bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic Properties of the Estimators
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren
Published: October 2023

This chapter starts with a brief discussion of the mixed Gaussian distribution, and a discussion of the normalization of the estimator (3. If we write (3 = (f3L (32)’ and assume that f31 has full rank then we can normalize the form We work with a different normalization and normalize the estimated eigenvectors using first the true value Thus We also work with the normalization on a matrix c with the property that c’(3 full rank. The most important result is given in Lemma 13.2 for and in Theorem 13.3 for The asymptotic behaviour is different in different directions given by the matrices (3, ‘Y and r; see the introduction to Chapter 10. The result is expressed as follows: Since Va is independent of G, the limit distribution conditional on G1.2 is Gaussian with mean zero, that is, the asymptotic distribution of /j is mixed c. We also give a result on the asymptotic distribution of /j under identifying restrictions, and the steps of the proof are given in exercise 13.7.
Gaussian Processes
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce
Published: October 2023

This chapter studies some examples of processes that are Gaussian or conditionally Gaussian.
The Black-Scholes Model
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce
Published: October 2023

This chapter investigates the Black-Scholes model in detail. What we call the Black-Scholes model is not the formula for the value of a standard call option, but rather the economy consisting of a money market account with a constant interest rate and a risky security which does not pay dividends and whose price follows a geometric Brownian motion.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: October 2023

Feminism is politics. Yet, judging from its impact on either theory or practice, feminism has been less successful in challenging ‘malestream’ politics than in the near-revolution it has achieved elsewhere. We are living through a time of major transformation in sexual relations: transformations that can be measured in the global feminization of the workforce, the rapid equalization between the sexes (at least in the richer countries) in educational participation and qualifications, and a marked increase in women’s self confidence and self-esteem that is probably the most lasting legacy of the contemporary women’s movement. The changes cannot be attributed to feminism alone, and are often ambiguous in their effects; but even if the reshaping of gender relations is partial and deeply problematic, it would be hard not to notice this as a period of significant change. In politics, by contrast, it still seems like business as usual. Certainly, the politics portrayed to us via the daily newspapers and television accounts remains overwhelmingly masculine in personnel and style; while in some parts of the world, women face direct attacks on recently achieved civil rights by parties and governments resisting the implications of sexual equality.
Angry Women are Building: Issues and Struggles Facing American Indian Women Today
Authors: Allen Paula Gunn
Published: October 2023

The central issue that confronts American Indian women throughout the hemisphere is survival, literal surviva both on a cultural and biological level. According to the l980 census, population of American Indians is just over one million. This figure, which is disputed by some American Indians, is probably a fair estimate, and it carries certain implications.
Colonialism and Modernity: Feminist Re-presentations of Women in Non Western Societies
Authors: Ong Aihwa
Published: October 2023

The irony of feminism is twofold: (i) As an oppositional subculture reproduced within the Western knowledge of the non-Western World, it is a field defined by historicism. This post-Enlightenment view holds that the world is a complex but unified unity culminating in the West. Liberal and socialist feminists alike apply the same incorporating world historical schemes to their understanding of women and men in the non-Western world.
The Persistence of Vision
Authors: Haraway Donna
Published: October 2023

How are love, power and science intertwined in the constructions of nature in the late twentieth century? What may count as nature for late industrial people? What forms does love of nature take in particular historical contexts? For whom and at what cost? In what specific places, out of which social and intellectual histories, and with what tools is nature constructed as an object of erotic and intellectual desire? How do the terrible marks of gender and race enable and constrain love and knowledge in particular cultural traditions, including the modern natural sciences? Who may contest for what the body of nature will be? These questions guide my history of the modern sciences and popular cultures emerging from accounts of the bodies and lives of monkeys and apes.
somebody Forgot to Tell Somebody Something’: African-American Women’s Historical Novels
Authors: Christian Barbara
Published: October 2023

The title of my essay is taken from a radio interview Ntozake Shange did with Toni Morrison in 1978, just after she had published Song of Solomon.’ Morrison’s comment referred to a generation of Afro Americans of the post-World War II era who had seen the new possibilities that period seemed to promise for their children and who thought that knowledge of their history--one of enslavement, disenfranchisement, and racism-might deter the younger generation’s hopes for the future.
Black Women’s Employment and the British Economy
Authors: Lewis Gail
Published: October 2023

In recent years it has become a commonplace ⃛ to accept that it is black people’ in general, and black women in particular, who have borne the brunt of the effects of the economic crisis. More particularly, the factors that give rise to this condition are said to be the interlocking of massive unemployment, government legislation and growing racialism in local areas.
Did Women Have a Renaissance?
Authors: Kelly Joan
Published: October 2023

One of the tasks of women’s history is to call into question accepted schemes of periodization. To take the emancipation of women as a vantage point is to discover that events that further the historical development of men, liberating them from natural, social, or ideological constraints, have quite different, even opposite, effects upon women.
The Housewife and the Humanists
Authors: Hutson Lorna
Published: October 2023

In 1541 Miles Coverdale published an English translation of the humanist Heinrich Bullinger’s guide to matrimony, Der Christlich Eestand (1540). It was to be, in English, an extremely influential text. It went through nine editions by 1575 and was the model for subsequent treatments of the subject.
A Canterbury Tale
Authors: Walter Linda
Published: October 2023

There are two quotations which have helped me perhaps more than any others in my life as a Christian. The first is from Harry Williams’ book, True Wilderness, in which, amongst other wonderfully useful things, he writes-’Refuse to be satisfied with anything less than what is totally satisfying-not what should satisfy, but what in fact does.’ These words stood by me when traditional worship and formula for prayer have left me cold.
Luther on the Image of God in Women
Authors: Douglass Jane Dempsey
Published: October 2023

‘So God created humankind in his image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them’ (Genesis 1 :25, New Revised Standard Version). Given the natural subordination of women (an overwhelming presumption until the twentieth century), Christian theologians had difficulty with the Genesis teaching that both male and female were made in the image of God. If both were in God’s image, why then not equal? Was it the Fall that brought on Eve’s subservience? In the reforming debates of the sixteenth century, traditional teachings on sex, women, and marriage were questioned.
Feminism and Christology
Authors: Hampson Daphne
Published: October 2023

There may be said to be three different types of Christology: ‘high’ Christologies, ‘low’ Christologies, and ‘message’ Christologies. A ‘high’ Christology is one which emphasizes Christ’s divinity, a ‘low’ Christology his humanity, and a ‘message’ type Christology one which looks to his words rather than to the nature of his person. Feminists have advocated Christologies of all three types.
The Challenge of the Darker Sister
Authors: Grant Jacquelyn
Published: October 2023

Theological investigation into the experiences of Christian Black women reveals that Black women considered the Bible to be a major source for religious validation in their lives. Though Black women’s relationship with God preceded their introduction to the Bible, this Bible gave some content to their God-consciousness. The source for Black women’s understanding of God has been twofold: first, God’s revelation directly to them, and secondly, God’s revelation as wit nessed in the Bible and as read and heard in the context of their experience.
The Breast of the Father
Authors: Harrison Verna E F
Published: October 2023

As described in Paedagogus I, Clement’s ideal human child combines symbolically masculine and feminine attributes. So does his ideal parent, God. His language of child-rearing describes the relationships between human and divine persons, so the symbols naming both sides within this conceptual world are interrelated. Thus, God the Father and the Logos both function and act in fatherly and motherly ways toward their human children.
‘It’s Merely Designed for Sexual Arousal’:* Interrogating the lndefensibility of Lesbian Smut
Authors: Ross Becki L
Published: October 2023

Our pictures felt like proof that our reality could be altered, that the world we lived in and were part of was not the only world, and that within our imaginations dwelt another reality that was mysterious and potent. For me this reality included the possibility of women together, and signified that beneath the outer trappings of our everyday masks and costumes there existed a body that hungered and thirsted for freedom That beneath the artifice there existed another ‘self,’ another, more authentic body-in my case, a lesbian body that was struggling to name itself by imagining and then imaging its own unspeakable yearnings.
House Prices as Predictors of Consumer Price Inflation?
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: October 2023

There is a consensus among ‘mainstream’ economists about how asset price fluctuations should be treated for purposes of monetary policy in principle, but no consensus in practice. The mainstream would have the monetary authorities, usually an independent central bank, give primacy to achieving price stability, preferably defined as an inflation target, where inflation is itself measured by some variant of the Retail or Consumer Price Index (RPI or CPI). Such an index consists of prices of current goods and services, but not assets directly.1 The consensus in principle is that the monetary authorities, whom we will hence- forth term the Central Bank, or CB, should adjust their current policy in so far as asset price fluctuations have predictive content for future RPI or CPI inflation. This was the message of Gertler et al. (1998), Vickers (1999), and Bernanke and Gertler (1999).
Convergence in Theory and Practice
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 3 we have already encountered the question of whether the incomes of distinct infinitely lived agents will converge together. This issue can be considered from either a theoretical or an empirical angle. For example, the Stiglitz model that was examined in Chapter 3 represents the theoretical approach. In fact the boundary between theory and the empirical is never absolute and not always obvious. So the striking theoretical findings of Stiglitz force us to view the empirical evidence in a new light. If persistent inequality is obvious and self-evident, then there is no need to seek out its major causes. But if that same persistent inequality is contrary to what theory would predict, as the simple Stiglitz model indicates, then the empirical evidence has to be viewed and analysed in a different way.
The Real Exchange Rate
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

The term real exchange rate is used so liberally in the economics literature that one might think that it has a unique unambiguous meaning. In fact it is used both to indicate relative price levels for traded goods in different countries, and also as a theoretical variable that measures the relative price for one country of its non-traded goods in comparison with traded goods. For the time being assume that goods are divided strictly and completely between tradeable goods that move freely in international trade, and non-tradeable goods that cannot be traded at all. This assumption is used by Dornbusch (1980). The assumption entails that the quality of traded goods, if it varies, can be readily and costlessly assessed. The non- traded goods may include immobile factors, as in the HOS model.
International Trade Rules, Politics, and the Environment
Authors: Bliss Christopher
Published: October 2023

The question that forms the first heading of this chapter admits of a simple, and short, answer: because actors are large. To confirm that this is the correct answer, one only needs to go back to the Arrow-Debreu general equilibrium model. In that model agents simply trade in order to achieve the best result possible from their private point of view, given the prices that they face. The same is true of the HOS model, and its derivatives, all of which are special cases of the Arrow-Debreu model. It makes no difference to that model if some of its agents are large, provided that these large agents maximize at given prices. Once agents are large, however, it becomes artificial to suppose that they will fail to understand the fact that the prices at which they trade are not independent of their choices and actions.
Reform through the Conventional Channels of the Church: The Conservative Approach
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

Our interest in this chapter is in the intellectual elite of Piagnone history: those persons who, having acquired considerable renown in the world of letters, found themselves attracted by the Savonarolan concept of reform and devoted their gifts to its advancement. Girolamo Benivieni, brother of Domenico, was one; Giovan francesco Pico another. The first was among the foremost Florentine poets of his generation; the second inherited the mantle of his illustrious uncle, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and was respected on both sides of the Alps as one of the foremost philosophers of the age. Although never to devote all their energies to the Savonarolan cause, which, while it was an important concern, always remained only one of several interests, they were never to renounce their allegiance to it. Faithful throughout their lives to the reforming ideal which Savonarola had advocated, they became identified with it and lent it their own particular aura of intellectual distinction. Even if their contribution to the movement was overshadowed by that of others more outspoken than they, the air of respectability with which they endowed it was of immeasurable benefit, and may indeed have helped to postpone its inevitable suppression.
‘By the Waters of Babylon’: The Death of a Movement
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

The capitulation of Florence was followed by a short period of respite. For a while at least, Bartolomeo Valori, who ruled Florence almost single-handed, as Clement VII’s deputy, was able to maintain a semblance of normality, despite an atmosphere charged with fear, hate, and despondency and a desultory attempt by the mob to attack and sack S. Marco.’ Indeed, the first major decisions taken to dismantle the republican political structure were characterized by punctilious legality and by the determination to preserve a degree of continuity between the old and new regime. As in 1512, a parlamento was called in order to appoint a Bafia with full powers to reform the government.
Epilogue
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

Having weathered the crisis of 1545-6, the worst it had faced till then, S. Marco resumed its activities and continued on its slow road to recovery. Once the memory of the humiliating defeat had faded, Cosimo ceased troubling the convent and even began to single it out for special favour. After years of mutual enmity it became convenient once again to emphasize the connection between S. Marco and the Medici which had existed from the time of Cosimo pater patriae. For its part, S. Marco gave the Prince the obeisance and honour he regarded as his due and ensured that no criticism either of the Medici or of the political system imposed on Florence would ever again emanate from its precincts.
New Phenomena as a Challenge to the Interpretation of the Berne and Rome Conventions
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

All legal norms, whether in a national law, an international treaty, or other legal instrument, were drafted at a particular point in time against the factual back ground prevailing at that time. In order to continue to be useful, the norms have to be adapted to new phenomena such as new technical, economic, and legal developments. Such adaptations may occur through amendments to legislation, revisions of treaties, or the conclusion of new treaties; where these are not realistic options (as in the case of the Rome and (after 1971) Berne Conventions), interpretation may help to a certain degree. Regarding the Berne and Rome Conventions, many new developments took place after 1961 and 1971, when the Rome Convention and the last revision of the Berne Convention were respectively adopted. They constituted challenges for the interpretation of these Conventions. This chapter illustrates these challenges on the basis of selected examples in order to show the need for new international provisions that indeed were later adopted as part of the TRIPS Agreement, the WCT, and the WPPT.
Bilateral Treaties
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

The fundamentally new development since the mid-1980s to include intellectual property into international trade law was not limited to the multilateral frame work. It extended to bilateral and regional treaties as well as unilateral trade measures. In all cases, the driving forces behind this new development were industrialized countries. The USA and the EC concluded most of the bilateral trade agreements covering intellectual property. Less known are similar treaties in other parts of the world. The agreements reveal major differences in content, scope, and policy.
The Protection of Audiovisual Performances
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

To date, audiovisual performances (ie performances which may be or are fixed on a visual or audiovisual medium), are hardly protected in multilateral treaties. Like other performances, they are not protected as works under any copyright treaties. In addition, their protection under the Rome Convention was largely excluded following insistence by the USA, which, however, never acceded to the Convention. The TRIPS Agreement covers audiovisual performances only in respect of the rights of live broadcasting and communication to the public; for other rights, it is limited to performances fixed on phonograms.3 Finally, recent attempts by WIPO to achieve an international protection for audio visual performances have failed, and little hope seems left to reach this aim in the near future. The lack of a meaningful international protection is exceptional: in all other important areas of copyright and neighbouring rights covered at the national level, international protection has been achieved. The reasons for this lack of international protection may be better understood when analysing the discussions and experiences made at the WIPO Diplomatic Conferences of 1996 and 2000, and thereafter.
From Victory to Defeat: Drumcree, 1996–1998
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P
Published: October 2023

As the second Drumcree marching season approached in 1996, a propaganda war broke out between Loyalists and Republicans, and the RUC Chief Constable, Hugh Annesley, kept both sides guessing as to his final decision. In a reprise of 1995, Orangemen, joined by many paramilitary elements, began massing in their thousands. In the crowd, different currents collided. Though united in their determination to get the march down the road, David Trimble, Ian Paisley, Joel Patton, Martin Smyth, and the paramilitary leaders possessed varying agendas and vied for leadership of the event. The tragic death of the Catholic taxi driver Michael McGoldrick showed that the paramilitary element had few qualms about venting its spleen through violence.
Framework for Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

Policing in the twenty-first century is a potpourri of sectors, levels, systems, and models that co-exist in a whirlpool of continual interaction. Policing and law enforcement is stretched and fragmented beyond its usual territorial boundaries into a global context that has transformed the way policing business is done and will be done in the future. Local policing is now global policing and the management of police knowledge requires a holistic global framework.

This chapter provides the conceptual underpinnings for such a holistic frame- work that incorporates the complexities and diversity of policing sectors, levels, and systems as well as its predominant models of practice in carrying out the business of policing in a global context.
Systems in Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

The focus of this chapter is on the systems that underpin Knowledge Management (KM) in the policing and law enforcement environment. It is important to be clear about a basic distinction between an ‘information system’ and a ‘knowledge system’. An information system collects, stores, and retrieves information, whereas a knowledge system takes the captured information and creates knowledge. Moreover, depending on the sophistication of the knowledge system, it can then recreate the ‘created knowledge’ and further recreate the recreated ‘created knowledge’ in an ever expanding iterative cycle of knowledge creation.
Surveillance and Covert Human Intelligence Sources: The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 Pt II
Authors: Hopkins Andrea
Published: October 2023

As set out in the preceding chapters, a number of cases initiated in the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg in the late 1990s identified the absence of a lawful basis, within the meaning of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), for certain types of covert surveillance. Part III of the Police Act 1997 (PA) provided such a statutory framework in respect of surveillance which involved entry on or interference with property or with wireless telegraphy. However, where police used covert listening devices on their own premises, such as covert surveillance of suspects held in police cells, it remained the case that there was no domestic law regulating the use of covert listening devices in such circumstances.
Disclosure
Authors: Rhodes David
Published: October 2023

The right of every accused to a fair trial is a basic or fundamental right. That means that under our unwritten constitution those rights are regarded as deserving of special protection by the courts. However, in our adversarial system, in which the police and the prosecution control the investigatory process, an accused’s right to fair disclosure is an inseparable part of his right to a fair trial. That is the framework in which the development of common law rules about disclosure by the Crown must be seen.
Sentence
Authors: Browne Shereener , Hobcraft Gemma
Published: October 2023

‘What do you think I’ll get?’ As early as arrest or first appearance, this question inevitably gets asked by those faced with the prospect of a criminal prosecution. It is undoubtedly at the forefront of an individual’s mind. It is the sentence that deprives an individual of their liberty, or has the potential to—sentencing is a necessary and powerful arm of the criminal justice system. The Human Rights Act 1998 has, to a certain extent, changed the landscape of criminal law. Its impact upon the specific area of sentencing has been less dramatic, but its significance must not be underestimated—especially for those who are and will continue to be deprived of their liberty on the basis of criminal offending.
The Age of the Euro: A Structural Break? Europeanization, Convergence, and Power in Central Banking
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: October 2023

The coming of the age of the euro, signalled by the establishment of the European Central Bank (ECB) in 1998, represented a bold novelty in the history of central banking. It involved the birth of a small, untested, supra-national central bank, which was cast directly into the role of the second most powerful in the world, only half a decade after the European Exchange-Rate Mechanism (ERM) had been convulsed by crises in 1992–3 (on which Dyson 1994).
The Banca d’Italia: Between Europeanization and Globalization
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: October 2023

The Banca d’Italia is one of the largest central banks in the European Union (EU). It is a relatively powerful player in the Eurosystem, which it joined when the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) began in 1999. In an interview released in the run up to the third stage, its Governor, Antonio Fazio, expressed his concerns about Italy’s membership of the single currency, arguing that it would be a ‘purgatory’ (Financial Times , 10 November 1998).
Bank of England: Learning to Live with the Euro
Authors: Goodhart Charles
Published: October 2023

1997 was a climacteric year for the Bank of England, and for political developments in the UK. In early May, the Labour Party won a resounding General Election victory. Thirteen years of Conservative government came to a crashing end, marked in the years since 1992 by internal infighting between euro-sceptics and euro-philes. Within a week the incoming Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, had awarded the Bank of England operational independence, and within two weeks had stripped it of its role in both banking supervision and debt management.
Much Ado About Nothing
Authors: Close Frank
Published: October 2023

At some early stage in our lives most of us are suddenly hit by the question: ‘Where did everything come from?’ We may also wonder where our conscious self was before our birth. Can you identify your earliest memory? When I first started school, I had clear memories of the previous two or three years, especially of summer holidays at the seaside, but when I tried to recall earlier events the visions became more hazy, disappearing into nothingness. I was told that this was because I had only been born five years previously, in 1945. Meanwhile my parents spoke of a war, and of things that had happened to them before the war, but it all meant nothing to me. The world that I knew had not existed then and appeared to have been created at my birth, filled with ready-made parents and other adults. How could they have existed ‘before’ my conscious universe?
Space
Authors: Close Frank
Published: October 2023

It was many years ago when still a novice in popularization that I was asked to convince an Anglican bishop, versed in the creation myths of Genesis, that the universe had emerged 14 billion years previously from a Big Bang. ‘Tell me; is the steady state theory no longer accepted?’ God’s representative asked me. The steady state hypothesis was that matter is being continually created and that, implicitly, the universe has existed for infinite time. While this avoided the great paradoxes of what was God doing the day before He made the universe, it also ran counter to observational astronomy and had fallen out of favour. I explained this and was pleasantly surprised at the reaction. The bishop almost seemed relieved: the Genesis concept was confirmed, it was just a matter of time scales.
The Cost Of Free Space
Authors: Close Frank
Published: October 2023

Einstein had created his theory of special relativity by means of thought experiments involving electromagnetic radiation, light. Following this he did the same for gravity, which led him to general relativity.
Dispute Resolution in the GATT, 1948–941
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F
Published: October 2023

It is a common place that dispute resolution and remedies in international law are not as developed as the corpus of substantive rules designed to govern the behaviour of states, or as dispute resolution and remedies available in domestic law. In fact the comparison between domestic and internal legal systems is flawed at both ends; the system of civil remedies in virtually all countries is far from fully effective; and the system of dispute resolution and remedies in controversies between states (putting aside war/peace issues) is more developed than is commonly supposed.
The Environment and International Economic Law
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F
Published: October 2023

International concern for the environment, except in particular areas such as marine pollution and aircraft noise, is of relatively recent origin. Not a word is said about the environment in the Charter of the United Nations (1945), nor in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947), nor in the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (1957). Beginning in the 1950s, a number of widely read books and films, notably by Rachel Carson and Jacques-Yves Cousteau, stimulated a worldwide movement dedicated to preservation of the environment. Initially, the movement was propelled by non-governmental organizations, but they in turn pressured governments to become involved in the subject.
International Monetary Law and Private Activity
Authors: Smedresman Peter S
Published: October 2023

Much of the discussion in the preceding chapters, while focused on states and international organizations, has inevitably involved the role of private parties. The creditors of the developing countries and the ‘countries in transition ‘ have been in significant part commercial banks (see Ch. 20); the holders of 5nancial assets that make up much of a state ‘s balance of payments are also to a large extent private parties, as are those who trade in goods and services or make transnational investments. Indeed, one way to view the demise of the Bretton Woods system (see Ch. 18, Sect. 18.9) and the demise of the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System (see Ch. 22, Sect. 22.2) is as the triumph of individual decisionmaking over the will of governments. Still, the preceding chapters have on the whole been devoted to the public international law of monetary affairs. This chapter is addressed to selected subjects at the frontier between public and private international law.
British India’s Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa
Authors: Onley James
Published: October 2023

Having entered the Indian Civil Service in 1907 and served for eighteen months in the Punjab, I was admitted to the Indian Political Service. This Service, of which the Viceroy was the Head, was concerned with: most of the self-governing States which extended over a third of the area of India and accounted for a quarter of the country’s population; with the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan; and with areas beyond the frontiers of India such as Aden, the Persian Gulf, parts of Persia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet. Its personnel of about 150 [British] officers was recruited approximately two-thirds from the Indian Army and one-third from the Indian Civil Service.
The Decline of British India’s Native Agency System in Bahrain and the Gulf
Authors: Onley James
Published: October 2023

From the mid-1890s on, Britain faced a new challenge in the Gulf. Growing European rivalry in the region threatened British paramountcy in Eastern Arabia and British influence in Persia. The resulting need for a stronger political presence eventually caused the British to abandon their native agency system throughout the entire region. Between 1900 and 1911, in an effort to counter the threat, the British replaced all but two of their native agencies with political agencies or consulates run by British political officers. This process began with Bahrain.
Financial Structure And Corporate Governance In Europe, The Usa, And Asia
Authors: Allen Franklin , Chui Michael K F , Maddaloni Angela
Published: October 2023

Despite the trend of globalization in recent years, the financial structures of economies and the way in which corporate governance is implemented remain diverse. In this chapter we compare the structure of the euro area with the UK, the, This is based on Allen, Chui, and Maddaloni 2004 but is updated and includes a section on corporate governance.
Takeovers
Authors: Panunzi Mike Burkart Fausto
Published: October 2023

A takeover typically involves much more than the mere transfer of ownership since the acquired firm subsequently undergoes a major reorganization. Its divisions are merged with or subordinated to those of the acquiring firm, divested, or even dissolved. Furthermore, such restructuring takes hold of entire industries as takeovers occur in waves and are within each wave clustered by industries (Andrade, Mitchell, and Stafiord 2001).
Recent Developments In Corporate Governance
Authors: Röell Ailsa
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses salient current developments in corporate governance, both in terms of academic research and of initiatives in policy and practice. The chapter attempts to provide a transatlantic perspective by describing the regulatory and business environment in the USA and contrasting it with that in Europe. The focus is on developments in the past five years.
Financial Structure And Monetary Transmission In The Emu
Authors: Worms Boris Hofmann Andreas
Published: October 2023

Monetary policy is transmitted to output and prices via various, interrelated transmission channels (for an overview, see Worms 2004 or Mishkin 1996). Those channels which are deemed to be the most important are the interest rate channel, the exchange rate channel, the wealth or asset price channel, and the credit channel. The interest rate channel refers to the direct efiects of policy measures on investment and consumption decisions via changes of the cost of capital and the intertemporal discount rate.
The Nobleman
Authors: Ryrie Alec
Published: October 2023

The case seemed like a juicy but straightforward scandal. All the ingredients were there: aristocracy, lust, envy, attempted murder, and the mighty brought suddenly low. In September 1546, Henry, Lord Neville, the eldest son and heir of the earl of Westmorland, was accused of conspiring to murder his wife and his father. The nature of the proposed murders was more sensational still. Lord Henry, it was claimed, was relying not on the nobility’s traditional methods (poison, anonymous ruffians in the street) but on malevolent magic. King Henry VIII’s principal secretary, Sir William Paget, called it an ‘unnatural and inhuman enterprise’ and took personal charge of the investigation. The young nobleman was thrown into London’s Fleet Prison, a rare celebrity in such a dank and fetid place. From there, he wrote a series of desperate letters to Paget, pleading to be spared the penalty which his alleged crimes carried: death by hanging as a common felon.
The Preacher
Authors: Ryrie Alec
Published: October 2023

The last thread of this story leads us out of the secret worlds of Tudor England into the glare of publicity and of historical attention. The sixteenth century was defined, in its own eyes as well as in ours, by the traumatic religious convulsion which we call the Reformation. It is a neat word for a set of events which were by turns exhilarating, appalling, frightening, and (above all) confusing for those who lived through them. It is usually remembered as the point at which England abandoned its traditional Catholicism in favour of the novelty called Protestantism—a transition which is often seen as a movement from superstition to rationality, or from authoritarianism to liberalism. It did not seem quite like that to those who lived through it. GregoryWisdom’s exploits might at first sight seem to have little to do with religion, but the Reformation provided more than the context in which he lived. He will introduce us to a side of the Reformation which is not so familiar, and help us to see the religious upheavals of the sixteenth century in a new light.
The Killer Trail
Authors: Taithe Bertrand
Published: October 2023

The Killer Trail tells the tale of one of the most notorious atrocities to take place during the European ‘scramble for Africa’, a real life story of insane violence in the heart of an exotic continent that eerily prefigures fictional accounts such as The Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now. The Voulet-Chanoine mission left Dakar in 1898 for the centre of Africa and the region of Lake Chad with the aim of establishing effective borders between the French and British empires while ‘pacifying’ a notoriously belligerent region. Wreaking havoc as it went along, the mission degenerated into an extraordinary display of colonial violence and cruelty, leaving a trail of pillage, murder, and enslavement of the local inhabitants in its wake. When the story of its outrages reached Paris in 1899 there was a public uproar and a second mission was dispatched to investigate. Eventually, on July 14 1899, the two missions met and confronted each other in a dramatic shootout, which led Voulet and Chanoine to declare their independence from France and their desire to establish an African kingdom under their own rule. But their mad dreams of kingship were soon cut short when they fell prey to a mutiny among the African soldiers under their command in which they were both killed. The whole bizarre tale of Voulet and Chanoine’s mission sharply divided opinion back home in France but was eventually explained away as the action of two deranged minds. Yet, as Bertrand Taithe shows, it was not simply a tale of individual insanity. In many ways, the actions of Voulet and Chanoine and their men simply took the violence of European colonialism to a logical extreme, while the way in which the whole affair was soon forgotten is highly revealing of western attitudes to imperial excess in Africa and elsewhere.
Officers and Gentlemen?
Authors: Taithe Bertrand
Published: October 2023

Albert Baratier, who wrote in 1913 a series of anecdotes on the colonial conquest, was representative of that generation of colonial officers who had chosen to serve in the empire. In an aboutturn, the image of the colonial officer had changed from being sloppy and less gifted of men described in Chapter 2 to that of the salt-of-the-earth. They claimed to embody a colonial spirit, a culture and attitude to the world that would match the civilizing mission assigned to them. Yet on closer examination the colonial world proved to be less a character-forming school for the new men France needed than a dysfunctional society ruled and divided by conflicting ambitions.
The Firm’s Normative Environment—Enabler Or Constraint?
Authors: Mayson Stephen
Published: October 2023

The failure of some law firms to implement their agreed strategy is not, in my view, simply a matter of lawyers’ inherent conservatism and resistance to change. It is more often the result of inconsistency between strategic intent and strategic action. There is a difference between the strategy that partners are prepared to vote for (usually the result of analysis and rational debate) and what they are prepared to do day-by-day to implement it (which in my experience often has more to do with emotional commitment, comfort, confidence, and performance assessment). In other words, partners will vote for something that appears logical and rational, and appeals to their intellect, but will not implement it because it requires them to change their attitudes, behaviour, or working practices.
The Implications of Valuation: Sharing The Returns
Authors: Mayson Stephen
Published: October 2023

Valuation requires the attribution of economic income to the firm, after rewarding its human capital. This potentially becomes problematic in a law firm because equity partners have historically taken all of the net profit without distinguishing their returns as workers and as owners. But in a world where there will be owners and investors who are not practising lawyers, the distinction becomes crucial. Paying too much for lawyers as workers will reduce the firm’s income, its valuation, and the return to owners and investors (whether lawyers or not). This illustrates the likely tension (see also paragraphs 12.3.5 and 14.4.3) between an individual and the firm that can undermine the ability of the firm to appropriate income for itself (as a return to collective rather than individual productivity).
Aligning Strategy and Performance
Authors: Mayson Stephen
Published: October 2023

This book has considered in depth the basis on which strategy can be formulated for a law firm. It has emphasised the importance of the firm’s normative environment in both the selection and implementation of strategy (chapter 5). It has also emphasised the benefits of adopting an external perspective in assessing its strength and future—particularly if there is a wish to achieve an exit route based on a favourable valuation of the firm. In this sense, aligning strategy with performance is an essential component of achieving a realised strategy.
General Insurance Principles
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

Insurance law, like construction law, is a subset of contract law. Insurance contracts are therefore primarily governed by well-known contractual principles such as offer, acceptance, performance and breach but with some important variations, eg the meaning and effect of warranty and the duty of utmost good faith. In an insurance contract one party (the ‘Insurer’) promises in return for a money consideration (the ‘premium’) to pay either money or some corresponding benefit to, or for the benefit of, the other party (the ‘Insured’) upon the occurrence of one or more specified event(s). There must be some uncertainty as to whether the event will happen or, at least, as to the time at which it will happen.3 In other words, it must be an event outside the parties’ control.
Consultants ‘ Professional Indemnity Insurance For Engineers
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the type of cover afforded to engineers under a typical professional indemnity policy. The analysis set out below is based on a typical standard wording that applies to engineers. It is important to note, however, that the wording for any professional’s policy may vary widely from what is set out in this chapter, depending upon the Insurers from whom they are seeking insurance and/or the broker who is acting on their behalf. It is therefore important always to check the terms of the relevant policy and schedule to see whether the standard terms set out below apply to that particular professional.
Product Liability Insurance Policies
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

Product liability policies respond to legal liabilities to third parties incurred as a result of defective products. They cover: death and bodily injury; damage to property. Product liability policies normally do not cover: loss caused by negligent designs, plans, specifications or advice (see professional indemnity, chapters 8 to 11 above); the cost of recalling defective products from the market (see product recall, chapter 13 below); the cost of repairing or replacing the defective product itself (policies which provide this type of cover are known as product guarantee policies, see below at para 12.85); pure financial loss, that is to say financial loss which is not consequent on death, bodily injury or damage to property (this type of cover may be available as an extension to the product liability cover, see below at para 12.82).
Standard Form Subcontracts
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

This chapter addresses the obligations to take out policies of insurance that are found in the following standard form subcontracts: In some cases, the insurance obligations of the parties under these standard form subcontracts are related to the insurance provisions in the corresponding standard form contract between Employer and Contractor. For example, clause 36 of the JCT Major Project Subcontract refers to insurance taken out pursuant to clause 33 of the JCT Major Project Construction Contract. Potential subcontractors are advised to consider the terms of the contract between the Employer and Contractor before entering into the subcontract. They may find that they should already be insured against certain risks under the terms of the main contract.
Value Added Tax (Vat)
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

The EC Directive of 28 November 2006 provides exemption from VAT for: insurance and reinsurance transactions; and related services performed by insurance brokers and insurance agents. Outside these express exemptions, when considering an insurance claim, it is important to establish who is receiving supplies made the subject of the insurance claim. This will determine who has the right to recover any VAT charged on those supplies as input tax. There are a number of possible situations. So far as the construction industry is ordinarily concerned the rules for VAT in summary are: a) Insurance premiums are not subject to VAT but carry Insurance Premium Tax at a lesser rate (currently 5 per cent).
Insurance Distribution And Regulation
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

Much of the insurance business undertaken in the UK is done in London, hence the term ‘London Insurance Market’. This is composed of insurance companies that make up the Companies Market and syndicates underwriting insurance at Lloyd’s of London, the Lloyd’s market. The way in which the parties to an insurance contract interrelate is very similar for companies and Lloyd ‘s syndicates, although the internal structures and regulatory requirements differ.
Collateral Warranties
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

The purpose of a collateral warranty (including duty of care letters) is to create a contractual relationship between contractors or professional advisers and a third party who is not their client. In most cases, the contractual relationship is designed to replicate for the benefit of the third party the contractual duties and obligations that the contractors/professional advisers owed their direct client. Collateral warranties in favour of purchasers, end-users, funders, guarantors, and tenants have been a feature of the construction industry for many years. Their usage came to prominence following the seminal decision in the case of Murphy v Brentwood District Council where the House of Lords held that, in the absence of a contractual duty of care, there was no general duty of care in tort not to cause ‘pure economic’ loss (namely, a loss arising from damage to the building or structure itself as a consequence of defective design or manufacture, as opposed to damage caused to something other than the building itself ). For a lengthier exposition on this see paras 26.16 and 26.26 below.
Professional Liabilities In Tort
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

In the usual course of events, a client who wishes to sue professional advisors will allege some breach of the professional’s duty to act with the reasonable skill and care expected of members of their profession. Normally the duty will have arisen under a contract. However there may arise a situation in which there was no contract or time for bringing a claim in contract has expired. The client may still be left with a claim in tort and in fact a claim in tort is customarily pleaded even when the contractual remedy is still available. This chapter addresses the liability of construction professionals in tort.