bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dosage scheme for propofol in children under 3 years of age
Authors: Steur R.J. , Perez R.S.G.M. , De Lange J.J.
Published: May 2004

Background : Propofol is a well‐known drug for adults for total intravenous anaesthesia. Since 1999, the use of propofol has been approved for children less than 3 years of age. However, a suitable dosage scheme for these age groups was not available. The purpose of this study was to describe our clinical experience with the use of a new dosage scheme for propofol in patients under 3 years of age, based on experimental data and known pharmacological principles in children.

Methods : A pilot study of 50 patients undergoing TIVA was performed to adapt the existing adult dosage scheme to the requirements of the younger population. Total number and time of administration of boluses and time to awakening were registered and used as criteria to adjust the dosage scheme. The subsequent dosage scheme was then evaluated in 2271 children undergoing anaesthesia for various procedures. Usual anaesthetic parameters were measured to monitor the safety of the patient: ECG, O2 saturation, respiratory frequency and blood pressure. Most of the patients were mechanically ventilated; only 15% were breathing spontaneously.

Results : Overall, few side effects were recorded [bradycardia (12%), blood pressure fall (8%), desaturation (1%)], which were easily countered by routine measures.

Conclusions : This dosage scheme provides safe and smooth anaesthesia in children less than 3 years of age and is therefore a useful tool for a TIVA technique in small children.
Anaesthetic management of infants with glycogen storage disease type II: a physiological approach
Authors: Ing Richard J. , Ryan Cook D. , Bengur Resai A. , Williams Eric A. , Eck John , Dear Guy de L. , Ross Allison K. , Kern Frank H. , Kishnani Priya S.
Published: May 2004

Pompe or Glycogen Storage Disease type II (GSD‐II) is a genetic disorder affecting both cardiac and skeletal muscle. Historically, patients with the infantile form usually die within the first year of life due to cardiac and respiratory failure. Recently a promising enzyme replacement therapy has resulted in improved clinical outcomes and a resurgence of elective anaesthesia for these patients. Understanding the unique cardiac physiology in patients with GSD‐II is essential to providing safe general anaesthesia.
Use of intravenous ketorolac in the neonate and premature babies
Authors: Papacci Patrizia , de Francisci Giovanni , Iacobucci Tiziana , Giannantonio Carmen , De Carolis Maria Pia , Zecca Enrico , Romagnoli Costantino
Published: May 2004

Background : Ketorolac is a powerful nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug widely used for pain control in children and adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate its safety and analgesic efficacy in the neonate.

Methods : Ketorolac was used in a group of 18 spontaneously breathing neonates presenting with chronic lung disease, for the control of postsurgical pain and pain from invasive procedures. Pain scores (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) were assessed before and after i.v. administration of 1 mg·kg−1 of ketorolac.

Results : Total pain control was achieved in 94.4% of the neonates. None of the neonates had haematological, renal or hepatic changes prior to treatment, and these complications did not occur after treatment. No neonate had systemic haemorrhage or bleeding from injection and blood withdrawal sites.

Conclusions : Ketorolac could represent an efficacious analgesic alternative to opioids, particularly in neonates. It would avoid the side‐effects associated with opioid analgesics, especially respiratory depression.
Plastic bronchitis: a case report
Authors: DiCindio Sabina , Theroux Mary , Costarino Andrew T. , Cook Steven , O'Reilly Robert
Published: May 2004

We report a case of perioperative management of a toddler with plastic bronchitis complicated by tracheal obstruction. We discuss our management of this case as well as the diverse group of patients who may present with this disease. We also reviewed the literature regarding medical management of cast bronchitis.
Current patterns of propofol use in PICU in the United Kingdom and North America
Authors: Playfor Stephen D. , Venkatesh K.
Published: May 2004

Background : Our aim was to investigate the current patterns of propofol use in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the UK and North America.

Methods : An electronic questionnaire was sent to all PICUs in the UK and those units offering PICU training fellowships in the USA and Canada.

Results : We received responses from 15 UK units (75%) and 33 units in North America (52%). Of units who responded, 47% of UK units used propofol for ongoing sedation, compared with 61% of North American units. Units tended to use propofol in defined clinical circumstances, in limited doses, in older children and for relatively short periods. Propofol was used for sedation during procedures in 100% of units although 35% of UK units said that they would use it less frequently in this setting than in the past. Only 18% of North American Units reported that they would be less likely to use propofol for procedures than in the past.

Conclusions : Despite clear guidance from the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines, propofol was still used for ongoing sedation in 47% of UK PICUs responding to our questionnaire. Reasons for this include the utility of the agent and its licensing for use in maintaining anesthesia in children over 3 years, but not for sedation in PICU in similar doses, for similar periods, in the same group of children.
The Sixteen Strivings for God
Authors: Reiss Steven
Published: May 2004

Abstract. A psychological theory of religious experiences, sensitivity theory, is proposed. Whereas other theories maintain that religious motivation is about a few overarching desires, sensitivity theory provides a multifaceted analysis consistent with the diversity, richness, and individuality of religious experiences. Sixteen basic desires show the psychological foundations of meaningful experience. Each basic desire is embraced by every person, but to different extents. How we prioritize the basic desires expresses our individuality and influences our attraction to various religious images and activities. Each basic desire is associated with a basic goal and a unique joy, such as love, self‐worth, relaxation, or strength. We do not seek to experience joys infinitely; we regulate joys, in accordance with our core values, to sixteen balance points (sensitivities) that vary based on individuality. Religions help persons of faith regulate the sixteen basic joys by providing some images that strengthen joyful experiences and others that weaken them. We can strengthen our experience of self‐ worth, for example, by contemplating God in the image of savior; we can weaken our experience of self‐worth by contemplating original sin. The theory of sixteen basic desires is testable scientifically and suggests such philosophical concepts as value‐based happiness.
Where to Look for Guidance? On the Nature of “Religion and Science”
Authors: Drees Willem B.
Published: May 2004

Abstract.For moral guidance we human beings may be tempted to turn toward the past (scripture, tradition), toward present science, or toward future consequences. Each of these approaches has strengths and limitations. To address those limitations, we need to consider how these various perspectives can be brought together—and “religion and science” is an area in which this may happen. That makes the question of where to look for guidance potentially a central one for religion and science, setting the agenda differently from apologetic questions with respect to religion or to science. However, “religion and science” does not solve the issues, leading to a single normative perspective; the way that current knowledge is integrated with past wisdom is highly dependent upon ideals that relate to the future. Thus, rather than resolving the need for guidance, the religion‐and‐science conversation becomes one way of addressing our need for guidance, bringing into the conversation past, present, and future.
Toward an Ethics of Knowledge
Authors: Westhelle Vítor
Published: May 2004

Abstract. Modern science is one form of knowledge, demarcated by its time (modernity) and by other “knowledges.” There is a fair amount of clarity as to what does not count as scientific, but there is a twilight zone of knowledges whose scientific status is ambivalent. In this zone the encounter between science and religion takes place. The particular contribution of religion and theology in this encounter is to call for an ethics of knowledge in the epistemological endeavors of science.
Toward Understanding Each Other: Bridging Gaps in the Science‐and‐Religion Dialogue
Authors: Wolf‐Chase Grace
Published: May 2004

Abstract. The high degree of specialization in society and compartmentalization in education have resulted in increasing difficulty in communicating across different fields of study. I propose that these gaps in communication across disciplines must be addressed to ensure a fruitful ongoing science‐and‐religion dialogue.
Concluding Dialogue: Challenging the Past, Grasping the Future
Authors: Jackelén Antje , Hefner Philip
Published: May 2004

Abstract. A dialogue between the outgoing and incoming directors of the Zygon Center for Religion and Science took place as part of the inaugural symposium. In their conversation they speak of the past and present challenges and goals of the Center, outline what is foremost in their minds, and offer glimpses into what they see as the Center's priorities for future work.
“The End of all our Exploring” in Science and Theology
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: May 2004

Abstract.The present malaise of religion—and of theology, its intellectual formulation—in Western society is analyzed, with some personal references, especially with respect to its history in the United Kingdom and the United States. The need for a more open theology that takes account of scientific perspectives is urged. An indication of the understandings of God and of God's relation to the world which result from an exploration starting from scientific perspectives is expounded together with their fruitful relation to some traditional themes. The implications of this for the future of theology are suggested, not least in relation to the new phase, beginning in 2003, of the development of the Zygon Center for Religion and Science. In a concluding reflection the hope is expressed that the shared global experience and perspectives generated by the sciences might form a more common and acceptable starting point than hitherto for the exploration towards God of the seekers of many religious traditions and of none.
AIDS: Globalization and Its Discontents
Authors: Hunt Mary E.
Published: May 2004

Abstract. HIV/AIDS has changed from a disease of white gay men in the United States to a pandemic that largely involves women and dependent children in developing countries. Many theologies of disease are necessary to cope with the variety of expressions of this pandemic. Christian theoethical reflection on HIV/AIDS has been largely focused on sexual ethics, with uneven and mainly unhelpful results. Among the ethical issues that shape future useful conversations are globalized economics and resource sharing, the morality and economics of the pharmaceutical industry, and the need for sex education and access to reproductive choice. Considering such issues in international, interreligious, multiscientific contexts is a concrete next step for the religion‐and‐science dialogue. It will put the powerful tools of both fields to the service of the common good.
The New Biology and its Impact in Biomedical Strategies Against HIV/AIDS
Authors: Woloschak Gayle E.
Published: May 2004

Abstract. The sequencing of the human genome and the initiation of the structural genomics projects have ushered in a new age of biology that involves multi‐lab, high‐cost projects with broad task‐oriented goals rather than the more conventional hypothesis‐driven approach of the past. The new biology has led to the development of new sets of tools for the scientist to use in the quest to solve mysteries of human disease, biomolecular structure‐function relationships, and other burning biological questions. Nevertheless, the impact of the new biology on the field of AIDS investigation has been minimal, predominantly because many of the tools in the HIV field of study were developed before the full advance of the new biology was felt in the biomedical community. Many of the high‐cost megaprojects that involve large technological advances and are marketed as projects of promise to the biomedical community are not likely to significantly impact the field of HIV/AIDS research and cannot serve as a substitute for direct funding to the HIV/AIDS scientists working for vaccine development, an understanding of mechanisms of disease causation, and new tools for therapeutic intervention.
The Necessity for a Theology of Disease: Reflections on Totalities and Fragments
Authors: Hefner Philip
Published: May 2004

Abstract.Our ideas of disease try to explain it, and they aim at facilitating cures. In the process, they become entwined in sociocultural networks that have totalizing effects. Disease, however, counters this totalizing effect by revealing to us that our lives are fragments. Unless we engage this fragment character of disease and of our lives, we cannot properly understand disease or deal with it. HIV/AIDS clarifies these issues in an extraordinarily powerful fashion. Medical, legal, commercial, political, and institutional approaches to disease overlook the fragment character of disease in favor of totalizing world‐ views. A theology of disease is necessary in order to maintain the focus on fragments. Unless we recognize this fragment character, we do not really understand our lives, and we do not really understand either disease or healing.
The Passion to Heal: A Theological Pastoral Approach to HIV/AIDS
Authors: Edelheit Joseph A.
Published: May 2004

Abstract. The global pandemic of HIV/AIDS is the most significant challenge of our time. The ongoing conversation between religion and science comes to a critical juncture in this pandemic. The global community has not yet found a vaccine or cure for this virulent virus, which will likely claim five million more lives in the coming year. The global statistics challenge even the most sophisticated imagination, with projections in the tens of millions of people dead, orphaned children, and many more living in various stages of incapacitation or diminished lives. There is a common prophetic religious imperative among Western faith communities that urgently requires both science and religion to respond. Both disciplines define their scope and purpose as universal, and the global pandemic provides a significant challenge to that universal claim. Regardless of the many differences among the nations and peoples challenged by this pandemic, there is a common moral foundation to which the Western religious and scientific traditions must respond. Religion and science cannot deny their respective social responsibilities by claiming the role of neutral bystander. There are several critical ethical choices to be made in response to the pandemic, and the disciplines of religion and science are critical in formulating those choices.
Is there None Left to Say Anything?
Authors: Moore James F.
Published: May 2004

Abstract. Remarks made by Lutheran leaders in Africa indicate that the churches have not been responding to the crisis of the HIV/AIDS pandemic sufficiently. In this essay I ask how the churches would be better prepared to act and also, more broadly, how the churches act to begin with. The dialogue between religion and science can assist us with both tasks as we consider the challenge of HIV/AIDS as a focus for this dialogue. First, analysis by social scientists can uncover what problems face any effort to motivate churches to act—and, for that matter, any individual member of a church group. I argue, further, that we can discover the difficulties associated with producing action by religious communities by looking not at abstract theological ideas but by investigating the way those ideas are conveyed in worship. I explore the worship patterns of Lutherans to show what sort of view is actually produced by the week‐to‐week messages of liturgical texts. I contend that a different approach both to worship and to action can be produced by reconsidering our views of reality as seen through the eyes of contemporary science.
Chronic Daily Headaches in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Esposito SB , Gherpelli JLD
Published: May 2004

The clinical characteristics of chronic daily headache were studied in 40 children and adolescents, as well as the associated factors responsible for maintenance of the continuous headache pattern. The study of the clinical headache characteristics, showed a female preponderance (75%), mean age of 11 years old at the first consultation, and onset of headache symptomatology at a mean age of 8.5 years old. The average time interval for the evolution of sporadic headache into chronic daily headache was 1.4 years, and psychosocial stressors were present, acutely or chronically, during the period of headache-frequency increase in 47% of the children. Headaches were classified as transformed migraine (65%), mixed pattern (17.5%) and chronic tension-type headache (17.5%). Sixty per cent of patients had mothers with migraine. Data regarding common analgesic use showed an average intake of 11.2 days/month.
Utility of CSF Pressure Monitoring to Identify Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension without Papilledema in Patients with Chronic Daily Headache
Authors: Torbey MT , Geocadin RG , Razumovsky AY , Rigamonti D , Williams MA
Published: May 2004

The aim of the present study was to report on the utility of continuous Pcsf monitoring in establishing the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema (IIHWOP) in chronic daily headache (CDH) patients. We report a series of patients ( n = 10) with refractory headaches and suspected IIHWOP referred to us for continuous Pcsf monitoring between 1991 and 2000. Pcsf was measured via a lumbar catheter and analysed for mean, peak, highest pulse amplitude and abnormal waveforms. A 1-2 day trial of continuous controlled CSF drainage (10 cc/h) followed Pcsf monitoring. Response to CSF drainage was defined as improvement in headache symptoms. Patients with abnormal waveforms underwent a ventriculoperitoneal (VPS) or lumboperitoneal (LPS) shunt insertion. All patients had normal resting Pcsf (8 ± 1 mmHg) defined as ICP < 15 mmHg. During sleep, all patients had B-waves and 90% had plateau waves or near plateau waves. All patients underwent either a VPS or LPS procedure. All reported improvement of their headache after surgery. Demonstration of pathological Pcsf patterns by continuous Pcsf monitoring was essential in confirming the diagnosis of IIHWOP, and provided objective evidence to support the decision for shunt surgery. Increased Pcsf was seen mostly during sleep and was intermittent, suggesting that Pcsf elevation may be missed by a single spot-check LP measurement. The similarity between IIHWOP and CDH suggests that continuous Pcsf monitoring in CDH patients may have an important diagnostic role that should be further investigated.
MTHFR T677 Homozygosis Influences the Presence of Aura in Migraineurs
Authors: Oterino A , Valle N , Bravo Y , Muñoz P , Sánchez-Velasco P , Ruiz-Alegría C , Castillo J , Leyva-Cobián F , Vadillo A , Pascual J
Published: May 2004

It has been suggested that folate metabolism could be involved in migraine pathogenesis. We analysed the 5′, 10′ -methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotypic distribution in a large migraine sample. We genotyped 230 migraine patients (152 migraine without aura (MO) and 78 migraine with aura (MA)) and 204 nonheadache controls. The incidence of TT homozygosis for migraine in general (12%), MO (9%) and MA (18%) did not significantly differ from that found in healthy controls (13%). Differences were significant when the frequency of TT homozygosis between MA and MO ( P = 0.03, OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.04-5.26) was compared. There was a tendency for a higher frequency of the MTHFR T allele in the MA group (42%) as compared to MO (29%) and controls (36%). These differences were significant only in the case of MA vs. MO ( P = 0.006, OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.15-2.65). These results could indicate that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism, causing mild hyperhomocystinaemia, might be a genetic risk factor for experiencing aura among migraineurs. Overall, however, there was no association between migraine and the C677T MTHFR polymorphism.
Triptans and CNS Side-Effects
Authors: Dodick DW , Martin V
Published: May 2004

Triptans are the treatment of choice for acute migraine. While seemingly a homogenous group of drugs, results from a meta-analysis reveal significant differences in efficacy and tolerability among oral triptans. The incidence of drug-related central nervous system (CNS) side-effects with some triptans is as high as 15% and may be associated with functional impairment and reduced productivity. The occurrence of adverse events associated with triptans in general, and CNS side-effects in particular, may lead to a delay in initiating or even avoidance of an otherwise effective treatment. Potential explanations for differences among triptans in the incidence of CNS side-effects may relate to pharmacological and pharmacokinetic differences, including receptor binding, lipophilicity, and the presence of active metabolites. Of the triptans reviewed, at clinically relevant doses, almotriptan 12.5 mg, naratriptan 2.5 mg and sumatriptan 50 mg had the lowest incidence of CNS side-effects, while eletriptan 40 and 80 mg, rizatriptan 10 mg and zolmitriptan 2.5 and 5 mg had the highest incidence. The most likely explanations for the differences in CNS side-effects among triptans are the presence of active metabolites and high lipophilicity of the parent compound and active metabolites. Eletriptan, rizatriptan and zolmitriptan have active metabolites, while lipophilicity is lowest for almotriptan and sumatriptan. If CNS sideeffects are a clinically relevant concern in the individual patient, use of a triptan with a low incidence of CNS side-effects may offer the potential for earlier initiation of treatment and more effective outcomes.
Psychological and Sleep Quality Differences between Chronic Daily Headache and Temporomandibular Disorders Patients
Authors: Vazquez-Delgado E , Schmidt JE , Carlson CR , DeLeeuw R , Okeson JP
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic daily headache (CDH) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients present with different psychological and sleep quality characteristics. Sixty-seven patients diagnosed with CDH, according to classification criteria from Silberstein et al., were matched by age and sex with 67 patients who had a primary diagnosis of myofascial pain (MP) and 67 patients with a primary diagnosis of TMJ intracapsular pain (IC) according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. The CDH group was comprised of three mutually exclusive diagnostic groups: chronic migraine ( n = 35); chronic tension-type headache ( n = 26); ‘other CDH’ ( n = 6). All patients completed a battery of psychological and sleep quality questionnaires. All CDH subgroups showed similar psychological and sleep quality profiles. Pain intensity and duration were controlled in the multivariate analyses (MANCOVA) by treating them as covariates. The CDH and MP groups revealed higher levels of psychological distress than the IC group on most psychological domains. The MP group also revealed numerically higher levels of psychological distress in most psychological domains than the CDH group, although these differences were generally not significant. We did not find significant differences between the three groups on post traumatic stress symptoms either. Sleep quality was significantly worse in the MP group than in the CDH and IC groups. These results are discussed in the context of multimodal patient evaluation and treatments that are often necessary for successful clinical management.
Nitroglycerin-Induced nNOS Increase in Rat Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis is Inhibited by Systemic Administration of Lysine Acetylsalicylate but not of Sumatriptan
Authors: Pardutz A , Szatmári E , Vecsei L , Schoenen J
Published: May 2004

Systemic administration of nitroglycerin (NTG), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, in migraineurs triggers after several hours an attack of which the precise mechanisms are unknown. We found previously in rats that nitroglycerin (10 mg/kg s.c.) is able to increase significantly after 4 h the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-immunoreactive neurones in the cervical part of trigeminal nucleus caudalis. In the present experiments, we demonstrate that the 5-HT1B/D agonist sumatriptan (0.6 mg/kg s.c.) does not alter this phenomenon when given before NTG. By contrast, pretreatment with lysine acetylsalicylate (50 mg/kg i.m.) attenuates the NTG-induced nNOS expression in the superficial laminae of trigeminal nucleus caudalis. These findings suggest that effect of NTG on nNOS at a high dosage may involve the cycloxygenase pathway and that activation of the peripheral 5-HT1B/D receptors is not able to modify this effect. These data could help to better understand the role of NO in the pathogenesis of headaches and the action of antimigraine drugs.
Possible Mechanisms of Pain Perception in Patients with Episodic Tension-Type Headache. A New Experimental Model of Myofascial Pain
Authors: Mørk H , Ashina M , Bendtsen L , Olesen J , Jensen R
Published: May 2004

A new experimental human model of myofascial pain using intramuscular infusion of a combination of bradykinin, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), histamine, and prostaglandin E2 was applied to patients with episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) in order to examine pain perception. Fifteen patients with ETTH and 15 healthy controls completed the randomized, balanced, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Pain intensity, punctate hyperalgesia and allodynia, and pain quality were recorded. The combination induced a moderate and prolonged pain in both patients (median 51 min) ( P = 0.001) and controls (median 22 min) ( P = 0.001). Patients reported more pain than controls both after the combination ( P = 0.045) and after placebo ( P < 0.001). The McGill pain score [PRI(R)] was significantly higher in patients ( P = 0.002) and in controls ( P = 0.001), whereas pain quality and hyperalgesia were similar after the combination compared with placebo in the two groups. Due to side-effects nine subjects did not complete the study. The increased pain response, but similar qualitative pain perception, in ETTH patients may be explained by sensitization of peripheral nociceptors even though central mechanisms may also be involved.
The relative lengths of individual telomeres are defined in the zygote and strictly maintained during life
Authors: Graakjaer Jesper , Pascoe Leigh , Der‐Sarkissian Héra , Thomas Gilles , Kolvraa Steen , Christensen Kaare , Londoño‐Vallejo José‐Arturo
Published: May 2004

Previous studies have indicated that average telomere length is partly inherited (Slagboom et al., 1994; Rufer et al., 1999) and that there is an inherited telomere pattern in each cell (Graakjaer et al., 2003); (Londoño‐Vallejo et al., 2001). In this study, we quantify the importance of the initially inherited telomere lengths within cells, in relation to other factors that influence telomere length during life. We have estimated the inheritance by measuring telomere length in monozygotic (MZ) twins using Q‐FISH with a telomere specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA)‐probe. Homologous chromosomes were identified using subtelomeric polymorphic markers. We found that identical homologous telomeres from two aged MZ twins show significantly less differences in relative telomere length than when comparing the two homologues within one individual. This result means that towards the end of life, individual telomeres retain the characteristic relative length they had at the outset of life and that any length alteration during the lifespan impacts equally on genetically identical homologues. As the result applies across independent individuals, we conclude that, at least in lymphocytes, epigenetic/environmental effects on relative telomere length are relatively minor during life.
Microarray analysis of gene expression with age in individual nematodes
Authors: Golden Tamara R. , Melov Simon
Published: May 2004

We compare the aging of wild‐type and long‐lived C. elegans by gene expression profiling of individual nematodes. Using a custom cDNA array, we have characterized the gene expression of 4–5 individuals at 4 distinct ages throughout the adult lifespan of wild‐type N2 nematodes, and at the same ages for individuals of the long‐lived strain daf‐2(e1370). Using statistical tools developed for microarray data analysis, we identify genes that differentiate aging N2 from aging daf‐2, as well as classes of genes that change with age in a similar way in both genotypes. Our novel approach of studying individual nematodes provides practical advantages, since it obviates the use of mutants or drugs to block reproduction, as well as the use of stressful mass‐culturing procedures, that have been required for previous microarray studies of C. elegans. In addition, this approach has the potential to uncover the molecular variability between individuals of a population, variation that is missed when studying pools of thousands of individuals.
Demographic window to aging in the wild: constructing life tables and estimating survival functions from marked individuals of unknown age
Authors: Müller Hans‐Georg , Wang Jane‐Ling , Carey James R. , Caswell‐Chen Edward P. , Chen Carl , Papadopoulos Nikos , Yao Fang
Published: May 2004

We address the problem of establishing a survival schedule for wild populations. A demographic key identity is established, leading to a method whereby age‐specific survival and mortality can be deduced from a marked cohort life table established for individuals that are randomly sampled at unknown age and marked, with subsequent recording of time‐to‐death. This identity permits the construction of life tables from data where the birth date of subjects is unknown. An analogous key identity is established for the continuous case in which the survival schedule of the wild population is related to the density of the survival distribution in the marked cohort. These identities are explored for both life tables and continuous lifetime data. For the continuous case, they are implemented with statistical methods using non‐parametric density estimation methods to obtain flexible estimates for the unknown survival distribution of the wild population. The analytical model provided here serves as a starting point to develop more complex models for residual demography, i.e. models for estimating survival of wild populations in which age‐at‐entry is unknown and using remaining information in randomly encountered individuals. This is a first step towards a broad new concept of ‘expressed demographic information content of marked or captured individuals’.
Uncoupled and surviving: individual mice with high metabolism have greater mitochondrial uncoupling and live longer
Authors: Speakman John R. , Talbot Darren A. , Selman Colin , Snart Sam , McLaren Jane S. , Redman Paula , Krol Ela , Jackson Diane M. , Johnson Maria S. , Brand Martin D.
Published: May 2004

Two theories of how energy metabolism should be associated with longevity, both mediated via free‐radical production, make completely contrary predictions. The ‘rate of living‐free‐radical theory’ (Pearl, 1928;Harman, 1956;Sohal, 2002) suggests a negative association, the ‘uncoupling to survive’ hypothesis (Brand, 2000) suggests the correlation should be positive. Existing empirical data on this issue is contradictory and extremely confused (Rubner, 1908;Yan & Sohal, 2000;Ragland & Sohal, 1975;Daanet al., 1996;Wolf & Schmid‐Hempel, 1989]. We sought associations between longevity and individual variations in energy metabolism in a cohort of outbred mice. We found a positive association between metabolic intensity (kJ daily food assimilation expressed as g/body mass) and lifespan, but no relationships of lifespan to body mass, fat mass or lean body mass. Mice in the upper quartile of metabolic intensities had greater resting oxygen consumption by 17% and lived 36% longer than mice in the lowest intensity quartile. Mitochondria isolated from the skeletal muscle of mice in the upper quartile had higher proton conductance than mitochondria from mice from the lowest quartile. The higher conductance was caused by higher levels of endogenous activators of proton leak through the adenine nucleotide translocase and uncoupling protein‐3. Individuals with high metabolism were therefore more uncoupled, had greater resting and total daily energy expenditures and survived longest – supporting the ‘uncoupling to survive’ hypothesis.
Environment‐dependent survival of Drosophila melanogaster: a quantitative genetic analysis
Authors: Wang Mei‐Hui , Lazebny Oleg , Harshman Lawrence G. , Nuzhdin Sergey V.
Published: May 2004

Survival under starvation conditions was investigated in relationship to survival when food was present because these traits could be linked by evolutionary history. Recombinant inbred lines derived from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster were used to test genetic correlations and architecture of these survival traits. Sexes were genetically correlated within traits and there was significant correlation between survival traits. A number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were present for starvation survival and/or survival on food. In general, the QTL effects were consistent for sexes and environments. QTL effects were found on each major chromosome, but the major effects were largely localized on the second chromosome. Importantly, the ‘four‐allele’ progenitor of the recombinant inbred lines used in the present study allowed the sign and magnitude of effects to be assigned to linkage groups. One such linkage group on the second chromosome conferred starvation resistance and longevity, supporting the hypothesis of an association between starvation resistance and lifespan.
Microencapsulation of Parathyroid Tissue with Photosensitive Poly(L‐lysine) and Short Chain Alginate‐co‐MPEG
Authors: Lee Chen Hsen , Wang Yng Jiin , Kuo Shyh Ming , Chang Shwu Jen
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Human parathyroid glands were encapsulated using the alginate‐PLL system in this study. In order to improve the mechanical strength and the biocompatibility, the microcapsules were fabricated with a three‐layer structure that consisted of alginate/photosensitive poly(L‐lysine)/short chain alginate‐co‐MPEG. These modified microcapsules were used for encapsulating human parathyroid tissue. In vitro experiments revealed that microencapsulated parathyroid glands maintained differentiative properties in culture, and the capsular membrane was freely permeable to the human parathyroid hormone. For in vivo experiments, these capsules were transplanted into parathyroidectomized SD‐rats. After parathyroidectomy, serum calcium decreased from 2.25 to 1.68 mmol/L and remained in a constantly low concentration until transplantation. Parathyroidectomized SD‐rats were normocalcemic after transplant of encapsulated parathyroid tissue. The microcapsules were then explanted at 12 weeks for examination. Histological evaluations of excised transplants revealed that the microcapsules remained intact structurally and were free of cell adhesions. The results demonstrated that human parathyroid tissue microencapsulated by this system retains stability and is functional both in vitro and in vivo. This encapsulating system will have valuable application for endocrine surgery in the future.
Selective Adsorption of Homocysteine Using an HFR‐ON LINE Technique
Authors: Splendiani Giorgio , De Angelis Sandro , Tullio Tiziana , Ferranini Michele , Dessì Maria Rita , Pastore Anna , Casciani Stefania , Liberatoscioli Laura , Federici Giorgio , Cortese Claudio
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  HFR‐ON LINE (double chamber HDF with reinfusion of ultrafiltrate regenerated through a charcoal‐resin cartridge) is a novel method which combines the processes of diffusion, convection, and adsorbance. We have investigated the effect of such a treatment on the homocysteine (Hcy) levels in ten patients with a mean Hcy level of 57.6 µmol/L (range 24.1–119.7 µmol/L). We have measured the Hcy, folate, and vitamin B12 predialysis and postdialysis, and in the ultrafiltrate precartridge and postcartridge at 10, 120, and 240 min. The mean Hcy levels were 57.6 and 35.3 µmol/L (range 9.9–80.3 µmol/L) (P = 0.005) predialysis and postdialysis, respectively, while folate and vitamin B12 were unchanged. Precartridge and postcartridge Hcy levels were 11.6 vs. 2.5 µmol/L (P = 0.005), 9.3 vs. 3.9 µmol/L (P = 0.005), and 7.7 vs. 4.6 µmol/L (P = 0.012) at the three time points considered, while folate and vitamin B12 were essentially undetectable. These preliminary data, which need confirmation in a long‐term study, seem to indicate that HFR‐ON LINE is able to reduce Hcy levels not only through a likely reduction of uremic toxins, but also through an actual removal of Hcy by adsorbance onto the charcoal‐resin cartridge.
Assessment and Improvement of the System Efficiency for the Moving‐actuator Type Biventricular Assist Device
Authors: Chung Jinhan , Kim Wook Eun , Lee Jung Joo , Nam Kyoung Won , Choi Jaesoon , Park Jun Woo , Choi Seong Wook , Park Chan Young , Sun Kyung , Min Byoung Goo
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  This is a test report on the efficiency of a moving‐actuator type biventricular assist device (AnyHeart, Seoul National University). From the viewpoint of the various system mechanisms, the device can be subdivided into three separate parts: the motor and its associated controller, the actuator and motor assembly, and the blood sac and its associated components (including valves). The motor was operated under various conditions, including different torque, angular speed, and voltage pulses. The total system efficiency of 8% has been reported before, with subpart efficiencies of 50%, 85%, and 19%, respectively, for the motor and its associated controller, the actuator and motor assembly, and the blood sac and its associated components (including valves), under normal operating conditions (4 L/min pump output, 100 mm Hg aortic pressure [AoP]). This article focuses on the method of analyzing and improving the system efficiency. The applied input voltage under the normal operating conditions of the pump was determined using the analyzed results. Also, a speed profile that takes into consideration the filling state of the blood sac was provided. On the basis of tests performed involving in vitro mock circulation, experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach presented in this article.
Flow Visualization in a Centrifugal Blood Pump with an Eccentric Inlet Port
Authors: Yamane Takashi , Kodama Takayuki , Yamamoto Yoshiro , Shinohara Toshiyuki , Nosé Yukihiko
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Flow visualization analysis was applied to the Baylor/Miwatec centrifugal artificial heart to evaluate its fluid dynamic characteristics regarding antithrombogenicity. An eccentric vortex was found both in the upper and the lower gaps of the impeller, which is supposed to be caused by the eccentric inlet port. Therefore, one‐way flow toward the outlet is formed and washes the pivot. The combination of an eccentric vortex and a pivot bearing that is washed is unique to the Baylor/Miwatec pump. For the male pivots exposed to periodic wash, the minimum shear rate around the bottom pivot was estimated to be 650/s, which is higher than the threshold for thrombus formation shown by other studies. The wall shear rate at the impeller bottom surface was found to be larger in the top contact mode than in the bottom contact mode.
The Bactericidal Effects of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water on Bacterial Strains Involved in Hospital Infections
Authors: Vorobjeva Nina V. , Vorobjeva Lena I. , Khodjaev Evgenij Y.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  The study is designed to investigate bactericidal actions of electrolyzed oxidizing water on hospital infec‐tions. Ten of the most common opportunistic pathogens are used for this study. Cultures are inoculated in 4.5 mL of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water or 4.5 mL of sterile deionized water (control), and incubated for 0, 0.5, and 5 min at room temperature. At the exposure time of 30 s the EO water completely inactivates all of the bacterial strains, with the exception of vegetative cells and spores of bacilli which need 5 min to be killed. The results indicate that electrolyzed oxidizing water may be a useful disinfectant for hospital infections, but its clinical application has still to be evaluated.
The Orthotic Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation on the Improvement of Walking in Stroke Patients with a Dropped Foot: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kottink Anke I.R. , Oostendorp Linda J.M. , Buurke Jacob H. , Nene Anand V. , Hermens Hermanus J. , IJzerman Maarten J.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Objective  Analysis of the available evidence on the improvement of walking in stroke patients with a dropped foot when using peroneus stimulation.

Methods  A systematic review was performed to identify trials that investigated the orthotic effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on walking in stroke patients with a dropped foot. Two independent raters scored the methodological quality of the included articles. Walking speed and physiological cost index (PCI) were selected as the primary outcome measures. Studies that measured walking speed were pooled and a pooled difference including confidence interval was calculated.

Results  Eight studies were included in the review, of which one was a randomized controlled trial. Methodological score ranged from 8 to 18 out of 19. Six studies measured walking speed. The pooled improvement in walking speed was 0.13 m/s (0.07–0.2) or 38% (22.18–53.8).

Conclusions  The present review suggests a positive orthotic effect of functional electrical stimulation on walking speed.
Household Food Insecurity Among Urban Poor in Thailand
Authors: Piaseu Noppawan , Mitchell Pamela
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To assess perceptions of food insecurity (FI), socioeconomic change, and health among urban poor households in Thailand. Research questions were: (a) what are the experiences of food insecurity among households living in slum areas? and (b) what are the socioeconomic conditions, basic needs, food‐related behaviors, and perceptions of health that have changed in this group since the 1997 economic recession?

Methods:

A cross‐sectional descriptive survey was conducted to identify experiences of FI and perceptions of health in households living in slum areas. Questionnaires on food security, health, and nutritional assessment, including 3‐day dietary records, and anthropometric measurements, were collected from 199 female food providers of households.

Findings:

Only 44.2% of the households reported food security, and 39.2%, 13.6%, and 3% reported FI without hunger, FI with moderate hunger, and FI with severe hunger, respectively. Overall, households reported lower income and worse health and life satisfaction as a result of the economic recession. In addition, a decrease in income led to difficulty meeting their basic needs, such as access to health service and food provision.

Conclusions:

FI was prevalent and the reported experiences of those with FI indicate areas for improvement of health policy for urban poor families. The results of the study are constructive for developing health programs to empower the urban poor and contribute to health promotion of food security in Thailand.
Stigma in HIV‐Positive Women
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete , Lambe Camille , Barroso Julie
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To present a metasynthesis of qualitative findings on stigma in HIV‐positive women.

Method:

Metasummary and metasynthesis techniques were used to integrate findings on stigma in 93 reports of qualitative studies conducted between 1991 and 2002 with a total of 1,780 women, mostly from minority groups.

Findings:

Both perceived and enacted stigma were pervasive in the lives of HIV‐positive women. HIV‐related stigma was intensified in women because they were women. Stigma management largely involved efforts to control information in the service of preserving social relations and maintaining moral identity.

Discussion:

This metasynthesis reprises and clarifies the connections between recurring themes in primary quantitative studies and metastudies of HIV‐positive people and of stigmatizing diseases and conditions. This work also shows how affected people's location on key axes of difference can both facilitate and complicate efforts to manage stigma.

Conclusions:

HIV‐positive women experience stigmatization in relationships with others. HIV‐related stigma is as much a reflection of these others as it is central to the experience of HIV‐positive people themselves. Even those not infected with HIV are still affected by it and are thus appropriate targets for interventions to reduce its negative effects.
Experiences of Detained Young Offenders in Need of Mental Health Care
Authors: Shelton Deborah
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To explore the experiences of young people detained in the juvenile justice system and in need of mental health services.

Methods:

An ethnomethodological analysis was done using Kleinman's Explanatory Model Interview Guide to explore the perceptions of detained young people in need of mental health treatment.

Findings:

Five themes were extracted from focus groups, indicating lack of control in their lives and lack of family and community support. Although participants expressed feelings of hopelessness and depression, they perceived that it was better to be tough than to be sick.

Conclusions:

The findings indicate the need for multimodal treatment interventions to sequentially address the multiple internal and external factors contributing to persistent problem behaviors in children.
Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Health in Adult Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Wynd Christine A. , Murrock Carolyn J. , Zeller Richard A.
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To describe relationships among cardiovascular health indicators and health‐promoting behaviors in adult monozygotic (MZ) twins.

Design:

The descriptive, correlational design with a convenience sample of adult twins (77 twin pairs, or N=154) obtained during a public conference held in the Midwestern United States.

Methods:

Bivariate correlational analyses with twins as their own controls and with each twin pair. This double‐entry approach allowed for the creation of a symmetrical scatterplot of twin characteristics and accounted for the genuine effects of outliers. Relationships were examined among cardiovascular health indicators (systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass indices, serum lipids) and health‐promoting behaviors.

Findings:

Thirteen intermeasure correlations for cardiovascular indicators were significant, and 74% of the variance in the cardiovascular health indicators was shared within each twin pair, thus indicating evidence of common behavioral and genetic influences.

Conclusions:

Both behavioral and genetic factors contributed to cardiovascular health in adult MZ twins who shared close familial and environmental ties. This finding is consistent with previous literature identifying behavioral and genetic effects on the development of cardiovascular disease.