bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘She Should not Raise Her Voice When Among Men’: Imāmī Arguments against (and for) Women Judges
Authors: Gleave Robert
Published: January 2023

The chapter reviews the historical debates in the Twelver Shiʿ i legal
tradition over the question of whether women can serve as judges. While it is agreed by many Twelver authorities that women are able to attain the rank of fully qualified jurists and to grant legal opinions, the majority opinion has been that, even if they reach the level of expertise demanded of fully qualified jurists, women may not serve as judges in the courtroom. After examining Shiʿi arguments against women’s right to serve as judges, it is argued that although the Twelver Shiʿi position differs little from that of Sunni jurists, the manner in which Shiʿi scholars frame their discussion differs considerably from that of Sunni scholars, for the former are much more reluctant to state outright that women are fundamentally deficient in their intellect, something their Sunni counterparts do quite frequently. This may suggest a sensitivity to the topic of female religious authority in the Shiʿi tradition, based on an awareness of outstanding examples of women’s historical performance of legal authority, such as the example of Fatima’s khuṭba.
Policing the Police
Authors: Choe Steve
Published: January 2023

Chapter Two considers the legal and moral crossings from policeman to criminal. In To Live and Die in L.A., law and lawlessness are made exchangeable with each other, like real and counterfeit money, or cops who impersonate crooks. Moreover, with its “dirty” cops and car chase set piece, this film is read as a reiteration of themes and problems taken over from The French Connection. The later film seems to “impersonate” the earlier. These issues are also raised in Rules of Engagement and The Hunted, both films that feature military soldiers who act out with impunity under conditions of emergency. Male camaraderie and loyalty are invoked in them to justify the transgression of law. Procedure and protocol in fact merely stand in the way of their moral righteousness and are seen to be frustrating impediments toward the heroic recognition of virtue, however perverse, within the melodramatic mode.
Justice at the Limits of Popular Cinema
Authors: Choe Steve
Published: January 2023

Chapter Four takes a look at four films in order to consider the impulse toward transgression within the context of melodrama. Taken together, they span almost the entirety of Friedkin’s filmmaking career: The People v. Paul Crump, Rampage, 12 Angry Men, and Bug. The first three films of the chapter raise the question of how justice may be realized through the form of popular narrative. The People v. Paul Crump and Rampage both deal with the morality of capital punishment but differ in their approach toward its ethics. The 1997 film 12 Angry Men is a remake of the well-known 1957 Sidney Lumet film of the same name and makes subtle changes to the script that places the film into dialogue with issues of race and justice that were raised during the O. J. Simpson trial. Bug is another adaptation of a play by Letts that takes the dichotomy between interiority and exteriority to its limits, showing what happens to the spaces of melodrama when they are plunged into crisis.
“The Power of Cinema Compels You”
Authors: Choe Steve
Published: January 2023

The last chapter culminates with Friedkin’s most ambitious films, bringing the mysteries of faith and fate to the fore most explicitly. The Exorcist and Sorcerer were made relatively early in the director’s career, one a major success with most critics and audiences and the other a failure with viewers at the time. The Exorcist take the limits of what can be seen and heard in the cinema to its breaking point, raising the problem of faith in the cinema through the allegory of religious faith. Sorcerer plays out a narrative of human individuals who are placed in extreme conditions and, because they have nothing more to lose, risk their lives by choosing to pursue a goal in a state of constant precariousness. The four main protagonists deliver highly combustible explosives on rickety trucks through dilapidated roads, over hundreds of miles of treacherous terrain.
From Ancestral Events to Posthumous Texts: Two Critiques of Correlationism
Authors: Goldgaber Deborah
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that arche-writing and textuality are best understood as a critique of correlationism avant la lettre, and thus can be productively contrasted with Quentin Meillassoux’s critique of correlationism and his notion of the ancestral. Derrida insists that the structure of the text can only be understood in the context of the radical absence of the human. Texts, he argues, remain structurally readable even in the case of the radical absence – death – of any and every possible reader. This means that texts have an extra-correlational status. The structure of texts makes reading possible. The signified element is not transcendent to the text, it is embedded and entangled with the signifier. Meillassoux’s critique of correlationism and the significance of what he refers to as ‘the ancestral’, makes clear the stakes of Derrida’s ‘posthumous’ texts. Meillassoux’s ancestral events refer to events that are in principle unwitnessable. As with texts whose readability survives all readers, the ancestral cannot be correlated to an intentional consciousness. However, the structure of Meillassoux’s argument entails affirming the necessity of non- correlated evidence or evidentiary traces. The structure of non- correlated evidentiary traces is just what Derrida calls textuality.
Introduction
Authors: Yılmaz Gülay , Zachs Fruma
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on the developments in the field of the history of children and childhood both in the Western research but mainly in Ottoman studies. It enlarges on two subjects: adolescents and childhood as separate categories and patriarchy, emotional bonds and violence. This chapter emphasises the need in Ottoman history to work on voices of children and not only on constructed childhood through adults writing and to research a multi-geographic long-term perspective, meaning to deal with the early modern and modern periods to encourage comparison of features of childhood and experiences of children over time.
Children’S Education In Ottoman Jewish Society (Sixteenth To Eighteenth Centuries)
Authors: Lamdan Ruth
Published: January 2023

The Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire were autonomous with respect to education. This chapter deals with basic education in Jewish-Ottoman society and refers to the stages in educating and schooling young children. It goes through mother’s instructions on how to instil good ethics and religious values to their infants at a very young age, and fathers’ educational methods to bring the child to the Torah study stage, which begins at age five or six, at a usually communal institution called: Torah School for the Young (Talmud Torah le-Ketanim). The public Talmud Torah – where children were learning prayers, minimal Hebrew reading and the weekly Biblical portion with commentary or translation - was intended only for boys. Familiarity with the precepts of rabbinic laws and of reading the Torah was necessary for the continued existence of Jewish congregations and for the socialisation and cohesiveness of their members. However, many boys, especially orphans, were required to help support their family, and only a small number continued to a higher educational institute, called Yeshiva. Girls’ education was not formal, and varied according to the family’s economic, social, and schooling status.
Analysis
Authors: Braber Natalie
Published: January 2023

The analysis chapter of the book examines in detail the data collected through the interviews, questionnaires and Sense Relation Networks. It discusses topics such as identity, culture, camaraderie, language and humour which are topics often raised by the miners. There are also in-depth analyses of particular lexical items used in their everyday working lives: focusing on payment and shift patterns, dangerous conditions, tools, job titles, coal seams and pieces of coal, coal containers and safety devices, shafts and roadways, equipment and structures, locations above and below ground. Photographs are used where possible to support these linguistic descriptions.
The Story of the Scots Law Floating Charge: 1961 to Date
Authors: Gretton George L
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the story of the floating charge since 1961, outlining the various developments, legislative and otherwise, and missteps along the way. This chapter includes (at the request of the editors) reflections by Professor Gretton on his work on floating charges over a number of decades.
Reform of the Scottish Floating Charge
Authors: Steven Andrew J M
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks to the future by focusing on reform of the Scottish floating charge. As well as considering previous reform attempts relating to floating charges and the Scottish Law Commission’s moveable transactions project, Professor Steven discusses the potential routes for the reform of security rights and reflects on how these may affect the Scottish floating charge.
Command Assessment in the Bellum Gallicum : Caesar and Fortuna
Authors: Nolan David
Published: January 2023

Caesar’s skill in rhetoric means that in the Bellum Gallicum each word was chosen with careful consideration of its impact on the audience. His references to fortuna are no exception; the word was used persuasively throughout the work, such as to characterise the Gauls or exonerate Caesar from potential criticism. While it therefore serves literary purposes, closer examination of the term provides insight into Caesar’s strategic thinking, as he endeavoured to present himself as the ideal commander. This chapter examines how the term is utilised, where it is placed in each episode, and how it is balanced alongside other concepts that relate to risk or luck. The appearance of fortuna is also contrasted with its absence, and how its meaning varies depending on the characters involved. An examination of the narrative patterns and objectives that surround the use of fortuna is a valuable insight into Caesar’s presentation of command, and reveals a consistent set of principles regarding his concept of generalship.
Remembering P. Quinctilius Varus: Opposing Perspectives on the Memory and Memorialisation of the Failed General in The Annales of Tacitus
Authors: Crosby Daniel
Published: January 2023

Following the excavations at Kalkriese there has been a renewed interest in P. Quinctilius Varus and the Teutoburg Forest disaster of 9 CE with regard to the location of the battle, the merit of the general’s blame, and the different literary interpretations of the depictions of the episode. Scholarship tends to focus only on the purple passages of the historians, however, in this chapter all instances of the name of Varus in the extant writings from antiquity that relate to his demise in Germania are the starting point. From this evidence, it is possible to argue that, in less than a decade after the disaster, Varus was made the model of a negligent general, and that this became a tradition among all the literary sources.
Decius and the Battle Near Abritus
Authors: Potter David
Published: January 2023

The publication of substantial sections of Dexippus’ Skythika that deal with the capture of Philoppopolis in AD 251, and events leading up to the death of the emperor Decius in the battle at Abritus a few months later offer unique insight into the way the events of the campaign of 250/51 were seen by a contemporary historian. The characterization of Decius helps us understand the picture of the battle of Abritus that survived. Dexippus’ narrative has no place for Gallus. Just as significantly, it enables us to see how the portrait of Decius should be contrasted with that of Aurelian as it appears in surviving fragments. Aurelian’s ability to negotiate settlements and, by implication, his balanced approach to warfare are contrasted with Decius’ rashness, a clear sign of poor leadership.
The Ideal of the Roman General in Byzantium: The Reception of Onasander’s Strategikos in Byzantine Military Literature
Authors: Rance Philip
Published: January 2023

One of the most popular, influential and fashionable ancient military works in Byzantium was Onasander’s Strategikos, a treatise on generalship written by a Platonic philosopher in the 50s AD. In a wide-ranging evaluation of the qualities, duties and conduct of an ideal commander, Onasander values a virtuous character, moral upbringing, innate wisdom and divine favour above technical knowledge or professional training, while his analysis of the art of command is notable for its interest in ethical aspects of war and modern-seeming psychological insights. The currency and reputation of Onasander’s work as a military “classic” in Byzantium may be gauged by its ample manuscript transmission and abundant evidence for late antique/Byzantine interest in the text. This chapter charts how Onasander’s text was successively modified by Byzantine writers/editors from the sixth to eleventh centuries and influenced the form and/or content of Byzantine military writing and thought. Investigation of the Byzantine reception of the Strategikosaims to account for the enduring popularity, authority and relevance of the treatise, and to identify its potential readership and impact, highlighting the socio-cultural, intellectual, didactic and literary functions of this genre as a component of the education, perspectives and “Roman” identity of Byzantine military and civilian élites.
Generalship and Gender in Byzantium: Non Campaigning Emperors and Eunuch Generals in the Age of the Macedonian Dynasty
Authors: Tougher Shaun
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the ramifications of the prolific production of military manuals and the existence of several non-campaigning emperors of the Macedonian Dynasty (867-1056) for the understanding of generalship in the Byzantine empire in this period, and how this intersects with gender identity. The following questions are addressed: How was a non-campaigning emperor able to pose as an advice giver for his generals if he was not a general himself? Was it problematic for the status of an emperor as a ruler and a man if he did not embrace an active military role? How did this affect the relationship of such emperors with their generals? Another notable aspect of the period discussed is the fact that there were eunuchs who acted as generals, and who could achieve success and fame, such as Peter ‘Phokas’ and Basil Lekapenos. In the case of Basil Lekapenos, this eunuch posed as the giver of military advice too, and the chapter explores what bearing this had on his gender identity as a eunuch. The chapter sheds valuable light on ideas of generalship and gender in Byzantium’s critical age of recovery and reconquest.
The Origins of Political Philosophy in Russia
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

Covering a period of ten centuries, this chapter sketches the long prehistory of political philosophy in Russia. It highlights three defining elements: the local tradition of “democratic” government in the form of the veche (famous examples being the republics of Novgorod and Pskov), the Byzantine heritage of political theology with its key notion of a symphonic relationship between worldly and ecclesiastical powers and, often overlooked, the Tatar legacy of centralised and tightly organised statehood. It also highlights the rise of Muscovy, analyses so-called iurodstvo (“folly in Christ”) as, among others, a form of political protest alongside “anarchist” peasant rebellion, and discusses top-down modernisation programme of tsar Peter the Great and tsarina Catherine the Great. A programme which included the establishment of institutions of learning and research as well as the subordination of the Russian Orthodox Church to the state in a model adopted from Sweden.
Counter-Soviet Political Philosophy in Emigration – Beyond the Pale
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

What makes a political philosopher Russian? This chapter argues that several philosophers deserve to be included in an account of Russian political philosophy: Isaiah Berlin [Jesajah Berlins], a classic of Western liberalism, Alisa Rozenbaum [Ayn Rand], a main proponent of neoliberalism, and Aleksandr Kozhevnikov [Alexandre Kojève], whose thesis of an “end of history” has retained its influence. Each of them is widely known in Western academia, but their thought is hard to understand their Russian roots, both in terms of life-changing experience with the early Soviet regime and in terms of philosophical roots. Moreover, they all related actively to the USSR as it existed during their lifetime. Since they, contrary to the thinkers discussed in Chapter 8, left Russia on their own accord, they were anathema during the Soviet period and have become widely known in Russia only recently. Their exclusion from the field of Russian political philosophy may be just as debatable as their inclusion in it, but this precisely raises questions that are interesting in their own right.
Late Soviet and Early Post-Soviet Political Philosophy – Licking the Wounds
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

Did the USSR cease to exist in 1984? This chapter demonstrates the continuity between late Soviet and the early post-Soviet period. Even if dissident critique, expressed in samizdat [self-publishing] and tamizdat [publishing over there, i.e. in the West], had little immediate effect, it contributed to the hollowing-out of the Soviet system. As official ideology lost credibility, alternative political philosophies were articulated, some liberal, others nationalistic, still others Marxist but not -Leninist. Gorbachëv’s reform program came too late and resulted in the falling apart of the Soviet empire which was, simultaneously, a liberation and a catastrophe. Rehabilitation of the Russian Orthodox Church went along with publication of the works of previously inaccessible and largely unknown authors like Vl. Solov’ëv [ch. 4]. The rise of liberal political philosophy seemed in line with neoliberal economic shock therapy, but actually was at odds with, “liberal” and “democrat” becoming words of abuse. At the same time, the perceived “ideological vacuum” left behind by now defunct Marxism-Leninism led to attempts, unofficial and even official, to design a new “Russian idea”. Arguably less chaotic than it is often portrayed now, the 1990s indeed were a period of not only economic, but also intellectual and political-philosophical crisis.
Queer Metamorphoses and Displacements in the Cinema of João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata
Authors: Cascais António Fernando
Published: January 2023

The trope of metamorphosis, already all-pervasive in O Fantasma (Phantom, 2000), is easily detectable throughout the cinematography of João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata, being recurrently retrieved by the filmmakers in different cultural versions, along different approaches and in different settings. These transformations develop across space, allowing us to suggest that one very salient and meaningful trait in Rodrigues’ and da Mata’s cinema is the spatialization of (re)subjectifying processes. In fact, such transformations in the individual subjectivities span over eventful spaces, i. e.: spaces that are not inert background scenarios, but are fully intervening in the action, as agents of processes of devenir-autre (becoming-other), shape-shifting and metamorphic identitary transformations. From this standpoint, Rodrigues’ and da Mata’s films can be reasonably ranked among the fictions of terminal identity and of hybrid entities dealing with the end of the metaphysical, substantial, unitary, essentialized subject so akin to queer critical theory, and the emergence of new forms of subjectivity. In this sense, Rodrigues and da Mata’s cinema conveys a kind of “erotitude” that erases the difference between what they do with their bodies and how they use their spatial environment, which is the focus of this chapter.
Neo-Baroque Landscapes: João Pedro Rodrigues’s Docu-fiction and Ecosophical Kinships in The Ornithologist
Authors: Kim Hyemin
Published: January 2023

This chapter navigates João Pedro Rodrigues’s landscape-centred ethnofiction practice that began with his graduation piece O Pastor (The Pastor, 1988) and culminated in O Ornitólogo (The Ornithologist, 2016). Rodrigues’ films illustrate the neo-baroque sense of time and land by integrating Gilles Deleuze’s philosophy of earth with the sensory-ethnographic studies of relationality that embodies posthuman symbiosis and cohabitation. Working with Deleuze’s conception of “the Baroque” in Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque (1988) as a theoretical lens the aim of this study is to see Rodrigues’s cinematic figurations of “pleats” that affirm all curvilinear time and relationships. In this perspective, this chapter brings out posthuman layers of landscape beneath the surface of Rodrigues’ queer self-mythology, in the context of the practice of sensing ecological “togetherness.”
Failure, Erasure, and Oblivion in João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata’s Asian Trilogy: Red Dawn, The Last Time I Saw Macao , and Iec Long
Authors: Suárez Juan Antonio
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata’s Macao films – Alvorada Vermelha (Red Dawn, 2011), A Última Vez que Vi Macau (The Last Time I Saw Macao, 2011), and Iec Long (2015). They recast many of the topics present in Rodrigues’ earlier work: the revision of classical genre; the transnational condition present in China China (2007) and Mahjong (2013); transgressive, at times abject, corporeality; and the charged presence of animals, both interchangeable with and symbolic of humans. But the Macao films embed these themes in a nostalgia and reminiscence, both through Rui Guerra’s allusions to his childhood years on the island and through the subtle recycling of a pre-existing audiovisual repertoire. As such, this chapter investigates these films’ insistent materiality. The object world is, in these films, a memory holder, a stand-in for corporeality, a sign to be decoded, and a narrative trigger. It contributes to communicating the fluidity of borders and identities, and the liquidity of desire, but it also purveys moments of opacity and blockage. Such contrapuntal pull accounts for much of the style and affect in these stories.
Space and Memory: The Window as Freeze-frame
Authors: Carrilho Carlos Alberto , Ferrão Rita Gomes
Published: January 2023

From the beginning of João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata’s collaboration, the city of Lisbon has been at the core of both Portuguese filmmakers’ work, while Macao has also been the focus of some of their more recent projects. Their intriguing characters are lonely city dwellers whose stories are projected onto the urban space, even when they move beyond it. Working within the heritage of a postmodern local community that developed in the aftermath of the Portuguese Estado Novo (New State) dictatorship (1933–74), Rodrigues and Guerra da Mata align their private memories and domestic space with the social and historical urban space. In doing so, they emphasize a connection with the past to evoke previous practices that allow for a better understanding of the present. Taking this into account, this chapter seeks to decipher the domestic and urban territories that exist off-screen in Rodrigues and Guerra da Mata’s works and to read the multiple ways in which their experiences relate to encounters or ruptures with the urban space.
Interview with João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata
Authors: Daniel Julián , Albilla Gutiérrez
Published: January 2023

This chapter consists of an interview to João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata. The interview evolved from a series of productive encounters that the author had with João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata in Lisbon and Los Angeles over some years. These encounters and talks are reflected here via questions that explore the aesthetic, ethical, or political significance and distinctiveness of the directors’ cinema. Similarly, it also represents a journey through João Pedro Rodrigues and João Rui Guerra da Mata’s work, by addressing the many themes and ideas present in most of their films. In a sense, this chapter summons up many of the issues discussed throughout the book.
Lexicopragmatics between Cultural Heritage and Exonormative Second Language Acquisition: Address Terms, Greetings and Discourse Markers in Ugandan English
Authors: Meierkord Christiane , Isingoma Bebwa
Published: January 2023

Christiane Meierkord and Bebwa Isingoma analyse the lexicopragmatic elements in current Ugandan English, stemming from its earlier status when the country was a British protectorate, and now as the medium of instruction in secondary and higher education. The authors detail the mix of colonial and indigenous elements found in interpersonal and discourse markers in the ICE-Uganda corpus and the Web-UG corpus compiled from websites and blogs. Despite the elaborate tradition of greetings in African cultures, those they found in the two Uganda corpora were applications of conventional English ‘Welcome’. Few indigenous examples of address terms were found in Web-UG and written data from ICE, showing signs of language contact in the multilingual speech community. Better evidence of contact was found in 9 indigenous discourse markers in the internet data and spoken ICE data, with various interpersonal functions to express individual attitudes (surprise or scepticism), or else to criticise or elicit empathy from listeners or readers. They show how non-English discourse markers can be taken up into an indigenised English in East Africa without drawing attention to themselves.
Expressing Concepts Metaphorically in English Editorials in the Sinosphere
Authors: Ahrens Kathleen , Zeng Winnie Huiheng
Published: January 2023

Kathleen Ahrens and Winnie Huiheng Zeng focus on the semantics of metaphors relating to democracy, using a corpus of early 21st century newspaper and magazine editorials from Hong Kong, Beijing and Taipei. They find marked differences in how and how often democracy is metaphorized in each city – more frequently in Beijing editorials than in either those from Hong Kong or Taipei, both of which use it literally more often. There are also differences in the metaphorical source domains used for democracy, in that Hong Kong writers made significantly more use of building while Taipei writers made it a journey. The metaphor of competition was used by writers in all three cities, but interestingly Beijing writers made more use of it than the other two. These different source domains for metaphorizing democracy, rather like Schneider’s indexical terms, seem to reflect different political orientations to the concept in three Chinese contexts.
Privileging Informality: Cultural Influences on the Structural Patterning of Australian English
Authors: Burke Isabelle , Burridge Kate
Published: January 2023

Isabelle Burke and Kate Burridge’s research focuses on the evolution of taboo negators in current Australian English. They give evidence that phrases like damn/bugger/fuck all (‘X-all’) began life with an inherently negative value and do not represent an advanced stage in the ‘Jespersen cycle’ of negator renewal (Jespersen 1917). Their data comes from the University of Western Australia corpus of informal spoken Australian English, coupled with survey data from 170 Australian undergraduate and postgraduate students on the acceptability of ‘X-all’ with and without an explicitly negated verb. The survey respondents rated the version without an explicit negator very positively, but dismissed the version with a negator as ungrammatical, commenting that the combination of bugger all with an explicit negator was ‘double negation’, and therefore unacceptable. While there is irony in their application of a formal English rule to informal grammar, they support the analysis of ‘X-all’ as a fully fledged marker of negation (‘not’). The authors argue that this development was assisted by social and cultural pressures – the more informal character of Australian culture and its greater willingness to embrace colloquial styles.
Islamic Hagiography: Literary and Visualised
Authors: Renard John
Published: January 2023

Chapter Two situates Aflaki’s text amid the rich environment of Islamic “prosopography,” characterizing a wide range of exemplary figures from the pre-Islamic prophets through Muhammad, to descendants of the Prophet known as Imams in Shi`i traditions, to generations of Friends of God – figures comparable to Jewish Sages and Christian Saints. Islamic hagiographical works are surprisingly abundant and widespread, as are scholarly studies of the literary aspects of these. But a little appreciated dimension of Islamic hagiography is the role of the visual arts as a way of interpreting the narratives of the tradition’s most admired ethical and spiritual paradigms. Islamic visualised manuscripts of hagiographic interest cover a vast range of subjects and personalities presented in diverse literary genres and visual forms, and represent an equal variety of societal and religious sponsorship and patronage. Figures embodying ideals of devotion and spiritual accomplishment are similarly diverse and include major Sufis such as Rumi and his extended family. [155]
Kant and the Inheritance of Romanticism
Authors: Jampol-Petzinger Andrew M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter brings Deleuze’s and Kierkegaard’s philosophies together through a consideration of their mutual inheritances of Kantian and post-Kantian philosophy, with a special focus on the connection between ethics and personal identity in Kant. It begins by looking at Kant’s account of personhood in the Critique of Pure Reasonand in Kant’s ethical writings to demonstrate the centrality of moral responsibility for securing a notion of stable personal identity. From there, the chapter points towards philosophers of the post-Kantian tradition – among them, J.G. Fichte, Friedrich Hölderlin and Friedrich Nietzsche – whose reactions to the Kantian view about the “phenomenality” of the self links Deleuze’s and Kierkegaard’s thought to Kant’s. The chapter concludes by demonstrating the ways in which a rejection of Kantian conceptions of moral responsibility will necessarily entail substantial revisions in both philosopher’s views of the self, away from the “substantialist” views endorsed by Kant himself, and towards the more phenomenalist views espoused by figures in the post-Kantian tradition.
Faith and Repetition in Kierkegaard and Deleuze
Authors: Jampol-Petzinger Andrew M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter links Deleuze’s and Kierkegaard’s thoughts on ethics and metaphysics to one another through a focus on the key concept of “repetition,” which forms a focal point in both philosopher’s writings. Contrary to conventional (Deleuzian) interpretations of Kierkegaard, the chapter argues that in fact Kierkegaard’s account of repetition as “faith” mirrors many of Deleuze’s own convictions regarding the role of repetition in selfhood. The chapter points out that for both philosophers, “repetition” in its most eminent sense will refer to a moment in which an individual is capable of eschewing conventional commitments to their inherited sense of identity, exposing them to the possibility of growth and becoming in line with their distinctive “singular” identity. After showing how this notion of repetition links Deleuze’s and Kierkegaard’s accounts of ethics and personal identity, the chapter goes on to address some of more conventional Deleuzian critiques of Kierkegaard’s account, as well as points out a notable shift in Deleuze’s own estimation of Kierkegaard between the earlier period of Difference and Repetitionand his later work in theCinemabooks.
Metaphoric Bodies: The Professional Author, Sensation and Serialisation in Great Expectations
Authors: Peter J. Katz
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the intersection between speed, the economics and form of serial publication, and embodiment. To unpack this network, the chapter turns to Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations. The novel is directly concerned with sensation fiction’s production and consumption, and offers a theory of language interconnected with reading and ethics. The main character, Pip Pirrip, finds himself divided between the performance of scholarship and more material, sensational readings. In Great Expectations, language’s materiality offers the promise of self-identification with the well-being of others. But Pip’s reliance on his own knowledge and speculations means that language could at any moment transition back to self-regard. Defenders of sensation argued that common readers differ from scholars because of their proclivity for embodiment, and so must cling to embodiment lest they fall into the false performance of disembodiment that turns other bodies around them into mere conduits for capital. This manifests in the serial form of Great Expectations, for the novel suggests that serialisation does not commodify literature, but instead cultivates ethical embodiment in the literary public: embodiment that feels and cares, rather than interprets through knowledge.
Pirates’ Captives in Light of Roman Law
Authors: Tarwacka Anna
Published: January 2023

Pirates represented a serious threat to seafarers in the ancient world. For a long time piracy was considered just one of many possible human activities that could take place at sea; and only later did the term 'pirate' take on a clearly pejorative meaning. This chapter explores the development of the treatment of piracy in Roman law, with a special focus upon the position of captives taken at sea within the Roman legal framework.
An Archaeology of Access: Materiality, Historiography, and Iranian Cinema
Authors: Atwood Blake
Published: January 2023

In »An Archaeology of Access: Materiality, Historiography, and Iranian Cinema,« Blake Atwood expands the media archaeological approach by delving into the material and immaterial history of Dukhtar-i Lur/The Lor Girl (1933), one of the few ﬁlms from this period that still exists, circulating in different digital resolutions, forms, versions, and rips. With the unprecedented level of digital accessibility of the ﬁlm (e.g. on video-sharing platforms like YouTube), which contrasts with the decades of inaccessibility, when the National Film Archives carefully protected its original 35 mm format, Atwood’s contribution takes the sonic and visual distortions as a starting point to excavate counter-histories of access, distribution, and circulation. In the course of his meticulous, archaeological digging into a profusion of digital and digitized glitches, blips and blurs, (water-)marks, spots, and scratches, and other ›effects of a worn-out videocassette [. . .] fossilized in digital form (p. 65),« Atwood redirects our attention towards a wider network of agents, connections, and coordinates, a network in which the stories of institutions and underground distributions intersect.
Spiritual Counter-Memories of the War: Mohammad Ali Ahangar’s Recent Contributions to the Sīnemā-ye Defāʿ-ye Moqaddas
Authors: Ullmann Viktor
Published: January 2023

Counter-memories can also be tracked down where we least suspect or expect them to be, as Viktor Ullmann shows in his contribution »Spiritual Counter-Memories of the War: Mohammad Ali Ahangar’s Recent Contributions to the Sīnemā-ye Defāʿ-ye Moqaddas.« Although liberals are by far the most active group of ﬁlmmakers challenging the state’s hermeneutical hegemony on the past, recent developments show a small niche of conservative religious ﬁlms that intend to reinvent the ›Sacred Defense cinema‹ genre through a counter-reading of the Iran-Iraq War (and its aftermath). These ﬁlms take their cue not from social criticism, as, for instance, Mohsen Makhmalbaf or even Ebrahim Hatamikia did in the 1980s and 1990s, but – and herein lies their subversive character – from a spiritual approach. The most proliﬁc proponent of this niche is the Abadan-based director Mohammad Ali Ahangar. Starting with his ﬁrst feature ﬁlm, Farzand-e Khāk/Child of Soil (2008), all his popular works deal with war-induced traumas, re-interrogating the war and its spiritual ramiﬁcations for survivors. ›Ahangar paints a decidedly different picture of the war than the ofﬁcial state iconography‹ (p. 169). Viktor Ullmann explores in a sophisticated way the challenge posed by Ahangar’s transgressions – especially in two of his later ﬁlms, Malakeh/The Queen (2012) and Sarv Zīr-e Āb/Cypress Under Water (2018) – to the genre’s discursive boundaries, and that precisely through the production of ghost- and counter-memories.
Openings: Biology And Philosophy In Esposito, Bichat And Hegel
Authors: Rajan Tilottama
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins with Esposito’s and Hegel’s discussions of the 19thc physiologist Bichat’s exposure of an aporia or double layer in life (animal vs organic), which both leads to the binaries upholding the “person” and makes us think beyond them. Bichat’s discovery catalyses new thought around the folding of disciplines—biology, sociopolitics, philosophy-- onto each other. The books comprising Esposito’s biological trilogy (Bios, Immunitas, Third Person) all move to the consummation of biopolitics in Nazi thanatopolitics, escaping this fatal history only through multiple contemporary thinkers whose status as “theorists” makes these lines of flight utopian and hypothetical. The chapter reads Esposito’s discussion of Bichat alongside Hegel’s strikingly similar discussion in sections of the Encyclopedia (on “organics,” anthropology and psychology). This “eccentric” reading (Esposito’s word in _Two) discloses how Hegel, whom Esposito often absorbs into the fatal history of political theology, can be seen via Esposito as sensitive to an interbelonging of knowledge and life rather than an immunization of spirit against life. Conversely, reading Esposito’s work alongside German Idealism releases it from its instrumentalisation as simply a critique of biopolitics, and lets us ask whether it can be seen more speculatively and broadly as “biophilosophy.”
Competing Schemes
Authors: Monte Steven
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyses organisational and numerological schemes in Sonnets that are not directly related to the main structure. In view of artistic fashions of the 1590s, Sonnets’ intricate schemes are perhaps to be expected, but their sophistication is nonetheless telling: Shakespeare both shows familiarity with Elizabethan literary conventions and exhibits ambition in his orchestration of them. Showcasing art may have been an aim; he may also have regarded his choices as suited to his subject matter and audience. Whatever their rationale, organisational and numerological schemes abound in Sonnets. And while it is hard to generalise about them – other than to say that Shakespeare seems to have packed them into every available space – they often comment on the basic pyramid structure, even or especially when they can exist on their own terms. The schemes discussed include mirror poems and symmetrical schemes, the “When I” sonnets, and square-number sonnets.
Seeing Things Retrospectively
Authors: Monte Steven
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews the main arguments of the book, placing emphasis on the organisational schemes in Sonnets and on Shakespeare’s career as a poet among other Elizabethan poets. In the chapter’s first half, the book’s central claims and data are synthesized and summarized; in the second half, the book is reviewed through the theme of perspective and through the afterlife of the Elizabethan sonnet sequence. Ultimately, Shakespeare’s Sonnets is presented as a work that is both modern and of its time, and long-drawn lines between Renaissance and post-Romantic poetry are interrogated.
Epilogue: A Romantic Return?
Authors: Fermanis Porscha
Published: January 2023

One of the aims of this book has been to reassess the stories we have been told about modern history’s disciplinary origins in the late nineteenth century. The emergent processes of differentiation it has uncovered suggest that we must resist the binaries of modern and premodern, subjective and objective, disciplinary and pre-disciplinary, and amateur and professional in our approaches to nineteenth-century historiography. Focusing only or even primarily on the evolution of history as a discipline and profession forecloses the diversity of earlier forms of history, including those anachronistic ‘dead ends’ that can provide a window into the values of the past. A second aim has been to consider the role of feeling in romantic-era historical writing. Ironically, this has often meant focusing on the objectification and even suppression of feeling in nineteenth-century texts. ‘Romantic’ history is not, or at least not always, a history of resurrection, reanimation, or presence, but rather an extended and evolving sense of ‘how and why the past inheres in the present’ and by extension the future. This epilogue suggests that the interpenetration between past, present, and future in romantic-era written history provides one way of understanding why romantic historicism continues to stage various ‘returns’.
After the Arab Spring
Authors: Bayat Asef
Published: January 2023

Given the paradoxical nature of the Arab ‘refo-lutions’ of 2011 as both revolutionary and pluralist, it is difficult to apply to them the radical analytical framework, nor is the transition framework suitable either, since its focus is on predominantly non-revolutionary shifts from authoritarian rule. This chapter asks why these “revolutions” lacked charismatic leaders, unified organizations, or a dominant ideology, appearing just as acts of ‘ordinary people’? The author builds on his own seminal work on social movements and street politics to provide a novel and compelling analysis of these ‘refo-lutions’ (a hybrid between reform and revolution) and their troubled trajectories. Unlike their East European counterparts, no negotiations preceded the ouster of the dictators. The Arab model, emerging in an era when the idea of revolution became delegitimised, even in Islamist and post-colonial discourse, advocated moderate change and achieved even less. Despite the meteoric speed with which dictators were toppled, mostly peacefully, old regime structures remained largely intact, making it easy for the counterrevolutions to gather momentum. This was facilitated by role ‘free-riders’, who benefited from the revolutions. Still, these uprising that had astonished the world generated a new awareness and imagination among the subaltern, marking post-revolutionary trajectories with unknown possibilities
The ‘Arab Spring’ and the Challenges of Security Sector Reform
Authors: Ashour Omar , El Kurd Dana
Published: January 2023

This chapter builds on previous findings in democratic transition literature on the link between democratic consolidation and security sector reform (SSR). Reform must include ending the impunity for crimes perpetrated by security agents and ensuring effective and meaningful democratic control of the military, police and intelligence establishments. The focus on the (yet unsuccessful) quest by Arab pro-change forces (both reformists and revolutionaries) to democratically control the security sector in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. Even the relative success story of Tunisia is still lagging, compared to the achievements of other SSR transitional processes outside the region. The chapter assesses several Arab SSR reform initiatives between 2011 and 2013, in comparisons with other SSR processes in Latin America, South Europe Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Five variables that determine the trajectory of SSR processes are analysed: levels of political polarization, levels of internal resistance within the security sector, levels of knowledge and capacities of reformists, levels of support of regional/international actors, and the status of demobilization, disarmament, de-radicalization and reintegration (DDDR). Palestine, a case reviewed in depth here, is a unique case, since it is not really an independent state, and its security apparatus has to deal with the highly securized Israeli state.
Sonic Subjection: Gaspar Noé’s Irreversible and the Dystopian Limits of the Resonant Body
Authors: Talijan Emilija
Published: January 2023

This chapter takes forward notions of the ‘unlistenable’ developed in Chapter One as it discusses Gapar Noé’s Irréversible, another film that has been explored in relation to ‘extreme cinema’ and an unwatchable aesthetic. Noé deploys noise as a form of violence, domination and torture in ways that provide a different understanding of how we might become ‘all ears’ in the filmic experience, challenging previous positive conceptions of the resonant body. I show how sound works at a vibratory level in Noé, disrupting our relation to the spaces and time of the film, working to destroy an anthropocentric framework of subjectivity that would allow a subject to constitute a world. This reveals some of the more dystopian limits of Nancy’s resonant body as it considers the vulnerability of a model of subjectivity based on vibration and feedback.
The Self-Translation Of The Representation Of The Mind In Samuel Beckett’S Trilogy
Authors: Mirza Waqas
Published: January 2023

Critics have established that there remains much to uncover in order to make sense of Beckett’s practice as a self-translator. This essay compares the translation of the narrators’ discourse in The Trilogy by focusing on three elements: personal pronouns, syntax and verbs describing mental processes. Differences in Beckett’s translations are extremely common and vary in type. Waqas Mirza argues that the author’s choices regarding translation account for major differences in meaning between both versions of the texts on the level of narrative voice: they emphasize its fragmented self and portrayal as a figure more inclusive of the narratee. Mirza first considers verbal translations with a focus on Beckett’s narrowing, widening and substitution of literal meanings and how they impact on the characters’ linguistic register. He then analyses the translation of the way narrators assert their selves through various pronouns – such as je, you and they. Mirza also examines reader inclusivity in the translation of general statements and addresses to the narratee - using on, one and you. Finally, he compares the way narrators organise the delivery of information, in particular their reliance on clause inversion. Issues of tone altered by the translation of punctuation are also assessed.
‘The Absolute Impossibility Of All Purchase’: Property And Translation In Beckett’S Postwar Prose
Authors: Schauss Martin
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that translation, linguistic slippages, and Beckett’s bilingual writing are key in registering the political interventions of his art in post-war Europe. The essay builds on Emilie Morin’s recent Beckett’s Political Imagination (2017) in which Morin argues that Beckett’s auto-translation and translation of other writers most forcefully inscribe moments of political transitions and historical legibility. Focusing on Beckett’s immediate post-war prose, the essay shows how the tramp’s exclusion from normative, bourgeois discourse (and his residual rehearsal of it) is informed by a larger multilingual framework whereby nationalist discourses—Irish, French, German, Spanish—are grounded in the violent marginalisation of the other’s language. It claims that this political conception of self-translation must, however, be viewed as a kind of deprivation, whereby Beckett denies the historical “purchase” of his work in the same way his narrators are denied historical inclusion through language. The resulting impression is not that of a determinable political intervention, but of Beckett’s self-translation sustaining the very problem of defining, of “owning,” the politics of his art.