bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NADC30-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in China
Authors: Tian Kegong
Published: July 2017

NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has widely spread in China and become locally dominant virus strain in some provinces. Although they are not pathogenic as highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-RRRSV) that outbreaks since 2006, NADC30-like PRRSVs distinguished themselves by high incidence of recombination with other virus strains which lead to change of virulence. The outbreaks of NADC30-like PRRSV in the vaccinated pig herds suggested that current commercial PRRSV vaccines cannot provide complete protection to the infection. In this review, we have described in detail the current situation of NADC30 PRRSV including epidemiology, genomic characterization, pathogenicity, and efficacy of current commercial vaccines in China.
Integration of Digital Dentistry into a Predoctoral Implant Program: Program Description, Rationale, and Utilization Trends
Authors: Afshari Fatemeh S. , Sukotjo Cortino , Alfaro Maria F. , McCombs Jeri , Campbell Stephen D. , Knoernschild Kent L. , Yuan Judy Chia-Chun
Published: July 2017

A recently revised predoctoral implant curriculum at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry integrated digital dentistry into both the preclinical dental implant course and clinical activities. Traditionally, competence in the didactic and clinical parts of predoctoral education in single tooth implant restorations has emphasized the analog impression technique and subsequent mounting of soft tissue working casts. However, computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) implant restorations can play a significant role in predoctoral dental education utilizing digital technologies. The goal of the curriculum expansion is to transition from analog to partially digital and, finally, complete digital workflow. The aim of this article is to describe the specific components, implementation, and rationale for the new digitally integrated implant curriculum and present short‐term clinical utilization trends.
How Many Dentists Are Needed in 2040: Executive Summary
Authors: Bailit Howard L.
Published: July 2017

Five background articles in Section 2 of the “Advancing Dental Education in the 21st Century” project examined some of the factors likely to impact the number of dentists needed in 2040: 1) the oral health of the population, 2) changes in the utilization of dental services, 3) new technologies, 4) the growth of large capitated dental group practices, and 5) the demand for dental care. With this information, a sixth background article estimated the number of dentists needed in 2040 compared to the number expected if current trends continue. This executive summary provides an overview of findings from these six articles. The data indicate major improvements in oral health, especially in upper income groups that account for 65% of practice revenues. At the same time, per capita utilization of restorative and prosthetic services has declined dramatically. No major new technologies are likely to impact the need for dentists by 2040. In a large capitated group practice, full‐time general dentists treated an average of 2,100 patients per year; solo general dentists averaged 1,350. Based on the examined factors, growth in demand for traditional forms of care may slow substantially, raising the potential for a surplus of dentists in 2040. If these trends continue, the key national policy issue then would be: should schools reduce the number of graduates before market forces require them to downsize or close, or are other alternatives available?
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Kidney Disease Progression in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Chonchol Michel , Gitomer Berenice , Isakova Tamara , Cai Xuan , Salusky Isidro , Pereira Renata , Abebe Kaleab , Torres Vicente , Steinman Theodor I. , Grantham Jared J. , Chapman Arlene B. , Schrier Robert W. , Wolf Myles
Published: July 2017

Background and objectives

Increases in fibroblast growth factor 23 precede kidney function decline in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; however, the role of fibroblast growth factor 23 in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease has not been well characterized.

Design, setting, participants & measurements

We measured intact fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in baseline serum samples from 1002 participants in the HALT-PKD Study A (n=540; mean eGFR =91±17 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and B (n=462; mean eGFR =48±12 ml/min per 1.73 m2). We used linear mixed and Cox proportional hazards models to test associations between fibroblast growth factor 23 and eGFR decline, percentage change in height-adjusted total kidney volume, and composite of time to 50% reduction in eGFR, onset of ESRD, or death.

Results

Median (interquartile range) intact fibroblast growth factor 23 was 44 (33–56) pg/ml in HALT-PKD Study A and 69 (50–93) pg/ml in Study B. In adjusted models, annualized eGFR decline was significantly faster in the upper fibroblast growth factor 23 quartile (Study A: quartile 4, −3.62; 95% confidence interval, −4.12 to −3.12 versus quartile 1, −2.51; 95% confidence interval, −2.71 to −2.30 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P for trend <0.001; Study B: quartile 4, −3.74; 95% confidence interval, −4.14 to −3.34 versus quartile 1, −2.78; 95% confidence interval, −2.92 to −2.63 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P for trend <0.001). In Study A, higher fibroblast growth factor 23 quartiles were associated with greater longitudinal percentage increase in height-adjusted total kidney volume in adjusted models (quartile 4, 6.76; 95% confidence interval, 5.57 to 7.96 versus quartile 1, 6.04; 95% confidence interval, 5.55 to 6.54; P for trend =0.03). In Study B, compared with the lowest quartile, the highest fibroblast growth factor 23 quartile was associated with elevated risk for the composite outcome (hazard ratio, 3.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.84 to 5.25). Addition of fibroblast growth factor 23 to a model of annualized decline in eGFR≥3.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2 did not improve risk prediction.

Conclusions

Higher serum fibroblast growth factor 23 concentration was associated with kidney function decline, height-adjusted total kidney volume percentage increase, and death in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. However, fibroblast growth factor 23 did not substantially improve prediction of rapid kidney function decline.
Archaic exploitation of small mammals and birds in Northern Chile
Authors: Hesse Brian
Published: July 2017

The employment in modern archaeological excavations of such intensive collection techniques as sifting the site matrix through fine screens or separating the excavated material in flotation devices results in the recovery of faunal samples that include large fractions of rodent and bird bone. The presence of these taxa, often previously unrecognized as a part of the ancient cultural environment, forces zooarchaeologists to enlarge their interpretive procedures to accomodate the particular problems these species present. The samples reported here, from 15 sites in Northern Chile are illustrative cases. Most were excavated by Prof. Lautaro Núñez of the Universidad del Norte in Antofagasta, while a few were dug by Dr. Gordon Pollard of SUNY Plattsburgh.
Presentación y valoración de los geoglifos del norte de Chile
Authors: Briones Morales Luis , Álvarez Luis
Published: July 2017

Al iniciar en 1982 las actividades académicas, de extensión y de investigación científica, la recientemente establecida Universidad de Tarapacá vigorizó y materializó en el extremo norte del país un programa con sendos proyectos sobre la importante e interesante temática antropológica que significan el conocimiento, la difusión y conservación de los geoglifos como patrimonio cultural autóctono.
Relaciones y afinidades biológicas de la población prehistórica de San Pedro de Atacama
Authors: Cocilovo José Alberto , Quevedo Kawasaki Silvia Isabel , Rothhammer Francisco
Published: July 2017

La preocupación por el estudio de las características biológicas de la población prehistórica en San Pedro de Atacama surge en la década del 60 con el progresode los trabajos arqueológicos realizados en la zona (Le Paige 1957, 1958, 1961, 1963, 1964; Orellana 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, etc.) y con ellos la integración de una importante colección de restos óseos hasta hoy escasamente descrita a pesar de la existencia de varios trabajos realizados con sus materiales, entre los que se destacan los de Larraín del Campo (1961), Le Paige (1961 y 1966), Munizaga (1964, 1969 y 1974) y Henckel (1968a, 1968b).
Análisis del contenido intestinal en momias
Authors: Paredes Claudio , Aspillaga Fontaine Eugenio Armando
Published: July 2017

De todos los elementos biológicos que nos puede entregar el estudio de un resto humano momificado, como patológicos, biométricos y otros, el más apropiado para entregar la mayor cantidad de información respecto del ambiente es el análisis del contenido intestinal, pues nos permite, hasta cierto punto, determinar la composición de la dieta, e inferir algunos factores ambientales. Es decir, es posible reconstruir, en parte, la ecología de un grupo humano, pero el análisis del contenido intestinal debe delimitarse a las zonas anatómicas del sistema digestivo, pues nos encontramos con el siguiente objeto de estudio: elementos de la naturaleza masticados y prácticamente desintegrados, según la zona del tracto digestivo en que se encuentran. Para su estudio se deberán considerar los elementos de análisis que detallamos a continuación:
Capacidad vital, talla, peso y superficie corporal en dos poblaciones adultas sanas, residentes de altura del Norte Grande de Chile: 98 nativos del bofedal de Isluga (altura promedio 3800 m) y 351 residentes del campamento cuprífero de Chuquicamata (2800
Authors: Santolaya Raimundo , Araya José , Prieto Raúl
Published: July 2017

El hombre que habitaba nuestro continente a la llegada de los españoles es el producto, casi con certeza, de sucesivas inmigraciones de paleomongoloides que desde el noreste de Asia cruzaron por el actual estrecho de Bering, durante la cuarta y la última glaciación, conocida como de Wisconsin, correspondiente a la europea de Würm (Panyella 1975; Mostny 1976). Estas oleadas de cazadores y recolectores se iniciaron probablemente hace más de 40000 años y finalizaron hace unos 10000, cuando el puente terrestre que unía Siberia, en el noreste de Asia con Alaska en el norte de América, desapareció bajo las aguas que subieron su nivel en 60 a 100 m, debido a la fusión del hielo, al iniciarse el actual interglaciar (D’Orbigny 1944; Hopkins 1962; Kauffmann-Doig 1978).
Thyroid gland metastasis from breast cancer: A rare case report and literature overview
Authors: Inic Zorka , Martinovic Aleksandar , Inic Momcilo , Pilcevic Dijana , Pupic Gordana
Published: July 2017

Introduction. The thyroid gland is a rare site for metastatic lesions from non-thyroid cancers. Due to the fact that achieving a diagnosis of thyroid gland metastasis from breast cancer prior to operation is challenging, the diagnosis thereof is mainly based on a pathological biopsy and immunohistochemical staining. The aim of this study was to present a rare case of thyroid gland metastasis from lobular breast cancer. Case outline. The patient was a 33-year-old female who had already had a five-year history of lobular cancer of the right breast and was thereafter found to have two suspicious tumors in the left breast, as well as a thyroid mass diagnosed as metastatic breast carcinoma. Conclusion. Patients who have a thyroid lesion and a history of malignancy are at a higher risk for metastasis and require additional caution during diagnosis and treatment.
Current management of choroidal melanoma in Serbia
Authors: Bobic-Radovanovic Anica
Published: July 2017

Introduction/Objective. Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in adults, and approximately 90% of uveal melanomas originate from the choroid. Nowadays, different treatment options for choroidal melanoma are available and an increasing tendency toward eye-sparing therapies is evident. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current treatment of choroidal melanoma in Serbia. Methods. This was a retrospective, observational study. Included patients were those with choroidal melanoma diagnosed at the Clinic for Eye Disease, Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade, between January 2014 and December 2016. Information on patients? age and gender and suggested and performed therapy was analyzed. Results. During the observation period, a diagnosis of choroidal melanoma was established in 148 patients, 71 (48%) males and 77 (52%) females. Recommended treatment was enucleation in 108 (72.9%), brachytherapy in 24 (16.2%), and proton beam radiation in 16 (10.8%) patients. Fifteen (10.1%) patients did not accept the suggested therapy, 10 (6.8%) patients refused any treatment at all, and five patients insisted on enucleation instead of advised eye-sparing therapies. Conclusion. In our country, choroidal melanoma is usually detected late, when the possibility of an efficient local treatment with preservation of the eye and its function is limited and when the patient?s prognosis is poor. A periodic fundus examination in mydriasis in persons after the age of 50 years plays an important role in early diagnosis of a disease.
Metformin Use in Practice: Compliance With Guidelines for Patients With Diabetes and Preserved Renal Function
Authors: Salber Gregory J. , Wang Yu-Bo , Lynch John T. , Pasquale Karen M. , Rajan Thiruchandurai V. , Stevens Richard G. , Grady James J. , Kenny Anne M.
Published: July 2017

IN BRIEF Several contraindications limit the use of metformin, most notably the risk of lactic acidosis. This article reports on an examination of a population of patients with diabetes with preserved renal function to evaluate provider compliance with guidelines on metformin use and to identify factors that contributed when practice diverged from recommendations. It found that metformin was withheld from approximately one-third of these patients because of 1) an existent contraindication to metformin, 2) patient behavior or preference, or 3) provider preference or bias based on patient or personal factors. Although providers generally follow current recommendations for the use of metformin, deviations from guidelines in practice are common.
Diabetes and Back Pain: Markers of Diabetes Disease Progression Are Associated With Chronic Back Pain
Authors: Rinaldo Lorenzo , McCutcheon Brandon A. , Gilder Hannah , Kerezoudis Panagiotis , Murphy Meghan , Maloney Patrick , Hassoon Ahmed , Bydon Mohamad
Published: July 2017

IN BRIEF Diabetes has been associated with the incidence of back pain. However, the relationship between markers of diabetes progression and back pain has not been studied. The objective of this study was to correlate clinical and laboratory measures of diabetes disease severity to the presence of back pain to provide insight into the relationship between these conditions. Findings showed that markers of diabetes disease progression were associated with the presence of back pain, suggesting that uncontrolled diabetes may contribute to the development of chronic back pain.
Use of Canagliflozin in Combination With and Compared to Incretin-Based Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pratley Richard E. , Cersosimo Eugenio
Published: July 2017

In Brief Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and incretin-based therapies (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4] inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] receptor agonists) are widely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. In clinical and real-world studies, canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, has demonstrated superior A1C lowering compared to the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin. Canagliflozin can also promote modest weight/fat loss and blood pressure reduction. The addition of canagliflozin to treatment regimens that include a DPP-4 inhibitor or a GLP-1 receptor agonist has been shown to further improve glycemic control, while still maintaining beneficial effects on cardiometabolic parameters such as body weight and blood pressure. Overall, the available clinical and real-world evidence suggests that canagliflozin is a safe and well-tolerated treatment option that can be considered either in addition to or instead of incretin-based therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes.
”Älä jätä käyttämättä sattuman tarjoamia mahdollisuuksia” – Serendipisyys tiedonhaun ilmiönä
Authors: Wilén Raine , Holopainen Mika
Published: July 2017

The word serendipity is a neologism coined by Horace Walpole, an English novelist in 1754. It means the accidental discovery of something valuable. Discovery by chance has been a common occurrence in the history of science for a long time, but only since the 1990’s has it been the focus of interest in information studies. Serendipity is not just a ”happy accident”, it can be influenced and cultivated. Nevertheless it can be unreliable. The purpose of the paper is to explore the history and concept of serendipity, it’s nature and usage in physical and digital information environments. This is done through carrying out a systematic literature review on information searching and serendipity. Serendipity may be viewed from multiple perspectives including the models of information searching. Serendipity is an important part of our everyday life. This underlines the study of serendipity also as an important research subject within the information studies.
Efektifitas Layanan KonselingPerorangan Meningkatkan Kemandirian Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Belajar
Authors: Hanum Muthia , Prayitno Prayitno , Nirwana Herman
Published: July 2017

This study was aimed to score the difference of students` independence in solving learning problems before and after following individual counseling service. It was a quantitative research, an experimental research with the design of pretest and postest. It involved 20 students of SMP Negeri 3 Payakumbuh, who had learning problems and served by their school counselors by individual counseling service. The data of pretest scores (81.00) and postest scores (149.00). Difference was significant. This study concluded that the individual counseling service gives a significant effect to the improvement of students` independency in solving learning problems.
PEMBERDAYAAN PERPUSTAKAAN SEBAGAI SARANA DAKWAH
Authors: Salam Kobana , Nurdin Nurdin
Published: July 2017

Library is a important source of information for community. A number of research has been carried out to understand how libraries are utilized in supporting community and educational institutions need of information. Instaed dakwah is understood as an activity which heavily dealing with information,  little is studies has been carried out to understand how a library can be used to support dakwah activities.  This paper shed light how libraries can also be used for dakwah purposes. Through extensive literature review, we found that libraries can also be utilized as instrument to support dakwah activities.  A library can provide rich information for every Muslim and Dai in dakwah activities. A lbrary can also be used for self-learning activities relating to islamic teaching,   and a  library can preserve Islamic valuable historical document and artefact for new Muslim generation.  Finally, Muslim can use library as a place to obtain inspiration and ideas through self-study and research. The limitation of this paper is that the data merely relied on litarature review and future research need  to  be carried out to obta
PENGEMBANGAN MANAJEMEN DAKWAH JAMA'AH TABLIGH DALAM MEMBINA MASYARAKAT ISLAM SUKU TERASING
Authors: Latepo Ibrahim , Suharto Suharto
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with the development of Jama'ah Tabligh's da'wah management in guiding Muslim community from isolated ethnic group in Subdistrict of Palasa, District of Parigi- Moutong.  This study used an analysis of a science of  da'wah. Jama'ah Tabligh's  management of  da'wah refers to modern management that includes planning, organizing, controlling and evaluating. From this concept, the principles of management are developed which include forecasting,  planning,  organizing, decision making, actuating, communicating, coordinating, centralization, motivating, controlling, budgeting, evaluatingand reporting, and so on. This becomes a reference, and will be developed into elements of da'wah conducted by Jama'ah Tabligh. These elements are developed into the model of travelling for the sake of  Allah  (khuruj fi sabilillah), which include activity at the site ('amal  maqami) and moving activity ('amal intiqali). Both activities are made as a model for guiding both individuals and societ.
STRATEGI PENCEGAHAN BAHAYA KONTEN RADIKAL DAN PORNOGRAFI DI INTERNET
Authors: Nurdin Nurdin , Ahsan Mohammad Nur
Published: July 2017

Internet does not only provide positive information but also depict negative information and images such as radical and pornography. Previous studies found that most of young citizens have accessed online radical and pornography contents. This caused massive impacts on their behaviour and society life. Instead the negative impacts have been addressed in previous studies, little is known how those impacts should be eliminated. Through an intensive literature review approach, this study, therefore, is intended to provide insight on how the impacts of online radicalism and pornography should be prevented or eliminated. The author usd secondary data from various online data sources such as journals, mass media sites, and other relevant sites. The results show that online radical contents can trigger society to be radical and lack tolerant toward social life. Meanwhile, online pornography contents cause young generation to lack sensitive toward their marriage life and cause them to practice abnormal sexual life. This study also found that the impacts can be prevented and eliminated through increasing Muslim leaders and da’i roles in spreading intensive Islamic values into society, increasing government actor roles to monitor and block such contents, and providing training for society to block negative sites on their own. In conclusion,  online radical and pornography contents can impact society life regarding increasing violent and intolerant behavior, while online pornography contents can cause lack sexual sensitivity and increase violent toward women. However, such impacts can be prevented and eliminated through increasing da’i roles, increasing government actor roles in monitoring the sites, and improving citizen skills to block the sites.
Estado nutricional de escolares do ensino fundamental de uma cidade do meio oeste catarinense
Authors: Reis Marcos Adelmo , Ribeiro Ana Carolina
Published: July 2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o estado nutricional de alunos do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Campos Novos – SC. A amostra foi composta de 961 crianças (490 meninos e 471 meninas), de 5 a 15 anos de idade matriculadas na Rede Municipal de Ensino da cidade, das quais foram mensuradas a estatura, a massa corporal e as dobras cutâneas do tríceps e da panturrilha medial. Os resultados indicam que 1,1% das crianças analisadas apresentam algum grau de desnutrição, enquanto que 26,9% delas apresentam excesso de gordura corporal; entre as crianças que apresentam excesso de gordura corporal relativa, observa-se que 11,5% apresentam sobrepeso, 7,5% são consideradas obesas e 7,9% são classificadas como obesos mórbidos. Quando analisados segundo os gêneros, vê-se que as meninas apresentam um menos índice de excesso de peso, 24,4% contra 29,2% dos meninos, sendo que, nas classificações de obeso e obeso mórbido, os meninos apresentam uma proporção maior de indivíduos neste quadro em relação às meninas, 8,0% e 10,3% contra 7,0% e 5,4%, respectivamente. É importante que seja feita regularmente uma avaliação nutricional nas crianças para que se possa acompanhar mais de perto a evolução e que se evitem doenças como Obesidade, Diabetes, entre outras, que estão cada vez mais frequentes em crianças.
La ampliación de la agenda informativa y el acceso de "temas menores" en los medios de comunicación
Authors: Alzate Jaramillo Patricia
Published: July 2017

Este texto pretende analizar el modo como algunos medios de comunicación locales y centrales han incorporado en sus agendas informativas a sectores más amplios de ciudadanos que difieren aparentemente de los criterios de noticiabialidad tradicionales. Aborda, en ese sentido,tendencias como la casuística y los periodismos público, de soluciones y ciudadano. Se refiere también a experiencias periodísticas que realizan eventos especiales en los que cobra importancia la vida social de sectores barriales y/o periféricos, representada desde facetas positivas y de denuncia. Finalmente se pregunta por la incidencia de estas recientes tendencias en las organizaciones informativas,específicamente en sus periodistas.
La función de las fuentes en la información
Authors: Toro Hernán
Published: July 2017

El uso de las fuentes en los discursos de la información es mucho más que un simple recurso retórico que interviene en la construcción de sus estructuras; de una manera más amplia, las fuentes se inscriben en la estrategia de adhesión ideológica que buscan alcanzar los discursos informativos, y, por esa vía, cooptar al consumidor de las informaciones en las normas socialmente imperantes. El presente trabajo busca explicitar los mecanismos a través de los cuales esa función es alcanzada por las fuentes.
Las resistencias de la memoria o cero en conducta
Authors: Trujillo Paula Marcela
Published: July 2017

Este texto intenta dar cuenta de dos aspectos: primero, la manera como un sujeto creador —en la ocasión el realizador de cine Carlos Mayolo— establece relaciones con su entorno, a través de películas, que se convierten entonces en forma de resistencia;segundo, cómo esa obra y su autor testimonian el carácter implacable del paso del tiempo.
Age at marriage, contraceptive use and abortion in Yemen, 1991-1997
Authors: Sunil T. S. , Pillai Vijayan K.
Published: July 2017

This paper attempts to examine the extent of influence of the three components of fertility, age at marriage, extent of modern contraceptive use and the level of abortion on fertility in the Republic of Yemen and to explore the impact of a selected set of demographic and socioeconomic variables on the three fertility components. This study uses data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Yemen in 1991/1992 and 1997. The results from this study present empirical evidence of an onset of fertility decline in the Republic of Yemen. An important component of this decline is delayed age at marriage. There has been an increase in modem contraceptive use during the last decade. However, these methods are not widely used at early stages of family formation. The most common method of family limitation among women with large families is abortion. There has been very little change if any in the widespread occurrence of abortion during the last decade. There exist significant urban-rural differences in the levels of contraceptive use and abortion. Improvements in women's education and modern sector labor participation are crucial for increasing age at marriage, and level of contraceptive use and for reducing the prevailing level of abortion.
An Examination of Participation in the Trades and Clerical Work among Canadian Immigrants across Generations
Authors: Hira-Friesen Parvinder
Published: July 2017

Using data from the Canadian 2006 Census Public Use Micro-data File (PUMF), I compare trades and administrative employment outcomes of immigrant generations of Canadians. Using multivariate logistic regression I ascertain if there is a generational effect among immigrants with respect to employment in the trades and clerical work, taking into account the predominance of males in trades and females in clerical work.  Results indicate a generational convergence among males as they are more likely to be employed in trades in later generations.  These results do not apply to females in clerical work.
The Measles Epidemic of 1714-1715 in New France
Authors: Mazan Ryan , Gagnon Alain , Desjardins Bertrand
Published: July 2017

This study utilizes methods to follow a measles epidemic in New France, where cause of death information is lacking. We fit a series of splines to estimate mortality and trace the origin, spread, duration and severity of the epidemic, which originated in the region of Montreal during the 2nd quarter of 1714. By the 3rd quarter, the epidemic had spread throughout the colony and had run its course by the second quarter of 1715. Overall, the measles death rate was 52.8 per 1,000 for children under age 15 and females were more likely than males to have died from the virus.
Lifetime impact of cash transfer on fertility
Authors: Kim Young-Il Albert
Published: July 2017

In most OECD countries, fertility level is below the natural generation replacement level, and many OECD countries implement pro-natal policies, including direct cash transfer schemes. However, evaluations of the long-run impact of such policies are surprisingly rare. We investigate whether the cash transfer increases completed fertility, exploiting a quasi-experiment from a pro-natal cash transfer called Allowance for Newborn Children (ANC). We first devise a measure of ANC impact for different birth cohorts, because the policy lasted for a decade and affected cohorts with different intensities at different ages. The results show that ANC impact on fertility has little permanent component.
Orphans in Three Sahelian Countries: Exploratory Analyses from Census Data
Authors: Marcoux Richard , Noumbissi Amadou , Zuberi Tukufu
Published: July 2017

Important investments in Africa have reduced slightly the levels child mortality but life expectancy still very low. The number of children without surviving biological parents is increasing and orphans are becoming an important social problem. Because Sahelian societies are mostly patriarchal, becoming fatherless or motherless will have different effects on the well being of the child. This paper examines the levels and trends of the survival status of the parents and then, living arrangements of orphans. We describe characteristics of these children with a special focus on education and economic activities. The paper uses the censuses from Chad, Niger and Senegal made available by the African Census Analysis Project (ACAP) held at University of Pennsylvania. These countries collected information on survival status of each biological parent to estimate adult mortality but the potential of this information for research on child well-being is rarely exploited.
Fertility in Alberta in a Context of Rapid Economic Growth, 1997-2007
Authors: Trovato Frank
Published: July 2017

Historically, birth rates in Alberta have followed closely the trajectory of change experienced by the other Canadian provinces. Its total fertility rate fell during the low point of the 1930s; it increased during the post-War baby boom in the 1950s and sixties, and thereafter fell to subreplacement levels beginning in the mid 1970s. In recent years, especially since the early 2000s, the birth rate in Alberta has unexpectedly increased, such that by 2007, it had reached 1.90 children per woman - not far from the 2.1 level needed for generational replacement in the long term. During this same period both national and provincial fertility rates fluctuated at levels below those of Alberta (except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, whose rates have been higher). In this study, I examine the historical pattern of fertility change in Alberta, noting similarities and differences with the other provinces. I then look at the association of selected macro level factors (marriage, unemployment, wages, female labour force participation) with change in total and parity-specific birth rates between 1997 and 2007, a period of unprecedented economic growth in Alberta. The statistical results show that although marriage is not significantly correlated with change in fertility rates, male and female wages and female labour force participation all show associations consistent with a procyclical interpretation of fertility change - that is, periods of economic growth are conducive to fertility increase whereas bad economic times are associated with reduced fertility.
The Other Partner: The Changing Role of Good Provider for Men’s Union Formation in Industrialized Countries
Authors: Goldscheider Frances , Hogan Dennis , Turcotte Pierre
Published: July 2017

Most studies of union formation behaviors have focused on women and children, with less emphasis on men. Using comparable retrospective survey data, this study looks at the ways Canadian, Italian and Swedish men begin conjugal life (distinguishing between marriage and cohabitation) and at how the effects of their good provider status qualifications have changed in the last 30 years. Results for Canadian men have shown that the simple patterns that have been assumed to shape separate and symmetrical roles for men and women are taking new shapes with the growth in cohabitation and changes in women's economic roles. Our study will extend these results to examine two countries at very different levels of cohabitation prevalence: Italy, where the growth in cohabitation has just begun, and Sweden, where it has been underway much longer than in Canada. Our results show strongly parallel changes underway in each country, indicating that it is important to continue to compare, both between countries and over time, if we are to understand the situations fostering (or not) changing gender roles for men as good providers.
The Contribution of a Longitudinal Approach to Family Solidarity Surveys: Reflections on the Temporality of Exchanges
Authors: Kempeneers Marianne , Lelièvre Éva , Bonvalet Catherine
Published: July 2017

The topic of intergenerational family solidarity which is the focus of
unprecedented interest for both policy makers and researchers, has promoted
numerous studies centered on the bonds that unite generations and the dynamics of family solidarity through time. The notion of time is thus central to this field of research. In this paper, after an overview of various longitudinal perspectives adopted in family solidarity surveys; we identify the major methodological challenges raised by the dynamics of “family solidarity”. Three distinct temporal aspects must be considered: historical time, which applies to the maintenance of solidarity over time despite structural change in both families and society; generational time implied by the primacy of intergenerational exchanges; and finally, biographical time, which refers to the calendar of individual and family trajectories. An extensive array of quantitative data collections are examined to illustrate how they allow to study these different aspects of the temporality of exchanges.
Assessing sex differentials in under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-national comparative analysis
Authors: Boco Adebiyi Germain
Published: July 2017

This paper investigates and compares country-specific sex differentials in childhood mortality in thirty sub-Saharan African countries. Data from the demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were analyzed to assess sex differentials in U5M rates before and after adjustment for individual, household, and community-level factors, using multilevel discrete-time hazard models. The findings show a systematically higher mortality for male children compared to female in all countries except Sierra Leone and Swaziland. The relationship is significant in nineteen of the thirty countries. Across the region, males have 17–54 per cent higher odds of dying before age five. These patterns remained when controls were added for individual and community-level factors, as well as unobserved community-level effects.
Trends, patterns, and differentials in Canadian mortality over nearly a century, 1921-2011
Authors: Bourbeau Robert , Ouellette Nadine
Published: July 2017

In the past 90 years, remarkable progress was made in substantially improving survival and longevity in Canada, establishing it as a member of today’s group of very low mortality countries. We use several demographic indicators of all-cause and cause-specific mortality to illustrate the nature of these major advances throughout the life span. Reviewing the literature on trends in Canadian mortality, we also uncover various challenges for the next decades. Reducing or even eliminating important disparities in mortality that persist with regards to geography and several socioeconomic factors is one of the greatest challenges ahead. Keywords: Mortality, longevity, health, trends, Canada
Entry Class and the Early Employment Experience of Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Phythian Kelli , Walters David , Anisef Paul
Published: July 2017

Despite its policy importance, research related to the economic performance of immigrants by entry class is sorely lacking. It is generally presumed that immigrants selected on the basis of human capital will have better economic outcomes than unscreened immigrants; however, there is speculation that the social networks of family immigrants provide access to employment resources not available to others. Both arguments have merit, yet there is little research to support either claim. This study utilizes data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to investigate the association between entry class and employment status of immigrants six months after arrival. Findings reveal little difference between skilled workers and family immigrants, while business immigrants and refugees are much less likely to be employed. Policy implications are discussed.
Family Models for Earning and
Caring: Implications for Child Care and for Family Policy
Authors: Beaujot Roderic , Ravanera Zenaida R.
Published: July 2017

Canadian families have changed, in part due to an economy that provides more work opportunities for women, and a cultural orientation that values equal opportunity and diversity in families. In spite of the change, both quantitative and qualitative evidence suggest a continued preference for mothers to spend considerable time with children, especially in the infant and toddler years. Thus, in an average couple, the presence of young children in the home brings wives to reduce their paid work and husbands to increase their paid work. Our reading of parental preferences suggests an interest in more services for young children in the form of early childhood education and child care, but also an interest in policies that would allow parents to spend more time with children through parental leaves, part-time work with good benefits, and subsidies that supplement market income. Many options available to two-parent families are often less feasible for lone parents, giving a higher priority to child care.
Lone-father families in Canada, 1971-1996
Authors: McQuillan Kevin , Belle Marilyn
Published: July 2017

Demographers and sociologists have paid considerable attention to the situation of lone-parent families. However, until recently, almost all of this work has focused on families headed by a lone mother. This paper seeks to fill an important gap in our knowledge of family change by examining the growth and characteristics of lone-father families in Canada. Using data from the public-use microfiles (PUMFs) of the census, the paper shows that the number of lonefather
families has increased significantly in recent years, and that lone fathers are now younger and more likely to have become lone fathers through marital breakdown. The results also suggest that while lone-father families are not as economically disadvantaged as lone-mother families, income levels lag well behind those of two-parent families and have, in relative terms, declined in recent years.
Social class versus cultural identity as factors in the residential segregation of ethnic groups in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver for 2001
Authors: Balakrishnan T. R. , Maxim Paul , Jurdi Rozzet
Published: July 2017

This article examines the relevance of the spatial assimilation model in
understanding residential segregation of ethnic groups in the three largest
gateway cities of Canada. Using data from the census of 2001 it finds that while
the model may have worked for the European groups they are less applicable to the visible minorities such as the Chinese, South Asians and Blacks. Residential segregation reduces with generation for the European groups but not for the visible minorities. Canadian patterns seem to be different from that seen in the United States. Many visible minority groups maintain their concentration levels even in the suburbs. The findings seem to indicate that cultural preferences may be just as important as social class in the residential choices of visible minority groups.
Childhood family experience and completed fertility
Authors: Wu Zheng , Schimmele Christoph M.
Published: July 2017

Understanding fertility change has been one of the most challenging tasks for
population researchers. This paper contributes to our knowledge of fertility
differentials by investigating if there is a relationship between family structure and completed fertility, and whether this relationship is modified by first birth experience. Our results show that coming from an intact family significantly lowers completed fertility. The relationship between family structure and completed fertility does not change with first birth experience.
Triangular human capital flows between sending, entrepot and the rest of the world regions
Authors: DeVoretz Don J. , Ma John
Published: July 2017

A model of triangular movement of highly skilled immigrants between a
sending country (China/India) to an entrepot country (Canada) and then possibly to the rest of the world is developed. The question of who stays or leaves after arrival in the entrepot country is considered. The acquisition of subsidized human capital and the ascension to citizenship by immigrants are argued to be key conditioners that reduce the probability of staying in the entrepot country. Finally, the model predicts if the best or the mediocre highly skilled stay or leave the entrepot country for the sending region or the rest of the world.
Globalization, Migration and Development
Authors: Samuel John , George Susan
Published: July 2017

Migration may become the most important branch of demography in the early decades of the new millennium in a rapidly globalizing world. This paper
discusses the causes, costs and benefits of international migration to countries of the South and North, and key issues of common concern. International migration is as old as national boundaries, though its nature, volume, direction, causes and consequences have changed. The causes of migration are rooted in the rate of population growth and the proportion of youth in the population, their education and training, employment opportunities, income differentials in society, communication and transportation facilities, political freedom and human rights and level of urbanization. Migration benefits the South through remittances of migrants, improves the economic welfare of the population (particularly women) of South countries generally, increases investment, and leads to structural changes in the economy. However, emigration from the South has costs too, be they social or caused by factors such as brain drain. The North also benefits by migration through enhancement of economic growth, development of natural resources, improved employment prospects, social development and through exposure to immigrants’ new cultures and lifestyles. Migration also has costs to the North such as of immigrant integration, a certain amount of destabilization
of the economy, illegal immigration, and social problems of discrimination and
exploitation. Issues common to both North and South include impact on private investment, trade, international cooperation, and sustainable development. Both North and South face a dilemma in seeking an appropriate balance between importing South’s labour or its products and exporting capital and technology from the North.
Social Structures and the Occupational Composition of Skilled Worker Immigrants to Canada
Authors: Dryburgh Heather
Published: July 2017

The individual decision to immigrate is made in the context of larger social
structures that influence the composition of the economic immigrant population over time. Over the last 20 years, economic immigrants to Canada have faced changing selection policies, cycles of economic recession and growth, increased demand for information technology skills, women’s increased labour force participation and an aging labour force. Using data from Statistics Canada’s Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB), this paper examines the flow of economic immigrants to Canada by their occupational composition from 1980 to 2000. Relative to Canadians, when all immigrants from this period are grouped together, their economic integration is slow and does not reach parity with Canadians before 16 years. Among skilled worker immigrants, whereas the earlier cohorts did well but did not improve much over time, later cohorts started off in a relatively worse position, but early indications show a fairly steep slope to better relative average earnings. These differences support the need to examine immigrant integration by both the class of immigrant and the context at the time of immigration.
A new model for estimating district life expectancy at birth in India, with special reference to Assam state
Authors: Sarma Rajan , Choudhury Labananda
Published: July 2017

Life expectancy at birth (e0) is considered as an important indicator of the mortality level of a population. In India, direct estimation of e0 is not possible due to incomplete death registration. The Sample Registration System (SRS) of India provides information on e0 only for the 16 major states. Estimates of e0 for the districts are not available. Using data from the Coale-Demeny West model life tables, United Nations South Asian model life tables, and SRS life tables of India and its major states, the paper shows that the relationship between life expectancy at age one (e0) and the probability of surviving to age one (l1) is linear, and the relationship between e0 and l1 is quadratic. From the quadratic relationship between e0 and l1, an attempt is made to estimate e0 for some selected districts of India for 2001 and 2010, using estimated l1 from 2001 census data and Annual Health Survey (2010–11) data.
Determinants of women's non-family work in Ghana and Zimbabwe
Authors: Benefo Kofi D. , Pillai Vijayan K.
Published: July 2017

One objective of this paper is to evaluate the determinants of female non-family work in Africa. Selected labor force participation theories are tested using demographic and health survey data. The traditional kinship-oriented family organization in Africa, along with high fertility, have long been seen as factors that constrain women’s participation in the labor force, particularly in seeking formal sector employment. We use demographic and health survey data from two African countries, Ghana and Zimbabwe. Education emerges as the most important determinant of non-family work. Even if female education levels increase, single women may not gain easy entry into the informal economy managed by kinship-based social networks. A large proportion of these educated women may not find jobs if the formal economy does not expand. Results from Ghana and Zimbabwe are compared.
Population and Disease: Transforming English Society, 1550-1850
Authors: McQuillan Kevin
Published: July 2017

Population and Disease: Transforming English Society, 1550-1850
Les théories de la fécondité
Authors: Beaujot Roderic
Published: July 2017

by Henri Leridon