bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single Electronics for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Randhawa Deep Kamal Kaur
Published: August 2016

The nanoelectronic circuits based on single electronics would revolutionise the new generation electronic bio-medical gadgets. The high speed nanoelectronic devices would make these gadgets faster and more accurate. The nanoelectronic integrated circuits would be a boon for power saving along with advanced portability. As the scaling down of silicon based integrated circuits is limited in nanometer regime alternative materials like organic molecules, polymers, carbon nanotubes and graphene are focal point of research. These materials exhibit various electrical, electronic and mechanical properties, flexibility being one of very significant ones. Flexible nanelectronic integrated circuits would make biomedical applications very patient friendly. The in-vivo examination and diagnosis would be less injurious to the body. Also the flexible nature will increase the maneuverability of the device by the operator. It will improve the targeted diagnosis and targeted drug delivery procedures. This would further facilitate system-on- chip (soc) that will integrate multiple biomedical signal acquisition (ECG, EEG, EP, and respiration-related signals) with on-chip digital signal processing.
Energy Efficient Particle Optimized Compressed ECG Data over Zigbee Environment
Authors: Kumar Dilip , Kumar Rajeev , Singla Tony
Published: August 2016

Standard Electrocardiogram Tracking instruments are huge to carry away over the remote areas for the surveillance. Holter is the compact instrument meant for collecting ECG of a patient without a pause while the patient is on the go of their daily activities. Holter works on battery for 48 hours without any angle of transmission but when allowed to transmit battery power dies soon, for these purposes some energy saving techniques is required. In this chapter the authors have proposed a Wavelet based Compression Technique, followed by Optimization under Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. Compressed and Optimized ECG data has been transferred over Zigbee IEEE 802.15.4 with the intention of saving energy implicating it on a hardware chip. Transferred data will be available to the Doctor for on time treatment and further examination and storage. Embedded prior techniques in Holter can enhance its life, with fact of sending crucial data.
Optimized Clustering Techniques with Special Focus to Biomedical Datasets
Authors: Venkatesan Anusuya S.
Published: August 2016

The clinical data including clinical test results, MRI images and drug responses of patients are documented and analyzed with machine learning and data mining tools. The scale and complexity of these datasets is a big challenge to machine learning and data mining community as the data is of mixed type. The extraction of meaningful or desired information from these datasets provides knowledge in decision making process which in turn helps for the diagnosis and treatment of the diseases. Biomedical datasets are a collection of data with diverse types as it involves images, clinical studies, statistical reports etc. The recent researches have focused on different clustering and classification methods to manage and analyze the biomedical datasets. The objective of this chapter is to cluster or classify the patterns of interest from Brain MRI images, Liver disorder and Breast cancer datasets using efficient clustering methodologies. Among the different algorithms in data mining for clustering, classification, visualization and interpretation, K Means, Fuzzy C Means and Neural Networks(NN) are frequently used for clustering and classification of biomedical datasets. The performance of these methods are greatly influenced by the initialization of K value and its convergence speed. This chapter discusses about FCM and K Means clustering methods and its optimization with meta heuristics such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO). The experimental section of this paper exhibits analysis in terms of Intra cluster distances, elapsed time and Davis Bouldin Index (DBI).
Open Judiciary Worldwide
Authors: Jiménez-Gómez Carlos E.
Published: August 2016

Despite its origins, openness in the judiciary has expanded beyond transparency and, therefore, beyond the common law open justice principle. Several initiatives worldwide are echoing this trend and a new term, open judiciary, is arising as a way to address openness in the justice field. This chapter gives an overview of open judiciary initiatives worldwide, focusing on some of the most successful, in order to identify drivers of adoption, critical success factors, and preliminary results. The research is embedded in a broader exploratory study on the state of the art of open judiciary. The chapter is addressed to answer two of the research questions: What are some learning practices that can be identified worldwide in relation to openness in the judiciary? What are some of the most important lessons that can be learnt from these practices?
Digitalizing Police Requirements
Authors: Gascó-Hernández Mila
Published: August 2016

In the last one or two years, the growing demand for an open state has sped up the adoption of ICT aimed at improving access to justice, making the judiciary more transparent, increasing cooperation between legal authorities, and strengthening the justice system itself. Of particular importance are interoperability initiatives since they guarantee collaboration as well as the harmonic and cohesive functioning of different existing systems, processes, and applications that, in the justice field, are many as a result of the big variety of actors that are involved: judicial institutions but, also, different public administrations, such as those responsible of police forces, and law professionals. The chapter describes and analyzes GRP (Gestió de Requeriments Policials), a project that allows for the exchange of information between the Department of Justice and the Department of the Interior in the framework of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia (Spain).
Open Data for Open Justice in Seven Latin American Countries
Authors: Elena Sandra , van Schalkwyk François
Published: August 2016

The study focuses on the openness of judicial data in seven countries in Latin America. The judiciary continues to be among the least willing institutions to implement policies on transparency and access to information, generally because of their conservative tradition and lack of accountability practices. The study adopted an exploratory design in order to analyze enabling country and judicial contexts for open data, as well as whether judicial data publication meets open data standards of accessibility, sustainability, re-usability and non-discrimination. Study results show that even though access to judicial information is increasing and that there is also an increase in transparency policies for the judiciary, the publication of judicial data in open formats is still infrequent. This research seeks to build a baseline for an initial measurement that can be compared with future measurements, so as to be able to evaluate progress made in Latin American judiciaries.
Open Justice in Latin America?
Authors: Sandoval-Almazán Rodrigo
Published: August 2016

The new trend of information technology and communications has been adopted by court systems. A similar path follows other powers in the republics: executive branches with e-government portals and legislative branches with informative and participatory portals. Despite the fact that technology has reached the judiciary branch, we know very little about the changes, advantages or disadvantages of this adoption. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the use of technology, especially in the websites portals in the Latin America region. An assessment model, which has been developed by Sandoval and Gil-García (2015) and that has four components: information, interaction, integration and participation, has been implemented on a sample of 25 countries during the month of July, 2015. Findings reveal a great disparity among the different countries in the region.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in China
Authors: Davidson D. Kirk , Yin Juelin
Published: August 2016

Despite a growing recognition of national contexts in predicting the dynamics of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the limited prior research has failed to disaggregate national institutions to specify the mechanisms between aspects of national institutional contexts and elements of CSR practices. In this paper we offer a framework for analyzing the nature and status of CSR, which is made up of eight elements: history, religions/ideologies, social norms, geography, political structures, the level of economic development, civil society institutions, and the country's “safety net” provisions. We apply the framework to explain how and why China's understanding of CSR differs from that in Western countries.
Cross-Country and Cross-Sector CSR Variations
Authors: Dikeç Altay , Kane Victor , Çapar Nejat
Published: August 2016

From the days corporate social responsibility (CSR) became a topic of discussion, extensive amount of research is conducted on CSR in Western countries but still there is relatively little focus on some developed and developing countries. Moreover, relatively little research has compared cross-country and cross-sector CSR variations. Starting from this point, this article investigates the extent of CSR variations of a highly developed (the United States), a developed (South Korea) and a developing country (Turkey) through a detailed comparative analysis of CSR information disclosure on corporate websites of 50 CSR active companies listed in stock exchange markets of each country. For cross-sector comparison, these target corporations are selected from five different industries including consumer electronics & telecommunication services, automobile & component manufacturers, food & beverages, retail stores, and major banks. The research opens the door for more in-depth empirical study on why there are cross-country and cross-sector variations in CSR.
Leveraging CSR as a ‘support-aid' for Triple Bottom-Line Development in Nigeria
Authors: Raimi Lukman
Published: August 2016

This book chapter focuses on the developmental-oriented perspective of CSR which views corporate involvement as a ‘support-aid' for meeting triple bottom-line development in Nigeria. Arising from the literature, the stakeholder, legitimacy and social contract theories provide the required theoretical grounding for the discourse. The qualitative research method was found appropriate for this discourse. From the list of 25 registered telecommunication companies in Nigeria, a sample of 8 functional companies was selected using purposive sampling technique. The data extracted from the annual reports and websites of these companies were analysed using the content analysis. The findings indicate that the telecommunication companies are practically leveraging their CSR initiatives for social, economic and environmental wellness in Nigeria through a number of developmental programmes. The chapter explicates the fact that CSR as a private sector development model can be a potent tool for bridging governance gap environment instead of leaving all social problems to governments.
Teaching Business Ethics Post GFC
Authors: Issa Theodora , Pick David
Published: August 2016

Following the recent downfall of several high ranking executives, not only in the business world, but also in governments, attention is directed to the teaching of ethics in business schools. More specifically, attention is drawn to these schools' purposes, values, methods, research, partnerships and dialogues in terms of their responsibilities regarding management education. In the current academic environment, business ethics are recognized as an important element in curriculum, but these topics have not yet become fully and successfully embedded in the mainstream business education. Consequently, business schools worldwide are adapting their curricula, research, teaching methodologies and institutional strategies to become better aligned with new challenges and opportunities. However, there is a need for research that will provide theoretical underpinnings for such changes to curricula in terms of pedagogy and content. This chapter examines a method of teaching business ethics. The results of this research were conducted on undergraduate students in their final year study.
Looking Good and Thinking Green-Can Green Personal Care Products Be Promoted?
Authors: Joshi Gauri , Nulkar Gurudas
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent of environmental concern among consumers while purchasing personal care products. This paper also examines the role of consumer's willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products while making green purchase. It also tests if willingness to pay can be predicted based on certain product attributes. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out to develop the conceptual framework and based on which a questionnaire was designed. Primary data was collected from 300 respondents, women working in Information technology sector between the age group 25-45. The results show that there is high amount of environmental awareness among the consumers. However due to lack of proper and reliable information exchange between the manufacturers and the consumers this awareness does not materialize in green purchase behavior. Consumer's willingness to pay extra for ecolabeled product is dependent on the product reliability and appeal. Hence ecolabeled products stand a chance to be selected if they are appealing and reliable.
E-Collaboration at Celadon Trucking Services
Authors: Nochebuena-Evans Leiza , De La Garza Lina M.
Published: August 2016

Technology has influenced industries around the world. Not only is the use of technology essential to the success of a business, but the continuous improvement of technology is a determinant factor in obtaining a competitive advantage. Electronic collaboration (e-collaboration) has made a presence in the supply chain of international trade. The logistics industry, in particular the area of trucking, has to continuously improve their technology and use e-collaboration in order to continue having a profitable advantage in a highly regulated and competitive arena. Some methods of e-collaboration used by a particular trucking company along the U.S.—Mexico border will be discussed.
The Indernet
Authors: Goel Urmila
Published: August 2016

The social web creates a different technological environment for natio-ethno-cultural community building than internet portals did. Using a long-term ethnography of the virtual space Indernet, the article pursues the question, why after a relaunch of the former internet portal as a blog and a Facebook page it no longer functioned as a space of the second generation. In particular it analyses which demographic and technological factors had an impact on the capacity for community building. The article argues that the individualised usage of social media and the flow of Facebook make it much harder for ethnic entrepreneurs to create a space of natio-ethno-cultural belonging.
Analyzing Marketing Strategies in the Emerging Mobile Communications Market
Authors: Wang Weiyang , Ichikawa Manabu , Deguchi Hiroshi
Published: August 2016

As one of the typical emerging markets, China's 3rd generation (3G) mobile communications service is proliferating rapidly recently, and great potentialities are expected in the market. Thus the strategy to improve the share in the emerging 3G service market appears to be an important topic for the mobile communications operators. To study the topic, the authors apply an agent-based model to study the interactions among the individuals and the complex externalities in China's 3G mobile communications market, and analyze several strategies of the operators with computational simulation. Based on the analysis, the efficient strategies for each operator to improve the market share are proposed. Furthermore, the analysis also shows that how the efficiency of the strategies varies depending on the different market environments. Because the emerging markets share some common characteristics, the conclusions can also be applied in other emerging communications markets.
An Adaptive Population-based Simplex Method for Continuous Optimization
Authors: Omran Mahamed G.H. , Clerc Maurice
Published: August 2016

This paper proposes a new population-based simplex method for continuous function optimization. The proposed method, called Adaptive Population-based Simplex (APS), is inspired by the Low-Dimensional Simplex Evolution (LDSE) method. LDSE is a recent optimization method, which uses the reflection and contraction steps of the Nelder-Mead Simplex method. Like LDSE, APS uses a population from which different simplexes are selected. In addition, a local search is performed using a hyper-sphere generated around the best individual in a simplex. APS is a tuning-free approach, it is easy to code and easy to understand. APS is compared with five state-of-the-art approaches on 23 functions where five of them are quasi-real-world problems. The experimental results show that APS generally performs better than the other methods on the test functions. In addition, a scalability study has been conducted and the results show that APS can work well with relatively high-dimensional problems.
Steel Tube Bending with a Filling Medium of Fiber-Reinforced Ice (FRI)
Authors: Ohashi Takahiro
Published: August 2016

This paper proposes a new filling material, fiber-reinforced ice (FRI), for tube bending. In tube bending, lead and low temperature melting alloys have conventionally been utilized as the filling medium to prevent defects and to alleviate flattening of the tube’s cross section. However, these alloys are usually harmful to the environment (e.g., Pb, Bi-Pb-Sn-In, or Pb-Cd system alloys) or are expensive (e.g., In-Sn system alloys). In this study, the author utilized ice reinforced with the fiber of wastepaper for 3-point bending of JIS G 3452 SGP 32A steel tubes. Compression tests were conducted to analyze whether these tubes have crushing strength comparable to that of conventional fillings and sufficient ductility in low-speed deformation. The filling medium with more fiber effectively yielded less flattening.
Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Microarc Oxidation Coatings on Al-Si Alloy
Authors: Lu Chuang , Xie Fa Qin , Zhu Li Ping
Published: August 2016

Microarc oxidation(MAO) was used to prepare the coatings on the surface of Al-Si alloy. Besides, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to research the microstructure characteristics, the components distribution, and the phase compositions, for the microarc oxidation coatings on Al-Si alloys. Furthermore, the growth process and wear properties of the coatings were explored. Results indicated that:the phase compositions of microarc oxidized coating consisted of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), α- Al2O3 and γ- Al2O3. With the increase of load, the friction coefficient of the coating decreased, however it was greater than that of Al-Si alloy substrate. The wear resistance of the coating were one time higher than that of the substrate.
A Study of Mechanical, Oil Resistance, and Low Temperature Resistance of NBR Vulcanizates
Authors: Seo Kwan Ho , Nam Gi Myeong , Kang Dong Gug , Kim Gi Hong , Kim Do Young , Lee Dong Won
Published: August 2016

In this study, mechanical properties, oil resistance of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) as material of an automotive were investigated at low temperature conditions. In order to find the optimum formulation used various grades of NBR with different contents of Acrylonitrile (ACN) such as NT1846F, DN407, B7150, B6240 and N215SL. The mechanical properties, oil and low temperature resistance of NBR were measured using moving die rheometer, durometer, universal testing machine, differential scanning calorimetry, and Gehman tester. The hardness was increased with an increased ACN contents. The low temperature resistance, and degree of swelling were increased that decreased ACN contents have lower Tg, lower value of Gehaman test.
Observation of Cracks of PEEK Polymer Thrust Bearings under Rolling Contact Fatigue in Water
Authors: Shi Xiao Chen , Orito Masaya , Kashima Yuji , Mizobe Koshiro , Kida Katsuyuki
Published: August 2016

Considering the advantages on light weight, low friction coefficient, high corrosion resistance and electric insulation, polymer bearings are widely used under certain environments, where the toughness like metal bearings is not necessary. In our previous study, it was concluded that the main reason for PEEK thrust bearings failure in water was flaking due to surface crack propagation. In the present study, crack observations were made on groove surfaces and cross sections along both radial and rolling directions in order to find the relation between cracks and flaking failures.
Rolling Contact Fatigue Observation of Radial PPS Bearings under Dry Condition
Authors: Mizobe Koshiro , Matsumura Toshihiko , Kashima Yuji , Kida Katsuyuki
Published: August 2016

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is a suitable material for bearings which are used under dry conditions. We performed rolling contact fatigue tests using radial PPS bearings and investigated changes in the material structure and fatigue behavior under dry conditions. From these tests, we found that the bearings stop moving for two reasons: melting of wear tracks and build up of adhesion film on the surfaces in a race.
Application of Small Size Solar Furnace onto Preparation of Copper Oxide Thin Films by Sol-Gel Route
Authors: Ehara Takashi , Sasaki Taichi , Motomiya Hiroo
Published: August 2016

In this manuscript, we will describe the preparation of copper oxide thin films by sol-gel route using solar furnace with area of about 1.5 m2 as a rapid thermal annealing apparatus. The gel films prepared by spin-coating of Cu acetate solution transferred to CuO or Cu2O films after thermal annealing for 1 min employing solar furnace consists of Fresnel lens. The result reveals that the solar furnace can provide enough energy to cause the high temperature reaction of sol-gel route copper oxide synthesis. In addition, the result displays that the solar furnace is preferable apparatus to carry out a kind of high temperature rapid annealing. The oxidization reaction of the gel films significantly depends on the structure of the gel films before annealing. In the case of the gel film which contains little CuO, the film becomes mixture of CuO and Cu2O after the annealing by solar furnace. In contrast, the gel film with CuO structure transferred to pure Cu2O film after the annealing.
The Effect of Reaction Time on Optical Trapping Nanostructure Formation on the Multi-Crystalline Silicon by Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching
Authors: Xiang Yu Ren , Zhou Chun Lan , Wang Wen Jing
Published: August 2016

The surface texturing has been considered as an important process for the high-efficiency solar cell fabrication. A two-step metal-assisted chemical etching method was used to produce light trapping nanostructure on multi-crystalline silicon wafers. And the effect of the reaction time on the optical trapping properties of the nanostructures was investigated. Both the density and the size of Ag particles are highly dependent on the deposition time. The etching time instead of the Ag particle deposition time dominates the reflectance of the nanostructures when the etching time is above 30 s. The lowest spectrum-weighted average reflectance obtained in this study is about 9.2%.
Effects of Strain on Optical Properties of BiFeO3: A First-Principles Study
Authors: Zhu Zhen Ye , Wang Si Qi , Wang Qian
Published: August 2016

In order to investigate the effects of strain on optical properties of BiFeO3, electronic structure, dielectric properties and optical properties of BiFeO3 under different strain conditions were performed by first-principles calculations. Results show that the optical spectra of BiFeO3 is mainly determined by the contributions from transition from valence band O 2p to conduction band Fe 3d levels or even higher conduction band Bi 6s states in the low-energy region. Compared with equilibrium state, state density peaks shift to left side and state density peaks become broader and lower, and band gap becomes smaller under strain states. Furthermore, strain increases optical absorption coefficient peaks, energy loss coefficient peaks and reflectivity coefficient peaks, and extinction coefficient peaks, exhibiting that optical properites of BiFeO3 is improved under strain states. Our research provides theoretical guidance for future optical applications of BiFeO3, especially photovoltaic application.
Comparative Research on the Quality of Micro Hole in Superalloy GH2135 and Stainless Steel 420J1 by Laser Processing
Authors: Wang Liang , Ren Nai Fei , Wang Yun Long , Zhu Lin Zhong
Published: August 2016

Both superalloy GH2135 and stainless steel 420J1 were used as test materials to be processed by LASERTEC 80 PowerDrill three-dimensional solid laser processing center. The microstructure of the hole was investigated by super depth of field microscope and laser scanning microscope. The front and back orifice diameter, orifice deposits and thermal effect of accumulation zone were studied. The single factor test method was used to study the influence of pulse energy, pulse width and repetition frequency on the quality of micro holes. The results showed that the front and back diameter of the holes all increase with the increase of pulse energy from 0.4J-3.9J. And the front and back aperture are increase with the increase of pulse width from 0.9ms-1.9ms. Meanwhile, the variation of the aperture and pore taper is more noticeable with the repetition frequency changed from 10Hz-60Hz. The results revealed that pulse energy is one of the biggest influence factors, large pulse energy can lead to small hole taper within a certain range, and short pulse width can reduce orifice debris and splash. Both the recast layer and microcrack were existed in the two kinds of metal materials. The quality of holes drilling in GH2135 is better than 420J1.
Synthesis and Property of Polyurethane Acrylates Modified Graphene Oxide
Authors: Liu Hong Bo , Zhang Wu Ying , Lin Feng
Published: August 2016

The graphene oxides were synthesized form graphite by ultrasonic dispersion in water, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF), acetone and dimethylbenzene, and the polyurethane acrylates containing the reactive NCO (PACN) were prepared. Then the polyurethane acrylates modified graphene oxide synthesized by ultrasonic dispersion in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF), acetone were prepared by NCO of PACN reacting with the hydroxyl groups of the graphene oxides. The polyurethane acrylates modified graphene oxide was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectra. The FTIR spectra showed that the NCO of PACN reacted with the hydroxyl groups of graphene oxide synthesized by ultrasonic dispersion. The measurement of SEM and Raman spectra showed that the polyurethane acrylates modification didn't change the structure and surface morphology of graphene oxide.
Preparation and Photocatalytic Activity of Cu/BiVO4 by Solid State Grinding Method for Degradation of Methyl Orange
Authors: Chen Hai Feng , Chen Jia Mei , Pan Zhi Xue
Published: August 2016

In this work, novel Cu/BiVO4 photocatalyst were prepared by a low-temperature solid state grinding method using Bi (NO3)3•5H2O, NH4VO3 and Cu (NO3)2•2H2O as raw materials. The structure and properties of the samples were characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS); Using the degradation of methyl orange (MO) as the probe, it was simulated as the degradation of sewage under the visible light to study the influence of the illumination time and the amount of photocatalysts. Compared with the pure BiVO4, the visible-light absorption scope of BiVO4 was broadened by doping Cu, the UV-Visible absorption edges were slightly red shift and the band gap was narrower. Comparatively speaking, the results indicted that the doped Cu enhanced the photocatalytic activities of BiVO4.
Preparation and Activities of Visible-Light-Driven BiVO4 by Doping Ag via Solid State Method
Authors: Ruan Peng Cheng , Chen Hai Feng , Hu Jing Ling , Ye Jian Qiang
Published: August 2016

Using Bi (NO3)3•5H2O, NH4VO3 as raw material and AgNO3, the Ag/BiVO4 were successfully prepared by a low-temperature solid-phase reaction. And Ag/BiVO4 samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and UV - visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The Methyl Orange (MO) was simulated as the sewage under the visible light to study the influence of the illumination time and the amount of photocatalyst. The visible-light absorption scopes of BiVO4 were broaden by doping Ag, the UV-Visible absorption edge were slightly red shifted and the band gap was narrower comparing with the pure BiVO4. It was found that the catalytic effect of the Ag doped catalysts enhanced under the visible-light irradiation. And the cause of the enhanced catalytic effect also has been analyzed and discussed in the article.
Dynamic Behaviors of Mucky Clay Material under Cyclic Loads
Authors: Lu Zheng , Hu Zhi , Wang Hua , Yao Hai Lin
Published: August 2016

A series of consolidated-undrained (CU) triaxial compression tests and dynamic triaxial tests on mucky clay material were performed in the present paper, and the dynamic behaviors of mucky clay material for different dynamic stress amplitudes and initial static deviator stresses were studied. It is indicated that both the accumulated strain and the pore water pressure increase rapidly with increasing number of cycles. While after a certain number of cycles, the accumulated strain tends to be stable and there is enough time for the equilibrium of pore water pressure. Results also show that the influences of dynamic stress amplitudes and initial static deviator stresses on the accumulated plastic strain and pore water pressure of the mucky clay material are significant.
Influence of Structural Irregularities of Tserkov Building on its Dynamic Behavior under Induced Seismic Shock of Mining Origin
Authors: Dulinska Joanna M. , Nowakowska Katarzyna
Published: August 2016

In the paper the influence of structural irregularities of a building on its dynamic behavior under a mining tremor was examined. A building of tserkov was taken into consideration as an example of irregular building. The geometry and the material properties of the tserkov resulted in irregularities of the stiffness of structure: the massive concrete walls were much more stiffer than the floor slab and the structural columns. It turned out that the irregularities of structural stiffness strongly influenced the dynamic behaviour of the object. The stiff concrete walls repeated the ground motion and moved like a rigid body. The dynamic response of the softer parts of structure, i.e. the floor slab and the concrete columns, reflected the natural modes of vibration connected with low frequencies rather than the ground movements. The higher frequencies occurring in the kinematic excitation were filtered out. To evaluate the influence of the roofing on the dynamic characteristics of the structure two variants of a numerical model were analysed: a model of the building with and without roofing. It occurred that in case of an irregular building with large roof area the inclusion of non-structural roofing elements is essential and may be of crucial importance while assessing the dynamic response of structure to seismic excitation. The negligence of these elements may result in unrecognizing of the resonance phenomenon.
Study on Roll Forming of Reel Mower Helical Blades
Authors: Tan Chung Ming , Lin Gin Yei
Published: August 2016

This research is focused on the helical blades used in the reel mower machine which uses 5 to 10 helical blades. These blades are normally manufactured using the roll forming process which has certain tolerance. This research is to develop an iterative methodology to optimize the manufacture of blades using roll forming. To save cost, time and waste of material the computerized simulation process is being used. The design of the blade and the die for the roll forming and modification are done using software SolidWorks. Simulation is performed using software DEFORM-3D. The simulation result and the actual design are compared using software Geomagic. This study also shows the potential applications of computer aided engineering and its benefits in verifying and reinventing the part manufacturing process.
The Water Retention Characteristics of an Unsaturated Compacted Loess Material
Authors: Hu Zhi , Lu Zheng , Yao Hai Lin
Published: August 2016

The water retention curve of an unsaturated compacted loess material has been obtained by combining the filter paper method, the vapour equilibrium method and the axis translation method. It was indicated that the combined method is efficient to investigate the water retention characteristics of compacted loess materials. The results showed that the osmotic suction in the compacted loess varies slightly with the increasing water content. Higher matric suction occurs in the compacted loess compared with the natural loess at the same moisture.
Impact Resistance of Graded Cellular Metals Using Cell-Based Finite Element Models
Authors: Yang Jie , Wang Shi Long , Zheng Zhi Jun , Yu Ji Lin
Published: August 2016

A varying cell-size method based on Voronoi technique is extended to construct 3D graded cellular models. The dynamic behaviors of graded cellular structures with different density gradients are then investigated with finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit. Results show that graded cellular materials have better performance as energy absorbers. Graded cellular structures with large density near the distal end can protect strikers, and those with low density near the distal end can protect structures at the distal end. It is concluded that graded cellular materials with suitable design may have excellent performance in crashworthiness.
Mechanical Properties the Cast In Situ Foamed Lightweight Soil
Authors: Zhou Chao
Published: August 2016

As a new type of subgrade engineering filler, the cast-in-situ foamed lightweight soil has the advantages of light weight, good fluidity, stable performance, strong vertical stability, high strength and low environment impact. Five groups of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests in the laboratory were carried out using GDS triaxial apparatus.The mechanical behaviour such as dynamic and static strength, dynamic and static modulus, hysteretic curve and failure characteristics of cast In Situ foamed lightweight soil was studied.
Study of Migration Regularity and Controlling Factors of Subgrade Moisture under Atmosphere Action
Authors: Liu Jie
Published: August 2016

In the influence of the atmosphere,the soil of the subgrade would frequently in continuous humidification and dehumidifying situation, and it will result in large variation of the engineering properties of the subgrade. So, it is important to study the water migration in subgrade under the influence of the climate. In this paper, based on moisture and heat coupling thermal, non isothermal equation of unsaturated soil are introduced, the subgrade evaporation model are established. The theoretical analysis and numerical calculation of the subgrade moisture changes and its influence factors under the effect of the atmosphere are studied. The study results show that: solar intensity are the most important factors to the subgade moisture, the solar radiation makes the temperature of the pavement rising, the evaporation of the pavement would be speed up. In the wet and dry cycle process, as the rainfall intensity is small, it has little effect to the subgrade moisture, in the same rainfall duration conditions, although the evaporation duration is the same, the subgrade moisture still changes with the rainfall intensity, the larger the rainfall, the more changes of the subgrade moisture. Little intensity and long duration rainfall pattern affect the subgrade moisture more intensity than that of large intensity and short duration rainfall pattern.
Analysis on Phases and Grain Evolution of TC4 Ti-Alloy in Hot Forming in Time and Space Based on Deform-3D
Authors: Quan Guo Hui , Zhao Xu Yong
Published: August 2016

In the hot forging process of TC4 Ti-alloy large die forging two beam, the dynamic recrystallization of α phase and recovery of β phase were happened. Using Deform-3D finite element analysis software, the evolution model of grain and phase is constructed and coupled simulation is carried out, on the foundation of simulation results, the evolution law of α phase dynamic recrystallization and β phase transformation in time and space was obtained, so the optimal control of grain and phase was realized. Thus the performances of TC4 Ti-alloy will be improved and optimized, and all this will provide theoretical basis for the forging of large Ti-alloy components.
Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Stainless Clad Plate
Authors: Jin He Rong , Yang Xu Kun , Cui You Wei , Yi Ya Li
Published: August 2016

The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of Q345R/304 clad plate was studied. The microstructure of the base layer was analyzed by metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope, and mechanical properties such as tensile, shear and impact were investigated after heat treatment. The chromium content in the compound interface was analyzed after heat treatment through spectrum analysis technology. The results show that heat treatment affects the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of stainless clad plate significantly. After air cooling, the microstructure of the base layer consi+sts of ferrite and pearlite, the strength of clad plate is low, and the corrosion resistance is poor. After oil cooling to 450°Cand air cooling, the microstructure of the base layer consists of bainite, ferrite and a small amount of pearlite. The strength and plasticity of clad plate can meet the application requirements and the corrosion resistance is excellent as well.
Effect of Preheating Temperature on Microstructure of Fe Based Alloy Coating by Laser Direct Metal Deposition
Authors: Shi Rui Rui , Chen Sui Yuan , Peng Yong Gang , Zhang Zhao
Published: August 2016

A Fe60 alloy coating was deposited on the surface of Q235 steel by semiconductor laser under the different preheating temperature at 25°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C respectively. The structure and hardness of the samples were analyzed by the means of OM、SEM、XRD、micro-hardness tester. The results show that: A Fe60 alloy coating with high Cr and C content was prepared on the steel substrate by using optimized process parameters, the interface bonding was formed between the coating and the substrate, the thickness of the coating without cracks and porosities is about 6-10mm. There are equiaxed and dendrite crystals in the coating and the phase of coating is composed of α-Fe, γ-Fe,{Fe,Ni} solid solution, Fe3C, Cr2B, Cr7C3. Preheating treatment has good eliminating coating cracks role in the laser deposited Fe-based coating with high Cr and C content, the sample preheated at 200°C has the finest crystalline structure, and the thickness is 8mm and the hardness is up to 806HV. Preheating treatment is an effective method to eliminate the cracks in the high thickness Fe60 alloy coating by laser direct deposition.
Titanium Metal Injection Molding, a Qualified Manufacturing Process
Authors: Piemme Jobe , Grohowski Joseph A.
Published: August 2016

Metal injection molding (MIM) of titanium for implantable applications has been referred to as “the holy grail” of MIM. The challenges of forming a highly reactive, finely divided metal powder are well understood within the industry [1]. Titanium has the dual challenge of being both highly reactive and very sensitive to contamination. Over the years there has been tremendous activity in academia and industry regarding overcoming the challenges of titanium MIM [2]. The most relevant of those challenges is meeting the chemical and mechanical requirements of the Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy in a production environment. Praxis has qualified its titanium MIM process to meet the strict requirements of the medical industry. During this validation, the consistency of the process and product was evaluated at numerous points. This discussion focuses on input controls and testing the outputs of the process from both the perspective of interstitial content and mechanical properties. These characteristics cannot be non-destructively inspected and must be monitored by a statistical sampling plan to ensure quality during production. In order to develop a sampling plan that meets the quality requirements of the customer, it is necessary to determine the capabilities of the process. This article provides insight into the process validation of Praxis’ titanium MIM technology.
Mechanical Behaviour of Gas Nitrided Ti6Al4V Bars Produced by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Franz Peter , Mukhtar Aamir , Downing Warwick , Smith Graeme , Jackson Ben
Published: August 2016

Gas atomized Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy powder was used to prepare distinct designed geometries with different properties by selective laser melting (SLM). Several heat treatments were investigated to find suitable processing parameters to strengthen (specially to harden) these parts for different applications. The results showed significant differences between tabulated results for heat treated billet Ti64 and SLM produced Ti64 parts, while certain mechanical properties of SLM Ti64 parts could be improved by different heat treatments using different processing parameters. Most heat treatments performed followed the trends of a reduction in tensile strength while improving ductility compared with untreated SLM Ti64 parts.Gas nitriding [GN] (diffusion-based thermo-chemical treatment) has been combined with a selected heat treatment for interstitial hardening. Heat treatment was performed below β-transus temperature using minimum flow of nitrogen gas with a controlled low pressure. The surface of the SLM produced Ti64 parts after gas nitriding showed TiN and Ti2N phases (“compound layer”, XRD analysis) and α (N) – Ti diffusion zones as well as high values of micro-hardness as compared to untreated SLM produced Ti64 parts. The microhardness profiles on cross section of the gas nitrided SLM produced samples gave information about the i) microhardness behaviour of the material, and ii) thickness of the nitrided layer, which was investigated using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray elemental analysis. Tensile properties of the gas nitrided Ti64 bars produced by SLM under different conditions were also reported.
Novel and Emerging Routes for Titanium Powder Production - An Overview
Authors: Mellor Ian , Doughty Greg
Published: August 2016

As the adoption of components fabricated via titanium powder metallurgy (PM) techniques becomes more prevalent, and projected to increase at a substantial rate over the next decade, especially in the field of additive manufacturing (AM), there is a necessity to increase titanium powder production capacity from the current annual level of ca. 6000 tonnes per annum. At present a well-documented barrier restricting this widespread implementation, is the inherently high cost of the feedstock, an issue which to date has been neglected to some degree, at the expense of developing the individual powder metallurgy routes. The scope of this overview therefore is to provide an insight of both established and novel methods of titanium powder production, as potential opportunities to satisfy this growing demand. Particular emphasis will focus on Metalysis, a company founded to commercialize an innovative electrochemical approach for the synthesis of metals and alloys from their respective oxides, where the ability to generate titanium eloquently demonstrates the extent of its capabilities.The patented Metalysis technology, exploiting the FFC® Cambridge process, lends itself to producing alloys and intermetallics, where Ti-6Al-4V provides a prime example of this. Furthermore, as electrolysis occurs solely in the solid state, issues pertaining to segregation due to dissimilar densities and melting points are avoided. It is possible to tailor both the average particle diameter and size distribution of the product targeted powder metallurgy (PM) applications, based upon appropriate selection of the feed. The attraction of this strategy is that the steps associated with conventional metal powder synthesis are circumvented, resulting in a significant cost reduction. Moreover it has recently been revealed that titanium can be produced directly from naturally occurring ore (beach sand) and synthetic rutile, with the ensuing product presenting itself as an inexpensive and abundant feedstock for additive manufacturing (AM). This represents a paradigm shift in the availability of consumables for the 3D printing market.
Processing TiROTM Powder for Strip Production and other Powder Consolidation Applications
Authors: Doblin Christian , Cantin G.M. Delphine , Gulizia Stefan
Published: August 2016

The TiROTM process has been developed at CSIRO for the continuous direct production of Ti powder. The process has two main steps; a reaction step where the Ti is produced as very fine particles dispersed in larger particles of magnesium chloride. The MgCl2 is separated from the Ti powder in a continuous vacuum distillation unit. The Ti product from this unit comprises a lightly sintered “biscuit” of Ti particles that can be broken up into individual particles powder with a d50 around 200 μm. These particles have a unique morphology which is a function of the process.For many powder metallurgical applications TiROTM powder will require further processing to tailor its morphology for the specific application. A small sample of Ti strip has been produced from ring milled TiROTM powder by a CSIRO patented combination of direct powder rolling (DPR) followed by hot roll densification (HRD). The Ti strip was annealed and characterised in terms of microstructure and chemistry.A powder manipulation technology (PMT) has been developed to modify TIROTM particulates without the need of more expensive hydride-dehydride (HDH) or gas atomization routes to improve density, flowability, size, distribution and shape for cold spray and additive manufacturing applications.