bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision Making in Cancer Prevention and Control
Authors: Ellis Erin M. , Ferrer Rebecca A.
Published: May 2018

Being diagnosed with cancer introduces the need to make many high-stakes decisions about treatments, clinical trial participation, palliative care, advanced care planning, and (sometimes) end-of-life preferences. These decisions can be intensely emotional themselves, and occur within the affectively laden context of cancer-related issues, such as symptom management, interpersonal concerns, and existential questions about life and death. This chapter outlines how affect/emotion influences several decisions faced by cancer patients, and how emotions are relevant to the interpersonal context in which these decisions occur. Emotion has pervasive and predictable—sometimes deleterious and sometimes advantageous—influences on decision making. Fundamental knowledge regarding how affect influences cancer-related decision making could be leveraged to develop interventions to optimize decisions about treatment, clinical trial participation, and palliative care among cancer patients and survivors, thereby improving cancer-related outcomes.
Strange Prosthetics: Rachel Rosenthal’s Rats and Rings
Authors: Rohman Carrie
Published: May 2018

Rosenthal’s book, Tatti Wattles: A Love Story, reveals her aesthetic practice itself to be animated by the discourse of species. The drawings in this text, especially, suggest that Rosenthal’s self-identification as an artist is mediated by animality. The images also efface the human yet “en-face” the rat, de-emphasizing human power and privilege. These images are also marked by Rosenthal’s “auto-graphy” as a mover or dancer, by an alimentary tropology highlighting the body, by the concept of mediation, and by the taming of human exceptionalism. The argument follows that all of these elements in Rosenthal’s view of her artistic practice, self, and process are mediated by animality, and they challenge our received notions of art as a centrally human practice.
Tonal Practices
Authors: Lehman Frank
Published: May 2018

This chapter lays out a series of conventions toward pitch design that both constrain musical meaning making in film and enable its unique effects. The chapter begins by examining the idiom of late Romanticism in European art music and the ways in which film music conforms to and differs from that model. This exploration is followed by a discussion of three vital aspects of American cinematic tonality: subordination, immediacy, and referentiality. Examples are drawn from an expansive set of filmmaking eras and styles; these range from the early days of the Sound Era to far more contemporary sounds. Beginning in this chapter, the beginnings of an interpretive methodology are constructed, recruiting from approaches as diverse as leitmotivic, atonal, Schenkerian, and audiovisual styles of analysis.
Pantriadic Wonder
Authors: Lehman Frank
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the wider cultural and psychological ramifications of chromaticism in film music. It is argued that pantriadicism strives for a specific affect: wonderment, and with it two subsidiary psychological states, frisson and awe. Both literary and cognitive/psychological accounts are given for this affect’s connection with harmony, with particular emphasis on the relationship of emotion and musical expectation. Frisson and awe have distinctive temporal profiles, leading to an evaluation of theoretical and empirical work on subjective temporality in connection with chromaticism. The analytical ramifications of this theory of chromatic temporality are examined with respect to a single large-scale case study, Howard Shore’s music for the Lord of the Rings trilogy. In the process, the author finds ways of integrating two traditionally separate analytical approaches: transformational networks and cognitive models of musical expectation.
Profits and Opportunities
Authors: Bergman Marcelo
Published: May 2018

This chapter shows that as prosperity increased in the region, new secondary markets for stolen goods emerged prosperity in order to satisfy demand for consumption goods. Overall demand and appetite for illegal goods in the region had increased dramatically since the 1990s, especially in low-income households. This chapter examines types of victimization, and their rates, to prove that it was these crimes that partly fueled these illicit marketplaces. After reviewing several of these illegal markets, such as those for cellular phone, digital goods and firearms, this chapter exemplifies this trend with an understudied yet very important crime-driven market, namely the car-theft industry.
Courts, Criminal Procedures, and Deterrence
Authors: Bergman Marcelo
Published: May 2018

This chapter studies the performance of Latin American criminal courts and prosecutor offices in fighting crime and instilling deterrence and systematically analyzes one of the critical and understudied topics in the region: Impunity. It analyzes criminal justice statistics and inmate survey data. In this chapter I argue that while numerous penal reforms in the region welcomed strong protections of individual rights they had limited success in developing effective prosecution and administration of justice to curtail criminality. This chapter uses information from 6,000 inmates, the “voice” of the indicted, to document the court and prosecutorial processes and contrasts this perspective to the “official voice” of the courts of law.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Bergman Marcelo
Published: May 2018

This chapter summarizes the central arguments developed in this book and sets the agenda for future research. By undertaking an ambitious comparative analysis, this book has shed light on understudied topics that underlie the crime problem in Latin America: the enduring stability of criminality in the region, the ineffectiveness of government actions to fight crime, and the mechanism of contagion and spillover. It explains how domestic and international actors driven by profits have turned crime into a “business,” contributing to vibrant illegal markets. This concluding chapter summarizes eleven central findings, identifies four major implications of these findings, and it offers fourteen broad policy guidelines to face the growing crime and violence challenges in the region.
Nature of International Organizations and Purpose of Their Immunity
Authors: Okeke Edward Chukwuemeke
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses the nature of international organizations and the purpose of their immunity. International organizations are created by their constituent member States to discharge vital functions and responsibilities on their behalf, and in some cases on behalf of the world community as a whole. They are established to offer cooperative and concerted approaches to common challenges and some problems that have the best chance of being solved through multilateral actions. Although States remain the primary actors in international relations, international organizations have joined the arena to provide the platform that enables different States to work together. International cooperation by States has become a necessity. To achieve their objectives, international organizations are granted certain privileges and immunities by their member States: in particular, jurisdictional immunity, which protects them from legal process. It is well settled that international organizations require those immunities that are necessary for them to fulfill their functions.
Conclusion
Authors: Okeke Edward Chukwuemeke
Published: May 2018

The conclusion makes the case that the jurisdictional immunities of States and international organizations are not only sustainable but also necessary for international relations and cooperation. Contrary to the polemic that immunity breeds impunity, jurisdictional immunities promote respect for international law rather than undermine it. Even where a State or an international organization is immune, it may still be responsible for a wrongful act. To be sure, immunities can be abused. However, abuse of immunity is a different question from the necessity of immunity. The book concludes with the submission that if the international community finds the international law of jurisdictional immunities of States and international organizations to be illegitimate or inadequate, then the proper course of action is to re-evaluate the goals served by the law.
Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

Pharmaceuticals play a critical role in the raging debate over how best to advance and improve healthcare in the United States and the rest of the world. Using the analytical tools of economics, this book explores the conflicting priorities and aims of the biopharmaceutical industry. It starts out by describing the supply side of pharmaceuticals in all its forms, including the traditional pharmaceutical sector, the biotechnology sector, and the generic sector, as well as the increased blending among them. It next turns to the demand side, looking at the determinants of demand for pharmaceutical products. It discusses third-party payer coverage and patient access issues, and considers pharmaceutical demand factors in both emerging markets and industrialized parts of the world. Drawing extensively from recent economics and policy literatures, this book examines if and how a drug’s pricing strategy is influenced by clinical and economic attributes, characteristics of third-party payers, cost of research and development, competition from other branded drugs and generics, and other factors. An in-depth analysis looks at various drug promotional programs, their effectiveness in influencing demand and price, and the corresponding controversies and ensuing public debates. The focus of the book then turns toward pharmaceutical regulation, including the patent system, the approval process for both branded and generic drugs, the regulation of drug promotion, and major drug legislations since the beginning of the twentieth century. The book concludes by offering a look ahead at evolving industry structure, research methods, product characteristics, financing mechanisms, and regulatory policies affecting both price and access to pharmaceuticals worldwide.
The Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

Understanding the pharmaceutical industry is a complex mission, requiring a thorough understanding not only of the firms that produce drugs but also of the decision-making process involved in drug selection for patients, the role of insurance and other third-party payers, and the substantial role of government in monitoring and regulating many aspects of the marketplace for pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides an overview of the pharmaceutical industry, including the market structure, the stages of research and development (R&D) and the associated costs, the role of government regulation in R&D and approval, and the role of product liability in the research process. It notes the important distinction between basic research and applied research, and explains the roles of the private and public sectors in each. The chapter ends with a discussion of the development of pharmaceuticals for poor countries.
The Demand for Pharmaceuticals in Major International Markets
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a comparative analysis of pharmaceutical expenditure levels across major global markets. It identifies several factors for the difference across countries, including national income, spending on overall healthcare, price for substitutable healthcare products and services, age distribution, patient and physician tastes and preferences, and even culture. The discussion focuses on seven of the largest national markets outside the United States: Japan, China, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Brazil. While there are notable differences between these markets, one especially important commonality distinguishes them from the United States: in every single market, the central government plays a pivotal role in the determination of drug prices by using its monopsonist power in negotiations with and regulations of drug manufacturers.
Pharmaceutical Prices
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a detailed examination of pharmaceutical pricing strategies in the United States. It points out that pharmaceutical expenditure as a share of total healthcare spending has historically been quite low in comparison to that of hospitalization and physician services. It identifies several common measures of pharmaceutical prices, and highlights the difference in conclusions reached based on different measures. It offers a critical review of several models used to explain pharmaceutical price behavior, which are grouped into three major categories: market structure models, R&D cost-based models, and product quality or value based models. The chapter concludes that prices of brand-name drugs in the United States are largely driven by product quality attributes, not cost of R&D. Lastly, the chapter examines the impact of generic entry on price.
A Village Goes Mobile
Authors: Tenhunen Sirpa
Published: May 2018

This book examines how mobile telephony contributes to social change in rural India (West Bengal, Bankura district) on the basis of long-term ethnographic fieldwork in a village before and after the introduction of mobile phones. The book investigates how mobile telephones emerged as multidimensional objects that not only enable telephone conversations, but also facilitate status aspirations, internet access, and entertainment practices. It explores how this multifaceted use of mobile phones has influenced economic, political, and social relationships, including gender relationships, and how these new social constellations relate to culture and development. The book examines social institutions as culturally constructed spheres tied to translocal processes that, nevertheless, have local meanings. The author delves into social and cultural changes to examine agency and power relationships: Who benefits from mobile telephony and how? Can people use mobile phones to further their aims to change their lives, or does phone use merely amplify existing social patterns and power relationships? Can mobile telephony induce development? Using a holistic ethnographic approach, the book develops a framework to understand how new media mediates social processes within interrelated social spheres and local hierarchies. It delves into mobile phone use as a multidimensional process with diverse impacts by exploring how media-saturated forms of interaction relate to preexisting contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Tenhunen Sirpa
Published: May 2018

The introduction presents the book’s theoretical framework and research questions drawing from the multidisciplinary field of mobile telephony studies. It introduces the key issues of this scholarly debate from a social science and anthropological point of view. The main focus of the chapter is scholarly discussions of mobile telephony in developing countries, but research on mobile phone use in Western countries is also briefly discussed to enable comparisons. This chapter refers to and analyzes a broad range of studies on mobile telephony, including ethnographies of mobile phone use in various locations, studies on mobile telephony’s economic and developmental impacts, and the mobile phone use of teenagers. This chapter also introduces the anthropology of media and discusses the concept of development.
Waging War against Oneself
Authors: Antović Mihailo
Published: May 2018

This article analyses the metaphor of “battle against oneself” in the monastic textbook Unseen Warfare, which provides advice for the spiritual advancement of Orthodox Christians, saying the path of the good life consists in renunciation of worldly desires, thoughts, and actions, depicted as a battle that the monk must wage against himself. In terms of cognitive science, the change of focus of attention (from outside towards inside) may be taken as another indicator of the shift in how humans perceive morality—from external norms towards inner motivation. This can be interpreted as another unrecognized wave of double-scope blending in the early Christian period. Finally, the linguistic analysis and the hypothesis in cognitive science may be grounded in the claim of some Orthodox theologians that finding an ‘antagonist’ is an ontological human need, which is best resolved, and leads to salvation, if one gradually learns to find the object of the struggle not outside, but within oneself.
Hoc est corpus
Authors: Chilton Paul , Cram David
Published: May 2018

This chapter, which has both a historical and an analytic dimension, concerns the ritual of the ‘Eucharist’ or ‘mass’, best known in the Catholic variant of Christianity. The first part of the paper outlines the part of the ritual’s complex history that is concerned with various theological attempts to explain or justify particular interpretations of the ritual that have been the subject of conflict. In particular, it outlines the intellectual history of efforts to apply sophisticated theories of language developed in the medieval period and the early modern period. These approaches already involved a theory of deixis that foreshadows modern theories in linguistics that are entirely non-theological. It is a recent linguistic theory, Deictic Space Theory, that is outlined and applied in second part of the paper. This is a cognitive approach to core aspects of linguistic meaning that are grounded in spatial cognition. The overall aim is to investigate, in context, the possible cognitive and emotional effects that may be brought about by the interaction among linguistic formulae and other features of the ritual. Close linguistic and multimodal analysis of the crucial and most controversial moment of the Eucharist is speculatively linked with known psychological, cognitive, and neural processes.
A Yogācāra Buddhist Theory of Metaphor
Authors: Tzohar Roy
Published: May 2018

This book is about what metaphors mean and do within Buddhist texts. More specifically, it is about the fundamental Buddhist ambivalence toward language, which is seen as obstructive and yet necessary for liberation, as well as the ingenious response to this tension that one Buddhist philosophical school—the early Indian Yogācāra (3rd–6th century CE)—proposed by arguing that all language use is in fact metaphorical (upacāra). Exploring the profound implications of this claim, the book presents the full-fledged Yogācāra theory of meaning—one that is not merely linguistic, but also perceptual.Despite the overwhelming visibility of figurative language in Buddhist philosophical texts, its role and use have received relatively little attention in scholarship to date. This book is the first sustained and systematic attempt to present an indigenous Buddhist philosophical theory of metaphor. By grounding the Yogācāra’s pan-metaphorical claim in its broader intellectual context, both Buddhist and non-Buddhist, the discussion reveals an intense Indian philosophical conversation about metaphor and language that reached across sectarian lines, and it also demonstrates its potential contribution to contemporary philosophical discussions of related topics. The analysis of this theory of metaphor radically reframes the Yogācāra controversy with the Madhyamaka; sheds light on the school’s application of particular metaphors, as well as its unique understanding of experience; and establishes the place of Sthiramati as an original Buddhist thinker of note in his own right, alongside Asaṅga and Vasubandhu.
Metaphor as Absence
Authors: Tzohar Roy
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a working definition of metaphor (Upacāra) on the basis of the common features that underlie its understanding by the various Indian schools of thought. In particular, it examines the understanding of metaphor in the early works of the Mīmāṃsā and Nyāya schools, which address the issue as part of their broader discussion of the denotation of nouns. The discussion establishes that while these schools’ theories of meaning share much of their basic understandings of the mechanism of metaphor, their interpretations can be seen as archetypes of the two poles of Indian thinking about figurative language—as buttressing or undermining ordinary language use, respectively. These two approaches, as we will see, recur as a leitmotif in the works of other schools of thought.
It’s a Bear . . . No, It’s a Man . . . No, It’s a Metaphor!
Authors: Tzohar Roy
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with the Yogācāra understanding of metaphor as expressed in one of the school’s earliest sources: the Tattvārthapaṭalaṃ chapter of the Bodhisattvabhūmi (BBh), along with its commentarial sections in the Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī (VS), both ascribed to Asaṅga. The analysis of the metaphor-related passages in both texts—some of which are translated here into English for the first time—serves to present a unique Buddhist understanding of the performative philosophical role of figurative language and of its relation to the possibility of the ineffable. The chapter demonstrates that the writings attributed to Asaṅga put forth an influential philosophy of language that anticipates and lays the foundation for the school’s subsequent pan-metaphorical claim.
Conversing with a Buddha
Authors: Tzohar Roy
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the broader epistemic ramifications of the Yogācāra theory of meaning and metaphor. It points out features that this theory shares with contemporary analytical causal theories of reference—especially the solution that they offer to the problem of incommensurability. The text presents the Yogācāra understanding of this problem, notably in Sthiramati’s Triṃśikābhāṣya (TriṃśBh) and Asaṅga’s Mahāyānasaṃgraha (MS), and examines how Sthiramati’s figurative theory of meaning addresses it. The conclusion points out deep structural affinities between the Yogācāra understanding of linguistic meaning and its understanding of experience, particularly of intersubjective experiences of the external word. This allows an identification and articulation of several fundamental themes that run through Yogācāra thought in general, and through the school’s conception of meaning in particular, implying a broadly conceived theory of meaning that is not merely linguistic, but also perceptual.
NATO's Lessons in Crisis
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: May 2018

In crisis management operations, strategic errors can cost lives. Some international organizations (IOs) learn from these failures, whereas, others tend to repeat them. Given high rates of turnover and shorter job contracts, how do IOs such as NATO retain any knowledge about past errors? Institutional memory enhances prospects for reforms that can prevent future failures. The book provides an explanation for how and why IOs develop institutional memory in international crisis management. Evidence indicates that the design of an IO’s learning infrastructure (e.g. lessons learned offices and databases) can inadvertently disincentivize IO elites from using it to share knowledge about strategic errors. Under such conditions, IO elites - high-level civilian and military officials - view reporting to be risky. In response, they prefer to contribute to institutional memory through the creation and use of informal processes such as transnational interpersonal networks, private documentation and conversations during crisis management exercises. The result is an institutional memory that remains vulnerable to turnover since critical knowledge is highly dependent on a handful of individuals. The book draws on the author’s interviews and a survey experiment with 120 NATO elites, including assistant secretary generals, military representatives and ambassadors. Cases of NATO crisis management in Afghanistan, Libya and Ukraine serve to further illustrate the development of institutional memory. Findings challenge existing organizational learning scholarship by indicating that formal learning processes alone are insufficient to ensure learning occurs. The book also offers policymakers a set of recommendations for strengthening the learning capacity of IOs.
Tête-à-Tête
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 describes what institutional memory is and provides an overview of the book’s theoretical argument. The chapter begins by conceptualizing institutional memory. The subsequent section introduces the book’s theoretical argument, which builds on assumptions from rationalist institutionalist theories. Depending on an IO’s design, formal learning infrastructure can inadvertently deter IO elites from sharing their knowledge about strategic errors. Elites respond by choosing instead to socially construct memory through three informal processes: transnational interpersonal networks, private documentation and socializing during crisis management exercises. The chapter then identifies key premises of the book’s argument. These four premises concern the impact of the design of formal learning processes, elites’ built-in incentives to share, the role of an active secretariat and sources that motivate elites to act. The chapter concludes by identifying predictions, based on the book’s argument and by describing conditions under which the argument should hold.
Speak No Evil
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: May 2018

As a fourth empirical chapter, Chapter 6 identifies the sources that motivate elites to share their knowledge of strategic errors. Employing a survey experiment on elites, the chapter presents hypotheses about the impact of three different sources: the United States, NATO's secretariat and international media. Surprisingly, experimental results indicate that NATO elites are less likely to record or share knowledge of a strategic error if an action is framed as such by the United States. Results also demonstrate that NATO elites are slightly more likely to record if the action is framed as such an error by the secretariat. The chapter concludes with a discussion of why a powerful state would counter-intuitively have a dampening effect on an international organization’s capacity for retaining knowledge across time and space. Findings support the book’s argument that the secretariat plays a critical role in facilitating the development of institutional memory about past strategic errors.
Conclusion
Authors: Fulcher Jane F.
Published: May 2018

Musicians such as Désormière, Schaeffer, Poulenc, and Messiaen explored new ways to destabilize or challenge the meanings Vichy sought to inscribe in culture, or to open up the message of iconic works in order to disrupt the regime’s increasingly compromised national cultural representations. To perceive this, it has been necessary to examine the evolving associations of musical styles as well as the material dimensions of performance, for they were both central components of the manner in which meaning was produced, particularly in the midst of politicized attempts to control it. For the Resistance, music thus magnified the regime’s evolving collaborationist goals and cultural tactics—its eventual quest to court the Germans by promoting cooperation in all areas. According to Resistance intellectuals, music could and did contribute both to a growing awareness of political realities and to the development of new cultural tactics within its ever-growing repertoire of symbolic contestation.
Competing Fields of Universal Validity
Authors: Lipton Gregory A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter situates Schuonian Perennialism within the larger discursive tradition of essentialist, religious universalism through a comparison with Friedrich Schleiermacher. It thus argues that Frithjof Schuon, and those writing within his orbit, made a Copernican turn away from Ibn ‘Arabi’s hierarchical cosmology to one of cosmic pluralism united by a Schleiermacherian notion of a transcendent and universally valid religious a priori, or “religion as such.” To clearly demonstrate this turn, Ibn ‘Arabi’s discourse is here historicized in relation to the polemical thought of Ibn Ḥazm (d. 1064). Like Ibn Hazm, Ibn ‘Arabi claims that the Jews were guilty of textual corruption (taḥrīf al-naṣṣ) and not simply a corruption of meaning (taḥrīf al-maʿānī) as implied in Perennialist discourse. Rather than the soteriological power of their religions, Ibn ‘Arabi holds that the salvation of the People of the Book is metaphysically determined by their submission to Muhammad’s prophetic authority.
Conclusion
Authors: Lipton Gregory A.
Published: May 2018

The conclusion situates key discursive elements of Schuonian Perennialism within a genealogy of German idealism leading back to Kant to show metaphorical resonances with a Kantian metaphysics of autonomy and its attendant universalism. In contradistinction to Ibn ‘Arabi’s heteronomous absolutism, this chapter tracks how Frithjof Schuon’s religious essentialism functionally echoes the discursive practices that mark Kant’s “universal” religion as defined against Semitic heteronomy. While both Kantian and Schuonian universalist cosmologies thus appear to reflect a similar Copernican turn where an autonomous, universal perspective forms the essence of all religion, this chapter argues that these respective discourses also metaphysically reflect the imperial cartography of the Copernican age itself and its attendant ideological conceit of a universal perspective. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the overlapping discursive formations of Kantian and Schuonian universalism conceal absolutist modalities of supersessionism that are ironically similar to those openly posited by Ibn ‘Arabi.
The Good Doctor?
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

The scattered scholarly treatments of Ebenezer Sibly assert that he took all his enterprises seriously and engaged intellectually and emotionally with astrology, alchemy, freemasonry, Newtonian science, and old-style natural philosophy. They also portray him as an actual practicing physician and surgeon. This chapter argues he was nothing of the sort. A fraudulent physician, he was also a fraudulent husband. This chapter also follows Sibly through bankruptcy with a fabulously crooked lawyer, and legal separation from his third wife. More important for the long term, this chapter also examines his acquisition of a patent for the Solar Tincture, and what that meant for him in terms of personal finances, and more broadly as a marketing device.
The Plagiarist
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

Though he was poorly educated and impatient, Ebenezer Sibly published several thousand pages on a variety of subjects. A close examination reveals this was possible because he plagiarized on a massive scale. Plagiarizing was a successful strategy, requiring much less effort while still giving the impression of being well read. Sibly was also able to appear up to date by plagiarizing encyclopedists for much of his material. This chapter considers both eighteenth-century attitudes toward plagiarism and the modern scholarly debate about them. This chapter also examines the third type of book Sibly published—advertising puffs he produced after he began making and marketing the Solar and Lunar Tinctures. A Key to Physic and The Medical Mirror were both derivative, consisting largely of Sibly plagiarizing his own previous works, which were themselves plagiarized.
A Political Age
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

This chapter places Ebenezer and Manoah Sibly in the dramatic political events of their day, especially the American and French Revolutions, and the Treason Trials of the 1790s. Ebenezer is frequently cited as a radical Whig, who opposed slavery and supported the American Revolution and other radical causes. Little is said about Manoah’s politics, other than that as a New Church minister, he was of necessity a loyalist. However, a close examination of Ebenezer’s writing, and especially the timing of the publication of his comments on the American and French Revolutions, reveals him as much more moderate than has been asserted, especially in discussions of his nativity for the Declaration of Independence. On the other hand, Manoah’s work as shorthand taker for the London Corresponding Society and acceptance of Swedenborg’s dramatically radical theology reveal him as a profoundly radical thinker—and one who was moved to act on his convictions.
Conclusions
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

This biographical microhistory of the Sibly family is presented as a model and corrective—a model for delving more deeply into a broad array of primary sources than has been possible in the past, through the use of newly available technologies and techniques. The result is that historians can discover a more accurate and useful understanding of the middling classes during the key eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, while what is recognized as “modernity” was developing. The Siblys’ stories are also intended as a corrective to the largely erroneous or incomplete narratives involving them that appear in scholarly literature, and which contribute to distorted or partial accounts of key historical trends and events.
Evil and the Subordination of the Moral Law
Authors: Papish Laura
Published: May 2018

This chapter asks what it means to say, as Kant does in the Religion, that evil consists in the “subordination” of the moral law to self-love. In other words, it is asked what kinds of formal arrangements between the incentives of practical reason—self-love and respect for the law—are possible in an evil will. While evil can consist in the “prioritization” of self-love over respect for the law, such prioritization is not, it is argued, the only way the incentives of practical reason can be wrongfully arranged. There is good reason to think that, for Kant, evil can result from “overdetermination” or the attempt to incorporate the incentives of both respect and self-love alongside one another in the same fundamental maxim. This proposal is defended throughout the chapter, with care taken to explain its philosophical value and the textual evidence directly or indirectly in its favor.
Self-Deception, Dissimulation, and the Universality of Evil in Human Nature
Authors: Papish Laura
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers whether self-deception informs Kant’s notoriously controversial claim that there is an evil rooted universally throughout the human species. It is ultimately argued that while self-deception as described in Chapters 3 and 4 cannot be implicated in his argument, a nearby kind of practical-epistemic failing, namely dissemblance or dissimulation (Verstellen), can be. To help secure this conclusion, the chapter also addresses several important interpretive challenges including: whether Kant intends his claims about a universal evil to be a priori or empirically grounded; whether the social (or unsocial) aspects of human life are relevant to Kant’s proof; if Kant can justifiably describe the evil that runs throughout human nature as both a propensity or willingness and a chosen disposition; how the universality of evil can exist alongside the possibility of individual moral reform; and what to make of the claim that evil attaches to the human race’s “species” character.
Kantian Self-Cognition
Authors: Papish Laura
Published: May 2018

This chapter bridges the transition between evil and moral reform, as it considers how human beings develop the self-cognition needed to displace the self-deception underwriting evil. It is argued that self-cognition is not simply what results from the mitigation of self-deception. It is shown that self-cognition is a distinctive task, one with pitfalls and obstacles that outstrip self-deception and that plague even the most well-intentioned agent. Finally, it is argued that while Kant can at points seem deeply pessimistic about the possibility of self-cognition, a more hopeful view of its prospects can be secured. There are several components to this view, including the proposal that self-knowledge must take the form of a provisional, experimental exercise in self-interpretation. Kant’s reference to Johann Georg Hamann’s statement that “only a descent into the hell of self-cognition can pave the way to godliness,” and Kant’s epistemology and anthropology, are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Goodhart Michael
Published: May 2018

This introduction describes how the author came to write the present book, recounting key experiences that shaped his thinking about global normative theory and its limitations. It provides an overview of the general argument and explains several key features of the book’s argument, including its treatment of normativity and its focus on neoliberalism. The book makes an unusual intervention in the global justice debates: rather than address familiar topics or questions that dominate contemporary discussions in the field, the book advocates a paradigm shift in the way political theorists and philosophers think about justice and injustice. It offers no theory of justice, instead outlining a radically different approach to theorizing justice and injustice.
Taking Responsibility for Injustice
Authors: Goodhart Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter puts many of the ideas outlined previously to work in considering the problem of responsibility for systemic injustice. Building on the insights of Iris Marion Young and Marion Smiley, it argues that responsibility must be reconceptualized as a political rather than a philosophical problem and that its solution lies in counterhegemonic political struggles over the meaning of injustice itself. The chapter shows, in a concrete way, what such struggles might look like, describing the ways in which social conventions and interpretations structure our thinking about responsibility and what might be done to challenge and change them. It concludes that to take responsibility for injustice is to take up this political work.
Canada
Authors: McCabe Joshua T.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 examines how Canadian policymakers’ renewed promise to tackle child poverty translated into the Child Tax Benefit, the nonrefundable Child Tax Credit, and the Working Income Tax Benefit. Whereas the logic of tax relief served as the springboard for fiscalization in the US, the logic of income supplementation drove the process in Canada. This difference had important implications for the shape and scope of Canadian tax credits, enabling them to significantly reduce child poverty relative to the much weaker outcomes in the US. Family allowances offered policymakers an alternative to welfare as the primary method of delivering cash benefits to children. Canadian policymakers, including conservative policymakers and profamily groups, saw expanding child tax credits as a way to “take children off welfare” by redirecting benefits through a nonstigmatizing program. The initial change occurred under the Progressive Conservatives in 1992 and was consolidated under the Liberals in 1997.
A History of Death in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Suriano Matthew
Published: May 2018

In the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, a good death meant burial inside the family tomb, where one would join one’s ancestors in death. This was the afterlife in biblical literature; it was a postmortem ideal that did not involve individual judgment or heaven and hell—instead it was collective. In Hebrew scriptures, a postmortem existence was rooted in mortuary practices and conceptualized through the embodiment of the dead. But this idea of the afterlife was not hopeless or fatalistic, consigned to the dreariness of the tomb. The dead were cherished and remembered, their bones were cared for, and their names lived on as ancestors. This book examines the concept of the afterlife in the Hebrew Bible by studying the treatment of the dead, as revealed both in biblical literature and in the material remains of the southern Levant. The Iron Age mortuary culture of Judah is the starting point for this study, and the practice of collective burial inside the Judahite rock-cut bench tomb is compared to biblical traditions of family tombs and of joining one’s ancestors in death. This archaeological analysis, which also incorporates funerary inscriptions, will shed important insight into biblical literature concerning such issues as the construction of the soul in death, the nature of corpse impurity, and the concept of Sheol. Death was a transition managed through ritual action. The connections that were forged through such actions, such as ancestor veneration, were socially meaningful for the living and ensured a measure of immortality for the dead.
Prolegomenon
Authors: Suriano Matthew
Published: May 2018

The complicated imagery of death in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament has defied scholars because it does not involve an afterlife dichotomy of heaven and hell. The individual is not vetted after death, to be sent to punishment or paradise; instead postmortem experience is collective. This ideal afterlife is centered upon the tomb where the dead join their ancestors. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the afterlife in the Hebrew Bible according to its own terms. This can be done through the analysis of mortuary practices from Judah during the Iron Age. A review of the archaeology of mortuary practices, along with theoretical discussions of the body, will establish the framework for studying death in the Hebrew Bible. In biblical literature and ancient Judah postmortem existence was predicated upon the treatment of the body.
The History of the Judahite Bench Tomb
Authors: Suriano Matthew
Published: May 2018

The history of the Judahite bench tomb provides important insight into the meaning of mortuary practices, and by extension, death in the Hebrew Bible. The bench tomb appeared in Judah during Iron Age II. Although it included certain burial features that appear earlier in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, such as burial benches, and the use of caves for extramural burials, the Judahite bench tomb uniquely incorporated these features into a specific plan that emulated domestic structures and facilitated multigenerational burials. During the seventh century, and continuing into the sixth, the bench tombs become popular in Jerusalem. The history of this type of burial shows a gradual development of cultural practices that were meant to control death and contain the dead. It is possible to observe within these cultural practices the tomb as a means of constructing identity for both the dead and the living.
Care for the Dead
Authors: Suriano Matthew
Published: May 2018

In the Hebrew Bible an ideal fate ultimately involved the hope of joining a greater collective—the ancestors. But how was the individual accounted for in death? The importance of the individual dead, especially during their transition to the collective ancestors, can be traced in literary sources that discuss the dead, describe their nature, and offer dedications. These sources reveal the treatment of the dead, along with their care and provision. They also indicate that interaction with the dead was carefully regulated. In all of these sources it is possible to recognize the ways by which a dead person was individually identified. The study of these sources sheds light on the meaning of the word נפש‎, where it denotes a corpse. It also offers insight into the practice of feeding the dead inside the tomb. These and other actions, which constituted caring for the dead, affirmed aspects of postmortem selfhood.
The Narrative of Bones
Authors: Suriano Matthew
Published: May 2018

Entombed bones were important symbols in the Hebrew Bible’s ideology of death, but this biblical afterlife was not one of bones languishing inside the tomb. The stories of Joseph’s reburial, and Jezebel’s nonburial, show how divine promises could be tied to the bodies of the dead. In these narratives we see the outcomes of good deaths (Joseph) and bad deaths (Jezebel), respectively. Joseph’s reburial symbolizes the fulfillment of Yahweh’s first covenant with Israel’s ancestors. The narrative of Jezebel’s bones is one of annihilation, but like Joseph’s bones, the treatment of her mortal remains was also one of divine fulfillment. The graphic details of her body’s destruction were deemed necessary by the biblical writers to show that her fate fulfilled the prophetic curses leveled at her. In these biblical stories we see how the treatment of bones could bind the living and the dead together with the God of Israel.
Comparative Area Studies and the Study of Middle East Politics after the Arab Uprisings
Authors: Bank André
Published: May 2018

The Arab uprisings of 2011 led to the fall of several heads of state, triggered wars in three countries, and threatened the survival of all eight monarchies in the Middle East. In the field of Middle East studies, these processes have led to a fundamental questioning of preexisting theoretical assumptions and methodological approaches. A more self-critical and self-aware research program now exists that seeks to trace the different political trajectories in the region. This chapter argues that comparative area studies (CAS) can further advance the study of the Arab uprisings by employing a broader analytic framework while remaining attentive to the regional context of the Middle East. While qualitative research remains mostly intra-regional, cross-regional comparisons are slowly emerging, utilizing insights from—and comparisons to—the fall of communism and European history. The conclusion considers the promises and pitfalls of CAS in the study of the Middle East and beyond.
Localist Constitutionalism
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter shows that, in the absence of bureaucratic institutions, courts were the primary institutions by which central political authorities could enforce law and policy in localities. The courts, in turn, were local institutions under local control in every colony except, perhaps, Pennsylvania. In many colonies juries that determined both law and fact used their power to nullify legislation and other commands of central government. In other colonies, county courts were self-perpetuating bodies whose judges felt free to ignore the commands of appellate courts and other central authorities. Other colonies were so small that power was necessarily local in nature. Pennsylvania was the only large colony in which the Supreme Court controlled the work of lower courts, but its authority was also under challenge.
Columbanus and the Language of Concord
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: May 2018

The ancient language of concord expressed the desire for unity within a culturally and ethnically diverse Roman empire. Stoic cosmopolitanism, its philosophical underpinning, saw diversity as part of the natural order of the harmonious cosmos. The diversity of the empire, therefore, reflected the variety of the natural world, and the Pax romana was an earthly manifestation of the Pax deorum. These ideals were appropriated, and transformed, by the earliest Christian writers for whom unity was a doctrinal imperative. The language and images of Christian concord were fundamental to Columbanus’s expression of his Irish identity and understanding of the Church as the home of all peoples. In his calls for unity following the divisions caused by the Easter controversy and poor leadership, Columbanus used the rhetoric of concord to promote an ideal of diversity that is no threat to harmony and a form of unity that is not mere uniformity.
The Political Background to Columbanus’s Irish Career
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: May 2018

Jonas of Bobbio states that Columbanus’s place of birth was in the region of Leinster, and that he moved to Ulster only when he was a young adult. This chapter explores the political developments in Leinster in the generation before Columbanus’s move to Bangor and suggests that his departure from Leinster may have had more than a spiritual motivation. Columbanus brought with him to the Continent not just a burning zeal for conversion and the spreading of the gospel, but also a deep-rooted understanding of how the worlds of politics and religion were inseparable, not just in his native Ireland but also in the new world in which he arrived in 590–591.