bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An application of Thai music for general and instrumental music programs
Authors: Volk Terese M.
Published: December 2006

With all the music that is available for instrumental performance in the schools, the music of Thailand is under-represented. Yet Thailand has a rich instrumental tradition. This article focuses on the possibilities of adapting the Thai mahori and krüang sai ensembles to the western instrumentation available in school music programs. There is a brief explanation of Thai music: melody, tuning system, and notation. Suggestions are offered for approximating an authentic Thai sound using western instruments by retuning Orff instruments to the Thai tuning system, adjusting the intonation on recorders to emulate the Thai klui, and adapting the violin and viola to substitute for the Thai saw duongand saw oo. There are examples included of arrangements for two Thai children's songs scored for Orff instruments and recorder.
Being there: creating music-making opportunities in a childcare centre
Authors: de Vries Peter
Published: December 2006

In this case study of the impact of professional development (PD) activities in music on staff at a childcare centre, the researcher was also the provider of PD. The needs of the staff and their preferred mode of PD delivery were negotiated with the researcher, resulting in a number of sessions where new resources and teaching ideas were modelled with children, with staff observing and participating in activities. The study reports on staff reaction to the sessions and how they used material from the PD sessions in their own music teaching.
Equipping future arts educators for primary schools of the 21st century: an Australian point of view
Authors: Temmerman Nita
Published: December 2006

This article discusses two interrelated themes. First, that arts education plays a valuable role in developing the skills required by successful individuals of an increasingly sophisticated knowledge economy; and second, that arts education programmes in initial primary teacher education courses should be linked to, and compatible with, the needs of future schools. If young people are successfully to develop skills, knowledge and understandings that prepare them as productive citizens of the creative economy, then those enabling that development should understand and in turn be able to demonstrate and foster these capacities.
Evaluating rater responses to an online training program for L2 writing assessment
Authors: Elder Catherine , Barkhuizen Gary , Knoch Ute , von Randow Janet
Published: December 2006

The use of online rater self-training is growing in popularity and has obvious practical benefits, facilitating access to training materials and rating samples and allowing raters to reorient themselves to the rating scale and self monitor their behaviour at their own convenience. However there has thus far been little research into rater attitudes to training via this modality and its effectiveness in enhancing levels of inter- and intra-rater agreement.

The current study explores these issues in relation to an analytically-scored academic writing task designed to diagnose undergraduates’ English learning needs. 8 ESL raters scored a number of pre-rated benchmark writing samples online and received immediate feedback in the form of a discrepancy score indicating the gap between their own rating of the various categories of the rating scale and the official ratings assigned to the benchmark writing samples.

A batch of writing samples was rated twice (before and after participating in the online training) by each rater and Multifaceted Rasch analyses were used to compare levels of rater agreement and rater bias (on each analytic rating category). Raters’ views regarding the effectiveness of the training were also canvassed.

While findings revealed limited overall gains in reliability, there was considerable individual variation in receptiveness to the training input. The paper concludes with suggestions for refining the online training program and for further research into factors influencing rater responsiveness.
Determinants of Product Innovation in Small Firms
Authors: de Jong Jeroen P.J. , Vermeulen Patrick A.M.
Published: December 2006

Many studies have investigated the determinants of product innovation in small firms, suggesting product, firm, market and innovation process factors are its key drivers of success. Variations across industries relating to the determinants of product innovation are often expected, but due to a lack of data this is still under-researched. This article explores if composite effects due to broad samples indeed blur one's view. Drawing upon a database of 1250 small firms across 7 industries, we investigate if any differences are found in the presence and impact of various firm-level determinants. Controlling for size and age differences, the analysis reveals some major differences to the extent small firms use innovative practices, and their connection with new product introductions.
Training and Performance in Small Firms
Authors: Bryan Jane
Published: December 2006

This article explores the relationship between training and growth in small manufacturing businesses. Research on training undertaken at the macro-level highlights a series of earnings and productivity returns. However, firm-level research has generally yielded more ambiguous results. A review of small firms research indicates that the relationship between training and growth has rarely been considered within the wider context of other factors that may influence growth. Training literature also appears to be more concerned, perversely, with its impacts on firm inputs (employment growth) rather than output (sales) growth. Other considerations also complicate understanding of the relationship between training and performance, since training may be provoked by employment growth (but not theoretically by sales growth), and has a tendency to be associated with larger firms. These considerations are examined with respect to two types of training (in-house training and ex-house management training) using information from a sample of 114 small manufacturing firms in Wales.
The Schmidt Hammer in geomorphological research
Authors: Goudie Andrew S.
Published: December 2006

The Schmidt Hammer, originally designed for testing the hardness of concrete in 1948, was first used in a geomorphological context in the 1960s. Since then the advantages and disadvantages of the device for measuring rock characteristics have become apparent, and the Schmidt Hammer has been used for an increasing range of purposes, including the study of various weathering phenomena, the relationships between rock strength and landform, and for relative dating of a range of Holocene features. Readings of rock hardness have often been found to correlate well with other measures of rock character, such as uniaxial compressive strength and Young’s Modulus of Elasticity.
Methods and uncertainties in bioclimatic envelope modelling under climate change
Authors: Heikkinen Risto K. , Luoto Miska , Araújo Miguel B. , Virkkala Raimo , Thuiller Wilfried , Sykes Martin T.
Published: December 2006

Potential impacts of projected climate change on biodiversity are often assessed using single-species bioclimatic ‘envelope’models. Such models are a special case of species distribution models in which the current geographical distribution of species is related to climatic variables so to enable projections of distributions under future climate change scenarios. This work reviews a number of critical methodological issues that may lead to uncertainty in predictions from bioclimatic modelling. Particular attention is paid to recent developments of bioclimatic modelling that address some of these issues as well as to the topics where more progress needs to be made. Developing and applying bioclimatic models in a informative way requires good understanding of a wide range of methodologies, including the choice of modelling technique, model validation, collinearity, autocorrelation, biased sampling of explanatory variables, scaling and impacts of non-climatic factors. A key challenge for future research is integrating factors such as land cover, direct CO2 effects, biotic interactions and dispersal mechanisms into species-climate models. We conclude that, although bioclimatic envelope models have a number of important advantages, they need to be applied only when users of models have a thorough understanding of their limitations and uncertainties.
Evaluation of Impact Property of PU/E-glass Composites
Authors: Algood Rajshekhar , Sharma S. C. , Krishna M. , Syed Akheel Ahmed
Published: December 2006

The present study gains importance through investigation of the damage analysis considering that most of the impact parameters have been undertaken experimentally. This work is focused on a qualitative and quantitative study of the low-velocity impact response of four different types of specimens with glass fabric reinforced plastics. The laminate specimens were fabricated according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. The specimens were impacted experimentally using an instrumented impact tester with a hemispherical tip.
The Dynamic Stability of Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells with Non-homogenous Material Properties under Axial Compressive Load Varying as a Parabolic Function of Time
Authors: Sofiyev A. H. , Yücel K. , Avcar M. , Zerin Z.
Published: December 2006

In this study, the dynamic stability problem of a cylindrical shell composed of non-homogeneous orthotropic materials with Young’s moduli and density varying continuously in the thickness direction under the effect of an axial compressive load varying with a parabolic function of time is considered. At first, the fundamental relations and the modified Donnell type dynamic stability equations of a non-homogeneous orthotropic cylindrical shell are set up. Applying the Galerkin method, first, and then the Ritz-type variational method, the closed-form solutions have been derived for the dynamic critical axial load and dynamic factor. Finally, carrying out some computations, the effects of the non-homogeneity of the orthotropy ratio and the axial loading parameter on the critical parameters have been studied. Comparing results with those in the literature validates the present analysis.
An Investigation of Fracture Toughness of Carbon/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Toygar M. Evren , Toparli Mustafa , Uyulgan Bahadir
Published: December 2006

Fracture toughness of material has a great importance in the determination of the resistance of the material to crack propagation. The starting point in fracture mechanics analysis is to consider a crack of a certain size located in a component or specimen. The pure tensile specimen e.g., SENT (single edge notch tension), have the lowest constraint, while specimens dominated by bending have the highest constraint. In this paper, the woven carbon/epoxy composite material with eight lamina was produced which has a volume fraction of carbon fiber of approximately 60% mechanical properties of this woven composite have been calculated. The fracture toughness value was measured by using the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) method experimentally. An experimental investigation has been carried out on the fracture toughness of woven carbon/epoxy composite at room temperature using SENT specimens. The finite element study was carried out by using a 2-D model to obtain the fracture toughness value of woven carbon/epoxy composite numerically with the ABAQUS finite element software package. The result obtained via the CMOD method has been compared with the finite element method (FEM) results. Comparison showed good agreement.
Development of New Carpet Backings Based on Composite Polymer Particles
Authors: Campos Genaro , Reyes Yuri , Soto Noemí , Arenas Jesus , Vázquez Flavio
Published: December 2006

A series of composite latex particles were prepared by two stage emulsion polymerization. Monodisperse acrylic particles, with an average particle size Dpz = 160 nm, were firstly synthesized. The second step consisted of styrene addition. Micrographs of the nanostructured particles were obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the dependence of the morphology on the polymer composition was studied. A transition from a homogeneous to ‘champignon’ morphology was detected by this way. The aqueous dispersions of the obtained composite particles were used to prepare carpet backings. Their mechanical performance was tested by industrial methods.
Electrical Conduction and Percolation Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes/UPR Nanocomposites
Authors: Wu Shi-Hong , Masaharu Iwamoto , Natsuki Toshiaki , Ni Qing-Qing
Published: December 2006

The carbon nanotubes (CNT)/unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) nanocomposites are fabricated, and their electrical conduction and percolation behavior are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The carbon nanotubes used in this study are those by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method; vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) has an average diameter of 150 nm and vapor grown nanofiber (VGNF) has about 80 nm in diameter. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites is measured as a function of carbon nanotube volume fraction to understand the percolation behavior. The nanocomposites show the electrical conductivity with low percolation threshold between 2 and 3 vol%. Moreover, the percolation threshold is examined as a function of fiber aspect rate based on simulation calculations. The critical CNT volumes fraction is in good agreement between the theoretical prediction and the experiment results.
Heat Transfer Properties of Cord-reinforced Rubber Composites
Authors: Juma Mohammad , Bafrnec Milan
Published: December 2006

In this article the results of the measurements of thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat of some rubber compounds reinforced with polyamide textile cords (nylon cords) are presented. For thermal diffusivity the relationship between this quantity and temperature was measured within the temperature range 20-170° C.

Both type and arrangement of reinforcement and matrix composition have an effect on thermal properties. For the heat flow perpendicular to the fiber direction, the rate of heat conduction is limited by the properties of the matrix. In this case, thermal properties of composites are approaching the properties of this component. Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity increase with the number of twists per 1 m of cord length because of the effect of thermal contact resistance in textile cords on the thermal properties perpendicular to the fiber direction.

The thermal diffusivity parallel to the fiber direction is compared with the thermal diffusivity perpendicular to the fiber direction and to the thermal diffusivity of the matrix.
One Man (φως) in Heaven: Adam-Moses Polemics in the Romanian Versions of The Testament of Abraham and Ezekiel the Tragedian’s Exagoge
Authors: Bunta Silviu
Published: December 2006

Several scholars have noted that already in the Second Temple period Judaism developed speculations that associated Adam with the primordial light. The present study explores two possible expressions of such speculations, namely, a Romanian version of the Testament of Abraham and Ezekiel the Tragedian’s Exagoge. A Romanian manuscript tradition of the testament, diverging from the Greek versions, portrays Adam as a ‘luminous man’. A second manuscript tradition makes reference to Adam’s face in terms reminiscent of Moses’ luminous face on Sinai. It is subsequently argued that the two phrases are expressions of early polemics between traditions about Adam’s luminescence and traditions about a luminous Moses and that, on the side of Moses traditions, Ezekiel the Tragedian’s Exagoge attests to a Mosaic claim over a prominent title in Adam-light speculations, namely, φος.
Solving the Paradox
Authors: Engelen Bart
Published: December 2006

The renowned paradox of voting arises when one tries to explain the decision to go out and vote in an exclusively instrumental framework. Instead of postulating that voters always derive utility from the act of voting, I want to search for the reasons that underlie the absence or presence of a preference for voting. In my non-instrumental account of expressive rationality, citizens want to express who they are and what they care about. Whether or not one votes therefore depends on the force of one's commitments to principles, norms, ideologies or particular persons. This has been confirmed by empirical research showing that citizens vote because they feel they have to, not because they like doing so. Complementing instrumental rationality, this concept of expressive rationality gives a fuller, deeper and more adequate view of the way citizens make political decisions, thereby solving the paradox of voting.
Linguistic Fuzzy-Logic Social Game of Cooperation
Authors: Arfi Badredine
Published: December 2006

I develop a new game-theoretic approach based, not on conventional Boolean two-valued logic, but instead on linguistic fuzzy logic which admits linguistic truth values. A linguistic fuzzy game is defined with linguistic fuzzy strategies, linguistic fuzzy preferences, and the rules of reasoning and inferences of the game operate according to linguistic fuzzy logic, not Boolean logic. This leads to the introduction of a new notion of fuzzy domination and Nash equilibrium which is based not on the usual ‘greater than’ relation ordering but rather on a more general form of relation termed linguistic fuzzy relation. Each agent models others as linguistic fuzzy rational agents and tries to find a linguistic fuzzy Nash equilibrium that will achieve the highest linguistic fuzzy payoff. If the linguistic fuzzy relation is simplified into a crisp two-valued logic, the linguistic fuzzy game reduces to the conventional game. In this article I apply the new approach to situations of non-cooperative twoplayer games such as a 2 × 2 prisoner's dilemma (PD) game and a social game of cooperation with N players. I find that there is always an optimum strong Nash equilibrium which is Pareto optimal, thereby lifting many of the dilemmas that emerge in crisp game theory in two-player and social games.
Simulation and Active Control of Chatter in Milling via a Mechatronic Simulator
Authors: Ganguli A. , Deraemaeker A. , Romanescu I. , Horodinca M. , Preumont A.
Published: December 2006

This paper presents a 2 degree of freedom “Hardware in the Loop” mechatronic simulator for the study of regenerative chatter in milling. The main motivation behind the construction of the simulator is to propose active damping as a strategy for control of chatter in milling. A good comprehension of regenerative chatter in milling is essential for that purpose. Characterization of chatter in a real machining environment may be difficult, and the mechatronic simulator provides an alternative way to conduct investigations on chatter in milling in a laboratory environment, without conducting actual cutting tests. The simulator is found to realistically reproduce various kinds of bifurcation phenomena normally expected in milling operations. Active damping is then implemented on the system to investigate its effect on stability. It is shown experimentally that stability lobes are enhanced by the application of active damping, which fulfils the original objective of proposing active damping as a chatter stabilizing strategy.
Cable Vibration Reduction with a Hung-on TMD System, Part II: Parametric Study
Authors: Wu W. J. , Cai C. S.
Published: December 2006

Based on the theoretical derivations of the free vibration problem for a cable-TMD system in the companion paper, a parametric study is carried out in the present paper to investigate the influence on the solutions, and thus the system modal damping and frequency, of the cable geometry-elasticity parameter, cable inclination, damper position, mass ratio, frequency ratio, damper damping ratio, and tuning mode. Emphasis is put on the system modal damping, as this is an important index of the performance of the TMD. The features and mechanisms of energy transfer and damping redistribution from the TMD to each mode of the cable-TMD system are also investigated and discussed.
Time-Varying Sliding Surface Design with Support Vector Machine Based Initial Condition Adaptation
Authors: Tokat Sezai
Published: December 2006

In this paper, the incorporation of soft computing methodologies into sliding mode control structures with a time-varying sliding surface is considered. One of the main problems in the time-varying sliding surface design problem is the determination of the proper values of the design parameters, which are initial condition dependent. When the initial conditions of the system change, the parameters of the time-varying sliding surface have to be calculated again to obtain the desired performance. Therefore, a support vector machine structure is used for estimation of the parameters of the time-varying sliding surface to respond to a change in the system initial conditions, paving the way for a new integration of soft computing methodologies with sliding mode control theory. Simulations are then performed on a second order nonlinear model with an external disturbance and parameter variations to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. It is illustrated that the sliding surface with the estimated system parameters performs better in moving from different initial conditions to the sliding phase than does the conventional sliding mode controller.
Motion, Container and Equilibrium: Metaphors in the Discourse about European Integration
Authors: Drulák Petr
Published: December 2006

The study of metaphors in political discourse provides an excellent opportunity to introduce discourse analysis to theories of European integration and international relations. This article suggests a framework of analysis for linking the study of metaphors with these literatures. In a first step, the article connects the International Relations concepts of macro-structure, micro-structure and internalization with the analogous concepts of conceptual metaphors, metaphorical expressions and sedimentation as used in the study of metaphors. In a second step, it examines key metaphors used in discourses on the future of the EU. The empirical analysis suggests that the metaphors of MOTION, CONTAINER and EQUILIBRIUM OF CONTAINERS are the most significant discursive representations of the EU.
A Universal Proposition? Region, Conflict, War and the Robustness of the Kantian Peace
Authors: Goldsmith Benjamin E.
Published: December 2006

This article assesses the robustness of the liberal or ‘Kantian’ peace propositions by challenging two common practices: pooling data for different geographic regions, and using conflict at any level as a proxy for interstate war. The findings indicate that there are substantial differences between regions in the effects of democracy, economic interdependence, and international organizations. Conflict (all MIDs) and war have considerably different relationships to these key variables, and to each other, across regions. While I do not argue that these results undermine the general Kantian peace propositions, they do represent powerful qualifications that provide insight into theoretical foundations and raise related questions of specification error. They also point to the continuing importance of concepts such as security communities and norms as liberal factors distinct from the Kantian variables.
The Concept of Friendship: From Princes to States
Authors: Roshchin Evgeny
Published: December 2006

The present article seeks to draw attention to and explicate the concept of friendship in a discipline which has long ignored it: International Relations. It examines the ways in which major political thinkers and international treaties addressed the concept in the process of the emergence of the Westphalia state system. The article traces correlative changes between the shift from vertical to horizontal friendship and the emergence of internal and external princely sovereignty which signified the new era in international politics. It argues that the recognition of formally equal statuses of political friends prepared the grounds for the regime of external sovereignty. It also suggests that friendship was a key concept describing political order, included or not in the friend/enemy antithesis, in early Modernity. The subsequent ambiguity of the modern concept of friendship in international politics springs from its constant reinterpretation in the context of royalist and republican ideological polemics.
The Political Economy of Polarized Pluralism
Authors: Pelizzo Riccardo , Babones Salvatore
Published: December 2006

The purpose of the article is to argue that polarization, in polarized pluralist party systems, reflects not simply the number and the depth of political cleavages but also changes in contextual conditions. We test whether the polarization of party systems in the French Fourth Republic, the Italian First Republic, the Spanish Republic and the Weimar Republic was influenced by changes in economic conditions. Specifically, we test whether worsening economic conditions led to higher levels of polarization. The data analysis reveals that, with the exception of the Spanish Republic, the levels of party system polarization increase when economic conditions worsen. In the concluding section we address both the theoretical and the practical implications of our findings.
`Lately, Things Just don't Seem the Same'
Authors: Duncan Fraser
Published: December 2006

Using the Harmel and Janda model of external shocks and party change, this article explores the reaction of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) to its unprecedented exile in opposition after 1994, focusing on the period before the 1998 parliamentary election. As an office-seeker par excellence forced into an alien environment, the CDA provides an ideal test-case for investigating how a party adapts in such circumstances. The article argues that various dimensions of party change can be identified following 1994, but that in contrast to developments in party leadership, internal factional balance, strategy and organization, programmatic change was less extensive. It is argued that the explanation for this lies in the nature of the Dutch party system, the history of the CDA and the party’s secondary yet still important goal of ideology.
Programme Theory Evaluation, Multicriteria Decision Aid and Stakeholder Values
Authors: Vaessen Jos
Published: December 2006

Nowadays there are a number of evaluation approaches that specifically focus on the elicitation of stakeholder values. Multicriteria decision aid enables evaluators to go one step further by systematically showing how different stakeholder values would affect evaluative outcomes and subsequent policy decisions about a programme's future. This type of technique can greatly benefit from being embedded in a programme theory evaluation methodology. Taking into account lessons from the literature on stakeholder values in evaluation, a methodological framework combining elements of programme theory evaluation and multicriteria decision aid is presented. The framework is illustrated by means of an example.
The Potential Role of Standards and Guidelines in the Development of an Evaluation Culture in Spain
Authors: Bustelo María
Published: December 2006

This article discusses the potential role that the creation of evaluation standards or guidelines can play in developing an evaluation culture in Spain. Rather than focus on the ethical function of these standards or guidelines, this article discusses how the process of creating such codes, whenever this process is participatory and based on real evaluation practice, can help the academic and professional consolidation and institutionalization of the evaluation function. First, the different types of existing standards are discussed. Second, the general functions that they can play are elaborated, presenting the potential benefits of creating evaluation standards in Spain and highlighting key issues. In this regard, two important factors are identified: the participation of evaluation stakeholders in the standards elaboration process, and the need for meta-evaluations or systematic studies on actual evaluation practice.
Standards for Green Innovation
Authors: Lafferty William M. , Ruud Audun
Published: December 2006

Efforts to promote ‘sustainable development’ underline a need for policy integration. Applying benchmarks on ‘environmental policy integration’ (EPI) developed by Lafferty, the article illustrates the challenge with reference to Norwegian governmental initiatives to promote a national innovation policy. The case is analysed with respect to four stylized modes (standards) for promoting EPI: environmental protection, ecological modernization, ecological communalism and sustainable development. Despite a strong mandate for policy integration for sustainable development, and efforts to promote innovation within the European Union, public policy efforts in the direction of green innovation are practically non-existent in Norway. This does not necessarily mean that green innovations are not being promoted. Whatever integration effects that are being realized with respect to the four types of standards are, however, not the result of an active and goal-directed policy by the Norwegian government. The evaluation provides a differentiated platform for more specific initiatives in the area.
When Evaluation Meets the ‘Rough Ground’ in Communities
Authors: Schwandt Thomas , Dahler-Larsen Peter
Published: December 2006

Based on experiences from two evaluation projects, the two partners in the following dialogue discuss the meaning of ‘resistance’ to evaluation, or more specifically, resistance to evaluation touching upon values that are central in some communities. Step by step, the dialogue identifies a tension between evaluation as a modernist undertaking and the traditional values of these communities. Through the dialogue about this tension, the ‘rough ground’ in evaluation is revealed, then the implications for evaluation practice are discussed.
Durability problems with explicit instruction in an EFL context: the learning of the English copula be before and after the introduction of the auxiliary be
Authors: Tode Tomoko
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the durability of the effect of explicit and implicit instructions on beginning EFL learners’ learning of the copula be. The study intends to examine whether or not the effect remains after the auxiliary be of the progressive is introduced. Three groups of 89 Japanese junior high school students participated in the quasi-experiment. One group was given explicit instruction on the rule of the copula be. Another group was given implicit instruction under which the participants memorized exemplars without focusing on the rule. The third group was not given any treatment on the target structure. After progress was measured with a pretest and two post-tests, the three groups were provided with the same form-focused instructions on the progressive. Then, three further post-tests were given to see if the instruction on the auxiliary be had any impact on the mastery of the copula be. Major findings were (1) explicit instruction had positive effects in the short term, while implicit instruction did not; (2) the effects of the former did not last, especially after presentation of the progressive. The findings indicate that instruction after explicit instruction must include some adjustments to retain its effect.
Writing back and forth: the interplay of form and situation in heritage language composition
Authors: Martinez Glenn
Published: December 2006

Studies in Spanish heritage language writing have recently uncovered two opposing tendencies: ‘backwards biliteracy’ where writing conforms to rhetorical traditions in the dominant language and ‘forward biliteracy’ where writing breaks away from canonical rhetorical traditions and where writers carve out their own, transcultural paths of expression. In the present paper, this opposition is revisited by focusing on one grammatical element in Spanish heritage language writing -the variation between overt and null subject pronouns - and it is argued that backwards and forward writing are discursively situated in the context of situation of literacy practices. On the basis of these data, a multidimensional model of transfer is proposed as a theoretical and methodological framework for the teaching of heritage language writing.
Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: the effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge
Authors: Webb Stuart
Published: December 2006

Previous research investigating the effects of contextualized and decontextualized tasks on vocabulary learning has focused on whether or not learners were able to gain knowledge of meaning and form. To date, research has generated little evidence indicating that context facilitates vocabulary learning. Decontextualized tasks tend to be equally or more effective than contextualized tasks at promoting knowledge of meaning and form. However, aspects of knowledge that would seem more likely to be gained through learning from context have rarely been measured. The present study examined the effects of context on grammatical functions, syntagmatic association, paradigmatic association, orthography, and meaning and form. Japanese EFL students learned target words in word pairs and a single glossed sentence. To measure the effects of each task on vocabulary learning each target word was tested in 10 different ways. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the scores of subjects who met target words in a single glossed sentence and those who learned word pairs. This suggests that a single glossed sentence context may have little effect on vocabulary knowledge. The effects each task had on the different aspects of vocabulary knowledge are discussed in detail.
The New Global Politics of Poverty
Authors: Noël Alain
Published: December 2006

In recent years, governments, international institutions, and a broad array of social movements have converged around what an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report has described as an emerging ‘global anti-poverty consensus’. This new global social policy agenda has changed the terms of the debate between the left and the right, and redefined the world of policy possibilities, in global but also in domestic politics. This article proposes a constructivist interpretation of this multi-scale shift in discourse, and discusses the political and policy implications of the new global politics of poverty.
The Diffusion of Ideas in Development Theory and Policy
Authors: McNeill Desmond
Published: December 2006

The article uses quantitative bibliographic data from 1972 to 2002 to trace how three selected ideas–‘the informal sector’, ‘sustainable development’ and ‘social capital’–took off and spread throughout the academic, policy and popular realms during this period. It analyses data from electronic databases–of academic journals, dissertations, newspapers, magazines, and World Bank and United Nations publications–and also draws on insights from the CANDID-project (an acronym for the ‘Creation, Adoption, Negation and Distortion of Ideas in Development’). It appears that the rate of diffusion of ideas is increasing over time; and that the rate, and extent, of diffusion is more rapid when the idea is initiated/promoted in the policy or popular realms than in the academic realm. The most successful ideas are not those that are most analytically rigorous but those that are most malleable, achieving consensus by conveying different meanings to different audiences.
Becoming ‘local tourists’
Authors: Halvaksz Jamon Alex
Published: December 2006

This article questions the distinctiveness of hosts and guests, and blurs the boundaries between a commitment to established relationships and an emergent modern tourist identity among Biangai travelers in Papua New Guinea. As a result of colonial pacification, the Biangai increasingly experience the nation as travelers, while at the same time welcoming gold miners, researchers and eco-tourists to their mid-montane forests and wildlife management areas. When they travel, young men often stylize themselves as ‘local tourist’. Here, I examine what appear to be two ‘traditional’ trips -one for a redistributive feast, and another for a marriage ceremony -where expectations of commensurability, exchange, friendships, and some sort of shared space are not met. As travelers and tourists, the Biangai reveal a different gaze from those commonly associated with international tourists.
Mediating heritage
Authors: Macdonald Sharon
Published: December 2006

This article draws on media theory in order to theorize the role of tour guides as a form of cultural mediation. It does so by analysing the work of tour guides at a site of ‘difficult heritage’, the former Nazi Party Rally Grounds in Nuremberg, Germany. The work of tour guides is here conceptualized primarily as a process in which guides, and the organization for which they work, are engaged in trying to encode preferred readings. The empirical study shows how this ‘encoding attempt’ is a complex, negotiated and sometimes conflictual process in which guides try to deal with the materiality of the site and the social dynamics of the tour group. This has implications for understanding the nature of mediation and of different forms of tourism.
A seat with a view
Authors: Gibson Sarah
Published: December 2006

This article examines the relationship between tourism, the cinema, and English Literature in the ‘English’ films of Merchant Ivory. I trace the changing nature of tourism mobilities in contemporary society by examining the development from a corporeal tourism to a virtual tourism where the cinematic spectator remains immobile while viewing the moving images on the cinema screen. This is brought into focus through a close examination of E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View (1908/1978) and Merchant Ivory’s subsequent adaptation of the novel. While Forster was critical of the tourist gaze, the adaptation of his novel is ultimately appropriated to the discourse of English tourism. These films function as tourist attractions through their self-conscious screening of objects of the tourist gaze and their canonical literary heritage. Using Friedberg’s (1994) notion of the ‘mobile, virtual gaze’, I argue that these films are viewed through what I term the ‘cinematic-travel glance’.
Influence of international schools on the perception of local students’ individual and collective identities, career aspirations and choice of university
Authors: Kanan Hana M. , Baker Ahmad M.
Published: December 2006

English

This article examines the influence international schools have on adolescent local students in terms of individual and collective identity, career aspiration, and type and location of the university they wish to attend. A random cluster sample of 270 students attending international, magnet and public schools in Qatar were administered a questionnaire designed to tap their perceived identities and professional and educational aspirations. The results of the study showed that students attending international schools differed from their counterparts who attend public or magnet schools in the way they perceived themselves and their career choices. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to future research and the influence international education may have on local students.

French

Cette étude a été menée pour examiner l'influence des établissements internationaux sur les élèves adolescents d'une région en termes d'identité individuelle et collective, d'aspirations professionnelles, et de type d'universités qu'ils souhaitent intégrer et leur localisation. Suite à un échantillonnage aléatoire réalisé dans des établissements internationaux, d'enseignement spécialisé et publics au Qatar, 270 élèves ont reçu un questionnaire destiné à sonder la manière dont ils perçoivent leur identité ainsi que leurs aspirations professionnelles et éducatives. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que les élèves scolarisés dans des établissements internationaux se distinguent de leurs homologues scolarisés dans des établissements publics ou d'enseignement spécialisé par la perception qu'ils ont d'eux-mÁmes et leurs choix de carrière. Ces résultats font l'objet de discussions quant à leur pertinence pour la recherche future et l'influence éventuelle de l'éducation internationale sur les élèves d'une région.

Spanish

En este estudio se analiza cómo influyen los colegios internacionales en los alumnos originarios del país donde se encuentran estos colegios en lo que respecta a su identidad individual y colectiva, sus aspiraciones profesionales y el tipo y la ubicación de la universidad en la que desean estudiar. Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 270 adolescentes de colegios internacionales, especializados (magnet schools) y públicos de Qatar, y se les pidió que completaran un cuestionario con el objetivo de determinar cómo percibían su identidad, así como sus aspiraciones profesionales y educativas. Los resultados del estudio muestran que los alumnos que estudiaban en colegios internacionales tenían una percepción de sí mismos y de sus oportunidades profesionales diferente de la de los alumnos de los otros colegios. Se analiza la importancia de los resultados para futuras investigaciones y la influencia que los colegios internacionales pueden tener en dichos alumnos.
International education
Authors: Naidoo Vikash
Published: December 2006

English

Recent developments in the international education industry are notable in three respects. First, international student mobility has more than doubled in the last two decades or so. Second, programme mobility encompassing distance education has also led to new forms of cross-border education. Third, institution mobility through such commercial deals as franchises and twinning arrangements are becoming an increasingly important feature of cross-border education, although on a limited scale. Such developments are leading to the emergence of a new market place for the international education industry. This article documents and analyses trends in painting a picture of these contemporary developments in cross-border education.

French

Il est possible de distinguer des évolutions récentes dans le domaine de l'éducation internationale et ce, à trois niveaux. Tout d'abord, la’mobilité des étudiants internationaux a plus que doublé au cours des vingt dernières années. Deuxièmement, la mobilité des programmes englobant l'enseignement à distance a également engendré de nouvelles formes d'éducation internationale. En dernier lieu, la souplesse des institutions à travers des relations commerciales telles que les franchises et les accords de jumelage deviennent des caractéristiques d'éducation internationale de plus en plus importantes bien qu'elles n'existent que sur une échelle limitée. De telles évolutions donnent naissance à un nouveau marché consacré au domaine de l'éducation internationale. Cet article illustre et analyse les tendances de ces évolutions contemporaines dans l'éducation internationale.

Spanish

Los últimos desarrollos en el ámbito de la industria de la educatión internacional se pueden apreciar desde tres ángulos principales. En’primer lugar, la movilidad de estudiantes internacionales se ha más que duplicado en las dos últimas décadas. En segundo lugar, la’movilidad curricular generada por la modalidad de educación transfronteriza. En tercer lugar, las franquicias, los programas académicos interinstitucionales y otras formas de acuerdos han generado una movilidad institucional que se está convirtiendo en una caracteristica importante de la educación transfronteriza, si bien en escala aún reducida. A consecuencia de estos desarrollos ha surgido un nuevo mercado para la industria de la educación internacional. Este trabajo documenta y analiza las tendencias que intentan describir estos desarrollos actuales en la educación transfronteriza.
Interactive intergenerational learning in the context of CAS in the IB Diploma Programme
Authors: Cambridge James , Simandiraki Anna
Published: December 2006

English

Creativity, Action, Service (CAS) forms a core component of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. CAS frequently includes intergenerational practice involving school students and older adults. This article reports the development of a typology to describe and analyse learning that arises from intergenerational practice in three dimensions comprising the type of intergenerational relationship forming the context for learning, what is learned as an outcome of the intergenerational interaction, and how learning is accomplished. It also reports the validation of the typology in a pilot study examining the extent of intergenerational practice in the context of CAS in UK schools offering the IB Diploma, with an aim to internationalize this research in the future.

French

Les activités CAS (créativité, action, service) constituent une composante au cóur du Programme du diplôme du Baccalauréat International. Le programme CAS inclut fréquemment un apprentissage intergénérationnel auquel participent les élèves de l'établissement et des adultes plus âgés. Cet article présente le développement d'une typologie pour décrire et analyser l'apprentissage qui découle de cette pratique intergénérationnelle dans trois aspects: le type de relation intergénérationnelle qui forme le contexte d'apprentissage, les enseignements apportés par l'interaction intergénérationnelle et la façon dont l'apprentissage est réalisé. Cet article présente également la vérification de cette typologie à travers une étude pilote s'intéressant à l'ampleur de l'apprentissage intergénérationnel dans le contexte du programme CAS dans les établissements qui dispensent le Programme du diplôme du BI au Royaume-Uni, dans le but d'internationaliser cette recherche à l'avenir.

Spanish

Creatividad, Acción y Servicio (CAS) constituye un componente central del Programa del Diploma del Bachillerato Internacional. Con frecuencia, este componente incluye prácticas intergeneracionales en las que participan alumnos de un colegio y personas de la tercera edad. En este artículo se informa del desarrollo de una tipología para describir y analizar el aprendizaje derivado de la práctica intergeneracional y se establecen tres dimensiones: el tipo de relación intergeneracional que proporciona el contexto para el aprendizaje, lo que se aprende como resultado de la interacción intergeneracional y cómo se produce el aprendizaje. También se informa sobre la validación de esta tipología mediante un estudio piloto en el que se analiza el grado de práctica intergeneracional que existe en el contexto de CAS en los colegios del Reino Unido que ofrecen el Programa del Diploma del BI, con el objetivo de extender esta investigación a otros países en el futuro.
Personal and intellectual influences leading to Lewin’s paradigm of action research
Authors: Bargal David
Published: December 2006

The idea of action research and social change was the last conceptual topic to engage Kurt Lewin’s attention and energy prior to his untimely death in February 1947. In this article we commemorate the 60th anniversary of his 1946 paper ‘Action research and minority problems’. In the present article, eight principles of action research which were extracted from Lewin’s writings are presented and discussed. We attempt to show that the action research paradigm derived from four aspects of Lewin’s personal and intellectual background: his personal history as a Jew and an immigrant to America; his field theory and its meta-theoretical principles; a deep commitment to the idea of democracy; and his theory of social change.