bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engaging leaders, proactive followers: engaging leadership and followers’ job crafting, performance and intrapreneurship
Authors: Get Wasim , Oprea Bogdan
Published: December 2024

Purpose

In the current economy, organizations operate in an unpredictable and changing environment in which employees’ performance and proactivity can represent strategic advantages. However, it is not clear how managers can stimulate the performance and proactivity of subordinates. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationships between engaging leadership (an approach to managing people that is focused on fulfilling followers’ psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness and meaningfulness) and subordinates’ job performance and intrapreneurship (organizational venture creation and the strategic renewal generated by employees within the company they work for). Based on the self-determination theory and job demands-resources model, we expected followers’ work engagement and job crafting (changes regarding job resources and demands that employees proactively make) to mediate the link between engaging leadership and followers’ performance and intrapreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of 401 employees completed the study questionnaire. Employees evaluated their direct supervisors’ engaging leadership and reported on their own work engagement, job crafting, performance and intrapreneurship. The proposed relationships were tested using SEM.

Findings

Results indicated that the relationships between engaging leadership and followers’ job performance and intrapreneurship were mediated by followers’ work engagement and two job crafting components (increasing structural resources and increasing challenging demands).

Originality/value

This study expands the range of outcomes of engaging leadership. In addition, it provides an explanatory mechanism for the relationship between engaging leadership and followers’ proactivity.
Supervision mechanism of integrated construction consultancy services in China: tripartite game analysis
Authors: Mao Xingjie , Deng Binchao , Zhao Xianbo , Lv Xindong
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Megaprojects contribute greatly to China’s socio-economic development. However, the diverse stakeholders of megaprojects tend to be prone to conflict and plunge the project into lower performance than expected. This study aims to investigate (1) the optimal supervision mechanism under direct supervision of the owner and (2) the optimal indirect supervision mechanism of the owner, with involvement of integrated construction consultancy (ICC) in supervision and considerations into the impact of collusion between the ICC and the general contractor on supervision efficiency.

Design/methodology/approach

This study applies the principal–agent theory and game theory to design effective incentive and punishment mechanisms for direct and indirect supervision by the owner. Through the theoretical framework of game theory, it analyses the strategic interactions between the owner, the ICC and the general contractor, and evaluates the effectiveness of various supervision mechanisms based on Nash equilibrium theory.

Findings

The results showed adopting the direct supervision mechanism when the probability of the general contractor’s opportunistic behavior being detected was higher or the occurrence had a greater impact on the owner. However, the increase in supervision cost would reduce the motivation of owner’s direct supervision and prompt the owner to choose the indirect supervision mechanism. Additionally, the indirect supervision mechanism was more likely to inhibit the collusion between the ICC and the general contractor. Thus, increasing penalties for ICC would result in improved supervision of ICC, thereby improving the benefits to the owner.

Originality/value

This study examines the dynamic interaction between the owner, the general contractor and the ICC. The study establishes a game tree and game matrix based on principal–agent theory, and analyses direct and indirect supervision models to determine the Nash equilibrium and optimal supervision strategy that is in the best interest of the owner. The study advocates for improved management and supervision mechanisms and argues that tailored supervision mechanisms can significantly improve the performance of megaprojects, which is well validated in megaprojects in China.
Principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviour: a systematic review of research
Authors: Ahmed Eman I.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this review was to expand the knowledge base regarding the relationship between principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviours drawing on a database of 87 studies. The study utilized four different data sources (WoS, Scopus, ERIC, and Google Scholar).

Design/methodology/approach

Descriptive and content analysis methods were used to highlight the key tends in this literature, including growth trajectory, authorship trends, citation impact, quantitative research techniques, the composition of leadership styles, and detailed mediators and moderators.

Findings

The results revealed that transformational leadership was the most frequently studied leadership style. The study synthesized how principal leadership directly and indirectly affects teachers’ OCBs. The findings were interpreted considering existing educational leadership and management (EDLM) literature.

Originality/value

Given the rapid growth of research on the linkage between principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ OCBs and the fact that the field has been missing a comprehensive review to lay out the relevant literature on this topic, it is important to systematically review and scrutinize the relationship between leadership styles and teachers’ OCB. Reviewing this literature will provide guidance for future researchers through identifying major methodological gaps and suggesting recommendations for future directions. This study is the first review on the relationship between principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs).
Psychological flexibility as a resource for preventing compulsive work and promoting well-being: a JD-R framework study
Authors: Russo Angela , Mansouri Mohammed , Santisi Giuseppe , Zammitti Andrea
Published: December 2024

Purpose

In today’s high-demand work environments, characterised by an expectation for individuals to possess resources to manage workloads effectively, workaholism poses a significant threat to employee well-being. This study aims to investigate the impact of work overload and psychological flexibility on compulsive work behaviours and well-being.

Design/methodology/approach

This study applies the Job Demands-Resources model and uses structural equation modelling to analyse data collected from 305 adult workers aged 19–65. Psychological flexibility and work overload are examined as antecedents of compulsive work behaviour, with flourishing and life satisfaction as outcomes.

Findings

The results indicate that compulsive work behaviour mediates the relationship between work overload and psychological flexibility on well-being outcomes. Psychological flexibility was found to be a crucial resource in reducing workaholic tendencies, leading to improved flourishing and life satisfaction.

Research limitations/implications

The implications for human resources include practical strategies and targeted interventions to help individuals navigate organisational demands, prevent compulsive work behaviours and improve overall well-being.

Originality/value

This study offers new insights into the role of psychological flexibility as a personal resource in reducing compulsive work tendencies and enhancing both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in high-demand work environments.
The antecedent, moderator and consequence of humor behaviors in entrepreneurial teams
Authors: Fu Rong , Kong Xiangyi , Gao Lifang , Zhao Lina
Published: December 2024

Purpose

By integrating insights from cognitive style literature and person-environment fit theory, our study aims to explore which type of entrepreneurs are more inclined to initiate humor behaviors, the circumstances under which such behaviors are more likely to be employed within entrepreneurial teams and the specific benefits of humor behaviors for initiators.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper analyzes humor behaviors in entrepreneurial teams through a three-wave time-lagged field survey of 227 entrepreneurs in China.

Findings

We find that entrepreneurs with higher creating style are more likely to exhibit humor, making them more popular within entrepreneurial teams. Additionally, the positive relationship is amplified in the presence of high levels of conflict.

Originality/value

Previous studies provide substantial evidence of the positive effects of humor behaviors on their recipients in the workplace; however, there has been limited focus on the antecedents of humor behaviors and the benefits for the humor initiators. Our study addresses the gaps by providing empirical evidence that creating style of entrepreneurs may promote humor behaviors, particularly in the context of conflicts within entrepreneurial teams, and such behaviors could elevate entrepreneurs’ social acceptance within teams.
Elementary econometric and strategic analysis of curling matches
Authors: Fry John , Austin Mark , Fanzon Silvio
Published: December 2024

Purpose

We develop a Markov model of curling matches. This enables strategic and econometric analyses to be performed alongside computer simulation work.

Design/methodology/approach

We develop a Markov model of curling matches, parametrised by the probability of winning an end and the probability distribution of scoring ends. In practical applications, these end-winning probabilities can be estimated econometrically and are shown to depend on which team holds the hammer as well as the offensive and defensive strengths of the respective teams. Using a maximum entropy argument, based on the idea of characteristic scoring patterns in curling, we predict that the points distribution of scoring ends should follow a constrained geometric distribution.

Findings

We provide analytical results detailing when it is optimal to blank the end in preference to scoring one point and losing possession of the hammer. Statistical and simulation analysis of international curling matches is also performed.

Originality/value

Our work adds to the theory and application of sports analytics, especially Markov models, and to the econometric and strategic analysis of curling matches.
Causal determinism by plant host identity in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community assembly
Authors: Frew Adam , Zheng Yuxiong , Wang Zhenyu , Fu Yanrong , Aguilar‐Trigueros Carlos A.
Published: December 2024

An assumption in ecology is that plant identity plays a central role in the assembly of root‐colonising arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities. While numerous correlational studies support this notion, with evidence of host selectivity among fungal taxa and host‐specific responses to different AM fungi, empirical demonstrations of host‐driven AM fungal community assembly remain surprisingly limited.

We conducted a factorial experiment growing two globally significant crop species, wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), with a common pool of AM fungal species, or without AM fungi. We hypothesised strong differences in AM fungal community structure between the two species driven by strong habitat filtering. Plants were harvested at two time points in which we analysed the community structure of AM fungi in the roots, the phylogenetic diversity, and interactions with plant physiological responses.

As we expected, there were distinct trajectories in both the composition and phylogenetic diversity of AM fungal communities between the two host plants through time. However, the effect of habitat filtering during community assembly differed between the two species. In sorghum roots, AM fungal communities exhibited increased richness and became more phylogenetically clustered over time. This shift suggests that community assembly was primarily driven by habitat filtering, or selectivity, imposed by the host which was accompanied by significant increases in plant mycorrhizal growth (from 11.83% to 43.67%) and phosphorus responses (from −0.6% to 43.3%). In contrast, AM fungal communities in wheat displayed little change in diversity, remained phylogenetically unstructured, and provided minimal benefits to the host, indicating a more stochastic assembly process with a stronger influence of competitive interactions.

As the field looks to understand what determines the distribution of AM fungi and their community composition while simultaneously seeking to utilise AM fungi for ecosystem benefits, it is important to know the extent to which host identity can influence fungal assembly within plant roots. Our results provide empirical support of host‐determinism in AM fungal community assembly and suggest that this determinism is associated with the growth and nutrient benefits provided by the symbiosis to plants.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Microclimatic variation regulates seed germination phenology in alpine plant communities
Authors: Espinosa del Alba C. , Fernández‐Pascual E. , Jiménez‐Alfaro B.
Published: December 2024

For most terrestrial plants, regeneration depends on the ability of seeds to germinate in the most favourable climatic conditions. Understanding seed germination phenology is thus crucial for predicting plant responses to environmental changes. However, a substantial gap persists regarding how microclimatic conditions influence germination in seasonal ecosystems.

Here, we investigate the germination phenology of alpine plants in snow‐related microclimates as a tool for predicting the resilience of plant communities to climate change. We conducted a continuous seasonal experiment with fresh seeds to investigate germination phenology in 54 co‐occurring species from temperate and Mediterranean alpine communities. Using long‐term field microclimatic data series, we precisely mimicked two contrasting microclimatic regimes in growth chambers: (1) windy exposed edges with a snow‐free period in winter and warmer temperatures in summer (‘fellfield’) and (2) sheltered areas with lengthy snow cover and cooler temperatures (‘snowbed’). We validated the laboratory results with field sowing experiments to provide a complete picture of germination phenology.

The analysis of phenology traits demonstrated that both communities displayed similar responses to microclimatic variation. Small microclimatic differences of 2–3°C a week, accumulated across a whole year in the laboratory, resulted in a quantifiable germination phenology delay in snowbed regime, with an average of 60 and 45 days for temperate and Mediterranean alpine respectively. The results from climatic chambers under realistic microclimatic regimes were consistent with the germination phenology registered from field experiments. We also observed macroclimatic effects manifested as reduced dormancy and increased autumn germination in Mediterranean alpine species.

Synthesis. This study combines novel laboratory and field experimentation to tackle the understudied topic of germination phenology in habitats with sharp microclimatic gradients. Specifically, our findings suggest a predictable phenological shift in the germination of alpine plants along microclimatic gradients. In warmer conditions with reduced snow cover, alpine species are expected to advance germination 52 days on average, with potential disrupting effects on cold‐adapted species with strict germination requirements. This highlights the role of germination phenology to determine plant‐environmental relationships in mid‐latitude ecosystems, with strong impact on plant establishment and extinction risks under local microclimatic gradients.
STATES OF COMPULSION: Reassessing ‘State‐Led’ Neighborhood Change in Hong Kong
Authors: Gerlofs Ben A. , Poon Kylie Yuet Ning
Published: December 2024

This article provides a critical reassessment of the role of the state in processes of neighborhood change in Hong Kong, based on mixed‐methods research conducted in the rapidly changing Sai Ying Pun neighborhood. We argue that common narratives of ‘state‐led’ processes of neighborhood change often overstate, oversimplify or unduly assume the influence of state agencies, especially the Urban Renewal Authority (URA) and other ‘usual suspects’, obscuring the complex ways that states facilitate and compel the actions and agendas of other actors. By elaborating implications of several specific forms of state action, especially a 2010 amendment to Hong Kong's Land (Compulsory Sale for Redevelopment) Ordinance, we demonstrate that the state in Hong Kong plays many different roles in facilitating neighborhood transformation, creating an uneven geography of state intervention dependent on locally specific factors such as the particularities of architecture, housing types and residential density in different urban areas as well as existing configurations of policy, legislation and infrastructure. These many articulations of the state are of strategic value to a variety of elite interests, from property developers to wealthy residents and international consumers, whose distinct and competing agendas could hardly be so well served by a less dynamic state.
Venous aneurysm leading to fatal pulmonary thromboembolism with a history of a remote stab wound of the extremity
Authors: Helmrich Emily , Risotto‐Urbanowicz Erin , Massie Pierce , Clark Ross
Published: December 2024

Venous aneurysms are rare, and their incidence is unknown. External iliac vein aneurysms are even more rare with only 50 case reports published from 1950 to 2018. We present a case of an individual who died suddenly from a pulmonary thromboembolic event due to an external iliac vein aneurysm formed by a remote penetrating injury. A 32‐year‐old male was in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) custody when he died suddenly. It was discovered during his autopsy that he had an occlusive pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) within the left main pulmonary artery and distal branches of the right pulmonary artery. On additional investigation and postmortem computed tomography, a large saccular aneurysm arising from the external iliac vein was discovered. This aneurysm contained clotted blood, and was determined to be the cause of his PE and subsequent death. Although rarely a source for a fatal PE, venous aneurysms should be considered as a possible source for thromboembolism; their presence may alter the manner of death, given their underlying etiology. This is especially true for young adults with a remote history of trauma near a major venous tributary, as traumatic arteriovenous fistula is a common cause of secondary venous aneurysm. For this case, the manner of death was classified as homicide.
Exploring GPT‐4.0's efficiency in handling paediatric appendicitis questions
Authors: Zeng Defeng , Chen Guoqiang , Wang Guoyong , Zhou Hai , Guo Chunbao
Published: December 2024

Objective

To explore the potential and accuracy of the generative dialogue artificial intelligence tool GPT‐4.0 in answering questions related to paediatric emergency appendicitis.

Methods

A cross‐sectional observational study design was used. We collected 134 appendicitis‐related questions from authoritative websites, such as Mayo Medical and APSA, covering all aspects of appendicitis, including simple and complex questions. These questions were answered by GPT‐4.0, and then evaluated by three paediatric surgical experts using a quality score ranging from 0 to 5. The answers were generated by GPT‐4.0 and then similarly evaluated by three experts for accuracy.

Results

We found that GPT‐4.0 could achieve a high accuracy rate on simple questions with a quality score of 4.65 (standard deviation 0.51). For complex questions, the average score was 3.77 (standard deviation 0.68), and there was a significant difference between the two (P < .05). On clinical questions, the accuracy score of GPT‐4.0 was 4.00 (standard deviation 0.21). When answering actual questions from families of children with appendicitis, the accuracy score was 4.12 (standard deviation 0.59). Its accuracy lies between simple questions and complex questions, and it can basically meet the accuracy requirements of clinical questions. It's worth noting that GPT‐4.0 demonstrated empathy in answering some questions, which might further enhance patient satisfaction.

Conclusion

GPT‐4.0 showed its potential and accuracy in handling paediatric appendicitis questions, especially in simple and clinical questions. However, improvements are still needed in handling complex questions and updating information. Despite the limitations, this model is expected to improve the quality of medical services and enhance patient satisfaction.
Association Between the Ionized‐to‐Total Calcium Ratio and the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Severe Autoimmune Diseases: A Retrospective Analysis From the MIMIC‐IV Database
Authors: Wang Qinxue , Liu Jun , Ma Yuanze , Han Yi , Huang Haobin
Published: December 2024

Aim

To investigate the relationship between the ionized‐to‐total calcium ratio and the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients with autoimmune diseases.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted utilizing data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database. In‐hospital AKI was the primary outcome. Patients were classified into four distinct categories depending on the calcium ratio. Cox proportional hazards model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were applied to assess the association between the calcium ratio and AKI risk. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate the consistency of this association across various patient characteristics.

Results

A total of 1054 critically ill patients with autoimmune diseases were enrolled and stratified by calcium ratio quartiles into four groups (< 0.515; 0.515–0.546; 0.546–0.576; > 0.576). Cumulative incidence curves showed significant difference in AKI risk among the four groups. Patients in the highest calcium ratio quartile experienced a markedly reduced likelihood of AKI versus those in the lowest, especially in the fully adjusted model (HR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.51–0.84, p < 0.001). RCS analysis demonstrated an obvious nonlinear relationship, showing a steep decline in AKI risk with increasing calcium ratio, which eventually plateaued. This protective effect of higher calcium ratios against AKI was consistent across subgroups, except in those with chronic kidney disease at baseline.

Conclusion

The ionized‐to‐total calcium ratio proves to be significantly associated with the development of AKI in critically ill patients with autoimmune diseases, with its elevation indicating a reduced AKI risk.
Rooting for Success: The Role of Microorganisms in Promoting Growth and Resilience in Black Alder Seedlings
Authors: Striganavičiūtė Greta , Vaitiekūnaitė Dorotėja , Šilanskienė Milana , Sirgedaitė‐Šėžienė Vaida
Published: December 2024

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a global environmental risk, impacting human health. Enhancing phytoremediation with microbial‐plant interactions could help mitigate these pollutants. However, tree responses to PAHs are unclear, necessitating controlled studies before field experiments. This study examined how PAH‐degrading microbes affect black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) seedlings grown hydroponically, hypothesizing that specific microbes improve growth and stress tolerance. Two half‐sib families (41–65–7 K, 13–99–1 K) were inoculated with Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa (R.s.), Pseudomonas putida (P.p.), and Sphingobium yanoikuyae (S.y.). Results showed family‐dependent and microbe‐specific effects, with family 41–65–7 K showing enhanced shoot growth (threefold increase by R.s.) and higher carotenoid levels. Antioxidant enzyme activities varied: R.s. elevated superoxide dismutase activity by 4.8‐fold in 13–99–1 K, while catalase activity increased but decreased in 41–65–7 K. Principal component analysis revealed distinct phytochemical clustering based on microbial treatment, highlighting genotype‐specific modulations. Each microorganism had unique plant growth‐promoting traits, with P.p. producing the most phytohormone and S.y. fixing nitrogen. These findings support targeted microbial inoculation for effective remediation of PAH‐contaminated environments.
A systematic review of the efficacy of TYK2 inhibitors in patients with dermatological disease
Authors: Haggett Malindi Georgia , Lee Sangho , Lai Francis Yi Xing
Published: December 2024

This study systematically reviews existing data on the efficacy of Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitors in comparison to placebo or standard treatments for therapeutic benefit and improving quality of life in dermatological diseases. Seventeen records representing 13 clinical trials, one matching‐adjusted indirect comparison, and one case study were included. Results indicate that Deucravacitinib is superior to placebo, Apremilast and Adalimumab in treating adult patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis and superior to placebo in the treatment of adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. Comparative investigations on Brepocitinib and Ropsacitinib were more limited. Oral Brepocitinib demonstrated superiority over placebo in managing alopecia areata, and hidradenitis suppurativa. Topical Brepocitinib exhibited superiority over placebo in treating atopic dermatitis, but not plaque psoriasis. Ropsacitinib demonstrated superiority over placebo in the management of plaque psoriasis. Brepocitinib and Ropsacitinib had more side effects than Deucravacitinib.
Endotyping in Chronic Rhinosinusitis—An EAACI Task Force Report
Authors: Toppila‐Salmi Sanna , Reitsma Sietze , Hox Valérie , Gane Simon , Eguiluz‐Gracia Ibon , Shamji Mohamed , Maza‐Solano Juan , Jääskeläinen Benjamin , Väärä Risto , Escribese Maria M. , Chaker Adam , Karavelia Aspasia , Rudenko Michael , Gevaert Philippe , Klimek Ludger
Published: December 2024

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a clinical syndrome defined by typical sinonasal symptoms persisting for at least 12 weeks. CRS is divided into two distinct phenotypes, CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP). The aim of the review is to provide an update on the current knowledge in CRS endotypes. The prevailing hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of CRS suggests that dysfunctional interactions between the host and environmental stressors at the mucosal surface drive the diverse inflammatory mechanisms. Genetic and epigenetic variations in the mucosal immune system are believed to play a significant role in the pathomechanisms of CRS. Various environmental agents (such as microbes and irritants) have been implicated in CRS. In a healthy state, the sinonasal mucosa acts as a barrier, modulating environmental stimulation and mounting appropriate immune responses against pathogens with minimal tissue damage. Different endotypes may exist based on the specific mechanistic pathways driving the chronic tissue inflammation of CRS. There is a need to understand endotypes in order to better predict, diagnose, and treat CRS. This literature review provides an update on the role of the endotypes in CRS and the limitations of endotyping CRS in clinical practice. Understanding of the pathogenesis and optimal management of CRS has progressed significantly in the last decades; however, there still are several unmet needs in endotype research.
Association of anaesthesia‐directed sedation with unplanned discharge to a nursing home following non‐ambulatory interventional radiology and endoscopic procedures: a retrospective cohort study*
Authors: Eyth Annika , Borngaesser Felix , Zmily Osamah M. , Rudolph Maíra I. , Zhang Ling , Joseph Vilma A. , Evgenov Oleg V. , Oliveira Jason , Kolmel Nicholas , Dehkharghani Seena , Osborn Irene , Kiyatkin Michael E. , Racine Andrew D. , Semczuk Peter P. , Garg Shweta , Wongtangman Karuna , Eikermann Matthias , Karaye Ibraheem M.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Interventional radiology procedures and endoscopies are performed commonly worldwide, often necessitating pharmacological sedation to optimise patient comfort. It is unclear to what extent non‐anaesthetists should provide procedural sedation.

Methods

We studied adult patients who previously lived independently and underwent a non‐ambulatory interventional radiology or gastroenterology procedure under anaesthetist‐directed or non‐anaesthetist‐directed sedation at a large healthcare network. The primary outcomes were postprocedural adverse discharge to a nursing home and postprocedural duration of hospital stay.

Results

Among 22,868 patients included, 15,168 (66.3%) and 7700 (33.7%) underwent anaesthetist‐directed sedation and non‐anaesthetist‐directed sedation, respectively. Of all patients receiving anaesthetist‐directed sedation, 9.2% experienced adverse discharge to a nursing home compared with 21.3% undergoing non‐anaesthetist‐directed sedation. Anaesthetist‐directed sedation was associated with reduced risk of adverse discharge to a nursing home (adjusted relative risk 0.54, 95%CI 0.45–0.63, p < 0.001, adjusted risk difference ‐4.6%, 95%CI ‐5.8 to ‐3.4, p < 0.001) and a shorter postprocedural duration of hospital stay (median (IQR [range]) 2 (1–6 [0–315]) days vs. 5 (2–12 [0–268]) days; adjusted model estimate 0.84, 95%CI 0.79–0.89, p < 0.001). The lower risk of adverse discharge to a nursing home and shorter duration of hospital stay in patients undergoing anaesthetist‐directed sedation was reproduced in an instrumental variable analysis (adjusted risk difference ‐4.3%, 95%CI ‐8.4 to ‐0.1, p = 0.043; and ‐1.41 days, 95%CI ‐1.43 to ‐1.41 days, p < 0.001, respectively). Among patients undergoing anaesthetist‐directed sedation the mean (SD) proportion of missing blood pressure measurements was lower (0.7 (4.9) % vs. 8.0 (14.6) %, p < 0.001), which mediated the effect of anaesthetist‐directed sedation on adverse discharge.

Discussion

Among patients undergoing a non‐ambulatory interventional radiology procedure or a gastrointestinal endoscopy, anaesthetist‐directed sedation is associated with a reduced risk of adverse discharge to a nursing home and a shorter duration of hospital stay.
Individual differences in the evolution of causal illusions
Authors: García‐Arch J. , Rodríguez‐Ferreiro J. , Barberia I.
Published: December 2024

In this research, we investigated individual differences in the formation and persistence of causal illusions. In a re‐analysis of existing data, we identified two clusters of participants – persistent and adjusting – based on their trajectories in learning from repeated exposure to null contingencies. The persistent cluster maintained stable causal illusions, while the adjusting cluster demonstrated a reduction over time. This re‐analysis provided a nuanced understanding of individual differences in causal learning, emphasizing the differential role of probability estimations in predicting causal judgements. These findings were replicated in a subsequent study, highlighting the robustness of the identified effects. In a pre‐registered study, we extended the paradigm to include a second phase (active phase) to assess how individual differences in causal illusion trajectories in the passive phase would manifest when participants had agency in the information gathering process. The results were consistent with those of the two previous studies and confirmed our primary hypothesis that the adjusting cluster would exhibit a lower tendency to introduce the candidate cause on learning trials, and would, therefore, observe a higher frequency of cause–absent trials. Together, these studies provide comprehensive insights into the underpinnings of causal illusion development and persistence, potentially informing de‐biasing interventions.
Infant Vulnerability to Court Decision‐Making Processes Regarding OOHC: Perspectives of Frontline Workers
Authors: Gregory‐Wilson Rachel , Spencer Liesel , Handsley Elizabeth , Raeburn Toby
Published: December 2024

This empirical study in the jurisdiction of New South Wales, Australia, explores the complex and unenviable processes legal actors undertake when making decisions about removing infants from their birth parents. Professionals from legal, statutory child protection and health contexts were interviewed regarding their experiences and perspectives about legal decision‐making practices when placing infants in out‐of‐home care (OOHC). Informed by vulnerability theory, analysis of the interview data found that government apparatuses designed to protect vulnerable infants can sometimes have the paradoxical effect of increasing overall infant vulnerability. Findings suggest a need for wider‐ranging research regarding how international and domestic law might be improved to better recognize the unique developmental status and vulnerabilities of infants in the child protection system.
The Role and Applied Value of Mitochondria in Glioma‐Related Research
Authors: Chen Liwen , Zhang Hui , Shang Chao , Hong Yang
Published: December 2024

Mitochondria, known as the “energy factory” of cells, are essential organelles with a double membrane structure and genetic material found in most eukaryotic cells. They play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and development, with alterations in mitochondrial structure and function in tumor cells leading to characteristics such as rapid proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance. Glioma, the most common brain tumor with a high recurrence rate and limited treatment options, has been linked to changes in mitochondrial structure and function. This review focuses on the bioenergetics, dynamics, metastasis, and autophagy of mitochondria in relation to glioma proliferation, as well as the potential use of mitochondria‐targeting drugs in glioma treatment.
SGLT2 inhibitors reduce epicardial adipose tissue more than GLP‐1 agonists or exercise interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or obesity: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Bao Yu , Hu Yucai , Shi Menglong , Zhao Zhiqiang
Published: December 2024

Background

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) plays a significant role in several cardiovascular diseases. As a correctable risk factor and potential therapeutic target, reducing EAT has multiple cardiovascular benefits, especially in those with abnormal glucolipid metabolism. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) agonists, and exercise on the thickness of EAT and indicators of glucolipid metabolism in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and T2DM with obesity.

Methods

We searched four electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for articles before 31 January 2024, regardless of language. We included randomized controlled trials and a small number of case–control studies in this network meta‐analysis. Differences in mean changes in EAT, body mass index, and glucolipid metabolism‐related metrics were assessed.

Results

A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 16 trials (15 randomized controlled trials and one case–control study), comprising a total of 867 people. SGLT2 inhibitors were significantly better at reducing EAT than placebo (standard mean different [SMD] = −0.85 cm [95% confidence interval (CI) −1.39, −0.31]); a similar result was observed for exercise compared with placebo (SMD = −0.78 cm [95% CI −1.37, −0.18]). SGLT2 inhibitors were also significantly better at reducing EAT than GLP‐1 agonists and conventional hypoglycaemic therapy (e.g., metformin or insulin; SMD = −0.74 cm [95% CI −1.45, −0.02] and SMD = −1.69 cm [95% CI −2.38, −0.99], respectively). SGLT2 inhibitors were significantly better than placebo at reducing body mass index (MD = −0.90 kg/m2 [95% CI −1.14, −0.66]) and glycosylated haemoglobin (MD = −0.52% [95%CI −0.86, −0.18]). A similar result was observed when comparing GLP‐1 agonists and placebo (MD = −0.48% [95% CI −0.93, −0.03]). Changes in total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were not statistically significant between interventions.

Conclusion

SGLT2 inhibitors have a distinct advantage over both placebo and other therapies at lowering EAT thickness, a result supported by direct comparisons and surface under the cumulative ranking curve analysis. Therefore, SGLT2 inhibitors should be prioritized as a treatment to reduce EAT in individuals with aberrant glucolipid levels, such as patients with T2DM and/or obesity.
Comparative efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Gongquan , Fu Jia , Li Xiangjun , Wang Jiajia , Zhai Jiawei , Du Bing
Published: December 2024

Aims

We have compiled updated evidence on the benefits and drawbacks of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov (as of 20 May 2024). Effect estimates were calculated using network meta‐analysis under the frequentist framework. The P‐score established the ranking of competing treatments.

Results

The authors incorporated 58 studies containing data from a substantial sample size of 21 332 patients. Based on evidence of high and moderate certainty, respectively, teneligliptin and vildagliptin were found to be superior to all other DPP‐4 inhibitors in lowering haemoglobin A1c (mean difference [MD] −0.81%, 95% CI −1.03, −0.60) and fasting blood glucose (MD −1.18 mmol/L, 95% CI −1.56, −0.81) compared to placebo. The absence of conclusive differences between interventions for serious adverse events was supported by evidence, which was interpreted with low to very low certainty.

Conclusions

In adults with type 2 diabetes, teneligliptin was most effective for HbA1c control, and vildagliptin for fasting blood glucose. No significant differences in serious adverse events were noted among DPP‐4 inhibitors compared to placebo. Given the therapeutic significance of these findings, more studies are needed to explore this issue more thoroughly.
ORPHEE: A Real‐World Study on rIX‐FP Prophylaxis Use in Adolescent/Adult Patients With Hemophilia B
Authors: Volot Fabienne , Castet Sabine , Fournel Alexandra , Frotscher Birgit , Gillet Benjamin , Desprez Dominique , Tardy Brigitte , Rauch Antoine , Chamouni Pierre , Biron‐Andreani Christine , Valentin Jean‐Baptiste , Harroche Annie , Dargaud Yesim , Petesch Brigitte Pan , d'Oiron Roseline , Berger Claire , Reynes Claire , Lauvray Thomas , de Raucourt Emmanuelle , Hassoun Abel , Lebreton Aurélien , Cussac Vincent , Catovic Hasan , Martin Cédric , Guillet Benoit
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To assess the real‐world efficacy and safety of recombinant factor IX albumin fusion protein (rIX‐FP) in patients with hemophilia B (HB) in France.

Methods

Data on dosing frequency, weekly consumption, and bleeds before‐and‐after switching to rIX‐FP, were collected from December 2021 to February 2024. Annualized (spontaneous) bleeding rates [A(s)BRs] were calculated only in patients on prophylaxis with a follow‐up ≥ 6 months.

Results

This interim analysis focused on 77 patients ≥ 12 years; 62 (81%) had severe HB. After switching to rIX‐FP, the infusion interval was 14 (7–14) days. Weekly consumption was 43 (35.5–53) IU/kg. ABRs and AsBRs were 0.5 (0–1.9) and 0 (0–0.7) (n = 63) at 18.2 (12.3–21.9) months of follow‐up. Prophylactic efficacy of rIX‐FP was considered ‘Excellent’/‘Good’ in 65/68 (95%) patients. Among the 43 patients previously treated with rFIXFc, 21 increased the infusion interval from 7 (7–11) days with rFIXFc to 14 (7–14) days with rIX‐FP; 33/43 (77%) reduced weekly factor IX (FIX) consumption from 59.95 (46.35–77.93) to 42.5 (35.88–50.25) IU/kg. Patients maintained good protection against bleeds.

Conclusion

This analysis confirmed that switching to rIX‐FP allows for reducing injection frequency and FIX consumption while maintaining good bleed protection.
Croplands proximity is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis incidence and age at onset
Authors: Manera Umberto , Callegaro Stefano , Canosa Antonio , Palumbo Francesca , Grassano Maurizio , Bombaci Alessandro , Dagliati Arianna , Bosoni Pietro , Daviddi Margherita , Casale Federico , Cabras Sara , Matteoni Enrico , De Marchi Fabiola , Mazzini Letizia , Moglia Cristina , Vasta Rosario , Calvo Andrea , Chiò Adriano
Published: December 2024

Background

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from an intricate interplay between genetics and environmental factors. Many studies have explored living in rural areas as a possible risk factor for ALS, without focusing simultaneously on incidence, age at onset and phenotypic features.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of croplands residential proximity on ALS incidence and phenotype, focusing on age of onset, site of onset and progression rate.

Methods

The address history of ALS patients belonging to the population‐based Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta registry (PARALS), diagnosed between 2007 and 2014, was obtained for the 20 years prior to the onset date. The smoothed ALS incidence per year (im) was compared with the percentage of area covered by each crop for each municipality. A proximity score was calculated for each cropland by geolocation, measuring the percentage of area surrounding patients’ residence for variable radii, and was used to compare croplands exposure and phenotype.

Results

We observed an increased ALS incidence in the municipalities with a higher percentage of area covered by arable crops (R = 0.191, p < 0.001). Age at onset was significantly lower in those patients who lived near arable crops, with a median anticipation ranging from 1.8 to 3.4 years; using historical data, a significant anticipation was found also for patients living near vineyards.

Discussion

Our study proved a direct association between arable crops and ALS risk and an inverse association between arable crops and vineyards proximity and age at onset, suggesting the possible causative role of specific environmental contaminants.
Dynamics of magnetic cortico‐cortical responses evoked by single‐pulse electrical stimulation
Authors: Feys Odile , Schuind Sophie , Sculier Claudine , Rikir Estelle , Legros Benjamin , Gaspard Nicolas , Wens Vincent , De Tiège Xavier
Published: December 2024

Objective

Intracranial single‐pulse electrical stimulation (SPES) can elicit cortico‐cortical evoked potentials. Their investigation with intracranial EEG is biased by the limited number and selected location of electrodes, which could be circumvented by simultaneous non‐invasive whole‐scalp recording. This study aimed at investigating the ability of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize cortico‐cortical evoked fields (CCEFs) and effective connectivity between the epileptogenic zone (EZ) and non‐epileptogenic zone (i.e., non‐involved [NIZ]).

Methods

A total of 301 SPES trains (at 0.9 Hz during 120 s) were performed in 10 patients with refractory focal epilepsy. MEG signals were denoised, epoched, averaged, and decomposed using independent component analysis. Significant response deflections and significant source generators were detected. Peak latency/amplitude were compared between each different cortical/subcortical structure of the NIZ containing more than five SPES, and then between the EZ and corresponding brain structures in the NIZ.

Results

MEG detected and localized polymorphic/polyphasic CCEFs, including one to eight significant consecutive deflections. The latency and amplitude of CCEFs within the NIZ differed significantly depending on the stimulated brain structure. Compared with the corresponding NIZ, SPES within the extratemporal EZ demonstrated delayed CCEF latency, whereas SPES within the temporal EZ showed decreased CCEF amplitude. SPES within the EZ elicited a significantly higher rate of CCEFs within the stimulated lobe compared with those within the NIZ.

Significance

This study reveals polymorphic CCEFs with complex spatiotemporal dynamics both within the NIZ and EZ. It highlights significant differences in effective connectivity of the epileptogenic network. These cortico‐cortical evoked responses could thus contribute to increasing the yield of intracranial recordings.
Simulating Genetic Mixing in Strongly Structured Populations of the Threatened Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus)
Authors: Black John G. , Cooper Steven J. B. , Schmidt Thomas L. , Weeks Andrew R.
Published: December 2024

Genetic mixing aims to increase the genetic diversity of small or isolated populations, by mitigating genetic drift and inbreeding depression, either by maximally increasing genetic diversity, or minimising the prevalence of recessive, deleterious alleles. However, few studies investigate this beyond a single generation of mixing. Here, we model genetic mixing using captive, low‐diversity recipient population of the threatened Southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) over 50 generations and compare wild populations across south‐eastern Australia as candidate source populations. We first assess genetic differentiation between 12 populations, including the first genomic assessment of three mainland Australian and three Tasmanian populations. We assess genetic diversity in the 12 populations using an individualised autosomal heterozygosity pipeline, using these results to identify a candidate recipient population for genetic mixing simulations. We found that populations fell into four major groups of genetic similarity: Adelaide Hills, western Victoria, eastern Victoria, and Tasmania, but populations within these groups were also distinct, and additional substructure was observed in some populations. Our autosomal heterozygosity pipeline indicated significant variability in mean heterozygosity between populations, identifying one extremely genetically degraded population on Inner Sister Island, Tasmania. Genetic mixing simulations of a low heterozygosity captive population in Victoria suggested the greatest increase in heterozygosity would be reached by using highly differentiated populations as mixing sources. However, when removing populations that may represent taxonomically discrete lineages, neither metrics of differentiation nor heterozygosity was strongly correlated with modelled heterozygosity increase, indicating the value of simulation‐based approaches when selecting source populations for population mixing.
Emerging Ideas – Intergenerational congruence with parents and language brokering: Implications on adolescent self‐esteem
Authors: Weisskirch Robert S.
Published: December 2024

Objective

The present study explores how immigrant adolescents differ in their experiences of language brokering and how acculturation gaps may relate to adolescents' self‐esteem.

Background

Adolescents often translate on behalf of immigrant parents and other family members, a process known as language brokering (LB). Because language brokering requires adolescents to be in extended close contact with parents, their subjective experiences of language brokering may relate to their individual well‐being through their acculturation congruence with their parents.

Method

Three hundred four bilingual participants aged 13 to 17 years completed an online questionnaire about demographics, translating activities, acculturation congruence, and self‐esteem. From affirmative responses to the translation item, a subsample of 188 language brokers was created for analyses of indirect effects.

Results

There were no significant differences between language brokers and non–language brokers on acculturation congruence. Among the language brokers, acculturation congruence had indirect effects on LB efficacy, burden, positive, and negative attitudes to self‐esteem.

Conclusion

There is no evidence of an acculturation gap for language brokers and non–language brokers. Acculturation congruence has indirect effects on the subjective experiences of LB on self‐esteem.

Implications

Parent‐adolescent relationship quality may be key in regulating the relation of LB to individual well‐being.