bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile large scale synthesis of CuCr2O4/CuO nanocomposite using MOF route for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and tetracycline under visible light
Authors: Hariganesh S. , Vadivel S. , Maruthamani D. , Kumaravel M. , Paul Bappi , Balasubramanian N. , Vijayaraghavan T.
Published: December 2019

MIL‐101(Cr) template method has been employed successfully to synthesize CuCr2O4/CuO composite. The synthesized sample was characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm (BET) analysis, and UV vis‐ diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐DRS). The photocatalytic efficiency of the nanocomposite was evaluated towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye and antibiotic tetracycline (TC) solution. The morphological studies confirmed that the CuO was uniformly dispersed on the CuCr2O4 matrix. The CuCr2O4/CuO nanocomposite showed high degradation efficiency of about 90% in the presence of H2O2 where the MB degradation reaction got completed in a mere 35 min and ~95% TC got degraded within 120 min.
Effect of different treatments and SiO2/PVDF coatings on morphology and wettability of electrospun polyamide 6 membranes
Authors: Feng Yan , Sun Runjun , Liu Chengkun , Chen Meiyu , Wang Qiushi
Published: December 2019

The electrospun polyamide 6 (PA6) membranes are treated with different methods. The rough surfaces with different protuberances size and the fiber diameter are prepared by wet, dry heat, wet heat, and ethanol treatments under relaxation, and the formation mechanisms are analyzed. A relative stable structure of PA6 membrane is also prepared by ethanol treatment under tension, and its structure is as same as the untreated membrane. The dynamic water contact angles (WCAs) of the treated membranes are measured. The starting WCA of the membrane with wet heat treatment under relaxation is 90.95°, which is larger than those of wet, dry heat, and ethanol treatments under relaxation. The effects of surface morphologies with different treatments on wettability are analyzed. For obtaining hydrophobicity, the membrane with wet heat treatment under relaxation was coated by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The WCA of the membrane increases to 127.1° after coating. From another point of view, the WCA of the PVDF/treated PA6 membrane is much larger than that of the pure casting PVDF membrane, which means the rough surface of the treated PA6 membrane can improve the hydrophobicity of the PVDF membrane. Furthermore, the membrane is endowed with superhydrophobicity (WCA of 153.5°) after being coated by SiO2/PVDF due to the multilevel structured surface roughness. It is a relative low cost and convenient operation method to prepare the superhydrophobic material. The results provide a novel preparation method of the superhydrophobic material and a treatment method of the electrospun PA6 membrane to obtain a stable structure. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48804.
A comparison of token and tandem schedules of reinforcement on response patterns for adolescents with autism
Authors: Glodowski Kathryn R. , Bourret Jason , Ivy Jonathan W. , Seaver Jonathan P. , Jackson Joshua , Stine Julie M. , Nuzzolilli Andrew E.
Published: December 2019

Token schedules of reinforcement are ubiquitous in clinical settings, yet little research has thoroughly evaluated the effects of token schedules on responding in clinical settings. Basic research has shown token schedules of reinforcement produce lower response rates and larger pre‐ratio pauses compared to tandem schedules. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the same effects are produced with adolescents with autism or related disorders. We examined response patterns under otherwise identical FR token and FR tandem schedules. Tokens suppressed responding for one participant only under high schedule values and for a second participant under common clinical schedule values; no difference in responding occurred between token and tandem schedules for two participants. These results support the systematic evaluation of token schedules of reinforcement in clinical settings. Additional applied research is needed on token schedules to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the overall effectiveness of token economies.
Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals Nuclear Perturbation in Human Glioma U87 Cells treated with Temozolomide
Authors: Guo Jinglin , Yi Guo‐zhong , Liu Zhifeng , Sun Xuegang , Yang Runwei , Guo Manlan , Li Yaomin , Li Ke , Li Kaishu , Wang Xiran , Song Haimin , Qi Songtao , Huang Guanglong , Liu Yawei
Published: December 2019

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant and aggressive glioma, which has a very poor prognosis. Temozolomide (TMZ) is still a first‐line treatment, but resistance is inevitable even in MGMT‐deficient glioblastoma cells. The aims of this study were to comprehend the effect of TMZ on nucleus and the underlying mechanism of acquired TMZ resistance in MGMT‐deficient GBM. We show the changes of nuclear proteome in the MGMT‐deficient GBM U87 cells treated with TMZ for 1 week. Label‐free–based quantitative proteomics were used to investigate nuclear protein abundance change. Subsequently, gene ontology function annotation, KEGG pathway analysis, protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network construction analysis of DAPs, and immunofluorescence were applied to validate the quality of proteomics. In total, 457 (455 gene products) significant DAPs were identified, of which 327 were up‐regulated and 128 were down‐regulated. Bioinformatics analysis uncovered RAD50, MRE11, UBR5, MSH2, MSH6, DDB1, DDB2, RPA1, RBX1, CUL4A, and CUL4B mainly enriched in DNA damage repair related pathway and constituted a protein‐protein interaction network. Ribosomal proteins were down‐regulated. Cells were in a stress‐responsive state, while the entire metabolic level was lowered.

Significance of the study

In U87 cell treated with TMZ for 1 week, which resulted in DNA damage, we found various proteins dysregulated in the nucleus. Some proteins related to the DNA damage repair pathway were up‐regulated, and there was a strong interaction. We believe this is the potential clues of chemotherapy resistance in tumour cells. These proteins can be used as indicators of tumour resistance screening in the future.
The role of microRNAs in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: From biology to applications
Authors: Tapeh Behnam Emamgolizadeh Gurt , Alivand Mohammad Reza , Solali Saeed
Published: December 2019

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that are characterized by small, noncoding RNA have an essential role in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, miRNAs, as a new paradigm of epigenetic regulators, play an important role in normal development and cellular function. This literature review summarizes the recurrent mechanism of gene regulation through miRNAs and, consequently, the impact of regulated genes on different cellular processes, including proliferation, metastasis, prognosis, and apoptosis. Additionally, what is important to note is that the expression of miRNAs in various cancer cells is different, and miRNAs have various target genes in various cancers. Accordingly, a proper understanding of gene regulation by miRNAs contributes to new perspectives in miRNA‐based therapeutic strategies.

Significance of the study

MiRNAs are considered as a crucial regulator of gene expression. The genes also play an important role in the expression of miRNAs; as a result, there is a relationship between them. In recent years, targeted therapy with miRNAs has been a significant challenge. Studying the mechanisms through which miRNAs regulate various cancer cell processes, including apoptosis, proliferation, and metastasis, is very critical in the treatment of cancer through miRNAs. Definitely, a proper understanding of the impacts of aberrant expression of miRNAs on cancer cell processes leads to new therapeutic strategies in the targeted therapy with miRNAs.
The first reported case of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease from Nepal
Authors: Kharel Himal , Adhikari Pabitra , Pokhrel Nishan B. , Kharel Zeni , Nepal Gaurav
Published: December 2019

Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) can also be diagnosed in a resource‐limited setting through good clinical analysis. The diagnosis of CJD should be considered in patients with rapidly evolving neurological signs associated with cognitive disturbances even in countries with limited available sophisticated tools and where CJD was never reported before.
Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Furfural over Co3O4−Al2O3 Hydrotalcite‐derived Catalyst
Authors: Ramos Ruben , Peixoto Andreia F. , Arias‐Serrano Blanca I. , Soares O. Salomé G. P. , Pereira Manuel F. R. , Kubička David , Freire Cristina
Published: December 2019

The hydrogenation of furfural by catalytic hydrogen transfer to produce furfuryl alcohol has been investigated over a series of mixed oxides derived from hydrotalcite catalysts. Three different catalysts containing Ni, Co and Zn phases on an Al‐rich amorphous support were synthesized and characterised. The catalytic performances were evaluated in a batch stirred reactor using 2‐propanol as a solvent and hydrogen donor, with Co3O4−Al2O3 showing the highest activity and selectivity to FA (74 % yield; 97 % selectivity). The effects of temperature (T=120–180 °C) and reaction time (t=30 min–24 h) were also studied, reaching a FA maximum yield of 92 % at 150 °C after 24 h. The Co3O4−Al2O3 catalyst showed a loss of activity after the first run, which can be easily restored by a simple calcination treatment. The results establish a catalytic route to produce valuable furfuryl alcohol over 3d‐transition metal‐based catalysts without any external hydrogen supply.
Changes in fluoride removal ability of chicken bone char with changes in calcination time
Authors: Kikuchi Masanori , Arioka Yuki , Tafu Masamoto , Irie Mitsuteru
Published: December 2019

Changes in fluoride removal ability of chicken bone char (CBC) were investigated by both remained amounts of carbon including organic substances and crystallite size of hydroxyapatite in the CBC. Carbon contents in CBC were controlled by heating time at 600°C. Although temperature for crystal‐grain growth for HAp, 650°C, was higher than 600°C, crystallite size of HAp in CBC increased with heating time. Fluoride ion removal ability positively related to the amount of remaining carbon and negatively related to the square of crystallite size, as an index of surface area, of HAp. These results suggested that fluoride ion removal from water by CBC is not only by ion exchange and/or dissolution‐precipitation process, but also by adsorption by carbon and/or temporal capture of fluoride ion by microstructure of carbonate in CBC before immobilize it in apatite structure.
Supramolecular Metallacycles and Their Binding of Fullerenes
Authors: Göb Christian R. , Ehnbom Andreas , Sturm Lisa , Tobe Yoshito , Oppel Iris M.
Published: December 2019

The synthesis of a new triaminoguanidinium‐based ligand with three tris‐chelating [NNO]‐binding pockets and C3 symmetry is described. The reaction of tris‐(2‐pyridinylene‐N‐oxide)triaminoguanidinium salts with zinc(II) formate leads to the formation of cyclic supramolecular coordination compounds which in solution bind fullerenes in their spherical cavities. The rapid encapsulation of C60 can be observed by NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and is verified using computation.
Insectivorous bats selectively source moths and eat mostly pest insects on dryland and irrigated cotton farms
Authors: Kolkert Heidi , Andrew Rose , Smith Rhiannon , Rader Romina , Reid Nick
Published: December 2019

Insectivorous bats are efficient predators of pest arthropods in agroecosystems. This pest control service has been estimated to be worth billions of dollars to agriculture globally. However, few studies have explicitly investigated the composition and abundance of dietary prey items consumed or assessed the ratio of pest and beneficial arthropods, making it difficult to evaluate the quality of the pest control service provided. In this study, we used metabarcoding to identify the prey items eaten by insectivorous bats over the cotton‐growing season in an intensive cropping region in northern New South Wales, Australia. We found that seven species of insectivorous bat (n = 58) consumed 728 prey species, 13 of which represented around 50% of total prey abundance consumed. Importantly, the identified prey items included major arthropod pests, comprising 65% of prey relative abundance and 13% of prey species recorded. Significant cotton pests such as Helicoverpa punctigera (Australian bollworm) and Achyra affinitalis (cotton webspinner) were detected in at least 76% of bat fecal samples, with Teleogryllus oceanicus (field crickets), Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), and Crocidosema plebejana (cotton tipworm) detected in 55% of bat fecal samples. Our results indicate that insectivorous bats are selective predators that exploit a narrow selection of preferred pest taxa and potentially play an important role in controlling lepidopteran pests on cotton farms. Our study provides crucial information for farmers to determine the service or disservice provided by insectivorous bats in relation to crops, for on‐farm decision making.
Improve Management of acute heart failure with ProcAlCiTonin in EUrope: results of the randomized clinical trial IMPACT EU Biomarkers in Cardiology (BIC) 18
Authors: Möckel Martin , de Boer Rudolf A. , Slagman Anna Christine , von Haehling Stephan , Schou Morten , Vollert Jörn Ole , Wiemer Jan C. , Ebmeyer Stefan , Martín‐Sánchez F. Javier , Maisel Alan S. , Giannitsis Evangelos
Published: December 2019

Aim

To determine whether initiation of antibiotic therapy (ABX) by procalcitonin (PCT) within 8 h of admission in patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms and signs of acute heart failure (AHF) and elevated natriuretic peptides would improve clinical outcomes.

Methods and results

The study was a randomized multicentre clinical trial conducted at 16 sites in Europe. Patients were randomized to either a PCT‐guided strategy or standard care. Patients with PCT‐guided strategy (n = 370) had ABX initiated if PCT was > 0.2 μg/L. Patients with standard care (n = 372) had AHF care in accordance with published guidelines without PCT. The primary endpoint was 90‐day all‐cause mortality. Pre‐specified secondary endpoints included 30‐day all‐cause mortality and readmission and rate of pneumonia. The Data Safety and Review Committee recommended stopping the study for futility when 762 of the planned 792 patients had been enrolled. A total of 742 patients could be analysed. Patients were elderly (median age: 77 years), 38% were women, and had typical signs and symptoms of AHF. All‐cause mortality at 90 days was 10.3% in the PCT‐guided group vs. 8.2% in standard care (P = 0.316). Thirty‐day readmission was significantly higher in the PCT‐guided group vs. standard care but the difference vanished until day 90. The rate of pneumonia was overall low (7.5%) and not different between groups.

Conclusions

In patients with AHF, a strategy of PCT‐guided initiation of ABX was not more effective than a standard care strategy in improving clinical outcomes.
New Path for Polyoxometalates: Controlled Synthesis and Characterization of Metal‐Substituted Tungstosulfates
Authors: Hirabaru Hikaru , Kawamoto Daisuke , Ohnishi Miho , Ota Hiromi , Sadakane Masahiro , Yanagisawa Kazumichi , Hasegawa Takuya , Ueda Tadaharu
Published: December 2019

Currently, a large number of metal‐substituted tungstophosphates and tungstosilicates have been prepared with well‐controlled systematic procedures, and many of them have been applied to various fields, such as catalysis and materials, because of their fascinating chemical properties. In addition, the diverse structures of metal‐substituted polyoxometalates (POMs) are quite interesting as molecular architectures. However, there have been fewer reports on the synthesis of metal‐substituted POMs with other hetero atoms. In the present study, controlled and systematic synthetic procedures for Wells–Dawson‐type metal‐substituted tungstosulfates, [S2MW17O61]6– (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu), were developed via a ring‐shaped lacunary tungstosulfate, [(S2W14O54)3]32– prepared from the weak base treatment of K4[S2W18O62] in aqueous solution. [(S2W14O54)3]32– and [S2MW17O61]6– were structurally characterized by elemental analysis, X‐ray crystallography and ESI‐MS. [(S2W14O54)3]32– has a different type of structure with a cavity than Preyssler‐type POMs, [X5W30O110]n–, and the other POMs, [X8W48O184]40– (X = P, As). In addition, IR, Raman and UV/Vis spectra as well as cyclic voltammograms of all of the POMs isolated in the present study were obtained and compared with the corresponding Wells–Dawson‐type metal‐substituted tungstophosphates. The synthetic procedures for [S2MW17O61]6– from [S2W18O62]4– via [(S2W14O54)3]32– could open a new path for tungstosulfate chemistry, such as widespread tungstophosphate and tungstosilicate chemistry.
Development and application of transient gas‐liquid two‐phase flow model considering sudden density change
Authors: Wang Jiangshuai , Li Jun , Liu Gonghui , Li Mengbo , Luo Kuidong , Zhang Geng
Published: December 2019

In deepwater drilling, accurate prediction of wellbore gas‐liquid two‐phase flow behavior is significant for gas kick detection and well‐control treatment. In this study, a new transient gas‐liquid two‐phase flow model was developed to simulate the wellbore gas‐liquid two‐phase flow during gas kick in deepwater dual‐gradient drilling based on downhole separation. This model accounts for the impact of a sudden change in density on gas‐liquid flow behavior. The transient model was solved using the finite‐difference method. The accuracy and stability of the model were verified using data measured from a full‐scale experimental well. Using this model, the differences in the apparent liquid velocity and the flow rate at the annular outlet during gas kick were compared between deepwater dual‐gradient drilling and conventional single‐gradient drilling. Additionally, the influences of numerous factors on variations in flow rate at the annular outlet were also studied. A new method of early gas kick detection was proposed for deepwater dual‐gradient drilling based on downhole separation.
Speculative pressure
Authors: Fan John Hua , Fernandez‐Perez Adrian , Fuertes Ana‐Maria , Miffre Joëlle
Published: December 2019

The paper investigates the information content of speculative pressure across futures classes. Long‐short portfolios of futures contracts sorted by speculative pressure capture a significant premium in commodity, currency, and equity markets but not in fixed income markets. Exposure to commodity, currency, and equity index futures’ speculative pressure is priced in the broad cross‐section after controlling for momentum, carry, global liquidity, and volatility risks. The findings are confirmed by robustness tests using alternative speculative pressure signals, portfolio construction techniques, and subperiods interalia. We argue that there is an efficient hedgers‐speculators risk transfer in commodity, currency, and equity index futures markets.
Formation of the Majiayao gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China: Constraints from fluid inclusions, H–O–S–Pb isotopes, and pyrite Rb–Sr age
Authors: Tian Jiepeng , Li Junjian , Zhang Pengpeng , Li Xiuzhang , Liu Wengang , Tang Wenlong , Fu Chao , Dang Zhicai , He Jiangtao
Published: December 2019

The Majiayao gold deposit at Qixia in Shandong Province is a typical gold deposit of medium–low temperature hydrothermal veins. This gold deposit is one of the most important types in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Four stages have been identified based on the cross‐cutting relationships and mineralogical and textural characteristics. The study of quartz vein fluid inclusions show that the inclusions can be divided into three categories: pure liquid or pure gas phase inclusions (type S), two‐phase gas and liquid inclusions (type W), and three‐phase inclusions rich in CO2 (type C). The results of laser Raman probe analysis show that the fluid inclusions are generally rich in CO2, thus forming a typical CO2–H2O–NaCl system. The fluid temperature results show that in stage I, only the type W fluid inclusions are identified by microthermometry, the homogenized temperatures (to liquid) are 210–343°C and mostly range from 260 to 280°C, the range of salinity is 1.57–10.98 wt.% NaCl, with a peak value of 8–11 wt.% NaCl, and the density is 0.65–1.02 g/cm3, with a peak value of 0.81–0.87 g/cm3; in stages II and III, the primary fluid inclusion assemblages include both type W and C inclusions, which show similar phase‐transition temperatures and are trapped between 190 and 300°C, and the peak values of salinities are 4–10 wt.% NaCl equivalent; and in stage IV, the total homogenization temperatures (Th‐TOT) into liquid range from 120 to 220°C, and the range of salinities is 4.2–7.9 wt.% NaCl. These values indicate that temperature, salinity, and density gradually decreased from the early to late mineralization stage. The ore‐forming fluid of the deposit was a thermal liquid system with medium–low temperature, medium–low salinity, and low density and was rich in reducing CO2. The H–O isotope shows that the ore‐forming fluids were dominated by metamorphic fluid with only minor amounts of meteoric water involved in the ore‐forming process. According to the S, Pb, and Sr isotopes analysis, it indicated that the source of ore‐forming materials is mainly crustal fluid. The measured Rb–Sr isochron age of pyrite is 123.4 ± 2.9 Ma, which indicates that the metallogenic age corresponded to the Early Cretaceous.
APPLE‐Tree (Active Prevention in People at risk of dementia: Lifestyle, bEhaviour change and Technology to REducE cognitive and functional decline) programme: Protocol
Authors: Cooper Claudia , Aguirre Elisa , Barber Julie A. , Bass Nick , Brodaty Henry , Burton Alexandra , Higgs Paul , Hunter Rachael , Huntley Jonathan , Lang Iain , Kales Helen C. , Marchant Natalie L. , Minihane Anne Marie , Ritchie Karen , Morgan‐Trimmer Sarah , Walker Zuzana , Walters Kate , Wenborn Jennifer , Rapaport Penny
Published: December 2019

Background

Observational studies indicate that approximately a third of dementia cases are attributable to modifiable cardiometabolic, physical and mental health, and social and lifestyle risk factors. There is evidence that intensive behaviour change interventions targeting these factors can reduce cognitive decline.

Our planned intervention [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

image

Methods and analysis

We will design and test a low intensity, secondary dementia‐prevention programme (Active Prevention in People at risk of dementia: Lifestyle, bEhaviour change and Technology to REducE cognitive and functional decline, “APPLE‐Tree”) to slow cognitive decline in people with subjective cognitive decline with or without objective cognitive impairment. We will embed our work within social science research to understand how dementia prevention is currently delivered and structured. We will carry out systematic reviews and around 50 qualitative interviews with stakeholders, using findings to coproduce the APPLE‐Tree intervention. We plan a 10‐session group intervention, involving personalised goal‐setting, with individual sessions for those unable or unwilling to attend groups, delivered by psychology assistants who will be trained and supervised by clinical psychologists. The coproduction group (including public and patient involvement [PPI], academic and clinical/third‐sector professional representatives) will use the Behaviour Change Wheel theoretical framework to develop it.

We will recruit and randomly allocate 704 participants, 1:1 to the intervention: informational control group. This sample size is sufficient to detect a between‐group difference at 2 years of 0.15 on the primary outcome (cognition: modified neuropsychological test battery; 90% power, 5% significance, effect size 0.25, SD 0.6).

Dissemination

We will work with Public Health England and third‐sector partners to produce an effective national implementation approach, so that if our intervention works, it is used in practice.
Antihypertensive treatment and depressive symptoms in Chinese middle‐aged and older hypertensive adults: A population‐based longitudinal study
Authors: Jin Yinzi , He Ping
Published: December 2019

Objectives

Hypertension is a risk factor for depressive disorders. Although the benefits of lowering blood pressure on the subsequent depressive disorders are supported by biological interpretation, the effect of antihypertensive therapies on depressive disorders is not clear. This study aimed to assess whether blood‐pressure‐lowering treatment have a protective effect on subsequent depressive symptoms in China.

Methods

We used data from the nationally representative survey, including 2428 hypertensive participants free from depressive symptoms at baseline in 2011 to 2012. We assessed the depressive symptoms based on the 10‐item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. We conducted Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the effect of antihypertensive treatment on the incidence of depressive symptoms in 2011 to 2015.

Results

In the total sample, all the models resulted in nonsignificant results and an estimated 8% reduction in risk (95% CI, 0·76‐1·12) in the model adjusted for all covariates for the antihypertensive treatment takers with blood pressure controlled. In the group of urban residents, the antihypertensive treatment takers with blood pressure controlled had lower odds (HR: 0.68; 95% CI, 0·49‐0·96) of depressive disorders.

Conclusion

The protective effect of the antihypertensive therapies might be relative to not only lowering blood pressure per se but also the management of hypertension. We proposed the early intervention to achieve the long‐term protective effect of being antihypertensive and the supply of effective and collaborative care of hypertension and depression.
Best practice models recommended by Bhutanese refugee women for cervical and breast cancer screening in Australia: A qualitative study
Authors: Parajuli Jamuna , Horey Dell , Avgoulas Maria‐Irini
Published: December 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper was to explore what a refugee women's health screening program would look like if the views of Bhutanese refugee women were incorporated into service design and the approaches to targeting access to cervical and breast cancer screening.

Methods

Qualitative study, used in‐depth interviews with 30 Bhutanese refugee women resettled in Melbourne, Australia.

Results

Two practice models were identified by refugee women: a doctor‐initiated model involving opportunistic screening during consultations for other purposes; and a group screening model. Participants emphasised the need for a supportive environment with culturally appropriate services, community education and peer networks to encourage and facilitate their participation in cervical and breast cancer screening services. General practitioners can provide guidance, opportunistic screening that includes education, and advice about follow‐up. The need for the routine use of professional interpreter services was reinforced.

Conclusion

Available cervical and breast cancers screening services are not attuned to refugee women's views where this study focuses attention on the roles and practices of doctors in preventive health care for refugee women. Merging their perspectives with those of providers and policymaker's can fill the existing gaps and support to formulate the new interventions that will improve women's access to such preventative services.

So What?

Refugee women resettled in high income countries are less likely to attend preventive cancer screening programs than other women, so we need to understand how to motivate them to seek regular check‐ups. In this study Bhutanese refugee women resettled in Melbourne, Australia said that group screening or doctor‐led care would be appealing to them.
Amounts, forms, and management of nitrogen and phosphorus export from agricultural peatlands
Authors: Kennedy Casey D. , Buda Anthony R. , Bryant Ray B.
Published: December 2019

Peatlands provide a setting that is well suited for cranberry agriculture in the Northeastern United States. However, misconceptions exist about the amounts and forms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) export from cranberry farms. In this study, we report inorganic and organic forms of N and P export from five peatlands cultivated for cranberry production in southeastern, Massachusetts, United States. We then compare N loading rates among cranberry farms in southeastern Massachusetts, row crop farms in the Midwestern United States, and uncultivated peatlands in the United States and United Kingdom. Based on a fluvial mass balance analysis, we find that nonriparian cranberry farms export 2.56 kg of P ha−1year−1of total P and 12.1 kg of N ha−1year−1of total N. Total N export from riparian or “flow through” farms is two times higher than nonriparian farms due to less retention of N fertilizer in the vadose zone of riparian farms. Gross total N export from riparian and nonriparian cranberry farms consists of 35% particulate organic N, 26% dissolved organic N, 31% ammonium (NH4+), and 8% nitrate (NO3−). The low proportions of NO3−export (13% of total dissolved N [TDN]) for cranberry farms differ from NO3−export for row crop farms (75% of TDN;p < .001) but not for uncultivated peatlands (17% of TDN;p= .61). Despite being highly modified by fertilizers and artificial drainage, low NO3−export (2.2 kg of N ha−1year−1) from cranberry farms is consistent with field measurements of rapid N turnover in uncultivated peatlands. This finding suggests that state‐funded wetland restoration efforts to restore denitrification in retired cranberry farms may be limited by NO3−rather than soil moisture or organic matter.
The relevance of preferential flow in catchment scale simulations: Calibrating a 3D dual‐permeability model using DREAM
Authors: Hopp Luisa , Glaser Barbara , Klaus Julian , Schramm Thilo
Published: December 2019

The occurrence of preferential flow in the subsurface has often been shown in field experiments. However, preferential flow is rarely included in models simulating the hydrological response at the catchment scale. If it is considered, preferential flow parameters are typically determined at the plot scale and then transferred to larger‐scale simulations. Here, we successfully used the optimization algorithm DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) to calibrate a 3D physics‐based dual‐permeability model directly at the catchment scale. In order to keep computational costs of the optimization routine at a reasonable level, we limited the number of parameters to be calibrated to the ones that had been shown before to be most influential for the simulation of discharge. We also calibrated parameters of the matrix domain and the macropore domain with a fixed parameter ratio between soil layers instead of calibrating every layer separately. These ratios reflected observed depth profiles of soil hydraulic properties at our study site. The dual‐permeability parameter sets identified during calibration were able to simulate observed discharge time series satisfactorily but did not outperform a calibrated single‐domain reference model scenario. Saturated hydraulic conductivities of the macropore domain were calibrated such that they became very similar to matrix saturated hydraulic conductivities, thereby effectively removing the effect of macropores. This suggests that the incorporation of vertical preferential flow as represented by the dual‐permeability approach was not relevant for reproducing the hydrometric response reasonably well in the studied catchment. We also tested the scale‐invariance of the calibrated dual‐permeability parameter sets by using the parameter sets performing best at catchment scale to simulate plot‐scale bromide depth profiles obtained from tracer irrigation experiments. This parameter transfer proved to be not successful, indicating that soil hydraulic parameters are scale‐variant, independent of the direction of parameter transfer.
Unique molecular networks: Formation and role of elastin cross‐links
Authors: Schmelzer Christian E. H. , Hedtke Tobias , Heinz Andrea
Published: December 2019

Elastic fibers are essential assemblies of vertebrates and confer elasticity and resilience to various organs including blood vessels, lungs, skin, and ligaments. Mature fibers, which comprise a dense and insoluble elastin core and a microfibrillar mantle, are extremely resistant toward intrinsic and extrinsic influences and maintain elastic function over the human lifespan in healthy conditions. The oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine to peptidyl allysine in elastin's precursor tropoelastin is a crucial posttranslational step in their formation. The modification is catalyzed by members of the family of lysyl oxidases and the starting point for subsequent manifold condensation reactions that eventually lead to the highly cross‐linked elastomer. This review summarizes the current understanding of the formation of cross‐links within and between the monomer molecules, the molecular sites, and cross‐link types involved and the pathological consequences of abnormalities in the cross‐linking process.
Object Identifiers, Keys, and Surrogates: Object Identifiers Revisited
Authors: Wieringa Roel , de Jonge Wiebren
Published: December 2019

Sound naming schemes for objects are crucial in many parts of computer science, such as database modeling, database implementation, distributed and federated databases, and networked and distributed operating systems. Over the past 20 years, physical pointers, keys, surrogates and object identifiers have been used as naming schemes in database systems and elsewhere. However, there are some persistent confusions about the nature, applicability and limits of these schemes. In this article we give a detailed comparison of three naming schemes, viz. object identifiers, internal identifiers (often called surrogates) and keys. We discuss several ways in which identification schemes can be implemented, and show what the theoretical and practical limits of applicability of identification schemes are, independently from how they are implemented. In particular, we discuss problems with the recognition and authentication of identifiers. If the identified objects are persons, an additional problem is that object identification may conflict with privacy demands; for this case, we indicate a way in which identification can be combined with privacy protection.
A Perspective on Object‐Oriented Research
Authors: Wegner Peter
Published: December 2019

The European Conference on Object‐Oriented Programming (ECOOP '94) provides a snapshot of current object‐oriented research in Europe and elsewhere. Two invited papers and eight sessions with 25 contributed papers covered the following topics:

First invited paper: intelligent agent technology

Second invited paper: hypermedia and computer‐supported cooperative work

Session 1 (class design): papers on abstract classes, dynamic subclasses, method assertions

Session 2 (concurrency): adaptive synchronization, concurrent types, and atomic composition

Session 3 (patterns): pattern architectures, meta‐patterns, execution modeling

Session 4 (declarative programming): logical objects, deductive databases, declarative specification, and object identity constraints

Session 5 (implementation): protection, location control, garbage collection

Session 6 (specification): rigorous analysis, design language, real‐time systems

Session 7 (dispatching): for multimethods, dynamic types, distributed systems

Session 8 (experience): environment modeling, digital video, product customization

The invited papers examine application areas of object‐oriented technology, while the contributed papers include fundamental research on the core object‐oriented model, extensions of object‐oriented programming to concurrent, distributed, database, and real‐time systems, and experience reports for real applications. The substance and goals of each paper are described for the benefit of nonspecialist readers. Discussions of the group of papers in each session bring out broader goals of research. Research directions suggested by each paper are enumerated in a final section.
An Imperative Object Calculus
Authors: Abadi Martin , Cardelli Luca
Published: December 2019

We develop an imperative calculus of objects. Its main type constructor is the one for object types, which incorporate variance annotations and Self types. A subtyping relation between object types supports object subsumption. The type system for objects relies on unusual but beneficial assumptions about the possible subtypes of an object type. With the addition of polymorphism, the calculus can express classes and inheritance.
The Development of Type Systems for Object‐Oriented Languages
Authors: Fisher Kathleen , Mitchell John C.
Published: December 2019

This paper, which is partly tutorial in nature, summarizes some basic research goals in the study and development of typed object‐oriented programming languages. These include both immediate repairs to problems with existing languages and the long‐term development of more flexible and expressive, yet type‐safe, approaches to program organization and design. The technical part of the paper is a summary and comparison of three object models from the literature. We conclude by discussing approaches to selected research problems, including changes in the type of a method from super class to sub class and the use of types that give information about the implementations as well as the interfaces of objects. Such implementation types seem essential for adequate typing of binary operations on objects, for example.
Severe Primary Hyperparathyroidism Caused by Parathyroid Carcinoma in a 13‐Year‐Old Child; Novel Findings From HRpQCT
Authors: Lenherr‐Taube Nina , Lam Carol KL , Vali Reza , Shammas Amer , Campisi Paolo , Zawawi Faisal , Somers Gino R , Stimec Jennifer , Mete Ozgur , Wong Andy KO , Sochett Etienne
Published: December 2019

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a condition that occurs infrequently in children. Parathyroid carcinoma, as the underlying cause of hyperparathyroidism in this age group, is extraordinarily rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We present a 13‐year‐old boy with musculoskeletal pain who was found to have brown tumors from primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parafibromin‐immunodeficient parathyroid carcinoma. Our patient had no clinical, biochemical, or radiographic evidence of pituitary adenomas, pancreatic tumors, thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, jaw tumors, renal abnormalities, or testicular lesions. Germline testing for AP2S1, CASR, CDC73/HRPT2, CDKN1B, GNA11, MEN1, PTH1R, RET, and the GCM2 gene showed no pathological variants, and a microarray of CDC73/HRPT2 did not reveal deletion or duplication. He was managed with i.v. fluids, calcitonin, pamidronate, and denosumab prior to surgery to stabilize hypercalcemia. After removal of a single parathyroid tumor, he developed severe hungry bone syndrome and required 3 weeks of continuous i.v. calcium infusion, in addition to oral calcium and activated vitamin D. Histopathological examination identified an angioinvasive parathyroid carcinoma with global loss of parafibromin (protein encoded by CDC73/HRPT2).HRpQCT and DXA studies were obtained prior to surgery and 18‐months postsurgery. HRpQCT showed a resolution of osteolytic lesions combined with structural improvement of cortical porosity and an increase in both cortical thickness and density compared with levels prior to treatment. These findings highlight the added value of HRpQCT in primary hyperparathyroidism. In addition to our case, we have provided a review of the published cases of parathyroid cancer in children. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Changes in left ventricular function and contractile homogeneity in young adults with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease
Authors: Zhou Mi , Tan Jing , Liu Jun , Yin Li‐Xue , Wang Si‐Jia , Xie Ling , Guo Zhi‐Yu , Zhang Wen‐Jun
Published: December 2019

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate myocardial dysfunction and mechanical abnormalities in young patients with Graves' disease before therapy, using two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination, including segmental and global radial strain, and time‐to‐peak radial strain, in 47 young patients with hyperthyroidism and 34 healthy adults. The time‐to‐peak radial strain was corrected by RR interval. The variables derived from radial myocardial deformation by the six‐basal, six‐mid, and six‐apical segmental model were compared to investigate the difference of the myocardial function between the two groups.

Results

Early diastolic mitral inflow velocity, E/A ratio, early diastolic mitral annular velocity, and e′/a′ ratio were lower in patients with Graves' disease than in controls. The left ventricular end‐diastolic volume, left ventricular end‐systolic volume, stroke volume, cardiac output, heart rate, late diastolic mitral inflow velocity, and late diastolic mitral annular velocity were slightly higher in patients than in controls. Radial strain, global radial strain, and corrected time‐to‐peak radial strain were lower in the patient group.

Conclusions

The decreased radial strain, global radial strain, and corrected time‐to‐peak radial strain in young patients with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease could serve as an early sign of subclinical cardiac involvement.
Relapse of operant behavior after response elimination with an extinction or an omission contingency
Authors: Rey Catalina N. , Thrailkill Eric A. , Goldberg Kate L. , Bouton Mark E.
Published: December 2019

The present study compared relapse after responding was eliminated by extinction or omission training in rats. In Experiment 1, lever pressing was reinforced with food pellets in Context A and then eliminated with either extinction or omission training in Context B. The response was then tested in Contexts A and B in either the presence or absence of free food pellets delivered on a random time schedule. All rats showed higher responding when tested in Context A than Context B, and there was little evidence that omission training attenuated this ABA renewal effect. Noncontingent pellets increased responding after extinction but not after omission. However, when responding on the last day of response elimination was compared to responding during the test in the response‐elimination context, there was some evidence that omission‐trained rats showed a small increase in responding even when tested with free pellets. Results of Experiment 2 suggest this increase was not due to differences in the temporal distribution of pellets during elimination and the test, and that the result might be due to mere removal of the omission contingency, but any such effect is small and difficult to detect statistically. The results provide new information about factors generating relapse after omission training.
Mucosal antibody quantity but not avidity predicts likelihood of Salmonella infection in red‐eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta)
Authors: Gray Whitney A. , Sunnucks Emily , Huber Tyler E. , Zimmerman Laura M.
Published: December 2019

Natural antibodies (NAbs) are polyreactive, have low avidity, and are a product of B‐1 cells. Evidence suggests that NAbs may play a key role in immune defense in turtles, as increased total mucosal antibodies are associated with a decreased number of extracellular intestinal parasites. However, it is unknown if this trend extends to other types of pathogens and if avidity of the NAb to the pathogen is a factor in protection. We examined the relationship between a common intracellular bacteria in turtles—Salmonella—and NAbs. Plasma and mucosal samples were taken from red‐eared slider turtles. We measured levels and avidity of antibodies that bound to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Salmonella cell wall. We examined the relationship between these measures and the ability of plasma to kill Salmonella as well as infection status. Higher mucosal antibody levels were significantly associated with a decrease in likelihood of infection with Salmonella; however, plasma antibody levels were not. There was a trend for bactericidal ability of the plasma to be positively correlated with plasma antibody levels bound to LPS, but not mucosal antibody levels. Avidity was not significantly related to either killing capacity or likelihood of infection suggesting that only increased quantity and not better binding is responsible for the decreased likelihood of infection. These findings suggest that NAb regulation was sufficient to isolate the infection to the gastrointestinal tract of the turtles, allowing it to be cleared with the mucus layer. Our results add further evidence that turtles use a general, nonspecific NAb response to combat pathogens.
MRI of Acute Gynecologic Conditions
Authors: Somberg Gunther Molly , Kanmaniraja Deveraju , Kobi Mariya , Chernyak Victoria
Published: December 2019

Although usually not a first‐line imaging modality in the setting of acute pelvic pain, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to depict and characterize a wide range gynecologic diagnoses with high accuracy. Lack of ionizing radiation renders MRI particularly useful for assessment of pregnant women and children. Furthermore, inherent high soft‐tissue resolution of MRI allows accurate diagnosis without intravenous contrast use, which is advantageous for patients with renal insufficiency and pregnant patients. Familiarity with the typical MRI appearance of various acute gynecologic conditions helps establish the correct diagnosis. This article reviews the common MRI findings of acute gynecologic processes, in both pregnant and nonpregnant patients.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy Stage: 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1291–1309.
Polarized Raman imaging of large area aligned semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Mashal Amirfarshad , Wieboldt Dick
Published: December 2019

The current method of characterizing single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) alignment utilizes single‐point measurements of a few hundred square nanometers of polarized Raman spectroscopy to characterize an entire substrate of SWCNTs on the order of square centimeters. In this study, we demonstrate a new polarized Raman spectroscopy analyzation technique of orientation Raman imaging that images areas as large as 1 mm2. This provides a significantly more accurate representation of the spatial distribution in the alignment of any SWCNT film by increasing the measured area by 10 orders of magnitude over previous standard characterization techniques. Furthermore, this creates an “easy‐to‐see” visual representation of alignment based on optical anisotropy values. Improving the efficiency of characterizing alignment in SWCNT films via polarized Raman spectroscopy is an important step toward manufacturing scalable films of aligned SWCNTs.