bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Going virtual: mixed methods evaluation of online versus in-person learning in the NIH mixed methods research training program retreat
Authors: Gallo Joseph J. , Murray Sarah M. , Creswell John W. , Deutsch Charles , Guetterman Timothy C.
Published: August 2024

Background

Despite the central role of mixed methods in health research, studies evaluating online methods training in the health sciences are nonexistent. The focused goal was to evaluate online training by comparing the self-rated skills of scholars who experienced an in-person retreat to scholars in an online retreat in specific domains of mixed methods research for the health sciences from 2015–2023.

Methods

The authors administered a scholar Mixed Methods Skills Self-Assessment instrument based on an educational competency scale that included domains on: “research questions,” “design/approach,” “sampling,” “analysis,” and “dissemination” to participants of the Mixed Methods Research Training Program for the Health Sciences (MMRTP). Self-ratings on confidence on domains were compared before and after retreat participation within cohorts who attended in person (n = 73) or online (n = 57) as well as comparing across in-person to online cohorts. Responses to open-ended questions about experiences with the retreat were analyzed.

Results

Scholars in an interactive program to improve mixed methods skills reported significantly increased confidence in ability to define or explain concepts and in ability to apply the concepts to practical problems, whether the program was attended in-person or synchronously online. Scholars in the online retreat had self-rated skill improvements as good or better than scholars who participated in person. With the possible exception of networking, scholars found the online format was associated with advantages such as accessibility and reduced burden of travel and finding childcare. No differences in difficulty of learning concepts was described.

Conclusions

Keeping in mind that the retreat is only one component of the MMRTP, this study provides evidence that mixed methods training online was associated with the same increases in self-rated skills as persons attending online and can be a key component to increasing the capacity for mixed methods research in the health sciences.
Viscoelastic properties of colorectal liver metastases reflect tumour cell viability
Authors: Skrip Lisa-Marie , Moosburner Simon , Tang Peter , Guo Jing , Görner Steffen , Tzschätzsch Heiko , Brüggemann Kristin , Walter Kilian Alexander , Hosse Clarissa , Fehrenbach Uli , Arnold Alexander , Modest Dominik , Krenzien Felix , Schöning Wenzel , Malinka Thomas , Pratschke Johann , Papke Björn , Käs Josef A. , Sack Ingolf , Sauer Igor M. , Hillebrandt Karl H.
Published: August 2024

Background

Colorectal cancer is the third most common tumour entity in the world and up to 50% of the patients develop liver metastases (CRLM) within five years. To improve and personalize therapeutic strategies, new diagnostic tools are urgently needed. For instance, biomechanical tumour properties measured by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) could be implemented as such a diagnostic tool. We postulate that ex vivo MRE combined with histological and radiological evaluation of CRLM could provide biomechanics-based diagnostic markers for cell viability in tumours.

Methods

34 CRLM specimens from patients who had undergone hepatic resection were studied using ex vivo MRE in a frequency range from 500 Hz to 5300 Hz with increments of 400 Hz. Single frequency evaluation of shear wave speed and wave penetration rate as proxies for stiffness and viscosity was performed, along with rheological model fitting based on the spring-pot model and powerlaw exponent α, ranging between 0 (complete solid behaviour) and 1 (complete fluid behaviour). For histological analysis, samples were stained with H&E and categorized according to the degree of regression. Quantitative histologic analysis was performed to analyse nucleus size, aspect ratio, and density. Radiological response was assessed according to RECIST-criteria.

Results

Five samples showed major response to chemotherapy, six samples partial response and 23 samples no response. For higher frequencies (> 2100 Hz), shear wave speed correlated significantly with the degree of regression (p ≤ 0.05) indicating stiffer properties with less viable tumour cells. Correspondingly, rheological analysis of α revealed more elastic-solid tissue properties at low cell viability and major response (α = 0.43 IQR 0.36, 0.47) than at higher cell viability and no response (α = 0.51 IQR 0.48, 0.55; p = 0.03). Quantitative histological analysis showed a decreased nuclear area and density as well as a higher nuclear aspect ratio in patients with major response to treatment compared to patients with no response (all p < 0.05).

Discussion

Our results suggest that MRE could be useful in the characterization of biomechanical property changes associated with cell viability in CRLM. In the future, MRE could be applied in clinical diagnosis to support individually tailored therapy plans for patients with CRLM.
Unintentionally retained lap sponge mimicking an ovarian cyst two years after Caesarean section in a 37-year old patient: case report of a rare “never event” in Sudan
Authors: Elamin Hagir Osman Ahmed , Masoud M. Sayed , Mohamed Ali Khattab Saeed Elkhazin , Fadl Hiba Awadelkareem Osman , Hamza Abdelrahman Hamza Abdelmoneim , Basheer Hind Abashar Mohamed , Alfaraja Mohamed
Published: August 2024

Introduction

This case report reports an unusual occurrence of gossypiboma, which refers to the accidental retention of surgical materials like sponges in the peritoneal cavity. The term is derived from “gossypium” (cotton) and “boma” (place of concealment). Its incidence varies with surgical type, posing diagnostic challenges due to nonspecific symptoms and equivocal imaging. Despite its rarity, gossypiboma poses significant risks, including intestinal obstruction and abscess formation.

Case presentation

A 37-year-old woman with ten previous pregnancies and an emergent caesarean section presented with abdominal pain. Examination and ultrasound suggested an ovarian cyst. During surgery, a 10 × 10 cm gauze-filled mass adherent to the ovary and jejunum was found. Postoperatively, she recovered well with no complications. The patient was treated with intravenous fluids and antibiotics for five days post-surgery and recovered without any complications. She was discharged from the hospital five days after the procedure.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of gossypiboma in Sudan in 2024, highlighting diagnostic challenges and the need for preventive protocols. Root cause analysis of accidents, enhanced training, application of advanced technologies and a collaborative culture in the operating room can prevent the occurrence of such incidents. This case underscores the importance of meticulous surgical protocols and continuous improvement in safety measures to prevent retained surgical items, ensuring patient safety and optimal outcomes.
Adopted spectral tau approach for the time-fractional diffusion equation via seventh-kind Chebyshev polynomials
Authors: Abd-Elhameed W. M. , Youssri Y. H. , Atta A. G.
Published: August 2024

This study utilizes a spectral tau method to acquire an accurate numerical solution of the time-fractional diffusion equation. The central point of this approach is to use double basis functions in terms of certain Chebyshev polynomials, namely Chebyshev polynomials of the seventh-kind and their shifted ones. Some new formulas concerned with these polynomials are derived in this study. A rigorous error analysis of the proposed double expansion further corroborates our research. This analysis is based on establishing some inequalities regarding the selected basis functions. Several numerical examples validate the precision and effectiveness of the suggested method.
Passively administered fluoxetine reaches the juvenile brain of FSL rats and reduces antioxidant defences, without altering serotonin turnover
Authors: Steyn Stephan F. , Rheeders Malie , Viljoen Francois P. , Brand Linda
Published: August 2024

Background

Fluoxetine is present in breast milk, yet it is unclear to what extent it, or its active metabolite, norfluoxetine, reaches the brain of the infant and what the effects of such exposure on neurobiological processes are. We therefore aimed to quantify the concentration of passively administered fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in the whole brains of exposed Flinders sensitive line (FSL) offspring and establish their influence on serotonergic function and redox status.

Methods

Adult FSL dams received fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day), or placebo for fourteen days, beginning on postpartum day 04. Offspring were passively exposed to fluoxetine until postnatal day 18 and euthanized on postnatal day 22. Whole brain fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis.

Results

Whole-brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations, and serotonin turnover (5-HIAA/5-HT) were comparable between strains. Treatment-naïve FSL rats had lower GSH and higher GSSG whole-brain concentrations, relative to FRL controls, and an overall decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. Passively administered fluoxetine resulted in undetectable whole-brain concentrations, while norfluoxetine averaged 41.28 ± 6.47 ng/g. Serotonin turnover of FSL rats was unaffected by passively administered fluoxetine, while redox status (GSH/GSSG) was decreased.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm that passively administered fluoxetine reaches the infant brain in the form of norfluoxetine and may manipulate processes of oxidative stress regulation. Further studies into the long-term bio-behavioural effects are however needed to effectively inform breast feeding mothers on the safety of antidepressant-use.
Oral Cannabis Extract for Secondary Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Final Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II/III Trial
Authors: Grimison Peter , Mersiades Antony , Kirby Adrienne , Tognela Annette , Olver Ian , Morton Rachael L. , Haber Paul , Walsh Anna , Lee Yvonne , Abdi Ehtesham , Della-Fiorentina Stephen , Aghmesheh Morteza , Fox Peter , Briscoe Karen , Sanmugarajah Jasotha , Marx Gavin , Kichenadasse Ganessan , Wheeler Helen , Chan Matthew , Shannon Jenny , Gedye Craig , Begbie Stephen , Simes R. John , Stockler Martin R.
Published: August 2024

PURPOSE

The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled, two-stage, phase II/III trial was to determine the efficacy of an oral cannabis extract in adults with refractory nausea and/or vomiting during moderately or highly emetogenic, intravenous chemotherapy despite guideline-consistent antiemetic prophylaxis. Here, we report results of the prespecified combined analysis including the initial phase II and subsequent phase III components.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Study treatment consisted of oral capsules containing either tetrahydrocannabinol 2.5 mg plus cannabidiol 2.5 mg capsules (THC:CBD) or matching placebo, taken three times a day from days –1 to 5, in addition to guideline-consistent antiemetics. The primary measure of effect was the difference in the proportions of participants with no vomiting or retching and no use of rescue medications (a complete response) during hours 0-120 after the first cycle of chemotherapy on study (cycle A).

RESULTS

We recruited 147 evaluable of a planned 250 participants from 2016 to 2022. Background antiemetic prophylaxis included a corticosteroid and 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist in 97%, a neurokinin-1 antagonist in 80%, and olanzapine in 10%. THC:CBD compared with placebo improved the complete response rate from 8% to 24% (absolute difference 16%, 95% CI, 4 to 28,
P
= .01), with similar effects for absence of significant nausea, use of rescue medications, daily vomits, and the nausea scale on the Functional Living Index—Emesis quality-of-life questionnaire. More frequent bothersome adverse events of special interest included sedation (18%
v
7%), dizziness (10%
v
0%), and transient anxiety (4%
v
1%). There were no serious adverse events attributed to THC:CBD.

CONCLUSION

THC:CBD is an effective adjunct for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting despite standard antiemetic prophylaxis, but was associated with additional adverse events. Drug availability, cultural attitudes, legal status, and preferences may affect implementation. Future analyses will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of THC:CBD.
Estudos para o compartilhamento de risco em medicamentos de alto custo na saúde suplementar no Brasil
Authors: Carlini Angelica Lucia , Rito Fernanda Paes Leme , Almeida Vivian Vicente de
Published: August 2024

As novas tecnologias são uma realidade de nossa época histórica em todas as áreas. Na saúde, essas tecnologias têm se multiplicado de forma acelerada por meio de técnicas, instrumentos para realização de exames e procedimentos e, principalmente, de medicamentos e dispositivos médicos implantáveis que são criados para atender a necessidades complexas como tratamento oncológico, de doenças graves ou raras. O alto custo desses medicamentos e dispositivos é justificado pela indústria em decorrência dos investimentos realizados em pesquisa. Porém, para as fontes pagadoras públicas e privadas tem sido um dilema, porque os recursos são finitos. Este trabalho estuda a viabilidade do compartilhamento de risco entre fontes pagadoras públicas e privadas e a indústria farmacêutica.
Parâmetros para a verificação do cumprimento da diretriz de regionalização à luz do novo marco normativo do saneamento básico
Authors: Mendonça José Vicente Santos de , Penna Rodrigo Grieco
Published: August 2024

Este artigo busca discutir a diretriz de regionalização dos serviços públicos de saneamento básico, estabelecida pelo novo marco normativo do setor. No âmbito dos serviços públicos, entende-se regionalização como o cenário em que as atividades públicas relacionadas com determinado serviço público extrapolam os limites territoriais do ente federativo titular daquele serviço. Com o novo marco normativo do saneamento básico, a regionalização se tornou uma diretriz para o setor. As normas, contudo, deixaram dúvidas quanto ao que exatamente caracterizaria tal prestação regionalizada. Assim, este trabalho buscará analisar as previsões normativas do tema e a literatura jurídica pertinente ao setor de saneamento a fim de, a partir do método indutivo, apontar quais são os parâmetros estabelecidos pela nova sistemática normativa para a verificação da diretriz de regionalização dos serviços.
Comentário: análise custo-benefício e os tribunais
Authors: Jackson, Jr. Robert J.
Published: August 2024

Os artigos discutidos aqui demonstram o valor da integração do direito administrativo, regulação financeira e direito de valores mobiliários. O professor Coates analisa os desafios da análise custo-benefício (ACB) na gestão regulatória, enquanto o professor Cox destaca seu impacto na regulamentação de valores mobiliários. Este comentário afirma que, independentemente da posição sobre o papel da ACB na regulação financeira, os tribunais devem ter um envolvimento mínimo em sua avaliação. A Parte II delineia por que os tribunais são inadequados para avaliar os custos e benefícios da regulação financeira. A Parte III explica por que os formuladores de políticas devem limitar o papel dos tribunais na formação da ACB. A Parte IV sugere ações legislativas para restringir a influência dos tribunais na ACB na regulação financeira. A Parte V fornece uma conclusão.
Paixão pelo exercício: predição do comportamento ativo e mindfulness durante o distanciamento físico no enfrentamento a covid-19
Authors: Romano Amanda Rizzieri , Silva Maynara Priscila Pereira , Peixoto Evandro Morais , Oliveira Karina da Silva , Campos Carolina Rosa , Anacleto Geovana Mellisa Castrezana , Bonfá-Araujo Bruno
Published: August 2024

Durante o período de distanciamento físico na pandemia da covid-19, a prática de exercício físico apresentou funções essenciais na manutenção da saúde. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o poder preditivo das dimensões da paixão (obsessiva [PO] e harmoniosa [PH]) sobre o tempo de prática durante a semana, o estado de mindfulness na realização do exercício e suas consequências sobre a satisfação com a prática. Participaram do estudo 359 praticantes regulares de exercício de ambos os sexos (67.4 % mulheres), com idades entre 18 e 70 anos (M = 36.6 ± 11.9). Foram empregadas análises de correlação de Pearson e modelagem de equações estruturais. Os resultados evidenciaram que ambas as dimensões da paixão prediziam positivamente o tempo de prática, contudo apenas a PH predizia o estado de mindfulness, o qual predizia positivamente a satisfação com a prática. Os resultados corroboram a literatura sobre o modelo dualístico da paixão ao indicar a PH como uma variável promotora do funcionamento psicológico positivo.
Construir vida en la lejanía: fronteras y tendencias migratorias en la región amazónica
Authors: Gissi Barbieri Nicolás , Polo Alvis Sebastián , Flórez de Andrade Angelo
Published: August 2024

El objetivo de este estudio de caso es analizar el flujo migratorio en la región amazónica, considerando las tendencias migratorias transfronterizas desde una perspectiva diacrónica. Se observa la evolución de la movilidad de países amazónicos por nacionalidad y entidad territorial de destino, teniendo en cuenta particularmente a Brasil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú y Bolivia, a partir de una revisión de los aspectos de índole geográfico, político y económico. En un primer apartado, abordamos las delimitaciones, territorios inaccesibles y transfronteralidad, documentándolo desde el siglo xviii. En una segunda sección, exploramos las principales tendencias contemporáneas, en las que se mantiene la dificultad de poblar y controlar desde el orden estatal, siendo cada vez más relevantes las conexiones existentes entre sus localidades y los centros políticos y económicos ubicados en el interior y exterior de cada país.
Structural Bionic Design and Performance Study of a Manure Scraper Based on the Toe of a Mole Cricket
Authors: Xu Liangyuan , Sheng Wuxu , Yang Haibo , Wang Jie , Tang Qiansheng
Published: August 2024

Highlights

Model a bionic scraper by image processing and reverse engineering.

Compare and analyze the average resistance and resistance stability of common, arc line, parabolic and bionic scrapers.

Compare the stress and total deformation of the common and bionic scrapers.

Obtain the optimal parameter combination of speed and inclination angles of the bionic scraper.

Abstract. Considering the problems of high horizontal resistance, low resistance stability, and high energy consumption of the scraper manure cleaning machine in the process of cleaning manure in hog confinement, a new design method of a scraper by taking the largest toe of the mole cricket’s forefoot as the bionic object was proposed. To study the performance of bionic scrapers, the average resistance and resistance stability of common, arc line, parabolic, and bionic scrapers were compared through the discrete element method. Through the EDEM-ANSYS joint simulation, the structural performance of the bionic scraper was studied by taking the stress and deformation of the scraper as the indexes. Through the center compound circumscribed test method, the influence of the inclination angle of the scraper and speed on the average resistance and resistance stability was investigated, and the optimal parameter combination was determined. The results showed that the bionic scraper had better performance compared with the arc line and parabolic scraper. The stress and deformation of the bionic scraper were less than the other three kinds of scrapers, further indicating the bionic scraper's structural performance. All factors have significant effects on the average resistance and resistance stability. The optimal parameter combination was a speed of 0.173369 m/s and an inclination of 33.8705°. Compared with the common scraper, the average resistance was reduced by 24.87%, the resistance stability was increased by 38.37%, and the energy consumption was reduced by 21.81%. This study can provide a new idea for the design of the scraper manure cleaning machine and provide a theoretical reference for hog confinement manure cleaning. Keywords: Bionic structural design, Discrete element method, Joint simulation, Performance, Scraper.
Impact of Technology-based Non-enculturation Sources of Native English on Yoruba (Nigerian) Teenage English Nuclear and Contrastive Stress Assignment
Authors: Aiyeola Abisola Felicia , Akinjobi Adenike
Published: August 2024

This study examined the impact of technology-based non-enculturation sources on Yoruba (Nigerian) teenagers’ nuclear and contrastive stress assignment to determine the suitability of the facilities as ancillary models of spoken English in Nigeria. Labov’s variability theory and Liberman and Prince’s metrical phonology served as theoretical framework. Participants were purposively selected from 300 University of Ibadan teenage undergraduates (UIYTUs) and a Briton, who served as the native baseline (NB). The teenagers’ technology (TC) levels were ascertained through a questionnaire. Participants were stratified into High(H), Mid(M) and Low(L) TCs. Their production of a prepared text into Speech Filing System (version 1.54) constituted the data which were analysed statistically, metrically and acoustically. The teenagers’ nuclear stress assignment to regular [F(2, 297)=63.78; p<.05] and contrastive [F(2, 297)=50.93; p<.05] Designated Terminal Elements was reflective of their level of technology exposure. HTC exhibited metrical pattern similar to the NB. MTC either imposed stress on metrically weak syllables or assigned stress following the NB pattern. LTC productions were predominantly characterised by stress clash. Sample HTC spectrograms showed the highest amplitude and longest duration for the nuclearly stressed syllable. Although the spectrograms of the MTC displayed some alternation, the nuclearly stressed syllable did not receive its due prominence. Sample LTC spectrograms displayed flatness. Technology-based non-enculturation sources of native English available to teenage Nigerians have the capability of enhancing their spoken English. These technological devices should be explored as alternative model of English pronunciation.
Der Ausdruck der Zukunft in Presseberichten im deutsch-ungarischen Vergleich
Authors: Szatzker Szilvia
Published: August 2024

The article focuses on the German and Hungarian present and future tenses and the Hungarian present+majd construction in the function of future time reference. Using a corpus of press reports of business, network and weather, a contrastive analysis is made of which factors determine the use of the grammatical means of expressing the future time and how. In particular, frequency, co-occurrence with temporal and modal adverbials, the semantic properties of full verb lexemes and use in subordinate clauses after communicative verbs are analysed. The linguistic data and tendencies are compared with the results of corpus analysis for language of immediacy.
International Security in a Quantum Age: Hope, Harm, and Hype
Authors: Der Derian James , Waters Jayson C.
Published: August 2024

Abstract: The past decade has witnessed considerable hope—and no small measure of hyperbole and fear—regarding a coming "revolution" in quantum computing, sensing, and communication. With states and multinational corporations investing billions of dollars globally, there have been incremental advances punctuated by notable breakthroughs, and several second-generation quantum technologies are already being field-tested and tentatively deployed. While it is premature to declare the arrival of a "quantum age," the disruptive impact and existential anxieties elicited by generative AI underscore that now is the time to consider the potential consequences of quantum tipping points. In this article, we embark on a speculative journey—a Gedankenexperiment, if you will—exploring how the pursuit to develop and deploy quantum technologies might reshape the international geopolitical landscape.
Enrico Letta on the Future of a Single European Market
Authors: Letta Enrico , Harper River , Zhang Yuki
Published: August 2024

Abstract: GJIA sits down with the honorable Dr. Enrico Letta, former Prime Minister of Italy, to talk about his official report "Much More Than a Market" on the future of the single market in Europe, released in April 2024. Dr. Letta addresses the imperative need for an integrated EU market in an economic landscape challenged by dwindling competitiveness, brain drain, and sluggish transition toward green development. He shares insights into practical policy recommendations aimed at strengthening the bloc's economic power. In addition to market integration, Dr. Letta also addresses relevant political issues during the interview, including EU enlargement, solidarity amidst international crises, and strategic autonomy and emphasizes how these factors intertwine with economic integration in contributing to the overall capabilities and resilience of the EU in a changing global landscape different from three decades ago.
Power Shifts in Global Soccer: How Saudi Arabia and the United States are Challenging European Dominance
Authors: Reiche Danyel
Published: August 2024

Abstract: The world's most popular sport, soccer, has witnessed the transfer of some of its greatest stars from European clubs to the United States and Saudi Arabia. In July 2023, Lionel Messi left the French top club Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) to join Inter Miami in the Major League Soccer (MLS). Similarly, Cristiano Ronaldo transferred from Manchester United to Al Nassr at the end of 2022, which sparked a plethora of other star players in the summer of 2023 to join the Saudi Pro League, including Benzema from Real Madrid, Neymar from PSG, and Kante from Chelsea. This article discusses how the European center of global men's soccer is challenged by wealthy club owners in the United States and state-backed clubs in the Arabian Gulf.
Elections in Divided and Conflict-Affected Countries: A Case Study of Post-Conflict Libya
Authors: Sawani Youssef Mohammad
Published: August 2024

Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of the 2012 and 2014 elections in conflict-ridden Libya. Rather than resolving political and institutional crises, these elections intensified challenges, deepened divisions, and increased violence. The paper identifies the Libyan case as part of a deleterious pattern in which elections in conflict zones impede democratic transitions. It argues for delaying elections until the issues underlying conflict are systematically addressed, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing national reconciliation and establishing a stable institutional framework. Given that elections alone may not resolve conflicts, the study advocates for internally-driven national dialogues and reconciliation initiatives, with collaborative efforts from the United Nations and the broader international community.
China's Bid to Remake the World Order
Authors: Wilder Dennis
Published: August 2024

Abstract: President Xi Jinping's Global Security Initiative is a bold strategic plan to bolster China's ties with the Global South and challenge the US-led world order to achieve China's ambitions of becoming a global power. China sees itself as offering a competitive model against liberal Western democracy that it claims better fits the governance needs of the developing world. If the West does not step up to this challenge, China will have the opportunity to fill the vacuum to the detriment of free peoples everywhere.
Chico Harlan on The Role of Papal Politics in International Relations
Authors: Harlan Chico , Li Rachel
Published: August 2024

Abstract: The role of the Pope in the Catholic Church has always been rooted in its longstanding religious history, but since the formation of the Vatican City state in 1929 and the first papal visit outside Europe that took place in 1964, the Pope's role as a political authority has grown in prominence. Nevertheless, the power of the Pope to wield either religious or political authority has consistently been challenged by an oftentimes divided Church, as well as an increasingly divided world. To understand the importance but also the limitations of the Pope as both a religious figure and a political figure on the international stage, GJIA sits down with Chico Harlan, the Global climate correspondent for The Washington Post.
Gendered Disinformation and Election Campaigning: A Malaysia Case Study
Authors: Tapsell Ross , Chandrarao Jananie
Published: August 2024

Abstract: Disinformation is a grave challenge for democracy in the digital era. Using the testimony from female candidates in Malaysia's 2022 elections, this article sheds light on an understudied aspect of disinformation—the role of election-based gendered disinformation. While our focus is Malaysia, a country long-known for the dominance of geriatric male leadership, the findings show that female candidates face growing challenges of gendered disinformation online which hinders their ability to campaign effectively. Policy solutions lie in political parties putting more resources towards assisting female candidates during an election campaign to help them navigate this disinformation-driven online landscape. Tech companies also need to be held accountable for the role their platforms play in adding to the already numerous challenges female candidates face in a contemporary election campaign. Ultimately, it is the online spaces they are creating and moderating that are becoming havens for misogynistic content.
The Kelenteng and Annual Rituals: Hokkien Community in Batavia
Authors: Chen Boyi
Published: August 2024

Abstract: This paper mainly focuses on the mechanisms used by Hokkien, one the most prominent ethnic Chinese groups, to embed themselves in Batavia in premodern Southeast Asia. An embedding mechanism is an institutionalized inserting of social structure and systematic intertwinement and thereby reshapes the spatial landscape or social outlook of a host society. This paper provides a history of the emergence of Chinese temple complexes, which developed in many diasporic Chinese communities, and explains their particular importance as an embedding mechanism in Batavia, where Chinese temples were referred to as kelenteng . It goes on to profile six different kinds of kelenteng , with each one telling us something about the categories of official authority, funeral supply, commercial promotion, family competition, hygienic and guild practices, and Islamic local accommodation. I argue that the kelenteng and the annual rituals conducted at them were the central embedding mechanisms on which the Hokkien relied.
Victims of Nationality: German Civilian Internment in British West Africa during the Second World War
Authors: Muojama Olisa Godson
Published: August 2024

Abstract: The captivity of enemy civilians in wartime was a radical transformation of social relations. Earlier studies on the internment of enemy aliens during the Second World War have omitted the West African experience. This study examines German civilian internment in West Africa during World War II, with reference to Nigeria and Cameroon under British Mandate. Primary archival sources provided data for its analysis. It argues that the internment of German subjects in British West Africa during World War II was a reflection of the legacy of the First World War and a part of the empire-wide wartime strategy of persecuting Germans, pursued by the British and coordinated from London. The internment of German “civilians” in West Africa during World War II was against the principle of the inviolability of the enemy “civilian” ratified at the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 as well as the Geneva Convention of 1929.
Mediation Hub or Active Agent? FAO’s Commitment to Rural Welfare During Its First Thirty Years
Authors: De Prospo Mario
Published: August 2024

Abstract: This essay examines Food and Agriculture (FAO)’s work in the rural welfare sector, with its focus on social aspects of development, between its establishment and the 1970s. Following the organization’s evolution and changes, FAO’s role is studied within a broader picture comprising the whole UN system and the other specialized agencies that formed part of a joint program for technical assistance, funding all field activities in less developed countries. The article is based on a thorough analysis of official reports and archival material available at the organization’s headquarters in Rome. The essay examines the role and influence that FAO had on such types of activity and assesses whether it acted as an autonomous and active agent, or as a hub mediating and embracing different approaches, interests, and trends.
Freeform reflection imaging system design based on subaperture integrating method
Authors: Ma Donglin , Tan Hao , Fan RunDong , Wei ShiLi , Qian Zhuang , Mo Yan , Ji Huiru
Published: August 2024

We introduce a novel design methodology for freeform reflective imaging systems based on the integration of multiple subapertures. Subapertures are systems with the same aperture as the designed system but only a relevant small field of view (FOV). The method is based on the premise that each subaperture can retain excellent local characteristics within its designated FOV. By assembling these subapertures, we are able to design complex optical systems that achieve high performance with a wide FOV. During the design process, the reflective surfaces of the freeform reflective imaging system are constructed by combining the sampling points of many subapertures and the corresponding normal vectors of these sampling points, to maximize the retention of local characteristics of each subaperture in the combined freeform system. This method can converge at a relatively fast rate compared with traditional design method. The designed optical systems based on the proposed method exhibit good performance and can serve as superior starting structures for further optimization. Furthermore, Practical examples presented validate the effectiveness and practical applicability of our methodology.
Neutrophil activation, acute lung injury and disease severity in Plasmodium knowlesi malaria
Authors: Tan Angelica F. , Sakam Sitti Saimah binti , Piera Kim , Rajahram Giri S. , William Timothy , Barber Bridget E. , Anstey Nicholas M. , Grigg Matthew J. , Kho Steven
Published: August 2024

The risk of severe malaria from the zoonotic parasite Plasmodium knowlesi approximates that from P. falciparum. In severe falciparum malaria, neutrophil activation contributes to inflammatory pathogenesis, including acute lung injury (ALI). The role of neutrophil activation in the pathogenesis of severe knowlesi malaria has not been examined. We evaluated 213 patients with P. knowlesi mono-infection (138 non-severe, 75 severe) and 49 Plasmodium-negative controls from Malaysia. Markers of neutrophil activation (soluble neutrophil elastase [NE], citrullinated histone [CitH3] and circulating neutrophil extracellular traps [NETs]) were quantified in peripheral blood by microscopy and immunoassays. Findings were correlated with malaria severity, ALI clinical criteria, biomarkers of parasite biomass, haemolysis, and endothelial activation. Neutrophil activation increased with disease severity, with median levels higher in severe than non-severe malaria and controls for NE (380[IQR:210–930]ng/mL, 236[139–448]ng/mL, 218[134–307]ng/mL, respectively) and CitH3 (8.72[IQR:3.0–23.1]ng/mL, 4.29[1.46–9.49]ng/mL, 1.53[0.6–2.59]ng/mL, respectively)[all p<0.01]. NETs were higher in severe malaria compared to controls (126/μL[IQR:49–323] vs 51[20–75]/μL, p<0.001). In non-severe malaria, neutrophil activation fell significantly upon discharge from hospital (p<0.03). In severe disease, NETs, NE, and CitH3 were correlated with parasitaemia, cell-free haemoglobin and angiopoietin-2 (all Pearson’s r>0.24, p<0.05). Plasma NE and angiopoietin-2 were higher in knowlesi patients with ALI than those without (p<0.008); neutrophilia was associated with an increased risk of ALI (aOR 3.27, p<0.01). In conclusion, neutrophil activation is increased in ALI and in proportion to disease severity in knowlesi malaria, is associated with endothelial activation, and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Trials of adjunctive therapies to regulate neutrophil activation are warranted in severe knowlesi malaria.
Range size positively correlates with temperature and precipitation niche breadths but not with dietary niche breadth in triatomine insects, vectors of Chagas disease
Authors: Caron Fernanda S. , Rivadeneira Daniel , Rabinovich Jorge , Pie Marcio R. , Morimoto Juliano
Published: August 2024

Ecological theory predicts that species that can utilise a greater diversity of resources and, therefore, have wider niche breadths should also occupy larger geographic areas (the ‘niche breadth-range size hypothesis’). Here, we tested this hypothesis for a blood-sucking group of insects of medical significance: the Triatominae (aka ‘kissing bugs’) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Given that niches can be viewed from different perspectives, we tested this hypothesis based on both dietary and climatic niches. We assembled the most complete dataset of triatomine feeding patterns to date by reviewing 143 studies from the literature up to 2021 and tested whether the niche breadth-range size hypothesis held for this group for both dietary and climatic components of the niche. Temperature and precipitation niche breadths were estimated from macro-environmental variables, while diet breadth was calculated based on literature data that used PCR and/or ELISA to identify different types of hosts as blood sources per triatomine species. Our results showed that temperature and precipitation niche breadths, but not dietary breadth, were positively correlated with range sizes, independent of evolutionary history among species. These findings support the predictions from the range size-niche breadth hypothesis concerning climate but not diet, in Triatominae. It also shows that support for the niche breadth-range size hypothesis is dependent upon the niche axis under consideration, which can explain the mixed support for this hypothesis in the ecological literature.
An automatic glaucoma grading method based on attention mechanism and EfficientNet-B3 network
Authors: Zhang Xu , Lai Fuji , Chen Weisi , Yu Chengyuan
Published: August 2024

Glaucoma infection is rapidly spreading globally and the number of glaucoma patients is expected to exceed 110 million by 2040. Early identification and detection of glaucoma is particularly important as it can easily lead to irreversible vision damage or even blindness if not treated with intervention in the early stages. Deep learning has attracted much attention in the field of computer vision and has been widely studied especially in the recognition and diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases. It is challenging to efficiently extract effective features for accurate grading of glaucoma in a limited dataset. Currently, in glaucoma recognition algorithms, 2D fundus images are mainly used to automatically identify the disease or not, but do not distinguish between early or late stages; however, in clinical practice, the treatment of early and late glaucoma is not the same, so it is more important to proceed to achieve accurate grading of glaucoma. This study uses a private dataset containing modal data, 2D fundus images, and 3D-OCT scanner images, to extract the effective features therein to achieve an accurate triple classification (normal, early, and moderately advanced) for optimal performance on various measures. In view of this, this paper proposes an automatic glaucoma classification method based on the attention mechanism and EfficientNetB3 network. The EfficientNetB3 network and ResNet34 network are built to extract and fuse 2D fundus images and 3D-OCT scanner images, respectively, to achieve accurate classification. The proposed auto-classification method minimizes feature redundancy while improving classification accuracy, and incorporates an attention mechanism in the two-branch model, which enables the convolutional neural network to focus its attention on the main features of the eye and discard the meaningless black background region in the image to improve the performance of the model. The auto-classification method combined with the cross-entropy function achieves the highest accuracy up to 97.83%. Since the proposed automatic grading method is effective and ensures reliable decision-making for glaucoma screening, it can be used as a second opinion tool by doctors, which can greatly reduce missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis by doctors, and buy more time for patient’s treatment.
RNA replication-independent, DNA linearization-dependent expression of reporter genes from a SARS-CoV-2 replicon-encoding DNA in human cells
Authors: Friedhoff Ronja , Elfayres Ghada , Mérindol Natacha , Desgagné-Penix Isabel , Berthoux Lionel
Published: August 2024

Replicons, derived from RNA viruses, are genetic constructs retaining essential viral enzyme genes while lacking key structural protein genes. Upon introduction into cells, the genes carried by the replicon RNA are expressed, and the RNA self-replicates, yet viral particle production does not take place. Typically, RNA replicons are transcribed in vitro and are then electroporated in cells. However, it would be advantageous for the replicon to be generated in cells following DNA transfection instead of RNA. In this study, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA encoding a SARS-CoV-2 replicon under control of a T7 promoter was transfected into HEK293T cells engineered to functionally express the T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP). Upon transfection of the BAC DNA, we observed low, but reproducible expression of reporter proteins GFP and luciferase carried by this replicon. Expression of the reporter proteins required linearization of the BAC DNA prior to transfection. Moreover, expression occurred independently of T7 RNAP. Gene expression was also insensitive to remdesivir treatment, suggesting that it did not involve self-replication of replicon RNA. Similar results were obtained in highly SARS-CoV-2 infection-permissive Calu-3 cells. Strikingly, prior expression of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein boosted expression from transfected SARS-CoV-2 RNA replicon but not from the replicon BAC DNA. In conclusion, transfection of a large DNA encoding a coronaviral replicon led to reproducible replicon gene expression through an unidentified mechanism. These findings highlight a novel pathway toward replicon gene expression from transfected replicon cDNA, offering valuable insights for the development of methods for DNA-based RNA replicon applications.
Sustained intestinal epithelial monolayer wound closure after transient application of a FAK-activating small molecule
Authors: Oncel Sema , Wang Qinggang , Elsayed Ahmed Adham R. , Vomhof-DeKrey Emilie E. , Brown Nicholas D. , Golovko Mikhail Y. , Golovko Svetlana A. , Gallardo-Macias Ricardo , Gurvich Vadim J. , Basson Marc D.
Published: August 2024

M64HCl, which has drug-like properties, is a water-soluble Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) activator that promotes murine mucosal healing after ischemic or NSAID-induced injury. Since M64HCl has a short plasma half-life in vivo (less than two hours), it has been administered as a continuous infusion with osmotic minipumps in previous animal studies. However, the effects of more transient exposure to M64HCl on monolayer wound closure remained unclear. Herein, we compared the effects of shorter M64HCl treatment in vitro to continuous treatment for 24 hours on monolayer wound closure. We then investigated how long FAK activation and downstream ERK1/2 activation persist after two hours of M64HCl treatment in Caco-2 cells. M64HCl concentrations immediately after washing measured by mass spectrometry confirmed that M64HCl had been completely removed from the medium while intracellular concentrations had been reduced by 95%. Three-hour and four-hour M64HCl (100 nM) treatment promoted epithelial sheet migration over 24 hours similar to continuous 24-hour exposure. 100nM M64HCl did not increase cell number. Exposing cells twice with 2-hr exposures of M64HCl during a 24-hour period had a similar effect. Both FAK inhibitor PF-573228 (10 μM) and ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 (20 μM) reduced basal wound closure in the absence of M64HCl, and each completely prevented any stimulation of wound closure by M64HCl. Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (20 μM) stimulated Caco-2 monolayer wound closure but no further increase was seen with M64HCl in the presence of Y-27632. M64HCl (100 nM) treatment for 3 hours stimulated Rho kinase activity. M64HCl decreased F-actin in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, a two-hour treatment with M64HCl (100 nM) stimulated sustained FAK activation and ERK1/2 activation for up to 16 and hours 24 hours, respectively. These results suggest that transient M64HCl treatment promotes prolonged intestinal epithelial monolayer wound closure by stimulating sustained activation of the FAK/ERK1/2 pathway. Such molecules may be useful to promote gastrointestinal mucosal repair even with a relatively short half-life.
An evaluation of the Ultimatum Game as a measure of irritability and anger
Authors: Gröndal Maria , Ask Karl , Winblad Stefan
Published: August 2024

The Ultimatum Game is an effective tool for understanding how social decision-making is influenced by emotions in both research and clinical settings. Previous findings have shown that the Ultimatum Game can evoke negative emotions, especially anger and aggression. In a sample of non-clinical adults (N = 143) we evaluated the sensitivity of an anger-infused version of the Ultimatum Game to individual differences in anger and irritability. Findings showed significant relationships between anger and aggressive behaviors in the Ultimatum game, but no association between irritability and aggressive behavior were observed. This indicates that the anger-infused Ultimatum Game is a promising method for studying individual differences in trait anger and anger expression. However, the relationship between decision-making in the anger-infused Ultimatum Game and irritability is less straight forward and needs further investigation. Therefore, when studying the behavioral responses of irritability, it would be beneficial to capture other behaviors beyond aggressive responses.
Unveiling the spatial distribution and transboundary pathways of FMD serotype O in Western China and its bordering countries
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Chai Rong , Hu Yezhi , Joka Fekede Regassa , Wu Xiaodong , Wang Haoning , Wang Xiaolong
Published: August 2024

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of livestock that has a significant economic impact on domestic animals and threatens wildlife survival in China and border countries. However, effective surveillance and prevention of this disease is often incomplete and unattainable due to the cost, the great diversity of wildlife hosts, the changing range and dynamics, and the diversity of FMDV. In this study, we used predictive models to reveal the spread and risk of FMD in anticipation of identifying key nodes to control its spread. For the first time, the spatial distribution of FMD serotype O was predicted in western China and border countries using a niche model, which is a combination of eco-geographic, human, topographic, and vegetation variables. The transboundary least-cost pathways (LCPs) model for ungulates in the study area were also calculated. Our study indicates that FMD serotype O survival is seasonal at low altitudes (March and June) and more sensitive to temperature differences at high altitudes. FMD serotype O risk was higher in Central Asian countries and both were highly correlated with the population variables. Ten LCPs were obtained representing Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and China.