bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disaccharide intolerance
Authors: Radlovic Nedeljko
Published: January 2011

Disaccharide intolerance presents a pathogenic heterogeneous and most complex
clinical entity. It usually occurs due to primary or secondary deficit of
disaccharide activity, and rarely because of disorders of absorption or
monomer metabolism. Symptomatology of disaccharide maldigestion and/or
malabsorption depends on the severity of the basic disorder, the level of
its overload and the patient?s age. In the youngest children, due to a rapid
gastrointestinal transit and a low compensatory capacity of the colon,
osmotic-fermentative diarrhoea forms the basis of clinical features.
Diarrhoeal disorder can be occasionally so intensive that it disturbs not
only water and electrolytic balance, but also the nutritive status of the
child. In older children and adults, as well as in milder forms of the
disorder, the symptomatology, most often without diarrhoea, is dominated by
abdominal colic, loud peristaltic sounds, meteorism and increased
flatulence. Metabolic disorders followed by conversion disorders of
galactose and fructose into glucose are characterized by a hypoglycaemic
crisis, as well as by various multisystemic damages due to the deposit of
toxic metabolic products. The diagnosis of gastrointestinal forms of
disaccharide intolerance is based on the pathologic clinical and laboratory
response during the overload test, while that of the metabolic form is based
on the confirmed presence of specific enzyme and/or genetic defect.
Treatment of disaccharide intolerance is based on the elimination diet.
Besides, in the secondary forms of the disorder, it is also necessary to
apply the treatment of the basic disease.
Recognising the Roma and their Rights: An Analysis of Exclusion and Integration in the Education System
Authors: Horvai Anna
Published: January 2011

This article draws from a small-scale qualitative study related to Roma integration in the Hungarian education system, from the perspective of academics and officials from leading civil society organisations. Based on semi-structured interviews and extensive analysis of the literature, the study identified and categorised key obstacles to Roma integration within the education system, along with methods for improving Roma access, retention and achievement. The study ultimately evaluated the importance of early childhood care and education (ECCE) for Roma children and families by analysing select ECCE services for disadvantaged families in Europe. This article will outline the key findings from the study in light of rising anti-gypsyism, the continued deportations of Roma across Europe and the rapidly approaching Millennium Development Goals (2000–2015) and Decade of Roma Inclusion (2005–2015) deadlines.
Mathematics Teachers' Professional Development Opportunities in the Curriculum Reform of China
Authors: Han Xue , Wang Hequn
Published: January 2011

This study examined the professional development opportunities that about eighty mathematics teachers of junior high schools were provided with in the national curriculum reform of China and explored how their beliefs in mathematics instruction and instructional practice were affected by the professional development opportunities available to them. A questionnaire was administered to collect data. The results showed that the length of time the participants spent on attending school-based learning activities had a significant effect on their attitudes toward the effectiveness of the professional development and on their instructional practice. The content of the training programs that focused on studying textbooks and observing and reflecting upon model lessons was highly correlated to the implementation of conventional mathematics instruction. Another factor that related to the implementation of conventional mathematics instruction was the collegial support the teachers received at their schools.
The Critical Thinking Movement in Kazakhstan: A Progress Report
Authors: Burkhalter Nancy , Shegebayev Maganat
Published: January 2011

Having gained independence in 1991, Kazakhstan is making major adjustments in its educational system to meet the demands of its changing workplace. To that end, the Ministry of Education has mandated that critical thinking be incorporated into all levels. Given the importance of this goal, the authors surveyed teachers' understanding and use of critical thinking in their classrooms. This article reports the survey results, which provide a brief overview of the status of the teaching and learning of critical thinking in Kazakhstan today. The results point to a growing understanding of critical thinking among Kazakhstani teachers in this region. That said, 10 per cent of respondents plagiarized their surveys, suggesting that many feared looking incompetent, despite assurances of anonymity. The authors recommend the survey be conducted in other regions in Kazakhstan and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to assess the status of critical thinking.
Study of As-Sb-Se chalcogenide glasses by NQR and EPR spectroscopy methods
Authors: Glotova Olga , Korneva Irina , Sinyavsky Nikolay , Dobosz Bernadeta , Krzyminiewski Ryszard , Jadzyn Maciej , Ostafin Michal , Nogaj Boleslaw
Published: January 2011

In this paper experimental results obtained by both 75As NQR and EPR spectroscopy are presented for the three-component system As-Sb-Se. The 75As NQR spectra of glasses of structures (As2Se3)0.78 (Sb2Se3)0.22, (As2Se3)0.75 (Sb2Se3)0.25, (As2Se3)0.5 (Sb2Se3)0.5 have broad lines with two Sb-NQR lines (corresponding to the Sb2Se3 units) and two 75As-NQR lines (corresponding to the As2Se3 units). Differences in the EPR spectra of the different glasses arise because of the different amounts of arsenic and antimony in their structure.
EPIPHYTIC AND ENDOPHYTIC PHYLLOSPHERE MICROFLORA OF CASSYTHA FILIFORMIS L. AND ITS HOSTS
Authors: Mukhtar Irum , Mushtaq Sobia , Ali Amna , Khokhar Ibatsam
Published: January 2011

In the present study, samples of Cassytha filiformis L. and healthy leaves of two of its host plants viz. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd (Nyctaginaceae) and  Citrus aurantifolia  Swingle (Rutaceae) were collected simultaneously from different areas of Lahore, Pakistan. To analyze epiphytic microflora, washings of host leaf/parasite stem were used for the isolation. For endophytic microbes,  sterilized homogenized host leaf/parasite stem tissue mixture was plated separately on 2% MEA and LB media for bacterial and fungal isolation. Each fungal colony was purified and identified after 6-8 days on the basis of morphological characteristics. Bacterial strains were identified including pigment, colony form, elevation, margin, texture and opacity. In addition, bacterial strains were tested with respect to gram reaction and biochemical characteristics.  The total colonization frequency of the endophytes was maximum for B. spectabilis suggesting that this plant tissue harbored more endophytic bacteria than C. aurantifolia. On the other hand Cassytha filiformis  stem, parasitizing B. spectabilis and C. aurantifolia  supported a total of 4 bacterial species as endophytes but different to its host plants. Therefore,  Sørensen’s quotient of similarity (QS)  for the endophytic and epiphytic bacterial assemblages was zero. Overall,  the endophyte and epiphyte assemblage of hosts and their parasite showed no overlap.Key words:  Microflora; Host; Parasite; Endophytes; Epiphytes, phyllosphereDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4096Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 1-8 Uploaded date: 28 December, 2010
TROPHIC AND NUTRIENT DYNAMIC ASPECT OF AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
Authors: Gurung Tek Bahadur , Urabe Jotaro
Published: January 2011

This paper gives a chronological review on our understanding in the role of heterotrophic bacteria in trophic and nutrient dynamic aspects of aquatic microbial ecology. Traditionally, the role of  heterotrophic bacteria was known as decomposer only. Later studies revealed that bacteria could be the food for several grazers especially, nano-, micro-  and mesozooplankton. Now, it is clear that heterotrophic bacteria channel the energy and matter to higher trophic level via microbial and metazoan food chains. Previously it was argued that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the prime limiting factor for fueling the energy and nutrient in aquatic ecosystem. However, emerging experimental evidences suggest that enrichment of plant nutrients such as phosphorus (P) stimulates bacterial growth. These suggest accumulation or organic carbon and other important nutrients in aquatic ecosystem, which are funneled in presence of limiting nutrients phosphorus. Moreover, recent studies showed that material transfer efficiency from bacteria to higher trophic level may depend on species composition of mesozooplankton. These discoveries established that bacterial primary production contributes substantially in secondary production, implying that contrasting to their tiny form bacteria play much important role in trophic and nutrient dynamics aspects of aquatic ecology. Key words:  Heterotrophic bacteria; Trophic dynamics; Nutrients; Mesozooplankton DOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4097Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 9-16 Uploaded date: 28 December, 2010
MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPOSES OF COW PEA (CV. PUSA BARSATI) GROWN ON FLY ASH AMENDED SOIL IN PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA AND RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARUM
Authors: Singh Kamal , Khan A. A. , Khan Iram , Rizvi Rose , Saquib M.
Published: January 2011

Plant growth, yield, pigment and protein content of cow-pea were increased significantly at lower levels (20 and 40%) of fly ash but reverse was true at higher levels (80 and 100%). Soil amended by 60% fly ash could cause suppression in growth and yield in respect to 40% fly ash treated cow-pea plants but former was found at par with control (fly ash untreated plants). Maximum growth occurred in plants grown in soil amended with 40% fly ash. Nitrogen content of cow-pea was suppressed progressively in increasing levels of fly ash. Moreover,  Rhizobium leguminosarum  influenced the growth and yield positively but Meloidogyne javanica caused opposite effects particularly at 20 and 40% fly ash levels. The positive effects of R. leguminosarum were marked by M. javanica at initial levels. However, at 80 and 100% fly ash levels, the positive and negative effects of R. leguminosarum and/or M. javanica did not appear as insignificant difference persist among such treatments.Key words:  Meloidogyne javanica; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Fly ash; Growth; YieldDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4098Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 17-22 Uploaded date: 28 December, 2010
CONTRIBUTION TO AQUATIC MACROPHYTES OF BIRATNAGAR AND ADJOINING AREAS, EASTERN NEPAL
Authors: Niroula B , Singh K LB
Published: January 2011

One hundred and fifty three species of aquatic macrophytes (Angiosperms 141, Pteridophytes 8, Bryophytes 2, and Macroalgae 2) were collected from different aquatic habitats of Biratnagar and adjoining areas representing growth forms in the order: hyperhydates (42 species) > tenagophytes (40) > helophytes (36) > vittates (16) > epihydates (9) > pleustophytes (6) > rosulates (4). Emergent species dominated in number over floating and submerged species in all the water bodies. Fifty nine percent of collected species had flowering and fruiting in late rainy season, whereas 21.5 and 14.8% species had flowering and fruiting in winter and summer seasons, respectively. Most of the species had white flowers. Among the collected specimens, 46 species were used as feed for livestock, 20 species were pot-herb (edible), 7 species were used in handicrafts, and 3 species for thatch and cordage. Key words:  Aquatic habitats; Betana pond; Species composition; Growth forms; Human use; Koshi Tappu Wildlife ReserveDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4101Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 23-34 Uploaded date: 29 December, 2010
MICROBIAL GUT FLORA OF A FRESHWATER FISH GARRA MULLYA (SYKES) FROM MUTHA RIVER, NORTHERN WESTERN GHATS, INDIA
Authors: Rudresh B. S. , Dahanukar N. , Watve G. M. , Renukaswamy N. S.
Published: January 2011

Preliminary exploration of gut flora of  Garra mullya  (Sykes) revealed  nineteen bacterial strains showing wide diversity of enzyme production, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The factors which govern the diversity assessed through principal component analysis and correspondence analysis show that isolated strain have adaptation to utilization of variety resources like citrate and sugar, and also show tolerance to variety of environmental conditions like pH, salt, and bile in in-vitro condition. Key words:  Gut flora; Bacterial diversity; Garra mullyaDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4106Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 53-57 Uploaded date: 29 December, 2010
QUANTIFICATION OF MAJOR PHYTOCHEMICALS OF SWERTIA CHIRAYITA, A MEDICINAL PLANT FROM NEPAL
Authors: Phoboo Susanna , Silva Pinto Marcia Da , Bhowmik Prasanta C. , Jha Pramod Kumar , Shetty Kalidas
Published: January 2011

Swertia chirayita is an important medicinal plant from Nepal with anti-diabetic, anti-pyretic, anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory potential and used in therapeutic herbal preparations in parts of South Asia. The main phytochemicals in crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of different plant parts of Swertia chirayita collected from nine different districts of Nepal representing West, East and Central Nepal were quantified using HPLC/DAD (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection). The quantities of these phytochemicals were also compared between wild and cultivated plant parts of Swertia chirayita. Amarogentin, mangiferin, swertiamarin were the main phytochemicals in all extracts. The highest quantity of all the three phytochemicals was found in IL (inflorescence and leaf mixture) of all the collected plants samples. There was no significant difference in the amounts of these three phytochemicals between extracts from wild and cultivated plants. The result from this study substantiates the validity of cultivated Swertia chirayita for medicinal purposes and trade.Key words:  Swertia chirayita; HPLC/DAD; Wild; Cultivated; Phytochemicals; Quantification; Mangiferin; Swertiamarin; AmarogentinDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4118EcoprintAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 17, 2010Page: 59-68Uploaded date: 3 January, 2011
ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF PARIS POLYPHYLLA SM.
Authors: K.C. Madhav , Phoboo Sussana , Jha Pramod Kumar
Published: January 2011

Paris polyphylla Sm. (Satuwa) one of the medicinal plants listed as vulnerable under IUCN threat category was studied in midhills of Nepal with the objective to document its ecological information. The present study was undertaken to document the ecological status, distribution pattern and reproductive biology. The study was done in Ghandruk Village Development Committee. Five transects were laid out at 20-50m distance and six quadrats of 1m x 1m was laid out at an interval of 5m. Plant's density, coverage, associated species, litter coverage and thickness were noted. Soil test, seed's measurement, output, viability and germination, dry biomass of rhizome were also studied. The average population density of the plant in study area was found to be low (1.78 ind./m2). The plant was found growing in moist soil with high nutrient content. No commercial collection is done in the study area but the collection for domestic use was found to be done in an unsustainable manner. Seed viability was found low and the seeds did not germinate in laboratory conditions even under different chemical treatments. The plant was found to reproduce mainly by vegetative propagation in the field. There seems to be a need for raising awareness among the local people about the sustainable use of the rhizome and its cultivation practice for the conservation of this plant. Key words: Ghandruk; Viability; Germination; Rhizome; Sustainable.DOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4121EcoprintAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 17, 2010Page: 87-93Uploaded date: 4 January, 2011
An Introduction to Forest Governance, People and REDD+ in Latin America: Obstacles and Opportunities
Authors: Larson Anne M. , Petkova Elena
Published: January 2011

REDD+ is a potentially significant financial mechanism for shifting the incentives from deforestation and land use change to forest conservation and sustainability. Even though REDD+ is not primarily a governance reform, it will affect or be affected by forest governance, it can improve forest governance or be undermined by its failures and, therefore, it depends on good forest governance if it is to be efficient, effective and equitable. This article provides an overview of key issues in forest governance in Latin America and discusses the risk and opportunities for REDD+. Though progress has been made in some areas, there is still much to be done, and REDD+ could reinforce or be undermined by problematic governance tendencies that affect its effectiveness, ability to decrease carbon emissions, and/or its legitimacy. The article recommends priority investments in institutional capacity, inter-institutional negotiation mechanisms, citizen participation and safeguards for forest-based populations.
Phospholipases A1
Authors: Richmond Gregory S. , Smith Terry K.
Published: January 2011

Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids and produces 2-acyl-lysophospholipids and fatty acids. This lipolytic activity is conserved in a wide range of organisms but is carried out by a diverse set of PLA1 enzymes. Where their function is known, PLA1s have been shown to act as digestive enzymes, possess central roles in membrane maintenance and remodeling, or regulate important cellular mechanisms by the production of various lysophospholipid mediators, such as lysophosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidic acid, which in turn have multiple biological functions.
Environmental Applications of Biosurfactants: Recent Advances
Authors: Pacwa-Płociniczak Magdalena , Płaza Grażyna A. , Piotrowska-Seget Zofia , Cameotra Swaranjit Singh
Published: January 2011

Increasing public awareness of environmental pollution influences the search and development of technologies that help in clean up of organic and inorganic contaminants such as hydrocarbons and metals. An alternative and eco-friendly method of remediation technology of environments contaminated with these pollutants is the use of biosurfactants and biosurfactant-producing microorganisms. The diversity of biosurfactants makes them an attractive group of compounds for potential use in a wide variety of industrial and biotechnological applications. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances in the applications of biosurfactants and biosurfactant-producing microorganisms in hydrocarbon and metal remediation technologies.
On Quantifying Semantic Information
Authors: D’Alfonso Simon
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this paper is to look at some existing methods of semantic information quantification and suggest some alternatives. It begins with an outline of Bar-Hillel and Carnap’s theory of semantic information before going on to look at Floridi’s theory of strongly semantic information. The latter then serves to initiate an in-depth investigation into the idea of utilising the notion of truthlikeness to quantify semantic information. Firstly, a couple of approaches to measure truthlikeness are drawn from the literature and explored, with a focus on their applicability to semantic information quantification. Secondly, a similar but new approach to measure truthlikeness/information is presented and some supplementary points are made.
Enhanced Hydrogen Storage Kinetics of Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Mg2Ni-type Alloy by Melt Spinning
Authors: Zhang Yang-Huan , Li Bao-Wei , Ren Hui-Ping , Li Xia , Qi Yan , Zhao Dong-Liang
Published: January 2011

Mg2Ni-type Mg2Ni1−xCox (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) alloys were fabricated by melt spinning technique. The structures of the as-spun alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of the alloys were measured by an automatically controlled Sieverts apparatus. The electrochemical hydrogen storage kinetics of the as-spun alloys was tested by an automatic galvanostatic system. The results show that the as-spun (x = 0.1) alloy exhibits a typical nanocrystalline structure, while the as-spun (x = 0.4) alloy displays a nanocrystalline and amorphous structure, confirming that the substitution of Co for Ni notably intensifies the glass forming ability of the Mg2Ni-type alloy. The melt spinning treatment notably improves the hydriding and dehydriding kinetics as well as the high rate discharge ability (HRD) of the alloys. With an increase in the spinning rate from 0 (as-cast is defined as spinning rate of 0 m/s) to 30 m/s, the hydrogen absorption saturation ratio () of the (x = 0.4) alloy increases from 77.1 to 93.5%, the hydrogen desorption ratio () from 54.5 to 70.2%, the hydrogen diffusion coefficient (D) from 0.75 × 10−11 to 3.88 × 10−11 cm2/s and the limiting current density IL from 150.9 to 887.4 mA/g.
Two New Chroman Derivations from the Endophytic Penicillium sp. DCS523
Authors: Li Jun-Tian , Fu Xiao-Li , Tan Chun , Zeng Ying , Wang Qi , Zhao Pei-Ji
Published: January 2011

Strain DCS523 was isolated from the branch tissue of Daphniphyllum longeracemosum and determined to be a Penicillium sp. according to the ITS sequence analysis. The extracts from the PDA solid fermentation media of Penicillium sp. DCS523 were purified to give two new chroman derivatives as well as six known compounds. Based on their spectral data the new compounds were identified as (Z)-6-acetyl- 3-(1,2-dihydroxypropylidene)-5-hydroxy-8-methylchroman-2-one (1) and 6-acetyl-2α,5- dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)- 3α,8-dimethylchroman (2), respectively.
Sequestration and Transport of Lignin Monomeric Precursors
Authors: Liu Chang-Jun , Miao Yu-Chen , Zhang Ke-Wei
Published: January 2011

Lignin is the second most abundant terrestrial biopolymer after cellulose. It is essential for the viability of vascular plants. Lignin precursors, the monolignols, are synthesized within the cytosol of the cell. Thereafter, these monomeric precursors are exported into the cell wall, where they are polymerized and integrated into the wall matrix. Accordingly, transport of monolignols across cell membranes is a critical step affecting deposition of lignin in the secondarily thickened cell wall. While the biosynthesis of monolignols is relatively well understood, our knowledge of sequestration and transport of these monomers is sketchy. In this article, we review different hypotheses on monolignol transport and summarize the recent progresses toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying monolignol sequestration and transport across membranes. Deciphering molecular mechanisms for lignin precursor transport will support a better biotechnological solution to manipulate plant lignification for more efficient agricultural and industrial applications of cell wall biomass.
Emodin-8-O-β-D-Glucoside from Polygonum Amplexicaule D. Don var. Sinense Forb. Promotes Proliferation and Differentiation of Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells
Authors: Xiang Mei-Xian , Xu Zong , Su Han-Wen , Hu Jinyue , Yan Yun-Jun
Published: January 2011

Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don var. sinense Forb. (Polygonaceae) (PAF) is a famous traditional herb used to treat fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, muscle injury and pain. The present study was designed to investigate a PAF derived-chemical compound emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (EG) on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell in vitro. A compound was isolated from PAF extract by HPLC and identified as emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (EG) by spectroscopic methods. EG significantly promoted cell proliferation at 0.1–100 ng/mL, and increased the cell proportion in S-phase from 16.34% to 32.16%. Moreover, EG increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in MC3T3-E1 cells at the concentration from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL and inhibited PGE2 production induced by TNF-α in osteoblasts at the concentrations ranging from 10–100 ng/mL, suggesting that cell differentiation was induced in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Taken together, these results indicated compound EG directly stimulated cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, therefore this study preliminarily explored the pharmacological mechanism of PAF to promote the healing of bone rheumatism and various fractures.
Modulation of the Pharmacological Activities of Secretory Phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus cascavella Induced by Naringin
Authors: Santos Marcelo L. , Toyama Daniela O. , Oliveira Simone C. B. , Cotrim Camila A. , Diz-Filho Eduardo B. S. , Fagundes Fábio H. R. , Soares Veronica C. G. , Aparicio Ricardo , Toyama Marcos H.
Published: January 2011

In this work we have characterized the action of the naringin, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and known for its various pharmacological effects, which include antioxidant blood lipid lowering and anticancer activity, on the structure and biochemical activities of a secretory phospholipase A (sPLA2) from Crotalus durissus cascavella, an important protein involved in the releasinge of arachidonic acid in phospholipid membranes. sPLA2 was incubated with naringin (mol:mol) at 37 °C and a discrete reduction in the UV scanning signal and a modification of the circular dichroism spectra were observed after treatment with naringin, suggesting modifications of the secondary structure of the protein. This flavonoid was able to decrease enzymatic activity and some pharmacological effects, such as myonecrosis, platelet aggregation, and neurotoxic activity caused by sPLA2, however, the inflammatory effect was not affected by naringin. In addition, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data were collected for sPLA2 and naringin-treated sPLA2 to evaluate possible modifications of the protein structure. These structural investigations have shown that sPLA2 is an elongated dimer in solution and after treatment with naringin a conformational change in the dimeric configuration was observed. Our results suggest that structural modification may be correlated with the loss of enzymatic activity and alterations in pharmacological properties.
Folate Production by Probiotic Bacteria
Authors: Rossi Maddalena , Amaretti Alberto , Raimondi Stefano
Published: January 2011

Probiotic bacteria, mostly belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, confer a number of health benefits to the host, including vitamin production. With the aim to produce folate-enriched fermented products and/or develop probiotic supplements that accomplish folate biosynthesis in vivo within the colon, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli have been extensively studied for their capability to produce this vitamin. On the basis of physiological studies and genome analysis, wild-type lactobacilli cannot synthesize folate, generally require it for growth, and provide a negative contribution to folate levels in fermented dairy products. Lactobacillus plantarum constitutes an exception among lactobacilli, since it is capable of folate production in presence of para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) and deserves to be used in animal trials to validate its ability to produce the vitamin in vivo. On the other hand, several folate-producing strains have been selected within the genus Bifidobacterium, with a great variability in the extent of vitamin released in the medium. Most of them belong to the species B. adolescentis and B. pseudocatenulatum, but few folate producing strains are found in the other species as well. Rats fed a probiotic formulation of folate-producing bifidobacteria exhibited increased plasma folate level, confirming that the vitamin is produced in vivo and absorbed. In a human trial, the same supplement raised folate concentration in feces. The use of folate-producing probiotic strains can be regarded as a new perspective in the specific use of probiotics. They could more efficiently confer protection against inflammation and cancer, both exerting the beneficial effects of probiotics and preventing the folate deficiency that is associated with premalignant changes in the colonic epithelia.
Forwarding Techniques for IP Fragmented Packets in a Real 6LoWPAN Network
Authors: Ludovici Alessandro , Calveras Anna , Casademont Jordi
Published: January 2011

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are attracting more and more interest since they offer a low-cost solution to the problem of providing a means to deploy large sensor networks in a number of application domains. We believe that a crucial aspect to facilitate WSN diffusion is to make them interoperable with external IP networks. This can be achieved by using the 6LoWPAN protocol stack. 6LoWPAN enables the transmission of IPv6 packets over WSNs based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. IPv6 packet size is considerably larger than that of IEEE 802.15.4 data frame. To overcome this problem, 6LoWPAN introduces an adaptation layer between the network and data link layers, allowing IPv6 packets to be adapted to the lower layer constraints. This adaptation layer provides fragmentation and header compression of IP packets. Furthermore, it also can be involved in routing decisions. Depending on which layer is responsible for routing decisions, 6LoWPAN divides routing in two categories: mesh under if the layer concerned is the adaptation layer and route over if it is the network layer. In this paper we analyze different routing solutions (route over, mesh under and enhanced route over) focusing on how they forward fragments. We evaluate their performance in terms of latency and energy consumption when transmitting IP fragmented packets. All the tests have been performed in a real 6LoWPAN implementation. After consideration of the main problems in forwarding of mesh frames in WSN, we propose and analyze a new alternative scheme based on mesh under, which we call controlled mesh under.
Un chrysobulle de confirmation rédigé par Michel Psellos
Authors: Gautier Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 34 1976 France p. 79-99

P. Gautier, Un chrysobulle de confirmation rédigé par Michel Psellos. — Edition critique d'un chrysobulle conservé dans le Parisinus gr. 1182 et le Vaticanus gr. 672. Un empereur anonyme accorde à un de ses favoris deux domaines voisins de la capitale, dont l'un vient d'avoir été confisqué à un autre serviteur du trône impliqué dans une conspiration. Ce haut fonctionnaire qui bénéficie de la faveur impériale a pu être identifié : c'est le magistros, prôtoasèkrètis et mystikos Epiphane Philarétos. On a pu également établir l'identité de l'autre personne : il s'agit du patrice et préposé aux suppliques Nicolas Cheilas. De l'enquête prosopographique et historique il ressort que ce chrysobulle a dû être octroyé par Constantin X Doukas vers 1060/1061.
Précisions historiques sur le monastère de Ta Narsou
Authors: Gautier Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 34 1976 France p. 101-110

P. Gautier, Précisions historiques sur le monastère de Ta Narsou. — D'une lettre inédite de la seconde moitié du XIIe siècle l'auteur tire des renseignements intéressants sur l'école et les églises du monastère constantinopolitain appelé Ta Narsou, et il émet l'hypothèse que Michel Psellos, resté très attaché à cette maison religieuse, a pu y recevoir son instruction élémentaire.
Le séjour d'Athanase II d'Alexandrie à Constantinople
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 35 1977 France p. 43-71

A. Failler, Le séjour d'Athanase II d'Alexandrie à Constantinople. — Après avoir retracé la carrière d'Athanase II d'Alexandrie (vers 1275-vers 1315) et son activité à Constantinople (vers 1275-1305), l'auteur édite deux nouveaux documents : une lettre à l'Eglise de Russie [Vallicellianus 12 (B 53)], dont l'auteur est, selon toute probabilité, le patriarche d'Alexandrie, et une lettre de Georges Pachymère à ce même patriarche (Parisinus graecus 996).
Défection et soumission de la Crète sous Alexis Ier Comnène
Authors: Gautier Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 35 1977 France p. 215-227

P. Gautier, Défection et soumission de la Crète sous Alexis Ier Comnène. — De cette étude ressortent les repères chronologiques suivants. Les généraux de Crète et de Chypre se révoltèrent contre le pouvoir central au plus tard au début de 1091, et non en 1092. Pour obtenir la soumission des deux îles, Alexis Comnène transféra Jean Doukas de Dyrrachion à Constantinople, où il lui confia le commandement de la marine de guerre, au début du printemps de 1092. Après avoir réduit l'émir de Smyrne Tzachas au printemps de la même année, Jean Doukas concentra sa flotte dans l'île d'Eubée et cingla par l'est vers la Crète dont il prit possession sans combat : seconde moitié de 1092.
L'Empire de Trébizonde et la Géorgie
Authors: Kuršanskis Michel
Published: January 2011

REB 35 1977 France p. 237-256

M. Kuršanskis, L'Empire de Trébizonde et la Géorgie. — L'auteur se propose d'étudier les rapports historiques entre Trébizonde et la Géorgie. Il aborde les questions suivantes : 1. l'ascendance des Andronikashvili ; 2. le mariage de l'empereur Andronic Comnène; 3. les circonstances de la fondation de l'Empire de Trébizonde ; 4. les rapports présumés de Giorgi Lasha, roi de Géorgie, avec Alexis Ier de Trébizonde; 5. la conquête présumée de la Lazique par les Géorgiens, et le titre d'empereur des Ibères porté par les Grands Comnènes de Trébizonde. A ce propos, l'auteur étudie également l'emplacement de Sotiropolis, qui marquait la frontière orientale de l'Empire trapézontin.
Textes synodaux chypriotes
Authors: Darrouzès Jean
Published: January 2011

REB 37 1979 France p. 5-122

J. Darrouzès, Textes synodaux chypriotes. — Des textes synodaux présentés par les manuscrits Dionysiou 489 et Barberinianus 390 demandent une explication littéraire et historique. Ils s'éclairent par comparaison avec d'autres textes ; en particulier un traité latin des sacrements traduit par Georges Lapithès et des traductions grecques de la bulle d'Alexandre IV et du serment qu'elle édicté pour les évêques grecs de Chypre. Les institutions synodales de l'île de Chypre, depuis le début du règne des Lusignan, subissent une évolution qui se reflète dans la titulature des évêques et dans la rédaction des statuts synodaux.
La tradition manuscrite de l'Histoire de Georges Pachymère (livres I-VI)
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 37 1979 France p. 123-220

A. Failler, La tradition manuscrite de l'Histoire de Georges Pachymère (livres I-VI). — Composée vers 1300, l'Histoire de Georges Pachymère est conservée par trois manuscrits indépendants (Monac. gr. 442, Barberin. gr. 198-199, Barberin. gr. 203-204), qui datent du troisième quart du 14e siècle. L'auteur étudie seulement la tradition manuscrite et l'établissement du texte de la première partie de cette œuvre, c'est-à-dire des livres I-VI, dans lesquels est relatée l'histoire du règne de Michel VIII Paléologue (1258-1282). Dans le chapitre I, il expose l'état des trois manuscrits-sources et en établit la date. Dans le chapitre II sont étudiés les rapports entre ces copies ; c'est le chapitre principal de l'article, car les conclusions finales commandent l'établissement du texte ; elles se résument en deux points : le Monac. gr. 442 et le Barberin. gr. 198 ont un modèle commun, moins fidèle à l'archétype que le Barberin. gr. 203 ; le Barberin. gr. 198 est une copie critique, où le modèle est modifié et corrigé. Les chapitres suivants traitent de problèmes moins essentiels pour l'établissement du texte : la paraphrase de l'Histoire, les 10 copies des manuscrits-sources, l'édition de l'Histoire.
Chronologie et composition dans l'Histoire de Georges Pachymère
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 38 1980 France p. 5-103

A. Failler, Chronologie et composition dans l'Histoire de Georges Pachymère. — L'Histoire de Georges Pachymère présente de nombreux problèmes de chronologie, qu'une analyse des procédés de composition utilisés par l'historien et une connaissance exacte de la structure du texte permettent souvent de résoudre. Il est fait également appel aux sources parallèles de l'œuvre (en particulier les Histoires de Georges Acropolite, Théodore Skoutariôtès et Nicéphore Grégoras, ainsi que le Testament d'Arsène Autôreianos), dont l'auteur essaie de marquer les orientations, pour déterminer la valeur de leur témoignage. Présenté comme un travail préparatoire en vue de la nouvelle édition de l'Histoire de Georges Pachymère, ce premier article examine les problèmes de chronologie que posent les livres I-III de l'œuvre et couvre les années 1254-1264.
Le De daemonibus du Pseudo-Psellos
Authors: Gautier Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 38 1980 France p. 105-194

P. Gautier, Le De daemonibus du Pseudo-Psellos. — De la réédition critique de ce dialogue d'inspiration néoplatonicienne, transmis par quelque vingt-cinq manuscrits, dont quatre seulement ont été retenus pour l'établissement du texte, il appert que son attribution à Michel Psellos est tardive et fausse ; on examine la possibilité d'y voir une œuvre de Nicolas de Méthone. L'auteur édite, à la suite du dialogue, qui est traduit et annoté, trois autres opuscules inédits de la même veine, où réapparaît le Thrace, le principal interlocuteur du De daemonibus, ce qui confirme que les quatre traités sont sortis de la même plume, qui ne peut pas être celle de Psellos.
La profession de foi de Grégoire Chioniadès
Authors: Westerink L. G.
Published: January 2011

REB 38 1980 France p. 233-245

L. G. Westerink, La profession de foi de Grégoire Chioniadès. — Dans une profession de foi, dont le Vatican, gr. 2226 est l'unique témoin, Grégoire Chioniadès, à titre de iatrosophistès, se défend devant le patriarche de partager les erreurs de la théologie chaldéenne et de l'astrologie. Cet acte n'a pas de rapport avec l'ordination du personnage comme évêque de Tabriz (vers 1328) ; d'après les données recueillies dans les opuscules et les lettres de Chioniadès, ce savant, après un séjour à Tabriz dans les dernières années du 13e siècle, dut se trouver à Constantinople en 1305 ; c'est la date la plus probable de la profession de foi éditée à la fin de l'article.
Un programme iconographique du patriarche Tarasios ?
Authors: Wolska-Conus Wanda
Published: January 2011

REB 38 1980 France p. 247-260

Wanda Wolska-Conus, Un programme iconographique du patriarche Tarasios ?, et Ch. Walter, An Iconographical Note. — La Vie de Tarasios, écrite par Ignace le diacre vers 847, comporte un récit concernant l'activité artistique du patriarche, avec une description détaillée des représentations du martyre, qu'il aurait commissionnées. Ce récit, traduit entièrement en français, témoigne que ces images étaient destinées à l'édification plutôt qu'à la vénération. Une analyse du récit montre que généralement Ignace est un observateur fidèle, car, avec quelques exceptions, sa description des images est conforme aux types iconographiques connues du martyre.
La Diataxis de Michel Attaliate
Authors: Gautier Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 39 1981 France p. 5-143

P. Gautier, La Diataxis de Michel Attaliate. — Edition avec traduction et notes de la Diataxis du juge Michel Attaliate, transmise par un isotypon, c'est-à-dire un double authentique, signé par l'auteur lui-même (mars 1077), conservé à la Bibliothèque Nationale d'Athènes sous la cote : Constantinopolitanus Metochii Sancti Sepulchri 375. Quelques passages et notamment les vingt derniers folios étant devenus illisibles en raison de la détérioration du manuscrit rongé par l'humidité, on a comblé les lacunes à l'aide d'une copie ancienne : le codex 85 de l'Ecole Théologique de Chalki (actuellement au Patriarcat, à Istanbul), copié sur l' isotypon en mars 1761, dont le texte est dans l'ensemble satisfaisant. On ne trouvera dans l'Introduction qu'une description des deux manuscrits et une biographie sommaire de Michel Attaliate pour la raison que la Diataxis a récemment fait l'objet d'une importante étude de P. Lemerle.
La numismatique des Paléologues. A propos de deux ouvrages récents
Authors: Morrisson Cécile
Published: January 2011

REB 39 1981 France p. 319-323

Cécile Morrisson, La numismatique des Paléologues. — L'auteur recense deux ouvrages de S. Bendall et P. J. Donald : The Billon Trachea of Michael VIII Palaeologus, 1258-1282, et The Later Palaeologan Coinage, 1282-1453, Londres 1979. L'article se termine par deux tableaux où sont classées les diverses monnaies de la période des Paléologues.
Le traité des transferts : Édition critique et commentaire
Authors: Darrouzès Jean
Published: January 2011

REB 42 1984 France p. 147-214

J. Darrouzès, Le traité des transferts. Édition critique et commentaire. — L'opuscule sur les transferts d'évêques d'un siège à un autre, édité par Leunclavius d'après un manuscrit unique, relève d'une tradition manuscrite complexe, puisqu'on connaît au moins 34 témoins. Le texte critique des diverses recensions ne fournit pas tout à fait la clé des origines, mais permet de fixer des étapes de la composition de l'opuscule et de son utilisation en quelques circonstances précises.
Toparque et topotèrètès à la fin du 11e siècle
Authors: Cheynet Jean-Claude
Published: January 2011

REB 42 1984 France p. 215-224

J.-C. Cheynet, Toparque et topo ter êtes à la fin du 11e siècle. — L'auteur étudie la définition du terme toparque appliqué aux étrangers pour déterminer sur quels critères cette désignation a pu être donnée à des Byzantins, tout particulièrement à la fin du 11e siècle. Le toparque n'étant pas un titre officiel de l'administration byzantine, l'auteur a recherché quelle dénomination administrative ces toparques pouvaient porter. A travers les cas de Dabatènos, Michel Bourtzès et Théodore Gabras, il montre qu'il s'agit de topotèrètai. Ces topotèrètai commandant une région très limitée annoncent les catépans ou ducs de la période suivante.
The not-so-secret functions of the mystikos
Authors: Magdalino Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 42 1984 France p. 229-240

P. Magdalino, The not-so-secret functions of the mystikos. — Attention is drawn to hitherto neglected twelfth-century sources which indicate that at this time the imperial official known as the mystikos was a key figure in the administration of the imperial household and treasury, responsible for the payment of government salaries and for imperial patronage of the church. It is suggested that while this role may have been inherent in the office from the beginning, its full development took place under the Comneni, especially Manuel I.
Expressionism and Hellenism : A Note on Stylistic Tendencies in Byzantine Figurative Art from Spätantike to the Macedonian " Renaissance "
Authors: Walter Christopher
Published: January 2011

REB 42 1984 France p. 265-287

Ch. Walter, Expressionism and Hellenism. — The author examines some of the difficulties which occur when terminology useful for describing tendencies in classical and Renaissance art is transposed for the study of Byzantine art. He challenges the notion that early Byzantine art prolongs the traditions of Spätantike, on the grounds that a radical change occurred in the motivation of art production under Constantine I. He then contrasts the art production of the Byzantine Humanist revival after Iconoclasm with that of the Renaissance. He concludes that a terminology must be elaborated which is consonant with the subordinate place attributed to style in Byzantine art production.
Le typikon de la Théotokos Kécharitôménè
Authors: Gautier Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 43 1985 France p. 5-165

P. Gautier, "Le typikon de la Théotokos Kécharitôménè". — Édité dès le 17e siècle par B. de Montfaucon, le typikon de la Théotokos Kécharitôménè est conservé dans le Paris, gr. 384. Du brébion qui accompagnait le typikon seuls quelques fragments peuvent être reconstitués à partir du Hierosolymit. Sainte-Croix 57. Le monastère fut fondé par Irène Doukaina, épouse d'Alexis Ier Comnène et mère d'Anne Comnène, l'auteur de l'Alexiade. Il fut fondé vers 1110, et le typikon fut rédigé vers la même date. L'auteur du typikon a pris pour modèle le typikon de la Théotokos Évergétis, antérieur d'environ un demi-siècle. Conformément à un usage qui paraît bien avoir été commun, des pans entiers du premier typikon ont été introduits dans le second.

Après une introduction, où sont brièvement traités divers points concernant l'origine du typikon, celui-ci est édité, traduit et annoté. Les passages empruntés au typikon de la Théotokos Évergétis sont imprimés en italiques et deviennent ainsi aisément repérables. Suivent deux Appendices : A (trois tableaux de comptes datant du 15e siècle) et Β (fragments du brébion). Un index grec recense les mots grecs notables des textes édités.
La chancellerie impériale de Byzance du 13e au 15e siècle
Authors: Oikonomidès Nicolas
Published: January 2011

REB 43 1985 France p. 167-195

N. Oikonomidès, "La chancellerie impériale de Byzance du 13e au 15e siècle". — L'auteur étudie l'organisation de la chancellerie des Paléologues (grand logothète, mésazôn, protonotaire et leurs subordonnés, interprètes, notaires et grammatikoi), les diverses étapes et modalités de la production d'un acte (requête, mise par écrit, support de l'écriture, écriture, langue, récognition, corrections, décorations, signature, date, enregistrement, scellement et expédition) et les divers types de documents (chrysoboullos logos, chrysoboullon sigillion, chrysoboullos horismos, chrysoboullon, traités, lettres patentes, horismos-prostagma, lettres). Il constate une influence croissante des institutions et habitudes des États latins d'Occident.
La postérité littéraire des chaînes exégétiques grecques
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: January 2011

REB 43 1985 France p. 209-226

G. Dorival, "La postérité littéraire des chaînes exégétiques grecques". — L'auteur attire l'attention sur un phénomène littéraire qui n'a pas été véritablement signalé jusqu'ici : les chaînes exégétiques grecques ont une postérité littéraire. Des auteurs, en général anonymes, ont opéré la transformation de la forme caténale en une forme exégétique traditionnelle, Commentaires (6 exemples dans la littérature qui interprète les psaumes), Scholies (2 exemples), Homélies (3 exemples). Ce processus de transformation est bien attesté à partir du 10e siècle. Grâce à lui, on peut affirmer que les chaînes occupent une place centrale, médiatrice, dans l'histoire de l'exégèse byzantine : élaborées à l'origine à partir de commentaires, de scholies et d'homélies, les chaînes permettent à leur tour de fabriquer des commentaires, des scholies et des homélies. La boucle est bouclée.
Une dernière mention du Bulgare Vojsil dans l'Histoire de Pachymérès
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 43 1985 France p. 227-230

A. Failler, "Une dernière mention du Bulgare Vojsil dans l'Histoire de Pachymérès". — Dans un passage de l'Histoire de Pachymérès (édition de Bonn, II, p. 60214), il faut corriger "basiléa" en "Bossilan". C'est la cinquième et dernière mention du Bulgare Vojsil, qui combattit en Thrace, de 1304 à 1306, sous les ordres de Michel IX Palaiologos.
The dates of Patriarch Sophronius II of Jerusalem (post 1048-1076/83)
Authors: Grierson Philip
Published: January 2011

REB 43 1985 France p. 231-236

P. Grierson, "The dates of Patriarch Sophronius II of Jerusalem (post 1048-1076/83)". — The author points out that the evidence for Sophronius II having been patriarch in 1059 and 1064 is unacceptable, the first date being based on a badly worded phrase of Alberic of Trois-Fontaines and the second on a late medieval forgery, the chronicle of the Pseudo-Ingulf of Crowland. By combining the testimony of William of Malmesbury and Ibn al-Athir, it can be shown that the was patriarch in 1076, having succeeded Nicephorus I sometime after 1048. He was followed by Euthymius prior to 1083.
Quelques lettres de Psellos inédites ou déjà éditées
Authors: Gautier Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 44 1986 France p. 111-197

P. Gautier, Quelques lettres de Psellos inédites ou déjà éditées. — Édition de 38 lettres de Michel Psellos : 24 étaient inédites ; 14 sont rééditées, parce que de nouveaux manuscrits permettent d'en améliorer le texte ou parce que la personnalité des destinataires méritait une nouvelle étude. L'article est divisé en trois parties : I. Notes sur quelques correspondants peu connus ; II. Les manuscrits ; III. Les textes (résumé français détaillé de la lettre, édition de la lettre, avec annotation).