bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Germination of Aristida armata Under Constant and Alternating Temperatures and Its Analysis With the Cumulative Weibull Distribution as a Model
Authors: Brown RF
Published: December 2005

Germination of Aristida armata was compared at different temperatures on a thermogradient plate.
Temperatures ranged from 10°C to 50°C with day/night differentials of 0, 5, 10 and 15°C. Alternating
temperatures improved overall germination, particularly at the extremes of temperature. Average temperatures
of 35°C and higher were fatal to many seeds. Day temperatures of 17.5°C and lower inhibited
germination but did not prevent subsequent germination under warmer conditions. There was little
variation in the rate of germination with incubation under constant temperatures. Under alternating
temperatures, maximum germination occurred at lower temperatures than those under which
germination rate was greatest.
A four-parameter cumulative Weibull distribution was used to summarise cumulative germination.
The distribution has the general form: Y = M(1-exp[- {k(t - I)}c]), where Y is the total germination at
time t, M is the final total germination, k is germination rate, I is the interval between the start of
incubation and the start of germination, and c is a shape parameter. In nearly all cases, the fitted
function had a coefficient of determination greater than 0.98. The Weibull distribution allows reconstruction
of the original germination data with minimal distortion and its use is recommended for both
the analysis and modelling of germination responses.
Stimulation of Seed-Germination of Understorey Species of the Northern Jarrah Forest of Western-Australia
Authors: Bell DT , Vlahos S , Watson LE
Published: December 2005

Glasshouse trials in trays of soil measured the germination response to high temperatures and the presence of charcoal in 40 non-leguminous understorey species of the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) forest. Species producing relatively low proportions of viable and germinable seeds tended to be the long-lived resprouting species where reproductive output may not be of major adaptive significance. Three species, Conostylis setosa, Trymalium ledifolium and T. spathulaturn, with seed stored in the soil, were stimulated to germinate by high temperatures. Bradysporous, obligate reseeding species showed either no temperature effect (mainly species of Dryandra) or death at high temperatures (species of Hakea, whose seeds normally are protected by woody fruits). Charred wood of Eucalyptus marginata induced an increase in the proportion of Burchardia umbellata germinating under the test conditions. Relationships of the seed germination results to aspects of r- and K- selection theory and fire management policy in the northern jarrah forest are also discussed.
The Short-Term Effects of Clearfelling and Slash-Burning on the Richness, Diversity and Relative Abundance of Higher Plant Species in Two Types of Eucalypt Forest on Dolerite in Tasmania
Authors: Dickinson KJM , Kirkpatrick JB
Published: December 2005

The relative impacts of clearfelling followed by slash-burning, clearfelling, and no treatment were
monitored for 2 years in two major types of eucalypt forest in south-eastern Tasmania. Rates of change
in species cover were significantly greater in the burned area than in both the clearfell and control areas.
More than half the species for which suitable data were available increased most in the burned area and
least in the control. More higher plant taxa were present in the permanent burned plots 4 months after
the burn than before the burn. By the last 8 months of recording, new taxa were invading at a rate
of only 0.1 per month. Composites and shrubs constituted most of the late invaders. The behaviour
of diversity measures was largely a function of the behaviour of a few of the taxa. Fire intensity, as
measured by degree of soil baking, had a pronounced influence on species composition and cover. The
species composition of aerially sown seed had little influence on the species composition of the eucalypt
regeneration, with species not sown by the Forestry Commission recovering vegetatively, and much of
the sown seed not resulting in seedling establishment. The clearfelling and burning, and clearfelling
treatments did not result in the loss of any native species but there was substantial invasion by introduced
herbs. However, lack of substantial impact in the short term does not guarantee the same in the long
term.
Some Collections of Vaucheria (Tribophyceae) From Southeastern Australia
Authors: Christensen T
Published: December 2005

Sixteen species of Vaucheria are recorded from south-eastern Australia, including V. conifera sp. nov. and V. mulleola subsp. calida subsp. nov. One sample is found to vary to such an extent, also in unialgal culture, that it agrees with the description of V. cruciata in some cases and with that of the later established V. arechavaletae in others: it is concluded that these two species should be merged into one. The collection stations are briefly characterised. The species are illustrated with line drawings, and the Australian material of previously described species is compared with what is known from elsewhere. Formation of galls, caused by the rotatorian Proales wernecki, has been observed in four species. Drawings are included of one gall of familiar shape and one of a shape not previously described, the latter formed by Vaucheria erythrospora, which has never been found with galls before.
The Effect of Surface Mining on the Infectivity of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Jasper DA , Robson AD , Abbott LK
Published: December 2005

We tested the hypothesis that soil disturbance associated with mining will reduce the infectivity of propagules of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi to different extents, depending on the mining operation and the environment. At each of four mine sites, the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi was estimated in soil from native vegetation, disturbed topsoil and revegetated soil. Infectivity was measured using subterranean clover and Acacia species as bioassay plants. In a second experiment the effects of soil disturbance and soil storage on infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi were measured separately. Topsoil disturbance decreased the number of spores or the number of spore types that could be isolated from the soil, and reduced or delayed formation of VA mycorrhizas. Glasshouse treatments indicated that both disturbance and a period of storage without plant growth contributed to the loss in infectivity of propagules of VA mycorrhizal fungi. After 4-5 years of revegetation, the number of infective propagules appears to be restored to a level equivalent to that of undisturbed soils. The possibility of improving revegetation by increasing the inoculum potential of disturbed soils needs to be investigated.
Water Relations of Root-Pruned Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) Saplings
Authors: Crombie DS , Tippett JT , Gorddard DJ
Published: December 2005

Roots were pruned from jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) saplings to simulate the effects
of root loss induced by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Stomatal conductance was more sensitive to
root loss than was leaf water potential. Stomatal conductances of trees on moist soils declined when
more than 50% of roots were removed but were more variable and were affected more severely by root
pruning when soils were dry. Predawn leaf water potentials were unaffected by removal of up to 80%
of roots irrespective of whether surface soils were dry or moist. The effects of root pruning on midday
water potentials were variable especially when soils were dry. Leaf shedding and efficient stornatal
closure prevented severe water stress developing in leaves until nearly 90% of the roots had been
removed. It is suggested that destruction of the deep 'sinker' roots by P. cinnamomi has greater effects
on jarrah's water relations during summer than does loss of shallow roots. The deep roots are especially
important as jarrah grows on highly developed lateritic soil profiles.
Host Range of Three Strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides From Tropical Pasture Legumes, and Comparative Histological Studies of Interactions Between Type B Disease-Producing Strains and Stylosanthes scabra (Non-Host) and S. guianensis (Host)
Authors: Vinijsanun T , Irwin JAG , Cameron DF
Published: December 2005

The Type A isolate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Stylosanthes hamata and an isolate from
Aeschynomenefalcata had relatively wide host ranges, causing disease on 10 and 11 respectively of the
22 plant species tested. Seven plant species were common hosts to the two strains. The Type B isolate
from Stylosanthes guianensis had a relatively narrow host range, causing severe disease on S. guianensis
only and slight disease on Desmodium barbatum only. Because of this, a special form is proposed for
the Type B isolate, namely C. gloeosporioides f. sp. guianensis, to indicate its specificity towards
Stylosanthes guianensis.
The histopathology at the light microscope level of the non-host resistance of S. scabra to C.
Gloeosporioides f. sp. guianensis was studied both on whole leaves that had been cleared and stained,
and in transverse sections. The compatible interaction between S. guianensis and C. gloeosporioides f.
sp. guianensis was also studied in parallel as a control. Quantitative whole leaf studies showed that the
pre-penetration processes were similar for the two interactions, with higher levels of germination occurring
on the non-host (35%) than on the host (27%). Of 2250 appressoria examined for evidence of
penetration in whole leaves for each of the two interactions at 72 h after inoculation, 6.6% had penetrated
for the compatible interaction and in all cases only direct penetration was observed. For the
interaction with the non-host (S. scabra) only one penetration was observed, and this appeared to occur
through a stomate. The studies on transverse leaf sections showed that in the non-host interaction,
penetration pegs, if produced, remained localised in the cuticle and were surrounded by a densely
staining reaction matrix. In the compatible interactions, the fungus produced a vesicle in the cuticle by
24 h. A dense reaction matrix was often observed in the cuticle beneath the appressorium but penetration
of the host epidermal cell, followed by subcuticular, intercellular and intracellular growth, had
occurred by 72 h. Cell collapse was not evident after this period, suggesting the fungus was biotrophic
for the first 72 h of the interaction.
Sex-Ratios in a Gynodioecious Plant Ptilotus obovatus (Gaudich) F-Muell (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Kirby GC , Barlow BA , Habel S
Published: December 2005

Ptilotus obovatus is a gynodioecious perennial shrub with diploid and tetraploid cytotypes and is widespread
in arid Australia. This study involved sex ratio counts in colonies of both cytotypes across much
of the species range. Samples from diploid colonies had high frequencies of females (>55%) in Western
Australia, low frequencies (<41%) in South Australia, and variable frequencies (36-77%) in southwestern
Queensland. Tetraploid colonies had the opposite trend with low frequencies of females (<47%)
in Western Australia and high frequencies (>54%) in the Northern Territory, South Australia and New
South Wales. Ptilotus obovatus appears to be subdivided into at least five biotypes with distinct ploidy
levels and sex ratios. We suggest that tetraploidy arose at least twice from diploid ancestors with
different sex ratios and that the present distribution of cytotypes may reflect dispersal from refugia after
recent arid maxima.
The study of the genetics of male sterility in this species was impeded by the remarkably low seed
set of plants in glasshouse crosses and in the field.
The Biology of Hakea epiglottis Labill (Proteaceae)
Authors: Lee HM
Published: December 2005

Hakea epiglottis Labill. is a Tasmanian endemic with variable form and sexual types. The existence of
dioecious and bisexual populations has been established. The distribution of these forms, their habitat,
morphology and biological relationships are discussed.
Lineages, Lineage Stability and Pattern Formation in Leaves of Variegated Chimeras of Lophostemon confertus (R. Br.) Wilson & Waterhouse and Tristaniopis laurina (Smith) Wilson & Waterhouse (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Beardsell DV , Considine JA
Published: December 2005

Three variegated chimeras of L. confertus and T. laurina arise spontaneously in seedling populations:
1, white margin: green centre, 2, green margin: light green centre and 3, green margin: white centre.
Types 1 and 2 are found in T. laurina and types 1 and 3 in L. confertus. We have determined chloroplast
distribution in the leaf tissues by fluorescence microscopy to assess the basis for these colour patterns.
In L. confertus, a layer of collenchyma underlies the adaxial epidermis, replaces the upper layer of
palisade, and does not mask mutant inner tissues, concealed by the adaxial layer of palisade in type 2
leaves of T. laurina. The central colour patterns are explained on the basis of accepted paths of cell
lineage in leaf development (protoderm green in all three types; hypodermal derivatives genetically green
in 2 and 3; and subhypodermal cells chlorophyll-deficient in types 2 and 3).
The cell lineages postulated are similar in both species and we show that the observations can be
accounted for only by a shift in lineage path during leaf ontogeny. We conclude that some established
concepts of leaf ontogeny require revision.
Germination of Jedda multicaulis Clarkson,J.r. (Thymelaeaceae). An Example of Cryptogeal Germination in the Australian Flora
Authors: Clarkson JR , Clifford HT
Published: December 2005

The germination of Jedda multicaulis is figured and described. It provides the first record of cryptogeal
germination for a member of the family Thymelaeaceae and demonstrates the habit for the first time
in a woody dicotyledonous member of the Australian flora. Anatomical studies show the burying of
the plumule is the result of a modification of the cotyledonary petioles. The germination pattern is
considered to be primarily an adaptation to fire. It also provides a mode of recovery following grazing
or trampling.
Natural Hybridisation Between Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. And E. macrorhyncha F. Muell. in the Cathedral Range, Victoria
Authors: Ashton DH , Sandiford EM
Published: December 2005

Intermediates between E. regnans and E. macrorhyncha occur in E. macrorhyncha forests on the Cathedral Range sandstones up to 5 km from the nearest stands of E. regnans. Such intermediates are regarded as F1 hybrids, primarily because of their low variability. Except for one site adjacent to E. regnans, no introgression to E. macrorhyncha is found, suggesting that hybridization is a rare event. The presence of hybrids is likely to be a result of a 'third order reaction' requiring heavy synchronous flowering, attraction of suitable pollinators and the occurrence of bushfires within the retention time of capsules in the canopies. Intermediate trees exhibit water relation characteristics and essential oil contents similar to those of E. macrorhyncha but morphological features closer to those of E. regnans. Progeny of intermediates display wide variability, both morphologically and physiologically, between the putative parent species. Such rare, widely dispersed hybrid events may eventually lead to increased local variation of
E. macrorhyncha and as such may have implications for evolution of eucalypt taxa in diverse habitats.
Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth in Coastal Australia: the Reproductive Behaviour and the Distribution of Morphological Types and Chromosome Races
Authors: Smith-White AR
Published: December 2005

Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth is essentially a littoral grass distributed over much of the coastline of
Australia. It occupies a number of different habitats, and exists as morphologically distinct variants and
chromosomally distinct races. Four morphological forms are here recognised (designated types 1-4) that
do not conform to currently defined subspecific taxa. Cytological investigation of somatic cells has
determined six different chromosome numbers: 2n = 20, 30, 3 1, 40, 50 and 60. The counts of 2n = 31,
50 and 60 are the first records of these numbers for the species.
Races, defined by morphological type and chromosome number, were found to be discretely distrib-
uted, with diploid populations (2n = 20) occurring only in the southern regions and polyploid popu-
lations predominantly (but not solely) in the northern half of the continent. This pattern is presumed
to reflect a high level of local evolution, with substantial physiological adaptation to climatic and
ecological conditions.
Whilst all races were found to reproduce asexually, by way of stolons and rhizomes, instances of
sexual reproduction were recorded only from the diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. Possible subsexual
reproduction by way of agamospermy was observed in the triploid race and also in one diploid plant
and inflorescence proliferation was found to be a feature of one pentaploid clone.
Patterns of Natural and Manipulated Hybridisation in the Genus Eucalyptus L'hérit. ̵1 A Review
Authors: Griffin AR , Burgess IP , Wolf L
Published: December 2005

A database of herbarium specimens of Eucalyptus, together with published and unpublished literature,
was searched for records of natural or manipulated interspecific hybrids. The database was also used
in conjunction with the informal classification of Pryor and Johnson to generate a list of all pairwise
combinations of species within each subgenus, indexed according to tazionomic affinity and degree of
coincidence of geographic distribution. The frequency of recorded interspecific hybrids in relation to
the total numbers of species pairs in each index category provided a basis for exploration of patterns
of hybridisation within the genus.
The different subgenera are reproductively isolated under both natural and manipulated conditions.
Within subgenera, current geographic distribution is a major determinant of natural hybridisation, The
frequency of natural hybridisation in general reflects the hierarchy of taxonomic affinities, although
important exceptions were noted in Monomlyptus and Corymbia, and there is considerable variation
in rates of inter and intrasectional hybridisation within Symphyomyrtus. Tammmic revision may be
indicated in such cases.
Across the genus, natural hybridisation is a rather restricted phenomenon. Only 15% of combin-
ations expected on geographic/taxonomic grounds have been recorded, and 37% of 'these are known
from only a single herbarium record.
Most records of manipulated hybrids derive from the wmmercidy important subgenus
Symphyomyrtus. Combinations between geographically isolated species are Frequent and successfd
crosses have been made between species in different sections, although an increased frequency of viability
problems was noted in some cases. Implications for tree breeding are discussed.
Demography and Production of Balaka microcarpa Burret (Arecaceae), a Tropical Understorey Palm in Fiji
Authors: Ash J
Published: December 2005

A population of the understorey forest palm Balaka microcarpa Burret (Arecaceae) was studied in its
natural habitat in south-eastern Viti Levu, Fiji. The palm has a juvenile stage with entire leaves followed
by a stage in which an aerial stem develops, up to a height of 13 m, and pinnate leaves are produced,
which leave distinct scars on the stem. In juveniles, successive leaf lengths increase by c. 1-4 cm and
about 28 juvenile leaves are produced. Annual leaf production increased from c. 1.2 year -1 in juveniles
to c. 2.2 year-1 in tall palms. The duration of the juvenile phase was estimated as 15-25 years, while
the oldest palm observed was about 85 years. Flowering commenced at 5 m stem height, after 40-60
years, with one inflorescence in each leaf axil and 183� 92 (s.d.) fruits on each infructescence. Mortality
was estimated as 99.8-99.9% from the seed to juvenile stage, and 1.4-4% year-1 in later stages.
A mean generation time of 68 years was calculated. About 23% of net production was used in reproduction
during the reproductive period, or about 13% of total net production of an old palm. The demographic
characteristics are contrasted with those of other palm species from a variety of habitats.
Radiocarbon Age-Determinations From Lignotubers
Authors: Head MJ , Lacey CJ
Published: December 2005

Large plate-like lignotubers formed by Eucalyptus botryoides Sm. were examined at a site on the south
coast of New South Wales. Circumstantial evidence suggests that they are of great antiquity, yet 14C
activity measurements of samples taken from lignotubers or associated stump wood corresponded to
young ages, and it is clear that low durability of wood from these lignotubers prevents an accurate age
determination by 14C dating methods. Ages of up to 600 years B.P. were obtained, but only from
carbonised wood fragments associated with, but not connected to, decayed portions of large lignotubers.
The differences in 14C activity found in samples from the intact lignotubers could not be interpreted
clearly in terms of sequential growth periods for them. 14C activity differences between samples from
two lignotubers are difficult to explain on the evidence available.
Conversely, age sequences of up to 540 years were obtained from lignotubers of Eucalyptus coccifera
Hook f., from Snug Tiers, near Hobart, Tasmania. The wood from these lignotubers has been well
preserved. Possible reasons for these differences in lignotuber preservation will be discussed further.
The Cineole Content and Taxonomy of Eucalyptus kochii Maiden & Blakely and E. plenissima (Gardner) Brooker, With an Appendix Establishing These Two Taxa as Subspecies
Authors: Brooker MIH , Barton AFM , Rockel BA , Tjandra J
Published: December 2005

The nomenclatural history and comparative morphology of Eucalyptus kochii Maiden & Blakely and
E. plenissima (Gardner) Brooker are discussed. Studies on the oils of Western Australian eucalypts are
surnmarised. Populations from various locations within the distributions of both taxa were subjected
to rnorphornetric analyses and studied for the components and seasonality of oil production. The two
taxa established herein as subspecies, viz. E. kochii subsp. kochii and E. kochii subsp. plenissima, differ
in operculum shape and cineole production, and have separate distributions.
Comparative Responses to Temperature of the Major Canopy Species of Tasmanian Cool Temperate Rainforest and Their Ecological Significance .I. Foliar Frost-Resistance
Authors: Read J , Hill RS
Published: December 2005

Foliar frost resistance has been determined using the conductivity method in the rainforest canopy
species Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst., Atherosperma moschatum Labill., Eucryphia lucida
(Labill.) Bail]., Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook. f. and Athrotaxis selaginoides D. Don in
glasshouse experiments and seasonal measurements at Mt Field National Park, Tasmania. Some determinations
of frost resistance were also made in Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook. f.) C. J. Quinn and
Nothofagus gunnii (Hook. f.) Oerst. The general trend of foliar frost resistance is in the order
A. moschatum < P. aspleniifolius < E. lucida < A. selaginoides < N. cunninghamii. This is consistent
with the infrequency of A. moschatum at the higher altitudes, its occupation of the lower canopy in old
rainforest and its infrequent establishment on exposed sites. P. aspleniifolius is more common at high
altitudes than E. lucida but has a lower foliar frost resistance. A. selaginoides and N. cunninghamii have
a high frost resistance consistent with their occurrence at high altitudes and on exposed sites. However,
A. selaginoides does not have the superior frost resistance predicted by its occurrence at higher altitudes
than N. cunninghamii. The leaves of N. gunnii (winter-deciduous) have a low summer frost resistance
relative to the co-occurring evergreen species A. selaginoides and N. cunninghamii. L. franklinii has a
higher frost resistance than predicted from its infrequent occurrence at high altitudes.
The Pollination Biology of Dendrobium speciosum Smith: a Case of False Advertising?
Authors: Slater AT , Calder DM
Published: December 2005

Potential pollinators of Dendrobium speciosum are attracted to the plant by large, cream to yellow,
finely segmented, aromatic inflorescences. Plants in natural populations flower synchronously, produc-
ing a massive display. Osmophores scattered over the perianth produce a strong, sweet scent in sunny
weather. Nectar-seeking insects are guided to the central, reproductive area of the flower by the colour
gradation of the perianth, including an area of high U.V. reflection near the centre, and a bright yellow
ridge along the labellum. A tube formed by the labellum and column directs the potential pollinators.
The flower, however, produces no nectar.
Flowers vary in size within the six recognised varieties of D. speciosum and are pollinated when
visited by bees of appropriate size. Post-pollination closure of flowers prevents further access by
potential pollinators. The dendrobium beetle and larvae feed on the plant and inflorescences and play
no part in pollination.
The low fruit set, characteristic of this species, is considered to be a combined result of self-infertility
and the absence of rewards offered by the flower. The specific climatic conditions during which
pollinators visit the flowers are also important.
The attraction and pollination mechanisms are similar among all observed varieties of D. speciosum
as well as some closely related species, possibly explaining the high occurrence of hybrids within this
group.
It is concluded that D. speciosum provides a visual and olfactory display through the production of
a large number of hermaphrodite non-rewarding flowers on each inflorescence, and relies on infrequent
outcrosses for successful pollination.
The Plant Opal Content in the Vegetation and Sediment of a Swamp at Oxford Falls, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Hart DM
Published: December 2005

Opal phytoliths in the leaves of 10 native species growing in and around a swamp were isolated and
quantified, and shape and surface detail examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The
amount of plant opal in the leaves ranged from 0.10 to 2.45% by dry weight, and phytolith forms most
commonly found were spheres, rods and sheets. Phytoliths in the silt size range of the swamp sediment
were isolated by a simple fractionation technique. It was found that the forms with a small surface area
to volume ratio survived in the sediment.
Growth and Nodulation of Provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Inoculated With a Range of Frankia Sources
Authors: Fleming AI , Williams ER , Turnbull JW
Published: December 2005

Seed and root nodules (for use as a Frankia inoculum) collected from 18 provenances of Casuarina
cunninghamiana Miq. were used in a complete cross-inoculation experiment conducted in a glasshouse.
The provenances covered the geographical range of the species and represented major river systems.
They were arranged a priori into five groups according to geographical location. Seventeen of the
inocula were effective on seed from all provenances; one inoculum failed to nodulate seedlings from
any provenance. Inoculum source, seed source and their interaction all affected plant growth. Greatest
shoot weight was obtained with seed and inoculum combinations from similar geographical regions,
particularly northern inocula with northern seed sources and southern inocula with southern seed
sources. When averaged over all seed sources northern inocula were the most generally effective in
promoting plant growth. In contrast, when averaged over all inoculum sources, southern seed sources
grew best. These results demonstrate the potential for improving the effectiveness of the
C. cunninghamiana-Frankia association in forestry by selection of the symbiotic partners.
Seed bank dynamics of a serotinus, fire-sensitive Banksia species
Authors: Lamont BB , Barker MJ
Published: December 2005

Banksia burdettii is a locally abundant shrub restricted to a small area in south-western Australia. At
the study site, the canopy-stored seed bank built up exponentially with plant age to yield a mean of 830
viable seeds per plant from about 212 000 ovules produced over 16 years. Seed availability was the net
result per year of number of flower heads, extent of head removal by cockatoos, number of florets per
head and number of fruits (follicles) per floret in the production phase and the extent of seed abortion,
insect granivory, seed senescence and spontaneous seed release in the mortality phase. Plants are killed
by fire and a substantial proportion of cones was consumed by a hot fire. Up to 87% of viable seed
may survive and be released within 100 days of a fire, depending on intensity and season of burn. Plants
which died in the absence of fire released little viable seed subsequently, while the remainder were
consumed when fire occurred.
Comparison of 25 reproductive attributes between B. burdettii and another two Banksia species
occurring in the vicinity indicated that it has much in common with these serotinous, non-sprouters.
Although viable canopy-stored seeds account for few of the original ovules, reproductive inefficiency,
once a fire interval of 10 years is exceeded, cannot explain the restricted distribution of this species.
Regeneration of Eucalyptus Species in an Eastern Tasmanian Coastal Forest in the Presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Wardlaw TJ , Palzer C
Published: December 2005

The composition of Eucalyptus regeneration following Phytophthora cinnamomi infestation in an
E. sieberi open, shrubby forest is examined.
Surveys made to determine the composition of the original stand show that E. sieberi dominated all
sites examined in the study area.
Regeneration of Eucalyptus spp. from both aerial sowing (in a logged area) and natural seed fall
(in an unlogged area) has resulted in increased species heterogeneity.
Even in the presence of P. cinnamomi, the susceptible E. sieberi and E. obliqua seedling regenerations
have significantly higher relative height growth rates than the field-resistant species E. globulus,
E. ovata and E. viminalis on all sites examined.
High-Levels of Outcrossing in Populations of Banksia spinulosa R.Br. and Banksia paludosa Smith
Authors: Carthew SM , Ayre DJ , Whelan RJ
Published: December 2005

Rates of outcrossing were measured for two species of Banksia at Barren Grounds Nature Reserve, near
Robertson, N.S.W. For B. spinulosa in a woodland area, both single-locus and multi-locus estimates
of outcrossing approached the levels predicted for panmixia. A single-locus estimate for B. paludosa
cohabiting the same site and a nearby heathland site gave similarly high estimates of outcrossing.
Water Relations of Rural Eucalypt Dieback.
Authors: Crombie DS , Milburn JA
Published: December 2005

The water relations of healthy and dieback-affected individuals of three Eucalyptus species typical of
the northern tablelands of New South Wales were compared. Dawn water potentials of healthy and
dieback-affected trees were all very similar. Midday water potentials of trees with the most severe
dieback symptoms were often lower than those of nearby healthy trees by up to 0.6 MPa. Leaf con-
ductances of the most severely dieback-affected trees were usually greater than those of healthy trees.
Differences decreased with time and when more trees with less severe symptoms were measured late in
the study no significant differences in water relations were found. It seems therefore that the effects of
dieback on the water relations of trees are too small for measurements of leaf water potentials or leaf
conductances to be useful indicators of disease severity in individual trees.
Water Relations of the Mistletoe, Amyema miquelii, and Its Host Eucalyptus fasciculosa
Authors: Whittington J , Sinclair R
Published: December 2005

Mistletoes have frequently been found to transpire more rapidly than their hosts, and usually maintain
a more negative water potential. Leaf water potential and diffusive conductance were monitored from
the end of a dry summer (March) through a wet winter (to August) on the mistletoe Amyema miquelii
(Lehm. ex Miq.) Tieghem and its host Eucalyptus fasciculosa F. Muell.
The calculated transpiration rate of the mistletoe was greater than that of its host, but water potential
data showed two unusual features. Firstly, the parasite pre-dawn water potential always remained lower
than that of the host, regardless of the host's water status. Secondly, the parasite water potential during
the day was on one occasion less negative than that of the host, i.e. a reverse gradient.
Tissue water relations studies showed that A. miquelii leaves had more negative solute potential and
a larger water capacitance than E. fasciculosa leaves. The unusual features of the seasonal data were
explained in terms of a large haustorial resistance to water flow and hysteresis in the relationship between
transpiration and water potential in the mistletoe leaf. This hysteresis was thought to be due to the
contribution of stored leaf water to transpiration.
Mycorrhizal Conifer Roots From the Lower Cretaceous of the Otway Basin, Victoria
Authors: Cantrill DJ , Douglas JG
Published: December 2005

Fossil roots with nodular and abbreviated lateral roots are described from the Devils Kitchen locality
within the Lower Cretaceous Otway Group. The general morphology of these roots indicates a
mycorrhizal association, the oldest such record from Australia. Based on the root morphology and
associated megaflora it is considered that the roots are coniferous (Taxodiaceae or Podocarpaceae); an
association of the roots with foliage of Geinitzia tetragona sp. nov., which is possibly taxodiaceous, is
indicated. The major role of nodular mycorrhizal roots in extant plants is phosphate uptake which
enhances minor nitrogen uptake. It is suggested that the fossil roots may have had a similar role. The
Devils Kitchen locality is interpreted as a levee or near channel deposit with better drainage andlor a
nutrient-poor soil relative to other soils in the sequence. The atypical plant associations of Cladophlebis
australis, C. sp. b, and Geinitzia tetragona sp. nov. are a reflection of the above.
Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure in the Rare Chittering Grass Wattle, Acacia anomala Court
Authors: Coates DJ
Published: December 2005

There are 10 known populations of Acacia anomala occurring in two small disjunct groups some 30 km
apart. The Chittering populations reproduce sexually whereas the Kalamunda populations appear to
reproduce almost exclusively by vegetative multiplication. The level and distribution of genetic variation
were studied at 15 allozyme loci. Two loci were monomorphic in all populations. In the Chittering
populations the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.0 and the expected panmictic heterozygosity
(genetic diversity) 0.209. In the Kalamunda populations the mean number of alleles per locus was 1.15
and the expected panmictic heterozygosity 0.079, although the observed heterozygosity of 0.150 was
only marginally less than the Chittering populations (0.177). These data support the contention that
the Chittering populations are primarily outcrossing whereas the Kalamunda populations are clonal,
with each population consisting of individuals with identical and, in three of the four populations,
heterozygous, multilocus genotypes.
The level of genetic diversity within the Chittering populations is high for plants in general even
though most populations are relatively smsll and isolated. It is proposed that either the length of time
these populations have been reduced in size and isolated is insufficient for genetic diversity to be reduced
or the genetic system of this species is adapted to small population conditions. Strategies for the
adequate conservation of the genetic resources of Acacia anomala are discussed.
Effects of Rabbit Grazing and Fire on a Subalpine Environment. II. Tree Vegetation
Authors: Wimbush DJ , Forrester RI
Published: December 2005

The effects of two low-intensity fires andlor grazing by rabbits and wombats upon trees of Eucalyptus
pauciflora and E. stellulata. in a subalpine environment were studied between 1977 and 1984. The experimental plot design permitted comparisons to be made between unburnt and burnt areas, each of which
was subjected to four grazing regimes.
Tall shrubs, mainly Bossiaea foliosa, which were present under the trees during the first fire but not
the second increased fire intensity and flame height and hence damage to trees.
The first fire in March 1978 did not completely kill any trees, but killed all the stems 2 m or more
in height on 34% of trees and stimulated basal regrowth on a further 17% without killing all the stems.
The first fire also reduced the basal area of live stems by about 17%. Small saplings less than 2 m high
and seedlings were generally top-killed but resprouted from the base. In the second fire only lignotub-
erous regrowth and seedlings were affected as they were in the first fire; the older trees showed no sign
of damage.
Rabbits killed a significant number of trees by first ring-barking the stems and then grazing the
regrowth.
Both the fires facilitated the establishment of tree seedlings in the frost-hollow by exposing bare soil,
but few of these seedlings survived to the end of the 7-year study period. Frost was probably the main
cause of tree death, but drought and competition from other species may also have contributed to losses.
Host Specificity, Dispersion and Persistence Through Drought of Two Arid Zone Mistletoes
Authors: Reid N , Lange RT
Published: December 2005

In the Whyalla region of South Australia, the loranthaceous mistletoe Amyema quandang (Lindl.)
Tiegh. is virtually host-specific to Acacia papyrocarpa Benth., whereas Lysiana exocarpi (Behr.) Tiegh.
(Loranthaceae) frequently parasitises 12 species in seven families, and less commonly infects seven other
species. Amyema quandang is contagiously distributed with respect to Acacia papyrocarpa, larger trees
supporting higher numbers of mistletoes. Host branch diameter (HBD) is assumed to index the age of
individual mistletoes of Amyema quandang since seedlings only establish on thin host branches. The
age distribution of A. quandang is skewed towards young plants since almost half the population para-
sitises host branches Ͱ4 15 mm in diameter, within the range infected by seedlings. HBD is correlated
with canopy size and the number of haustorial branches. The proportion of reproductive mistletoes
increases with HBD and hyperparasitic L. exocarpi are confined to older plants of A. quandang with
HBD Ͱ5 31 mm.
As a result of the severe drought in 1982, 25% of large plants of A. quandang lost one or two main
haustorial branches and suffered reductions in canopy volume, but only 4% died; by contrast, 31% of
large L. exocarpi died and a further 19% lost most of their foliage. In the A. quandang population as
a whole, recruitment balanced mortality (19%) over a 40 month period, but in the L. exocarpi popu-
lation recruitment compensated for only half the mortality. None of the xerophytic shrub and tree hosts
of either mistletoe died.
A Difference in Pollen Size Between the Male and Hermaphrodite Flowers of Two Species of Apiaceae
Authors: Mckone MJ , Webb CJ
Published: December 2005

The size of pollen grains from male and hermaphrodite flowers was compared in two species, Lignocarpa
diversifolia (Cheeseman) J . Wyndham Dawson and Gingidia harveyana (F. Muell.) J . Wyndham
Dawson (Apiaceae). In L. diversifolia, pollen grains from hermaphrodite flowers were on average 20%
greater in volume than the grains from male flowers; in G. harveyana, pollen grains from hermaphrodite
flowers were on average 13% greater in volume than grains from male flowers. There was also considerable
variation in pollen size among flowers of each type, both within and among plants of both species.
Conditions during pollen development could be important; the early arrest of development of the
gynoecium in male flowers could have a general effect on the flower and result in smaller pollen. Alternatively,
the size difference could be adaptive if pollen from hermaphrodite flowers fertilises flowers with
longer styles than does the pollen from male flowers. The size difference also could result from selection
for an increased number of pollen grains in male flowers if there is a trade off between pollen size and
number.
The Population Biology of a Smut Fungus, Ustilago spinificis Ludw. I. Geographic Distribution and Abundance.
Authors: Kirby GC
Published: December 2005

Ustilago spinificis, a floral smut of Spinifex hirsutus and S. sericeus, was collected across southern
Australia from Yanchep, W.A. on the west coast to Seaspray, Vic, on the south-eastern coast and from
the North Island of New Zealand. The host plants are most abundant on beaches with extensive sand
dunes and the smut is common in regions where the host is abundant. The distribution limits for the
smut are set by the replacement of S. hirsutus by a non-host, S. longifolius, north of Perth on the west
coast; by the absence or rarity of host plants on rocky coastlines across the Great Australian Bight and
in the SE. and SW. corners of Australia; and by the limited occurrence of host plants on the east coast
of Australia. Spinifex inflorescences were sampled on 33 beaches and on the 29 beaches where smut
was found the mean frequency of smutted inflorescences was 22%. These high infection rates represent
a natural epidemic of a plant disease and data on other natural populations of smut fungi are presented
to show that these results are not exceptional.
Isozyme Variability in Field Populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia
Authors: Old KM , Dudzinski MJ , Bell JC
Published: December 2005

Isozyme characteristics of 280 isolates from populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi in native veg-
etation in six locations in south-eastern Australia were examined at 19 enzyme loci. No new enzyme
genotypic arrays were identified as compared with earlier samplings. This work indicates that the low
variability for P. cinnamomi in Australia obtained in earlier work, from separate isolates in a wide range
of locations, is paralleled in detailed population samples in south-eastern Australia. At one location,
A1 and A2 mating types coexisted in soil samples. The lack of recombinants in these population samples
suggests an absence of sexual reproduction in the field.
Phytogeography of Acacia in Australia in Relation to Climate and Species-Richness
Authors: Hnatiuk RJ , Maslin BR
Published: December 2005

This paper reports on the kinds of geographic patterns encountered in the distribution of Australian
species of Acacia and on some climatic correlates of these patterns. The analyses were based on distribution
data of 837 species mapped on a 1° x 1.5° grid.
The area of highest density of species was the south-west corner of the continent, especially adjacent
to the major boundary separating the Arid Zone from the more humid South West Botanical Province.
The second major centre of richness occurred in eastern Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn
along the topographically heterogeneous Great Dividing Range. Secondary centres of species-richness
occurred in northern and north-eastern Australia, a number of rocky tablelands of the Arid Zone and
in western Victoria. The principal species-poor areas were located in sandy and some riverine areas of
the Arid Zone, in temperate forests of Tasmania and in coastal areas of the north of the continent.
The geographic patterns of each section of Acacia, when combined with those of species density,
highlighted the tropical (section Juliflorae) v. temperate areas (sections Phyllodineae, Pulchellae,
Botrycephalae and Alatae).
The numerical classification of grids resulted in the recognition of eight major Acacia areas, arranged
under four Acacia regions: (1) South-west; (2) Eastern, comprising a southern and a northern area;
(3) Northern, comprising an eastern and a western area; (4) Central, comprising a south-east, a central
and a north-west area. A discriminant function analysis indicated that precipitation was more important
than temperature in distinguishing between areas.
Discussion of the potential evolutionary significance of these findings and brief comparison with
other biogeographic studies are given.
Patterns of Distribution of Acacia in Australia
Authors: Maslin BR , Pedley L
Published: December 2005

Patterns of distribution are described for the three subgenera and nine sections that make up the
Australian Acacia flora. Subgenus Phyllodineae (833 species) is widespread and contains 99% of the
species; subgenus Acacia (six species) and subgenus Aculeiferum (one species) are poorly represented
and virtually confined to the north of the continent. The geographic patterns of species-richness are
strongly influenced by sections Phyllodineae (352 species), Juliflorae (219 species) and Plurinerves (178
species). Section Phyllodineae has centres of richness south of the Tropic of Capricorn in temperate
and adjacent semiarid areas of eastern, south-eastern and south-western Australia. The section is poorly
represented in the tropics. The closely related sections Juliflorae and Plurinerves predominate in the
north of the continent, semiarid areas of the south-west, many rocky tablelands of the Arid Zone and
along the Great Dividing Range and adjacent inland riverine lowland areas in eastern Australia. The
remaining four sections contribute little to the overall patterns of species-richness. The principal speciespoor
areas are sandy and fluvial lowland regions of the Arid Zone.
In eastern Australia, sections Botrycephalae, Juliflorae, Phyllodineae and Plurinerves show discontinuous
patterns of species-richness along the Great Dividing Range. All sections have species whose
ranges terminate in the area of the McPherson-Macleay Overlap region.
Genetic Diversity and the Conservation of Eucalyptus crucis Maiden
Authors: Sampson JF , Hopper SD , James SH
Published: December 2005

E. crucis Maiden occurs as small, isolated populations confined to granite outcrops in south-western
Australia. The level and distribution of genetic diversity at 11 allozyme loci in 10 populations were
estimated. Ten loci were polymorphic. However, many alleles were fixed in populations and occurred
at low frequencies in others. The mean expected panmictic heterozygosity for populations was low when
compared with tree species in general but similar to other tree species occurring in small, isolated
populations. The level of population differentiation was high, as expected for small, isolated populations
undergoing genetic fixation through genetic drift. The majority of the differentiation was attributable
to between-population rather than between-subspecies differentiation. Analyses of allozyme data
suggest that the mating system of E. crucis may be adapted to maintain diversity within populations by
selection favouring heterozygous, presumably outcrossed progeny. The optimal strategy for the conservation
of the genetic resources of E. crucis and other eucalypts with similar distribution patterns is
considered in the light of this and previous studies.
Phenologies and Litter Fall of Two Mangrove Trees, Sonneratia alba Sm. And S. caseolaris (L.) Engl., And Their Putative Hybrid, S. × Gulngai N.C. Duke
Authors: Duke NC
Published: December 2005

Litter fall studies were used to assess phenologies and productivity of Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris and
their putative hybrid, S. × Gulngai, in north-eastern Australia. Annual total litter falls (mean ± s.d.)
were 2.5 × 0.5, 2.6 × 1.4 and 3.2 g dry weight m-2 day-1, respectively. Litter was partitioned into
leaves (47, 61 and 50%), wood (12, 14 and 19%) and reproductive parts (41, 25 and 31%). In addition,
monthly reproductive schedules were produced for each taxon. Differences between taxa were pronounced. For S. alba, flowering peaked in December and fruiting in February. For S. caseolaris,
flowering peaked in late February and fruiting in June and July. S. × Gulngai was characterised by an
apparent combination of events described for the two putative parental forms. This observation, along
with a low (a%) fruiting success, provides further support for the hybrid status of this taxon.