bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on Neotropical Zoraptera, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: NEW T. R.
Published: January 2008

Characters used un specific identification of Zoraptera are briefly discussed. A list of Neotropical species is given, and the difficulties of associating sexes of some species outlined. Two new species are described and figured (Zorotypus weidneri sp.n., ♂, ♀, Brazil; Z.hamiltoni sp.n., ♂, ♀, Colombia) and additional records and information given on Z.shannoni Gurney (♂, Brazil) and Z.huxleyi Bolivar y Pieltain & Coronado G (♂, ♀, recorded from Brazil for the first time).
The New World species of the water‐beetle genus Notomicrus (Noteridae)*
Authors: YOUNG FRANK N.
Published: January 2008

Eight species of Notomicrus Sharp are recognized and described or partially redescribed with figures of dorsal outlines and external male genitalia: brevicomis Sharp, gracilipes Sharp, huttoni sp.n., malkini sp.n., nanulus (LeConte), reticulatus Zimmermann, sharpi Balfour‐Browne, traili Sharp. A key for identification is given, but the main reliance for recognition of the species is on the external male genitalia. New distribution records are given for all species.
Relationships and higher classification of some Tenebrionidae and Zopheridae (Coleoptera)
Authors: DOYEN J. T. , LAWRENCE J. F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Changes in the higher classification of Zopheridae and Tenebrionidae are specified, mostly within the context of Watt's (1974b) revised subfamily classification of Tenebrionidae. New or revised diagnoses are provided for adults and/or larvae of several higher taxa, and larval descriptions of several tribes are provided for the first time.

The family Zopheridae is classified as three subfamilies, Ulodinae, Usechinae and Zopherinae. Usechini is transferred from Tenebrionidae into Zopheridae.Trachyderas costulatumis transferred from Tenebrionidae into Ulodini, as the only New World member of that tribe. Larvae ofDipsaconia, Brouniphylax Syrphetodes, Usechus, NosodermaandZopherusare characterized for the first time.NoserodesCasey,SesapisCasey, andVerodesCasey are placed as junior synonyms ofNosodermaSolier. Keys are provided for genera of adults and known larvae of New World zopherids. The new speciesUsechimorpha montanusDoyen is described.

Two broad evolutionary lineages are recognized within the Tenebrionidae, based on structure of the mouthparts and male genitalia and on the occurrence of abdominal defensive glands. Members of the tentyrioid lineage include those species which lack glands. This group corresponds to the Pimeliinae of Watt, which should be suppressed in favour of Tentyriinae. Within the tentyrioid group revised diagnoses and generic changes are specified for the tribes Anepsiini, Stenosini and Elenophorini. Batuliini is placed in synonymy under Anepsiini, and Vacronini Casey is recognized in a new sense.BatuliodesCasey is placed in synonymy underBatuliusLeConte, andVacronusCasey is placed as a junior synonym ofAlaephusHorn. The larva ofAlaephus pallidusHorn is described.

The tenebrionoid lineage includes those species which possess abdominal defensive glands. Major changes are specified for three subfamilies. Subfamily Phrenapatinae: three tribes, Phrenapatini, Penetini and Archeoglenini are recognized and diagnosed; the larva ofPhrenapatesis described, andArcheoglenes australisLawrence,AoccidentalisLawrence,A.peckiLawrence andA.solo‐monensisLawrence are described as a new species, extending the known distribution of the Archeoglenini to the New World. Subfamily Hypophloeinae: two tribes, Hypophloeini and Gnathidiini, are recognized and adults and larvae are diagnosed; the generaAnopidium, Cryptozoon, Paralyrius, Paranopidium, Pey‐rierasia, PseudanopodiumandTyrtaeusare transferred from Colydiidae to Tenebrionidae. Subfamily Tenebrioninae: the tribe Amphidorini is dissolved, and its members are transferred to the Eleodini, Helopini andincertae sedis; Tricho‐derulus longipilosaBlaisdell becomes a junior homonym ofEleodes longipilosaHorn. We proposeEleodes blaisdelliDoyen as a replacement name. The taxo‐nomic position of the tribes Cnemeplatiini, Typhlusechini, Falsomycterini, Apocryphini and Myrmechixenini and of the generaAdelonia, RhypasmaandExeniotisare discussed, without specifying exact relationships.
Slime mold beetles of the genus Anisotoma (Leiodidae): classification and evolution
Authors: WHEELER QUENTIN D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Leiodid beetles of the genusAnisotomaare redefined and reclassified, based on a cladistic analysis of the world fauna, and evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses are discussed.Agathidiumis the probable sister group ofAnisotoma. Anisotomaconsists of six monophyletic species groups, involving thirty‐five known species, including thirteen new species:bifoveata, maculata, latustriata, sinuosa, campbelli, exigua, tenuiucida, hidalgoensis, montana, colima, autlanensis, scopulaandreticulonota.Speciation may occur at a rapid rate inAnisotoma, between 10 000 and 1 000 000 years.Anisotomaarose in North America, from a hypothetical Holarctic common ancestor ofAnisotomaandAgathidium, and spread into Palearctic and Central American regions. Taxonomic history, natural history, and methods are briefly discussed, and the following given where appropriate: synonymies, diagnoses, descriptions, natural histories, distributions, remarks, materials examined, maps, keys to species and species groups, illustrations, and habitus drawings. Lectotypes are designated for Horn, LeConte, Melsheimer and Portevin species as needed.A. obsoleta(Horn) is renamedA. homidue to preoccupation. The Japanese genusEucyrtaPortevin is reduced to a synonym ofAnisotoma.
Variation in some British material of the Onychiurus armatus group (Collembola)
Authors: PITKIN BRIAN R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Principal component and canonical variate analyses were used to investigate the variation in twenty characters in 298 females and 207 males of the Onychiums amatus group from twenty‐five samples collected at fourteen sites in England and Wales. These demonstrate the presence of four morphologically distinct groups which are recognized as species. The species represent aimatus (Tullberg) (=daviesi Bagnall, synn.; waterstoni Bagnall), humatus Gisin, aurantiacus (Ridley) (=magnicomis Bagnall, synn.; flavidulus Bagnall; latus Gisin) and quadriocellatus Gisin. A key is provided for their recognition, although it is suggested that humatus may be an infra‐specific form of armatus and quadriocellatus may be an infra‐specific form of aurantiacus.
Indian calcid wasps (Hymenoptera) of the genus Dirhinus Parasitic on synanthropic and other Diptera
Authors: BOUĈEK Z. , NARENDRAN T.C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The species of Dirhinini from the Indian Subcontinent are revised and a key given to the ten recognized species. These are classified in one genus, Dirhinus Dalman, with two subgenera. Four new species, claviger, deplanatus, pilifer and altispina, are described and seventeen new synonyms (sixteen specific, one generic) proposed. All pertinent biological data are critically reviewed, all host records being from Diptera, especially synanthropic muscoid flies, noxious fruitflies and tachinids. Observations are made on geographic distributions, two species being found to extend from Africa to the Hawaiian Islands.
The phylogenetic relationships and natural classificition of the Vespoidea (Hymenptera)
Authors: CARPENTER JAMES M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies and tribes of the Vespoidea (= Diploptera) are investigated using cladistic methods. A natural classification is proposed, sequencing seven tribes in six subfamilies within the single family Vespidae.Euparagiais the sister‐group of the rest of the Vespidae. The Gayellinae and Masarinae are sister‐groups, and are reduced in rank to tribes within the subfamily Masarinae. This is the sister‐group of the Eumeninae + Stenogastrinae + Polistinae + Vespinae. The Zethinae is a paraphyletic group; both it and the Raphiglossinae are deleted and included in the Eumeninae. The Stenogastrinae is regarded as the sister‐group of the Vespinae + Polistinae.
Homoplasy and the delineation of holophyletic genera in some insect groups
Authors: GAULD IAN D. , MOUND LAURENCE A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Some groups of insects, such as certain Ichneumonidae and fungus‐feeding Phlaeothripidae, appear to have undergone frequent reversal or parallelism (homoplasy) of characters during evolution so that extant species present almost every imaginable permutation and combination of characters. Recognition of holophyletic genera in such groups is difficult. Large monothetically defined genera are often not holophyletic, whilst small genera need to be defined by a large and invariable character‐suite. Any classification produced by adopting small genera will not possess one of the valuable attributes of the classical Linnaean system, its predictive ability; a large proportion of new species will require new genera. For groups exhibiting a high degree of homoplasy it is suggested that a polythetic classification be erected. Polythetic genera can be holophyletic groups and are not merely phenetic assemblages. The probability of correctly assigning a species (either a new one or when making an identification) is shown to be higher for a polythetic classification. A simple key device, the polyclave, is given to enable practical separation of two polythetic taxa. It is suggested that homoplasy, and its associated problems in classification, may be associated with a particular type of biology in which population size is not limited by direct competition.
Separation of two species standing as Helophorus aquaticus (L.) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) by banded chromosome analysis
Authors: ANGUS R. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Methods are described for making chromosome preparations from developing embryos of Helophorus, for producing C‐ and G‐banding, and for staining the nucleolus organizer with silver. These methods are used to compare the karyotypes of two species currently included in H.aquaticus (L.). It is shown that these species differ because of reciprocal translocations between some chromosomes, and that they would therefore be unable to produce fertile hybrids. Morphological differences in the male and female genitalia are described, and the range of aedeagal variation shown by each species is established by reference to chromosome preparations from testis. Reference to the relevant type specimens shows that the two species are H.aequalis Thomson and H.aquaticus (L.). The latter is not a British species. Differences in the egg cocoons and third instar larvae are described. The present distributions and Pleistocene histories of the two species are described.
A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Stigmella (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)
Authors: NEWTON PHILIP J. , WILKINSON CHRISTOPHER
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A revision of the fifty‐one species of the genus Stigmella from North America is presented. Thirty‐one species are recorded only from the U.S.A., seventeen species and one subspecies from the U.S.A. and Canada and three species and one subspecies are known only from Canada. Five species are new: Stigmella inconspicuella (U.S.A., California); S.heteromelis (California); S.sclerostylota (Arkansas); S.longisacca (California) and S.plumosetaeella (Arizona). Life histories, mine characteristics and larval habits are given where known. These are collated from field study, material examined, breeding records and the literature. A list of host plants is also provided.

A neotype is designated for Nepticula prunifoliella Clemens, previously considered to be possibly dipterous.

Although most Stigmella species have different genital morphology, some pairs of species do not. In these pairs, however, external features and characteristics of the mine often differ – some pairs also differ in distribution or season. The taxonomic implications are discussed in the individual treatments – not all the problems, however, can be resolved without further rearing studies and collection. Species‐groups have been designated on the basis of morphology. Some species are, however, structurally intermediate between species‐groups and others may resemble Ectoedemia Busck in aspects of the male genitalia while their female genitalia, external features and venation are typical of Stigmella.
Comparative morphology of the planidial larvae of Eucharitidae and Perilampidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
Authors: HERATY JOHN M. , DARLING D. CHRISTOPHER
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The eggs and first‐instar planidial larvae ofStilbula montana, Kapalasp.,Pseudometagea schwarzii, Orasemasp. (Eucharitidae),Perilampus chrysopae, Perilampus fulvicornis, Perilampus hyalinus(Perilampidae), andChrysolampus thenae(Pteromalidae: Chrysolampinae) are described. The morphological data are coordinated with the information available in the literature to develop general descriptions for the planidial larvae ofPerilampusand the Eucharitidae. Character states were polarized with reference to a ground plan chalcidoid larva and relationships were determined cladistically. Nine synapomorphies are suggested for the planidial larvae of Perilampidae and Eucharitidae, indicating a possible sister group relationship. A re‐examination of the larvae ofChrysolampus thenaeindicates that the Chrysolampinae could be the sister group of Perilampidae + Eucharitidae.
The larval head of Agathiphaga (Lepidoptera, Agathiphagidae) and the lepidopteran ground plan
Authors: KRISTENSEN NIELS P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The larval head of Agathiphaga vitiensis is described. There is a complete hypostomal bridge but no hypostomal ridges. Adfrontal ridges and distinct ecdysial lines are absent. There are two vestigial stemmata (without lenses) on each side. The antenna is one‐segmented. All ‘typical lepidopteran’ head setae have been identified. The corporotentorium is very slender; dorsal tentorial arms are present. Intrinsic labral muscles are lacking. The mandible has retained a tentorial muscle. The maxilla is without a discrete cardo and has but a single endite lobe; ‘intrinsic maxillary muscles’ and the ‘cranial flexor of the dististipes’ are lacking. The postlabium is undivided and without setae, the labial palp is one‐segmented and the lateral prelabio‐hypopharyngeal sclerotization is continued into an oral arm. Some of the ventral pharyngeal dilators arise on the tentorium; mouth‐angle retractors and dorsal post‐cerebral pharynx dilators are absent. The two brain lobes have almost parallel long axes and are united by a narrow (almost pure neuropile) bridge. The corpora cardiaca and callata are contiguous. The aorta is an open gutter in front of the retrocerebral complex.

Available evidence on the ground plan structure of the lepidopteran larval head is reviewed. The ancestral head supposedly was prognathous and was autapomorphic in having the cranio‐cardinal articulation far behind the mandible; it had a complete hypostomal bridge but neither hypostomal nor adfrontal ridges, its tentorium was probably stout and with dorsal arms. Paulus & Schmid (1978, Z. zool. Syst. EvolForsch. 16) described a lepidopteran/trichopteran synapomorphy in stemma structure. A tentative table of homologies between cranial setae in Lepidoptera and Trichoptera is presented; it differs considerably from the scheme of Williams & Wiggins (1981, Proc. 3rd Symp. Trichopt.). The mouth parts and their musculature must have been overall very primitive for a panorpid larva, but the number of maxillary palp segments was reduced (three). The ‘dististipes’sensu Hinton is considered to consist of complexly fused parts of the stipes and basal palp segments. The cephalic stomodaeum must have possessed all primitive groups of extrinsic muscles. The incomplete available information on Micropterigidae impedes reconstruction of some details of the lepidopteran ground plan.

Larval head structures support the monophyly of an entity comprising the Agathiphagidae + Heterobathmiidae + Glossata. There is one suite of derived characters shared by Heterobathmiidae and Agathiphagidae only and another shared by Heterobathmiidae and the Glossata only; one of these must represent parallelisms.
Revision of the lygaeid genera Porta and Primierus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with the description of a new genus of Ozophorini from Papua New Guinea (Hemiptera)
Authors: SLATER J. A. , ZHENG LE YI
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The lygaeid genera Porta Distant and Primierus Distant are revised and placed in the tribe Ozophorini. A key to all species is included. Phylogenetic relationships are discussed and a cladogram constructed. The following new species are described: Porta illustris (Philippines); P.longipes (Sabah), Primierus quadrispinosus (Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya), P.venustus (Sabah), and P.longirostris (Thailand). Gressittocoris intimidator is described as a new genus and species of Ozophorini from Papua New Guinea. Porta gracilis Distant is reported from Sabah, Sumatra and Thailand for the first time and records of P.gracilis from the Philippines are referred to Porta illustris sp.n. Illustrations include details of the genitalia and dorsal views of Primierus quadrispinosus, P.longirostris and Gressittocoris intimidator.
Separation of Myzus (Nectarosiphon) antirrhinii (Macchiati) from Myzus (N.) persicae (Sulzer) and related species in Europe (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: BLACKMAN R. L. , PATERSON A. J. C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Multivariate morphometric analysis (canonical variates) was used to discriminate between closely related taxa within the Myzus persicae group. It is demonstrated that dark green, anholocyclic populations with a 2n=13 or 2n=14 karyotype in Europe, hitherto treated as a form or biotype of M.persicae, all conform to a discrete morphometric grouping and should therefore be treated as a separate taxonomic entity, permanently isolated from the M.persicae gene pool. It is suggested that this taxon was first described as Siphonophora antirrhinii by Macchiati in 1883. A discriminant function is provided to separate most individual apterae of antirrhinii from those of persicae. Myzus icelandicus Blackman sp.n., on Caryophyllaceae and other plants in Iceland, is distinguished from M.polaris H.R.L. and M.certus (Walker), and a key is given to apterous virginoparae of the species of the M.persicae group in Europe.
An unusual species of spoon‐wing lacewing (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) from South Africa, with notes on its biology
Authors: PICKER M. D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An unusual species of spoon‐wing lacewing, Palmipenna aeoleoptera sp.n., is described from Namaqualand, South Africa. This small species is similar to its three congeners in general body morphology and genitalic features. Its hindwings, however, differ dramatically from known insect hindwing form. These conspicuously pigmented wings with their relatively huge surface area are hypothesized to have dual aerodynamic and semaphore functions when used by males in gliding flight during mate attraction.
The New Zealand fauna of the thrips‐hunting solitary wasp genus Spilomena Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: VARDY C. R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The New Zealand fauna of the sphecid wasp genus Spilomena is reviewed and keys to both sexes given. One previously described species, S.elegantula, is recorded and two more species, S.nozela and S.emarginata are described as new; all are recorded from New Zealand for the first time in this paper. The biology and distribution of the species is discussed.
The internal female genitalia of some Zygaenidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera): their morphology and remarks on their phylogenetie significance*
Authors: NAUMANN CLAS M.
Published: January 2008

The internal female genitalia of fifteen species of Zygaenidae (representing seven genera of Zygaeninae), one species of Heterogynidae and one species of Limacodidae have been studied in order to delimit the distribution of Petersen's glands within the Zygaenidae. The study demonstrates a considerable amount of structural variation. Petersen's glands are found to represent an autapomorphic character of the Zygaeninae, while the pseudobursa is restricted to the Zygaenini. Most likely it is an autapomorphic character of this tribe. Some other characters that were studied are discussed with special reference to their usefulness for a reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Zygaenidae.
A Cretaceous dance fly (Diptera: Empididae) from Botswana
Authors: WATERS SASKIA B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The first fossil dance fly, Empis (s.s.) orapaensis sp.nov., of the subfamily Empidinae (Diptera: Empididae) is described from Africa. It was extracted from middle Cretaceous sediments of Orapa, Botswana.

Empis orapaensis manifests a more plesiomorphous wing venational pattern then the extant species of Empis, and a list of the apomorphic and plesiomorphic characteristics is given. The specimen modifies earlier ideas on the phylogeny of the Empidoidea.

The fossil also provides us with more conclusive evidence on the environment of Cretaceous southern Africa. E.orapanenis probably had a similar life‐style to extant members of the group and therefore visited flowers.
Taxonomy of Heterotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in south‐eastern Australia: cuticular hydrocarbons of workers, and soldier and alate morphology
Authors: WATSON J. A. L. , BROWN W. V. , MILLER L. R. , CARTER F. L. , LACEY M. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Heterotermes ferox (Froggatt) auctt. is shown to be a complex of species, each characterized by the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons in the worker, by canonical variate scores calculated from eight measurements of the soldier, and by small differences in the size and shape of the alate. H.ferox is redefined and two species are described, H.brevicatena sp.n. and H.longicatena sp.n.
Speciation in the sub‐Antarctic weevil genus Dusmoecetes Jeannel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: CHOWN S. L.
Published: January 2008

Relatively few instances of sympatric speciation have been reported in the literature, and both theoretical and empirical studies of this mode of speciation remain controversial. Recently, a model of sympatric speciation less restrictive than earlier ones has been proposed. This study presents a hypothetical speciation scenario, based on current observations, which seems to be consistent with the new model. Two morphologically similar, though ecologically separated, species are identified in the Dusmoecetes similis (C. O. Waterhouse) species complex on Marion Island (46° 54′S, 37° 45′E), based on a study of the morphology, biology and ecology of the group. Differences between the demands placed on angiosperm‐ and bryophyte‐feeding members of the complex, and the differing demands of bryophyte and angiosperm‐dominated communities, coupled with low vagility and a high degree of assortative mating, suggest that a sympatric model can be used to explain speciation in this genus, which probably occurred within the last 10,000 years. Differences between Dusmoecetes marioni Jeannel and D. Similis (Waterhouse) are discussed, and a lectotype designated for the latter species.
New synonym ofDrosophila yakubaBurla, 1954 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: McEVEY S. F.
Published: January 2008

New biological and bibliographic information confirms that the widely accepted nameDrosophila yakubaBurla, 1954 and the unused nameDrosophila opisthomelainaare synonymous. The latter was coined by Nolte & Stoch in a 1950 work containing a disclaimer and is unavailable by strict application of Article 8b of theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature(3rd edn, 1985). In a previously overlooked publication, Nolte (1958) citesD.opisthomelainaas a senior synonym; the work also contains diagnostic information. Synonymy is not disputed but before 1958 the name was unavailable. ThusD. opisthomelainaNolte, 1958 is treated as a junior rather than a senior synonym ofD.yakuba.These nomenclatural corrections remove confusion concerning records of this species in southern Africa and will probably be met with general approval. The distribution in southern Africa and Madagascar ofD.yakubaand closely related species:D.melanogasterMeigen, 1830,D.simulansSturtevant, 1919 andD.teissieriTsacas, 1971, are summarized.
Revision of the dolichoderine ant genus Axinidris Hymenoptera: Formicidae
Authors: Shattuck Steven O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Afrotropical ant genus Axinidris is revised. The pre viously known species A.acholli Weber is redescribed, as are A.tridens Arnold and A.denticulatum Wheeler, species newly transferred to Axinidris. Lectotypes are also designated for these species. Ten new species bidens, ghanensis, hylekoites, kakamegensis, kinoin, murielae, nigripes, occidentalis, palligastrion and parvus are described. The queen and male of the genus are described for the first time. A key for the separation of workers is presented, and the known biology and distribution are summarized.
Evidence for lock‐and‐key mechanisms in the internal genitalia of the Apamea moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: MIKKOLA KAURI
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Fifty of the fifty‐six species of the genus Apamea known from North America and three Palaearctic species were analysed for lock‐and‐key characters in their internal genitalia, mainly in the male vesica and the female bursa copulatrix. There were an average of 4.5 such characters per species, structurally corresponding in the two sexes. Anatomically they form a postcopulatory but prezygotic isolation mechanism. In some closely related species, the internal genitalia are very similar, but these species have a precopulatory isolation mechanism in the presence or absence of male abdominal coremata. Closely related species did not have more lock‐and‐key characters than unrelated species, which is taken to indicate absence of character displacement. The anatomical distribution of the lock‐and‐key characters was examined and the organs of eight species are illustrated.

The lock‐and‐key hypothesis has been abandoned by several earlier authors but mainly on consideration of external genitalia. In Apamea the invariable functional correspondence between sexes in the sperm transferring organs, and the overall species‐specifity of characters but non‐existence of interspecific differences under a precopulatory mechanism indicate that (a) lock‐and‐keys are functioning and (b) they act as isolation mechanisms. Alternative hypotheses of genitalic evolution are reviewed.
Tympanal organs of geometrid moths: a review of their morphology, function, and systematic importance
Authors: COOK MARK A. , SCOBLE MALCOLM J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The basic components of the tympanal organs of Geometridae are described against the background of the relevant literature. The work is prefaced by a summary of the occurrence of hearing organs within adult Lepidoptera as a whole, and the systematic value of these structures is assessed. A Latin‐based nomenclature is proposed to standardize the terminology. An assessment of the morphological variation of these organs within the Geometridae was based on the study of over 230 species representing numerous examples from all the subfamilies. Morphological variation between and within the geometrid subfamilies is discussed.
The internal phylogeny of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: URBANI CESARE BARONI , BOLTON BARRY , WARD PHILIP S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The higher phylogeny of the Formicidae was analysed using 68 characters and 19 taxa: the 14 currently recognized ant subfamilies plus 5 potentially critical infrasubfamilial taxa. The results justified the recognition of 3 additional subfamilies: Aenictogitoninae Ashmead (new status), Apomyrminae Dlussky & Fedoseeva (new status), and Leptanilloidinae Bolton (new subfamily). A second analysis on these better delimited 17 subfamilies resulted in 24 equally most parsimonious trees. All trees showed a basal division of extant Formicidae into two groups, the first containing (Myrmicinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Nothomyrmeciinae, Myrmeciinae, Formicinae, Dolichoderinae, Aneuretinae) and the second the remaining subfamilies. Clades appearing within these groups included the Cerapachyinae plus ‘army ants’, the Nothomyrmeciinae plus Myrmeciinae, the ‘formicoid’ subfamilies (Aneuretinae + Dolichoderinae + Formicinae), and the Old World army ants (Aenictinae + Aenictogitoninae + Doryline), but relationships within the last two groups were not resolved, and the relative positions of the Apomyrminae, Leptanillinae and Ponerinae remained ambiguous. Moreover, a bootstrap analysis produced a consensus tree in which all branches were represented in proportions much lower than 95%. A reconstruction of the ground plan of the Formicidae indicated that the most specialized of all recent ants are the members of the subfamily Dorylinae and the least specialized ones are the monotypic Apomyrminae.
Phylogenetic analysis of Adephaga (Coleoptera) based on characters of the larval head
Authors: BEUTEL R. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Characters of the head of adephagan larvae were examined and analysed phylogenetically. A labrum which is completely fused to the clypeofrons and the presence of a closed prepharyngeal tube are autapomorphies of Adephaga. Partial reduction of the fossa maxillaris, cardo and stipes forming a functional unit, the immobilization of the lacinia, attachment of M. craniolacinialis to the lateral stipital wall, and loss of one stipitopalpal muscle, are considered autapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae. Complete reduction of the fossa maxillaris and the presence of M. craniostipitalis medialis are possible autapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae and Haliplidae. The presence of caudal tentorial arms, insertion of the galea on the mesal side of palpomere I, and absence of the lacinia are considered synapomorphies of Trachypachidae and Dytiscoidea (Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae, Dytiscidae). The presence of a slender, elongated process of the head capsule, which articulates with a corresponding socket of the cardo, is a possible autapomorphy of Dytiscoidea. The sinuate frontal sutures, distinctly protruding prementum, shortened M. craniostipitalis medialis, and absence of M. submentopraementalis are considered autapomorphies of Geadephaga excluding Trachypachidae. The presence of a regular row of hairs along the anterior hypopharyngeal margin is a possible autapomorphy of Geadephaga excluding Trachypachidae and Rhysodidae. Improvement of the hypopharyngeal filter apparatus suggests the monophyly of Anisochaeta. Presence of a penicillum and partial reduction of the lacinia are possible autapomorphies of Anisochaeta excluding Omophronini. Larvae of Cychrini, Carabini, Nebriini and Notiophilini are characterized by a strongly developed, cone‐shaped hypodon. Postocular and cervical ridges, crosswise arrangement of antennal muscles, and a completely flattened hypopharynx are considered autapomorphies of Caraboidea Limbata.
Glaresidae, archaeopteryx of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera)
Authors: SCHOLTZ C. H. , BROWNE D. J. , KUKALOVÁ‐PECK J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Evidence is presented that Glaresidae are the most primitive livinj scarabaeoid group and as such represent the sister group of the rest of the Scarabaeoidea. This is based on a review of the states of seventy‐two morphologica characters. The plesiomorphic states of many characters are unique to the Glaresidae or are shared with other primitive scarabaeoids; seven may be synapomorphic with other groups and two are autapomorphic for the family.
Phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees (Bombus Latr.): a reappraisal of morphological evidence
Authors: WILLIAMS PAUL H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Cladistic analyses of morphological characters of adult bumble bees show significantly higher congruence among characters of the male genitalia than among other characters of males and females. Phylogenetic interpretations of groups supported by the combined morphological evidence (even with minimal assumptions) include (1) that the earliest diverging species belong to the para‐phyletic subgenus Mendacibombus, together with Bombus nevadensis and B.confusus; (2) that, in contrast, species of the subgenus Bombus (sensu stricto) share a relatively recent common ancestor with B.pressus and B.rufipes; and (3) that Psithyrus (the social parasites) is a monophyletic group, and the sister‐group of B.persicus. For genus‐group nomenclature a single genus Bombus (sensu lato) is recommended, to include Psithyrus as another subgenus. Names for sections and for groups of subgenera are synonymized with subgeneric names.
Cladistic analysis of the Sepsidae (Cyclorrhapha: Diptera) based on a comparative scanning electron microscopic study of larvae
Authors: MEIER RUDOLF
Published: January 2008

The result of a phylogenetic analysis of the Sepsidae based on larval characters is presented. It is shown that cyclorrhaphan larvae can be as rich a source of characters as Nematocera immatures when investigated using an SEM. The cladistic analysis comprised fifty‐two species in sixteen genera of the Sepsidae and five outgroup species and used fifty‐seven morphological characters. It found seven parsimonious trees which only differed with respect to the arrangement of some species within the genus Themira. The basal dichotomies of the phylogenetic trees are particularly well supported, indicating the conservative nature of larval characters. Orygma is confirmed as the sister group of all the remaining sepsids, the Sepsinae. There is good larval evidence that Ortalischema is the sister group of all remaining Sepsinae and that the Toxopodinae constitute an early radiation within the Sepsidae. According to larval data, some genera are paraphyletic (Themira, Palaeosepsis), but adult characters appear to contradict these findings. Among the traditionally recognized higher taxa within the Sepsidae, Hennig's Themira species‐group and Steysbal's Sepsini have to be rejected as polyphyletic. However, Hennig's Sepsis species‐group is confirmed as monophyletic and will probably constitute one major element of a future phylogenetic system of the Sepsidae. States of the strongly modified fore‐legs of some adult sepsid males are mapped onto the phylogenetic tree, largely confirming Šulc's ideas about the evolution of these features. The origin and evolution of male sternites with brushes and a gland on the tibiae of the males (‘osmeterium’) are discussed. Whereas adult characters point to a sister‐group relationship between the Sepsidae and the Ropalomeridae, larval characters appear to indicate a sister‐group relationship between the Coelopidae and the Sepsidae. The evidence for both hypotheses is critically evaluated.
A taxonomic revision of Limacoccus Bondar with a cladistic analysis of its relationships with other scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)
Authors: FOLDI IMRÉ
Published: January 2008

The scale insect genus Limacoccus and its four palm pest species are revised and all instars with sexual dimorphism are described and illustrated. A key to Limacoccus species is provided. The unique life‐history of this genus with construction of a protective tunnel by the second‐instar female is described. A cladistic analysis of Limacoccus and eleven representative species of Diaspididae, Halimococcidae, Phoenicococcidae and Beesoniidae, was undertaken using fifty‐four traditional and new characters from first and second instars and adult females. Character polarity was determined by outgroup comparison with Margarodidae, Pseudococcidae, Eriococcidae and Asterolecaniidae as outgroups. Nine most parsimonious trees were found. Analysis of the eleven terminal taxa of the strict consensus tree using Phoenicococcidae, Halimococcidae and Diaspididae as outgroups produced one parsimonious tree. As result of this analysis, Limacoccus is believed to be a monophyletic group of characterized by seven autapomorphies and is assigned to the family Beesoniidae fam.rev. The redefined family is divided into two tribes: Beesoniini stat.nov. with genera Beesonia and Mangalorea and Limacocciini stat.nov. with the genus Limacoccus. The Beesoniidae are here regarded as a sister group of Phoenicococcidae.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF SULPHUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTTDES
Authors: Dose K. , Rajewsky B.
Published: January 2008

The action of ultraviolet light (wavelength 2537Å) on cysteine, cystine, methionine, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and reduced insulin has been studied. Special attention is focussed on the influence of pH and of oxygen tension upon all reactions. On irradiation disulphides in acid medium, reductive cleavage of S‐S bonds dominates. This reduction is not greatly influenced by oxygen. On irradiation of thiols in alkaline solution, however, the C‐S bond is reductively split if oxygen is excluded. Most of the data obtained are discussed with regard to these two very interesting reactions. On irradiation of methionine, a‐aminobutyric acid is the main product when oxygen is excluded. In the presence of oxygen the cleavage of the C‐S bondage is inhibited. The thioether is then oxidized.
EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON ANTIGENICITY OF HORSE SERUM ALBUMIN: FORMATION OF NEW DETERMINANTS
Authors: Kleczkowski A. , Gold A. H.
Published: January 2008

Structural alterations in horse serum albumin caused by ultraviolet radiation resulted in disappearance of the original determinants and in formation of new determinants. There was, however, enough similarity between the original and the new determinants for antibodies produced by the new determinants to show a weak affinity to the non‐irradiated albumin. Only weak antisera were produced by injecting rabbits with extensively irradiated albumin.
OVERLAPPING ACTION OF HOSTCELL REACTIVATION AND PHOTOREACTIVATION IN BACTERIA
Authors: Metzger K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The photoreactivation rate of U.V. irradiated phages is decreased in u.v. irradiated bacteria. In contrast, the normal photoreactivation rate is observed if the irradiated bacteria are photoreactivated before phage infection. The decrease of the photoreactivation ratc is understood as a competing effect of the u.v. lesions in the bacterial nucleic acids for the photoreactivation enzyme. This competitive inhibition can be diminished not only by photoreactivation of the bacteria before phage infection but also by hostcell reactivation of the u.v. lesions in the bacterium. The results provide strong evidence that hostcell reactivation and photoreactivation revert the same u.v. photoproducts in bacterial nucleic acids. The experiments show that the hostcell reactivation enzyme is not induced by phage infection or by irradiation, but is normally present in the bacterial cell.
KINETICS OF THE PHOTO‐INHIBITION OF STEM GROWTH IN PISUM SATIVUM AND TROPAEOLUM MAJUS
Authors: Sale P. J. M. , Vince Daphne , Prue J. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A kinetic model is proposed to account for the time/intensity response curves for the photo‐inhibition of stem elongation in Pisum and Tropaeolum. Two separate mechanism are involved; the first inhibiting effect reached a constant value in a time small compared with the time scale of the experiments, and the second was an exponential function of the daily duration of irradiation.
PHOTOLYSIS AND RADIOLYSIS OF NITROMETHANE AND NITROETHANE
Authors: Paszyc S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Prolonged photolysis of nitromethane and nitroethane in liquid and vapour phases, with simultaneous photolysis of the nitrogen dioxide formed, was studied in the absence and presence of cupric oxide. A high‐pressure quartz immersion lamp providing the full range of visible and u.v. spectrum, with a high output of radiation at 366 and 313 mμ, was employed as source of light. The products of photolysis were detected by microanalytical methods, infrared‐absorption spectrum analysis and gas chromatography. Photolysis of liquid nitro‐alkanes resulted in formation of many compounds; saturated hydrocarbons, and in the case of nitroethane, ethylene, were submitted to detailed examination. Photolysis in the vapour phase was carried out in a specially designed glass apparatus. The main products were nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes and polyaldehydes; hydrocarbons were not estimated.

Liquid nitromethane and nitroethane were also irradiated with γ‐rays from a 60Co source. The radiolysis products were similiar to those obtained on photolysis. The mechanism of photolytic decomposition of nitroalkanes is proposed and discussed.
ENERGY TRANSFER AND CYTOCHROME FUNCTION IN A NEW TYPE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIUM*
Authors: Olson John M. , Nadler Kenneth D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The excitation spectrum for bacteriochlorophyll b fluorescence at 1027 mμ in Rhodopseudomonas sp. NHTC 133 indicates that the efficiency of energy transfer from caro‐tenoid to bacteriochlorophyll b is between 27 and 28 %.

Light‐induced absorbancy changes in anaerobic whole cells indicated the oxidation of three c‐type cytochromes (C‐550. 5, C‐553, C‐558) and one b‐type cytochrome or cytochromoid C (C‐560). At low light intensities C‐553 is the main cytochrome oxidized, while at high light intensities mainly C‐558 is oxidized in addition to C‐553. The light responses of the heme proteins appear to be similar to those observed previously in purple and green photo‐synthetic bacteria. No light‐induced shifts in carotenoid absorption bands were detected.

In bacterial extracts C‐553 and C‐558 are bound to the chromatophores, while C‐550. 5 is soluble.
TRANSIENT SPECIES IN THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF EOSIN*
Authors: Kasche V. , Lindqvist L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Photochemical reactions of eosin in aqueous solution were studied using the flash photolysis technique. In deaerated solution the dye was converted quantitatively to the triplet state during flashing. The triplet dye decayed by first and second order reactions which partly regenerated the dye in the ground state and partly produced semioxidized and semireduced eosin. These radical species were formed in an electron dismutation reaction between two triplet molecules and also in a reaction between one triplet and one unexcited molecule. The radicals recombine rapidly to give the dye in the ground state.

An efficient reversible photooxidation reaction was observed in eosin solutions containing potassium ferricyanide. Semioxidized eosin was formed in high yield by reaction between the triplet dye and the oxidant. The dye was regenerated rapidly in a reverse reaction between the products of the oxidation reaction.

An analogous type of reaction was found to occur in eosin solutions containing p‐pheny‐lene diamine. This reagent reduced the triplet dye to semireduced eosin; the dye was regenerated in the ground state in a very efficient reverse reaction. The protolytic behaviour of semireduced eosin was studied by varying the pH.

Absorption spectra of the transient products were determined and rate constants for the observed reactions were measured. The results are compared with results from previous studies of fluorescein.
THE U.V. SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA: ITS RELATION TO THE DNA REPLICATION CYCLE
Authors: Hanawalt Philip C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— A striking increase in the shoulder of the u.v. survival curve but no change in the limiting slope is obtained when cultures of Escherichia coli strain TAU complete the DNA replication cycle in the absence of concommitant protein synthesis prior to irradiation. The u.v. sensitivity of protein synthesis or RNA synthesis is not altered significantly by this treatment.

In contrast to the result for strain TAU, there is no significant change in the u.v. survival curve for the u.v. sensitive E. coli Bs‐1 when its DNA replication cycle is completed under similar conditions.

Following a period of inhibited protein synthesis there is a delay in the reinitiation of the normal DNA replication cycle when protein synthesis resumes. This delay would allow time for an intracellular repair system to operate before the attempted resumption of normal replication. Strain Bs‐1, which is deficient in this repair system, would not be expected to benefit from such a delay, as consistent with the observed results. A model is presented to account for lethality due to attempted DNA replication during a period of repair synthesis. The maximum survival for a given u.v. dose would be predicted for a culture which has completed the normal DNA replication cycle prior to irradiation and which is not permitted to reinitiate the cycle until all possible repair synthesis is completed.
DEHYDRATION OF U.V. IRRADIATED URIDINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: Logan D. M. , Whitmore G. F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Ultraviolet irradiation of uridine, oligonucleotides and long chain Poly U produces a variety of photoproducts including a hydrated base arising from the addition of water to the 5,6 double bond. Both the hydration and dehydration reactions in a nucleotide are sensitive to the position of the phosphate linkage. The 5′ mononucleotide is less easily hydrated than the 3′. Conversely, the dehydration process in the nucleoside and the nucleotides is most rapid for uridine and decreases progressively in rate as a phosphate is added to the 2′, 5′ or 3′ position respectively. In the compound UpU the dehydration is a two component reaction with the two dehydration rates similar to those of 5′ and 3′ mononucleotides respectively. In higher order oligonucleotides the dehydration rate is slower than any of the rates for 5′ and 3′ monophosphates or 3′, 5′ diphosphates. The dehydration rate decreases rapidly for oligonucleotides up to chain lengths of 6 or 8 and then decreases at a diminishing rate. Long chain Poly U (7gt; 200 nucleotides) dehydrates at approximately 1/5 the rate of Up. In addition the initial alkaline treatment to dehydrate irradiated Poly U may result in chain breakage but this effect is not seen in subsequent cycles of irradiation and dehydration. The chain length effect on dehydration rate is only slightly decreased by the presence of 7M urea in the dehydration mixture. Quantitative data is presented on the effect of ternpcrature, and pH on the rate constant for dehydration of Up and its derivatives.
THE DOSE‐RESPONSE RELATION FOR THE PHOTO‐REACTIVATION OF ULTRAVIOLET INACTIVATED STATIONARY PHASE TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS
Authors: Calkins John
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Some kinetics of photoreactivation of the lethal effect of u.v. light on Tetrahymena pyriformis have been determined. The dose‐response relation appears to be first order (single‐hit). First‐order photoreactivation kinetics have been found in some other systems and are difficult to reconcile with current knowledge about other aspects of photoreactivation.
THE 518‐mμ ABSORBANCE CHANGE AND ITS RELATION TO THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROCESS
Authors: Fork David C. , Kouchkovsky Yaroslav de
Published: January 2008

Abstract— A study of the 518‐mμ light‐induced absorbance change in green cells and a comparison with photosynthetic O2 evolution were made. The effect of various chemical agents was also investigated. On the one hand, no antagonistic two‐light effect was observed on the absorbance change, and DCMU had only a partial inhibitory effect on it. On the other hand, it was possible to observe in some cases an indirect kinetic relationship between O2 evolution and 518‐mμ change. It is suggested that probably at least two substances absorb around 518‐mμ, one (XI) belonging to system I and another (XII) to system II. The existence and the function of XI are hypothetical and the identity of XII with the first photoproduct of system II is yet not well established.