bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in understanding the diagnostic and pathogenic role of autoantibodies associated with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Choi May Y. , Fritzler Marvin J.
Published: July 2016

Purpose of review

At the time of diagnosis, systemic sclerosis (SSc) is often well established with significant irreversible tissue and organ damage. Definitions of ‘early SSc’ have been proposed, which include the presence of SSc-associated autoantibodies. In addition, functional autoantibodies that are believed to be involved in SSc pathogenesis need to be considered. In this review, recent advances in the diagnostic utility and pathogenic role of autoantibodies in early SSc are summarized. Moreover, we propose a clinical care pathway illustrating how autoantibody testing along with key clinical features can be used to make an earlier diagnosis of SSc.

Recent findings

Recent evidence has helped to develop a clearer understanding of the natural history, early clinical features, and autoantibodies that are predictors of SSc. The role of functional autoantibodies is leading to innovative approaches to evidence-based interventions and therapies that are based on mechanisms of disease.

Despite substantial advances, the high morbidity and mortality that currently characterizes SSc can largely be attributed to a delay in diagnosis, gaps in our understanding of the role of autoantibodies in early disease, and limited effective therapeutic options. An early and accurate diagnosis of SSc and use of autoantibody testing embedded in evidence-based clinical care pathways will help improve SSc-associated clinical outcomes and healthcare expenditures.
An Evaluation of the OTA-OFC System in Clinical Practice: A Multi-Center Study With 90 Days Outcomes
Authors: Johnson Joey P. , Karam Matthew , Schisel Jessica , Agel Julie
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the predictive ability of the Orthopedic Trauma-Open Fracture Classification (OTA-OFC) system in regards to short-term (90 days) outcomes of amputation, infection necessitating intravenous antibiotics, and wound healing in clinical practice across multiple centers.

Design:

Prospective observational study.

Setting:

Academic and private practice.

Patients/Participants:

Patients with open fractures.

Intervention:

None.

Main Outcome Measurements:

OTA-OFC, amputations, IV antibiotics, and wound healing.

Results:

Three hundred seventy-three patients with a total of 419 open fractures were enrolled. Logistic regression to predict amputation demonstrated that arterial and skin injury were statistically significant contributors to the prediction of amputation. Bone loss and muscle injury were significant contributors to the prediction of readmission for IV antibiotics. None of the variables in the OTA-OFC were significant predictors of unhealed wounds.

Conclusion:

Our study demonstrates the predictive value of the OTA-OFC regarding the short-term (90 days) outcomes of amputation and infection necessitating IV antibiotics and is another step towards the validation of the OTA-OFC in widespread clinical practice.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Malunion of medial condyle fracture of the humerus: a case report
Authors: Sugiura Hirotaka , Horii Emiko , Koh Shukuki
Published: July 2016

Medial condyle fracture of the humerus is extremely rare in pediatric elbow fractures. We report a rare case of malunion of medial condyle fracture in a 10-year-old boy who had an injury on the right elbow at age 4. He was referred to our clinic because of severe varus deformity (the carrying angle was 191°, unaffected side 172°) with instability. Extra-articular closing wedge osteotomy was performed. Five years after surgery, the carrying angle was 172° and the patient had no pain and no difficulties with activities of daily living.
Melanoma risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Olsen Catherine M. , Hyrich Kimme L. , Knight Lani L. , Green Adèle C.
Published: July 2016

Clinicians are concerned that treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonists (TNFα biologics) may increase patients’ risk of melanoma compared with treatment with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (nbDMARDS). We aimed to assess the risk of melanoma in RA patients treated with TNFα biologics compared with RA patients treated with nbDMARDS. A secondary aim was to quantify the risk of melanoma in RA patients treated with TNFα biologics compared with the general population. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis searching Medline, Embase and the ISI Science Citation Index databases to January 2016. Cohort studies that enabled a quantitative assessment of the risk of melanoma in RA patients treated with TNFα biologics compared with either RA patients treated with nbDMARDS or the general population or both were included. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. From 812 articles, we identified six that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four studies reported on the risk of melanoma in RA patients treated with TNFα biologics compared with those treated with nbDMARDS, with a pooled effect estimate of 1.60 (95% confidence interval 1.16–2.19). Five reported on the risk of melanoma in RA patients treated with TNFα biologics compared with the general population, and the pooled effect estimate was 1.87 (95% confidence interval 1.53–2.30). There was no significant heterogeneity in either analysis. This systematic review and meta-analysis does not allay clinician’s fears and, while awaiting further evidence from large collaborative studies, this patient population may benefit from regular skin checks and counselling to avoid excessive sun exposure.
Secondary Surgery Versus Chemotherapy for Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Bickell Nina A. , Egorova Natalia , Prasad-Hayes Monica , Franco Rebeca , Howell Elizabeth A. , Wisnivesky Juan , Deb Partha
Published: July 2016

Objective:

The best course of treatment for recurrent ovarian cancer is uncertain. We sought to determine whether secondary cytoreductive surgery for first recurrence of ovarian cancer improves overall survival compared with other treatments.

Materials and Methods:

We assessed survival using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare data for advanced stage ovarian cancer cases diagnosed from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2007 with survival data through 2010 using multinomial propensity weighted finite mixture survival regression models to distinguish true from misclassified recurrences. Of 35,995 women ages 66 years and older with ovarian cancer, 3439 underwent optimal primary debulking surgery with 6 cycles of chemotherapy; 2038 experienced a remission.

Results:

One thousand six hundred thirty-five of 2038 (80%) women received treatment for recurrence of whom 72% were treated with chemotherapy only, 16% with surgery and chemotherapy and 12% received hospice care. Median survival of women treated with chemotherapy alone, surgery and chemotherapy, or hospice care was 4.1, 5.4, and 2.2 years, respectively (P<0.001). Of those receiving no secondary treatments, 75% were likely true nonrecurrences with median survival of 15.9 years and 25% misclassified with 2.4 years survival. Survival among women with recurrence was greater for those treated with surgery and chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio=1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.47). Women who were older with more comorbidities and high-grade cancer had worse survival.

Conclusions:

Secondary surgery with chemotherapy to treat recurrent ovarian cancer increases survival by 1.3 years compared with chemotherapy alone and pending ongoing randomized trial results, may be considered a standard of care.
Kinetics of Linezolid in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Sartori Marco , Loregian Arianna , Pagni Silvana , De Rosa Silvia , Ferrari Fiorenza , Zampieri Leopolda , Zancato Mirella , Palú Giorgio , Ronco Claudio
Published: July 2016

Background:

Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) could affect the pharmacokinetic profile of linezolid (LZD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the LZD extracorporeal clearance using an in vitro CVVH model.

Methods:

A sham miniaturized CVVH circuit (CARPEDIEM; Bellco, Mirandola, Italy) was set up with a polysulfone hemofilter (0.25 m2; cutoff 50,000 Da) for 240 minutes using normal saline solution (0.9% wt/vol NaCl) and blood (n = 6) spiked with LZD. Drug solution samples were collected during CVVH at 10, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes. LZD levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results:

Results were used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. The LZD baseline level decreased from 17.24 ± 0.54 to 9.73 ± 4.85 mg/L and from 11.75 ± 0.08 to 5.01 ± 0.67 mg/L in the first 10 minutes, and then increased to 13.2 ± 3.10 and 7.4 ± 0.71 mg/L in normal saline solution and blood, respectively. Mass balance analysis reported a rapid adsorption of LZD onto a polysulfone membrane followed by its release: a rebound phenomenon occurred.

Conclusions:

Although further studies are necessary to clarify this phenomenon, LZD level variations observed in our study should be considered to avoid antimicrobial underexposure. Several strategies are available for adjusting the dosage regimen of LZD, but therapeutic drug monitoring is highly recommended when it is used.
Student and Faculty Perceptions of iPad Integration in a Prelicensure Program
Authors: Rubenstein Cynthia D. , Schubert •Carolyn F.
Published: July 2016

This article provides an overview of strategies for integration of iPads into a prelicensure nursing program. The study evaluated the actual use of iPads in the classroom, skills and simulation laboratories, and clinical settings and examined the satisfaction of students and faculty with the iPad platform. The study findings provide guidance for a phased-in iPad implementation for prelicensure nursing programs.
Changes in Myopia Prevalence among First-Year University Students in 12 Years
Authors: Jorge Jorge , Braga Ana , Queirós António
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The aim of this study is to compare the changes in myopia prevalence among Portuguese first-year university students in 2002 and 2014 at the University of Minho.

Methods

The refractive status and axial length of first-year students at the School of Sciences, University of Minho, were measured in 2014. Refractive error was measured with subjective refraction under cycloplegia and axial length was measured by optical biometry. The data were compared with those obtained from a similar cohort of 111 students in 2002. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent of ≤−0.50D. A survey was conducted to know the routine of the participants. They were asked how many hours per week (hrs/wk) they had spent, on average in the previous year, watching TV, using the computer, studying, participating in manual hobbies, and participating in outdoor activities.

Results

In 2014, 75 students were assessed (15 male and 60 female) with a mean age (mean ± SD) of 19.8 ± 1.6 years (ranging from 18 to 24 years). The mean refractive error M (spherical equivalent) was −0.77 ± 1.79D and the axial length was 23.74 ± 1.19 mm. The prevalence of myopia was 41.3% (31 of 75). In 2002, the mean refractive error M was 0.01 ± 1.53D, the axial length was 23.40 ± 0.93 mm, and the myopia prevalence was 23.4% (26 of 111). The differences between myopia prevalence and mean refractive error are statistically significant (p < 0.05). A statistically significant increase in the number of hrs/wk spent on near activities (p < 0.05) was found.

Conclusions

In 12 years, the prevalence of myopia among first-year university students at the School of Sciences of the University of Minho rose from 23.4 to 41.3%. This increase in myopia prevalence could be related to the lifestyle changes of the studied population.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Modulation of T-Cell Regulation Correlates with Heme Oxgenase-1 Pathway Changes
Authors: Chien Ching-Ming , Chen Yung-Wei , Chen Chien-Chang , Wu Yi-Chia , Huang Shu-Hung , Lee Su-Shin , Lai Cheng-Sheng , Lin Sin-Daw , Wang Ching-Jen , Kuo Yur-Ren
Published: July 2016

Background:

The authors’ previous proteome study revealed that haptoglobin was involved in adipose-derived stem cell modulation of allotransplant survival and T-cell regulation to induce immune tolerance. This study investigated whether adipose-derived stem cells could modulate T-cell regulation through haptoglobin and the downstream heme oxgenase-1 pathway in vitro.

Methods:

Splenocytes were isolated from Lewis rat spleens and then CD3+ T cells were purified using anti-CD3+ beads. Adipose-derived stem cells were harvested from Lewis rats and co-cultured with the T cells. After Transwell co-culture at different periods, the authors analyzed cell proliferation with a bromodeoxyuridine assay. Cell extractions and culture supernatants were collected for further analysis. Heme oxgenase-1 and related protein expression levels from the adipose-derived stem cells and T cells were detected using Western blotting. The related cytokine expression levels were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Flow cytometry was used to detect the regulatory T-cell proportion.

Results:

The adipose-derived stem cells significantly suppressed T-cell proliferation. The regulatory T-cell percentages were significantly increased in the adipose-derived stem cells that were co-cultured with T cells compared with T cells alone without adipose-derived stem cell co-culture. Heme oxgenase-1 expression in concanavalin A–stimulated T cells that were co-cultured with adipose-derived stem cells revealed a significant increase compared with concanavalin A–stimulated T cells alone. Cytokine assays of the culture supernatants revealed that transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10 were significantly increased and interferon-γ was statistically decreased in the adipose-derived stem cell–co-cultured T-cell group compared with other groups; however, blockade with a heme oxgenase-1 inhibitor (zinc protoporphyrin IX) protected against these changes.

Conclusion:

Adipose-derived stem cells modulate T-cell proliferation and enhance regulatory T-cell expression, and this correlated with heme oxgenase-1 expression and related cytokine pathway changes.
Impact of Fronto-Orbital Advancement on Frontal Sinus Volume, Morphology, and Disease in Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis
Authors: Xu Wen , Li Jing , Gerety Patrick A. , Taylor Jesse A. , Bartlett Scott P.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Fronto-orbital advancement for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis has been thought to injure frontal sinus buds, lead to chronic sinus disease, and influence final forehead shape. This study investigates the effect of fronto-orbital advancement in infancy on subsequent frontal sinus volume, morphology, and disease.

Methods:

The authors conducted a retrospective review of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients treated with fronto-orbital advancement in infancy with a head computed tomographic scan obtained at age 7 to 18 years. Facial trauma patients served as age-matched controls. Frontal sinus characteristics were determined using three-dimensional reconstructions.

Results:

The study included 33 nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients who underwent fronto-orbital advancement (n = 20 unicoronal; n = 13 metopic) and 20 control patients. The incidence of at least unilateral pneumatization was 94 percent for fronto-orbital advancement subjects and 95 percent for control subjects. Mean frontal sinus volumes for unicoronal synostosis, metopic synostosis, and control groups were 3427 ± 2294, 4576 ± 3510, and 4157 ± 3963 mm3, respectively (p = 0.598). Asymmetry scores were as follows: unicoronal synostosis, 56 ± 35 percent; metopic synostosis, 36 ± 33 percent; and control, 23 ± 24 percent (p = 0.010). Unicoronal subjects displayed prominent asymmetry, with increased pneumatization on the unaffected side. Frontal sinus volume correlated with age at computed tomography but not with age at fronto-orbital advancement. Interrater reliability was 0.997. One fronto-orbital advancement subject and zero control subjects demonstrated computed tomographic evidence of frontal sinus disease.

Conclusions:

Frontal sinus volume, morphology, and disease do not differ significantly between control subjects and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis subjects following fronto-orbital advancement, but subtle differences such as increased asymmetry in the unicoronal synostosis group can be appreciated. Further research with syndromic craniosynostosis patients undergoing multiple procedures may help elucidate the association between surgical disruption and frontal sinus development.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, III.
Remote Ischemic Conditioning Improves Blood Flow and Oxygen Saturation in Pedicled and Free Surgical Flaps
Authors: Kolbenschlag Jonas , Sogorski Alexander , Kapalschinski Nicolai , Harati Kamran , Lehnhardt Marcus , Daigeler Adrien , Hirsch Tobias , Goertz Ole
Published: July 2016

Background:

Surgical flaps have become safe and reliable reconstructive tools, but total flap loss rates as high as 25 percent and partial flap loss rates as high as 36 percent have been reported due to insufficient perfusion. Therefore, a reliable, noninvasive, and effective way to improve the microcirculation of surgical flaps is desirable. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of remote ischemic conditioning on the microcirculation of pedicled and free surgical flaps.

Methods:

Thirty patients undergoing free (n = 20) and pedicled (n = 10) tissue transfer were included in this study. Remote ischemic conditioning was applied on the upper extremity for three cycles on postoperative days 1, 5, and 12. Blood flow, tissue oxygen saturation, and relative hemoglobin content were measured by means of a combination of laser Doppler and spectroscopy (O2C device) in the flap and the surrounding tissue. The relative increase compared with baseline measurements was assessed.

Results:

Blood flow increased significantly in controls on all 3 postoperative days (p < 0.05 for all). In free flaps, tissue oxygen saturation improved significantly on postoperative days 1 and 12 and blood flow improved significantly on postoperative days 5 and 12 (p < 0.05). In pedicled flaps, blood flow and tissue oxygen saturation increased on postoperative day12, but not significantly.

Conclusions:

Remote ischemic conditioning is a safe, inexpensive, fast, and reliable method to improve the microcirculation of surgical flaps. Further research is warranted to see whether such an improvement translates into improved flap survival, but it is likely.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Reinterpretation of Electrodiagnostic Studies and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans in Patients with Nontraumatic “Isolated” Anterior Interosseous Nerve Palsy
Authors: Maldonado Andrés A. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Mauermann Michelle L. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Different hypotheses have been proposed for the pathophysiology of anterior interosseous nerve palsy: compression, fascicular constriction, or nerve inflammation (Parsonage-Turner syndrome). The authors hypothesized that critical reinterpretation of electrodiagnostic studies and magnetic resonance imaging scans of patients with a diagnosis of anterior interosseous nerve palsy could provide insight into the pathophysiology and treatment.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed of all patients with a diagnosis of nontraumatic anterior interosseous nerve palsy and an upper extremity magnetic resonance imaging scan. The original electrodiagnostic study and magnetic resonance imaging scan reports were reinterpreted by a neuromuscular neurologist and musculoskeletal radiologist, respectively, both blinded to the authors’ hypothesis.

Results:

Sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria as having “isolated” anterior interosseous nerve palsy. Physical examination revealed weakness in muscles not innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve in five cases (31 percent), and electrodiagnostic studies showed abnormalities not related to the anterior interosseous nerve in nine of 15 cases (60 percent). In all cases, reinterpretation of the magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated atrophy in at least one muscle not innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve and did not reveal any evidence of compression of the anterior interosseous nerve.

Conclusions:

All patients in the authors’ series with presumed isolated anterior interosseous nerve palsy had magnetic resonance imaging evidence of a more diffuse muscle involvement pattern, without any radiologic signs of nerve compression of the anterior interosseous nerve branch itself. These data strongly support an inflammatory pathophysiology.
Vascular Perfusion of the Facial Skin: Implications in Allotransplantation of Facial Aesthetic Subunits
Authors: Rodríguez-Lorenzo Andrés , Audolfsson Thorir , Wong Corrine , Saiepour Daniel , Nowinski Daniel , Rozen Shai
Published: July 2016

Background:

As the field of face transplantation develops, it may be possible to transplant segments of facial skin to replace facial aesthetic subunits in selected cases. The aim of this study was to identify the more reliable vascular pedicles of each facial aesthetic subunit for its use in transplantation

Methods:

Six full facial soft-tissue flaps were harvested, and the external carotid artery was identified and cannulated proximal to the facial artery. Next, radiopaque contrast was injected through the facial artery into three of the facial flaps and through the superficial temporal artery in the other three facial flaps. After vascular injections, three-dimensional computed tomographic arteriographs of the faces were obtained, allowing analysis of the arterial anatomy and perfusion in different facial aesthetic subunits.

Results:

The chin, lower lip, upper lip, medial cheek, nose, and periorbital units were perfused in all facial flaps where the facial artery was injected and in none of those where the superficial temporal artery was injected. The lateral cheek was perfused in 100 percent of the superficial temporal artery flaps and in 67 percent of the facial artery flaps. The lateral forehead contained contrast in 100 percent of the superficial temporal artery–injected flaps and in none of the facial artery–injected flaps, and the medial foreheads contained contrast in 67 percent of the facial artery–injected flaps and in 67 percent of the superficial temporal artery–injected flaps.

Conclusion:

The majority of the facial subunits can be harvested based on the facial artery pedicle, with the exception of the lateral forehead, which is based on the superficial temporal artery.
Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Antiretroviral Therapy Prescription and Viral Suppression in the United States, 2009–2013
Authors: Beer Linda , Bradley Heather , Mattson Christine L. , Johnson Christopher H. , Hoots Brooke , Shouse Roy L. ,   for the Medical Monitoring Project
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

To examine trends in racial/ethnic disparities in antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription and viral suppression among HIV-infected persons in care, overall and among men who have sex with men (MSM), from 2009 to 2013.

Design:

The Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is a complex sample survey of HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the United States.

Methods:

We used weighted interview and medical record data collected June 2009–May 2014 to estimate the prevalence of ART prescription and viral suppression among racial/ethnic groups overall and among MSM.

Results:

We found significant increases in ART prescription and viral suppression among all racial/ethnic groups from 2009 to 2013, both overall and among MSM. By 2013, overall and among MSM, the Hispanic–white disparity in ART prescription was nonexistent, and the black–white disparity was not significant after accounting for differences between blacks and whites in age and length of HIV diagnosis. Despite reductions in racial/ethnic disparities in viral suppression over the time period, significant disparities remained among the total population, even after adjusting for differences in racial/ethnic group characteristics. Encouragingly, however, there was no significant Hispanic–white disparity in viral suppression among MSM by 2013.

Conclusions:

Despite significant improvements in ART prescription and viral suppression in recent years, racial and ethnic disparities persist, particularly for black persons. If the United States is to achieve the National HIV/AIDS Strategy goal of reducing HIV-related health disparities, continued efforts to accelerate the rate of improvement in ART prescription and viral suppression among Hispanic and black persons may need to be prioritized.
New aspects of myofibrillar myopathies
Authors: Kley Rudolf A. , Olivé Montse , Schröder Rolf
Published: July 2016

Purpose of review

Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are hereditary muscle disorders characterized by distinct histopathological features. This review provides an overview of recent research with respect to new disease genes, clinical phenotypes, insights into pathomechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

Recent findings

Beyond the known disease genes DES, FLNC, MYOT, CRYAB, ZASP, BAG3, FHL1 and TTN, mutations in PLEC, ACTA1, HSPB8 and DNAJB6 have also been associated with a MFM phenotype. Proteomic analysis revealed new information about the composition of protein aggregates in myotilinopathy and identified a new diagnostic marker. New animal models mirror central aspects of MFM pathology and novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of MFM were evaluated in cell and animal models.

MFMs are an expanding and numerically significant group of protein aggregate diseases with marked clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Though no specific therapy is currently available, the generation of patient-mimicking cell and animal models now paves the way for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies.
Primate ventromedial prefrontal cortex neurons continuously encode the willingness to engage in reward directed behavior
Authors: San Galli Aurore , Varazzani Chiara , Abitbol Raphaelle , Pessiglione Mathias , Bouret Sebastien
Published: July 2016

To survive in their complex environment, primates must integrate information over time and adjust their actions beyond immediate events. The underlying neurobiological processes, however, remain unclear. Here, we assessed the contribution of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), a brain region important for value-based decision making. We recorded single VMPFC neurons in monkeys performing a task where obtaining fluid rewards required squeezing a grip. The willingness to perform the action was modulated not only by visual information about Effort and Reward levels, but also by contextual factors such as Trial Number (i.e fatigue and/or satiety) or behavior in recent trials. A greater fraction of VMPFC neurons encoded contextual information, compared to visual stimuli. Moreover, the dynamics of VMPFC firing was more closely related to slow changes in motivational states driven by these contextual factors rather than rapid responses to individual task events. Thus, the firing of VMPFC neurons continuously integrated contextual information and reliably predicted the monkey’s willingness to perform the task. This function might be critical when animals forage in a complex environment and need to integrate information over time. Its relation with motivational states also resonates with the VMPFC implication in the default mode or in mood disorders.
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis inXenopusextract
Authors: McDowell Gary S. , Philpott Anna
Published: July 2016

The small protein modifier, ubiquitin, can be covalently attached to proteins in the process of ubiquitylation, resulting in a variety of functional outcomes. In particular, the most commonly-associated and well-studied fate for proteins modified with ubiquitin is their ultimate destruction: degradation by the 26S proteasome via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, or digestion in lysosomes by proteolytic enzymes. From the earliest days of ubiquitylation research, a reliable and versatile “cell-in-a-test-tube” system has been employed in the form of cytoplasmic extracts from the eggs and embryos of the frogXenopus laevis. Biochemical studies of ubiquitin and protein degradation using this system have led to significant advances particularly in the study of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, while the versatility ofXenopusas a developmental model has allowed investigation of thein vivoconsequences of ubiquitylation. Here we describe the use and history ofXenopusextract in the study of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, and highlight the versatility of this system that has been exploited to uncover mechanisms and consequences of ubiquitylation and proteolysis.
DRR technology sharing and transfer through web-based platforms
Authors: Kim Yongkyun , Sohn Hong-Gyoo , Lee Youngjai , Chung Jong-Moon
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– Disaster risk reduction (DRR) technology sharing has emerged as an important global issue across national boundaries. As a result, the DRR technology-sharing environment needs strengthening based on the findings of difficulties in sharing, investment, and commitment. The purpose of this paper is to three fold: first, it will clarify that a web-based platform is the best conduit for linking DRR technology from the supplier to the beneficiary developing countries. Second, it will find the most evolutionary path based on Korean case studies. Finally, it will make recommendations for the efficient implementation of a web-based platform for DRR technology sharing.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper posits that DRR technology sharing is a necessary part of enhancing resilience to disasters in the Asia-Pacific region. The evolution of web-based approaches (a merchandise display-type platform, a journal-type platform, an electronic market-type platform, and an architecture and governance-type platform) and an actual case of space technology sharing providing support for an evolution toward community-based technology sharing in DRR. The research will find the most efficient way going forward based on the case study of a four-year R & D project sponsored by the South Korean Government. It will also find the success factors for the way to establish and operate the platform efficiently and effectively through case studies of the four types of web-based platforms.

Findings

– Sharing of DRR technology through a web-based platform among Asia-Pacific countries is necessary in order to equip all parties with essential technology to mitigate intensifying disasters, to overcome the barriers of technology sharing, to breakdown transfer issues due to language barriers, and to strengthen insufficient DRR budgets. Among the four types of web-based platforms, the architecture and governance-type platform proved to be the most effective and efficient. In addition, four principles for an efficient implementation are identified through case studies, analysis, and research.

Originality/value

– This paper reports on the reasons why it is difficult for DRR technology sharing in the Asia and Pacific regions and suggests a web-based DRR technology-sharing platform as a solution for the region. Moreover, it substantiates that the architecture and governance platform type as the most efficient and effective evolution with four principles: develop based on end-user’s needs; take a problem-solving approach; contain interactive communication tools; and provide business opportunity.
Integrating animal disease epidemics into disaster risk management
Authors: Shreve Cheney , Davis Belinda , Fordham Maureen
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– Holistic approaches to public health such as “One Health” emphasize the interconnectedness between people, animals, ecosystems, and epidemic risk, and many advocate for this philosophy to be adopted within disaster risk management (DRM). Historically, animal and human diseases have been managed separately from each other, and apart from other hazards considered for DRM. Shifts in DRM, however, may complement a One Health approach. The taxonomy of hazards considered under DRM has expanded to include medical and social crises such as epizootics and terrorism. However, there is a gap in understanding how epidemic risk is integrated into DRM at the community-level. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– TACTIC adopts a participatory case study approach examining preparedness for multiple hazard types (floods, epidemics, earthquakes, and terrorism) at the community-level. This paper reports on findings from the epidemic case study which took as its focus the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the UK because of the diverse human, social, and environmental impacts of this “animal” disease.

Findings

– Epizootic preparedness tends to focus on biosecurity and phytosanitary measures, and is geared towards agriculture and farming. Greater engagement with public health and behavioural sciences to manage public health impacts of animal disease epidemics, and activities for citizen engagement to improve preparedness are discussed. The impermeability of boundaries (hazard, institutional, disciplinary, etc.) is a key constraint to integrating One Health into DRM.

Originality/value

– This work helps to situate the One Health discussion within the community-level DRM context.
Consumer-brand relationships in sports products and repurchase intention
Authors: Chiu Weisheng , Won Doyeon
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the key determinants of brand commitment in sports products based on the investment model and seeks to predict consumers’ repurchase intention.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data from a survey questionnaire (n = 247) were analysed primarily using structural equation modelling techniques.

Findings

– The results support the investment model’s hypothesis that brand commitment is weakened by the quality of alternative options but strengthened by consumers’ satisfaction with and investment in the brand. Moreover, brand commitment had a positive influence on consumers’ repurchase intention.

Originality/value

– Using the investment model of commitment processes, the study provides useful information on consumer-brand relationships and repurchase intention.
A comparative analysis of cultural value orientations for understanding sport fan motivations
Authors: Han Dongyoo , Mahony Daniel F. , Greenwell T. Christopher
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between cultural value orientations and sport fan motivations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were collected from American and Korean college students. Three separate multivariate analysis of covariance revealed sport fan motivations differ across nationality and cultural value orientation.

Findings

– The current study provided empirical support for the assumption that individualism-collectivism influences sport fan motivations and geographically different sport consumers. Also, the outcomes were consistent with the previous literature which found sport fan motivations differ across nationality (the USA and South Korea).

Originality/value

– In combination with prior research, the findings of this study offer suggestions for how marketers could differentiate their marketing strategies for culturally diverse sport consumers.
Online brand community: through the eyes of Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Kelley James B , Alden Dana L
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper to use Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to explain the online brand community (OBC) identity internalization process through brand website interactivity. Secondary purpose of the research is to explore the role of several individual difference factors and brand-specific constructs in predicting brand website interactivity.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study proposes the OBC motivation development continuum of brand website interactivity. Thus, a national panel was collected by a reputable online survey firm and a structural equation model was used to test the proposed model.

Findings

– The authors examined four brand-related antecedents and mediators (brand engagement in self-concept, susceptibility of normative influence, opinion leadership, and consumer innovativeness) and found evidence of the differing roles that brand engagement in self-concept and purposive motives play as mediators to brand website interactivity.

Practical implications

– Marketing managers can use the proposed model as a useful tool for understanding ways to target and motivate segment specific consumers in ways that will increase the effectiveness of managers’ OBC building strategies.

Originality/value

– This study utilized SDT to explain the internalization process of brand website interactivity. Further, several individual difference factors were explored as antecedents and mediators of brand website interactivity.
Understanding relationship benefits from harmonious brand community on social media
Authors: Zhang Mingli , Luo Nuan
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– Brand communities have been labeled as a social aggregation of brand fans and businesses. Yet, limited research has examined customers’ perceived relationship benefits in brand community on social media. Drawing from social capital theory and relationship benefits research, the purpose of this paper is to discover how online harmonious brand community influence customers’ perceived relationship benefits (i.e. confidence, special treatment, social and honor).

Design/methodology/approach

– Hypotheses are tested by applying a structural equation modeling and the data are collected from a survey of smartphone community members (n=543) based on Sina Weibo.

Findings

– The results suggest that harmonious brand communities strengthen customers’ perceived relationship benefits on social media, which are the important factors to form community satisfaction and positive word-of-mouth of community. And community engagement amplifies the influence of harmonious brand communities and has a moderating effect on the role of harmonious community relationships in confidence benefits.

Originality/value

– The present study extends prior research on relationship benefits from the perspective of brand community based on social media and reveals the role of harmonious community relationships in developing community satisfaction and positive word-of-mouth.
Do taxable REIT subsidiary spell risk for REITs? An empirical examination
Authors: Cardona Juan C.
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to employ a unique data sample to study the relationship between risk and the use of taxable real estate investment trusts (REITs) subsidiary (TRS).

Design/methodology/approach

– Total volatility is decomposed into systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk in order to examine whether cross-sectional variations in REITs’ risk are related to use of TRS. The relation between REITs risk and REITs liquidity is also explored in this paper by using three liquidity measures: percentage spread, dollar volume and price impact. GMM regressions are used to explore diversification and risk-adjusted returns.

Findings

– The evidence, using GMM regressions, suggests that: REITs increased in firm risk during the years 2002-2011; REITs with TRS are more liquid than REITs with non-TRS; TRS-REITs’ prices becomes more volatile than the broader market after year 2007 – S & P500 index is used as benchmark; and TRS-REITs’ portfolios requires a larger number of securities to obtain similar levels of diversification as non-TRS portfolio.

Practical implications

– TRS-REITs’ portfolio is riskier (systematic risk) than non-TRS-REITs, its assets are the more demanded (liquid) among investor, meaning that when necessary those assets can be easier converted to cash without affecting to much its prices. When S & P500 is used as benchmark the TRS-REITs’ portfolio requires a larger number of securities to obtain similar levels of diversification as non-TRS portfolio.

Originality/value

– This paper employs a unique data sample to study the relationship between risk and the use of TRS in the USA. Although the relationship between risk and returns has been largely studied in the finance field, still there is a gap in REIT literature about the relation between REIT return volatility and the use of TRS’s.
Evaluation of Australian industry superannuation fund performance; asset allocation to property
Authors: Reddy Wejendra
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– Property is a key investment asset class that offers considerable benefits in a mixed-asset portfolio. Previous studies have concluded that property allocation should be within the 10-30 per cent range. However, there seems to be wide variation in theory and practice. Historical Australian superannuation data shows that the level of allocation to property asset class in institutional portfolios has remained constant in recent decades, restricted at 10 per cent or lower. This is seen by many in the property profession as a subjective measure and needs further investigation. The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of the AU$431 billion industry superannuation funds’ strategic balanced portfolio against ten different passive and active investment strategies.

Design/methodology/approach

– The analysis used 20 years (1995-2015) of quarterly data covering seven benchmark asset classes, namely: Australian equities, international equities, Australian fixed income, international fixed income, property, cash and alternatives. The 11 different asset allocation models are constructed within the modern portfolio theory framework utilising Australian ten-year bonds as the risk free rate. The Sharpe ratio is used as the key risk-adjusted return performance measure.

Findings

– The ten different asset allocation models perform as well as the industry fund strategic approach. The empirical results show that there is scope to increase the property allocation level from its current 10-23 per cent. Upon excluding unconstrained strategies, the recommended allocation to property for industry funds is 19 per cent (12 per cent direct and 7 per cent listed). This high allocation is backed by improved risk-adjusted return performance.

Research limitations/implications

– The constrained optimal, tactical and dynamic models are limited to asset weight, no short selling and turnover parameters. Other institutional constraints that can be added to the portfolio optimisation problem include transaction costs, taxation, liquidity and tracking error constraints.

Practical implications

– The 11 different asset allocation models developed to evaluate the property allocation component in industry superannuation funds portfolio will attract fund managers to explore alternative strategies (passive and active) where risk-adjusted returns can be improved, compared to the common strategic approach with increased allocation to property assets.

Originality/value

– The research presents a unique perspective of investigating the optimal allocation to property assets within the context of active investment strategies, such as tactical and dynamic models, whereas previous studies have focused mainly on passive investment strategies. The investigation of these models effectively contributes to the transfer of broader finance and investment market theories and practice to the property discipline.
Pre-event marketing and territorial governance: the case of Monza and Brianza province
Authors: Gavinelli Laura , Morra Maria Cristina , Di Gregorio Angelo
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether and how a mega event can be an opportunity for a territory to be developed as a marketing product. The topic is analysed in the pre-event phase, from the point of view of marketing mix and governance.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative method was adopted with a case study on Monza and Brianza province (northern Italy) which is strongly involved in EXPO2015 initiatives. The triangulation among multiple sources such as documents, interviews and observation, allow for deeper data collection.

Findings

A mega event can enhance development and repositioning also of minor territories. There are, however, two main conditions for benefiting from such an opportunity: to plan the marketing mix, taking into account people and partnerships, and to ensure a vision on territory through coordination with a legacy perspective.

Research limitations/implications

This study is not representative or generalizable. However, it gives insights into the mechanism of coordination and collaboration between different stakeholders and on how to plan the Monza and Brianza marketing mixes.

Practical implications

The research has implications for governance mechanisms and for marketing politics both for public and private decision-makers, especially in the pre-mega event phase, but also with some inputs into legacy phase.

Originality/value

The research is original for three reasons: the context concerns Monza and Brianza province, and so can help understand how mega events can help a minor territory reposition itself; the research looks at the managerial implications of place marketing in this pre-event phase; and in Italy, provinces are being reorganized or abolished: this case study looks at a province and its future.