bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABC‐F translation factors: from antibiotic resistance to immune response
Authors: Fostier Corentin R. , Monlezun Laura , Ousalem Farès , Singh Shikha , Hunt John F. , Boël Grégory
Published: November 2020

Energy‐dependent translational throttle A (EttA) from Escherichia coli is a paradigmatic ABC‐F protein that controls the first step in polypeptide elongation on the ribosome according to the cellular energy status. Biochemical and structural studies have established that ABC‐F proteins generally function as translation factors that modulate the conformation of the peptidyl transferase center upon binding to the ribosomal tRNA exit site. These factors, present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but not in archaea, use related molecular mechanisms to modulate protein synthesis for heterogenous purposes, ranging from antibiotic resistance and rescue of stalled ribosomes to modulation of the mammalian immune response. Here, we review the canonical studies characterizing the phylogeny, regulation, ribosome interactions, and mechanisms of action of the bacterial ABC‐F proteins, and discuss the implications of these studies for the molecular function of eukaryotic ABC‐F proteins, including the three human family members.
Cardiac pericytes function as key vasoactive cells to regulate homeostasis and disease
Authors: Lee Linda L. , Khakoo Aarif Y. , Chintalgattu Vishnu
Published: November 2020

Pericytes (PCs)—mural cells that envelop endothelial cells (ECs) of microvessels—regulate tissue‐specific vasculature development as well as maturation and maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity. However, little is known about their tissue‐specific function in the heart. Specifically, the mechanism by which cardiac PCs constrict coronary capillaries remains undetermined. To gain insights into the function of cardiac PCs at the cellular level, we isolated NG2+ PDGFRβ+ CD146+ CD34− CD31− CD45− PCs for detailed characterization. Functionally, we provide evidence that these PCs increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased endothelial permeability. We show for the first time that this population of PCs express contractile proteins, are stimulated by adrenergic signaling, and demonstrate stereotypical contraction and relaxation. Furthermore, we also studied for the first time, the PCs in in vitro models of disease. PCs in hypoxia activated the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha pathway, increased secretion of angiogenic factors, and caused cellular apoptosis. Supraphysiological levels of low‐density lipoprotein decreased PC proliferation and induced lipid droplet accumulation. Elevated glucose levels triggered a proinflammatory response. Taken together, our study characterizes cardiac PCs under in vitro disease conditions and supports the hypothesis that cardiac PCs are key vasoactive cells that can regulate blood flow in the heart.
Designing for the Multisensory Mind
Authors: Spence Charles
Published: November 2020

It is clear that architects consider multisensory experiences, however architecture is also a fundamentally ocular‐centric profession. Charles Spence, Head of the Crossmodal Research Laboratory at the University of Oxford, argues for a much more refined design methodology that has multisensory congruency at its centre.
Neuroscience Does Design: What the Brain's Architecture Can Teach Architects
Authors: Kim Danbee , Kampff Adam R
Published: November 2020

Neuroscientists based at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour in London, Danbee Kim and Adam R Kampff study how the brain builds a mental model of its environment. Here, they imagine ‘built environments’ derived from these mental models. Their proposed designs may be ugly and they will likely fall over, but they hope they will distil insights from neuroscientific research in a form that facilitates discussion with the architects and planners responsible for creating environments in which the brain thrives.
Novel Designed MnS‐MoS2 Heterostructure for Fast and Stable Li/Na Storage:Insights into the Advanced Mechanism Attributed to Phase Engineering
Authors: Chen Fuzhou , Shi Dong , Yang Mingzhi , Jiang Hehe , Shao Yongliang , Wang Shouzhi , Zhang Baoguo , Shen Jianxing , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng
Published: November 2020

Combining 2D MoS2 with other transition metal sulfide is a promising strategy to elevate its electrochemical performances. Herein, heterostructures constructed using MnS nanoparticles embedded in MoS2 nanosheets (denoted as MnS‐MoS2) are designed and synthesized as anode materials for lithium/sodium‐ion batteries via a facile one‐step hydrothermal method. Phase transition and built‐in electric field brought by the heterostructure enhance the Li/Na ion intercalation kinetics, elevate the charge transport, and accommodate the volume expansion. The sequential phase transitions from 2H to 3R of MoS2 and α to γ of MnS are revealed for the first time. As a result, the MnS‐MoS2 electrode delivers outstanding specific capacity (1246.2 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), excellent rate, and stable long‐term cycling stability (397.2 mAh g−1 maintained after 3000 cycles at 20 A g−1) in Li‐ion half‐cells. Superior cycling and rate performance are also presented in sodium half‐cells and Li/Na full cells, demonstrating a promising practical application of the MnS‐MoS2 electrode. This work is anticipated to afford an in‐depth comprehension of the heterostructure contribution in energy storage and illuminate a new perspective to construct binary transition metal sulfide anodes.
Nanostructure Dependence of T‐Nb2O5 Intercalation Pseudocapacitance Probed Using Tunable Isomorphic Architectures
Authors: van den Bergh Wessel , Lokupitiya Hasala Nadeesini , Vest Natalie Alicia , Reid Barry , Guldin Stefan , Stefik Morgan
Published: November 2020

Intercalation pseudocapacitance has emerged as a promising energy storage mechanism that combines the energy density of intercalation materials with the power density of capacitors. Niobium pentoxide was the first material described as exhibiting intercalation pseudocapacitance. The electrochemical kinetics for charging/discharging this material are surface‐limited for a wide range of conditions despite intercalation via diffusion. Investigations of niobium pentoxide nanostructures are diverse and numerous; however, none have yet compared performance while adjusting a single architectural parameter at a time. Such a comparative approach reduces the reliance on models and the associated assumptions when seeking nanostructure–property relationships. Here, a tailored isomorphic series of niobium pentoxide nanostructures with constant pore size and precision tailored wall thickness is examined. The sweep rate at which niobium pentoxide transitions from being surface‐limited to being diffusion‐limited is shown to depend sensitively upon the nanoscale dimensions of the niobium pentoxide architecture. Subsequent experiments probing the independent effects of electrolyte concentration and film thickness unambiguously identify solid‐state lithium diffusion as the dominant diffusion constraint even in samples with just 48.5–67.0 nm thick walls. The resulting architectural dependencies from this type of investigation are critical to enable energy‐dense nanostructures that are tailored to deliver a specific power density.
Bioinspired Metal‐Organic Frameworks in Mixed Matrix Membranes for Efficient Static/Dynamic Removal of Mercury from Water
Authors: Bruno Rosaria , Mon Marta , Escamilla Paula , Ferrando‐Soria Jesus , Esposito Elisa , Fuoco Alessio , Monteleone Marcello , Jansen Johannes C. , Elliani Rosangela , Tagarelli Antonio , Armentano Donatella , Pardo Emilio
Published: November 2020

The mercury removal efficiency of a novel metal‐organic framework (MOF) derived from the amino acid S‐methyl‐L‐cysteine is presented and the process is characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. A feasibility study is further presented on the performance of this MOF—and also that of another MOF derived from the amino acid L‐methionine—when used as the sorbent in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). These MOF‐based MMMs exhibit high efficiency and selectivity—in both static and dynamic regimes—in the removal of Hg2+ from aqueous environments, due to the high density of thioalkyl groups decorating MOF channels. Both MMMs are capable to reduce different concentration of the pollutant to acceptable limits for drinking water (<2 parts per billion). In addition, a novel device, consisting of the recirculation and adsorption of contaminated solutions through the MOF–MMMs, is designed and successfully explored in the selective capture of Hg2+. Thus, filtration of Hg2+ solutions with multiple passes through the permeation cell shows a gradual decrease of the pollutant concentration. These results suggest that MOF‐based MMMs can be implemented in water remediation, helping to reduce either contaminants from accidental unauthorized or deliberate metal industrial dumping and to ensure access for clean and potable freshwater.
In Vivo Evaluation of Bioabsorbable Fe‐35Mn‐1Ag: First Reports on In Vivo Hydrogen Gas Evolution in Fe‐Based Implants
Authors: Dargusch Matthew Simon , Venezuela Jeffrey , Dehghan‐Manshadi Ali , Johnston Sean , Yang Nan , Mardon Karine , Lau Cora , Allavena Rachel
Published: November 2020

This work investigates the influence of Ag (1 wt%) on the mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo corrosion, and biocompatibility of Fe‐35Mn. The microstructure of Fe‐35Mn‐1Ag possesses a uniform dispersion of discrete silver particles. Slight improvements in compressive properties are attributed to enhanced density and low porosity volume. Fe‐35Mn‐1Ag exhibits good in vitro and in vivo corrosion rate of Fe‐35Mn due to an increase in microgalvanic corrosion. Gas pockets, which originate from an inflammatory response to the implants, are observed in the rats after 4 weeks implantation but are undetectable after 12 weeks. No chronic toxicity is observed with the Fe‐35Mn‐1Ag, suggesting acceptable in vivo biocompatibility. The high corrosion rate of the alloy triggers an increased level of nonadverse tissue inflammatory responses 4 weeks after implantation, which subsequently subsides at 12 weeks. The Fe‐35Mn‐1Ag displays properties that are suitable for orthopedic applications.
Lattice‐Distortion‐Enhanced Yield Strength in a Refractory High‐Entropy Alloy
Authors: Lee Chanho , Chou Yi , Kim George , Gao Michael C. , An Ke , Brechtl Jamieson , Zhang Chuan , Chen Wei , Poplawsky Jonathan D. , Song Gian , Ren Yang , Chou Yi‐Chia , Liaw Peter K.
Published: November 2020

Severe distortion is one of the four core effects in single‐phase high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) and contributes significantly to the yield strength. However, the connection between the atomic‐scale lattice distortion and macro‐scale mechanical properties through experimental verification has yet to be fully achieved, owing to two critical challenges: 1) the difficulty in the development of homogeneous single‐phase solid‐solution HEAs and 2) the ambiguity in describing the lattice distortion and related measurements and calculations. A single‐phase body‐centered‐cubic (BCC) refractory HEA, NbTaTiVZr, using thermodynamic modeling coupled with experimental verifications, is developed. Compared to the previously developed single‐phase NbTaTiV HEA, the NbTaTiVZr HEA shows a higher yield strength and comparable plasticity. The increase in yield strength is systematically and quantitatively studied in terms of lattice distortion using a theoretical model, first‐principles calculations, synchrotron X‐ray/neutron diffraction, atom‐probe tomography, and scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. These results demonstrate that severe lattice distortion is a core factor for developing high strengths in refractory HEAs.
Improvement of Electrical Conductivity in Conjugated Polymers through Cascade Doping with Small‐Molecular Dopants
Authors: Yoon Sang Eun , Park Jaehong , Kwon Ji Eon , Lee Sang Yeon , Han Ji Min , Go Chae Young , Choi Siku , Kim Ki Chul , Seo Hyungtak , Kim Jong H. , Kim Bong‐Gi
Published: November 2020

Doping capability is primitively governed by the energy level offset between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of conjugated polymers (CPs) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of dopants. A poor doping efficiency is obtained when doping directly using NOBF4 forming a large energy offset with the CP, while the devised doping strategy is found to significantly improve the doping efficiency (electrical conductivity) by sequentially treating the NOBF4 to the pre‐doped CP with 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquino‐dimethane (F4TCNQ), establishing a relatively small energy level offset. It is verified that the cascade doping strategy requires receptive sites for each dopant to further improve the doping efficiency, and provides fast reaction kinetics energetically. An outstanding electrical conductivity (>610 S cm−1) is achieved through the optimization of the devised doping strategy, and spectroscopy analysis, including Hall effect measurement, supports more efficient charge carrier generation via the devised cascade doping.
Discovering Electron‐Transfer‐Driven Changes in Chemical Bonding in Lead Chalcogenides (PbX, where X = Te, Se, S, O)
Authors: Maier Stefan , Steinberg Simon , Cheng Yudong , Schön Carl‐Friedrich , Schumacher Mathias , Mazzarello Riccardo , Golub Pavlo , Nelson Ryky , Cojocaru‐Mirédin Oana , Raty Jean‐Yves , Wuttig Matthias
Published: November 2020

Understanding the nature of chemical bonding in solids is crucial to comprehend the physical and chemical properties of a given compound. To explore changes in chemical bonding in lead chalcogenides (PbX, where X = Te, Se, S, O), a combination of property‐, bond‐breaking‐, and quantum‐mechanical bonding descriptors are applied. The outcome of the explorations reveals an electron‐transfer‐driven transition from metavalent bonding in PbX (X = Te, Se, S) to iono‐covalent bonding in β‐PbO. Metavalent bonding is characterized by adjacent atoms being held together by sharing about a single electron (ES ≈ 1) and small electron transfer (ET). The transition from metavalent to iono‐covalent bonding manifests itself in clear changes in these quantum‐mechanical descriptors (ES and ET), as well as in property‐based descriptors (i.e., Born effective charge (Z*), dielectric function ε(ω), effective coordination number (ECoN), and mode‐specific Grüneisen parameter (γTO)), and in bond‐breaking descriptors. Metavalent bonding collapses if significant charge localization occurs at the ion cores (ET) and/or in the interatomic region (ES). Predominantly changing the degree of electron transfer opens possibilities to tailor material properties such as the chemical bond (Z*) and electronic (ε∞) polarizability, optical bandgap, and optical interband transitions characterized by ε2(ω). Hence, the insights gained from this study highlight the technological relevance of the concept of metavalent bonding and its potential for materials design.
Directional Control of Light with Nanoantennas
Authors: Li Nannan , Lai Yunhe , Lam Shiu Hei , Bai Haoyuan , Shao Lei , Wang Jianfang
Published: November 2020

Light manipulation has been widely employed in lighting, display, and energy storage, becoming an inseparable part of human lives. However, the conventional optical devices suffer from the diffraction limit of electromagnetic waves. To overcome the limitation, plasmonic and dielectric nanoantennas are introduced for the control of light direction at nanoscale. The directionality of the nanoantennas stems from their electromagnetic resonance properties or the interference between different resonance modes. The near‐field interaction between the nanoantennas and fluorescent emitters or Raman molecules will generate directional light emission. The directional nanoantennas are widely applied in various fields. Although light manipulation at nanoscale is briefly discussed in several review articles, they are not specifically devoted to directional nanoantennas. A more selective, focused and up‐to‐date review article about light manipulation by directional nanoantennas is deemed necessary because of the rapid development in this field. In this article, the properties and mechanisms of various types of nanoantennas made of plasmonic or dielectric nanostructures are introduced, the current developments of the nanoantennas are summarized, and an outlook for future investigation on directional nanoantennas is offered. It is believed that the directional light control with the nanoantennas will be a flourishing and promising research field in the future.
Double Atom Catalysts: Heteronuclear Transition Metal Dimer Anchored on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene as Superior Electrocatalyst for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zheng Guokui , Li Lei , Hao Shaoyun , Zhang Xingwang , Tian Ziqi , Chen Liang
Published: November 2020

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is considered as a promising alternative to the traditional Haber–Bosch process, but the development of a highly active and selective electrocatalyst remains a great challenge. In this research, density functional theory calculations are performed to screen a series of heteronuclear and homonuclear transition metal dimers anchored on nitrogen‐doped graphene (M1M2@N6 and M1M1@N6, M1, M2 = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo) for NRR. Among them, heteronuclear CoMo@N6 is screened out as the most promising electrocatalyst because of its high selectivity, activity, and stability. This work not only predicts a promising electrocatalyst candidate for NRR, but also provides a useful guideline for the rational design of heteronuclear double atom catalysts.
Promoted Hole Transport Capability by Improving Lateral Current Spreading for High‐Efficiency Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wu Qianqian , Cao Fan , Wang Haoran , Kou Jianquan , Zhang Zi‐Hui , Yang Xuyong
Published: November 2020

Carrier imbalance resulting from stronger electron injection from ZnO into quantum‐dot (QD) emissive layer than hole injection is one critical issue that constrains the performance of QDs‐based light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs). This study reports highly efficient inverted QLEDs enabled by periodic insertion of MoO3 into (4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl) (CBP) hole transport layer (HTL). The periodic ultrathin MoO3/CBP‐stacked HTL results in improved lateral current spreading for the QLEDs, which significantly relieves the crowding of holes and thus enhances hole transport capability across the CBP in QLEDs. Comprehensive analysis on the photoelectric properties of devices shows that the optimal thickness for MoO3 interlayer inserted in CBP is only ≈1 nm. The resulting devices with periodic two insertion layers of MoO3 into CBP exhibit better performance compared with the CBP‐only ones, such that the peak current efficiency is 88.7 cd A−1 corresponding to the external quantum efficiency of 20.6%. Furthermore, the resulting QLEDs show an operational lifetime almost 2.5 times longer compared to CBP‐only devices.
Selenium applications enhance 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline biosynthesis and yield formation of fragrant rice
Authors: Luo Haowen , He Longxin , Lai Rifang , Liu Jinhai , Xing Pipeng , Tang Xiangru
Published: November 2020

Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for plants and a necessary element for humans. Previous studies showed Se could increase 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2‐AP) content in fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.), but the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unexplored. There are several methods for Se application in rice production, and it is not clear which is better. This study investigated the effects of three different Se application methods on 2‐AP biosynthesis, yield formation, and grain Se concentration of fragrant rice through a four‐season field experiment with two fragrant rice cultivars. For soil application, Se was applied as Se mineral powder as basal application to soil (36 g Se ha−1); for foliar application (FA), sodium selenate solution (40 μmol L−1) was applied as a foliar spray at heading stage; and for seed priming, fragrant rice seeds were primed with sodium selenate at 80 mg kg−1 concentration. The treatment without Se was taken as control (CK). The results showed Se applications increased grain 2‐AP content and grain yield by 3.95–22.32% and 1.03–8.05%, respectively. Compared with CK, Se applications regulated transcript levels of genes PRODH, BADH2, DAO, OAT, and P5CS2, which are involved in 2‐AP biosynthesis. Selenium applications also increased the contents of precursors (Δ1‐pyrroline, proline and pyrroline‐5‐carboxylic acid) and enhanced the activities of enzymes (proline dehydrogenase, △1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylic acid synthetase, ornithine aminotransferase, diamine oxidase), which are related to 2‐AP. Furthermore, Se applications increased grain Se concentration by 14.12–63.25%. The highest grain yield, grain 2‐AP content, and grain Se concentration were all recorded in the FA treatment.
Annual forage impacts on dryland wheat farming in the Great Plains
Authors: Carr Patrick M. , Bell Jourdan M. , Boss Darrin L. , DeLaune Paul , Eberly Jed O. , Edwards Laura , Fryer Heather , Graham Christopher , Holman John , Islam M. Anowarul , Liebig Mark , Miller Perry R. , Obour Augustine , Xue Qingwu
Published: November 2020

Wheat (Triticum spp.) dominates dryland grain crop production in the North American Great Plains and other regions with semi‐arid steppe climates. A common practice is to alternate winter or spring wheat with a 14‐ to 21‐mo fallow period to allow for soil‐water recharge, despite economic inefficiencies and environmental degradation. Replacing fallow with non‐cereal grain and seed crops often reduces future wheat yields due to increased water stress during grain fill. The use of annual forages may not have the disadvantages associated with grain and seed crops. The objective of this review was to determine benefits and challenges of incorporating annual forages into dryland wheat systems in semi‐arid steppe climates, using the Great Plains within the United States as a model system. Results indicate that: (a) cool‐ and warm‐season, annual grass and broadleaf species can be grown for forage across the region; (b) forage production will be less risky than grain and seed crop production under predicted climate‐change scenarios; (c) grazing annual forages may offer advantages (e.g., nutrient cycling, improved soil structure, added revenue from livestock) over mechanically harvesting annual forages; (d) the lack of infrastructure and local markets impede the use of annual forages to diversify wheat‐based cropping systems in the region; and (e) limited networking among researchers hinders the advancement in knowledge on how annual forages can be used to improve dryland wheat system resilience.
Three M syndrome 2 in two Indian patients
Authors: Jacob Prince , Girisha Katta M.
Published: November 2020

3‐M syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by short stature, characteristic facies and absence of microcephaly and intellectual disability. 3‐M syndrome 2 (MIM# 612921) is caused by biallelic disease causing variants in OBSL1. In this study, we identified two probands from two families with homozygous, c.1534 + 5G > T and compound heterozygous variants, c.35dup and c.1273dup in OBSL1, respectively. We herein highlight the clinical and molecular findings of the first reported cases from Indian ethnicity.
Pairwise Proximity‐Differentiated Visualization of Single‐Cell DNA Epigenetic Marks
Authors: Xue Jing , Chen Feng , Su Li , Cao Xiaowen , Bai Min , Zhao Yue , Fan Chunhai , Zhao Yongxi
Published: November 2020

Spatial positioning and proximity of relevant biomolecules such as DNA epigenetic marks are fundamental to a deeper understanding of life. However, it remains poorly explored and technically challenging. Here we report the pairwise proximity‐differentiated visualization of single‐cell 5‐formylcytosine (5fC) and 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). These two marks on chromatin in fixed cells are successively labeled and crosslinked with their DNA primer probes via click chemistry. Based on a pairwise proximity‐differentiated mechanism, proximal 5fC/5hmC sites and residual 5fC or 5hmC sites are encoded with respective circularized barcodes. These barcodes are simultaneously amplified for multiplexed single‐molecule imaging. We thus demonstrate the differentiated visualization of 5fC or 5hmC spatial positioning and their pairwise proximity in single cells. Such multi‐level subcellular information may provide insights into regulation functions and mechanisms of chromatin modifications, and the spatial proximity can expose the potential crosstalk or interaction between their reader proteins.
Chemoselective Amide‐Forming Ligation Between Acylsilanes and Hydroxylamines Under Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Deng Xingwang , Zhou Guan , Tian Jing , Srinivasan Rajavel
Published: November 2020

We report the facile amide‐forming ligation of acylsilanes with hydroxylamines (ASHA ligation) under aqueous conditions. The ligation is fast, chemoselective, mild, high‐yielding and displays excellent functional‐group tolerance. Late‐stage modifications of an array of marketed drugs, peptides, natural products, and biologically active compounds showcase the robustness and functional‐group tolerance of the reaction. The key to the success of the reaction could be the possible formation of the strong Si−O bond via a Brook‐type rearrangement. Given its simplicity and efficiency, this ligation has the potential to unfold new applications in the areas of medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
Phosphine Carboxylate—Probing the Edge of Stability of a Carbon Dioxide Adduct with Dihydrogenphosphide
Authors: Schreiber Roy E. , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: November 2020

We present a new adduct of carbon dioxide with dihydrogenphosphide, that may be prepared either by direct reaction of NaPH2 with carbon dioxide or by hydrolysis of the phosphaethynolate ion (PCO−). In this hydrolysis transformation, a new mechanism is proposed for the electrophilic reactivity of the phosphaethynolate ion. Protonation to form phosphine carboxylic acid (PH2COOH) and functionalization to form esters is shown to increase the strength of the P–C interaction, allowing for comparisons to be drawn between this species and the analogous carbamic (NH2COOH) and carbonic acids (H2CO3). Functionalization of the oxygen atom is found to stabilize the phosphine carboxylate while also allowing solubility in organic solvents whereas phosphorus functionalization is shown to facilitate decarboxylation. Substituent migration occurs in some cases.
Impact of electron beam treatment on copolymers of polylactide and poly(trimethylene carbonate) in an air atmosphere
Authors: Rzepna Magdalena , Sadło Jarosław , Przybytniak Grażyna , Iuliano Anna
Published: November 2020

The effect of exposure of polylactide (PLA) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) statistical copolymers to ionizing radiation was studied by means of EPR spectroscopy. In addition, the influence of radiation‐induced processes on thermal properties, miscibility of the components, weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) were investigated for doses in the range of 0–200 kGy. In copolymers containing PLA and PTMC components in a ratio of 30:70 and 70:30 PLA radicals identified in the homopolymer under cryogenic conditions were dominant. This showed that PTMC radical centers either recombine or are transferred to PLA along the macromolecules. The results obtained for the non‐irradiated and irradiated samples showed that the glass transition values measured by differential scanning calorimetry and calculated using the Fox equation were similar and indicated compatibility between the constituents of the tested copolymers and their miscibility. Mw and Mn changes measured by gel permeation chromatography were used to determine the radiation yield of scission G(S) and cross‐linking G(X). In the case of PLA and PLA‐rich copolymers, the difference between G(S) and G(X) with increasing dose increased, thus the chain scission predominated over cross‐linking. For PTMC rich copolymer, the effect was opposite.
Hydrogels of starch/carboxymethyl cellulose crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate via reactive extrusion
Authors: Cagnin Caroline , Simões Bruno Matheus , Yamashita Fábio , Andrello Avacir Casanova , de Carvalho Gizilene Maria , Grossmann Maria Victória Eiras
Published: November 2020

Hydrogels are materials with advantages in specific applications, such as, retention of food active compounds. This work aims to develop starch (S)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels with porous structure, using reactive extrusion to promote crosslinking with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). The expansion, porosity, degree of substitution, gel fraction, swelling properties, and FTIR are studied, comparing S, S/CMC, S/STMP, and S/CMC/STMP formulations. Samples containing STMP present the same degree of substitution (0.050 ± 0.001). Higher porosity and percentage of open pores are observed in the mixed hydrogel (S/CMC/STMP). Crosslinking increase the swelling capacity at pH 7, and this property, just like the gel fraction, are sensitive to pH variations. The hydrogel S/CMC present the highest swelling rate compared with the other samples, suggesting strong interaction between components. The reactive extrusion process is efficient to produce starch and starch/CMC hydrogels crosslinked with STMP and the overall results demonstrate the advantages of the mixed hydrogel.
Mixed substituent ether‐containing polyphosphazene/poly(bis‐phenoxyphosphazene) blends as membranes for CO2 separation from N2
Authors: Orme Christopher J. , McNally Joshua S. , Klaehn John R. , Stewart Frederick F.
Published: November 2020

Polyphosphazenes gain much of their physical and chemical properties from the substituents attached to the phosphorus atoms in the backbone. Poly(phosphazenes) that have short‐chain polyether containing substituents, such as, 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethanol, have high CO2 permeability and selectivity over N2 as well as resistance to degradation under humidification at 60°C. However, the principal shortcomings of this polymer are the poor mechanical and surface characteristics. Blending of an example of this polyphosphazene (MEEP‐80) with poly(bis‐phenoxyphosphazene) (PPOP) has yielded more durable materials that have a non‐adhesive surface. In this work, the blended polymer membranes were found to have increased CO2 permeability with higher selectivity over N2. Thermal analysis and the application of transport models support a structure of the blends that is not either an intimate blend or phase separated bulk structure, but one where PPOP domains retain their crystallinity and are dispersed within an amorphous MEEP‐80 phase.
Improving delamination resistance of carbon fiber reinforced polymeric composite by interface engineering using carbonaceous nanofillers through electrophoretic deposition: An assessment at different in‐service temperatures
Authors: De Soubhik , Fulmali Abhinav Omprakash , Nuli Krishna Chaitanya , Prusty Rajesh Kumar , Prusty B. Gangadhara , Ray Bankim Chandra
Published: November 2020

In this article, modification of carbon fiber surface by carbon based nanofillers (multi‐walled carbon nanotubes [CNT], carbon nanofibers, and multi‐layered graphene) has been achieved by electrophoretic deposition technique to improve its interfacial bonding with epoxy matrix, with a target to improve the mechanical performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Flexural and short beam shear properties of the composites were studied at extreme temperature conditions; in‐situ cryo, room and elevated temperature (−196, 30, and 120°C respectively). Laminate reinforced with CNT grafted carbon fibers exhibited highest delamination resistance with maximum improvement in flexural strength as well as in inter‐laminar shear strength (ILSS) among all the carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CE) composites at all in‐situ temperatures. CNT modified CE composite showed increment of 9% in flexural strength and 17.43% in ILSS when compared to that of unmodified CE composite at room temperature (30°C). Thermomechanical properties were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis. Fractography was also carried out to study different modes of failure of the composites.
Fish oil attenuated dystrophic muscle markers of inflammation via FFA1 and FFA4 in the mdx mouse model of DMD
Authors: Maciel Junior Marcos , Camaçari de Carvalho Samara , Saenz Suarez Paula Andrea , Santo Neto Humberto , Marques Maria Julia
Published: November 2020

In the present study we investigated the involvement of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors in the anti‐inflammatory role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dystrophic muscles, by administering FFA blockers in the mdx mouse model of dystrophy. Mdx mice (3 months‐old) were treated with fish oil capsules (FDC Vitamins; 0.4 g EPA and 0.2 g DHA; gavage) alone or concomitant to FFA1 and FFA4 blockers (GW1100 and AH7614; i.p.). C57BL/10 mice (3 months‐old) and untreated‐mdx mice received mineral oil and were used as controls. After 1 month of treatment, plasma markers of myonecrosis (total and cardiac creatine kinase; CK), the levels of FFA1 and FFA4 and of the markers of inflammation, nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFkB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) were analyzed in the diaphragm muscle and heart by western blot. Fish oil significantly reduced total CK, cardiac CK and the levels of NFkB (diaphragm), and of TNF‐α and IL‐1β (diaphragm and heart) in mdx. In the dystrophic diaphragm, FFA1 was increased compared to normal. Blockers of FFA1 and FFA4 significantly inhibited the effects of fish oil treatment in both dystrophic muscles. The anti‐inflammatory effects of fish oil in dystrophic diaphragm muscle and heart were mediated through FFA1 and FFA4.
Engineering Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Its Virus‐Like‐Particles for Synthesis of Biotemplated Nanomaterials
Authors: Lee Kok Zhi , Basnayake Pussepitiyalage Vindula , Lee Yu‐Hsuan , Loesch‐Fries L. Sue , Harris Michael T. , Hemmati Shohreh , Solomon Kevin V.
Published: November 2020

Biomolecules are increasingly attractive templates for the synthesis of functional nanomaterials. Chief among them is the plant tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) due to its high aspect ratio, narrow size distribution, diverse biochemical functionalities presented on the surface, and compatibility with a number of chemical conjugations. These properties are also easily manipulated by genetic modification to enable the synthesis of a range of metallic and non‐metallic nanomaterials for diverse applications. This article reviews the characteristics of TMV and related viruses, and their virus‐like particle (VLP) derivatives, and how these may be manipulated to extend their use and function. A focus of recent efforts has been on greater understanding and control of the self‐assembly processes that drive biotemplate formation. How these features have been exploited in engineering applications such as, sensing, catalysis, and energy storage are briefly outlined. While control of VLP surface features is well‐established, fewer tools exist to control VLP self‐assembly, which limits efforts to control template uniformity and synthesis of certain templated nanomaterials. However, emerging advances in synthetic biology, machine learning, and other fields promise to accelerate efforts to control template uniformity and nanomaterial synthesis enabling more widescale industrial use of VLP‐based biotemplates.
Functional connectivity in default mode network correlates with severity of hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Chang Ya‐Ting , Chen Yung‐Che , Chen Yung‐Lung , Hsu Shih‐Wei , Yang Feng‐Yueh , Lee Chen‐Chang , Hsu Po‐Yuan , Lin Meng‐Chih
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)‐associated hypoxemia, sleep fragmentation, and cerebral vascular dysfunction are implicated in cognitive dysfunction. Functional connectivity within default mode network (DMN) is a possible mechanism underlying the cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation on functional connectivity and on cognitive performance in patients with OSA.

Methods

Twenty‐eight patients with OSA were included (mean age = 58.0 ± 8.5 years). We correlated the functional connectivity in DMN with cognitive performances and further analyzed the relationship of functional connectivity in DMN with hypoxemia severity, as revealed by apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and nadir SaO2 (%), and with degree of sleep fragmentation, as shown by sleep efficiency and wake after sleep onset.

Results

Functional connectivity in DMN was associated with AHI, ODI, and nadir SaO2 (%) (p < .05) and was not associated with sleep fragmentation measures (p > .05). Functional connectivity that was associated with AHI, ODI, and nadir SaO2 (%) was in the areas of bilateral middle temporal gyri, bilateral frontal pole, and bilateral hippocampus and was positively correlated with Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) total score (ρ = 0.484; p = .012), CASI‐List‐generating, CASI‐Attention, and composite score of CASI‐List‐generating plus CASI‐Attention (p < .05).

Conclusion

Functional connectivity in DMN is implicated in impairment of global cognitive function and of attention in OSA patients. The functional connectivity in the DMN is associated with hypoxemia rather than with sleep fragmentation.
Testing social cognition in multiple sclerosis: Difference between emotion recognition and theory of mind and its influence on quality of life
Authors: Grothe Matthias , Opolka Michael , Berneiser Julia , Dressel Alexander
Published: November 2020

Background

Deficits in social cognition can occur in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and different methods are utilized for its assessment. The aim of this study was to compare two tests of social cognition in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients with respect to other clinical variables. Additionally, the impact of social cognition on quality of life was investigated.

Methods

In total, 50 patients were included in the study. Two tests of social cognition, emotion recognition and theory of mind, were performed and controlled for disease disability, depression, fatigue, and cognition in a multiple linear regression. Assessment of quality of life was also conducted.

Results

Accuracy on emotion recognition was better compared to theory of mind (86.5 ± 9.5% and 63.6 ± 10.1%, respectively). Cognition was associated with both social cognition tasks, accounting for more variance in the emotion recognition task. Quality of life was not related to social cognition.

Conclusion

Studies on social cognition in MS have to keep in mind the higher degree of cognitive influence of emotion recognition compared to theory of mind.
A phase 1 study of combined guadecitabine and cisplatin in platinum refractory germ cell cancer
Authors: Albany Costantine , Fazal Zeeshan , Singh Ratnakar , Bikorimana Emmanuel , Adra Nabil , Hanna Nasser H. , Einhorn Lawrence H. , Perkins Susan M. , Sandusky George E. , Christensen Brock C. , Keer Harold , Fang Fang , Nephew Kenneth P. , Spinella Michael J.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are cured with therapy based on cisplatin, although a clinically significant number of patients are refractory and die of progressive disease. Based on preclinical studies indicating that refractory testicular GCTs are hypersensitive to hypomethylating agents (HMAs), we conducted a phase I trial combining the next‐generation HMA guadecitabine (SGI‐110) with cisplatin in recurrent, cisplatin‐resistant GCT patients.

Methods

Patients with metastatic GCTs were treated for five consecutive days with guadecitabine followed by cisplatin on day 8, for a 28‐day cycle for up to six cycles. The primary endpoint was safety and toxicity including dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD).

Results

The number of patients enrolled was 14. The majority of patients were heavily pretreated. MTD was determined to be 30 mg/m2 guadecitabine followed by 100 mg/m2 cisplatin. The major DLTs were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Three patients had partial responses by RECIST criteria, two of these patients, including one with primary mediastinal disease, completed the study and qualified as complete responses by serum tumor marker criteria with sustained remissions of 5 and 13 months and survival of 16 and 26 months, respectively. The overall response rate was 23%. Three patients also had stable disease indicating a clinical benefit rate of 46%.

Conclusions

The combination of guadecitabine and cisplatin was tolerable and demonstrated activity in patients with platinum refractory germ cell cancer.
A Versatile Nb2O5/SnO2 Heterostructure for Different Environmental Purposes: Water Treatment and Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: A. Rodrigues Thaís , Falsetti Paulo H. E. , Del Duque Douglas M. S. , da Silva Gelson T. S. T. , F. Lopes Osmando , Avansi Waldir , Ribeiro Caue , R. de Mendonça Vagner
Published: November 2020

A versatile Nb2O5/SnO2 heterostructure, adequate for different processes, was successfully synthesized by adding SnO2 to the hydrothermal Nb2O5 synthesis process. The presence of SnO2 dispersed over Nb2O5 did not modify its crystalline structure. On the other hand, the properties of the material were strongly affected by coupling the semiconductors. The heterostructure exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance compared to pure Nb2O5 in the degradation of rhodamine B dye and the amiloride medication under UV radiation, as well as during CO2 photoreduction. Moreover, the heterostructured material was more efficient at removing the cationic species methylene blue dye and Mn (II) from the aqueous solution through adsorption than pure Nb2O5. Its versatility has been explained by reference to the negative surface charge induced by SnO2 and the charge separation in the heterostructure, which increases their lifetimes, making it possible to reach the surface of the material and promote the reaction in the oxidative and reductive processes. Our results indicate that coupled Nb2O5/SnO2 can be a unique platform to different forms of environmental treatment.
Regulating the Catalytic Activity of Pd Nanoparticles by Confinement in Ordered Mesoporous Supports
Authors: Naik Pranjali J. , Chatterjee Puranjan , Chen Shaojiang , Huang Wenyu , Slowing Igor I.
Published: November 2020

Studying structure‐sensitive reactions requires the synthesis of catalytic nanoparticles with precisely controlled sizes. In this work we demonstrate the facile production of size controlled Pd nanoparticles by confinement in the pores of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN). We show that Pd particles 2.1 nm in size have a higher catalytic activity than larger nanoparticles for the Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling between 4’‐bromoacetophenone and phenyl boronic acid and for the hydrogenation of phenol in aqueous phase. The enhanced activity can be explained in terms of increased number of coordinatively unsaturated sites and higher back donation capacity of the small nanoparticles.
Investigating the Formation Mechanism of a Nanoporous Silver Film Electrode with Enhanced Catalytic Activity for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Qian Yao , Xiao Yanjun , Qin Tian , Zhang Fan , Tang Hehua , Liu Yifan , Lin Bo‐Lin
Published: November 2020

Monolithic nanoporous silver (np‐Ag) fabricated by a facile electrochemical method is attractive for electrocatalytic applications. However, the conversion mechanism between Ag and AgCl remains unclear as a result of the lack of appropriate electron microscopy evidence. Herein, systematic scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the surface and cross‐sectional views were carried out during the anodic formation and reduction of the AgCl layer. To avoid the thermal decomposition of AgCl and the destruction of the cross‐sectional morphology, Ar ion polishing at −140 °C under the cooling of liquid N2 was adopted. Our data show that the reduction process of the AgCl layer includes three processes: trigger, expansion, and shrinkage. A funnel‐like transient state was observed for the first time, leading to a new formation mechanism for the resultant np‐Ag. Outstanding performance in electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO was observed for one of the nanoporous Ag films presumably due to its unique nanostructure to promote initial electron transfer and active‐site exposure. The selectivity of CO between −0.31 and −0.56 V was higher than 90 %, and reached a maximum of 96 % at −0.36 V.
Ocular cytology: Diagnostic features and ongoing practices
Authors: Laver Nora M. V.
Published: November 2020

Ocular cytology specimens are small, with limited options for a repeat biopsy. Appropriate handling of these specimens and triaging for ancillary testing can be taxing. In this article, the author reviews a selection of potentially challenging diagnoses and current common practices and methods used in diagnosing ocular diseases by cytology. The majority of cytology specimens submitted for evaluation of ocular diseases can be divided into 3 major categories: surface epithelial corneal and conjunctival cytology samples, intraocular fluids from the anterior (aqueous fluid) or posterior (vitreous fluid) chambers of the eye, and intraocular fine‐needle aspiration specimens. The clinical findings, testing, and cytologic features of ocular surface epithelial infections, inflammations and neoplasia are discussed; and challenges in processing and diagnosing intraocular infections, chronic uveitis, and vitreoretinal lymphoma are reviewed. Novel molecular testing in the cytologic diagnosis and classification of uveal melanoma also is explored. Cytology evaluation of corneal epithelial and stromal cells, anterior chamber and vitreous samples, and fine‐needle aspiration biopsies can provide detailed diagnostic findings to aid in the treatment and follow‐up of patients with ocular diseases.
Structural and functional organization of the lower jaw barrel subfield in rat primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Pellicer‐Morata Violeta , Wang Lie , de Jongh Curry Amy , Tsao Jack W. , Waters Robert S.
Published: November 2020

Barrel subfields in rodent primary somatosensory cortex (SI) are important model systems for studying cortical organization and reorganization. During cortical reorganization that follows limb deafferentation, neurons in deafferented forelimb SI become responsive to previously unexpressed inputs from the lower jaw. Although the lower jaw barrel subfield (LJBSF) is a likely source of the input, this subfield has received little attention. Our aim was to describe the structural and functional organization of the normal LJBSF. To investigate LJBSF organization, a nomenclature for lower jaw skin surface was developed, cytochrome oxidase (CO) was used to label flattened‐cut LJBSF sections, microelectrodes were used to map the lower jaw skin surface representation in SI, and electrolytic lesions, recovered from electrode penetrations, were used to align the physiological map to the underlying barrel map. LJBSF is a tear‐shaped subfield containing approximately 24 barrels, arranged in eight mediolateral rows and a barrel‐free zone capping the anterior border. The representation of the lower jaw skin consisting of chin vibrissae and microvibrissae embedded in common fur is somatotopically organized in a single map in the contralateral SI. This physiological map shows that the activity from the vibrissae aligns with the CO‐staining of the underlying LJBSF. LJBSF barrels receive topographically ordered barrel‐specific input from individual vibrissa and microvibrissae in the lower jaw but not from trident whiskers. The barrel‐free zone receives topographically ordered input from the lower lip. These data demonstrating that the LJBSF is a highly organized subfield are essential for understanding its possible role in cortical reorganization.