bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dimensions of Expertise
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the political and economic aspects of expertise and expert knowledge. It explores how knowledge is acquired, distributed, and valued in the financial services sector. It addresses different kinds of non-formal knowledge. The knowledge needed to solve problems is often fragmented between specialist areas, and in many cases boundaries between expert groups have become institutionalized. This complicates the process of reformulating knowledge, and so this chapter considers power — the efforts of groups to claim central status for their knowledge holdings as well as the settings of unequal power within which rivalry occurs. In so far as knowledge is located outside a firm, the work of internal experts can be substituted by external experts, or by the supply of artefacts. Expertise is thus tradeable on labour and product markets, and rivalry between experts may take an economic form. The problems in establishing an appropriate price for technical labour are discussed and the problem of information technology professionals and their relations with general management are examined.
The ‘Declining Significance’ or the ‘Changing Forms’ of Patriarchy?
Authors: Walby Sylvia
Published: October 2011

The concept of patriarchy may be attributed to a number of interpretations that involve different notions such as gender inequality, and a certain degree of systematicity that suggests how the various facets of gender relations may be in a way related. Although the issue of the significance of gender relations has increasingly being recognized by several scholars, and although such data is constantly changing, the data is still believed to be far from complete. Since making use of already existing concepts to interpret such changes proves to fall short, there is a need to adapt, modify, and create more concepts for appropriately addressing such issues on the macro-level. This chapter analyzes whether the incidences of patriarchy have been on a decline or are merely undergoing certain changes in its form.
From Agrarian Patriarchy to Patriarchal Capitalism: Gendered Capitalist Industrialization in Korea
Authors: Lie John
Published: October 2011

Along with several other parts of the world, Korea has experienced a shift from agrarian patriarchy to patriarchal capitalism. The chapter looks at areas where issues of ‘gender’are concerned, especially in situations of oppression within peripheral industrialization. The chapter attempts to provide a framework for examining the role of women in this transition. Gender is often associated with power relations and structures in agrarian patriarchy since women have limited access to participation in political organization and gaining gender consciousness. In contrast, gender presents threats of oppression in patriarchal capitalism because of divisions of labour that are determined by gender within households. This chapter studies how such situations result in the same dynamic that brings about gender emancipation through promoting bases for gender-based politics.
Gender Inequality and Women’s Wage Labour: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
Authors: Safa Helen I.
Published: October 2011

In a number of developing countries, specifically for those open economies in the Caribbean Basin, export-led industrialization has assumed a major role in various development strategies during the 1980s. To be able to reduce unemployment and to acquire enough resources through foreign exchange for their debt payments, many countries have resorted to participating in export-led industrialization measures. The US Agency for International Development (AID) has asserted that countries in the Caribbean and Latin American regions should utilize such measures to achieve ‘security through development’ and political stability through providing funds for training, constructing export processing zones, and exporting market information. This chapter looks into how export manufacturing has led to how economies of the Caribbean Basin have veered away from traditional exports and the impacts of such on gender subordination and women's wage labour.
The Value of Biodiversity
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R. , Ehrlich Anne H.
Published: October 2011

This chapter states that one of the most vexing problems facing ecologists and economists today is how to measure the value of environmental goods whose destruction generates vast externalities. Biodiversity, which is the variety of genetically distinct populations and species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms with which we share the earth, and the variety of ecosystems of which they are functioning parts, is a prime example of one of those goods. The chapter also discusses the ethical values of biodiversity, as they are often based on religious or quasi-religious feelings. The aesthetic values, direct economic values, and indirect economic values of biodiversity are also discussed in the chapter, as is the extinction epidemic and the economic value of biodiversity.
The Economic Uses of Utilitarianism
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the total utility of the outcome, which is an argument related to the evaluation of some economists regarding alternative economic policies. One of the questions related to this argument is how much income should be redistributed from those with high wages and salaries to those with low wages. The chapter also includes an exercise, which aims to determine that the feasible redistributive system is able to bring the greatest total utility.
Population Policy and the Taxation of Family Size
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses population policy, mostly in terms of the natural policy for affecting population size: taxes and subsidies that are related to family size. The question that is addressed is: under what assumptions it is desirable to tax families for increasing their size? It is also noted in this chapter that despite being a difficult subject, people seem to have rather simple ideas about population.
Migration and Optimal Income Taxes
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the optimal taxation of foreign incomes by LDCs in models that may be a little more realistic than the Bhagwati-Hamada model. The arguments posed apply only to LDCs with governments whose expenditures benefit the generality of the population.
National Labour Relations in Internationalized Markets
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

The regulation of the labour market by industrial-relations institutions has been an important theme in sociology, political science, economics, and jurisprudence. What has particularly attracted attention from a comparative perspective is the astonishing variety of national labour-relations institutions. This variety, when confronted with persistent economic internationalisation raises two main questions. First, does internationalisation impose pressures for change and, more specifically, for convergence on institutions? If such pressures are at work, is there a superior model the national systems are converging on? Second, under economic internationalisation, cross-national differences in national arrangements may have an increasing impact on national economic performance. Hence the question is whether national labour-relations systems perform differently, and to what extent their performance has changed over time due to shifting circumstances. This book investigates these questions on the basis of a cross-national comparison, including comparable data from twenty OECD countries.
Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy
Authors: Rugman Alan , Soloway Julie , Kirton John
Published: October 2011

For many firms, the opening up of trade barriers meant unwelcome exposure to tough international competition. In order to protect themselves, many turned to local and national environmental regulations, forming coalitions which enabled them to force out their opponents, even though they were often contravening international environmental agreements in doing so. With the recent emergence of international trade and environment regimes wielding substantial powers, however, comes the opportunity for outward-facing and innovative firms to utilize these regimes and so challenge the discriminatory obstacles which have been becoming ever more common. This adherence to environmental regulations has promoted a broad array of corporate strategies; a fact most visible in North America, where firms are making use of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This book develops a model of complex institutional responsiveness and demonstrates how this can guide firms through this new era of opportunities for international regulatory capture. Chapters apply the model within North America, identifying the implications for Europe and Asia. The research for the book is based on 300 confidential interviews with senior executives and officials in North American and European companies, national governments, and North American institutions, and it analyses twenty-four cases of firms who have either benefited or suffered from involvement with international institutions.
Environmental Institutions in Action: The CEC
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

A separate environmental agreement, referred to as the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), along with the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), was significantly connected with and accompanied the NAFTA trade–environment regime. The approach that this agreement utilized in establishing an international trade–environment regime served as the model for future multilateral and regional trade-liberalization agreements. The CEC was granted with permissive and mandatory powers for enforcing environmental surveillance, trade–environment integration, and environmental cooperation. This led to the development of an institutional structure comprised of a Council, a regional Secretariat, a Joint Public Advisory Committee (JPAC), and other stakeholders such as environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs). The CEC had been able to facilitate trade, impose restrictions on national and subnational regulatory protectionism, and even advocate regulatory convergence. However, the CEC did not bring about significant effects on promoting the equality and integration of trade and environment communities.
The Rise of Knowledge Capital
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

Wealth and power are traditionally associated with the possession of various physical resources. Factors of production, materials, labour, and money are all physical in nature. We are now, however, experiencing a shift from a world largely dominated by physical resources to a world that values knowledge and intellectual resources. In a post-industrial society, goods are being replaced by services. This chapter illustrates the impact that the knowledge industry has on work and on jobs and defines knowledge, presents its key characteristics, and establishes the economic value of knowledge. The chapter also includes a discussion about the commercial application of information technology (IT), how it has evolved, and how trends in IT influence the growth and development of the knowledge industry.
From Shock to Therapy
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

The great transformation undertaken by the countries of the former communist bloc exhibits immense diversity and in terms of initial conditions, shifting target models, consistency, paths, speed, progress to date, and economic performance. This book studies the economics and politics of postsocialism. Many people writing on the reform process offer advice that is not really credible; as a member of the Polish government, and architect of the successful Polish reform, the author of this book actually solved many of the difficulties of transition, which allows him to come forward here with policy proposals and long-term forecasts. The treatment of the transition from plan to market as a historical process is an important feature of the book. The book claims that there is no historical fatality that sound policies in the present are more determining than the favourable or unfavourable legacies of the past. The aim is to create and maintain the conditions for sustainable growth and durable development.
Financial Reform and Policy
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

The chapter talks about changes that occur in the financial industry. The discussion starts with the introduction of the fiscal system — a collection of techniques that regulates and checks on the expenses, revenues, and liabilities of the government. Next the chapter looks at reforms in social security as well as management and the advertisement of savings. Different exchange rate eras take place during these revolutionary processes. At least for trade transactions, countries need a uniform exchange rate so as to ensure sustained global competitiveness — both in imported and in exported goods and services — and eventually, this promotes expansion. At the end of the day, all trials and errors resulted in the development of the financial sector. Besides revolutionary actions to improve financial policies, systematic resource allocation and a strong tendency to save are essential indicators of overall growth.
The Redistribution of the Costs and Benefits of Transition
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

Two risks are involved in privatisation: first, the requirement to come up with the highest possible revenue demands quick selling outcomes and the compromise of potentially long-run developments; and second, such endeavour might precipitate social pressures, economic controversies, and political tensions. Despite the positive contributions of privatisation to profit maximisation, cost minimisation, and other production and transaction concerns, another issue pertaining to the proper distribution of wealth are considered in this chapter. With all the strengths and weaknesses of privatisation, an individual or a firm may decide to slow down unless restructuring occurs. Other areas to consider consist of the methods of distribution, the allocation of income, the pursuance of increased business productivity, and the distinctions between equity and equality along with their corresponding target outputs.
The Internationalization of Postsocialist Economies
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

In the attempt to supervise international revolutionary activities, international institutions are regarded as portraying a significant position. Emphasized here is the significance of international organisations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in the appropriate flow of capital and other resources in the aim to recover from distressful conditions. These institutions coordinate with other agencies and market nations, specifically the G-7 Group or the most advanced market economies, which is comprised of United States, Canada, Japan, France, Italy, Great Britain, and Germany. While some observe collaborative efforts in employing structural reforms, there are postsocialist countries that do not. Such inattention is due to the notion that regional synchronisation is not vital or based on neo-liberalists and market fundamentalists along with the idea that teamwork can as well be facilitated by specific institutions within the bounds of a specific nation, thus, defying international coordination.
Doubts and Conclusions
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

Subsequent to the conceptualisation of the ‘Washington consensus’, the following general policy conclusions are made. First, organisational structuring and sound income guidelines are essential indicators of sustainable growth, and not mere dependence on ‘natural’ market forces. Next, the state's capacity is less significant than the quality of the rules and regulations of governments and the way reforms are executed. Third, gradual implementation of institution-building, market-oriented goals in policy transformations, advancement of privately owned entities, and balance between stabilisation principles and development approaches must be observed. Then, the transfer of roles from the major administration to local governments determines the deregulation level in postsocialist communities. Fifth, considerable attention must be geared toward short-run capital liberalisation, which should be supervised and managed by fiscal and monetary bodies, and aided by international organisations. This is followed by the claim that international coordination must be accompanied by regional application of such endorsements. Lastly, a post-Washington consensus must include more constituents than just leading Washington-based institutions.
Palliative care social work
Authors: Napier Lindsey
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses palliative care social work. It sets out to understand and respond to the social dimensions of the experience of people with life-threatening illness. The chapter looks at the policy context and examines social work practice with respect to two levels of engagement with people with life-threatening illness and progressive disorders. It provides fragments of social work practice to form pictures of the social dimensions of ill people's experience and of the breadth of a social work response.
Autonomy, dignity, respect, and the patient-centred approach
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses other significant concepts in palliative care that are employed in the regulation of the professional–patient relationship. These concepts, which are widely used and are significant in other branches of health care and in society as a whole, are autonomy, dignity, choice, and respect. Concepts that are specific to health care, such as communication, competence, and consent to treatment, are also considered. All of these concepts can be summarized as patient-centred care approaches. The chapter also considers studies of the concept of dignity presented in the Canadian journal Journal of Palliative Care (JPC) and relates these to end-of-life care.
Control of symptoms and prolongation of life
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

Health care is governed by three aims: the relief of pain and other symptoms, the restoration of function, and the prolongation of life. In the context of terminal illness, the relief of pain and the restoration of function are rarely met by moral problems, whereas the prolongation of life is faced by many problems and moral dilemmas. Although in health care there is an underlying presumption in favour of providing life-prolonging treatments, this presumption is questioned if the patient is irreversibly dying. Furthermore, it appears that the effort to prolong life is inconsistent with the provision of treatment that may shorten life either unintentionally or intentionally. This chapter thus discusses the criticisms and moral issues arising from the three aims of palliative care, including their interpretation in the WHO philosophy. The first few sections chapter discuss the relief of suffering and the improvement and restoration of function. The final sections focus on the third aim of palliative care: the prolonging of life and the treatments that may shorten life or hasten death.
Resuscitation and advance statements
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a treatment aimed at lengthening and prolonging life. Its primary aim is to restore circulation and maintain ventilation. CPR is also designed to acquire independence from artificial means of prolonging life, and is distinct from other life-prolonging treatments particularly within the context of decision-making process. In every clinical context except in emergency departments, physicians and patients are assumed to make advance decisions regarding CPR. In the absence of an advance decision against CPR, it is the only treatment that will always be attempted. This is because CPR is assumed to be in the best interests of the patient. This chapter examines the existing decision-making process suggested by the professionals regarding CPR, with reference to some of the issues arising from it. Its focus is on the use of CPR within the context of palliative care. The chapter also proposes an alternative decision-making process that can be applied to, and employed by, patients in the palliative setting, and to those in an acute hospital setting. It furthermore discusses the arguments and problems arising from the existence of advanced statements in the palliative care.
Defining the State in Imperial Germany
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the concept of state in Imperial Germany. It attempts to determine what kind of a state the Imperial state was if it was neither a liberal state nor a straightforwardly aristocratic one. It suggests that most of the existing definitions of the Imperial state maintain a discrepancy between the state as a system of political domination and its role in the economy. It highlights the need for an alternative perspective in order to better understand the Imperial period.
Resilience and Bereavement: Part 1
Authors: Machin Linda
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines resilience during bereavement in the context of palliative care. It explains that in the field of bereavement greater recognition is being given to the possibilities for positive adaptation to grief and that though estimates vary there is a consensus among researchers that a large proportion of people ultimately recover from grief. There are three common elements that define resilience during bereavement. These include personal resourcefulness, positive life perspective, and social embeddedness.
Resilient communities
Authors: Kellehear Allan , Young Barbara
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the community resilience in the context of palliative care. It explains that the relationship between palliative care and the communities they serve is crucial to the successful support of both. This is because effective and supportive care during and after dying, death, and loss depend heavily not only on effective and timely medical and nursing services but also on the support from members of the broader community.
The Convention of 1950 and Key Features of its Subsequent Evolution
Authors: Bates Ed
Published: October 2011

The chapter begins by reflecting on the significance of the ECHR from the perspective of international law in 1950. It closely examines the substantive text of the ECHR as well as the original scheme for its enforcement. There is a focus on the three institutions of control (the European Commission of Human Rights, the European Court of Human Rights, and the Committee of Ministers) and how they were expected to function in the 1950s. The second half of the chapter reflects on key aspects of the Convention's evolution over the period since the 1950s. Examined in turn are: the way the States ratified the Convention and accepted its optional clauses; the rate at which individual applications were received by the Commission, and judgments were delivered by the Court over the years; how the three institutions of control functioned, noting their interrelationships; the increased focus that was placed on the procedural position of the individual applicant over the years; the increasingly influence that the Convention had as a means of instituting law reform domestically; how the Court grew in stature and role so as to become a type of ‘quasi-constitutional’ court; the progress that was made over the years as to the incorporation of the Convention into domestic law by the States; and the creation of and the rate of acceptances of Protocols added to the ECHR.
An Overview of the Convention’s Evolution from the 1950s to the Early 1970s
Authors: Bates Ed
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyses the early history of the Convention, focusing as it does on the situation of the Strasbourg institutions in the 1950s, 1960s, and up to the early 1970s. It starts by discussing the period up until 1965, when, it seems, there seemed little hope that the Convention system would flourish. The chapter includes an in-depth analysis of the importance of the early case law: Greece v United Kingdom; Lawless v Ireland; De Becker v Belgium, and the ‘Belgian Linguistics’ case. With these cases the Strasbourg institutions revealed their potential to become, in effect, quasi-constitutional bodies. The chapter examines the background to the United Kingdom's decision to accept the Convention's optional clauses in 1966, and then it addresses some of the most important case law that arose after that, most notably the ‘East African Asians’ case. The Court's case law in the late 1960s and early 1970s is also considered for its significance. The concluding section reflects upon the importance of these early years, in that they set the foundations to the subsequent evolution of the Convention. It suggests that by the early 1970s there was a mood developing, manifested in various statements made by outside commentators, that it was time for the Strasbourg institutions to take a more activist approach to their functions. The last section of the chapter discusses the significance of the two best known ‘inter-state’ cases from this period: the ‘Greek’ case and Ireland v United Kingdom.
Goods from the East
Authors: Berg Maxine
Published: October 2011

Projectors, ships' captains, and trading companies followed the routes to China through the seventeenth and 18th centuries, initially seeking an oriental treasure trove, but finding the key goods which would transform the consumer cultures of Europe's elites and middling classes, and ultimately even of its artisans and labourers. In the process, European manufacturing practice was changed in response to the reception of Asia's tea, porcelain, and textile fabrics. This was a phenomenon which affected the whole of Europe, and not just Britain; the trade in those Eastern goods must be a wider European story. The great Asian manufactures which entered Europe on a large scale brought a new kind of semi-luxury to world trade. These were novelty consumer goods, exotic in provenance and style, but domestic and endowed with the variety to display taste and individuality.
Glass and Chinaware: The Grammar of the Polite Table
Authors: Berg Maxine
Published: October 2011

The most celebrated imitative commodities of the later seventeenth and 18th centuries were glass, ceramics, and printed textiles. Many European countries developed their own imitations of Asian printed calicoes and porcelain. Britain later scooped the insatiable markets for colourful printed calicoes by pursuing the high-speed development of a native cotton industry. Moreover, it was British glass, especially flint glass and British earthenware, which introduced a whole new British style of modern consumer goods to middle and upper-class markets at home as well as in Europe and the colonies.
Metal Things: Useful Devices and Agreeable Trinkets
Authors: Berg Maxine
Published: October 2011

Luxury goods made in metals held an intrinsic symbolic and aesthetic appeal in ancient and early modern material cultures. Crafted in gold and silver, they were goods in precious metals, used otherwise as stores and measures of value. British exceptionalism has always emphasised an expertise in working in metals. Historians have investigated superior British versatility in iron processing, in adapting a wide range of industrial techniques to the use of metals, especially iron and steel. Metals had become part of Britain's defining industrial identity by the time of the Victorians. The decorative metalwares were also fashion items. This is where their markets were made and spread across social classes. Ephemeral clothing items such as wigs, buckled shoes, and polished metal buttons eventually faced their own fashion threats. During the Revolution and the wars with France, consumer patriotism was economic as well as political.
Managing Global Customers
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J.M.
Published: October 2011

Multinational companies need to manage their relationships with multinational customers with a globally integrated approach. This book provides a systematic framework for developing and implementing such global customer management programmes. It draws on in-depth research at over twenty major US and European multinational companies, such as ABB, Bechtel, BP, Bosch, British Airways, Carrefour, Daimler–Chrysler, Hewlett–Packard, HSBC, IBM, Schlumberger, Shell, Siemens, Tesco, Unilever, Vodafone, Wal–Mart, and Xerox. The book teachers how to think about managing global customers in the context of their overall global strategy, develop effective global customer management programmes, overcome barriers to implementation and success, build better relationships with important customers, and get the entire company to engage with managing global customers. This book takes a strategic, total business, and not just sales, approach to managing global customers. It also takes a customer as well as a supplier perspective. The book provides guidance on both strategy and implementation. It takes a systematic and logic driven approach, yet provides many creative insights and practical advice. The book highlights the rewards of taking a step beyond global account management to create a Global Customer Management approach, integrating globally all aspects of the relationship between supplier and customer. The book gives a framework that guides international companies in using their relationships with global customers to their full potential.
Integrating GCM with Global Strategy and Organization
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M.
Published: October 2011

Chapter 2 examined how a supplier should decide whether to adopt a global customer management (GCM) programme. This chapter discusses how to evaluate the GCM drivers in both the customer's and the supplier's industry, and how to integrate the GCM programme into the supplier's overall global strategy and global organization.
Introduction
Authors: Vessey Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a background to the study on Augustine. With respect to the scholarship since Marrou, two tendencies were formed from the essays composed for a conference on ‘Augustine and the Disciplines’ held at Villanova University in November 2000. The first is an interest in placing Augustine's work as unceremoniously as possible within a long history of ancient systems of the arts and their medieval-modern successors. The second is an intuition that his texts both radically revise traditional disciplinary structures and participate in the formation of a Christian biblical culture. This book is arranged in three parts which broadly recapitulate Augustine's personal experience from his schooldays in the 360s and 370s to the simultaneously retrospective and prospective vision of his Confessions, around 397, when he set aside the first draft of De Doctrina Christiana.
Parts
Authors: Simons Peter
Published: October 2011

The relationship of part to whole is one of the most fundamental there is. This book shows that mereology, the formal theory of part and whole, is essential to ontology. This book surveys and criticises previous theories, especially the standard extensional view, and proposes a more adequate account which encompasses both temporal and modal considerations in detail. This has far-reaching consequences for our understanding of such classical philosophical concepts as identity, individual, class, substance and accident, matter, form, essence, dependence, and integral whole. The book offers new solutions to long-standing problems surrounding these concepts, such as the Ship of Theseus Problem and the issue of mereological essentialism. The book shows by its use of formal techniques that classical philosophical problems are amenable to rigorous treatment, and the book represents a synthesis of issues and methods from the analytical tradition and from the older continental realist tradition of Franz Brentano and the early Edmund Husserl.
Integral Wholes
Authors: SIMONS PETER
Published: October 2011

In his well-known criticisms of the uses of the terms Gestalt and Ganzheit in the 1930s, Moritz Schlick argues that there is no ontological difference between sums on the one hand and Ganzheiten on the other, but simply a difference between two modes of representation of the same objects, so it is not possible for Ganzheit theorists to use the opposition to distinguish two kinds of object, mere sums or aggregates on the one hand, and the essentially different (and usually more interesting) unities, wholes, or totalities on the other. That the distinction between sums and non-sums — known as complexes — is an ontological one may be seen by comparing their existence conditions. For sums these are minimal: the sum exists just when all the constituent parts exist. By contrast, a complex constituted of the same parts as the sum only exists if a further constitutive condition is fulfilled.
Explanation and Normativity
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: October 2011

This chapter sets outs the difficulties that a successful account of the theory of functions will need to overcome. It analyses the dispositional theory and the aetiological theory and argues that neither theory is successful in its basic form. It provides an account of the ‘common-sense’ notion of function or the notion that is in play when people engage in everyday talk about biological items and investigates the nature of common-sense intentional explanations of human behaviour.
Making Maps and Forming Plans
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines a system that is capable of a rather more sophisticated form of spatial representation, particularly a system that enables an organism to find its way about by forming a topographic map of the surrounding environment. It discusses a topographic mapping system and suggests that it is able to identify particular places in a way that is quite distinct from the capacity to keep perceptual track of them. The chapter also evaluates a claim that an organism that possesses a topographic mapping system must be able to represent itself.
Utility and Truth
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the possibility that doxastic systems, unlike special-purpose systems, are capable of representing an environment that extends beyond the subject's practical reach. It suggests that it is the capacity to form simple theories of perception and agency that underlies the capacity for objective representation. It argues that neither the capacity to engage in general-purpose representation nor the capacity to form theories is sufficient to secure the kind of objectivity required for utility-transcendent truth.
Impartible Inheritance Versus Equal Division: A Comparative Perspective Centered on Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Platteau Jean-Philippe , Baland Jean-Marie
Published: October 2011

The effects of several different land tenure systems particularly on insurance and on equity, and some of the non-market mechanisms of land allocation have often been ignored by economists, except perhaps in some attempts to understand the implications of these on wealth distribution of inheritance practices, specifically in primogeniture. Non-market mechanisms play no small part in land allocation across developing countries, and it is important to note that one of the most frequently used methods of this in African countries is inheritance. As such, we have to be aware of how these non-market mechanisms evolve when agricultural commercialization and population growth increases land pressure. This chapter looks into how inheritance practices and rules vary across different cultures and social classes through comparing the situation of Sub-Saharan Africa with the those in Europe's the lower rural classes.
Intrahousehold Access to Land and Sources of Inefficiency: Theory and Concepts
Authors: Fafchamps Marcel
Published: October 2011

Literature about women and development usually provide evidence of how women in developing countries lack access to certain factors such as credit, land, and farm inputs, and how there may have been several restrictions on female labour such as gender casting which thus results in gender inequality and inefficiency. To address these claims, several different agencies have attempted to establish and impose certain targeted programs to provide women with inputs and credit, and access to land. This chapter looks into a framework that determines the conditions that causes inefficiency in intrahousehold allocation while considering matters of both equity and efficiency through examining and comparing land access both across household and within households.
Basic Human Rights: The Moral Minimum
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides the rationale for a defensible account of global justice. The view that the chapter has in mind is perhaps the most popular form of cosmopolitanism in both academic and non-academic discourse, which is called the rights approach. Rights-based theories require social, political, and economic arrangements to be consistent with the recognition of a set of rights held by persons. A central feature of rights is their functioning in arguments concerning such arrangements as reasons of insufficient strength to effect a general shift of the burden of proof to those who would ignore or override them. Hence, any violation of a right will need to be accompanied by a justification that appeals to relatively powerful moral reasons, if not other rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: October 2011

This book has discussed the practical implications of its arguments for basic human rights, clarified the relationship between cosmopolitarianism and world government, and defended its approach against the objection that it constitutes merely an exercise in utopianism. It has defended the view that every human being has certain basic rights and rejected the claim that the obligation to which those rights give rise should be confined to fellow citizens or co-nationals. The book has argued that everyone should recognise universal basic human rights and that there are no reasons of principle for believing that the corresponding duties attach to some human beings and not others.
The Role of Knowledge and Capital in Economic Growth
Authors: REBELO SERGIO
Published: October 2011

One of the most active fields of research in economics over the last fifteen years includes the determination of the forces which affect the economic growth rate. While researchers have already been able to come up with several different models of gaining sustained growth even without the exogenous growth in productivity, research is still ongoing for variables that may be correlated with growth performance in the different versions of the Summers and Heston data set or simply the business cycles. It was found that a certain agent would be willing to sacrifice a portion of his consumption in exchange for living in an economy that experiences a faster growth rate. This chapter looks into the evolution of various growth models, specifically the neoclassical growth model, and examine how human capital and the state of technology should be incorporated in models of endogenous technological progress.
The Weightless Economy in Economic Development
Authors: QUAH DANNY
Published: October 2011

While the notion that knowledge plays no small part in economic growth may be perceived to be both old and new, this chapter encounters a seemingly different claim that asserts how knowledge is important not only in terms of science, R&D, and education, but because the national income has experienced significant increases through knowledge products which entail the delivery of goods and services through the internet, and the development of electronic databases, new media, and computer software. These products are called so not because of how their production is knowledge-intensive but because their physical properties are similar to those of knowledge. This chapter demonstrates how knowledge products are not without a certain reliance in the demand for their continuous growth, and also for how they improve economic development since they lessen the ‘distance’ between consumers and knowledge-based production.
Information Technology and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis
Authors: POHJOLA MATTI
Published: October 2011

Although there may be considerable evidence that points out how new information technologies are able to bring about modifications in modern economies' operations, there is a need to identify better impacts on economic growth and productivity. While several micro-econometric studies exhibit a positive correlation between different measures of economic performance in industrial countries and IT investment, macroeconomic studies point out either a negative or non-existing correlation in terms of IT investment and the aggregate economy, and such can be applied not only in the United States but also to five other OECD countries. This chapter explores a cross-country analysis that is based mainly on an explicit economic growth model that adopts data from the International Data Corporation (IDC).
The Metaphysics of the Incarnation
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2011

The period from Thomas Aquinas to Duns Scotus is one of the richest in the history of Christian theology. This book aims to provide a thorough examination of the doctrine in this era, making explicit its philosophical and theological foundations. Medieval theologians believed that there were good reasons for supposing that Christ's human nature was individual. In the light of this, Part 1 discusses how the various thinkers held that an individual nature could be united to a divine person. Part 2 shows how one divine person could be incarnate without any other. Part 3 deals with questions of Christological predication, and Part 4 shows how an individual nature is to be distinguished from a person. The work begins with a full account of the metaphysics presupposed in the medieval accounts, and concludes with observations relating medieval accounts to modern Christology.
The Substance–Accident Model (1) Franciscans from Bonaventure to William of Ware
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines some thinkers who explicitly adopt a view of the hypostatic union that closely resembles the substance-accident relation. These include Bonaventure, Matthew of Aquasparta, Peter John Olivi, and William of Ware. It becomes evident through the period considered that theologians become — for better or worse — more confident in the power of reason to fathom the Christological mystery.
Some Points of Christological Consensus
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines three issues about which there was broad agreement among thinkers: (i) the divine essence (unlike one of the divine persons) fails to be incarnate; (ii) the Son can become incarnate without the other two persons becoming incarnate; (iii) the efficient cause of the Incarnation is the Trinity of persons. It also considers a fourth issue: that the efficient cause of the divine actions of the incarnate Word is the Trinity. Although there should be consensus about this, none of thinkers discuss it with anything other than frustrating vagueness. There is a further issue about which there was consensus: that the Father and Spirit could have become incarnate instead of — or in addition to — the Son.
Christological predication
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyzes the theory of predication, which provides a clear and acceptable analysis of Christological predications. It looks at the position of Aquinas and then at that defended by the Franciscans. It argues that the theory of remote and proximate predication seems to entail a contradiction. In fact, this problem is far wider than merely the theory of remote and proximate predication. Any Christology that makes human attributes predicable of the divine suppositum — that is to say, any Chalcedonian Christology — will be open to this sort of objection. Scotus deals with this most explicitly, using a strategy that can clearly be traced back to the Tome of Leo. The chapter examines this strategy and shows that Scotus is forced to make some fairly ad hoc moves, both because of his account of the divine nature, and because of his understanding of certain limited human attributes.
Relation Theories of Subsistence
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the theories of Richard of Middleton and William of Ware. Richard's theory — a theory that is later developed by William of Ware — is that an individual nature is distinguished from a suppositum by a relation. In brief, an individual nature is either assumed or not assumed: as assumed, it has a relation to the divine suppositum in virtue of which it is not a subsistent nature; as non-assumed, it has a relation to the divine suppositum in virtue of which it is a subsistent nature. Richard holds — in line with the standard Franciscan line — that the assumed human nature of Christ has its proper esse. William's account fleshes out that offered by Richard. William believes that there are good reasons for believing the assumed human nature to be an individual substance. And he equally denies that the assumed human nature could be a person or suppositum.
The Impact of International Developments on Women's Suffrage
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: October 2011

This chapter challenges the traditional view that the suffragist cause entered a decline between the 1880s and 1900. It suggests, on the contrary, that the 1890s proved to be the decade of breakthrough for the suffragists as demonstrated by the shift of parliamentary support in their favour. The 1897 division represented the real breakthrough for women's suffrage and a suffragist majority had been created where it mattered most, all this before militant tactics had made their appearance. In view of this, it would be a misrepresentation to define the 1890s as a period of failure for the cause, and to that extent the criticisms made by the Pankhursts and their followers in the early 1900s were without foundation. The problem still facing the Edwardian suffragists was not primarily one of propaganda and conversion, but the more intractable question of how to translate parliamentary sympathy into support for a detailed measure of female suffrage.
Epilogue: War and the Vote
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: October 2011

This chapter completes the re-evaluation of suffragism by examining the extent to which the non-militant campaign expanded into a mass movement, the significance of the alliance between the Labour Party and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, and the latter's attempt to develop a working-class base during the last two and a half years before the outbreak of war. It is here, rather than in the better-known suffragette campaigns, that the central explanation for the eventual success of the women's movement lies. The suffragists had got what they wanted: a government bill which included women and was therefore almost certain to become law. This was especially true since the conference had got over the long-standing political obstacle by incorporating wives into the electorate. After straining over much more limited proposals for decades, the politicians had found it easier to swallow a truly democratic measure covering 8.4 million women.