bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary of Strategies from the Historical Case
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

This will summarize the major changes in theoretical components of Mendelism between 1900 and 1926 and the major strategies exemplified in those changes. The theoretical components as of 1900-1903 were discussed in 5 and listed in Table5.2. s 6 to 11 traced changes to those original components. At the end of this , Table 14.1 provides a summary of all the theoretical components as of 1926.
General Strategies for Theory Change
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

The strategies discussed in previous s are ones that were exemplified in changes in the theory of the gene and the chromosome theory. The method of analysis in previous s might be called a “data-driven” or “inductive” analysis: strategies have emerged from the case, albeit because I was looking for them there. An alternative method to devise strategies is to consider work by philosophers of science and others who have studied scientific reasoning.
What Is an Author?
Authors: Stillinger Jack
Published: November 2023

There has been much discussion, in theoretical writings of the last two decades, of the “disappearance,” “absence,” “removal,” “banishment,” even “death” of the author. Roland Barthes’s famous phrase “la mort de 1’auteur” began life in 1968. Michel Foucault, an author apparently alive enough to look across town and see what Barthes was doing, addressed the Societe francaise de Philosophic in the following year on the “recent absence” of the author, how it came about, and some of the consequences that result when we think, if we can, of literary works as authorless (or, more precisely, as having abstract “author-functions” rather than real-life historical authors).1 Ignoring (and ignorance) of authors had of course become more and more common in practical literary criticism of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, as explicators focused on “the text itself” and attempted to disqualify everything extrinsic to the work, including the person (or persons) who created it.
Multiple “Consciousnesses” in Wordsworth’s Prelude
Authors: Stillinger Jack
Published: November 2023

Wordsworth could serve as an instance of several kinds of multiple authorship. In the first place, there is his widespread and profound influence on his contemporaries and on subsequent writers. Both Keats and Mill (who are close at hand in preceding chapters) knew Wordsworth personally and were greatly affected by his example and his writings—in subject matter, themes, attitudes, and basic structures of thinking in the case of Keats, and no less than a major change of philosophy in the case of Mill. Keats’s Isabella, to consider only the earliest of the narratives in the 1820 volume, is a Wordsworthian lyrical ballad two decades after its time, complete with deranged heroine, excited narrator, direct address to the reader, balladic refrain, and, for a main interest, depiction of “the primary laws of our nature” (as Wordsworth described his own “principal object” in the preface to Lyrical Ballads) “chiefly, as far as regards the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement.” In his Autobiography Mill credits Wordsworth with restoring his sanity following the momentous “crisis in my mental history” and with awakening him to the importance of feelings, which became (as he says in a passage leading up to an account of his first serious reading of Wordsworth) “one of the cardinal points in my ethical and philosophical creed.”1 It is not farfetched—indeed, with the term “intertextuality” it is becoming theoretically commonplace—to see major influence as a type of collaboration in the works that are affected by it, and examples of such influence are not only abundant all through the history of literature but, according to some theorists, inescapable.
Creative Plagiarism:The Case of Coleridge
Authors: Stillinger Jack
Published: November 2023

Although nobody can even imagine the first work of literature ever written, it seems safe to say—and, wherever texts exist, it is demonstrable—that every subsequent work to some extent draws on and derives from other works that precede it. This is a solidly established fact of literary history, so much so that scholarly or critical consideration of a work apart from the vast array of underlying sources and influences is virtually impossible. Wordsworth, generally viewed as one of the most original writers in English, cannot properly be understood without knowledge of Milton and a host of earlier and later predecessors, and a similar network of relationships is more or less taken for granted with every other writer worth our attention. All extant works are composites of previously existing materials plus what Wordsworth, attempting to define “genius” in his “Essay, Supplementary to the Preface” (1815), described as “the introduction of a new element into the intellectual universe: or . . . the application of powers to objects on which they had not before been exercised, or the employment of them in such a manner as to produce effects hitherto unknown.”2 As I have already suggested near the beginning of the preceding chapter, when these “previously existing materials” are literary, and especially when they are conspicuously present as a contribution to the intellectual, stylistic, dramatic, or narrative complexity of a work that draws on them, it is not unreasonable, at least in theory, to identify them as components of the authorship of the work.
Pound’s Waste Land
Authors: Stillinger Jack
Published: November 2023

One of the more tantalizing of the unsolvable questions in literary history is the precise nature of the collaboration between Wordsworth and Coleridge—the actual processes of their interaction, the proportionate shares of responsibility—in the celebrated work of the late 1790s that so radically affected the subsequent course of English poetry. The two men met in 1795, were neighbors and constant companions in Somersetshire in 1797 and 1798, and traveled together (in Germany and Scotland) and saw each other (in the Lake District) frequently thereafter. We have an enormous accumulation of contemporary and retrospective biographical detail in letters, journals, notebooks, and records of conversations. Some of that material would seem to speak to their collaboration—Wordsworth’s urgent requests for Coleridge’s help with The Recluse, for example, and a great many statements by both men concerning the composition of The Ancient Mariner.
The Literary Profession
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

“Come, said the world, thy youth is not all play, Upon these hills vast palaces must rise,” begins the octet of one of Stevens’s early sonnets. “No cried my heart, this thing I cannot do,” replies the sestet: “This is my home, this plain and water clear ... And if you steal them from me I shall die.” When this poem appeared in the New York magazine East & West in the spring of r 900, it was Stevens’s first piece published outside the enclosed world of Harvard’s student periodicals.
Populism and Imperialism
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

“In the street-life of the metropolis,” wrote Horatio Alger in Ragged Dick: Or, Street Life in New York, “a boy needs to be on the alert, and have all his wits about him, or he will find himself wholly distanced by his more enterprising competitors for popular favor.” And Stevens on the difficulties thereof: “All New York, as I have seen it, is for sale-and I think the parts I have seen are the parts that make New York what it is. It is dominated by necessity. Every thing has its price-from Vice to Virtue.... Everybody is looking at everybody else-a foolish crowd walking on mirrors.” As this journal entry suggests, Stevens was quickly disillusioned in the city.
The Great War and Post-Romantic Ambition
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

“Well a book of poems is a damned serious affair,” counseled Stevens in a letter William Carlos Williams printed in the prologue to Kora in Hell (1918). Ostensibly responding to Williams’s earlier volume Al Que Quieri!, Stevens really described the tentative progress of his own work: “to fidget with points of view leads always to new beginnings and incessant new beginnings lead to sterility.” Stevens would delay his own book of poems until 1923. And he began the decade of active publishing that led to Harmonium with the same measured consideration with which he settled into a profession.
Surety and Fidelity Claims
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

The election of 1920, said the Republican vice-presidential candidate Calvin Coolidge, marked “the end of a period which has seemed to substitute words for things.” A few years later, after Warren Harding had died and Coolidge assumed the presidency, William Carlos Williams forwarded a postcard from Ezra Pound in Rapallo to Stevens in Hartford. Pound wanted poems, but Stevens was deeply mired in the dailiness of things. “I’m as busy as the proud Mussolini himself,” he told Williams, presumably responding to the plug for Italian politics that accompanied Pound’s request for poetry.
Chromosomal Transmission
Authors: Ostrer Harry
Published: November 2023

Following linkage and sex-linked transmission, aberrant chromosomal transmission was the next series of mechanisms identified as deviations from Mendel’s rules. The first piece of evidence in humans came in 1955: Lejeune observed an extra chromosome 21 in individuals with Down syndrome, a condition with mental retardation, short stature, and a predisposition to congenital heart dis ease, childhood leukemia, and early onset Alzheimer disease. Lejeune’s observation was rapidly followed by the demonstration of altered chromosomal constitutions in Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. Turner syndrome, a condition with short stature, webbed neck, dysgenetic gonads, and frequently coarctation of the aorta and kidney malformations is associated with the absence of a second X chromosome (45,X).3 Klinefelter syndrome, a condition of tall stature with small testes and incomplete virilization (“eunuchoid habitus”) is associated with the presence of an extra X chromosome (47, XXY). Subsequently, other abnormalities in chromosomal replication, recombination, and transmission were identified.
Pre-Contact Oral and Pictographic Autobiographical Narratives: Coup Tales, Vision Stories, and Naming Practices
Authors: Wong Hertha Dawn
Published: November 2023

Of the more than 250 pre-Columbian native languages in what are now the United States and Canada, none was written. Such nonliteracy has been used as one of many rationales for dispossessing Indian people of their land. Indians were “primitive,” European explorers and settlers assumed, since they had no writing and, conveniently, no written record of their ownership of the land. Early contact between Europeans and indigenous peoples, then, was “not so much a communicative ex change” as “a juxtaposition of two opposing world views”“neither of which ever understood the other. ‘‘ Since most Europeans had fabricated ideas of lndian people, defining their “civilized” selves in opposition to the “savage” Other,3 it is not surprising that most Euro-Americans did not perceive indigenous oral traditions or forms of literacy such as narrative wampum belts, quillwork, and pictographs. Oral autobiographical narratives told to family, friends, and community members; pictographic personal narratives painted on animal hides, tipis, and shields; and even narrative names were all means to construct and narrate a personal identity. Because such indigenous oral and pictographic narratives have generally been examined (if at all, in English Departments) from routinely Eurocentric assumptions with which they were never meant to conform, they have been devalued or overlooked.
Contemporary Innovations of Oral Traditions: N. Scott Momaday and Leslie Marmon Silko
Authors: Wong Hertha Dawn
Published: November 2023

Native American autobiography today is far more politically complex than the oral, pictographic, and dramatic personal narratives of pre contact times. All three roots of the term autobiography-self,life, and writing (language)-are not so easily defined as they were when individuals lived in small tribal units or bands. Today what it means to be Indian is defined in numerous, often contradictory, ways. Whether being Indian depends on genetics (“degree of Indian blood”), culture, residence, community acceptance, tribal enrollment, or spiritual orientation de pends on who is defining whom and for what purposes. Certainly the United States government, wanting quantitative indicators in order to determine program budgets, has a stake in emphasizing genetics and tribal enrollment. All too often, though, the federal government, linking Indian identity to a land base that has been diminished or stolen outright, defines Indian tribes out of legal existence. While some tribes, wishing to protect their share of land settlements or their cultural integrity, stress community acceptance as well as “degree of lndian blood” and enrollment, some individuals insist that being truly Indian is a way of perceiving the world, some ineffable spirituality that preempts genetic determination or community acceptance. My point here is that in pre reservation times it would have been unthinkable to question Indian identity-you were or were not Lakota or Hopi or Cherokee on the bases of tribe, band, clan, and family affiliations. With the breakdown of many native communities, the autobiographical activity of self-construction has become especially important.
Introduction
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah
Published: November 2023

We have been studying depression, disordered eating, and a host of other maladies for over fifteen years and collecting newspaper clippings and scores of books along the way. We thought it fitting to open with a favorite and intriguing quote, whose origin we hope will surprise the reader. In a book published in 1992, the physical and psychological symptoms suffered by one 35-year-old woman were described as follows: ER lost her appetite; when she did eat, she frequently could not keep her food down . . . she was depressed . . . we would call her loss of appetite, which continued for years, “ anorexia” ... [she exhibited] frequent vomiting . . . felt profoundly tired, suffered headaches, and had days when she wondered about her will to live. She also felt very in adequate, and, later in life, according to her daughter, was indifferent toward sex. If the book that contained this description was one of the many written about the epidemics of depression or disordered eating that have afflicted so many women in recent decades, this snippet might not seem unusual. But it is a biography of an eminent woman-and the description deals with symptoms experienced by Eleanor Roosevelt in the second decade of this century. It is surprising because for several generations she came to symbolize the possibilities open to a talented, intelligent, hard-working woman.
Depression
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah
Published: November 2023

At age 19, future political philosopher Hannah Arendt described in her journal the depression she suffered with these words: “Madness, joylessness, disaster, annihilation” and the desire that “the end, long and fervently hoped for ... puts an end to this needless and futile life.” Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the widely read Uncle Tom’s Cabin,also described a “great depression,” one in which she felt “scarcely alive” half the time;the other half a “slave of morbid feeling.” At age 16, she wrote to her sister, “I ... wish to die young.” 1 The diaries and journals of most of the renowned women whose lives we studied detail the thoughts and emotions that characterize depression: The feeling that nothing gives pleasure, the sense that each moment is to be dreaded, the fear that life is now, and will always be, made up only of suffering, the longing for death to end it all. The pain evident in these descriptions falls disproportionately on female shoulders, for, like disordered eating, depression is much more common among females. Women have more symptoms of depression than men do, are more likely to be diagnosed as depressed, are more frequently hospitalized for depression, and are more likely to attempt suicide. Male suicide attemptors more often complete the act, with one notable exception: Professional women exhibit rates of successful suicide comparable to males.
Tying the Knot: Marriage, Childbearing, and Sexuality
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah
Published: November 2023

If ever a woman had good reason to marry and have children, it was Queen Elizabeth I. She received enormous pressure to cement a political alliance with some powerful foreign nation or influential English family and bear a child who would be heir to the English throne. Her unwillingness to do either, leaving the nation with no obvious claimant to the throne, was much more than disappointing to the English people-it was perilous. Elizabeth’s avoidance of childbearing contrasts sharply with the drastic attempts of her father King Henry VIII to father a son. Yet Henry’s dynastic aspirations must have greatly affected Elizabeth, perhaps even her attitudes toward marriage and childbearing. Henry married eight wives. Elizabeth’s mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed because of her inability to produce a male heir. Thus, we might assume that Elizabeth saw her mother in a much less powerful position than Henry VIII, a position resulting in her death when Elizabeth was not born a male. Elizabeth surely had powerful reasons for feeling ambivalent about her femaleness. We speculate that in addition to the psychological and somatic symptoms described previously, Elizabeth may have responded to this ambivalence with an aversion toward marriage, childbearing, and sexuality.
Adolescence
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah
Published: November 2023

Adolescence is often portrayed as a period of turmoil. And whether or not that description is applicable to boys, it is certainly true for many girls. A recent study of Dutch adolescents found that between ages 11 and 18, the proportion of females who reported feeling unhappy, sad, or depressed increased almost five times as much as the proportion of males. During the same period, the proportion of females who reported that they felt fearful doubled, while that of males actually decreased. The same was true regarding reports of not eating well. As discussed in Chapter 4, the prevalence of many other disorders-including headache, breathing difficulties, insomnia, and mitral valve prolapse-increase dramatically among females during adolescence. Several other :findings indicate that the transformation into adulthood is a much more negative and problematic experience for females than for males. For example, as adolescent boys mature, their ideal male physique becomes larger on average, approximating more nearly that of the men they are becoming. As girls progress through adolescence, however, their ideal physique tends to become slimmer on average and less like that of the women they are becoming. As a result, females at more advanced pubertal stages more frequently dislike their bodies than less mature females.
Gender Ambivalence
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah
Published: November 2023

In Margaret Mead’s family, intellectual achievement did not necessarily signify maleness. But Mead stands out as an exception among the eminent women we studied. More frequently, these women confronted familial and societal conditions summed up in the words of Susan B. Anthony: “Those who have worked out for themselves an individual destiny . . . are . . hardly counted as women.”As a result, many women who achieved great success outside the home labeled the ambitious, talented aspects of their own personalities as male. Of Ruth Benedict, widely acknowledged as one of the great anthropologists for her work on cultural patterns, one biographer wrote: “But the more she thought about her lack of fit to the female role, the more she seemed drawn to considering the maleness in herself. She noted her craving for achievement . . . and wondered whether she possessed too largely the traits her society defined as male.” Novelist George Eliot took on a male pen name; Joan of Arc, male dress and haircut. The French novelist George Sand did both. At adolescence, Sand became deeply depressed and experienced a compulsion to commit suicide by drowning herself, a compulsion also mentioned in the Hippocratic description of the “disease of young women.
Introduction
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

Ordinary explanations of intentional behavior draw upon a rich psycho logical vocabulary. Our attempted accounts of particular intentional actions appeal to agents’ beliefs, desires, hopes, wishes, resolutions, decisions, plans, and the like and sometimes to deliberation or more modest forms of practical reasoning. Occasionally, we advert, as well, to a variety of finely distinguished traits of character or emotions. Traditionally, philosophers have refined and exploited this vocabulary in an effort to produce theories of the explanation of intentional human behavior. One underlying presupposition, perhaps, is that commonsense explanations framed in these terms have enjoyed a considerable measure of success. We understand the behavior of others and ourselves well enough to coordinate and sustain the wealth of complicated, cooperative activities integral to normal human life; and, it seems, the understanding that we have achieved is expressed largely in our commonsense psychological vocabulary.
Irresistible Desires
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

An appreciation of the extent to which our desires are subject to our control is essential to a proper understanding of normal human agency. I suggested in chapter 4 that unless a desire is irresistible, we have some control over its motivational strength. However, the precise content of the suggestion is left open in the absence of an account of irresistible desire. We face, then, a difficult question: What is an irresistible desire? Irresistible desires are mentioned with unsurprising frequency in discussions of free agency and moral responsibility. Actions motivated by such desires are standardly viewed as compelled, hence unfreeze. Agents in the grip of irresistible desires are often plausibly exempted from moral blame for intentional deeds in which the desires issue. Yet relatively little attention has been given to the analysis of irresistible desire. Moreover, a popular analysis is fatally flawed.
Executive States: Settling Things
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

There is, in the literature on intention, a significant division over whether the state is reducible to combinations of belief and desire. On the reductionist view, intention may figure in the etiology of intentional action; but its contribution is just that of belief/desire complexes. The attraction of belief/desire reductionism about intention is explained in part by the popular assumption that belief and desire are the most fundamental intentional states. But this is not the whole story. It is generally recognized that intention has a motivational dimension; and ‘desire’ (like ‘want’) is often used in the literature as an umbrella term for motivation. Moreover, although I have noted that this point is controversial, intention is commonly regarded as involving a “confidence” condition, a condition naturally explicated in terms of belief. Few people are inclined to maintain that a sprinter who believes that his chances of winning a certain race are about one in ten intends to win the race, no matter how strongly motivated he is to win.
The Executive Dimension of Proximal Intentions
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

The contribution of intention to intentional action, on the view that has been taking shape in the two preceding chapters, rests upon motivational and representational features of the state. In this chapter, I restrict the discussion to overt intentional action, intentional action that essentially involves peripheral bodily movement; and I focus on the motivational dimension of proximal intention. My guiding question is this: If there is a specific motivational role that intention is plausibly regarded as playing in all cases of overt intentional action, in virtue of what feature(s) of intention does it play this role? I am looking for an answer that can be articulated in the terminology of intentionalist psychology, a psychology that accords intentional states (beliefs, desires, and the like) a prominent place in the explanation of intentional behavior.
Intention’s Content
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

What is it, precisely, that an agent intends when he intends, as we might say, to clean his stove today? What is the content of his intention? According to some, all intentions are self-referential―that is, an adequate expression of the content of any intention makes essential reference to the intention whose content is being expressed. I shall call this the self referentiality thesis (SRT). A leading proponent of the thesis, Gilbert Harman, provides a succinct formulation: “The intention to do A is the intention that, because of that very intention, one will do A” (1976, p. 441; cf. 1986a, ch. 8).John Searle contends, similarly, that the “Intentional content” of an agent’s “prior intention” to A identifies that very intention as a cause of the agent’s (prospective) A-ing (1983, pp. 85-87, 92-95). Alan Donagan accepts the SRT at least for the “determinate intentions” or “choices” that causally explain action (1987, chs. 5, 7, 9).3 Originally, I had planned to say little about the SRT in my investigation of the representational dimension of intention here and to refer the reader instead to my earlier criticism (Mele 1987b). But the SRT has a seductive appeal-and some very influential proponents. Furthermore, the position on the contents of intentions defended in the last few sections of this chapter can be motivated in part by criticism of the SRT. I deemed it best, consequently, to display both the deficiencies in the major arguments advanced for the view and the central problems with the thesis. An additional benefit of so doing is that some important points made by way of rebutting the SRT serve as well (as I shall explain in chapter 13) to disarm recent objections to intentionalistic, causal theories of action-explanation.
Dickinson, Women Writers, and the Marketplace
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

In 1843, a reviewer for the prestigious and Whig-oriented North American Review expressed anxiety about the increasing commercialization and democratization of literature as the production of the written word and authorship became subject to the laws of a marketplace economy: “Literature begins to assume the aspect and undergo the mutations of trade,” he noted. “The author’s profession is becoming as mechanical as that of the printer and the bookseller, being created by the same causes and subject to the same laws. The nature of the supply seems likely to be as strictly proportioned to the demand, as in any other commercial operation” (“The Works of Alexander Dumas” 110).
Structure and Preparation of Silver Halide Grains
Authors: Tani Tadaaki
Published: November 2023

The preparation of silver halide grains in photographic emulsions is one of the most important technologies for the development of new silver halide photographic materials with high capability, and significant progress has been made over the last decades to make silver halide grains controllable with respect to size, shape, halide distribution, and crystal defects. Monodispersed silver halide grains with sophisticated structures are being developed. In this chapter, descriptions are focused on the structure and mechanism of the formation of these grains.
Chemical Sensitization and Stabilization
Authors: Tani Tadaaki
Published: November 2023

In order to achieve latent image formation in photographic emulsions with high efficiency and stability, many attempts are made to modify the silver halide grains in emulsions. While these attempts include chemical sensitization, hypersensitization, and latensification, chemical sensitizations are most effective and are widely used in practical emulsions. Chemical sensitization is a method to place a small amount of chemical species on the surface or in the interior of silver halide grains by chemical reactions taking place during the ripening of emulsions (i.e., agitation of emulsions at an elevated temperature for a certain time period). Hypersensitization is a method to treat coated emulsion layers before exposure to light for improvement of the efficiency of latent image formation. Latensification is a method to treat coated emulsion layers after exposure to light but before development in order to increase the developability of latent subimage centers and small latent image centers.
A French Homunculus in a Tennessee Court
Authors: Annas George J
Published: November 2023

The United States Supreme Court has dealt with issues at the beginning of life almost every term since 1973. But it was not until 1990 that the Court first faced a so-called “right to die” decision.1 The Court, however, chose to deal with the case of Nancy Cruzan almost as if it were just another abortion decision-and, like its decision in Webster (discussed in Chapter 4) the Court continued to recreate America ‘s legal landscape by transferring traditional rights from its citizens to state legislatures and other government officials. Webster may have made the decision in Cruzan inevitable. But its inevitability does not make its consequences any more desirable than the devastation caused by a predicated and inevitable tornado or tidal wave. This chapter summarizes the Cruzan decision and suggests how to contain its potentially destructive force.
Outrageous Fortune: Selling Other People ‘s Cells
Authors: Annas George J
Published: November 2023

Biotechnology has come to mean mining for biological gold. Perhaps the most emblematic bioethics-biotechnology case is the case of John Moore. California courts decided who could reap profits from a cell line developed from his spleen, and in the process gave “insider trading” a whole new meaning.
Killing Machines
Authors: Annas George J
Published: November 2023

The adoption of military metaphors by the medical profession is well known. Physicians aggressively combat disease on the front lines, using their armamentarium to destroy invaders of the body. The military also adopts medical metaphors, ranging from surgical strikes to antiseptic operations. Less commented on is the adoption of modern technology by both the military and medicine, and what insights we might gain about medicine by examining military technology. In the wake of operation Desert Storm, however, it is difficult to ignore the striking similarities. In both cases, for example, we will pay double or triple for a small increase in efficacy. As retired Admiral Eugene Carroll put it: “The military always stresses performance at all cost.” For a 10 percent increase in performance, the military will pay twice as much, and the new technology will be twice as difficult to operate and maintain.
Spies Between the Wars: 1919-1929
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

Intelligence by no means disappeared from the international scene after World War I. In the United States, postwar reductions left the Military Intelligence Division with twenty-five times more personnel than it had in 1916. Even Germany, saddled with an enormous debt and with restrictions on its military, chose to establish a variety of intelligence organizations over the decade.
Intelligence and the Onset of War
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

The intelligence collection operations of the 1930s were intended to pro vide the basis for an accurate assessment of other nations’ political intentions and military capabilities. Another important function was to pre vent an enemy from launching a successful surprise attack, one that would leave the victim staggered and susceptible to a knockout blow. The events of the late 1930s and early 1940s-in central Europe, in the western Soviet Union, and at Pearl Harbor-might seem to suggest that the intelligence operations of several major powers failed, tragically, to accomplish their major peacetime goals. Yet the failures of policy and warning suffered by Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States resulted from a variety of factors, many not under the control of those nations’ intelligence establishments.
Black Magic
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

The value of communications intelligence was demonstrated in World War I and the years between the wars. But past triumphs did not guaran tee future success, particularly in a security-conscious wartime environment. Nations that had suffered reverses through the codebreaking activities of their enemies may have learned the necessity of communications security. Further, code and cipher technology had increased dramatically. In addition, military technology and strategy had advanced since the end of World War I, and military forces would move more rapidly than they had in the past. The value of solutions to codes and ciphers would be significantly reduced unless they were produced quickly enough to guide the decisions of military leaders.
New Players
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

The years after World War II were notable not only for the beginning of the Cold War: as nations devastated or defeated in war were rebuilt, new nations and alliances appeared. Those changes resulted in the emergence of new intelligence services, including those that would be of major significance in the international intelligence arena. Some would operate on the front lines of the Cold War; others would play significant roles in the formulation and implementation of their nations’ foreign and defense policies.
Secret Wars
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

World War II had seen a wide variety of special operations conducted by both Allied and Axis powers-including black propaganda, paramilitary operations, and assassinations. Nations would develop their own terminology and euphemisms for such activities. United States officials would talk in terms of “covert action,” “special activities,” and, in extreme cases, “executive action.” In Britain one euphemism was “secret political action.” In the Soviet Union there were “active measures” and “wet affairs.” However they might be referred to, such techniques would continue to be employed in the postwar era to achieve foreign policy objectives. Not only the superpowers but a variety of other nations would employ such techniques. Some operations would advance a nation’s interest, others would prove to be failures, and still others would backfire in dramatic and embarrassing fashion.
Technological Espionage
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

In early 1960 Allen Dulles and Richard Bissell requested the resumption of what had become a somewhat dormant U-2 program. There had been no deep overflights of Soviet territory since the September 1959 Camp David meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev. With a summit meeting scheduled for May, a concerned Eisenhower offered a prescient comment on February 8. He noted that “he[had] one tremendous asset in a summit meeting . . . his reputation for honesty. If one of these aircraft were lost when we were engaged in apparently sincere deliberations, it would be put on display in Moscow and ruin the President’s effectiveness.”
Crisis Intelligence
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

The 1960s saw some of the century’s most productive spies as well as major advances in aerospace reconnaissance systems. But neither the de signers of new reconnaissance systems, nor spies like Penkovskiy, Cohen, and Lotz could know exactly how their activities might influence history. Before the decade concluded the United States and the Soviet Union would approach the brink of nuclear conflict over Cuba, the Arabs and Israelis would fight a war with long-lasting implications, and Soviet ac tions would make clear their willingness to resort to extreme measures to safeguard their eastern European empire. Each case would serve to illustrate the utility and limitations of intelligence in the 1960s-and help spur some of the advances of the 1970s.
Elusive Truths
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

Advances in intelligence technology in the 19o0s and 1970s further revolutionized the nature of intelligence. The United States and the Soviet Union, superpowers in intelligence as well as military matters, were able to look deep into each other’s territory on a daily basis. Over the course of any year thousands of images of the adversary’s military facilities would pass across the desks of analysts from the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, KGB, and GRU. Those same analysts would also read the product of their country’s vast eavesdropping operations. Smaller powers, even though lacking satellite capabilities, had also developed impressive capabilities to produce imagery and communications intelligence in support of political and military leaders. Some, particularly the closest U.S. allies, also received some satellite intelligence as part of intelligence liaison relationships.
Restrictions
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters, we looked at the nature of the value structures and role relationships in the intermediate and skilled care and residence settings. Caregiver-patient relationships seem to be derivative of the traditional physician-patient relationship, while staff-resident relationships are more reminiscent of those seen between the elderly and supportive family members. These findings have important consequences for the ideals of autonomy.
Activities and Schedules: The Routine of Daily Life
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

Autonomy in the long-term care context, as we have tried to indicate, is heavily influenced by the institutional structuring of everyday existence. Thus, we need to know the degree to which patients and residents controlled their own routines in the institutions in which they lived and the sorts of choices they had in their day-to-day lives. A good way of looking at that concerns how patients’ and residents’ time was scheduled and structured.
Interaction Patterns and Autonomy
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

Humans beings spend large amounts of their time interacting with each other. Many of the things we value involve interaction patterns and/or are available to us only through interaction with other human beings. This is particularly true if one is old and physically disabled in some way.
The Making Of A Composer: II
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

Now That The Marriage Changed the focus of her musical life from performance to composition, Amy Beach had the enviable good fortune to be able to compose without concern for money and with only the infrequent pleasure and distraction of a concert date. Alone in the music room, she left her desk to practice the piano when she felt “written out” and needed a break from com posing. If the daytime hours spent working alone recalled the isolation of her life before her debut, she could look forward to the evenings’ social diversions during which she might even play for assembled guests.
Choral Music
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

An Art Song Is Intended for the privacy of the salon or the intimacy of a lone singer’s Lieder recital. Choral compositions, however, have a public function involving a corporate body of singers usually assembled before a large audience for civic or ritual celebrations. We expect much less of the personal in choral music, although Beach managed to put her private stamp on the most ceremonial works.
“Lion Of The Hour!
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

ON 13 JANUARY 1915, A PHOTOGRAPH of a jubilant Amy Beach, head thrown back, face lit by a broad smile, appeared in the Musical Courier. Her concert manager had caught her walking in the Boston Common the morning after a recital of her compositions that celebrated her return to Boston.1 Perhaps she had already read the excellent reviews. Perhaps she had an inkling that the next few years would be the most successful of her entire life. One music magazine, reflecting on plans for performances of her works and her many invitations to play, recognized her as the “lion of the hour.”
The Challenges of Grassland Conservation
Authors: Bock Jane H , Bock Carl E
Published: November 2023

On June 3, 1805, the expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark reached the junction of Maria’s River and the Missouri, on the High Plains of what is now central Montana. The two men climbed out of the river valley onto adjacent highlands. In their own words, These were the North American High Plains as they existed less than two centuries ago: vast open grasslands, well populated by large numbers of herbivorous animals and their predators. Preceding chapters in this book review what is known about the ecological glue that holds (or once held) Plains and prairie ecosystems together. Careful field research has revealed much about factors such as the role of fire in maintaining certain grasslands, the nature of prairie soils, and the importance of predators in controlling populations of grassland herbivores. Yet many aspects of Great Plains ecology remain elusive, because the Plains cannot be studied as they once existed. Bison and prairie dogs doubtless were major ecological forces, but they and their most important predators are largely gone. Fires that swept the Plains no longer bum with anything like their prehistoric frequency or extent. Fertile soils, once plowed, have blown away.
Sortals
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

A Completely adequate analysis of persistence would have to take account of complications involving the fact that objects can be taken apart and put back together again, and also complications involving the fact that one object sometimes turns into another. But these are relatively peripheral problems which pertain to cases that are not entirely typical. The more fundamental problem is to be able at least to characterize properly those successions which correspond to persisting objects in the most unexceptional cases. I want first to concentrate on this problem and then return to the residual complications afterwards.
“Finely Aware and Richly Responsible”: Literature and the Moral Imagination
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

“The effort really to see and really to represent is no idle business in face of the constant force that makes for muddlement.”1 So Henry James on the task of the moral imagination. We live amid bewildering complexities. Obtuseness and refusal of vision are our besetting vices. Responsible lucidity can be wrested from that darkness only by painful, vigilant effort, the intense scrutiny of particulars. Our highest and hardest task is to make ourselves people “on whom nothing is lost.”
Stock and Recruitment
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B
Published: November 2023

The regenerative process of a population is critical to the maintenance of the population. The mathematical modeling of the process is of fundamental importance in fish population dynamics. Much effort has been directed to the study of recruitment to the population at various stages of life history. It could be argued that little is yet understood. The major issue is whether recruitment is primarily related to spawning stock or environmental conditions. Empirical relationships between spawning stock and recruitment show extreme annual variability (Larkin 1973, Ricker 1975a, Hennemuth et al. 1980, Getz and Swartzman 1981, Rothschild 1986). Yet it is clear that there must be some bounds on recruitment due to limits in early life history, such as food, spawning area, rearing area, and cannibalism.
Age-structured Models: Per-Recruit and Year-Class Models
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B
Published: November 2023

Age-structured (also called dynamic pool) models explicitly represent a population as a group of different year-classes or cohorts. Dynamic models for such a population contain three basic components: growth, mortality, and recruitment. In a year-class model, we focus on the first two components-growth and mortality-by tracking the fate of a cohort from the length, lr (> 0), or age, tr, of recruitment through its fishable life span. For our purposes, recruitment is the year-class abundance at the first possible age of exploitation, given by Nr = N(tr ). However, tr can be defined as any age of interest. Generally, Nr is chosen to be some value, such as 1 or 1000, so that all quantities are calculated on a relative or “per recruit” basis. Our goal is to develop a quantitative framework for examining the effects of fishing mortality rate, F, and length of entry, le, into the fishable stock on yield from a year-class of any given initial abundance.
Regulation of Expressive Activities for Reasons Unrelated to Content and Regulation of Activities That Are Not Inherently Expressive
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with prohibitions that differ importantly from suppression of particular sorts of oral or written communications discussed in earlier chapters. I now treat two situations: those in which a prohibition is in a sense directed against communicative acts, but for reasons that have nothing to do with the content of the communications; and those in which a prohibition is apparently not directed at communicative acts at all, but has a substantial impact on those who wish to communicate. The line between these two sorts of situations is blurred, but that does not matter greatly for our purposes, since in both settings legislatures should give considerable weight to the interests in free speech and should be especially careful not to end up suppressing particular sorts of messages.
The Developing law of the Free Speech and Free Press Clauses
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I explore what the courts have said about freedom of speech. I concentrate mainly on the Supreme Court, whose cases provide the context against which the First Amendment is now interpreted and whose views are also heavily influential as state courts deal with state constitutional documents. I concentrate also on those areas of First Amendment law which are particularly important for this study, paying only slight attention to effects on expression of government actions that do not render forms of communication or other behavior illegal. Some cases and doctrines that have peripheral relevance for the book receive more intensive scrutiny in subsequent chapters than they are given here.