bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RADIATION AND PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF CONTAINERS FOR NPPS’ SALT MELT CONDITIONING IN UKRAINE
Authors:   National Science Center ”Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology”, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Rudychev Yu. , Olkhovуk Yu.
Published: December 2021

Considering that the problem of liquid radioactive waste management of Ukrainian nuclear power plants with WWER reactors is still unresolved, it is noted that the current level of scientific achievements provides grounds for creating a technology for the salt melt (SM) disposal without its processing. Since the exposure dose rate (EDR) for barrels with SM can significantly exceed the value of 5 mSv/h, the radiation-protective properties of the hypothetical packaging for conditioning of the salt melt formed by placing radioactive waste (RW) in a reinforced concrete container and its immobilization are considered. Exposure dose rate simulation was performed using the PHITS software package (Japan). The calculations were performed for a packaging consisting of 4 barrels of SM, placed in a universal protective container UZZK. Variants with different radionuclide composition of the SM, due to the duration of exposure of the SM – from 100% 137Cs to 137Cs-65%, 134Cs-15%, 60Co-20%, are considered. The specific concentration of radionuclides was taken from 5E7 to 1E9 Bq/kg. There are also 2 options for filling the voids: the first option involves filling the voids with the conditioning product of the bottom residue in the form of alkaline cement with a saline content of 25%, while the second option does not include radioactive salts in alkaline cement. The calculations showed the acceptability of the proposed conditioning of the salt melt by forming a package of 4 KRO-200 containers, universal reinforced concrete container UZZK TU U 29.2-26444970-005 and filling voids with the product of conditioning of the bottom residue in the form of alkaline cement with salinity -protective properties. A necessary condition for the implementation of practical measures for the conditioning of the salt melt accumulated in WWER reactors, followed by transfer to landfills is the corresponding changes in OSPU-2005 in terms of classification of the SM and its classification as solid radwaste.
Biostratigraphy of Paleocene-Eocene deposits of the Ukrainian Carpathians based on planktonic foraminifera
Authors: Hnylko Svitlana
Published: December 2021

Paleogene deposits are the main reservoir of hydrocarbon resources in the Carpathians and creation of the modern stratigraphic scheme of these deposits is the basis for improving the efficiency of geological search works. The reliable stratification is a necessary precondition for the preparation of geological maps. Stratification of the Paleocene–Eocene sediments is provided by foraminifera, nannoplankton, dinocysts, radiolarians, sponge spicules, palynoflora. Planktonic foraminifera is the main stratigraphic group of the Paleogene fauna. In the predominantly non-calcareous flysch of the Paleocene–Eocene of the Carpathians, mainly agglutinated benthic foraminifera of siliceous composition are developed. Planktonic foraminifera are distributed locally – in calcareous facies. The most complete sequence of Paleocene–Eocene planktonic foraminifera is represented in the Metova Formation (the Vezhany nappe of the Inner Carpathians). The results of own researches of natural sections of sediments distributed within the Magursky, Monastyretsky and Vezhany nappes of the Ukrainian Carpathians together with the analysis of literature sources are used. The article presents a generalized biozonal division of the Paleocene–Eocene of the Ukrainian Carpathians by planktonic foraminifera. On the basis of certain correlation levels, a comparison with the Geological Time Scale was made. The Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina Zone (lowermost Danian), Globoconusa daubjergensis Zone (middle Danian), Praemurica inconstans Zone (upper Danian); Morozovella angulata Zone (lower Selandian); Globanomalina pseudomenardii Zone fnd Acarinina acarinata Zone (upper Selandian–Thanetian); Morozovella subbotinae Zone (lower Ypresian), Morozovella aragonensis Zone (upper Ypresian); Acarinina bullbrooki Zone (lower Lutetian), Acarinina rotundimarginata Zone (upper Lutetian); Hantkenina alabamensis Zone (Bartonian); Globigerinatheka tropicalis Zone (lower Priabonian) and Subbotina corpulenta Zone (upper Priabonian) based on planktonic foraminifera are characterized in studied deposits.
British dependence on German imports. Responses to the challenges of the World War I
Authors:   State Institution ", Salikhova Olena ,   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a litmus test for both the resilience of economic systems and the ability of governments to ensure the national economies’ efficiency and security in an emergency. In 2020, EU political leaders recognized the dependency of health care and pharmaceutical production on imports of medicines (drugs), active pharmaceutical ingredients and intermediate goods from China. This is rather a next historical cycle of the situation that occurred 100 years ago – something worthy of attention when looking for answers to modern challenges. In 1914, the UK, as well as some other industrialized countries of Europe and the United States, was shocked to learn about being dangerously dependent on German imports, including synthetic drugs and chemical intermediates. The State, universities and companies joined forces to reduce the vulnerability of the industry and to address external threats. The purpose of the study is to draw on legislation, historical documents and publications in specialized publications to describe the state of the British pharmaceutical industry at the beginning of the World War I; to identify the causes of its dependence on imports; to summarize the policies adopted in response to the new challenges and assess their impact on industry and the economy as a whole. Based on the British experience, a historical and economic rationale was made for the relationship between public assistance mechanisms (in terms of building human resources and intensifying research for industry, providing public financial assistance to industrial enterprises and protecting key industries from imports) and accelerated modernization and development of a self-sustaining pharmaceutical industry. The author systematized policy measures and argued that their implementation had strengthened British companies, reduced dependence on imports, and increased the production of medicines and their components, based on national innovation.
Institutional models of public order as a factor of economic development and national welfare
Authors:   State Institution ", Nebrat Viktoriia ,   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Published: December 2021

The relevant scientific problems include characterizing different models of public order in the context of divergence of economic development; deepening the understanding of public welfare as a measure to meet the needs and results of public policy; assessment of the cognitive and practical potential of modern concepts of historical and institutional explanation of the differentiation of the world economy for the optimization of regulatory measures of economic policy in Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to determine the features of the relationship between the nature of institutions, in particular institutional models of public order, on the one hand, and economic development and social welfare on the other. The research methodology combines the tools of evolutionary economic theory, comparative analysis and institutional history. The theoretical basis is the idea of D. North on the types of institutional models of public order. Despite the historical and national features of the formation and functioning of different economic systems, their success and failure can be explained on the basis of typology of North's models. The open access model is more conducive to economic growth and social welfare. Ensuring the institutional conditions for the realization of human rights, economic freedom and legal protection contributes to higher results. Instead, the restricted access model is characterized by slow economic growth and vulnerability to challenges, low level of social consolidation and economic solidarity, dominance of hierarchical ties and insecurity of property rights. It has been proven that institutional changes aimed at increasing public welfare should ensure the transformation of the economic model towards greater availability of resources and opportunities, replacing extractive relations and vertical relations with partnerships and horizontal relations. Economic policy analysis and evaluation is an important component of successful institutional transformations.
Institutional aspects of economic development in the works of I.V. Vernadsky
Authors:   State Institution ", Gorditsa Karolina ,   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the study and coverage of the institutional environment formation in the scientific achievements of the famous scientist-economist of the XIX century Ivan Vernadsky. The purpose of the study is the historical and economic generalization of I. Vernadsky's views on the institutional aspects of economic activity and development. The scientist had a deep understanding of the important role that social institutions play in economic reality and the importance of their study for the completeness of economic analysis. He highly valued the work of other economists who used institutional approaches, and paid considerable attention in his work to the influence of the institutional environment and its individual components on the results of economic activity. The main attention of the article is devoted to the historical-theoretical analysis of I. Vernadsky's views on the concept of property and possession as key categories of economy and law, their economic significance and relationship with other categories of political economy, such as wealth, value, income. The author analyzes I. Vernadsky's views on the most important institutional factors of economic development, in particular economic freedom, free private property, development of knowledge, education and science, education of such moral qualities as conscience, honesty, thrift, etc., as well as the influence of national mentality on economic policy. The conclusion is that the original concept of property and possession developed by I. Vernadsky can be assessed as a significant achievement of contemporary economics, as it contains not only the postulates of classical political economy, but also elements of the subsequent institutional theory of property rights, in particular the institutional nature of ownership and property as factors that determine the borders of economic activity.
Views of Ivan Vernadsky on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development
Authors:   State Institution ", Bodnarchuk Tetiana ,   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Published: December 2021

Nowadays, the process of making effective economic decisions requires reference to the history of Ukrainian economic thought. The study of intellectual heritage and innovative ideas of prominent Ukrainian economists, among whom Ivan Vernadsky occupies an important place, will enrich the understanding of the mechanisms and ways of modern economic transformation. The purpose of the article is to analyze and generalize Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual views on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development. The theoretical basis of this study is conceptual approaches to understanding the nature of foreign trade policy, in particular, protectionism and free trade. Systematic, comparative-historical, institutional-evolutionary, and historical-genetic analyses were used as the research methodology. The author considers Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual approach to foreign trade as a basis for providing the country's economic leadership in the international area. The economist’s ideas on the advantages of liberal foreign trade policy, free trade, and its mutual benefits for countries are revealed. Ivan Vernadsky was a staunch opponent of restrictive foreign trade policy, which creates obstacles to the country's competitive advantages and economic progress. Attention was paid to Ivan Vernadsky's criticism of customs protectionism. According to the scientist's point of view, protectionism leads to monopolization, price rises, technical and technological backwardness of production, destabilization of foreign trade relations, etc. At the same time, one of the scientist’s merits is the formation of an innovative approach to the interpretation of protectionism as a general economic doctrine and a realistic economic policy. Ivan Vernadsky’s vision of the basics of efficient management is generalized. He creates an original theory of economic development, which can be used for selection of effective mechanisms of modern economic policy.
Mariia Vernadska on the role and rights of women in the society of the second half of the 19th century
Authors:   Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Lopukh Kseniia
Published: December 2021

The role of women in the modern socio-economic life of Ukrainian society is still underestimated. Gender issues are perceived superficially or ignored, and sometimes remain taboo despite the significant number of national and foreign research and publications, information sources and materials. Blindness to issues of the equal rights and opportunities for women and men is deeply rooted in the stereotypes and traditional views on the role and place of women in the society. The purpose of the article is to analyze the scientific and journalistic activity of Mariia Vernadska. She was the first woman who researched political and economic problems in the Russian Empire. She actively interested in the economic issues and processes in the country and analyzed them, and published a number of articles in the journal «Ekonomicheskiy ukazatel», edited by Ivan Vernadsky who was a notable economist and statistician in the first half of the 19th century. The distinguishing feature of her articles was the comprehensible writing language to present and explain the complex economic laws and principles of the genesis of the market economy. Mariia Vernadska used this method to explain the benefits of division of labor, technological progress, free trade, cost sharing and cooperation, road quality, etc. She also criticized the regulation of commodity prices and persisted in the abolition of serfdom explaining its economic inefficiency and backwardness. Mariia Vernadska espoused the ideas of classical political economy, mainly the principle of individual freedom. This basic principle was used by her for interpretation of the women’s labor, the role of women in the society, the women’s rights to pick and choose the activities. She paid special attention to the necessity and the value of the women’s work as a basis for the equality between men and women. She emphasized that it could be achieved due to the education and fighting prejudices against the shame of women's working.
Factors of evolution and coevolution of cultural and creative industries in economics
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kichurchak Marianna
Published: December 2021

It is important to determine the main directions of evolution of economic views on the formation of scientific approaches to the interpretation of the economic nature of cultural and creative industries. The purpose of the article is to find out the main social and economic conditions for the formation of the conception of cultural and creative industries in economics based on the analysis of evolution and co-evolution of the Ukrainian and world economic thought on that subject. The scientific methods of induction and deduction, historical and logical analysis, comparison are used. The author has shown that the key reasons for the formation of theoretical and methodological principles of the conception of «cultural» and «creative» industries were related to social and economic environment for the society development, and the peculiarities of the integration of cultural and creative activities into the system of economic relations and production processes. It is defined that the features of the formation of theoretical and methodological approaches to the interpretation of the economic nature of these industries are scientific discussions about: the importance of creativity/art in order to produce competitive goods; inclusion of specific types of cultural production in the system of division of labor; the methodology for determining the value of works of art and creative activity; clarification of the subject of economics taking into account the character of cultural activity and manufacturing of cultural products; interpretation of the essence of culture and creativity and their influence on the economic system evolution; and identification of the definitions of «cultural Industry», «cultural Industries» and «creative Industries». It is revealed that the major factors of the evolution and co-evolution of cultural and creative industries are the increase in the interaction between economic agents and economic activities in this sector of the national economy, and improving the technologies of replicating cultural products and relationships with potential consumers. The author has substantiated that the foundation of the theoretical processes of evolution and co-evolution of these industries is the inclusion in the creative and cultural industries of all types of economic activity, which belong to them according to the classification criterion.
Ecologization of Ukraine’s economy in the conditions of global climate change
Authors:   State Institution ", Hakhovych Nataliia ,   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Published: December 2021

One of the main challenges of the future is the strengthening impact of environmental factors on economic development, in particular, environmental threats, climate change, waste minimization and reduction of СО2 emissions. At the present stage, achieving sustainable economic development has become an important item on the global agenda. The purpose of this article is to develop the theoretical foundations of the process of greening in the economy and substantiate practical approaches in Ukraine to overcome global climate challenges. To achieve this goal, the author used retrospective research methods, and abstract-logical, economic-statistical and systematic approaches. Based on the analysis of scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists, the article deepens the theoretical foundations of the concept of greening. In particular, it is established that this concept characterizes the improvement of environmental parameters of production through the introduction of technological, organizational and managerial innovations that increase the efficiency of natural resources, reduce man-made impact improve the quality of the environment and increase the level of environmental education and environmental culture of the population and industrial staff. The results of the study showed that in modern conditions the concept of sustainable dependence of the economy on environmental factors has been formed, which is supplemented by the problem of solving global challenges of mankind. This requires the introduction of new economic approaches to addressing the global challenges posed by climate change, among which the introduction of the principles of circular economy is important.
Chinese Culture in the Cirebon Sultanate: Symbolic and Philosophical Meanings
Authors: Mukhoyyaroh Mukhoyyaroh , Saepudin Didin , Tanggok M. Ikhsan
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to explore the symbolic and philosophical meaning of the elements of Chinese culture in the Kasepuhan Palace, Cirebon. In this palace, there are many Chinese cultural ornaments that adorn this historical site. One of them is the Siti Inggil building, where there are walls pasted with Chinese ceramics. The primary data of this paper were obtained from the field by means of observation, documentation, and direct interviews. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative and semiotic methods with archaeological, anthropological, and socio-historical approaches. This article confirms that the Chinese ornaments in the Cirebon Sultanate prove the process of cultural acculturation between Chinese culture and Cirebon culture.  In Chinese tradition, the dragon is a symbol of the Chinese emperor. while the image of the Phoenix bird is a symbol of the female emperor, peace and prosperity, and the image of the fish is a symbol of darkness and luxury.
Coronary Artery Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease: Need for a Heart–Kidney Team-Based Approach
Authors: Shroff Gautam R , Carlson Michelle D , Mathew Roy O
Published: December 2021

Chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease are co-prevalent conditions with unique epidemiological and pathophysiological features, that culminate in high rates of major adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including all-cause mortality. This review outlines a summary of the literature, and nuances pertaining to non-invasive risk assessment of this population, medical management options for coronary heart disease and coronary revascularisation. A collaborative heart–kidney team-based approach is imperative for critical management decisions for this patient population, especially coronary revascularisation; this review outlines specific periprocedural considerations pertaining to coronary revascularisation, and provides a proposed algorithm for approaching revascularisation choices in patients with end-stage kidney disease based on available literature.
Checklist of invertebrates and conspicuous fishes in rocky reefs and Sargassum beds in the North Pacific of Costa Rica
Authors: Suárez Alvin , Riosmena-Rodríguez Rafael , Cortés Jorge
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The marine biodiversity is well known in some areas and for some marine ecosystems of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The marine sector of Área de Conservación Guanacaste, in the North Pacific of the country, is a priority area for conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity.

Objective: Our aim was to increase the knowledge of marine biodiversity in a conservation priority site in Costa Rica and in poorly or scarcely studied marine ecosystems, such as rocky reefs and Sargassum beds, respectively.

Methods: The study was conducted in Bahía Salinas and Golfo de Santa Elena in 2013. In January, four rocky reefs were visited; while in February three rocky reefs and one Sargassum bed were visited. We identified the macroinvertebrates and conspicuous fish species through underwater visual census methods (timed swim and band transects). The mean density of each species was estimated through band transects method.

Results: A total of 25 invertebrates and 34 fish species were identified. We found a high number of species of invertebrates (23) and fish species (33) in rocky reefs, but few species on Sargassum beds (eight invertebrates and ten fish species). Species composition differed between marine ecosystems.

Conclusions: Our study further evidence the limited knowledge of invertebrates and fish communities in these marine ecosystems in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. Considerably more surveys and field work are required to support management decisions that are backed by sound scientific knowledge.
Diversity of white spot patterns in the eagle ray Aetobatus laticeps (Myliobatiformes: Aetobatidae) in the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica
Authors: Fallas-Madrigal Diego , Castelo-Corona Alejandra , Mejías Diego , Stephens-Cárdenas Steve , Astorga-Arias Jennyfer , Molina-Quirós José-L. , Hernández Sebastián
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The Pacific white-spotted eagle ray Aetobatus laticeps, has recently separated from the Atlantic A. narinari based on both morphological and genetic evidence. This species is characterized by a dark body with numerous white spots all over its dorsal side. Considering the type, shape, number, and distribution of these natural markings as potential identifiers at the individual level, we studied the variation in the spot patterns.

Objective: Describe and compare the white spot pattern (type and distribution) of individuals and evaluate their potential use as identifiers at the individual level.

Methods: We analyzed 54 videos (105 subsequent extracted photos) and 19 photographic records that were taken at different sites along the Pacific coast of northern Costa Rica.

Results: Seventeen distinctive types of white spots were identified across the entire dorsal side of the rays.  Significant differences between each major body section (pectoral fins, back, head, and pelvic fins) were found in the type and frequency of white spots. The type ‘single spot’ was commonly distributed across the entire dorsal side, and the spot pattern on the pelvic fins was informative to identify 72 individuals.

Conclusions: The analysis of the type, shape, and distribution of white spots in A. laticeps determined several combinations of white spot patterns that be used for further taxonomic description and provide potential identification of the individual for future population studies along with its distribution.
Posibilidades de promoción social para los pescadores costeros de Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, utilizando el Turismo Marino Sostenible
Authors: Palacios-Martínez Gerardo Emigdio , Núñez-Zamora  Ileana
Published: December 2021

Introducción: Los pescadores en Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, son vulnerables por el mal manejo y gestión de los recursos pesqueros y la pesca ilegal, excluyéndose de los beneficios otorgados por el Estado. Esto incide en que no cuenten con opciones que les permita crecer tanto a nivel económico como social.

Objetivo: Determinar una estrategia de promoción social para las personas en exclusión social de Playas del Coco.

Métodos: De febrero a septiembre 2018, se aplicó la Acción Participativa y la investigación Crítica, por medio de la entrevista semi estructurada y abierta, y la observación participante a miembros de la Asociación de Desarrollo, líderes comunales y pescadores de la zona, con edades entre los 17 y 40 años.

Resultados: Se establecieron las bases teórico prácticas para un trabajo interdisciplinario entre trabajo social, turismo y biología marina por medio de la estrategia de intervención para los pescadores artesanales de Playas del Coco basada en el Modelo Socioeducativo Promocional y se documentó la situación actual de los habitantes de esta región.

Conclusiones: La incursión del trabajo social en temas ambientales es viable, promocionando socialmente a los habitantes de Playas del Coco usando el turismo marino sostenible a través del modelo socioeducativo promocional.
VMK-Optoelektronika company is 30 years old!
Authors:   VMK-Optoelektronika, Behterev A.V. , Labusov V.A. ,   VMK-Optoelektronika,   Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Putmakov A.N. ,   VMK-Optoelektronika,   Novosibirsk State Technical University
Published: December 2021

On August 20 of this year, the VMK-Optoelektronika company – a leading Russian developer and manufacturer of spectral analytical equipment – celebrated its 30th anniversary. The company was founded by the team of developers that initially worked in the Spektr temporary inter-institutional collaboration group created in 1988 by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences Academician V.A. Koptyug to develop multichannel analyzers of optical spectra based on domestic photodiode arrays and operate them at the academic institutes of the Siberian Branch. Over the past period, the company has developed and produced multichannel analyzers of emission spectra (MAES) based on photodetector array assemblies to equip existing spectral instruments in analytical laboratories and create new ones; a wide range of spectrum sources; high-resolution high-aperture spectral devices; atomic emission spectrometers for the analysis of powders, metals, and liquids. Currently, enterprises in Russia and the CIS countries operate: - more than 600 spectral systems for atomic emission analysis developed on the basis of existing spectral devices by replacing photographic plates and photomultipliers with MAES analyzers; many of these systems also include Sharovaya Molniya and Vezuvii electric-arc and spark-discharge generators, Globula and Kristall spectroanalytical instruments, Potok electric-arc facilities for atomic emission analysis of powder samples by the spill-injection method, and other devices; - about 100 atomic emission spectrometers entirely consisting of devices developed by the company. The company has a leading position in the development of scintillation atomic emission spectral analysis of geological powder samples and simultaneous multielement electrothermal atomic absorption analysis of liquids.
Extending the working range for the flame photometric determination of alkali metals and calcium using the PAVLIN spectrometer
Authors:   Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zarubin I.A. ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University,   VMK-Optoelektronika, Putmakov A.N. ,   Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,   VMK-Optoelektronika, Lukina E.A. ,   Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant, Selunin D.O. ,   Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,   VMK-Optoelektronika, Burumov I.D. ,   Institute of Automation and Electrometry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2021

At the Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant, the determination of alkali metals and calcium in the range of 0.1–100 mg/l is carried out using atomic emission spectra excited in an air-acetylene flame and recorded in the range of 390–860 nm. When these elements are analyzed simultaneously in a wide range of concentrations, the accumulation time of the analytical signal (exposure) is determined by the minimum concentration of calcium. However, at this exposure, the highly sensitive lines of sodium and potassium do not provide the analysis in the entire concentration range, since at large values, the analytical signal goes into saturation. Other analytical lines of potassium and sodium in the above-mentioned operating spectral range have three to four orders of magnitude lower sensitivity. As a result, there may be a gap in the range of detectable concentrations. This paper provides a way to eliminate this gap. To evaluate the degree of correction of the recorded signal, the relative intensities of the spectral lines of potassium and sodium excited in an air-acetylene flame are calculated. Then, based on the calculation results, an optimal echelette diffraction grating with a blaze angle of 300 nm is selected, and a combination of filters is installed to equalize the recorded radiation. As a result, for sodium and potassium, for which the determination is carried out along two analytical lines, the calibration dependences have an overlap that includes at least two concentration values.
Applicability of multivariate calibrations in atomic emission spectrometry with arc discharge
Authors:   Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS, Shabanova Elena V. , Vasil’eva Irina E. ,   Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS
Published: December 2021

Recent achievements in the field of instrumental analytical chemistry are associated with the development of devices that register a variety of analytical signals and use a variety of information processing methods. Hence, the use of advanced mathematical techniques for the treatment of a large amount of data obtained is required. Multivariate approaches are of the greatest interest for the Earth and Life sciences since most studies are based on measuring the chemical composition of complex natural organomineral substances and describing their compositions, on which their properties directly depend. Natural objects are multidimensional in their origin, so several analysis methods and one-dimensional processing techniques are traditionally used for their study and analytical control in order to achieve the required accuracy of the results. The special mathematical techniques for processing the analytical signals in emission spectra objectively reduces costs while improving accuracy. The authors in the current paper attempt to assess the need for the use of multivariate calibrations in atomic emission spectrometry with arc discharge while simultaneously analyzing different types of objects. Different variants of calibrations are considered for two techniques of direct atomic emission determination of F as well as Li, P, B, Mn, Ni, Co, V, Cr, W, Mo, Sn, Ga, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ag, Sb, As, Tl, Ge, Bi and Cd (22 elements) in powders of rocks, loose and bottom sediments, soils, ashes, gold-silver ores and products of their processing.
Measuring the intensity of spectral lines from discrete counts of line spectra
Authors:   Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vashchenkо P.V. ,   VMK-Optoelektronika, Labusov V.A. ,   Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,   VMK-Optoelektronika,   Novosibirsk State Technical University
Published: December 2021

In atomic emission spectrometry, photodetector arrays are widely used in spectrum analyzers. A spectrum obtained with detectors of this type is a discrete sequence of digital values of photocell output signals. One way to quantify the concentration of an element in a test sample is to measure the intensity of its analytical line by integrating a region of the spectrum over several counts in the vicinity of this line or by approximating a region of the spectrum with a line shape profile. As a rule, due to the high saturation of atomic emission spectra with spectral lines, the region for calculating the spectral line intensity is limited to several counts. In the case of spectral line drift relative to the photocells of photodetector arrays, this limitation leads to an intensity measurement error, which is the greater, the smaller the number of counts used in integration. The objectives of this study are to determine the optimal size of the computational domain and develop an optimal method for calculating the line intensity to reduce the intensity measurement error. To simulate the drift of spectral lines relative to photocells, we have simulated and recorded a set of spectra of a hollow cathode lamp (Cu, Zn) with different positions of spectral lines relative to the photocells of BLPP-2000 and BLPP-4000 photodetector arrays. In each next spectrum of the set, the spectral lines were shifted relative to those in the previous spectrum by 2 and 1 μm for BLPP-2000 and BLPP-4000, respectively. It has been shown that compared to stepwise interpolation, linear interpolation significantly reduces the effect of the drift of spectral lines on the RMSD of the measured intensities for both types of arrays. In addition, this effect can be further decreased by choosing an optimal range of integration. In the linear interpolation for the selected spectral lines, the minimum measurement error due to the spectrum drift relative to the photocells of photodetector arrays for BLPP-2000 is 0.25 and 0.23% for a range of integration of 1.6 and 3.1 counts, respectively, and for BLPP-4000, it is 0.4 and 0.28% for 1.0 and 2.7 counts, respectively.
Terahertz Scanning Reflectometer for Structure Visualization of Polymer Constructions in Additive Manufacturing
Authors:   National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russia, Berdyugin A. I. , Badin A. V. ,   National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russia, Gursky R. P. ,   National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russia, Trofimov E. A. ,   National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russia, Kuleshov G. E. ,   National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russia
Published: December 2021

The results of the development and practical application of a quasi-optical system for reflectometry of objects in the terahertz frequency range for analyzing the structure in additive manufacturing of objects are presented. A backward-wave oscillator is used for continuous generation of electromagnetic radiation; an acousto-optic converter (Golay cell) is applied as a detector. The reflectometer is controlled by personal computer through the L-card E 154 input-output module and the standard digital-to-analog converter of the STD-21 spectrometer. The system is tested at the frequency of 874 GHz on the 3D-printed composite structure sample. Our paper is terahertz reflectometer with a source of continuous monochromatic electromagnetic radiation based on a backward wave oscillator is presented. The purpose of this work in creating a scanning THz reflectometer is considered to have been achieved. At the same time, the following tasks are solved: a quasi-optical scheme of the reflectometer is selected and assembled; the hardware part of the system (all mechanisms and components) is implemented; a program for controlling the radiation intensity registration system is adapted for this task; the test sample is manufactured using 3D printing technology, the THz reflectometer is tested. The obtained practical results of registration of the two-dimensional distribution of the reflection coefficient show that the use of THz radiation is promising for visualizing the structure of structures obtained by additive technology. Further development of the project is planned by changing the construction of the positioning mechanism, which will provide micrometric calibration of the sample holder relative to the diaphragm. The use of the quasi-optical scheme of the two-beam interferometer for recording the phase distribution and amplitude of reflected THz radiation will allow obtaining information about the spatial location of defects (inhomogeneities) of products obtained by additive technology.
Frequency-tunable device based on a multilayer strip-slot transition and its application for measuring the dielectric properties of materials
Authors:   South Ural State University (National Research University), 76 Lenin Avenue, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia, Fomin D. G. , Dudarev N. V. ,   South Ural State University (National Research University), 76 Lenin Avenue, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia, Darovskikh S. N. ,   South Ural State University (National Research University), 76 Lenin Avenue, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia
Published: December 2021

The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental researches of a frequency-tunable device based on the multilayer strip-slot transition with the U-shaped slot resonator of the variable length. The application of the presented device makes it possible to implement a resonant method for measuring the dielectric properties of materials in the microwave frequency range. The numerical simulation in the rigorous formulation of the electrodynamics problem is performed for the theoretical research. The aim of the theoretical research is to determine the electrical characteristics of the multilayer strip-slot transition with the U-shaped slot resonator of the variable length. The results of numerical simulation prove the possibility of applying the multilayer stripslot transition with the U-shaped slot resonator of the variable length to implement the resonant method for measuring the dielectric properties of materials in the microwave frequency range. The experimental research is performed on the sample of the multilayer strip-slot transition with the U-shaped slot resonator of the variable length in the frequency range (850–1250) MHz. Measurements of S-parameters of the multilayer strip-slot transition with the U-shaped slot resonator of the variable length are accomplished using the vector network analyzer. The material under research is BaFe10Ti2O19. The results of theoretical and experimental researches are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement.
Investigation and modification of the inversed vortex phase field method for phase unwrapping
Authors:   Ural Federal University named after first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 32 Mira Str., Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia, Sosnovsky A. V.
Published: December 2021

The paper focuses on the problem of the phase unwrapping in spaceborne remote-sensing interferometric synthesized aperture radar (InSAR) systems. Major unwrapping methods and techniques are considered and the modification of the inversed vortex phase field method of phase unwrapping for interferometric data processing of space-borne synthesized aperture radars is proposed. The modification includes the separation and unwrapping of the low-frequency phase only, and obtaining of the residual phase interferogram, which phase range does not exceed 1-2 ambiguity height values. This approach significantly reduces the number of phase residues and increases the processing speed. The other modification implies filter processing of the residual phase without phase unwrapping, which includes iterative separation of the low-frequency using the Gaussian filter and phase subtraction. This approach moves phase fringes to the relief inflection areas, and is similar to the minimum-cost flow unwrapping results. The computational complexity of the algorithm is proportional to the interferogram size and the number of the phase residues of the low-frequency phase interferogram. The accuracy of digital elevation models obtained by the algorithm was estimated using the ALOS PALSAR radar data and the reference altitude data. The results show, that the accuracy is compared with the minimum-cost flow method, but has the less computational complexity.
Accounting of the parasitic effects during measurement of the effective permittivity using the quarter-wavelength resonator method
Authors:   Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40, prospect Lenin, 634050, Tomsk, Russia, Korenev A. V. ,   JSC “Irkutskiy Releyniy Zavod” 239, Bajkalskaya Str., 664074, Irkutsk, Russia, Goshin G. G. ,   Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40, prospect Lenin, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
Published: December 2021

The analysis, approximations and accounting of the influence of the main parasitic effects that affect the results of the measurement are provided in this paper. The method of dielectric constant measurement of coaxial connectors support beads is suggested. The comparison between the acquired results using the suggested method and the reference is made. The results suggest that the method can be used for dielectric constant measurement of the coaxial connector support beads with the accuracy comparable to the method of the volume resonator for rod samples H01p by GOST 8.623-2015.
Fake News: O Que É, Como Se Faz E Por Que Funciona?
Authors: Forster Renê , Monteiro de Carvalho Rodrigo , Filgueiras Alberto , Avila Emanuelle
Published: December 2021

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão sobre a desordem informacional, incluindo as chamadas “fake news”. Conteúdos falsos ou maliciosos, por seu potencial de propagação nos meios digitais, impactam a vida política e social, sendo associados desde a rejeição de recomendações de saúde até a distúrbios violentos. Nessa revisão, em primeiro lugar, caracterizamos a desordem informacional, elencando distinções conceituais entre suas diferentes manifestações. Em segundo lugar, tratamos dos processos produção e divulgação desses conteúdos, abordando os agentes e canais envolvidos. Na sequência, debatemos o processo de recepção de conteúdos falsos. São apresentados trabalhos que, a partir de mecanismos de ordem cognitiva e psicológica, buscam responder por que se acredita e se socializa esses materiais.
Adaptation of UK wastewater infrastructure to climate change
Authors: Campos Luiza Cintra , Darch Geoff
Published: December 2021

This paper provides a summary of the potential impacts of climate change on UK wastewater infrastructure and published adaptation measures and provides a set of recommendations for further research and action. Climate change is affecting wastewater infrastructure, notably in relation to sewer flooding, and further wet weather impacts are anticipated including combined sewer overflow discharges and related pollution. Dry weather impacts include increased sedimentation of solids in sewerage systems, septicity and associated odour-related issues. Overall, treatment processes are expected to improve due to increased retention times and higher temperatures, although more treatment may be required in summer to meet consents. The consequential impacts on society and the environment are not well quantified. Many of the impacts are already being addressed to some extent by water companies, and a wide variety of future interventions are being considered. Very little information was found on cost-effectiveness of adaptation options, but this could be in part due to commercial sensitivity. Recommendations include the development of indicators; the use of risk-based approaches and, where appropriate, integrated catchment and sewer system models; vulnerability assessments; monitoring programmes; and studies to identify adaptation measures and barriers to uptake, to include a systematic assessment of the benefits of sustainable urban drainage system.
Automated Segmentation of Kidney Cortex and Medulla in CT Images: A Multisite Evaluation Study
Authors: Korfiatis Panagiotis , Denic Aleksandar , Edwards Marie E. , Gregory Adriana V. , Wright Darryl E. , Mullan Aidan , Augustine Joshua , Rule Andrew D. , Kline Timothy L.
Published: December 2021

Significance Statement

Volumetric measurements are needed to characterize kidney structural findings on CT images to evaluate and test their potential utility in clinical decision making. Deep learning can enable this task in a scalable and reliable manner. Although automated kidney segmentation has been previously explored, methods for distinguishing cortex from medulla have never been done before. In addition, automated methods are typically evaluated at a single institution, without testing generalizability and robustness across different institutions. The tool developed in this study performs at the level of human readers and could enable large diverse population studies to evaluate how kidney, cortex, and medulla volumes can be used in various clinical settings, and establish normative values at large scale.

Background

In kidney transplantation, a contrast CT scan is obtained in the donor candidate to detect subclinical pathology in the kidney. Recent work from the Aging Kidney Anatomy study has characterized kidney, cortex, and medulla volumes using a manual image-processing tool. However, this technique is time consuming and impractical for clinical care, and thus, these measurements are not obtained during donor evaluations. This study proposes a fully automated segmentation approach for measuring kidney, cortex, and medulla volumes.

Methods

A total of 1930 contrast-enhanced CT exams with reference standard manual segmentations from one institution were used to develop the algorithm. A convolutional neural network model was trained (n=1238) and validated (n=306), and then evaluated in a hold-out test set of reference standard segmentations (n=386). After the initial evaluation, the algorithm was further tested on datasets originating from two external sites (n=1226).

Results

The automated model was found to perform on par with manual segmentation, with errors similar to interobserver variability with manual segmentation. Compared with the reference standard, the automated approach achieved a Dice similarity metric of 0.94 (right cortex), 0.90 (right medulla), 0.94 (left cortex), and 0.90 (left medulla) in the test set. Similar performance was observed when the algorithm was applied on the two external datasets.

Conclusions

A fully automated approach for measuring cortex and medullary volumes in CT images of the kidneys has been established. This method may prove useful for a wide range of clinical applications.