bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Period formulas of shear wall buildings with flexible bases
Authors: Ghrib Faouzi , Mamedov Haji
Published: February 2004

The evaluation of the fundamental period of shear wall buildings considering the flexibility of the base is investigated in this paper. This research is motivated by the discrepancy reported between the formulas used in different building codes and the measurement of real buildings. Both experimental and analytical approaches are used to assess the effect of the base flexibility on the fundamental period of shear wall structures. In total, twenty buildings built on different types of soil are tested under ambient vibration. The fundamental period is identified using a non‐parametric linear model in the frequency domain. The results show that fundamental period formulas used by UBC‐97 and NBCC‐95 are inadequate since they do not include the effect of the foundation stiffness. To improve the estimation of the fundamental period of shear wall buildings, an analytical approach is presented. The structure and the foundation are represented by a continuous‐discrete system. The stiffnesses of the base are represented by translational and rotational discrete springs. The rigidities of these springs are evaluated from the elastic uniform compression of the soil mass and the size of the foundation. The analytical predictions improve the estimation of the fundamental period and keep the computation simple. The error between the measured period and the analytical results is, on average, less than 10%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution of the shallow‐water equations using an adaptive moving mesh method
Authors: Tang Huazhong
Published: February 2004

This paper extends an adaptive moving mesh method to multi‐dimensional shallow water equations (SWE) with source terms. The algorithm is composed of two independent parts: the SWEs evolution and the mesh redistribution. The first part is a high‐resolution kinetic flux‐vector splitting (KFVS) method combined with the surface gradient method for initial data reconstruction, and the second part is based on an iteration procedure. In each iteration, meshes are first redistributed by a variational principle and then the underlying numerical solutions are updated by a conservative‐interpolation formula on the resulting new mesh. Several test problems in one‐ and two‐dimensions with a general geometry are computed using the proposed moving mesh algorithm. The computations demonstrate that the algorithm is efficient for solving problems with bore waves and their interactions. The solutions with higher resolution can be obtained by using a KFVS scheme for the SWEs with a much smaller number of grid points than the uniform mesh approach, although we do not treat technically the bed slope source terms in order to balance the source terms and flux gradients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gardening at the edge: Documenting the limits of tropical Polynesian kumara horticulture in southern New Zealand
Authors: Bassett Kari N. , Gordon Hamish W. , Nobes David C. , Jacomb Chris
Published: February 2004

An Erratum has been published for this article in Geoarchaeology 19(6) 2004, 613.

Kumara (Ipomoea batatus), a major food source for Maori, was brought to New Zealand from tropical Eastern Polynesia ∼700 years ago. Maori successfully adapted their cultivation techniques to grow kumara in New Zealand's cooler, seasonal climate, although most kumara cultivation was limited to the warmer North Island, with cultivation becoming more marginal southward. Banks Peninsula area is considered to be the southernmost limit for kumara gardening. The Okuora Farm archeological site on the southern side of Banks Peninsula has five pits that appear to be of the raised‐rim type used for over winter storage of kumara tubers. We conducted a preliminary investigation into the nature of the pits and surrounding 1 km2 area using nondestructive techniques in accordance with Maori designation of food storage sites as tapu. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) investigation of two of the pits revealed subsurface disturbances consistent with postholes and drains, typical of raised rim kumara storage pits. Soil modification typical of kumara gardening was identified on a 1 ha area on a warm north‐northwest facing hillside. Several large borrow pits were identified as the likely source of the gravel added to the modified soil, possibly to retain heat and moisture. A plant phytolith study of soil samples identified several that appear to be from kumara. The combination of results strongly suggests this site was one of the southernmost Maori kumara gardening sites yet identified in New Zealand. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lowland Maya water management practices: The household exploitation of rural wells
Authors: Johnston Kevin J.
Published: February 2004

A hypothesis developed by Vernon Scarborough and endorsed and modified by Lisa Lucero and Anabel Ford proposes that lowland Maya elites centralized and coordinated political power by controlling access to water stored in large, centrally located reservoirs. The hypothesis presupposes that in the central and southern Maya lowlands, nonelites did not have access to viable alternative dry‐season water sources. This paper demonstrates that, in the east‐central and southwestern areas of the Maya lowlands, fault springs were an important source of water, particularly to rural peoples. After reviewing the evidence of Maya fault spring exploitation and documenting the hydrogeological conditions under which fault springs form, I describe wells that rural households built to expose fault springs and enhance their flow, including clay‐lined and stone‐lined shafts. Also documented are three well types found elsewhere in the Maya lowlands: (1) wells built to exploit permanent, generally shallow water tables; (2) wells dug to catch precipitation as it filtered down through bedrock; and (3) buk'teob, built to recover during the dry season the receding contents of pools that during the rainy season collect in aguadas. The dispersed distribution of Maya wells in rural settings and their frequent association with modest residential remains suggests that nonelite households managed them. The existence of Maya wells that supplied water to rural peoples through the dry season is inconsistent with the Scarborough‐Lucero‐Ford hypothesis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal heat transfer enhanced by fluid oscillation in a circular pipe with conductive wall
Authors: Inaba Takehiko , Morita Goushi , Saitoh Ken‐ichi
Published: February 2004

The longitudinal heat transfer in capillary pipes is enhanced by fluid oscillation. The analytical solution to this phenomenon was obtained considering the wall thermal conductivity. Based on this solution, the effects of wall conductivity and thickness were investigated for the case of large amplitude of fluid motion. The longitudinal heat transfer through the fluid part was more enhanced in highly conductive thick pipes. This is because the region where the heat is transferred backwards is smaller in these pipe sections. The direction of longitudinal heat transfer depends on the phase difference of temporary change between the velocity and temperature; it depends on whether or not the difference exceeds π/2. From this point of view, the most effective wall regarding this problem is presented, where the wall temperature does not change preserving the mean temperature of the location during the oscillation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 129–139, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10126
Investigation of conjugate heat transfer in a photovoltaic wall
Authors: Zhu Zuojin , Yang Hongxing , Jiang Rui , Wu Qingsong
Published: February 2004

In this paper, the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of combined heat transfer in a photovoltaic wall have been reported. The photovoltaic wall is a prototype, which is composed of two pieces of BP PV panels and a Styrofoam board, and part of the light of radiation energy from the indoor lamps can be converted into electricity. Through experiments, the performance of such a photovoltaic wall has been studied. For the convenience of the treatment of heat radiation, a model in terms of the integration of the absolute temperature has been proposed for the numerical simulation of the combined heat transfer in the test wall. By comparison, it is found that with regard to the thermal radiation of lamp surface, good agreement between the results of simulation and experimental data is obtained. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 117–128, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10136
Characteristics of CVD silicon oxide films: Effect of discharge form on formation and properties of films
Authors: Ishimaru Kazuhiro , Okazaki Ken
Published: February 2004

A silent discharge is one of the simplest methods for realizing a nonequilibrium plasma condition at atmospheric pressure. In this study, nonequilibrium plasma chemical reactions by this discharge have been applied to a remote plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silicon oxide films using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and oxygen. Film characteristics obtained by this CVD have been investigated for applications to advanced semiconductor devices. Conditions for depositing films with high quality have been investigated minutely. From these results, it has been clarified that silicon oxide films with high quality and excellent step coverage can be obtained by plasma excitation using pulsed silent discharge. It has also been clarified that films with similar characteristics can be obtained by plasma excitation using low‐frequency AC silent discharge at subatmospheric pressure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 106–116, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20000
Boiling refrigerant‐type panel cooler (refrigerant circulation and cooling performance)
Authors: Okamoto Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Masahiko , Kawaguchi Kiyoshi , Kishita Kouji
Published: February 2004

We have developed a new compact boiling refrigerant type panel cooler. It is a closed two‐phase loop thermosiphon constructed with heat exchanger cores for an automobile air conditioning system. We confirmed higher performance of the natural refrigerant circulation type and tried to optimize the size of the refrigerant path in the boiling core by observing the internal refrigerant flow and successfully achieved much higher cooling performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 94–105, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20003
Motion of droplets induced by the Marangoni force on a wall with a temperature gradient
Authors: Murata Akira , Mochizuki Sadanari
Published: February 2004

Motion of silicone oil and water droplets induced by the Marangoni force was numerically simulated by using two‐ and three‐dimensional second‐order finite difference methods with the CIP and the level set methods. The surface tension was introduced by the continuum surface force (CSF) method. The results clearly showed the flow induced by the Marangoni force and the dependence of droplet velocity on droplet size, contact angle, temperature gradient, and fluid properties. The Marangoni force balanced with the viscous force in the small contact angle case; on the other hand, in the large contact angle case, it balanced with the normal component of surface tension. As for the effect of fluid properties on droplet motion, the temperature coefficient of surface tension had a much larger effect than did viscosity, thermal diffusivity, or surface tension. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 81–93, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20004
Effects of film cooling hole shape on heat transfer
Authors: Huiren Zhu , Duchun Xu , Tao Guo , Songling Liu
Published: February 2004

The effects of hole shapes, secondary injection Reynolds numbers, and blowing ratios on the heat transfer downstream of film cooling holes have been investigated by using a large‐scale low‐speed loop wind tunnel. The test model consists of five film cooling holes. Experiments on dustpan‐shaped holes, fan‐shaped holes, and round holes have been conducted with injection Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 25,000 and blowing ratio ranging from 0.3 to 2.0. Measurements are taken under 26 conditions. Results show that the critical blowing ratio is 1.3 for the dustpan‐ and fan‐shaped holes, 0.7 for the round holes. The turbulence generated by air injection through round holes is stronger than those through dustpan‐ and fan‐shaped holes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 73–80, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20005
Predicting acid neutralizing capacity from landscape classification: application to Galloway, south‐west Scotland
Authors: Cooper D. M. , Helliwell R. C. , Coull M. C.
Published: February 2004

Regional estimates of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in stream waters are found using a regression model. The model has landscape classifications based on catchment characteristics as its main independent variables. It also includes continuously varying covariates. Landscape classifications and covariates are selected from a priori scientific understanding of acidification processes. Parameter estimates for the model are found using measurements of ANC in 50 streams in Galloway, south‐west Scotland with a history of acidification. The parameterized model is then used to provide ANC simulations for streams throughout a subregion, assuming conservative mixing of ANC through the flow network. The stream water sampling survey is designed to reduce the variance of parameter estimates. A variance model is suggested for the concentrations, and this is used to simulate the variance of ANC concentrations throughout the subregion. Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the distribution of the length of river reach with ANC less than zero. © Crown Copyright 2004. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the hydrological response of a tropical terminal lake, Lake Abiyata (Main Ethiopian Rift Valley) to changes in climate and human activities
Authors: Legesse Dagnachew , Vallet‐Coulomb Christine , Gasse Françoise
Published: February 2004

Integrated dynamic water and chloride balance models with a catchment‐scale hydrological model (PRMS) are used to investigate the response of a terminal tropical lake, Lake Abiyata, to climate variability and water use practices in its catchment. The hydrological model is used to investigate the response of the catchment to different climate and land‐use change scenarios that are incorporated into the lake model. Lake depth–area–volume relationships were established from lake bathymetries. Missing data in the time series were filled using statistical regression techniques. Based on mean monthly data, the lake water balance model produced a good agreement between the simulated and observed levels of Lake Abiyata for the period 1968–83. From 1984 onwards the simulated lake level is overestimated with respect to the observed one, while the chloride concentration is largely underestimated. This discrepancy is attributed to human use of water from the influent rivers or directly from the lake. The simulated lake level and chloride concentration are in better agreement with observed values (r2 = 0·96) when human water use for irrigation and salt exploitation are included in the model. A comparison of the simulation with and without human consumption indicates that climate variability controls the interannual fluctuations and that the human water use affects the equilibrium of the system by strongly reducing the lake level. Sensitivity analysis based on a mean climatic year showed that, after prolonged mean climatic conditions, Lake Abiyata reacts more rapidly to an abrupt shift to wetter conditions than to dry conditions. This study shows the significant sensitivity of the level and salinity of the terminal Lake Abiyata to small changes in climate or land use, making it a very good ‘recorder’ of environmental changes that may occur in the catchment at different time scales. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stormflow generation in a small rainforest catchment in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico
Authors: Schellekens J. , Scatena F. N. , Bruijnzeel L. A. , van Dijk A. I. J. M. , Groen M. M. A. , van Hogezand R. J. P.
Published: February 2004

Various complementary techniques were used to investigate the stormflow generating processes in a small headwater catchment in northeastern Puerto Rico. Over 100 samples were taken of soil matrix water, macropore flow, streamflow and precipitation, mainly during two storms of contrasting magnitude, for the analysis of calcium, magnesium, silicon, potassium, sodium and chloride. These were combined with hydrometric information on streamflow, return flow, precipitation, throughfall and soil moisture to distinguish water following different flow paths. Geo‐electric sounding was used to survey the subsurface structure of the catchment, revealing a weathering front that coincided with the elevation of the stream channel instead of running parallel to surface topography. The hydrometric data were used in combination with soil physical data, a one‐dimensional soil water model (VAMPS) and a three‐component chemical mass‐balance mixing model to describe the stormflow response of the catchment. It is inferred that most stormflow travelled through macropores in the top 20 cm of the soil profile. During a large event, saturation overland flow also accounted for a considerable portion of the stormflow, although it was not possible to quantify the associated volume fully. Although the mass‐balance mixing model approach gave valuable information about the various flow paths within the catchment, it was not possible to distill the full picture from the model alone; additional hydrometric and soil physical evidence was needed to aid in the interpretation of the model results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of suspended sediment loads in a seasonal stream in the wet‐dry tropics, Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Moliere D. R. , Evans K. G. , Saynor M. J. , Erskine W. D.
Published: February 2004

One year of instantaneous suspended sediment concentration, C, and instantaneous discharge, Q, data collected at Ngarradj downstream of the Jabiluka mine site indicate that the use of a simple C–Q rating curve is not a reliable method for estimating suspended sediment loads from the Ngarradj catchment. The C–Q data are not only complicated by hysteresis effects within the rising and falling stages of individual events, but also by variable depletion of available suspended sediment through multipeaked runoff events.

Parameter values were fitted to an event‐based suspended sediment load–Q relationship as an alternative to the C–Q relationship. Total suspended sediment load and Q data for 10 observed events in the Ngarradj stream catchment were used to fit parameter values to a suspended sediment load–Q relationship, using (a) log–log regression and (b) iterative parameter fitting techniques. A more reliable and statistically significant prediction of suspended sediment load from the Ngarradj catchment is obtained using an event‐based suspended sediment load–Q relationship. Fitting parameters to the event‐based suspended sediment load–Q relationship using iterative techniques better predicts long‐term suspended sediment loads compared with log–log regression techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The stochastic implications of rent maximization: an application to stumpage rates for timber in British Columbia
Authors: Haley M. Ryan , Paarsch Harry J.
Published: February 2004

We construct a model of rent‐maximizing behaviour by a single seller of timber in the absence of a formal market, deriving the stochastic implications of rent maximization for timber prices (stumpage rates) when other input and output (lumber) prices are random. Subsequently, we examine the model's ability to describe monthly, time‐series, stumpage‐rate data from British Columbia, Canada between January 1979 and October 1999. Deviations of stumpage rates from their long‐run trend are also structured by an error‐correction model which suggests that between 13 and 20% of period‐to‐period changes in stumpage rates can be explained by an equilibrium adjustment term. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed signals among tests for cointegration
Authors: Gregory Allan W. , Haug Alfred A. , Lomuto Nicoletta
Published: February 2004

This paper illustrates that, under the null hypothesis of no cointegration, the correlation of p‐values from a single‐equation residual‐based test (i.e., ADF or $\widehat{Z}_{\alpha}$) with a system‐based test (trace or maximum eigenvalue) is very low even as the sample size gets large. With data‐generating processes under the null or ‘near’ it, the two types of tests can yield virtually any combination of p‐values regardless of sample size. As a practical matter, we also conduct tests for cointegration on 132 data sets from 34 studies appearing in this Journal and find substantial differences in p‐values for the same data set. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporary layoffs and split population models
Authors: Mavromaras Kostas G. , Orme Chris D.
Published: February 2004

This paper develops and estimates a split population model for the duration of temporary layoffs in the German labour market; the population being split according to whether a layoff is temporary or permanent. A flexible piecewise constant hazard is employed and the recall propensity is used to condition the duration of a temporary layoff. The distinction between factors that influence the recall propensity and factors that influence the duration of a temporary layoff is shown to be of empirical significance. The results of the paper are used to evaluate implicit contract and search theories of temporary layoffs. The paper suggests that implicit contracts can explain the behaviour of unemployed workers with high worker–firm attachment whilst search can explain the behaviour of workers with low worker–firm attachment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [N‐methyl‐13C]clarithromycin
Authors: Murase Tomoko , Kajiwara Masahiro
Published: February 2004

We describe a simple synthesis of [N‐methyl‐13C]clarithromycin (3) via the N‐desmethylation of clarithromycin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis of tritium labelled neurokinin‐1 receptor ligands
Authors: Hamill Terence G. , Burns H. Donald
Published: February 2004

Radiolabelled neurokinin‐1 (NK1) receptor antagonists 1b and 2b were required for in vitro/in vivo characterization to support the development of 1a and 2a as fluorine‐18 labelled PET ligands. These tritium labelled compounds were synthesized from aryl iodide precursors giving the final tritiated tracers with specific activities of 28 (1b) and 14 (2b) Ci/mmol. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of tritium labeled 2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1H‐carbazoles as potent DP receptor antagonists
Authors: Berthelette Carl , Boyd Michael J. , Lachance Nicolas , Roy Bruno , Sturino Claudio F. , Scheigetz John , Zamboni Robert J.
Published: February 2004

Tritium labeled 2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1H‐carbazole 1a and 2a were prepared in good yields with a specific activity of 7.0 Ci/mmol (214 GBq/mmol) and 4.2 Ci/mmol (155 GBq/mmol), respectively. Both compounds have been synthesized in high radiochemical purity by catalytic tritium–bromine exchange of the corresponding aryl bromide precursors. The 6‐bromocarbazole precursors 7 and 8 were prepared as a mixture by a three step process, involving regioselective bromination of 3c with pyridinium tribromide, oxidation of thioether 4c using m‐CPBA and hydrolysis of acylsultamcarbazole 5c. Finally, HPLC separation of the enantiomers afforded the 6‐bromo precursors 7 and 8 in high diastereomeric ratio (dr 99% and dr 93% respectively). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [3,5‐dichlorobenzenesulfonamide‐U‐14C)] labeled VLA‐4 antagonists
Authors: Yu Nathan X. , Raab Conrad E. , Dean Dennis C. , Lin Linus S. , Melillo David G.
Published: February 2004

Radiolabeled tracers were required for the development of a series of VLA‐4 antagonists. A method to synthesize [U‐14C]3,5‐dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride was developed. From this key intermediate, various tracers were prepared in high yield. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 and stable isotope labelled NN414: a potent potassium channel opener
Authors: Johansen Steen K. , Kristensen Jesper B. , Müller Lars K. , Jessen Claus U. , Foged Christian
Published: February 2004

Currently, NN414, a potent β‐cell selective potassium channel opener, is undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Here, we report the synthesis of carbon‐14 and stable isotope labelled NN414 for use in metabolic studies and as an internal standard in pharmacokinetic assays, respectively. The carbon‐14 labelling was performed in two steps starting from an advanced intermediate. This provided [14C]NN414 in 60% overall radiochemical yield with a specific activity of 58mCi/mmol. The stable isotope labelling was accomplished from benzyl tert‐butyl malonate in eight steps using [13C,2H3]iodomethane and [2H2]dibromomethane as the source of carbon‐13/deuterium. The synthetic sequence, which included a Mannich reaction followed by deamination, a Simmons–Smith‐type cyclopropanation and a modified Curtius reaction, provided [13C,2H5]NN414 in 8.6% overall yield. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted cyclocondensation of 1,2‐diaminobenzene with [4‐18F]fluorobenzoic acid: microwave synthesis of 2‐([4‐18F]fluorophenyl) benzimidazole
Authors: Getvoldsen Gareth , Fredriksson Anna , Elander Nils , Stone‐Elander Sharon
Published: February 2004

The synthesis of 2‐([4‐18F]fluorophenyl)benzimidazole, which has potential to be used as a building block for many endogenous and pharmaceutical compounds, is reported. A range of solvents and catalysts as well as conventional and microwave heating have been investigated to optimise the reaction conditions. The cyclocondensation of 1,2‐diaminobenzene with radiolabelled [4‐18F]fluorobenzoic acid in neat methanesulphonic and polyphosphoric acids under microwave heating led rapidly to the cyclised phenylbenzimidazole. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [phenyl‐13C6]lachnanthocarpone and other 13C‐labelled phenylphenalenones
Authors: Otálvaro Felipe , Quiñones Winston , Echeverri Fernando , Schneider Bernd
Published: February 2004

[phenyl‐13C6]Lachnanthocarpone ([phenyl‐13C6]2,6‐dihydroxy‐9‐phenylphenalen‐1‐one), a hypothetical intermediate in the biosynthesis of various natural phenylphenalenones, was prepared in four steps using [U‐13C]bromobenzene to introduce the label. Based on related methodologies further native phenylphenalenones such as [phenyl‐13C6]anigorufone, [1‐13C]anigorufone and [4′‐O13CH3]4′‐methoxyanigorufone were synthesized in labelled form. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of estromustine, estramustine and estramustine phosphate labelled with deuterium
Authors: Giribone Danilo , Fontana Erminia
Published: February 2004

The preparation of estromustine (EoM), estramustine (EaM) and estramustine phosphate (EMP) specifically labelled with deuterium is reported. A two‐step, one‐pot procedure based on the reaction of N,N‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)carbamoyl chloride with the commercially available [2,4,16,16‐2H4]estrone (1) or [2,4,16,16,17‐2H5]estradiol (2) afforded [2,4,16,16‐2H4]estromustine (3) and [2,4,16,16,17‐2H5]estramustine (4), respectively. The phosphorylation of 4 followed by hydrolysis gave [2,4,16,16,17‐2H5]estramustine phosphate (5) in 65% chemical yield from 2. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limiting survival functions of self‐similar structures
Authors: Steele John A. , Székely Gábor J.
Published: February 2004

We show the existence of a unique analytic single parameter limiting survival function arising from the repeated composition of a coherent structure as the number of components tends to infinity. Examples include the repeated composition process of the bridge structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
Dynamic proximity calculations for situation awareness
Authors: Kim Young J. , Hoffmann Christoph M.
Published: February 2004

We apply dynamic proximity calculations (density and clustering) fromdynamic computational geometryto a military application. The derived proximity information serves as an abstract view of a current situation in the battlefield that can help a military commander achievesituation awareness. We employ Delaunay triangulation as a computational tool in our framework, and study its dynamic update in depth. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
Properties of some stochastic orders: A unified study
Authors: Hu Taizhong , Nanda Asok K. , Xie Huiliang , Zhu Zegang
Published: February 2004

The notions of the likelihood ratio order of degree s (s ≥ 0) are introduced for both continuous and discrete integer‐valued random variables. The new orders for s = 0, 1, and 2 correspond to the likelihood ratio, hazard rate, and mean residual life orders. We obtain some basic properties of the new orders and their up shifted stochastic orders, and derive some closure properties of them. Such a study is meaningful because it throws an important light on the understanding of the properties of the likelihood ratio, hazard rate, and mean residual life orders. On the other hand, the properties of the new orders have potential applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
Optimal machine capacity expansions with nested limitations under stochastic demand
Authors: Çakanyıldırım Metin , Roundy Robin O. , Wood Samuel C.
Published: February 2004

This paper studies capacity expansions for a production facility that faces uncertain customer demand for a single product family. The capacity of the facility is modeled in three tiers, as follows. The first tier consists of a set of upper bounds on production that correspond to different resource types (e.g., machine types, categories of manpower, etc.). These upper bounds are augmented in increments of fixed size (e.g., by purchasing machines of standard types). There is a second‐tier resource that constrains the first‐tier bounds (e.g., clean room floor space). The third‐tier resource bounds the availability of the second‐tier resource (e.g., the total floor space enclosed by the building, land, etc.). The second and third‐tier resources are expanded at various times in various amounts. The cost of capacity expansion at each tier has both fixed and proportional elements. The lost sales cost is used as a measure for the level of customer service. The paper presents a polynomial time algorithm (FIFEX) to minimize the total cost by computing optimal expansion times and amounts for all three types of capacity jointly. It accommodates positive lead times for each type. Demand is assumed to be nondecreasing in a “weak” sense. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
Dynamic inventory and pricing models for competing retailers
Authors: Bernstein Fernando , Federgruen Awi
Published: February 2004

We address infinite‐horizon models for oligopolies with competing retailers under demand uncertainty. We characterize the equilibrium behavior which arises under simple wholesale pricing schemes. More specifically, we consider a periodic review, infinite‐horizon model for a two‐echelon system with a single supplier servicing a network of competing retailers. In every period, each retailer faces a random demand volume, the distribution of which depends on his own retail price as well as those charged by possibly all competing retailers. We also derive various comparative statics results regarding the impact several exogenous system parameters (e.g., cost or distributional parameters) have on the equilibrium decisions of the retailers as well as their expected profits. We show that certain monotonicity properties, engrained in folklore as well as in known inventory models for centralized systems, may break down in decentralized chains under retailer competition. Our results can be used to optimize the aggregate profits in the supply chain (i.e., those of the supplier and all retailers) by implementing a specific wholesale pricing scheme. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
A fluid queueing model for link travel time moments
Authors: Kharoufeh Jeffrey P. , Gautam Natarajan
Published: February 2004

We analyze the moments of the random time required for a vehicle to traverse a transportation network link of arbitrary length when its speed is governed by a random environment. The problem is motivated by stochastic transportation network applications in which the estimation of travel time moments is of great importance. We analyze this random time in a transient and asymptotic sense by employing results from the field of fluid queues. The results are demonstrated on two example problems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004
Reformulating linear programs with transportation constraints—With applications to workforce scheduling
Authors: Çezik Tolga , Günlük Oktay
Published: February 2004

We study linear programming models that contain transportation constraints in their formulation. Typically, these models have a multistage nature and the transportation constraints together with the associated flow variables are used to achieve consistency between consecutive stages. We describe how to reformulate these models by projecting out the flow variables. The reformulation can be more desirable since it has fewer variables and can be solved faster. We apply these ideas to reformulate two well‐known workforce staffing and scheduling problems: the shift scheduling problem and the tour scheduling problem. We also present computational results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
Double window acceptance sampling
Authors: Ebneshahrashoob Morteza , Gao Tangan , Sobel Milton
Published: February 2004

We introduce the concept of a sequential double window procedure and compare the resulting acceptance test with both a fixed sample size method as well as with the Wald sequential probability ratio test. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004
Late effects surveillance system for sarcoma patients
Authors: Langer Thorsten , Stöhr Wolfgang , Bielack Stefan , Paulussen Michael , Treuner Jörn , Beck Jörn D.
Published: February 2004

Background

In 1998, a prospective multicenter pilot study of the ‘Late Effects Surveillance System’ (LESS) was started to investigate late effects of patients with Ewing, osteo‐ or soft‐tissue sarcoma.

Procedure

Two hundred thirty patients were included in this pilot study. The patients were treated between 1/1/1998 and 6/30/1999 according to the sarcoma protocols COSS‐96, CWS‐96, and EICESS‐92, the median cumulative doses of the focussed drugs were for cisplatin: 360 mg/m2, for doxorubicin: 270 mg/m2, and for ifosfamide: 24 g/m2. The patients were investigated using an organ related standardized screening methodology. We report on toxicities in the first year after cessation of therapy—the beginning of the patient follow‐up—and the feasibility of LESS.

Results

Cardiotoxicity: 16/129 (12%) patients treated with doxorubicin exhibited a reduced systolic heart function (fractional shortening (FS) <29%). Altogether three patients required cardiac drug therapy. Ototoxicity: In 5/73 (7%) patients treated with cisplatin a hearing deficit <4 kHz (>20 dB) was found. One patient needed a hearing aid. Nephrotoxicity: 2 of 214 (1%) patients treated with ifosfamide suffered from a tubulopathy, which required supplementation therapy. 10/50 (20%) showed a reduced fractional phosphate reabsorption. Incidence of hypomagnesemia was significantly increased in patients additionally treated with cisplatin.

Conclusions

Some relevant impairments are noted in the first year after antineoplastic therapy. We expect to detect more major late sequelae in our prospective study during the increasing posttherapeutic interval. Our pilot study shows the feasibility of the methodology. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral etoposide for recurrent/progressive sarcomas of childhood
Authors: Kebudi Rejin , Görgün Ömer , Ayan İnci
Published: February 2004

Background

Etoposide (VP‐16) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that is effective in a broad spectrum of pediatric and adult malignancies. Chronic, low‐dose, oral VP‐16 has also been shown to be active in some recurrent malignancies mostly in adults. The aim of this prospective, single institution study is to assess the efficacy and toxicity of oral VP‐16 in children with progressive or recurrent (P/R) sarcomas.

Procedure

Twenty‐one children (10 girls and 11 boys) with R/P sarcomas and a median age of 11 years (range 3–16 years) were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis was Ewing sarcoma family tumor (ESFT) in seven, osteosarcoma in eight, rhabdomyosarcoma in four, clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue in one, fibrosarcoma in one patient. Oral VP‐16 was administered at a dose of 50 mg/m2/daily for 20 days. The next course was initiated after a 10 day rest. Response to oral VP‐16 was assessed after two courses.

Results

There was an objective response (one complete response [CR], two partial responses [PR]) in three patients (14%) by two courses of oral VP‐16 alone. One of these patients with PR achieved CR by the use of radiotherapy (RT) and further oral VP‐16. Two more patients (9.5%) achieved CR by RT and oral VP‐16. Eight (38%) patients had disease stabilization for 2–15 months. Two patients (9.5%) are long‐term survivors. They are alive with no evidence of disease (NED) 79 and 94 months from time of relapse/progressive disease (PD). A patient developed acute myeloid leukemia and died. There was no major acute toxicity related to oral VP‐16 in a total of 126 courses.

Conclusions

Oral VP‐16 therapy is simple, relatively nontoxic, and does not necessitate hospitalization. The cure rate is small. Given the risk of second malignancy, especially in children with previous exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors and alkylating agents, this regimen may be used as a palliative treatment or in patients with poor prognosis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiologic profile of symptomatic gastroenteritis in pediatric oncology patients receiving chemotherapy
Authors: El‐Mahallawy Hadir A. , El‐Din Nelly H. Aly , Salah Fatma , El‐Arousy Maha , El‐Naga Sherif Abou
Published: February 2004

Background

Patients with cancer who receive intensive chemotherapeutic regimens are subject to profound immunosuppression and are susceptible to an extended array of pathogens.

Procedure

The infectious causes of symptomatic gastroenteritis as evidenced by diarrhea +/− fever, vomiting, and abdominal colic in children following chemotherapy were prospectively monitored at National Cancer Institute, Cairo University.

Results

A total of 104 diarrhea episodes were recorded in our institution during a 10‐month period, of which an infectious cause was detected in 74 (71.1%). Bacterial and fungal pathogens were isolated in culture from 41 (39.4%) and 24 (23.1%), respectively, while Clostridia difficile (C. difficile) and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) were detected in 15 (14.4%) and 10 (9.6%) of 104 diarrhea episodes following chemotherapy, respectively. Mixed infections were found in 24 of the patients; whereas, no cause was demonstrable in 30. Hospital acquired and mixed infections were the worst as regards morbidity (P = 0.004 and 0.02) and mortality (P = 0.007 and <0.001) of the infectious episode regardless the cause, respectively. On multivariate analysis, C. difficile was associated with the highest mortality rate (OR = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01–0.19), followed by fungal pathogens (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.05–0.74) and bacterial infections (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.05–0.79).

Conclusions

Infectious gastroenteritis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized pediatric cancer patients receiving intensified protocols of chemotherapy. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limb sparing surgery for pediatric musculoskeletal tumors
Authors: Hosalkar Harish S. , Dormans John P.
Published: February 2004

There has been an unprecedented improvement in the survival outcome of children with extremity sarcoma as well as a corresponding increase in percentage of limb‐sparing surgeries being performed over the past many decades. This has been, in part, due to the improved imaging modalities, newer surgical techniques, and advences in neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Limb‐sparing surgery for primary bone and soft‐tissue malignancies in children is becoming an acceptable option of surgical treatment in most cases today. This article outlines the demographics, classification, clinical presentation, imaging, and molecular genetics of pediatric mosculoskeletal tumors and discusses the current treatment principles with emphasis on the state‐of‐the‐art surgical management and limb‐sparing techniques for children with extremity sarcoma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fertility of long‐term male survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed during childhood
Authors: Byrne Julianne , Fears Thomas R. , Mills James L. , Zeltzer Lonnie K. , Sklar Charles , Meadows Anna T. , Reaman Gregory H. , Robison Leslie L.
Published: February 2004

Fertility impairments among men treated during childhood for cancer are known to occur after some, but not all, types of anti‐cancer therapy. This is the first study to evaluate proven fertility among adult male survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In a retrospective cohort study, proven fertility (ever fathered a pregnancy) was evaluated by self‐report among 213 men treated for ALL before age 18 on protocols of the Children's Cancer Group (CCG). Controls (N = 145) were drawn from among male siblings. Overall, with a proportional hazards analysis, proven fertility of male survivors was not different from that of controls (relative fertility (RF) = 0.95, 95% CI 0.63–1.43). However, married men treated before age 10 with high dose (24 cGy) cranial radiotherapy (RT), without spinal RT, had only 9% of the fertility of controls (Relative risk, RR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.82). High dose cranial RT at older ages was not associated with a statistically significant fertility deficit (RR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.25–1.28). In this first study of proven fertility among men treated for childhood leukemia, the majority of survivors showed no evidence of fertility impairment compared to controls. However, men treated at a young age with high dose cranial RT may have impaired fertility. These results suggest that further investigation of men with these treatments is needed to confirm and extend these findings. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors influencing central line infections in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of a single institutional study
Authors: Abbas Adil A.H. , Fryer Christopher J.H. , Paltiel Charles , Chedid Fares , Felimban Sami K. , Yousef Abdulmotalib A. , Khattab Taha M.
Published: February 2004

Background

We compared the rates of infection in external catheters (ECs) and totally implantable devices (TIDs) and the effect of timing of insertion in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Procedure

Central line data was collected on all children with ALL referred to the National Guard Hospital, Jeddah. Data was collected retrospectively from 1996 to September 1999 and prospectively thereafter. Only ECs were inserted prior to 1999 subsequently TIDs were preferred.

Results

One hundred forty eight children with ALL, mean age 5.1 years had 129 ECs and 70 TIDs inserted for a total of 41,382 catheter days. The overall rate of infective episodes (infections/1,000 catheter days) was 3.43. Of the initial 148 lines 100 developed complications of which 76 (51%) were secondary to an infective episode. Only young age and treatment protocol were risk factors for first line infections (P < 0.05). There was weak evidence that ECs had an earlier time to infection compared to TIDs (P = 0.056).

Conclusions

In this study, population central lines were associated with a high rate of infection. Treatment protocol and age were the only significant risk factors when only first lines were considered. Delaying catheter insertion for more than 3 weeks from diagnosis did not reduce the risk of infection. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Candida infections in children treated with conventional chemotherapy for solid tumors (transplant recipients excluded): The Institut Gustave Roussy Pediatrics Department experience
Authors: Ridola V. , Chachaty E. , Raimondo G. , Corradini N. , Brugieres L. , Valteau‐Couanet D. , Hartmann O.
Published: February 2004

Introduction

Advances in medical therapy have greatly improved the survival of children suffering from cancer. Although progress has been made in the eradication of malignant disease there is growing concern for the development of fungal infections in patients treated with chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods

We reviewed all episodes of pediatric candidemia that occurred between January 1988 and December 2000. We analyzed the general characteristics of this population, risk factors, microbiology features, treatment, complications, and outcome.

Results

Seventeen cases of candidemia were observed during the 12 years of the study at an estimated incidence of 0.4%. Neutropenia occurred at the onset of infection in 13/17 (76.5%) children. A central venous device was present in all cases. Seventy‐seven percent of the infections were caused by Candida albicans and in 85% of patients, yeasts had colonized the gastrointestinal tract. In 9/17 patients visceral dissemination was documented. Overall, in 77% of the episodes the outcome was favorable.

Conclusions

Candidemia is a rare but severe complication in pediatric oncology. Even if the prognosis is better in children than in adults, Candida septicemia remains of great concern since a high percentage of these infections result in visceral dissemination and mortality is still elevated. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia followed by a clonally‐unrelated EBV‐positive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and a clonally‐related myelomonocytic leukemia cutis
Authors: Szczepański Tomasz , de Vaan Gerard A.M. , Beishuizen Auke , Bogman José , Jansen Mieke W.J.C. , van Wering Elisabeth R. , van Dongen Jacques J.M.
Published: February 2004

Background

Complicating malignant hematopoietic proliferations might severely hamper the course of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in patients with an otherwise good prognosis. It is important to distinguish whether such neoplastic proliferations represent ALL relapses or secondary treatment‐related malignancies.

Procedure

We present an 11‐year‐old girl with precursor‐B‐ALL in whom maintenance treatment was complicated by an isolated ALL relapse in the brain, nodular lymphoproliferations in the liver, and an isolated myelo‐monocytic leukemia cutis. All these hemato‐oncologic malignancies occurred in the background of a secondary immunodeficiency, most likely caused by cytotoxic treatment.

Results and Conclusions

Using a stepwise molecular approach, we were able to demonstrate that the liver infiltrates were Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive, contained monoclonal mature B‐cells with immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) gene rearrangements unrelated to the primary ALL, and thus represented a true secondary non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In contrast, the skin infiltrates consisted of myelo‐monocytic cells with clonal IGH and T‐cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements, identical to the precursor‐B‐ALL blasts at diagnosis. Thus, the disease course of the precursor‐B‐ALL patient was complicated by two different isolated extramedullary relapses (brain and skin) and a secondary EBV+ B‐NHL. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.