bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LAKE SETTLEMENTS OF THE UPPER VOLGA REGION IN THE 7—6th mil. CAL BC: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALAEOECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE FIRST POTTERY’ «INVASION» (ZAMOSTJE 2)
Authors: Lozovskaya O. V.
Published: April 2021

In the Middle Holocene, favorable living conditions were formed environmental on the territory of the modern Upper Volga River, which, after the retreat of the latest glacier, abounded with a branched system of feeders. They contributed to the economic stability driven by hunting for elk and beaver, waterfowl and marsh birds, as well as intensive fishing. In the recent decades, it was considered proven that ceramics were perceived by the native population, and the Early Neolithic, thus, was developed on a local basis. The new data accumulated in recent years makes it possible to bring up this topic again.
Natural, economic and cultural changes during the period from the end of the 7th to the beginning of the 6th millennium cal BC are considered on the example of the well-known multi-layer wetland site Zamostje 2, with preserved wooden fishing structures and a large number of bone and antler artefacts. The period of sharp climatic changes, known as the 8200 Cold Event, synchronous with the upper Mesolithic layer, influenced the site landscape, but, as it seems, did not affect the lifestyle of the local population.
The comparison between the two main archaeological layers of the lake settlement — the Late Mesolithic Upper layer (LM UL) and the Early Neolithic (EN), represented by the Upper Volga culture (UVc), shows both clear traces of continuity, primarily in the structure of the economy and production toolkits as well as new cultural influences reflected in the types of projectile hunting weapons and fishing gear. The function of the Early Neolithic pots, reconstructed on the basis of lipid analysis, also indicates the preservation of the comprehensive Mesolithic diet.
TOOLS WITH SECONDARY TREATMENT OF THE LATE PALEOLITHIC SITE NEAR THE KAMYANKA VILLAGE
Authors: Snizhko I. A.
Published: April 2021

The tools with secondary treatment from collection of the Late Paleolithic site near the Kamyanka village of Izum district in Kharkiv region are published in the paper. The collection of 8356 flint artifacts comes from the excavated area of 225 m2. The group of the tools with secondary treatment is not large — it consists of 88 items (1.05 %), typical for sites located near flint raw material outputs, where primary treatment took place directly in the dwelling area. From 27 burins 16 are straight burins, 5 are angle burins, 5 are truncation burins, a flat-faceted burin, a many-faceted burin and a double burin. As a preform, the flakes, blades, massive flakes and residual cores were used. There are 12 end-scrapers and scrapers; end-scrapers on flakes and blades prevail. The tools with notches are represented by 9 exemplars. Working elements of the piercing tools (4 exemplars) are formed by several splits on the flakes; in one case the tool is combined with middle burin. 11 flakes and blades have retouched areas. Microblades with truncated edge are represented by 16 exemplars. Notched backed points (whole one and 2 fragments) have no analogs in collections of the sites of allied territories. A high trapeze on a wrong-shape blade, a massive blade with an angle unit pointed out by retouch, a chisel-like item, a disk-shaped tool with retouched area are represented in one exemplar for now.
Generally the tools set is typical for Epigravettian sites, though the presence of notched backed points in it raises a range of questions which can be answered on during the further research.
THE DONETSK NEOLITHIC CULTURE SITE OF BONDARIKHА II
Authors: Manko V. O. , Telizhenko S. A.
Published: April 2021

The Neolithic site Bondarikha ІІ was explored 70 years ago by D. Ya. Telegin. The materials of the site were not processed utilizing modern methods. The authors of the paper re-examined and analyzed the site’s materials using current methodologies.
The Bondarikha II site is set along a natural boundary on what is now the south-eastern outskirts of the modern city of Izium, Kharkiv region. The location of the site is a section of an over-flooded terrace that stretches along the left bank of the River Siversky Donets, and a section of an older river bed named the Willow Pit. In the north, sections of the terrace were crossed by an unnamed stream, and its southern boundary defined by floodplains. The lowlands nearest the terrace are primarily comprised of wetlands.
It is quite clear that the Willow Pit was once an active river and seasonally may have transformed into a lake during times of flooding. The site is located approximately 7 m above the current floodplain. The general site position is typical for the Neolithic sites of Donetsk Culture, with the vast majority of which are located on terraces above the floodplain lakes of Siversky Donets, with the habitational remains occupying the highest areas of terraces, or the periphery / edges of such terraces.
The interpretation of Bondarikha material culture was quite simple. The presence of pencil-like blade cores, oblique truncated points of the Abuzova Balka and Donetsk types, a series of blades displaying abrupt retouch on edges, along with bilateral burins, scrapers on flakes, and ovate axes are attestation that the assemblage and complex are connected with the advanced stages of Donetsk Culture.
The estimation of the site’s age is possible only by the principles of relative chronology. The Mariupolian origin of the trapeze projectiles allows us to establish the earliest age range of the complex within the beginning of the VI millennium BC. However, the utilization of trapeze projectiles with flat dorsal retouch that spread in the basin of Siversky Donets in the third quarter of VI millennium BC is not present. Accordingly, we can safely place the age of the site within the first half of VI millennium BC.
REVISITING THE LATE BRONZE AGE STAROSILLIA DEPOSIT FROM THE CHERCASSY REGION
Authors: Kushtan D. P.
Published: April 2021

Thirty eight years ago the set of bronze tools found near the Starosillia village in Gorodyshche district of Cherkasy region has been published. This Late Bronze Age deposit remains one of the most known in the region. Three «celts», sleeve chisel and cast bracelet were preserved till the present time (fig. 1). These finds are kept in the Cherkasy Museum of local history.
Starosillia deposit is important in terms of identification of main intercultural connections and contacts in the late 2nd mil. BC. The evidence, obtained over the last several dozen years, makes possible the new attribution of finds, their typology, area of spread and dating. Besides this, new publication of Starosillia deposit with drawing and photos of a high quality (it should be noted that the article of D. Telegin is lacking the drawing of one «celt») is required. This is why we need to turn back to the deposit.
Two «celts» belong (fig. 3, 4) to the Dichevo type (Oinacu variant) according to V. Dergachev. Their origin is linked to Lower Danube center, from where these tools were spread in the North Pontic region, the area of Noua and Sabatynivka (later — early Bilozerka) cultures. Double-eyelet «celt» (fig. 2) belongs to Kardashynka type according to V. Dergachev. Such tools were used in late Sabatynivka and early Bilozerka time. In case of the analyzed region, such tools are referred to populations of Bilozerka culture, while the related molds were mainly found in the Lower Dnieper region. This is also the case of sleeve chisels (fig. 5) which are being similar to the find from Starosillia. Cast bracelet (fig. 6) from the deposit is typical for Sabatynivka and Bilozerka cultures, from which such bracelets could spread to the area of Bilogrudivka culture. Thus, the deposition of Starosillia deposit may be dated to the early Bilozerka time (HaA1), 12th century BC, when the Middle Dnieper region was inhabited by populations of Bilogrudivka culture.
Contracts of Assistance to Capable Natural Person
Authors: KIRIIAK Oksana
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes the existing theoretical and methodological approaches to the definition and use of the institution of an assistant in civil law. The author focuses on common methodological contradictions and regulatory inconsistencies and gaps in the legislative regulation of the outlined issue, as well as highlights the leading scientific views of domestic and foreign scientists. The analysis of the institution of the personal assistant through comparison with the existing legal constructions (official representative, custody or trusteeship, etc.) answers the actual questions of the legal nature and essence of the researched question, including by comparison with similar contractual relations. Meanwhile, the research determined in the article confirms that the potential of the institution of a personal assistant as an entity that provides support to an able-bodied individual is not used enough. The author states that nowadays relations related to the institution of an assistant, which are essentially a manifestation of a unique legal structure, are often considered as a form of social services that contradicts their civil nature and negatively affects the degree of normative detail of all aspects of the assistant relationship. and an able-bodied natural person who, due to his / her state of health, cannot independently exercise his / her civil rights and perform his / her civil duties. The article focuses on the fact that the development of the studied relations is hampered by the contradictory nature of legal regulation, which necessitates further scientific and theoretical research in this area. In order for the studied legal interaction between an able-bodied person and his assistant to be able to effectively solve the tasks set by society and the state, it is necessary to lay a solid foundation — a mechanism of legal regulation that will optimally implement all potential opportunities of such legal relations and agreements of the parties. The author has formulated specific ways to optimize and most effectively exclude all resource components from the institution of the personal assistant and its legal status in order to simultaneously satisfy the interests of all parties involved.
Socio-Economic Importance Of Biological Resources And Its Role In The Field Of Law
Authors:   Acting Professor, Doctor In Law, Tashkent State University Of Law, Department Of Ecological Law, Uzbekistan, Narzullaev Olim
Published: April 2021

Preservation of the natural environment in the coming decades is one of the universal human values as a necessary condition for the survival of life on Earth. But the process of realizing this is very slow. Protection of the environment, rational use of natural resources, ensuring the environmental safety of the population is one of the main directions of state environmental policy. The role and importance of the legal framework in regulating the complex environmental legal relations that arise in this process is enormous. In today’s world, the value of biological resources increases significantly. Biofuels, including population growth, climate change, plants and wildlife, have become widespread. However, a vulnerable living being is particularly sensitive to the effects of environmental factors and requires special measures to protect it.
Negative Effect Of Harmful Chemical Waste On Plant Development
Authors:   Associate Professor Of The Almalyk Branch Of The Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan, Kh.A. Riskulov , T.T. Adilov ,   Ph.D., Head Of The Department Of The Almalyk Branch Of The Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan, Z.R. Uzokova ,   Teacher Of Geography At Secondary School No. 32 Of The Piskent District, Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

At a high concentration of toxic gases in the air, the processes of photosynthesis stop immediately or after a few minutes. Excessive accumulation of heavy metals from the air and soil on the leaves and the retention of dust on the surface of the leaves sharply reduces the absorption of CO2 by plants, treatment with biologically active compounds accelerates biochemical reactions in plants, eliminating harmful substances.
The Spread Of SARS-Cov-2 Coronavirus In Uzbekistan And Current Response Measures
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department Of Anatomy And Human Anatomy, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Ismoilov Ortik Ismoilovich , Murodkosimov Saidkosim Murodkosimovich ,   Associate Professor, Department Of Epidemiology, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Kamalova Malika Ilkhomovna ,   Assistant To The Department Of Anatomy And Human Anatomy At Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Turaev Anvarshed Yuldashevich ,   Samarkand State Medical Institute, Medical Faculty, Group 258, Uzbekistan, Mahmudova Sevara Khamdamjonovna ,   The Student Of 210 Group Of Medical-Pedagogical Group Of Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan №5537 "On establishment of the Special Republican Commission on preparation of the Program of measures to prevent importation and spread of a new type of coronavirus in the Republic of Uzbekistan" dated January 29, 2020, and in accordance with the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan the list of primary prevention measures carried out by VPP in the primary health care system was developed.
Study Of The General Pharmacological Properties Of A New Antiarrhythmic N-Deacetyllappaconitine With Oral Administration
Authors:   Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Khamroev Tolmas Tolibovich , Sanoev Zafar Isomiddinovich ,   Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Abdinazarov Ibrokhim To’ychievich ,   Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Rakhimboev Sukhrob Davlatyor O’gli ,   Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Rashidov Sokhib Zamon O’gli ,   Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Published: April 2021

The aim of the present study was to study a new antiarrhythmic effect of N-deacetyllappaconitine on the general pharmacological irritant effect on the skin, when applied to the conjunctival sac of the eye, mucosal hyperemia and lacrimation, cumulative, allergenic and diuretic effects. At the same time, it does not cause changes, which makes it more secure.
Dental Diseases And Their Development
Authors:   Assistant Of The Department Of Pediatric Dentistry Shukurov, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Shukhratovich Shukurov Sherzod , Musurmonovich Abdisayitov Shahzod ,   Clinical Resident Of The Department Of Pediatric Dentistry, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Shodiyorovich Norbekov Laziz ,   Clinical Resident Of The Department Of Pediatric Dentistry Samarkand State Medical Institute Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

The main content of the article is information about dental diseases and their types. Ways of development of dental diseases and measures for their elimination are given. Treatment is provided through folk medicine.
Laboratory And Molecular-Genetic Markers Of The Progression Of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (literature review and own data)
Authors:   Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan, A.A. Hamrayev , D.H. Yuldasheva ,   Bukhara State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common diseases in hepatology. First of all, this is associated with a high risk of progression of NAFLD with the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiological and genetic studies have shown the relationship between the morphological stage of NAFLD and hereditary factors. The article provides a review of the literature on the cytokines, MBOAT7 and GCKR genes. Also, a variant of the MBOAT7 and GCKR gene is associated with a high risk of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD and elevated serum triglyceride levels.
Competence Approach Is An Integrating Factor Of Training Future Doctors
Authors:   Fergana Branch Of The Tashkent Medical Academy, Assistant Of The Department Of Epidemiology And Treatment, Fergana City, Uzbekistan, Yuldashevna Ashurova Oyistaxon
Published: April 2021

The article reveals the essence of the concepts of "competence" and "competence-based approach", highlights the signs of competence. The difference between the content of the competence-based approach and the traditional one (knowledge-centric) is shown. The role of the competence-based approach in the training of future doctors is revealed.
Preparing for Success at the Ninth Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Review Conference
Authors:   UNIDIR, Revill James , Borrie John , Saunders Emma , Lennane Richard
Published: April 2021

The Ninth Review Conference of the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (BWC) presents a unique opportunity for States Parties to strengthen this important disarmament agreement. To make the most of this opportunity, this report offers practical insights and lessons from past Review Conferences to help States Parties and stakeholders prepare for a successful outcome.
Using behavioural manifestations of dynamic risk factors to assess change in incarcerated sexual offenders
Authors: Sweller Tamara , Thomas Stuart , Daffern Michael ,   Corrective Services New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,   Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia,   Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne and Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Melbourne, Australia
Published: April 2021

This study investigated change in behavioural manifestations of dynamic risk factors, in a sample of adult male sexual offenders who completed a custody-based treatment program. A checklist was developed to monitor and determine change in the frequency of behavioural manifestations of dynamic risk factors and prosocial equivalent behaviours. Offenders and custodial staff completed the checklist once each week for the duration of the offender’s period of treatment (range = 26-69 weeks, M = 45). Checklist scores were aggregated into domains based on the organisation of the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (Psychological Adjustment; Social Adjustment; Mental Disorder; Manageability). Change over time for individuals and the group was evaluated. Results showed an increase in positive behaviour in all domains, but there was only a decrease in risk-related manifestations in Psychological Adjustment, and this was only according to offenders. Offender self-report and staff observations were compared, revealing different perceptions of change. Using a behavioural checklist that incorporates self-report and observer data to measure change may provide a comprehensive measure of change over time.
Previously Unsubmitted Sexual Assault Kits: Characteristics of Kits with Victims under Eighteen
Authors: Melton Heather C. , Stewart Summer ,   University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,   University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Published: April 2021

1 ADD TO CART Sexual assault continues to be a major societal and criminal issue. Particularly detrimental is sexual assault committed against children. Children who experience a sexual assault are likely to suffer from multiple negative outcomes including increasing their risk for juvenile delinquency and mental health issues. A sexual assault kit is one tool that the criminal justice system uses to bring justice for victims and hold offenders accountable for their behaviour. It provides often vital evidence that can potentially be used in the prosecution of these cases. Yet it has become clear that many sexual assaults are never submitted to crime laboratories for processing. This paper explores previously unsubmitted sexual assault kits of child/adolescent victims. Characteristics of the victims, the case, and the police report are explored. Additionally, these kits are compared to kits with an adult victim to further our understanding of the problem. Findings include: over 20% of the unsubmitted sexual assault kits had a victim under 18, the highest number of unsubmitted kits for children were for victims between the ages of 15-17, the majority of child victims knew their offenders, and cases associated with child kits were more likely to be moved forward at the time of the original incident (without the kit being submitted) than adult cases. Ultimately, the goal is to improve our overall response to all victims of sexual assault.
Finances of the Arctic. Implementation of Functions of the Financial-Investment Potential in the Arctic Regions of the Russian Federation: scientific-analytical report.
Authors:   G. P. LuzinInstituteforEconomicStudiesofFRSKSCRAS, Kobylinskaya G. V. , Barasheva T. I. ,   G. P. LuzinInstituteforEconomicStudiesofFRSKSCRAS, Badylevich R. V. ,   G. P. LuzinInstituteforEconomicStudiesofFRSKSCRAS, Chapargina A. N. ,   Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of RAS, Dyadik N. V. ,   G. P. LuzinInstituteforEconomicStudiesofFRSKSCRAS
Published: April 2021

The scientific-analytical report presents a study of the financial-investment potential distinguishing its structural elements: potentials of economic entities, fiscal and financial-credit potentials. A special attention is paid to functional specificities of each element of the financial potential in regional development and revealing their interconnections. Regions of the Russian Arctic zone characterized by severe climatic conditions, having strong nature resource potential, and being a zone of increased interest from large corporate structures and strategic interest of the state are the object of the study. The work is addressed to scientific researchers, legislative and executive authorities of different levels, financial-credit institutions, enterprises and organizations, lecturers and students as well as other readers interested in issues of the Arctic territories’ development. The scientific and analytical report was prepared as a part of the state assignment of FRS KSC RAS in terms of conducting research work of the G. P. Luzin Institute for Economic Studies on topic No. АААА-А18-118051590117-3 “Scientific bases of formation and implementation of the financial-investment potential of the Arctic and Northern regions”.
Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward
Authors: Lehtimaki Susanna , Reidy Aisling , Nishtar Kassim , Darehschori Sara , Painter Andrew , Schwalbe Nina
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for national economies, livelihoods, and public services, including health systems. In January 2021, the World Health Organization proposed an international treaty on pandemics to strengthen the political commitment towards global pandemic preparedness, control, and response. The plan is to present a draft treaty to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. To inform the design of a support system for this treaty, we explored existing mechanisms for periodic reviews conducted either by peers or an external group as well as mechanisms for in-country investigations, conducted with or without country consent. Based on our review, we summarized key design principles requisite for review and investigation mechanisms and explain how these could be applied to pandemics preparedness, control, and response in global health. While there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right, there is potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms. A Universal Periodic Review design based on the model of human rights treaties with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body, if made obligatory, could support compliance with a new pandemic treaty. In terms of on-site investigations, the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture could lend itself to treaty monitoring and outbreak investigations on short notice or unannounced. These mechanisms need to be put in place in accordance with several core interlinked design principles: compliance; accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. The World Health Organization can incentivize and complement these efforts. It has an essential role in providing countries with technical support and tools to strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacities, including technical support for creating surveillance structures, integrating non-traditional data sources, creating data governance and data sharing standards, and conducting regular monitoring and assessment of preparedness and response capacities.
Characteristics of Immune-Related Thyroid Adverse Events in Patients Treated with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors
Authors: Yoon Jee Hee , Hong A Ram , Kim Hee Kyung , Kang Ho-Cheol
Published: April 2021

Background: Thyroid immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) have been reported in patients treated with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. We investigated the incidence and clinical course of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced thyroid IRAEs, and identified predictable clinical risk factors of thyroid IRAEs, in particular, overt hypothyroidism (OH).Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 325 cancer patients receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor in a tertiary referral center.Results: A total of 50.5% (164/325) of patients experienced at least one abnormal thyroid function following PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor. Eighty-four patients (51.2%) of them recovered to normal thyroid function during follow-up. In overall population, 25 patients (7.7%) required thyroid hormone replacement therapy due to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced OH. Patients who progressed to OH showed significantly higher baseline thyroid stimulating hormone level and longer duration of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy than those without thyroid dysfunction or OH (both P<0.001). Median time interval to the development of OH was 3 months after the therapy. OH was significantly associated with positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody at baseline and anti-thyroglobulin antibody during the therapy than those without thyroid dysfunction or OH (P=0.015 and P=0.005, respectively). We observed no patients with OH who were able to stop levothyroxine replacement after the cessation of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy.Conclusion: PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced thyroid dysfunctions are considerably reversible; however, OH is irreversible requiring levothyroxine replacement even after stopping the therapy. Positive thyroid autoantibodies may predict the progression to OH.
Hepatitis E: update and perspectives
Authors: GUȚU Veaceslav
Published: April 2021

Introduction. There are approximately 20 million cases of HVE annually worldwide, leading to approximately 3.3 million symptomatic cases of acute hepatitis E. The WHO estimates that HEV caused approximately 44,000 deaths in 2015 accounting for 3.3% of the mortality rate due to viral hepatitis.

Material and methods. The study of 75 bibliographic sources was carried out. The scientific platforms EMBASE, PubMed, HINARI, data from the national libraries as well as international relevant reference data were thoroughly examined.

Results. The present relevant study has highlighted important aspects of hepatitis E virus infection. Along with the improved living conditions and water quality standards, the latter being a disease-causing factor in the transmission of HEV, both the developed and developing countries are facing HEV, particularly in high-risk population groups, including people who are employed in the pork-processing industry and beneficiaries of blood transfusions.

Conclusions. The countries' capacity to detect and control this infection is limited since it has not been included within the surveillance policies and programs yet. Risk factors associated with the epidemic process should be elucidated to provide and develop appropriate evidence-based measures to optimize the surveillance and control system in order to reduce the risk of contracting HEV and maintain favorable conditions for epidemiological safety.
PROBLEMS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESS OF
KHABAROVSK KRAI IN ENTERING THE FOREIGN MARKET
Authors: Aleksandrova E. A. , Boiko T. S.
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes the problems of small and medium-sized business of Khabarovsk Krai, in particular, the problems associated with the process of entering the foreign markets. It is concluded that the key problems of small and medium-sized business of Khabarovsk Krai are the issues of logistics and innovative development. These are the strategic and systemic problems
PRODUCT STRATEGY OF TRADING COMPANY
Authors: Tolmacheva I. A.
Published: April 2021

The article considers the problem of product strategy development of trading company. The analysis of the existing product strategy of wholesale trading company is given. Certain measures to eliminate the company's problems in this area are proposed.
PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF ORGANIZATIONS’ INFORMATION SECURITY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Korobkova O. K.
Published: April 2021

The article reveals the problems associated with the information security of an economic entity. The classification of threats to organizations’ information security and measures to prevent them is compiled. A plan of measures to minimize threats to the information security of an economic entity is proposed. The results of the study can be applied by organizations in any field of activity
PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
METHODOLOGY FOR STUDENTS WITH COMBINED DISEASES
Authors: Zaporozhskaya I. V.
Published: April 2021

The increase in the number of students of a special medical group, especially with combined diseases, and the insufficient methodological support of this direction are prerequisites for the development of physical education methodology using certain means as Nordic walking, joint and isometric gymnastics of Dr. S. M. Bubnovsky
A floristic assessment of grassland diversity loss in South Africa
Authors: Muller M. , Siebert S.J. , Ntloko B.R. , Siebert F.
Published: April 2021

Background: Land-use effects on grassland flora are difficult to predict due to poor understanding of species losses caused by transformation.Objectives: To determine changes in species diversity and composition by comparing transformed with untransformed grassland.Methods: Floristics of paired plots were sampled within 18 transformed sites (representing agricultural and urban land-uses) and neighbouring untransformed grassland.Results: Endemic and threatened species were negatively affected by transformation, particularly species with belowground bud-banks and storage organs. Species composition, with clear shifts in dominant families, was changed by over 90% on average by transformation.Conclusion: Land-use transformation leads to the loss of native species and increased alien invasive species.
Open Ecosystems: Ecology and Evolution Beyond the Forest Edge
Authors: Siebert F.
Published: April 2021

Review of:
William Bond. 2019, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK 192 pages, Hardcover, Paperback, Ebook ISBN-13: 978-0198812456DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198812456.001.0001$78 (~ R 1 135, Hardcover); $85 (~R 1 240, Ebook); $46 (~R 660, Paperback)
A baseline assessment of the photosynthetic potential of Welwitschia mirabilis using the JIP-test for monitoring and conservation purposes
Authors: Berner J.M. , Cloete H. , Shuuya T.
Published: April 2021

Background: Welwitschia mirabilis is highly specialised to survive the harsh climate of the Namib Desert. Changes in land use, such as the expansion of mining activities, may endanger their survival.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand the photosynthetic potential of W. mirabilis plants to provide a baseline for future long-term monitoring, and for future comparison to determine plant health status after the onset of mining operations.Methods: The study was conducted in a population of W. mirabilis on the Welwitschia Plains. Chlorophyll a fluorescence data were used to measure plant photochemical potential and analysed using the JIP-test.Results: Significant differences in the photosynthetic potential was observed for W. mirabilis plants located in different catchments. The partial parameters of the PIABS values were also significantly lower, which indicated that all aspects of photosynthesis were influenced.Conclusion: PIABS values can serve as a baseline for future long-term monitoring studies to detect any changes in the health status of W. mirabilis that might result from land use change.
THE 20TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT OF THE VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Authors: Bogdevičius Marijonas , Spruogis Bronislovas , Sivilevičius Henrikas , Bartulis Vilius , Jurevičius Jurgis , Prentkovskis Olegas , Sokolovskij Edgar , Vladimirov Oleg , Suslavičius Vladimiras , Junevičius Raimundas , Karalevičius Irmantas , Vika Aleksandr , Dabulevičiene Laim
Published: April 2021

"The 20th anniversary of the department of transport technological equipment of the Vilnius Gediminas technical university" Transport, 11(1), p. 1-8
Radiation Belt Response to Fast Reverse Shock at Geosynchronous Orbit
Authors: Bhaskar Ankush , Sibeck David , Kanekal Shrikanth G. , Singer Howard J. , Reeves Geoffrey , Oliveira Denny M. , Kang Suk-Bin , Komar Colin
Published: April 2021

Fast reverse shocks (FRSs) cause the magnetosphere to expand, by contrast to the well-known compressions caused by the impact of fast forward shocks (FFS). Usually, FFSs are more geoeffective than FRSs, and consequently the inner magnetosphere dynamic responses to both shock types can be quite different. In this study, we investigate for the first time the radiation belt response to an FRS impact using multi-satellite observations and numerical simulations. Spacecraft on the dayside observed decreases in magnetic field strength and energetic (∼40–475 keV) particle fluxes. Timing analysis shows that the magnetic field signature propagated from the dayside to the nightside magnetosphere. Particles with different energies vary simultaneously at each spacecraft, implying a non-dispersive particle response to the shock. Spacecraft located at lower L-shells did not record any significant signatures. The observations indicate a local time dependence of the response associated with the shock inclination, with the clearest signatures being observed in the dusk–midnight sector. Simulations underestimate the amplitude of the magnetic field variations observed on the nightside. The observed decreases in the electron intensities result from a combination of radial gradient and adiabatic effects. The radial gradients in the spectral index appear to be the dominant contributor to the observed variations of electrons seen on the dayside (near noon and dusk) and on the nightside (near midnight). This study shows that even an FRS can affect the radiation belts significantly and provides an opportunity to understand their dynamic response to a sudden expansion of the magnetosphere.
Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Disks with a Dust Component. V. The Dynamic Model for Freeze-out and Sublimation of Volatiles
Authors: Molyarova Tamara , Vorobyov Eduard I. , Akimkin Vitaly , Skliarevskii Aleksandr , Wiebe Dmitri , Güdel Manuel
Published: April 2021

The snowlines of various volatile species in protoplanetary disks are associated with abrupt changes in gas composition and dust physical properties. Volatiles may affect dust growth, as they cover grains with icy mantles that can change the fragmentation velocity of the grains. In turn, dust coagulation, fragmentation, and drift through the gas disk can contribute to the redistribution of volatiles between the ice and gas phases. Here we present the hydrodynamic model FEOSAD for protoplanetary disks with two dust populations and volatile dynamics. We compute the spatial distributions of major volatile molecules (H2O, CO2, CH4, and CO) in the gas, on small and grown dust, and analyze the composition of icy mantles over the initial 0.5 Myr of disk evolution. We show that most of the ice arrives to the surface of the grown dust through coagulation with small grains. Spiral structures and dust rings forming in the disk, as well as photodissociation in the outer regions, lead to the formation of complex snowline shapes and multiple snowlines for each volatile species. During the considered disk evolution, the snowlines shift closer to the star, with their final position being a factor of 4–5 smaller than that at the disk formation epoch. We demonstrate that volatiles tend to collect in the vicinity of their snowlines, both in the ice and gas phases, leading to the formation of thick icy mantles potentially important for dust dynamics. The dust size is affected by a lower fragmentation velocity of bare grains in the model with a higher turbulent viscosity.
Continuous Jets and Backflow Models for the Formation of W50/SS 433 in Magnetohydrodynamics Simulations
Authors: Ohmura T. , Ono K. , Sakemi H. , Tashima Y. , Omae R. , Machida M.
Published: April 2021

The formation mechanism of the W50/SS 433 complex has long been a mystery. We propose a new scenario in which the SS 433 jets themselves form the W50/SS 433 system. We carry out magnetohydrodynamics simulations of the propagation of two side jets using the public code CANS+. As found in previous jet studies, when the propagating jet is lighter than the surrounding medium, the shocked plasma flows back from the jet tip to the core. We find that the morphology of light jets is spheroidal at early times; afterward, the shell and wings are developed by the broadening spherical cocoon. The morphology depends strongly on the density ratio of the injected jet to the surrounding medium. Meanwhile, the ratio of the lengths of the two side jets depends only on the density profile of the surrounding medium. We also find that most of the jet kinetic energy is dissipated at the oblique shock formed by the interaction between the backflow and beam flow, rather than at the jet terminal shock. The position of the oblique shock is spatially consistent with the X-ray and TeV gamma-ray hotspots of W50.
Pristine PSP/WISPR Observations of the Circumsolar Dust Ring near Venus's Orbit
Authors: Stenborg Guillermo , Gallagher Brendan , Howard Russell A. , Hess Phillip , Raouafi Nour Eddine
Published: April 2021

The Parker Solar Probe mission (PSP) has completed seven orbits around the Sun. The Wide-field Imager for Solar Probe (WISPR) on PSP consists of two visible light heliospheric imagers, which together image the interplanetary medium between 13.°5 and 108° elongation. The PSP/WISPR nominal science observing window occurs during the solar encounters, which take place when the spacecraft (S/C) is within 0.25 au from the Sun. During Orbit 3, an extended science campaign took place while PSP transited between 0.5 and 0.25 au (during both inbound and outbound orbit segments). PSP mission operations implemented a variety of 180° S/C rolls about the S/C-Sun pointing axis during the extended science window. The vantage of the PSP location, combined with the different S/C roll orientations, allowed us to unveil a circumsolar dust density enhancement associated with Venus’s orbit. Specifically, we observed an excess brightness band of about 1% at its center over the brightness of the background zodiacal light in all PSP/WISPR images obtained during the extended campaign. We explain this brightness band as due to an increase in the density of the circumsolar dust orbiting the Sun close to the Venusian orbit. The projected latitudinal extent of the ring is estimated at about 0.043 au ± 0.004 au, exhibiting an average density enhancement of the order of 10%. Here, we report and characterize the first comprehensive, pristine observations of the plane-of-sky projection of the dust ring in almost its full 360° longitudinal extension.
Experimental Study on CH+ Formation from Doubly Charged Carbon and Molecular Hydrogen
Authors: Plašil Radek , Rednyk Serhiy , Kovalenko Artem , Tran Thuy Dung , Roučka Štěpán , Dohnal Petr , Novotný Oldřich , Glosík Juraj
Published: April 2021

We studied the reaction of doubly charged carbon C2+ (C iii) with molecular hydrogen, a possible source of the high, unexplained abundances of interstellar CH+. The experiment was carried out using the cryogenic linear 22-pole radio frequency ion trap. The measured reaction rate coefficient amounts to (1.5 ± 0.2) × 10−10 cm3 s−1, nearly independently of the covered temperature range from 15 to 300 K. In the product distribution study, the C+ ion was identified as the dominant product of the reaction. For the CH+ production, we determine an upper limit for the reaction rate coefficient at 2 × 10−12 cm3 s−1.
When the Peas Jump around the Pod: How Stellar Clustering Affects the Observed Correlations between Planet Properties in Multiplanet Systems
Authors: Chevance Mélanie , Diederik Kruijssen J. M. , Longmore Steven N.
Published: April 2021

Recent studies have shown that the radii and masses of adjacent planets within a planetary system are correlated. It is unknown how this “peas-in-a-pod” phenomenon originates, whether it is in place at birth or requires evolution, and whether it (initially) applies only to neighboring planets or to all planets within a system. Here we address these questions by making use of the recent discovery that planetary system architectures strongly depend on ambient stellar clustering. Based on Gaia's second data release, we divide the sample of planetary systems hosting multiple planets into those residing in stellar position–velocity phase space overdensities and the field, representing samples with elevated and low degrees of external perturbation, respectively. We demonstrate that the peas-in-a-pod phenomenon manifests itself in both samples, suggesting that the uniformity of planetary properties within a system is not restricted to direct neighbors and likely already exists at birth. The radius uniformity is significantly elevated in overdensities, suggesting that it can be enhanced by evolutionary effects that either have a similar impact on the entire planetary system or favor the retention of similar planets. The mass uniformity may exhibit a similar, but weaker dependence. Finally, we find ordering in both samples, with the planet radius and mass increasing outwards. Despite its prevalence, the ordering is somewhat weaker in overdensities, suggesting that it may be disrupted by external perturbations arising from stellar clustering. We conclude that a comprehensive understanding of the peas-in-a-pod phenomenon requires linking planet formation and evolution to the large-scale stellar and galactic environment.
Minidisk Dynamics in Accreting, Spinning Black Hole Binaries: Simulations in Full General Relativity
Authors: Paschalidis Vasileios , Bright Jane , Ruiz Milton , Gold Roman
Published: April 2021

We perform magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accreting, equal-mass binary black holes in full general relativity focusing on the impact of black hole spin on the dynamical formation and evolution of minidisks. We find that during the late inspiral the sizes of minidisks are primarily determined by the interplay between the tidal field and the effective innermost stable orbit around each black hole. Our calculations support that a minidisk forms when the Hill sphere around each black hole is significantly larger than the black hole’s effective innermost stable orbit. As the binary inspirals, the radius of the Hill sphere decreases, and minidisks consequently shrink in size. As a result, electromagnetic signatures associated with minidisks may be expected to gradually disappear prior to merger when there are no more stable orbits within the Hill sphere. In particular, a gradual disappearance of a hard electromagnetic component in the spectrum of such systems could provide a characteristic signature of merging black hole binaries. For a binary of given total mass, the timescale to minidisk “evaporation” should therefore depend on the black hole spins and the mass ratio. We also demonstrate that accreting binary black holes with spin have a higher efficiency for converting accretion power to jet luminosity. These results could provide new ways to estimate black hole spins in the future.
A Highly Collimated Flow from the High-mass Protostar ISOSS J23053+5953 SMM2
Authors: Rodríguez Tatiana M. , Hofner Peter , Araya Esteban , Zhang Qizhou , Linz Hendrik , Cesaroni Riccardo , Kurtz Stan , Gomez Laura , Carrasco-González Carlos , Rosero Viviana
Published: April 2021

We present Very Large Array cm continuum observations, as well as 1.3 mm continuum and CO(2–1) observations taken with the Submillimeter Array toward the high-mass protostellar candidate ISOSS J23053+5953 SMM2. Compact cm continuum emission was detected near the center of the SMM2 dust core, and the 1.3 mm thermal dust emission indicates a core mass of 46  M
⊙. The CO(2–1) observation revealed a large, massive molecular flow centered on the SMM2 core. This fast outflow (>50 km s−1) appears highly collimated, with a broader, lower-velocity component. The large values for outflow mass (45 M
⊙), and energetics derived are consistent with those of flows driven by high-mass YSOs. The dynamical timescale of the flow is between 1.5−7.2 × 104 yr. Our data confirm previous findings that SMM2 is an emerging high-mass protostar in a very early phase of evolution, with an ionized jet, and a fast, highly collimated, and massive outflow.
Practical Effects of Integrating Temperature with Strang Split Reactions
Authors: Zingale M. , Katz M. P. , Willcox D. E. , Harpole A.
Published: April 2021

Many astrophysical environments involve convective or explosive flows driven by thermonuclear reactions (Type Ia supernovae, classical novae, X-ray bursts, stellar evolution). Simulation codes need to accurately capture the interactions between reactions and hydrodynamics to produce realistic models of these events. For astrophysical reacting flows, operator splitting is commonly used to couple hydrodynamics and reactions. Each process operates independent of one another, but by staggering the updates in a symmetric fashion (via Strang splitting) second order accuracy in time can be achieved. However, approximations are often made to the reacting system, including the choice of whether or not to integrate temperature with the species. Here we demonstrate through a simple convergence test that integrating an energy equation together with reactions achieves the best convergence when modeling reactive flows with Strang splitting. Additionally, second order convergence cannot be achieved without integrating an energy or temperature equation.
Formation of the Lunar Dust Ejecta Cloud
Authors: Bernardoni Edwin , Horányi Mihály , Szalay Jamey
Published: April 2021

The Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) on board the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) mission orbited the Moon from 2014 September to 2015 April and observed a dynamic, permanently present dust cloud produced by continual meteoroid bombardment. For the latitudes observed by LDEX, the sporadic background contribution to the impacting dust flux is dominated by helion (HE), apex (AP), and antihelion (AH) sources oscillating with lunar phase. Using improved impact ejecta distributions, a three-dimensional model was implemented to estimate the inner and outer ejecta cone angles from LDEX plume measurements. Expanding upon this single-plume model and the derived ejecta cone angles, we implemented a global lunar model fitted to LDEX measurements of the sporadic background to constrain the product of meteoroid impactor fluxes and ejecta mass yield per source. We use the observed asymmetry between sunward and antisunward impactor fluxes to discuss the possible contributions of β-meteoroids, in addition to the HE and AH sporadic meteoroid sources. We find that if β-meteoroids are responsible for the day/night asymmetry, they must have an impact ejecta yield of at least 103.