bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Pharmacoeconomic Assessment of Two Surfactants for the Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Gdovin Joette M. , Moya Fernando , Vishalpura Tejal , Grogg Amy
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE The use of exogenous surfactants among preterm infants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has led to economic and cost-effectiveness evaluations of these products. Lucinactant (Surfaxin), a novel, peptide-based, synthetic surfactant, has been shown to significantly reduce RDS-related mortality, compared with the most commonly prescribed animal-derived surfactant, beractant (Survanta). Infants who survive expend significant healthcare resources; therefore, the impact of improved survival through 1-year corrected age was evaluated in a prospectively defined pharmacoeconomic analysis. The objectives of this study were to estimate the healthcare resource utilization, economic impact, and cost-effectiveness of lucinactant versus beractant for the prevention of RDS among surviving very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants weighing 600 to 1250 grams.

METHODS A decision-analytic model was developed to compare the healthcare resource utilization, economic impact, and cost-effectiveness of lucinactant versus beractant.

RESULTS Infants who received lucinactant had fewer neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) days and fewer NICU days on mechanical ventilation compared with infants who received beractant. Total healthcare costs for the initial stay in the NICU were lower by $8,803 among infants who received lucinactant compared with infants who received beractant. The incremental cost per life saved was $40,309 for lucinactant compared with beractant.

CONCLUSIONS Administration of lucinactant to surviving VLBW preterm infants resulted in fewer NICU days and fewer NICU days on mechanical ventilation compared with beractant. Fewer NICU days translates into lower total costs among infants who received lucinactant. This comprehensive pharmacoeconomic analysis indicates that lucinactant is a cost-effective therapy for the prevention of RDS among preterm infants.
Evaluation of Conformity of a First Prescription of Lipid-Based Formulation of Amphotericin B in a University-Teaching Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Agogué Claire , Bussières Jean-François , Dehaut Catherine , Lebel Denis , Brochet Marie-Sophie
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunodeficient children. Amphotericin B is an important therapeutic agent for the treatment of invasive fungal infections but is associated with significant toxicities and high acquisition costs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate physician adherence to a local guideline for the use of lipid-based amphotericin B.

METHODS The study was approved through Pharmacology & Therapeutics (P&T) committee activities. A retrospective drug utilization review (DUR) was conducted. All orders written between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2004, were reviewed. Demographic and descriptive clinical data were collected as well as variables related to the drug order process. Conformity rates were calculated for the primary objective criteria (authorized prescribers – infectious disease members; recommended drug of choice—Abelcet; accepted indications; and presence of underlying conditions).

RESULTS A total of 109 orders for 70 patients were reviewed by a single research assistant for a 2-year period. Global conformity rate for all four criteria was calculated at 7.3%. Non-conformity was mostly associated with the absence of underlying conditions (e.g., prerenal insufficiency or presence of nephrotoxicity due to amphotericin B desoxycholate) in 84.5% of the cases. Infusionrelated adverse drug reactions partly explained a switch to a non-formulary lipid-based amphotericin B product. External factors (newly published results since the adoption of the guideline and continuous marketing practices) and internal factors (availability of non-formulary process, inefficient DUR process) could have contributed to non-adherence to a local guideline.

CONCLUSION This study shows low adherence to P&T committee drug guidelines on lipid-based amphotericin B. Continuous and efficient DUR processes should be in place to monitor drug guideline adherence.
Surfactants in the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Extremely Premature Infants
Authors: Ramanathan Rangasamy
Published: September 2012

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is primarily due to decreased production of pulmonary surfactant, and it is associated with significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Exogenous pulmonary surfactant therapy is currently the treatment of choice for RDS, as it demonstrates the best clinical and economic outcomes. Studies confirm the benefits of surfactant therapy to include reductions in mortality, pneumothorax, and pulmonary interstitial emphysema, as well as improvements in oxygenation and an increased rate of survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Phospholipids (PL) and surfactant-associated proteins (SP) play key roles in the physiological activity of surfactant. Different types of natural and synthetic surfactant preparations are currently available. To date, natural surfactants demonstrate superior outcomes compared to the synthetic surfactants, at least during the acute phase of RDS. This disparity is often attributed to biochemical differences including the presence of surfactant-associated proteins in natural products that are not found in the currently available synthetic surfactants. Comparative trials of the natural surfactants strive to establish the precise differences in clinical outcomes among the different preparations. As new surfactants become available, it is important to evaluate them relative to the known benefits of the previously existing surfactants. In order to elucidate the role of surfactant therapy in the management of RDS, it is important to review surfactant biochemistry, pharmacology, and outcomes from randomized clinical trials.
Possible Ibuprofen-Induced Kernicterus in a Near-Term Infant with Moderate Hyperbilirubinemia.
Authors: Gal Peter , Ransom J Laurence , Davis Sherri A
Published: September 2012

A 36-week gestation newborn was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension and possible sepsis. The infant developed hyperbilirubinemia on day 4 of life and peaked on day 5 at a total serum bilirubin of 19 mg/dL. Phototherapy was started on day 4 and continued for 5 days. On day 8 of life, ibuprofen was started for fever; a concurrent total serum bilirubin was 15.7 mg/dL. The subsequent hospital course was uneventful, and discharge occurred on day 22 of life. Because the patient failed a hearing screen at discharge, he was referred for a diagnostic audiology workup. He subsequently failed formal audiometric testing on two occasions one week apart, and was given a diagnosis of auditory dys-synchrony and/or auditory neuropathy, consistent with kernicterus. At 5½ months of age, he was reported to be hypotonic and to have frequent arching movements. Since the total serum bilirubin did not exceed 19 mg/dL, concern was raised that ibuprofen may have caused displacement of bilirubin from its albumin binding site, resulting in kernicterus due to excessive unbound bilirubin concentrations. Ibuprofen should be administered with caution in preterm infants at risk for kernicterus.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents: The New Challenge
Authors: Christensen Michael L. , Rashed Sahar M. , Sinclair Julie , Cowan Patricia A. , Velasquez-Mieyer Pedro , Burghen George A.
Published: September 2012

The epidemic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents is presenting enormous challenges to the medical profession. The combination of factors such as obesity, ethnicity, puberty, and genetic predisposition has contributed to the development of T2DM in younger ages. These factors affect the regulatory mechanism of insulin secretion, insulin action, and hepatic gluconeogenesis. In contrast to adults, children appear to have a shorter latency to disease, a more rapid development of symptoms, and an increased ketoacidosis. There are limited therapeutic options to prevent or manage T2DM in children. Although the role of diet and exercise (lifestyle intervention) has not been adequately evaluated in children, they will remain important adjuncts in the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Insulin and metformin are currently the only approved medications for the treatment of T2DM in children. Clinical trials involving other oral agents used in adults are currently being conducted to evaluate their safety and efficacy in children.
Influenza Vaccination for the Pediatric Patient: A Focus on the New Intranasal, Cold-Adapted, Live Attenuated Vaccine
Authors: Ellis Jennifer M. , Reilly Joan C. , Salazar Juan C.
Published: September 2012

FluMist is the first live attenuated, cold-adapted intranasal influenza vaccine (LAIV) approved for the prevention of influenza A and B. Clinical trials have shown that annual vaccination with LAIV is effective for the prevention of influenza. LAIV appears well tolerated in healthy patients 5–49 years of age. The most common adverse events are abdominal pain, chills, cough, diarrhea, headache, irritability, lethargy, muscle aches, otitis media, rhinitis, sinusitis, sore throat, and vomiting. FluMist has a novel intranasal route of administration that allows for influenza prevention without a painful intramuscular injection. Barriers preventing acceptance of LAIV include defining the appropriate patient population, cost, and insurance coverage.
A Cost Minimization Comparison of Two Surfactants—Beractant and Poractant alfa—Based Upon Prospectively Designed, Comparative Clinical Trial Data
Authors: Marsh Wallace , Smeeding James , York John M. , Ramanathan Rangasamy , Sekar Krishnamurthy
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVES To compare the pharmacoeconomic profiles of beractant (Survanta®, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) and poractant alfa (Curosurf®, DEY LP, Napa, CA) via a cost-minimization analysis.

METHODS This analysis was based upon clinical data from two previously published studies (Speer C, et al. Arch Dis Child 1995;72: F8-13; and Ramanathan R, et al. Am J Perinatol 2004; 21:109-19) where investigators found significant differences in the number of doses required to achieve a similar clinical response. Our analyses employed several models based upon single-use or multiple-use of single-use vial scenarios, average wholesale pricing, and costs computed on a per-patient basis. Model 1 involved single-dose vials and mean weight of the infants (both trials). Models 2 and 3, based on individual patient weights, assessed single-dose and multiple-use of single-dose vials cost scenarios, respectively. Individual patient weights allowed for statistical evaluation in Models 2 and 3.

RESULTS Model 1 savings with poractant alfa treatment was $949.67 (53%) based upon Speer and $617.90 (46%) based upon Ramanathan. Models 2 and 3 reported savings for poractant alfa of $220.50 (20%) (P = 0.11) and $180 (20%) (P = 0.018), respectively over beractant.

CONCLUSIONS These analyses would suggest poractant alfa may offer a less costly, clinically-equivalent option. Savings may vary with vial usage and mix, patient weight distribution, and how surfactants are used in practice. Institutions utilizing surfactants may wish to examine usage patterns, dosing protocols, and patient mix to determine what potential savings may exist.
MDI versus Nebulizers for Acute Asthma
Authors: Raissy Hengameh H. , Kelly H. William
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate studies comparing metered dose inhalers with holding chambers to nebulizers in the emergency department for the treatment of asthma exacerbation.

DATA SOURCE: Primary articles and systematic review provided by the Cochrane Airways Review Group of the Cochrane Library identified by MEDLINE search (1966–February 2004) and through secondary sources.

DATA SYNTHESIS: The Cochrane review included 21 randomized clinical trials conducted in hospital emergency departments comparing clinical outcomes following β2 agonist administration via a nebulizer or a metered dose inhaler with holding chamber. Although the relative risk ratio of hospital admission with metered dose inhaler and holding chamber did not differ in children or in adults compared to the nebulizer delivery, none of the individual studies reviewed were powered to detect a difference in the rate of hospital admission. Specific factors in the treatment of acute asthma such as assessment of severity, appropriate outcome selection, appropriate dose selection, and appropriate delivery systems need to be considered to critically evaluate the literature.

CONCLUSION: Although available randomized clinical trials suggest equivalency of metered dose inhaler plus holding chambers and nebulized delivery of inhaled β2 agonists, these trials are biased to show no difference in response. There is no data to support the advantage of one method over the other in mild to moderate asthmatic patients either clinically or economically.
Fosphenytoin: Current Place in Therapy
Authors: Mueller Eric W. , Boucher Bradley A.
Published: September 2012

Fosphenytoin is a parenteral phosphate ester prodrug of phenytoin developed to overcome the limitations associated with parenteral administration of phenytoin. Despite potential clinical advantages, pharmacoeconomic concerns have prevented widespread substitution of parenteral phenytoin with fosphenytoin. The purposes of this descriptive review are to (1) highlight recent clinical and pharmacoeconomic data regarding the therapeutic decision to use phenytoin or fosphenytoin for the parenteral management of acute seizures, and (2) discuss the implications of fosphenytoin use in neonatal and pediatric patients. Supporting recent, multidisciplinary, consensus guidelines, it is our opinion that each patient should be evaluated individually to identify those who will benefit most from fosphenytoin. Such patients may include those without intravenous or enteral access, those requiring parenteral therapy with tenuous peripheral intravenous access, and pediatric and neonatal patients. Additionally, institution-specific cost analyses should be done to assure the most appropriate agent is being used, while being sensitive to the potential disparate risk profiles between patient populations. Until the issues of safety relative to cost are objectively ameliorated, individual clinicians will likely use their own experience to dictate the place of fosphenytoin in their respective practices.
La situation professionnelle : moment critique dans l’action, Interface de la formation en alternance le cas particulier de la formation en soins infirmiers
Authors: Guillaumin Catherine
Published: September 2012

La situation professionnelle est identifiée comme interface majeure de la formation en alternance conçue ici comme une Ecole de la conjonction, une école où l’on apprend à relier, fondement d’une ingénierie de professionnalisation. La notion de situation est approfondie à partir de l’étude d’un corpus de données constitué au fil de l’expérimentation d’un modèle de formation en alternance centrée sur l’écriture et la construction de la situation professionnelle par un sujet-acteur-auteur de la situation, en interaction avec autrui, dans le contexte de la formation en soins infirmiers. L’analyse et l’interprétation des données permettent de mettre en évidence une unité singulière complexe, construite dans l’espace-temps d’une pratique professionnelle, un processus au cours duquel plusieurs états se succèdent. Le moment critique dans l’action la caractérise ; il occupe la place centrale du processus, mobilisant réflexion dans l’action, délibération intérieure et décision d’action.
Une perspective bachelardienne pour lire et comprendre les situations d’aprentissage professionnel de la formation à l’enseignement
Authors: Roger Lucie , Maubant Philippe , Mercier Bernard
Published: September 2012

Ce texte présente quelques résultats préliminaires d’une recherche menée présentement à l’Institut de recherche sur les pratiques éducatives de l’Université de Sherbrooke. Cette recherche vise à comprendre comment les situations présentes dans la formation à l’enseignement peuvent soutenir le fonctionnement et la réussite de l’apprentissage professionnel des enseignants en formation. Nous cherchons à identifier les points de rencontre entre les situations d’activité professionnelle, les situations d’apprentissage professionnel et les situations de formation. Nous tenterons d’analyser le rôle que peuvent jouer certains dispositifs visant à soutenir un processus de professionnalisation que nous définissons au regard d’une finalité : la construction de savoirs professionnels. L’originalité de cette recherche est la convocation des travaux de Gaston Bachelard pour élaborer le cadre théorique permettant la lecture et l’interprétation des résultats.
La compétence de contextualisation au coeur de la situation d’enseignement-apprentissage
Authors: Sauvage Luntadi Laetitia , Tupin Frédéric
Published: September 2012

La notion de « situation professionnelle », telle que nous proposons de la visiter, suppose de questionner, dans un même mouvement, la place des contextes et le rôle des acteurs au sein des situations d’enseignement-apprentissage. Il s’agit pour nous d’interroger la contextualisation de la démarche d’enseignement engagée au regard des publics accueillis et des conditions d’exercice de la profession d’enseignant. Définir la contextualisation comme « un art de faire » qui relève d’une compétence professionnelle suppose alors de poser la légitimité du/des « contexte(s) » comme vecteur(s) explicatif(s). Le modèle conceptuel développé s’inscrit dans la lignée de la théorie de la structuration d’Anthony Giddens (1987). Il est complété par le modèle écologique du développement humain proposé par Bronfenbrenner (1986).
Les compétences procédurales requises à la coordination dédiée
Authors: Couturier Yves , Gagnon Dominique , Belzile Louise
Published: September 2012

Le présent article réfléchit aux compétences requises dans les métiers de services aux personnes dédiés à coordonner les services dans les situations cliniques complexes en raison de leur multidimensionnalité et leur chronicité. Toute activité humaine exige, pour sa bonne effectuation, la coordination des interdépendances entre les acteurs concernés. La coordination des interdépendances se réalise en mode ordinaire, dans les activités de tous les jours, mais aussi en mode dédié, c’est-à-dire à travers une pratique qui a pour mandat principal de les gérer de manière consciente, volontaire et imputable pour les situations d’intervention dont la complexité est grande. Ce passage de la forme ordinaire à la forme dédiée de coordination engage une transformation des compétences et des savoirs professionnels mobilisés dans le geste professionnel. En outre des compétences et des savoirs relatifs à la maîtrise des objets cliniques disciplinaires, le gestionnaire de cas, soit la figure professionnelle qui incarne le mieux cette modalité de coordination, doit mobiliser des compétences et des savoirs procéduraux (évaluation, planification, communication, négociation, activation de réseaux, etc.) requis à la maîtrise des interfaces entre systèmes techniques et acteurs professionnels et organisationnels, en posant l’interdépendance des actants comme objet premier de son action professionnelle. Pour cela, il doit effectuer cette dernière dans une temporalité conjuguant le temps du projet organisationnel au temps clinique.
Isis et le destin en Grèce hellénistique : la circulation d’Isis-Tychè
Authors: Briaud Stéphanie
Published: September 2012

Nous pouvons dire qu’il existe une Isis égyptienne puis une Isis gréco-romaine, cette dernière se diffusant dans tout le bassin méditerranéen grâce à un réseau de fidèles et de prêtres très investis dans son culte. Pour accroître le succès de leur divinité, cette communauté n’hésite pas, à travers les textes gravés (les arétalogies) et l’iconographie, à la parer d’un « habillage » grec, en développant certains aspects esquissés dans la théologie pharaonique, mais avec une sensibilité hellénistique, susceptible de toucher un plus large public. Tel est le cas des rapports entre Isis et le destin.
Observantia et reverentia: respeitando um kantiano não ortodoxo
Authors: Dall’Agnol Darlei
Published: September 2012

O presente trabalho presta homenagem a Valério Rohden, um dos mais importantes "lósofos kantianos do nosso país, por meio de uma discussão sobre os diferentes tipos de respeito na "loso"a moral de Kant. Primeiramente, o artigo procura mostrar que o grande tema "losó"co que motivava as atividades investigativas de Rohden foi a questão da liberdade. Para ele, o próprio respeito é consciência da liberdade. Partindo da distinção entre observantia e reverentia, o artigo problematiza essa leitura de Kant. O trabalho, então, procura mostrar que Kant era, sob o ponto de vista metaético, um internalista e, por conseguinte, somente a própria lei moral pode ser motivadora da ação. Outros elementos, tais como o prazer, não podem a ela se misturar. Além disso, o artigo apresenta alguns pontos de concordância, mas outras diferenças interpretativas, entre o seu autor e o pensador aqui homenageado, sobre a questão do valor moral das ações na obra de Kant.
Imperativo categórico e egoísmo: observações sobre a crítica de Schopenhauer a Kant
Authors: Pavão Aguinaldo
Published: September 2012

O artigo consiste num exame da alegação de Schopenhauer segundo a qual o imperativo categórico se apoia no egoísmo. Para o autor de Sobre o Fundamento da Moral, o imperativo categórico é apenas uma perífrase, um ornamento, uma expressão floreada da regra “não faças ao outro o que não queres que o outro te faça”, a conhecida regra de ouro.Tento mostrar que as observações de Kant quanto à aplicação do imperativo categórico aos exemplos da falsa promessa e da indiferença com o sofrimento alheio são questionáveis.O modo como Kant apresenta tais exemplos dá ensejo a críticas razoáveis sobre o egoísmo ser a base do imperativo categórico. Apesar disso, argumento que é possível defender a tese de que o imperativo categórico, ao contrário do que pensa Schopenhauer,não se apoia em nenhuma forma de egoísmo. Quando Schopenhauer entende o imperativo categórico como princípio do egoísmo, ele pensa que os exemplos de aplicação do imperativo categórico contêm elucidações da motivação moral, o que não é o caso.
Delineation of the Cardiac Substructures Based on PET-CT and Contrast-Enhanced CT in Patients with Left Breast Cancer Treated with Postoperative Radiotherapy
Authors: Yu X.-L. , Zhang Q. , Chen J.-Y. , Zhang Z. , Wang J.-Z. , Hu W.-G. , Pan Z.-Q. , Hu S.-L. , Zhang Y.-J. , Feng Y. , Shao Z.-M. , Orecchia R. , Guo X.-M.
Published: September 2012

The aim of this study is to evaluate the volume differences between contrast-enhanced CT-based left ventricle (LV) and PET-CT-based LV and assess the impact of dose on the substructure volume differences in patients with left breast cancer treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. From October 2008 to February 2009, 14 patients with post-operatively confirmed left breast cancer were enrolled in the current study. The patients were scanned using contrast-enhanced CT for simulation, and 18F-FDG PET-CT was employed to display the structure of the left ventricle of each before radiotherapy (RT). The LV was delineated based on both contrast-enhanced CT and PET-CT. And other substructures, such as the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), were contoured in each patient, with the six-field simple intensity modulated radiotherapy (sIMRT) technique created for all. The mean volumes of the left ventricle based on contrast-enhanced CT (LV-CT) and PET-CT (LV-PET) were found to be 107.296 cm3 and 112.931 cm3, respectively ( p = 0.06). The volume of LV receiving ≥50% prescription dose was significantly correlated with the volume of the heart receiving the same dosage (γ = 0.869). There was less correlation between the volume of LAD and that of the heart under the same condition (γ = 0.22). As a conclusion, the left ventricle can be delineated effectively based on the image of PET-CT, the contrast-enhanced CT based LV can serve as an appropriate alternative. Moreover, the volume of LV receiving high dose in RT closely correlated with the volume of the heart using sIMRT technique, which may pave the way for further exploring radiation-induced cardiac injuries in patients with left breast cancer.
Dosimetry Study of [I-131] and [I-125]-Meta-Iodobenzyl Guanidine in a Simulating Model for Neuroblastoma Metastasis
Authors: Roa Wilson H. Y. , Yaremko Brian , McEwan Alexander , Amanie John , Yee Don , Cho John , McQuarrie Steve , Riauka Terence , Sloboda Ronald , Wiebe Leonard , Loebenberg Raimar , Janicki Christian
Published: September 2012

The physical properties of I-131 may be suboptimal for the delivery of therapeutic radiation to bone marrow metastases, which are common in the natural history of neuroblastoma. In vitro and preliminary clinical studies have implied improved efficacy of I-125 relative to I-131 in certain clinical situations, although areas of uncertainty remain regarding intratumoral dosimetry. This prompted our study using human neuroblastoma multicellular spheroids as a model of metastasis. 3D dose calculations were made using voxel-based Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry (MIRD) and dose-point-kernel (DPK) techniques. Dose distributions for I-131 and I-125 labeled mIBG were calculated for spheroids (metastases) of various sizes from 0.01 cm to 3 cm diameter, and the relative dose delivered to the tumors was compared for the same limiting dose to the bone marrow. Based on the same data, arguments were advanced based upon the principles of tumor control probability (TCP) to emphasize the potential theoretical utility of I-125 over I-131 in specific clinical situations. I-125-mIBG can deliver a higher and more uniform dose to tumors compared to I-131 mIBG without increasing the dose to the bone marrow. Depending on the tumor size and biological half-life, the relative dose to tumors of less than 1 mm diameter can increase several-fold. TCP calculations indicate that tumor control increases with increasing administered activity, and that I-125 is more effective than I-131 for tumor diameters of 0.01 cm or less. This study suggests that I-125-mIBG is dosimetrically superior to I-131-mIBG therapy for small bone marrow metastases from neuroblastoma. It is logical to consider adding I-125-mIBG to I-131-mIBG in multimodality therapy as these two isotopes could be complementary in terms of their cumulative dosimetry.
Assays to Measure Nuclear Mechanics in Interphase Cells
Authors: Isermann Philipp , Davidson Patricia M. , Sliz Josiah D. , Lammerding Jan
Published: September 2012

The nucleus is the characteristic hallmark of all eukaryotic cells. The physical properties of the nucleus reflect important biological characteristics, such as chromatin organization or nuclear envelope composition; they can also directly affect cellular function, e.g., when cells pass through narrow constrictions, where the stiff nucleus may present a limiting factor. We present two complementary techniques to probe the mechanical properties of the nucleus. In the first, nuclear stiffness relative to the surrounding cytoskeleton is inferred from induced nuclear deformations during strain application to cells on an elastic substrate. In the second approach, nuclear deformability is deduced from the transit time through a perfusion‐based microfabricated device with constrictions smaller than the size of the nucleus. These complementary methods, which can be applied to measure nuclear stiffness in large numbers of living adherent or suspended cells, can help identify important changes in nuclear mechanics associated with disease or development. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 56:22.16.1‐22.16.21. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spectrophotometry
Authors: Morris Rob
Published: September 2012

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of light with matter. By observing how light interacts with matter—through reflection, refraction, elastic scattering, absorbance, inelastic scattering, and emission—it is possible to (1) identify the wavelengths of light that interact with atoms and molecules, or (2) quantify the amount of light being absorbed, reflected, scattered, or emitted at a particular wavelength. This unit describes the background and basic principles of spectrophotometry (the study of the reflection or transmission properties of a substance as a function of wavelength), in particular, absorbance spectrophotometry. Also included is discussion of key spectrophotometer components and their functions, the relationship between absorbance and transmittance, experimental considerations, and the steps necessary in preparing a standard curve for determining absorbance concentration. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 6:2.1.1‐2.1.28. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Silyl Ketene Imines: Highly Versatile Nucleophiles for Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Wilson Tyler W.
Published: September 2012

This Minireview provides an overview on the development of silyl ketene imines and their recent applications in catalytic, enantioselective reactions. The unique structure of the ketene imine allows a diverse range of reactivity patterns and provides solutions to existing challenges in the enantioselective construction of quaternary stereogenic carbon centers and cross‐benzoin adducts. A variety of reactions for which silyl ketene imines have been applied are presented with an overall goal of inspiring new uses for these underutilized nucleophiles.
Psychosocial Support for the Children Affected by Communal Violence in Gujarat, India
Authors: Bhadra Subhasis
Published: September 2012

This article explores the various psychosocial problems that children and adolescents experienced due to communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat in 2002. Five strategies were adapted to provide support and care to the children and adolescents in the relief camps as well as in the community during the rehabilitation phase. Community volunteers were used in the program to facilitate psychosocial healing by using different mediums of expression. Each medium encouraged the expression of thoughts and feelings caused by the trauma and the building of hope for the future. Various community‐oriented peace‐building measures, which are explained and outlined, were adapted to build trusting inter‐community relationships. The peace‐building measures focused on rebuilding a nurturing environment by re‐establishing community networks and social support systems. Life skills education was one of the approaches adopted for fostering psychosocial development among the children in order to restore peaceful cohabitation for a future based on mutual respect and acceptance. Ultimately, in disaster rehabilitation, rebuilding one's “sense of place” through holistic psychosocial support has been highlighted as a model for practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EFFECTS OF GENETIC KNOCK‐DOWN OF ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER GENES ON SECRETION OF FLUORESCENT ORGANIC IONS BY MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OF Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Chahine Sarah , Seabrooke Sara , O'Donnell Michael J.
Published: September 2012

An earlier study has shown that RNAi knock‐down of a single organic anion transporter (OAT) gene in the principal cells of Drosophila Malpighian tubules is associated with reductions in the expression of multiple, functionally related genes. In this study, we measured the rates of secretion of four fluorescent ions by tubules isolated from flies expressing targeted RNAi knock‐down of specific OAT genes. Droplets secreted by isolated tubules set up in the Ramsay assay were collected in optically flat capillary tubes and the concentrations of fluorescent ions were determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Reductions in the expression of organic anion (OA) transporting polypeptide 58Dc (OATP; CG3380) were associated with reduced secretion of the OAs fluorescein and Texas Red. Reduction in the expression of Drosophila multidrug resistance associated protein (dMRP; CG6214) was correlated with reduced secretion of the P‐glycoprotein substrate daunorubicin. Secretion of the organic cation quinacrine was unaffected by reduced expression of OATP, dMRP, or a multidrug efflux transporter (MET; CG30344). The results highlight the difficulties of assigning a rate‐limiting role in transport of a specific OA to a single membrane transporter.
Quinolinium‐Based Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Thiophenols in Environmental Samples and Living Cells
Authors: Liu Xiu‐Ling , Duan Xue‐You , Du Xiao‐Jiao , Song Qin‐Hua
Published: September 2012

A new type of fluorescent probes for thiophenols, 6HQM‐DNP and 7HQM‐DNP, containing 6‐ or 7‐hydroxy quinonlinium as fluorophore and 2,4‐dinitrophenoxy (DNP) as nucleophilic recognition unit were constructed. As ethers, these non‐fluorescent probe molecules can release the corresponding fluorescent quinolinium (6HQM and 7HQM) through aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) by thiolate anions from thiophenols. The sensing reaction is highly sensitive (detection limit of 8 nM for 7HQM‐DNP) and highly selective to thiophenols over aliphatic thiols and other nucleophiles under neutral conditions (pH 7.3). The probes respond rapidly to thiophenols, with second‐order rate constants k=45 M−1 s−1 for 7HQM‐DNP and 24 M−1 s−1 for 6HQM‐DNP. Furthermore, the selective detection of thiophenols in living cells by 7HQM‐DNP was demonstrated by confocal fluorescence imaging. In addition, these quinolinium salts show excellent chemical and thermal stability. In conclusion, this type of probes may find use in the detection of thiophenols in environmental samples and biosystems.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Fe3O4 Micron‐Spheres and Their Application in Removing Toxic Cr Ions from Polluted Water
Authors: Liu Gang , Deng Quan , Wang Huimin , Kang Shenghong , Yang Yong , Ng Dickon H. L. , Cai Weiping , Wang Guozhong
Published: September 2012

We present a simple and effective method for the synthesis of nanostructured Fe3O4 micron‐spheres (NFMSs) by annealing hydrothermally formed FeCO3 spheres in argon. The phase structure, particle size, and magnetic properties of the product have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and by means of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The results have shown that the as‐obtained NFMSs have a diameter of about 5 μm and are composed of nanometer‐sized porous lamellae. The NFMSs have a large specific surface area (135.9 m2 g−1), reductive Fe2+ incorporated into their structure, and intense magnetic properties. These properties suggest that NFMSs have potential application in removing toxic Cr6+ ions from polluted water. At 25 °C, each gram of NFMSs product can remove 43.48 mg of Cr6+ ions, as compared to just 10.2 mg for nanometer‐sized Fe3O4 and 1.89 mg for micron‐sized Fe3O4. The enhanced removal performance can be ascribed to the structural features. Moreover, the Cr6+ ion removal capacity of the NFMSs can reach up to 71.2 mg g−1 at 50 °C. The influencing parameters in the removal of Cr6+ ions, such as contact time, pH, and temperature, have been evaluated. The Cr6+‐removal mechanism has been investigated. We have found that the NFMSs product not only serves as an effective adsorbent to remove toxic Cr6+ ions from polluted water, but also as an effective reductant in reducing the adsorbed toxic Cr6+ ions to much less toxic Cr3+ through the Fe2+ incorporated into its structure.
Controlling the Regioselectivity of the Hydrosilylation Reaction in Carbon Nanoreactors
Authors: Solomonsz William A. , Rance Graham A. , Suyetin Mikhail , La Torre Alessandro , Bichoutskaia Elena , Khlobystov Andrei N.
Published: September 2012

Hollow graphitized carbon nanofibres (GNF) are employed as nanoscale reaction vessels for the hydrosilylation of alkynes. The effects of confinement in GNF on the regioselectivity of addition to triple carbon–carbon bonds are explored. A systematic comparison of the catalytic activities of Rh and RhPt nanoparticles embedded in a nanoreactor with free‐standing and surface‐adsorbed nanoparticles reveals key mechanisms governing the regioselectivity. Directions of reactions inside GNF are largely controlled by the non‐covalent interactions between reactant molecules and the nanofibre channel. The specific π–π interactions increase the local concentration of the aromatic reactant and thus promote the formation of the E isomer of the β‐addition product. In contrast, the presence of aromatic groups on both reactants (silane and alkyne) reverses the effect of confinement and favours the formation of the Z isomer due to enhanced interactions between aromatic groups in the cis‐orientation with the internal graphitic step‐edges of GNF. The importance of π–π interactions is confirmed by studying transformations of aliphatic reactants that show no measurable changes in regioselectivity upon confinement in carbon nanoreactors.
Unexpected Luminescence Properties of Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+—A Narrow Blue Emitting Oxonitridosilicate with Cation Ordering
Authors: Seibald Markus , Rosenthal Tobias , Oeckler Oliver , Fahrnbauer Felix , Tücks Andreas , Schmidt Peter J. , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: September 2012

Owing to a parity allowed 4f6(7F)5d1→4f7(8S7/2) transition, powders of the nominal composition Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+ (2 mol % Eu2+) show surprising intense blue emission (λem=472 nm) when excited by UV to blue radiation. Similarly to other phases in the system Sr1−xBaxSi2O2N2:Eu2+, the described compound is a promising phosphor material for pc‐LED applications as well. The FWHM of the emission band is 37 nm, representing the smallest value found for blue emitting (oxo)nitridosilicates so far. A combination of electron and X‐ray diffraction methods was used to determine the crystal structure of Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+. HRTEM images reveal the intergrowth of nanodomains with SrSi2O2N2 and BaSi2O2N2‐type structures, which leads to pronounced diffuse scattering. Taking into account the intergrowth, the structure of the BaSi2O2N2‐type domains was refined on single‐crystal diffraction data. In contrast to coplanar metal atom layers which are located between layers of condensed SiON3‐tetrahedra in pure BaSi2O2N2, in Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+ corrugated metal atom layers occur. HRTEM image simulations indicate cation ordering in the final structure model, which, in combination with the corrugated metal atom layers, explains the unexpected and excellent luminescence properties.
A Wetland Network Design for Water Allocation Based on Environmental Flow Requirements
Authors: Yang Ranran , Cui Baoshan
Published: September 2012

Excessive water use with economic development has led to the shortage of environmental flow requirements (EFRs) for different wetlands in the past years, a number of wetlands become degraded or disappeared. A suitable water allocation used for wetland restoration has become focus in the field. This article presents a wetland network design approach to achieve the objective of water allocation. First, a wetland network was designed by linking linear wetlands (as edges) and patch wetlands (as nodes), the EFRs were then calculated for restoration of wetlands under three scenarios (normal years, dry years, and extremely dry years) defined by annual precipitation; second, the water trade‐off between human use and wetland network was determined, and after that water allocation was arranged within the designed wetland network based on certain priorities. Finally, the satisfaction proportion of EFRs, flood‐control capacity, and connectivity for the designed wetland network were assessed by two functional indicators and one structural indicator. The results showed that the designed network with three new patch wetlands and water trade‐off scenarios made additional water available to wetlands. This additional water amount ranges from 56.1 to 79.4 million m3 in different scenarios. The three assessment indicators reflect the improved performance of the designed wetland network. This article can promote the understanding of wetland network and serve as water management tool that goes beyond conservation of individual wetland.
The Changes of Wetland Network Pattern Associated with Water Quality in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Fan Xiaoyun , Cui Baoshan , Zhao Hui , Zhang Zhiming
Published: September 2012

In the last 30 years, water environment and wetland patterns have been experiencing dramatic changes resulted from rapid urbanization, industrialization and population growth in the Pearl River Delta. To investigate the changes of wetland network pattern associated with water quality in this region, the structure indices and intercepting amount of pollutant of wetland network were calculated in this paper. The results showed that there were four type corridor wetland networks, “inverted V”, “#”, “main river‐way”, “man‐made ditch” according to river wetlands distribution characteristics. During the period of 1979–2009, river channel indices (Dr, α, β, γ) of all the four type networks showed a decreased tendency. For water quality parameter CODMn, NON, NHN, TP, the “inverted V” type had the largest intercepted amount, the second is “#” type, then is “main river‐way” type. The “man‐made ditch” type also had higher intercepted amount. As to “inverted V” wetland network, amount of pollutants intercepted by per unit area wetland (ΔAW) was positive correlated with river corridor density, complexity, connectivity, linkage, and near index of paddy field and reservoir. There were significant positive correlations between ΔAW and corridor density, connectivity, linkage in the “#” wetland network; but significant negative correlation existed between ΔAW and paddy field density. Similar results also appeared in “main river‐way” wetland network besides the significant positive correlation between ΔAW and near index of reservoir.
Pediatric sarcoma in Central America
Authors: Friedrich Paola , Ortiz Roberta , Strait Kelly , Fuentes Soad , Gamboa Yéssica , Arambú Ingrid , Ah‐Chu‐Sanchez María , London Wendy , Rodríguez‐Galindo Carlos , Antillón‐Klussmann Federico , Báez Fulgencio ,   for the Central American Association of Pediatric Hematologists Oncologists (AHOPCA)
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND:

Children with cancer in middle‐income countries have inferior outcomes compared with similar children in high‐income countries. The magnitude and drivers of this survival gap are not well understood. In the current report, the authors sought to describe patterns of clinical presentation, magnitude of treatment abandonment, and survival in children with sarcoma in Central America.

METHODS:

A retrospective review was conducted of hospital‐based registries from national pediatric oncology referral centers. Patients with newly diagnosed osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009 were included. Survival analyses were performed first using standard definitions of overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS) and then with abandonment included as an event (abandonment‐sensitive OS and abandonment‐sensitive EFS).

RESULTS:

In total, 785 new cases of pediatric sarcoma were reported (264 diagnoses of osteosarcoma, 175 diagnoses of Ewing sarcoma, 240 diagnoses of RMS, and 106 diagnoses of STS). The rate of metastatic disease at presentation was high (osteosarcoma, 38%; Ewing sarcoma, 39%; RMS, 29%; and STS, 21%). The treatment abandonment rate also was high, particularly among patients with extremity bone sarcomas (osteosarcoma, 30%; Ewing sarcoma, 15%; RMS, 25%; and STS, 15%). Of 559 patients who experienced a first event, 59% had either recurrent or progressive disease. The 4‐year OS rate (±standard error) was 40% ± 3%, and the EFS rate was 30% ± 2%; however, these rates decreased further to 31% ± 2% and 24% ± 2%, respectively, when abandonment was taken into account.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that high rates of metastases and treatment abandonment and difficulty with upfront treatment effectiveness are important contributors to the poor survival of children with pediatric sarcomas in Central America. Initiatives for early diagnosis, psychosocial support, quality improvement, and multidisciplinary care are warranted to improve outcomes. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
High‐voltage power amplifier for flexible paper speaker applications
Authors: Chiu Huang‐Jen , Lo Yu‐Kang , Chang Yu‐Chen , Tseng Po‐Jung , Liu Yu‐Chen
Published: September 2012

This letter presents a high‐voltage power amplifier for driving flexible paper speaker. Simple circuit complexity and high signal quality can be achieved. The operating principles and design considerations of the studied paper speaker power amplifier are analyzed and discussed. A laboratory prototype is built and tested. The experimental results are shown to verify the studied scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental tracing of luteinizing hormone β‐subunit gene expression using green fluorescent protein transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) reveals a putative novel developmental function
Authors: Hildahl Jon , Sandvik Guro K. , Lifjeld Rikke , Hodne Kjetil , Nagahama Yoshitaka , Haug Trude M. , Okubo Kataaki , Weltzien Finn Arne
Published: September 2012

Background: Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), produced in gonadotrope cells in the adenohypophysis are key regulators of vertebrate reproduction. The differential regulation of these hormones, however, is poorly understood and little is known about gonadotrope embryonic development. We developed a stable transgenic line of medaka with the LH beta subunit gene (lhb) promotor driving green fluorescent protein (gfp) expression to characterize development of LH‐producing gonadotropes in whole larvae and histological sections. Additionally, developmental and tissue‐specific gene expression was examined. Results: The lhb gene is maternally expressed during early embryogenesis. Transcript levels increase by stage 21 (36 hours post fertilization [hpf]) and then decrease during continued larval development. Examination of the expression of pituitary marker genes show that LH‐producing cells are initially localized outside the primordial pituitary, and they were localized to the developing gut tube by 32 hpf. At hatching, lhb‐GFP is clearly detected in the gut epithelium and in the anterior digestive tract. lhb‐GFP expression later consolidate in the developing pituitary by 2 weeks postfertilization. Conclusions: During embryonic development, lhb is primarily expressed outside the central nervous system and pituitary. The novel expression of lhb in the embryonic gut suggests that LH has a hitherto unidentified developmental function. Developmental Dynamics 241:1665–1677, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.