bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield of peritoneal cytology in staging patients with gastric and gastroesophageal cancer
Authors: Allen Casey J. , Newhook Timothy E. , Vreeland Timothy J. , Das Prajnan , Minsky Bruce D. , Blum Mariela , Song Shumei , Ajani Jaffer , Ikoma Naruhiko , Mansfield Paul F. , Roy‐Chowdhuri Sinchita , Badgwell Brian D.
Published: October 2019

Background

Guidelines for gastric and gastroesophageal (GE) cancer recommend staging laparoscopy (SL) with peritoneal cytology (PC). However, the reliability of PC is unknown. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of PC.

Methods

We analyzed a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent SL and PC for gastric and GE cancer. Test sensitivity of PC for detecting peritoneal disease was assessed. Survival analyses were used to examine the implication of PC.

Results

There were 1186 patients that underwent SL and PC; 282 (24%) were found with carcinomatosis. PC was analyzed in 214 (76%) of these patients and 77 (36%) were found to have no malignant cells. In this setting, PC had a sensitivity of 64% for confirming peritoneal disease. Those with peritoneal disease had a poorer 5‐year overall survival (5.8% vs 37.7%; P < .001). Those with positive PC without carcinomatosis had a similar survival to those with gross disease with and without cytological confirmation (both P > .05).

Conclusions

PC has limited sensitivity for detecting peritoneal disease. Positive PC alone carries a similar poor survival as in patients with gross carcinomatosis. Improvements in the identification of microscopic disease in peritoneal washings are needed.
Increases in aridity lead to drastic shifts in the assembly of dryland complex microbial networks
Authors: Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Doulcier Guilhem , Eldridge David J. , Stouffer Daniel B. , Maestre Fernando T. , Wang Juntao , Powell Jeff R. , Jeffries Thomas C. , Singh Brajesh K.
Published: October 2019

We have little information on how and why soil microbial community assembly will respond to predicted increases in aridity by the end of this century. Here, we used correlation networks and structural equation modeling to assess the changes in the abundance of the ecological clusters including potential winner and loser microbial taxa associated with predicted increases in aridity. To do this, we conducted a field survey in an environmental gradient from eastern Australia and obtained information on bacterial and fungal community composition for 120 soil samples and multiple abiotic and biotic factors. Overall, our structural equation model explained 83% of the variance in the two mesic modules. Increases in aridity led to marked shifts in the abundance of the two major microbial modules found in our network, which accounted for >99% of all phylotypes. In particular, the relative abundance of one of these modules, the Mesic Module #1, which was positively related to multiple soil properties and plant productivity, declined strongly with aridity. Conversely, the relative abundance of a second dominant module (Xeric Module #2) was positively correlated with increases in aridity. Our study provides evidence that network analysis is a useful tool to identify microbial taxa that are either winners or losers under increasing aridity and therefore potentially under changing climates. Our work further suggests that climate change, and associated land degradation, could potentially lead to extensive microbial phylotypes exchange and local extinctions, as demonstrated by the reductions of up to 97% in the relative abundance of microbial taxa within Mesic Module #1.
Afforestation and agroforestry enhance soil nutrient status and carbon sequestration capacity in eastern China
Authors: Guo Jing , Wang Bo , Wang Guibin , Wu Yaqiong , Cao Fuliang
Published: October 2019

Afforestation and agroforestry both sequester atmospheric carbon (C) and store C in the soil. However, the response of soil nutrients and soil organic carbon (SOC) to these practices has not been fully examined, especially in deep soil layers. We therefore investigated the effects of afforestation and agroforestry on the nutrient contents and organic carbon (OC) stocks within a 100‐cm depth in eastern China. The soil nutrient contents and stoichiometry as well as the SOC contents and stocks exhibited different vertical patterns and varied among the five planting systems. The total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and SOC contents decreased dramatically at a 20‐cm depth, and the total potassium (TK) content exhibited a different pattern. Compared with adjacent croplands and nurseries, the forest plantation and agroforestry systems had higher SOC stocks, ranging from 42.9 to 111.6 t·hm−2 in the whole soil profile. The SOC distribution among the depth gradient varied among planting systems, and the topsoil SOC stocks played crucial roles in total SOC storage within a depth of 100 cm in the cropland and nursery systems. The soil pH and bulk density (BD) were negatively correlated with the SOC content, and a significant positive linear relationship occurred between the TN and SOC contents and between the TP and SOC contents. We recommend that combinations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers would benefit SOC storage and improve stabilization in agroforestry and plantation systems.
Identification of histone acetylation markers in human fetal brains and increased H4K5ac expression in neural tube defects
Authors: Li Dan , Wan Chunlei , Bai Baoling , Cao Haiyan , Liu Changyun , Zhang Qin
Published: October 2019

Background

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe common birth defects that result from a failure in neural tube closure (NTC). Our previous study has shown that decreased histone methylation altered the regulation of genes linked to NTC. However, the effect of alterations in histone acetylation in human fetuses with NTDs, which are another functional posttranslation modification, remains elusive. Thus, we aimed to identify acetylation sites and changes in histone in patients with NTDs.

Methods

First, we identified histone acetylation sites between control human embryonic brain tissue and NTDs using Nano‐HPLC‐MS/MS. Next, we evaluated the level of histone acetylation both groups via western blotting (WB). Finally, we used LC‐ESI‐MS and WB to compare whether histone H4 acetylation was different in NTDs.

Results

A total of 43 histone acetylation sites were identified in human embryonic brain tissue, which included 16 novel sites. Furthermore, we found an increased histone acetylation and H4K5ac in tissue with NTDs.

Conclusion

Our result present a comprehensive map of histone H4 modifications in the human fetal brain. Furthermore, we provide experimental evidence supporting a relationship between histone H4K5ac and NTDs. This offers a new insight into the pathological role of histone modifications in human NTDs.
Computational modeling of hydrogel cross‐linking based on reaction‐diffusion theory
Authors: Hajikhani Aidin , Marino Michele , Wriggers Peter
Published: October 2019

Alginate‐based hydrogel is widely used as bio‐ink in 3D bioprinting. For producing the bio‐ink and stabilizing the polymer network, the hydrogel shall undergo a gelation process which can be obtained by adding an ionic cross‐linker agent, such as Calcium ions for alginate. The diffusion of the crosslinker in the alginate stabilizes the polymeric network thanks to the reaction of Calcium ions with alginate monomers. This work presents a reaction‐diffusion computational model of the gelation mechanism in alginate hydrogels. The coupled chemical system is solved using finite element discretizations considering the inhomogeneous evolution of the gelation process in time and space.
Binary Si–Ge Alloys as High‐Capacity Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Bensalah Nasr , Matalkeh Maha , Mustafa Noor K. , Merabet Hocine
Published: October 2019

Herein, Si–Ge binary alloy films are prepared by deposition on rough copper (Cu) foil and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sheets using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The as‐prepared SiGe@Cu and SiGe@MWCNT thin films are then characterized by spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that SiGe nanosheets are deposited on the Cu foil, whereas amorphous SiGe spherical nanoparticles are deposited on the MWCNT surface and incorporated inside its pores. Raman and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirm an amorphous structure for the sputtered films. SiGe film thicknesses of 201, 386, and 582 nm are measured by topography after 0.5, 1, and 2 h RF sputtering, respectively. The electrochemical performance of SiGe@Cu and SiGe@CNT is assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) in half cells using Li metal as the counter and reference electrode and 1 m LiPF6 in organic carbonates electrolyte. SiGe@Cu exhibits a very stable cyclability during the first ten cycles. The specific charge capacity retention decreases from 97.7%, 94.5%, 88.7%, and 81.2% after 20, 30, 40, and 50 cycles, respectively. A higher specific capacity of SiGe@MWCNT is measured due to deeper lithiation/delithiation reactions. Thus, more investigations are needed to improve the performance of SiGe during long cycling.
Strain‐Gradient‐Induced Unidirectional Magnetic Anisotropy in Nanocrystalline Thin Permalloy Films
Authors: Belyaev Boris A. , Izotov Andrey V. , Solovev Platon N. , Boev Nikita M.
Published: October 2019

Herein, the effect of inhomogeneous elastic deformation on the magnetic anisotropy of Ni71.5Fe28.5 wt% nanocrystalline films is investigated. The in‐plane controlled strains are induced in the film by bending of a glass substrate which has a thickness step in the middle. Ferromagnetic resonance measurements reveal the existence of in‐plane unidirectional magnetic anisotropy. The anisotropy behavior directly correlates with the calculated strain gradients. It is shown that this correlation is well explained by the flexomagnetic effect, which establishes the relation between the magnetization and the inhomogeneous strains. The experimental value of the flexomagnetic coefficient for the thin Ni71.5Fe28.5 wt% film is 1.5 × 10−3 T m.
Thermal Decay of a Single Néel Skyrmion via Helicity Slip in a Nanodisk
Authors: Sisodia Naveen , Muduli Pranaba Kishor
Published: October 2019

Dynamics of the decay of a single skyrmion confined in a ferromagnetic nanodisk in the presence of stochastic thermal noise are studied using micromagnetic simulations. By analyzing the time‐varying oscillations of the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane magnetization under the influence of the thermal field, the presence of two skyrmion eigenmodes with frequencies differing by an order of magnitude is identified—a low‐frequency mode associated with gyration of skyrmion core and a high‐frequency breathing mode associated with the oscillations of the skyrmion radius. It is shown that the thermal fluctuations not only affect the topological charge but also the helicity of the skyrmion, changing the helicity to oscillate around ±π/4—a value which is in between that of the Néel skyrmion and a vortex. A phenomenon of helicity slip between +π/4 and −π/4 is revealed due to the thermal fluctuations. The helicity slip is explained based on an energy barrier that arises due to a combination of thermally induced deformations of skyrmion and the finite size of the disk.
Method of operating a GIS‐based autopilot drone to inspect ultrahigh voltage power lines and its field tests
Authors: Park Joon‐Young , Kim Seok‐Tae , Lee Jae‐Kyung , Ham Ji‐Wan , Oh Ki‐Yong
Published: October 2019

The drone‐based inspection process on power transmission lines needs to be automated due to the large scale of power facilities and the limited line of sight available to drone pilots. Through the task environment analysis, however, it was found that the steel tower structure and energized AC power conductors may cause GPS signal distortion and magnetic interference with a drone's geomagnetic sensor, respectively. These factors could seriously affect the drone's autopilot flight, at worst leading to a crash. To enable drone inspections to be performed in a safe and efficient manner, this paper presents the entire process of operating an autopilot inspection drone on the basis of GPS and GIS information in a hazardous ultrahigh voltage environment, and its application results in the field. This process includes how to measure GPS co‐ordinates of steel towers and how to generate an autopilot flight path. More specifically, the paper examines the potential problems that may occur when drones are applied to areas located in mountains and rivers where humans cannot inspect power lines due to a lack of accessibility, and proposes effective solutions to these practical issues.
Photoactivated Trifunctional Platinum Nanobiotics for Precise Synergism of Multiple Antibacterial Modes
Authors: Deng Tian , Zhao Hao , Shi Miusi , Qiu Yun , Jiang Shuting , Yang Xiangliang , Zhao Yanbing , Zhang Yufeng
Published: October 2019

Integrating multiple strategies of antibacterial mechanisms into one has been proven to have tremendous promise for improving antimicrobial efficiency. Hence, dual‐valent platinum nanoparticles (dvPtNPs) with a zero‐valent platinum core (Pt0) and bi‐valent platinum shell (Pt2+ ions), combining photothermal and photodynamic therapy, together with “chemotherapy,” emerge as spatiotemporally light‐activatable platinum nano‐antibiotics. Under near‐infrared (NIR) exposure, the multiple antibacterial modes of dvPtNPs are triggered. The Pt0 core reveals significant hyperthermia via effective photothermal conversion while an immediate release of chemotherapeutic Pt2+ ions occurs through hyperthermia‐initiated destabilization of metallic interactions, together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) level increase, thereby resulting in synergistic antibacterial effects. The precise cooperative effects between photothermal, photodynamic, and Pt2+ antibacterial effects are achieved on both Gram‐negative Escherichia coli and Gram‐positive methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, where bacterial viability and colony‐forming units are significantly reduced. Moreover, similar results are observed in mice subcutaneous abscess models. Significantly, after NIR treatment, dvPtNP exhibits a more robust bacteria‐killing efficiency than other PtNP groups, owing to its integration of dramatic damage to the bacterial membrane and DNA, and alteration to ATP and ROS metabolism. This study broadens the avenues for designing and synthesizing antibacterial materials with higher efficiency.
Determiner Use in English Quantificational Expressions: A Corpus‐Based Study
Authors: Yoo Isaiah WonHo , Shin Yu Kyoung
Published: October 2019

It is well known that article usage is difficult for learners of English to acquire. Indeed, learner errors such as *many of people are not uncommon. A closer look at similar multiword sequences reveals why learners might have difficulty using articles properly in such expressions: No definite article is required in phrases like lots of cars or plenty of money. In order to provide learners with corpus‐based accounts of article usage in these expressions, this study explored determiner use in English quantificational expressions in two reference corpora. It examined to what extent Korean learners of English in college (n = 806) employed quantificational expressions, compared to native‐English‐speaking college students (n = 552). Findings show that each group favored different types of quantificational expressions in their writing in response to identical prompts, but overall the learners displayed smaller quantificational expression repertoires. The learners also tended to omit determiners where they were obligatory with quantificational expressions, but error rates dropped as students’ proficiency levels increased. By presenting a thorough description of English quantificational constructions and identifying learner error types, this study provides information that may help learners of English improve their use of determiners in English multiword sequences.
Glossary of Sources
Authors: Bischoff Max-Quentin , Bruch Julia , Ewert Ulf Christian , Huang Angela , Köhler Stephan , Kypta Ulla , Müller Ulrich , Petersen Niels , Scholl Christian , Skambraks Tanja , Steinbach Sebastian , Hitz Benjamin
Published: October 2019

This glossary provides a concise overview of all the sources used in the reviewed sample studies (see Chaps. 6, 7 and 8). The variety of sources analysed in studies on premodern economy is large: historiographical texts, artefacts, archaeological sources, legal sources, administrative and business documents as well as letters, theological texts and databases are among them, showing how close the economy is interconnected with all parts of society. Eight main categories structure the different entries. Each entry provides a concise definition of one type of source, as well as some generalised information on its form, structure and content. Each entry also summarises the sources’ usefulness and value for research. In many cases, we also name edited examples in order to help our readers to look for specific and informative source material if interested in certain types of sources.
Algorithmic construction of SYM multiparticle superfields in the BCJ gauge
Authors: Bridges Elliot , Mafra Carlos R.
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We write down closed formulas for all necessary steps to obtain multiparticle super Yang-Mills superfields in the so-called BCJ gauge. The superfields in this gauge have obvious applications in the quest for finding BCJ-satisfying representations of amplitudes. As a benefit of having these closed formulas, we identify the explicit finite gauge transformation responsible for attaining the BCJ gauge. To do this, several combinatorial maps on words are introduced and associated identities rigorously proven.
Stability of topology in interacting Weyl semi-metal and topological dipole in holography
Authors: Song Geunho , Rong Junchen , Sin Sang-Jin
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We discuss the stability of the topological invariant of the strongly interacting Weyl semi-metal at finite temperature. We find that if the interactions and temperature of the system are controlled by the holography, the topology is stable even in the case the Fermi surface become fuzzy. We give an argument to show that although the self energy changes the spectral function significantly to make the Fermi surface fuzzy, it cannot change the singularity structure of the Berry phase, which leads to the stability of the topology. We also find that depending on the mass term structure of the fermion Lagrangian, topological dipoles can be created.
Organ dose and total effective dose of whole-body CT in multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Hemke Robert , Yang Kai , Husseini Jad , Bredella Miriam A. , Simeone F. Joseph
Published: October 2019

Objective

To evaluate organ dose and total effective dose of whole-body low-dose CT (WBLDCT) performed on different CT-scanner models in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and to compare it to the effective dose of radiographic skeletal survey and representative diagnostic CTs.

Material and methods

We retrospectively analyzed data from 228 patients (47.4% females, mean age 67.9 ± 10.4 years, mean weight 81.8 ± 22.4 kg) who underwent WBLDCT for the work-up or surveillance of MM. Patients were scanned using one of six multi-detector CT-scanners. Organ doses and total effective doses per scan were calculated using a commercially available dose-management platform (Radimetrics, Bayer Healthcare, Leverkusen, Germany). The median effective dose was compared to radiographic skeletal survey and representative diagnostic CTs.

Results

The mean effective dose of our WBLDCT-protocol was 4.82 mSv. A significantly higher effective dose was observed in females compared to males (4.95 vs. 4.70 mSv, P = 0.002). Mean organ dose ranged from 3.72 mSv (esophagus) to 13.09 mSv (skeleton). Mean effective dose varied amongst different CT-scanners (range 4.34–8.37 mSv). The median effective dose of WBLDCT was more than twice the dose of a skeletal survey (4.82 vs. 2.04 mSv), 23% higher than a diagnostic contrast-enhanced chest CT (3.9 mSv), 46% lower than a diagnostic contrast-enhanced abdomen/pelvis CT (9.0 mSv), and 45% lower than a lumbar spine CT (8.7 mSv).

Conclusions

WBLDCT in MM has a higher effective dose than a radiographic skeletal survey, but a lower effective dose than diagnostic CTs of lumbar spine, abdomen and pelvis. This underlines the broad applicability of WBLDCT in the management of MM patients.
Differentiated thyroid cancer patients potentially benefitting from postoperative I-131 therapy: a review of the literature of the past decade
Authors: Verburg Frederik A. , Flux Glenn , Giovanella Luca , van Nostrand Douglas , Muylle Kristoff , Luster Markus
Published: October 2019

Background

Since the last major review of literature on the benefit of I-131 therapy, the continued debate on postoperative radioiodine treatment (RIT) in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has led to a number of further studies being published on this topic.

Aim

The aim of the present paper is to report the results of an updated structured review of the literature pertaining to the prognostic benefits of postoperative RIT in DTC in terms of recurrence-free and disease-specific survival.

Methods

A systematic search of the literature was performed using the Medline and Cochrane Library database. The search period started in August 2007 and ended on December 6, 2017. Search terms used included “differentiated thyroid cancer” and “radioiodine therapy” amended by specific terms for recurrence/disease-free survival or overall and/or cancer-specific survival. Included in the search were systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, or cohort studies consisting of both patients who underwent postoperative RIT and patients treated by surgery alone.

Results

Eleven retrospective cohort studies met the defined inclusion criteria and were included in the present review. Results of the studies were mixed, with some showing a benefit of RIT even in microcarcinoma whereas others showed no benefit at all.

Conclusion

Literature published in the last decade offers data that support adjuvant postoperative RIT in DTC patients with a tumor diameter exceeding 1 cm. Therefore, at least until randomized prospective studies prove otherwise, the prescription of adjuvant I-131 treatment to all DTC patients with a primary tumor diameter exceeding 1 cm remains a reasonable option.
Expectations of nursing personnel and physicians on dementia training
Authors: Schneider Julia , Gkioka Mara , Papagiannopoulos Sotirios , Moraitou Despina , Metz Brigitte , Tsolaki Magdalini , Kruse Andreas , Teichmann Birgit
Published: October 2019

Background

The number of dementia training programs in hospital settings is steadily increasing. The way training sessions are designed influences the way the learning content is implemented in practice. To develop a successful training it is important to meet the needs of the target group; however, not much is known about staff preferences and expectations relevant to future dementia training programs in hospitals in Germany and Greece.

Objective

The aim of this survey was to explore staff training needs relevant to the topic of dementia, in general hospitals in Germany and Greece. This study analyzed the interests of staff members, preferences and expectations with respect to dementia training.

Material and methods

This was a descriptive survey based on a 54-item questionnaire conducted with 61 nursing staff, head nurses and physicians (Germany: n = 25, Greece: n = 36) recruited from 5 hospitals (Germany: n = 3, Greece: n = 2). Parts of the questionnaire explored participants’ previous education regarding dementia and their expectations towards future dementia programs.

Results

Although staff attendance in educative programs was high in the last 5 years for both countries, participation in dementia training programs was low (Germany 24%, Greece 5.5%). Additionally, the great majority of participants were willing to be trained in future dementia training programs (Germany 96%, Greece 100%). Employees from both countries expect increased clinical skills as a result of participation in such training programs. In Greece, staff members hope for better handling of people with dementia, while in Germany, concrete practical advice is preferred.

Conclusion

There seems to be a strong willingness to participate in further dementia training programs where not only theoretical knowledge is provided but also practical advice.
The protective effect of hydroxyethyl starch solution on the glycocalyx layer in an acute hemorrhage mouse model
Authors: Uzawa Kohji , Ushiyama Akira , Mitsuda Shingo , Ando Tadao , Sawa Marie , Miyao Hideki , Yorozu Tomoko
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Fluid therapy focused on glycocalyx (GCX) protection in hemorrhagic shock is a current focus of research. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution is commonly used for fluid resuscitation; however, its effects on the GCX remain unclear. The primary aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of HES130 in maintaining GCX thickness and reducing plasma syndecan-1 expression.

Methods

An acute hemorrhage murine model with the dorsal skin chambers was used to measure GCX thickness and to evaluate vascular permeability. Groups of mice were treated with normal saline (NS), albumin (NS-A), HES130 (NS-V), or no exsanguination or infusion (C). We measured syndecan-1 plasma concentrations, performed blood gas analysis, and analyzed the 7-day cumulative mortality.

Results

GCX thickness in NS mice was significantly reduced compared to that in group C, but no other groups showed a difference compared to group C. The plasma concentration of syndecan-1 was significantly higher in NS mice than in group C. There were no significant differences in the fluorescence intensity of dextran in the interstitial space. HES70 leakage was suppressed in NS-V mice compared to those in other groups. HES70 was localized to the inner vessel wall in C, NS, and NS-A mice, but not in group NS-V. Blood gas analysis indicated that pH and lactate showed the greatest improvements in NS-V mice. The 7-day cumulative mortality rate was the highest in group NS.

Conclusion

Resuscitation with HES130 protected the GCX and suppressed vascular permeability of HES70 during early stages of acute massive hemorrhage.
Delivery Strategies for Skin: Comparison of Nanoliter Jets, Needles and Topical Solutions
Authors: Cu Katharina , Bansal Ruchi , Mitragotri Samir , Fernandez Rivas David
Published: October 2019

Drug diffusion within the skin with a needle-free micro-jet injection (NFI) device was compared with two well-established delivery methods: topical application and solid needle injection. A permanent make-up (PMU) machine, normally used for dermal pigmentation, was utilized as a solid needle injection method. For NFIs a continuous wave (CW) laser diode was used to create a bubble inside a microfluidic device containing a light absorbing solution. Each method delivered two different solutions into ex vivo porcine skin. The first solution consisted of a red dye (direct red 81) and rhodamine B in water. The second solution was direct red 81 and rhodamine B in water and glycerol. We measured the diffusion depth, width and surface area of the solutions in all the injected skin samples. The NFI has a higher vertical dispersion velocity of 3 × 105μm/s compared to topical (0.1 μm/s) and needle injection (53 μm/s). The limitations and advantages of each method are discussed, and we conclude that the micro-jet injector represents a fast and minimally invasive injection method, while the solid needle injector causes notable tissue damage. In contrast, the topical method had the slowest diffusion rate but causes no visible damage to the skin.
Are You on My Wavelength? Interpersonal Coordination in Dyadic Conversations
Authors: Hale Joanna , Ward Jamie A. , Buccheri Francesco , Oliver Dominic , Hamilton Antonia F. de C.
Published: October 2019

Conversation between two people involves subtle nonverbal coordination in addition to speech. However, the precise parameters and timing of this coordination remain unclear, which limits our ability to theorize about the neural and cognitive mechanisms of social coordination. In particular, it is unclear if conversation is dominated by synchronization (with no time lag), rapid and reactive mimicry (with lags under 1 s) or traditionally observed mimicry (with several seconds lag), each of which demands a different neural mechanism. Here we describe data from high-resolution motion capture of the head movements of pairs of participants (n = 31 dyads) engaged in structured conversations. In a pre-registered analysis pathway, we calculated the wavelet coherence of head motion within dyads as a measure of their nonverbal coordination and report two novel results. First, low-frequency coherence (0.2–1.1 Hz) is consistent with traditional observations of mimicry, and modeling shows this behavior is generated by a mechanism with a constant 600 ms lag between leader and follower. This is in line with rapid reactive (rather than predictive or memory-driven) models of mimicry behavior, and could be implemented in mirror neuron systems. Second, we find an unexpected pattern of lower-than-chance coherence between participants, or hypo-coherence, at high frequencies (2.6–6.5 Hz). Exploratory analyses show that this systematic decoupling is driven by fast nodding from the listening member of the dyad, and may be a newly identified social signal. These results provide a step towards the quantification of real-world human behavior in high resolution and provide new insights into the mechanisms of social coordination.
Enhancing asphaltene precipitation modeling by cubic-PR solid model using thermodynamic correlations and averaging techniques
Authors: Shoukry Aktham E. , El-Banbi Ahmed H. , Sayyouh Helmy
Published: October 2019

Cubic equation-of-state solid models are one of the most widely used models to predict asphaltene precipitation behavior. Thermodynamic parameters are needed to model precipitation under different pressures and temperatures and are usually obtained through tuning with multi asphaltene onset experiments. For the purpose of enhancing the cubic Peng–Robinson solid model and reducing its dependency on asphaltene experiments, this paper tests the use of aromatics and waxes correlations to obtain these thermodynamic parameters. In addition, weighted averages between both correlations are introduced. The averaging is based on reported saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltene (SARA) fractions, and wax content. All the methods are tested on four oil samples, with previously published data, covering precipitation and onset experiments. The proposed wax-asphaltene average showed the best match with experimental data, followed by a SARA-weighted average. This new addition enhances the model predictability and agrees with the general molecular structure of asphaltene molecules.
Investigation of monthly and seasonal changes of methane gas with respect to climate change using satellite data
Authors: Javadinejad Safieh , Eslamian Saied , Ostad-Ali-Askari Kaveh
Published: October 2019

Climate change and global warming are the biggest challenges in the current century. Methane gas is one of the most important greenhouse gases which can contribute to creating warming weather (about 19%). In this research, satellite data from GOSAT and MODIS and also climatic data of precipitation, temperature and humidity are used to analyze monthly and seasonal methane changes in 2012 to 2018 in North America. The results show that the methane gas has increased during this period and it increases from 1789 to 1824 ppb. The gas has monthly fluctuation and in October and September has the maximum concentration and in March and April has the minimum value. The relationship between the methane gas and temperature and LST is positive, and the relationship between the methane gas and NDVI, precipitation and humidity is negative. This verifies that the increase in methane concentration has significant relationship with low vegetation cover and high temperature. Therefore, conservation of vegetation cover can help to reduce the methane concentration.
Wet-Chemical Synthesis and Applications of Semiconductor Nanomaterial-Based Epitaxial Heterostructures
Authors: Chen Junze , Ma Qinglang , Wu Xue-Jun , Li Liuxiao , Liu Jiawei , Zhang Hua
Published: October 2019

Semiconductor nanomaterial-based epitaxial heterostructures with precisely controlled compositions and morphologies are of great importance for various applications in optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, and catalysis. Until now, various kinds of epitaxial heterostructures have been constructed. In this minireview, we will first introduce the synthesis of semiconductor nanomaterial-based epitaxial heterostructures by wet-chemical methods. Various architectures based on different kinds of seeds or templates are illustrated, and their growth mechanisms are discussed in detail. Then, the applications of epitaxial heterostructures in optoelectronics, catalysis, and thermoelectrics are described. Finally, we provide some challenges and personal perspectives for the future research directions of semiconductor nanomaterial-based epitaxial heterostructures.
Data stream mining: methods and challenges for handling concept drift
Authors: Wares Scott , Isaacs John , Elyan Eyad
Published: October 2019

Mining and analysing streaming data is crucial for many applications, and this area of research has gained extensive attention over the past decade. However, there are several inherent problems that continue to challenge the hardware and the state-of-the art algorithmic solutions. Examples of such problems include the unbound size, varying speed and unknown data characteristics of arriving instances from a data stream. The aim of this research is to portray key challenges faced by algorithmic solutions for stream mining, particularly focusing on the prevalent issue of concept drift. A comprehensive discussion of concept drift and its inherent data challenges in the context of stream mining is presented, as is a critical, in-depth review of relevant literature. Current issues with the evaluative procedure for concept drift detectors is also explored, highlighting problems such as a lack of established base datasets and the impact of temporal dependence on concept drift detection. By exposing gaps in the current literature, this study suggests recommendations for future research which should aid in the progression of stream mining and concept drift detection algorithms.
Incidence and mortality of liver cancer in Henan province in 2015
Authors: Cao Xiao‐Qin , Cao Ru‐Fei , Liu Shu‐Zheng , Chen Qiong , Quan Pei‐Liang , Luo Su‐Xia
Published: October 2019

Objective

Liver cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. We aimed to use the cancer registration data in 2015 to estimate the incidence and mortality of liver cancer in Henan province.

Methods

The data from 37 population‐based cancer registries in Henan province were collected for this study. The pooled data were stratified by area, sex, and age group. New cases of liver cancer and deaths due to the disease were estimated using age‐specific rates and provincial population in 2015. All incidence and death rates were age standardized to the 2000 Chinese standard population and Segi's population, which were expressed per 100,000 populations.

Results

After clearance and assessment, data from 30 population‐based cancer registries (5 in urban and 25 in rural areas) were included in the analysis. All 30 cancer registries encompassed a total population of 23,421,609 (3,507,984 in urban and 19,913,625 in rural areas), accounting for 21.84% of the provincial population. The proportion of morphological verification (MV%), percentage of cancer cases identified with death certification only (DCO%), and mortality‐to‐incidence ratio (M/I) were 38.55%, 2.34%, and 0.81, respectively. Approximately 31,639 new cases of liver cancer were diagnosed and 26,057 deaths from liver cancer occurred in Henan in 2015. The crude incidence rate of liver cancer was 27.05/100,000 (36.24/100,000 in men and 17.35/100,000 in women). Age‐standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population and world standard population were 21.10/100,000 and 20.95/100,000, respectively. Liver cancer was more common in men than in women. The incidence rates in urban (26.31/100,000) and rural (27.18/100,000) areas were similar. The crude mortality rate of liver cancer was 21.98/100,000 (29.33/100,000 in males and 14.22/100,000 in females). Age‐standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population and world standard population were 16.93/100,000 and 16.90/100,000, respectively. There was no distinct difference in mortality rates of liver cancer between urban (22.55/100,000) and rural (21.87/100,000) areas.

Conclusions

Liver cancer has posed a heavy burden on people in Henan province. Comprehensive measures should be conducted to prevent the increase in the incidence of liver cancer.
Outcome of CBT for Problematic Hoarding in a Naturalistic Setting: Impact on Symptoms and Distress Tolerance
Authors: Rowa Karen , Cameron Duncan , Soreni Noam , LeMoult Joelle , McCabe Randi E
Published: October 2019

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for problematic hoarding is an effective treatment, but further research in diverse, naturalistic settings is needed to see whether this treatment is effective across settings and in smaller doses. The current study investigated the outcome of a 12-session group CBT for hoarding offered in an outpatient hospital setting. Sixty-four participants completed therapy, and 38 participants completed posttreatment assessments. Results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in hoarding symptom severity, saving cognitions, and self-reported distress tolerance. Effect sizes for changes in saving cognitions were generally large. However, effect sizes were modest for most other outcome variables, and only 4 of 38 participants achieved clinically significant change in hoarding symptom severity. These results suggest that 12 sessions of group CBT for hoarding is associated with significant change in saving cognitions, but less meaningful change in other indicators of symptom severity.
Corrected Standard Errors with Clustered Data
Authors: Jackson John E.
Published: October 2019

The use of cluster robust standard errors (CRSE) is common as data are often collected from units, such as cities, states or countries, with multiple observations per unit. There is considerable discussion of how best to estimate standard errors and confidence intervals when using CRSE (Harden 2011; Imbens and Kolesár 2016; MacKinnon and Webb 2017; Esarey and Menger 2019). Extensive simulations in this literature and here show that CRSE seriously underestimate coefficient standard errors and their associated confidence intervals, particularly with a small number of clusters and when there is little within cluster variation in the explanatory variables. These same simulations show that a method developed here provides more reliable estimates of coefficient standard errors. They underestimate confidence intervals for tests of individual and sets of coefficients in extreme conditions, but by far less than do CRSE. Simulations also show that this method produces more accurate standard error and confidence interval estimates than bootstrapping, which is often recommended as an alternative to CRSE.
« Canada First » : le nationalisme économique et les relations commerciales canado-américaines de la Confédération à l'ACEUM
Authors: Rioux X. Hubert
Published: October 2019

Cet article vise à brosser un portrait de l’évolution des politiques et des relations commerciales canado-américaines en replaçant au cœur de l'analyse la variable du « nationalisme économique ». Il s'appuie sur l'approche « nationaliste » en économie politique internationale, qui permet de comprendre tant le protectionnisme que la libéralisation et surtout, le passage de l'un à l'autre ou la combinaison des deux. Le nationalisme économique constitue une tendance lourde des relations commerciales canado-américaines, qui auront été caractérisées depuis 1867 et au-delà par une tension continuelle entre protectionnisme et libéralisation.
QUESTIONING THE RHETORIC OF BRITISH BORSTAL REFORM IN THE 1930s
Authors: TEBBUTT MELANIE
Published: October 2019

In 1938, the Reverend Digby Bliss Kittermaster, who became chaplain at Rochester Borstal after retiring as a housemaster at Harrow public school, started a diary in which he recorded everyday interactions with inmates and staff. The reputation of the borstal system was at its height in the 1930s owing to Alexander Paterson's reforms, based on the structures and character-building ethos of British public schools. Young people's voices were rarely heard in this progressive discourse of borstal reform and Kittermaster is unusual for articulating them, recording what he heard, teasing out the contradictions of Paterson's reforming aspirations and the reality of humiliation and intimidation that borstal boys often experienced. Kittermaster's public school background made him well placed to question the rhetoric of the public school reform model. His complex personal perspective suggests how humane emphasis on individual potential was subverted at Rochester by coercive structures of traditional prison improvement. Kittermaster's growing frustration at his own powerlessness supports a more nuanced interpretation of how the borstal system has usually been depicted in the Paterson era of reform, especially in relation to damaging mental and emotional costs to inmates and staff, which have been largely neglected in the scholarship of borstal in the 1930s.
Distribution and function of embedded V–Neg in Norwegian: A corpus study
Authors: Ringstad Tina Louise
Published: October 2019

Mainland Scandinavian displays a main clause phenomenon (MCP), where some embedded clauses allow the word order V(erb)–Neg(ation), in addition to the canonical Neg–V. Much has been written on the licensing conditions for embedded V–Neg, but formulating the exact conditions has proven difficult. This may be due to the fact that research has typically focussed on selected sets of clauses allowing this phenomenon and much of it has been based on the authors’ grammaticality judgements. Drawing conclusions about the licensing conditions for embedded V–Neg requires examining all types of environments that allow it in natural speech as well as the types of environments that disallow it. Therefore, the primary goal of this paper is to map out the full distribution of embedded V–Neg. This paper examines embedded V–Neg collected from five corpora of spontaneous Norwegian speech. The data provide information on the relative frequency of V–Neg in various constructions and identify hitherto unattested contexts for this word order. The paper shows that V–Neg is productive in adjunct clauses, a fact difficult to accommodate under accounts claiming it is licensed under selection of specific predicates. The data support a more discourse-oriented approach to embedded V–Neg.
Low‐Frequency Seismicity at Villarrica Volcano: Source Location and Seismic Velocities
Authors: Lehr Johanna , Eckel Felix , Thorwart Martin , Rabbel Wolfgang
Published: October 2019

Villarrica Volcano (Chile) is one of the most active volcanoes in South America. Its low‐frequency (≤5 Hz) seismicity consists of a continuous tremor, overlain by impulsive transient events of higher amplitude in 60‐s intervals. This signal was recorded in March 2012 by an extensive local network, comprising 75 stations and including 6 subarrays. It allowed us to apply and compare three techniques to locate the origin of the seismicity: intersection of propagation directions determined by array analysis, mapping amplitudes, and modeling of amplitude decay. All methods yield almost identical, temporally stable, epicenters inside the summit crater, which confirms earlier attributions of the seismicity to volcanic activity inside the conduit. The discrete transients and the interevent tremor share the same source location. From the dominance of surface waves and the obvious scattering, we infer a source near the surface. For two arrays at the northern and western flank, a dispersion relation was derived, which allowed for the determination ofSwave velocity‐depth functions. At both locations, the velocity structure can be modeled by three layers with interfaces at 100 and 400m depths. The velocities (300 to 3,000 m/s) correspond to pyroclastic material at different states of consolidation. The modeling of the amplitude decay reveals a quality factor around 50.
Variable Crustal Production Originating From Mantle Source Heterogeneity Beneath the South East Indian Ridge and Amsterdam‐St. Paul Plateau
Authors: Sibrant A.L.R. , Maia M. , Mittelstaedt E. , Graham D.W.
Published: October 2019

The Amsterdam‐St. Paul (ASP) Plateau formed by interaction between the South East Indian Ridge (SEIR) and the ASP mantle plume during the last 10 Myr. The combined bathymetry and gravity‐derived crustal thickness anomalies along the present and paleoaxes of the SEIR atop the plateau indicate: (1) a thicker crust and shallower water depth along the southern part of segment I2 during much of the last 10 Myr; (2) an earlier decrease (~1.4 Ma) in crustal thickness along the southern part of I2 compared to the northern part (~0.9 Ma) during the most recent period of reduced magmatism; (3) a topographic transition at ~0.7 Ma and during the last 0.1 Myr; and (4) an approximately uniform crustal thickness (8 km) along the entire I2 segment today. These observations require spatial and temporal variations in magma production during construction of the ASP Plateau over the last 3 Myr. We propose that during periods of weaker plume magma flux, spatial variations in upper mantle temperature and composition are small, and lead to small variations in crustal thickness along‐axis. In contrast, during periods of stronger plume magma flux, spatial contrasts in upper mantle temperature and composition (fertility) are large, leading to significant variations in crustal thickness. Along‐axis variations of 3He/4He, Δ8/4Pb, K/Ti, and Na8 in “zero‐age” basalts indicate that there is a gradient in the underlying mantle material, from a “common” mantle plume component (Δ8/4Pb~60) stronger in the north to a DUPAL component (Δ8/4Pb~110) dominating in the south.