bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating the Aggregation and Dispersion of Carbon Dots to Achieve Stimulus‐Responsive Multimodal Luminescence for Dynamic Anti‐Counterfeiting
Authors: Yang Li , Liang Xiaoyun , Wang Zhiyu , Zhang Qi , Wang Shuangshuang , Liang Xingtang , Xu Yongqian , Zhang Yanjun , Yin Yanzhen
Published: November 2024

Stimulus‐responsive multimodal luminescence (MML) within a single material system is highly desirable for anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption applications. However, achieving adjustable MML within a unified material framework is challenging due to the distinct responses of different luminescence modes to a common external stimulus. In the work, a novel approach is devised for regulating the aggregation or dispersion state of carbon dots (CDs) to exhibit responsive MML, including fluorescence (FL), room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), and chemiluminescence (CL). Specifically, aggregation‐caused luminescence quenching CDs (ACQCDs) are synthesized via a one‐step hydrothermal method using levofloxacin. These ACQCDs exhibit ACQ and significant aggregation‐induced color change effects. When ACQCDs interact with paper‐based materials, they form hydrogen bonds, establishing a high‐density hydrogen bond network that induces ACQCDs aggregation. Upon external stimulation, the hydrogen bond network undergoes dynamic changes, triggering ACQCDs dispersion. This process effectively deactivates nonradiative defect centers, stabilizes triplet excitons, and promotes simultaneous MML of tunable FL, RTP, and CL. The integration of multimodal luminescence with external stimulus input enables the creation of a programmable multi‐input logic gate, offering significant potential for encoded information anti‐counterfeiting applications. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the conduction of MML CDs, thereby advancing the utilization of nanomaterials in intelligent encryption and anti‐counterfeiting technologies. The findings pave the way for the development of more sophisticated and secure anti‐counterfeiting measures based on the unique luminescent properties of CDs.
Carbon Nanotube‐Derived Materials for Smart Thermal Management
Authors: Liu Ling , Wang Xiaona , Jin Hehua , Wang Jin , Li Qingwen
Published: November 2024

Thermal management involves precisely controlling temperatures in systems, devices, or electronic products to ensure optimal performance, stability, enhanced efficiency, and lifespan, which include high thermal conductivity, superthermal insulation, and active and passive heating. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), known for their low density, high mechanical strength, and superior thermal and electrical conductivities, represent ideal materials for lightweight, high‐strength applications, showcasing extensive benefits and potential in intelligent thermal management. This review explores the use of CNTs in improving thermal conductivity, insulation, photothermal conversion, and electrical heating, underscoring their unique advantages and broad application prospects in smart thermal management systems. Specifically, the article outlines the advantages of CNT materials in elevating thermal efficiency, enhancing insulation characteristics, and increasing energy conversion rates, offering vital scientific and technical guidance for creating innovative, next‐generation thermal management materials. By systematically analyzing and forecasting, this review provides strategic direction for the research and development of high‐performance thermal management materials, heralding the significant role of CNT materials in future studies.
Cytoskeletal Vimentin Directs Cell‐Cell Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Xing Yifan , Wen Zeyu , Mei Jie , Huang Xinyi , Zhao Shuangshuang , Zhong Jin , Jiu Yaming
Published: November 2024

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen causing liver diseases. Although direct‐acting antiviral agents effectively inhibit HCV infection, cell–cell transmission remains a critical venue for HCV persistence in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism of how HCV spreads intercellularly remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that vimentin, a host intermediate filaments protein, is dispensable for HCV infection in cell models but essential for simulated in vivo infection in differentiated hepatocytes. Genetic removal of vimentin markedly and specifically disrupts HCV cell–cell transmission without influencing cell‐free infection. Through mutual co‐immunoprecipitation screening, we identified that the N‐terminal 1–95 amino acids of vimentin exclusively interact with the HCV envelope protein E1. Introducing either full‐length or head region of vimentin is capable of restoring the cell–cell transmission deficiency in vimentin‐knockout cells. Moreover, we showed that it is vimentin on the plasma membrane of recipient cells that orchestrates HCV cell–cell transmission. Consequently, vimentin antibody, either applied individually or in combination with HCV neutralizing antibody, exerts pronounced inhibition of HCV cell–cell transmission. Together, the results unveil an unrecognized function of vimentin as a unique venue dominating viral transmission, providing novel insights into propelling advancements in vimentin‐targeted anti‐HCV therapies.
Boosted Efficiency of Fe2O3 for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction via Engineering Fe−O−Ti Bonding
Authors: Wu Jingyi , Wang Wei , Chen Xudan , Luo Qiquan , Yan Changzeng , Jiao Zhen , Li Yuehui
Published: November 2024

Visible light‐driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) offers a sustainable and promising solution to environmental and energy challenges. However, the design of efficient photocatalysts is hindered by poor interface interactions in heterojunctions and a limited understanding of reaction kinetics. A modified Fe2O3 photocatalyst, M‐Fe2O3@MXene, is introduced featuring KH‐550‐modified M‐Fe2O3 hollow nanocubes coated with MXene, constructed via an electrostatic and Fe−O−Ti bonding self‐assembly method. This design achieves an unprecedented CO production rate of 240 µmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ among non‐noble metal catalysts (8.6 folds vs Fe2O3). The Fe−O−Ti sites enhance *COOH intermediate formation and CO production through higher electron deficiency of Fe3+ and rapid charge transfer. This study offers new insights on the use of functional metal oxides and high‐quality Mxene layers to design efficient metal oxide‐based photocatalysts.
Enhanced Indoor Perovskite Solar Cells: Mitigating Interface Defects and Charge Transport Losses with Polyarene‐Based Hole‐Selective Layers
Authors: Shi Zhong‐En , Kollimalaian Kalidass , Peng Jun‐Kai , Lin Chi‐Wei , Peng Wei‐Tao , Jiang Bing‐Huang , Lin Yu Hsuan , Yang Lan‐Yu , Lin Yu‐Chen , Venkatakrishnan Parthasarathy , Chang Yuan Jay , Chen Chih‐Ping
Published: November 2024

The study designs and synthesizes non‐planar, propeller‐shaped hexaarylbenzene‐type (HAB) compound K5‐36 and hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC)‐based K5‐13 (with a cyclized core), as cost‐effective and high‐yielding hole selective layers (HSLs) for perovskite solar cells (PSC). Using a p–i–n device structure with ITO/4PADCB/HAB or HBC (with or without)/perovskite/PDADI/PC61BM/BCP/Ag, the interaction is investigated between the synthesized materials and self‐assembled monolayer (4PADCB) elucidating mechanisms influencing the growth of wide bandgap Cs0.18FA0.82Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3 perovskite. K5‐36 facilitates the growth of wide perovskite films with larger grains and lower defect density, while promoting energy level alignment at the HSL/perovskite interface. These modifications effectively suppressed non‐radiative recombination, resulting in a higher open‐circuit voltage of 1.2V and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 20% under AM 1.5G conditions. Under 3000K LED (1000 lux) illumination, the PCE of 4PADCB/K5‐36‐based PSCs significantly increased from 38.02 ± 0.38% (4PADCB PSC) to 41.80 ± 0.57%. Moreover, PSCs incorporating 4PADCB/K5‐36‐ and 4PADCB/K5‐13‐ demonstrate exceptional stability, retaining ≈88.5% and 98.2% of their initial PCE after 70 days of storage in a glove box. These findings highlight the potential of polyarene‐based HSLs as a promising approach for improving PSC efficiency and stability.
Enhancing Molecular Stacking Through “Strengthened Aggregation in Pseudo‐Dry Film” Strategy by Bromothiazol Additive for Efficient Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Gao Hanyue , Li Luzhuo , Shen Yu , Zuo Mingyu , Lu Guanghao , Wu Xiaofu , Han Yanchun
Published: November 2024

Regulating the morphology and molecular ordering of the active layer is crucial for developing high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs). However, enhancing the molecular stacking is challenging as non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are confined within the polymer network owing to the well donor/acceptor miscibility and fast solvent evaporation. Herein, the 2,5‐dibromothiazol (DBrTz) removable solid additive is chosen to optimize the film‐forming kinetics for enhancing molecular aggregation of the PM6:L8‐BO blends. During the film formation process, chloroform evaporates first, trapping DBrTz in the film (pseudo‐dry film state). Thereafter, DBrTz will gradually volatilize, persistently prompting the L8‐BO to stack and aggregate orderly until the volatilization of DBrTz is completed. The behavior is designated as “enhanced aggregation in pseudo‐dry film,” an occurrence hitherto unobserved in other solid additives. This results in more compact π–π stacking and orderly long‐range aggregation of L8‐BO. Furthermore, DBrTz facilitated increased face‐on orientations and improved vertical component distributions. This optimized morphology facilitates charge generation, transport, and extraction. Consequently, DBrTz‐processed PM6:L8‐BO OSCs achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.4%. This work elucidates the principles of solid additives and offers valuable insights for fostering the development of novel additives to improve the morphology and the efficiency of OSCs.
Tempo‐Spatial Manipulation of Ultrasonics Toward Healing of Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Xiao Yaohong , Yao Xinxin , Sapkota Nawraj , Yan Hanghang , Yan Zhiwei , Tantratian Karnpiwat , Abbasi Hossein , Su Jinrong , Wang Yang , Che Yong , Reyes‐Villanueva German , Wang Qigui , Chen Lei
Published: November 2024

Solid‐state batteries (SSBs) struggle with poor interface contact and the resulting fast dendrite growth and short circuits. Ultrasonic treatment offers a potential solution to heal SSBs by ultrasonic welding at room temperature to improve interface contact free from side reactions. A significant challenge is the adverse effect of ultrasonics on SSBs, such as severe cracking in brittle electrolytes increasing the risk of dendrite growth and short circuits. Inspired by ultrasonic treatment on patients in hospitals, a tempo‐spatial manipulation of ultrasonics (TSMU) is examined, guided by ultrasonic‐structure interaction simulations, to maximize the propagated energy for ultrasonic welding while mitigating the possibility of electrolyte cracking. The application of TSMU to Li/garnet/Li symmetric cells is found to reduce the interfacial resistance from thousands to tens of Ω cm−2 for poorly formed interfaces, from SSB manufacturing to (dis)charging cycles, which outperforms constant ultrasonic treatment that achieves a resistance minimum of hundreds of Ω cm−2; otherwise, a short circuit occurs due to the cracking. Galvanostatic cycling further demonstrates the excellent stability of TSMU‐healed cells over 1,000 cycles at a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2, which is not attainable by constant ultrasonics with short‐circuiting issues.
The Association Between Employment in Coal Mining and History of Injury, Current Pain, and Prescription Opioid Use
Authors: Friedman Lee S. , Go Leonard H. T. , Dang Nhan , Shannon Brett , Bonney Tessa , Richardson Devon , Cohen Robert A. , Almberg Kirsten S.
Published: November 2024

Background

Coal mining involves heavy physical demand, which is associated with increased risk of injury and long‐term musculoskeletal health disorders and chronic pain. Management of chronic or recurrent pain is in turn associated with prescription opioid use and risk of opioid use disorder (OUD).

Methods

We analyzed clinical data from 5463 coal miners evaluated between 2004 and 2015. Using an iterative text mining procedure, we analyzed structured clinical notes to extract information on occupational histories and clinical data. We evaluated associations along the causal chain using a series of multivariable logistic regression models to determine the relationship between (1) specific mining occupations and history of traumatic injury, (2) history of traumatic injury and current pain, and (3) current pain and current prescription opioid use.

Results

Among these mostly‐former coal miners (mean age 62.4 years), the average coal mining tenure was 27.3 years; 88.4% reported being previously injured, 92.3% reported suffering from current pain and 39.2% reported current prescription opioid use. Occupations involving the most strenuous mining work were associated with a history of traumatic injury. A history of traumatic injury to body regions of the head/neck/back/spine was associated with current pain involving the head/neck/back/spine (adjusted OR = 5.04; CI 95%: 4.46, 5.70; p < 0.001). In a separate model, reported current pain of the head/neck/back/spine was associated with current prescription opioid use (aOR = 2.66; CI 95%: 2.35, 3.01; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

These miners had a high prevalence of self‐reported current pain, and certain specific mining occupations were more strongly associated with a history of injury, pain, and prescription opioid use.
Innovative Wirkstoffe aus der antibakteriellen Forschung im Kampf gegen mikrobielle Resistenzen
Authors: Süssmuth Roderich D. , Kulike‐Koczula Marcel , Gao Peng , Kosol Simone
Published: November 2024

Im Kampf gegen bakterielle Infektionen, insbesondere gegen solche die von multiresistenten Pathogenen verursacht werden, die auch als “Superbugs” bekannt sind, ist der Bedarf an neuen antibakteriellen Wirkstoffen in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft unbestritten und wird mittlerweile auch in der Bevölkerung vermehrt wahrgenommen. Die Wissenschaftslandschaft hat sich jedoch in den vergangenen Jahren erheblich verändert. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen hat die Mehrheit der pharmazeutischen Unternehmen das Forschungsfeld verlassen und der Rückgang der F&E‐Aktivitäten zu antibakteriellen Wirkstoffen beeinträchtigt erheblich die Wirkstoffpipeline. In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich die antibakterielle Forschung zunehmend auf kleinere Firmen und akademische Forschungseinheiten verlagert, deren finanzielle Ressourcen zu begrenzt sind, um nach der Wirkstoffentdeckung ein Entwicklungsprogramm von Beginn an bis durch die klinische Phasen zu führen. Dieser Übersichtsartikel formuliert die Anforderungen an einen antibakteriellen Wirkstoff im Hinblick auf bakterielle Pathogene, Resistenzmechanismen und den Prozess der Wirkstofffindung. Strategien zur Entdeckung neuer antibakterieller Strukturen aus Quellen verschiedenen Ursprungs wie der Natur, der chemischen Synthese und kürzlich auch der künstlichen Intelligenz werden aufgezeigt. Dies wird ergänzt durch Prinzipien des Computer‐unterstützen Designs und der Verfeinerung von Leitstrukturen. Der zweite Teil des Artikels enthält eine Zusammenstellung von antibakteriellen Wirkstoffmolekülen, die gemäß ihrer Targetstrukturen klassifiziert werden, z. B. der Zellwandsynthese oder der Proteinsynthese, und tendenziell neueren Targetklassen wie Proteine der Fettsäuresynthese, Proteasen und Membranproteine. Aspekte der Herkunft, des antibakteriellen Wirkspektrums, der Resistenz und dem aktuellen Entwicklungsstatus der präsentierten Wirkstoffmoleküle werden beleuchtet.
Excitation‐Dependent Circularly Polarized Luminescence Inversion Driven by Dichroic Competition of Achiral Dyes in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Yao Kun , Wang Zhentan , Wang Peng , Li Yang , Hu Liangyu , Cheng Yixiang , Geng Zhongxing
Published: November 2024

The development of stimuli‐responsive chiral cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) materials holds significant potential for achieving three‐dimensional (3D) anti‐counterfeiting and multi‐level information encryption. However, constructing phototunable CLCs systems with easy fabrication and fast response remains a great challenge. Herein, we exploit an excitation‐dependent CLCs (ExD‐CLCs) material by establishing dynamically photoresponsive dichroic competition between two achiral dyes: a negative dichroic dye (SP‐COOH) and a positive dichroic dye (Nile Red, NR) within a CLCs medium. The ExD‐CLCs exhibits a negative circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signal (glum=−0.16) at 625 nm when excited at 365 nm. Remarkably, under excitation at 430 nm, the CPL signal is inverted, and the glum value increases to +0.26. Notably, the helical superstructure and handedness of the ExD‐CLCs remain unchanged during this reversal process. The CPL signal reversal is driven by the dichroic competition between the SP‐COOH dimer, which displays strong negative dichroism in its open‐ring isomer form and silent negative dichroism in its closed‐ring isomer form, and the NR dye, which exhibits static positive dichroism. Leveraging these excitation‐dependent CPL properties, the quadruplex numerical anti‐counterfeiting using ExD‐CLCs is achieved.
Quantitative Formation of Octa‐substituted Cyclobutanes by the [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Stiff‐stilbenes
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Wen , Li Yu , Lu Mengxue , Zhao Wei , Ma Hongwei , Yang Xiao‐Juan , Wu Biao
Published: November 2024

The creation of new molecules with specific structural motifs is a primary goal in synthetic chemistry. In this context, cyclobutanes (CBs), the highly strained ring systems, are of great interest because of their wide applications from pharmaceutical chemistry to materials science. The [2+2] photocycloaddition is the most straightforward approach for CBs; however, access to fully substituted cyclobutanes presents a significant challenge due to the steric hindrance imposed by eight substituents. Here, we report an efficient synthesis of structurally unique, octa‐substituted cyclobutanes from stiff‐stilbene precursors, which is enabled by adaptable anion coordination through hydrogen bonding networks. The synthesized spiro‐benzocyclopentyl‐substituted cyclobutanes are confirmed by single‐crystal structures. DFT calculations indicate that these cyclobutanes have high ring‐strain energies (~20.1 kcal/mol) and can be completely converted back to stiff‐stilbenes. Such a reversible cycloaddition/reversion process offers a promising platform for applications in responsive and energy storage materials.
An optimized CTAB method for genomic DNA extraction from green seaweeds (Ulvophyceae)
Authors: Hossen Riyad , Courtney Myles , Sim Alasdair , Khan Md Abdullah Al Kamran , Verbruggen Heroen , Bringloe Trevor
Published: November 2024

Premise

Seaweeds are gaining substantial research interest, particularly for genomic applications, where high‐quality DNA is a prerequisite. Extracting DNA from these organisms presents challenges due to high levels of biomacromolecules resulting from their diverse cell structures. Existing protocols often lack versatility, leading to inconsistent outcomes across various materials and taxa, which highlights the need for a universal method for use with a variety of green seaweed samples.

Methods and Results

We optimized the conventional cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol for green seaweed DNA extraction. Our method, involving an initial sample treatment, lysis buffer adjustment, and enzyme incubation alterations, outperformed the conventional CTAB and commercial kits in terms of DNA yield and purity. Notably, the protocol's effectiveness was demonstrated across various green algal materials and preservation methods, and was tested with downstream applications with satisfactory results.

Conclusions

Our optimized CTAB protocol offers a reliable solution for high‐quality genomic DNA extraction from a wide variety of green seaweed samples.
Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Abatacept Plus Standard Treatment for Active Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Aggarwal Rohit , Lundberg Ingrid E. , Song Yeong‐Wook , Shaibani Aziz , Werth Victoria P. , Maldonado Michael A.
Published: November 2024

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous (SC) abatacept and standard of care (SOC) for the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) over 52 weeks.

Methods

In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase III trial, patients with treatment‐refractory IIM received SC abatacept (at 125 mg weekly) with SOC (abatacept group) or a placebo with SOC (placebo group). A 24‐week double‐blind period was followed by an open‐label period to assess outcomes from continued therapy with abatacept and initiation with abatacept (placebo‐to‐abatacept switch group) from 24 to 52 weeks. The primary end point was International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies definition of improvement (IMACS DOI) at week 24. Secondary efficacy and safety end points were assessed.

Results

Overall, 148 (double‐blind) and 133 (open‐label) patients were treated. Baseline demographics were well‐balanced between treatment groups and disease subtypes. At 24 weeks, improvement per IMACS DOI was 56.0% for the abatacept group and 42.5% for the placebo group (P = 0.083); at 52 weeks, improvement was 69.8% (continued abatacept) and 69.0% (placebo‐to‐abatacept switch). The IMACS DOI rate at 24 weeks was greater in the nondermatomyositis (non‐DM) group (abatacept: 57.1%; placebo: 32.3%; P = 0.040) than the DM group (abatacept: 55.0%; placebo: 50.0%; P = 0.679). The observed safety profile was similar in both groups.

Conclusion

The proportion of patients who met improvement criteria after 24 weeks was similar between abatacept and placebo groups. However, analysis by IIM subtype suggested there may be a sustained benefit of SC abatacept for patients with non‐DM subtypes.
Computational Investigation of Meso‐Substituted, Heavy Atom‐Free BODIPY Derivatives as Photosensitizers: Insights From TDDFT and Dynamics Studies
Authors: Banerjee Moumita , Giri Sandip , Anoop Anakuthil
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the structural and electronic properties of BODIPY (BDP) derivatives featuring meso‐substituted donors arranged orthogonally, leveraging Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD‐DFT). These deriva‐tives, selected based on experimental evidence of their quantum yield towards singlet oxygen generation, exhibit intricate excited‐state dynamics, transitioning from fluorescence to intersystem crossing (ISC), thereby presenting a promising avenue for applications in photodynamic therapy. Emphasizing heavy‐atom‐free organic triplet photosensitizers, with BDP dyes highlighted for their exceptional adaptability in photophysical characteristics, our analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the fundamental design principles governing such photosensitizers. Through a combined approach of static and dynamic calculations, we elucidate the mechanisms underlying the population transfer from singlet to triplet states, thereby providing valuable insights for the development of efficient photodynamic therapy agents.
White Dwarf Stars in the Big Data Era
Authors: Camisassa Maria
Published: November 2024

White dwarf stars are the most common endpoint of stellar evolution. Therefore, these old, numerous and compact objects provide valuable information on the late stages of stellar evolution, the physics of dense plasma and the structure and evolution of our Galaxy. The ESA Gaia space mission has revolutionized this research field, providing parallaxes and multi‐band photometry for nearly 360,000 white dwarfs. Furthermore, this data, combined with spectroscopical and spectropolarimetric observations, have provided new information on their chemical abundances and magnetic fields. This large data set has raised new questions on the nature of white dwarfs, boosting our theoretical efforts for understanding the physics that governs their evolution and for improving the statistical analysis of their collective properties. In this article, I summarize the current state of our understanding of the collective properties of white dwarfs, based of detailed theoretical models and population synthesis studies.
Impact of Thermal Electrode Activation on Electrocatalyst Performance in KCrPDTA/K4Fe(CN)6 Flow Batteries
Authors: Echeverria Talia , Bernasconi Francesco , Ziemiański Paweł P. , Reber David
Published: November 2024

Improving electrode performance is crucial for increasing energy efficiency and power density in redox flow batteries. Here, we study the effects of thermal activation of carbon paper electrodes on the performance of bismuth as an electrocatalyst in high‐voltage KCrPDTA/K4Fe(CN)6 flow batteries. While thermal activation improves wettability and surface area, it also leads to the formation of large, agglomerated bismuth deposits that reduce Coulombic efficiency. Although bismuth lowers cell resistance and enhances voltage efficiency, it promotes parasitic hydrogen evolution depending on its morphology, underscoring the need for optimized catalyst deposition techniques.
To Eat or Not to Eat: The Donkey as Food and Medicine in Chinese Society from the Medieval Period to the Qing Dynasty
Authors: Liu Shih‐hsun
Published: November 2024

Humans and donkeys have had a closely interactive relationship throughout history, despite being two completely different species. How has Chinese society viewed the donkey in its long history? How have donkeys been used? And what kind of boundaries do people place on the donkey? This study has focused on the consumption of donkey in Chinese history from medical, cultural and legal aspects. All in all, considering food, medicine, and legal viewpoints, from the medieval period to the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), the question whether or not one should consume donkey depended on its characteristics, taste, texture, and the side effects, as well as whether the manner of consumption is consistent with social moral standards and its derived legal boundary issues.
Advances in cervical cancer: current insights and future directions
Authors: Xu Miaochun , Cao Canhui , Wu Peng , Huang Xiaoyuan , Ma Ding
Published: November 2024

In alignment with the World Health Organization's strategy to eliminate cervical cancer, substantial progress has been made in the treatment of this malignancy. Cervical cancer, largely driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, is considered preventable and manageable because of its well‐established etiology. Advancements in precision screening technologies, such as DNA methylation triage, HPV integration detection, liquid biopsies, and artificial intelligence‐assisted diagnostics, have augmented traditional screening methods such as HPV nucleic acid testing and cytology. Therapeutic strategies aimed at eradicating HPV and reversing precancerous lesions have been refined as pivotal measures for disease prevention. The controversy surrounding surgery for early‐stage cervical cancer revolves around identifying optimal candidates for minimally invasive and conservative procedures without compromising oncological outcomes. Recent clinical trials have yielded promising results for the development of systemic therapies for advanced cervical cancer. Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs), and targeted therapy have demonstrated significant effectiveness, marking a substantial advancement in cervical cancer management. Various combination therapies have been validated, and ongoing trials aim to enhance outcomes through the development of novel drugs and optimized combination regimens. The prospect of eradicating cervical cancer as the first malignancy to be eliminated is now within reach. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest scientific insights, with a particular focus on precision managements for various stages of cervical disease, and explore future research directions in cervical cancer.
‘An Adult Who Protects the Child With an Umbrella’: Making Sense of Happiness and Unhappiness in Finnish children's Drawings
Authors: De Paola Jennifer , Hakoköngäs Eemeli J.
Published: November 2024

Research into the phenomenon of happiness is often approached from the perspective of adults, yet the sense‐making practice around happiness may not be the same for all age groups. This paper explores the conceptions of happiness and its opposite, unhappiness, among children in Finland—ranked ‘the happiest country in the world’ for 7 consecutive years. Drawing from Social Representations Theory, we analyse how children (10–12 years old) understand happiness and unhappiness and how these conceptions are socially constructed in relation to each other. The research material consists of drawings and written narratives by 254 children. The results show that symmetry exists between the concepts of happiness and unhappiness. The social representations are constructed around five distinct themes, namely: Social relationships, the Environment, Material possessions, Well‐being and Performance. The underlying structure, thema, which guides meaning‐making around happiness, is based on meaning‐producing tension between feeling safe, supported and protected versus feeling unsafe due to lack of support and protection. The results suggest the importance of ‘positive safety’ as a ground for happiness, rather than an understanding of the concept based on the mere absence of threat. In other words, happiness can be experienced even in the face of challenges and hardships, when a sense of safety deriving from feeling supported and protected is being developed.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Complicated With Vasculitis in a Young Male: A Case Report
Authors: Mulate Sebhatleab T. , Tasamma Abel T. , Fole Estifanos B. , Anbessie Zablon M. , Mengesha Merchaye A. , Muleta Raja T.
Published: November 2024

HSV encephalitis is a common cause of sporadic fatal encephalitis, affecting persons of all ages. It is also a medical emergency because the prognosis is primarily determined by early treatment initiation, necessitating a rapid and accurate diagnosis. CNS vasculitis complicating HSV encephalitis is a rare phenomenon. We present a case of a 28‐year‐old right‐handed male patient diagnosed with HSV meningoencephalitis complicated with vasculitis, the challneges in the diagnosis and treatment response.
Combination Therapy of Albendazole and Praziquantel for Treatment of Cardiac and Multiorgan Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report of Novel Treatment and Literature Review
Authors: Najdaghi Soroush , Alizadehasl Azin , Abbaszade Narguess , Jebelli Seyedeh Fatemeh Hosseini , Davani Delaram Narimani , Aliabadi Azam Yalameh , Haghazali Mehrdad , Gloverdi Alireza Yaghoubi
Published: November 2024

Cardiac hydatid cysts (CHC) are rare complications of echinococcosis, often presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We report a case of recurrent CHC in a 35‐year‐old male with a history of cerebral and pelvic hydatid cysts. Diagnostic imaging revealed significant cardiac involvement, necessitating surgical intervention. Postoperative management included a combination of albendazole and praziquantel, resulting in marked improvement during follow‐up. This case highlights the complexities of treating recurrent CHC and suggests that combination therapy may offer benefits in managing extensive cysts. Further research is needed to refine treatment strategies for such cases.
Anesthesia Management of Cold Agglutinin Disease in a Pregnant Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Ikram Jibran , Jackson Chase , Ayad Sabry
Published: November 2024

Cold agglutinin disease (CAD), a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), is characterized by hemolysis triggered by activation of the classical complement pathway. AIHA is estimated to affect one in 100,000 people in the general population; however, its incidence in pregnant women is unclear due to the scarcity of published studies. Here, we present the case of a 37‐year‐old female (G2P1102) who presented for a repeat Cesarean section. Her peripartum course was complicated by anemia (hemoglobin 7.9 g/dL, hematocrit 29.4%) attributed to cold agglutinin disease, necessitating the transfusion of 20 units of blood during this pregnancy. She had been receiving prednisone 10 mg daily for anemia. Cold temperatures can trigger the activation of cold‐reactive antibodies, leading to red blood cells agglutination (clumping together). Preventing hypothermia reduces the likelihood of cold‐induced hemolysis, which is the primary therapeutic strategy for cold agglutinin disease. Anesthetic management for the cesarean section was accomplished via spinal anesthesia, complemented by pain control through bilateral transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks. This multidisciplinary approach facilitated effective pain management while considering the patient's underlying condition.
Tricuspid Valve Infective Endocarditis Following Septic Abortion: A Case Report
Authors: Pradhan Rebicca , Shrestha Bibek , Dahal Agnimshwor
Published: November 2024

The case report examines a rare presentation of tricuspid valve infective endocarditis (TVIE) following a septic abortion. A 31‐year‐old female presented with persistent high‐grade fever, chills, and mild vaginal bleeding post medical termination of pregnancy. Despite initial management for septic abortion, including manual evacuation and antibiotics, her symptoms recurred, necessitating further evaluation. Diagnostic workup revealed methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia and echocardiographic evidence of vegetations on the tricuspid valve. Treatment included targeted intravenous antibiotics and supportive care, but due to family preference, the patient was referred for advanced management. The report underscores the importance of considering endocarditis in patients with unresolved infections post‐gynecological procedures. It highlights the role of blood cultures and echocardiography in diagnosis and emphasizes prophylactic measures and sterile techniques to prevent such complications. This case exemplifies a critical need for prompt multidisciplinary interventions to mitigate morbidity associated with rare but severe sequelae of septic abortion.
Molecular Aspects of the Mechanism of NH3‐SCR on Tungsten‐Loaded Ceria from Modulated Excitation DRIFTS
Authors: Kubota Hiroe , Qian Yucheng , Mine Shinya , Toyao Takashi , Nuguid Rob Jeremiah G. , Buttignol Filippo , Ferri Davide , Shimizu Ken‐ichi
Published: November 2024

Tungsten‐loaded ceria is a potential alternative catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3–SCR). In this work, we carried out operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) experiments using concentration modulation excitation (ME) coupled with phase sensitive detection (PSD) analysis to study key transient adsorbates on a W(10 wt%)/CeO2 catalyst. During NO oxidation, NO2 produced by NO oxidation is adsorbed on the catalyst, and the adsorbed NO2 (NO2ad) undergoes disproportionation to yield NO+ and NO3−, accompanied by consumption of the bridged OH groups on the CeO2 surface. During NH3‐SCR, NH3 adsorbed on a Ce4+ Lewis acid site (L‐NH3) reacts with NO to yield Ce3+ site, N2, H2O, and H+ (Brønsted acid site). A portion of the initially adsorbed L‐NH3 desorbs and subsequently re‐adsorbs onto the newly created Brønsted acid site, generating what we term B‐NH3. Consequently, the Ce3+ species undergoes oxidation, facilitated by O2 and H+, resulting in the regeneration of Ce4+ species as well as the formation of H2O. This oxidation process coincides with the depletion of the tentatively formed Brønsted acid site (B‐NH3).
A review on applications and challenges of carbon nanotubes in lithium‐ion battery
Authors: Tong Zhen , Lv Chao , Bai Guo‐Dong , Yin Zu‐Wei , Zhou Yao , Li Jun‐Tao
Published: November 2024

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have many excellent properties that make them ideally suited for use in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this review, the recent research on applications of CNTs in LIBs, including their usage as freestanding anodes, conductive additives, and current collectors, are discussed. Challenges, strategies, and progress are analyzed by selecting typical examples. Particularly, when CNTs are used with relatively large mass fractions, the relevant interfacial electrochemistry in such a CNT‐based electrode, which dictates the quality of the resulting solid–electrolyte interface, becomes a concern. Hence, in this review the different lithium‐ion adsorption and insertion mechanisms inside and outside of CNTs are compared; the influence of not only CNT structural features (including their length, defect density, diameter, and wall thickness) but also the electrolyte composition on the solid–electrolyte interfacial reactions is analyzed in detail. Strategies to optimize the solid–solid interface between CNTs and the other solid components in various composite electrodes are also covered. By emphasizing the importance of such a structure–performance relationship, the merits and weaknesses of various applications of CNTs in various advanced LIBs are clarified.
Development of Continuous‐Flow Reactions for the Synthesis of Anti‐Alzheimer Drug Memantine
Authors: Iwata Makoto , Furiya Yuichi , Ishitani Haruro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: November 2024

Memantine hydrochloride, a non‐competitive antagonist of NMDA‐type glutamate receptors, is known to suppress the progression of symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Possessing a characteristic adamantane skeleton as its core structure and an amino group at the bridgehead position, memantine was synthesized starting from acenaphthene. The synthesis involved nucleus hydrogenation of acenaphthene to perhydroacenaphthene, skeletal rearrangement of perhydroacenaphthene, nitration of 1,3‐dimethyladamantane, and reduction of the nitro groups to an amino group. In each step, continuous flow reactions were investigated to achieve continuous manufacturing of memantine.
A Kagome Lattice of Lanthanide Atoms in a 2D Er‐Directed Metal‐Organic Coordination Network
Authors: Moreno Daniel , Parreiras Sofía O. , Mathialagan Shanmugasibi K. , Tenorio María , Lauwaet Koen , Urgel José I. , Gallego José M. , Écija D.
Published: November 2024

Kagome lattices have attracted much attention due the very interesting properties they can exhibit, both from the electronic and the magnetic points of view, although much of the experimental studies have been reported on 3D metals or 2D nanosheets. In the past few years, on‐surface synthesis has allowed the fabrication of strictly monolayer 2D metal‐organic networks, many of them containing transition metals. In this paper we report the fabrication and the study of the electronic and magnetic properties of a monolayer 2D metal‐organic network where the nodes are lanthanide atoms forming a kagome lattice.
“Good planning is half the battle!” – but how are experiments planned by parent‐child‐dyas?
Authors: Emmerich Katharina , Sommer Katrin
Published: November 2024

Der Versuchsplanung kommt als Gelenkstelle zwischen Forschungsfrage und Experiment bei der Bewältigung von Experimentieraufgaben des Typus Guided Inquiry eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Allerdings ist bekannt, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler diverse Schwierigkeiten haben, eine Versuchsplanung zu konzipieren. In der vorliegenden Studie soll untersucht werden, wie Kinder und Eltern gemeinsam Experimentieraufgaben des Typus Guided Inquiry planen und ob Eltern dabei als Lernbegleitende fungieren können. 46 Eltern‐Kind‐Paare wurden während des Bearbeitens einer Experimentieraufgabe audiographiert und die Daten mittels Qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring kategoriengeleitet ausgewertet. Es zeigt sich, dass auch im Zusammenwirken von Kindern und Eltern u. a. die Variablenkontrollstrategie nicht sicher beherrscht wird und die Festlegung der zu gewinnenden Beobachtungsdaten nur selten erfolgt. Eine Erklärung könnte sein, dass den Teilnehmenden das entsprechende Methodenwissen zur Phase der Versuchsplanung fehlt.
Luminescence Mechanisms of Quaternary Zn−Ag−In−S Nanocrystals: ZnS:Ag, In or AgInS2:Zn?
Authors: Fujiki Hikari , Hamanaka Yasushi , Chen Shijia , Kuzuya Toshihiro
Published: November 2024

Highly emissive Zn−Ag−In−S nanocrystals have attracted attention as derivatives of I–III–VI2‐type nanocrystals without the use of toxic elements. The wide tunability of their luminescence wavelengths is attributed to the controllable bandgap of the solid solution between ZnS and AgInS2. However, enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PL‐QY) depending on the chemical composition has not been elucidated. Here, the luminescence mechanisms of Zn−Ag−In−S nanocrystals were studied from the perspective of ZnS doped with Ag and In, although previous research has proposed a hypothesis that Zn is a radiative recombination centre in the AgInS2 host. The Zn−Ag−In−S nanocrystals were synthesized by systematically varying the Zn, Ag, and In contents. The nanocrystals exhibit a structure in which a part of the Zn in the cubic ZnS is substituted with Ag and In. Luminescence was ascribed to a donor‐acceptor pair (DAP) recombination between electrons trapped in In donors and holes trapped in Ag acceptors. The composition‐dependent enhancement of PL‐QYs was attributed to an increase in donor and acceptor concentrations. The DAP characteristics were maintained over a wide range of Ag and In contents because of the localized character of the band edge states dominated by Ag and In orbitals, as suggested formerly by simulation.
Activation of CH4, NH3, and N2 by Tantalum Ions, Clusters and Their Oxides: What Can Be Learnt from Studies of Ions in the Gas Phase
Authors: Siegele Flora , Tschurl Martin , Schooss Detlef , Heiz Ueli
Published: November 2024

The emission control of harmful compounds and greenhouse gases and the development of alternative, sustainable fuel sources is a major focus in current research. A solution for this problem lies in the development of efficient catalytic materials. Here, gas phase model systems represent prominent examples for obtaining fundamental insights on reaction properties of prospective catalytic systems. In this work, we review results from studies of tantalum clusters and their oxides in the gas phase and discuss insights with a potential relevance for applied systems. We focus on reactions that are essential for sustainable chemistry in the future. In detail, we address the activation of methane, which may enable the transformation of a greenhouse gas to a chemical feedstock, and we discuss the activation of NH3, which may function as an alternative energy carrier whose unwanted emission needs to be curbed in future applications. Finally, we consider the activation of N2 as a third reaction, since reducing the high energy demand of ammonia synthesis still bears significant challenges. While tantalum may be an interesting catalytic material, the discussed studies may also serve as benchmark for investigations of other materials.
The Securitization of Social Reintegration in Southern Thailand's Armed Conflict
Authors: Buranajaroenkij Duanghathai , Hayes Michael
Published: November 2024

This study examines the challenges of social reintegration of men involved in the insurgency in the Southernmost provinces of Thailand. Social reintegration involves men taking up their family, economic, and cultural roles in their community. In Southern Thailand, the reintegration process is not adequately desecuritized as the notion of security held by the Thai Military and State clashes with the rights of former detainees accused of involvement in the armed conflict. The data was collected through multiple means, including interviews with 31 informants (comprising former detainees and their family members, authorities, and staff of non‐governmental organizations), alongside focus group discussions and a dialogue process. This study shows that social reintegration is complex to achieve when the State pursues a security‐centric approach that involves close monitoring and denial of rights of movement and work. The findings of this study illuminate the necessity for three paradigm shifts to improve the social reintegration of former detainees in Thailand's Southern Provinces. First, it urges a redefined threat perception, recognizing former detainees as citizens with rights rather than inherent security risks. Second, it advocates for a collaborative approach, integrating civilian oversight and local stakeholders to reduce tensions and build community trust. Finally, the study proposes adaptive securitization policies responsive to evolving conflict dynamics, allowing for gradual desecuritization as reintegration advances. Together, these shifts aim to balance security needs with effective reintegration, fostering sustainable peace and community resilience in the region.
Variation in flower morphology associated with higher bee diversity in urban green spaces
Authors: Sinno Serena , MacInnis Gail , Lessard Jean‐Philippe , Ziter Carly D.
Published: November 2024

Urbanization is a leading threat to biodiversity, but scientifically informed management of urban ecosystems can mitigate negative impacts. For wild bees, which are declining worldwide, careful consideration of flower choice in public and private green spaces could help preserve their diversity. While floral density and species richness are both linked to wild bee diversity, the mechanisms underlying these relationships are not fully understood. Here, we tested two hypotheses relating the influence of floral trait composition to bee species richness, which we have termed the within‐trait diversity and optimal floral trait hypotheses. Specifically, we assessed whether variation in bee richness relates to variation in the weighted variance (trait diversity) and mean (optimal trait) of floral traits observed in urban green spaces across the city of Montreal, Canada. Our analyses focused on two floral traits relating to pollinator feeding success: nectar sugar concentration and corolla length. After accounting for variation in floral density among sites, bee richness was positively related to community‐weighted variance in corolla length, supporting the within‐trait diversity hypothesis. These findings suggest that management practices that increase the diversity of flower morphologies in urban green spaces can promote the persistence of wild bee communities in cities.
Seafloor sediment microtopography as a surrogate for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Authors: Schenone Stefano , Hewitt Judi E. , Hillman Jenny , Gladstone‐Gallagher Rebecca , Gammal Johanna , Pilditch Conrad , Lohrer Andrew M. , Ferretti Eliana , Azhar Mihailo , Delmas Patrice , Thrush Simon F.
Published: November 2024

Marine soft sediments play crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity. Yet, with organisms often hidden in the sediment, they pose challenges for effective monitoring and management. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing sediment microtopography as a proxy for ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. Combining field sampling, benthic chamber incubations, and advanced Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry techniques, we investigated the relationships between microtopographic features and various ecological parameters across diverse subtidal habitats. Our findings reveal strong associations between sediment microtopography and environmental variables, benthic fluxes, biodiversity metrics, and community functional traits, with microtopography consistently explaining more than 50% of the variance in the data. This research demonstrates the potential of sediment microtopography as a cost‐effective and scalable tool for assessing soft‐sediment ecosystem dynamics and informing conservation strategies. By providing insights into the links between habitat structure and ecological processes, this study advances our understanding of marine benthic ecology and opens new possibilities for habitat assessment applications worldwide.