bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the breakdown of Rayleigh’s criterion for curved shear flows: a destabilization mechanism for a class of inviscidly stable flows
Authors: Hall Philip
Published: October 2013

The stability of a high-Reynolds-number flow over a curved surface is considered. Attention is focused on spanwise-periodic vortices of wavelength comparable with the boundary layer thickness. The wall curvature and the Görtler number for the flow are assumed large, so that stable or unstable vortices of wavelength comparable with the boundary layer thickness are dominated by inviscid effects. The growth or decay rate determined by using the viscous correction to the inviscid prediction is found to give a good approximation to the exact value for a range of wavenumbers. For the stable configuration, it is shown that the flow can be destabilized by arbitrarily small wall waviness, with the critical configuration involving only geometric properties of the flow. This destabilization mechanism has consequences for a number of flows of aerodynamic interest, particularly those where surface waviness under loading occurs. Control strategies based on how the curvature is distributed are discussed, and it is demonstrated how small regions of varying curvature can be used to remove the exponentially growing modes. The development of the parametric instabilities is continued into the strongly nonlinear regime. The nonlinear evolution is found to be governed by a generalized form of the cubic amplitude equation, generally referred to as the Stuart–Landau equation. The novel feature of the new equation is that the nonlinearity is not in the form of a power of the amplitude but is fixed by the solution of an associated nonlinear partial differential equation boundary value problem. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear partial differential system that fix the disturbance amplitude are given. The mechanism of destabilization described is shown to be directly relevant to a number of flows that are inviscidly stable in the presence of body forces. Thus it is shown how Rayleigh–Bénard convection or Taylor vortices can, at high Rayleigh or Taylor numbers, be destabilized by asymptotically small modulation in time or space.
On high-frequency noise scattering by aerofoils in flow
Authors: Ayton Lorna J. , Peake N.
Published: October 2013

A theoretical model is developed for the sound scattered when a sound wave is incident on a cambered aerofoil at non-zero angle of attack. The model is based on the linearization of the Euler equations about a steady subsonic flow, and is an adaptation of previous work which considered incident vortical disturbances. Only high-frequency sound waves are considered. The aerofoil thickness, camber and angle of attack are restricted such that the steady flow past the aerofoil is a small perturbation to a uniform flow. The singular perturbation analysis identifies asymptotic regions around the aerofoil; local ‘inner’ regions, which scale on the incident wavelength, at the leading and trailing edges of the aerofoil; Fresnel regions emanating from the leading and trailing edges of the aerofoil due to the coalescence of singularities and points of stationary phase; a wake transition region downstream of the aerofoil leading and trailing edge; and an outer region far from the aerofoil and wake. An acoustic boundary layer on the aerofoil surface and within the transition region accounts for the effects of curvature. The final result is a uniformly-valid solution for the far-field sound; the effects of angle of attack, camber and thickness are investigated.
Discovery of a low-glycaemic index potato and relationship with starch digestion in vitro
Authors: Ek Kai Lin , Wang Shujun , Copeland Les , Brand-Miller Jennie C.
Published: October 2013

Potatoes are usually a high-glycaemic index (GI) food. Finding a low-GI potato and developing a screening method for finding low-GI cultivars are both health and agricultural priorities. The aims of the present study were to screen the commonly used and newly introduced cultivars of potatoes, in a bid to discover a low-GI potato, and to describe the relationship between in vitro starch digestibility of cooked potatoes and their in vivo glycaemic response. According to International Standard Organisation (ISO) guidelines, seven different potato cultivars were tested for their GI. In vitro enzymatic starch hydrolysis and chemical analyses, including amylose content analysis, were carried out for each potato cultivar, and correlations with the respective GI values were sought. The potato cultivars had a wide range of GI values (53–103). The Carisma cultivar was classified as low GI and the Nicola cultivar (GI = 69) as medium GI and the other five cultivars were classified as high GI according to ISO guidelines. The GI values were strongly and positively correlated with the percentage of in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of starch in the cooked potatoes, particularly with the hydrolysis percentage at 120 min (r 0·91 and P <0·01). Amylose, dietary fibre and total starch content was not correlated with either in vitro starch digestibility or GI. The findings suggest that low-GI potato cultivars can be identified by screening using a high-throughput in vitro digestion procedure, while chemical composition, including amylose and fibre content, is not indicative.
TESTING THE EFFECT OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC PARADOX: BIRTH WEIGHT OF NEWBORNS OF IMMIGRANT AND NON-IMMIGRANT MOTHERS IN THE REGION OF VALENCIA, SPAIN
Authors: SIMÓ CARLES , MÉNDEZ SALVADOR
Published: October 2013

The epidemiological paradox and ‘healthy migrant effect’ refer to the favourable health outcomes in unprivileged groups under unfavourable socioeconomic conditions. Weight at birth is associated with the epidemiological paradox. However, differences in fertility structure (mainly mother's age and first maternity) might be the cause of the difference in weight at birth between children of immigrant and non-immigrant mothers. This paper aims to analyse the impact of the epidemiologic paradox by distinguishing between the factors related to fertility structure, in addition to other socio-cultural factors. The importance of fertility structure as the cause of weight-at-birth differences of the newborns of immigrant and non-immigrant women, and between those of subgroups of immigrant mothers, is tested. Based on data from birth registries for the period 1998–2009, a variance analysis was performed for Spanish mothers and for those of five major immigrant subgroups living in the region of Valencia, Spain, which experienced significant migrant inflows within a short period of time. A Scheffé test between pairs of nationalities was carried out. Finally, linear regression models were built. The results suggest that the most relevant factors are those related to fertility structure, and that consequently the epidemiological paradox does not apply for immigrant mothers as a whole, although Bolivian immigrant offspring may be an exception. This unexpected result requires further research to test to what extent this is due to the special adaptation of multigenerational high-altitude populations in pregnancy. The factors associated with fertility structure must be controlled when trying to relate birth weight differences between ethnic groups to socioeconomic factors.
THE RISK OF MOTHERS LOSING AN ONLY CHILD IN CHINA
Authors: JIANG QUANBAO , LI YING , SÁNCHEZ-BARRICARTE JESÚS J.
Published: October 2013

China's one-child policy has been quite successful in bringing down the country's fertility level but has produced a large number of one-child families. The risk of one-child families losing their only child has not received enough attention. In this paper, using an extension of Goldman & Lord (1983)'s method to measure widowhood, period life-table data from China's 2000 population census are used to examine age-specific and cumulative probabilities of mothers losing their only child. It is found that a mother faces a 14.94% probability of losing a son, and 12.21% probability of losing a daughter. As the age of first-time mothers increases, the probability of losing a child declines. Urban and rural mothers have different indices regarding the loss of children. Based on these findings the prospects for China's one-child policy are discussed.
BETWEEN THE PAGES: COMPOSITION PROCESS IN DUTILLEUX'S SYMPHONY No. 2
Authors: Beltrán-Miranda Mauricio , Morris Christian
Published: October 2013

This paper examines the sketches for Henri Dutilleux's Symphony No. 2, Le Double, held at the Paul Sacher Stiftung in Basel. The material is described in more detail than has been attempted hitherto, testing and challenging some previous statements and conclusions. It also reveals sketches that have remained hidden, leading to some surprising new facts, including the extent of Dutilleux's indecision regarding Le Double's instrumentation and his struggle to compose part of the second movement, as well as an early sketch for a different opening to the work. It seeks, finally, to show how some of the newly discovered material has implications for how we view the finished composition.
Boston, Longy School of Music: Rodney Lister's ‘Friendly Fire’
Authors: Nelson-King Peter
Published: October 2013

The American public has been left in an odd position for the past few years in terms of the War on Terror. As the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan slowly trickle away our news outlets have lost interest in calculating the statistics of death, and we have become complacent and apathetic. The greatest fallacy in our vision of war is that wars have an end, when in reality war has never ended, but rather switched conflicts, like influenza. War will never end as long as natural human short-sightedness remains intact. Large-scale global communication may help in ending the threat of war, as new moral conflicts arise once we realize we can have a face-to-face conversation with a colleague on the other side of the world. Rodney Lister's Friendly Fire, premièred at Boston's Longy School of Music this past May in the coincidental wake of the Boston Marathon bombings, is a wide-ranging and harrowing plea for pacifism in the face of apathy. However, its performance by Charles Blandy and Collage New Music may betray its cause, meeting terror with tenuousness.
Manchester, Bridgewater Hall: Helen Grime's ‘Near Midnight’
Authors: Mottershead Tim
Published: October 2013

Premièred at the Bridgewater Hall on 23 May, Near Midnight, by the Hallé's new Associate Composer Helen Grime (born 1981) is scored for large orchestra including celeste and five percussionists. The work opened in the lowest registers for harp and double basses, with quiet undulations including trills, and bells. These dark and deep sounds formed the background to a crescendo built out of accumulating upward scales. The opening patterns developed a swirling motion that gave rise, after about two minutes, to vaguely mechanistic ostinato-like figurations underpinned by deep pedals – providing the backdrop to various intermittent solos, including flute.
London, Queen Elizabeth Hall: Luke Bedford in Portrait
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: October 2013

In my recent review of a Col Legno disc of music by Luke Bedford (born 1978), I described this composer as ‘a major voice’. That disc included the piece Wonderful Two-Headed Nightingale, for solo violin, solo viola and 11 players (2011); this concert by the London Sinfonietta under Sian Edwards began with a reworking for 10 players and no soloists, hence its new title, Wonderful No-Headed Nightingale (the heads are lost but the bird sings on). This was the UK première of the revision. In absentia soloists, strangely, the lines seemed even more expressive. Perhaps it was the rather small space of the South Bank's Purcell Room, but climaxes tended towards overwhelming; the use of quartertones seemed emphasized by acoustics, also.
London, Wigmore Hall and Wilton's Music Hall: James Clarke and Jeremy Dale Roberts
Authors: Conway Paul
Published: October 2013

In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy prevented the New York-based JACK quartet from crossing the Atlantic to join forces with the Arditti Quartet in the UK première of James Clarke's 2012-S. So the belated first performance within these shores of Clarke's new piece for two string quartets, which took place at a Wigmore Hall recital on 6 May 2013, had been much anticipated.
Buxton, Opera House: David Bruce's ‘The Firework-Maker's Daughter’
Authors: Mottershead Tim
Published: October 2013

This new opera, premièred on 25 May, is based on the book The Firework-Maker's Daughter by the popular British children's author Philip Pullman. Set in ancient China at the time of the emperors, it tells the story of a widowed firework maker (baritone Wyn Pencarreg) struggling to bring up Lila (soprano Mary Bevan), his only daughter, who (against his wishes) has ambitions to follow his line of work. This seemed an apt tale to convert into an opera, even one ostensibly for children, given the relative simplicity of the outline plot. However, one of the difficulties was obviously going to be to depict the various quests Lila undertakes as she attempts to prove her worthiness to follow her father into the family profession. These potential pitfalls were solved by skilful stagecraft.
Human path navigation in a three-dimensional world
Authors: Barnett-Cowan Michael , Bülthoff Heinrich H.
Published: October 2013

Jeffery et al. propose a non-uniform representation of three-dimensional space during navigation. Fittingly, we recently revealed asymmetries between horizontal and vertical path integration in humans. We agree that representing navigation in more than two dimensions increases computational load and suggest that tendencies to maintain upright head posture may help constrain computational processing, while distorting neural representation of three-dimensional navigation.
Perceptual experience as a bridge between the retina and a bicoded cognitive map
Authors: Durgin Frank H. , Li Zhi
Published: October 2013

The bicoded cognitive maps described by Jeffery et al. are compared to metric perceptual representations. Systematic biases in perceptual experience of egocentric distance, height, and surface orientation may reflect information processing choices to retain information critical for immediate action (Durgin et al. 2010a). Different information processing goals (route planning vs. immediate action) require different metric information.
Learning to navigate in a three-dimensional world: From bees to primates
Authors: Dyer Adrian G. , Rosa Marcello G. P.
Published: October 2013

We discuss the idea that environmental factors influence the neural mechanisms that evolved to enable navigation, and propose that a capacity to learn different spatial relationship rules through experience may contribute to bicoded processing. Recent experiments show that free-flying bees can learn abstract spatial relationships, and we propose that this could be combined with optic flow processing to enable three-dimensional navigation.
Has a fully three-dimensional space map never evolved in any species? A comparative imperative for studies of spatial cognition
Authors: Moss Cynthia F.
Published: October 2013

I propose that it is premature to assert that a fully three-dimensional map has never evolved in any species, as data are lacking to show that space coding in all animals is the same. Instead, I hypothesize that three-dimensional representation is tied to an animal's mode of locomotion through space. Testing this hypothesis requires a large body of comparative data.
The study of blindness and technology can reveal the mechanisms of three-dimensional navigation
Authors: Pasqualotto Achille , Proulx Michael J.
Published: October 2013

Jeffery et al. suggest that three-dimensional environments are not represented according to their volumetric properties, but in a quasi-planar fashion. Here we take into consideration the role of visual experience and the use of technology for spatial learning to better understand the nature of the preference of horizontal over vertical spatial representation.
Just the tip of the iceberg: The bicoded map is but one instantiation of scalable spatial representation structures
Authors: Schultheis Holger , Barkowsky Thomas
Published: October 2013

Although the bicoded map constitutes an interesting candidate representation, proposing it as the predominant representation for three-dimensional space is too restrictive. We present and argue for scalable spatial representation structures as a more comprehensive alternative account that includes the bicoded map as a special case.
A framework for three-dimensional navigation research
Authors: Jeffery Kathryn J. , Jovalekic Aleksandar , Verriotis Madeleine , Hayman Robin
Published: October 2013

We have argued that the neurocognitive representation of large-scale, navigable three-dimensional space is anisotropic, having different properties in vertical versus horizontal dimensions. Three broad categories organize the experimental and theoretical issues raised by the commentators: (1) frames of reference, (2) comparative cognition, and (3) the role of experience. These categories contain the core of a research program to show how three-dimensional space is represented and used by humans and other animals.
International hierarchy and the origins of the modern practice of intervention
Authors: KEENE EDWARD
Published: October 2013

This article argues that hierarchy plays an important role in shaping the practice of intervention, and that the changing nature of international hierarchy is a crucial part of the story of how the modern practice of intervention emerged. It describes the early modern order of precedence, and contends that it was ill-suited to encouraging people to recognise intervention as a distinctive kind of practice. However, over the course of the eighteenth century the structure of international hierarchy changed, with the emergence of a new kind of grading of powers, which provided the context for the development of a practice of intervention after 1815.
Ship Surveillance by Integration of Space-borne SAR and AIS – Review of Current Research
Authors: Zhao Zhi , Ji Kefeng , Xing Xiangwei , Zou Huanxin , Zhou Shilin
Published: October 2013

Ship surveillance is important for maritime security and safety. It plays important roles in many applications including ocean environment monitoring, search and rescue, anti-piracy and military reconnaissance. Among various sensors used for maritime surveillance, space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is valued for its high resolution over wide swaths and all-weather working capabilities. However, the state-of-the-art algorithms for ship detection and identification do not always achieve a satisfactory performance. With the rapid development of space-borne Automatic Identification System (AIS), near real-time and global surveillance has become feasible. However, not all ships are equipped with or operate AIS. Space-borne SAR and AIS are considered to be complementary, and ship surveillance using an integrated combination has attracted much attention. In order to summarize the achievements and present references for further research, this paper attempts to explicitly review the developments in previous research as the basis of a brief introduction to space-borne SAR and AIS.
Reference point based management of Norwegian Atlantic salmon populations
Authors: FORSETH TORBJØRN , FISKE PEDER , BARLAUP BJØRN , GJØSÆTER HARALD , HINDAR KJETIL , DISERUD OLA H.
Published: October 2013

While management according to biological reference points is well established for many commercial marine fisheries, similar systems for more leisure based fisheries for freshwater fishes are less common. This paper describes the scientific foundation for management according to conservation limits and management targets for Norwegian populations of Atlantic salmon, a highly valued and heavily exploited anadromous fish species. Based on stock recruitment relationships during the freshwater phase, the biomass of females necessary to attain the carrying capacity (yielding average maximum recruitment) has been established as conservation limits for each of the 439 Norwegian populations. Using a simulation model based on reported catch and estimates of exploitation rates, the probability and percentage attainment of the conservation limits have been assessed annually since 2008, and exploitation advice provided for 176 of the largest populations. The number of populations that attained their conservation limits increased substantially after the new management scheme was introduced, despite that the number of returning salmon remained at historical low levels. Overall the populations evaluated in 2011 were at 95% of their conservation limits compared to 91% in 2008 and 85% in 2005. The improvement could largely be attributed to reduced exploitation rates, due to new restrictions in both the marine and river fisheries. The new management scheme also improved the catch statistics and stimulated data acquisition for management. Implementation of management according to conservation limits has been a success in terms of attaining the main management goal of protecting the Atlantic salmon populations by ensuring that an increasing number of the populations likely are at their maximum reproductive capacity. Long-term increases in fisheries yield, the secondary management goal, are likely to be attained, but remain to be documented. Reference point based management of Atlantic salmon exemplifies management within the intersection of fisheries management and conservation biology, borrowing principles from both sides.
Conceptualizing the Authority of the Sovereign State over Indigenous Peoples
Authors: WHEATLEY STEVEN
Published: October 2013

The objective of this article is to evaluate whether the distinctive nature of the international law on indigenous peoples reflected in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) can be explained by reference to the service conception of authority developed by Joseph Raz. The article rejects arguments that the distinctive character of UNDRIP can be justified by ideas of ‘Indigenous Sovereignty’, not least because ‘sovereignty’ was developed in Western political thought in contradistinction to a constructed and imagined dystopian state of nature endured by the indigenous populations of the Americas. Instead, the work seeks to understand the UNDRIP regime in the light of Raz’s conceptualization of legitimate political authority, concluding that the inchoate and under-theorized international law on the rights of indigenous peoples becomes comprehensible within this framework.
What is special about L3 processing?
Authors: DE BOT KEES , JAENSCH CAROL
Published: October 2013

While research on third language (L3) and multilingualism has recently shown remarkable growth, the fundamental question of what makes trilingualism special compared to bilingualism, and indeed monolingualism, continues to be evaded. In this contribution we consider whether there is such a thing as a true monolingual, and if there is a difference between dialects, styles, registers and languages. While linguistic and psycholinguistic studies suggest differences in the processing of a third, compared to the first or second language, neurolinguistic research has shown that generally the same areas of the brain are activated during language use in proficient multilinguals. It is concluded that while from traditional linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives there are grounds to differentiate monolingual, bilingual and multilingual processing, a more dynamic perspective on language processing in which development over time is the core issue, leads to a questioning of the notion of languages as separate entities in the brain.
Muscid shoot-flies of the Philippine Islands (Diptera: Muscidae, genus Atherigona Rondani)
Authors: Pont A.C. , Magpayo F.R.
Published: October 2013

The Philippine species of Atherigona are revised for the first time. Summaries of previous taxonomic and biological work are presented, and keys for the identification of the species are given. Notes or descriptions are provided for each species, together with illustrations of the male and female terminalia and of other diagnostic features. A full bibliography for the Philippines completes the paper. Forty-four species have been identified and named, of which thirty-five are newly recorded from the Philippines, and a further twenty-nine species have been diagnosed but not described. Eleven new species are described: Atherigona (Acritochaeta) cristata, A. (A), dahlia, A. (A.) lamellifera, A. (A.) philema, A. (A) strigula, A. (A.) tenuipes; Atherigona (Atherigona) ambulans, A. (A.) libra, A. (A.) osculata, A. (A.) pica and A. (A.) savia. Seven new synonyms are established, based on type-examinations: A. nigripes Stein, 1900 (synn. n.: longiseta Malloch, 1924; pilimana Hennig, 1952; ferrari Pont, 1986); A. unguicauda Malloch, 1928 (syn. n.: hirtitarsis Pont, 1986); A. orbicularis Fan & Liu, 1982 (syn. n.: occulta Pont, 1986); A. maculigera Stein, 1910 (syn. n.: crassiseta Stein, 1915); A. seticauda Malloch, 1926 (syn. n.: dorsovittata Malloch, 1928).
ON LAGUERRE–SOBOLEV TYPE ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS: ZEROS AND ELECTROSTATIC INTERPRETATION
Authors: MOLANO MOLANO LUIS ALEJANDRO
Published: October 2013

We study the sequence of monic polynomials orthogonal with respect to inner product $$\begin{eqnarray*}\langle p, q\rangle = \int \nolimits \nolimits_{0}^{\infty } p(x)q(x){e}^{- x} {x}^{\alpha } \hspace{0.167em} dx+ Mp(\zeta )q(\zeta )+ N{p}^{\prime } (\zeta ){q}^{\prime } (\zeta ),\end{eqnarray*}$$ where $\alpha \gt - 1$, $M\geq 0$, $N\geq 0$, $\zeta \lt 0$, and $p$ and $q$ are polynomials with real coefficients. We deduce some interlacing properties of their zeros and, by using standard methods, we find a second-order linear differential equation satisfied by the polynomials and discuss an electrostatic model of their zeros.
A point process approach to identifying and tracking transitions in neural spiking dynamics in the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinson's patients
Authors: Deng Xinyi , Eskandar Emad N. , Eden Uri T.
Published: October 2013

Understanding the role of rhythmic dynamics in normal and diseased brain function is an important area of research in neural electrophysiology. Identifying and tracking changes in rhythms associated with spike trains present an additional challenge, because standard approaches for continuous-valued neural recordings—such as local field potential, magnetoencephalography, and electroencephalography data—require assumptions that do not typically hold for point process data. Additionally, subtle changes in the history dependent structure of a spike train have been shown to lead to robust changes in rhythmic firing patterns. Here, we propose a point process modeling framework to characterize the rhythmic spiking dynamics in spike trains, test for statistically significant changes to those dynamics, and track the temporal evolution of such changes. We first construct a two-state point process model incorporating spiking history and develop a likelihood ratio test to detect changes in the firing structure. We then apply adaptive state-space filters and smoothers to track these changes through time. We illustrate our approach with a simulation study as well as with experimental data recorded in the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinson's patients performing an arm movement task. Our analyses show that during the arm movement task, neurons underwent a complex pattern of modulation of spiking intensity characterized initially by a release of inhibitory control at 20-40 ms after a spike, followed by a decrease in excitatory influence at 40-60 ms after a spike.
The stochastic dynamics of a nanobeam near an optomechanical resonator in a viscous fluid
Authors: Epstein S. , Paul M. R.
Published: October 2013

We quantify the Brownian driven, stochastic dynamics of an elastic nanobeam immersed in a viscous fluid that is partially wrapped around a microdisk optical resonator. This configuration has been proposed as an optomechanical and nanoscale analog of the atomic force microscope [Srinivasan et al., Nano Lett. 11, 791 (2011)]. A small gap between the nanobeam and microdisk is necessary for the optomechanical transduction of the mechanical motion of the nanobeam. We compute the stochastic dynamics of the nanobeam in fluid for the precise conditions of the laboratory using deterministic finite element simulations and the fluctuation dissipation theorem. We investigate the dynamics of a nanobeam in water and in air and quantify the significance of the fluid-solid interaction between the nanobeam and the optical resonator. Our results in air show that, despite the complex geometry of the nanobeam, it can still be represented approximately as a damped simple harmonic oscillator. On the other hand, when the nanobeam is immersed in water there are significant deviations from the dynamics of a simple harmonic oscillator. The small gap between the nanobeam and the microdisk is found to be a significant source of additional dissipation. In air, the quality factor of the mechanical oscillation of the nanobeam is reduced by an order of magnitude due to the presence of the microdisk, however, the dynamics remain underdamped even in the presence of the microdisk. On the other hand, when placed in water, the dynamics without the microdisk is underdamped and with the microdisk the dynamics become strongly over damped.
Ultrafast desorption of molecular ions by XUV-photons, passing through dielectric hollow tip
Authors: Aseyev S. A. , Mironov B. N. , Chekalin S. V.
Published: October 2013

Pulsed desorption of organic conducting polymer by XUV-photons, formed by a thin capillary collimator, has been investigated. Short-wavelength radiation has been resulted from a metal target irradiated by a sharply focused Ti:Sa laser beam (0.8 μm, 40 fs, 3 mJ/pulse) and has been filtered by Mylar-gold substrate. Single shot and 1-kHz pulses regimes of driving femtosecond laser have been compared using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A stepwise function of photoion signal vs laser pulse energy has been observed.
Understanding the Diffusion of Dextrans in ‘Click' PNIPAAm Hydrogels
Authors: Ooi Huey Wen , Peng Hui , Jack Kevin S. , Whittaker Andrew K.
Published: October 2013

Arguably the most important property of a hydrogel is the ability to allow the diffusion of solutes through the crosslinked network. Studies of the diffusion in hydrogels are important for providing information on the rate and extent of the passage of the solute and on the details of the microstructure of the hydrogel. Such knowledge is directly relevant for applications such as controlled drug delivery systems. The structure of novel poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels can be revealed by the restricted diffusion of appropriate probe molecules. Dextran molecules, labelled with fluorescent moieties, were incorporated into well-defined PNIPAAm hydrogels to investigate the effects of hydrogel mesh size and dextran molecular size on the diffusivities of solute molecules.
Mammalian cells preferentially internalize hydrogel nanodiscs over nanorods and use shape-specific uptake mechanisms
Authors: Agarwal Rachit , Singh Vikramjit , Jurney Patrick , Shi Li , Sreenivasan S. V. , Roy Krishnendu
Published: October 2013

Significance

Nanoparticles are widely investigated for intracellular drug delivery and molecular imaging and should be designed to maximize cell uptake. Here the effects of particle geometry to maximize nanoparticle uptake by mammalian cells are evaluated. The findings show that uptake is governed by a combination of cell–particle adhesion, strain energy for membrane wrapping around the particle, and local particle concentration at the cell membrane, all of which are particle-shape–dependent. Under typical culture conditions, disc-shaped hydrophilic nanoparticles were internalized more efficiently than nanorods. Interestingly, larger nanodiscs and rods had higher uptake compared with the smallest particles tested. Mechanisms of uptake were also shape- and cell type-specific. These results provide important insights for rational design of nanocarriers to maximize intracellular delivery efficacy.
Passive energy recapture in jellyfish contributes to propulsive advantage over other metazoans
Authors: Gemmell Brad J. , Costello John H. , Colin Sean P. , Stewart Colin J. , Dabiri John O. , Tafti Danesh , Priya Shashank
Published: October 2013

Significance

Jellyfish have the ability to bloom and take over perturbed ecosystems, but this is counterintuitive because jellyfish are described as inefficient swimmers and rely on direct contact with prey to feed. To understand how jellyfish can outcompete effective visual hunters, such as fish, we investigate the energetics of propulsion. We find that jellyfish exhibit a unique mechanism of passive energy recapture, which can reduce metabolic energy demand by swimming muscles. Contrary to prevailing views, this contributes to jellyfish being one of the most energetically efficient propulsors on the planet. These results demonstrate a physical basis for the ecological success of medusan swimmers despite their simple body plan and have implications for bioinspired design, where low-energy propulsion is required.
Water’s second glass transition
Authors: Amann-Winkel Katrin , Gainaru Catalin , Handle Philip H. , Seidl Markus , Nelson Helge , Böhmer Roland , Loerting Thomas
Published: October 2013

Significance

Water is not only the most important liquid for life on Earth, but also one of the most anomalous liquids. These anomalies become most evident in the supercooled state at subzero temperatures. We show from dielectric and calorimetric studies that water in the deeply supercooled regime, below –120 °C, can even exist as two distinct, ultraviscous liquids at ambient pressure, a low- (LDL, 0.92 g/cm
3
) and high-density liquid (HDL, 1.15 g/cm
3
), which can both remain in the metastable, equilibrium liquid state for many hours above their calorimetric glass transition temperatures of –137 °C (136 K) and –157 °C (116 K). LDL is identified as the strongest of all liquids, and also HDL is a strong liquid at record low temperature.
β
IV
-Spectrin and CaMKII facilitate Kir6.2 regulation in pancreatic beta cells
Authors: Kline Crystal F. , Wright Patrick J. , Koval Olha M. , Zmuda Erik J. , Johnson Benjamin L. , Anderson Mark E. , Hai Tsonwin , Hund Thomas J. , Mohler Peter J.
Published: October 2013

Significance

This study defines a functional role for β
IV
-spectrin in pancreas, expands the pathways for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) local control in excitable cells, and identifies a mechanism for CaMKII-dependent regulation of K
ATP
channels.
Do we teach the real language?
Authors: Matusevych Yevgen , Backus Ad , Reynaert Martin
Published: October 2013

This article is about the type of language that is offered to learners in textbooks, using the example of Russian. Many modern textbooks of Russian as a foreign language aim at efficient development of oral communication skills. However, some expressions used in the textbooks are not typical for everyday language. We claim that textbooks’ content should be reassessed based on actual language use, following theoretical and methodological models of cognitive and corpus linguistics. We extracted language patterns from three textbooks, and compared them with alternative patterns that carry similar meaning by (1) calculating the frequency of occurrence of each pattern in a corpus of spoken language, and (2) using Russian native speakers’ intuitions about what is more common. The results demonstrated that for 39 to 53 percent of all the recurrent patterns in the textbooks better alternatives could be found. We further investigated the typical shortcomings of the extracted patterns.
Bilingual working memory capacity of professional Auslan / English interpreters
Authors: Wang Jihong
Published: October 2013

This study investigated bilingual working memory capacity (WMC) of 31 professional Auslan (Australian Sign Language)/English interpreters: 14 native signers and 17 non-native signers. Participants completed an English listening span task and then an Auslan working memory (WM) span task, each task followed by a brief interview. The native signers were similar to the non-native signers not only in English WMC, but also in Auslan WMC. There was no significant difference between WMC in English and Auslan when native and non-native signers were assessed as a single group. The study also found a moderate to strong, positive correlation between the interpreters’ English WMC and Auslan WMC, suggesting that both WM span tasks tapped into similar cognitive resources. In the interviews, interpreters said that they used multiple strategies to retain the to-be-remembered words/signs. The qualitative data also indicate that WM span tasks like these involve online retention of unrelated words/signs, whereas simultaneous interpreting requires temporary storage of meaningful and coherent concepts.
[2,6-Difluoro-3-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)pyridin-4-yl-κC4](pentane-2,4-dionato-κ2O,O′)iridium(III)
Authors: Luo Kaijun , Zhang Chenyang , Jia Juan , Luo Daibing
Published: October 2013

The title compound, [Ir(C10H5F2N2)2(C5H7O2)], has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around the IrIIIatom, retaining thecis-C,C/trans-N,Nchelate disposition in two 2,6-difluoro-3-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)pyridin-4-yl ligands which are nearly mutually perpendicular [dihedral angle = 82.75 (15)°]. The molecular structure is stabilized by weak C—H...O and C—H...F hydrogen-bond interactions. The crystal structure is stabilized by π–π stacking interactions (centroid–centroid distance = 3.951 Å).
(3aR,6S,7aR)-7a-Chloro-6-methyl-2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-1,2,3,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindole
Authors: Demircan Aydın , Temel Ersin , Kandemir Muhammet Kasım , Çolak Medine , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: October 2013

In the title compound, C15H15ClN2O5S, the tetrahydrofuran ring adopts an envelope conformation with the O atom as the flap. The pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with the chlorine-substituted C atom as the flap. In the crystal, two types of C—H...O hydrogen bonds generateR22(20) andR44(26) rings, with adjacent rings running parallel toacplane. Further C—H...O hydrogen bonds form aC(6) chain, linking the molecules in theb-axis direction.
4-[(4-Methylphenyl)sulfanyl]butan-2-one
Authors: Novaković Sladjana B. , Leka Zorica , Stevanović Dragana , Muškinja Jovana , Bogdanović Goran A.
Published: October 2013

In the title compound, C11H14OS, all non-H atoms are essentially coplanar, with a mean deviation of 0.023 Å. In the crystal, centrosymmetrically related molecules are weakly connected into dimers by pairs of C—H...O interactions. The dimers are further linked along theaaxis by weak C—H...π and C—H...S interactions.
ISO auditing and the construction of trust in auditor independence
Authors: Kouakou Dogui , Boiral Olivier , Gendron Yves
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine, through a qualitative study, how auditor independence is socially constructed within the network of individuals involved in the realization of ISO 14001 audit engagements – ISO auditors, consultants, and managers of certified companies. The paper analysis focuses on the sense-making strategies used by actors within the network to develop and sustain trust (or doubt) in professional independence.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study is predicated on a theoretical perspective centered on sense-making processes and the construction of inter-subjective meanings around claims to expertise. Interviews were conducted with 36 Canadian practitioners – including ISO auditors, managers of certification bodies, accreditation inspectors, consultants, and corporate environmental managers – to better understand how confidence into auditor independence is constituted in the flow of daily life within the small group of people involved in the surroundings of ISO 14001 audit engagements.

Findings

– Practitioners use a range of sense-making strategies to construct and maintain the belief that IS0 14001 audits meet the professional requirements of auditor independence. As such, the constitution of confidence involves stereotyping, distancing, storytelling and procedural mechanisms that are collectively mobilized in the production of a culture of comfort surrounding the concept of auditor independence.

Originality/value

– Through interviews with a range of actors involved in the achievement of ISO 14001 audits, the study provides insight into the production of meaning related to one of the chief claims surrounding auditing expertise, that of professional independence. This paper also points to a lack of self-criticism in the ISO auditing community since practitioners seem disinclined to adopt a reflective attitude of professional skepticism towards the claim of auditor independence.
Overcoming the them and us syndrome in libraries
Authors: Howard Kieserman Robert
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– This paper seeks to explore attitudes of staff librarians who see themselves separate and apart from their supervisors in terms of their agendas and their roles. The paper offers why this may be occurring, and what library managers can do to effectively bridge the relational gap between management and staff.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper used the author's personal experience as an observer of library organizations from his perspective of a consultant and a workshop presenter.

Findings

– This paper focuses on the importance of open communication, the willingness of a staff member to participate in decision making, and the importance of a library manager to encourage discussion and idea creation among the staff.

Originality/value

– The paper helps the library director, the department manager, and the staff librarian to better appreciate the role that each person plays in the overall library organization.
The day the earth shook
Authors: McMullen Anthony
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into issues encountered in maintaining library technologies and electronic collections on a limited budget and with limited personnel.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses real world experiences and anecdotal evidence to provide commentary on progress and the future of libraries as it relates to letting go of iconic resources that may have outlived their usefulness.

Findings

– The 754 volume Mansell Catalog was once heralded as a bibliographic wonder of the world. Thirty years after its completion, it is still revered by many in the profession. While it includes substantial content not reflected in the OCLC WorldCat database, it is rarely used at our medium sized state university and occupies almost 130 linear feet of shelving

Originality/value

– This paper examines one library's struggles with the decision making process in the aftermath of an earthquake that seemingly targeted the much revered Mansell Catalog, once described as, “the greatest single instrument of bibliographical control in existence.”
Life role salience and values
Authors: Y. van Hattem Annick , Ossenkop Carolin , S.E. Dikkers Josje , J. Vinkenburg Claartje
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– Even though both values and life roles are intensively studied topics, limited research has been conducted regarding the association between the two. In the context of the Dutch public sector, this study therefore examines how life roles and values relate to each other. Moreover, the possible role of gender within these associations is explored. Thereby, the study extends the literature in this domain and increases the understanding of how values and life roles affect the behavior. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper analyzed cross-sectional survey data of 114 employees of the Dutch public sector. Values were operationalized according to the Dolan et al.'s dimensions: emotional-developmental; ethical-social; pragmatic-economic; life roles were measured as “parental” and “occupational”.

Findings

– The paper found no direct association between life roles and values. However, the paper found a gender differences suggesting that the more parental role oriented a woman is, the less occupational role oriented she is. In addition, the paper found a negative association between emotional-developmental values and ethical-social values.

Originality/value

– This study contributes to the existing literature on life roles and values by examining their mutual association. The paper found that the two concepts – although theoretically related – can be empirically distinguished. For organizations within the public sector, it is relevant to know which and how values and life roles affect their employees. Thereby, organizations can design their strategies, training and development policies, and recruitment activities in order to attract and retain (potential) employees.
Exploring the values in the Italian public sector using the tri-axial model
Authors: Kubra Canhilal S. , Borgonovi Elio , Vera Elio
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of the paper is to explore the values in the public sector in Italy using the tri-axial model and explore the reasons why these values are important for the Italian public sector.

Design/methodology/approach

– An online questionnaire was prepared in Italian and sent to the public sector employees all over Italy.

Findings

– The findings demonstrate that Italian public sector is 100 percent economic-pragmatic according to the tri-axial model. One of the reasons of this result is the reforms made in the public sector which have stressed the importance of values like efficiency and professionalism.

Research limitations/implications

– The main limitation of the study is the sample size. Further research should focus on increasing the number of the sample as well as compare the regions in Italy.

Practical implications

– The conclusions derived from this research suggest that Italian public sector employees perceive themselves as economic-pragmatic.

Originality/value

– This study is the first study that maps the values in the public sector in Italy using tri-axial model.
Hedge funds: agents of change for financialization
Authors: Fichtner Jan
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine in which ways hedge funds contribute to financialization.

Design/methodology/approach

– Two already identified conduits through which financialization operates are applied to hedge funds.

Findings

– The paper finds that hedge funds drive the phenomenon of financialization in two major ways, i.e. the financialization of corporations, and the financialization of markets. Hence, hedge funds can be conceived as agents of change for financialization.

Research limitations/implications

– There are indications that hedge funds possess disciplinary power. Future research should address this pivotal point, even though such power will be difficult to prove empirically.

Social implications

– Hedge funds have been found to potentially increase market volatility. In times of crisis, stricter regulation of these investors that take excessive risks seems prudent.

Originality/value

– Through linking “hedge funds” with “financialization” this paper closes a research gap. In addition, the so far rather structural debate about financialization benefits from the actor-centered approach of this paper.