bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of a New Wavelet Threshold Method in Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoir Seismic Data Denoising
Authors: Wang Guxi , Chen Ling , Guo Si , Peng Yu , Guo Ke
Published: September 2015

Seismic data processing is an important aspect to improve the signal to noise ratio. The main work of this paper is to combine the characteristics of seismic data, using wavelet transform method, to eliminate and control such random noise, aiming to improve the signal to noise ratio and the technical methods used in large data systems, so that there can be better promotion and application. In recent years, prestack data denoising of all-digital three-dimensional seismic data is the key to data processing. Contrapose the characteristics of all-digital three-dimensional seismic data, and, on the basis of previous studies, a new threshold function is proposed. Comparing between conventional hard threshold and soft threshold, this function not only is easy to compute, but also has excellent mathematical properties and a clear physical meaning. The simulation results proved that this method can well remove the random noise. Using this threshold function in actual seismic processing of unconventional lithologic gas reservoir with low porosity, low permeability, low abundance, and strong heterogeneity, the results show that the denoising method can availably improve seismic processing effects and enhance the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
Priori Information Based Support Vector Regression and Its Applications
Authors: Ma Litao , Chen Jiqiang
Published: September 2015

In order to extract the priori information (PI) provided by real monitored values of peak particle velocity (PPV) and increase the prediction accuracy of PPV, PI based support vector regression (SVR) is established. Firstly, to extract the PI provided by monitored data from the aspect of mathematics, the probability density of PPV is estimated withε-SVR. Secondly, in order to make full use of the PI about fluctuation of PPV between the maximal value and the minimal value in a certain period of time, probability density estimated withε-SVR is incorporated into training data, and then the dimensionality of training data is increased. Thirdly, using the training data with a higher dimension, a method of predicting PPV called PI-ε-SVR is proposed. Finally, with the collected values of PPV induced by underwater blasting at Dajin Island in Taishan nuclear power station in China, contrastive experiments are made to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) in the Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Corrales Leticia , Gajewski Thomas F.
Published: September 2015

Novel immunotherapy approaches are transforming the treatment of cancer, yet many patients remain refractory to these agents. One hypothesis is that immunotherapy fails because of a tumor microenvironment that fails to support recruitment of immune cells, including CD8+ T cells. Therefore, new approaches designed to initiate a de novo antitumor immune response from within the tumor microenvironment are being pursued. Recent evidence has indicated that spontaneous activation of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway within tumor-resident dendritic cells leads to type I IFN production and adaptive immune responses against tumors. This pathway is activated in the presence of cytosolic DNA that is detected by the sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and generates cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which binds and activates STING. As a therapeutic approach, intratumoral injection of STING agonists has demonstrated profound therapeutic effects in multiple mouse tumor models, including melanoma, colon, breast, prostate, and fibrosarcoma. Better characterization of the STING pathway in human tumor recognition, and the development of new pharmacologic approaches to engage this pathway within the tumor microenvironment in patients, are important areas for clinical translation. Clin Cancer Res; 21(21); 4774–9. ©2015 AACR.
Differential IKK/NF-κB Activity Is Mediated by TSC2 through mTORC1 in PTEN-Null Prostate Cancer and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Tumor Cells
Authors: Gao Yu , Gartenhaus Ronald B. , Lapidus Rena G. , Hussain Arif , Zhang Yanting , Wang Xinghuan , Dan Han C.
Published: September 2015

The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt plays a critical role in regulating proliferation, growth, and survival through phosphorylation of different downstream substrates. The mTOR is a key target for Akt to promote tumorigenesis. It has been reported that Akt activates mTOR through phosphorylation and inhibition of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) protein TSC2. Previously, it was demonstrated that mTOR activates IKK/NF-κB signaling by promoting IκB kinase (IKK) activity downstream of Akt in conditions deficient of PTEN. In this study, the mechanistic role of the tumor-suppressor TSC2 was investigated in the regulation of IKK/NF-κB activity in PTEN-null prostate cancer and in TSC2-mutated tumor cells. The results demonstrate that TSC2 inhibits IKK/NF-κB activity downstream of Akt and upstream of mTORC1 in a PTEN-deficient environment. However, TSC2 promotes IKK/NF-κB activity upstream of Akt and mTORC1 in TSC2 mutated tumor cells. These data indicate that TSC2 negatively or positively regulates IKK/NF-κB activity in a context-dependent manner depending on the genetic background.

Implications: This study provides fundamental insight for understanding the molecular details by which TSC2/mTOR regulates NF-κB signaling in different tumors. Mol Cancer Res; 13(12); 1602–14. ©2015 AACR.
Divergent Roles of PAX2 in the Etiology and Progression of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Al-Hujaily Ensaf M. , Tang Yong , Yao De-Sheng , Carmona Euridice , Garson Kenneth , Vanderhyden Barbara C.
Published: September 2015

PAX2 is an essential transcription factor for development. Aberrant PAX2 expression in adult tissues is associated with carcinogenesis and experimental evidence shows that PAX2 generally exhibits oncogenic properties. Although PAX2 is not expressed in normal ovaries, it is highly expressed in low malignant potential and low-grade epithelial ovarian tumors, suggesting that PAX2 induction in ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) may contribute to transformation. Herein, we provide evidence that expression of PAX2 in normal murine OSE cells (mOSE) enhances their proliferation and survival and, with loss of p53, induces tumorigenicity. PAX2 expression in murine ovarian cancer cells enhanced or inhibited tumorigenicity, depending on the model system. In RM cells (mOSE transformed by K-RAS and c-MYC), PAX2 expression inhibited p53 and induced pERK1/2 and COX2, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis and decreased apoptosis of tumors arising from these cells. However, in a murine model of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (STOSE), PAX2 expression improved animal survival by reducing proliferation and metastasis, which correlated with increased Htra1 and decreased COX2. Thus, PAX2 may not be a classical oncogene or tumor suppressor but instead can act in either role by differential regulation of COX2 and/or HTRA1. Cancer Prev Res; 8(12); 1163–73. ©2015 AACR.
Neuroimmune Control of Acute Kidney Injury and Inflammation
Authors: Inoue Tsuyoshi , Okusa Mark D.
Published: September 2015

Despite major advances in identifying pathophysiological mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI), no definitive therapeutic or preventive modalities have been developed with the exception of dialysis. One possible approach is the control of inflammation and AKI through activation of the neuroimmune axis. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is thought to contribute to the homeostatic response in inflammation-related disorders and forms the basis for recent approaches toward therapeutic intervention. The concept is based on the emerging understanding of the interface between the nervous and immune systems. In the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, the efferent vagus nerve indirectly stimulates the CD4+ T-cells in the spleen. The CD4+ T-cells produce acetylcholine, which stimulates alpha 7 nicotinic receptors (a7nAChRs) on macrophages. Activation of the a7nAChRs on macrophages in turn activates NF-κß and elicits an anti-inflammatory response. Recently, we demonstrated the effect of a non-pharmacologic, noninvasive, ultrasound-based method to prevent renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and sepsis-induced AKI in mice. Our data suggest that ultrasound-induced tissue protection is mediated through the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. In addition, nicotinic receptor agonists and ghrelin, a neuropeptide, were reported to prevent AKI possibly through a mechanism closely linked with the stimulation of the vagus nerve. Based on the studies focusing on inflammation and the observations regarding kidney injury, we believe that activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway will be a new modality for the prevention and treatment of AKI.
Assessing the Relationship of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors with Erythropoietin in a Human Model of Endogenous Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonism
Authors: Calò Lorenzo A. , Davis Paul A. , Maiolino Giuseppe , Pagnin Elisa , Ravarotto Verdiana , Naso Elena , Carraro Gianni , Naso Agostino
Published: September 2015

Hypothesis/Introduction: Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to control erythropoietin (EPO) synthesis as Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers block Ang-II-induced EPO oversecretion. To further explore the involvement of AT1R in processes controlling EPO levels, plasma EPO and mononuclear cell NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) - a NOX family member involved in oxygen sensing, which is a process central to controlling EPO levels - were assessed in Bartter's/Gitelman's syndrome (BS/GS) patients, a human model of endogenous AT1R antagonism and healthy subjects. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factor related to NOX4 activation, and the relationship of EPO and NOX4 to HO-1 were also assessed. Materials and Methods: EPO was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay, HO-1 by sandwich immunoassay and NOX4 protein expression by Western blot. Results: EPO was increased in BS/GS patients compared to healthy subjects (7.64 ± 2.47 vs. 5.23 ± 1.07 U/l; p = 0.025), whereas NOX4 did not differ between BS/GS and healthy subjects (1.76 ± 0.61 vs. 1.65 ± 0.54 densitometric units; p = n.s.), and HO-1 was increased in BS/GS patients compared to healthy subjects (9.58 ± 3.07 vs. 5.49 ± 1.04 ng/ml; p = 0.003). NOX4 positively correlated with HO-1 only in BS/GS patients; no correlation was found between EPO and either NOX4 or HO-1 in those two groups. Conclusions: The effect of the renin-angiotensin system on EPO cannot be solely mediated by Ang II via AT1R signaling, but rather, EPO levels are also determined by a complex interrelated set of signals that involve AT2R, nitric oxide levels, NOX4 and HO-1 activity.
A Bayesian Model to Describe Factors Influencing Trough Levels of Vancomycin in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Sansot Candice , Kalbacher Emilie , Lemoine Sandrine , Bourguignon Laurent , Fauvel Jean-Pierre , Ducher Michel
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: In hemodialysis patients, there is a marked inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. This retrospective study was carried out to design a model describing the parameters that may influence the trough concentrations of vancomycin (TCV) in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A Bayesian model was constructed from data obtained during 314 hemodialysis sessions performed in 31 hemodialysis patients receiving vancomycin. The model's validity was assessed by goodness of fit. A bootstrap resampling method was used to calculate bias and accuracy for 80 predicted and observed TCV. Results: A total of 31 patients underwent dialysis 3 times a week for a mean duration of 4 h. Their mean age was 69 ± 12 years. The vancomycin infusion was started 30 min before the scheduled end of the dialysis session at a flow rate of 1,000 mg/h. The mean TCV of the study population was 16.1 ± 3.2 mg/l. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of the constructed model was 95.2%. In the validation sample (80 randomly selected TCV), the observed mean TCV was 15.8 ± 3.6 mg/l, whereas the mean TCV predicted by the model was 15.7 ± 3.0 mg/l. If the mean bias was low between the predicted and observed TCV (-0.1 mg/l), SD was high (3.43 mg/l). The variables most closely linked to TCV were in descending order: weight after dialysis, weight before dialysis, the dose of vancomycin administered during the previous dialysis session and creatinine concentration before dialysis. Conclusion: This simple model describes patient-related and dialysis-related parameters that mainly influence TCV. Before its use in clinical practice, this model should be validated prospectively.
Hemodialysis Using High Cut Off Filters in Light Chain Cast Nephropathy
Authors: Buus Niels Henrik , Rantanen Jesper Moesgaard , Krag Søren Palmelund , Andersen Niels Frost , Jensen Jens Dam
Published: September 2015

Background/Aim: Hemodialysis using high cutoff (HCO) filters possibly improves renal function in diseases with light chain (LC) overproduction and acute kidney injury. We established the effect of HCO dialysis on renal outcome in consecutive patients with malignant monoclonal gammopathies and LC cast nephropathy. Methods: LC concentration was measured before and after each dialysis session in 10 patients receiving HCO dialysis and bortezomib-based chemotherapy, and their renal function was monitored by plasma creatinine. Results: The number of HCO sessions ranged from 4 to 34 (mean 13). Six patients recovered kidney function, 3 regained partial function while 1 patient continued chronic dialysis. Patients with the largest reductions in LC during HCO treatments had the lowest creatinine at 6 and 9 months of follow-up. For comparison, only 2 out of 10 patients in a historic control group recovered kidney function. Conclusion: HCO dialysis combined with bortezomib results in good renal recovery with kidney function being dependent on the degree of LC lowering.
Hypercalcemia-Induced Hypokalemic Metabolic Alkalosis in a Multiple Myeloma Patient: The Risk of Furosemide Use
Authors: Reiser Ira W. , Ali Slamat , Gotlieb Vladimir , Spitalewitz Samuel
Published: September 2015

Hypercalcemia is often seen in patients with malignancies, and in the past treatment for this has traditionally included loop diuretics. Clinically, patients with hypercalcemia frequently present with polyuria and volume contraction which may be further exacerbated by diuretic therapy. In the lab, hypercalcemia has been shown to activate the calcium-sensing receptor in the thick ascending limb of Henle and inactivate the 2 chloride sodium potassium co-transporter and induce a hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, an effect similar to that of the loop diuretic furosemide. We now report what may well be the first clinical correlate of this laboratory finding in a patient who developed a hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis as a consequence of severe hypercalcemia due to multiple myeloma and whose metabolic derangement was corrected without the use of a loop diuretic which may have exacerbated the electrolyte abnormalities.
New Advances in the Treatment of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Schober Marvin , Javed Muhammad A. , Beyer G. , Le Nha , Vinci Alessio , Sund Malin , Neesse Albrecht , Krug Sebastian
Published: September 2015

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised by an extremely poor overall survival (OS) compared to other solid tumours. As the incidence of the disease is rising and the treatment options are limited, PDAC is projected to be the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States by 2030. A majority of patients are not eligible for curative resection at the time of diagnosis, and those that are resected will often relapse within the first few years after surgery. Summary: Until recently, the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine has been the standard of care for patients with non-resectable PDAC with only marginal effects on OS. In 2011, the gemcitabine-free FOLFIRINOX regimen (folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin) showed a significant survival advantage for patients with metastatic PDAC in a phase III trial. In 2013, the Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Trial phase III trial with nano-formulated albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) in combination with gemcitabine also resulted in a significant survival extension compared to gemcitabine monotherapy. However, both intensified therapy regimens show a broad spectrum of side effects and patients need to be carefully selected for the most appropriate protocol. Key Message: In this study, recent advances in the chemotherapeutic options available to treat metastatic PDAC and their implications for today's treatment choices are reviewed.
Effect of Extended‐Release Niacin on High‐Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Functionality, Lipoprotein Metabolism, and Mediators of Vascular Inflammation in Statin‐Treated Patients
Authors: Yadav Rahul , Liu Yifen , Kwok See , Hama Salam , France Michael , Eatough Ruth , Pemberton Phil , Schofield Jonathan , Siahmansur Tarza J. , Malik Rayaz , Ammori Basil A. , Issa Basil , Younis Naveed , Donn Rachelle , Stevens Adam , Durrington Paul , Soran Handrean
Published: September 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to explore the influence of extended‐release niacin/laropiprant (
ERN
/
LRP
) versus placebo on high‐density lipoprotein (
HDL
) antioxidant function, cholesterol efflux, apolipoprotein B100 (apoB)‐containing lipoproteins, and mediators of vascular inflammation associated with 15% increase in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (
HDL
‐C). Study patients had persistent dyslipidemia despite receiving high‐dose statin treatment.

Methods and Results

In a randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial, we compared the effect of
ERN
/
LRP
with placebo in 27 statin‐treated dyslipidemic patients who had not achieved National Cholesterol Education Program‐
ATP III
targets for low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (
LDL
‐C). We measured fasting lipid profile, apolipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (
CETP
) activity, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, small dense
LDL
apoB (sd
LDL
‐apoB), oxidized
LDL
(ox
LDL
), glycated apoB (glyc‐apoB), lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp‐
PLA
2), lysophosphatidyl choline (lyso‐
PC
), macrophage chemoattractant protein (
MCP
1), serum amyloid A (
SAA
) and myeloperoxidase (
MPO
). We also examined the capacity of
HDL
to protect
LDL
from
in vitro
oxidation and the percentage cholesterol efflux mediated by apoB depleted serum.
ERN
/
LRP
was associated with an 18% increase in
HDL
‐C levels compared to placebo (1.55 versus 1.31 mmol/L,
P
<0.0001). There were significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides,
LDL
cholesterol, total serum apoB, lipoprotein (a),
CETP
activity, ox
LDL
, Lp‐
PLA
2, lyso‐
PC
,
MCP
1, and
SAA
, but no significant changes in glyc‐apoB or sd
LDL
‐apoB concentration. There was a modest increase in cholesterol efflux function of
HDL
(19.5%,
P
=0.045), but no change in the antioxidant capacity of HDL
in vitro
or
PON
1 activity.

Conclusions

ERN
/
LRP
reduces
LDL
‐associated mediators of vascular inflammation, but has varied effects on
HDL
functionality and
LDL
quality, which may counter its
HDL
‐C‐raising effect.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01054508.
Lions and promoi: Final Phase of Exile for Empedocles’ daimones
Authors: Picot Jean-Claude , Berg William
Published: September 2015

In Empedocles, the seers, poets, doctors and promoi of fr. 146 dk, poised for return from exile to the company of the Blessed, no more represent an Empedoclean ideal than do the lions of fr. 127. Seers, poets and promoi are implicated in the anathema of bloodshed; in particular, the promoi (‘battle chiefs’) are ill-suited to a world of waxing Love. As with the other daimones, their exile will last through 30,000 seasons, a sentence that Empedocles’ purifications cannot shorten. The lives of the seers, poets, doctors and promoi are lived in a world of waxing Strife; their prestige is owed to their status in that world.
Aristotle’s Two Accounts of Relatives in Categories 7
Authors: Duncombe Matthew
Published: September 2015

AtCategories7, 6a36-7 Aristotle defines relatives (R1), but at 8a13-28 worries that the definition may include some substances. Aristotle introduces a second account of relatives (R2, at 8a31-2) to solve the problem. Recent commentators have held that Aristotle intends to solve the extensional adequacy worry by restricting the extension of relatives. That is, R2 counts fewer items as relative than R1. However, this cannot explain Aristotle’s attitude to relatives, since he immediately returns to using R1. I propose a non-extensional reading. R1 and R2 do not specify different sets of relatives, but rather different ways to understand each relative.
“Old Testament Awareness” and the Textual Tradition of the Explicit Quotations of Isaiah in Codex Bezae’s Acts
Authors: van der Bergh Ronald H.
Published: September 2015

This article investigates the textual history of the explicit quotations of Isaiah in the Acts of the Apostles of Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis (Acts 7:49-50; 13:34; 13:47) by introducing the concept of “Old Testament awareness.” This concept can be defined as the degree to which a nt tradition, at any stage of its transmission history, is aware of a quotation stemming from the ot. ot awareness can be identified in the layout of Codex Bezae (e.g., the indentation of text in the manuscript to indicate ot quotations), the text of quotations (e.g., readings that can be shown to be a subsequent change towards an ot tradition) and the context of the quoted text (e.g., the quotations’ introductory formulae). Through assessing the ot awareness of Codex Bezae’s explicit quotations of Isaiah, different stages in the transmission history of the text of these quotations in Codex Bezae’s Acts can be identified.
A Comparison of Economic and Social Implications of Rapid Urbanization in Lima and Santiago de Chile
Authors: Carpenter Ann , Quispe-Agnoli Myriam
Published: September 2015

Peru and Chile have experienced an economic boom in recent decades that has transformed the urban form of their respective capital cities of Lima and Santiago. According to United Nations data, Lima and Santiago numbered just over one million inhabitants each in 1950. From 1950 to 2010 Lima’s population grew 740 percent and Santiago 351 percent, to 8.95 million inhabitants in Lima and 5.96 million in Santiago, part of a corresponding migration from rural to urban areas throughout Latin America. In this period, the urban form of each city was modified to accommodate growth.

Urban development has been typified by densification of the core, agricultural land conversion, and a rise in informal settlements (barriadas or pueblos jóvenes in Lima and callampas in Santiago). In both Lima and Santiago, fragmented, polycentric growth has had transformative effects.

The paper compares social, economic, and urban form indicators of urban sub-units in each city to understand the spatial and social connotations of growth and centrality in two South American cities. Given the largely unimpeded growth and resultant urban form, is decentralization a means for increasing access to amenities and citizen participation or is the lack of regional planning detrimental to vulnerable populations?
‘Plant Biotechnology’ Representation and Resistance: A Study of Plant Breeding Community in Bihar, India
Authors: Kumar Avinash , Mallick Sambit
Published: September 2015

The present study, from a sociology of science and technology perspective, captures the transformation in plant biotechnology that has emerged with the advent of new agricultural technology, and how it is conceived of and practiced by the community of plant breeders in selected scientific institutions under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (icar) and the State Agricultural University (sau) setups located in an agriculturally backward state like Bihar. Focusing on a galaxy of scientists engaged in plant science research in Bihar, the present study captures the responses from plant breeders on the questions surrounding genetically modified crops, intellectual property rights and other contentious issues related to new agricultural technology, especially plant biotechnology. An attempt is also made to explore the nature of scientific collaboration taking place in plant breeding and the motivations of such collaborative practices. The purpose of this study is to understand how plant breeding in Bihar is experientially constituted and politically negotiated along the contours and at the boundaries of national and international development operations, policies, extension agents, and the everyday lives, livelihoods, and aspirations of farmers.
The Church: Towards a Shared Vision
Authors: Salazar-Sanzana Elizabeth
Published: September 2015

Pentecostalism has taken its own diverse paths, also with regard to its relation with the ecumenical movement. However, most of the Pentecostal movement has developed with an aversion to ecumenism. This reflection considers its limitations, because of the diversity of Pentecostalism and because of the fact that the written theological reflection is very much dissociated from the everyday practices of communities. One must consider the fragility of the ecumenical movement against the Pentecostal versatility. In Pentecostalism, the church as the body of Christ in unity and communion is understood as centred in the gospel, guided at all times by Christ himself as path, truth and life. This is where we can find points of convergence with the ctcv document. This contribution comes from an optimistic conviction about ecumenism, in resonance with this process of dialogue and other reflections for strengthening the church and its witness.
An Argument for External World Skepticism from the Appearance/Reality Distinction
Authors: Mizrahi Moti
Published: September 2015

In this paper, I argue that arguments from skeptical hypotheses for external world skepticism derive their support from a skeptical argument from the distinction between appearance and reality. This skeptical argument from the appearance/reality distinction gives the external world skeptic her conclusion (i.e., thatSdoesn’t know thatp) without appealing to skeptical hypotheses and without assuming that knowledge is closed under known entailments. If this is correct, then this skeptical argument from the appearance/reality distinction poses a new skeptical challenge that cannot be resolved by denying skeptical hypotheses or knowledge closure.
The Mossflora of Xishuangbanna, Southern Yunnan, China
Authors: Wu Pan-cheng
Published: September 2015

This is the first contribution on the moss flora of Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan Province, one of the main tropical areas in China. This rich moss flora shows a similarity to that of Southeast Asia and the Himalayas.
Hyphomycetes from aquatic habitats in Southern China: Species of Curvularia (Pleosporaceae) and Phragmocephala (Melannomataceae)
Authors: SU HONG -YAN , Udayanga Dhanushka , Luo Zong-long , Manamgoda Dimuthu , Zhao Yong-Chang , Yang Jing , Liu Xio-Ying , McKenzie Eric , Zhou De-Qun , Hyde Kevin
Published: September 2015

Aquatic hyphomycetes are a diverse, polyphyletic group of asexually reproducing fungi involved in the decomposition of litter in freshwater ecosystems. Curvularia eragrostidis, C. verruculosa and Phragmocephala atra were identified from submerged wood collected from freshwater streams in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. They were characterised based on morphology and LSU, ITS and SSU sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequences placed the isolates within the order Pleosporales. Curvularia eragrostidis and C. verruculosa are reported from freshwater habitats for the first time. An epitype is designated for Curvularia verruculosa. This is the first phylogenetic placement of the genus Phragmocephala in the family Melanommataceae in Dothideomycetes, providing new DNA sequence data. A new species, Phragmocephala garethjonesii is introduced based on DNA sequence data and morphology. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the species with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.
Author citations for nomenclatural novelties published in volume 15 of Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS)
Authors: Zhu Xiang-yun
Published: September 2015

The correct author citation for nomenclatural novelties in volume 15 of the 126-volume Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS) (1958–2004) was not adequately explained in the publication. Although this volume was edited by Prof. Fa-Tsuan Wang (1899–1985) and Prof. Tsin Tang (1897–1984) and all of the authors that contributed to it are listed on the two pages next to the last one, the contributor(s) to each generic account was not provided. However, they were provided by Chen et al. (1993), which should be treated as external evidence for correct citation for nomenclatural novelties in volume 15 (Art. 46.9; McNeill et al. 2012).
Lectotypification of five species in Impatiens (Balsaminaceae)
Authors: Verma Durgesh
Published: September 2015

Five species of Impatiens Linnaeus (Balsaminaceae) from China namely I. monticola J.D. Hooker, I. pudica J.D. Hooker, I. sigmoidea J.D. Hooker, I. soulieana J.D. Hooker and I. trigonosepala J.D. Hooker are lectotypified.
On the identity of Pternopetalum botrychioides (Apiaceae), introducing P. latipinnulatum comb. & stat. nov.
Authors: Tan Jin-Bo , Ma Xiang-Guang , Zhang Lin , He Xing-Jin
Published: September 2015

Based on fieldwork, literature study and herbarium investigations, the long-term misapplied Pternopetalum botrychioides is clarified and re-illustrated. Pternopetalum latipinnulatum comb. et stat. nov. is proposed based on P. botrychioides var. latipinnulatum, with an amplified and detailed description. On the basis of stereomicroscope, OM and SEM observations, as well as field investigations, a morphological comparison of these two taxa is provided.
Parietaria semispeluncaria (Urticaceae), a new species from eastern Turkey
Authors: YILDIRIM HASAN
Published: September 2015

Parietaria semispeluncaria Yıldırım, a new species endemic to eastern Anatolia, Turkey is described and illustrated. P. semispeluncaria Yıldırım is most similar to P. rechingeri Chrtek from which it can be distinguished by stem, leaf, inflorescence and flower morphology. P. semispeluncaria is a perennial obligate chasmophyte that colonizes calcareous marlstone cliffs. It is known from a single locality in the Levent Canyon, Malatya Province. A species conservation assessment classifies P. semispeluncaria as ‘Vulnerable’ (VU) D1 + 2 on account of its restricted distribution.
Snailfishes of the Careproctus rastrinus complex (Liparidae): redescriptions of seven species in the North Pacific Ocean region, with the description of a new species from the Beaufort Sea
Authors: ORR JAMES WILDER , KAI YOSHIAKI , NAKABO TETSUJI
Published: September 2015

Herein we review and recognize as valid all previously described species of the Careproctus rastrinus complex based on morphological evidence, provide diagnoses and descriptions of all species, describe a new species from the Beaufort Sea, and address the misapplication of several names throughout the area. In particular, the name C. rastrinus is restricted to populations of the western Pacific and is known conclusively only from the Sea of Okhotsk. Careproctus acanthodes, from the Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk, and C. pellucidus, from the Pacific Ocean side of northern Japan, are resurrected from synonymy with C. rastrinus. Populations of the eastern Pacific previously routinely identified as C. rastrinus are recognized under two names: C. scottae, a name that is applied to deeper water Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, and eastern Pacific populations having a postorbital pore, and Careproctus phasma, applied to shallow water populations of the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska lacking a postorbital pore. Although we consider Careproctus spectrum valid, the species has been routinely misidentified and is presently known only from the type series. Careproctus lerikimae is a new species described from the Beaufort Sea, diagnosed from other species of the C. rastrinus complex by the absence of the postorbital pore and higher median fin and vertebral counts.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Acridoidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit sequences
Authors: DONG LIJUN , SHI JIANPING , ZHANG XIAOHONG , ZHANG YULONG , LI XINJIANG , YIN HONG
Published: September 2015

Phylogenetic relationships of Acridoidea were examined using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit sequences (COI, COII and COIII, total 2970bp). Fourteen grasshopper species of thirteen genera from seven families were sequenced to obtain mitochondrial genes data, along with twenty-two grasshopper species were obtained from the GenBank nucleotide database. The purpose of this study is to infer the phylogenetic relationships among families within Acridoidea and testing the monophyly of Acridoidea and each families of it. Phylogenic trees were reconstructed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) methods with Tettigonioidea and Gryllotalpoidea as outgroups. The putative initiation codon for COI is CCG in thirteen studied species and ATC in Bryodema luctuosum luctuosum. The 2970 bp concatenated sequences included 1431 conserved sites, 1539 variable sites, and 1216 parsimony-informative sites, the nucleotide compositions were significantly biased toward A and T (68.8%). The resulted phylogenetic trees supported the monophyly of Acridoidea, but did not entirely agree with the traditional morphology-based taxonomic system of grasshoppers within Acridoidea. The monophyly of three families of Acrididae, Catantopidae and Arcypteridae were not supported; Gomphoceridae and Arcypteridae were recovered together as a monophyletic group because of closer phylogenetic relationships; Pyrgomorphidae and Chrotogonidae have the same closer relationships; Pneumoridae, Pyrgomorphidae and Chrotogonidae were the most basal groups; while the taxonomic status of Pamphagidae, which was revealed as a monophyletic group, was not clear in this analysis. Moreover, the results indicate that a phylogeny inferred from the combination of several genes is more reliable than that from only a single gene sequence, and the third codon positions of protein coding genes can improve the topology and node supports of the phylogenetic trees.
A new genus and family of copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) parasitic
on polychaetes of the genus Jasmineira Langerhans, 1880 (family Sabellidae) in the northeastern Atlantic
Authors: BOXSHALL GEOFF A. , O’REILLY MYLES , SIKORSKI ANDREY , SUMMERFIELD REBECCA
Published: September 2015

A new genus and species of copepod, Jasmineiricola mackiei n. gen. et n. sp., parasitic on at least three species of the sabellid polychaete genus Jasmineira Langerhans, 1880 is described. The adult female is mesoparasitic, living with part of its body (the endosoma) embedded within the host and part (the ectosoma) protruding through the host’s body wall. The endosoma consists of a well defined head region carried anteriorly on the trunk which has paired lateral lobes housing the ovaries. The head bears a rosette-like array of eight slender lobes, which are probably derived from the mouthparts. The only limbs present on the trunk are the subchelate maxillipeds positioned immediately posterior to the head. The ectosoma consists of a posterior genito-abdominal lobe bearing paired genital apertures. The male is unknown. The new genus cannot be placed in any of the five existing families of mesoparasitic copepods on polychaete hosts and is treated as the type of a new monotypic family, the Jasmineiricolidae. The new species occurs over a depth range from 19 to 279 m, and is widely distributed from UK coastal waters to Norwegian waters inside the Arctic Circle.
Passive Suppression of South African Rainfall by the Agulhas Current
Authors: Jury Mark R.
Published: September 2015

This study reconsiders the role of the Agulhas Current in South African climate variability. Here, the Agulhas Current is delimited by its anticyclonic looping flow and cluster analysis of detrended SST anomalies that lead to an area 28°–37°S, 18°–35°E, poleward of South Africa. Regression of detrended Agulhas SST with rainfall anomaly fields in the years 1950–2012 yields a surprising negative influence over the interior. In summer, the negative regression exhibits a northwest axis consistent with reduced cloud band activity. Positive influence is confined to the eastern escarpment in the September–November season when cutoff lows are prevalent. The overall negative influence of the Agulhas SST is confirmed by regression with the vegetation fraction and latent heat flux in the satellite era.

Mechanisms of South African rainfall suppression were investigated. The Agulhas SST index is positively related to the multivariate ENSO index at the 1–3-month lead time. Hence, warm years in the Agulhas Current follow Pacific El Niño. Composite ocean analysis shows enhanced westerly winds offshore and a westward extension of warm salty water from the anticyclonic south Indian Ocean gyre. Composite atmospheric analysis exhibits moist uplifted air over the Agulhas Current folding into an equatorward circulation that sinks over the interior plateau. Because Agulhas SST partially follows ENSO, its suppression of interior rainfall is concluded to be passive.
Integrated Optimal Fingerprinting: Method Description and Illustration
Authors: Hannart Alexis
Published: September 2015

The present paper introduces and illustrates methodological developments intended for so-called optimal fingerprinting methods, which are of frequent use in detection and attribution studies. These methods used to involve three independent steps: preliminary reduction of the dimension of the data, estimation of the covariance associated to internal climate variability, and, finally, linear regression inference with associated uncertainty assessment. It is argued that such a compartmentalized treatment presents several issues; an integrated method is thus introduced to address them. The suggested approach is based on a single-piece statistical model that represents both linear regression and control runs. The unknown covariance is treated as a nuisance parameter that is eliminated by integration. This allows for the introduction of regularization assumptions. Point estimates and confidence intervals follow from the integrated likelihood. Further, it is shown that preliminary dimension reduction is not required for implementability and that computational issues associated to using the raw, high-dimensional, spatiotemporal data can be resolved quite easily. Results on simulated data show improved performance compared to existing methods w.r.t. both estimation error and accuracy of confidence intervals and also highlight the need for further improvements regarding the latter. The method is illustrated on twentieth-century precipitation and surface temperature, suggesting a potentially high informational benefit of using the raw, nondimension-reduced data in detection and attribution (D&A), provided model error is appropriately built into the inference.
Observations of Interannual Equatorial Freshwater Jets in the Western Pacific
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Clarke Allan J.
Published: September 2015

Observations of TRITON moored array salinity and temperature in the very wet western equatorial Pacific at 137°E, 147°E, and 156°E since the late 1990s reveal the importance of rainfall to the interannual flow and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. Past work has shown that in this region a fresher surface isohaline layer is embedded in a thicker isothermal layer. Array estimates of dynamic height relative to the 50–70-m isothermal layer depth (ILD) indicate a near-surface salinity-driven contribution to the monthly sea level anomaly that is uncorrelated with, and smaller than, monthly anomalous sea surface height (SSH) estimated from altimeter data. Despite the smaller size of , its meridional gradient dominates the total sea level meridional gradient. Thus, the corresponding shallow equatorially trapped interannual freshwater jet dominates the near-surface zonal interannual flow. This jetlike flow has a meridional scale of only about 2°–3° of latitude, an amplitude of 23 cm s−1, and is associated with the zonal back and forth displacement of the western equatorial warm/fresh pool that is fundamental to El Niño. The jet is not directly forced by the interannual freshwater surface flux but rather by wind stress anomalies that are mostly east of the warm/fresh pool edge during La Niña and mostly west of it during El Niño. A conceptual coupled ocean–atmosphere instability model is proposed to understand these observations. Calculations show that Aquarius satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) data match the TRITON in situ data well and that the satellite SSS can be used to estimate , and hence , geostrophically.
Fortnightly Variation in the Bottom Thermal Front and Associated Circulation in a Semienclosed Sea
Authors: Yu Xiaojie , Guo Xinyu , Takeoka Hidetaka
Published: September 2015

Summer hydrographic data from 1971 to 2000 demonstrate the presence of bottom cold water (BCW) and a bottom thermal front around the BCW in a semienclosed sea in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. The horizontal gradient of water temperature across the bottom front was larger in neap tide than in spring tide, which is the opposite the pattern observed in the fortnightly variations in other areas (e.g., the Irish Sea). A numerical model for the Inland Sea reproduced the presence of BCW and a bottom front as well as the same fortnightly variation in the horizontal gradient of water temperature across the bottom front as in observational data. Being the same BCW as those in other areas, the presence of BCW in the Inland Sea is also caused by spatial variation in tidal mixing. The intensification of the bottom front in neap tide in the Inland Sea results from a combination of tidal mixing and horizontal advection of warm water to the BCW. The presence of a bottom residual current in the direction across the bottom front results in the horizontal advection of warm water to the BCW, and its fortnightly variation is responsible for the fortnightly variation of the bottom front in the Inland Sea. The presence of the BCW induces a surface cyclonic circulation in the direction approximately along the bottom front; the intensification and weakening of the bottom front with the spring–neap tidal cycle, combined with the fortnightly variation in the bottom boundary layer thickness, produce a slightly stronger surface cyclonic circulation in neap tide than in spring tide.
Volume and Freshwater Flux Observations from Nares Strait to the West of Greenland at Daily Time Scales from 2003 to 2009
Authors: Münchow Andreas
Published: September 2015

Time series observations of velocity, salinity, pressure, and ice draft provide estimates of advective fluxes in Nares Strait from 2003 to 2009 at daily to interannual time scales. Velocity and salinity are integrated across the 36-km-wide and 350-m-deep channel for two distinct multiyear periods of sea ice cover. These observations indicate multiyear mean fluxes that range from 0.71 ± 0.09 to 1.03 ± 0.11 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1 = 31 536 km3 yr−1) for volume and from 32 ± 5.7 to 54 ± 9.3 mSv (1 mSv ≡ 103 m3 s−1) for oceanic freshwater relative to a salinity of 34.8 for the first (2003–06) and second (2007–09) periods, respectively. Advection of ice adds another 8 ± 2 mSv or 260 ± 70 km3 yr−1 to the freshwater export. Flux values are larger when the sea ice is mobile all year. About 75% of the oceanic volume and freshwater flux variability is correlated at daily to interannual time scales. Flux variability peaks at a 20-day time scale and correlates strongly with along-channel pressure gradients (r2 = 0.68). The along-channel pressure gradient peaks in early spring when the sea ice is often motionless with higher sea level in the Arctic that drives the generally southward ocean circulation. Local winds contribute only when the sea ice is mobile, when they explain 60% of its variance (r2 = 0.60). Observed annual to interannual change in the duration of motionless sea ice conditions impacts ocean stratification and freshwater flux, while seasonal variations are small.
Mesoscale Vortex Development during Extreme Precipitation: Colorado, September 2013
Authors: Morales Annareli , Schumacher Russ S. , Kreidenweis Sonia M.
Published: September 2015

On 11–12 September 2013, portions of northern Colorado experienced flash flooding as a result of high rain rates accumulating over 180 mm of rain in 6 h. From 0400 to 0700 UTC 12 September a mesovortex was observed traveling northwestward toward the city of Boulder, Colorado, with enhanced upslope flow on its north side and localized deep convection. Although the mesovortex was observed in an area common for lee vortex formation, namely that associated with the Denver Cyclone, it is shown via ARW model simulations that the mesovortex intensified through the release of latent heat, similar to the processes leading to mesoscale convective vortices, rather than by dry topographic-flow dynamics. High rates of cloud water condensation at relatively low altitudes led to a strong vertical gradient in latent heating, resulting in a near-surface positive potential vorticity anomaly. Reducing the contribution of cloud water condensation to latent heating by 50% resulted in no mesovortex development in the model and a substantial decrease in precipitation. On the other hand, removing the topographical forcing in the model did not inhibit the mesovortex formation, confirming the secondary role of topography. The mesovortex enhanced upslope winds and convection, and was thus a key feature in the generation of intense precipitation over Boulder. The ability to forecast the development of these mesovortices and their subsequent environmental and hydrological effects could be critical for decision-makers and the public, given their association with high rainfall rates.