bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amended Safety Assessment of Dodecylbenzenesulfonate, Decylbenzenesulfonate, and Tridecylbenzenesulfonate Salts as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Becker Lillian C. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: December 2010

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is one of a group of salts of alkylbenzene sulfonates used in cosmetics as surfactant-cleansing agents. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is soluble in water and partially soluble in alcohol, with dermal absorption dependent on pH. Dodecylbenzenesulfonate salts are not toxic in single-dose oral and dermal animal tests, and no systemic toxicities were observed in repeat-dose dermal animal studies. In dermal animal studies, no evidence of reproductive or developmental toxicity was reported. At 15% concentrations, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was severely irritating to rabbit skin. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that the irritant properties of these ingredients are similar to those of other detergents, with severity dependent on concentration and pH. Products containing these ingredients should be formulated to ensure that the irritancy potential is minimized.
Chitinase effects on immune cell response in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Correale Jorge , Fiol Marcela
Published: December 2010

Background: Recent studies conducted in arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease suggest that chitinases are important in inflammatory processes and tissue remodeling.

Objective: To investigate the role of chitinases in multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO).

Methods: Levels of chitotriosidase, acid mammalian chitinase (AMCase), and chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) were measured using ELISA, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in serum from 24 patients with relapsing remitting (RR) MS, 24 patients with secondary progressive (SP) MS, 12 patients with NMO, 24 patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND), and 24 healthy controls (HCs). The number of anti-MOG cytokine-secreting cells was studied using ELISPOT. Eotaxins, MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 were assessed using ELISA. Cell transmigration was determined using an in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) model, in the presence and absence of chitinases.

Results: CSF chitinase levels were significantly increased in patients with RRMS and NMO compared with HCs and patients with SPMS and OIND. In contrast, no significant differences were detected in serum chitinase levels between groups. Chitinase CSF levels showed correlation with anti-MOG IL-13-producing cells, and eotaxin levels. In vitro experiments showed macrophage chitinase secretion was significantly increased by IL-13, but not by IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, or IFN-γ. Moreover, chitinases enhanced IL-8, RANTES, MCP-1, and eotaxin production, increasing migratory capacity in eosinophils, T cells, and macrophages across an in vitro BBB model.

Conclusions: Chitinases increased in the CSF from patients with NMO in response to IL-13. These enhanced levels could contribute to central nervous system inflammation by increasing immune cell migration across the BBB.
Embodying occupational overuse syndrome
Authors: Jaye Chrystal , Fitzgerald Ruth
Published: December 2010

This article explores the ways in which embodiedness has become problematic for New Zealand sufferers of occupational overuse syndrome (OOS). While successful rehabilitation could lead back to employment, this was based on the biographical continuity of a bodily hexus that ignored persistent pain. The reality of OOS involved a liminal fragility associated with social isolation, loss of identities, pain and functional disability that was incorporated into re-negotiated identities and biographies with the result that respondents became exquisitely self-absorbed, exercising constant bodily surveillance and discipline in order to manage their symptoms.
Some queer questions from a Muslim faith perspective
Authors: Shannahan Dervla Sara
Published: December 2010

A Google search for queer Muslim may retrieve more results now than it did 10 years ago, yet there remains a drought in queer-affirming resources for Muslims. As sexuality finds increasing space on international agendas it seems urgent to consider just what is being said about queer Muslims, and to challenge simplistic answers. This article looks at a rereading of the Qur’anic Lut narrative that provides a crucial resource for queer Muslims. It then offers some questions that arose during my experience of reading it as a woman.
Secularism, religion and ‘progressive’ sex education
Authors: Rasmussen Mary Lou
Published: December 2010

This article engages contemporary debates about the notion of secularism, outside of the field of education. I draw on these debates to consider how ‘progressives’ in sex education in the USA draw on and reinscribe religious/secular divides. I will consider the affinities, prejudices and attachments of scholars who advocate a secular worldview, in the context of sex education, and I will consider some of the consequences that ensue from this way of seeing. My aim is to demonstrate how the notion of secularism works to frame debates within the field of sex education.
Whatever happened to non-monogamies? Critical reflections on recent research and theory
Authors: Barker Meg , Langdridge Darren
Published: December 2010

The last decade has seen an explosion of interest in consensually non-monogamous relationships. This article critically reviews current research and theory in this area, focusing particularly on polyamory, swinging, and gay open relationships. The sociohistorical context in which these forms of relating emerged is considered and discussed in order to better understand why there has been such a significant increase in scholarly work on non-monogamies at this moment. Furthermore, we categorize the extant literature into two groups, ‘celebratory’ and ‘critical’, and argue that such polarization frequently works to reinforce partial and dichotomizing understandings of the topic. Research so far has primarily concentrated on the rules and boundaries which people employ to manage such relationships and we contend that future work needs to pay more attention to diversities of meanings and practices, intersections with other identities and communities, and the troubling of dichotomous understandings.
Media and citizenship: Transnational television cultures reshaping political identities in the European Union
Authors: Slade Christina
Published: December 2010

The EU-funded project entitled Media and Citizenship: Transnational Television Cultures Reshaping Political Identities in Europe provides the first empirical study of viewing of Arabic language television in Europe. These seven papers report on focus groups in seven EU capitals in which Arabic speakers discuss their citizenship in the light of their media use and their adopted national cultures.
Information and Informality: Leaders as Knowledge Brokers in a High-Tech Firm
Authors: Larsson Magnus , Segerstéen Solveig , Svensson Cathrin
Published: December 2010

The article presents an empirical study of informal leadership in an international high-tech company. The empirical work consisted of qualitative observation and shadowing of managers in the company, and a total of 14 interviews. The transcribed fieldnotes and audio recordings of observations and interviews were analyzed thematically, resulting in three central themes: informality, information based authority, and information brokering. The general informal character of interactions at work included a network based information dissemination. In these networks, persons were percieved as informal leaders on the basis of their possession of reliable knowledge in technical as well as organizational domains. The informal leaders engaged in interpretation and brokering of information and knowledge, as well as in mediating strategic values and priorities on both formal and informal arenas. Informal leaders were thus seen to function on the level of the organization as a whole, and in cooperation with formal leaders. Drawing on existing theory of leadership in creative and professional contexts, this cooperation can be specified to concern task structuring. The informal leaders in our study contributed to task structuring through sensemaking activities, while formal leaders focused on aspects such as clarifying output expectations, providing feedback, project structure, and diversity.
Promoting social justice through building healthy relationships: Evaluation of SWOVA’s ‘Respectful Relationships’ program
Authors: Buote Denise , Berglund Patricia
Published: December 2010

This evaluation examines the effectiveness of the Saltspring Women Opposed to Violence and Abuse (SWOVA) Community Development and Research Society’s ‘Respectful Relationships’ (R+R) program. R+R is a school—community partnership program that focuses on youth development of social competencies that underlie social justice. Youth in Grades 6—12, from seven school districts located in British Columbia, Canada participated in the evaluation of this program through pre- and post-test surveys. Results revealed significant gains across all 12 social-emotional competencies from pre- to post-program when the whole sample was considered. A closer examination revealed statistically significant gender differences that emerged on a small number of dimensions. Youth also provided their feedback on the overall experience of participating in the R+R program which indicated high levels of enjoyment and learning from the program.
We cannot teach what we don’t know: Indiana teachers talk about global citizenship education
Authors: Rapoport Anatoli
Published: December 2010

Globalization significantly influences the very notion of citizenship by challenging the key principle of citizenship as idiosyncratically nation or nation-state related concept.Therefore, the discourse of global citizenship is getting more attention in programmatic educational texts and curricula. However, unlike their colleagues in Europe, Canada or South-East Asia, US educators are still less enthusiastic about introducing the concept of global citizenship in their classrooms. This study investigates how Indiana teachers conceptualize global citizenship and what in their opinions is impeding global perspectives on citizenship education in schools. In general, this research supports the findings of other studies that (1) teachers tend to rationalize the unfamiliar concept of global citizenship through more familiar concepts and discourses and (2) educators need more rigorous assistance to teach emerging types of citizenship. The study demonstrates that despite the fact that participants rarely use the term global citizenship in their instruction, they provide rationales that correspond to the notion of global citizenship.
Effect of B-cell depletion using anti-CD20 therapy on inhibitory antibody formation to human FVIII in hemophilia A mice
Authors: Zhang Ai-Hong , Skupsky Jonathan , Scott David W.
Published: December 2010

We herein tested the effect of B-cell depletion on tolerance induction to factor VIII (FVIII) in a mouse model of hemophilia A. Two subclasses of anti–mouse CD20 monoclonal antibodies with differential depletion effects were used. Thus, IgG1 anti-CD20 selectively depleted follicular B cells and spared marginal zone B cells, whereas IgG2a anti-CD20 efficiently depleted both. In FVIII primed mice, a single dose of either IgG1 or IgG2a anti-CD20 pretreatment prevented the increase in inhibitor formation in the majority of treated mice by subsequent daily, high-dose FVIII intravenous injection as a model for immune tolerance induction. However, the IgG1, but not the IgG2a, anti-CD20 pretreatment led to a significant increase of regulatory T cells in the spleen. Importantly, 3 months after the partial B-cell depletion with IgG1 anti-CD20, the FVIII-specific hyporesponsive state remained. We suggest a tolerogenic role of the remaining marginal zone B cells as a potential mechanism for anti-CD20 therapy.
Policy initiative to improve access to psychological services for people with affective and anxiety disorders: population-level analysis
Authors: Harris Meredith G. , Burgess Philip M. , Pirkis Jane E. , Slade Tim N. , Whiteford Harvey A.
Published: December 2010

Background

In 2006, Australia introduced new publicly funded psychological services for people with affective and anxiety disorders (the Better Access programme). Despite massive uptake, it has been suggested that Better Access is selectively treating socioeconomically advantaged people, including some who do not warrant treatment, and people already receiving equivalent services.

Aims

To explore potential disparities in Better Access treatment using epidemiological data from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing.

Method

Logistic regression analyses examined patterns and correlates of service use in two populations: people who used the new psychological services in the previous 12 months; and people with any ICD–10 12-month affective and anxiety disorder, regardless of service use.

Results

Most (93.2%) Better Access psychological services users had a 12-month ICD–10 mental disorder or another indicator of treatment need. Better Access users without affective or anxiety disorders were not more socioeconomically advantaged, and received less treatment than those with these disorders. Among the population with affective or anxiety disorders, non-service users were less likely to have a severe disorder and more likely to have anxiety disorder, without a comorbid affective disorder, than Better Access users. Better Access users comprised more new allied healthcare recipients than other service users. A substantial minority of non-service users (13.5%) had severe disorders, but most did not perceive a need for treatment.

Conclusions

Better Access does not appear to be overservicing individuals without potential need or contributing to social inequalities in mental healthcare. It appears to be reaching people who have not previously received psychological care. Treatment rates could be improved for some people with anxiety disorders.
Mechanism of Action of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 to Increase IGF-I mRNA in Intestinal Subepithelial Fibroblasts
Authors: Leen Jason L. S. , Izzo Angelo , Upadhyay Chandani , Rowland Katherine J. , Dubé Philip E. , Gu Steven , Heximer Scott P. , Rhodes Christopher J. , Storm Daniel R. , Lund P. Kay , Brubaker Patricia L.
Published: December 2010

IGF-I, a known secretory product of intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs), is essential for the intestinotropic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). Furthermore, GLP-2 increases IGF-I mRNA transcript levels in vitro in heterogeneous fetal rat intestinal cultures, as well as in vivo in the rodent small intestine. To determine the mechanism underlying the stimulatory effect of GLP-2 on intestinal IGF-I mRNA, murine ISEMF cells were placed into primary culture. Immunocytochemistry showed that the ISEMF cells appropriately expressed α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin but not desmin. The cells also expressed GLP-2 receptor and IGF-I mRNA transcripts. Treatment of ISEMF cells with (Gly2)GLP-2 induced IGF-I mRNA transcripts by up to 5-fold of basal levels after treatment with 10−8m GLP-2 for 2 h (P < 0.05) but did not increase transcript levels for other intestinal growth factors, such as ErbB family members. Immunoblot revealed a 1.6-fold increase in phospho (p)-Akt/total-(t)Akt with 10−8m GLP-2 treatment (P < 0.05) but no changes in cAMP, cAMP-dependent β-galactosidase expression, pcAMP response element-binding protein/tcAMP response element-binding protein, pErk1/2/tErk1/2, or intracellular calcium. Furthermore, pretreatment of ISEMF cells with the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, abrogated the IGF-I mRNA response to GLP-2, as did overexpression of kinase-dead Akt. The role of PI3K/Akt in GLP-2-induced IGF-I mRNA levels in the murine jejunum was also confirmed in vivo. These findings implicate the PI3K/Akt pathway in the stimulatory effects of GLP-2 to enhance intestinal IGF-I mRNA transcript levels and provide further evidence in support of a role for IGF-I produced by the ISEMF cells in the intestinotropic effects of GLP-2.
NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Decidualization of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells in Response to Cyclic AMP Signaling
Authors: Al-Sabbagh Marwa , Fusi Luca , Higham Jenny , Lee Yun , Lei Kaiyu , Hanyaloglu Aylin C. , Lam Eric W.-F. , Christian Mark , Brosens Jan J.
Published: December 2010

Differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells into specialized decidual cells is critical for embryo implantation and survival of the conceptus. Initiation of this differentiation process is strictly dependent on elevated cAMP levels, but the signal intermediates that control the expression of decidual marker genes, such as prolactin (PRL) and IGFBP1, remain poorly characterized. Here we show that cAMP-dependent decidualization can be attenuated or enhanced upon treatment of primary cultures with a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor (diphenylen iodonium) or activator (apocynin), respectively. Time-course analysis demonstrated that cAMP enhances endogenous reactive oxygen species production, apparent after 12 h of stimulation, which coincides with a dramatic increase in decidual PRL and IGFBP1 expression. Knockdown of the Rho GTPase RAC1, which disables activation of the NADPH oxidase homologs NADPH oxidase (NOX)-1, NOX-2, and NOX-3, had no effect on PRL or IGFBP1 expression. In contrast, silencing of NOX-4, or its cofactor p22PHOX, inhibited the expression of both decidual markers. Finally, we show that the NOX-4/p22PHOX complex regulates the DNA-binding activity of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β, a key regulator of human endometrial stromal cell differentiation. Thus, NOX-4 activation and reactive oxygen species signaling play an integral role in initiating the endometrial decidual response in preparation of pregnancy.
The Role of the Medial and Central Amygdala in Stress-Induced Suppression of Pulsatile LH Secretion in Female Rats
Authors: Lin Yuanshao , Li Xiaofeng , Lupi Micol , Kinsey-Jones James S. , Shao Bei , Lightman Strafford L. , O'Byrne Kevin T.
Published: December 2010

Stress exerts profound inhibitory effects on reproductive function by suppressing the pulsatile release of GnRH and therefore LH. Although the mechanisms by which stressors disrupt the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator remain to be fully elucidated, numerous studies have implicated the amygdala, especially its medial (MeA) and central nuclei (CeA), as key modulators of the neuroendocrine response to stress. In the present study, we investigated the roles of the MeA and CeA in stress-induced suppression of LH pulses. Ovariectomized rats received bilateral ibotenic acid or sham lesions targeting the MeA or CeA; blood samples (25 μl) were taken via chronically implanted cardiac catheters every 5 min for 6 h for the measurement of LH pulses. After 2 h of baseline sampling, the rats were exposed to either: restraint (1 h), insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) (0.3 U/kg, iv), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (25 μg/kg, iv) stress. The restraint but not IIH or LPS stress–induced suppression of LH pulses was markedly attenuated by the MeA lesions. In contrast, CeA lesioning attenuated LPS, but not restraint or IIH stress–induced suppression of LH pulses. Moreover, after restraint stress, the number of Fos-positive neurons and the percentage of glutamic acid decarboxylase67 neurons expressing Fos was significantly greater in the GnRH-rich medial preoptic area (mPOA) of rats with intact, rather than lesioned, MeA. These data indicate that the MeA and CeA play key roles in psychogenic and immunological stress-induced suppression of the GnRH pulse generator, respectively, and the MeA-mediated effect may involve γ-aminobutyric acid ergic signaling within the mPOA.
Change in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Estradiol Across the Menopausal Transition: Effect of Age at the Final Menstrual Period
Authors: Randolph John F. , Zheng Huiyong , Sowers MaryFran R. , Crandall Carolyn , Crawford Sybil , Gold Ellen B. , Vuga Marike
Published: December 2010

Background and Objective:

To determine whether patterns of change in serum estradiol (E2) and FSH across the menopausal transition were associated with age at the final menstrual period (FMP).

Design and Setting:

The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is a seven-site, multiethnic, longitudinal study of the menopausal transition being conducted in 3302 menstruating women who were aged 42–52 yr at the 1996 study baseline.

Measurements:

Annually collected serum was assayed for E2 and FSH levels. Patterns of hormone change were evaluated in the 1215 women with a documented natural FMP by follow-up visit 9 (2006) using semiparametric stochastic and piecewise linear mixed modeling.

Results:

The FSH pattern across the menopausal transition began with an increase 6.10 yr before the FMP, an acceleration 2.05 yr before the FMP, deceleration beginning 0.20 yr before the FMP, and attainment of stable levels 2.00 yr after the FMP, independent of age at the FMP, race/ethnicity, or smoking status. Obesity attenuated the FSH rise and delayed the initial increase to 5.45 yr before the FMP. The mean E2 concentration did not change until 2.03 yr before the FMP when it began decreasing, achieving maximal rate of change at the FMP, then decelerating to achieve stability 2.17 yr after the FMP. Obesity, smoking behavior, and being Chinese or Japanese were associated with some variation in E2 levels but not the pattern of E2 change.

Conclusions:

Time spans and overall patterns of change in serum FSH and E2 across the menopausal transition were not related to age at FMP or smoking, whereas time spans but not overall patterns were related to obesity and race/ethnicity.
Regulated Crb accumulation controls apical constriction and invagination inDrosophilatracheal cells
Authors: Letizia Annalisa , Sotillos Sol , Campuzano Sonsoles , Llimargas Marta
Published: December 2010

Many epithelial tissues undergo extensive remodelling during morphogenesis. How their epithelial features, such as apicobasal polarity or adhesion, are maintained and remodelled and how adhesion and polarity proteins contribute to morphogenesis are two important questions in development. Here, we approach these issues by investigating the role of the apical determinant protein Crumbs (Crb) during the morphogenesis of the embryonic Drosophila tracheal system. Crb accumulates differentially throughout tracheal development and is required for different tracheal events. The earliest requirement for Crb is for tracheal invagination, which is preceded by an enhanced accumulation of Crb in the invagination domain. There, Crb, acting in parallel with the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) pathway, is required for tracheal cell apical constriction and for organising an actomyosin complex, which we propose is mediated by Crb recruitment of moesin (Moe). The ability of a Crb isoform unable to rescue polarity in crb mutants to otherwise rescue their invagination phenotype, and the converse inability of a FERM-binding domain mutant Crb to rescue faulty invagination, support our hypothesis that it is the absence of Crb-dependent Moe enrichment, and not the polarity defect, that mainly underlies the crb invagination phenotype. This hypothesis is supported by the phenotype of lethal giant larvae (lgl); crb double mutants. These results unveil a link between Crb and the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton during morphogenesis.
Fabrication of Acid-tolerant Magnetic Co@SiO2 Core–Shell Particles with Dense Silica Shell
Authors: Okada Tomohiko , Watanabe Nodoka , Sakai Toshio , Haeiwa Tetsuji , Mishima Shozi
Published: December 2010

Cobalt particles occluded in hollow silica with dense shell were fabricated. Hollow polyalkylsiloxane microspheres containing cobalt oxide were prepared from W/O emulsion of aqueous cobalt nitrate and alkylsilyl trichloride isooctane solution. The particles were then reduced and finally heated in nitrogen. The resulting particles were magnetic and acid-tolerant.
Can we predict mathematical learning disabilities from symbolic and non‐symbolic comparison tasks in kindergarten? Findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Desoete Annemie , Ceulemans Annelies , De Weerdt Frauke , Pieters Stefanie
Published: December 2010

Background.  The ability to compare numbers, as the most basic form of number sense, has been related to arithmetical achievement.

Aims.  The current study addressed the predictive value of non‐symbolic and symbolic (number word (NW) and Arabic number (AN)) comparison for arithmetics by means of a longitudinal design.

Sample.  Sixteen children with mathematical disabilities (MD), 64 low achievers (LA), and 315 typical achieving (TA) children were followed from kindergarten till grade 2.

Method.  The association of comparison skills with arithmetical skills in grades l and 2 was studied. The performances of MD, LA and TA children were compared.

Results.  Regression analyses showed that non‐symbolic skills in kindergarten were predictively related to arithmetical achievement 1 year later and fact retrieval 2 years later. AN comparison was predictively related to procedural calculation 2 years later. In grade 2, there was an association between both symbolic tasks and arithmetical achievement. Children with MD already had deficits in non‐symbolic and symbolic AN comparison in kindergarten, whereas in grade 2 the deficits in processing symbolic information remained.

Conclusions.  The combination of non‐symbolic and symbolic deficits represents a risk of developing MD.
Prevention of school bullying: The important role of autonomy‐supportive teaching and internalization of pro‐social values
Authors: Roth Guy , Kanat‐Maymon Yaniv , Bibi Uri
Published: December 2010

Background.  This study examined students’ perceptions of autonomy‐supportive teaching (AST) and its relations to internalization of pro‐social values and bullying in class.

Aims.  We hypothesized that: (1) teachers’ AST, which involves provision of rationale and taking the student's perspective, would relate positively to students’ identified internalization of considerateness towards classmates, and would relate negatively to external regulation (considerateness to obtain rewards or avoid punishments); (2) students’ identified regulation would relate negatively to self‐reported bullying in class, whereas external regulation would relate positively to bullying; and (3) the relation between teachers’ AST and student bullying would be mediated by students’ identification with the value of considerateness towards others.

Sample.  The sample consisted of 725 junior high school students (50% females) in Grades 7 and 8 from 27 classes in four schools serving students from lower‐middle to middle‐class socioeconomic backgrounds.

Method.  The participants completed questionnaires assessing the variables of interest.

Results.  Correlational analysis supported the hypotheses. Moreover, mediational analyses using hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) demonstrated that identified regulation mediates the negative relation between AST and self‐reported bullying in class. The mediational hypothesis was supported at the between‐class level and at the within‐class level.

Conclusions.  The findings suggest that school policy aimed at bullying reduction should go beyond external control that involves external rewards and sanctions and should help teachers acquire autonomy‐supportive practices focusing on students’ meaningful internalization.
Teachers’ use of fear appeals in the Mathematics classroom: Worrying or motivating students?
Authors: Putwain David W. , Symes Wendy
Published: December 2010

Aim. This study examined whether teachers’ use of fear appeals in the classroom, attempts to motivate students to perform well in high‐stakes examinations by highlighting the educational, and/or occupational consequences of failure did indeed motivate students or whether it contributed to an increase in worry, anxiety, and fear of failure.

Sample. A total of 132 secondary school students.

Method. Self‐report data were collected for teachers’ use of fear appeals, test anxiety, and achievement goals in the context of Mathematics at the end of Years 10 and 11, the final 2 years of compulsory schooling.

Results.  The frequency with which teachers were reported to make fear appeals was unrelated to future test anxiety and achievement goals. When fear appeals were perceived to be threatening, however, they were related to an increase in the worry and tension components of test anxiety and increases in performance‐avoidance and mastery‐approach goals.

Conclusion. Fear appeals appear to have competing positive and negative outcomes, resulting in both anxiety and a fear of failure, and a mastery‐approach goal.
Chance‐corrected measures for 2 × 2 tables that coincide with weighted kappa
Authors: Warrens Matthijs J.
Published: December 2010

Cohen's kappa is presently a standard tool for the analysis of agreement in a 2 × 2 reliability study, and weighted kappa is a standard statistic for summarizing a 2 × 2 validity study. The special cases of weighted kappa, for example Cohen's kappa, are chance‐corrected measures of association. For various measures of 2 × 2 association it has been observed in the literature that, after correction for chance, they coincide with a special case of weighted kappa. This paper presents the general function, linear in both numerator and denominator, that becomes weighted kappa after correction for chance.
Drawing the line: Drawing and construction strategies for simple and complex figures in Williams syndrome and typical development
Authors: Hudson Kerry D. , Farran Emily K.
Published: December 2010

In the typical population, a series of drawing strategies have been outlined, which progressively emerge during childhood. Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a rare genetic disorder, produce drawings that lack cohesion, yet drawing strategies in this group have hitherto not been investigated. In this study, WS and typically developing (TD) groups drew and constructed (from pre‐drawn lines and shapes) a series of intersecting and embedded figures. Participants with WS made use of the same strategies as the TD group for simple intersecting figures, though were less likely to use a typical strategy for more complex figures that contained many spatial relations. When replicating embedded shapes, the WS group used typical drawing strategies less frequently than the TD group, despite attempting to initiate a strategy that is observed in TD children. Results suggested that individuals with WS show a particular difficulty with replicating figures that include multiple spatial relations. The impact of figure complexity and task demands on performance are discussed.
Situation‐sensitive use of insincerity: Pathways to communication in young children
Authors: Airenti Gabriella , Angeleri Romina
Published: December 2010

The present research focused on the development of children's ability to spontaneously suspend sincerity or tell a lie according to different communicative contexts. The issue of sincerity in communication is rather complex since in everyday interactions sincerity is expected, while there are specific communicative acts where sincerity is not prescribed or even banished. This study investigated how children (N= 80, ranging in age from 3 to 6.5 years) handled communications involving insincerity: fantasy stories, lies, and politeness situations. The results showed that the ability to deal with insincerity emerges gradually during the preschool years with an increasing trend of difficulty, from fantasy to politeness situations, and a notable amount of variability not equally distributed among the tasks.
Young children's racial awareness and affect and their perceptions about mothers’ racial affect in a multiracial context
Authors: Lam Virginia , Guerrero Silvia , Damree Natasha , Enesco Ileana
Published: December 2010

There is a substantial literature documenting pre‐schoolers’ racial awareness and affect from multiracial societies in North America and a fast‐growing body of work from societies that are or were once more racially homogeneous. However, studies in Britain, a racially diverse society, on this developmental period have been curiously rare. This study examined racial awareness and affect of 125 White, Black, and Asian 3‐—to 5‐year‐olds in London. Children were tested on cognitive level, person description and classification, race labelling and matching, self‐categorization and asked about their racial preference and rejection and inferences about their mothers’ preference and rejection. Children were least likely to use race versus other categorical cues to spontaneously describe or classify others, even though the majority correctly sorted others by race labels, matched them to drawings, and categorized themselves by race. With age and increasing cognitive level, children described and categorized others by race more and improved in race matching. White children from age 4 preferred White peers and inferred that their mothers would prefer White children at age 5. Children's own preference and inference about mothers are related. Children did not show race‐based rejection, but boys inferred that their mothers would prefer White children and reject Black children. The findings are discussed in relation to racial salience between contexts, previous research, and theories.
Destruction of soluble organics generated during the dissolution of sintered uranium carbide by mediated electrochemical oxidation process
Authors: Sini K. , Mishra Satyabrata , Lawrence Falix , Mallika C. , Koganti S. B.
Published: December 2010

The destruction of soluble carbonaceous compounds formed during the dissolution of sintered uranium mono carbide pellets in 11.5 M nitric acid at 65 °C has been investigated by employing mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) method, in which process 0.05 and 0.01 M Ag(II) and 0.1 and 0.06 M Ce(IV) were used as the regenerable catalysts. The current density and temperature of the process for maximum destruction efficiency were optimized to be 25 mA/cm2and 75 °C respectively. The electro-oxidation behaviour of the mediator ions Ag(II) and Ce(IV) with respect to their concentration in the removal of organics and the dependence of temperature on the stabilities of the two electrochemical catalysts were compared. The effect of fission product elements in a synthetic dissolver solution on the performance of Ag(II) mediator in oxidizing the carbon content was discussed. The destruction efficiency of MEO process in eliminating the soluble organics was ascertained to be better than that of direct electrochemical oxidation method as well as prolonged oxidation of the organics with concentrated nitric acid.
Sorption of radiocesium from liquid radioactive waste on clay and immobilization by baking the clay at elevated temperature
Authors: Rashid Farooq , Ghaffar Abdul
Published: December 2010

The cesium-137 is the most problematic radionuclide in the radioactive wastes. It belongs to the IA group of the periodic table, highly reactive towards water and has very high mobility. Due to beta and gamma radiation hazards of radiocesium its decontamination and disposal requires some special tools and techniques. In this study globules of clay material was used for the removal of cesium from low level liquid radioactive wastes and further processed for immobilization. The aim of this study was to assess the solidification and immobilization of secondary waste. The secondary waste, after sorption of cesium from the liquid radioactive waste generated at this institute, was found compatible to the cement matrix used for the cementation process. The procedure for immobilization of low level radioactive waste with cementation using vitreous clay material as an additive was developed.
Voter Turnout in Japan: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the 2005 and 2009 General Elections
Authors: Jou Willy
Published: December 2010

This study examines the effects of socio-demographic and political factors on district level turnout in the 2005 and 2009 Japanese general elections. Results show that marginality is a strong predictor of turnout, while the effects of age structure, joblessness, and primary sector employment vary across elections.
Urban Renewal of Traditional Settlements in Singapore and Malaysia: The Cases of Geylang Serai and Kampung Bharu
Authors: Alhabshi Sharifah Mariam
Published: December 2010

Urban renewal is paradoxical. When it happens, someone inevitably will be made worse off despite the inherent implication that "renewal" must be beneficial. This article examines urban renewal in two Malay urban settlements, Kampung Bharu in Malaysia and Geylang Serai in Singapore, comparing and contrasting their development trajectories.
Taiwan's Foreign Aid and Technical Assistance in the Marshall Islands
Authors: Chien Shiuh-Shen , Yang Tzu-Po , Wu Yi-Chen
Published: December 2010

This paper focuses on Taiwan's aid to the Marshall Islands. Three types of Taiwanese aid are discussed: as part of the Marshall Islands trust fund, as part of the Marshall Islands governmental budget, and the Taiwan Technical Mission. While Taiwan's aid plays a role in upgrading agricultural and rural development, it is also embroiled in controversies such as mixed local empowerment and constraints by the Cold War legacy.
The Rake's Progress and Stravinsky's Return: The Composer's Evolving Approach to Setting Text
Authors: Carter Chandler
Published: December 2010

Stravinsky has a deserved reputation for manipulating the sound of words, which, among other factors, has given rise to accusations of “antihumanism” against the composer and his music. However, close analysis of the opera The Rake's Progress (1948–51) shows that Stravinsky actually takes care to set the text intelligibly, and at certain moments, even expressively. By analyzing metric displacement and motivic development as it evolved from the composer's earlier neoclassical settings—including Oedipus Rex (1927), the Symphony of Psalms (1930), and Perséphone (1934)—through his first efforts at serial composition in the Cantata (1952), this article contextualizes the seemingly anomalous expressiveness in The Rake's Progress. Discovery of this evolution in his approach to setting text also entails a reassessment of the composer's aesthetic concerns.
Cinema as Cultural Translation: The Production of Vietnam in Trẩn Anh Hùng's Cyclo
Authors: Barnes Leslie
Published: December 2010

This article examines Trẩn Anh Hùng's Cyclo (1995) as a work of cinematic autoethnography, that is, as a record of Vietnamese culture reflected not in the "objective" detailing of behavior but in a creative assemblage, or montage, of cultural codes. After addressing the question of fiction and ethnography, I examine the film's formal translation of the verbal and nonverbal signs that traditional ethnographic approaches would conserve in written form. By encouraging confusion and ongoing creative recombination, Trẩn Anh Hùng's film questions not only the possibility of a faithful rendering of one's culture, but the very existence of an original to be rendered.
Evolução eletrencefalográfica em mulheres com epilepsia de difícil controle
Authors: Azoubel Ana Cláudia S.G.B. , Silveira Diosely C. , Guerreiro Carlos A.M.
Published: December 2010

Foram revistos 444 traçados eletrencefalográfícos realizados durante o acompanhamento de 62 mulheres do Ambulatório de Epilepsia Catamenial do Hospital das Clínicas da UNICAMP com diagnóstico de epilepsia de difícil controle, que compareceram a esse ambulatório regularmente por um período mínimo de cinco anos. Dos 350 (78,84%) traçados anormais, 273 mostraram atividade epileptiforme e 77 anormalidades "não-epileptiformes". Segundo definições adotadas em relação à frequência das crises, encontramos 18 pacientes (29%) que apresentavam crises frequentes, 16 (25,8%) com crises muito frequentes, 12 (19,3%) com crises esporádicas e 16 (25,8%) com crises que se tornaram controladas durante o período de acompanhamento. Em relação aos achados de EEG, quatro pacientes (6,5%) mostraram EEGs sempre normais, 30 (48,4%) tiveram EEGs normais e anormais e 28 (45,2%) apenas EEGs anormais. Entre aquelas cujos EEGs sempre foram normais, duas estavam com crises controladas, uma com crises esporádicas e uma com crises frequentes. Das 30 pacientes com EEGs normais e anormais, 10 estavam controladas, 5 tinham crises esporádicas, 9 tinham crises frequentes e 6 tinham crises muito frequentes. No grupo de pacientes com EEGs sempre anormais, 4 estavam controladas, 6 tinham crises esporádicas, 8 tinham crises frequentes e 10 tinham crises muito frequentes. Em relação ao último EEG, ele foi normal em 7 (43,7%) das 16 pacientes que estavam controladas, em 3 (25%) das 12 pacientes com crises esporádicas, em 7 (38,9%) das 18 pacientes com crises frequentes e em nenhuma das pacientes com crises muito frequentes. Os pacientes que persistem com EEGs normais parecem ter melhor evolução que aqueles que persistem com EEGs anormais. Pela análise deste estudo, pode-se sugerir um papel relativo do EEG quanto ao prognóstico a longo prazo no controle das crises epilépticas, pois as pacientes que persistiram com EEGs normais aparentemente tiveram evolução clínica mais favorável que aquelas que persistiram com os EEGs alterados.
Toxina botulínica no blefaroespasmo, no espasmo hemifacial e na distonia cervical: resultados em 33 pacientes
Authors: Novis Sérgio Ap. , Mattos James Pitágoras de , Rosso Ana Lúcia Zuma de
Published: December 2010

Avaliamos os resultados terapêuticos obtidos com o emprego de toxina botulínica do tipo A em 33 pacientes com distonia (12 com blefaroespamo; 10 com espasmo hemifacial e 11 com torcicolo espasmódico). Utilizamos uma escala de pontuação de gravidade antes de cada aplicação, sendo reavaliados duas semanas após, seguindo a mesma escala. Entre os com blefaroespasmo, oito eram mulheres e quatro homens; a média de idade foi 57,7 anos; a média do tempo de doença de quatro anos; três tinham história similar na família; nove eram essenciais e três fizeram uso de neurolépticos (distonia tardia). A dose média empregada ficou em 51,3 U, com a duração média do efeito benéfico de 2,8 meses. Do total de 22 aplicações (injeções e reinjeções), 14 (63,7%) tiveram resultado ótimo, 5 (22,7%) bom e três (13,6%) nulo. Naqueles com espasmo hemifacial, oito eram mulheres e dois homens; a média de idade foi 52,6 anos; a média do tempo de doença 7,4 anos; oito eram essenciais e dois pós-páralíticos. A dose média empregada ficou em 32 U. Do total de 15 aplicações, todos (100%) tiveram resultado ótimo, com a duração média do efeito benéfico de 3,4 meses. Nos pacientes com distonia cervical, oito eram homens e três mulheres; a média de idade foi 44,2 anos; a média do tempo de doença 12,2 anos; seis eram essenciais, três fizeram uso de neuroléptico e dois tinham história familiar. A dose média empregada ficou em 238,6 U, com a duração média do efeito benéfico de 4,7 meses. Do total de 20 aplicações, 18 (90%) tiveram resultado bom, 1 (5%) regular e 1 (5%) nulo. Ptose palpebral, paresia facial e disfagia foram os efeitos colaterais mais encontrados. Concluímos que a toxina botulínica revelou-se eficaz no tratamento destas condições.
Avaliação orofacial através de uma escala de pontuação em pacientes com distrofia miotônica. (doença de Steinert)
Authors: Noronha Cristiane Ferreira Da Costa , Duro Luiz Antonio Alves
Published: December 2010

Foi aplicado o exame orofacial em um grupo de 39 pacientes com distrofia miotônica através de uma tabela original de pontuação. O grupo apresentou queda de 43,70% em relação ao normal. O desempenho do grupo em que a doença foi transmitida pela mãe foi 4,15% superior ao de transmissão paterna. Na análise dos grupos separados por sexo e pareados pela mesma idade na época do exame, o feminino foi 6,16% superior ao masculino. Nos grupos separados por transmissor do gene, quando o pareamento se deu pelo mesmo tempo de doença, o grupo de transmissão materna obteve percentual 3,63 superior ao da paterna. Porém, quando considerados apenas os que já nasceram doentes, o sexo masculino alcançou 3,91% a mais que o feminino e o da herança materna superou o da paterna em 9,52%. Na investigação dos grupos separados por décadas, quando considerada a idade de início dos sintomas, houve tendência a aumento do percentual à medida que as décadas iam se sucedendo. Quando enfocada a idade do paciente ao ser examinado, houve relativa estabilidade no desempenho e, quando considerado o tempo de doença, o percentual diminuiu da la. para a 2a. década de 10,68%, com tendência a estabilização a partir de então. Isto sugeriu que, fonoaudiologicamente, a doença é menos intensa nos pacientes cujos sintomas não se iniciaram no nascimento, têm menos de 10 anos de tempo de doença e início mais tardio dos sintomas.
Eletromiograma de superfície durante stress experimental como subsídio no diagnóstico da cefaléia tensional: resultados em 100 casos
Authors: Jordy Ceme Ferreira
Published: December 2010

Eletromiograma de superfície foi realizado no crânio e pescoço, durante stress provocado por frio, em 100 pacientes sofrendo cefaléia crônica isolada. Os resultados de diagnóstico obtidos com a eletromiografia revelaram erro de 24% a 32% na avaliação clínica da cefaléia tensional segundo os critérios anamnésicos referendados pelo Comitê de Classificação das Cefaléias, da Sociedade Internacional de Cefaléia (1988). A eletromiografia durante stress é proposta como novo critério de diagnóstico da Cefaléia tensional.
Neurossífilis atípica: Relato de caso
Authors: Gastal Fábio Leite , Leite Sérgio Soares Olivé , Carnieletto Gládis Elaine , Carnieletto Junior Ary , Tomaschewski Netto Guilherme , Bacelo Ana Paula , Gastal Cláudio Leite
Published: December 2010

O presente estudo é baseado na observação de um caso de neurossífilis no serviço de internação da Clínica Olivé Leite em agosto-1992. A paciente, do sexo feminino e com 31 anos de idade, foi admitida por apresentar quadro de psicose orgânica no qual predominavam sintomas de tipo deterioração cognitiva (síndrome demencial), associados a elementos paranoides (alucinações e delírios). A investigação diagnóstica evidenciou testes imunológicos positivos para sífilis no sangue e no LCR. Destaca-se este caso pelos seguintes aspectos peculiares: forma da apresentação clínica, gravidade dos sintomas (amaurose e severo déficit cognitivo), sexo, idade e por ser este o primeiro caso diagnosticado no serviço desde 1968 (data do último registro de caso de neurossífilis no seu Banco de Dados). Após penicilinoterapia e seguimento de 9 meses, a paciente apresenta algumas melhoras, caracterizadas por: diminuição da sintomatologia produtiva de tipo alucinatória e delirante, diminuição do déficit cognitivo em termos de orientação e maior produtividade nas atividades sociais e comportamentais.
Central and peripheral nervous complications of dental treatment
Authors: Rossitti Eva Olovsson
Published: December 2010

This review outlines the complications involving the central or peripheral nervous system arising from dental procedures reported in the last decade. By far the commonest complications were related to intraoperative mechanical peripheral nerve injury. Trauma to branches of the mandibular nerve occuring during oral operations may potentially result in varying degrees of hypoesthesia, paresthesia, dysesthesia or in chronic pain syndromes. An increase in malpractice suits related to such a complication has been recognized in the late years. A warning of the possibility of occurrence of this complication should to be given to all patients undergoing risky procedures as part of the process of obtaining informed consent to operation. Mandibular third molar extraction seems to be alone the most hazardous procedure related to mechanical nerve injuries and also with anesthesiological accidents. Severe but rather infrequent infectious (meningitis, brain abscess and cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis) and anesthesiological complications (occular and facial palsies, optic nerve injury and complications related to general anesthesia) were also reported in this period.