bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Neodymium Sulfate Nitrate Trihydrate Nd[SO4][NO3]·3H2O
Authors: Strobel Sabine , Hartenbach Ingo , Schleid Thomas
Published: August 2006

Pale violet single crystals of Nd[SO4][NO3]·3H2O emerged in a reaction of neodymium nitrate (dissolved in concentrated nitric acid) with H2S which was thereby oxidized to sulfate anions. The title compound crystallizes monoclinically in space group P21/m (a = 630.56(6), b = 692.34(6), c = 898.27(8) pm, β = 93.305(7)° with two formula units per unit cell. The Nd3+ cations are surrounded by nine oxygen atoms of three sulfate, one nitrate, and three water particles with both the [NO3]− and one [SO4]2− anion acting as bidentate chelating ligands which occupy common edges that are situated opposite to each other and form an elongated tetrahedron. The remaining three water molecules and two sulfate anions work just as terminal ligands building a corrugated five‐membered ring as waist around this bisphenoid. These polyhedra about the Nd3+ cations are connected via the sulfate tetrahedra to rods along [010] which show a sawtooth‐like shape caused by the nitrate triangles and two of the three water molecules attached to neodymium. The chains are packed according to a primitive rod packing with the [NO3]− anions of one rod pointing towards the [SO4]2− anions of the adjacent one and vice versa. They are connected to each other by hydrogen bridging bonds between the water molecules and mainly the nitrate triangles.
Bis(phosphinimino)methanides as Ligands in the Chemistry of the Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Roesky Peter W.
Published: August 2006

Rare earth element complexes having the very bulky bis(phosphinimino)methanides ligand, {CH(PPh2NSiMe3)2}−, in the coordination sphere are reviewed. The coordination chemistry, the reactivity, and the catalytic application of the corresponding complexes are discussed.
Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides. 180 (C5Me4CH2CH2CH=CH2)2Yb – an Olefin Complex of Ytterbium(II)?
Authors: Schumann Herbert , Heim Alexander , Schutte Stefan , Lentz Dieter
Published: August 2006

YbI2(THF)2 reacts with two equivalents of K[C5Me4CH2CH2CH=CH2] yielding unsolvated (C5Me4CH2CH2CH=CH2)2Yb (1). The molecular structure shows both tethered olefins orientated toward the Yb center.
A Proton Transfer Compound of Piperazine with Pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic Acid and Its Palladium(II) and Thallium(III) Complexes – Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure
Authors: Aghabozorg Hossein , Ghadermazi Mohammad , Manteghi Faranak , Nakhjavan Bahar
Published: August 2006

Three compounds including a proton transfer ion pair LH2 and its PdII and TlIII complexes were synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy and single crystal X‐ray diffraction method. The chemical formulae are (pipzH2)2+(pydc)2− for ion pair 1, (pipzH2)[Pd(pydc)2]·2H2O for PdII complex 2, and (pipzH2)[Tl2(pydc)2Cl4(H2O)2]·4H2O for TlIII complex 3, respectively (pipz: piperazine, pydc: pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylate). The space group and crystal system of all three compounds are P1 and triclinic. The proton transfer ion pair 1 was prepared by a reaction between piperazine and pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid, and the complexes 2 and 3 were synthesized by reaction of 1 with palladium(II) chloride and thallium(III) nitrate, respectively. In complex 2, two water molecules present in the crystal packing are joined by hydrogen bonds and form a water dimer and similarly in complex 3, six water molecules apart from the complex and individually form an interesting water hexamer developed in the whole crystal. Hydrogen bonding and ion pairing play an important role in stabilizing the crystals.
Reaktionen von Trimethylindium mit primären Alkoholen
Authors: Chamazi Navabeeh Nami , Heravi Majid M. , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: August 2006

Reactions of Trimethylindium with Primary Alcohols

InMe3 was treated with EtOH in boiling THF while nPrOH, nBuOH and iBuOH were reacted with InMe3 in boiling toluene. With EtOH the decanuclear complex [(MeIn)10(O)2(OEt)12(OH)4]·2THF (1) was isolated. nPrOH, nBuOH and iBuOH lead to the pentanuclear complexes [(MeIn)5(O)(OR)8] (2–4). 1–4 were characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy as well as by X‐ray structure determinations. According to this 1 consits of two O‐centered single‐decapitated rhombic dodecahedrons In5O9, bridged by four μ3‐OH functions, which are part of the In5O9 cages. The two THF molecules are linked by hydrogen bonding to OH groups. In 2–4 always O‐centered single‐decapitated rhombic dodecahedrons In5O9 are present. The structures of 2 and 3 show disorder of the In5O6 cages, in which the sixth empty In position of the rhombic dodecahedron is partly occupied by one of the other five In positions. Therefore, the occupation parameter of every In position is 5/6. In 4 the empty sixth position is occupied partly by the opposite In atom In3. This means an occupation parameter of 0.5 of In3.
Strukturen von polaren Bariumorganylen: Synthese und Struktur von Ether‐, Pyridin‐ und Kronenether‐Addukten des Bis(fluorenyl)bariums
Authors: Fichtel Kai , Höxter Sarah , Behrens Ulrich
Published: August 2006

The synthesis and structure of six bis(fluorenyl)barium complexes is reported. Bis(fluorenyl)barium (1) was synthesized from barium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) and fluorene. Tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, and pyridine containing complexes (1a, 1b, 2, and 3a) could be synthesized by crystallizing 1 from THF, DME, or pyridine. The X‐ray structures of all crystalline compounds reveal a bent‐sandwich structure with Ba–C distances between 303.3 and 322.2 pm to the five‐membered rings of the fluorenyl ligands and a ring centroid–Ba distance of 288.2 to 289.0 pm. The ring centroid–Ba–ring centroid angles are 134.8 to 137.0°. Three THF (1a, 1b), two DME (2), or three pyridine molecules (3a) complete the coordination sphere of the barium atom. Two crown ether complexes (4a and 5a) of bis(fluorenyl)barium were synthesized by reacting 1 with the crown ethers 18‐crown‐6 and dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6. From pyridine as solvent the following two compounds could be obtained in single crystals: [Ba(C13H9)(18‐crown‐6)(pyridine)]+[C13H9]−·pyridine (4a) and [Ba(C13H9)(dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6)(pyridine)]+[C13H9]−·2 pyridine (5a). The structures of 4a and 5a could be determined by X‐ray diffraction, too. The complexes 4a and 5a have a salt‐like structure with a complex [Ba(C13H9)(18‐crown‐6)(pyridine)]+‐cation and a free fluorenide anion.
Preparation and Characterization of Heterocyclic Compounds Containing S, Se, and Te Ring Atoms
Authors: Steinfeld Gunther , Kersting Berthold
Published: August 2006

The synthesis and characterization of some heterocyclic compounds containing S, Se, and Te ring atoms are reported. The compounds 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐isopropyl‐7‐(N‐isopropylcarbamoyl)‐1,2‐benzisothiazole‐3‐oxide (1a), 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐isopropyl‐7‐(N‐isopropylcarbamoyl)‐1,2‐benzisoselenazole‐1,1,3‐oxide (4), 2,3‐di‐hydro‐2‐isopropyl‐7‐(N‐isopropylcarbamoyl)‐1,2‐benzisotellurazole‐3‐oxide (1c), and the palladium complex trans‐[PdCl2(1c)] (6) were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. All compounds feature extensive NH···O hydrogen bonding interactions in the solid state. The hydrogen bonding motifs observed in selenoxide 4 and in the palladium complex 6 are significantly different from those in the parent compounds 1b and 1c.
Zur Elektronenstruktur metallorganischer Komplexe der f‐Elemente. 63 Parametrische Analyse des Kristallfeld‐Aufspaltungsmusters von pseudo trigonal‐planarem Er(η5‐C5H4tBu)3
Authors: Jank Stefan , Reddmann Hauke , Apostolidis Christos , Walter Olaf , Amberger Hanns‐Dieter
Published: August 2006

Electronic Structures of Organometallic Compounds of f Elements. 63 Parametric Analysis of the Crystal Field Splitting Pattern of Pseudo Trigonal Planar Er(η5‐C5H4tBu)3

The absorption spectrum of presumably pseudo trigonal planar Er(η5‐C5H4tBu)3 (1) has been measured at room and low temperatures. From the spectra obtained, a truncated crystal field (CF) splitting pattern could be derived, and simulated by fitting the parameters of a phenomenological Hamiltonian. For 34 assignments, a reduced r.m.s. deviation of 24.8 cm−1 was achieved. On the basis of the CF parameters used, the global CF strength experienced by the Er3+ central ion is estimated, and the experimentally based non‐relativistic molecular orbital scheme (in the f range) is set up and compared with the result of an SW‐Xα calculation on the fictive trigonal planar model complex Dy(η5‐C5H5)3.
[BeBr2(SMe2)2], a Versatile Starting Material for Beryllium Chemistry – One Pot Synthesis from Beryllium Powder
Authors: Himmel Daniel , Krossing Ingo
Published: August 2006

Multigram amounts of [BeBr2(SMe2)2] (1) are quantitatively synthesized in a one pot synthesis by heating Be powder in a Br2 atmosphere and condensing Me2S on the formed BeBr2. The compound is very soluble e.g. in Me2S and CH2Cl2, loses Me2S under vacuum at 70 °C and is a versatile starting material for ether‐free homogenous reactions. 1 was characterized by X‐ray analysis, NMR and Raman spectroscopy, and used for the synthesis of (known) [BeCp2] and [Cp*BeBr].
Isolated and Edge‐Sharing Interstitially Stabilized Metal Tetrahedra {M4Z} in La4ZBr7, M9Z4I16, and BaM4Z2I8 (M = La,Ce). The Nature of Z
Authors: Gerlitzki Niels , Hammerich Stefanie , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: August 2006

Metallothermic reductions of LaBr3, LaI3 and CeI3 with barium metal resulted in single crystals of La4ZBr7, M9Z4I16 and BaM4Z2I8 (M = La,Ce) as by‐products, subject to apparently ubiquitous “oxygen” and/or “nitrogen” (= Z) impurities. The crystal structure of La4ZBr7 (1, orthorhombic, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 1212.4(1), b = 1404.8(2), c = 804.7(1) pm, R1 = 0.0358 for I>2σI with N:O = 0.91:0.09) is determined by isolated {La4Z} tetrahedra surrounded by and connected through bromide ligands. In the crystal structure of Ce9Z4I16 (2, orthorhombic, Fddd, Z = 8, a = 890.0(1), b = 2264.1(2), c = 4279.5(4) pm, R1 = 0.0262 for I>2σI with N:O = 0.75:0.25), {Ce4Z} tetrahedra are connected to {Ce4/2Z} chains via common edges and further to layers by iodide ligands. The layers are stacked and connected via the ninth cerium atom according to Ce[{Ce4/2Z}I4]4. Similar {La4/2Z} chains and BaI8/4 chains run perpendicularly to each other and are connected via common iodide ions in the crystal structure of BaLa4Z2I8 = Ba2[{La4/2Z}I4]4 (3, monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 897.5(1), b = 2162.4(3), c = 1229.3(2), β = 110.32(1)°, R1 = 0.0261 for I>2σI with N:O = 0.54:0.46). The nature of the interstitial Z, oxygen and/or nitrogen, is evaluated.
The Ammonium Bromomercurates(II) (NH4)Hg5Br11 and (NH4)4HgBr6
Authors: Nockemann Peter , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: August 2006

The crystal structures of two ammonium bromomercurates(II), (NH4)Hg5Br11 (1) and (NH4)4HgBr6 (2), were determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data: 1: monoclinic, C2/m (no. 12), a = 1231.3(3), b = 1517.4(3), c = 680.4(2) pm, β = 118.78(2)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0391 for I0>2σ(I0); 2: tetragonal, P4/mnc (no. 128), a = 925.6(1), c = 887.2(1) pm, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0370 for I0>2σ(I0). According to (NH4)Br[HgBr2]5 and (NH4)4Br4[HgBr2] they both contain [Br–Hg–Br] molecules. Additional bromide ions are only loosely attached to the mercury atoms, however involved in (NH4)+–Br− bonding.
Tetrahedra and Vertex‐Sharing Double Tetrahedra in the Ammonium Iodomercurates(II) (NH4)7[HgI4]2[Hg2I7](H2O) and (NH4)3[Hg2I7]
Authors: Nockemann Peter , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: August 2006

The new ammonium iodomercurates(II), (NH4)7[HgI4]2[Hg2I7](H2O) (1) and (NH4)3[Hg2I7] (2) contain isolated tetrahedra and vertex‐sharing double tetrahedra as the anions. The crystal structures were determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data: 1: orthorhombic, Pnma (no. 62), a = 2175.9(2), b = 1781.8(2), c = 1256.2(2) pm, Z = 4. R1 [I0>2σ(I0)] = 0.0520; 2: monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 1259.0(2), b = 773.2(1), c = 2172.4(3) pm, β = 101.18(2)°, Z = 4, R1 [I0>2σ(I0)] = 0.0308.
Darstellung und Charakterisierung von Bis(η5‐1,2,3,4,5‐Pentamethylcyclo‐pentadienyl)(η3‐1‐phenylallyl)lanthanum˙Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Kretschmer Winfried P. , ten Brummelhuis Bas , Meetsma Auke , Teuben Jan H.
Published: August 2006

Synthesis and Characterization of Bis(η5‐1,2,3,4,5‐Pentamethylcyclopenta‐dienyl)(η3‐1‐phenylallyl)lanthanum˙Tetrahydrofuran

The title compound has been prepared from $P{\bar 1}$ and 1‐PhC3H4K˙(THF)0.5 in THF suspension, forming yellow single crystals from hexane solution which were characterized in solid state and in solution by elementary analysis, IR, 13C‐ and variable temperature 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and a crystal structure determination. Space group P1, Z = 2, T = 130 K, a = 8.595(1), b = 10.770(1), c = 17.903(5) Å, α = 93.54(1)°, β = 98.30(1)°, γ = 112.42(1)°, R = 0.0249.
Borohydrido Rare Earth Complexes as Precatalysts for the Polymerisation of Styrene
Authors: Zinck Philippe , Visseaux Marc , Mortreux André
Published: August 2006

Borohydrido based lanthanide complexes associated with n‐butylethylmagnesium are efficient catalytic systems for the polymerisation of styrene. The reaction is quantitative at 50 °C after several hours. Two growing chains per magnesium atom can be evidenced, and chain transfer between the lanthanide and the magnesium atoms may occur. The activity of such catalytic systems is found to be related to the nature of the rare earth metal.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerization Activity of the Scandium Half‐Sandwich Complex [Sc(η5‐C5Me4{SiMe2(C6F5)})(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)]
Authors: Hitzbleck Julia , Okuda Jun
Published: August 2006

The scandium half‐sandwich (bis)alkyl complex [Sc(η5‐C5Me4{SiMe2(C6F5)})(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)] has been prepared by σ‐bond metathesis between [Sc(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] and C5Me4H{SiMe2(C6F5)}. Structural characterization by single crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed the typical piano‐stool geometry for this type of complex. The addition of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] resulted in the formation of a half‐sandwich alkyl cation which is an efficient catalyst for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene in the presence of aluminium alkyls.
Mono(amidinate) Yttrium Alkyl Complexes: The Effect of Ligand Variation on Ethene Polymerization Catalysis
Authors: Bambirra Sergio , Otten Edwin , van Leusen Daan , Meetsma Auke , Hessen Bart
Published: August 2006

Yttrium dialkyl complexes were prepared for three different 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl‐substituted benzamidinate ligands. The electron‐donating ability of the parent ligand (L1) was decreased by a pentafluorophenyl backbone substituent (L2), and enhanced by addition of a pendant Lewis base (L3). The corresponding cationic monoalkyl species were generated and compared in catalytic ethene polymerization.
Up‐conversion Luminescence in K2LaX5 (X = Cl, Br, I) Crystals Doped with Pr3+ Ions
Authors: Cybińska Joanna , Legendziewicz Janina , Boulon Georges , Meyer Gerd
Published: August 2006

A series of crystals of ternary lanthanide halides K2LaX5 (X = Cl,Br,I) doped with Pr3+ were synthesized, crystals grown using the Bridgman method, and their optical properties were studied. Apart from fundamental Pr3+ emission, up‐conversion emission was detected in these crystals. Some features in the up‐conversion fluorescence vary in the series of halides (Cl, Br, I). Non‐radiative energy transfer between Pr3+ ions is observed and up‐conversion mechanisms are proposed.
Synthesis and Structure of ‘mer’‐Trichlorotetrakis(pyridine)ytterbium(III) Hemipyridine Solvate
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Scott Natalie M. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2006

The title compound [YbCl3(py)4]·0.5py has been grown as single crystals by the treatment of ytterbium chunks with hexachloroethane in pyridine and characterized by a single crystal X‐ray study. It is isomorphous with the previous [LnCl3(py)4]·0.5py array defined for Ln = La, Eu, Er, extending the ‘domain of existence’ of that form to Ln = Yb, an unexpected result given that the Ln = Y adduct with similar seven‐coordinate, pentagonal bipyramidal coordination environment, is of an unsolvated form.
A Section Through the Compositional Triangle Pr‐Co‐I at 600 °C: Pr7CoI12 and Pr2Co2I
Authors: Palasyuk Andriy , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: August 2006

At 600 °C, two phases exist in equilibrium in the system Pr–Co–I, Pr7CoI12 and Pr2Co2I, the former with isolated {Pr6Co} clusters, the latter with Pr–Co–Pr slabs. The crystal structures were determined from single‐crystal X‐ray data: Pr7CoI12: trigonal, $R{\bar 3}$ (no. 148), a = 1581.62(10), c = 1079.18(7) pm, Z = 3, R = 0.0493 for all data; Pr2Co2I: hexagonal, P63/mmc (no. 194), a = 403.86(4), c = 1743.4(2) pm, Z = 2. R = 0.1196 for all data.
X‐ray Crystal Structure Characterization of Two Mononuclear Low Coordinate Lanthanoid Aryloxides, [La(Odpp)3(dig)]·0.5dig and [Nd(Odpp)3(py)2]·2py, (HOdpp = 2,6‐diphenylphenol, dig = bis(2‐methoxyethyl) ether, py = pyridine)
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Feng Tiecheng , Junk Peter C. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2006

Structures of the new complexes [La(Odpp)3(dig)]·0.5dig (Odpp = 2,6‐diphenylphenolate; dig = bis(2‐methoxyethyl) ether – diglyme) and [Nd(Odpp)3(py)2]·2py (py = pyridine), obtained by crystallization of the corresponding [Ln(Odpp)3(thf)2] complex from diglyme or pyridine contain six‐coordinate and five‐coordinate lanthanoid atoms respectively. In the former, two meridional sets of donor atoms, (O3(dig) and O3(Odpp)) are near normal to each other and in a highly distorted octahedral stereochemistry, whereas the latter is trigonal bipyramidal with an oxygen and a nitrogen atom apical and a pronounced lengthening of the axial Nd‐N bond.
Direct Oxidation of Europium Metal with Acetic Acid: Anhydrous Europium(III) Acetate, Eu(OAc)3, its Sesqui‐hydrate, Eu(OAc)3(H2O)1.5, and the “Hydrogendiacetate”, [Eu(H(OAc)2)3](H2O)
Authors: Gomez Torres Sonia , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: August 2006

Anhydrous europium(III) acetate, Eu(OAc)3 (1), its sesquihydrate Eu(OAc)3(H2O)1.5 = [Eu2(OAc)6(H2O)](H2O)2 (2) and the “hydrogendiacetate” [Eu(H(OAc)2)3](H2O) = [Eu2(OAc)6(HOAc)2(H2O)2](HOAc)4 (3) were obtained as colourless single crystals by direct oxidation of europium metal with acetic acid in glass ampoules at 130 °C. The coordination polymer Eu(OAc)3 (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (no. 15) with a = 1126.0(3), b = 2900.5(6), c = 799.1(2) pm, β = 132.03(2)°, V = 1938.6(8) 106·pm3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0374 [I>2σ]. The crystals of Eu(OAc)3(H2O)1.5 (2) are monoclinic, space group Cc (no. 9) with a = 1608.7(2), b = 1665.6(2), c = 839.1(1) pm, β = 115.75(9)°, V = 2025.2(4) 106·pm3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0424 [I>2σ]. [Eu(H(OAc)2)3](H2O) (3) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14) with lattice parameters of a = 1157.7(1), b = 2131.6(3), c = 901.3(1) pm, β = 110.36(1)°, V = 2085.6(4) 106·pm3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0331 [I>2σ]. The linear chain structure of 1 is modified by the addition of one coordinating water molecule in 2 to a corrugated chain whose packing leaves room for crystal water. In 3 the same dimers are observed as in [Eu2(OAc)6(HOAc)2(H2O)2] (4) itself which had previously been synthesized from an ammonium acetate melt. With a higher acetic acid pressure, four molecules of acetic acid per dimer are included in the structure in 3.
Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden. CLXIII N,O‐Chelatkomplexe mit Propargylglycinat
Authors: Ponikwar Walter , Hauck Thomas , Beck Wolfgang
Published: August 2006

Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands. CLXIII N,O‐Chelate Complexes with Propargylglycinate

The N,O‐chelate complexes with propargylglycinate(L), CuL2, NiL2, [(Ph3P)2Pd(L)](BF4), (o‐Tolyl)(Ph3P)Ni(L), (Di‐otolylphosphino)benzylPd(L) have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods.
Predator and parasitoid attacking ant‐attended aphids: effects of predator presence and attending ant species on emerging parasitoid numbers
Authors: Kaneko Shuji
Published: August 2006

Interaction between a predator and a parasitoid attacking ant‐attended aphids was examined in a system on photinia plants, consisting of the aphid Aphis spiraecola, the two ants Lasius japonicus and Pristomyrmex pungens, the predatory ladybird beetle Scymnus posticalis, and the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus japonicus. The ladybird larvae are densely covered with waxy secretion and are never attacked by attending ants. The parasitoid females are often attacked by ants, but successfully oviposit by avoiding ants. The two ants differ in aggressiveness towards aphid enemies. Impacts of the predator larvae and attending ant species on the number of parasitoid adults emerging from mummies per aphid colony were assessed by manipulating the presence of the predator in introduced aphid colonies attended by either ant. The experiment showed a significant negative impact of the predator on emerging parasitoid numbers. This is due to consumption of healthy aphids by the predator and its predation on parasitized aphids containing the parasitoid larvae (intraguild predation). Additionally, attending ant species significantly affected emerging parasitoid numbers, with more parasitoids in P. pungens‐attended colonies. This results from the lower extent of interference with parasitoid oviposition by the less aggressive P. pungens. Furthermore, the predator reduced emerging parasitoid numbers more when P. pungens attended aphids. This may be ascribed to larger numbers of the predator and the resulting higher levels of predation on unparasitized and parasitized aphids in P. pungens‐attended colonies. In conclusion, a negative effect of the predator on the parasitoid occurs in ant‐attended aphid colonies, and the intensity of the interaction is affected by ant species.
Ceasing of muscle function with aging: is it the consequence of intrinsic muscle degeneration or a secondary effect of neuronal impairments?
Authors: Figueiredo P. A. , Mota M. P. , Appell H. J. , Duarte J.
Published: August 2006

Aging is associated with a significant decline in neuromuscular function leading to an eventual loss of independence and mobility of senescent people. Age-related sarcopenia, characterised by a reduction in muscle mass and strength, is considered one of the most striking features of aging at the level of the skeletal muscle. Morphological alterations in skeletal muscle can be considered as one of the consequences responsible for muscle weakness in the aged population. Beyond 60 years of age, human muscle undergoes a process of continuous denervation and reinnervation, due to an accelerating loss of motor units. It appears evident that phenotypic alterations in muscle depend on the motor drives provided by the nervous system. Because the peripheral nerves, the neuromuscular junction and motor neurons exhibit degenerative features during advanced age, sarcopenia does not seem to intrinsically develop, but is rather a secondary effect of impaired neuronal function. It is therefore recommended that elderly subjects undergo an exercise program that is aimed towards the improvement of coordinative skills and of muscle strength.
Revealing sparks: John Wesley and the religious utility of electrical healing
Authors: BERTUCCI PAOLA
Published: August 2006

In the eighteenth century, dramatic electrical performances were favourite entertainments for the upper classes, yet the therapeutic uses of electricity also reached the lower strata of society. This change in the social composition of electrical audiences attracted the attention of John Wesley, who became interested in the subject in the late 1740s. The paper analyses Wesley's involvement in the medical applications of electricity by taking into account his theological views and his proselytizing strategies. It sets his advocacy of medical electricity in the context of his philanthropic endeavours aimed at the sick poor, connecting them to his attempts to spread Methodism especially among the lower classes. It is argued that the healing virtues of electricity entailed a revision of the morality of electrical experiment which made electric sparks powerful resources for the popularization of the Methodist way of life, based on discipline, obedience to established authorities and love and fear of God.
Mobile objects: the space of shells in eighteenth-century France
Authors: DIETZ BETTINA
Published: August 2006

The frequent distinction made between scientific and purely amateur collections misrepresents the specificity of the field of eighteenth-century natural history. This paper argues that the extent and the boundaries of a scientific field can be determined only within the framework of concrete historical constellations of institutions, protagonists, practices and objects. By tracing the circulation of shells in eighteenth-century France, Paris in particular, between about 1735 and 1780, it becomes evident which individuals or groups actually came into contact with these shells; in what practices of collecting, describing and classification they were involved; and in what spaces they were displayed. Thus the contours of a constellation emerge which differ considerably from those drawn hitherto.
Misperception, illusion and epistemological optimism: vision studies in early nineteenth-century Britain and Germany
Authors: SCHICKORE JUTTA
Published: August 2006

This article compares investigations of the process of vision that were made in early nineteenth-century Britain and the German lands. It is argued that vision studies differed significantly east and west of the North Sea. Most of the German investigators had a medical background and many of them had a firm grasp of contemporary philosophy. In contrast, the British studies on vision emerged from the context of optics. This difference manifested itself in the conceptual tools for the analysis of vision, deception and illusion and shaped the experiments on visual phenomena that were carried out. Nevertheless, both in Britain and in the German lands vision studies were driven by the same impetus, by epistemological concerns with the nature and reliability of knowledge acquisition in experience. The general epistemological conclusions drawn from researches on vision and deception were optimistic. Precisely because mechanisms of deception and illusion could be uncovered, the possibility of acquiring empirical knowledge could be secured.
Nationalizing provincial weather: meteorology in nineteenth-century Cornwall
Authors: NAYLOR SIMON
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the development of a quantified, standardized and institutionalized meteorological science in nineteenth-century Britain, one that relied on sophisticated instrumentation and highly regulated observers and techniques of observation in its attempt to produce an accurate picture of the national weather. The story is told from one of the numerous points in British meteorology's extensive collection network: from Cornwall, in the far southwest of England. Although the county had been an acknowledged centre of meteorological labour since the eighteenth century, it came increasingly under the influence of various London-based meteorological institutions in the 1830s and in 1868 was chosen as the site of one of the Royal Society of London's few prestigious ‘first-order’ meteorological observatories. This case study presents us with the opportunity to witness the ways in which a national scientific enterprise was assimilated and interpreted in a particular local context. It gives us a chance to see how regulated forms of instrumentation and quantified measurement were translated in a particular place and, of course, how the non-place-bound ideals of metropolitan science occasionally faltered in the face of local values and preoccupations.
Effectiveness of vegetative filter strips in attenuating nutrient and sediment runoff from irrigated pastures
Authors: HAY V. , PITTROFF W. , TOOMAN E. E. , MEYER D.
Published: August 2006

Increasing concern about non-point source pollutants released from grazing livestock, a worldwide problem, motivated the present study on the effects of vegetative filter strips (VFS) for controlling pollutants (nutrients, micro-organisms and sediment loading) from grazed, irrigated pastures. Flood-irrigated pastures are an important source of forage for livestock during summer months in California, USA when the surrounding rangelands are dry and dormant. Significant amounts of runoff can be generated from these pastures during irrigation events.

Nine plots on an irrigated pasture were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: Control (no VFS), Treatment VFS-1 (8·3×7 m, 0·0058 ha VFS) and Treatment VFS-2 (17·1×7 m, 0·012 ha VFS). In 2000, two grazing events (in April and June/July) occurred during the irrigation season prior to the experiment; further, the experimental plots were grazed between irrigations 2 and 3. Attenuation of runoff loads by VFS treatment was measured during four irrigation events (between 1 August and 3 October 2000) for total suspended solids (TSS), ortho-phosphate (Ortho-P), inorganic phosphate (Inorg-P), total phosphate (Total-P), organic phosphate (Org-P), polyphosphate (Poly-P), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), NH3, NO3 and presumptive faecal coliforms (FC).

On average, approximately 0·43 of the applied water left the plots as runoff. Treatment effects approached significance for TSS and TKN and were significant (P<0·05) for Poly-P and NH3. Irrigation number effects were significant for all but TSS, NO3 and FC. The effects of VFS treatments were not consistent. Treatment VFS-2, although representing the largest buffer strip, did not always produce the lowest pollutant loads in runoff. Slope, relatively high runoff volumes and some channelled flow were probably responsible for the limited effectiveness of VFS in the present study. These results suggest that effectiveness of VFS for reducing sediment and nutrient transport from irrigated pastures may be questionable.
Randomized and non-randomized evidence for the effect of compulsory community and involuntary out-patient treatment on health service use: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: KISELY STEPHEN , ANNE CAMPBELL LESLIE , SCOTT ANITA , PRESTON NEIL J. , XIAO JIANGUO
Published: August 2006

Background. There is limited randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for compulsory community treatment. Other study methods may clarify their effectiveness. We reviewed RCT and non-RCT evidence for the effect of compulsory community treatment on hospital admissions, bed-days, compliance and out-patient contacts.

Method. A systematic review of RCTs, controlled before-and-after (CBA) studies, and interrupted time series (ITS) analyses. Meta-analysis of RCTs.

Results. Eight papers covering five studies (two RCTs and three CBAs) met inclusion criteria (total n=1108). There was no statistical difference in 12-month admission rates between subjects on involuntary out-patient treatment and controls. Survival analyses of time to admission were equivocal. All five studies reported decreases in the number of bed-days following involuntary out-patient treatment but this only reached statistical significance in one situation; patients receiving the intervention were less likely to have admissions of over 100 days. There was no difference in treatment adherence between the intervention and control groups in either RCT or two of the CBA studies. However, the third CBA study reported a statistically significant increase of nearly five visits in the mean number of overall contacts in the involuntary out-patient treatment group.

Conclusions. The evidence for involuntary out-patient treatment in reducing either admissions or bed-days is very limited. It therefore cannot be seen as a less restrictive alternative to admission. Other effects are uncertain. Evaluation of a wide range of outcomes should be included if this type of legislation is introduced.
Typological effects on spelling development: a crosslinguistic study of Hebrew and Dutch
Authors: GILLIS STEVEN , RAVID DORIT
Published: August 2006

This study investigates the role of phonological and morphological information in children's developing orthographies in two languages with different linguistic typologies: Hebrew, a Semitic language with a highly synthetic morphology, and Dutch, a Germanic language with a sparse morphology.

192 Israeli and 192 Belgian monolingual schoolchildren in grades 1–6 (aged 6;0–12;0) were administered respective dictation tasks in which homophonous segments were the targets. In each language, these phonologically distinct segments are neutralized phonetically but are nevertheless represented orthographically. In both languages the target segments in the test words differed along two dimensions: (1) their morphological function as part of a stem or root versus as part of an affix; and (2) their morphophonological recoverability. The spelling tests in both languages consisted of four conditions which differed in the number and type of cues for retrieving the correct spelling of homophonous graphemes. The cues were of two types: morphological cues, which offer spellers clues to the correct spelling through consistent orthography/morphology mapping regularities; and morphophonological cues, which offer spellers clues to the correct spelling through the manipulation of orthography/morphophonology conversion procedures.

A central finding of this study is the differential treatment of morphological cues by Dutch and Hebrew spelling learners. When faced with neutralized segments with and without morphological function, Hebrew-speaking children find morphology an enormously helpful tool. Dutch-speaking children, in contrast, do not find morphology a good cue provider. The impact of typology on the interface between spoken and written language is invoked as an explanation of the main findings.
Polish children's productivity with case marking: the role of regularity, type frequency, and phonological diversity
Authors: DĄBROWSKA EWA , SZCZERBIŃSKI MARCIN
Published: August 2006

57 Polish-speaking children aged from 2;4, to 4;8 and 16 adult controls participated in a nonce-word inflection experiment testing their ability to use the genitive, dative and accusative inflections productively. Results show that this ability develops early: the majority of two-year-olds were already productive with all inflections apart from dative neuter; and the overall performance of the four-year-olds was very similar to that of adults. All age groups were more productive with inflections that apply to large and/or phonologically diverse classes, although class size and token frequency appeared to be more important for younger children (two- and three-year-olds) and phonological diversity for older children and adults. Regularity, on the other hand, was a very poor predictor of productivity. The results support usage-based models of language acquisition and are problematic for the dual mechanism model.
Facilitation and practice in verb acquisition
Authors: KEREN-PORTNOY TAMAR
Published: August 2006

This paper presents a model of syntax acquisition, whose main points are as follows: Syntax is acquired in an item-based manner; early learning facilitates subsequent learning – as evidenced by the accelerating rate of new verbs entering a given structure; and mastery of syntactic knowledge is typically achieved through practice – as evidenced by intensive use and common word order errors – and this slows down learning during the early stages of acquiring a structure.

The facilitation and practice hypotheses were tested on naturalistic production samples of six Hebrew-acquiring children ranging from ages 1;1 to 2;7 (average ages 1;6 to 2;4 months). Results show that most structures did in fact accelerate; the notion of ‘practice’ is supported by the inverse correlation found between number of verbs and number of errors in the earliest productions in a given structure; and the absence of acceleration in a minority of the structures is due to the fact that they involve relatively less practice.
Aristotelian Well-Being: A Response to L. W. Sumner's Critique
Authors: TONER CHRISTOPHER HUGH
Published: August 2006

Aristotle's ethical theory is often seen as instructing agents in the prudent pursuit of their own well-being, and therefore labeled egoistic. Yet it is also subject to the opposing charge of failing to direct agents to their well-being, directing them instead to perfection. I am here concerned chiefly with the second criticism, and proceed as follows: I first articulate Sumner's version of the criticism, and second assess his argument for his own (subjective) account of well-being. Third, I present reasons motivating a more objective account of well-being, reasons for taking another look at Aristotle. Finally, granting that Aristotle does indeed direct agents to pursue their perfection, I argue that perfection includes well-being within it. This shows how Aristotle escapes the second criticism, while at the same time pointing the way toward a defense against the first.
Value and Friendship: A More Subtle View
Authors: HURKA THOMAS
Published: August 2006

T. M. Scanlon has cited the value of friendship in arguing against a ‘teleological’ view of value which says that value inheres only in states of affairs and demands only that we promote it. This article argues that, whatever the teleological view's final merits, the case against it cannot be made on the basis of friendship. The view can capture Scanlon's claims about friendship if it holds, as it can consistently with its basic ideas, that (i) friendship is a higher-level good consisting in appropriate attitudes to other goods and evils in a friend's life, (ii) these goods and evils have agent-relative value, i.e. more value than similar states of strangers, and (iii) the attitudes constituting friendship have less value than their objects. Given these independently plausible claims, the teleological view can agree with Scanlon that, e.g., it is wrong to betray a friend in order to promote more friendships among other people.
Prudence for Changing Selves
Authors: BYKVIST KRISTER
Published: August 2006

What is the prudentially right thing to do in situations in which our actions will shape our preferences? Suppose, for instance, that you are considering getting married, and that you know that if you get married, you will prefer being unmarried, and that if you stay unmarried, you will prefer being married. This is the problem I will deal with in this article. I will begin by explaining why preferences matter to prudence. I will then go on to discuss a couple of unsuccessful theories and see what we can learn from their mistakes. One of the most important lessons is that how you would have felt about a life had you never led it is irrelevant to the question of what you prudentially ought to do. My theory takes this into account. What counts is how you feel about a life when you are actually leading it.
The Paradox of Moral Complaint
Authors: SMILANSKY SAUL
Published: August 2006

When may someone complain, morally? And what, if any, is the relationship between legitimate moral complaint and one's own behaviour? I point out a perplexity about a certain class of moral complaints. Two very different conceptions of moral complaint seem to be operating, and they often have contrary implications. Moreover, both seem intuitively compelling. This is theoretically and practically troubling, but has not been sufficiently noticed. The Paradox of Moral Complaint seems to point to an inherent difficulty in our reflective moral intuitions. Given the legislative nature of moral agency, the plausible limitations upon reasonable moral complaint seem to contradict the inviolability of central moral constraints and the complaints they allow. In the sort of cases under discussion, morality seems at once both to insist upon the possibility of moral complaint, and to deny it.
Ethical Theories and Moral Guidance
Authors: VÄYRYNEN PEKKA
Published: August 2006

Let the Guidance Constraint be the following norm for evaluating ethical theories: Other things being at least roughly equal, ethical theories are better to the extent that they provide adequate moral guidance. I offer an account of why ethical theories are subject to the Guidance Constraint, if indeed they are. We can explain central facts about adequate moral guidance, and their relevance to ethical theory, by appealing to certain forms of autonomy and fairness. This explanation is better than explanations that feature versions of the principle that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’. In closing, I address the objection that my account is questionable because it makes ethical theories subject not merely to purely theoretical but also to morally substantive norms.
Complementary therapy use amongst oncology patients: what are the messages for Cancer Centre Services? Part 2
Authors: Killigrew S. G.
Published: August 2006

This study aims to examine two related contemporary issues in cancer care; why people with cancer use complementary therapies (CM) and what lessons there may be in this for Cancer Centre Services. The report is presented in two parts. Part 2 is in the current issue and Part 1 was published in the previous issue (Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 2000; 2(1): 45–51). In Part 1, the main questions for the study were identified and contextualised within the current literature on complementary therapy use. In Part 2 the method, results and analysis the survey and interviews are explored. Of the patients attending the Leicestershire Cancer Centre, 148 returned questionnaires of whom 14 were interviewed in three separate focus groups. Patients from a cancer patient self help group were also interviewed as a fourth focus group. The qualitative data enabled a deeper analysis and evaluation of the quantitative data to be made. The discussion of the data places the main questions asked by the study into a wider context, including the Calman-Hine Report and patient-centred care. The conclusions are that although a significant minority of patients (13%) were using CM at the time of the survey a significant majority of respondents (73%) identified a role for CM alongside conventional cancer treatment and 78% responded that staff at the Cancer Centre should be trained to advise them on the use of CM. The respondents acknowledged the resource and educational implications for Cancer Centres but stated that equal status should be given to care and cure in managing malignant disease. This in line with the Calman-Hine Report. Far greater numbers of patients may use CM if appropriate levels of resources and information were available. The findings indicate that integration of CM could assist in promoting future improvements in quality of survival and patient-centred care as identified by Caiman-Hine and other recent health policy initiatives.
Tangential breast irradiation – Optimising the technique
Authors: Cormack M. , Calcott J. , Gillies J. , MacLellan J.
Published: August 2006

Patients receiving tangential breast irradiation represent a significant proportion of the workload in a radiotherapy department. This paper describes the optimisation of an existing technique for tangential breast irradiation. Simulator sessions have been made more efficient by adopting a systematic approach to the simulation process, and set up times on treatment have been reduced and accuracy increased by improving the reliability of the patient set-up. There has been an overall reduction in both the problems and the time taken to both simulate and treat patients.

Patient position variation has been minimised by the use of vac-fix bags and the choice of reference tattoo placement on the patient's skin. The single simulation session for planning treatment has been organised into three parts: definition of target volume, calculation of treatment and field parameters and simulation of treatment fields. The improvement in patient set-up on treatment has been confirmed by a reduction in the variability of FSDs measured during treatment.
Changing practice in the radiation treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Mohammed N. , O’Rourke N.
Published: August 2006

Background: Radiotherapy is well established in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) but there is considerable variation in the radiotherapy regimens prescribed, even within one cancer centre. This paper compares the varying radiation schedules prescribed in the Beatson Oncology Centre, Glasgow, in a sample of patients treated in 1996 with a second sample treated in 1999 following the creation of a lymphoma team with defined treatment protocols.

Method: In 1997 a retrospective study within the Beatson Oncology Centre recorded the treatment details of 35 patients treated with radiotherapy for NHL in 1996. The various radiotherapy dose and fractionation regimens prescribed were analysed to identify the rationale behind the variations by correlating them to the grade of disease, the age of the patient, the prescribing consultant and use of cytotoxic chemotherapy. A further audit of 36 patients treated over a three-month period in 1999 re-examined the radiotherapy prescribed and was able to include intent of treatment and stage of disease in the analysis.

Results: The demographics of the 1996 and 1999 patients were similar. In the latter group all patients had grade of disease recorded and 83% had stage recorded compared to 91% had grade and only 31% had stage recorded in 1996. The range of doses prescribed was 20–45 Gy (Gray) (median 36) for LGNHL (low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) in 1996 with a range of 5–50 Gy (median 30) for HGNHL (high grade NHL). In 1999 the LGNHL range was 20–45 Gy (median 30) with HGNHL 20–50 (median 40). The 1999 audit showed better recording of data and this allowed further analysis of radiotherapy regimens. The patients could be grouped into three categories of treatment intent: primary radical treatment with radiotherapy alone (36%), consolidation following chemotherapy (25%) and palliation (39%). The radical and consolidation groups received similarly high doses (median 40 Gy) which were significantly greater than the palliation group (median 20 Gy).

Conclusions: The creation of a lymphoma team has improved the recording of treatment data and reduced the variations in clinical practice. We would advocate that patients with NHL should be irradiated according to evidence based protocols and suitable patients should be considered for the current BNLI trial of radiation dose in NHL.
The informed consent procedure from the patients' perspective. An observational study
Authors: Hoornstra K. , Verdouw L. , Struikmans H. , Ambaum E.W.C.
Published: August 2006

From April 1997 until September 1998 an observational study was performed with respect to the quality of the “informed consent procedure concerning patients who were candidates to participate in the EORTC-trial 10925/22922. This phase-III trial deals with the question of whether irradiation of the internal mammary chain together with the ipsilateral supraclavicular chain leads to a better survival in patients with operable breast cancer. Patients with either medially located primary tumours or with (ipsilateral) axillary lymph node metastases were eligible for participation. Patients were, in our study, considered eligible if they were candidates for participation in the above mentioned EORTC-trial. After they had agreed to participate in the informed consent study, 2 radiological technologists interviewed 51 patients. It appeared that patients were well aware of it) the important characteristics of their disease; ii) the purpose of the treatment; iii) the fact that they were candidates for participation in a phase-III trial; iv) the fact that randomisation had taken place (for the participants). According to the answers of the patients it appeared that the quality of the information, as given by their physician, was good. Further attention needs to be given to the time allocated to the patients to consider their participation in the trial. The quality of the informed consent procedure could be measured adequately. Preferably this type of analysis should be performed at the start of a (large) trial. By doing so, the quality of the informed consent procedure can be evaluated and eventually the quality of the procedure can be improved.