bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irish Stage Censorship in the 1950s
Authors: FitzPatrick Dean Joan
Published: September 2019

At the end of the 1940s, individuals and groups, as well as the government in Ireland, recognized the need for and benefits of arts enterprises. The Inter-Party coalition, which came to power in early 1948 (under John Costello), recognized the importance of tourism as an industry and the potential of theatre to attract foreign visitors to Ireland. In 1949, the Cultural Relations Committee of Ireland, operating under the auspices of the Minister for External Affairs, undertook production of a series of pamphlets designed “to give a broad, vivid, and informed survey of Irish life and culture.”1 In 1951, the Republic of Ireland established the Arts Council; the first National Fleadh (Festival) for traditional music was held in Mullingar; Liam Miller founded the Dolmen Press; and Comhaltas Ceoltoiri Eireann (Traditional Irish Music Advisory) was established. Even after the 1951 election returned de Valera and Fianna Fáil to power, organizational infrastructures to support the arts continued to appear: the Irish tourist board (Bord Failte) and Gael-Linn (an organization to promote Irish language, literature, and culture) both debuted in 1952. Cork held its first International Choral and Folk Dance Festival and its first International Film Festival in 1953. Some of these developments may have anticipated the imminent inauguration of regular air passenger service to North America, but all responded to cultural opportunities precluded during what Ireland knows as the Emergency and other nations as World War II. These agencies and events all sought to project a positive, progressive image of Ireland. Most important, they all mark a departure from the isolationism that prevailed in Ireland before and during the Emergency and that characterized de Valera's tenure as Taoiseach in the 1930s and 1940s.
The Sidney P. Albert-Bernard Shaw Collection
Authors: Wilmeth Don B.
Published: September 2019

In November 1991, Brown University announced the addition of the Sidney P. Albert-G. B. Shaw Collection to its Special Collections. The purchase of the private collection of Sidney P. Albert was accomplished with the support and encouragement of the then president of Brown, Vartan Gregorian. At the same time, and upon Albert's recommendation, Brown acquired the correspondence and other documents relating to Shaw's dealings with his American publisher, Dodd, Mead & Company (and, by extension, other publishers). An inaugural exhibit of material from the Albert Collection (“Quintessential Shaw”) was mounted in Brown's John Hay Library, 5 May –28 July, 1995, curated by former Brown Curator for Printed Books, Jennifer Lee. To celebrate the opening of the exhibit and to mark the addition of the Albert-Shaw Collection to Brown's holdings, the Friends of Brown Library hosted a dinner-reception on 5 May with readings from Shaw plays and a brief talk (“100 Years Ago: G.B.S. in 1895”) by Albert, followed by a public lecture (“Shaw's Utopia”) delivered by Shaw biographer Michael Holroyd.
Actors and American Culture, 1880 – 1920. By Benjamin McArthur. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000 (reissue); pp. 289, 11 photos. $17.95 paperback.
Authors: West Ron
Published: September 2019

It is a curious comment on the evolution of American theatre scholarship when a reissue retains nearly its original force. That, however, seems the case with Benjamin McArthur's Actors and American Culture, 1880 – 1920, originally published in 1984 and out of print for several years. McArthur was considerably ahead of the pack in 1984 and drew together a wide range of generally thorough research, and the work thus remains a principal, and the most thorough, overview of a crucial era. Since Iowa's is a reissue rather than a new edition, hindsight prompts more exceptions than on first issue, but its basic direction and impulse reaffirm the book as a valuable, if slightly problematic, resource.
Out on Stage: Lesbian and Gay Theatre in the Twentieth Century. By Alan Sinfield. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000; 407. $29.95 hardcover; Straight with a Twist: Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality. Edited by Calvin Thomas. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000; pp. 290. $49.95 hardback, $18.95 paperback.
Authors: Fisher James
Published: September 2019

Playwright Tony Kushner has called the remarkable generation of gay and lesbian playwrights examined in these two books a “weird little golden age” of dramatists, filmmakers, and theorists. Each book deals with aspects of this twentieth-century gay – lesbian renaissance and, for scholars, opens the field of sexuality and gender to an emphasis on theatre history, culture, and literary theory. Of these two works, Alan Sinfield's Out on Stage stands out as an essential critical history of homosexuality in modern drama, while Straight with a Twist, edited by Calvin Thomas, is an interesting collection of a dozen essays on aspects of Queer Theory (embracing variant definitions of the term from Rimbaud to Foucault) viewed through the prism of the heterosexual gaze and its complex relation to the gay – lesbian “other.”
Income Transfers to the Elderly in Korea and Taiwan
Authors: KWON HUCK-JU
Published: September 2019

This article analyses income transfers to elderly households in Korea and
Taiwan in order to find out to what extent income maintenance policy contributes
to the income of elderly households in these countries. It also
examines private transfers to those households since we need to see the outcome
of public policy in the broad picture of welfare mix. The article argues
that private transfers play a bigger role than public transfers for elderly
households. The poorer households are more dependent on private transfers.
Nevertheless, private transfers failed to help the elderly escape poverty.
It shows that elderly households in general and single- and couple-only
households in particular are far more prone to poverty that the general
population. Although state pensions are expected to play a bigger role in
the future after coming into full operation, public policy has so far failed to
improve the living standard of the elderly. This outcome of the research calls
for urgent policy intervention to protect the elderly in the wake of the economic
crisis in Korea and the massive earthquake in Taiwan.
Child Poverty in Britain and the New Labour Government
Authors: PIACHAUD DAVID , SUTHERLAND HOLLY
Published: September 2019

The new Labour government in Britain has made the reduction of child
poverty one of its central objectives. This article analyses the circumstances
of children in poverty and describes the specific initiatives
involved in Labour's approach and weighs them up in terms of their
potential impact. The impact on child poverty of policies designed to raise
incomes directly is analysed using micro-simulation modelling. A major
emphasis of current policy is on the promotion of paid work, and we
explore the potential for poverty reduction of increasing the employment
of parents. The policies that address long-term disadvantage are also discussed
and finally the whole programme is assessed and future strategy is
considered.
NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN May to July 2000
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: September 2019

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health (formerly Health care)

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Government (formerly Local government)

11 Gender

12 Demography
A Larger Role for the Private Sector in Financing UK Health Care: the Arguments and the Evidence
Authors: PROPPER CAROL , GREEN KATHERINE
Published: September 2019

This article examines whether an extension of private finance would
improve either the efficiency or the equity of the UK health care system.
A number of arguments for increasing the role of private finance that
focus on the impact of private finance on the efficiency of the public sector
are examined in conjunction with empirical evidence from a number
of OECD countries. The conclusion is that the case for some extension of
private finance is finely balanced. There is little evidence to show that
increasing private finance would improve the efficiency of the NHS. On
the other hand, the evidence suggests that it is unlikely that increasing
private finance at the margin will alter the support for the NHS, and thus
willingness of individuals to pay taxes for public care. In addition, if
private finance is supplementary, increased finance will be progressive in
terms of payments for health care.
EDITOR'S NOTE
Authors: Hill Jane H.
Published: September 2019

As this is my first note to the readers of Language in
Society, I begin by expressing my gratitude to the former
Editor-in-chief, William Bright, for his many years of splendid
stewardship of the journal and for his kind help and patience
in the changeover. I also want to thank the distinguished members
of the Editorial Board, some of whom have seen unexpected extra
years added to their terms while I have been getting organized.
But mainly I write to explain the format of the present issue,
with its four quite long articles and only six book reviews.
This does not represent a change in editorial policy in the
direction of a de-emphasis of book reviews or in favor of long
papers. It does, however, represent a response to two problems.
The first is that, while the time from submission to an editorial
decision now averages about 4 months (a reasonable interval,
considering that it can sometimes take weeks to find referees
for an article), the time from acceptance of an article to
publication in Language in Society is now at least
a year, and often 18 months. I want to try to decrease that
interval. The second is that I recently spent six months in
Australia. It was impractical to forward books submitted for
review from Tucson to Melbourne, so I commissioned only one
or two book reviews between June and December 2000. The shift
in balance of the present issue permits me to stretch out the
book reviews
Robert Phillipson, (ed.) Rights to language: Equity,
power and education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
2000. Pp. 310. Hb $69.95, pb $29.95. And Miklós Kontra,
Robert Phillipson, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, & Tibor Várady
(eds.), Language, a right and a resource: Approaching
linguistic human rights. Budapest: Central European University
Press. Pp. xii, 346. Hb $49.95, pb $23.95.
Authors: Bamgbose Ayo
Published: September 2019

These two books are indeed similar in that they cover
related topics, have overlapping contributors, and bear the
unmistakable stamp of the linguistic rights duo, Tove
Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson. Rights to language
is a Festschrift to mark Skutnabb-Kangas's sixtieth birthday.
It parades a star-studded list of contributors, particularly
in the field of sociolinguistics; however, as with most books
of this genre, the contributions are uneven in quality and scope.
The 47 chapters in the book are contributed by 51 authors, and,
according to the editor, 20 other invited scholars were unable
to contribute. This ambitious goal – to include as many
of the honoree's friends as possible – has had the
unfortunate effect of making several authors produce brief,
less than adequate expositions of their topics.
James Paul Gee, An introduction to discourse analysis:
Theory and method. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.
Pp. viii, 176. Pb $24.99.
Authors: Yang Xinzhang
Published: September 2019

The book under review is the most comprehensive introduction
to discourse analysis that I have ever read. It consists of
seven chapters and an appendix, covering a wide range of both
macro and micro issues related to discourse analysis.
Tamar Katriel, Performing the past: A study
of Israeli settlement museums. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, 1997. Pp. x, 172. Hb $45.00, pb $24.50.
Authors: Handelman Don
Published: September 2019

In this excellent study of guided tours through two Israeli
kibbutz museums, Tamar Katriel comments that for her,
“tracing the construction of Israeli culture is as much
an act of recognition as it is one of deconstruction”
(p. 116). Katriel, a native Israeli Jew, is telling us that
for her, moving through these museums, looking at the exhibits,
and listening to the guides is an emotional experience. The
recognition of which Katriel writes is, one may say, that moment
of connectivity in which one orients oneself to person, space,
and time in ways that evoke (perhaps suddenly) an awareness
that is related to one's very sense of self. The intersection
of person, space, and time creates place and the emotions
associated with it. When these moments of intersection occur
in museums, the practice of taking objects out of their native
contexts and infusing them with the purpose of presence within
exhibits is successful. The purpose of guides in these museums
is to create this sense of place within the people who visit
these sites, to engender recognition within these visitors,
even if they know little or nothing of the representations that
constitute exhibits. Creating the feeling-tones of place is
at the heart of guiding in these museums; and the narration
of representations is the primary medium through which recognition
is evoked.
Shortcomings of the HIT framework and possible solutions
Authors: Arguin Martin , Saumier Daniel
Published: September 2019

Although the principles defining HIT find support within a variety of fields, the framework is currently underspecified in several respects, which prevents it from fully achieving its purpose. We highlight a number of such shortcomings and propose avenues for a resolution of some of these issues.
Should we essentially ignore the role of stimuli in a general account of operant selection?
Authors: Bevins Rick A.
Published: September 2019

The selectionist account of behavior is actually a focused discussion of operant selection. To this end, the authors essentially exclude stimuli from their analysis. This exclusion is inconsistent with the importance placed on environmental interaction in their general account. Further, this exclusion limits the generality of their account by missing important sources of stimulus-elicited behavior (e.g., classical conditioning).
Typological thinking, statistical significance, and the methodological divergence of experimental psychology and economics
Authors: Blaich Charles F. , Barreto Humberto
Published: September 2019

While correctly describing the differences in current practices between experimental psychologists and economists, Hertwig and Ortmann do not provide a compelling explanation for these differences. Our explanation focuses on the fact that psychologists view the world as composed of categories and types. This discrete organizational scheme results in merely testing nulls and wider variation in observed practices in experimental psychology.
On accumulation of information and model selection
Authors: Erev Ido
Published: September 2019

This commentary extends Hertwig & Ortmann's analysis by asking how stricter model selection conventions can facilitate the accumulation of information from experimental studies. In many cases researchers are currently motivated to summarize their data with ambiguous and/or multi parameter models. A “generality first” convention can help eliminate this problem.
Beyond the sensory/functional dichotomy
Authors: Cree George S. , McRae Ken
Published: September 2019

Most current theories of category-specific semantic deficits appeal to the role of sensory and functional knowledge types in explaining patients' impairments. We discuss why this binary classification is inadequate, point to a more detailed knowledge type taxonomy, and suggest how it may provide insight into the relationships between category-specific semantic deficits and impairments of specific aspects of knowledge.
Conceptual deficits without features: A view from atomism
Authors: de Almeida Roberto G.
Published: September 2019

Humphreys and Forde fail to account for the ontology of the “features” that they claim are constitutive of concepts. This failure is common to decompositional theories of conceptual representation. Category-specific deficits can be better explained by a theory that takes inferential relations among atomic concepts to be the key characteristic of conceptual representation and processing.
Heeding Darwin but ignoring Bernard: External behaviors are not selected, internal goals are
Authors: Cziko Gary A.
Published: September 2019

Hull et al. see responses and properties of responses as units of selection in behavioral change. However, this perspective cannot account for goal-directed behavior in which organisms employ variable means to reliably attain intended consequences. An alternative perspective is offered in which the intended consequences (goals) of behavior serve as the units of selection in behavior change.
Category-specific deficits and exemplar models
Authors: Lamberts Koen
Published: September 2019

Although Humphreys & Forde's HIT provides a comprehensive account of category-specific deficits, standard models of categorization and identification may also be able to explain many aspects of such deficits. The assumptions of an exemplar-based account of category- specific deficits are presented, and it is argued that exemplar models may be able to explain key findings on impaired object identification and categorization.
Category-specific deficits: Insights from semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lambon Ralph Matthew A. , Garrard Peter
Published: September 2019

Recent investigations and theorising about category-specific deficits have begun to focus upon patients with progressive brain disease such as semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In this commentary we briefly review what insights have been gained from studying patients of this type. We concentrate on four specific issues: the sensory/functional distinction, correlation between features, neuroanatomical considerations, and confounding factors.
Replication or reproduction?: Symbiogenesis as an alternative theory
Authors: Glassman Michael
Published: September 2019

This commentary takes issue with the idea that replication is a “fundamental element” in natural selection. Such an assumption is based on a traditional, mechanistic view of evolution. A symbiogenetic theory of evolution offers an alternative to traditional theories, emphasizing reproduction and qualitative development rather than replication and quantitative development. The issues raised by the symbiogenetic alternative may be extended to discussions of behavioral development.
Clear-cut designs versus the uniformity of experimental practice
Authors: Guala Francesco
Published: September 2019

Clear-cut designs have a number of methodological virtues, with respect to internal and external validity, which I illustrate by means of informal causal analysis. In contrast, a more uniform experimental practice across disciplines may not lead to progress if causal relations in the human sciences are highly dependent on the details of the context.
The sensory/functional assumption or the data: Which do we keep?
Authors: Mahon Bradford , Caramazza Alfonso
Published: September 2019

The HIT model explains the existence of semantic category-specific deficits by assuming that sensory knowledge is crucially important in processing living things, while functional knowledge is crucially important in processing nonliving things – the sensory/functional assumption. Here we argue that the sensory/functional assumption as implemented in HIT is neither theoretically nor empirically grounded and that, in any case, there is neuropsychological evidence which invalidates this assumption, thereby undermining the HIT model as a whole.
On disentangling and weighting kinds of semantic knowledge
Authors: Pillon Agnesa , Samson Dana
Published: September 2019

To account for category-specific semantic deficits, Humphreys and Forde propose to fractionate semantic memory into multiple sensory and functional knowledge stores. There are reasons to doubt the empirical productivity of this proposal, unless theoretically motivated principles of distinguishing and weighting the different kinds of object knowledge can be spelled out in detail.
Evolution and operant behavior, metaphor or theory?
Authors: McSweeney Frances K. , Aoyama Kenjiro
Published: September 2019

The idea that similar selective processes operate in gene-based evolution, immunology, and operant psychology provides an intuitively appealing metaphor. This idea also isolates questions that operant psychologists should ask and makes some empirical predictions. However, the idea currently lacks the detail needed to precisely separate it from some plausible alternatives. This sort of thinking is the kind that operant psychologists should do if operant theorizing is to survive the competition among ideas.
Other scientific purposes, other methodological ways
Authors: Lecoutre Marie-Paule , Lecoutre Bruno
Published: September 2019

Hertwig and Ortmann have made a laudable effort to bring together experimental practices in economics and in psychology. Unfortunately, they ignore one of the primary objectives of psychological research, which is an analytic description of general cognitive processes. Among experimental practices in probability judgment tasks they discussed, we will focus hereafter on enactment of scripts and repetition of trials.
We should not impose narrow restrictions on psychological methods
Authors: Maratsos Michael
Published: September 2019

Hertwig and Ortmann suggest greater standardization of procedures in experimental psychology to help with problems of replicability and consistency of findings. It is argued that, (a) this view is inconsistent with their other interesting proposals, and (b) heterogeneity of method is appropriate in psychology.
Are theories of selection necessary?
Authors: Pennypacker H. S.
Published: September 2019

This commentary is an attempt to sharpen some of the issues raised in the paper and thereby increase the generality of the proposal. Some implications of an exact definition of behavior for strategies of measurement and hence behavioral variability are discussed. The role of both respondent and operant behavior in natural selection is emphasized.
Participant skepticism: If you can't beat it, model it
Authors: McKenzie Craig R. M. , Wixted John T.
Published: September 2019

For a variety of reasons, including the common use of deception in psychology experiments, participants often disbelieve experimenters' assertions about important task parameters. This can lead researchers to conclude incorrectly that participants are behaving non- normatively. The problem can be overcome by deriving and testing normative models that do not assume full belief in key task parameters. A real experimental example is discussed.
Variations and active versus reactive behavior as factors of the selection processes
Authors: Rotenberg V. S.
Published: September 2019

The interaction of the organism with the environment requires not only reactive, but also active behavior (i.e., search activity) which helps subject to meet the challenge of the uncertainty of the environment. A positive feedback between active behavior and immune system makes the selection process effective.
Creativity as cognitive selection: The blind-variation and selective-retention model
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: September 2019

Campbell (1960) proposed a “blind-variation and selective retention” model of creative cognition. Subsequent researchers have developed this BVSR model into a comprehensive theory of human creativity, one that recognizes that human creativity operates by more than one cognitive process. The question is then raised of how the BVSR model can be accommodated within the Hull et al. selectionist system.
The causal crux of selection
Authors: Skipper Robert Alan
Published: September 2019

Hull et al. make a direct connection between selection and replication. My view is that selection, at its causal crux, is not inherently connected to replication. I make plain the causal crux of selection, distinguishing it from replication. I discuss implications of my results for Hull et al.'s critique of Darden and Cain (1989).
Meta-theory rather than method fascism
Authors: Weber Elke U.
Published: September 2019

Three comments take issue with specifics of the target article. First, I argue for the development of meta-theory to deal with inconsistencies in experimental results. Second, I advocate the use of the compatibility between experiment and application to decide on the optimal design and procedure of experimental studies. Last, I support the explicit incorporation of motivation into models of decision making.
Towards understanding successful ageing:
patterned change in resources and goals
Authors: STEVERINK NARDI , LINDENBERG SIEGWART , ORMEL JOHAN
Published: September 2019

In this paper it is argued that the problem of formulating a comprehensive

theory of successful ageing – and thereby of finding good criteria
for success
– may be attributed to the lack of a suitable multidisciplinary framework
that
meets at least three basic theoretical requirements. These requirements
are
explicated, and some existing theories and approaches of successful ageing
are
discussed in the light of these requirements. An alternative theoretical

framework is presented which can accommodate a number of existing insights,

and which is used as the basis of a new theory of successful ageing, including

theory-guided criteria for success.
ELDER ABUSE
Authors: Glendenning Frank
Published: September 2019

L. B. Cebik, Glenn C. Graber and Frank H. Marsh (eds) Advances
in
Bioethics: Volume 1: Violence, Neglect and the Elderly. JAI Press
Inc.,
Greenwich, Conn. 1996, 240 pp. £62.50 Hbk ISBN 0-7623-0096-5.

This book appears to be the first volume of a series, although it is
not clear
what additional volumes will follow. The price alone suggests that it is
aimed
at academic libraries, although serious researchers into elder mistreatment

may decide that it is a necessary addition to a personal library as a book
of
reference.

The Preface explains the origin of this series on
Advances in Bioethics: ‘The
magnitude of violence in the United States has become an increasingly grim

reality for many Americans’. Walker and Maltby (1997), in their presentation

of European research on ageing, recently drew attention to the sense of
fear of
walking out at night that older people have in all the member states of
the
European Union. The same appears to be true in the USA as well. The preface

catalogues figures for 1992: 207,000 rapes, over 20,000 murders and 690,000

robberies. This has led the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to focus

attention on violence and health, seeking to understand violence-related

behaviour and its consequences. In 1993, the NIH set up the Panel of NIH

Research on Antisocial, Aggressive and Violence-related Behaviours and
their
Consequences. The Panel included experts on ethics, criminal justice,
medicine, behavioural and biological research, public health, epidemiology,

anthropology, nursing, sociology, psychology and psychiatry. The Panel's

purpose was to ‘evaluate the NIH research portfolio in terms of its
relevance,
adequacy and responsiveness to social and ethical concerns.’ It has
been
necessary to give this background in order that the book may be seen in

context.
Whiteness and United States History: An Assessment
Authors: Stein Judith
Published: September 2019

Scholarly interest in “whiteness,” white racial identity, and the social construction of race in general has grown dramatically over the past decade. ILWCH decided to examine whiteness because we thought that the body of work associated with the idea had not been critically assessed. Although David Brody correctly notes that the first book to use the idea was Alexander Saxton's The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1990), David R. Roediger's The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991), a study about antebellum Irish workers, class, and blackface in the United States, popularized the notion among historians. Subsequently, Roediger and others have used the concept to analyze the consciousness and behavior of other groups of workers and immigrants. Whiteness has not populated every nook and cranny of the history of the United States. The geography of whiteness studies has been uneven. Take the field of Southern history. With several exceptions, whiteness scholarship has not challenged more established approaches. No one questions James Oakes's contention in The Rule Race: A History of American Slaveholders (New York, 1982), that Southern planters conceived of themselves as a “ruling race.” But debates about the planters center on whether they were capitalists, lords, or farmers, not their racial identity. And debates about white Andrew Carnegie have not involved his whiteness.
Assessing Whiteness Scholarship: A Response to James Barrett, David Brody, Barbara Fields, Eric Foner, Victoria Hattam, and Adolph Reed
Authors: Arnesen Eric
Published: September 2019

The valuable and thoughtful responses to my essay, “Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination,” illustrate the existence of a wide range of opinions on the emergence, claims, and methodologies of the whiteness genre in US and US labor history. Like Eric Foner, it is my hope that this scholarly controversy will mark the beginning of a much longer discussion that will draw in many more participants from history, American Studies, political science, and other disciplines. This is a debate that I believe is long overdue. While David Brody is certainly correct to note that readers have not been so “dazzled” that they could not be critical of whiteness scholarship, serious historiographical assessments of the genre's strengths and weaknesses have been scarce. This scholarly controversy, which aims at providing such an assessment, will not and should not be the final word on the subject. In this response, I welcome the opportunity to address a fraction of the many important issues raised by James Barrett, David Brody, Barbara Fields, Eric Foner, Victoria Hattam, and Adolph Reed.
Globalization and Corporatism: The Growth and Decay of Organized Labor in Venezuela, 1900–1998
Authors: Coker Trudie
Published: September 2019

The contradictory goals of state capital accumulation and redistribution eventually led to the demise of corporatism in Venezuela and probably in much of Latin America. When the Venezuelan state was at its zenith of intervention in the economy, it globalized accumulation via foreign debt. Rather than emphasize accumulation and redistribution as it had during the 1960s and 1970s, accumulation to service the debt became the state's central goal by the 1980s. Declining oil prices by the early 1980s highlighted the weakness of a state caught in the grips of antithetical demands from labor and an increasingly impoverished population, on the one hand, and private capital demanding debt repayment, on the other hand. By definition, corporatism creates a dependency between the state and organized labor. Historically, labor depended on the state for economic subsidies, and the state relied on labor to maintain legitimacy. By the late 1990s, lack of labor autonomy literally dragged labor down with a state drowning in debt and incapacitated by lack of legitimacy. While corporatism is more a relic of things past, the positive implications of increasing labor autonomy are dismal as organized labor has been disarticulated and the democratic state is all but a skeleton.
Kimberley L. Phillips, Alabama North: African-American Migrants, Community, and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915–45. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999. xv + 334 pp. $59.95 cloth.
Authors: Gottlieb Peter
Published: September 2019

Kimberley Phillips adds a fine study of African-Americans' northward migration, community development, and working-class formation to a series of similar works published in the 1980s and 1990s. Alabama North opens new reaches of African-Americans' early twentieth century experience in both North and South, but especially in Cleveland, a major industrial city and significant destination for Southern black migrants. We have known most about the city's African-American community at this time from the landmark study of ghetto development by Ken Kusmer, published in 1976. Like the more recent field of research which has examined black migration and migrants in Northern industrial cities, Phillips focuses her study not on the spatial and social aspects of African-Americans' increasingly segregated community but on the racial, class, and gender dynamics that produced a particular form of community in Cleveland.
REPRODUCIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF EVALUATIVE OUTCOME MEASURES
Authors: de Vet Henrica C. W. , Bouter Lex M. , Bezemer P. Dick , Beurskens Anna J. H. M.
Published: September 2019

Objective: This article outlines basic methods for quantifying reproducibility and responsiveness of evaluative outcome measures.

Methods: The background noise in stable patients provides the desired information to quantify the reproducibility. From this, the smallest real difference (SRD) for longitudinal differences can be derived. We propose to use the SRD to define responsiveness: from all patients who change according to an external criterion, we take the percentage that changes at least SRD on the outcome measure. A more complete picture of the responsiveness of the outcome measure arises when the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) is constructed, corresponding to all possible cut-off change scores. The proposed methods are illustrated with an empirical example.

Results: In the illustration the methods appeared to be very useful and complemented each other. We could evaluate whether the observed change score was larger than that expected due to chance. With the methods it was possible to evaluate both the ability of an instrument to detect change if there is a real change in health status (sensitivity to change) and the ability to detect absence of change if there is no real change (specificity to change).

Conclusion: We presented the use of SRDs and ROC curves for quantifying reproducibility and responsiveness. We started with the basic notions and arrived at methods that are both understandable and useful.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF LAPAROSCOPIC VERSUS MINILAPAROTOMY CHOLECYSTECTOMY FOR GALLSTONE DISEASE
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Srinivas Guddanti , Misra Mahesh Chandra , Pandav Chandrakant S. , Seenu Vuthaluru , Goyal Amit
Published: September 2019

Objective: To evaluate the total cost of minilaparotomy cholecystectomy (MC) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and perform a cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis.

Methods: One hundred adult subjects with painful gallstone disease were randomized: 59 cases for LC and 41 cases for MC. Patients with gallstones shown on ultrasound with normal common bile duct and no history of icterus were included after an informed consent. Cases with acute cholecystitis and raised alkaline phosphatase were excluded. LC was performed using CO2 insufflation and a Storz 2D video camera. MC was done by transverse rectus cutting incision. Outcome was coded as success or failure. Success was defined as operation without injury to bile duct, viscera or vessels, minimal pain and discomfort at 4 weeks, no wound infection up to 4 weeks, and resumption of work within 2 weeks of operation. The total cost of each case included cost of investigations, cost of disposable articles for operation, cost of drugs, cost of hospital stay, and cost of operation including anesthesia. LC and MC were done with reusable instruments. A “societal viewpoint” has been taken in the cost calculations.

Results: There were 50/59 successful outcomes in LC and 15/40 outcomes in MC group. Total cost for LC was 386,769 rupees (Rs) and for MC was Rs 205,041. CE in LC was Rs 7,735 and in MC was Rs 13,669. Incremental CE ratio comparing LC with MC was 3,028.33.

Conclusion: LC is a more cost-effective method for treatment of gallstone disease.
A METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND THE BREAK-EVEN POINT OF CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
Authors: Gandjour Afschin , Lauterbach Karl Wilhelm
Published: September 2019

Assessing the costs and benefits of developing a clinical practice guideline is important because investments in guidelines compete with investments in other clinical programs. Despite the considerable number of guidelines in many industrialized countries, little is known about their costs and cost-effectiveness. The authors have developed specific measures to determine the cost-effectiveness of guidelines, using a German evidence-based guideline on obesity for the diagnosis and treatment of obese patients as a model. The measures are: the number of people needed to cure, the number of people needed to prevent from developing the disease in question, and the number of people to treat in order to break even.
QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN 22 COUNTRIES
Authors: Klabunde Carrie N. , Sancho-Garnier Hélène , Broeders Mireille , Thoresen Steinar , Rodrigues Vitor J. L. , Ballard-Barbash Rachel
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To document the mammography data that are gathered by the organized screening programs participating in the International Breast Cancer Screening Network (IBSN), the nature of their procedures for data quality assurance, and the measures used to assess program performance and impact.

Methods: A detailed questionnaire covering multiple aspects of quality assurance in screening mammography was mailed to IBSN representatives in 23 countries.

Results: Countries collect a wealth of screening mammography data, much of it computerized. Most countries have designated staff for data quality assurance. All provide staff training, and most have documentation requirements for data collection. Nearly all have one or more procedures to maintain data confidentiality. Countries are heterogeneous in collecting and assessing data to monitor screening program performance and impact.

Conclusions: Demonstrating that population-based screening mammography reduces breast cancer mortality requires collection of high-quality data on key aspects of the multi-step screening process. Assuring the quality of data collection systems for screening mammography programs is an important and evolving area for IBSN countries.
DYNAMIC MODELING IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Boas Gijs , van der Stel Hans , Peters Hans , Joore Manuela , Anteunis Lucien
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The main objective of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of dynamic modeling for an economic assessment of technology in health care. Specifically, this approach is applied to assess the impact of the use of hearing aids in Dutch health care.

Methods: The population is divided into different health classes between which, over time, transitions occur. Transition probabilities are derived from exogenous data. The transitions are associated with economic and societal costs and benefits. People who are satisfied with their hearing aids experience benefits. These benefits are expressed by quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Costs are made during transitions (mainly the fitting of hearing aids). A cohort analysis is carried out, starting with people in a particular age group. The starting point is a fixed number of people within this age group, who are followed during their whole lifetime.

Results: Costs per QALY ratios are calculated for two health programs. The Fitting Hearing Aid Program describes the present situation in the Netherlands; the Post-purchase Counseling Hearing Aid Program is a hypothetical addition to the first program, where an intervention based on a Dutch study is undertaken to improve satisfaction with hearing aids. Future benefits and costs are discounted at a rate of 5%.

Conclusions: The dynamic modeling approach provides a more realistic picture than a static approach. Particularly, the cost-effectiveness of the Fitting Hearing Aid Program is compared with the Post-purchase Counseling Hearing Aid Program.
DECISION ANALYTIC MODELING IN HEALTH CARE DECISION MAKING
Authors: Bloom Laura A. , Bloom Bernard S.
Published: September 2019

The need to choose among alternatives instead of allowing the market to
make choices has led health care professionals to rely on scientific
information as an aid in decision making. Mathematical modeling is one of the
increasingly common tools used over the past three decades to produce new
information. But we have used almost exclusively noncomplex models to help
analyze complex systems problems. The need to integrate the complexity of the
interactions of clinical, quality of life, and economic attributes into such
models can no longer be ignored. The opportunity is available to use existing
complex systems modeling techniques for health care questions to improve the
quality of study outputs, which can, in turn, help produce more rational
decisions.
PATIENTS' PREFERENCES REGARDING THE PROCESS AND OUTCOMES OF
LIFE-SAVING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Ratcliffe Julie , Buxton Martin
Published: September 2019

The economic technique of conjoint analysis was used to assess the relative
importance of health outcome versus several process attributes (e.g., waiting
time, continuity of contact with the same medical staff) in determining
patients' preferences for liver transplantation services. The attributes
were established by reference to the literature and through initial
qualitative interviews with liver transplant recipients (n = 12). Following a
pilot study of 40 patients, a sample of patients (n = 213) who have received a
liver transplant at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham were surveyed.
The technique of conjoint analysis was used to ascertain the relative
importance of the attributes included in the exercise and to estimate the
marginal rates of substitution (MRS) between different attributes. A useable
response rate of 89% was achieved. Although a small proportion of respondents
(15%) exhibited dominant preferences for the chance of success attribute, the
majority of respondents indicated that they would be prepared to exchange a
reduction in health outcome for an improvement in the process characteristics
of the liver transplantation service. The results of this study have
potentially important implications for the assessment of the benefits of
medical technologies since they suggest that, even in the extreme case of
life-saving interventions, the preferences of respondents may not be dependent
solely upon health outcomes but may also be determined by attributes
associated with the process of care.
TECHNOLOGIES TO MINIMIZE BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN CARDIAC AND ORTHOPEDIC
SURGERY
Authors: Fergusson Dean , Blair Angela , Henry David , Hisashige Akinori , Huet Charlotte , Gemert Ankie Koopman-van , Katz Edna , McClelland Brian , Sigmund Helga , Laupacis Andreas ,   The International Study of Peri-operative Transfusion (ISPOT)
Investigators
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Due to the discovery in the 1980s that blood
transfusion can transmit HIV, there has been increased interest in
technologies that reduce the amount of allogeneic blood used during and after
surgery. These technologies include drugs (aprotinin, tranexamic acid,
epsilon-aminocaproic acid, erythropoietin), devices (cell salvage), and
techniques (acute hemodilution, predeposited autologous donation). The purpose
of this study was to ascertain the degree of practice variation, if any, that
exists for eight technologies in nine countries in orthopedic and cardiac
surgery.

Methods: In each country, either all hospitals or a random sample
of hospitals with medical/surgical beds were surveyed between 1995 and
1997. Two instruments were used. The first instrument was a postcard that
asked recipients whether the technologies were currently being used in their
hospital for orthopedic and/or cardiac surgery to reduce perioperative
allogeneic transfusion. The second questionnaire elicited information
regarding the degree of use both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Data
were collected, entered, and analyzed in each country, with summary results
submitted to the Canadian coordinating center on a standardized data
collection form.

Results: Pharmaceuticals were generally used in a much smaller
proportion of hospitals in orthopedic than in cardiac surgery. Aprotinin and
tranexamic acid were the drugs most frequently used in cardiac surgery.
Nonpharmacological technologies were used to a greater degree than drugs in
orthopedic surgery, although there was wide variation among technologies and
countries. Acute hemodilution and cell salvage were used in a greater
proportion of hospitals for cardiac surgery than orthopedic surgery.

Conclusions: The results of this survey indicate that there is
considerable practice variation in the use of technologies to minimize
exposure to perioperative allogeneic transfusion within and between countries.
LIFE-SAVING TREATMENTS AND DISABILITIES
Authors: Ubel Peter A. , Richardson Jeff , Prades Jose-Luis Pinto
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Decision-makers and the general public are often
reluctant to adopt policy recommendations based exclusively upon
cost–utility analyses. One possible reason explored here is that
patients' previous health state before experiencing the onset of an acute
life-threatening illness may influence the value of saving those
patients' lives.

Methods: We surveyed members of the general public to see the
relative importance of saving patients' lives when some patients could be
returned to perfect health and others would live the remainder of their years
with paraplegia. Among this latter group, some were described as having
pre-existing paraplegia. Others were described as having the onset of
paraplegia. The relative importance of saving each of these lives was measured
using the person trade-off method.

Results: Six hundred five subjects completed questionnaires, and
250 met pre-established consistency criteria and were included in the final
analysis. Overall, subjects placed equal importance on saving the lives of
people with pre-existing paraplegia versus those who could be returned to
perfect health because they did not have pre-existing paraplegia. In contrast,
respondents gave lower priority to patients who would experience the onset of
paraplegia after having their lives saved, especially if their paraplegia was
avoidable with an alternative treatment.

Conclusion: People do not think that all quality-adjusted
life-years are created equal. Instead, the value that people place on
treatment programs depends on patients' state of health before developing
life-threatening illnesses, and on whether alternative treatments are
available that provide better health outcomes for the patients. These results
may explain, in part, public discomfort over basing health care priorities on
cost–utility analysis.
A GENERAL SOFTWARE TESTING MODEL INVOLVING OPERATIONAL PROFILES
Authors: Özekici Süleyman , Altinel I. Kuban , Angün Ebru
Published: September 2019

An operational profile describes, in a probabilistic way, how
a software is utilized by its users. It makes the testing procedure
more realistic and efficient. We consider a model where the
software is tested sequentially in all of the operations that
it is designed to perform. The stochastic and deterministic
model parameters involving costs and failures all depend on
the operations. In particular, the failure process generated
by each fault is quite general and debugging is not necessarily
perfect. Our aim is to find the optimal testing durations in
all of the operations in order to minimize the total expected
cost. This problem leads to an interesting nonlinear programming
formulation that can be solved using well-known procedures in
convex optimization.