bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
External green light as a new tool to change colors and nutritional components of inner leaves of head cabbages
Authors: Amagai Yumiko , Lu Na , Hayashi Eri , Takagaki Michiko , Kikuchi Masao , Ibaraki Yasuomi , Kozai Toyoki
Published: September 2021

The color and nutritional quality of vegetables directly affect the choices of consumers and thus affect the commercial value of the vegetable products. Green light can penetrate the outer leaves and reach the inner leaves to promote photochemical reaction of the overlapping leaves of head vegetables. However, whether this promotion can increase the nutritional components and change the color of the inner leaves of head cabbages, which is one of the major head vegetables largely produced worldwide, remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the changes in the colors and the concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid of the inner leaves of two types of cabbages by externally irradiating the cabbage with green light. The results showed that a short-term (48 h) irradiation with low light intensity (50 μmol m−2 s−1) of green light enhanced the Chl concentration and colors of the inner leaves of cabbages, and the positive changes of these indicators increased as the leaf layers approached the head center of the cabbage. Simultaneously, we also establish a method to effectively estimate the Chl concentration using luminosity (L*) and greenness (− a*) when the Chl concentration is so low that it is difficult or not possible to be measured by SPAD meter. Our findings demonstrated that green light, as a new tool, can be used to control the colors and nutritional components of the inner leaves of cabbages. The discoveries will help produce head vegetables with the preferred phenotype desired by consumers using a plant factory with artificial lighting.
Characterisation of particulate matter and identification of emission sources in Greater Caracas, Venezuela
Authors: Morantes Giobertti , González Jean Carlos , Rincón Gladys
Published: September 2021

Between June and September 2018, particulate matter (PM) samples were taken in the Sartenejas Valley, southeast of Greater Caracas, Venezuela. The aim was to evaluate the morphology and the elemental chemical composition of particulate matter and establish possible emission sources during the rainy season. Functional groups were identified by FTIR spectroscopic analysis, and morphology and elemental composition were obtained by SEM–EDX analysis. The sampling period coincided with a Sahara dust storm. The SEM–EDX and FTIR analyses found evidence of mineral elements related to soil and crustal origins. The presence of C-rich or C-containing aerosols is related to biological sources or mineral carbon. SEM–EDX analysis of PM revealed the following particle groups: geogenic, metallic, C-rich, and secondary aerosols. Quantitative source appointments through principal component analysis (PCA) corroborated PM sources, including soil dust, sea salts, and reacted aerosols. According to the authors’ knowledge, this study represents the first report to indicate that an episode of African dust could influence the particles collected in an intertropical continental sector in Venezuela, South America.
Mechanotransductive Differentiation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Derived from Aged Eyelid Skin into Corneal Endothelial-Like Cells
Authors: Olszewski Christian , Maassen Jessika , Guenther Rebecca , Skazik-Voogt Claudia , Gutermuth Angela
Published: September 2021

Corneal endothelial insufficiency is one of the leading causes of blindness. The main contemporary treatment for corneal blindness is endothelial keratoplasty, which, however, is unsatisfactory as a medical therapy due to the lack of donor corneas and graft rejection. Therefore, autologous stem cell-based corneal endothelial tissue substitutes may be a promising alternative to conventional grafts in the future. To address the age of most patients suffering from corneal endothelial deficiencies, we investigated the presence and potential of hair-derived stem cells from older tissue donors. Our studies revealed the presence of pluripotency- and neural crest-associated markers in tissue sections from blepharoplasty patients aged 50 to 80 years. In vitro outgrowths from eyelid hair follicles on collagen-coated tissue culture plates revealed a weak decrease in stem-cell potency. In contrast, cells within the spheres that spontaneously formed from the adherent cell layer retained full stem-cell potency and could be differentiated into cells of the ecto- meso and endodermal lineages. Although these highly potent hair follicle derived stem cells (HFSC) were only very slightly expandable, they were able to recognize the biomimicry of the Descemet’s-like topography and differentiate into corneal endothelial-like cells. In conclusion, HFSCs derived from epidermal skin of eyelid biopsies are a promising cell source to provide autologous corneal endothelial replacement for any age group of patients.

Graphical Abstract
On Methodology and Method in Acmeist Psychology
Authors: Kölbl Carlos
Published: September 2021

This article asks what kind of science psychology should be and what new readings of Vygotsky can contribute to answering this question. Methodology and method are key to constituting psychology as a science. Hence, the focus is on three major methodologic-methodic approaches to what Vygotsky referred to in hisNotebookstowards the end of his life as his and his colleagues’ “acmeist psychology” – the objective-analytical, the method of double stimulation and the semic method. Each will be discussed in its own right, followed by a discussion of the interrelatedness of the three in order to provide stimulation for future possibilities. These possibilities – it will be argued – lie in decisively re-orienting psychology as a science that brings single cases and complex semiotic analyses to the fore and thereby also rethinks psychology’s relation towards the arts, especially literature.
Processing and Characterization of Self-Reducing Briquettes Made of Jarosite and Blast Furnace Sludges
Authors: Mombelli Davide , Gonçalves Danilo Luvizotto , Mapelli Carlo , Barella Silvia , Gruttadauria Andrea
Published: September 2021

Jarosite sludge coming from the hydrometallurgical zinc production route is a hazardous material, which is currently neutralized and landfilled by the so-called Jarofix® process. The present study aims to assess the mechanical and metallurgical properties of briquettes made of jarosite powder with blast furnace sludges, acting as a reductant material, to recover the iron oxide in the form of pig iron and produce an inert slag, increasing the recovery of materials considered as wastes nowadays. Starch was used as a binder (0, 5, 10 wt%), and two different briquetting pressure levels were used (20 and 40 MPa). The results show that briquetting without a binder is not desirable, as the agglomerating forces provided by pressure only are not sufficient, as the briquettes are very fragile and not handy. The binder addition increased noticeably the briquettes resistance, however, only little distinction between the 5 and 10 wt% levels were seen. The briquetting pressure, on the other hand, showed a bigger role on the cold mechanical properties of the bound briquettes. The briquettes pressed at 40 MPa reached an average compressive strength higher than 12 MPa and good abrasion and drop resistance were seen, also showing that their production with starch as a binder is feasible. A special remark is done regarding the roasting treatment of the jarosite powder before the briquetting process, as an undesirable compound (thenardite) was formed within some briquettes due to a non-uniform heating of the powder, which hindered the briquettes mechanical properties. Metallurgical properties open the possibility to use such briquettes for iron production in cupola furnaces.

Graphical Abstract
Zum Labyrinth moralischer Gefühle zu Reichtum
Authors: Schürz Martin
Published: September 2021

Daten zu Vermögen, Einkommen und Ausgaben einerseits und Narrative zu Reichtum andererseits stehen in einem losen Verhältnis zueinander. Menschen positionieren sich in der Vermögensverteilung an falscher Stelle und unterschätzen die ungleiche Vermögensverteilung deutlich. In Narrativen zu Reichtum ist zudem von Leistung, Habgier, Verdienst und Großzügigkeit die Rede.

Zur Klärung der Bedeutung von Narrativen zu Reichtum ist daher eine Bezugnahme auf Gefühle von Menschen wichtig. Adam Smith hat in seiner Theorie der ethischen Gefühle wesentliche moralpsychologische Überlegungen zu Sympathie angestellt. Ich konzentriere mich auf seine Beobachtung, dass arme Menschen Reiche bewundern und argumentiere, dass ein solches Gefühl der Bewunderung rational fragwürdige Narrative stärken kann. Bestimmte Narrative zu Reichtum korrespondieren zwar nicht mit empirischen Mikrodaten aus Haushaltserhebungen, aber sie entsprechen reichtumsfreundlichen Gefühlen.
Pigouvian Tolls and Welfare Optimality with Parallel Servers and Heterogeneous Customers
Authors: Bodas Tejas , Ganesh Ayalvadi , Manjunath D.
Published: September 2021

Congestion externalities are a well-known phenomenon in transportation and communication networks, healthcare etc. Optimization by self-interested agents in such settings typically results in equilibria which are sub-optimal for social welfare. Pigouvian taxes or tolls, which impose a user charge equal to the negative externality caused by the marginal user to other users, are a mechanism for combating this problem. In this paper, we study a non-atomic congestion game in which heterogeneous agents choose amongst a finite set of heterogeneous servers. The delay at a server is an increasing function of its load. Agents differ in their sensitivity to delay. We show that, while selfish optimisation by agents is sub-optimal for social welfare, imposing admission charges at the servers equal to the Pigouvian tax causes the user equilibrium to maximize social welfare. In addition, we characterize the structure of welfare optimal and of equilibrium allocations.
Metabolic profile differences in ACTH‐dependent and ACTH‐independent Cushing syndrome
Authors: Li Zhengyang , Zhang Chen , Geng Chong , Song Yongfeng
Published: September 2021

Background

The most common etiologies of Cushing's syndrome (CS) are adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)‐producing pituitary adenoma (pitCS) and primary adrenal gland disease (adrCS), both of which burden patients with metabolic disturbance. The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic features of pitCS and adrCS patients.

Methods

A retrospective review including 114 patients (64 adrCS and 50 pitCS) diagnosed with CS in 2009–2019 was performed. Metabolic factors were then compared between pitCS and adrCS groups.

Results

Regarding sex, females suffered both adrCs (92.2%) and pitCS (88.0%) more frequently than males. Regarding age, patients with pitCS were diagnosed at a younger age (35.40 ± 11.94 vs. 39.65 ± 11.37 years, p = 0.056) than those with adrCS, although the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, pitCS patients had much higher ACTH levels and more serious occurrences of hypercortisolemia at all time points (8 AM, 4 PM, 12 AM) than that in adrCS patients. Conversely, indexes, including body weight, BMI, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, and uric acid, showed no differences between adrCS and pitCS patients. Furthermore, diabetes prevalence was higher in pitCS patients than in adrCS patients; however, there were no significant differences in hypertension or dyslipidemia prevalence between the two.

Conclusions

Although adrCS and pitCS had different pathogenetic mechanisms, different severities of hypercortisolemia, and different diabetes prevalences, both etiologies had similar metabolic characteristics.
Racism as a Human Rights Risk: Reconsidering the Corporate ‘Responsibility to Respect’ Rights
Authors: GEORGE Erika
Published: September 2021

Darnella Frazer, a teenage witness to a fatal police encounter, used social media to share her cell phone video footage capturing a white police officer casually kneeling on the neck of a handcuffed Black man named George Floyd for nearly nine minutes. Her video rapidly went viral, sparking civil unrest across the United States (US) and protests around the world.1 Independent experts of the Special Procedures of the United Nations Human Rights Council came together to issue a joint statement condemning ‘systemic racism’ and ‘state sponsored racial violence’ in the US.2 George Floyd was not the first unarmed Black person to die in police custody under questionable circumstances,3 but his murder motivated many to confront the reality of racism in American society. A broad section of the business community reacted to the civil unrest in the immediate aftermath of the murder of George Floyd with solidarity statements denouncing racism and pledges to promote racial equality.4 Brands rushed to embrace the previously untouchable #BlackLivesMatter movement in marketing campaigns. Business leaders expressed interested in evaluating how particular policies and practices operate in ways that serve to promote racial discrimination or perpetuate racial inequality.5
New programs for translating research to patient care: Lessons learned at the NIH Center for Accelerated Innovations at Cleveland Clinic
Authors: Reizes Ofer , Low Mark , Josyula Vara Prasad , Ellis James , Vince D. Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

The NIH Center for Accelerated Innovations at Cleveland Clinic (NCAI-CC) was funded by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) to support academic investigators in technology development and commercialization. NCAI-CC was one of three multi-institutional Centers established in the fall of 2013. The goal of each Center was to catalyze the growth of an ecosystem of commercialization within their affiliated institutions and regions by managing a program of funding and guiding translational project development and by delivering commercialization education programs to participating investigators. NCAI-CC created and managed such a funding program, ultimately supporting 75 different projects across seven separate academic institutions and developed tailored educational content following the National Science Foundation I-Corps™ curriculum and delivered the program to 79 teams from 12 institutions. We determined early on that in establishment and implementation of projects, it is important to support the teams and principal investigators throughout the program. The support includes a change in principal investigator mindset from specific aims orientation to goals and deliverables on projects. Our skills development efforts emphasized commercialization and a deep understanding of customer needs for new technology adoption. Here, we review our experiences, outcomes, and insights, including the challenges identified in program implementation.
ABU SALABIKH – ABSOLUTE RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY
Authors: Wencel Maciej M.
Published: September 2021

This article presents a new absolute chronology for the archaeological site of Abu Salabikh, Southern Iraq, during the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. The main goals of this study were to synchronise the sequences of the West and Main Mounds, corroborating the dating schemes based on archaeological and textual finds, and assigning an absolute date to the transition between Uruk and Early Dynastic (ED) periods. Previously published dates and newly produced 14C measurements were used in tandem with Bayesian statistical models to arrive at more precise time estimates. Some inconsistencies in the results point to possible disturbance of the archaeological sequence in the context of tannur kilns and highlight the need for careful sample collection and selection methodology. The results suggest a hiatus in settlement between the Uruk and ED periods c. 3000 BC, and confirm the date of c. 2650-2500 BC for the Early Dynastic ED IIIa Fara-style texts.
A multinational case−control study comparing forensic and non-forensic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the EU-VIORMED project
Authors: de Girolamo Giovanni , Iozzino Laura , Ferrari Clarissa , Gosek Pawel , Heitzman Janusz , Salize Hans Joachim , Wancata Johannes , Picchioni Marco , Macis Ambra
Published: September 2021

Background

The relationship between schizophrenia and violence is complex. The aim of this multicentre case–control study was to examine and compare the characteristics of a group of forensic psychiatric patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorders and a history of significant interpersonal violence to a group of patients with the same diagnosis but no lifetime history of interpersonal violence.

Method

Overall, 398 patients (221 forensic and 177 non-forensic patients) were recruited across five European Countries (Italy, Germany, Poland, Austria and the United Kingdom) and assessed using a multidimensional standardised process.

Results

The most common primary diagnosis in both groups was schizophrenia (76.4%), but forensic patients more often met criteria for a comorbid personality disorder, almost always antisocial personality disorder (49.1v.0%). The forensic patients reported lower levels of disability and better social functioning. Forensic patients were more likely to have been exposed to severe violence in childhood. Education was a protective factor against future violence as well as higher levels of disability, lower social functioning and poorer performances in cognitive processing speed tasks, perhaps as proxy markers of the negative syndrome of schizophrenia. Forensic patients were typically already known to services and in treatment at the time of their index offence, but often poorly compliant.

Conclusions

This study highlights the need for general services to stratify patients under their care for established violence risk factors, to monitor patients for poor compliance and to intervene promptly in order to prevent severe violent incidents in the most clinically vulnerable.
A rejoinder
Authors: Aguilar Filomeno V.
Published: September 2021

In his response to my review of his book, Ulbe Bosma reiterates that high demographic growth and the consequent abundance of surplus labor as well as local systems of labor control were important factors in the peripheralization of Island Southeast Asia. Colonialism itself, he argues, is not responsible for the making of a periphery.
VESIcal Part I: An Open‐Source Thermodynamic Model Engine for Mixed Volatile (H2O‐CO2) Solubility in Silicate Melts
Authors: Iacovino K. , Matthews S. , Wieser P. E. , Moore G. M. , Bégué F.
Published: September 2021

Thermodynamics has been fundamental to the interpretation of geologic data and modeling of geologic systems for decades. However, more recent advancements in computational capabilities and a marked increase in researchers' accessibility to computing tools has outpaced the functionality and extensibility of currently available modeling tools. Here, we present VESIcal (Volatile Equilibria and Saturation Identification calculator): the first comprehensive modeling tool for O, , and mixed (O‐) solubility in silicate melts that: (a) allows users access to seven of the most popular models, plus easy inter‐comparison between models; (b) provides universal functionality for all models (e.g., functions for calculating saturation pressures, degassing paths, etc.); (c) can process large datasets (1,000s of samples) automatically; (d) can output computed data into an Excel spreadsheet or CSV file for simple post‐modeling analysis; (e) integrates plotting capabilities directly within the tool; and (f) provides all of these within the framework of a python library, making the tool extensible by the user and allowing any of the model functions to be incorporated into any other code capable of calling python. The tool is presented within this manuscript, which may be read as a static PDF but is better experienced via the Jupyter Notebook version of this manuscript. Here, we present worked examples accessible to python users with a range of skill levels. The basic functions of VESIcal can also be accessed via a web app (https://vesical.anvil.app). The VESIcal python library is open‐source and available for download at https://github.com/kaylai/VESIcal, or it can be installed using pip. It is recommended to read and interact with this manuscript as an executable Jupyter Notebook, available at https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/kaylai/vesical-binder/HEAD?filepath=Manuscript.ipynb.
The Active and Passive Roles of the Ocean in Generating Basin‐Scale Heat Content Variability
Authors: Stephenson Dafydd , Sévellec Florian
Published: September 2021

The role of ocean circulation in transforming surface forcing into interannual‐to‐multidecadal oceanic variability is an area of ongoing debate. Here, a novel method, establishing exact causal links, is used to quantitatively determine the role of ocean active and passive processes in transforming stochastic surface forcing into heat content variability. To this end, we use a global ocean model in which the dynamical response to forcing can be switched on (fully active) or off (purely passive) and consider the resulting effect on heat content variance. While passive ocean processes mainly control the surface variance (over 92%) in all basins, most regions show the importance of active processes at depth. This role is particularly important for full‐depth North Atlantic heat content, which we investigate further, highlighting signatures of the meridional overturning circulation in delaying the variance growth.
Rapid, Concurrent Formation of Organic Sulfur and Iron Sulfides During Experimental Sulfurization of Sinking Marine Particles
Authors: Raven M. R. , Keil R. G. , Webb S. M.
Published: September 2021

Organic matter (OM) sulfurization can enhance the preservation and sequestration of carbon in anoxic sediments, and it has been observed in sinking marine particles from marine O2‐deficient zones. The magnitude of this effect on carbon burial remains unclear, however, because the transformations that occur when sinking particles encounter sulfidic conditions remain undescribed. Here, we briefly expose sinking marine particles from the eastern tropical North Pacific O2‐deficient zone to environmentally relevant sulfidic conditions (20°C, 0.5 mM [poly]sulfide, 2 days) and then characterize the resulting solid‐phase organic and inorganic products in detail. During these experiments, the abundance of organic sulfur in both hydrolyzable and hydrolysis‐resistant solids roughly triples, indicating extensive OM sulfurization. Lipids also sulfurize on this time scale, albeit less extensively. In all three pools, OM sulfurization produces organic monosulfides, thiols, and disulfides. Hydrolyzable sulfurization products appear within ≤200‐μm regions of relatively homogeneous composition that are suggestive of sulfurized extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Concurrently, reactions with particulate iron oxyhydroxides generate low and fairly uniform concentrations of iron sulfide (FeS) within these same EPS‐like materials. Iron oxyhydroxides were not fully consumed during the experiment, which demonstrates that organic materials can be competitive with reactive iron for sulfide. These experiments support the hypothesis that sinking, OM‐rich and EPS‐rich particles in a sulfidic water mass can sulfurize within days, potentially contributing to enhanced sedimentary carbon sequestration. Additionally, sulfur‐isotope and chemical records of organic S and iron sulfides in sediments have the potential to incorporate signals from water column processes.
Impact of Subglacial Freshwater Discharge on Pine Island Ice Shelf
Authors: Nakayama Yoshihiro , Cai Cilan , Seroussi Helene
Published: September 2021

Satellite‐based estimates of ice shelf melt rates reach 200 m  close to the grounding line of Pine Island Glacier, in West Antarctica. However, ocean simulations have not yet been able to reproduce such high melt rates, even with high‐resolution models. Here, we use a regional model of Pine Island ice shelf cavity and study the impact of subglacial freshwater discharge on simulated ice shelf melt rates and ocean circulation in the cavity. We show that subglacial freshwater discharge substantially enhances ice shelf melting close to the grounding line, successfully simulating high ice shelf melt rates suggested by observations. The buoyant mixture of glacial meltwater plume rises to 27.4 isopycnal surfaces, following topographically constrained current, and spreads into mid‐depths at the ice shelf front. The role of freshwater discharge is likely to remain unchanged over the coming decades given the projected evolution of runoff and rainfall over Pine Island basin.
North Atlantic as a Trigger for Pacific‐Wide Decadal Climate Change
Authors: Yao Shuai‐Lei , Zhou Wen , Jin Fei‐Fei , Zheng Fei
Published: September 2021

The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) features a basin‐scale horseshoe‐like sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern. Its cold‐phase shift around 1999, implicated as a driver for the early‐2000s global warming slowdown, has been potentially linked to the Atlantic warming during the positive‐phase Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV). However, the key mechanism for the trans‐basin Atlantic‐Pacific teleconnection remains debatable. Here, we show that an AMV‐SST cooling can initiate a pan‐Pacific response. The North Atlantic cooling induces westerly wind anomalies over the central‐western equatorial Pacific as Kelvin‐wave responses and easterly wind anomalies over the far‐eastern equatorial Pacific as Rossby‐wave responses. Additionally, anomalous lows are generated over the extratropical North and South Pacific through the midlatitude Rossby wave propagation. The tropical and midlatitude teleconnections act together to develop into a warm‐phase IPO‐like pattern through the wind‐induced latent heat. Our results suggest a potential of advancing the predictability of IPO through a skillful simulation of AMV.
Role of Mixed‐Layer Instabilities in the Seasonal Evolution of Eddy Kinetic Energy Spectra in a Global Submesoscale Permitting Simulation
Authors: Khatri Hemant , Griffies Stephen M. , Uchida Takaya , Wang Han , Menemenlis Dimitris
Published: September 2021

A submesoscale‐permitting global ocean simulation is used to study the upper ocean turbulence in high kinetic energy (KE) regions. Submesoscale processes peak in winter so that the geostrophic KE spectra tend to be relatively shallow in winter () with steeper spectra in summer (). This transition in KE spectral scaling has two phases. In the first phase (late autumn), KE spectra show the presence of two spectral regimes: power‐law in mesoscales and power‐law in submesoscales. The first phase appears with the onset of mixed‐layer instabilities, which convert available potential energy into KE, and this process results in a flattening of KE spectra at submesoscales. However, KE spectra at longer wavelengths follow scaling associated with a forward enstrophy transfer. In the second phase (late winter), KE produced through mixed‐layer instabilities is transferred to larger scales, and power‐law also develops in mesoscales.
Strengthened Relationship Between Tropical Indian Ocean Dipole and Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole After the Late 2000s
Authors: Huang Bicheng , Su Tao , Qu Shulin , Zhang Han , Hu Shujuan , Feng Guolin
Published: September 2021

This study identifies a strengthened relationship between the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD) during January–February–March (JFM) and the following autumn Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) after the late 2000s. Following the positive SIOD, the northwesterly wind anomalies help to maintain positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean by wind‐evaporation‐SST (WES) feedback during June–July–August (JJA). The anomalous northwesterly winds and the sustained positive SST anomalies promote the development of the zonal wavenumber‐3 pattern (ZW3P) and induce low‐level convergence in the mid‐latitude central southern Indian Ocean, leading to the anticyclone circulation over the northern Indian Ocean by the local Hadley circulation during JJA. The accompanying central equatorial easterly wind anomalies appear in JJA, which is the key to trigger a positive IOD event through Bjerknes feedback. This mechanism for the enhanced SIOD‐IOD relationship is independent from the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
High‐Resolution Mapping of Ice Cover Changes in Over 33,000 Lakes Across the North Temperate Zone
Authors: Wang Xinchi , Feng Lian , Gibson Luke , Qi Wei , Liu Junguo , Zheng Yi , Tang Jing , Zeng Zhenzhong , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: September 2021

More than 50% of global lakes periodically freeze, and their lake ice phenology is sensitive to climate change. However, spatially detailed quantification of the changes in lake ice at the global scale is not available. Here, we map ice cover in >33,000 lakes throughout the North Temperate Zone (23.5°–66.5°N) using 0.55 million Landsat images from 1985 to 2020. Over this period, we found a remarkable reduction in median ice cover occurrence (ICO) (61% to 43%), which was strongly related to warming terrestrial mean surface temperatures (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.05). Lakes in Europe showed the most pronounced ice loss (median ICO decreased from 50% to 24%), and extensive lake ice losses were also detected in the northern US, and central and eastern Asia. An overall increase in ice cover was identified from P2 (1999–2006) to P3 (2007–2014) due to regional decreased temperatures associated with the “global warming hiatus.” Thehigh‐resolution mapping of lake ice here provides essentialbaseline information whichcan be used to elucidate ice loss‐induced environmental and societal impacts.
Autoantibody profiles associated with clinical features in psychotic disorders
Authors: Jernbom Falk August , Galletly Cherrie , Just David , Toben Catherine , Baune Bernhard T. , Clark Scott R. , Liu Dennis , Nilsson Peter , Månberg Anna , Schubert K. Oliver
Published: September 2021

Autoimmune processes are suspected to play a role in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Better understanding of the associations between auto-immunoglobulin G (IgG) repertoires and clinical features of mental illness could yield novel models of the pathophysiology of psychosis, and markers for biological patient stratification. We undertook cross-sectional detection and quantification of auto-IgGs in peripheral blood plasma of 461 people (39% females) with established psychotic disorder diagnoses. Broad screening of 24 individuals was carried out on group level in eight clinically defined groups using planar protein microarrays containing 42,100 human antigens representing 18,914 proteins. Autoantibodies indicated by broad screening and in the previous literature were measured using a 380-plex bead-based array for autoantibody profiling of all 461 individuals. Associations between autoantibody profiles and dichotomized clinical characteristics were assessed using a stepwise selection procedure. Broad screening and follow-up targeted analyses revealed highly individual autoantibody profiles. Females, and people with family histories of obesity or of psychiatric disorders other than schizophrenia had the highest overall autoantibody counts. People who had experienced subjective thought disorder and/or were treated with clozapine (trend) had the lowest overall counts. Furthermore, six autoantibodies were associated with specific psychopathology symptoms: anti-AP3B2 (persecutory delusions), anti-TDO2 (hallucinations), anti-CRYGN (initial insomnia); anti-APMAP (poor appetite), anti-OLFM1 (above-median cognitive function), and anti-WHAMMP3 (anhedonia and dysphoria). Future studies should clarify whether there are causal biological relationships, and whether autoantibodies could be used as clinical markers to inform diagnostic patient stratification and choice of treatment.
Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate liver fibrosis by targeting Ly6Chi/lo macrophages through activating the cytokine-paracrine and apoptotic pathways
Authors: Li Yuan-hui , Shen Shuang , Shao Tong , Jin Meng-ting , Fan Dong-dong , Lin Ai-fu , Xiang Li-xin , Shao Jian-zhong
Published: September 2021

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has become a promising treatment for liver fibrosis due to its predominant immunomodulatory performance in hepatic stellate cell inhibition and fibrosis resolution. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain limited. In the present study, we provide insights into the functional role of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) in alleviating liver fibrosis by targeting intrahepatic Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo macrophage subsets in a mouse model. Upon chronic injury, the Ly6Chi subset was significantly increased in the inflamed liver. Transplantation of BM-MSCs markedly promoted a phenotypic switch from pro-fibrotic Ly6Chi subset to restorative Ly6Clo subpopulation by secreting paracrine cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 from the BM-MSCs. The Ly6Chi/Ly6Clo subset switch significantly blocked the source of fibrogenic TGF-β, PDGF, TNF-α, and IL-1β cytokines from Ly6Chi macrophages. Unexpectedly, BM-MSCs experienced severe apoptosis and produced substantial apoptotic bodies in the fibrotic liver during the 72 h period of transplantation. Most apoptotic bodies were engulfed by Ly6Clo macrophages, and this engulfment robustly triggered MMP12 expression for fibrosis resolution through the PtdSer-MerTK-ERK signaling pathway. This paper is the first to show previously unrecognized dual regulatory functions of BM-MSCs in attenuating hepatic fibrosis by promoting Ly6Chi/Ly6Clo subset conversion and Ly6Clo macrophage restoration through secreting antifibrogenic-cytokines and activating the apoptotic pathway.
A machine learning framework for damage mechanism identification from acoustic emissions in unidirectional SiC/SiC composites
Authors: Muir C. , Swaminathan B. , Fields K. , Almansour A. S. , Sevener K. , Smith C. , Presby M. , Kiser J. D. , Pollock T. M. , Daly S.
Published: September 2021

In this work, we demonstrate that damage mechanism identification from acoustic emission (AE) signals generated in minicomposites with elastically similar constituents is possible. AE waveforms were generated by SiC/SiC ceramic matrix minicomposites (CMCs) loaded under uniaxial tension and recorded by four sensors (two models with each model placed at two ends). Signals were encoded with a modified partial power scheme and subsequently partitioned through spectral clustering. Matrix cracking and fiber failure were identified based on the frequency information contained in the AE event they produced, despite the similar constituent elastic properties of the matrix and fiber. Importantly, the resultant identification of AE events closely followed CMC damage chronology, wherein early matrix cracking is later followed by fiber breaks, even though the approach is fully domain-knowledge agnostic. Additionally, the partitions were highly precise across both the model and location of the sensors, and the partitioning was repeatable. The presented approach is promising for CMCs and other composite systems with elastically similar constituents.
Antipsychotics for negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia: dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled acute phase trials
Authors: Sabe Michel , Zhao Nan , Crippa Alessio , Kaiser Stefan
Published: September 2021

Determining the optimal antipsychotic target dose in acute phase treatment is of high clinical relevance. The effect of antipsychotics on negative symptoms should be taken into account because patients will often continue on the treatment received in the acute phase. Therefore, we conducted a formal dose-response meta-analysis of negative symptoms and positive symptoms based on a systematic review of fixed-dose randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effectiveness of antipsychotics for the acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Forty RCTs included a total of 15,689 patients. The 95% effective doses per day for the 13 antipsychotics included and 3 long acting were mostly different for negative and positive symptoms: amisulpride (481 mg, 690.6 mg); aripiprazole (11.9 mg, 11 mg); asenapine (7.61 mg, 5.66 mg); brexpiprazole (2.1 mg, 4 mg); cariprazine (4 mg, 6.51 mg); haloperidol (6.34 mg, 7.36 mg); lurasidone (58.2 mg, 86.3 mg); olanzapine (15.5 mg, 9.52 mg); olanzapine long-acting injection (15.7 mg, 13.5 mg); paliperidone (7.2 mg, 7 mg); paliperidone long-acting injection (7.5 mg, 5.9 mg); quetiapine instant-release (264.2 mg, 316.5 mg); quetiapine extended-release (774 mg, 707.2 mg); risperidone (7.5 mg, 7.7 mg); risperidone long-acting injection (5.13 mg, 6.7 mg); sertindole (13.5 mg, 16.3 mg); and ziprasidone (71.6 mg, 152.6 mg). The shape of the dose-response curves varied across different drugs with most drugs showing a plateau at higher doses. Most dose-response curves suggested that the near-maximum effective doses could be in the lower-to-medium range of the licensed dose. Additional RCTs are necessary to establish the optimal dose.
Immunoprofiles associated with controlled human malaria infection and naturally acquired immunity identify a shared IgA pre-erythrocytic immunoproteome
Authors: Berry Andrea A. , Obiero Joshua M. , Travassos Mark A. , Ouattara Amed , Coulibaly Drissa , Adams Matthew , de Assis Rafael Ramiro , Jain Aarti , Taghavian Omid , Sy Andrew , Nakajima Rie , Jasinskas Algis , Laurens Matthew B. , Takala-Harrison Shannon , Kouriba Bourema , Kone Abdoulaye K. , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Sim B. Kim Lee , Hoffman Stephen L. , Plowe Christopher V. , Thera Mahamadou A. , Felgner Philip L. , Lyke Kirsten E.
Published: September 2021

Knowledge of the Plasmodium falciparum antigens that comprise the human liver stage immunoproteome is important for pre-erythrocytic vaccine development, but, compared with the erythrocytic stage immunoproteome, more challenging to classify. Previous studies of P. falciparum antibody responses report IgG and rarely IgA responses. We assessed IgG and IgA antibody responses in adult sera collected during two controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies in malaria-naïve volunteers and in 1- to 6-year-old malaria-exposed Malian children on a 251 P. falciparum antigen protein microarray. IgG profiles in the two CHMI groups were equivalent and differed from Malian children. IgA profiles were robust in the CHMI groups and a subset of Malian children. We describe immunoproteome differences in naïve vs. exposed individuals and report pre-erythrocytic proteins recognized by the immune system. IgA responses detected in this study expand the list of pre-erythrocytic antigens for further characterization as potential vaccine candidates.
Deimmunization of flagellin for repeated administration as a vaccine adjuvant
Authors: Khim Koemchhoy , Bang Yong Jun , Puth Sao , Choi Yoonjoo , Lee Youn Suhk , Jeong Kwangjoon , Lee Shee Eun , Rhee Joon Haeng
Published: September 2021

Flagellin, a protein-based Toll-like receptor agonist, is a versatile adjuvant applicable to wide spectrum of vaccines and immunotherapies. Given reiterated treatments of immunogenic biopharmaceuticals should lead to antibody responses precluding repeated administration, the development of flagellin not inducing specific antibodies would greatly expand the chances of clinical applications. Here we computationally identified immunogenic regions in Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B and deimmunized by simply removing a B cell epitope region. The recombinant deimmunized FlaB (dFlaB) maintains stable TLR5-stimulating activity. Multiple immunization of dFlaB does not induce FlaB-specific B cell responses in mice. Intranasally co-administered dFlaB with influenza vaccine enhanced strong Ag-specific immune responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments devoid of FlaB-specific Ab production. Notably, dFlaB showed better protective immune responses against lethal viral challenge compared with wild type FlaB. The deimmunizing B cell epitope deletion did not compromise stability and adjuvanticity, while suppressing unwanted antibody responses that may negatively affected vaccine antigen-directed immune responses in repeated vaccinations. We explain the underlying mechanism of deimmunization by employing molecular dynamics analysis.
Spatial allocation of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emission statistics data fusing multi-source data based on Bayesian network
Authors: Tao Jianbin , Kong XiangBing
Published: September 2021

A gridded social-economic data is essential for geoscience analysis and multidisciplinary application. Spatial allocation of carbon dioxide statistics data is an important issue in the context of global climate change, which involves the carbon emissions accounting and decomposition of responsibility for carbon emission reductions. In this research a new spatial allocation method for non-point source anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (ACDE) fusing multi-source data using Bayesian Network (BN) was introduced. In addition to common-used DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program), PD (population density) and GDP (Gross Domestic Production) data, the land cover and vegetation data was imported into the model as prior knowledge to optimize the model fitting. The prior knowledge here was based on the understanding that ACDE was dominated by human activities and has strong correlations with land cover and vegetation conditions. A 1 km gridded ACDE map integrated emissions form point-source and non-point source was generated and validated. The model predicts ACDE with high accuracies and great improvement can be observed when fusing land cover and vegetation as prior knowledge. The model can achieve successful statistics data downscaling on national scale provided adequate sample data are available, offering a novel method for ACDE accounting in China.
Reduced mitochondrial fission and impaired energy metabolism in human primary skeletal muscle cells of Megaconial Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Aksu-Menges Evrim , Eylem Cemil Can , Nemutlu Emirhan , Gizer Merve , Korkusuz Petek , Topaloglu Haluk , Talim Beril , Balci-Hayta Burcu
Published: September 2021

Megaconial Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by enlarged mitochondria located mainly at the periphery of muscle fibers and caused by mutations in the Choline Kinase Beta (CHKB) gene. Although the pathogenesis of this disease is not well understood, there is accumulating evidence for the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics affects mitochondrial function and bioenergetic efficiency in skeletal muscle cells of Megaconial CMD. Immunofluorescence, confocal and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed impaired mitochondrial network, morphology, and localization in primary skeletal muscle cells of Megaconial CMD. The organelle disruption was specific only to skeletal muscle cells grown in culture. The expression levels of mitochondrial fission proteins (DRP1, MFF, FIS1) were found to be decreased significantly in both primary skeletal muscle cells and tissue sections of Megaconial CMD by Western blotting and/or immunofluorescence analysis. The metabolomic and fluxomic analysis, which were performed in Megaconial CMD for the first time, revealed decreased levels of phosphonucleotides, Krebs cycle intermediates, ATP, and altered energy metabolism pathways. Our results indicate that reduced mitochondrial fission and altered mitochondrial energy metabolism contribute to mitochondrial dysmorphology and dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Megaconial CMD.
Artificial intelligence application versus physical therapist for squat evaluation: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Luna Alessandro , Casertano Lorenzo , Timmerberg Jean , O’Neil Margaret , Machowsky Jason , Leu Cheng-Shiun , Lin Jianghui , Fang Zhiqian , Douglas William , Agrawal Sunil
Published: September 2021

Artificial intelligence technology is becoming more prevalent in health care as a tool to improve practice patterns and patient outcomes. This study assessed ability of a commercialized artificial intelligence (AI) mobile application to identify and improve bodyweight squat form in adult participants when compared to a physical therapist (PT). Participants randomized to AI group (n = 15) performed 3 squat sets: 10 unassisted control squats, 10 squats with performance feedback from AI, and 10 additional unassisted test squats. Participants randomized to PT group (n = 15) also performed 3 identical sets, but instead received performance feedback from PT. AI group intervention did not differ from PT group (log ratio of two odds ratios =  − 0.462, 95% confidence interval (CI) (− 1.394, 0.471), p = 0.332). AI ability to identify a correct squat generated sensitivity 0.840 (95% CI (0.753, 0.901)), specificity 0.276 (95% CI (0.191, 0.382)), PPV 0.549 (95% CI (0.423, 0.669)), NPV 0.623 (95% CI (0.436, 0.780)), and accuracy 0.565 95% CI (0.477, 0.649)). There was no statistically significant association between group allocation and improved squat performance. Current AI had satisfactory ability to identify correct squat form and limited ability to identify incorrect squat form, which reduced diagnostic capabilities.

Trial Registration NCT04624594, 12/11/2020, retrospectively registered.
The contribution of platelets to peripheral BDNF elevation in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Farmer Cristan A. , Thurm Audrey E. , Honnekeri Bianca , Kim Paul , Swedo Susan E. , Han Joan C.
Published: September 2021

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key peptide in neurocognitive development, has been reported to be elevated in the serum of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a few studies, however, no differences or the converse have been documented. As a secondary analysis of a natural history study, we examined differences in ELISA serum BDNF between a group of children aged 1 to 9 years (69% white) with ASD (n = 94) and those with typical development (n = 52) or non-ASD developmental delay (n = 21), while accounting for the potential confounding effects of platelet quantity. Platelet counts were measured within 4 h of blood draw using an automated cell counter. Taqman single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays were used to genotype 11 SNPs within the BDNF locus. Unadjusted mean BDNF concentration was higher in children with ASD than in children with typical development (standardized mean difference = 0.23; 95% CI 0.07, 0.38), but not children with non-ASD developmental delay. The magnitude of this difference was reduced after adjusting for platelet count (standardized mean difference = 0.18; 95% CI 0.02, 0.33). Although some BDNF SNPs were related to BDNF concentration, the distributions of these genotypes did not differ across diagnostic groups. This study replicates previous work suggesting that average serum BDNF concentration is higher in ASD compared to typical development, and extends that work by highlighting the potentially confounding role of platelet counts. The etiology of platelet count differences warrants further elucidation. Nonetheless, our results suggest that elevation in BDNF may be partially explained by higher platelet counts in children with ASD, an association that should be considered in future analysis and interpretation.

Registration: NCT00298246