bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of the Established “By Law” Criterion for Reviewing European Judicial Appointments
Authors: Karlsson Haukur Logi
Published: October 2022

The “established by law” criterion recently emerged as an independent element of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), through the European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR’s) judgment in Ástráðsson v. Iceland. The criterion imposes the obligation on states to appoint judges in accordance with the respective legal framework. Its emergence occurred at a precarious moment in European intergovernmental politics, with illiberal governments in several European states exhibiting tactics aimed at softening obstacles to their governing powers, upheld by their respective judiciaries. Through a dialog between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), and the ECtHR, the “established by law” criterion has now emerged in the European constitutional repository for thwarting such tactics. In this article, the story of this development is told through highlights from the case law of the European supranational courts and through the Icelandic backstory of the Ástráðsson case. This story reveals important nuances in how the case law needs to be understood with regards to the constitutional forces at stake. The conceptual approach of the ECtHR in Ástráðsson is also analyzed in context with Lon Fuller’s rule of law principle of congruence, which provides a framework for evaluating the merits of the Court’s tactic.
A Kantian Moral Cosmopolitan Approach to Teaching Professional Legal Ethics
Authors: Madhloom Omar
Published: October 2022

This article argues that given the globalization of legal education and legal services, professional legal ethics should incorporate not only a cosmopolitan dimension but also sentiments such as compassion, respect, and sensitivity for human suffering. Inspired by the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and his theory of education, this article seeks to address some of the limitations of the professional codes of conduct for barristers and solicitors, in England and Wales, by applying a moral cosmopolitan approach to the teaching of professional legal ethics. This normative approach is underscored by a commitment to moral duties to persons irrespective of their nationality, gender, religion, or any other defining characteristic. These duties include promoting client autonomy and engaging in law reform. This article also argues that Clinical Legal Education programs are an appropriate methodology for teaching moral cosmopolitan ethics.
THE STRUCTURE AND HYDROLOGY OF THE EARLY DYNASTIC CITY OF LAGASH (TELL AL-HIBA) FROM SATELLITE AND AERIAL IMAGES
Authors: Hammer Emily , Stone Elizabeth , McMahon Augusta
Published: October 2022

Satellite imagery and UAV (drone) photos taken at Lagash (modern Tell al-Hiba) after rainstorms and at times of elevated soil moisture show dense near-surface architecture that dates mostly to the Early Dynastic III period (c. 2600–2350 BCE) and covers several hundred hectares. Archaeological knowledge of Mesopotamian urban structure has mostly been limited to isolated excavated neighbourhoods, such as at third millennium BCE Tutub (Khafajah) or Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), and early second millennium BCE Ur (Tell al-Muqayyar). The morphology of Tell al-Hiba and the quality of the imagery sets create a unique situation that enables the reconstruction and comparison of neighbourhoods across almost the whole of the city of Lagash. Mapping of near-surface architectural remains, streets, and water features reveals a discontinuous city located within a watery, possibly marshy environment.
Impact of spanwise effective slope upon rough-wall turbulent channel flow
Authors: Jelly T.O. , Ramani A. , Nugroho B. , Hutchins N. , Busse A.
Published: October 2022

Whereas streamwise effective slope (

$ES_{x}$

) is accepted as a key topographical parameter in the context of rough-wall turbulent flows, the significance of its spanwise counterpart (

$ES_{y}$

) remains largely unexplored. Here, the response of turbulent channel flow over irregular, three-dimensional rough walls with systematically varied values of

$ES_{y}$

is studied using direct numerical simulation. All simulations were performed at a fixed friction Reynolds number 395, corresponding to a viscous-scaled roughness height

$k^{+}\approx 65.8$

(where

$k$

is the mean peak-to-valley height). A surface generation algorithm is used to synthesise a set of ten irregular surfaces with specified

$ES_{y}$

for three different values of

$ES_{x}$

. All surfaces share a common mean peak-to-valley height and are near-Gaussian, which allows this study to focus on the impact of varying

$ES_{y}$

, since roughness amplitude, skewness and

$ES_{x}$

can be eliminated simultaneously as parameters. Based on an analysis of first- and second-order velocity statistics, as well as turbulence co-spectra and the fractional contribution of pressure and viscous drag, the study shows that

$ES_{y}$

can strongly affect the roughness drag penalty – particularly for low-

$ES_{x}$

surfaces. A secondary observation is that particular low-

$ES_{y}$

surfaces in this study can lead to diminished levels of outer-layer similarity in both mean flow and turbulence statistics, which is attributed to insufficient scale separation between the outer length scale and the in-plane spanwise roughness wavelength.
Flow states and heat transport in liquid metal convection
Authors: Ren Lei , Tao Xin , Zhang Lu , Ni Ming-Jiu , Xia Ke-Qing , Xie Yi-Chao
Published: October 2022

We present an experimental study of Rayleigh–Bénard convection using liquid metal alloy gallium-indium-tin as the working fluid with a Prandtl number of

$Pr=0.029$

. The flow state and the heat transport were measured in a Rayleigh number range of

$1.2\times 10^{4} \le Ra \le 1.3\times 10^{7}$

. The temperature fluctuation at the cell centre is used as a proxy for the flow state. It is found that, as

$Ra$

increases from the lower end of the parameter range, the flow evolves from a convection state to an oscillation state, a chaotic state and finally a turbulent state for

$Ra>10^5$

. The study suggests that the large-scale circulation in the turbulent state is a residual of the cell structure near the onset of convection, which is in contrast with the case of

$Pr\sim 1$

, where the cell structure is transiently replaced by high order flow modes before the emergence of the large-scale circulation in the turbulent state. The evolution of the flow state is also reflected by the heat transport characterised by the Nusselt number

$Nu$

and the probability density function (p.d.f.) of the temperature fluctuation at the cell centre. It is found that the effective local heat transport scaling exponent

$\gamma$

, i.e.

$Nu\sim Ra^{\gamma }$

, changes continuously from

$\gamma =0.49$

at

$Ra\sim 10^4$

to

$\gamma =0.25$

for

$Ra>10^6$

. Meanwhile, the p.d.f. at the cell centre gradually evolves from a Gaussian-like shape before the transition to turbulence to an exponential-like shape in the turbulent state. For

$Ra>10^6$

, the flow shows self-similar behaviour, which is revealed by the universal shape of the p.d.f. of the temperature fluctuation at the cell centre and a

$Nu=0.19Ra^{0.25}$

scaling for the heat transport.
Rethinking work: How approach and avoidance features of cognitive crafting are linked with job crafting behaviors and work engagement
Authors: Costantini Arianna
Published: October 2022

Responding to the call for more research on cognitive crafting, this study focuses on employees' reframing of their job characteristics to assign higher importance to job resources and downplay the relevance of costly job demands. Furthermore, it examines how these proactive cognitive strategies are embedded in an overall job crafting process, including both cognitive and behavioral aspects, and linked with work engagement. Preliminary results (n = 247) support the conceptualization of cognitive crafting encompassing approach and avoidance aspects targeting resources and demands, respectively. Moreover, three-wave data (n = 84) show that employees' cognitive efforts to highlight the centrality of job resources influence work engagement over time. Importantly, proactively organizing work leads to higher work engagement by prompting cognitive reframing of the relevance of job resources as central to one's work. Differently, cognitive efforts to downplay the relevance of hindering job demands are unrelated to following proactive behaviors and work engagement.
Bose–Einstein condensation for particles with repulsive short-range pair interactions in a Poisson random external potential in
Authors: Kerner Joachim , Pechmann Maximilian
Published: October 2022

We study Bose gases in$d \ge 2$dimensions with short-range repulsive pair interactions at positive temperature, in the canonical ensemble and in the thermodynamic limit. We assume the presence of hard Poissonian obstacles and focus on the non-percolation regime. For sufficiently strong interparticle interactions, we show that almost surely there cannot be Bose–Einstein condensation into a sufficiently localized, normalized one-particle state. The results apply to the canonical eigenstates of the underlying one-particle Hamiltonian.
THE MARINE RESERVOIR EFFECT: A CASE STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AT GUANABARA BAY, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
Authors: Vivone Ronaldo Janvrot , Carvalho Zenildo Lara de , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Santos Roberto Ventura dos , Godoy José Marcus
Published: October 2022

This study applied, radiocarbon dating to charcoal and mollusk samples from Sernambetiba and Amourins archaeological sites in the Northeast region of Guanabara Bay, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to assess the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect (MRE) of this area, being applied for the correction of the marine samples ages. The results for this estuarine system were ΔR = –87 ± 90 14C yr and ΔR = –244 ± 70 14C yr for 3970 ± 70 14C yr BP and 2357 ± 60 14C yr BP, respectively. Based on these findings, calibrated 14C ages were calculated for Sernambetiba and Amourins shell mound sites surrounding the bay. Marine samples from the Guapi site were analyzed and only their radiocarbon ages presented because there were no paired terrestrial samples for the MRE assessment. These results are coherent with previously published values also derived from archaeological samples for the Rio de Janeiro state coastal region and contribute to the interpretation of human occupation of the region during the Holocene.
Privatizing Financial Protection: Regulatory Feedback and the Politics of Financial Reform
Authors: SORELLE MALLORY E.
Published: October 2022

Consumer credit is a crucial source of financial support for most Americans—part of what scholars dub the “credit-welfare state.” Yet, borrowers have been reluctant to take political action to demand better consumer financial protection, even as subprime lending proliferates. This paper articulates a broad theory of regulatory feedback effects, proposing specific mechanisms through which regulatory policy making shapes consumers’ politics. Drawing on the case of consumer financial protection, I argue that consumer credit regulations produce feedback effects that diminish political engagement by encouraging borrowers to blame and subsequently target market actors—including financial institutions and consumers themselves—for both systemic and individual problems with predatory lending. I analyze an original policy dataset, original survey of 1,500 borrowers, and two survey experiments to test this hypothesis. I find that borrowers’ experiences with credit regulation diminish their political engagement, even for reforms they support, limiting the prospects for safeguarding Americans’ financial security.
Adherence to UK dietary guidelines in school-aged children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort
Authors: Buckland Genevieve , Northstone Kate , Emmett Pauline M. , Taylor Caroline M.
Published: October 2022

Compliance to UK dietary recommendations was assessed in school-aged children from a population-based cohort: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). A Children’s Eatwell Guide (C-EWG) score was developed to assess socio-demographic predictors of meeting dietary recommendations. ALSPAC children with plausible diet diary data at 7 years (n 5373), 10 years (n 4450) and 13 years (n 2223) were included in the study. Their dietary intakes (recorded between 1998 and 2006) were compared with dietary guidelines for total and saturated fats, free sugars, salt, fibre, protein, carbohydrates, fruit and vegetables, non-oily and oily fish and red/processed meat. The C-EWG score (0–9 points) indicated the number of recommendations met at each age. Cross-sectional associations between socio-demographic characteristics and C-EWG scores were assessed using multivariable regression. The lowest adherence to guidelines at 7 years was for sugar (0·1 % meeting recommendations), followed by fibre (7·7 %), oily fish (9·5 %), saturated fat (9·7 %) and fruit and vegetables (15·2 %). Highest adherence was for limiting red/processed meat (67·3 %) and meeting carbohydrate recommendations (77·3 %). At 7 years, 12·1 % of participants failed to meet any of the nine recommendations, 26·9 % met one and 28·2 % met two. Similar patterns were seen at 10 and 13 years. A lower social class and maternal educational attainment and higher maternal BMI were associated with meeting fewer recommendations. Most school-aged children in this cohort did not meet UK dietary recommendations, particularly children from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Additional public health initiatives are needed to improve the quality of UK children’s diets, particularly targeting lower socio-economic groups.
Sex differences in regional gray matter density in pre-adolescent binge eating disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study
Authors: Murray Stuart B. , Diaz-Fong Joel P. , Duval Christina J. , Balkchyan Ane A. , Nagata Jason M. , Lee Darrin J. , Ganson Kyle T. , Toga Arthur W. , Siegel Steven J. , Jann Kay
Published: October 2022

Background

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a pernicious psychiatric disorder which is linked with broad medical and psychiatric morbidity, and obesity. While BED may be characterized by altered cortical morphometry, no evidence to date examined possible sex-differences in regional gray matter characteristics among those with BED. This is especially important to consider in children, where BED symptoms often emerge coincident with rapid gray matter maturation.

Methods

Pre-adolescent, 9–10-year old boys (N = 38) and girls (N = 33) with BED were extracted from the 3.0 baseline (Year 0) release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. We investigated sex differences in gray matter density (GMD) via voxel-based morphometry. Control sex differences were also assessed in age and body mass index and developmentally matched control children (boys N = 36; girls N = 38). Among children with BED, we additionally assessed the association between dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC) GMD and parent-reported behavioral approach and inhibition tendencies.

Results

Girls with BED uniquely demonstrate diffuse clusters of greater GMD (p < 0.05, Threshold Free Cluster Enhancement corrected) in the (i) left dlPFC (p = 0.003), (ii) bilateral dmPFC (p = 0.004), (iii) bilateral primary motor and somatosensory cortex (p = 0.0003) and (iv) bilateral precuneus (p = 0.007). Brain-behavioral associations suggest a unique negative correlation between GMD in the left dlPFC and behavioral approach tendencies among girls with BED.

Conclusions

Early-onset BED may be characterized by regional sex differences in terms of its underlying gray matter morphometry.
Child maltreatment, migration and risk of first-episode psychosis: results from the multinational EU-GEI study
Authors: D'Andrea Giuseppe , Lal Jatin , Tosato Sarah , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Jongsma Hannah E. , Stilo Simona A. , van der Ven Els , Quattrone Diego , Velthorst Eva , Berardi Domenico , Rossi Menezes Paulo , Arango Celso , Parellada Mara , Lasalvia Antonio , La Cascia Caterina , Ferraro Laura , La Barbera Daniele , Sideli Lucia , Bobes Julio , Bernardo Miguel , Sanjuán Julio , Santos Jose Luis , Arrojo Manuel , Del-Ben Cristina Marta , Tripoli Giada , Llorca Pierre-Michel , de Haan Lieuwe , Selten Jean-Paul , Tortelli Andrea , Szöke Andrei , Muratori Roberto , Rutten Bart P. , van Os Jim , Jones Peter B. , Kirkbride James B. , Murray Robin M. , di Forti Marta , Tarricone Ilaria , Morgan Craig
Published: October 2022

Background

Child maltreatment (CM) and migrant status are independently associated with psychosis. We examined prevalence of CM by migrant status and tested whether migrant status moderated the association between CM and first-episode psychosis (FEP). We further explored whether differences in CM exposure contributed to variations in the incidence rates of FEP by migrant status.

Methods

We included FEP patients aged 18–64 years in 14 European sites and recruited controls representative of the local populations. Migrant status was operationalized according to generation (first/further) and region of origin (Western/non-Western countries). The reference population was composed by individuals of host country's ethnicity. CM was assessed with Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Prevalence ratios of CM were estimated using Poisson regression. We examined the moderation effect of migrant status on the odds of FEP by CM fitting adjusted logistic regressions with interaction terms. Finally, we calculated the population attributable fractions (PAFs) for CM by migrant status.

Results

We examined 849 FEP cases and 1142 controls. CM prevalence was higher among migrants, their descendants and migrants of non-Western heritage. Migrant status, classified by generation (likelihood test ratio:χ2 = 11.3, p = 0.004) or by region of origin (likelihood test ratio:χ2 = 11.4, p = 0.003), attenuated the association between CM and FEP. PAFs for CM were higher among all migrant groups compared with the reference populations.

Conclusions

The higher exposure to CM, despite a smaller effect on the odds of FEP, accounted for a greater proportion of incident FEP cases among migrants. Policies aimed at reducing CM should consider the increased vulnerability of specific subpopulations.
TESTING FOR STRICT STATIONARITY VIA THE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
Authors: Fu Zhonghao , Gao Shang , Su Liangjun , Wang Xia
Published: October 2022

This paper proposes a model-free test for the strict stationarity of a potentially vector-valued time series using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) approach. We show that the DFT of a residual process based on the empirical characteristic function weakly converges to a zero spectrum in the frequency domain for a strictly stationary time series and a nonzero spectrum otherwise. The proposed test is powerful against various types of nonstationarity including deterministic trends and smooth or abrupt structural changes. It does not require smoothed nonparametric estimation and, thus, can detect the Pitman sequence of local alternatives at the parametric rate$T^{-1/2}$, faster than all existing nonparametric tests. We also design a class of derivative tests based on the characteristic function to test the stationarity in various moments. Monte Carlo studies demonstrate that our test has reasonarble size and excellent power. Our empirical application of exchange rates strongly suggests that both nominal and real exchange rate returns are nonstationary, which the augmented Dickey–Fuller and Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin tests may overlook.
Weakest preconditions in fibrations
Authors: Aguirre Alejandro , Katsumata Shin-ya , Kura Satoshi
Published: October 2022

Weakest precondition transformers are useful tools in program verification. One of their key properties is composability, that is, the weakest precondition predicate transformer (wppt for short) associated to program
$f;\;g$
should be equal to the composition of the wppts associated to f and g. In this paper, we study the categorical structure behind wppts from a fibrational point of view. We characterize the wppts that satisfy composability as the ones constructed from the Cartesian lifting of a monad. We moreover show that Cartesian liftings of monads along lax slice categories bijectively correspond to Eilenberg–Moore monotone algebras. We then instantiate our techniques by deriving wppts for commonplace effects such as the maybe monad, the nonempty powerset monad, the counter monad, or the distribution monad. We also show how to combine them to derive the wppts appearing in the literature of verification of probabilistic programs.
Decoloniality in the Netherlands
Authors: Emmer Pieter
Published: October 2022

In the Netherlands, the Dutch colonial past is still visible in a number of statues and street names. Increasingly, however, this past has come under critical scrutiny. The benefits of Dutch colonial rule now seem to pale in view of the various crimes against humanity committed during the colonial era, such as slavery, the violence used to supress rebellions, and – more recently – the Dutch war crimes in Indonesia during the war of independence.
Influence of gibberellic acid on vegetable crop and weed emergence
Authors: Schuler Jordan , Colquhoun Jed
Published: October 2022

Small-seeded vegetable crop production is challenged by poor emergence, stand establishment and canopy development, as well as a lack of effective weed control options. The potential use of plant growth regulators such as gibberellic acid (GA) could enhance early emergence and growth rates while potentially synchronizing weed germination with control tactics. In response, a controlled environment study was conducted to investigate the effects of GA on garden beet, cabbage, carrot, and onion. At 7 d after seeding (DAS) carrot emergence was greater when carrot seeds were treated with 2, 4, 8, 16, or 64 ppm GA compared with nontreated seeds. Total carrot emergence over the study period was 14% greater when seeds were treated with 4 ppm GA compared with nontreated seeds. Treatment of cabbage with as low as 2 to 4 ppm GA increased cabbage emergence rate and total plant emergence over the study period relative to nontreated seeds. Onion response to GA treatment was variable and unremarkable and was hypothesized to be influenced by seed dormancy because emergence was also low with the nontreated seeds. The GA rates that stimulated vegetable crop seed germination and emergence were then explored with three common weed species to determine whether a similar response was observed. If so, GA could be used to stimulate weed emergence in synchrony with management tactics. Palmer amaranth emergence was strongly affected by GA treatment, whereby the total number of emerged plants was 48% greater when 4 ppm GA was applied than in the nontreated check. Velvetleaf emergence at 3 DAS with the 4 and 8 ppm GA was 2.9 and 3.0 plants pot−1, respectively, compared to no emergence in the nontreated pots. Redroot pigweed emergence was not affected by GA treatment at any rate.
Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME)
Authors: Kollaritsch Herwig , Dobler Gerhard , Schmidt Axel J. , Krech Thomas , Steffen Robert
Published: October 2022

Zusammenfassung. Die Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME) ist in weiten Teilen aller deutschsprachigen Länder endemisch verbreitet. In den meisten Regionen besteht ein Trend zur Zunahme der Inzidenz und zur Ausbreitung der befallenen Gebiete. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass bei einem Teil der Patienten die Diagnose nicht gestellt wird und dass der klinische Verlauf mit zunehmendem Alter schwerer ist, muss man vor allem bei Kindern und Adoleszenten von einem erheblichen Underreporting ausgehen. Infizierte Zecken übertragen das FSME-Virus, ein Flavivirus, bereits in den ersten Minuten nach dem Stich. Nach einer Inkubationszeit von 4 bis 28 Tagen treten in der ersten virämischen Phase uncharakteristische grippeartige Symptome auf. Nach einem symptomfreien Intervall kommt es bei einer Minderheit der befallenen Patienten zu unterschiedlichen neurologischen Syndromen, welche durch den Befall des Zentralnervensystems bedingt sind. Bleibende Organschäden sind häufig und bei etwa 1% der Fälle ist der Verlauf letal. Um die FSME zu diagnostizieren ist es essenziell, an diese Infektion zu denken und die Anamnese einer möglichen Exposition zu erheben. Je nach Phase der Krankheit wird man IgM- und/oder IgG-Antikörper feststellen können, dies aus dem Serum und/oder dem Liquor. Seltener und nur in der Anfangsphase der Krankheit lassen sich allenfalls Viren mittels PCR finden.
Widespread Unquantified Conversion of Old Boreal Forests to Plantations
Authors: Ahlström Anders , Canadell Josep G. , Metcalfe Daniel B.
Published: October 2022

Across the boreal biome, clear‐cutting of old, previously non clear‐cut forests with high naturalness followed by tree planting or seeding is a major land use change. However, how much previously uncut forest has been converted to plantations remains unquantified. We combine Swedish national databases on clear‐cuts and forest inventories to show that at least 19% of all clear‐cuts since 2003 have occurred in old forests that were most likely not previously cut and planted or seeded. Old forests have been cut and lost at a steady rate of ∼1.4% per year for the same period, and at this rate they will disappear by the 2070s. There is further evidence that this type of unreported forest conversion is occurring across much of the world's boreal forest.
Spatiotemporal Pattern of Ecosystem Respiration in China Estimated by Integration of Machine Learning With Ecological Understanding
Authors: Han Lang , Yu Gui‐Rui , Chen Zhi , Zhu Xian‐Jin , Zhang Wei‐Kang , Wang Tie‐Jun , Xu Li , Chen Shi‐Ping , Liu Shao‐Min , Wang Hui‐Min , Yan Jun‐Hua , Tan Jun‐Lei , Zhang Fa‐Wei , Zhao Feng‐Hua , Li Ying‐Nian , Zhang Yi‐Ping , Sha Li‐Qing , Song Qing‐Hai , Shi Pei‐Li , Zhu Jiao‐Jun , Wu Jia‐Bing , Zhao Zhong‐Hui , Hao Yan‐Bin , Ji Xi‐Bin , Zhao Liang , Zhang Yu‐Cui , Jiang Shi‐Cheng , Gu Feng‐Xue , Wu Zhi‐Xiang , Zhang Yang‐Jian , Zhou Li , Tang Ya‐Kun , Jia Bing‐Rui , Dong Gang , Gao Yan‐Hong , Jiang Zheng‐De , Sun Dan , Wang Jian‐Lin , He Qi‐Hua , Li Xin‐Hu , Wang Fei , Wei Wen‐Xue , Deng Zheng‐Miao , Hao Xiang‐Xiang , Liu Xiao‐Li , Zhang Xi‐Feng , Mo Xing‐Guo , He Yong‐Tao , Liu Xin‐Wei , Du Hu , Zhu Zhi‐Lin
Published: October 2022

Accurate estimation of regional and global patterns of ecosystem respiration (ER) is crucial to improve the understanding of terrestrial carbon cycles and the predictive ability of the global carbon budget. However, large uncertainties still exist in regional and global ER estimation due to the drawbacks of modeling methods. Based on eddy covariance ER data from 132 sites in China from 2002 to 2020, we established Intelligent Random Forest (IRF) models that integrated ecological understanding with machine learning techniques to estimate ER. The results showed that the IRF models performed better than semiempirical models and machine learning algorithms. The observed data revealed that gross primary productivity (GPP), living plant biomass, and soil organic carbon (SOC) were of great importance in controlling the spatiotemporal variability of ER across China. An optimal model governed by annual GPP, living plant biomass, SOC, and air temperature (IRF‐04 model) matched 93% of the spatiotemporal variation in site‐level ER, and was adopted to evaluate the spatiotemporal pattern of ER in China. Using the optimal model, we obtained that the annual value of ER in China ranged from 5.05 to 5.84 Pg C yr−1 between 2000 and 2020, with an average value of 5.53 ± 0.22 Pg C yr−1. In this study, we suggest that future models should integrate process‐based and data‐driven approaches for understanding and evaluating regional and global carbon budgets.
Permeability and Groundwater Flow Dynamics in Deep‐Reaching Orogenic Faults Estimated From Regional‐Scale Hydraulic Simulations
Authors: Alt‐Epping Peter , Diamond Larryn W. , Wanner Christoph
Published: October 2022

Numerical modeling is used to understand the regional scale flow dynamics of the fault‐hosted orogenic geothermal system at the Grimsel Mountain Pass in the Swiss Alps. The model is calibrated against observations from thermal springs discharging in a tunnel some 250 m underneath Grimsel Pass to derive estimates for the bulk permeability of the fault. Simulations confirm that without the fault as a hydraulic conductor the thermal springs would not exist. Regional topography alone drives meteoric water in a single pass through the fault plane where it penetrates to depths exceeding 10 km and acquires temperatures in excess of 250°C. Thermal constraints from the thermal springs at Grimsel Pass suggest bulk fault permeabilities in the range of 2e−15 m2–4.8e−15 m2. Reported residence times of >30,000 and 7 years for the deep geothermal and shallow groundwater components in the thermal spring water, respectively, suggest fault permeabilities of around 2.5e−15 m2. We show that the long residence time of the deep geothermal water is likely a consequence of low recharge rates during the last glaciation event in the Swiss Alps, which started some 30,000 years ago. Deep groundwater discharging at Grimsel Pass today thus infiltrated the Grimsel fault prior to the last glaciation event. The range of permeabilities estimated from observational constraints is fully consistent with a subcritical single‐pass flow system in the fault plane.
Effects of Elasticity on Subduction Initiation: Insight From 2‐D Thermomechanical Models
Authors: Zhou Xin , Wada Ikuko
Published: October 2022

Despite extensive modeling efforts, the dynamics of subduction initiation (SI), including the role of elasticity, are not fully understood. Using two‐dimensional thermomechanical models with visco‐plastic (VP) and visco‐elasto‐plastic (VEP) rheologies, we systematically investigate the role of elasticity in intraoceanic SI using two model setups: spontaneous initiation without imposed convergence and induced initiation with imposed convergence. In spontaneous models, the overriding plate age of <20 Ma and the subducting plate age of >50 Ma generally lead to vertically driven SI with either rheology, but for a given age contrast, SI is easier to occur with the VEP rheology. In induced model with either rheology, when the two plates are young and have a small age contrast, the resulting SI is horizontally driven, and elasticity does not affect SI significantly, regardless of the convergence rate. However, when the thermal age contrast is large and a convergence rate is relatively low, the SI in induced models is vertically driven and similar to that in the spontaneous models, and the VEP rheology leads to faster SI than the VP rheology. This effect of elasticity becomes smaller with increasing initial horizontal compressional stress but does not become fully negated by the initial stress of <∼50 MPa. Therefore, inclusion of elasticity with reasonable shear modulus and initial stress values results in a weaker slab, making it easier for vertically driven SI to occur when the age contrast is relatively large.
Planetary Caves: A Solar System View of Processes and Products
Authors: Wynne J. Judson , Mylroie John E. , Titus Timothy N. , Malaska Michael J. , Buczkowski Debra L. , Buhler Peter B. , Byrne Paul K. , Cushing Glen E. , Davies Ashley Gerard , Frumkin Amos , Hansen‐Koharcheck Candice , Hiatt Victoria , Hofgartner Jason D. , Hoogenboom Trudi , Horodyskyj Ulyana , Hughson Kynan , Kerber Laura , Landis Margaret , Leonard Erin J. , Lesage Elodie , Lucchetti Alice , Massironi Matteo , Mitchell Karl L. , Penasa Luca , Phillips Cynthia B. , Pozzobon Riccardo , Radebaugh Jani , Sauro Francesco , Wagner Robert V. , Watters Thomas R.
Published: October 2022

We provide the first solar system wide compendium of speleogenic processes and products. An examination of 15 solar system bodies revealed that six cave‐forming processes occur beyond Earth including volcanic (cryo and magmatic), fracturing (tectonic and impact melt), dissolution, sublimation, suffusion, and landslides. Although no caves (i.e., confirmed entrances with associated linear passages) have been confirmed, 3,545 SAPs (subsurface access points) have been identified on 11 planetary bodies and the potential for speleogenic processes (and thus SAPs) was observed on an additional four planetary bodies. The bulk of our knowledge on extraterrestrial SAPs is based on global databases for the Moon and Mars, which are bodies for which high‐resolution imagery and other data are available. To further characterize most of the features beyond the Moon and Mars, acquisition (preferably global coverage) and subsequent analysis of high‐resolution imagery will be required. The next few decades hold considerable promise for further identifying and characterizing caves across the solar system.
Opposing Surfactant and Gel Effects of Soil Borne‐Hydrogels on Soil Water Retention
Authors: Zheng Wenjuan , Wang Lian‐Ping , Kuang Xingxing , Jin Yan , Shen Chongyang
Published: October 2022

Soil‐borne hydrogels (e.g., bacterial extracellular polymeric substances, root‐derived mucilage) contain polymeric (i.e., gel‐like) substances as well as surface active substances, which modify the viscosity of soil fluid and wetting properties of soil particles, respectively. In this study, the individual and coupled effects of gel and surfactant on soil water retention were investigated experimentally using xanthan and Triton X‐100 as surrogates for gel and surfactant, respectively. Results show opposing effects that xanthan enhanced soil water retention because of increased solution viscosity and its hygroscopic property while surfactant reduced soil water retention due to reduced surface tension. We applied the modified Kosugi model that considers non‐capillary adsorption to describe the soil water retention curves measured in this study as well as additional curves reported in the literature. The model effectively captured the gel and surfactant effects using two model parameters, ω and μm, representing the weighting factor for capillary retention and the matric potential required to drain the effective mean pore diameter, respectively. Compared with the controls, gel‐dominated samples increased non‐capillary adsorption whereas surfactant‐dominant samples had a smaller (i.e., less negative) matric potential at the onset of drainage. Finally, we provided an explanation for enhanced water retention due to increased solution viscosity considering fluid displacement process. Our study improved the mechanistic understanding of soil water retention as affected by viscosity and surface tension individually as well as their coupled effects.
Avoiding psychological (re)traumatisation in dentistry when working with patients who are adult survivors of child sex abuse
Authors: Alyce Susanna , Taggart Danny , Montaque Indiana , Turton Jackie
Published: October 2022

Introduction Seven percent of the adult population in the UK, including one in six women, report unwanted sexual experiences before the age of 16. The impacts of psychological trauma following child sexual abuse (CSA) creates difficulties for many survivors in accessing dental care due to fears of reminders of abuse, the power imbalance with the dentist and triggered traumatic responses.

Aims To analyse and report CSA survivor perspectives of dental care and offer suggestions for practice.

Method Qualitative semi-structured interviews of 17 CSA survivors generated data as part of a broader study investigating trust and trustworthiness in survivor-professional relationships. The range of dental interactions and the needs survivors described when receiving dental treatment are presented. Transcripts were analysed using NVivo software and thematic analysis methodology.

Results Three main themes were identified: the dental encounter ('it really panics me'); the opportunity to disclose; and choice and control.

Conclusion This is the first UK study to present qualitative data from CSA survivors about their experiences of dental care. Survivors wish to access dental care but tailored support is needed to ameliorate reminders of abuse and traumatic stress triggers. Trauma-informed care may address difficulties with treatment if dental staff adopt flexible approaches and work collaboratively with survivors to facilitate relational safety. (Please note, in this paper, 'survivors' refers to those sexually abused as children).
Knockdown of METTL16 disrupts learning and memory by reducing the stability of MAT2A mRNA
Authors: Zhang Runjiao , Zhang Yizhou , Guo Fangzhen , Huang Guannan , Zhao Yan , Chen Bingyu , Wang Chang , Cui Chengran , Shi Yichun , Li Sha , Cui Huixian
Published: October 2022

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is abundant in the mammalian brain and is considered to have a wide range of effects on learning and memory. Here, we found that the upregulated methyltransferase-like protein 16 (METTL16) in the hippocampal tissues of Morris water maze (MWM)-trained mice contributed to improved memory formation and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Mechanismly, METTL16 promoted the expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) by the m6A methylation of the MAT2A mRNA-3′UTR-end to increase its stability, and this involved in improving hippocampal global m6A levels, plasticity of dendritic spine, learning and memory. This study provides a new perspective to explore the regulatory mechanisms of m6A for learning and memory.
Structural mechanism of SGLT1 inhibitors
Authors: Niu Yange , Cui Wenhao , Liu Rui , Wang Sanshan , Ke Han , Lei Xiaoguang , Chen Lei
Published: October 2022

Sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLT) harness the electrochemical gradient of sodium to drive the uphill transport of glucose across the plasma membrane. Human SGLT1 (hSGLT1) plays a key role in sugar uptake from food and its inhibitors show promise in the treatment of several diseases. However, the inhibition mechanism for hSGLT1 remains elusive. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the hSGLT1-MAP17 hetero-dimeric complex in the presence of the high-affinity inhibitor LX2761. LX2761 locks the transporter in an outward-open conformation by wedging inside the substrate-binding site and the extracellular vestibule of hSGLT1. LX2761 blocks the putative water permeation pathway of hSGLT1. The structure also uncovers the conformational changes of hSGLT1 during transitions from outward-open to inward-open states.
ESRP1-regulated isoform switching of LRRFIP2 determines metastasis of gastric cancer
Authors: Lee Jihee , Pang Kyoungwha , Kim Junil , Hong Eunji , Lee Jeeyun , Cho Hee Jin , Park Jinah , Son Minjung , Park Sihyun , Lee Minjung , Ooshima Akira , Park Kyung-Soon , Yang Han-Kwang , Yang Kyung-Min , Kim Seong-Jin
Published: October 2022

Although accumulating evidence indicates that alternative splicing is aberrantly altered in many cancers, the functional mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that epithelial and mesenchymal isoform switches of leucine-rich repeat Fli-I-interacting protein 2 (LRRFIP2) regulated by epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1) correlate with metastatic potential of gastric cancer cells. We found that expression of the splicing variants of LRRFIP2 was closely correlated with that of ESRP1. Surprisingly, ectopic expression of the mesenchymal isoform of LRRFIP2 (variant 3) dramatically increased liver metastasis of gastric cancer cells, whereas deletion of exon 7 of LRRFIP2 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system caused an isoform switch, leading to marked suppression of liver metastasis. Mechanistically, the epithelial LRRFIP2 isoform (variant 2) inhibited the oncogenic function of coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) through interaction. Taken together, our data reveals a mechanism of LRRFIP2 isoform switches in gastric cancer with important implication for cancer metastasis.
A phase I study of an adenoviral vector delivering a MUC1/CD40-ligand fusion protein in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tan Tira J. , Ang W. X. Gladys , Wang Who-Whong , Chong Hui-Shan , Tan Sze Huey , Cheong Rachael , Chia John Whay-Kuang , Syn Nicholas L. , Shuen Wai Ho , Ba Rebecca , Kaliaperumal Nivashini , Au Bijin , Hopkins Richard , Li Xinhua , Tan Aaron C. , Seet Amanda O. L. , Connolly John E. , Arkachaisri Thaschawee , Chew Valerie , Lajam Ahmad bin Mohamed , Guo Dianyan , Chew Marvin Z. W. , Wasser Martin , Kumar Pavanish , Albani Salvatore , Toh Han Chong
Published: October 2022

Cancer vaccines as immunotherapy for solid tumours are currently in development with promising results. We report a phase 1 study of Ad-sig-hMUC1/ecdCD40L (NCT02140996), an adenoviral-vector vaccine encoding the tumour-associated antigen MUC1 linked to CD40 ligand, in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma. The primary objective of this study is safety and tolerability. We also study the immunome in vaccinated patients as a secondary outcome. This trial, while not designed to determine clinical efficacy, reports an exploratory endpoint of overall response rate. The study meets its pre-specified primary endpoint demonstrating safety and tolerability in a cohort of 21 patients with advanced adenocarcinomas (breast, lung and ovary). The maximal dose of the vaccine is 1 ×1011viral particles, with no dose limiting toxicities. All drug related adverse events are of low grades, most commonly injection site reactions in 15 (71%) patients. Using exploratory high-dimensional analyses, we find both quantitative and relational changes in the cancer immunome after vaccination. Our data highlights the utility of high-dimensional analyses in understanding and predicting effective immunotherapy, underscoring the importance of immune competency in cancer prognosis.
Strain level microbial detection and quantification with applications to single cell metagenomics
Authors: Zhu Kaiyuan , Schäffer Alejandro A. , Robinson Welles , Xu Junyan , Ruppin Eytan , Ergun A. Funda , Ye Yuzhen , Sahinalp S. Cenk
Published: October 2022

Computational identification and quantification of distinct microbes from high throughput sequencing data is crucial for our understanding of human health. Existing methods either use accurate but computationally expensive alignment-based approaches or less accurate but computationally fast alignment-free approaches, which often fail to correctly assign reads to genomes. Here we introduce CAMMiQ, a combinatorial optimization framework to identify and quantify distinct genomes (specified by a database) in a metagenomic dataset. As a key methodological innovation, CAMMiQ uses substrings of variable length and those that appear in two genomes in the database, as opposed to the commonly used fixed-length, unique substrings. These substrings allow to accurately decouple mixtures of highly similar genomes resulting in higher accuracy than the leading alternatives, without requiring additional computational resources, as demonstrated on commonly used benchmarking datasets. Importantly, we show that CAMMiQ can distinguish closely related bacterial strains in simulated metagenomic and real single-cell metatranscriptomic data.
Nutrient regulation of lipochitooligosaccharide recognition in plants via NSP1 and NSP2
Authors: Li Xin-Ran , Sun Jongho , Albinsky Doris , Zarrabian Darius , Hull Raphaella , Lee Tak , Jarratt-Barnham Edwin , Chiu Chai Hao , Jacobsen Amy , Soumpourou Eleni , Albanese Alessio , Kohlen Wouter , Luginbuehl Leonie H. , Guillotin Bruno , Lawrensen Tom , Lin Hui , Murray Jeremy , Wallington Emma , Harwood Wendy , Choi Jeongmin , Paszkowski Uta , Oldroyd Giles E. D.
Published: October 2022

Many plants associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient acquisition, while legumes also associate with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. Both associations rely on symbiosis signaling and here we show that cereals can perceive lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) for activation of symbiosis signaling, surprisingly including Nod factors produced by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. However, legumes show stringent perception of specifically decorated LCOs, that is absent in cereals. LCO perception in plants is activated by nutrient starvation, through transcriptional regulation of Nodulation Signaling Pathway (NSP)1 and NSP2. These transcription factors induce expression of an LCO receptor and act through the control of strigolactone biosynthesis and the karrikin-like receptor DWARF14-LIKE. We conclude that LCO production and perception is coordinately regulated by nutrient starvation to promote engagement with mycorrhizal fungi. Our work has implications for the use of both mycorrhizal and rhizobial associations for sustainable productivity in cereals.
Chemical space docking enables large-scale structure-based virtual screening to discover ROCK1 kinase inhibitors
Authors: Beroza Paul , Crawford James J. , Ganichkin Oleg , Gendelev Leo , Harris Seth F. , Klein Raphael , Miu Anh , Steinbacher Stefan , Klingler Franca-Maria , Lemmen Christian
Published: October 2022

With the ever-increasing number of synthesis-on-demand compounds for drug lead discovery, there is a great need for efficient search technologies. We present the successful application of a virtual screening method that combines two advances: (1) it avoids full library enumeration (2) products are evaluated by molecular docking, leveraging protein structural information. Crucially, these advances enable a structure-based technique that can efficiently explore libraries with billions of molecules and beyond. We apply this method to identify inhibitors of ROCK1 from almost one billion commercially available compounds. Out of 69 purchased compounds, 27 (39%) have Ki values < 10 µM. X-ray structures of two leads confirm their docked poses. This approach to docking scales roughly with the number of reagents that span a chemical space and is therefore multiple orders of magnitude faster than traditional docking.
Phonon downconversion to suppress correlated errors in superconducting qubits
Authors: Iaia V. , Ku J. , Ballard A. , Larson C. P. , Yelton E. , Liu C. H. , Patel S. , McDermott R. , Plourde B. L. T.
Published: October 2022

Quantum error correction can preserve quantum information in the presence of local errors, but correlated errors are fatal. For superconducting qubits, high-energy particle impacts from background radioactivity produce energetic phonons that travel throughout the substrate and create excitations above the superconducting ground state, known as quasiparticles, which can poison all qubits on the chip. We use normal metal reservoirs on the chip back side to downconvert phonons to low energies where they can no longer poison qubits. We introduce a pump-probe scheme involving controlled injection of pair-breaking phonons into the qubit chips. We examine quasiparticle poisoning on chips with and without back-side metallization and demonstrate a reduction in the flux of pair-breaking phonons by over a factor of 20. We use a Ramsey interferometer scheme to simultaneously monitor quasiparticle parity on three qubits for each chip and observe a two-order of magnitude reduction in correlated poisoning due to background radiation.
Ethylene industrial emitters seen from space
Authors: Franco Bruno , Clarisse Lieven , Van Damme Martin , Hadji-Lazaro Juliette , Clerbaux Cathy , Coheur Pierre-François
Published: October 2022

Volatile organic compounds are emitted abundantly from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. However, in excess, they can severely degrade air quality. Their fluxes are currently poorly represented in inventories due to a lack of constraints from global measurements. Here, we track from space over 300 worldwide hotspots of ethylene, the most abundant industrially produced organic compound. We identify specific emitters associated with petrochemical clusters, steel plants, coal-related industries, and megacities. Satellite-derived fluxes reveal that the ethylene emissions of the industrial sources are underestimated or missing in the state-of-the-art Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) inventory. This work exposes global emission point-sources of a short-lived carbonated gas, complementing the ongoing large-scale efforts on the monitoring of inorganic pollutants.