bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Productivity and Wages in South Africa
Authors: Mazorodze Brian Tavonga
Published: December 2024

The world has experienced rapid productivity growth in the last three decades, but has this growth reflected in wages? In theory, under certain conditions, workers earn their marginal product so that productivity growth feeds into wages on a one-to-one basis. Given the contradictory literature, this paper revisited the productivity–wage relationship in South Africa using an industry-level panel dataset comprising 74 industries observed between 1993 and 2023. Using several estimators, four main findings are observed. First, productivity is found to have grown faster than wages. Second, the observed productivity–wage divergence partly reflects the squeezing of workers for profits. Third, productivity growth mostly outpaced the wages of low-skilled workers, workers on short-term contracts, and informal workers. Fourth, productivity growth largely undermined take-home pay compared to fringe benefits. These results imply that although boosting productivity growth may be important, its achievement may not lead to broad-based wage gains in South Africa unless the government pursues policies that realign productivity and the pay of low-skilled workers, informal workers, and workers on short-term contracts. Such policies may include sector-based incentives for businesses that improve wage conditions, increased union support in high-growth industries, improved regulation of the informal sector, and vocational training for low-skilled workers.
Shrimp Counting Algorithm Using a Small-Scale Labeling Model
Authors: Wang Meiling , Cai Zhuoyue , Chen Yifan , Yang Shangqing , Chen Leilei , Hu Qingsong
Published: December 2024

This study presents an algorithm for shrimp counting using a small-scale labeling model. The aim is to enhance shrimp farming efficiency, reduce biosecurity risks, and minimize manual counting errors. Experimental evaluations were conducted using Litopenaeus vannamei samples divided into four growth stages. A comparison was made between the classical threshold segmentation method, small-scale labeling density estimation based on FamNet, and our proposed small-scale labeling density estimation based on FamNet-S models. The results showed that the proposed FamNet-S-based small-scale labeling density estimation method achieved a better level of accuracy than the classical FamNet model across different growth stages. In the first stage, it reduced the mean absolute error (MAE) by 8.7% and the mean squared error (MSE) by 9.6%. In the fourth stage, MAE and MSE further decreased by 18.9% and 21.6%, respectively. The research findings demonstrate that the small-scale labeling density estimation approach based on FamNet-S exhibits robust adaptability and accuracy across diverse growth stages, rendering it suitable for scenarios with limited annotated samples. It effectively tackles challenges associated with shrimp overlap and occlusion while mitigating interference from feed and excrement, thus enhancing the precision and efficiency of shrimp counting. This algorithm for small-scale labeling density estimation significantly reduces annotation workloads while facilitating rapid deployment, making it an ideal solution for counting and marking in practical aquaculture environments. The study provides a high-precision yet efficient methodology for shrimp counting and marking tasks, thus reducing labor intensity while improving farming management accuracy, thereby supporting intelligent control in shrimp farming.
A Decline in Stomatal Conductance Is the Primary Reason for Low Photosynthesis in Veteran Pedunculate Oak Trees
Authors: Urban Anastasiya , Urban Josef
Published: December 2024

Veteran trees are important elements in forests, as well as urban and suburban areas, and represent part of our cultural heritage. However, increasing age also brings a reduction in vitality. Information on tree physiological vitality can be gained by examining ecophysiological traits, such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential. Here, we assess the effects of age on the photosynthesis and water status of 600-year-old pedunculate oak trees (Quercus robur L.) by comparing them with neighbouring 25-year-old trees. While gas exchange measurements indicated lowered photosynthesis in old trees, their maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation and electron transport were similar to younger trees, suggesting that biochemical limitations to photosynthesis are not the reason behind their reduced vitality. Moreover, there was no difference in light-adapted and dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence between old and young trees. In contrast, stomatal conductance (under unlimited soil water availability) was lower, indicating increased stomatal limitations to photosynthesis in veteran trees. On the other hand, high water potential during mild summer drought conditions indicated better access to soil water in old trees, while stomatal conductance in old trees was higher than in young trees at night. A reduced ability to open and close stomata may be one of the reasons for the observed decline in veteran tree vitality, with a lowered ability to regulate stomatal conductance resulting in reduced carbon gain and unnecessarily high water loss.
The Effects of Warming and Nitrogen Application on the Stoichiometric Characteristics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Mei Linlin , Li Ang , Xu Lingdi , Lin Yulong , Yang Xuechen , Liu Hongqiang , Zhao Haonan
Published: December 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are one of the most widely distributed microorganisms in all terrestrial ecosystems, playing an important role in supplying nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to plants and in nutrient cycling. The contribution discusses the responses of rises in temperature and atmospheric N deposition to stoichiometric features of plant–soil–litter–microorganism–soil hydrolases in forest ecosystems. It summarizes the role that AM fungi play in the context of global change in carbon (C), N, and P stoichiometric characteristics of forest plant–soil systems. In this study, under conditions of warming with N application, it said the AM fungi will strongly influence the stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, and P in forest ecosystems. In addition to that, the presence of AM fungi may weaken certain impacts of global change on nutrient limitations in plants, increasing their plant dependency on mycorrhizal symbionts. AM fungi also seem to control soil nutrient transformation but simultaneously enhance soil nutrient stability, accelerate litter decomposition, and shorten the cycling time of litter C, N, and P.
Mycorrhizal Diversity on Roots of Silver Birch and Hybrid Aspen in Clonal Plantations in Northern Europe, Latvia
Authors: Matisons Roberts , Orlovskis Zigmunds , Blūms Kārlis Trevors , Ruņģis Dainis , Baranova Margarita , Krivmane Baiba , Bitenieks Krišs , Ramanenka Maryna , Kļaviņa Dārta , Zeps Mārtiņš
Published: December 2024

Mycorrhizal fungi contribute to crop growth, yields, and stress tolerance. In forests, common mycorrhizal networks are suggested to function as carbon storage and to transfer substances and signals between trees, thus likely contributing to their resilience. Such properties are crucial under increasing environmental stresses, particularly for clonal forestry. However, mycorrhizal communities in relation to tree field performances have been scarcely studied. In this study, mycorrhizal communities on the roots of clones of silver birch and hybrid aspen growing in distinct trials in deep automorphous mineral soils (podzolic and fluvic) under hemiboreal conditions were assessed using internal transcribed spacer sequencing, bioinformatics, and community analysis. The mycorrhizal communities were moderately rich/diverse and were mostly formed by generalist taxa (prevailingly ectomycorrhizal) common for the region. The differences in communities among the tree clones were estimated for silver birch, while for hybrid aspen, the productivity of clones was inversely related to the richness and diversity of the communities, suggesting a top-down effect of the host. Accordingly, some mycorrhizal taxa (e.g., Hyaloscypha sp.) showed clone-specific abundances indicating a preference for a specific host. These findings prompt further functional studies and highlight the need to consider genetic differences of forest regenerative material for maximizing mycorrhizal diversity, as well as for more effective inoculation.
The Role of Stand Age in Soil Carbon Dynamics in Afforested Post-Agricultural Ecosystems: The Case of Scots Pine Forests in Dfb-Climate Zone
Authors: Dłużewski Paweł , Wiatrowska Katarzyna , Kuśmierz Sebastian
Published: December 2024

Land use changes inevitably lead to changes in the carbon stocks stored in the soil. However, despite numerous studies investigating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics following the afforestation of post-agricultural lands, findings remain diverse and often inconclusive. In this study, the effect of stand age on the carbon content and stock in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands located in the Dfb-climate zone was investigated. Five research plots, characterized by similar soil types, geological structures, and tree cover, but differing in stand age (14-, 27-, 37-, 55-, 90-year-old stands), were selected. Additionally, one plot was located at arable soil as a reference. The soil was sampled from both organic and mineral horizons. The content of organic carbon in the organic horizion increased with years that passed from afforestation and amounted to 234.0, 251.6, 255.0, 265.0 and 293.0 g·kg−1 in 14-, 27-, 37-, 55- and 90-year-old stands, respectively. Such a pattern was also observed in the upper mineral horizons where the contents of SOC gradually increased from 7.27 g·kg−1 up to 17.1 g·kg−1. In the organic horizon, the stock of OC increased significantly with stand age up to 55 years after afforestation, while in the former plough layer, SOC stocks were found to slowly increase with stand age. The afforested soils, with the organic horizon, reached levels of carbon stocks observed on arable land after 17 years. Notably, the SOC stock in the mineral A horizon reach this level after 83 years. The obtained results indicate that in the years immediately following afforestation, SOC content is notably higher in arable soils compared to forest soils. However, as stand age increases, the SOC contents of upper horizons in forest soils surpass those of comparable agricultural soils. The observed SOC variability pinpoints the necessity of long-term monitoring in forest ecosystems in order to better understand the temporal dynamics of carbon turnover and to optimize afforestation strategies for long-term carbon sequestration.
Moso Bamboo’s Survival Strategy Against Chilling Stress in Signaling Dynamics
Authors: Jing Xiong , Cai Chunju , Geng Pengfei , Wang Yi
Published: December 2024

Phyllostachys edulis, an economically and ecologically significant bamboo species, has substantial research value in applications as a bamboo substitute for plastic and in forest carbon sequestration. However, frequent seasonal low-temperature events due to global climate change affect the growth, development, and productivity of P. edulis. Calcium signaling, serving as a versatile second messenger, is involved in various stress responses and nitrogen metabolism. In this study, we analyzed the calcium signaling dynamics and regulatory strategies in P. edulis under chilling stress. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the CBF families, AMT families, NRT families, and Ca2+ sensor families, including CaM, CDPK, and CBL, were identified using transcriptomics. Additionally, we explored the law of Ca2+ flux and distribution in the roots of P. edulis under chilling stress and validated these findings by assessing the content or activity of Ca2+ sensor proteins and nitrogen transport proteins in the roots. The results indicated that the Ca2+ sensor families of CaM, CDPK, and CBL in P. edulis exhibited significant transcriptional changes under chilling stress. Notably, PH02Gene03957, PH02Gene42787, and PH02Gene19300 were significantly upregulated, while the expressions of PH02Gene08456, PH02Gene01209, and PH02Gene37879 were suppressed. In particular, the expression levels of the CBF family gene PH02Gene14168, a downstream target gene of the calcium channels, increased significantly. P. edulis exhibited an influx of Ca2+ at the root, accompanied by oscillating negative peaks under chilling stress. Spatially, the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) within the root cells increased. The CIPK family genes, interacting with Ca2+-CBL in downstream signaling pathways, showed significant differential expressions. In addition, the expressions of the NRT and AMT family genes changed correspondingly. Our study demonstrates that Ca2+ signaling is involved in the regulatory network of P. edulis under chilling stress. [Ca2+]cyt fluctuations in the roots of P. edulis are induced by chilling stress, reflecting an influx of extracellular Ca2+. Upon binding to Ca2+, downstream target genes from the CBF family are activated. Within the Ca2+–CBL–CIPK signaling network, the CIPK family plays a crucial role in nitrogen metabolism pathways.
An Improved Grid-Based Carbon Accounting Model for Forest Disturbances from Remote Sensing and TPO Survey Data
Authors: Gong Weishu , Huang Chengquan , Xing Yanqiu , Lu Jiaming , Yang Hong
Published: December 2024

Forest disturbance is one of the main drivers of forest carbon flux change. How to accurately estimate the carbon flux caused by forest disturbance is an important research problem. In a previous study, the authors proposed a Grid-based Carbon Accounting (GCA) model that used remote sensing data to estimate forest carbon fluxes in North Carolina from 1986 to 2010. However, the original model was unable to track legacy emissions from previously harvested wood products and was unable to consider forest growth conditions before and after forest disturbance. This paper made some improvements to the original GCA model to enable it to track fluxes between all major aboveground live carbon pools, including pre-disturbance growth and growth of undisturbed forests, which were not included in the initial model. Based on existing timber product output (TPO) survey data and annual TPO records inversed from remote sensing data, we also worked to clarify the distribution ratios of removed C between slash and different wood product pools. Specifically, the average slash ratio for North Carolina was calculated from the difference between the C removed and the C flowing into the wood product as calculated from TPO survey data. County- and year-specific ratios were then calculated using the annual TPO records obtained from remote sensing and TPO survey data, dividing the removed remaining C into pools P1, P10, and P100, which were then applied to each 30 m pixel based on the county and year to which the pixel belonged. After compensating for these missing legacy emissions and adjusting forest growth rates from Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data, we estimated a net carbon sink of 218.1 Tg of the flux associated with live aboveground biomass and harvested wood products from North Carolina woodlands over the 25-year study period (1986–2010). This estimate is close to the greenhouse gas emission and sink data provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for North Carolina and is comparable to estimates reported by several other studies.
A Novel GBF1 Variant in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2: Insights from Familial Analysis
Authors: Ciampana Valentina , Corrado Lucia , Magistrelli Luca , Contaldi Elena , Comi Cristoforo , D’Alfonso Sandra , Vecchio Domizia
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Axonal Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) accounts for 24% of Hereditary Motor/Sensory Peripheral Neuropathies. CMT2 type GG, due to four distinct heterozygous mutations in the Golgi brefeldin A resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF1) gene (OMIM 606483), was described in seven cases from four unrelated families with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy, primarily affecting the lower limbs. Here, we present two siblings sharing a novel GBF1 variant. Methods: Patient II.1 (male, 61 years at onset) presented lower limb hypoesthesia and walking difficulty; the examination revealed a postural tremor, a positive Romberg test, and muscle atrophy in the lower limbs and hands. Patient II.2 (his sister, 59 years at onset) had lower limb dysesthesias, hand paresthesia, and lower-limb stiffness. They underwent clinical evaluations, blood tests, and electroneurography. Their father represents a potentially affected individual, although a genetic analysis was not conducted. Results: All tests for peripheral neuropathies were unremarkable, including metabolic and autoimmune screening. Both showed a mixed demyelinating–axonal sensory–motor neuropathy. Genetic analysis revealed a new heterozygous GBF1 variant of uncertain significance. Conclusions: Based on autosomal dominant inheritance, as well as clinical and physiological features, a possible novel CMT2GG was diagnosed. Further research, including functional assays and in vitro studies, is necessary to confirm this variant’s causal link.
Identification and Expression Analysis of Lipoxygenase Gene in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia)
Authors: Ge Haicui , Liu Shuang , Zheng Hongzhe , Chang Pengyan , Huang Weiqun , Lin Shanshan , Zheng Jingyuan , Li Honglong , Huang Zedong , Jia Qi , Zhong Fenglin
Published: December 2024

Background: Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are key enzymes in the unsaturated fatty acid oxidation reaction pathway and play an important regulatory role in the synthesis of fruit aroma volatiles. Methods: LOX gene family members were identified in the whole genome database of bitter gourd and analyzed bioinformatically. An RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression differences in different tissues. Monoterpenes were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results: A total of 12 LOX gene family members were identified in the genome. The expression of LOX genes varied significantly among the tissues of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds and tendrils. A total of 29 monoterpenes were detected in the fruits of five different fruit colors of bitter gourd, mainly containing six types of alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, ketones, esters and alkynes, with the highest relative content of alcohols. Conclusions: The present study provides a reference for further elucidation of the biological functions of the LOX gene in the synthesis pathway of aroma volatiles in bitter gourd.
Insights on the Genetic and Phenotypic Complexities of Optic Neuropathies
Authors: D’Esposito Fabiana , Zeppieri Marco , Cordeiro Maria Francesca , Capobianco Matteo , Avitabile Alessandro , Gagliano Giuseppe , Musa Mutali , Barboni Piero , Gagliano Caterina
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Optic neuropathies are a category of illnesses that ultimately cause damage to the optic nerve, leading to vision impairment and possible blindness. Disorders such as dominant optic atrophy (DOA), Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), and glaucoma demonstrate intricate genetic foundations and varied phenotypic manifestations. This narrative review study seeks to consolidate existing knowledge on the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying ocular neuropathies, examine genotype-phenotype correlations, and assess novel therapeutic options to improve diagnostic and treatment methodologies. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed in October 2024, utilizing PubMed, Medline, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Search terms encompassed “optic neuropathy”, “genetic variants”, “LHON”, “DOA”, “glaucoma”, and “molecular therapies”. Studies were chosen according to established inclusion criteria, concentrating on the genetic and molecular dimensions of optic neuropathies and their therapeutic ramifications. Results: The results indicate that DOA and LHON are mostly associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from pathogenic variants in nuclear genes, mainly OPA1, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, respectively. Glaucoma, especially its intricate variants, is linked to variants in genes like MYOC, OPTN, and TBK1. Molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and inflammatory modulation, are pivotal in disease progression. Innovative therapeutics, including gene therapy, RNA-based treatments, and antioxidants such as idebenone, exhibit promise for alleviating optic nerve damage and safeguarding vision. Conclusions: Genetic and molecular investigations have markedly enhanced our comprehension of ocular neuropathies. The amalgamation of genetic and phenotypic data is essential for customized medical strategies. Additional research is required to enhance therapeutic strategies and fill the gaps in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. This interdisciplinary approach shows potential for enhancing patient outcomes in ocular neuropathies.
The ebony Gene in Silkworm Black Pupae Significantly Affects 30 K Proteins During the Pupal Stage
Authors: Yang Runhuan , Guo Huiduo , Sun Juan , Gui Tao , Li Xinyu , Qian Heying , Chen Anli
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The body color and patterns of insects play important roles in foraging, evading predators, mating, thermoregulation, and environmental adaptation. During the rearing of the QiufengN silkworm strain, a mutant with black pupal cuticle (QiufengNBP) was discovered. Preliminary map-based cloning and sequence analysis indicated that the ebony gene might significantly influence the formation of the black pupa mutant and the expression of 30K proteins. This study aims to determine the function of the ebony gene and its effect on the expression of the 30K protein during the pupal stage; Methods and Results: We employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology to knock out the ebony gene in the Nistari strain, resulting in individuals with black pupae, named Nistari Black Pupa (NisBP). This confirmed that the ebony gene plays a crucial role in black pupa formation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis of the pupal cuticle of NisBP and its wild-type Nistari found that the ebony gene has a significant impact on the expression of 30K proteins, which are vital for embryonic development and serve as key storage proteins; Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that the ebony gene affects the expression of 30K proteins, laying the foundation for further research on their functions and providing insights into the developmental mechanisms of silkworms.
Genetic Identity and Diversity of Loggerhead Sea Turtles in the Central Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Vella Adriana , Vella Noel
Published: December 2024

Background: The conservation of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the central Mediterranean benefits from an in-depth understanding of its population genetic structure and diversity. Methods: This study, therefore, investigates C. caretta in Maltese waters by genetically analysing 63 specimens collected through strandings and in-water sampling, using mitochondrial DNA control region and microsatellites. Additionally, the two nests detected in Malta in 2023 were analysed for the same markers. Results: Mitochondrial data identified 10 haplotypes, with mixed stock analyses tracing 87.5% of the specimens to Mediterranean origins, primarily from Libyan rookeries, with contributions from Lebanon, Israel and Turkey. Three Atlantic haplotypes were identified in six specimens, with CC-A17.1 linking central Mediterranean foraging individuals to rookeries in Cape Verde. Five of these six Atlantic haplotype records were from recently sampled individuals (2022–2023), possibly indicating a recent eastward expansion of Atlantic haplotypes into the Mediterranean. Bayesian clustering (K = 2) of microsatellite data using haplotypes as priori revealed similar proportions for clusters across most specimens, except for three specimens with Atlantic haplotypes CC-A1.1 and CC-A1.3, which exhibited distinct patterns. The two nests examined here displayed Mediterranean haplotypes, with nuclear DNA matching the predominant Mediterranean profiles found in foraging individuals, suggesting that local clutches originated from Mediterranean parents. Conclusions: Increasing nesting activity on Maltese beaches and this archipelago’s geographical position highlight the need for ongoing genetic monitoring to track changes in genetic diversity and develop conservation strategies that support the effective protection of this species and its habitats.
Efficacy and Safety of Virtual Reality-Based Versus Traditional Emotion-to-Emotion Therapy for Treatment of Hwa-Byung: A Protocol for a Single-Center, Randomized, Assessor-Blind, Parallel-Group Clinical Trial
Authors: Kook Hye Jeong , Kang Dong Hoon , Park Yang Chun , Kim Nam Kwen , Kang Hyung Won , Jung In Chul
Published: December 2024

Background: Hwa-Byung is a culturally bound syndrome prevalent in Korea, characterized by intense emotional distress and physical symptoms related to suppressed anger. Patients frequently report experiencing chest tightness, heat sensations, and globus pharyngeus (the sensation of a lump in the throat). These physical symptoms often accompany psychological distress and can exacerbate the sense of frustration and helplessness associated with the condition. The distinctive presentation of these symptoms highlights the necessity for therapeutic interventions that address both the emotional and physical aspects of Hwa-Byung. Conventional therapeutic methods, such as Emotion-to-Emotion Therapy (ETE), have shown efficacy in treating this condition. This study aims to assess the efficacy of Virtual Reality-based Emotion-to-Emotion Therapy (VR-based ETE) compared to conventional ETE, utilizing immersive digital platforms to enhance therapeutic engagement. Methods: This single-center, randomized, assessor-blind, parallel-group clinical trial will enroll 96 participants, evenly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Over eight weeks, each participant will undergo 12 intervention sessions. Experimental group 1 will receive conventional ETE, experimental group 2 will receive VR-based ETE, and the control group will receive Hwa-Byung management training materials. The primary outcome will be the change in symptoms, measured by the Likert Scale for Major Symptoms of Hwa-Byung from baseline to 8 weeks. Secondary outcomes will include psychometric scales and physiological measures such as the core seven-emotions inventory short form, physical health questionnaire, stress response index, Beck depression inventory, state-trait anger expression inventory, state-trait anxiety inventory, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and heart rate variability. For economic efficiency assessment, quality-adjusted life-years will be the primary outcome using the EuroQol-5 dimension, and the secondary outcome will be using the EuroQol visual analog scale. Discussion: ETE is a recognized oriental psychotherapy that enhances symptom management, self-regulation, and stress coping. VR is expected to deepen treatment immersion. By combining these strengths, VR-ETE may further improve emotion regulation and alleviate psychosomatic symptoms. If successful, this study will not only advance the treatment of Hwa-Byung but also contribute to the modernization of traditional Korean medicine through the integration of digital therapies.
The Medico-Legal and Social Aspects of the Eligibility Examination for Enrolment in the Seafarers Registry: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Porzio Antonietta , Feola Alessandro , Mazzini Edoardo , Lauro Angelo , Forte Maria Rosaria , Trabucco Aurilio Marco , Campobasso Carlo Pietro
Published: December 2024

Background: Working on board presents unique healthcare challenges for maritime personnel. Italian Law mandates a medical fitness assessment for seafarers registry enrolment. The Port Health Officer assesses seaworthiness and, against this judgment, the applicants can appeal to the First-degree Medical Commission. Studies on maritime personnel’s medical fitness are limited and primarily focus on the health conditions of individuals already employed in the maritime sector. Methods: A retrospective study reviewed 459 medical reports of 361 seafarers from Naples’ Port Authority First-degree Medical Commission (2013–2022). Characteristics such as sex, age, diseases, and suitability judgments were analyzed. Results: Out of the 361 candidates, most were male with an average age of 28.67 years. A total of 160 (44.32%) were deemed suitable for matriculation in both the first and second categories, 79 (21.88%) were approved for one category, 53 (14.68%) were found not suitable, and 69 (19.11%) are still under assessment. Eye diseases were most common (50.83%), followed by cardiovascular and orthopedic conditions. Applicants with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, and advanced tumors were declared unsuitable. Conclusion: Our study provides opportunities to improve applicants’ awareness of the physical requirements for pursuing a career in navigation and to update the list of illnesses and physical impairments used for this medico-legal evaluation.
Efficacy of a Brief Intervention to Improve the Levels of Nutrition and Physical Exercise Knowledge Among Primary School Learners in Tshwane, South Africa: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Phetla Morentho Cornelia , Skaal Linda
Published: December 2024

The prevalence of childhood obesity in South Africa necessitates the design and implementation of interventions to improve the levels of physical activity and nutrition among school-age children. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a brief intervention to improve knowledge regarding exercise and nutrition among primary school learners in Tshwane, South Africa, using a quasi-experimental single-group, pre–post-test design. A total of 86 primary school learners from two primary schools participated in the intervention, which was guided by the Analysis Grid for Obesity-Linked Environments (ANGELO). Descriptive statistics were analysed using the frequency distribution while inferential statistics used the t-test to compare the means of nutrition and exercise knowledge pre- and post-intervention. All primary school learners were able to access the nutrition and exercise information. The mean nutrition knowledge (pre- and post-test) was 0.914 and the mean exercise knowledge (pre- and post-test) was 0.8464. The primary school learners’ levels of knowledge on diet and physical exercise were improved by the brief intervention. It is recommended that this initiative be supported, continued, and duplicated in schools throughout Tshwane.
Enhancing Inner Area Revaluation Through Optional Control Programmes for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Ruminant Paratuberculosis Potentially Linked to Crohn’s Disease in Humans
Authors: Mazzeo Alessandra , Rossi Nicola , Di Chiro Vincenzo , Maiuro Lucia , Rosati Sebastiano , Giorgione Siria , Sorrentino Elena
Published: December 2024

Regulation (EU) 2016/429 introduces comprehensive guidelines for managing transmissible animal diseases, including zoonoses. The subsequent Commission Implementing Regulation 2018/1882 categorizes these diseases into five groups, each with specific responses, ranging from mandatory eradication to optional eradication or surveillance. Key regulatory priorities include enhanced animal traceability, biosecurity, wildlife pathogen control, sustainable farming practices, and minimizing the impact of diseases on public health, animal health, and the environment. These objectives align with the European Green Deal, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the One Health approach, and the ongoing revaluation of European Inner Areas. They, including the Molise Region in Italy, are often remote, face service accessibility challenges, and suffer from depopulation and farm abandonment. Nonetheless, they hold significant potential for agropastoral and agri-food activities that can support tourism, the commercialization of local products, and recreational pursuits. Implementing optional programmes for animal diseases and zoonoses not subject to mandatory eradication could help the farms of these areas to mitigate productivity losses due to diseases like Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Paratuberculosis. The latter is a suspected zoonosis potentially linked to Crohn’s disease in humans. Optional programmes could enhance economic returns, counteract depopulation, support animal welfare and pasture conservation, and reduce the risk of exposure to zoonotic diseases for residents and tourists attracted by the ecological appeal of these areas.
Primary Health Care Systems and Their Contribution to Universal Health Coverage and Improved Health Status in Seven Countries: An Explanatory Mixed-Methods Review
Authors: Rai Anjana , Khatri Resham B. , Assefa Yibeltal
Published: December 2024

Background: Primary health care (PHC) systems and their successes and challenges vary between and within countries. We elucidate the role of PHC on health status and universal health coverage (UHC) by describing the achievements and challenges of PHC systems in seven countries representing the three economic levels: high-income (Belgium, Australia), middle-income (South Africa, Thailand), and low-income countries (Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Nepal). Methods: We adopted a mixed-methods approach and (a) extracted quantitative data on the key health and universal health coverage index of countries and (b) conducted a scoping review of the PHC systems in these countries. We used key terms related to the following eight domains: service delivery, health workforce, health information system, health financing, medicines, and leadership and governance (the WHO’s building blocks for national health systems) and community participation and multisectoral actions (other pillars of PHC) to identify the relevant literature and searched six databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. A total of 58 articles were identified and included in this review; data were charted and synthesised narratively. Results: There is variation in health services coverage and health status across the three economic levels. Countries expanded access to PHC services using strategies like telehealth and CHWs but faced challenges in sustainability, workforce retention, and service quality. Community engagement and multisectoral actions helped, though gaps in governance, resources, and essential medicines hindered progress towards UHC. Conclusions: By addressing the challenges and leveraging successful strategies, countries can move closer to achieving the goal of universal health coverage and improving health outcomes for all.
Risk Factors for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults During the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic in Japan: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Murayama Akihiko , Higuchi Daisuke , Saida Kosuke , Tanaka Shigeya , Shinohara Tomoyuki
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that knowledge derived from indirect assessments can be used to identify fall risk factors during a period of social distancing. A baseline survey of 1953 community-dwelling older adults was conducted in May 2020, with a follow-up survey performed in May 2023 to assess the situation 3 years later. In total, 339 individuals were followed from baseline to follow-up. Baseline age, sex, Questionnaire for Change of Life, Frailty Screening Index, and Questionnaire for Medical Checkup of Old-Old (QMCOO) scores and subscales were used to determine fall predictors. In addition, history of falls in the past year was assessed at follow-up (outcome). The participants were categorized into fall (n = 78) and non-fall (n = 261) groups. Using binary logistic regression analysis, items that showed significant differences in a between-group comparison were analyzed, and age and history of falls, which were sub-items of the QMCOO, were identified as predictors of falls. Although special assessments may be required during periods of social distancing, we believe that it is important for these assessments to continue being performed as they are performed during normal times.
Giving Up the Guidelines: A Qualitative Evaluation of Disrupted Prescribing of Opioid Substitution Therapy in a Rural UK County During and Following the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Lewington Tim , Burch Deanne , Petitjean Georges
Published: December 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic had wide impacts and repercussions for the NHS in the UK beyond the acute medical sector. This qualitative study evaluates the experience of medical (4) and non-medical prescribers (7) plus other staff (2 recovery workers; 2 community pharmacists) involved in opioid substitution therapy (OST) in a southern English county during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. Remote contact and a shift to predominantly weekly OST pick-up were anxiety-producing for clinicians, especially during the first lockdown. Widespread negative consequences were anticipated, such as a rise in fatal overdoses, which largely failed to materialise. Some diversion of medication was noted as were negative mental health consequences of enforced social isolation. Following a hiatus, psychosocial therapies transitioned to fully digital and subsequently hybrid delivery before returning to in-person group work towards the close of the pandemic. Changing power dynamics between clinicians and those accessing OST services were reported particularly around the re-introduction of daily supervised consumption and associated surveillance. Implications for future OST service delivery and national clinical guidance are suggested by way of conclusions.
The Impact of Disease X on Potential Travelers’ Travel Decision
Authors: Croes Robertico , Park Jeong-Yeol , Alexander Kenneth , Renduchintala Chaithanya , Badu-Baiden Frank
Published: December 2024

This study used ANCOVA models to investigate how pandemic characteristics—spreading speed, severity, and vaccination requirements—affect travel intentions. The results reveal that these factors explain 31.7% of the variance in travel decisions, with disease-spreading speed and severity being the most significant determinants. While vaccination requirements are relevant, they play a secondary role compared to the immediate threat of disease characteristics. The interaction effects between these factors further demonstrate their combined impact on travel reluctance. Demographic variables, such as gender and the presence of children, also influence decisions in specific contexts. These findings contribute to the understanding of risk perception during health crises, reinforcing the role of perceived severity in shaping cautious travel behavior. Practical implications for the tourism industry include the need for transparent communication, tailored health protocols, and demographic-specific marketing strategies. Future research should explore broader factors and adopt longitudinal approaches to capture evolving travel intentions during pandemics.
Sargassum Inundations and the Risk of Hypertension Disorders Among Pregnant Women Living in the French Caribbean Island of Martinique
Authors: Banydeen Rishika , Rejaudry Lacavalerie Mickael , Savoyen Loic , Monthieux Alice , Jean-Laurent Mehdi , Florentin Jonathan , Radouani Fatima , Mehdaoui Hossein , Resiere Dabor , Neviere Remi
Published: December 2024

Since 2011, Caribbean territories have experienced massive and repeated sargassum seaweed inundations. Once on shore, sargassum degradation through anaerobic metabolism elicits the release of many noxious molecules, including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). H2S has been long recognized as a malodorous and highly toxic gas, while chronic exposure has not been extensively explored. Our objective was to assess whether pregnant women exposed to sargassum emissions would be more prone to developing hypertensive disorders compared to unexposed women. We conducted a retrospective study including 3020 pregnant women at the Obstetrics Department of the University Hospital of Martinique between 25 January 2016 and 31 July 2020. Exposure was defined as a distance of less than 2 km between the residence/workplace of the women and the sargassum strandings. Multivariate regression retained age, body mass index, sickle cell disease, primipaternity, gestational diabetes and sargassum emissions exposure as independent predictors of hypertensive events in pregnant women. Jointly with previous studies from our group, this study highlights the deleterious effects of sargassum emissions on human health in individuals chronically exposed to low to moderate H2S concentrations.
Environmental Exposure to Per- and Polyfluorylalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Reproductive Outcomes in the General Population: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Haimbaugh Alex , Meyer Danielle N. , Connell Mackenzie L. , Blount-Pacheco Jessica , Tolofari Dienye , Gonzalez Gabrielle , Banerjee Dayita , Norton John , Miller Carol J. , Baker Tracie R.
Published: December 2024

This Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) systematic review synthesized effects of background levels of per- and polyfluorylalkyl substance (PFAS) levels on reproductive health outcomes in the general public: fertility, preterm birth, miscarriage, ovarian health, menstruation, menopause, sperm health, and in utero fetal growth. The inclusion criteria included original research (or primary) studies, human subjects, and investigation of outcomes of interest following non-occupational exposures. It drew from four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and Health and Environmental Research Online (HERO)) using a standardized search string for all studies published between 1 January 2017 and 13 April 2022. Risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted and reviewed by multiple reviewers. Each study was summarized under its outcome in terms of methodology and results and placed in context, with recommendations for future research. Of 1712 records identified, 30 were eligible, with a total of 27,901 participants (33 datasets, as three studies included multiple outcomes). There was no effect of background levels of PFAS on fertility. There were weakly to moderately increased odds of preterm birth with higher perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) levels; the same for miscarriage with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels. There was limited yet suggestive evidence for a link between PFAS and early menopause and primary ovarian insufficiency; menstrual cycle characteristics were inconsistent. PFAS moderately increased odds of PCOS- and endometriosis-related infertility, respectively. Sperm motility and DNA health were moderately impaired by multiple PFAS. Fetal growth findings were inconsistent. This review may be used to inform forthcoming drinking water standards and policy initiatives regarding PFAS compounds and drinking water. Future reviews would benefit from more recent studies. Larger studies in these areas are warranted. Future studies should plan large cohorts and open access data availability to capture small effects and serve the public. Funding: Great Lakes Water Authority (Detroit, MI), the Erb Family Foundation through Healthy Urban Waters at Wayne State University (Detroit, MI), and Wayne State University CLEAR Superfund Research (NIH P42ES030991).
The Hippo Pathway in Breast Cancer: The Extracellular Matrix and Hypoxia
Authors: Yang Hanyu , Yang Jiaxin , Zheng Xiang , Chen Tianshun , Zhang Ranqi , Chen Rui , Cao Tingting , Zeng Fancai , Liu Qiuyu
Published: December 2024

As one of the most prevalent malignant neoplasms among women globally, the optimization of therapeutic strategies for breast cancer has perpetually been a research hotspot. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is of paramount importance in the progression of breast cancer, among which the extracellular matrix (ECM) and hypoxia are two crucial factors. The alterations of these two factors are predominantly regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway, which promotes tumor invasiveness, metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and susceptibility. Hence, this review focuses on the Hippo pathway in breast cancer, specifically, how the ECM and hypoxia impact the biological traits and therapeutic responses of breast cancer. Moreover, the role of miRNAs in modulating ECM constituents was investigated, and hsa-miR-33b-3p was identified as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. The review provides theoretical foundations and potential therapeutic direction for clinical treatment strategies in breast cancer, with the aspiration of attaining more precise and effective treatment alternatives in the future.
LRRK2 G2019S Mutated iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells Exhibit Increased α-Synuclein, Mitochondrial Impairment, and Altered Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Sonninen Tuuli-Maria , Peltonen Sanni , Niskanen Jonna , Hämäläinen Riikka H. , Koistinaho Jari , Lehtonen Šárka
Published: December 2024

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as an interface between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It limits the movement of molecules and immune cells, regulates the entry of nutrients, and removes waste products from the brain. The dysfunction of the BBB has been identified in Parkinson’s disease (PD) but the role of the BBB and endothelial cells (ECs) has not been well studied. LRRK2 G2019S mutation is the most common PD causing mutation with similar pathophysiology than in sporadic cases. How the mutation affects EC function has not been investigated previously in patient cells. In the study, we used iPSC-derived ECs from PD patients with the LRRK2 mutation as well as cells from healthy individuals. We report that PD patients’ ECs have higher levels of α-synuclein and an decreased maximal and ATP-linked respiration and altered response to inflammatory exposure, especially to TNFα. In addition, transcriptomic analysis showed upregulation of fatty-acid-synthesis-related pathways in PD patients’ ECs and the downregulation of lncRNA MEG3, both of which have been associated with PD. Altogether, PD patients’ ECs manifest some of the PD-related hallmarks and are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
MicroRNA Nobel Prize: Timely Recognition and High Anticipation of Future Products—A Prospective Analysis
Authors: Niazi Sarfaraz K. , Magoola Matthias
Published: December 2024

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) maintain cellular homeostasis by blocking mRNAs by binding with them to fine-tune the expression of genes across numerous biological pathways. The 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for discovering miRNAs was long overdue. We anticipate a deluge of research work involving miRNAs to repeat the history of prizes awarded for research on other RNAs. Although miRNA therapies are included for several complex diseases, the realization that miRNAs regulate genes and their roles in addressing therapies for hundreds of diseases are expected; but with advancement in drug discovery tools, we anticipate even faster entry of new drugs. To promote this, we provide details of the current science, logic, intellectual property, formulations, and regulatory process with anticipation that many more researchers will introduce novel therapies based on the discussion and advice provided in this paper.