bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Spectral and Anthelmintic Activity Studies on Some Novel Imidazole Derivatives
Authors: Dahiya Rajiv , Kumar Anil
Published: March 2012

Present study describes the synthesis of a novel series of 3,5‐diiodo‐4‐(5‐nitro‐1H‐2‐imidazolyl)benzoyl amino acids and di/tri/tetrapeptides using diisopropylcarbodiimide/dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DIPC/DCC) as coupling agents and N‐methylmorpholine/triethylamine (NMM/TEA) as bases. Structure elucidation of all the newly synthesized compounds was done by elemental analysis and IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. Synthesized imidazolopeptides were screened for their anthelmintic activity and found to possess moderate to good bioactivity against earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis, Pontoscotex corethruses and Eudrilus eugeniea when compared to reference drugs ‐ albendazole and mebendazole at dose level of 2 mg mL−1.
Estimation of Chlorpyriphos in its Formulation (Paraban 20% EC) by Reversed‐Phase HPLC
Authors: Joshi Deepti , Sand N. K.
Published: March 2012

A method has been developed for estimation of active ingredient in chlorpyriphos formulation (Paraban 20% EC). The formulation was extracted in chloroform, dried and resuspended in acetonitrile. The cleanup was performed using C18 SPE cartridge. The active ingredient was estimated using 5 μm ODS‐II column, mobile phase was acetonitrile: water (75:25 v/v) and detection at 229nm. The efficiency of clean up method was found to be 95% and minimum limit of detection < 2.5ng. The detector response was linear with in concentration range 2.5ng – 50ng at RSD 1.42%.
Microwave Assisted Improved Method for the Synthesis of Pyrazole Containing 2,4,‐Disubstituted Oxazole‐5‐one and their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Argade N. D. , Kalrale B. K. , Gill C. H.
Published: March 2012

Disubstituted oxazol‐5‐one and pyrazoles are known to exhibit various biological activities. Therefore, in this work, we designed pyrazole containing 2,4‐disubstituted oxazol‐5‐one (3a-g) as a new class of antimicrobial agents. Synthesis of titled compounds was carried out by two different methods. In the first method (conventional Method A), disubstituted oxazol‐5‐one (3a-g) was prepared by reacting 1‐phenyl‐3‐p‐tolyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehyde (1a-g) with hippuric acid (2) and sodium acetate, in an acetic anhydride for 2.5 ‐ 4 h. In the second method (Method B), the above reaction was carried out under microwave assistance. Compared to the conventional method, the microwave‐assisted synthesis of 3,4,5‐trisubstituted imidazoles demonstrate several advantages, in terms of reaction time and overall yield. All the test compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. In general, compounds with electron withdrawing groups showed good antibacterial and antifungal activities. Among the compound tested, compound (3d) showed highest activity.
Isolation, Synthesis and Characterization of Rosiglitazone Maleate Impurities
Authors: Krishna Singamsetty Radha , Brahmeshwar Rao Mandava Venkata Naga , Raju Tirmalaraju Satyanaryana , Himabindu Vurimidi , Reddy Ghanta Mahesh
Published: March 2012

Three unknown impurities in rosiglitazone maleate 1 bulk drug at level below 0.1% (ranging from 0.05 to 0.1%) were detected by simple reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. These impurities were preliminarily identified with LC‐MS and characterized by the mass number of the impurities. Different experiments were conducted and finally synthesized and characterized the unknown impurities.
Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Aromatic Nitro Compounds Using Diammonium Hydrogen Phosphite and Commercial Zinc Dust
Authors: Kumar K. Anil , Shruthi K. S. , Naik Nagaraja , Gowda D. Channe
Published: March 2012

The aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to their corresponding amines at room temperature in good yields by employing diammonium hydrogen phosphite as hydrogen donor and zinc as catalyst. The hydrogenation is fast and selective in the presence of the other sensitive functionalities such as halogens, ‐OH, ‐NH2, ‐OCH3, ‐CN, ‐COCH3, ‐COOH, ‐COOR etc. It was observed that, this system is equally competitive with existing methods.
Utilization of Sago Waste as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Cu(II) Ion from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Maheswari P. , Venilamani N. , Madhavakrishnan S. , Shabudeen P. S. Syed , Venckatesh R. , Pattabhi S.
Published: March 2012

The preparation of activated carbon (AC) from sago industry waste is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for Cu(II) removal, as well as dispose of sago industry waste. The AC was prepared using sago industry waste with H2SO4 and (NH4)2S2O8 and physico‐chemical properties of AC were investigated. The specific surface area of the activated carbon was determined and its properties studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorptive removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution onto AC prepared from sago industry waste has been studied under varying conditions of agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose and pH to assess the kinetic and equilibrium parameters. Adsorption equilibrium was obtained in 60min for 20 to 50mg/L of Cu(II) concentrations. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm models were found to provide an excellent fitting of the adsorption data. In Freundlich equilibrium isotherm, the RL values obtained were in the range of 0 to 1 (0.043 to 0.31) for Cu(II) concentration of 10 to 100mg/L, which indicates favorable adsorption of Cu(II) onto Sago waste carbon. The adsorption capacity of Cu(II) (Qo) obtained from the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model was found to be 32.467 mg/g at pH 4 ± 0.2 for the particle size range of 125–250u. The percent removal increased with an increase in pH from 2 to 4. This adsorbent was found to be effective and economically attractive.
Development of RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of Rabeprazole in Pure and Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Rao A. Lakshmana , Kumar B. N. V. Ravi , G. Sankar G.
Published: March 2012

A simple, rapid, sensitive and precise High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of rabeprazole in bulk and tablet dosage form. In this method RP‐C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm I.D, 5 µ m particle size) with mobile phase consisting of methanol and water in the ratio of 65:35 v/v in isocratic mode was used. The detection wavelength is 284 nm and the flow rate is 0.8 mL/min. Tinidazole is used as internal standard. In the range of 0.25‐20 µ g/mL, the linearity of rabeprazole shows a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The drug and internal standard were eluted at 4.41± 0.05 and 2.16± 0.04 min. respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day variation was found to be less than 1% showing high precision of the assay method. The detection limit was found to be 100 ng/mL. The mobile phase selected for the proposed method is simple, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control analysis of rabeprazole in bluk and its tablet dosage from.
Assessment of Underground Water Contamination and Effect of Textile Effluents on Noyyal River Basin In and Around Tiruppur Town, Tamilnadu
Authors: Geetha A. , Palanisamy P. N. , Sivakumar P. , Kumar P. Ganesh , Sujatha M.
Published: March 2012

A systematic study has been carried out to assess the underground water contamination and the effect of textile effluents on Noyyal River basin in and around Tiruppur Town. Twenty six sampling locations were selected at random and the ground water samples were collected mostly from tube wells at Noyyal River basin in and around Tiruppur area. The samples were analyzed for major physical and chemical water quality parameters like pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl & SO42-. It was found that the underground water quality was contaminated at few sampling sites due to the industrial discharge of the effluents on to the river or land from the Tiruppur town. The sampling sites namely Orathupalayam, Karuvapalayam, Kulathupalayam, Uttukuli and Kodumanalpudur showed high deviations in total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg and chloride concentrations. Hence our study concludes that the underground water quality study in this region shows a constant variation in different parameters in different periods (before and after monsoon). So it is highly important to take periodical monitoring of the underground water quality in this region for our future sustainability
Orthophosphoric Acid Activated Babul Seed Carbon as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue
Authors: Sujatha M. , Geetha A. , Sivakumar P. , Palanisamy P. N.
Published: March 2012

An Experimental and theoretical study has been conducted on the adsorption of methylene blue dye using activated carbon prepared from babul seed by chemical activation with orthophosphoric acid. BET surface area of the activated carbon was determined as 1060 m2/g. Adsorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics were investigated as a function of initial dye concentration, temperature and pH. First order Lagergren, pseudo‐second order and Elovich kinetic models were used to test the adsorption kinetics. Results were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Based on regression coefficient, the equilibrium data found fitted well to the Langmuir equilibrium model than other models. The characteristics of the prepared activated carbon were found comparable to the commercial activated carbon. It is found that the babul seed activated carbon is very effective for the removal of colouring matter.
Production of Cellulosic Polymers from Agricultural Wastes
Authors: Israel A. U. , Obot I. B. , Umoren S. A. , Mkpenie V. , Asuquo J. E.
Published: March 2012

Cellulosic polymers namely cellulose, di‐and triacetate were produced from fourteen agricultural wastes; Branch and fiber after oil extraction from oil palm (Elais guineensis), raffia, piassava, bamboo pulp, bamboo bark from raphia palm (Raphia hookeri), stem and cob of maize plant (Zea mays), fruit fiber from coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera), sawdusts from cotton tree (Cossypium hirsutum), pear wood (Manilkara obovata), stem of Southern gamba green (Andropogon tectorus), sugarcane baggase (Saccharium officinarum) and plantain stem (Musa paradisiaca). They were subjected to soda pulping and hypochlorite bleaching system. Results obtained show that pulp yield from these materials were: 70.00, 39.59, 55.40, 86.00, 84.60, 80.00, 40.84, 81.67, 35.70, 69.11, 4.54, 47.19, 31.70 and 52.44% respectively. The pulps were acetylated with acetic anhydride in ethanoic acid catalyzed by conc. H2SO4 to obtain cellulose derivatives (Cellulose diacetate and triacetate). The cellulose diacetate yields were 41.20, 17.85, 23.13, 20.80, 20.23, 20.00, 39.00, 44.00, 18.80, 20.75, 20.03, 41.20, 44.00, and 39.00% respectively while the results obtained as average of four determinations for cellulose triacetate yields were: 52.00, 51.00, 43.10, 46.60, 49.00, 35.00, 40.60, 54.00, 57.50, 62.52, 35.70. 52.00, 53.00 and 38.70% respectively for all the agricultural wastes utilized. The presence of these cellulose derivatives was confirmed by a solubility test in acetone and chloroform.
Synthesis and Application of Acid Dyes Based on 3‐(4‐Aminophenyl)‐5‐benzylidene‐2‐substituted phenyl‐3, 5‐dihydroimidazol‐4‐one
Authors: Wadia Devang N. , Patel Pravin M.
Published: March 2012

A series of eight novel heterocyclic based monoazo acid dyes were synthesized using various substituted imidazol‐4‐one as diazo component and coupled with various amino‐napthol sulphonic acids. The resultant dyes were characterized using standard spectroscopic methods and then dyeing performance on wool fabric was assessed. Final results concluded that exhaustion (%E) of the dyes on wool fibers increased with decreasing pH of application and that fixation (%F) of the dyes on wool fibers increased with increasing pH of application and the highest total fixation efficiency was achieved at pH 5. Wash and light fastness properties of prepared dyes showed encouraging results.
Ground Water Quality of Gandhinagar Taluka, Gujarat, India
Authors: Shah Mayur C. , Shilpkar Prateek G. , Acharya Pradip B.
Published: March 2012

Present communication deals with study of physico‐chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), calcium hardness (CaH), magnesium hardness (MgH), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-), fluoride (F-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sulphate (SO42-) of water samples of bore wells of forty villages of Gandhinagar taluka of Gujarat state,India. The experimental values of water samples were compared with standard values given by World Health Organization (WHO) and United State Salinity Laboratory for drinking and irrigation purposes respectively. Water Quality Index (WQI) was also calculated to know the over all quality of water samples. The statistical analysis like mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (% CV), analysis of variance (ANOVA), t‐test, coefficient of correlation (r) and regression analysis of obtained data were carried out. The results show that the quality of water is poor and quite good for drinking and irrigation purposes respectively. The variance was found significant at 1% level of significance in case of sodium and potassium content and at 5% in case of total alkalinity and dissolved oxygen among the four regions (North, South, East and West) of Gandhinagar taluka. The linear relation also established for each pair of water quality parameters of studied water samples.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)
Authors: Kumar Atul
Published: March 2012

Effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), a surfactant on corrosion of mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid was studied using three techniques namely: weight loss, electrochemical polarization and metallurgical research microscopy. Results obtained reveal that SLS is good inhibitor and shows very good corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE). The IE was found to vary with concentration of inhibitor and temperature. The electrochemical polarization result revealed that SLS is anodic in nature.
Synthetic, Spectral and Thermal Studies of Tin(IV) Complexes of 1, 5‐Benzodiazepines
Authors: Suresh  , Srinivas Padaki , Suresh T. , Revanasiddappa M. , Khasim Syed
Published: March 2012

Tin(IV) complexes of 7‐substituted 6,7‐benzo‐1,5‐dizepines have been synthesized in absolute alcoholic medium. Elemental analysis indicates that the complexes have 1:2 stoichiometry of the type L2SnCl4, TGA data support this conclusion. Molar conductance values in DMF at 10–3 M suggest that, these complexes are non‐electrolytes. Infrared spectral data shows the involvement of C=N and NH groups in coordination with the metal ion. X‐ray diffraction pattern of few representative complexes indicate that, these are having simple cubic crystal structure. The energy of activation and order of reaction are calculated using TGA data of the complexes. All these information support that Sn(IV) in these complexes exhibits coordination number eight.
Surface Modification of Activated Carbon for Enhancement of Nickel(II) Adsorption
Authors: Edwin Vasu A.
Published: March 2012

A carbon prepared from coconut shells by simple carbonization was oxidized with different oxidizing agents, namely, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium persulphate and nitric acid. The surfaces of the unoxidized and oxidized carbons were characterized by Boehm and potentiometric titrations and IR spectra. The carbon materials prepared were tested for their ability to remove Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions by batch mode adsorption experiments. Oxidations increased the surface acidic groups on the carbon which resulted in increased affinity of the carbon towards Ni(II).
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of the Transformations in Hibiscus sabdariffa‐graft‐poly(butyl acrylate)
Authors: Kaith B. S. , Chauhan Aashish
Published: March 2012

Different reaction parameters for the graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto Hibiscus sabdariffa fiber were optimized. Graft copolymers thus obtained were subjected to characterization using XRD, TGA, DTA, SEM and FTIR techniques and were evaluated for physio‐chemical changes in the behavior. The percentage crystallinity and crystallinity index were found to decrease with increase in grafting while there was reduction in moisture absorption and increase in chemical, thermal resistance of the graft copolymers.
Adsorption of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Fe(III) from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon
Authors: Vasu A. Edwin
Published: March 2012

An activated carbon was tested for its ability to remove transition metal ions from aqueous solutions. Physical, Chemical and liquid‐phase adsorption characterizations of the carbon were done following standard procedures. Studies on the removal of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Fe(III) ions were attempted by varying adsorbate dose, pH of the metal ion solution and time in batch mode. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted with Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich‐Peterson isotherms and the isotherm constants were evaluated. Time variation studies indicate that adsorptions follow pseudo‐second order kinetics. pH was found to have a significant role to play in the adsorption. The processes were endothermic and the thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. Desorption studies indicate that ion‐exchange mechanism is operating.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III) Complexes with Schiff Base Derived from 3‐(4‐Chlorophenoxymethyl)‐4‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Reddy Vidyavati , Patil Nirdosh , Reddy Tukaram , Angadi S. D.
Published: March 2012

Coordination complexes of Cu(II),Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III)with Schiff bases derived from 3‐(4‐chlorophenoxymethyl)‐4‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1, 2, 4‐triazole and substituted aldehydes have been synthesized. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, magnetic susceptibility data, electronic, IR, ESR and 1H NMR spectral data. On the basis spectroscopic studies, the Schiff base is monobasic bidentate ligand having the composition ML2(2H2O) Where M = Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) ,Mn(II), ML2(H2O)Cl Where M = Fe(III). Various physicochemical data suggest a six coordinated octahedral geometry for Cu(II),Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III) complexes. The antibacterial activities of ligand and its complexes were screened by cup plate method.
Study on the Adsorption Kinetics of Acid Red 3B on Expanded Graphite
Authors: Pang Xiu-yan , Gong Fei
Published: March 2012

Expanded graphite (EG) is a kind of important adsorbent for organic compound such as oil and dyes. We have investigated the adsorption kinetics characteristics of this adsorbent for dye. EG was prepared with 50 mesh crude graphite through chemical oxidation intercalation of potassium permanganate and vitriol, and dye of acid red 3B was used as model sorbate. We have studied the adsorption kinetic models and rate‐limiting step of the process. Adsorption rate and activation energy of the adsorption process were calculated. Kinetic studies show that the kinetic data are well described by the pseudo second‐order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorbance increases with the increase of the initial acid red 3B concentration. Initial adsorption rate increases with the increase of the initial dye concentration and temperature. Adsorption process of acid red 3B on EG has small activation energy. Internal diffusion appears to be the rate‐limiting step for the adsorption process.
Novel Activated Carbons from Agricultural Wastes and their Characterization
Authors: Karthikeyan S. , Sivakumar P. , Palanisamy P.N.
Published: March 2012

Solid waste disposal has become a major problem in India, Either it has to be disposed safely or used for the recovery of valuable materials as agricultural wastes like turmeric waste, ferronia shell waste, jatropha curcus seed shell waste, delonix shell waste and ipomea carnia stem. Therefore these wastes have been explored for the preparation of activated carbon employing various techniques. Activated carbons prepared from agricultural solid wastes by chemical activation processes shows excellent improvement in the surface characteristics. Their characterization studies such as bulk density, moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, matter soluble in water, matter soluble in acid, pH, decolourising power, phenol number, ion exchange capacity, ion content and surface area have been carried out to assess the suitability of these carbons as absorbents in the water and wastewater. For anionic dyes (reactive, direct, acid) a close relationship between the surface area and surface chemical groups of the modified activated carbon and percentage of dye removal by adsorption can be observed. Cationic dyes large amount of surface chemical groups present in the sample (mainly carboxylic, anhydrides, lactones and phenols etc.) are good anchoring sites for adsorption. The present study reveals the recovery of valuable adsorbents from readily and cheaply available agriculture wastes.
Spectrophotometric and Conductometric Determination of Clomiphene Citrate and Nefazodone HCl
Authors: Hassan Wafaa S. , Hosny Mervat M.
Published: March 2012

Two accurate, rapid and simple spectrophotometric and conductometric methods were developed for the determination of clomiphene citrate (CMP) and nefazodone HCl (NFZ), the proposed methods depends upon the reaction of ammonium reineckate with the two studied drugs to form stable precipitate of ion‐pair complexes, which was dissolved in suitable solvent. The pink colored complexes were determined colorimetrically at 509, 523.6 nm, respectively. Using the conductometric titration, the studied drugs could be evaluated in 50% (v/v) acetone in the range 60.02‐540.18 and 63.3‐443.1 μg mL-1 for clomiphene citrate and nefazodone HCl, respectively. While for spectrophotometric method the ranges were 0.2‐1.8 and 0.2‐1.6 mg mL-1 for clomiphene citrate and nefazodone HCl respectively. Various experimental conditions were studied. The results obtained showed good recoveries with relative standard deviations of 0.759 and 0.552%. The proposed procedures were applied successfully to the analysis of these drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations and the results were favourably comparable with the official and reference methods. The molar combining ratio reveal that (1:1) (drug : reagent) ion associates were formed.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 2‐(4‐Halosubstituted phenyl)‐4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazoles
Authors: Nagalakshmi G.
Published: March 2012

In the present study, 2‐(4‐halosubstituted phenyl)‐4,5‐diphenyl‐1Himidazoles have been synthesized by refluxing benzil and ammonium acetate with different 4‐halosubstituted aromatic aldehydes in glacial acetic acid. The structural assignment of this compound has been made on the basis of elemental analysis, UV, IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral data. Toxicity of the compound has been determined. The synthesized compound was evaluated for antiinflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw oedema and anticonvulsant activity against maximal electro‐shock‐induced convulsions in rats.
The Harmonic Oscillator–A Simplified Approach
Authors: Ganesan L. R. , Balaji M.
Published: March 2012

Among the early problems in quantum chemistry, the one dimensional harmonic oscillator problem is an important one, providing a valuable exercise in the study of quantum mechanical methods. There are several approaches to this problem, the time honoured infinite series method, the ladder operator method etc. A method which is much shorter, mathematically simpler is presented here.
Estrification of Acetic Acid with Isoamyl Alcohol over Expandable Graphite Catalyst
Authors: Pang Xiu-Yan , Lv Pu , Yang Yi-Shuang , Ren Hai-Li , Gong Fei
Published: March 2012

The catalysis of expandable graphite for esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol has been studied. Expandable graphite was prepared with three different methods. In esterification reaction, the influences of catalyst amount, materials ratio, reaction time, prepared method of the expandable graphite on esterification reaction were discussed. X‐ray diffraction spectrum of expandable graphite testified the existence of H2SO4 intercalation reaction. Through L9(34) orthogonal experiment, optimum esterification reaction conditions were gained as: n(isoamyl alcohol):n(acetic acid)=1.5:1, w(catalyst with a expandable volume of 290 mL•g-1) = 7.5% total amount of materials, reaction time 1.5 h, and temperature keeping at the boiling point. Yield of isoamyl acetate reachs 96.0%. It was testified that expandable graphite was a kind of effective catalyst in the esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol.
Adsorption of Chromium Ions by Acid Activated Low Cost Carbon‐Kinetic,Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Studies
Authors: Venkatraman B. R. , Parthasarathy S. , Kasthuri A. , Pandian P. , Arivoli S.
Published: March 2012

A carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste, by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing metal ions. The process parameters studied include agitation time, initial metal ions concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature. The adsorption followed first order reaction equation and the rate is mainly controlled by intra‐particle diffusion. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plot were found to around 30 mg/g at an initial pH of 7.0. The temperature variation study showed that the metal ions adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface. Significant effect on adsorption was observed on varying the pH of the metal ion solutions. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms obtained, positive ΔH0 value, pH dependent results and desorption of metal ions in mineral acid suggest that the adsorption of metal ions on BBC involves chemisorption as well as physisorption mechanism.
Analytical Study for the Charge‐Transfer Complexes of Pregabalin
Authors: Salem Hesham
Published: March 2012

Studies were carried out, for the first time, to investigate the charge‐transfer reactions of Pregabalin (PRE) as n‐electron donor with various π‐acceptors: 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ), 2,5‐dichloro‐3,6‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone (chloranilic acid, pCA), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 2,3,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone (chloranil). Different colored charge‐transfer complexes and radical anions were obtained. Different variables affecting the reactions were studied and optimized. The formations of the colored complexes were utilized in the development of simple, rapid and accurate spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of PRE in pure form as well as in its pharmaceutical preparation. Under the optimum reaction conditions, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients (0.9995‐0.9999) were found between the absorbance and the concentrations of PRE in the range of 8‐400 µg mL-1. The limits of assays detection ranged from 0.60 to 8.11 µg mL-1. No interference could be observed from the additives commonly present in the capsules. The methods were successfully applied to the analysis of capsules that contain PRE, with good accuracy and precision; the recovery percentages ranged from 100.19±0.83 to 100.50±0.53. The results were compared favorably with the reported method.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Amino Acids Conjugated Diphenylmethylpiperazine Derivatives
Authors: Shivakumara K. N. , Prakasha K. C. , Gowda D. Channe
Published: March 2012

A series of amino acid conjugated diphenylmethylpiperazine derivatives were synthesized by coupling diphenylmethylpiperazine with different Boc‐amino acids using EDCI/HOBt as coupling agent and NMM as base. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H‐NMR and elemental analysis. The Boc‐deblocked derivatives were tested for their antimicrobial activity. We are here reporting that Phe and Trp conjugated diphenylmethylpiperazine showed equally good antibacterial activities as that of conventional antimicrobial drugs.
Studies on the Use of Oyster, Snail and Periwinkle Shells as Adsorbents for the Removalof Pb2+ Aqueous Solution
Authors: Odoemelam Stevens A. , Eddy Nnabuk Okon
Published: March 2012

In view of increasing rate of lead pollution resulting from discharge of lead containing effluents by industries into the environment, this study was carried out to investigate the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by oyster, snail and periwinkle shells. The effects of contact time and concentration on adsorption, thermodynamics of sorption and distribution coefficients of the adsorbents were examined to optimize the conditions to be utilized for decontamination of effluents containing Pb2+. The study revealed that these materials are good adsorbents that can be used for the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution. Adsorption of Pb2+ by oyster, snail and periwinkle shells were found to conform to the classical models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms. Thermodynamic consideration revealed that adsorption of Pb2+ by these materials was spontaneous and proceeded via chemical adsorption. The use of these materials for the removal of lead ion from aqueous solution is therefore advocated
Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Some Novel 3‐(6‐Substituted‐1, 3‐benzothiazole‐2‐yl)‐2‐[{(4‐substituted phenyl) amino} methyl] quinazolines‐4 (3H)‐ones
Authors: Srivastav Manish , Salahuddin MD. , Shantakumar S. M.
Published: March 2012

A series of novel 3‐(6‐substituted‐1, 3‐benzothiazole‐2‐yl)‐2‐[{(4‐substituted phenyl) amino} methyl] quinazolines‐4(3H)‐ones were synthesized by treating 2‐(chloromethyl)‐3‐(6‐substituted‐1, 3‐benzothiazole‐2‐yl) quinazoline‐4‐(3H)‐one (IIa-d) with various substituted amine. The compounds (IIa-d) prepared by treating 2‐[(chloroacetyl) amino] benzoic acid with different 2‐amino‐6‐substituted benzothiazole. Elemental analysis, IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral data confirmed the structure of the newly synthesized compounds. Synthesized quinazolines‐4‐one derivative were investigated for their anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial activity.
Design of New Electrode Interface to Improve Transport of Atmospheric Pressure Ions into a Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Beaudry Francis , Moore Robert B.
Published: March 2012

An intermediate electrode was developed to improve the transfer of ions in atmospheric pressure from a first location, the ion source, to a second location, the mass spectrometer. The new apparatus increase the efficiency of mass analysis of molecular constituents of liquids, including trace analysis of chemical entities, in which an electrospray (ES) or IonSpray™ (IS) technique is used to produce electrically charged droplets which divide and evaporate to form gaseous ions of the molecular constituents. The gas phase ions are transported to the mass spectrometer by an electric field generated by a new electrode design that separates the two fundamental functions of an electrospray or an IonSpray™, which are the nebulization of charged droplets and the transport of ions into the mass analyzer. The results suggest that the new apparatus provide a gain in signal intensity up to 10 compared with the commercial product. A significant improvement in ion transport results in higher precision and accuracy and/or reduction of the amount of material needed for analysis.
Photodecomposition of Molybdenum andTungsten Carbonyl Complexes
Authors: Alwani Thamer A. , Jassim Ayad H. , Hussein Falah H.
Published: March 2012

The photodecomposition of four different colored organometallic molybdenum and tungsten carbonyl complexes, i.e. [Mo(CO)5)2LA] (complex I), [(Mo(CO)3(bipy))2LB] (complex II), [(W(CO)3(tmen))2LB] (complex III) and [Mo(CO)2LC]2 (complex I V) where LA 2‐phenyl‐1,3‐indandione)bis(2‐methyl anilines, LB 2‐phenyl‐1,3‐indandione) bis (4‐hydroxy anilines and LCbis (2‐hydroxo‐benzalydine) benzidine ion have been performed at 365 nm in chloroform at 25 °C under oxygen atmosphere. The absorbance spectrum of these complexes has been recorded with the time of irradiation in order to examine the kinetics of photodecomposition. The rate of the photodecomposition process was investigated and the relative values of the rate constants of dissociation (Kd) for the first‐order reaction are tabulated. The apparent rate constant of photodecomposition was found to be (8.33‐11.50) × 10-5 s-1.
Synthesis of Novel Antibacterial Agents: 1‐(2′, 4′‐Dihydroxy‐5′‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐arylpropane‐1, 3‐Diones
Authors: Sheikh J. I. , Ingle V. N. , Juneja H. D.
Published: March 2012

1‐(2′, 4′‐Dihydroxy‐5′‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐arylpropane‐1, 3‐diones(3a‐h) have been synthesized by a simple and convenient method employing Baker‐Venkatraman transformation on 2‐aroyloxy‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐chloroacetophenones (2a‐h) with NaOH in dimethylsuphoxide regardless of pyridine. The structures of the synthesized compounds have been assigned on the basis of elemental and spectral analyses (IR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, Mass). The synthesized compounds were evaluated for the antibacterial efficacy against gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
Rapid and Sensitive Method for Quantitative Determination of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography‐ Tandem Mass Specrtometry
Authors: Temghare G. A. , Shetye S. S. , Joshi S. S.
Published: March 2012

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometric (LC‐MS‐MS) method for the simultaneous determination of lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma using abacavir as internal standard has been developed and validated. Sample preparation of plasma involved solid phase extraction. Detection was performed using an Applied Biosystems Sciex API 2000 Mass spectrometer. The assay of lopinavir and ritonavir was linear over the range of 50 ng mL-1 to 20000 ng mL -1 and 20 ng mL -1 to 3000 ng mL‐1 respectively with a precision of <15% and accuracy in the range of 85‐115%. The limit of quantification in plasma for lopinavir and ritonavir was 50 ng mL -1 and 20 ng mL -1 respectively. The described method has the advantage of being rapid and easy and it could be applied in therapeutic monitoring of these drugs in human plasma
Effects on Setting, Strength, Moisture Resistance and Linear Changes of Sorel’s Cement on Mixing Portland Cement as an Additive
Authors: Mathur Ritu , Chandrawat M. P. S. , Sharma Sanjay K.
Published: March 2012

Magnesium oxysulphate cement (MOC, Magnesia / Sorel’s Cement), discovered by Sorel S.T. in 1867 and has versatile cementing characteristics. It is prepared by the reaction of magnesium sulphate with magnesia in aqueous solution. Dolomite is used as inert filler to absorb the heat evolved during the exothermic formations of oxysulphate cement. Additives play an important role to modify the properties of Sorel’s cement by nullifying the harmful effects of the impurities present in the matrix. Incorporation of Portland cement in increasing quantities in magnesium oxysulphate cement improves the compressive strength of the cement remarkably. Water tightness of Sorel’s cement increases with the increase in quantities of the additive (15%, 20%). Portland cement accelerates initial setting process and retards final setting process of oxysulpahte cement. An insignificant contraction in the length of the trial beams after mixing Portland cement in oxysulphate cement was an encouraging finding of the study.
Evaluation of the Phytochemical Content of Some Edible Grains Marketed in Nigeria
Authors: Odoemelam S. A. , Osu C. I.
Published: March 2012

Five food grains (groundnut, millet, wheat, guinea corn and breadfruit) commonly consumed in Nigeria were evaluated for their phytochemical contents. The results revealed that the grains contained 0.60‐1.24% alkaloid, 0.82‐2.27% flavonoid, 0.03‐0.05% saponin, 0.50‐0.60% tannins, 2.40‐2.80% phenols and 0.17‐0.30% phytic acid. Dietary implications of these constituents are highlighted
Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye onto Tamarind Seed Powder
Authors: Patel Himanshu , Vashi R. T.
Published: March 2012

The present investigation describes adsorption of crystal violet dye from its aqueous solution onto tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit shell powder. Initial concentration, agitation speed and pH with various temperature have been studied, in which pH was found to be most effective. The adsorption data were mathematically analyzed using adsorption isotherm like Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm to study adsorption mechanism of crystal violet onto this seed powder. Freundlich isotherm was found to be most applicable. The equilibrium data were applied to intra‐particle diffusion and adsorption kinetics. The reaction was found to be pseudo second order.
Microwave Induced Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Derivatives of 3, 5‐Diaryl‐2‐pyrazoline‐1‐carbaldehyde
Authors: Kumar Ravindra , Srivastava Y. K.
Published: March 2012

3, 5‐Diaryl‐2‐pyrazoline‐1‐carbaldehyde (1) was condensed with hydrazine hydrate and o‐phenylene diamine to afford corresponding hydrazones (2) and 3‐benzimidazolyl‐3, 5‐diaryl‐2‐pyrazoline respectively under MWI condition. The newly synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial activity in vitro.
Study of β‐Cyclodextrin Effect on Acidity Constant of 2‐(2H‐Benzo(d)(1,2,3) triazol‐2‐yl) phenol by Spectrophotometry
Authors: Sarrafi Amir H. M. , Konoz Elahe , Ghorashi Negin
Published: March 2012

The interaction of solutes with β‐cyclodextrin leads to apparent changes in their chemical properties, such as shifts in their absorption spectra and acid‐base equilibrium. Formation of inclusion complexes between acid and/ or base forms of a compound with β‐CD can change the amount of conditional acidity constant. The acidity constants of 2‐(2H‐benzo (d)(1,2,3)triazol‐2‐yl)phenol (CFM) in water and in the presence of varying amounts of β‐cyclodextrin at 25 °C and an ionic strength of 0.1 M have been determined spectrophotometrically. To evaluate the pH‐absorbance date, a resolution method based on the combination of soft‐ and hard‐modeling is applied. The acidity constant of all related equilibria are estimated using the whole spectral fitting of the collected data to an established factor analysis model. DATAN program was applied for determination of acidity constant. The pKa value of CF is 8.50±0.10. The pKa value is decreased by increasing β‐CD concentration.
Synthesis, Analytical and Spectral Studies of Novel Schiff Base Complexes of Th(IV) and UO2(VI) Along with their X‐Ray Diffraction Data and Toxic Effects
Authors: Agnihotri Sonal , Arora Kishor
Published: March 2012

Schiff base was obtained using furfuraldehyde and 2‐amino pyridine to prepare new complexes of thorium(IV) and dioxouranium(VI) metals by various anions. The synthesized ligands and complexes were analytically studied through spectral data, elemental analysis and conductance measurements along with x‐ray diffraction pattern. The complexes showed various coordination number and their toxic effects to bacterial and fungal genus was studied by two different methods of measurement.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Ezetimibe
Authors: Lakshmi P. Baby Sudha , Ramchandran D. , Rambabu C.
Published: March 2012

Two simple, sensitive, selective and accurate spectro‐photometric methods (Method A and Method B) for the determination of eztimibe in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations (tablets) have been described. Method A and B are based on the redox/complex formation reaction of drug with 1,10‐phenanthroline and hexacyano‐ferrate(III) in presence of ferric chloride to form coloured chromogens exhibiting λmax at 510 and 740 nm respectively. The results of analysis for the two methods have been validated statistically and by recovery studies. The results are compared with those obtained using UV spectrophotometric method in alcohol at 231.7 nm.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) Complexes of 4‐Carboxaldehyde Phenylhydrazone‐ 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one
Authors: Pandya R. N. , Rana A. K. , Dabhi H. R. , Patel R. B. , Bhoi D. K. , Patel M. B. , Solanki K. S. , Rai R. K. , Raj A. D.
Published: March 2012

4‐Carboxaldehyde‐1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one condensed with phenylhydrazine to form ligand (HL). These metal complexes are of type [ML2 (H2O)2] (M = Mn, Co, Ni and Cu). Elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductance, electronic and infrared data suggest octahedral structure for the metal complexes. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity. The result indicates that the growth of the tested organisms was inhibited by most of the compounds.
A Rapid Determination of Cinnarizine in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by LC
Authors: Heda A. A. , Sonawane A. R. , Naranje G. H. , Puranik P. K.
Published: March 2012

A simple, selective, rapid and precise reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of cinnarizine from pharmaceutical formulation. The method was developed using MICRA‐NPS C18 (length×OD×ID =33×8.0×6.0 mm, 1.5 μm) column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, triethylamine buffer (adjusted to pH 4.5 with 10% w/v potassium hydroxide) and tetrahydrofuran in the ratio 30:66:4 respectively, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Wavelength was fixed at 253 nm. The developed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The proposed method can be used for the routine estimation of cinnarizine in pharmaceutical dosage form.
Detection, Isolation and Characterization of Principal Synthetic Route Indicative Impurity in Lansoprazole
Authors: Srinivas K. S. V , Mukkanti K. , Reddy R. Buchi , Srinivasulu P.
Published: March 2012

An unknown impurity in lansoprazole (2‐[[[3‐methyl‐4‐(2, 2, 2‐trifluoroethoxy)‐2‐pyridyl] methyl] sulfinyl] benzimidazole) was detected by HPLC and was identified as des‐(trifluoroethoxy) lansoprazole, an principal synthetic route indicative impurity of lansoprazole. Lansoprazole was subjected to different ICH prescribed stress conditions like hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation conditions to enrich the impurity. The impurity was enriched by using acid catalytic degradation, isolated by using preparative HPLC and characterized (FTIR, MS and NMR). Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) are found to be 0.014% and 0.035% respectively.
Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Drugs Containing Phenol Group by Using 2, 4‐ Dinitrophenylhydrazine
Authors: Nagaraja Padmarajaiah , Shrestha Ashwinee Kumar
Published: March 2012

A spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of four phenolic drugs; salbutamol, ritodrine, amoxicillin and isoxsuprine. The method is based on the oxidation of 2, 4‐ dinitrophenyl‐hydrazine and coupling of the oxidized product with drugs to give intensely colored chromogen. Under the proposed optimum condition, beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2.5‐17, 2‐29, 4‐33 and 5‐30 μg/mL for salbutamol, ritodrine, amoxicillin and isoxsuprine respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.2, 0.83, 0.09, 0.84 μg/mL and 0.66, 2.79, 0.3 and 2.81 μg/mL in the same order. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvants. The ringbom plots and low relative standard deviation assert the applicability of this method. The suggested method was further applied for the determinations of drugs in commercial pharmaceutical dosage forms, which was compared statistically with reference methods by means of t‐ test and F‐ test and were found not to differ significantly at 95% confidence level. The procedure is characterized by its simplicity with accuracy and precision.
An Assessment of the Quality of Groundwater in a Textile Dyeing Industrial Area in Erode City, Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Palanisamy P. N. , Kavitha S. K.
Published: March 2012

Groundwater samples were collected in Erode city, Tamilnadu, from an area having large number of textile dyeing units. Though people residing in this area use river water supplied by local bodies as their major source for drinking, groundwater is also used as complementary source. The samples collected were subjected to systematic analysis using the standard methods and procedures. The values obtained for different physicochemical parameters were compared with the standard values given by ISI/ WHO. Variations in many physicochemical parameters were observed for most of the samples when compared to the standard values. More than half of the samples collected had their EC, TDS, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulphate and chloride exceeding their acceptable limits. This attempt has been made to determine the quality of groundwater in the study area confirms the deterioration of groundwater quality in the area and calls for some effective measures to be taken urgently to minimize the adverse impacts that may occur due to the contamination of groundwater.
Synthesis and In Vitro Antioxidant Evaluation of Some Novel 4, 5‐Dihydro‐1H, 2, 4‐triazol‐5‐one Derivatives
Authors: Kol O. Gursoy , Yuksek H.
Published: March 2012

In this study, thirteen novel 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one derivatives were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses and IR, 1H NMR,13C NMR and UV spectral data. The synthesized compounds were analyzed for their in vitro potential antioxidant activities in three different methods. Those antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as BHA, BHT and α‐tocopherol. The data reveal that the compounds demonstrate a marked capacity for iron binding, especially 5a and 7c In addition to this, the compounds 4 were titrated potentiometrically with TBAH in non‐aqueous solvents because of the weak acidic properties of 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one ring N‐H group.
Corrosion Mitigating Effect of Cyamopsis Tetragonaloba Seed Extract on Mild Steel in Acid Medium
Authors: Subhashini S. , Rajalakshmi R. , Prithiba A. , Mathina A.
Published: March 2012

The role of seed extract of Cyamopsis tetragonaloba on corrosion mitigation of mild steel in 1 M HCl has been investigated by weight loss method and potentiodynamic polarization technique. Maximum inhibition efficiency of Cyamopsis tetragonaloba in 1 M HCl was found to be 92%. Experimental results were fitted into Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherm to study the process of inhibition. The potentiodynamic polarization results reveal that the seed extract behaved like mixed type inhibitor.
An Efficient Solvent‐Free Protocol for the Synthesis of 1‐Amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthols using Silica‐Supported Molybdatophosphoric Acid
Authors: Zare Abdolkarim , Hasaninejad Alireza , Rostami Esmael , Moosavi-Zare Ahmad Reza , Pishahang Nasrin , Roshankar Mehrnoosh , Khedri Fatemeh , Khedri Maasoomeh
Published: March 2012

A highly efficient, green and simple solvent‐free method for the synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthols via one‐pot multi‐components condensation of 2‐naphthol, aromatic aldehydes and amides in the presence of catalytic amount of silica‐supported molybdatophosphoric acid (H3PMo12O40.xH2O/SiO2, 3.17 mol%) is described. The reactions proceed rapidly and the title compounds are produced in high to excellent yields.
Ethanolamines as Corrosion Inhibitors for Zinc in (HNO3+H2SO4) Binary Acid Mixture
Authors: T. Vashi R. , M. Bhajiwala H. , A. Desai S.
Published: March 2012

This work deals with the study of corrosion behaviour for zinc in (HNO3+ H2SO4) binary acid mixture containing ethanolamines. Corrosion rate increases with concentration of acid and temperature. At constant acid concentration, the inhibition efficiency of ethanolamines increases with the inhibitor concentration. Value of ΔGa increases and inhibition decreases with temperature. The mode of inhibition action appears to be chemisorption.