bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsabilidade civil do cirurgião-dentista: conhecimento dos profissionais
Authors: Terada Andrea Sayuri Silveira Dias , Galo Rodrigo , Silva Ricardo Henrique Alves da
Published: November 2014

Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas sobre a importância da responsabilidade civil e os meios de proteção. Materiais e Métodos: Cem profissionais foram aleatoriamente sorteados da lista dos profissionais regularmente inscritos no município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, convidados a responder um questionário, os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que todos os profissionais consideram importante o conhecimento sobre a responsabilidade civil no exercícioda profissão, 94% já ouviram falar sobre responsabilidade civil, sendo a maior parte em cursos ou na faculdade. Em relação ao tipo de obrigação assumida pelo profissional, 28% acreditam que o cirurgião-dentista deve garantir resultados, 28% que não deve garantir resultados e 44% responderam que a garantia de resultados depende da área de atuação. Sobre o aumento do número de processos em âmbito civil contra cirurgiõesdentistas, 79% têm conhecimento desse fato e 57% conhecem algum caso em que houve a instauração do processo. Essa realidade faz com que 41% dos profissionais não se sinta seguro em exercer a Odontologia, e na busca por meios de proteção, 72% conhecem o seguro de responsabilidade civil, 45% possuem esse seguroe 82% se sente ou sentiria seguro com a contratação desse tipo de serviço. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os profissionais possuem conhecimento sobre a importância da responsabilidade civil e dos meios de proteção para o exercício profissional.Descritores: Odontologia legal. Responsabilidade civil. Conhecimento.
Value of Complete Full‐length Lower Extremity Sonography in Patients Undergoing Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography
Authors: Sivananthan Gajan , Halin Neil J. , Estes James M. , Alessi-Chinetti Jean M. , Polak Joseph F.
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic yield of complete lower extremity venous sonography for diagnosing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiography for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all cases of lower extremity venous sonography and CT pulmonary angiography performed within 1 day of each other (n = 147) in a tertiary care center. Indications for the studies performed, angiographic findings, sonographic findings, age, sex, inpatient/outpatient status, lower extremity symptoms, and treatment status were recorded. Prevalence rates and patient characteristics were compared by χ2 and Fisher exact probability tests where appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression with acute PE as the outcome was performed for age, sex, interval between angiography and sonography, indication for angiography, inpatient/outpatient status, and venous sonographic findings.

Results

The prevalence of PE (23.8%) was similar to the prevalence of DVT (27.9%). Angiographic findings were not associated with the interval between angiography and sonography or inpatient/outpatient status. Acute DVT was more likely (P = .0009) when angiographic findings were positive (51.4%), but DVT prevalence was still substantial (20.5%) in patients with negative angiographic findings. Lower extremity symptoms were not associated with DVT in cases with negative angiographic findings (P = .48). Eighteen of the 23 patients with acute DVT and negative angiographic findings were treated.

Conclusions

There is a high rate of DVT in a population undergoing CT pulmonary angiography for suspected PE even when PE is not diagnosed. Our data apply to a tertiary care institution, suggest a surveillance bias, and favor the utility of venous sonography in this population.
Can We Predict Poor Hemodynamic Tolerance of Intermittent Hemodialysis With Echocardiography in Intensive Care Patients?
Authors: Chimot Loïc , Gacouin Arnaud , Nardi Nicolas , Gros Antoine , Mascle Sophie , Marqué Sophie , Camus Christophe , Le Tulzo Yves
Published: November 2014

Objectives

Tolerance of intermittent hemodialysis is potentially poor for patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit, particularly those in shock. The aim of this study was to determine whether an evaluation of the hemodynamic state by echocardiography before an intermittent hemodialysis session could predict tolerance during the session.

Methods

Before an intermittent hemodialysis session, transesophageal echocardiography was performed on sedated patients, and transthoracic echocardiography was performed on nonsedated patients. Poor tolerance during intermittent hemodialysis was defined by the following criteria: greater than 20% decrease in mean arterial pressure, need for fluid loading (≥500 mL), a 15% increase in catecholamine if the dose was stable before the session or doubling the speed of catecholamine infusion if necessary, arrhythmia, and the necessity to stop the session before its prescribed end.

Results

A total of 54 patients were included: 20 (37%) were intubated under controlled mechanical ventilation (group 1) and underwent transesophageal echocardiography; 14 (26%) were intubated under pressure support ventilation (group 2) and underwent transthoracic echocardiography; and 20 (37%) had no ventilation support (group 3). Twenty‐four patients (46%) had poor tolerance criteria. A comparison of groups showed no significant difference in tolerance. Similarly, there was no difference with and without ultrafiltration. Increased respiratory variation of the vena cava was not predictive of poor tolerance in groups 1 and 2. In group 3, there was greater variation in patients with poor tolerance. In patients receiving mechanical ventilation, greater respiratory variability of the maximum velocity measured in the pulmonary artery was predictive of poor tolerance.

Conclusions

The hemodynamic profile of patients receiving mechanical ventilation was unable to predict tolerance of an intermittent hemodialysis session. In patients without mechanical ventilation, hypovolemia before the session appeared to be predictive of poor tolerance.
Usefulness of Fetal Urine Production Measurement for Prediction of Perinatal Outcomes in Uteroplacental Insufficiency
Authors: Lee Seung Mi , Jun Jong Kwan , Kim Su Ah , Lee Eun Ja , Kim Byoung Jae , Park Chan-Wook , Park Joong Shin
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To evaluate whether fetal urine production measurement is useful for predicting adverse outcomes in patients with uteroplacental insufficiency.

Methods

We enrolled patients with uteroplacental insufficiency at 24 to 40 weeks' gestation and normal pregnancies matched for gestational age and divided them into 3 groups according to perinatal outcomes: group 1 (n = 141), a control group of normal pregnancies; group 2 (n = 29), uteroplacental insufficiency without adverse outcomes; and group 3 (n = 18), uteroplacental insufficiency with adverse outcomes. An adverse outcome was defined as 1 or more of the following: (1) cesarean delivery because of fetal distress; (2) admission to the neonatal intensive care unit; (3) cord arterial pH less than 7.15 at birth; and (4) low 5‐minute Apgar score (<7). The fetal urine production rate was obtained by serial bladder volume measurement using virtual organ computer‐aided analysis. For bladder volume determination, we scanned the bladder in the 3‐dimensional mode and defined the bladder surface contour in the reference plane, repeating the rotation of the reference plane with an angle of 30° and determining the surface contour on each plane. Statistical methods, including the Mann‐Whitney U test, Fisher exact test, χ2 test, and Kruskal‐Wallis analysis of variance, were used.

Results

Group 3 had a lower mean fetal urine production rate than groups 1 and 2, whereas the urine production rate was not different between groups 1 and 2 (group 1, 49.0 mL/h; group 2, 59.4 mL/h; group 3, 20.7 mL/h; P < .001 between groups 1 and 3 and between groups 2 and 3). This difference between groups 2 and 3 remained significant after adjusting for the amniotic fluid index, umbilical artery Doppler pulsatility index, and presence of fetal growth restriction.

Conclusions

Uteroplacental insufficiency cases with adverse perinatal outcomes had a lower fetal urine production rate than those without adverse outcomes. This difference might be used to predict adverse perinatal outcomes in uteroplacental insufficiency.
Association Between Sonographic Cervical Appearance and Preterm Delivery After a History‐Indicated Cerclage
Authors: Miller Emily S. , Gerber Susan E.
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To determine which transvaginal cervical sonographic characteristics are associated with preterm delivery after placement of a history‐indicated cerclage.

Methods

We conducted a case‐control study of all women with a singleton gestation and a history‐indicated cerclage placed at a single center between January 1, 2008, and October 1, 2012. Cerclages were placed between 12 and 16 weeks' gestation. Cases were defined as women who delivered before 34 weeks' gestation; controls delivered at or after 34 weeks. Transvaginal cervical characteristics, such as cervical funneling, proximal cervical length, distal cervical length, and total cervical length, obtained between 18 and 24 weeks were compared between the two groups. Bivariable, multivariable, and log rank analyses were performed.

Results

A total of 124 women met inclusion criteria, with 17 (14%) delivering before 34 weeks. Cervical funneling, a proximal cervical length of less than 1.5 cm, and a total cervical length of less than 2.5 cm were associated with an increased odds of preterm birth before 34 weeks in the bivariable analysis [odds ratio (OR), 10.9 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.3–62.8), 2.9 (95% CI, 1.0–8.5), and 4.5 (95% CI, 1.3–16.4), respectively], whereas distal cervical length of less than 1 cm was not significantly associated with delivery before 34 weeks [OR, 3.0 (95% CI, 0.8–11.1)]. In multivariable analysis, only cervical funneling remained associated with preterm delivery before 34 weeks [adjusted OR, 10.6 (95% CI, 2.2–51.5)].

Conclusions

In women with a history‐indicated cerclage, cervical funneling is the only independently significant sonographic finding associated with an increased risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks.
Venus: Interpreting the spatial distribution of volcanically modified craters
Authors: O'Rourke Joseph G. , Wolf Aaron S. , Ehlmann Bethany L.
Published: November 2014

To understand the impact cratering record on Venus, we investigate two distinct resurfacing styles: localized, thin flows and large shield volcanoes. We statistically analyze the size‐frequency distribution of volcanically modified craters and, using Monte Carlo simulations, their spatial distribution. Lava flows partially fill most craters, darkening their floors in radar images. We find that a model featuring localized, thin flows occurring throughout geologic time predicts their observed distribution. Individual flows may be morphologically indistinguishable, but, combined, they cover large provinces. Recent mantle plumes may drive a small amount of hot spot magmatism that produces the observed clusters of large shield volcanoes and obviously embayed craters. Ultimately, our analysis demonstrates that two styles of volcanism are needed to explain the observed properties of impact craters and that catastrophic resurfacing is not required.
Characterization of the energy‐dependent response of riometer absorption
Authors: Kellerman A. C. , Shprits Y. Y. , Makarevich R. A. , Spanswick E. , Donovan E. , Reeves G.
Published: November 2014

Ground‐based riometers provide an inexpensive means to continuously remote sense the precipitation of electrons in the dynamic auroral region of Earth's ionosphere. The energy‐dependent relationship between riometer absorption and precipitating electrons is thus of great importance for understanding the loss of electrons from the Earth's magnetosphere. In this study, statistical and event‐based analyses are applied to determine the energy of electrons to which riometers chiefly respond. Time‐lagged correlation analysis of trapped to precipitating fluxes shows that daily averaged absorption best correlates with ∼60 keV trapped electron flux at zero‐time lag, although large variability is observed across different phases of the solar cycle. High‐time resolution statistical cross‐correlation analysis between signatures observed by riometer stations, and assuming electron motion due to gradient and curvature drift, results in inferred energies of 10–100 keV, with a clear maximum in occurrence for 40–60 keV electrons. One event is considered in detail utilizing riometer absorption signatures obtained from several stations. The mean inferred energies for the initial rise time and peak of the absorption after correction for electric field effects were ∼70 keV and ∼60 keV, respectively. The analyses presented provide a means to characterize the energy of electrons to which riometers are responding in both a statistical sense and during the evolution of individual events.
Multiple scattering from icequakes at Erebus volcano, Antarctica: Implications for imaging at glaciated volcanoes
Authors: Chaput J. , Campillo M. , Aster R. C. , Roux P. , Kyle P. R. , Knox H. , Czoski P.
Published: November 2014

We examine seismic coda from an unusually dense deployment of over 100 short‐period and broadband seismographs in the summit region of Mount Erebus volcano on a network with an aperture of approximately 5 km. We investigate the energy‐partitioning properties of the seismic wavefield generated by thousands of small icequake sources originating on the upper volcano and use them to estimate Green's functions via coda cross correlation. Emergent coda seismograms suggest that this locale should be particularly amenable to such methods. Using a small aperture subarray, we find that modal energy partition between S and P wave energy between ∼1 and 4 Hz occurs in just a few seconds after event onset and persists for tens of seconds. Spatially averaged correlograms display clear body and surface waves that span the full aperture of the array. We test for stable bidirectional Green's function recovery and note that good symmetry can be achieved at this site even with a geographically skewed distribution of sources. We estimate scattering and absorption mean free path lengths and find a power law decrease in mean free path between 1.5 and 3.3 Hz that suggests a quasi‐Rayleigh or Rayleigh‐Gans scattering situation. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of coherent backscattering (weak localization) for this coda wavefield. The remarkable properties of scattered seismic wavefields in the vicinity of active volcanoes suggests that the abundant small icequake sources may be used for illumination where temporal monitoring of such dynamic structures is concerned.
Diurnal variations of tropical cyclone precipitation in the inner and outer rainbands
Authors: Wu Qiaoyan , Ruan Zhenxin , Chen Dake , Lian Tao
Published: November 2014

Using 15 years (1998–2012) of satellite‐measured precipitation data and tropical cyclone (TC) information, this study estimates the diurnal variations of TC precipitation in its inner core and outer rainbands. It is found that for both weak (tropical storms to category 1 TCs) and strong (categories 2–5 TCs) storms over all six TC basins, the TC precipitation reaches its daily maximum in the morning, but the mean rain rate and diurnal variations are larger in the inner core than in the outer rainbands. With increasing radial distance from the TC center, the diurnal amplitude of precipitation decreases, and the peak time appears progressively later. The outward propagation of diurnal signals from the TC center dominates as an internal structure of the TC convective systems. For all basins examined, the diurnal precipitation maximum within the inner core of a strong storm occurs earlier than the maximum observed in non‐TC precipitation; the same result is not found for the outer rainbands. In the North Atlantic, the diurnal variations of TC precipitation in weak storms are much weaker than those in other basins, and the TC precipitation in strong storms shows a semidiurnal cycle in the inner core while exhibiting a clear diurnal cycle with a peak around noon in the outer rainbands.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al/Graphene Composite Produced by High‐Pressure Torsion
Authors: Zhao Liyuan , Lu Huimin , Gao Zhijiang
Published: November 2014

In this work, an Al‐matrix composite reinforced by graphene platelets is first fabricated successfully using high‐pressure torsion at room temperature. The dispersion of graphene platelets in the matrix is homogeneous. Compared with pure Al and Al–matrix composite reinforced by multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), significant grain refinement and enhanced mechanical properties are achieved in Al/graphene composite. The enhancement in strength is attributed to grain refinement, load transfer, and Orowan bypass mechanism.
A novel mutation in FGFR2
Authors: Goos Jacqueline A. C. , van den Ouweland Ans M. W. , Swagemakers Sigrid M. A. , Verkerk Annemieke J. M. H. , Hoogeboom A. Jeannette M. , van Veelen Marie‐Lise C. , Mathijssen Irene M. J. , van der Spek Peter J.
Published: November 2014

Craniosynostosis is a congenital anomaly that can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a syndrome. Although several genes are known to cause syndromic craniosynostosis, only 24% can be attributed to known genes. Therefore, it is likely that more mutations and other genes are involved. We present the identification of a novel point mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), c.812G>T, p.(Gly271Val) or c.1851G>C, p.(Leu617Phe). Furthermore, we describe a mutation that has been identified just recently, c.812G>T, (p.Gly271Val) or c.1851G>C, (p.Leu617Phe). In addition, we describe findings from a sequence analysis of all coding exons and exon/intron boundaries of FGFR2 performed on 124 patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel heterozygous MAP2K1 mutation in a patient with Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines
Authors: Nishi Eriko , Mizuno Seiji , Nanjo Yuka , Niihori Tetsuya , Fukushima Yoshimitsu , Matsubara Yoichi , Aoki Yoko , Kosho Tomoki
Published: November 2014

Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), formerly referred to as LEOPARD syndrome, is a rare autosomal‐dominant condition, characterized by multiple lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonary stenosis, abnormal genitalia, growth retardation, and sensorineural deafness. To date, PTPN11, RAF1, and BRAF have been reported to be causal for NSML. We report on a 13‐year‐old Japanese boy, who was diagnosed with NSML. He was found to have a novel heterozygous missense variant (c.305A > G; p.E102G) in MAP2K1, a gene mostly causal for cardio‐facio‐cutaneous syndrome (CFCS). He manifested fetal macrosomia, and showed hypotonia and poor sucking in the neonatal period. He had mild developmental delay, and multiple lentigines appearing at approximately age 3 years, as well as flexion deformity of knees bilaterally, subtle facial characteristics including ocular hypertelorism, sensorineural hearing loss, and precocious puberty. He lacked congenital heart defects or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, frequently observed in patients with NSML, mostly caused by PTPN11 mutations. He also lacked congenital heart defects, characteristic facial features, or intellectual disability, frequently observed in those with CFCS caused by MAP2K1 or MAP2K2 mutations. This may be the first patient clinically diagnosed with NSML, caused by a mutation in MAP2K1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comment on the Crystal‐Field Analysis Underlying “Breakdown of Crystallographic Site Symmetry in Lanthanide‐Doped NaYF4 Crystals”
Authors: Karbowiak Mirosław , Cichos Jakub , Rudowicz Czesław
Published: November 2014

The crystal‐field (CF) analysis and energy‐level fittings for Eu3+ ions in α‐ and β‐NaYF4 by Tu et al. is critically assessed. It is argued that the method used for CF parameter fittings by Tu et al. is inappropriate, thus leading to incorrect numerical results and erroneous interpretation of experimental data.
Nanoporous membranes generated from self‐assembled block polymer precursors: Quo Vadis?
Authors: Zhang Yizhou , Sargent Jessica L. , Boudouris Bryan W. , Phillip William A.
Published: November 2014

Nanoporous membranes based on self‐assembled block polymer precursors are an emerging class of promising separation, purification, and sensing devices due to the ability of researchers to control the nanostructure and chemistry of these multifunctional materials and devices. In fact, modern polymer chemistry provides techniques for the facile, controlled synthesis of the block polymers that constitute these devices. These designer macromolecules, in turn, can then self‐assemble into functional nanostructures depending upon the chemical identity of the synthesized block polymers and the thin film fabrication methods employed. After fabrication, these nanoporous membranes offer a highly tunable platform for applications that require high throughput, high surface area, homogeneous pore size, and varying material properties. And, with these readily tunable chemical and structural properties, block polymer membranes will allow for significant improvements in myriad applications. In this Review, we summarize the key advances, with a specific emphasis on the previous 5 years of work, that have allowed block polymer‐based membranes to reach their current level of technology. Furthermore, we project how these state‐of‐art, self‐assembled block polymer membrane technologies can be utilized in present‐day and future application arenas. In this way, we aim to demonstrate that the rigorous work performed on block polymer‐based membranes has laid a strong foundation that will allow these macromolecular systems to: (1) be major avenues of fundamental scientific research and (2) be parlayed into transferable technologies for the betterment of society in the imminent future. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41683.
Derivative emission spectrofluorimetry: Application to the analysis of newly approved FDA combination of ibuprofen and famotidine in tablets
Authors: Ragab Marwa A. A. , EL‐Kimary Eman I.
Published: November 2014

A new combination of ibuprofen (NSAID) and famotidine (H2 receptor antagonist) was recently approved by the FDA. It was formulated to relief pain while decreasing the risk of ulceration, which is a common problem for patients receiving NSAID. A rapid and simple derivative emission spectrofluorimetric method is proposed for the simultaneous analysis of this combination in their pharmaceutical preparation. The method is based upon measurement of the native fluorescence intensity of the two drugs at λex = 233 nm in acetonitrile. The emission data were differentiated using the first (D1) derivative technique. The plots of derivative fluorescence intensity versus concentration were rectilinear over a range of 2–35 and 0.4–8 µg/mL for both ibuprofen (IBU) and famotidine (FAM), respectively. The method was sensitive as the limits of detection were 0.51 and 0.12 µg/mL and limits of quantitation were 1.70 and 0.39 µg/mL, for IBU and FAM respectively. The proposed derivative emission spectrofluorimetric method was successfully applied for the determination of the two drugs in their synthetic mixtures and tablets with good accuracy and precision. The proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A versatile coupled cell‐free transcription–translation system based on tobacco BY‐2 cell lysates
Authors: Buntru Matthias , Vogel Simon , Stoff Katrin , Spiegel Holger , Schillberg Stefan
Published: November 2014

Cell‐free protein synthesis is a powerful method for the high‐throughput production of recombinant proteins, especially proteins that are difficult to express in living cells. Here we describe a coupled cell‐free transcription–translation system based on tobacco BY‐2 cell lysates (BYLs). Using a combination of fractional factorial designs and response surface models, we developed a cap‐independent system that produces more than 250 μg/mL of functional enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) and about 270 μg/mL of firefly luciferase using plasmid templates, and up to 180 μg/mL eYFP using linear templates (PCR products) in 18 h batch reactions. The BYL contains actively‐translocating microsomal vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum, promoting the formation of disulfide bonds, glycosylation and the cotranslational integration of membrane proteins. This was demonstrated by expressing a functional full‐size antibody (∼150 μg/mL), the model enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) (∼7.3 U/mL), and a transmembrane growth factor (∼25 μg/mL). Subsequent in vitro treatment of GOx with peptide‐N‐glycosidase F confirmed the presence of N‐glycans. Our results show that the BYL can be used as a high‐throughput expression and screening platform that is particularly suitable for complex and cytotoxic proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 867–878. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Insect‐Specific Production of New GameXPeptides in Photorhabdus luminescens TTO1, Widespread Natural Products in Entomopathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Nollmann Friederike I. , Dauth Christina , Mulley Geraldine , Kegler Carsten , Kaiser Marcel , Waterfield Nick R. , Bode Helge B.
Published: November 2014

Discovery of new natural products by heterologous expression reaches its limits, especially when specific building blocks are missing in the heterologous host or the production medium. Here, we describe the insect‐specific production of the new GameXPeptides E–H (5–8) from Photorhabdus luminescens TTO1, which can be produced heterologously from expression of the GameXPeptide synthetase GxpS only upon supplementation of the production media with the missing building blocks, and thus must be regarded as the true natural products under natural conditions.
What does it mean when a child talks late?
Authors: Camarata Stephen
Published: November 2014

Up to 10% of all children have not yet begun using meaningful words by the time they reach their second birthday. Naturally, when a child begins speaking late, this can be the source of great anxiety for parents. The situation has become even more important in recent years with the implementation of early‐screening identification for autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. This is especially true because one of the most salient early markers for autism is late onset of talking. However, late onset of speech is not a specific marker for ASD, as the late talking may be a symptom of not only autism, but also intellectual disabilities (formally known as mental retardation), hearing loss, speech/pronunciation difficulties, language disorders, or social communication disorder as well. In addition, for the overwhelming majority of late‐talking children, the delayed onset is simply a passing developmental stage with no long‐term adverse consequences for communication, achievement, or intellectual development.
Hydrofluorination of Alkynes Catalysed by Gold Bifluorides
Authors: Nahra Fady , Patrick Scott R. , Bello Davide , Brill Marcel , Obled Alan , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , O'Hagan David , Nolan Steven P.
Published: November 2014

We report the synthesis of nine new N‐heterocyclic carbene gold bifluoride complexes starting from the corresponding N‐heterocyclic carbene gold hydroxides. A new methodology to access N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene gold(I) fluoride starting from N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene gold(I) hydroxide and readily available potassium bifluoride is also reported. These gold bifluorides were shown to be efficient catalysts in the hydrofluorination of symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes, thus affording fluorinated stilbene analogues and fluorovinyl thioethers in good to excellent yields with high stereo‐ and regioselectivity. The method is exploited further to access a fluorinated combretastatin analogue selectively in two steps starting from commercially available reagents.
Multiturn surface coil: Theoretical considerations on unloaded to loaded Q ratio and SNR
Authors: Giovannetti Giulio
Published: November 2014

Radiofrequency coils in magnetic resonance systems are used for exciting the nuclei in the object to be imaged and for picking up the signals emitted by the nuclei. The quality of obtained images strongly depends on the correct choice of the coils geometry and type. Although the coils' performance are influenced by the cross‐sectional shape of the coil conductors, for multiturn surface coils proximity effects between conductors can significantly influence coil behavior. This work describes how the use of a multiturn conductor affects a coil's performance in terms of unloaded to loaded quality factors ratio and signal‐to‐noise ratio, taking into account for the proximity effect between conductors of the coil. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 44B: 27–31, 2014
Hypothalamic leptin‐neurotensin‐hypocretin neuronal networks in zebrafish
Authors: Levitas‐Djerbi Talia , Yelin‐Bekerman Laura , Lerer‐Goldshtein Tali , Appelbaum Lior
Published: November 2014

Neurotensin (NTS) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed in the hypothalamus. In mammals, NTS‐producing neurons that express leptin receptor (LepRb) regulate the function of hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) and dopamine neurons. Thus, the hypothalamic leptin‐NTS‐HCRT neuronal network orchestrates key homeostatic output, including sleep, feeding, and reward. However, the intricate mechanisms of the circuitry and the unique role of NTS‐expressing neurons remain unclear. We studied the NTS neuronal networks in zebrafish and cloned the genes encoding the NTS neuropeptide and receptor (NTSR). Similar to mammals, the ligand is expressed primarily in the hypothalamus, while the receptor is expressed widely throughout the brain in zebrafish. A portion of hypothalamic nts‐expressing neurons are inhibitory and some coexpress leptin receptor (lepR1). As in mammals, NTS and HCRT neurons are localized adjacently in the hypothalamus. To track the development and axonal projection of NTS neurons, the NTS promoter was isolated. Transgenesis and double labeling of NTS and HCRT neurons showed that NTS axons project toward HCRT neurons, some of which express ntsr. Moreover, another target of NTS neurons is ntsr‐expressing dopaminergeric neurons. These findings suggest structural circuitry between leptin, NTS, and hypocretinergic or dopaminergic neurons and establish the zebrafish as a model to study the role of these neuronal circuits in the regulation of feeding, sleep, and reward. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:831–848, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasticizer and Surfactant Formation from Food‐Waste‐ and Algal Biomass‐Derived Lipids
Authors: Pleissner Daniel , Lau Kin Yan , Zhang Chengwu , Lin Carol Sze Ki
Published: November 2014

The potential of lipids derived from food‐waste and algal biomass (produced from food‐waste hydrolysate) for the formation of plasticizers and surfactants is investigated herein. Plasticizers were formed by epoxidation of double bonds of methylated unsaturated fatty acids with in situ generated peroxoformic acid. Assuming that all unsaturated fatty acids are convertible, 0.35 and 0.40 g of plasticizer can be obtained from 1 g of crude algae‐ or food‐waste‐derived lipids, respectively. Surfactants were formed by transesterification of saturated and epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with polyglycerol. The addition of polyglycerol would result in a complete conversion of saturated and epoxidized FAMEs to fatty acid polyglycerol esters. This study successfully demonstrates the conversion of food‐waste into value‐added chemicals using simple and conventional chemical reactions.
Maternal‐child adrenocortical attunement in early childhood: Continuity and change
Authors: Hibel Leah C. , Granger Douglas A. , Blair Clancy , Finegood Eric D. ,   The Family Life Project Key Investigators
Published: November 2014

This study evaluated continuity and change in maternal‐child hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis attunement in early childhood. Participants were drawn from a prospective study of 1,292 mother–child dyads, which were racially diverse, predominantly low‐income, and non‐urban. Child focused stress tasks designed to elicit anger, fear, and frustration were administered during early infancy, later infancy, and toddlerhood. Mothers' and children's saliva samples (later assayed for cortisol) were collected before and after the tasks. The strength of mother–child adrenocortical attunement was conserved across infancy and toddlerhood. The magnitude of maternal‐child adrenocortical attunement decreased in response to the child‐focused stress tasks. Maternal sensitivity and the child's task‐related emotional reactivity moderated adrenocortical attunement across the task, with greater maternal sensitivity during a free‐play, and lower levels of child emotional reactivity during the stress tasks, stabilizing attunement from pre‐ to post‐task levels. The findings advance our understanding of individual differences in the social regulation of adrenocortical activity in early childhood. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 83–95, 2015.
The Unexpected Reactions of Boron Trihalides with 7‐Phosphanorbornadiene Complexes
Authors: Mei Yanbo , Tian Rongqiang , Duan Zheng , Mathey François
Published: November 2014

The reactions of BX3 (X = Cl, Br) with 7‐R‐7‐phosphanorbornadiene–M(CO)5 (M = Mo, W) complexes (1) yields products 2 and 4 in which the RP–M(CO)5 unit is inserted into one of the carboxyl units of the phthalic derivative as a result of the collapse of the bridge. When X = Br, 4 cyclizes to give new six‐membered heterocycles 5 with quasiplanar structures. When treated by an excess of BBr3, heterocycles 5 undergo ring contraction to afford five‐membered oxocyclic products 6.
The term ‘heat flux’ is used ambiguously. Clear definitions are needed on how to express thermal exposure
Authors: Wickström Ulf
Published: November 2014

The expression ‘heat flux’ without any qualifier like ‘to a surface at ambient temperature’ as frequently used in fire safety science and engineering literature and standards is ambiguous and misleading. Boundary conditions in fire safety engineering problems cannot be expressed as a given heat flux (or net heat flux), as the heat flux depends on and varies with the exposed surface temperature and thereby the properties of the target body. Therefore, it is important that the terminology is reviewed and that an agreement is reached on how to express thermal exposure in a well‐defined and unambiguous way. A proposal is given on how the boundary conditions can be defined in a consistent way that is applicable to fire resistance and reaction‐to‐fire problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Electrocatalysis for Methanol Oxidation on Ordered {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}n Multilayer Composites
Authors: He X. , Chen L. , Li Z. , Zhang X. , Ma A. , Lin S.
Published: November 2014

The {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}n multilayer composites constructed from G4.0 Amino‐terminated poly (amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM), Pt and Keggin‐type palladium(II)‐substituted polyoxometalates anion ([PdPW11O39]5–) were prepared via layer by layer electro‐depositing technique. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) characterization indicate that the Pt nanoparticles have been anchored on the as‐prepared nanocomposites. And the morphologies of Pt nanoparticles are influenced by deposition potential, the number of layers of {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}n multilayer nanocomposites, and the existence of PAMAM. The electrocatalytic properties and stability of {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}n multilayer nanocomposites were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Experimental investigation results reveal that PAMAM is a good support for Pt nanoparticle growth due to its interior cavity structure and high stability. [PdPW11O39]5– play an important role to prevent intermediate product (mainly as CO) in the methanol oxidation from poisoning the as‐prepared catalyst. The {[PdPW11O39]5–/Pt/PAMAM}3/GC shows better electrocatalytic properties, stability, and CO tolerance ability than Pt/GC and {Pt/PAMAM}3/GC fabricated by similar electrodeposition processes.
Stability of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes In Fuel Cells: Initial Attempts To Bridge Physical And Chemical Degradation Modes
Authors: Poornesh K. K. , Cho Chongdu
Published: November 2014

In recent years, research on coupled degradation of Nafion® membrane in polymer electrolyte fuel cell has generated huge interest among the scientific community. The coupled phenomenon behind the premature failure of fuel cell membranes in terms of its degradation is not well established. As the researches on this are in its adolescence, we try to provide some significant answers to the degradation phenomenon in terms of mechanically stimulated chemical degradation of the membrane. While the basic concept heavily relies on accurately modeling the membrane for its mechanical response to obtain molecular chain stretch, the results are utilized by the modified chemical rate equation for unzipping degradation mechanism. This article addresses significant degradation issues such as localized membrane thinning and pinhole formation, and inhomogeneous damage patterns in membrane electrode assembly in terms of mechanically induced accelerated chemical degradation of the membrane.
A Wasted Material, Duck Blood, as a Precursor of Non‐Precious Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yang H. , Li H. , Wang H. , Wang R.
Published: November 2014

Searching for non‐precious electrocatalysts with high performance to replace the expensive Pt‐based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a key issue in the industrial‐scale application of fuel cells. In this study, we have reported the synthesis of an iron doped N‐containing carbon materials, derived from duck blood, a wasted material in the duck meat production, as a novel and cost‐effective catalyst in ORR. The as‐prepared electrocatalysts were characterized by means of powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer. In 0.1 mol L−1 KOH solution, the ORR onset potential and the half‐wave potential for the iron doped N‐containing carbon materials are 33 mV and –120 mV respectively, which are close to those of commercial Pt/C (20 wt%). In addition, the iron doped N‐containing carbon materials exhibit excellent tolerance to methanol crossover, which makes it a promising electrocatalyst for ORR in fuel cell.
Ring chromosomes, breakpoint clusters, and neocentromeres in sarcomas
Authors: Macchia Gemma , Nord Karolin H. , Zoli Monica , Purgato Stefania , D'Addabbo Pietro , Whelan Christopher W. , Carbone Lucia , Perini Giovanni , Mertens Fredrik , Rocchi Mariano , Storlazzi Clelia Tiziana
Published: November 2014

Gene amplification is relatively common in tumors. In certain subtypes of sarcoma, it often occurs in the form of ring and/or giant rod‐shaped marker (RGM) chromosomes whose mitotic stability is frequently rescued by ectopic novel centromeres (neocentromeres). Little is known about the origin and structure of these RGM chromosomes, including how they arise, their internal organization, and which sequences underlie the neocentromeres. To address these questions, 42 sarcomas with RGM chromosomes were investigated to detect regions prone to double strand breaks and possible functional or structural constraints driving the amplification process. We found nine breakpoint cluster regions potentially involved in the genesis of RGM chromosomes, which turned out to be significantly enriched in poly‐pyrimidine traits. Some of the clusters were located close to genes already known to be relevant for sarcomas, thus indicating a potential functional constraint, while others mapped to transcriptionally inactive chromatin domains enriched in heterochromatic sites. Of note, five neocentromeres were identified after analyzing 13 of the cases by fluorescent in situ hybridization. ChIP‐on‐chip analysis with antibodies against the centromeric protein CENP‐A showed that they were a patchwork of small genomic segments derived from different chromosomes, likely joint to form a contiguous sequence during the amplification process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The early Middle Pleistocene fallow deer Dama roberti: new insight on species morphology from a complete postcranial skeleton from Valdemino (northwestern Italy)
Authors: Breda Marzia
Published: November 2014

A nearly complete fallow deer skeleton from the lower levels (early Middle Pleistocene) of Valdemino Cave (northwestern Italy) is attributed to the recently described Dama roberti Breda and Lister. The dental and postcranial anatomy of this specimen is analysed in detail. Some anatomical elements show a mosaic of characters of living D. dama and Cervus elaphus, but with only a minor part resembling the latter. Each element is compared with other representatives of the fallow deer lineage, in particular to the type series of the early Middle Pleistocene D. roberti from the British Cromer Forest Bed Formation and from the French locality of Soleilhac, with its possible descendant D. dama (both the late Middle Pleistocene D. d. clactoniana and modern D. d. dama) and with its possible parent species (several representatives of the Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene ‘Pseudodama’ group). The variability of selected characters has enabled a better morphological characterization of the species. The skeleton from Valdemino matches very precisely the morphology of the few existing postcranial elements of the D. roberti holotype and paratype. This will allow future identification of isolated postcranial bones from other localities. The Valdemino skeleton also perfectly matches the size of the type populations and confirms that D. roberti is larger than the living fallow deer D. dama. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jamaican Cenozoic ichnology: review and prospectus
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Blissett Donovan J. , Pickerill Ron K.
Published: November 2014

Jamaica has the most diverse record of Cenozoic trace fossils of any of the Antillean islands, with over 100 ichnospecies divided among more than 50 ichnogenera. Trace fossils have been identified from both shallow‐ and deep‐water deposits in most major lithostratigraphic divisions, namely the Paleogene Richmond Formation (Wagwater Group), the mid‐Cenozoic White Limestone Group and the Neogene Coastal Group. Persistent ichnogenera in these palaeoenvironments include the burrows Palaeophycus Hall, Planolites Nicholson, Taenidium Heer and Thalassinoides Ehrenberg (deeper water), and the borings/microborings Entobia Bronn, Gastrochaenolites Leymerie and Oichnus Bromley (shallow water). Differences in diversity of ichnotaxa between formations can, in part, be due to differences in lithofacies and absolute water depth. This is recognized in the differences in deeper water lithofacies between the Richmond Formation (siliciclastic turbidites), White Limestone Group (chalks), Lower Coastal Group (submarine mass flow deposits) and Upper Coastal Group (deep fore reef). Intervals and lithofacies still awaiting detailed investigation include Pleistocene red beds and fore‐reef, Pliocene raised reef and shallow siliciclastic shelf, and most of the varied palaeoenvironments represented by the Eocene Yellow Limestone Group. Only crocodile coprolites (Eocene) are attributable to vertebrates; algal microborings apart, the only plant traces are Pleistocene root casts that await description. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional labour strategies as mediators of the relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction in Chinese teachers
Authors: Li Mingjun , Wang Zhenhong
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teachers' public service motivation (PSM) and their job satisfaction levels and to investigate the mediating effects of surface acting (SA) and deep acting (DA) on that relationship. The teacher PSM scale, as well as emotional labour strategies and intrinsic satisfaction (IS) and extrinsic satisfaction (ES) scales, were administered to 317 primary and middle school teachers. Results indicated that PSM among Chinese teachers was significantly and positively related to both IS and ES. Furthermore, structural equation modelling analysis showed that SA and DA played mediating roles in the PSM‐IS and PSM‐ES relationships, respectively. These findings provide a new perspective that explains the mechanism underlying the association between PSM among teachers and their job satisfaction levels. Finally, the possible explanations and implications are discussed.
Influence of Body Mass Index on the Activated Clotting Time Under Weight‐Based Heparin Dose
Authors: Hong Xia , Shan Pei‐Ren , Huang Wei‐Jian , Zhu Qian‐Li , Xiao Fang‐Yi , Li Sheng , Zhou Hao
Published: November 2014

Background

Activated clotting time (ACT) has been successfully applied during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to monitor the extent of thrombin inhibition and anti‐coagulation from unfractionated heparin (UFH) aiming to reduce the incidence of thrombotic adverse events and hemorrhagic complications. And this investigation was to explore the influence of body mass index (BMI) on ACT in patients received weight‐based dose of UFH during PCI treatment.

Methods

78 male patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI treatment with a mean age of 63.86 ± 6.89 years were enrolled in this study. The patients were statistically divided into four quartiles according to their BMI. The ACT values were recorded as ACT0, ACT5, ACT10, ACT30 and ACT60, respectively. Taking the preoperative ACT0 as reference, and the differences of the other ACT values with ACT0 was indicated as ΔACTs. ACT values peaked at 5 min in 33.33% of the patients, 10 min in 51.33% of the patients and 30 min in 15.34% of the patients, respectively.

Results

In addition, significant differences were found in overall maximum post‐UFH ACT values among all BMI quartiles. UFH doses per blood volume were significantly different among the BMI quartiles, showing a positive association with BMI quartiles; further evidence revealed that the areas under the ΔACT‐time curves increased gradually from quartile I to quartile IV. The proportions of ACT60 > 250 s and ACT60 > 300 s were found to be positively correlated with the increased BMI at 60 min after heparin loading.

Conclusions

The results of our study have shown that a standardized dosing nomogram that uses the actual body weight to calculate the heparin doses may result in UFH overdose for patients with higher BMI compared to patients with lower BMI.
Working‐memory training: Effects on delay discounting in male long evans rats
Authors: Renda C. Renee , Stein Jeffrey S. , Madden Gregory J.
Published: November 2014

Delay discounting describes the devaluation of a reward as the delay to the receipt of the reward increases. Because steep delay discounting is robustly correlated with a number of behavioral problems (e.g., substance dependence, gambling) and some evidence suggests steep discounting precedes and predicts drug‐taking in humans and rats, this study sought to experimentally reduce rats' delay discounting. Human stimulant‐dependent participants given working‐memory training reportedly decreased their rates of discounting relative to a sham‐training group (Bickel, Yi, Landes, Hill, & Baxter, 2011). To evaluate the cross‐species generality of this effect, 38 male Long‐Evans rats, matched on pretraining delay‐discounting rates, were randomly assigned to receive 140 sessions of working‐memory training or sham training (which required no memory of the sample stimulus). Large between‐group differences in working memory were observed after training; however, posttraining delay‐discounting rates were undifferentiated across groups. Potential explanations for these findings are discussed.