bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive non-collinear autocorrelation of few-cycle pulses with an angular tunable bi-mirror
Authors: Treffer A. , Brunne J. , Bock M. , König S. , Wallrabe U. , Grunwald R.
Published: February 2016

Adaptive autocorrelation with an angular tunable micro-electro-mechanical system is reported. A piezo-actuated Fresnel bi-mirror structure was applied to measure the second order autocorrelation of near-infrared few-cycle laser pulses in a non-collinear setup at tunable superposition angles. Because of enabling measurements with variable scaling and minimizing the influence of distortions by adaptive self-reconstruction, the approach extends the capability of autocorrelators. Flexible scaling and robustness against localized amplitude obscurations are demonstrated. The adaptive reconstruction of temporal frequency information by the Fourier analysis of autocorrelation data is shown. Experimental results and numerical simulations of the beam propagation and interference are compared for variable angles.
Extreme positive allometry of animal adhesive pads and the size limits of adhesion-based climbing
Authors: Labonte David , Clemente Christofer J. , Dittrich Alex , Kuo Chi-Yun , Crosby Alfred J. , Irschick Duncan J. , Federle Walter
Published: February 2016

Significance

How adhesive forces can be scaled up from microscopic to macroscopic levels is a central problem for biological and bio-inspired adhesives. Here, we elucidate how animals with sticky footpads cope with large body sizes. We find an extreme positive allometry of footpad area across all 225 species studied, implying a 200-fold increase of relative pad area from mites to geckos. Within groups, however, pads were almost isometric, but their adhesive strength increased with size, inconsistent with existing models. Extrapolating the observed scaling, we show that to support a human’s body weight, an unrealistic 40% of the body surface would have to be covered with adhesive pads, suggesting that anatomical constraints may prohibit the evolution of adhesion-based climbers larger than geckos.
α-Synuclein–induced lysosomal dysfunction occurs through disruptions in protein trafficking in human midbrain synucleinopathy models
Authors: Mazzulli Joseph R. , Zunke Friederike , Isacson Ole , Studer Lorenz , Krainc Dimitri
Published: February 2016

Significance

There are currently no disease-altering therapies available for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease or other age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we find that enhancement of a single therapeutic pathway centered on hydrolase trafficking and lysosomal function potently reduces α-synuclein accumulation in human midbrain neurons. This work may lead to future treatments for age-related neurodegenerative diseases through the reduction of protein aggregates.
Huntingtin exon 1 fibrils feature an interdigitated β-hairpin–based polyglutamine core
Authors: Hoop Cody L. , Lin Hsiang-Kai , Kar Karunakar , Magyarfalvi Gábor , Lamley Jonathan M. , Boatz Jennifer C. , Mandal Abhishek , Lewandowski Józef R. , Wetzel Ronald , van der Wel Patrick C. A.
Published: February 2016

Significance

Huntington’s disease is a devastating and incurable inherited neurodegenerative disease. Like at least eight other diseases, its primary genetic cause is the CAG repeat expansion in a specific gene. Mutant huntingtin protein undergoes misfolding and aggregation, causing degeneration of neurons through as-yet poorly understood mechanisms. Attempts to characterize the implicated protein deposits have until now had limited success. We present our structural studies of mutant huntingtin-derived protein deposits by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy. We determine the essential structural features of the fibrils’ rigid core, which is shown to feature intramolecular β-hairpins tied together via interdigitating extended side chains. These structural insights have direct implications for the mechanism by which the mutant protein misfolds and self-assembles.
p11 modulates L-DOPA therapeutic effects and dyskinesia via distinct cell types in experimental Parkinsonism
Authors: Schintu Nicoletta , Zhang Xiaoqun , Alvarsson Alexandra , Marongiu Roberta , Kaplitt Michael G. , Greengard Paul , Svenningsson Per
Published: February 2016

Significance

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is symptomatically treated with levodopa (L-DOPA), but this treatment often results in disabling dyskinesias. Subchronic L-DOPA increases striatal levels of adaptor protein, p11. Using experimental mouse models of Parkinsonism, we report here that global p11 knockout mice show reduced therapeutic responses to L-DOPA on rotational motor sensitization, but also develop less L-DOPA–induced dyskinesias. Mice lacking p11 in dopamine D2R-containing neurons have reduced response to L-DOPA on the therapeutic parameters, but develop dyskinetic side effects. In contrast, mice lacking p11 in dopamine D1R-containing neurons exhibit rotational responses toward L-DOPA, but develop less dyskinesia. These results imply that reductions of p11 in D1R-containing cells may be a viable therapy against L-DOPA–induced dyskinesias.
PGL germ granule assembly protein is a base-specific, single-stranded RNase
Authors: Aoki Scott T. , Kershner Aaron M. , Bingman Craig A. , Wickens Marvin , Kimble Judith
Published: February 2016

Significance

RNA-protein granules play crucial roles in cell biology, development, and disease. Yet their molecular assembly and biochemical functions remain poorly understood. This work focuses on a granule scaffold protein, called PGL, to gain molecular insights into granule assembly and function. We identify a dimerization domain in a PGL region required for granule assembly and determine its crystal structure. The structure reveals a positively charged channel of the right size for binding single-stranded RNA. However, we instead find that PGL is a base-specific RNA endonuclease. The importance of this work lies in its molecular clarification of a building block for granule assembly and discovery of an activity that provides a new view of a scaffold protein as an enzyme.
Subtype-specific addiction of the activated B-cell subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma to FOXP1
Authors: Dekker Joseph D. , Park Daechan , Shaffer Arthur L. , Kohlhammer Holger , Deng Wei , Lee Bum-Kyu , Ippolito Gregory C. , Georgiou George , Iyer Vishwanath R. , Staudt Louis M. , Tucker Haley O.
Published: February 2016

Significance

We demonstrate that forkhead box P1 (FOXP1) is a central transcriptional regulator of the most aggressive activated B cell (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most prevalent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma worldwide. We used a variety of methods to identify and functionally confirm FOXP1 target genes in DLBCL cell lines and primary clinical isolates. We found that FOXP1 target genes are sufficient to segregate ABC-DLBCL from the more indolent germinal center B-cell (GCB)-DLBCL subtype as well as to identify both hallmark and previously unidentified pathways underlying DLBCL pathology. Our findings extend the role of FOXP1 from a prognostic indicator of unknown mechanism to a driver of ABC-DLBCL neoplasia.
Cocaine elicits autophagic cytotoxicity via a nitric oxide-GAPDH signaling cascade
Authors: Guha Prasun , Harraz Maged M. , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: February 2016

Significance

Cocaine is one of the most abused drugs in modern society, with overdoses that are frequently lethal. Molecular mechanisms underlying its toxic actions have been obscure. The present study demonstrates that cocaine’s cellular toxicity involves a signaling cascade that utilizes the gasotransmitter nitric oxide, which leads to autophagy, a cellular modification that can cause cell death. Thus, manipulations that impair nitric oxide signaling and autophagy diminish cytotoxic actions of cocaine. By contrast, alterations of apoptosis and other nonautophagic modes of cell death are ineffective. Therapies directed toward the autophagic process may be beneficial in treating cocaine neurotoxicity.
A Study of Cultures Using Chinese Characters and their Impact on Translation Studies
Authors: Kim Hye-Rim
Published: February 2016

Les études de traduction doivent viser à devenir une science comportementale. Autrement dit, la recherche de la méthodologie de traduction ou la présentation de la théorie de traduction aura une signification seulement si elle est capable de remplir le rôle auxiliaire à l’activité de traduction. Ainsi les études de traduction chercheront à soulever les questions liées aux travaux de traduction et y proposer des solutions.

C’est donc dans ce contexte que cette thèse propose de présenter une méthodologie qui pourra être appliquée à l’interprétation et à la traduction du coréen et du chinois — deux langues qui utilisent en commun les caractères chinois — en soulevant les difficultés qui existent, en les classifiant et en les conceptualisant. Pour cela, en se basant sur les nombreux textes de conférence, les difficultés de traduction dues à l’usage des lettres chinoises ont été traitées en profondeur à travers: (1) l’analyse de la déverbalisation, (2) la compréhension et la reproduction du texte langue, et (3) la redéfinition du nom propre. A partir de cette analyse, cette thèse élabore une stratégie pour exclure toute intervention de la culture linguistique à travers: (1) la traduction basée sur une connaissance correcte, (2) l’amélioration de la capacité linguistique, (3) l’établissement de la terminologie spécialisée, et (4) l’approche éducative.
Words and Sense
Authors: Setton Robin
Published: February 2016

L’opposition entre traduction ‘libre’ et traduction littérale traverse la traductologie depuis ses débuts; l’école du sens fait de la traduction par le sens son cheval de bataille. La séparation imparfaite des langues dans le lexique multilingue et les conditions difficiles de l’interprétation simultanée supposent à la fois des dangers (l’interférence) et des voies à exploiter grâce à la multiplication des possibilités de formulation autorisées par l’apport cognitif du contexte. Les contraintes de capacité de traitement rendent probable un recours plus ou moins intensif de l’interprète à des correspondences lexicales apprises, allant bien au-delà des seuls termes techniques, pouvant être insérées de façon quasi automatique. La métaphore connexioniste permet de modéliser le choix de modes parallèles de traitement (construction logique, recherche conceptuelle ou recours direct à une correspondance lexicale) qui s’offrent à chaque détour de la chaîne parlée, tandis que les spécificités des glossaires préparés et utilisés par les interprètes révèlent leur fonction d’amorçage ou d’aiguillage ponctuel de réseaux lexicaux et conceptuels déjà orientées vers les besoins particuliers de cette tâche par la formation et l’expérience professionnelle.
A Differentiated Approach towards Translation for Children
Authors: Shin Jisun
Published: February 2016

Les enfants, qui sont les principaux lecteurs de la littérature pour la jeunesse, sont immatures sur le plan cognitive et émotionnel par rapport aux adultes. Cette particularité oblige une prise en compte de nombreux facteurs lors de la traduction littéraire pour les enfants. Les traducteurs n’ayant pas de connaissance appropriée des caractéristiques de la littérature enfantine risquent d'échouer à créer des textes appropriés pour les jeunes lecteurs. Puisque les enfants apprennent et perfectionnent la langue maternelle grâce à la lecture des livres pour la jeunesse, la qualité de traduction de la littérature pour la jeunesse est d'une question d’importance cruciale. L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier la tendance générale de la publication des traductions littéraires pour les enfants en Corée. Après avoir insisté sur la nécessité des études sur la traduction littéraire pour la jeunesse, cette étude vise à définir la notion de la fidélité comme fidélité envers les lecteurs et à analyser les stratégies de traduction sur le plan macroscopique et microscopique. Quelques réflexions sur l’explicitation seront également proposées, afin d’harmoniser l’émotion littéraire et la stimulation culturelle lors de la traduction des termes culturels.
Translation Error Analysis and Translation Criticism in Korea1
Authors: Cheong Ho-Jeong
Published: February 2016

Malgré l’intérêt qui ne cesse de croître en Corée pour la traductologie, l’une de ses sousdisciplines, la critique de la traduction, en est encore à ses balbutiements. Pour garantir la qualité de la traduction dans une société donnée, il est essentiel que cette société puisse faire appel à une solide tradition de critique de la traduction. Cet article propose donc un modèle à la fois complet et systématique pour assurer un bon niveau d’évaluation des traductions et, par extension, un modèle de critique de la traduction puisant dans les riches perspectives offertes par la traductologie. La première partie consiste en un résumé de l’état actuel des recherches dans le domaine de la critique de la traduction en Corée, suivi d’une analyse des écueils qui guettent chaque filière adoptée en critique de la traduction. Ensuite, trois textes sont analysés afin de montrer la nécessité d’incorporer les perspectives offertes par la traductologie dans la critique de la traduction. En conclusion, on appelle les chercheurs en traductologie à participer de façon plus active aussi bien au développement de modèles qu’à la pratique dans le domaine de la critique de la traduction.
Pour un enseignement professionnel de l’interprétation à différents niveaux - le cas de la Chine
Authors: Liu Heping
Published: February 2016

The author, taking into account Chinese market demands and the requirement of professionalism, analyzes the reasons why, with the help of figures, she suggests dividing professional interpretation into three levels. She then studies the principles and methods of consecutive interpretation training and stresses the importance and need for a progressive improvement of professional training in China.
La traduction des éléments liés à la culture
Authors: Regattin Fabio
Published: February 2016

The article draws a theoretical framework to be used for the description of the translation strategies applied to the source text culture-bound terms. After a definition of the key-terms of the text – “culture” and “culture-bound terms” (in the following lines CBT) – and a discussion on their translatability, the text proposes a taxonomy which can be used for the description of all type of translation occurrence dealing with a CBT, and – in its final part – uses it for the description of some translation strategies, from different languages (English, French, German) into Italian.
Making the Most of Settling for Less
Authors: Shlesinger Miriam
Published: February 2016

Dans de nombreux pays, la formation des interprètes communautaires est relativement récente - lorsqu’elle existe. La forme des programmes va des cours de perfectionnement linguistique (l’accent étant alors mis sur des exercices d’interprétation de liaison), en passant par les cours de spécialisation proposés au personnel bilingue des établissements demandeurs, ou par des modules informels de formation continue, jusqu’aux cursus offerts dans l’enseignement supérieur et à l’université. L’article décrit l’un de ces programmes, inhabituel par bien des aspects : il offre à des étudiants de BA (licence), inscrits dans divers départements universitaires, une formation de base en interprétation communautaire (60 heures de cours), complétée obligatoirement par un service bénévole dans la cité, dans le cadre d’établissements variés. Sans contester l’importance de la professionnalisation, ce programme a un objectif différent : inciter les institutions universitaires à jouer un rôle d’agent de changement social et donner aux étudiants le sens et la valeur du service communautaire. Cet article rend compte de l’expérience personnelle de l’auteur qui a dirigé un premier cours d’interprétation communautaire, destiné à conforter le militantisme social et une prise de conscience politique tout en respectant des normes acceptables de qualité et en affrontant les problèmes singulièrement complexes associés à ce type d’activité. Les observations de l’auteur sont accompagnées d’extraits des rapports soumis par les étudiants à l’issue de leur travail d’interprète communautaires en milieu médical ou dans les services publics et en milieu médical ou dans les services publics et les jardins d’enfants pour handicapés : ils communiquent leurs impressions concernant le service communautaire.
Cinquante ans d’interprétation parlementaire
Authors: Delisle Jean
Published: February 2016

Parliamentary interpretation was introduced in the House of Commons of the Parliament of Canada on January 15, 1959, fifty years ago this year. The author describes the stages of establishing this new service and gives the names and background of the first seven interpreters. He also shows that, at the time, interpretation was perceived by the Members of Parliament and journalists as a constitutional necessity in a country officially bilingual. Thanks to the interpretation, the French unilingual MPs participated more actively in the political debates which took place mostly in English before. The interpretation has contributed to strengthen parliamentary democracy, institutional bilingualism and national unity.
Les enjeux du débat sur l’(in)traduisibilité de la métaphore
Authors: Kim Hyeon-ju
Published: February 2016

Translation of metaphor presents both practical and theoretical problems. Within translation theory, metaphor has often been studied in terms of (un)translatability, which, in turn, has been treated as part of general (un)translatability. This paper examines representative views in this debate, which have been particularly vigorous in the journal Babel. The analysis focuses on three main issues at stake : the classification of metaphor, categories and their translatability, and the (un)translatability of metaphor. The analysis demonstrates that the conceptions of translation and metaphor constitute the pivotal point of the debate. Translation and metaphor have been understood as substitutive notions (A in place of B), according to which translation represents substitution of one linguistic unit by another and metaphor, a substitution of a literal meaning by a figurative meaning. A critical analysis of this conception shows that this static framework view has limitations when describing the dynamic processes of real language usage involving translation and metaphor.
Is science like a crossword puzzle? Foundherentist conceptions of scientific warrant
Authors: Peels Rik
Published: February 2016

This paper argues that the crossword puzzle analogy is great for scientific rationality, but not scientific warrant. It provides a critical analysis of foundherentist conceptions of scientific warrant, especially that of Susan Haack, and closely related positions, such as non-doxastic coherentism. Foundherentism takes the middle ground between foundationalism and coherentism. The main idea is that warrant, including that of scientific theories, is like warrant of crossword entries: the degree to which a theory is warranted depends on one’s observations, the extent to which it coheres with one’s other scientific theories and whether one’s evidence includes a sufficiently large portion of the relevant evidence. I identify three problems for a foundherentist conception of scientific warrant, two of which are also problems for the image of science as a crossword puzzle. First, Haack’s conceptions of personal and social warrant of scientific theories are incompatible. Second, the notion of warrant defeaters is crucial to any account of warrant, but foundherentism cannot accommodate certain warrant defeaters. Third, Haack’s treatment of inconsistent evidence renders her account of social warrant for scientific theories implausible. Finally, I suggest that switching from the objective notion of warrant to the subjective notion of rationality might save foundherentism about scientific theories and the image of science as a crossword puzzle. I also draw lessons for social epistemology generally by applying the distinction between warrant and rationality to non-doxastic coherentism and Paul Faulkner’s hybrid theory of testimonial warrant.
Modelling the temperature rise effect through high-pressure torsion
Authors: Parvin H. , Kazeminezhad M.
Published: February 2016

An approach composed of the thermodynamics-based dislocation model and the Taylor theory is used to investigate the evolution of microstructure and flow stress during high-pressure torsion (HPT). The incremental temperature rise is considered through the modelling of HPT. The temperature can affect the annihilation of dislocations and thus the dislocation density. The model predicts the dislocation density, sub-grain size and flow stress during HPT. The modelling results are compared with the experimental data and the modelling results without considering the incremental temperature rise. A remarkable agreement is observed between the modelling results with considering the temperature rise effect and the experimental data.
Microstructure and performance optimisation of stainless steel formed by laser additive manufacturing
Authors: Li J. , Deng D. , Hou X. , Wang X. , Ma G. , Wu D. , Zhang G.
Published: February 2016

In the present study, laser engineered net shaping technology was successfully utilised to fabricate 316L stainless steel bulk specimens using unidirectional scanning path and weaving scanning path. Influence of scanning path and post-heat treatment on microstructural and mechanical properties of the as-deposited builds has been investigated. The results show that scanning paths have a significant impact on the grain morphology evolution. Consequently, the as-made samples by different scanning strategies show a great difference in the mechanical properties. Furthermore, the experimental results also demonstrate that post-heat treatment is an essential step in further optimising microstructure and improving mechanical properties.
Lumbopelvic muscle activation patterns in adolescent fast bowlers
Authors: Forrest Mitchell , Hecimovich Mark , Dempsey Alasdair
Published: February 2016

Introduction: Adolescent fast bowlers are prone to sustaining lumbar injuries. Numerous components have been identified as contributing factors; however, there is limited empirical evidence outlining how the muscles of the lumbopelvic region, which play a vital role in stabilising the spine, function during the bowling action and the influence of such activation on injuries in the fast bowler. Methods: Surface electromyography was utilised to measure the function of the lumbar erector spinae, lumbar multifidus, gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles bilaterally during the fast bowling action in a group of 35 cricket fast bowlers aged 12–16 years. Results: Two prominent periods of activation occurred in each of the muscles examined. The period of greatest mean activation in the erector spinae and multifidus occurred near back foot contact (BFC) and within the post‐ball‐release (BR) phase. The period of greatest mean activation for the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus occurred during phases of ipsilateral foot contact. Discussion: The greatest periods of muscle activation in the paraspinal and gluteal muscles occurred at times where vertical forces were high such as BFC, and in the phases near BR where substantial shear forces are present. Conclusion: The posterior muscles within the lumbopelvic region appear to play a prominent role during the bowling action, specifically when compressive and shear forces are high. Further research is required to substantiate these findings and establish the role of the lumbopelvic muscles in the aetiology of lumbar injury in the cricket fast bowler.
Effects of different weight loss intervention programmes in health clubs – an observational multicenter study
Authors: Wanjek Markus , Senner Veit , Scharhag‐Rosenberger Friederike , Halle Martin
Published: February 2016

This study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of three lifestyle intervention programmes in health clubs “exercise only” (E), “exercise plus nutritional counselling” (E + NC), and “exercise plus weight loss program” (E + WLP) on weight loss under real‐life conditions. An observational multicenter study including 788 overweight/obese new customers of 95 health clubs in Germany was performed. Participants chose E (n = 512, 38 ± 14 year, BMI 30.4 ± 4.7 kg/m2), E + NC (n = 179, 42 ± 14 year, BMI 31.7 ± 4.5 kg/m2), or E + WLP (n = 97, 40 ± 11 year, BMI 31.6 ± 5.1 kg/m2). Anthropometric data, energy expenditure, and energy intake were assessed at baseline and after 3 months. All groups significantly reduced body weight (E: −1.5 ± 2.9 kg, E + NC: −3.4 ± 3.6 kg, E + WLP: −5.5 ± 4.3 kg, p < .001 within and between groups) and body fat (E: −1.2 ± 2.4%, E + NC: −2.0 ± 2.4%, E + WLP: −3.1 ± 2.5%, p < .001 within and between groups). However, only E + WLP achieved a clinically significant weight loss of −5.9 ± 3.9%. Exercise energy expenditure increased and energy intake decreased significantly in all groups (p < .001), but to different extents. This investigation suggests that under field conditions exercise plus dietary interventions are more effective for weight loss than exercise alone. The benefits of E + WLP emphasize that interventions even performed by health clubs may elicit clinically relevant weight loss in overweight and obese new customers and can therefore be recommended.
IL-1–induced Bhlhe40 identifies pathogenic T helper cells in a model of autoimmune neuroinflammation
Authors: Lin Chih-Chung , Bradstreet Tara R. , Schwarzkopf Elizabeth A. , Jarjour Nicholas N. , Chou Chun , Archambault Angela S. , Sim Julia , Zinselmeyer Bernd H. , Carrero Javier A. , Wu Gregory F. , Taneja Reshma , Artyomov Maxim N. , Russell John H. , Edelson Brian T.
Published: February 2016

The features that define autoreactive T helper (Th) cell pathogenicity remain obscure. We have previously shown that Th cells require the transcription factor Bhlhe40 to mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here, using Bhlhe40 reporter mice and analyzing both polyclonal and TCR transgenic Th cells, we found that Bhlhe40 expression was heterogeneous after EAE induction, with Bhlhe40-expressing cells displaying marked production of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In adoptive transfer EAE models, Bhlhe40-deficient Th1 and Th17 cells were both nonencephalitogenic. Pertussis toxin (PTX), a classical co-adjuvant for actively induced EAE, promoted IL-1β production by myeloid cells in the draining lymph node and served as a strong stimulus for Bhlhe40 expression in Th cells. Furthermore, PTX co-adjuvanticity was Bhlhe40 dependent. IL-1β induced Bhlhe40 expression in polarized Th17 cells, and Bhlhe40-expressing cells exhibited an encephalitogenic transcriptional signature. In vivo, IL-1R signaling was required for full Bhlhe40 expression by Th cells after immunization. Overall, we demonstrate that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic Th cells and defines a PTX–IL-1–Bhlhe40 pathway active in EAE.
Efficient host excitation in thiosilicate phosphors of lanthanide(III)-doped Y4(SiS4)3
Authors: Nanai Yasushi , Suzuki Yousuke , Okuno Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2016

Lanthanide (Ln)-doped yttrium thiosilicate (Y1−x
Ln
x
)4(SiS4)3 is synthesized, and its optical properties are studied. In (Y1−x
Tb
x
)4(SiS4)3, the green photoluminescence band corresponding to the intra 4f transition of 5D4  →  7F5 appears at 545 nm and becomes the maximum for x  =  0.2 in the range x  =  0.01 to 1. The internal quantum efficiency is higher (11% for x  =  0.01) for the thiosilicate host excitation (360 nm) than for the direct excitation (1.6%) of the intra 4f transition of 5D4  ←  7F6 (489 nm). A time-resolved photoluminescence study shows that the luminescence of defect states of thiosilicate hosts decays faster (typically 10–30 ns) for higher Tb3+ concentration x. In addition, the rise time of Tb3+ photoluminescence is shorter (10–40 ns) for greater x. Energy transfer from the thiosilicate host to Tb3+ is discussed using these results. For all of (Y1−x
Ln
x
)4(SiS4)3 (x  =  0.01, Ln  =  Pr, Nd, Dy, Er or Tm), the internal quantum efficiency is higher for the host excitation (11–21%) than for the direct excitation of intra 4f transitions (1.1–12%). A photoluminescence excitation study reveals broad host absorption in 300–400 nm for Ln luminescence. These results show the promising characteristics of the host absorption of (Y1−x
Ln
x
)4(SiS4)3 phosphors and their optical properties.
The nature of graphene–metal bonding probed by Raman spectroscopy: the special case of cobalt
Authors: Serrano-Esparza Inés , Fan Jiyu , Michalik Jan M , Rodríguez Luis Alfredo , Ibarra Manuel Ricardo , de Teresa José María
Published: February 2016

The nature of graphene–metal bonding is crucial for the performance of graphene-based electronic devices. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for probing the electronic behaviour of graphene–metal interfaces. The changes in the Raman spectrum of pristine graphene upon contact with standard metal layers are reported here. In particular, the study is focused on metallization by electron-beam evaporation using chromium or titanium (commonly used as an adhesion layer to improve the bonding of other metals such as gold) and nickel or cobalt (ferromagnetic materials used for spintronics). The results obtained indicate that the main changes in the Raman spectra can be explained in terms of a biaxial strain generated by graphene trying to match the crystalline lattice of the metal. In the case of cobalt, we find that the strong binding of some cobalt atoms to graphene generates a spectrum with a duplication of the characteristic graphene peaks: those corresponding to cobalt physisorbed to graphene and those corresponding to cobalt chemisorbed to graphene, strongly redshifted. Such special behaviour of the graphene–cobalt interface is correlated to the low contact resistance and the enhanced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of cobalt on graphene.
Interactions between ageing error and selectivity in statistical catch-at-age models: simulations and implications for assessment of the Chilean Patagonian toothfish fishery
Authors: Henríquez Vania , Licandeo Roberto , Cubillos Luis A. , Cox Sean P.
Published: February 2016

In age-structured fisheries stock assessments, ageing errors within age composition data can lead to biased mortality rate and year-class strength estimates. These errors may be further compounded where fishery-dependent age composition data are influenced by temporal changes in fishery selectivity and selectivity misspecification. In this study, we investigated how ageing error within age composition data interacts with time-varying fishery selectivity and selectivity misspecification to affect estimates derived from a statistical catch-at-age (SCA) model that used fishery-dependent data. We tested three key model parameters: average unfished recruitment (R0), spawning stock depletion (Dfinal), and fishing mortality in the terminal year (Fterminal). The Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) fishery in southern Chile was used as a case study. Age composition data used to assess this fishery were split into two sets based on scale (1989–2006) and otolith (2007–2012) readings, where the scale readings show clear age-truncation effects. We used a simulation-estimation approach to examine the bias and precision of parameter estimates under various combinations of ageing error, selectivity type (asymptotic or dome-shaped), selectivity misspecification, and variation in selectivity over time. Generally, ageing error led to overly optimistic perceptions of current fishery status relative to historical reference points. Ageing error generated imprecise and positively biased estimates of R0 (range 10 to >200%), Dfinal (range −20 to >100%), and Fterminal (range −15 to >150%). The bias in Dfinal and R0 was more severe when selectivity was dome-shaped. Time-varying selectivity (both asymptotic and dome-shaped) increased the bias in Dfinal and Fterminal, but decreased the bias in R0. The effect of ageing error was more severe, or was masked, with selectivity misspecification. Correcting the ageing error inside the SCA reduced bias and improved precision of estimated parameters .
Decision Comfort
Authors: Parker Jeffrey R. , Lehmann Donald R. , Xie Yi
Published: February 2016

Contemporary consumer behavior research largely conceptualizes post-decision evaluation processes in terms of decision confidence, anticipated regret and satisfaction, and decision and consumption satisfaction. The current research broadens this view, arguing that people additionally experience varying degrees of decision comfort that are distinct from other post-decision evaluations. The authors argue that comfort is a soft-positive emotion thus far unexamined in relation to decision processes and present nine studies that (1) develop and validate two scales to measure decision comfort, (2) demonstrate the discriminant validity of decision comfort relative to numerous other post-decision constructs, and (3) examine the unique downstream consequences of decision comfort. The results show that an individual may be quite comfortable with a decision despite being uncertain about the optimality and/or the anticipated consequences of that decision (e.g., satisfaction or regret). It is demonstrated that decision comfort responds to affect-relevant cues and tends to rely less on comparisons between the chosen and foregone options (i.e., it tends to be a less comparative evaluation). Decision comfort is also shown to account for a sizable proportion of consumers’ overall decision evaluations and to have meaningful downstream consequences on marketing-relevant variables (e.g., choice commitment and the likelihood of recommending).
Olfactory contacts mediate plasticity in male aggression with variable male density
Authors: Hughes Nelika K. , Banks Peter B.
Published: February 2016

Males typically adjust their reproductive strategies based on the perceived density and relative abilities of nearby competitors. In high-density populations, repeated encounters facilitate reliable, learned associations between individuals and their relative competitive abilities. In contrast, opportunities to form such associations are limited when densities are low or in flux, increasing the risk that individuals will unintentionally engage in potentially costly interactions with higher-quality or aggressive opponents. To maximize their fitness, individuals in low-density and fluctuating populations therefore need a general way to assess their current social environment, and thus their relative competitive ability. Here, we investigate how olfactory social signals (scent marks) might perform this function. We manipulated the perceived social environment of isolated, male house mice ( Mus domesticus ) via their periodic contact with scent marks from 3 or 9 male conspecifics, or a control of no scents, over 15 days. We then paired them with an unknown opponent and examined how the diversity of recent scent contact mediated their behavior towards dominant or subordinate opponents. There was an overall pattern for increasing scent diversity to significantly reduce male mice’s aggression (tail rattling and lunging) towards their opponents, and also their willingness to engage in reciprocal investigation. Such cautiousness was not indicative of perceived subordinance, however; the diversity of recent scent contact did not affect mice’s investigation of their opponent’s scents, and some measures of aggression were greater when mice faced dominant opponents. These results suggest that house mice can use scent signals to assess their current social environment in the absence of physical interactions, modifying their behavior in ways that are predicted to reduce their risks of injury when the likelihood of encountering unknown opponents increases.
Spatial organization of the pale fox in the Termit Massif of east Niger
Authors: Sillero-Zubiri Claudio , Rostro-García Susana , Burruss Dylan
Published: February 2016

Pale foxes ( Vulpes pallida ) have a widespread distribution across the Saharan-Sahel in northern Africa, but little is known about their ecology and natural history. Here, we provide the 1st ecological information on the species. We captured and radio-collared 10 pale foxes in the Termit & Tin Toumma National Nature and Cultural Reserve of east Niger. The adult body mass (1.20 ± SD 0.18kg, n = 6) was about half of what was previously reported, confirming this species as one of the smallest canids in the world. Body measurements were relatively similar between sexes, suggesting little if any sexual dimorphism. Mean ± SD home range size ( n = 6) was 6.79±3.58 km 2 using 100% minimum convex polygon and 5.62±3.11 km 2 using 95% fixed kernel density estimator. Overlap between adjacent pale fox ranges was generally low (mean overlap index = 0.11±0.22), with nearly exclusive core areas (mean overlap index = 0.02±0.06), suggesting pale foxes are territorial. Overall, the spatial ecology of pale foxes showed similar characteristics to other Vulpes species, especially those inhabiting arid and semiarid environments.
Peace Operations
Authors: Kenkel Kai Michael
Published: February 2016

Peace operations (POs)—the deployment of military, police, and civilian personnel by multilateral organizations with a view to preventing and terminating conflicts and reconstructing societies in their wake—are the most visible tool of collective security today and constitute a major field of debate and inquiry among academics and practitioners. Just as peace operations have progressed from a limited ad hoc practice to complex multidimensional undertakings, so too the literature on peace operations has undergone significant changes since the end of the Cold War. The field retains evidence of its origins in empirical, policy-oriented writings; it still harbors a penchant for case studies and a focus on solving specific policy problems. However, as time has passed, analysis of peace operations has gained theoretical sophistication, from more conceptually oriented approaches to its institutional framework to a prolific questioning of liberal peacebuilding practice grounded in critical, constructivist, and postmodern social theory. In a reversal of the trend that began with the policy-relevant harnessing of concepts as the basis for analyses of specific missions, peace operations now serve as testing grounds for a variety of higher-order analytical approaches. The products of these approaches range from gendered analyses to philosophical critiques of liberalism to treatments of the normative and material motivations of belligerents, contributing states, and great powers to participate in what will remain a key international practice in the foreseeable future. The categorizing terminology used here follows partially the practice established by the United Nations in An Agenda for Peace, dividing operations into traditional (low-force) peacekeeping, (high-force) peace enforcement, and peacebuilding. Peace operations are identified as those deployed by the United Nations Security Council and multilateral bodies it recognizes, reserving separate nomenclature for other types of intervention.
Adjuncts in Higher Education in the United States
Authors: Hecht Tobias , Balseiro Isabel , Maxey Daniel
Published: February 2016

Although teaching remains the province of tenured and tenure-track professors in some elite colleges and universities in the United States, this arrangement is increasingly anomalous in many other institutions of higher learning. “Contingent professors” (here used interchangeably with the term “adjuncts”) refers to anyone teaching at the tertiary level who is not in the tenure stream. This entry refers principally to those with higher degrees who are paid by the course. The shift away from the tenure system may not have been as rapid as is often thought (it dates back at least some decades), but it is a sweeping change. Contingents now constitute a significant majority of academics. In 1969, over 78 percent of faculty were tenured or tenure-track; by 2009, that figure had declined to about 33 percent. Research faculty, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows are not included in those figures; if they were, the overall representation of adjunct or contingent faculty in higher education would be considerably higher. Most contingent professors teach for a living; some may hope to land a tenure-track position. Others have full-time jobs and teach out of pleasure; yet others, having reached the end of their careers, prefer to teach at a more leisurely pace. Some do it for a short time, whereas others make a lifelong career of it. A considerable portion of non-tenured teachers in the United States are international graduate students or postdoctoral scholars, many of whom have financial, immigration, and communication challenges. What these educators have in common is that their jobs are insecure and can be terminated without review or explanation. The pay is low, sometimes close to minimum wage if examined on an hourly basis; more often than not, those paid by the course receive no benefits. Once hailed as the road to equality, higher education is now imparted in a context of stark inequity—a two-tier system in which some have a job for life, and others can be dismissed at any time. When the policy of paying faculty by the course is defended by institutional leaders, it is often with reference to the purported goal of achieving a certain nimbleness in matching the workforce with changing enrollments, the need to balance budgets, and an alleged surplus of scholars with advanced degrees. However, the inequity in pay, benefits, and working conditions is so stark that discussion of adjuncts has moved beyond the mere denunciation of their working conditions to an increased interest in improving those conditions. Nevertheless, the status of adjuncts raises many questions. How does this policy affect student learning? What does it mean that most professors now lack traditional academic protections of freedom of speech? Is it acceptable that the majority of academics are excluded from institutional decisionmaking while also lacking any clear path toward advancement on the job? Are unions addressing the needs of adjunct professors?
Canada
Authors: Ingraham Mary I.
Published: February 2016

The earliest documented musical encounters between indigenous peoples of what is now known as Canada and early European explorers date from the early 1500s. Permanent settlements were not established until the early 17th century, first by the French and then ceded to the British in 1783 following the Treaty of Paris. Settlements known as Upper and Lower Canada remained under British rule until they were joined as the Province of Canada in 1841 and, with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in 1867, formed the federal Dominion of Canada. Other provinces and territories joined in the years following confederation, and Canada now includes ten provinces and three territories, each possessing unique indigenous and settlement histories that are often reflected in musical scholarship. Music in Canada has developed within a unique social and political environment and been influenced by many cultures including those of indigenous peoples, English, French, and numerous other immigrant communities. This diversity is reflected in distinct communities of cultural practice in Canada as well as in often-complex expressions of intercultural encounters. The majority of historical scholarship on music in Canada has focused on English and French traditions, documenting early settlement practices coincident with the evolution of the nation. In recent years, increasing interest by and in communities of indigenous and immigrant cultures has resulted in an explosion of critical scholarship in music of all genres and styles across disciplinary and methodological interests, all of which now contributes to a diverse and vibrant body of work reflecting Canada’s multicultural society. Music in Canada thus is not defined by any one group or culture but by the integration of many voices into the musical landscape. By considering music in Canada (rather than referring to a national music or Canadian music) scholars are empowered to address the breadth of activities of creators, performers, producers, and audiences who contribute to music in Canada. The purpose of this bibliography is to encourage such a broad reading of culture in Canada and to contextualize and develop critical understanding of its complexity. While not comprehensive, entries chosen attempt to provide an overview of the practices and issues around music in Canada, nationally and regionally, and across a broad spectrum of indigenous and immigrant cultures and repertoires that include art, folk and traditional, indigenous, and popular genres and styles. It is anticipated that many of the authors and works cited will direct readers to additional resources.
Building a Clinical Research Network in Trauma Orthopaedics: The Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC)
Authors:   The Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC)
Published: February 2016

Objectives:

Lessons learned from battle have been fundamental to advancing the care of injuries that occur in civilian life. Equally important is the need to further refine these advances in civilian practice, so they are available during future conflicts. The Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC) was established to address these needs.

Methods:

METRC is a network of 22 core level I civilian trauma centers and 4 core military treatment centers—with the ability to expand patient recruitment to more than 30 additional satellite trauma centers for the purpose of conducting multicenter research studies relevant to the treatment and outcomes of orthopaedic trauma sustained in the military. Early measures of success of the Consortium pertain to building of an infrastructure to support the network, managing the regulatory process, and enrolling and following patients in multiple studies.

Results:

METRC has been successful in maintaining the engagement of several leading, high volume, level I trauma centers that form the core of METRC; together they operatively manage 15,432 major fractures annually. METRC is currently funded to conduct 18 prospective studies that address 6 priority areas. The design and implementation of these studies are managed through a single coordinating center. As of December 1, 2015, a total of 4560 participants have been enrolled.

Conclusions:

Success of METRC to date confirms the potential for civilian and military trauma centers to collaborate on critical research issues and leverage the strength that comes from engaging patients and providers from across multiple centers.