bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies with S‐alkylpyrimidine: New route for the synthesis derivatives of isoxazol, pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyridine, thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine and thiophene of potential anti‐HIV
Authors: Al‐Omran Fatima A. , El‐Khair Adel A.
Published: March 2009

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Derivatives of thiophene, thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine, pyridine, isoxazol, pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine, pyridazine linked with s‐pyrimidine derivative have been synthesized and tested for antimicrobial and antifungal activities. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of their analytical and spectral data.
Simple microwave‐assisted ligand‐free suzuki cross‐coupling: Functionalization of halo‐pyrimidine moieties
Authors: Colombo Matteo , Giglio Marco , Peretto Ilaria
Published: March 2009

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An advantageous ligand‐free protocol for Suzuki couplings is described. The synthetic procedure entails microwave irradiation for the reduction of the reaction times and the use of silica cartridges for the purification. Dihalo‐pyrimidine structures, interesting scaffolds in medicinal chemistry, were chosen as test compounds.
Facile synthesis of 6‐aryl‐5H‐8‐oxa‐4b, 7‐diaza‐benzo[a]azulen‐9‐one derivatives, new tricyclic heterocycles
Authors: Praveen Cherukupally , Rao Javvaji Rama , Reddy Padi Pratap , Mukkanti Kaga , Reddy Gade Srinivas
Published: March 2009

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8‐Oxa‐4b,7‐diaza‐benzo[a]azulene‐9‐one system, a new tricyclic heterocyclic framework is designed through a simple and convenient synthetic sequence. Its 6‐aryl derivatives are synthesized starting from ethyl indole‐2‐carboxylate. Reaction of differently substituted phenacyl bromides with ethyl indole‐2‐carboxylate, treatment of the resultant N‐substituted indole‐2‐carboxylates with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to provide corresponding oximes, subsequent ester hydrolysis followed by dehydrative cyclisation furnished the desired compounds 5 a‐g.
2‐(Azulen‐1‐yl)‐4,6‐diphenyl substituted six‐membered heteroaromatics
Authors: Razus Alexandru C. , Birzan Liviu , Zaharia Oana , Enache Cristian
Published: March 2009

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2‐(Azulen‐1‐yl)‐4,6‐diphenyl substituted pyranylium salts, pyridinium salts and pyridines were efficiently synthesized and the new obtained compounds were completely characterized. Comparative structural analysis between these compounds and their corresponding isomers that contain the azulen‐1‐yl moiety in the 4‐position of the heterocycle, were carried out. These studies are based on calculated dihedral angles formed between central heterocycle and the aromatic substituents and on the obtained electronic and NMR spectra. Due to the restriction in the rotation around azulenyl‐pyridinium bond produced by the quaternary nitrogen substituent, in the herein reported pyridinium salts, the substitution groups of the quaternary nitrogen atom are prochiral. This property leads to the non‐equivalence of gem‐protons or gem‐methyl groups of N‐substituents in the 1H nmr spectra of the synthesized pyridinium salts.
Reactions of 4‐dimethylamino‐3‐quinolinyl sulfides with nitrating mixture and transamination of 4‐dimethylamino‐3‐methylsulfinyl‐6‐nitroquinoline
Authors: Chrobak Elwira , Maślankiewicz Andrzej
Published: March 2009

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4‐Amino‐3‐quinolinyl sulfides 4d‐e and 7a‐c were prepared by amination of 4‐chloro‐3‐quinolinyl sulfides 4c or 1c, respectively, in methanol (140‐160 °C) or in boiling phenol with yields up to 95 %. Reaction of 4‐dimethylamino‐3‐quinolinyl sulfides 7c and 4e with nitrating mixture proceeded simultanously as oxidation of the methylthio group to the methylsulfinyl one and as C6‐nitration to form 6‐nitro‐β‐quinolinyl sulfoxides 9c or 10b, respectively. 4‐Dimethylamino‐3‐methylsulfinyl‐6‐nitroquinoline 9c underwent acid catalysed transamination when reacting with primary aliphatic amines and ammonia.
Oxalic acid as a versatile catalyst for one pot facile synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones and their thione analogues
Authors: Sangshetti Jaiprakash N. , Shinde Devanand B. , Kokare Nagnnath D.
Published: March 2009

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3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones and their thione analogues are synthesized from the condensation of aromatic aldehydes, β‐dicarbonyl compound and urea or thiourea in presence of 5 mol% of oxalic acid in ethanol‐water (1:2; v/v) under mild reaction conditions. The yields obtained are better and also the use of very inexpensive catalyst, environmentally benign solvent and easy work‐up are the advantageous aspects of the present method.
A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of benzimidazoles using trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) as the oxidant
Authors: Bigdeli Mohammad A. , Dostmohammadi Hamideh , Nemati Firouzeh , Mahdavinia Gholam Hossein
Published: March 2009

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A Direct one step synthesis of various benzimidazoles from 3,4‐diaminotoluene and benzaldehydes is described using TCCA as the oxidant. The salient features of this method include simple procedure, mild condition, no waste products, easy separation, low reaction times and generality.
Facile routes to 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines and 1,2,4‐triazino[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazine by heteropolyacides
Authors: Motamedi Radineh , Heravi Majid M. , Bamoharram Fatemeh F. , Haeri Anahita
Published: March 2009

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Cyclization of 4‐amino‐6‐methyl‐3‐propargylmercapto‐1,2,4‐triazine‐5‐one 3 and 4‐amino‐3‐propargyl mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives 6 were afforded 1,2,4‐triazino[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines 4 and 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines 7 in presence of heteropolyacids, H14[NaP5W29MoO110] and H6P2W18O60 in high yields. Among used heteropoly acids, the yields were higher with H14‐P5Mo, caused to their high acid strengths.
Studies with phenylsulfone derivatives: Synthesis of pyrrole, thiophene and their fused derivatives
Authors: Elkholy Yehya M.
Published: March 2009

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Diethyl 2‐(1‐phenyl‐2‐(phenylsulfonyl)ethylidene)malonate 3 has been prepared via the reaction of 6 with sodium benzenesulfinate. Compound 3 proved to be highly reactive towards various reagents and underwent numerous chemical transformation, resulting in the construction of a wide range of heterocyclic sulfone systems.
An efficient synthesis of new benzo[1′,2′:6,7]quinolino[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidine derivatives via three‐component microwave‐assisted reaction
Authors: Chen Yan , Wu Shanshan , Tu Shujiang , Shi Feng , Li Chunmei
Published: March 2009

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A series of benzo[1′,2′:6,7]quinolino[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized via condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, 2‐hydroxy naphthalene‐1,4‐dione and 2,6‐diaminopyrimidin‐4‐one in mixed solvent of acetic acid and glycol (3:1,V:V) under microwave irradiation. This one‐pot protocol has the advantage of good yield (86‐91%), simple workup procedure and rapid reaction time (4‐8min).
Synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and attachment of amino acids and carbohydrate as linkers
Authors: Kendre Dhananjay B. , Toche Raghunath B. , Jachak Madhukar N.
Published: March 2009

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Synthesis of novel pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines has been achieved successfully by sequence of Gould ‐ Jacobs reaction between 5‐aminopyrazole and diethylethoxymethylenemalonate in good yield. Further the pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines were converted into succinimidoyl active esters which are then replaced by biological samples such as amino acids and carbohydrate in slightly aqueous medium.
Simple and mild procedures for synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives using heterogeneous catalyst systems
Authors: Sharghi Hashem , Asemani Omid , Tabaei Seyed Mohammad Hossein
Published: March 2009

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TsOH/graphite and N,N‐dimethylaniline/graphite were found to be catalyst systems for condensation reaction of o‐phenylendiamine with different aldehydes to form benzimidazole derivatives under mild and simple conditions. The graphite was easily recovered by a simple extraction and could be reused without decrease of activity in the presence of fresh TsOH and N,N‐dimethylaniline.
N‐Alkylation of imides using phase transfer catalysts under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Jaśkowska Jolanta , Kowalski Piotr
Published: March 2009

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N‐Alkylation of imides in the reaction of imides and alkylhalides, catalyzed by PT catalysts under solvent‐free conditions, has been developed. The reaction occurs in the presence of K2CO3, and in many cases it takes place spontaneously. In the N‐benzylation reaction, it has been recognized that TBAB (tetrabutylammonium bromide) and TBATFB (tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate) show highest catalytic effect. Versatility and synthetic capacity of the solvent‐free alkylation has been confirmed by N‐benzylation and N‐ethylation of various imides. The developed procedure gives easy access to N‐(ω‐bromoalkyl)imides.
High yield synthesis of 4H‐1,4‐benzothiazine‐1,1‐dioxide derivatives
Authors: De Montis Stefania , Fattuoni Claudia , Cadoni Enzo , Cabiddu Maria G. , Usai Michele , Cabiddu Salvatore
Published: March 2009

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4H‐1,4‐Benzothiazine‐1,1‐dioxide derivatives were synthesized through a sequence of almost quantitative reactions. The commercial starting material 2‐(methylsulfanyl)aniline was Boc‐protected, N‐acylated and oxidized at the sulfur atom to obtain a sulfonyl derivative. An anionic transposition of the acyl group followed by asimultaneous deprotection‐cyclization gave the title products in excellent yields. All products and intermediates were fully characterized.
Synthesis of α‐[5‐(5‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐imidazolylthio]acetic acids
Authors: Hadizadeh Farzin , Vosooghi Rahil
Published: March 2009

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The paper describes synthesis and antituberculosis activity of α‐[5‐(5‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐imidazol‐2‐ylthio]acetic acids (5a,b). The compounds were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv in comparison to rifampicin. Compounds exhibited low activity (MIC ≤ 6.25 μg/ml, % inhibition ≥ 24).
Microwave induced efficient synthesis of (un)substituted benzaldehyde (5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)hydrazones using silica‐supported dichlorophosphate as a recoverable dehydrant
Authors: Li Zheng , Feng Xu , Zhao Yanlong
Published: March 2009

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(Un)substituted benzaldehyde (5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)hydrazones were efficiently synthesized by reactions of (un)substituted benzaldehyde thiocarbohydrazones with aromatic carboxylic acids by using silica‐supported dichlorophosphate as a recoverable dehydrant under microwave irradiation. The protocol has advantages of short reaction time, high yield, easy work‐up procedure and no environmental pollution.
A facile synthesis of asterriquinone D
Authors: Tanoue Yasuhiro , Motoi Takashi , Masuda Yutaka , Kai Norihisa , Sakata Kazunori , Hashimoto Mamoru , Nagai Takeshi
Published: March 2009

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Asterriquinone D was easily synthesized in three steps from 2,5‐dichloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone. The reaction of benzoquinone with indole in the presence of Pd(OAc)2, followed by oxidation with cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) produced 3,6‐dichloro‐2,5‐bis (3‐indolyl)‐1,4‐benzoquinone. The methoxylation of the dichloride with NaOH in CH3OH afforded asterriquinone D.
Unexpected formation of pyridodiindole derivatives with cytotoxic activity via double nenitzescu reaction
Authors: Willemann Christine , Waibel Reiner , Troschütz Reinhard , Grünert Renate , Bednarski Patrick
Published: March 2009

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The title compounds 10 and 11 were prepared by a one‐step procedure from 1,4‐benzoquinone (4) and pyridine‐2,4,6‐triamine (5) via an extension of the Nenitzescu reaction
First example of the groebke mcr using hydoxybenzal dehydes and substituted 2‐aminopyrimidines
Authors: Polyakov Anatoliy I. , Eryomina Vera A. , Medvedeva Lidiya A. , Tihonova Nadezhda I. , Voskressensky LeoniD. G.
Published: March 2009

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A three component condensation of 2‐aminopyrimidines, isocyanides and 4‐hydroxybenzaldehydes was studied. 3‐Amino‐2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine derivatives were obtained in moderate yields. Using 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 2‐aminopyrimidine as starting materials in the condensation led to mixtures of isomeric 2‐ and 3‐aminoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines. It was demonstrated, that the regiospecificity of this reaction is mainly defined by the steric hindrance of substituents on the pyrimidine nucleus and the carbonyl activity of the corresponding aldehydes.
Design and synthesis of optically active 2‐phenylimidazolecarboxamides featuring amino acid motive
Authors: Sivek Roman , Pytela Oldřich , Bureš Filip
Published: March 2009

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Overall sixteen new, optically active carboxamides 1‐3 have been synthesized. These compounds based on the 2‐phenylimidazole and featuring amino acid residues are linked on the 4‐position by an amidic bond. Two general methods were used for their construction. Whereas the first method employs acylchlorides as a reactive species, the second one involves a condensation of mixed anhydrides with the amino acid counterparts. Actually, the second method proved to be more efficient than the first one. Carboxamides 1‐3 were preliminarily tested as N‐chelating ligands with an application in the Henry or Aldol reactions affording either poor yields or enantiomeric excesses.
Utility of 2‐[4‐(3‐oxobenzo[f]‐2H‐chromen‐2‐yl)‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl]ethanenitrile in heterocyclic synthesis
Authors: Abdelhamid Abdou O. , Abdelaziz Hassan M.
Published: March 2009

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Pyrazolo[4,3‐d]pyrimidines, pyrazolo[4,3‐d]triazolino[4,3‐a]pyrimidines, 3‐(2‐thiazolyl)thiophenes, thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridine and pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines were synthesized from 2‐[4‐(3‐oxobenzo[f]‐2H‐chromen‐2‐yl)‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl]ethanenitrile. The newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis, spectral data, chemical transformation and alternative synthesis route whenever possible.
Synthesis of novel pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine, pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole, pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole and triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Shaaban Mohamed R. , Eldebss Taha M. A. , Darweesh Ahmed F. , Farag Ahmad M.
Published: March 2009

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4‐Acetyl‐5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole reacts with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF‐DMA) to afford the corresponding (E)1‐(5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐2‐propen‐1‐one. The latter product undergoes regioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with nitrilimines and nitrile oxides to afford the novel 3‐aroyl‐4‐(5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)carbonyl‐1‐phenylpyrazole and 3‐aroyl‐4‐(5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)carbonyl isoxazole derivatives, respectively. It reacts also with 1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐acetonitrile, 2‐aminobenzimidazole and 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole to afford the novel pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole, pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole and the triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine derivatives, respectively. The reaction of 3‐aroyl‐4‐(5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl) carbonyl‐1‐phenylpyrazole derivatives with hydrazine hydrate led to a new pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine derivatives.
A mild and highly efficient method for the synthesis of 5‐aryl‐(N‐phenyl‐)6H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazin‐2‐aminium salts using reusable heterogeneous catalysts
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Shadjou Nasrin , Amani Ali M. , Aryan Reza
Published: March 2009

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5‐Aryl‐6H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazin‐2‐aminium and 5‐aryl‐N‐phenyl‐6H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazin‐2‐aminium salts have efficiently been synthesized from the reaction of thiosemicarbazide and α‐haloketones in acetonitrile at room temperature using i) silica supported sodium hydrogen sulfate and ii) silica sulfuric acid as reusable heterogeneous catalysts. The experimental procedure is simple and the products are obtained in high yields.
Polystyrene‐supported AICI3: A highly active and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones
Authors: Wang Liang , Cai Chun
Published: March 2009

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An environmentally benign Biginelli protocol for the one‐pot synthesis of substituted 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones using polystyrene supported aluminium chloride as catalyst has been achieved. This polymeric catalyst is stable and can be easily recovered and reused without obvious change in their efficiency.
An efficient synthesis of new pyrido[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives
Authors: Hu Yang‐Gen , Ding Ming‐Wu , Zeng Guo‐Ping
Published: March 2009

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The carbodiimides 5, obtained from reactions of iminophosphorane 4 with aromatic isocyanates, reacted with amines, phenols or ROH to give 2‐substituted 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropyrido[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one 7 in the presence of catalytic amount of sodium alkoxide or solid potassium carbonate in satisfactory yields.
Synthesis of hetaryl‐substituted benzoxazoles via oxidative cyclization of phenolic schiff's bases
Authors: Ozokan Kadri G. , Gumus Mustafa K. , Kaban Seniz
Published: March 2009

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2‐(1H‐Pyrrol‐2‐yl)benzo[d]oxazoles, 4‐(benzo[d]oxazol‐2‐yl)quinoline and 2‐(benzo[d]oxazol‐2‐yl)‐4,6‐dimethylquinolines were obtained in good yield by the oxidative intramolecular ring closing reactions of phenolic Schiff's bases with the effect of manganese triacetate.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and antibacterial investigations of new hydroxy ethers and heterocyclic coumarin derivatives
Authors: Hamdi Naceur , Saoud Mustapha , Romerosa Antonio , Hassen Rached Ben
Published: March 2009

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The reactions between oligoethylene glycol diglycidyl ethers 2a‐c with both 7‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one and 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one lead to new hydroxy ethers 3 and 4 containing coumarin moieties in good yield. The synthesis of 3‐(3‐(dimethylamino)acryloyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one 5 and new heterocyclic compounds 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one 6a, 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(1‐phenylpyrazol‐3‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one 6b and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(isoxazol‐3‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one 6c is also described. All compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, 2D‐1H‐13C HMBC, 2D‐1H NOESY NMR, IR, and MS spectroscopy. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the new products containing coumarin moiety was evaluated. This activity is clearly dependent on the chemical structure of compounds.
Synthesis and cytotoxicity of nitrogen mustard/tripolypyrrole conjugate
Authors: Liu Cun‐Jiang , Liu Yan‐Hong , Cao Li‐Feng , Ye Yong , Zhao Yu‐Fen
Published: March 2009

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A series of nitrogen mustard derivatives were synthesized by chloroform reaction and coupling reaction using DCC/ HOBT as promoting additives. The structure of compound was confirmed by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, MS and IR. The data show that the nitrogen mustard with tripolypyrrole as the linker inhibits all the four tested cells and has the highest activity.
FeCI3‐promoted [3+3] cycloaddition: Efficient preparation of 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxylate and 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide derivatives
Authors: Li Shuheng , Wang Shaozhong
Published: March 2009

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A facile approach was developed on assembly of the 2‐pyridone nucleus by ferric chloride promoted [3+3] cycloaddition in propionic acid. The tandem process involves cyclization of Michael adduct followed by aromatization. Thus, different substituted 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxylate and 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide derivatives were prepared in good yields from various enones with malonamic ester and malonamide, respectively
Synthesis and antifungal activity of spiro[cyclopropane‐1,4′‐pyrazol‐3‐one] derivatives
Authors: Maruoka Hiroshi , Kashige Nobuhiro , Eishima Takafumi , Okabe Fumi , Fujioka Toshihiro , Miake Fumio , Yamagata Kenji , Tanaka Reiko
Published: March 2009

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A series of new spiro[cyclopropane‐1,4′‐pyrazol‐3‐one] derivatives 3a‐h were synthesized by the reaction of 4‐arylidene‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐one 1 with secondary and tertiary carbanions derived from a methylene and methine group bearing both a leaving group and electron‐withdrawing group, e.g. methyl chloroacetate, ethyl chloroacetate, isopropyl chloroacetate, tert‐butyl chloroacetate, chloroacetonitrile, 2‐chloro‐N,N‐diethylacetamide, methyl 2‐chloropropionate and 2‐chloropropionitrile, in the presence of sodium hydride. All the synthesized compounds 3a‐h were active against Candida albicans with MIC ≤ 25 μg/mL in vitro.
Persistent gap of incremental charges for obesity as a secondary diagnosis in common pediatric hospitalizations
Authors: Woolford Susan J. , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Clark Sarah J. , Davis Matthew M.
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE:

To use hospitalization data from 2003 to determine whether prior findings, showing higher charges and longer lengths‐of‐stay (LOSs) for children with obesity versus those without, were stable over time and whether the magnitude of differences was consistent over a 4‐year period.

METHODS:

Using the 2000 and 2003 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Kids Inpatient Database (KID), we examined discharges for the top 4 nonpregnancy‐related principal discharge diagnoses for children aged 2‐18 years (asthma, pneumonia, affective disorders, and appendicitis), classified as with or without obesity based on the presence of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) code 278.0x as a secondary diagnosis. We compared mean charges for hospitalizations with obesity listed as secondary diagnosis versus those without. Results are presented in 2003 dollars.

RESULTS:

Among children's discharges in 2000 and 2003, 1.1% and 1.6%, respectively, listed obesity as a secondary diagnosis. In 2003, for all 4 diagnoses, adjusted mean hospital charges were statistically significantly higher and adjusted mean LOS was statistically significantly longer for discharges with obesity as a secondary diagnosis versus those without. Additionally, the magnitude of the differences for both charges and LOS was generally somewhat greater in 2003 than in 2000 (asthma 9%, pneumonia 17%, affective disorders 121%, and appendicitis 3%) although it did not achieve statistical significance (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings suggest a widening gap of incremental charges and LOS associated with obesity as a comorbidity. This implies a financial imperative for further research to evaluate factors that contribute to greater resource utilization among obese children. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:149–156. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
‘Standpipes and beyond’—a universal water service dynamic
Authors: Gerlach Esther , Franceys Richard
Published: March 2009

The failure of many developing countries water utilities to provide adequate services to low‐income urban populations stands in marked contrast with calls for universal access to water services, often based on a concept of human rights. Much of the parallel, regulation oriented, ‘universal service obligation’ rhetoric not only ignores the origins and continuing evolution of the term but equally fails to consider the practical realities of achieving universality of networked urban water supply, particularly in the slums. This paper proposes a ‘universal water service dynamic’ which allows service obligations to evolve transparently and progressively in line with different consumer groups' preparedness to pay, relative to their perception of the benefits. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and efficient synthesis of stable isotope labeled [13C4, D4]‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)thiazole: versatile building block for biologically interesting compounds
Authors: Lin Ronghui , Salter Rhys , Gong Yong
Published: March 2009

5‐(Hydroxymethyl)thiazole is a versatile building block for many biologically active compounds. A rapid and efficient four‐step synthesis of its stable isotope labeled counterpart with four 13C and four deuterium atoms in 32% total yield is reported. Condensation of [13C2]‐chloro acetic acid with [13C]‐thiourea gave [13C3]‐2,4‐thiazolidinedione. Reaction of [13C3]‐2,4‐thiazolidinedione with phosphorus oxybromide and [13C, D]‐DMF (Me2N13CDO) produced [13C4, D]‐2,4‐dibromo‐thiazole‐5‐carboxaldehyde. The resultant aldehyde was then reduced by sodium borodeuteride to [13C4, D2]‐(2,4‐dibromo‐thiazol‐5‐yl)‐methanol. Catalytic deuteration of [13C4, D2]‐(2,4‐dibromo‐thiazol‐5‐yl)‐methanol by palladium black with deuterium gas at 1 atm pressure and room temperature produced completely de‐brominated [13C4, D4]‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)thiazole. De‐bromination of the 2,4‐dibromothiazole by the catalysis of palladium black provides a simple and convenient synthetic method for the stable isotope labeled and potentially radioactive isotope labeled thiazole compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Untargeted LC‐Q‐TOF mass spectrometry method for the detection of adulterations in skimmed‐milk powder
Authors: Cordewener Jan H. G. , Luykx Dion M. A. M. , Frankhuizen Rob , Bremer Maria G. E. G. , Hooijerink Hendricus , America Antoine H. P.
Published: March 2009

A nontargeted protein identification method was developed to screen for adulterations in skimmed‐milk powder (SMP). There are indications of falsified SMP content due to the addition of plant proteins. To demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of the developed comparative LC‐MS method using a quadrupole TOF MS instrument, adulterated SMP samples were prepared by the addition of protein isolates of soy and pea to skimmed‐milk before pasteurisation and evaporation. The comparative LC‐MS approach enabled unequivocal discrimination of those SMP samples containing soy and pea protein from nonadulterated SMP. To identify the source of (plant) proteins present in the adulterated SMP, data‐dependent LC‐MS/MS was used in combination with an include list of differential peptides. Numerous peptides originating from the major seed proteins of soy (glycinin, β‐conglycin) and pea (legumin, vicilin) could be identified in this way.
Efficacy of neck dissection: Are surgical volumes important?
Authors: Morton Randall P. , Gray Lincoln , Tandon Dev A. , Izzard Mark , McIvor Nicholas P.
Published: March 2009

Objectives/Hyphothesis:

Surgical volumes have been shown in many fields to reflect expertise and to be associated with improved clinical outcomes. We sought to test similar hypotheses that neck dissection is a volume‐sensitive procedure wherein the number of lymph nodes harvested and clinical outcomes are correlated with the number of neck dissections performed.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 375 neck dissections. The number of nodes harvested was examined by multiple linear regression before and after mathematical correction for pathologists' variation over time. The prior experiences of the surgeons were also averaged, depending on whether there was regional recurrence after at least 9 months of follow‐up.

Results:

More nodes were found by the pathologists over time, with 2.1 more nodes being found on average for each successive year (P < .001). After correcting for this effect of time, there remained a significant relationship between surgeons' experience and number of nodes harvested (P < .003). Additionally, cases that recurred were operated by less‐experienced surgeons (P = .02).

Conclusions:

We have demonstrated that there is a “learning curve” for neck dissection. Our most experienced surgeon harvested on average 11 more nodes than similar specimens submitted by the group of inexperienced surgeons. The effect of experience remains significant even without adjusting for time (P < .001). Surgical experience also affects clinical outcome months after the dissection. This retrospective review supports surgical volume as an indicator of expertise in neck dissection that could be used to assess trainees' progress and for quality assurance in large head and neck units. Laryngoscope, 2009
Cochlear implant surgery in patients more than seventy‐nine years old
Authors: Eshraghi Adrien A. , Rodriguez Michael , Balkany Thomas J. , Telischi Fred F. , Angeli Simon , Hodges Annelle V. , Adil Eelam
Published: March 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate the surgical complications, auditory performance, and hearing handicap following cochlear implantation in patients greater than 79 years of age.

Study Design:

Retrospective trial, tertiary referral center.

Methods:

The study group was comprised of 21 patients implanted after 79 years of age from 1996 through 2006 with follow‐ups past their 8th decade. Pre‐op evaluation consisted of pure‐tone audiometry and speech discrimination scores (Hearing in Noise Test and City University of New York sentence test). The results of these tests were compared to similar tests taken post‐op. A validated hearing handicap questionnaire was used to evaluate the outcome.

Results:

There were no permanent medical or surgical complications. However, two patients developed exacerbations of previous comorbid conditions (i.e., urinary retention and acute delirium). Implanted patients experienced a significant improvement in audiologic performance, post‐op pure tone average, and post‐op speech scores (P < .001). A majority of them were able to use the phone and reported that the cochlear implant was of great benefit to them. The post‐op hearing handicap inventory for the elderly demonstrated a significant decrease of hearing handicap scores.

Conclusions:

This is the first study to focus on a patient group this advanced in age. With increasing life expectancy, we should begin to stratify risk versus benefit of cochlear implantation in this age group. Cochlear implantation improved audiologic performance and the quality of life in patients older than 79 years old. There were no permanent medical or surgical complications. Chronic pain and temporary vertigo were the most common complications reported in this elderly group. Laryngoscope, 2009
An extension of Lewis's Lemma, renormalization of harmonic and analytic functions, and normal families
Authors: Grahl Jürgen , Roth Oliver
Published: March 2009

An extension of a lemma due to J. Lewis is established and is used to give rapid proofs of some classical theorems in complex function theory such as Montel's theorem and Miranda's theorem. Another application of Lewis's Lemma yields a general normality criterion for families of harmonic and holomorphic functions. This criterion permits a quick proof of Bloch's classical covering theorem for holomorphic functions (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Proteomics of regulated secretory organelles
Authors: Brunner Yannick , Schvartz Domitille , Couté Yohann , Sanchez Jean‐Charles
Published: March 2009

Regulated secretory organelles are important subcellular structures of living cells that allow the release in the extracellular space of crucial compounds, such as hormones and neurotransmitters. Therefore, the regulation of biogenesis, trafficking, and exocytosis of regulated secretory organelles has been intensively studied during the last 30 years. However, due to the large number of different regulated secretory organelles, only a few of them have been specifically characterized. New insights into regulated secretory organelles open crucial perspectives for a better comprehension of the mechanisms that govern cell secretion. The combination of subcellular fractionation, protein separation, and mass spectrometry is also possible to study regulated secretory organelles at the proteome level. In this review, we present different strategies used to isolate regulated secretory organelles, separate their protein content, and identify the proteins by mass spectrometry. The biological significance of regulated secretory organelles‐proteomic analysis is discussed as well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:844–867, 2009
Synthesis and Characterization of a Modified Chitosan
Authors: Ali Sk. Akbar , Singh Ram Prakash
Published: March 2009

Chitosan has been modified by incorporating a cationic moiety N‐ (3‐chloro 2‐hydroxypropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) onto its primary amine group in aqueous alkali medium. A series of modified chitosan copolymers (Chito‐cat‐1 to Chito‐cat‐5) was synthesized by varying the CHPTAC to chitosan ratio. The modified chitosan copolymers have been characterized by viscometry, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal analysis and X‐ray diffractometry. From the above investigations, it has been confirmed that the cationic moiety was successfully incorporated onto chitosan.
Preparation of Chitosan Based Scaffolds Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Rinki Kumari , Dutta Pradip K. , Hunt Andy J. , Clark James H. , Macquarrie Duncan J.
Published: March 2009

A novel chitosan‐formaldehyde porous derivative (scaffolds) was prepared by reaction of 85% deacetylated chitosan with 37% aq. formaldehyde using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc. CO2). Prior to reaction, the chitosan hydrogel was prepared in 1% aq. acetic acid (AcOH) and formaldehyde. The prepared hydrogel was subjected to solvent exchange. The identity of the Schiff base was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The chitosan‐derivative was evaluated by thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and porosimetry analysis. Overall, the sc. CO2 assisted chitosan derivative opens new perspectives as biomedical material.
The Coagulation Impact of 50% Epoxidised Natural Rubber Chain in Ethylene Carbonate‐Plasticized Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Latif Famiza , Aziz Madzlan , Ali Ab Malik Marwan , Yahya Muhd Zu Azhan
Published: March 2009

In this research, thin, soft and flexible free standing films can be obtained from poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/50% epoxidised natural rubber (ENR 50)/lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) blends. However, phase separation is observed on the surface of the films which indicates that the blending is not homogeneous. The blend became more homogeneous when ethylene carbonate (EC) plasticizer is introduced into the blend system. However, the anti‐plasticization effect of EC on ENR 50 occurs at lower concentration of EC at which the rubber became coagulated due to immiscibility of the rubber with EC plasticizer during solution casting. These ENR 50 coagulates can be observed as large solid structures in the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) micrographs of the EC‐plasticized rubber‐based electrolytes. The presence of these coagulates, hinder the migration of lithium ions in the system and also trap the lithium ions within the coil. This in turn reduced the number of free lithium ions that contribute to the ionic conduction. As a result, the conductivity of the un‐plasticized PMMA/ENR 50/LiCF3SO3 film dropped drastically by two orders of magnitude.
Microporous Network Polymers Based on Cobaltphthalocyanines
Authors: Samuel Jacob , Makhseed Saad
Published: March 2009

A series of microprous Co‐phthalocyanine based plolymers were prepared in good yield (>90%) by the polymeric tetramerisation reaction of nonplanar bisphthalonitrile monomers with cobalt acetate. The resulting free‐flowing polymers are dark green in apperance with good stability towards a range of solvents and temperature. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy image clearly shows the presence of micropores (<2 nm). Nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements show that these materials have high surface areas in the range of 500–600 m2g−1 along with high concentration of pores in the range of 0.6–0.7 nm.
Ethylene‐Octene Copolymer‐Nanosilica Nanocomposites: Effects of Epoxy Resin Functionalized Nanosilica on Morphology, Mechanical, Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Reddy Chaganti Srinivasa , Patra Prabir Kumar , Das Chapal Kumar
Published: March 2009

A comparative study of the structural, thermal, mechanical and thermomechanical properties of ethylene‐octene copolymer1

Ethylene‐octene copolymer is produced using Dow's INSITETM™ constrained geometry catalyst and process technology. ENGAGE the trade name of this copolymer.

(mPE)2

This copolymer will be represented as mPE.

nanocomposites synthesized with pure nanosilica (NS) and nanosilica‐functionalized with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (ENS) has been reported. These nanocomposites were prepared using “melt mixing” method at a constant loading level of 2.5 wt. %. The effects of pure nanosilica (NS) and epoxy resin‐functionalized‐nanosilica (ENS) on the above mentioned properties of ethylene‐octene copolymer were analyzed by wide‐angle‐x‐ray diffractometer (WAXD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). TEM studies have shown a better dispersion of nanoparticles in case of ethylene‐octene copolymer‐epoxy resin‐functionalized‐nanosilica nanocomposite (mPE‐ENS) than that of ethylene‐octene copolymer‐nanosilica nanocomposite (mPE‐NS). The tensile tests show that organic modification of nanosilica particles brings up an appreciable increase in yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break of the polymer. DMA studies have shown an increase in the storage modulus and glass transition temperature for mPE‐ENS with respect to mPE‐NS. Further, the TGA results have shown a higher thermal stability for mPE‐ENS in comparison to mPE‐NS.
Synthesis and Characterization of Boron Incorporated Polyester Polyol from Linseed Oil: A Sustainable Material
Authors: Akram Deewan , Sharmin Eram , Ahmad Sharif
Published: March 2009

Polyols obtained from seed oils have established themselves as excellent building blocks of polymers, viz. polyurethanes. In this work, a novel attempt has been made to incorporate boron in the backbone of polyol [LPO] derived from linseed oil. Furthermore, LPO was treated with phthalic anhydride [PA] and boric acid [BA] (in different molar ratios) to obtain boron incorporated linseed polyester polyols [BPPEs] through solvent less synthesis process. BPPEs were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) to confirm the incorporation of boron and also to elucidate their structures. Physico‐chemical characterization and antibacterial behavior of BPPEs was also investigated. It is speculated that these resins may serve as excellent raw materials for adhesives, coatings and as antibacterial agents.
Current treatments of chronic immune‐mediated demyelinating polyneuropathies
Authors: Brannagan Thomas H.
Published: March 2009

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), and anti–myelin‐associated glycoprotein (anti‐MAG) neuropathy are three demyelinating acquired neuropathies, with distinct responses to immunotherapy. In placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized trials, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been effective for CIDP and MMN, and plasmapheresis has been effective for CIDP. Corticosteroids have been beneficial in controlled trials for CIDP. Other agents, including cyclophosphamide, rituximab, azathioprine, cyclosporine, interferons, fludarabine, mycophenolate mofetil, and etanercept, have been reported to benefit some patients with inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies in case series and case reports. This review examines the use and toxicity associated with these immunotherapy medications in treating patients with chronic immune‐mediated demyelinating neuropathies. Muscle Nerve, 2009
A new Cosserat‐like constitutive model for bedded salt rocks
Authors: Li Yin‐Ping , Yang Chun‐He , Daemen Jaak J. K. , Yin Xue‐Ying , Chen Feng
Published: March 2009

Salt rocks are commonly used as geologic host rocks for storage of gas and crude oil, and are being considered for the disposal of radioactive waste. Different from the salt rock domes in many countries, the salt rock formations in China are usually laminar with many alternating layers, i.e. rock salt, anhydrite, and/or mudstone. Considering the unique stratigraphic characteristics of these salt rocks, a new Cosserat‐like medium constitutive model is proposed in order to facilitate efficient modeling of the mechanical behavior of these formations. In this model, a new representative volume element, containing two different layers, is employed to simulate the compatibility of the meso‐displacement between two different layers and also the bending effect. A new method for the deformation and failure analysis of bedded salt rocks is derived therefrom. Having the macro‐average stresses, the conventional stresses in the different layers can be obtained in sequence. The conventional stresses can then be utilized in a routine way for the strength and failure analysis. For the initial numerical modeling, the new Cosserat‐like medium is reduced to a transversely isotropic one. The simplified constitutive model for layered media is then implemented into FLAC3D codes. A test sample validates that the results by using the numerical model are in good agreement with that by using the built‐in model, and the mesh size for the new model is reduced greatly. Finally, an application for the stability of oil storage caverns in deep thinly bedded salt rocks is carried out. The effects on convergence of storage caverns and on the failure of surrounding rock due to the presence of the mudstone interlayers (hard phase) are discussed in detail. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Block s‐step Krylov iterative methods
Authors: Chronopoulos Anthony T. , Kucherov Andrey B.
Published: March 2009

Block (including s‐step) iterative methods for (non)symmetric linear systems have been studied and implemented in the past. In this article we present a (combined) block s‐step Krylov iterative method for nonsymmetric linear systems. We then consider the problem of applying any block iterative method to solve a linear system with one right‐hand side using many linearly independent initial residual vectors. We present a new algorithm which combines the many solutions obtained (by any block iterative method) into a single solution to the linear system. This approach of using block methods in order to increase the parallelism of Krylov methods is very useful in parallel systems. We implemented the new method on a parallel computer and we ran tests to validate the accuracy and the performance of the proposed methods. It is expected that the block s‐step methods performance will scale well on other parallel systems because of their efficient use of memory hierarchies and their reduction of the number of global communication operations over the standard methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape inverse problem for the two‐dimensional unsteady Stokes flow
Authors: Yan Wenjing , He Yaling , Ma Yichen
Published: March 2009

In this article, the shape inverse problem for the two‐dimensional unsteady Stokes flow has been presented. We employ Piola transformation to bypass the divergence free condition for the flow and prove the differentiability of the solution to the initial boundary value problem. For the approximate solution of the ill‐posed and nonlinear problem, we propose a regularized Gauss‐Newton method. The numerical examples show that our theory is useful for practical purpose and the proposed algorithm is feasible. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Paget's disease in pre‐contact Florida? Revisiting the Briarwoods site in Gulf coast Florida
Authors: Pinto D. C. , Stout S. D.
Published: March 2009

This report presents results of a reanalysis addressing the presence of Paget's disease (Osteitis deformans) in the pre‐contact Safety Harbour Briarwoods site (8PA66), a burial mound in Pasco County along Gulf coast Florida, dating around 1000–1500 AD. Due to the paucity of published histological and radiological analyses as well as the suspect nature of this Paget's disease report, a new study was conducted. The diagnosis was suspect for three reasons. First, the original diagnosis was based on five skeletal fragments from five different burials making the results questionable. Secondly, Paget's disease is very similar to treponemal disease and can possibly be misdiagnosed. The characteristic histological mosaic pattern found in Paget's disease provides the most definitive differential diagnosis. Thirdly, Paget's disease is found primarily in European populations and this is a pre‐contact site. Histological sections from the suspected Pagetic bones were analysed for the presence of the mosaic pattern. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were unable to support or deny the presence of Paget's disease due to the fragmentary nature of the skeletal elements as well as extensive diagenesis resulting from exposure to the environment. The presence of Paget's disease could not be confirmed or refuted at Briarwoods due to extensive taphonomic damage. However, it is suggested that the presence of treponemal disease should be investigated because although not originally reported, the presence of saber‐shin tibiae consistent with this disease are present at this site. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an isotopic ecology of herbivory in the Puna ecosystem: new results and patterns on Lama glama
Authors: Yacobaccio H. D. , Morales M. R. , Samec C. T.
Published: March 2009

We present stable isotopic data obtained in order to elucidate the diet of current domestic camelids and their feeding areas, as a necessary step for the interpretation of archaelogical assemblages, and to answer questions regarding past diet, herd structure, foraging zones and interaction with human populations. Seventeen new δ
13C collagen isotope values from Lama glama bones were measured in order to start a systematic study of the isotopic ecology of herbivory in the Puna ecosystem of Jujuy province, Argentina. These values were compared with those previously available, and a reliable correlation between altitude and variation in isotopic values was found: of the order of −2‰ depletion for each 500 m increase in altitude. These results were interpreted as related to variation in vegetal assemblage due to altitude. We consider that the outcomes of this research exceed the scope of our study area, being important to the Argentine Puna as a whole, and will also contribute to the development of current animal population ecological models applied to the interpretation of archaeological remains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of fetal gender on first trimester nuchal translucency and maternal serum free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A MoM in normal and trisomy 21 pregnancies
Authors: Cowans Nicholas J. , Stamatopoulou Anastasia , Maiz Nerea , Spencer Kevin , Nicolaides Kypros H.
Published: March 2009

Objective

To investigate if fetal sex has an impact on 1st trimester combined screening for aenuploidy.

Methods

We studied the first trimester PAPP‐A, free β‐human chorionic gonadatropin (β‐hCG) and nuchal translucency levels in 56 024 normal, singleton pregnancies with known fetal sex at birth. We also examined the distributions in 722 pregnancies with trisomy 21 of known fetal sex.

Results

We have found a 14.74% increase in first trimester maternal serum (MS) median free β‐hCG MoM, 6.25% increase of PAPP‐A and a 9.41% decrease in delta NT, when the fetus was female. Analysis of data has shown that women carrying a female fetus were 1.084 times more likely to be in the ‘at risk’ group than those carrying a male fetus. In examining data from 722 pregnancies in which the fetus was affected by trisomy 21, we observed a similar 20.8% increase in free β‐hCG MoM, 5.7% increase in PAPP‐A and a 12% decrease in delta NT when the fetus was female. Amongst the trisomy 21 cases, 88.8% of male trisomy 21 cases were detected compared with 91.2% in female cases, this difference was not statistically significant. Correcting for fetal sex redressed the balance in screen‐positive rate between the sexes and had a minimal impact on detection rate.

Conclusion

Correcting for fetal sex may be a worthwhile consideration. A cost‐benefit analysis would be required to determine if it is feasible to introduce fetal gender assignment into the routine first trimester scan for the purpose of marker correction and whether this would have any significant impact. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.