bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alfalfa Insect Control During the Third Regrowth Cycle in Minnesota Alfalfa, 1992
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Rinkleff J. H. , Gingera G.J. , Fossey C. R.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted in a 2-year-old alfalfa stand located at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount. Plots measuring 32 × 45 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A single treatment was applied 21 Jul to exploit unusually late AW and high PLH infestations in the same trial. Applications were made using a Spirit sprayer, with 15-ft boom delivering 25 gpa at 40 psi; spray boom was configured with 13, TX-10 hollow cone nozzles at 15 inch spacing for an effective spray width of 16.25 ft. Treatments were applied between 1000-1200 h; wind speed was s 5 mph and temperature averaged 75°F. Treatments were evaluated 24 Jul (3 DAT), 29 Jul (8 DAT) and 4 Aug (14 DAT) by taking 10 pendulum sweeps/plot using a 15-inch diameter sweep net.
Control of Grasshoppers in Conservation Reserve Program Acres Using Dimilin, 1993
Authors: Catangui M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Jenson J. M. , Walz A. W.
Published: December 2017

Evaluation of Dimilin 2F as a residual insecticide was conducted in a CRP field in Menno, SD. Insecticides were applied over 1-acre plots using a tractor-mounted sprayer with 40-ft boom calibrated to deliver 10 gal spray mixture/acre at 3 mph. CRD with each treatment replicated 4 times was utilized. Untreated plots were considered as controls. Plots were arranged in a checkerboard pattern to encourage grasshopper migration from the surrounding untreated plots into each treatment plot. Grasshopper densities were estimated through ring counts (4 rows of ten 0.1 m2 aluminum rings, were arranged in 8 × 8 ft grids near the center of each 1-acre plot). Grasshopper counts were made at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT. Grasshopper species and age composition were determined by taking 80 sweeps/plot with a 12 inch diam sweep net. At 0 DAT majority of the grasshoppers were 3rd and 4th instars.
Planting-Time Insecticide Applications to Control Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1992
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Jenson J. M. , Chambers W. W.
Published: December 2017

Three studies were conducted at 3 SD sites to evaluate insecticide application rates and techniques (band and in-furrow) for control of corn rootworm larvae. A RCBD with 4 replications was used in all studies. Individual plots were single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were then washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Percent root protection (1 - [treatment root rating/untreated root rating] × 100) was calculated for a more visible comparison of treatment performances.
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1993
Authors: Hamilton George C. , Polk Dean , Rizio Eugene
Published: December 2017

A 10 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 200 psi. Treatments were applied when ERM populations reached 6 mites/leaf (23 Jun). For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan as needed. Weekly ERM counts were made by randomly selecting 20 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile ERM and AF. Mite-days (MD) were calculated as: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × 7], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given sample date and M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next sample date. Predatory coccinellids were sampled by 3 minute visual counts of larvae and adults on 29 Jun, 13, 20, and 27 Jul, and 3 and 10 Aug. At harvest, 100 fruit/tree were collected and weighed, evaluated for spray injury, and rated (0%-100%) for russeting. Data were transformed to sqrt(x + 1) or arcsine(x) before ANOVA and comparison of means.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control in Iowa, 1993
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Warshaw A. R. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: December 2017

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 6 locations in 1993. Soil types were: Ames and Rhodes, silty clay loam; Nashua, loam; Newell and Waukee, clay loam; and Sutherland, silty clay. All plots were planted on areas that had been planted to trap crop (late-planted corn, heavy stand) the previous year. A RCB design, with 4 replications for the root-protection trials (registered and numbered products) and 8 replications for the yield trials (registered and EUP products) was used. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Planting-time liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 10 gpa at 23 psi. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring extended leaf heights on 10 consecutive plants. Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated in late Jul and Aug by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Second Generation European Corn Borer Control with Aerial Application of Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Rice Marlin E.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were aerially applied to natural ECB populations in 2 fields near Indianola, IA, using an Ag-Cat airplane. Treatments were replicated 3 times in each field in a RCBD. All liquid formulations were applied in 1.0 gal of water per acre. Pretreatment counts of egg masses on 10 Aug indicated 11 egg masses per 100 plants in Field 1 and 19 egg masses per 100 plants in Field 2. Insecticides were applied on 16-17 Aug; the 2nd application for the split Penncap-M treatment was made on 31 Aug. Treatments were evaluated on 24-25 Sep by splitting stalks, ear shanks, and removing the husks from 10 plants in the center row of each plot (center of the spray swath) and counting live larvae. Yields were taken from the center 4 rows (Field 1) or 6 rows (Field 2) of each plot with a combine. Yields were measured on a truck scale (Field 1) or with a weigh wagon (Field 2) and samples were adjusted to 15.5% moisture and number 2 corn. Yield plot sizes ranged from 0.35-0.64 acre (Field 1) and 0.4 acre (Field 2). Yield data were not collected from replication 2 in Field 2 because of a hybrid change that split the plots. Data were analyzed by using PROC ANOVA or PROC GLM procedures of SAS. Mean separation was accomplished using Fisher’s protected LSD procedure (P = 0.10).
Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae in West Central Nebraska, 1991
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Granular insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in 2 fields in west central NE. Insecticides were applied at planting to ridge-planted ‘Pioneer 3467’ hybrid field corn in Field 1 on 18 May. Application was made to a non-tilled seed bed with insecticide boxes on a John Deere Max-emerge ridge till planter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCBD. T-band applications were made by applying a 7 inch band of insecticide in front of the press wheel. Banded applications were made by applying a 7 inch band of insecticide behind the press wheel and incorporated with a chain. In-furrow applications were made by applying insecticide directly into the seed furrow. Insecticides were applied over the whorl of blocks of ‘Keltgen 1150’ and ‘Producers 870’ hybrid field corn plants in Field 2 at cultivation on 15 Jun. The application was made with International Harvester boxes on a KMC ditcher/cultivator unit. Each treatment in Field 2 was replicated twice and arranged in a RCBD. Corn plant hybrid was used as the blocking criteria. All insecticides in both fields were applied at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. Treatments in both fields were evaluated 13 Jul by rating washed roots, using the 1-6 Iowa Root Damage Rating Scale, of 4 plants from each replicate.
Apple, Spirea Aphid Control, 1993
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of ‘Rome Beauty’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 15 years old and spaced 12 X 35 ft apart. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.0 mph for a complete spray. Treatments were applied on 22 Jun. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Topsin M 85DF, captan 50WP, Nova 40WP and Dithane 75WP. The effect of treatments on SA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf.
Insecticide Control of Adult Western Corn Rootworm and Subsequent Effect on Twospotted Spider Mites in West Central Nebraska, 1992
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Various pesticides were applied to blister stage (R6 stage) hybrid field corn on 9 Aug, near North Platte, in westcentral NE. The treatments were applied with a CO2-charged backpack sprayer through 8001 flat fan nozzles at 206,786 Pa (30 psi), in a total volume of 196.4 liter/ha (21 gal/acre). Each treatment was applied to 3 × 10 m plots, replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Three d before the pesticide application the number of WCR beetles was counted on 2 randomly-selected plants in the middle of each plot. Three d prior to application, 3 spider mite-infested plants in each plot were marked to follow population trends on the same plants. The size of twospotted spider mite colonies was rated on the underside of 3 leaves on each of these plants, one below the ear, the ear leaf and one leaf above the ear. Ratings were made on a 0-6 scale where 0 = no mites, 1 = individual mites, 2 = small colonies, 3 = large, individual colonies, 4 = large connected colonies but not completely covering the underside of the leaf, 5 = colonies completely covering the underside of the leaf, 6 = leaf dead due to spider mite damage. These plants were also evaluated for the presence of arthropod predators. Two d following application the number of rootworm beetles was evaluated by counting all beetles on two randomly selected plants in the middle of each plot. Previously marked plants were evaluated for the size of twospotted spider mite colonies and the presence of arthropod predators at 7, 14, 21 and 44 DAT. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance and an LSD test was used for mean separation.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides in Ohio, 1993
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: December 2017

Soil insecticides were evaluated on continuous corn preceded by a trap crop of late planted corn at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston and the OARDC Northwestern Branch Station near Hoytville. A RCBD with 4 replicates was used at both sites. At the South Charleston site, 15 treatments were compared to an untreated check treatment on reduced tillage plots that were 140 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. At the Hoytville site, 13 treatments were compared to an untreated check treatment on conventional tillage plots that were 90 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Planting time granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel or in-furrow on 10 May at South Charleston and 18 May at Hoytville using a John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. Liquid Furadan was applied as banded and broadcasted post-emergence treatments on 11 Jun at South Charleston and 23 Jun at Hoytville with boom sprayers equipped with flat spray nozzles and calibrated to deliver desired dosages at 3 mph. Stand counts of 100 ft of row were conducted on 14 Jun at South Charleston and on 9 Jul at Hoytville. Root systems of 5 plants per plot were rated 13 Jul at South Charleston and 22 Jul at Hoytville using the Iowa 1-6 scale.
Corn Rootworm Control on Pennsylvania, 1993
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Rebarchak P. B. , Spangler S. M. , Roth G. W. , Hoffman L. , Lueloff S. M.
Published: December 2017

Twenty-four granular insecticide treatments were evaluated in 1993 for their efficacy in controlling western and northern corn rootworm larvae. The evaluation took place on a Hagerstown silt loam soil in central PA, near Rock Springs. The target corn plant population was 28,000 plants per acre. The test plots were planted on 14 May in continuous corn. The design was RCBD with 5 replicates. Plots were 40 ft long × 2 rows wide; the spacing between rows was 30 inches. Treatments were applied at planting using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000® corn planter. T-band applications were applied in 7 inch bands over the row and into the furrow ahead of the press wheel, and in-furrow applications were directed into furrow in front of the press wheel. Treatments were evaluated by quantifying root damage caused by larvae according to the ‘Iowa’ rating method, and by quantifying yield on 9 Nov.
Control of Early Season Tobacco Budworms on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 3 May in a Goldsboro fine sandy loam near Richlands, NC. Fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft with 8 ft alleys. A RCBD with 5 replicates was used. Treatments were applied with a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal total volume per acre at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Applications were made on 8, 14, 21 and 29 Jun. The Ovasyn treatment was initiated at pinhead square and received a total of 4 applications. All remaining treatments were initiated at early tobacco budworm egg hatch on 14 Jun. Subsequently, the Design and Curacron treatments were again applied on 21 and 29 Jun for a total of 3 treatments; all remaining treatments were applied a 2nd time only on 21 Jun for a total of 2 applications. The entire test was oversprayed with Orthene 75S at 0.4 lb (AI)/acre on 4 Jun. Twenty five terminals from each plot (125/ treatment) were inspected for eggs and larvae and 25 squares per plot inspected for damage and larvae on 7 Jul. On 7 Jul, the first 3 fruiting positions (oldest) on each plant were removed from the treatment labeled “square removal.” At the time of fruit position removal, plants averaged 28.4 inches tall, plant stand was 31.3/10 ft, total nodes were 13.9, nodes above white bloom were 8 and total number of fruit was 13.4 per plant. Plots were harvested with a John Deere 1 row mechanical picker from the middle 2 rows on 13 Oct.
Evaluation of High Rates of Selected Insecticides Against Fall Army Worm in Southern North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 10 May in an Autryville loamy sand in Richlands, NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik used at planting for thrips. A RCBD with 4 replicates and 4-row (38 inch centers) × 50 ft plots with 10 ft alleys utilized. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gal/acre total volume at 50 psi with one TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. The single application was made against a high population of primarily 2nd through 4th instar FAW larvae on 24 Aug. Thirty bolls from each plot (120 per treatment) were randomly selected on 30 Aug and inspected for live boll worms, European corn borers and FAW. Yields were not taken.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1993
Authors: Bannister Jennifer M. , Lentz Gary L.
Published: December 2017

A series of tests were conducted at the West Tennessee Experiment Station, Jackson TN, to determine efficacy of 10 insecticides recommended for control of (TPB). Treatments were replicated 3 times in a RCBD. Plots were 2 rows (38-inch spacing) × 20 ft. Each new test was applied to a previously untreated plot of cotton. Organdy sleeve cages were placed on 2 plants per plot and pulled down to the base of the plant. Treatments were then applied with a 2-row CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa at 40 psi. The sleeve cages were pulled up over the plants and 5 field-collected TPB adults were aspirated into each cage. The cages were labeled and tied. After 48 hr, plants were inspected and number alive and dead recorded. Forty-eight hours after spraying, a third organdy sleeve cage was placed on 1 plant per plot for a test of residual activity of the previously applied insecticides. Five field-collected TPB adults were aspirated into the cage; it was tied and labeled. Number alive and dead were recorded after 24 hr of TPB exposure to the plants. Insecticides which demonstrated good control in the first series of tests were tested again to determine if they could be used as effectively at below recommended rates. These tests were performed as described previously with the exception of no residual testing. The data collected for all tests were analyzed by performing an arcsin transformation of the number of TPB dead in a sleeve cage divided by the total TPB recovered from that sleeve cage. The mean arcsin for each treatment was then analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Control of Tarnished Plant Bug, 1993
Authors: Elzen G. W. , Snodgrass G. L.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 6 May in plots 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 65 ft on the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on 6 Jul and 12 Jul by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using two, TX-6 nozzles/row. TPB nymphs were sampled with a drop cloth (1.0 × 0.97 m) from 1 m of a row at 4 random locations in each plot on each sample date. In each plot, 4 random sweep net samples were taken, and 5 sweeps across a single row were made for each sample. Numbers of adults and nymphs captured in the samples were determined in the field. Samples were taken 6, 9, and 16 Jul.
Thrips Control/Variety Test in Cotton with Temik, 1993
Authors: Johnson D. R. , Jordan A. M. , Studebaker G. E.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 14 May at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, AR. Plots were treated with Terrachlor + Temik or Terrachlor + No Temik using Gandy boxes. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCBD design with 4 replications. Ratings were made on 27 May and 3, 9, and 17 Jun. Visual ratings were made on a scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrips were counted by removing 5 plants/plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips trapped by the last sieve. Plant height and node measurements were also made. Plots were harvested on 29 Sep for first and only pick by harvesting the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm, and Beet Armyworm in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Klein C. D. , Slaymaker P. H. , Tugwell N. P. , Wall M. L.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 28 May at the Southeast Branch Experiment Station in Rowher, AR. Plots consisted of 4 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 17 Sep with a CO2 backpack sprayer mounted on a four-wheeler. Total volume was 10.5 gal/acre at 30 psi and 5 mph using Teejet 8002VS nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Insect counts were made at 5 DAT by whole plant examination and drop cloth counts of 3 row ft on the center 2 rows of each plot. This experiment was designed to test the efficacy of selected insecticides against large TBW and BW larvae and large numbers of armyworms. TBW and BW larvae were predominantly 3rd instar and greater.
Cotton Aphid Control in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1993
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Burris E. , Graves J. B. , White C. A.
Published: December 2017

Three tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in nonirrigated cotton planted 27 Apr. For all tests, plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. No insecticides had been previously applied to the test field. Treatments were applied to Test 1, 2 and 3 on 30 Jun, 7 Jul, and 9 Jul, respectively, with a handboom and CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-10 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 10 plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) at 2-3 and 7 DAT from each plot. Aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. Plots were sampled in Test 1 on 2 and 7 Jul, in Test 2 on 9 and 14 Jul, and in Test 3 on 12 and 16 Jul. These plots received 0.3 inches rainfall on 3 Jul and 0.2 inches rainfall on 11 Jul.
Rice Water Weevil Control, 1990
Authors: Hesler L. S. , Grigarick A. A. , Palrang A. T. , Oraze M. J.
Published: December 2017

The objective of the experiment was to compare RWW control among insecticide treatments. The test was performed at the California Rice Experiment Station, Biggs, in 1990 using a RCBD with 4 replications of 2 insecticide treatments and an untreated control. Treatments were applied to 0.94-m diam circular plots, each bounded by a 0.7-m tall aluminum sheet pushed 3-4 cm into the soil. Plots were established on Stockton adobe clay soil and were water-seeded at a rate of 140 kg/ha on 4 May. Stands were thinned to 50 plants per ring on 25 May. Water depth in the plots was maintained at 10 cm during the experiment. Furadan 5G was applied with a hand-held granule shaker 2 d before flooding and seeding of plots and lightly incorporated by rake into the soil. NTN 33893 240 FS was applied to seeds at a rate of 187 kg per 100 kg seed by the manufacturer before planting. Rings were open on top, allowing for natural ingress of adult RWW into the plots. Twenty-five fieldcollected parthenogenic adult RWW per ring were added on 23 May. The 2 youngest, unfurled leaves on each of 20 plants per plot were examined on 23 May (before artificial infestation), 30 May, and 5 Jun for scarring caused by adult RWW feeding. Ten, 10-cm diam soil cores per plot (1 plant per core) were removed on 22-25 Jun (1 replication per d). Soil was washed from the roots and the number of immature RWW (larvae plus pupae) per core was recorded.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Furadan 4F, 1993
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and used a RCBD with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were 10 ft × 12 rows (7 inches between rows) and drill planted at 100 lb seed/acre on 19 Apr. Rice emerged 2 May. Facet + Basagran were applied 21 May at 0.75 lb formulated material/acre and 0.75 qt/acre, respectively. The permanent flood was applied 7 Jun. Urea was applied at 68, 51, and 51 lb N/acre at the seedling stage, immediately before the permanent flood, and panicle differentiation, respectively. Granular carbofuran was applied with a hand shaker at the time designated in the table. Furadan 4F was applied with a 4-nozzle hand-held spray boom equipped with 800067 tips and 50 mesh screens. Final spray volume was 27.6 gal/acre and times of applications are recorded in the table. Five, 4 inch diam × 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 plant) were removed, washed and inspected for immature RWW 22-23 d after initiation of the permanent flood. At maturity all the rice in each plot was harvested with a small combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were compared using DMRT where applicable.
Control of Greenbug and Yellow Sugarcane Aphids in Seedling Sorghum, 1993
Authors: Knutson Allen
Published: December 2017

Gaucho 480 FS applied as a seed treatment was compared to granular insecticides applied at planting at 2 locations in north central TX. In Cooke County, ‘Triumph 74CR’ grain sorghum was planted 21 Apr in plots 4 rows × 500 ft. In Collin County, ‘Cargil 837’ grain sorghum was planted 2 Apr in 0.11 acre plots 2 rows wide. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. A John Deere Max Emerge planter was used to apply the granular insecticides at both locations. Granular insecticides were applied without banders to the soil surface directly above the seed furrow and incorporated by the press wheel. Gustafson treated the seed with Gaucho 480 FS. The soil was a Houston black clay, pH = 7.8. Plant stands were determined by counting the number of plants in 3 row ft at 4 locations per plot 2 wk after planting. Densities of GB and YSA were recorded on 5 consecutive plants at 4 locations per plot at 14-45 d after planting (DAP). Yields were determined by machine harvest (Collin County) or by hand harvesting and threshing the panicles in 13 row ft from each of the 2 center rows per plot (Cooke County).
Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean in Louisiana, 1992
Authors: Boyd M. L. , White C. A. , Weir A. T. , Thomas J. D. , Boethel D. J. , Burris E.
Published: December 2017

A small plot insecticide screening trial was conducted at the Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, LA, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of SBL. Plots measuring 12.2 m × 8 rows (0.5 m row spacing) were planted on 1 Jun in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 20 Aug to ‘Deltapine 415’ soybeans in the R4 growth stage using a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 3.71 kg/cm2 through 6502VS flat fan nozzles. At 2 and 8 DAT, one 25 sweep sample was taken from each plot with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate TA and TFB control on flue-cured tobacco with various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments. Fourteen treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots, 8 × 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of most liquid formulations were applied with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 34 gal/acre and 30 psi through 8003LP tips spaced 20 inches apart on 3 May. Soil treatments applied before bedding were immediately incorporated by double disking. The Di-Syston, Furadan, and Temik treatments were applied during bed formation on 11 May. Di-Syston was applied in a 20-inch band using the tractor-mounted CO2-pressurized sprayer that delivered 17 gal/acre immediately in front of the bedder. Furadan 4F was diluted 50:50 in water and applied in a narrow stream (<1 inch wide) in the row using a peristaltic pump. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered 6 inches of soil at bed formation. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. A measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments of Orthene and Admire in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre) at the base of newly transplanted plants. The flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 12 May. Virginia Cooperative Extension Recommendations were followed for production of the crop. The test was irrigated with 1 inch of water on 28 Jun, 14, 22 and 28 Jul. Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel) was applied on 25 Jun and 6 Aug for control of hornworms and budworms. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 4 to 12 wk after transplanting. TFB on one side of a plant and TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT. Aphid count data were transformed to Log10(x + 1) before analysis.
Management of the Tobacco Aphid and Tobacco Budworm on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson W. B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate TA and TBW control on flue-cured tobacco with various combinations of foliar and soil-applied systemic insecticides. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots, 8 X 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants), 12 May. Ten treatments were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The Temik soil treatments were applied in 14-inch bands using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil during bed formation on 11 May. Foliar treatments were applied on 9 and 30 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 27 gpa at 60 psi through 3, TX-10 nozzles/row. Production practices followed Virginia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations except for insect control. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot before foliar treatments were applied and at 3, 7, 12, and 20 d after the first application and 4 and 11 d after the second application. TBW were reared in the laboratory on artificial media for 7 d and released at one BW/plant on 20 consecutive plants in the second row of each plot on 6 Jul. TBW on the infested plants were counted on the d before treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 DAT. Leaves were harvested, cured, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector. This information was used to calculated tobacco yield and price. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT. TA count data were transformed to Log10 (x + 1) and TBW counts were transformed to SQRT (x + 0.5) before ANOVA.
Control of Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Larvae on Golf Course Putting Green Turf, Franklin County, Oh, 1993
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Richmond D. , Williamson R. C. , Niemczyk H. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on range 1 and 2 of the The Ohio State University Turfgrass Research Center, Columbus, OH. Insecticides were applied 12 Aug to plots 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 3 times. Sprays were applied using a Solo backpack sprayer equipped with a Teejet RX8006VS nozzle calibrated to deliver a volume of approximately 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Treatments were not irrigated but the entire plot received approximately Vt in (6 mm) of irrigation between 4:00 PM and 5:00 PM each day. Environmental conditions at time of treatmeni were as follows. Turf: level, 0.5 inch (13 mm) height, light dew present. Thatch: loose, moist, V* in (6.4 mm) or less. Soil: very moist, 78°F (25.6°C) al 1 in (2.5 cm), 71°F (21.7°C) at 3 inch (7.6 cm), sandy clay. Weather: sunny, 79°F (26.TC), 5-10 mph (8-16 km/h) wind. Efficacy data taken 16 Aug (4 DAT) and 26 Aug (14 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed in a 1 yd2 (0.84 m2) area using a soap irritant of 15 ml Joy dishwashing detergent in 2 gal (7.6 liter) water.
Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Larvae Control on Golf Course Putting Green Turf, Franklin County, Oh, 1993
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Williamson R. C. , Richmond D. , Niemczyk H. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on range 1 and 2 of the The Ohio State University Turfgrass Research Center, Columbus, OH. Insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were applied 12 Aug to plots 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) arranged in a randomized complete block, replicated 3 times. Sprays were applied using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet RX8004VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.11 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Insecticide treatments were not irrigated but the entire plot received approximately Vt inch (6 mm) of irrigation between 4:00 and 5:00 AM each day. Nematode applications were immediately irrigated by hose sprinkler applying approximately V* inch (6 mm) of water. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. Turf: level, 0.5 inch (13 mm) height, light dew present. Thatch: loose, moist, % inch (6.4 mm) or less. Soil: very moist, 78°F (25.6°C) at 1 inch (2.5 cm), 71°F (21.7°C) at 3 inch (7.6 cm), sandy clay. Weather: sunny, 79°F (26.1°C), 5-10 mph (8-16 km/h) wind. Efficacy data taken 16 Aug (4 DAT) and 26 Aug (14 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed in a 1 yd2 area using a soap flush of 2 gal.
Control of Black Cutworm with Tempo, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Two formulations and two rates of Tempo were treated against the black cutworm on a golf course green. Plot size was 3 ft2 with 3 ft buffers between plots. Plots were arranged in an RCB design with 4 replications. Black cutworms were 75% 3rd instar and 25% 4th instar at the time of treatment. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at a volume of 1 gal/ 1000 ft2. Treatments were applied on 8 Sep and rated 11 Sep. The trial was rated by soaking each plot with soap solution (1 oz. Joy detergent/1 gal water) and counting the emerging larvae. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 65°F; soil temperature, 68°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch; soil texture, sandy loam; post treatment irrigation, 0.
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

One rate of Exhibit (Steinonema carpocapsae) was compared to the standard Dursban for control of annual bluegrass weevil on a golf course fairway in Rutland, VT. Treatments were applied 21 Jun and rated 30 Jun. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft in a RCB design with a 3 ft buffer between plots. Treatments were applied with a watering can at a volume of 3.5 gal/1000 ft2. Treatments were applied between 1000 and 1400 h. All plots were immediately watered in with 0.2 inches water after application. Plots were evaluated by removing 3 plugs (0.1 ft2) per plot and counting larvae and pupae in the laboratory. At the time of sampling, the population was predominantly 5th instar and pupae. At the time of application conditions were: soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70.5°F; thatch 0.25 inch; soil pH, 4.8; texture, loam, 47% sand, 43% silt, 10% clay; OM, 7.5%; moisture, 26.7%; sky, cloudy; air temp, 75.1°F; previous 24 hr precipitation, 0.7 inch. Data were converted to larvae/ft2.
Adult Control of Black Turf Ataenius with Chlorpyrifos, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Two formulations of chlorpyrifos were applied at 2 rates on 2 dates for control of BTA adults on a golf course fairway in Dover, NH. Plots were 3700 ft2 arranged in an RCB design. Sprays were applied with an FMC sprayer mounted on a Cushman delivering 2.5 gal/1000 ft2. Plots were rated on 27 Jul by removing 10 (0.1 ft2 ea) samples per plot and counting live grubs in the laboratory. The peak flight of BTA occurred between 13-16 May. The first application was made 12 May and the second in 2 wks on 27 May. The timing of the sprays were to target the spring oviposition period. Conditions at the time of treatment on 12 May were: air temperature 55°F; soil temperature at 1 inch, 60°F. Conditions at the time of treatment on 27 May were air temperature, 65°F; soil temperature at 1 inch, 61.4°F. Thatch depth was 0.5 inch.
Influence of Hm-8902 Combined with Fn-5354 Or Naf-53 for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass and perennial rye golf course fairway. The turf (50% Kentucky bluegrass and 50% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of % inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.75 inches (finger compressed, 0.5 inches). Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3—5%; soil pH, 6—7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 6 × 6 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 24 Aug using a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Immediately following applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water. A total of 4.61 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 Sep (21 DAT) by removing from each plot three 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Spring Management of White Grubs in Chesterfield, In, 1993
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Gibb T. J. , Meyers H. B.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6 ft × 2 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 5 times. Treatments were applied 7 May. Triumph and Dursban were applied with a COypressurized backpack sprayer using 11003 nozzles, operating at 20 psi and delivering 20 gal/acre. Granular formulations were applied using a homemade salt shaker. All plots were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water immediately after treatment. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 27°C; thatch depth (natural), 0.5-0.75 inches; soil texture, silt loam; soil pH 5.6; wind speed 2-8 mph. Efficacy was evaluated 21 May using a sod cutter that excised the turf to a depth of 0.75 inches. The sod (6 ft × 1.5 ft) cut by the sod cutter was turned over and the number of grubs clinging to the grass roots and exposed on the ground was recorded.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Mugho Pine, 1993
Authors: Miller Fredric
Published: December 2017

A landscape planting of five mugho pines approximately three ft. inch diam and infested with pine needle scale were selected for study. The mugho pines were divided into equal sections with the treatments randomly assigned to a particular section. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 7 DAT and 14 DAT, five individual needle fascicles were randomly selected from each of the treatment sections and the total number of live crawlers and nymphs was recorded. Due to the heavy scale populations on the plants, each needle fasicle served as a single replication. Treatments of chlorpyrifos and M-Pede were applied until drip using a one qt capacity, hand-held Polysprayer. Scale crawlers and first instar nymphs that were shriveled, discolored, and that had not begun to form or expand their protective waxy covering were considered dead. Temperature at time of application was approximately 70°F with a RH of approximately 50%.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Petunias, Michigan, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Petunia plants were raised from seed in 6 inch clay pots for 10 wks reaching a height of 10-12 inches in a research greenhouse infested with whitefly at Michigan State University. Each treatment including a control was replicated 6 times. Each replicate was a single plant. Precounts of 5 leaves taken randomly from each plant were completed on 14 and 21 Jul. All immature whitefly (pupae and larvae) were counted. The treatments were blocked based on these precounts. Applications were applied on 22, 30 Jul and 6 Aug with a R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8008 nozzle at 50 psi until first runoff. Postcounts were made in the same manner as precounts on 28 Jul, 4, 12 Aug.
Spider Mites in Rose Plant Fields, 1988
Authors: Karlik J. , Ali A. D. , Harwood C. A.
Published: December 2017

Acaricides were compared for efficacy in reducing numbers of mites and mite eggs on field roses. Plots were sampled on 1 Jun, 3 days prior to treatment; pretreatment counts did not significantly differ. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 100 psi with hollow cone nozzles. The Avid treatment at 400 gpa was applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer at 32 psi. Treatment design was a RCB with 8 replications. Each plot was 20 ft of row of two adjacent rows (42 inch row spacing) with a 5 ft buffer between plots in the row. Plots were bordered by untreated rows of roses. Twenty leaves per plot were taken at weekly intervals, transported to the lab, brushed onto glass plates, and counted in concentric fashion using a template. Data are the mean of replicates, and represent the mites counted on one-sixth of the plate. Data were (x + 1) transformed to establish homogeneity of variance. Means shown were obtained by back-transforming the data. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Larvicidal Activity of Insecticide Formulations, 1990-1991
Authors: Reid Byron L. , Dryden Michael W.
Published: December 2017

Acute action against cat flea larvae was examined for 3 insecticide concentrates (DursbanLO [41.5% chlorpyrifos], XRM-5304 [40% chlorpyrifos], and Safrotin [50% propetamphos]) and three ready-to-use veterinary products (Duratrol Household Flea Spray [0.5% chlorpyrifos], 3M-89226 [0.5% chlorpyrifos and 0.2% esbiothrin], and Siphotrol Plus II House Treatment [0.007% methoprene, 0.225% chlorpyrifos, 0.5% pyrethrins, 0.1% piperonyl butoxide, 0.165% MGK 264]). Insecticides were applied to white, 100% nylon carpet (medium pile) in a mechanized sprayer according to label directions, with an 800IE (flat-fan) nozzle at a constant 25 psi from a nozzle height of 45 cm. Treated carpets were stored in the dark for residual aging at 25°C and ambient RH. At each aging period, 25-mm (diam) plugs were cut from treated carpets and placed in the bottoms of 25- by 95-mm shell vials. Larval medium (1 g) was worked into the carpet, and the assembly was acclimated in environmental chambers (25°C and 80% RH) for 24 h. After acclimation, 10 larvae (2nd to 3rd instar) were released onto the carpet and exposure units were returned to environmental chambers. Mortality 1 DAT was assessed by searching the carpet plugs for larvae; any larva not moving was considered dead. Treatment data were corrected for control mortality and transformed (arcsine Vp) before analysis. Four replicates were conducted in a completely randomized design and ANOVA, followed by a LSD test, evaluated comparative efficacy among products.
Residual Activity of Type II Pyrethroids, 1992
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. , Bohnert T. J.
Published: December 2017

Laboratory tests determined the contact activity and residual persistence of formulations of 3 cyano-pyrethroids. Test 1 evaluated cyfluthrin formulations: Tempo 20WP (0.05%), Temp 2EW (0.05%), and FCR-4545 10WP (0.025%) applied to tempered masonite panels. Test 2 evaluated deltamethrin 5SC (0.06%) and 2 formulations of cypermethrin: Demon 25.3% EC (0.1%) and Demon 40% WP (0.1%), applied to tempered masonite and stainless steel panels. In both tests, sprays were applied to 225 cm2 panels at the rate of 3.8 ml/900 cm2 using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip (TeeJet 8001E), at a constant 25 psi. Treated panels were allowed to dry horizontally and then stored in vertical racks in a greenhouse (high temperatures and exposed to sunlight) for residual aging. At the appropriate aging period, insects were confined to the treated panel in a 12.7-cm diam Plexiglas ring lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Three exposure times were evaluated (range: 10 s to 60 min) at each aging period. Following exposure, insects were transferred to 1 pt holding jars and mortality was recorded 48 h after exposure. Six replicates of 10 adult male cockroaches (<2 wk old) were conducted for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. Experiments were conducted as a completely randomized design; mortality data were subjected to ANOVA followed by Fisher’s Protected LSD multiple t-test (P = 0.05).
Campylomma Control, 1993
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was performed in a ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard containing trees 4 to 5 m tall. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 11 treatments and 4 single-tree replications per treatment. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to point of drip at 300—400 psi. Per-acre application rates were based on 400 gpa. Nymphs were sampled from one limb of each replicate on each sampling date. A beating tray with black cloth (45 cm × 45 cm) was held beneath a limb that was struck sharply three times and the number of nymphs then counted. Fruit damage evaluations were conducted 14 Jun and 4 Sep, just before commercial harvest. Eighty fruit per replicate were examined visually on the tree for C. verbasci damage. Fruit with one or more stings were counted as damaged.
Flea Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 26 May for early instar BFB larval control to 20- by 20-ft plots in a pruned blueberry field at Otisfield, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a RCBD with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a COrpropelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 1 to 2 inches tall. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the tests.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Berry Moth on Grapes, 1993
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the grape berry moth in an experimental ‘Concord’ grape vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 6 Jul, and 20 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 9 Sep, 10 grape clusters from each replicate were randomly examined to determine the number of clusters infested by grape berry moth as well as the number of damaged berries per cluster.