bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foundation Strategy for Social Impact: A System Change Perspective
Authors: Ferris James M. , Williams Nicolas
Published: November 2010

As foundations work to leverage their philanthropic assets to achieve greater social impact, there is a keen interest in designing strategies that create transformative rather than incremental change. This paper is an effort to provide a conceptual overview that will enable foundations to better understand what system change means in the context of foundation strategy. It provides a succinct, non-technical definition of a system in an attempt to move from system as a metaphor to a more concrete framework that can guide foundation work. Particular attention is paid to the need to discern which strategic options are more likely to catalyze transformative change, the links between policy change and system change, and consideration of a wider choice set for creating system change.
Public Private Partnership between Local Governments and Nonprofits in Japan
Authors: Okuyama Naoko , Ishida Yu , Yamauchi Naoto
Published: November 2010

In the framework of public sector reform and the recently popularized concept of a new public sphere, attention has been focused on the significance and effectiveness of public private partnership (PPP). However, the smooth operation of PPP practice is yet to be realized, and the nonprofit sector still faces challenges in becoming a government partner in public service provision. We examine government behavior in PPP practice and its stance on partnership practice and collaborative relations with contemporary nonprofit organizations. Through public finance statistics and a unique set of variables, an empirical analysis reveals that the existence of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) positively affects local government decisions to implement PPP practices and outsource to NPOs for public service provision. Other influential factors include local governments budgetary conditions, attitudes towards public administration and finance, local chief executive characteristics, and neighboring local government behaviors.
Evidence and research perspectives for surgeons in the European Rectal Cancer Consensus Conference (EURECA-CC2)
Authors: Valentini V. , Coco C. , Gambacorta M.A. , Barba M.C. , Meldolesi E.
Published: November 2010

PURPOSE: Although surgery remains the most important treatment of rectal cancer, the management of this disease has evolved to become more multidisciplinary to offer the best clinical outcome. The International Conference on Multidisciplinary Rectal Cancer Treatment: Looking for an European Consensus' (EURECA-CC2) had the due to identify the degree of consensus that could be achieved across a wide range of topics relating to the management of rectal cancer helping shape future programs, investigational protocols and guidelines for staging and treatment throughout Europe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consensus was achieved using the Delphi method. Eight chapters were identified: epidemiology, diagnostics, pathology, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, treatment toxicity and quality of life, follow-up, and research questions. Each chapter was subdivided by topic, and a series of statements were developed. Each committee member commented and voted, sentence by sentence three times. Sentences which did not reach agreement after voting round # 2 were openly debated during the Conference in Perugia (Italy) December 2008. The Executive Committee scored percentage consensus based on three categories: 'large consensus', 'moderate consensus', 'minimum consensus'. RESULTS: The total number of the voted sentences was 207. Of the 207, 86% achieved large consensus, 13% achieved moderate consensus, and only 3 (1%) resulted in minimum consensus. No statement was disagreed by more than 50% of members. All chapters were voted on by at least 75% of the members, and the majority was voted on by 85%. CONCLUSIONS: This Consensus Conference represents an expertise opinion process that may help shape future programs, investigational protocols, and guidelines for staging and treatment of rectal cancer throughout Europe. In spite of substantial progress, many research challenges remain.
Quality assurance through outcome registration in colorectal cancer: An ECCO initiative for Europe
Authors: Van Gijn , Van de
Published: November 2010

In recent years there have been significant improvements in outcome of rectal cancer treatment. Both new surgical techniques as well as effective neoadjuvant treatment regimens have contributed to these improvements. It is key to spread these advances towards every rectal cancer patient and to make sure that not only patients who are treated within the framework of clinical trials may benefit from these advancements. Throughout Europe there have been interesting quality programs that have proved to facilitate the spread of up to date knowledge and skills among medical professionals resulting in improved treatment outcome. Nevertheless, between European countries remain differences in outcome and treatment schedules that cannot be easily explained. The European CanCer Organisation (ECCO) has recognised these importances's and created the 'European Registration of Cancer Care' (EURECCA) framework to develop a European colorectal audit structure. EURECCA will advance future treatment improvements and spread these to all European cancer patients. It provides opportunities to treat elderly and comorbid patients evidence based while it offers an unique insight in social-economical healthcare matters. As such, ECCO has established the basis for a strong, multidisciplinary audit structure with the commitment to improve cancer care for every European cancer patient.
Extended surgery and pelvic exenteration for locally advanced rectal cancer: What are the limits?
Authors: Smith J.D. , Paty P.B.
Published: November 2010

Historically, locally advanced rectal cancers with invasion of tumor into adjacent organs (T4 N1,2 tumors) have been considered poor prognosis cancers treated with palliative intent. However with the advent of multi-modality therapy and improvement in surgical reconstructive techniques, extended resections for rectal tumors are possible with acceptable patient morbidity and excellent oncological outcomes.
The minimally invasive approach, laparoscopic and robotic, in rectal resection for cancer: A single center experience
Authors: Popescu I. , Vasilescu C. , Tomulescu V. , Vasile S. , Sgarbura O.
Published: November 2010

Background: Robotic approach for rectal cancer competes with laparoscopy in centers dedicated to minimally invasive surgery (MIS) due to the technologic advantage. This is a report of our experience with MIS for rectal cancer. Methods: A series of 84 consecutive patients with laparoscopic resection (between 1995-2010) and 38 consecutive patients with robotic resection (between 2008-2010) for primary rectal cancer were analyzed. Hartmann's procedures were excluded. Clinical and pathologic outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Results: In the laparoscopic group (LG), 50 anterior rectal resections (ARR), 34 abdominal perineal resections (APR) were performed while in the robotic group(RG) there were 30 ARR and 8 APR. The median operative time was 182 min (140-220 min) in LG and 208 min (180- 300 min) in RG (p=0.0002). No statistically significant difference was noticed between the groups in terms of conversion, morbidity, anastomotic leak and postoperative stay rates. Margin clearance was obtained in all patients and the median number of removed lymph nodes was similar: 11.37 in RG vs 11.07 in the LG (p=0.65) with a higher rate of metastatic lymph node involvement in laparoscopy (p=0.0012). Blood loss was higher in LG (150 ml vs. 100 ml; p=0.0001). There were 5 (5.9%) local recurrences in the LG at a median follow- up of 27.5 months and 2 (5.2%) in the RG at a median follow-up of 13 months (p=0.43). Conclusions: Minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer proved to be safe and efficient with similar results in the two groups. Technological advances of robotic approach compared to laparoscopy allowed better ergonomics, more refined dissection, easier preserving of hypogastric nerves and less blood loss. Long term outcomes are to be assessed in prospective randomized studies.
Laparascopic colon resection for cancer: Evidence based results
Authors: Bracale U. , Barone M. , Perna F. , Nastro P. , Pignata G.
Published: November 2010

About 90-92% of patients with carcinoma of the colon are treated surgically. For other surgeons, laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of malignancies remains controversial because of concerns about the adequacy of lymphadenectomy, the extent of resection, early findings of port-site metastasis and the lack of data on long-term results. In our experience, there are no differences between the laparoscopic and laparotomic techniques, and only advantages if the laparoscopic technique is use correctly. We essentially agree with the good results of many studies published in the last ten years, but we are extremely confident that it is necessary to have a good learning curve and a high-volume cases hospital to obtain good results through a laparoscopic approach. So laparoscopic colorectal surgery should be performed only by surgeons who have completed training in this approach and who perform the procedure often enough to maintain a good level of competence.
Radiation bowel disease and its clinical implication
Authors: Salmo E.N. , Haboubi N.Y.
Published: November 2010

Pre-operative radiotherapy may induce radiation colitis and tumour regression. Histological evaluation of radiation colitis needs to be reproducible to assess disease progression. The severity of radiation colitis can be assessed and graded according to its histological features. Increased severity of disease appears to be associated with a higher degree of cellular atypia and a lesser eosinophilic infiltrate. The severity of histological changes does not appear to be associated with post-operative complications. Tumour regression is an interesting phenomenon, the histological grading of which is of prognostic importance. Patients treated with long course radiotherapoy appear to have more incidences of postoperative complications. However, these are though to be related to the degree of tumour regression rather than to the type of radiotherapy.
Morbidity predicting factors of penetrating colon injuries
Authors: Mickevicius A. , Valeikaite G. , Tamelis A. , Saladzinskas Z. , Svagzdys S. , Pavalkis D.
Published: November 2010

THE AIM of this study was to analyze patients suffering from penetrating colon injuries management, clinical outcomes and factors, which predict higher morbidity and complications rate. METHODS: this was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from patients with injured colon from 1995 to 2008. Age, time till operation, systolic blood pressure, part of injured colon, fecal contamination, PATI were registered. Monovariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine higher morbidity predictive factors. RESULTS: 61 patients had penetrating colon injuries. Major fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity and systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg are independent factors determining the fecal diversion operation. Primary repair group analysis establish that major fecal contamination and systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg OR=4,2 and 0,96 were significant risk factors, which have contributed to the development of postoperative complications. And systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg and PATI 20 predict OR=0,05 and 2,61 higher morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity and hypotension were determined to be crucial in choice of performing fecal diversion or primary repair. But the same criteria and PATI predict higher rate of postoperative complications and higher morbidity.
Laparoscopic-assisted reversal of Hartmann's procedure
Authors: Achkasov S. , Vorobiev G. , Zhuchenko A. , Rinchinov M.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Postoperative morbidity after reversal of Hartmann's procedure remains high. AIM: to evaluate efficacy of laparoscopic-assisted approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 36 patients (19 men, aged 55.71+1.5 years) underwent laparoscopic-assisted reversal procedures in May 2008 - June 2010. The comparable control group consisted of 35 patients (16 men, aged 51.5+13.9 years). RESULTS: operation time was 179.5+65.1 min, 266.9+71.8 min in controls. Blood loss was 64.7+33.7 ml, 181.8+120.4 ml in controls. No conversions occurred in the main group. In three patients of the main group preventive ileostomy was performed. There were 11 diverting stomas in the control group. Postoperative hospital stays were 9.1+2.7 days (12.9+3.4 days in controls). There were 2 (5.9%) postoperative complications in the main group: one wound infection and one parastomal fistula. No mortality occurred. In the control group 3 (9.1%) complications (wound infection and haematoma) were detected. CONCLUSION: laparoscopic-assisted reversal of Hartmann's procedure promotes faster rehabilitation, its results are not worse than after open approach.
Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: What has been achieved: Current status
Authors: Matzel K.E.
Published: November 2010

INTRODUCTION: The indications for sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for fecal incontinence expanded during the last decade. This report aims to analyze the clinical outcome of the current pragmatic use of sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of fecal incontinence caused by various pathophysiological conditions. Secondly it intends to explore the most recent use of SNS in patients presenting with sphincteric lesions. METHOD: The literature was searched using Medline and Cochrane databases. The search was limited to publications in English. For the analysis, studies with less than 25 patients were excluded. For the presentation of SNS in patients with sphincter defects, all papers were included. RESULTS: Thirteen publications were included in the analysis of clinical outcome of SNS. Ten papers were identified reporting about the application of SNS in patients presenting with a morphological sphincter lesion. The most common outcome measures of clinical efficacy were frequency of incontinence and Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score. All studies demonstrated a highly improved function, in all outcome measures used. The improvement was significant. The results are reproducible. Also in patients with sphincteric gaps ranging form 17 to 180 degree SNS was clinical efficient. The size of the lesion had not impact on the outcome. CONCLUSION: Sacral spinal nerve stimulation has evolved to become a clinical efficient therapy applicable in a wide spectrum of causes leading to fecal incontinence. It is now considered to be an essential part of the current surgical treatment algorithm for fecal incontinence.
From mininvasive to maxinvasive surgery in colorectal cancer: Modern evolution of oncologic specialized units
Authors: Romano G. , Bianco F. , Delrio P. , Cremona F. , Ruffolo F. , Pace U. , Sassaroli C. , Scala D. , de Franciscis , Cardone E. , Atelli P.F.
Published: November 2010

In the last years a wide range of new technique offers the possibility to have R0 resection in colorectal cancer. We report our experience about Single Port Laparoscopic Surgery (SPL) for not advanced right colon cancer and about pelvectomy with cilindric Abdominal Perineal Resection (APR) for advanced rectal cancer. SPL offer mainly cosmetic advantages but also quicker recovery. No touch technique with adequate surgical margin and lymphectomy were respected. Operative time of SPL was 85- 115 minutes, the incision was 5 cm long. There were no complications. Length of hospital stay was 4-6 days. With advanced pelvic cancer, pelvic exenteration with en-bloc resection is indicated. Then we propose a case of a 55 years old woman with a pelvic recurrence from a metastatic rectal cancer involving the right obturator fossa, the vaginal stump, the right ureter. Modern surgical technique give us the chance to offer the most appropriate oncologic surgical treatment.
Ano-rectal pathologies encountered under special circumstances
Authors: Gupta P.J.
Published: November 2010

This paper represents the summary of the anorectal pathology in patients who have special conditions or are in certain age. Author offers his experience in handling the proctological entities in children, elderly, pregnant women, and patients with haemorrhoids who have inflammatory bowel conditions, malignancy or are HIV positive. These patients reqire special approach and are not seen every day in proctological ambuances, what rises many questions in the appropriatenes of standard treatments.
Supportive therapies in ano-rectal diseases: Are they really useful?
Authors: Gupta P.J.
Published: November 2010

Epidemiological features of proctological disease are not well known because available studies have provided variable conclusions. Risk factors frequently mentioned include heredity, high socioeconomic level, obesity, smoking, a diet rich in fats, alcohol, spices and pepper as well low fluid intake have all been implicated. While treating patients with various ano-rectal pathologies, apart from definitive treatment, various additional or supportive therapies are being advised both by the family physicians and surgeons. These include local applications, sitz baths, modification in the diet and life style. But are these supportive therapies really beneficial or they are just empirical? This paper elaborates the various supportive therapies advocated in the common anal disorders like hemorrhoids, anal fissure and fistula and summarizes the advantages and pitfalls of these treatment additives.
The role of pelvic MRI in assessment of combined surgical and Infliximab treatment for perianal Crohn's disease
Authors: Gligorijevic V. , Spasic N. , Bojic D. , Protic M. , Svorcan P. , Maksimovic B. , Markovic V. , Krivokapic Z. , Jojic Nj.
Published: November 2010

AIM: To evaluate the role of pelvic MRI in diagnosis and assesment of combined surgical and infliximab treatment of perianal Crohn's disease (PACD). METHOD: 24 patients with signs of PACD were prospectively evaluated. They were previously treated with azathyoprin for a period of 6 months to 7 years and antibiotics and than started on Infliximab 5 mg/kg (IFX) at 0,2 and 6 weeks induction protocol. Luminal CD activity was assesed by colonoscopy. Perianal Disease Activity Index (PDAI) was calculated to evaluate perianal fistulae activity. Surgical examination under anesthesia (EUA) was performed and noncutting seton placed where appropriate. Pelvic MRI was performed in each patient before Infliximab treatment, and in half of the patients after IFX. MRI criteria were used to asses activity and remission of PACD. RESULTS: 14/24(58.5%) patients had ileocolitis, 10/24 (41.5%) colitis, and in 22/24(91.7%) rectum was affected. Median disease duration was 5.5+2.5 years. MRI revealed simple fistula in 4/24 (16.7%) and complex fistula in 20/24 (83.3%) patients. Abscess was present in 19/24(79%) patients. Enterocutaneous and recto-vaginal fistula was found in 2(8.3%) and 3(12.5%) patients, respectively. Median PDAI before and 8 weeks after IFX treatment was 8.3+2.08 and 3.5+1.03, respectively (p=0.00064). Incomplete response (reduction fistulae drainage by 50%) was found in 10/24(42%) patients, complete response (no drainage) in 11/24 (46%) patients, while in 3/24(12.5%) new fistula opened. Control pelvic MRI was performed in 13/24 (54%) patients. Of those, 9/13(69%) had complete remission according to MRI criteria. Seton was removed after second IFX dose in 15/24 (62.5%) patients and placed again in 2/24 (8%) patients 4 months after completion of IFX treatment. CONCLUSION: In patients with PACD, pelvic MRI before and after IFX treatment is an important diagnostic tool to asses fistula tract localization, reveal abscess, planning adequate treatment approach and assess the effect of treatment. Surgical decision to remove seton was in accordance with MRI criteria for remission in PACD.
Single incision laparoscopic anterior resection for cancer using a 'QuadiPort Access System®'
Authors: Bracale U. , Nastro P. , Bramante S. , Pignata G.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is developing rapidly and different devices are already available. However there is limited data in the literature about single port laparoscopic colorectal surgery. AIMS: We report the first case of a single incision laparoscopic anterior resection for cancer using the device 'QuadiPort Access System?'. METHODS: A 66 year old female affected by adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid junction underwent a radical single incision laparoscopic anterior resection performed by an experienced laparoscopic team. RESULTS: The preoperative staging was T2N0M0. The total operative time was 135 min. Length of hospital stay was 6 days. The length of the specimen was 27 cm and 21 nodes were isolated. The pathological examination showed adenocarcinoma staged T3N2MX; G2. There was no postoperative morbidity and at the 6 month follow-up, the patient presented in well condition with no complications and free from cancer. CONCLUSION: Single incision laparoscopic anterior resection for locally advanced high rectal cancer seems to be feasible and the 'QuadiPort Access System?' seems to be a valid device. To evaluate outcomes and costeffectiveness of SILS versus the standard laparoscopic colorectal surgery multicenter prospective randomised trials are necessary and the 'QuadiPort Access System?' could prove to be the device of choice.
Radical perineal prostatectomy: The first experience
Authors: Hadzi-Djokic J. , Pejcic T. , Colovic V. , Petrovic M. , Stamenkovic V. , Acimovic M. , Stanic M.
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE: to present relatively uncommon surgical procedure for the treatment of localized prostate cancer MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) underwent perineal radical prostatectomy (PRP) from 2006 to 2010. The average age was 65+5.2 years. The average preoperative PSA was 7.8+1.3 ng/ml. Two patients had pT2b stage, while four had pT2c stage. Gleason score ranged from 4-7. RESULTS: All patients had negative surgical margins. Average operative time was 109+20 minutes and average blood loss was 525+180 ml. The urethral catheter was removed after 12 days in all patients except one, who required prolonged catheterization due to urinary fistula. All patients were continent after three months. Average postoperative PSA was 0.07+ 0.03 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: Perineal radical prostatectomy is valuable surgical procedure that provides good oncological results as well as urinary and sexual function.
Bone Reformation and Implant Integration following Maxillary Sinus Membrane Elevation: An Experimental Study in Primates
Authors: Palma Vinicius C , Magro‐Filho Osvaldo , De Oliveria José Américo , Lundgren Stefan , Salata Luiz A , Sennerby Lars
Published: November 2010

Background:  Recent clinical studies have described maxillary sinus floor augmentation by simply elevating the maxillary sinus membrane without the use of adjunctive grafting materials.

Purpose:  This experimental study aimed at comparing the histologic outcomes of sinus membrane elevation and simultaneous placement of implants with and without adjunctive autogenous bone grafts. The purpose was also to investigate the role played by the implant surface in osseointegration under such circumstances.

Materials and Methods:  Four tufted capuchin primates had all upper premolars and the first molar extracted bilaterally. Four months later, the animals underwent maxillary sinus membrane elevation surgery using a replaceable bone window technique. The schneiderian membrane was kept elevated by insertion of two implants (turned and oxidized, Brånemark System®, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) in both sinuses. The right sinus was left with no additional treatment, whereas the left sinus was filled with autogenous bone graft. Implant stability was assessed through resonance frequency analysis (OsstellTM, Integration Diagnostics AB, Göteborg, Sweden) at installation and at sacrifice. The pattern of bone formation in the experimental sites and related to the different implant surfaces was investigated using fluorochromes. The animals were sacrificed 6 months after the maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedure for histology and histomorphometry (bone‐implant contact, bone area in threads, and bone area in rectangle).

Results:  The results showed no differences between membrane‐elevated and grafted sites regarding implant stability, bone‐implant contacts, and bone area within and outside implant threads. The oxidized implants exhibited improved integration compared with turned ones as higher values of bone‐implant contact and bone area within threads were observed.

Conclusions:  The amount of augmented bone tissue in the maxillary sinus after sinus membrane elevation with or without adjunctive autogenous bone grafts does not differ after 6 months of healing. New bone is frequently deposited in contact with the schneiderian membrane in coagulum‐alone sites, indicating the osteoinductive potential of the membrane. Oxidized implants show a stronger bone tissue response than turned implants in sinus floor augmentation procedures.
Influence of Titanium Surface Charge on Fibroblast Adhesion
Authors: Hamdan Mohammad , Blanco Luis , Khraisat Ameen , Tresguerres Isabel F.
Published: November 2010

Background:  Although dental implants have a high success rate, failure owing to the absence of adhesion between the gingival connective tissue and the implant surface is still being reported.

Purpose:  This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a titanium surface charge on fibroblast adhesion.

Material and Methods:  An electrical chamber was custom‐made to generate negative and positive surface charges on commercially pure titanium cylinders with a potential difference of 4.5 V. Twenty‐seven titanium cylinders were divided into three experimental groups. In each group, cell attachment to a positively charged titanium cylinder, a negatively charged titanium cylinder, and a titanium cylinder (control) was studied at three time intervals of 15, 30, and 60 minutes. NCTC clone 929 fibroblasts were used in these experiments. The effect of the potential difference in the pH of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) was also evaluated using two new specimens at time intervals of 15, 30, 60, and 80 minutes.

Results:  The fibroblast cell attachment was more statistically significant to the positively charged titanium cylinder than the negatively charged titanium cylinder (p =.002) and the control (p=.000), whereas the cell adhesion difference between the control and the negatively charged titanium cylinder was not statistically significant (p=.808). The range of pH difference of the DMEM in the negative and positive parts of the electrical chamber was 0.46 and 0.30, respectively.

Conclusion:  Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the positive surface charge of the titanium cylinder results in significantly favorable cell adhesion.
Patient Evaluation after Treatment with Maxillary Implant‐Supported Overdentures
Authors: Kronström Mats , Widbom Christin , Söderfeldt Björn
Published: November 2010

Purpose:  To evaluate and compare outcome among patients after implant overdenture treatment in the maxilla.

Materials and Methods:  The study sample comprised two groups of patients: group 1, in which the patients were planned for overdenture treatment, and group 2, in which the patients originally were planned for a fixed prosthesis in the maxilla but had overdenture treatment owing to implant failures, resulting in an insufficient number of implants to support a fixed prosthesis. All patients treated with maxillary implant‐supported overdentures in the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden, between 1993 and 2002 received a questionnaire at their yearly follow‐up visit with nine questions related to their treatment. All questions had visual analogue scale response alternatives ranging from a negative to a positive opinion.

Results:  Nineteen patients, 10 in group 1 and 9 in group 2, completed the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 86%. Both groups expressed a high satisfaction rate, and few regretted their choice of treatment. Patients planned for overdenture treatment (group 1) reported significantly fewer speech problems after treatment compared with those originally planned for a fixed prosthesis (group 2, p < .05). No other significant differences between the two groups were seen.

Conclusion:  Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that maxillary implant overdenture treatment may be considered a viable option among patients with an insufficient number of implants for a fixed prosthesis.
Histologic Evaluation of Brånemark Clinic Oral Implants Retrieved from Grafted Sites
Authors: Bolind Pia , Johansson Carina B. , Johansson Petra , Van Steenberghe Daniel , Albrektsson Tomas
Published: November 2010

Purpose:  The aim of this report is to quantitatively and qualitatively describe the bone tissue response to Brånemark implants retrieved from grafted sites in patients.

Materials and Method:  The material consists of consecutively received Brånemark implants retrieved from grafted sites. Thirty‐five of these implants, retrieved from 16 patients, were suitable for the histologic evaluation of undecalcified sections in the light microscope.

Results:  The unloaded implants were mainly lined with soft tissue, and sparse bone‐implant contact was observed only in some sections. The loaded implants, with the exception of one implant removed due to mobility, had mature and new bone‐implant contact. Resorption of graft through cutting cone structures was detected. Cement lines were found separating bone‐like tissue albeit no cellular content and bone tissue with detectable osteocytes.

Conclusion:  In this heterogeneous group of implants from grafted sites, the unloaded implants showed limited bone‐implant contact. The autografts showed seemingly mixed viability as judged by the cell content in the osteocyte lacunae and cement lines separating areas with filled and empty lacunae.
Trace metal concentration in wild avian species from Campania, Italy
Authors: Zaccaroni Annalisa , Niccoli Camilla , Andreani Giulia , Scaravelli Dino , Ferrante Maria , Lucisano Antonia , Isani Gloria
Published: November 2010

This study was conducted to determine heavy metals concentrations in tissues of 94 birds belonging to different species from coastal areas of Naples and Salerno (Southern Italy) in order to provide baseline data concerning trace element levels in wild birds living in or close to an area characterized by high anthropogenic impact. Additional aim of this study was to verify if diet influenced metal accumulation, so birds were classified as birds of prey, fish eating birds and insectivorous birds. Kidney was the primary organ for Cd accumulation in all groups considered, Pb was accumulated preferentially in bone, whereas Hg showed high values in liver of fish eating birds. Zn showed the highest mean concentrations, while Cu levels were one order of magnitude less. The variance analysis with respect to feeding habits disclosed only a lower accumulation of Hg in insectivores with respect to the other groups. For all metals, the concentrations measured in tissues should be considered indicative of chronic exposure to low, “background” environmental levels and/or to the presence of low bioavailable metals in the environment. In addition, metal levels were not of toxicological concern, being always well below the toxic thresholds defined for each metal.
Selenium determination in tissue samples of Nile tilapia using ultrasound-assisted extraction
Authors: Silva Fábio , Padilha Cilene , Castro Gustavo , Roldan Paulo , Araujo Nogueira Ana , Moraes Paula , Padilha Pedro
Published: November 2010

This paper proposes a method to determine selenium in samples of fish muscle and liver tissue using ultrasound assisted extraction process, and analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The selenium content was extracted by 0.10 M HCl at the optimal extraction conditions which were established as follows: sample mass of 100 mg; granulometry of the sample <60 µm; sonication time of five 40 s cycles; and sonication power of 136 W. The selenium determinations were performed by GFAAS, at a drying temperature of 120°C/250°C, pyrolysis temperature of 1300°C, atomization temperature of 2300°C, and cleaning temperature of 2800°C. Palladium nitrate was used as a chemical modifier coinjected with the samples, and tungsten as a permanent modifier. The concentration of selenium determined in the pool of fish muscle and liver tissue were 280.4±4.2 e 592.3±6.7 μg kg−1, respectively. The accuracy and precision of the proposed extraction method were evaluated using certified standard Bovine Muscle — NIST 8414. The results obtained by the ultrasonic extraction method were equivalent to those obtained by the method of acid mineralization of samples in a microwave oven
Synthesis and NMR spectroscopic characterization of Si-substituted 1-silacyclobutene derivatives
Authors: Khan Ezzat , Wrackmeyer Bernd
Published: November 2010

Hydroboration of trialkyn-1-yl(organo)silanes with one equivalent and two equivalents of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, 9-BBN afford dialkyn-1-ylsilanes and alkyn-1-ylsilanes, respectively. The alkyn-1-ylsilane derivatives are stable at room temperature and can be store under dry argon for prolong period of time. These compounds are attractive materials for further rearrangements to afford novel 1-silacyclobutene derivatives bearing Si-alkenyl or Si-alkynyl functionalities. The hydroboration reaction is well controlled by the Si-R1 function, i.e., the starting silanes with R1 = Ph selectively afford hydroboration of one Si-C≡C bond with one equivalent of 9-BBN, leaving the other two functionalities untouched. Under mild reaction conditions (25°C), the starting silanes with R1 = Me lead to mixture containing dialkyn-1-ylsilane, alkyn-1-ylsilane and their respective 1-silacyclobutene derivatives. All new compounds are sensitive towards air and moisture and were studied by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 11B, 29Si NMR) in solution.
Methylcellulose/SiO2 hybrids: sol-gel preparation and characterization by XRD, FTIR and AFM
Authors: Rangelova Nadezhda , Radev Lachezar , Nenkova Sanchi , Miranda Salvado Isabel , Vas Fernandes Maria , Herzog Michael
Published: November 2010

Methylcellulose (MC) / SiO2 organic / inorganic hybrid materials have been prepared from MC and methyltriethoxysilane or ethyltrimethoxysilane, and characterized by XRD, FTIR and AFM. XRD showed peak shifts. FTIR shows intermolecular hydrogen bonding between MC and SiO2. AFM depicts surface roughness which depends on the silica precursor and MC content.
Silver nanoparticles: synthesis through chemical methods in solution and biomedical applications
Authors: García-Barrasa Jorge , López-de-Luzuriaga José , Monge Miguel
Published: November 2010

Chemical methods provide an easy way to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in solution. These metal nanoparticles have a great potential for biomedical applications as an antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agent or in wound healing. The adjustment of the parameters involved in these reactions permits a precise control over the size, shape, monodispersity, and the surfaces of the nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are being used in the design of new hybrid organic-inorganic or inorganic nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
Convection heat transfer in a Maxwell fluid at a non-isothermal surface
Authors: Vajravelu Kuppalapalle , Prasad Kerehalli , Sujatha Ashwatha
Published: November 2010

Analysis is carried out to study the convection heat transfer in an upper convected Maxwell fluid at a non-isothermal stretching surface. This is a generalization of the paper by Sadeghy et al. [21] to study the effects of free convection currents, variable thermal conductivity and the variable temperature at the stretching surface. Unlike in Sadeghy et al., here the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are coupled. These coupled equations are transformed in to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and are solved numerically by a finite difference scheme (known as the Keller-Box method) and the numerical results are presented through graphs and tables for a wide range of governing parameters. The results obtained for the flow and heat transfer characteristics reveal many interesting behaviors that warrant further study of nonlinear convection heat transfer.
First-principles LCAO study of phonons in NiWO4
Authors: Kuzmin Alexei , Kalinko Aleksandr , Evarestov Robert
Published: November 2010

The electronic, structural and phonon properties of antiferromagnetic wolframite-type NiWO4 have been studied using first-principles spin-polarized LCAO calculations based on the hybrid Hartree-Fock (HF)/density functional (DFT) scheme. The influence of different percentages of HF contribution, i.e. different correlation strength, on the structure and phonon frequencies has been investigated and compared with the available experimental data.
Optical and electrical properties of nanocrystalline TiO2:Pd semiconducting oxides
Authors: Sieradzka Karolina , Kaczmarek Danuta , Domaradzki Jarosław , Prociów Eugeniusz , Mazur Michał , Górnicka Barbara
Published: November 2010

Electrical and optical properties of TiO2:Pd thin films deposited from Ti-Pd mosaic targets sputtered in reactive oxygen plasma have been studied. The properties were investigated for thin films with the Pd amount of 5.5 at. %, 8.4 at. % and 23 at. %. Based on resistivity measurements a drop from 103 down to almost 10−3Ωcm has been recorded when the Pd amount was varied from 5.5 at. % to 23 at. %, respectively. Moreover, it was shown that doping with different amounts of Pd results in the possibility of obtaining both types of electrical conduction: n-type for the TiO2 with 5.5 at. % and 8.4 at. % of Pd and p-type for the TiO2 with 23 at. % of Pd thin films. From optical measurements it has been found that as the Pd amount was increased the transmission through the thin films was reduced and position of the fundamental absorption edge was shifted toward a longer wavelength range of up to 600 nm. The optical band gap was calculated for direct and indirect transitions from optical absorption spectra. Structural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The XRD patterns displayed occurrence of the crystalline, TiO2-rutile for lower Pd amounts (5.5 at. %, 8.4 at. %), while the TiO2:Pd (23 at. %) thin films displayed XRD-amorphous behaviour. Images obtained from AFM displayed dense, nanocrystalline structure with homogenous distribution of crystallites. Additionally performed secondary ion mass spectroscopy investigation confirmed homogenous distribution of Pd in the whole thickness of the prepared thin films.
Geodetic precession and frame dragging observed far from massive objects and close to a gyroscope
Authors: Trenčevski Kostadin , Celakoska Emilija
Published: November 2010

Total precession (geodetic precession and frame dragging) depends on the velocity of each source of gravitation, which means that it depends on the choice of the coordinate system. We consider the latter as an anomaly specifically in the Gravity Probe B experiment, we investigated it and solved this anomaly. Thus, we proved that if our present expression for the geodetic precession is correct, then the frame dragging should be 25% less than its predicted value.
Cyclic patterns of malaria incidence in Burundi
Authors: Dimitrov Borislav , Valev Dimitar , Werner Rolf , Atanassova Penka
Published: November 2010

Best available descriptions of malaria incidence and mortality dynamics are important to improve and evaluate the implementation of programs to monitor (e.g., remote sensing) and control disease, especially in endemic zones. High-frequency (e.g., semi-annual and seasonal) cycles in malaria incidence have been observed in various countries and they coincide with cycles in the natural environment (e.g., temperature, heliogeophysical activity, etc.). However, neither trend nor cyclical oscillations beyond a 6-month (0.5-year) period for this vector-borne disease were reported in a recent analysis on monthly notifications in Burundi for the years 1997–2003. Since the examination of graphical plots indicated an eventual existence of trans-year (multiannual) variations, we further analyzed the same data in more detail. Here we explore whether low-frequency cycles (beyond seasonality) might exist (e.g., trans-year cycles with periods of 13–24 months or longer). Monthly incidence rate per 100 inhabitants from the Province of Karuzi, Burundi, over the years 1997–2003 was analysed. The exploration of underlying chronomes (time structures) was done by linear and non-linear parametric regression models, autocorrelation, spectral analysis (e.g., fast Fourier transforms), periodogram regression analysis (PRA) and wavelet transform (WT). By using a periodogram regression analysis, we describe a multicomponent cyclic chronome with periods T>12 months (19 and 86 months, all at P<0.05). Notably, the strongest cyclic pattern in the periodogram of the detrended malaria rates (whereas the peak was suppressed and beyond the semi-annual cycle of 6 months) was ≈1.5–1.6 years (T=19.0 months, R=0.32). A dynamic pattern of “shortening” of the length (period) of the cycles was observed during the pre-epidemic interval (from 8–9 to 5–6 months and from 20–22 to 16–18 months in years 1997–2000) that can be used to anticipate a forthcoming incidence increase and epidemic levels of malaria at a regional level. Indeed, these cycles in malaria incidence correspond to cyclic components of heliogeophysical activity (HGA) such as the sunspot cycle impulses of 0.5–2.0 years as well as the quasi-biennial solar magnetic cycle of 1.5–2.5 years and further, detailed analyses are warranted to investigate such relationships. A multicomponent dynamic cyclical pattern of malaria incidence variations in Burundi (1997–2003) exists thus allowing further, more specific analyses and modelling as well as correlations with similar environmental cycles to be explored. These results might also contribute to better estimates for forecasting, prevention and understanding of malaria dynamics and aetiology.
Fast ferritin immunoassay on PDMS microchips
Authors: Schrott Walter , Nebyla Marek , Meisterová Lucie , Přibyl Michal
Published: November 2010

A heterogeneous sandwich immunoassay of ferritin on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chip is proposed. An undemanding “prepolymerization technique” based on wet treatment of a phosphor bronze substrate was used for the microchip fabrication. Receptor rabbit antibodies were immobilized via passive sorption directly on microchannel walls. After the incubation of ferritin samples, secondary biotinylated antibodies were introduced. A solution of avidin molecules labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate was finally added into the microchannels. Lamp-based fluorescence detection of the immunocomplex was then carried out. Dynamic detection range of the method was in the interval from 100 ng mL−1 to 10 μg mL−1.
Effect of fiber modification with carboxymethyl cellulose on the efficiency of a microparticle flocculation system
Authors: Ondaral Sedat , Kurtuluş Orçuun , Usta Mustafa
Published: November 2010

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has been used widely to enhance dry strength of paper and uniformity of sheet in the papermaking industry. Besides these positive effects, it may affect the fines retention and dewatering processes negatively. These negative effects are mainly seen when fiber modifications with high CMC dosages are studied in laboratory scale. In this paper, the effect of fiber modification with CMC on the deposition of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and on the dewatering process in the presence of cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM)/bentonite microparticle flocculation system is examined. It was determined that fiber modification with 10 mg g−1 of CMC decreased PCC deposition at the initial addition of CPAM and gave better PCC deposition at 2 mg g−1 of CPAM. It was also observed that PCC deposition on unmodified fibers is higher at lower CPAM concentration. PCC deposition was found as almost stable after a maximum value obtained at 0.5 mg g−1 of bentonite concentration for fiber modified with 40 mg g−1 of CMC. This indicates that interaction between CPAM and bentonite particles changed due to higher surface charge and CMC conformation on fibers. Results of the dewatering experiments showed that CMC modification increased the drainage time due to a denser and more plugged sheet. This negative effect was compensated with higher concentrations of CPAM and bentonite. On the other hand, dewatering is also affected by the mass ratio of CMC and CPAM, which was not the optimum one in this study at lower of CPAM. Thus, the increase in the drainage time in the presence of CMC on the fiber surface could be also caused by incorrect ratios of chemicals because the effect of CMC on the drainage time was not observed at higher concentrations of CPAM.
The future of the CAVE
Authors: DeFanti Thomas , Acevedo Daniel , Ainsworth Richard , Brown Maxine , Cutchin Steven , Dawe Gregory , Doerr Kai-Uwe , Johnson Andrew , Knox Chris , Kooima Robert , Kuester Falko , Leigh Jason , Long Lance , Otto Peter , Petrovic Vid , Ponto Kevin , Prudhomme Andrew , Rao Ramesh , Renambot Luc , Sandin Daniel , Schulze Jurgen , Smarr Larry , Srinivasan Madhu , Weber Philip , Wickham Gregory
Published: November 2010

The CAVE, a walk-in virtual reality environment typically consisting of 4–6 3 m-by-3 m sides of a room made of rear-projected screens, was first conceived and built in 1991. In the nearly two decades since its conception, the supporting technology has improved so that current CAVEs are much brighter, at much higher resolution, and have dramatically improved graphics performance. However, rear-projection-based CAVEs typically must be housed in a 10 m-by-10 m-by-10 m room (allowing space behind the screen walls for the projectors), which limits their deployment to large spaces. The CAVE of the future will be made of tessellated panel displays, eliminating the projection distance, but the implementation of such displays is challenging. Early multi-tile, panel-based, virtual-reality displays have been designed, prototyped, and built for the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia by researchers at the University of California, San Diego, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. New means of image generation and control are considered key contributions to the future viability of the CAVE as a virtual-reality device.