bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Broadening Financial Indicators in the Special Data Dissemination Standard
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In December 2008, the IMF Executive Board discussed the Seventh Review of Data Standards Initiatives, and Directors requested staff to return to the Board within about a year with a proposal for the inclusion of selected financial indicators in the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS). This paper responds to the 2008 request taking into account recent developments.

The recent financial crisis has heightened the need for policymakers, financial regulators and capital market participants to put in place conditions that would help prevent the occurrence of similar crises in the future. One of the areas identified by the international community as key in crises prevention is the availability of timely and more detailed financial data that could provide early warning signals of impending risks and vulnerabilities
Managing Global Growth Risks and Commodity Price Shocks - Vulnerabilities and Policy Challenges for Low-Income Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

As part of its work to help low-income countries (LICs) manage volatility, the IMF has recently developed an analytical framework to assess vulnerabilities and emerging risks that arise from changes in the external environment (see IMF, 2011a). This report draws on the results of the first Vulnerability Exercise for LICs (VE-LIC) conducted by IMF staff using this new framework.

The report focuses on the risks of a downturn in global growth and of further global commodity price shocks, and discusses related policy challenges. The report is organized as follows: Chapter I reviews recent macroeconomic developments, including the spike in global commodity prices earlier this year. Chapter II assesses current risks and vulnerabilities, including how a sharp downturn in global growth and further commodity price shocks would affect LICs. Chapter III discusses policy challenges in the face of these risks and vulnerabilities.
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative - Statistical Update
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This report provides an update on the status of implementation of the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI over the past year. Given that most HIPCs have reached the completion point, in November 2011, the IMF and IDA Boards2 endorsed staff’s proposal to further streamline reporting of progress under the HIPC Initiative and MDRI. It was agreed that the annual HIPC Initiative/MDRI status of implementation report will be discontinued, while the core information—on debt service and poverty reducing expenditure, the cost of debt relief, creditor participation rates, and litigation against HIPCs—should continue to be made available and updated regularly on the IMF and World Bank websites.
Maldives
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: September 2019

Maldives has rebounded strongly from the tsunami of late 2004. GDP has grown rapidly,
underpinned by a robust increase in tourist arrivals, and by construction activity pertaining to
the development of new resorts. Inflation remains low although it is on a rising trend. The
exchange rate peg continues to serve the country well.
Promotion of attendance for mammographie screening through general practice: a randomised trial of two strategies
Authors: Clover Kerrie A , Redman Selina , Sanson‐Fisher Robert W , Forbes John F , Dickinson James A
Published: September 2019

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of two strategies — patient education and practitioner recommendation — in encouraging women to attend for mammographic screening.

Design

The study was a prospective randomised controlled trial. Women aged between 40 and 70 years attending a general practitioner participated in the study. Consenting, eligible women were randomly allocated to one of the two strategy groups.

Setting

The study was conducted in private general practice in Newcastle, New South Wales.

Participants

The general practitioners who took part in the study were a non‐random sample of practitioners: 20 were approached, two declined to participate, and five failed to begin recruitment, leaving 13 practitioners who took part in the study. A total of 302 women aged 40‐69 were recorded as attending the surgeries during recruitment sessions. Twenty women did not consent to the study and 73 were ineligible. Thirty‐four women were not given the intervention because the general practitioner forgot or did not have time. There were 92 women in the simple recommendation group and 83 women in the patient education group.

Interventions

An intensive patient education approach based on health belief principles was compared with a simple recommendation by the general practitioner that the woman have a mammogram.

Main outcome measure

Attendance rates were calculated from screening service attendance records.

Results

No significant difference in attendance rates was observed between the two groups, 82% of the simple recommendation group and 91 % of the patient education group attended for screening.

Conclusions

These results suggest that mammographic screening can be effectively promoted in general practice without extensive patient education.
Emergency transport of critically ill children: stabilisation before departure
Authors: Henning Robert
Published: September 2019

Objective

To provide up‐to‐date practical information, relevant to Australian conditions and practice, on stabilising the condition of critically ill children who need transport to a paediatric hospital.

Data sources and selection

Information on current resuscitation practice was sought from relevant original articles and reviews in the recent medical literature, from textbooks and monographs published in the last 10 years.

Data synthesis and conclusions

A recent study found that 47% of 100 children who needed emergency interhospital transfer experienced problems which should have been preventable by greater availability to referring doctors of information on pretransport stabilisation of critically ill children. Hypoventilation, hypoxaemia and hypotension are commonly found in critically ill children before transport, as are difficulties with endotracheal tube care, sedation and analgesia. Mild physiological disturbances are likely to become severe and life‐ threatening during transfer unless they are corrected before departure. Early discussion of the child's problems and the transfer plan with senior staff at the nearest paediatric Intensive care unit may be helpful in planning the pre‐transfer resuscitation.
Multiantigenic Nanoformulations Activate Anticancer Immunity Depending on Size
Authors: Li Shengxian , Feng Xiangru , Wang Jixue , Xu Weiguo , Islam Mohammad Ariful , Sun Tianmeng , Xie Zhigang , Wang Chunxi , Ding Jianxun , Chen Xuesi
Published: September 2019

Nanoparticle‐adjuvanted cancer vaccines are attracting increasing attention because they can induce an effective anticancer immune response. Single‐antigen vaccines are inefficient to inhibit cancer progression due to the heterogeneity of tumors and the antigenicity alteration of tumor‐associated antigens. Therefore, the efficient delivery of multiple antigens to antigen‐presenting cells is an excellent opportunity for strong anticancer immunity. In this study, three immunoadjuvant‐loaded multiantigenic nanoparticles MANPs/R837 with different diameters, i.e., 83, 103, and 122 nm, are prepared through coating of the cancer cell membrane as a source of multiple antigens onto the imiquimod R837‐loaded poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles. The MANP/R837 with a diameter of 83 nm (MANP83/R837) shows the most efficient delivery of the payload to the draining lymph nodes and achieves the best antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. Compared with the other two nanovaccines, MANP83/R837 has a stronger inhibitory effect on tumor growth and metastasis. In the combination therapy with checkpoint blockade therapy using programmed cell death‐1 antibody, MANPs/R837 show effective inhibition against tumor progression, and MANP83/R837 achieves the most exciting effect. Therefore, MANPs/R837, as a promising therapeutic cancer vaccine, demonstrates great prospects in cancer immunotherapy.
Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotides, Polysaccharides, and Targeted Peptide‐Functionalized Gold Nanorods for the Combined Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Zhang Nan , Zhang Shasha , Xu Chunyu , Fu Lingling , Liu Tuanbing , Zhao Yongxing
Published: September 2019

Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2018, 7, 1800982

The above article, published online on 04 November 2018 in Wiley Online Library (https://wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, and Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. The retraction has been agreed due to errors in data presentation and non‐reproducibility of the results.

N. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, C. Y. Xu, L. L. Fu, T. B. Liu, Y. X. Zhao, Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2018, 7, 1800982, DOI:10.1002/adhm.201800982.
An Atom‐Economical Approach to 2‐Triazolyl Thio‐/Seleno Pyridines via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed One‐pot [3+2]/[2+2+2] Cycloadditions
Authors: Bhatt Divya , Singh Prasoon Raj , Kalaramna Pratibha , Kumar Krishn , Goswami Avijit
Published: September 2019

An efficient method to access 2‐triazolyl thio‐/selenopyridines with good to excellent yields by ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed one‐pot [3+2]/[2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions of azides, 1‐alkynyl thio‐/selenocyanates and 1,6‐diynes is reported. This atom‐economical catalytic strategy offers a mild and practical approach to access a variety of such cycloadducts with good to excellect regioselectivities. The protocol was further extended to the synthesis of 3,3′‐bis(triazolyl thio‐/seleno)‐2,2′‐bipyridines by the reaction of tetraynes with 1‐alkynyl thio‐/selenocyanates in the presence of aryl/alkyl azides.

magnified image
Highly Stable, Solution‐Processed Ga‐Doped IZTO Thin Film Transistor by Ar/O2 Plasma Treatment
Authors: Mude Narendra Naik , Bukke Ravindra Naik , Saha Jewel Kumer , Avis Christophe , Jang Jin
Published: September 2019

The effects of gallium doping into indium–zinc–tin oxide (IZTO) thin film transistors (TFTs) and Ar/O2 plasma treatment on the performance of a‐IZTO TFT are reported. The Ga doping ratio is varied from 0 to 20%, and it is found that 10% gallium doping in a‐IZTO TFT results in a saturation mobility (µsat) of 11.80 cm2 V−1 s−1, a threshold voltage (Vth) of 0.17 V, subthreshold swing (SS) of 94 mV dec−1, and on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of 1.21 × 107. Additionally, the performance of 10% Ga‐doped IZTO TFT can be further improved by Ar/O2 plasma treatment. It is found that 30 s plasma treatment gives the best TFT performances such as µsat of 30.60 cm2 V−1 s−1, Vth of 0.12 V, SS of 92 mV dec−1, and Ion/Ioff ratio of 7.90 × 107. The bias‐stability of 10% Ga‐doped IZTO TFT is also improved by 30 s plasma treatment. The enhancement of the TFT performance appears to be due to the reduction in the oxygen vacancy and OH concentrations.
Recent Advances in Preparation and Applications of Magnetic Framework Composites
Authors: Ma Yao Jia , Jiang Xiao Xue , Lv Yun Kai
Published: September 2019

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) offer ample characteristics, such as easy synthesis, high surface area, tunable porosities, open metal sites, post‐synthesis modification, making them attractive for diverse applications. Since magnetic particles can be positioned and separated by a magnetic field, magnetic framework composites (MFCs) have attracted tremendous attention. In this review, different methods of preparing MFCs, including direct mixing, in‐situ growth of magnetic particles, embedding method, layer‐by‐layer growth method and encapsulation method, will be discussed in detail. Moreover, their applications in catalysis, adsorption, biomedicine and sensing will also be introduced.
Highly Dispersed and Small‐Sized Nickel(II) Hydroxide Co‐Catalyst Prepared by Photodeposition for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Zhang Feiyan , Dong Yuming , Jiang Pingping , Wang Guangli , Zhao Na , Zhang Huizhen , Li Dandan , Lyu Jinze , Wang Yan , Li Ji , Zhu Yongfa
Published: September 2019

Photodeposition has been widely used as a mild and efficient synthetic method to deposit co‐catalysts. It is also worth studying how to synthesize non‐noble metal photocatalysts with uniform dispersion. Different synthetic conditions in photodeposition have a certain influence on particle size distribution and photocatalytic activity. Therefore, we designed experiments to prepare the inexpensive composite photocatalyst Ni(OH)2/g‐C3N4 by photodeposition. The Ni(OH)2 co‐catalysts disperse uniformly with particle sizes of about 10 nm. The photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of Ni(OH)2/g‐C3N4 reached about 19 mmol g−1 h−1, with the Ni(OH)2 deposition amount about 1.57 %. During 16 h stability testing, the rate of hydrogen production did not decrease significantly. The composite catalyst also revealed a good hydrogen production performance under sunlight. The Ni(OH)2 co‐catalyst enhanced the separation ability of photogenerated carriers, which was proved by surface photovoltage and fluorescence analysis.
Bridges to Stability: Engineering Disulfide Bonds Towards Enhanced Lipase Biodiesel Synthesis
Authors: Gihaz Shalev , Bash Yael , Rush Inbal , Shahar Anat , Pazy Yael , Fishman Ayelet
Published: September 2019

Computational design of disulfide bonds was performed for lipase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus T6 (LipT6) for enhanced methanol stability and improved biodiesel production. Thirteen double mutants comprising new cysteine pairs were screened and evaluated for their stability in 70 % methanol. Superior stability was found with variant E251C/G332C (M13) having a 5.5‐fold higher hydrolysis activity and enhanced unfolding temperature (Tm) of +7.9 °C in methanol compared with wild‐type. Moreover, M13 converted nearly 80 % waste chicken oil to biodiesel, representing a 2.4‐fold improvement relative to the WT. Structural studies using X‐ray crystallography confirmed the existence of the engineered disulfide bonds shedding light on the link between the bond location and backbone architecture with its stabilization impact. Rational integration of disulfide bonds is suggested to be a feasible method to promote elevated stability in organic solvents for various industrial applications such as biodiesel synthesis.
Changing Body Weight–Based Dosing to a Flat Dose for Avelumab in Metastatic Merkel Cell and Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Novakovic Ana M. , Wilkins Justin J. , Dai Haiqing , Wade Janet R. , Neuteboom Berend , Brar Satjit , Bello Carlo L. , Girard Pascal , Khandelwal Akash
Published: September 2019

Avelumab, an anti–programmed death‐ligand 1 monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma and platinum‐treated urothelial carcinoma, was initially approved with a 10 mg/kg weight‐based dose. We report pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic analyses for avelumab comparing weight‐based dosing and a flat 800 mg dose, developed using data from 1,827 patients enrolled in 3 clinical trials (NCT01772004, NCT01943461, and NCT02155647). PK metrics were simulated for weight‐based and flat‐dosing regimens and summarized by quartiles of weight. Derived exposure metrics were used in simulations of exposure‐safety (various tumors) and exposure‐efficacy (objective responses; Merkel cell or urothelial carcinoma). Flat dosing was predicted to provide similar exposure to weight‐based dosing, with slightly lower variability. Exposure‐safety and exposure‐efficacy simulations suggested similar benefit:risk profiles for the two dosing regimens. These pharmacometric analyses provided the basis for the US Food and Drug Administration approval of a flat dose of avelumab 800 mg every 2 weeks in approved indications.
Pore Surface Engineering of Covalent Triazine Frameworks@MoS2 Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Qiao Shanlin , Zhang Boying , Li Qing , Li Zheng , Wang Wenbo , Zhao Jia , Zhang Xiangjing , Hu Yongqi
Published: September 2019

Electrochemical water splitting is an important strategy for the mass production of hydrogen. Development of synthesizable catalysts has always been one of the biggest obstacles to replace platinum‐group catalysts. In this work, a high quality crystal polymer covalent triazine framework [CTF; Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 1562.6 m2 g−1] is synthesized and MoS2 nanoparticles are grown in situ into/onto the 1 D channel arrays or the external surface for electrocatalysis [hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)] . The state‐of‐the‐art CTFs@MoS2 structure exhibits superior catalytic kinetics with an overpotential of 93 mV and Tafel slope of 43 mV dec−1, which is improved over most other reported analogous catalysts. The inherent π‐conjugated crystal channels in CTFs provides a multifunctional support for electron transmission and mass diffusion during the hydrogen evolution process. Catalytic kinetics analysis shows that the HER performance is closely correlated to the hierarchical pore parameters and aggregated thickness of MoS2 nanoparticles. This work provides an attractive and durable alternative to synthesize high activity and stable catalysts for HER.
Simulating a Spill of Diluted Bitumen: Environmental Weathering and Submergence in a Model Freshwater System
Authors: Stoyanovich Sawyer S. , Yang Zeyu , Hanson Mark , Hollebone Bruce P. , Orihel Diane M. , Palace Vince , Rodriguez-Gil Jose L. , Faragher Robert , Mirnaghi Fatemah S. , Shah Keval , Blais Jules M.
Published: September 2019

The main petroleum product transported through pipelines in Canada is diluted bitumen (dilbit), a semiliquid form of heavy crude oil mixed with natural gas condensates to facilitate transport. The weathering, fate, behavior, and environmental effects of dilbit are crucial to consider when responding to a spill; however, few environmental studies on dilbit have been completed. We report on 11-d-long experimental spills of dilbit (Cold Lake Winter Blend) in outdoor microcosms meant to simulate a low-energy aquatic system containing natural lake water and sediments treated with low (1:8000 oil:water) and high (1:800 oil:water) volumes of dilbit. In the first 24 h of the experiment, volatile hydrocarbons quickly evaporated from the dilbit, resulting in increased dilbit density and viscosity. These changes in dilbit's physical and chemical properties ultimately led to its submergence after 8 d. We also detected rapid accumulation of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the water column of the treated microcosms following the spills. The present study provides new information on the environmental fate and behavior of dilbit in a freshwater environment that will be critical to environmental risk assessments of proposed pipeline projects. In particular, the study demonstrates the propensity for dilbit to sink under ambient environmental conditions in freshwaters typical of many boreal lakes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2621–2628. © 2019 SETAC
Diet Associations With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in an Ethnically Diverse Population: The Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Noureddin Mazen , Zelber‐Sagi Shira , Wilkens Lynne R. , Porcel Jacqueline , Boushey Carol J. , Le Marchand Loïc , Rosen Hugo R. , Setiawan Veronica Wendy
Published: September 2019

Background and Aims

Epidemiological data on dietary risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from population‐based studies, particularly in an ethnically diverse population, are scarce. We examined dietary factors in relation to NAFLD risk in African Americans, Japanese Americans, Latinos, native Hawaiians, and whites in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC).

Approach and Results

A nested case–control analysis was conducted within the MEC, a large prospective study with >215,000 older adult participants in Hawaii and California. NAFLD was identified using Medicare claims data, and controls were selected among participants without liver disease and individually matched to cases by birth year, sex, ethnicity, and length of Medicare enrollment. Diet was assessed at baseline through a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Diet–NAFLD associations were quantified by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable conditional logistic regression. The study consisted of 2,974 NAFLD cases (518 with cirrhosis, 2,456 without cirrhosis) and 29,474 matched controls. Red meat (P trend = 0.010), processed red meat (P trend = 0.004), poultry (P trend = 0.005), and cholesterol (P trend = 0.005) intakes were positively associated with NAFLD, while dietary fiber intake (P trend = 0.003) was inversely associated with risk. Stronger associations were observed between red meat and cholesterol and NAFLD with cirrhosis than without cirrhosis (P heterogeneity ≤0.014).

Conclusions

Dietary factors are independently associated with NAFLD and NAFLD‐related cirrhosis in a multiethnic population. Decreasing the consumption of cholesterol, red and processed meat, and poultry and increasing consumption of fiber may reduce the risk for NAFLD and related advanced liver disease.
Changes in Protein Glycosylation as a Result of Aptamer Interactions with Cancer Cells
Authors: Drabik Anna , Ner‐Kluza Joanna , Hartman Kinga , Mayer Günter , Silberring Jerzy
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Based on the recent aptamer‐related breast cancer studies, which indicate the therapeutic role of specific oligonucleotide sequences, experiments have been designed in an attempt to unravel the molecular targets of this mechanism. This article describes the study on glycoproteome changes in breast cancer cells as a result of their interactions with aptamers.

Experimental design

Aberrations in protein glycosylation play an important role in tumorigenesis and influence cancer progression, metastasis, immunoresponse, and chemoresistance, therefore this study is focused on the identification of the alterations in glycan expression on the surface of proteins as a potential and innovative tool for biomedical applications of aptamers in cancer treatment.

Results

Two proteins, kinesin‐like protein (KI13B) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), have been identified that carry N‐glycan epitopes after conjugation with aptamer sequences.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Multiple features of aptamers as an alternative to protein antibodies are utilized for various biomedical applications ranging from biomarker discovery, bioimaging, targeted therapy, drug delivery, and drug pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Frequently, aptamers bind to their target molecules and modulate their function. Such therapeutic aptamers can modify the biological pathways for treatment of many types of diseases, such as cancer.
Blue Strobe Pyrotechnic Composition Based on Aminoguanidinium Nitrate
Authors: Juknelevicius Dominykas , Klapötke Thomas M. , Ramanavicius Arunas
Published: September 2019

A new blue strobe pyrotechnic composition based on aminoguanidinium nitrate (AGN) is described. Alternative compositions from the literature that contain either tetramethylammonium nitrate or guanidinium nitrate are compared to the new AGN composition. Pyrotechnic compositions were processed into 13 mm pellets and 5 mm rods. Strobe frequency, linear burning rate, chromaticity coordinates and color purity (of the flash reaction), sensitivity to mechanical stimulii, DTA curves, humidity tests, high speed camera footage are reported and discussed. Finally a discussion of the strobe reaction mechanism has been included.
Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin Derivatives as Antiproliferative Agents.
Authors: Pilli Govindaiah , Dumala Naresh , Sreeja Jamuna S. , John Rince , Sengupta Suparna , Grover Paramjit , Prakash M. Jaya
Published: September 2019

A series of novel 4‐hydroxycoumarin based acryloylcyanohydrazone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative activity against different cancer cell lines (A‐549, HeLa, SK−N‐SH, and MCF‐7) by MTT assay method. All the test compounds (8 a‐m) were exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity (IC50 values ranging between 8.20 to 27.39 μM) against all the tested cancer cell lines. Pharmacological studies like cell cycle progression arrest and tubulin polymerisation inhibition studies were performed for the most potent compound 8 j. Further these studies were confirmed that the compound 8 j induced the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and tubulin polymerisation was inhibited with IC50=11.03 μM. Molecular docking simulation for the compound 8 j also revealed that, it has strong binding interactions towards tubulin protein. This in silico target validation suggested the tubulin is the target for the designed potent compound 8 j.
Palladium Nanoparticles Immobilized on Schiff Base‐Functionalized Graphene‐Oxide: Application in Carbon‐Carbon Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Parmanand  , Kumari Shweta , Mittal Ayushi , Kumar Anoop , Krishna  , Sharma Sunil K.
Published: September 2019

Palladium nanoparticles immobilized on Schiff base‐functionalized graphene‐oxide (GO−Pd) has been synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR, Raman, PXRD, UV‐Visible, TGA, XPS, FE‐SEM, TEM, EDAX, Elemental mapping, BET, AAS and ICP MS analysis. The GO−Pd showed promising catalytic activity for the Suzuki‐Miyaura, Hiyama and Heck‐Mizoroki coupling reactions with higher yields (up to 95%). GO−Pd can be easily filtered out from the reaction mixture and reused up to six times without significant loss of catalytic activity. All of the synthetic products obtained were fully characterized from their spectral data.
Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Drying Parameters of ZSM‐5 Extruded Catalysts
Authors: Tian Chao , Wu Dongfang
Published: September 2019

A fundamental step in the fabrication of industrial catalysts is to conduct mechanical properties assessment. In this paper, the mathematical models were adequately developed to optimize the mechanical properties of ZSM‐5 extruded catalysts using response surface methodology. And central composite orthogonal design with three parameters viz. drying temperature, drying time, and moisture content was utilized to investigate the effects of drying parameters on the mechanical strength and Weibull modulus. Statistics showed that the responses varied regularly with the development of experiments. And a material with optimal mechanical properties would possess both higher mechanical strength and Weibull modulus. Furthermore, it was found that drying process significantly impacts the morphology of the extruded catalysts, rather than the pore structure through the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET). Thus, we concluded that the reduction in surface crack size is the main reason of the improvement of mechanical properties.
AlCl3‐Promoted Stereospecific Cloke‐Wilson Rearrangement of Spirocyclopropyl Barbiturates for the Synthesis of Substituted Dihydrofuro[2,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Zhu Yuanyuan , Zhang Minli , Li Tong , Song Xixi
Published: September 2019

The AlCl3 promoted stereospecific Cloke‐Wilson rearrangement of spirocyclopropyl barbiturates has been developed. The reactions were carried out efficiently at room temperature to afford substituted 5,6‐dihydrofuro[2,3‐d]pyrimidines in good to excellent yields from 69% to 98% with retention of anti‐configuration. The tandem ring‐opening/cyclization mechanism was proposed to explain the stereoselectivity.
A Complete Fisheries Inventory of the Chulitna River Basin, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska: Example of a Minimally Disturbed Basin
Authors: Hughes Robert M. , Boxall George , Herlihy Alan T. , Adams Jason , Young Daniel B.
Published: September 2019

Because of mineral mining threats in the headwaters that drain into Lake Clark National Park, we implemented a baseline ecological survey of the Chulitna River basin through the use of a probability study design. A total of 49 wadeable stream and raftable river sites were sampled for fish assemblages, multiple physical habitat structure variables, and multimeter chemistry (dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, and water temperature) by the using standard methods that are employed in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) National Rivers and Streams Assessment. We recorded moderate levels of canopy density, low levels of riparian woody vegetation cover, and the absence of large wood in the Chulitna River basin streams. The extremely low levels of channel incision, the absence of riparian anthropogenic disturbance, and high levels of water quality indicate insignificant anthropogenic landscape alteration in these streams and rivers. Fish were not observed at seven sites, representing 27% of the calculated 2,220 km of the target stream length in the study population. Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus, Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma, and Northern Pike Esox lucius were present in 10% (227 km), 38% (847 km), and 8% (181 km) of the calculated target stream/river length, respectively. The most commonly occurring and abundant species, Slimy Sculpin Cottus cognatus (now Uranidea cognata), was present in 56% (1,244 km) of the calculated stream/river length. The lack of anadromous salmon detections was associated with salmonid life histories, naturally high levels of substrate fines and embeddedness, and the presence of Northern Pike. The quality of physical habitat and water quality, as well as the occurrences of Arctic Grayling and Dolly Varden, are representative of the unimpaired waters in Alaska, compared with those in the conterminous USA. We concluded that statistically and ecologically rigorous stream and river sampling can be implemented across a roadless region at reasonable cost and with sufficient planning.
Changing Veterinary Knowledge
Authors: Cassidy Angela
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores in detail the world and work of the first epistemic community (knowledge network) to engage with bTB—that of animal health, comprising veterinarians, farmers, policymakers and politicians. It will recount the origins of animal health as a core aspect of agricultural governance in the UK since the late nineteenth century, and the role of Mycobacterium bovis in positioning veterinary expertise in government. This chapter will analyse caring practices in animal health, explaining how it must weigh up the best interests of animal populations and human societies against animal suffering and life. It charts the engagement of animal health with the new problem of badger/bTB, including the causes and outcomes of the first ‘independent expert review’ on the topic—delivered to government by Lord Zuckerman in 1980.
Pest Control and Ecology
Authors: Cassidy Angela
Published: September 2019

This chapter will recount how badgers came to play a surprisingly important role in the professionalisation of ecology in British academic and government science during the late twentieth century. It will explore the world and work of a second epistemic community clustering around disease ecology, alongside its adoption of the caring practices of naturalists and the newly developing field of animal welfare science. It discusses the developing connections between applied ecologists and the UK state under the aegis of pest control, including their engagement with previous episodes of wildlife disease and ‘badger conflict’ long before connections were made with bovine TB. The chapter then investigates how MAFF’s applied ecologists researched the new problem of badger/bTB, making major contributions to field biology along the way.
The Badgers Have Moved the Goalposts!
Authors: Cassidy Angela
Published: September 2019

In my Conclusion, I will draw together the various stories traced throughout the book and provide some answers to how the UK got into the tangled mess that is badger/bTB—and how we might get out again. I will discuss changes in knowledge about badgers, mycobacteria, ecosystems, animal health, farming and the connections between them. I will summarise my findings in terms of TB in humans and other animals; the Great British Badger Debate; care as a driver of controversy; and repeating cycles of building (and breaking) expectations. I will end by outlining what we need to know next and making some suggestions for those involved in the debate. However, these cannot become properly useful or useable policy recommendations without their input and as such I invite their thoughts.
Extreme Value Theory
Authors: Jacob Maria , Neves Cláudia , Vukadinović Greetham Danica
Published: September 2019

From travel disruptions to natural disasters, extreme events have long captured the public’s imagination and attention. Due to their rarity and often associated calamity, they make waves in the news (Fig. 3.1) and stir discussion in the public realm: is it a freak event? Events of this sort may be shrouded in mystery for the general public, but a particular branch of probability theory, notably Extreme Value Theory (EVT), offers insight to their inherent scarcity and stark magnitude. EVT is a wonderfully rich and versatile theory which has already been adopted by a wide variety of disciplines in a plentiful way. From its humble beginnings in reliability engineering and hydrology, it has now expanded much further; it can be used to model the occurrences of records (say for example in athletic events) or quantify the probability of floods with magnitude greater than what has been observed in the past, i.e it allows us extrapolate beyond the range of available data!
Analyzing thermoregulation processes in early school-age girls and boys through thermography
Authors: Dębiec-Bąk Agnieszka , Kuligowski Tomasz , Skrzek Anna
Published: September 2019

The research assessed thermoregulation processes in early school-age children. Thermal maps of the subjects’ bodies were compared before and after general physical exercise and after post-exercise restitution to establish differences between the sexes. The research involved 40 students aged 7, including 20 boys. The subjects participated in interval training which maintained the pulse at 60–80% HRmax. Measurements of body surface temperatures were taken in 12 fields with ThermoVision FLIR SYSTEM T335 camera before exercise, immediately after exercise and after 15 min of restitution. Statistical analysis was based on the Shapiro–Wilk test to verify the normality of variables, multivariate analysis of variance, Student’sttest for independent samples and Duncan’s post hoc test. The level of statistical significance was established atp < 0.05. Analysis of the results showed a difference in the distribution of surface body temperatures in boys and girls depending on the studied area. The highest values were recorded in the trunk area, and the lowest in the lower-limb area. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in both groups there was a statistically significant decrease in post-exercise temperatures. The results revealed greater efficiency of thermoregulation processes during restitution in girls, because the values obtained in all measurement fields in Test 3 were higher than the pre-exercise values. In Tests 2 and 3, differences between the sexes were reported mainly in the upper-limb area.
High aluminum concentration and initial establishment of Handroanthus impetiginosus: clues about an Al non-resistant species in Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Mendonça Ane Marcela das Chagas , Lira Jean Marcel Sousa , Vilela Ana Luiza de Oliveira , Vieira Daniel Amorim , de Melo Nayara Cristina , Barbosa João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino
Published: September 2019

Cerrado soils are acidic and nutrient-poor, with high content of solubilized Al3+. Plants growing in these conditions may display adaptations to cope with high aluminum concentrations especially during early developmental stages. We investigated leaf nutritional status, and photosynthetic and growth characteristics during the initial establishment of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. Ex Dc.) Mattos, a secondary tree species distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado. Our goal was to understand leaf-level traits related to different aluminum concentrations. H. impetiginosus plants were cultivated in four different aluminum sulfate concentrations: 0, 1, 2, and 4 mM Al, for 40 days. We performed analyses of growth, leaf gas exchange, chloroplast pigment content, and leaf mineral nutrients. We observed a linear increase of Al leaf content as a function of Al concentration in the nutrient solution. Plants grown in 1 mM Al showed a remarkable increase of K leaf content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, while in 4 mM Al there were reductions of N, P, and K contents, gas exchange characteristics, and height. H. impetiginosus did not have mechanisms of avoidance, compartmentalization, or resistance to high Al concentrations. Indeed, this species showed a hormetic response, with low Al concentrations stimulating and high Al concentrations inhibiting plant responses.
Two-dimensional modulation instability of wind waves
Authors: Grimshaw Roger
Published: September 2019

It is widely known that deep-water waves are modulationally unstable and that this can be modelled by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In this paper, we extend the previous studies of the effect of wind forcing on this instability to water waves in finite depth and in two horizontal space dimensions. The principal finding is that the instability is enhanced and becomes super-exponential and that the domain of instability in the modulation wavenumber space is enlarged. Since the outcome of modulation instability is expected to be the generation of rogue waves, represented within the framework of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation as a Peregrine breather, we also examine the effect of wind forcing on a Peregrine breather. We find that the breather amplitude will grow at twice the rate of a linear instability.
PARLIAMENT AND THE CROWN JEWELS IN THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION, 1641–1644
Authors: DAVID SARGEANT JACK
Published: September 2019

This article argues that parliamentary debates over the access to and control of the crown jewels from 1641 to 1644 were intrinsic to the emergence and proliferation of revolutionary ideas about political sovereignty in the earliest stages of the English Civil Wars. In combining the methodologies of parliamentary history with theoretical scholarship on the material foundations of power, it demonstrates that shifting attitudes toward the royal regalia were indicative of more general developments in parliamentary thinking on the origins and limits of monarchical authority. In so doing, it contributes to recent scholarship on the problem of ‘ideological escalation’ at Westminster, demonstrating how quickly an initially radical proposal for access to the crown jewels became sufficiently popular in the House of Commons to authorize the melting down of the royal regalia only a year later. By emphasizing the centrality of the crown jewels to ongoing debates over the ‘ancient constitution’, it suggests that their destruction was understood as a step towards the abolition of monarchy per se.
Characteristics of hospitalised patients with influenza in 2015–2016 in northern Israel: three circulating strains and continued fear of 2009 A/H1N1
Authors: Kalish Tomer , Miron Dan , Azrad Maya , Rechnitzer Hagai , Ben-Amram Hila , Glikman Daniel , Peretz Avi
Published: September 2019

This study aimed to characterise children and adults diagnosed with influenza who were admitted to three medical centres in northern Israel in the winter of 2015–2016, a unique season due to infection with three types of influenza strains: A/H1N1, A/non-H1N1 and B. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Influenza A/H1N1 infected mainly adults (61%vs.16% in children,P< 0.001) while influenza B was the common type in children (54%vs.28% in adults,P< 0.001). Adults (36%vs.5% in children,P< 0.001) and patients infected with A/H1N1 had higher rates of pneumonia (34%vs.16% and 14% in influenza B and A/non-H1N1, respectively,P= 0.002). Treatment with oseltamivir was prescribed to 90% of patients; adults had higher rates of treatment (96%vs.84% in children,P= 0.002) as well as patients infected with A/H1N1 (96%vs.86% in influenza B and A/non-H1N1, respectively,P= 0.04). Oseltamivir was given after a mean of 3.6 days of symptoms. Preferential infection of adults by A/H1N1 was evident in Israel in 2015–2016; pneumonia rates were higher in adults and in A/H1N1-infected patients. Oseltamivir was prescribed to most patients but especially to those infected with A/H1N1, and was given relatively late in the course of the disease.
Controlled release of hydrogen isotope compounds and tunneling effect in the heterogeneously-catalyzed formic acid dehydrogenation
Authors: Mori Kohsuke , Futamura Yuya , Masuda Shinya , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: September 2019

The hydrogen isotope deuterium is widely used in the synthesis of isotopically-labeled compounds and in the fabrication of semiconductors and optical fibers. However, the facile production of deuterium gas (D2) and hydrogen deuteride (HD) in a controlled manner is a challenging task, and rational heterogeneously-catalyzed protocols are still lacking. Herein, we demonstrate the selective production of hydrogen isotope compounds from a combination of formic acid and D2O, through cooperative action by a PdAg nanocatalyst on a silica substrate whose surface is modified with amine groups. In this process, D2 is predominantly evolved by the assist of weakly basic amine moieties, while nanocatalyst particles in the vicinity of strongly basic amine groups promote the preferential formation of HD. Kinetic data and calculations based on semi-classically corrected transition state theory coupled with density functional theory suggest that quantum tunneling dominates the hydrogen/deuterium exchange reaction over the metallic PdAg surfaces.
Inequality of household consumption and air pollution-related deaths in China
Authors: Zhao Hongyan , Geng Guannan , Zhang Qiang , Davis Steven J. , Li Xin , Liu Yang , Peng Liqun , Li Meng , Zheng Bo , Huo Hong , Zhang Lin , Henze Daven K. , Mi Zhifu , Liu Zhu , Guan Dabo , He Kebin
Published: September 2019

Substantial quantities of air pollution and related health impacts are ultimately attributable to household consumption. However, how consumption pattern affects air pollution impacts remains unclear. Here we show, of the 1.08 (0.74–1.42) million premature deaths due to anthropogenic PM2.5 exposure in China in 2012, 20% are related to household direct emissions through fuel use and 24% are related to household indirect emissions embodied in consumption of goods and services. Income is strongly associated with air pollution-related deaths for urban residents in which health impacts are dominated by indirect emissions. Despite a larger and wealthier urban population, the number of deaths related to rural consumption is higher than that related to urban consumption, largely due to direct emissions from solid fuel combustion in rural China. Our results provide quantitative insight to consumption-based accounting of air pollution and related deaths and may inform more effective and equitable clean air policies in China.
Maximizing sinusoidal channels of HZSM-5 for high shape-selectivity to p-xylene
Authors: Wang Chuanfu , Zhang Lei , Huang Xin , Zhu Yufei , Li Gang , Gu Qinfen , Chen Jingyun , Ma Linge , Li Xiujie , He Qihua , Xu Junbo , Sun Qi , Song Chuqiao , Peng Mi , Sun Junliang , Ma Ding
Published: September 2019

The shape-selective catalysis enabled by zeolite micropore’s molecular-sized sieving is an efficient way to reduce the cost of chemical separation in the chemical industry. Although well studied since its discovery, HZSM-5′s shape-selective capability has never been fully exploited due to the co-existence of its different-sized straight channels and sinusoidal channels, which makes the shape-selective p-xylene production from toluene alkylation with the least m-xylene and o-xylene continue to be one of the few industrial challenges in the chemical industry. Rather than modifications which promote zeolite shape-selectivity at the cost of stability and reactivity loss, here inverse Al zoned HZSM-5 with sinusoidal channels predominantly opened to their external surfaces is constructed to maximize the shape-selectivity of HZSM-5 sinusoidal channels and reach > 99 % p-xylene selectivity, while keeping a very high activity and good stability ( > 220 h) in toluene methylation reactions. The strategy shows good prospects for shape-selective control of molecules with tiny differences in size.
Carbon dioxide capture and efficient fixation in a dynamic porous coordination polymer
Authors: Wu Pengyan , Li Yang , Zheng Jia-Jia , Hosono Nobuhiko , Otake Ken-ichi , Wang Jian , Liu Yanhong , Xia Lingling , Jiang Min , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: September 2019

Direct structural information of confined CO2 in a micropore is important for elucidating its specific binding or activation mechanism. However, weak gas-binding ability and/or poor sample crystallinity after guest exchange hindered the development of efficient materials for CO2 incorporation, activation and conversion. Here, we present a dynamic porous coordination polymer (PCP) material with local flexibility, in which the propeller-like ligands rotate to permit CO2 trapping. This process can be characterized by X-ray structural analysis. Owing to its high affinity towards CO2 and the confinement effect, the PCP exhibits high catalytic activity, rapid transformation dynamics, even high size selectivity to different substrates. Together with an excellent stability with turnover numbers (TON) of up to 39,000 per Zn1.5 cluster of catalyst after 10 cycles for CO2 cycloaddition to form value-added cyclic carbonates, these results demonstrate that such distinctive structure is responsible for visual CO2 capture and size-selective conversion.
Temporary dense seismic network during the 2016 Central Italy seismic emergency for microzonation studies
Authors: Cara Fabrizio , Cultrera Giovanna , Riccio Gaetano , Amoroso Sara , Bordoni Paola , Bucci Augusto , D’Alema Ezio , D’Amico Maria , Cantore Luciana , Carannante Simona , Cogliano Rocco , Di Giulio Giuseppe , Di Naccio Deborah , Famiani Daniela , Felicetta Chiara , Fodarella Antonio , Franceschina Gianlorenzo , Lanzano Giovanni , Lovati Sara , Luzi Lucia , Mascandola Claudia , Massa Marco , Mercuri Alessia , Milana Giuliano , Pacor Francesca , Piccarreda Davide , Pischiutta Marta , Pucillo Stefania , Puglia Rodolfo , Vassallo Maurizio , Boniolo Graziano , Caielli Grazia , Corsi Adelmo , de Franco Roberto , Tento Alberto , Bongiovanni Giovanni , Hailemikael Salomon , Martini Guido , Paciello Antonella , Peloso Alessandro , Poggi Fabrizio , Verrubbi Vladimiro , Gallipoli Maria Rosaria , Stabile Tony Alfredo , Mancini Marco
Published: September 2019

In August 2016, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Central Italy, starting a devastating seismic sequence, aggravated by other two events of magnitude 5.9 and 6.5, respectively. After the first mainshock, four Italian institutions installed a dense temporary network of 50 seismic stations in an area of 260 km2. The network was registered in the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks with the code 3A and quoted with a Digital Object Identifier (https://doi.org/10.13127/SD/ku7Xm12Yy9). Raw data were converted into the standard binary miniSEED format, and organized in a structured archive. Then, data quality and completeness were checked, and all the relevant information was used for creating the metadata volumes. Finally, the 99 Gb of continuous seismic data and metadata were uploaded into the INGV node of the European Integrated Data Archive repository. Their use was regulated by a Memorandum of Understanding between the institutions. After an embargo period, the data are now available for many different seismological studies.