Uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis of COVID-19 exit strategies in an individual-based transmission model
Authors: Gugole Federica , Coffeng Luc E. , Edeling Wouter , Sanderse Benjamin , Vlas Sake J. de , Crommelin Daan 
Published: March 2021

Many countries are currently dealing with the COVID-19 epidemic and are searching for an exit strategy such that life in society can return to normal. To support this search, computational models are used to predict the spread of the virus and to assess the efficacy of policy measures before actual implementation. The model output has to be interpreted carefully though, as computational models are subject to uncertainties. These can stem from, e.g., limited knowledge about input parameters values or from the intrinsic stochastic nature of some computational models. They lead to uncertainties in the model predictions, raising the question what distribution of values the model produces for key indicators of the severity of the epidemic. Here we show how to tackle this question using techniques for uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis.

We assess the uncertainties and sensitivities of four exit strategies implemented in an agent-based transmission model with geographical stratification. The exit strategies are termed Flattening the Curve, Contact Tracing, Intermittent Lockdown and Phased Opening. We consider two key indicators of the ability of exit strategies to avoid catastrophic health care overload: the maximum number of prevalent cases in intensive care (IC), and the total number of IC patient-days in excess of IC bed capacity. Our results show that uncertainties not directly related to the exit strategies are secondary, although they should still be considered in comprehensive analysis intended to inform policy makers. The sensitivity analysis discloses the crucial role of the intervention uptake by the population and of the capability to trace infected individuals. Finally, we explore the existence of a safe operating space. For Intermittent Lockdown we find only a small region in the model parameter space where the key indicators of the model stay within safe bounds, whereas this region is larger for the other exit strategies.

Author summary

Many countries are currently dealing with the COVID-19 epidemic and are looking for an exit strategy such that life in society can return to normal. For that purpose computational models are used to predict the spread of the virus and to assess the efficacy of policy measures before putting them into practice. These models are subject to uncertainties (due to, for instance, limited knowledge of the parameter values), which can lead to a large variability in model predictions. It is therefore fundamental to assess which range of values a model produces for key indicators of the severity of the epidemic.

We present here the results of the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of four exit strategies simulated with an individual-based model of the COVID-19 transmission. As key indicators of the severity of the pandemic we consider the maximum number of cases in intensive care and the total number of intensive care patient-days in excess. Our results show the crucial role of the intervention uptake by the population, of the reduction in the level of transmission by intervention and of the capability to trace infected individuals.