bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF AMORPHOUS AND NANOCRYSTALLINE Fe81B13.5Si3.5C2 RIBBONS
Authors: PON-ON WEERAPHAT , WINOTAI PONGTIP , TANG I-MING
Published: July 2009

The nanocrystallization process in amorphous Fe 81 B 13.5 Si 3.5 C 2 ribbons caused by isothermal annealing below the crystallization temperature is studied. X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements are used to identify the formation of new Fe containing compounds such as the ribbons annealed at various temperatures. The ferromagnetic resonance measurements for an as-cast ribbon and the 495°, 525°C and 600°C annealed ribbons exhibit a resonance line at 63.64 mT for φ = 0°. The sample annealed at 425°C shows two resonance peaks at 95.45 mT and 295.46 mT. These are due to the nanocrystalline α– Fe(Si) phase. The resonance-line widths are seen to broaden after the ribbons are annealed at 495°C and 525°C, at which time, the amorphous matrix crystallizes into nano-grains of α– Fe(Si) , t– Fe 2 B and t– Fe 3 B phases. The kinetics of the crystallization is discussed in terms of the relative change in the line width of the samples annealed at 495°C for different annealing times. These results yielded an Avrami exponent, n of 0.84 which is consistent with diffusion-controlled growth with a nucleation rate close to zero.
STRANGENESS NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND J-PARC
Authors: NAGAE TOMOFUMI
Published: July 2009

Construction of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), which is almost at the final stage, has been in progress under a cooperation of two institutions, KEK and Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). The beam commissioning of the proton injector was started in the fall of 2006, and the beam was accelerated up to the design energy of 181 MeV in January, 2007. The beam was further transfered to the next proton synchrotron, and was successfully accelerated to 3 GeV at the end of October, 2007. Construction of the hadron experimental hall is completed in June, 2007, and the beam line equipment is going to be installed from the upstream part. Various experiments on strangeness nuclear physics are planned in the hadron experimental hall. Here, I introduce some of the interesting experimental programs.
REACTION MODELS FOR MESON PRODUCTION REACTIONS IN THE NUCLEON RESONANCE REGION
Authors: LEE T.-S. H.
Published: July 2009

Reaction models for extracting nucleon resonance parameters from the data of meson production reactions are reviewed. The dynamical coupled-channel analysis at the Excited Baryon Analysis Center at Jefferson Laboratory is reported.
STUDY OF MESON PRODUCTION IN NUCLEI NEAR THRESHOLD
Authors: JAIN B. K. , UPADHYAY N. J. , KHEMCHANDANI K. P. , KELKAR N. G.
Published: July 2009

We present a study of the η production at low energies in pd collision with 3He and pd nuclear systems in the final state. The η production mechanism is described by a two-step model and the final state interactions are included fully. The η - d and η - 3He final state interactions are incorporated through the solution of the Lippmann Schwinger equation for a half off-shell η - AT-matrix. For η - d this t -matrix is written in a factorized form, with an off-shell form factor multiplying an on-shell part having the scattering length representation. The p - d final state interaction is included by multiplying the production matrix element by the inverse of the Jost function which includes the strong as well as the Coulomb interaction. The total cross sections are found to be strongly affected by both the η - d and the p - d final state interactions. The η - 3HeT-matrix is obtained in the Finite Rank Approximation (FRA) by solving few-body equations. The calculated total cross sections are in good accord with the available experimental data. Through the time delay method of Wigner, we also explore the possibility of the existence of quasi-bound η-3 He mesic states in this η - 3He T -matrix. We find that the T -matrix which reproduces the low energy pd → 3He η data implies a quasi-bound eta state near threshold. This is in accord with experimental indications.
CORE NUCLEUS DYNAMICS IN Λ HYPERNUCLEI
Authors: USMANI Q. N. , BODMER A. R. , SAULI ZALIMAN
Published: July 2009

We develop a Thomas Fermi theory to study the core polarization effects in Λ hypernuclei. Nuclei in the range of 10B to 243Am are included. Core polarization energies and changes in rms radii due to presence of Λ are calculated. It is shown that core polarization effects depend crucially on the effective compression modulus of the nucleus rather than on the compression modulus of the corresponding infinite nuclear matter.
Innovations in Teaching Undergraduate Biology and Why We Need Them
Authors: Wood William B.
Published: July 2009

A growing revolution is under way in the teaching of introductory science to undergraduates. It is driven by concerns about American competitiveness as well as results from recent educational research, which explains why traditional teaching approaches in large classes fail to reach many students and provides a basis for designing improved methods of instruction. Discipline-based educational research in the life sciences and other areas has identified several innovative promising practices and demonstrated their effectiveness for increasing student learning. Their widespread adoption could have a major impact on the introductory training of biology students.
AMPK in Health and Disease
Authors: Steinberg Gregory R. , Kemp Bruce E.
Published: July 2009

The function and survival of all organisms is dependent on the dynamic control of energy metabolism, when energy demand is matched to energy supply. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) αβγ heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals that control energy balance through the regulation of multiple biochemical pathways in all eukaryotes. In this review, we begin with the discovery of the AMPK family and discuss the recent structural studies that have revealed the molecular basis for AMP binding to the enzyme's γ subunit. AMPK's regulation involves autoinhibitory features and phosphorylation of both the catalytic α subunit and the β-targeting subunit. We review the role of AMPK at the cellular level through examination of its many substrates and discuss how it controls cellular energy balance. We look at how AMPK integrates stress responses such as exercise as well as nutrient and hormonal signals to control food intake, energy expenditure, and substrate utilization at the whole body level. Lastly, we review the possible role of AMPK in multiple common diseases and the role of the new age of drugs targeting AMPK signaling.
Aneuploidy: From a Physiological Mechanism of Variance to Down Syndrome
Authors: Dierssen Mara , Herault Yann , Estivill Xavier
Published: July 2009

Quantitative differences in gene expression emerge as a significant source of variation in natural populations, representing an important substrate for evolution and accounting for a considerable fraction of phenotypic diversity. However, perturbation of gene expression is also the main factor in determining the molecular pathogenesis of numerous aneuploid disorders. In this review, we focus on Down syndrome (DS) as the prototype of “genomic disorder” induced by copy number change. The understanding of the pathogenicity of the extra genomic material in trisomy 21 has accelerated in the last years due to the recent advances in genome sequencing, comparative genome analysis, functional genome exploration, and the use of model organisms. We present recent data on the role of genome-altering processes in the generation of diversity in DS neural phenotypes focusing on the impact of trisomy on brain structure and mental retardation and on biological pathways and cell types in target brain regions (including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia). We also review the potential that genetically engineered mouse models of DS bring into the understanding of the molecular biology of human learning disorders.
Transglutaminases and Disease: Lessons From Genetically Engineered Mouse Models and Inherited Disorders
Authors: Iismaa Siiri E. , Mearns Bryony M. , Lorand Laszlo , Graham Robert M.
Published: July 2009

The human transglutaminase (TG) family consists of a structural protein, protein 4.2, that lacks catalytic activity, and eight zymogens/enzymes, designated factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) and TG1-7, that catalyze three types of posttranslational modification reactions: transamidation, esterification, and hydrolysis. These reactions are essential for biological processes such as blood coagulation, skin barrier formation, and extracellular matrix assembly but can also contribute to the pathophysiology of various inflammatory, autoimmune, and degenerative conditions. Some members of the TG family, for example, TG2, can participate in biological processes through actions unrelated to transamidase catalytic activity. We present here a comprehensive review of recent insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of TG family members that have come from studies of genetically engineered mouse models and/or inherited disorders. The review focuses on FXIII-A, TG1, TG2, TG5, and protein 4.2, as mice deficient in TG3, TG4, TG6, or TG7 have not yet been reported, nor have mutations in these proteins been linked to human disease.
Effect of Chlorotriphenyl Derivatives of Sn and Pb upon Biophysical Properties of Membranes
Authors: Man Dariusz , Podolak Marian , Engel Grzegorz , Boniewska Ewa
Published: July 2009

Biophysical activity of two twin organometallic compounds Triphenyltin chloride (TPhT) and Triphenyllead chloride (TPhL) in their interreaction with model membranes, as well as with yeast cells Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was investigated. Four measurement methods were used in the experiments: two physical methods (spin probes method and the electric method); two biological methods (minimal inhibitory concentration /MIC/ and yeast survival test). It has been found that the activity of TPhT in interaction with model membranes and yeast cells is distinctly greater than that of TPhL. The activity manifests itself by considerable increase in the fluidity of the middle part of liposome bilayer, change in the polarization direction of the transmembrane voltage of filters impregnated with lauric acid, and in complete inhibition of growth of yeast cells at the concentration of 5 μg/mL.
Dietary Chemopreventive Phytochemicals: Too Little or Too Much?
Authors: Moiseeva Elena P. , Manson Margaret M.
Published: July 2009

There is a large body of evidence that the consumption of fruit and vegetables can decrease the risk of cancer. However, the link between diet and health is extremely complex. Some dietary phytochemicals seem to offer protection in an exposure-related manner and many molecular targets and signaling pathways affected by phytochemicals have been discovered. Although in vitro studies have contributed significantly to our understanding, quite a number use concentrations orders of magnitude greater than those achievable in humans or toxic to normal tissues (exemplified by toxic concentrations of indole-3-carbinol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin, and genistein for breast cells). Such studies may produce results that are physiologically irrelevant, thus hindering predictions of efficacy. Here, we argue for careful consideration to be given to the in vitro experimental conditions under which dietary phytochemicals are investigated. Design features, such as the use of appropriate nontoxic concentrations, extended treatment times, three-dimensional cultures, primary tumor cultures, and comparison of susceptibility of various cancer subtypes, should improve our understanding of their molecular targets. This in turn would facilitate predictions as to their potential usefulness in the clinic.
Topical Treatment with Black Raspberry Extract Reduces Cutaneous UVB-Induced Carcinogenesis and Inflammation
Authors: Duncan F J. , Martin Jason R. , Wulff Brian C. , Stoner Gary D. , Tober Kathleen L. , Oberyszyn Tatiana M. , Kusewitt Donna F. , Van Buskirk Anne M.
Published: July 2009

Light in the UVB spectrum (280-320 nm) induces a number of changes in the epidermis and dermis of mice and humans, resulting in a robust inflammatory response. A standardized black raspberry extract (BRE) has been effective in reducing signaling pathways commonly initiated by inflammatory stimuli. In this study, we determined whether this extract could reduce cutaneous UVB-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis. In our carcinogenesis model, female SKH-1 hairless mice were exposed to one minimal erythemal dose of UVB thrice weekly on nonconsecutive days for 25 weeks. Immediately after each exposure, the mice were treated topically with either BRE dissolved in vehicle or with vehicle only. Beginning on week 19, mice treated with BRE had a significant reduction in tumor number and in average tumor size. This reduction correlated with a significant reduction in tumor-infiltrating CD3+foxp3+ regulatory T-cells. In the acute model, mice were exposed to a single minimal erythemal dose of UVB and treated topically with BRE or with vehicle. At 48 hours post-UVB exposure, topical BRE treatment significantly reduced edema, p53 protein levels, oxidative DNA damage, and neutrophil activation. The ability of topical BRE to reduce acute UVB-induced inflammation and to decrease tumor development in a long-term model provides compelling evidence to explore the clinical efficacy of BRE in the prevention of human skin cancers.
Pilot Study of Oral Anthocyanins for Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention
Authors: Thomasset Sarah , Berry David P. , Cai Hong , West Kevin , Marczylo Tim H. , Marsden Debbie , Brown Karen , Dennison Ashley , Garcea Giuseppe , Miller Andrew , Hemingway David , Steward William P. , Gescher Andreas J.
Published: July 2009

Naturally occurring anthocyanins possess colorectal cancer chemopreventive properties in rodent models. We investigated whether mirtocyan, an anthocyanin-rich standardized bilberry extract, causes pharmacodynamic changes consistent with chemopreventive efficacy and generates measurable levels of anthocyanins in blood, urine, and target tissue. Twenty-five colorectal cancer patients scheduled to undergo resection of primary tumor or liver metastases received mirtocyan 1.4, 2.8, or 5.6 grams (containing 0.5-2.0 grams anthocyanins) daily for 7 days before surgery. Bilberry anthocyanins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with visible or mass spectrometric detection. Proliferation was determined by immunohistochemistry of Ki-67 in colorectal tumor. Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I were measured in plasma. Mirtocyan anthocyanins and methyl and glucuronide metabolites were identified in plasma, colorectal tissue, and urine, but not in liver. Anthocyanin concentrations in plasma and urine were roughly dose-dependent, reaching ∼179 ng/gram in tumor tissue at the highest dose. In tumor tissue from all patients on mirtocyan, proliferation was decreased by 7% compared with preintervention values. The low dose caused a small but nonsignificant reduction in circulating IGF-I concentrations. In conclusion, repeated administration of bilberry anthocyanins exerts pharmacodynamic effects and generates concentrations of anthocyanins in humans resembling those seen in ApcMin mice, a model of FAP adenomas sensitive to the chemopreventive properties of anthocyanins. Studies of doses containing <0.5 gram bilberry anthocyanins are necessary to adjudge whether they may be appropriate for development as colorectal cancer chemopreventive agents.
Novel Susceptibility Loci for Second Primary Tumors/Recurrence in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Large-Scale Evaluation of Genetic Variants
Authors: Wu Xifeng , Spitz Margaret R. , Lee J. Jack , Lippman Scott M. , Ye Yuanqing , Yang Hushan , Khuri Fadlo R. , Kim Edward , Gu Jian , Lotan Reuben , Hong Waun K.
Published: July 2009

This study was aimed to identify novel susceptibility variants for second primary tumor (SPT) or recurrence in curatively treated early-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients.

We constructed a custom chip containing a comprehensive panel of 9,645 chromosomal and mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) representing 998 cancer-related genes selected by a systematic prioritization schema. Using this chip, we genotyped 150 early-stage HNSCC patients with and 300 matched patients without SPT/recurrence from a prospectively conducted randomized trial and assessed the association of these SNPs with risk of SPT/recurrence.

Individually, six chromosomal SNPs and seven mitochondrial SNPs were significantly associated with risk of SPT/recurrence after adjustment for multiple comparisons. A strong gene-dosage effect was observed when these SNPs were combined, as evidenced by a progressively increasing SPT/recurrence risk as the number of unfavorable genotypes increased (P for trend < 1.00 × 10−20). Several polygenic analyses suggest an important role of interconnected functional network and gene-gene interaction in modulating SPT/recurrence. Furthermore, incorporation of these genetic markers into a multivariate model improved significantly the discriminatory ability over the models containing only clinical and epidemiologic variables.

This is the first large-scale systematic evaluation of germ-line genetic variants for their roles in HNSCC SPT/recurrence. The study identified several promising susceptibility loci and showed the cumulative effect of multiple risk loci in HNSCC SPT/recurrence. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of incorporating germ-line genetic variation data with clinical and risk factor data in constructing prediction models for clinical outcomes.
Chemoprevention of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Mice by a Mixture of Chinese Herbs
Authors: Wang Yian , Zhang Zhongqiu , Garbow Joel R. , Rowland Doug J. , Lubet Ronald A. , Sit Daniel , Law Francis , You Ming
Published: July 2009

Antitumor B (ATB) is a Chinese herbal mixture of six plants. Previous studies have shown significant chemopreventive efficacy of ATB against human esophageal and lung cancers. We have recently developed a new mouse model for lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). In this study, lung SCC mouse model was characterized using small-animal imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography). ATB decreased lung SCC significantly (3.1-fold; P < 0.05) and increased lung hyperplastic lesions by 2.4-fold (P < 0.05). This observation suggests that ATB can block hyperplasia from progression to SCC. ATB tissue distribution was determined using matrine as a marker chemical. We found that ATB is rapidly absorbed and then distributes to various tissues including the lung. These results indicate that ATB is a potent chemopreventive agent against the development of mouse lung SCCs.
A Case-Control Study of Single-Pass Albumin Dialysis for Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Karvellas Constantine J. , Bagshaw Sean M. , McDermid Robert C. , Stollery Daniel E. , Bain Vincent G. , Gibney R.T. Noel
Published: July 2009

Background: Extracorporeal support with single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) may remove protein-bound toxins in acute liver failure. We evaluated the clinical, physiological and laboratory parameters of SPAD in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (AALF). Methods: Retrospective case-control studies of AALF patients were used. Results: We identified 13 AALF patients (6 SPAD-treated, 7 controls). The average age was 38 years, 92% were female, none had cirrhosis and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores were 43. Eleven patients (85%) fulfilled the King’s College criteria for a liver transplant. SPAD-treated patients received 21 sessions (total: 147 h, mean 3.5 runs or 24.5 h/patient). There were no complications. No significant changes in clinical, physiological or biochemical parameters occurred during SPAD. Compared with the controls, there were no significant differences in ICU or 1-year survival, liver recovery or referral for a liver transplant. Conclusion: SPAD was well-tolerated in AALF; however, it was not associated with differences in clinical outcomes. While SPAD may be an adjuvant supportive therapy in AALF, prospective trials are needed.
Continuous Hemofiltration in 2009: What Is New for Clinicians Regarding Pathophysiology, Preferred Technique and Recommended Dose?
Authors: Honoré P.M. , Joannes-Boyau O. , Collin V. , Boer W. , Jennes S.
Published: July 2009

In the last years, publications have questioned the classical dose of 35 ml/kg, but are those studies strong enough in terms of scientific power in order to change our practice? We will try to settle some recommendations for clinicians. Manipulation of dose, porosity, and combinations have yielded promising findings. However, conclusive evidence based on randomized trials remains scarce, limiting the practical implementation in daily practice. From the few designed studies, it is safe to say that optimization of delivered dose has a proven positive effect. An ultrafiltration rate of around 35 ml/kg/h, with adjustment for predilution, can be recommended for the septic patient. Recent studies do not have enough power to change this recommendation in view of its shortcomings. Finally the recommendation is to keep going with a continuous technique, a pure continuous veno-venous hemofiltration mode, and at a dose of 35 ml/kg/h while waiting for other studies to be published.
Increased Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients with High Risk for Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Lim Paik-Seong , Chen Wen-Ching , Wu Ming-Ying , Hu Chuen-Yuh , Chien Po-I
Published: July 2009

Background: In recent years, sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) has been widely considered to be a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Although several plausible mechanisms have been put forth to explain such association in patients with SAS, oxidative stress has been suggested to play a major role. In patients with SAS, the repetitive ischemia-reperfusion state causes excessive production of oxygen free radicals and may subsequently lead to oxidative injury of various biomolecules. Due to the high prevalence of SAS in dialysis patients, this possible uremia-specific CVD risk factor may definitely need more medical attention. Methods: We, therefore, performed a case control study to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and SAS in a group of dialysis patients, using some well-established oxidative biomarkers. Results: Our results showed that plasma nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyl and malonaldehyde levels were significantly elevated in patients with SAS. Markers of endothelial activation such as soluble CD40 ligand were also increased in this subgroup of patients. However, there was no significant difference in serum C-reactive protein levels between these groups. Conclusions: Our results indicate that patients with SAS manifest evidence for higher oxidative stress and endothelial activation. Thus, intermittent hypoxia represents a form of oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflammatory state that may be associated with increased cardiovascular disease in these patients.
SD0006: A Potent, Selective and Orally Available Inhibitor of p38 Kinase
Authors: Burnette Barry L. , Selness Shaun , Devraj Raj , Jungbluth Gail , Kurumbail Ravi , Stillwell Loreen , Anderson Gary , Mnich Stephen , Hirsch Jeffrey , Compton Robert , De Ciechi Pamela , Hope Heidi , Hepperle Michael , Keith Robert H. , Naing Win , Shieh Huey , Portanova Joseph , Zhang Yan , Zhang Jian , Leimgruber Richard M. , Monahan Joseph
Published: July 2009

SD0006 is a diarylpyrazole that was prepared as an inhibitor of p38 kinase-α (p38α). In vitro, SD0006 was selective for p38α kinase over 50 other kinases screened (including p38γ and p38δ with modest selectivity over p38β). Crystal structures with p38α show binding at the ATP site with additional residue interactions outside the ATP pocket unique to p38α that can confer advantages over other ATP competitive inhibitors. Direct correlation between inhibition of p38α activity and that of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNFα release was established in cellular models and in vivo, including a phase 1 clinical trial. Potency (IC50) for inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) release, in vitro and in vivo, was <200 nmol/l. In vivo, SD0006 was effective in the rat streptococcal-cell-wall-induced arthritis model, with dramatic protective effects on paw joint integrity and bone density as shown by radiographic analysis. In the murine collagen-induced arthritis model, equivalence was demonstrated to anti-TNFα treatment. SD0006 also demonstrated good oral anti-inflammatory efficacy with excellent cross-species correlation between the rat, cynomolgus monkey, and human. SD0006 suppressed expression of multiple proinflammatory proteins at both the transcriptional and translational levels. These properties suggest SD0006 could provide broader therapeutic efficacy than cytokine-targeted monotherapeutics.
Effects of Lutein on Oxidative Stress in the Term Newborn: A Pilot Study
Authors: Perrone Serafina , Longini Mariangela , Marzocchi Barbara , Picardi Anna , Bellieni Carlo V. , Proietti Fabrizio , Rodriguez Antonello , Turrisi Giovanni , Buonocore Giuseppe
Published: July 2009

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role in pathological conditions during the early neonatal period. The newborns are susceptible to oxidative damage due to high metabolic rate and low levels of antioxidant enzymes. Lutein has been found to have protective functions in adult humans as antioxidant. Aim: To evaluate the effects of lutein on OS in newborns. We tested the hypothesis that lutein would act both by increasing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting OS. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center study. 20 healthy term newborns were assigned to receive lutein or placebo (lutein and control group, respectively) at 12 and 36 h after birth. Total hydroperoxides (TH), as marker of OS, and biological antioxidant potential (BAP), as marker of antioxidant power, were detected on cord blood and at 48 h of life in all babies. Results: TH significantly increased from birth to 48 h in the control group (p = 0.02), but not in the lutein group. In the lutein group, BAP significantly increased after 48 h (p = 0.02), showing a strengthening of antioxidant activity due to lutein. At 48 h of life, compared with those in the control group, neonates assigned to receive lutein had significantly lower TH levels (p = 0.04) and higher BAP levels (p = 0.028). Conclusions: Lutein administration in newborns increases the levels of BAP decreasing TH. The enhancement of antioxidant activity in plasma clearly results in protecting newborn from perinatal OS. These preliminary results, adding a new contribution in antioxidant strategies, strongly require to be confirmed by RCT.
Evaluation of Urinary S100B Protein Level and Lactate/Creatinine Ratio for Early Diagnosis and Prognostic Prediction of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Liu Li , Zheng Chong-xun , Peng Shu-feng , Zhou Hong-yan , Su Zu-you , He Li , Ai Ting
Published: July 2009

Background: Early identification and prevention of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in newborns may reduce neonatal mortality and neurological dysfunction. Objective: To analyze the diagnostic and prognostic values of urinary S100B level and lactate/creatinine ratio in newborns with HIE. Methods: Seventy-eight full-term newborns with HIE and 25 normal newborns were enrolled. The Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment (NBNA) and Developmental Screening Test were scored. The concentration of urinary S100B protein was determined using the S100B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the levels of urinary lactate and creatinine were measured with the enzyme colorimetric method. Results: Urinary S100B level on days 1–3 after birth and lactate/creatinine ratio on day 1 were significantly higher in newborns with HIE than those in the control group. Both indexes were positively correlated with the clinical grading of HIE. A cutoff value for the S100B level of 0.47 μg/l on day 3 after birth had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 92% for prediction of HIE. A lactate/creatinine ratio of more than 0.55 on day 1 showed the highest sensitivity (92%) and specificity (90%). A combination of both indexes improved the sensitivity and specificity to 99 and 97%, respectively. A negative correlation of both lactate/creatinine ratio on day 1 and S100B level on days 1–3 after birth with the NBNA score was identified on days 3, 7 and 14 after birth. The Developmental Screening Test score of 36 newborns with HIE within 6 months after birth showed that 65% of infants with moderate and high HIE had an abnormal developmental quotient. Conclusion: These data suggest that early measurement of both S100B level and lactate/creatinine ratio in the urine of newborns with HIE is a practical convenient and sensitive way to improve diagnosis on the third day of life and prognostic prediction of HIE.
Preoperative Prediction of Lymph Node Status in Gastric Cancer Patients with the Help of Computer Analysis
Authors: Mekicar Jernej , Omejc Mirko
Published: July 2009

Introduction: An optimal management of gastric cancer should be stage-oriented with the main criterion of lymph node status. Nodal status can be assessed preoperatively with modern radiological imaging techniques, sentinel node biopsy, molecular or genetic markers of tumor and computer analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy in preoperative prediction of lymph node status with the help of computer analysis. Methods: The computer model was constructed with data from patients with gastric cancer treated at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana between 1993 and 2003. Prediction of the computer model was then tested on 110 patients treated between 2004 and 2005 in the same manner as patients from the database. The goal of the study was to compare prediction for lymph node status in the control group by the computer program with real data collected after surgery. Results: Accuracy of computerized preoperative predictions of N0/N1 status is 86% (sensitivity 91% and specificity 79%) and of N1/N2 status is 89% (sensitivity 87% and specificity 90%). Conclusion: Results of accuracy of preoperative predictions of nodal status are very high and allow in each individual case to guide stage-appropriate therapy. Best applicability is obtained with implementation of this new approach with standard diagnostic methods.
Ultra-Minilaparotomy Myomectomy: A Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach for the Treatment of Large Uterine Myomas
Authors: Ciavattini Andrea , Tsiroglou Dimitrios , Litta Pietro , Frizzo Helga , Tranquilli Andrea Luigi
Published: July 2009

Background: In recent years, a growing number of more conservative methods for the treatment of uterine myomas has been reported. However, only a small number of techniques is used for the treatment of large myomas. Aims: In the present retrospective study, we report our experience with a group of patients who consecutively underwent ultra-minilaparotomy myomectomy for single or multiple large myomas, with diameter greater than 5 cm, with emphasis on the safety and efficacy of this procedure. Methods: Forty-one women underwent an ultra-minilaparotomy myomectomy that involved a <4 cm transverse skin incision, with or without laparoscopic assistance. Results: Mean operating time was 92.4 min, the mean hemoglobin decline was 2.0 g/dl and the mean hematocrit decline was 5.7%. The mean time to discharge was 84.3 h. No patient underwent a second surgery for early postoperative complications. Postoperative fever occurred in 4 patients, especially in patients who underwent ultra-minilaparotomy without assisted laparoscopy. There were two cases of severe anemia with recourse to blood transfusion. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that ultra-minilaparotomy myomectomy with or without laparoscopic assistance might represent a safe and effective minimally invasive alternative to standard open myomectomy in the treatment of large myomas.
Tailoring Treatment for Early Gastric Cancer after Endoscopic Resection Using Sentinel Node Navigation with Infrared Ray Electronic Endoscopy Combined with Indocyanine Green Injection
Authors: Ohdaira Hironori , Nimura Hiroshi , Fujita Tetsuji , Mitsumori Norio , Takahashi Naoto , Kashiwagi Hideyuki , Narimiya Norichika , Yanaga Katsuhiko
Published: July 2009

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of sentinel node navigation surgery using infrared ray electronic endoscopy (IREE) combined with indocyanine green in patients after endoscopic treatments of early gastric cancer. Methods: 14 patients with early gastric cancer after endoscopic treatments were included. Each patient underwent sentinel node navigation surgery using IREE. Sentinel node detection rate, accuracy of sentinel node metastases and clinical efficacy including the presence or absence of recurrence were evaluated. Results: The intraoperative sentinel node detection rate was 100% (14/14), and accuracy for sentinel node metastases was 93% (13/14). Based on the results of sentinel node mapping, 2 patients received standard gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy, and the remaining 12 patients underwent limited surgery with lymphatic basin dissection. After median follow-up of 32 months, no patients had tumor recurrence. Conclusion: The validity of limited surgery based on sentinel node navigation for early gastric cancer remains unclear because the results of a well-designed multicenter clinical trial of sentinel node mapping for gastric cancer have not yet been reported. However, this study suggests that sentinel node navigation surgery using IREE combined with indocyanine green is useful for early gastric cancer after endoscopic resection.
Preoperative Radiotherapy Has No Value for Patients with T2–3, N0 Adenocarcinomas of the Rectum
Authors: Ferenschild Floris T.J. , Dawson Imro , de Graaf Eelco J.R. , de Wilt Johannes H.W. , Tetteroo Geert W.M.
Published: July 2009

Background: Treatment of rectal cancer with preoperative radiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision is nowadays the standard treatment. It reduces local recurrences and improves overall survival. However, in patients with T2–3, N0 rectal cancer, the role of preoperative radiotherapy remains controversial. The aim of this study was to review the benefit of radiotherapy in T2 and T3, N0 rectal cancer patients. Methods: Between 1996 and 2003, 103 patients with T2–3, N0 rectal cancer were identified in our prospective database. This study evaluated time to local recurrence, distant metastases and overall survival. Results: Median follow-up was 4.3 years. The 5-year local control rate was 94%. The 5-year overall survival was 65%. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 82%. Preoperative radiotherapy did not show any statistical differences. Abdominal perineal resection and T3 tumors negatively influenced overall survival (p = 0.02). Advanced age was of significant importance in overall survival. Conclusions: Preoperative radiotherapy does not seem to be of significant importance in patients with T2–3, N0 rectal cancer regarding local recurrence and survival. Since preoperative radiotherapy is associated with short- and long-term morbidity, patients with T2–3, N0 tumors should be identified and treated with surgery alone.
Education, Occupation, and Dementia: The Bavarian School Sisters Study
Authors: Bickel Horst , Kurz Alexander
Published: July 2009

Background/Aims: An inverse association of educational level with the occurrence of dementia has been repeatedly demonstrated. The mechanism of this relationship is not yet clear. Studies on populations with different educational and occupational levels but uniform living conditions throughout adult life may serve as a natural experiment and may help to rule out lifestyle and environmental factors as possible explanations. Methods: We studied the relationship of education, occupational training, and appointment to a leading position with dementia in a cross-sectional study of older female members of a religious order. Results: Out of 517 eligible sisters, 442 (85.5%) with an average of 54 years membership in the order participated in the study, among which 104 cases of dementia were identified. We found a strong association of low educational and occupational attainment with dementia. The increased risk of dementia was attributable to sisters being poorly educated (age-adjusted OR = 4.5; 95% CI: 2.0–9.9), not having received any vocational training (OR = 9.1; 95% CI: 3.9–20.9), and never having been appointed to a leading position (OR = 3.7; 95% CI: 2.0–7.0). Conclusion: In a setting which largely excludes the influence of lifestyle and environmental factors, we observed a strong association between educational variables and dementia. Our findings support the hypothesis of a reserve capacity against the consequences of brain diseases.
Intima-Media Thickness of the Carotid Artery and Its Correlation Factors in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kuang Dingwei , You Huaizhou , Ding Feng , Xue Jun , Chen Jing , Ronco Claudio , Gu Yong
Published: July 2009

Background: To investigate the relationship between the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery (CA-IMT) and its major risk factors in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods: Seventy-five MHD patients and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The MHD patients were divided into 3 subgroups according to their CA-IMT value. Results: CA-IMT values in the MHD group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The differences in age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and levels of serum albumin, prealbumin, cholesterol and serum phosphate between the increased IMT group and the normal IMT group were significant. SBP and serum phosphate levels were also greater in the abnormal IMT group than those in the normal IMT group. Significant relationships were found between CA-IMT and age, SBP, and serum levels of phosphate, albumin and prealbumin. In multiple regression analysis, a high serum phosphate level, low serum prealbumin level and high SBP were significant independent risk factors of increased CA-IMT. Conclusions: CA-IMT was increased dramatically in MHD patients. A high serum phosphate level, low serum prealbumin level and high SBP may be associated with advanced arteriosclerosis.
Loop Colostomy with a Suprafascial Bridge Device
Authors: Branco Ana Maria , Saraiva A. Carlos
Published: July 2009

Introduction: The aim of this technique is to achieve a quick, efficient and easy-to-perform as well as to reverse surgical procedure for patients requiring temporary deviation of stool transit, which can be carried out even by surgeons with little experience. Methods: We describe our technique for loop colostomy over a subcutaneous plastic rod device placed not on the skin but on the superficial abdominal aponeurosis. Results: Nineteen loop colostomies were performed using this technique, with no complications of either stoma formation or its subsequent function. The patient population consisted of 10 men and 9 women (average age 64 years). Patients were all followed up for 24 months or until death. Six deaths occurred in patients operated for palliative purposes. Conclusions: This technique is not only very useful for patients in poor health who have undergone surgery due to intestinal blockage and need a quick surgical procedure to deal with an acute bowel disorder, but also in palliative situations.
Seasonal and Cyclical Change in the Luteinizing Hormone Response to Kisspeptin in the Ewe
Authors: Smith Jeremy T. , Saleh Sofie N.H. , Clarke Iain J.
Published: July 2009

Background: Kisspeptins are recognized as important stimulators of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin secretion. In sheep, the nonbreeding (anestrous) period is characterized by reduced Kiss1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the response to kisspeptin treatment varies between the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Methods: Corriedale ewes were treated intravenously with murine kisspeptin-10 (submaximal dose: 20 μg or maximal dose: 250 μg) or GnRH (250 ng) during either the anestrous period or during the breeding season at the luteal, mid-follicular, or late-follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Results: Kisspeptin treatment increased the concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in all animals. We found the LH response to kisspeptin (20 μg) was greater in ewes during the anestrous period, being 4-fold that seen during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Within the breeding season, kisspeptin (20 μg) was most effective during the late-follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Kisspeptin treatment (both 20 and 250 μg) had no effect on plasma levels of growth hormone, prolactin or cortisol. The variable effect of kisspeptin (20 μg) on LH secretion appeared to mirror that of GnRH treatment indicating that the effect may be mediated by a change in the pituitary response to GnRH. Conclusion: We conclude that the gonadotropic response to kisspeptin depends upon the reproductive status of the female.
Targeted Radionuclide Therapy for Neuroendocrine Tumours: Principles and Application
Authors: Druce Maralyn R. , Lewington Val , Grossman Ashley B.
Published: July 2009

Neuroendocrine tumours comprise a group of neoplasms with variable clinical behaviour. Their growth and spread is often very slow and initially asymptomatic, and thus they are often metastatic at the time of diagnosis and incurable by surgery. An exciting therapeutic strategy for cytoreduction, both for stabilisation of tumour growth and inhibition of hormone production, is the use of targeted radionuclide therapy. Evidence from large-scale, randomised, placebo-controlled trials is very difficult to obtain in these rare diseases, but current data appear promising. It is timely to review the principles underlying the use of these therapies, together with the clinical outcomes to date and potential directions for future research.
Role of NADPH Oxidase in Formation and Function of Multinucleated Giant Cells
Authors: Quinn Mark T. , Schepetkin Igor A.
Published: July 2009

Macrophages play essential roles in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. One of the unique features of these phagocytic leukocytes is their ability to fuse, forming multinucleated giant cells. Multinucleated giant cells are important mediators of tissue remodeling and repair and are also responsible for removal or sequestration of foreign material, intracellular bacteria and non-phagocytosable pathogens, such as parasites and fungi. Depending on the tissue where fusion occurs and the inflammatory insult, multinucleated giant cells assume distinctly different phenotypes. Nevertheless, the ultimate outcome is the formation of large cells that can resorb bone tissue (osteoclasts) or foreign material and pathogens (giant cells) extracellularly. While progress has been made in recent years, the mechanisms and factors involved in macrophage fusion are still not fully understood. In addition to cytokines and a number of adhesion proteins and receptors, it is becoming increasingly clear that NADPH oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) also play an important role in macrophage fusion. In this review, we provide an overview of macrophage multinucleation, with a specific focus on the role of NADPH oxidases and ROS in macrophage fusion and in the function of multinucleated giant cells. In addition, we provide an updated overview of the role of these cells in inflammation and various autoimmune diseases.
Decorin Suppresses Bone Metastasis in a Breast Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Araki Kentaro , Wakabayashi Hiroki , Shintani Ken , Morikawa Joji , Matsumine Akihiko , Kusuzaki Katsuyuki , Sudo Akihiro , Uchida Atsumasa
Published: July 2009

Decorin, the prototype of an expanding family of small leucine-rich proteoglycans, is involved in a number of cellular processes including matrix assembly, fibrillogenesis and the control of cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the role of decorin in suppressing tumor aggressiveness and bone metastases. We used a metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, to show that decorin causes marked growth suppression bothin vitro and in vivo. A cytomegaloviral vector containing the decorin transgene caused greatly reduced cell growth, motility and observed metastases. Bone metastases were decreased by >90% upon decorin transfection. These results demonstrate a novel role for decorin in the reduction or prevention of tumor metastases in this breast cancer model and could eventually lead to improved therapies for metastatic breast cancer.
Methylaminolaevulinate Photodynamic Therapy in Patients with Multiple Basal Cell Carcinomas in the Setting of Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome or after Radiotherapy
Authors: Mougel F. , Debarbieux S. , Ronger-Savlé S. , Dalle S. , Thomas L.
Published: July 2009

Background: The naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is a therapeutic challenge due to the multiplicity of cutaneous tumours. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used as an alternative treatment for superficial and in some countries nodular basal cell carcinomas (BCC). Objective: To study the safety and efficiency of PDT in NBCCS. Methods: We reviewed retrospectively the evolution of 62 lesions from patients with multiple BCC treated with PDT. Results: The initial response rate (85.4%, 53/62) and recurrence rate (7.5%) appeared comparable to literature values in NBCCS and to those reported in the treatment of sporadic BCC. The clearance rate without recurrence was 79% (49/62), during a mean follow-up period of 13 months. The cosmetic outcome was excellent. Recurrences were found almost 2 years after treatment. Conclusion: PDT is a suitable therapeutic option in the management of NBCCS patients but requires a strict and long follow-up.
Glutamic Acid, the Main Dietary Amino Acid, and Blood Pressure
Authors: Stamler Jeremiah , Brown Ian J. , Daviglus Martha L. , Chan Queenie , Kesteloot Hugo , Ueshima Hirotsugu , Zhao Liancheng , Elliott Paul
Published: July 2009

Background—

Data are available that indicate an independent inverse relationship of dietary vegetable protein to the blood pressure (BP) of individuals. Here, we assess whether BP is associated with glutamic acid intake (the predominant dietary amino acid, especially in vegetable protein) and with each of 4 other amino acids that are relatively higher in vegetable than animal protein (proline, phenylalanine, serine, and cystine).

Methods and Results—

This was a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 4680 persons 40 to 59 years of age from 17 random population samples in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. BP was measured 8 times at 4 visits; dietary data (83 nutrients, 18 amino acids) were obtained from 4 standardized, multipass, 24-hour dietary recalls and 2 timed 24-hour urine collections. Dietary glutamic acid (percentage of total protein intake) was inversely related to BP. Across multivariate regression models (model 1, which controlled for age, gender, and sample, through model 5, which controlled for 16 possible nonnutrient and nutrient confounders), estimated average BP differences associated with a glutamic acid intake that was higher by 4.72% of total dietary protein (2 SD) were −1.5 to −3.0 mm Hg systolic and −1.0 to −1.6 mm Hg diastolic (
z
scores −2.15 to −5.11). Results were similar for the glutamic acid–BP relationship with each of the other amino acids also in the model; eg, with control for 15 variables plus proline, systolic/diastolic pressure differences were −2.7/−2.0 mm Hg (
z
scores −2.51, −2.82). In these 2–amino acid models, higher intake (by 2 SD) of each of the other amino acids was associated with small BP differences and
z
scores.

Conclusions—

Dietary glutamic acid may have independent BP-lowering effects, which may contribute to the inverse relation of vegetable protein to BP.