bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of pneumonia in chest X‐ray image based on separable convolutional neural network
Authors: Luo Gongkun , Wang Zhiwen , Wang Yuhang , Wang Kuangquan
Published: May 2024

Pneumonia disease progress rapidly leading to missed diagnosis and diagnosis error. However, it is significant to be diagnosed accurately as well as adopted timely treatments, particularly for children and elderly people over 65. In the first place, we propose a novel method for data augmentation to expand non‐case samples in order to solve the problem of imbalance of the raw data. Then we have designed a neural network based on separable convolution layers, using deep learning to classify between Pneumonia cases and normal cases from chest X‐ray images. Finally, well‐known performance measures are utilized to evaluate our model, obtaining the following results: Accuracy (0.97), AUC (0.99), Sensitivity (0.98), Specificity (0.98), Precision (0.95), F1‐Score (0.97), and Youden Index (0.90). Simultaneously, we highlighted the proposed neural network recognition area via Class Activation Method for the purpose of providing an explainable diagnosis. Compared with the‐state‐of‐art models, our model performed better, and it may be regarded as an alternative in countries or regions lack of the relevant equipment and professional radiologists.
Reversible Photochromism of 4,4’‐Disubstituted 2,2’‐Bipyridine in the Presence of SO3
Authors: Filbin Connor J. , Haque Md Hasanul , Locke Cameron K. , Mallon Christopher J. , Curtis Kevin , Osho Kemi E. , Borotto Nicholas B. , Tucker Matthew J. , Odoh Samuel O. , Yang Ying
Published: May 2024

We report an unusual photochromic behavior of 4,4′‐disubstituted‐2,2′‐bipyridine. It was found that in the presence of a SO3 source and HCl, 2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dibutyl ester undergoes a color change from yellow to magenta in solution with maximum absorbance at 545 nm upon irradiation with 395 nm light. The photochromism is thermally reversible in solution. Different from the known bipyridine‐based photoswitching pathways, the photo response does not involve any metal which form colored complexes or the formation of colored free radical cations like the photo‐reduction of viologens. A combination of experimental and computational analysis was used to probe the mechanism. The results suggest the colored species to be a complex formed between N‐oxide of the 2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dibutyl ester and SO2; the N‐oxide and SO2 are formed from photoactivated oxidation of the bipyridine with SO3 serving as the oxygen source. This complex represents a new addition to the library of photoswitches that is easy to synthesize, reversible in solution, and of high fatigue resistance, making it a promising candidate for applications in photo‐switchable materials and SO3 detection. We also demonstrated experimentally similar photochromic behaviors with 2,2’‐bipyridine‐containing polymers.
Vibrational Relaxation of D2O Induced by Collision with He: A Rigid Bender Close Coupling Study
Authors: García‐Vázquez Ricardo Manuel , Cabrera‐González Lisán David , Alpizar Otoniel Denis , Stoecklin Thierry
Published: May 2024

The vibrational relaxation of the first excited bending state of D2O induced by collision with He is studied at the close coupling level and using the Rigid Bender approximation. A new 4D potential energy surface is calculated and reported for this system. It is then used to determine the low‐lying bound states of the D2O−He van der Waals complex and to perform scattering calculations. Collision rates are determined for pure rotational transitions as well as for rovibrational transitions within the first excited bending state. The results are compared with those obtained for the collision of D2O with other noble gases such as Ne and Ar. We also analyse the differences observed with respect to the H2O+He collisions and compare our results with experiment.
Super‐Resolution Imaging of Clickable Lipids With Lipid Expansion Microscopy (LExM)
Authors: White‐Mathieu Brittany M. , Baskin Jeremy M.
Published: May 2024

Fluorescent imaging of cellular membranes is challenged by the size of lipid bilayers, which are smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Recently, expansion microscopy (ExM) has emerged as an approachable super‐resolution method that requires only widely accessible confocal microscopes. In this method, biomolecules of interest are anchored to hydrogel‐based, polymeric networks that are expanded through osmosis to physically separate and resolve features smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Whereas ExM has been employed for super‐resolution imaging of proteins, DNA, RNA, and glycans, the application of this method to the study of lipids is challenged by the requirement of permeabilization procedures that remove lipids and compromise the integrity of the membrane. Here, we describe our recently developed protocols for lipid expansion microscopy (LExM), a method that enables ExM of membranes without permeabilization. These detailed protocols and accompanying commentary sections aim to make LExM accessible to any experimentalist interested in imaging membranes with super‐resolution. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: LExM of alkyne‐choline lipids

Basic Protocol 2: LExM of IMPACT‐labeled lipids

Basic Protocol 3: LExM of clickable cholesterol

Basic Protocol 4: Determining the expansion factor
Integrating single‐cell and spatial analysis reveals MUC1‐mediated cellular crosstalk in mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhou Haiyang , Shen Yiwen , Zheng Guangyong , Zhang Beibei , Wang Anqi , Zhang Jing , Hu Hao , Lin Jiayi , Liu Sanhong , Luan Xin , Zhang Weidong
Published: May 2024

Background

Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma (MCA) is a distinct subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) with the most aggressive pattern, but effective treatment of MCA remains a challenge due to its vague pathological characteristics. An in‐depth understanding of transcriptional dynamics at the cellular level is critical for developing specialised MCA treatment strategies.

Methods

We integrated single‐cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics data to systematically profile the MCA tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly the interactome of stromal and immune cells. In addition, a three‐dimensional bioprinting technique, canonical ex vivo co‐culture system, and immunofluorescence staining were further applied to validate the cellular communication networks within the TME.

Results

This study identified the crucial intercellular interactions that engaged in MCA pathogenesis. We found the increased infiltration of FGF7+/THBS1+ myofibroblasts in MCA tissues with decreased expression of genes associated with leukocyte‐mediated immunity and T cell activation, suggesting a crucial role of these cells in regulating the immunosuppressive TME. In addition, MS4A4A+ macrophages that exhibit M2‐phenotype were enriched in the tumoral niche and high expression of MS4A4A+ was associated with poor prognosis in the cohort data. The ligand‐receptor‐based intercellular communication analysis revealed the tight interaction of MUC1+ malignant cells and ZEB1+ endothelial cells, providing mechanistic information for MCA angiogenesis and molecular targets for subsequent translational applications.

Conclusions

Our study provides novel insights into communications among tumour cells with stromal and immune cells that are significantly enriched in the TME during MCA progression, presenting potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for MCA.

Key points

Tumour microenvironment profiling of MCA is developed.

MUC1+ tumour cells interplay with FGF7+/THBS1+ myofibroblasts to promote MCA development.

MS4A4A+ macrophages exhibit M2 phenotype in MCA.

ZEB1+ endotheliocytes engage in EndMT process in MCA.
Study of the influence of magnetic shear on the linear MHD instabilities in the pedestal of elongated divertor configurations using CLT code
Authors: Xu Yuchen , Mao Shifeng , Chen Wenjin , Ma Zhiwei , Ye Minyou
Published: May 2024

Edge localized modes resulted from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in the pedestal region are a significant concern for future tokamaks. In this work, Ci‐Liu‐Ti (CLT), an MHD code in the three‐dimensional toroidal geometry, is applied for the linear simulation of the ideal pedestal MHD instabilities. The simulations are performed for the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak‐like elongated divertor configuration with large triangularity, which is generated by the high‐accuracy free‐boundary equilibrium solver (CLT‐EQuilibrium, i.e., CLT‐EQ) developed recently. The present work focuses on the influence of the magnetic shear, which is scanned by adjusting the pedestal current with a fixed pedestal pressure profile. As the pedestal current increases, both the local (Slocal) and global (Sglobal) magnetic shear decrease. The ballooning mode is destabilized along with the decrease of Slocal, and stabilized when Slocal is negative for the whole region of bad curvature, which implies the access of the second stable region. Further increase of the pedestal current leads to the destabilization of the kink mode, which is stabilized again until Sglobal is negative at the location of significant gradient of current density. The simulated results are consistent with the findings in Radovanovic et al. Nucl. Fusion 62 (2022) 086004 and C. K. Sun et al. Phys. Plasmas 25 (2018) 082106, which indicates the availability of CLT in the linear simulation of the ideal pedestal instabilities.
Incidence and prevalence of eating disorders among U.S. military service members, 2016–2021
Authors: Bauman Viviana , Thompson Katherine A. , Sunderland Kevin W. , Thornton Jennifer A. , Schvey Natasha A. , Sekyere Nana Amma , Funk Wendy , Pav Veronika , Brydum Rick , Klein David A. , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Lavender Jason M.
Published: May 2024

Objective

Despite unique experiences that may increase eating disorder risk, U.S. military service members are an understudied population. The current study examined incidence and prevalence of eating disorder diagnoses in U.S. military personnel.

Method

This retrospective cohort study utilized Military Health System Data Repository (MDR) data on eating disorder diagnoses (2016–2021). Active duty, Reserve, and National Guard U.S. military service members who received care via TRICARE Prime insurance were identified by ICD‐10 eating disorder diagnostic codes.

Results

During the 6‐year surveillance period, 5189 Service members received incident eating disorders diagnoses, with a crude overall incidence rate of 6.2 cases per 10,000 person‐years. The most common diagnosis was other/unspecified specified eating disorders, followed by binge‐eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa. There was an 18.5% overall rise in total incident cases across the surveillance period, but this trend was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). Point prevalence significantly increased across the 6‐year timeframe for total eating disorders (p < 0.001). Period prevalence for 6‐year surveillance period was 0.244% for total eating disorders, 0.149% for other/unspecified eating disorder, 0.043% for bulimia nervosa, 0.038% for binge‐eating disorder, and 0.013% for anorexia nervosa.

Discussion

Overall crude incidence estimates for total eating disorders were higher than reported in prior research that included only active duty Service members and required an eating disorder diagnosis code in the first or second diagnostic position of the medical record. Comprehensive and confidential studies are needed to more thoroughly characterize the nature and scope of eating disorder symptomatology within U.S. military personnel.

Public Significance

U.S. military service members are a vulnerable population with regard to eating disorder symptoms. Previously reported incidence and prevalence estimates using data from the Military Health System may have been underestimated due to overly stringent case definitions. Given personal and occupational barriers (e.g., career consequences), confidential studies of military personnel may provide more complete data on the scope of eating disorders to inform screening and clinical practice guidelines for military populations.
Adaptive generalization in pollination systems: Hawkmoths increase fitness to long‐tubed flowers, but secondary pollinators remain important
Authors: Wenzell Katherine E. , Zhang Johnathan Y. , Skogen Krissa A. , Fant Jeremie B.
Published: May 2024

Selection on floral traits by animal pollinators is important in the evolution of flowering plants, yet whether floral divergence requires specialized pollination remains uncertain. Longer floral tubes, a trait associated with long‐tongued pollinators, can also exclude other pollinators from accessing rewards, a potential mechanism for specialization. Across most of its range, Castilleja sessiliflora displays much longer corollas than most Castilleja species, though tube length varies geographically and correlates partially with hawkmoth visitation. To assess whether long corolla tubes reflect adaptation to hawkmoth pollinators, we performed a day/night pollinator exclusion experiment in nine natural populations that varied in corolla length across the range of C. sessiliflora and short‐tubed members of the parapatric C. purpurea complex. We compared the fitness contributions of nocturnal and diurnal visitors, revealing that long‐tubed populations visited predominantly by hawkmoths experienced greater fruit set at night, in contrast with short‐tubed populations or those visited mainly by diurnal pollinators. Next, leveraging a range‐wide multiyear dataset of pollinator visitation to these species, we identify that hawkmoth visitation is associated with increased fitness in long‐tubed populations overall, and that long tubes are associated with less diverse visitor assemblages. Thus, long corollas represent an adaptation to hawkmoth pollination at the exclusion of diverse pollinators. Nonetheless, while hawkmoths were scarce in the northern range, secondary diurnal pollinators contributed to fruit set across the range, providing reproductive assurance despite possible trait mismatch. This study illustrates adaptive generalization in pollination systems and that floral divergence may proceed along a continuum of generalized and specialized pollinator interactions.
Observation of interspecific feeding by White‐browed Shrike‐Babbler (Pteruthius aeralatus) of brood‐parasitic nestlings of Chestnut‐winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) in a Nest of Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus pectoralis)
Authors: Lu Wen , Li Jinfa , Lei Yuan , Duan Jingnan , Luo Kang
Published: May 2024

The occurrence of interspecific feeding events, involving non‐obligate nest parasite species, is rare but has been documented in numerous avian species worldwide, particularly in Europe and North America. Our report presents an observation from southwest China, where we observed a Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus pectoralis) nest containing three laughingthrush nestlings and two nestlings of Chestnut‐winged Cuckoos (Clamator coromandus). They were being fed by the adult laughingthrush and a male White‐browed Shrike‐Babbler (Pteruthius aeralatus). However, after the cuckoo nestling fledged, we did not observe the Shrike‐Babbler feeding the laughingthrush nestlings remaining in the nest. Through a systematic examination of potential driving factors, we infer that the begging calls of the cuckoo nestlings likely played a crucial role in the misfeeding events observed in our study. However, it is essential to consider the potential influence of the male shrike‐babbler's status, including mateless, brood loss or female incubation. We highlight the further observations using digital recordings (for both images and sounds) to document detailed information on interspecific feeding events.
Assessing the gut microbiome and the influence of host genetics on a critically endangered primate, the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)
Authors: Guimaraes Sales Naiara , da Cruz Kaizer Mariane , Browett Samuel S. , Gabriel Sofia I. , McDevitt Allan D.
Published: May 2024

The Northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is one of the world's most critically endangered primates, with only ~1000 mature individuals remaining in the wild. Habitat loss and hunting have led to its sharp decline, making conservation efforts crucial. Analyses of gut microbiomes in wild populations can provide valuable information on host health and vulnerability, and ultimately, contribute to baseline knowledge toward improving conservation programs and reintroduction efforts. In this study, we analyzed the microbiome (16S rRNA metabarcoding) of fecal samples belonging to 53 uniquely genotyped individuals from three social groups from the Caparaó National Park, aiming to provide the first assessment of the microbiome diversity and composition for this species. Our results showed the muriqui gut microbiome was predominantly composed of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with the dominant classes represented by Bacteroidia and Clostridia. High similarity in bacterial diversity and composition was found for individuals from distinct groups, suggesting a negligible geographical effect at the fine spatial scale analyzed. No significant effect of host genotype heterozygosity levels on microbiota diversity was recovered, but a significant influence of genetic distance on microbiota community structure and composition was demonstrated. Our findings stress the importance of considering associations between host genetics and the microbiome and suggest that the analyzed populations host a similar microbiome composition. This detailed microbiome assessment can aid conservation actions, including future anthropogenic impact assessments and animal reintroductions.
Detecting the invisible through DNA metabarcoding: The role of gelatinous taxa in the diet of two demersal Antarctic key stone fish species (Notothenioidei)
Authors: Ruiz Micaela B. , Moreira Eugenia , Novillo Manuel , Neuhaus Stefan , Leese Florian , Havermans Charlotte
Published: May 2024

Gelatinous zooplankton (GZP), i.e., ctenophores, cnidarian medusae, chaetognaths, appendicularians and salps, are considered climate change winners. This becomes particularly obvious in the Southern Ocean, which has undergone a significant shift from a krill‐based to a salp‐based ecosystem over the last decades. A better knowledge on the role of gelatinous invertebrates as prey is needed to predict the impact of such a gelatinous shift. Until recently, GZP was considered as a “trophic dead end”. However, their true importance in diets has remained unresolved due to the rapid digestion of their watery and soft tissues in predators' stomachs. In this study, we want to validate the paradigm shift from GZP being considered as “survival food” to be considered a “regular” prey item for two demersal fish species (Notothenia rossii and N. coriiceps) of Potter Cove, South Shetland Islands, using a multimarker (COI and 18S) metabarcoding approach. We found that GZP taxa commonly occurred in the diets of both species, represented by pelagic tunicates (appendicularians, salps), cnidarians, chaetognaths and ctenophores. Salps were the most abundant prey group, preyed upon by each individual of both species, reaching 98.7% relative read abundance for 18S. We recovered a wide range of different taxa in their diets, from primary producers to highly abundant invertebrates, thus the two nototheniid species can be regarded as “natural samplers” of the ecosystem in study. Finally, we want to point out the importance of multimarker metabarcoding approaches for broad ecological assessments, given the differential amplification and sequencing success of different markers for specific groups and the unequal taxonomic coverage of the reference databases. The output of each marker was highly complementary, since an important prey item such as salps, was only detected with 18S, while other taxa (e.g., Arthropoda) were represented with a higher taxonomic resolution with COI.
How to tackle therapeutic inertia in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. A scientific statement of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC
Authors: Savarese Gianluigi , Lindberg Felix , Cannata Antonio , Chioncel Ovidiu , Stolfo Davide , Musella Francesca , Tomasoni Daniela , Abdelhamid Magdy , Banerjee Debasish , Bayes‐Genis Antoni , Berthelot Emmanuelle , Braunschweig Frieder , Coats Andrew J.S. , Girerd Nicolas , Jankowska Ewa A. , Hill Loreena , Lainscak Mitja , Lopatin Yury , Lund Lars H. , Maggioni Aldo P. , Moura Brenda , Rakisheva Amina , Ray Robin , Seferovic Petar M. , Skouri Hadi , Vitale Cristiana , Volterrani Maurizio , Metra Marco , Rosano Giuseppe M.C.
Published: May 2024

Guideline‐directed medical therapy (GDMT) in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) reduces morbidity and mortality, but its implementation is often poor in daily clinical practice. Barriers to implementation include clinical and organizational factors that might contribute to clinical inertia, i.e. avoidance/delay of recommended treatment initiation/optimization. The spectrum of strategies that might be applied to foster GDMT implementation is wide, and involves the organizational set‐up of heart failure care pathways, tailored drug initiation/optimization strategies increasing the chance of successful implementation, digital tools/telehealth interventions, educational activities and strategies targeting patient/physician awareness, and use of quality registries. This scientific statement by the Heart Failure Association of the ESC provides an overview of the current state of GDMT implementation in HFrEF, clinical and organizational barriers to implementation, and aims at suggesting a comprehensive framework on how to overcome clinical inertia and ultimately improve implementation of GDMT in HFrEF based on up‐to‐date evidence.
Restoration of CD3+CD56+ NKT‐like cell function by TIGIT blockade in inactive carrier and immune tolerant patients of chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Yu Xiaojing , Zheng Yuanling , Huang Ruoyu , Dai Xiaoran , Kang Guijie , Wang Xuefu , Yan Guoxiu , Ding Biran , Zheng Meijuan , Xu Yuanhong , Zong Lu
Published: May 2024

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection, which can be divided into immune‐tolerant (IT), immune‐active (IA), inactive carrier (IC) phases, and HBeAg‐negative hepatitis (ENEG), can induce liver cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CD3+CD56+ NKT‐like cells play an important role in antiviral immune response. However, the mechanism of NKT‐like cells to mediate immune tolerance remains largely elusive. In this study, we observed circulating NKT‐like cells from IC and IT CHB patients were phenotypically and functionally impaired, manifested by increased expression of inhibitory receptor TIGIT and decreased capacity of secreting antiviral cytokines. Besides, TIGIT+ NKT‐like cells of IC and IT CHB patients expressed lower levels of cytotoxic cytokines than the TIGIT− subset. Furthermore, increased expression of CD155, the ligand of TIGIT, on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) was detected in IC and IT CHB patients. Importantly, the co‐culture of NKT‐like cells and pDCs showed that NKT‐like cells restored their antiviral ability after TIGIT blockade upon HBV peptide stimulation in IC and IT CHB patients. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the TIGIT pathway may mediate immune tolerance in IT CHB patients and lead to functional impairment in IC patients, indicating that TIGIT may be a potential therapeutic checkpoint for immunotherapy of CHB patients.
Genetic modules for α‐factor pheromone controlled growth regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Gutbier Uta , Korp Juliane , Scheufler Lennart , Ostermann Kai
Published: May 2024

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a commonly used microorganism in the biotechnological industry. For the industrial heterologous production of compounds, it is of great advantage to work with growth‐controllable yeast strains. In our work, we utilized the natural pheromone system of S. cerevisiae and generated a set of different strains possessing an α‐pheromone controllable growth behavior. Naturally, the α‐factor pheromone is involved in communication between haploid S. cerevisiae cells. Perception of the pheromone initiates several cellular changes, enabling the cells to prepare for an upcoming mating event. We exploited this natural pheromone response system and developed two different plasmid‐based modules, in which the target genes, MET15 and FAR1, are under control of the α‐factor sensitive FIG1 promoter for a controlled expression in S. cerevisiae. Whereas expression of MET15 led to a growth induction, FAR1 expression inhibited growth. The utilization of low copy number or high copy number plasmids for target gene expression and different concentrations of α‐factor allow a finely adjustable control of yeast growth rate.
Germany's Way from Russian Natural Gas to Green Hydrogen: Network Data, Procedures, and Topologies for Feasible Transition Paths to a Green Hydrogen Transport Infrastructure in Germany, GreenHyDE [gri:n'haɪ̯də] –
Authors: Müller‐Kirchenbauer Joachim , Evers Maximilian , Hollnagel Jeremias , Kuzyaka Berkan , Jiang Dongrui , Akça Okan , Mielich Tim , Kalz Maike , Verwiebe Paul Anton
Published: May 2024

Hydrogen—and thus hydrogen transport—will play an important role in the German and European transition to climate neutrality. A German hydrogen transport network is currently being planned, but its appropriate structure and size highly depend on the spatial distribution of hydrogen demand and supply and their development over time. Moreover, the security of supply with both, hydrogen and natural gas, needs to be guaranteed during the transition period, as repurposing of the existing natural gas transmission system is a highly advantageous option for the building of hydrogen networks. Therefore, the integrated analysis of natural gas and hydrogen networks is a necessary and urgent, though complex, field of research. For this purpose, the article presents the database for the existing German natural gas transmission system (which in parts will be repurposed for hydrogen transport) and procedures for the development and evaluation of network topologies for both gases. The results for the German case show feasible development steps for the design of green hydrogen transport networks and the transition from natural gas in different scenarios. Open access to data and tools for technoeconomic assessment is provided.
Preventive maintenance decision model of electric vehicle charging pile based on mutation operator and life cycle optimization
Authors: Cai Jian , Ding Xiaoyin , Jiang Zhibo , Chen Jingyun , Cen Zhijia
Published: May 2024

This paper proposes a preventive maintenance decision model for electric vehicle charging stations based on mutation operators and lifecycle optimization to address the impact of potential faults on maintenance effectiveness. By introducing the particle swarm optimization algorithm with mutation operator, a comprehensive analysis of opportunity service age factor and safety failure probability factor was conducted to establish an indicator system for the operation status of charging piles, and a potential fault identification model was constructed. By optimizing the life cycle, the balance problem between optimal maintenance life and optimal opportunity maintenance life has been solved, thus completing preventive maintenance decisions. The experimental results show that the accuracy of this method in preventive maintenance decision‐making for electric vehicle charging piles can reach 98%, with an average preventive maintenance decision‐making time of 1.6 s for load piles. At the same time, the risk probability value and load loss value are effectively controlled. This study has good application prospects in improving the preventive maintenance effect of electric vehicle charging piles.
Repopulated microglia after pharmacological depletion decrease dendritic spine density in adult mouse brain
Authors: Wickel Jonathan , Chung Ha‐Yeun , Ceanga Mihai , von Stackelberg Nikolai , Hahn Nina , Candemir Özge , Baade‐Büttner Carolin , Mein Nils , Tomasini Paula , Woldeyesus Dan M. , Andreas Nico , Baumgarten Peter , Koch Philipp , Groth Marco , Wang Zhao‐Qi , Geis Christian
Published: May 2024

Microglia are innate immune cells in the brain and show exceptional heterogeneity. They are key players in brain physiological development regulating synaptic plasticity and shaping neuronal networks. In pathological disease states, microglia‐induced synaptic pruning mediates synaptic loss and targeting microglia was proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the effect of microglia depletion and subsequent repopulation on dendritic spine density and neuronal function in the adult brain is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological microglia depletion affects dendritic spine density after long‐term permanent microglia depletion and after short‐term microglia depletion with subsequent repopulation. Long‐term microglia depletion using colony‐stimulating‐factor‐1 receptor (CSF1‐R) inhibitor PLX5622 resulted in increased overall spine density, especially of mushroom spines, and increased excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes. Short‐term PLX5622 treatment with subsequent repopulation of microglia had an opposite effect resulting in activated microglia with increased synaptic phagocytosis and consequently decreased spine density and reduced excitatory neurotransmission, while Barnes maze and elevated plus maze testing was unaffected. Moreover, RNA sequencing data of isolated repopulated microglia showed an activated and proinflammatory phenotype. Long‐term microglia depletion might be a promising therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases with pathological microglial activation, synaptic pruning, and synapse loss. However, repopulation after depletion induces activated microglia and results in a decrease of dendritic spines possibly limiting the therapeutic application of microglia depletion. Instead, persistent modulation of pathological microglia activity might be beneficial in controlling synaptic damage.
Response to electroconvulsive therapy in elderly patients with late‐onset bipolar disorder: The impact of cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Brancati Giulio Emilio , Torrigiani Samuele , Acierno Donatella , Fustini Chiara , Puglisi Flavia , Elefante Camilla , Lattanzi Lorenzo , Medda Pierpaolo , Perugi Giulio
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (CSVD) is a chronic, progressive vascular disorder that confers increased vulnerability to psychiatric syndromes, including late‐life mood disorders. In this study, we investigated the impact of CSVD on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) outcomes in patients with late‐onset bipolar disorder (BD).

Methods

A sample of 54 non‐demented elderly patients (≥60 years) with late‐onset BD and treatment‐resistant major depression, mixed state, or catatonia who underwent bilateral ECT were included in this naturalistic observational study. A diagnosis of CSVD was established based on brain neuroimaging performed before ECT. All patients were evaluated before and after ECT using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D), and the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI).

Results

Of the total sample, 19 patients were diagnosed with CSVD (35.2%). No significant differences were observed at baseline between patients with and without CSVD. Overall, a response was obtained in 66%–68.5% of patients, with remission in 56.2%. No significant differences in ECT outcomes were found between those with and without CSVD, and both groups exhibited substantial improvements in symptom severity following ECT.

Conclusions

The outcome of ECT in late‐onset BD was not influenced by the presence of CSVD. This finding aligns with previous research on unipolar depression. Accordingly, ECT should be considered for elderly patients with late‐onset BD, regardless of the presence of CSVD.
Patients' satisfaction with oral health care provided at the University Dental clinic in Tanzania: A cross‐sectional analytical study
Authors: Wencheslaus Lenis , Mtaya‐Mlangwa Matilda , Sohal Karpal S.
Published: May 2024

Background

Patients' satisfaction with health services is considered an essential element for hospital setup as it measures its performance and quality of care. Thus, evaluation of patients' satisfaction has become a basic concern of clinical practice. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of patients with the oral health care provided at the University Dental Clinic in Tanzania.

Methods

This analytical cross‐sectional study targeted all adult patients who sought treatment at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) dental clinic, between December 2019 and August 2020. It utilized a Dental Satisfaction Questionnaire (DSQ) to collect relevant information for this study.

Results

A total of 302 patients participated in this study with male to female ratio of 1:1.54. Their mean age was 35.95 ± (SD = 14.19) years. The mean scores for various domains of satisfaction were; 9.42 ± 2.09 for pain management, 8.11 ± 2.84 for the quality of services, 16.08 ± 2.27 for the cost of service, 7.49 ± 1.94 for satisfaction with accessibility/convenience, and 8.93 ± 2.17 for satisfaction with access to care. The overall mean satisfaction score was 50.03 ± 6.53. Only the education level of the participant was significantly associated with overall satisfaction, with the odds of participants with an education level of less than college, being satisfied with dental service 38% more than those with a college education.

Conclusion

Most of the participants had moderate overall satisfaction with the oral health care provided at the University dental clinic. The level of satisfaction was not determined by the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patients with oral health problems and staff of the university dental clinic were consulted on the design, delivery, and reporting of the research.
Ophthalmological conditions among elderly patients attending a private eye care facility in Malawi: A retrospective study
Authors: Banda Owen , Ogbonna Grace , Mzumara Thokozani
Published: May 2024

Background

The elderly comprises the fastest‐expanding age group globally, with the greatest increase occurring in developing countries. The elderly populace is prone to develop various ocular morbidities.

Purpose

To determine the distribution of ocular morbidities among the elderly population visiting a private eye care facility in Malawi.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study conducted at St. John's Hospital in Mzuzu, Malawi. We retrieved data from the hospital's ophthalmic outpatient registry from January, 2021 to December, 2021. A nonprobability census sampling technique was used to retrieve 52 elderly patients. Data analysis were done employing SPSS (v.26).

Results

This study found according to gender a larger proportion were females 27 (51.9%) compared males, who accounted for 25 (48.1%). Refractive error 21 (40.4%) was the most prevalent ocular morbidity followed by cataract 13 (25.0%), pinguecula 6 (11.5%), and glaucoma 4 (7.7%). Although clear differences exist in the distribution of ocular morbidities according to sex (p = 0.529) and age (p = 0.328), the differences are not statistically significant.

Conclusion

The pattern of eye diseases is typical to the country. More resources should be targeting main causes of preventable blindness including refractive error and cataracts at the facility.
Analysis of thermohydraulic flow and enhancement heat performance in 3D dimple tube based on varying geometrical configurations
Authors: Al‐Haidari Saad Raad , Al‐Obaidi Ahmed Ramadhan
Published: May 2024

This research work investigates how different dimple designs affect the flow field and thermal performance of three‐dimensional pipes. The study focuses on the effect of the number of improved dimples NOD (3, 4, and 5), different groups numbers DGNs (1, 2, and 3 groups), arranged around the pipe, and different distances between dimples (DBDs). Dimple geometry affects flow: Changing dimple parameters alters the velocity and pressure distribution within the pipe. Performance evaluation factor (PEF) varies with dimple configuration: The PEF, which balances heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop penalty, ranges from 1.187 to 1.23 for NOD and from 1.292 to 1.31 for DGN, and also from 1.26 to 1.302 for DBD. Reynolds number range, Re = 4000–15,000; turbulence model, standard k–ε model; numerical scheme, second‐order upwind scheme; test tube conditions, inlet temperature (Tin) = 25°C; pipe diameter D = 23 mm; thickness = 2 mm; heat flux q = 25,500 W/m²; and material (Cu). This research focuses on improving heat transfer efficiency in pipes using dimples. Dimple size and arrangement significantly impact flow dynamics and heat transfer. PEF is used to evaluate the overall performance considering both heat transfer improvement and pressure drop penalty. The study found a specific range for PEF under various conditions for different dimple configurations. The average enhancement in Nusselt number for model 2 was 15.16% compared with a smooth pipe and the heat transfer performance by 10.028%–28.963% at the effect of NOD, the DGN has slightly higher Nu values than smooth pipes, indicating improved heat transfer due to the dimples (around 7%–58% at Re 4000–15,000 and 9%–13% at Re 12,000), and at DBD (13.5%) at a Reynolds number of 12,000 and 4.6%–59% at Re 4000–15,000.
Evidence‐based management strategies for endocrine complications after pituitary adenoma surgery
Authors: Miao Xiaoju , Fu Zhongmin , Luo Xian , Wang Jun , Ren Zhangzhu , Wang Yuanyuan , Mei Guoping , Xiao Shunwu
Published: May 2024

This study aims to provide a clinical reference for the management of endocrine complications in pituitary tumor patients by synthesizing recent evidence for domestic and international management strategies. Based on the PIPOST (Population, Intervention, Professional, Outcome, Setting, and Type of Evidence) framework, evidence‐based medicine targets were determined. Electronic decision support systems, guideline websites, and databases were searched to identify the best evidence on postoperative endocrine complications in pituitary tumors. The PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) principle was used to construct the search strategy, and the studies from the past 10 years (July 2013 to July 2023) were included. A total of 11 articles were included, including four guidelines, two expert consensus statements, one systematic review, one best practice article, and three randomized controlled trials. We obtained evidence on five aspects (endocrine assessment, secondary adrenal insufficiency management, water metabolism disorder management, special population management, and follow‐up management) with a total of 30 pieces of evidence. Clinical healthcare professionals should focus on the care and follow‐up of patients with postoperative complications, such as adrenal insufficiency, temporary or permanent diabetes insipidus, and hyponatremia. Future research should involve large sample sizes, long‐term follow‐ups, and multicenter studies to further clarify the protocols for fluid restriction, diet, and hormone use.
They are the best: The significance of others to emerging adults and well‐being
Authors: Cookston Jeffrey T. , Chou Victoria Olivia Sherry , Khalid Qudsia , Amaya Fernanda
Published: May 2024

It is surprising how little we know about the relationships that matter to emerging adults, and we propose research to bridge that gap. First, we will ask emerging adults to generate a list of the individuals who matter. The list will be submitted via open‐ended text that we will code for relationship type. Our first aim is to gain information about the frequency and diversity of relationships that matter to emerging adults. We hypothesise that participants who list more relationships will have better well‐being and less loneliness. Second, we will use an adapted version of the Mattering Scale to assess how much specific relationships matter to participants by asking them to focus on five common close relationships (i.e., mother figures, father figures, romantic partners, best friends and closest‐in‐age sibling). For each relationship that exists for the participant, how much each relationship matters will be measured. We hypothesise that failing to mention a specific relationship in the open‐ended portion of the study will be related to lower perceived mattering of that relationship when participants report on mattering. Finally, we hypothesise that when specified relationships matter more to an individual, they will have less loneliness and better well‐being.
Value of pelvic examination in women with pelvic organ prolapse: A systematic review
Authors: Pizzoferrato Anne‐Cécile , Sallée Camille , Thubert Thibault , Fauconnier Arnaud , Deffieux Xavier
Published: May 2024

Background

Recent recommendations from the French High Authority of Health on pelvic organ prolapse (POP) management underline the value of a pelvic examination.

Objectives

The aim of this paper was to analyze the literature and identify the best evidence available regarding pelvic examination for women presenting prolapse‐associated symptoms in terms of diagnosis and predictability of treatment success.

Search Strategy

The databases were queried similarly using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and non‐MeSH terms broadly related to pelvic examination and POP management.

Selection Criteria

We included studies assessing the diagnostic contribution of pelvic examination (correlation with symptoms) and its value for assessing the risk of pessary failure or recurrence after reconstructive surgery.

Data Collection and Analysis

We assessed peer‐reviewed articles on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane database up to May 2023. The methodological quality of all the included studies was assessed using the ROBINS‐E or RoB2 tools.

Main Results

In all, 67 studies were retained for the review. Prolapse‐associated symptoms are poorly correlated with POP diagnosis. The symptom that is best correlated with the POP stage is the presence of a vaginal bulge (moderate to good correlation). The factors most strongly associated with the risk of recurrence after surgery or pessary failure are clinical: essentially a higher POP stage before surgery, levator ani muscle avulsion, and vaginal and genital measurements.

Conclusions

In women complaining of prolapse‐associated symptoms, a pelvic examination (vaginal speculum and digital vaginal examination) can confirm the presence of POP and identify risk factors for treatment failure or recurrence after surgical management or pessary placement. A higher stage of POP and levator ani muscle avulsion—discernible on pelvic examination—are major risk factors for POP recurrence or treatment failure. These features must be taken into account in the treatment choice and discussed with the patient.
Extremely high levels of CA199 antigen in borderline mucinous ovarian cystadenoma
Authors: Yu Lei , Xiao Xue
Published: May 2024

Synopsis

A case report on a patient with a mucinous borderline ovarian cystadenoma with extremely elevated CA199 levels.
Initial validation of the Health Environment Rating Scale‐Early Childhood Consultation‐Classroom (HERS‐ECC‐C)
Authors: Futterer Jenna , Mullins Casey , Bulotsky‐Shearer Rebecca J. , Guzmán Emperatriz , Hildago Tatiana , Kolomeyer Ellen , Howe Elizabeth , Horen Neal , Sanders Lee M. , Natale Ruby
Published: May 2024

The present study validated a newly developed easy‐to‐use observational instrument, the Health Environment Rating Scale‐Early Childhood Consultation‐Classroom version (HERS‐ECC‐C), to measure the quality of the classroom environment within early care and education centers participating in a mental health consultation program in a diverse area of the southeastern United States. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, three factors emerged capturing critical aspects of a high‐quality classroom environment and demonstrated good reliability: (1) Supportive Practices, Positive Socioemotional Practices, and Classroom Management (α = .88), (2) Health and Family Communication (α = .79), and (3) Individualizing to Children's Needs (α = .80). Criterion‐related validity was established through concurrent associations between the three HERS‐ECC‐C subscales and the domains of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) and predictive associations with the Childcare Worker Job Stress Inventory. The HERS‐ECC‐C Supportive Practices and Health and Family Communication subscales were associated with all three CLASS domains, and the Individualizing to Children's Needs subscale was associated with the CLASS Instructional support domain. Higher HERS‐ECC‐C subscale scores were associated with lower teacher‐reported job stress. Findings provide initial evidence to support the use and continued development of the HERS‐ECC‐C as a tool to evaluate programs and classrooms engaged in mental health consultation professional development interventions.
Biodistribution and preclinical safety profile of legubicin: A novel conjugate of doxorubicin and a legumain‐cleavable peptide linker
Authors: Wang Yan , Wei Liping , Liu Yuan , Liu Cheng , Hou Minbo , Zhou Lu , Wang Le , Li Hua , Qiu Yunliang , JingMa
Published: May 2024

Legubicin is a novel conjugate of doxorubicin and a legumain‐cleavable peptide linker. It has been developed to ameliorate the side effects of doxorubicin. Biodistribution in tumor‐bearing mice, acute tolerance, and potential systemic toxic effects in Sprague–Dawley rats and beagle dogs of legubicin were assessed. Legubicin exists mainly as a protein complex in plasma after entering the circulation. Compared with conventional doxorubicin at an equal molar dose in mice, we found higher exposure to doxorubicin in tumor (approximately 1.7‐fold increase) while lower exposure in normal tissues (an ~3.26‐, 3.46‐, and 1.29‐fold reduction in heart, kidney, and plasma, respectively) in tumor‐bearing mice after intravenous injection of legubicin. The acute maximum tolerance dose (MTD) of legubicin was >16 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalent in female rats, 11 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalent in male rats (LD50 of conventional doxorubicin is 10.51 mg/kg), and >8 mg/kg doxorubicin equivalent in dogs (MTD of conventional doxorubicin is 1.5 mg/kg). Four‐week repeat‐dose toxicity studies of intravenous legubicin were conducted in rats (5, 10, and 25 mg/kg/dose once weekly) and dogs (3/1.5, 10/5, and 20/10 mg/kg/dose once weekly); the dose levels were reduced from the second dose due to intolerable legubicin‐associated toxicity at 20 mg/kg. Major organs of toxicity included the gastrointestinal tract, lymphoid and hematopoietic organs, kidney, skin, liver, reproductive organs, and peripheral nerves, which are all associated with doxorubicin. However, cardiotoxicity was only noted at MTD dose levels. Altogether, our results confirm an improved safety profile of legubicin over conventional doxorubicin and support its clinical benefit for treating cancer.