bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poor breakfast habits in adolescence predict the metabolic syndrome in adulthood
Authors: Wennberg Maria , Gustafsson Per E , Wennberg Patrik , Hammarström Anne
Published: January 2014

Objective

To analyse whether poor breakfast habits in adolescence predict the metabolic syndrome and its components in adulthood. Previous studies suggest that regular breakfast consumption improves metabolic parameters.

Design

Prospective. Breakfast habits and other lifestyle variables at age 16 years were assessed from questionnaires. Poor breakfast habits were defined as skipping breakfast or only drinking or eating something sweet. At age 43 years, the effective sample consisted of 889 participants defined as having the metabolic syndrome or not, using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals.

Setting

The Northern Swedish Cohort, a longitudinal population-based cohort with 27-year follow-up.

Subjects

Adolescents (age 16 years).

Results

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome at age 43 years was 27·0 %. Of the participants, 9·9 % were classified with poor breakfast habits at age 16 years. Adjusted odds for the metabolic syndrome at age 43 years was OR = 1·68 (95 % CI 1·01, 2·78) for those with poor breakfast habits at age 16 years compared with breakfast eaters. Looking at the metabolic syndrome components, poor breakfast habits at age 16 years were associated with central obesity (OR = 1·71; 95 % CI 1·00, 2·92) and high fasting glucose (OR = 1·75; 95 % CI 1·01, 3·02) at age 43 years, even after multivariate adjustments.

Conclusions

Poor breakfast habits in adolescence predicted the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Of the metabolic syndrome components, poor breakfast habits in adolescence predicted central obesity and high fasting glucose in adulthood. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between early breakfast habits and adult metabolic syndrome.
Ferromagnetic CaRuO3
Authors: Tripathi Shivendra , Rana Rakesh , Kumar Sanjay , Pandey Parul , Singh R. S. , Rana D. S.
Published: January 2014

The non-magnetic and non-Fermi-liquid CaRuO3 is the iso-structural analog of the ferromagnetic (FM) and Fermi-liquid SrRuO3. We show that an FM order in the orthorhombic CaRuO3 can be established by the means of tensile epitaxial strain. The structural and magnetic property correlations in the CaRuO3 films formed on SrTiO3 (100) substrate establish a scaling relation between the FM moment and the tensile strain. The strain dependent crossover from non-magnetic to FM CaRuO3 was observed to be associated with switching of non-Fermi liquid to Fermi-liquid behavior. The intrinsic nature of this strain-induced FM order manifests in the Hall resistivity too; the anomalous Hall component realizes in FM tensile-strained CaRuO3 films on SrTiO3 (100) whereas the non-magnetic compressive-strained films on LaAlO3 (100) exhibit only the ordinary Hall effect. These observations of an elusive FM order are consistent with the theoretical predictions of scaling of the tensile epitaxial strain and the magnetic order in tensile CaRuO3. We further establish that the tensile strain is more efficient than the chemical route to induce FM order in CaRuO3.
G-quadruplex DNAzymes-induced highly selective and sensitive colorimetric sensing of free heme in rat brain
Authors: Li Ruimin , Jiang Qin , Cheng Hanjun , Zhang Guoqiang , Zhen Mingming , Chen Daiqin , Ge Jiechao , Mao Lanqun , Wang Chunru , Shu Chunying
Published: January 2014

Direct selective determination of free heme in the cerebral system is of great significance due to the crucial roles of free heme in physiological and pathological processes.
Fabrication of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/oxide reinforced hollow fibers by sol-gel technique for rapid determination of metronidazole in milk
Authors: Li Jia , Wang Yan-Bin , Wu Lan , Li Ke-Yao , Feng Wei
Published: January 2014

Three types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/oxide reinforced hollow fibers layer were fabricated by self-assembly techniques, then compared and applied to extract metronidazole in milk samples by SPME/GC-MS.
Dioxygen activation by an organometallic Pd(ii) precursor: formation of a Pd(iv)–OH complex and its C–O bond formation reactivity
Authors: Qu Fengrui , Khusnutdinova Julia R. , Rath Nigam P. , Mirica Liviu M.
Published: January 2014

An isolable Pd(iv)–OH complex formed upon aerobic oxidation of an organometallic Pd(ii) precursor exhibits selective C(sp2)–O bond formation reactivity.
Complexes containing CO2and SO2. Mixed dimers, trimers and tetramers
Authors: Azofra Luis Miguel , Scheiner Steve
Published: January 2014

Two stable minima for the 1 : 1 heterodimer of CO2 : SO2, both bound by about 2 kcal mol−1. Binding is dominated by charge transfer from O lone pairs of SO2to CO π* antibonding orbitals.
Patterning of cells through patterning of biology
Authors: Kala A. , Jain P. K. , Friedman S. H.
Published: January 2014

For the first time, patterns of cells have been constructed by spatially manipulating native gene expression. This control of expression was effected using light activated RNA interference (LARI), a technique in which knockdown of gene expression is modulated through siRNA modified with light cleavable groups.
Singlet oxygen effects on lipid membranes: implications for the mechanism of action of broad-spectrum viral fusion inhibitors
Authors: Hollmann Axel , Castanho Miguel A. R. B. , Lee Benhur , Santos Nuno C.
Published: January 2014

It was reported recently that a new aryl methyldiene rhodanine derivative, LJ001, and oxazolidine-2,4-dithione, JL103, act on the viral membrane, inhibiting its fusion with a target cell membrane. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interactions of these two active compounds and an inactive analogue used as a negative control, LJ025, with biological membrane models, in order to clarify the mechanism of action at the molecular level of these new broad-spectrum enveloped virus entry inhibitors. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to quantify the partition and determine the location of the molecules on membranes. The ability of the compounds to produce reactive oxygen molecules in the membrane was tested using 9,10-dimethylanthracene, which reacts selectively with singlet oxygen (1O2). Changes in the lipid packing and fluidity of membranes were assessed by fluorescence anisotropy and generalized polarization measurements. Finally, the ability to inhibit membrane fusion was evaluated using FRET. Our results indicate that 1O2 production by LJ001 and JL103 is able to induce several changes on membrane properties, specially related to a decrease in its fluidity, concomitant with an increase in the order of the polar headgroup region, resulting in an inhibition of the membrane fusion necessary for cell infection.
Locational marginal pricing‐based allocation of transmission capacity in multiple electricity markets
Authors: Karimi Varkani Ali , Seifi Hossein , Sheikh‐El‐Eslami Mohammad Kazem
Published: January 2014

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in energy exchange among the electricity markets. This subject, especially in Europe, has been identified as a market coupling. The issue of congestion management in multiple electricity markets or market coupling has been controversial and has resulted in some disputed subjects. The locational marginal pricing‐based allocation of transmission capacity for congestion management and clearing of multiple electricity markets, in which market participants can place their bids simultaneously in different markets across an interconnection, is proposed. In this framework, the markets dispatch energy and reserve, independently. A central coordinator entity, then, runs economically the allocation of transmission capacity among the electricity markets. Three methods for simultaneous clearing of energy and reserve in the framework are also proposed. The possibility of implementation of the proposed methods in multiple markets is discussed. The numerical results for a three‐area 15‐bus test system in a triple‐market case are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach as compared with other approaches.
Reinforcing global legitimacy and efficiency: the case fοr strategic discursive public diplomacy
Authors: Frangonikolopoulos Christos A. , Proedrou Filippos
Published: January 2014

Although we have gone a long way from old to new public diplomacy, it is widely accepted that it underperforms. We thus aim to offer strong grounds for the term strategic discursive public diplomacy and to show how taking this path can fundamentally refocus and improve the practice of public diplomacy. Strategic refers to the need to refocus the thematic orientation of public diplomacy: instead of working predominantly on issues of culture and education, public diplomacy should focus on the mounting threats common for all. The discursive element boils down to a shift of public diplomacy towards fully explaining one's policies and showing how they contribute to the delivery of global public goods. Strategic discursive public diplomacy, then, focuses on the principal issues of global politics and engages foreign publics in an open debate with the aim to communicate standpoints, but also listen and reply to potential counter-arguments. This becomes an important means in dealing with the accountability, transparency and legitimacy deficits of global politics. This reconceptualization is applied in a number of cases, such as the (a) debate on growth and development, (b) climate change and (c) Iran and nuclear proliferation. Taking the strategic discursive path bears particularly significant implications for diplomacy and world politics since it renders public diplomacy more profoundly political and shall facilitate the delivery of foreign policy goals within a more developed and aware global public sphere. Opening venues with foreign publics can be seen as a form of foreign intervention. In some cases, this may sideline or even go against a government's entrenched position, thus potentially creating friction between governments. At the same time, however, it carries the potential of reshuffling political alignments at a global level and changing the contours of the global political environment.
Relativistic Hydrodynamics
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

The book provides a lively and approachable introduction to the main concepts and techniques of relativistic hydrodynamics in a form which will appeal to physicists at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The book is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the physical aspects of relativistic hydrodynamics, touching on fundamental topics such as kinetic theory, equations of state, mathematical aspects of hyperbolic partial differential equations, linear and nonlinear waves in fluids, reaction fronts, and the treatment of non-ideal fluids. The second part provides an introductory but complete description of those numerical methods currently adopted in the solution of the relativistic-hydrodynamic equations. Starting from traditional finite-difference methods, modern high-resolution shock-capturing methods are discussed with special emphasis on Godunov upwind schemes based on Riemann solvers. High-order schemes are also treated, focusing on essentially non-oscillatory and weighted non-oscillatory methods, Galerkin methods and on modern ADER approaches. Finally, the third part of the book is devoted to applications and considers several physical and astrophysical systems for which relativistic hydrodynamics plays a crucial role. Several non-self-gravitating systems are first studied, including self-similar flows, relativistic blast waves, spherical flows onto a compact object, relativistic accreting disks, relativistic jets and heavy-ion collisions. Self-gravitating systems are also considered, from isolated stars, to more dynamical configurations such as the collapse to a black hole or the dynamics of binary systems. The book is especially recommended to astrophysicists, particle physicists and applied mathematicians.
Relativistic Perfect Fluids
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

This chapter builds the mathematical framework that is behind relativistic perfect fluids, namely those fluids for which viscous effects and heat fluxes are zero. Starting from the definition of the kinematic quantities of a perfect fluid and of the energy–momentum tensor, we explore the numerous forms assumed by the relativistic-hydrodynamics equations under a variety of conditions. While some of these conditions reflect simplifying assumptions, for instance when the flow is irrotational, or isentropic, or stationary, the resulting analytic solutions provide valuable insights that can be exploited even when considering more realistic and complex conditions. The chapter is completed by two advanced topics, represented by the derivation of the relativistic-hydrodynamics equations from variational principles and the treatment of multicomponent fluids.
Reaction Fronts: Detonations and Deflagrations
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

This chapter is devoted to the treatment of relativistic reaction fronts, namely of those discontinuities in the flow undergoing chemical transformations with release of energy and heat. Two main classes of such reaction fronts are considered: detonations, in which the fluid behind the front is compressed and decelerated, and deflagrations, in which the fluid behind the front is decompressed and accelerated. The physical properties of reaction fronts are studied in great detail through the analysis of the “reaction adiabat”, which allows us to distinguish in a clear way weak and strong reaction fronts. Finally, the stability of reaction fronts is also studied, both qualitatively, after resorting to the degree of under-determinacy, and quantitatively, through a linear perturbative analysis.
Relativistic Non-Perfect Fluids
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

This chapter deals with non-perfect fluids, namely those fluids for which viscous effects and heat fluxes cannot be neglected. After a discussion about the most convenient definition of four-velocity, the energy–momentum tensor of non-perfect fluids is introduced and the general form of the relativistic hydrodynamics equations is derived. A discussion follows to distinguish between the so-called “first-order” and “second-order” theories, for which the entropy current contains terms that are of first-order or of second-order in the thermodynamic fluxes, respectively. Even though only the latter class of theories is relativistically consistent, the former class is also studied in detail, as it allows us to highlight in a transparent way the similarities and the novelties with respect to the Newtonian treatment. Through a sequence of logical steps reflecting the historical development of this complex set of theories, the reader is guided up to the most recent formulations of divergence-type theories, which are also suitable for a numerical solution.
Formulations of the Einstein–Euler Equations
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

This chapter, which opens the second part of the book devoted to the numerical solution of the relativistic-hydrodynamics equations, presents in a concise, yet complete, way the several formulations of the Einstein–Euler equations that have been proposed over the years. After the discussion of the 3+1 splitting of spacetime, a detailed analysis of the most suitable formulations of the Einstein equations is presented, including the classical ADM formulation, the conformal traceless formulations, the generalised harmonic formulation, down to the conformally flat formulation. The second part of the chapter deals with the equally important formulations of the relativistic Euler equations, among which the conservative formulations are by far the most important, and therefore the subject of an extended discussion.
Numerical Relativistic Hydrodynamics: Finite-Difference Methods
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

This chapter is devoted to the study of finite-difference (non-conservative) methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. These methods have a long history and provide a series of fundamental concepts and tools necessary for understanding more advanced techniques. According to this logic, the discretisation process is first introduced, followed by a discussion about the possible kinds of numerical error and of the practical strategies for estimating the order of accuracy. The problem of numerical stability is addressed and the most common finite-difference schemes are presented in a simple way that helps in appreciating their advantages and limitations. Artificial-viscosity methods are also treated and their historical development is reviewed.
Numerical Relativistic Hydrodynamics: HRSC Methods
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

This chapter is devoted to the analysis of those numerical methods based on the conservative formulation of the equations, as is the case of the relativistic-hydrodynamics equation. Conservative schemes are discussed both in their finite-volume version and in their finite-difference version, which differ in the fact of evolving in time the cell-averaged or the point-values of the solution, respectively. Upwind methods are then introduced, showing how the solution of the Riemann problem can be exploited to incorporate in a natural way the upwind property even in nonlinear systems of equations. Total variation diminishing methods are then discussed, which allow for larger than first-order accuracy and a selected class of Riemann solvers is presented, of most practical use in relativistic hydrodynamics. The integration in time is analysed through Runge–Kutta methods, including the case of stiff source terms. A brief but clear exposition of central scheme closes the chapter.
Numerical Relativistic Hydrodynamics: High-Order Methods
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

This chapter deals with numerical methods with an order of accuracy larger than the second, which becomes very relevant when multiscale problems are considered. Essentially non-oscillatory and weighted essentially non-oscillatory methods are discussed, both for finite-volume and for finite-difference conservative schemes. WENO methods, in particular, are presented either in the classical formulation of Shu, and in more modern form involving the expansion of the reconstructed solution with respect to a basis of polynomials. Discontinuous Galerkin methods are then treated, with a relevant application in spherical symmetry. Finally, the so-called ADER approach is discussed, both in its original version based on the Cauchy–Kovalewski procedure and in the alternative recent version that exploits the solution of a local spacetime DG evolution.
Introduction
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This chapter introduces Part I of this book, which is devoted to the structure of derived nominals. It begins with a critical review of analyses of derived nominals offered in the history of generative linguistics, with a particular focus on the typology of argument structure nominals (AS-nominals) and referring nominals (R-nominals) put forth in Grimshaw (1990). Accepting her important descriptive results, questions are nonetheless raised concerning her specific explanation for them. The preliminary conclusion reached is that the presence of an attested verb or an adjective within AS-nominals is pivotal (contra Grimshaw), and that it cannot be maintained that it is the nominalizing suffix that determines the presence of event structure. The next section reviews the specific structure associated with event structure in the book as a whole, based on analyses developed previously in volume II of Structuring Sense. The final part outlines the structure of the book.
AS‐nominals and AS‐nominalizers
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the structure of ‘long’ AS-nominals (cases in which both subject and object are fully articulated and no by-phrase is used), and further puts forth a distinction between the nominalizing affixes -ing and -ation (the latter including its ‘kin’, i.e. -ance/ence, -ment,; -al, and possibly -age) based on aspectual properties. Importantly, the properties of nominal -ing are shown to part company with those of -ing in gerunds, casting serious doubt on any analysis which seeks to give the two unified characteristics. While nominal -ing and progressive -ing do share some important properties, a unification of the two, similarly, is not a task that can be easily or trivially accomplished without deep revisions of our understanding of notions such as category or functional structure.
Event Structure in Short Nominals—the Passive Paradigm
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides a detailed analysis for the structure of ‘short’ AS-nominals — nominals in which the logical subject is either missing altogether or is expressed with a by-phrase. It is suggested that such cases emerge from the application of a passive within the AS-nominal, effectively suppressing or demoting the subject and promoting the object, even when it occurs post-nominally in English (e.g. ‘the destruction of the city’). Cases where the logical object occurs pre-nominally (e.g. ‘the city's destruction’) are in turn analyzed as involving an additional raising to a pre-nominal specifier. Evidence is provided for the absence of a PRO subject in such short nominals, as well as for the occurrence of short AS-nominals exactly in contexts in which passive is otherwise licit.
The Skeleton
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This chapter returns to the general model, and offers a perspective on phrase structure, constituent structure, linearization and functors. While Chomsky's Bare Phrase Structure is adopted, the assumption that external merge involves lexically listed items (complete with category) is rejected, and is replaced with the claim that external merge involves roots, otherwise unspecified for category, and functors. The nature of C-functors is discussed in detail, and they are argued to be defined them as fundamentally syntactic functions which divide the categorial space, defining a categorial space as their domain, and, obligatorily transitive, defining their complement set as a distinct categorial space (their Categorial Complement Set). The notation CX[Y] is thus proposed, for a C-functor which projects, defines, domain X and which defines its complement domain as Y. The role of S-functors, fundamentally semantic functions, in turn is defined relative to the semantic value which they assign to otherwise empty sets, which are subsequently projected as segments of Extended Projections (ExP-segments). Extended Projections, in turn, are defined relative to their shared Categorial Complement Set. A somewhat speculative discussion concerning adjunction and linearization ends this chapter.
Categorizing Roots
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This chapter is devoted to articulating a model of categorial determination based fundamentally on the conceptualization of categorial selection as a partition of the categorial space, and as establishing equivalence classes. In essence, functors define not only the category which they, themselves project, but also define a complement categorial domain, which comes to be associated with their complements. If such complements are otherwise category-less (e.g. roots) they thus come to be equivalent to a category (e.g. V-equivalent, N-equivalent and so on). If the complement is already categorial (e.g. itself headed by a functor), the existence of a complement categorial domain amounts, effectively, to a checking or a selection mechanism ruling out, e.g. the merger of a V-selecting functor such as -ation with a derived adjective such as ‘available’. Crucially, the model of categorization put forth is committed to the categorization of form in ‘the form’ as N or of form within ‘formation’ as V without the presence of additional structure, i.e., in both these cases ‘form’ is crucially a terminal and mono-morphemic. As a consequence, the account is committed to the absence of zero-affixes marking ‘form’ as N or V respectively. Much of the chapter, consequently, is devoted to arguing against the existence of zero-instantiated C-functors in English. Final comments concern the status of multi-function functors such as -ing and the status of adjectives.
Structuring Content
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This chapter is devoted to defining the syntactic domain within which atomic Content is matched with relevant strings. Assuming an Encyclopaedia, a reservoir of atomic Content items (by assumption conceptual and thus constrained), an interface mapping device (an ‘en-searching’ device) is proposed such that it matches an atomic Content unit with a qualifying string, the latter being, fundamentally, a (partially) phonologically realized syntactic constituent which is delimited by the first merging segment of an Extended Projection. Within the empirical domain, the chapter is built around two puzzles concerning the contrastive properties of AS-nominals and R-nominals While the latter may be non-compositional (‘transmission’, ‘transformation’, ‘constitution’) and may be built of roots that are not otherwise independently attested as verbs (‘nation’, ‘petulance’), the former are always compositional (‘*the transformation of the structure by the linguist’ under a technical reading) and do not allow stems that are otherwise not attested as verbs (‘*the petulance of the passenger for three hours’). Delimiting the domain of Content by the merger of ExP-segments, in turn, solves both these puzzles in a straightforward way, as it forces the verbal constituent within AS-nominals to be Contentful as a result of the presence of argument-structure assigning ExP-segments. Evidence is further provided for the matching of Content on the basis of phonological rather than phonologically abstract representations. An appendix discusses in some detail the differences between non-compositional ‘words’ and phrasal idioms as motivation for the claim that the latter must be otherwise handled.
Semitic Verbal Derivatives: Prolegomena
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

Taking the model constructed in Chapters 6–10 as its starting point, Chapter 11 investigates the way in which the model could be applied to Semitic morphology, a system which in terms of its phonological realization properties is about as distinct from English as can be imagined. Striking, and non-trivial support, in turn, emerges within the Semitic verbal system (and specifically Hebrew) for the distinction between roots and functors and for the distinction between root selection and functor-contingent properties. Even more strikingly, the investigation of autosegmental morphological forms provides direct and inevitable evidence for pieces of the account as outlined in previous chapters, and specifically for the proposal for the domain of Content, for the claim that Content is read of phonologically realized strings, and that, most importantly, Content is matched with strings which contain underspecified phonological information. Finally, and taking the distinct diagnostics of AS-nominals and R-nominals as a blueprint for the investigation of words with internal ExP-segments vs. words which lack them, a model is put in place which allows, on the one hand, the characterization of the vast non-compositionality of the Semitic verbal system (on a par with R-nominals), with, on the other, a nonetheless surprising degree of predictability in well-defined subdomains (on a par with AS-nominals).
Synthetic Compounds
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

The final chapter brings together the syntactic structure of nominals as discussed in Part I and the model of complex word formation, as discussed in Part II. Synthetic Compounds, although prima facie consisting of a verbal nexus and an argument of the verb, nonetheless are extremely problematic for all syntactic accounts of word formation. Contra Borer and others, they appear to have an internal argument without event structure. Contra Marantz and others, they allow N-ing without an event structure either. And finally, any attempt to derive them by assuming the incorporation of an internal argument is directly incompatible with the unaccusative hypothesis. In a careful analysis, it is shown that Synthetic Compounds cannot be considered a species of AS-nominals, that they do not have event structure and that what appears as an argument is but a free-interpretation modifier. Most strikingly, if Synthetic Compounds are not AS-nominals, but rather R-nominals, we expect them to allow non-compositional Content matching, and as such, to differ sharply from AS-nominals. The prediction, in turn, is directly correct (e.g. ‘shop lifting’ vs. ‘*;the lifting of the shop’). What we have here, then, is the non-trivial correlation of the absence of event structure and event interpretation with the availability of atomic Content, for Synthetic Compounds, contrasted with the presence of event structure and the obligatoriness of compositional Content for AS-nominals. This provides direct evidence for the correlation of Content matching with the absence of ExP-segments, for the requirement of ExP-segments for event interpretation to emerge, and by extension, for the syntactic derivation of complex words.
Shifting Sensibilities: Calvin and Music
Authors: Begbie Jeremy
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides an account Calvin’s conception of the place and purpose of music, especially in corporate worship. This is expounded in relation to the theological and cultural currents that shaped and propelled him as well as those he set in motion, and in relation to concurrent debates about music. Calvin recognized that music had powers denied to language. At the same time, his outlook is symptomatic of a shift in thinking about music in late medieval/early modern culture, in which the physical and metaphysical embeddedness of music presumed in medieval theory is increasingly questioned, and a move towards an exclusively anthropological justification of music more and more evident. This entails a strong appeal to language to underwrite music’s meaningfulness. In this respect Calvin is contrasted with the earlier Reformer, Martin Luther, whose debt to the medieval, cosmological scenario is very much more pronounced.
Musical Apotheosis: Early German Romanticism
Authors: Begbie Jeremy
Published: January 2014

With the early German Romantics, music attains an elevated status unprecedented in modern Europe: it is robed in the metaphysics of the infinite. This chapter examines this phenomenon in conversation with the philosopher Andrew Bowie. According to Bowie, these Romantics showed that there are ways of being-in-the-world, such as music, that resist verbal and conceptual analysis but which cannot thereby be discounted as meaningless. In the process, traditional ways of conceiving the nature of language are thus called into question. An expansion and reconfiguration of philosophy is needed to come to terms with music, and this parallels an underlying conviction of the current book—that theology will be pressed by music towards a similar reconfiguration. However, a theological critique is offered of Bowie’s own metaphysical outlook; it is contended that his insights come into their own within a rich, trinitarian environment.
Room of One’s Own? Music, Space, and Freedom
Authors: Begbie Jeremy
Published: January 2014

This chapter argues that discussions of freedom in modernity have been plagued by competitive, ‘zero-sum’ models—God’s freedom and the world’s are construed as mutually exclusive, as are divine and human freedom, and freedom between persons. These models are dependent on a markedly visual conception of ‘space’ (where things occupy discrete, bounded places) and have generated acute problems in Christology and trinitarian thought. Two simultaneously sounding musical tones do not occupy bounded locations in our aural space, but interpenetrate, while remaining irreducibly distinct; and some tones will resonate with, and establish each other. Drawing on the work of Roger Scruton and Victor Zuckerkandl, it is shown that these phenomena can engender forms of theological thought and language that undercut the problematics of visual-spatial models. Some of the aporias of modern accounts of freedom are exposed, and ways are opened up to reconceive and rearticulate freedom in more intergally theological terms.
Children’s drawings of simple rhythms: A typology of children’s invented notations
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

Given the findings from the children’s spontaneous drawings made by the 4th graders in the Wayland School, it seemed important to inquire into the robustness of the figural–formal distinction that was emergent from their notations. Pursuing this idea, the music teacher in the school, Miss L. Sperber, and I asked children in grades one through six during their regular music classes to clap and to make notations for six different rhythms. The procedure was as follows. Miss Sperber clapped each of the six rhythm patterns in turn, for each one she asked the children to clap it back, and then (learning from the children in the original 4th grade class) she asked them to “Put something on paper so you could remember it tomorrow or someone else who isn’t here today could clap what you just clapped.” After completing their drawings of all six rhythms, the children were asked to clap each rhythm again and this time to add to each drawing “some numbers that seemed to fit.” In addition to the children in the Wayland School, Eugene Buder, then a student in the Graduate School of Education at Harvard, worked individually with pre-school children between the ages of 3 and 5. These youngest children were asked to clap and draw only two rhythms. Altogether we were able to work with drawings from 186 children. Analysis of the drawings confirmed the stability of the original figural–formal distinction. However, with the larger sample, versions of the basic distinction emerged among the younger children (aged 3 to 7) as well as among the somewhat older children (aged 10 to 12).
Changing musical perception through reflective conversation
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

The events in Chapter 7 took place in The Laboratory for Making Things during the session immediately after the one reported in Chapter 6. Thus all of the children had already built Hot Cross Buns with the Montessori bells. This time, at the beginning of the session, the children were asked, first as a group and then individually, to clap just the rhythm of Hot Cross Buns. They were then given the following new task: Make some instructions that will tell a younger child how to clap the rhythm just as you did.
Cognitive issues in the development of musically gifted children
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter reports on the work of two exceptionally gifted violinists aged 8 and 9, working on a task similar to Chapter 6. The violinists work is prefaced with some general comments to introduce the gifted children and issues surrounding their development.
Introduction: Designing educational environments
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

The observations and analysis of students’ work discussed in the previous chapters led inevitably to rethinking the nature of learning, development and, in turn, our ways and means of teaching. It was clear, for instance, that sense making among novices and even among sophisticated music professionals depends importantly on the individual’s active construction and re-construction of emergent structural groupings, as well as generative functions within these groupings during the continuously passing present of immediate experience. Most specifically, it became clear from the studies of children’s invented rhythm notations, the bell tasks, as well as the actual and imagined process of developing musical structures, that just as listening to music is not a passive absorbing of sound but rather an active and creative “performance,” so teaching should no longer consist in teachers asking students to passively absorb “information.” This chapter provides background and historical context on the subsequent chapters in Part III, with discussion on the development of computer software.
Developing a musical ear: A new experiment
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter reports on ideas developed at MIT for self-paced independent music study. The aim of the approach is to nurture in students that enigmatic quality called “musical”—be it a “musical ear” or an individual’s capacity to give a “musical performance.” While all of us cherish these qualities, rarely do we come to grips with them directly in teaching. How often do we have or take the time to question the relation between what we teach and what we do as musicians?
Action knowledge and symbolic knowledge: The computer as mediator
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter addresses a small set of troublesome but pervasive educational issues that become surprisingly illuminated as we look at the possible roles for computer technology in classrooms. It begins by stating some of these concerns in rather abrupt fashion, in part as a response to others’ views as expressed in the book in which this paper originally appeared. The remaining sections of the chapter play out these initial responses, propose some alternatives, and give one extended example of how such alternatives actually look when at work in a rather unusual classroom.
Noting time: The Math, Music, and Drumming Project
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

The title of this chapter is meant to have a double meaning—noticing time as it is continuously running on, and stopping time to note it. The two meanings create an essential tension. When we are in action, we are moving with time, noticing it only as its events disappear, whereas when putting actions and sound on paper, noting them, we are holding time and motion still to be looked at. And in between these two senses of noting, we germinate disagreements, conflicts, and sometimes even important resolutions. The chapter argues that recognizing and confronting these tensions may provide a path towards understanding the breakdowns in communication that often occur between educators and their students—most particularly those students who are living, navigating, and learning in a world of action and of flux.
Turning music theory on its ear: Do we hear what we see? Do we see what we say?
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

There is a question being asked more and more frequently in the music education literature (and often echoed in the math and science education literature). Why do fundamentals courses, which are intended to begin at the beginning, so often become problematic? Why do they so often seem irrelevant, especially to those students who have already been identified as “gifted?” Why do they become more like therapy sessions treating student stress instead of an environment in which students are developing the healthy, powerful intuitions that they bring with them to these classes? This chapter argue that the kinds of elements and relations that untrained listeners and also self-taught players are attending to in making musical sense are closer to those we associate with the artist who plays “really musically”—the ability to shape a phrase, to follow the musical line, and to expressively project feeling and meaning.
Muslim Childhood
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

How do we learn to be religious? To make sense of this process should we emphasize the habitual reinforcement of bodily rituals? Or the active role of individuals in making decisions about faith at key moments? Or should we turn to cognitive science to explain the universal structures on which religiosity is built? And how does a relatively devout minority pass on religion in a generally secular Western context? What significance does religion have for family life in this situation? And how does a religious identity interact with other kinds of collective identification, for example with a nation, ethnic group, or a locality? These are some of the questions that Muslim Childhood deals with. This book is about ordinary British Muslims’ everyday religious socialization of children in early and middle childhood. It provides a detailed description of how Muslim families in a secular Western context attempt to pass on their faith to the next generation. It is rooted in detailed qualitative research with 60 Muslim families in one British city. The authors’ own analysis of survey data suggests that Muslims in the UK pass on their faith to the next generation more effectively than other religious groups. This book is in part an attempt to explain why that might be.
Fault Lines of Globalization
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: January 2014

The question whether and how boundaries might individuate legal orders and in this way be constitutive features thereof has yet to be addressed in a systematic and comprehensive manner by legal and political theory. The book seeks to address this important omission, providing an original contribution to the debate about law in a global setting. Against the widely endorsed assumption that we are now moving towards law without boundaries, it argues that every imaginable legal order, global or otherwise, is bounded in space, time, membership, and content. In effect, legal orders are a form of joint action in which authorities mediate and uphold who ought to do what, where, and when in order to realise the normative point of acting together. The book also argues that behaviour can call into question the boundaries of a legal order: a-legality. When questioned by a-legal behaviour, boundaries appear as limits that reveal excluded practical possibilities which remain within the range of possibilities accessible to the collective. Legal boundaries appear as fault lines when a-legal behaviour intimates an order which exceeds the range of possibilities accessible to that collective. Careful analysis of a wide range of legal orders, including nomadism, classical international law, multinationals, cyberlaw, lex mercatoria, and a global regime of human rights validates this thesis. Arguing that legal and political theories misunderstand how legal boundaries do their work of including and excluding, the book concludes by outlining a normative theory of legal order that is alternative to both communitarianism and cosmopolitanism.
A Topology of Legal Orders in a Global Setting
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: January 2014

The chapter validates the findings of Chapter 1 by discussing a series of possible counterexamples to the thesis that legal orders must be spatially limited: nomadism, Roman law, classical international law, ius gentium, multinationals, cyberlaw, lex mercatoria, overlapping legal orders such as the EU. All these legal orders display a common topography, which bears out the view that whereas the inside/outside distinction afforded by borders between domestic and foreign spaces is contingent, the inside/outside distinction corresponding to the limit between legal (dis)order and the unordered is ingredient to legal orders as spatial unities.
The Identity of Legal Collectives
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: January 2014

The chapter ties together the findings of the first two chapters, further developing a concept of legal order in the first-person plural by drawings on theories of collective action and linking these to Ricœur's contribution to a theory of identity. By grasping why joint action involves collective identity as sameness (idem) and as selfhood (ipse) it explains why legal orders are an interconnected distribution of ought-places, times, subjects and act-contents in which boundaries join and separate its elements. Moreover, by explaining why joint action involves collective self-inclusion and the exclusion of alterity, the chapter also adumbrates why legal orders are perforce limited, i.e. why and how legal (dis)order goes hand in hand with a domain which remains unordered from the first-person perspective of the apposite legal collective. The chapter concludes by exploring some of the implications of these ideas for the current debate about law in a global setting.
A Genealogy of Legal Ordering
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: January 2014

The chapter introduces the passage from a static to a genetic account of legal order, hence from legal boundaries as set to the process of setting of legal boundaries. To this effect it unpacks joint action into its constituent elements, taking its cue from the phenomenological notion of intentionality as the disclosure of something as something. This intentionality-based account of joint action also yields the blueprint for the basic structure of legal understanding and legal interpretation, as well as of legal rationality. The chapter concludes by exploring the paradox of representation which governs the emergence of legal order: an act can only originate a collective by way of a closure if it succeeds—and as long as it succeeds—in representing an original collective that is already closed. This paradoxical origin of a legal collective points to the a-legal origins of (il)legality.
A-Legality
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: January 2014

The chapter provides a comprehensive analysis, in five stages, of the key category of the book as a whole: a-legality develops in five stages. The first stage parses the concept of a-legality into its two constituent parts, a-legality and a-legality, against the background of the three-way distinction between order, disorder and the unordered. The second consolidates these initial findings, developing an account of the normative complexity of a-legality that distinguishes between its weak and strong dimensions. A third stage describes how and why the strong dimension of a-legality reveals legal boundaries as normative fault lines. A-legality is contrasted both to enmity, at the heart of Schmitt's theory of the political, and to civil disobedience, at the heart of liberal theories of political conflict. The chapter concludes by briefly exploring the contrast between legal order and chaos from the perspective of a-legality.
On the coherence of syntactic descriptions (1973)
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

This chapter focuses on English tags, such as those found in tag questions. It argues that tags are characteristic of English, and that they are found in a set of formally similar but distinct constructions. These constructions cannot be reduced to a single general construction because each special case has its own particular function and meaning. Evidence from rule ordering is used to argue that there can be no uniform syntactic derivation of all of the different tags. It is also argued that a grammar in which the same structure is used in distinct constructions is more ‘natural’ than a grammar in which the constructions use unrelated structures. A measure is proposed to capture this naturalness even when the various constructions cannot be collapsed into a single construction.