bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adults’ locus educanti. The example of science and technology parks
Authors: Rojek Marcin
Published: December 2022

Adult learning experiences can happen anywhere. Everywhere does not mean "anywhere", but rather "somewhere", that is in places conducive to education, although not originally intended for this function. The article contains the thesis that science and technology parks are one of such unintended places of adult education. Although their complex function was to consist in the transfer of knowledge between universities and entrepreneurs, it is likely that in the individual experience of park users, parks perform a different function than assigned to them by the legislator and mass media. This article is theoretical and analytical, the research method was a qualitative analysis of the content of scientific papers, legal acts and websites, supplemented by a retrospective assessment of the author's experiences resulting from the function of the dean's representative for cooperation with the social and cultural environment and employers. The aim is to identify and characterize the educational potential of science and technology parks. The need for research on these issues results from the lack of analyzes of the educational dimension of the functioning of parks, with the simultaneous intense interest in economic and business aspects of their operation. As a result, parks are perceived only as places of implementation of economic policy, although all indications are that they can also support social policy, especially in the field of adult education.
Students' responses to Maria Grzegorzewska's Letters to a Young Teacher
Authors: Krasuska-Betiuk Marta , Kupiec Monika
Published: December 2022

The problem of the article is situated in the field of pedeutology and concerns specific resources of pedagogical knowledge, generating personal pedagogical theories of students preparing to perform the profession of early education teacher. The celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Maria Grzegorzewska University and the celebration of the year 2022 as the Year of Maria Grzegorzewska were considered by the authors as unique opportunities to confront the thought of the patroness, her pedagogical credo contained in Letters to a Young Teacher with the reflection of contemporary young adults inspired to speak by the content of the correspondence. The direct stimulus prompting first-year preschool and early childhood pedagogy students in the 2019 and 2020 academic years to reflect on the role of the teacher was the reading of a selected Letters ...by Maria Grzegorzewska. After reading its, students wrote responses to the patroness of their university in the form of quasi-formal essays, the content of which was then analyzed to reconstruct the dominant themes. This paper presents selected results of the qualitative content analysis. The students' statements are organized according to the temporal criterion, as they report their past educational experiences, refer to the present, and also outline a vision of the anticipated role of a teacher in the future, after the stage of academic education has been completed. The main conclusions confirm the lasting vitality of pedagogical thought of the University's founder among contemporary young people. Outlined student collective portrait of the teaching profession is not overly idealized and devoid of features, hope arouses critical reflection of students on the role of the teacher in modern times
Effect of growth differentiation factor-9 and fibroblast growth factor-basic on small caprine oocyte development in vitro
Authors: GUPTA P S P , SHREE US PAVANNA , DHALI A , NANDI S
Published: December 2022

The study aimed to assess the effect of growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and fibroblast growth factorbasic (bFGF) on in vitro development of small (<126 μm diameter) caprine oocytes. Small oocytes were recovered from abattoir derived caprine ovaries and matured in vitro (24 h) in the presence of GDF-9 (0, 10, 20, 30 ng/ml) or bFGF (0, 10, 20, 30 ng/ml), and maturity and viability rates were assessed. A combination of both the growth factors (GDF-9, 30 ng/ml + bFGF, 20 ng/ml) was used to mature the oocytes in vitro (24 h). Subsequently oocytes were fertilized in vitro with cauda epidydimis sperm processed with BO medium (2×106/ml sperm). Cleavage and fertilization rates were assessed at 42 to 48 h post-insemination and morula/ blastocyst rate was assessed on 7 to 8 d post-fertilization. Maturation rate was significantly greater in oocytes cultured in media containing 30 ng/ml GDF-9 or 20 ng/ml bFGF compared to control. Maturation, fertilization, cleavage and morulae/blastocyst rates were significantly greater in oocytes cultured in combination of GDF-9 and bFGF compared to control. In conclusion, the supplementation of GDF-9 and bFGF in in vitro maturation (IVM) medium improved the maturation rate and embryo development of small caprine oocytes.
Genetic analysis of SNPs in the MLF2 and TCR-β genes for growth traits in Korean native chickens
Authors: CHOI SO-YOUNG , SINGH NARESH KUMAR , YANG SONG-YI , HONG MIN-WOOK , JEONG DONG KEE , LEE KYUNGBAEK , HONG YEONG HO , LEE SUNG-JIN
Published: December 2022

The myeloid leukemia factor 2 (MLF2) and T-cell receptor β (TCR-β) genes are associated the development of resistance towards coccidiosis infection. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on these genes (SNP_892 and intron 7 (10) of MLF2 and SNP_88, 434, and 561 of TCR-β) were identified and considered to be the genetic markers for resistance to coccidiosis. In this study, we investigated the association between these SNPs and the body weight of Korean native chicken (KNC) and the possibility of using these SNPs as genetic markers for improving growth in KNCs. KNC specimens (798) were genotyped using high-resolution melting analysis, and single-marker association tests were performed; body weights of KNC were also measured every 2 weeks. Three SNPs [892 and intron 7 (10) of MLF2 and 88 of TCR-β] had significant associations with body weight in some period of growth of KNC. Further, 2 SNPs (434 and 561) of TCR-β were linked and significantly associated with the overall growth of KNCs. Conclusively, the findings of the present study suggested that SNPs in the MLF2 and TCR-β genes could be used as combinations of genetic markers for selecting high growth performance specimens of KNCs.
Performance of lambs grazing on the sub-alpine pastures of Kashmir Himalayas
Authors: MIR SHAHID HASSAN , AHMED H A , GANAI A M
Published: December 2022

The study aimed to evaluate the feed intake and growth performance of the local Kashmir merino lambs grazing on the sub-alpine pastures of the Kashmir valley in 2 seasons (summer and autumn). Kashmir merino male weaner lambs (50), 25 in each season were selected for the experiment. A 10-day digestion trial in each season was conducted by the indirect indicator method with chromium oxide as external indicator. Apparent digestibility of nutrients was higher in summer than in autumn. Feed and nutrient intakes (DMI, DMI/kg, MEI and CPI) were higher in summer than in autumn. Average daily gain was slightly more in summer (41 g/day) than in autumn (30 g/day) and animals suffered serious liveweight loss in the last two fortnights of autumn. Results indicated that sub-alpine pastures of Kashmir valley did not provide sufficient nutrients to sustain healthy sheep production thus necessitating supplementation.
Frequency of endo-globularhemotropic parasites in short haired sheep in Córdoba-Colombia
Authors: B BERNARDO REYES , Ã JOSÃ‰ CARDONA , V DONICER MONTES
Published: December 2022

The infection caused by hemoparasites is one of the diseases of greater presentation within the tropical and subtropical countries in the world, anaplasmosis and babesiosis are diseases caused by intracellular hematropics that make up the complex of parasitic sadness. Hematropic agents (Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma melophagium, Babesia ovis and Babesia motasi) are common cause of blood infections in sheep. A prospective descriptive type study was carried out. For convenience, a simple random probabilistic sampling type was used. 25 sheep farms were selected from small producers (who had 25 females and 1 male) representative of the department, who manage sheep as a production system. The technique of capillary microcentrifugation was used, where the percentage volume of blood cells was determined red blood cells (Hematocrit), by reading on a Hawksleymicrohaematocrit reader table, subsequently, they were made blood smears that were stained with WRIGTH dye and were evaluated under the light microscope. It can be concluded that the prevalence found in the study for Anaplasma (24.4%) and Babesia (18.4) in short hair sheep in the department of CÃ³rdoba, is not a significant valuebecause the agro-ecological conditions of this area are conducive to the development of specific vectors of these microorganisms, based on the results of the study, it is timely to implement prophylactic measures to reduce the incidence of these agents, because they are directly related to economic losses in the world sheep population, considerably deteriorating the health status of the animals and in some cases causing death.
Effect of molasses based multi-nutrient herbal supplements on hematobiochemicals, serum lipid, antioxidants and hormonal profile in buffalo calves
Authors: KUMARI PUNITA , SINGH P , VERMA A K , GAUR G K , DAS A
Published: December 2022

Effect of molasses based multinutrients herbal supplements (MMS) containing ground fenugreek seed and deoiled mahua seed cake at two different ratios (1:1; MMS-I or 1:3; MMS-II) on hematobiochemicals, serum lipid, antioxidants and hormonal profile in male buffalo calves was assessed for 9 months. Fifteen male Murrah buffalo calves (10 to 15 months of age and mean body wt. 234â€“236 kg) were randomly distributed into 3 groups (5 each) according to Randomized Block Design (RBD). All animals were fed individually with conventional concentrate mixture, available green fodder (3â€“4 kg DM/d) and wheat straw ad lib. to meet out nutrients requirement. While animals in control group (C) were fed no supplement but animalâ€™s diet in group T1 and T2 supplemented with MMS-I and MMS-II, respectively at 44 g/100 kg body weight or 200 g /100 kg metabolic body weight (kgW0.75). The values of Hb, PCV, RBC, WBC, platelets count, serum total protein, uric acid, creatinine, urea level, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and T3 hormone level were comparable among 3 groups. Serum glucose, globulin, antioxidants and testosterone levels were significantly increased but serum albumin, A/G ratio, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and cortisol levels were significantly decreased among supplemented groups as compared to control group and hormone T4 was significantly higher in T1 group. The results showed that supplementation of MMS-I and MMS- II in the diet of buffalo calves improved serum glucose, globulin, antioxidants, T4 and testosterone levels but lower albumin, A/G ratio, LDL and cortisol.
Penerapan Akuntansi Pertanggungjawaban sebagai Alat Penilaian Kinerja Pusat Biaya
Authors: Sambas Yolanda , Mardiani Sherlita , Ripaldo Hsb Muhammad Rezki , Mardiani Sherlita , Abidin Zaenal
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this study is to assess and investigate how accounting systems might improve management performance evaluation. The focus of this investigation is Hasanah Cafe. is a company involved in the trade of goods related to food and drink. Qualitative methods were employed in the inquiry. To characterize objects precisely as they are, researchers employ a descriptive analysis methodology. Budgets have been created using bottom-up budgeting, however neither responsibility center codes nor a distinction between controlled and uncontrollable expenditures have been made. Budgets have been created using bottom-up budgeting, however neither responsibility center codes nor a distinction between controlled and uncontrollable expenditures have been made. The discussion's findings demonstrate that when the budget is created using the accountability accounting approach, the responsibility center manager is only expected to be accountable for costs that can be managed. The aggregate difference between the predicted and realized costs shows that the commercial food and beverage business' performance evaluation was successfully completed. The results demonstrate that by creating a responsible accounting system, management may more readily evaluate performance from lowest to highest rating. Accountability accounting may be thought of as useful if budgets are used and met in accordance with predefined standards. The aggregate difference between the predicted and realized costs shows that the commercial food and beverage business' performance evaluation was successfully completed. The results demonstrate that by creating a responsible accounting system, management may more readily evaluate performance from lowest to highest rating. Accountability accounting may be thought of as useful if budgets are used and met in accordance with predefined standards. The aggregate difference between the predicted and realized costs shows that the commercial food and beverage business' performance evaluation was successfully completed. The results demonstrate that by creating a responsible accounting system, management may more readily evaluate performance from lowest to highest rating. Accountability accounting may be thought of as useful if budgets are used and met in accordance with predefined standards.

Keywords: Budget, Accountability accounting, performance appraisal.
Levantamiento y documentación del patrimonio construido una experiencia en la aplicación de sistemas de registro.
Authors: Andres Quintero Rojas  , Alexandra Uribe Gomez
Published: December 2022

El presente articulo permite realizar un comparativo a partir de la aplicación de tres diferentessistemas de registro en una edificación de valor patrimonial, la iglesia de la Ermita, la cual sellama así en recuerdo de la primitiva ermita del Señor del Rio de la que se tienen datos desde1602, la cual sucumbió por catástrofe natural en 1925, y su reconstrucción estuvo a cargo delingeniero Pablo Emilio Páez de los ferrocarriles del Pacifico, y fue culminada en 1945. Laedificación corresponde a un tardío revival neogótico construida totalmente en concreto, imitandolas formas características de este estilo, ha sido afectada por los cambios de su contexto inmediato;ampliación de la calle 13, la sustitución y demolición de las construcciones existentes, y por ultimola intervención en el Boulevard del rio Cali con el soterramiento de la avenida Colombia, con losregistros y la documentación se busca abordar labores de diagnostico y valoración de algunos de suscomponentes, es esta necesidad que hizo necesario producir la documentación grafica de precisióna partir de diferentes métodos, con lo que se permitió localizar físicamente datos e informaciones.La falta de información grafica en los edificios de valor patrimonial genera mucha complejidadpara su conocimiento integral, esta falta de información hace difícil reconstruir componentes yaspectos tan importantes como; la actividad original, elementos constitutivos, las formas yproporciones del edificio y cuando cierta documentación sea en físico o en digital, esta disponiblepresenta imprecisiones y contradicciones con la obra.
Re-presentar para Re-conocer
Authors: Rossi Gabriele
Published: December 2022

La arquitectura se representa por primera vez en la prefi guración del proyecto y se representa nuevamente en la posfi guración del levantamiento.
La importancia de la representacion planimétrica en la salvaguardia del patrimonio arquitectónico, caso casa Landinez en Cartagena de Indias
Authors: Zabaleta Puello Ricardo Alberto
Published: December 2022

El presente trabajo versa sobre la importancia de la representación planimétricadel patrimonio arquitectónico, en su salvaguardia, documentación y puesta envalor, que para el caso específi co de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, en losprocesos de intervención de estos inmuebles, se acude inicialmente a la técnicadel levantamiento arquitectónico manual y georreferenciado como medio paraidentifi car y conocer sus características para poder posteriormente plasmarlosdigitalmente en planos (plantas, fachadas, cortes y perspectivas) con programascomo AutoCAD, Rhinoceros y Revit.En atención a lo anterior, nos concentraremos en el desarrollo del dibujoplanimétrico de la casa “Landinez” dentro de los procesos metodológicos parasu intervención patrimonial; a la vez ilustrar, cómo a partir del levantamientoarquitectónico, de hallazgos encontrados, de su digitalización y documentación,se pudieron recuperar algunos elementos faltantes de su lenguaje formal,así como de restituir conceptual y materialmente al fondo del predio, undesaparecido volumen, que bajo consideraciones contemporáneas complementóla tipología original del edifi cio, demostrando de esta manera la importancia de larepresentación planimétrica en la protección del patrimonio edifi cado.
Línea de tiempo de la escuela de arquitectura
Authors: Rivera Soriano Juan Sebastián , Mayorga María Isabel
Published: December 2022

La Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia fue laprimera escuela del país y sigue siendo en nuestros días la más importante y mejorposicionada en rankings nacionales e internacionales de escuelas de arquitecturacomo el QS top universities ranking 2020 en donde fi gura dentro de las 100mejores escuelas de arquitectura del mundo.A pesar de esto el camino de la escuela a lo largo de la historia no ha sido fácilesta ha debido padecer todo tipo de vicisitudes presupuestales y burocráticaspropias de las instituciones públicas de un país latinoamericano en vías dedesarrollo. Esta investigación se consolida con el desarrollo de una primera faseen una investigación de título Dibujos de Arquitectura, Memoria y Apropiacióndel Patrimonio de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en esta investigaciónse consolidó la historia de muchas de las edifi caciones que albergarán lafunción de la escuela de arquitectura, desarrollando levantamientos de planos,posteriormente surge la necesidad de elaborar un documento que nos ayudea mantener la memoria de nuestra escuela y nuestros espacios modifi cados odesaparecidos y que además divulgue de forma efectiva las virtudes del proyectodel nuevo edifi cio para la facultad de artes que se construirá.Una línea de tiempo gráfi ca acompañada de textos que nos cuente la historia dela escuela a través de sus edifi cios. Para esto es necesario elaborar un materialgráfi co utilizando herramientas BIM, y la presentación en imagen y texto de fácilentendimiento y difusión que refuerce nuestra identidad y nuestro sentido depertenencia con la escuela.
Control alternativo de Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl y Pectobacterium carotovorum (Jones) Waldee et al., mediante el uso de aceites esenciales como una alternativa biológica
Authors: Castro Monroy Allison Stefanny , Acero Godoy Jovanna
Published: December 2022

Los marchitamientos vasculares producidos por Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl y la podredumbre blanda bacteriana por Pectobacterium carotovorum (Jones) Waldee et al., son enfermedades de importancia para diferentes tipos de cultivos como hortalizas, frutas y cereales; ocasionando pérdidas económicas y por sobrevivir en el suelo por largos periodos de tiempo, por lo que su control es difícil. El uso de plaguicidas sintéticos ha sido la tradicional para combatirlos, las consecuencias a largo plazo por su acumulación en el medio han tomado relevancia. El uso de alternativas biológicas extraídas de plantas empieza a destacarse como un método alternativo de control. En esta revisión, se busca hacer una recopilación bibliográfica de la capacidad de los aceites esenciales extraídos de las plantas aromáticas, como tomillo, menta, clavo, entre otros, y sus efectos como posibles agentes de control de estos patógenos, sus capacidades antimicrobianas y antifúngicas, destacando a su vez su forma de acción, los métodos, y las concentraciones que han demostrado efecto sobre los patógenos descritos.
Cobertura de pastos marinos asociado a factores ambientales, Parque Nacional Cahuita, Costa Rica
Authors: Álvarez Sánchez Lilliana María , Martínez Daranas Beatriz , Piedra Castro Lilliana María
Published: December 2022

Los pastos marinos ofrecen diversos servicios ecosistémicos como la estabilización del sustrato, mejorando la calidad del agua. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el estado de la pradera de pastos marinos del Parque Nacional Cahuita en relación con las variables físico química y las condiciones atmosféricas en dos periodos de tiempo. Se escogieron tres sitios con tres transectos a diferentes profundidades separados por 25 metros. En cada uno, se muestrearon 11 parcelas, separadas entre ellas por 5 m. Se utilizaron

marcos de 50 x 50 cm para medir la cobertura. Las variables ambientales fueron suministradas por el IMN. Con el programa Statistica versión 14, se realizaron las pruebas de normalidad, análisis no paramétricos de Kruskall-Wallis y Mann-Whitney para determinar la diferencia entre la cobertura de los sitios muestreados y fechas de muestreo. Con Arc Map 10.8, se realizó un mapa con gráficos circulares para obtener la cobertura. La salinidad presentó diferencias significativas en los tres sitios. La temperatura presentó diferencias significativas entre los dos periodos y entre los sitios T. testudinum fue la especie dominante y presentó los valores más altos en Punta Vargas y Punta Cahuita. Los pastos marinos han cambiado temporalmente en cuanto a la cobertura por especie, probablemente en respuesta a las variaciones entre los tres diferentes sitios en que se realizaron los muestreos. Se recomienda realizar estudios de nitratos y fosfatos para conocer la afectación en este ecosistema.
GESTÃO DOS CONTRATOS DE AFRETAMENTO DO SETOR OFFSHORE
Authors: Da Silva Rodrigues Verônica
Published: December 2022

A pesquisa bibliográfica dos contratos de afretamento define, explica e exemplifica os tipos de contrato praticados no setor marítimo. Entre eles, destaca-se o contrato de afretamento por tempo como o tipo mais presente no setor offshore devido às suas características. De uma maneira geral, esses contratos possuem texto padrão e algumas cláusulas riders editáveis para adequá-los ao negócio. É possível também gerar apêndices ao contrato padrão evidenciando as particularidades de cada navio. A grande dificuldade em adequar as cláusulas riders e gerar os apêndices deve-se à falta de conhecimento técnico dos responsáveis por redigir, negociar e assinar os contratos das embarcações. A falta de informação adequada durante esse processo inicial pode acarretar situações desconfortáveis a serem vivenciadas pelos comandantes a bordo nas quais não seja possível cumprir com o que estipula o contrato. Sendo assim, uma boa avaliação técnica da embarcação durante o processo de negociação torna-se de grande valia para evitar futuros transtornos perante o cliente e perdas econômicas no decorrer do tempo em que se presta o serviço contratado. O objetivo desse trabalho é apontar a necessidade de uma pessoa com vivência de bordo inserida no departamento comercial das empresas offshore para auxiliar a avaliar e negociar as cláusulas contratuais.
Feminization of agriculture without loss of productivity and Income.A case study of Nyeri district - Kenya
Authors: Nyakaana J. B.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Population Dynamics And Natural Resource Management in Tanzania
Authors: Madulu N. F.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Refugees and Health Problems in East and Central Africa
Authors: Mbonile M. J.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Population Settlement And Forest Cover Dynamics in West Laikipia, Kenya
Authors: Ayiemba E. H. O. , Omile K. J.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spatial and Temporal Extent of Gully Erosion in the Mwisanga Catchment, Kondoa District, Central Tanzania
Authors: Yanda P.Z.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Spatial Structure of Food Commodities Marketing In Mbeya Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Banyikwa W. F.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Combining Traditional Knowledge and Expert Assistance in Environmental Planning and Management: A Case of Msimbazi Flood Hazard in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania
Authors: Rugumamu William
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Socio-economic Structure of Food Commodities Marketing
Authors: Kihupi N.I , Tarimo A. K.P. R , Dihenga H. O.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction Initiatives: Lessons from Semi-Arid and Arid Areas of Tanzania
Authors: Sosovele H. , Nelson F.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Performance Evaluation of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in the Usangu Plains, South-West Tanzania
Authors: Mwakalila S. S.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Skill and Usefulness of Regional Seasonal Forecasts For Adoption to Climate Change For Agricultural Production in Tanzania
Authors: Tumbo S. D. , Mwao M. J. , Kihupi N. I.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Dynamics of Climate Change and Global Warming: Imperatives for Food Security in Nigeria
Authors: Onafeso Olimide D. , Akanni Cornelius O , Badigo Bamidele A.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Urban Agriculture: Critical Issues of Land For The Expansion of the Farming of Vegetables in Dar Es Salaam
Authors: Kiduanga Juma , Shomari Adam
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Socio-Economic Impact of Skilled People Out-Migration in Pemba: A Case Ofwete District
Authors: Yahya Khmisi M. , Mbonile Milline J.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
People’s Perception on Community-based Forest Management: The Case Study of Njombe District, Tanzania
Authors: Kaganga Laison , Ndumbaro Feato G. J.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Urban Agriculture: Critical Issues Of Land Administration for Expansion of the Farming Of Vegetables in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Kidunga Juma , Shomari Adam
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Forest and Forestry in Tanzania: Changes and Continuities in Policies and Practices From Colonial Times to the Present
Authors: Mgaya Edward
Published: December 2022

The forest sector has a very important role to play in Tanzania’s economy. Although in absolute terms, their contribution to total gross domestic product (GDP) is relatively low, the country’s forests contain such a high level of resources that make Tanzania one of the richest and most bio-diverse countries. Due to such importance, forestry has variably featured in Tanzanian policies from colonial times to the present. This paper, therefore, examines such policies relating to forests and forestry in Tanzania from colonial to recent times. It argues that, although there has been a change in the approach from a preservationist approach in the colonial andpostcolonial period towards a managerial/win-win approach in the current forest conservation, there is a resurgence of the preservationist tendency inthe focus on managing forest solely to increase carbon stocks. Drawing evidences from various existing policy documents and other literature, this paper concludes that forestry policies have been, and continue to reveal a notable protectionist and reservationist propensity while also expecting revenues from them through various forest products. These policies, to a ngreater extent, have throughout resulted into conflicts between both colonial and post-colonial states and local population who demands free access to theforest resources for their survival.
Female Migration and Control Over resources in Tanzania: a Case of Parakuyo Maasai Women in Coast region
Authors: Elizabeth Lulu
Published: December 2022

This paper examined female migration and control over resources in Tanzania. The main objective was to investigate how migration has influenced access to and control over resources among Maasai women. The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam city and in Bagamoyo District in the Coast Region. Coast Region was selected because the respondents (Maasai women) who were found in the city mentioned it as their home areas (place of origin). The study selected purposively eighteen (18) wards in the city and four (4) wards in the rural areas. Respondents were obtained by interviewing all those who were found in business areas. Snowball technique was used by moving from one group to the next until the desired number of 400 respondents was attained. The findings showed that major economic activities in rural areas were livestock keeping alongside with crop cultivation and some petty businesses. In the City, the main economic activities were petty businesses where goods like traditional medicine, beaded jewellery, earrings, tobacco and beards were sold in combination. The determinants of migration for Maasai women were both pull and push factors like reduction of livestock due to diseases and drought, culminating to difficulties in earning income in the rural areas, the demand for Maasai goods and presence of friends and relatives in the city. The study concluded that migration of Maasai women to the city enabled them to access and control resources in their families. The study recommended that migrant Maasai women in the city be assisted to improve the quality of their goods so as to increase their incomes. Local Government Authority should ensure security in the informal sector particularly for women and protect their goods. In the rural areas, more efforts should be done by the government and NGOs to help Maasai practice dairy cattle so as to get more milk and money for their family up- keep. Also there should be interventions of entrepreneurship training in rural areas for rural females who are doing petty businesses by ensuring convenient places to conduct their businesses.
Factors affecting the adoption and non adoption of biogas technology in semi-arid areas of Tanzania
Authors: Wawa Anna , Mwakalila Shadrack
Published: December 2022

Tanzanian Government through its policies in response to energy crisis has been promoting among others, biogas as an alternative source of energy. However, the adoption of biogas technology has been reported to be low or not to the expected levels. This study examines the factors that affect the adoption and Non adoption of Biogas technology as an alternative energy source for rural population in Semi arid areas. Kongwa and Chamwino Districts in Dodoma region were used as case study. Data collection methods employed included interviews, focus group discussions and observation. The findings of the study revealed that there is little or no access to the factors hoped to facilitate adoption of biogas technology which implies weakness in promotion efforts. Little involvement of the Government has underestimated the importance of the biogas technology contributing to low adoption. Other factors include, poor performance of biogas plants associated to technical problems, having a negative implication in adoption process, high installation costs unaffordable to the majority of rural population, unreliable feed stocks and water shortage problems. It is recommended that Government should take intentional efforts to fully involve in promoting biogas technology and ensure the enabling environment for the adoption of the technology.
Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change among Smallholder Farmers in Moshi Rural District, Tanzania
Authors: Mushy Reguli , Mbonile Milline
Published: December 2022

Climate change is real and presents a threat to human beings particularly the smallholder farmers who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Climate change aff ects smallholder farmers diff erently, and hence acts diff erently to address their impacts. Th us in order to address the adverse impacts of climate change, adaptation to climate change impacts is important. Th is study was undertaken to examine smallholder farmer’s adaptation strategies in Moshi Rural district, Tanzania. Primary data were obtained from 359 household heads and 35 key informants. Data collection methods for this study were face-to-face administered questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observation. Questionnaires were administered to 359 household heads while in-depth interviews were administered to key informants. Analysis involved descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. Findings from this study revealed that majority of smallholder farmers have undertaken diff erent adaptation strategies to address climate change impacts. Th ese strategies were both at household level and at the farm-level. Household level adaptation strategies include livelihood diversifi cation, changing eating habits and dependency on remittances, while farm level adaptation strategies were crop diversifi cation, irrigation and intercropping.
Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Drought Resistant Crops in Adapting to Drought Impacts on Crop Production in Same District, Kilimanjaro Region
Authors: Lusiru Sifuni , Mwamfupe Mwamfupe
Published: December 2022

Droughts’ intensity, duration, spatial coverage and frequency have been increasing with current climate change. Th is has been especially the case with arid and semi-arid tropical areas. Yet, farmers in such areas have persistently growing water intensive crops like maize, leading to poor production. Consequently, food insecurity and unsustainable livelihoods have been rampant. Th ere is a broad scientifi c and political consensus that growing drought resistant crops (DRCs) is a sustainable drought adaptation strategy. Th e crops have anatomical and physiological characteristics enabling drought toleration, hence, improve water productivity (increase crop output per water input). Besides, adoption of DRCs is simple, cheap, easy and feasible for farmers to adopt compared to other strategies. Studies have shown that adoption of DRCs, even in drought prone areas, is very low. However, causes of low adoption of these crops are not adequately understood. Th is study aimed at analyzing determinants of farmers’ adoption of DRCs as an adaptation strategy to drought impacts. Data were collected from 281 farmers from four villages in Same district (a semi-arid and drought prone district in Tanzania). Th e study deployed logistic regression analysis and descriptive statistics to analyze such determinants. It was observed that adoption of DRCs is determined by a number of factors, including, access to climate information, access to agricultural extension services, food preference, location, sex of head of the household and farm size. Besides, adoption of DRCs is hampered by various barriers, including, cultural constraints, lack of knowledge, unpredictable rainfall, lack of access to climate information and lack of market. Other barriers were lack of seeds, lack of capital, destructive birds and forceful motivation approaches.
The Role of Community Based Adaptation in Response to Extreme Rainfall Events in Coastal Communities of Tanzania
Authors: Tumbo Enock , Pauline Noah
Published: December 2022

Th is paper established the role of Community Based Adaptation (CBA) practices in responding to extreme rainfall events in coastal communities of Tanzania, using data collected over two months. Primary data were collected using focus group discussions, key informant interviews, participant observations, historical timeline and household questionnaire survey. A total of 62 households from Chumbi C and Kikale villages in Rufi ji district were interviewed. Secondary data were sourced from government agencies and unpublished literatures. Th e Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to analyse rainfall extremes (i.e. wettest and driest years) over the past thirty-four years in the study area. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. Th e timeline of dry and wettest years, since 1980 to 2015, was constructed and corroborated with farmers’ perceptions, anomalies and seasons changes. Th ere is marginal decadal rainfall variability and seasonality change in October, November and December (OND); January and February (JF); and March, April, and May (MAM). Th e changes have serious bearings on crops growing seasons over time. Smallholder farmers in Rufi ji District are vulnerable to climatic extremes, since most of their livelihoods strongly depend on rain-fed agriculture. We found that smallholder farmers respond to extreme weather events (e.g. fl oods and droughts) using a range of CBA options, including cultivating in wetlands and livelihoods diversifi cation. Smallholder farmers are heavily reliant on incremental CBA practices when responding to extreme weather events; hence they need economic and policy support to enable them engage in transformative changes which are more eff ective and sustainable.
Pottery and Poverty Reduction among Kisi Households in Ludewa District, Tanzania
Authors: Mbonile Milline , Haule Evaristo
Published: December 2022

The study investigated the impact of pottery trade in reducing poverty among the Kisi households in Ludewa district which is located very close to Lake Nyasa..The role of pottery industry in breaking the vicious cycle of poverty among the Kisi began during the Iron Age in the first millennium A.D. The Kisi people live in Ludewa District and a few have spread to neighbouring districts like Kyela and Mbinga. The main economic activity of the Kisi is fishing but after trade liberation in the 1980s fishing is overtaken by pottery industry. The data for calculation of poverty index was collected from three villages which are Lumbila, Nkanda and Nsele which had abudant raw materials for pottery making along Lake Nyasa. The calculation of various indicators of poverty and their relationship to pottery industry indicated that pottery has a reasonable impact on poverty alleviation among the Kisi in Ludewa District. This is verified by the improvement of housing whereby people involved in pottery industry had slightly better housing than others. The same was applied to income poverty where villages like Lumbila and Nkanda had a higher per capita income when compared to Nsele Village which depends more on crop marketing than pottery. As far as household asset ownership is concerned there were small differentials among the villages and this was also reflected on the utilization of improved power, health and sanitation. The main bottleneck in the alleviation of poverty among the Kisi people was lack of reliable inland transport which was hindered by steep slopes close to the Lake and unreliable motorboats which ply along the lake. Some villages like Lumbila have managed to purchase a boat but in the case of Nkanda due to management problems the boat has been abandoned. The overall indicator shows that Lumbila village with more diversified economy had higher per capita income than the other villages. Besides this the villages were vulnerable to environmental degradation and disasters related to health.
The Impact of Population Growth on Managing Forest Resources in West Usamabara, Tanzania
Authors: Lugazo Simon , Mushy Reguli
Published: December 2022

This paper assessed the impact of rapid population growth on forest resource management in West Usambara, Tanzania. It determined the trend of population growth in Tanzania over the past thirty years, socio-economic factors affecting forest resource uses and evaluated intervention measures on forest resources management. Surveyss were conducted in four wards Mayo, Baga, Mgwashi and Bumbuli and assessed the impact of rapid growth of population on forest resource management. The study revealed that the population of the study area has almost doubled from 246,049 in 1978 to 492,441 in 2012 with population density of 120.4 persons per square Kilometer which is above the national population density of 51 persons per square Kilometer. Furthermore, 84% of the respondents collected fire wood from the forest while 96% revealed to depend in forest for different forest products like fire wood, vegetables, fruits and medicine. About 96% revealed to practice PFM which is underperformed due to different challenges mentioned. The study concluded that population growth contributed highly to the forest destruction. Finally, it is recommended that awareness rising on family planning should be promoted, land use plan developed and Participatory Forest Management actively established with equal benefit sharing among the actors. Likewise, the policy and regulations should be reviewed to favour forest adjacent community’s needs.
Analysing Vulnerabilities of local communities to flood disasters in the Lower Rufiji Floodplain, Tanzania
Authors: Andrea Johnstone , Kangalawe Richard
Published: December 2022

Climate change scenario shows that areas with bimodal rainfall pattern and major river basins including the Rufiji basin are anticipated to receive an increase of rainfall intensity by 5% to 45%, with a decrease of raining seasons. This incident is expected to upsurge the frequency and magnitude of extreme flood events and cause serious devastations to vulnerable communities. This paper examined the progression of factors causing community vulnerability to flood disasters as basis for developing appropriate flood risk reduction strategies. Data collection methods involved household survey, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, remote sensing and hydrological analysis. The household survey and hydrological data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Science and Trend Analysis software. Data from focus group discussion and interviews were triangulated with community during participatory discussions. Results showed high degree of community vulnerability to flood impacts extending from geographical, social, economic, political and environmental factors. The catchment delineation model showed that the community is geographically located in flood hazardous areas because the river networks flow into the study area. Also, severity of flood impacts was locally related by the recent influx of cattle in the area which has contributed to land degradation, increased runoff and siltation of the Rufiji river. Furthermore, lack of access to social services such as education, health, water and sanitation facilities were found to largely reduce socioeconomic abilities while illuminating underlying vulnerabilities of study communities to flood impacts. The findings suggested combining underlying and immediate factors in reducing future community vulnerability to flood disasters.
The Role of Radio Surveillance in the Fight Against Deforestation in Rufiji, Tanzania
Authors: Malima Zacharia
Published: December 2022

This paper examines the role of radio surveillance in the fight against deforestation in Rufiji, Tanzania. It presents the findings of a study that was guided by three research questions: (i) What techniques are used by radio programme producers in alerting people on the dangers of deforestation in Tanzania? (ii) How useful and helpful is forest information communicated through the radio to Rufiji community members? (iii) To what extent does the radio influence forest conservation behaviour among community members in Rufiji? Data were collected from a series of Urithi Wetu programme on TBC Taifa, and its content was analysed qualitatively to yield input that depicts the perceived role of radio surveillance. Complementary data were collected using questionnaires and focus group discussions. The findings reveal that the radio has largely failed to use instrumental surveillance function of the environment to empower community members find alternative sources of income generation and refrain from actions that are detrimental to forest conservation efforts. In fact, the findings expose the relative limitation of the success of the radio in both scope and intensity in using several techniques to make its audiences aware of impending and prevailing threats associated with TBC-Taifa tree-felling. Thus, remedial measures would include a shift in focus to solution-based programmes and integration of the views of the community members in radio programmes to optimise the impact on the target audiences.
Community Livelihood Vulnerability to Climate Change in Ileje District, South-Western Tanzania
Authors: Muganyizi Janet , Lyimo G. J. , Mung’ong’o Claude
Published: December 2022

Community livelihood assets are important in enhancing household adaptive capacity and resilience to the impact of climate change. This paper examined the vulnerability of community livelihood assets to the impacts of climate change using Ileje District, in south-western Tanzania as a case study. Random sampling was used to select four villages, out of which two villages were sampled from midland and two from highland established agro ecological zones, constituting a total sample size of 308 households. Descriptive statistics was used in data analysis generated from household interviews. A balanced weighted average approach was performed to calculate households’ livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). The results showed that climate change impacted the livelihood assets of households; and more so on social, physical and financial capital; with LVI of 0.7, 0.4, and 0.4, respectively. Households’ incomes, land and water productivity, biodiversity, soil fertility and water flow from water sources were reduced; household health and employment opportunities were impacted; whereas households’ food shortage and poverty increased. The results also revealed the adaptive capacity index of 0.35 (overall), 0.34 (midland zone) and 0.36 (highland zone), indicating the study area to be moderately vulnerable to climate change. This paper argues that assessing the magnitude of climate change impacts on households’ livelihood assets is strategic for sustainable adaptation to climate changes as it guides policy makers and planners on appropriate management measures. Similarly, increasing the access of livelihood assets to the more vulnerable households is vital for sustaining their livelihoods.
Moving from Charcoal Use to Alternative Sources of Energy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mhache Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

Reducing pressure on forest resources by promoting alternative sources of energy may significantly protect the environment and attract healthy ecosystems. This paper investigated the manner in which charcoal users can switch to alternative sources of energy in Tanzania. It draws data from a study that was conducted in Dar es Salaam region, where the use of charcoal is widely pronounced.The paper involved 108 respondents; including heads of households, officials, and charcoal users. Questionnaires, interviews, observation tools and documentary review methods were employed in data collection. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 20, while qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The results suggest that about 75.9% and 14.8% of the respondents depended on charcoal and gas, respectively. The low prices of charcoal and peoples’ perceptions on charcoal are the main reasons influencing the overdependence on charcoal. Availability, reliability and affordability of charcoal are the main reasons why people are not ready to abandon charcoal and shift to alternative energy sources.The paper recommends that urban dwellers be encouraged to use alternative energy sources such as gas and electricity. Subsidizing prices/ tariffs of alternative energy sources may encourage the use of alternative energy sources. Adoption of the use of efficient and energy saving stoves may also reduce dependence on charcoal. This can be done in different ways such as providing energy saving stoves to people for free or at subsidized prices. Thus, the government, NGOs, environmental stakeholders, and others should finance energy saving stoves.