bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facial area and hairiness of pollinators visiting semi‐natural grassland wild plants predict their facial pollen load
Authors: Goulnik Jérémie , Plantureux Sylvain , Van Reeth Colin , Baude Mathilde , Mesbahi Geoffrey , Michelot‐Antalik Alice
Published: August 2020

1. Consequences of a decline in pollination function in semi‐natural ecosystems are largely unknown due to variability in pollinator effectiveness, that is, their contribution to pollen deposition alone. While pollination effectiveness has been shown to be related to body size and hairiness of pollinators for some crops, studies encompassing a wide diversity of pollinators interacting with wild plant communities are lacking.

2. Thus, the relationships between pollen load, which is a measurement of pollen transport ability and a proxy of pollinator effectiveness, and morphological traits of pollinators sampled in 16 grasslands in Moselle, France, were investigated. The area, hairiness, and pollen load of each pollinator's face were measured for 658 individuals from 127 bee and fly species interacting with 36 wild plant species. Pollinator dry mass was also measured on 543 individuals from 109 species.

3. Dry body mass and facial area of pollinators were positively linked. This study highlights that bees transported significantly more pollen grains on their face than flies. Furthermore, bees' faces were larger and hairier. We also found that pollinators' facial pollen load increased with facial area and hairiness when we considered all pollinators. However, hairiness is not significant within pollinator group (bees or flies), mirroring a potential phylogenetic signal.

4. Hence, this study shows a wide diversity of pollinator and plant species in which larger and hairier pollinators may transport more pollen grains, at least on their face. However, future studies involving other pollinator body parts are needed to generalise these relationships.
Technology‐enabled collaborative care for youth with early psychosis: A protocol for a feasibility study to improve physical health behaviours
Authors: Selby Peter , Vojtila Lenka , Ashfaq Iqra , Dragonetti Rosa , Melamed Osnat C. , Carriere Rebecca , LaChance Laura , Kohut Sara Ahola , Hahn Margaret , Mulsant Benoit H.
Published: August 2020

Aim

Individuals with psychotic disorders have poorer health outcomes and die earlier due to cardiovascular diseases when compared to healthy populations. Contributing factors include low levels of physical activity, poor nutrition and tobacco smoking. Currently, patients navigate a fragmented health‐care system to seek physical and mental health services, often without access to evidence‐based health promotion interventions, especially in non‐academic settings or rural areas, increasing client barriers at the individual and provider level. To address these gaps, we wish to test the feasibility and impact of a Technology‐Enabled Collaborative Care for Youth (TECC‐Y) model to improve healthy behaviours among youth with early psychosis. The model addresses geographical barriers and maldistribution of physical and mental health care.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial, including youth (ages of 16‐29) with early psychosis (diagnosed in the past 5 years) residing in Ontario, Canada. Our primary outcome is client engagement. Secondary outcomes include smoking status, physical health and nutrition. Participants are randomly assigned to either a health coach supervised by a virtual care team, or a self‐directed learning group (e‐platform with psychoeducational materials). Assessments are conducted at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 weeks.

Results

This paper presents the protocol of the study. Recruitment commenced in August 2018. This study was registered on 16 July 2018 on clinicaltrials.gov (Registry ID: NCT03610087).

Conclusions

TECC‐Y will determine if a technology‐based collaborative care model engages youth with early psychosis, and whether this will be associated with changes in smoking, physical health and nutrition.
Study design synopsis: Designing and performing pharmacokinetic studies for systemically administered drugs in horses
Authors: Bermingham Eden , Davis Jennifer L. , Whittem Ted
Published: August 2020

The goal of this editorial is to discuss best practice design, execution and reporting of a pharmacokinetic (PK) study in horses. Our target readers are clinicians who plan to perform this type of research, in a field, clinic or research setting but we also hope that this article might help readers of such work to appraise the articles and understand the quality of the studies. Our emphasis will be on appropriate study design and analytical method, drug and drug formulation choice and route of administration, animal choice, sample collection, storage and shipping, and reporting, rather than the PK data analysis itself.
Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit polymorphisms in melanoma skin cancer risk
Authors: Belpinati Francesca , Malerba Giovanni , Dal Toè Melissa , Ceccuzzi Laura , Rodolfo Monica , Poli Albino , Turco Alberto , Vergani Elisabetta , Sangalli Antonella , Gomez‐Lira Macarena
Published: August 2020

Melanoma is the most deadly skin cancer, and its incidence is growing. EZH2, a member of the Polycomb Group (PcGs) proteins family, plays an important biological role in the occurrence and development of melanoma. EZH2 germline genetic polymorphisms have not been yet evaluated in melanoma predisposition. Three hundred thirty sporadic Italian melanoma patients and 333 healthy volunteers were genotyped to analyse the association between EZH2 variants rs6950683, rs2302427, rs3757441, rs2072408 and melanoma risk. The functionality of rs6950683 alleles was investigated in keratinocytes (HaCat), melanoma cells (A375) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), using promoter‐reporter assays. Genotype distribution of SNPs showed that rs6950683T and rs3757441C alleles were positively associated with melanoma risk (P = .003 and .004, respectively). Haplotype analysis revealed that TCCA and CCCG haplotypes were associated with a higher risk of melanoma (P = .02 and .04, respectively). Functional assays demonstrated that allele rs6950683T reduce promoter activity in the three cell lines analysed compared to C allele. rs6950683T and rs3757441C alleles in the EZH2 gene appear positively associated with melanoma risk in the analysed population. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time the functional role of rs6950683 upstream polymorphism on EZH2 gene expression regulation.
Regional variations in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of canola‐derived jet fuel produced in western Canada
Authors: Obnamia Jon A. , MacLean Heather L. , Saville Bradley A.
Published: August 2020

This study investigates the life cycle GHG emissions of jet fuel produced via the hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) pathway from canola grown in western Canada, with a focus on characterizing regional influences on emissions. We examine the effects of geographic variations in soil type, agricultural inputs, farming practices, and direct land use changes on life cycle GHG emissions. We utilize GREET 2016 but replace default feedstock production inputs with geographically representative data for canola production across eight western Canadian regions (representing 99% of Canada's canola production) and replace the default conversion process with data from a novel process model previously developed in ASPEN in our research group wherein oil extraction is integrated with the HEFA‐based fuel production process. Although canola production inputs and yields vary across the regions, resulting life cycle GHG emissions are similar if effects of land use and land management changes (LMC) are not included; 44–48 g CO2e/MJ for the eight regions (45%–50% reduction compared to petroleum jet fuel). Results are considerably more variable, 16–58 g CO2e/MJ, when including effects of land use and LMC directly related to conversion of lands from other uses to canola production (34%–82% reduction compared to petroleum jet fuel). We establish the main sources of emissions in the life cycle of canola jet fuel (N‐fertilizer and related emissions, fuel production), identify that substantially higher emissions may occur when using feedstock sourced from regions where conversion of forested land to cropland had occurred, and identify benefits of less intense tillage practices and increased use of summerfallow land. The methods and findings are relevant in jurisdictions internationally that are incorporating GHG emissions reductions from aviation fuels in a low carbon fuel market or legislating carbon intensity reduction requirements.
Stimulation of Posterior Thalamic Nuclei Induces Photophobic Behavior in Mice
Authors: Sowers Levi P. , Wang Mengya , Rea Brandon J. , Taugher Rebecca J. , Kuburas Adisa , Kim Youngcho , Wemmie John A. , Walker Christopher S. , Hay Debbie L. , Russo Andrew F.
Published: August 2020

Objective

A hallmark of migraine is photophobia. In mice, photophobia‐like behavior is induced by calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide known to be a key player in migraine. In this study, we sought to identify sites within the brain from which CGRP could induce photophobia.

Design

We focused on the posterior thalamic region, which contains neurons responsive to both light and dural stimulation and has CGRP binding sites. We probed this area with both optogenetic stimulation and acute CGRP injections in wild‐type mice. Since the light/dark assay has historically been used to investigate anxiety‐like responses in animals, we measured anxiety in a light‐independent open field assay and asked if stimulation of a brain region, the periaqueductal gray, that induces anxiety would yield similar results to posterior thalamic stimulation. The hippocampus was used as an anatomical control to ensure that light‐aversive behaviors could not be induced by the stimulation of any brain region.

Results

Optogenetic activation of neuronal cell bodies in the posterior thalamic nuclei elicited light aversion in both bright and dim light without an anxiety‐like response in an open field assay. Injection of CGRP into the posterior thalamic region triggered similar light‐aversive behavior without anxiety. In contrast to the posterior thalamic nuclei, optogenetic stimulation of dorsal periaqueductal gray cell bodies caused both light aversion and an anxiety‐like response, while CGRP injection had no effect. In the dorsal hippocampus, neither optical stimulation nor CGRP injection affected light aversion or open field behaviors.

Conclusion

Stimulation of posterior thalamic nuclei is able to initiate light‐aversive signals in mice that may be modulated by CGRP to cause photophobia in migraine.
Systemic administration of IL‐33 induces a population of circulating KLRG1hi type 2 innate lymphoid cells and inhibits type 1 innate immunity against multiple myeloma
Authors: Guillerey Camille , Stannard Kimberley , Chen Jason , Krumeich Sophie , Miles Kim , Nakamura Kyohei , Smith Jessica , Yu Yuan , Ng Susanna , Harjunpää Heidi , Teng Michele WL , Engwerda Christian , Belz Gabrielle T , Smyth Mark J
Published: August 2020

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are important producers of type 2 cytokines whose role in hematological cancers remains unclear. ILC2s are a heterogeneous population encompassing distinct subsets with different tissue localization and cytokine responsiveness. In this study, we investigated the role of bone marrow (BM) ILC2s and interleukin (IL)‐33‐stimulated ILC2s in multiple myeloma, a plasma cell malignancy that develops in the BM. We found that myeloma growth was associated with phenotypic and functional alterations of BM ILC2s, characterized by an increased expression of maturation markers and reduced cytokine response to IL‐2/IL‐33. We identified a population of KLRG1hi ILC2s that preferentially accumulated in the liver and spleen of Il2rg−/− Rag2−/− mice reconstituted with BM ILC2s. A similar population of KLRG1hi ILC2s was observed in the blood, liver and spleen of IL‐33‐treated wild‐type mice. The presence of KLRG1hi ILC2s in ILC2‐reconstituted Il2rg−/− Rag2−/− mice or in IL‐33‐treated wild‐type mice was associated with increased eosinophil numbers but had no effect on myeloma progression. Interestingly, while decreased myeloma growth was observed following treatment of Rag‐deficient mice with the type 1 cytokines IL‐12 and IL‐18, this protection was reversed when mice received a combined treatment of IL‐33 together with IL‐12 and IL‐18. In summary, our data indicate that IL‐33 treatment induces a population of circulating inflammatory KLRG1hi ILC2s and inhibits type 1 immunity against multiple myeloma. These results argue against therapeutic administration of IL‐33 to myeloma patients.
Explaining individual differences in infant visual sensory seeking
Authors: Piccardi Elena Serena , Johnson Mark H. , Gliga Teodora
Published: August 2020

Individual differences in infants’ engagement with their environment manifest early in development and are noticed by parents. Three views have been advanced to explain differences in seeking novel stimulation. The optimal stimulation hypothesis suggests that individuals seek further stimulation when they are under‐responsive to current sensory input. The processing speed hypothesis proposes that those capable of processing information faster are driven to seek stimulation more frequently. The information prioritization hypothesis suggests the differences in stimulation seeking index variation in the prioritization of incoming relative to ongoing information processing. Ten‐month‐old infants saw 10 repetitions of a video clip and changes in frontal theta oscillatory amplitude were measured as an index of information processing speed. Stimulus‐locked P1 peak amplitude in response to checkerboards briefly overlaid on the video at random points during its presentation indexed processing of incoming stimulation. Parental report of higher visual seeking did not relate to reduced P1 peak amplitude or to a stronger decrease in frontal theta amplitude with repetition, thus not supporting either the optimal stimulation or the processing speed hypotheses. Higher visual seeking occurred in those infants whose P1 peak amplitude was greater than expected based on their theta amplitude. These findings indicate that visual sensory seeking in infancy is explained by a bias toward novel stimulation, thus supporting the information prioritization hypothesis.
Fiscal procyclicality in emerging markets: The role of institutions and economic conditions
Authors: Bergman U. Michael , Hutchison Michael
Published: August 2020

Procyclicality of fiscal policy is a common feature in emerging markets, by contrast with high‐income economies, and leads to greater business‐cycle amplitudes. We investigate potential causes of fiscal procyclicality, including a host of economic and institutional variables of especial import in emerging markets. We employ dynamic panel methods in a large sample of countries to investigate what factors are associated with fiscal cyclicality. We find that fiscal procyclicality is mainly due to procyclical fluctuations in government investment expenditure. In addition, we find that procyclical fiscal policy is positively associated with government debt levels, terms‐of‐trade volatility, and costs of foreign borrowing, while negatively associated with better government efficiency. Only a weak association is found between International Monetary Fund program participation and fiscal procyclicality. Finally, we find that certain fiscal rules are associated with lower fiscal procyclicality and, in particular, balanced‐budget rules may help mitigate the adverse cyclicality effects of high terms‐of‐trade volatility and government debt burdens in emerging markets.
Empirical models of trigonal distortions and polarization in perovskites
Authors: Smith Evan , Wander Olivia , Ubic Rick
Published: August 2020

Correlative models derived from empirical relations describing synthesis‐structure relationships are essential to guiding and improving future research and development of functional materials, yet few models exist for the prediction of structural distortions in perovskites. In this work, a data‐mining approach has been employed to collect structural data for trigonally distorted perovskites in specific model systems. Correlative models were developed which describe the relationship between the c/a ratio and the ratio of the pseudocubic lattice constant (apc) to the B‐X bond length (rBX). General models were then created for the c/a ratio in terms of the modified tolerance factor for trigonal perovskites with symmetry and perovskite‐like compounds with R3c symmetry. These models accurately predict the lattice constants in trigonally distorted perovskites and LiNbO3 type perovskite‐like compounds. In addition, a general model was developed, which accurately predicts polarization in trigonal LiNbO3 type perovskite‐like compounds in space group R3c.
Effect of humour intervention programme on depression, anxiety, subjective well‐being, cognitive function and sleep quality in Chinese nursing home residents
Authors: Zhao Jinping , Yin Huiru , Wang Xinxin , Zhang Guangwei , Jia Yong , Shang Binghan , Zhao Jinyang , Wang Chunyan , Chen Li
Published: August 2020

Aim

To evaluate the effect of an 8‐week humour intervention programme on reducing depression and anxiety and improving subjective well‐being, cognitive function and sleep quality in nursing home residents.

Design

A single‐blinded and quasi‐experimental design with repeated measures.

Methods

Seventy‐four older adults were recruited from May 2018–September 2018, with 37 older adults in the humour group received humour intervention and 37 in the control group received no intervention. The intervention was an 8‐week humour intervention programme for older adults to learn to use humour and release their emotions. Primary outcomes include depression, anxiety and subjective well‐being and secondary outcomes were cognitive function and sleep quality. Two‐way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the differences of outcome measures between the two groups. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 8 and 16 weeks.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two groups at baseline. The adherence to the sessions of humour intervention over the 8‐weeks was 97.6%.

Two‐way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant improvement in depression, anxiety, subjective well‐being and sleep quality during the postintervention (8 weeks) and follow‐up (16 weeks) periods in the humour group versus the control group. However, a significant time × group interaction for cognitive function was only found during postintervention.

Conclusion

The humour intervention programme was effective in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms and increasing subjective well‐being, cognitive function and sleep quality in older adults.

Impact

Physical and mental health problems are common among older adults in nursing homes. The study demonstrated that humour intervention has feasibility and potential to be used as an effective non‐pharmacological intervention in improving well‐beings of Chinese nursing home residents.

Trial Registration

ChiCTR1800016148.
Epidemiology of mid‐buccal gingival recessions in NHANES according to the 2018 World Workshop Classification System
Authors: Romandini Mario , Soldini Maria Costanza , Montero Eduardo , Sanz Mariano
Published: August 2020

Aim

There are no nationally representative epidemiological studies available reporting on the different recession types according to the 2018 classification system or focusing on the aesthetic zone. The aims of this cross‐sectional study were (a) to provide estimates on the prevalence, severity and extent of mid‐buccal GRs according to the 2018 classification and (b) to identify their risk indicators in the adult U.S. population from the NHANES database.

Materials and Methods

Data from 10,676 subjects, representative of 143.8 millions of adults, were retrieved from the NHANES 2009–2014 database. GR prevalence was defined as the presence of at least one mid‐buccal GR ≥1 mm. GRs were categorized following the 2018 World Workshop classification system (RT1, RT2, RT3) and according to different severity cut‐offs. An analysis for GR risk indicators was also performed, selecting subjects without periodontitis.

Results

The patient‐level prevalence of mid‐buccal GRs (all types) was 91.6%, while it decreased to 70.7% when considering only the aesthetic zone. When focusing on RT1 GRs, the patient‐level prevalence (whole mouth) was 12.4%, while it was 5.8% considering only the aesthetic zone. The majority of RT1 GRs were considered as mild (1–2 mm). The whole‐mouth patient‐level prevalence of RT2 and RT3 GRs was 88.8% and 55.0%, respectively. Age (35–49 years), gender (female), ethnicity (non–Hispanic Whites), last dental visit (>6 months before), tooth type (incisors) and the arch (mandible) resulted as risk indicators associated with the presence of RT1 GR.

Conclusions

Mid‐buccal GRs affect almost the entire US population. Age, gender, ethnicity, dental care exposure, tooth type and arch were identified as risk indicators for RT1 GRs.
Preparation and characterization of Paraloid B‐72/TiO2 nanocomposite and their effect on the properties of polylactic acid as strawberry coating agents
Authors: Hussein Elsayed Nadia , Najmi Ali Hussein , Mohamed Ghena M. , Mohamed Ayman A. , Al‐Sayed Hanan M. A.
Published: August 2020

In this study, Paraloid B‐72 (poly methyl methacrlylate/ethylacrylate 70:30) and its nanocomposites with titanium dioxide (TiO2) concentration 1–5% have been prepared by emulsion polymerization technique and characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) in addition to antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. The prepared Paraloid B‐72 and its titanium dioxide nanocomposites was grafted onto polylactic acid (PLA) and the results indicate that the grafting percentage reached to maximum value using the nanocomposite of Paraloid B‐72 with 3% TiO2. PLA grafted with Paraloid B‐72/3% TiO2 has been characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), FT‐IR as well as mechanical and color change measurements. The results show that incorporation of Paraloid B‐72 / TiO2 improved the properties of PLA. The produced PLA grafted Paraloid B‐72 and its 5% titanium dioxide have been used for coating strawberry to enhance and control the cold storage at 4°C for 15 days.
Development of monoclonal antibodies for the rapid detection and identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in food sample using dot‐blot assays
Authors: Jinapon Chontichar , Wangman Pradit , Pengsuk Chalinan , Chaivisuthangkura Parin , Sithigorngul Paisarn , Longyant Siwaporn
Published: August 2020

Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to Salmonella were produced from a mouse immunized with a combination of heat‐killed whole‐cell and formalin‐fixed Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) as the antigens. The mAb SE‐13D bound specifically only to S. Enteritidis, while mAb Sal‐06G bound to various members of the Salmonella serogroups B, C, D, E, and I. Neither mAb demonstrated any cross‐reactivity to other bacteria. The two mAbs belong to the IgM class and IgG2a subclass, respectively. Using a dot‐blot assay, the detection sensitivity limits of mAbs SE‐13D and Sal‐06G were 107 and 106 cfu/ml, respectively. However, the detection sensitivity of both mAbs could be improved to 104 or 1 cfu/ml after pre‐enriching the bacteria in tryptic soy broth (TSB) or chicken homogenate in TSB for 3 or 12 hr, respectively. Therefore, mAbs SE‐13D and Sal‐06G can be used as simple, rapid, specific, and effective immunological tools to directly detect and differentiate S. Enteritidis and an assortment of Salmonella serovars from other bacteria in complex crude samples such as poultry products, foods, and medical samples without the need for bacterial isolation and the conventional characterizations required by biochemical tests.

Practical applications

Development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Salmonella is of utmost important for detection and monitoring food contamination. In this study, two mAbs: one specific to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and another one specific to several Salmonella serovars were generated. With regular pre‐enriching protocol for 12 hr, the bacteria in food sample and tryptic soy broth could be detected at 1 cfu/ml with dot blot assay. Due to the rapid, specific and sensitive method for detection, both mAbs were fit for monitoring contamination of S. Enteritidis and assortment of Salmonella serovars in food samples.
Sibling Relationships in Adulthood: Research Findings and New Frontiers
Authors: Gilligan Megan , Stocker Clare M. , Jewsbury Conger Katherine
Published: August 2020

Sibling relationships, the longest‐lasting relationships in most people's lives, have been understudied compared to other family relationships. The goal of this review is to increase understanding of sibling relationships from midlife to older adulthood by integrating aspects of psychological and sociological theories, including social exchange, family systems, and life course perspectives, to better understand the structure, function, processes, and meaning of sibling relationships in middle and later life. This theoretical integration promotes a comprehensive study of sibling relationships by considering individual and family characteristics as well as the broader social and cultural contexts in which sibling ties are situated. Further, this integration facilitates the study of sibling relationships across time. In addition to reviewing current knowledge about sibling relationships in adulthood, we discuss directions for future research, the methodological practices necessary to advance this research, and the translational significance of research on adult sibling relationships for aging populations.
Acute motor deficit and subsequent remyelination‐associated recovery following internal capsule demyelination in mice
Authors: Yamazaki Reiji , Ohno Nobuhiko , Huang Jeffrey K.
Published: August 2020

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by accumulated motor disability. However, whether remyelination promotes motor recovery following demyelinating injury remains unclear. Damage to the internal capsule (IC) is known to result in motor impairment in multiple sclerosis and stroke. Here, we induced focal IC demyelination in mice by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) injection, and examined its effect on motor behavior. We also compared the effect of LPC‐induced IC damage to that produced by endothelin‐1 (ET1), a potent vasoconstrictor used in experimental stroke lesions. We found that LPC or ET1 injections induced asymmetric motor deficit at 7 days post‐lesion (dpl), and that both lesion types displayed increased microglia/macrophage density, myelin loss, and axonal dystrophy. The motor deficit and lesion pathology remained in ET1‐injected mice at 28 dpl. In contrast, LPC‐injected mice regained motor function by 28 dpl, with corresponding reduction in activated microglia/macrophage density, and recovery of myelin staining and axonal integrity in lesions. These results suggest that LPC‐induced IC demyelination results in acute motor deficit and subsequent recovery through remyelination, and may be used to complement future drug screens to identify drugs for promoting remyelination.

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Pre‐parenthood Sense of Self and the Adjustment to the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Chen Eva Yi‐Ju , Tung Eli Yi‐Liang , Enright Robert D.
Published: August 2020

Objective

The present study examined the moderation role of pre‐parenthood self‐esteem and sense of mastery in psychological well‐being across the transition to parenthood.

Background

Past research has identified negative changes in new parents' psychological well‐being. Less studied are the protective factors that can alleviate this transition impact. Informed by theories of psychological well‐being, the protective role of pre‐parenthood positive sense of self in parenthood transitions was examined.

Method

Longitudinal data for 2,588 individuals collected from adolescence through their transition to parenthood were analyzed. Pre‐parenthood sense‐of‐self trajectory groups were formed using data collected during adolescence. Piecewise multilevel models were constructed to explore the effect of pre‐parenthood sense of self on new parents' psychological well‐being measured by depressive symptoms, self‐esteem, and sense of mastery.

Results

Compared to nonparent peers, the transitions to parenthood lowered new parents' psychological well‐being. This aforementioned change differed by pre‐parenthood sense‐of‐self trajectory groups. Contrary to expectations, new parents with high self‐esteem or sense of mastery during adolescence experienced greater negative immediate impacts at childbirth, compared to their low sense of self counterparts. Furthermore, new parents with both high pre‐parenthood self‐esteem and sense of mastery demonstrated gradual declines in sense of self after childbirth.

Conclusion

Positive pre‐parenthood sense of self during adolescence may not protect individuals against the immediate and longitudinal impact of the transition to parenthood. Implications for research and practice were discussed.
Sensemaking, Organizing, and Surpassing: A Handoff*
Authors: Weick Karl E.
Published: August 2020

In this essay, I reflect on the intellectual influences that led to the genesis of the Social Psychology of Organizing and assess the way forward. I stress that the Social Psychology aspired to provide an outline of an organizational epistemology. I particularly focus on the interplay between experience and understanding, highlighting the following features: self‐validating prophecy, partiality toward similarity, ambivalence between belief and doubt, and understanding as ongoing accomplishment. I conclude with a discussion of the three papers published in this Special issue.
A video polysomnographic study of spontaneous smiling during sleep in newborns
Authors: Challamel Marie‐Josèphe , Hartley Sarah , Debilly Gabriel , Lahlou Saadi , Franco Patricia
Published: August 2020

The objective of the present study was to confirm the link between spontaneous smiling and active sleep in newborns, and to identify the role of the cortex in the generation of spontaneous smiles. A total of 12 healthy newborns born at term and three infants with major congenital abnormalities (two with hydranencephaly and one with a left hemispherectomy) were evaluated by video and polysomnography during a 3‐hr sleep period. Smiles were graded and their association with isolated rapid eye movements and grouped rapid eye movements was analysed. In all, 383 smiles were recorded of which 377 occurred during active sleep. Smiles were shown to be significantly associated with active sleep (p < .0001) and with grouped rapid eye movements (p < .0001). Bilateral smiles were more frequent than asymmetrical smiles. Among asymmetrical smiles, left‐sided smiles were more frequent than right‐sided smiles (p < .0001). Maternal stimulation during active sleep did not increase smiles. Smiling was absent during active sleep only in the infant with total hydranencephaly in whom nearly all cortical tissue was absent. In conclusion, smiling occurs in healthy newborns, almost exclusively in active sleep and is associated with grouped rapid eye movements. In infants with major congenital abnormalities, smiling is abolished only when nearly all of the cerebral cortex is absent. These results support the hypothesis of the role of active sleep in the stimulation of neuronal circuits responsible for spontaneous smiling and emphasise the importance of cortical areas in newborn smiling.
Still Opting for the Poor: The Brazilian Catholic Church and the National Movement of the Street Population
Authors: Cousineau Madeleine
Published: August 2020

Have rumors of the demise of liberation theology been greatly exaggerated? There is a prevailing belief among scholars and other observers that the Latin American Catholic Church has withdrawn from the preferential option for the poor, which had encouraged a combination of faith and activism for social justice. This article challenges that belief by means of qualitative data gathered during 8 months in Brazil that provide evidence of close connections between the Pastoral of the Street, a church program that mobilizes homeless people, and the National Movement of the Street Population (MNPR). The principal data came from 42 interviews with homeless or formerly homeless people, movement leaders, and religious sisters and lay workers in the pastoral program. Participant observation and documentary research supplemented the interviews. The findings demonstrate that the Pastoral of the Street helped to create the MNPR and continues to provide it with material and ideological support.
Bilirubin and bile acids in osteocytes and bone tissue. Potential role in the cholestatic‐induced osteoporosis
Authors: Ruiz‐Gaspà Silvia , Guañabens Núria , Jurado Susana , Combalia Andreu , Peris Pilar , Monegal Ana , Parés Albert
Published: August 2020

Background and Aims

Osteoporosis is a common complication in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Both bilirubin and lithocholic acid (LCA) result in detrimental effects on osteoblastic cells, and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) counteracts these outcomes. However, there is no information on the consequences of these retained substances of cholestasis and sera from cholestatic patients in osteocytes.

Methods

The impact of bilirubin, LCA, UDCA and serum from jaundiced patients on viability, differentiation, mineralization and apoptosis has been assessed in MLO‐Y4 and MLO‐A5 osteocyte cell lines. Effects on gene expression were assessed in these cells and in human bone fragments.

Results

Lithocholic acid 10 μmol/L and bilirubin 50 μmol/L decreased viability in MLO‐Y4 and MLO‐A5 cells (11% and 53% respectively; P ≤ .01). UDCA alone or combined with LCA or bilirubin increased cell viability. Jaundiced sera decreased cell viability (56%), an effect which was reverted by UDCA. Bilirubin decreased differentiation by 47% in MLO‐Y4 (P ≤ .01) and mineralization (87%) after 21 days in MLO‐A5 (P ≤ .03). Both bilirubin and LCA increased apoptosis in MLO‐Y4, and UDCA diminished the apoptotic effect. Moreover, bilirubin down‐regulated RUNX2 and up‐regulated RANKL gene expression in bone tissue, MLO‐Y4 and MLO‐A5 cells, and LCA up‐regulated RANKL expression in bone tissue. UDCA 100 μmol/L increased the gene expression of all these genes in bone tissue and MLO‐Y4 cells and neutralized the decreased RUNX2 expression induced by bilirubin.

Conclusion

Bilirubin and LCA have damaging consequences in osteocytes by decreasing viability, differentiation and mineralization, increasing apoptosis and modifying gene expression, effects that are neutralized by UDCA.
Combined high leaf hydraulic safety and efficiency provides drought tolerance in Caragana species adapted to low mean annual precipitation
Authors: Yao Guang‐Qian , Nie Zheng‐Fei , Turner Neil C. , Li Feng‐Min , Gao Tian‐Peng , Fang Xiang‐Wen , Scoffoni Christine
Published: August 2020

Clarifying the coordination of leaf hydraulic traits with gas exchange across closely‐related species adapted to varying rainfall can provide insights into plant habitat distribution and drought adaptation.

The leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), stomatal conductance (gs), net assimilation (A), vein embolism and abscisic acid (ABA) concentration during dehydration were quantified, as well as pressure–volume curve traits and vein anatomy in 10 Caragana species adapted to a range of mean annual precipitation (MAP) conditions and growing in a common garden.

We found a positive correlation between Ψleaf at 50% loss of Kleaf (Kleaf P50) and maximum Kleaf (Kleaf‐max) across species. Species from low‐MAP environments exhibited more negative Kleaf P50 and turgor loss point, and higher Kleaf‐max and leaf‐specific capacity at full turgor, along with higher vein density and midrib xylem per leaf area, and a higher ratio of Kleaf‐max : maximum gs. Tighter stomatal control mediated by higher ABA accumulation during dehydration in these species resulted in an increase in hydraulic safety and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) during drought.

Our results suggest that high hydraulic safety and efficiency combined with greater stomatal sensitivity triggered by ABA production and leading to greater WUEi provides drought tolerance in Caragana species adapted to low‐MAP environments.
Reconciling competing hypotheses regarding flower–leaf sequences in temperate forests for fundamental and global change biology
Authors: Buonaiuto D. M. , Morales‐Castilla Ignacio , Wolkovich E. M.
Published: August 2020

Phenology is a major component of an organism's fitness. While individual phenological events affect fitness, there is growing evidence to suggest that the relationship between events could be equally or more important. This could explain why temperate deciduous woody plants exhibit considerable variation in the order of reproductive and vegetative events, or flower–leaf sequences (FLSs). There is evidence to suggest that FLSs may be adaptive, with several competing hypotheses to explain their function. Here, we advance existing hypotheses with a new framework that accounts for quantitative FLS variation at multiple taxonomic scales using case studies from temperate forests. Our inquiry provides several major insights towards a better understanding of FLS variation. First, we show that support for FLS hypotheses is sensitive to how FLSs are defined, with quantitative definitions being the most useful for robust hypothesis testing. Second, we demonstrate that concurrent support for multiple hypotheses should be the starting point for future FLS analyses. Finally, we highlight how adopting a quantitative, intraspecific approach generates new avenues for evaluating fitness consequences of FLS variation and provides cascading benefits to improving predictions of how climate change will alter FLSs and thereby reshape plant communities and ecosystems.
Association between oral lichen planus and systemic conditions and medications: Case–control study
Authors: Dave Anjali , Shariff Jaffer , Philipone Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate the association between oral lichen planus (OLP) and a variety of systemic conditions, medication, and supplement usage.

Materials and Method

A total of 156 patients diagnosed with OLP and 156 controls at Columbia University Irving Medical Center from 2000 to 2013 were selected as part of the matched (1:1) case–control study. Demographics, systemic conditions, prescription medications and supplements were extracted from the patients’ medical records. A univariable conditional logistic regression (CLR) analysis was performed to calculate unadjusted odds ratio, to identify significant variables associated with OLP (p < .10). Significant variables were further tested using multivariable CLR analysis with both forward and backward selection to calculate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and further distinguish variables associated with OLP (p < .05).

Results

This analysis identified six significant variables: thyroid disorder (aOR:5.1,95%CI:2.3–11.2), any form of cancer (aOR:3.4,95%CI:1.4–8.4), type 2 diabetes (aOR:2.8,95%CI:1.2–6.3), hyperlipidemia (aOR:2.3,95%CI:1.3–4.1), oral sedative usage (aOR:6.3,95%CI:1.8–22.5), and vitamin D supplementation (aOR:2.7,95%Cl:1.3–6.0).

Conclusion

Thyroid disorders, cancer, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, sedatives, and vitamin D supplementation were found to be associated with OLP. Additional investigation is required to explore these associations, which could shed light on the potential mechanism of OLP and reinforce the idea that oral lesions could be predicative of previously undetected systemic conditions.
Knockout of NRAGE promotes autophagy‐related gene expression and the periodontitis process in mice
Authors: Liu Haixia , Zhang Xu , Yang Qixiang , Zhu Xueqin , Chen Fubo , Yue Jing , Zhou Rong , Xu Yuanzhi , Qi Shengcai
Published: August 2020

Background and Objective

Neurotrophin receptor‐interacting MAGE homologue (NRAGE) plays a crucial role in the regulation of bone metabolism. The present study investigated the regulation role of NRAGE on autophagy activation and periodontitis process during experimental periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

Six‐week‐old wild‐type (WT) and NRAGE−/− mice were randomly divided into three time points in the periodontitis groups (0, 2, and 4 weeks). Histopathological changes were determined using the tooth mobility, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT). Osteoclasts activation and number were investigated using tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, immunohistochemistry, and real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐PCR). The level of autophagy‐related gene expression was measured using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and RT‐PCR.

Results

H&E staining and Micro‐CT showed that the destruction of the alveolar bone was considerably more severe in the NRAGE−/− group than the WT group after ligation. Tooth mobility in the NRAGE−/− group was obviously higher than that in the WT group. The activation and number of osteoclasts and the level of autophagy‐related gene expression in NRAGE−/− group were significantly higher than that in WT group.

Conclusions

The present study showed that knockout of NRAGE induced autophagy‐related gene expression and accelerated the process of periodontitis disease via increasing the activity and differentiation of osteoclast.
Association between preoperative hemoglobin levels after iron supplementation and perioperative blood transfusion requirements in children undergoing scoliosis surgery
Authors: Switzer Timothy , Naraine Nadia , Chamlati Racha , Lau Wendy , McVey Mark J. , Zaarour Christian , Faraoni David
Published: August 2020

Background and Aims

In this study, we assessed the association between preoperative hemoglobin and red blood cell transfusion in children undergoing spine surgery after the implementation of our preoperative iron supplementation protocol.

Method

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion surgery between January 2013 and December 2017 and received preoperative iron supplementation. We used uni‐ and multivariable logistic regression to determine the association between preoperative hemoglobin level and red blood cell transfusion in patients receiving iron supplementation.

Results

A total of 382 patients treated with preoperative oral iron were included. Of these, 175 (45.5%) patients were transfused intraoperatively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed nonidiopathic etiology of the scoliosis (OR 4.178 [95% CI: 2.277‐7.668], P < .001), the Cobb angle (OR 1.025 [95% CI: 1.010‐1.040], P = .001), and number of vertebrae fused (OR 1.169 [95% CI: 1.042‐1.312], P = .008) were associated with red blood cell transfusion. In addition, patients with a preoperative hemoglobin ≥ 140 g/L (OR 0.157 [95% CI: 0.046‐0.540], P = .003), and hemoglobin between 130 and 140 g/L (OR 0.195 [95% CI: 0.057‐0.669], P = .009) were less likely to be transfused compared with patients with preoperative hemoglobin between 120 and 130 g/L (OR 0.294 [95% CI: 0.780‐1.082], P = .066) or <120 g/L (reference).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that higher preoperative hemoglobin levels (>130 g/L) are associated with a reduced need for red blood cell transfusion in pediatric patients who have received iron supplementation before undergoing posterior spinal fusion in our institution. The effect of iron supplementation, the optimal dosing, and duration of supplemental iron therapy remains unclear at this time.
A practical review of dermoscopy for pediatric dermatology part I: Melanocytic growths
Authors: Kaushik Anshika , Natsis Nicola , Gordon Samantha C. , Seiverling Elizabeth V.
Published: August 2020

The value of dermoscopy in the detection of skin cancer is well established. Less is published on the utility of dermoscopy in the evaluation of pediatric skin disease. Our review (in two parts) aims to serve as an update on pediatric dermoscopy and to provide readers with a practical application for the use of dermoscopy in pediatric dermatology clinics. In part I, we propose a dermoscopy algorithm for pediatric skin disease and melanocytic growths, and in part II, we address vascular growths, common skin infections, and inflammatory conditions for which dermoscopy is valuable.
Friends or Colleagues? Communal and Exchange Relationships During stages of Humanitarian Relief
Authors: Shaheen Iana , Azadegan Arash
Published: August 2020

In this study, we explore firm‐level perspectives from four types of organizations on how collaborative relationships are viewed, strengthened, and applied in responding to disasters. We focus on the perspective of four types of organizations operating at the forefront of the response to major hurricanes in the United States. These include government agencies and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) at the regional and local levels. We analyze qualitative evidence from managers and directors from a total of 54 organizations regarding their organization’s relationships before and during the response stage of major hurricanes in the United States. Evidence suggests that collaborative relationships are viewed and strengthened in different ways by the four types. Whereas local NGOs view their relationship with others as communal (non‐reciprocal), national NGOs view them as exchange (reciprocal). Government agencies (local and regional) have a hybrid view, a combination of communal and exchange. Evidence suggests that during the dormant stage, organizations build up collaborative relationships that can facilitate their efforts during the response stage. During the response stage, a general shift toward communal and away from exchange relationships is noted across all four types. Notable counter‐intuitive findings, alongside theoretical and managerial insights, are offered based on the findings.
“Pulling the Plug:” Time Allocation between Drug Discovery and Development Projects
Authors: Subramanian Annapoornima M. , Lévesque Moren , van de Vrande Vareska
Published: August 2020

Biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms invest billions of dollars in R&D, primarily in new drug discovery. Nonetheless, the industry is facing declining returns on R&D investments. Failure to discontinue less‐promising new drug discovery projects is a key driver of this decreased productivity. Hence, firms are scrambling to restructure the new drug discovery process to improve decision‐making and to limit the attrition rate to the early stages of drug discovery. Drawing on insights from the exploration–exploitation literature, our study addresses this timing problem by using a formal model and empirically testing its implications on how the time to discontinuation of new drug discovery projects are impacted by project‐ and firm‐specific characteristics, so that a firm's resources can be promptly redeployed to more fruitful endeavors. Our findings, based on an analysis of 1274 early‐stage drug discovery projects worldwide, suggest that the time to discontinuation of early‐stage drug discovery projects requires careful consideration of these project‐ and firm‐specific characteristics. These findings hold important implications for the industry, which is undergoing tremendous stress and transformation. The results also contribute to the exploration–exploitation literature by modeling and testing the time‐allocation decision between exploratory and exploitative activities.