bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Spectral Aerosol Extinction Monitoring System (SǼMS): setup, observational products, and comparisons
Authors: Skupin A. , Ansmann A. , Engelmann R. , Baars H. , Müller T.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The Spectral Aerosol Extinction Monitoring System (SǼMS) is presented that allows us to continuously measure the spectral extinction coefficient of atmospheric aerosol particles along an approximately 2.7 km long optical path at 30–50 m height above ground in Leipzig (51.3° N, 12.4° E), Germany. The fully automated instrument measures the ambient aerosol extinction coefficients from 300 to 1000 nm. The main goal of SǼMS observations are long-term studies of the relationship between particle extinction and relative humidity from below 40% to almost 100%. The setup is presented and observations (a case study and statistical results for 2009) are discussed in terms of time series of 550 nm particle optical depth, Ångström exponent, and particle size distribution retrieved from the spectrally resolved extinction. The SǼMS measurements are compared with simultaneously performed EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) lidar, AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sun photometer, and in situ aerosol observations of particle size distribution and related extinction coefficients on the roof of our institute. Consistency between the different measurements is found, which corroborates the quality of the SǼMS observations. Statistical results of a period of 1 yr (2009) show mode extinction values of 0.09 km−1 (SǼMS), 0.075 km−1 (AERONET), and 0.03 km−1 (in situ). Ångström exponents for this period are 0.19 (390–880 nm, SǼMS) and 1.55 (440–870 nm, AERONET).
A newly observed physical cause of the onset of the subsurface spring phytoplankton bloom in the southwestern East Sea/Sea of Japan
Authors: Son Y.-T. , Chang K.-I. , Yoon S.-T. , Rho T. , Kwak J. H. , Kang C. K. , Kim K.-R.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. An ocean buoy, UBIM (Ulleung Basin Integrated Mooring), deployed during the spring transition from February to May 2010 reveals for the first time highly resolved temporal variation of biochemical properties of the upper layer of the Ulleung Basin in the southwestern East Sea/Sea of Japan. The time-series measurement captured the onset of subsurface spring bloom at 30 m, and collocated temperature and current data gives an insight into a mechanism that triggers the onset of the spring bloom not documented so far. Low-frequency modulation of the mixed layer depth ranging from 10 m to 53 m during the entire mooring period is mainly determined by shoaling and deepening of isothermal depths depending on the placement of UBIM on the cold or warm side of the frontal jet. The occurrence of the spring bloom at 30 m is concomitant with the appearance of colder East Sea Intermediate Water at buoy UBIM, which results in subsurface cooling and shoaling of isotherms to the shallower depth levels during the bloom period than those that occurred during the pre-bloom period. Isolines of temperature-based NO3 are also shown to be uplifted during the bloom period. It is suggested that the springtime spreading of the East Sea Intermediate Water is one of the important factors that triggers the subsurface spring bloom below the mixed layer.
Preservation of terrestrial organic carbon in marine sediments offshore Taiwan: mountain building and atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration
Authors: Kao S.-J. , Hilton R. G. , Selvaraj K. , Dai M. , Zehetner F. , Huang J.-C. , Hsu S.-C. , Sparkes R. , Liu J. T. , Lee T.-Y. , Yang J.-Y. T. , Galy A. , Xu X. , Hovius N.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Geological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) can be achieved by the erosion of organic carbon (OC) from the terrestrial biosphere and its burial in long-lived marine sediments. Rivers on mountain islands of Oceania in the western Pacific have very high rates of OC export to the ocean, yet its preservation offshore remains poorly constrained. Here we use the OC content (Corg, %), radiocarbon (Δ 14Corg) and stable isotope (δ13Corg) composition of sediments offshore Taiwan to assess the fate of terrestrial OC, using surface, sub-surface and Holocene sediments. We account for rock-derived OC to assess the preservation of OC eroded from the terrestrial biosphere and the associated CO2 sink during flood discharges (hyperpycnal river plumes) and when river inputs are dispersed more widely (hypopycnal). The Corg, Δ14Corg and δ 13Corg of marine sediment traps and cores indicate that during flood discharges, terrestrial OC can be transferred efficiently down submarine canyons to the deep ocean and accumulates offshore with little evidence for terrestrial OC loss. In marine sediments fed by dispersive river inputs, the Corg, Δ14Corg and δ 13Corg are consistent with mixing of terrestrial OC with marine OC and suggest that efficient preservation of terrestrial OC (>70%) is also associated with hypopycnal delivery. Sub-surface and Holocene sediments indicate that this preservation is long-lived on millennial timescales. Re-burial of rock-derived OC is pervasive. Our findings from Taiwan suggest that erosion and offshore burial of OC from the terrestrial biosphere may sequester >8 TgC yr−1 across Oceania, a significant geological CO2 sink which requires better constraint. We postulate that mountain islands of Oceania provide a strong link between tectonic uplift and the carbon cycle, one moderated by the climatic variability which controls terrestrial OC delivery to the ocean.
Description and basic evaluation of BNU-ESM version 1
Authors: Ji D. , Wang L. , Feng J. , Wu Q. , Cheng H. , Zhang Q. , Yang J. , Dong W. , Dai Y. , Gong D. , Zhang R.-H. , Wang X. , Liu J. , Moore J. C. , Chen D. , Zhou M.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. An earth system model has been developed at Beijing Normal University (Beijing Normal University Earth System Model, BNU-ESM); the model is based on several widely evaluated climate model components and is used to study mechanisms of ocean–atmosphere interactions, natural climate variability and carbon-climate feedbacks at interannual to interdecadal time scales. In this paper, the model structure and individual components are described briefly. Further, results for the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) pre-industrial control and historical simulations are presented to demonstrate the model's performance in terms of the mean model state and the internal variability. It is illustrated that BNU-ESM can simulate many observed features of the earth climate system, such as the climatological annual cycle of surface air temperature and precipitation, annual cycle of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST), the overall patterns and positions of cells in global ocean meridional overturning circulation. For example, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulated in BNU-ESM exhibits an irregular oscillation between 2 and 5 years with the seasonal phase locking feature of ENSO. Important biases with regard to observations are presented and discussed, including warm SST discrepancies in the major upwelling regions, an equatorward drift of midlatitude westerly wind bands, and tropical precipitation bias over the ocean that is related to the double Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
Evaluation of wildland fire smoke plume dynamics and aerosol load using UV scanning lidar and fire–atmosphere modelling during the Mediterranean Letia 2010 experiment
Authors: Leroy-Cancellieri V. , Augustin P. , Filippi J. B. , Mari C. , Fourmentin M. , Bosseur F. , Morandini F. , Delbarre H.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Vegetation fires emit large amount of gases and aerosols which are detrimental to human health. Smoke exposure near and downwind of fires depends on the fire propagation, the atmospheric circulations and the burnt vegetation. A better knowledge of the interaction between wildfire and atmosphere is a primary requirement to investigate fire smoke and particle transport. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the usefulness of an UV scanning lidar to characterise the fire smoke plume and consequently validate fire–atmosphere model simulations. An instrumented burn was conducted in a Mediterranean area typical of ones frequently subject to wildfire with low dense shrubs. Using lidar measurements positioned near the experimental site, fire smoke plume was thoroughly characterised by its optical properties, edge and dynamics. These parameters were obtained by combining methods based on lidar inversion technique, wavelet edge detection and a backscatter barycentre technique. The smoke plume displacement was determined using a digital video camera coupled with the lidar. The simulation was performed using a mesoscale atmospheric model in a large eddy simulation configuration (Meso-NH) coupled to a fire propagation physical model (ForeFire), taking into account the effect of wind, slope and fuel properties. A passive numerical scalar tracer was injected in the model at fire location to mimic the smoke plume. The simulated fire smoke plume width remained within the edge smoke plume obtained from lidar measurements. The maximum smoke injection derived from lidar backscatter coefficients and the simulated passive tracer was around 200 m. The vertical position of the simulated plume barycentre was systematically below the barycentre derived from the lidar backscatter coefficients due to the oversimplified properties of the passive tracer compared to real aerosol particles. Simulated speed and horizontal location of the plume compared well with the observations derived from the videography and lidar method, suggesting that fire convection and advection were correctly taken into account.
Results of the post flash-flood disaster investigations in the Transylvanian Depression (Romania) during the last decade (2001–2010)
Authors: Arghiuş V. , Ozunu A. , Samara I. , Roşian G.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Flash-flood disasters are very rare in the Transylvanian Depression. In the last decades just three events were signalled in the study area, all of them during the last 10 years. The flash floods occurring in the study area during the last decade had a significant impact on several localities situated at the Transylvanian Depression border. Based on the post flash-flood investigation, the present study intends to find out the main characteristics of the flash floods and the causes that have led to disasters in a region rarely affected by such kinds of events. Analyzing the hydrological data, it has been seen that the maximum intensity of the flash floods was observed in the upper and middle basins. By comparing the unit peak discharges from the studied region with other specific peak discharges related to the significant flash floods from Romania, it was noticed that the events from the Transylvanian Depression have moderate to low intensity. On the other hand, the results showed that besides high stream power and unexpected character common to flash floods, the inappropriate flood risk management measures increased the dimension of the negative effects, leading to tens of lives lost and economical damages of tens of millions of dollars.
Detection and characterisation of Plum pox virus (PPV) isolates from Eastern Slovakia revealed the presence of three main viral strains.
Authors: Rozák Július , Predajňa Lukáš , Gálová Zdenka , Glasa Miroslav
Published: March 2014

Plum pox virus (PPV), the agent responsible for Sharka disease, is the most important viral pathogen of stone fruit trees world-wide, having an endemic status in Slovakia. To increase knowledge of PPV diversity in Slovakia, a set of 11 isolates, originated from the eastern part of the country, was characterised. The isolates were chip-budded from their original Prunus hosts to the susceptible GF305 indicators, exhibiting the symptoms of variable severity. A genomic region encompassing the partial NIb and the hypervariable 5´terminal region of the CP gene was amplified from all 11 isolates in RT-PCR and directly sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the grouping of the 11 Slovak isolates into 3 distinct clusters, representing the PPV-M (2 isolates), D (7 isolates) and Rec strains (2 isolates). The strain affiliation of isolates was further confirmed by strain-specific RT-PCR, using which the presence of additional mixed infection by minor PPV variants was detected in 2 samples. The results further contribute to the understanding of PPV diversity in Slovakia and confirm the specificity and sensitivity of molecular approaches used for the virus strain determination.
Exact Travelling Wave Solutions of two Important Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Kim Hyunsoo , Bae Jae-Hyeong , Sakthivel Rathinasamy
Published: March 2014

Coupled nonlinear partial differential equations describing the spatio-temporal dynamics of predator-prey systems and nonlinear telegraph equations have been widely applied in many real world problems. So, finding exact solutions of such equations is very helpful in the theories and numerical studies. In this paper, the Kudryashov method is implemented to obtain exact travelling wave solutions of such physical models. Further, graphic illustrations in two and three dimensional plots of some of the obtained solutions are also given to predict their behaviour. The results reveal that the Kudryashov method is very simple, reliable, and effective, and can be used for finding exact solution of many other nonlinear evolution equations.
Nuovi labirinti
Authors: Pavia Rosario
Published: March 2014

¿Qué esconde el mito del laberinto? ¿Por qué continuamos asociando a esta figura la forma y el sentido de la ciudad contemporánea? ¿Qué esperamos aún de este mito que recorre toda la historia de la cultura occidental y que aproxima nuestra condición espacial contemporánea a la antigua del mundo arcaico y clásico? El presente ensayo pretende ofrecer algunas respuestas desde nuestro tiempo presente: el laberinto como resultado del caos, no como sinónimo de desorden sino de un orden superior. Pero ante todo se trata de un dispositivo, construido desde el arte para confundir, someter a prueba y finalmente acabar provocando el asombro y la reflexión desde aquellos proyectos que se aproximan a él.

What hides behind the myth of the labyrinth? Why we continue associating this figure to the shape and direction of the contemporary city? What we expect from this myth that runs throughout the history of Western culture and throws our contemporary spatial condition to ancient archaic and classical world? This article seeks to provide some answers from our time: the labyrinth as a result of the chaos, not as a synonym of disorder but of a higher order. But above all, it is a device built from art to confuse, testing and finally end up causing surprise and reflection from projects that are close to him.
Bekleidung: Gottfried Semper y la técnica textil como origen de la envolvente en la arquitectura
Authors: Rueda Óscar , Pizarro Maria José
Published: March 2014

A mediados del siglo XIX, Semper dejó escrito El principio de la vestimenta en la arquitectura-Das Prinzip der Bekleidung in der Baukunst-, enmarcado dentro su obra cumbre, El estilo. Con este texto argumentaba que la construcción se inició a partir de las técnicas textiles y, por tanto, que las envolventes en la arquitectura y sus patrones decorativos procedían de esta técnica y así se habían perpetuado a lo largo de la historia. Las repercusiones de esta teoría serían extraordinarias pues de esta manera Semper entregaba el protagonismo en la creación arquitectónica a la envolvente espacial, rompiendo con una larga tradición que otorgaba el protagonismo a la estructura perpetuada en los órdenes clásicos. Abrió de esta manera la puerta a nuevas formas de entender la envolvente en la arquitectura, que asumía desde ese momento autonomía y capacidad para transmitir códigos en el entorno de igual forma que los trajes y los vestidos lo permiten entre las personas, así como para ganar ligereza e independencia del soporte permitiendo incorporar nuevas tecnologías y materiales más acordes con los nuevos tiempos que se avecinaban. Con esta teoría Gottfried Semper sentaba las bases de una nueva arquitectura que se estaba gestando y eclosionaría en los albores del siglo XX.

In the middle of the 19th century, Semper wrote The Principle of Dressing in the Art ofBuilding -Das Prinzip der Bekleidung in der Baukunst-, framed inside his greatest work, The style. With this text, he established that the beginning of construction came from the textile techniques and,therefore, that the spatial enclosures in architecture and his decorative patterns came from this technique and it had been perpetuated along the history. The implications of this theory would be extraordinary because Semper handed the protagonism to the spatial enclosure,breaking with a long tradition that gave prominence to the structure perpetuated in the classical orders. He opened the door to new ways of understanding architecture envelope, that assumed since then autonomy and the ability to transmit codes in the environment in the same way that dressings and suits permitting it between the people. As well as to gain lightness and independence from bearing and so allowing to incorporate new technologies and materials more consistent with the changing times. Gottfried Semper laid the foundation for a new architecture that was being developed and would be born in the early twentieth century.
Developing the Area of a Trapezoid
Authors: Manizade Agida G. , Mason Marguerite M.
Published: March 2014

When calculating the area of a trapezoid, students use a range of problem-solving strategies and measurement concepts.
Connecting the “Missing Words” to the Common Core
Authors: Wilburne Jane M. , Kulbacki Ashley
Published: March 2014

A sixth-grade teacher's word task uncovers higher-level thinking and engages her students in the Standards for Mathematical Practice.
Quick Reads: MathMania: A Middle School Puzzle Book
Authors: King Alessandra
Published: March 2014

Students are called to engage their creativity and problem-solving skills by designing their own puzzles. They share them with their classmates and produce an anthology that will be a keepsake of their mathematical year as well as a memento of their collective accomplishment.
San Carlos de los Jupes
Authors: Rivaya-Martínez Joaquín , Cancel Carole
Published: March 2014

En juillet 1787, Paruanarimuco, principal chef des Comanches jupes, sollicita le soutien de Juan Bautista de Anza, gouverneur espagnol du Nouveau-Mexique, en vue de la construction d’un village pour accueillir les siens. Les autorités du nord de la Nouvelle-Espagne s’empressèrent de donner suite à cette requête pour le moins inhabituelle, envisageant de créer ainsi un précédent chez les nomades païens de la frontière dans la sédentarisation et l’hispanisation des Jupes. C’est ainsi que débuta, en été 1787, la construction du village de San Carlos de los Jupes sur les rives de l’Arkansas, dans l’État actuel du Colorado, mobilisant main-d’oeuvre et fonds espagnols. Or, en janvier 1788, les Jupes quittèrent le village et n’y retournèrent jamais plus. Cet essai explore la fondation et la disparition de San Carlos selon une perspective ethnohistorique. L’auteur affirme que ce village comanche éphémère était voué à l’échec, et ce, pour diverses raisons écologiques, culturelles et géostratégiques.
Relocalisation et résilience
Authors: Babcock Matthew , Beaudry Nicole
Published: March 2014

Cet article explore une tentative ambitieuse, bien qu’oubliée, par l’empire espagnol de relocaliser des milliers d’Apaches mescaleros, chiricahuas et de l’Ouest, qui ont dû quitter leur territoire ancestral pour aller vivre sur huit establecimientos, ou villages, aux caractéristiques de réserves, situés sur la frontière nord de la Nouvelle-Espagne, à partir de 1786. Les officiers militaires espagnols ont offert des dons, des rations et de la protection aux Apaches afin de diminuer leurs raids de bétail et de les transformer en agriculteurs sédentaires. L’article examine donc les avantages et les désavantages de ce plan de relocalisation, tant du point de vue des Apaches que de celui des Espagnols. Selon l’auteur, une poignée d’Apaches pacifiés ont su travailler de concert avec les Espagnols et les Mexicains à réduire la violence dans la région, et une majorité d’Apaches ont réussi à réaffirmer leur indépendance de manière créative et à maintenir leur ascendant sur leur territoire à partir de 1831.
De la déportation à l’invisibilisation
Authors: Giudicelli Christophe
Published: March 2014

Pendant cent trente ans les Amérindiens de la vallée Calchaquíe sont parvenus à préserver leur autonomie, mettant en échec tous les dispositifs de colonisation de la province espagnole du Tucumán. Lors de deux campagnes menées entre 1659 et en 1667, le gouverneur du Tucumán réduisit définitivement cette enclave résistante par une mesure dramatique : ladénaturalisationde tous les habitants de la vallée et leur relocalisation aux quatre coins de la province, et même bien au-delà, jusqu’à Buenos Aires et aux rivages du río de La Plata. Jusqu’à une date récente, on a considéré que ces déportations avaient effacé toute trace des Indiens calchaquís de la région. L’objectif de cette étude est de rouvrir le dossier en dépassant cette perspective schématique, qui ne tient compte ni des processus d’invisibilisation desxixeetxxe siècles, ni des preuves documentaires attestant une permanence importante des intéressés, y compris comme entités collectives. Deux séries d’éléments imposent cette révision : l’avancée récente de la recherche historique et ethnohistorique argentine sur le sujet et les mouvements actuels de réémergence indienne, qui interrogent directement la thèse longtemps admise sans discussion d’une disparition immémoriale.
Le jour et la nuit
Authors: Mauzé Marie
Published: March 2014

La relocalisation d’ordre administratif des ‘Nakwaxda’xw et des Gwasa’las (Kwakwaka’wakw) de la Colombie-Britannique, en 1964, a donné lieu à une véritable implosion sociale dont les effets délétères sont encore ressentis cinquante ans après les faits. Déplacés vers un nouveau site dans des conditions très précaires, en raison de l’incompétence flagrante des représentants du ministère des Affaires indiennes, tant au niveau national que local, les ‘Nakwaxda’xw et les Gwasa’las ont été brutalement éloignés de leur territoire traditionnel. Privés de leur relation réelle, imaginaire, spirituelle et émotionnelle à leurs terres ancestrales, ils ont perdu aussi un savoir traditionnel ancré dans la perception de leur environnement. Dans le cadre des revendications spécifiques, la bande a reçu une compensation financière en 2008, mais il reste à ses membres à trouver la force pour reconquérir toutes les facettes de leur identité afin de mieux vivre dans le monde moderne.
Migration et parenté
Authors: Maidana Carolina Andrea , Hébert Martin , Vyroubal Chavin Chavez
Published: March 2014

Le terme qom est la manière dont se nomme le peuple autochtone aussi connu sous le nom de toba. Ce peuple habitait, avant le dépouillement généré par la conquête, la colonisation et l’expansion de l’État-nation du Cône Sud, la région géographique connue comme le Gran Chaco. Les migrations, une des nombreuses réponses/résistances de ce peuple devant l’avance du Blanc, ont impliqué des reformulations existentielles profondes, des processus de transformation ethnique complexes, une redéfinition et/ou réaffirmation identitaire qui, dans beaucoup de cas, s’expriment dans des espaces urbains recréés en termes ethniques. Une étude ethnographique au sujet des « quartiers tobas » qui se sont formés en périphérie des grandes villes permet d’analyser lesdits espaces en termes de réseaux sociaux d’expression territoriale, de comprendre ce qui est local et de rendre compte de la complexité qu’impliquent les nouvelles territorialités et les manières d’organisation dérivées de l’accès au sol urbain par la population autochtone migrante.
Les déplacés de Media Luna
Authors: Simon Lionel
Published: March 2014

Les populations qui vivent à Media Luna – une localité située au nord de la péninsule de la Guajira – ont connu au début des années 80 des déplacements forcés. À cette époque, les travaux d’aménagement de la zone logistique de la compagnie El Cerrejón ont débuté par une phase préliminaire qui consistait à délocaliser les communautés de Media Luna (notamment). Ces déplacements restent dans la mémoire des populations comme un moment violent et profondément injuste. Les habitations et les cimetières ont été déplacés, les pâturages ont été confisqués. Événement majeur dans la trajectoire historique des populations, ce déracinement est porteur de lourdes conséquences. Cet article envisage, d’une part, les facteurs ayant mené à une négation de la réalité sociale et culturelle des Wayùus lors des négociations concernant leur territoire, et d’autre part la réalité actuelle des populations de Media Luna au regard des conséquences des délocalisations.
KA ATANAKANIHT
Authors: Jérôme Laurent
Published: March 2014

En août 1961, lorsque le North Pioneer jette l’ancre au large d’Unamen Shipu (La Romaine), soixante-cinq Innus de Pakuashipi (Saint-Augustin) débarquent avec leurs biens pour s’installer dans leur nouvelle communauté, reconnue comme réserve depuis 1954 et dotée d’un missionnaire permanent depuis 1953. Au printemps 1963, quelques-uns de ces « expatriés » décident de faire le trajet inverse et de regagner leur territoire d’origine. Le trajet de retour – qui durera un mois – se fera à pied sur une distance d’environ deux cent cinquante kilomètres, avec femmes, enfants, chiens, canots et traîneaux. D’autres membres du groupe feront le même trajet de retour quelques mois plus tard, en avion et en bateau. D’autres encore ne repartiront jamais d’Unamen Shipu, où ils vivent toujours aujourd’hui. Cette note de recherche a pour objet de documenter ce projet avorté de relocalisation et d’interroger les perceptions des Innus à son égard. Les Innus parlent, en effet, de « déportation » : Ka atanakaniht.
Trends of CD4 cell count levels at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy over time and factors associated with late initiation of antiretroviral therapy among Asian HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Boettiger David , Lee Man Po , Omar Sharifah Fs , Tanuma Junko , Ng Oon Tek , Durier Nicolas , Phanuphak Praphan , Ditangco Rossana , Chaiwarith Romanee , Kantipong Pacharee , Lee Christopher Kc , Mustafa Mahiran , Saphonn Vonthanak , Ratanasuwan Winai , Merati Tuti Parwati , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Wong Wing Wai , Zhang Fujie , Pham Thanh Thuy , Pujari Sanjay , Choi Jun Yong , Yunihastuti Evy , Sungkanuparph Somnuek ,   TREAT Asia HIV Observational Databases (TAHOD) and the TREAT Asia Studies to Evaluate Resistance (TASER)
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been rapidly scaled up in Asia, most HIV‐positive patients in the region still present with late‐stage HIV disease. We aimed to determine trends of pre‐ART CD4 levels over time in Asian HIV‐positive patients and to determine factors associated with late ART initiation.

Methods

Data from two regional cohort observational databases were analyzed for trends in median CD4 cell counts at ART initiation and the proportion of late ART initiation (CD4 cell counts <200 cells/mm3 or prior AIDS diagnosis). Predictors for late ART initiation and mortality were determined.

Results

A total of 2737 HIV‐positive ART‐naïve patients from 22 sites in 13 Asian countries and territories were eligible. The overall median (IQR) CD4 cell count at ART initiation was 150 (46–241) cells/mm3. Median CD4 cell counts at ART initiation increased over time, from a low point of 115 cells/mm3 in 2008 to a peak of 302 cells/mm3 after 2011 (p for trend 0.002). The proportion of patients with late ART initiation significantly decreased over time from 79.1% before 2007 to 36.3% after 2011 (p for trend <0.001). Factors associated with late ART initiation were year of ART initiation (e.g. 2010 vs. before 2007; OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.27–0.59; p<0.001), sex (male vs. female; OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.18–1.93; p=0.001) and HIV exposure risk (heterosexual vs. homosexual; OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.24–2.23; p=0.001 and intravenous drug use vs. homosexual; OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.77–5.21; p<0.001). Factors associated with mortality after ART initiation were late ART initiation (HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.19–3.79; p=0.010), sex (male vs. female; HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.31–3.43; p=0.002), age (≥51 vs. ≤30 years; HR 3.91, 95% CI 2.18–7.04; p<0.001) and hepatitis C serostatus (positive vs. negative; HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.−4.36; p=0.035).

Conclusions

Median CD4 cell count at ART initiation among Asian patients significantly increases over time but the proportion of patients with late ART initiation is still significant. ART initiation at higher CD4 cell counts remains a challenge. Strategic interventions to increase earlier diagnosis of HIV infection and prompt more rapid linkage to ART must be implemented.
Distinct structural and catalytic roles for Zap70 in formation of the immunological synapse in CTL
Authors: Jenkins Misty R , Stinchcombe Jane C , Au-Yeung Byron B , Asano Yukako , Ritter Alex T , Weiss Arthur , Griffiths Gillian M
Published: March 2014

T cell receptor (TCR) activation leads to a dramatic reorganisation of both membranes and receptors as the immunological synapse forms. Using a genetic model to rapidly inhibit Zap70 catalytic activity we examined synapse formation between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their targets. In the absence of Zap70 catalytic activity Vav-1 activation occurs and synapse formation is arrested at a stage with actin and integrin rich interdigitations forming the interface between the two cells. The membranes at the synapse are unable to flatten to provide extended contact, and Lck does not cluster to form the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC). Centrosome polarisation is initiated but aborts before reaching the synapse and the granules do not polarise. Our findings reveal distinct roles for Zap70 as a structural protein regulating integrin-mediated control of actin vs its catalytic activity that regulates TCR-mediated control of actin and membrane remodelling during formation of the immunological synapse.
TTC26/DYF13 is an intraflagellar transport protein required for transport of motility-related proteins into flagella
Authors: Ishikawa Hiroaki , Ide Takahiro , Yagi Toshiki , Jiang Xue , Hirono Masafumi , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Yanagisawa Haruaki , Wemmer Kimberly A , Stainier Didier YR , Qin Hongmin , Kamiya Ritsu , Marshall Wallace F
Published: March 2014

Cilia/flagella are assembled and maintained by the process of intraflagellar transport (IFT), a highly conserved mechanism involving more than 20 IFT proteins. However, the functions of individual IFT proteins are mostly unclear. To help address this issue, we focused on a putative IFT protein TTC26/DYF13. Using live imaging and biochemical approaches we show that TTC26/DYF13 is an IFT complex B protein in mammalian cells and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Knockdown of TTC26/DYF13 in zebrafish embryos or mutation of TTC26/DYF13 in C. reinhardtii, produced short cilia with abnormal motility. Surprisingly, IFT particle assembly and speed were normal in dyf13 mutant flagella, unlike in other IFT complex B mutants. Proteomic and biochemical analyses indicated a particular set of proteins involved in motility was specifically depleted in the dyf13 mutant. These results support the concept that different IFT proteins are responsible for different cargo subsets, providing a possible explanation for the complexity of the IFT machinery.
A model symbiosis reveals a role for sheathed-flagellum rotation in the release of immunogenic lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Brennan Caitlin A , Hunt Jason R , Kremer Natacha , Krasity Benjamin C , Apicella Michael A , McFall-Ngai Margaret J , Ruby Edward G
Published: March 2014

Bacterial flagella mediate host–microbe interactions through tissue tropism during colonization, as well as by activating immune responses. The flagellar shaft of some bacteria, including several human pathogens, is encased in a membranous sheath of unknown function. While it has been hypothesized that the sheath may allow these bacteria to evade host responses to the immunogenic flagellin subunit, this unusual structural feature has remained an enigma. Here we demonstrate that the rotation of the sheathed flagellum in both the mutualist Vibrio fischeri and the pathogen Vibrio cholerae promotes release of a potent bacteria-derived immunogen, lipopolysaccharide, found in the flagellar sheath. We further present a new role for the flagellar sheath in triggering, rather than circumventing, host immune responses in the model squid-vibrio symbiosis. Such an observation not only has implications for the study of bacterial pathogens with sheathed flagella, but also raises important biophysical questions of sheathed-flagellum function.
Greatwall-phosphorylated Endosulfine is both an inhibitor and a substrate of PP2A-B55 heterotrimers
Authors: Williams Byron C , Filter Joshua J , Blake-Hodek Kristina A , Wadzinski Brian E , Fuda Nicholas J , Shalloway David , Goldberg Michael L
Published: March 2014

During M phase, Endosulfine (Endos) family proteins are phosphorylated by Greatwall kinase (Gwl), and the resultant pEndos inhibits the phosphatase PP2A-B55, which would otherwise prematurely reverse many CDK-driven phosphorylations. We show here that PP2A-B55 is the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating pEndos during M phase exit. The kinetic parameters for PP2A-B55’s action on pEndos are orders of magnitude lower than those for CDK-phosphorylated substrates, suggesting a simple model for PP2A-B55 regulation that we call inhibition by unfair competition. As the name suggests, during M phase PP2A-B55’s attention is diverted to pEndos, which binds much more avidly and is dephosphorylated more slowly than other substrates. When Gwl is inactivated during the M phase-to-interphase transition, the dynamic balance changes: pEndos dephosphorylated by PP2A-B55 cannot be replaced, so the phosphatase can refocus its attention on CDK-phosphorylated substrates. This mechanism explains simultaneously how PP2A-B55 and Gwl together regulate pEndos, and how pEndos controls PP2A-B55.
Structure of the SAS-6 cartwheel hub from Leishmania major
Authors: van Breugel Mark , Wilcken Rainer , McLaughlin Stephen H , Rutherford Trevor J , Johnson Christopher M
Published: March 2014

Centrioles are cylindrical cell organelles with a ninefold symmetric peripheral microtubule array that is essential to template cilia and flagella. They are built around a central cartwheel assembly that is organized through homo-oligomerization of the centriolar protein SAS-6, but whether SAS-6 self-assembly can dictate cartwheel and thereby centriole symmetry is unclear. Here we show that Leishmania major SAS-6 crystallizes as a 9-fold symmetric cartwheel and provide the X-ray structure of this assembly at a resolution of 3.5 Å. We furthermore demonstrate that oligomerization of Leishmania SAS-6 can be inhibited by a small molecule in vitro and provide indications for its binding site. Our results firmly establish that SAS-6 can impose cartwheel symmetry on its own and indicate how this process might occur mechanistically in vivo. Importantly, our data also provide a proof-of-principle that inhibition of SAS-6 oligomerization by small molecules is feasible.
Vive la résistance!
Authors: Sandler Steven J
Published: March 2014

In vitro evolution experiments reveal that single mutations in three genes can increase the ability of E. coli to survive ionizing radiation by a factor of 1000.
Direct mapping of photoexcited local spins in a modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAs wires
Authors: Ishihara Jun , Ohno Yuzo , Ohno Hideo
Published: March 2014

We directly measured the spatiotemporal evolution of photoexcited local spins in wires made from a modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well by using a time- and spatially resolved Kerr microscopy. We observed the spatial pattern of spin-up and -down near the case of persistent spin helix (PSH) in

wires and the retention of the initial spin state in [110] wires which were designed such that the Dresselhaus and Rashba spin–orbit interaction are nearly equal to each other in magnitude.
Coating effect of electrospun nanofibers of Nb-doped TiO2 mixed in photoelectrode of dye sensitized solar cells
Authors: Horie Yuji , Deguchi Makoto , Guo Shirong , Aoki Keisuke , Nomiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2014

Electrospun nanofibers (NFs) of Nb doped TiO2 (TNO) were added as a conductive agent to TiO2 mesoporous layer in dye sensitized solar cells. In order to improve the mobility of carriers in NFs by reducing the barrier at grain boundaries among constituent nanoparticles in NFs, the surface of TNO-NFs was coated with a thin TNO layer by pulsed laser deposition with changing the deposition time t
d. It was found that the inter-grain space was filled first at t
d ≤ 5 min, and the diffusion velocity v
D of carriers was increased by more than 10 times. Since J
sc showed an increase of ∼15% while v
D and the electron lifetime τe decreased at t
d > 10 min, the carrier injection from dye/TiO2 nanoparticles to TNO-NFs was considered to be promoted.
High conductance in ultrathin films of ZnO
Authors: Look David C. , Leedy Kevin D. , Thomson Darren B. , Wang Buguo
Published: March 2014

Lattice-matched thin films of Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) grown on ZnO substrates have significantly better electrical properties than those grown on quartz substrates. At room temperature, mobility in a 125-nm-thick GZO layer grown by pulsed laser deposition on ZnO is increased by 30%, concentration by 50%, and conductivity by 95% over a similar layer grown on quartz. For ultrathin layers, the differences are much more dramatic: a 5-nm-thick GZO layer grown on ZnO has an excellent resistivity of 4 × 10−4 Ω cm, whereas one grown on quartz exhibits no measurable conductance.
Performance dependence of Si quantum dot-sensitized solar cells on counter electrode
Authors: Seo Hyunwoong , Ichida Daiki , Uchida Giichiro , Itagaki Naho , Koga Kazunori , Shiratani Masaharu
Published: March 2014

Au counter electrode is generally used with polysulfide electrolyte for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) due to degradation of QD by iodine electrolyte and strong interaction between Pt counter electrode and S2− ions in polysulfide electrolyte. In this work, the effects of the thickness and morphology of Au counter electrode on the performance of Si QDSC were investigated. Au film thickness was linearly controlled from 5 to 500 nm by deposition time. Cyclic voltammetry and impedance analysis clarified the catalytic activity of counter electrode, surface resistance of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), and the charge transportation at the counter electrode. The increase of Au film thickness reduced the surface resistance of TCO with increased conductivity. No significant difference in the redox reaction from electrolyte to Si QDs was observed for Au film thickness from 20 to 500 nm. Catalytic reaction of counter electrode was activated with the increase of Au film thickness up to 200 nm. The impedance of charge transportation at the counter electrode was also decreased with Au deposition. Their surface resistance, catalytic activity and internal resistance were reflected in overall performance. Consequently, Si QDSC with 200-nm-thick Au counter electrode had the best performance.
Annealing effect in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells utilizing liquid crystalline phthalocyanine
Authors: Ohmori Masashi , Fukui Hitoshi , Dao Quang-Duy , Kumada Taishi , Fujii Akihiko , Shimizu Yo , Ozaki Masanori
Published: March 2014

The effect of annealing on bulk heterojunction solar cells utilizing the liquid crystalline phthalocyanine, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octahexylphthalocyanine (C6PcH2), fabricated using various solvents was studied. In the solar cells fabricated using chloroform, the power conversion efficiency was enhanced from 1.2 to 2.5% by thermal annealing at 75 °C, near the glass-transition temperature of the bulk heterojunction film. We discuss the effects of annealing on the photovoltaic properties by considering the exciton dissociation and carrier transport efficiencies obtained from photoluminescence spectra, X-ray diffraction measurement, and atomic force microscope observation.
New Structural Results for the High-Pressure Phases of InSb
Authors: Nelmes R. J. , McMahon M. I. , Hatton P. D. , Piltz R. O. , Crain J.
Published: March 2014

A system for angle-dispersive powder diffraction at high pressure has been developed at the UK synchrotron source, SRS Daresbury, based on an image-plate detector. With careful collimation and shielding, coupled with full pattern integration, the system yields powder profiles with very high signal-to-noise. These techniques have been used to re-examine the structural phase transitions in InSb up to 5GPa at room temperature. Two distinct sequences of transitions are observed, involving four different structures: the cubic zincblende phase (P1), a tetragonal phase (P2), and two orthorhombic phases (P3 and P4). Either P1 transforms through P2 and P3 to P4 in the pressure range just above 2GPa, or there is a direct transition from P1 to P4 at about 3GPa. P2 is previously unobserved at room temperature: it has the β-tin structure, but it is not the InSb-II phase. It appears not to be long-range ordered. P3 is the InSb-II phase, which is now shown to be orthorhombic and site ordered. P4 is the InSb-IV phase, but it is shown to have a much more complicated structure than previously supposed. P4 is also site ordered.
External and/or Internal Stress Effects on the Optical Properties of Semiconductor Microstructures
Authors: Pollak Fred H. , Qiang H.
Published: March 2014

This paper reviews the influence of homogeneous strains, external and/or internal, on the electronic and optical properties of semiconductor microstructures such as epilayers, quantum wells and super-lattices. The effects of large external compressive stress (\vecS) on the interband (intersubband) transitions of two systems are discussed in detail: (a) \vecS||
[100] on biaxially strained bulk GaAs and two GaAs/Ga0.79Al0.29As single quantum wells (SQWs) grown on (001) Si and (b) \vecS||
[100] and \vecS||
[110] (piezoelectric effect) on a (001) GaAs/Ga0.73Al0.27As SQW structure.
High Pressure Structural Transitions in Semiconductors
Authors: Besson Jean Michel
Published: March 2014

A given solid-solid phase transition may be observed at different pressures depending on the observation technique used and on the experimental conditions. Metastability and hysteresis phenomena are further complicated by the occurrence of intermediate phases and non-reversible behavior. Precise determination of phase lines thus requires measurements at variable temperature, over the PT plane, using the most recent experimental techniques.
Heterointerfaces in Strained-Layer Superlattices Studied by Surface-Sensitive XAFS
Authors: Oyanagi Hiroyuki , Sakamoto Kunihiro , Sakamoto Tsunenori
Published: March 2014

The effect of heterointerface to the electronic sates of GeSi strained-layer superlattices (SLS's) with a very short period has been studied by surface-sensitive XAFS (X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) technique. The results evidence for a strain-induced site exchange across the Ge-Si interface which relaxes the site-selective tensile and compressive strains due to dimer structure and lattice mismatch. The observed Ge-Ge distance (2.42 Å) in Ge4Si4 SLS clearly rules out a possible structure model with a bulk-like relaxed Ge-Ge distance (2.45 Å) which leads to a direct transition proposed by Wong el al. The variation of local Ge/Si composition as a function of n suggests that, for GeSi SLS grown at 400 °C, the total site exchange amounts to ca. 2 ML which is almost independent on n but critically dependent on Tg. A chemically and structurally modified new interface structure would affect the selection rule of optical excitation in terms of symmetry and atom positions so that weak indirect transitions are enhanced or, on the contrary, normally inhibited direct transitions are allowed. Taking into account the fact that the energy of inhibited direct transitions lies well above the lowest indirect transition, the origin of 0.80 eV transition observed for Ge4Si4 SLS may not involve the zone-folded states but is ascribed to the disorder-enhanced indirect transition.
Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressures on the Magneto-Capacitance of Ga0.7Al0.3As/GaAs Heterojunctions
Authors: Lefort M. , Bastide G. , Foucaran A. , Rouzeyre M. , Etienne B.
Published: March 2014

High hydrostatic pressure was used to vary the electron sheet density Ns in a Ga0.7Al0.3 As/GaAs heterojunction (HJ) with applied magnetic fields up to 12 T at 4.2 K.
The samples used were n+ GaAs, Al0.3Ga0.7As, p-GaAs, n+ GaAs multilayer capacitors. In these samples, the low GaAs/GaAlAs barrier height (0.2eV) and the thin AlGaAs layer (60nm) permit the transfer of electrons between the gate and the two dimensional electron gas (2DEG).
Sharp structures are observed in the C vs B curves. Increasing the magnetic field at a given pressure induces deeper and deeper dips in the differential capacitance. These dips correspond to minima in D(EF,B), the Fermti-level density of states (DOS) of the 2DEG, and occur at

integer filling factors νi=\frac{\text{h}}{\text{e}}·\frac{\text{Ns}}{\text{B}}

The filling factor, ν, is defined by ν=Ns\frac{\text{h}}{\text{eB}}, where h is Planck's constant, e is the electron charge, B is the magnetic induction, and Ns the electron sheet density.
The dips have an exact periodicity in 1/B which allows an unambiguous determination of Ns(P) and its pressure sensitivity:

\frac{\mathrm{d}\text{Ns}}{\mathrm{d}\text{P}}=-0.2 1015 m-2kbar-1

A progressive pressure increase up to 10.7 kbar causes a reduction in both Ns and in the magnetic field Bi associated to each integer of νi by the same factor: 2.4.
As a result, at pressures greater than 5 kbar, spin splitting is observable for B < 12 T.
During the shift towards the lower values of the magnetic field, the amplitude of each capacitance dip decreases as expected from the less reduction of D(EF,B) at mid gaps between the less separated Landau-levels.
Tue demonstration that the 2D DOS depends only on the magnetic field B is experimentally justified by the identity of the peaks obtained with two different Ns values but a constant B value. Modelization of the device capacitance is made by assuming that the Fermi-levels of the 2 DEG and of the gate electrode are pinned together. The agreement with experimental results is fairly good.
New Technique to Fabricate Stress-Relieved Reliable Lasers on Si Substrates
Authors: Hasegawa Yoshiaki , Egawa Takashi , Jimbo Takashi , Umeno Masayoshi
Published: March 2014

A serious problem of GaAs-based laser grown on a Si substrate is a reliability. A difference in the thermal expansion coefficients between GaAs and Si causes residual thermal stress, which can enhance the formation of dark-line defects. We propose a new technique to fabricate a reliable GaAs-based laser on Si using a stress-relieved InGaAs active layer. The significant improvements in the lasing characteristics, in particular a reliability, have been achieved by replacing the conventional GaAs active layer with the stress-relieved InGaAs layer. We find that the InGaAs active layer is effective in relieving the thermally induced stress and fabricating a reliable laser on Si.
Pressure Effect on Optical Absorption Coefficients for Amorphous Silicon-Germanium Alloys
Authors: Imai Motoharu , Tsuji Kazuhiko , Yagi Takehiko
Published: March 2014

Optical absorption measurements for hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium alloys (a-Si1-x
Ge
x
:H) with x=0.1 and 0.25 have been carried out at pressures up to 13 GPa. For a-Si0.9Ge0.1:H, optical gap
(E
O) decreases monotonically with increasing pressure. On the other hand, E
O for a-Si0.75Ge0.25:H exhibits nonmonotonical behavior with increasing pressure: it increases to the maximum around 7 GPa at first, then decreases. The effect of structural disorder on the electronic state is discussed by comparing these results with pressure dependence of energy gaps for crystalline silicon and germanium.