bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acquired Dysarthria within the Context of the Four-level Framework of Speech Sensorimotor Control
Authors: Stipinovich Alexandra , Van der Merwe Anita
Published: April 2020

The Four-Level Framework of speech sensorimotor control (Van der Merwe, 1997) complicates the traditional view of dysarthria as a purely motor execution disorder. According to this framework, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic and ataxic dysarthria are programming-execution dysarthrias, while flaccid dysarthria is the only execution dysarthria. This preliminary study aimed to differentiate programming-execution dysarthria from execution dysarthria by examining variability of the temporal control of speech. Six participants and five control participants repeated 15 stimulus words ten times. Voice onset time, vowel duration, vowel steady state duration and vowel formant transition duration were measured acoustically. The coefficient of variation of the temporal parameters, and the correlation coefficient between the durational parameters, were calculated and analysed using descriptive statistics. The coefficient of variation revealed that the speakers with dysarthria were more variable than the control speakers. All participants, except those with flaccid dysarthria, showed similar patterns of intra-subject variability. Those with flaccid dysarthria exhibited greater intra-subject variability of voice onset time. The correlation analysis did not reveal differences between dysarthria type, or between the dysarthric speakers and the controls. Differences found in the patterns of variability may support the hypothesis that individuals with programming-execution dysarthria resort to a different level of control than those with execution dysarthria. Further research in this field is necessary.
La formación en materias de tecnología del futuro periodista en España
Authors: Sierra Sánchez Javier , Liberal Ormaechea Sheila , Mañas-Viniegra Luis
Published: April 2020

Introducción. En este trabajo de investigación empírica analizamos la introducción de asignaturas en materia tecnológica que ofrecen las universidades españolas (públicas y privadas) a través de los Grados de Periodismo/Comunicación. Metodología. En el artículo analizamos, mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido, treinta y ocho planes de estudio de Grado a partir de un universo de más de mil novecientas asignaturas. Resultados. La investigación descubre hallazgos interesantes en cuanto al grado de implementación, descubriendo qué tecnologías emergentes están reflejándose en los diseños de los planes de estudio actuales en España. Conclusiones. Se indican cuáles son las universidades españolas que más carga crediticia y número de asignaturas ofrecen relacionadas con la tecnología.
Evaluation of Antihyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic Activities of Shadguna Makaradhwaja and Guduchi Ghana in Swiss Albino Mice
Authors: Charde Vaibhav A , Patel Kishor P , Kaur Harmeet , Jagtap Chandrashekhar , Nariya Mukesh , Patgiri Biswajyoti , Murthy Soma N , Prajapati Pradeepkumar
Published: April 2020

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders which share the common phenotype of hyperglycemia that occurs due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or sometimes both. Herbomineral formulations can be the alternative for contemporary synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents due to their potency, suitability, and negligible side effects. Makaradhwaja is one of those potent antidiabetic drugs used in Ayurved.

Objectives:

To evaluate the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of Shadguna Makaradhwaja (SM) formulations prepared by Swarna Varkha (SMV) and from residue Apakwa Talastha Swarna powder (SMR) with Guduchi Ghana (GG) in Swiss albino mice.

Materials and methods:

Oral glucose tolerance test and 18 hours fasted mice model were used. Shadguna Makaradhwaja with GG (5.85:94.15 ratios) was administered with honey at a dose of 65 mg/kg. Glibenclamide (GB; 0.65 mg/kg) was used as the standard drug.

Results:

In hypoglycemic study, SMV showed 18.2, 27.83, 34.88, and 47.41%, while SMR showed 4.85, 20.52, 29.70, and 44.3% reduction in blood sugar level (BSL) at 1, 2, 3, and 5 hours, respectively. In antihyperglycemic study, SMV showed 81.73, 49.23, 14.8, and 0% and SMR showed 56.38, 42.23, 1.16, and 21.58% reduction in BSL at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, respectively. Both results were statistically significant when compared to the control group.

Conclusion:

Test drugs showed significant hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects as compared to the control group. SMV showed more hypoglycemic effect, while SMR showed better antihyperglycemic effect.
Stratocumulus cloud clearings: statistics from satellites, reanalysis models, and airborne measurements
Authors: Dadashazar Hossein , Crosbie Ewan , Majdi Mohammad S. , Panahi Milad , Moghaddam Mohammad A. , Behrangi Ali , Brunke Michael , Zeng Xubin , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Sorooshian Armin
Published: April 2020

Abstract. This study provides a detailed characterization of stratocumulus clearings
off the US West Coast using remote sensing, reanalysis, and airborne in
situ data. Ten years (2009–2018) of Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellite (GOES) imagery data are used to quantify the monthly frequency,
growth rate of total area (GRArea), and dimensional characteristics of
306 total clearings. While there is interannual variability, the summer
(winter) months experienced the most (least) clearing events, with the lowest
cloud fractions being in close proximity to coastal topographical features along the central
to northern coast of California, including especially just south of Cape
Mendocino and Cape Blanco. From 09:00 to 18:00 (PST), the median length,
width, and area of clearings increased from 680 to 1231, 193 to 443,
and ∼67 000 to ∼250 000 km2,
respectively. Machine learning was applied to identify the most influential
factors governing the GRArea of clearings between 09:00 and 12:00 PST, which
is the time frame of most rapid clearing expansion. The results from
gradient-boosted regression tree (GBRT) modeling revealed that air
temperature at 850 hPa (T850), specific humidity at 950 hPa
(q950), sea surface temperature (SST), and anomaly in mean sea level
pressure (MSLPanom) were probably most impactful in enhancing
GRArea using two scoring schemes. Clearings have distinguishing
features such as an enhanced Pacific high shifted more towards northern
California, offshore air that is warm and dry, stronger coastal surface
winds, enhanced lower-tropospheric static stability, and increased
subsidence. Although clearings are associated obviously with reduced cloud
fraction where they reside, the domain-averaged cloud albedo was actually
slightly higher on clearing days as compared to non-clearing days. To
validate speculated processes linking environmental parameters to clearing
growth rates based on satellite and reanalysis data, airborne data from
three case flights were examined. Measurements were compared on both sides
of the clear–cloudy border of clearings at multiple altitudes in the
boundary layer and free troposphere, with results helping to support links
suggested by this study's model simulations. More specifically, airborne
data revealed the influence of the coastal low-level jet and extensive
horizontal shear at cloud-relevant altitudes that promoted mixing between
clear and cloudy air. Vertical profile data provide support for warm and dry
air in the free troposphere, additionally promoting expansion of clearings.
Airborne data revealed greater evidence of sea salt in clouds on clearing
days, pointing to a possible role for, or simply the presence of, this
aerosol type in clearing areas coincident with stronger coastal winds.
ESD Reviews: mechanisms, evidence, and impacts of climate tipping elements
Authors: Wang Seaver , Hausfather Zeke
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Increasing attention is focusing upon climate tipping elements – large-scale earth systems anticipated to respond through positive feedbacks to anthropogenic climate change by shifting towards new long-term states. In some but not all cases, such changes could produce additional greenhouse gas emissions or radiative forcing that could compound global warming. Developing greater understanding of tipping elements is important for predicting future climate risks. Here we review mechanisms, predictions, impacts, and knowledge gaps associated with ten notable climate tipping elements. We also evaluate which tipping elements are more imminent and whether shifts will likely manifest rapidly or over longer timescales. Some tipping elements are significant to future global climate and will likely affect major ecosystems, climate patterns, and/or carbon cycling within the current century. However, assessments under different emissions scenarios indicate a strong potential to reduce or avoid impacts associated with many tipping elements through climate change mitigation. Most tipping elements do not possess the potential for abrupt future change within years, and some tipping elements are perhaps more accurately termed climate feedbacks. Nevertheless, significant uncertainties remain associated with many tipping elements, highlighting an acute need for further research and modeling to better constrain risks.
Familias en la ficción televisiva ante el cambio de siglo: una comparativa entre producciones dramáticas y comedias
Authors: Hidalgo-Marí Tatiana , De la Cuadra-Colmenares Elena
Published: April 2020

El presente artículo recoge una comparativa alrededor de la representación de la familia en las series televisivas de las cadenas generalistas emitidas entre 1990 y 2010, coincidiendo con las décadas previa y posterior al cambio de siglo y teniendo en cuenta los factores de producción televisivo de la época en cuestión. En base a una metodología cualitativa que analiza las series con mayores éxitos de audiencia tanto dramáticas como cómicas, se comparan los modelos familiares imperantes con el fin de establecer si las particularidades del género afectan a la representación de las familias en las tramas narrativas. Los resultados apuntan mayor tendencia a la desestructuración de las familias en las comedias, si bien es cierto que las series dramáticas, cuando lo hacen, rompen de forma impetuosa el canon familiar establecido.
Ustekinumab for the treatment of refractory pediatric Crohn’s disease: a single-center experience
Authors: Cohen Alexandra , Ahmed Najma , Sant’Anna Ana
Published: April 2020

Background/Aims: Despite the well-established efficacy of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists as treatment options for Crohn’s disease, many pediatric patients need a change in therapy due to adverse events and loss of response, highlighting the necessity for medications with a different mechanism of action. Ustekinumab has been shown to be effective in inducing clinical remission in some adults with disease refractory to anti-TNF agents, however, minimal data exists in the pediatric population.Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 11 pediatric patients receiving ustekinumab, specifically extracting baseline data, information on prior treatment and response, indications for starting ustekinumab, clinical information, and laboratory parameters pre- and post-therapy. Clinical response was defined as a decrease in abbreviated Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index score.Results: Patients ranged from 12 to 17 years of age upon initiation of treatment with ustekinumab. Five of 11 patients demonstrated a clinical response. Among these patients, 2 remained in clinical remission, while the remaining 3 experienced a secondary loss of response. The other 6 patients were primary nonresponders who either remained unwell or demonstrated slight clinical worsening. All patients who clinically responded to ustekinumab and had an initially elevated CRP experienced complete normalization of their values. Mucosal healing was seen on endoscopy in 1 responder, with 2 other patients showing endoscopic improvement.Conclusions: These results demonstrate for the first time that ustekinumab has the potential to induce not only clinical and biochemical remission, but also endoscopic improvement, in the pediatric population. Future research is needed to determine factors that influence response to therapy.
A NEW SUBSEAFLOOR REPLACEMENT MODEL FOR THE MACMILLAN PASS CLASTIC-DOMINANT Zn-Pb ± Ba DEPOSITS (YUKON, CANADA)
Authors: Magnall Joseph M. , Gleeson Sarah A. , Paradis Suzanne
Published: April 2020

Sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits are a subset of sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposits and provide our dominant resource of Zn. In the SEDEX model, base metals (Zn, Pb, Fe) are hydrothermally vented into sulfidic (euxinic) seawater and deposited coevally with the organic-rich mudstone host rock, resulting in laterally extensive layered mineralization. In the Selwyn Basin (Canada) at Macmillan Pass, two deposits (Tom, Jason) are well preserved in a succession of Upper Devonian mudstones and are considered type-characteristic examples of the SEDEX deposit model. As with a number of SEDEX deposits, at Macmillan Pass barite is abundant in the succession hosting hydrothermal mineralization. Early work presented a hydrothermal model for barite formation, in which barite coprecipitated with base metal sulfides in a redox-stratified water column. Recently, however, studies have both proposed an alternative diagenetic model for barite formation and provided more precise constraints on the chemistry of the hydrothermal fluid that entered the vent complexes. Here, we present a new model for Macmillan Pass in which sulfide mineralization occurred entirely within the subsurface. The introduction of hot (300°C) hydrothermal fluids into the shallow subsurface (<1-km depth) resulted in the thermal degradation of organic matter and generated CO2; this promoted barite dissolution, which both provided a source of sulfate for thermochemical sulfate reduction and increased the porosity and permeability within the system. Importantly, there was clear potential for the development of positive feedbacks and self-organization between diagenetic and hydrothermal processes, resulting in highly efficient ore-forming systems. In contrast to the SEDEX model, alteration footprints will be controlled by the mass transfer involved in (barite) replacement reactions rather than hydrothermal venting, and exploration criteria at a district scale should strongly favor highly productive continental margins.
Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English
Authors: Khan Tania Ali
Published: April 2020

Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd while using these words. Numerous studies are conducted on Pakistani English Vocabulary, yet a couple manage to deal with morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the morphological integration of Urdu loan words in Pakistani English. Another purpose of the study is to investigate the main reasons of this morphological integration process. The Qualitative research method is used in this study. Researcher prepares a sample list of 50 loan words for the analysis. These words are randomly chosen from the newspaper “The Dawn” since it is the most dispersed English language newspaper in Pakistan. Some words are selected from the Books and Novellas of Pakistani English fiction authors, and concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. The results show that, when the Urdu language loan words are morphologically integrated in Pakistan English, they do not change their grammatical category. Moreover, four distinguished morphological process are identified in integration of these loan words. The results also reveal that deficit hypothesis is the main reason of this lexical borrowin.
Humanitarian Aid, Security and Ethics
Authors: Eyal Hedva , Samimian-Darash Limor , Davidovitch Nadav
Published: April 2020

The article examines the relationship between humanitarianism, security, and ethics in the case of the provision of medical humanitarian aid by Israel to casualties from the Syrian civil war, between 2013 and 2018. We argue that this humanitarian project differs from the type of humanitarian intervention commonly seen in conflict zones and can be identified as a new form of humanitarian governance. Our case study deals with humanitarian care provided in the country of origin of the medical and security forces involved, rather than in the country of the injured. In this articulation of humanitarianism at home a new nature of life governance and new subjects of security, emerge. We argue that the politics of life shifts and is subordinated to two different ethical frameworks founded on two different logics: that of the human (as in the type of medical treatment seen in traditional humanitarian aid provision, which is often related to short-term immediate treatment) and that of the citizen (the standard of care provided to all official residents of Israel. The conflict between these two moralities, the shifting standard of medical treatment, and the new medical-security space – together, raise a new set of ethical and political questions.
Polyphonie und Audiovision
Authors: Hörner Fernand
Published: April 2020

This interdisciplinary analysis uses concepts of voice and polyphony both as visible, audible and understandable means of expression and as abstract analytical categories for the interpretation of music videos. The study combines abstract concepts of voice from music, media, literary and cultural studies, and linguistics with an analysis of the orchestration of the voice in the audiovisual form of music videos.

The book has three parts: The first part highlights theories of voices and polyphony. The second part consists of the audiovisual transcription of a music video (‘Verliebt’ by the German rap group Antilopen Gang) by means of the online transcription tool trAVis. The third part offers an interpretation of the music video, joining the transcription with the theoretical concepts and the methodological approaches based on polyphony. This music video serves as an exhaustive test of ‘polyphony’ as a theoretical and methodological background against which one can interpret audiovisual material.
Der Nachweis im mindestlohnrechtlichen Sanktionsverfahren
Authors: Höchstetter Benjamin
Published: April 2020

Die Arbeit untersucht in einer Pionierleistung, inwieweit Beweismittel, die von den Zollverwaltungsbehörden im Rahmen der Kontrolle und Durchsetzung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns erhoben wurden, verwendet werden dürfen, um Straftaten und Ordnungswidrigkeiten nachzuweisen. Sie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die gegenwärtig praktizierte Prüf- und Sanktionspraxis nicht nur gegen einfachgesetzliche Normen, sondern auch gegen das Verfassungsrecht verstößt: So dürfen Arbeitgeber nicht einfach „ins Blaue hinein“ kontrolliert werden. Betroffene Personen sind über ihr bestehendes Auskunftsverweigerungsrecht zu belehren. Müssen Sie Dokumente anfertigen oder vorlegen, greift zu ihrem Schutz ein straf- bzw. bußgeldrechtliches Beweisverwertungsverbot ein. Indem diese und zahlreiche weitere potentielle Rechtsverstöße der Kontrollbehörden betrachtet werden, sollen betroffenen Arbeitgebern, ohne den Arbeitnehmerschutz zu vernachlässigen, Argumente an die Hand gegeben werden, damit sie sich gegen sie tangierende rechtswidrige Prüfungen zur Wehr setzen können.
Die Nachlassverwaltung in der Erbengemeinschaft
Authors: Lassen Jasmin
Published: April 2020

Mit der Nachlassverwaltung in einer Erbengemeinschaft widmet sich die Arbeit einem Thema von zentraler Bedeutung für die juristische Praxis. Eingebettet in die Auseinandersetzung mit den Verwaltungsbefugnissen von Miterben konzentriert sich das Werk auf die umstrittene Möglichkeit des Mehrheitshandelns auf Verfügungsebene. Unter Berücksichtigung der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung erfolgt eine auslegungsorientierte Erörterung, die insbesondere den Sinn und Zweck der die Nachlassverwaltung bestimmenden Regelungen der § 2038 BGB und 2040 BGB in den Vordergrund stellt. Ausgehend von den bei einer Erbengemeinschaft aufeinandertreffenden Interessenlagen gliedert das Werk nach verschiedenen Argumentationsansätzen und diskutiert die Konsequenzen unterschiedlicher Auslegungsweisen.
In Defense of Strict Compliance as a Modeling Assumption
Authors: Carroll Jeffrey ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: April 2020

Rawlsian ideal theory has as its foundational assumption strict compliance with the principles of justice. Whereas Rawls employed strict compliance for his particular positive purpose, I defend the more general methodological point that strict compliance can be a permissible modeling assumption. Strict compliance can be assumed in a model that determines the most just set of principles, but such a model, while informative, is not straightforwardly action-guiding. I construct such a model and defend it against influential contemporary criticisms of models that assume strict compliance.
A new cypridopsine genus (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Thailand
Authors: Savatenalinton Sukonthip
Published: April 2020

A new cypridopsine genus, Cyprettadopsis gen. nov., described here, is principally characterized by the reduced caudal ramus, the strongly serrated claw G2 of the antenna (A2), the A2 subquadrate terminal segment, the undivided penultimate segment of the second thoracopod (T2), the morphology of the third thoracopod bearing a distinctly separated terminal segment, the complete septa on the posteroventral margin and the incomplete septa on the anterior margin of both valves. Based on a combination of these characters, a new tribe, Cyprettadopsini trib. nov., is created in the subfamily Cypridopsinae Kaufmann, 1900 to accommodate this new genus, and one new species, Cyprettadopsis sutura gen. et sp. nov., is described as the type species. Apart from the above generic characters, the following features are also typical of the new species: the tiny needlepoint-like pores along the anterior and ventral margins of both valves, the remarkably large β-seta on the mandibular palp and the considerably short d2 seta on the T2. The presence of marginal septa in the new genus is a distinctive character and constitutes the first record of this feature within Cypridopsinae. The taxonomically relevant characters in the new taxon and related taxa are briefly discussed.
El Pensamiento computacional: ¿Una nueva forma de entrenar la memoria de trabajo?
Authors: Sanabria Zafra Eduardo , Rodríguez Rodríguez Noelia , Zerpa Pérez Andrés Eduardo , Prieto Marañón Pedro , Alonso Rodríguez María Ángeles
Published: April 2020

El pensamiento computacional es un concepto reciente que ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años. Se ha encontrado que entrenamientos basados en este concepto, son capaces de producir mejoras en diversas funciones cognitivas. En este trabajo se ha empleado un entrenamiento basado en el pensamiento computacional elaborado por el Aula Cultural de Pensamiento Computacional y la Fundación general de la Universidad de La Laguna. El entrenamiento se aplicó a alumnos de secundaria divididos en dos grupos: un grupo que se basaba en una metodología de aprendizaje guiada y otro basado en una metodología de aprendizaje por descubrimiento. El objetivo es comprobar si el entrenamiento es capaz de producir mejoras en las medidas de memoria de trabajo y si es más beneficioso para los participantes con un nivel de memoria de trabajo alto. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el entrenamiento, independientemente de la metodología que se aplique es capaz de producir mejoras en las diferentes medidas de memoria trabajo. Así mismo, no se encontró evidencia de que los participantes con un nivel de memoria de trabajo alto se beneficien más del entrenamiento en la mayoría de las pruebas, pero si se encontró un beneficio mayor de estos en la prueba de figuras abstractas.

Computational thinking is a new concept wich has been adquiring relevance in the last few years. There are some evidence of trainings based on this new concept improving different cognitive abilities. In this paper, it has been used a training based on computational thinking, designed by “aula cultural de pensamiento computacional” and the general fundation of the University of La Laguna. This training was applied to students of secondary obligatory education who had been divided into two grups: one group recives the training with a methodology based in guide learning and the other group recived the training based on autolearning methodology. The main objective of this paper is to prove that training can improve the measures of working memory and check if the participants who have a high level of working memory take more benefits of the training. The results show that the training based on computational thinking improved the measures of working memory. In addition, there was no evidence of a higher level of benefit of the training in most of the taskes in the participants who have a high working memory level.
Procedural problems in cases of tax violations discovered in the course of tax audits (Article 101 of the Taxation Code of the Russian Federation)
Authors: Shilekhin Konstantin Evgenevich
Published: April 2020

The goal of this article lies in studying the problems of administration of law in the course of brining taxpayers to tax liability and formulation of recommendations of their elimination. The object of this research is the social relations characterizing tax liability and procedural order in this regard. The subject is the legal norms establishing liability for tax violations, as well as regulation the activity of tax and judicial bodies pertinent to application of the fiscal legislation of the Russian Federation. Research methodology is based on the dialectical method of cognition of social reality. For collection, processing, generalization, analysis and interpretation of empirical material, the author uses the methods of induction and deduction, statistical analysis and document analysis. The conclusion is made on the weakness of normative legal regulation of separate procedures of legal investigation on tax violation in terms of the Article 101 of the Taxation Code of the Russian Federation. The author suggest making a number of amendments to the fiscal legislation to improve the mechanism of holding the taxpayers liable.
SELETIVIDADE DE HERBICIDAS APLICADOS EM PRÉ E PÓS-TRANSPLANTIO DE ABÓBORA JAPONESA
Authors: Carneiro Gabriella
Published: April 2020

O lento crescimento inicial e o baixo porte da abóbora favorecem o estabelecimento de plantas daninhas nas áreas de cultivo, sendo necessário o manejo adequado para não haver redução da produtividade. Entretanto, atualmente não há herbicidas registrados para a cultura da abóbora. Dessa forma, objetivou-se verificar a seletividade de herbicidas em pré e pós-plantio de mudas de abóbora japonesa. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Para as aplicações em pré-plantio e pósplantio, os tratamentos foram compostos pelos herbicidas: flumioxazin (30 g i.a. ha-1), oxyfluorfen (240 g i.a. ha-1), clomazone (600 g i.a. ha-1), fomesafen (250 g i.a. ha-1), fluzifop-p-butílico (125 g i.a. ha-1) e o controle. Além disso, em pré-plantio foi testado um tratamento com o paraquat (400 g i.a. ha-1). Avaliou-se a intoxicação visual 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA). Aos 21 DAA foi avaliado a altura de planta, diâmetro de caule, número de folhas e matéria seca de parte aérea, raiz e total. Os herbicidas oxyfluorfen (240 g i.a. ha-1), fomesafen (250 g i.a. ha-1), fluzifop-p-butílico (125 g i.a. ha-1) e paraquat (400 g i.a. ha-1) apresentaram alta seletividade em pré-plantio de mudas de abóbora japonesa, com baixa intoxicação (entre 0 e 4%), menores perdas de matéria seca e menor variação dos parâmetros de crescimento das plantas. Em pós-plantio, o flumioxazin (30 g i.a. ha-1) não apresentou redução significativa de matéria seca e das variáveis de crescimento, mas causou intoxicação superior a (24%). O fluzifop -p-butílico (125 g i.a. ha-1) e o fomesafen (250 g i.a. ha-1) mostraram maior seletividade (intoxicação entre 0 e 4%) em pós-plantio quando comparado ao controle e aos demais tratamentos herbicidas avaliados.
Challenges of Mathematics in Economic Development in the Twenty-First Century: Implications for Tertiary Education
Authors: Agah Marcel P.
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the vital importance and significance of Mathematics to the culture of the modern Technological world with particular reference to the role of Mathematics for the achievements of the Economic Goals in the twenty-first century. It takes account of the curriculum, pedagogy of teaching, enrolment and teaching facilities. Besides, suggestions for the improvement of the situation to enable mathematics and mathematicians meet up the challenges of our economic goals are made. It concludes by stressing for a more relevant Mathematics and a greater exposure of Mathematics students to the application of the discipline such that they can contribute more meaningfully to the development of our-nation. Nigeria like all other nations aspires towards technological advancement and economic prosperity in order to attain sustainable development in the twenty-first century. Such aspiration can only materialize when the right education is made available to lay the foundation for the manpower that will steer the country forward.
The Tourism Competitiveness of Districts and Cities Possesing a National Park in Indonesia
Authors: Eddyono Fauziah , Darusman Dudung , Sumarwan Ujang , Sunarminto Tutut
Published: April 2020

Indonesia has comparative advantages of tropical ecosystem, wealth tourist attraction nature, the diversity of culture, living culture peculiar and demographic dividend to participate in tourism. The comparative advantages in accordance with this tourist’s behavior in the experience economy era where the tourists are seeking a tourist destination that has an authentic, such as a diversity of culture and the natural environment that is distinctive. However, this comparative advantage does not correlate with the trend of the increasing number of tourist arrivals in Indonesia. It shows that there were problems in a tourism competitive advantages and knowledge related to competitiveness of tourism inadequacy. This motivates to the need for a study in measuring the effectiveness of competitiveness tourism-based ecotourism in the tourist destinations in Indonesia. This study evaluates the competitiveness of tourism in the areas which have a national park in Indonesia on providing guidelines for tourism policy makers in Indonesia. We use travel and tourism competitiveness index by using data which has been available in the government and non-government institutions. We further employ clusters and dimensional scale to analyze the data. The results found that the average score of competitiveness of tourism indicates the index of 3 – 4. In summary, the tourism competitiveness in the area which have a varies national park can be classified into 5 clusters of tourist attractions based on characteristics of tourism competitiveness. They are health and hygiene, environment indicator, price competitiveness and purchase power parity.
Chemokine receptor 4 expression is correlated with the occurrence and prognosis of gastric cancer
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Hong‐Chang , Wang Jin‐Shen , Sun Bo , Li Le‐Ping
Published: April 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common tumor with a low 5‐year survival rate. The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) protein contributes to the progression and prognosis of GC, but the relationship between CXCR4 and immune infiltration, somatic copy number alteration (SCNA), tumor purity, tumor mutation burden (TMB), cytolytic activity (CYT), and drug sensitivity in GC is poorly understood. This study aimed to systematically explore the role of CXCR4 in GC. Microarray and RNA‐seq data were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas. Our analysis shows that CXCR4 is correlated with various types of immune cells. Patients with high CXCR4 expression had a higher fraction of B cells and CD8+ T cells, and a lower fraction of CD4+ T cells. In addition, high CXCR4 expression was associated with more advanced tumor stage, worse prognosis and higher stromal score, immune score, and cytolytic activity (P < 0.05). High CXCR4 expression also correlated with lower tumor purity and TMB. In summary, our analyses suggest that CXCR4 may affect the progression and prognosis of GC by influencing immune infiltration, TMB, CYT, tumor purity, and drug sensitivity.
Development and evaluation of machine learning models for voxel dose predictions in online adaptive magnetic resonance guided radiation therapy
Authors: Thomas M. Allan , Fu Yabo , Yang Deshan
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Daily online adaptive plan quality in magnetic resonance imaging guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) is difficult to assess in relation to the fully optimized, high quality plans traditionally established offline. Machine learning prediction models developed in this work are capable of predicting 3D dose distributions, enabling the evaluation of online adaptive plan quality to better inform adaptive decision‐making in MRgRT.

Methods

Artificial neural networks predicted 3D dose distributions from input variables related to patient anatomy, geometry, and target/organ‐at‐risk relationships in over 300 treatment plans from 53 patients receiving adaptive, linac‐based MRgRT for abdominal cancers. The models do not include any beam related variables such as beam angles or fluence and were optimized to balance errors related to raw dose and specific plan quality metrics used to guide daily online adaptive decisions.

Results

Averaged over all plans, the dose prediction error and the absolute error were 0.1 ± 3.4 Gy (0.1 ± 6.2%) and 3.5 ± 2.4 Gy (6.4 ± 4.3%) respectively. Plan metric prediction errors were −0.1 ± 1.5%, −0.5 ± 2.1%, −0.9 ± 2.2 Gy, and 0.1 ± 2.7 Gy for V95, V100, D95, and Dmean respectively. Plan metric prediction absolute errors were 1.1 ± 1.1%, 1.5 ± 1.5%, 1.9 ± 1.4 Gy, and 2.2 ± 1.6 Gy. Approximately 10% (25) of the plans studied were clearly identified by the prediction models as inferior quality plans needing further optimization and refinement.

Conclusion

Machine learning prediction models for treatment plan 3D dose distributions in online adaptive MRgRT were developed and tested. Clinical integration of the models requires minimal effort, producing 3D dose predictions for a new patient’s plan using only target and OAR structures as inputs. These models can enable improved workflows for MRgRT through more informed plan optimization and plan quality assessment in real time.
Soil and crop management systems that ameliorate damage caused by decades of dryland agroecosystem mismanagement
Authors: Peterson G. A. , Westfall D. G. , Schipanski M. E. , Fonte S. J.
Published: April 2020

Sustainable crop production in the Great Plains of North America has been challenging since early settlement times, and mismanagement has severely damaged our dryland agroecosystems. The unintentional damage stemmed from using practices unsuited to dryer climates. In fact, the management practices imported from more humid agricultural areas during the settlement period were considered the best ways to farm. The Dust Bowl era was the disastrous result of creating bare soil surfaces, with aggregates pulverized by excessive tillage on millions of hectares of land. It became obvious to pioneer scientists that retaining cover on the soil surface was critical to sustainability and their early efforts resulted in a widely adopted practice known as stubble mulch. Stubble mulch practices markedly decreased the rate of damage to dryland ecosystems. Advent of herbicidal weed control led to reduced and no‐till practices that not only increased soil cover, but also significantly enhanced soil water conservation. This paper focuses on how and why the coupling of conservation tillage and cropping intensification is ameliorating the damage that accrued over decades of agroecosystem mismanagement. The objectives of this paper are to (a) remind us of fragile nature of the Great Plains ecosystem, (b) review how and why ecosystems were degraded, and (c) identify principles and associated practices for amelioration.
An efficient low‐cost xylem sap isolation method for bacterial wilt assays in tomato
Authors: Longchar Bendangchuchang , Phukan Tarinee , Yadav Sarita , Senthil‐Kumar Muthappa
Published: April 2020

Premise

A portable, simple, yet efficient method was developed for the rapid extraction of xylem sap from the stems and petioles of tomato plants for diagnostic and quantification assays of the xylem‐colonizing wilt bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum.

Methods and Results

Xylem saps were extracted from tomato stem sections using negative pressure generated from handheld needleless syringes. The samples were collected from plants grown under different soil moisture levels at four days after inoculation with the pathogen. Pipette tips were modified to serve as adapters for the stem sections. The quantification of the bacterial load in the extracted sap was performed by plating sap dilutions in Kelman's triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) medium. Pathogen identity was further confirmed by performing a PCR using R. solanacearum‐specific primers.

Conclusions

Due to its simplicity, portability, and thoroughness of extraction from predetermined tissue sizes, the method can potentially facilitate high‐throughput onsite sampling from a large number of samples in a short time, which cannot be achieved with other available techniques.
Using a portable hydrogen cyanide gas meter to uncover a dynamic phytochemical landscape
Authors: Smiley John , Morrison Colin R.
Published: April 2020

Premise

Over 3000 species of plants and animals release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas when their tissues are crushed. To investigate the role of cyanogenesis in Passiflora–herbivore interactions, we developed an inexpensive, rapid, sensitive method for measuring HCN emissions from crushed tissues.

Methods

The method includes crushed tissue confinement in a closed chamber, where cyanogenesis reactions occur, followed by evacuation of gas to a portable HCN meter. Parts per million readings are repeated at 5‐min intervals until HCN is depleted. Three versions of the closed reaction chamber apparatus were tested: plastic cup, airtight combination mortar‐pestle, and glass desiccator jar.

Results

We calibrated the method by comparing with a closed chamber measurement apparatus. The procedure's repeatability was demonstrated with a standard curve using known quantities of cyanogenic glycoside standard. Data collected with this method were also compared with the conventional colorimetric procedure. We processed over 2000 samples using this technique, revealing diverse elements of cyanogenic variation.

Conclusions

These methods produced well‐defined data with minimal error. Results illustrated a one to four order‐of‐magnitude variation at organizational levels ranging from individual leaves to the entire Passiflora community. We now have a promising tool for uncovering the HCN phytochemical landscape in unprecedented detail.
Forced Disruption of Anatomy Education in Australia and New Zealand: An Acute Response to the Covid‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Pather Nalini , Blyth Phil , Chapman Jamie A. , Dayal Manisha R. , Flack Natasha A.M.S. , Fogg Quentin A. , Green Rodney A. , Hulme Anneliese K. , Johnson Ian P. , Meyer Amanda J. , Morley John W. , Shortland Peter J. , Štrkalj Goran , Štrkalj Mirjana , Valter Krisztina , Webb Alexandra L. , Woodley Stephanie J. , Lazarus Michelle D.
Published: April 2020

Australian and New Zealand universities commenced a new academic year in February/March 2020 largely with “business as usual.” The subsequent Covid‐19 pandemic imposed unexpected disruptions to anatomical educational practice. Rapid change occurred due to government‐imposed physical distancing regulations from March 2020 that increasingly restricted anatomy laboratory teaching practices. Anatomy educators in both these countries were mobilized to adjust their teaching approaches. This study on anatomy education disruption at pandemic onset within Australia and New Zealand adopts a social constructivist lens. The research question was “What are the perceived disruptions and changes made to anatomy education in Australia and New Zealand during the initial period of the Covid‐19 pandemic, as reflected on by anatomy educators?.” Thematic analysis to elucidate “the what and why” of anatomy education was applied to these reflections. About 18 anatomy academics from ten institutions participated in this exercise. The analysis revealed loss of integrated “hands‐on” experiences, and impacts on workload, traditional roles, students, pedagogy, and anatomists' personal educational philosophies. The key opportunities recognized for anatomy education included: enabling synchronous teaching across remote sites, expanding offerings into the remote learning space, and embracing new pedagogies. In managing anatomy education's transition in response to the pandemic, six critical elements were identified: community care, clear communications, clarified expectations, constructive alignment, community of practice, ability to compromise, and adapt and continuity planning. There is no doubt that anatomy education has stepped into a yet unknown future in the island countries of Australia and New Zealand.
Zinc Powder Catalysed Formylation and Urealation of Amines Using CO2 as a C1 Building Block†
Authors: Du Chongyang , Chen Yaofeng
Published: April 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Transformation of CO2 into valuable organic compounds catalysed by cheap and biocompatible metal catalysts is one of important topics of current organic synthesis and catalysis. Herein, we report the zinc powder catalysed formylation and urealation of amines with CO2 and (EtO)3SiH under solvent free condition. Using 2 mol% zinc powder as the catalyst, a series of secondary amines, both the aromatic ones and the aliphatic ones, can be formylated into formamides. When primary aromatic amines were used as the substrates, the reactions produce urea derivatives. The electronic and steric effects from the substrates on the formylation and urealation reactions were observed and discussed. The recovery and reusability of zinc powder were investigated, showing the zinc powder can be reused in the formylation reaction without loss of catalytic activity. The analysis on the reactants/products mixture after filtering out the zinc powder showed the zinc concentration in the mixture is low to 1 ppm. The pathways for the formylation and urealation of amines with this catalytic system were also investigated, and related to the different substrates.
Oxidative Dehydrogenative Silylation‐Alkenation Reaction of Alkyl Aromatics with Silanes
Authors: Jiang Wei , Zhang Yongxin , Su Yingpeng , Bao Xiazhen , Fu Ying , Huo Congde
Published: April 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

A Cu(OAc)2/DDQ/DTBP/Py system catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative silylation‐alkenation tandem reaction of readily available alkyl aromatic compounds with silanes was established. A variety of functionalized alkenyl organosilicon compounds were provided in good to high yields with a total β‐(E) selectivity. The control experiments revealed that the transformation might proceed through a radical pathway.
Non‐Aqueous Phospholipid Concentrates for Increasing the Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Compounds
Authors: van Hoogevest Peter
Published: April 2020

The properties and use of liquid non‐aqueous phospholipid concentrates (NAPC) are reviewed. They are mainly used to solubilize poorly water‐soluble drug substances to enhance their oral bioavailability, but they also find applicability in dietetics and cosmetics. Due to the large‐scale availability of these concentrates at good manufacturing practice quality including Drug Master File (DMF) documentation, they can be used for pre‐clinical screening and clinical testing and as market form, as demonstrated by the product of Wyeth/Pfizer, Rapamune, enabling a cost effective and fast dosage form development. When needed, NAPC can be converted to solid dosage forms by means of a capsule fill or addition of adsorbing excipients. It is concluded that NAPC deserve more attention and a broader use in the life science industry.

Practical Applications: NAPCs are suitable as pre‐clinical formulation vehicle for screening of the oral bioavailability of poorly water‐soluble compounds. The same formulation can be used for clinical testing and market introduction, allowing a fast track dosage form development. When needed NAPC can be converted to solid dosage forms. NAPC have also applicability in dietetics and cosmetics to solubilize poorly water‐soluble compounds.
FAM35A/SHLD2/RINN2: A novel determinant of double strand break repair pathway choice and genome stability in cancer
Authors: Fackrell Kylie , Bobins LoriAnn , Parul  , Tomida Junya
Published: April 2020

FAM35A, alternatively known as SHLD2 and RINN2, was recently characterized as a DNA repair gene, evolutionarily conserved in higher vertebrates. FAM35A is a 53BP1‐pathway factor and a component of the Shieldin/RINN complex. Among 53BP1‐pathway factors, FAM35A has unique domains: an N‐terminal disordered domain and three C‐terminal OB‐fold domains. These C‐terminal domains have homology with the OB‐fold domains of the single‐stranded DNA binding protein, RPA1. With other 53BP1‐pathway factors, FAM35A inhibits DNA end resection. FAM35A defective cell lines are sensitive to DNA double‐strand break inducing agents. Concurrent FAM35A and BRCA1 defects in mammalian cell lines cause resistance to PARP inhibitors and camptothecin. The clinical relevance of this interaction is still unknown, but cancer genomics databases indicate that FAM35A is deleted in 6–13% of prostate cancers and in at least one triple negative breast cancer patient‐derived BRCA1 defective cell line. From meta‐analysis, FAM35A overexpression in patients with triple negative and basal‐like breast cancers is associated with poor survival compared to patients with low expression. From this evidence, clarification of FAM35A's function and the related mechanism of chemoresistance is likely to have clinical implications.
An efficient ψ‐v scheme for two‐dimensional laminar flow past bluff bodies on compact nonuniform grids
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Kalita Jiten C.
Published: April 2020

We recently proposed a second‐order accurate ψ‐v formulation of the steady‐state Navier‐Stokes (N‐S) equations on compact Cartesian nonuniform grids. In the current work, we extend the ideas of the aforesaid formulation and propose a second‐order spatially compact, implicit, stable ψ‐v formulation for the unsteady incompressible N‐S equations. Contrary to the existing ψ‐v finite difference formulations which use grid transformation, the proposed scheme is developed for nonuniform Cartesian grids without transformation specifically designed for two‐dimensional laminar flow past bluff bodies. It has been implemented on problems of internal flows inside curved regions as well as those involving fluid‐embedded body interaction. However, the robustness of the scheme is highlighted by the accurate resolution of a host of complex flows past bluff bodies with different physical set‐ups and boundary conditions. It was seen to handle problems involving both uniform and accelerated flows across a wide range of structures of varied shape, namely, a flat plate, a circular cylinder, inclined square cylinder, and a wedge in channel hinged to the wall. Apart from elegantly capturing all the details of the shedded vortex structures under different circumstances, the scheme was also able to handle both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary with equal ease. In all the cases, our results are found to be extremely close to the available numerical and experimental results.