bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions among plants, bacteria, and fungi reduce extracellular enzyme activities under long‐term N fertilization
Authors: Carrara Joseph E. , Walter Christopher A. , Hawkins Jennifer S. , Peterjohn William T. , Averill Colin , Brzostek Edward R.
Published: February 2018

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has enhanced soil carbon (C) stocks in temperate forests. Most research has posited that these soil C gains are driven primarily by shifts in fungal community composition with elevated N leading to declines in lignin degrading Basidiomycetes. Recent research, however, suggests that plants and soil microbes are dynamically intertwined, whereby plants send C subsidies to rhizosphere microbes to enhance enzyme production and the mobilization of N. Thus, under elevated N, trees may reduce belowground C allocation leading to cascading impacts on the ability of microbes to degrade soil organic matter through a shift in microbial species and/or a change in plant–microbe interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which couplings among plant, fungal, and bacterial responses to N fertilization alter the activity of enzymes that are the primary agents of soil decomposition. We measured fungal and bacterial community composition, root–microbial interactions, and extracellular enzyme activity in the rhizosphere, bulk, and organic horizon of soils sampled from a long‐term (>25 years), whole‐watershed, N fertilization experiment at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. We observed significant declines in plant C investment to fine root biomass (24.7%), root morphology, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization (55.9%). Moreover, we found that declines in extracellular enzyme activity were significantly correlated with a shift in bacterial community composition, but not fungal community composition. This bacterial community shift was also correlated with reduced AM fungal colonization indicating that declines in plant investment belowground drive the response of bacterial community structure and function to N fertilization. Collectively, we find that enzyme activity responses to N fertilization are not solely driven by fungi, but instead reflect a whole ecosystem response, whereby declines in the strength of belowground C investment to gain N cascade through the soil environment.
Objectively measured physical activity and cognitive function in urban‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Umegaki Hiroyuki , Makino Taeko , Uemura Kazuki , Shimada Hiroyuki , Cheng Xian W , Kuzuya Masafumi
Published: February 2018

Aim

Physical activity (PA) and cognition have reportedly been associated with each other. However, it remains to be elucidated what intensities of PA are most strongly associated with cognition. In the current study, we aimed to determine the association between the intensities of objectively measured PA and cognitive function.

Methods

The present study was a cross‐sectional analysis of the data obtained at registration in a randomized control trial in Toyota, Japan. Participants were community‐dwelling older adults who had cognitive complaints. A battery of neuropsychological and physical assessments was carried out. Daily PA data were collected with the activity monitor. PA was categorized into one of three activity levels defined as light (<3.0 metabolic equivalents; LPA), moderate and vigorous (3.0 metabolic equivalents) activity.

Partial correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between PA and cognition, with adjustments for age, sex and school years. We then carried out a multiple regression analysis to investigate the association of cognitive performance with PA, adjusting for insulin resistance or depressive mood.

Results

Partial correlation adjusted for age, sex and schooling years showed that LPA was significantly correlated with the Digit Symbol Substitution test, Trail Making Test (TMT) part A and TMT‐B, whereas moderate and vigorous activity showed no correlations. Multiple regression analysis with several models with different adjustments showed that LPA was associated with the Digit Symbol Substitution test, TMT‐A and TMT‐B independently from insulin resistance or depressive mood.

Conclusions

In the current study, we found that LPA was significantly associated with the performance of executive functional assessments. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 922–928.
Monotherapy with a novel intervenolin derivative, AS‐1934, is an effective treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Ohishi Tomokazu , Masuda Tohru , Abe Hikaru , Hayashi Chigusa , Adachi Hayamitsu , Ohba Shun‐ichi , Igarashi Masayuki , Watanabe Takumi , Mimuro Hitomi , Amalia Eri , Inaoka Daniel Ken , Mochizuki Kota , Kita Kiyoshi , Shibasaki Masakatsu , Kawada Manabu
Published: February 2018

Background

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes various gastrointestinal diseases including gastric cancer. Hence, eradication of this infection could prevent these diseases. The most popular first‐line treatment protocol to eradicate H. pylori is termed “triple therapy” and consists of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin, and amoxicillin or metronidazole. However, the antibiotics used to treat H. pylori infection are hindered by the antibiotics‐resistant bacteria and by their antimicrobial activity against intestinal bacteria, leading to side effects. Therefore, an alternative treatment with fewer adverse side effects is urgently required to improve the overall eradication rate of H. pylori.

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and mechanism of action of an antitumor agent, intervenolin, and its derivatives as an agent for the treatment of H. pylori infection.

Results

We demonstrate that intervenolin, and its derivatives showed selective anti‐H. pylori activity, including antibiotic‐resistant strains, without any effect on intestinal bacteria. We showed that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, is a target and treatment with intervenolin or its derivatives decreased the protein and mRNA levels of H. pylori urease, which protects H. pylori against acidic conditions in the stomach. Using a mouse model of H. pylori infection, oral monotherapy with the intervenolin derivative AS‐1934 had a stronger anti‐H. pylori effect than the triple therapy commonly used worldwide to eradicate H. pylori.

Conclusion

AS‐1934 has potential advantages over current treatment options for H. pylori infection.
Expression of PD‐L1, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase and the immune microenvironment in gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Patil Pallavi A , Blakely Andrew M , Lombardo Kara A , Machan Jason T , Miner Thomas J , Wang Li‐Juan , Marwaha Alexander S , Matoso Andres
Published: February 2018

Aims

The tumour microenvironment is increasingly important in several tumours. We studied the relationship of key players of immune microenvironment with clinicopathological parameters in gastric adenocarcinomas.

Methods and results

Tissue microarrays were constructed from gastrectomy specimens, 2004–13. Immunohistochemistry was performed for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), tryptophanyl‐tRNA synthetase (WARS), guanylate‐binding protein 5 (GBP5), tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) expressing CD3/CD8/FoxP3/PD1 and mismatch repair proteins (MMRs) MLH1, PMS2, MSH2 and MSH6. Clinicopathological parameters and clinical follow‐up were recorded. The study included 86 patients; median follow‐up was 34 months (0–148). Tumour types were 45% tubular, 38% diffuse, 17% mixed. PD‐L1 was positive in 70%, epithelial IDO in 58%, stromal IDO in 91%, epithelial WARS in 67%, stromal WARS in 100%, epithelial GBP5 in 53% and stromal GBP5 in 71%. MMR‐deficiency was found in 22%. There was no difference in biomarker expression by histological subtype, with the exception of fewer diffuse‐type being MMR‐deficient. Low stromal IDO was associated with decreased progression‐free, overall and disease‐specific survival. PD‐L1‐positive tumours were larger with MMR‐deficiency and with increasing TILs, and had significantly higher FoxP3TILs.

Conclusions

PD‐L1 is expressed in a large proportion of gastric carcinomas, suggesting that therapy targeting this pathway could be relevant to many patients. PD‐L1 expression and MMR‐deficiency are associated with increased TILs and larger tumour size, emphasising their role in tumour biology. Higher stromal IDO expression is associated with better prognosis. Finally, we observed that immune modulators WARS and GBP5 are expressed highly in gastric adenocarcinomas, suggesting an important role in tumour pathobiology.
Role of pretest counseling sessions on increasing subjective knowledge about HIV and hepatitis transmission among the beneficiaries of a free of charge, voluntary counseling and testing program in Constanta, Romania
Authors: Schweitzer A‐M , Bogdan M , Corduneanu A , Ciocea I
Published: February 2018

Objectives

To describe the characteristics of clients who enrolled into of an opt‐in, HIV, HBV & HCV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Program in Dobrogea Region, Romania (VCT) and to identify the utility of the pre‐test counseling sessions in increasing subjective perception regarding transmission knowledge for the clients attending the VCT program.

Methods

Cross sectional data collection, between August 2015 and September 2016. Sociodemographic and behavioral information were collected for the clients who enrolled at two Baylor centers. Counselors were trained regarding the delivery of standardized information during the session, to reduce variation. After the pre‐test session clients evaluated the subjective level of knowledge (SK) increase regarding viral transmission.

Results

3065 clients were screened at the two centers and completed the SK increase assessment after the pre‐test session. About 9% of all persons tested had reactive results to any of the infections in the context of high exposure risks for 62% and low hepatitis B vaccination rates (8%). 78% of attendees perceived that their knowledge regarding HIV and viral hepatitis transmission increasing with more than 60% as the result of the pretest counselling; more information was gained about hepatitis transmission compared with HIV.

Conclusion

Cumulative prevalence in Dobrogea community is high. The NGO‐run VCT program is helping the healthcare system to efficiently screen for undiagnosed HIV and hepatitis cases. Pre‐test counselling is directly contributing to increasing SK among attendees. Routine HIV and hepatitis integrated pre‐test counseling should be considered as a good‐practice even in settings where it is not compulsory by law.
Ion‐modified nanoparticles induce different apatite formation in cervical dentine
Authors: Toledano M. , Toledano‐Osorio M. , Medina‐Castillo A. L. , López‐López M. T. , Aguilera F. S. , Osorio R.
Published: February 2018

Aim

To investigate if crystallinity and ultrastructure are modified when cervical dentine is treated with four different nanogels‐based solutions for remineralizing purposes.

Methodology

Experimental nanogels based on polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and zinc, calcium or doxycycline‐loaded NPs were applied to citric acid etched dentine to facilitate the occlusion of tubules and the mineralization of the dentine surface. Dentine surfaces were studied by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy through selected area diffraction and bright‐field imaging.

Results

Crystals at the dentine surface were identified as hydroxyapatite with the highest crystallographic maturity and crystallite size in dentine treated with Zn‐NPs‐based gel. Texture increased in all samples from 24 h to 7 days, except in dentine surfaces treated with Zn‐NPs gel. Polyhedral, plate‐like and drop‐like shaped apatite crystals constituted the bulk of minerals in dentine treated with Zn‐NPs gel, after 7 days. Polymorphic, cubic and needle‐like shaped crystals distinguished minerals, with more amorphous characteristics in dentine treated with Ca‐NPs gel after 7 days than that found when Zn‐NPs were applied. Doxycycline‐NPs produced the smallest crystallites with poor crystallinity, maturity and chemical stability.

Conclusions

Crystalline and amorphous phases of newly formed hydroxyapatite were described in both types of dentine treated with Zn‐NPs as well as Ca‐NPs gels with multiple shapes of crystallites. Crystal shapes ranged from rounded/drop‐like or plate‐like crystals to needle‐like or polyhedral and cubic apatite appearance.
Essential Professional Nursing Practices in mental health: A cross‐sectional study of hospital inpatient care
Authors: Frechette Julie , Pugnaire Gros Catherine , B. Brewer Barbara , Kramer Marlene , Lavigne Geneviève , Lavoie‐Tremblay Mélanie
Published: February 2018

Quality organizational structures and nursing practices are key to positive patient outcomes. Whereas structures have been largely studied over the past few decades, less is known of the nursing practices that account for patient outcomes, such as patient satisfaction. This is especially true in psychiatric, mental health care settings. The aim of the present study is to determine the relative importance of eight Essential Professional Nursing Practices (EPNPs) on the satisfaction of hospitalized patients on mental health care units. A cross‐sectional design was selected; 226 point‐of‐care mental health nurses completed the online EPNP questionnaire in Spring 2015. Statistical analyses included MANOVAs and a 2‐step linear regression. A significant relationship was found between university preparation and scores on two EPNP subscales: autonomous decision‐making and practicing with competent nurses. Scores on patient advocacy and control over practice subscales were significantly related to nurse‐rated patient satisfaction. The findings reinforce the positive link between university education and the work of nurses and highlight the power dynamics that are salient in mental health care. The pertinence of EPNPs in psychiatric settings is brought to the fore, with practices of patient advocacy and nurse control over care examined in relation to empowerment. Implications for clinical and administrative leaders are addressed, with a focus on strategies for empowering patients and nurses.
Molecular genetic characteristics of influenza A virus clinically isolated during 2011‐2016 influenza seasons in Korea
Authors: Lee Han Sol , Noh Ji Yun , Song Joon Young , Cheong Hee Jin , Choi Won Suk , Jeong Hye Won , Wie Seong‐Heon , Kim Woo Joo
Published: February 2018

Background

The influenza virus is reportedly associated with 3‐5 million cases of severe illness and 250 000‐500 000 deaths annually worldwide.

Objectives

We investigated the variation of influenza A virus in Korea and examined the association with death.

Methods

A total of 13 620 cases were enrolled in the Hospital‐based Influenza Morbidity & Mortality surveillance system in Korea during 2011‐2016. Among these cases, a total of 4725 were diagnosed with influenza using RT‐PCR (influenza A; n = 3696, influenza B; n = 928, co‐infection; n = 101). We used 254 viral sequences from the 3696 influenza A cases for phylogenetic analysis using the BioEdit and MEGA 6.06 programs.

Results

We found that the sequences of A/H3N2 in the 2011‐2012 season belong to subgroup 3C.1, whereas the sequences in the 2012‐2013 season pertain to subgroup 3C.2. The sequences in the 2013‐2014 and 2014‐2015 seasons involve subgroups 3C.3a and 3C.2a. The A/H1N1pdm09 subtype belongs to subgroup 6 and contains two clusters. In addition, sequence analysis confirmed the several substitutions of internal genes and gene substitutions associated with drug resistance (I222V in NA and S31N in M2) in the fatal cases. While statistical analysis found no significant associations between genetic differences in the viruses and mortality, mortality was associated with certain host factors, such as chronic lung disease.

Conclusions

In conclusion, influenza A virus clade changes occurred in Korea during the 2011‐2016 seasons. These data, along with antigenic analysis, can aid in selecting effective vaccine strains. We confirmed that fatality in influenza A cases was related to underlying patient diseases, such as chronic lung disease, and further studies are needed to confirm associations between mortality and viral genetic substitutions.
Sex differences in insulin and glucagon responses for glucose homeostasis in young healthy Japanese adults
Authors: Horie Ichiro , Abiru Norio , Eto Mami , Sako Ayaka , Akeshima Junya , Nakao Tomoe , Nakashima Yomi , Niri Tetsuro , Ito Ayako , Nozaki Aya , Haraguchi Ai , Akazawa Satoru , Mori Yoshitaka , Ando Takao , Kawakami Atsushi
Published: February 2018

It has been reported that glucose responses during the oral glucose tolerance test differ between healthy women and men. However, it remains unknown what factors contribute to these differences between the sexes. The present study analyzed the insulin and glucagon responses during the oral glucose tolerance test in 25 female and 38 male healthy young adults aged 22–30 years. The plasma glucose levels at 120 min were significantly higher in women than men. Insulin secretion was significantly greater at 30, 90 and 120 min from baseline in women than men. Glucagon suppression was greater at 30 and 120 min from baseline in men than women when determined by a sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay glucagon kit. These results suggest that the differences in glucose responses during the oral glucose tolerance test are mediated by the difference between the sexes in bi‐hormonal responses in healthy individuals.
Economic Evaluation of a Catheter‐Associated Urinary Tract Infection Prevention Program in Nursing Homes
Authors: Hutton David W. , Krein Sarah L. , Saint Sanjay , Graves Nicholas , Kolli Ajay , Lynem Raymond , Mody Lona
Published: February 2018

Objective

To assess the economic effect and cost effectiveness of a targeted catheter‐associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention intervention in the nursing home (NH) setting.

Design

Randomized clinical trial.

Setting

Community‐based NHs (N=12).

Participants

NH residents with indwelling urinary catheters (N=418).

Intervention

Standard care versus infection prevention program involving barrier precautions, active surveillance, and NH staff education.

Measurements

Costs of the intervention, costs of disease, and health outcomes were used to calculate an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio for the intervention. Data came from intervention results and the literature and outcomes were analyzed over one year.

Results

A 120‐bed NH would have program costs of $20,279/year. The cost of disease treatment would be reduced by $54,316 per year, resulting in a $34,037 net cost savings. Most of this savings would come from fewer CAUTI hospitalizations ($39,180), with $15,136 in savings from CAUTI care within the NH. The intervention also yielded a gain of 0.197 quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs). Taking into account uncertainty in all parameters suggests there is an 85% chance that the intervention is cost‐saving.

Conclusions

The CAUTI prevention program is expected to benefit payers by reducing costs and improving health outcomes. Because the savings accrue to payers and not to NHs, payers such as Medicare and private insurers may want to provide incentives for NHs to implement such programs.

Trial Registration

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01062841
Time‐dependent changes in bone healing capacity of scaphoid fractures and non‐unions
Authors: Schmidle Gernot , Ebner Hannes Leonhard , Klima Günter , Pfaller Kristian , Fritz Josef , Hoermann Romed , Gabl Markus
Published: February 2018

The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone and prone to non‐union due to mechanical and biological factors. Whereas the importance of stability is well documented, the evaluation of biological activity is mostly limited to the assessment of vascularity. The purpose of this study was to select histological and immunocytochemical parameters that could be used to assess healing potential after scaphoid fractures and to correlate these findings with time intervals after fracture for the three parts of the scaphoid (distal, gap and proximal). Samples were taken during operative intervention in 33 patients with delayed or non‐union of the scaphoid. Haematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Azan, Toluidine, von Kossa and Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were used to characterise the samples histologically. We determined distribution of collagen 1 and 2 by immunocytochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the ultrastructure. To analyse the samples, parameters for biological healing status were defined and grouped according to healing capacity in parameters with high, partial and little biological activity. These findings allowed scoring of biological healing capacity, and the ensuing results were correlated with different time intervals after fracture. The results showed reduced healing capacity over time, but not all parts of the scaphoid were affected in the same way. For the distal fragment, regression analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between summarised healing activity scores and time from initial fracture (r = −0.427, P = 0.026) and decreasing healing activity for the gap region (r = −0.339, P = 0.090). In contrast, the analyses of the proximal parts for all patients did not show a correlation (r = 0.008, P = 0.969) or a decrease in healing capacity, with reduced healing capacity already at early stages. The histological and immunocytochemical characterisation of scaphoid non‐unions (SNUs) and the scoring of healing parameters make it possible to analyse the healing capacity of SNUs at certain time points. This information is important as it can assist the surgeon in the selection of the most appropriate SNU treatment.
Valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve implantation with CoreValve/Evolut R© for degenerated small versus bigger bioprostheses
Authors: Scholtz Smita , Piper Cornelia , Horstkotte Dieter , Gummert Jan , Ensminger Stephan M. , Börgermann Jochen , Scholtz Werner
Published: February 2018

Objectives

We present our single center experience with Medtronic CoreValve and Evolut R regarding procedural outcome and 3 years follow‐up in patients with degenerated bioprostheses.

Methods

From 1645 patients who underwent transfemoral TAVI at our institution between February 2009 and December 2016, 37 patients with degenerated bioprosthesis were treated with Medtronic CoreValve/Evolut R. All data concerning baseline characteristic, procedural outcomes and follow‐up were entered into a dedicated database.

Results

Mean age was 83.9 ± 4.4 years and patients showed an average logistic EuroSCORE of 33.2 ± 16.7%. Successful ViV deployment was achieved in all cases, a permanent pacemaker was implanted in 16.2%, no periinterventional stroke and no coronary obstruction occurred. Mortality at 30 days was 2.7%, at 1‐year follow‐up 5.7% and at three years 13.5%. Depending on bioprosthesis size <23 mm versus ≥23 mm echocardiographic mean gradients post implantation were significantly higher in the smaller bioprostheses, 22.8 mmHg ± 9.4 mmHg versus 15.1 ± 7.1, P = 0.013.

Conclusion

ViV‐TAVI with CoreValve/R is demonstrated to be safe and effective in terms of no coronary obstruction and very low mortality up to 3 years despite slightly higher mean transprosthetic gradients especially in very small bioprostheses.
Pesticides as risk factors for head and neck cancer: A review
Authors: Brasil Veruska Lima Moura , Ramos Pinto Mariana Bitu , Bonan Roberta Ferreti , Kowalski Luiz Paulo , da Cruz Perez Danyel Elias
Published: February 2018

Humans may be exposed to pesticides such as fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides, during occupational and non‐occupational activities. Pesticides could be related to cancer development mainly because of their effects on the endocrine and immune systems and their cumulative effect. The present review evaluated in current literature evidence of an association between exposure to pesticides and the occurrence of head and neck cancer (HNC). A literature search for cohort studies was conducted in the PubMed, Web of science, and Cochrane databases. Methodological quality of each study was rated with the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) checklist. One thousand one hundred and thirty‐two studies were identified. Thirty‐two were included. Most of the studies found addressed occupational exposure to pesticides and were conducted in Europe and North America. Eleven high‐quality studies were found. Most of them found no association between exposure to pesticides and increased risk of HNC. Two studies found some evidence of a positive association between pesticide (malathion and atrazine) exposure and thyroid cancer. The literature review does not support a clear evidence for association between pesticides exposure and HNC. Only limited evidence points to a positive association between exposure to some pesticides and thyroid cancer. Further standardized studies based on appropriate designs are required to clarify the effect of pesticides on the genesis of HNC, considering dose, length of exposure, and type of pesticide.
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart: neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a Parkinson's disease model in rats
Authors: de Araújo Dayane P , Nogueira Patrícia C N , Santos Alan Diego C , Costa Roberta de Oliveira , de Lucena Jalles D , Jataí Gadelha-Filho Carlos Vinicius , Lima Francisco Arnaldo V , Neves Kelly Rose T , Leal Luzia Kalyne Almeida M , Silveira Edilberto R , Viana Glauce S B
Published: February 2018

Objectives

Aspidosperma species are used for several diseases, especially for malaria in Brazil. Although the genus is object of pharmacological studies, almost none are found on Aspidosperma pyrifolium. We investigate neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the APSE-Aq fraction (benzoic acid glycosylated derivative) on Parkinson's disease model.

Methods

Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the right striatum and treated or not with APSE-Aq (100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.). The sham-operated group was injected with saline. Two weeks later, animals were subjected to behavioural, neurochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation. The data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test.

Key findings

The APSE-Aq-treated group shows a partial recovery of behavioural changes as compared with the untreated-6-hydroxydopamine group. A partial recovery was also observed in nitrite contents and lipid peroxidation. APSE-Aq treatments significantly reversed decreases in striatal dopamine and metabolites in the untreated 6-hydroxydopamine group. Immunostainings for markers as tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter decreased in the untreated 6-hydroxydopamine group and values recovered after APSE-Aq treatments. Similar data were seen for TNF-alpha.

Conclusion

APSE-Aq presents neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Considering that APSE-Aq is chemically related to salicylic acid, it may act on similar targets.
A revised model for the control of fatty acid synthesis by master regulator Spo0A in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Haggett Lindsey , Bhasin Archna , Srivastava Priyanka , Fujita Masaya
Published: February 2018

In starving Bacillus subtilis cells, the accDA operon encoding two subunits of the essential acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) has been proposed to be tightly regulated by direct binding of the master regulator Spo0A to a cis element (0A box) in the promoter region. When the 0A box is mutated, biofilm formation and sporulation have been reported to be impaired. Here, we present evidence that two 0A boxes, one previously known (0A‐1) and another newly discovered (0A‐2) in the accDA promoter region are positively and negatively regulated by Spo0A∼P respectively. Cells with mutated 0A boxes experience slight delays in sporulation, but eventually sporulate with high efficiency. In contrast, cells harboring a single mutated 0A‐2 box are deficient for biofilm formation, while cells harboring either a mutated 0A‐1 box or both mutated 0A boxes form biofilms. We further show that the essential ACC enzyme localizes on or near the cell membrane by directly observing a functional GFP fusion to one of the enzyme's subunits. Collectively, we propose a revised model in which accDA is primarily transcribed by a major σA‐RNA polymerase, while Spo0A∼P plays an additional role in the fine‐tuning of accDA expression upon starvation to support proper biofilm formation and sporulation.
Beyond the Bridge: Transforming Conflict Research, Education, and Practice by Transcending Barriers—Honoring the Contributions of Tricia S. Jones
Authors: Jameson Jessica Katz , Brinkert Ross , Raines Susan S.
Published: February 2018

In this tribute to the 2004 recipient of the International Association for Conflict Management's Jeffrey Z. Rubin Theory‐to‐Practice Award, we honor the work of Tricia S. Jones. Having worked with Trish as grad students, research and practice collaborators, and journal editors, we highlight her unique contributions to conflict resolution education, the role of emotion in conflict, and conflict coaching. We also celebrate her ability to transcend both disciplinary and academic–practitioner barriers as she elevates the importance of communication research.
Allelic variant in the glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor gene associated with greater effect of liraglutide and exenatide on gastric emptying: A pilot pharmacogenetics study
Authors: Chedid V. , Vijayvargiya P. , Carlson P. , Van Malderen K. , Acosta A. , Zinsmeister A. , Camilleri M.
Published: February 2018

Background

Weight loss in response to the long‐acting GLP‐1 receptor (GLP1R) analog, liraglutide, is correlated with delay in gastric‐emptying (GE). The aim of this pilot study was to assess whether specific genetic variants in GLP1R or TCF7L2 are associated with delayed GE and weight loss in obese patients treated with liraglutide or the short‐acting GLP‐1 agonist, exenatide.

Methods

We evaluated in obese individuals the associations of genetic variations of GLP1R (rs6923761) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146) on GE T1/2 and weight from two trials that evaluated separately exenatide, 5 μg BID for 30 days, or liraglutide, 3 mg daily for 5 weeks. Data were analyzed using the dominant genetic model and intention‐to‐treat analysis.

Key Results

There was a significant correlation between changes in weight and GE T1/2 (rs = −.382, P = .004). GLP1R rs6923761 minor allele A (AA_AG) carriers who received either exenatide or liraglutide had greater delay in GE T1/2 relative to baseline (117.9 ± 27.5 [SEM] minutes and 128.9 ± 38.32 minutes) compared to GG genotype (95.8 ± 30.4 minutes and 61.4 ± 21.4 minutes, respectively; P = .11). There was a non‐significant difference in weight loss based on GLP1R rs6923761 genotype after 5 weeks of treatment. There were no significant correlations with TCF7L2 (rs7903146) genotype.

Conclusions & Inferences

The minor A allele of GLP1R (rs6923761) is associated with greater delay in GE T1/2 in response to liraglutide and exenatide. These studies provide data to plan pharmacogenetics testing of the hypothesis that GLP1R (rs6923761) influences weight loss in response to GLP1R agonists.
Fiji, rugby and the geopolitics of soft power. Shaping national and international identity
Authors: Connell John
Published: February 2018

In this century, sport has steadily become a more visible and marketable part of everyday life and of global political significance. States have consequently used sport as a means of soft power in order to develop a positive international presence and, usually to a lesser extent, affirm national identity. Sport diplomacy is usually associated with mega‐events and large states, but Fiji has used its prowess in rugby, and its Sevens victory in the 2016 Olympic Games, to promote itself globally, strengthen its national image and support government claims to legitimacy. The government emphasised Fijian values to construct a banal nationalism, in the face of ethnic divisions, and external concerns over repression of civil society. At least ephemerally, Fiji acquired new international recognition, and the government gained national legitimacy, indicating the expanding role of sport in geopolitics.
Familial papular epidermal nevus with “skyline” basal cell layer and multiple pilomatricomas: A new association?
Authors: Rizzoli Laura , Balestri Riccardo , Rech Giulia , Zorzi Maria Grazia , Speziali Luigi , Pedrolli Annalisa , Girardelli Carlo Renè
Published: February 2018

Papular epidermal nevus with “skyline” basal cell layer is a newly described keratinocytic nevus. Recently, papular epidermal nevus with “skyline” basal cell layer has been reported in association with extracutaneous involvement, and the term papular epidermal nevus with “skyline” basal cell layer syndrome is used to indicate a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by the presence of papular epidermal nevus with “skyline” basal cell layer and different neurologic symptoms that seem to improve during infancy and adolescence. Multiple pilomatricomas have been reported in association with various syndromes. We report herein papular epidermal nevus with “skyline” basal cell layer associated with multiple pilomatricomas in two members of a family with the aim of drawing attention to this peculiar epidermal nevus to improve our knowledge of the syndrome.
Risk of intraocular and other extracutaneous involvement in patients with cutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma
Authors: Samuelov Liat , Kinori Michael , Chamlin Sarah L. , Wagner Annette , Kenner‐Bell Brandi M. , Paller Amy S. , Kruse Lacey L. , Mancini Anthony J.
Published: February 2018

Background/Objectives

Cutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma is an uncommon, usually benign disease affecting infants and young children. Ocular and other systemic involvement have been reported, but their incidence is unclear, and the utility of routine screening is not well established. Our aim was to characterize the risk of ocular and systemic complications in children with cutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical charts of children with cutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma seen at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, between January 2000 and December 2015. A comprehensive literature review was also performed.

Results

Of 338 children with cutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma, 76 (median age 6 months, 51% female) met inclusion criteria. The most frequently involved site was the head and neck region (40%). In 39 patients (51%), there was a single lesion. Multiple lesions (>5) were evident in 20 patients (26%). Most cutaneous juvenile xanthogranulomas were micronodular (77%). None of the patients had ocular involvement. One patient had multiple asymptomatic hepatic nodules on imaging that regressed spontaneously within several months. Literature review of pediatric cutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma series, including our cohort, revealed that the incidence of ocular manifestations is 0.24% (7/2949) and of systemic manifestations is 0.75% (22/2949).

Conclusion

Cutaneous juvenile xanthogranulomas are generally limited to the skin. Because eye involvement is rare, a routine eye examination is of low yield and probably not warranted in children with no ocular or visual symptoms. New recommendations for systemic screening could not be drawn from this study.
Intraoperative blood transfusion in pediatric patients undergoing renal transplant—Effect of renal graft size
Authors: Odeh Rakan I. , Sidler Martin , Skelton Teresa , Zu’bi Fadi , Naoum Naimet K. , Azzawayed Ibraheem Abu , Alyami Fahad A. , Lorenzo Armando J. , Farhat Walid A. , Koyle Martin A.
Published: February 2018

In pediatric RT, donor allograft size often exceeds the expected recipient norms, especially in younger recipients. An “oversize” graft might not only present a technical‐ and space‐related challenge, but may possibly lead to increased demands in perioperative volume requirements due to the disparity between donor and recipient in renal blood flow. We evaluated transfusion practices at a single tertiary institution with special consideration of kidney graft size, hypothesizing that oversize graft kidneys might lead to a quantifiable increased need of blood transfusion in smaller recipients. Retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent pediatric RT from January 2004 to June 2014 at a tertiary pediatric centre was performed. Variables analyzed included patient age, weight, pre‐ and postoperative Hb concentration, graft size, EBL, amount of intraoperative blood transfusion, and preoperative use of erythropoietin. Based on graft size in relation to patient's age, a SMR and an OvR were identified. A subcohort of age‐matched pairs was used to allow for comparison between groups. We calculated the expected procedure‐ and transfusion‐induced changes in Hb and compared these changes to the observed difference in pre‐ vs postoperative Hb to assess the influence of graft size on transfusion requirements. RT was performed in 188 pediatric recipients during the study period. In the matched cohort, percentage of transfused patients during transplantation in the OvR group was more than double compared with SMR (89% vs 39%, P < .001); similarly, the median number of transfused PRBC units in OvR was 1, while the median of SMR did not receive transfusion (P < .001). The difference between expected (calculated) and observed change in Hb was significantly higher in OvR with a median of 1.9 g/dL compared with SMR with a median of 1.0 g/dL (P = .026). Correspondingly, the calculated median volume taken up by a regular size kidney was significantly higher with 213 mL compared with 313 mL (P = .031) taken up by an oversize graft kidney. Median estimated intraoperative blood loss was significantly higher in OvR than in SMR (6.9 mL/kg, vs 5.3 mL/kg, respectively; P = .04). Median postoperative Hb was similar among groups (10.4 g/dL vs 10.6 g/dL for SMR vs OvR, respectively). Transplantation of an oversized kidney in pediatric RT recipients is associated with a quantifiable higher need for blood transfusion. This may be caused by a higher intraoperative EBL and/or greater blood volume sequestered by the larger renal allograft and requires further evaluation.
‘More of a Cause’: Recent Work on Degrees of Causation and Responsibility
Authors: Kaiserman Alex
Published: February 2018

It is often natural to compare two events by describing one as ‘more of a cause’ of some effect than the other. But what do such comparisons amount to, exactly? This paper aims to provide a guided tour of the recent literature on ‘degrees of causation’. Section2looks at what I call ‘dependence measures’, which arise from thinking of causes asdifference‐makers. Section3looks at what I call ‘production measures’, which arise from thinking of causes asjointly sufficientfor their effects. Finally, section4examines the important question of whether there is any sense in which an agent ismoreresponsible for an outcome in virtue of her action being more of a cause of it. I describe a puzzle that emerges from this question, and explore various strategies for resolving it.
Advance Selling to Strategic Consumers: Preorder Contingent Production Strategy with Advance Selling Target
Authors: Wei Mike Mingcheng , Zhang Fuqiang
Published: February 2018

Motivated by emerging industry practices, this paper studies the effectiveness of a new advance selling strategy in counteracting strategic consumer behavior: the preorder contingent production (PCP) strategy, where the seller's production decision is contingent on an advance selling target. We find that compared to other advance selling strategies, such as the traditional advance selling strategy and the capacity rationing strategy, the PCP strategy is effective in mitigating strategic waiting behavior and thus can significantly improve the seller's profit performance, especially when consumers’ discount factor is at a medium or high level, the production cost is not too high, or the market size has an unbalanced probability distribution. Moreover, when the market size is deterministic, we show that the PCP strategy can completely eliminate strategic waiting behavior and attain the seller's profit performance under myopic consumer behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that the benefits of the PCP strategy are robust under other model considerations.
Thoracoscopic pleural biopsy improves yield of Xpert MTB/RIF for diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis
Authors: Christopher Devasahayam J. , Dinakaran Sridevi , Gupta Richa , James Prince , Isaac Barney , Thangakunam Balamugesh
Published: February 2018

Background and objective

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for ~15% of all TB patients, and TB pleural effusion is the second most common site of EPTB. The diagnosis of pleural TB is challenging due to the pauci‐bacillary nature of the disease. Histopathology of thoracoscopically obtained pleural biopsy provides the highest diagnostic yield. The Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert) is a PCR test that can identify both Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and rifampicin resistance. Currently, there is a lack of clarity regarding the value of Xpert on pleural tissue. We report our experience of using Xpert on thoracoscopic pleural biopsy samples.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent thoracoscopy in our institution over a 1‐year period. Relevant clinical details; indications; and results of tests on pleural tissue and fluid, including histopathology, mycobacterial cultures and Xpert, were extracted.

Results

Of the 156 patients who underwent thoracoscopy, 73 (47%) had TB, 66 (42%) malignancy and 17 (11%) other conditions. Histopathology was diagnostic in all the 73 TB patients (100%). The yields of the microbiological tests against histopathology on thoracoscopic biopsy sample and pleural fluid were: pleural tissue Xpert 45%, pleural tissue culture 39%, pleural fluid culture 17% and pleural fluid Xpert 14%. Pleural tissue provided higher yields than fluid in both Xpert and culture (P < 0.05). Pleural tissue Xpert provided a higher yield than culture and substantially improved yield compared with closed pleural biopsy as we previously reported.

Conclusion

Thoracoscopic pleural biopsy results in increased sensitivity on Xpert testing.
Integrable Discrete Model for One‐Dimensional Soil Water Infiltration
Authors: Triadis Dimetre , Broadbridge Philip , Kajiwara Kenji , Maruno Ken‐ichi
Published: February 2018

We propose an integrable discrete model of one‐dimensional soil water infiltration. This model is based on the continuum model by Broadbridge and White, which takes the form of nonlinear convection–diffusion equation with a nonlinear flux boundary condition at the surface. It is transformed to the Burgers equation with a time‐dependent flux term by the hodograph transformation. We construct a discrete model preserving the underlying integrability, which is formulated as the self‐adaptive moving mesh scheme. The discretization is based on linearizability of the Burgers equation to the linear diffusion equation, but the naïve discretization based on the Euler scheme which is often used in the theory of discrete integrable systems does not necessarily give a good numerical scheme. Taking desirable properties of a numerical scheme into account, we propose an alternative discrete model that produces solutions with similar accuracy to direct computation on the original nonlinear equation, but with clear benefits regarding computational cost.
Do Immigrants Take or Create Residents’ Jobs? Evidence from Free Movement of Workers in Switzerland*
Authors: Basten Christoph , Siegenthaler Michael
Published: February 2018

In 2002, Switzerland began to adopt free movement of workers with the European Union. We study the effects of the resulting immigration wave on resident workers. We focus on the level of national skill groups and propose an instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity of immigration in this setting. Mostly relying on administrative data for the 2002–2011 period, we find that the immigration of foreign workers reduced unemployment of residents, and had limited adverse effects on their wages and employment. One reason for this is that younger residents changed to more demanding jobs as a response to the arrival of immigrants.
The Interplay of Peer, Parent, and Adolescent Drinking*
Authors: Olson Julie Skalamera , Crosnoe Robert
Published: February 2018

Objective

To explore variability in the link between peer and adolescent drinking by parental drinking. Stress and differential susceptibility perspectives led to hypotheses that adolescents with drinking parents would be more reactive to peer drinking, but also to peer abstention.

Methods

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, regressions estimated whether the association between peer alcohol use and increased drinking among adolescents was moderated by parental drinking. A regions of significance test identified the level of peer drinking that predicted adolescent drinking in the context of parental drinking.

Results

Adolescents with binge‐drinking parents were more likely to increase drinking at every level of peer drinking, supporting the stress perspective; such adolescents did not accrue benefits from abstaining peers, going against the differential susceptibility perspective.

Conclusions

Far from monolithic, peer influences on adolescent risky behaviors may require family environments and genetic predispositions conducive to those behaviors.
The Efficacy of Metacognitive Training for Delusions in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Informs Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Liu Yu‐Chen , Tang Chia‐Chun , Hung Tsai‐Tzu , Tsai Pei‐Ching , Lin Mei‐Feng
Published: February 2018

Background

Metacognitive training (MCT) was developed in 2007 and widely used to modify the delusions for patient with schizophrenia. However, its effectiveness remains unclear.

Aims

To investigate the overall effectiveness of MCT for delusion in schizophrenia patients from 2007 to 2016, and to investigate the variables (intervention approach, intervention dose, and participant factors) of an MCT study that could influence the effect size.

Methods

Parallel‐arm design of MCT for delusions published from 2007 to 2016 were collected and then cross‐referenced using these keywords: delusion (psychosis or psychotic or schizophrenia) and metacognitive (training or therapy or intervention). The quality of the studies was evaluated and the effect size and the moderating variables of MCT on delusion were determined.

Results

A total of 11 studies on the effect of MCT for delusion were investigated. The MCT had a moderate immediate postintervention effect (g = −0.38) and a lasting effect after 6 months (g = −0.35). In terms of immediate effect, moderating variables with significant differences between them were (a) individual approach versus group‐based approach and mixed approach, and (b) eastern country versus western country.

Linking Evidence to Action

MCT could be used as a valuable nonpharmacologic intervention to reduce delusions in clinical settings. The individual modularized MCT approach had a beneficial effect and is recommended to healthcare professionals as an application for patients with schizophrenia or delusional disorder.
Contribution to the knowledge of the oribatid mite genus Cavernocepheus (Acari, Oribatida, Otocepheidae)
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Stary Josef
Published: February 2018

A new subgenus, with two new species, of the genus Cavernocepheus (Oribatida, Otocepheidae) are described from soil and litter of Korup National Park in Cameroon. Cavernocepheus (Paracavernocepheus) subgen. nov. differs from the nominative subgenus by the presence of four pairs of genital setae. Revised generic and subgeneric diagnoses and an identification key to the known taxa of the genus Cavernocepheus are presented.