bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential response of primary tumor versus lymphatic metastasis to VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 kinase inhibitors cediranib and vandetanib
Authors: Padera Timothy P. , Kuo Angera H. , Hoshida Tohru , Liao Shan , Lobo Jennifer , Kozak Kevin R. , Fukumura Dai , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: August 2008

Blood vessels are required for a tumor to grow and functional lymphatic vessels are required for it to disseminate to lymph nodes. In an attempt to eradicate both the primary tumor and its lymphatic metastasis, we targeted both blood and lymphatic vessels using two different tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs): cediranib and vandetanib, which block vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and -3 in enzymatic assays. We found that although both cediranib and vandetanib slowed the growth rate of primary tumors and reduced blood vessel density, neither agent was able to prevent lymphatic metastasis when given after tumor cells had seeded the lymph node. However, when given during tumor growth, cediranib reduced the diameters of the draining lymphatic vessels, the number of tumor cells arriving in the draining lymph node, and the incidence of lymphatic metastasis. On the other hand, vandetanib had minimal effect on any of these variables, suggesting that vandetanib did not effectively block VEGFR-3 on lymphatic endothelial cells in our animal model. Collectively, these data indicate that the response of lymphatic vessels to a TKI can determine the incidence of lymphatic metastasis, independent of the effect of the TKI on blood vessels. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(8):2272–9]
An Energy-Constrained Parameterization of Eddy Buoyancy Flux
Authors: Cessi Paola
Published: August 2008

A parameterization for eddy buoyancy fluxes for use in coarse-grid models is developed and tested against eddy-resolving simulations. The development is based on the assumption that the eddies are adiabatic (except near the surface) and the observation that the flux of buoyancy is affected by barotropic, depth-independent eddies. Like the previous parameterizations of Gent and McWilliams (GM) and Visbeck et al. (VMHS), the horizontal flux of a tracer is proportional to the local large-scale horizontal gradient of the tracer through a transfer coefficient assumed to be given by the product of a typical eddy velocity scale and a typical mixing length. The proposed parameterization differs from GM and VMHS in the selection of the eddy velocity scale, which is based on the kinetic energy balance of baroclinic eddies. The three parameterizations are compared to eddy-resolving computations in a variety of forcing configurations and for several sets of parameters. The VMHS and the energy balance parameterizations perform best in the tests considered here.
Western Arctic Shelfbreak Eddies: Formation and Transport
Authors: Spall Michael A. , Pickart Robert S. , Fratantoni Paula S. , Plueddemann Albert J.
Published: August 2008

The mean structure and time-dependent behavior of the shelfbreak jet along the southern Beaufort Sea, and its ability to transport properties into the basin interior via eddies are explored using high-resolution mooring data and an idealized numerical model. The analysis focuses on springtime, when weakly stratified winter-transformed Pacific water is being advected out of the Chukchi Sea. When winds are weak, the observed jet is bottom trapped with a low potential vorticity core and has maximum mean velocities of O(25 cm s−1) and an eastward transport of 0.42 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Despite the absence of winds, the current is highly time dependent, with relative vorticity and twisting vorticity often important components of the Ertel potential vorticity. An idealized primitive equation model forced by dense, weakly stratified waters flowing off a shelf produces a mean middepth boundary current similar in structure to that observed at the mooring site. The model boundary current is also highly variable, and produces numerous strong, small anticyclonic eddies that transport the shelf water into the basin interior. Analysis of the energy conversion terms in both the mooring data and the numerical model indicates that the eddies are formed via baroclinic instability of the boundary current. The structure of the eddies in the basin interior compares well with observations from drifting ice platforms. The results suggest that eddies shed from the shelfbreak jet contribute significantly to the offshore flux of heat, salt, and other properties, and are likely important for the ventilation of the halocline in the western Arctic Ocean. Interaction with an anticyclonic basin-scale circulation, meant to represent the Beaufort gyre, enhances the offshore transport of shelf water and results in a loss of mass transport from the shelfbreak jet.
Physics of “Saturation-Based” Dissipation Functions Proposed for Wave Forecast Models
Authors: Babanin Alexander V. , van der Westhuysen AndréJ.
Published: August 2008

The dissipation term is one of the three most important source functions of the radiative transfer equation employed by all spectral wave models to predict the wave spectrum. In this paper, the issue of physics of such dissipation functions is discussed. It is argued that the physics presently utilized in the models do not adequately describe currently known features of the wave dissipation process, and the dissipation functions, to a great extent, remain a residual tuning term in spite of important experimental progress in wave breaking studies. A recently suggested “saturation-based” dissipation function and its connections with the experimental physics are analyzed in detail.
Observations of the Dispersion Characteristics and Meridional Sea Level Structure of Equatorial Waves in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Farrar J. Thomas
Published: August 2008

Spectral techniques applied to altimetry data are used to examine the dispersion relation and meridional sea level structure of wavelike variability with periods of about 20 to 200 days in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Zonal wavenumber–frequency power spectra of sea surface height, when averaged over about 7°S–7°N, exhibit spectral peaks near the theoretical dispersion curves of first baroclinic-mode equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves. There are distinct, statistically significant ridges of power near the first and second meridional-mode Rossby wave dispersion curves. Sea level variability near the theoretical Kelvin wave and first meridional-mode Rossby wave dispersion curves is dominantly (but not perfectly) symmetric about the equator, while variability near the theoretical second meridional-mode Rossby wave dispersion curve is dominantly antisymmetric. These results are qualitatively consistent with expectations from classical or shear-modified theories of equatorial waves.

The meridional structures of these modes resemble the meridional modes of equatorial wave theory, but there are some robust features of the meridional profiles that were not anticipated. The meridional sea level structure in the intraseasonal Kelvin wave band closely resembles the theoretically expected Gaussian profile, but sea level variability coherent with that at the equator is detected as far away as 11.75°S, possibly as a result of the forced nature of these Kelvin waves. Both first and second meridional-mode Rossby waves have larger amplitude in the Northern Hemisphere. The meridional sea level structure of tropical instability waves closely resembles that predicted by Lyman et al. using a model linearized about a realistic equatorial zonal current system.
Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Height over the Black Sea: Relation to Climatic Patterns
Authors: Kara A. Birol , Barron Charlie N. , Wallcraft Alan J. , Oguz Temel
Published: August 2008

Sea surface height (SSH) variability is presented over the Black Sea during 1993–2005. The 1/4° × 1/4° resolution daily SSH fields are formed using optimal interpolation of available altimeter data. SSH variability reveals distinct maxima in the eastern and western basins, reflecting variations in the corresponding gyres. A joint examination of SSH and sea surface temperature (SST) indicates strong relationship between the two only in winter, with correlations as high as 0.6 or more. This would reflect a steric change in sea surface height due to thermal expansion averaged over a relatively deep winter mixed layer. Newly developed SSH fields also demonstrate a switch to the positive mode of SSH starting from the end of 1996 lasting ≈4 yr. Such a climatic shift is found to be strongly related to large-scale teleconnection patterns. Finally, the daily SSH and SST anomaly fields presented in this paper can supplement various applications in the Black Sea, such as examination of biological production and mesoscale eddy dynamics.
Evaluation of a Satellite Multispectral VIS–IR Daytime Statistical Rain-Rate Classifier and Comparison with Passive Microwave Rainfall Estimates
Authors: Capacci Davide , Porcù Federico
Published: August 2008

A daytime surface rain-rate classifier, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), is proposed for the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board the Meteosat-8 geostationary satellite. It is developed over the British Isles and surrounding waters, where the Met Office radar network provided the “ground precipitation truth” for training and validation. The algorithm classifies rain rate in five classes at 15 min and 5 km of time and spatial resolution, and is applied on daytime hours in a summer and winter database. A further ANN application is restricted to hours between 1200 and 1400 UTC for which the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) on board the Aqua polar-orbiting satellite scans the U.K. area: ANN-classifier algorithms for the SEVIRI and AMSR-E data have been developed and the results have been compared. A reliable validation procedure is adopted to quantify the performance in view of the operational application of the daytime classifier and to investigate the relative skills of passive microwave and visible–infrared radiances in sensing precipitation if processed with equivalent algorithms. The key statistical parameters used are the equitable threat score (ETS) and the bias for rain–no rain classes and the Heidke skill score (HSS) for rain-rate classes. The SEVIRI daytime classifier shows, for mean seasonal conditions, the best performance in summer, with ETS = 47% and HSS = 22%, and in winter ETS = 36% and HSS = 17% were found. The comparison between AMSR-E and SEVIRI noon classifiers reveals a similar overall skill: in detecting rain areas, SEVIRI is slightly better than AMSR-E, while the opposite is true for rain-rate classification.
The Association of the Evolution of Intraseasonal Oscillations to ENSO Phase
Authors: Roundy Paul E. , Kravitz Joseph R.
Published: August 2008

The Pacific Ocean intraseasonal Kelvin wave is a leading oceanic mode that links intraseasonal tropical atmospheric variations with interannual variations in the coupled ocean–atmosphere system. This study considers the premise that these waves may evolve differently with their associated weather patterns during different phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). If atmospheric and oceanic intraseasonal modes interact and evolve differently during various stages of ENSO, this result may provide useful information with regard to the role of these intraseasonal processes in ENSO evolution. This work utilizes signals of the oceanic Kelvin wave as a statistical basis for a simple composite averaging technique that is applied during different phases of ENSO to objectively analyze the evolution of oceanic and the associated portions of atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations. Results confirm the above premise and suggest that coupling between Kelvin waves and atmospheric convection evolves differently during different stages of ENSO. Further, intraseasonal zonal wind anomalies across the east Pacific timed with oceanic Kelvin waves are stronger during adjustment toward El Niño than during adjustment away from El Niño. These and other patterns in the composites suggest the possibility that systematic changes in the evolution of intraseasonal variations over the course of ENSO might feed back upon this interannual mode to influence the evolution of ENSO itself.
Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect on Indo–Western Pacific Climate during the Summer following El Niño
Authors: Xie Shang-Ping , Hu Kaiming , Hafner Jan , Tokinaga Hiroki , Du Yan , Huang Gang , Sampe Takeaki
Published: August 2008

Significant climate anomalies persist through the summer (June–August) after El Niño dissipates in spring over the equatorial Pacific. They include the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature (SST) warming, increased tropical tropospheric temperature, an anomalous anticyclone over the subtropical northwest Pacific, and increased mei-yu–baiu rainfall over East Asia. The cause of these lingering El Niño effects during summer is investigated using observations and an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). The results herein indicate that the TIO warming acts like a capacitor anchoring atmospheric anomalies over the Indo–western Pacific Oceans. It causes tropospheric temperature to increase by a moist-adiabatic adjustment in deep convection, emanating a baroclinic Kelvin wave into the Pacific. In the northwest Pacific, this equatorial Kelvin wave induces northeasterly surface wind anomalies, and the resultant divergence in the subtropics triggers suppressed convection and the anomalous anticyclone. The GCM results support this Kelvin wave–induced Ekman divergence mechanism. In response to a prescribed SST increase over the TIO, the model simulates the Kelvin wave with low pressure on the equator as well as suppressed convection and the anomalous anticyclone over the subtropical northwest Pacific. An additional experiment further indicates that the north Indian Ocean warming is most important for the Kelvin wave and northwest Pacific anticyclone, a result corroborated by observations.

These results have important implications for the predictability of Indo–western Pacific summer climate: the spatial distribution and magnitude of the TIO warming, rather than simply whether there is an El Niño in the preceding winter, affect summer climate anomalies over the Indo–western Pacific and East Asia.
An Analysis of the Performance of the UFAM Pulsed Doppler Lidar for Observing the Boundary Layer
Authors: Pearson Guy , Davies Fay , Collier Chris
Published: August 2008

The performance of the 1.5-μm pulsed Doppler lidar, operated by the U.K. Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM) over a 51-day continuous and unattended field deployment in southern England, is described and analyzed with a view to demonstrating the capabilities of the system for remote measurements of aerosols and velocities in the boundary layer. A statistical assessment of the vertical pointing mode in terms of the availability and errors in the data versus range is presented. Examples of lidar data are compared to theoretical predictions, radiosondes, the UFAM radar wind profiler, and an ultrasonic anemometer.
NWS Tornado Warnings with Zero or Negative Lead Times
Authors: Brotzge J. , Erickson S.
Published: August 2008

During a 5-yr period of study from 2000 to 2004, slightly more than 10% of all National Weather Service (NWS) tornado warnings were issued either simultaneously as the tornado formed (i.e., with zero lead time) or minutes after initial tornado formation but prior to tornado dissipation (i.e., with “negative” lead time). This study examines why these tornadoes were not warned in advance, and what climate, storm morphology, and sociological factors may have played a role in delaying the issuance of the warning. This dataset of zero and negative lead time warnings are sorted by their F-scale ratings, geographically by region and weather forecast office (WFO), hour of the day, month of the year, tornado-to-radar distance, county population density, and number of tornadoes by day, hour, and order of occurrence. Two key results from this study are (i) providing advance warning on the first tornado of the day remains a difficult challenge and (ii) the more isolated the tornado event, the less likelihood that an advance warning is provided. WFOs that experience many large-scale outbreaks have a lower proportion of warnings with negative lead time than WFOs that experience many more isolated, one-tornado or two-tornado warning days. Monthly and geographic trends in lead time are directly impacted by the number of multiple tornado events. Except for a few isolated cases, the impacts of tornado-to-radar distance, county population density, and storm morphology did not have a significant impact on negative lead-time warnings.
Labor Market Effects of Field of Study in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Reimer David , Noelke Clemens , Kucel Aleksander
Published: August 2008

This article seeks to provide one of the first systematic comparative analyses of labor market consequences associated with fields of study. Using data of 22 countries from the European Labor Force Surveys (2004 and 2005), we analyze how field of study affects unemployment and occupational status for university-educated graduates. Our core hypothesis is that relative differences between fields should increase with educational expansion at the university level. Results of multilevel two-step regressions generally confirm our expectations. The more students graduate from universities, the greater the differences in labor market chances of university graduates from different fields.
Do Fields of Study Matter for Over-education?
Authors: Ortiz Luis , Kucel Aleksander
Published: August 2008

Resorting to European Labor Force Survey 2003—2005 data and controlling for factors traditionally accounting for over-education, we demonstrate here that fields of study influence the odds of being overeducated in Spain and in Germany. Being more stratified than the Spanish system of education, the German one uses fields of study as a signaling device for the labor market to a lesser extent than Spanish one. Cross-country similarities in terms of the relative position of fields of study within the country are discussed. Two samples have been researched: a general sample with information about individuals' fields of study as well as a restricted sample with additional information individuals' parental ISEI score, when such information was available. Heckman selection modeling has been applied to the latter (restricted) sample. A new technique has been devised to measure over-education, relying on ISCED categories instead of years of education.
Field of Study and Students' Workload in Higher Education
Authors: Darmody Merike , Smyth Emer , Unger Martin
Published: August 2008

There is a growing recognition of the importance of `field of study' in social research. However, few of the existing studies explore the extent to which different fields of study facilitate or constrain opportunities to engage in employment and students' perceptions of their work load in higher education. This article aims to explore the workload of higher education students across different fields of study in comparative perspective. Contrasting Ireland and Austria enables us to explore the way in which the institutional context influences student workload. Analyses of the survey data were conducted to explore the extent to which field of study influenced time spent at formal classes, on personal study and in term-time employment. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of field of study, controlling for a number of factors, including higher education institution, personal characteristics and other potential constraints on student time. Finally, we analyse the effect of student workload on overall satisfaction levels.
Patterns of Social Inequalities in Access to Higher Education in France and Germany
Authors: Duru-Bellat Marie , Kieffer Annick , Reimer David
Published: August 2008

This article explores social selectivity in access to tertiary education in France and Germany in the period from 1980 to 2000. Results of multinomial logistic regression models show that access to different postsecondary institutions is characterized by marked social background effects in both countries. Depending on the type of tertiary institution we consider in France or Germany, social selectivity into fields of study is also observed. Overall, there is no indication for substantial changes in the pattern of inequality in access to tertiary education in either country during the past two decades.
Educational Fields of Study and the Intergenerational Mobility Process in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Jackson Michelle , Luijkx Ruud , Pollak Reinhard , Vallet Louis-André , van de Werfhorst Herman G.
Published: August 2008

This article examines the importance of educational field of study, in addition to educational level, for explaining intergenerational class mobility in four countries: France, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands. Starting from standard models that only include educational level, we increase the complexity of the educational measure by differentiating between fields of study within levels. Contrary to our expectations, including field of study does not substantially reduce the partial effect of class origin on class destination. This seems to be due to the limited association between class origin and field choice, and between field choice and class destination. Implications for stratification and mobility studies are discussed.
The Underutilization of Health Services in the Black Community
Authors: Chandler Daphne
Published: August 2008

This article examines the effects of the institutional legacy of African slavery on the utilization of health services among Blacks. Religiosity, spirituality, and apprehension of Eurocentric institutions are discussed as both potential causes of underutilization of health services by Blacks and effects of past and present economic repression and societal oppression. Two new theories within Black studies discourse are introduced: internal pseudo-harmony and interracial dissonance. Terrell and Terrell’s notion of cultural mistrust is also utilized in introducing the interracial dissonance theory. Implications and recommendations are offered to healthcare providers, health advocates, and the Black community. Healthcare providers are urged to support religious and spiritual beliefs as sources of resilience and a way to link the Black community to healthcare institutions.
Creating Gender Egalitarian Societies: An Agenda for Reform
Authors: Gornick Janet C. , Meyers Marcia K.
Published: August 2008

In this article, we describe the social and economic changes that have contributed to contemporary problems of work—family conflict, gender inequality, and risks to children's healthy development. We draw on feminist welfare state scholarship to outline an institutional arrangement that would support an earner—carer society —a social arrangement in which women and men engage symmetrically in paid work and unpaid caregiving and where young children have ample time with their parents. We present a blueprint for work—family reconciliation policies in three areas—paid family-leave provisions, working-time regulations, and early childhood education and care—and we identify key policy design principles. We describe and assess these work—family reconciliation policies as they operate in six European countries widely considered to be policy exemplars: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, and France. We close with an analysis of potential objections to these policies.
Strong Gender Egalitarianism
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Olin Wright Erik
Published: August 2008

Perhaps the most intractable aspect of gender inequality concerns inequalities within the family around the domestic division of labor, especially over child care and other forms of caregiving. These enduring gender inequalities constitute a significant obstacle to achieving “strong gender egalitarianism”—a structure of social relations in which the division of labor around housework and caregiving within the family and occupational distributions within the public sphere are unaffected by gender. This article explores three kinds of publicly supported parental caregiving leaves that bear on the potential for public policy to transform this private realm of inequality: (1) equality-impeding policies (e.g., unpaid caregiving leaves), (2) equality-enabling policies (e.g., paid caregiving leaves given to families), and (3) equality-promoting policies (e.g., paid caregiving leaves given to individuals rather than families). The authors defend the third of these as necessary, given the importance of cultural constraints on the slow erosion of the gender division of labor over caregiving activities.
Class Divisions among Women
Authors: Shalev Michael
Published: August 2008

By exploring how gender norms and material interests vary between women in different classes, this article highlights interactions between class and gender that mitigate against the mobilization of political support for activist family policies in the United States. Ironically, while educated women in professional and managerial jobs are ideologically most favorable toward the dual earner/dual carer model, it is not in their economic interest for the state to make it happen. Scandinavian-style interventions would impose costs on relatively privileged women in their role as child care consumers. There is also reason to believe that these interventions would indirectly undermine their labor market attainments.
Faith Action on Urban Social Issues
Authors: Beaumont Justin
Published: August 2008

What evidence supports or refutes the claim articulated from various quarters that faith-based organisations (FBOs) have been repositioned as actors for combating social problems like poverty and social exclusion in cities? This paper explores FBOs as agents of social change in contemporary cities in Europe, with a glance at the US. The argument is, first, that we need to conceptualise changing dynamics between religion, politics and post-secular society in the conviction that cities are the pre-eminent loci where these new relations are forming with intensity. While state restructuring and the urbanisation of political action are well-documented processes, far less is known about similar changes in the governance of religious institutions and their consequences for the urbanising relations between religion and the public sphere. Secondly, there are a number of empirical instances of FBOs involving faith-motivated and other people who respond to problems of poverty and social exclusion in various cities across Europe and suggest a changing public role of FBOs in social and political issues. Such repositioning, however, does not relate to the public sphere without tensions and ambiguities and the paper draws out some implications for theory and practice that guide a new international and multidisciplinary research agenda.
Faith in Politics
Authors: Jamoul Lina , Wills Jane
Published: August 2008

Civil society is often seen as providing a social foundation from which to combat injustices perpetuated by the state and the corporate sector. Faith institutions are an integral and often overlooked component of this abstract civil society. In this paper, it is argued that faith has an important role to play in offering answers to the challenges posed by increasing inequalities and urban injustice. The major faith traditions share a commitment to `looking out' to the wider community and testing faith through action. While this is often expressed as charity, service provision or interfaith dialogue, there is also the potential to politicise this impetus to engage. At present, faith institutions have been encouraged to get involved in `community cohesion' and `regeneration' schemes in urban areas, but it is argued that there is scope for faith organisations to develop a much more independent form of political engagement within their local communities. Using the example of London Citizens, a broad-based organisation, it is suggested that there is an alternative political route for faith institutions with an emphasis on the battle for justice. London Citizens is an alliance of about 90 civil society institutions, predominantly from the faith sector, but it also includes labour, educational and community-based organisations. It now has a decade of organising experience and the paper explores the basis on which people of faith join the alliance, how they work together and the effects this politicisation has on the institutions and people involved.
The Immigrant Church as an Urban Service Hub
Authors: Ley David
Published: August 2008

This paper draws from interviews conducted with leaders of 46 immigrant Christian churches in Vancouver. The congregations comprise newcomers from Korea, ethnic Chinese who are primarily recent immigrants and an older post-1945 German migration. The churches are identified as a hub in which relations of trust and compatibility generate bonding social capital; from this base, a wide range of personal and social services is provided, significantly aiding co-ethnic members to adapt to their new conditions. In a neo-liberal era, the state is facilitating such activities as part of a policy of contracting-out its own former in-house functions. The capacity of the immigrant church to serve both its own members and adherents and also a broader expanded constituency beyond its co-ethnic clients is important. The paper examines the activities of some of the churches in this transition from bonding to bridging social capital and the challenges that they confront.
Context Determines Content: Quantum Physics as a Framework for `Wholeness' in Urban Transformation
Authors: Rosado Caleb
Published: August 2008

We live in a divided world dominated by a fragmentary worldview that treats the wholeness of the human family, urban environments and social reality as inherently discrete, distanced and disconnected. This fragmentary perspective, emerging from Greek dualism and fuelled by the Newtonian mechanical view of the world with its Cartesian split of either/or understanding of reality, does not lead to wholeness. Almost all discussion of urban social policies emerges from a context of fragmented thinking. Drawing from quantum physics, this paper presents a theoretical framework, a new `context' for understanding urban environments and the implementing of programmes of urban transformation, including faith-based programmes. The paper examines examples of effective change agents who have made a difference in people's lives. It culminates with an analysis of the broken window theory and how the differences in approaches—fragmentation or wholeness—generate different results. The critical point is in recognising the energy patterns and operative attractor fields from which emerge negative or positive patterns of behaviour.
When God and Poverty Collide: Exploring the Myths of Faith-sponsored Community Development
Authors: Winkler Tanja
Published: August 2008

Inspired by British and American religion—state practices and social capital theories, South Africa's National Religious Leaders' Forum (NRLF) and the National Religious Association for Social Development (NRASD) seek similar policy directives to empower a local, but undifferentiated, `faith sector'. For the NRLF/NRASD, the `faith sector' is the best-placed agency to facilitate pragmatic community development projects with far-reaching poverty alleviation impacts, provided the state assists faith organisations via public-sector grants. This paper will, therefore, test claims made by the NRLF/ NRASD regarding faith organisations' social service capacities in a case-specific context—namely, Hillbrow, Johannesburg. And research findings will demonstrate that financial aid alone is insufficient to remedy existing development inadequacies. Case study findings may also highlight generic difficulties found in faith-sponsored development projects throughout South Africa.
Expressions of Charity and Action towards Justice: Faith-based Welfare Provision in Urban New Zealand
Authors: Conradson David
Published: August 2008

Christian churches have long been involved in responding to social need in New Zealand cities. Since the formation of city missions in the late 19th century, their engagements have variously encompassed emergency relief, social housing, orphanages and residential aged care. In recent years, the churches and their affiliated social service operations have also sought to intervene in the political and social processes that contribute to disadvantage in New Zealand. The article analyses this movement towards a more explicit concern for social justice, with specific reference to developments among a set of Christian social service organisations in the city of Christchurch between 1999 and 2006. Alongside transformations in local services, national lobbying to highlight the situation of disadvantaged social groups has been an important element of this transition. The analysis offers insights into the place of faith-based welfare organisations within socio-political settings that might be characterised as `third way' or `after neo-liberalism'.
'Prophets-for-Profits': Redevelopment and the Altering Urban Religious Landscape
Authors: Mian Nadia A.
Published: August 2008

This paper examines the redevelopment activities of religious institutions in the greater New York City area. In recent years, more and more churches have been selling their property and air rights to create either commercial and market-rate housing or affordable housing. Through archival material and interviews with pastors, the purpose of this descriptive paper is to understand why and how religious institutions, primarily churches, decide to alter their function by becoming entrepreneurial and engaging in property development. The changing character of these institutions is explained through the lens of theories of religious ecology and institutional isomorphism. The paper concludes with suggestions for improvement of the development process.
Commentary: From Faith in the City to Faithful Cities: The `Third Way', the Church of England and Urban Regeneration
Authors: Dinham Adam
Published: August 2008

In 1984, the Church of England published a critique of urban life, Faith in the City, which Thatcher's government accused of `Marxism'. A new Church of England report, Faithful Cities, marks its 20th anniversary. This article asks how the challenges of the earlier report have been inherited, arguing that the new one accepts the logic of the `Third Way', problematising the city as a place of untapped `citizens', waiting to be transformed by the agency of civil society partners including faith communities. In doing so, it fails to criticise the political consensus of markets and social justice. The effectiveness of the Church of England in cities should now be understood, therefore, as predominantly associated with meso-level community interventions and not at the macro level where a critique of the political could occur. The article asks whether this also sets an example for the stances of churches elsewhere.
Middle Towns to Middle Cities in South Asia, 1800-2007
Authors: Heitzman James
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this article is to survey the field of historical studies concerned with “middle” cities (populations 100,000 to one million) in the post-Independence period of South Asia— which includes the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives—with particular focus on places with populations between 100,000 and 200,000 and places that are rapidly growing to enter this category. The discussion begins with a statistical overview of the explosive growth of urbanization in South Asia since 1947-1948. The argument then moves into the colonial past to sketch the preconditions for urban change at the beginning of the British colonial period and the British-led contributions to “secondary” urban growth through initiatives in transportation systems, the cantonment, the hill station, and the agrarian marketing-and-administrative center. The argument then shifts back to approaches that may aid in the understanding of post-colonial economic and technological processes that built on the colonial framework to propel urban growth for middle cities; case studies here include central place theory, analysis of grass-roots capitalist development and entrepreneurship, and the impact of state-designed industrial planning. The article concludes with observations on the challenges presented to the historical profession by this gigantic field of urban expansion.
Corpus Christi, 1965-2005
Authors: Lessoff Alan
Published: August 2008

This article recounts four decades of efforts to reenergize the economy of Corpus Christi, a regional city and ocean resort along the Texas coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Between 1920 and 1970, the advent in quick succession of a deep-water port, petrochemicals and related industries, and large military bases caused Corpus Christi to burgeon from 10,000 to 285,000 people, a pattern indicative of factors driving urbanization and economic development across Texas and the Southwest. Starting in the 1960s, planning and economic studies expressed anxiety that Corpus Christi was stagnating and that its customary economic pillars held limited future promise. Civic and commercial leaders sought new fields of activity, including, tentatively, a reorientation towards Mexico and Latin America, hitherto regarded as a source of cheap labor rather than of commercial opportunity. Through the early 2000s, such efforts yielded frustrating results. The lackluster growth that Corpus Christi did experience resulted mainly from the spillover effects of the Sunbelt-style prosperity of Texas's metropolitan cities and from the slow, but steady, expansion of customary activities, especially the port, tourism, and retail and professional services to the South Texas hinterland. The essay suggests that secondary cities such as Corpus Christi have only limited ability to free themselves from dependence on their existing urban networks and to redirect large patterns of commerce and finance to their benefit.
Issues in Survey Assessments of STS Courses
Authors: Mack Pamela E. , Campbell Todd , Hashidah Abd-Hamid Nor
Published: August 2008

This study presents the circuitous route taken in an attempt to identify an assessment mechanism for evaluating the impact of STS courses. After initially developing a survey that faculty felt only allowed for the measurement of student opinions about the impact of required STS general education courses, the faculty at Clemson University identified Aikenhead and Ryan's Views on Science-Technology-Society (VOSTS) as an instrument that, when used with the scoring guide created in this project, might be able to assess the sophistication of students views about science and technology in society. The results from administering the pre- and post-VOSTS surveys in one STS course revealed no significant differences when comparing the sophistication of students' views about STS before and after the course. These findings demonstrate that, among other considerations discussed in the manuscript, it will be difficult to find a way of assessing STS courses that can be used for the diverse courses meeting the requirement.
The Revival of Carl Schmitt in International Relations: The Last Refuge of Critical Theorists?
Authors: Chandler David
Published: August 2008

This article seeks to question the 'critical' readings of Carl Schmitt's understanding of international law and the use of force in international relations, particularly the approaches taken by many critical cosmopolitan theorists and many post-structuralists who have used Schmitt to distance themselves from, and to critique, American foreign policy, especially under the Bush administrations. I suggest that these critical theorists engage in a highly idealized understanding of Schmitt, focusing on his contingent political conclusions, using his work descriptively rather than analytically. It is argued that the idealist approach to Schmitt stems from these commentators' concerns to describe their work as critical rather than from any attempt to use Schmitt's underlying ontological framing of the relationship between law, ethics and the use of force to develop analytical insights into the practice and jurisprudence of the international sphere today. The revival of Schmitt in international relations therefore tells us more about the crisis of critical theorizing than the relevance of Schmitt's analysis to today's world.
War Crimes and the Ruin of Law
Authors: Dauphinee Elizabeth
Published: August 2008

This article explores the manner in which the logic of the war crimes trial authorizes and legitimates the practice of war more generally. It proceeds from the recognition that all war involves injuring or the threat of injuring, and that articulating particular types of injuring as especially problematic takes as one of its effects the normalization of injuring in war more generally. The article queries the function of law through an analysis of the state of exception that is produced in the identification of 'war crimes'. It argues that the logic of excision, which produces the political conditions in which war crimes become possible is structurally replicated through the excision of the perpetrator in the context of the trial. It also explores the manner in which the narrative strategies of what Elaine Scarry calls 'active redescription' associated with war render most war-related deaths and injuries politically invisible. The article concludes with a number of strategies for rethinking what it means to account for violence.
Cosmopolitanism and Realism: Towards a Theoretical Convergence?
Authors: Beardsworth Richard
Published: August 2008

On both theoretical and analytic accounts, cosmopolitanism and realism seem destined to bypass each other, one entering, at best, the normative dimension of social science, the other, stressing its positive dimension. In this article, I want to suggest that this opposition needs to be unsettled for future theorization and (perhaps) practice of world politics. Taking these two schools of thought is exemplary since their respective theoretical modalities and tenets seem so far opposed. Arguing for convergence between them constitutes part of an emerging attempt, on the part of political philosophers, theorists and international relations scholars today, to recast the conceptual landscape of international relations in response to present complexities of political agency. This convergence is here situated in terms of: (1) the legitimacy of power; (2) the increasing immanence of justice to power in an interdependent world; and (3) the importance of moral leadership in the world political domain. The article is theoretical in modality and diction; outstanding empirical questions are posed once these points are made.
1988 and 1998: Contrast and Continuity in Feminist International Relations
Authors: Hutchings Kimberly
Published: August 2008

This article considers contrasts and continuities in feminist IR scholarship over the past twenty years. It traces various shifts in the substantive and methodological concerns of feminist IR in the decade between 1988 and 1998. It concludes with some reflections on the extent to which the agenda for feminist IR scholars in 2008 remains continuous with the last twenty years and the extent to which it has changed or is likely to change.
Feminist Scholarship in International Relations and the Politics of Disciplinary Emotion
Authors: Soreanu Raluca , Hudson David
Published: August 2008

The article engages with the relationship between feminist scholarship and the discipline of International Relations. Taking a step back from the recurrent concerns with marginality and those with the absent feminist revolution in IR, we recast the problem of the complicated ménage between feminism and the field of IR as a case of a failure to love. Drawing on the sociology of thinking of Randall Collins and his theory of interaction ritual chains, we read the logic of practice in intellectual fields as one rooted in emotion. In this framework, we theorize citation practices as bearing the trace of intellectuals' emotion-loaded coalitions of the mind. The article maps out the intellectual coalitions in IR with respect to the feminist question by reconstructing the citation networks emerging from the special issue of Millennium, published in 1988 on 'Women in IR'. The maps we put together are read as snapshots of the emotional economy of IR, allowing further reflection about the status of feminist scholarship in IR, about intellectual creativity and about change and stasis in our discipline. We conclude that it is IR which is in trouble, not feminists, with regard to creative potential. Feminists are not marginal in or to IR; instead they are part of a ring of creativity connecting the emotional energies of different disciplinary fields.
Slow Looking: The Ethics and Politics of Aesthetics: Jill Bennett, Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005) Mark Reinhardt, Holly Edwards, and Erina Duganne, Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007) Gillo Pontecorvo, director, The Battle of Algiers (Criterion: Special Three-Disc Edition, 2004)
Authors: Shapiro Michael J.
Published: August 2008

This review essay treats three texts: Jill Bennett, Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art; Mark Reinhardt, Holly Edwards, and Erina Duganne, Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain; and The Battle of Algiers, directed by Gillo Pontecorvo.
Violence and Personality in Forensic Patients
Authors: Stupperich Alexandra , Ihm Helga , Strack Micha
Published: August 2008

Concerning the discussion about the connection of personality traits, personality disorders, and mental illness, this study focused on the personality profiles of male forensic patients, prison inmates, and young men without criminal reports. The main topic centered on group-specific personality profiles and identifying personality facets corresponding with mental illness. The authors therefore used the Rasch model-based Trier Integrated Personality Inventory. They individually tested 141 German forensic patients with different crime backgrounds, 122 prison inmates, and 111 soldiers of the German army. Within group differences they found that the individuals with mental retardation differ from patients with a personality disorder or psychosis. Patients with mental retardation displayed higher neurotic and/or paranoid personality accents and tended to be low organized and self-confident.
Lesbianas in the Borderlands
Authors: Acosta Katie L.
Published: August 2008

This article explores the experiences of Latina lesbian migrants living in the United States. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 15 Latina lesbian migrants, I argue that Latinas' sexual, racial, and class identities are continuously shifting as the process of migration repositions them in a new system of racial inequality. Their sexual identities are altered as migrants often silence their lesbian existence when negotiating relationships with families of origin. Lesbianas establish borderland spaces for themselves where they gain sexual autonomy but where their identities are in flux. These spaces are “imagined communities” because while lesbianas envision them to provide solidarity, in practice the borderlands are riddled with inequalities and tensions. Despite this, the borderlands allow lesbianas to develop a mestiza consciousness.