bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of the products of melamine (C3N6H6) treated at high pressure and high temperature
Authors: Yao L. D. , Li F. Y. , Li J. X. , Jin C. Q. , Yu R. C.
Published: October 2005

A black‐brown powder was synthesized from melamine (C3N6H6) at 850 °C and 4.5 GPa. There are two possibilities for the sample phase components based on the analyses of C/N/H elements and X‐ray diffraction patterns. One is that the powder is composed of 2H‐type g‐C3N4 and some intermediate phases, while the other is that it consists of some undecomposed raw material, graphite and intermediate phases. The existence of the intermediate phase with long periodicity along one direction is confirmed through transmission electron microscopy observations. Scanning electron microscopy images show many block regions, in which a few holes exist. The atomic fraction of carbon and nitrogen was checked with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, and the chemical bond states were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on the general analysis of the experimental results, the second possibility is favoured. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Behaviour of diffusion thermopower in Bloch–Grüneisen regime in AlGaAs/GaAs and AlGaN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Sankeshwar N. S. , Kamatagi M. D. , Mulimani B. G.
Published: October 2005

The behaviour of diffusion thermopower Sd, in AlGaAs/GaAs and AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions, in the Bloch‐Grüneisen (BG) regime is examined taking into account the temperature dependent effects arising from screening of the electron‐phonon interaction and thermal averaging over the carrier distribution. Sd is found to follow a non‐linear temperature dependence before becoming linear as it approaches T = 0 K. This is in contrast to the usual linear dependence used, in literature, in the analysis of thermopower S. The overall behaviour of S is influenced by the phonon‐drag contribution, Sg. The calculations of both Sd and Sg, presented, demonstrate the importance of the proper inclusion of the temperature dependent effects, as in the mobility studies, in the BG regime. An analysis of the thermopower data in ultra‐pure samples at very‐low temperatures will enable better understanding of electron–phonon interaction. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exciton photoconductivity in Ge‐doped GaSe crystals
Authors: Mamedov G. M. , Karabulut M. , Kodolbaş A. O. , Öktü Ö.
Published: October 2005

Spectral photoconductivity in Ge‐doped GaSe crystals was investigated as a function of temperature. It is found that when the crystal is doped with small concentrations of Ge atoms (0.01 at%), the photoconductivity is carried out by the ionization of the excitons. In these crystals, exciton photoconductivity is found to have an Urbach tail similar to the tail observed in exciton absorption. Investigation of the temperature dependence of the peak positions (Eexc(T)) and line widths (Γexc(T)) of the photoconductivity spectra indicates that the exciton ionization is due to the exciton–phonon and exciton–impurity interactions. From the analyses of the Eexc(T) and Γexc(T) data, it is found that at low temperatures (T < 50 K) the exciton–phonon interaction takes place via rigid‐layer phonon modes while in the 50–300 K temperature range it takes place via phonons with hνp ≈ 18 meV. In the 300–450 K range the energy of the phonons involved in the exciton–phonon interaction is hνp ≈ 36 meV. The anisotropy observed in the exciton photoconductivity taken parallel and perpendicular to the layers of doped GaSe crystals diminishes at T = 300 K and the peak positions of the photoconductivity in both directions coincide with the peak position of the free exciton peak (n = 1) in the absorption spectrum. Another important result found is that in these layered GaSe crystals the exciton states continue to exist at high temperatures, up to 450 K. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comment on “Dipolar interaction energy for a system of magnetic nanoparticles” [phys. stat. sol. (b) 241, No. 13, 3022–3028 (2004)]
Authors: Tang Ke , Zhang Huaiwu , Zhong Zhiyong
Published: October 2005

It is pointed out that there exist singularities in the equations describing the dipolar interaction energy derived by S. Lamba. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

See original phys. stat. sol. (b) Vol. 241, No. 13, 3022–3028 (2004)
Reply to “Comment on ‘Dipolar interaction energy for a system of magnetic nanoparticles’” [phys. stat. sol. (b), DOI 10.1002/pssb.200540104]
Authors: Lamba Subhalakshmi
Published: October 2005

In this reply we clarify some points regarding the applicability of the expressions for the dipolar interaction energy between magnetic nanoparticles as calculated by an extension of the Lekner summation methods. The calculation is shown to be valid for any finite separation between the particles. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

See original
Calculation of the changes in the absorption and refractive index for intersubband optical transitions in a quantum box
Authors: Karabulut İ. , Ünlü S. , Şafak H.
Published: October 2005

Analytic forms of the changes of the absorption and refractive index associated with intersubband optical transitions in a quantum box are obtained by using the compact density matrix approach. Numerical results are presented for a typical AlGaAs/GaAs quantum box system. The linear, third‐order nonlinear, and total refractive‐index and absorption changes are examined as a function of the incident optical intensity. The results obtained show that the incident optical intensity has a great effect on the total absorption and refractive‐index changes. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
General approach for the construction of hybrid orbitals
Authors: Álvarez‐Bajo O. , Lemus R.
Published: October 2005

A general approach to construct hybrid orbitals based on the projection of both the subspace of atomic orbitals and the subspace of hybrid orbitals is presented. It is shown that the projection must be associated with a chain of groups to ensure the independence of the method with respect to the selected coordinate system. The eigenfunction method to obtain symmetry projected functions turns out to be the natural projection technique to establish the present approach. The proposed method allows construction of hybrid orbitals in a systematic and general way, even in the hypothetical case where irreducible representations are contained more than once in the reduction of the space of hybrid orbitals. To illustrate our approach, a hybridization d2sp3 for octahedral molecules is discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Reaction of CH3O2 and HO2: Ab initio characterization of dimer structure and vibrational mode analysis for reaction mechanisms
Authors: Zhou Xin‐Ming , Zhou Zheng‐Yu , Wu Qun‐Yan , Jalbout Abraham F. , Zhang Nan
Published: October 2005

All species involved in the multi‐channel reaction of CH3O2 with HO2 have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The molecular geometries for various species are optimized employing the B3LYP method implementing the 6‐311++G** basis set. The relative energies of all species are calculated at the same level theory. The results show that there are two kinds of channels: singlet and triplet. The singlet channel involves four intermediates and six transition states. The triplet channel includes two intermediates and two transition states. There are four kinds of reaction products: CH3OOH + 1O2, CH3OH + O3, CH4 + 2O2, and CH3OOH + 3O2. The vibrational mode analysis is used to elucidate the relationships of the intermediates, the transition states, and the products. The extensive investigation shows that the reaction mechanism is reliable. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Bare Coulomb field and atomic reciprocal form factor
Authors: Angulo J. C. , Romera E.
Published: October 2005

The reciprocal form factor of N‐electron closed shells systems in a bare Coulomb field is shown to be a spherically symmetric, positive, and decreasing function of the radial distance. Nonmonotonicities of the reciprocal form factor appear when studying bare Coulomb field open‐shell systems. Analysis of the weight of the interelectronic repulsion term is carried out for some isoelectronic series as well as neutral atoms with N = 1–103. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Ladder operators for the Kratzer oscillator and the Morse potential
Authors: Singh C. Amuba , Devi O. Babynanda
Published: October 2005

Taking a close look at the Infeld–Hull ladder operators for the Kratzer oscillator system, V(x) = [x2 + β(β − 1)x−2]/2, we deduce and explicitly construct energy‐raising and ‐lowering operators for the generalized Morse potential system V(z) = (Ae−4αz − Be−2αz)/2, through a canonical transformation that exists between the two systems. For the Morse potential system, we obtain a system of raising and lowering operators P±(n) (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , nmax) with the specific property that P±(n)Φn = c±(n)Φn±1, where Φn denotes the nth energy eigenfunction. While P−(0) annihilates the ground‐state Φ0, the operator P+(nmax), instead of annihilating the highest bound‐state Φ, actually knocks it out of the L2 space spanned by the discrete bound states and becomes inadmissible. Yet, raising and lowering operators $\hat{P}$± with proper end‐of‐spectrum behavior (i.e., $\hat{P}$−|0〉 = 0 and $\hat{P}$+|nmax〉 = 0) can be constructed in a straightforward way in the energy representation. We show that the operators $\hat{P}$+, $\hat{P}$−, and $\hat{P}$0 (where $\hat{P}$0 ≡ (1/2)[$\hat{P}$+, $\hat{P}$−]) form a su(2) algebra only if we restrict them to the (N − 1)‐dimensional subspace spanned by the lowest (N − 1) basis vectors, but not in the full (N + 1)‐dimensional space spanned by the discrete bound states [N ≡ nmax ≡ integral part of (1/2)(B/(2α$\sqrt{A}$) − 1)]. Realization of this su(2) algebra in the position representation (when restricted to the (N − 1)‐dimensional subspace) is also given. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Feynman propagator and Slater sum for a model Hamiltonian motivated by H in an intense magnetic field
Authors: Amovilli Claudio , March Norman H.
Published: October 2005

In an early study of the hydrogen molecule ion in a magnetic field of strength B directed along the internuclear axis, we wrote the ground‐state electronic energy E(R, B), with R the internuclear separation, in terms of the electron and current densities ρ(r) and j(r), respectively. Very recent work by Benguria et al. has established a one‐dimensional model Hamiltonian that is asymptotically valid in the limit as the magnetic field strength B tends to infinity. We study a model motivated by this Hamiltonian and derive exact analytical results for the Slater sum and for the Feynman propagator. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Role of angular electron pair correlation in stabilizing C
Authors: Difley Seth , Simons Jack
Published: October 2005

A pseudo‐potential that was successfully employed in an earlier study by the Compton group is used to describe the binding of a single electron to a C60 molecule to form C. Then, the interaction of a second electron with the C anion is treated in two manners. First, as performed in the earlier Compton study, a mean‐field (i.e., Hartree–Fock) approach is used to estimate the C‐to‐C energy difference for the singlet state of the dianion and, much as in the earlier study, this dianion is predicted to be unstable by ∼0.4 eV. Second, for this same singlet state, a configuration interaction wave function is employed that allows for the angular correlation of the two excess electrons, allowing them to avoid one another by moving on opposite sides of the C60 skeleton. The energy of the dianion is lowered by 0.3 eV when angular correlation is included, suggesting that the singlet dianion is unstable with respect to electron loss by only ∼0.1 eV. A Coulomb barrier (>1 eV high) and angular momentum barriers then combine to trap electrons of singlet C from detaching, thus producing the very long observed lifetimes. In addition, the energy of the lowest triplet state of C is also discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Power sources for portable electronics and hybrid cars: lithium batteries and fuel cells
Authors: Scrosati Bruno
Published: October 2005

The activities in progress in our laboratory for the development of batteries and fuel cells for portable electronics and hybrid car applications are reviewed and discussed. In the case of lithium batteries, the research has been mainly focused on the characterization of new electrode and electrolyte materials. Results related to disordered carbon anodes and improved, solvent‐free, as well as gel‐type, polymer electrolytes are particularly stressed. It is shown that the use of proper gel electrolytes, in combination with suitable electrode couples, allows the development of new types of safe, reliable, and low‐cost lithium ion batteries which appear to be very promising power sources for hybrid vehicles. Some of the technologies proven to be successful in the lithium battery area are readapted for use in fuel cells. In particular, this approach has been followed for the preparation of low‐cost and stable protonic membranes to be proposed as an alternative to the expensive, perfluorosulfonic membranes presently used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). © 2005 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 5: 286–297; 2005: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20054
Evolutionary relationship and application of a superfamily of cyclic amidohydrolase enzymes
Authors: Nam Sung‐Hun , Park Hee‐Sung , Kim Hak‐Sung
Published: October 2005

Cyclic amidohydrolases belong to a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic CN bonds. They are commonly found in nucleotide metabolism of purine and pyrimidine. These enzymes share similar catalytic mechanisms and show considerable structural homologies, suggesting that they might have evolved from a common ancestral protein. Homology searches based on common mechanistic properties and three‐dimensional protein structures provide clues to the evolutionary relationships of these enzymes. Among the superfamily of enzymes, hydantoinase has been highlighted by its potential for biotechnological applications in the production of unnatural amino acids. The enzymatic process for the production of optically pure amino acids consists of three enzyme steps: hydantoin racemase, hydantoinase, and N‐carbamoylase. For efficient industrial application, some critical catalytic properties such as thermostability, catalytic activity, enantioselectivity, and substrate specificity require further improvement. To this end, isolation of new enzymes with desirable properties from natural sources and the optimization of enzymatic processes were attempted. A combination of directed evolution techniques and rational design approaches has made brilliant progress in the redesign of industrially important catalytic enzymes; this approach is likely to be widely applied to the creation of designer enzymes with desirable catalytic properties. © 2005 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 5: 298–307; 2005: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20057
Growth strategy of the stoloniferous rattanCalamus javensisin Mt. Halimun, Java
Authors: Watanabe Natsuki M. , Miyamoto Junko , Suzuki Eizi
Published: October 2005

Calamus javensisis a widespread understorey rattan in Southeast Asia and is one of the dominant rattan species in Mt. Halimun National Park, West Java. This species can establish clumps either sexually with seeds or clonality with stolons. To analyze the role of sexual reproduction and clonality for clump establishment inC. javensis, we studied the vegetative and genetic structures of the population. Totals of 2,777 ramets comprising 1,321 clumps were found in three 0.16 ha plots. The number of ramets per clump showed reverse J‐shaped distribution with a maximum of 15. Clustering and stoloniferous ramets accounted for 62 and 20% of all ramets, respectively. This indicates thatC. javensisis actively engaged in clustering clonal growth. The longest stem was 14 m although 75% of all stems were shorter than 1 m long. The stolon ranged from 6 to 538 cm in length, which decreased the local density of ramets. Using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, we obtained 56 polymorphic bands for 118 clumps sampled from one of the plots. All samples showed different RAPD banding patterns, except one pair at a distance of 225 cm from each other. The genetic similarity among samples closer than 10 m was significantly higher than the expected value from a purely random distribution. These results suggest that most separate clumps are established by recruitment from seeds, and most seeds dispersed near mother plants. Hence, inC. javensis, clonality is more a growth strategy to increase the size of the genet than a dispersion‐propagation strategy to expand the habitat.
Plant species composition in relation to green cover configuration and function of urban parks in Beijing, China
Authors: Li Weifeng , Ouyang Zhiyun , Meng Xuesong , Wang Xiaoke
Published: October 2005

Parks, as one specific type of urban open space, play important roles in the conservation of urban biodiversity and provision of recreational services for local residents. As there is a lack of specific insight into park plant species composition in relation to park features, 24 sample parks within the inner city of Beijing, the capital of China, were studied by stratified random plot sampling of their tree, shrub, and herbaceous communities, respectively, in order to investigate how human activities have influenced park green cover configuration and floristic characteristics. The quantitative correlation of species richness and the park green cover indices (patch size, shape, etc.) were studied. The importance value index for plant species (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species) of each park was calculated. The two‐way indicator species analysis approach (TWINSPAN) was applied to classify the 24 parks into different groups based on their species assemblages. Two‐hundred and eighty‐eight species were recorded within the 24 study parks, belonging to 184 genera and 72 families dominated by Gramineae, Compositae, and Leguminosae. Among all the recorded species, 41% are exotic. The species occurrence, abundance and diversity vary significantly among different parks. Besides the positive correlation (R=0.505, P<0.05) between herbaceous species abundance and the park green cover size, no other significant relations were found between the species abundance and other indices of park green cover configuration. Remarkably, the TWINSPAN classification resulted in a good discrimination between park functional types and the variation in their species assemblage. For the parks of similar age (development history) or landscape design, their species assemblages show more similarity. The methodology adopted and results can be employed to improve baseline information on urban plant ecology and support the setting of priorities for future park management and vegetation protection.
A Sequential Theory of Decentralization: Latin American Cases in Comparative Perspective
Authors: FALLETI TULIA G.
Published: October 2005

Both advocates and critics of decentralization assume that decentralization invariably increases the power of subnational governments. However, a closer examination of the consequences of decentralization across countries reveals that the magnitude of such change can range from substantial to insignificant. In this article, I propose asequential theory of decentralizationthat has three main characteristics: (1) it defines decentralization as aprocess, (2) it takes into account theterritorial interestsof bargaining actors, and (3) it incorporatespolicy feedback effects. I argue that the sequencing of different types of decentralization (fiscal, administrative, and political) is a key determinant of the evolution of intergovernmental balance of power. I measure this evolution in the four largest Latin American countries and apply the theory to the two extreme cases (Colombia and Argentina). I show that, contrary to commonly held opinion, decentralization does not necessarily increase the power of governors and mayors.
Racism Revised: Courts, Labor Law, and the Institutional Construction of Racial Animus
Authors: FRYMER PAUL
Published: October 2005

How should we understand and explain individual acts of racism? Despite extensive debate about the broader place and importance of racism in America, there is surprisingly little theoretical or empirical analysis of what leads individuals to commit racist acts. In contrast to most political scientists who understand racism as an individual psychological attitude—an irrational prejudice—I argue that individual manifestations of racism are the result of a complex set of factors, and that latent psychology is less helpful to understanding them than are the maneuverings and behavior of strategic actors following rules and incentives provided by institutions. We need to examine the ways in which institutions encourage racist acts by motivating people to behave in a racist manner or behave in a manner that motivates others to do so. To further explore and compare institutional and individual-psychological approaches to understanding racism, I examine manifestations of racism in labor union elections. I analyze and contrast more than 150 cases in which the National Labor Relations Board and U.S. federal appellate courts formally responded to reported violations of racism in a union election. The principles of this approach can easily be applied to other contexts and suggests that racism in society is less intractable and innate than malleable and politically determined.
Stability and Rigidity: Politics and Design of the WTO's Dispute Settlement Procedure
Authors: ROSENDORFF B. PETER
Published: October 2005

The increased “legalization” embodied in the revised Dispute Settlement Procedure (DSP) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is shown to be an institutional innovation that increases the opportunities for states to temporarily suspend their obligations in periods of unexpected, but heightened, domestic political pressure for protection. This increased flexibility in the system reduces per-period cooperation among states but also reduces the possibility that the regime may break down entirely. There is shown to be a trade-off between rigidity and stability in international institutional design in the face of unforeseen, but occasionally intense, domestic political pressure. In a model with a WTO that serves both an informational and adjudicatory role, it is established that agreements with DSPs are self-enforcing, are more stable, and are more acceptable to a wider variety of countries than agreements without DSPs. Evidence drawn from data on preferential trading agreements supports the key hypotheses.
Reading Habermas in Anarchy: Multilateral Diplomacy and Global Public Spheres
Authors: MITZEN JENNIFER
Published: October 2005

States routinely justify their policies in interstate forums, and this reason-giving seems to serve a legitimating function. But how could this be? For Habermas and other global public sphere theorists, the exchange of reasons oriented toward understanding—communicative action—is central to public sphere governance, where political power is held accountable to those affected. But most global public sphere theory considers communicative action only among nonstate actors. Indeed, anarchy is a hard case for public spheres. The normative potential of communicative action rests on its instability: only where consensus can be undone by better reasons, through argument, can we say speakers are holding one another accountable to reason. But argument means disagreement, and especially in anarchy disagreement can mean violence. Domestically, the state backstops argument to prevent violence. Internationally, I propose that international society and publicity function similarly. Public talk can mitigate the security dilemma and enable interstate communicative action. Viewing multilateral diplomacy as a legitimation process makes sense of the intuition that interstate talk matters, while tempering a potentially aggressive cosmopolitanism.
Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research
Authors: LIEBERMAN EVAN S.
Published: October 2005

Despite repeated calls for the use of “mixed methods” in comparative analysis, political scientists have few systematic guides for carrying out such work. This paper details a unified approach which joins intensive case-study analysis with statistical analysis. Not only are the advantages of each approach combined, but also there is a synergistic value to the nested research design: for example, statistical analyses can guide case selection for in-depth research, provide direction for more focused case studies and comparisons, and be used to provide additional tests of hypotheses generated from small-N research. Small-N analyses can be used to assess the plausibility of observed statistical relationships between variables, to generate theoretical insights from outlier and other cases, and to develop better measurement strategies. This integrated strategy improves the prospects of making valid causal inferences in cross-national and other forms of comparative research by drawing on the distinct strengths of two important approaches.
Probabilistic Causality, Selection Bias, and the Logic of the Democratic Peace
Authors: SLANTCHEV BRANISLAV L. , ALEXANDROVA ANNA , GARTZKE ERIK
Published: October 2005

Rosato (2003) claims to have discredited democratic peace theories. However, the methodological approach adopted by the study cannot reliably generate the conclusions espoused by the author. Rosato seems to misunderstand the probabilistic nature of most arguments about democratic peace and ignores issues that an appropriate research design should account for. Further, the study's use of case studies and data sets without attention to selection-bias produces examples that actually support theories it seeks to undermine. These problems place in doubt the article's findings.
Editorial Foreword
Authors: Trautmann Thomas R.
Published: October 2005

CULTURE POWER Being in the habit of taking the temperature of anthropology from time to time (Sherry B. Ortner, “Theory in Anthropology since the Sixties,” CSSH 1984: 174–90; “Resistance and the Problem of Ethnographic Refusal,” 1995: 173–93; Webb Keane, “Self-Interpretation, Agency and the Objects of Anthropology: Reflections on a Genealogy,” 2003: 222–48), we take a keen interest in the health of the culture concept. News of its demise may be exaggerated, judging by the first article, which draws our attention to its worldwide spread and tries to account for it.
Legal Spaces of Empire: Piracy and the Origins of Ocean Regionalism
Authors: Benton Lauren
Published: October 2005

In his geographical treatise of 1537, the Portuguese chronicler D. João de Castra explained that it would be possible to correlate all newly discovered lands with astronomical markers to produce an accurate map of the world. The result would be, he wrote, a “true and perfect geography.” The movement toward this vision, from the cartographic revolution of thirteenth-century Portolan charts to the use of surveying to map colonial territories in the nineteenth century, is a compelling narrative of the rationalization of space, and of the reinforcement of this trend by the pursuit of European imperial interests.
Citizens without Sovereignty: Transfer and Ethnic Cleansing in Israel
Authors: Blecher Robert
Published: October 2005

The term “ethnic cleansing” vaulted to international prominence in 1992, shortly after Francis Fukuyama proclaimed the end of history. Popularized during the narrow window of optimism between the fall of the Soviet Union and the rise of Ussama Bin Ladin, the phrase was used to describe events in the recalcitrant states that had not gotten the message that liberal democracy was the way of the future. The product of a particular time and place—Yugoslavia in the contemporary era—ethnic cleansing was generalized into an analytic category, stretched across the globe and the twentieth century, and, on occasion, transformed into a transhistorical characteristic of humanity. In this sense, the category of ethnic cleansing is too large: scholars and journalists have vitiated the term's explanatory power by grouping together sundry events.
The Emergence of Conversion in a Hindu-Buddhist Polytropy: The Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, c. 1600–1995
Authors: Gellner David N.
Published: October 2005

The practice of conversion—changing from one religion to another—is certainly not a modern invention, but it takes on a new and sometimes threatening significance in a modern context characterized by censuses, elections with universal suffrage, and majority rule. In the modern world separate religions have come to be defined, like ethnic groups or nations (Barth 1969), by the boundaries between them. One can only be a refugee if one flees across an international boundary; likewise, conventionally, religious change is only labeled “conversion” if it occurs across a boundary. Thus, as boundaries have become sharper between ‘religions,' so the issue of conversion has grown in political significance.
Translating Science, Translating Empire: The Power of Language in Colonial North India
Authors: Dodson Michael S.
Published: October 2005

Translation has often been characterized as a ‘central act' of European colonialism and imperialism. For example, it has been argued that translation had been utilized to make available legal-cultural information for the administration and rule of the non-West, but perhaps more importantly, translation has been identified as important for the resources it provided in the construction of representations of the colonized as Europe's ‘civilizational other.' In the context of British imperialism in South Asia, Bernard Cohn has persuasively demonstrated the first point, namely, that the codification of South Asian languages in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries served to convert ‘indigenous' forms of textualized knowledge into ‘instruments of colonial rule.' Translational technology, in the form of language grammars and dictionaries, Cohn argues, enabled information gathering and the effective communication of commands, as well as the (at least partial) displacement of European dependence upon interlocutors of perceived dubious reliability. Most recent discussions of translation in this context, however, have focused rather more upon the act of translation as a strategic means for representing ‘otherness' to primarily domestic British reading audiences. In this case, the act of linguistic translation is more clearly being enumerated as a practice of cultural translation. English translations of the ‘ancient' Sanskrit texts of India, for example, have been analyzed for the rhetorical work that the text performs in certain contexts. On the one hand, European-produced translations of these texts might serve to reinforce the dominance of a European aesthetic sensibility through a process of ‘naturalization,' in which the culturally-specific is ‘sanitized,' subordinated to a European norm, thereby inherently limiting the ‘artistic achievement' of the colonized. The orientalist William Jones' erasure of the motif of sweat as an indication of sexual interest and arousal in his translation of Kālidāsa's fourth- or fifth-century Sanskrit play Śakuntala is a case in point. On the other hand, literary translations from Sanskrit might also foreground the ‘otherness' of Indian texts and cultural norms through a strategy of ‘foreignization'; that is, by registering for the European reader differences in language and cultural content. For example, European translations from Sanskrit might include anthropological notations which explain the cultural relevance of the text, or might instead adopt an overly literal rendering of prose, thereby foregrounding differences in syntax, vocabulary, symbol, or motif. Both such rhetorical devices, it can be argued, leave the reader tripping over the text, giving him pause to consider the very strangeness of its appearance and contents.
Everyday Government in Extraordinary Times: Persistence and Authority in Gaza's Civil Service, 1917–1967
Authors: Feldman Ilana
Published: October 2005

In September 1964 עAli Taleb, an employee in the Agricultural Directorate in Gaza, petitioned the civil service administration for what he claimed was a long overdue promotion. On the face of it, there is nothing particularly surprising about such a petition—עAli was certainly not the first employee to feel he deserved more recognition for his work. What makes his petition peculiar were the circumstances which generated it. The Gaza Strip, the territory in whose civil service עAli was employed, came into existence in 1948 as a result of the war over the establishment of Israel. Before 1948, Gaza was a district of Palestine, governed like the rest of the country as a mandate granted to the British government by the League of Nations. When the 1948 war ended in defeat for the Arab forces, the Egyptian army occupied the Gaza area, which it administered for the next twenty years. עAli was hired in 1937 by the Mandate government—and under its rules of promotion—but it was the Egyptian Administration (henceforth “Administration”) which he expected to fulfill the obligations of this system. “I was nominated to be promoted to Grade 3 under the previous Mandate government,” עAli explained, noting that, “before my turn arrived the Mandate ended and the Arab Administration came to the Strip.”
Ann Grodzins Gold and Bhoju Ram Gujar. In the Time of Trees and Sorrows: Nature, Power and Memory in Rajasthan. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.
Authors: Mir Farina
Published: October 2005

In the Time of Trees and Sorrows is an engaging and elegant exploration of the history of the former kingdom of Sawar, an area of twenty-seven villages in Rajasthan. The authors focus on the period from the 1930s to the 1950s, an era of dramatic changes in Sawar's (and India's) political and ecological landscape. Drawing on interviews with subjects of the former kingdom, mostly non-literate farmers, herders, and laborers, the authors provide a textured account of the pre-independence period (pre-1947) marked by what they term the “double oppression under colonial and regional rulers,” and a landscape rich with trees and wildlife, albeit resources to which the king's subjects were mostly denied access (p. 1). This period is contrasted with the post-independence period, during which India's princely kingdoms were absorbed in the Indian Republic, and the subjects of Sawar experienced “the sudden and radical transformation to democracy and modernity” (1). This latter period also witnessed, as the authors draw attention to from the outset, the complete devastation of Sawar's landscape which “transformed from one of rich biodiversity of trees and growth to one where hillsides have been stripped of indigenous growth and are now dominated by a single alien species” (3). In bringing political and ecological history into the same frame, Gold and Gujar explore a compelling paradox of the area's postcolonial history: as the residents of Sawar gained political rights, their environment was transformed and, in many ways, devastated.
EFFICIENCY AND CONTINUITY IN PUBLIC FINANCE: THE OTTOMAN SYSTEM OF TAXATION
Authors: Coşgel Metin M.
Published: October 2005

Economic historians have recently made great progress in studying the past by applying the tools and concepts of New Institutional Economics. A fundamental element of this achievement has been to go beyond the narrow confines of previous approaches. Whereas the application of narrow neoclassical economic analysis typically lacked an appreciation for the role of history and focused primarily on the efficiency properties of institutions, the new trend has been to integrate economic and historical approaches for richer and more comprehensive explanations of how and why history mattered. Similarly, whereas unsystematic historical approaches lacked sound theoretical bases and proceeded narrowly by focusing on how previous customs and traditions were responsible for the existence of an institution, the new approach has been also to examine the properties of the institution that ensured its survival.
DO COMPARATIVE AND REGIONAL STUDIES OF NATIONALISM INTERSECT?
Authors: Behar Moshe
Published: October 2005

The question behind this article evolved from two separate observations. While the expansion of comparative and cross-regional research has been actively promoted by leading scholars of the Middle East (and was later encouraged by such bodies as the Middle East Studies Association and this journal), so has the incorporation of scholarly insights from area studies been urged by leading political scientists as a prerequisite for revitalizing all of the discipline's subfields and institutionally endorsed by the American Political Science Association. Viewed as interrelated, these observations prompted the question framing this text: if the aims of many Middle East scholars and institutions are compatible with the aims of many political scientists and their association, why have they remained largely parallel, as suggested by scholars within both fields?
the gothic scene of international relations: ghosts, monsters, terror and the sublime after september 11
Authors: devetak richard
Published: October 2005

accepting furet’s claim that events acquire meaning and significance only in the context of narratives, this article argues that a particular type of international relations narrative has emerged with greater distinction after the traumatic experience of september 11: the gothic narrative. in a sense the political rhetoric of president bush marks the latest example of america’s fine tradition in the gothic genre that began with edgar allan poe and nathaniel hawthorne and extends through henry james to stephen king. his discourse of national security, it will be shown, assumes many of the predicates of gothic narratives. the gothic scenes evoked by bush as much as poe involve monsters and ghosts in tenebrous atmospheres that generate fear and anxiety, where terror is a pervasive tormentor of the senses. poe’s narratives, for example, turn on encounters with dark, perverse, seemingly indomitable, forces often entombed in haunted houses. similarly, bush’s post-september 11 narratives play upon fears of terrorists and rogue states who are equally dark, perverse and indomitable forces. in both cases, ineffable and potently violent and cruel forces haunt and terrorise the civilised, human world.
the socioeconomic context of africa’s vulnerability to hiv/aids
Authors: freedman jane , poku nana
Published: October 2005

although the proximate cause of africa’s aids crisis is hiv, the underlining societal causes are much broader and familiar. across the continent, poverty structures not only the contours of the pandemic but also the outcome once an individual is infected with hiv. thus, until poverty is reduced there will be little progress with either reducing transmission of the virus or creating an enhanced capacity to cope with its socioeconomic consequences. it follows that sustained human development is an essential precondition for any effective response to the pandemic in africa.
beyond greed and grievance – and not too soon …
Authors: berdal mats
Published: October 2005

‘a useful conceptual distinction in understanding the motivation for civil war is that between greed and grievance’. thus wrote paul collier in 1999. drawing on statistical data of civil wars since the mid-sixties, his conclusion at the time was stark and unequivocal: ‘grievance-based explanations of civil war’ were ‘seriously wrong’. in seemingly uncompromising terms, he argued instead that the key to understanding why such wars erupt lay in greed and the quest for loot by rebel actors. it most certainly was not to be found in self-serving ‘narratives of grievance’ or in any claim on the part of insurgents to be fighting for justice. the likelihood of greed-driven wars breaking out was particularly high, collier suggested further, in countries that relied heavily on primary commodity exports, had a surfeit of young, unemployed and poorly educated men, and were experiencing a period of rapid economic decline. this, in short, was the ‘greed thesis’ of contemporary civil wars.
the rise of china: military and political implications
Authors: waldron arthur
Published: October 2005

the rapid economic and military development of china over the decades since the death of mao zedong in 1976 are already changing asia and the world. but what are the longer-term implications of this rise? even in china itself there seems to be disagreement. thus current president hu jintao and his brains trust have advanced the term ‘peaceful rise’ [heping jueqi] in an apparent effort to reassure neighbours who are increasingly troubled not only by china’s increasing economic clout, but by her military strength as well. hence, china’s rising is taken for granted – and has been for a long time. the classic introduction to the modern period, by immanuel hsu and now in its sixth edition, has been titled, for thirty five years, the rise of modern china.
CORRECTION TO “TRANSMISSION RATE CONTROL OVER RANDOMLY VARYING
CHANNELS”
Authors: Rajadhyaksha Gauresh , Borkar Vivek S.
Published: October 2005

In the article published earlier this year in Probability in the
Engineering and Informational Sciences 19(1), Theorem 2 on p. 81 was
stated incorrectly.
SEARCH STRATEGIES FOR FAILURE CASCADE PATHS IN POWER SYSTEM
GRAPHS
Authors: Zhang Jianfeng , Bucklew James A. , Alvarado Fernando L.
Published: October 2005

This paper addresses computer simulation of cascading failures in
electric power systems. The paper analyzes the convergence rates of
estimator variance in importance sampling and in random search strategies.
A uniform search strategy based on the Metropolis algorithm is
proposed.
Development of design methodology for upgradable products based on function–behavior–state modeling
Authors: UMEDA YASUSHI , KONDOH SINSUKE , SHIMOMURA YOSHIKI , TOMIYAMA TETSUO
Published: October 2005

Extending product life is one of the hopeful approaches to reduce the environmental issue, which is one of the most critical issues of today. However, many products are thrown away because of obsolescence of functions and their performance. Therefore, we should design products to be functionally upgradable. Moreover, such upgradable products may create business chances at later stages of product life cycles. The objective of this research is to propose a design methodology for upgradability. This methodology employs a functional modeling scheme, FBS modeling, because upgrade design is a distinctive application of functional design that aims at maximizing functional flexibility with minimal structural changes after the product is manufactured. Here, the functional flexibility refers to an ability of a product to adapt its functions to changes of user needs. This paper proposes and models design processes and design operations in the upgrade design. Especially, the methodology supports finding out candidates of modifications of the function structure and configuration of a platform, which is common structure of a product among several generations, and upgrade modules. One of its central issues of upgrade design is treatment of future uncertainty. For this purpose, we propose two design strategies: delayed selection of components, and expanding and shrinking platform. A prototype system and a case study of upgrade design for a vacuum cleaner are also illustrated. The case study indicates that the system succeeded in systematically supporting a designer to execute the design methodology. Regarding the functional design, as an extension of FBS modeling, this paper proposes a method to relate abstract entity concepts in FBS modeling to concrete components through a quantitative behavior model and range calculation, in addition to deployment of FBS modeling for the design methodology.
Integrating functional synthesis
Authors: WOOD WILLIAM H. , DONG HUI , DYM CLIVE L.
Published: October 2005

Design couples synthesis and analysis in iterative cycles, alternatively generating solutions, and evaluating their validity. The accuracy and depth of evaluation has increased markedly because of the availability of powerful simulation tools and the development of domain-specific knowledge bases. Efforts to extend the state of the art in evaluation have unfortunately been carried out in stovepipe fashion, depending on domain-specific views both of function and of what constitutes “good” design. Although synthesis as practiced by humans is an intentional process that centers on the notion of function, computational synthesis often eschews such intention for sheer permutation. Rather than combining synthesis and analysis to form an integrated design environment, current methods focus on comprehensive search for solutions within highly circumscribed subdomains of design. This paper presents an overview of the progress made in representing design function across abstraction levels proven useful to human designers. Through an example application in the domain of mechatronics, these representations are integrated across domains and throughout the design process.
Special Issue: Engineering applications of representations of
function, Part 2
Authors: STONE ROBERT B. , CHAKRABARTI AMARESH
Published: October 2005

In engineering design, the end goal is the creation of an artifact,
product, system, or process that fulfills some functional requirements at
some desired level of performance. As such, knowledge of functionality is
essential in a wide variety of tasks in engineering activities, including
modeling, generation, modification, visualization, explanation,
evaluation, diagnosis, and repair of these artifacts and processes. A
formal representation of functionality is essential for supporting any of
these activities on computers. The goal of Parts 1 and 2 of this Special
Issue is to bring together the state of knowledge of representing
functionality in engineering applications from both the engineering and
the artificial intelligence (AI) research communities.