bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measure Theory And Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Fonseca Irene , Gangbo Wilfrid
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we recall some properties of Sobolev functions and measure theory. In order to measure the sets on which a Sobolev function is continuous, we introduce the notion of Hausdorff measures and p-capacities. For a detailed description of these topics, we refer the reader to Evans and Gariepy (1992) and Ziemer (1989). The Hausdorff measures were first introduced by Carath éodory (1914). He developed only the Hausdorff linear measure in ℝ𝒩. and indicated how the k-dimensional measure could be defined for k  ∈. ℕ Later, motivated by the study of the dimension of the Cantor ternary set, Hausdorff (1919) developed the theory of the k-dimensional measure.
Local Invertibility Of Sobolev Functions And Applications
Authors: Fonseca Irene , Gangbo Wilfrid
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we show that w1,Nfunctions with positive jacobian are locally invertible, with inverse in W1,1 (see Theorem 6.1). Under suitable growth hypotheses, we are able to improve the regularity of the inverse function to W1s for some s > 1. In addition, we give a necessary condition for Sobolev functions to be invertible.
Comparison of Iterative Deconvolution and Wiener Filtering for Image Restoration
Authors: Razaz M , Lee R A
Published: November 2023

Linear deconvolution techniques usually suffer from a number of short comings such as generation of negative pixel values and artefacts which lead to poor quality restored images. This paper discusses the application of a nonlinear iterative deconvolution algorithm to both synthetic and real images, and the results are compared with the Wiener inverse filter. Experimental res11lts are presented which show that the nonlinear algorithm always produces restored images with much better quality than the Wiener filter. In particular the Wiener filter shows poor performance when applied to images with a low signal-to-noise ratio.
A Goodness-of-Fit Measure Applied to Spectral Mixture Modelling
Authors: Hobbs S E , Thomas G
Published: November 2023

Several satellites due to be launched this decade will carry sensors to measure surface properties with a resolution of approximately 1 km. This scale provides global coverage with moderately-sized datasets well-suited to applications ranging from meteorology to ecology. One of the primary tasks with these data is to identify surface cover type (for example forest, desert, water, grass, etc.). This is usually carried out by comparing known spectral features of the different cover types with those actually observed for each pixel.
Spanier-Whitehead Duality and the Stable CW-Tower
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim
Published: November 2023

We consider some aspects of combinatorial homotopy theory which arise in the stable range. In particular, we use Spanier–Whitehead duality which carries homotopy groups to cohomotopy groups. Whitehead’s certain exact sequence for homotopy groups corresponds in this way to a dual sequence for cohomotopy groups. The secondary boundary in the dual sequence is related to cohomology operations which appear in the Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence. Moreover we describe the Spanier–Whitehead dual of the stable CW-tower.
On the Homotopy Classification of 2-Connected 6-Dimensional Polyhedra
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we describe algebraic models which characterize the homotopy types of 2-connected 6-dimensional polyhedra. Such polyhedra are in the metastable range so that diverse features of ‘quadratic algebra’ are involved in the classification. We proceed in a similar way as in Chapter 8 where we classified (n −1)-connected (n + 3)-dimensional homotopy types which are in the stable range n≥ 4. We apply boundary invariants which, via the classification theorem 3.4.4, yield algebraic classifying data for 2-connected 6- dimensional homotopy types.
Short exact sequences
Authors: Meise Reinhold , Vogt Dietmar
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we investigate to what extent the closed range theorem and its consequences can be carried over to Fréchet spaces. This question is of great interest in view of the duality of subspaces and quotients, as well as for many applications in analysis. We begin with a useful surjectivity criterion which generalizes corollary 9.5.
The Second World War and after
Authors: Kruuk Hans
Published: November 2023

On 10 May 1940 German ground forces invaded Holland. It was expected, and when it happened the Dutch army, small as it was, put up an honourable resistance for a few days, but obviously did not have a chance. Niko was not directly involved in this; in 1939 there had been a mobilization of young males, but he had escaped it, as his elder brother Jan had been an approved conscientious objector, and under the law all his siblings were exempt from military service. On 14 May, Rotterdam was destroyed by the Luftwaffe. It was firebombed, with many thousands killed; this was the end of the fight, the army capitulated, and German jackboots overran every corner of Holland.
Starting again: Oxford in the 1950s
Authors: Kruuk Hans
Published: November 2023

More than any other universities, Oxford and Cambridge pride themselves on erudition. By joining Oxford, Niko entered academia par excellence, with a highly charged atmosphere of academic brilliance. Later, one would usually associate Niko with Oxford University. However, by the time he started there, he already had more than half of his life behind him, and much of his work had been done. The 42-year-old man, who arrived in the city of dreaming spires in September 1949, was at an age of high youthful intelligence, and at peak performance, but he brought much pre-Oxford experience with him.
Niko’s legacy
Authors: Kruuk Hans
Published: November 2023

Niko Tinbergen was, indeed, the birdwatcher who received the Nobel Prize. How was he different? He was brilliant, yes, with ambition, persistence, and presentation, as well as a dose of good fortune. He had unusual powers of observation and, with that, he had the ability to see a biological question when watching an animal. In the questions he asked, he was an innovator.
Electromagnetic Response of Atomic Nuclei
Authors: Boffi Sigfrido , Franco Davide Pacati Carlotta Giusti , Radici Marco
Published: November 2023

This book covers the structure and dynamics of atomic nuclei in terms of nucleons, pions, and quarks, all within a unified treatment of the nuclear response to an electromagnetic probe. The basic formalism is presented to describe the electromagnetic field and its interaction with nuclear matter for both real and virtual photons. Nuclear response is then analyzed in terms of structure functions in the case of inclusive and semi-inclusive inelastic electron scattering. The discussion covers pion production and one- or two-nucleon emission and compares the results with available data. The formalism is also extended to incident polarized electrons, polarized targets and nuclear recoil polarization. It contains a comprehensive description of photonuclear reactions at intermediate energies and a review of experimental data and previous theoretical approaches.
Electrons in Infinite Crystals
Authors: Davison Sydney G , Stęślicka Maria
Published: November 2023

The behaviour of electrons in a crystal can be described, in principle, by solving the Schrödinger equation for all the electrons in the solid. We say ‘in principle’, because it is well-known that any attempt to calculate the intricate electronic properties of crystals requires the application of rather formidable theoretical methods. The mathematical difficulties arise from two sources: the complex geometry of real crystals and the complicated potential fields of real atoms. Thus, to make the problem more tractable, it is necessary to introduce some simplifying approximations.
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Authors: Blanco Carlos , Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) was initially developed by the late Gerald Klerman, MD, Myrna Weissman, PhD and colleagues as a time limited therapy for major depression. Over the last few years, IPT has become increasingly popular among mental health professionals.
Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Knauss Werner
Published: November 2023

Group psychotherapy uses a ‘natural’ social setting—the small, the median, and the large group—to conduct its psychotherapeutic processes.
Sexual Disorders
Authors: Jeffcott Michelle , LoPiccolo Joseph
Published: November 2023

All psychological disorders present challenges to therapists, and sexual dysfunction is no exception. However, it is unique because of the variety of the disorders that are encompassed by the term and the prevalence rates of the disorders.
Psychosocial Therapies With Children
Authors: Target Mary , Slade Arietta , Cottrell David , Fuggle Peter , Fonagy Peter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will describe and review three of the predominant approaches to working therapeutically with children: psychodynamic and play therapies, cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT), and family therapy.
Psychotherapy and medication
Authors: Kay Jerald
Published: November 2023

The treatment of patients with psychotherapy and medication simultaneously is a common practice throughout the world. When a psychiatrist, nurse specialist, or in some countries, a psychologist, initiates and manages both psychotherapy and medications this practice is referred to as integrated treatment (Kay, 2001).
Approximate confidence zones in an estimating function context
Authors: Heyde C C , Lin Y -X
Published: November 2023

This paper is concerned with competing approaches to the provision of asymptotic confidence zones for a vector-valued population characteristic of a general stochastic process. In particular, the case where the characteristic is a parameter is included. Both ergodic and non-ergodic situations are con¬ sidered. The discussion is carried out in an e timating function framework and the use of a random norming to produce asymptotic normality may be essential. Some emphasis is given to consideration of different normings which may be used in the asymptotics.
Estimating functions in survey sampling: a review
Authors: Ghosh Malay
Published: November 2023

The theory of estimating functions has gone a long way in the past three decades, sparked by the stimulating work of Godambe (1960), Kale (1962), and their associates. Unlike many other areas of statistics, the theory of estimating functions seems to be under-utilized in the context of survey sampling. Notable exceptions are the work of Godambe and Thompson (1986a, 19866). This paper reviews the above work of Godambe and Thompson which discusses the estimation of super-population and survey population parameters, utilizing the theory of linearly optimal unbiased estimating functions. The ideas are extended to the situation when there may be possible non-response.
Estimating functions in survey sampling: estimation of super-population regression parameters
Authors: Vijayan K
Published: November 2023

It is usual to model the values of a characteristic on units of a finite population by a super-population through regression on some auxiliary information on the population. The parameters of the model are of interest. Using optimal estimating functions suitably defined for the situation we explain how these parameters could he estimated. An alternative method was given by Godambe and Thompson (1986). Some discussion on the logic of the use of estimating functions for estimation is also given.
Resampling using estimating equations
Authors: Lele S
Published: November 2023

This paper surveys resampling methods for a sequence of non-independent, non-identically distributed random variables. The jackknife method is extended to such a sequence through the use of linear estimating equations. In this paper, we extend Wu’s bootstrap to dependent data through the use of linear estimating equations. The main idea is to perturb each component estimation equation by another easy-to-generate sequence of estimating equations with proper mean, variance, and correlation structure. Some validity results are provided.
The Inverse Gaussian Distribution
Authors: Seshadri V
Published: November 2023

This book begins with a historical survey of `generalized inverse Gaussian laws', in which the wartime contribution of Etienne Halphen is presented for the first time. The inverse Gaussian distribution, its properties, and its implications are set in a wide perspective. The concepts of inversion and inverse natural exponential functions are presented, together with an analysis of the `Tweedie' scale, of which the Gaussian distribution is an important special case. Chapter 2 concerns the basic theory of exponential functions, focusing on the inverse Gaussian Law. Chapter 3 is devoted to various characterization results, while Chapter 4 is concerned with the construction of multivariate distributions, and the relationship to simplex distributions, combinations, and finite mixtures. Chapter 5 introduces the concept of inverse natural exponential functions and Chapter 6 presents useful statistical results. Up-to-date research is presented in the form of exercises, a special chapter on characterizations is included, and a summary of statistical issues concerning estimation and interference are provided. Research workers will find inspiration for further investigations.
A Historical Survey
Authors: Seshadri V
Published: November 2023

M.C.K. Tweedie, in the course of a statistical investigation of data re lating to electrophoretic measurements, encountered a distribution which possessed a remarkable property; namely, its cumulant generating function turned out to be the inverse of that of the Gaussian distribution. He promptly baptized it the ‘Inverse Gaussian’ distribution. The physicists and probabilists call this the first passage time distribution of Brownian motion with drift.
Characterizations
Authors: Seshadri V
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to a survey of the various characterizations of IG(m, >  λ.). Although we have encountered numerous properties of IG(m,>  λ.) in the previous chapter, not all of them characterize the family uniquely. As a starting point let us consider the Gaussian family. One of the ear liest characterizations, due to Geary (1936), is based on the independence of the sample mean and the sample variance. Geary assumed the existence of moments of all orders while Lukacs (1942) proved the result by assuming only the existence of the first two moments. Kawata and Sakamoto (1949) and Zinger (1951) independently established the characterization by drop ping the assumption of the existence of the second moment. The search for analogies with the Gaussian law prompts us to query if a similar re sult holds in the IG case as well. Not surprisingly an affirmative answer is provided by a theorem due to Khatri (1962).
Combinations, Extensions, and Relatives
Authors: Seshadri V
Published: November 2023

We first introduce a class of finite mixtures in which both the inverse Gaussian and the reciprocal inverse Gaussian laws can be embedded. In Section 4.2 we discuss several methods of constructing higher dimensional models exploiting the nice properties of the inverse Gaussian law. A few applications to random-additive-effects type models are mentioned. Some models are generated from distributions on the simplex while others are obtained by suitable combinations or couplings. These latter have some connection to Brownian motion. Finally we discuss a simple relation to Kolmogorov -Smirnov statistics and some miscellaneous results related to mixtures.
The darker side of the worker—manager relationship in a coal area in India1
Authors: Singh Ravi B P , Sinha Jai B P
Published: November 2023

Within the theoretical framework outlined in Chapter 1, we intend to examine how managers are likely to react to norm violations by their workers and how workers are likely to react if their managers violate norms. The strength of the reactions is postulated to be influenced by a number of factors, some of which are spelled out as own group identification, attitudes to own and other group, power, and fraternal relative deprivation of managers and workers (Chapter 1). These proximate factors may themselves be rooted in the broader socioeconomic and political milieu which in India is characterized by rapid expansion of industrial activities, politicized and fragmented trade unions, increasing intervention of the government in the functioning of work organizations, and the steeply hierarchical social system which renders the manager-worker contrast quite salient.
Overall analysis
Authors: Poortinga Ype H , Jansen Xander H M
Published: November 2023

After the presentation of the separate studies we can now address the two questions formulated in Chapter 2, namely whether the framework of Fig. 1.2 can help to explain the results of the four studies, and whether there are differences between contrasts and societies in the interrelationships of components in the framework. In the first section of this chapter we study the cross-cultural equivalence of the scores. In the second section the results for the separate measurements in the four main studies are summarized. In the third section we give both the gist of the hierarchical regression analysis that was chosen as the main statistical technique, and the results of this analysis.
Norm violation and intergroup relations: conclusions and prospects
Authors: DeRidder Richard , Schruijer Sandra G L , Tripathi Rama C
Published: November 2023

The empirical studies reported in this monograph focused on reactions to norm violations in two culturally different countries, India and The Netherlands. In two studies within each culture, the effects were investigated of own group identification, intergroup attitudes, perceived power and fraternal relative deprivation on reactions to norm violations (Chapters 3-6). Additionally, three studies were conducted on the norms of redress (two in The Netherlands and one in India, Chapter 8). From the perspective of norm violation theory presented in Chapter 1, we shall now review the findings of these studies. The following questions will be addressed.
Becoming a face expert
Authors: Carey Susan
Published: November 2023

Young children do not form representations of newly encountered faces as efficiently as do adults. A first step in explaining this difference, like any age-related change, is locating its source. A major source of the improvement is acquisition of knowledge of faces per se, as opposed to age-related changes in general pattern encoding or memorial skills.
Cognitive mechanisms of face processing
Authors: Ellis Andrew W
Published: November 2023

Evidence from natural and induced errors of face recognition, from the effects of different cues on resolving errors, and from the latencies to make different decisions about seen faces, all suggest that familiar face recognition involves a fixed, invariant sequence of stages. To recognize a familiar face, a perceptual description of a seen face must first activate a long-standing representation of the appearance of the face of the familiar person. ‘Semantic’ knowledge about such things as the person’s occupation and personality are accessed next, followed, in the final stage, by the name.
Hierarchical Models for Combining Information and for Meta-Analyses
Authors: Morris C N , Normand S L
Published: November 2023

The science and art of combining results from similar and independent experiments sometimes is called “meta-analysis”, especially in education, medicine and psychology. Hierarchical models provide an ideal perspective for classifying, understanding, and generalizing such analyses. We show how methods and perspectives already developed for the hierarchical Bayesian and the empirical Bayesian approaches may be used to enhance the science of combining information, especially for meta-analyses.
C0-Coherence and Extensions of Conditional Probabilities
Authors: Gilio A
Published: November 2023

This paper gives a concise review of general results on the C0-coherence concept, based on de Finetti’s penalty criterion. Then, further results on coherent extensions of conditional probabilities are obtained, using the Co condition. In the applications of statistical inference, we often need to assign probabilities on an arbitrary class 𝒦 of conditional events, with no underlying structure. For example, this situation is familiar in the applications of expert systems and in such cases it is imperative that the coherence principle of de Finetti (1974) be used, in order to check consistency of numerical or qualitative probabilistic judgements (see Coletti, Gilio and Scozzafava (1990a), (1990b)).
Bayes Factors and the Effect of Individual Observations on the Box-Cox Transformation
Authors: Pettit L I
Published: November 2023

In this paper we consider the influence of individual observations on inferences about the Box and Cox (1964) power transformation parameter λ. Firstly we look at the effect of omitting observations on the posterior distribution of. λusing the Kullback-Leibler divergence to measure the distance between the posterior conditional on all the data or on a reduced data set. Secondly we consider the effect of observations on the Bayes factors comparing particular choices of λ using the kd approach of Pettit and Young (1990). We illustrate the methods using both regression data and designed experiments. We show that problems of masking that affect some classical diagnostics are not so serious. Finally we consider the value of the constant in a Bayes factor to test for additivity.
Prison
Authors: Morgan Rod
Published: November 2023

This chapter has three purposes: first, to provide the reader with a guide to the sources of statistical data on prisons and prisoners; second, to provide a brief resume of the principal findings which can be derived from those data; and, third, to explore some of the pitfalls involved in comparing prisons data internationally.
Hybrids, mothers, and clades: who right?
Authors: Cann Rebecca L
Published: November 2023

I have been asked to provide an overview of human population subdivision that will help set the stage for later discussions of migration, geography, and local adaptation. My biases are known to some of you already. I advocate a model of recent human ancestry which places the root of our species’ shared genetic pool among Africans, with the subsequent spread out of Africa and replacement of resident maternal genetic lineages on other continents by these African disper salists. Some paleontologists and population geneticists think they have placed a silver spike through the heart of that model in the last year, but I believe that the rumors of its death have been greatly exaggerated. In fact, the recent descrip tion of a set of Chinese fossils, hailed by the popular and scientific press as the primary reason to dismiss the African origin hypothesis, provides some of the strongest evidence for this model as a tool to organize our thoughts about genes, populations, and geography.
Multiregional evolution or ‘out of Africa’? The linguistic evidence
Authors: Ruhlen Merritt
Published: November 2023

There are at present two competing theories on the origin of the human species. Molecular biologists, human geneticists, and some paleoanthropologists have argued that modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, emerged in Africa 100 000-200 000 years ago and then spread to the remainder of the earth some time after 100 000 BP (Cann et al. 1987; Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1988, 1992; Stringer 1989, 1990; Cavalli-Sforza 1991; Wilson and Cann 1992). The competing theory of multiregional evolution, advocated by other paleoanthropologists (Wolpoff 1989; Thorne and Wolpoff 1992), maintains rather that modern humans emerged almost simultaneously in different parts of the world over 500 000 years ago perhaps as early as one million years ago when Homo erectus first spread out of Africa and ultimately occupied much of Eurasia (e.g. Neanderthal man, Peking man, Java man). Since able proponents of both camps have just presented their views, I need not summarize the arguments on both sides. Rather I will try to assess the linguistic evidence that bears on this ongoing controversy.
What can be learned from hair? A hair record from the Mammoth Meadow locus, southwestern Montana
Authors: Bonnichsen Robson , T. Beatty Marvin , Turner Mort D , Stoneking Mark
Published: November 2023

What can be learned from hair? This is a question that archaeologists usually do not ask, yet much can be learned about the past through the study of human and animal hair that is preserved in archaeological and paleontological records. Small numbers of hairs have occasionally been found at archaeological sites. These include dry cave deposits at Smith Creek Cave and Hand Print Cave of Nevada (A. L. Bryan, personal communication 1992), and Bechan Cave of south ern Utah (Davis et al. 1984); a wet cave site, False Cougar Cave (Bolen 1983; Bonnichsen eta/. 1986); peat deposits (Sawtelle 1991), and in permafrost (R. D. Guthrie, personal communication 1992). The hair record at Mammoth Meadow locus of the South Fork of Everson Creek site (24CB559) in southwestern Mon tana appears to be the first reported from an open-air site. Apparently hair occurs in different depositional contexts and may occur more frequently in archaeologi cal deposits than has been commonly recognized. Work reported here suggests that appropriate methodology has potential to increase hair recovery from archaeological sites by several orders of magnitude.
Quaternary geology of the ice-free corridor: glacial controls on the peopling of the New World
Authors: Jackson Lionel E , Duk-Rodkin Alejandra
Published: November 2023

The notion that an ice-free zone may have existed between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets at the height of the last (late Wisconsinan) glaciation originated in the last century (Chamberlin 1895; Jackson and Clague 1991) with out reference to the peopling of the New World. The discovery of artifacts with extinct Ice Age megafauna at Folsom, New Mexico, in 1927 led to the suggestion that people may have entered the New World via a passage between ice sheets (Johnston 1933; Antevs 1937).
The genetic prehistory of Australia and Oceania: new insights from DNA analyses
Authors: Serjeantson Susan W , Gao X
Published: November 2023

The origins of the Polynesians remain a matter for debate. Some conclude Polynesians evolved out of Melanesia (e.g. Allen and White 1989; Houghton 1991), mainly because the Bismarck Archipelago region near Rabaul (Fig. 21.1) has been suggested as a source of Lapita or Polynesian culture (Spriggs 1985). Others suggest a substantial Melanesian contribution on the basis of the high fre quency (15%) of a Melanesian-specific alpha-globin deletion in eastern Polynesia (Hill et al. 1985). HLA class I genetic analyses have shown that the Polynesian repertoire can be derived from the east Asian gene pool, except that Polynesians and Amerindians share uniquely high frequencies of HLA-B48 (Serjeantson 1989) that may reflect common Mongoloid ancestry rather than direct contact. Linguistic reconstructions of Austronesian languages suggest that proto Austronesian expansion from Taiwan and southern China some 6000 years ago led to coastal settlements in the Philippines, northern Borneo, and Sulawesi, with later dispersal to Java and Oceania (Blust 1988). By 3000 years ago, pre Polynesians had carried Lapita-style pottery as far east as Samoa, via island Melanesia (Spriggs 1989).
Trend tests for clustered data
Authors: Lefkopoulou Myrto
Published: November 2023

Tests for trend are often applied to toxicological data in order to assess dose effects. In this chapter, we consider the problem of testing for trend in the context of clustered binary data. Here, traditional trend tests, such as the Cochran-Armitage test, will tend to have inflated type I error probabilities, because they do not account for the extra-binomial variation induced by clustering. Our work is motivated by the analysis of developmental toxicity studies, in which the offspring of exposed and control rodents are examined for defects. The clustering of offspring is responsible for the well-known litter effect that has been widely discussed by Williams (1975, 1982, 1987) and many others.
Efficient Metropolis Jumping Rules
Authors: Gelman* A , Roberts** G O , Gilks*** W R
Published: November 2023

The algorithm of Metropolis et al. (1953) and its generalizations have been increasingly popular in computational physics and, more recently, statistics, for sampling from intractable multivariate distributions. Much recent research has been devoted to increasing the efficiency of simulation algorithms by altering the jumping rules for Metropolis-like algorithms. We study a very specific question: What are the most efficient symmetric jumping kernels for simulating a normal target distribution using the Metropolis algorithmã We provide a general theoretical result as the dimension of a class of canonical problems goes to ∞ and numerical approximations and simulations for low-dimensional Gaussian target distributions that show that the limiting results provide extremely accurate approximations in six and higher dimensions.
Learning in Graphical Gaussian Models
Authors: Giudici P
Published: November 2023

We address the problem of statistical learning in a graphical Gaussian model from a Bayesian viewpoint. Two classes of prior distributions on the variance-covariance matrix which parameterises the model are introduced and compared. The implications on graphical model selection are discussed.
Prior Beliefs About Fit
Authors: Poirier D J
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the implicit prior distribution on population measures of fit in a linear regression model with fixed regressors corresponding to common prior distributions on the regression coefficients and precision. Such implicit priors on fit can serve as diagnostic checks in prior elicitation. The crucial role of prior beliefs concerning fit of reduced form equations in simultaneous equations models is also discussed. To aid in prior elicitation, this study draws on an often untapped source of information: beliefs regarding the anticipated goodness-of-fit of the model. Given a fully specified prior, or given a prior specified up to a small number of hyperparameters, such interogation can aid in refining a candidate prior or in determinating unspecified hyperparameters. Focusing on linear regression and simultaneous equations models, marginal priors for parametric measures of fit implied by commonly employed priors are discussed herein.
A bibliographical guide to self-similar traffic and performance modeling for modern high-speed networks
Authors: Willinger Walter , Taqqu Murad S , Erramilli Ashok
Published: November 2023

This paper provides a bibliographical guide to researchers and traffic engineers who are interested in self-similar traffic modeling and analysis. It lists some of the most recent network traffic studies and includes surveys and research papers in the areas of data analysis, statistical inference, mathematical modeling, queueing and performance analysis. It also contains references to other areas of applications (e.g., hydrology, economics, geophysics, biology and biophysics) where similar developments have taken place and where numerous results have been obtained that can often be directly applied in the network traffic context. Heavy-tailed distributions, their relation to self-similar modeling, and corresponding estimation techniques are also covered in this guide.
Variance component models
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brain , Hinde John
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider GLMs with shared random effectsarising through variance component or repeated measures structure, for example, in two-stage sample designs, or longitudinal data. As we will see, the analysis of these models closely parallels that for overdispersion models, with slightly greater complexity in the EM algorithm. It is therefore quite straightforward to extend the GLIM modelling facilities to deal with multi-level models (two-level in our development). This possibility is some what surprising, since GLIM was never designed to fit multi-level models. The range of possible models in this category is also surprising.
Place cells, navigational accuracy, and the human hippocampus
Authors: O’Keefe John , Burgess Neil , Donnett James G , Jeffery Kathryn J , Maguire Eleanor A
Published: November 2023

The hippocampal formation in both rats and humans is involved in spatial navigation. In the rat, cells coding for places, directions, and speed of movement have been recorded from the hippocampus proper and/or the neighbouring subicular complex. Place fields of a group of the hippocampal pyramidal cells cover the surface of an environment but do not appear to do so in any systematic fashion. That is, there is no topographical relation between the anatomical location of the cells within the hippocampus and the place fields of these cells in an environment. Recent work shows that place cells are responding to the summation of two or more of gaussian curves, each of which is fixed at a given distance to two or more walls in the environment. The walls themselves are probably identified by their allocentric direction relative to the rat and this information may be provided by the head direction cells. The right human hippocampus retains its role in spatial mapping as demonstrated by its activation during accurate navigation in imaginary and virtual reality environments. In addition, it may have taken on wider memory functions, perhaps by the incorporation of a linear time tag which allows for the storage of the times of visits to particular locations. This extended system would serve as the basis for a spatio-temporal event or episodic memory system.
Prefrontal cortex and the neural basis of executive functions
Authors: Miller Earl K
Published: November 2023

Complex, intelligent behaviour depends on both ‘executive’ functions that plan and control behaviour and ‘slave’ functions that maintain relevant information ‘on line’ and available for processing. Most neurophysiological studies of the prefrontal (PF) cortex have focused on maintenance functions. Here, I review recent work in monkeys that demonstrates that PF neurons also have properties consistent with executive functions. They can select behaviourally relevant information from sensory inputs and from long-term memory, integrate diverse information to serve common behavioural goals, and represent information about behavioural context. The latter property may reflect the role of the PF cortex in representing the abstract rules that guide complex thoughts and actions.
Glial Tumors of the CNS
Authors: Nistér M , Uhrbom L , Hesselager G , Westermark B
Published: November 2023

Glial tumors are classified into certain major types (Kleihues and Cavenee, 1997; D.D.Bigner et al.,1998). They have their peak incidences at different ages and show different degrees of differentiation. According to the WHO classification (Kleihues et al.,1993, 1995) they are graded from I to IV, where grade I comprises virtually benign tumors and grade IV highly malignant ones (Table 21.1). We have chosen here to focus on the most frequent types, such as low-grade diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II), anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III), glioblastoma (WHO grade IV), pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO grade I), oligo-dendroglioma (WHO grade II), mixed tumors (oligo-astrocytoma; WHO grade II) and ependymoma (WHO grade II). We will also address some aspects of embryonal tumors; although they are not by definition of glial origin, they can contain areas of glial differentiation, and some characteristics of embryonal tumors are intriguing with respect to cells of origin.
Exploring longitudinal data
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L
Published: November 2023

Longitudinal data analysis, like other statistical methods, has two components which operate side by side: exploratory and confirmatory analysis. Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is detective work. It comprises techniques to visualize patterns in data. Confirmatory analysis is judicial work, weighing evidence in data for, or against hypotheses. This chapter discusses methods for exploring longitudinal data.
Transition models
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers extensions of generalized linear models (GLMs) for describing the conditional distribution of each response yij as an explicit function of past responses yij’1,..., yi1 and covariates xij.
Missing values in longitudinal data
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L
Published: November 2023

Missing values arise in the analysis of longitudinal data whenever one or more of the sequences of measurements from units within the study are incomplete, in the sense that intended measurements are not taken, are lost, or are otherwise unavailable. The emphasis is important: if we choose in advance to take measurements every hour on one-half of the subjects and every two hours on the other half, the resulting data could also be described as incomplete but there are no missing values in the sense that we use the term; we call such data unbalanced. This is not just playing with words. Unbalanced data may raise technical difficulties – we have seen that some methods of analysis can only cope with data for which measurements are made at a common set of times on all units. Missing values raise the same technical difficulties, since of necessity they result in unbalanced data, but also deeper conceptual issues, since we have to ask why the values are missing, and more specifically whether their being missing has any bearing on the practical questions posed by the data.
Geometry in the complex plane
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces various curves and regions in the complex plane which occur repeatedly later on, and presents a variety of ways of describing these. One reason that such descriptions are important is that they assist in finding well—behaved mappings of one region of the complex plane onto another—a key technique in the application of complex variable methods to physical problems. We study mappings in Chapter 8 and also in Chapter 23, where we hint at applications. Here we investigate some particular mappings-the Mobius transformations—and their effect on lines and circles. Throughout this chapter we use geometrical ideas wherever possible rather than taking refuge in decompositions into real and imaginary parts.
Cauchy’s theorem: advanced track
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

We approached Cauchy’s theorem in a topologically unsophisticated way in Chapter 11. The various versions of the theorem we have presented so far are adequate for applications, but none of these is a definitive formulation. To treat Cauchy’s theorem only in a utilitarian way would be demeaning to complex analysis. So we now delve a little deeper, hinting at the notions which lie at the heart of Cauchy’s theorem.

We introduced polygonal connectedness as a means of distinguishing topologically between a single open disc and the disjoint union of more than one open disc. We now seek to employ paths to distinguish an open disc D from an open annulus A. Informally, of course, the essential difference is that A has a hole in it but D does not. This means that a closed path in A whose image encircles the hole cannot be shrunk, within A, to a point, while every closed path in D can be deformed to a point. We now make precise what we mean by deformation of closed paths.
A technical toolkit for contour integration
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

Cauchy’s residue theorem is a powerful tool, as the applications in later chapters will amply demonstrate. The theorem relates the integral of a meromorphic function f round a positively oriented contour γ to the residues at the poles of f inside γ. We already have good techniques for calculating residues, but before we can exploit the residue theorem to the full we need further information about integrals along paths.
Harmonic functions and conformal mapping
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

This chapter first explores the connections between the theory of holomorphic functions and that of harmonic functions. The latter are functions which arise, locally, as the real parts of holomorphic functions. Because harmonic functions satisfy Laplace’s equation in two dimensions, they occur widely in applied mathe-matics. We cannot in the space available give more than a few hints as to why this is so. We aim principally to provide links to applications-oriented texts, and in particular to show that techniques from complex analysis are of relevance. One such technique is conformal mapping and we conclude the chapter with a brief discussion of some mappings which arise out of problems in fluid dynamics.

Readers interested primarily in applications may wish to skip over the proofs of the theoretical results.
Insect Plant Biology
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel
Published: November 2023

Half of all insect species are dependent on living plant tissues, consuming about 10% of plant annual production in natural habitats and an even greater percentage in agricultural systems, despite sophisticated control measures. Plants are generally remarkably well-protected against insect attack, with the result that most insects are highly specialized feeders. The mechanisms underlying plant resistance to invading herbivores on the one side, and insect food specialization on the other, are the main subjects of this book. For insects these include food-plant selection and the complex sensory processes involved, with their implications for learning and nutritional physiology, as well as the endocrinological aspects of life cycle synchronization with host plant phenology. In the case of plants exposed to insect herbivores, they include the activation of defence systems in order to minimize damage, as well as the emission of chemical signals that may attract natural enemies of the invading herbivores and may be exploited by neighbouring plants that mount defences as well.
Insects and plants: how to apply our knowledge
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel
Published: November 2023

Human interest in the insect-plant relationship is by no means impartial. We wish to redress balances that are intrinsic to the system irrespective of whether the system is left to itself or, as is more often actually the case, is deranged by our actions. The basic problem is that we wish to perpetuate a stable imbalance in favour of certain plants (our crops) in a biological environment that is not static but in fluctuation.
Event related potentials
Authors: Niznikiewicz Margaret A , Spencer Kevin M , Salisbury Dean F , McCarley Robert W
Published: November 2023

From a historical perspective, the realization that schizophrenia is a brain disorder has been fairly recent (Kraepelin, 1899); even more recent has been the development of the tools and methodologies that have allowed investigations into the nature of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. In this review, we are going to focus on event related potential (ERP) methodology as a way of characterizing functional abnormality in schizophrenia, and the progress that has occurred in this area in both methodological and theoretical approaches to the study of this disease.
A Hierarchical Model for Estimating the Reliability of Complex Systems
Authors: Johnson Valene.E , Hamada Todd L Graves Michaels. , Reese C Shane
Published: November 2023

This paper addresses the integration of component, subsystem and system data, and prior expert opinion to assess system reliability as it changes over time. Two problems in reliability which separately have received much attention in the literature are thus combined: (a) the integration of available information at various levels to assess system reliability and (b) estimating reliability growth or degradation. Methodology for integrating available information in a consistent fashion has proven problematic, and this paper describes a Bayesian hierarchical model that resolves this difficulty. For simplicity, we restrict discussion to systems in which components or subcomponents may be regarded as either functional or not.
Rasch Models with Exchangeable Rows and Columns
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen L
Published: November 2023

The article studies distributions of doubly infinite binary matrices with exchangeable rows and columns which satisfy the further property that the probability of any m x n submatrix is a function of the row and column sums of that matrix. We show that any such distribution is a (unique) mixture of random Rasch distributions. The non-degenerate elements of these distributions were introduced by Rasch (1960). We investigate the relationship between these random Rasch distributions and a problem in visual perception, the characters of a certain Abelian semigroup, and the problem of existence of measures with given marginals.
Global Gambling
Authors: Quintana Jose Mario , Lourdes Viridjana , Aguilar Omar , Liu Jane
Published: November 2023

Phillip Johnson, a former chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, once remarked “If I buy stocks or bonds I am called an investor. If, on the other hand, I buy futures contracts, I am—at best—called a speculator or—worse—a gambler.” He was suggesting that the colorful terminology of the futures markets might mislead the public. Nevertheless, the difference between investing, speculating and gambling, technically, blurs to variations in the objectives (e.g., the fear and greed tradeoff attitude and the time horizon). Furthermore, financial derivatives contracts such as futures, forwards, options, etc. (as well as the traditional investment instruments) qualify as bets, stakes and gambles from a formal quantitative viewpoint. From this perspective, the cynics who assert that the financial derivatives markets are the greatest casinos of the world may have a point. The currency daily dealing alone is referred to as a trillion dollar market.
The Variational Bayesian EM Algorithm for Incomplete Data: With Application to Scoring Graphical Model Structures
Authors: Beal Matthew J , Ghahramani Zoubin
Published: November 2023

We present an efficient procedure for estimating the marginal likelihood of probabilistic models with latent variables or incomplete data. This method constructs and optimizes a lower bound on the marginal likelihood using variational calculus, resulting in an iterative algorithm which generalizes the EM algorithm by maintaining posterior distributions over both latent variables and parameters. We define the family of conjugate-exponential models—which includes finite mixtures of exponential family models, factor analysis, hidden Markov models, linear state-space models, and other models of interest—for which this bound on the marginal likelihood can be computed very simply through a modification of the standard EM algorithm. In particular, we focus on applying these bounds to the problem of scoring discrete directed graphical model structures (Bayesian networks). Extensive simulations comparing the variational bounds to the usual approach based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and to a sampling-based gold standard method known as Annealed Importance Sampling (AIS) show that variational bounds substantially outperform BIC in finding the correct model structure at relatively little computational cost, while approaching the performance of the much more costly AIS procedure. Using AIS allows us to provide the first serious case study of the tightness of variational bounds. We also analyze the performance of AIS through a variety of criteria, and outline directions in which this work can be extended.