bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
China's Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Policy in a Post‐Health Care Reform Era
Authors: Ruan Ningzhen , Nguyen Thao , Khor Kellynn
Published: May 2015

Vaccination is recognised as one of the most effective ways to combat seasonal influenza—a disease that exerts significant social and economic costs, yet is often neglected by policy‐makers and the vaccine target population in developing countries. The situation in China is no exception with seasonal influenza vaccine remaining as a class II vaccine and being financed by citizens' out‐of‐pocket payments. The different cultural backgrounds, climate patterns and living standards across China further complicate the policymaking process of developing national level policy guidelines. Nevertheless, China's recent health care reform that focuses on preventive care, elderly care and equitable health care access has motivated policy‐makers at the local level to formulate policies facilitating seasonal influenza vaccination provision. This article seeks to understand this process at the city level under China's current economic transition background, and aims to identify policy experiences that may be applicable for the larger Asia‐Pacific region.
Health in All Policies Approaches: Pearls from the Western Pacific Region
Authors: Friel Sharon , Harris Patrick , Simpson Sarah , Bhushan Anjana , Baer Britta
Published: May 2015

Health in All Policies is an approach that seeks to strengthen public policy‐making across health and other sectors in order to achieve the most favourable health impacts. There is currently interest in understanding how Health in All Policies is applied in different contexts; whether it makes a difference to policy practices, health outcomes and health equity; and what is required to equip the different sectors to work effectively to improve the health equity impacts of their policies. This article presents findings from a review of domestic policies and practices of Health in All Policies in countries across the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. The findings illustrate that there is a strong foundation for action, particularly given prior intersectoral action and the important convening point that issues like non‐communicable diseases and transport provide for Health in All Policies within the Western Pacific Region. However, the consideration of health equity in Health in All Policies needs more explicit attention. This knowledge can be used for building capacity within the health sector and other sectors to undertake sustainable and effective intersectoral collaboration for improved health equity.
Luminescent Nanofibers Fabricated from Phenanthroimidazole Derivatives by Organogelation: Fluorescence Response towards Acid with High Performance
Authors: Peng Jiang , Sun Jingbo , Gong Peng , Xue Pengchong , Zhang Zhenqi , Zhang Gonghe , Lu Ran
Published: May 2015

Nanofibers based on phenanthroimidazole derivatives PCC, PDC, and PSC were fabricated by organogelation processes, and their fluorescence sensory properties towards acid were investigated. It was found that the emission of PCC in the nanofiber‐based film could be quenched significantly upon exposure to gaseous TFA due to the formation of protonated PCC, in which ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) would occur. On the other hand, TFA vapor led to the emitting colors of PDC and PSC in the nanofiber‐based films to turn to yellow and green from sky blue and blue, respectively. Additionally, we found that the decay times of PCC were 0.1 s and 1.9 s in probing the saturated vapor of TFA in nanofiber‐based film and in spin‐coated film, respectively. The results suggested that the high surface‐to‐volume ratio and large interspace in the nanofiber‐based networks favored the enhanced adsorption, accumulation, and diffusion of gaseous molecules, resulting in such a high performance.
Facile Synthesis of Functionalized Carbene Metal Complexes from Coordinated Isonitriles
Authors: Lothschütz Christian , Wurm Thomas , Zeiler Anna , Freiherr v. Falkenhausen Alexander , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: May 2015

The scope and limitations of the isonitrile‐based NHC template synthesis were investigated with a series of precursors containing a nucleophilic amine in combination with tethered electrophiles. In the case of alkynes and phosphonic esters as electrophiles no ring closure was observed and new functionalized NAC gold complexes were obtained. By the use of unsaturated esters and phosphonic esters as Michael acceptors in the amine precursors, ester‐modified gold and palladium NHC complexes were accessible in high efficiency.
Sequential SNAr Reaction/Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling/C−H Direct Arylations Approach for the Rapid Synthesis of Tetraaryl‐Substituted Pyrazoles
Authors: Morita Taiki , Kobayashi Daisuke , Matsumura Keisuke , Johmoto Kohei , Uekusa Hidehiro , Fuse Shinichiro , Takahashi Takashi
Published: May 2015

A rapid synthesis of 1,3,4,5‐tetraaryl‐substituted pyrazoles has been achieved through a sequence of SNAr reaction/Suzuki–Miyaura coupling/Pd‐catalyzed direct arylations that used 3‐iodo‐1H‐pyrazole as a scaffold. Pyrazoles with four different aryl groups were synthesized in a straightforward manner with no extra synthetic steps, such as protection/deprotection or the introduction of activating/directing groups, using readily available substrates and reagents. The developed synthetic approach enabled the structurally diverse synthesis of multiaryl‐substituted pyrazoles without using a glovebox technique.
Wege zur Plusenergieschule
Authors: Hausladen Gerhard , Hutter Christina , Jacobsen Cornelia
Published: May 2015

Als Pilotprojekte haben Plusenergieschulen eine Vorreiterrolle für die Umsetzung der Energiewende. Daher wird in einer Machbarkeitsstudie die Erreichbarkeit des Plusenergiestandards für Schulgebäude untersucht sowie eine Definition und Berechnungsmethodik für Plusenergieschulen entwickelt. Die Berechnungsmethodik wird an drei Beispielschulen unter Variation von Standort und Anlagentechnik überprüft und auf end‐ und primärenergetischer Ebene ausgewertet.

Bei der Berechnung der Beispielschulen zeigt sich, dass der Plusenergiestandard prinzipiell für alle drei Beispielschulen erreichbar ist. Voraussetzung hierfür sind ein hoher Dämmstandard sowie eine effiziente Anlagentechnik in Verbindung mit einer Photovoltaikanlage. Die Wärmeerzeugung muss zum Großteil auf Basis erneuerbarer Energieträger erfolgen. Ob eine Dach‐PV‐Anlage alleine ausreichend ist, die erforderliche Energieerzeugung für die Plusenergieschule bereitzustellen, hängt von der Gebäudekubatur und dem Verhältnis von Dachfläche zur Nettogrundfläche ab. Bei mehrgeschossigen Schulgebäuden muss die PV‐Anlage gegebenenfalls noch durch eine fassadenintegrierte PV‐Anlage ergänzt werden. Andere Stromerzeugungsanlagen (z. B. Windkraft auf dem Schulgelände) können nur einen geringen Beitrag zur Umsetzung des Plusenergiestandards leisten.

Ways of realizing energy‐plus schools. As pilot projects energy‐plus schools could play a key role in the exit from nuclear and fossil‐fuel energy. Therefore the practicability of energy‐plus schools was examined and a definition as well as a calculation methodology developed. In addition the calculation methodology was vetted regarding three schools using sensitivity analyses in which final and primary energy were evaluated.

Calculations show that all three schools could meet the energy‐plus standard provided that they have very good insulation and efficient building technologies paired with a photovoltaic system. Heat must be generated primarily via sources of renewable energy. Whether a roof‐top photovoltaic system is sufficient to generate the required energy depends on the massings of the school and the ratio between rooftop capacity for PV modules and energy requirements. If necessary multi‐level buildings must be optimized by installing PV units in façades. Other methods of producing electricity (e.g. wind energy on school ground) cannot provide a significant contribution.
A Comparison of ToxCast Test Results with In Vivo and Other In Vitro Endpoints for Neuro, Endocrine, and Developmental Toxicities: A Case Study Using Endosulfan and Methidathion
Authors: Silva M. , Pham N. , Lewis C. , Iyer S. , Kwok E. , Solomon G. , Zeise L.
Published: May 2015

INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) is a potential tool for chemical prioritization, hazard identification, and risk assessment. We conducted a case study to compare ToxCast data with endpoints from other in vitro and in vivo studies for two data‐rich pesticides: endosulfan and methidathion.

METHODS

ToxCast assays for endocrine disruption, development (zebrafish), and neurotoxicity were qualitatively compared to traditional neurotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity findings. We also used in vitro–in vivo extrapolation to convert half‐maximal activity concentrations in active ToxCast assays to rat oral equivalent doses, and quantitatively compared these to the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) from in vivo studies.

RESULTS

Endosulfan was inactive for GABAAR, unlike in vivo; but active with dopamine transporter assays and was neurotoxic in zebrafish as expected. Methidathion was not active for these endpoints in vivo or in vitro. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition was ToxCast‐inactive, although both pesticides are inhibitors in vivo. ToxCast results were generally inactive for endosulfan estrogen receptor agonism and androgen receptor antagonism unlike in vivo. Calculated oral equivalent doses for estrogen receptor and androgen receptor pathways and for zebrafish assays for both compounds were generally consistent with in vivo LOELs. Endosulfan showed neurotoxicity and both pesticides showed developmental effects in the zebrafish assays, although methidathion is not developmentally toxic in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

ToxCast's predictions showed concordance on some endpoints and nonconcordance, consisting mainly of false inactives, in several critical endpoints, likely due to a lack of metabolic activation and limitations in assay design. Zebrafish assays were good predictors of developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity for endosulfan
Validated spectrofluorimetric method for determination of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors tadalafil and vardenafil in pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human plasma
Authors: Abu El‐Enin Mohammed Abu Bakr , Al‐Ghaffar Hammouda Mohammed El‐Sayed Abd , El‐Sherbiny Dina Tawfik , El‐Wasseef Dalia Rashad , El‐Ashry Saadia Mahmoud
Published: May 2015

A valid, sensitive and rapid spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for determination of both tadalafil (TAD) and vardenafil (VAR) either in their pure form, in their tablet dosage forms or spiked in human plasma. This method is based on measurement of the native fluorescence of both drugs in acetonitrile at λem 330 and 470 nm after excitation at 280 and 275 nm for tadalafil and vardenafil, respectively. Linear relationships were obtained over the concentration range 4–40 and 10–250 ng/mL with a minimum detection of 1 and 3 ng/mL for tadalafil and vardenafil, respectively. Various experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence intensity were carefully studied and optimized. The developed method was applied successfully for the determination of tadalafil and vardenafil in bulk drugs and tablet dosage forms. Moreover, the high sensitivity of the proposed method permitted their determination in spiked human plasma. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantification (LOQ), lower limit of detection (LOD), precision and accuracy. The mean recoveries of the analytes in pharmaceutical preparations were in agreement with those obtained from the comparison methods, as revealed by statistical analysis of the obtained results using Student's t‐test and the variance ratio F‐test. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
President's page
Authors: Hirsh Sandy
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

From focus groups and other member input opportunities at the 2014 Annual Meeting in Seattle, several themes emerged for organizational goals and priorities. Seeing ASIS&T as a professional home, members appreciate opportunities for recognition and development and look for stronger links between theory and practice. Commenters approve of the association's international scope, and many note the value of expanding strategic alliances with other information‐oriented organizations, the desire to network outside the Annual Meeting and build regional chapters and the need to improve internal communications. The Strategic Planning Task Force will continue collecting and analyzing data and, drawing on feedback, draft and finalize a strategic plan for the Association's long‐term success.
Simplicity in data models
Authors: Coyle Karen
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Evolving from database models using punch cards, strict linear relational databases and predefined object‐oriented data structures, the triple statements underlying Semantic Web technologies bypass many design constraints to offer endless flexibility. Overcoming structure is challenging, especially the relatively recent structure formalized in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). Though geared to easier access and interoperability and recognizing a multilevel bibliographic model, FRBR remains tied to translating entity‐relation diagrams to data structures. Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides a more flexible way to express concepts, in which bibliographic models may be thought of as graphs of properties and relationships. But even RDF‐based models can undermine that flexibility by mixing concept classes and data structures. The advantage of RDF classes is to provide semantics that enable a user to focus on similarities, not bound by contextual constraints.and success metrics.
Tobramycin Variants with Enhanced Ribosome‐Targeting Activity
Authors: Fosso Marina Y. , Zhu Hongkun , Green Keith D. , Garneau‐Tsodikova Sylvie , Fredrick Kurt
Published: May 2015

With the increased evolution of aminoglycoside (AG)‐resistant bacterial strains, the need to develop AGs with 1) enhanced antimicrobial activity, 2) the ability to evade resistance mechanisms, and 3) the capability of targeting the ribosome with higher efficiency is more and more pressing. The chemical derivatization of the naturally occurring tobramycin (TOB) by attachment of 37 different thioether groups at the 6′′‐position led to the identification of generally poorer substrates of TOB‐targeting AG‐modifying enzymes (AMEs). Thirteen of these displayed better antibacterial activity than the parent TOB while retaining ribosome‐targeting specificity. Analysis of these compounds in vitro shed light on the mechanism by which they act and revealed three with clearly enhanced ribosome‐targeting activity.
When insanity has gone undiscovered by the courts: The practice of the Norwegian Criminal Cases Review Commission in cases of doubts about insanity
Authors: Grøndahl Pål , Stridbeck Ulf
Published: May 2015

Background

England, Scotland and Norway have established Criminal Cases Review Commissions to review the convictions of persons who may have been wrongly found guilty of a criminal offence.

Aims

The aim of this study was to explore the Norwegian Criminal Cases Review Commission (NCCRC) practice when legal insanity constitutes grounds for possible reopening of a criminal case.

Methods

We identified all cases between 2004 and 2012 where an application to the NCCRC to reopen a case was on grounds of concerns about insanity. Data were extracted from records. Differences between reopened and disallowed insanity cases and variables that may explain the NCCRC's decision to reopen a case were analysed using multiple logistic regression.

Results

Forty cases were allowed, and 34 disallowed. The NCCRC relied fully and unanimously on the conclusions of the expert reports in making these decisions. In 26 of the 40 cases that the Commission reopened, psychosis had gone undetected by the courts. Such undetected cases were most often discovered in the wake of a new criminal case in connection with the defendant. If the length of the sentence were short, it was less likely that insanity had been considered by the court in the index judgement.

Conclusions

The NCCRC may rely excessively on the forensic psychiatric reports. The experts' conclusions may be uncertain, given that they often have to look back several years to establish mental state and its relevance at the time of the crime. As nearly two‐thirds of the reopened insanity cases had been given penalties of under 6 months, it may be asked whether such further investigation of fairly low‐level crimes is the best use of resources. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noncirrhotic portal hypertension: Pathology and nomenclature
Authors: Kleiner David E.
Published: May 2015

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Surgical management of noncirrhotic portal hypertension
Authors: Marti Josep , Gunasekaran Ganesh , Iyer Kishore , Schwartz Myron
Published: May 2015

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Noncirrhotic portal hypertension in the pediatric population
Authors: Feldman Amy G. , Sokol, Ronald J.
Published: May 2015

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Metabolic Instability of Cyanothiazolidine‐Based Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors: a Structural Assignment Challenge and Potential Medicinal Chemistry Implications
Authors: Schiavini Paolo , Pottel Joshua , Moitessier Nicolas , Auclair Karine
Published: May 2015

As part of the development of cyanothiazolidine‐based prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors, initial metabolism studies suggested multiple sites of oxidation by P450 enzymes. Surprisingly, in‐depth investigations revealed that epimerization at multiple stereogenic centers was responsible for the conversion of the single primary metabolite into a panel of secondary metabolites. The rapid isomerization of all seven detected molecules precluded the use of NMR spectroscopy or X‐ray crystallography for complete structural determination, presenting an interesting structure elucidation challenge. Through a combination of LC–MS analysis, synthetic work, deuterium exchange studies, and computational predictions, we were able to characterize all metabolites and to elucidate their dynamic behavior in solution. In the context of drug development, this study reveals that cyanothiazolidine moieties are problematic due to their rapid P450‐mediated oxidation and the unpredictable stability of the corresponding metabolites.
Biocatalysis at Work: Applications in the Development of Sagopilone
Authors: Gottfried Kathrin , Klar Ulrich , Platzek Johannes , Zorn Ludwig
Published: May 2015

For the antitumour agent sagopilone, an epothilone analogue, a large‐scale synthesis was developed to synthesise the active pharmaceutical ingredient for clinical trials, exploring enzymatic and microbial methods to produce chiral building blocks on a multi‐kilogram scale. The three building blocks were identified as key intermediates in the synthesis and needed to be produced with high optical purity in yields higher than those previously published. The improved syntheses of two of these building blocks are detailed herein. For building block A, the chemical research synthesis was abandoned, and a novel chemical route was developed leading to building block A via an enzymatic hydrolysis process. For building blocks C, replacement of a chemical catalytic procedure by a microbial process meant that the development of a new starting material could be avoided, thereby accelerating the development process. For the clinical development process, a human metabolite of sagopilone was required as a reference. To accelerate the synthesis of the metabolite, no chemical synthesis was investigated; rather, we relied solely on oxidoreductases. The human metabolite of sagopilone was synthesised on a multi‐gram scale in a single‐step process using genetically engineered E. coli expressing human cytochrome P450 enzyme 2C19. The integration of enzymatic and microbial processes provided tools that enable the synthesis of highly functionalised intermediates and metabolites.
Optoacoustic imaging enabled biodistribution study of cationic polymeric biodegradable nanoparticles
Authors: Egusquiaguirre Susana P. , Beziere Nicolas , Pedraz José Luís , Hernández Rosa M. , Ntziachristos Vasilis , Igartua Manuela
Published: May 2015

Nanosized contrast agents for molecular imaging have attracted widespread interest for diagnostic applications with high resolution in medicine. However, many solid nanoparticles exhibit a great potential to induce toxicity, hindering their use for clinical applications. On the other hand, near‐infrared (NIR) dyes have also been used for extensive biological applications, but show some limitations due to their poor aqueous stability, tendency to aggregation and rapid elimination from the body. An alternative proposed in this work to overcome these limitations is the use of NIR dye‐loaded nanoparticles. Here we introduce nanoparticles constructed with poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA), a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer widely used for biomedical applications, attached to the polycation polyethyleneimine (PEI) to obtain positively charged nanoparticles. The in vivo biodistribution of the cationic PEI–PLGA nanoparticles was investigated after administration through three different routes (intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) using multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). The prepared nanoparticles exhibited good colloidal stability and adequate optical properties for optoacoustic imaging. The in vivo biodistribution assays indicated a strong accumulation of the particles in the liver and spleen, and retention in these organs for at least 24 h. Therefore, these nanoparticles could find promising applications in MSOT due to a sharp and characteristic optoacoustic spectrum and high optoacoustic signal generation, and become a promising building block for theranostic strategies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AMC: an adaptive multi‐level cache algorithm in hybrid storage systems
Authors: Cheng Yuxia , Chen Wenzhi , Wang Zonghui , Yu Xinjie , Xiang Yang
Published: May 2015

Hybrid storage systems that consist of flash‐based solid state drives (SSDs) and traditional disks are now widely used. In hybrid storage systems, there exists a two‐level cache hierarchy that regard dynamic random access memory (DRAM) as the first level cache and SSD as the second level cache for disk storage. However, this two‐level cache hierarchy typically uses independent cache replacement policies for each level, which makes cache resource management inefficient and reduces system performance. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive multi‐level cache (AMC) replacement algorithm in hybrid storage systems. The AMC algorithm adaptively adjusts cache blocks between DRAM and SSD cache levels using an integrated solution. AMC uses combined selective promote and demote operations to dynamically determine the level in which the blocks are to be cached. In this manner, the AMC algorithm achieves multi‐level cache exclusiveness and makes cache resource management more efficient. By using real‐life storage traces, our evaluation shows the proposed algorithm improves hybrid multi‐level cache performance and also increases the SSD lifetime compared with traditional multi‐level cache replacement algorithms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comorbidity in Emetophobia (Specific Phobia of Vomiting)
Authors: Sykes Mark , Boschen Mark J. , Conlon Elizabeth G.
Published: May 2015

Background

Emetophobia (fear of vomiting) is an anxiety disorder in which individuals report clinical levels of fear that they may vomit or be exposed to the vomit of others. The prevalence of comorbidity of emetophobia with other conditions has previously only been investigated using self‐report instruments.

Method

Sixty‐four adults with emetophobia participated in an online structured clinical diagnostic interview assessing the presence of emetophobia and other conditions.

Results

Higher comorbidity for depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder were found in participants compared with general population norms.

Conclusions

Emetophobia is commonly comorbid with other anxiety and depressive disorders. Comorbidity rates, when assessed using a structured clinical interview, were lower than previously reported using self‐report alone. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Emetophobia (specific phobia of vomiting) is a clinical fear of vomiting.

Individuals with emetophobia show high comorbidity with other anxiety and mood disorders.

The most common comorbid conditions were generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, hypochondriasis and obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Clinicians should ensure that they assess for the presence of comorbid conditions when treating emetophobia.
Elliptic NdCrO3 microplate by a simple one‐step hydrothermal synthesis route and its characterization and magnetic properties
Authors: Yao Chengpeng , Zhang Youjin , Fan Yun , Zhou Maozhong , Wu Hai
Published: May 2015

Elliptic NdCrO3 microplates were synthesized by a simple and facile one‐step hydrothermal method of processing temperature 280 °C for 3 days. The products prepared in this paper have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The magnetic properties of the final sample are also studied. The XRD pattern indicates the pure orthorhombic phase for NdCrO3 particles, the XPS, XRF and FTIR results further demonstrate the composition and purity of the final product. A possible growth mechanism for elliptic NdCrO3 microplates is proposed. Through the investigation of magnetic properties, it can be generally concluded that the orthorhombic elliptic NdCrO3 microplates exhibit typical behaviors of magnetic transition, spin reorientation transition and magnetic exchange bias. The Néel temperature is 218 K and the spin reorientation transition temperature is 46 K. The hysteresis loop under 5 K shows that the value of exchange bias field (Hex) is 12 Oe and the shift of remanent magnetization (ΔM) is 0.008 emu/g, respectively.
Physical profiling and IR spectroscopy: simple and effective methods to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit samples of Viagra® and Cialis®
Authors: Custers Deborah , Vandemoortele Suzanne , Bothy Jean‐Luc , De Beer Jacques O. , Courselle Patricia , Apers Sandra , Deconinck Eric
Published: May 2015

Counterfeit medicines are a global threat to public health. High amounts enter the European market, enforcing the need for simple techniques to help customs detect these pharmaceuticals. This study focused on physical profiling and IR spectroscopy to obtain a prime discrimination between genuine and illegal Viagra® and Cialis® medicines.

Five post‐tableting characteristics were explored: colour, mass, long length, short length, and thickness. Hypothesis testing showed that most illegal samples (between 60 and 100%) significantly differ from the genuine medicines, in particular for mass and long length. Classification and Regression Trees (CART) analysis resulted in a good discrimination between genuine and illegal medicines (98.93% correct classification rate for Viagra®, 99.42% for Cialis®). Moreover, CART confirmed the observation that mass and long length are the key physical characteristics which determine the observed discrimination.

IR analysis was performed on tablets without blister and on tablets in intact blister. These data were analyzed using Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) and Partial Least Squares – Discriminant Analysis (PLS‐DA). Supervised techniques needed to be applied since Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was not able to generate the desired discrimination. Our study shows that a perfect discrimination between genuine and illegal medicines can be made by both SIMCA and PLS‐DA without removing the tablets from the blister. This approach has the advantage of keeping the blister intact.

Our study demonstrates that these user friendly techniques are reliable methods to aid customs to obtain a prime distinction between genuine and illegal samples on the spot. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Image
Authors: Javeed Naureen , Tardi Nicholas J. , Maher Maggie , Singari Swetha , Edwards Kevin A.
Published: May 2015

Background: Hostile takeover (Hto) is a Drosophila protein trapping system that allows the investigator to both induce a gene and tag its product. The Hto transposon carries a GAL4‐regulated promoter expressing an exon encoding a FLAG‐mCherry tag. Upon expression, the Hto exon can splice to a downstream genomic exon, generating a fusion transcript and tagged protein. Results: Using rough‐eye phenotypic screens, Hto inserts were recovered at eight homeobox or Pax loci: cut, Drgx/CG34340, Pox neuro, araucan, shaven/D‐Pax2, Zn finger homeodomain 2, Sex combs reduced (Scr), and the abdominal‐A region. The collection yields diverse misexpression phenotypes. Ectopic Drgx was found to alter the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in ovary follicle cells. Hto expression of cut, araucan, or shaven gives phenotypes similar to those of the corresponding UAS‐cDNA constructs. The cut and Pox neuro phenotypes are suppressed by the corresponding RNAi constructs. The Scr and abdominal‐A inserts do not make fusion proteins, but may act by chromatin‐ or RNA‐based mechanisms. Conclusions: Hto can effectively express tagged homeodomain proteins from their endogenous loci; the Minos vector allows inserts to be obtained even in transposon cold‐spots. Hto screens may recover homeobox genes at high rates because they are particularly sensitive to misexpression. Developmental Dynamics 244:808–825, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The presence of prolines in the flanking region of an immunodominant HIV‐2 gag epitope influences the quality and quantity of the epitope generated
Authors: Jallow Sabelle , Leligdowicz Aleksandra , Kramer Holger B. , Onyango Clayton , Cotten Matthew , Wright Cynthia , Whittle Hilton C. , McMichael Andrew , Dong Tao , Kessler Benedikt M. , Rowland‐Jones Sarah L.
Published: May 2015

Both the recognition of HIV‐infected cells and the immunogenicity of candidate CTL vaccines depend on the presentation of a peptide epitope at the cell surface, which in turn depends on intracellular antigen processing. Differential antigen processing maybe responsible for the differences in both the quality and the quantity of epitopes produced, influencing the immunodominance hierarchy of viral epitopes. Previously, we showed that the magnitude of the HIV‐2 gag‐specific T‐cell response is inversely correlated with plasma viral load, particularly when responses are directed against an epitope,165DRFYKSLRA173, within the highly conserved Major Homology Region of gag‐p26. We also showed that the presence of three proline residues, at positions 119, 159 and 178 of gag‐p26, was significantly correlated with low viral load. Since this proline motif was also associated with stronger gag‐specific CTL responses, we investigated the impact of these prolines on proteasomal processing of the protective165DRFYKSLRA173epitope. Our data demonstrate that the165DRFYKSLRA173epitope is most efficiently processed from precursors that contain two flanking proline residues, found naturally in low viral‐load patients. Superior antigen processing and enhanced presentation may account for the link between infection with HIV‐2 encoding the “PPP‐gag” sequence and both strong gag‐specific CTL responses as well as lower viral load.
Trifunctional Organocatalysts: Catalytic Proficiency by Cooperative Activation
Authors: Kenny Ryan , Liu Fei
Published: May 2015

In this microreview, trifunctional organocatalysts, defined as catalysts with three distinct mechanistic functionalities, are surveyed in order to understand not just catalytic activation but also catalysis orchestration. Related cases in which the mechanistic trifunctionality in catalysis is conferred by more than one singular catalyst are also evaluated. The potential role of highly functionalised organocatalysts toward organized catalysis with more complexity and proficiency is subsequently discussed to anticipate new challenges in biomimetic catalysis.
Fruiting efficiency: an alternative trait to further rise wheat yield
Authors: Slafer Gustavo A. , Elia Mónica , Savin Roxana , García Guillermo A. , Terrile Ignacio I. , Ferrante Ariel , Miralles Daniel J. , González Fernanda G.
Published: May 2015

Further improvements in wheat yields are critical, for which increases in grain number would be required. In the recent past, higher grain number was achieved through increased growth of the juvenile spikes before anthesis, due to the reduction in stem growth. As current cultivars have already an optimum height, alternatives must be identified for further increasing grain number. One of them is increasing fruiting efficiency (grains set per unit of spike dry weight at anthesis). Fruiting efficiency is the final outcome of the fate of floret development and differences in this trait within modern cultivars would be related to higher survival of floret primordia. Then there are two alternative physiological pathways to improve fruiting efficiency by allowing a normal development of most vulnerable floret primordia: an increased allocation of assimilates for the developing florets before anthesis, or reduced demand of the florets for maintaining their normal development. Both alternatives may be possible, and it might be critical to recognize which of them is the actual cause of differences in fruiting efficiency. When considering this trait in breeding we must be aware of potential trade‐offs and therefore it must be avoided that increases in fruiting efficiency be constitutively related to decreases in either spike dry weight at anthesis or grain weight. In this review we described fruiting efficiency and its physiological bases, analyzing genetic variation and considering potential drawbacks that must be taken into account to avoid increases in fruiting efficiency being compensated by other traits.
Riding the waves: A functional‐cognitive perspective on the relations among behaviour therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy
Authors: De Houwer Jan , Barnes‐Holmes Yvonne , Barnes‐Holmes Dermot
Published: May 2015

Different types of therapy explain psychopathology and the effects of psychotherapy differently. Different explanations are, however, not necessarily mutually exclusive. Based on the idea that functional and cognitive explanations are situated at different levels, we argue that functional therapies such as traditional Behaviour Therapy (BT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) are not necessarily incompatible with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). Whether a functional and a cognitive therapy actually align depends on whether they highlight the same type of environmental causes. This functional‐cognitive perspective reveals various differences and communalities among BT, CBT and ACT.
Folate distribution in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum durum Desf.) pearled fractions
Authors: Giordano Debora , Reyneri Amedeo , Blandino Massimo
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND

Wholegrain cereals are an important source of folates. In this study, total folate was analysed in pearled fractions of barley and wheat cultivars employing AOAC Official Method 2004.05. In particular, the distribution of folate in the kernels was evaluated in three barley cultivars (two hulled types and a hulless one as well as two‐ and six‐row types) and in a common and a durum wheat cultivar.

RESULTS

A noticeable variation in the folate content was observed between the barley [653–1033 ng g−1 dry matter (DM)] and wheat cultivars (1024–1119 ng g−1 DM). The highest folate content was detected in the hulless barley cultivar (1033 ng g−1 DM). A significant reduction in total folate, from 63% to 86%, was observed in all cultivars from the outermost to the innermost pearled fractions.

CONCLUSION

Results proved that folates are mainly present in the germ and in the outer layers of the kernel. This is the first study reporting the folate distribution in kernels of both common and durum wheat and in a hulless barley cultivar. Results suggest that the pearling process could be useful for the selection of intermediate fractions that could be used in order to develop folate‐enhanced ingredients and products. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Millimeter‐wave bandpass filter on LCP using CSRR‐loaded triangular‐shape quarter‐mode substrate integrated waveguide
Authors: Senior David E. , Rahimi Arian , Yoon Yong‐Kyu
Published: May 2015

A millimeter‐wave two‐pole bandpass filter (BPF) with an asymmetrical frequency response is realized on a flexible liquid crystal polymer substrate for wearable/conformal wireless applications. The design uses the triangular‐shape quarter‐mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW) cavity loaded with a complementary split‐ring resonator. The compact cavity shows a resonant mode below the quasi‐TE1,0,0.5 mode of an original QMSIW cavity, which indicates a further size reduction. In addition, its low quality factor (Q) is useful for BPFs with broad fractional bandwidth (FBW). A surface micromachined two‐pole Chebyshev BPF is realized for operation at 35 GHz with a 20 dB return loss FBW of 8% and an insertion loss of 1.7 dB. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1782–1784, 2015
Compact antenna based on a composite right/left‐handed transmission line
Authors: Alibakhshi‐Kenari Mohammad , Naser‐Moghadasi Mohammad , Virdee Bal S. , Andújar Aurora , Anguera Jaume
Published: May 2015

This letter presents a novel antenna that is based on composite right/left‐handed (CRLH) transmission line unit‐cells implemented using slots and spiral inductors that are etched directly on the dielectric substrate by standard manufacturing techniques. The antenna is designed to operate across 5.8–7.3 GHz, which corresponds to a fractional bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirm the antenna exhibits a relatively wide bandwidth, high gain, and high radiation efficiency characteristics. The measured radiation gain, bandwidth, and efficiency of the antenna at 6.6 GHz are 4.8 dBi, 23%, and 78%, respectively. The fabricated antenna is highly compact and its physical size in terms of the free‐space wavelength is 0.39λ0 × 0.13λ0 × 0.015λ0. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1785–1788, 2015
CPW‐fed multiband semifractal antenna for RFID reader applications
Authors: Zaid J. , Abdelghani M. L. , Denidni T. A.
Published: May 2015

A new design CPW‐fed printed semifractal antenna with arc‐line feed for RFID reader applications is presented. The proposed antenna comprised of a conjunction of coplanar waveguide and microstrip feed line, a semifractal patch, which is usable for RFID reader frequency bands. By embedding a semifractal patch, multiresonance characteristics at 3.8, 5.8, 8.2, and 9.7 GHz frequencies are obtained. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1852–1853, 2015
BPF integrated amplifier module using LTCC technology for millimeter‐wave applications
Authors: Lee Young Chul , Cho Yun Hee , Park Chul Soon
Published: May 2015

A compact amplifier module integrating a low‐loss stripline (SL) band‐pass filter (BPF) using low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology is presented for millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) applications. A parasitic resonance‐free SL BPF is proposed by modifying a distribution of ground vias in the SL LTCC BPF. The SL BPF fabricated in the 6 LTCC layers showed a 3‐dB bandwidth of 8.4% at the center frequency of 41.8 GHz. Its measured insertion and return loss were as small as 1.7 dB and 10.2 dB, respectively. The SL BPF integrated amplifier LTCC module was implemented in the single LTCC substrate in a size of 11.3 × 12.2 × 0.6 mm3. Its gain of 10 dB and output power of 18 dBm is achieved in the pass band from 39.5 to 42 GHz. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1821–1825, 2015
Broadband isotropic and anisotropic permittivity determination using partially filled coaxial airlines
Authors: Scott Mark M. , Morris Andrew P. , Reid David R. , Bean Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2015

A method for determining the complex permittivity for material specimens with isotropic or biaxially anisotropic dielectric properties is described and representative measured results are presented. The method extracts the material permittivity through the utilization of computational electromagnetic simulations of specimen transmission measurements made with a broadband (50 MHz to over 500 MHz) coaxial airline with a material specimen which partially fills the waveguide cross‐section. A number of independent transmission measurements equal to the number of unknown permittivity terms is required for unique material permittivity determination. For isotropic specimens, a single specimen orientation is required, whereas for anisotropic specimens, different specimen orientations in the airline are required to probe the unknown permittivity axes and thus ensure unique material permittivity determination. Measurements using a 3.5‐inch outer diameter coaxial airline were made for known isotropic specimens as well as an anisotropic lossy material specimen. This technique provides the material measurement community with a mechanism to characterize a single specimen of complex shape and biaxial dielectric anisotropy at low frequencies covering multiple rectangular waveguide bands simultaneously and represents a significant advance in the current measurement state‐of‐the‐art particularly at frequencies below 100 MHz. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1864–1868, 2015
Planar four‐element frequency agile MIMO antenna system with chassis mode reconfigurability
Authors: Hussain Rifaqat , Sharawi Mohammad S.
Published: May 2015

In this work, a novel multiband, four‐element, meandered‐line reconfigurable planar F‐shaped multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna is presented. The proposed design includes chassis mode reconfigurability option as well. A combination of PIN and varactor diodes is used to achieve the frequency tuning over a wide‐band. The proposed design covers several well‐known frequency bands between 0.7 and 3 GHz. The design is compact and realized on a single commercial substrate board with dimensions 65 × 120 × 1.56 mm3 that can be used in small wireless handheld devices for cognitive radio applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1933–1938, 2015
Nonuniform inverted‐L slot double‐sided array antenna for LTE and WLAN application
Authors: Islam I. , Jamlos M. F. , Jamlos M. A.
Published: May 2015

A nonuniform inverted‐L Slotted double‐sided array antenna for Long Term Evolution (2.6 GHz) and Wireless Local Area Network (5.8 GHz) application is presented in this article. The proposed antenna is a combination of 4 × 2 radiating element array at the both sides of the FR4 substrate where the both side array are designed reciprocally opposite to each other. It is found that double‐sided array with nonuniform inverted‐L slot suppresses the side lobe less than −20 dB at both frequencies. The 3‐mm air gap which separates the substrate and reflector is discovered to enhance further the reflection coefficient and gain. The upper side plane with smaller inverted‐L slots generates 5.8 GHz frequency and capable to achieve gain of 10.1 dB. Meanwhile 7.11 dB of gain at 2.6 GHz frequency is produced by the lower side plane with bigger inverted‐L slots. The proposed antenna achieves acceptable reflection coefficient at both operated frequencies for simulation and measurement. However, the reflection coefficient at the lower frequency 2.6 GHz reaches −17.588 dB (simulated) and −15.84 dB (measured) and at the upper frequency 5.8 GHz is about −12.26 dB (simulated), −15.71 dB (measured). Good agreement is obtained between simulated and measured result for E‐plane and H‐plane radiation pattern at both frequencies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1915–1919, 2015
Adjustable wideband bandstop filter with inductive coupling for ultrawideband applications
Authors: Shrestha Bhanu , Kim Nam‐Young
Published: May 2015

In this article, we describe a miniaturized and adjustable microstrip wideband bandstop filter (BSF) with inductive coupling for ultrawideband (UWB) applications, which is fabricated on a Teflon substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.54. The simulated and measured results of the wideband BSF are determined to be in good agreement, demonstrating the 10‐dB bandwidth to be 3.78 GHz (54.8%) from 8.82 to 5.04 GHz, an insertion loss (S21) of −31.65 dB, and a minimum return loss (S11) of −0.34 dB at 6.9 GHz in the experimental results. To estimate the EM simulation results, an equivalent circuit is built for the practical realization. The advantages of the wideband BSF design are size reduction, wideband rejection, higher insertion loss, low cost, and light weight. An adjustable bandwidth can be achieved by adjusting an inner capacitive open loop for implementation in the UWB system. The physical dimension of the designed BSF occupied the size of 0.398λg × 0.316λg. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1901–1904, 2015
Ultrabroadband multiprobe reflectometer
Authors: Staszek Kamil , Gruszczynski Slawomir , Wincza Krzysztof
Published: May 2015

Novel synthesis of multiprobe reflectometers is presented. A developed estimation of measurement conditions allows for the choice of spacings between probes ensuring wideband operation. To verify the proposed concept, the multiprobe reflectometer having bandwidth 0.15–8GHz has been manufactured. The measurement results are close to ones obtained using vector network analyzer (VNA). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1968–1971, 2015
An interior penalty Galerkin domain decomposition method based on high‐order basis function
Authors: Shi Yan , Chen Zhou , Liang Chang‐Hong
Published: May 2015

An integral equation based domain decomposition method (DDM) has been presented to solve electromagnetic responses of arbitrary targets including conducting objects in free space and microstrip antennas and circuits. The target is decomposed into several non‐overlapping subdomains, each of which will be meshed independently. Higher‐order hierarchical Legendre basis functions are defined on each interface boundary between all adjacent subdomains. An interior penalty Galerkin procedure is implemented to ensure continuous boundary current on the interface boundary. Some numerical examples are shown to demonstrate good accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1961–1965, 2015
Reducing side lobe level of antenna using frequency selective surface superstrate
Authors: Wang Min , Huang Cheng , Pu Mingbo , Luo Xiangang
Published: May 2015

A method of utilizing frequency selective surface (FSS) to reduce side lobe level (SLL) is proposed. The FSS composed of annular slot arrays loaded with resistors is divided into several regions along the electric field direction. Each region has difference transmission amplitude (TA) but the same transmission phase (TP). Through the appropriate distribution design for each region, the output wave with tapered TA and uniform TP is obtained when the FSS is illuminated by a plane wave. Thus the FSS could be utilized to reduce the antenna SLL. An H‐plane sectorial horn array is adopted as an exciting source to validate its SLL reduction performance. Simulation results show that the proposed FSS superstrate makes the SLL of the horn array in the E‐plane desirably suppressed from −12.4 to −25.9 dB at 10.3GHz with the gain reduced from 18.3 to 16.7 dBi. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1971–1975, 2015