bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural convection analysis flow of Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in a porous conical enclosure subjected to the magnetic field
Authors: Slimani Rabeh , Aissa Abderrahmane , Mebarek-Oudina Fateh , Khan Umair , Sahnoun M. , Chamkha Ali J. , Medebber M. A.
Published: September 2020

The current study investigates MHD natural convection heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid in a truncated cone along with transparent domains having the stimulus of an inherent constant magnetic field. The governing equations subject to the physical boundary conditions are solved numerically by using the Galerkin finite element method. The effects of the various parameters involved in the problem such as the Rayleigh number Ra (ranging between 103 and 106), the Hartmann number Ha (ranging between 0 and 60), and the porosity ratio ε (0.1–0.9) are examined. Moreover, the effects of Da which represents the Darcy number (between 10‑3 and 10‑1) and the volume fraction of nanoparticles ϕ for the dissipated nanoparticles of Al2O3-Cu are reported in terms of the streamlines and isotherms distributions as well as the Nusselt number. Such parameters are critical control parameters for both the fluid flow and the rate of heat transfer of the natural convection in the annular space. The solution outcomes proof that the average Nusselt number varies directly with the dynamic field flowing through a porous media, whereas it behaves inversely with the magnetic field.
Traps and netting, better together than alone: an innovative approach to improve Procambarus clarkii management
Authors: García-de-Lomas Juan , Dana Elías D. , González Rubén
Published: September 2020

The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is the most widespread invasive crayfish in Europe, and responsible for a plethora of negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Most capture methods used for controlling crayfish populations have a bias towards the capture of adults, however, the removal of the young-of-the-year crayfish (YOY) may be essential for achieving effective control of invasive populations. This paper analysed the crayfish caught during a management campaign carried out in five permanent stream pools from southern Spain. We compared size structure, CPUE and sex-ratio obtained with two control methods: cylindrical traps (a method commonly used in crayfish management) and horizontal hauls using a fine-mesh net (inspired by zooplankton sampling techniques). Horizontal hauls showed a higher selectivity for catching YOY and higher efficiency (eight-fold) than traps. The combined use of both gears increased total catch by 46%. Our results suggest that YOY may be sharply underestimated if only cylindrical traps are used. The YOY cohort represented 60% of the total catch during the management campaign. Therefore, active netting with a fine mesh may be a complementary method to the use of traps in order to manage invasive populations of P. clarkii and may provide a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of invasive crayfish populations.
Space time stabilized finite element methods for a unique continuation problem subject to the wave equation
Authors: Burman Erik , Feizmohammadi Ali , Münch Arnaud , Oksanen Lauri
Published: September 2020

We consider a stabilized finite element method based on a spacetime formulation, where the equations are solved on a global (unstructured) spacetime mesh. A unique continuation problem for the wave equation is considered, where a noisy data is known in an interior subset of spacetime. For this problem, we consider a primal-dual discrete formulation of the continuum problem with the addition of stabilization terms that are designed with the goal of minimizing the numerical errors. We prove error estimates using the stability properties of the numerical scheme and a continuum observability estimate, based on the sharp geometric control condition by Bardos, Lebeau and Rauch. The order of convergence for our numerical scheme is optimal with respect to stability properties of the continuum problem and the approximation order of the finite element residual. Numerical examples are provided that illustrate the methodology.
Nitsche-based models for the unilateral contact of plates
Authors: Fabre Mathieu , Pozzolini Cédric , Renard Yves
Published: September 2020

This paper aims to present different Nitsche-based models for the unilateral contact of plate structures. Our analysis is based on the consideration of Nitsche’s method on a 3D structure with kinematic assumptions of thin or thick plate theories. This approach is compared to that of Gustafsson, Stenberg and Videman which consists of Nitsche’s method applied directly on a 2D plate model. To simplify the presentation, we focus on the contact of an elastic plate with a rigid obstacle. The different approaches are compared numerically in terms of reliability compared to the 3D elastic model.
Comparison radical surgery versus conservative surgery to decrease post-operative recurrence in ossifying fibroma: systematic review
Authors: Adham Marlinda , Dewi Dwi Juliana
Published: September 2020

Background:Ossifying fibroma in craniofacial is a rare disease, benign, locally aggressive fibro-osseous tumor. In the recent 2017 WHO classifications, ossifying fibroma divided into 2 type, ossifying fibroma of odontogenic origin and juvenile ossifying fibroma. Choosing the right treatment that can reduce the recurrence rate are particularly challenging. In this systematic review we try to analyse related study to determine the best treatment for ossifying fibroma.Aim:The aim of this review to evaluate best treatment option and analysed level of recurrence in each type of treatment.Method:Collected Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma (JOF) and Ossifying Fibroma (OF) related Article from four different database (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Proquest). Study selection was done by using PRISMA strategy.Result:Eight retrospective case series studies were analyzed. Recurrence rate after surgery was 15.3%, most frequent recurrence occurs in conservative surgery. Recurrence rate after conservative surgery was 19.7%, compared with radical surgery which relatively lower in percentage, with recurrence rate after surgery was 10.6%.Conclusion:Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma, especially Trabecular Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma (TrJOF), show high recurrence percentage comparing other type. The first-choice management for treating OF was surgical approach. Types of surgery choose to depend on the aggressiveness and morbidity of the disease. Radical surgery was proven better to decrease level of recurrence compared with conservative surgery.
Total temporomandibular joint replacement without a submandibular incision
Authors: Kim Samuel Seung Yeol , Somers Miles
Published: September 2020

Temporomandibular joint replacement is a well-accepted and successful treatment option for advanced pathology of the temporomandibular joint. There are however a number of complications associated with the procedure such as post-operative infection, facial nerve damage and scarring. Total joint replacement has traditionally involved the use of both a pre-auricular and submandibular incision. We present an approach that uses only a pre-auricular incision without the need for a submandibular incision. This approach is less invasive and has the potential to decrease risk of damage to the marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve and scarring of the neck.
Formation de résidents en anesthésie-réanimation à la gestion des voies aériennes. Évaluation d’un dispositif pédagogique recourant à la simulation dans une faculté de médecine en Algérie
Authors: Bouchareb Meriem , Bouaziz Mourad , Djebien Mahfoud , Saidani Mouhamed
Published: September 2020

Contexte et problématique : De nombreux travaux ont aujourd’hui parfaitement établi l’intérêt de la simulation pour le développement des capacités opératives. Dans le contexte des pays à économie émergente tels que l’Algérie, diverses contraintes liées à la disponibilité et à la pérennité des ressources, matérielles ou humaines, peuvent obérer le développement des programmes de simulation. Il reste donc essentiel de vérifier que les dispositifs de formation recourant à la simulation tiennent toutes leurs promesses dans de tels contextes. Objectifs : Comparer les apprentissages procéduraux et comportementaux liés à la gestion des voies aériennes, sur un patient réel, de résidents respectivement formés dans le cadre de dispositifs recourant à la simulation ou par la méthode expérientielle traditionnelle. Méthodes : Etude prospective contrôlée, comparant deux groupes de 30 résidents en anesthésie-réanimation, de première année au centre hospitalo-universitaire d’Annaba (Algérie). Un groupe a reçu une formation en gestion des voies aériennes par simulation. Le deuxième a suivi une formation classique, par entraînement sur patient réel. Les résidents étaient testés sur leurs performances, observées sur un malade réel (niveau 3 selon l’échelle de Kirkpatrick). Résultats : Le groupe « enseignement par simulation » a obtenu des scores significativement supérieurs à ceux du groupe « enseignement classique » dans 7 des 10 étapes de gestion des voies aériennes. Conclusion : L’enseignement par simulation peut être intégré dans le cursus de formation des résidents en anesthésie-réanimation dès la première année. Il optimise l’apprentissage des capacités dans des conditions plus sûres pour les patients. Certaines stratégies permettent d’en limiter le coût.
Sinnesverarbeitung und Training motorischer Funktion
Authors: Lotze Martin , Ladda A. Marie
Published: September 2020

Ohne ein Feedback, das über alle unsere Sinne in unser Gehirn eintrifft, können wir keine zielgerichtete Bewegung durchführen und damit keinen Kontakt zur Umgebung aufnehmen. Wie oft übt jedoch der Säugling diese Verknüpfung von Bewegung mit den Sinneseindrücken? Wann schleifen sie sich ein? Wie funktioniert die sensomotorische Interaktion beim lebenslangen Üben? Wie kann ich Üben durch gezielt dargebotene Sinneseindrücke beschleunigen? Warum fällt es so schwer, bei einem Ausfall der Sinne wieder neue Bewegungen zu lernen, und inwiefern kann ein Sinn einen anderen überhaupt kompensieren?
Update Mammakarzinom 2020 Teil 2 – fortgeschrittenes Mammakarzinom: neue Substanzen und Einzug diagnostikabhängiger Therapien
Authors: Lüftner Diana , Schneeweiss Andreas , Hartkopf Andreas D. , Müller Volkmar , Wöckel Achim , Janni Wolfgang , Ettl Johannes , Belleville Erik , Schütz Florian , Thill Marc , Huober Jens , Fasching Peter A. , Kolberg Hans-Christian , Pöschke Patrik , Welslau Manfred , Overkamp Friedrich , Tesch Hans , Fehm Tanja N. , Lux Michael P.
Published: September 2020

Für Patientinnen mit einem lokal fortgeschrittenen bzw. metastasierten Mammakarzinom wurden in den letzten Jahren neue und effektive Therapien wie CDK4/6-Inhibitoren, PARP-Inhibitoren und ein PD‑L1-Inhibitor eingeführt. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird ein Update zu den vorhandenen Studien mit ihrer Datenlage gegeben. Ebenso werden 2 innovative Anti-HER2-Therapien dargestellt (Trastuzumab-Deruxtecan und Tucatinib), für die die Ergebnisse aus neuen Studien berichtet worden sind. Molekulare Tests bieten die Möglichkeit, Patientinnenpopulationen zu definieren oder auch Therapieverläufe zu monitorieren. Dieses kann helfen, Patientinnen mit spezifischen Eigenschaften zu identifizieren, um diesen eine individuelle zielgerichtete Therapie im Rahmen von Studien zukommen zu lassen. In einer großen Studie konnte der Nutzen einer solchen Biomarker-Studie zum ersten Mal beschrieben werden.
Anti-Extinktionstraining: eine neue Therapie für Patienten mit Restneglect
Authors: Kerkhoff Georg
Published: September 2020

Der räumliche Neglect ist eine häufige und gravierende Beeinträchtigung nach einem Schlaganfall. Nach der Rückbildung vom Akutneglect zeigen viele Patienten das Phänomen der Extinktion. Für dieses sogenannte Löschungsphänomen gibt es bisher keine wirksame Behandlung. Im Folgenden berichte ich anhand von Fallbeispielen über ein wirksames neues Therapieverfahren zur Behandlung der visuellen Extinktion bei Patienten mit Schlaganfall für die Neurorehabilitation, welches nun in größeren Stichproben erprobt werden kann.
Defizite in der sensomotorischen Integration bei Pusher-Symptomatik
Authors: Zietz Dörte , Johannsen Leif
Published: September 2020

Wer regelmäßig mit Patienten arbeitet, die Pusher-Symptomatik zeigen, weiß, wie kräftezehrend die Mobilisation bei Bewegungstherapie und Pflege nicht nur für den Patienten selbst, sondern auch für die Therapeuten und Pflegepersonen sein kann. Zuerst muss die Pusher-Symptomatik behandelt werden, bevor andere Ziele der sensomotorischen Rehabilitation, wie z. B. das Stehen und Gehen, anvisiert werden können. Der Artikel beschreibt die Hintergründe und die therapeutischen Ansätze, auch wenn es bisher keinen Goldstandard der Therapie gibt.
Scale-Up of a Heck Alkenylation Reaction: Application to the Synthesis of an Amino-Modifier Nucleoside ‘Ruth Linker’
Authors: Kapdi Anant R. , Bhilare Shatrughn , Kori Santosh , Shet Harshita , Balaram Gundapally , Mahendar Koosam , Sanghvi Yogesh S.
Published: September 2020

Ruth linker is a C5 pyrimidine modified nucleoside analogue widely utilized for the incorporation of a primary amine in a synthetic oligonucleotide. The increasing demand for non-radioactive labeling, detection of biomolecules, and assembly of COVID-19 test kits has triggered a need for scale-up of Ruth linker. Herein, an efficient protocol involving a palladium-catalyzed Heck alkenylation is described. The synthesis has been optimized with a goal of low catalyst concentration, column-free isolation, high product purity, reproducibility, and shorter reaction time. The scalability and utility of the process have been demonstrated successfully on a 100 g scale (starting material). Additionally, for scale-up of the Heck alkenylation protocol, 7-phospha-1,3,5-triaza-adamantanebutane sulfonate (PTABS) as the coordinating caged phosphine ligand was also synthesized on a multigram scale after careful optimization of the conditions.
Redox-Neutral Propargylic C–H Functionalization by Using Iron Catalysis
Authors: Wang Yi-Ming , Durham Austin C. , Wang Yidong
Published: September 2020

In spite of their rich stoichiometric chemistry, cyclopentadienyliron(II) dicarbonyl complexes are rarely used as catalysts in organic synthesis. Inspired by precedents in the chemistry of cationic olefin complexes and neutral allylmetal species, our group has developed a coupling of alkynes or alkenes with aldehydes and other carbonyl electrophiles to give homopropargylic and homoallylic alcohols, respectively, by using a substituted cyclopentadienyliron(II) dicarbonyl complex as the catalyst. In this article, we first contextualize this development within the conceptual background of C–H functionalization chemistry and relative to key stoichiometric precedents. We then give an account of our group’s discovery and development of the catalytic α-functionalization of alkenes and alkynes with electrophilic reagents.

Introduction

Preliminary Stoichiometric Work

Hydroxyalkylation Development and Scope

Conclusions and Future Directions
Early- and Late-Respiratory Outcome in Very Low Birth Weight with or without Intrauterine Inflammation
Authors: Perniciaro Simona , Casarin Jvan , Nosetti Luana , Binda Chiara , Salvatore Silvia , Ghezzi Fabio , Agosti Massimo
Published: September 2020

• IUI is a risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth and contributes to prematurity-associated mortality and morbidity.

• HCA greatly affected Apgar’s score and lung management of VLBWI at birth and later on with increased incidence of BPD.

• HCA + FUN did not significantly impact on respiratory outcome.
Vaginal Birth after Two Previous Cesarean Sections versus Elective Repeated Cesarean: A Retrospective Study
Authors: De Leo Rossella , La Gamba Domenico Antonio , Manzoni Paolo , De Lorenzi Raffaella , Torresan Sonia , Franchi Massimo , Uccella Stefano
Published: September 2020

Objective Trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC) is a common practice worldwide but the evidence is still scant regarding this practice in women who underwent 2 previous cesareans. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively review our experience with vaginal birth after two previous cesarean sections (VBA2C), with specific attention to the indications for previous cesarean and to the women's motivation for attempting trial of labor.

Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in a primary care hospital between January 2011 and December 2019. Inclusion criteria were: singleton pregnancies, absence of morphological abnormalities at ultrasonographic screening of the second trimester (or at any other stage of pregnancy), and two previous cesarean sections.

Results The final analysis included 114 cases for maternal and neonatal outcomes. In total, 40.4% of women chose trial of labor after two cesarean delivery (TOLA2C group). TOLA2C was associated with a success rate of 76.1%, a higher gestational age at birth, and a shorter hospital stay, compared with elective repeated cesarean delivery group. There were no significant differences in the rate of Apgar scores at 5 minutes <7 between both groups. The percentage of successful TOLA2C in women with prior vaginal delivery was 92.8%. Factors related to failed TOLA2C included failure to progress (3/11, 27.3%), nonreassuring fetal heart rate (3/11, 27.3%), and no onset of spontaneous labor after premature rupture of membranes (5/11, 45.4%). In the group of TOLA2C, more than 70% accepted to travel more than 45 minutes to reach our hospital, with the aim to attempt VBA2C.

Conclusion TOLA2C is a possible option for both mothers and neonates in selected cases. Adequate counseling about pros and cons of TOLA2C is mandatory. The woman's motivation represents a key element to determine the success of VBA2C.

Key Points
Homeopathic Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: An Open, Single-Arm, Non-Comparative Study
Authors: Sharma Rashmi , Manchanda Raj K.
Published: September 2020

Background Acne is often treated at homeopathic clinics in India based on existing literature without using any measurable parameters and the outcomes are seldom reported, hence this study.

Objective To evaluate the effects of homeopathy on the treatment of acne using specific outcome measures related to severity and disability.

Methods It is an open, single-arm, non-comparative study undertaken at a clinic located in rural India using individualised homeopathy. Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) scores and Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) scores were analysed at baseline and post medication at 3 and 6 months using one-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19 to assess the outcomes of intervention.

Results Eighty-four patients enrolled in the study were analysed under modified intention to treat approach. Nat-m (n = 14), Calc-s (n = 14), Sulph (n = 13), Kali-br (n = 10) and Hep-s (n = 9) were the most frequently used remedies. Significant differences were found in the severity of the disease and quality of life (QoL) from baseline to 6 months in terms of GAGS (mean difference, 15.47; standard error [SE], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.79–17.16; p < 0.001) and CADI (mean difference, 6.94; SE, 0.33; 95% CI, 6.12–7.75; p < 0.001) scores. A one–way repeated measures ANOVA was calculated and significant effects were found for GAGS scores (Wilks's lambda = 0.142; F [2, 82] = 248.50; p < 0.001; effect size = 0.748) and CADI scores (Wilks's lambda = 0.159; F [2, 82] = 217; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.786) at baseline and 3 and 6 months post medication. There was a positive correlation between the GAGS and CADI: r = 0.585, n = 84, p < 0.001.

Conclusions Acne can be effectively treated at homeopathic clinics along with improvement in QoL of patients. Increase in severity of acne was associated with worsening of QoL. Further pragmatic studies with comparative cohort is desirable.
Different View on Tumor Size Dilemma in Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging System for Thymoma
Authors: Cangir Ayten Kayı , Yenigün Bülent Mustafa , Direk Tamer , Kocaman Gokhan , Yücemen Ugurum , Kahya Yusuf , Sak Serpil Dizbay , Enön Serkan
Published: September 2020

Background Although tumor size is included in the definition of T descriptor in the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of many solid tumors, it is not considered for thymomas. This study aimed to assess the relationship of tumor diameters (the largest tumor diameter [LTD] and the mean tumor diameter [MTD]) with survival in thymoma patients undergoing surgical resection in a single center.

Methods The study included 127 thymoma patients (age, 49.2 ± 15.2 years; 65 males), who were evaluated based on pathological tumor sizes according to the LTD and MTD ([largest diameter + shortest diameter] / 2) and divided into three subgroups for each parameter as: patients with an LTD of ≤5 cm, 5.1 to 10 cm, and >10 cm and patients with an MTD of ≤5, 5.1 to 10, and >10 cm.

Results In thymoma patients, survival significantly differed according to the presence of myasthenia gravis (p = 0.018), resection status (R0 or R1; p = 0.001), T status (p = 0.015), and the Masaoka–Koga stage (p = 0.003). In the LTD subgroups, the overall survival of those with R0 resection was lower in those with an LTD of 5.1 to 10 cm than in those with an LTD of ≤5 cm (p = 0.051) and significantly lower in those with an MTD of 5.1 to 10 cm than in those with an MTD of ≤5 cm (p = 0.027). In the MTD subgroups, survival decreased as the tumor size increased.

Conclusion Both smaller tumor size and complete resection are associated with better survival in thymoma patients. Therefore, the largest or the mean tumor size might be considered as a criterion in the TNM staging for thymoma.
Advances in Neonatal Infections
Authors: Fanaroff Avroy A. , Fanaroff Jonathan M.
Published: September 2020

Despite continued advances and developments in neonatal medicine, neonatal sepsis is the third leading cause of neonatal mortality and a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Sepsis accounts for mortality for almost 50% of global children under 5 years of age.

Over the past 50 years, there have been many advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neonatal infections. The diagnostic advances include better culture techniques that permit more rapid confirmation of the diagnosis, advent of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to rapidly diagnose viral infections, use of biologic markers indicating evidence of infection, and a better understanding of immunoglobulin markers of infection. From a therapeutic stand point, there have been a variety of antibiotics, antifungals, and antiviral agents, better approaches to prevent sepsis, specific immunotherapy, for example, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); bundled approach to prevention of deep-line infection and better antibiotic stewardship, leading to earlier discontinuation of antibiotic therapy.

Hand hygiene remains the benchmark and gold standard for late-onset sepsis prevention. The challenge has been that each decade, newer resistant bacteria dominate as the cause of sepsis and newer viruses emerge, for example, human immunodeficiency virus, zika virus, and novel coronavirus disease 2019.

Future treatment options might include stem cell therapy, other antimicrobial protein and peptides, and targeting of pattern recognition receptors in an effort to prevent and/or treat sepsis in this vulnerable population. Also, the microbiome of premature infants has a smaller proportion of beneficial bacteria and higher numbers of pathogenic bacteria compared with term infants, likely owing to higher frequencies of cesarean sections, antibiotic use, exposure to the hospital environment, and feeding nonhuman milk products. Modifying the microbiome with more mother's milk and shorter duration of antibiotics in noninfected babies should be a goal.

Key Points
Genetic Polymorphisms of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Involved in 6-Mercaptopurine-Induced Myelosuppression in Thai Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients
Authors: Khaeso Kanyarat , Nakkam Nontaya , Komwilaisak Patcharee , Wongmast Piyathida , Chainansamit Su-on , Dornsena Areerat , Kanjanawart Sirimas , Vannaprasaht Suda , Tassaneeyakul Wichittra
Published: September 2020

Genetic polymorphisms of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) and nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15) genes have been proposed as key determinants of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)-induced myelosuppression in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the present study, genotypes of TPMT and NUDT15 were investigated in 178 Thai pediatric patients with ALL by the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay and DNA sequencing. The frequency of TPMT*3C was 0.034. Among NUDT15 variants, NUDT15*3 is the most common variant with the allele frequency of 0.073, whereas those of NUDT15*2, NUDT15*5, and NUDT15*6 variants were 0.022, 0.011, and 0.039. These data suggest that a high proportion of Thai pediatric ALL patients may be at risk of thiopurine-induced myelosuppression.
The Benefits of Expert Instruction in Microsurgery Courses
Authors: Paladino Joseph R. , Gasteratos Konstantinos , Akelina Yelena , Marshall Brittany , Papazoglou Lysimachos G. , Strauch Robert J.
Published: September 2020

Background Microsurgery requires repeated practice and training to achieve proficiency, and there are a variety of curriculums available. This study aims to determine the importance of an expert instructor to guide students through procedures. We compared student proficiency across two microsurgery courses: one with (Columbia University, United States [CU] cohort) and one without a dedicated microsurgery instructor (University of Thessaloniki, Greece [UT] cohort).

Methods Students were divided into two cohorts of 22 students (UT cohort) and 25 students (CU cohort). Student progress was evaluated by examining patency (lift-up and milking tests), anastomotic timing, and quality (Anastomosis Lapse Index [ALI]) of end-to-end arterial and venous anastomoses on day 1 and again on day 5. Chi-squared tests evaluated patency immediately and 30 minutes postoperation. t-Tests evaluated anastomotic timing and ALI scores. p-Values < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results We evaluated progress within and between each cohort. Within the CU cohort, the quality of the arterial and venous anastomosis improved, respectively (by 54%, p = 0.0059 and by 43%, p = 0.0027), the patency of both the arterial and venous anastomosis improved, respectively (by 44%, p = 0.0002 and by 40%, p = 0.0019), and timing of arterial and venous anastomosis reduced respectively (by 36%, p = 0.0002 and by 33%, p = 0.0010). The UT cohort improved the quality of their arterial anastomoses (by 29%, p = 0.0312). The UT cohort did not demonstrate significant improvement in the other above-mentioned parameters. The CU cohort improved materially over the UT cohort across categories of quality, patency, and timing.

Conclusion There are clear benefits of an expert instructor when examining the rate of progress and proficiency level attained at the conclusion of the course. We suggest students who are seeking to maximize proficiency in microsurgical procedures enroll in courses with an expert instructor.
Effect of Tricalcium Silicate on Direct Pulp Capping: Experimental Study in Rats
Authors: Chicarelli Lúcio P.G. , Webber Mariana B.F. , Amorim João P.A. , Rangel Ana L.C.A. , Camilotti Veridiana , Sinhoreti Mario A.C. , Mendonça Marcio J.
Published: September 2020

Objectives Conduct a histological comparison of the pulp response to different materials, with a focus on the continuity and morphology of the mineralized barrier after direct pulp capping.

Materials and Methods One hundred and eight maxillary first molars of 54 Wistar rats were subject to direct pulp capping and divided into three groups according to the materials used: calcium hydroxide (CH), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Biodentine. All cavities were sealed, and the animals were euthanized at 7, 14, and 21 days. Descriptive histological evaluation of the inflammation and formation of the mineralized barrier was performed.

Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, which was complemented by the Dunn test; differences with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results The results showed that MTA and Biodentine elicited less intense inflammatory reactions than CH. With respect to the formation and quality of the dentin barrier formed, differences were observed at 21 days between the analyzed groups; the best results being obtained following treatment with MTA and Biodentine.

Conclusion MTA and Biodentine induced formation of a more continuous and uniform mineralized barrier with less intense pulp response than CH.
The New Ophthalmology Internship: A Trainee Curricular Survey
Authors: Nanda Tavish , Gong Dan , Chen Royce W. S. , Cioffi George A. , De Moraes Gustavo , Glass Lora R. Dagi
Published: September 2020

Background The American Academy of Ophthalmology, in conjunction with the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), has mandated the creation of a linked ophthalmology internship year for all programs by 2021. This mandate provides a unique opportunity to tailor a curriculum specific to the ophthalmology trainee. This study reports the results of a national survey of ophthalmology residents and fellows regarding the relevance and applicability of extramural content to their ophthalmology training.

Methods Using the online portal SurveyMonkey, an anonymous survey was sent to 119 ACGME-accredited ophthalmology residencies. It consisted of nine questions formulated to measure the perceived applicability and relevance of other specialties to ophthalmology training. Responses were summarized with descriptive statistics. Outcomes were compared by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc analysis for between group differences and Benjamini–Hochberg for multiple comparisons.

Results Ninety-four respondents (residents and fellows) completed the survey (January–February 2020); 52.1% completed an internal medicine internship, 42.6% transitional, and 5.3% general surgery. Overall, prior internship experience was rated favorably. Otolaryngology and radiology were deemed the most relevant to ophthalmology training. Intensive care unit (ICU) was considered the least beneficial, followed by general surgery, primary care, and pediatrics. Neuroradiology was overwhelmingly preferred over general radiology. The majority of respondents reported minimal exposure to oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) in medical school/internship. When choosing a reason for inclusion in the new curriculum, respondents reported a high level of surgical overlap with otolaryngology, OMFS, and plastic surgery; clinical overlap with neurology; and ophthalmic consultation with emergency medicine.

Conclusion Several specialties—notably otolaryngology, radiology, and neurology—were considered highly relevant but lacking in preresidency exposure. The preference for neuroradiology was almost unanimous. In contrast, general surgery and ICU were found to be minimally relevant. Overall, ophthalmology residents reported a high level of satisfaction with their internship experience, an important consideration when building a curriculum that will appeal to potential applicants. The findings of this survey provide a framework to build a curricular plan based on current resident and fellow experience.
Probing magnetization dynamics with nanometer scale sensitivity
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: September 2020

A technique that uses resonant small-angle X-ray scattering and near-field masks allows for the study of non-local magnetization dynamics on a nanometer length and femtosecond timescale.
Simulating the mechanisms producing intense terahertz waves in relativistic plasmas
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: September 2020

A numerical investigation finds that several processes convert light to terahertz waves when irradiating thin foil targets with ultraintense, femtosecond laser pulses.
Comprehensive evaluation of electrocaloric effect and fatigue behavior in the 0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.1PbTiO3 bulk relaxor ferroelectric ceramic
Authors: Del Duca Manuel Gesù , Tušek Jaka , Maiorino Angelo , Fulanović Lovro , Bradeško Andraž , Plaznik Uroš , Malič Barbara , Aprea Ciro , Kitanovski Andrej
Published: September 2020

Electrocaloric refrigeration shows potential as a viable alternative to vapor-compression and/or thermo-electric refrigeration. One of the main challenges that need to be addressed in electrocaloric technology is the fatigue behavior of electrocaloric materials, in terms of both structural and functional aspects. Here, a comprehensive evaluation of the fatigue behavior of the 0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.1PbTiO3 (PMN-10PT) bulk relaxor ferroelectric (or shortly relaxor) ceramic at room temperature is performed. First, the temperature-change dependence on the slew rate was studied. It is shown that the adiabatic conditions are well approached at the slew rate above 1 kV s−1, at which the adiabatic temperature change of 1.3 K was measured at the electric field change of 90 kV cm−1. Then, the durability limits (i.e., the fatigue life) of ten PMN-10PT samples were investigated during unipolar electric field cycling. The results showed that the material could withstand up to 106 cycles at the electric field change of 90 kV cm−1 with only minor degradation of the functional properties (less than 5% of the maximum adiabatic temperature change). Hence, PMN-10PT can be considered as a promising material for use in an electrocaloric cooling device, but some critical issues that caused premature failure of several samples would need to be further addressed and improved.
Combined gas embolization and chemotherapy can result in complete tumor regression in a murine hepatocellular carcinoma model
Authors: Harmon Jennifer N. , Kabinejadian Foad , Bull Joseph L.
Published: September 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an intractable cancer with a high mortality rate. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), a non-curative method, is the first line therapy for intermediate stage patients. This effectively extends patient survival but requires a complicated intraarterial catheterization procedure and is poorly suited to repeated administration. Here, we investigate gas chemoembolization, a less invasive, more easily administered transient occlusion method that circumvents these limitations. We examined the efficacy of repeated embolization combined with systemically administered doxorubicin, the most common chemotherapeutic in TACE, or tirapazamine, a hypoxia-activated cytotoxic agent, in an ectopic xenograft model of HCC. Emboli were generated in situ using acoustic droplet vaporization, the noninvasive focused ultrasound-mediated conversion of intravenously administered perfluorocarbon microdroplets into microbubbles. Gas embolization alone significantly reduced the Ki67 index and tumor viability (11.6 ± 6.71% non-necrotic vs 100% in control; p < 0.01) after 3 treatments, as assessed by histological analysis. Mice treated for three weeks exhibited significant tumor regression compared to control (23.8 ± 5.37% of initial volume vs 427 ± 49.7% in controls, p < 0.01), irrespective of the chosen chemotherapeutic agent. However, an additional three weeks of monitoring post-treatment elucidated a significant difference in the tumor recurrence rate, with combined gas embolization and doxorubicin resulting in the best treatment outcomes (60% complete regression). While doxorubicin administration resulted in significant cardiotoxicity (p < 0.01), it strongly interacted with the droplet shells, reducing the systemic dose by 11.4%. Overall, gas chemoembolization shows promise as a developmental therapy and merits further study in more complex tumor models.
The in-plane magnetic anisotropy in manganite film: A novel magnetic anisotropy induced by structural anisotropy
Authors: Wang Haiou , Tan Weishi
Published: September 2020

Magnetic anisotropy plays an important role in the development of manganite-based magnetic devices. Establishing a deeper understanding of the anisotropy in manganites is useful for controlling their magnetic properties. We have studied the structure, lattice strain, and magnetic properties of La0.5Ba0.5MnO3 (LBMO-5) films with the thickness of 12 nm–96 nm, grown on the (001) SrTiO3 (STO) substrate. The LBMO-5 films are grown with high crystalline quality. The orientation relationship between the LBMO-5 film and the STO substrate [(001)f//(001)s, (010)f//(010)s, and (100)f//(100)s] exists at the film/substrate interface. With increasing the thickness of the film to 48 nm, the LBMO-5 film is fully strain relaxed. The LBMO-5 film shows the out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy (OMA) along the three mutually perpendicular crystalline axis directions. Usually, the manganite films with tetragonal distortion show both the OMA and the in-plane magnetic isotropy. However, the in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) along the two mutually perpendicular in-plane directions ([010]f and [100]f) is clearly observed in LBMO-5 films. We attribute this new observation of the IMA to the in-plane structural anisotropy along the two distinct crystalline axes. Our studies provide helpful guidance for the understanding and the tuning of the IMA.
Effect of reactant dosing on selectivity during area-selective deposition of TiO2 via integrated atomic layer deposition and atomic layer etching
Authors: Saare Holger , Song Seung Keun , Kim Jung-Sik , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: September 2020

A key hallmark of atomic layer deposition (ALD) is that it proceeds via self-limiting reactions. For a good ALD process, long reactant exposure times beyond that required for saturation on planar substrates can be useful, for example, to achieve conformal growth on high aspect ratio nanoscale trenches, while maintaining consistent deposition across large-area surfaces. Area-selective deposition (ASD) is becoming an enabling process for nanoscale pattern modification on advanced nanoelectronic devices. Herein, we demonstrate that during area-selective ALD, achieved by direct coupling of ALD and thermal atomic layer etching (ALE), excess reactant exposure can have a substantially detrimental influence on the extent of selectivity. As an example system, we study ASD of TiO2 on hydroxylated SiO2 (Si–OH) vs hydrogen-terminated (100) Si (Si–H) using TiCl4/H2O for ALD and WF6/BCl3 for ALE. Using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that unwanted nucleation can be minimized by limiting the water exposure during the ALD steps. Longer exposures markedly increased the rate of nucleation and growth on the desired non-growth region, thereby degrading selectivity. Specifically, transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that near-saturated H2O doses enabled 32.7 nm thick TiO2 patterns at selectivity threshold S > 0.9 on patterned Si/SiO2 substrates. The correlation between selectivity and reactant exposure serves to increase fundamental insights into the effects of sub-saturated self-limiting surface reactions on the quality and effectiveness of ASD processes and methods.
Origins of radiation-induced attenuation in pure-silica-core and Ge-doped optical fibers under pulsed x-ray irradiation
Authors: De Michele V. , Marcandella C. , Vidalot J. , Paillet P. , Morana A. , Cannas M. , Boukenter A. , Marin E. , Ouerdane Y. , Girard S.
Published: September 2020

We investigated the nature, optical properties, and decay kinetics of point defects causing large transient attenuation increase observed in silica-based optical fibers exposed to short duration and high-dose rate x-ray pulses. The transient radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) spectra of pure-silica-core (PSC), Ge-doped, F-doped, and Ge + F-doped optical fibers (OFs) were acquired after the ionizing pulse in the spectral range of [∼0.8–∼3.2] eV (∼1500–∼380 nm), from a few ms to several minutes after the pulse, at both room temperature (RT) and liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). Comparing the fiber behavior at both temperatures better highlights the thermally unstable point defects contribution to the RIA. The transient RIA origin and decay kinetics are discussed on the basis of already-known defects absorbing in the investigated spectral range. These measurements reveal the importance of intrinsic metastable defects such as self-trapped holes (STHs), not only for PSC and F-doped fibers but also for germanosilicate optical fibers as clearly evidenced by our LNT measurements. Furthermore, our results show that fluorine co-doping seems to decrease the RIA related to the strain-assisted STHs absorption bands in both types of optical fibers. Regarding Ge-doped glasses, besides a description of the defects responsible of the RIA, highlighting the STHs' role in their transient response, we provide a clear correlation between the GeX and GeY centers’ kinetics. In conclusion, the presented results improve our understanding of the transient RIA origin in the ultraviolet and visible domains. The lack of knowledge about the defects causing the RIA in the near-infrared domain will require future studies.
Kinetic effects in directional proteasomal degradation of the green fluorescent protein
Authors: Avestan Mohammad Sadegh , Javidi Alex , Ganote Lillian Priscilla , Brown Jerrica M. , Stan George
Published: September 2020

The 26S eukaryotic proteasome is an ATP-dependent degradation machine at the center of the ubiquitin–proteasome system that maintains cell viability through unfolding and degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Its 19S regulatory particle uses a powerful heterohexameric AAA+ ATPase motor that unfolds substrate proteins and threads them through the narrow central pore for degradation within the associated 20S peptidase. In this study, we probe unfolding and translocation mechanisms of the ATPase motor by performing coarse-grained simulations of mechanical pulling of the green fluorescent protein substrate through the pore. To discern factors controlling the N–C or C–N directional processing of the substrate protein, we use three distinct models involving continuous pulling, at constant velocity or constant force, or discontinuous pulling with repetitive forces. Our results reveal asymmetric unfolding requirements in N- and C-terminal pulling upon continuous application of force in accord with the softer mechanical interface near the N-terminal and restraints imposed by the heterogeneous pore surface. By contrast, repetitive force application that mimics variable gripping by the AAA+ motor results in slower unfolding kinetics when the force is applied at the softer N-terminal. This behavior can be attributed to the dynamic competition between, on the one hand, refolding and, on the other, rotational flexibility and translocation of the unfolded N-terminal α-helix. These results highlight the interplay between mechanical, thermodynamic, and kinetic effects in directional degradation by the proteasome.
Linear stability and energy stability of plane Poiseuille flow with isotropic and anisotropic slip boundary conditions
Authors: Xiong Xiangming , Tao Jianjun
Published: September 2020

The linear stability and energy stability of the plane Poiseuille flow with the isotropic and anisotropic slip boundary conditions are theoretically analyzed and numerically calculated in this paper. The asymptotic expansions of the critical parameters for the linear stability and energy stability are derived from the eigenvalue equations characterizing the least stable modes. The critical Reynolds number for the linear stability based on 1.5 times of the bulk mean streamwise velocity is found to be Rl2D≈(1+2741l2)R02D when the non-dimensional isotropic slip length l ≪ 1, where R02D≈5772 is the critical Reynolds number under the no-slip boundary condition. The critical Reynolds numbers for the linear stability are calculated for a wide range of anisotropic slip lengths and are found to be no larger than their counterparts in the isotropic slip cases with the same streamwise slip lengths. In the energy stability analyses of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional plane Poiseuille flows with the isotropic slip boundary condition, the critical Reynolds numbers are found to be RlE2D≈(1+14.95l2)R0E2D and RlE3D≈(1+8.37l2)R0E3D, where R0E2D≈87.6 and R0E3D≈49.6 are their counterparts under the no-slip boundary condition. In the three-dimensional plane Poiseuille flow with the anisotropic slip boundary condition, the critical Reynolds number for the energy stability increases with the increase in streamwise slip length lx and with the decrease in spanwise slip length lz, and its first-order approximation is Rlx,lzE3D≈[1+2.41(lx−lz)]R0E3D.
Committee neural network potentials control generalization errors and enable active learning
Authors: Schran Christoph , Brezina Krystof , Marsalek Ondrej
Published: September 2020

It is well known in the field of machine learning that committee models improve accuracy, provide generalization error estimates, and enable active learning strategies. In this work, we adapt these concepts to interatomic potentials based on artificial neural networks. Instead of a single model, multiple models that share the same atomic environment descriptors yield an average that outperforms its individual members as well as a measure of the generalization error in the form of the committee disagreement. We not only use this disagreement to identify the most relevant configurations to build up the model’s training set in an active learning procedure but also monitor and bias it during simulations to control the generalization error. This facilitates the adaptive development of committee neural network potentials and their training sets while keeping the number of ab initio calculations to a minimum. To illustrate the benefits of this methodology, we apply it to the development of a committee model for water in the condensed phase. Starting from a single reference ab initio simulation, we use active learning to expand into new state points and to describe the quantum nature of the nuclei. The final model, trained on 814 reference calculations, yields excellent results under a range of conditions, from liquid water at ambient and elevated temperatures and pressures to different phases of ice, and the air–water interface—all including nuclear quantum effects. This approach to committee models will enable the systematic development of robust machine learning models for a broad range of systems.
Dynamics of melting in a slab under harmonic heating and convective cooling boundary conditions
Authors: Shamberger P. J. , Hoe A. , Deckard M. , Barako M. T.
Published: September 2020

The dynamics of steady periodic melting-solidification in finite thickness slabs are relevant for numerous natural and engineered systems, including for the thermal management of pulsed power devices. Despite this, the characteristic thermal response and temperature rise at the heated surface of a slab resulting from a simple harmonic heating under convective cooling boundary conditions on the opposing side has not been investigated in detail. This configuration is critical for understanding the frequency regime under which a reversible endothermic transformation (e.g., melting/solidification) in a slab serves to effectively buffer temperature rise at a device surface. This study presents a numerical investigation of steady periodic melting-solidification in a slab due to conductive heat transfer, focusing on the resulting temperature rise and phase lag at the heated surface. The internal temperature distribution within the slab closely follows the transient thermal response of a single-phase material, with the exception of a perturbation within a localized region of frequency and amplitude of the harmonic heating. Within this regime, the melt front exhibits antiresonance with the harmonic heating, resulting in a phase lag and a depression in the peak observed temperature on the heated surface. The peak frequency and amplitude at which this antiresonance occurs decrease as the heat transfer coefficient on the cooling side of the slab decreases. This analysis reveals the interaction between material parameters, the system geometry, and the nature of the boundary conditions and is critical for designing systems that are appropriately tuned to particular heating profiles.