bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blanching effect on the bioactive compounds and on the viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG before and after in vitro simulation of the digestive system in jabuticaba juice
Authors: Oliveira Daniane Campos de , Martins Eliane Maurício Furtado , Martins Maurilio Lopes , Martins Giovanna Bretas , Binoti Mirella Lima , Campos André Narvaes da Rocha , Ramos Afonso Mota , Silva Maurício Henriques Louzada , Stringheta Paulo César
Published: June 2017

The viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in jabuticaba juices and its survival in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), simulated in vitro, was studied. Two juices were prepared: A - with non-blanched fruits, and B - with blanched fruits. LGG was then added and the juices maintained at 8 ºC for 28 days. The control treatment consisted of juices without the added probiotic. The following were determined in the juices: the viability and in vitro survival of LGG, fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp., pH, acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), color, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid. The sensory acceptability was also determined using a 9-point hedonic scale. Blanching interfered (p < 0.05) with the viability of LGG, juice A showing the greatest viability as compared to juice B. After in vitro simulation, the probiotic bacterial count was < 1.0 log CFU mL-1, which demonstrates the low resistance of the strain to the simulated GIT conditions. The juices were conformed to the microbiological standards established by law. The pH, acidity and TSS were influenced by blanching (p < 0.05), with values of 5.03, 0.46% and 15.38 °Brix for juice A and 5.12, 0.66% and 16.05 °Brix for juice B, respectively. The addition of LGG did not influence these characteristics. Only the pH value was influenced by the storage time (p < 0.05), increasing throughout storage. Juice B showed lower luminosity (L*) and a greater value for a* as compared to juice A, indicating that the former became darker and redder due to the blanching process. Both juices showed positive values for the b* coordinate. The juice was found to be a good source of polyphenols. Neither the time nor the addition of LGG affected the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds or anthocyanin contents. However, blanching contributed (p < 0.05) to an increase in the contents of these compounds in the juices. Values for antioxidant capacity of 186.20 and 2552.59 uM Trolox g-1, for total phenolic compounds of 275.06 and 1163.18 mg GAE 100 g-1-wwb, and for anthocyanins as cyanidin 3-glucoside of 12.71 and 90.99 mg 100 g-1 were found for juices A and B, respectively. The juices contained 72.87 mg 100 mL-1 of ascorbic acid. Scores of above 6.0 (liked slightly) were awarded on the hedonic scale for the attributes evaluated. The addition of probiotics in jabuticaba juices needs to be further studied to ensure the viability of the cultures during storage and their survival in the gastrointestinal tract.
Evaluation of animal performance, feed intake, and economic losses in sheep experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax
Authors: Brito Parmênedes Dias de , Lima Telma De Sousa , Oliveira Andréia Freitas de , Façanha Débora Andrea Evangelista , Freitas Carlos Iberê Alves , Braga Alexandre De Paula , Batista Jael Soares
Published: June 2017

Trypanosoma vivax is a protozoan originating from the African continent, which, although it has not yet been able to complete its biological cycle in South America, due to the absence of the tsetse fly, can still cause death in ruminants. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of T. vivax on the measurements and indices in sheep that characterize animal performance, as well as on economic losses in meat animals. Twenty intact adult male sheep were used for this study, all of approximately the same ages and weights, reared in confinement, and subjected to the same management and diet, which was balanced and supplemented with adequate minerals. The animals were divided into two groups: the control group (CG) and the infected group (IG), which was inoculated intravenously with 1.3 x 105 trypomastigotes of T. vivax. Feed intake was verified daily, whereas the feed conversion (FC), feed efficiency index (FEI), and weight gain were obtained weekly. Total weight gain (TWG) was determined after 70 days post-infection. The economic loss was calculated by subtracting the value obtained (IG) from the expected value (CG), and the difference was expressed as a percentage. A randomized block design was used to isolate the effect of the initial weight. The means were compared by the Student “t” test at 5%. Of the 10 infected animals, one died from the parasitism, yielding a rate much lower than that observed in natural outbreaks. The groups presented similar feed intakes throughout the experimental period; however, the TWG of the infected group was significantly lower (50.7%) than that of the CG. Similarly, the daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC), and feed efficiency index (FEI) of the IG were significantly lower than those of the CG. In addition, the worst rates of FC and FEI coincided with parasitemia peaks and recurrences, probably due to immunological demand and tissue repair. The abdominal circumference of the infected animals was statistically lower than that of the CG, which may be directly related to fat mobilization, in addition to the possible negative effect on the digestive capacity. The economic losses due to weight alone were 24.07% and could reach 31.66% of the herd value due to animal death. Infection with T. vivax negatively affected animal performance indices, even when the animals were well nourished. Trypanosoma vivax in sheep destined for slaughter caused economic losses of 31.66% due to the decrease in performance and the death rate in the infected group.
Comparative analyses of thoracic radiographs and bronchoalveolar lavage of dogs and cats with chronic bronchial diseases
Authors: Pavelski Mariana , Amaral Daniele Von Kruger , Vieira Giovana Paladino , Warth José Francisco , Dittrich Rosangela Locatelli , Dornbusch Peterson Triches , Froes Tilde Rodrigues
Published: June 2017

There is a high incidence of bronchitis and asthma cases in veterinary medicine. Thoracic radiographs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are commonly performed for definitive diagnosis in dogs and cats with suspected bronchitis and asthma. It is believed that a combination of diagnostic tools is the best choice to achieve a diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thoracic radiographs and BAL in the diagnosis of chronic bronchial disease (CBD) in dogs and cats and whether there is any specific radiographic finding that could influence the indication for bronchoalveolar lavage. It was performed a cross-sectional, prospective, observational study including forty client-owned dogs and cats with lower respiratory tract signs and positive radiographic opacities that were evaluated with BAL followed by cytology and culture. The radiographic results compared with BAL culture showed a sensitivity of 38%, specificity of 95% and accuracy of 65% in detecting patients with pneumonia associated with chronic bronchial disease. Thoracic radiographs were effective in diagnosing 65% of the patients, radiographs plus BAL cytology diagnosed 75% of patients and the combination of radiographs, BAL cytology and culture diagnosed 95% of the patients with chronic bronchial disease. In conclusion, the combination of radiographic examination with BAL followed by cytological and microbiological analyses increases diagnostic success in CBD.
Effect of propolis extract on angelfish larval performance and transport
Authors: Mattos Douglas Da Cruz , Motta Jonas Henrique De Souza , Cardoso Leonardo Demier , Manhães João Vitor De Azevedo , Radael Marcella Costa , Fosse Filho João Carlos , Pereira Samuel Louzada , Vidal Júnior Manuel Vazquez
Published: June 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the influence propolis extract inclusion to the feed mixture for juvenile angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) on larval performance and transport. Levels of propolis extract inclusion consisted of 0, 300, 600, 900, and 1200 mg.kg-1 of feed. After 14 days of hatching, unmetamorphosed larvae with a total length of 18.4 mm and 0.11 g initial weight were used. Six-hundred larvae were divided into 20 experimental units, totalizing 30 larvae each. Experimental units consisted of polythene containers with independent water input and output and a level controller. Each unit was controlled for maintenance of 40 L water within a recirculation system. After offering feed containing propolis extract, five fish from each experimental unit were packed in bags for transportation only with atmospheric air, without pure oxygen addition. The bags were filled with 300 mL water on a 2:1 basis of air and water respectively. The total transport time was considered until the death of the third fish in package. At the end of the experiment, data underwent statistical analysis through Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2001). Results showed there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) neither for any of the studied zootechnical variables (standard length, total length, height, and weight) nor for the transport of juveniles. In conclusion, propolis extract addition to angelfish feed was ineffective for larval performance and for transportation of juveniles, at the levels tested here.
Genetic parameters of growth traits in Nellore cattle
Authors: Kamei Leandro Molina , Ribeiro Edson Luis De Azambuja , Fonseca Nilva Aparecida Nicolao , Muniz Carolina Amália De Souza Dantas , Camiloti Tatiane Vito , Koritiaki Natália Albieri , Fortaleza Ana Paula De Souza
Published: June 2017

This study evaluated non-genetic factors and calculated heritability estimates of direct and maternal effects for growth traits in Nellore cattle raised in southern Brazil. Performance records of 4170, 1538, 3139, 1830, and 1151 calves born from 2005 to 2011 were analyzed for birth weight (BW), adjusted120-day weight (W120), adjusted 205-day weight (W205), adjusted365-day weight (W365), and adjusted 550-day weight (W550), respectively. The components of (co)variance used to calculate heritability estimates were determined by Derivative-Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood using the MTDFREML software. Contemporary groups were included in the model as fixed effects, and direct and maternal effects, permanent environmental effects, and residual errors were included as random effects. Phenotypic correlations were estimated using the PROC CORR procedure from SAS. Overall means for BW, W120, W205, W365, and W550 were 38, 138, 201, 270, and 376 kg, respectively. Heritability estimates for direct and maternal effects were 0.17 ± 0.04 and 0.11 ± 0.03 (BW), 0.14 ± 0.03 and 0.03 ± 0.04 (W120), and 0.17 ± 0.04 and 0.09 ± 0.03 (W205). Genetic, phenotypic, and environmental correlations were 0.79, 0.44, and 0.32 for BW and W120, 0.79, 0.39, and 0.26 for BW and W205, and 0.96, 0.74, and 0.75 for W120 and W205. The results indicate that selection for pre-weaning weight would be more efficient using W205, and genetic correlation coefficients indicate that selection at any age should produce a positively correlated response at older ages. Genetic, phenotypic, and environmental correlation coefficients between W365 and W550 were 0.99, 0.75, and 0.76, respectively. Selection for adjusted 550-day weight should produce the greatest genetic gains. Genetic correlation coefficients between weight traits indicate that selection for weight at older ages, which could help reduce the number of weighings and increase accuracy of selection at younger ages, produces gains at older ages.
Ecophysiological responses of dual-purpose wheat originating from different cutting management systems
Authors: Koch Felipe , Carvalho Ivan Ricardo , Szareski Vinícius Jardel , Demari Gustavo Henrique , Monteiro Manoela Andrade , Pimentel João Roberto , Nardino Maicon , Pedó Tiago , Souza Velci Queiróz de , Aumonde Tiago Zanatta
Published: June 2017

Wheat is one of the most cultivated cereals worldwide. Some wheat genotypes may be used for dual purposes that is, in the production of animal fodder and grains. The objective of this study was to compare the growth, partitioning of assimilates, and seed vigor expression of dual-purpose wheat cultivars originating from seeds produced by plants subjected to different cutting management systems. Dual-purpose wheat seeds in the vegetative period were used for this study; these were obtained from the cultivar BRS Umbu produced by plants subjected to different cutting management systems. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments comprised a combination of four seed production systems (one, two, and three cuts) and eight planting seasons (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 days after emergence [DAE]). Total dry-mass, dry-mass production rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area index, solar energy conversion efficiency, dry-mass partitioning, seedling emergence in the field, and emergence speed index were evaluated. Data regarding seedling emergence and emergence speed index were adjusted by orthogonal polynomials. Primary growth data were evaluated from the simple logistic equation. From 60 DAE, an inversion of the values of total dry-mass was observed, and the maximum values were observed in plants from seeds produced without cutting management. The highest dry-mass production rates were noted for plants produced by seeds of plants not subjected to cutting management. The highest relative growth rates were noted among plants originating from seeds produced by plants subjected to three- and two-cut treatments. The net assimilation rate was higher in plants originating from seeds produced from plants subjected to cutting management systems. The highest values of emergence were observed for seeds obtained from the three-cut treatment. Similarly, an increase in the values of emergence speed index was observed in seeds from plants subjected to one-cut treatment. Dual-purpose wheat cultivars originating from seeds produced in the absence of cutting management presented higher total dry-mass, dry-mass production rate, and relative growth rate. The net assimilation rate was higher in plants from seeds produced with cutting management systems. Plants produced from seeds subjected to the three-cut production management resulted in more vigorous seeds.
Duas culturas – arte urbana, índio citadino – em contextos (in)culturais
Authors: Bessa-Oliveira Marcos Antônio , Simão Leonardo Reinaltt
Published: June 2017

“Dois pesos, duas medidas”: um ditado popular que, podemos dizer, se relaciona diretamente à (dis)simulação das fronteiras na arte urbana bem como para a cultura do índio citadino. Mas apesar da iniquidade estabelecer-se para as culturas de toda a América Latina vistas como culturas periféricas, nossa discussão estará concentrada na arte e no índio “civilizados” em Campo Grande, MS-Brasil. Trataremos do processo de civilização forçado (da arte e dos índios locais), postos pelos discursos que tomam da Estética Moderna para edificar fronteiras (di)simuladas, que tomam a produção da arte urbana e a cultura do índio citadino com tratamentos e formas completamente diferentes das estabelecidas para a produção artística do homem branco e do morador dos centros. Partindo deste princípio, a ideia é discutir que apenas a formulação de uma Estética Periférica pode tomar a prática artística ou as culturas excluídas pelos discursos hegemônicos de qualquer “centro” do poder como produção de arte, cultura e conhecimentos pelas suas diversalidades biográficas e geográficas sem o estabelecimento de qualquer ideia de fronteira binária.
Para assistir aos vilões Disney: abjeção e heteronormatividade em “A Pequena Sereia”
Authors: Santos Caynnã De Camargo , Piassi Luís Paulo de Carvalho
Published: June 2017

Compreendendo a cultura midiática como um dos principais espaços contemporâneos de (re)produção de sentidos acerca dos mais variados âmbitos da vida social, a partir dos quais são estruturados procedimentos de controle e exclusão de corpos, ideias e comportamentos, o presente trabalho objetiva desvelar e analisar criticamente a sutil estratégia discursiva empregada em filmes de animação dos Estúdios Disney, estratégia essa que cumpre em reiterar a “normalidade” das formas de identificação por gênero hegemônicas a partir da abjeção de identidades desviantes. Para tanto, empreendemos uma análise sociocultural da vilã Úrsula, de A Pequena Sereia (1989), valendo-nos de aspectos metodológicos próprios à semiótica e à Análise Crítica do Discurso. Mediante uma leitura informada pelos Estudos Culturais e pela Teoria Queer, observamos que o padrão de representação mobilizado na animação veicula uma implícita avaliação negativa das formas de ser e agir que frustram o binarismo heteronormativo, associando-as inequivocamente com crueldade e ganância.
Does the Number of Available Strategies Change How Children Perform Cognitive Tasks? Insights from Arithmetic
Authors: Lemaire Patrick , Luwel Koen , Brun Fleur
Published: June 2017

Fifth and seventh-graders accomplished computational estimation tasks in conditions where only one versus two strategies were available. Children were told which strategy to execute on each problem. Results showed that both groups of children were faster under one-strategy condition than under two-strategy condition and that age-related differences in performance were larger under two-strategy condition. Also, differences in strategy performance tended to vary as a function of the number of strategies, and this strategy difference was largest in younger children. These findings have implications to further our understanding of strategy execution in arithmetic and in other cognitive domains, as well as of age-related differences in children’s performance during cognitive development.
Presentación
Authors: Mas-Torelló Òscar
Published: June 2017

Presentación del volumen 53/2.
La inserción laboral de los jóvenes y las jóvenes con titulación de formación profesional de grado medio y superior en España
Authors: Salvà-Mut Francesca , Tugores-Ques María , Adame-Obrador María Teresa , Oliver-Trobat Miquel F.
Published: June 2017

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la inserción laboral de los jóvenes de España que tienen la titulación correspondiente a un ciclo formativo de grado medio (CFGM) o de grado superior (CFGS).El análisis se aborda desde una perspectiva comparativa, en función del nivel de estudios y sexo. Aporta datos relativos al conjunto de población encuestada, distinguiendo entre personas jóvenes con estudios generales (ESO o inferior, bachillerato y universidad) y estudios profesionales (CFGM y CFGS).La recogida de datos se lleva a cabo a través de cuestionario y mediante entrevista en el domicilio realizada a jóvenes de edades comprendidas entre los 26 y los 28 años. La muestra es estadísticamente representativa de la población de esas edades censada en 2011 en Palma (Mallorca).Los resultados muestran que las mujeres con estudios profesionales tienen una participación más elevada en el empleo. En los hombres, en cambio, la situación es más ambigua. Quienes han optado por la vía profesional con estudios medios gozan de salarios más elevados y de menor temporalidad que las personas que tienen estudios generales. En el nivel de educación superior, la opción de formación universitaria frente a la de CFGS supone ventajas salariales y de adecuación entre el mundo académico y el laboral. También se observan jornadas de trabajo más largas en el caso de estudios profesionales.
Perspectiva de tutores y de empresas sobre el desarrollo de las competencias básicas de empleabilidad en el marco de los programas de formación profesional básica
Authors: Olmos-Rueda Patricia , Mas-Torelló Òscar
Published: June 2017

El presente artículo analiza la percepción que tutores y empresas colaboradoras de los programas de cualificación profesional inicial —PCPI— tienen sobre el perfil competencial de los jóvenes en relación con las competencias básicas de empleabilidad. Además, muestra cómo el diseño y el desarrollo de estos programas formativos —entendiéndose como una herramienta que ayuda a los alumnos a crecer desde el punto de vista competencial— facilitan la adquisición de dichas competencias.El trabajo aquí presentado se caracteriza por emplear una metodología de carácter cualitativo, donde se analizan y se interpretan los datos obtenidos a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicadas a una muestra de 17 tutores y 9 responsables de empresas de 17 PCPI, realizadas en 7 municipios del área metropolitana de Barcelona. Los resultados muestran una complementariedad entre la visión académica de los tutores de los centros docentes y la visión laboral de las empresas, al mismo tiempo que presentan una divergencia entre la valoración positiva del perfil competencial de los jóvenes por parte de las empresas —aunque con muchas posibilidades de mejora— y la valoración no tan positiva por parte de los tutores.En la actualidad, estos programas de formación profesional básica se consideran un recurso para impulsar la empleabilidad de los jóvenes que se encuentran en riesgo de exclusión, puesto que favorecen su reincorporación al sistema educativo y aumentan sus posibilidades de inserción laboral.
Análisis sobre el aprendizaje y la aplicación de las competencias generales en el contexto laboral. Estrategias de colaboración entre la formación profesional, la universidad y la empresa
Authors: Fandos Garrido Manel , Renta Davids Ana Inés , Jiménez González José M. , González Soto Ángel-Pío
Published: June 2017

La realidad social, económica y laboral actual exige un continuo desarrollo de las habilidades y de los conocimientos adquiridos, así como la adquisición de otros nuevos. Por ello, la formación «en» y «para» el empleo resulta un pilar fundamental para el desarrollo de los países, las organizaciones productivas y el individuo. En dicha sentido, se realizan importantes aportes para mantener alto el nivel de competencias de los ciudadanos y los trabajadores. La formación permite desarrollar el capital intelectual de la organización y prepara a los individuos para afrontar los retos que plantea la economía global.El desarrollo de estas competencias clave es uno de los retos de la formación profesional básica, pues forman parte de la preparación que los alumnos deben recibir ante su incorporación al mundo profesional. En este sentido, entendemos las prácticas que los estudiantes realizan fuera del centro educativo como el espacio que les permite aplicar y adquirir ese conjunto de conocimientos, habilidades y destrezas.En el presente artículo, se muestran los resultados más relevantes de una investigación desarrollada en ocho centros de formación profesional de Cataluña, teniendo en cuenta los factores que influyen en la transferencia de los aprendizajes y el desarrollo de las competencias. Situación percibida por estudiantes en prácticas, profesores tutores y tutores de empresa.
HCV antigen instead of RNA testing to diagnose acute HCV in patients treated in the Dutch Acute HCV in HIV Study
Authors: Hullegie Sebastiaan J. , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H. , van der Eijk Annemiek A. , Ramakers Chris , Rijnders Bart J. A.
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Affordable and sensitive screening methods for acute hepatitis C (HCV) are necessary to successfully intervene in the current HCV epidemic among HIV‐positive men having sex with men. HCV core antigen (Ag) testing has been proven effective in diagnosing chronic HCV‐infected patients at low costs. We studied the characteristics of HCV Ag testing in acute HCV‐infected HIV‐positive patients.

Methods: Plasma samples were selected from acutely HCV genotype 1‐infected patients treated with peginterferon, ribavirin and boceprevir in the Dutch Acute HCV in HIV Study. The control group consisted of HIV‐positive patients with a newly raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (>41 U/L) in whom HCV RNA was undetectable and who were tested for HCV Ag. Spearman correlation coefficient between HCV RNA and HCV Ag was calculated together with the sensitivity and specificity of HCV Ag testing at acute HCV diagnosis.

Results and discussion: Upon acute HCV diagnosis, HCV Ag was identified in 39 out of 44 patients with detectable HCV RNA levels. In all 23 control patients without detectable HCV RNA in plasma, HCV Ag was undetectable as well. This resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of HCV Ag of respectively 89% (95% CI 75–96) and 100% (95% CI 82–100). The correlation between HCV Ag and HCV RNA was 0.97 (p < 0.001) upon diagnosis.

Conclusion: The data presented in this study suggest that HCV Ag testing is a sensitive and specific method that can be used in diagnosing AHCV in HIV‐infected patients.
Diagnostic accuracy of three technologies for the diagnosis of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson José , Carrasquilla María De los Ángeles , Gómez Verónica Jhajaira , Robledo Jaime , Alvis-Guzmán Nelson Rafael , Hernández José Mauricio
Published: June 2017

Introducción. La tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) y la extremadamente resistente (TB-XDR) constituyen un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Su detección oportuna permitiría reducir la carga de la enfermedad y su impacto económico en los sistemas de salud.Objetivo. Revisar sistemáticamente la información relacionada con la precisión diagnóstica de tres pruebas moleculares para detectar la tuberculosis multirresistente y la extremadamente resistente.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión sistemática de la literatura, según los lineamientos de Cochrane, de los estudios en población inmunocompetente relacionados con la precisión diagnóstica de tres pruebas moleculares para detectar la tuberculosis multirresistente y la extremadamente resistente. La búsqueda de los estudios publicados a partir del 2007 se hizo en Medline y Embase. La precisión diagnóstica de las pruebas se estableció con base en los valores máximos y mínimos de sensibilidad y especificidad, y en los valores predictivos positivos y negativos.Resultados. Se detectaron ocho estudios sobre la precisión diagnóstica de la prueba GeneXpert MTB/RIF®, 12 sobre la de GenoType MTBDRplus® y 13 sobre la de GenoType MTBDRsl®. La especificidad de GeneXpert MTB/RIF® osciló entre 91 y 100 % y su sensibilidad, entre 33,3 y 100 %. La sensibilidad de GenoType MTBDRplus® varió entre 82 y 100 %, en tanto que la sensibilidad y la especificidad de GenoType® MTBDRsl fluctuaron entre 56 y 100 % y 21 y 100 %, respectivamente.Conclusión. Según los estudios consultados, los tres métodos de diagnóstico evaluados presentaban una adecuada eficacia diagnóstica para detectar la tuberculosis multirresistente y la extremadamente resistente.
Deforestation effects on Amazon forest resilience
Authors: Zemp D. C. , Schleussner C.‐F. , Barbosa H. M. J. , Rammig A.
Published: June 2017

Through vegetation‐atmosphere feedbacks, rainfall reductions as a result of Amazon deforestation could reduce the resilience on the remaining forest to perturbations and potentially lead to large‐scale Amazon forest loss. We track observation‐based water fluxes from sources (evapotranspiration) to sinks (rainfall) to assess the effect of deforestation on continental rainfall. By studying 21st century deforestation scenarios, we show that deforestation can reduce dry season rainfall by up to 20% far from the deforested area, namely, over the western Amazon basin and the La Plata basin. As a consequence, forest resilience is systematically eroded in the southwestern region covering a quarter of the current Amazon forest. Our findings suggest that the climatological effects of deforestation can lead to permanent forest loss in this region. We identify hot spot regions where forest loss should be avoided to maintain the ecological integrity of the Amazon forest.
Distributed sensing of ionospheric irregularities with a GNSS receiver array
Authors: Su Yang , Datta‐Barua Seebany , Bust Gary S. , Deshpande Kshitija B.
Published: June 2017

We present analysis methods for studying the structuring and motion of ionospheric irregularities at the subkilometer scale sizes that produce L band scintillations. Spaced‐receiver methods are used for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers' phase measurements over approximately subkilometer to kilometer length baselines for the first time. The quantities estimated by these techniques are plasma drift velocity, diffraction anisotropy magnitude and orientation, and characteristic velocity. Uncertainties are quantified by ensemble simulation of noise on the phase signals carried through to the observations of the spaced‐receiver linear system. These covariances are then propagated through to uncertainties on drifts through linearization about the estimated values of the state. Five receivers of SAGA, the Scintillation Auroral Global Positioning System (GPS) Array, provide 100 Hz power and phase data for each channel at L1 frequency. The array is sited in the auroral zone at Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska. A case study of a single scintillating satellite observed by the array is used to demonstrate the spaced‐receiver and uncertainty estimation process. A second case study estimates drifts as measured by multiple scintillating channels. These scintillations are correlated with auroral activity, based on all‐sky camera images. Measurements and uncertainty estimates made over a 30 min period are compared to a collocated incoherent scatter radar and show good agreement in horizontal drift speed and direction during periods of scintillation for which the characteristic velocity is less than the drift velocity.
Gast of Gy, The
Authors: Sturges Robert S.
Published: June 2017

The Gast of Gy
(The ghost of Guy) is a fourteenth‐century ghost story popular throughout late medieval Europe, concerning the haunting of a French widow's bedroom by the spirit of her deceased husband. Middle English versions in both prose and verse provide insight into various aspects of medieval culture, including beliefs about purgatory and the afterlife, marital relations and sexuality, heresy, and literacy.
Old EnglishAdvent Lyrics
Authors: Dockray‐Miller Mary
Published: June 2017

This entry provides a brief description of manuscript and historical context for the Old English poemThe Advent Lyrics, the first poem in the tenth‐century manuscript known as the Exeter Book; it also summarizes the contents of the poem, which celebrates the birth of Christ and the pre‐Christmas Advent season. The entry then outlines the main critical discussions about the poem: analyses of the poem's form, structure and imagery; feminist readings of the poem's presentation of the Virgin Mary; and new historicist placement of the poem in late‐tenth‐century Exeter.
Wynnere and Wastoure
Authors: Johnson Eleanor
Published: June 2017

This article contextualizes and analyzes the alliterative long‐line dream‐vision poem,
Wynnere and Wastoure
, to situate it in its historical context and to suggest how and why the poem (though seldom encountered on course syllabuses) matters in literary history.
Assembly of Ladies, The
Authors: Marshall Simone Celine
Published: June 2017

The Assembly of Ladies
is an anonymous Middle English poem that is largely derivative in content and form, combining courtly love themes and the debate genre popular in English secular poetry of the late medieval period. The poem is likely to have been composed in the early part of the fifteenth century, and survives in three manuscripts, London, British Library, Additional MS 34360, Warminster, Longleat House, MS 258, and Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.3.19, but none of these appear to be in the author's hand.
A
lexander Romances
Authors: Turville‐Petre Thorlac
Published: June 2017

Alexander, son of Philip II of Macedon and Olympias, was born in 356
BCE
. His tutor was Aristotle. When his father was murdered in 336
BCE
, Alexander succeeded to the throne, set out across the Hellespont, defeated the Persian army led by Darius, founded Alexandria, pushed on through the snows of the Hindu Kush to the river Indus, and died in Babylon, aged just 32. So far the Greek historical sources are Diodorus Siculus, Plutarch, and Arrian. However, these histories were not known in the Middle Ages. Here we are looking at medieval Alexander romances, though these were generally accepted by contemporaries as essentially authentic histories.
Lollards
Authors: Hornbeck J. Patrick
Published: June 2017

Ecclesiastical authorities in late medieval England identified the Lollards, whom they sometimes also called Wycliffites, as a sect of heretics who believed in and sought to propagate the heterodox religious views of the Oxford scholar John Wyclif. More recently, scholars have discovered that “lollard” was more a term of abuse than a specific descriptor of a person's religious views, that lollards gathered in local communities rather than constituted an organized national movement of resistance, and that their beliefs and texts encompass a wide range of opinions.
R
obert of
G
retham
Authors: Connolly Margaret
Published: June 2017

Robert of Gretham wrote two thirteenth‐century religious works:
Corset
, a treatise on the seven sacraments; and the
Miroir
, an extensive collection of sermons. Both are written in Anglo‐Norman (the French used in England), and are composed in verse; the
Miroir
was later translated into Middle English prose. Robert may have been a member of a religious order but also seems to have been employed as a chaplain in a noble household. His name may indicate that he came from Rutlandshire.
M
arian Literature
Authors: Donavin Georgiana
Published: June 2017

For medieval Britain, the Virgin Mary is our lady of literature. She is the central subject of literature in all genres, centuries, and languages. Believed to have composed the
Magnificat
, she inspired others' literary efforts; Mother of the Word, she was the source of creative language. Relating single episodes or her entire biography as conveyed in scriptures and other church writings, authors told and retold her life story in order to appropriate her perspective on and intimacy with Christ. Her story emerges in sermons, plays, lyrics, contemplative texts, and court literature. Texts amplifying her story to represent her ongoing work in salvation include prayers, saints' lives, and miracle tales.
A
elred of
R
ievaulx
Authors: Bell David N.
Published: June 2017

Aelred (1110–67), educated at Durham and at the court of David I, king of Scots, was successively novice‐master at Rievaulx (1142–43), abbot of Revesby (1143–47), and abbot of Rievaulx (1147–67). As abbot, he was effective in administration, dedicated to his communities, and a spiritual master. He was the author of numerous historical, hagiographical, theological, and spiritual works, and played a major role in the intellectual, religious, and political life of twelfth‐century England. On his death, he was buried at Rievaulx and, though never formally canonized, became the center of a local cult.
RousRolls
Authors: Liu Yin
Published: June 2017

The Latin and English Rous Rolls are fifteenth‐century parchment scrolls that present a heraldic and genealogical history of the earls of Warwick. By incorporating into the Rolls figures from medieval English legend and romance, such as the chivalric hero Guy of Warwick, the Warwickshire priest John Rous celebrated the glorious, if partially fictitious, ancestry of his patrons.
Mirror for Magistrates, A
Authors: Lucas Scott C.
Published: June 2017

A Mirror for Magistrates
is a sixteenth‐century collection of historical verse tragedies written in the style of John Lydgate. It served as one of the chief conduits of the medieval literary tradition in early modern England, and it inspired numerous Elizabethan and Jacobean authors to try their own hands at works based upon its poems' form and content.
Envelope Pattern and Ring Structure
Authors: Clarke Catherine A.M.
Published: June 2017

The terms “Envelope Pattern” and “Ring Structure” refer to a common rhetorical and structural principle in Old English, in which the first and last elements of a text (or section of text) mirror each other in some way. These patterns can also be detected in early medieval visual art and material culture, continuing into the later Middle Ages.
Barbour,John (TheBrus)
Authors: Wingfield Emily
Published: June 2017

The churchman and court servant, John Barbour (c. 1325–95) was author of the Older Scots poem,The Brus(which survives in two fifteenth‐century manuscripts: Cambridge, St. John's College, MS G.23 and Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, MS 19.2.2). The c. 8000 line octosyllabic couplet poem, which was written c. 1375–77, has been variously classified as history, biography, epic, romance, and Bildungsroman. It draws on a variety of sources, including French romance, and presents the dual careers of its two main heroes, Robert I and Sir James Douglas, during the Wars of Scottish Independence. Its main themes of freedom and loyalty relate to this period and that in which the poem was composed (the reign of Robert II).
P
rick of
C
onscience,
T
he
Authors: Wood Sarah
Published: June 2017

The Prick of Conscience
is a widely circulated poem the principal subjects of which are death, judgment, heaven, and hell. It was composed in Yorkshire in the mid‐fourteenth century by an anonymous cleric, although it was formerly ascribed to the mystic Richard Rolle. It shares sources and themes with the earlier northern instructional poem
Cursor mundi
and has generic affinities with otherworld visions like
Saint Patrick's Purgatory
. Offering translation of “learned” Latin materials for the consumption of the unlearned, it belongs with a large body of vernacular pastoral and instructional materials produced in the wake of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215. Its principal source is the thirteenth‐century Anglo‐Norman text
Les Peines de Purgatorie
, supplemented with much additional material from encyclopedic Latin works. The poem explores the wretched life of mankind and the terrors of judgment and the afterlife in order to teach humility, the virtue that gives true knowledge of God.
Ælfric Bata
Authors: Dumitrescu Irina A.
Published: June 2017

Ælfric Bata, a monk and disciple of Ælfric of Eynsham, wrote his
Colloquies
to teach the oblates at Christ Church, Canterbury how to speak Latin fluently. The dialogues are organized according to communicative function, teaching vocabulary for daily situations such as eating, going to the toilet, and studying. Some of the scenes breach Reformed monastic customs, which may indicate that the monastery was not in line with Benedictine monasticism. However, these may also be due to the
Colloquies
' playful, slippery nature, which invited boys to take up and even question positions of authority.
Cleanness
Authors: Olsen Kenna L.
Published: June 2017

Cleannessis a fourteenth‐century poem believed to have written by theGawain‐poet. Structured like a sermon, it deals variously with aspects of physical and spiritual filth and “cleanness.” Through three main biblical exempla – Noah and the Flood, Sodom and Gomorrah, and Belshazzar's feast – the poet also contemplates obedience to God. The poem has, until recently, received minor scholarly attention; new editorial concern and interest in many of the poem's themes, such as sexism and violence, has increased interest in the poem itself.
Ywain andGawain
Authors: Findon Joanne
Published: June 2017

The Middle English romanceYwain and Gawainis a fourteenth‐century translation and adaptation of Chrétien de Troyes' twelfth‐century French romanceYvain. The English version differs in emphasis and tone, and in its focus on the importance oftrowth– loyalty, fidelity, and the keeping of promises, both to individuals and to the larger community.
Herbals
Authors: Hollis Stephanie
Published: June 2017

Anglo‐Saxon vernacularization of Latin medical literature pre‐dated Alfred's educational reform. A long tradition of study and naturalization of Latin herbal remedies thus underlies the OE translation of the enlarged
Herbarium
of pseudo‐Apuleius (sixth century), which survives in three eleventh‐century copies. Another English version of the
Herbarium
, included in a vernacular medical codex dated c. 1200, helps to establish that an Anglo‐Saxon tradition of medical study and practice continued after the Conquest and was absorbed by Anglo‐Normans. Most herbals copied from c. 1100 onward were in Latin. The most popular of these, particularly Macer's
Herbal
,
Circa instans
, and
Agnus castus
, were variously expanded, abbreviated, excerpted, and conflated. ME herbals, first appearing in the late fourteenth century, tended to be reworked from composite texts rather than translated from a single authority. Manuscript copying of ME and Latin herbals continued after the introduction of printing. The earliest printed herbals represent a high degree of continuity with the medieval past.
Mankind
Authors: Atkin Tamara
Published: June 2017

Mankindis an East Anglian morality play, written in Middle English in the second half of the fifteenth century. It survives in a single copy, bound together with two other contemporary morality plays, also from East Anglia,The Castle of PerseveranceandWisdom. Though full of humor,Mankindtreats the serious subject of the temptation, fall, and ultimate redemption of its eponymous hero. Offering contemporary insight into late medieval debates about language and religion,Mankindis also important to modern understanding of medieval drama in performance. As such,Mankindremains one of the most important examples of the morality play genre to survive from the Middle Ages.
Julian ofNorwich
Authors: Barr Jessica
Published: June 2017

Julian of Norwich (c. 1343–c. 1416) was an anchorite, a visionary, and the author of the vernacular theological texts,A Vision Showed to a Devout WomanandA Revelation of Love, or the Short and the Long Texts ofThe Book of Showings. When she was 30 years old, Julian received a series of highly affective visions that gave rise to the complex theological discussions chronicled in her writings. Her theology centers on divine love and union and the nothingness of sin.The Showingsis the earliest Middle English text that is known to have been written by a woman.
Daniel
Authors: Sharma Manish
Published: June 2017

This entry briefly summarizes the content of the Old EnglishDanielbefore examining its place and putative function in the eleventh‐century Junius Manuscript. The entry goes on to consider the idiosyncratic relationship ofDanielto influential patristic commentaries on the corresponding Old Testament book and reviews scholarly attempts to understand theDaniel‐poet's own concerns. The entry concludes with an account of the relationship betweenDanielandThe Canticles of the Three Youths, an Old English poem of 191 lines located in the Exeter Book that also versifies parts of the biblical Book of Daniel.
A
rundel,
T
homas
Authors: James Sarah
Published: June 2017

Thomas Arundel was one of the most important political and religious figures of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, occupying the positions of Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England under both Richard II and Henry IV. His political activities saw him take a leading role in the reforming parliaments of 1386 and 1388, yet he managed to retain the favour of Richard II throughout most of the 1390s. Having finally lost Richard's favour, along with the positions of Archbishop and Chancellor, he was exiled and allied himself with Henry Bolingbroke's cause, being instrumental in the deposition of Richard II and the coronation of Bolingbroke as Henry IV. Alongside his political acticities, Arundel was also actively engaged in the fight against the Lollard heresy. His Constitutions represent a significant contribution to England's antiheresy legislation, although the suppression of the Lollards was not their only concern.
B
attle of
F
innsburh, The
Authors: Gwara Scott
Published: June 2017

The Battle of Finnsburh
is the title given to a fragmentary Old English poem and a digression in Beowulf describing an incident of treachery and vengeance between Frisians and a party of Danes.
Gamelyn
Authors: Bradbury Nancy Mason
Published: June 2017

Gamelyn, a Middle English narrative poem often classed with the “matter of England” romances, tells of the conflicts that ensue when Gamelyn's oldest brother deprives him of the inheritance intended for him by their father, a provincial knight. Gamelyn's adversities include an interval in the greenwood with an outlaw king resembling Robin Hood. The tale survives only as a scribal interpolation preserved in 25 manuscripts of Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales. A rousing tale in its own right and an analogue of the later Robin Hood ballads,Gamelynis a rare survival from the marginally extant popular entertainments of the fourteenth century.
Owl and the Nightingale, The
Authors: Cartlidge Neil
Published: June 2017

The Owl and the Nightingaleis a 1794‐line Middle English debate‐poem describing an imagined argument between the two nocturnal birds of the title. They compare their characteristics and behavior, and discuss both their own moral significance and their usefulness to humankind. Dating probably from the thirteenth century,The Owl and the Nightingaleis the earliest extant long comic poem in the English language.
P
artonope of
B
lois
Authors: Simons Penny
Published: June 2017

Partonope of Blois
is a fifteenth‐century English adaptation of a late twelfth‐century French original, whose popularity is evidenced by its translation into a wide range of European languages. The English version retains the figure of a highly autonomous, quasi‐magical heroine who appears to stage‐manage much of the narrative, but also owes a debt to the techniques and many of the works of Chaucer.
Taymouth Hours
Authors: Smith Kathryn A.
Published: June 2017

The Taymouth Hours is an illustrated devotional manuscript made c. 1325–35, probably in London, for a royal female owner. It is noteworthy for the consecutive cycles of narrative imagery that embellish its lower margins, which include stories drawn from the Bible, hagiography, sacred legend, the corpus of Marian miracles, the bestiary, and chivalric literature, among other sources. Most of these scenes are accompanied by captions in Anglo‐Norman, Latin, or Middle English, and even some bilingual captions. On account of its rich visual program, trilingual contents, and careful design, the Taymouth Hours bears witness to the devotional culture and readerly tastes of the affluent laity as well as the flowering of commercial book production in England.
Assembly of Gods, The
Authors: Reimer Stephen R.
Published: June 2017

The Assembly of Gods
is an anonymous late‐fifteenth‐century mythological allegory, representing the classical gods as champions of Vice warring against the forces of Virtue, and culminating in an explanation by Dame Doctrine of basic Christian ethical teachings and redemption history. While perhaps lacking the charm and courtliness of a Chaucerian dream‐vision, and presenting a somewhat austere version of Christian rectitude,
The Assembly
is quite a good example of the sort of learned allegory which was something of a staple of fifteenth‐century English literature. It was highly regarded in its time, and had significant influence upon Stephen Hawes and other writers of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, and also has significant parallels with English morality plays such as
Everyman
and
Mankind
.
Patrons and Patronage
Authors: Vines Amy N.
Published: June 2017

The system of patronage was one of the most significant social and cultural structures in the Middle Ages. The relationships forged between patrons and their clients were based not only on financial support, but also political and personal influence. Men and women from a wide variety of social backgrounds participated in the patronage system; their important contributions to this system included endowing medieval colleges, commissioning individual translations or artworks, and supporting writers and artists for many years.
Oisín
Authors: Nagy Joseph Falaky
Published: June 2017

Oisín “Little Deer” is the son of Finn mac Cumaill, who is the central figure in a Gaelic cycle of stories known in medieval as well as modern times and frequently referred to as the Fenian or Ossianic Cycle. Though not the only offspring of Finn celebrated in medieval literature, Oisín is by far the most outstanding scion, with a reputation for extempore poetry.