bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolites distinguishing visceral fat obesity and atherogenic traits in individuals with overweight
Authors: Baek Seung Han , Kim Minkyung , Kim Minjoo , Kang Miso , Yoo Hye Jin , Lee Nan Hee , Kim Yong Hwan , Song Min , Lee Jong Ho
Published: December 2016

Objective

To screen the metabolomes of both overweight subjects with low visceral fat area (LFO) and high visceral fat area (HFO) to identify potential metabolites that are associated with the different metabolic characteristics.

Methods

The metabolic characteristics of 112 overweight (25 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2) Korean individuals aged 30 to 65 years were examined. Plasma metabolomic profiling of HFO [visceral fat area (VFA) at L4 ≥ 100 cm2] and LFO (L4 VFA <100 cm2) individuals matched for age, gender, and BMI was performed.

Results

HFO subjects showed higher VFA at L1 and L4 than LFO subjects. The HFO group showed higher blood pressure, lipid profile, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, malondialdehyde, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), and homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance and lower high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels. In plasma metabolite identification, the HFO group showed significantly higher levels of long‐chain (C14:1, C16:1, C16) acylcarnitines (ACs), medium‐chain (C12:1, C12) ACs, urobilinogen, docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6ω3), lysoPE (22:6), lysoPC (22:6), lysoPC (22:5), methoxybenzenepropanoic acid, and isodesmosine. All five ACs correlated positively with VFA and oxidized LDL levels and negatively with high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels and LDL particle size.

Conclusions

Twelve major metabolites, including three long‐chain fatty acids and two medium‐chain ACs, are important for distinguishing HFO and LFO. Chronic lipid surplus from visceral fat in HFO is likely associated with substantial increases in plasma medium‐chain ACs and long‐chain fatty acids, which are closely related to atherogenic traits.
Spin‐orbit scattering in superconducting nanoparticles
Authors: Alhassid Y. , Nesterov K. N.
Published: December 2016

We review interaction effects in chaotic metallic nanoparticles. Their single‐particle Hamiltonian is described by the proper random‐matrix ensemble while the dominant interaction terms are invariants under a change of the single‐particle basis. In the absence of spin‐orbit scattering, the nontrivial invariants consist of a pairing interaction, which leads to superconductivity in the bulk, and a ferromagnetic exchange interaction. Spin‐orbit scattering breaks spin‐rotation invariance and when it is sufficiently strong, the only dominant nontrivial interaction is the pairing interaction. We discuss how the magnetic response of discrete energy levels of the nanoparticle (which can be measured in single‐electron tunneling spectroscopy experiments) is affected by such pairing correlations and how it can provide a signature of pairing correlations. We also consider the spin susceptibility of the nanoparticle and discuss how spin‐orbit scattering changes the signatures of pairing correlations in this observable.
Role of Anions in Assembling the Coordination Polymers of Bis–pyridyl–alkanediamides
Authors: Suman Kumari , Khullar Sadhika , Mandal Sanjay K. , Sarkar Madhushree
Published: December 2016

Formation of Coordination Polymers (CPs) of an amide based flexible ligand, bis(3‐pyridyl)butanediamide, has been found to be directed by the anion of the starting metal salt: a 1D network with rectangular loops was obtained with CuSO4 while a 2D network having two‐fold parallel interpenetration was obtained with Cu(ClO4)2. In the 1D network, a π•••π interaction between C=O groups of the amide is present whereas the 2D network shows self‐complementary amide‐to‐amide hydrogen bond. The reaction of the ligand with Cu(C6H5COO)2 results in a 1D chain, where the benzoate units are also coordinated to the Cu(II) centres. The conformational adjustments of the butyl spacer of the ligand in the CPs according to the requirements of the counter anions is observed in the present study. The role of the counter anions (ClO4−, SO42− and C6H5COO−) towards the formation of the CPs was monitored through the competitive reactions, where the ligand was allowed to react with Cu(NO3)2 in the presence of other three counter anions altogether at a time. Further, an understanding on the network stability was gained by studying the counter anion exchange reactions.
CNT@MnO2 Hybrid as Cathode Catalysts Toward Long‐Life Lithium Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Wang Fan , Wen Zhaoyin , Wu Xiangwei
Published: December 2016

Rechargeable lithium‐oxygen (Li–O2) battery has attracted enormous research attention due to its remarkably high theoretical energy capacity. However, due to the sluggish oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction (ORR and OER) kinetics and incidental side reactions in Li–O2 battery, cycle life is much shorter than that of lithium ion battery. Here, in‐situ growth of branched MnO2 nanosheets on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were generated and applied as cathode catalyst in Li–O2 battery. The MnO2 with the morphology of petal‐like nanosheets were homogeneously coated outside the CNTs to form core‐shell nanowires. This structure can effectively prevent direct contact between the CNTs and Li2O2, thus avoiding or reducing the decomposition of CNTs and the formation of Li2CO3 during charge process, which can also improve the conductivity of the cathode and increase the cycling performance. As a promising cathode catalyst in Li–O2 batteries, the branched CNT@MnO2 nanocomposite cathode exhibits a stable deep discharge and charge cycling performance over 50 cycles, and more than 200 cycles with a fixed capacity of 500 mAh g–1 at a current density of 200 mA g–1.
Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Studies of Heterogeneous Oxo‐Vanadium(IV) Schiff base Catalyst for Activation of Benzylic C‐H bonds of Alkanes
Authors: Dey Ram C. , Islam Md. Mominul , Halder Mita , Roy Anupam Singha , Islam Sk. Manirul
Published: December 2016

Here, polymer grafted vanadium(IV) Schiff base catalyst was prepared and applied in the oxidation of benzylic C‐H bonds of alkanes. The solid complex was characterized by some modern techniques i. e. FT‐IR, TGA, SEM‐EDX and solid state UV‐Vis spectroscopy (DRS). This heterogeneous complex showed excellent activity for the oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde using 30% H2O2 as an oxidantin acetonitrile (ACN) medium at 70oC. This vanadium catalyst was also active for the oxidation of various substituted toluenes. It showed good conversion as well as selectivity for the production of aldehydes from alkanes. The reported catalyst was easily recovered and reused for at least eight times with similar activity.
Synthesis, Solvatochromism, Antibacterial Activity and Dyeing Performance of Tricyanofuran‐Hydrazone Analogues
Authors: Khattab Tawfik A. , Gaffer Hatem E. , Aly Sherif Abdelmoez , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: December 2016

Four novel tricyanofuran disperse dyestuffs 3a‐d bearing hydrazone moiety were synthesized in order to investigate their possible antibacterial activity. The hydrazone moiety was introduced via azo‐coupling of the tricyanofuran with the appropriately functionalized diazonium salt. The optical properties of these compounds showed interesting solvatochromic properties. The absorption peaks are observed in the wavelength range 454–513 nm. It can also be seen that they display different maximum emissions in the wavelength range 528–615 nm. The functional groups attached to the hydrazone moiety influenced both on absorption and emission maxima. The prepared hydrazone‐based disperse dyes were applied for dyeing polyester fabrics, affording satisfactory results. Furthermore, compounds 3a and 3c demonstrated a relatively strong antibacterial activity against some selected gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis; and gram negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa employing Ampicillin as standard drug.
Doubly, Triply and Multiply Pleated Sheets of Bipyridinium Radical Cation‐Incorporated Polymers Tuned by Four Cucurbiturils
Authors: Qi Qi , Yang Bo , Xi Cheng‐Gang , Yang Xiran , Zhang Dan‐Wei , Liu Simin , Li Zhan‐Ting
Published: December 2016

Depending on the size of their cavity, cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n], n=5, 7, 8, and 10) exhibit very different encapsulation selectivity. This feature has been utilized to tune the formation and switching of three kinds of pleated sheets of bipyridinium radical cation (BIPY•+)‐based polymers in water. Driven by the dimerization of the BIPY•+ units, the polymers spontaneously form multiply pleated sheets. These pleated foldamers can be reversibly converted into flexible pseudopoly‐rotaxanes, doubly and triply pleated sheets by CB[7], CB[8] and CB[10], respectively, through selective encapsulation of the macrocycles for one, two or three stacked BIPY•+ units. Adding adamantamonium (ADMT), hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) or CB[5] to the respective solutions leads to taking away of the CB rings from the polymers due to the formation of more stable 1:1 complexes and as a result, multiply pleated sheets are recovered. UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy has been used to investigate the formation and conversion of the pleated and extended states of the polymers.
Zinc Dialkylhydroxybenzoates with Unusual Structures: First Example of a Discrete Three‐Blade Paddle‐Wheel and a Solvent Engulfed Coordination Polymer
Authors: Vishnoi Pratap , Sharma Sunil K. , Kaleeswaran D. , Murugavel Ramaswamy
Published: December 2016

Sterically encumbered 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐diisopropylbenzoic acid (H2diphba), bearing a carboxylic acid, a phenol and two iso‐propyl substituents, has been investigated for the first time as a ligand and supramolecular synthon to isolate eight Zn(II) complexes, [Zn2(Hdiphba)3(OAc)(L)] (L=DMF(1) or pyz (2)), [Zn(Hdiphba)2(2,2′‐bpy)] (3), [Zn(Hdiphba)2(1,10‐phen)] (4), [Zn(Hdiphba)2(pz)2] (5) and [Zn2(Hdiphba)2(μ2‐dmpz)2(Hdmpz)2] (6), [Zn(Hdiphba)2(4,4′‐bpy)]n⋅4nCH3OH (7.4nCH3OH), [Zn2(Hdiphba)4(4,4′‐azobpy)(H2O)2] (8⋅H2diphba), which have been structurally characterized. Compounds 1 and 2 are rare examples of symmetrically bridged triple‐blade molecular tricarboxylate paddle‐wheels which self‐assemble into hexameric units. Compounds 3, 4 and 5 are mononuclear complexes, bearing two exposed phenolic –OH groups self‐assembled into 2‐D arrays via both hydrogen bonding and π‐π stacking interactions. Compound 6 is a rare example of bis‐pyrazolate bridged dinuclear Zn(II) complex with two pyrazole N−H and two phenolic ‐OH groups on the molecular periphery to form hydrogen bonds. The use of 4,4’‐bpy leading to a zig‐zag 1‐D polymer 7 composed of [Zn(Hdiphba)2(4,4’‐bpy)]n chains, positioned 10.77 Å apart. The 1‐D channels of 7 are occupied by hydrogen bonded methanol with a rare (CH3OH)4 cluster as the repeating unit. Compound 8 is a discrete bimetallic complex, isolated with a free H2diphba ligand. The photoluminescence spectra of 1–8 exhibit ligand centered emission at around 325 nm.
VTA DA neuron excitatory synapses in Shank3 Δex4–9 mouse line
Authors: Bariselli Sebastiano , Bellone Camilla
Published: December 2016

Several mutations within SHANK3 gene have been identified in Autism Spectrum Disorder patients and several studies have now started to show that those mutations could impact different brain circuits leading to the heterogeneity of the disease. Here we show that, compared to a mouse model lacking SHANK3 proline‐rich containing isoforms, in a mouse model lacking SHANK3 ANK(yrin)‐domain containing isoforms, the excitatory synaptic transmission within the Ventral Tegmental Area is not affected. We discuss about the possibility that different domains of SHANK3 are involved in regulating the synapses in a circuit‐specific manner resulting in different behavioral and synaptic phenotypes.
Emerging topological states in quasi‐two‐dimensional materials
Authors: Huang Huaqing , Xu Yong , Wang Jianfeng , Duan Wenhui
Published: December 2016

Inspired by the discovery of graphene, various two‐dimensional (2D) materials have been experimentally realized, which exhibit novel physical properties and support promising applications. Exotic topological states in 2D materials (including quantum spin Hall and quantum anomalous Hall insulators), which are characterized by nontrivial metallic edge states within the insulating bulk gap, have attracted considerable attentions in the past decade due to their great importance for fundamental research and practical applications. They also create a surge of research activities and attract extensive efforts to search for new topological materials in realistic 2D/quasi‐2D systems. This review presents a comprehensive survey of recent progress in designing of topological states in quasi‐2D materials, including various quantum well heterostructures and 2D atomic lattice structures. In particular, the possibilities of constructing topological nontrivial states from commonly used materials are discussed and the ways of enlarging energy gaps of topological states and realizing different topological states in a single material are presented. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2017, 7:e1296. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1296

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Quantitative approaches for investigating the spatial context of gene expression
Authors: Lee Je H.
Published: December 2016

The spatial information associated with gene expression is important for elucidating the context‐dependent transcriptional regulation during development. Recently, high‐resolution sampling approaches, such as RNA tomography or single‐cell RNA‐seq combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), have provided indirect ways to view global gene expression patterns in three dimensions. Now in situ sequencing technologies, such as fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ), are attempting to visualize the genetic signature directly in microscope images. This article will examine the basic principle of modern in situ and single‐cell genetic methods, hurdles in quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic forces that influence cell decision‐making, and technological requirements for making a visual map of gene regulation, form, and function. Successfully addressing these challenges will be essential for investigating the functional evolution of regulatory sequences during growth, development, and cancer progression. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1369. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1369

This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging
Prediction of femoral strength using 3D finite element models reconstructed from DXA images: validation against experiments
Authors: Grassi Lorenzo , Väänänen Sami P. , Ristinmaa Matti , Jurvelin Jukka S. , Isaksson Hanna
Published: December 2016

Computed tomography (CT)-based finite element (FE) models may improve the current osteoporosis diagnostics and prediction of fracture risk by providing an estimate for femoral strength. However, the need for a CT scan, as opposed to the conventional use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for osteoporosis diagnostics, is considered a major obstacle. The 3D shape and bone mineral density (BMD) distribution of a femur can be reconstructed using a statistical shape and appearance model (SSAM) and the DXA image of the femur. Then, the reconstructed shape and BMD could be used to build FE models to predict bone strength. Since high accuracy is needed in all steps of the analysis, this study aimed at evaluating the ability of a 3D FE model built from one 2D DXA image to predict the strains and fracture load of human femora. Three cadaver femora were retrieved, for which experimental measurements from ex vivo mechanical tests were available. FE models were built using the SSAM-based reconstructions: using only the SSAM-reconstructed shape, only the SSAM-reconstructed BMD distribution, and the full SSAM-based reconstruction (including both shape and BMD distribution). When compared with experimental data, the SSAM-based models predicted accurately principal strains (coefficient of determination >0.83, normalized root-mean-square error <16%) and femoral strength (standard error of the estimate 1215 N). These results were only slightly inferior to those obtained with CT-based FE models, but with the considerable advantage of the models being built from DXA images. In summary, the results support the feasibility of SSAM-based models as a practical tool to introduce FE-based bone strength estimation in the current fracture risk diagnostics.
Mineralogy and Chemical Composition of the Clay Fraction of Neogene Shales from the Surma Group in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman M. Julleh Jalalur , Yeasmin Rumana , Mccann Tom
Published: December 2016

Mineralogical and chemical investigations (<2µm clay separates) of shale samples from the Neogene-age Surma Group obtained from four wells (Habiganj-11, Shahbazpur-1, Titas-11, Titas-15) in the Bengal basin, Bangladesh, were carried out in order to reveal the clay mineral composition as reservoir exploration and exploitation requires a good understanding of the clay minerals. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Mineralogically, the sub-surface Surma Group shales comprise predominantly quartz, plagioclase, illite, chlorite, kaolinite, with lesser amounts of K-feldspar, dolomite and smectite, and minor to trace amounts of calcite, siderite and pyrite. The chemical composition of the <2 µm clay separates also suggests an illite and chlorite-rich composition. With increasing burial depth, the Surma Group shales are enriched in illite. The gradual decreasing of the smectite clays with depth and ultimate disappearance at greater depths (≥ 3000 m) may have been responsible for the presence of the diagenetic illite. Based on the mineralogical composition it is most likely that the illite-chlorite associations together with quartz and feldspar were predominantly detrital in origin and thus reflect the presence of a rapidly-rising source terrain not subjected to intense weathering.
Mapping Soil Electric Conductivity using Bayesian Kriging: A Case Study from Qasur, Pakistan
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Ashraf Ather , Rehman Ateeq Ur
Published: December 2016

Quality of soil data is vital to formulate agricultural policies at different scales. Current agricultural applications in Pakistan depend however, on average values of soil estimates over larger areas. In this work, model-based ordinary kriging (OK) and Bayesian kriging (BK) to interpolate soil data is used. The aim is to compare the two different methods for the accuracy of soil data prediction. For this soils were sampled for Electrical Conductivity (EC, dS m−1) at 759 different locations in the rural agricultural areas of Qasur Tehsil, Pakistan. Cross validation was used to compare the performance of OK and BK. Our results show strong skewness and spatial dependency of soil EC values in heterogeneous regions. Box-Cox transformation successfully reduced the level of skewness in the soil EC data (from 14.1 to 0.11). Contrary to OK, under-estimation of soil EC values was not evident in the BK interpolation. Mean square prediction error for BK (1.45) was significantly reduced as compared to that for OK (6.1). Considering these findings, BK is a better model to explain the sub-regional soil EC variability and estimating strategies for sustainable agricultural planning in Pakistan.
Influence of Saturation on Rainfall Generated Landslides in Shale along Murree-Kohala Road, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Farhan , Farooq Khalid , Mujtaba Hasan , Riaz Ahmad , Ulhaq Ehsan
Published: December 2016

On August 10, 2010 a series of landslides of more than 90,000 m3 occurred along the Muree-Kohala road in the northern area of Pakistan. A study was undertaken to evaluate the likely impacts of percent saturation and bulk density on mobilized shear strength along the basal rupture surface of the landslide. A series of unconfined compression test and unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on remolded samples of different densities with varied percentages of saturation. The results of these tests suggest that soil cohesion and friction decreases with increasing saturation. The tests also showed that the shear strength parameters tend to increase with increasing dry density; however, all the samples exhibited a noticeable loss of shear strength with increasing degree of saturation, independent of soil density.

Limit equilibrium slope stability analyses were performed along the most probable failure planes, based on shear strength parameters corresponding to degrees of saturation, which varied between 30% to about 100%. This resulted in drop of factor of safety from FS = 1.64 down to 0.51 as the degree of saturation approaches unity.

These results suggest that the causative factor in triggering the landslide along Murree-Kohala was the partial saturation of the zone that developed the basal rupture plane. As rain infiltrated the slope, the bulk unit weight of the soil increased, while the shear strength along the developing plane of rupture decreased sufficiently to concentrate shear strain when the material became more than 60% saturation (FS < 1.0).
Dump Slope Stability Analysis – A Case Study
Authors: Behera Prasanta Kumar , Sarkar Kripamoy , Singh Ashok Kumar , Verma A. K. , Singh T. N.
Published: December 2016

In opencast mining operation, the stability of waste materials stands at high priority from the safety and economic perspective. Poor management of overburden (OB) dump results the instability of slope in an opencast mine. The present paper deals with the stability analysis of dump material of an opencast coal mine at Talcher coal field, Angul district, Odisha, by means of different geotechnical parameters and mineralogical composition affecting the dump slope. The prolonged rainfall in the mining area causes dump failure and loss of valuable life and property. A recent dump failure that occurred in 2013 at Basundhara mines of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), Odisha, took 14 lives, and created problems for the mining industry. Most of the dump failure that occurs in the study area are mainly due to increase in pore water pressure as a result of rainfall infiltration. The stability of the waste dump was investigated using the limit equilibrium analysis to suggest an economical, sustainable and safe disposal of the dump in the study area.
Economic Significance of Colonial Invasions in Khejuri-Hijli Coastal Sector of Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal: A Geographical Review
Authors: Pradhan Mihir Kumar , Khan Ansar , Chatterjee Soumendu
Published: December 2016

Khejuri-Hijili coastal area, now extends over the Khejuri police station, is situated in the southeastern part of the district of Purba Medinipur of West Bengal, on the western bank of the Hugli river. Between 21°47’42”N-22°4’N latitudes and 87°45’4”E-88°18”E longitudes the area covers about 267.97 sq. km. At the confluence of the rivers Bhagirathi-Hugli and the Bay of Bengal, Hijili emerged as an island from the estuarine surroundings around 1400-1500 A.D. afterward the island became covered with natural mangroves. Gradually it became the abode of fishermen. To gather some primary data, household survey by different questionnaire, topographic survey was done. Secondary data are mainly produced by assembling historical charts, maps, literatures for the specified work of the area concerned. Historical records including documents, survey notes, maps and photographs provided valuable information about the study area. Remains of early structures, monuments, and office buildings have been vigilantly watched and written reports and research articles have been carefully studied for sequencing the socio-economic history of the area. Later on accuracy assessment was performed by comparing two sources of information: classification of map derived from old records and maps and the ground truth information. The output obtained by performing the above steps includes land use and other maps and charts. These outputs were then analyzed to detect the historical significance of Khejuri-Hijili sector of the Hugli estuary and its sequential deterioration. These changes in the study area that were identified from classified maps, charts and diagram were tabulated.
Preventing and Analysis of Falling Rocks: A Case of Sarica Village (Gürün, Turkey)
Authors: Polat Ali , Keskin Inan , Denizli Irfan
Published: December 2016

Rock fall is a common natural hazard causing significant damage to infrastructure and loss of life and property. This paper describes selection of prevention method, construction processes and the results of a rockfall hazard assessment for the village of Sarica (Gürün region, Turkey) based on an engineering-geological model. The study area is located on the lower parts of an area with very steep cliffs and 40-500 slopes with fractured sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Detailed studies have been conducted in the region to prevent the risk of any rockfalls. Maps and charts are prepared including the rock blocks that are likely to fall and the related housing area under the risk. It was found that block sizes reached 3 m3. Rockfall analyses were performed along the selected profiles using the Rocfall V.5.0 software. Kinetic energy, bounce height, horizontal location of rock end-points and velocity of the rocks along each section were evaluated separately for each profile. This data was used to select design and construction of rockfall preventing system. In this study professional type rock fall barrier (catchment fence) was used. This method was chosen because it was cheaper, more practical and reliable than others.
Late Eocene-Early Miocene Palaeogeographic Evolution of Central Eastern Anatolian Basins, the Closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and Continental Collision
Authors: Karadenizli Levent , Varol Baki Erdogan , SaraÇ GerÇek , Gedik Fatma
Published: December 2016

In central eastern Anatolia which is located between Eurasia and Africa, the study of basin developments between late Eocene and early Miocene is of great importance for understanding the process of the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the formation of strike-slip faults and regional uplift. To study these, three basins were selected: the Sivas-Erzincan, Gürün-Akkisla-Divrigi (GAD), and Malatya basins. The study proposes that the opening of the GAD basin played a key role in the formation of the Ecemis fault, which started developing at the end of early Miocene, and in mountain uplift. All these basins are situated on continental blocks and oceanic crust, arranged from north to south as the Sakarya continent, the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan ocean (Northern Neo-Tethys), the Kirsehir continent, the inner Tauride ocean, the Munzur-Binboga block, the Maden (=Berit) ocean, the Bitlis-Pütürge block, the Çüngüs ocean and the Arabian continent.

The findings indicate that late Eocene-early Miocene successions in these basins were not deposited in foreland basins formed in front of the thrust faults associated with the closure of the ocean, as stated in previous studies. Rather, they were deposited in forearc and backarc basins related to the subduction which was effective until the end of early Miocene. The Sivas-Erzincan and Malatya basins, located on the inner Tauride and Maden (=Berit) oceans, were forearc basins, while the GAD basin situated on the Munzur-Binboga block was a backarc basin. These basins have parallel developments up to the end of early Miocene. While marine sediments were deposited in the Malatya and Sivas-Erzincan basins between late Eocene and early Miocene, terrestrial units began to settle in the GAD basin from the late Eocene and the deposition there is continuous until the end of the early Miocene.

Collision of the Arabian and the Anatolian plates at the end of early Miocene (16-18 Ma) produced the left-strike slip Ecemis fault zone, which caused the lateral slip of sedimentary units in the Sivas-Erzincan and GAD basins over hundreds of kilometers. This event produced the first westward tectonic escape of the Anatolian plate prior to the north Anatolian fault (NAF) and the east Anatolian fault (EAF). The Gürün region located in the GAD basin was exhumed in late Miocene and this basin was broken. The Gürün region, which remains on the rising part of the Munzur-Binboga block, is not a different basin as stated earlier, but it is a part of the GAD basin, representing the central part of the GAD basin lake, as indicated by the fine grained deposits (limestones and clay) that occur in the Gürün area.
Tie heterogeneity in networks of interlocking directorates: a cost–benefit approach to firms’ tie choice
Authors: Brennecke Julia , Rank Olaf N.
Published: December 2016

This conceptual paper investigates the creation of interlocking directorate ties focusing on firms’ choice between sent, received, and undirected board interlocks. Drawing on a framework on the benefits of board interlocks stemming from resource dependence theory, we synthesize prior research on the consequences of interlocks and demonstrate that each type of interlock goes along with unique knowledge-based, social influence-related, and institutional benefits and costs. We frame tie choice as a strategic decision based on a cost–benefit analysis and suggest that the tie-specific benefits and costs lead to the three types of ties not being equal alternatives. Appealing to specific motives for tie creation, these benefits and costs influence firms’ choice between the three types of interlocks. Our synthesis and cost–benefit analysis contribute to prior research by shedding light on the role of tie heterogeneity as a driver of tie creation as opposed to a factor causing firm-level outcomes. By focusing on content of ties, we extend the typically purely structural research on interlocking directorate networks. We suggest directions for future research and discuss possibilities to empirically validate our propositions on how tie-specific opportunities and constraints will affect tie choice.
ADAMTS‐3, ‐13, ‐16, and ‐19 levels in patients with habitual abortion
Authors: Pekcan Meryem Kuru , Sarıkaya Esma , Tokmak Aytekin , Alışık Murat , Alkan Afra , Özakşit Gülnur , Erel Özcan
Published: December 2016

A disintegrin‐like and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin‐type 1 motifs (ADAMTS) protein superfamily includes 19 secreted metalloproteases. Proteolytic substrates of ADAMTS enzymes have been linked to reproductive function. The aim of this study was to investigate serum ADAMTS‐3, ‐13, ‐16, and ‐19 levels in women with habitual abortions compared with those in healthy controls. A total of 86 women were enrolled in this prospective case‐control study. ADAMTS‐3, ‐13, ‐16, and ‐19 values were recorded and analyzed in association with demographic and clinical parameters. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographics. No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with regard to ADAMTS‐13 and ‐19 levels (p > 0.05). However, ADAMTS‐3 and ‐16 were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (p = 0.004 and p = 0.005, respectively). To estimate habitual abortions using an area under receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cutoff values for ADAMTS‐3 and ‐16 were found to be 87.28 ng/mL (sensitivity, 64.44%; specificity 68.29%) and 15.75 ng/mL (sensitivity, 66.67%; specificity 68.29%), respectively. In conclusion, the pregnancy‐loss rate seems to be affected by both ADAMTS‐3 and ‐16.
Buried in the Heart
Authors: Baines Erin
Published: December 2016

In Buried in the Heart, Erin Baines explores the political agency of women abducted as children by the Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda, forced to marry its commanders, and to bear their children. Introducing the concept of complex victimhood, she argues that abducted women were not passive victims, but navigated complex social and political worlds that were life inside the violent armed group. Exploring the life stories of thirty women, Baines considers the possibilities of storytelling to reclaim one's sense of self and relations to others, and to generate political judgement after mass violence. Buried in the Heart moves beyond victim and perpetrator frameworks prevalent in the field of transitional justice, shifting the attention to stories of living through mass violence and the possibilities of remaking communities after it. The book contributes to an overlooked aspect of international justice: women's political agency during wartime.
A Monetary History of Norway, 1816–2016
Authors: Eitrheim Øyvind , Klovland Jan Tore , Øksendal Lars Fredrik
Published: December 2016

This book provides a broad overview of monetary developments in Norway over the past 200 years, using a rich variety of graphical illustrations based on a unique data set of historical monetary statistics, which will be documented and made available on the Norges Bank website (in English) at http://www.norges-bank.no/en. Throughout the book, Norway's monetary developments are anchored in a historical context and in the development of monetary thinking. Through their analysis of the historical data, the authors provide new insights and comparisons to other Scandinavian countries, along with an excellent examination of the development and character of the banking and financial system in Norway.
Commentary on the First Geneva Convention
Authors: International Committee of the Red Cross
Published: December 2016

The application and interpretation of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their two Additional Protocols of 1977 have developed significantly in the sixty years since the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) first published its Commentaries on these important humanitarian treaties. To promote a better understanding of, and respect for, this body of law, the ICRC commissioned a comprehensive update of its original Commentaries, of which this is the first volume. Its preparation was coordinated by Jean-Marie Henckaerts, ICRC legal adviser and head of the project to update the Commentaries. The First Convention is a foundational text of international humanitarian law. It contains the essential rules on the protection of the wounded and sick, those assigned to their care, and the red cross and red crescent emblems. This article-by-article Commentary takes into account developments in the law and practice to provide up-to-date interpretations of the Convention. The new Commentary has been reviewed by humanitarian-law practitioners and academics from around the world. It is an essential tool for anyone working or studying within this field.
Introduction to Parallel Computing
Authors: Czech Zbigniew J.
Published: December 2016

The constantly increasing demand for more computing power can seem impossible to keep up with. However, multicore processors capable of performing computations in parallel allow computers to tackle ever larger problems in a wide variety of applications. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to parallel computing, discussing theoretical issues such as the fundamentals of concurrent processes, models of parallel and distributed computing, and metrics for evaluating and comparing parallel algorithms, as well as practical issues, including methods of designing and implementing shared- and distributed-memory programs, and standards for parallel program implementation, in particular MPI and OpenMP interfaces. Each chapter presents the basics in one place followed by advanced topics, allowing novices and experienced practitioners to quickly find what they need. A glossary and more than 80 exercises with selected solutions aid comprehension. The book is recommended as a text for advanced undergraduate or graduate students and as a reference for practitioners.
Short- and Long-Term Reduction of Door-to-Needle Time in Thrombolysis for Acute Stroke
Authors: Chen Bing Yu , Moussaddy Aimen , Keezer Mark R. , Deschaintre Yan , Poppe Alexandre Y.
Published: December 2016

Background: More timely administration of tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) for patients with acute ischemic stroke yields greater clinical benefits. We implemented door-to-needle (DTN) time reduction strategies at our center and evaluated their short- and long-term effects on in-hospital treatment delays and clinical outcomes. Methods: Strategies, including stroke team prenotification, direct computed tomography transfer, not routinely waiting for laboratory results and alteplase delivery on the computed tomography table, were implemented in June 2013. We included all thrombolysed patients admitted directly to our hospital between January 2012 and March 2015. In-hospital delays and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage rates were compared between patients pre- and postmodification, and the latter period was divided into early (first 6 months) and late (beyond 6 months) phases to assess the durability of our modifications. Results: Forty-eight individuals were treated premodification compared with 58 postmodification. The median DTN time was reduced from 75 to 46 minutes (p<0.0001). The median DTN time in the early and late postmodification phases was not significantly different (41 vs 46 minutes, p=0.4085). There was no significant difference in rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (4.2 vs 1.7%, p=0.361) or stroke mimics (2.1 ves 5.2%, p=0.625) Conclusions: We were able to decrease our DTN time for acute stroke thrombolysis by implementing relatively simple modifications and these improvements persisted over time.
A new species ofCoahomasuchus(Archosauria, Aetosauria) from the Upper Triassic Pekin Formation, Deep River Basin, North Carolina
Authors: Heckert Andrew B. , Fraser Nicholas C. , Schneider Vincent P.
Published: December 2016

We describe a new species of the aetosaurCoahomasuchus,C.chathamensis, based on an incomplete, but largely articulated, anterior portion of a skeleton recovered from a quarry in the Upper Triassic Pekin Formation of Chatham County, North Carolina. This is only the second documented occurrence ofCoahomasuchus, with the other being the holotype ofC.kahleorumHeckert and Lucas, 1999 from the Upper Triassic Colorado City Formation of Texas. Although much of the specimen is the same size as the holotype ofC.kahleorum, the dorsal paramedian osteoderms of the North Carolina taxon are considerably (~1.3×) wider than homologous counterparts inC.kahleorum, and the ventral thoracic osteoderms are also rectangular (~1.5× wider than long), rather than square, presumably to accommodate the wider body. This is a rare instance where two articulated specimens of closely related aetosaur species are available for direct comparison of homologous osteoderms. Isolated osteoderms with similar ornamentation from the same locality indicate thatC.chathamensismay have been one of the earliest aetosaurs to attain the broad osteoderm proportions (width:length >3.5:1) otherwise known solely from later branching, spinose taxa such asTypothorax. The co-occurrence ofLucasuchusandCoahomasuchusin both North Carolina and Texas supports past correlations indicating an Otischalkian (Carnian) age for these strata and demonstrates that plesiomorphic, non-spinose aetosaur genera were not necessarily endemic to a single basin in North America.
‘Electroshock Therapy’ in the Third Reich
Authors: Rzesnitzek Lara , Lang Sascha
Published: December 2016

The history of ‘electroshock therapy’ (now known as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)) in Europe in the Third Reich is still a neglected chapter in medical history. Since Thomas Szasz’s ‘From the Slaughterhouse to the Madhouse’, prejudices have hindered a thorough historical analysis of the introduction and early application of electroshock therapy during the period of National Socialism and the Second World War. Contrary to the assumption of a ‘dialectics of healing and killing’, the introduction of electroshock therapy in the German Reich and occupied territories was neither especially swift nor radical. Electroshock therapy, much like the preceding ‘shock therapies’, insulin coma therapy and cardiazol convulsive therapy, contradicted the genetic dogma of schizophrenia, in which only one ‘treatment’ was permissible: primary prevention by sterilisation. However, industrial companies such as Siemens–Reiniger–Werke AG (SRW) embraced the new development in medical technology. Moreover, they knew how to use existing patents on the electrical anaesthesia used for slaughtering to maintain a leading position in the new electroshock therapy market. Only after the end of the official ‘euthanasia’ murder operation in August 1941, entitled T4, did the psychiatric elite begin to promote electroshock therapy as a modern ‘unspecific’ treatment in order to reframe psychiatry as an ‘honorable’ medical discipline. War-related shortages hindered even the then politically supported production of electroshock devices. Research into electroshock therapy remained minimal and was mainly concerned with internationally shared safety concerns regarding its clinical application. However, within the Third Reich, electroshock therapy was not only introduced in psychiatric hospitals, asylums, and in the Auschwitz concentration camp in order to get patients back to work, it was also modified for ‘euthanasia’ murder.
Crossing the Rubicon: Death in ‘The Year of the Transplant’
Authors: MacDonald Helen
Published: December 2016

How death should be measured was a subject of intense debate during the late 1960s, and one in which transplant surgeons had a particular interest. Legislation required a doctor to first pronounce ‘extinct’ the patients from whom ‘spare parts’ were sought for grafting. But transplant surgeons increasingly argued the moment of death was less important than was the moment of establishing that a patient was beyond the point of no return in dying, at which time she or he should be passed to the transplant team. This raised concerns that people identified as being a potential source of organs might not be adequately cared for in their own right. In 1968 the World Medical Association issued an international statement on death at its meeting in Sydney, Australia following a debate between delegates about how and by whom death should be assessed prior to organ removal. Soon afterwards Australian surgeons performed two of the one hundred and five heart transplants carried out around the world that year, dubbed by theNew York Timesto be one during which an ‘international epidemic’ of such grafts were carried out. This essay examines debates about death and transplanting, then analyses the pioneering Australian heart transplants, in the context of the Declaration of Sydney and continuing international discussions about whether these operations were moral and legal.
Giorgio La Piana and the Religious Crisis in Italy at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Saresella Daniela
Published: December 2016

One of the most notable Catholic personalities in Modernism, the well-known current of thought headed in Italy by Ernesto Buonaiuti, Giorgio La Piana deserves more thorough consideration. Like many priests and laymen, La Piana owed an intellectual debt to Buonaiuti, with whom he shared a common interest in the early history of the church as well as in medieval theologian and mystic Gioacchino da Fiore, who prophesied the advent of a spiritual church. They also enjoyed a long-lasting friendship. What distinguished La Piana among his generation of scholars, who gave rise to the so-called “Modernist crisis,” was his choice to migrate to the United States, where he acted as a bridge between American and Italian culture. Notably, he translated George Foot Moore's works into Italian and Buonaiuti's essays into English for publication in the Harvard Theological Review. La Piana became a point of reference for some Italian scholars of the history of the church and religions who had studied under Buonaiuti (such as Alberto Pincherle, Mario Niccoli, Ambrogio Donini, Giorgio Della Vida, and Arturo Carlo Jemolo) and who had considerable problems with the fascist regime. It was often thanks to La Piana that they managed to make contact with the intellectual and academic worlds in the United States.
You Are Gods: Deification in the Naassene Writer and Clement of Alexandria
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: December 2016

Currently there is no widespread agreement on what constitutes gnosis or the gnostic identity in the ancient world. The best option, it seems, is to offer a polythetic classification wherein gnostic thinkers or groups possess a range of characteristics without any one group or thinker possessing all of them. Yet even if widespread agreement on a set of characteristics were attained, it still would not explain how gnostic groups emerged, developed, and crafted their own specific identities.
BAIL-IN AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: HOW TO MAKE BANK RESOLUTION MEASURES EFFECTIVE ACROSS BORDERS
Authors: Lehmann Matthias
Published: December 2016

Bank resolution is key to avoiding a repetition of the global financial crisis, where failing financial institutions had to be bailed out with taxpayers’ money. It permits recapitalizing banks or alternatively winding them down in an orderly fashion without creating systemic risk. Resolution measures, however, suffer from structural weakness. They are taken by States with territorially limited powers, yet they concern entities or groups with global activities and assets in many countries. Under traditional rules of private international law, these activities and assets are governed by the law of other States, which is beyond the remit of the State undertaking the resolution. This paper illustrates the conflict between resolution and private international law by taking the example of the European Union, where the limitations of cross-border issues are most acute. It explains the techniques and mechanisms provided in the Bank Resolution and Recovery Directive (BRRD) and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) Regulation to make resolution measures effective in intra-Eurozone cases, in intra-EU conflicts with non-Euro Member States and in relation to third States. However, it also shows divergences in the BRRD's transposition into national law and flaws that have been uncovered through first cases decided by national courts. A brief overview of third country regimes furthermore highlights the problems in obtaining recognition of EU resolution measures abroad. This article argues that regulatory cooperation alone is insufficient to overcome these shortcomings. It stresses that the effectiveness of resolution will ultimately depend on the courts. Therefore, mere soft law principles of regulatory cooperation are insufficient. A more stable and uniform text on resolution is required, which could take the form of a legislative guide or, ideally, of a model law. It is submitted that such a text could pave the way for greater effectiveness of cross-border resolution.
Chinese Brush, Western Canvas: The travels of Italian artists and writers, and the making of China's international cultural identity in the mid-1950s
Authors: DE GIORGI LAURA
Published: December 2016

After 1955 the People's Republic of China looked to Western Europe to develop new economic and cultural relations, and to project its new image as an independent Socialist state. In this new context, between 1955 and 1957 several Italian delegations visited China to explore the possibility of cooperation between China and Italy in the field of literature and art. This article investigates the most important of these delegations, led by the jurist, Piero Calamandrei, in 1955, and some subsequent initiatives, such as the exhibition of Italian artists held in Beijing in 1956. Drawing mainly from Italian published and private sources, the article explores how Socialist China's revolutionary cultural identity was understood and received in Italy in this period. It does so with special reference to the impact of Soviet cultural influence on China, and the prospect of Sino-Italian cooperation in the field of arts and literature as a way to bridge the East–West political and ideological divide.