bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Empire Writes Back: Josephan Rhetoric in Flavian Rome
Authors: Barclay John M. G.
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the Against Apion — the most overtly rhetorical of Josephus’ works — and demonstrates how Josephan rhetoric can fruitfully be explored by an analysis of the cultural codes it utilizes. Building on earlier studies that have suggested that his Against Apion was carefully composed for a Roman or Romanized audience, the chapter argues that we should examine the means by which Josephus designs his portrait of Judaism in line with aspects of the Roman cultural tradition, as well as how he deploys Romanized norms for the defence and eulogy of his non-Roman tradition. Josephus’ Roman experiences, both in Judaea and in Rome, and perhaps also in the Jewish diaspora, all coloured his vision of his contemporary world and his sense of his Jewish past. In essence, Josephus transposed Jewish themes into a specifically Roman key.
Elia
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

Lamb's Elia essays are not usually read under the sign of autobiography. However, now that a proper understanding of Romantic autobiography has been established and the central significance of self-writing's transactions with the literary public sphere have been demonstrated, the essays can be seen as an exemplary case of the production of a written subjectivity within the governing conditions of the genre at the time. Elian irony captures self-writing engaged with the ambivalences and uncertainties of publication.
The Socio-technical Nature of Information Systems Innovation
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the relationship of information systems innovation and organizational context, substantiating theoretically the position that technology innovation is inseparable from the social processes of organizational change. It traces relevant theoretical debates in the socio-technical stream of information systems research and the multidisciplinary study of technology and society, drawing mostly from the sociology of translation of the theory of actor-networks. Information systems innovation is seen as a process whereby particular actors in an organization succeed in translating their interests into the development and use of ICT applications. In this way, the outcomes of information system innovation are not determined by the properties of the technology, but result from contested interests in complex networks of actors and intermediaries.
IKA—Striving to Modernize a State Bureaucracy
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents the case study of IKA, a social security organization in Greece. IKA is a public sector organization with computer services which run as inefficiently as its bureaucracy. From the early 1980s, IKA has conceived several strategies to use ICT for the modernization of the organization, but up until the end of the 1990s none of these had been implemented. To explain why IKA faced such severe difficulties in utilizing ICT, analysis of the case draws from sociological studies of the Greek public sector. These studies suggest that the modernization objectives associated with information systems innovation clashed with the covert mission of public administration in Greece as a political employer. The case study explains the annihilation of the efficiency potential of ICT by organization’s performance as a rational behaviour in terms of its hidden role.
The Holocaust and the Postmodern
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

The preface introduces the theme of the book. It argues that postmodernism — a still developing tradition of post-phenomenological philosophy — is a response to the Holocaust. Because of this, it can offer new perspectives on a range of issues in our understanding of the Holocaust and its aftermath. Specifically, it focuses on the work of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida. These two thinkers offer a new humanism beyond humanism, and an awareness and consequent rejection of the metaphysics of comprehension. These emerge in a range of different discourses in different ways: in debates over ‘normalization’ in history, in how testimony is understood, in discussions of Holocaust literature, and in relation to the limits and powers of philosophy. This will involve complex rethinkings of reason and its limits, truth and identification, practice and theory.
Traces of Experience: The Texts of Testimony
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the generic features of testimonial writing, while taking into account their historical ranges and differences. These features include the use of history (as a rhetorical style, as documentation, as a grammar, and in ironic juxtaposition); the choice of narrative frames (described and formal, inserted tags, frames of seeing and knowing, allegories of failed understanding, Memory of the dead); epiphanies; interruptions; over-identification; and lack of closure. Having outlined this provisional taxonomy, these are explored as trauma narratives, and the similarities between these narratives and postmodern fiction are examined. It is argued that these testimonies best hold the memory of the Holocaust.
‘Faithful and Doubtful, Near and Far’: Memory, Postmemory, and Identity
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the relationship between literature, identity, and memory in relation to the Holocaust. It develops the concept of postmemory as a central factor on the work of ‘second generation’ survivors, especially in the work of Alain Finkielkraut, Anne Karpf, and Leon Wieseltier. The aesthetics of postmemory is analysed. It is argued that postmemory is a specific form of textual memory that is tied to ideas of mourning and community: it paradoxically both forms and ruptures ideas of community, and is as oriented to the future as it is to the past. It also does not appeal principally to historical truth but instead to an ethical, existential sense of truth. These narratives have deep similarities to the thought of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida.
Holocaust Reading: Memory and Identification in Holocaust Fiction, 1990–2003
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Holocaust fiction from 1990 onwards. It discusses the definitions of Holocaust fiction, and argues that the definition should be much broader than is generally recognised, by both finding often ignored writing about the Holocaust (for example, by C. S. Forester) and suggesting that much writing has the Holocaust implicitly in mind It argues that Holocaust fiction is a temporal category, not one based on content, and represents a way of approaching texts. Rather than simply naming a genre with special senses of filiation and affiliation, identification wordliness, historicity, public and political concern, use of narrative time, authenticity, and the right of an author to write on these subjects, this chapter explores these in the work of Emily Prager, Lily Brett, Anne Michaels, Jonathan Safran Foer, and the false memoir of Benjamin Wilkomirski.
Against Historicism: History, Memory, and Truth
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a new way to understand the relationship between history and truth, drawing on Martin Heidegger and Emmanuel Levinas. It argues that debates about history and representation, about history and memory, about whether history is an art or a science, are really debates about the sort of truth to which history aspires. Drawing on Bernard Williams and Donald Davidson, it argues that there are two rival conceptions of truth: truth as correspondence, and following Heidegger, that this relies upon the second sense of truth, truth as uncovering. The chapter then reinterprets Heidegger's understanding of truth in the light of Levinas's ethical philosophy, and argues for a new, ethical understanding of the role of history (history without historicism). It offers two examples of thinkers who implicitly draw on these distinctions, Isaiah Berlin and Hayden White.
The Postmodern, the Holocaust, and the Limits of the Human
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the impact of the Holocaust, and Levinas and Derrida's response to it, on the category of the human. Drawing on Heidegger's Letter on Humanism, Giorgio Agamben's work on the Holocaust is analysed in the light of Levinas and Derrida. The issues raised at the start of the book about identification are then considered. Drawing on a range of thinkers (Jean-Luc Nancy, Phillipe Lacoue-Labarthe, Paul Gilroy) and testimonies, it is argued that it is the shifting patterns of identification that are crucial in relation to understanding both the Holocaust and its impact on the contemporary world, especially in relation to race. The chapter concludes by suggesting that Levinas and Derrida's thought offers a rigorously reflective and easily lost ‘postmodern humanism’.
The Vocabulary of the Liberal Arts
Authors: Burton Philip
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers Augustine's use of Greek and Latin terminology in the technical register of the Seven Liberal Arts (grammar, rhetoric, dialect, arithmetic, geometry, music, and philosophy). It is argued that despite his notional assent to the equality of all languages, Augustine in practice often uses Greek to express a liberal art when viewed negatively. At the same time, he takes advantage of the wider semantic range of the different Latin translations to demystify the arts, encouraging his reader to see them not as the prerogative of the educated few, but as something capable of being practised in the everyday life of everyone.
4 Talking Books
Authors: Burton Philip
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the relationship between the spoken and the written word in the Confessions, a work in which the importance of books and reading is widely acknowledged. Alongside the familiar Platonic unease about the use of books, Augustine inherits also a long prehistory of ambivalence in Jewish and Christian sources. Books are rehabilitated through an elision of the difference between the hermeneutic processes of reading and hearing; by the end of the work, God himself can be visualized as a Christian codex.
The Paralinguistic
Authors: Burton Philip
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the relative status of language and other, similar activities: singing, weeping, groaning, and laughter. The proper manner and degree in which the wise man or woman should indulge in these had been a recurrent theme of classical literature since Homer; again, this had for Augustine been overlaid by the Christian Scriptures, and by some three hundred years of exegesis. It is argued that the paralinguistic activities in the Confessions not only help structure the work, but also represent a careful negotiation of the classical and Christian grammars of the emotions.
Grammatical categorization: Subject–Auxiliary Inversion
Authors: Goldberg Adele
Published: September 2007

A recognition of general properties of categorization can be used to illuminate the functional underpinnings of aspects of grammar that appear at first to be arbitrary syntactic facts. One such case, that of Subject-Auxiliary Inversion (SAI) is investigated in this chapter which builds on previous accounts that have offered insightful generalizations about the function of SAI constructions. It is argued that a case that is apparently somewhat exceptional — that of exclamatives — is actually strongly motivated as well. Formal restrictions on SAI are addressed and accounted for by a functional account. The implication of this work is that synchronic functional motivations often lurk behind seemingly syntactic brute facts, and can be used to explain many aspects of grammar that appear otherwise to be wholly idiosyncratic.
Americanizing British Engineering? Strategic Debate, Selective Adaptation, and Hybrid Innovation in Post-War Reconstruction, 1945–1960
Authors: Zeitlin Jonathan
Published: September 2007

This chapter seeks to sketch out the contours of British debates about Americanization and reconstruction in a key sector of manufacturing: the engineering or metalworking industries. Its central concerns are threefold. First, contrary to the claims of some recent historians such as Corelli Barnett, it highlights the determined efforts during the immediate post-war years — above all by the Attlee Labour governments — to push British industry towards the adoption of American-style mass-production and management methods. Second, it re-examines contemporary objections to these proposals and reassesses the practical impact of them on the reconstruction of British engineering. It is shown that there were significant practical obstacles in both the short- and long-term to the wholesale adoption of the American model. Often, too, however, British manufacturers selectively adapted elements of US techniques to fit with their existing production strategies; in some cases, moreover, their creative modifications of transatlantic methods generated innovative hybrid forms of flexible manufacturing which anticipated in important respects those later made famous by the Japanese. The chapter calls into question the causal link between the limits of post-war Americanization and the subsequent decline of British manufacturing.
Creative Cross-Fertilization and Uneven Americanization of Swedish Industry: Sources of Innovation in Post-War Motor Vehicles and Electrical Manufacturing
Authors: Glimstedt Henrik
Published: September 2007

By emphasizing the rigid character of centralized bargaining, many students of Sweden's political economy end up by wrongly characterizing its national industry as ‘Fordist’. By contrast, this chapter argues that the strategic responses to increased competitiveness actually varied across sectors. In motor vehicles and electrical engineering, the experience of diversity of market realities, heterogeneous institutions, and conflicting political goals forced enthusiastic proponents of Americanization to modify or abandon their view on the fundamentals of industrial efficiency. Pressure from customers for innovation, small batch production, adaptation, and successive upgrading of existing products created obstacles to standardization. It was not until increased liberalization of world trade and competitive pressures began to make themselves felt in export as well as domestic markets that the ambiguities of Swedish industrial practices became manifest, spurring national industry to redefine its identity through a process of strategic debate and selective adaptation.
Dynamics of the Greek ‘Breakthrough’: the dialogue between philosophy and religion
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter traces the construction in the 6th-5th centuries BCE of the opposition between rationality and irrationality, associated with the development of prose as a medium for the rational logos, which generated changes in conceptions of poetry and of religion. The chapter stresses that the emergence of polemical rationalism did not eliminate religious thought (let alone poetry) from the mainstream of Greek culture. Rather, it produced tendencies to rationalize cult in the public sphere through the introduction of deified personifications such as Peace or Concord, and in unofficial circles by the systematization of astrology and the interpretation of omens. It also stimulated more abstract, ‘philosophical’ conceptions of the divine, and an interest in the psychology of ‘possession’ (love, poetic inspiration, madness, drunkenness). Euripides is valued as a religious thinker, and Lycurgus as a reformer of Athenian ritual.
Lycurgus of Boutadai: an Athenian aristocrat
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter follows the career of this Acropolis priest and statesman who dominated Athenian politics after the battle of Chaeronea. Although he symbolically associated himself with the golden age of Pericles, his practice was deeply conservative. The values of citizenship were promoted in his court speeches in eisangelia cases, where he acted as a self-appointed public prosecutor, and in rituals displaying the epheboi as an image of citizen manhood; but much of the business earlier debated in the Assembly was diverted to commissions of nomothetai. The work of the historian Phanodemos as one of Lycurgus’ associates and the contribution of other members of the Athenian elite to the ‘Lycurgan’ reform programme are re-evaluated. A long appendix discusses work done on the period during the last twenty years, especially in relation to Athens’ recovery of Oropos.
Information, Finance, and Markets
Authors: Greenwald B. , Stiglitz J. E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a formal model for incorporating finance within the theory of the firm and for a more nuanced reading of the evolution of capitalistic economies. Financial markets emerged as mechanisms for ensuring the fulfilment of promises made for a return in the future in exchange for money today. The ensuing difficulties were met in part by legal changes, such as the development of limited liability and enforceable fraud standards, along with pragmatic advances in such areas of accountability as accountancy and auditing. Nonetheless, tensions remain due largely to information asymmetry problems and enforcement of difficulties. Given differing rates of return across sectors, the firm takes on the role of an important financial institution. An evolutionary process results in which deficiencies in the market give rise to new contract forms and their exploitation by some participants in the market, thus producing still newer arrangements. The evolution of financial instruments necessarily remains intertwined with the evolution of the firm.
Biotechnology in the UK: good but not great
Authors: Casper Steven
Published: September 2007

National institutional frameworks within the UK are oriented towards the promotion of radically innovative industries such as biotechnology. While the UK does have the best performing European biotechnology industry, it lags far behind the productivity of the US industry. The chapter argues that national institutional incentives within the UK are appropriate for biotechnology. However, public policy within the country has not developed an adequate system of commercializing science. Drawing on a case study of the Cambridge UK technology cluster, potential policies that could improve the performance of UK biotechnology sector are discussed.
Why Simpler Syntax?
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of the simpler syntax hypothesis (SSH). It argues that given some phenomenon that has provided putative evidence for elaborate syntactic structure, there exists numerous examples which involve semantic or pragmatic factors, and such factors are either impossible to code uniformly into a reasonable syntactic level, or impossible to convert into surface structure by suitably general syntactic derivation. The Bare Argument Ellipsis, goals of linguistic theory, the architecture of grammar, and core grammar and its relation to universal grammar, are discussed.
Basic Clause Structure
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This chapter develops a competence theory of the syntax-semantics interface. The interface is described in terms of how semantics is mapped to syntax. Thus, the problem to be addressed is: given a conceptual structure CS that needs to be expressed linguistically, how do the interface and the autonomous principles of syntax construct a syntactic structure SS in correspondence with CS? The opposite direction, mapping from syntax to semantics, will be shown to follow unproblematically from eventual formulation of the principles.
The Grammatical Function Tier
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ‘A-movements’). It is argued that the system of so-called A-movements, the counterpart of the manipulations of RG, is essentially confined to subject and object positions, and excludes obliques. The grammatical function (GF) tier and raising, passive, binding reflexes in the GF-tier, and ways in which CS can be mapped to syntax are discussed.
Bare Argument Ellipsis and its Relatives
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses elliptical constructions. Topics covered include nonsentential utterance types, problems for a syntactic account of bare argument ellipsis, reasons to believe syntax is involved in BAE, generalizations behind indirect licensing, a mechanism for indirect licensing, sluicing and sluice-stranding, and gapping.
VP Ellipsis and its Relatives
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on a second major class of fragment constructions, those that stand in freely for canonical VPs. Within this class there are two major types, VP ellipsis (1a) and do X anaphora (1b); X happen anaphora (1c) is a variant of the latter. Pseudo-gapping (1d) is still another type. Within NPs, one-anaphora (1e) has characteristics parallel to do X anaphora. Two recent arguments that there is syntactic structure in the ellipted (that is, invisible) part of the ellipsis construction are considered. A summary of both Chapters 7 and 8 is presented.
The View from the Periphery: The English Comparative Correlative
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

The two major themes of this study are the importance of ‘peripheral’ phenomena to linguistic theory and the pervasiveness of syntax-semantics mismatches, in violation of Interface Uniformity. This chapter illustrates both of these themes through an exploration of a construction of English called the Comparative Correlative (CC). Topics covered include CC construction, evidence for the left-subordinate hypothesis, evidence for the paratactic hypothesis, internal structure of CC clauses, binding, and extraction from CC.
The End of the Medieval Monarchy, 1513–1536
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the reign of Christian II (1513-23). Christian II presents something of a puzzle to Danish historians. On the one hand, he was a reformer, a ‘progressive’ whose policies showed a genuine concern for the peasantry and burghers of Denmark; on the other, he was a brutal tyrant, who flouted tradition and law, and cut down those who dared to stand in his way. The failed revolution of Christian II; the victory of Duke Friedrich; and interregnum, civil war, and restoration, are discussed.
The Activist Monarchy of Christian IV
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the legacy of Christian IV. Topics covered include the royal accession of Christian IV in 1596, Christian IV's commercial projects, and the court and the military.
State and Society, Centre and Periphery
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the difficult years from Brömsebro to Christian IV's death. Topics covered include the burden of taxes, polarization along economic lines, local government, and Norway and Iceland under Christian IV.
Inductive Arguments
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

Inductive arguments are arguments from premises which add to the probability of conclusion and may render it probable overall (that is, more probable than not). This book considers how far arguments from contingent phenomena (such as the existence of the universe and its conformity to natural laws) render probable the existence of God. They are all arguments to God as the purported explanation of the phenomena. The structure of such probabilistic argument is elucidated by the probability calculus.
The Nature of Explanation
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

There are two kinds of explanation of phenomena — scientific explanation in terms of laws of nature and initial conditions, or (on a preferable analysis of laws of nature) in terms of objects and their powers and liabilities; and personal explanation in terms of persons, their powers, intentions, and beliefs. Some observable phenomena are explained as brought about by persons, others as brought about by natural laws. But there can only be two explanations of a phenomena if one explains the operation of the factors involved in the other. Explanations of phenomena as brought about by God are personal explanations.
The Balance of Probability
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

If we ignore religious experience, there is enough evidence considered in this book, to make the existence of God as probable as not. Theism is a simple hypothesis which leads us to expect many phenomena which are not otherwise to be expected. The principle of credulity considered in Chapter 13 has the consequence that we ought to believe that what we appear to experience is really there unless there is considerable counter-evidence. Hence, the religious experience (of ourselves or others) when added to the other evidence makes it probable on balance that there is a God.
7 The Church and the Family
Authors: Waters Brent
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the inherent tension between the church as eschatological witness and the family as providential witness. It is argued, however, that the distinctive and complementary nature of each respective witness — as disclosed in the vocations of singleness and marriage — applies this tension in a constrictive manner. The principal indicators of this tension are identified in an overview of the eschatological witness of the church, followed by discussions which argue that the church is not a family, and the family is not a church.
Historians andPhilosophes
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the accounts of Indians made by white historians and theorists, such as Rousseau, Adam Smith, and Adam Ferguson in the 18th century.
The Indian Song
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on songs, including ballads by white authors in the manner of Indians. Writers, novelists, and poets considered include Percy, Woodsworth, Southey, and Coleridge.
Captive, Campaigner, Conman: John Hunter
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the career of the ‘white Indian’, John Hunter, and considers the themes of culture crossing, hybridity, colonial politics, imposture, and identity.
John Tanner/Shaw-shaw-wa-be-nase
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the career and writing of ‘white indian’, John Tanner. It includes discussions on captivity narrative, culture crossing, hybridity, the way Indians portrayed whites, colonial politics, tribal politics, and identity.
Ussher and the Shaping of Irish Protestant Theology
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

During the James' reign, Ussher and his fellow Irish protestants set out to domesticate European Calvinism and, in particular, Calvinist anti-Catholicism. The latter formed the main, almost the sole focus of research in the new university. Whole sets of lectures were devoted to refuting the chief enemy, Bellarmine. The errors of the Rhemist translation of the bible were demonstrated. The consonance between protestant beliefs and those of the early church was exhaustively and exhaustingly ‘proved’ through extensive patristic research, culminating in Ussher's first publication: Gravissimae quaestionis, de Christianarum ecclesiarum... continua successione & statu, historica explicatio (1613). The legitimacy of the protestant line of descent was traced through the mediaeval heretics, the pope's real antichristian identity was exposed, and the whole historical and theological edifice was underpinned and explained by God operating in history in a pattern which was foretold in the apocalyptic books of the bible. The Irish protestant theologians promulgated and popularized this fiercely anti-Catholic religious polemic through print, manuscript, and teaching.
Theology and Politics: 1615–25
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

By the latter part of the second decade of the 17th century, Ussher was an established academic, a dominant force in Irish protestant intellectual life. Rather than remaining as Professor in Trinity, however, he expanded his horizons, first by making his way in intellectual and political circles in England, where he pursued his studies and academic contacts. During his regular visits, he came to the notice of James I and became associated with the Bohemian party in parliament, pressing for firmly protestant foreign policy to defend Frederick of Bohemia against Spanish aggression. Ussher was chosen in 1621 to preach before the Commons, which called for a delicate balancing act between the King and Ussher's political friends. Second, Ussher sought promotion within Ireland, gaining the see of Meath in 1621 and becoming a member of the Irish privy council.
Religion, History, and Protestant National Identity
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

Ussher's work had so far covered the broad sweep of western European Christian history. There remained the obvious task of applying his formidable scholarship to domestic events in early 17th century Ireland, to creating an Irish protestant history. This Ussher did in A discourse of the religion anciently professed by the British and Irish (1622), which traced the roots of the Church of Ireland back to St Patrick, and contrasted Patrick's proto-Protestantism to the antichristian Catholicism of Ussher's ‘misguided countrymen’. His skills and worldwide reputation as a scholar, linguist, historian, and theologian gave this ‘origin myth’ a powerful aura of intellectual respectability, and permanently shaped the way in which Irish Protestants saw themselves down to the late 20th century.
‘No Man Can Serve Two Masters’: The Civil War and After
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

The growing tensions between king and parliament gradually eliminated the middle ground upon which Ussher had sought to stand, leaving him with an uncomfortable choice between his friends in parliament and his loyalty to the King. After the King left London in January 1642, Ussher remained on, increasingly concerned at the extremism on both sides. This led to an outburst in one of his sermons at Covent Garden, when he complained at how the devil was working, sowing dissention on both sides. He refused to serve on in the Westminster Assembly and finally, in November 1641, he left London and moved to Oxford, ostensibly to pursue his studies, but in effect committing himself to the royal side in the civil war. There followed a difficult time for Ussher at the royal court in Oxford, as his loyalty was severely tested by a king determined to come to terms with the Irish ‘rebels’. In early 1645, he left Oxford and after wandering round England and Wales, eventually returned to London, where a suspicious parliament finally allowed him to take up a position in Lincoln's Inn as preacher. He preached there until 1655, the year before his death.
Overview of the US Business System
Authors: Clark Ian , Almond Phil
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the distinctive and evolving nature of the American model of capitalism, emphasizing the links between embedded features of the US national business system through a review of its historical development. It argues that American industrial capitalism developed against a background quite different to those of European countries, with ongoing effects on the nature of product, financial and labour markets, and on prevalent patterns of production and work organization. The effects of the US business system on patterns of industrial relations, particularly the divide between welfare capitalist and New Deal firms, is also introduced. Recent challenges faced by US firms in the areas of work organization and human resource management are briefly considered. The issue of the transferability of elements of US multinatinals’ domestic management systems to foreign subsidiaries is raised.
Pay and Performance
Authors: Almond Phil , Muller-Camen Michael , Collings David G. , Quintanilla Javier
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the management of pay and performance in the case study companies, against the background of the embedded systems of the USA and the host countries. Both wage classifications and the issue of performance management are examined. Patterns of decision-making on both dimensions are found to be generally more centralized than is the case for other areas of HR policy. On the issue of wage classifications, patterns of broadbanding are examined, as well as the means by which US multinationals challenge sectorally-based pay determination in Germany. It then explores the issue of forms of individual and collective performance pay, looking at recent changes in the nature of merit pay, particularly the increasingly competitive nature of its allocation through mechanisms, such as forced distributions. It also reviews the extent to which performance management is used as a tool to ‘cull’ weaker performers, and suggests that the origins of such policies can be related to the societally-specific norm of ‘employment at will’.
The changing status of infinitivalto
Authors: Los Bettelou
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that to in Old English is semantically occupying the same niche as the subjunctive ending (or, for Present-day English, the modal verb that has taken over the subjunctive function) and should be accommodated in the functional projection that accommodates the subjunctive ending and, later, the modals, say T(ense). This in effect means that there has been no change in the syntactic status of to since it stopped being a preposition in prehistoric times. In early Middle English, split infinitives become possible, a change triggered by the fact that the finite subjunctive was increasingly coming to be expressed by a free form (a modal verb) raising to T overtly, rather than by a bound form (a subjunctive ending), raising to T covertly. The overt movement of to brought it in line with the rest of its paradigm: the modal verbs.
Introduction
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of knowledge in organizations, based on an essay by Czech writer Milan Kundera, which examined a novel written at the beginning of the century by Jaromir John. The frustration of the character depicted in the story is linked to the present book. The purpose and scope of the book, reasons for focusing on the automotive sector, and structure and content of the book are presented.
The Perceptual Capacity of the Soul
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at Aristotle's account of the perceptual capacity of the soul as delineated in the treatise De Anima. Like the soul as a whole, the perceptual part of the soul is divided conceptually into the individual senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Each of these senses receives a separate treatment in the second book of the De Anima. In the third book Aristotle deals with certain issues concerning perception in such a way that it becomes clear that the perceptual capacity of the soul is not an aggregate of the individual senses, but a unified whole. That is, Aristotle's conceptual division of the perceptual part of the soul permits it to be differentiated into distinct sense-modalities while at the same time remaining a unity.
Waking, Sleep, and Control of the Senses
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

In De Somno et Vigilia 2 Aristotle observes that sleep and waking are contrary states which simultaneously affect all individual senses of an animal. Aristotle argues that this occurs because there is a common sense organ which controls the peripheral sense organs in such a way that the peripheral sense organs are active or incapacitated depending on whether the common sense organ is active or incapacitated. Aristotle's argument seems to allow for the conclusion that the common sense, which is located in the common sense organ, controls the individual senses located in the peripheral sense organs. In the course of his argument Aristotle appeals to some ‘common power’ which accompanies all the senses. This power enables one to perceive that one is seeing and hearing, and to discriminate between heterogeneous special perceptibles. This chapter investigates what ‘perceiving that one is seeing and hearing’ amounts to. It is shown that perceiving that one is seeing and hearing refers to the awareness of the activity of one's own senses. This awareness characterizes the state of waking, just as its absence characterizes the state of sleep. It is argued that the ‘common power’ which enables one to be aware of the activity of one's senses is the higher-order perceptual power, i.e. the common sense. However, this conclusion has to be aligned with Aristotle's argument in De Anima III.2 in which he seems to claim that we perceive that we see by nothing other than sight, and in which he does not mention any higher-order powers or capacities.
A Brief History of Scholarship on the Greek Accent
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a concise survey of scholarship on ancient Greek accentuation from antiquity to the present. Topics included are the role of the ancient grammarians in making the first generalizations about the data at their disposal; the subsequent transmission of Hellenistic doctrine on the accent; views on ancient Greek accentuation arising from discussion of ancient Greek pronunciation beginning with Erasmus, Voss, Hennin, and others; modern collectors of data (especially Göttling and Chandler); the contribution of Indo-European linguistics and the development of a historical perspective on Greek accentuation; attempts to formulate the law of limitation; and treatments of Greek accentuation in generative phonology. Generative phonology concepts that will reappear in later chapters are explained.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces the problem addressed in Part II: why does the accentuation of some categories of Greek word appear subject to tendencies with exceptions? Historically, did exceptions arise in a previously more rule-governed system, or did tendencies to regularity develop in a previously less rule-governed system? Synchronically, what role did these ‘tendencies’ play in speakers’ competence? Two properties of the accent system are discussed as crucial to the account to be offered: the status of recessive accentuation as in some sense the most regular or default accentuation, and the way in which accentuation interacts with morphology. Finally, a question bearing on words with -ro-, -to-, -no-, and -lo-, and previous scholarship on this question, are introduced: why do adjectives with these suffixes tend to be accented differently from nouns?
Words with Suffix ‐νο‐
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the formation of words with -no-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. An analysis of simplex words formed historically with -no- shows that adjectives with -no- are almost all finally accented, while the nouns are less consistent and predominantly recessive. Neuter nouns with a suffix -ano- are consistently recessive. For the other nouns with -no-, accentuation and frequency are related in the same non-linear fashion as for words with -ro- and -to-.
Words with Suffix ‐μο‐
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the formation of words with -mo-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. -mo- did not productively form primary adjectives in Greek, but the few survivals of this inherited type (e.g., thermós ‘hot’) are finally accented. On the other hand, Greek has many recessive adjectives with the secondary suffixes -imo- and -umo-. Most Greek nouns with -mo- are finally accented, but some are recessive. Analysis of the nouns shows that recessive accentuation is favoured in words that have become atypical of -mo- nouns as a whole: words with a relatively rare synchronic termination, or not retaining the abstract meaning usually associated with -mo-, or no longer transparently derived from a base word.
Basil II and the Testimony of John Skylitzes: Textual Analysis
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter continues analysis of John Skylitzes' history (the Synopsis Historion) which was begun in the previous chapter. It seeks to uncover more clues about Skylitzes' methods, source materials, and preoccupations through a close comparative reading of John Skylitzes' narrative of the reign of Emperor Romanos Lekapenos (920-44) and his principal source for this period — the history known as Theophanes Continuatus. The chapter explains why the absence of any of Skylitzes' sources for the reign of Basil makes this close reading of an earlier section of the Synopsis Historion so vital. This close comparative analysis can shed light on Skylitzes' treatment of Basil II's reign, especially his preoccupation with the Byzantine aristocracy, Byzantine martial culture, and his interest in the emperor's campaigns in Bulgaria.
7 Administration and Imperial Authority on Byzantium's Western Frontiers
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Byzantine administration in the Balkans and Southern Italy. It demonstrates how the emperor's wars with Symeon Kometopoulos, the ruler of Bulgaria, provide the key context to military administration in the Balkans until the final decade of the reign. It discusses the problems that John Skylitzes' Synopsis Historion presents for understanding the scope and chronology of the wars themselves, and the administrative structures that underpinned martial action. The detailed analysis of Skylitzes' testimony earlier in the book is used to generate some new answers to the most important difficulties inherent in the Synopsis Historion. It is argued that after Basil's annexation of Bulgaria in 1018, a similar style of flexible and devolved government was pursued on the new Balkan frontier as on the eastern frontier. This situation had distinct parallels in Byzantine southern Italy.
2 The Neuter S‐stem Nouns
Authors: Meissner Torsten
Published: September 2007

The neuter s-stem nouns constitute one of the best established word formation categories in the Indo-European languages and it is certain that they are deep-rooted in the parent language itself. The Proto-Indo-European background of these nouns is briefly assessed in this chapter, giving due regard to problems concerning their inflection and derivation. The conditions under which new s-stem neuter nouns could be formed will then be determined. In keeping with the aim of his book of looking at morphologically and semantically closely defined classes of words in the context of the language system as a whole, the most important suffixes competing with the formations in -εσ/-οζ are examined here.
Introduction
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of Indo-European peoples, languages, and language groups. It then considers sources and methods for the study of Indo-European poetics, mythology, and religion. It is argued that comparative Indo-European mythology remains and is bound to remain a poor relation of comparative Indo-European philology. This is because people change their gods and their mythologies more readily and quickly than they change their declensions and conjugations, and more capriciously. Rules can be formulated to predict how a given Indo-European phoneme will turn out in Old High German or Pale Dry Tocharian, but the mutations of divinities or of mythical motifs are subject to no rules.
9 Cosmos and Canon
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses so-called ‘Indo-European perceptions of the world, and their codification’. The first part deals with cosmology and cosmogony. The second part deals with the forms of expression in which beliefs and opinions on these matters were typically encapsulated — not articulated poetic compositions but catechisms, proverbs, riddles, and the like.
11 King and Hero
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Indo-European narratives of kings and heroes. Linguistic evidence shows that kingship was an Indo-European institution. However, there was no Indo-European word for ‘hero’, and the hero is a creation of narrative art. Topics covered include kings, the queen, king and horse, king and priest, qualities of a king, the hero in dialogue, the hero and women, and the hero and his son.
Humour Directed at the Persona
Authors: Plaza Maria
Published: September 2007

This chapter on persona-oriented humour argues that while it is a valuable insight that the persona is not identical with the author, the gap created between author and persona by humorous undercutting of the latter’s authority must not be exaggerated. By analysing the play of authority, sympathy, and distance enacted around the satiric persona, it is shown that the satirist has an aesthetic interest in a fierce struggle between persona and butt, where the outcome is not obvious. Similarly, a complex, ambivalent persona running the gamut from quasi-object to quasi-author helps in shaping a racy narrative while responsibility remains pending. Humour emerges as the ideal tool for this simultaneous subverting of the speaker and keeping him as the subject who appears to shape most of the text. The chapter explores Horace’s well-calculated self-irony, together with the rougher undermining of the speaker in Persius and Juvenal as examples.
The Signs of the World
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the increasingly public divisions between the clergy and the laity, conservatives and reformers in the early years of the English Reformation. It charts the role of literary production in both fuelling the hostilities through polemical publications and in attempting to resolve them through a growing literature advocating moderation and tolerance in many aspects of public life. The drama and lyrics of John Heywood are examined as a key example of the latter.
‘Wyatt Resteth Here’
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Henry Howard, the poet Earl of Surrey, his refashioning of Wyatt’s reputation and legacy after his death, and his own representation of himself as the heir to Wyatt’s poetic and cultural legacy. It examines the remarkable poetic career of Surrey himself, his dangerous mixture of political and social ambition, and his death on the orders of the king whom he so savagely condemned in a number of his later works. It examines the depths and contradictions in Surrey’s own religious position as well as those implicit in his attempts to position Wyatt as a champion of evangelical reform.
3 People of Attica
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses how demographic factors affected economic concerns in Attica in the early Hellenistic period. Topics covered include demography and economics, labour and manpower, the population of 4th-century Attica, movements of people, settlement and demes in early Hellenistic Attica, and change in the archeology of Attica. It is shown that there was an overall fall in the population of Attica from the 4th to the 3rd century in most categories: citizens and slaves, and possibly also foreigners. The changes in population distribution may have contributed to a weakened rural economy. If settlement decline also saw diminished cultivation of the land, productivity may have also declined.
The Dynamics of Defence: Infrastructure
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the infrastructure of defence in Attica. Topics covered include territory, autonomy, and manpower; the fortified demes of Early Hellenistic Attica; the rubble camps; and garrisoned Attica.