested by diffusion in gel tubes with 6 rabbit antisera to rabbit sera; some tubes had no precipitin bands and others had one or two precipitin bands. When the reactions between each normal rabbit serum and the 6 rabbit antisera were compared, the 90 rabbits could be grouped into 13 groups on the basis of the presence or absence of precipitin bands and into 30 groups by taking the number of bands into consideration.

The isoantibodies did not react with red blood cell antigens as determined by agglutination tests and adsorption experiments.
Purification of Antikidney Globulins on a Cellulose Column
Authors: Powell A. E.
Published: January 2023

The localizing activity of labelled rabbit antirat kidney γ-globulin was strongly concentrated by gradient elution from kidney sediment. The material so obtained was about 20 times more active and, with respect to cross-localization in liver, was 4 times as specific for rat kidney as was the original unpurified γ-globulin. It was not possible to duplicate this effect by elution in batch procedures. For maximum localizing activity, it was necessary to iodinate the γ-globulin with not more than 1 g atom of iodine/mole of γ-globulin. The greater the localizing activity of the preparations described, the more label was found in the saline insoluble portion of the kidney. The principle of the method is believed to be applicable to the purification in general of antibodies in cases where the antigens are not obtained in purified form.
The Curious Case of the Common Cold
Authors: Dingle John H.
Published: January 2023

The common cold is the most frequent ailment of mankind. Almost all of us have had it at least once, and most of us suffer from it several times each year, so that we know it personally. While a cold is frequently looked upon as a minor or even trivial disease, a host of observers and investigators have been concerned with it at one time or another. By 1932, for example, there were approximately 2000 papers in the literature dealing with this subject and literally hundreds of papers have been added since that time. It is curious, then, that we know so much about this disease and yet find it so elusive. It is curious that the common cold is so difficult to define sharply and clearly; that its epidemiology is so poorly understood and that its causes—definitive, predisposing, and precipitating—are so uncertain.
The Effect of Temperature upon the Production of Herpes Simplex Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E.
Published: January 2023

The majority of adult human beings have been infected with the herpes simplex virus, judging from the high percentage of the general population whose sera contain complement fixing or neutralizing antibodies (50–90% depending upon the segment of the population tested) (1–7). Once the infection is acquired it appears that the virus may remain in some tissue or tissues in a latent or inapparent state and that under proper conditions it can become active to produce disease in the form of recurrent herpes simplex infections. Some of those who have serologic evidence of infection with the herpes simplex virus develop recurrent disease without apparent cause or in association with such common-place occurrences as menstruation, exposure to sunlight and emotional stress. In contrast, the majority of persons who have serologic evidence of herpetic infection develop recurrent herpes simplex lesions if they contract certain febrile bacterial infections, especially those caused by Meningococci or Pneumococci.
Studies on Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Kimball Anne C. , Cooney Marion K. , Bauer Henry , Sheppard Charles G.
Published: January 2023

In an unselected group of 327 obstetrical patients the dye test for toxoplasma antibodies was positive in 31.5%. Serological follow-up on 272 (84.2%) patients, with an average of 2.9 specimens per person, covered a median of 55 months and indicated the following: a) The rate of change from negative to positive was 5.1% during the study period or about 1.0% per year. b) Only one of 88 patients with dye test positive in dilution 1:4 or higher changed to dye test negative during the study period. c) Significant increase in titer (16-fold rise) was observed in only 3 of the 88 dye test positive patients, and may signify antigenic stimulation from re-exposure or ruptured pseudocysts.
Elimination of Antigen-Antibody Complexes from Sera of Rabbits
Authors: Weigle William O.
Published: January 2023

Various soluble antigen-antibody complexes have been injected intravenously into rabbits and their rate of elimination followed. When soluble BSA-anti-BSA complexes, prepared in the region of antigen excess, were injected intravenously into rabbits, a portion of these complexes was removed almost immediately, whereas another portion was eliminated at an exponential rate which had a half-life of approximately 2.7 days. A portion of similarly prepared BGG-anti-BGG complexes was eliminated from the circulation at an exponential rate which had a half-life of 1.8 days. In either system the rate of elimination of the complexes was more rapid than that of either antigen or antibody when injected alone. The amount of these complexes which continued to circulate following an injection depended to a large extent on their size which is determined by the amount of excess antigen used in their preparation.

BSA-anti-BSA complexes prepared at equivalence with nonprecipitating antibody were almost completely eliminated from the sera in a few hours, whereas, BSA-(nonprecipitating) anti-BSA complexes prepared with a large amount of excess antigen were eliminated from the circulation at a rate which had a half-life of 2.3 days.

There is some evidence that complement may play a role in the removal of soluble antigen-antibody complexes from the circulation.
Quantitative Study of Local Passive Transfer of Tuberculin Sensitivity with Peritoneal Exudate Cells in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Matoltsy Margit
Published: January 2023

The peritoneal exudate cells of tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs, used in earlier surviving cell culture experiments, were shown to produce small but typical delayed reactions when mixed with antigen and injected into the skin of normal guinea pig recipients. Injection of the same mixtures intracorneally produced an opacity lasting 48 hr, not produced by injection of control mixtures. In newborn animals as recipients, local passive skin reactions could not be produced. By injecting multiple doses of antigen and cells into single (sometimes two) recipients and by measuring the volumes of the reactions as precisely as possible, we obtained characteristic dose response curves. High concentrations of tuberculin (1:20-1:5) inhibited the passive reactions in many of these experiments. Incubation of the cells with antigen before injection and incubation of the cells before addition of antigen failed to produce the release of inflammatory agents, of antibody, or of cells with increased reactivity. Suspensions of spleen cells failed to produce well defined transferred reactions. It is concluded that the transferred cells react directly with antigen at the injected site and that a volume increase of the transferred cells comparable to that seen in surviving cell culture, with or without actual cell multiplication, is sufficient to account for the size of the reactions observed in the absence of participation by the recipient's own cells.
Action of Anticellular Sera on Virus Infections
Authors: Quersin-Thiry Lise
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antiHeLa sera and antimonkey kidney culture sera completely protected the homologous cultures against the cytopathogenic effect of poliomyelitis virus (MEF1), if the sera were used at subagglutinative concentrations. At such concentrations cells multiplied normally in spite of the presence of both antiserum and virus. The protection, at least in part, resulted from an inhibiting effect on the attachment of virus to antibody-treated cells.

Susceptibility to this protective action differed greatly with different strains. Examples of strains which were not susceptible include 1 strain of Newcastle disease and 4 types of Coxsackie B virus. Susceptibility equal to that of MEF1 was shown by 4 other strains of poliomyelitis virus (2 virulent, 2 avirulent). Susceptibility greater than that of MEF1 was shown by 3 types of Coxsackie A (smaller doses of antiserum were required to achieve protection). Susceptibility was variable among 13 types of the ECHO group. No protection was obtained against diphtheria toxin. If protective action occurred, the presence or absence of complement had no effect on the susceptibility of virus.

When filter paper disks soaked in anticellular serum were layed on agar in Petri dishes which had been prepared according to the Dulbecco technique, viruses such as poliomyelitis and ECHO 9 strains did not form plaques in an area surrounding the disk. No such protected area was formed when Newcastle disease virus was tested.
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in the Mouse
Authors: Ovary Zoltan
Published: January 2023

The skin of the albino Swiss mouse can be passively sensitized by rabbit antibody. With the rabbit antihen egg albumin used in this study, 0.4 or 0.8 μg antibody nitrogen was found to be the lower limit necessary for local sensitization. The optimal latent period was found to be 3 hr. Intradermally injected antibody can be detected by PCA for only a short time after challenge with antigen. When the antibody is injected intravenously, 350 μg of antibody nitrogen or more are necessary to sensitize the skin. At these antibody levels the threshold amount of Ea approximated 0.25 μg.
Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination Inhibition by Normal Serum with a Canary Pox Virus Strain
Authors: Gerber Dolores F. , Watkins H. M. S.
Published: January 2023

A strain of canary pox virus (CPV) agglutinated red blood cells from only one-fourth of the fowl donors furnishing cells positive for hemagglutination by vaccinia virus. Hemagglutination was inhibited by normal fowl, sheep, rabbit and horse serum. Inhibition titers were inversely proportional to the virus concentration employed and were not affected by incubation at 4, 26, or 37°C. When heated at 56°C for 30 min the hemaggluatinin was thermolabile, the serum inhibitor thermostable. The virus showed no enzymatic activity against red cell receptors or against the serum inhibitor. In these aspects, this CPV strain is identical neither with other pox viruses nor with the MNI viruses.
The Toxic Effect of Vaccinia Virus on Leucocytes In Vitro
Authors: Nishmi M. , Bernkopf H.
Published: January 2023

Suspensions of cells obtained from the peritoneal exudate of the white mouse and the cell population developing from the growth of such cells on glass were found to be rapidly destroyed by concentrated suspensions of vaccinia virus. A destructive effect of vaccinia virus on suspensions of human white blood cells was also observed. The cytopathic changes are not caused by virus multiplication but by a toxic principle which could not be separated from the virus particles by centrifugation. Virus preparations made noninfective by irradiation with ultraviolet light still possessed toxic qualities. It is suggested that the characteristic leucopenia observed in smallpox and vaccinia infection in man may be caused by a mechanism similar to that of the destruction of white blood cells by vaccinia virus demonstrated in vitro.
The Effect of Prolonged Injection of Ethionine on Rabbits and Guinea Pigs on a High Cholesterol Diet
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Plummer P. J. G. , Annau E. , Robertson A.
Published: January 2023

The complement titers, protein and lipid values of the serum, and the pathologic findings were compared in ethionine-injected and untreated rabbits and guinea pigs on cholesterol-supplemented or stock diets. All of the ethionine-injected rabbits when sacrificed after 7–24 week's treatment showed some degree of pathologic change in the liver and kidney or both; in some, other organs as well were affected. Atheromatous lesions in the aorta and vessels of the heart were found in all rabbits that had been on the high-cholesterol diet for periods of 14–24 weeks, their location and extent was similar in the ethionine-treated and control animals. No such lesions were observed in any of the guinea pigs on the cholesterol-supplemented diet, although there was a marked accumulation of lipid in the liver, pancreas and other organs.

The complement titers and total protein content of the serum of the untreated rabbits on the high cholesterol diet tended to be higher than those of the untreated controls on the stock diet; this difference was not observed in the corresponding groups of guinea pigs. Complement titers fell and remained low in both dietary groups of rabbits and guinea pigs during the period of ethionine treatment; in rabbits the total serum protein values were depressed initially but later rose to normal levels; prolonged ethionine treatment had no apparent effect upon the hyperlipemia developing in cholesterol-fed rabbits, but in guinea pigs on the same diet an initial rise in serum lipids was followed by a decline during ensuing months of ethionine injection.

The basic mechanisms underlying these changes observed in ethionine-injected animals are discussed briefly from the physiologic and immunologic standpoint.
The Metabolism of Some Antigen-Antibody Complexes in the Rabbit
Authors: Walter Harry , Zipper Herbert
Published: January 2023

Rabbits sensitized to beef gamma globulin (BGG) and normal controls were injected intravenously with small amounts of insoluble, suspended complexes formed in vitro between I131-trace labeled BGG (I131-BGG) and its homologous rabbit antibody. At intervals animals were sacrificed and the protein bound activity was determined in their blood and organs. It has been shown that the clearance from the blood proceeds more rapidly in sensitized than in control animals because the antibody in their serum reduces dissociation of complex. The organ distribution pattern is similar in both sensitized rabbits and controls and it thus appears that elimination of complex from blood does not depend on any sensitization of tissues. The spleen, shortly after injection, has the highest specific activity of any organ. Because of their size the liver and lungs account for the greatest removal of injected activity from the circulation. In sensitized animals injected with labeled antigen (i.e. in tracing complex formed in vivo) the spleen and lymph nodes have the highest specific activities of any organ; whereas in normal animals these activities are quite low. Thermally denatured I131-BGG, when injected intravenously, is eliminated from blood at rates comparable to antigen-antibody complex in sensitized rabbits, but is excreted more rapidly from the organism. A difference in the rate of degradation and elimination of native insoluble protein (antigen-antibody complex) and denatured insoluble protein is indicated.
Sensitivity of Pertussis Inoculated Mice to Endotoxin
Authors: Kind Leon S.
Published: January 2023

The rise and fall of sensitivity to endotoxin in the pertussis inoculated mouse parallels closely the development of histamine and serotonin susceptibility in such animals. Thirteen days after pertussis inoculation, mice possessed an enhanced susceptibility to the lethal effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin as well as to living E. coli organisms. Preliminary injections of sublethal amounts of E. coli or Serratia marcescens endotoxins restore the resistance of pertussis inoculated mice to subsequent challenge with lethal doses of E. coli endotoxin. Injections of E. coli endotoxin, however, do not prevent pertussis inoculated mice from developing an increased susceptibility to histamine or anaphylactic shock. E. coli endotoxin was actually found to potentiate the development of anaphylactic sensitivity in the pertussis inoculated mouse. On the other hand, E. coli endotoxin increased the resistance of pertussis inoculated to subsequent injections of pertussis vaccine. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Clearance of Antigen Antibody Complexes from the Blood by the Reticulo-Endothelial System
Authors: Benacerraf B. , Sebestyen M. , Cooper N. S.
Published: January 2023

Soluble complexes of antigens with rabbit antibody interfere by a phenomenon of competition with the phagocytosis of carbon particles by the reticuloendothelial system, when injected intravenously into mice and rabbits. Evidence is presented that at least the larger soluble antigen-antibody aggregates are phagocytized by the Kupffer cells of the liver.

The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the localization of antigen-antibody complexes in the sites of pathologic lesions of serum sickness.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Allen Peter Z. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

The capacity of sugars of known structure to inhibit precipitation of type XIV antibody from two different samples of horse antiserum by blood group substances and their P1 fractions was assayed by the quantitative inhibition technique. Of the compounds tested, the β-galactosides, galactosyl 1 → 4 β-N-acetylglucosamine, galactosyl 1 → 3 β-N-acetylglucosamine and lactose were found on a molar basis to be the most potent inhibitors of precipitation by intact and mild acid treated preparations.

The relative inhibitory capacity of β-galactosides was found to vary with the particular sample of horse anti-XIV employed and in addition varied for individual preparations when tested with the same antiserum. Inhibition findings do not permit a definitive conclusion regarding the linkage of terminal galactosyl substituents conferring type XIV cross reactivity to blood group substances.

The liberation of greater amounts of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine from the P1 fraction by enzymatic treatment together with the increased potency of galactose over N-acetylglucosamine in inhibiting the cross reaction, suggests that the increased type XIV reactivity of the P1 fraction results from exposure of additional terminal β-galactosyl rather than N-acetylglucosamine end groups.

Evidence that B P1 and type XIV cross reactive sites are conferred by different kinds of galactosyl groupings on the B substance was obtained from quantitative precipitin data showing the capacity to precipitate anti-B P1 to be independent of type XIV cross reactivity. Moreover, while enzymes of Clostridium tertium destroy type XIV reactivity they leave B P1 reactivity intact.
The Immunologic Competence of Chickens' Skin
Authors: Billingham R. E. , Silvers Willys K.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that when grafts of adult chickens' skin are transplanted to the chorioallantoic membranes of 9-10-day-old chick embryos they heal in soundly, become vascularized and evoke a characteristic cellular response in the underlying extraembryonic mesenchymal tissue of their host. These grafts also bring about enlargement of, and certain lesions in, the hosts' spleens. It is argued that these changes are the result of an immunologic reaction on the part of certain cellular ingredients present in the skin grafts against the foreign cellular “transplantation” antigens of the embryonic hosts. Experiments involving the use of exsanguinated and perfused donors, and determinations of the minimal amount of whole blood required to produce lesions in the hosts' spleens, have shown that the immunologic competence of chickens's kin cannot simply be ascribed to the activity of certain leukocytic ingredients of the blood in its vessels, but must be regarded as residing mainly, if not entirely, in fixed cells of the skin which are almost certainly lymphocytes.
Starch-Gel Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Poulik M. D.
Published: January 2023

An immunoelectrophoretic method based upon one-dimensional and two-dimensional zone electrophoresis is described in detail. A discontinuous system of buffers was used in order to increase the resolving power of the starch-gel electrophoresis and to increase the sensitivity of the antigen-antibody reactions in agar gel. Results obtained with two-dimensional zone immunoelectrophoresis include a) demonstration of several “albumin like” proteins in a nephrotic serum and b) localization of an acidic α-1-glycoprotein (orosomucoid) in urine. Results obtained with the one-dimensional technique demonstrate a) immunologic specificity of crystalline transferrin (β-1-globulin) after interaction with diphtheria toxin and b) heterogeneity of crystalline diphtheria toxin and highly purified tetanus toxoid. Differences between the method of Grabar and Williams and the methods described are fully discussed.
The Reversibility of the Reaction between Rabbit Antibody and Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Rappaport Irving
Published: January 2023

In a previous publication, (1) the reaction between tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and rabbit antiserum was analyzed with the underlying assumption that the combination of virus and antibody was essentially irreversible. Although the data were compatible with this assumption and the subsequent hypothesis advanced, it was pointed out that they were also in harmony with the alternative concept of a reversible reaction. Additional evidence has now been obtained supporting the latter notion of a reversible TMV-antibody reaction. This communication will present the evidence suggesting reversibility and indicate that the reaction approaches an equilibrium state soon after the reagents are mixed.

The difficulty in demonstrating an equilibrium between virus and antibody resides chiefly in the large size of the virus particle. Where size is not a problem, as with haptens, for example, competition experiments, studies employing equilibrium dialysis, or light scattering techniques, have yielded much quantitative data in support of an equilibrium hypothesis (2–5).
Studies on Immune Factors Occurring in Sera of Chickens Against the Crithidia Stage of Trypanosoma Cruzi
Authors: Warren Lionel G. , Borsos Tibor
Published: January 2023

It has been shown by immunologic methods that fowl sera contain at least two factors against the crithidia of Trypanosoma cruzi: a heat-stable factor which is in all probability a strongly agglutinating and sensitizing antibody, and a heat labile factor which is probably complement. The antibody was present in the sera of all mature normal birds tested, it was transmitted to the yolk and thence to the blood of the embryo, greatly reduced or lost after hatching and regained upon immunologic maturation. Birds hatched and reared under germ-free conditions had the antibody in their sera until shortly after hatching; however, after losing it, it did not reappear. The heat labile, lytic factor was present in the sera of birds regardless of environmental influence. It is concluded that the agglutinating factor (antibody) is due to response to a cross reacting antigen possibly present in a common contaminant of fowls.
Effects of Cysteine and Acetic Anhydride on the Antigenic and Catalytic Sites of Dog Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Schlamowitz Max
Published: January 2023

Treatment of alkaline phosphatase(s) from dog intestine with cysteine causes the complete destruction of its enzymatic activity without impairing its ability to combine with and be precipitated by its antiserum. Treatment of the enzyme with acetic anhydride, although leaving its catalytic properties largely intact, destroys the ability of the enzyme to be precipitated by antiserum. However, combination with antibody, in the form of soluble complexes still takes place. These complexes are precipitated upon the addition of horse antirabbit γ-globulin antibodies. The relation of these observations to the chemical nature of the catalytic and antigenic sites of alkaline phosphatase is discussed.