bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies On Flowering, Fruiting And Yield Attributes Of SomeMango Cultivars
Authors: Paul Jaykrishna , Mohanta Rajdeep , Roy Samarpita , Layek Sanghamitra , Mondal Tanmoy , Bauri Fatik Kumar
Published: February 2024

The experiment was carried out to study on flowering, fruiting and yield attributes of some mango cultivars at the Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, from January 2021 to June 2022. The present study was carried out on twelve important mango cultivars namely, Golapkhas, Himsagar, Mallika, Dashehari, Amrapali, Chausa, Bombai, Alphanso, Kishanbhog, Langra, Safder Pasand and Rani Pasand available at the experimental orchard of the Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur, B.C.K.V. Nadia. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design (RBD) with three replications. Outcome of the present research wok revealed that the earliest bud bursting was noticed in Golapkhas, Rani Pasand and Kishanbhog, whereas early panicle emergence with long duration was in Golapkhas and Rani Pasand. A huge variation was observed in morphology of inflorescence among the studied cultivars of mango. The variation also observed in inflorescence position (terminal, both axillary and terminal) and inflorescence colour (yellowish green, pink, green with red patches and green) among the mango cultivars. In most of the cultivars, position of inflorescence was terminal except Amrapali and Langra where it was both terminal and axillary position. Higher per centage of hermaphrodite flowers (>25%) with lesser sex ratio (<4:1) was recorded significantly in Kishanbhog and Golapkhas. The highest fruit set was noticed in Langra (32.31%) and lowest fruit set was recorded in Himsagar (14.80%). The highest fruit drop (99.58%) was observed in Kishanbhog followed by Alphanso (99.55 %) whereas lowest (99.10%) in Himsagar. Number of fruits per plant and yield per hectare were found higher in Amrapali, Chausa and Himsagar. Considering early bud emergence, early flower opening as well as early maturity of fruit, Golapkhas and Rani Pasand are best for West Bengal. On the other hand, considering late bud emergence, late flower opening and late maturity of fruit Chausa is best. Considering the number of fruits per plant and yield per plant, Amrapali, Mallika, Himsagar and Chausa may beuseful for commercial cultivation especially in Nadia region as well as West Bengal.
Evaluation Of Differential Response Of Herbal Priming For Augmenting Drought Tolerant Potentiality In Few Commercially Important Indian Rice Varieties (Oryza Sativa L, Var Indica)
Authors: Saha Arunima , Saha Ruma , bandyopadhyay Subhendu , Gangopadhyay Moumita
Published: February 2024

Abiotic stress (drought)-a prime threat to the farming community, causing intolerance and less crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions around the globe.Seed priming is an important hydration technique whereseeds are soaked at a controlled manner and at different condition that helps in increasing crop yield and greater emergence of root and shoot under drought stress and also allow pre- germination of seeds.This priming technique imparts greater seed germination performance, ensuring uniformity,greater tolerance against abiotic stress. Priming method should be cost effective,simple,easy, affordable to the user and must be ecofriendly. To develop crop plant with enhanced tolerance of drought stress, various conventional and genetic approach has been performed, which require great power, cost, skill, and time. The use of natural primer (herbal extract) rather than synthetic one is very much reliable as it is environment friendly and are known to accumulate in plants under stress condition and can act as potent antioxidant that helps in scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced during abiotic stress and later one causes physiological changes by reducing the fertility of soil and is costly.An experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design to analyse the efficiency of flower extracts of Marigold (Tagetes patula L), Family (Asteraceae) , Rose ( Rosa rubiginosa), family (Rosaceae), Hibiscus (Hibiscus- roa sinensis) , Family(Malvaceae)—using as priming agent to different rice seed varieties viz Satabdi (IET-4786), Jaya (IET-723), Swarna (MTU-7029) and Cottondora Sannalu (MTU- 1010) against.In the present experiment artificially, drought was mimicked upon the varieties using Poly carboxy Betaine(PCB) and the artificially drought induced seed used for priming with the herbal extract. Data were recorded in terms of seed germination, seedling development, free radicle scavenging potentiality and assessment of alpha amylase as germination indicator.From this study it was revealed that herbal priming shows differential response in different rice variety in all morphological attributes. Satabdi (IET-4786) showed most promising response when compared with check variety , while CottondoraSannalu (MTU-1010) showed least response.These comparative resultsindicated thatSatabdi (IET-4786)seeds primed with petal extract of T. petula may exhibit drought tolerant potentiality in augmenting drought stress and therefore can be a convincing measure for boosting plant’s intrinsic drought tolerant potentiality at the time of early development.
Genetic Analysis Of Advanced Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Lines Grown Under Different Sowing Conditions
Authors: Bhattacherjee Subhankar , Hazra Soham , Hasan Wahid Ul , Roy Pritam , Chatterjee Avishek , Maji Anirban , Gorai Shouvik
Published: February 2024

An investigation was made with 50 genotypes to study genetic variability and character association for yield and yield attributing traits under timely and late sown condition and screening of genotypes for spot blotch resistance. All the traits showed high heritability. Of the 12 yield components, only harvest index was correlated positively and significantly with grain yield/plant in both sowing conditions. In timely sown condition highest positive direct effect on Yield/plant was imposed by Days to 50% flowering (3.011) at genotypic level with residual effect R=0.02. In phenotypic path highest positive direct effect on Yield/plant was imposed by Days to 50% heading (0.426) with residual effect R=0.06. In late sown condition highest positive direct effect on Yield/plant was imposed by Days to 50% flowering (0.318) at genotypic level with residual effect R=0.02. In phenotypic path highest positive direct effect on Yield/plant was imposed by Harvest index (0.232) with residual effect R=0.02. MLR analysis revealed Days to 50% flowering in timely sown condition and Days to 50% heading in late sown condition to be most sensitive towards AUDPC in a negative direction. NEST 20-8 performed very well in both the conditions and was moderately resistant against spot blotch.
Feyerabend’s Criticisms of Kuhn
Authors: Gillies Donald
Published: February 2024

This paper gives an account of Feyerabend’s criticisms of Kuhn. The main exposition of these criticisms is in Feyerabend’s paper in the 1970 collection Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave. However, another source consists of two letters from Feyerabend to Kuhn written in the period 1960–1961, which were published by Hoyningen-Huene in 1995. The paper contains a comparison of Feyerabend’s 1970 criticisms with the earlier ones in his letters to Kuhn. Kuhn replied to Feyerabend’s criticisms in his contribution to the 1970 collection. However, I claim that Feyerabend’s criticisms have considerable force, and Kuhn succeeds in answering some, but not all of them. In Section 5 of the paper, I try to answer Feyerabend’s criticisms of Kuhn by reviving the old empiricist idea of the inductive justification of scientific theories by the results of observations and experiments (observation statements). This leads to a position which is called empirical rationalism, and which is perhaps Kuhnian in character without being exactly the same as Kuhn’s own views.
Tracing Detrital Epidote Derived from Alteration Halos to Porphyry Cu Deposits in Glaciated Terrains: The Search for Covered Mineralization
Authors: Plouffe A. , Lee R. G. , Byrne K. , Kjarsgaard I. M. , Petts D. C. , Wilton D.H.C. , Ferbey T. , Oelze M.
Published: February 2024

Distal alteration related to porphyry Cu mineralization is typically characterized by an abundance of green minerals, such as epidote, tremolite, and chlorite, within the propylitic and sodic-calcic alteration zones and extends far outside (>1 km) the mineralized zone(s). Glacial erosion and dispersal derived from rocks affected by propylitic and sodic-calcic alteration have resulted in the development of extensive dispersal trains of epidote in till (glacial sediment) that can reach 8 to 330 km2 as observed at four porphyry Cu study sites in the Quesnel terrane of south-central British Columbia: Highland Valley Copper, Gibraltar, Mount Polley, and Woodjam deposits. At each of these sites, epidote is more abundant in heavy mineral concentrates of till collected directly over and down-ice from mineralization and associated alteration. Epidote grains in till with >0.6 ppm Sb and >8 ppm As (as determined by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) are attributed to a porphyry alteration provenance. There is a greater abundance of epidote grains with high concentrations of trace elements (>12 ppm Cu, >2,700 ppm Mn, >7 ppm Zn, and >37 ppm Pb) in each porphyry district compared to background regions. This trace element signature recorded in till epidote grains is heterogeneously distributed in these districts and is interpreted to reflect varying degrees of metal enrichment from a porphyry fluid source. Tracing the source of the epidote in the till (i.e., geochemically tying it to porphyry-related propylitic and/or sodic-calcic alteration), coupled with porphyry vectoring tools in bedrock, will aid in the detection of concealed porphyry Cu mineralization in glaciated terrains.
Challenges and Risks of (In)Adequate Linguistic Structures in Reporting on Suffering in Israel, Palestine, and Ukraine – The Case of bild.de
Authors: Polić Belma , Topovčić Nihada , Horić Emina
Published: February 2024

This paper is the result of monitoring articles from online media in the German language on current topics. Given that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is currently the central topic of every world media, a linguistic analysis of the texts on the mentioned topic is carried out, from 07. 10, 2023, when the horrific murders of Izreal citizens took place, until 12/22, 2023. years. The focus is on the analysis and comparison of linguistic means used to describe suffering civilian, treating in more detail their morphological, semantic, and stylistic features. The results of the research show whether adequate language expressions and structures are used in reporting on the war casualties of civilians in Israel, Gaza, and Ukraine, where the focus is on being civilians in Israel and Gaza. All examples are taken from the German portal bild.de, considering that it is about the most read portal in Germany.
Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tani Desa Sumberejo untuk Mendukung Terciptanya Desa Wisata
Authors: Sutrisno Alfred Jansen , Satiani Lasti Nur , Sitorus Destri Sambara , Zebua Damara Dinda Nirmalasari
Published: February 2024

Kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini diadakan dengan tujuan untuk mempersiapkan masyarakat Desa Sumberejo dalam mengelola wisata. Kegiatan ini berupa pelatihan dan pendampingan mengenai manajemen tata Kelola Destinasi, Pembuatan paket wisata, Pelatihan pengelolaan keuangan, Pembuatan Sistem Pencatatan Keuangan, Pelatihan Penggunaan Platform Digital dan Penataan lahan pertanian dan teknologi pertanian modern. Kegiatan ini diikuti oleh 20 orang masyarakat lokal yang merupakan perwakilan dari kelompok tani, Ibu-ibu PKK dan Karang Taruna. Kegiatan ini dilakukan melalui penyampaian materi dengan teknik diskusi yang menarik, sehingga peserta antusias mengikuti kegiatan ini dari awal sampai akhir. Melalui kegiatan ini diharapkan masyarakat mendapatkan pengetahuan mengenai pengelolaan desa wisata sehingga bisa menjadi bekal bagi mereka untuk mewujudkan desa Sumberejo sebagai desa wisata berbasis masyarakat yang berkelanjutan.
Analisis Penerapan Model PjBL Terintegrasi Chemoenterpreneurship (CEP) terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Peserta Didik pada Materi Hidrolisis Garam di SMA Negeri 9 Tebo
Authors: Simarmata Murliwati Desmin Desta , Asrial Asrial , Lestari Intan , Rahma Rahma
Published: February 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik setelah penerapan model PjBL-CEP, implementasi model PjBL-CEP dalam melatih kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik Kelas XI IPA SMA Negeri 9 Tebo dan untuk mengetahui korelasi  antara tugas proyek dengan hasil tes soal kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah mix method dengan pendekatan sequential eksplanatory pretest-posttest only. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian adalah total random sampling dimana sampel yang diambil sama dengan jumlah populasi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu wawancara, tes soal esai kemampuan berpikir kreatif, observasi dan dokumentasi. Data diperoleh dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis Miles & Huberman dan uji statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan  korelasi antara tugas proyek dengan nilai soal esai kemampuan berpikir kreatif sebesar 0,43 dalam kategori sedang. Pembelajaran kimia PjBL-CEP pada penelitian ini berjalan dengan baik dan mampu mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik dan mendorong peserta didik untuk lebih aktif dalam proses pembelajaran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa model PjBL-CEP cukup efektif dalam melatih kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik.
මිශ්‍ර විධික්‍රම ක්‍රමෝපාය
Authors:   ශ්‍රි ලංකා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ආයතනය , මාලබේ, සාලිය සී ඒ
Published: February 2024

මිශ්‍ර විධික්‍රම පර්යේෂණ ගුණාත්මක හා ප්‍රමාණාත්මක විධික්‍රම මිශ්‍ර කොට බහු දත්ත ප්‍රභවයන්, ක්‍රම, විවිධ ලෝක දෘෂ්ඨීන්, සුසමාදර්ශයන් සහ න්‍යායයන් ද මිශ්‍ර කිරීමෙන් එක ම ක්‍රමවේදයන්ට කොටු වීමෙන් වන අවාසි අවම කරගෙන, පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රමවේදය වැඩි දියුණු කළ හැකියි. පර්යේෂණ දත්තයන්හි වලංගු බව හෝ විශ්වසනීය බව තහවුරු කරගැනීමට එක් මූලාශ්‍රයකින් ලබා ගන්නා තොරතුරු වෙනත් මූලාශ්‍ර යොදා ගෙන ස්වාධීන ව සත්‍යාපනය කිරීම ත්‍රිකෝණකරණය ලෙස හැඳින් වේ. අභිසාරී, සමගාමී ප්‍රතිවිරෝධී, අනුක්‍රමික සහ සංකීර්ණ වශයෙන් මිශ්‍ර විධික්‍රමය කිරීමේ විවිධ ක්‍රමෝපායයන් නිර්මාණය කරගත හැකි ය. මිශ්‍ර විධික්‍රම ක්‍රමෝපාය ප්‍රත්‍යක්‍ෂමූලවාදී ලක්‍ෂණයන් ගෙන් දුරස්ථ බවත් අභිසංස්කරණවාදී සහ විවේචනාත්මක චින්තනයේ සුසමාදර්ශයන්ට අයත් බව පෙනේ.
සාරාංශ ලිවීම
Authors:   ශ්‍රි ලංකා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ආයතනය , මාලබේ, සාලිය සී ඒ
Published: February 2024

සාමාන්‍යයෙන් වචන 200ක් හෝ ඊට අඩු ඡේදයක, සම්පූර්ණ පත්‍රිකාවේ පහත දැක්වෙන ප්‍රධාන අයිතමයන්ගෙන් සාරාංශයක් සමන්විත වේ; 1) අධ්‍යයනයේ සමස්ත අරමුණ සහ විමර්ශනය කළ පර්යේෂණ ගැටලුව. 2) අධ්‍යයනයේ මූලික සැලසුම හෝ ක්‍රමවේදය. 3) විශ්ලේෂණයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස සොයා ගත් ප්‍රධාන සොයාගැනීම් හෝ ප්‍රවණතා සහ, 4) අර්ථනිරූපණයන් සහ නිගමන පිළිබඳ කෙටි සටහනක්. පර්යේෂණය ප්‍රතිචාර දක්වන්නේ කුමන ප්‍රායෝගික හෝ න්‍යායාත්මක ගැටලුවකට ද, නැතහොත් පිළිතුරු දීමට අදහස් කළ පර්යේෂණ ප්‍රශ්න මොනවා ද? විමර්ශනය, පරීක්ෂා කිරීම, විශ්ලේෂණය කිරීම හෝ ඇගයීම වැනි ක්‍රියා පද භාවිතා කරන්න. භාවිතා කළ පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රම සඳහන් කෙරේ. මෙම කොටස වාක්‍ය එකකින් හෝ දෙකකින් කළ දේ පිළිබඳ සෘජු විස්තරයක් විය යුතු ය. එය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ලිවිය යුත්තේ අතීත කාලයෙනි. ඉන් පසු ව, ප්‍රධාන පර්යේෂණ ප්‍රතිඵල සාරාංශගත කෙරේ. සාරාංශයේ මෙම කොටස වර්තමාන හෝ අතීත කාලයෙන් විය හැකි ය. පර්යේෂණය ඔප්පු කර ඇති හෝ තර්ක කර ඇති කේන්ද්‍රීය කරුණ පිළිබඳ පැහැදිලි අවබෝධයකින් අවසන් කළ යුතු ය. නිගමන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ලියා ඇත්තේ වර්තමාන කාලයෙනි, එහෙත් අවස්ථානුකූල ව වෙනස් වේ. පර්යේෂණයට වැදගත් සීමාවන් තිබේ නම් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් සාරාංශයේ සඳහන් කළ යුතු ය. වෙනත් සාරාංශ කියවන්න: ඔබේ විෂයෙහි සාරාංශයක් ලිවීමේ සම්මුතීන් ඉගෙන ගැනීමට ඇති හොඳම ක්‍රමය නම් අනෙක් සාරාංශ කියවීමයි. හොඳ සාරාංශයක් කෙටි නමුත් එලදායි වේ, එ බැවින් සෑම වචනයක් ම ගණන් කරන බවට වග බලා ගන්න. සෑම වාක්‍යයක් ම එක් ප්‍රධාන කරුණක් පැහැදිලි ව සන්නිවේදනය කළ යුතු ය. ආකෘතිය (formatting): සඟරාවකට ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නේ නම්, බොහෝ විට සාරාංශ සඳහා නිශ්චිත ආකෘති තිබේ. සඟරා මාර්ගෝපදේශ ප්‍රවේසමෙන් අනුගමනය කර නිවැරදි ව ආකෘති ගත කර ගත යුතු වේ. සෑම විට ම වචන සීමාවට අනුගත විය යුතු ය. ඉහත නිදර්ශන D ආශ්‍රයෙන් සාකච්ඡා කරන ලද ආචාර්ය උපාධි නිබන්ධනය පදනම් කොට ගෙන පර්යේෂණ පත්‍රිකා අටක් ප්‍රකාශනයට පත් කොට ඇත. සිද්ධි අධ්‍යනයන් සඳහා යොදාගත් දත්ත භාවිතා කොට විවිධ න්‍යායන් ඔස්සේ විශ්ලේෂණය කොට අර්ථදක්වා වෙනස් නිගමන ඉදිරිපත් කොට ඇත.
olhar fronteiriço
Authors: Neves Ana Beatriz de Sá , Conte Cláudia Heloiza
Published: February 2024

As relações em zonas fronteiriças são sempre muito complexas devido as especificidades  de cada território e suas diferentes gestões. No âmbito escolar essas diferenças são ainda  mais presentes, revelando desafios na aprendizagem e integração dos estudantes. Diante disso, esse trabalho buscou analisar a dinâmica social dos estudantes bolivianos e  paraguaios nas escolas de fronteira do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa afim de compreender os deslocamentos e suas características. Verificou-se que, os deslocamentos  dos estudantes estrangeiros para as escolas brasileiras ocorrem devido à falta de infraestrutura em seu país de origem. Dentre os principais desafios que enfrentam nesse processo migratório primeiramente é destacada a falta de preparo das escolas com relação ao ensino bilingue, bem como no processo de integração. Através do levantamento bibliográfico foi possivel compreender que uma parte dos alunos sofrem xenofobia e preconceito, os levando a se isolar dos demais e buscarem seus próprios grupos a partir do sentimento de identidade. A pesquisa demonstrou ainda a importância de um olhar mais profundo nas relações de fronteira, evidenciando a necessidade de políticas públicas efetivas nesses  territórios.
Occupational Health and Safety Challenges Faced National Disaster Management Personnel
Authors: Kwadwo Wanyor , Morkla Thomas D
Published: February 2024

This study aims to look into how health and safety concerns affect the job performance of National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO) personnel in the Bono Region. Hazards, poor training, and psychological well-being are significant factors determining the efficiency of disaster response activities in the study. The study adopts a descriptive (case study) research design, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive plan to solve these difficulties. The target population consists of 127 people from the municipal offices of Sunyani East, Wenchi, and Berekum. Purposive and simple random sampling selects 75 respondents from various departments and units. Self-administered questionnaires containing open-ended and closed-ended items are used to collect data. The data suggest that health concerns may have an impact on coworkers’ job performance among those who have had accidents. However, statistical significance is weak. Positive management relationships following fatal accidents have a minor correlation with better NADMO results, underlining the need for additional factors in the model. The relevance value supports the suggestion of organizing periodic health and safety lectures as an intervention to alleviate difficulties. Among the recommendations prioritizing comprehensive training, guaranteeing access to Personal PSafety equipment, addressing psychological well-being, and increasing organizational support.
Air Passenger Rights Case Law Developments from 1 January to 25 November 2023
Authors: Erotokritou Chrystel , Mateou Sofia
Published: February 2024

From 1 January to 15 November 2023, there have been limited case developments in relation to air passenger rights. The first part of this article highlights recent decisions from the Court of Justice of theEuropean Union that have shed light on the interpretation of EU Regulation No 261/2004. The second part presents a non-exhaustive overview of selected significant rulings from non-EU countries.

In the case Austrian Airlines v. TW, the Court defined the rules applicable to rerouted flights in the context of the coronavirus crisis. In the case FW v. LATAM Airlines Group SA (Latam Airlines), the Court clarified the rules applicable to passengers denied boarding. In the case TAP Portugal v. flightright GmbH and Myflyright GmbH, the Court ruled that passengers are entitled to compensation following a flight cancellation as the death of a crew member away from the airline’s base is not an extraordinary situation.

In the case Lufthansa v. Vadhera, an Indian Court decided that moral damages may be awarded for lost and delayed luggage in the absence of any physical injury suffered by a passenger. The Mexican Supreme Court recently declared a provision of the national Civil Aviation law unconstitutional and declared that airlines must compensate passengers denied boarding due to overbooked flights with at least 25% of the ticket price, regardless of the different options offered to them. The District Tribunal of New Zealand awarded damages to a passenger as it found an airline liable of misrepresentation and set a precedent in the way airlines promote their inflight experiences.

passenger rights, flight delay, flight cancellation, flight compensation, overbooking, extraordinary circumstances, repatriation flight, luggage, moral damages, misrepresentation, aviation sector, aviation law, air law
Preparing Sovereign Debt Instruments for a Rainy Day: A Case for Using Pandemic Debt Suspension Clauses
Authors: Ababou Adil , Stewart Nicole Kearse
Published: February 2024

Blockchain, Crypto Assets, Digital Assets, Cryptocurrency, Distributed Ledger Technology, DLT, Metaverse, Tokens, Utility tokens, Non-Fungible Tokens, NFTs, Tokenized art, Smart Contracts, Blockchain regulation, NFT regulation, Copyright, Intellectual Property, Trademark, Anti-money laundering, Terrorist financing, AML-CFT, Fifth AMLCFT Directive, GAFI, MiCA
AfCFTA and Investor Protection in the Securities Market: Prospects for Proactive Regulation
Authors: Ajibo Collins Chikodili
Published: February 2024

The emergence of investment opportunities afforded by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement epitomizes a deft move by the African countries to tailor the development dynamics in their favour. Although the AfCFTA is full of promise, it also presents challenges to regulatory authorities in the sphere of fraudulent investment practices. While the existing regulatory framework is ill-prepared for regulation and the regulatory authorities have not adverted their mind to the significance of regulation of this emerging area of investment opportunities, potential fraudsters are busy fine-tuning their schemes. The paper assesses the emerging investment opportunities under the AfCFTA and the imperative for proactive regulation of infractions through reliance on the depository structure.

Securities, Investor Protection, Fraud, AfCFTA, Depositary
The English Law Doctrine of Frustration in the Context of the COVD-19 Pandemic
Authors: Grey Felicia A.
Published: February 2024

This paper examines the extent to which the onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the formation and execution of contracts in the United Kingdom. Using the English Law doctrine of frustration, it assesses how far foreseeability plays a role in determining whether contracts are frustrated. It examines concepts such as illegality, impossibility and frustration of purpose as well as case law to see what arguments can be used to support or deny liability for contractual terms. It argues that in many ways, frustration is narrowly constructed. The COVID- 19 pandemic and its aftermath, however, will encourage more creativity as legal systems revisit their provisions to accommodate the changing dynamics of the international system.

English law, frustration, foreseeability, illegality, impossibility, frustration of purpose, COVID-19
The Fiat Chrysler Finance Europe Case: One Step Forward Towards an Appropriate Application of the Ban on State Aid
Authors: Farri Francesco
Published: February 2024

The judgment of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice of 8 November 2022 (joined Cases C-885/19 P and C-898/19 P) marks an important point in the Court’s jurisprudence on State Aid because the principle of legality in tax matters, the attribution of competencies to the European Union, and the application of State Aid are addressed in a coordinated way. The decision clarifies that the reference system, which is relied upon to measure the actual selectivity of a national measure, must be based exclusively on the statutory law applicable at the national level, according to the principle of legality. This is a first step towards an appropriate application of Article 107 TFEU, whose application had been stretched too much in the last years. The next steps should be the overruling of Gibraltar jurisprudence and the need to limit the ban on State Aid to national measures for which evidence of actual damage to free trade between the Member States is manifest.

Ban of State Aid, Selectivity, Reference system, Legality principle, Attribution of competences, Tax rulings, Arm’s length principle, Transfer pricing, Tax sovereignty, Competition, Trade between Member States
Addressing The Vulnerability Of Energy Consumers
Authors: Hrynkiv Olga , Lavrijssen Saskia
Published: February 2024

In the shift to a climate-neutral society and economy, an essential solution for renewable energy is at decentralized energy system relying on more distributed generation, energy storage, and more active involvement of consumers. In the European Union (EU), the Clean Energy Package puts consumers at the center of EU energy policy and introduces a wide range of initiatives to engage consumers in the transition to clean energy. In addition to implementing EU policies, EU Member States are also developing and implementing ambitious laws and policies related to the energy transition and climate change. For example, theNetherlands, which serves as a case study in this article, committed in the Rutte IV coalition agreement to emit less than 55% CO2 compared to 1990 by 2030 and to be completely climate neutral by 2050. The country aims to switch to renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power and develop a robust and flexible energy infrastructure system that can be operated on a smaller scale and decentralized. Such transformations have profound implications for understanding the role of the consumer in the Dutch energy market and highlight the need for greater consumer involvement in the connection, transmission, delivery, and use of energy.

This article aims to answer the overarching question of how the principles of good governance (transparency, effectiveness, accountability, and participation) can contribute to better protecting (vulnerable) consumers from governance vulnerabilities to ensure a just and smart energy transition. It focuses on the consumer protection approach introduced in the proposal for the new Energy Act (2023) in the Netherlands. The article examines to what extent the principles of good governance are effectively incorporated and elaborated in the Dutch legal framework for the protection of energy consumers. Ultimately, it seeks to provide recommendations on how to improve support for vulnerable consumers in the Netherlands and empower them to actively participate in energy markets and make informed choices. Although the article focuses primarily on the Dutch experience, it can offer valuable lessons and guidance to other countries that must deal with the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to renewable energy sources and a more digitized energy market.
Pandemics and Climate Change as Systemic Risks: Law, Policy, Insurance, Physical Activity and Exercise as Mitigating Environmental Degradation Mechanisms
Authors: Noussia Kyriaki , Nousias Georgios
Published: February 2024

Climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic have been classified as systemic risks and have elaborated that such systemic risks will become the new normal. Ways to tackle the long-term effects of climate change include law and environmental policy. In addition, insurance can help mitigate the burden placed on governments when such systemic risks occur, including pandemics. In relation to the Covid-19 pandemic and the effects of long-Covid, sports and exercise are examined as a mitigating factor able to release pressure from public health and help mitigate its long-term effects. This article discusses the correlation of Covid-19 with environmental changes and climate changes and goes on to address the role of insurance, on the one hand and sports and exercise on the other hand as mitigating mechanisms to handle systemic risks such as climate change and pandemics. The article’s findings suggest and conclude that 1) outside state action (law and policy), private action such as change in lifestyle towards a more sustainable way of life, and sports and exercise can help with the long-term effects of pandemics and 2) insurance can act as a mitigating private sector mechanism. Governments should integrate law, policy, and mitigating techniques such as private insurance to tackle and respond to systemic risks.

climate change, Covid-19, systemic risks, insurance, physical exercise, mitigation for climate change, mitigation, public health
Strengthening European Energy Security and Resilience through Minerals
Authors: Srivastava Nidhi
Published: February 2024

While energy security has always been a concern for the European Union (EU), the Covid-19 Pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war have led to a greater emphasis on fostering energy resilience. Traditionally, resilience has been seen in the context of import dependence on oil and gas. However, the EU’s commitment to decarbonization requires attention to other energy sources, and the entire supply chain of such clean energy technologies.

EU’s Energy Transition has a prominent role for solar photovoltaics, wind energy, grid-based storage, and electric mobility. All of these energy technologies depend on a secure and reliable access to affordable critical raw materials (CRM). Non-fuel minerals like lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper, and graphite are at the core of decarbonization of the EU’s energy sector. The European Commission has been focusing on CRM for a few years now and has recently released a Proposal for Establishing a Framework for CRM security. This article studies the EU’s approach to CRM, especially in light of the recent Proposal for a Regulation establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of CRMs by adopting a more contemporary and broader definition of resilience which balances recovery or bouncing back with adaptability or bouncing forward.

Critical Minerals, Energy Transition, Critical Raw Materials, EU, Energy Resilience
The Use of Sanctions to Achieve EU Strategic Autonomy: Restrictive Measures, the Blocking Statute and the Anti-Coercion Instrument
Authors: Lonardo Luigi , Szép Viktor
Published: February 2024

Sanctions are increasingly used by the European Union to pursue foreign and security policy objectives. Nowadays, these objectives include the protection of the Union’s strategic autonomy too. As our empirical analysis suggests, restrictive measures – the official EU notion for sanctions – define strategic autonomy as much as they are defined by it. We understand the notion of ‘sanctions’ widely, not only encompassing measures adopted within the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), but also other EU acts closely connected to sanctions – including the Blocking Statute and the Anti-Coercion Instrument (ACI) – that also aim to strengthen the Union’s strategic autonomy. The picture sanctions paint is one of strategic autonomy as a principle not only of processes, but also of substance. In terms of processes, it is an objective that allows for selective uses of partnership; and in terms of substance, it is also in the name of this principle that EU institutions have proceeded to a balancing between rights, interests, and values.

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), sanctions, strategic autonomy, Blocking Statute, extra-territorial sanctions, Anti-Coercion Instrument
Report on the First CELIS NOW Conference ‘The Age of Open Strategic Autonomy’
Authors: Fechter Jonas , Wiesenthal Janosch
Published: February 2024

On 11–13 May 2023, the CELIS Institute’s Early-Career Scholars’ and Practitioners’ Network on the Law and Practice of Economic Warfare (CELIS NOW) organized its first conference on ‘The Age of Open Strategic Autonomy’ in Berlin, Germany. This new network is designed to provide its members with a unique opportunity to exchange ideas and engage with the growing community of scholars and practitioners interested in investment and trade law in this changing geo-economic world. The CELIS Institute is an independent non-profit, non-partisan research enterprise dedicated to promoting better regulation of foreign investments in the context of security, public order, and competitiveness. CELIS NOW was established by Jonas Fechter (University of Münster) and Janosch Wiesenthal (University of Passau) in 2022, in order to create a forum for early-career lawyers in the field of trade and investment law. Since then, CELIS NOW has grown in size. At this first conference, about 40 lawyers who are professionally engaged with geo-economic trends gathered in Berlin to exchange ideas related to the emerging doctrine of Open Strategic Autonomy. The conference was generously supported by BLOMSTEIN and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. This report summarizes the conference proceedings.

Open Strategic Autonomy, Economic Warfare, Economic Security, Geo-Economics, Investment Law, Trade Law, Investment Screening, Foreign Subsidies, Anti-Coercion Instrument
Tilted Balance to Security or Economy? A Comparative Study of National Security Review Mechanisms in the Netherlands and the United States
Authors: Koster Harold , Yuan Yao
Published: February 2024

The Netherlands and the United States (US) stand as strong allies, united by a robust commitment to democratic norms and market principles that anchor a more open, fair, and market-led global economy. Their prosperity has been founded on free trade and investments. However, with the evolving dynamics in global geoeconomics and geopolitics in recent years, both nations have introduced or enhanced their national security review mechanisms. Given their shared attributes, this article compares the review mechanisms of the two countries and explores whether the new Dutch national security review system will mirror the regime of the US or introduce distinct innovations. It also explores the reasons behind each nation’s different preferences regarding the balance between economy and security.

Foreign Direct Investment, National Security, Economic Security, Investment Screening, the Netherlands, the United States, Comparative Research
Facilitating Access to Investor-State Dispute Settlement for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Tracing the Path Forward
Authors: Gómez Katia Fach , Titi Catharine
Published: February 2024

The costs of accessing investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) are notoriously high. International investment treaties and investment dispute settlement in particular have been primarily designed with large investors in mind – those with the means to access an international tribunal –, while small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and individual or vulnerable investors can face significant barriers to accessing ISDS. This article is the first in legal scholarship to identify and evaluate the diverse opportunities that exist for the establishment and operation of mechanisms allowing SMEs better and easier access to ISDS. Drawing on the wealth of comparative experience from the functioning of existing dispute settlement assistance mechanisms in international courts and tribunals, the article argues that legal assistance is a more efficient and cost-effective tool than financial assistance and presents concrete proposals for the funding and operation of such a mechanism for SMEs. Finally, the article examines the political cost involved in facilitating SMEs’ access to ISDS, in light of the fact that some states have been increasingly wary of ISDS, but it weighs this challengeagainst the imperative of ensuring effective access to justice.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), access to justice, international investment agreements (IIAs), advisory centre on international investment law, procedural costs, legal assistance funds, expedited proceedings, UNCItRAL Working Group III
Current Issues on the Transition to a Sustainable Economy in the European, Italian and Middle East Framework: Green Bonds Standards and Greenwashing
Authors: Corapi Elisabetta
Published: February 2024

The Italian Constitutional amendments (artt.9 and 41) represent an implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda in the European framework. The package of measures adopted by the EU in this context, outlines the importance of sustainable finance strategy, aimed at financing the transition towards a sustainable economy. A tool to enable the pursuit of this transition is Green Bond. The EU Commission launched a taxonomy proposal aimed at creating Green Bonds quality standards and certifications, because the existing industry standards are still based on definitions of green projects that are not sufficiently uniform, rigorous or comprehensive. The adoption of uniform universal standards for the definition of green projects could also contribute to stop “greenwashing”(the practice of falsely attributing green qualities to an investment which in reality does not possess them). For example a recent Italian decision (Alcantara vs Miko) stated that the rules for communication on sustainability are different from those on traditional advertising because sustainability should be real and not a façade. This study examines the possibility of a uniform adoption of standards at EU level and compares the European Green Bond standards with other similar initiatives, such as the Shari’ah-compliant Green Sukuk.

Italian Constitution, UN Sustainable Development, ESG Principles, Sustainable Finance, Green Bond, EU Taxonomy Regulation, Green Bond Standards, Greenwashing, Shari’ah, Green Sukuk
Contractual Relations between Providers and Digital Platforms: The Spanish ‘Riders Law’
Authors: Cobo Juan Manuel Dieste
Published: February 2024

This article examines the regulation of contractual relationship between workers and digital platforms from a comparative law perspective. For that purpose, the recently adopted Spanish ‘Riders Law’ will be the guiding thread of the analysis. The aim of this study is therefore to compare this statutory solution with other regulatory frameworks like European Union Law, UK, Italy, or French law and with case law approaches, to concluded that a third or intermediate category of workers should be set up to strike a balance between their labour rights and the innovative business model of digital platforms. Additionally, requirements of labour relationship should be reviewed and updated with the focus on economic dependency rather than traditional legal dependency.

Digital platforms, legal presumption, comparative law, economic dependency, workers, employees, independent contractor, labour relationship, legal dependency, riders
Algorithmic Transparency and Explainability under EU Law
Authors: Tzimas Themistoklis
Published: February 2024

This article focuses on algorithmic transparency under EU law, specifically exploring the ‘right to explanation’. It addresses the legal framework concerning Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms from the above – mentioned perspective, focusing on remedies which ensure transparency and accountability, given the black box effect of algorithms. Proprietary information, and transparency- performance trade-offs are analysed, as well as the ‘right to explanation’ within the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and in light of the EU ‘AI Act’, which is expected to be adopted. The legal remedies under EU law are examined and assessed in terms of their efficiency.

Algorithms, transparency, Explainability, GDPR, AI Act, Meaningful Information, EU Law
Should German Courts Review Competition Law Awards on the Merits? Significance of the German Federal Supreme Court’s Decision of 27 September 2022
Authors: L. Stamer Hanna
Published: February 2024

The extent to which courts are allowed to review arbitral awards for public policy violations in annulment or enforcement proceedings is a controversial topic. Recently, the German Federal Supreme Court (BGH) conducted an exhaustive judicial review of an award (referred to as a ‘Révision au fond’), assessing its potential breach of competition law within the framework of Germany’s public policy. This marks the first time in more than five decades that Germany’s highest civil court has taken an unambiguous stance in the ongoing discourse. Even though BGH decisions have no binding effect for lower courts in Germany, it can be expected that other German courts will follow the decision for the purpose of a uniform application of the law. This article analyses whether German courts should take the BGH’s decision as guidance and similarly conduct a Révision au fond of arbitral awards relating to competition law. It is concluded that the BGH’s decision is not in line with the internationally prevalent view that a Révision au fond is to be prohibited. Moreover, the justifications provided by the court for conducting a Révision au fond are found to be only partly convincing. In fact, there are several points in which the BGH’s approach can be countered by arguments in support of a merely limited review.

Révision au fond, full review, competition law, antitrust, BGH, public policy, ordre public, cartel senate, finality of awards, Germany
The 1963 OECD Model Tax Convention: Now and Then
Authors: Fishbien Nir , Lempert Eran
Published: February 2024

This article reviews the importance of the 1963 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Model Tax Convention in the development of the current international bilateral treaties network and compares its principles to those found in the US model tax convention. It then shows how the 1963 OECD model has laid the foundations for the OECD’s Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (MLI) agreed on by more than over 100 jurisdictions.

US model, OECD model, MLI, tax treaties, international tax, tax history
Aligning the BRI With Sustainable Development: A Regulatory Framework and Its Implementation
Authors: Li Fenghua , Shi Jingxia
Published: February 2024

China’s overseas investment through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has not only encountered challenges relating to environment, human rights, digital governance and security, but is also mired in political and economic critiques. Mobilizing BRI investment can promote equitable economic and social growth, but only if it contributes to sustainable development of countries along the BRI (BRI countries). In recent years a regulatory framework for China’s sustainable overseas investment is emerging to align the BRI with sustainable development, which can be attributed with characteristics that essentially combine three tiers and four elements in nature. The three tiers inherently consist of the network of investment treaties, domestic regulation and soft law, while the four elements include rules with restrictive effects that imposes restrictions regarding environment, climate change and human rights on overseas investment, and rules with stimulative effects that encourage investors to adopt instruments like green finance and digitalization. In terms of the implementation of the framework, China has made significant strides in building its domestic capacity for the implementation through legal cooperation and judicial support, and further works with BRI countries to potentially direct the implementation towards a shared normative commitment based on the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda.

BRI, sustainable development, regulatory framework, environmental protection, human rights, green finance, DSR, implementation, legal cooperation, judicial support
Towards a Coherent Trade-Environment Nexus? The EU’s Critical Raw Materials Policy
Authors: Gstöhl Sieglinde , Schnock Jonathan
Published: February 2024

This article contributes to the debate on the policy coherence of the trade-environment nexus by analysing the recent critical raw materials (CRM) policy of the European Union (EU). Critical raw materials are crucial for the green and digital transitions but face significant risks in their supply. This raises the question to what extent the EU can ensure a coherent approach in an era of geopolitics. The analysis proceeds in three steps: what does coherence mean (problem definition), how coherent are the EU’s policy objectives, and how coherent are its policy instruments designed for CRMs? The article finds that the EU’s problem definition of the trade-environment nexus has over the past two decades become more coherent. However, the rise of geopolitics has added foreign policy considerations to the understanding of this nexus. As the case of CRMs shows, open strategic autonomy, which aims to reduce strategic dependencies, generates incoherence among the policy objectives. The many existing or proposed EU policy instruments can, so far, be assessed as being relatively more coherent yet also with a mixed record. Future research will have to confirm this preliminary finding and also address the coherence of the policy implementation and outcomes of the EU’s CRMs policy.

critical raw materials, European Union, geopolitics, Green Deal, open strategic autonomy, policy coherence, sustainability, trade-environment nexus, trade policy, twin transition
AFET İLETİŞİM EKOLOJİSİ PENCERESİNDEN AFET GAZETECİLİĞİ: 06 ŞUBAT 2023 KAHRAMANMARAŞ DEPREMLERİ
Authors: KOÇ AKGÜL Selma
Published: February 2024

Afete dirençli toplum hedefi ve afet okuryazarlığının geliştirilmesinde önemli bir misyon üstlenen medyanın, 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremleriyle tekrar tartışma konusu olması ve yeni risklerin afete dönüşme potansiyelleri bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmuştur Çalışmanın amacı, gazetecilikle ilgili uygulamaları afet bilimi ve iletişim bilimi yaklaşımlarının kesiştiği “Afet iletişim ekolojisi” paradigmasından değerlendirmektir. Argümantasyon araştırma tekniğinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremlerine yönelik haberler üzerinden, afetlerde medyadan beklentilerle habercilik pratikleri örtüşüyor mu?, nasıl bir habercilik olmalıdır? soruları üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır Elde edilen bulgulara göre, afet gazeteciliğinin afet okuryazarlık yetkinliğiyle beraber haber etik kod ve normlarını içselleştiren bir uzmanlık gerektirdiği, sadece afet zamanlarında habercilikle sınırlandırılmasının ise mümkün olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.
2023 KAHRAMANMARAŞ MERKEZLİ DEPREMLERDE SOSYAL HİZMETLERİN SİVİL ÖRGÜTLENMESİ VE İŞLEYİŞİ
Authors: BALTA Gülnihal Kevser , MENGÜ Enver , YAMAN Ömer Miraç
Published: February 2024

6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş merkezli meydana gelen ve 11 ili etkisi altına alan Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremler, Türkiye afet tarihindeki en yıkıcı ve önemli sonuçları olan olaylardan biridir. Bu çalışmanın deprem sahasının zorluğu, depremzedelerin ihtiyaç çeşitliliği, yardım ortamının organizesi ve faaliyetlerin işleyişini sunarak literatüre katkı sağlayacağı hedeflenmiştir. Araştırma toplam 48 farklı STK’den toplanan anket soru formu, 21 farklı saha çalışanı ile yapılan mülakat soru formu katılımlarıyla gerçekleşmiştir. STK’lerin bölgede yaptığı kurumsal bilgilere dayanan hizmetlerin nicel görünümü için anket kullanılırken mülakata katılan katılımcılardan ise sahaya dair deneyimleri alınmıştır. Tüm bunlara göre elde edilen veriler toplam 12 alt tema ile açıklanmıştır. 12 alt tema ise 3 tema altında kategorize edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak ise saha çalışanlarının farklı bakış açısı ve fikirlerin de yanında birçok noktaya dair benzer izlenimleri olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Alınan ortak sonuçlar; deprem bölgesinin süreç içerisindeki ihtiyaçları, merkezi ve yerel yönetim arasındaki iletişim ve STK’lerin kendi aralarındaki iş birliği konusunda aydınlatıcı bilgiler sunmuştur.