bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Apoptosis-Inducing Coumarins Isolated from Peucedanum japonicum Roots: The Potential for Leukemia Treatment via the Mitochondria-Mediated Pathway
Authors: Kang Kyung-Yun , Ramos Sonny C. , Lee Sung-Ju , Nam Sang-Jip , Kim Jong-Jin
Published: December 2024

Inducing programmed cell death in tumors is a fundamental approach in cancer therapy, prompting extensive efforts to discover bioactive compounds with anticancer properties. Peucedanum japonicum, a plant used in traditional medicine across East Asia, has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, including anticancer effects. This study aimed to evaluate the apoptosis-inducing effects of methanol/dichloromethane (MeOH/CH2Cl2) extracts of P. japonicum roots and their components in HL-60 human leukemia cells. Compounds were isolated using solvent extraction and reverse-phase column chromatography, and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity effect of the compounds was tested on various cancer cell lines (HL-60, A549, and MCF-7). Two coumarins, (−)-isosamidin (1) and 3′S,4′S-disenecioylkhellactone (2), were isolated through bioactivity-guided fractionation. Compound 2 significantly induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells, as evidenced by an increase in the sub-G1 cell population and the initiation of both early and late apoptosis. Additional apoptotic markers, including reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increased cleavage of caspase-3, -8, and -9, were observed. These findings suggest that compound 2 shows potential as a candidate for leukemia treatment, providing a promising natural-product-based approach to cancer therapy.
Immunolocalization of Extensin and Pectin Epitopes in Liparis loeselii Protocorm and Protocorm-like Bodies
Authors: Starke Michał D. , Kapusta Małgorzata , Płachno Bartosz J. , Bohdanowicz Jerzy
Published: December 2024

Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich, an endangered member of the Orchidaceae family, is found in alkaline fens. With the declining populations of L. loeselii, there is a pressing need to reintroduce this species in Central Europe. As in vitro germination is a crucial tool for obtaining plants for introduction into the environment, we looked at the morphological changes occurring during the early stages of L. loeselii development in vitro. As the early stages of orchid development, especially the protocorm stage, are thought to be responsible for SAM formation and the initiation of symbiotic association, we focused on cell wall elements whose epitopes have been found in similar processes in other species: the extensin and pectin rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) side chain epitopes. We addressed the following questions: Does the cell wall of L. loeselii change its composition during the early stages of development, as noted in other species? Are there noticeable similarities in the cell wall to organs of different species whose function is to contact microorganisms? Are there regularities that allow the recognition of individual structures on this basis? Immunolocalization revealed changes in the distribution of certain extensins (JIM11 and JIM20) and RG-I (LM5 and LM6) side chain epitopes. Extensins, a type of cell wall protein, were observed during the initial stages of the formation of PLB and the shoot apical meristem of protocorms and PLBs. RG-I, on the other hand, was found to play a significant role in the development of the protocorm and PLB. In pseudobulbs, which appeared on the protocorms, extensins occurred in their storage part. However, RG-I side chains (1→4)-β-galactans (LM5), and (1→5)-α-L-arabinans (LM6) were not found in pseudobulbs. We revealed that a common feature of protocorms and PLBs was an increased amount of extensins, which were detected with the JIM11 antibody, and pectins, which were detected with the LM5 antibody, that were present together, which may prove helpful in determining the identity of the induced structures and distinguishing them from pseudobulbs. Thus, our study unveiled the role of extensins and RG-I during the growth of protocorms and PLBs. We suggest that PLBs may mimic the wall remodelling that occurs in protocorms, which indicates that using cell wall components is an invitation to be colonised by a fungal partner. However, this needs to be tested in future research. The findings of this research can help interpret future studies on the propagation, acclimatisation, and introduction of L. loeselii into the natural environment.
Systemic Administration of a Site-Targeted Complement Inhibitor Attenuates Chronic Stress-Induced Social Behavior Deficits and Neuroinflammation in Mice
Authors: Madeshiya Amit Kumar , Quintanilla Brandi , Whitehead Carl , Tomlinson Stephen , Pillai Anilkumar
Published: December 2024

Chronic stress, a risk factor for many neuropsychiatric conditions, causes dysregulation in the immune system in both humans and animal models. Additionally, inflammation and synapse loss have been associated with deficits in social behavior. The complement system, a key player of innate immunity, has been linked to social behavior impairments caused by chronic stress. However, it is not known whether complement inhibition can help prevent neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits caused by chronic stress. In this study, we investigated the potential of a site-targeted complement inhibitor to ameliorate chronic stress-induced changes in social behavior and inflammatory markers in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Specifically, we investigated the use of C2-Crry, which comprises a natural antibody-derived single-chain antibody (ScFv) targeting domain-designated C2, linked to Crry, a C3 activation inhibitor. The C2 targeting domain recognizes danger-associated molecular patterns consisting of a subset of phospholipids that become exposed following cell stress or injury. We found that systemic administration of C2-Crry attenuated chronic stress-induced social behavioral impairments in mice. Furthermore, C2-Crry administration significantly decreased microglia/macrophage and astrocyte activation markers in the PFC and hippocampus. These findings suggest that site-targeted complement inhibition could offer a promising, safe, and effective strategy for treating chronic stress induced behavioral and immune function disorders.
Wnt Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
Authors: Zhu Yingying , He Yajing , Gan Runliang
Published: December 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), characterized by significant morbidity and mortality rates, poses a substantial threat to human health. The expression of ligands and receptors within the classical and non-classical Wnt signaling pathways plays an important role in HCC. The Wnt signaling pathway is essential for regulating multiple biological processes in HCC, including proliferation, invasion, migration, tumor microenvironment modulation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), stem cell characteristics, and autophagy. Molecular agents that specifically target the Wnt signaling pathway have demonstrated significant potential for the treatment of HCC. However, the precise mechanism by which the Wnt signaling pathway interacts with HCC remains unclear. In this paper, we review the alteration of the Wnt signaling pathway in HCC, the mechanism of Wnt pathway action in HCC, and molecular agents targeting the Wnt pathway. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for identifying molecular agents targeting the Wnt pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Air–Liquid Interface Culture in Human Lung Organoids Reveals Regulators of Epithelial Differentiation
Authors: Kim Jieun , Eo Eun-Young , Kim Bokyong , Lee Heetak , Kim Jihoon , Koo Bon-Kyoung , Kim Hyung-Jun , Cho Sukki , Kim Jinho , Cho Young-Jae
Published: December 2024

To develop in vitro respiratory models, it is crucial to identify the factors involved in epithelial cell differentiation. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the effects of air–liquid interface (ALI) culture on epithelial cell differentiation using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). ALI culture induced a pronounced shift in cell composition, marked by a fivefold increase in ciliated cells and a reduction of more than half in basal cells. Transcriptional signatures associated with epithelial cell differentiation, analyzed using iPathwayGuide software, revealed the downregulation of VEGFA and upregulation of CDKN1A as key signals for epithelial differentiation. Our findings highlight the efficacy of the ALI culture for replicating the human lung airway epithelium and provide valuable insights into the crucial factors that influence human ciliated cell differentiation.
Exploring the Links Between Coping Strategies, Emotional Intelligence, and Age in Adolescents with Neuromotor Disabilities
Authors: Cioca Ioana Elena , Morcov Maria Veronica , Sporea Corina , Apostol Oana Alina , Pellegrini Angelo , Bordea Elena-Nicoleta
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and coping strategies used by adolescents with disabilities, on the one hand to understand how emotional skills influence stress management and everyday challenges and, on the other hand, considering that it could help specialists to develop interventions and educational programs that support the improvement of emotional skills and coping strategies among adolescents with disabilities. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 Romanian adolescents with neuromotor disabilities aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.2) divided into three groups according to the stages of adolescence: Group 1 (13 years—46 respondents), Group 2 (14 to 17 years—26 respondents), and Group 3 (18 years—28 respondents). They completed a questionnaire that assessed the emotional intelligence of the adolescents (positive impression, interpersonal, intrapersonal, stress management, adaptability, and general mood) as well as another one that assessed the possible cognitive emotional coping strategies (e.g., “blame self”, “acceptance”, “rumination”, “positive refocusing”, “refocus on planning”, “positive reappraisal”, “putting into perspective”, “catastrophizing”, and “blaming others”) that they may adopt in managing life situations related to their health problem. Results: Group 3 has significantly higher scores than Group 2 on the Interpersonal subscale and also significantly higher scores than Group 1 on the Stress management. Our analysis also revealed significant correlations between adaptive coping strategies and emotional intelligence domains across all groups, with positive associations between acceptance and stress management, as well as between positive refocusing and adaptability. Regression analysis identified adaptive coping strategies as significant predictors of emotional intelligence, explaining 29% of its variance. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the critical importance of targeted interventions to enhance emotional regulation and adaptive coping strategies in adolescents with neuromotor disabilities. By focusing on strengthening emotional intelligence and tailoring interventions to developmental stages, these programs can promote better emotional and social functioning, particularly in challenging situations.
Electronic Health Literacy and Self-Efficacy Among Primary and Middle School Students in China: A Moderated Mediated Analysis
Authors: Tian Lin , Xie Tao , Liu Jinnan , Mao Ying
Published: December 2024

Background: The Internet has become a crucial tool for learning, socializing, and entertainment for contemporary minors, and plays an increasingly prominent role in their growth. However, it has been observed that students are often unable to make good judgments about online health information and barely use the Internet to help tackle their health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between electronic health literacy (EHL) and general self-efficacy among Chinese primary and middle school students. Methods: A total of 1200 questionnaires were sent out, and 1085 effective questionnaires were received with effective recovery of 90.42%. First, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis. Second, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the mechanisms underlying the relationship between EHL and general self-efficacy. Results: The results revealed a significant positive correlation between EHL and self-efficacy. The results of the CFA showed a good fit for the data. The results of SEM showed that the relationship between self-efficacy and health information applications was partially mediated by health information acquisition (β = 0.47, [Bias-Corrected 95%CI: 0.39, 0.59], [Percentile 95%CI: 0.37, 0.58]). Household factors moderated this mediating relationship (β = 0.4, [Bias-Corrected 95%CI: 0.19, 0.61], [Percentile 95%CI: 0.19, 0.61]). Conclusions: Information acquisition was found to play a mediating role between self-efficacy and information application. Household factors moderated the indirect relationship between self-efficacy and information applications through information acquisition.
Role of Human Milk Microbiota in Infant Neurodevelopment: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Authors: Biagioli Valentina , Sortino Vincenzo , Falsaperla Raffaele , Striano Pasquale
Published: December 2024

Background: Human milk (HM) is recognized as an ideal source of nutrition for newborns; as a result, its multiple bioactive molecules can support the growth of healthy newborns and reduce the risk of mortality and diseases such as asthma, respiratory infections, diabetes (type 1 and 2), and gastrointestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Furthermore, it can reduce the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Moreover, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) present in breast milk show an immunomodulatory, prebiotic, and neurodevelopmental effect that supports the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Material and methods: This study examined the state-of-the-art research, using keywords such as “breastfeeding”, “human milk oligosaccharides”, “microbiota–gut–brain axis”, “infants”, and “malnutrition”. The literature review was conducted by selecting articles between 2013 and 2024, as the most recent ones. The databases used were Web Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Results: We found multiple studies examining the composition of HM and infant formula (IF). However, further longitudinal studies and randomized control trials (RCTs) are needed to better understand the clinical outcomes that bioactive components exert on healthy and hospitalized children and how, in conditions of malnutrition, it is necessary to support the growth of the newborn. Conclusions: In this review, we affirm the importance of human milk and, through it, the modulation of the microbiota and the neuroprotective role in newborns, determining the health of the following years of life.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Climate-Smart Agriculture Adoption Among Smallholder Crop Producers in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province of South Africa
Authors: Thabane Variety Nkateko , Agholor Isaac Azikiwe , Sithole Moses Zakhele , Morepje Mishal Trevor , Msweli Nomzamo Sharon , Mgwenya Lethu Inneth
Published: December 2024

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a transformative approach to farming that aims to meet the demands of increasing food production under the growing pressures of climate change. CSA’s goals are to boost agricultural productivity, enhance resilience to climate impacts, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the study explored farmers’ socio-demographic factors influencing the adoption of CSA in sustainable crop production. The study was carried out in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga province of South Africa, with a focus on smallholder crop producers in the area. The study surveyed 300 smallholder farmers and employed simple random sampling, structured questionnaires, and a binary logistic regression model for data analysis. The significant and positive socio-demographic variables relevant to the adoption of climate-smart practices were level of education (p < 0.014), household size (p < 0.007), farm experience (p < 0.053), and farmland fertility (p < 0.047). Therefore, for CSA practices to be adopted by smallholder crop producers, a targeted approach is needed to address this issue. Therefore, support and training are needed to bridge the literacy gap among smallholder crop producers with the overall aim of improving their understanding of climate change and CSA practices that can mitigate the effects of climate change.
A Deeper Understanding of Climate Variability Improves Mitigation Efforts, Climate Services, Food Security, and Development Initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ahmed Shamseddin M. , Dinnar Hassan A. , Ahmed Adam E. , Elbushra Azharia A. , Turk Khalid G. Biro
Published: December 2024

This research utilized the bagging machine learning algorithm along with the Thornthwaite moisture index (TMI) to enhance the understanding of climate variability and change, with the objective of identifying the most efficient climate service pathways in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Monthly datasets at a 0.5° resolution (1960–2020) were collected and analyzed using R 4.2.2 software and spreadsheets. The results indicate significant changes in climatic conditions in Sudan, with aridity escalation at a rate of 0.37% per year. The bagging algorithm illustrated that actual water use was mainly influenced by rainfall and runoff management, showing an inverse relationship with increasing air temperatures. Consequently, sustainable strategies focusing on runoff and temperature control, such as rainwater harvesting, agroforestry and plant breeding were identified as the most effective climate services to mitigate and adapt to climate variability in SSA. The findings suggest that runoff management (e.g., rainwater harvesting) could potentially offset up to 22% of the adverse impacts of climate variability, while temperature control strategies (e.g., agroforestry) could account for the remaining 78%. Without these interventions, climate variability will continue to pose serious challenges to food security, livelihood generations, and regional stability. The research calls for further in-depth studies on the attributions of climate variability using finer datasets.
Study on the Tribological Performance of Regenerated Gear Oil with Composite Additives
Authors: Yang Hongbin , Du Sensen , Li Yanhe , Zhang Ye , Rui Hongbin , Zhang Dongya
Published: December 2024

In this study, a comprehensive regeneration process was employed to enhance the recycling efficiency and performance of waste gear oil. The process began with the waste gear oil subjected to extraction flocculation, which was then followed by vacuum distillation for solvent removal. Then, catalytic hydrogenation was performed, and HiTEC 3339 additive was incorporated at concentrations that ranged from 0.25% to 1.5%, thus resulting in the regenerated gear oil. The tribological properties of the regenerated gear oil were investigated under various load conditions using a friction and wear testing apparatus. When a load of 10 N was applied, the filtered oil (Oil 2) exhibited an average friction coefficient of 0.092 and a volumetric wear rate of 8.25 × 10−8 mm3/Nm, which represented reductions of 8.23% and 42.7%, respectively, when compared to the unfiltered oil (Oil 1). As the load was increased to 50 N, Oil 2 demonstrated a wear rate of 23.4 × 10−8 mm3/Nm, indicating a 20.9% improvement in wear resistance. As the concentration of the additive increased, the following trends were observed: (i) Under a load of 10 N, the friction coefficients demonstrated a gradual decreasing trend, while at 50 N, the friction coefficients were remarkably similar and significantly lower than those at 10 N. (ii) The wear rates initially decreased and then increased. Among the tested lubricants, Oil 4 (containing 0.5% HiTEC 3339) exhibited the shallowest wear scar depth under various loads, which indicated superior anti-wear performance. When Oil 4 was thoroughly evaluated through bench tests, it indicated excellent extreme pressure and anti-wear properties, as well as superior rust and corrosion prevention capabilities and high–low temperature performance. The overall performance indicators of Oil 4 were discovered to be similar to those of fresh oil.
The Effect of an Anisotropic Scattering Rate on the Magnetoresistance of a Metal: A Cuprate-Inspired Analysis
Authors: Mirarchi Giovanni , Caprara Sergio
Published: December 2024

Inspired by the phenomenology of high-critical-temperature superconducting cuprates, we investigate the effect of an anisotropic scattering rate on the magnetoresistance of a metal, relying on Chambers’ solution to the Boltzmann equation. We find that if the scattering rate is enhanced near points of the Fermi surface with a locally higher density of states, an extended regime is found where the magnetoresistance varies linearly with the magnetic field. We then apply our results to fit the experimental magnetoresistance of La1.6−xNd0.4SrxCuO4 and speculate about the possible source of anisotropic scattering.
Phase Separation Investigation of Axitinib in Supersaturated Solution
Authors: Xu Jie , Su Jianshuo , Zhang Huaizhen , Bu Rupeng , Ding Zhuang , Zhang Ning , Zhao Yanna
Published: December 2024

Phase separation is quite common in formulations for hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) due to their thermodynamic instability in a supersaturated state during in vitro dissolution or in vivo absorption. Phase separation possibly accompanies the formation of a disordered drug-rich phase, but this is still not thoroughly understood. In this study, the phase separation of supersaturated axitinib (Axi) in media with or without polymers was evaluated via multiple analytical methods, including UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and microscopy. The phase separation of Axi occurred at an Axi concentration of 25–30 µg/mL in the media, while the addition of quantitative hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) MG and povidone (PVP) K30 did not alter its phase separation concentration. The second scattering dispersion phase of the system exhibited superior stability and reversibility as the formative filamentous crystalline condensates could disintegrate upon dilution. These disparate analyses consistently detected the phase separation of Axi. This manuscript could provide a better understanding of the supersaturation state of hydrophobic APIs upon pharmaceutical application.
Clay-Based Materials for Heavy Metals Adsorption: Mechanisms, Advancements, and Future Prospects in Environmental Remediation
Authors: Wang Pengsheng , Shen Xinkai , Qiu Shusheng , Zhang Long , Ma Yanping , Liang Jinbao
Published: December 2024

Given the severe threats posed by heavy metal pollution to ecological environments and human health, developing effective remediation technologies is of paramount importance. This review delves into the mechanisms, recent advancements, and future prospects of clay mineral-based materials in the adsorption of heavy metals. Clay minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, and bentonite have demonstrated immense potential for the removal of heavy metals from water and soil due to their natural abundance, low cost, and high efficiency. This article summarizes the latest advancements in the adsorption of heavy metals like chromium, copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic and hydrargyrum by clay minerals, while examining how chemical and physical modifications can enhance the adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability of these minerals. Furthermore, this review discusses how factors such as pH, temperature, and ionic strength affect adsorption efficiency and outlines challenges and future research directions for optimizing clay-based adsorbents in environmental applications.
Impact of Synthesis Parameters on the Crystallinity of Macroscopic Zeolite Y Spheres Shaped Using Resin Hard Templates
Authors: Asgar Pour Zahra , Abu Zeitoun Edrees , Alassmy Yasser A. , El Hariri El Nokab Mustapha , Van Steenberge Paul H. M. , Sebakhy Khaled O.
Published: December 2024

In this study, the effects of several synthesis parameters including aging time, micropore-structure-directing agents, and hydrothermal treatment temperature profile were systematically examined with respect to their impact on the crystallinity of macroscopic zeolite Y spheres formed in the presence of organic anion-exchange resin templates. Spherical resins were utilized as hard templates to shape the zeolite Y particles. Zeolite Y precursors were initially deposited into the pores of the resin template and subsequently crystallized over time through precise control over these synthesis parameters. The resulting zeolite Y spheres were characterized using an array of characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, FTIR, and XRF. We identify the optimal conditions for maximizing the crystallinity of the macroscopic zeolite Y particles using resin templates as macroscopic shaping agents. This functional material has the potential to be used as both catalyst and adsorbent in several applications.
Ultrasound Imaging of the Superficial and Deep Fasciae Thickness of Upper Limbs in Lymphedema Patients Versus Healthy Subjects
Authors: Pirri Carmelo , Pirri Nina , Ferraretto Chiara , Bonaldo Lara , De Caro Raffaele , Masiero Stefano , Stecco Carla
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Lymphedema, a common source of disability among oncology patients, necessitates continuous targeted rehabilitation. Recent studies have revealed the role of connective tissue in this pathology; however, despite existing research on ultrasound (US) use in lymphedema, no studies have specifically addressed the use of ultrasound to assess fasciae in patients with lymphedema. This study aims to provide a more objective characterization of typical US alterations in these patients by quantifying the thickness of superficial and deep fasciae and comparing them with those of healthy volunteers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using US imaging to measure the thickness of superficial and deep fascia in different regions and levels of the arm and forearm in a sample of 50 subjects: 25 chronic lymphedema patients and 25 healthy participants. Results: No significant difference in fascial thickness was observed between affected and unaffected upper limbs, but patients had notably thinner superficial fascia and deep fascia compared with healthy volunteers. The findings for superficial and deep fascia revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) in all regions and levels. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of US imaging as a non-invasive tool for detecting subtle fascial changes in chronic lymphedema patients, revealing thinner fasciae compared with those in healthy volunteers. These findings suggest a potential anatomical predisposition to lymphedema, highlighting the importance of incorporating detailed US assessments in diagnosis and management to improve early intervention and patient outcomes. Future studies could, therefore, investigate whether preventive fascia assessment might improve the early identification of individuals at risk.
Synchronous Primary Metastatic Infra-Mammary Accessory Breast Cancer and Ipsilateral Breast Cancer: An Extremely Rare Case Report
Authors: Preda Marius , Kundnani Nilima Rajpal , Buzas Roxana , Dema Sorin , Carabineanu Adrian , Miclaus Codruta Dana , Ilina Razvan , Cretu Octavian Marius , Blidisel Alexandru
Published: December 2024

Background: Accessory breast cancer cases are rarely reported in the literature. Of the reported cases, the predominantly available ones are those localized in the axillary region. Methods: We present here a very rare case of metastatic accessory breast cancer. It was located in the infra-mammary region (IMR). IMR accessory breast cancer is a rare form of breast cancer. Although ectopic nipples are occasionally found in the IMR, because of the lack of ductal tissue malignant changes, they are rare. Results: In our case, the primary tumor was localized in the congenital accessory breast tissue (ABT). It was recognized as invasive lobular accessory breast cancer cT3N1M0 with a second NST carcinoma, cT2N0M0, Stage IIA, in the ipsilateral breast. A multi-modal approach was applied. Adjuvant chemotherapy was carried out with epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel, with post-chemotherapy ultrasound followed by right radical mastectomy. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given to our patient in the form of 25 fractions of 50 GY for 25 days, followed by hormonal treatment with Letrozole, 2.5 mg/day, to be continued for 5 years. Conclusions: our case demonstrates that since it is rare to find accessory breast cancer in the infra-mammary region, early identification and management with a multi-modal approach can lead to a successful patient outcome.
Significance of Detecting Serum Antibodies to Outer Surface Protein A of Lyme Disease Borreliae in PCR-Confirmed Blood Infections
Authors: Shah Jyotsna S. , Ramasamy Ranjan
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Lyme disease is caused by some species of tick-borne bacteria of the genus Borrelia, termed Lyme disease Borreliae (LDB). Borrelia burgdorferi is the LDB species principally responsible for Lyme disease in the US. The outer surface protein A (OspA) of LDB attaches the bacteria to the gut of Ixodes tick vectors. OspA expression is downregulated when B. burgdorferi is transmitted from ticks to mammalian hosts. Vaccination with OspA elicits antibody-mediated protective immunity in animals and humans against LDB infection. The possible presence of serum antibodies against OspA in persons with PCR-confirmed LDB infections in blood was investigated in this study. Methods: Ninety-one archived sera from patients with LDB infections in blood demonstrated by a sensitive PCR assay were tested for reactivity with OspA from multiple LDB species in line immunoblots. Results: In total, 14 of the 91 sera (15.4%) had either IgG or IgM antibodies to OspA from one or more LDB species. Conclusions: The results show for the first time that serum antibodies to OspA are formed when LDB are present in human blood. However, the factors that governed the expression of OspA by LDB in patients could not be ascertained. It will be useful to determine whether the observed levels of serum antibodies to OspA in infected persons can protect against subsequent tick-borne infection and whether OspA used in conjunction with other LDB antigens can improve the serological diagnosis of Lyme disease.
Accuracy of Motion Trajectory Achieved with an Intraoral Scanner: An In Vitro Study with a Proof-of-Concept
Authors: Lee Hwa Jung , Oh Kyung Chul
Published: December 2024

Background: With the advancement of digital technology, it has become possible to record jaw motion using intraoral scanners. However, there is a paucity of studies evaluating their accuracy. Methods: Twelve sets of scan data from 12 individuals were additively manufactured using a 3D printer and 3D-printable material. Each pair of scan data was mounted onto a semi-adjustable articulator. A blue articulating paper was inserted between the mounted models, and the pin of the articulator was moved to simulate motion (ART group). Subsequently, intraoral scan data were obtained, and the movements of the articulator were recorded. The trajectory expressed in the intraoral scanner software (TRIOS3; 3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) appeared red on the monitor screen (IOS group). The blue and red areas in the ART and IOS groups, respectively, were measured in pixels for each tooth type, and the number of trajectories marked or expressed for each tooth type was counted. Results: Regarding the areas of trajectory, significant differences were observed between the ART and IOS groups across all tooth types. Statistically significant differences were also noted in the number of trajectories for the first premolars and first molars between the two groups. Conclusions: Intraoral scanners may not accurately reproduce motion movements at the current level of technology. However, these results should be interpreted with caution because defining the trajectory accuracy between the two groups is challenging unless the (two) trajectories are exactly the same.
Differentiating Benign from Malignant Causes of Splenomegaly: Is Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography Helpful?
Authors: Alhyari Amjad , Dob Oussama , Safai Zadeh Ehsan , Dietrich Christoph Frank , Trenker Corrina , Gress Thomas M. , Görg Christian
Published: December 2024

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in differentiating benign from malignant etiologies of splenomegaly based on differences in splenic stiffness. Materials and Methods: Between September 2020 and November 2022, we evaluated 40 patients with splenomegaly—defined by a splenic long axis greater than 13 cm and/or a short axis greater than 6 cm, without visible focal or infiltrative mass lesions—using abdominal ultrasound at our university hospital. Each patient also underwent a standardized ARFI elastographic assessment of the enlarged spleen, with data collected prospectively. We then retrospectively analyzed the cases with confirmed etiologies of splenomegaly from their final medical reports. Mean ARFI velocities (MAV) were compared across patients with splenomegaly due to malignant infiltration (MIS) from hematological malignancy, congestive splenomegaly (CS) due to portal or splenic vein congestion/occlusion, and immune-related splenomegaly (IRS) associated with systemic infectious or autoimmune diseases. Results: Among the 40 patients with splenomegaly, 21 (52.5%) were diagnosed with malignant infiltrative splenomegaly (MIS), 11 (27.5%) with congestive splenomegaly (CS), and 8 (20%) with immune-related splenomegaly (IRS). The mean ARFI velocities (MAV) for the MIS, CS, and IRS groups were 3.25 ± 0.68 m/s, 3.52 ± 0.47 m/s, and 2.84 ± 0.92 m/s, respectively. No significant differences were observed in splenic stiffness (MAV) among these groups. Conclusions: Differentiating between benign and malignant etiologies of splenomegaly based on stiffness differences observed in ARFI elastography is not feasible. Larger prospective studies are necessary to validate these findings.
A Review on Risk Factors, Traditional Diagnostic Techniques, and Biomarkers for Pneumonia Prognostication and Management in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Anwar Shehwaz , Alhumaydhi Fahad A. , Rahmani Arshad Husain , Kumar Vikalp , Alrumaihi Faris
Published: December 2024

People of all ages can contract pneumonia, and it can cause mild to severe disease and even death. In addition to being a major cause of death for elderly people and those with prior medical conditions such as diabetes, it isthe world’s biggest infectious cause of death for children. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition with a high glucose level and is a leading cause of lower limb amputation, heart attacks, strokes, blindness, and renal failure. Hyperglycemia is known to impair neutrophil activity, damage antioxidant status, and weaken the humoral immune system. Therefore, diabetic patients are more susceptible to pneumonia than people without diabetes and linked fatalities. The absence of quick, precise, simple, and affordable ways to identify the etiologic agents of community-acquired pneumonia has made diagnostic studies’ usefulness contentious. Improvements in biological markers and molecular testing techniques have significantly increased the ability to diagnose pneumonia and other related respiratory infections. Identifying the risk factors for developing severe pneumonia and early testing in diabetic patients might lead to a significant decrease in the mortality of diabetic patients with pneumonia. In this regard, various risk factors, traditional testing techniques, and pathomechanisms are discussed in this review. Further, biomarkers and next-generation sequencing are briefly summarized. Finding biomarkers with the ability to distinguish between bacterial and viral pneumonia could be crucial because identifying the precise pathogen would stop the unnecessary use of antibiotics and effectively save the patient’s life.
Diffusion and Kinetic Theory on Very Long Time and Large Space Scales
Authors: Essex Christopher , Andresen Bjarne
Published: December 2024

This paper extends the concept of epitropy, as introduced in previous work, to capture the effects of extreme tail behavior arising naturally over very long time and large space scales. Epitropy has some qualities that parallel entropy, although it is not quite the same. Its function is to capture the effects of a probability distribution function (PDF) having only a finite populated domain, which was introduced to eliminate divergent moment integrals. Unlike entropy, it represents hidden properties from the external (not the internal) that influence other regimes. This paper uses kinetic theory methods to show the necessity of epitropy in order to ensure that divergent moment integrals do not diverge. While on laboratory scales, the issues in question are negligible, we arrive at dynamics for the grand regime where the tail-generated epitropy can drive the movement of energy.
Multimodal Non-Extensive Frequency-Magnitude Distributions and Their Relationship to Multi-Source Seismicity
Authors: de la Barra Erick , Vega-Jorquera Pedro , da Silva Sérgio Luiz E. F.
Published: December 2024

We investigate multimodal seismicity by analyzing it as the result of multiple seismic sources. We examine three case studies: the Redoubt and Spurr regions in Alaska, where volcanic and subduction-related seismicity occur, and the Kii Peninsula in Japan, where shallow and deep earthquakes are clearly separated. To understand this phenomenon, we perform spatial, temporal, and magnitude analyses. Our application of non-extensive statistical mechanics shows that multimodal models provide a significantly better fit than unimodal ones. We identify patterns in the distributions of time between events and distances between events using multimodal Tsallis q-gamma distributions. In addition, we use the multimodal Sotolongo–Costa model to analyze the magnitude distribution, which effectively captures the complex interactions that may explain the observed lack of fractality in multimodal seismicity.
Rate-Compatible, Bandwidth-Efficient, Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes for Aeronautical Telemetry
Authors: Cummins Andrew D. , Mitchell David G. M. , Perrins Erik
Published: December 2024

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes form part of the IRIG-106 standard and have been successfully deployed for the Telemetry Group version of shaped-offset quadrature phase shift keying (SOQPSK-TG) modulation. Recently, LDPC code solutions have been proposed and optimized for continuous phase modulations (CPMs), including pulse code modulation/frequency modulation (PCM/FM) and the multi-h CPM developed by the Advanced-Range TeleMetry program (ARTM CPM), the latter of which was shown to perform around one dB from channel capacity. In this paper, we consider the effect of the random puncturing and shortening of these LDPC codes to further improve spectrum efficiency. We perform asymptotic analyses of the ARTM0 code ensembles and present numerical simulation results that affirm the robust decoding performance promised by LDPC codes designed for ARTM CPM.
Opening the AI Black Box: Distilling Machine-Learned Algorithms into Code
Authors: Michaud Eric J. , Liao Isaac , Lad Vedang , Liu Ziming , Mudide Anish , Loughridge Chloe , Guo Zifan Carl , Kheirkhah Tara Rezaei , Vukelić Mateja , Tegmark Max
Published: December 2024

Can we turn AI black boxes into code? Although this mission sounds extremely challenging, we show that it is not entirely impossible by presenting a proof-of-concept method, MIPS, that can synthesize programs based on the automated mechanistic interpretability of neural networks trained to perform the desired task, auto-distilling the learned algorithm into Python code. We test MIPS on a benchmark of 62 algorithmic tasks that can be learned by an RNN and find it highly complementary to GPT-4: MIPS solves 32 of them, including 13 that are not solved by GPT-4 (which also solves 30). MIPS uses an integer autoencoder to convert the RNN into a finite state machine, then applies Boolean or integer symbolic regression to capture the learned algorithm. As opposed to large language models, this program synthesis technique makes no use of (and is therefore not limited by) human training data such as algorithms and code from GitHub. We discuss opportunities and challenges for scaling up this approach to make machine-learned models more interpretable and trustworthy.
Adequacy of the Pension System: A Qualitative Interview of Indonesian Civil Service Pensioners in Kapuas Regency
Authors: Hadi Abdul , Vidyattama Yogi , Badriah Badriah , Emese Prihoda
Published: December 2024

Around three million pensioners receive the Indonesian civil service pension benefit. This benefit is the main source of income for the majority of civil service pensioners. This paper examines the adequacy of this pension benefit from the perspective of pensioners in Kapuas Regency. Through qualitative research, fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate the role of pension benefits in maintaining the interviewees’ lifestyles and standards of living. All the interviewees perceived that the pension benefit could cover their basic needs, but for most of them, it only covered 25% of their total expenditures. Despite this, the replacement rate of the take-home pay from the pension benefit is still acceptable based on the ILO standard. While some can adjust to life with basic needs, others choose to find another source of income after retirement. Therefore, although the amount is still higher than the poverty line and the minimum wage, the findings suggest the retirement rate is considered meager.
The Predictive Value of Burnout and Impostor Syndrome on Medical Students’ Self-Esteem and Academic Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Diaconescu Liliana Veronica , Mihăilescu Alexandra Ioana , Stoian-Bălăşoiu Ioana Ruxandra , Cosma Andreea-Narcisa , Drakou Aikaterini , Popa-Velea Ovidiu
Published: December 2024

Stress exposure can take a toll on the adjustment of young individuals, including students. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of burnout and impostor syndrome (IS) on self-esteem and academic performance in medical students. The participants were 331 undergraduate medical students (102 men, 229 women; 89.7% native, 12,1% international; mean age = 21.18, SD = 2.338). The study instruments included the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory for Students (CBI-S), Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS), and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, while academic performance (AP) was reported as received GPA (objective AP) and expected GPA (subjective AP). The statistical analysis comprised independent t-tests, MANOVA, ANOVA, and correlational and mediational analyses. The results showed that native students had lower self-esteem and higher scores of personal burnout and IS. Irrespective of cultural differences, women scored higher than men in IS and in personal burnout, while men had higher self-esteem than women. Burnout and IS were correlated with a decrease in self-esteem (adj. R2 = 0.531) in the overall sample, whereas in native students, IS was correlated with a difference between subjective and objective self-assessments of AP (adj. R2 = 0.027). Burnout and impostor syndrome, despite not directly impacting academic performance, may significantly influence self-esteem, making them a target for preventive or interventional measures.
Teachers, Learners and Edu-Business Co-Constructing Mathematics Curriculum Implementation: An Insider’s Lens in Cross-Phase Longitudinal Research
Authors: Golding Jennie
Published: December 2024

This paper draws on a five-component, large-scale, longitudinal and cross-phase mathematics curriculum implementation study in England from the vantage point of an insider to overlapping school, policy and edu-business actor communities. It probed those actors’ emergent co-interpretation of, and response to, a new mathematics curriculum in England, analysing the ways in which edu-businesses, teachers and learners mediate mathematics curriculum policy documents through their own interpretations and schema. The combination of common ‘classroom-close’ research tools supported synergies of cross-phase and longitudinal lenses. The paper contributes an enhanced conceptualisation of inter-actor influence, a theorisation of learner as policy actor, and an understanding of constraints on mathematics policy-driven change at teacher and learner levels, including challenges to communication of intended curriculum policy, across phases of schooling. The approach appears fruitful for analysis of the experience and mediation of mathematics curriculum policy by key policy actors.
Development and Psychometric Properties of a Scale of Teachers’ Coping Strategies Towards the Evaluation of Performance in Public Schools
Authors: Chambilla-Apaza Jocabeth Nohemi , Merchan-Fuentes Ailyn Yicela , Cunza-Aranzábal Denis Frank , Abanto-Ramírez Carlos D.
Published: December 2024

Teaching evaluation performance is an important policy adopted by the governing body of education in Peru to promote the growth of educational quality, professional development, and continuous training of teachers, as well as to ensure educational quality standards, especially in Peruvian elementary education. Therefore, this research aims to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale that measures the coping strategies adopted by elementary education teachers when evaluating their performance. A study was conducted with 317 teachers between 20 and 70 years old (M = 43.6, SD = 11.8) in public education, from preschool (10.4%) to secondary (24.9%) educational levels, including special and alternative education, and with employment status of contracted (46.1%) and appointed (53.9%). An exploratory factor analysis was performed, from which four factors emerged. These factors were then corroborated by confirmatory factor analysis (χ2 = 162, df = 13, CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.961, RMSEA = 0.061, and SRMR = 0.056) and were named as follows: maladaptive coping, adaptive individual coping, religious coping, and instrumental support coping. Internal reliability was high for the full scale and dimensions (α and ω > 0.8), indicating that it was free of random error, yielding the same results across multiple applications for the same sample. It is concluded that the scale of teachers’ coping strategies towards the evaluation of performance (STCEP) is a valid and reliable instrument to measure coping strategies adopted by elementary education teachers in response to performance evaluation.
Enhancing Peer Fairness via Data-Driven Analysis for Outlier Detection
Authors: Di Zhengkun , Zhang Jinqiannan , Tan Weixing , Sun Xiaoqi
Published: December 2024

Fairness in peer review is of vital importance in academic activities. Current peer review systems focus on matching suitable experts with proposals but often ignore the existence of outliers. Previous research has shown that outlier scores in reviews could decrease the fairness of these systems. Therefore, outlier detection in peer review systems is essential for maintaining fairness. In this paper, we introduce a novel method that employs data-crossing analysis to detect outlier scores, aiming to improve the reliability of peer review processes. We utilize a confidential dataset from a review organization. Due to the inability to access ground truth scores, we systematically devise data-driven deviations from an estimated ground truth through data-crossing analysis. These deviations reveal inconsistencies and abnormal scoring behaviors of different reviewers. Subsequently, the review process is strengthened by providing a structured mechanism to identify and mitigate biases. Extensive experiments demonstrate its effectiveness in improving the accuracy and fairness of academic assessments, contributing to the broader application of AI-driven methodologies to achieve more reliable and equitable outcomes.