bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The complex nature of autonomy
Authors: Paiva Vera Lúcia Menezes de Oliveira e , Braga Junia de Carvalho Fidelis
Published: November 2009

Drawing on Complexity Theory and on the literature of autonomy, the discussions herein presented will center around the language learner process of autonomy as a complex system. As empirical evidence to defend our assumptions, a corpus of 80 English language learning narratives, collected in Brazil, were examined and interwined with the theoretical discussion.
Comportamento de busca e uso da informação: um estudo com alunos participantes de empresas juniores
Authors: Brum Marco Antonio Carvalho , Barbos Ricardo Rodrigues
Published: November 2009

Este trabalho analisa o comportamento informacional de participantes de empresas juniores no Brasil. Foram analisadas fontes de informação em termos de sua frequência, relevância e confiabilidade. Os resultados indicaram que as fontes mais acessadas e mais relevantes são as pessoais, seja via internet ou em contatos diretos por uma simples conversa. Livros e professores foram considerados as fontes mais confiáveis. Os alunos responderam que usam as fontes de informação determinadas, principalmente para o aprendizado e para compartilhar com outras pessoas.
Influence of environmental parameters on fish assemblage of a neotropical river with a flood pulse regime, Central Brazil
Authors: Melo Tatiana Lima de , Tejerina-Garro Francisco Leonardo , Melo Cesar Enrique de
Published: November 2009

This study aims to determine which of twelve environmental parameters (five physicochemical and seven hydromorphological) influence on the fish assemblage structure of the lower Mortes River basin located in the Bananal floodplain of the Araguaia River basin, Central Brazil. Sampling was conducted in six stretches of 1000 m each during the high and low waters. Fish were captured using gill nets and environmental parameters were measured by portable equipment or determined visually. The co-inertia analysis indicated that two physicochemical (dissolved oxygen and water transparency), and four hydromorphological (channel width and depth, riparian vegetation cover and type of the riverside substrate) parameters structure the fish assemblages, both driven by the regional hydrological patterns (flood pulse). These results are explained by fish-environmental parameters relationship characteristic of the aquatic Neotropical systems.
The more stirring the better: cichlid fishes associate with foraging potamotrygonid rays
Authors: Garrone-Neto Domingos , Sazima Ivan
Published: November 2009

One hunting tactic of freshwater rays (Potamotrygonidae), termed "undulate the disc and stir substrate", is here reported to attract cichlids at two sites in the upper Paraná River. The ray species involved in such association are Potamotrygon falkneri and P. motoro, whose activity attract four cichlid species, namely Crenicichla britskii, Satanoperca pappaterra, Cichla kelberi, and Geophagus proximus, the two latter non-native species to the study area. The cichlids approach a ray when it begins to stir the substrate and form sediment clouds, and remain close to the ray during this activity only. The association is here regarded as following behavior even if very transient.
Inhibition of the aurora kinases suppresses in vitro NT2-D1 cell growth and tumorigenicity
Authors: Ulisse Salvatore , Arlot-Bonnemains Yannick , Baldini Enke , Morrone Stefania , Carocci Silvia , Di Luigi Luigi , D'Armiento Massimino
Published: November 2009

The aurora kinase family members, Aurora-A, -B, and -C (listed as AURKA, AURKB and AURKC respectively in the HUGO Database), are serine/threonine kinases involved in the regulation of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, and alterations in their expression are associated with malignant cell transformation and genomic instability. Deregulation of the expression of the aurora kinases has been shown to occur also in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) identifying them as putative anticancer therapeutic targets. We here evaluated the in vitro effects of MK-0457, an aurora kinases inhibitor, on cell proliferation, cell cycle, ploidy, apoptosis, and tumorigenicity on the TGCT-derived cell line NT2-D1. Treatment with MK-0457 inhibited cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with IC50=17.2±3.3 nM. MK-0457 did not affect the expression of the three aurora kinases, but prevented their ability to phosphorylate substrates relevant to the mitotic progression. Time-lapse experiments demonstrated that MK-0457-treated cells entered mitosis but were unable to complete it, presenting after short time the typical features of apoptotic cells. Cytofluorimetric analysis confirmed that the treatment with MK-0457 for 6 h induced NT2-D1 cells accumulation in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and the subsequent appearance of sub-G0 nuclei. The latter result was further supported by the detection of caspase-3 activation following 24-h treatment with the inhibitor. Finally, MK-0457 prevented the capability of the NT2-D1 cells to form colonies in soft agar. In conclusion, the above findings demonstrate that inhibition of aurora kinase activity is effective in reducing in vitro growth and tumorigenicity of NT2-D1 cells, and indicate its potential therapeutic value for TGCT treatment.
Self-Care Demands of Persons Living With an Implantable Left-Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Casida Jesus M. , Peters Rosalind M. , Magnan Morris A.
Published: November 2009

Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health problem affecting approximately 23 million people worldwide. Treatment options for advanced HF patients have moved beyond pharmacologic therapy to include left-ventricular assist devices (LVADs). Patients with an LVAD must manage a complex regimen of care. This article proposes the use of self-care deficit nursing theory (SCDNT) as a framework to identify and organize the care needs of patients with an LVAD from a nursing perspective. Within SCDNT, self-care refers to actions designed to meet self-care requisites to achieve regulatory goals. When formalized, self-care requisites have two components: the general action to be taken and a “factor” to be controlled. The reformulation of health-deviation self-care requisites common to LVAD patients are presented and may serve as an exemplar for other technology-assisted living situations. The strengths and limitations of using the SCDNT for patients with such complex needs, as well as implications for clinical practice, research, and advancement of nursing science, are examined.
Health, Traffic, and Environmental Justice: Collaborative Research and Community Action in San Francisco, California
Authors: Wier Megan , Sciammas Charlie , Seto Edmund , Bhatia Rajiv , Rivard Tom
Published: November 2009

Health impacts on neighborhood residents from transportation systems can be an environmental justice issue. To assess the effects of transportation planning decisions, including the construction of an intraurban freeway, on residents of the Excelsior neighborhood in southeast San Francisco, PODER (People Organizing to Demand Environmental and Economic Rights), a local grassroots environmental justice organization; the San Francisco Department of Public Health; and the University of California, Berkeley, collaborated on participatory research. We used our findings regarding traffic-related exposures and health hazards in the area to facilitate community education and action to address transportation-related health burdens on neighborhood residents.
Community Campaigns, Supply Chains, and Protecting the Health and Well-Being of Workers
Authors: Quinlan Michael , Sokas Rosemary K.
Published: November 2009

The growth of contingent work (also known as precarious employment), the informal sector, and business practices that diffuse employer responsibility for worker health and safety (such as outsourcing and the development of extended national and international contracting networks [supply chains]) pose a serious threat to occupational health and safety that disproportionately affects low-wage, ethnic minority, and immigrant workers.

Drawing on cases from the United States and Australia, we examine the role that community-based campaigns can play in meeting these challenges, including several successful campaigns that incorporate supply chain regulation.
Community Collaborations for Farmworker Health in New York and Maine: Process Analysis of Two Successful Interventions
Authors: Earle-Richardson Giulia , Sorensen Julie , Brower Melissa , Hawkes Lynae , May John J.
Published: November 2009

We conducted a process evaluation of 2 successful farmworker community-based participatory research intervention development projects (in Maine and New York State). Participant surveys measured satisfaction with the program process. We used qualitative methods to analyze free-text responses. Respondents indicated high satisfaction levels overall. The main concern was long-distance project coordination. Community-based participatory research programs in which (1) the work team defines the target health issue, (2) agricultural employers are meaningfully included, and (3) interventions are carried through to completion, warrant further study.
Nonisothermal and Productivity Behavior of High-Pressure Reservoirs
Authors: App J.F.. F.
Published: November 2009

High-pressure, low-permeability reservoirs have been encountered in various parts of the world within the past few years. Commercial development of these reservoirs may require operating wells with high drawdown pressures, possibly in excess of 6,000 psi. The effects of drawdown pressures in this range are increases in nearwellbore temperatures because of Joule-Thomson expansion of the reservoir fluids and significant reductions in oil viscosity. The effects of high drawdown pressures are evaluated with a transient, singlephase thermal simulator in which the oil viscosity is modeled as both temperature and pressure dependent and Joule-Thomson expansion and viscous dissipation effects are considered. Results indicate near-wellbore temperature increases of 4 to 28°F for drawdowns between 2,000 to 10,000 psi because of Joule-Thomson expansion of the reservoir oil and connate water. Furthermore, if oil viscosity is not modeled as pressure dependent, skin values from well tests and productivity indices will be underpredicted. Temperature profiles within the formation are presented for a range of rates and drawdowns. Technical rationale is also presented to explain the transient heating or cooling phenomena that occur immediately after a rate change. Synthetic well tests are generated to illustrate the effect of high drawdown on well test interpretation. These tests show a region of improved mobility in the near-wellbore region because of the reduction in the oil viscosity.
Role of Structural Deficiency of Nanoscaled Perovskites Prepared by Reactive Grinding on the Catalytic Purification of Exhaust Pollutants
Authors: Zhang Runduo , Yang Wei , Xue Jun , Chen Biaohua
Published: November 2009

It is well known that the catalytic characteristics of perovskites for various redox reactions depend primarily on the preparation procedure. The conventional method for perovskite preparation, the so-called "ceramic method," involves a calcination step with a temperature of at least 800 oC, resulting in large grain size and low specific surface area (usually several m2/g). Recently, a new method for perovskite preparation designated as reactive grinding has been proposed by our group, generating a large variety of perovskites at room temperature with extraordinarily high specific surface areas on the order of 100 m2/g when grinding additives are used. Additionally, this novel technology is favorable to yield perovskites with an abundant deficiency structure simultaneously with a nanosized crystallite domain.Series of La(Co, Mn)1-x(Cu)xO3 perovskites were prepared by reactive grinding and characterized by XRD, O2-TPD, and H2-TPR showing anion deficiency (O2 vacancy) in lanthanum cobaltites and cation deficiency (O2 excess) in lanthanum manganites. These samples were thereafter used for catalytic purification of NO, CO and soot pollutants coming from an automobile. For NO reduction by CO, a better catalytic performance was found over LaCoO3 compared to LaMnO3. The deNOx activity of LaCoO3 can be considerably improved via 20% Cu substitution, leading to a 97% N2 yield and nearly complete CO conversion at 450 oC. This improvement was ascribed to the ease of generation of anion deficiencies after Cu incorporation, which plays a crucial role in NO adsorption and dissociation. A mechanism was proposed with dissociation of chemisorbed NO upon oxygen vacancies forming N2 and/or N2O, and oxidized perovskite surface, with continuous reduction by CO with the production of CO2. For soot combustion, the better activity was observed again in the case of LaCoO3 with respect to LaMnO3. A mechanism was proposed with an attack of soot by O- species which immigrates from the perovskite surface. Cation deficiency of lanthanum manganites associates with overstoichiometric oxygen from the perovskite lattice, which can be only utilized for an oxidation process but less active compared to molecular oxygen formed upon anion vacancies. In summary, the anion deficiency of perovskite-typed oxides seems to make more contribution for both NO reduction and soot oxidation in comparison with cation deficiency.
Health promoting values of beef
Authors: Migdał W. , Zivkovic B. , Migdał Ł.
Published: November 2009

The beef meat is mainly used as culinary cuts. The culinary value of beef and veal meat is determined by tenderness and palatability. 23% of meat produced in Europe (about 7,5 mln ton) is beef, veal production is estimated about 800 000 ton per year. Biggest producers of beef and veal are France (30%), Netherlands (26%), Italy (18%) Belgium (7%) and Germany (6%). 70% of beef and veal produced in Europe is consumed by French and Germans. Beef contains proteins (18 -23%) which have high biological value. Level of intramuscular fat is lower then 5 %, carbohydrates and products of their decay are less then 1%, mineral components are flirting about 1%.
Revitalization of religion and religiousness in Serbia: Reality or a myth?
Authors: Blagojevic Mirko
Published: November 2009

This article has three parts: in the first part the authors discusses two theoretical ways of interpreting revival and revitalization of religion in Serbia. The first way takes religion as a public institution and implies mutual support of religious and non-religious factors, while the other way describes independent, internal religious revival emerging from the very core of religion and church as a divine institution and individual spiritual needs of believers for religiousness (terminal faith). In the second part, the author points to two different interpretations of empirical data on attachment to religion and church in Serbia accumulated in the last thirty years. The third part compares socio-demographic characteristics of religious people from twenty-five years ago and characteristics of contemporary believers.
Economic theory of democracy and rational voter
Authors: Mladenovic Ivan
Published: November 2009

This paper aims to analyze Downs' conceptions of economic theory of democracy and rational voter. The author will defend the thesis that concept of duty as a solution for the paradox of not voting cannot be successfully integrated into the framework of economic theory of democracy.
Importance of pharmaceutical laboratory compliance with international standard requirements in respect of raising their competitiveness
Authors: Bozanic Vojislav , Pavlovic Katarina , Milicevic Vesna , Ilic Bojan
Published: November 2009

Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) being a legal regulation in developed countries will become a legal regulation in Republic of Serbia starting with March 2010. In this paper comparative analysis between requirements of standard ISO/IEC 17025 and requirements of cEU GMP is shown. Considering the fact that in Republic of Serbia no pharmaceutical industry laboratory has been accredited according to requirements of ISO/IEC 17025, while keeping in mind that more than 90% of these laboratories have not fulfilled cEU GMP requirements, this paper aimed at pointing to the possibility of fulfilling both of mentioned requirements at the same time, which would open the way to different types of interlaboratory cooperation for pharmaceutical quality control laboratories and contribute to improving competitiveness of pharmaceutical companies. Accreditation, especially in the case of pharmaceutical quality control laboratories, is important because it guaranties the level of organizational and technical competency. It could easily be said that accreditation is becoming a must in quality control of products in order for the organization to be able to gain a leading role in the global market. Both accreditation and cGMP show the organization's commitment to having products of highest quality level. Considering the above mentioned facts, it is of greatest advantage for pharmaceutical quality control laboratories to fulfill both requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 and cGMP and reach total compliance. The aim of doing this lies in an easier acceptance of pharmaceutical products in different markets, overcoming technical barriers and affirmation of quality as key factor in reaching competitiveness, while keeping in mind the importance of strategic and competitive positioning in the global market.
Special Purpose Vehicles: Empirical Evidence on Determinants and Earnings Management
Authors: Feng Mei , Gramlich Jeffrey D. , Gupta Sanjay
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: We investigate the use, determinants, and earnings effects of special purpose vehicles (SPVs). Based on a proxy of SPV activity that can be applied to a broad cross-section of firms over time, we find a two-and-a-half fold monotonic increase in the percentage of firms using at least one SPV during the eight-year period from 1997 through 2004. Tobit regressions of the determinants of SPV use show that SPV activity increases with financial reporting incentives and economic and tax motivations, but strong corporate governance tends to mitigate their use. In addition, the evidence is consistent with SPVs arranged for financial reporting purposes being associated with earnings management, whereas the same does not appear to be the case for SPVs set up mainly for economic, tax, and other reasons.
Concede or Deny: Do Management Persuasion Tactics Affect Auditor Evaluation of Internal Control Deviations?
Authors: Wolfe Christopher J. , Mauldin Elaine G. , Diaz Michelle Chandler
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: In an internal control audit, the consequences and assessment subjectivity of control problems motivate managers to try to persuade auditors to lower the assessed severity of an observed control deviation. We report an experiment in which 106 audit seniors evaluate either information technology (IT) or manual control deviations that are potentially indicative of significant deficiencies, after exposure to persuasion tactics based in either concession or denial. For IT control deviations, we find that auditors assess the significance of deficiency lower and the perceived adequacy of management's explanation higher for concessions than for denials. For manual control deviations, we find no differences between concessions and denials. Our results provide evidence of a systematic bias in auditor judgment and indicate a rationale for the ubiquity of management persuasion attempts around control deviations—sometimes they work.
FASB and Social Reality—An Alternate Realist View
Authors: Mattessich Richard V.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper follows up on the discussion on “advising” the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) about social and economic reality. It began with Lee (2006a), was commented upon in Macintosh (2006) and Williams (2006), and closed with a reply to both papers in Lee (2006b). All three authors criticized, in one way or another, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the fashion in which it attempts to incorporate principle-based accounting standards into its conceptual framework (CF). The main thrust of these four papers is a critique directed toward the FASB, which has been more concerned with “comparability and consistency” than with “identifying improved ways of recognizing and representing social-constructed reality and truthful correspondence in the light of principle-based accounting standards” (Lee 2006a, 1). Thereby, Lee promotes Searle's (1995) theory of constructing social reality.

The primary purpose of the current paper is to show that the methodology of the “onion model of reality” (OMR, developed in Mattessich 1991, 1995, and 2003) offers several advantages over Searle's (1995) approach. Above all, the results of the OMR are less confusing and much closer to accounting terminology as well as that of everyday language (e.g., saying: “The U.S. federal debt is a social reality,” instead of the cumbersome formulation: “The U.S. federal debt is ontologically subjective”—the text discusses additional advantages of the OMR). The backbone of the OMR is the fact that each reality level is endowed with its very own emergent properties, hence with its specific kind of reality.
The Congressional Ban on Nonaudit Services: “Reasoned and Reasonable” or “Quack Corporate Governance”
Authors: Caplan Dennis H. , Janvrin Diane J. , Kurtenbach James M.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: Accounting professionals, researchers, business leaders, and government officials have called for reform of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Critics question both the substance of the law and the legislative process by which it was enacted. Criticism of the process challenges whether the congressional hearings and other legislative steps that led to enactment of the bill were balanced and thorough, or whether political drivers made quick passage an imperative for lawmakers regardless of the merits of the legislation.

This paper examines the congressional hearings in the context of a single provision of the Act: the ban that prohibits accounting firms from providing internal audit services to their external audit clients. We identify the arguments for and against the ban, and we examine the role these arguments played in the testimony that witnesses provided to the House and Senate committees most responsible for the legislation. We find that witnesses offered strong arguments both for and against the ban, and that lawmakers were well informed. We conclude that a reasonable person, listening to the testimony, could easily decide to support the ban. The evidence fails to support a prima facie assertion that the ban lacks merit, or the claim that it must have been politically motivated.
Transmission of Podisus maculiventris tremulatory signals through plants
Authors: Čokl Andrej , Žunič Alenka , Millar Jocelyn
Published: November 2009

Males of the predaceous stink bug Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae) emit low frequency tremulatory signals. Laser vibrometry was used to record and analyze naturally emitted signals, focusing on variation in signal velocity and frequency during transmission through plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Plumbago auriculata Lam.) as a function of distance from the vibrational source. Signal velocity varied individually between 2 and 15 mm/s recorded on a plant close to the calling male and decreased by 0.3 to 1.5 dB/cm on bean and 0.3 to 0.9 dB/cm on plumbago. The dominant frequency of signals was variable at frequencies below 50 Hz. On bean frequencies centered around 10 Hz or 20 Hz were dominant for signals recorded at the source. Transmission through bean resulted in an increase in the 20 Hz peak relative to other frequencies in the signal. Variation of the dominant frequencies of signals transmitted through plumbago stems were more predictable, showing typical changes in amplitude relative to the distance from the source. The regular variation of the dominant frequency along the stem with linear increase of signal velocity at decreasing distance from the source may provide plant-dwelling insects with information about the distance to the calling individual.
Pathogens of the spruce bark beetles Ips typographus and Ips duplicatus
Authors: Holusa Jaroslav , Weiser Jaroslav , Zizka Zdenek
Published: November 2009

Pathogens of two important bark beetles, Ips typographus and Ips duplicatus, both in outbreaks connected with infestation of spruces by the fungus Armillaria ostoyae, were compared at four localities in the eastern Czech Republic. Low infestations of Chytridiopsis typographi, Nosema typographi, Menzbieria chalcographi, and Gregarina typographi were detected in I. typographus. In I. duplicatus, only C. typographi and G. typographi were found and with low infection levels. The microsporidium, Larssoniella duplicati, was not detected in I. typographus, but was detected in I. duplicatus at all localities in almost 80% of the samples (a sample consisted of 40–50 beetles collected at one locality in one period) and often with a very high infection level (up to 57% of the beetles infected in a sample). The infection level of L. duplicati did not differ between generations of I. duplicatus. I. duplicatus overwinters mainly in the adult stage, and no decrease in the number of infected overwintering I. duplicatus was observed. The relatively constant infection level of L. duplicati suggests that transmission is unlikely to be horizontal via oral ingestion.
Intrinsic innervation of the ileocaecal junction in the horse: Preliminary study
Authors: Chiocchetti R. , Bombardi C. , Fantaguzzi C. Mongardi , Russo D. , Venturelli E. , Montonerl C. , Spadarl A. , Romagnoli N. , Grandis A.
Published: November 2009

Reason for performing study: In horses, morpho‐functional studies related to the enteric nervous system (ENS) controlling the sphincters are lacking.

Objectives: To investigate immunohistochemically the morphology, distribution, density, phenotypes and projections of neurons controlling the ileocaecal junction (ICJ).

Methods: Two young horses were anaesthetised and underwent midline laparotomy. The neuronal retrograde fluorescent tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the wall of the ICJ. A post surgical survival time of 30 days was used. Following euthanasia, the ileum and a small portion of caecum were removed. Cryosections were used to investigate the immunoreactivity (IR) of the neurons innervating the ICJ for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and neurofilament NF200kDa (NF).

Results: Ileal FB‐labelled neurons innervating the ICJ were located in the myenteric plexus (MP) and submucosal plexus (SMP) up to 48 cm and 28 cm, respectively, from the point of the FB injections. Descending MP and SMP neurons were nitrergic (54 ± 11% and 68 ± 4%, respectively), cholinergic (60 ± 19% and 82 ± 11%, respectively), NF‐IR (54 ± 9% and 78 ± 21%, respectively), and SP‐IR (about 20% in both the plexuses). CGRP‐IR was expressed only by SMP descending neurons (45 ± 21%). In both the plexuses descending neurons coexpressing nNOS‐and ChAT‐IR were also observed (25 ± 11% and 61 ± 27%, respectively).

Conclusions: The presence of ileal long projecting neurons innervating the ICJ suggests that they are critical for its modulation. Consequently, in bowel diseases in which the resection of the terminal jejunum and proximal ileum are required, it is preferable, whenever possible, to conserve the major portion of the ileum.

Potential relevance: The knowledge of the phenotype of ENS neurons of the ileum might be helpful for developing pharmaceutical treatment of the ICJ motility disorders.
Pulmonary gas exchange in anaesthetised horses mechanically ventilated with oxygen or a helium/oxygen mixture
Authors: Staffieri F. , Bauquier S. H. , Moate P. J. , Driessen B.
Published: November 2009

Reason for performing study: It is unknown whether administration of gas‐mixtures high in inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) under general anaesthesia may increase formation of pulmonary atelectasis and impair gas exchange.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of different FiO2on pulmonary gas exchange in isoflurane‐anaesthetised horses breathing a helium/oxygen (He/O2) mixture.

Methods: Thirty healthy mature horses were sedated with i.v. acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg bwt), detomidine (0.002 mg/kg bwt) and xylazine (0.2‐0.4 mg/kg bwt). General anaesthesia was induced with i.v. 5% guaifenesin to effect, diazepam (0.1 mg/kg bwt) and ketamine (2 mg/kg bwt), and maintained with isoflurane. Fifteen horses(Group HX)were ventilated mechanically with gas mixtures of successively increasing FiO2(0.25‐0.30, 0.50‐0.55, >0.90), obtained by blending O2with Heliox (70% He/30% O2). The other 15 horses(Group O)were ventilated immediately with 100% O2(FiO2>0.90). After 20 min of ventilation at the different FiO2levels inGroup HXand after 60 min inGroup O, PaO2and PaCO2were measured and the alveolar to arterial PO2gradient (P(A‐a)O2) was calculated. Data analysis included robust categorical regression with clustering on horse (P<0.05).

Results: Inhalation of a He/O2mixture with FiO2as low as 0.25‐0.30 ensured adequate arterial oxygenation and was associated with a smaller P(A‐a)O2gradient than inhalation of pure O2(P<0.05). InGroup HX, PaO2increased with each rise in FiO2 and so did P(A‐a)O2(P<0.05). The PaO2was significantly lower and the P(A‐a)O2higher inGroup Ocompared toGroup HXat a FiO2>0.90 (P<0.05).

Conclusions and potential relevance: Administration of a He/O2gas mixture low in FiO2can better preserve lung function than ventilation with pure oxygen. A step‐wise increase of FiO2using a He/O2gas mixture might offer advantages with respect to pulmonary gas exchange over an immediate exposure to 100% O2.
Surgical thrombectomy in horses with aortoiliac thrombosis: 17 cases
Authors: Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. , Sinclair D. , Jahn W.
Published: November 2009

Reasons for performing study: Aortoiliac thrombosis (AIT) is a progressive vascular disease characterised by an exercise‐induced hindlimb lameness. After developing a surgical technique, a follow‐up study was required.

Objectives: To assess the surgical results of a surgical thrombectomy in horses with AIT, a chronic arterial occlusive disease of the aorta and its caudal arteries.

Methods: Seventeen cases showed the typical signs of AIT and diagnosis was confirmed by Doppler‐ultrasonography. Average age of the horses was 12 years. Seven stallions, 6 mares and 4 geldings were included.

Results: The thrombus was located in the left hindlimb (5 cases), the right hindlimb (9 cases) or in both hindlimbs (3 cases). Two cases were operated on both limbs with a few days between surgeries. Nine (53%) horses regained their athletic performance and 2 horses were able to work for at least 30 min without complaint, instead of the initial 5 min prior to surgery. During surgery one horse had to be subjected to euthanasia because the thrombus was too tightly attached to the arterial wall and could not be removed. Two horses were subjected to euthanasia post operatively due to severe myopathy and one due to a femoral fracture during recovery. Two reocclusions of the treated artery occurred 4 months after surgical intervention: one horse was reoperated and, due to the extent of the thrombus and quality of the arterial wall, the horse was subjected to euthanasia; the other horse was subjected to euthanasia without a second surgery. A severe complication was the appearance of AIT in the contralateral limb after surgery as result of occlusion caused by an embolus loosened by the procedure. Post anaesthetic myopathy was seen in 4 (24%) of the cases and could be so severe that euthanasia had to be considered.

Conclusion and potential relevance: Surgical intervention by means of a thrombectomy in horses with AIT should be considered; 65% of the horses regained athletic activity and 53% of the operated horses in this study performed at their previous level. Adequate padding, correct positioning, prevention of intraoperative hypotension and keeping surgery time as short as possible, are important parameters to prevent post operative myopathy.
Cardiorespiratory effects of enoximone in anaesthetised colic horses
Authors: Schauvliege S. , Marcilla M. Gonzalo , Duchateau L. , Martens A. , Vlaminck L. , Pille F. , Declercq J. , Levet T. , Gasthuys F.
Published: November 2009

Reasons for performing study: No studies have been reported on the effects of enoximone in anaesthetised colic horses.

Objective: To examine whether enoximone improves cardiovascular function and reduces dobutamine requirement in anaesthetised colic horses.

Methods: Forty‐eight mature colic horses were enrolled in this prospective, randomised clinical trial. After sedation (xylazine 0.7 mg/kg bwt) and induction (midazolam 0.06 mg/kg bwt, ketamine 2.2 mg/kg bwt), anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and a lidocaine constant rate infusion (1.5 mg/kg bwt, 2 mg/kg/h). Horses were ventilated (PaCO2<8.00 kPa). If hypotension occurred, dobutamine and/or colloids were administered. Ten minutes after skin incision, horses randomly received an i.v. bolus of enoximone (0.5 mg/kg bwt) or saline. Monitoring included respiratory and arterial blood gases, heart rate (HR), arterial pressure and cardiac index (CI). Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), stroke index (SI) and oxygen delivery index (DO2I) were calculated. For each variable, changes between baseline and T10 within each treatment group and/or colic type (small intestines, large intestines or mixed) were analysed and compared between treatments in a fixed effects model. Differences between treatments until T30 were investigated using a mixed model (α= 0.05).

Results: Ten minutes after enoximone treatment, CI (P = 0.0010), HR (P = 0.0033) and DO2I (P = 0.0007) were higher and SVR lower (P = 0.0043) than at baseline. The changes in CI, HR and SVR were significantly different from those after saline treatment. During the first 30 min after enoximone treatment, DO2I (P = 0.0224) and HR (P = 0.0003) were higher than after saline administration. Because the difference in HR between treatments was much clearer in large intestine colic cases, an interaction was detected between treatment and colic type in both analyses (P = 0.0076 and 0.0038, respectively).

Conclusions: Enoximone produced significant, but short lasting, cardiovascular effects in colic horses.

Potential relevance: Enoximone's cardiovascular effects in colic horses were of shorter duration than in healthy ponies.
Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint. Part 2: Treatment and outcome
Authors: Dakin Miss S. G. , Dyson S. J. , Murray R. C. , Newton R.
Published: November 2009

Reasons for performing study: There are currently few long‐term follow‐up data relating to recovery from injury of a collateral ligament (CL) of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and limited information about the effect of associated osseous injury on prognosis.

Objectives: To describe long‐term follow‐up results for horses with CL injury, with and without associated osseous injury; and to determine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ECSWT) or radial pressure wave therapy (RPWT) on outcome.

Hypotheses: Prognosis for return to performance for horses with CL‐related osseous injury would be worse than for horses with CL injury alone.

Methods: Magnetic resonance images from 313 feet of 289 horses with foot pain and a definitive diagnosis of collateral desmopathy of the DIP joint were analysed retrospectively for presence of osseous abnormality associated with the ligament origin or insertion and the middle and distal phalanges. Horses were assigned to groups according to the combination of their injuries. Type of treatment was recorded and follow‐up information obtained. Thirty‐two horses with additional sources of lameness were excluded from analysis of outcome.

Results: Follow‐up data were available for 182 horses, 55 of which had follow‐up information for up to 2 years after presentation. Twenty‐seven percent of horses with CL injury alone and 34% of horses with CL related osseous injury returned to their previous performance level. Prognosis for a combination of injuries to multiple soft tissue and osseous structures within the hoof capsule was substantially worse. There was no effect of ECSWT or RPWT on outcome.

Conclusions: The presence of mild to moderate CL related osseous injury does not appear to influence prognosis compared with CL injury alone.

Clinical relevance: Further studies of a larger number of horses are necessary in order to ascertain if specific types of osseous pathology influence return to performance levels.
Preliminary study of jointed snaffle vs. crossunder bitless bridles: Quantified comparison of behaviour in four horses
Authors: Cook W. R. , Mills D. S.
Published: November 2009

The study tested the null hypothesis that if a horse is ridden in a snaffle bridle and then a crossunder bitless bridle, there will be no change in its behaviour. It was predicted that there would be change and that behaviour would improve when bitless. Four horses, none of which had ever been ridden in a crossunder bitless bridle, were ridden through two 4 min, exercise tests, first bitted then bitless. An independent judge marked the 27 phases of each test on a 10 point scale and comments and scores were recorded on a video soundtrack. The results refuted the null hypothesis and upheld the predictions. Mean score, when bitted, was 37%; and through the first 4 min of being bitless, 64%. A binomial probability distribution suggested that the results were significantly different from random effects. All 4 horses accepted the crossunder bitless bridle without hesitation. Further studies are warranted and it is hoped that others will build on this new field of investigation. The authors are of the opinion that the bit can be a welfare and safety problem for both horse and horseman. Equestrian organisations that currently mandate use of the bit for competitions are urged to review their rules.
Three step synthesis of single diastereoisomers of the vicinal trifluoro motif
Authors: Brunet Vincent A , Slawin Alexandra M Z , O'Hagan David
Published: November 2009

A three step route to single diastereoisomers of the vicinal trifluoromethyl motif is described. The route starts from either syn- or anti-α,β-epoxy alcohols and takes a direct approach in that each of the three steps introduces a fluorine atom in a regio- and stereo-specific manner. Starting from either the syn- or the anti-α,β-epoxy alcohol, stereospecific reactions generate two separate diastereoisomeric series of this motif. The route is a significant improvement on an earlier six step strategy.
Role of Double-Stranded RNA Pattern Recognition Receptors in Rhinovirus-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Responses
Authors: Wang Qiong , Nagarkar Deepti R. , Bowman Emily R. , Schneider Dina , Gosangi Babina , Lei Jing , Zhao Ying , McHenry Christina L. , Burgens Richai V. , Miller David J. , Sajjan Umadevi , Hershenson Marc B.
Published: November 2009

Rhinovirus (RV), a ssRNA virus of the picornavirus family, is a major cause of the common cold as well as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Viral dsRNA produced during replication may be recognized by the host pattern recognition receptors TLR-3, retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene (MDA)-5. No study has yet identified the receptor required for sensing RV dsRNA. To examine this, BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells were infected with intact RV-1B or replication-deficient UV-irradiated virus, and IFN and IFN-stimulated gene expression was determined by quantitative PCR. The separate requirements of RIG-I, MDA5, and IFN response factor (IRF)-3 were determined using their respective small interfering RNAs (siRNA). The requirement of TLR3 was determined using siRNA against the TLR3 adaptor molecule Toll/IL-1R homologous region-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF). Intact RV-1B, but not UV-irradiated RV, induced IRF3 phosphorylation and dimerization, as well as mRNA expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2/3, IRF7, RIG-I, MDA5, 10-kDa IFN-γ-inducible protein/CXCL10, IL-8/CXCL8, and GM-CSF. siRNA against IRF3, MDA5, and TRIF, but not RIG-I, decreased RV-1B-induced expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2/3, IRF7, RIG-I, MDA5, and inflammatory protein-10/CXCL10 but had no effect on IL-8/CXCL8 and GM-CSF. siRNAs against MDA5 and TRIF also reduced IRF3 dimerization. Finally, in primary cells, transfection with MDA5 siRNA significantly reduced IFN expression, as it did in BEAS-2B cells. These results suggest that TLR3 and MDA5, but not RIG-I, are required for maximal sensing of RV dsRNA and that TLR3 and MDA5 signal through a common downstream signaling intermediate, IRF3.
Cutting Edge: Memory CD8 T Cell Compartment Grows in Size with Immunological Experience but Nevertheless Can Lose Function
Authors: Huster Katharina M. , Stemberger Christian , Gasteiger Georg , Kastenmüller Wolfgang , Drexler Ingo , Busch Dirk H.
Published: November 2009

The size of the adaptive immune system is considered to be kept constant by the attrition of pre-existing memory. However, recently it was shown that the CD8 memory compartment can grow in size and the number of pre-existing memory is largely preserved, predicting that pre-existing immunity should be maintained (Vezys et al.; Nature 457: 196–199). Experimental proof for this assumption is still lacking. We address this question in the Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.) infection model and confirm the growth of size of the memory compartment by subsequent vaccination with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. We also find only modest attrition of pre-existing L.m.-specific memory CD8 T cells. However, pre-existing protective immunity toward L.m. is not preserved. Pre-existing L.m.-specific effector-memory cells, in contrast to central memory cells, become altered, and this results in a significant loss of pre-existing protective immunity. Our findings are clinically relevant for vaccines introducing new CD8 memory cells in high numbers, as this might influence pre-existing immunity.
Hormones and Sex-Specific Transcription Factors Jointly Control Yolk Protein Synthesis inMusca domestica
Authors: Siegenthaler Christina , Maroy Peter , Hediger Monika , Dübendorfer Andreas , Bopp Daniel
Published: November 2009

In the houseflyMusca domestica, synthesis of yolk proteins (YPs) depends on the level of circulating ecdysteroid hormones. In female houseflies, the ecdysterone concentration in the hemolymph oscillates and, at high levels, is followed by expression of YP. In male houseflies, the ecdysterone titre is constantly low and no YP is produced. In some strains, which are mutant in key components of the sex-determining pathway, males express YP even though their ecdysterone titre is not significantly elevated. However, we find that these males express a substantial amount of the female variant of theMusca doublesexhomologue,Md-dsx. Thedsxgene is known to sex-specifically control transcription ofypgenes in the fat body ofDrosophila melanogaster. Our data suggest thatMd-dsxalso contributes to the regulation of YP expression in the housefly by modulating the responsiveness of YP-producing cells to hormonal stimuli.
Synthesis of 2,5‐Diaminoquinones by One‐Pot Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Hydroquinones and Addition Reaction of Amines
Authors: Kim Sungjin , Kim Daehwan , Park Jaiwook
Published: October 2009

The aerobic oxidation of various hydroquinones was achieved by using copper nanoparticles entrapped in aluminum oxyhydroxide [Cu/AlO(OH)] at room temperature. Furthermore, 2,5‐diamino‐1,4‐benzoquinones were synthesized directly from hydroquinone and amines by a one‐pot procedure consisting of the copper‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of hydroquinones and the double addition of amines to the resulting quinones.
Magnetic Nanoparticle Supported Second Generation Hoveyda–Grubbs Catalyst for Metathesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Esters
Authors: Yinghuai Zhu , Kuijin Loo , Huimin Ng , Chuanzhao Li , Stubbs Ludger Paul , Siong Chia Fu , Muihua Tan , Peng Ship Chee
Published: October 2009

The Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst has been successfully immobilized on surface‐modified magnetic nanoparticles with a loading amount of 0.28 mmol ruthenium/g (magnetic support). The supported catalysts were active for the self‐metathesis of methyl oleate and macro‐monomer in a quantitative conversion, respectively. In addition, the catalyst can be easily separated by using a magnet and reused several times with sustained activity.
Multicatalytic Tandem Reactions of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldoximes with Isocyanides
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Yu Xingxin , Su Mingchao , Yang Xiaodi , Wu Jie
Published: October 2009

An efficient tandem reaction of 2‐alkynylbenzaldoximes with isocyanides co‐catalyzed by silver triflate and bismuth triflate has been developed, which gives rise to the unexpected N‐(isoquinolin‐1‐yl)formamides in good to excellent yields. The iodo‐ and bromo‐containing products could be obtained as well by variation of the reaction conditions.
Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols in Water by 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO)/Copper(II) 2‐N‐Arylpyrrolecarbaldimino Complexes
Authors: Figiel Paweł J. , Sibaouih Ahlam , Ahmad Jahir Uddin , Nieger Martin , Räisänen Minna T. , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo
Published: October 2009

Novel copper(II) 2‐N‐arylpyrrolecarbaldimine‐based catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols mediated by the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) radical are reported. The catalytic activity for both synthesized and in situ made complexes in alkaline water solutions was studied revealing high efficiency and selectivity (according to GC selectivity always >99%) for both of these catalytic systems. For example, quantitative conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde can be achieved with the in situ prepared bis[2‐N‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐pyrrolylcarbaldimide]copper(II) catalysts in 2 h with atmospheric pressure of O2 at 80 °C. Interestingly, these catalysts can utilize dioxygen as well as air or hydrogen peroxide as the end oxidants, producing water as the only by‐product.
Iron‐Catalyzed Regioselective Hydroaryloxylation of CC Triple Bonds: An Efficient Synthesis of 2H‐1‐Benzopyran Derivatives
Authors: Xu Xiaobing , Liu Jun , Liang Linfeng , Li Hongfeng , Li Yanzhong
Published: October 2009

An efficient, regioselective, iron‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroaryloxylation of 2‐propargylphenols or naphthols is reported. The reactions proceed through an endo‐dig cyclization to afford benzopyran or naphthopyran derivatives in good to high yields using iron(III) chloride as the catalyst with the assistance of aniline in dimethylformamide (DMF).
Direct Preparation of 7‐Allyl‐ and 7‐Arylindolines
Authors: Leonori Daniele , Coldham Iain
Published: October 2009

Addition of allyl halides to the organolithium species derived from lithiation of N‐tert‐butoxycarbonylindoline with sec‐butyllithium (sec‐BuLi) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) occurs regioselectively by SN2 allylation. In contrast, the organolithium species can be transmetalated to the mixed zinc cuprate that undergoes regioselective SN2′ allylations. Transmetalation to the organozinc chloride allows a Negishi‐type cross‐coupling reaction with aryl bromides using palladium catalysis with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as ligand. The chemistry was applied to a very short synthesis of 7‐prenylindole and of the alkaloid vasconine.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines Catalyzed by Iridium/PipPhos
Authors: Mršić Nataša , Jerphagnon Thomas , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Feringa Ben L. , de Vries Johannes G.
Published: October 2009

A catalyst made in situ from the (cyclooctadiene)iridium chloride dimer, [Ir(COD)Cl]2, and the monodentate phosphoramidite ligand (S)‐PipPhos was used in the enantioselective hydrogenation of 2‐ and 2,6‐substituted quinoxalines. In the presence of piperidine hydrochloride as additive full conversions and enantioselectivities of up to 96% are obtained.