bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pd-AlOOH/Al Honeycomb Monolith Catalysts Obtained from Pd(II) Complex Precursor with Different Ligands by a Facile One-Step Method
Authors: Liu Fangfang , Wang Hongmian , Dai Zhentan , Wu Jiahao , Dou Yongshen , Liu Sanmao , Li Yongfeng
Published: April 2021

The adopted ligand type of a palladium precursor has a great influence on the microstructure, morphology and catalytic performance of obtained Pd-based monolith catalysts by a one-step method with redox reactions of two galvanic cells. In the sequence of ligand type NH3, en, Gly and EDTA, the obtained Pd-AlOOH/Al-x (x = NH3, en, Gly, EDTA) monolith catalysts showed gradually increasing specific surface areas, micro/mesopore volumes and catalytic activities in toluene total oxidation reaction, because more AlOOH nanosheets and Pd nanoparticles were generated to form a more uniform and well-dispersed three-dimensional-network structure film on the Al substrate surface.
Focus on the expected quality of reporting in SBRT/radiosurgery prospective studies: how far have we come in 30 years?
Authors: Vial Nicolas , Nevesny Stéphane , Sotton Sandrine , Moslemi Dariush , Jmour Omar , Guillaume Elodie , Rehailia-Blanchard Amel , Trone Jane-Chloé , Langrand-Escure Julien , Vallard Alexis , Magne Nicolas
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

We aimed at describing and assessing the quality of reporting in all published prospective trials about radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).

Methods:

The Medline database was searched for. The reporting of study design, patients’ and radiotherapy characteristics, previous and concurrent cancer treatments, acute and late toxicities and assessment of quality of life were collected.

Results:

114 articles – published between 1989 and 2019 - were analysed. 21 trials were randomised (18.4%). Randomisation information was unavailable in 59.6% of the publications. Data about randomisation, ITT analysis and whether the study was multicentre or not, had been significantly less reported during the 2010–2019 publication period than before (respectively 29.4% vs 57.4% (p < 0.001), 20.6% vs 57.4% (p < 0.001), 48.5% vs 68.1% (p < 0.001). 89.5% of the articles reported the number of included patients. Information about radiation total dose was available in 86% of cases and dose per fraction in 78.1%. Regarding the method of dose prescription, the prescription isodose was the most reported information (58.8%). The reporting of radiotherapy characteristics did not improve during the 2010 s-2019s. Acute and late high-grade toxicity was reported in 37.7 and 30.7%, respectively. Their reporting decreased in recent period, especially for all-grade late toxicities (p = 0.044).

Conclusion:

It seems necessary to meet stricter specifications to improve the quality of reporting.

Advances in knowledge:

Our work results in one of the rare analyses of radiosurgery and SBRT publications. Literature must include necessary information to first, ensure treatments can be compared and reproduced and secondly, to permit to decide on new standards of care.
Chemoradiation-induced changes in systemic inflammatory markers and their prognostic significance in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Khin Ni Sann , Tan Sze Huey , Wang Michael LC , Siow Tian Rui , Lim Faye LWT , Wang Fu Qiang , Ng Matthew CH , Lam Justina YC , Yip Connie
Published: April 2021

Objective:

Chemoradiation (CRT) may induce a change in systemic inflammatory state which could affect clinical outcomes in oesophageal cancer. We aimed to evaluate the changes and prognostic significance of systemic inflammatory markers following definitive CRT in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods:

A total of 53 patients treated with concurrent CRT were included in this retrospective analysis. We compared neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) before and after CRT using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated. Univariable and multivariable survival analysis were performed using Cox regression analysis. Clinical univariable survival prognostic factors with p < 0.1 were included in a multivariable cox regression analysis for backward stepwise model selection.

Results:

Both NLR (median ∆+2.8 [IQR −0.11, 8.62], p < 001) and PLR (median ∆+227 [81.3–523.5], p < 0.001) increased significantly after CRT. Higher levels of pre-CRT, post-CRT and change (∆) in NLR and PLR were associated with inferior OS and PFS. Post-CRT NLR (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.07, p < 0.001), post-CRT platelets (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p = 0.005), cT-stage (HR 3.83, 95% CI 1.39–10.60, p = 0.01) and RT dose (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21–0.81, p = 0.01) were independent prognostic factors for OS in multivariable analysis. Change in NLR (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, p = 0.001), post-CRT platelets (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p = 0.002), cT-stage (HR 3.98, 95% CI 1.55–10.25, p = 0.004) and RT dose (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21–0.80, p = 0.009) were independent prognostic factors for PFS.

Conclusion:

Both NLR and PLR increased following definitive CRT. Post-CRT NLR and ∆NLR were associated with adverse survival in oesophageal SCC.

Advances in knowledge:

We showed that CRT increased PLR and NLR, possibly reflecting a systemic inflammatory state which were associated with poor clinical outcomes in oesophageal SCC.
Contrast enhanced ultrasound quantitative parameters for assessing neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in patients with locally advanced breast cancer
Authors: Sharma Anant , Grover Shabnam Bhandari , Mani Chinta , Ahluwalia Charanjeet
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

To evaluate the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) quantitative parameters in predicting neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) response in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC).

Methods:

30 patients with histologically proven LABC scheduled for NACT were recruited. CEUS was performed using a contrast bolus of 4.8 ml and time intensity curves (TICs) were obtained by contrast dynamics software. CEUS quantitative parameters assessed were peak enhancement (PE), time-to-peak (TTP), area under the curve (AUC) and mean transit time (MTT). The parameters were documented on four consecutive instances: before NACT and 3 weeks after each of the three cycles. The gold-standard was pathological response using Miller Payne Score obtained pre NACT and post-surgery.

Results:

A decrease in mean values of PE and an increase in mean values of TTP and MTT was observed with each cycle of NACT among responders. Post each cycle of NACT (compared with baseline pre-NACT), there was a statistically significant difference in % change of mean values of PE, TTP and MTT between good responders and poor responders (p-value < 0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of TTP post-third cycle was 87.2% (p = 0.03), and MTT post--second and third cycle was 76.7% (p = 0.004) and 86.7% (p = 0.006) respectively.

Conclusion:

In responders, a decrease in the tumor vascularity was reflected in the CEUS quantitative parameters as a reduction in PE, and a prolongation in TTP, MTT.

Advances in knowledge:

Prediction of NACT response by CEUS has the potential to serve as a diagnostic modality for modification of chemotherapy regimens during ongoing NACT among patients with LABC, thus affecting patient prognosis.
Hematological consequences of malaria infection in mice previously treated for visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Rani Gulab Fatima , Ashwin Helen , Brown Najmeeyah , Hitchcock Ian S. , Kaye Paul M.
Published: April 2021

Background: Polyparasitism is commonplace in countries where endemicity for multiple parasites exists, and studies in animal models of coinfection have made significant inroads into understanding the impact of often competing demands on the immune system. However, few studies have addressed how previous exposure to and treatment for one infection impacts a subsequent heterologous infection.  

Methods: We used a C57BL/6 mouse model of drug-treated Leishmania donovani infection followed by experimental Plasmodium chabaudi AS malaria, focusing on hematological dysfunction as a common attribute of both infections. We measured parasite burden, blood parameters associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia, and serum thrombopoietin. In addition, we quantified macrophage iNOS expression through immunohistological analysis of the liver and spleen.  

Results: We found that the thrombocytopenia and anemia that accompanies primary L. donovani infection was rapidly reversed following single dose AmBisome® treatment, along with multiple other markers associated with immune activation (including restoration of tissue microarchitecture and reduced macrophage iNOS expression). Compared to naive mice, mice cured of previous VL showed comparable albeit delayed clinical responses (including peak parasitemia and anemia) to P. chabaudi AS infection. Thrombocytopenia was also evident in these sequentially infected mice, consistent with a decrease in circulating levels of thrombopoietin. Architectural changes to the spleen were also comparable in sequentially infected mice compared to those with malaria alone.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that in this sequential infection model, previously-treated VL has limited impact on the subsequent development of malaria, but this issue deserves further attention in models of more severe disease or through longitudinal population studies in humans.
Prosumers y la profesionalización del periodismo ciudadano: El caso www.eurovision-spain.com.
Authors: Marín Lladó Carles , Cervi Laura , Sanandrés Carlos
Published: April 2021

El avance imparable de la tecnología en la sociedad de la comunicación e información de hoy en día ha provocado que el modelo tradicional de comunicación vertical y unidireccional de los medios de comunicación de masas haya sido reemplazado por otro horizontal y multidireccional, donde los individuos se han convertido en productores y consumidores de contenido. Con internet en su máximo esplendor y con los teléfonos inteligentes como principales benefactores del “periodismo móvil”, las herramientas de esta profesión se han puesto a disposición de las personas, provocando el nacimiento del llamado “periodismo ciudadano”, donde cualquier persona puede ser creador y contenedor de material periodístico. Y tanto es así, que el periodismo tradicional ya compite no solo con el digital más elaborado o con el más modesto, sino con iniciativas de todo tipo de contenido periodístico que viene avalado más por la ilusión que por la profesionalidad, pero que, en cualquier caso, cuenta con miles, e incluso millones, de seguidores que consumen un producto determinado y, a la vez, específico. En este estudio, se analiza el papel del “periodismo ciudadano” a través de la web informativa dedicada al Festival de Eurovisión www.eurovision-spain.com. La finalidad es saber si esta iniciativa, impulsada por fans, acaba profesionalizando su actividad y si su eficacia abre el comienzo de una nueva era de democratización de la información o, por el contrario, incide en el final de la profesión del periodismo, tal y como se ha escenificado en los últimos cincuenta años.
Universidad y pandemia: la comunicación en la educación a distancia.
Authors: Fernández Torres María Jesús , Chamizo Sánchez Rocío , Sánchez Villarrubia Rocío
Published: April 2021

El estado de alarma causado por la COVID-19 invadió precipitadamente nuestras vidas con implicaciones no solo políticas, económicas o sanitarias, sino también educativas. La educación tuvo que adaptarse a un nuevo escenario en donde las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación asumieron el protagonismo absoluto. Profesorado y alumnado tuvieron que acomodarse, de forma improvisada, a una educación a distancia para la que no estaban preparados, con unas materias cuyos programas estaban diseñados para una educación presencial y no exclusivamente virtual. Esta investigación pretende conocer la adaptación de la universidad española a este nuevo escenario, prestando especial atención a la comunicación desarrollada entre el docente y el discente, como pieza clave de una educación efectiva (Aliste, 2007). Se propone una investigación exploratoria con un cuestionario estructurado como herramienta metodológica dirigido a la comunidad educativa universitaria española. Los resultados muestran dificultad por parte de profesores y estudiantes a la hora de enfrentarse a la enseñanza telemática y advierten de la necesidad de una educación en línea que esté soportada en planificados programas docentes que garanticen la efectividad del proceso de enseñanzaaprendizaje. Tanto profesorado como alumnado señalan el empobrecimiento de la comunicación didáctica y social en la educación en línea desarrollada durante el estado de alarma. Las herramientas más empleadas y mejor valoradas por parte de los agentes del proceso han sido la videoconferencia y el correo electrónico.
KONSTRUKSI IDEOLOGI PEMERINTAH ATAS PRAKTIK RADIKALISME, ANARKISME DAN INTOLERAN OLEH ORMAS: SEBUAH PENDEKATAN TEKSTUAL DAN KRITIS
Authors: Ma'shumah Nadia Khumairo
Published: April 2021

The conflict between FPI and the government forms a long story line. As a party that has legitimacy, the government has full access and power in the form of authority in determining policies, implementing law enforcement efforts and regulating access to the mass media to stem and withdraw the legality of community movements. This study seeks to identify and examine ideological construction through the production of discourse. This is echoed and rolled out by the government and the National Police in framing public perceptions of FPI. This research is a qualitative descriptive study combining the LSF theory as a conceptual framework and AWK as an analytical framework. The results of the research through analysis at the description stage, discursive practice of discourse and social practice show that the ideological construction in the discourse of 7 government restrictions on FPI on December 30, 2020 and the Chief of Police's Declaration on the Prohibition of FPI Activities on January 1, 2021 are reflected in the government's efforts to legitimize the situation by showing that there are the inequality of power that is to be perpetuated and maintained through
FENOMENA PEMAKAIAN PRONOMINA (DHOMIR) ANTUM SEBAGAI REPRESENTASI PRINSIP KESANTUNAN DI PONDOK MODERN AN-NAJAH CINDAI ALUS PUTRI
Authors: Azhar Restuwati
Published: April 2021

This study was conducted in order to 1) describe the use of pronoun ‘antum’ by students in daily basis interactions, and 2) describe the relationship between the use of the pronoun ‘antum’ and the principle of politeness. The data in this study were obtained through the method of participants observations and the distribution of questionnaires containing questions with open answers pattern. The results of the analysis have indicated that the pronoun ‘antum’ is used by students as a pronoun that refers to the second person for the plural male, for the elder person, and for the person who is respected. In addition, the use of the pronoun ‘antum’ is a way of showing respect for older person or respected speech partners, and is considered as a form of ‘costumized’ politeness.
PREFIKS ME- DALAM CERPEN DURIAN KARYA DJENAR MAESA AYU
Authors: Cahyani Via
Published: April 2021

This study aims to examine the "me-" prefixes in the short story Durian by Djenar Maesa Ayu based on the process of reciting and the function of said prefixes by inflective prefix and derivative prefix. This short story is interesting to be studied because by knowing the meaning of the story, the message submitted by the author can be well received by the readers. This study is made by using a descriptive qualitative method together with a morphological approach as the basis of its analysis. This study is made by using some data collection techniques which include reading techniques and note taking techniques. The results of this study proves that the author predominantly uses phoneme conservationin the affix processing. In addition, there is a prefix function found in the "me-" prefixes which forms a semi-transitive verb that has been contained in a word "memancing".
Early mobilisation after colorectal surgery: a qualitative study
Authors: Mathiasen Maria Camilla , Andersen Rune Martens , Schmidt Dorte Skaarup , Thomsen Thordis , Vinther Anders , Danielsen Anne Kjaergaard
Published: April 2021

Background:

Postoperative mobilisation after fast-track colorectal surgery is challenging for patients, and knowledge of patients' needs during this phase is important to improve surgical care.

Aim:

This study aimed to explore patients' views on, experiences of and recommendations for early mobilisation after colorectal surgery.

Methods:

This qualitative study used semi-structured individual interviews with patients in days 1–5 after colorectal surgery, and the data underwent content analysis.

Findings:

The 11 participants experienced dizziness and exhaustion impeding early mobilisation, and participants emphasised the importance of nurses for motivating mobilisation, as well as that they found the lack of space for exercising to be distressing. Companionship with other patients induced participants to get out of bed and help other patients mobilise. Finally, participants recounted their experiences of the usefulness of walking aids and of which activities were possible during hospitalisation.

Conclusions:

Nurses were key motivators for early mobilisation and need to be aware of this. Patients requested relevant exercises and space for exercising to facilitate postoperative recovery.
First report of Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Apoidea: Megachilidae) from India

Authors: SARDAR SAYAN , RAMESHKUMAR ANANDHAN , KAZMI SARFRAZUL ISLAM
Published: April 2021

The giant resin bee, Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis (Smith, 1853) is an invasive solitary bee that has spread all over North America and Europe in the last decade. Although native to Asia, not much is known about its distribution in this continent. In the present study, Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis is reported for the first time from India. Related information about this species regarding its nesting habits, floral association, and impact in introduced range obtained through bibliographical research along with the possible dispersal route after introduction in South Eastern Asia is provided.  The checklist of Megachile (Callomegachile) in India is also provided. Key words: Pollinator, giant resin bee, range extension, Northeast India
Response of Three Kinds of Detoxifying Enzymes from Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) to the Stress Caused by Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1)
Authors: Lu XiaoYu , Nong MeiLing , Feng Kai , Xu Meng , Tang Fang
Published: April 2021

Subterranean termite Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) (Blattodea: Isoptera: Termitidae), is a pest species found in forests and dams. Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) has a potential pathogenic effect on O. formosanus. However, the response of detoxifying enzymes to exposure by S. marcescens in O. formosanus has not been studied. In the present work, 20 detoxifying enzyme genes, including 6 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), 5 UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and 9 Cytochrome P450s (CYPs), were identified from the O. formosanus transcriptome dataset by bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, the effects of SM1 infection on the transcription levels of detoxifying enzyme genes (GSTs, UGTs and CYPs) in O. formosanus were determined. The results showed that the expression of all detoxifying enzyme gene, except one GST, in O. formosanus were altered in response to the infection by SM1. The response of GSTs, UGTs and CYPs to SM1 in O. formosanus suggested that they may play an important role in the defense against bacterial infection such as SM1, and implies that termites have evolved a complex immune response to potential pathogens.
Temporal characterization of heating in femtosecond laser filamentation with planar Rayleigh scattering
Authors: Yang Wenbin , Zhou Jiangning , Chen Li , Wang Jianxin , Chen Shuang , Qiu Rong , Mu Jinhe
Published: April 2021

Temporal and spatial evolution of temperature in femtosecond laser filamentation is investigated using planar Rayleigh scattering combined with optical flow algorithm, the corresponding mechanism is analyzed. The temperature increases sharply with a characteristic time of 4.53μs and reach a maximum value of 418 K within 1∼10μs, then decreases slowly to around 300 K with a characteristic time of 136μs. While the temperature first diffuses rapidly in the radial direction and then diffuses very slowly, an obvious step is observed around 2μs. The mechanism of heat transfer is the result of energy exchange between electron and heavy particles and heat conduction. Within 1 ns to 10μs, molecules obtain energy continuously due to collision with electrons, which is much larger than the energy loss due to thermal conduction, leading to rise of gas temperature and the high-speed movement of the filament edges. After 10μs, thermal conduction becomes the dominant factor, resulting gas temperature decreasing and slower movement of the filament edges.
Semi-transparent reduced graphene oxide photodetectors for ultra-low power operation
Authors: Tu Wei-Chen , Shih Yi-Hsiang , Huang Jing-Hong , Chen Yu-Cheng
Published: April 2021

The emerged demand for high-performance systems promotes the development of two-dimensional (2D) graphene-based photodetectors. However, these graphene-based photodetectors are usually fabricated by an expensive photolithography and complicated transferred process. Here, a semi-transparent reduced graphene oxide (rGO) photodetector on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with ultra-low power operation by simple processes is developed. The photodetector has achieved a transmittance about 60%, a superior responsivity of 375 mA/W and a high detectivity of 1012 Jones at a bias of -1.5 V. Even the photodetector is worked at zero bias, the photodetector exhibits a superior on/off ratio of 12. Moreover, the photoresponse of such photodetector displays little reduction after hundred times bending, revealing that the photodetector is reliable and robust. The proposed fabrication strategy of the photodetector will be beneficial to the integration of semi-transparent and low-power wearable devices in the future.
Comparative dissection of the peripheral olfactory system of the Chagas disease vectors Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius brethesi
Authors: Campetella Florencia , Ignell Rickard , Beutel Rolf , Hansson Bill S. , Sachse Silke
Published: April 2021

American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is transmitted by both domestic and sylvatic species of Triatominae which use sensory cues to locate their vertebrate hosts. Among them, odorants have been shown to play a key role. Previous work revealed morphological differences in the sensory apparatus of different species of Triatomines, but to date a comparative functional study of the olfactory system is lacking. After examining the antennal sensilla with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), we compared olfactory responses ofRhodnius prolixusand the sylvaticRhodnius brethesiusing an electrophysiological approach. In electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, we first showed that the antenna ofR.prolixusis highly responsive to carboxylic acids, compounds found in their habitat and the headspace of their vertebrate hosts. We then compared responses from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) housed in the grooved peg sensilla of both species, as these are tuned to these compounds using single-sensillum recordings (SSRs). InR.prolixus, the SSR responses revealed a narrower tuning breath than its sylvatic sibling, with the latter showing responses to a broader range of chemical classes. Additionally, we observed significant differences between these two species in their response to particular volatiles, such as amyl acetate and butyryl chloride. In summary, the closely related, but ecologically differentiatedR.prolixusandR.brethesidisplay distinct differences in their olfactory functions. Considering the ongoing rapid destruction of the natural habitat of sylvatic species and the likely shift towards environments shaped by humans, we expect that our results will contribute to the design of efficient vector control strategies in the future.
Drug reformulation for a neglected disease. The NANOHAT project to develop a safer more effective sleeping sickness drug
Authors: Sanderson Lisa , da Silva Marcelo , Sekhar Gayathri N. , Brown Rachel C. , Burrell-Saward Hollie , Fidanboylu Mehmet , Liu Bo , Dailey Lea Ann , Dreiss Cécile A. , Lorenz Chris , Christie Mark , Persaud Shanta J. , Yardley Vanessa , Croft Simon L. , Valero Margarita , Thomas Sarah A.
Published: April 2021

Background

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness) is caused by the parasiteTrypanosoma brucei sspp. The disease has two stages, a haemolymphatic stage after the bite of an infected tsetse fly, followed by a central nervous system stage where the parasite penetrates the brain, causing death if untreated. Treatment is stage-specific, due to the blood-brain barrier, with less toxic drugs such as pentamidine used to treat stage 1. The objective of our research programme was to develop an intravenous formulation of pentamidine which increases CNS exposure by some 10–100 fold, leading to efficacy against a model of stage 2 HAT. This target candidate profile is in line with drugs for neglected diseases inititative recommendations.

Methodology

To do this, we evaluated the physicochemical and structural characteristics of formulations of pentamidine with Pluronic micelles (triblock-copolymers of polyethylene-oxide and polypropylene oxide), selected candidates for efficacy and toxicity evaluationin vitro, quantified pentamidine CNS delivery of a sub-set of formulationsin vitro and in vivo, and progressed one pentamidine-Pluronic formulation for further evaluation using anin vivosingle dose brain penetration study.

Principal Findings

Screening pentamidine against 40 CNS targets did not reveal any major neurotoxicity concerns, however, pentamidine had a high affinity for the imidazoline2receptor. The reduction in insulin secretion in MIN6 β-cells by pentamidine may be secondary to pentamidine-mediated activation of β-cell imidazoline receptors and impairment of cell viability. Pluronic F68 (0.01%w/v)-pentamidine formulation had a similar inhibitory effect on insulin secretion as pentamidine alone and an additive trypanocidal effectin vitro. However, all Pluronics tested (P85, P105 and F68) did not significantly enhance brain exposure of pentamidine.

Significance

These results are relevant to further developing block-copolymers as nanocarriers, improving BBB drug penetration and understanding the side effects of pentamidine.
Short report: Introduction of chikungunya virus ECSA genotype into the Brazilian Midwest and its dispersion through the Americas
Authors: de Oliveira Elaine Cristina , Fonseca Vagner , Xavier Joilson , Adelino Talita , Morales Claro Ingra , Fabri Allison , Marques Macario Eduardo , Viniski Ana Elisa , Campos Souza Claudio Luis , Gomes da Costa Evanil Sebastiana , Soares de Sousa Claudia , Guimarães Dias Duarte Flávia , Correia de Medeiros Arnaldo , Campelo de Albuquerque Carlos F. , Venancio Cunha Rivaldo , Oliveira De Moura Noely Fabiana , Bispo de Filippis Ana Maria , Oliveira Tulio de , Lourenço José , de Abreu André Luiz , Alcantara Luiz Carlos Junior , Giovanetti Marta
Published: April 2021

Since introduction into Brazil in 2014, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has presented sustained transmission, although much is unknown about its circulation in the midwestern states. Here, we analyze 24 novel partial and near complete CHIKV genomes from Cuiaba, an urban metropolis located in the Brazilian midwestern state of Mato Grosso (MT).

Nanopore technology was used for sequencing CHIKV complete genomes. Phylogenetic and epidemiological approaches were used to explore the recent spatio-temporal evolution and spread of the CHIKV-ECSA genotype in Midwest Brazil as well as in the Americas.

Epidemiological data revealed a reduction in the number of reported cases over 2018–2020, likely as a consequence of a gradual accumulation of herd-immunity. Phylogeographic reconstructions revealed that at least two independent introductions of the ECSA lineage occurred in MT from a dispersion event originating in the northeastern region and suggest that the midwestern Brazilian region appears to have acted as a source of virus transmission towards Paraguay, a bordering South American country.

Our results show a complex dynamic of transmission between epidemic seasons and suggest a possible role of Brazil as a source for international dispersion of the CHIKV-ECSA genotype to other countries in the Americas.
‘The medicine is not for sale’: Practices of traditional healers in snakebite envenoming in Ghana
Authors: Steinhorst Jonathan , Aglanu Leslie Mawuli , Ravensbergen Sofanne J. , Dari Chrisantus Danaah , Abass Kabiru Mohammed , Mireku Samuel Osei , Adu Poku Joseph Ken , Enuameh Yeetey A. K. , Blessmann Jörg , Harrison Robert A. , Amuasi John H. , Stienstra Ymkje
Published: April 2021

Background

Snakebite envenoming is a medical emergency which is common in many tropical lower- and middle-income countries. Traditional healers are frequently consulted as primary care-givers for snakebite victims in distress. Traditional healers therefore present a valuable source of information about how snakebite is perceived and handled at the community level, an understanding of which is critical to improve and extend snakebite-related healthcare.

Method

The study was approached from the interpretive paradigm with phenomenology as a methodology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 traditional healers who treat snakebite patients in two rural settings in Ghana. From the Ashanti and Upper West regions respectively, 11 and 8 healers were purposively sampled. Interview data was coded, collated and analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti 8 software. Demographic statistics were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.

Findings

Snakebite was reportedly a frequent occurrence, perceived as dangerous and often deadly by healers. Healers felt optimistic in establishing a diagnosis of snakebite using a multitude of methods, ranging from herbal applications to spiritual consultations. They were equally confident about their therapies; encompassing the administration of plant and animal-based concoctions and manipulations of bite wounds. Traditional healers were consulted for both physical and spiritual manifestations of snakebite or after insufficient pain control and lack of antivenom at hospitals; referrals by healers to hospitals were primarily done to receive antivenom and care for wound complications. Most healers welcomed opportunities to engage more productively with hospitals and clinical staff.

Conclusions

The fact that traditional healers did sometimes refer victims to hospitals indicates that improvement of antivenom stocks, pain management and wound care can potentially improve health seeking at hospitals. Our results emphasize the need to explore future avenues for communication and collaboration with traditional healers to improve health seeking behaviour and the delivery of much-needed healthcare to snakebite victims.
Natural infections of Pintomyia verrucarum and Pintomyia maranonensis by Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana in the Eastern Andes of northern Peru
Authors: Kato Hirotomo , Seki Chisato , Kubo Makoto , Gonzales-Cornejo Lizandro , Caceres Abraham G.
Published: April 2021

The natural infection of sand flies by Leishmania was investigated in Andean areas located between the Central and Eastern Cordilleras of northern Peru where cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana is endemic. Sand flies were captured at five locations along the Utcubamba River in the Department of Amazonas, and morphologically identified under a microscope. Among 422 female sand flies dissected, the most dominant species was Pintomyia verrucarum (320 flies), followed by Pi. maranonensis (83 flies), Pi. robusta (13 flies), and Lutzomyia castanea (6 flies). Genetic analysis of sand flies from these areas together with those from other areas revealed that individuals of Pi. verrucarum were closely related regardless of morphological variation of their spermathecae. On the other hand, individuals of Pi. maranonensis collected in the study area were distant from those of other areas with genetic distances over the intraspecific level but mostly below the interspecific level, suggesting the unique characteristics of sand flies in this area. The natural infection of sand flies by flagellate parasites was detected mainly in the hindgut of each one of Pi. verrucarum and Pi. maranonensis. Both parasite species were identified as L. (V.) peruviana based on cytochrome b and mannose phosphate isomerase gene analyses. In addition, parasite species obtained from the lesion of a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area in this period was identified as L. (V.) peruviana. These results strongly suggest that Pi. verrucarum and Pi. maranonensis are responsible for the transmission of L. (V.) peruviana in these areas. This is the first report of the natural infection of Pi. maranonensis by L. (V.) peruviana.
No association of genetic variants in TLR4, TNF-α, IL10, IFN-γ, and IL37 in cytomegalovirus-positive renal allograft recipients with active CMV infection—Subanalysis of the prospective randomised VIPP study
Authors: Mazzola Pascale , Schaeffeler Elke , Witzke Oliver , Nitschke Martin , Kliem Volker , Zortel Max , Wagner Eva-Maria , Schwab Matthias , Hauser Ingeborg A.
Published: April 2021

Background

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is amongst the most important factors complicating solid organ transplantation. In a large prospective randomized clinical trial, valganciclovir prophylaxis reduced the occurrence of CMV infection and disease compared with preemptive therapy in CMV-positive renal allograft recipients (VIPP study; NCT00372229). Here, we present a subanalysis of the VIPP study, investigating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune-response-related genes and their association with active CMV infection, CMV disease, graft loss or death, rejection, infections, and leukopenia.

Methods

Based on literature research ten SNPs were analyzed for TLR4, three for IFN-γ, six for IL10, nine for IL37, and two for TNF-α. An asymptotic independence test (Cochran-Armitage trend test) was used to examine associations between SNPs and the occurrence of CMV infection or other negative outcomes. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05 and Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was performed.

Results

SNPs were analyzed on 116 blood samples. No associations were found between the analyzed SNPs and the occurrence of CMV infection, rejection and leukopenia in all patients. For IL37 rs2723186, an association with CMV disease (p = 0.0499), for IL10 rs1800872, with graft loss or death (p = 0.0207) and for IL10 rs3024496, with infections (p = 0.0258) was observed in all patients, however did not hold true after correction for multiple testing.

Conclusion

The study did not reveal significant associations between the analyzed SNPs and the occurrence of negative outcomes in CMV-positive renal transplant recipients after correction for multiple testing. The results of this association analysis may be of use in guiding future research efforts.
Effects of engaging communities in decision-making and action through traditional and religious leaders on vaccination coverage in Cross River State, Nigeria: A cluster-randomised control trial
Authors: Oyo-Ita Angela , Bosch-Capblanch Xavier , Ross Amanda , Oku Afiong , Esu Ekpereonne , Ameh Soter , Oduwole Olabisi , Arikpo Dachi , Meremikwu Martin
Published: April 2021

Background

Vaccination coverage levels fall short of the Global Vaccine and Action Plan 90% target in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). Having identified traditional and religious leaders (TRLs) as potential public health change agents, this study aimed at assessing the effect of training them to support routine immunisation for the purpose of improving uptake of childhood vaccines in Cross River State, Nigeria.

Methods

A cluster-randomised controlled study was conducted between 2016 and 2019. Of the 18 Local Government Areas (LGA) in Cross River State, eight (four urban and four rural LGAs) were randomized into the intervention and control study arms. A multi-component intervention involving the training of traditional and religious leaders was implemented in the four intervention LGAs. Baseline, midline and endline surveys collected information on children aged 0–23 months. The effect of the intervention on outcomes including the proportion fully up-to-date with vaccination, timely vaccination for pentavalent and measles vaccines, and pentavalent 1–3 dropout rates were estimated using logistic regression models using random effects to account for the clustered data.

Results

A total of 2598 children at baseline, 2570 at midline, and 2550 at endline were included. The intervention was effective in increasing the proportion with at least one vaccine (OR 12.13 95% CI 6.03–24.41p<0.001). However, there was no evidence of an impact on the proportion of children up-to-date with vaccination (p = 0.69). It was effective in improving timeliness of Pentavalent 3 (OR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.12; p = 0.005) and Measles (OR 2.81; 96% CI: 1.93–4.1; p<0.001) vaccination. The odds of completing Pentavalent vaccination increased (OR = 1.66 95% CI: 1.08,2.55).

Conclusion

Informal training to enhance the traditional and religious leaders’ knowledge of vaccination and their leadership role can empower them to be good influencers for childhood vaccination. They constitute untapped resources in the community to boost routine immunisation.

Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR) PACTR202008784222254.
Gender inequality and national gender gaps in overconfidence
Authors: Amirkhanyan Hayk , Krawczyk Michał Wiktor , Wilamowski Maciej
Published: April 2021

Using a large dataset of marathon runners, we estimate country- and gender-specific proxies for overconfidence. Subsequently, we correlate them with a number of indices, including various measures of gender equality. We find that in less gender-equal countries both males and females tend to be more self-confident than in more equal countries. While a substantial gender gap in overconfidence is observed, it only correlates with some sub-indices of gender equality. We conclude that there is likely a weak relationship between OC gender gap and gender inequality.
Changes in plantar load distribution in legally blind subjects
Authors: Castro Ketlin Jaquelline Santana , Salomão Railson Cruz , Feitosa Newton Quintino , Henriques Leonardo Dutra , Kleiner Ana Francisca Rozin , Belgamo Anderson , Cabral André Santos , Costa e Silva Anselmo Athayde , Callegari Bianca , Souza Givago Silva
Published: April 2021

We investigated the impact of visual impairment on balance control. We measured the center of pressure (COP) between the two feet and plantar surface pressures on each foot in 18 normal-sighted participants and compared their data with measures from 18 legally blind participants, either acquired or congenital. Pressures were measured in open- and closed-eye conditions using a baropodometric resistive plate. In the eyes-open condition, there were no differences between the sighted and legally blind groups in COP displacement. However, participants with visual loss had significantly increased pressures in two metatarsal regions (M1 and M2 zones) of the plantar surface in both viewing conditions (p < 0.05). The differences in pressure measures between the normally sighted and legally blind groups could be attributed mainly to the subgroup of subjects with acquired impairment. Our findings suggest that subjects with visual impairment present increased metatarsal pressures (i.e. forefoot), not yet associated to anterior displacement of COP or impaired balance control.
Prevalence and predictors of work-related depression, anxiety, and stress among waiters: A cross-sectional study in upscale restaurants
Authors: Saah Farrukh Ishaque , Amu Hubert , Kissah-Korsah Kwaku
Published: April 2021

Background

Poor mental health often interrupts people’s regular activities making them unable to work effectively resulting in poor performance and high turnover intention. We examined the prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety and stress among waiters in upscale restaurants.

Methods

This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 384 waiters in upscale restaurants in the Accra Metropolis. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire which embedded DASS-21 (Cronbach Alpha = 0.815). The analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics using STATA 15. Statistical significance was set at p-value <0.05 at 95% confidence interval.

Results

The prevalence of depression was 38.3%, while anxiety and stress were 52.3% and 34.4% respectively. Females (AOR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.02–2.79), waiters who foresee a better remuneration (AOR = 3.09, 95%CI = 1.95–4.87), consume caffeine (AOR = 1.44, 95%CI = 0.90–2.32), and use non-prescription drugs (AOR = 2.22, 95%CI = 1.39–3.55) were more likely to have depression. Females (AOR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.17–2.96), those who foresee better remuneration (AOR = 2.85, 95%CI = 1.82–4.49), and those who use non-prescription drugs (AOR = 2.13, 95%CI = 1.38–3.28) were more likely to have anxiety. Females (AOR = 1.74, 95%CI = 1.01–2.99), waiters who are positive of career success (AOR = 1.70, 95%CI = 0.99–2.91), who foresee better remuneration (AOR = 2.99, 95%CI = 1.85–4.83), consume caffeine (AOR = 1.54, 95%CI = 0.93–2.54), and who use non-prescription drugs (AOR = 3.16, 95%CI = 1.93–5.17) were more likely to be stressed.

Conclusion

There is a high prevalence of poor mental health among waiters. Urgent intervention by hospitality stakeholders is needed to improve their working conditions and psychosocial health to accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal of promoting mental health and wellbeing.
Biogenic copper nanoparticles from Avicennia marina leaves: Impact on seed germination, detoxification enzymes, chlorophyll content and uptake by wheat seedlings
Authors: Essa Hanaa L. , Abdelfattah Mohamed S. , Marzouk Alaa S. , Shedeed Zeinab , Guirguis Hania A. , El-Sayed Mayyada M. H.
Published: April 2021

Biogenic copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were synthesized using the aqueous crude extract of mangrove leaves,Avicennia marina(CE). GC-MS metabolite profiling of CE showed that their carbohydrates are mainly composed of D-mannose (29.21%), D-fructose, (18.51%), L-sorbose (12.91%), D-galactose (5.47%) and D-Talose (5.21%). Ultra-fine nanoparticles of 11.60 ±4.65 nm comprising Cu2O and Cu(OH)2species were obtained with a carbohydrate and phenolic content of 35.6±3.2% and 3.13±0.05 mgGA/g, respectively. The impact of the biogenic Cu NPs on wheat seedling growth was dose-dependent. Upon treatment with 0.06 mg/mL of Cu NPs, the growth was promoted by 172.78 ± 23.11 and 215.94 ± 37.76% for wheat root and shoot, respectively. However, the lowest relative growth % of 81.94 ± 11.70 and 72.46 ± 18.78% were recorded for wheat root and shoot, respectively when applying 0.43 mg/mL of Cu NPs. At this concentration, peroxidase activity (POX) of the germinated wheat seeds also decreased, while ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities increased. Higher uptake of copper was observed in the root relative to the shoot implying the accumulation of the nanoparticles in the former. The uptake was also higher than that of the commercial Cu NPs, which showed an insignificant effect on the seedling growth. By treating the wheat leaves in foliar application with 0.06 mg/mL of Cu NPs, their contents of Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were enhanced after 21 days of application. Meanwhile, the high concentration (0.43 mg/mL) of Cu NPs was the most effective in reducing the leaf content of chlorophyll (a, b, and total) after the same time of application. The findings of this study manifest the potential of utilizing controlled doses of the prepared biogenic Cu NPs for inhibition or stimulation of seedling growth.
Prevalence and psychosocial impact of atopic dermatitis in Bangladeshi children and families
Authors: Pedersen Courtney J. , Uddin Mohammad J. , Saha Samir K. , Darmstadt Gary L.
Published: April 2021

Background

Skin conditions are the fourth leading cause of nonfatal disease globally, with atopic dermatitis (AD) a major and rising contributor. Though atopic dermatitis (AD) is rising in prevalence, little is known about its psychosocial effects on children and families in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Methods

We conducted a community-based, cross-sectional survey of 2242 under-5 children in rural Bangladesh using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire to measure AD prevalence and severity, the Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) to measure severity, and the Infants’ Dermatitis Quality of Life index (IDQoL) and Dermatitis Family Index (DFI) to measure quality of life.

Findings

Overall AD prevalence in under-five children was 11.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.6–13.3%]. Prevalence was highest in children age 30–35 months [16.2% (95% CI 11.4–21.0)]. IDQoL was significantly higher in males (2.67) vs. females (1.95, p = 0.015), the lowest (3.06) vs. highest (1.63) wealth quintile (p<0.001), and among mothers with < primary (2.41) vs. > secondary (1.43) education (p = 0.039). POEM severity was correlated with IDQoL (r = 0.77, p<0.001) and DFI (r = 0.56, p<0.001). Severe disease as rated by caretakers was correlated with POEM (r = 0.73, p<0.001), IDQoL (r = 0.82, p<0.001) and DFI (r = 0.57, p<0.001).

Conclusions

Severe AD significantly affects quality of life for children and families in Bangladesh. As access to healthcare expands in LMICs, identification and treatment of both the medical and psychosocial morbidities associated with the disease are needed.