bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Comparison of Three Different Intramedullary Nails for Fixation of Unstable Basicervical Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Proximal Femur: Experimental Studies
Authors: Kwak Dae-Kyung , Kim Won-Hyeon , Lee Sung-Jae , Rhyu Sang-Hyun , Jang Chul-Young , Yoo Je-Hyun
Published: December 2018

Objectives. This biomechanical study was conducted to compare fixation stability of the proximal fragments and their mechanical characteristics in proximal femur models of unstable basicervical IT fractures fixed by cephalomedullary nailing using 3 different types of the femoral head fixation.Methods. A total of 36 composite femurs corresponding to osteoporotic human bone were used. These specimens were fixed with Gamma 3 (hip screw type; group 1) in 12, Gamma 3 U-blade (screw-blade hybrid type; group 2) in 12, and proximal femoral nail antirotation-II (helical blade type; group 3) in 12, respectively, and an unstable basicervical IT fracture was created by an engraving machine. After preloading and cyclic loading, the migration of the proximal fragment according to 3 axes was assessed by the stereophotogrammetric method and the migration of screw or blade tip within the femoral head was measured radiographically. Next, the vertical load was continued at a speed of 10 mm/min until the construct failure occurred. Finite element analysis was additionally performed to measure the stress and compressive strain just above the tip of screw or blade within the femoral head.Results. The rotational change of the proximal fragment according to the axis of screw or blade was much greater in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p=0.016 and p=0.007, respectively). Varus collapse was greater in group 3 than in group 2 (p=0.045). Cranial and axial migration of screw or blade within the femoral head were significantly greater in group 3 than in both group 1 (p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively) and group 2 (p=0.002 and p=0.016, respectively). On finite element analysis, group 3 showed the highest peak von-Mises stress value (13.3 MPa) and compressive strain (3.2%) just above the tip of the blade within the femoral head. Meanwhile, groups 1 and 2 showed similar results on two values.Conclusions. Screw-blade hybrid type and blade type would be more effective in minimizing rotation instability of the proximal fragment in unstable basicervical IT fractures. However, varus collapse of the proximal fragment and cranial and axial migration within the femoral head were greater with blade type than screw-blade hybrid type.
Nasal Carriage Rate, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors of Staphylococcus aureus with Special Emphasis on MRSA among Urban and Rural Elementary School Children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tigabu Abiye , Tiruneh Moges , Mekonnen Feleke
Published: December 2018

Introduction. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive, and coagulase-positive bacterial species commonly found on the skin and in the nose of most healthy individuals. The anterior nares of nose are the most frequent carriage sites for S. aureus in both adults and children. Methicillin resistance among S. aureus isolates has steadily increased worldwide. Objective. The main objective of this study was to determine nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus with special emphasis on MRSA among urban and rural elementary school children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Method. A community based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 622 urban and rural elementary school children in Gondar from January 1st to March 30th, 2018. Data was collected using a questionnaire and nasal swab samples were collected by sterile cotton tip swab moistened with sterile normal saline. Collected samples were inoculated on mannitol salt agar and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hrs. S. aureus was confirmed by observing colony characteristics and biochemical tests. MRSA was detected using cefoxitin disc by Modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Finally data was entered, cleared, and checked using Epi-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Odds ratio and logistic regression were used for statistical association. P-value ≤ 0.05 at 95% CI was considered for statistical association. Result. Of the 622 school children, the overall prevalence of S. aureus was 143/622 (23%). Of them, 14/143 (9.79%) were MRSA. The carriage rate in urban schools was 83/622 (13.3%) whereas it was 60/622 (9.6%) in rural schools. The prevalence of MRSA among urban schools, 9.1%, was higher than their urban counterparts, 0.7%. Gentamycin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin were the most effective whereas penicillin and tetracycline were resistant. Children’s fathers’ educational status and number of children in class room were significantly associated with S. aureus but only living in urban of children significantly associated with MRSA. Conclusion. This study showed high prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA, 143/622 (23%) and 14/143 (9.79%), respectively. So, decolonization of nasal carriers of MRSA and reducing the number of students per classroom should be addressed. Moreover, regular large scale survey should be conducted to assess the burden and intervene accordingly.
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Chaenomeles speciosa: An Edible Medicinal Chinese Mugua
Authors: Huang Weifeng , He Junwei , Nisar Muhammad Farrukh , Li Hongshui , Wan Chunpeng
Published: December 2018

Chaenomeles plants are adapted to diverse ecological zones particularly the temperate areas of Korea, Japan, and China. In China, Chaenomeles speciosa is mainly planted in Chongqing, Anhui, and Hubei provinces. Most of the studies till date have been focused on the anti‐inflammatory activities of C. speciosa fractions. The present study aimed to review the maximum literature reported for the presence of various phytochemicals in C. speciosa. In addition, the pharmacological properties of these chemical compounds of this plant shall also be discussed. The extracts of the various parts of the plant are rich in diversity of antioxidants, organic acids, phenolics, terpenoids, and many different phytochemicals that bear strong anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial properties, anti‐inflammation, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, and anti‐Parkinson properties. C. speciosa fruits have broad scope in industry as well as in medicines. Not only the leaves and fruits of C. speciosa plant, but various other parts including roots, seeds, bark twigs, and flowers all have long history of clinical trials in curing many human ailments. However, the maximum accessible data concerning the chemical compositions and their broad pharmacological properties of C. speciosa plant parts is pretty restricted that make it more appealing for in‐depth investigations.
Aster glehni Extract Containing Caffeoylquinic Compounds Protects Human Keratinocytes through the TRPV4‐PPARδ‐AMPK Pathway
Authors: Lee Yong-Jik , Jang Yoo-Na , Han Yoon-Mi , Kim Hyun-Min , Jin Changbae , Kim Hyoung Ja , Seo Hong Seog
Published: December 2018

Aster glehni (AG) has been used in cooking and as a medicine to treat various diseases for over hundreds of years in Korea. To speculate the protective effects of AG on skin barrier, we estimated the protein levels of biomarkers related to skin barrier protection in human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The protein levels for keratin, involucrin, defensin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor delta (PPARδ), 5′ adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 2 (SPTLC2), and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) were evaluated using western blotting or immunocytochemistry in HaCaT cells. AG extract increased the protein levels of PPARδ, phosphorylated AMPK, SPTLC2, keratin, involucrin, and defensin compared to the SDS or DNCB control group. However, TNFα expression increased by SDS or DNCB was decreased with AG extract. The order of action of each regulatory biomarker in AG pathway was identified TRPV4→PPARδ→AMPK from antagonist and siRNA treatment studies. AG can ameliorate the injury of keratinocytes caused by SDS or DNCB through the sequential regulation of TRPV4→PPARδ→AMPK pathway.
Assessment of Seven Clinical Tumor Markers in Diagnosis of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Chen Zhong-qing , Huang Ling-sha , Zhu Bo
Published: December 2018

Background. The correlation between tumor markers (TM) and TNM stage of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been widely reported. Methods. TM levels (CEA, CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, CA72-4, CYFRA21-1, and SCC-Ag) in 424 cases of lung adenocarcinoma (LAC), 166 cases of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and 103 cases of benign chest disease (BCD) were analyzed before treatment. Results. By Kendall’s tau-b correlation analysis, CEA, CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, CA72-4, CYFRA21-1, and SCC-Ag were correlated with T stage of LAC (r=0.235, p<0.05; r=0.298, p<0.05; r=0.254, p<0.05; r=0.063, p<0.05; r=0.080, p<0.05; r=0.268, p<0.05; and r=0.080, p<0.05). CEA, CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CYFRA21-1 were correlated with N stage of LAC (r=0.356, p<0.05; r=0.415, p<0.05; r=0.340, p<0.05; r=0.117, p<0.05; r=0.175, p<0.05; and r=0.351, p<0.05). CEA, CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CYFRA21-1 were correlated with M stage of LAC (r=0.365, p<0.05; r=0.353, p<0.05; r=0.293, p<0.05; r=0.135, p<0.05; r=0.169, p<0.05; and r=0.312, p<0.05). CA125, CYFRA21-1, and SCC-Ag were correlated with T stage of LSCC (r=0.202, p<0.05; r=0.233, p<0.05; and r=0.099, p<0.05). CA125 and CYFRA21-1 were correlated with N stage of LSCC (r=0.178, p<0.05 and r=0.284, p<0.05). CA125, CA15-3, and CYFRA21-1 were correlated with M stage of LSCC (r=0.214, p<0.05; r=0.152, p<0.05; and r=0.213, p<0.05). Combining hazard ratio, AUC, sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV, it was concluded that CEA and CYFRA21-1were the most related TM of LAC. SCC-Ag and CYFRA21-1 were the most related TM of LSCC. Conclusions. CEA combined with CYFRA21-1 contributed to auxiliary diagnosis of LAC. CYFRA21-1 combined with SCC-Ag contributed to auxiliary diagnosis of LSCC. CEA, CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CYFRA21-1 were correlated with primary tissue and metastasis of LAC. CA125 and CYFRA21-1 were correlated with primary tissue and metastasis of LSCC.
DNA Methylation Controls Metastasis-Suppressive 14q32-Encoded miRNAs
Authors: Oshima Go , Poli Elizabeth C. , Bolt Michael J. , Chlenski Alexandre , Forde Martin , Jutzy Jessica M.S. , Biyani Neha , Posner Mitchell C. , Pitroda Sean P. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Khodarev Nikolai N.
Published: December 2018

Expression of 14q32-encoded miRNAs is a favorable prognostic factor in patients with metastatic cancer. In this study, we used genomic inhibition of DNA methylation through disruption of DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3B and pharmacologic inhibition with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC, decitabine) to demonstrate that DNA methylation predominantly regulates expression of metastasis-suppressive miRNAs in the 14q32 cluster. DNA demethylation facilitated CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) recruitment to the maternally expressed gene 3 differentially methylated region (MEG3-DMR), which acts as a cis-regulatory element for 14q32 miRNA expression. 5-Aza-dC activated demethylation of the MEG3-DMR and expression of 14q32 miRNAs, which suppressed adhesion, invasion, and migration (AIM) properties of metastatic tumor cells. Cancer cells with MEG3-DMR hypomethylation exhibited constitutive expression of 14q32 miRNAs and resistance to 5-Aza-dC–induced suppression of AIM. Expression of methylation-dependent 14q32 miRNAs suppressed metastatic colonization in preclinical models of lung and liver metastasis and correlated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic cancer. These findings implicate epigenetic modification via DNA methylation in the regulation of metastatic propensity through miRNA networks and identify a previously unrecognized action of decitabine on the activation of metastasis-suppressive miRNAs.

Significance:

This study investigates epigenetic regulation of metastasis-suppressive miRNAs and the effect on metastasis.
Coordinately Targeting Cell-Cycle Checkpoint Functions in Integrated Models of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Chung Sejin , Vail Paris , Witkiewicz Agnieszka K. , Knudsen Erik S.
Published: December 2018

Purpose:

Cancer cells often have deficiencies in cell-cycle control mechanisms and could be dependent on specific cell-cycle checkpoints to maintain viability. Because of the documented role of KRAS in driving replication stress, we targeted the checkpoint governing DNA replication using CHK1 kinase inhibitors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models and examined mechanisms of resistance.

Experimental Design:

Single-agent efficacy of CHK1 inhibition was investigated in established and primary PDAC lines. Drug screening was performed to identify cooperative agents. In vitro and in vivo studies were employed to interrogate combination treatment efficacy and mechanisms of resistance.

Results:

Many PDAC models evade single-agent inhibition through mechanisms that allow S-phase progression with CHK1 inhibited. Gene expression analysis revealed FOXM1 as a potential marker of CHK1 sensitivity and defined a form of pancreatic cancer with poor prognosis. Drug screen analysis identified WEE1 as a cooperative agent with CHK1 and was effective in cell culture. In vivo experiments validated the combination efficacy; however, resistance could evolve. Resistance was due to selection of a stable subclone from the original PDX tumor, which harbored high baseline replication stress. In vitro analysis revealed that gemcitabine could eliminate viability in the resistant models. The triplet regimen of gemcitabine, CHK1, and WEE1 inhibition provided strong disease control in all xenograft models interrogated.

Conclusions:

These results demonstrate the therapeutic resiliency of pancreatic cancer and indicate that coordinately targeting cell-cycle checkpoints in concert with chemotherapy could be particularly efficacious.
Satietogenic Protein from Tamarind Seeds Decreases Food Intake, Leptin Plasma and CCK-1r Gene Expression in Obese Wistar Rats
Authors: Costa Izael S. , Medeiros Amanda F. , Carvalho Fabiana M.C. , Lima Vanessa C.O. , Serquiz Raphael P. , Serquiz Alexandre C. , Silbiger Vivian N. , Bortolin Raul H. , Maciel Bruna L.L. , Santos Elizeu A. , Morais Ana H.A.
Published: December 2018

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of a protein, the isolated Trypsin Inhibitor (TTI) from Tamarindus indica L. seed, as a CCK secretagogue and its action upon food intake and leptin in obese Wistar rats. Methods: Three groups of obese rats were fed 10 days one of the following diets: Standard diet (Labina®) + water; High Glycemic Index and Load (HGLI) diet + water or HGLI diet + TTI. Lean animals were fed the standard diet for the 10 days. Food intake, zoometric measurements, plasma CCK, plasma leptin, relative mRNA expression of intestinal CCK-related genes, and expression of the ob gene in subcutaneous adipose tissue were assessed. Results: TTI decreased food intake but did not increase plasma CCK in obese animals. On the other hand, TTI treatment decreased CCK-1R gene expression in obese animals compared with the obese group with no treatment (p = 0.027). Obese animals treated with TTI presented lower plasma leptin than the non-treated obese animals. Conclusion: We suggest that TTI by decreasing plasma leptin may improve CCK action, regardless of its increase in plasma from obese rats, since food intake was lowest.
Efficacy and Safety of Amrubicin in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Beyond Third-Line Therapy
Authors: Saigusa Mika , Asada Kazuhiro , Akamatsu Taisuke , Tanaka Yuko , Endo Yoshinari , Yamamoto Akito , Morita Satoru , Shirai Toshihiro
Published: December 2018

Background: There are no standard cytotoxic treatments for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients beyond third-line therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of amrubicin in pretreated NSCLC patients. Methods: The records of NSCLC patients who received amrubicin monotherapy as a third or later line of chemotherapy at Shizuoka General Hospital between April 2007 and March 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Tumor response was evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Toxicities were evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Results: Overall, 69 patients were enrolled in this study; 16 patients were female and the median age was 67 years. The median number of treatment cycles was 3. The response rate was 7.2%, and the disease control rate was 63.8%. The median progression-free survival was 2.8 months. The median overall survival was 7.7 months. Hematological toxicities of ≥ grade 3 included leukopenia (59.4%) and neutropenia (62.3%). Non-hematological toxicities of ≥ grade 2 included anorexia (27.5%) and fatigue (24.6%). Conclusion: Although hematological toxicities were severe, these results suggested that amrubicin in NSCLC patients beyond third-line therapy shows sufficient clinical benefit.
Effects of Weight Loss on Glutathione Peroxidase 3 Serum Concentrations and Adipose Tissue Expression in Human Obesity
Authors: Langhardt Julia , Flehmig Gesine , Klöting Nora , Lehmann Stefanie , Ebert Thomas , Kern Matthias , Schön Michael R. , Gärtner Daniel , Lohmann Tobias , Dressler Miriam , Fasshauer Mathias , Kovacs Peter , Stumvoll Michael , Dietrich Arne , Blüher Matthias
Published: December 2018

Background/Aims: Altered expression and circulating levels of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) have been observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) across species. Here, we investigate whether GPX3 serum concentrations and adipose tissue (AT) GPX3 mRNA expression are related to obesity and weight loss. Methods: GPX3 serum concentration was measured in 630 individuals, including a subgroup (n = 293) for which omental and subcutaneous (SC) GPX3 mRNA expression has been analyzed. GPX3 analyses include three interventions: 6 months after bariatric surgery (n = 80) or combined exercise/hypocaloric diet (n = 20) or two-step bariatric surgery (n = 24) studies. Results: Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss (–25.8 ± 8.4%), but not a moderate weight reduction of –8.8 ± 6.5% was associated with significantly reduced GPX3 serum concentrations. GPX3 mRNA is significantly higher expressed in AT from individuals with normal glucose metabolism compared to T2D patients. SC AT GPX3 expression is significantly higher in lean compared to obese as well as in insulin-sensitive compared insulin-resistant individuals with obesity. Weight loss after bariatric surgery causes a significant increase in SC AT GPX3 expression. AT GPX3 expression significantly correlates with age, BMI, fat distribution, insulin sensitivity (only SC AT), but not with circulating GPX3. Conclusion: Our data support the notion that SC AT GPX3 expression is associated with obesity, fat distribution and related to whole body insulin resistance.
GLP1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide Is an Effective Therapeutic Option for Perioperative Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes within Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Protocols
Authors: Kaneko Shizuka , Ueda Youhei  , Tahara Yumiko
Published: December 2018

Background: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols are multimodal perioperative care pathways designed to achieve early recovery after surgical procedures by maintaining preoperative organ function and reducing profound stress responses following surgery [Wilmore and Kehlet: BMJ 2001; 322(7284): 473–6]. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAgs), such as liraglutide, have recently been widely used as antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) because they maintain blood glucose at an ideal level throughout the day, including during postprandial periods, thereby improving hypoglycemia and body weight more than insulin therapies. Additionally, the administration of liraglutide may exert cardiovascular, renal, and cerebral protective effects in T2D patients. The use of GLP-1RAgs for perioperative glycemic control is sometimes considered to be controversial. Methods: The efficacy and safety of liraglutide therapy during perioperative glycemic control in elective surgery patients within ERAS protocols were compared with those of insulin therapy. Ninety adult T2D patients scheduled to undergo elective surgery within ERAS protocols were randomized and analyzed. Forty-nine subjects were prescribed liraglutide and 41 insulin therapy. Procedures comprised orthopedic, thoracic, urological, otolaryngological, hepatic resection, and gynecological breast surgeries. Results: Liraglutide was shown to be a more effective option than insulin therapy because (1) glycemic levels were more stable; (2) the number of patients requiring additional insulin according to the insulin sliding scale was significantly smaller (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.005); (3) the insulin dosage required on the day of surgery was significantly smaller (Fisher’s exact, p = 0.004); (4) the additional insulin volume required was significantly less for patients throughout the perioperative period (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.001); and (5) while lean body mass remained the same, body fat measurements, particularly visceral fat, tended to decrease. Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study and a recent large-scale clinical study showing cardiovascular and renal protective effects in T2D patients, we consider the administration of liraglutide within ERAS protocols for T2D patients to represent a more comprehensive suite of patient protection measures as a perioperative non-insulin agent, particularly in patients with limited exercise ability and those at risk of hypoglycemia.
Disturbances in Self-Experience in Schizophrenia: Metacognition and the Development of an Integrative Recovery-Oriented Individual Psychotherapy
Authors: Lysaker Paul H. , Dimaggio Giancarlo , Hamm Jay A. , Leonhardt Bethany L. , Hochheiser Jesse , Lysaker John T.
Published: December 2018

Background/Aims: Disturbances in first person experience is a broadly noted feature of schizophrenia, which cannot be reduced to the expression of psychopathology. Yet, though categorically linked with profound suffering, these disturbances are often ignored by most contemporary treatment models. Methods: In this paper, we present a model, which suggests that deficits in metacognition and their later resolution parsimoniously explain the development of self-disturbance and clarify how persons can later recover. We define “metacognition” as processes integral to the availability of a sense of self and others within the flow of life and report research suggesting its contribution to schizophrenia and link to self-disturbance. Results: We describe a newly emerging integrative form of psychotherapy, Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT), designed to target metacognition and enhance the recovery of healthy self-experience. We describe eight measurable core elements that allow MERIT to be operationalized and discuss about how to address disturbances in self-experience. Conclusions: We detail research that provides evidence of the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of MERIT across a broad range of patients, including those who might not otherwise be offered psychotherapy. MERIT represents one form of psychotherapy that may address self-disorders among adults with schizophrenia.
In vivo Assessment of Combined Effects of Glibenclamide and Losartan in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Alotaibi Moureq R. , Fatani Amal J. , Almnaizel Ahmed T. , Ahmed Mohammed M. , Abuohashish Hatem M. , Al-Rejaie Salim S.
Published: December 2018

Objective: Diabetic complications involve multiple pathological pathways, including hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Combination therapy is usually employed to improve treatment outcomes and to lower potential adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of antidiabetic and antihypertensive agents, glibenclamide (GLI) and losartan (LT), on diabetes mellitus (DM)-associated metabolic changes in rats. Materials and Methods: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals were orally treated with GLI 5 mg/kg and/or LT 25 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Blood glucose, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urinary creatinine, and urea levels were measured. Serum, liver, and kidney values of inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 were assessed, along with lipid peroxidation products (e.g., thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), endogenous antioxidants (e.g., glutathione), as well as antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase). Finally, histological changes in liver and kidney tissues were evaluated. Results: DM markedly induced systemic, hepatic, and renal inflammation and lowered antioxidant defense mechanisms. Treatment of diabetic rats with either GLI or LT significantly improved liver and kidney functions and histological structure. Moreover, both medications reduced signs of oxidative stress and inflammation in blood, liver, and kidney samples. Combining GLI and LT showed similar protective potential against systemic, hepatic, and renal oxidative stress and inflammation. Conclusion: Adding LT to GLI therapy revealed prospective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, while no synergistic or additive effects were observed.
Medial Amygdala Kiss1 Neurons Mediate Female Pheromone Stimulation of Luteinizing Hormone in Male Mice
Authors: Aggarwal Sanya , Tang Celion , Sing Kristen , Kim Hyun Wook , Millar Robert P. , Tello Javier A.
Published: December 2018

Background/Aims: The medial amygdala (MeA) responds to olfactory stimuli and alters reproductive physiology. However, the neuronal circuit that relays signals from the MeA to the reproductive axis remains poorly defined. This study aimed to test whether MeA kisspeptin (MeAKiss) neurons in male mice are sensitive to sexually relevant olfactory stimuli and transmit signals to alter reproductive physiology. We also investigated whether MeAKiss neurons have the capacity to elaborate glutamate and GABA neurotransmitters and potentially contribute to reproductive axis regulation. Methods: Using female urine as a pheromone stimulus, MeAKiss neuronal activity was analysed and serum luteinizing hormone (LH) was measured in male mice. Next, using a chemogenetic approach, MeAKiss neurons were bi-directionally modulated to measure the effect on serum LH and evaluate the activation of the preoptic area. Lastly, using in situ hybridization, we identified the proportion of MeAKiss neurons that express markers for GABAergic (Vgat) and glutamatergic (Vglut2) neurotransmission. Results: Male mice exposed to female urine showed a two-fold increase in the number of c-Fos-positive MeAKiss neurons concomitant with raised LH. Chemogenetic activation of MeAKiss neurons significantly increased LH in the absence of urine exposure, whereas inhibition of MeAKiss neurons did not alter LH. In situ hybridization revealed that MeAKiss neurons are a mixed neuronal population in which 71% express Vgat mRNA, 29% express Vglut2 mRNA, and 6% express both. Conclusions: Our results uncover, for the first time, that MeAKiss neurons process sexually relevant olfactory signals to influence reproductive hormone levels in male mice, likely through a complex interplay of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter signalling.
A new host for Philornis torquans (Diptera, Muscidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Couri Márcia Souto , Barbosa Leandro , Marini Miguel Ângelo , Duca Charles , Pujol-Luz José Roberto
Published: December 2018

Philornis larvae and pupae were collected in nestlings of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), the White-banded Tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae), in three breeding seasons, between October and November 2003‑2005 in a reserve in central Brazil. Here, we present biological data, diagnosis to the recognition of the species and a key to the segregation of species occurring in the Cerrado. The larvae were intradermic in the nestlings and the pupae were collected in the nests after the birds have abandoned them. The immatures collected were taken to the laboratory and reared under laboratory conditions, until emergence. The species identified as Philornis torquans (Nielsen), is here firstly recorded from the Brazilian Cerrado, and firstly recorded its association with N. fasciata. With this record, the number of Philornis species occurring in the Cerrado rises to three.
A revision of Macromalthinus Pic, 1919 with description of six new species (Coleoptera: Cantharidae: Chauliognathinae)
Authors: Biffi Gabriel , Constantin Robert
Published: December 2018

A revision of the genus Macromalthinus resulted on recognition of twelve species, six of which are herein proposed as new: Macromalthinus belemensis Brancucci, 1981, M. brasiliensis (Pic, 1906), M. globuliventris Brancucci, 1981, M. guyanensis sp. nov., M. luteoapicalis sp. nov., M. maximiceps Pic, 1919, M. orapuensis sp. nov., M. piceiventris sp. nov., M. quadratithorax sp. nov., M. santaremensis Brancucci, 1981, M. schmidli Constantin, 2010 and M. xerophilus sp. nov. No taxonomic changes were necessary in the previously described species, which are distinguished through differential diagnosis and an updated identification key. The type specimens of all species were revisited and their photographs are provided. Discussions on the diagnostic character of each species, general morphology and the first description of wings and female genitalia of Macromalthinus are presented, as well as the first description of the female of M. maximiceps Pic, 1919. Finally, new records and distribution maps are presented for all species.
A new species of Novamundoniscus Schultz, 1995 (Isopoda, Oniscidea, Dubioniscidae) from the state of Tocantins, Brazil
Authors: Campos-Filho Ivanklin Soares , Cardoso Giovanna Monticelli , Aguiar José Otávio
Published: December 2018

The genus Novamundoniscus includes eight species with distribution in Brazil and Venezuela. The new species Novamundoniscus adhara Campos-Filho & Cardoso sp. nov. from the state of Tocantins, northern Brazil, is described, which represents the first record to the family for the state of Tocantins.
Orfandade, movimento, presença
Authors: Alves Wanderlan
Published: December 2018

Este artigo analisa como se expressa uma ética da literatura em três contos de Putas asesinas, de Roberto Bolaño: “Ojo Silva”, “Días de 1978” e “Vagabundo en Francia y Bélgica”, a partir da errância, do deslocamento e do não pertencimento. Por essa via, na literatura de Bolaño emerge uma ética pautada na busca do artista, da arte e da escritura, como aposta na liberdade capaz de articular a curiosidade, a sensibilidade e a racionalidade, convertendo-as em alternativas para se alcançar um estado estético que se apresenta como lugar em que vida e arte se encontram, na precariedade da linguagem, estabelecendo uma intersecção entre ética e estética.
Detecção de mudanças e modelagem preditiva do uso da terra e cobertura vegetal do Pantanal de Aquidauana, MS
Authors: Félix da Silva Leandro , Bacani Vitor Matheus
Published: December 2018

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as mudanças ocorridas no uso da terra e cobertura vegetal entre os anos de 1984, 1993, 2000, 2015, e simular um cenário futuro para o ano de 2050. Os métodos utilizados para simulação do cenário futuro para o ano de 2050 foram os baseados no Processo Analítico Hierárquico (AHP) combinado com o modelo CA Markov (Cadeia de Markov e Autômatos Celulares). O modelo elaborado para o ano de 2050 apresentou 4 (quatro) classes que são: 1) Vegetação Nativa, 2) Pastagem Plantada, 3) Solo Exposto e 4) Corpos d’água. A análise multitemporal utilizando os mapas de 1984, 1993, 2000, 2015 e o modelo simulado para 2050 apontou que ao longo dos anos analisados haverá uma tendência de redução de áreas naturais como vegetação natural e de corpos d’água e o aumento das áreas relacionadas às ações antrópicas como pastagem plantada e solo exposto.
National Burden of Heart Failure Events in the United States, 2006 to 2014
Authors: Jackson Sandra L. , Tong Xin , King Raymond J. , Loustalot Fleetwood , Hong Yuling , Ritchey Matthew D.
Published: December 2018

Background:

Heart failure (HF)—a serious and costly condition—is increasingly prevalent. We estimated the US burden including emergency department (ED) visits, inpatient hospitalizations and associated costs, and mortality.

Methods and Results:

We analyzed 2006 to 2014 data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National (nationwide) Inpatient Sample, and the National Vital Statistics System.
International Classification of Disease
codes identified HF and comorbidities. Burden was estimated separately for ED visits, hospitalizations, and mortality. In addition, criteria were applied to identify total unique acute events. Rates of primary HF (primary diagnosis or underlying cause of death) and comorbid HF (comorbid diagnosis or contributing cause of death) were calculated, age standardized to the 2010 US population. In 2014, there were an estimated 1 068 412 ED visits, 978 135 hospitalizations, and 83 705 deaths with primary HF. There were 4 071 546 ED visits, 3 370 856 hospitalizations, and 230 963 deaths with comorbid HF. Between 2006 and 2014, the total unique acute event rate for primary HF declined from 536 to 449 per 100 000 (relative percent change of –16%;
P
for trend, <0.001) but increased for comorbid HF from 1467 to 1689 per 100 000 (relative percentage change, 15%;
P
for trend, <0.001). HF-related mortality decreased significantly from 2006 to 2009 but did not change meaningfully after 2009. For hospitalizations with primary HF, the estimated mean cost was $11 552 in 2014, totaling an estimated $11 billion.

Conclusions:

Given substantial healthcare and mortality burden of HF, rising healthcare costs, and the aging US population, continued improvements in HF prevention, management, and surveillance are important.
Clinical Phenotype and Genotype Associations With Improvement in Left Ventricular Function in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Verdonschot Job A.J. , Hazebroek Mark R. , Wang Ping , Sanders-van Wijk Sandra , Merken Jort J. , Adriaansen Yvonne A. , van den Wijngaard Arthur , Krapels Ingrid P.C. , Brunner-La Rocca Hans-Peter , Brunner Han G. , Heymans Stephane R.B.
Published: December 2018

Background:

Improvement of left ventricular function (also called left ventricular reverse remodeling [LVRR]) is an important treatment goal in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and hypokinetic non-DCM (HNDC) and is prognostically favorable. We tested whether genetic DCM mutations impact LVRR independent from clinical parameters.

Methods and Results:

Patients with DCM and hypokinetic non-DCM (n=346; mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 30%) underwent genotyping for 47 DCM-associated genes in addition to extensive phenotyping. LVRR was defined as improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction >50% or ≥10% absolute increase, with cardiac dimensions (left ventricular end diastolic diameter) ≤33 mm/m
2
or ≥10% relative decrease. LVRR occurred in 180 (52%) patients after a median follow-up of 12-month optimal medical treatment. Low baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, a hypokinetic non-DCM phenotype, high systolic blood pressure, absence of a family history of DCM, female sex, absence of atrioventricular block, and treatment with β-blockers were all independent positive clinical predictors of LVRR. With the exception of
TTN
, genetic mutations were strongly associated with a lower rate of LVRR (odds ratio, 0.19 [0.09–0.42];
P
<0.0001).
TTN
and
LMNA
were independently associated with LVRR (odds ratio, 2.49 [1.09–6.20];
P
=0.038 and 0.11 [0.01–0.99];
P
=0.049, respectively). Adding mutation status significantly improved discrimination (C statistics) and reclassification (integrated discrimination improvement/net reclassification index) of the clinical model predicting LVRR. Furthermore, the risk for heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death is lower in the LVRR patients on the long term (hazard ratio, 0.47 [0.24–0.91];
P
=0.009 and 0.18 [0.04–0.82];
P
=0.007, respectively), and LVRR is an independent predictor for event-free survival.

Conclusions:

The genetic substrate is associated with the clinical course and long-term prognosis of patients with DCM/hypokinetic non-DCM.
Physical Function, Frailty, Cognition, Depression, and Quality of Life in Hospitalized Adults ≥60 Years With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure With Preserved Versus Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Warraich Haider J. , Kitzman Dalane W. , Whellan David J. , Duncan Pamela W. , Mentz Robert J. , Pastva Amy M. , Nelson M. Benjamin , Upadhya Bharathi , Reeves Gordon R.
Published: December 2018

Background:

Older hospitalized acute decompensated heart failure (HF) patients have persistently poor outcomes and delayed recovery regardless of ejection fraction (EF). We hypothesized that impairments in physical function, frailty, cognition, mood, and quality of life (QoL) potentially contributing to poor clinical outcomes would be similarly severe in acute decompensated HF patients ≥60 years of age with preserved versus reduced EF (HFpEF and HFrEF).

Methods and Results:

In 202 consecutive older (≥60 years) hospitalized acute decompensated HF patients in a multicenter trial, we prospectively performed at baseline: short physical performance battery, 6-minute walk distance, frailty assessment, Geriatric Depression Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and QoL assessments. Older acute decompensated HFpEF (EF ≥45%, n=96) and HFrEF (EF <45%, n=106) patients had similar impairments in all physical function measures (short physical performance battery [5.9±0.3 versus 6.2±0.2]; 6-minute walk distance [184±10 versus 186±9 m]; and gait speed [0.60±0.02 versus 0.61±0.02 m/s]) and rates of frailty (55% versus 52%;
P
=0.70) and cognitive impairment (77% versus 81%;
P
=0.56) when adjusted for differences in sex, body mass index, and comorbidities. However, depression and QoL were consistently worse in HFpEF versus HFrEF. Depression was usually unrecognized clinically with 38% having Geriatric Depression Scale ≥5 and no documented history of depression.

Conclusions:

Patients ≥60 years hospitalized with acute decompensated HF patients have broad, marked impairments in physical function and high rates of frailty and impaired cognition: these impairments are similar in HFpEF versus HFrEF. Further, depression was common and QoL was reduced, and both were worse in HFpEF than HFrEF. Depression was usually unrecognized clinically. These findings suggest opportunities for novel interventions to improve these important patient-centered outcomes.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02196038.
Evaluating Systolic and Diastolic Cardiac Function in Rodents Using Microscopic Computed Tomography
Authors: Kojonazarov Baktybek , Belenkov Alexander , Shinomiya Shohei , Wilchelm Jochen , Kampschulte Marian , Mizuno Shiro , Ghofrani Hossein Ardeschir , Grimminger Friedrich , Weissmann Norbert , Seeger Werner , Schermuly Ralph Theo
Published: December 2018

Background:

The use of microscopic computed tomography to assess the key functional parameters of systolic emptying or diastolic filling in small animals has not been previously reported. The aim of the study was to test whether microscopic computed tomography can assess the dynamics of both left ventricle and right ventricle (RV) diastolic filling and systolic emptying in an experimental model of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Methods and Results:

The Wistar-Kyoto rats were injected subcutaneously with the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-receptor inhibitor SU5416 (20 mg/kg body weight) and were then exposed to chronic hypoxia (10% oxygen) for 21 days (SU5416-hypoxia) followed by normoxia for an additional 2 weeks. Thereafter, multiphase cine cardiac images were acquired using a microscopic computed tomography scanner in conjunction with a blood-pool iodinated contrast agent. Examination of the 3-dimensional images of SU5416-hypoxia rats confirmed the presence of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Functional parameters that describe the dynamics of ventricular systolic ejection and diastolic filling were calculated. RV peak ejection rate was significantly decreased (
P
<0.03) in SU5416-hypoxia rats compared with controls. RV peak filling rate had a significant decrease compared with controls (
P
<0.03), particularly in the early phase of diastole (
P
<0.03). This was accompanied by increased time to peak filling rate (
P
<0.03) and total filling time (
P
<0.06). Spearman analysis between microscopic computed tomography RV diastolic indices and invasively derived RV end-diastolic pressure indicated excellent correlation.

Conclusions:

We developed a method that allows rapid and accurate assessment of cardiac functional indices and that paves the way for more extensive preclinical cardiovascular research.
Increased Physical Activity Post–Myocardial Infarction Is Related to Reduced Mortality: Results From the SWEDEHEART Registry
Authors: Ekblom Orjan , Ek Amanda , Cider Åsa , Hambraeus Kristina , Börjesson Mats
Published: December 2018

Background

With increasing survival rates among patients with myocardial infarction (
MI
), more demands are placed on secondary prevention. While physical activity (
PA
) efforts to obtain a sufficient
PA
level are part of secondary preventive recommendations, it is still underutilized. Importantly, the effect of changes in
PA
after
MI
is largely unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effect on survival from changes in
PA
level, post‐
MI
.

Methods and Results

Data from Swedish national registries were combined, totaling 22 227 patients with
MI
.
PA
level was self‐reported at 6 to 10 weeks post‐
MI
and 10 to 12 months post‐
MI
. Patients were classified as constantly inactive, increased activity, reduced activity, and constantly active. Proportional hazard ratios were calculated. During 100 502 person‐years of follow‐up (mean follow‐up time 4.2 years), a total of 1087 deaths were recorded. Controlling for important confounders (including left ventricular function, type of
MI
, medication, smoking, participation in cardiac rehabilitation program, quality of life, and estimated kidney function), we found lower mortality rates among constantly active (hazard ratio: 0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.21–0.41), those with increased activity (0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.31–0.55), and those with reduced activity (hazard ratio: 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.45–0.69) during the first year post‐
MI
, compared with those being constantly inactive. Stratified analyses indicated strong effect of
PA
level among both sexes, across age,
MI
type, kidney function, medication, and smoking status.

Conclusions

The present article shows that increasing the
PA
level, compared with staying inactive the first year post‐
MI
, was related to reduced mortality.
Neotypification of Allium senescens var. minus (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: OH SEUNG-HWAN , JI SEONG-JIN , CHOI HYEOK-JAE
Published: December 2018

The genus Allium Linnaeus (1753: 294) is one of the largest genera of monocots (Sinitsyna et al. 2016). Currently, the number of species within the genus is estimated at 920 (Seregin et al. 2015). In the Korean peninsula, twenty species and two varieties are reported, of which four species and two varieties are endemic to the country (Choi & Oh 2011).
Oricymba sagarensis (Gandhi) comb. nov., an endemic diatom from the Western Ghats, India
Authors: RADHAKRISHNAN CHERAN , KULIKOVSKIY MAXIM , GLUSHCHENKO ANTON , KUZNETSOVA IRINA , KOCIOLEK PATRICK , KARTHICK BALASUBRAMANIAN
Published: December 2018

Light and scanning electron microscope observations of Cymbella sagarensis Gandhi are presented. Morphological peculiarities of this species show that it belongs to the genus Oricymba Jüttner, Krammer, Cox, Van de Vijver & Tuji. Based on our observations, the new taxonomic combination, Oricymba sagarensis (Gandhi) C.Radhakrishnan, Kociolek & B.Karthick, comb. nov. is proposed. Morphological comparison of this species with other known members of Oricymba is given. A second taxon described by Gandhi, C. sagarensis f. gracilis Gandhi, is suggested to be a synonym of the nominate forma. Distribution of this species and other Oricymba taxa is discussed.
Morphology of terebelliform polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta: Terebelliformia), with a focus on Terebellidae
Authors: DE MATOS NOGUEIRA JOÃO MIGUEL , HUTCHINGS PAT A. , FUKUDA MARCELO VERONESI
Published: December 2018

The morphology of terebelliform polychaetes was investigated for a phylogenetic study focused on Terebellidae. For this study, specimens belonging to 147 taxa, preferably type material or specimens from type localities or areas close to them, were examined under stereo, light and scanning electron microscopes. The taxa examined were 1 Pectinariidae, 2 Ampharetidae, 2 Alvinellidae, 8 Trichobranchidae, and 134 Terebellidae, which included 8 Polycirrinae, 15 Thelepodinae, and 111 Terebellinae. A comparison of the morphology, including prostomium, peristomium, anterior segments and lobes, branchiae, glandular venter, nephridial and genital papillae, notopodia and notochaetae, neuropodia and neurochaetae, and posterior end, was made of all the currently recognized families of terebelliform polychaetes, with special emphasis on Terebellidae. A discussion of the characters useful to distinguish between genera is given. This character set will be used in a subsequent phylogenetic study (Nogueira & Hutchings in prep.)A morfologia de poliquetas terebeliformes foi analisada para um estudo filogenético focado em Terebellidae. Para esse estudo, foram examinados espécimes pertencentes a 147 táxons, sob estereomicroscópio, microscópio óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura, preferencialmente material tipo ou espécimes das localidades tipo, ou de suas proximidades. Os táxons examinados foram 1 Pectinariidae, 2 Ampharetidae, 2 Alvinellidae, 8 Trichobranchidae e 134 Terebellidae, dos quais 8 Polycirrinae, 15 Thelepodinae e 111 Terebellinae. Para este estudo, foi feita a comparação entre a morfologia das famílias de poliquetas terebeliformes atualmente reconhecidas, com especial ênfase em Terebellidae, em relação ao prostômio, peristômio, segmentos anteriores e lobos, brânquias, superfície glandular ventral, papilas nefridiais e genitais, notopódios e notocerdas, neuropódios e neurocerdas, e extremidade posterior. Uma discussão dos caracteres úteis para distinguir os gêneros é fornecida. Este conjunto de caracteres será utilizado para um estudo filogenético subseqüente (Nogueira & Hutchings em preparação).