bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Preferences of the Ideal Veneer Smile Design of a Saudi Sample in Riyadh
Authors: Abdulwahhab Bandar Al- , Barakat Ali , Koppolu Pradeep , Saffan Abdulrahman Al- , Qahtani Mada Al- , Noushad Mohammed , Nassani Mohammad Zakaria
Published: November 2021

Esthetic is considered a prime concern for both the practitioners and patients in the area of dentistry. Dentists should thoroughly understand the factors like beauty, harmony, balance, and proportion as are they perceived by the societies while planning treatment. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate how different gender, age groups, marital status, educational level, and previous cosmetic dental experience of the Saudi dental professionals and the laypersons will influence the selection of an ideal veneer smile design with various shapes of anterior maxillary teeth to their esthetic preferences. Methods: The present survey-based study included 282 dental professionals and lay persons as the sample. The patient and the treating doctor were administered the questionnaire and were further asked to rank the images in terms of score and order of preference. They were asked to put a checkmark on the five cells visual analogue scale (VAS) next to each image to define attractiveness, considering that, on the VAS, one indicated the least attractive and 5 showed the most attractive veneer smile design. Results: Out of 282 participants 106 were male and were 176 female participants. The participant ages were between 16 and 53 years. To find the association between categorical variables, the Mann-Whitney U test was used (with statistical significance set at 0.05). When the responses were compared between the dentist and non-dentist, there was only a statistically significant difference (0.013) for picture 11 among all the 12 pictures responses. Conclusion: The Dental professionals and laypersons showed more similarities than differences when esthetic dental values were considered. Dental professionals were more critical than laypersons. Keywords: Veneer, Dentists, Smile
Producción de textos escritos en secundaria
Authors:   Escuela Normal de Sultepec, Hernández Roque Aneth Lucía , Flores López Anayeli Gabriela ,   Escuela Normal de Sultepec, Cuevas Rodríguez Eva Monserrat ,   Escuela Normal de Sultepec
Published: November 2021

El presente documento muestra la investigación sobre el proceso de producción de escritos para fortalecer los aprendizajes esperados de la asignatura de Español en los alumnos de tercer grado de secundaria, la cual tiene como punto de partida el momento en que se implementaron acciones para fortalecer la escritura de los estudiantes, aunque, a pesar de la prioridad que le dan los Consejos Técnicos del ciclo escolar 2016-2017, no han impactado de manera positiva en la implementación de la Ruta de Mejora Escolar de la Escuela Secundaria Oficial No. 0386 “José Mariano Abasolo. El fundamento teórico de la investigación comprende antecedentes históricos, referentes teóricos del proceso de producción de textos y marco metodológico; hace énfasis en el diagnóstico y en los indicadores con la finalidad de proponer un aporte práctico enfocado en un modelo didáctico que se acompañe de una estrategia didáctica para fortalecer los aprendizajes esperados de Español.
Кыргызстандын Чүй өрөөнүндө кулпунай (Fragaria ananassa Duch) өстүрүлгөн талааларда өсүмдүк паразиттик нематоддорду аныктоо
Authors: ESENALI UULU Tair , KANATBEK UULU Elaman , YILDIZ Şenol
Published: November 2021

Кулпунай Fragaria ananassa Duch. дүйнө жүзүндө кеңири аянттарда өстүрүлгөн, көп жылдык чөп өсүмдүгү. Ал субтропикалык жылуу, салкын климатта эң жакшы өсүп, анын жемиштери өзгөчө өңү, жыты жана даамы менен адамзат үчүн өтө баалуу азык болуп саналат. Кулпунай толук бышкан абалында таза түрүндө, андан сырткары таттууларды жана ичимдиктерди жасоодо колдонулат. Кулпунай өстүрүүчүлүк Кыргызстанда маанилүү жана артыкчылыктуу багыт болуп саналат. Кыргызстанда кулпунай негизинен талаа шарттарында өстүрүлөт, ошондуктан жай мезгилинде бышат жана сатыкка чыгат. Кулпунай башка өсүмдүктөр сыяктуу эле өстүрүү учурунда түрдүү илдеттер жана зыянкечтер тарабынан жабыркайт. Илдеттер жана зыянкечтерден сырткары, нематоддор өсүмдүктүн тамыр айланасында жашап, өсүмдүктүн азыктануусун начарлатып, түшүмдү азайтат. Бул илимий иштин алкагында Кыргызстандын эң көп кулпунай өстүрүлгөн аймагы болгон Чүй облусундагы кулпунай талааларындагы өсүмдүк паразиттик нематоддору изилденди. Жалпы жыйырма беш топурак үлгүсү жана жети өсүмдүк үлгүсү чогултулуп, изилдөөнүн жыйынтыгында 10 урууга кирген өсүмдүк паразиттик нематоддору аныкталды. Алар, Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Criconema, Ditylenchus, Gracilacus, Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynus жана Tylenchus уруулары болуп, алардын ичинен Tylenchus жана Helicotylenchus уруулары 88 % жана 72 % катышы менен эң көп кездешкен уруулар болушту. Изилдөөдө Tylenchus жана Helicotylenchus урууларынан башка уруулардын кездешүүсү 50 % дан төмөн болушуп, тыгыздыгы жагынан да төмөн көрсөткүчтөргө ээ экендиги байкалды. Кулпунайдын коркунучтуу нематодасы, Aphelenchoides fragariae, талааларда өтө аз жыштыкта экендиги белгилүү болду. Үлгүлөрдөн Meloidogyne уруусуна кирген түрлөр табылган жок. Алынган жыйынтыктарга жараша, Кыргызстандын Чүй өрөөнүндөгү кулпунай өстүрүлгөн талааларында кээ бир өсүмдүк паразиттик нематоддору бар экендиги аныкталып, бирок, бул нематоддордун түрлөрү, кездешүү пайызы жана тыгыздыгы жагынан азырынча көйгөй эмес экендиги, ошону менен бирге, мындан ары кулпунай талааларындагы нематоддорду изилдөө иштери улантылуусу керектиги белгиленди.
Análises de amostras de mel comercializados em feiras-livres da cidade de Barreiras-Bahia
Authors: Lima Ítalo Abreu , Souza Camila Filgueira de , Alves Luana Regina Pereira , Tulini Fabrício Luiz , Mamede Alexandra Mara Goulart Nunes , Souza Diana de Meneses , Santana Ana Celia Barreto de Araújo
Published: November 2021

Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa, avaliar através de análises químicas, físicas e físico-químicas, amostras de méis comercializados em feiras livres na cidade Barreiras-Bahia. As análises de proteína e lugol foram realizadas de forma qualitativa. Avaliou-se também: pH, acidez titulável, atividade diastásica, açúcares redutores, sacarose aparente, hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), cinzas e umidade. A amostra MF1 não apresentou conteúdo proteico e apresentou coloração de verde a azul indicando a presença de dextrinas e amido, estando inadequada para comercialização. Os valores médios dos índices de pH e acidez apresentaram variação estatística e estão dentro do intervalo de limites permitidos segundo as normas brasileiras. A amostra MF2 indicou o mais alto teor de sacarose aparente. As amostras (MF4 e MF5), apresentaram teores de HMF superior ao estipulado, o que indica manipulação ou período de armazenamento inadequado. Algumas das amostras de mel, sem inspeção, comercializadas nas feiras livres da cidade de Barreiras, não atendem aos padrões exigidos pela legislação Brasileira de mel.
A Study on Oliver Twist's Sadness in Charles Dicken's Novel
Authors: Widyaningsieh Eka Weny
Published: November 2021

This research uses the innovative Oliver Twist novel. The purpose of this study is to describe the sadness that can be taken as a lesson from the main character in the Oliver Twist novel, and to show how the sadness is presented by the main character. This research deals with how sadness affects learning and can be found in a novel by Charles Dickens. In this scientific study and research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative to describe, analyze, and discuss research problems. Other information relevant to the investigation is also being sought by the researchers. The author conducted a research question to find how sadness can be reduced by studying "Oliver Twist" in a story from a functionalist perspective, symbol perspective, conflict, and perspective. After analyzing Oliver Twist novel the author found some sadness that can make life lessons in the main character, such as fortitude, sympathy, courage, honesty, cooperation, gratitude, not giving up easily, humility, and kindness.
The Effectiveness of Social Media on Engineers Related Tasks
Authors: Haji Hawkar A. , Hamza Araz A. , Ahmed Kaywan O.
Published: November 2021

In the beginning of 21st Century, Social Media developed and influenced on all aspects of modern lifestyle. Nowadays, Social Media is not only an entertainment and social networking tool, but also can be supposed as a way of linking different businesses, marketing, management, construction industry. Furthermore, it provides a framework for people around the world to interconnect, share information, and interrelate with each other. This study includes an investigation about the effects of Social Media on engineering related tasks, for this purpose, a questionnaire survey was performed for engineers with different gender, ages, and engineering status. Kurdistan Region-Iraq is the case study of this survey, the results of this study reveal that Social Media is one of the mostly used by engineers. It is also illustrated that Google, YouTube and Facebook are the mostly used platforms.
Реформа системи охорони здоров’я як підґрунтя для впорядкування організації обігу та доступності лікарських засобів для пацієнтів в умовах пандемії COVID-19
Authors: Zbrozgek Svitlana
Published: November 2021

Складність та невирішеність багатьох проблем в організації обігу та доступності лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) для пацієнтів в умовах пандемії COVID-19 обумовлюють необхідність опрацювання нормотворчої практики та обґрунтування наукових принципів саме в цій площині на засадах фармацевтичного права. Метою роботи стало удосконалення нормотворчої практики з організації обігу та доступності ЛЗ за безоплатними та пільговими рецептами лікарів у разі амбулаторного лікування окремих груп населення та за певними категоріями захворювань упродовж реформи системи охорони здоров’я  в умовах пандемії  COVID-19 на основі аналізу, узагальнення, систематизації, а також розробка нормотворчих заходів з використанням комплексного підходу. Матеріали та методи. Опрацьовано понад 100 нормативно-правових актів (законів, постанов, розпоряджень, наказів, настанов, інструкцій) за обраною темою. Дослідження принципів наукового обґрунтування нормотворчих заходів з організації обігу та доступності ЛЗ для пацієнтів проводилося за напрямками організаційно-правового, нормативного, доказового, клініко-фармакологічного, формулярного, судово-фармацевтичного, науково-методичного, соціального та персоналізованого спрямування. Використано методи документального, нормативно-правового, порівняльного, системного, узагальнення та графічного аналізу. Результати та обговорення. Доведено, що швидкими темпами (4 – 5 років) неможливо здійснити якісні реформи системи охорони здоров’я (СОЗ). В Україні розпочато реформування СОЗ. Прийнято ряд заходів щодо скорочення витрат державного бюджету на забезпечення СОЗ без необхідної підготовчої роботи: дослідження ефективності існуючої системи, вивчення вітчизняного та світового досвіду, необхідних підрахунків із залученням фахівців різних сфер життєдіяльності (вчених, лікарів, економістів та ін.). В Україні створено НСЗУ – замовника медичних послуг за програмою медичних гарантій. Населення країни недостатньо поінформовано про зміни в СОЗ та можливість отримання безкоштовної медичної допомоги та ЛЗ. Зазначено, що шлях за направленням від сімейного лікаря до спеціаліста значно ускладнює можливість отримання швидкої безплатної медичної допомоги та призводить до фактів корупції. Висновки. За результатами дослідження запропоновано нормотворчі ініціативи та редакційні зміни до постанови Кабінету Міністрів України від 17 серпня 1998 р. № 1303 (у редакції постанови Кабінету Міністрів України від 26 серпня 2015 р. № 759) «Про впорядкування безоплатного та пільгового відпуску лікарських засобів за рецептами лікарів у разі амбулаторного лікування окремих груп населення та за певними категоріями захворювань». Доведено про перспективність подальших досліджень з організації обігу та доступності ЛЗ для різних контингентів пацієнтів в умовах пандемії COVID-19.
Influence of upper level troughs and ridges on the formation of post-monsoon cyclones in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: SEN S. N.
Published: November 2021

The upper air conditions at the formative stages of several depressions and cyclones in the Indian seas were studied by Desai and Rao in the light of Riehl model for the formation of tropical cyclones. The recent introduction of twice daily radiosonde-rawin ascents at some stations in India provided additional facilities for similar studies in this area. The available upper air conditions associated with the formation of two post-monsoon cyclones of 1955 in the Bay of Bengal  were accordingly studied with the idea of finding how far Riehl's theory of tropical cyclones could be applied in these cases.

 

The present study of the post-monsoon cyclones of 1955 reveals that two radiosonde ascents a day from a reasonable network of stations should be minimum requirement for studies of this kind, Time cross-sections showing 24-hour changes of heights at intervals of 12 hours are presented to illustrate the sequence of movement of upper troughs and ridges. As postulated by Riehl, the formation of both the cyclones was apparently associated with the passage of troughs in the westerlies across northeast India, i.e., to the north of the area of cyclogenesis. But the upper air data from the available network of stations were too inadequate for drawing any definite conclusion as to whether the initial mass divergence at upper level was caused by the southward extension of the westerly trough and the superposition of its forward portion over the surface incipient low, or by the in-phase superposition of the upper trough in the westerlies with the upper tropospheric vortices moving across the Bay of pour Bengal, Dynamical development to the south of a confluent trough in the westerlies is suggested as a possible , contributory factor for the cyclogenesis in the south Bay of Bengal.

 

The influence of the middle-latitude trough on the recurvature of one of the cyclones while out at sea and of 453474 another similar cyclone of October 1949 which had recurved only after crossing the coast, and the unexpected weakening of the former while out at sea, have been discussed.
Some experiments with the U.S.A. Standard Evaporimeter
Authors: VENKITESHWARAN S. P. , JAGANNATHAN P. , RAMAKRISHNAN S. S.
Published: November 2021

The U.S.A. Standard Evaporimeter is in regular usc at a number of selected AgriculturalFarms in the Indian States and in the Observatories of the India Meteorological Department . Theevaporimeter consist. of a cylindrical reservoir 48” in diameter and 10” high supported on awooden frame 4” high.
Seasonal features of the spatial distribution of rainfall in pre-partitioned India
Authors: SINHA K. L.
Published: November 2021

The spatial distribution of rainfall in accordance with the practice prevalent in the India Meteorological Department, viz., "few falls", "local" and "widespread" during the four seasons and the whole in the different meteorological subdivisions of the pre-partitioned India have been studied with a view, to find any common features that may exist between the three types of rainfall distribution. Distribution of total number of rainy days in the various meteorological subdivisions during the four seasons and the year have been discussed.
Work done according to IGY Programme
Authors: LYAKHOV B.
Published: November 2021

In the past period the research work under-taken arcording to the programme of the International Geophysical Year has yielded its first results.
Size distribution of Raindrops -Part I
Authors: KELKAR V. N.
Published: November 2021

Results of measurements of the size distribution of raindrops made at Poona during the months of August, September and October 1956, are reported in the form of a table showing the number of drops received at the ground level per m2 per sec for various ranges of diameter at 0.25 nterval, for different inten sities of precipitation ranging from 0 to 40 mm hr-l. Average values have been calculated and presented in the form of a similar table. Histograms showing the number, volume of liquid water, momentum and kinetic energy of raindrops per m2 per sec, against the raindrop diameters are given for six typical intensities of precipitation. The variation of the total number N, momentum M and kinetic energy E (in joules) of raindrops per m2 per sec with intensity of precipitation is shown graphically. By the method of least squares the following relations are obtained.

N=710I0.47, M=165 I, and E = 2.8x10-3 I1.13, where I is the intensity of precipitation in mm hr-1.The results are presented in a form suitable for soil erosion problems. The data are confined to general rains.
The Rann of Cutch Earthquake of 21 July 1956
Authors: TANDON A. N.
Published: November 2021

A seismometric study of the earthquake of 21 July 1956 in the Rann of Cutch, which caused destruction to life and property at Anjar, has been made. The epicentre and origin time have been determined by the method of least squares and are Lat. 23°20'N, Long 70000' E and 15h 32m 26S GMT respectively. The shock had a magnitude of 7 and a depth of focus of nearly 13 to 18 km.
Cosmic ray produced Radioisotopes for studying the General Circulation in the atmosphere
Authors: LAL D.
Published: November 2021

The possibility of using cosmic ray produced radioisotopes for studying large  scale circulation in the atmosphere has been explored recently. The potential significance of these isotopes in the field of metrology arises because of the following features in their production and properties-(l) Several radioisotopes are available whose half-lives are comparable to time scales involved in the atmospheric circulation. Four of the isotopes (S35, Be7, P33, and P32) have half-life periods ranging from three months to a fortnight, and one (Na22) has a half-life of about two and a half years, and (2) Isotope production is continuous, constant, strongly dependent on the latitude and altitude in the atmosphere and independent of meteorological factors, These isotopes can be used for investigating the nature of circulation of air in the troposphere and the detailed mechanism of exchange of air between the stratosphere and the troposphere.

 

Experimental work on the use of these isotopes in meteorology has so far been confined mainly to determination of the concentration in rainwater by the Geophysics Research Group of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay. Some of the important results of these investigations are summarized in this pa per.
Weather on Independence Day at the important cities of India
Authors: PACHECO J. A.
Published: November 2021

Independence Day, 15 August 1947, is a land mark in the history of India. It is only natural that the people of India should re-joice and celebrate with enthusiasm each year the anniversary of this historic day. 15 August falls during the peak period of the southwest monsoon, a season of rain and cloudy skies. The organisers and participants in the celebrations, which are held even in the smallest village, have one question uppermost in their mind. What is the weather going to be and will it rain? It is the purpose of this note to present an analysis, from past records, of the weather on this day at the important cities of India. It is expected that from the analysis of the data it will be possible to obtain a fair idea of the probability of rain and cloudiness on Independence Day.
Fog over Agartala Airfield
Authors: NATARAJAN G. , BANERJI R. C.
Published: November 2021

An analysis of fog formation at Agartala regarding commencement, dispersal and duration  has been made and its contributory factors discussed.
A portable instrument for determining soil temperatures
Authors: SALARUDDIN M.
Published: November 2021

A Portable instrument using thermocouples for measuring soil temperatures has been designed and constructed. The Instrument as constructed can record temperatures at depths of 5, 10, 15 and 30 cm and also at depths of 10,15, 20 and 35,or15, 20, 25 and 40 cm by inserting it into the soil to different points. The instrument can be installed by simply driving it into the soil without materially disturbing the soil packing or the vegetation cover and reliable readings can be obtained within a short time of its insertion unlike in the case of ordinary soil thermometers.
Ionospheric Disturbances associated with Magnetic Storms at Kodaikanal
Authors: BHARGAVA B. N. , RAO U. V. GOPALA
Published: November 2021

F2 layer disturbances at Kodaikanal have been analysed for a study of the behavior of the critical frequency and the virtual height during geomagnetic storms. The disturbances have been classified for this purpose into two categories namely, the positive and negative. The chrematistics of Dst and SD variation of f0 F2 and the SD valuation of h' F at night have been discussed. The results have been explained in terms of, the quiet and disturbed day vertical drift velocities.
Sudden Commencements and Impulses in Kodaikanal magnetograms -their hourly frequency
Authors: SRINIVASAMURTHY B.
Published: November 2021

The diurnal variation in the frequencies of sudden commencements (SCs) and sudden impulses (SIs) at Kodaikanal (10.2°N, 77.5°E) is analysed from the data for the period 1949-1957.The hourly frequency curve of SCs and SIs (combined) has little resemblance to the curve obtained by Newton from his analysis of Greenwich-Abinger record. The results of harmonic analysis show a nearly semi-diurnal trend the distribution of storm sudden commencements (SSCs); this, however, is small. The hourly frequencies of SIS  show s significant diurnal variation with an afternoon maximum and a forenoon maximum and a secondary minimum around 18h local time and a secondary maximum around 08h. These results are also compared with those obtained by Ferraro Parkinson and Unthank.
Some features of magnetic elements at Trivandrum and Annamalainagar, situated near the geomagnetic equator in the Indian Peninsula
Authors: YACOB A.
Published: November 2021

The Sq diurnal variation in H at Trivandrum and Annamalainagar are found to be large compared with those at Alibag. The quiet day range in H at Trivandrum in the month of March is abnormally large. Though the Sq variations in V at Trivandrum are not abnormal they are larger than those at Annamalainagar and Alibag.

The response of the H elements to disturbance at Trivandrum, Annamalainagar as well as Alibag are similar in sense. But the V element at Annamalainagar shows a difference in its response to disturbance. When the V elements at both Alibag and Trivandrum show an increase in numerical magnitude the V element at Annamalainagar shows a decrease and vice versa.

When the magnitudes of disturbance are examined they are found to be almost the same in the H element at all the observatories (including Alibag) during night hours. But during the day the magnitudes of disturbance in H element at Trivandrum and Annamalainagar are always greater than that at Alibag, a station away from the geomagnetic equator. Effects of disturbance in the V element are greatest at Trivandrum both during the day as well as the night.

The lines of force of an average disturbance field in a longitudinal plane over the region of the Indian Peninsula appear to be smooth curves with their concave side turned upwards, their turning points occurring between Annamalainagar and Alibag during the day and close to Alibag in the night.
Cyclonic storm of 13-14 September 1958 in the Bay of Bengal - A radar study
Authors: DE A. C. , SEN S. N.
Published: November 2021

Photographs of radar observations taken at Calcutta of a cyclonic storm of 13.14 September 1958 in the head Bay of Bengal are presented in the paper. It is interesting that with a cyclone of moderate inters. city, the eye of the storm was clearly seen on the radarscope in the form of a 'hook', which enabled accurate location of the storm. Such detection of the eye on the radarscope is the first of its kind in the Indian latitudes. The observed dimension and movement of the 'eye' and the associated observed precipitation echoes around the storm centre are discussed.
On the determination of the structure and refractive index of the lower troposphere (lowest 1000 ft) over Dum Dam Airport
Authors: DE A. C.
Published: November 2021

The results of special radiosonde soundings extending upto 1000 ft made on certain selected dates and at certain selected hours during the winter season 1957-58 and pre-monsoon season 1958 over Dum Dum airport are discussed. The results indicated the formation of ducts at certain hours. The variations of the meteorological data with the progress of night are shown in a tabular form.

The radarscope observations at the corresponding hours are also discussed. On some occasions the duet heights were as high as 600 ft and prevailed for the whole night. These duets extended horizontally in all directions to about 50 miles. The attenuation produced by appearance of fog/mist over the station and its masking effect on the ground clutters are also discussed. The mass concentration of water droplets on different dates has been calculated and shown in a tabular form.
Sea surface features and internal waves in the sea
Authors: FOND E. C. LA
Published: November 2021

On several oceanographic cruises conducted by Andhra University, an unusual sea-surface phenomenon was observed which consisted of long streaks of alternately smooth and rough water. On one occasion at the northern end of "Swatch of No Ground", temperature structure was measured at the same time as a passing of such series of wide sea surface streaks.
Another deficient monsoon 2004 - A comparison with drought year 2002 and possible causes
Authors: JENAMANI RAJENDRAKUMAR , KALSI SR , HATWAR HR , SUBRAMANIAN SK
Published: November 2021

The rainfall over India as a whole during the summer monsoon season of 2004 was deficient with –13% below normal. Earlier in 2002, India has faced another worst situation when large-scale drought occurred and all India rainfall was below –19%. In the present study, we have compared briefly salient observational features of both the monsoons to find out their distinct characteristics. Comparisons show appearance of many similar as well as contrasting features. Though, both seasons were deficient, their dates of onset of monsoon over Kerala were either before or near the normal date. Progress up to central India was also normal in both the seasons. While Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) during June was good, a few longest stagnation periods during advancing stage in July of both the years made unexpected delay of monsoon in covering entire India. Rainfall of July also suffered the most in both the seasons with a record lowest ISMR in 2002. Not a single depression formed in 2002 while in 2004, their frequency was less than half of normal. Analysis of other large-scale monthly anomalous ocean and atmospheric conditions over Indo-Pacific region including El-Nino conditions confirms that ENSO and Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation or EQUINOO have caused drought in July 2002, but not in July 2004. This is because very high typhoon formation and their recurvature with significantly higher than normal convection over northwest Pacific associated with record lowest ISMR in July, 2002 in contrast to occurrence of deficient ISMR in July 2004 which was associated with few typhoon formation and less convection. Also in 2002, Indian region was happened to fall exactly under the subsidence branch of Walker circulation with ascending branch over the western Pacific in the season in contrast to 2004, when subsidence was observed to be both over large part of western Pacific and adjoining Indian region.
Nor’wester over West Bengal and comfortability
Authors: CHAKRABARTY KK , NATH AK , SENGUPTA S
Published: November 2021

During the pre-monsoon months of March, April and May the weather over Kolkata is generally very uncomfortable due to high temperature and relative humidity. During this season Kolkata is affected by the nor’wester activity. Generally the nor’wester activity is defined as a disastrous weather activity and is locally called as ‘Kaalbaisakhi’ as it is ‘kaal’ or destruction during Bengali Baishakh (April-May) month over Bengal. However the downdraft associated with the nor’wester brings cool air and temperature sometimes drops by as much as 8 to 9 degree Celsius and the atmosphere becomes comfortable for some period. This is an entirely different and positive aspect of nor’wester.The human comfortability depends upon many weather parameters apart from human physiological parameters. However the primary weather factors are air temperature and relative humidity especially for tropical areas. Many authors have worked on this and the well accepted formula for thermal index THI or Discomfort Index DI is taken from Thom (1957,1958) which is a function of dry bulb and wet bulb temperature i.e., THI or DI = 0.4 (Ta + Tw) + 15 where temperature is in ºF and is 0.72 (Ta + Tw) + 40.6 where temperature is in ºC. Various stages of comfortability are classified viz., (i) Discomfortable (ii) Partial discomfortable and (iii) Comfortable. Neglecting the effect of wind and further simplifying the equation for DI as a function of (Ta + Tw) the range varies from 27 to 55 in increasing order of temperature.During the pre-monsoon months when the climate over Kolkata is very sultry and uncomfortable, people generally desire the onset of nor’wester for some temporary relief although it results into destruction. The nor’wester makes the weather comfortable after its occurrence and remains comfortable for 10 to 12 hours and some time even for a day. The present study is made taking six years data over Kolkata, both Alipore and Dum Dum. It is seen that except early morning of March the remaining period of pre-monsoon season is found to be uncomfortable climatologically. In the present study there were 91 occasions of squalls and it is found that most of the squalls occurred during the month of April and May and on most of the occasions nor’wester made the weather comfortable for a large part of the day in the month of April. By the end of May nor’wester activity also brought relief but not to that extent as in March and April to the people of Kolkata and neighbourhood.
Thunderstorm climatology over Indian region
Authors: TYAGI AJIT
Published: November 2021

Thunderstorm is a severe weather phenomenon, the impact of which is being increasingly felt by all the sectors of society. In this study attempt has been made to develop thunderstorm climatology over Indian region based on latest representative climatological data. In all, data of 450 observatories comprising of 390 IMD observatories, 50 IAF observatories, six Bangladesh observatories, two Pakistan observatories, and one each in Nepal and Sri Lanka have been analysed. Inclusion of climatological data of Indian Air Force and Bangladesh has helped in developing representative climatology over Indian region. The study has brought out higher (100-120 days) annual frequency of thunderstorm as compared to those given by earlier studies (80-100 days). The highest annual frequency (100-120 days) is observed over Assam and Sub Himalayan West Bengal in the east and Jammu region in the north. The lowest frequency (less than 5 days) is observed over Ladakh region. In the plains Gangetic West Bengal and Bangladesh record between 80 and 100 days of thunderstorm annually. Kerala records highest (80-100 days) thunderstorm frequency of thunderstorm over peninsula. Udhampur observatory (132 days) in Jammu sub-division records highest number of thunderstorms in the country followed by Kumbhigram (Silchar) observatory (129 days) in south Assam and Hasimara (123 days) in Sub Himalayan West Bengal. In the plains Saurashtra and Kutch record lowest number (less than 15 days) of thunderstorm in the country.

Thunderstorms are primarily short lived mesoscale weather phenomena. Existing synoptic network of part time observatories have limitations in recording all the occurrences of thunderstorms at the observatory and adjoining areas. Inclusion of data from such observatories results in lower frequency of the event and vitiates climatology. Efforts have been made in this study to develop thunderstorm climatology by using quality data of full time current weather (Airport) observatories, class I and selected class II IMD observatories. Since number of full time observatories in most of the sub divisions is few, the study is not able to bring out finer spatial variation of thunderstorm activity with in sub-divisions. Thunderstorm is a high impact severe weather event, which affects all the sectors of the society. Therefore, both from operational and climatological point of view, there is urgent need to establish at least one full time current weather observatory in each district to ensure proper reporting of all thunderstorm occurrences and to build district level thunderstorm climatology in the country.
Distribution of precipitable water contents over Indian monsoon region
Authors: DURAI VR , BHOWMIK SKROY , HATWAR HR
Published: November 2021

This paper investigates the spatial distribution of precipitable water contents over Indian region for the southwest monsoon 2005. The precipitable water contents are derived from the objective analysis field of operational Numerical Weather Prediction system of India Meteorological Department. The study shows that the distribution of PWC is capable to capture large scale features of monsoon precipitation system. Real-time availability of this product is expected to be useful in monitoring and prediction of heavy rainfall events.
Daily summer monsoon rainfall over northeast India due to synoptic scale systems
Authors: MOHAPATRA M. , BISWAS H. R. , SAWAISARJE G. K.
Published: November 2021

The summer monsoon rainfall over northeast India mostly depends on the synoptic systems over the region and neighbourhood and the convection due to the interaction of orography with the synoptic and sub-synoptic scale systems. Hence, an attempt is made to analyse the mean daily rainfall distribution over northeast India due to different synoptic systems like Low Pressure Systems (LPS) and cyclonic circulations (cycir) extending upto lower/middle tropospheric levels over different regions. The mean daily rainfall due to monsoon trough over various locations in northeast India is also analysed. For the above purpose, the rainfall data over 50 uniformly distributed stations in northeast India during summer monsoon season (June-September) for a period of 10 years (1991-2000) are considered. The principal objective of the study is to find out the contribution of the different synoptic systems to the spatial variability of monsoon rainfall over northeast India.

 

The developed synoptic analog maps may be useful to the forecasters for 24 hours rainfall forecast with the knowledge of location, intensity and movement of the synoptic systems. Based on larger data set, the results confirm the earlier findings (Srinivasan et al., 1972) with respect to rainfall due to monsoon trough and LPS. The Low Level Cycir (LLC) also plays significant role on the rainfall variability over northeast India, as the number of LLC days is significantly higher over the region, contrary to the days of occurrence of LPS. The study finds out the regions of excess/deficient rainfall and active/weak monsoon conditions due to different synoptic systems.
Intensification and movement of cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal during post monsoon season
Authors: MUTHUCHAMI A. , SRIDHARAN S.
Published: November 2021

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and from the available data on tracks of the storms from India Meteorological Department for the period 1981-2005 an attempt is made to understand the intensification of storms and their movements in the Bay of Bengal during post-monsoon season. It is noticed that in the month of October only 12 % of the cyclonic storms weakened whereas in November and December it is 28 % and 41 % respectively. Cyclonic storms moving in a northeast direction weaken in all the months of post-monsoon season. Most of the westward moving storms do not undergo weakening. In the Bay of Bengal, SST and relative humidity are not responsible for weakening of the storms except in December but wind shear is responsible for weakening. The orientation of isotherms of SST of Bay of Bengal influences the direction of motion.  During the years when the storms are predominantly moving west/northwest the SST over the Bay of Bengal is about 1.0° C warmer than the years when the storms are predominantly moving in north/northeastward. If the isotherms of SST are oriented southwest-northeast with higher value in the east then system may move in north or northeastward and on such occasions east Bay of Bengal is warmer than west Bay of Bengal.
Generation of district level rice crop inventory, growth profile and yield estimation in Orissa using spot-vegetation data
Authors: DUTTA SUJAY , DADHWAL V. K. , PATEL N. K. , PARIHAR J. S.
Published: November 2021

Spot-vegetation 10 day NDVI composites over Orissa state were analysed to study rice crop inventory and condition assessment. A total of 17 images from July to December during the monsoon (kharif) season of 1998 (S1) and 2001 (S2) a drought and normal year, respectively were analysed. A hierarchical decision rule-based approach that successively eliminated data loss, non vegetated land, forest cover, fallow and other crops was adopted for rice inventory. NDVI temporal profiles of rice could distinguish autumn and winter rice. The total monsoon rice area identified by RS in the state was 4.5 M ha in 1998 and 4.05 M ha in 2001 and was within 7 percent of the state level rice estimate given by Directorate of Economic Survey (DES) i.e., 4.26 and 4.22 M ha, respectively. A new profile fit i.e., a six parameter modified Gaussian approach was adopted.  The spectral profile indicated higher mean NDVI at peak growth profile of lowland winter rice (sown in June-July) in 2001-02 compared to 1998-1999. Thus, 2001-2002 rice was seen to be normal while in 1998-1999 a drought affected year. District-wise NDVI profiles of rice were generated and peak NDVI and date at peak profile were found to be correlated with rice yield at district and agro-climatic zone level. Use of rainfall with spectral profile parameters in yield model group of districts or zonal level improved coefficient of determination. This study demonstrates the utility of 1 km and 10 day NDVI composite data for rice crop assessment during monsoon season.
Recent variations and trends in potential evapotranspiration (PET) over India
Authors: VERMA I.  J. , JADHAV V. N. , S. ERANDE R.
Published: November 2021

Thirty years meteorological time series data (1971-2000), for twenty two well distributed locations in India, have been utilized to compute potential evapotranspiration using FAO recommended Penman-Monteith equation. Annual, seasonal and monthly PET trends have been studied using linear trend analysis technique. Suitable graphs have been plotted to study the variations and changes in PET trends and to identify the specific periods as and when significant changes occur.

               

The mean annual PET has been found to be lowest (1100 mm) at Buralikson and highest (2109 mm) at Bellary. Out of twenty two locations, significant decreasing trend in annual PET has been observed at seventeen locations and no significant trend at five locations. The mean annual dEo/dt over India has been found to be -9.36 mm/year. Linear relationship has been obtained to quantitatively estimate annual dEo/dt, at a given location, using annual PET range. Non linear relationships have been obtained (a) to quantitatively estimate the mean monthly dEo/dt values over India, (b) to quantitatively estimate the average cumulative dEo/dt values over India (mm/year) up to any particular month and (c) to quantitatively estimate the contribution (percent) towards average annual dEo/dt over India, up to any particular month.
Some characteristics of fog over Guwahati airport
Authors: RAM SURESH , MOHAPATRA M.
Published: November 2021

The statistical characteristics like frequencies of occurrence, time of onset, duration, time of dispersal and intensity of fog over Guwahati airport are found out and analysed using 10 years data during 1994-95 to 2003-04 for the months of November to February. Also the interannual and intraseasonal variations of occurrence of fog are analysed by calculating the coefficient of variation of monthly frequency of fog and by calculating the significant periodicities in the daily probability of occurrence of fog respectively. The meteorological parameters at 1200 UTC leading to fog in the following night or morning over Guwahati airport are analysed to find out the precursors for occurrence of fog. Statistical characteristics are given in tables and their significance discussed. It is observed that monitoring of Dew Point Depression (DPD) and surface wind can help prediction of occurrence of fog and its intensity over Guwahati airport.
Relationship between lower stratospheric circulation and Indian summer monsoon rainfall : Implication for long range forecasts
Authors: ROHILLA ANIL KUMAR , PAI D. S. , RAJEEVAN M.
Published: November 2021

In this study teleconnections between monthly northern hemisphere lower stratospheric geopotential heights (100, 50, 30 hPa) and seasonal Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) have been established through the correlation analysis. Stable and consistent precursory signals for the ensuing monsoon were identified from the significant teleconnections. The usefulness of the precursory signals for the prediction of ISMR was also tested using a simple multiple linear regression model. These precursory signals show a good potential in the long range prediction scheme of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall.
Impact of Madden-Julian oscillations on the Indian summer monsoon sub-divisional rainfalls
Authors: SEETHARAM K.
Published: November 2021

Indian summer monsoon rainfall exhibits inter-seasonal variations in the time scales of 2-7 years which are linked to quasi-biennial oscillations and El nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon and also intra-seasonal variations in the time-scale of 30-60 days which are linked to activity of MJO which emerged as a dominant mode of intra-seasonal oscillations of Indian summer monsoon rainfall in addition to the other modes of low frequency oscillations. In this scenario, the inter and intra seasonal variability of 29 meteorological sub-divisional rainfalls has been investigated by correlating the MJO indices at 10 different longitudes covering Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans with cumulative sub-divisional summer monsoon rainfall (1979 – 2000). The results were discussed.
A study on recent changes in weekly evaporation at selected locations in India
Authors: VERMA I. J. , DAS H. P. , JADHAV V. N.
Published: November 2021

Thirty years evaporation time series data (1971-2000) recorded from US class-A evaporation pans for ten well distributed locations in India, have been utilized in the present study. For these locations, basic statistical parameters of weekly evaporation [minimum, maximum, range, mean, standard deviation (S.D.) and coefficient of variation (C.V.)] have been computed. Variations in average weekly evaporation in different weeks and at different locations have been plotted and discussed. Changes in weekly evaporation have been studied using linear trend analysis technique on weekly evaporation time series data for standard meteorological weeks (1 to 52). Graphs have been plotted, for all ten different locations, to study week wise distribution of changes in weekly evaporation trends and to identify the specific periods when significant changes occur.

 

The highest average weekly evaporation of 107.5 mm has been observed at Jodhpur in standard week                    21(21 – 27 May). The lowest average weekly evaporation of 14.5 mm has been observed at Karimganj in standard week 3 (15 – 21 January). The peak in average weekly evaporation, at most of these locations is achieved around standard week   20 (14 – 20 May). The coefficient of variation (C.V.) at these locations varied between 18.7 and 51.8 percent. The highest C.V. of 51.8 % has been observed at Bikramganj, whereas the lowest C.V. of 18.7 % has been observed at Rajamundry. Out of 52 weeks, Pune and Rajamundry have shown significant decreasing trend in weekly evaporation in maximum number of weeks (37) and Bhubaneshwar has shown significant decreasing trend in weekly evaporation in minimum number of weeks (10). At six locations (Bikramganj, Hissar, Jodhpur, Pattambi, Pune and Rajamundry), the number of weeks showing significant decreasing trend in weekly evaporation have been found to be more than 23 weeks. At more than five locations significant decreasing trend in weekly evaporation occur, in almost all weeks, between standard weeks 1 to 19 (1 January - 13 May) and also between standard weeks 40 to 52 (1 October - 31 December). In almost all the locations, significant decreasing trend in weekly evaporation occur, in standard week numbers 1-2, 9-10, 13 and 15.
Water requirement and water use efficiency of Sorghum and its irrigation planning under limited water resources in arid and semi arid regions of India
Authors: SAMUI R. P. , JOHN GRACY , PILLAI M. P. S. , RANSURE S. P.
Published: November 2021

Water requirement and water use efficiency of sorghum was studied at Akola, Parbhani, Rahuri and Coimbatore. The study enables to understand the consumptive water demand of sorghum and water use efficiency in relation to yield. The results can be used for efficient management of both rainfall and limited water resources available for sorghum production.

 

Seasonal Evapotranspiration (ET) losses were studied for non- irrigated kharif sorghum at Akola and Parbhani and for Rahuri and Coimbatore seasonal ET losses were studied for rabi sorghum for well distributed normal and deficit rainfall years. In the normal rainfall years ET losses were more compared to deficit rainfall years. However, water use efficiency was found higher during deficit rainfall years than normal rainfall years. The seasonal ET- yield relationship was found positively correlated but insignificant for Akola, Parbhani, Rahuri and significant for Coimbatore (5% level). At Akola and Parbhani optimum yields were observed for seasonal ET of around 486 mm and 470 mm respectively. At Coimbatore maximum yield was observed for seasonal ET of 416 mm whereas at Rahuri yield was maximum when ET loss was about 475 mm. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) ranged from 6.3 to 12.2 mm for kharif season and 5.5 to 10.1 mm for rabi sorghum. Crop coefficient Kc was found negligible during early growth stages and reached peak during flowering stage and declined subsequently during maturity to harvesting stage.

 

The study revealed that during deficit rainfall years life saving irrigation need to be applied for all stations        under consideration. If limited irrigation is available irrigations at vegetative stage (25-35 days after sowing) and at boot- flowering stage (55-65 days after sowing) be given. The boot stage is found to be the most critical stage and if only one irrigation is available, it may be given at this stage. Water stress at this stage is found to cause reduction in yield by 35 to 40%.