bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of human metabolites of fast skeletal troponin activators Tirasemtiv and Reldesemtiv for doping control purposes
Authors: Euler Luisa , Deinert Kim , Wagener Felicitas , Walpurgis Katja , Thevis Mario
Published: August 2024

The fast skeletal troponin activators (FSTAs) Reldesemtiv and Tirasemtiv were developed for patients suffering from neuro‐degenerative diseases of the motor nervous system, e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The drug candidates can increase the sensitivity of troponin C to calcium by selectively activating the troponin complex resulting in increased skeletal muscle contraction. Although the development of the drug candidates is currently discontinued because of missed end points in phase III clinical studies with patients with ALS, phase I clinical trials showed an increase in muscle contraction force in healthy humans. This effect could be abused by athletes to enhance performance in sports.

As the substances are listed on the 2024 edition of the World Anti‐Doping Agency's Prohibited List, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize metabolites of Reldesemtiv and Tirasemtiv to ensure their reliable identification in doping control analyses.

The biotransformation of the drug candidates was studied in vitro using pooled human liver microsomes and 3D cultivated human hepatic cells of the cell line HepaRG, yielding a total of 11 metabolites of Reldesemtiv and eight of Tirasemtiv. In addition, a human elimination study was conducted to investigate the metabolism and elimination profile of Tirasemtiv and Reldesemtiv in vivo, suggesting the N‐glucuronide of Tirasemtiv and hydroxylated 3‐fluoro‐2‐(3‐fluoro‐1‐methylcyclobutyl)pyridine as well as its glucuronide as suitable target analytes for routine doping controls. Applying a validating HPLC‐MS/MS method, optimized to detect Reldesemtiv and Tirasemtiv in human urine, microdosing (50 μg) of each substance was traceable for 24–72 h.
Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii
Authors: Miller Soleille , Wilner Daniela , Boldbaatar Jigmidmaa , Bonduriansky Russell
Published: August 2024

Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. Similar patterns, characterized by the existence of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens – species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host‐plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. Megacrania batesii is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of M. batesii displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of M. batesii and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for M. batesii, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, plant height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host‐plant density, which could affect M. batesii dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual M. batesii populations, and no difference in host‐plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of M. batesii. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics.
Fragile futures: Evaluating habitat and climate change response of hog badgers (Mustelidae: Arctonyx) in the conservation landscape of mainland Asia
Authors: Abedin Imon , Mukherjee Tanoy , Kim Ah Ran , Lee Soo Rin , Kim Hyun‐Woo , Kundu Shantanu
Published: August 2024

The small mammalian fauna plays pivotal roles in ecosystem dynamics and as crucial biodiversity indicators. However, recent research has raised concerns about the decline of mammalian species due to climate change. Consequently, significant attention is directed toward studying various big flagship mammalian species for conservation. However, small mammals such as the hog badgers (Mustelidae: Arctonyx) remain understudied regarding the impacts of climate change in Asia. The present study offers a comprehensive analysis of climate change effects on two mainland hog badger species, utilizing ensemble species distribution modeling. Findings reveal concerning outcomes, as only 52% of the IUCN extent is deemed suitable for the Great Hog Badger (Arctonyx collaris) and a mere 17% is ideal for the Northern Hog Badger (Arctonyx albogularis). Notably, projections suggest a potential reduction of over 26% in suitable areas for both species under future climate scenarios, with the most severe decline anticipated in the high‐emission scenario of SSP585. These declines translate into evident habitat fragmentation, particularly impacting A. collaris, whose patches shrink substantially, contrasting with the relatively stable patches of A. albogularis. However, despite their differences, niche overlap analysis reveals an intriguing increase in overlap between the two species, indicating potential ecological shifts. The study underscores the importance of integrating climate change and habitat fragmentation considerations into conservation strategies, urging a reassessment of the IUCN status of A. albogularis. The insights gained from this research are crucial for improving protection measures by ensuring adequate legal safeguards and maintaining ecological corridors between viable habitat patches, which are essential for the conservation of hog badgers across mainland Asia. Furthermore, emphasizing the urgency of proactive efforts, particularly in countries with suitable habitats can help safeguard these small mammalian species and their ecosystems from the detrimental impacts of climate change.
Ecological phage therapy: Can bacteriophages help rapidly restore the soil microbiome?
Authors: Davies Tarryn , Cando‐Dumancela Christian , Liddicoat Craig , Dresken Romy , Damen Rudolf H. , Edwards Robert A. , Ramesh Sunita A. , Breed Martin F.
Published: August 2024

Soil microbiota underpin ecosystem functionality yet are rarely targeted during ecosystem restoration. Soil microbiota recovery following native plant revegetation can take years to decades, while the effectiveness of soil inoculation treatments on microbiomes remains poorly explored. Therefore, innovative restoration treatments that target soil microbiota represent an opportunity to accelerate restoration outcomes. Here, we introduce the concept of ecological phage therapy—the application of phage for the targeted reduction of the most abundant and dominant bacterial taxa present in degraded ecosystems. We propose that naturally occurring bacteriophages—viruses that infect bacteria—could help rapidly shift soil microbiota towards target communities. Bacteriophages sculpt the microbiome by lysis of specific bacteria, and if followed by the addition of reference soil microbiota, such treatments could facilitate rapid reshaping of soil microbiota. Here, we experimentally tested this concept in a pilot study. We collected five replicate pre‐treatment degraded soil samples, then three replicate soil samples 48 hours after phage, bacteria, and control treatments. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing showed that phage‐treated soils had reduced bacterial diversity; however, when we combined ecological phage therapy with reference soil inoculation, we did not see a shift in soil bacterial community composition from degraded soil towards a reference‐like community. Our pilot study provides early evidence that ecological phage therapy could help accelerate the reshaping of soil microbiota with the ultimate aim of reducing timeframes for ecosystem recovery. We recommend the next steps for ecological phage therapy be (a) developing appropriate risk assessment and management frameworks, and (b) focussing research effort on its practical application to maximise its accessibility to restoration practitioners.
Impact of antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV infection on T‐cell immunity after treatment interruption
Authors: Tipoe Timothy , Ogbe Ane , Lee Ming , Brown Helen , Robinson Nicola , Hall Rebecca , Petersen Claire , Lewis Heather , Thornhill John , Ryan Fiona , Fox Julie , Fidler Sarah , Frater John
Published: August 2024

This study aims to understand the impact of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) on HIV‐specific T‐cell responses measured after treatment interruption, which may inform strategies to deliver ART‐free immune‐mediated viral suppression. HIV‐specific T‐cell immunity was analysed using gamma interferon enzyme‐linked immunospot assays in two studies. SPARTAC included individuals with primary HIV infection randomised to 48 weeks of ART (n = 24) or no immediate therapy (n = 37). The PITCH (n = 7) cohort started antiretroviral therapy in primary infection for at least one year, followed by TI. In SPARTAC, participants treated in PHI for 48 weeks followed by TI for 12 weeks, and those who remained untreated for 60 weeks made similar HIV Gag‐directed responses (both magnitude and breadth) at week 60. However, the treated group made a greater proportion of novel HIV Gag‐directed responses by Week 60, suggestive of a greater reserve to produce new potentially protective responses. In the more intensively followed PITCH study, 6/7 participants showed dominant Gag and/or Pol‐specific responses post‐TI compared with pre‐TI. Although early ART in PHI was not associated with major differences in HIV‐specific immunity following TI compared with untreated participants, the potential to make more new Gag‐directed responses warrants further investigation as this may inform strategies to achieve ART‐free control.
Redistribution of debris‐flow sediment following severe wildfire and floods in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Friedman Jonathan M. , Tillery Anne C. , Alfieri Samuel , Skaggs Elizabeth , Shafroth Patrick B. , Allen Craig D.
Published: August 2024

Severe fire on steep slopes increases stormwater runoff and the occurrence of runoff‐initiated debris flows. Predicting locations of debris flows and their downstream effects on trunk streams requires watershed‐scale high‐resolution topographic data. Intense precipitation in July and September 2013 following the June 2011 Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, led to widespread debris flows in the watershed of Rito de los Frijoles. We differenced lidar Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) collected in 2010 and 2016 to map subwatersheds experiencing debris flows and changes in elevation of the trunk stream. Debris flow occurrence was well predicted by previous assessments of debris‐flow hazard; debris flows occurred in 7 of 9 sub‐basins where the debris‐flow hazard was above 60% for the 25‐year rainfall event, and in 0 of 21 basins where debris flow hazard was less than 60%. Debris flows resulted in fan deposition at the confluence with the trunk stream followed by transport during three documented floods. The bed of the 22 km trunk stream increased in elevation by a mean of 0.29 m, but the local change in thalweg elevation was controlled by inputs of water and sediment and longitudinal variation in gradient. Downstream of the mouths of tributaries with debris flows, the thalweg of the trunk stream rose as much as 2 m. Downstream of the mouths of tributaries without debris flows the thalweg of the main stem degraded by as much as 2 m, mobilizing sediment that was then deposited further downstream where the gradient of the trunk stream decreases. In conclusion, the transport of sediment generated by debris flows was predictably related to spatial variation in sediment supply, discharge and gradient.
Anticancer therapeutic potential of genus Diospyros: From phytochemistry to clinical applications—A review
Authors: Rauf Abdur , Akram Zuneera , Hafeez Nabia , Khalil Anees Ahmed , Khalid Ahood , Abid Zoya , Hemeg Hassan A. , Aljohani Abdullah S. M. , Al Abdulmonem Waleed , Quradha Mohammed Mansour
Published: August 2024

The genus Diospyros has gained significant attention in the scientific community owing to its diverse bioactivities ascribed to specific bioactive constituents present in different species of this plant. Phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, and xanthones have been reported to be present in other Diospyros species responsible for their pharmacological properties. These compounds are well known for their diverse potent therapeutic potentials, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This review enlightens the details of the Genus Diospyros, ranging from an overview of its species to an in‐depth analysis of phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and their potential as anticancer agents. Different species, including Diospyros lotus, Diospyros kaki, Diospyros maritima, Diospyros mespiliformis, and Diospyros tricolor, presented with an enormous range of anticancer activities against human cancer cell cultures. Moreover, this review highlights the results of various in vitro (antiproliferative, cytotoxic effects against), in vivo (inhibition of tumor, apoptosis), and in silico (GLU234, GLU278, and LYS158 protein residues) studies, elucidating its preclinical anticancer potential. The anticancer potential displays inhibition of cellular proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and mitigation of angiogenesis. Furthermore, this review may elaborate the use of traditional knowledge, modern research, and potential therapeutic applications in the field of anticancer ethnopharmacology. As the modern‐day research approaches novel alternatives to combat diseases like cancer, the Genus Diospyros may emerge as a promising avenue with the potential to yield innovative and effective therapeutic agents.
How remote workers manage loneliness and performance: Virtual social interaction as an alternative resource management strategy
Authors: Cho Seonghee , Kim Sohee , Kim Sooyeol , Lee Hun Whee
Published: August 2024

Drawing on resource‐based theories and the work–nonwork interface perspective, this study examines the full cycle of the resource gain–loss dynamics experienced by remote workers under constrained face‐to‐face personal social interactions. Our proposed model highlights how the lack of personal social interactions, particularly when involuntarily restricted, negatively impacts daily performance through resource loss. We introduce virtual social interaction (VSI) as an alternative source of social support. Using a 5‐day daily diary study with 170 white‐collar employees (n = 620) working remotely during COVID‐19, multilevel path analysis revealed that lack of personal social interactions decreased task performance and helping behavior via loneliness and reduced work resources. Further, we found a resource‐replenishing effect of VSI, when undertaken during work hours, serving as a protective factor against resource loss and poor performance.
Impact of decision‐making autonomy and social distance on young Chinese children's sharing behaviour
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Yang Li , Long Ruyi , Yang Tengji , Ning Yi , Fan Wei
Published: August 2024

This research explores how decision‐making autonomy and social distance impact young children's sharing behaviour. In Study 1, findings from 159 Chinese children (total N = 159, 72 boys, aged 3–6 years) revealed that children aged 5–6 exhibited significantly more sharing behaviours in the controlled condition, however 3–4 years‐olds showed no variance between the two conditions, indicating that the impact of decision‐making autonomy on sharing behaviour surfaces around the age of 5–6 years. Study 2 examined the effects of social distance and decision‐making autonomy on sharing behaviours among Chinese children aged 5–6 years (total N = 57, 29 boys). Results showed that irrespective of the decision‐making condition, children in this age group exhibited a greater tendency to share with close friends. Furthermore, the controlled condition intensified this effect. These findings suggest that the perceived sense of autonomy among Chinese children aged 5–6 when deciding to share may not be as stable as expected, with social distance playing a pivotal role in guiding their sharing decisions. This study enhances our comprehension of how decision‐making autonomy and social factors shape young children's prosocial behaviour, underscoring the significant role of social context in influencing sharing behaviours during childhood development.
Morphological and histological observations on the hair brush of Endoclita vietnamensis (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae)
Authors: Liu Jiaxin , Chen Xiao , Hu Ping
Published: August 2024

The most prominent insect pest harming eucalyptus trees in China was Endoclita vietnamensis, which resulted in considerable losses to the environment and economy. This study examined the hair brush on the postpedes of male E. vietnamensis using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The finding revealed that the hair brush was made up of many large, flattened, pale yellow, specialized scales that were highly elongated. These scales were firmly affixed to the epidermis at their base, and at the attachment site, there was a swollen hair follicle. The interior of the pencil was hollow with ducts, and the surface featured rows of pores and longitudinal ridges. Numerous features, including mitochondria, lipid droplets, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and microvilli, were present in the tissue cells of the tibial segment of postpedes of male moths. The tibial segment of postpedes of male moths exhibited thicker epidermis, cavities, and voids in the tissue cortex, suggesting the presence of secretory activities in the tissue cells. With the location and structure of the pheromone gland determined, a theoretical foundation for future research into the communication between the female and male E. vietnamensis as well as the development of sex‐specific pheromone‐based catching and killing methods will be available.

Research Highlights

Endoclita vietnamensis Buchsbaum & Grehan, 2022 is the most prominent insect pest harming eucalyptus trees in China.

With the location and structure of the pheromone gland determined, a theoretical foundation for future research into the communication between the female and male E. vietnamensis as well as the development of sex‐specific pheromone‐based catching and killing methods will be available.
Alginate coatings applied on apple cubes as a vehicle for Lacticaseibacillus casei: probiotic viability and overall quality of a new functional product
Authors: Bambace María Florencia , Alvarez María Victoria , Moreira María del Rosario
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Worldwide, vegan and vegetarian lifestyles, as well as food allergies and intolerance (e.g. lactose intolerance and milk protein allergy) demand the development of alternatives to dairy‐based probiotic foods. In the present study, probiotic Lacticaseibacillus casei CECT 9104 was added to alginate‐based edible coatings enriched with inulin and oligofructose and applied to fresh‐cut apple. Microbiological, physicochemical and sensory quality parameters of the apple cubes were monitored during 8 days of refrigerated storage. Lacticaseibacillus casei was tested for its antagonistic effect against inoculated Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The viability of the probiotic strain during refrigerated storage and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GID) was evaluated.

RESULTS

After 8 days of storage, 9.52–9.64 log colony‐forming units (CFU) g−1 of L. casei were detected in apple samples. The functional apple cubes retained 8.31–8.43 log CFU g−1 of the probiotic after GID, without a significant effect of prebiotic addition. The microbiological quality and nutritional properties were maintained by the use of active coatings, whereas the sensory quality decreased after 8 days of storage. A bactericidal effect was exerted by the probiotic strain loaded in the coating against L. innocua artificially inoculated on apple cubes. Escherichia coli O157:H7 counts were reduced by 2.5 log after 8 days.

CONCLUSION

This study has demonstrated the suitability of apple cubes as an alternative matrix to milk for carrying probiotic L. casei CECT 9104 and prebiotics, offering a promising alternative for the development of plant‐based functional foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Versatility of the myocutaneous pectoralis major flap in oncology reconstruction: A literature review and practical application
Authors: Vasques Luana Ferreira , Kwiatkowski Filipe Vieira , Kwiatkowski Rafael Vieira , Anjos Amanda da Silva , Zanatta Amanda Schwonke , Bonow Danielle Rediess , Franciosi Bruna Mohr
Published: August 2024

Pectoralis major muscle flaps are considered versatile and allow large reconstructions of anatomical defects within a single surgical procedure. Considered a “workhorse” due to these characteristics, the pectoralis major muscle is an excellent option for surgical reconstruction. Several uses of this flap are described in the literature, such as protection of the jugulocarotid system after cervical lymph node dissection, oral, cervical, breast, diaphragmatic, hypopharyngeal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal reconstructions.
Preoperative platelet count as an independent predictor of long‐term outcomes among patients undergoing resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Chatzipanagiotou Odysseas P. , Tsilimigras Diamantis I. , Catalano Giovanni , Ruzzenente Andrea , Aldrighetti Luca , Weiss Matthew , Bauer Todd W. , Alexandrescu Sorin , Poultsides George A. , Maithel Shishir K. , Marques Hugo P. , Martel Guillaume , Pulitano Carlo , Shen Feng , Cauchy François , Koerkamp Bas Groot , Endo Itaru , Kitago Minoru , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

An elevated platelet count may reflect neoplastic and inflammatory states, with cytokine‐driven overproduction of platelets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic utility of high platelet count among patients undergoing curative‐intent liver surgery for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

Methods

An international, multi‐institutional cohort was used to identify patients undergoing curative‐intent liver resection for ICC (2000–2020). A high platelet count was defined as platelets >300 *109/L. The relationship between preoperative platelet count, cancer‐specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) was examined.

Results

Among 825 patients undergoing curative‐intent resection for ICC, 139 had a high platelet count, which correlated with multifocal disease, lymph nodes metastasis, poor to undifferentiated grade, and microvascular invasion. Patients with high platelet counts had worse 5‐year (35.8% vs. 46.7%, p = 0.009) CSS and OS (24.8% vs. 39.8%, p < 0.001), relative to patients with a low platelet count. After controlling for relevant clinicopathologic factors, high platelet count remained an adverse independent predictor of CSS (HR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.02–2.09) and OS (HR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.14–2.22).

Conclusions

High platelet count was associated with worse tumor characteristics and poor long‐term CSS and OS. Platelet count represents a readily‐available laboratory value that may preoperatively improve risk‐stratification of patients undergoing curative‐intent liver resection for ICC.
Robotic‐assisted enucleation for renal masses: A comparison of on‐clamp and off‐clamp approach
Authors: Rac Goran , James Christopher , Ellis Jeffrey L. , Barton Gregory J. , Blackwell Robert H. , Gupta Gopal N.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

In surgically excising renal masses, studies have demonstrated that tumor enucleation is an effective option. However, there is limited literature comparing off‐clamp to on‐clamp tumor enucleation.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 189 patients who underwent robotic‐assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy via tumor enucleation by a single surgeon from March 2012 and April 2022. Patients were stratified based on use of renal hilar clamping intraoperatively. Surgical, oncologic, and renal functional outcomes were captured. Variables were analyzed and compared between the two groups using Student's T‐tests and Chi‐square tests.

Results

Of 189 procedures analyzed, 124 were performed on‐clamp and 65 were performed off‐clamp. There were no differences in patient demographics or average length of follow‐up. There were no differences in estimated blood loss, complications, or hospital length of stay. Recurrence rates were similar for the two groups. The absolute difference in estimated glomerular filtration rate change between the two groups at time of first follow‐up was not significant (p = 0.25).

Conclusions

There is no significant difference in perioperative outcomes such as surgical time, blood loss, or complications between the two groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in postoperative kidney function between the two techniques.
Patterns of forearm lymphatic drainage to the epitrochlear lymph nodes in 1400 cutaneous melanoma patients
Authors: Fanning James E. , Singhal Dhruv , Reynolds Hayley M. , Don Tharanga D. Jayathungage , Donohoe Kevin J. , Suami Hiroo , Chung David K. V.
Published: August 2024

Background

Variations of hand and forearm lymphatic drainage to upper‐arm lymphatic pathways may impact the route of melanoma metastasis. This study compared rates of lymphatic drainage to epitrochlear nodes between anatomic divisions of the hand and forearm to determine whether the anatomic distribution of hand and forearm melanomas affects the likelihood of drainage to epitrochlear lymph nodes.

Methods

Using a single‐institution lymphoscintigraphy database, we identified all patients with cutaneous melanoma on the hand and forearm. A body‐map two‐dimensional coordinate system was used to classify cutaneous melanoma sites between radial–ulnar and dorsal–volar divisions. Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) visualized on lymphoscintigraphy were recorded. Proportions of patients with epitrochlear SLNs were compared between anatomic divisions using χ2 analysis.

Results

Of 3628 upper extremity cutaneous melanoma patients who underwent lymphatic mapping with lymphoscintigraphy, 1400 met inclusion criteria. Twenty‐one percent of patients demonstrated epitrochlear SLNs. Epitrochlear SLNs were observed in 27% of dorsal forearm melanomas and 15% of volar forearm melanomas (p < 0.001). Epitrochlear SLNs were observed in 31% of ulnar forearm melanomas and 17% of radial forearm melanomas (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Higher proportions of dorsal and ulnar forearm melanomas have epitrochlear SLNs. Metastasis to epitrochlear SLNs may be more likely from melanomas in these respective forearm regions.
Protective effects of curcumin against spinal cord injury
Authors: Razavi Seyed Mehrad , Khayatan Danial , Najafi Arab Zahra , Hosseini Yasamin , Khanahmadi Maryam , Momtaz Saeideh , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Johnston Thomas P. , Abdolghaffari Amir Hossein , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: August 2024

Background

In parallel with population aging, the prevalence of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases has been dramatically increasing over the past few decades. Neurodegenerative diseases reduce the quality of life of patients and impose a high cost on the health system. These slowly progressive diseases can cause functional, perceptual, and behavioral deficits in patients. Therefore, neurodegenerative impairments have always been an interesting subject for scientists and clinicians. One of these diseases is spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI can lead to irreversible damage and is classified into two main subtypes: traumatic and non‐traumatic, each with very different pathophysiological features.

Aims

This review aims to gather relevant information about the beneficial effects of curcumin (Cur), with specific emphasis on its anti‐inflammatory properties towards spinal cord injury (SCI) patients.

Materials & Methods

The review collates data from extensive in‐vitro, in‐vivo, and clinical trials documenting the effects of CUR on SCI. It examines the modulation of pathophysiological pathways and regulation of the inflammatory cascades after CUR administration.

Results

Various pathophysiological processes involving the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐kB), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) signaling pathways have been suggested to exacerbate damages resulting from SCI. CUR administration showed to modulate these signaling pathways which lead to attenuation of SCI complications.

Discussion

Anti‐inflammatory compounds, particularly CUR, can modulate these pathophysiological pathways and regulate the inflammatory cascades. CUR, a well‐known natural product with significant anti‐inflammatory effects, has been extensively documented in experimental and clinical trials.

Conclusion

Curcumin's potential to alter key steps in the Nrf2, NF‐kB, and TGF‐β signaling pathways suggests that it may play a role in attenuating SCI complications.
Dual‐Functional Implant Based on Gellan‐Xanthan Hydrogel with Diopside, BMP‐2 and Lysostaphin for Bone Defect Repair and Control of Staphylococcal Infection
Authors: Karyagina Anna S. , Grishin Alexander V. , Kudinova Alina G. , Bulygina Inna N. , Koudan Elizaveta V. , Orlova Polina A. , Datsenko Vera P. , Zhulina Anna V. , Grunina Tatyana M. , Poponova Maria S. , Krivozubov Mikhail S. , Gromova Maria S. , Strukova Natalia V. , Generalova Maria S. , Nikitin Kirill E. , Shchetinin Igor V. , Luchnikov Lev O. , Zaitseva Svetlana V. , Kirsanova Maria A. , Statnik Eugene S. , Senatov Fedor S. , Lunin Vladimir G. , Gromov Alexander V.
Published: August 2024

A new dual‐functional implant based on gellan‐xanthan hydrogel with calcium‐magnesium silicate ceramic diopside and recombinant lysostaphin and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2)‐ray is developed. In this composite, BMP‐2 is immobilized on microparticles of diopside while lysostaphin is mixed directly into the hydrogel, providing sustained release of BMP‐2 to allow gradual bone formation and rapid release of lysostaphin to eliminate infection immediately after implantation. Introduction of diopside of up to 3% (w/v) has a negligible effect on the mechanical properties of the hydrogel but provides a high sorption capacity for BMP‐2. The hydrogels show good biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. Lysostaphin released from the implants over a 3 h period efficiently kills planktonic cells and completely destroys 24 h pre‐formed biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, in vivo experiments in a mouse model of critically‐sized cranial defects infected with S. aureus show a complete lack of osteogenesis when implants contain only BMP‐2, whereas, in the presence of lysostaphin, complete closure of the defect with newly formed mineralized bone tissue is observed. Thus, the new implantable gellan‐xanthan hydrogel with diopside and recombinant lysostaphin and BMP‐2 shows both osteogenic and antibacterial properties and represents a promising material for the treatment and/or prevention of osteomyelitis after bone trauma.
Polymerization of Epoxides at a Static Oil‐Alkaline Water Interface
Authors: Verbeke Rhea , Linden Gregor M. , Dreier Philip , Kampf Christopher , Frey Holger
Published: August 2024

‘On‐water’ catalysis entails the significant enhancement of a chemical reaction by water, even when those reactions are known to be water‐sensitive. Here, the findings about the anionic ring opening polymerization of epoxides at the static interface between oil and alkaline water are shared. Unexpectedly, high molar mass fractions are observed with the interfacial system presented herein, albeit at very low conversions (< 5%). Styrene oxide, a notably unreactive epoxide, is chosen as the model compound to investigate the influence of several reaction parameters (i.e., pH, type of the initiator salt, polymerization time, interfacial area, solvent, shaking) on the polymerization. Poly(styrene oxide) (PSO) with an Mn of 5300 g mol−1 is observed via MALDI‐ToF MS, with species of at least 8000 g mol−1. The feasibility of expanding the system to (cyclic) aliphatic and aromatic epoxides, and glycidyl ethers is also explored. The system appears to promote polymerization of epoxides that position at the interface, in such a way that initiation and propagation can occur. A mechanistic interpretation of the interfacial polymerization is suggested. The surprising results obtained in this work urge to revisit the role of water in ionic polymerizations.
Prediction of wear properties of CaO and MgO doped stabilized zirconia ceramics produced with different pressing methods using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems
Authors: Yüksek A. G. , Boyraz T. , Akkuş A.
Published: August 2024

The present paper describes the fabrication and wear behaviour of CaO and MgO added stabilized zirconia (ZrO2) ceramics produced by powder metallurgy method were examined and modelling with artificial neural networks was studied using the experimental data obtained. CaO/MgO added stabilized zirconia ceramics were fabricated by using a combined method of ball milling, cold pressing ‐ cold isostatic pressing and sintering. CaO and MgO in different amounts (0–8 %mole) were mixed with zirconia. These mixtures were prepared by mechanical alloying method. The green compacts were sintered at 1600 °C. The wear experimental results obtained were converted into data suitable for modelling with artificial neural networks. Wear Load, wear time, CaO and MgO data were used as artificial neural networks input variables. The amount of wear according to the pressing method was taken as the output variables of artificial neural networks. An artificial neural networks was established for the prediction of wear properties of zirconia pressed using the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) learning technique. As a result, a high R2 value of 0.9187 for cold pressing samples and 0,9449 for cold isostatic pressing samples was achieved based on the approach of comparing the success of the model with the test data set and the result produced.
Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of dental composites reinforced with silicon dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Verma R. , Azam M.S. , Kumar S.R.
Published: August 2024

In the current study, dental nanocomposite reinforced with silanized silicon dioxide nanoparticles was developed. The silicon dioxide nanoparticles were varied from 0 to 30 weight‐%. Polymer resin of bisphenol A‐glycidyl methacrylate/ triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (BisGMA/TEGDMA) was used along with camphorquinone and ethyl 4‐(dimethylamino) benzoate as polymerization initiator and accelerator respectively. The role of silicon dioxide nanoparticles in mechanical and viscoelastic properties of dental composites was evaluated. Physical properties like void content and water sorption were increased by 10 % and 25 % respectively. However, mechanical and viscoelastic properties were improved with the addition of silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Data were analyzed statistically with one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey′s HSD test (α<0.05). The incorporation of 10 weight‐% of silicon dioxide nanoparticles increased the micro‐hardness by 126.1 %, compressive strength by 7.6 % and flexural strength by 28.8 %. The storage modulus was increased by 37 % and loss modulus was decreased by 1 % with the introduction of 10 weight‐% of silicon dioxide nanoparticles.
Association between MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway‐related gene polymorphisms and migraine
Authors: Wang Mingxue , Gu Yujia , Meng Shuhan , Kang Lixin , Yang Jing , Sun Degang , Liu Yuxing , Wan Ze , Shan Yi , Xue Dongjie , Su Chang , Li Shufen , RanYan  , Liu Yu , Pan Yonghui , Zhao Yashuang
Published: August 2024

Background

The causes of migraine remain unclear. Evidence suggests that the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways play a role in migraine pathogenesis. However, studies on genetic polymorphisms in the two pathways associated with migraine are still limited.

Methods

This study included 226 migraineurs and 452 age‐ and sex‐matched nonmigraine control individuals. Genotyping of 31 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in 21 genes was performed. The relationship between migraine and gene polymorphisms was analyzed by using logistic regression. SNP–SNP interactions were examined by a generalized multifactor dimension reduction (GMDR) approach. The possible role of SNPs was evaluated with gene expression data from the GTEx database.

Results

The RASGRP2‐rs2230414 GT genotype was associated with decreased migraine risk compared with the wild‐type GG genotype [ORadj (95% CI): 0.674(0.458–0.989)]. PIK3R1‐rs3730089 was associated with migraine in the recessive model [ORadj (95% CI): 1.446(1.004–2.083)]. The CACNA1H‐rs61734410 CT genotype was associated with migraine risk [ORadj (95% CI): 1.561(1.068–2.281)]. One significant two‐way SNP–SNP interaction was found (PRKCA rs2228945‐BDNF rs6265) (p = 0.0107). Significant eQTL and sQTL signals were observed for the SNP rs2230414.

Conclusions

This is the first study to systematically reveal significant associations between MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway‐related gene polymorphisms and migraine risk.
Automatic localization of anatomical landmarks in head cine fluoroscopy images via deep learning
Authors: Fum Wilbur KS , Md Shah Mohammad Nazri , Raja Aman Raja Rizal Azman , Abd Kadir Khairul Azmi , Leong Sum , Tan Li Kuo
Published: August 2024

Background

Fluoroscopy guided interventions (FGIs) pose a risk of prolonged radiation exposure; personalized patient dosimetry is necessary to improve patient safety during these procedures. However, current FGIs systems do not capture the precise exposure regions of the patient, making it challenging to perform patient‐procedure‐specific dosimetry. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop approaches to extract and use this information to enable personalized radiation dosimetry for interventional procedures.

Purpose

To propose a deep learning (DL) approach for the automatic localization of 3D anatomical landmarks on randomly collimated and magnified 2D head fluoroscopy images.

Materials and methods

The model was developed with datasets comprising 800 000 pseudo 2D synthetic images (mixture of vessel‐enhanced and non‐enhancement), each with 55 annotated anatomical landmarks (two are landmarks for eye lenses), generated from 135 retrospectively collected head computed tomography (CT) volumetric data. Before training, dynamic random cropping was performed to mimic the varied field‐size collimation in FGI procedures. Gaussian‐distributed additive noise was applied to each individual image to enhance the robustness of the DL model in handling image degradation that may occur during clinical image acquisition in a clinical environment. The model was trained with 629 370 synthetic images for approximately 275 000 iterations and evaluated against a synthetic image test set and a clinical fluoroscopy test set.

Results

The model shows good performance in estimating in‐ and out‐of‐image landmark positions and shows feasibility to instantiate the skull shape. The model successfully detected 96.4% and 92.5% 2D and 3D landmarks, respectively, within a 10 mm error on synthetic test images. It demonstrated an average of 3.6 ± 2.3 mm mean radial error and successfully detected 96.8% 2D landmarks within 10 mm error on clinical fluoroscopy images.

Conclusion

Our deep‐learning model successfully localizes anatomical landmarks and estimates the gross shape of skull structures from collimated 2D projection views. This method may help identify the exposure region required for patient‐specific organ dosimetry in FGIs procedures.
Biocompatible nanocomposite for scaffolds in tissue engineering: A breakthrough discovery for regenerative therapy
Authors: Praseetha P. K. , Alexander Princy , Gangadhar Lekshmi , Subburaj Saranyadevi , Kumar D. J. Mukesh , Aldawood Saad , Selvankumar T. , Vijayakumar S.
Published: August 2024

By promoting tissue regeneration, porous nano‐scaffolds offer improved chances for the maintenance, repair, and enhancement of damaged tissues and organ functioning. In this study, the nanosilica extract obtained from the agricultural waste, that is, rice husk after surface modification shows higher hydrophobicity in the hexamethyldisilazane and methyltrimethoxysilane‐modified nanosilica and hydrophilic nature in 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane‐modified nanosilica. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results reveal the functional groups exist in the scaffold and its surface morphology was evaluated by Field emission scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X‐ray analysis which shows a cross‐network structure that could impart the proper cell adhesion. The presence of amorphous nanosilica in ultrapure form was confirmed using X‐ray diffraction analysis where a broad peak was obtained in the range of 15°–40°. The crystallization phase of the hybrid scaffold shows 2θ values obtained at 22.6°, 28.7°, and 40.6°. The graph thus obtained confirms that the material used is 3‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane‐modified silk/silica nanocomposite. The decomposition rates and temperature of the composite were analyzed using the thermogravimetry/differential thermal technique. The antibacterial activity of the hybrid scaffolds and silk and silica shows the metabolic pathways were not disrupted for both Gram‐positive and ‐negative microbes. Cell cytotoxicity analysis proved that the electrospun hybrid scaffold was nontoxic to L929 cells and promoted cell adhesion and growth. The cells were highly proliferated onto the surface layers in a regular systematic pattern thus proving that these scaffolds were suitable for bone regeneration applications. Hence these economically viable scaffolds turn to be biocompatible and are promising as a novel product for cell culture regneration realted to therapy.
Oncofertility care for children, adolescents, and young adults at risk for treatment‐related fertility loss
Authors: Talbot Lindsay , Corkum Kristine S. , McCracken Kate , Cost Nicholas G. , Aldrink Jennifer H.
Published: August 2024

As therapy for childhood malignancies becomes more sophisticated and survival has improved, long‐term therapy‐related sequelae have emerged. Loss of reproductive potential among childhood cancer survivors is one such concern that has become increasingly recognized among patients, families, and healthcare providers. The risk status for infertility based upon therapy received, state of current reproductive technology and outcomes, and an emphasis on adequate referral and counseling for fertility preservation options are reviewed. Contributing factors to infertility are discussed, and options for female and male preservation based upon age and pubertal status are summarized. This article highlights the current state of fertility opportunities for children and adolescents undergoing therapy for cancer. Providers caring for these young patients should be familiar with such options and should routinely initiate evaluations for eligibility of fertility preservation.
Fetal Therapy for Congenital Pulmonary Malformations: A Prospective Population‐Based National Cohort Study
Authors: Weber Mathilde , Monier Isabelle , Rahshenas Makan , Salomon Laurent J. , Sananes Nicolas , Castaigne Vanina , Houfflin‐Debarge Véronique , Jouannic Jean‐Marie , Massardier Jérôme , Tsatsaris Vassilis , Khoshnood Babak , Lelong Nathalie ,   for the MALFPULM study group, Delacourt Christophe , Benachi Alexandra
Published: August 2024

Objective

To assess the frequency of fetal therapy for fetuses with congenital pulmonary malformations (CPMs) and to investigate their short‐term outcomes.

Method

The study population included 435 singleton fetuses diagnosed with CPMs from a national population‐based cohort study in France in 2015–2018. Information was obtained from medical records on CPM volume ratio (CVR), signs of compression, fetal therapy and perinatal outcomes. The characteristics and outcomes of fetuses with and without fetal therapy were compared using a univariate test.

Results

Twenty six fetuses (6.0%, 95% CI: 4.1–8.6) received at least one fetal therapy including thoracoamniotic shunts only (n = 3), antenatal steroids only (n = 12), and a combination of several therapies including thoracentesis and amniodrainage, in addition to shunts and steroids (n = 11). Compared with fetuses without fetal therapy, those who did have higher CVR (1.6 ± 0.3 vs. 0.7 ± 0.04, p < 0.001) and more severe signs of compression (73.1% vs. 12.8%, p < 0.001). The proportion of live births after fetal therapy was 84.6% versus 98.5% (p < 0.001) for those without fetal therapy and the hospital mortality rate was 13.6% versus 1.0% (p = 0.004), respectively.

Conclusion

A small minority of fetuses with CPMs underwent fetal therapy. These patients had a lower survival compared with those who did not receive fetal therapy.

Trial Registration

NCT02352207
Monitoring yellow rust progression during spring critical wheat growth periods using multi‐temporal Sentinel‐2 imagery
Authors: Ma Huiqin , Zhang Jingcheng , Huang Wenjiang , Ruan Chao , Chen Dongmei , Zhang Hansu , Zhou Xianfeng , Gui Zhiqin
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is a devastating hazard to wheat production, which poses a serious threat to yield and food security in the main wheat‐producing areas in eastern China. It is necessary to monitor yellow rust progression during spring critical wheat growth periods to support its prediction by providing timely calibrations for disease prediction models and timely green prevention and control.

RESULTS

Three Sentinel‐2 images for the disease during the three wheat growth periods (jointing, heading, and filling) were acquired. Spectral, texture, and color features were all extracted for each growth period disease. Then three period‐specific feature sets were obtained. Given the differences in field disease epidemic status in the three periods, three period‐targeted monitoring models were established to map yellow rust damage progression in spring and track its spatiotemporal change. The models' performance was then validated based on the disease field truth data during the three periods (87 for the jointing period, 183 for the heading period, and 155 for the filling period). The validation results revealed that the representation of the wheat yellow rust damage progression based on our monitoring model group was realistic and credible. The overall accuracy of the healthy and diseased pixel classification monitoring model at the jointing period reached 87.4%, and the coefficient of determination (R2) of the disease index regression monitoring models at the heading and filling periods was 0.77 (heading period) and 0.76 (filling period). The model‐group‐result‐based spatiotemporal change detection of the yellow rust progression across the entire study area revealed that the area proportions conforming to the expected disease spatiotemporal development pattern during the jointing‐to‐heading period and the heading‐to‐filling period reached 98.2% and 84.4% respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our jointing, heading, and filling period‐targeted monitoring model group overcomes the limitations of most existing monitoring models only based on single‐phase remote sensing information. It performs well in revealing the wheat yellow rust spatiotemporal epidemic in spring, can timely update disease trends to optimize disease management, and provide a basis for disease prediction to timely correct model. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.