bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal bias compensation and ensuing uncertainties in model-based climate projections: pelagic biogeochemistry versus ocean mixing
Authors: Löptien Ulrike , Dietze Heiner
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2
and N2O impinge on the Earth system, which in turn modulates
atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The underlying feedback mechanisms
are complex and, at times, counterintuitive. So-called Earth system models
have recently matured to standard tools tailored to assess these feedback
mechanisms in a warming world. Applications for these models range from being
targeted at basic process understanding to the assessment of geo-engineering
options. A problem endemic to all these applications is the need to estimate
poorly known model parameters, specifically for the biogeochemical component,
based on observational data (e.g., nutrient fields). In the present study, we
illustrate with an Earth
system model that through such an approach biases and other model deficiencies in the physical ocean circulation model component can
reciprocally compensate for biases in the pelagic biogeochemical model
component (and vice versa). We present two model configurations that share a
remarkably similar steady state (based on ad hoc measures) when driven by
historical boundary conditions, even though they feature substantially
different configurations (parameter sets) of ocean mixing and biogeochemical
cycling. When projected into the future the similarity between the model
responses breaks. Metrics such as changes in total oceanic carbon content and
suboxic volume diverge between the model configurations as the Earth warms.
Our results reiterate that advancing the understanding of oceanic mixing
processes will reduce the uncertainty of future projections of oceanic
biogeochemical cycles. Related to the latter, we suggest that an advanced
understanding of oceanic biogeochemical cycles can be used for advancements
in ocean circulation modules.
Sterol preservation in hypersaline microbial mats
Authors: Shen Yan , Thiel Volker , Suarez-Gonzalez Pablo , Rampen Sebastiaan W. , Reitner Joachim
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Microbial mats are self-sustaining benthic ecosystems composed of highly diverse microbial communities. It has been proposed that microbial mats were widespread in Proterozoic marine environments, prior to the emergence of bioturbating organisms at the Precambrian-Cambrian transition. One characteristic feature of Precambrian biomarker records is that steranes are typically absent or occur in very low concentrations. This has been explained by low eukaryotic source inputs, or degradation of primary produced sterols in benthic microbial mats (mat-seal effect). To better understand the preservational pathways of sterols in microbial mats we analysed freely extractable and carbonate-bound sterols as well as decalcified extraction residues in different layers of a recent calcifying mat (~ 1500 years) from the hypersaline Lake 2 on the island of Kiritimati, Central Pacific. A variety of C27–C29 sterols and distinctive C31 4α-methylsterols (4α-methylgorgosterol and 4α-methylgorgostanol, biomarkers for dinoflagellates) were detected in both lipid pools. These sterols most likely originated from organisms living in the water column and the upper mat layers. This autochthonous biomass experienced progressive microbial transformation and degradation in the microbial mat, as reflected by a significant drop in total sterols concentrations, up to 98 %, in the deeper layers, and a concomitant decrease in total organic carbon. Carbonate-bound sterols were generally low in abundance, suggesting that incorporation into the mineral matrix does not play a major role for the preservation of eukaryotic sterols in this mat. Likewise, pyrolysis revealed that steroids (i.e., including sterenes, steranes and sterols), in contrast to hopanoids, were not sequestered into insoluble organic matter which may give rise to a further bias in the preservation of steroids vs. hopanoids, particularly in the later stages of burial. While these findings argue for a strong 'mat-seal effect' in the mat studied, they markedly differ from recent findings made for another microbial mat growing in the near-by hypersaline Lake 22 on the same island, where sterols showed no systematic decrease with depth. The observed discrepancies in the taphonomic pathways of sterols in microbial mats from Kiritimati may be linked to multiple biotic and abiotic factors including salinity and periods of subaerial exposure, implying that caution has to be exercised in the interpretation of sterols distributions in modern and ancient microbial mat settings.
Oxygen dynamics and evaluation of the single station diel oxygen model across contrasting geologies
Authors: Parker Simon J.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In aquatic ecosystems, the single station diel oxygen model assumes constant ecosystem respiration and aeration rate (notwithstanding temperature effects) over the course of a single night. This assumption was tested for four small streams representing two geologies (Chalk and Greensand) over a one year period, by examining the behaviour of the night-time dissolved oxygen (DO) saturation deficit at points where change in DO is zero. This was then used as a proxy for the ratio of aerobic ecosystem respiration (R) to the aeration rate constant (k) and compared with the corresponding ratio (the regression quotient) obtained from night-time regression analysis (Hornberger and Kelly, 1975). For two streams (one Chalk and one Greensand), the regression quotient persistently underestimated the observed DO deficit. These two streams showed similar timing patterns of oxygen dynamics with the point of minimum DO occurring relatively quickly after sunset in spring and early summer, although the two Chalk streams were more similar to one another in terms of DO magnitudes. Therefore, characterisation of a Chalk stream is not just dependent on geology. Comparisons between different streams using the single station model on the presumption that it is equally appropriate in all cases may lead to misleading conclusions.
Spatio-temporal consistent bias pattern detection on MIROC5 andFGOALS-g2
Authors: Cao Bo , Zhao Ying , Zhou Ziheng
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Building climate models is a typical means of studying the dynamics of the climate system and assessing the impacts of climate change. However, model-related biases are common in existing climate models, such as the double ITCZ bias in most CMIP5 models. Recent studies suggest that biases showing distinct spatio-temporal characteristics may involve different mechanisms and sources in climate models. More dedicated studies on bias patterns is important not only for improving model performance, but also for helping modelers to better understand the climate system. In this paper, we focus on detecting spatio-temporal consistent bias patterns from climate model outputs. A spatio-temporal pattern is a bias pattern that is present in contiguous space with significant and coherent biases in continuous time periods. These patterns are ideal for revealing regional and seasonal characteristics of biases and worth further investigation by modelers. Due to the high computation cost, most of the existing analysis methods can only detect bias patterns that are either spatial consistent or temporal consistent, but not both at the same time. We proposed a bottom-up algorithm to tackle this problem. The proposed method first detects regions showing significant and consistent biases at each time slot and then merges them iteratively to form bias instances. The resulting bias instances are further clustered into different families to depict corresponding spatio-temporal consistent bias patterns. The experiments on both MIROC5 and FGOALS-g2 precipitation outputs show that the proposed approach can detect some important bias patterns that are consistent with previous studies and can produce other interesting findings. Modelers can adopt the proposed method as an exploratory tool to develop insights for bias correction and model improvement.
CAPABILITY OF MATTERPORT 3D CAMERA FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY SITES INVENTORY
Authors: Shults R. , Levin E. , Habibi R. , Shenoy S. , Honcheruk O. , Hart T. , An Z.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. This paper provides an overview of state-of-the-art technology and sensor for the inventory of industrial archaeology. As an object of study, a historical copper shaft the Quincy Mine in Michigan State Upper Peninsula was chosen. This shaft was operated for nearly 100 years from 1846 to 1945 and today, what remains of the shaft is a part of the Keweenaw National Historical Park. The main sensor for data acquisition that was used is a 3D camera Matterport. In given research, the results of the above ground scanning using of Matterport are presented. Before scanning a calibration of Matterport camera was performed. The calibration was done by comparison of coordinates of targets determined by FARO Scanner. It was found out that the camera has significant systematic errors which have to be accounted during data processing. Because of the specific data structure of Matterport camera, only the scale factor was calculated and then applied to point clouds. Field works comprised historical and archive data collection and analysis, reconnaissance and scanning of the Quincy Mine interior. As a final result of the research 3D model of the Quincy Mine interior was constructed. Further, this model is going to be used for the Quincy Mine Museum virtual tours. There are many advantages to using Matterport. First of all, such a technology does not need dense geodetic support, average working time at station equals to 2–3 minutes. Cost of Matteroprt equipment is competitive to the cheapest terrestrial laser scanners.
BIM FOR MUSEUMS: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FROM THE BUILDING TO THE COLLECTIONS
Authors: Tucci G. , Betti M. , Conti A. , Corongiu M. , Fiorini L. , Matta C. , Kovačević C. , Borri C. , Hollberg C.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The paper discusses the first outcomes of an ongoing research activity aimed at developing a general BIM-based methodology for the organization and the management of the information needed for maintenance and safety assessment of museums. The Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze (Florence, Italy) which has a very complex spatial organisation as a result of transformations occurred over the centuries, has been considered as an illustrative application of the proposed methodology. One of the specific elements which characterize museums, compared to other buildings, is the issue of the relationship between the building itself and the artworks there contained. A specific element of the research is consequently the need not to limit the attention to only the building (i.e. the envelope), but to consider within the BIM also the presence of the art collections. Starting from a recent laser scanner survey, a BIM has been created and a semi-automatic workflow has been investigated to obtain a FE (Finite Element) model to be employed for static and dynamic structural analysis purposes. Currently, since the scans inevitably included the artworks, a test is underway to add in the BIM of the museum also its collections (M-BIM). Each element can be inserted as a BIM object including its geometric representation and physical data (dimensions, materials, weight…) and linked to different museum inventory and conservation databases for the museum management.
PROSPECTIVE UPON MULTI-SOURCE URBAN SCALE DATA FOR 3D DOCUMENTATION AND MONITORING OF URBAN LEGACIES
Authors: Abbate E. , Sammartano G. , Spanò A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The investigation on the built urban heritage and its current transformations can progressively benefit from the use of geospatial data related to urban environment. This is even more interesting when urban design studies of historical and stratified cities meet the contribution of 4D geospatial data within the urban morphology researches, aiming at quickly and accurately identifying and then measuring with a spatial relationship, both localized transformation (volumes demolitions, addition, etc…) and wide-scale substantial modification resulting from urban zones of diversification spaces that incorporates urban legacies. In this domain, the comparison and analysis of multi-source and multi-scale information belonging to Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) organized by Municipality and Region Administration (mainly, orthoimages and DSM and digital mapping) are a crucial support for multi-temporal spatial analysis, especially if compared with new DSMs related to past urban situations. The latter can be generated by new solution of digital image-matching techniques applicable to the available historical aerial images. The goal is to investigate the amount of available data and their effectiveness, to later test different experimental tools and methods for quick detection, localization and quantification of morphological macro-transformation at urban scale. At the same time, it has been examined the opportunity to made available, with up-and-coming Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS) based on image- and range-based techniques, a rapid and effective approach of data gathering, updating and sharing at validated urban scales. The presented research, carried out in the framework of the FULL@Polito research lab, applies to urban legacies and their regeneration, and is conducted on a key redevelopment area in northern Torino, the Parco Dora, that was occupied by steel industries actively working up to 1992. The long-standing steel structures of the Ferriere FIAT lot have been refurbished and incorporated in the new urban park, generating a contemporary space with a new evolving urban fabric, and being integrated in the new updated geo-spatial databases as well.
THE CASTLE OF ASSORO: THE INTEGRATED SURVEY FOR THE KNOWLEDGE AND CONSERVATION OF RUINS
Authors: Versaci A. , Cardaci A. , Fauzìa L. R. , Russo M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Assoro is an ancient city located in the heart of Sicily. Its fame in the Middle Ages is linked to the strategic location of its primitive nucleus placed at the top of Monte Stella. The fortified site allowed, in fact, both the defence of the surrounding territory and the control of the internal crossings of the island, from east to west. Today, the ruins of the castle, still visible in the highest part of the city, are enclosed in a large urban park that neither enhances nor facilitates its understanding. Actually, the knowledge of the monument is very incomplete due to the lack of documentary sources. To compensate these gaps new investigations were undertaken. Survival masonries were examined by a careful visual investigation and a deep survey, both for the stratigraphic, material and degradation aspects, carried out through the integrated use of active and passive sensors instruments. The critical analyses arising from the appropriately constructed 3D models and the photo-realistic orthographic projections with the mapping of the different constructive phases, the building materials and decay, was laid as the foundation of the cognitive process aimed at the establishment of a sustainable conservation and valorisation project. The programme has also foreseen the realisation of some archaeological coverings and the improvement of the whole park fruition, through paths that aim to both ensure easier access to some rocky archaeological areas currently difficult to reach and greater integration and permeability, between the historic urban fabric and the park.
THE INTEGRATION OF A SCAN-TO-HBIM PROCESS IN BIM APPLICATION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ADD-IN TO GUIDE USERS IN AUTODESK REVIT
Authors: Banfi F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In recent years, the generative process of building information modeling (BIM) digital models oriented to the digitisation of heritage buildings has been supported by the development of new modeling tools, able to integrate the point cloud data produced by laser scanning and digital photogrammetry in major modeling software applications such as Autodesk Revit and Graphisoft Archicad. Architectural and structural elements of churches, castles, and historical monuments such as complex vaults, arches, decorations and ornaments, irregular walls with a variable section and wall stratigraphy require higher levels of detail (LOD) and information (LOI) than new buildings. Consequently, the structure of a BIM model oriented to represent heritage buildings (HBIM) required the definition of a new digital process capable of converting the traditional techniques to the generation of 'unique' digital models able to connect different type of information. Consequently, the generation of 'new' 3D objects able to follow the constructive logic of the detected artefact has required the establishment of new grades of generation (GOG) and accuracy (GOA) to reduce the time and cost of the scan-to-BIM process. The main challenge of this research was the integration of these new modeling requirements in BIM software through the development of an add-in for one of the most used BIM software (Autodesk Revit). Through the generation of the complex vaulted system of the Basilica of Collemaggio (L’Aquila, Italy) and one of the most famous monuments of northern Italy (Arch of Peace in Milan, Italy), the following research shows how it was possible to support users in the HBIM generation, reducing the modeling impact of complex shapes from point cloud data and increasing information sharing for different BIM-based analysis, disciplines and users.
GENERATIVE MODELING, VIRTUAL REALITY AND HBIM INTERACTION: IMMERSIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR BUILT HERITAGE: CASE STUDY OF SHAIKH ISA BIN ALI HOUSE, BAHRAIN
Authors: Banfi F. , Brumana R. , Aljishi A. , Al Sayeh N. , Santana Quintero M. , Cuca B. , Oreni D. , Midali C.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The innovation in Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH) shows an emergence of innovative methods and initiatives for the generation of complex historical models to which are linked useful information for specialists of architecture, construction and engineering, but also user community interested in cultural heritage. This paper presents an improvement in Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) turned into models for mobile apps based on virtual reality (VR) addressed to enhance the communication of Architectural Heritage. The opportunity of a collaboration with the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities (BACA) experts under the coordination of the Carleton University in a training project aimed at improving documentation skills for conservation and preventive maintenance of built heritage provided the availability of an extraordinary richness of data and surveying on the Shaikh Isa Bin Ali House. The case study of the Shaikh Isa Bin Ali House is an outstanding example of Bahrain architecture and one of the oldest surviving building in Muharraq, listed under the UNESCO sites, now transformed in a Museum, where the visit does not allow to perceive the richness of the traditions of the constructions, beside the beautiful architecture. The building was the seat of the ruler of Bahrain from 1869 until his death in 1932 and represented an interesting response to local building materials and climate. This vernacular architecture solved not only the climate problems but combined the solution with beauty, physical and social functionality. This research carries out digital preservation through HBIM and switches to Cloud and VR platforms to allow users to enter a 3D immersive scene, using models as a vehicle of content information.
A CONTENT-BASED IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCE OF BASILICA OF SANT'AMBROGIO IN MILAN: FROM 3D SURVEY TO VIRTUAL REALITY
Authors: Banfi F. , Brumana R. , Stanga C.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. One of the challenges of the Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH) field is the creation of coherent HBIMs and the dissemination of the collected historical data. The latest development of new technologies has the great potential to realise virtual content-based immersive experiences that are easily available by both experts and non-expert users. On the other hand, they require specific skills and a holistic approach to the study of the building that involves different disciplines.The research that has been carried out for the last five years on one of the greatest monuments in Milan, the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, adopted this comprehensive methodology. Although the church is a very well-known building, its turbulent history remains in a certain aspect hidden to the large public. This paper shows the workflow that has been developed for the Basilica, starting from the 3D survey to the historical data acquisition and the study on the church itself, based on a ‘virtual subtraction process’, till the creation of a Virtual Reality experience. This one is the first step of a wider project on eXtended reality (Virtual/Mixed/Augmented Reality) that intends to make the gathered knowledge of the Basilica available to the public.
THE USE OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE INDUSTRIAL MASONRY CHIMNEY VERTICALITY
Authors: Barazzetti L. , Previtali M. , Roncoroni F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. This paper presents a strategy to measure verticality deviations (i.e. inclination) of tall chimneys. The method uses laser scanning point clouds acquired around the chimney to estimate vertical deviations with millimeter-level precision. Horizontal slices derived from the point cloud allows us to inspect the geometry of the chimney at different heights. Two methods able to estimate the center at different levels are illustrated and discussed. A first solution is a manual approach that uses traditional CAD software, in which circle fitting is manually carried out through point cloud slices. The second method is instead automatic and provides not only center coordinates, but also statistics to evaluate metric quality. Two case studies are used to explain the procedures for the digital survey and the measurement of vertical deviations: the chimney in the old slaughterhouse of Piacenza (Italy), and the chimney in Leonardo Campus at Politecnico di Milano (Italy).
COMPARISON OF UAVS PERFORMANCE FOR A ROMAN AMPHITHEATRE SURVEY: THE CASE OF AVELLA (ITALY)
Authors: Barba S. , Barbarella M. , Di Benedetto A. , Fiani M. , Limongiello M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In the field of archaeological surveying, remote sensors and especially photogrammetric and laser scanner systems are widely used to create 3D models. The use of photogrammetric surveying with UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), combined with Computer Vision algorithms, allows the building of three-dimensional models, characterized by photo-realistic textures. The choice of which method to use mainly depends on the complexity of the investigated site, the accuracy requirements and the available budget and time. The different components of the UAV system determine its characteristics in terms of performance and accuracy, therefore define its quality and the cost too. This study presents an assessment of the accuracy of point clouds derived by two UAV systems, a commercial quadcopter (DJI Phantom 3 Professional), a professional assembled hexacopter, and by a TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner) in order to compare photogrammetric and laser scanner data for archaeological applications. In this paper, we present a case study to compare and analyse the metric accuracy of the point clouds and the distribution of the GCPs (Ground Control Points). This accuracy assessment will serve to quantify the uncertainty in the absolute position of the GCPs, identified on the panoramic images in the absence of artificial targets. Executed experiments showed that in tested UAVs, the choice of the GCPs has significant impact on point cloud accuracy. Estimated absolute accuracy of point clouds collected during both test flights was better than 5 cm.
INNOVATIVE TOOLS FOR MANAGING HISTORICAL BUILDINGS: THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ONTOLOGIES FOR HISTORICAL CENTERS
Authors: Acierno M. , Fiorani D.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. A recent study and the digitalization of historical centres have developed a completely new strategy for the conservation management of urban buildings through the ‘Risk Map’ of MiBAC. Issues, aims and structure of the Territory Information System (TIS) have been wholly outlined in a dedicated book that describes the structure of the system, also following a historical framing of the debate and the previous experiences. The elaboration of a dedicated ontology adds the opportunity to make the same data available to other kind of software, beginning from HBIM Systems. This aim is pursued developing a special extension of CIDOC-CRM, an already consolidated ontology initially dedicated to the conservation issue of museums. The work has firstly considered the field of architectural conservation and recently further developed addressing historical centres. In this way, a synthetic description of the buildings, including the main features together with vulnerability and transformation index, will allow, through the 3D representation of the town, a stable monitoring of the urban tissue, constantly up to date with the new data deriving from the interventions gradually realized.
EVALUATION OF AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH BETWEEN HBIM AND ARCHITECTURE HISTORY
Authors: Beltramo S. , Diara F. , Rinaudo F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Restorative and conservative operations of Cultural Heritage buildings involve the historical and objective knowledge of the context. Meaning the knowledge as a diachronic awareness of the history of buildings should help the safeguarding processes of heritage assets.The integration of historical information inside a HBIM platform involves huge benefits for the Cultural Heritage case management, its periodical monitoring operations and valorisation processes, moreover the historical evolution is correctly considered. This solution allows to maximize the comprehension and also communication of the analysed context through few simple steps as visualize, read and query in order to ensure the accuracy and quality of final data (Diara et al, 2018).This new court of methodologic cooperation will be tested on the case study of the medieval Abbey of Staffarda (CN, Italy) and its refectory in a deeper way where, thanks to recent studies, it has been possible to reconstruct analysis map for a complete vision of the church and the Abbey’s complex as well (Beltramo et al, 2019).
REVEALING THE EVERYDAY LANDSCAPE: INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS FOR HERITAGE EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS. THE SCAR (SCHOOL ACTIVATES RESOURCES) PROJECT
Authors: Bonfantini B. , Casonato C. , Villa D. , Di Blas N. , Pracchi V. , Vedoà M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The Italian Plan for Cultural Heritage Education identifies in the training related to cultural heritage the possibility of contributing to the cultural and social improvement of the life of every person, also developing, through a conscious use, the sense of belonging to one or more cultures and territory.Given these potentialities, the document reveals a lack of responses to training needs and underlines how the launch of educational courses that put school and university in synergy in the places of culture are among the priorities to be achieved in the period 2016-2018. The Italian Digital School Plan also stresses the importance of a renewed educational approach and effort to promote heritage and provides that all students are offered courses on the digital management of Cultural Heritage. The interest in the heritage, after all, is identified by European policies as part of the right of every citizen to freely participate in cultural life.The ScAR (School Activates Resources) project, aims to respond to these requests with an experimental and methodologically innovative action, set in a context rich in critical issues and on a fragile and ScARcely recognized heritage such as that of a part of the Milanese urban periphery. The aim of the project is to promote the shared knowledge of the latent urban patrimony and increase, especially in young people, the sense of belonging to the neighbourhoods, the sense of active citizenship and the responsibility in the common good’s care. Another priority is to provide schools with tools for educational innovation, inclusion, and technological update, to limit early school leaving.
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROCLIMATE MANAGEMENT AND RISK IN THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE OF VILLA BARBARO MASER (ITALY)
Authors: Bonora A. , Fabbri K. , Pretelli M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Indoor environment in heritage buildings can be cause of damage for architecture and artefacts which depend on several physical and chemical parameters: air temperature, relative humidity, volatile organic compounds, etc. How is it possible to evaluate their damage, or the risk of damages? How “aggressive” is indoor microclimate? The scientific literature proposes several different criteria for the evaluation of the risk of damages, especially in the field of museums, while there are few studies which take into consideration historic buildings. In this paper we propose an index – the Heritage indoor Microclimate Risk (HMR) – that allows to define the risk concerning the whole environment and not only the artefacts. Moreover, we propose its application to a real case study of a UNESCO Heritage World Site, obtained through indoor microclimate on-site monitoring and building simulation. The case study reported is Villa Barbaro, built in Maser (1554–1560) by the architect Andrea Palladio and registered in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list since 1996, as Palladian Villa of Veneto. The research is structured as follows: monitoring campaign of the microclimatic parameters; virtual modelling of Villa Barbaro and its validation (by comparing the simulated data and the monitored ones); construction of scenarios which can aid to guarantee the historic building’s conservation and the occupants’ comfort; definition of HMR. The innovative aspect of the proposed methodology is the use of a virtual building model of heritage buildings, to determine, through a single index, the degree of risk and the level of indoor microclimate aggression.
EVALUATION OF THE PRESERVATION STATE OF HISTORICAL PENINSULA IN ISTANBUL BASED ON GEOSPATIAL DATA
Authors: Can Y. , Tura S. , Kudde E.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Inventory Project for the Cultural Assets of Istanbul (2015–2019) revealed that there are approximately 35000 historical and cultural assets in Istanbul due to its history with regards to being homeland and capital of many different civilizations. Historical Peninsula (Fatih district) which also contains four World Heritage Sites listed by UNESCO has 30% of the total registered historical assets inventory in Istanbul. Throughout the inventory project for the cultural assets of Istanbul, huge amount of data was collected by site-work with their spatial references. Cultural assets’ database was related with the spatial data on GIS software and it will serve as a tool for various analyses in order to understand and evaluate the situation. Essentially 11 analyses were generated from inquirable geospatial data for Historical Peninsula of Istanbul. Geospatial data is constituted of approximately 140 distinct data-type including location, architectural description, conservation state, materials or cultural era that can be useful for different analyses and also cross-examine such as non-functional assets on public property or structural state of assets which require an urgent intervention. In addition, specific thematic maps and different routes for touristic and cultural purposes can be produced on GIS platforms, based on this study. In this paper, these mentioned studies of the Inventory Project of Istanbul will be described in detail and several case studies generated for the Historical Peninsula will be presented. It is aimed to define a data processing methodology created for cultural heritage by using GIS platforms in order to be evaluated in further projects.
ALBA FUCENS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE: MULTISCALE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONSERVATION
Authors: Alicandro M. , Candigliota E. , Dominici D. , Immordino F. , Quaresima R. , Zollini S.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The Latin Colony (303 BC) of Alba Fucens (L’Aquila, Italy) is the largest archaeological area of the whole Apennines. Due to its extension, location and environmental context, the conservation of the site is particularly complex.For these reasons, in the paper a multiscale and multidisciplinary geoarchaeological study (remote sensing and UAV photogrammetry) of the site, to extract and measure morphostructural information to be associated to the environmental context, risk assessment and conservation, is reported.The study area is located on a higher geostructure with a subangular shape, which suggests a tectonic origin, with respect to the surrounding plain and bounded to the East by a large fan that takes place towards the Piana del Fucino.First, the geo-structural analysis, using the Landsat-8 and GeoEye multispectral sensors, was performed. The GeoEye satellite image allowed carrying out the morphological analysis of the archaeological area, its physical characteristics, the drainage pattern and the land use. Subsequently, after image processing of satellite data, a UAV survey was carried out in some relevant zones. Considering the UAV photogrammetry accuracy information, it was possible to extract data as map producing with several advantages (economic and time saving, minimum field work). With a multiscale and metric approach, the geomatics techniques allowed to deeply investigate some areas, creating detailed 3D models for evaluate risks and the decay. Finally, a general discussion about risk mitigation and conservation is reported.
UAV SURVEY FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF LILYBAEUM (MARSALA, ITALY)
Authors: Ebolese D. , Lo Brutto M. , Dardanelli G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Collecting information and mapping are fundamental aspects of systematic archaeological excavation, documentation and interpretation. The process of recording physical evidence is the first step in the archaeological study with the goal to derive spatial and semantic information from the gathered and available data. Archaeological reports always include 2D maps, sections, data distribution and other spatial data. Indeed, the representation is inseparable from the archaeological practice, but this is undoubtedly a time-consuming activity. Nowadays, archaeologists can take advantages of various recording techniques to produce highly accurate 3D models and ortho-images of archaeological sites. Far from replacing the more traditional techniques, the development of new geomatics techniques tries to answer, in a more efficient way, to the needs of archaeological research. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has become more popular in archaeological excavations. In particular, UAV systems become a useful, versatile and cost-effective approach to record large archaeological areas in order to measure and completely document them. They are the fastest way to produce high-resolution 3D models of entire sites and allow archaeologists to collect accurate spatial data that can be used for spatial analyses using GIS platform. The paper presents the results of several UAV surveys of the archaeological remains of Lilybaeum, the ancient city of Marsala (Southern Italy), performed in the Archaeological Park of “Lilibeo”. The UAV acquisitions were planned and carried out to complete the previous traditional documentation of the site. Very detailed 3D models and high-resolution ortho-images, together with some new field campaigns, have been used for new analysis and documentation of the site and for the realization of the archaeological map of Lilybaeum.
LIDAR, TERRITORY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS: NEW RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR THE KNOWLEDGE, ANALYSIS AND PRESERVATION OF COMPLEX CONTEXTS
Authors: Garzulino A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Within the "Tarquinia Project" and the “Centro di Ricerca Coordinato”, involving different groups of the Università degli Studi di Milano (Archaeology, Computer Science and Communication, Geoarchaeology, Palaeoanthropology) and the Politecnico di Milano (Architecture and Conservation of Cultural Heritage), the carried out activities were aimed at defining the best methodologies for the documentation, analysis, study and conservation of the archaeological remains in the territory of Tarquinia. Within this broad framework, from 2010 the two research groups focused their efforts in the identification of the entire route of the ancient Tarquinia wall circuit and the archaeological structures it contains in order to create thematic maps of the archaeological remains of the “Pianoro della Civita”. The performed work examined the available historical documentation, proceeding in an extensive analysis of the marks that characterized the area. Given the complex morphology of the area, the ancient presence of the sites spread over fourteen centuries and the dense vegetation characterizing the slopes, in order to investigate the archaeological objects a laser scanner survey using LiDAR technology (Light Detection and Ranging) of the entire territory was performed. Through this system it was possible to carry out detailed geoarchaeological analysis, due the numerous phenomena of instability and runoff affecting the surfaces of the inhabited area and also involving the construction of the city wall circuit. These investigations, together with what emerges from the interpretation of the cartographies and the history of the archaeological analysis, made it possible to evaluate and verify the archaeological remains, contributing to the creation of the thematic maps of the ancient Tarquinian city walls.
HIGH RESOLUTION 3D ACQUISITION AND MODELLING IN CULTURAL HERITAGE KNOWLEDGE AND RESTORATION PROJECTS: THE SURVEY OF THE FOUNTAIN OF NEPTUNE IN BOLOGNA
Authors: Girelli V. A. , Tini M. A. , Dellapasqua M. , Bitelli G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In 2016, the Municipality of Bologna (Italy) has undertaken the restoration of one of the symbols of the entire city, the Fountain of Neptune, in evident state of degradation. The works have touched upon all the aspects of this complex object and the project has seen involved the Municipality and the University of Bologna, the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione e il Restauro (ISCR) (Rome) and the Visual Computing Lab of the CNR – ISTI (Pisa), in a modern and highly multi-disciplinary approach.One of the key elements of the project was made up by the creation of an information system ad hoc developed to permit, in an innovative, efficient and user-friendly way, the collection, sharing, management and analysis of all the information and data related to diagnostics and restoration actions. The base of the information system is a very detailed 3D model of the monument, realized by means of the most modern techniques for objects 3D modelling (laser scanning, digital photogrammetry and 3D scanning) integrated together with the aim to obtain a photo-textured 3D model characterized by a sub-millimetre precision level in the geometric description and a high perceptive fidelity of colour reproduction.The surveying activities and data processing, performed by the DICAM Geomatics group of the University of Bologna (with the collaboration of the MCM Company of Rome), are described in the paper, with considerations on the problems encountered and the procedures and solutions adopted. The information system has been developed by CNR-ISTI.
BUILT ENVIRONMENT: MODELLING THE URBAN SPACE
Authors: Guzzetti F. , Anyabolu K. L. N. , D’Ambrosio L. , Marchetti G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In urban areas, the “built” is defined by many different elements. Not only buildings but also open spaces containing green areas, viability, urban furniture, underground facilities. While the H-BIM sector focuses, rightly, on buildings of great historical significance, in our case it is been consider a part of the built that it usually not analyse: the urban open space. One of the interesting themes is the possibility of having a single tool that integrates the different objects present in a complex environment such as the urban area. The process with BIM model could allow a huge saving in terms of time and costs considering public tender, maintenance or construction phase of a project. Facility management operating through BIM is another relevant theme considering the whole life of a construction. Finally, another important theme is the connections between elements above the ground (visible elements) and subsoil (not visible elements), not only for the administrations but also if related to the HBIM environment.The paper reports the analysis of the experience performed, particularly related to questions about detail and accuracy of the BIM model.A methodology for modelling open spaces is been assuming, it is described possible improvements and considerations on the result.
LASER AND MULTI-IMAGE REVERSE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS FOR ACCURATE 3D MODELLING OF COMPLEX CULTURAL ARTEFACTS
Authors: Ioannidis C. , Piniotis G. , Soile S. , Bourexis F. , Boutsi A.-M. , Chliverou R. , Tsakiri M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The recent scientific and technical developments of reverse engineering methods and tools have broadened the possibilities of applications in the field of cultural heritage conservation. In this paper, two different non-contact reverse engineering systems were utilized for 3D data acquisition of a cultural heritage artefact. The object of interest is a 17th century wooden engraved ecclesiastical sanctuary ciborium. The requirement of the 3D model is to aid the art conservators for the preservation of the wooden material and the restoration of small damages and cracks in the engraved parts, thus requiring accuracy of the model in the order of sub-millimetre. In this work, a Faro Vantage laser tracker was employed along with the FARO Edge Arm. In addition, image-based modelling was also implemented with a large number of overlapping images acquired with a Canon EOS 6D camera and processed using the well-known Structure from Motion (SfM) method with an auto-calibration procedure. The digital data acquisition and processing procedures of the scanned geometry are described and compared to evaluate the performance of both systems in terms of data acquisition time, processing time, reconstruction precision and final model quality. Whilst models produced with laser scanning and image-based techniques is not a novel approach, the combination of laser tracking and photogrammetric data still presents limited documentation in the field of cultural artefact documentation mainly due to the extremely high cost of the laser tracking systems.
MANAGEMENT OF 20TH CENTURY HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS AS INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
Authors: Kuban N. , Güven İ. T. , Pretelli M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. By rapidly increasing the production of energy and widely extending the usage of electricity in the 20th century, hydroelectric plants and dams have radically affected the social, technological and industrial aspects of the period. Therefore, as an integral part of industrial heritage, the cultural assets of these energy facilities are required to be preserved. As a requirement of this hypothesis, it is necessary: to develop management strategies for these assets; to provide scientific data and information on these buildings / facilities; to define criteria of ‘planned conservation’ with long-term preventive measures in order to provide the continuation of the original function as long as possible. Hydroelectric plants are a common subject of interest for several disciplines, such as: engineering, hydrology, ecology, geo-sciences and remote sensing. Therefore, the conservation of the plants also requires the interdisciplinary study and collaboration of these disciplines.Within the study, the considerations of an interdisciplinary approach – such as dam safety, ecological concerns and energy requirements – are presented, and examples from different countries are examined through the framework of architectural conservation, considering cases of dam failures, intended removal of dams and upgrading of facilities. Preventive measures for the planned conservation of hydro electrical facilities such as: constant maintenance of technical components; management of the sediment accumulated in the reservoirs; methods of analysis for the structure of the embankment are introduced briefly, concentrating on gravity dams, in order to provide conclusions for the conservation of Sarıyar Dam and Hydroelectric Plant (1956) in Turkey.
INVENTORY PROJECT FOR THE CULTURAL ASSETS OF ISTANBUL: A MODEL FOR DIGITIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Kudde E. , Erdogan I. , Ilze I.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Directorate of Cultural Heritage Preservation of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality had started an Inventory Project in 2015, for gathering the varying information of historical and cultural assets. Although there had been previous studies conducted by various institutions or local establishments, the absence of accessibility to whole updated database of historical values was a matter of concern, both for government and research studies. For this reason, it was aimed to create and update Istanbul Historical Database. The Directorate assumed the responsibility of creating the database and providing its accessibility through web and publications. It was also aimed to provide accurate information and multimedia, not only for existing but also further projects in respect of cultural heritage and preservation. There have been 41 people from different professions such as architects, restorers, urban planners, archaeologists and art historians being employed in this work. A huge amount of data including old maps, photographs, documents, drawings and projects were brought together and classified according to their contents. Afterwards, all registered values including monuments, civil architectural or urban elements were visited, observed and photographed. Also some buildings or assets were proposed to Preservation Boards to be registered. Furthermore, 74 types of data including location, architectural description, conservation state, materials, problems and bibliography were recorded. Database allows printing 4 types of inventory forms representing current state of the value. Database was integrated with spatial data to produce analytical maps. Database created by the project has been shared via internet and books to lead other projects about cultural heritage.
A GEODATABASE FOR MULTISOURCE DATA MANAGEMENT APPLIED TO CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE CASE STUDY OF VILLA BUONACCORSI’S HISTORICAL GARDEN
Authors: Malinverni E. S. , Chiappini S. , Pierdicca R.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In recent years, the digitization of historical data related to the architectural heritage and the development of ICT-based methodologies applied to cultural goods have become increasingly relevant. In this context, the use of GIS (Geographical Information System) is growing significantly, with the aim of collecting, analysing and managing heterogeneous data in a spatial context. Given such premise, the site identified for this case-study is a historical Italian Garden into the Villa Buonaccorsi in Potenza Picena (MC, Italy). The project aims at creating a methodology, that organizing natural and artificial elements in the GIS, to support management and planning of this landscape architecture, considering also the changes during the time. A suitable GIS can promote and ensure a correct use of the heritage knowledge, preserving the historical identity, overlaying the data. The data management system, specifically developed for this case, is based on an open source GIS, where surveyed data coming from different sources and the relation to the attributes have been descripted in a conceptual model. The inventory of this geodatabase, in a dedicated GIS, has allowed to perform some queries, making in output a dialogue box with all the information, in form of report, useful to the manager of a historical garden. The structure of the GIS can significantly to help who works with similar cases and it can be useful for analysis, management, storage and integration of information related to Italian gardens.