bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A reconfigurable multifunctional polarization converter based on active metasurface
Authors: Zhao Ruonan , Ding Fan , Zhou Xiaofeng , Chen Shiju , Fu Yang , Yang Helin
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we report a reconfigurable multifunctional polarization converter (RMPC) based on positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes, enabling to achieve different functions in different bands and states. The simulations and experiments show that when the PIN diode is off, it acts as a broadband linear polarization (LP) converter at 9.12–15.93 GHz. Simultaneously, when the PIN diode is on, the LP incident wave is converted into a left-handed circular polarization wave at 8.69–11.41 GHz and a cross-polarization wave at 13.40–14.97 GHz, whereas full reflection is obtained at 12.05–12.54 GHz. The RMPC consists of two dielectric plates and three layers of metal copper plates. Finally, a sample was fabricated and measured, the simulated and experimental results were in good agreement. Compared with other works, the RMPC has more working states and wider operating frequency bands, which has an application potential in the field of radar stealth and satellite communication.
Purely single-bonded spiral nitrogen chains stabilized by trivalent lanthanum ions
Authors: Ding Chi , Yuan Jianan , Han Yu , Zhang Zhongwei , Jia Qiuhan , Wang Junjie , Sun Jian
Published: November 2023

Inspired by the single-bonded nitrogen chains stabilized by tetravalent cerium, pentavalent tantalum, and hexavalent tungsten atoms, we explored the possibility of single-bonded nitrogen polymorphs stabilized by trivalent lanthanum ions. To achieve this, we utilized the crystal structure search method on the phase diagram of binary La–N compounds. We identified three novel thermodynamically stable phases, the C2/c LaN3, P-1 LaN4, and P-1 LaN8. Among them, the C2/c phase with infinite helical poly-N6 chains becomes thermodynamically stable above 50 GPa. Each nitrogen atom in the poly-N6 chain acquires one extra electron, and the spiral chain is purely single-bonded. The C2/c phase has an indirect band gap of ∼1.6 eV at 60 GPa. Notably, the band gap exhibits non-monotonic behavior, decreases first and then increases with increasing pressure. This abnormal behavior is attributed to the significant bonding of two La–N bonds at around 35 GPa. Phonon spectrum calculations and AIMD simulations have confirmed that the C2/c phase can be quenched to ambient conditions with slight distortion, and it exhibits excellent detonation properties. Additionally, we also discovered armchair-like nitrogen chains in LaN4 and the armchair and zigzag-like mixed nitrogen chains in LaN8. These results provide valuable insights into the electronic and bonding properties of nitrides under high pressure and may have important implications for the design and development of novel functional materials.
Functional aggregation of cell-free proteins enables fungal ice nucleation
Authors: Schwidetzky Ralph , de Almeida Ribeiro Ingrid , Bothen Nadine , Backes Anna T. , DeVries Arthur L. , Bonn Mischa , Fröhlich-Nowoisky Janine , Molinero Valeria , Meister Konrad
Published: November 2023

Biological ice nucleation plays a key role in the survival of cold-adapted organisms. Several species of bacteria, fungi, and insects produce ice nucleators (INs) that enable ice formation at temperatures above −10 °C. Bacteria and fungi produce particularly potent INs that can promote water crystallization above −5 °C. Bacterial INs consist of extended protein units that aggregate to achieve superior functionality. Despite decades of research, the nature and identity of fungal INs remain elusive. Here, we combine ice nucleation measurements, physicochemical characterization, numerical modeling, and nucleation theory to shed light on the size and nature of the INs from the fungus
Fusarium acuminatum
. We find ice-binding and ice-shaping activity of
Fusarium
IN, suggesting a potential connection between ice growth promotion and inhibition. We demonstrate that fungal INs are composed of small 5.3 kDa protein subunits that assemble into ice-nucleating complexes that can contain more than 100 subunits.
Fusarium
INs retain high ice-nucleation activity even when only the ~12 kDa fraction of size-excluded proteins are initially present, suggesting robust pathways for their functional aggregation in cell-free aqueous environments. We conclude that the use of small proteins to build large assemblies is a common strategy among organisms to create potent biological INs.
A single origin of numeral classifiers in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Her One-Soon , Li Bing-Tsiong
Published: November 2023

A world map of more than 700 numeral classifier languages shows a pattern of distribution due to
diffusion, where the classifier feature radiates outward from a clear center of clustering in Southeast Asia and
classifier languages gradually thin out and with less intensive use of classifiers (Gil 2013; Her et al. 2015). A hypothesis of a single origin
seems appealing to account for this particular pattern of distribution. We propose that in Asia and the Pacific
numeral classifiers developed indigenously in one language group initially and all other classifier languages acquired
this feature via language contact. The hypothesis thus excludes Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea, and the Americas,
pending further research. Based on the evidence available, we argue that, between Tai-Kadai and Sinitic, the latter is
more likely the single origin for Asia and the Pacific, and we also consider a possible cause of the rise of
classifiers in Sinitic.
Gender, classifiers, and diachrony in Khasian
Authors: Ring Hiram
Published: November 2023

The Khasian family is striking in exhibiting both grammatical gender and numeral classifier
systems, as well as the additional feature of grammatical plural marking within numeral classifier phrases (Rabel 1961; Nagaraja 1985; Ring 2015). Located in the Northeast Indian state of Meghalaya in an area well
known as a contact zone for cultures and language groups (Chelliah & Lester
2016), this group of lects belongs to the Austroasiatic phylum, but remains separated from their closest
relatives by Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman languages. As gender marking in particular is unusual for Austroasiatic
languages, it is currently an open question how this system arose. This paper provides a description of the gender and
classifier systems in Khasian varieties as well as an initial hypothesis for how gender developed, based on an ongoing
research project among the Khasian group.
Automatic term recognition and legal language
Authors: Pérez María José Marín
Published: November 2023

Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools offer language scholars a wide array of possibilities to
examine, amongst other, the lexicon in any text collection. This research was designed as an attempt to try to measure
the degree of precision of three of these methods (Chung 2003; Drouin 2003; Scott 2008a) through
their implementation on two corpora of Spanish and British judicial decisions which revolve around the topic of
immigration. In addition, the last section of this chapter explores the lexical inventories extracted by each method
(the top 500 candidate terms (CTs) in each case) by grouping them into ad hoc thematic categories,
the most numerous being, as was to be expected, legal terms, followed by territory,
evaluative items, crime and family.
Bilingual legal terminology in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Clara Ho-Yan , Cham Edmund
Published: November 2023

The aims of this chapter are to describe the development of bilingual legal terminology in Hong
Kong, to identify current issues and to explore future directions, including finding appropriate strategies to
translate English legal terms into Chinese, based on key recent examples. Having been under the British rule for more
than 150 years, Hong Kong is for the first time in history translating the entire common law system into Chinese. This
process of “legal bilingualism” started at the legislative level and then extended to the judicial level, with the
first bilingual law enacted in 1989 and the first English judgment translated into Chinese in 1995. However, there has
been criticism of some newly coined Chinese legal terms. It is hoped that while the translation of case law continues,
more suitable methods will be adopted to translate English legal terms into Chinese, that meet both the local needs of
this post-colonial city and the needs of the Chinese world at large.
Definitions in law across legal cultures and jurisdictions
Authors: Jopek-Bosiacka Anna
Published: November 2023

Legal definitions organize legal texts; they create new legal concepts and clarify general language
words for maximum precision. As such, they are subject to rigid drafting constraints. A comparative analysis of
definitions (in common law, continental law, and that of the European Union) reveals various semantic, stylistic,
text, or discursive conventions which mirror the differences between legal systems and legal cultures. The analysis
integrates tools and selected methodologies from linguistics, legal theory, legal logic, logical semiotics, and
comparative law. The point of reference will be the Anglo-Saxon, EU, and Polish legislative drafting guidelines. Model
definitions are presented. A focus on the formulation of definitions across legal systems and cultures can contribute
to the systematization of knowledge on definitions in law.
Frame approach to legal terminology
Authors: Engberg Jan
Published: November 2023

Central in this chapter are affordances of applying a frame approach to the representation of legal
knowledge and the relation to legal terminology. The first part introduces the basic idea of linguistic meaning as
based on the knowledge held by language users. It is followed by a presentation of frame semantic approaches that have
been used for representing legal terminology. The next section discusses conceptual dynamics as an aspect on which
frame approaches have special attention. The final section presents a method for constructing a broad basis for
conceptual comparisons for lawyers as well as for translators in a frame format as well as an example for how
translators may take advantage of such a frame representation.
The importance of being patterned
Authors: Pontrandolfo Gianluca
Published: November 2023

The aim of the chapter is to provide an overview of the main research perspectives that can be
adopted to analyze the multifaceted area of legal phraseology. This field is receiving greater attention within legal
discourse studies also thanks to the key contribution of corpus linguistics, which has both demonstrated the
centrality of phraseological patterns in legal language and provided researchers with powerful analytical tools. After
defining and classifying legal phraseology from different yet complementary standpoints, the chapter exemplifies old
and new research perspectives and reviews a selection of methods adopted to study this distinctive trait, as well as
some applications. It aims at showing the advantages and disadvantages of using patterning in the discursive
construction of legal texts.
Legal terminology of the European Union
Authors: Robertson Colin D. , Mac Aodha Mairtin
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses EU (European Union) language and terminology, commencing with the EU legal
context. EU law constitutes a legal order created by agreement between Member States under international law. This
legal order creates the context for terms, with legal texts as the sites of engagement, each containing different
domains of terminology. The EU legal order is multilingual, and each text comprises a single multilingual message.
This singularity generates pressure towards equivalence in meaning with consequences for drafting,
translation, and terminology. Implications and examples are drawn from environmental law. Meanings are determined by
the Court of Justice of the European Union. EU legal language and terminology is amenable to analysis through the use
of corpora. Terminological information is recorded and diffused via IATE.
Legal terms, concepts and definitions in the transposition of EU law
Authors: Doczekalska Agnieszka
Published: November 2023

Definitions play an important role in national and EU legal acts. This paper tackles the role of
definitions in the transposition process during which national legislation is drafted to achieve the results described
in EU directives. Seven models of term/concept transfer from EU law into national law are indicated. The analysis of
the models, based on the implementation of directives into Polish law, reveals that the transposition of a term,
concept, and its definition into national law is not the only possible scenario applied in national legislation. The
chapter explains how national drafters modify a term, concept or definition and why they decide to omit the EU term,
concept or definition in national legal acts.
Legal lexicography and legal information tools
Authors: Nielsen Sandro
Published: November 2023

Legal lexicography concerns dictionaries as information tools for needs-adapted information
search. The objective is to develop principles and guidelines that help lexicographers design, evaluate, make and use
legal dictionaries that fulfil specific types of need of specific types of user in specific types of situation
concerning law, its terms, and its language. Therefore, legal dictionaries provide help in many situations, e.g., in
term management processes. Legal dictionaries deal with legal terms in both systematic and alphabetical set-up and
presentation forms, are descriptive and prescriptive, and provide help to clarify terms using methodological and
systematic approaches. Finally, legal dictionaries are information tools that assist users in encoding and decoding,
and cater for the information needs of lawyers as well as non-lawyers.
Machine translation and legal terminology
Authors: Killman Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses machine translation (MT) with an eye to legal terminology. The translation
of legal terms and phrasemes may be fraught with contextual complexities, and context has long been the Achilles’ heel
of MT. Nevertheless, neural MT (NMT) and statistical MT (SMT) have made considerable progress in recent years, thanks
to data-driven approaches making use of potentially related corpora to overcome contextual obstacles. Such approaches
and the potential frozenness or repetitiveness of legal terms and phrases may allow MT to overcome some of these
obstacles. This chapter reviews contextual complexities surrounding legal terminology, NMT and SMT architectures, and
research on MT and legal translation to determine what might be expected from data-driven MT in this context.
Multilingual legal terminology databases
Authors: Chiocchetti Elena , Lušicky Vesna , Wissik Tanja
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on multilingual legal terminology databases (MLTDBs) and their specific
features. We address the aspects influencing the structure of MLTDBs, i.e., the number of legal systems, the different
usage scenarios, and target users. We describe the steps within a typical workflow for creating MLTDBs, i.e., needs
analysis, design, documentation, term extraction, compilation of terminological entries, revision and quality assurance, maintenance, and dissemination, highlighting differences with
other domains. We list the roles involved in legal terminology work, considering not only human users but also the
increasing role played by machines as a new type of user of terminological data for various
applications. Finally, we discuss aspects of quality management, planning, assurance, and control in MLTDBs, including
relevant standards.
Ordinary meaning in common law legal interpretation
Authors: Mouritsen Stephen
Published: November 2023

Judges in the United States frequently appeal to the concept of “ordinary meaning” when tasked with
interpreting legal texts. Yet U.S. judges lack a shared, coherent definition of what “ordinary meaning” actually means
and they lack a shared, coherent method for discovering “ordinary meaning”. This chapter addresses some of the ways
that U.S. judges characterize “ordinary meaning”. It also discusses how judges go about searching for “ordinary
meaning.” The chapter also proposes that legal interpreters should place more reliance in usage evidence when tasked
with interpreting a legal text and finding its “ordinary meaning”.
Terminological features of the Chinese legal language
Authors: Cao Deborah
Published: November 2023

In this essay, Chinese legal linguistic features, specifically, the terminological features, are
discussed, in terms of the Chinese legislative language. It first outlines the historical and cultural developments
and context in which classical Chinese conception of law was situated in traditional China, and the emergence and
development of the modern Chinese legal language as a peculiar translated legal language. It then highlights the key
terminological features of the modern Chinese legal language and some of its complexities with selected illustrative
examples from Chinese legal terminology.
Terminological variation and conceptual divergence in EU Law
Authors: Bajčić Martina
Published: November 2023

Both terminological variation and conceptual divergence can undermine the uniform application and
interpretation of EU law. However, even if terminological convergence is upheld, conceptual divergence can
nevertheless be manifested in varying interpretations of EU concepts at the level of the Member States. Highlighting
the distinction between terminological variation and conceptual divergence, the present chapter puts the focus of
attention on the European standard of the right of withdrawal. By means of a corpus-informed and legal analysis of the
terms used for the latter concept in several EU languages attempt is made to explain the multiple dimensions of EU
terms, namely the phenomena of term variation and meaning modulations. It is proposed to expand the context of
studying variants in EU law in regard to conceptual divergence and legal design.
Variation of legal terms in monolingual and multilingual contexts
Authors: Biel Łucja
Published: November 2023

This chapter investigates the variation of legal terminology – types, distribution, attitudes
towards it and causes in monolingual and multilingual settings. The chapter proposes the typologies of legal variants
according to: formal/conceptual distance (linguistic, denominative, conceptual), time (synchronic, diachronic),
acceptance (preferred, permitted, deprecated, proposed) and distribution (intrasystemic, intersystemic, hybrid
variants). Attitudes to legal variants vary: linguistic and denominative variation tends to be regarded as
undesirable – as a violation of the consistency and continuity principles while conceptual variation may be a useful
drafting technique. The final part adapts Freixa’s (2006) typology of the
causes of variation (functional, dialectal, discursive, cognitive, interlinguistic) to the legal context, extending it
to include causes related to formal and conceptual properties of terms that trigger variation in translation.
Intersectionality and the gendered discussion around Muslim Canadian politicians on Twitter
Authors: Al-Rawi Ahmed , Einifar Mina , Chun Wendy
Published: November 2023

This study investigates users’ gendered attitudes towards Muslim Canadian politicians on Twitter with regard to
intersectionality. Its purpose is to understand the tone and intersectional dimensions of Twitter users’ responses to Muslim
Canadian politicians and the gendered responses to them. Therefore, we extracted all the available Twitter replies to 11 Muslim
men and women politicians. Using a mixed method approach, we investigated how the public engages with Muslim politicians by
focusing on intersectional characteristics. Results show that Muslim politicians are not directly under attack because of their
religion unless they engage in public discussion of Islamic issues. Overall, both men and women politicians received higher
numbers of negative replies than positive ones. Women received more personal replies while men received more professional ones.
For both men and women politicians, personal attributes such as nationality, gender, and religion were used as a means for
discriminating against them. However, we found that replies to women were more likely to be stereotypical and refer to
characteristics of their identity and their appearance. The digital analysis shows, however, that men politicians were more
trolled than their women counterparts and that the quality of attacks differed as well.
The discursive construction of solidarity by Ghanaian female parliamentarians
Authors: Sarfo-Kantankah Kwabena Sarfo , Ngula Richmond Sadick , Nartey Mark
Published: November 2023

Research on issues of women has largely focused attention on, among others, power asymmetries and gender stereotypes, with less emphasis on positive linguistic mechanisms of women. Drawing on a critical discourse analytical approach and using Ghanaian parliamentary debates as data, this paper examines how female members of parliament (MPs) construct solidarity. The paper finds that, first, Ghanaian female MPs construct solidarity by positioning themselves as agents and the voice of (Ghanaian) women by using the inclusive-we and our/us. Second, the MPs engage in solidarity formation for (Ghanaian) women empowerment by championing the cause of women and calling for female empowerment. Third, the MPs demonstrate solidarity through congratulatory messages that highlight the achievements of (Ghanaian) women. Finally, the MPs resist discourses that discriminate against (Ghanaian) women. This paper highlights the need for marginalized voices to be centred in CDA research and contributes to the burgeoning scholarship on reparative critical practices.
Differential object marking in Barese
Authors: Andriani Luigi
Published: November 2023

This article describes the behaviour of differential
object marking (DOM) in Barese in the light of a preliminary study conducted
by the author, which is here refined and rectified thanks to sets of novel
data. A variety of referents along the Definiteness Scale is considered and
discussed, and these suggest that DOM in Barese is obligatory with highly
specific and referential determiner-less elements, but it becomes optional,
if not ungrammatical, with nouns modified by an overt functional element,
e.g. (in)definite determiners, numerals, or quantifiers. Furthermore, two
structural contexts block DOM in Barese, namely the co-occurrence of human
direct and indirect objects, and whenever the DO is embedded under a
perception verb.
Corsican DOM
Authors: Giancarli Pierre-Don
Published: November 2023

After focusing in a previous work (Giancarli, 2014) on the global factors involved in
the emergence of DOM in Corsican, we would like here, based on a corpus
almost twice as large, to concentrate on the local factors. We identify two:
the DOM-ed object is either the marker of a scanning operation or a
designator. Being able to cover most of the uses in Corsican and even
integrate some marginal uses, these two factors branch into four (the
scanning operation can be performed with or without totalization, and
designators can be rigid or flaccid) while they can at the same time be
reduced to an invariant: a DOM-ed object is an argument set out of
contrast.
Differential object marking in a dialect of Sicily
Authors: Guardiano Cristina
Published: November 2023

This contribution proposes an overview of the
distribution of a-marked objects in a Romance dialect of
Sicily, focusing on the relation between a-marking and the
syntactic properties of the nominal structure in object position. The
following properties are considered: type of lexical head (pronouns vs.
nouns); coding of the Person feature on the lexical head and its relation
with the functional head D; type of noun (proper names, kinship nouns, other
nouns); lexical realization of the determiner (D head); definiteness and
animacy of the object; Number. It will be shown that, in the dialect
explored, a-marking is constrained by two major
restrictions: (1) a-marking is only possible if the head D
is phonetically realized, and (2) [+human] referents must
be a-marked.
The dative/accusative alternations in Old Romanian
Authors: Hill Virginia , Mardale Alexandru
Published: November 2023

This paper contrasts the dative/accusative alternations
in Romance languages with Romanian: In Romance, this alternation mediates
the emergence of a DOM particle for direct objects, in addition to the
preservation of the same particle with the indirect object (morphological
extension). The case assigning property of this particle is paramount in
both contexts. On the other hand, in Romanian, the dative/accusative
alternation ends up with the complete substitution of one syntactic pattern
by the other in the same position; e.g., dative inflected direct objects of
Old Romanian (theme/patient theta-role) are substituted by accusatives with
or without DOM in Modern Romanian. The change concerns the general option
for analytical versus synthetic case in the grammar, irrespective of DOM.
This contrast confirms the conclusions of previous studies that the
development of DOM in Romanian involves different morpho-syntactic patterns
than those proposed for Romance languages (e.g., Spanish), especially with
respect to the origin and function of the DOM particle and the pairing of
case marking on DP and the theta-roles they spell out.
Differential object marking in kinship terms and animacy hierarchies in Old Sardinian
Authors: Kanazawa Yusuke
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study is to illustrate the
characteristics of Differential Object Marking (DOM) in kinship
terms in Condaghe di San Pietro di Silki written in
Logudorese Sardinian, and to demonstrate that the animacy hierarchy which
governs the occurrence of DOM varies depending on the grammatical
number of the direct object. In singular numbers, kinship terms are
distinguished from animate common nouns in relation to the occurrence of
DOM. On the other hand, in plural numbers, kinship terms and
animate common nouns are not distinguished from each other as regards the
occurrence of DOM. To conclude, we will structure animacy
hierarchies regarding the occurrence of DOM and of the definite
article.
Parametric variation in differential object marking in
Italo-Romance
Authors: Ledgeway Adam
Published: November 2023

This article provides an exhaustive review of the known
variation found in the distribution of differerential object marking across
the dialects of Italy, including those of central and northern Italy, in
order to identify the relevant dimensions of microvariation in relation to
information structure, animacy, specificity, person, number and the head vs
phrasal distinction. Despite some similarities with other Romance varieties,
there are some notable differences in the distribution of differential
object marking in the dialects of Italy. Based on this examination, a
parametric hierarchy is developed which maps the differing licensing
conditions on differential object marking across Italy in an attempt to
highlight the precise pragmatic, semantic and syntactic parameters involved
in the observed patterns of distribution, their nature and their possible
interactions.
A micro-comparative approach to DOM in language-contact
environments
Authors: Odria Ane , Pineda Anna
Published: November 2023

This paper focuses on the interaction between Spanish
DOM, on the one hand, and Basque and Catalan DOM on the other. We thus
address the contact situation attested among these languages from a
micro-comparative perspective and we base on both diachronic as well as
synchronic data. In Basque the phenomenon is attested in Southwestern1 varieties, that is, in those varieties which are in contact with Spanish. In
Catalan, it is widespread across most dialects, except for Roussillon
Catalan (spoken in France), which aligns with Basque Northeastern
varieties, also in contact with French. In both languages, the use of DOM
has traditionally been considered by the prescriptive grammars as the result
of the influence and pressure of Spanish, although several factors lead us
to relativize the impact of such contact scenario.
Revisiting “Eye of the day”
Authors: van Dam Kellen Parker
Published: November 2023

A particular lexical construction for “sun” composed of morphemes for “eye” and either “day” or “sky” has been widely reported for Austronesian languages.Urban (2010)made the case for this phenomenon as an areal feature originating in Austronesian, with attestation in Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai varieties, but absent in Sino-Tibetan. A follow-up (Blust 2011) argued for the possibility of independent genesis across the languages, while reiterating the absence of the feature in Sino-Tibetan. This paper presents a large scale survey of Tibeto-Burman language varieties. Data from this region show widespread occurrence of the phenomenon in distinct constructions, arguing against contact as the inciting factor. Instead, this paper argues for multiple innovation events, with only small scale regional spread through contact. Data are analysed from approximately 250 doculects from a wide range of sources, including newly elicited data for Bodo-Garo, Maringic and Northern Naga varieties.
Verb stem alternations in Pingwu Baima
Authors: Chirkova Katia , Tshering Skalbzang
Published: November 2023

This paper focuses on stem alternations in Pingwu Baima (Tibetic). It examines a larger corpus of data than the corpora in previous works and systematically relates alternating verbs to classical WT paradigms. Our data reveal a relatively high number of alternating verbs in Baima, with verbs with two stems constituting the absolute majority of all alternating verbs. A systematic comparison of alternating verbs to classical WT paradigms confirms that stem alternations in Baima regularly reflect OT verb morphology. Such a comparison also reveals a clear tendency toward elimination in Baima of a separate imperative stem of classical paradigms. This tendency toward elimination of the imperative stem has not been commonly reported in modern Tibetic languages. An examination of Baima verb stem alternation in the context of its neighboring Tibetic and non-Tibetic varieties suggests language contact as a possible trigger for this development.
Kinship terms in Stau
Authors: Gates Jesse P.
Published: November 2023

This paper presents a comprehensive synchronic study of Stau kinship terms, offering a detailed analysis of their classifications and characteristics. Stau kinship terms are categorized into vocative and referential/possessive forms. Vocative kinship terms follow the intonation pattern of other vocative phrases, particularly barytonesis, which involves stress and intonation shifting from the second syllable to the first. The paper explores the distinctions within younger sibling relationships, dividing kinship terms into male Ego and female Ego categories based on the sex of the connecting relative. The kinship prefixæ-, commonly found in Qiangic languages, is exclusively used in vocative and referential/possessive kinship terms referring to older kin (both male and female). The study also identifies specific vocative and referential kinship terms that describe dyads of kinship relationships, similar to Tibetic languages like the Amdo dialects spoken in Stau-speaking areas. Stau maintains a sex-based distinction for kinship terms across all generations. Referential/possessive kinship terms in Gen−1and Gen−2differentiate between lineal and collateral relationships, while in vocative terms, only Gen−1distinguishes between lineal and collateral relatives. Gen+1consanguineal vocative kinship terms exhibit distinctions for lineal/collateral and matrilateral/patrilateral relationships. However, the matrilateral/patrilateral distinction is neutralized in Gen+1affinal vocative kinship terms. Gen+1affinal referential/possessive kinship terms differentiate matrilateral and patrilateral relationships when using a possessive phrase, but not when using the simple base term. Age relative to Ego plays a distinct role in Gen0kinship terms, both vocative and referential/possessive. Sibling terms are differentiated from cousin terms in Gen0referential/possessive terms using thetʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə)‘is a relative’ copula phrase. Regarding cousin kinship typology, Stau aligns with the Hawaiian type in the vocative and the Eskimo type in the referential. The Hawaiian type serves as the foundational basis due to shared roots in both vocative and referential contexts. For Gen+1terms, Stau follows the Sudanese system, each consanguineal kin with their own term. Gen−1terms follow the Eskimo system.
Narrating and focalizing visually and visual-verbally in comics and
graphic novels
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: November 2023

Literary narratology has rightly devoted much attention to
analysing the source(s) of verbal information about the story world, usually
discussed under the label “narration”, and to any agent(s) that present(s)
non-verbalized perspectives on it, usually discussed under the label
“focalization”. Assessing the identity of narrators and focalizers is crucial
for understanding what is going on in the story world. Which narrative agent is
in charge? Is the narration and/or focalization layered? If the latter, is there
any “colouring” by the higher-level narrative agent of anything said, thought,
or experienced by the lower-level agent? Is the information provided
trustworthy? Nuanced? Prejudiced? Narration and focalization have supra-medial
as well as medium-specific dimensions. Over the past years, the issue of how
these concepts function in the medium of comics, which combines visuals and
language, has begun to be systematically addressed. This paper aims to show how
the visual mode can, on its own or combined with the written-language mode,
signal the sources of narration, focalization, and joint
narration-and-focalization, as well as distinguish between different levels at
which these take place.
Repetitional responses to polar questions in Russian conversation
Authors: Bolden Galina B.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines repetitional responses to polar questions that implement requests for confirmation,
information, or assistance in Russian conversation, contrasting them with particle responses, such as da
(‘yes’) and net (‘no’). The analysis will show that Russian repetitional responses tend to be a marked
response option deployed to disalign from some dimension of the interrogative or the action it implements. For example,
repetitional responses may be deployed to reassert its speaker’s epistemic authority in the service of confirming a candidate
understanding, to insist on the veracity of a statement following an enactment of disbelief or doubt, to disalign from the
action implemented by an information request, or – in response to requests for service – to contest the stance that the
provision of assistance might be problematic. The analysis suggests that different types of repetitional responses (such as
lexical vs. longer repeats) may enact more or less disaligning stances vis-à-vis the initiating action. Overall, what exactly
is being accomplished via a repetitional response is sensitive to a number of considerations, including the sequential and
action environment of its deployment, the design of the repetitional response, and the repertoire of available response
options.
Responding to polar questions in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Harjunpää Katariina , Ostermann Ana Cristina
Published: November 2023

This paper explores the division of labor between particle and repetitional responses to polar questions in
Brazilian Portuguese. We examine a response form that occurs both as a particle and as a verb repeat – the
é-response – and compare its uses to repeat responses consisting of elements other than é.
Freestanding and expanded responses are analyzed to gather evidence of the participants’ orientations to the epistemic and
action commitments that the initial polar responses convey. The analyses indicate that é-responses (both
particle and repeat) sufficiently confirm previously established information, for instance, in response to understanding
checks. In contrast, when responding to requests for confirmation about a new matter, é responses only weakly
confirm the proposition in the question, indicating that it might not be true, or treat it as ancillary. Importantly,
é-responses do not affirm genuinely new information but instead suggest a lack of commitment to affirming
the proposition. In order to provide a committed confirmation or affirmation, minimal repetitional responses other than
é are used. The study thus sheds further light on é-responses in different sequential
and action environments and on the role of repetitional responses in Brazilian Portuguese, including a discussion in relation
to findings from other languages.
The division of labor between the particles jah and jaa ‘yes’ as responses to requests
for confirmation in Estonian
Authors: Hennoste Tiit , Rääbis Andriela , Rumm Andra , Laanesoo Kirsi
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the use of the Estonian particles jah and jaa ‘yes’
as responses to positively formulated requests for confirmation in ordinary interaction. We will show what actions these
particles perform, in which sequential contexts they are used, and whether they can be interpreted as equivalent or not. Our
analysis reveals that although both jah and jaa confirm the accuracy of the proposition
presented in the question, the particles are not equivalent. The most important difference between jah and
jaa lies in how the sequence continues after the response. After jah, the local sequence
is closed, while after jaa, the sequence is expanded by the questioner. By using jaa the
answerer indicates that the sequence is open for expansion and allows the interlocutor to choose how to continue. In addition,
the context of jaa is more limited and partially different from the context of jah. In the
case of jaa, the interactional stances of the interactants are systematically incongruent. Specifically, the
questioners express their non-neutral interactional stance in the expansion of the sequence, while the answers respond
neutrally or express a different interactional stance. Overall, jah could be classified as an ‘unmarked’
response particle which only confirms the question’s proposition, while jaa is pragmatically a more ‘marked’
particle used for ‘special purposes.’
Post-confirmation modifications
Authors: Hayano Kaoru , Hayashi Makoto
Published: November 2023

It has long been acknowledged that, in response to polar questions, disagreements are normatively delayed
with agreements such that they are presented as modifications or exceptions rather than outright disagreements. While there is
a large body of literature on how the initial element in the answer projects upcoming modifications or disagreements to come,
little attention has been paid to the grammatical format in which delayed modification is presented. This study thus attempts
to document how grammatical formats contribute to the interactional outcomes of modifications in this position. The focus is
on three grammatical formats that are used to make such modifications following the minimal confirmation particle
un in Japanese: the coordinate clause marked with demo (“but”), the subordinate clause,
and clauses that are not grammatically tied to the preceding confirmation. The findings suggest that these grammatical formats
are used systematically to modify the preceding confirmation to varying degrees and in different ways. Modifications made in
coordinate clauses modify the degree of assessment presented in the question and/or preemptively deny a possible implication
that follows the state of affairs confirmed by un without retracting or conditioning the confirmation.
Modifications made in subordinate clauses, on the other hand, retract or significantly qualify the confirmation that has been
conveyed with un. Finally, modifications in clauses that are not grammatically marked for their semantic
relation to the confirmation address an issue with an assumption underlying the question and retroactively portray the
confirmation as ostensible. It is concluded that post-confirmation modification is one environment in which a fine division of
labor is assigned to different grammatical formats.
Do English affirmative polar interrogatives with any favor negative responses?
Authors: Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Thompson Sandra A. , Fox Barbara A.
Published: November 2023

In research on talk-in-interaction, English affirmative polar interrogatives with any
have been argued to favor a negative response, with supporting data drawn largely from medical interactions. Considering a
range of mundane interactional settings, we find that the response favored by an affirmative polar interrogative format with
any varies according to the action it is being used to implement, to its sequential location, and – more
generally – to what it will take to progress the sequence in that setting. In some cases, we find that the affirmative polar
interrogative does not favor either a negative or affirmative response. Evidence for our claims comes from the type of
response given and the format in which it delivered.
¡Sub! localisation workflows (th)at work
Authors: Massidda Serenella , Sandrelli Annalisa
Published: November 2023

Over the last few years, cloud-based environments have simplified traditional localisation workflows and have made
it possible for virtual teams of audiovisual translation (AVT) professionals to work together from all corners of the earth (Díaz Cintas and Massidda 2019). In addition, AI-powered technologies have been integrated
into localisation workflows to accelerate translation processes: this has led to a progressive automation of AVT practices and has
created brand new roles for language professionals. This paper presents the preliminary results of the international pilot project
¡Sub! Localisation Workflows (th)at Work (2020–2022). A series of experiments was conducted in the spring of
2021 to compare three different workflows in the subtitling of documentaries: traditional (i.e., using only subtitling software),
semi-automated (using automatic speech recognition and captioning) and fully automated (relying on automatic speech recognition,
captioning and machine translation). The experiments involved twenty-four final-year MA students and recent graduates from UNINT
and Roehampton University (twelve of them working from English into Italian and twelve from Spanish into Italian), in subtitling
teams that included a project manager, a spotter, a subtitler, and a reviser. All the work was recorded via screencast technology
and documented in a project logbook, a quality assessment form, and a workflow summary sheet. The aim of the experiments was to
identify the most effective workflow equation, i.e., the one able to deliver the best quality output in the tightest turnaround
time. This paper illustrates the experimental set-up and materials and discusses the preliminary results emerging from a
quantitative and qualitative analysis of our data.
Analogs of FTY720 inhibit TRPM7 but not S1PRs and exert multimodal anti-inflammatory effects
Authors: Busey Gregory W. , Manjegowda Mohan C. , Huang Tao , Iobst Wesley H. , Naphade Shardul S. , Kennedy Joel A. , Doyle Catherine A. , Seegren Philip V. , Lynch Kevin R. , Desai Bimal N.
Published: November 2023

TRPM7, a TRP channel with ion conductance and kinase activities, has emerged as an attractive drug target for immunomodulation. Reverse genetics and cell biological studies have already established a key role for TRPM7 in the inflammatory activation of macrophages. Advancing TRPM7 as a viable molecular target for immunomodulation requires selective TRPM7 inhibitors with in vivo tolerability and efficacy. Such inhibitors have the potential to interdict inflammatory cascades mediated by systemic and tissue-specialized macrophages. FTY720, an FDA-approved drug for multiple sclerosis inhibits TRPM7. However, FTY720 is a prodrug and its metabolite, FTY720-phosphate, is a potent agonist of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. In this study, we test non-phosphorylatable FTY720 analogs, which are inert against S1PRs and well tolerated in vivo, for activity against TRPM7 and tissue bioavailability. Using patch clamp electrophysiology, we show that VPC01091.4 and AAL-149 block TRPM7 current at low micromolar concentrations. In culture, they act directly on macrophages to blunt LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression, though this likely occurrs through multiple molecular targets. We found that VPC01091.4 has significant and rapid accumulation in the brain and lungs, along with direct anti-inflammatory action on alveolar macrophages and microglia. Finally, using a mouse model of endotoxemia, we show VPC01091.4 to be an efficacious anti-inflammatory agent that arrests systemic inflammation in vivo. Together, these findings identify novel small molecule inhibitors that allow TRPM7 channel inhibition independent of S1P receptor targeting which demonstrate potent, polymodal anti-inflammatory activities ex vivo and in vivo.
On two body gravitational scattering within perturbative gravity
Authors: Latosh B , Yachmenev A
Published: November 2023

We study the gravitational scattering of two scalar particles up to the one-loop order. We calculate off-shell amplitudes and operators with the recently developed package FeynGrav. We obtained the tree-level amplitude and found it consistent with classical results in relativistic and non-relativistic cases. We obtained explicit expressions for the vertex operator and the scattering amplitude at the one-loop level off-shell. They are consistent with the previous results obtained in the low energy limit. Analysis of the scattering amplitudes and operators is given. We outline the further development achievable with the FeynGrav and other computational packages.
Bilevel optimal parameter learning for a high-order nonlocal multiframe super-resolution problem
Authors: Laghrib Amine , Zahra Ait Bella Fatim , Nachaoui Mourad , Jauberteau François
Published: November 2023

This work elaborated an improved method to multiframe super-resolution (SR), which involves a nonlocal first-order regularization combined with a nonlocal p-Laplacian term. The nonlocal TV term excels at edge preserving, whilst the nonlocal p-Laplacian is commonly used to perfectly reconstruct image textures. Firstly, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of a solution to our new model in a well posed framework. Then, we derive a modified Primal-dual iteration to compute the super-resolved solution. Furthermore, we introduce a new bilevel optimization approach to learn two regularization parameters. The included tests validate that the introduced optimization procedure performs favorably compared to numerous SR approaches in terms of efficiency and accuracy.
Interface resistance-switching with reduced cyclic variations for reliable neuromorphic computing
Authors: Zhu Yuan , Liang Jia-sheng , Shi Xun , Zhang Zhen
Published: November 2023

As a synaptic device candidate for artificial neural networks (ANNs), memristors hold great promise for efficient neuromorphic computing. However, commonly used filamentary memristors normally exhibit large cyclic variations due to the stochastic nature of filament formation and ablation, which will inevitably degrade the computing accuracy. Here we demonstrate, in nanoscale Ag2S-based memristors that resistance-switching (RS) at the contact interface can be a promising solution to reduce cyclic variations. When the Ag2S memristor is operated with a filament-free interface RS via Schottky barrier height modification at the contact interface, it shows an ultra-small cycle-to-cycle variation of 1.4% during 104 switching cycles. This is in direct contrast to the variation of (28.9%) of the RS filament extracted from the same device. Interface RS can also emulate synaptic functions and psychological behavior. Its improved learning ability over a filament RS, with a higher saturated accuracy approaching 99.6%, is finally demonstrated in a simplified ANN.