bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological character and amylose content analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties bonanza and srikandi ungu
Authors: Lubis K , Nurhayati K , Hanum L
Published: December 2024

Maize is one of the most important secondary crops in Indonesia. The important nutritional of corn is carbohydrates and fat. Maize carbohydrates consist of starch, sugar, crude fiber and pentosans. Maize starch consists of amylose and amylopect. This research aims to examine the amylose levels found in corn, and to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of corn varieties Bonanza and Srikandi Ungu. The research was conducted using a descriptive method without a design by taking samples of each variety. Data analysis was carried out to determine the value of various phenotypes standard deviation and amylose content. The results of the research showed that the amylose content in the Srikandi Ungu variety had an average of 54.185%, while in the Bonanza variety it had an average of 46.940%. Amylose analysis shows that the Bonanza variety is included in the near high amylose group, while the Srikandi Ungu variety is included in the high amylose group. There was no effect of differences in kernel color on amylose content. There are differences in the qualitative characteristics of plants. The values of various phenotypes in the Bonanza and Srikandi Ungu varieties has extensive in all parameters except for cob diameter which has narrow.
The shifting in weed diversity and dominance in several weed management and soil tillage techniques in maize plantation
Authors: Nursa’adah  , Akasah W
Published: December 2024

Nowadays, herbicides are 60% of volume pesticides used worldwide. The large-scale agricultural production systems mostly depend on artificial chemicals to manage weeds. One strategy to reduce the herbicide use without reducing productivity is integrated weed control. Cover crop (CC) is one way of integrated weed control by suppressing the emergence of weeds. This study aims to examine the shifting in weed diversity and dominance in several weed management and soil tillages techniques in maize plantation. This study used a Randomized Block Design with 2 factorials. The first factor was weed management techniques (P), with levels: no control (P0), cover crop (P1), pre-emergent herbicide (P2), post-emergent herbicide (P3), and weed-free (with weeding) (P4). And the second factor was soil tillage technique (T), namely: no tillage (T0) and conventional tillage (T1). Vegetation analysis was conducted to the relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF), and summed dominance ratio (SDR). The results showed that there was a decrease in the number of weed species from 25 species before treatments to 21 species after treatments. The most effective reduction in the number of species and weed density occurred in the treatment of using pre-emergent herbicides with a combination of tillage techniques.
The effects of applying poultry waste and coconut shell biochar on the growth and production of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Authors: Vinolina N S , Saragih D , Marbun P
Published: December 2024

The growing request for shallots, driven by increasing consumer needs, has not been matched by stable production levels. This study investigated the effects of the application of poultry waste and coconut shell biochar on shallot growth and production. Two factors were evaluated, including poultry waste with various doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 tons/ha and coconut shell biochar with diverse doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 tons/ha, with three replications for each treatment. Duncan Multiple Range test at a 5% significance level was performed for the statistical analysis. The yields indicated that giving 30 tons/ha of poultry waste significantly enhanced plant length and bulb count per plant. Additionally, 1The giving of 10 tons/ha of biochar significantly improved plant length, leaf number, wet bulb weight per sample, dry bulb weight per sample, and wet bulb weight per plot. However, the combination of poultry waste and coconut shell biochar did not yield significant improvements in shallot growth and production. This study highlights the potential of poultry waste and biochar as effective soil amendments for shallot cultivation while also noting the limited impact of their combined application.
Physicochemical properties of yoghurt with the addition of mint leaf powder (Mentha piperita)
Authors: Indriani V , Dias F
Published: December 2024

Yoghurt is one of the functional foods that are popular in society that can be made from milk. The use of mint leaves, a natural element that provides benefits without negatively impacting the processing method or the end product, has been a recent advance in yoghurt processing. The physical and chemical characteristics of yoghurt mixed with powdered mint leaf are the focus of this study. This research employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments: 1) no addition of mint leaf powder; 2) addition of mint leaves at 4.54%; and 3) addition of 9.08% mint leaf powder. Physicochemical tests are pH, viscosity, TAT, and antioxidants. The findings demonstrated that while the addition of mint leaves had no discernible impact on pH, TTA, or viscosity, it had a highly significant (p<0.01) influence on the antioxidant content of yoghurt. Therefore, we can conclude that adding mint leaves enhances the antioxidant value and also increases the quantity of mint leaves added.
Implementation Of Rabbit Urine Ammonia Level Detection System with Internet of Things
Authors: Siregar G A W , Sofina D , Hayatunnufus  , Harahap L A , Ramadhani R
Published: December 2024

Ammonia compounds have corrosive properties that can not only cause air pollution but can also cause lung damage and death. Rabbit farms in general still use conventional methods in the treatment and monitoring Ammonia (NH3) levels in the cage. An IoT (Internet of Things) integrated ammonia level control system that can monitor and control ammonia levels in rabbit cages for 24 hours. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments, namely: P1 = 17% zeolite + 83% aquadest, P2 = 23% zeolite + 77% aquadest, P3 = 29% zeolite + 71% aquadest, and P4 = 35% zeolite + 65% aquadest with 5 replications, with a total of 20 rabbits used. The results showed that ammonia levels in rabbit cages detected by the sensor ranged from 9.17 ppm - 14.11 ppm. The use of zeolite in the ammonia sensor turned out to reduce ammonia levels in the cage. The lowest average ammonia levels were found in the P2 treatment at 10.87 ppm. While the highest average was in the P4 treatment of 12.42 ppm, so the best treatment was in P2, namely the use of 35% Zeolite + 65% distilled water.
Glucomannan extract from porang tubers (Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain) as prebiotic on broiler performance
Authors: Tafsin M , Hanafi N D , Zendrato D P
Published: December 2024

Glucomannans are prebiotics from porang tubers that could also be incorporated into animal feeds to enhance growth performance and improve productivity. The study aimed to determine the prebiotic potential of glucomannan extracted from porang tubers (Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain) by the performance of broilers. The experiment was conducted from January to February 2024 at the Research and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, and also at Baru Village, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used. The chickens used are one hundred in number, Lohman strain broilers, divided into four groups, namely: P0 - basal diet; P1 - basal diet + 0.2% extract of glucomannan; P2 - basal diet + 0.4% extract of glucomannan; P3 - basal diet + 0.6% extract of glucomannan. The results indicated that the P2 treatment, with 0.4% extract of glucomannan, had the highest feed consumption (459.95 g/head/week), body weight gain (267.40 g/head/week) and ratio of feed conversion or FCR (1.72). This study concludes that addition of glucomannan at 0.4% in broilers may optimize growth performance, probably by promoting intestinal microbiota health, digestion, and feed palatability.
Physical properties of eco-print sheep leather
Authors: Andini R A , Pertiwiningrum A , Abidin M Z
Published: December 2024

Eco-print is one of the dyeing techniques using natural dye materials. The dyeing technique in eco-print is carried out by transferring colors and shapes on fabric media or other media through direct contact. This research is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive research. The data were obtained by conducting literature review, field research and experiments. Field research is carried out by observing and identifying the potential of the surrounding environment that can be used as a coloring material in the eco-print technique. In this study, eco-print experiments were then carried out on sheep leather. The data from the experiment was analysed by visual observation and then tested in the laboratory with the parameters of the test of moisture, tensile strength, WVP and moisture content. The influence of temperature differences can make sheep leather water-resistant (waterproof), improve the quality of eco-print and also improve the quality of the leather and produce waterproof leather. Environmental humidity, water quality, and material storage conditions affect the eco-print and waterproofness of sheepskin. High humidity can slow down drying, resulting in less clear and fuzzy prints. The mineral content of water, such as pH and metals are important in the interaction between natural dyes and leather fibers.
The effect of storage temperature on the quality of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fillet at low-temperature storage for long-term preservation of fishery products
Authors: Marwati  , Sarah M , Misran E
Published: December 2024

Tuna is the common name for a species of fish belonging to the Scombroidae family. Among all the Scombroidae family, yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is the most popular type in tropical and subtropical seas worldwide. One technique for preserving tuna fillets is cooling, which is an effective method for maintaining the quality of fishery products for export activity. Fillet quality, particularly histamine levels and microbial counts, must be maintained to create good and sustainable management of Indonesian fishery products. This research aims to analyze the effect of storage temperature on the quality of tuna fillets at low temperatures. From this research, it is known that storage temperature affected the quality of tuna fillets. Storing tuna fillets at temperatures below 0°C can maintain the freshness of tuna fillets based on organoleptic test. Overall, storage temperature of -18°C can produce fillets with the best quality, with an organoleptic value of 8, a drip loss of 1.84-2.86%, histamine levels of 4,543-8,226 ppm, and a total plate count of 1,318-4,173 colonies/g. In conclusion, this work provided the latest information regarding the effect of cooling temperature, particularly temperatures below 0°C, on the quality of tuna fillets.
The effect of various sweeteners on the antioxidant and sensory characteristics of Gynura procumbens leaf tea
Authors: San V Y , Sadek N F
Published: December 2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various sweeteners (rock sugar, stevia, erythritol, date sugar, lo han guo, and sorghum sugar) on the antioxidant and sensory characteristics of Gynura procumbens leaf tea (GPLT). The antioxidant activity, acceptance, and sensory profile assessment were conducted using the DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) method, 9-point hedonic scale, and CATA (Check-All-That-Apply), respectively. This study found that the highest antioxidant activity was observed in GPLT with date sugar, while the lowest was in the sample with rock sugar and stevia. The addition of stevia and lo han guo yielded the highest liking scores on the GPLT despite the driving factors of liking being more strongly correlated with the sensory attributes of stevia. Based on the results, this study recommends using lo han guo as the optimum sweetener for GPLT. The GPLT with lo han guo as a sweetener exhibited an antioxidant activity of 53.16% DPPH inhibition. Adding lo han guo led to the neutral perception of GPLT and characteristics of sweet aftertaste, cloudy, sourness, thickness, and light brown color.
The use of tilapia bones (Oreochronis niloticus) and banana heart into fish floss as a source of calcium: Sensory analysis and nutritional content
Authors: Tarigan N , Sihotang U , Hanum S
Published: December 2024

The calcium-rich potential of tilapia bones has not been maximized as food. Fish floss is a typical dry food made from meat, which is boiled, sliced, seasoned, fried, and pressed. Fish floss using fish bone meal is one of the efforts to increase product consumption and calcium absorption. This study aimed to utilize tilapiabone- in fish floss and test the acceptability and chemistry of fish floss. This research is experimental with a completely randomized design. This study consisted of 4 treatments and two repetitions, namely P1 (100% tilapia bone), P2 (75% tilapia bone and 25% banana heart), P3 (50% tilapia bone and 50% banana heart) and P4 (25% tilapia bone and 75% banana heart). Sensory tests were carried out to obtain fish floss acceptance data using hedonic scales and proximate and calcium tests. The results showed that the most preferred fish floss based on aroma and taste was treatment P3 with 50% fish bone and 50% banana heart, while based on color and texture was treatment P1, which is 100% fish bone. The best chemical quality results of the P3 treatment were carbohydrates 22.97%, fat 28.56%, protein 20.51%, moisture 9.23%, ash 18.73%, and calcium 176.84 mg.
The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of kombucha tea from Katuk leaf (Sauropus androgynous (l.) Merr.)
Authors: Satar I , Novianti A
Published: December 2024

Katuk leaf (KL) is one of the good herbs that can be used to produce kombucha tea. This work aims to evaluate the effect of KL composition and fermentation time on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of KL kombucha tea. A completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors of KL compositions and fermentation time were used in this work. Three formulations of F1, F2 and F3 were prepared using KL composition of 3 g, 4 g, and 5 g, respectively. Each formulation was fermented for 6 days (T1), 7 days (T2), 8 days (T3), 9 days(T4), 10 days (T5). All data were statically analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Microsoft Excel and SPSS 2.5 at a significance level of 5% followed by the Duncan test. The results show the density, viscosity, pH, reducing sugar, total acids and vitamin C were obtained in the range of 1.0277-1.0312 g/ml, 1.002-1.118 m.pas, 2.58-2.99, 40.6-596.2 mg/ml, 0.633-2.199%, 0.53-3.21%, respectively. Furthermore, antioxidant activities were observed around 26.05 - 176.18 ppm. The KL shows the feasibility of producing kombucha tea with a high antioxidant activity.
Characteristics and food applications of partially pregelatinized cassava starch prepared by extrusion
Authors: Pramana Y S , Pudjianto K , Sabirin  , Paramitasari D , Musa  , Putra O N , Supriyanti A , Darussalam A , Yassaroh
Published: December 2024

Cassava, a staple crop in many developing countries, is considered a sustainable starch source. However, native starch often faces challenges in the food industry due to limited solubility and poor texture properties in certain applications. By improving cassava starch properties through extrusion, this study enhances the utilization of a locally available resource, supporting sustainability in food production. The study investigated the physicochemical properties of partially pregelatinized cassava starch (PPCS) prepared by extrusion and explored its food applications. PPCS was produced from native starch (tapioca) and pressed-rasped cassava in a 2:3 ratio. The mixture, with 35±1% moisture content, was extruded using a twin-screw extruder at three barrels temperatures (40°C, 60°C, 70°C). The extrudate was dried, ground, sieved, and packaged. The results demonstrated that extrusion markedly improved the starch’s physicochemical characteristics. PPCS exhibited substantial increases in swelling power (from 5.01 g/g to 10.8 g/g) and water solubility (from 1.65% to 7.5%) compared to native starch. The pasting properties of PPCS showed significant reductions in pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, setback viscosity, and final viscosity. These enhancements make PPCS suitable for industrial food applications requiring rapid dissolution and thermal stability, such as instant custards, puddings, cream soups, and seasoned flour.
Exploring the Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Snack Bars Utilizing Arrowroot (Marantha arundinacea) Flour and Brown Rice Flour
Authors: Kumalasari I D , Adisty A D O
Published: December 2024

Arrowroot is rich in carbohydrates, making it an excellent source of energy. It is also gluten-free, making it accessible to individuals with celiac disease or gluten intolerance, thereby contributing to more inclusive food security. Arrowroot flour and brown rice have potential as raw materials for high-fiber snack bars. This study aimed to assess how varying proportions of arrowroot flour and brown rice affect the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of these snack bars. Employing a Completely Randomized Design, different ratios of arrowroot flour to brown rice (100%:0% (F1); 75%:25% (F2); 50%:50% (F3); 25%:75% (F4); and 0%:100% (F5)) were tested. The snack bars underwent analysis for physicochemical attributes such as water and ash content, fat, total protein, carbohydrates, total sugar, and hardness. Organoleptic evaluations, encompassing hedonic testing and scoring by 25 untrained panelists, were conducted based on parameters including color, taste, aroma, texture, aftertaste, hardness, brittleness, and stickiness. Results indicated significant impacts of the arrowroot flour and brown rice formulations on both physicochemical (e.g., water content, ash, fat, total protein, carbohydrates, calories, total sugar, and hardness) and organoleptic properties (e.g., color, taste, aroma, texture, aftertaste, hardness, brittleness, and stickiness) of the snack bars. The formulation with a 25%:75% ratio (F4) yielded the highest fiber content, reaching 12.46%.
Supplementation of red alga (Porphyra) improves nutritional profile, protein digestibility and sensory acceptance of tempeh
Authors: Surya R , Megumi E H , Rombot O , Nugroho D , Tedjakusuma F
Published: December 2024

Tempeh, a traditional Indonesian food product created through the fermentation of soybeans by Rhizopus molds, is notable for its essential nutrients and potential health benefits as a functional food. Recent developments have focused on enhancing tempeh’s functional value, particularly through the addition of algae. This study aimed to investigate the nutritional profile, protein digestibility and sensory acceptance of tempeh co-fermented with dried Porphyra, a red alga commonly known as nori. The findings revealed that algae supplementation at 2.5% w/w and 5% w/w significantly increased the mineral content and protein digestibility of tempeh. Additionally, alga-supplemented tempeh received a higher preference for aroma and taste compared to conventional tempeh, as revealed by a hedonic rating sensory analysis. Taken together, these findings support alga supplementation as a novel strategy to enhance the functional properties of tempeh.
Supplementation of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed oil enhances the safety-related quality of shrimp paste
Authors: Surya R , Nugroho D , Tedjakusuma F
Published: December 2024

Traditional fermented shrimp paste, locally known as terasi, is a popular food in Indonesia widely consumed owing to its distinctive flavor. Despite its ubiquity in traditional cuisines, terasi requires cautious consumption due to the presence of detrimental compounds associated with protein degradation and deteriorating quality. These compounds are generated during fermentation, including allergenic histamine and potentially carcinogenic acrylamide. This study aimed to improve the safety-related quality of terasi via the incorporation of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed oil, which possesses potential antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Supplementing shrimp paste with black cumin seed oil at concentrations of 2.5% (v/w) and 5% (v/w) significantly inhibited microbial growth, reduced lipid peroxidation, and mitigated the formation of histamine and acrylamide during fermentation for 30 days. Importantly, the inclusion of black cumin seed oil did not affect the sensory acceptance of shrimp paste, as evidenced by a sensory evaluation. Therefore, our findings suggest that black cumin seed oil could effectively enhance the safety-related quality parameters of shrimp paste, thus potentially serving as a beneficial adjunct ingredient.
Amylolytic, cellulolytic and lactic acid bacteria isolated from porang (Amorphophalus oncophylus) fermented water as potential starter for fermented porang flour
Authors: Helmi H , Kusmiadi R , Mahardika R G , Karsiningsih E , Nia L , Septiani H
Published: December 2024

Porang tubers could gain economic value through fermentation. A fermentation starter might reduce costs of production. This research aimed to isolate amylolytic, cellulolytic, lactic acid bacteria from spontaneous fermentation of porang tubers that could be further developed into starters in porang flour production. The amylolytic, cellulolytic, lactic acid bacteria were counted and isolated by using starch, CMC, and MRS agar media, respectively. Capability of amylase and cellulase bacteria were measured by using the DNS colorimetric method. Identification of selected microorganisms was conducted by using 16S rRNA. Results showed that activities of amylolytic, cellulolytic, and lactic acid bacteria during fermentation of porang media continued to increase up to 48 hours and started to decrease at 72 hours. The amylolytic bacteria with the highest amylolytic activity was Phytobacter diazotrophicus with amylase enzyme activity of 0.077 U/mL at 48 hours of incubation. The cellulolytic bacteria with the highest cellulolytic activity was Enterobacter asburiae with cellulase enzyme activity of 0.084 U/mL at 48 hours of incubation. The lactic acid bacteria that can be isolated was Enterococcus gallinarum. In regards of food safety concerns in food industry, all bacteria isolated from this research must undergo further testing to be used as fermentation starter.
Effect of maltodextrine concentration on color intensity and hygroscopic characteristics of powdered butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.)
Authors: Anggara C E W , Haryadi H , Putri D P , Cahyadi W , Ikhrawan Y
Published: December 2024

In order to create a natural color powder with the best physical and chemical qualities, the goal of this study was to extract the anthocyanin from butterfly pea flowers and find the ideal concentration of maltodextrin. The Experimental Method with Randomized Block Design (RBD) is the methodology employed. There were four treatments in the experiment, and each was carried out three times. The L* value (brightness), b* value (yellowness), and yield were all impacted by the anthocyanin pigments of butterfly pea flower powder when different additional treatments of maltodextrin concentrations were applied. However, the total anthocyanin and a* value (redness) were not significantly affected. The investigation’s findings on a number of factors demonstrated that adding 5% maltodextrin produced the best characteristics with a total anthocyanin of 50.49 mg/L, L* value (brightness) 49.05, a* value (redness) 20.50, b* value (yellowness) 8.68, yield 52.71%, solubility 97.85%, and hygroscopic 8.70%. Anthocyanin pigments from butterfly pea flowers with the addition of maltodextrin concentrations are processed into natural food and beverage coloring powders.
Proximate analysis of cocoa butter substitute (CBS) palm oil and coconut oil in making chocolate
Authors: Harahap E S , Julianti E , Addina S , Rahmadini F
Published: December 2024

Chocolate bars are among the processed goods made from cocoa, and they are highly sought after by consumers practically everywhere in the world. For those who appreciate it, chocolate can provide a relaxing effect by stimulating the production of endorphin and serotonin, chemicals that can induce feelings of happiness and calmness in the brain. Demand for cocoa beans used to make chocolate bars and other items is always growing. The purpose of the study was to ascertain how a combination of coconut oil and cocoa butter substitute (CBS) affected the quality of chocolate bars. A non-factorial, four-level, entirely randomized design was used for this study C1: CBS (15%) + coconut oil (20%), C2: CBS (15%) + coconut oil (30%), C3: CBS (15%) + coconut oil (40%) and C4: CBS (15%) + coconut oil (50%). Analysis was carried out on the proximate levels of chocolate bar products. The analysis results show that the average moisture content, protein content, ash content and fat content are 1.51%, 12.8%, 14.74% and 63.78%. The final quality of chocolate bar goods is influenced by the amount of water, fat, ash, and protein present.
Analysis of the relationship between physical and chemical characteristics with the shelf life of long beans
Authors: Musaddad D , Rahayu S T , Levianny P S , Asgar A , Rosliani R , Soedomo P
Published: December 2024

Long beans are one of the vegetables that are widely planted in Indonesia. Shelf life is a prominent characteristic that needs special attention in breeding programs. This research aims to analyse the close relationship between pods’ physical and chemical characteristics and the shelf life of yard-long beans. This research method uses a randomized block design and correlation regression analysis. The sample used seven genotypes of yard-long bean pods. The characteristics observed included pod length, diameter, hardness, water content, protein, and total soluble solids. The results showed that the pod length and diameter of the seven sample genotypes tested were not significantly different. At the same time, there were significant differences in hardness, moisture content, protein, and total soluble solids. The relationship varied from very weak to strong, respectively, from pod length, total soluble solids, hardness, diameter, water content, and protein. The water content and protein showed a close relationship with correlation coefficients of 0.76 and - 0.79, respectively. The results of this study were useful for breeders, especially in the shelf-life evaluation of yard-long bean accessions.
Isolation and characterization of bacteria from pliek-u, traditional fermented coconut from Aceh-Indonesia
Authors: Sofyan H A , Muzaifa M , Khathir R
Published: December 2024

In the Acehnese community, pliek-u is a common culinary ingredient naturally preserved through coconut endosperm fermentation. A number of microorganisms are involved in the conversion of the chemical constituents of coconut endosperm as a fermentation product. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the bacteria involved in the fermentation of pliek-u. Coconut endosperm from 50 fruits were grated and fermented for 6 days. The samples were collected on 1st, 3rd and 6th day of fermentation. The observed parameters were the total bacteria (plate counts), colony and cell characterization (cell form, Gram staining and catalase). Results showed that the total bacterial decreased dramatically with the length of the fermentation period. At the beginning of fermentation (after 20hrs), the total bacteria were higher (2.5x1010 CFU/g) than that of on the 3rd day (3.4x108 CFU/g) and on the 6th day (7.0x107 CFU/g). About 7 isolates have been successfully characterized. The dominant bacteria are coccus bacteria (86%) and Gram-negative (57%). Moreover, all isolates had shown catalase-positive and were not lactid acid bacteria (LAB). Further research by molecular identification is needed to identify the genotype and role of bacteria involved.
Sensory characteristics, pH value, and total acidity of yoghurt with the addition of tofu and variations in starter concentration
Authors: Sinamo K N , Pratama E Y , Hutapea F U A
Published: December 2024

Tofu is a product of processed soybeans which is used as a source of vegetal protein because it contains essential amino acids which are good for body health. Moreover, tofu also contains carbohydrates, fiber, fat and several minerals such as calcium and iron. Therefore, tofu can be used as an addition to making yoghurt to partially replace the applying of cow’s milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the tofu juice ratio and cow’s milk on the sensory characteristics, pH value and total acidity of the yoghurt produced. In this study, two criteria were used in a completely randomized design: the ratio of tofu juice and cow’s milk (80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; and 40:60) and starter concentration (3%, 5%, and 7%). The results obtained were that these two factors had a very real influence on the total acid value of yoghurt. The higher the use of tofu (80%) resulted the the lower the total acid percentage i.e.0.98-1.02%. The best treatment based on the sensory characteristics was obtained from a combination treatment of tofu juice and cow’s milk ratio (80:20) and starter concentration (7%) i.e. Y1P3 sample with a score of 4.
Interaction of environmental quality with agricultural productivity and other determinants in Java-Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Lubis I , Rahman A , Sari R L , Nasution I G S , Sirojuzilam  , Pratomo W A
Published: December 2024

This study aims to analyze the direct and spillover effects of agricultural productivity and other determinant variables on environmental quality in Java-Bali Island from 2015 to 2022. The data is in the form of a panel, sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Indonesian Ministry of Environment. The method used to answer the study objectives is through a spatial autoregressive model (SAR) with a weighting matrix of three nearest neighbors. The results show that the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors and the industrial sector are the biggest contributors to environmental damage in Java-Bali. Meanwhile, increasing real GRDP per capita and the burden of dependent workers can actually improve environmental quality. Meanwhile, democracy has not been able to play an important role in environmental issues. The implication is that a strong commitment is needed to change production habits, especially the agricultural and industrial sectors that are more environmentally friendly with innovation and utilization of technology. The concentration of democratic activities in responding to environmental issues also needs to be strengthened.
Implementation of fertilizer subsidy policy to fertilizer cost saving based on Indonesian minister of agriculture regulations
Authors: Sembiring SA , Hutauruk J , Saragi C P H , Nainggolan M F , Simbolon S P , Tarigan J
Published: December 2024

The research aims to describe savings in variable fertilizer costs based on the Ministry of Agriculture. The research area was determined purposively, namely Tanjung Morawa and Hamparan Perak District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province. The population for the study is farmer groups based on the largest number of farmer groups in the research village, while the research sample is farmer groups. The number of respondents in Paluh Kurau and Wonososari Villages were 68 and 48 farmers respectively. Analysis method by calculating variable costs for subsidized fertilizer and non-subsidized fertilizer. The findings indicate that the highest price ratio in Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number 49 of 2020, for NPK in Paluh Kurau Village, while the lowest is for SP-36 fertilizer in Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number 41 of 2021 in Wonosari Village. The highest cost savings are Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number 49 of 2020 for NPK fertilizer in Paluh Kurau Village, while the lowest cost savings are Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number 41 of 2021 for ZA fertilizer. The largest average cost savings for five types of subsidized fertilizer in Minister of Agriculture Regulation No, 49 of 2020. Without the fertilizer policy, variable costs increase, and rice production declines.
Does farmer’s institution matter for sustainable certification? case in Indonesia and Malaysian oil palm smallholders
Authors: Chalil D , Barus R , Siddique S F
Published: December 2024

Smallholders are a crucial part of the Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil industry. However, both lack economies of scale ownership individually. Therefore, institutions have become a crucial aspect. Sustainable certification is one of the most relevant aspects of managing economies of scale. This study was conducted to analyse the institutional aspect of sustainable certification. Data were collected from 1080 smallholders in 18 districts in Indonesia and Malaysia. This data was then analysed through nine business model components, namely key resources, cost structure, revenue stream, value proposition, channel, customer segment, customer relationship, key partners, and key activities. Institutions were grouped into non-groups, non-economic groups, and economic groups of smallholders. The results show that economic groups appear to have the highest certification percentage. They receive higher prices from direct sales to the ramp or mills and better FFB quality. Non-economic groups are competitive in economies of scale, as 3 out of 4 types of group institutions are in merged forms. The non-grouped smallholders strengthen the needs of institutions for smallholders to be certified and enjoy the economic benefits through good partnerships, which could be improved by achieving economies of scale and reaping its benefits.
From local farms to global markets: an analysis of Indonesian tea competitiveness
Authors: Pebriyani D , Ayu S F , Situmorang P S I , Ginting K H
Published: December 2024

Tea consumption is one of the most important needs of the people in Pakistan. Over the last 20 years, the number of tea exports to Pakistan has experienced an increasing trend. However, in contrast, the trade value of tea exports from Indonesia shows a declining trend. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the competitiveness of Indonesian tea in the Pakistani market compared to other exporting countries. The study used secondary data from the trade map in the form of tea export value data (Code HS: 0902) of four exporting countries to Pakistan in 2013-2022. The data were processed using revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and dynamic revealed comparative advantage (DRCA) analysis. The results show that Kenya and Vietnam have strong competitiveness in the Pakistan tea market, and Kenya dominates the Pakistan tea market. Indonesia and China have weak competitiveness in the Pakistan tea market, and in the two study periods, both countries were in a lost opportunity position.
The sustainable economic value of agroforestry products in community forest areas in Suka Tendel Village, Tiga Nderket District, Karo Regency, North Sumatra Province
Authors: Rambey R , Lubis R A , Kembaren Y , Rahmawaty  , Delvian  , Saraan M , Rauf A , Suratman M N , Gandaseca S , Abdullah M F
Published: December 2024

Most of agroforestry products are non-timber forest products which are a source of income for communities around the forest. Suka Tendel Village is a village located in a Community Forest area which has various agroforestry commodities. This research aims to identify the potential agroforestry product and annual crops, determine the ability of variables (age, education, length of farming, land area, number of types, number of stems, and capital) in explaining the variable income of farmer groups in the Social Forestry management area in Suka Tendel Village. The method used is the observation and survey method by interviewing members of active farmer groups, then continuing with analyzing the data using financial feasibility analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the research results, 4 species agroforestry commodities and 7 species of annual crop commodities were found. The ability of the independent variables (age, education, length of farming, land area, number of types, number of plants and capital) simultaneously to explain income at Gundaling farmer is 48.7% with the remaining 51.3% being influenced by other variables.
From waste to wealth: an economic analysis of briquette from empty fruit bunch within the circular economy framework
Authors: Wibowo R P , Nasution P N S , Nur T B , Pebriyani D
Published: December 2024

Indonesia as a palm oil producing country certainly requires sustainable waste management system. The large amount of biomass from palm oil will cause environmental problems. Processing agricultural waste using pyrolysis technology is one of the methods that could be used to reduced waste to energy source. The development of the palm oil biomass (EFB) into briquette needs a feasible economic valuation. Research conducted in Bekiung Village, Kuala District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. Focus Group Discussion was conducted with oil palm farmers who are members of BUMDES Bangun Mandiri, which is a Village-state owned enterprise. The feasibility and sensitivity analysis of EFB briquette was analyzed using NPV, IRR and Payback Period. The results of sensitivity analysis show that a business is still feasible despite the decreasing in selling prices by 5% and 10% or increasing in operational cost by 5%, 10% and 15%. Meanwhile business become not feasible if there is a 15% decreasing in selling prices or 20% increasing in operational cost.
Processing corn cob waste (Zea mays L) into bioethanol
Authors: Panggabean S , Sebayang E S , Sukma M A
Published: December 2024

As a country that requires large energy sources to meet its needs, Indonesia needs alternative energy sources to meet its energy needs. Bioethanol is an alternative energy source that can be produced using biomass which is rich in glucose, fiber and starch. Bioethanol in this research was produced through a chemical degradation process of corn cob powder using strong acid in the form of 0.3 M hydrochloric acid in three volume levels, namely 600 mL, 650 mL, and 700 mL followed by a biological degradation process using yeast for seven days. After three, five and seven days, water and bioethanol are separated through steam temperature differences. The amount of glucose contained in corn cob powder before hydrolysis was 27.25%. After hydrolysis, the largest percentage of glucose was obtained from hydrolysis with a volume of 600 ml of HCl, namely 14.7%. Likewise, the largest percentage of ethanol was also at the same volume on the fifth day of fermentation at 14%.
The effect of triacontanol on the flowering of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus)
Authors: Iriani F , Zuyasna  , Sari L A
Published: December 2024

Gladiolus plant is one of the ornamental flower plants that is used as cut flowers. The economic value of cut flowers depends on the length of the stalk along the stalk, the brightness of the color of the petals, and the length of time the flowers are vaselife. Triacontanol compounds (TA) are long-chain alcohol compounds, and are generally able to stimulate the flowering process and fruit enlargement. The study used a one-factor randomized block design, including four treatments and six blocks. Gladiolus plants aged 15 days after planting have been applied with TA compounds at concentration levels of 15 g−4.L−1, 30g−4.L−1, and 45 g−4.L−1 through above soils surface, apparently giving different effects on the quality of gladiolus cut flowers. The comes about appeared that TA fertilization at a concentration of 45 g−4.L−1 was the best depending on the age of flower bud appearance, flower harvest age, flower stem length, flower diameter and and 5-day Relative Growth Rate. This study aimed to examine the effects of TA compounds at different concentrations on flowering of gladiolus. TA compounds had a better effect when given in a concentration of 45g−4.L−1 for all observed response variables.
Comparison of electricity generated from biogas conversion
Authors: Raju
Published: December 2024

The greatest way to establish a healthy ecosystem is through industrial waste processing and agriculture. Cow dung and palm oil liquid waste are examples of the agricultural and industrial waste that can be converted into biogas. With the help of additional materials including sawdust, water hyacinth, rice straw, corn cobs, and EM4, which acts as an activator for bacteria during fermentation, biogas is created through the fermentation of agricultural and industrial waste. To obtain the optimal outcome regarding the applied electric power was the aim of this study. Four processes are used to turn biogas into electricity. P4 is a mixture of palm oil liquid waste and saw dust, while P1, P2, and P3 are mixtures of cow dung and rice straw, corn cobs and water hyacinth, respectively. The result showed that the highest of average electricity is 836 watts which is resulted from combination between rice straw and cow dung.
Rotor modification in mechanical nutmeg fruit breaker and seed separator
Authors: Iqbal R M , Ayu P C , Rohanah A
Published: December 2024

To meet the export needs of nutmeg, the role of the community and government is needed for productivity with utilize the use of more efficient agricultural technology. In Sipahutar,2022 research, there were still many nutmegs that were not perfectly broken. The purpose of this research is to modify the rotor on the nutmeg splitter. In this study, the physical properties of nutmeg were measured to determine the rotor distance and the required power. Furthermore, this tool is feasible to use as a result of the NPV> 0 value which is Rp. 1,254,544,308 / year at an interest rate of 6% and Rp. 1,167,556,065 / year at an interest rate of 10%. BEP value of 3. 927.273 Kg / year. And the IRR value on this tool is 67.69%. This research is focused on determining the dimensions of each component such as V-belt, rotor breaker, power from the design combustion motor using solidwork.
Fishing season index for Sardinella sp. in boat lift net fishing gear in western waters of North Sumatera province
Authors: Fadhilah A , Simanjuntak M S Y M
Published: December 2024

Boat Lift Net is one of the active fishing gears in the West Coast, Sumatera Utara with the main catch of Sardinella (Sardinella sp.). Fishermen from Boat Lift Net fishing gear still use traditional methods in the form of natural signs at certain times to look for fish. This has an impact on the effectiveness of fishing which is less accurate. This study seeks to identify the fishing season index for Sardinella (Sardinella sp.) by analyzing the catch and the quantity of fishing trips. The method of determining the fishing season index in Western Waters provides an accurate fishing season for fishermen. The results of the analysis of the fishing season index of 2018-2022 in Western Waters show that the peak season of Sardinella (Sardinella sp.) fishing occurs in June-October which occurs in the eastern season to the middle of the second transitional season and in April in the first transitional season. The highest fishing season index for tembang (Sardinella sp.) was recorded in September, at the start of transition season II, with a value of 124.27%. Conversely, the lowest index value was observed in November, at the end of transition season II, with a value of 82.5%.
Quality analysis of dried anchovies (Stolephorus sp .) from Belawan production
Authors: Dewinta A F , Imam K , Susetya I E , Bimasuci H
Published: December 2024

Dried anchovies (Stolephorus sp.) are one of the widely consumed fishery products, both in the domestic market and the export market but has the disadvantage of being easily spoiled if not consumed immediately or processed further, so proper handling is needed to maintain quality. The goal of this research was to determine the physical, chemical, microbiological quality and quality conformity of Dried anchovies (Stolephorus sp.) in Belawan Production with Quality Standards. This study was carried out in February to April 2024. The results showed that the quality of dried anchovy on organoleptic values at each production site had a value of 7-9. Chemical quality obtained ash content value of 13.42%-16.53%, salt content of 7.11%-7.26% moisture content of 43.74%-52.11% and formalin content of 0 mg/kg. Microbiological quality includes Total Plate Count (TPC) of 0.9 x 105 -2.2 x 105 colonies/gram, Escherichia coli of <3.0 CFU/gram, and Staphylococcus aureus of <101 colonies/gram. The quality of dried anchovy based on Quality Standards for organoleptic values, salt content, moisture content, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Total Plate Count (TPC) in Production Unit 3 and Ship 3 has met the quality standards.
Meristic and morphometrics of tinfoil barb (Barbonymus schwanefeldii) in the Lau Belawan River, Pancur Batu, North Sumatera Province
Authors: Desrita  , Ilyas S , Waruwu F A N
Published: December 2024

Lau Belawan River has several unique fish species, including tinfoil barb (Barbonymuus schwanefeldii). Tinfoil barb is one of the consumption fisheries resources with a fairly high price. The fishing trend along the Lau Belawan River carried out by fishermen also pays little attention to the sustainability of fish population resources. This study aims to determine the morphometrics and meristic of tinfoil barb (Barbonymus schwanefeldii) in Lau Belawan River, Pancur Batu, North Sumatera. This research was conducted from November 2023 to January 2024 for 3 months. Fish were caught using electrofishing units with a voltage of 24 volts. Analysis of morphometric characteristics of tinfoil barb in the Lau Belawan River there is a cluster of 1 type of fish that has the same characteristics consisting of k27, k52, k26, station II consists of k8, k46, k2, k1 and station III consists of k79, k110, k112. Number of Linnea literal scales range of 32-36, 32, 32-38, the transverse body scales range 16-18, 14-16,12-16, frontal scales of the dorsal fin range 15-16, 15,12-16, scales around the caudal trunk 16, number of dorsal fins DIII.8, pelvic fins VI.8, pectoral fins PI.8-10, PI.8, PI.6-12, anal fins AIII.6, and caudal fins 32 and 25-34.
Movement of the endoplasmic reticulum is driven by multiple classes of vesicles marked by Rab-GTPases
Authors: Langley Allison , Abeling-Wang Sarah , Wagner Erinn , Salogiannis John
Published: December 2024

Peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules move along microtubules to interact with various organelles through membrane contact sites. Traditionally, ER moves by either sliding along stable microtubules via molecular motors or attaching to the plus ends of dynamic microtubules through tip attachment complexes (TAC). A recently discovered third process, hitchhiking, involves motile vesicles pulling ER tubules along microtubules. Previous research showed that ER hitchhikes on Rab5- and Rab7-marked endosomes, but it is uncertain whether other Rab-vesicles can do the same. In U2OS cells, we screened Rabs for their ability to cotransport with ER tubules and found that ER hitchhikes on post-Golgi vesicles marked by Rab6 (isoforms a and b). Rab6-ER hitchhiking occurs independently of ER-endolysosome contacts and TAC-mediated ER movement. Depleting Rab6 and the motility of Rab6-vesicles reduces overall ER movement. Conversely, relocating these vesicles to the cell periphery causes peripheral ER accumulation, indicating that Rab6-vesicle motility is crucial for a subset of ER movements. Proximal post-Golgi vesicles marked by TGN46 are involved in Rab6-ER hitchhiking, while late Golgi vesicles (Rabs 8/10/11/13/14) are not essential for ER movement. Our further analysis finds that ER to Golgi vesicles marked by Rab1 are also capable of driving a subset of ER movements. Taken together, our findings suggest that ER hitchhiking on Rab-vesicles is a significant mode of ER movement.