bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Respect for the dead and the ethics of anatomy
Authors: Wilkinson T. M.
Published: May 2013

Dead bodies are not persons but nor are they just things. What, ethically speaking, do the living owe the dead when it comes to using their bodies in anatomy? The article begins with the general question of respect for the dead. It distinguishes between why we should respect the dead, how we should respect them, and the weight to be given to respect. It sets out an account of the reason to respect the dead based on their interests. The article then turns to how the dead should be respected and the importance of doing so. Specifically, it considers three ethical issues in anatomy: the role of the family, the use of unclaimed bodies, and the public display of bodies donated for that purpose. This article claims that what it is to respect the dead is substantially determined by their wishes. Nonetheless the article argues that respect is consistent with allowing the family to veto anatomical use even when the deceased has consented because respect for the dead does not require following all their possible wishes. Respect is also consistent with using unclaimed bodies to which no one—deceased or family—has consented because the interests of the dead do not directly require consent and the interests of the family are unlikely to be relevant. Finally, the article does not see anything disrespectful in the public display of the bodies of those who have consented. Clin. Anat. 27:286–290, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Basic Design Concept of a Microreactor for Isothermal Operation Including Heat Conductivity
Authors: Fukuda T. , Sawada M. , Maki T. , Mae K.
Published: May 2013

A method for designing microreactors for isothermal operation with multiple highly exothermic or endothermic reactions under the conditions of fluid flow in a laminar flow state between two parallel plates is discussed. The formulated design procedure is based on a correlation between the fluid conditions and the heat properties; the operational conditions required for, e.g., a desired heat removal rate can be observed using the provided contour charts. The applicability of the proposed design method was verified using computational fluid dynamics simulations. In addition, the superiority of the microreactors is discussed specifically on the basis of the knowledge from the created charts.
An Insight to Chiral Monolith for Enantioselective Nano and Micro HPLC: Preparation and Applications
Authors: Healey Robert , Ghanem Ashraf
Published: May 2013

This review gives an overview of chiral separation principles and their application in enantioselective nano/micro high performance liquid chromatography (n/μ‐HPLC) using chiral monolith. In particular, developments in silica and polymer chiral monolithic stationary phases are presented. The preparation and applications of chiral monoliths, the basic chiral separation principles and the mechanisms are discussed. Chirality 25:314–323, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optical Purifications via Self‐Disproportionation of Enantiomers by Achiral Chromatography: Case Study of a Series of α‐CF3‐containing Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Sorochinsky Alexander E. , Katagiri Toshimasa , Ono Taizo , Wzorek Alicja , Aceña José Luis , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: May 2013

This work demonstrates that self‐disproportionation of enantiomers via achiral chromatography can be recommended as inexpensive and general method for optical purification of enantiomerically enriched compounds. In particular, the advantage of this approach over conventional recrystallization is that it can be used for both crystalline as well as liquid compounds. Chirality, 25:365‐368, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extended Model for Theoretical Determination of Mass Transfer Coefficients in Multiphase Flows – Part 2
Authors: John Saskia , Dujardin Viviane , Kück Ulf Daniel , Mießner Ulrich , Räbiger Norbert
Published: May 2013

Die Auslegung von Reaktoren mit Mehrphasensystemen und chemischer Reaktion stellt auch heute noch eine Herausforderung dar. Neue, erweiterte Erkenntnisse über die in Mehrphasenströmungen auftretenden örtlichen Transportprozesse weisen vielversprechende Optionen in Hinblick auf eine theoretische Abschätzung von Stoffübergangskoeffizienten auf. Ein auf den neuen Erkenntnissen basierender Modellansatz zur Berechnung des Stofftransportkoeffizienten wurde im ersten Teil dieser Veröffentlichung aufgezeigt und wird im vorliegenden Artikel hinsichtlich der Relevanz für die praxisrelevante Auslegung von Treibstrahl‐Schlaufenreaktoren überprüft.
Multicomponent Domino [4+1+1] Carbocyclization Providing an Efficient and Regioselective Strategy to Fluoren‐9‐ones
Authors: Li Ying , Xu Haiwei , Fu Liping , Shi Qingqing , Jiang Bo , Tu Shujiang
Published: May 2013

Concise and efficient three‐component domino [4+1+1] carbocyclization to highly substituted fluoren‐9‐one derivatives promoted by K2CO3 has been developed under microwave irradiation conditions. The direct bis‐cyanation and aryl amination residing in fluoren‐9‐one framework were achieved in a one‐pot operation. The reaction proceeds at fast rates and can be finished within 30 min, which makes workup convenient to give good to excellent chemical yields.
The variable temperature 1H‐NMR technique for kinetic investigation of equilibrium between the Z‐ and E‐isomers in a especial ylide
Authors: Mostafa Habibi‐Khorassani Sayyed , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Ebrahimi Ali , Sameh‐Salari Sara , Vasheghani‐Farahani Fatemeh , Kazemian Mohammad Amin
Published: May 2013

A kinetics investigation of the interchangeable process in the equilibrium between the Z‐ and E‐isomers of a stable phosphorus ylide involving a 2‐mercaptobenzoxazol has been undertaken by the variable temperature 1H‐NMR technique. Activation parameters such as k−1, k1, ktotal, Ea1, Ea‐1, Eatotal, ΔS#, ΔH#, and ΔG# along with thermodynamic parameters alike Ke, ΔH°, ΔG°, and ΔS° were obtained from experimental data for the forward and reverse steps of opposing reaction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 42A: 101–107, 2013.
Clinical predictors of survival in men with castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Nakabayashi Mari , Hayes Julia , Taplin Mary‐Ellen , Lefebvre Patrick , Lafeuille Marie‐Helene , Pomerantz Mark , Sweeney Christopher , Duh Mei Sheng , Kantoff Philip W.
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

This study sought to characterize Modern patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and identify pretreatment clinical predictors of survival.

METHODS

A cohort of men with CRPC with and without metastases (M) treated with secondary hormonal therapy (2eHT) and/or chemotherapy (CT) was identified from the authors' institutional database. Associations of patient and disease characteristics at diagnosis, at androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) initiation, at CRPC index date, and survival were evaluated. CRPC index date was defined as the start date of either 2eHT or CT, whichever came first.

RESULTS

In the cohort of 622 men, 434 men (70%) had M‐positive disease; 552 men (89%) received 2eHT and 70 men (11%) received CT as their initial CRPC treatment. There were 410 deaths (66%) at the time of analysis. Median overall survival (OS) was 35 months (quartile 1, quartile 3: 21 months, 61 months). In multivariate analyses, higher biopsy Gleason score, the presence of M at ADT initiation, shorter time from ADT start to CRPC, higher prostate‐specific antigen and poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status at CRPC and M at CRPC were predictive of shorter OS. Interestingly, whereas some men with biopsy Gleason scores of 6 died of their disease (N = 42), they had a longer OS after CRPC compared with those with a Gleason score ≥ 7.

CONCLUSIONS

This large retrospective study of patients with CRPC in a tertiary cancer center shows that biopsy Gleason score of 6 is associated with a less aggressive CRPC course, and the impact that M at ADT initiation and CRPC have on outcome is quantified. Cancer 2013;119:2990—2998. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial risk calculator and the relationship between prostate‐specific antigen and biopsy outcome
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. , Sjoberg Daniel D. , Ankerst Donna P. , Tangen Catherine M. , Goodman Phyllis J. , Thompson Ian M.
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) Risk Calculator is a widely used prediction tool for aiding decisions about biopsy for prostate cancer. This study hypothesized that recently reported differences between predictions from the model and findings from other cohorts were due to how prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) was entered into the statistical model, and to the inclusion of protocol end‐of‐study biopsies for which there was no clinical indication.

METHODS

Data was obtained from the 5088 PCPT participants and was used to construct the PCPT Risk Calculator. The relationship between PSA and the risk of a positive biopsy was modeled by using locally‐weighted regression (lowess), an empirical estimate of actual risks observed which does not depend on a statistical model. Risks were estimated with and without the 3514 end‐of‐study biopsies.

RESULTS

For PSA levels above biopsy thresholds (∼4 ng/mL), the PCPT Risk Calculator greatly overestimated actual empirical risks (eg, 44% versus 26% at 5 ng/mL). The change in risk with increasing PSA was less among for‐cause biopsies compared with the end‐of‐study biopsies (P = .001). Risk of high‐grade disease was overestimated at PSA level of ≥ 6 ng/mL.

CONCLUSIONS

The PCPT Risk Calculator overestimates risks for PSAs close to and above typical biopsy thresholds. Separating for‐cause biopsies from end‐of‐study biopsies and using empirical rather than model‐based risks reduces overall risk estimates and replicates prior findings that, in men who have been screened with PSA, there is no rapid increase in prostate cancer risk with higher PSA. Revision of the PCPT Risk Calculator should be considered. Cancer 2013;119:3007—3011. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Multifrequency NLS Scaling for a Model Equation of Gravity‐Capillary Waves
Authors: Masmoudi Nader , Nakanishi Kenji
Published: May 2013

This paper is the first in a series papers devoted to the study of the rigorous derivation of the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation as well as other related systems starting from a model coming from the gravity‐capillary water wave system in the long‐wave limit. Our main goal is to understand resonances and their effects on having the nonlinear Schrödinger approximation or modification of it or having other models to describe the limit equation. In this first paper, our goal is not to derive NLS but to allow the presence of an arbitrary sequence of frequencies around which we have a modulation and prove local existence on a uniform time. This yields a new class of large data for which we have a large time of existence. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thin Films of High‐k Oxides and ZnO for Transparent Electronic Devices
Authors: Gieraltowska Sylwia , Wachnicki Lukasz , Witkowski Bartlomiej S. , Guziewicz Elzbieta , Godlewski Marek
Published: May 2013

Oxide‐based thin‐film capacitors (TFCs), thin‐film transistors (TFTs), and sensor structures (including transparent ones) deposited on transparent substrates are investigated. All oxide elements in these structures are deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Optimization of the ALD processes, which results in layers suitable for the above‐mentioned devices, is briefly described. In particular, we demonstrate advantageous properties of composite dielectrics consisting of pairs of Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2, or TiO2. These composites are then used as gate dielectrics in TFC and TFT structures, with ZnO layers deposited as channel and gate layers. The structures are obtained at low temperatures (no more than 150°C), which enables their deposition on elastic, transparent substrates (polymers, foils).
Fast and sensitive analysis of dermorphin and HYP6‐dermorphin in equine plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Caroline C. , Hartmann‐Fischbach Petra , Krueger Tim R. , Wells Terry L. , Feineman Amy R. , Compton Joanne C.
Published: May 2013

Dermorphin and HYP6‐dermorphin are hepta‐peptides and natural opioids originally isolated from the skin of South American frogs. They are more potent than morphine but less likely to produce drug tolerance and addiction. These properties make them ideal candidates for the doping of racehorses to enhance performance during competition. Dermorphin was recently classified as a Class I drug by Racing Commissioners International (RCI), indicating that it is a banned substance in equine athletes. To enforce this ban, a fast and sensitive method was developed for dermorphin and HYP6‐dermorphin analysis in equine plasma. Equine plasma (2 ml) was extracted on a mixed mode cation exchange solid‐phase column. After extraction, dermorphin and HYP6‐dermorphin were separated and detected using a liquid chromatography (LC) triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry in positive multiple‐reaction‐monitoring (MRM) mode. Each analysis was 3.5 min. Four MRM transitions were used for identification of each compound. The extraction procedure was efficient and the limits of detection (LOD) were 2 pg/ml and 10 pg/ml for dermorphin and HYP6‐dermorphin, respectively. The method has good selectivity and precision. Results of stability studies showed that both analytes were stable at low temperature. This is the first report of dermorphin and HYP6‐dermorphin analysis in equine plasma, which could be adopted as a regular screening or confirmation method for controlling the abuse of these compounds in equine sports. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
miR‐221 redirects precursor B cells to the BM and regulates their residence
Authors: Knoll Marko , Simmons Szandor , Bouquet Corinne , Grün Joachim R. , Melchers Fritz
Published: May 2013

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent myeloid/lymphoid progenitors express miR‐221 and miR‐222. When Pax5 expression commits these progenitors to monopotent pre‐B lymphocytes the two microRNAs (miRNAs) are downregulated. Upon transplantation, stem cells and progenitors can reside in the BM, while pre‐B cells, after their commitment, no longer do so. Retrovirally transduced, doxycycline‐induced overexpression of either miR‐221 or miR‐222 in pre‐B‐I cells does not revert their monopotency to multipotency. However, upon transplantation miR‐221, but not miR‐222, transduced pre‐B‐I cells regain the capacity to reside in the BM. Upon subsequent termination of miR‐221‐expression by removal of doxycycline, the transplanted cells leave the BM again. Microarray analyses identified 25 downregulated miR‐221‐target genes, which could function to localize phases of B‐lymphocyte development in BM before and after commitment.
Synthetic Potassium Vanadium Oxide K2V6O16·1.5H2O Superlong Nanobelts: A 1D Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetic Semiconductor
Authors: Bai Liangfei , Xue Yan , Zhang Jiajia , Pan Bicai , Wu Changzheng
Published: May 2013

Room‐temperature ferromagnetic semiconductors (FSC) have attracted great interests and, in particular, their 1D nanostructures with the inherent high aspect ratio give them a unique advantage in establishing nanoscale spintronic devices. Herein, a facile hydrothermal approach has been developed to synthesise K2V6O16·1.5H2O superlong nanobelts, which were confirmed to be a new kind of room‐temperature ferromagnetic semiconductors with a 1D nanostructure. The FSC material has a band gap of 1.95 eV and a coercivity of 67 Oe at 300 K, showing fascinating ferromagnetic behaviour in the semiconducting material. The formation mechanism of the K2V6O16·1.5H2O nanobelts was atomically known from the full embodiments of the internal bronze K2V6O16·1.5H2O structure. Moreover, density functional calculations and the corresponding experimental results clearly reveal the nature of the ferromagnetic behaviour, and we found that the oxygen vacancies produced during the solution growth process generate the spin orientations forming the room‐temperature ferromagnetism. We believe these insights give a better understanding of the ferromagnetic mechanism in RTFM materials, and such superlong nanobelts pave a new way for fabricating fascinating spintronic nanodevices and nanosensors in the near future.
Synthesis and Spectral and Electrochemical Studies of a Series of Oxo–Tungsten(V) Porphyrins
Authors: Nandi Goutam , Sarkar Sabyasachi
Published: May 2013

A series of oxo–tungsten(V) porphyrin complexes of the general formula [WVO(TPP)X] were synthesized [where TPP = dianion of 5,10,15,20‐meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin and X = –4‐ClBz (p‐chlorobenzoate) (1), –OH (2), –OMe (3), –Cl (4), –Br (5), or –NCS (6)]. Complexes 1, 2, and 5 were structurally characterized. In 2 the two W–O axial bond lengths in the (O=W–OH) moiety were identical [1.834(7) Å] owing to disorder in the oxo and hydroxo groups. Spectroscopic evidence confirms the presence of both the groups coordinated to tungsten in the complex. The electrochemistry of these complexes was investigated in dichloromethane. All the complexes undergo three one‐electron reductions, the first of which involves WV/WIV; the other two are porphyrin‐based. Complexes 4 and 5 were irreversibly reduced to generate pentacoordinate [WIVO(TPP)], which subsequently responded to reversible redox reaction at almost zero potential.
Electrochemical Investigation of Cytochrome c Immobilized onto Self‐Assembled Monolayer of Captopril
Authors: Alizadeh Vali , Mehrgardi Masoud A. , Fazlollah Mousavi Mir
Published: May 2013

The electrochemical behavior of cytochrome c (cyt‐c) that was electrostatically immobilized onto a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of captopril (capt) on a gold electrode has been investigated. Cyclic voltammetry, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the blocking property of the capt SAM. SECM was used to measure the bimolecular electron transfer (ET) kinetics (kBI) between a solution‐based redox probe and the immobilized protein. In addition, the tunneling ET between the immobilized protein and the underlying gold electrode was calculated. A kBI value of (5.0±0.6)×108 mol−1 cm3 s−1 for the bimolecular ET and a standard tunneling rate constant (k0) of 46.4±0.2 s−1 for the tunneling ET have been obtained.
Slope‐area thresholds of road‐induced gully erosion and consequent hillslope–channel interactions
Authors: Katz Harry Alexander , Daniels J. Michael , Ryan Sandra
Published: May 2013

Pikes Peak Highway is a partially paved road between Cascade, Colorado and the summit of Pikes Peak. Significant gully erosion is occurring on the hillslopes due to the concentration of surface runoff, the rearrangement of drainage pathways along the road surface and adjacent drainage ditches, and the high erodibility of weathered Pikes Peak granite that underlies the area. As a result, large quantities of sediment are transported to surrounding valley networks causing significant damage to water quality and aquatic, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. This study establishes the slope/drainage area threshold for gullying along Pikes Peak Highway and a cesium‐137 based sediment budget highlighting rates of gully erosion and subsequent valley deposition for a small headwater basin. The threshold for gullying along the road is Scr = 0 · 21A–0·45 and the road surface reduces the critical slope requirement for gullying compared to natural drainages in the area. Total gully volume for the 20 gullies along the road is estimated at 5974 m3, with an erosion rate of 64 m3 yr–1 to 101 m3 yr–1. Net valley deposition is estimated at 162 m3 yr–1 with 120 m3 yr–1 unaccounted for by gullying. The hillslope–channel interface is decoupled with minimal downstream sediment transport which results in significant local gully‐derived sedimentation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of the Precision Time Protocol for clock synchronisation in smart grid applications
Authors: Kassouf Marthe , Dupont Louis , Béland Jean , Fadlallah Adam
Published: May 2013

Accurate time stamping is essential for reliable operation of the automation and control systems used across a smart grid. This paper investigates the performance of the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) for time distribution over the telecommunication networks interconnecting such systems. Distributed clocks are arranged in a PTP master‐slave hierarchy and can be synchronised to an international time standard with sub‐microsecond accuracy. Using Hydro Québec's telecommunications facilities, we investigate the synchronisation error that is observed using some of the latest PTP clock prototypes over a widely spread network. As such, field trials are performed by deploying PTP master and slave clocks in distant sites of Hydro Québec's wide area network (WAN). A thorough analysis of these trial outcomes is further conducted using laboratory experiments that point out the impact of different parameters such as the PTP messages rate, as well as the link bandwidth and asymmetry. Our analysis leads to important criteria for optimal PTP system design in a WAN environment using appropriate clock and network parameter settings. Improving the PTP clocks internal features is also part of this optimal design, since it is necessary for maintaining the required synchronisation performance in power grid applications running under scarce communication network bandwidth conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantile Double AR Time Series Models for Financial Returns
Authors: Cai Yuzhi , Montes‐Rojas Gabriel , Olmo Jose
Published: May 2013

We develop a novel quantile double autoregressive model for modelling financial time series. This is done by specifying a generalized lambda distribution to the quantile function of the location‐scale double autoregressive model developed by Ling (2004, 2007). Parameter estimation uses Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian methods. A simulation technique is introduced for forecasting the conditional distribution of financial returnsmperiods ahead, and hence any for predictive quantities of interest. The application to forecasting value‐at‐risk at different time horizons and coverage probabilities for Dow Jones Industrial Average shows that our method works very well in practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty in static CO2 storage capacity estimates: Case study from the North Sea, UK
Authors: Hedley Benjamin J. , Davies Richard J. , Mathias Simon A. , Hanstock David , Gluyas Jon G.
Published: May 2013

We used a sub‐salt Rotliegend Group sandstone saline aquifer in the North Sea as a case study site for Monte‐Carlo‐based CO2 geostorage capacity assessment. In the area of interest, this unit is characterized by sparse, low resolution, subsurface data typical of the margins of global petroleum provinces, favored for CO2 storage. Such data scarcity leads to uncertainty regarding the complex trap geometries and ultimate CO2 storage capacity. The Rotliegend reservoir, estimated to have porosity and permeability ranges of 11–27% and 0.2 mD–125 mD, respectively, is sealed by Zechstein salt. The salt, predominantly halite, is a proven hydrocarbon seal in the central and southern North Sea hosting oil and gas columns of >140 m (>450 ft) and >150 m (>500 ft). Utilizing 2D‐seismic data, boreholes and analogues, we estimate the pore volume of a 5‐km2 4‐way dip‐closed structure through Monte‐Carlo‐based capacity simulations. We estimated storage capacity using published methodologies and compared this against a theoretical total storage calculation analogous to the gas in place equation used in the petroleum industry. We found that different methods yield a capacity range of <104 to >109 tonnes CO2 where sensitivity analysis indicates variability in reservoir properties to be the dominant control. Thus static estimates based upon Monte‐Carlo calculations present no advantage over theoretical pore volume estimations. This leaves 3D dynamic modeling of storage capacity populated by 3D seismic data and direct down‐hole measurement of reservoir properties to improve confidence in capacity estimations as the recommended method.
Definitive treatment of androgen receptor–positive salivary duct carcinoma with androgen deprivation therapy and external beam radiotherapy
Authors: Soper Margaret S. , Iganej Shawn , Thompson Lester D. R.
Published: May 2013

Background

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive malignancy with high recurrence rates. Standard management includes surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiation. Androgen receptor positivity has been described to be present in 40% to 90% of SDCs, and a recent case series showed a benefit to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in recurrent or metastatic disease.

Methods and Results

We present the case of an 87‐year‐old woman with a locally advanced androgen receptor–positive parotid SDC treated definitively with ADT and external beam radiotherapy, a regimen modeled after the treatment of prostate cancer. She had a complete response on positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan and had no evidence of disease 24 months after the completion of treatment.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this case report is the first to describe the use of ADT plus radiation to definitively treat SDC. This regimen could be considered in patients with androgen receptor–positive SDCs who are considered unresectable or who refuse surgery. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E4–E7, 2014
Site‐Specific Functional Labeling of Nucleic Acids by In Vitro Replication and Transcription using Unnatural Base Pair Systems
Authors: Kimoto Michiko , Hikida Yasushi , Hirao Ichiro
Published: May 2013

Expansion of the genetic alphabet by an artificial extra base pair (unnatural base pair) system allows for the site‐specific functionalization of nucleic acids by polymerase reactions. By attaching functional groups of interest to an unnatural base, a functional unnatural base substrate can be incorporated as a fifth base into DNA or RNA at desired positions, opposite its complementary sixth unnatural base partner in templates. Over the past twenty years, several unnatural base pairs that function in replication and/or transcription in vitro have been developed, and their utility in PCR amplification and T7 transcription has been demonstrated. Here we introduce the development of unnatural base pairs and their application to replication and transcription, with particular focus on our unnatural base pair systems.
Cultivating a “Chairside Manner”: Dental Hypnosis, Patient Management Psychology, and the Origins of Behavioral Dentistry in America, 1890–1910
Authors: Andrick John M.
Published: May 2013

Discussions regarding the use of hypnotism in dentistry featured prominently in dental journals and society proceedings during the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. Many dentists used hypnotic suggestion either as the sole anesthetic for extractions or in conjunction with local and general anesthetics for excavation and cavity filling. With the heralding of humanitarian dentistry and improved local anesthesia around 1905, a number of dentists advocated using suggestion psychology to calm nervous patients and increase their comfort and satisfaction levels while undergoing dental procedures. The practice of hypnotic suggestion with local and general anesthesia in providing patients with increasingly painless procedures constituted the earliest variety of behavioral dentistry, a discipline not fully developed until the closing decades of the twentieth century. Hypnosis and suggestion became driving forces for psychological applications in the formative years of behavioral dentistry.
Circulating tumor markers: Predictors of incomplete cytoreduction and powerful determinants of outcome in pseudomyxoma peritonei
Authors: Kusamura Shigeki , Hutanu Ionut , Baratti Dario , Deraco Marcello
Published: May 2013

Background

Incomplete cytoreduction (IC) is one of the main prognostic factor in pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). We evaluated the ability of preoperative Ca125, CEA, and Ca19‐9 to predict IC and prognosis in PMP.

Methods

One hundred fifty‐six cases elected candidate to cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy from 1996 to 2011 were included in the study. We assessed the: (1) optimal cut‐off values for circulating Tumor markers (CTM) in predicting IC (residual disease >2.5 mm) using receiver‐operating characteristics (ROC); (2) discriminant power of CTM and risk prediction models for IC by calculating the area under ROC curve (AUC‐ROC); (3) prognostic factors using Cox proportional‐hazard model.

Results

Optimal cut‐offs were 125 U/ml for Ca125, 18 ng/ml for CEA, and 89 U/ml for Ca19‐9. The AUCs‐ROC were 0.76, 0.68, and 0.69 for Ca125, CEA, and Ca19‐9, respectively. The addition of CTM to risk prediction model that considered preoperative clinicopathological factors increased marginally the AUC‐ROC (0.80–0.84). Ca125 > 125 U/ml, Ca19‐9 > 89 U/ml independently affected overall survival.

Conclusions

Preoperative CTMs were reasonable but not perfect discriminators of IC. Moreover, Ca125 and Ca19‐9, using new cut‐off values, were proven to be new strong prognostic factors that overcome the value of disease extension and histological subtype. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;108:1–8. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous estimation of retention times of overlapping primary peaks in comprehensive two‐dimensional GC
Authors: Zeng Zhong‐Da , Hugel Helmut M. , Marriott Philip J.
Published: May 2013

A general approach is developed to estimate the retention time (tR) of overlapping primary peaks in comprehensive 2D GC without assumptions such as the limitation of modulation ratio or symmetry of the target primary peak. Accurate determination of tR can recover the original peak profile by using mathematical fitting. First, the modulation pattern of the first‐dimension peak in the second dimension is summarized with the number of major modulation fractions equal to or less than four. A novel formula to derive tR is defined and separately investigated for cases of modulation number for 1–4, on the basis of the center of gravity of all fractions of the primary peak, in the second dimension. A moving‐window search strategy is further developed for peak clusters overlapping in both separation dimensions, to extract first dimension tR of pure components with the same second dimension time after data pretreatment (background subtraction; time shift correction). Results are very close to the times of simulated comprehensive 2D GC separations. Compared to methods such as reconstruction of original chromatographic profiles to derive tR, the proposed approach balances the precision, and ease of adaption to real applications.
Single‐Sided NMR of Semicrystalline Polymers
Authors: Adams Alina , Blümich Bernhard
Published: May 2013

Morphological changes of large‐size semicrystalline polyethylene samples induced by different procedures such as annealing, aging, deformation, and interaction with solvents have been investigated non‐destructively by single‐sided NMR. The results are summarized and problems encountered in the characterisation of these polymer materials and the opportunities opened up by this innovative analytical method are discussed.
Electrical and Magnetic Conduction Properties of Polythiophene Doped with FeCl3
Authors: Kelkar Deepali , Chourasia Ashish
Published: May 2013

Polythiophene (PT) is an important conjugated polymer that finds applications in electronic and molecular electronic devices. Considering its application area, its electrical conductivity is of major concern. In the present work electrical conductivity (σ) measurements of chemically synthesized and FeCl3 doped PT samples were carried out using a two probe method by applying voltages from 0 V to 100 V in the temperature range from 313 K to 373 K. There was an increase in electrical conductivity by two orders of magnitude after doping. I–V characteristic curves of undoped and doped samples show negative resistance behavior. From log σ versus 1/T graphs it was found that all doped samples showed a metallic nature, where as undoped polythiophene showed a semiconducting nature. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of all samples were carried out using Guoy's method in the temperature range from 300 K to 500 K to characterize the predominant charge carriers. They revealed that the undoped sample was completely diamagnetic in nature where as for the doped samples a number of transitions from diamagnetic to paramagnetic and vice versa were observed with increase in temperature.
Heterogeneous Sulphonation of Polystyrene for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Hendrana Sunit , Chaldun Elsy Rachimi , Pudjiastuti Sri , Rahayu Imam , Natanael Christi Liamita , Oktaverina Dwi , Semboor Morina Seftiviani
Published: May 2013

A new polymer electrolyte membane for fuel cell has been developed between sulfonated polystyrene (sPS) and polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MAH). This approach requires a precise sulfonate distribution across sPS backbone. Precise distribution of sulfonate groups in sPS can be achieved by gas‐liquid heterogeneous sulphonation. Type of solvents, gas carrier flow rate affect the end products of sPS in term of degree of sulphonation and backbone destruction. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) prepared using sPS prepared by gas‐liquid heterogeneous sulphonation. The membrane shows very good performance. The ion exchange capacity as good as commercial products.
SiC Nanofibres Produced by the Combustion Synthesis as the Nanocomposites Fillers
Authors: Dąbrowska Agnieszka , Huczko Andrzej , Katunin Andrzej
Published: May 2013

The aim of this work is to present the possibilities of applying combustion synthesis to produce a new generation of nanocomposites fillers. The Self‐Propagation High‐temperature Synthesis (SHS) is an easy to carry on, fast, cheap, environmental friendly and self‐sustainable process which, due to its nonlinearity, leads to the variety of nanomaterials that are not possible to obtain using conventional chemical methods. Among those nanomaterials, the silicon carbide nanofibres (SiCNFs) are particularly interesting because of their properties such as: thermal and chemical resistance, and enhancement of SiC mechanical features. The produced SiCNFs and their bundles were successfully incorporated in two epoxy resins matrices: EL20 and EPIKOTE 828 respectively. As obtained material exhibits noticeably different, in comparison with the pure polymer, mechanical and vibrational properties, even for the low (<1%) phr. Moreover, in range from 0.1 to 1% wt of the filler, the local extremum for viscoelastic parameters has been observed. As the further detailed basic studies are foreseen, this research presents the attempt to deal with the nanocomposites phenomena by detailed filler qualitative and quantitative characterization.
Development of Microwave Absorbing Materials Based on DBSA doped Polyaniline/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Mandal Avinandan , Das Chapal Kumar
Published: May 2013

The microwave absorbers based on Lead zirconium titanate [Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3] − DBSA‐doped polyaniline nanocomposites in different compositions were prepared in epoxy resin polymeric matrices by keeping the filler concentration ∼30% in all the samples. Lead zirconium titanate nanoparticles were prepared by homogeneous precipitation method and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA)‐doped polyaniline was prepared by chemical oxidation route. Doping of DBSA with polyaniline was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR). Crystallinity & phase analysis have examined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and morphological analysis was done by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM). Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscope (EDS) confirmed the presence of chemical constituents in the prepared composites. The important parameters like real & imaginary parts of permittivity have been measured at different microwave frequencies in X‐band (8.2–12.4 GHz) by employing vector network analyzer (PNA E8364B) and software module 85071. With the help of these permittivity values, return loss (dB) values of the absorbers have been calculated. The prepared absorbers showed enhanced microwave absorbing properties in wide range of frequency in the X‐band (8.2–12.4 GHz) region with a minimum return loss of −49.39 dB at 9.38 GHz. The microwave absorbing properties of the nanocomposites were improved with increasing % of polyaniline.
Tribological Performance of Polyetheretherketone and its Composites under Water Environment
Authors: Mimaroglu A. , Unal H. , Ozel A.
Published: May 2013

In this study, the influence of lubrication on the friction and wear performance of pure polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 30 wt.‐% carbon fiber and 30 wt.‐% glass fibers reinforced PEEK composite is investigated. The sliding experiments were carried out on a polymer pin‐on‐ a steel disc arrangement. Wear tests were resumed at room temperature under 50 to 200N loads and at 0.40 and 1.2 m/s sliding speed. The results show the large influence of water lubricant on the tribological performance of PEEK and PEEK composites. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction for PEEK increases by the increase in applied load value but this influence is not significant for PEEK composites. Generally, for the range of load and speed values for this study, the coefficient of friction using water lubricant registered lower values than that of the dry condition. Finally, the specific wear rates for PEEK + 30 wt%CF and PEEK + 30 wt%GFR composite under water lubricated conditions are all mostly in the order of 10−15 m2/N.
Depth Profiling of Block Copolymer Nanostructures in Films by Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering Using an X‐Ray Microbeam
Authors: Sakurai Shinichi , Kimura Go , Mizuno Yohei , Masunaga Hiroyasu , Ogawa Hiroki , Ohta Noboru , Yagi Naoto
Published: May 2013

We applied the microbeam two‐dimensional small‐angle X‐ray scattering (2d‐µSAXS) technique in order to characterize orientation of polystyrene (PS) microdomains as a function of the distance from the free surface of a sample sheet down to the surface facing to the substrate, for depth profiling for spontaneous perpendicular orientation of PS cylinders in the matrix of polyethylenebutylene (PEB) in a PS‐b‐PEB‐b‐PS triblock copolymer thick sheet as thick as ∼0.5 mm. It has been revealed that near the free surface the cylinders were randomly oriented down to ∼70 µm in depth. Although this might indicate that the surface effect, which preferentially dictates cylinders to be oriented parallel to the surface, can propagate for such a long distance, 70 µm is unusually huge as compared to the general knowledge of the surface effect propagating at most for 1 µm. Experimentally examining further, we finally conclude that the 2d‐µSAXS depth profiling overestimates the surface effect. This unfavorable conclusion may be ascribed to surface roughness of the sample sheet subjected to the measurement, and in order to obtain a good result a big effort is required to prepare the surface as flat as possible.
Structural Relaxations in Liquid Crystalline Formation and Glass Transition for Comb‐Like Polymer: Activation Energy Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Tanaka Yutaka , Yukimoto Yosuke
Published: May 2013

This study demonstrates that the modelling approach for the kinetic phenomenon of glass transition is effective to examine the relaxation. In the enthalpy relaxation of poly(cyanobiphenyl‐yloxy) alkyl acrylate, the decrease in enthalpy was measured as a function of ageing time and ageing temperature. Obtained data was analysed at first with the activation energy spectrum (AES) model, and next, with the framework of the entropy model which follows the evolution of the configurational entropy of the sample during the whole thermal history in the experiment. The prediction of DSC curve based on the analysis for the glass transition is presented. AES model gives information about thermally activated processes which are available to contribute to observed enthalpy changes against the thermal history. The activated processes are relevant to the rearrangement of the polymer chain. The effect of molecular weight on the peak maximum appeared in AES is reported.
Stress concentrations in periodic notches: a critical investigation of Neuber's method
Authors: Castagnetti D. , Dragoni E.
Published: May 2013

The work investigates the stress concentrations produced by periodic notches (i. e. uniformly repeated) in elastic solids under different loading conditions. Neuber's criterion, which likens the effect of a periodic notch to a single notch of similar profile but lesser depth, is critically examined. The criterion simply correlates the depth reduction factor to the ratio between the depth and the pitch of the original periodic notch, regardless of its shape. By examining literature results in periodic notches on circular bars and plane strips under torsion or axial loads, the work proves the accuracy of the Neuber's method for the ideal configuration of a sharp and shallow notch under shear stresses. By contrast, for real notches with a large root radius and finite depth, the accuracy is very poor, in particular for normal stresses. However, it is found that by simply ‘repairing’ the expression of the depth reduction factor and distinguishing between notches under shear or normal stresses, the criterion provides very accurate results, and becomes quite useful for real geometries.
Prediction of dynamic stiffness on rubber components considering preloads
Authors: Lee Y. H. , Kim J‐s , Kim K. J. , Ahn T. , Choi B‐I , Lee H. J. , Woo C.‐S. , Kim K.‐S.
Published: May 2013

Nowadays rubber is used as various parts of vehicles to improve the noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) performance. Usually computer aided engineering (CAE) is commonly used to analyze various characteristics of vehicles. However, it is quite difficult to analyze the noise, vibration and harshness characteristics of an entire vehicle which includes lots of rubber components. There are two reasons. One is that the relation between load and deformation of rubber shows non‐linear behavior. Another is that the preload is already acting on rubber components of complex shape when in assembly. Therefore repetitive tests are needed to clarify the dynamic characteristics of rubber components when preload works. It needs considerable time and effort if the shape of rubber components is changed to a large number of times in the development stages. In the present study, an efficient experimental method is suggested, which estimates the dynamic stiffness of a rubber component under various preload condition using the static and dynamic stiffness of the rubber material specimen and the static stiffness of the rubber component. It is assumed that the dynamic ratio – at any frequency, the ratio of the dynamic stiffness to the static stiffness of rubber – is constant at any frequency. The dynamic ratio is calculated due to the static and dynamic stiffness of the rubber material specimen that can be easily obtained from experimental tests. Then, the dynamic stiffness of a rubber component under any preload can be estimated by multiplying the dynamic ratio by the instantaneous static stiffness of the rubber component under the preload. In conservative approach, the dynamic stiffness of rubber is calculated by simply doing a multiplication of the static stiffness of rubber by 1.2~1.5 without consideration of the preload, due to difficulties of repetitive tests. Therefore, it is suggested that the dynamic stiffness of a rubber component can be precisely predicted in various preload conditions through only a few numbers of tests.
Analyses of self‐focusing phenomenon and temperature rise in light absorption medium by ultrashort pulse laser irradiation
Authors: Ohmura E.
Published: May 2013

In this study, a paraxial wave equation including light absorption term was solved by numerical calculation using the fast Fourier transform for irradiation of a Kerr medium irradiated by an ultrashort pulse laser. Using the absorbed energy distribution as the initial condition, heat transfer analysis in the material was conducted. The influences of the nonlinear index intensity coefficient and the absorption coefficient on the temperature distribution in the material were investigated.
On the numerical simulation of laser beam cutting of hollow sphere structures
Authors: Araújo M. , Merkel M. , Riegel H. , Öchsner A.
Published: May 2013

Laser beam cutting is a highly efficient technique to cut materials. The relatively small amount of energy being involved during the process results in a small heat affected zone. This characteristic makes laser beam cutting interesting for composite materials. Within this paper the cutting process is applied to metallic hollow sphere structures (MHSS), a relatively new group of advanced composite materials. The metallic hollow sphere structures combine the well‐known advantages of cellular metals without major scattering of their material parameters. They are characterised by high geometry reproduction leading to relatively constant mechanical and physical properties. Numerical simulation is used in order to define proper process parameters for a large variety of metallic hollow sphere structures. The finite element method based simulation covers material parameters as well as process parameters like the cutting velocity. Heat conduction, convection and heat radiation is taken into account. The temperature distribution is our fundamental result. It should be mentioned that phase change from solid to liquid state is also included in the computational procedure.
On the accuracy of finite difference schemes for beam problems in the elastic range
Authors: Davoudi M.M. , Öchsner A.
Published: May 2013

The finite difference method is applied to derive approximate solutions for the bending line of Euler‐Bernoulli beam problems. The investigations are restricted to simple static configurations, i. e. straight beams with constant symmetrical cross‐sections and constant elastic material properties. Only finite difference schemes of second‐order accuracy are considered and special emphasis is given to the implementation of the boundary conditions. Based on comparisons with the exact solutions, clear recommendations can be given on the required number of nodes to obtain a certain accuracy in the numerical approach.
Three solutions for a class of quasilinear elliptic equation involving the p − q‐Laplace operator
Authors: Yin Honghui , Wen Jing
Published: May 2013

The existence of at least three weak solutions is established for a class of quasilinear elliptic equation involving the p − q‐Laplace operator with Dirichlet boundary condition. The technical approach is mainly on the basis of a three critical points theorem due to Ricceri. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.