bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metakognitives Training bei Psychose
Authors: Bensing Lea
Published: January 2019

Wahnhafte Patienten haben oft verzerrte Denkmuster – sie zu durchbrechen, ist
häufig sehr schwierig. Eine Möglichkeit ist das Metakognitive Training: Hier
werden die Teilnehmenden anhand von theoretischem Input und praktischen Übungen
auf ihre Denkverzerrungen aufmerksam gemacht. Dadurch gelingt es ihnen, eine
Metaperspektive einzunehmen, um gewohnte Denkprozesse kritisch zu hinterfragen
und Alternativen abzuwägen.
Vaskuläre Biomarker der retinalen Gefäßanalyse
Authors: Kotliar Konstantin , Lanzl Ines
Published: January 2019

Mit modernen nicht invasiven bildgebenden Verfahren lassen sich anhand der Fundusfotografie bzw. der optischen Verfilmung Aspekte der funktionellen und strukturellen retinalen Gefäßveränderungen objektiv untersuchen. Der Zustand und das Verhalten retinaler Gefäße beeinflussen im prä-, post- und kapillaren Bereich den Blutfluss und strömungsbedingte Stoffwechselverhältnisse passiv und aktiv über den Gefäßdurchmesser. Retinale Gefäße gleichen von Aufbau und Funktion den zerebralen Gefäßen und spiegeln den Zustand der Mikrozirkulation wider. Mithilfe von aus den Gefäßweiten berechneten Biomarkern soll eine Aussage über die Prognose von systemischen vaskulär bedingten Erkrankungen getroffen werden. Die statische retinale Gefäßanalyse befasst sich mit der Untersuchung des Zustandes der prä- und postkapillaren Gefäßdurchmesser der retinalen Mikrozirkulation anhand einer optischen Fundusaufnahme. Bei der dynamischen retinalen Gefäßanalyse wird der Längsschnitt eines retinalen Gefäßes nicht invasiv funktionell und strukturell über einen Zeitraum vor, während und nach einer spezifischen vaskulären Stimulation untersucht. Die genaue Methodologie der Auswertung und die Bezeichnung der Parameter variieren bei unterschiedlichen Ansätzen. Mittels retinaler Gefäßanalyse wurden bislang mehrere klinische Querschnitts- und Interventionsstudien in der Augenheilkunde und anderen Fachgebieten, inkl. Kardiologie, Neurologie, Neurochirurgie, Nephrologie, Gynäkologie, Sportmedizin, Diabetologie, Hypertensiologie usw. durchgeführt. Mit der statischen retinalen Gefäßanalyse steht eine kostengünstige, reproduzierbare, nicht invasive Screeningtechnik zur Verfügung, um eine prognostische Aussage über die Gefäßgesundheit eines individuellen Patienten zu treffen. Die dynamische retinale Gefäßanalyse besitzt ein weiteres diagnostisches Anwendungsspektrum als die statische, da sie das Verhalten retinaler Gefäße zeitkontinuierlich untersucht. Die Evaluation vaskulärer Erkrankungen sowie zerebro- bzw. kardiovaskulärer Morbidität und Mortalität mittels mehrerer methodologischer Modalitäten retinaler Gefäßanalyse mit ihren jeweiligen quantitativen Biomarkern bietet eine zukunftsträchtige diagnostische Perspektive. Die interdisziplinäre klinische Anwendung dieser vaskulären Biomarker gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung, sowohl in der Augenheilkunde als auch in anderen Fachgebieten.
Análisis morfométrico de la apófisis coracoides mediante tomografía computarizada en Chile
Authors: Benavente Cerda Sergio , Villagra Jara Joaquín
Published: January 2019

Objetivo Determinar la morfometría de la apófisis coracoides (Cor) mediante tomografía computarizada de hombro (TC hombro) en población chilena.

Método 162 TC hombro (90 género femenino y 72 masculino), edad promedio 55,9 ± 20,2 años, fueron analizadas mediante sistema computacional IMPAX.

Resultados Largo total Cor promedio de 41,0 ± 2,5 mm. Largo promedio del pilar superior de 20,5 ± 2 mm. Altura media pilar superior de 9,2 ± 1,2 mm. Ancho promedio pilar superior de 10,3 ± 1,5 mm. Altura media de la base de 13,4 ± 1,8 mm.

Conclusión En nuestra población el pilar superior es más ancho que alto y el largo total de Cor es aproximadamente el doble del largo del pilar superior. Todas las dimensiones de Cor son mayores en el género masculino versus femenino. Al comparar la morfometría de Cor, nuestra población es similar a otros grupos étnicos según lo descrito en la literatura.

Nivel de evidencia III.
The Occurrence of Meniscal and Chondral Injury in Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Consecutive Case Series
Authors: van Tol Floris R. , Kernkamp Willem A. , van der Wal Robert J. P. , Swen Jan-Willem A. , Van de Velde Samuel K. , van Arkel Ewoud R. A.
Published: January 2019

Two-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is an effective way to revise suboptimal tunnel-placement allowing for proper graft fixation. However, prolonged increased laxity of the knee may increase the risk of meniscal or chondral injury. It was hypothesized that no additional meniscal or chondral lesions occur in between the two stages of the two-stage revision ACL reconstruction. In this retrospective study, 42 patients undergoing a two-stage revision ACL reconstruction were included. Surgical notes for both stages were screened for meniscal and chondral status, interventions to any concurrent injury, surgery dates, along with basic patient characteristics. In 4 of the 42 patients, a new meniscal tear occurred in between the two stages, of which three required partial meniscectomy during the second stage of the ACL revision. One patient experienced a new small degenerative tear that did not require intervention. Two out of the four menisci that were repaired during the first stage had failed and required partial meniscectomy. No significant difference was found in the time between the two stages with respect to the occurrence of meniscal tears. No significant differences in chondral status were found. In conclusion, approximately 10% of patients developed a new meniscal tear and no difference in macroscopic chondral injury was observed between the first and second stages.
Ehrenfest+R dynamics. II. A semiclassical QED framework for Raman scattering
Authors: Chen Hsing-Ta , Li Tao E. , Sukharev Maxim , Nitzan Abraham , Subotnik Joseph E.
Published: January 2019

In Paper I [Chen et al., J. Chem. Phys. 150, 044102 (2019)], we introduced Ehrenfest+R dynamics for a two-level system and showed how spontaneous emission can be heuristically included such that, after averaging over an ensemble of Ehrenfest+R trajectories, one can recover both coherent and incoherent electromagnetic fields. In the present paper, we now show that Ehrenfest+R dynamics can also correctly describe Raman scattering, whose features are completely absent from standard Ehrenfest dynamics. Ehrenfest+R dynamics appear to be quantitatively accurate both for resonant and off-resonant Raman signals, as compared with Kramers–Heisenberg–Dirac theory.
Calibration of the oscillation amplitude of electrically excited scanning probe microscopy sensors
Authors: Dagdeviren Omur E. , Miyahara Yoichi , Mascaro Aaron , Grütter Peter
Published: January 2019

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an analytical surface characterization tool which can reveal a sample’s topography with high spatial resolution while simultaneously probing tip-sample interactions. Local measurement of chemical properties with high-resolution has gained much popularity in recent years with advances in dynamic AFM methodologies. A calibration factor is required to convert the electrical readout to a mechanical oscillation amplitude in order to extract quantitative information about the surface. We propose a new calibration technique for the oscillation amplitude of electrically driven probes using the principle of energy balance. Our technique relies on the measurement of the energy input to maintain the oscillation amplitude constant. With the measurement of the energy input to the probe, a mechanical oscillation amplitude is calculated and a calibration factor to convert the electrical readout in volts to a mechanical oscillation amplitude in Ångströms is obtained. We demonstrate the application of the new technique with a quartz tuning fork including the qPlus configuration, while the same principle can be applied to other piezoelectric resonators such as length extension resonators or piezoelectric cantilevers. The calibration factor obtained by this technique is found to be in agreement with using the thermal noise spectrum method for capsulated and decapsulated tuning forks and tuning forks in the qPlus configuration.
Numerical simulation of electrically conducting jet flow in a straight duct under longitudinal homogeneous magnetic field
Authors: Krasnov D. , Kolesnikov Y. , Boeck T.
Published: January 2019

Spatial evolution of electrically conducting jet flow at a supercritical Reynolds number, entering a duct filled with the liquid of the same physical properties, is studied by direct numerical simulations for the case of a streamwise uniform magnetic field. In contrast to the case of a transverse field, here the jet mean velocity does not interact with the streamwise field, and only the turbulent fluctuations of the flow are influenced and suppressed by the field. In this case, the jet saves its energy and has a tendency to spread at much larger distances. Therefore, one interesting and important property of this setup is the flow stabilization, i.e., transition to turbulence can be largely delayed due to the stabilizing effect of the magnetic field. This occurs in the presence of moderate magnetic fields. At strong magnetic fields, the second instability evolves—the jet profile becomes unsteady due to the traveling waves, which propagate along the jet while not interacting with the field. These traveling waves are generated by the interaction of secondary radial flows and magnetic field.
Strong phonon anharmonicity and low thermal conductivity of monolayer tin oxides driven by lone-pair electrons
Authors: Wan Wenhui , Ge Yanfeng , Liu Yong
Published: January 2019

Motivated by the excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) tin oxides, we systematically investigated the thermal conductivity (κ) of monolayers SnO and SnO2 by the first-principles calculations. The room-temperature κ of monolayers SnO and SnO2 reaches 9.6 W/(m K) and 98.8 W/(m K), respectively. The size effect is much weaker for monolayer SnO than for monolayer SnO2, due to the coexistence of size dependent and independent components in the κ value of monolayer SnO. The large difference between the κ values of 2D tin oxides can be attributed to the small phonon group velocity and strong anharmonicity strength of monolayer SnO. Further electronic structure analysis reveals that the existence of sterically active lone-pair electrons is the key factor for the small κ value of monolayer SnO. These results provide a guide for the manipulation of thermal transport in electronic or thermoelectric devices based on 2D tin oxides.
Influence of Landau quantization and temperature degeneracy on drift acoustic waves in electron-positron-ion plasmas
Authors: Haque Q. , Shan S. Ali.
Published: January 2019

Coupled linear and nonlinear drift ion acoustic waves are studied in a dense degenerate, inhomogeneous electron positron ion plasma with a quantized magnetic field. The influence of the magnetic field quantization parameter, temperature degeneracy, density inhomogeneity, and positron concentration is elaborated with appropriate plasma parameters on linear and nonlinear drift ion acoustic wave propagation. The illustrations show that both linear and nonlinear wave characteristics are modified significantly by these effects. This investigation can be supportive to understand the planetary interiors, plasmonics, short pulsed petawatt laser technology, and the white dwarf stars.
CFD analysis and prediction of suction force during the pulling-up stage of the continuous liquid interface production process
Authors: Wang Quandai , Sun Yulong , Guo Bingbing , Li Pengyang , Li Yan
Published: January 2019

Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) is a novel constrained-surface curing approach that, due to its surprisingly fast fabrication speed, is shown to have the potential to revolutionize manufacturing. However, until now, it has not been possible to reliably fabricate parts with large cross-sectional area due to the large stress generated in the cured layer that results from the suction force of the liquid resin during the pulling-up stage. In this work, a systematic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to investigate the resin flow behaviour in the micro-gap between the new cured layer and the resin tank during the pulling-up stage of the CLIP process, under various operational conditions. COMSOL software package was used to calculate hydrodynamic balance during the pulling-up stage using the so-called ‘deformed geometry’ technique along with the boundary condition of a moving wall and transient analysis. Using the numerical method, local instantaneous negative pressures in the resin flow field under various operational conditions were obtained. The results show that the magnitude of the negative pressure varies with the stage hoisting speed and acceleration, thickness of the oxygen-inhibited zone, cross-sectional area, and the slip at the interface between liquid resin and the bottom of the resin tank, and that the transient vacuum effect is significant enough to possibly damage the fabricated parts. Based on the simulation conclusions, some suggestions for optimizing operational conditions to reduce the suction force and thus improve the reliability of the CLIP process have been proposed.
Submillimeter fMRI reveals a layout of dorsal visual cortex in macaques, remarkably similar to New World monkeys
Authors: Zhu Qi , Vanduffel Wim
Published: January 2019

Significance

The primate visual system encompasses >30 visual areas. Characterizing each area, and the interactions between them, is a prerequisite to understanding the visual system. This fundamental task, however, requires a precise parcellation of the visual cortex. Nonetheless, already at the earliest visual processing stages, i.e., just rostral to V2, the number and exact definition of areas are heavily contested. Here, we map the macaque visual cortex using fMRI at unprecedented high resolution. We show a substantially different retinotopic organization of dorsal third and fourth visual areas in macaques compared with widely accepted models, yet a remarkably similar layout in Old and New World monkeys. This organization largely reconciles most reported discrepancies concerning the visuotopic organization of nonhuman primate caudo-dorsal occipital cortex.
Reaction of O
2
with a diiron protein generates a mixed-valent Fe
2+
/Fe
3+
center and peroxide
Authors: Bradley Justin M. , Svistunenko Dimitri A. , Pullin Jacob , Hill Natalie , Stuart Rhona K. , Palenik Brian , Wilson Michael T. , Hemmings Andrew M. , Moore Geoffrey R. , Le Brun Nick E.
Published: January 2019

The gene encoding the cyanobacterial ferritin
Syn
Ftn is up-regulated in response to copper stress. Here, we show that, while
Syn
Ftn does not interact directly with copper, it is highly unusual in several ways. First, its catalytic diiron ferroxidase center is unlike those of all other characterized prokaryotic ferritins and instead resembles an animal H-chain ferritin center. Second, as demonstrated by kinetic, spectroscopic, and high-resolution X-ray crystallographic data, reaction of O
2
with the di-Fe
2+
center results in a direct, one-electron oxidation to a mixed-valent Fe
2+
/Fe
3+
form. Iron–O
2
chemistry of this type is currently unknown among the growing family of proteins that bind a diiron site within a four α-helical bundle in general and ferritins in particular. The mixed-valent form, which slowly oxidized to the more usual di-Fe
3+
form, is an intermediate that is continually generated during mineralization. Peroxide, rather than superoxide, is shown to be the product of O
2
reduction, implying that ferroxidase centers function in pairs via long-range electron transfer through the protein resulting in reduction of O
2
bound at only one of the centers. We show that electron transfer is mediated by the transient formation of a radical on Tyr40, which lies ∼4 Å from the diiron center. As well as demonstrating an expansion of the iron–O
2
chemistry known to occur in nature, these data are also highly relevant to the question of whether all ferritins mineralize iron via a common mechanism, providing unequivocal proof that they do not.
TRPV4-mediated calcium signaling in mesenchymal stem cells regulates aligned collagen matrix formation and vinculin tension
Authors: Gilchrist Christopher L. , Leddy Holly A. , Kaye Laurel , Case Natasha D. , Rothenberg Katheryn E. , Little Dianne , Liedtke Wolfgang , Hoffman Brenton D. , Guilak Farshid
Published: January 2019

Significance

The development, repair, and regeneration of anisotropic connective tissues (e.g., tendon, ligament, meniscus) involve deposition of aligned fibrillar collagen by cells. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms mediating this process are not fully understood. We show that the mechanosensitive cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) plays a critical role in controlling aligned collagen assembly by mesenchymal stem cells. Specifically, inhibiting TRPV4 activity in mesenchymal stem cells disrupts aligned collagen matrix assembly, and conversely, activating TRPV4 accelerates collagen deposition. Additionally, TRVP4 activity modulates force transmitted across vinculin, a key mechanosensitive protein within cell–matrix adhesions, where cell-generated forces are critical in fibrillar collagen assembly. Understanding and controlling specific cell-signaling mechanisms underlying aligned matrix assembly could lead to improved tissue regeneration outcomes.
Dicer functions transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally in a multilayer antiviral defense
Authors: Andika Ida Bagus , Kondo Hideki , Suzuki Nobuhiro
Published: January 2019

Significance

Posttranscriptional RNA interference-mediated antiviral defense is well conserved, in which the key players, Dicer and Argonaute, act to digest viral RNAs. Utilizing a filamentous fungus model, we have previously shown the Spt–Ada–Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) transcriptional activator to regulate the upregulation of the two main antiviral RNA-silencing components, dicer-like 2 (
dcl2
) and argonaute-like 2 (
agl2
). Here, we show an additional distinct functional role for DCL2 in the virus-responsive, SAGA-mediated transcriptional upregulation of a subset of host genes. Strikingly, certain upregulated genes contribute to mitigate viral symptom induction. No involvement of Argonaute in this Dicer function is suggested by the
agl2
disruption assay. Therefore, DCL2 is bifunctional in dual-layer antiviral defense to inhibit viral replication and alleviate symptom expression.
Litters of self-replicating origami cross-tiles
Authors: Zhuo Rebecca , Zhou Feng , He Xiaojin , Sha Ruojie , Seeman Nadrian C. , Chaikin Paul M.
Published: January 2019

Significance

In nature, self-replication and exponential growth are common. Here we introduce a system of artificial self-replicators based on DNA origami cross-tile motifs. Unlike previous systems based on making a single copy of a parent template, the cross-tile systems, like many natural species, can produce “litters” of offspring per generation. The cross-tiles enable a ladder-like structure to crystallize from the template on cooling. UV exposure covalently binds the assembled components of the offspring and heating releases the autonomous daughters from the parent, up to 10 offspring per cycle. The enhanced growth rate speeds up experimental studies and provides an evolutionary advantage for selection.
Soluble matrix protein is a potent modulator of mesenchymal stem cell performance
Authors: Yeo Giselle C. , Weiss Anthony S.
Published: January 2019

Significance

Extracellular matrix proteins have primarily been designated as supporting scaffolds for cells. This work presents the soluble extracellular matrix component tropoelastin as a powerful proproliferative and cell-attractive molecule that surpasses the potency of conventional growth factors and matrix proteins used in a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture. Tropoelastin is also demonstrated to modulate MSCs both as a substrate coating and as a soluble additive in media, which significantly deviates from the classical dogma of cell anchorage-dependent structural roles of the matrix. We show that these activities of tropoelastin can be harnessed and establish a path to boosting the efficacy of and simplifying processes for clinical MSC expansion and therapeutic MSC recruitment.
Effects of rapid evolution on species coexistence
Authors: Hart Simon P. , Turcotte Martin M. , Levine Jonathan M.
Published: January 2019

Increasing evidence for rapid evolution suggests that the maintenance of species diversity in ecological communities may be influenced by more than purely ecological processes. Classic theory shows that interspecific competition may select for traits that increase niche differentiation, weakening competition and thus promoting species coexistence. While empirical work has demonstrated trait evolution in response to competition, if and how evolution affects the dynamics of the competing species—the key step for completing the required eco-evolutionary feedback—has been difficult to resolve. Here, we show that evolution in response to interspecific competition feeds back to change the course of competitive population dynamics of aquatic plant species over 10–15 generations in the field. By manipulating selection imposed by heterospecific competitors in experimental ponds, we demonstrate that (i) interspecific competition drives rapid genotypic change, and (ii) this evolutionary change in one competitor, while not changing the coexistence outcome, causes the population trajectories of the two competing species to converge. In contrast to the common expectation that interspecific competition should drive the evolution of niche differentiation, our results suggest that genotypic evolution resulted in phenotypic changes that altered population dynamics by affecting the competitive hierarchy. This result is consistent with theory suggesting that competition for essential resources can limit opportunities for the evolution of niche differentiation. Our finding that rapid evolution regulates the dynamics of competing species suggests that ecosystems may rely on continuous feedbacks between ecology and evolution to maintain species diversity.
Facile preparation of optically active jasmonates and their biological activities in rice
Authors: Miyamoto Koji , Matsumoto Tomoharu , Yumoto Emi , Sakazawa Tomoko , Yokota Takao , Yamane Hisakazu , Uchida Kenichi
Published: January 2019

A facile and efficient method has been developed for the optical resolution of racemic jasmonic acid (JA) on a relatively large scale and was successfully utilized for the preparation of optically pure (+)-JA and (−)-JA. We indicated that (+)-JA has lower growth inhibitory activity than (−)-JA in the rice seedling growth test and confirmed in line with an earlier observation that their respective biologically-active forms, (+)-JA-Ile and (−)-JA-Ile, show comparable inhibitory activities. We compared the metabolism of (+)-JA and (−)-JA into (+)-JA-Ile and (−)-JA-Ile, respectively, in the JA-deficient rice cpm2, and found that the exogenously applied (+)-JA was metabolized to the corresponding Ile conjugate less efficiently as compared with (−)-JA. Such metabolic rate difference may cause a discrepancy between biological potencies of (+)-JA and (−)-JA in rice.

Abbreviations: FW: fresh weight; Ile: isoleucine; JA: jasmonic acid; JA-Ile: jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine; LC-ESI-MS/MS: liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry; MeJA: methyl jasmonate; OPDA: 12-oxophytodienoic acid
Type I myosins anchor actin assembly to the plasma membrane during clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Authors: Pedersen Ross T.A. , Drubin David G.
Published: January 2019

The actin cytoskeleton generates forces on membranes for a wide range of cellular and subcellular morphogenic events, from cell migration to cytokinesis and membrane trafficking. For each of these processes, filamentous actin (F-actin) interacts with membranes and exerts force through its assembly, its associated myosin motors, or both. These two modes of force generation are well studied in isolation, but how they are coordinated in cells is mysterious. During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, F-actin assembly initiated by the Arp2/3 complex and several proteins that compose the WASP/myosin complex generates the force necessary to deform the plasma membrane into a pit. Here we present evidence that type I myosin is the key membrane anchor for endocytic actin assembly factors in budding yeast. By mooring actin assembly factors to the plasma membrane, this myosin organizes endocytic actin networks and couples actin-generated forces to the plasma membrane to drive invagination and scission. Through this unexpected mechanism, myosin facilitates force generation independent of its motor activity.
1. Money, banking, and financial markets
Authors: Davis Mark H. A.
Published: January 2019

‘Money, banking, and financial markets’ describes the playing field of mathematical finance: the world of money, banking, and financial markets. It considers the history of money as a medium of exchange and as a store of value, before discussing the activities of banks and financial markets. The financial markets, as a whole, provide a myriad of mechanisms for raising funds and managing and trading the attendant risks, providing opportunities for investors, fund managers and speculators. The main mechanisms of financial mechanisms are outlined: equities; bonds; credit risk; foreign exchange; and forwards, futures, and options.
2. Heidegger’s philosophy
Authors: Inwood Michael
Published: January 2019

‘Heidegger’s philosophy’ lays out the significance of, and the questions raised by, Heidegger’s masterwork, Being and Time, which was published in 1927. The result of his reading, lecturing, and thinking over the previous decade, it points the way ahead to his later works, which cannot be understood independently of it. Being and Time is also one of the most difficult books ever written. The work addresses how humans can ask the question ‘What is Being?’ and the temporal nature of the human being (Dasein). A proposed third section of Being and Time considering the question of Being and its relation to time, in greater independence of Dasein, was omitted.
4. Dasein
Authors: Inwood Michael
Published: January 2019

Dasein is Heidegger’s way of referring both to the human being and to the type of Being that humans have. Its essence lies in its existence. It can respond to its circumstances, thereby choosing its ‘Being’. ‘Dasein’ is about the human being and its place in the world. Dasein is essentially in the world, because it continually interprets and engages with other entities and the contexts in which they lie. Only Dasein makes the world a unitary world at all, rather than a collection of entities. Dasein is the whole human being, and makes no distinction between body and mind. Heidegger rejected any purely psychological realm.
7. Time, death, and conscience
Authors: Inwood Michael
Published: January 2019

‘Time, death, and conscience’ is concerned with how the temporality of human life affects the way we live. Time is more crucial to our lives than space, and is itself created by Dasein and its temporal nature. Death stands as the ultimate possibility to give impetus to human life. Heidegger believed that it was possible for Dasein to know non-empirically that it will die, and that dying individualizes Dasein. Conscience, with a capital ‘C’, calls everyone to choose to choose. An authentic choice for a future mode of life, although still circumscribed by time, gives Dasein a resoluteness that enables it to give an account of its condition.
8. Temporality, transcendence, and freedom
Authors: Inwood Michael
Published: January 2019

‘Temporality, transcendence, and freedom’ considers Dasein’s place within time and space. Time is a result of Dasein striving to impose order and significance on an apparently hostile environment. The past informs the opportunities to be found in the present and the future. As such, time makes living in the world possible. Dasein’s sense of time allows it to transcend the world and transcend temporality by actualizing its own purposes and constructing its own encounters. This ability to view the entities as possibilities rather than sheer actualities relies on the freedom that Dasein has. Thus, Dasein asks for the grounds of things because ‘to exist is already to philosophize’.
10. After Being and Time
Authors: Inwood Michael
Published: January 2019

‘After Being and Time’ provides a brief survey of Heidegger’s thought after Being and Time, which reveals something of the overall coherence of his life-long project. Being and Time gave a fairly favourable account of the world in which we live, but one question was left unanswered: how was such a world established in the first place? Have there been better worlds in the past and, if so, what is the nature of, and the reason for, the decline? Is there any prospect of a return to our earlier condition? To answer these questions Heidegger turned to something barely mentioned in Being and Time: art, poetry, and religion.
GWAS analysis reveals a significant contribution of PSCA to the risk of Heliobacter pylori-induced gastric atrophy
Authors: Hishida Asahi , Ugai Tomotaka , Fujii Ryosuke , Nakatochi Masahiro , Wu Michael C , Ito Hidemi , Oze Isao , Tajika Masahiro , Niwa Yasumasa , Nishiyama Takeshi , Nakagawa-Senda Hiroko , Suzuki Sadao , Koyama Teruhide , Matsui Daisuke , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Kawaguchi Takahisa , Matsuda Fumihiko , Momozawa Yukihide , Kubo Michiaki , Naito Mariko , Matsuo Keitaro , Wakai Kenji
Published: January 2019

Although recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genetic variants associated with Helicobacter pylori (HP)-induced gastric cancer, few studies have examined the genetic traits associated with the risk of HP-induced gastric precancerous conditions. This study aimed to elucidate genetic variants associated with these conditions using a genome-wide approach. Data from four sites of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study were used in the discovery phase (Stage I); two datasets from the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center 2 (HERPACC2) study were used in the replication phases (Stages II and III) and SKAT (SNP-set Kernel Association Test) and single variant-based GWASs were conducted for the risks of gastric atrophy (GA) and severe GA defined by serum pepsinogen (PG) levels, and PG1 and PG1/2 ratios. In the gene-based SKAT in Stage I, prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) was significantly associated with the risks of GA and severe GA, and serum PG1/2 level by linear kernel [false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.011, 0.230 and 7.2 × 10−7, respectively]. The single variant-based GWAS revealed that nine PSCA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) fulfilled the genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10−8) for the risks of both GA and severe GA in the combined study, although most of these associations did not reach genome-wide significance in the discovery or validation cohort on their own. GWAS for serum PG1 levels and PG1/2 ratios revealed that the PSCA rs2920283 SNP had a striking P-value of 4.31 × 10−27 for PG1/2 ratios. The present GWAS revealed the genetic locus of PSCA as the most significant locus for the risk of HP-induced GA, which confirmed the recently reported association in Europeans.
Whole-genome Sequencing Provides Data for Stratifying Infection Prevention and Control Management of Nosocomial Influenza A
Authors: Roy Sunando , Hartley John , Dunn Helen , Williams Rachel , Williams Charlotte A , Breuer Judith
Published: January 2019

Background

Influenza A virus causes annual epidemics in humans and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequencing have traditionally been used to identify the virus genotype, although their utility in detecting outbreak clusters is still unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the utility, if any, of whole-genome sequencing over HA/NA sequencing for infection prevention and control (IPC) in hospitals.

Methods

We obtained all clinical samples from influenza (H1N1)-positive patients at the Great Ormond Street Hospital between January and March 2016. Samples were sequenced using targeted enrichment on an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Maximum likelihood trees were computed for both whole genomes and concatenated HA/NA sequences. Epidemiological data was taken from routine IPC team activity during the period.

Results

Complete genomes were obtained for 65/80 samples from 38 patients. Conventional IPC analysis recognized 1 outbreak, involving 3 children, and identified another potential cluster in the haemato-oncology ward. Whole-genome and HA/NA phylogeny both accurately identified the previously known outbreak cluster. However, HA/NA sequencing additionally identified unrelated strains as part of this outbreak cluster. A whole-genome analysis identified a further cluster of 2 infections that had been previously missed and refuted suspicions of transmission in the haemato-oncology wards.

Conclusions

Whole-genome sequencing is better at identifying outbreak clusters in a hospital setting than HA/NA sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing could provide a faster and more reliable method for outbreak monitoring and supplement routine IPC team work to allow the prevention of transmission.
An equilibration-based a posteriori error bound for the biharmonic equation and two finite element methods
Authors: Braess Dietrich , Pechstein Astrid S , Schöberl Joachim
Published: January 2019

We develop an a posteriori error bound for the interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin approximation of the biharmonic equation with continuous finite elements. The error bound is based on the two-energies principle and requires the computation of an equilibrated moment tensor. The natural space for the moment tensor is that of symmetric tensor fields with continuous normal-normal components, and is well-known from the Hellan-Herrmann-Johnson mixed formulation. We propose a construction that is totally local. The procedure can also be applied to the original Hellan–Herrmann–Johnson formulation, which directly provides an equilibrated moment tensor.
Cohomological Dimension in Pro-p Towers
Authors: Esnault Hélène
Published: January 2019

We give a proof without use of perfectoid geometry of the following vanishing theorem of Scholze: for $X\subset \mathbb{P}^n$ a projective scheme of dimension $d$ over an algebraically closed characteristic $0$ field, and $X_r$ the inverse image of $X$ via the map that assigns $(x_0^{p^r}: \dots : x_n^{p^r})$ to the homogeneous coordinates $(x_0:\ldots :x_n)$, the induced map $H^i(X, {{\mathbb{F}}}_p)\to H^i(X_r, {{\mathbb{F}}}_p)$ on étale cohomology dies for $i>d$ and $r$ large. Our proof holds in characteristic $\ell \neq p$ as well.
Effects of timing of weaning on energy utilization in primiparous beef cows and post-weaning performance of their progeny1
Authors: Wiseman Aksel , Redden Miles , McGee Adam , Spencer Courtney , Reuter Ryan , Horn Gerald , Lalman David
Published: January 2019

Early weaning is used to minimize cow nutrient requirements in situations where feed inputs are scarce or expensive. For many years, maintenance energy requirements have been assumed to be 20% greater in lactating compared with non-lactating beef cows. While not well established, maintenance energy requirements are thought to be greatest in primiparous cows and to decline with age. Consequently, early weaning primiparous cow–calf pairs should improve overall efficiency, particularly in situations where mid-to-late lactation forage or feed nutritive value is low. The objective of this study was to determine the biological efficiency of early weaning and maintenance energy requirements of lactating versus non-lactating primiparous cows. Experiments were conducted in two consecutive years using 90 primiparous cows and their calves (48 in yr 1, 42 in yr 2). Pairs were randomly assigned to one of the six pens (8 pairs/pen yr 1, 7 pairs/pen yr 2) and pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments; (1) early weaning (130 d ± 15.4; EW, n = 6) and (2) traditional weaning (226 d ± 13.1; TW, n = 6). Late lactation cow and calf performance and feed consumption were measured for 92 d (yr 1) and 100 d (yr 2). Cows were limit-fed to meet maintenance requirements, while calves were offered ad libitum access to the same diet in a creep-feeding area. Calves were not allowed access to the cows’ feed. Cow feed intake, body condition score, body weight (BW), milk yield and composition, and calf body weight gain and creep feed intake were recorded. After accounting for lactation and retained energy, there was a trend for greater maintenance energy requirements of lactating primiparous cows (P = 0.07). From the early weaning date to traditional weaning date, calf average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P < 0.01) for TW calves. Feed and energy efficiency of the pair was improved for the TW system (P < 0.01). Greater ADG were reported for EW calves during the stocker period (P = 0.03), but there were no differences during the finishing period (P > 0.40). At harvest, BW was greater (P = 0.02) and gain to feed ratio tended (P = 0.06) to be improved for TW calves. The increased TW calf performance offset the additional maintenance costs of their lactating dams, resulting in the TW system converting total feed energy to kilograms of calf BW gain more efficiently.
The serine peptidase inhibitor TPCK induces several morphophysiological changes in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto
Authors: Gandra Rafael M , Silva Laura N , Souto Xênia M , Sangenito Leandro S , Cruz Lucas P S , Braga-Silva Lys A , Gonçalves Diego S , Seabra Sergio H , Branquinha Marta H , Santos André L S
Published: January 2019

Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto (C. parapsilosis) has emerged as the second/third commonest Candida species isolated from hospitals worldwide. Candida spp. possess numerous virulence attributes, including peptidases that play multiple roles in both physiological and pathological events. So, fungal peptidases are valid targets for new drugs development. With this premise in mind, we have evaluated the effect of serine peptidase inhibitors (SPIs) on both cell biology and virulence aspects of C. parapsilosis. First, five different SPIs, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, benzamidine, 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, N-α-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride, and N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) were tested, and TPCK showed the best efficacy to arrest fungal growth. Subsequently, the ability of TPCK to modulate physiopathological processes was investigated. Overall, TPCK was able to (i) inhibit the cell-associated serine peptidase activities, (ii) promote morphometric and ultrastructural alterations, (iii) induce an increase in the intracellular oxidation level, which culminates in a vigorous lipid peroxidation and accumulation of neutral lipids in cytoplasmic inclusions, (iv) modulate the expression/exposition of surface structures, such as mannose/glucose-rich glycoconjugates, N-acetylglucosamine-containing molecules, chitin, polypeptides and surface aspartic peptidases, (v) reduce the adhesion to either polystyrene or glass surfaces as well as to partially disarticulate the mature biofilm, (vi) block the fungal interaction with macrophages, and (vii) protect Galleria mellonella from fungal infection, enhancing larvae survivability. Altogether, these results demonstrated that TPCK induced several changes over fungal biology besides the interference with aspects associated to C. parapsilosis virulence and pathogenesis, which indicates that SPIs could be novel promising therapeutic agents in dealing with candidiasis.
Children of a lesser god: exclusion of chronic kidney disease patients from clinical trials
Authors: Zoccali Carmine , Blankestijn Peter J , Bruchfeld Annette , Capasso Giovambattista , Fliser Danilo , Fouque Denis , Goumenos Dimitrios , Ketteler Markus , Massy Ziad , Rychlık Ivan , Jose Soler Maria , Stevens Kate , Spasovski Goce , Wanner Christoph
Published: January 2019

The exclusion of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients from clinical trials—particularly cardiovascular trials—remains a long-standing, unsolved problem, which prevents the optimization of clinical care in these patients. The situation recalls the insufficient recruitment of women in cardiovascular trials until the 1980s, a problem that was only resolved following regulatory interventions. Regulatory agencies are in a unique position to promote recruitment of CKD patients in clinical trials. The main stakeholders, namely patients’ associations and scientific societies, should make major lobbying efforts to persuade these agencies that the issue is an absolute public health priority.
The Economic Geography of Kenyan Tobacco Farmers’ Livelihood Decisions
Authors: Li Qing , Magati Peter , Lencucha Raphael , Labonte Ronald , Makoka Donald , Drope Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Introduction

The narrative of prosperous economic livelihood of tobacco farmers in Kenya as alleged by the tobacco industry deserves challenge as evidence increasingly suggests that smallholder tobacco farmers are making little or no profits. Article 17 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control encourages viable alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers. There is little evidence, however, on how tobacco farmers make livelihood choice decisions.

Methods

A total of 527 purposefully selected smallholder tobacco farmers in Kenya from three main tobacco-growing regions participated in a 2017 economic livelihood survey. Geo-economic data were matched to surveyed farmers’ Global Positioning System coordinates to estimate each farmer’s access to nearby economic centers. Ownership of cell phones or radios was also used to estimate farmers’ virtual access to nearby economic activities to understand better the role of information. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to control socioeconomic status and self-reported activity in nearby economic centers.

Results

Tobacco farmers rarely live within 10 km of an economic center. Results suggest that the further away farmers live from economic centers, the less likely they are to grow tobacco, but more likely to grow tobacco under contract. Also, farmers owning a cell phone or radio are not only less likely to grow tobacco, but also to not engage in farming under contract if they do grow tobacco.

Conclusions

Physical and virtual access to nearby economic activities is significantly associated with tobacco farmers’ livelihood choice decision and should be taken into consideration by decision makers while developing interventions for FCTC Article 17.

Implications

Smallholder tobacco farmers in lower-income countries are making little or no profits, but few studies have been conducted to illuminate what perpetuates tobacco production, with such studies urgently needed to support governments to develop viable alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers. This study suggests that geographic and technological factors that shape farmers’ economic decisions can help policy makers tailor alternative livelihood policies to different regional contexts and should be a focus of future research in this area.
Progression of Baseline Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in Chagas Patients Undergoing Antitrypanosomal Treatment
Authors: Soverow Jonathan , Hernandez Salvador , Sanchez Daniel , Forsyth Colin , Flores Carmen A , Viana Gracia , Meymandi Sheba
Published: January 2019

Background

The objective of the study was to better understand the impact of antitrypanosomal treatment on the evolution of Chagas-related, prognostically important electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities.

Methods

Initial and posttreatment ECGs were obtained in a prospective cohort of Chagas patients treated with nifurtimox or benznidazole and compared to an untreated cohort. Electrocardiogram disease progression was compared in those with and without baseline abnormalities pre- and posttherapy.

Results

Fifty-nine patients were recruited in the treatment arm and followed for an average of 3.9 years. There were no differences between ECG groups with regards to follow-up, age, baseline ejection fraction, or therapy. In the treated cohort, 0 of 30 patients with normal ECGs developed an abnormal ECG compared with 7 of 29 patients with baseline ECG abnormalities who developed new ECG abnormalities (P = .005). In an untreated cohort of 30 patients, 3 of 7 with normal ECGs developed an abnormality compared with 14 of 23 patients with baseline abnormalities (P = .67). Untreated patients had a higher likelihood of developing new EKG abnormalities (56.7% vs 11.9%, P < .001) despite shorter follow-up, and in a multivariate analysis adjusting for baseline EKG status across both treated and untreated cohorts, treated patients were still less likely to have progression of their EKG disease (odds ratio = 0.13, P < .001). The corrected QT (QTc) interval was not significantly affected by either study medication (415 vs 421 ms, initial vs posttreatment QTc; P = .06).

Conclusions

Over an average follow-up of 3.9 years, treated patients with normal baseline ECGs did not have significant changes during a course of treatment; however, those with baseline abnormal ECGs had significant progression of their conduction system disease despite treatment, and those without treatment also experienced a progression of ECG disease. These preliminary results suggest that Chagas patients with normal ejection fraction and normal ECG may benefit the most from antitrypanosomal treatment.
Substance Use, Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Are Independently Associated With Postpartum HIV Care Engagement in the Southern United States, 1999–2016
Authors: Oliver Cassandra , Rebeiro Peter F , Hopkins Mary J , Byram Beverly , Carpenter Lavenia , Clouse Kate , Castilho Jessica L , Rogers William , Turner Megan , Bebawy Sally S , Pettit April C
Published: January 2019

Background

Retention in care (RIC) and viral suppression (VS) are associated with reduced HIV transmission and mortality. Studies addressing postpartum engagement in HIV care have been limited by small sample size, short follow-up, and a lack of data from the Southeast United States.

Methods

HIV-positive adult women with ≥1 prenatal visit at the Vanderbilt Obstetrics Comprehensive Care Clinic from 1999 to 2015 were included. Poor RIC was defined as not having ≥2 encounters per year, ≥90 days apart; poor VS was a viral load >200 copies/mL. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) of poor postpartum RIC and VS.

Results

Among 248 women over 2070 person-years of follow-up, 37.6% person-years had poor RIC and 50.4% lacked VS. Prenatal substance use was independently associated with poor RIC (aRR, 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.80) and poor VS (aRR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04–1.38), and lack of VS at enrollment was associated with poor RIC (aRR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.15–2.35) and poor VS (aRR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.30–1.94). Hispanic women were less likely and women with lower educational attainment were more likely to have poor RIC. Women >30 years of age and married women were less likely to have poor VS.

Conclusions

In this population of women in prenatal care at an HIV primary medical home in Tennessee, women with prenatal substance use and a lack of VS at enrollment into prenatal care were at greater risk of poor RIC and lack of VS postpartum. Interventions aimed at improving postpartum engagement in HIV care among these high-risk groups are needed.