bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Diet Quality and Increased Nutrient Intakes Associated with Grape Product Consumption by U.S. Children and Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2008
Authors: McGill Carla R. , Keast Debra R. , Painter James E. , Romano Courtney S. , Wightman JoLynne D.
Published: June 2013

Fruit contributes to dietary nutrient density and consumption of fruit in several forms (whole, dried, or 100% juice) has been reported to be associated with a healthier dietary pattern. The goal of this study was to examine the associations of the consumption of grapes (including fresh grapes, raisins, and 100% grape juice) with diet quality and food group/nutrient intake. A secondary analysis of Natl. Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003 to 2008 data was conducted to compare grape consumers (GC) with nongrape consumers (NGC) among children aged 2 to 19 y (n = 9622) and adults 20+ y (n = 12251). GC were defined as those who mentioned the consumption of fresh grapes, raisins, or 100% grape juice during 1 or both 24‐h recall interviews. Compared to NGC, GC had higher Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI‐2005) scores and higher intakes of total and whole fruit along with lower intakes of solid fat, added sugars, and calories from solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars (SoFAAS). Among adults, GC also had higher intakes than NGC of total and dark green/orange vegetables. Among both age groups, GC had higher intake than NGC of several key nutrients including dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Consumption of grape products is associated with a healthier dietary pattern and higher intake of key nutrients by both children and adults.
Raisins and Oral Health
Authors: Wong Allen , Young Douglas A. , Emmanouil Dimitris E. , Wong Lynne M. , Waters Ashley R. , Booth Mark T.
Published: June 2013

Traditionally, raisins have been thought to promote dental caries due to their suspected “stickiness” and sugar content. Current research identifies some evidence contrary to traditional thought, suggesting that raisins may not contribute to dental caries. This article reviews new findings with regards to raisins and the 3 conditions that are thought to contribute to the formation of dental caries; low oral pH, adherence of food to teeth, and biofilm (bacterial) behavior. The studies reviewed concluded that raisin: consumption alone does not drop oral pH below the threshold that contributes to enamel dissolution, do not remain on the teeth longer than other foods, and contain a variety of antioxidants that inhibit Streptococcus Mutans, bacteria that is a primary cause of dental caries. Further research in this area should be considered.
Treatment of low back pain: randomized clinical trial comparing a multidisciplinary group‐based rehabilitation program with oral drug treatment up to 12 months
Authors: Tavafian Sedigheh Sadat , Jamshidi Ahmad Reza , Mohammad Kazem
Published: June 2013

Background

This study aimed to examine the effects of a multidisciplinary treatment program on health‐related quality of life of Iranian patients living with chronic low back, at 12 months follow‐up.

Methods

This study is an extended follow‐up of an original randomized, controlled trial with registration number NCT00600197. In the present study 87 patients in an intervention group and 91 patients in a control group were assessed at 12 months follow‐up. The intervention was a group‐based multidisciplinary rehabilitation program which continued by monthly motivational consultation by telephone from 6 to 12 months after intervention. Data from three standard measures, Short Form 36 (SF‐36), QDS and RDQ were collected at 3, 6 and 12 months follow‐up and analyzed through repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results

Despite the similarity between the two groups who completed the 6 month follow‐up in terms of all baseline variables, there were significant differences between the two groups in all domains of the SF‐36 scale, as well as QDS and RDQ scales (P < 0.05). Also, there were differences within each group over time in the SF‐36 domains and disability measurements (P < 0.05). The physical function mean score differed significantly when the interaction between groups and time points was examined (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

This study indicates that the multidisciplinary program could improve the domains of health related quality of life and disability in chronic low back pain patients up to 12 months.
A comparison of pre‐operative nerve stimulator‐guided femoral nerve block and fascia iliaca compartment block in patients with a femoral neck fracture
Authors: Newman B. , McCarthy L. , Thomas P. W. , May P. , Layzell M. , Horn K.
Published: June 2013

We undertook a randomised, controlled trial to compare the analgesic efficacy and opioid sparing effect of nerve stimulator‐guided femoral nerve block with fascia iliaca compartment block in patients awaiting surgery for fractured neck of femur. Ten‐centimetre visual analogue pain scores were measured before and 2 h after the block and opioid consumption was recorded in the 12‐h period after the block. One hundred and ten patients were randomly assigned. Femoral nerve block provided superior pre‐operative analgesia for fractured neck of femur compared with fascia iliaca compartment block. The difference in the mean reduction of pain score after the block was 0.9 (95% CI 0–1.8); p = 0.047. Patients receiving a femoral nerve block required less morphine after the block than those receiving fascia iliaca compartment block (p = 0.041).
Histological and histochemical study of the digestive system of the Argentine anchovy larvae (Engraulis anchoita) at different developmental stages of their ontogenetic development
Authors: Cohen Stefanía , Diaz Marina V. , Díaz Alcira O.
Published: June 2013

In this work, histological and histochemical features of the larval digestive system of Argentine anchovy Engraulis anchoita were described. Structural changes during ontogenetic development were also characterized, and comparisons between the beginning and the end of larval development were made. Histological sections of larvae were subjected to histochemical and routine histological techniques to localize and differentiate glycoproteins (GPs). Both at an early and a late larval stage, the oesophageal goblet cells reacted more intensely than those of the rest of the digestive tract, and only the oesophagus exhibited metachromasia with toluidine blue techniques at different pHs, thus revealing diverse GPs at different concentrations. The GPs histochemical composition in the intestine varied with the developmental stage and the intestinal zone. The absence of goblet cells characterized the foregut; however, they started differentiation at an advanced stage in the midgut. These cells could be detected in the hindgut both at the beginning and at the end of development. The attached glands showed a varied glycoprotein composition. The digestive tract of E. anchoita presented a high level of complexity, related to the multiple functions of mucus in the digestive tract, such as lubrication, protection, antimicrobial function and ionic and osmotic regulation.
Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling Study of Podophyllotoxin Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization
Authors: Ma Yaqiong , Fang Senbiao , Li Huanhuan , Han Chao , Lu Yan , Zhao Yonglong , Liu Yingqian , Zhao Chunyan
Published: June 2013

Microtubules are considered as important targets of anticancer therapy. Podophyllotoxin and its structural derivative are major microtubule‐interfering agents with potent anticancer activity. In this study, we reported the anticancer effects of 10 representative podophyllotoxin derivatives on a panel of four human cancer cell lines. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (6b) and β‐apopicropodophyllotoxin (6g) elicited strong antiproliferative effects (IC50) at a range of 0.0073–0.14 μm. Direct tubulin depolymerization assay in vitro was also performed. Results showed that that the two compounds can inhibit microtubule polymerization. Experimental measurements were also supported by molecular dynamic simulations, which showed that the two active compounds formed interactions with the colchicine‐binding site of the tubulin protein. Our results helped us understand the nature of tubulin binding and determine the core design of a new series of potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization.
Inhibitors of Apoptotic Proteins: New Targets for Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Saleem Mohammad , Qadir Muhammad Imran , Perveen Nadia , Ahmad Bashir , Saleem Uzma , Irshad Tehseen , Ahmad Bashir
Published: June 2013

Inhibitors of apoptotic proteins (IAPs) can play an important role in inhibiting apoptosis by exerting their negative action on caspases (apoptotic proteins). There are eight proteins in this family: NAIP/BIRC1/NLRB, cellular IAP1 (cIAP1)/human IAP2/BIRC2, cellular IAP2 (cIAP2)/human IAP1/BIRC3, X‐linked IAP (XIAP)/BIRC4, survivin/BIRC5, baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR)‐containing ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme/apollon/BIRC6, livin/melanoma‐IAP (ML‐IAP)/BIRC7/KIAP, and testis‐specific IAP (Ts‐IAP)/hILP‐2/BIRC8. Deregulation of these inhibitors of apoptotic proteins (IAPs) may push cell toward cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Inhibitors of apoptotic proteins (IAPs) may provide new target for anticancer therapy. Drugs may be developed that are inhibiting these IAPs to induce apoptosis in cancerous cells.
Synthesis and SAR Studies of Dual AKT/NF‐κB Inhibitors Against Melanoma
Authors: Barile Elisa , De Surya K. , Feng Yongmei , Chen Vida , Yang Li , Ronai Ze'ev , Pellecchia Maurizio
Published: June 2013

The protein Kinase B alpha (AKT) and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) pathways are central regulators of cellular signaling events at the basis of tumor development and progression. Both pathways are often up‐regulated in different tumor types including melanoma. We recently reported the identification of compound 1 (BI‐69A11) as inhibitor of the AKT and the NF‐κB pathways. Here, we describe SAR studies that led to novel fluorinated derivatives with increased cellular potency, reflected in efficient inhibition of AKT and IKKs. Selected compounds demonstrated effective toxicity on melanoma, breast, and prostate cell lines. Finally, a representative derivative showed promising efficacy in an in vivo melanoma xenograft model.
Aicardi–Goutières syndrome: a model disease for systemic autoimmunity
Authors: Lee-Kirsch M A , Wolf C , Günther C
Published: June 2013

Systemic autoimmunity is a complex disease process that results from a loss of immunological tolerance characterized by the inability of the immune system to discriminate self from non-self. In patients with the prototypic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), formation of autoantibodies targeting ubiquitous nuclear antigens and subsequent deposition of immune complexes in the vascular bed induces inflammatory tissue injury that can affect virtually any organ system. Given the extraordinary genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of SLE, one approach to the genetic dissection of complex SLE is to study monogenic diseases, for which a single gene defect is responsible. Considerable success has been achieved from the analysis of the rare monogenic disorder Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS), an inflammatory encephalopathy that clinically resembles in-utero-acquired viral infection and that also shares features with SLE. Progress in understanding the cellular and molecular functions of the AGS causing genes has revealed novel pathways of the metabolism of intracellular nucleic acids, the major targets of the autoimmune attack in patients with SLE. Induction of autoimmunity initiated by immune recognition of endogenous nucleic acids originating from processes such as DNA replication/repair or endogenous retro-elements represents novel paradigms of SLE pathogenesis. These findings illustrate how investigating rare monogenic diseases can also fuel discoveries that advance our understanding of complex disease. This will not only aid the development of improved tools for SLE diagnosis and disease classification, but also the development of novel targeted therapeutic approaches.
C677T mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and neural tube defects: Should Japanese women undergo gene screening before pregnancy?
Authors: Kondo Atsuo , Fukuda Hiromi , Matsuo Takuya , Shinozaki Keiko , Okai Ikuyo
Published: June 2013

We analyzed the role of maternal C677T mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene on spina bifida development in newborns. A total of 115 mothers who had given birth to a spina bifida child (SB mothers) gave 10 mL of blood together with written informed consent. The genotype distribution of C677T mutation was assessed and compared with that of the 4517 control individuals. The prevalence of the homozygous genotype (TT) among SB mothers was not significantly different from that among the controls (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31–1.25; P = 0.182), suggesting that MTHFR 677TT genotype in Japan is not associated with spina bifida development in newborns. The T allele frequency was not increased in SB mothers (34.8%) as compared to that of the control individuals (38.2%). Further, the internationally reported association between the two groups was found to be similar in all 15 countries studied except the Netherlands, where the TT genotype was found to be a genetic risk factor for spina bifida. For the prevention of affected pregnancy every woman planning to conceive has to take folic acid supplements 400 μg a day and the government is asked to take action in implementing food fortification with folic acid in the near future. In conclusion, it is not necessary for Japanese women to undergo genetic screening C677T mutation of the MTHFR gene as a predictive marker for spina bifida prior to pregnancy, because the TT genotype is not a risk factor for having an affected infant.
Adult left liver transplantation from split livers and living donors: a 14‐year single‐center experience
Authors: Boillot Olivier , Sagnard Pierre , Guillaud Olivier , Ber Charles‐Eric , Pouyet Michel , Dumortier Jérôme
Published: June 2013

Background

In an era of organ scarcity, the use of left liver grafts for adult recipients could increase the access to liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the results in a single‐center series of adult left LT over a 14‐yr period.

Patients and methods

Between March 1996 and March 2010, 30 adult patients underwent LT with a left liver obtained from 16 split cadaveric livers and 14 living donors (LD). Portal vein inflow modulation was performed in selected cases.

Results

A total of 19 (63.3%) grafts had early dysfunction leading to graft failure in six cases (20%). One third of the grafts developed small‐for‐size syndrome (SFSS). One‐yr patient and graft survival was 80% and 76.7%, respectively. Regarding two successive periods, one‐yr patient and graft survival dramatically increased from 62.5% to 100% (p = 0.01) and 56.2% to 100% (p = 0.002), respectively. Multivariate analysis disclosed that completion of a portosystemic shunt and the occurrence of post‐operative ascites were significantly associated with graft failure.

Conclusions

Our results support that improved surgical techniques and careful patient selection can lead to a safe use of left livers for transplantation in adult recipients. Inflow modulation could be performed in very selected cases.
Understanding the relationship between trust in health care and attitudes toward living donor transplant among African Americans with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: McDonald Evangeline L. , Powell C. Lamonte , Perryman Jennie P. , Thompson Nancy J. , Jacob Arriola Kimberly R.
Published: June 2013

Transplantation is the favored therapy for patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Unfortunately, demand for available organs far outpaces the supply. African Americans are disproportionately affected by the ever‐widening gap between organ supply and demand. Additionally, structural, biological, and social factors contribute to feelings of unease some African Americans may feel regarding living donor transplant (LDT). The present research examines the relationship between trust in health care and attitudes toward LDT among African American ESRD patients. We hypothesized that lower trust in health care would be significantly associated with negative attitudes toward LDT, and that this relationship would be moderated by patient attitudes toward dialysis. Data were collected from August 2011 to April 2012 as part of a larger study. Measures included trust (of doctors, racial equity of treatment, and hospitals) and attitudes toward both LDT and dialysis. Bivariate analysis revealed that trust in one's doctor, hospital, and in racial equity in health care was significantly correlated with attitudes toward LDT (r = 0.265; r = 0.131; and r = 0.202, respectively). Additionally, attitudes toward dialysis moderated the relationships between Trust in Doctors/Attitudes toward LDT and Trust in Racial equity of treatment/Attitudes toward LDT. Findings suggest a strong relationship between trust in health care and attitudes toward LDT. These findings also shed light on how dialysis experiences are related to the relationship between trust in health care and attitudes toward LDT.
Detection and characteristics of individuals with a very long duration of untreated psychosis in an early intervention for psychosis service
Authors: O'Donoghue Brian , Lyne John , Kinsella Anthony , Turner Niall , O'Callaghan Eadbhard , Clarke Mary
Published: June 2013

Aim

Early intervention (EI) services for psychosis aim to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) with intensive large‐scale multi‐focus initiatives, including public awareness campaigns. As a consequence of this approach, individuals with a very long DUP who might have otherwise remained undiagnosed may come to medical attention. The aim of this study was to investigate if an EI service detected additional cases of individuals with a first‐episode psychosis (FEP) with a very long DUP and identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with a very long DUP.

Methods

We compared the distribution of the DUP in cases with FEP in a cohort from an EI service in a geographically defined catchment area with a historical control group. Participants were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) diagnoses and the Beiser scale to determine the DUP.

Results

A total of 172 individuals were included in the EI service and 151 were included from the historical control. There was no difference in the distribution of the DUP in the EI service compared with the historical control group (χ2 = 3.77, degrees of freedom (d.f.) = 3, P = 0.29). In the EI service, 7.6% of cases had a DUP between 24 and 35.9 months compared to 3.3% in the historical control, and 13.4% of cases in the EI service had a DUP of greater than three years compared to 10.6% in the historical control. A very long DUP was associated with unemployment, less insight and involuntary treatment.

Conclusion

Further examination of the pathways to care in cases with a long DUP may clarify the contribution of help‐seeking and health system delays for these individuals.
Pairing as an instructional strategy to promote soft skills amongst clinical dental students
Authors: Abu Kasim N. H. , Abu Kassim N. L. , Razak A. A. A. , Abdullah H. , Bindal P. , Che' Abdul Aziz Z. A. , Sulaiman E. , Farook M. S. , Gonzalez M. A. G. , Thong Y. L. , Ahmad N. A. , Naimie Z. , Abdullah M. , Lui J. L. , Abdul Aziz A.
Published: June 2013

Training dentists today is challenging as they are expected to provide a wide range of dental care. In the provision of good dental care, soft skills are equally important as clinical skills. Therefore in dental education the development of soft skills are of prime concern. This study sought to identify the development of soft skills when dental students are paired in their clinical training. In this perception study, four open‐ended items were used to elicit students' feedback on the appropriateness of using clinical pairing as an instructional strategy to promote soft skills. The most frequently cited soft skills were teamwork (70%) and communication (25%) skills. However, both negative and positive behaviours were reported. As for critical thinking and problem solving skills, more positive behaviours were reported for abilities such as to explain, analyze, find ideas and alternative solutions, and make decisions. Leadership among peers was not evident as leading without legitimate authority could be a hindrance to its development. If clinical pairing is to be used as an effective instructional strategy to promote soft skills amongst students, clear guidelines need to be developed to prepare students to work in a dental team and the use of appropriate assessment tools can facilitate the development of these soft skills.
When condition trumps location: seed consumption by fruit‐eating birds removes pathogens and predator attractants
Authors: Fricke Evan C. , Simon Melissa J. , Reagan Karen M. , Levey Douglas J. , Riffell Jeffrey A. , Carlo Tomás A. , Tewksbury Joshua J.
Published: June 2013

Seed ingestion by frugivorous vertebrates commonly benefits plants by moving seeds to locations with fewer predators and pathogens than under the parent. For plants with high local population densities, however, movement from the parent plant is unlikely to result in ‘escape’ from predators and pathogens. Changes to seed condition caused by gut passage may also provide benefits, yet are rarely evaluated as an alternative. Here, we use a common bird‐dispersed chilli pepper (Capsicum chacoense) to conduct the first experimental comparison of escape‐related benefits to condition‐related benefits of animal‐mediated seed dispersal. Within chilli populations, seeds dispersed far from parent plants gained no advantage from escape alone, but seed consumption by birds increased seed survival by 370% – regardless of dispersal distance – due to removal during gut passage of fungal pathogens and chemical attractants to granivores. These results call into question the pre‐eminence of escape as the primary advantage of dispersal within populations and document two overlooked mechanisms by which frugivores can benefit fruiting plants.
High resolution MRI difference between moyamoya disease and intracranial atherosclerosis
Authors: Kim Y. J. , Lee D.H. , Kwon J. Y. , Kang D. W. , Suh D. C. , Kim J. S. , Kwon S. U.
Published: June 2013

Background and purpose

Along with intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD), moyamoya disease (MMD) is the most common cause of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in Asians. Although they have differing vascular wall pathologies, conventional angiographic evaluation methods cannot easily differentiate MMD from ICAD in certain situations, such as in young patients with atherosclerotic risk factors. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR‐MRI) findings for the diseased segments of MCAs in MMD and symptomatic ICAD were compared to further elucidate differences in arterial wall changes.

Methods

Angiographically confirmed patients, 12 MMD and 20 ICAD, who suffered a stroke due to MCA occlusion were recruited and underwent HR‐MRI. The size of the outer diameter and other stenotic vessel wall characteristics revealed by HR‐MRI, including enhancement, eccentricity and other lesion patterns, were analyzed by two independent reviewers in a blind fashion.

Results

MMD patients were younger than ICAD patients (32.92 ± 11.08 years vs. 51.85 ± 11.97 years; mean ± SD) and displayed a smaller outer diameter in the stenotic portion (1.61 ± 0.43 mm for MMD vs. 3.03 ± 0.53 mm for ICAD, P < 0.0001). Eccentric lesions (three of 12 in MMD vs. 19 of 20 in ICAD, P < 0.0001) and focal enhancements in diseased areas (two of seven in MMD vs. 13 of 17 in ICAD, P = 0.061) were less common in MMD cases.

Conclusions

Our HR‐MRI findings show that MMD is associated with smaller, concentric occlusive lesions which are rarely enhanced compared with symptomatic ICAD, consistent with the results of previous pathological reports. HR‐MRI may therefore have utility in differentiating MMD from ICAD.
Biomarkers of delirium as a clue to diagnosis and pathogenesis of Wernicke−Korsakoff syndrome
Authors: Wijnia J. W. , Oudman E.
Published: June 2013

Background and purpose

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff's syndrome are considered to be different stages of the same disorder due to thiamine deficiency, which is called Wernicke−Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). The earliest biochemical change is the decrease of α‐ketoglutarate‐dehydrogenase activity in astrocytes. According to autopsy‐based series, mental status changes are present in 82% of WE cases. The objective of the present review is to identify possible underlying mechanisms relating the occurrence of delirium to WKS.

Methods

Studies involving delirium in WKS, however, are rare. Therefore, first, a search was done for candidate biomarkers of delirium irrespective of the clinical setting. Secondly, the results were focused on identification of these biomarkers in reports on WKS.

Results

In various settings, 10 biochemical and/or genetic biomarkers showed strong associations with the occurrence of delirium. For WKS three of these candidate biomarkers were identified, namely brain tissue cell counts of CD68 positive cells as a marker of microglial activation, high cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels, and MHPG, a metabolite of norepinephrine. Based on current literature, markers of microglial activation may present an interesting patho‐etiological relationship between thiamine deficiency and delirium in WKS.

Conclusions

In WKS cases, changes in astroglia and microglial proliferation were reported. The possible loss‐of‐function mechanisms following thiamine deficiency in WKS are proposed to come from microglial activation, resulting in a delirium in the initial phase of WKS.
Forehead Patch Size Predicts the Outcome of Male–Male Competition in the Pied Flycatcher
Authors: Järvistö Pauliina E. , Laaksonen Toni , Calhim Sara
Published: June 2013

Males of many animal species express ornaments that affect their reproduction opportunities through male–male competition or female mate choice. Such ornaments can, for example, inform conspecifics about the fighting ability, condition or territory ownership of the bearer. Pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) males have a conspicuous white forehead patch that varies greatly in size. We examined whether the white forehead patch is an intrasexually selected trait in aFinnish population. We artificially manipulated forehead patch size to represent two naturally occurring extremes and competed males against each other in the presence of a female. Males with a large forehead patch were more aggressive than males with a small patch, whereas the original patch size of the male had no influence on aggression. Neither manipulated nor original patch size influenced resource dominance (over female or nest box). These results indicate that forehead patch signals fighting ability of the bearer in the pied flycatcher. The next step is to find out what kind of costs may maintain the honesty of this signal.
Clinical and pharmacokinetic effects of regional or general anaesthesia on intravenous regional limb perfusion with amikacin in horses
Authors: Mahne A. T. , Rioja E. , Marais H. J. , Villarino N. F. , Rubio‐Martinez L. M.
Published: June 2013

Reasons for performing study

Antimicrobial i.v. regional limb perfusion (IV‐RLP) is clinically performed on anaesthetised or sedated horses with or without regional anaesthesia. To date, no scientific data are available on the clinical and pharmacokinetic effects of these anaesthetic protocols on antimicrobial IV‐RLP, which is believed to result in better tourniquet efficiency due to decreased movement.

Objective

To determine the effects of regional or general anaesthesia on the clinical and synovial pharmacokinetic parameters of amikacin administered by IV‐RLP to horses.

Study design

Experimental crossover study.

Methods

Eight healthy horses received 4 treatments of amikacin IV‐RLP in a randomised, blinded, crossover design: standing sedation without regional anaesthesia (CNT); standing sedation with i.v. regional anaesthesia; standing sedation with perineural regional anaesthesia (PNA); or general anaesthesia. Synovial fluid amikacin concentrations were measured over 24 h and regional pharmacokinetic parameters calculated. Heart and respiratory rates, visual analogue scale of discomfort, number of times the limb was lifted and number of additional sedations administered were recorded. Analysis of variance crossover analysis was applied with significance level at P<0.05.

Results

Amikacin concentrations and regional pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly among treatments. Visual analogue scores (mean ± s.d.) were significantly lower with PNA (19 ± 15) vs. i.v. regional anaesthesia (69 ± 36) or CNT (81 ± 13; P<0.001). Significantly less lifting of the limb (mean ± s.d.) occurred with PNA (20 ± 20) vs. CNT (54 ± 22; P<0.04).

Conclusions

Perineural regional anaesthesia before IV‐RLP was most effective in providing comfort to standing, sedated horses without significantly affecting the regional pharmacokinetic parameters of amikacin. High variability of synovial amikacin concentrations was present. The use of general anaesthesia for IV‐RLP is not justified based on this study.
Rotenone induces neuronal death by microglial phagocytosis of neurons
Authors: Emmrich Julius V. , Hornik Tamara C. , Neher Jonas J. , Brown Guy C.
Published: June 2013

Rotenone, a common pesticide and inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, induces microglial activation and loss of dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson's disease. However, the mechanisms of rotenone neurotoxicity are still poorly defined. Here, we used primary neuronal/glial cultures prepared from rat cerebella to investigate the contribution of microglia to neuronal cell death induced by low concentrations of rotenone. Rotenone at 2.5 nm induced neuronal loss over several days without increasing the numbers of necrotic or apoptotic neurons, and neuronal loss/death could be prevented by selective removal of microglia. Rotenone increased microglial proliferation and phagocytic activity, without increasing tumour necrosis factor‐α release. Rotenone‐induced neuronal loss/death could be prevented by inhibition of phagocytic signalling between neurons and microglia with: cyclo(Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐d‐Phe‐Val) (to block the microglial vitronectin receptor); MRS2578 (to block the microglial P2Y6 receptor); or either annexin V or an antibody against phosphatidylserine (to block exposed phosphatidylserine, a well‐characterized neuronal ‘eat‐me’ signal). As inhibition of phagocytosis by five different means prevented neuronal loss without increasing neuronal death, these data indicate that rotenone neurotoxicity is at least partially mediated by microglial phagocytosis of otherwise viable neurons (phagoptosis). Thus, neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease and other neurological diseases might be prevented by blocking phagocytic signalling.
Emerging Market Exposures and the Predictability of Hedge Fund Returns
Authors: Caglayan Mustafa Onur , Ulutas Sevan
Published: June 2013

We examine emerging market and global macro hedge funds and find a significant positive relation between hedge funds’ future returns and their exposure to both emerging market equities and emerging market currencies. We present evidence that the strong predictive power of emerging market betas is related to the superior market‐timing ability of these fund managers. Results are robust after controlling for commonly used hedge fund factors, the emerging market equity index, lagged fund returns, liquidity risk, and fund characteristics. Our results suggest that hedge funds can earn positive excess returns by timing their exposure to emerging market securities.
Mineralisation of dissolved organic matter by heterotrophic stream biofilm communities in a large boreal catchment
Authors: Franke Doreen , Bonnell E. Jennifer , Ziegler Susan E.
Published: June 2013

Boreal headwater streams typically receive large contributions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from wetland and forest soils and can exhibit high CO2 effluxes, but little is known about how stream biofilm respiration of DOM responds to carbon and nutrient substrates in boreal catchments.

The aim of this study was to assess (i) the response of heterotrophic biofilms to increased availability of labile carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and (ii) how this response varies across sites differing in the source of catchment organic matter.

Normalised biofilm respiration rates (RBiofilm) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of DOM sources derived from wetland, deciduous forest and ponds were up to 10 times greater than for coniferous forest DOM. Experimental additions of bog‐ and pond‐derived DOM stimulated RBiofilm in coniferous forest sites (1.5–2.5 times), adding further weight to the evidence for differing responses to stream DOM sources in this boreal catchment.

Mineralisation of added glucose by the biofilms was only increased by added N and P, coinciding with a reduction in mineralisation of the extant stream DOM. These findings suggest that increases in labile C, N and P can reduce biofilm mineralisation of stream dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus, perhaps due to the greater energy required to access the more complex DOM.

In 15 of 19 experiments, the addition of glucose had no effect on biofilm mineralisation of stream DOC (RDOC). In the presence of added N and P, however, RDOC decreased by 30 to 38% with the addition of glucose at sites with the most active biofilms in summer. When glucose was added alone, conversely, RDOC was stimulated (40–50%) at these same sites in autumn, when biofilm respiration was lower and DOM more aromatic and less carbohydrate‐rich. Combined, these results suggest labile C sources, such as algal exudates, may (i) compete as a source of energy and/or stimulate the incorporation rather than mineralisation of the more N‐ and P‐rich stream DOM or (ii) stimulate the mineralisation of stream DOM, potentially depending upon nutrient availability and the composition of stream DOM.
Filamentous sulfur bacteria preserved in modern and ancient phosphatic sediments: implications for the role of oxygen and bacteria in phosphogenesis
Authors: Bailey J. V. , Corsetti F. A. , Greene S. E. , Crosby C. H. , Liu P. , Orphan V. J.
Published: June 2013

Marine phosphate‐rich sedimentary deposits (phosphorites) are important geological reservoirs for the biologically essential nutrient phosphorous. Phosphorites first appear in abundance approximately 600 million years ago, but their proliferation at that time is poorly understood. Recent marine phosphorites spatially correlate with the habitats of vacuolated sulfide‐oxidizing bacteria that store polyphosphates under oxic conditions to be utilized under sulfidic conditions. Hydrolysis of the stored polyphosphate results in the rapid precipitation of the phosphate‐rich mineral apatite—providing a mechanism to explain the association between modern phosphorites and these bacteria. Whether sulfur bacteria were important to the formation of ancient phosphorites has been unresolved. Here, we present the remains of modern sulfide‐oxidizing bacteria that are partially encrusted in apatite, providing evidence that bacterially mediated phosphogenesis can rapidly permineralize sulfide‐oxidizing bacteria and perhaps other types of organic remains. We also describe filamentous microfossils that resemble modern sulfide‐oxidizing bacteria from two major phosphogenic episodes in the geologic record. These microfossils contain sulfur‐rich inclusions that may represent relict sulfur globules, a diagnostic feature of modern sulfide‐oxidizing bacteria. These findings suggest that sulfur bacteria, which are known to mediate the precipitation of apatite in modern sediments, were also present in certain phosphogenic settings for at least the last 600 million years. If polyphosphate‐utilizing sulfide‐oxidizing bacteria also played a role in the formation of ancient phosphorites, their requirements for oxygen, or oxygen‐requiring metabolites such as nitrate, might explain the temporal correlation between the first appearance of globally distributed marine phosphorites and increasing oxygenation of Neoproterozoic oceans.
Efficient expression and purification of recombinant human μ‐calpain using an Escherichia coli expression system
Authors: Hata Shoji , Kitamura Fujiko , Sorimachi Hiroyuki
Published: June 2013

Calpains comprise a superfamily of Ca2+‐regulated cysteine proteases that are indispensable for the regulation of various cellular functions. Of these, the mammalian μ‐ and m‐calpains are the best characterized isoforms. They are ubiquitously expressed and form heterodimers consisting of a distinct 80‐kDa catalytic subunit (CAPN1 for μ‐calpain and CAPN2 for m‐calpain) and a common 30‐kDa regulatory subunit (CAPNS1). To date, various expression systems have been developed for producing recombinant calpains for structural and functional studies; however, no low‐cost, simple and efficient bacterial expression system for μ‐calpain has been available, because the protein forms aggregates. Here, we established an efficient method for producing active recombinant human μ‐calpain using an Escherichia coli expression system. This was achieved by co‐expressing CAPN1 and CAPNS1 lacking the N‐terminal Gly‐rich domain (CAPNS1ΔGR) in the SoluBL21 strain. From 1 L of E. coli culture, over 2 and 6 mg, respectively, of μ‐calpain and its active‐site mutant μ‐calpain:C115S (CAPN1:C115S+CAPNS1ΔGR) were purified by two successive column chromatographies. Compared to the native enzyme, the purified μ‐calpain showed almost identical properties, demonstrating its suitability for use in structural and functional studies. This is the first report of the bacterial expression and the simple and efficient purification of active recombinant μ‐calpain.
Characterization of joint disease in mucopolysaccharidosis type I mice
Authors: de Oliveira Patricia G. , Baldo Guilherme , Mayer Fabiana Q. , Martinelli Barbara , Meurer Luise , Giugliani Roberto , Matte Ursula , Xavier Ricardo M.
Published: June 2013

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage disorders characterized by mutations in enzymes that degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Joint disease is present in most forms of MPS, including MPS I. This work aimed to describe the joint disease progression in the murine model of MPS I. Normal (wild‐type) and MPS I mice were sacrificed at different time points (from 2 to 12 months). The knee joints were collected, and haematoxylin–eosin staining was used to evaluate the articular architecture. Safranin‐O and Sirius Red staining was used to analyse the proteoglycan and collagen content. Additionally, we analysed the expression of the matrix‐degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, using immunohistochemistry. We observed progressive joint alterations from 6 months, including the presence of synovial inflammatory infiltrate, the destruction and thickening of the cartilage extracellular matrix, as well as proteoglycan and collagen depletion. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the expression of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, which could conceivably explain the degenerative changes. Our results suggest that the joint disease in MPS I mice may be caused by a degenerative process due to increase in proteases expression, leading to loss of collagen and proteoglycans. These results may guide the development of ancillary therapies for joint disease in MPS I.
Conceptualization and measurement of personal norms regarding meal preparation
Authors: Costa Ana Isabel de Almeida
Published: June 2013

Past research has revealed that individual beliefs about the proper amount of time, effort and care that should be put into preparing daily household meals can lead to a moral obligation to cook regularly. Such perceived sense of duty may affect not only the frequency with which consumers prepare meals from scratch but also resort to using different home meal replacements. This paper presents the conceptualization, development and validation of psychographic scales that measure the direction and strength of personal norms regarding meal preparation. Literature review, qualitative research and pre‐testing generated a pool of 40 items related to the constructs of interest. These were subsequently administered to a random sample of 590 adults as part of a household mail survey on meals and meal preparation. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability testing of survey results produced four new psychometric measures with adequate construct validity:Personal norm about cooking,Awareness of the psychological consequences of ready meal use, Awareness of the health consequences of ready meal useandAscription of responsibility for cooking. These measures can be used to segment consumers according to their personal norms about meal preparation. This will help nutrition educators and policy makers to target messages about healthy eating more effectively, and it may also provide valuable support to the product development and marketing activities of food manufacturers.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors activate CIITA and MHC class II antigen expression in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Cycon Kelly A. , Mulvaney Kathleen , Rimsza Lisa M. , Persky Daniel , Murphy Shawn P.
Published: June 2013

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common form of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) diagnosed in the USA, consists of at least two distinct subtypes: germinal centre B (GCB) and activated B‐cell (ABC). Decreased MHC class II (MHCII) expression on the tumours in both DLBCL subtypes directly correlates with significant decreases in patient survival. One common mechanism accounting for MHCII down‐regulation in DLBCL is reduced expression of the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA), the master regulator of MHCII transcription. Furthermore, reduced CIITA expression in ABC DLBCL correlates with the presence of the transcriptional repressor positive regulatory domain‐I‐binding factor‐1 (PRDI‐BF1). However, the mechanisms underlying down‐regulation of CIITA in GCB DLBCL are currently unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that neither PRDI‐BF1 nor CpG hypermethylation at the CIITA promoters are responsible for decreased CIITA in GCB DLBCL. In contrast, histone modifications associated with an open chromatin conformation and active transcription were significantly lower at the CIITA promoters in CIITA− GCB cells compared with CIITA+ B cells, which suggests that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to repression of CIITA transcription. Treatment of CIITA− or CIITAlow GCB cells with several different histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) activated modest CIITA and MHCII expression. However, CIITA and MHCII levels were significantly higher in these cells after exposure to the HDAC‐1‐specific inhibitor MS‐275. These results suggest that CIITA transcription is repressed in GCB DLBCL cells through epigenetic mechanisms involving HDACs, and that HDACi treatment can alleviate repression. These observations may have important implications for patient therapy.
Abdominal wall reconstruction with Two‐step Technique (TST): a prospective study in 20 patients
Authors: Al Zarouni Marwan , Trelles Mario A. , Leclère Franck M.
Published: June 2013

Abdominal wall defects continue to be a challenging problem for reconstructive surgeons. The aim of our study was to report a 3‐year experience using a simple Two‐step Technique (TST) to treat abdominal wall defects. Between January 2008 and December 2010, 20 patients with abdominal wall defects were treated by TST. Patients had a mean age of 37·5 ± 14·9 years (range: 22–85 years); 5 were women and 15 were men. The size of the defects was prospectively analysed. Early and late complications were recorded. Hospital stay, post‐procedure downtime and patient overall satisfaction were systematically assessed. A secondary defect resulting from self‐manipulation and an infection were responsible for a complication rate of 10%. Both underwent successful surgical revision which led to full resolution. The average hospital stay was 11·2 ± 4·9 weeks for the series. Long‐term complications were scar hyperpigmentation in 11 cases, scar hypertrophy in 5 cases and scar widening in 3 cases. Mean patient satisfaction was 8·3 ± 0·5 [visual analogue scale (VAS) 0–10]. Average downtime post surgery was 4·1 ± 1·2 weeks. The mean follow‐up was 24·6 ± 6·7 months. Reconstruction of abdominal wall defect with the TST is a reliable and reproducible technique. This technique provides excellent outcomes, and we anticipate that it will become widespread in the near future.
Wells syndrome and its relationship to Churg–Strauss syndrome
Authors: Ratzinger Gudrun , Zankl Julia , Zelger Bernhard
Published: June 2013

Background  Wells syndrome has been described as an inflammatory disorder based on typical clinical appearance combined with the histopathological presence of eosinophilic infiltrates and flame figures in the absence of vasculitis. Churg–Strauss syndrome, on the other hand, is primarily a diffuse, necrotizing vasculitis but is also typically displaying eosinophils and flame figures. Despite several parallels, the present understanding of these two diseases excludes any pathogenetic relationship.

Methods  We describe the clinical course and histopathological appearance of three patients who had initially been diagnosed with Wells syndrome that developed into Churg–Strauss syndrome during the course of their disease.

Results  The clinical presentation of all three patients led to the diagnosis of Wells syndrome by independent specialists. Histopathology showed an eosinophilic infiltrate and flame figures next to features of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Detailed examination revealed asthma bronchiale and additional symptoms indicating Churg–Strauss syndrome. The initial diagnosis of Wells syndrome had to be revised to Churg–Strauss syndrome.

Conclusion  We conclude that Wells syndrome could be the starting point of a pathogenetic process that might reach its maximum in Churg–Strauss syndrome. As a clinical consequence, patients with Wells syndrome should be evaluated and followed for Churg–Strauss syndrome.
Cryosurgery Cure Rate of Premalignant Leukoplakia of the Lower Lip
Authors: LUBRITZ RONALD R. , SMOLEWSKI STEPHEN A.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Cryosurgery is a commonly used modality for treatment of benign and malignant lesions in dermatology. Although cryosurgery has been used for treatment of leukoplakia, to our knowledge there have been no published reports on specific cure rates. This article presents a preliminary clinical report on a cryosurgical technique for treatment of premalignant leukoplakia of the lower lip and the cure rates of 53 lesions with a follow‐up of at least 1 year.
Histologic Evaluation of Horizontal Frozen Sections: Microanatomy of the Eyelid
Authors: KORANDA FRANK C. , BENTLEY TERESA J.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The histologic appearance of tissues may be altered in horizontal frozen sections. In areas of specialized structures such as the eyelid, this can create confusion. The microanatomy of the eyelid in vertical paraffin sections and in horizontal frozen sections is presented.