bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre‐hospital administration of ticagrelor in diabetic patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: A sub‐analysis of the ATLANTIC trial
Authors: Fabris Enrico , van't Hof Arnoud , Hamm Christian W. , Lapostolle Frédéric , Lassen Jens Flensted , Goodman Shaun G. , ten Berg Jurriën M. , Bolognese Leonardo , Cequier Angel , Chettibi Mohamed , Hammett Christopher J. , Huber Kurt , Janzon Magnus , Merkely Béla , Storey Robert F. , Zeymer Uwe , Cantor Warren J. , Kerneis Mathieu , Diallo Abdourahmane , Vicaut Eric , Montalescot Gilles ,   for the ATLANTIC investigators
Published: October 2018

Objective

We investigated, in the contemporary era of ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treatment, the influence of diabetes mellitus (DM) on cardiovascular outcomes, and whether pre‐hospital administration of ticagrelor may affect these outcomes in a subgroup of STEMI patients with DM.

Background

DM patients have high platelet reactivity and a prothrombotic condition which highlight the importance of an effective antithrombotic regimen in this high‐risk population.

Methods

In toal 1,630 STEMI patients enrolled in the ATLANTIC trial who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included. Multivariate analysis was used to explore the association of DM with outcomes and potential treatment‐by‐diabetes interaction was tested.

Results

A total of 214/1,630 (13.1%) patients had DM. DM was an independent predictor of poor myocardial reperfusion as reflected by less frequent ST‐segment elevation resolution (≥70%) after PCI (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.43–0.82, P < 0.01) and was an independent predictor of the composite 30‐day outcomes of death/new myocardial infarction (MI)/urgent revascularization/definite stent thrombosis (ST) (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.62–4.85, P < 0.01), new MI or definite acute ST (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.08–5.61, P = 0.03), and definite ST (OR 10.00, 95% CI 3.54–28.22, P < 0.01). No significant interaction between pre‐hospital ticagrelor vs in‐hospital ticagrelor administration and DM was present for the clinical, electrocardiographic and angiographic outcomes as well as for thrombolysis in myocardial infarction major bleeding.

Conclusions

DM remains independently associated with poor myocardial reperfusion and worse 30‐day clinical outcomes. No significant interaction was found between pre‐hospital vs in‐hospital ticagrelor administration and DM status. Further approaches for the treatment of DM patients are needed.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01347580.
Recent Advances in Iron‐Catalyzed C—H Bond Amination via Iron Imido Intermediate
Authors: Wang Peng , Deng Liang
Published: October 2018

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed C—H bond amination reaction is an attractive method for the synthesis of amines. Fueled by the growing interests in the development of economical and eco‐friendly catalysts for organic transformations, there are great recent efforts on developing iron‐catalyzed C—H bond amination reactions using organic azides, sulfonyl azides, and iminoiodanes as nitrene source. This review summarizes the progress achieved in the field since 2011. The reaction scope, the synthetic utility of the catalytic reaction, and the current mechanistic understandings of the C—H bond amination reactions catalyzed by hemoproteins, iron porphyrins and phthalocyanines, non‐heme‐type iron complexes, as well as metal‐organic‐ framework‐supported iron complexes are introduced and discussed.
Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of GSK2269557 (Nemiralisib) Administered Via Dry Powder Inhaler to Healthy Japanese Subjects
Authors: Ino Hiroko , Wilson Robert , Terao Takumi , Ogura Hirofumi , Igarashi Harue , Cahn Anthony , Numachi Yotaro
Published: October 2018

The aim of the study was to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single and repeat doses of nemiralisib administered via a dry powder inhaler to healthy Japanese subjects. This was a single‐center, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel, single‐ and repeat‐ascending‐dose study. Thirty‐six healthy Japanese male subjects were randomized to receive either 1 dose strength of nemiralisib or placebo. The study consisted of a screening period, a single‐dose session (session 1), a repeat‐dose session (session 2), a 10‐day washout period between the sessions, and then a follow‐up visit 10 ± 1 days after the last dose of session 2. No serious adverse events were reported. No clinically significant abnormalities were found in clinical laboratory results, vital signs, or spirometry results. Generally, exposure (maximum observed plasma concentration [Cmax] and area under the concentration‐time curve [AUC]) increased with dose in an approximately proportional manner. Plasma Tmax was achieved rapidly at approximately 0.08 hours, and the terminal elimination half‐life (T1/2) was approximately 40 hours. Tmax and T1/2 did not change between days or doses in the single‐ and repeat‐dose sessions. Following 10 daily doses of 200, 500, and 700 μg nemiralisib, accumulation was observed, and the ratios (session 2, day 10:session 1) for Ro(AUC0‐24) and R(Cmax) were 2.4‐3.0 and 1.5‐1.7, respectively. Steady state was achieved by 6‐7 days, based on trough observed plasma drug concentration (Ctrough) values.
A Randomized, Open‐Label, Crossover Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Effects of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of a 15‐mg Tylerdipine Tablet in Healthy Chinese Male Volunteers
Authors: Wang Lu , Xie Lijun , Zhou Sufeng , Wang Yuanyuan , Chen Juan , Zhou Yanli , Liu Yun , Zhang Hongwen , Tao Mingxue , Ou Ning , Shao Feng
Published: October 2018

Tylerdipine hydrochloride is a novel L‐type and T‐type dual calcium channel antagonist that has the potential effects of expanding blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. It is expected to reduce the side effect of ankle edema observed with other drugs in the same class. A randomized, open‐label, crossover phase 1 study was performed to evaluate the effect of food on the bioavailability of tylerdipine. Fourteen healthy male volunteers were enrolled. The administration of tylerdipine after a high‐fat meal increased the bioavailability of tylerdipine. In the fed state there was a 130% increase in the mean total systemic exposure (AUCinf) and a 73% increase in the mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) compared with that in the fasting state. The geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of Cmax and AUCinf were 2.54 (1.94, 3.33) and 1.75 (1.50, 2.04) for tylerdipine. The exposures of the 2 main metabolites M2 and M4 were increased by approximately 10% after a high‐fat meal. The median time to peak plasma concentration of tylerdipine showed no difference between fasting and fed states.
A Rapid Method to Estimate Hepatocyte Loss Due to Drug‐Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Chung Jae‐Yong , Longo Diane M. , Watkins Paul B.
Published: October 2018

It is not currently possible to rapidly estimate the extent of hepatocyte loss during drug‐induced liver injury (DILI). We used a proprietary mechanistic model (DILIsym) to estimate percentage hepatocyte loss due to DILI that resulted from four different patterns of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) over time: rapid onset and rapid decrease in ALT levels, moderate onset and moderate decrease in ALT levels, moderate onset and extended duration (over 1 month) of ALT elevations, and an ALT profile with multiple peaks. Using these data, we derived a novel parameter, PALT = ALT_AUC*Peak ALT0.18/105 ((IU/L)2*h), where AUC is area under the curve, that correlated well with hepatocyte loss estimates derived by DILIsym in patients with DILI due to six different hepatotoxic drugs. Although further validation will be required, the fact that PALT can be derived rapidly using publicly available pharmacokinetic software may make it a useful parameter to improve the safety of drugs.
Differential evolutionary particle swarm optimization for load adjustment distribution state estimation using correntropy
Authors: Iwata Sohei , Fukuyama Yoshikazu
Published: October 2018

This paper proposes differential evolutionary particle swarm optimization (DEEPSO) for load adjustment distribution state estimation (DSE) using correntropy. Practical equipment in distribution systems causes nonlinear characteristics in an objective function and evolutionary computation methods have been applied to DSE so far. This paper applies DEEPSO in order to improve estimation equality. Minimization of sum of square errors by the least squares method has a problem when outliers exit in measured values. Quality of estimated results is largely affected by the outliers using the least squares method, while correntropy has a possibility not to be affected by the outliers. The proposed method is applied to a typical distribution system. The results indicate that the proposed DEEPSO‐based method can improve estimation results compared with conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO) and hybrid PSO‐based method, and the correntropy‐based proposed method can estimate distribution system conditions more accurately than the conventional least squares method.
A Real‐Time Multilevel Energy Management Strategy for Electric Vehicle Charging in a Smart Electric Energy Distribution System
Authors: Hu Yong , Su Su , He Luobin , Wu Xuezhi , Ma Tao , Liu Ziqi , Wei Xiangxiang
Published: October 2018

The randomness of electric vehicle (EV) charging has negative impacts on three‐phase imbalance and peak–valley difference in electric energy distribution systems. Traditional EV charging strategies have shortcomings: the performance of three‐phase imbalance mitigation may be limited if the grid‐connected EVs are extremely imbalanced on three phases; in addition, the comprehensive regulation of peak–valley difference and three‐phase imbalance is not developed, and the three‐phase imbalance of reactive power is ignored. Therefore, a real‐time multilevel energy management strategy (RMEMS) for EV charging is proposed. A tri‐level optimization model (TOM) is designed as the central system. In upper‐level optimization, the three‐phase selection (TPS) of EVs is optimized to balance active or reactive power consumption on three phases. Based on the results from upper‐level optimization, the charging active power is regulated in middle‐level optimization to reduce the peak–valley difference on each phase. In lower‐level optimization, the reactive power compensated by EV chargers is optimized based on the results from upper‐level and middle‐level optimization to balance the reactive power on three phases. Case studies show that the proposed RMEMS performs well for balancing active and reactive power consumption on three phases, and the peak–valley differences of active power consumption on each phase are all mitigated.
NPM's “Ideals” About the Accountability and Control of Outsourced Activities: Tough, But Realizable, Or A Utopian Dream?
Authors: ter Bogt Henk
Published: October 2018

Based on 25 cases, the accountability and control processes of activities outsourced by municipalities in the Netherlands are analysed. The focus is twofold: on the accountability and control processes between the external party and the municipality, and on the role played by councillors (elected politicians). The research shows that the typical accountability and control relationship in this context is characterised by a low emphasis on outputs. However, detailed financial information and frequent informal contacts between civil servants (on behalf of the Executives) and the external party are very important. Furthermore, the accountability and control relationship with respect to (activities and) outputs seems to be rather loose, also when ‘proper’ output information is available in accounting documents. Finally, trust is crucial in the relationship, a notion which is not advocated byNPMand its underlying principal‐agent theory.
Unlock Local Forces and Improve Legitimacy: A Decision Making Scheme in the European Union Towards Environmental Change
Authors: Apostolopoulos Nikolaos , Liargovas Panagiotis
Published: October 2018

This article develops an innovative scheme, beyond the existing decision making system, towards a participative and deliberative approach to environmental policies in the European Union. It adopts a bottom‐up approach whereby environmental priorities reach the European level directly from the local networking process and engagement. Indeed, there is a gap in the literature regarding conceptual approaches based on decision making schemes that can unlock local forces towards environmental change. By using a multi‐criteria method, two scenarios (direct democratic and pre‐defined bottom‐up) of social‐network modeling are created. Both scenarios aim to promote the effective use of social networks through aggregation functions to combine the responses of local stakeholders. This paper contributes to the academic debate of the interaction between public engagement and environmental policies. It does not advocate that the debate in political level can be replaced by math‐based decision making schemes but the use of them can enrich political discussions.
Effect of pH on Cr(III) accumulation, biomass production, and phenolic profile in 2 Salvinia species
Authors: Ponce Silvana Chocobar , Prado Carolina , Pagano Eduardo , Prado Fernando E. , Rosa Mariana
Published: October 2018

We analyzed the effect of pH on Cr(III) accumulation, biomass production, and phenolic profile of Salvinia rotundifolia and Salvinia minima plants grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of CrCl3. Biomass accumulation, metal tolerance index, and photosynthetic pigment contents indicate that Salvinia rotundifolia seems to be more tolerant of Cr(III) than S. minima at different pHs. Increased metal accumulation by Salvinia species under increasing pH could be explained by changes of the protonation status of cell wall functional groups because both the highest and the lowest pH values used in the present study were outside of the levels at which Cr(III) species start to precipitate. The metal translocation factor indicates that in buffered conditions S. rotundifolia tend to retain more Cr(III) in lacinias than S. minima, probably through the involvement of insoluble phenolics. The results of the present study could be useful to the management of solution pH to maximize the removal of Cr(III) by aquatic plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:167–176. © 2018 SETAC
Diet‐Induced Dysbiosis and Genetic Background Synergize With Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Deficiency to Promote Cholangiopathy in Mice
Authors: Debray Dominique , El Mourabit Haquima , Merabtene Fatiha , Brot Loïc , Ulveling Damien , Chrétien Yves , Rainteau Dominique , Moszer Ivan , Wendum Dominique , Sokol Harry , Housset Chantal
Published: October 2018

The most typical expression of cystic fibrosis (CF)–related liver disease is a cholangiopathy that can progress to cirrhosis. We aimed to determine the potential impact of environmental and genetic factors on the development of CF‐related cholangiopathy in mice. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr)−/− mice and Cftr
+/+ littermates in a congenic C57BL/6J background were fed a high medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) diet. Liver histopathology, fecal microbiota, intestinal inflammation and barrier function, bile acid homeostasis, and liver transcriptome were analyzed in 3‐month‐old males. Subsequently, MCT diet was changed for chow with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the genetic background for a mixed C57BL/6J;129/Ola background (resulting from three backcrosses), to test their effect on phenotype. C57BL/6J Cftr
−/− mice on an MCT diet developed cholangiopathy features that were associated with dysbiosis, primarily Escherichia coli enrichment, and low‐grade intestinal inflammation. Compared with Cftr
+/+ littermates, they displayed increased intestinal permeability and a lack of secondary bile acids together with a low expression of ileal bile acid transporters. Dietary‐induced (chow with PEG) changes in gut microbiota composition largely prevented the development of cholangiopathy in Cftr
−/− mice. Regardless of Cftr status, mice in a mixed C57BL/6J;129/Ola background developed fatty liver under an MCT diet. The Cftr
−/− mice in the mixed background showed no cholangiopathy, which was not explained by a difference in gut microbiota or intestinal permeability, compared with congenic mice. Transcriptomic analysis of the liver revealed differential expression, notably of immune‐related genes, in mice of the congenic versus mixed background. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CFTR deficiency causes abnormal intestinal permeability, which, combined with diet‐induced dysbiosis and immune‐related genetic susceptibility, promotes CF‐related cholangiopathy.
Perfection of eccentricity: Mitochondrial genomes of diplonemids
Authors: Burger Gertraud , Valach Matus
Published: October 2018

Mitochondria are the sandbox of evolution as exemplified most particularly by the diplonemids, a group of marine microeukaryotes. These protists are uniquely characterized by their highly multipartite mitochondrial genome and systematically fragmented genes whose pieces are spread out over several dozens of chromosomes. The type species Diplonema papillatum was the first member of this group in which the expression of fragmented mitochondrial genes was investigated experimentally. We now know that gene expression involves separate transcription of gene pieces (modules), RNA editing of module transcripts, and module joining to mature mRNAs and rRNAs. The mechanism of cognate module recognition and ligation is distinct from known intron splicing and remains to be uncovered. Here, we review the current status of research on mitochondrial genome architecture, as well as gene complement, structure, and expression modes in diplonemids. Further, we discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of posttranscriptional processing, and finally reflect on the evolutionary trajectories and trends of mtDNA evolution as seen in this protist group. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(12):1197–1206, 2018
Synthesis of Spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐pyrano[3,2‐c]chromene]diones
Authors: Ghadiri Sakineh , Bayat Mohammad , Hosseini Fahimeh Sadat
Published: October 2018

A new series of isatin‐based spiro‐fused derivatives were prepared, via three‐component reaction of N‐alkyl‐1‐(methylthio)‐2‐nitroethenamine derived from the addition of various amines to nitroketene dithioacetal with isatin derivatives and 4‐hydroxycoumarin in ethanol as a solvent at reflux. The significant advantages of this protocol include simple operation under mild conditions, easy purification, good yields, and catalyst‐free approach.
Evaluation of coronary sinus morphology by three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in patients undergoing electrophysiological study
Authors: Senturk Serhat Emre , Icen Yahya Kemal , Koc Ayşe Selcan , Donmez Yurdaer , Baykan Ahmet Oytun , Unal İlker , Sumbul Hilmi Erdem , Koc Mevlüt
Published: October 2018

Background

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the coronary sinus (CS) morphology with three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3D‐TTE) in patients with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) who underwent electrophysiological study (EPS).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted with 187 patients who underwent EPS between November 2016 and April 2017. Patients were divided into three groups: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) (n = 72), non‐AVNRT SVT (n = 58), and normal EPS (n = 57). All patients were evaluated with electrocardiography, TTE, and 3D‐TTE.

Results

The CS diameter (CSD) and area (CSA) were found significantly lower in the normal EPS group than in the other groups. There was no significant difference in the CSD between AVNRT and non‐AVNRT SVT groups. However, it was found that the CSA was significantly larger in the AVNRT group than in the non‐AVNRT SVT group. In linear regression analysis, age and left atrial diameter were determined as independent predictor for CSD and CSA (P < 0.001 for each one).

Conclusions

The CSD and CSA assessed by 3D‐TTE were different and dilated in the patients with SVT compared to those in the normal individuals. There was no significant difference in the CSD between the AVNRT and non‐AVNRT SVT groups. However, the AVNRT group had a larger CSA than the non‐AVNRT SVT group.
A pattern reconfigurable square loop antenna with 4 ports and its feeding network
Authors: Guo Qingxin , Chen Lu , Li Zengrui
Published: October 2018

A low‐profile pattern reconfigurable square loop antenna is investigated. It is designed by using a single loop element with 4 ports over hybrid high impedance surface. The simulated and measured results show that, with different excitations, the main lobe of the presented antenna can be steered in 4 quadrants, and 2 main lobes or omnidirectional pattern also can be obtained. It exhibits a gain of 7.1 dB at 5 GHz and wide bandwidth that covers from 4.8 to 5.48 GHz with a total size of 60 × 60 × 3.3 mm. A simple feeding network that consists of power divider and RF switches is also designed for testing and realizing the steerable radiation patterns.
Study on Time‐frequency Characteristics of Pressure Oscillations in a Bulk‐loaded Liquid Gun
Authors: Mang Shanshan , Yu Yonggang , Zhang Qi
Published: October 2018

The pressure oscillation in the bulk‐load liquid gun is a kind of combustion instability and has adverse effects on the interior ballistic cycle. With different liquid propellants and different combustion chamber geometries, the combustion and propulsion experiments were conducted on a small calibre gun, and the behaviors of pressure oscillation were investigated. By the wavelet transform, the pressure oscillations were precisely extracted from the measured pressure‐time curves. The oscillation characteristics were analyzed and compared in both the time domain and the frequency domain. Furthermore, a simplified acoustic resonance model considering the combustion‐gas cavity expansion in liquid propellant was developed to estimate the range of the resonant frequency, and the relations between pressure oscillation and acoustic resonance were discussed. The experiments showed that the stepped‐wall combustion chamber geometry was beneficial to reduce the pressure oscillation. The consistency of frequency range of the low‐frequency oscillation between calculations and experiments suggested that axial acoustic resonance played a key role in producing the pressure oscillation, and the characteristics of the high‐frequency oscillation were mainly affected by the combustion of liquid propellant droplets.
Don't walk the line—dance it!
Authors: Forest Jerry
Published: October 2018

An 86% reduction in API RP 754 Tier 1 and Tier 2 loss of primary containment incidents has been realized in the 5 years following the development and implementation of Walk the Line by Celanese. Walk the Line originally was shared at the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) and AIChE Safety & Health Division Global Congress for Process Safety in 2014 to address operator line‐up errors with three groups of Conduct of Operations tools: changing the culture by setting expectations, operational continuity through operating discipline, and operational readiness.

This article will provide an update on our effort to eliminate operator line‐up error in industry. It will outline additional steps taken by Celanese and the results as well as highlight how industry came together to improve on a systemic cause of process safety incidents. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 37: 493–497, 2018
Analysis of split‐plot reliability experiments with subsampling
Authors: Medlin Rebecca M. , Freeman Laura J. , Kensler Jennifer L.K. , Vining G. Geoffrey
Published: October 2018

Reliability experiments are important for determining which factors drive product reliability. The data collected in these experiments can be challenging to analyze. Often, the reliability or lifetime data collected follow distinctly nonnormal distributions and include censored observations. Additional challenges in the analysis arise when the experiment is executed with restrictions on randomization. The focus of this paper is on the proper analysis of reliability data collected from a nonrandomized reliability experiments. Specifically, we focus on the analysis of lifetime data from a split‐plot experimental design. We outline a nonlinear mixed‐model analysis for a split‐plot reliability experiment with subsampling and right‐censored Weibull distributed lifetime data. A simulation study compares the proposed method with a two‐stage method of analysis.
The adenine ring influences the adenosine 5′‐triphosphate hydrolysis
Authors: Yamabe Shinichi , Tsuchida Noriko , Yamazaki Shoko
Published: October 2018

DFT calculations (ωB97X‐D) of the adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis were carried out. Four reactions (A), (B), (C), and (D) were investigated. Reaction (A) is of the acid catalysis and (B) is of the Mg2+ one with (H2O)
n, n = 5, 11, and 17. (C) is of the myosin‐model catalysis, and (D) is of the F1‐ATPase one. Transition states were determined precisely. For reaction (A), the experimental activation energy was reproduced well by the n = 11 and 17 models. For the Mg2+‐containing hydrolysis, (B), 2 reactions (a) [without the Mg2+‐adenine linkage] and (b) [with the connection] were examined and were compared. The reaction (b) was found to be more likely than (a) in both total and activation energies. The adenine ring works to enhance the polarity of transition states. For the myosin catalyzed (C) and in F1‐ATPase (D) hydrolyses, again, the reaction (b) is much more likely than (a). The proton transfer from the lytic water molecule leads to the protonation of the carboxylate of Glu459 in (C). The adenine ring was suggested to influence and promote the ATP hydrolysis.
Study of the kinetic energy densities of electrons as applied to quantum dots in a magnetic field
Authors: Slamet Marlina , Sahni Viraht
Published: October 2018

There are three expressions for the kinetic energy density
t(r) expressed in terms of its quantal source, the single‐particle density matrix:
t
A(r), the integrand of the kinetic energy expectation value;
t
B(r), the trace of the kinetic energy tensor;
t
C(r), a virial form in terms of the ‘classical’ kinetic field. These kinetic energy densities are studied by application to ‘artificial atoms‘ or quantum dots in a magnetic field in a ground and excited singlet state. A comparison with the densities for natural atoms and molecules in their ground state is made. The near nucleus structure of these densities for natural atoms is explained. We suggest that in theoretical frameworks which employ the kinetic energy density such as molecular fragmentation, density functional theory, and information‐entropic theories, one use all three expressions on application to quantum dots, and the virial expression for natural atoms and molecules. New physics could thereby be gleaned.
Theoretical study on the atmospheric reaction of CH3SH with O2
Authors: Bian He , Xu Bin , Zhang Honghong , Wang Qian , Zhang Huiming , Zhang Shiguo , Xia Daohong
Published: October 2018

A detailed study on the reaction mechanism of CH3SH with O2was carried out using quantum chemical methods. Eleven singlet pathways and four triplet pathways were found based on CCSD(T)//M06‐2x calculations. The nature of chemical bonding evolution was also studied using electron localization function and atoms in molecules analysis. Moreover, reaction rate constants were calculated between 200 and 800 K at the level of the transition state theory by Wigner tunneling correction. The results suggest that the main products should be CH2SO, H2O, CH3OH, SO, CH4, and SO2, respectively, basically coinciding with the experimental results. The corresponding feasible pathways are channels R7, R8, and R9, respectively, with an effective energy barrier of 56.21 kJ/mol. Obviously, given the low energy barrier similar to the main paths mentioned above, the products CH2SH and HO2should assume a definite proportion in all possible products, although such species were not yet detected in experiment.
C3 Symmetric Hexaphenyltriphenylenehexamide: Molecular Design of Fluorescent Ferroelectrics
Authors: Takeda Takashi , Wu Jianyun , Ikenaka Nobuaki , Hoshino Norihisa , Hisaki Ichiro , Akutagawa Tomoyuki
Published: October 2018

Organic materials with diverse molecular designs and assemblies may exhibit new multifunctional properties such as coupled ferroelectric, optical, and transport properties. Herein, we propose design guidelines for multifunctional organic ferroelectric materials based on areneoligoxamide. The key points are the careful selection of a disk‐shaped central π scaffold and the symmetric introduction of terminal alkyl amide groups with high motility. The effectiveness of these guidelines are demonstrated through the synthesis of C3 symmetric hexaphenyltriphenylenehexamide (6TP), which showed a significant polarization‐electric field hysteresis in the liquid crystalline (LC) state with fluorescent properties. Spacing between the ortho‐diamide with a phenylene spacer not only expanded the molecular design for ferroelectric LC but also increased the thermal stability of areneoligoxamide.
One‐Step Synthesis of Iodinated Polypyrrole Nanoparticles for CT Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy of Tumors
Authors: Zou Quan , Huang Jiani , Zhang Xuejun
Published: October 2018

Theranostic materials are of great significance to a personalized precise medicine. However, conventional theranostic agents are mainly fabricated by combining presynthesized independent imaging probes and therapeutic agents, suffering from multiple synthesis procedures, poor morphological control, and time/reagent‐consuming process. Herein, iodinated polypyrrole (I‐PPy) nanoparticles are fabricated via a one‐step synthesis strategy combining chemical oxidation and iodination for computed tomography (CT) imaging‐guided photothermal therapy. Iodic acid with a high standard electrode potential enables the chemical oxidation polymerization of pyrrole monomers. Meanwhile, the iodination of PPy induced by the corresponding reduction product I2 takes place during the polymerization process to generate I‐PPy nanoparticles. The prepared I‐PPy nanoparticles possess a uniform size, excellent colloidal stability, intense near‐infrared absorption, strong X‐ray attenuation ability, and favorable biocompatibility. The as‐synthesized I‐PPy nanoparticles not only guarantee remarkable contrast‐enhanced CT imaging of blood pool and tumors, but also realize effective tumor suppression in vitro and in vivo by I‐PPy nanoparticles‐mediated CT imaging‐guided photothermal therapy. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it is the first time that multifunctional PPy nanoparticles are fabricated through a one‐step synthesis process. The proposed strategy opens up a new way for the fabrication of high‐performance theranostic agents via a one‐step strategy under mild conditions.
Mo2C Nanodots Anchored on N‐Doped Porous CNT Microspheres as Electrode for Efficient Li‐Ion Storage
Authors: Yu Bo , Yang Dongxu , Hu Yang , He Jiarui , Chen Yuanfu , He Weidong
Published: October 2018

For the first time, red‐blood‐cell‐like porous Mo2C@CNT microspheres are synthesized through a facile and scalable spray‐drying approach. As an anode for the lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) battery (LIB), the Mo2C@CNT hybrid demonstrates superior electrochemical performances with a high reversible capacity of 1065 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, a large and stable capacity of 878 mAh g−1 even after 750 cycles at 1.6 A g−1, and large capabilities of 460 and 190 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles even at 8.0 and 16.0 A g−1, respectively, suggesting the outstanding long‐cycle high‐rate performance. The superior Li‐ion storage is attributed to the unique porous hierarchical structure, as constructed with Mo2C nanodots homogeneously and tightly anchored on a porous and highly conductive N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) microspheric skeleton, which provides abundant electrochemically active sites and facilitates the electron and ion transportation. This work provides a novel, scalable, and cost‐effective route to the hybrid of transition‐metal‐based compounds and carbonaceous nanomaterials as high‐performance electrode for LIBs.
Resource‐Constrained Emergency Scheduling for Forest Fires with Priority Areas: An Efficient Integer‐Programming Approach
Authors: Wu Peng , Cheng Junheng , Feng Chenpeng
Published: October 2018

This article deals with an emergency‐scheduling problem for forest fires with limited rescue team resources and priority disaster areas. It aims to determine optimal fire‐fighting routes of limited fire‐fighting teams for forest fires with multiple points subject to their priority levels so as to minimize the total travel distance of all rescue teams. For this problem, an integer linear‐programming (ILP) model is developed to generate its optimal schedule scheme, which is exactly solved by commercial software CPLEX. Moreover, the complexity of the problem is proved to be NP‐hard. Computational results show that benchmark and larger‐scale instances (with up to 100 fire points and 30 fire‐fighting teams) can be exactly solved within about 1 min and the proposed approach outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art one in terms of solution quality and computational time. The experimental results suggest that the proposed approach is potentially suitable for facilitating fast decision‐making when dealing with emergency scheduling for forest fires subject to limited rescue resources. Moreover, a new mixed‐integer program is developed to address the resource‐constrained emergency scheduling for forest fires with priority areas to minimize the total rescue time. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Safe map generation after a disaster, assisted by an unmanned aerial vehicle tracking system
Authors: Aljehani Maher , Inoue Masahiro
Published: October 2018

This paper proposes a new method to build safe maps through disaster‐stricken zones by taking advantage of different scenarios of tracking pedestrians and area scanning. Tracking is usually achieved by following the refugees' mobile devices. However, sometimes refugees do not hold mobiles to track them. To overcome this problem, we exploit the tracking systems of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which enable both image processing and mobile tracking depending on the scenario. UAV technology is a low‐cost, flexible solution in missions that are difficult to execute by humans and other systems. After a disaster event, a safe map can be constructed from aerial imagery data of the moving pedestrians. Aerial data are also useful for evaluating damage in the stricken areas. The present study integrates UAVs into the Internet of Things, generating a pseudo scenario for the map generation. Experiments confirmed the usefulness of low‐cost UAVs in tracking and scanning with and without smartphone tracking data. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Driving force control for a vehicle considering slip ratio limitation
Authors: Wada Nobutaka , Matsui Yuji
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we propose a design method of a feedback controller for achieving a desired driving force under the slip ratio constraint. The controller consists of a slip ratio controller and a driving force controller with an anti‐windup structure. We derive the design condition of the controller that ensures closed‐loop stability. The design condition is expressed as linear matrix inequalities. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by a numerical example. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identifying Linguistic Markers of Collaboration in Second Language Peer Interaction: A Lexico‐grammatical Approach
Authors: Crawford William J. , McDonough Kim , Brun‐Mercer Nicole
Published: October 2018

Although there is consensus that collaboration refers to two or more learners working together to accomplish a task (Davin & Donato, 2013; Ohta, 2001), debate remains about how to assess collaboration. Researchers have pursued two approaches to evaluate collaboration during peer interaction: rater judgments (e.g., Ahmadi & Sedeghi, 2016; Winke, 2013) and qualitative coding of interactional patterns (e.g., Galaczi, 2008; Storch, 2002a). Largely absent, however, has been any attempt to describe the linguistic features of collaboration. Therefore, the present study uses corpus linguistic techniques to identify the linguistic markers of collaborative and noncollaborative peer interactions. Students of English as a second language (N = 80) enrolled in an intensive English program carried out a paired oral test as part of the program's formative assessment procedures. Their interactions were audio‐recorded and rated using an analytic rubric with three categories (collaboration, task completion, and style), and transcripts were analyzed for 146 linguistic features using the Biber Tagger (Biber, 1988). Linguistic features associated with high collaboration included first‐ and second‐person pronouns, wh‐questions, that deletion, and subordinate conjunctions, whereas low‐collaboration interactions were characterized by nominal forms. The collaborative and noncollaborative functions served by these linguistic features are discussed.
Cardiac output measurements during high‐risk Cesarean section using electrical bioreactance or arterial waveform analysis: assessment of agreement
Authors: Gutierrez J. , Perry H. , Columb M. , Bampoe S. , Thilaganathan B. , Khalil A.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Maternal hemodynamics change significantly during Cesarean section complicated by massive hemorrhage or severe hypertensive disease. Cardiac output (CO) monitoring aids early, goal‐directed hemodynamic therapy. The aim of this study was to record hemodynamic changes observed during Cesarean section in pregnancies at high risk of hemodynamic instability, using invasive (LiDCOrapid™) and non‐invasive (NICOM®) devices, and to assess agreement between the two devices in measuring CO.

Methods

Simultaneous intraoperative hemodynamic measurements were taken using the LiDCOrapid and NICOM devices, following standardized techniques, in women at high risk of hemodynamic instability undergoing Cesarean section. Agreement in CO measurements between the two devices was assessed using Bland–Altman plots and the agreement:tolerability index (ATI). Agreement analyses were performed for repeated measures in subjects, using centiles.

Results

From 10 women, 307 paired measurements were analyzed. Mean bias (defined as the mean difference in CO measurements between the LiDCOrapid and NICOM devices) was 3.05 (95% CI, 1.89 to 4.21) L/min. Limits of agreement ranged from −1.58 (95% CI, −4.47 to −0.14) to 7.68 (95% CI, 6.24 to 10.56) L/min. The resulting agreement interval was 9.26 L/min which returned an ATI of 2.3.

Conclusions

There are large mean differences between CO measurements obtained during Cesarean section using the LiDCOrapid and NICOM hemodynamic monitors in pregnant women at high risk of hemodynamic instability, indicating that they should not be considered interchangeable clinically. There is an unacceptably low level of agreement (ATI > 2) in CO measurements between the devices, conferring a high risk of clinical misclassification during massive hemorrhage. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Reaktive Multischichtsysteme
Authors: Pflug Erik , Bretschneider Jörg , Dietrich Georg , Zimmermann Martina , Leson Andreas
Published: October 2018

Reactive Multilayer Systems as tailored heat sources for plastic bondings

The use of reactive multilayer systems (RMS) as a heat source for the manufacturing of thermoplastic material bondings makes it possible to completely or partially overcome the limitations of conventional joining techniques, such as gluing or welding. The release of energy, which takes place directly inside the joining zone within milliseconds can be well adapted to the properties of the plastics. Thus undesired changes in the material structure of the joining partners can be avoided. Bonding strengths which are higher than or comparable to those of commercially used joining methods can be achieved. Furthermore, a particular advantage of RMS joining is that no surface pretreatment is required. RMS bondings of thermoplastics achieve high long‐term stability for plastics, which themselves are only slightly susceptible to aging.
Die Entwicklung der Turbomolekularpumpe innerhalb der letzten drei Jahrzehnte
Authors: Barfuss Heinz
Published: October 2018

Development of turbomolecular pumps within the last three decades

On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the “Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis” in 2018, the author puts the turbomolecular pump at the centre of the historical overview. From the first experiments, which led to the development of this key component of modern vacuum generation in high and ultra‐high vacuum technology, to further developments up to the present day, individual technological advances made by Pfeiffer Vacuum – especially those of the last 30 years – are presented and future development trends are shown.
Bestimmung des Saugvermögens von Ionengetterpumpen
Authors: Meierott Stefan , Walter Marco , Bergner Klaus , Flämmich Michael , Bergner Ute
Published: October 2018

The pumping speed of ion getter pumps – Comparison of measurement methods

Pumping speed measurements of sputtering ion pumps are typically carried out according to DIN 28429 or ISO/DIS 3556‐1.2.

In this article, we take a look at the differences between these two measurement methods. Based on experimental data, the impact of pressure holding times on reproducibility and absolute values of the extracted pumping speeds are discussed.

Pumping speed measurements according to the now withdrawn ISO/DIN 3556‐1.2 may yield up to 30 % higher values than values based on the validated DIN28429. The definition of sampling times according to DIN 28429 enables reproducible measurements.
Relatedness, parentage, and philopatry within a Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) maternity colony
Authors: Scott David Daniel , Boston Emma S. M. , Lundy Mathieu G. , Buckley Daniel J. , Gager Yann , Chaplain Callum J. , Teeling Emma C. , Ian Montgomery William , Prodöhl Paulo A.
Published: October 2018

Given their cryptic behaviour, it is often difficult to establish kinship within microchiropteran maternity colonies. This limits understanding of group formation within this highly social group. Following a concerted effort to comprehensively sample a Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) maternity colony over two consecutive summers, we employed microsatellite DNA profiling to examine genetic relatedness among individuals. Resulting data were used to ascertain female kinship, parentage, mating strategies, and philopatry. Overall, despite evidence of female philopatry, relatedness was low both for adult females and juveniles of both sexes. The majority of individuals within the colony were found to be unrelated or distantly related. However, parentage analysis indicates the existence of a number of maternal lineages (e.g., grandmother, mother, or daughter). There was no evidence suggesting that males born within the colony are mating with females of the same colony. Thus, in this species, males appear to be the dispersive sex. In the Natterer's bat, colony formation is likely to be based on the benefits of group living, rather than kin selection.
Electrospun polyporous VN nanofibers for symmetric all-solid-state supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Li Jing , Su Zhen , Hu Sanyuan , Li Heping , Yan Youwei
Published: October 2018

To promote the energy density of symmetric all-solid-state supercapacitors (SCs), efforts have been dedicated to searching for high-performance electrode materials recently. In this paper, vanadium nitride (VN) nanofibers with mesoporous structure have been fabricated by a facile electrospinning method. Their crystal structures and morphology features were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mesoporous structure of VN nanofibers, which can provide short electrolyte diffusion routes and conducting electron transport pathways, is beneficial to their performance as a supercapacitor electrode. Under a stable electrochemical window of 1.0 V, VN nanofibers possess an excellent mass specific capacitance of 110.8 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. Moreover, the VN nanofibers were further assembled into symmetric all-solid-state SCs, achieving a high energy density of 0.89 mW·h/cm3 and a high power density of 0.016 W/cm3 over an operating potential range from 0 to 1.0 V. These results demonstrate that VN nanofibers could be potentially used for energy storage devices.
Temperature dependent conductivity of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics induced by Sr dopants
Authors: Wang Lin , Gui Mengqi , Jin Hai-Bo , Hu Xinyuan , Zhao Yongjie , Adnan Naseer Muhammad , Li Jing-Bo
Published: October 2018

Bi4Ti3O12 is an important lead-free ferroelectric material. Doping modification of Bi4Ti3O12 has attracted great attention to improving its performances. In this work, the effect of Sr dopants on the microstructure, dielectric, and conductivity of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic was investigated by XRD, SEM, and AC impedance spectroscopy. Substitution of 1 at% Sr for Bi decreased the grain size, suppressed the dielectric dispersion of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic at room temperature, and resulted in different effects on the conductivity of grains and grain boundaries. The conductivity of grains in Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic was increased by the small amount of Sr dopants in the whole experimental temperature range. While the grain boundaries of 1 at% Sr-doped Bi4Ti3O12 exhibited lower conductivity than pure Bi4Ti3O12 below ~380 °C and higher conductivity above ~380 °C. The experimental phenomena were interpreted in term of compensating defects for Sr dopants.
Air pollutants and primary allergy prevention
Authors: Heinrich Joachim
Published: October 2018

Background

Air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in outdoor air have long been suspected of causing the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, a variety of systematic reviews have reached different conclusions in the last 15 years on whether these air pollutants do in actual fact play a causal role in the onset of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema.

Methods

Based on published systematic reviews and the most recent publications, the current state of knowledge on epidemiological evidence is presented and the potential for primary prevention of these allergic diseases by reducing or avoiding exposure to these air pollutants evaluated.

Results

Despite conducting an extensive literature search, analyzing the most recent results, and focusing on the birth cohort studies most relevant to the question in hand, epidemiological results do not adequately support the concept of a causal relationship between the two air pollutants in question, PM2.5 and NO2, and asthma. Epidemiological studies predominantly show no effect of these air pollutants on allergic sensitization and the onset of allergic rhinitis. The small number of studies that have investigated the link between air pollutants and eczema largely revealed there to be no link.

Conclusion

If the evidence for the causal role of air pollutants in the onset of allergies is inconclusive, one must assume that it is probably not possible to achieve primary prevention of allergies by improving air quality. However, there is sufficient evidence to show that air pollutants can trigger exacerbations of allergic diseases. This alone justifies ensuring that the existing threshold values for air pollutants are adhered to, in order to protect particularly allergy sufferers from health impairments.