bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sulfonamide Cross-Reactivity: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Johnson Kelly K , Green David L , Rife Jason P , Limon Lynn
Published: January 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To provide a critical and comprehensive review of the literature, specifically case reports and observational studies used to support the concept of cross-reactivity between sulfonylarylamines and non-sulfonylarylamines.

DATA SOURCES:

A list of medications was formulated from several different review articles. A MEDLINE/PubMed search was conducted (1966–March 2004) using the individual medications and the MeSH terms of drug hypersensitivity/etiology, sulfonamides/adverse effects, and/or cross-reaction.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

A critical review of the methodology and conclusions for each article found in the search was conducted. The manufacturer's package insert (MPI) for each drug was examined for a statement concerning possible cross-reactivity in patients with a sulfonamide allergy. If indicated, the manufacturers were contacted to obtain any clinical data supporting the statement.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

A total of 33 medications were identified. Seventeen (51.5%) of the MPIs contained statements of varying degrees concerning use in patients with a “sulfonamide” allergy; 21 case series, case reports, and other articles were found.

CONCLUSIONS:

After a thorough critique of the literature, it appears that the dogma of sulfonylarylamine cross-reactivity with non-sulfonylarylamines is not supported by the data. While many of the case reports on the surface support the concept of cross-reactivity, on closer examination the level of evidence in many of the cases does not conclusively support either a connection or an association between the observed cause and effect.
Ertapenem-Associated Seizures in a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient
Authors: Seto Arnold H , Song Jessica C , Guest Steven S
Published: January 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To report a case of a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis who developed refractory seizures after 2 doses of ertapenem.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 56-year-old white man with end-stage renal disease requiring continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis experienced 5 seizures following 2 doses of ertapenem 500 mg given intravenously. The first generalized tonic—clonic seizure occurred 16 hours after the second ertapenem dose and lasted 3 minutes. Three hours after his first seizure, the patient experienced 2 more seizures 15 minutes apart, lasting 3 minutes each. After suffering a fifth seizure, the patient became apneic and pulseless and was not resuscitated, as he had previously requested a “do not resuscitate” status.

DISCUSSION:

Carbapenem treatment has been associated with simple partial, complex partial, and generalized tonic—clonic seizures, with generalized seizures representing the most frequently occurring type. Safety data from 7 published clinical trials of ertapenem revealed a seizure incidence of 0.18%. To our knowledge, there are no previously published reports of ertapenem neurotoxicity in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Moreover, little information is available regarding the pharmacokinetics of carbapenems in end-stage renal disease. Ertapenem pharmacokinetics were not tested in any patients receiving peritoneal dialysis during published clinical trials.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our patient experienced 5 seizures, possibly induced by ertapenem, as validated by the Naranjo probability scale. Clinicians administering ertapenem to patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis should use caution, as clinical experience with the agent is limited and pharmacokinetic data are lacking.
Curvilinear Effects of Consumer Loyalty Determinants in Relational Exchanges
Authors: Agustin Clara , Singh Jagdip
Published: January 2005

Drawing from need, motivation, and social exchange theories, this study conceptualizes and empirically examines the differential curvilinear effects of multiple determinants of loyalty intentions, including transactional satisfaction, trust, and value for relational exchanges. The authors conceptualize trust as a “motivator,” satisfaction as a “hygiene,” and value as a “bivalent” factor in consumer loyalty mechanisms. Using consumer data on relational exchanges in two different service contexts—retail clothing and nonbusiness airline travel—and accounting for different sources of error—namely, measurement, common method, and response style—the authors empirically investigate the hypothesized mechanisms. The data support the motivator, or the enhancing role of trust, and the hygiene, or the maintaining role of satisfaction, on loyalty intentions in both contexts. Although the authors also obtain consistent results for the influence of value, its role is aligned with a hygiene mechanism, not a bivalent mechanism. The authors contribute to the study of loyalty antecedents by (1) theoretically proposing the nature and shape of the influence of different loyalty determinants, (2) considering the simultaneous and differential effects of multiple determinants, and (3) drawing implications from the results for theory and managerial practice.
Sodium and Calcium Current-Mediated Pacemaker Neurons and Respiratory Rhythm Generation
Authors: Del Negro Christopher A. , Morgado-Valle Consuelo , Hayes John A. , Mackay Devin D. , Pace Ryland W. , Crowder Erin A. , Feldman Jack L.
Published: January 2005

The breathing motor pattern in mammals originates in brainstem networks. Whether pacemaker neurons play an obligatory role remains a key unanswered question. We performed whole-cell recordings in the preBötzinger Complex in slice preparations from neonatal rodents and tested for pacemaker activity. We observed persistent Na+current (INaP)-mediated bursting in ∼5% of inspiratory neurons in postnatal day 0 (P0)-P5 and in P8-P10 slices.INaP-mediated bursting was voltage dependent and blocked by 20 μmriluzole (RIL). We found Ca2+current (ICa)-dependent bursting in 7.5% of inspiratory neurons in P8-P10 slices, but in P0-P5 slices these cells were exceedingly rare (0.6%). This bursting was voltage independent and blocked by 100 μmCd2+or flufenamic acid (FFA) (10-200 μm), which suggests that a Ca2+-activated inward cationic current (ICAN) underlies burst generation. These data substantiate our observation that P0-P5 slices exposed to RIL contain few (if any) pacemaker neurons, yet maintain respiratory rhythm. We also show that 20 nmTTX or coapplication of 20 μmRIL + FFA (100-200 μm) stops the respiratory rhythm, but that adding 2 μmsubstance P restarts it. We conclude thatINaPandICANenhance neuronal excitability and promote rhythmogenesis, even if their magnitude is insufficient to support bursting-pacemaker activity in individual neurons. WhenINaPandICANare removed pharmacologically, the rhythm can be maintained by boosting neural excitability, which is inconsistent with a pacemaker-essential mechanism of respiratory rhythmogenesis by the preBötzinger complex.
Distinct Properties of Stimulus-Evoked Bursts in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Authors: Alitto Henry J. , Weyand Theodore G. , Usrey W. Martin
Published: January 2005

Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus produce spikes that can be classified as burst spikes and tonic spikes. Although burst spikes are generally associated with states of sleep and drowsiness, bursts may also play an important role in sensory processing. This study explores the stimulus properties that evoke burst and tonic spikes and examines the reliability of LGN neurons to produce visually driven bursts. Using reverse-correlation techniques, we show that the receptive fields of burst spikes are similar to, but significantly different from, the receptive fields of tonic spikes. Compared with tonic spikes, burst spikes (1) occur with a shorter latency between stimulus and response, (2) have a greater dependence on stimuli with transitions from suppressive to preferred states, and (3) prefer stimuli that provide increased drive to the receptive field center and even greater increased drive to the receptive field surround. These differences are not attributable to the long interspike interval that precedes burst spikes, because tonic spikes with similar preceding interspike intervals also differ from burst spikes in both the spatial and temporal domains. Finally, measures of reliability are significantly greater for burst spikes than for tonic spikes with similar preceding interspike intervals. These results demonstrate that thalamic bursts contribute to sensory processing and can reliably provide the cortex with information that is similar to, but distinct from, that of tonic spikes.
Modifier of Cell Adhesion Regulates N-Cadherin-Mediated Cell-Cell Adhesion and Neurite Outgrowth
Authors: Chen Qi , Chen Tsan-Ju , Letourneau Paul C. , Da F. Costa Luciano , Schubert David
Published: January 2005

Modifier of cell adhesion (MOCA) is a member of the dedicator of cytokinesis 180 family of proteins and is highly expressed in CNS neurons. MOCA is associated with Alzheimer's disease tangles and regulates the accumulation of amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloid. Here, we report that MOCA modulates cell-cell adhesion and morphology. MOCA increases the accumulation of adherens junction proteins, including N-cadherin and β-catenin, whereas reducing endogenous MOCA expression lowers cell-cell aggregation and N-cadherin expression. MOCA colocalizes with N-cadherin and actin in areas of cell-cell and cell substratum contact and is expressed in neuronal processes. MOCA accumulates during neuronal differentiation, and its expression enhances NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and morphological complexity. We conclude that MOCA regulates N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth.
Ketamine Induces Dopamine-Dependent Depression of Evoked Hippocampal Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens in Freely Moving Rats
Authors: Hunt Mark J. , Kessal Karima , Garcia Rene
Published: January 2005

Noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, induce a transient schizophrenia-like state in healthy individuals and exacerbate psychosis in schizophrenic patients. In rodents, noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists induce a behavioral syndrome that represents an experimentally valid model of schizophrenia. Current experimental evidence has implicated the nucleus accumbens in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the psychomimetic actions of ketamine. In this study, we have demonstrated that acute systemic administration of ketamine, at a dose known to produce hyperlocomotion and stereotypy, depressed the amplitude of the monosynaptic component of fimbria-evoked field potentials recorded in the nucleus accumbens. A similar effect was observed using the more selective antagonist dizocilpine maleate, indicating the depression was NMDA receptor dependent. Paired-pulse facilitation was enhanced concomitantly with, and in proportion to, ketamine-induced depressed synaptic efficacy, indicative of a presynaptic mechanism of action. Notably, the depression of field potentials recorded in the nucleus accumbens was markedly reduced after a focal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning procedure in the nucleus accumbens. More specifically, pretreatment with the D2/D4antagonist haloperidol, but not the D1antagonistSCH23390, blocked ketamine-induced depression of nucleus accumbens responses. Our findings provide supporting evidence for the contemporary theory of schizophrenia as aberrant excitatory neurotransmission at the level of the nucleus accumbens.
Breakdown of Axonal Synaptic Vesicle Precursor Transport by Microglial Nitric Oxide
Authors: Stagi Massimiliano , Dittrich Petra S. , Frank Nadja , Iliev Asparouh I. , Schwille Petra , Neumann Harald
Published: January 2005

The mechanism of axonal injury in inflammatory brain diseases is still unclear. Increased microglial production of nitric oxide (NO) is a common early sign in neuroinflammatory diseases. We found by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy that synaptophysin tagged with enhanced green fluorescence protein (synaptophysin-EGFP) moves anterogradely in axons of cultured neurons. Activated microglia focally inhibited the axonal movement of synaptophysin-EGFP in a NO synthase-dependent manner. Direct application of a NO donor to neurons resulted in inhibition of axonal transport of synaptophysin-EGFP and synaptotagmin I tagged with EGFP, mediated via phosphorylation of c-junNH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). Thus, overt production of reactive NO by activated microglia blocks the axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors via phosphorylation of JNK and could cause axonal and synaptic dysfunction.
Cholecystokinin in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Mediates Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Antinociceptive Tolerance
Authors: Xie Jennifer Y. , Herman David S. , Stiller Carl-Olav , Gardell Luis R. , Ossipov Michael H. , Lai Josephine , Porreca Frank , Vanderah Todd W.
Published: January 2005

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is characterized by hypersensitivity to innocuous or noxious stimuli during sustained opiate administration. Microinjection of lidocaine into the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), or dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) lesion, abolishes opioid-induced hyperalgesia, suggesting the importance of descending pain facilitation mechanisms. Here, we investigate the possibility that cholecystokinin (CCK), a pronociceptive peptide, may drive such descending facilitation from the RVM during continuous opioid administration. In opioid-naive rats, CCK in the RVM produced acute tactile and thermal hypersensitivity that was antagonized by the CCK2receptor antagonist L365,260 or by DLF lesion. CCK in the RVM also acutely displaced the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve to the right. Continuous systemic morphine elicited sustained tactile and thermal hypersensitivity within 3 d. Such hypersensitivity was reversed in a time-dependent manner by L365,260 in the RVM, and blockade of CCK2receptors in the RVM also blocked the rightward displacement of the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve. Microdialysis studies in rats receiving continuous morphine showed an approximately fivefold increase in the basal levels of CCK in the RVM when compared with controls. These data suggest that activation of CCK2receptors in the RVM promotes mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and antinociceptive tolerance to morphine. Enhanced, endogenous CCK activity in the RVM during sustained morphine exposure may diminish spinal morphine antinociceptive potency by activating descending pain facilitatory mechanisms to exacerbate spinal nociceptive sensitivity. Prevention of opioid-dose escalation in chronic pain states by CCK receptor antagonism represents a potentially important strategy to limit unintended enhanced clinical pain and analgesic tolerance.
Central Glucocorticoid Receptors Modulate the Expression and Function of Spinal NMDA Receptors after Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Wang Shuxing , Lim Grewo , Zeng Qing , Sung Backil , Yang Liling , Mao Jianren
Published: January 2005

Central glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) have been shown to play a significant role in the mechanisms of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury; however, how central GRs and NMDARs interact in this process remains unknown. Here we show that the expression and function of spinal NMDARs after peripheral nerve injury were modulated by central GRs. Chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI) in rats induced a time-dependent upregulation of NR1 and NR2 subunits of the NMDAR within the spinal cord dorsal horn ipsilateral to CCI. The upregulation of NMDARs was significantly diminished by intrathecal administration (twice daily for postoperative days 1-6) of either the GR antagonist RU38486 or an antisense oligonucleotide against GRs. Moreover, this CCI-induced expression of NMDARs was significantly attenuated in rats receiving intrathecal treatment with an interleukin-6 (IL-6) antiserum and in mice with protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) knock-out. Because IL-6 and PKCγ mediated the upregulation of central GRs after CCI as demonstrated previously, the results suggest that IL-6 and PKCγ served as cellular mediators contributing to the GR-mediated expression of NMDARs after CCI. Functionally, nociceptive behaviors induced by NMDAR activation and CCI were reversed by a single intrathecal administration of the GR antagonist RU38486. Conversely, a single intrathecal injection with the noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist MK-801 reversed neuropathic pain behaviors exacerbated by the GR agonist dexamethasone in CCI rats. These data suggest that interactions between central GRs and NMDARs through genomic and nongenomic regulation may be an important mechanism critical to neuropathic pain behaviors in rats.
Adaptation to Visuomotor Transformations: Consolidation, Interference, and Forgetting
Authors: Krakauer John W. , Ghez Claude , Ghilardi M. Felice
Published: January 2005

The paradigm task A→task B→task A, which varies the time interval between task A and task B, has been used extensively to investigate the consolidation of motor memory. Consolidation is defined as resistance to retrograde interference (interference by task B on initial learning of task A). Consolidation has been demonstrated for simple skills, motor sequencing, and learning of force fields. In contrast, evidence to date suggests that visuomotor learning does not consolidate. We have shown previously that adaptation to a 30° screen-cursor rotation is faster and more complete on relearning 24 hr later. This improvement is prevented if a 30° counter-rotation is learned 5 min after the original rotation. Here, we sought to identify conditions under which rotation learning becomes resistant to interference by a counter-rotation. In experiment 1, we found that interference persists even when the counter-rotation is learned 24 hr after the initial rotation. In experiment 2, we removed potential anterograde interference (interference by task B on relearning of task A) by introducing washout blocks before all of the learning blocks. In contrast to experiment 1, we found resistance to interference (i.e., consolidation) when the counter-rotation was learned after 24 hr but not after 5 min. In experiment 3, we doubled the amount of initial rotation learning and found resistance to interference even after 5 min. Our results suggest that persistent interference is attributable to anterograde effects on memory retrieval. When anterograde effects are removed, rotation learning consolidates both over time and with increased initial training.
Factors Influencing Density of Age‐0 Brown Trout and Brook Trout in the Au Sable River, Michigan
Authors: McRae Brian J. , Diana James S.
Published: January 2005

The density of juvenile trout is influenced by many factors, including water temperature, discharge, substrate composition, and the presence of aquatic vegetation. The objective of this study was to determine habitat conditions that influence densities of age‐0 brown trout Salmo trutta and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the Au Sable River, Michigan. Electrofishing was conducted with a 250‐V DC tote barge at 12 sites throughout the Au Sable River watershed from June through August of 2000 and 2001. Densities of age‐0 brown trout and brook trout varied significantly among sites located on the main stem as well as in tributaries. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate annual interactions between age‐0 trout densities and habitat variables. Simple and forward stepwise linear regressions were used to model brown trout and brook trout densities in relation to habitat variables. Percent gravel substrate and percent emergent vegetation accounted for 62% of the variance in age‐0 brown trout density. In two separate analyses, mean minimum water temperature accounted for 31% of the variance in the density of age‐0 brook trout, whereas mean daily water temperature fluctuation accounted for 28% of the variance. Once habitat conditions that influence age‐0 fish production are identified, stocking programs should focus on areas where age‐0 fish would be able to survive. If no suitable juvenile habitat is available, managers should instead invest effort in enhancing or creating nursery habitat. Such efforts will not only be valuable to the growth and survival of stocked individuals but will also have the benefit of enhancing the potential for the fishery to be sustained through natural reproduction.
Single‐Pass versus Two‐Pass Boat Electrofishing for Characterizing River Fish Assemblages: Species Richness Estimates and Sampling Distance
Authors: Meador Michael R.
Published: January 2005

Determining adequate sampling effort for characterizing fish assemblage structure in nonwadeable rivers remains a critical issue in river biomonitoring. Two‐pass boat electrofishing data collected from 500–1,000‐m‐long river reaches as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water‐Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program were analyzed to assess the efficacy of single‐pass boat electrofishing. True fish species richness was estimated by use of a two‐pass removal model and nonparametric jackknife estimation for 157 sampled reaches across the United States. Compared with estimates made with a relatively unbiased nonparametric estimator, estimates of true species richness based on the removal model may be biased, particularly when true species richness is greater than 10. Based on jackknife estimation, the mean percent of estimated true species richness collected in the first electrofishing pass (pj,sj) for all 157 reaches was 65.5%. The effectiveness of single‐pass boat electrofishing may be greatest when the expected species richness is relatively low (>10 species). The second pass produced additional species (1–13) in 89.2% of sampled reaches. Of these additional species, centrarchids were collected in 50.3% of reaches and cyprinids were collected in 45.9% of reaches. Examination of relations between channel width ratio (reach length divided by wetted channel width) and pj,sj values provided no clear recommendation for sampling distances based on channel width ratios. Increasing sampling effort through an extension of the sampled reach distance can increase the percent species richness obtained from single‐pass boat electrofishing. When single‐pass boat electrofishing is used to characterize fish assemblage structure, determination of the sampling distance should take into account such factors as species richness and patchiness, the presence of species with relatively low probabilities of detection, and human alterations to the channel.
Temperature Tolerance of Red‐Rim Melania Melanoides tuberculatus, an Exotic Aquatic Snail Established in the United States
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J. , Brandt Thomas M.
Published: January 2005

The red‐rim melania Melanoides tuberculatus (family Thiaridae), a tropical, nonindigenous aquatic snail, has become established and is spreading in the United States. Concerns associated with the spread of this snail include its potential to displace native snail populations and to transmit trematodes. Of particular concern is the gill trematode Centrocestus formosanus now found in U.S. commercial and wild fish stocks. The snail survives year‐round in subtropical ponds and constant‐temperature spring runs in Florida and Texas and in geothermal waters of several western and midwestern states. Knowledge of the temperature tolerances of the snail will increase the ability to predict its potential range in North American waters and to control its spread. Under constant temperature conditions in the laboratory, all red‐rim melania (15–25 mm shell height (SH)) were killed by exposure to 5°C for 1 d, 9°C for 2 d, 11°C for 8 d, and 13°C for 12 d. At 17°C and 32.5°C, about 10% of the snails died within 27 d, indicating the outer limits of the temperature range for the snail. Waters that attain temperatures less than 18°C or greater than 32°C will probably not support red‐rim melania. All snails (10–20 mm SH) died within 10 h at 40°C and within 20 min at 45°C. At 50°C, all snails (≤42 mm SH) succumbed within 2.5 min, and the smallest snails (1–4 mm SH) survived for less than 0.5 min. A 4–5‐min exposure to 50°C or warmer water should kill all red‐rim melania on dip nets and other fisheries equipment.
Cohort‐Specific Growth and Mortality of Juvenile American Shad in the Pamunkey River, Virginia
Authors: Hoffman Joel C. , Olney John E.
Published: January 2005

We estimated the variation in instantaneous rates of growth (G) and mortality (M) between intraannual cohorts of juvenile American shad Alosa sapidissima in the Pamunkey River, Virginia. The ages of juveniles captured by push net during the juvenile abundance index surveys in 1998 and 1999 were estimated by counting daily rings on the sagittal otoliths. Weight‐at‐age and abundance‐at‐age data were used to generate instantaneous daily rates of growth and mortality for 5‐d cohorts. In 1998, the peak hatch date lagged behind the peak spawning periods that had been inferred from collections of American shad broodstock and occurred after peak spring flow events. In 1999, the correspondence between the hatch date distribution and the peak spawning periods was greater than in 1998. The instantaneous daily growth rate was relatively constant between cohorts, ranging from 0.037 to 0.064 in 1998 and from 0.046 to 0.066 in 1999. The instantaneous daily mortality rate was more variable between cohorts, ranging from 0.047 to 0.084 in 1998 and from 0.044 to 0.093 in 1999. The physiological mortality rate, or M/G, was calculated for all cohorts. Most cohorts in 1998 and 1999, including the largest cohorts in both years, had an M/G value close to 1.0, indicating that these cohorts were barely maintaining or losing biomass during the early juvenile stage. The results of this study indicate that in both 1998 and 1999 the year‐class declined in biomass during the early juvenile stage and underwent demographic structuring that affected the composition of the population that ultimately migrated to sea.
Do Habitat Actions Affect Juvenile Survival? An Information‐Theoretic Approach Applied to Endangered Snake River Chinook Salmon
Authors: Paulsen Charles M. , Fisher Timothy R.
Published: January 2005

We used 11 years of parr‐to‐smolt survival estimates from 33 Snake River sites to demonstrate that despite a number of confounding factors higher numbers of past habitat remediation or enhancement actions are associated with higher parr‐to‐smolt survival of endangered wild Snake River spring−summer (stream‐type) Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Information‐theoretic weights were applied to help distinguish between statistical models based on their relative plausibility. In the models with the highest estimated weights, actions taken to improve fish habitat showed a positive association with increased parr‐to‐smolt survival. However, because the actions were not sited randomly on the landscape, and because the actions may also have influenced other potentially important covariates, it is difficult to separate habitat action effects from effects due to other important factors.
Recruitment Variability of Alewives in Lake Michigan
Authors: Madenjian Charles P. , Höök Tomas O. , Rutherford Edward S. , Mason Doran M. , Croley Thomas E. , Szalai Emily B. , Bence James R.
Published: January 2005

We used a long‐term series of observations on alewife Alosa pseudoharengus abundance that was based on fall bottom‐trawl catches to assess the importance of various abiotic and biotic factors on alewife recruitment in Lake Michigan during 1962–2002. We first fit a basic Ricker spawner–recruit model to the lakewide biomass estimates of age‐3 recruits and the corresponding spawning stock size; we then fit models for all possible combinations of the following four external variables added to the basic model: an index of salmonine predation on an alewife year‐class, an index for the spring–summer water temperatures experienced by alewives during their first year in the lake, an index of the severity of the first winter experienced by alewives in the lake, and an index of lake productivity during an alewife year‐class's second year in the lake. Based on an information criterion, the best model for alewife recruitment included indices of salmonine predation and spring–summer water temperatures as external variables. Our analysis corroborated the contention that a decline in alewife abundance during the 1970s and early 1980s in Lake Michigan was driven by salmonine predation. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the extraordinarily warm water temperatures during the spring and summer of 1998 probably led to a moderately high recruitment of age‐3 alewives in 2001, despite abundant salmonines.
Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Saugers in Small, High‐Elevation Rivers near the Western Edge of the Species' Natural Distribution
Authors: Amadio Craig J. , Hubert Wayne A. , Johnson Kevin , Oberlie Dennis , Dufek David
Published: January 2005

Factors affecting the occurrence of saugers Sander canadensis were studied throughout the Wind River basin, a high‐elevation watershed (>1,440 m above mean sea level) on the western periphery of the species' natural distribution in central Wyoming. Adult saugers appeared to have a contiguous distribution over 170 km of streams among four rivers in the watershed. The upstream boundaries of sauger distribution were influenced by summer water temperatures and channel slopes in two rivers and by water diversion dams that created barriers to upstream movement in the other two rivers. Models that included summer water temperature, maximum water depth, habitat type (pool or run), dominant substrate, and alkalinity accounted for the variation in sauger occurrence across the watershed within the areas of sauger distribution. Water temperature was the most important basin‐scale habitat feature associated with sauger occurrence, and maximum depth was the most important site‐specific habitat feature. Saugers were found in a larger proportion of pools than runs in all segments of the watershed and occurred almost exclusively in pools in upstream segments of the watershed. Suitable summer water temperatures and deep, low‐velocity habitat were available to support saugers over a large portion of the Wind River watershed. Future management of saugers in the Wind River watershed, as well as in other small river systems within the species' native range, should involve (1) preserving natural fluvial processes to maintain the summer water temperatures and physical habitat features needed by saugers and (2) assuring that barriers to movement do not reduce upstream boundaries of populations.
Application of Neural Networks to Prediction of Fish Diversity and Salmonid Production in the Lake Ontario Basin
Authors: McKenna James E.
Published: January 2005

Diversity and fish productivity are important measures of the health and status of aquatic systems. Being able to predict the values of these indices as a function of environmental variables would be valuable to management. Diversity and productivity have been related to environmental conditions by multiple linear regression and discriminant analysis, but such methods have several shortcomings. In an effort to predict fish species diversity and estimate salmonid production for streams in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario, I constructed neural networks and trained them on a data set containing abiotic information and either fish diversity or juvenile salmonid abundance. Twenty percent of the original data were retained as a test data set and used in the training. The ability to extend these neural networks to conditions throughout the streams was tested with data not involved in the network training. The resulting neural networks were able to predict the number of salmonids with more than 84% accuracy and diversity with more than 73% accuracy, which was far superior to the performance of multiple regression. The networks also identified the environmental variables with the greatest predictive power, namely, those describing water movement, stream size, and water chemistry. Thirteen input variables were used to predict diversity and 17 to predict salmonid abundance.
Relationships between Coastal Ocean Conditions and Survival Rates of Northeast Pacific Salmon at Multiple Lags
Authors: Mueter Franz J. , Pyper Brian J. , Peterman Randall M.
Published: January 2005

We tested the hypothesis that survival rates from spawners to recruits in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. are primarily related to coastal ocean conditions during migration to the sea and soon after. We correlated measures of survival rate in units of loge(recruits/spawner) for 110 stocks of pink salmon O. gorbuscha, chum salmon O. keta, and sockeye salmon O. nerka with regional‐scale indices of coastal sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and upwelling as well as with a large‐scale index of ocean climate. We examined correlations by month and at multiple lags spanning the periods of spawning, freshwater residence, and early ocean residence of salmon. Survival rates of all three salmon species were related to ocean temperatures just prior to, during, and after out‐migration, which are indicative of the early marine conditions experienced by juvenile salmon. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the early marine period is critical to the survival of juvenile salmon. However, survival rates of sockeye salmon were most strongly correlated with coastal sea surface temperature during freshwater residency (i.e., the winter and spring prior to out‐migration). Survival rates of pink salmon were also related to sea surface salinity conditions prior to out‐migration. There was no evidence for any relationship between the survival rates of salmon and coastal upwelling conditions. As in previous studies, we found that correlations between the survival rates of pink or sockeye salmon in Alaska and sea surface temperature have opposite signs from correlations for stocks in British Columbia and Washington at most lags and at both regional and large (basinwide) spatial scales. In general, however, the measures of coastal ocean conditions that we examined explain a relatively small proportion of the environmentally induced variability in salmon survival rates.
Density and Biomass of Native Northern Pike Populations in Relation to Basin‐Scale Characteristics of North‐Central Minnesota Lakes
Authors: Pierce Rodney B. , Tomcko Cynthia M.
Published: January 2005

Habitat and ecological constraints that influence populations of northern pikeEsox luciusat the scale of the lake basin were determined for 16 north‐central Minnesota lakes that varied in size, depth, and chemical productivity. The density and biomass of northern pike greater than 350 mm total length were highly variable among lakes (3.2–59.0 fish/ha, 3.6–33.6 kg/ha). Densities of large northern pike were very low; fish longer than 600 mm averaged only 1.6 fish/ ha. Northern pike populations were more closely linked to lake morphometry than to differences in other ecological factors, such as water productivity, exploitation, or the relative abundance of prey fish. For northern pike exceeding 350 mm, numbers and mass were most strongly related to littoral and optimum thermal habitat; percent littoral area was the most important variable explaining the density differences. Literature values from other geographic areas tended to support the importance of littoral habitat except when recruitment was limited by winterkill. For large northern pike (>500 mm), the total area of the Minnesota lakes and shoreline length became more important than littoral area for predicting numbers and mass. Our results point to fundamental relationships between northern pike populations and the morphometry of the lake basins they inhabit. The suitability of a lake's habitat to support northern pike (as influenced by basin morphometry) has strong effects on their density, which in turn has important effects on growth rates, production, and population size structure.
Use of the 5′‐Nuclease Reaction for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping in Chinook Salmon
Authors: Smith Christian T. , Seeb James E. , Schwenke Piper , Seeb Lisa W.
Published: January 2005

Migratory and stock composition studies of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha require genetic markers by which a large number of individuals can be processed in a relatively short time. Given the multijurisdictional geographic range of this species, it is further desirable that genetic markers and the corresponding data be transportable across laboratories. We developed 10 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays in Chinook salmon based on the 5′‐nuclease reaction. Using these assays, a single technician with two thermal cyclers can generate thousands of genotypes per day. The genotyping assays described here are easy to standardize across laboratories, and the resulting genotype data are readily combined with those collected by means of any other sequence detection platform. The rapid rate at which genotyping may be done using these markers and the fact that SNP data are standardized across laboratories and platforms much more readily than are data from other genetic marker classes suggest that SNPs will become an increasingly important tool for mixture studies of Chinook salmon and other salmonids.
Across‐Species Comparisons of Spatial Scales of Environmental Effects on Survival Rates of Northeast Pacific Salmon
Authors: Pyper Brian J. , Mueter Franz J. , Peterman Randall M.
Published: January 2005

We estimated the spatial scales of covariation in indices of spawner‐to‐recruit survival rates among 116 wild stocks of pink salmonOncorhynchus gorbuscha, chum salmonO. keta, and sockeye salmonO. nerka. These data spanned roughly four decades and represented stocks from 15 geographical regions in Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. For comparisons between pink and chum salmon, we found positive covariation in survival rates within regions and between certain adjacent regions (e.g., correlations between 0.3 and 0.7) but little covariation between stocks of distant regions (separated by 1,000 km or more). Our results indicate that, on average, shared environmental effects accounted for at least 36% of the variation in survival rates of nearby pink and chum salmon stocks but only 18% for stocks separated by about 500 km. By comparing these between‐species patterns with within‐species patterns, we conclude that differences in the geographical overlap of fish during the freshwater and early marine life stages are much more important in determining the magnitude of shared environmental effects on the survival rates of these two species than are differences in their life history strategies. In contrast, patterns of covariation were weaker for between‐species comparisons involving sockeye salmon, especially for sockeye salmon stocks from Washington and British Columbia, which were mainly Fraser River stocks. By comparing between‐species correlations for northern sockeye salmon at two different time lags corresponding to processes operating during the early freshwater life stage and the early marine life stage, we found evidence that covariation in spawner‐to‐recruit survival rates was due largely to processes operating in the early marine life stage. Collectively, our results and those of previous studies show that the dominant effects of environmental processes on the survival rates of these three salmon species occur at local and regional scales rather than at larger, ocean‐basin scales.
Topiramate reduces levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in the MPTP‐lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Silverdale Monty A. , Nicholson S.L. , Crossman A.R. , Brotchie J.M.
Published: January 2005

Overactive AMPA receptor‐mediated transmission may be involved in the pathogenesis of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. The mechanism of action of the anticonvulsant drug topiramate involves attenuation of AMPA receptor‐mediated transmission. In this study, the potential antidyskinetic action of topiramate was examined in the MPTP‐lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease and levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. Topiramate significantly reduced levodopa‐induced dyskinesia, without affecting the antiparkinsonian action of levodopa. Topiramate represents an exciting potential novel therapeutic approach to levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Myoclonic tremulous movements in multiple system atrophy are a form of cortical myoclonus
Authors: Okuma Yasuyuki , Fujishima Kenji , Miwa Hideto , Mori Hideo , Mizuno Yoshikuni
Published: January 2005

We prospectively studied the clinical and electrophysiological features of myoclonic tremulous movements in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). Among 42 consecutive patients, 12 MSA‐p (parkinsonian type) and 3 MSA‐c (cerebellar type) patients showed small‐amplitude myoclonic movements. These movements occurred in the distal part of the arms and fingers, particularly in posture or during voluntary movements. We conducted detailed electrophysiological studies in 11 patients. Electromyographic recordings showed irregular bursts of brief duration often synchronously involving the antagonistic muscles. Somatosensory evoked responses were slightly enlarged in some patients. Long‐latency reflexes were enhanced in 7 patients. A jerk‐locked averaging technique revealed premyoclonic cortical potentials in 9 patients. These findings suggest that small‐amplitude myoclonic movements in MSA are a form of cortical myoclonus. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Effects of different electrical parameter settings on the intelligibility of speech in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation
Authors: Törnqvist Anna Lena , Schalén Lucyna , Rehncrona Stig
Published: January 2005

We evaluated the effects of different electrical parameter settings on the intelligibility of speech in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) bilaterally treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Ten patients treated with DBS for 15 ± 5 months (mean, SD) with significant (P < 0.01) symptom reduction (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III) were included. In the medication off condition, video laryngostroboscopy was performed and then, in random order, 11 DBS parameter settings were tested. Amplitude was increased and decreased by 25%, frequency was varied in the range 70 to 185 pps, and each of the contacts was tested separately as a cathode. The patients read a standard running text and five nonsense sentences per setting. A listener panel transcribed the nonsense sentences as perceived and valued the quality of speech on a visual analogue scale. With the patients' normally used settings, there was no significant (P = 0.058) group difference between DBS OFF and ON, but in four patients the intelligibility deteriorated with DBS ON. The higher frequencies or increased amplitude caused significant (P < 0.02) impairments of intelligibility, whereas changing the polarity between the separate contacts did not. The settings of amplitude and frequency have a major influence on the intelligibility of speech, emphasizing the importance of meticulous parameter adjustments when programming DBS to minimize side effects related to speech. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Olfaction testing in patients with tremor‐dominant Parkinson's disease: Is this a distinct condition?
Authors: Ondo William G. , Lai Dejian
Published: January 2005

There is considerable controversy regarding the relationship between essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD), especially when tremor is the dominant feature of PD or there is a family history of tremor. Reduced olfaction function is one of the initial signs of PD. In contrast, ET has relatively preserved olfaction. To infer whether the tremor‐dominant subgroup of PD is intrinsically different from mainstream PD, we tested olfaction using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test‐40 (UPSIT) in this group and compared the findings with those of patients with non–tremor‐dominant “regular” PD. We then evaluated predictors of reduced UPSIT scores within the tremor‐dominant group. Overall, olfaction did not differ between tremor‐dominant PD and regular PD; however, the subgroup of tremor‐dominant PD with a family history of tremor had less olfaction loss than those without a family history (P = 0.0007) or those with regular PD (P = 0.0350). Other clinical features of this tremor‐dominant PD with a family history of tremor group mostly resembled those without a family history. This finding suggests that patients with a family history of tremor may represent a different disease process even though, aside from differences in olfaction, they are clinically similar to other patients with tremor‐dominant parkinsonism. It additionally suggests phenotypic overlap between PD and ET. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
The crane's foot: The rise of the pedigree in human genetics
Authors: Resta Robert G.
Published: January 2005

The standard pedigree used by geneticists is intimately connected to the history of genetics. Pedigrees drawn today are based on standards established in the early decades of the twentieth century. Those standards were established by geneticists who pursued an active interest in eugenics. The slightly different standards followed in America vs. England to some extent followed the stronger support of Mendelism by the Americans, as well as the individual preferences of the leading human geneticists in those countries.
The need for developing standardized family pedigree nomenclature
Authors: Bennett R. L. , Steinhaus K. A. , Uhrich S. B. , O'Sullivan C.
Published: January 2005

To assess the variation in usage of symbols used in recording a genetic family history, full members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors were surveyed by questionnaire. The questionnaire return rate was 55.3% and genetic counselors from a broad range of clinical experience, genetic counseling training programs and geographic regions responded. There was striking variation in symbols used for recording routine medical information in a genetic family history (i.e., pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, termination of pregnancy). There was even less consensus in recording situations representing new reproductive technologies (i.e., artificial insemination by donor semen, donor ovum, surrogate motherhood). The results of this survey document the need for developing standardized nomenclature in recording genetic family histories as a quality assurance measure in the delivery of genetic services. Such standardization will reduce the chance of incorrect interpretation of patient and family medical and genetic information.
Toward a new conceptualization and operationalization of risk perception within the genetic counseling domain
Authors: Palmer Christina G. S. , Sainfort François
Published: January 2005

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it provides an historical overview of studies of risk, risk perception, and decision making under risk within the genetic counseling domain. Second, it proposes an alternative conceptualization and operationalization for the study of risk perception. The conceptualization involves probability, adversity, incompleteness, and ambiguity. Prior studies of risk perception focus on the recurrence risk and operationalize risk perception by asking for interpretations of the magnitude of the probability of the outcome. Their focus is on the probability of a particular outcome. We formulate the problem in terms of a gamble and suggest that risk perception be operationalized in terms of the riskiness of the gamble. Our focus is on the riskiness of a decision option which entails two or more outcomes.
Subclinical intestinal duplication in a cat
Authors: Radlinsky Mary Ann G. , Biller David S. , Nietfeld Jerome , Enwiller Tara
Published: January 2005

An abdominal mass was identified upon palpation of the abdomen in a normal, asymptomatic, 1-year-old female domestic shorthair cat presented for elective ovariohysterectomy. Radiographic and ultrasound examinations demonstrated a well-circumscribed caudal abdominal mass. Ultrasound guided needle aspiration cytology was consistent with an accumulation of squamous epithelial cells. The mass was associated with the jejunum and was excised via resection anastomosis of the intestinal segment after ovariohysterectomy. Histologic examination provided the diagnosis of an intestinal duplication lined with epithelium typical of that in the esophagus. The cat recovered without complications.