bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy conscious scheduling with controlled threshold for precedence-constrained tasks on heterogeneous clusters
Authors: Kaur Nirmal , Bansal Savina , Bansal Rakesh Kumar
Published: November 2016

Efficient task scheduling of concurrent tasks is one of the primary requirements for high-performance computing platforms. Recent advances in high-performance computing have resulted in widespread performance improvement though at the cost of increased energy consumption and other system resources. In this article, an energy conscious scheduling algorithm with controlled threshold has been developed for precedence-constrained tasks on heterogeneous cluster, which aims at lower makespan along with reduced energy consumption. Energy conscious scheduling with controlled threshold algorithm combines the benefits of dynamic voltage scaling with controlled threshold-based duplication strategy to achieve its objectives. Effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is analyzed in comparison with available duplication- and non-duplication-based scheduling algorithms (with and without dynamic voltage scaling approach) to ascertain its performance and energy consumption. Exhaustive simulation results on random and real-world graphs demonstrate that energy conscious scheduling algorithm with controlled threshold has the potential to reduce energy consumption and makespan.
The Paths Between Gender, Barriers, Social Support, Coping Efficacy, and Educational Goals
Authors: Fort Isabelle , Murariu Anca
Published: November 2016

The twofold aim of this study was first to extend results on the career choice model previously obtained with students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and to gauge the relevance of including self-efficacy for coping with barriers in this model. The second aim was to examine whether examined paths varied according to gender. We investigated the paths between social support, barriers, barrier-coping efficacy, and goals in a sample of 215 students drawn from disciplines where men are underrepresented. In line with the hypothetical model, results revealed significant paths between social support, barriers, barrier-coping efficacy, and goals. Moreover, these paths did not vary according to gender. Results are discussed with reference to the literature and in terms of their practical implications.
Antisocial Alcoholism in Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults With Childhood ADHD
Authors: Molina Brooke S. G. , Gnagy Elizabeth M. , Joseph Heather M. , Pelham William E.
Published: November 2016

Objective: Test the hypothesis that alcoholism, including antisocial alcoholism, is more prevalent among mothers and fathers of children with versus without ADHD. Method: Mothers (312 ADHD group, 235 non-ADHD group) and fathers (291 ADHD group, 227 non-ADHD group) in the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study were interviewed along with their adolescent and young adult offspring. Results: Maternal and paternal alcoholism, with and without comorbid antisociality, was more prevalent in the ADHD group. Paternal alcoholism without antisociality was only marginally higher for probands after controlling for paternal ADHD. Offspring conduct disorder comorbidity was associated with parental antisociality but not parental antisocial alcoholism. Conclusion: Our findings that 44% of proband fathers and 25% of proband mothers experienced alcohol problems with or without antisociality are further evidence of increased alcoholism prevalence in families affected by ADHD. Maternal alcoholism and antisociality are prominent contributors to this family-level vulnerability. These findings indicate the need to assess long-term offspring outcomes as a function of parental alcohol and externalizing comorbidities, and perhaps other indicators of parental alcoholism phenotype, as familial vulnerability unfolds across development.
The MINDS Method
Authors: Grenha Teixeira Jorge , Patrício Lia , Huang Ko-Hsun , Fisk Raymond P. , Nóbrega Leonel , Constantine Larry
Published: November 2016

As technology innovation rapidly changes service experiences, service designers need to leverage technology and orchestrate complex service systems to create innovative services while enabling seamless customer experiences. Service design builds upon contributions from multiple fields, including management, information technology, and interaction design. Still, more integration to leverage the role of technology for service innovation is needed. This article integrates these two service design perspectives, management and interaction design, into an interdisciplinary method—the Management and INteraction Design for Service (MINDS). Using a design science research approach, MINDS synthesizes management perspective models, which focus on creating new value propositions and orchestrating multiple service interfaces, with interaction design perspective models, which focus on technology usage and its surrounding context. This article presents applications of the MINDS method in two different service industries (media and health care) to demonstrate how MINDS enables creating innovative technology-enabled services and advances interdisciplinary service research.
Adding flexibility to Markov Switching models
Authors: Otranto Edoardo
Published: November 2016

Abstract:

Very often time series are subject to abrupt changes in the level, which are generally represented by Markov Switching (MS) models, assuming that the level is constant within a certain state (regime). This is not a realistic framework because in the same regime the level could change with minor jumps with respect to a change of state; this is a typical situation in many economic time series such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or the volatility of financial markets. We propose to make the state flexible, introducing a very general model which provides oscillations of the level of the time series within each state of the MS model; these movements are driven by a forcing variable. The new model allows for consideration of extreme jumps in a parsimonious way, without the adoption of a large number of regimes (in our examples the two-state MS models are used). Moreover, this model increases the interpretability and in particular the out-of-sample performance with respect to the most used alternative models. This approach can be applied in several fields, also using unobservable data. We show its advantages in three distinct applications, extending particular MS models, which involve macroeconomic variables, volatilities of financial markets and conditional correlations.
Liability in negligence of the mentally ill
Authors: Orchard Maria
Published: November 2016

An essential element of the tort of negligence is the duty of care, which is measured by the objective standard of a reasonable person and does not take into account a defendant’s personal characteristics. In Dunnage v Randall, the Court of Appeal was tasked with deciding whether a person’s mental illness should be considered when defining the appropriate standard of care. The court held that the deceased, an undiagnosed paranoid schizophrenic who set himself on fire, was subject to the objective standard, breached his duty by failing to act with reasonable care and was therefore liable for the burns his nephew sustained while attempting to prevent the incident. The court further found that a defendant can only escape liability for negligently caused injury if their mental illness entirely eliminates responsibility, thus articulating a strict approach towards the liability in tort of persons suffering from mental illness. As this comment will discuss, the Dunnage decision is a handy illustration of the basic tenets of the tort of negligence, revealing the policy considerations at play and questioning the underlying rationale of the tort law regime.
Barely visible impact damage imaging using non-contact air-coupled transducer/laser Doppler vibrometer system
Authors: Harb MS , Yuan FG
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study is to investigate the capability of the zero-lag cross-correlation imaging condition of an A0 Lamb wave mode in imaging a barely visible impact damage in a carbon fiber–reinforced polymer composite using a fully non-contact-guided wave-based non-destructive inspection system. A 16-ply (45/0/-45/90)2s carbon fiber–reinforced polymer laminate was impacted at three different locations with different impact energies using a drop ball at three drop heights causing three barely visible impact damages with different sizes. The A0 Lamb wave mode is generated inside the laminate using a circular air-coupled transducer and detected along the damaged region using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The measured wavefield is then decomposed into a forward and backward propagating wavefields by applying a frequency–wavenumber filtering post-processing technique. The decomposed wavefields are then cross-correlated in the frequency domain using zero-lag cross-correlation imaging condition producing a detailed cumulative damage image. The images obtained in frequency domain highlight the three damaged areas with higher zero-lag cross-correlation values compared to other parts of the inspected areas. The experimental investigation has shown a good correlation between the zero-lag cross-correlation imaging condition and C-scan images, which demonstrate a strong capability of guided wave zero-lag cross-correlation imaging condition technique in approximating the location and size of relatively small barely visible impact damages in thin composite structures.
Calprotectin in rheumatic diseases
Authors: Ometto Francesca , Friso Lara , Astorri Davide , Botsios Costantino , Raffeiner Bernd , Punzi Leonardo , Doria Andrea
Published: November 2016

Calprotectin is a heterodimer formed by two proteins, S100A8 and S100A9, which are mainly produced by activated monocytes and neutrophils in the circulation and in inflamed tissues. The implication of calprotectin in the inflammatory process has already been demonstrated, but its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and monitoring of rheumatic diseases has gained great attention in recent years. Calprotectin, being stable at room temperature, is a candidate biomarker for the follow-up of disease activity in many autoimmune disorders, where it can predict response to treatment or disease relapse. There is evidence that a number of immunomodulators, including TNF-α inhibitors, may reduce calprotectin expression. S100A8 and S100A9 have a potential role as a target of treatment in murine models of autoimmune disorders, since the direct or indirect blockade of these proteins results in amelioration of the disease process. In this review, we will go over the biologic functions of calprotectin which might be involved in the etiology of rheumatic disorders. We will also report evidence of its potential use as a disease biomarker.

Impact statement

Calprotectin is an acute-phase protein produced by monocytes and neutrophils in the circulation and inflamed tissues. Calprotectin seems to be more sensitive than CRP, being able to detect minimal residual inflammation and is a candidate biomarker in inflammatory diseases. High serum levels are associated with some severe manifestations of rheumatic diseases, such as glomerulonephritis and lung fibrosis. Calprotectin levels in other fluids, such as saliva and synovial fluid, might be helpful in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Of interest is also the potential role of calprotectin as a target of treatment.
Considerations in managing the fill rate of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Reservoir using a system dynamics approach
Authors: Keith Bruce , Ford David N , Horton Radley
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study is to evaluate simulated fill rate scenarios for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam while taking into account plausible climate change outcomes for the Nile River Basin. The region lacks a comprehensive equitable water resource management strategy, which creates regional security concerns and future possible conflicts. We employ climate estimates from 33 general circulation models within a system dynamics model as a step in moving toward a feasible regional water resource management strategy. We find that annual reservoir fill rates of 8–15% are capable of building hydroelectric capacity in Ethiopia while concurrently ensuring a minimum level of stream flow disruption into Egypt before 2039. Insofar as climate change estimates suggest a modest average increase in stream flow into the Aswan, climate changes through 2039 are unlikely to affect the fill rate policies. However, larger fill rates will have a more detrimental effect on stream flow into the Aswan, particularly beyond a policy of 15%. While this study demonstrates that a technical solution for reservoir fill rates is feasible, the corresponding policy challenge is political. Implementation of water resource management strategies in the Nile River Basin specifically and Africa generally will necessitate a national and regional willingness to cooperate.
Percutaneous Treatment of Unstable Scaphoid Waist Fractures
Authors: Matson Andrew P. , Garcia Ryan M. , Richard Marc J. , Leversedge Fraser J. , Aldridge J. Mack , Ruch David S.
Published: November 2016

Background: Percutaneous techniques have been described for the treatment of nondisplaced scaphoid fractures, although less information has been reported about outcomes for unstable, displaced fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the union and complication rates following manual closed reduction and percutaneous screw placement for a consecutive series of unstable, displaced scaphoid fractures. Methods: A total of 28 patients (average age, 27 years; 22 male/6 female) were treated for isolated unstable displaced scaphoid waist fractures. Closed reduction and percutaneous headless, compression screw fixation was successfully performed in 14 patients (average age, 32 years; 10 male/4 female), and the remaining 14 patients required open reduction. Patients who underwent percutaneous treatment were followed for radiographic fracture union and clinical outcomes. Results: Thirteen of 14 fractures (93%) had clinical and radiographic evidence of bone union at an average of 2.8 months postoperatively. Average visual analog pain score at the time of union was 0.9. The average Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score at 2.5 years follow-up (range, 1.5-8.3 years) was 9.6 (range, 0.0-27.3). Complications included 1 case of nonunion and 1 case of intraoperative Kirschner wire breakage. Conclusions: Manual closed reduction followed by percutaneous headless, compression screw fixation was possible in 50% of patients who presented with acute unstable, displaced scaphoid fractures. This technique appears to be a safe and effective method when a manual reduction is possible, and it may offer a less invasive option when compared with a standard open technique.
Mobile robot navigation control using recurrent fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller based on improved dynamic artificial bee colony
Authors: Li Lingling , Lin Cheng-Jian , Huang Mei-Ling , Kuo Shye-Chorng , Chen Yun-Ren
Published: November 2016

In this study, an efficient navigation control method of mobile robot is proposed. The proposed navigation control method consists of behavior manager, toward goal behavior, and wall-following behavior. According to the relative position between the mobile robot and the environment, the behavior manager switches to determine toward goal behavior or wall-following behavior of mobile robot. A novel recurrent fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller based on an improved dynamic artificial bee colony is proposed for performing wall-following control of mobile robot. The proposed improved dynamic artificial bee colony algorithm uses the sharing mechanism and the dynamic identity update to improve the performance of optimization. A reinforcement learning method is adopted to train the wall-following control of mobile robot. Experimental results show that the proposed method obtains a better navigation control than other methods in unknown environment.
Control of nonlinear state-dependent systems using a receding horizon strategy
Authors: Wang Jiqiang
Published: November 2016

A variety of nonlinear control design methods have been proposed for controlling severe nonlinear processes over the past three decades. The vast majority of approaches take a nonlinear affine representation of the system dynamics. It appears that many system dynamics can also be represented by a state-dependent model structure. Control of state-dependent systems has been investigated resulting in design methodologies such as state-dependent Riccati equation approach, state-dependent parameter and proportional–integral–plus approach, and the nonlinear generalized minimum variance approach. This article describes yet another approach based on a receding horizon strategy. Important results on optimal control are obtained. Implementation issues are also discussed. The proposed approach is validated through its application to a 25-tray binary distillation column process.
Optimization of potential field method parameters through networks for swarm cooperative manipulation tasks
Authors: Furferi Rocco , Conti Roberto , Meli Enrico , Ridolfi Alessandro
Published: November 2016

An interesting current research field related to autonomous robots is mobile manipulation performed by cooperating robots (in terrestrial, aerial and underwater environments). Focusing on the underwater scenario, cooperative manipulation of Intervention-Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (I-AUVs) is a complex and difficult application compared with the terrestrial or aerial ones because of many technical issues, such as underwater localization and limited communication. A decentralized approach for cooperative mobile manipulation of I-AUVs based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is proposed in this article. This strategy exploits the potential field method; a multi-layer control structure is developed to manage the coordination of the swarm, the guidance and navigation of I-AUVs and the manipulation task. In the article, this new strategy has been implemented in the simulation environment, simulating the transportation of an object. This object is moved along a desired trajectory in an unknown environment and it is transported by four underwater mobile robots, each one provided with a seven-degrees-of-freedom robotic arm. The simulation results are optimized thanks to the ANNs used for the potentials tuning.
An online gait generator for quadruped walking using motor primitives
Authors: Zhou Chunlin , Wang Boxing , Zhu Qiuguo , Wu Jun
Published: November 2016

This article presents implementation of an online gait generator on a quadruped robot. Firstly, the design of a quadruped robot is presented. The robot contains four leg modules each of which is constructed by a 2 degrees of freedom (2-DOF) five-bar parallel linkage mechanism. Together with other two rotational DOF, the leg module is able to perform 4-DOF movement. The parallel mechanism of the robot allows all the servos attached on the body frame, so that the leg mass is decreased and motor load can be balanced. Secondly, an online gait generator based on dynamic movement primitives for the walking control is presented. Dynamic movement primitives provide an approach to generate periodic trajectories and they can be modulated in real time, which makes the online adjustment of walking gaits possible. This gait controller is tested by the quadruped robot in regulating walking speed, switching between forward\backward movements and steering. The controller is easy to apply, expand and is quite effective on phase coordination and online trajectory modulation. Results of simulated experiments are presented.
Multi-robot patrol
Authors: Yan Chuanbo , Zhang Tao
Published: November 2016

Multi-robot with advantages of spatial distribution and fault tolerance is competent for patrol missions and has the potential to be used in security and surveillance applications. This article focuses on the frequency-based patrol designed to guarantee the frequent access to key positions in the environment. A distributed algorithm based on expected idleness is proposed, aiming to promote the efficiency of cooperation, which remains to be fault tolerant and scalable. The expected idleness is estimated with information shared between robots and utilized to avoid conflicts in the decision process. Comparisons with state-of-the-art algorithms have been conducted in a realistic simulator, Stage; moreover, the fault tolerance and scalability have also been tested. Experiments on real robots have further verified the applicability of the proposed algorithm.
Avoiding blind leading the blind
Authors: Ravankar Abhijeet , Ravankar Ankit A , Kobayashi Yukinori , Emaru Takanori
Published: November 2016

Virtual pheromone trailing has successfully been demonstrated for navigation of multiple robots to achieve a collective goal. Many previous works use a pheromone deposition scheme that assumes perfect localization of the robot, in which, robots precisely know their location in the map. Therefore, pheromones are always assumed to be deposited at the desired place. However, it is difficult to achieve perfect localization of the robot due to errors in encoders and sensors attached to the robot and the dynamics of the environment in which the robot operates. In real-world scenarios, there is always some uncertainty associated in estimating the pose (i.e. position and orientation) of the mobile service robot. Failing to model this uncertainty would result in service robots depositing pheromones at wrong places. A leading robot in the multi-robot system might completely fail to localize itself in the environment and be lost. Other robots trailing its pheromones will end up being in entirely wrong areas of the map. This results in a “blind leading the blind” scenario that reduces the efficiency of the multi-robot system. We propose a pheromone deposition algorithm, which models the uncertainty of the robot’s pose. We demonstrate, through experiments in both simulated and real environments, that modeling the uncertainty in pheromone deposition is crucial, and that the proposed algorithm can model the uncertainty well.
GART
Authors: Yang Liang , Xiao Jizhong , Qi Juntong , Yang Liying , Wang Lei , Han Jianda
Published: November 2016

The problem of three-dimensional path planning in obstacle-crowded environments is a challenge (an NP-hard problem), which becomes even more complex when considering environmental uncertainty and system control. Int this paper, we mainly focused on more challenging problem, that is, path planning in obstacle-crowded environments, and we try to find the relation between contact information and obstacle modeling. We proposed a newactive exploring sampling-based algorithm based on rapidly exploring random tree (RRT), namely, guiding attraction–based random tree (GART). GART introduces bidirectional potential field to redistribute each newly sampled state, such that the in-collision samples can be redistributed for extension. Furthermore, dynamic constraints are deployed to establish forward extending region by GART. Thus, GART can ensure kinodynamic reachability as well as smoothness. Theoretical analysis demonstrate that GART is probabilistic complete, and it obtains faster convergence rate because of its redistribution ability. In addition to theoretical analysis, this article provides comparative simulations as well as experiments under typical situations. Results demonstrate that GART has a much better time-efficiency performance than RRT*, retraction-based RRT, and other referred algorithms when applying redistribution and dynamic constraints on random exploration.
How community pharmacists perceive generic substitution impact on community pharmacies profits in absence of medicines price control policy: A Malaysian pilot nationwide study
Authors: Ahmad Nor Amalina , Abd-Jabar Nur-Hamizah , Awaluddin Noor Hamizah binti , Kamaruddin Nursyahirah , Mohd-Rasid Nursyazwani , Elsayed Tarek Mohamed , Elkalmi Ramadan Mohamad , Hammad Mohamed Anwar
Published: November 2016

Background

Generic medicines are introduced to the market after the expiry of the patented innovator medicine. Being usually sold at lower prices compared to branded medicines, they may provide a low-cost alternative for consumers. In Malaysia, where there is no Medicines Price Control Policy, it is not known if pharmacy profits differ between generic and branded medicines. It is also not known if this difference may affect pharmacists practice of generic substitution.

Objective

To develop and validate questionnaire to evaluate the perception of Malaysian community pharmacists toward the impact of generic substitution on community pharmacies’ profits.

Setting

Community pharmacies in 9 out of the 12 Malaysian states including Pahang, Kelantan, Melaka, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Pulau Pinang, Selangor, Terengganu, and Sarawak.

Methods

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a newly developed questionnaire. A convenient sample of 99 community pharmacists was surveyed using this questionnaire.

Result

The Cronbach’s alpha value for all of the statements in theme 2 of the questionnaire is 0.706, which lies in an acceptable range. It is found that generic medicines constituted 41–60% of merchandise in 41 of the surveyed pharmacies. Of the respondents, 72.9% stated recommending generic more than branded medicines and 89.9% of them reported that customers accepted their recommendations. Community pharmacists agreed that generic substitution results in financial benefits to community pharmacies. This can be found as most of the pharmacists agree that generic medicines lower whole sale price results in merchandise cost reduction, increase in pharmacy profit, higher profit margin, increase in pharmacy sales, and rate of return and reduction in community pharmacies capital. The maximum profit margin obtained with generic medicine is >100%, whereas for branded medicine, it is 81–100%.

Conclusion

Generic medicines are actively dispensed by community pharmacists and result in higher profit margin than innovator medicines.
Cops, lies, and videotape: Police reform and the media in Hawaii
Authors: Chagnon Nicholas , Chesney-Lind Meda , Johnson David T
Published: November 2016

Police accountability is among the most prominent criminal justice issues in America today. Accounts of police misconduct captured by new communication and information technologies have played a central role in elevating this issue. On the continental US, the Black Lives Matter movement has driven these events, lodging the political debate in the larger context of racial inequality. In Hawaii, a parallel but distinctive series of events has occurred. A push for greater police accountability has emerged, but it has been more closely associated with gender relations than race relations and has involved women in political office rather than street protests. The Hawaii case also provides some generalizable lessons, particularly regarding the context-specific roles that gender and race relations play, and the potential for video evidence in promoting police reform.
Why Good Teaching Evaluations May Reward Bad Teaching
Authors: Stroebe Wolfgang
Published: November 2016

In this article, I address the paradox that university grade point averages have increased for decades, whereas the time students invest in their studies has decreased. I argue that one major contributor to this paradox is grading leniency, encouraged by the practice of university administrators to base important personnel decisions on student evaluations of teaching. Grading leniency creates strong incentives for instructors to teach in ways that would result in good student evaluations. Because many instructors believe that the average student prefers courses that are entertaining, require little work, and result in high grades, they feel under pressure to conform to those expectations. Evidence is presented that the positive association between student grades and their evaluation of teaching reflects a bias rather than teaching effectiveness. If good teaching evaluations reflected improved student learning due to effective teaching, they should be positively related to the grades received in subsequent courses that build on knowledge gained in the previous course. Findings that teaching evaluations of concurrent courses, though positively correlated with concurrent grades, are negatively related to student performance in subsequent courses are more consistent with the assumption that concurrent evaluations are the result of lenient grading rather than effective teaching. Policy implications are discussed.
Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence
Authors: Shipstead Zach , Harrison Tyler L. , Engle Randall W.
Published: November 2016

Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence have been demonstrated to be strongly correlated traits. Typically, high working memory capacity is believed to facilitate reasoning through accurate maintenance of relevant information. In this article, we present a proposal reframing this issue, such that tests of working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are seen as measuring complementary processes that facilitate complex cognition. Respectively, these are the ability to maintain access to critical information and the ability to disengage from or block outdated information. In the realm of problem solving, high working memory capacity allows a person to represent and maintain a problem accurately and stably, so that hypothesis testing can be conducted. However, as hypotheses are disproven or become untenable, disengaging from outdated problem solving attempts becomes important so that new hypotheses can be generated and tested. From this perspective, the strong correlation between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence is due not to one ability having a causal influence on the other but to separate attention-demanding mental functions that can be contrary to one another but are organized around top-down processing goals.
“Am I Famous Yet?” Judging Scholarly Merit in Psychological Science
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this symposium is to consider new ways of judging merit in academia, especially with respect to research in psychological science. First, I discuss the importance of merit-based evaluation and the purpose of this symposium. Next, I review some previous ideas about judging merit—especially creative merit—and I describe some of the main criteria used by institutions today for judging the quality of research in psychological science. Finally, I suggest a new criterion that institutions and individuals might use and draw some conclusions.
Improving Departments of Psychology
Authors: Diener Ed
Published: November 2016

Our procedures for creating excellent departments of psychology are based largely on selection—hiring and promoting the best people. I argue that these procedures have been successful, but I suggest the implementation of policies that I believe will further improve departments in the behavioral and brain sciences. I recommend that we institute more faculty development programs attached to incentives to guarantee continuing education and scholarly activities after the Ph.D. degree. I also argue that we would do a much better job if we more strongly stream our faculty into research, education, or service and not expect all faculty members to carry equal responsibility for each of these. Finally, I argue that more hiring should occur at advanced levels, where scholars have a proven track record of independent scholarship. Although these practices will be a challenge to implement, institutions do ossify over time and thus searching for ways to improve our departments should be a key element of faculty governance.
Scientific Eminence
Authors: Eagly Alice H. , Miller David I.
Published: November 2016

Women are sparsely represented among psychologists honored for scientific eminence. However, most currently eminent psychologists started their careers when far fewer women pursued training in psychological science. Now that women earn the majority of psychology Ph.D.’s, will they predominate in the next generation’s cadre of eminent psychologists? Comparing currently active female and male psychology professors on publication metrics such as the h index provides clues for answering this question. Men outperform women on the h index and its two components: scientific productivity and citations of contributions. To interpret these gender gaps, we first evaluate whether publication metrics are affected by gender bias in obtaining grant support, publishing papers, or gaining citations of published papers. We also consider whether women’s chances of attaining eminence are compromised by two intertwined sets of influences: (a) gender bias stemming from social norms pertaining to gender and to science and (b) the choices that individual psychologists make in pursuing their careers.
Demographics, Mechanisms of Injury, and Concurrent Injuries Associated With Calcaneus Fractures: A Study of 14 516 Patients in the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank
Authors: Bohl Daniel D. , Ondeck Nathaniel T. , Samuel Andre M. , Diaz-Collado Pablo J. , Nelson Stephen J. , Basques Bryce A. , Leslie Michael P. , Grauer Jonathan N.
Published: November 2016

Background. This study uses the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) to update the field on the demographics, injury mechanisms, and concurrent injuries among a national sample of patients admitted to the hospital department with calcaneus fractures. Methods. Patients with calcaneus fractures in the NTDB during 2011-2012 were identified and assessed. Results. A total of 14 516 patients with calcaneus fractures were included. The most common comorbidity was hypertension (18%), and more than 90% of fractures occurred via traffic accident (49%) or fall (43%). A total of 11 137 patients had concurrent injuries. Associated lower extremity fractures had the highest incidence and occurred in 61% of patients (of which the most common were other foot and ankle fractures). Concurrent spine fractures occurred in 23% of patients (of which the most common were lumbar spine fractures). Concurrent nonorthopaedic injuries included head injuries in 18% of patients and thoracic organ injuries in 15% of patients. Conclusion. This national sample indicates that associated injuries occur in more than three quarters calcaneus fracture patients. The most common associated fractures are in close proximity to the calcaneus. Although the well-defined association of calcaneus fractures with lumbar spine fractures was identified, the data presented highlight additional strong associations of calcaneus fractures with other orthopaedic and nonorthopaedic injuries.

Levels of Evidence: Prognostic, Level III: Retrospective review of a prospectively collected cohort
Numerical investigation into the influence of cubicle positioning in large-scale explosive arena trials
Authors: Payne Thomas , Williams Andrew , Worfolk Thomas , Rigby Samuel
Published: November 2016

In arena blast testing, a common and economical practice employed is to distribute several targets radially around a central charge. However, if these targets are positioned too proximally, reflections and diffractions of blast waves off neighbouring cubicles can affect the nature of expected blast loading. Computational fluid dynamics software has been used through an extensive series of simulations to identify the levels of interference in incident pressure–time histories with and without an obstructing target present. The data were post-processed to identify the Cartesian co-ordinates in which different levels of interference in peak incident overpressure and incident positive phase impulse were achieved. The results indicated that in all cases, there was a greater interference in peak incident overpressure than incident positive phase impulse values directly proximal to the target but, at greater separations, significant differences in incident positive phase impulse existed where peak incident overpressure had returned to free-field equivalent magnitudes. When compared with the established ‘rules of thumb’ for cubicle placement, for targets at different stand-off ranges, an angle of 45° to the rear cubicle still holds some practical relevance, although it is too acute to cover all interference effects. For targets positioned at the same stand-off range, a separation distance of two cubicle widths is generally too conservative and, in many cases, more cubicles can be positioned around the charge. A bespoke recommendation table has been presented for targets at stand-off ranges between 15 and 50 m to allow users to identify the minimum distance from a target at which obstructed-field peak incident overpressure and incident positive phase impulse values differ negligibly from free-field equivalents.
Pokémon Go as an HRG: Mobility, sociability, and surveillance in hybrid spaces
Authors: de Souza e Silva Adriana
Published: November 2016

In July 2016, Niantic Labs released the hybrid/augmented reality game Pokémon Go. Due to the game’s sudden enormous success, many mobile phone users all over the world could experience for the first time playing a hybrid reality game. Hybrid reality games, however, are not new. For at least 15 years, researchers and artists experiment with the affordances of location-based mobile technology to create playful experiences that take place across physical and digital (i.e., hybrid) spaces. Blast Theory’s Can You See Me Now?, developed in 2001, is one of the first examples. Yet for a long time, these games remained in the domain of art and research, and had therefore a very limited player community. Previous research has identified three design characteristics of hybrid reality games: mobility, sociability, and spatiality; and three main aspects to analyze these games: the connection between play and ordinary life, the relevance of the play community, and surveillance. With hybrid reality games’ commercialization and popularity, some of the issues that have been at the core of these games for over a decade will remain the same, while other aspects will change. This paper uses Pokémon Go as an example of a hybrid/augmented reality game to explore the main social and spatial issues that arise when these games become mainstream, including mobility, sociability, spatiality, and surveillance.
Reality has always been augmented: Play and the promises of Pokémon GO
Authors: Sicart Miguel
Published: November 2016

This piece provides an explanation to the early success of Pokémon GO. It proposes an argument about how this game exemplifies a computational culture of play. By drawing on philosophy of technology (Floridi, 2013) and game design research (Montola, Stenros, & Waern, 2009), this article argues that the success of Pokémon GO is the result of the development of a play experience and a computational interface for a reality that is already augmented. These interfaces open new possibilities for digital play in public, but they also raise concerns regarding corporate appropriation of public spaces.
Scale and diversity of the physical technosphere: A geological perspective
Authors: Zalasiewicz Jan , Williams Mark , Waters Colin N , Barnosky Anthony D , Palmesino John , Rönnskog Ann-Sofi , Edgeworth Matt , Neal Cath , Cearreta Alejandro , Ellis Erle C , Grinevald Jacques , Haff Peter , Ivar do Sul Juliana A , Jeandel Catherine , Leinfelder Reinhold , McNeill John R , Odada Eric , Oreskes Naomi , Price Simon James , Revkin Andrew , Steffen Will , Summerhayes Colin , Vidas Davor , Wing Scott , Wolfe Alexander P
Published: November 2016

We assess the scale and extent of the physical technosphere, defined here as the summed material output of the contemporary human enterprise. It includes active urban, agricultural and marine components, used to sustain energy and material flow for current human life, and a growing residue layer, currently only in small part recycled back into the active component. Preliminary estimates suggest a technosphere mass of approximately 30 trillion tonnes (Tt), which helps support a human biomass that, despite recent growth, is ~5 orders of magnitude smaller. The physical technosphere includes a large, rapidly growing diversity of complex objects that are potential trace fossils or ‘technofossils’. If assessed on palaeontological criteria, technofossil diversity already exceeds known estimates of biological diversity as measured by richness, far exceeds recognized fossil diversity, and may exceed total biological diversity through Earth’s history. The rapid transformation of much of Earth’s surface mass into the technosphere and its myriad components underscores the novelty of the current planetary transformation.
Emotional Labor: Links to Depression and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Call Center Workers
Authors: Kim Hye-Jin , Choo Jina
Published: November 2016

Little evidence links emotional labor to either psychological or physical health. This study determined whether the two types of emotional labor (i.e., surface vs. deep acting) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in call center workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 274 workers recruited from a call center in Seoul, South Korea. In adjusted regression models, levels of surface, but not deep, acting were significantly and positively associated with depressive symptoms. Higher surface acting levels were significantly and positively associated with low back pain; higher deep acting levels were significantly and inversely associated with low back pain. Study findings could inform occupational health nurses as they delineate differentiated strategies, according to the nature of surface and deep acting, to promote psychological and physical health in call center workers.
Radiostereometric Evaluation of Tendon Elongation After Distal Biceps Repair
Authors: Marshall Nathan E. , Keller Robert A. , Okoroha Kelechi , Guest John Michael , Yu Charles , Muh Stephanie , Moutzouros Vasilios
Published: November 2016

Background:

Operative repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures has shown successful outcomes. However, little is known about the amount of tendon or repair site lengthening after repair.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate distal biceps tendon repair via intratendinous radiostereometric analysis to analyze tendon lengthening at different time intervals of healing. The hypothesis was that there is significant lengthening after repair.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Eleven patients with distal biceps ruptures requiring operative repair were recruited. During repair, two 2-mm tantalum beads with laser-etched holes were sutured to the distal biceps tendon. Beads were evaluated via computed tomography scans immediately postoperatively and at 16 weeks. Radiographs were obtained at time 0 and then at 4, 8, and 16 weeks postoperatively. Measurements were made using the button-to-bead and bead-to-bead distances to assess repair site elongation as well as tendon elongation over time. After final follow-up, patients filled out the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and underwent ultrasound to confirm the integrity of the tendon.

Results:

Ten patients had complete ruptures, with 1 having a partial rupture that underwent completion of the tear and subsequent repair. All patients showed statistically significant lengthening after surgery. The mean amount of tendon lengthening after surgery was 22.8 mm (range, 11.2-30.9 mm; P < .05), and the repair site lengthened a mean 17.0 mm (range, 9.6-30.6 mm; P < .05) from surgery to final follow-up. The greatest change in lengthening was noted between time 0 and week 4 (mean, 11.3 mm; P < .05), with the least amount of lengthening between weeks 8 and 16 (mean, 2.6 mm; P < .05). The mean DASH score was 11.2. Final ultrasound evaluations found all tendons to be in continuity.

Conclusion:

All patients undergoing distal biceps tendon repair have significant elongation after surgery, with the greatest amount of lengthening seen in the early postoperative period.
Intergenerational Education Mobility Trends by Race and Gender in the United States
Authors: Ferrare Joseph J.
Published: November 2016

Researchers have examined racial and gender patterns of intergenerational education mobility, but less attention has been given to the ways that race and gender interact to further shape these relationships. Based on data from the General Social Survey, this study examined the trajectories of education mobility among Blacks and Whites by gender over the past century. Ordinary least squares and logistic regression models revealed three noteworthy patterns. First, Black men and women have closed substantial gaps with their White counterparts in intergenerational education mobility. At relatively low levels of parental education, these gains have been experienced equally among Black men and women. However, Black men are most disadvantaged at the highest levels of parental education relative to Black women and Whites in general. Finally, the advantages in education mobility experienced by White men in the early and midpart of the 20th century have largely eroded. White women, in contrast, have made steady gains in education mobility across a variety of parental education levels.
How Much Progress Do Children in Shanghai Make Over One Academic Year? Evidence From PISA
Authors: Anders Jake , Jerrim John , McCulloch Andrew
Published: November 2016

Since its entry into the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2009, the Chinese province of Shanghai has been the top-performing economy within these international rankings. Many have interpreted this as demonstrating how Shanghai has a “world class” education system, the most effective teaching methods, and the best schools. This article questions such interpretations of the PISA results. Specifically, we argue that statements about school and school system quality require information on the progress that children make during their time at school, which the PISA rankings do not provide (at least not directly). Our empirical analysis then uses a “fuzzy” regression discontinuity design approach to demonstrate how a rather different perspective of Shanghai’s performance in PISA emerges once pupils’ academic progress over one particular school year is considered. Our key finding is that the first year of upper secondary school in Shanghai adds essentially no value (on average) to children’s PISA reading, science, and mathematics test scores.
Diversity and Equity in the Distribution of Teachers With Special Education Credentials
Authors: Cooc North , Yang Man
Published: November 2016

The shortage of special education teachers (SETs) is a persistent challenge in the United States, but less is known about two other important issues that affect students with disabilities: racial diversity within the SET workforce and the distribution of SETs. Using administrative data on all teachers in California from 1997 to 2014, we examine the racial composition and distribution of teachers with special education credentials. Our results from descriptive and regression analyses show that while teachers with special education credentials remain majority White, the number of teachers of color with special education credentials has increased at a rate more than twice that of general education teachers and special education students of color. We also find that much of the distribution of teachers with special education credentials occurs across districts within the same regional county, while disparities in teacher qualifications are larger by school poverty, racial composition, and student achievement. The results have policy implications for improving diversity and educational equity within the special education workforce.