bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Cultivated and Wild Barley Germplasm to Drought Stress at Different Developmental Stages
Authors: Barati Mohammad , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Mirlohi Aghafakhr , Pirnajmodini Fateme , Sharif‐Moghaddam Negar
Published: September 2015

Little is known about response of root‐related traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare; hereafter, Hvu) and its wild relative H. vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. (hereafter, Hsp) to drought stress. Three separate experiments were conducted to assess these traits at germination, vegetative, and reproductive stages. Drought stress significantly reduced germination percentage and rate, primary root number, and shoot and root length of seedlings. Using pot experiment, drought stress reduced shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) at vegetative stage but the ratio of RDW/SDW (RSR) increased under this condition. At reproductive stage, SDW, plant height, number of fertile tiller, and relative water content decreased under drought stress, but root length, root volume, RDW, and RSR increased as the intensity of drought increased. For most of the traits the genotype × moisture environment interaction was significant. The effect of drought stress on genotypes was highly dependent to developmental stages and the intensity of water limitation. The wild barley genotypes had more drought tolerance than the cultivated ones. The results of vegetative and reproductive stages poorly matched with the ones from seed germination stage. Two wild barley genotypes from Iran were tolerant to drought stress at both vegetative and reproductive stages and may be used for genetic studies and possible breeding of barley for root‐related traits.
Leader–Member Exchange Social Comparison and Employee Deviant Behavior: Evidence from a Chinese Context
Authors: Huang Jiaxin , Shi Lihua , Xie Jun , Wang Lin
Published: September 2015

We explored the effect of leader–member exchange social comparison (LMXSC) on employee deviant behavior within a Chinese context. We modified the measures for use in the Chinese context and used a multisource survey to collect data from employees in Chinese companies. The results
of analysis of responses from a sample of 203 supervisor-subordinate dyads showed that LMXSC was negatively related to organizational deviance and supervisor-directed deviance. Procedural justice mediated the relationship between LMXSC and organizational deviance, and interpersonal justice
mediated the relationship between LMXSC and supervisor-directed deviance. Furthermore, the negative relationship between interpersonal justice and supervisor-directed deviance was weaker for subordinates working with supervisors who had a higher degree of organizational embodiment. The results
implied that supervisors need to balance the double-edged sword effect of LMXSC as well as strengthen their organizational embodiment.
Impact of Power Conceptualization and Construal-level Mindset on Distributive Fairness
Authors: Wang Na , Sun Yue-Liang , Li Pei-Lin
Published: September 2015

We investigated the influence of power conceptualization (influence/responsibility) on distributive fairness and the role of construal-level mindset in this cause–effect relationship. Participants in our study were 80 adults at a continental education school in China. The results
showed that power that is conceptualized as responsibility represents a higher level of abstraction of construal and leads to a fairer distribution of resources than when it is conceptualized as influence. Moreover, we found that a construal-level mindset mediated the effects of power on distributive
fairness. Theoretical and practical implications of the influence of power conceptualization and the role of construal-level mindset in power and fair behavior are discussed.
Patrilineal traditional family: Examples of Serbia and Bulgaria
Authors: Rajkovic Ljubica , Miletic-Stepanovic Vesna
Published: September 2015

The paper aims to investigate from comparative and sociological perspective
the similarities between the roles of family and household in social
development of Bulgaria and Serbia. The focus of the study is placed on the
similarities and differences between the traditional phase of development and
the industrial, modern one. Modern society as a whole is defined as
untransformed and subject to re-traditionalization. The investigation rests
on the assumption that within East European model, the traditional
family/household is a phenomenon linked to the 19th and 20th centuries, but
not to the 21st one. However, the Balkan extended family/household retains
the influence it had in the traditional phase of development. In the
traditional phase, the extended family commune (zadruga), characteristic of
the Balkans, played an essential role for survival. In modern societies, it
regains its importance for survival during social and economic crises;
however, it also poses traditionally experienced risks concerning substantial
deterioration of the position of women.
Intercultural sensitivity scale: Proposal for a modified Serbian version
Authors: Petrovic Danijela , Starcevic Jelena , Chen Guo-Ming , Komnenic Darko
Published: September 2015

Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS) is the main assessment tool for
measuring intercultural sensitivity as an affective component of
intercultural communication competence. The ISS has been developed based on
an American sample and therefore there is a need to check possibilities for
its application in another cultural context. In this study, we tested whether
the factor structure of the original scale is confirmed in a Serbian sample
as well. The results show that the compatibility of factor structure is not
satisfactory (c2/df = 3.38; CFI = .78; RMSEA = .07) and the application of
the scale requires modification. A proposal for a modified version of the ISS
is presented together with evidence for its usage. The main advantages of the
modified version are: (a) a corresponding factor structure, (b) higher
internal consistency and (c) better prediction of relevant criteria.
Does empathy always inhibit amorality and offending?
Authors: Vukosavljevic-Gvozden Tatjana , Opacic Goran , Perunicic-Mladenovic Ivana
Published: September 2015

Results of previous studies have been inconsistent over the role of emotional
and cognitive empathy in aggressive and antisocial behavior. The aim of this
study is to clarify the specific nature of the empathic profiles associated
with different types of amoral behavior (induced by impulsivity, frustration
and brutality), measured through self-reports. The sample consists of male
prisoners who have committed violent and non-violent types of offenses
(robberies and thefts) and the control group with no criminal history
(N=200). Results demonstrate that general amorality which combines all three
types of amoral attitudes is negatively associated both with emotional and
cognitive empathy, but the association with the emotional empathy is much
stronger one. On the other hand, amorality induced by frustration
(characterized by resentment, dark picture of reality which justifies
personal Machiavellianism) is positively associated with cognitive empathy
which might be used for manipulation. These results provide guidelines for
empathy trainings for offenders, highlighting the significance of increasing
emotional empathy
Panic disorder patients and healthy people differently identify their own heart frequency through sound
Authors: Santoro Ilaria , Murgia Mauro , Tamburini Giorgia , Prpic Valter , Sors Fabrizio , Galmonte Alessandra , Agostini Tiziano
Published: September 2015

The ability to detect the perceptual cues related to cardiac activity is an
important aspect related to the onset and maintenance of some
psychopathological disorders, such as panic disorder. We tested two groups -
panic disorder (PD) patients and healthy participants - in order to examine
the ability to estimate participants? own heart frequency. We used an
auditory identification task, based on the administration of auditory tracks
representative of ecological sounds of heartbeat. Results showed that all
healthy participants underestimated their own heart frequency, whereas the
majority of PD patients overestimated it. This different response tendency
could influence the development of psychopathologies such as panic disorder.
These outcomes suggest the possible development of training for PD patients
based on the use of auditory stimulation.
Does the infection with endoparasites influence the effect of oral vaccination against classical swine fever in wild boar?
Authors: Ondrejková Anna , Kiš Ondrej , Ciberej Juraj , Oberhauserová Katarína , Ondrejka Róbert , Smitka Peter , Csank Tomáš
Published: September 2015

Classical swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild suids and could cause important economic losses. It is the most dangerous infectious disease of the wild boar that can cause severe death in densely populated areas. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of endoparasites on the oral vaccination against classical swine fever in wild boar. The study compared classical swine fever antibody titres in wild boar treated and untreated with antiparasitics. Fourteen six-month-old wild boar piglets were tested via direct ELISA to detect specific antibodies in blood serum after vaccination. Before the vaccination, one group of piglets was administered antiparasitic therapy; the other group of animals remained untreated. Twenty-eight days post vaccination, piglets from the first group (free of parasites) showed significantly (P = 0.0015) higher concentrations of specific antibodies than the infected animals. Obtained results proved that parasitic infections substantially influence the efficacy of oral vaccination against classical swine fever and may support the ability of the virus to produce infectious diseases and its transmission in the wild boar population. For that reason, antiparasitic therapy of wild boar populations before their vaccination is highly recommended in order to increase the vaccine’s efficacy.
Bacterial overgrowth can be detected by breath hydrogen measurement before clinical manifestations in suckling lambs
Authors: Jávor András , Nagy Anikó , Papp-Bata Ágnes , Vass Nóra , Oláh János , Csiki Zoltán
Published: September 2015

Hydrogen breath test is a non-invasive and inexpensive method for estimation of small bowel transit time, detection of excess bacteria in the small intestine and demonstration of maldigestion or malabsorption. Until now, little has been known about breath hydrogen excretion in lambs. The aim of our study was to assess the patterns of breath hydrogen excretion in lambs before and after feeding ewe’s milk, and to evaluate pathological and/or physiological alterations in the lambs’ gastrointestinal function. We assumed that intestinal disorders may influence the breath hydrogen concentrations, which could be detected early in the subclinical stage. A total of 52 healthy black-headed Dorper lambs were included in the study. Breath hydrogen was measured after overnight fasting and at 30, 60 and 90 min after the start of feeding. There was a 2-week follow-up period after the measurements to assess the gastrointestinal health of lambs. During the follow-up period, clinical signs of diarrhoea developed in 6 lambs. Based on our results in healthy lambs, the median concentration of baseline breath hydrogen was 1.00 parts per million (minimum: 0.00, maximum: 2.00). We observed a significant elevation in breath hydrogen concentrations 60 min after feeding (P= 0.004), whereas the values detected 30 min after feeding were similar to the baseline values. Regarding the lambs in which clinical signs of diarrhoea developed, we revealed significantly higher baseline breath hydrogen concentrations compared to those which remained healthy (P< 0.001). Our observations underline that hydrogen breath test may be a useful tool for indicating potential bacterial overgrowth before any clinical signs of diarrhoea.
Effect of different proportions of popped amaranth grain (Amaranthus cruentus) as an iron supplement in piglet diets on selected blood indicators
Authors: Urosevic Miroslav I. , Hennig-Pauka Isabel , Tichy Alexander , Stojanac Nenad , Ratajac Radomir
Published: September 2015

The aim of our study was to compare the effect of various proportions of popped amaranth grain (Amaranthus cruentus) in piglet diets on selected blood indicators, such as red blood cell count (RBC), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin concentration (HB) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), but also growth efficiency (daily weight gain) and tissue morphology of the gastrointestinal tract. Altogether, 122 piglets (12 litters) were divided randomly into four groups (4 × 3 litters). Diet of the piglets in the control group was without popped amaranth grain. Starting from day 5 until day 90 of life, each of the three experimental groups was offered one of the feed mixtures containing different amounts of heat-treated popped amaranth grain: 20% (group A20), 40% (group A40), and 79% (group A79). When comparing the three experimental groups with the control group, in relation to the mean haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count, higher values were measured in almost all periods of the piglets’ life, except for five-day-old piglets in the experimental groups. Only in 90-day-old piglets, group A79 tended to have a higher body weight compared to the control piglets. In summary, differences in haematologic indices which occurred between groups were inconsistent and of minor practical impact. With regard to the costs of theAmaranthusdiet, beneficial effects were not obvious.
Consequences of Environmentally Hazardous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon- Anthracene Treatment on Cyanobacteria
Authors: Patel Jignasha G , Kumar J.I. Nirmal , Khan Shamiyan R
Published: September 2015

The study was aimed to determine the chronic toxicity of Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon – Anthracene in response to pigments and metabolic study on three different cyanobacterial species such as Synechocystis sp., Anabaena fertilissima, and Nostoc muscorum. Test organisms were treated at different doses and encountered LC50/Mean Lethal Concentration (at which 50% lethality/ growth reduction occur) separately at 7.0 ppm for Synechocystis sp, 5.0 ppm for Anabaena fertilissima and 1.5 ppm for Nostoc muscorum. The influence of anthracene on pigments, metabolites and enzymes was carried out. The test doses caused concentration dependent and decreased pigments like carotenoids and phycobilliproteins. Depletion of carbohydrate by 65 to 80% and proteins by 58 to 78% was encountered with rise in Anthracene concentrations after 16th day exposure in case of Synechocystis sp however, phenols were found to raise by 26 to 37% with increased anthracene concentrations. Similar trend also observed in other two tested blue green algae. Thus the Synechocystis sp.is more tolerant to anthracene treatments as compare to Anabaena fertillissima but Nostoc muscorum showed highest sensitivity to anthracene.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 381-386
Development and validation of Stability Indicating HPLC method for determination of Ellagic and Gallic acid in Jambul seed
Authors: Damle Mrinalini , Dalavi Nilam
Published: September 2015

Ellagic and Gallic acid are main phytoconstituents of S.cumini seeds. These are the phenolic compounds. An approach for the stress degradation was successfully applied for the development of stability indicating HPLC method for the determination of Ellagic and Gallic acid. Sample was resolved on a Hypersil C18 (250*4.6 mm particle size 5?) column. The mobile phase consisted of 1% OPA and ACN and in the ratio of 70:30 v/v which was sonicated to degas and delivered at a flow rate of 1ml/min at ambient temperature. The retention time of Ellagic acid and Gallic acid was 3.1±0.05 & 4.1±0.05 minutes. Studies were performed using an HPLC system equipped with a UV detector; the response was monitored at 271nm. The method is specific to Ellagic and Gallic acid; it is able to resolve the peak from ethanolic extract of s.cumini seeds and formulation. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 8-24 ?g/ml (r2=0.997, 0.998 resp). The limit of detection for  Ellagic acid and Gallic acid   was found to be 0.25?g/ml, 0.15?g/ml resp. and the quantification limit was about 0.75?g/m, 0.49?g/ml. The accuracy of the method was established based on the recovery studies. The markers were subjected to acid, base, neutral hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal degradation and photolysis. The method was successfully validated according to ICH guidelines Q2 (R1).Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 434-438
Prevalence of Demodectic Mange in Canines of Kathmandu Valley having Skin Disorder and Its Associated Risk Factors
Authors: Shrestha Denusha , Thapa Balaram , Rawal Gaurav , Dhakal Santosh , Sharma Bishwas
Published: September 2015

Very little information is available regarding the demographics of the demodicosis in canines of Kathmandu valley and in Nepal as a whole. In this study, we determined the prevalence of the demodicosis and its associated risk factors from 110 canines of Kathmandu valley including both sheltered and free-roaming. The skin scrapping collected was dissolved in 10% KOH for the microscopic diagnosis of the mites. The overall prevalence of demodectic mange was found to be 29.1%. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence rate among puppy (49.0%), adult (6.9%) and senior (33.33%). Whereas, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among female (22.9%) and male (36.7%). Similarly, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among short hair (40.7%), medium (25.67%) and long hair (28.5%). The association between the prevalence rate among good health status (10.7%) and poor health status (55.5%) is significant (p<0.05). Similarly, there was significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence rate among the free-roaming (48.9%) and the owned dogs (13.1%). At last, there was no significant association (p>0.05) between the prevalence rate among the pure breed (27.7%), cross (25.9%) and mongrel (37.5%). This study shows that demodectic mange is somewhat serious skin infection in canines of Kathmandu valley. The high significant association of age, health status and management with its prevalence suggests that the disease is more common in dogs which are left uncared and whose immune system is disturbed. Whereas, sex, breed and type of the hair of the dog did not have such significant relation with its prevalence.  As demodicosis is a huge problem in street dogs, concerned organizations and authorities should develop proper planning for street dog management and their health care. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 459-463
A Metagenomics Analysis on B-Carotene Synthesis in Neurospora Crassa
Authors: Gedela Ravi , Makke Naga Sai Babu , Karra Dinesh
Published: September 2015

We have studied insilico on evolutionary uniqueness of phytoene synthase, which is one of the regulatory enzymes of ?-carotene synthesis in Neurospora crassa.  This study reveals multiple sequence alignments showed high sequences with similarity within a species of bacteria, fungi and higher plants.  This results designate interestingly between species of bacteria-fungi, fungi-plant, and among the species of bacteria-fungi-plant, showed tremendously less sequence with similarity, except bacteria-plant (high sequence with similarity) respectively.  In Phylogenetics tree analysis showed within species of bacteria, fungi and plant 91%, 92% and 99% homology.  Whereas in between species of bacteria-fungi, bacteria-plant, fungi-plant, and among the species bacteria-fungi-plant showed 99%, 96%, 100%, and 91%-99% homology respectively.  N. crassa phytoene synthase enzyme encode (Isoprenoid Biosynthesis enzymes, Class 1) protein size 610aa, Cyanobacteria phytoene encode (Isoprenoid Biosynthesis enzymes, Class 1) protein size 310aa, and Oryza sativa Indica phytoene synthase 1 (chloroplast), (Isoprenoid Biosynthesis enzymes, Class 1) encode protein size 421aa (e- value 0.0, 0.0 and 0.0; identity 100%, 100% and 100%; Max.score:1238, 644 and 870) respectively.  We studied insilico on basis of an evolutionary Endosymbiotic theory; a bacterium is the ancestors to eukaryotes. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 490-503
Management of Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Kafle K.
Published: September 2015

An experiment was conducted at IAAS, Lamjung to evaluate the management practices of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) during Rabi season in 2013/14.  Field experiment was laid out in a randomized block desigh (RCBD) with four replications and six treatments. The treatments were: i) Verticillilum lecanii @ 5gm/L of water; ii) Derisom (Karinjin) @ 2ml/L of water; iii) Margosom (Azadirachtin) @ 5ml/L of water; iv) Lemon grass oil @ 2ml/L of water; v) Dimethoate (Rogor) @2ml/L of water; and vi) Untreated control. Each plot consisted of 2 m x 2.7 m (5.4 m2) with 360 plants (spacing RR 30 cm x PP 5 cm). Field experiment showed that the highest reduction of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) was achieved in Dimethoate (Rogor 30 EC) followed by Derisom but these two treatments were statistically at par during almost all the spray times. Thus, Derisom (botanical) might be the best option in eco-friendly management of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 537-540
Isolation and Characterization of Salt Tolerant Endophytic and Rhizospheric Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) Associated with the Halophyte Plant (Sesuvium Verrucosum) Grown in KSA
Authors: El-Awady Mohamed A.M. , Hassan Mohamed M. , Al-Sodany Yassin M.
Published: September 2015

This study was designed to isolate and characterize endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria associated with the halophyte plant Sesuvium verrucosum, grown under extreme salinity soil in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The plant growth promotion activities of isolated bacterial were evaluated in vitro. A total of 19 salt tolerant endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates were obtained and grouped into six according to genetic similarity based on RAPD data. These six isolates were identified by amplification and partial sequences of 16S rDNA as Enterobacter cancerogenus,Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and two Enterobacter sp. Isolates were then grown until exponential growth phase to evaluate the atmospheric nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and production of phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid, as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity. While, All of the six strains were negative for ACC deaminaseactivity, two isolates showed Nitrogen fixation activity, three isolates produce the plant hormone (Indole acetic acid) and two isolates have the activity of solubiliztion of organic phosphate. Among the six isolates, the isolate (R3) from the soil around the roots is able to perform the three previous growth promoting possibilities together and it is ideal for use in promoting the growth of plants under the high salinity conditions. This isolate is candidate to prepare a friendly biofertelizer that can be used for the improvement of the crops performance under salinity conditions.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 552-560
The Study on Academic Progress Incentive Creation through the Therapy Reality concepts, A Case Study: Secondary School Students in Sib & Suran City-Golstan Province
Authors: Dedyeh Abdol Rashid Johan , Moghaddam Hossein Dorostkar , Saremi Hamid
Published: September 2015

Adolescence is one of the most critical and decisive period in the life of every person. People determine their own destiny by passing education in this period. One of the problems that plague the students in this period is reduced motivation especially achievement motivation and academic achievement.In general, domestic and foreign researches have demonstrated that reality therapy is an effective method in a wide range of different areas such as: increasing public health (Ebadian, 2006), increasing self-esteem (Moradi, 2007), self-concept and decision-making (Lorense, 2004) as well as identity crisis (Calantari Hormuz, 2005) and reduced anxiety (Shafiabadi et al., 2004) so it is expected to be effective in achievement motivation and academic achievement.This theory has been employed by counselors and teachers who were going to use Glaser basic ideas in the field of reality therapy in schools. Outcomes of lack of achievement motivation and academic achievement are the problems we attempted to resolve in this study.For years I was looking for the answer to this question that why students with the same IQ some have higher achievement motivation while some fall behind in school. Is there any solution to help students who encounter paradox (Students who want to have academic achievement, but they are not able to adhere to the implementation of educational programs). I didn't find any functional and successful solution for academic achievement of students with medium or high learning level who fall behind in school; however, scientific and technical training schools offer a variety of learning styles. This research aimed to study the effectiveness of reality therapy on increased achievement motivation and academic achievement of male middle school students in Sib & Suran County. This is a quasi-experimental and applied research.
Study on the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Organizational Commitment for Male Teachers at Elementary Schools in Academic Year of 2013-2014, in Quchan City, Iran
Authors: Saremi Hamid , Pur Farkhani Morteza Rajab
Published: September 2015

This study aims at investigating the relationship between spiritual intelligence and organizational commitment in male teachers of elementary schools in Quchan in the 2013-2014 school years. This is an applied research. Since the researcher sought to study the relationship between the two components, this is correlation research. Considering the variables studied, statistical population was all male teachers in grades three and four at elementary school in Quchan in the 2013-2014 school years. Total number of teachers obtained from Quchan Department of Education was 98 and due to the small size of study population, sampling wasn't performed and the sample was considered equal to the population. Data collection tools were Meyer and Allen's organizational commitment questionnaire and Abdullah Zadeh's spiritual intelligence questionnaire. Having completed the questionnaires, the researcher used mean central statistical indicators and standard deviation dispersion measures and variance for data analysis in descriptive statistics level and in inferential statistics level, they used multivariate linear regression statistic method.The results showed that there was not a significant correlation between total spiritual intelligence and total organizational commitment. There was not also a significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and its components with continuance and normative commitments. However, there was a significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and its components with affective commitment.The findings indicated that spiritual intelligence has been effective in maintaining and improving organizational commitment and it should be tried to improve spirituality and spiritual intelligence in employees and teachers.
Enumeration of Soil Inhabiting Cellulolytic Bacteria as Plant Growth Promoter
Authors: Bhowmick Raja , Sengupta Chandan
Published: September 2015

The present investigation was focused to enumerate the effective cellulolytic soil inhabiting bacteria for searching its influence on plant growth promotion, two Bacillus strains namely B. tequilensis and B. altitudinis were finally isolated as potentially effective strain.The species B. tequilensis showed better cellulolytic property as well as can solubilize phosphate and potassium and can also fix nitrogen, on the other hand B. altitudinis has cellulolytic property can solubilize phosphate in greater amount. Treatment with B. tequilensis and B. altitudinis alone and their combination showed significant variation in respect to control set. So the overall finding in this investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of this two species of Bacillus for plant growth promotion.
In vitro Binding Capacity of Wheat and Barley for Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe
Authors: Ghodrat Ali , Yaghobfar Akbar , Ebrahimnezhad Yahya , Shahryar Habib Aghdam , Ghorbani Abolfazl
Published: September 2015

This study was carried out to determination of in vitro binding capacity of wheat and barley for Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe. For this reason wheat and barley were chemical analyzed for moisture, protein, ash, ether extract, total carbohydrate, NDF, ADF, ADL, crude fiber, viscosity, cellulose, hemicelluloses, total dietary fiber, and endogenous minerals. Mineral binding capacity of two samples for Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cu under sequential simulated physiological conditions of the stomach, small intestine, and colon was investigated and compared. Barley showed the higher mineral binding capacity in small intestine. Among the minerals, Fe exhibited the highest percentage of binding under the simulated physiological conditions of the small intestine and the lowest percentage of removing occurred in the stomach for both cereals. Cereals had an affinity for Fe>Cu>Zn>Mn.
Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Developing Countries
Authors: Nemati Morteza , Raisi Ghasem
Published: September 2015

Nowadays, improvement in income distribution and poverty eradication and hence low inequality are served as the main objectives of economic and social development strategy even prior than primary tasks of governments. to manifest importance of income distribution, some economists adopt income inequality and income distribution in society as criteria for economic system of the community, although these criteria and measures are theoretical for the economic system and this varies from the perspective of different people, however, it denotes on  importance of income distribution among individuals. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of economic growth on income inequality in the selection of low-income developing countries.To this end, using panel data and data for 28 developing countries over the period 1990-2010 the relationship between GDP and the Gini coefficient was examined. The results indicate that as per hypothesis Kuznets in the early stages of growth, income inequality increases and then it declines in later stage.
Ethnic uses and Conservation Practices of Some Plants with Major Medicinal Potential by the Tribal Community in India
Authors: Acharya Chandan Kumar
Published: September 2015

Ethnic people since ancient times uses medicinal plants for the treatment of primary diseases  as the plants constitutes some important active constituents and also they are  safe and environmentally friendly. As the modern medical care have high cost, side effects and inaccessible to the poorer section, the use of traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of common ailments has great relevance today. It is evident that “folk” or “tribal medicine man” or the "doctor" of the tribe, who has the knowledge of treating diseases, keeps this knowledge as a closely guarded secret and passes it to the next generation by word of mouth. No written texts on these systems are available and different tribes follow different time tested methods. Bearing on mind about medicinal implications of various medicinal plants and their present ecological status, preservation of these traditional knowledge systems is a great challenge today. Presently the Government of India, realising the value of the country’s vast range of medicinal plants, has embarked on a mission of documenting the traditional knowledge. So the scientific study of traditional medicines, and systematic conservation of the concerned medicinal plants are thus of great importance. Present study highlights ethno-medico-botanical approaches of 5 medicinal plants, their utilization by tribal people of India for health care and comprehensive conservation strategy, which will be helpful to the naturalists, planners, policy makers, scientists related to this field for subsequent monitoring and restoration management purpose.
Effective thermal conductivity of open-pore metal foams as a function of the base material
Authors: Matz Alexander Martin , Mocker Bettina Stefanie , Jost Norbert , Krug Peter
Published: September 2015

The effective thermal conductivity of open-pore metal foams in combination with the fluids air and water have been investigated in an extended range in relative density and selection of material. This study is conducted to estimate the influence of the thermal conductivities of the combination “metal foam — fluid” λs and λfl on the effective thermal conductivity λe of the open-pore metal foam. Therefore, open-pore metal foams (ρrel = 12.7 % in average) of different base materials are manufactured by respect of significant differences in the thermal conductivity of their bulk material in a range of 24.80 W × (m × K)−1≤λs≤ 402.13 W × (m × K)−1. These samples are saturated by air and water and the effective thermal conductivities of the corresponding combinations are determined. The thereto used method is a transient one and is based on the theory of inturbide temperature fields. The impact of the fluid type on λe is evaluated and its dependence on λs is identified, resulting in a simple expression for estimating the effective thermal conductivity as a function of λfl, λs and ρrel applicable for air and water.
Test procedure to determine the Paris equation coefficients for crack growth rates exemplified by aluminum alloy 2024-T3
Authors: Savkin Alexey Nikolaevich , Andronik Artem Valerievich , Koraddi Ramesh
Published: September 2015

The coefficients of the Paris equation for crack growth rates represent fundamental material properties describing the resistance against crack propagation. Up to now, there is no unified procedure to identify these parameters. The current paper shows an approach for testing and analytical processing of its results which makes it possible to obtain the intermediate region of fatigue crack growth rates on a da/dN-ΔK curve as a result of each test. Also, ways to estimate the crack closure effect on fatigue crack growth and computation of effective ranges of stress intensity factor are shown. The approach was validated by the example of an aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Further development trends for the described method are proposed.
Investigation of using rice husk dust and ulexite in automotive brake pads
Authors: Sugözü Ilker
Published: September 2015

In this study, the use of rice husk (RH) dust in addition to ulexite (UX) has been investigated for estimating the effect on friction coefficient. RH includes silica which gives the pad materials a ceramic like behavior. To obtain RH, rice husk was grained after it had been dried. Different amounts of RH were included in the brake pad mix in addition to the other regular components. UX is a boron mineral which is widely used in boron glass production and in ceramic industry for increasing heat resistance and abrasion resistance. The newly formulated brake pads have been tested by the friction assessment and screening test (FAST). The friction coefficient and wear rate have been determined and investigations by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the friction surfaces have been carried out to estimate the performance of these samples.
Correlation of preoperative MRI with the long-term outcomes of dorsal root entry zone lesioning for brachial plexus avulsion pain
Authors: Ko Andrew L. , Ozpinar Alp , Raskin Jeffrey S. , Magill Stephen T. , Raslan Ahmed M. , Burchiel Kim J.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Lesioning of the dorsal root entry zone (DREZotomy) is an effective treatment for brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) pain. The role of preoperative assessment with MRI has been shown to be unreliable for determining affected levels; however, it may have a role in predicting pain outcomes. Here, DREZotomy outcomes are reviewed and preoperative MRI is examined as a possible prognostic factor.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed of an institutional database of patients who had undergone brachial plexus DREZ procedures since 1995. Preoperative MRI was examined to assess damage to the DREZ or dorsal horn, as evidenced by avulsion of the DREZ or T2 hyperintensity within the spinal cord. Phone interviews were conducted to assess the long-term pain outcomes.

RESULTS

Between 1995 and 2012, 27 patients were found to have undergone cervical DREZ procedures for BPA. Of these, 15 had preoperative MR images of the cervical spine available for review. The outcomes were graded from 1 to 4 as poor (no significant relief), good (more than 50% pain relief), excellent (more than 75% pain relief), or pain free, respectively. Overall, DREZotomy was found to be a safe, efficacious, and durable procedure for relief of pain due to BPA. The initial success rate was 73%, which declined to 66% at a median follow-up time of 62.5 months. Damage to the DREZ or dorsal horn was significantly correlated with poorer outcomes (p = 0.02). The average outcomes in patients without MRI evidence of DREZ or dorsal horn damage was significantly higher than in patients with such damage (3.67 vs 1.75, t-test; p = 0.001). A longer duration of pain prior to operation was also a significant predictor of treatment success (p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the DREZotomy procedure has a 66% chance of achieving meaningful pain relief on long-term follow-up. Successful pain relief is associated with the lack of damage to the DREZ and dorsal horn on preoperative MRI.
Cortical bone facet spacers for cervical spine decompression: effects on intervertebral kinetics and foraminal area
Authors: Maulucci Christopher M. , Sansur Charles A. , Singh Vaneet , Cholewczynski Alexandra , Shetye Snehal S. , McGilvray Kirk , Puttlitz Christian M.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Nerve root decompression to relieve pain and radiculopathy remains one of the main goals of fusion-promoting procedures in the subaxial cervical spine. The use of allograft facet spacers has been suggested as a potential alternative for performing foraminotomies to increase the space available for the cervical nerve roots while providing segmental stiffening. Therefore, the goal of this cadaveric biomechanical study was to determine the acute changes in kinetics and foraminal area after the insertion of cortical bone facet spacers into the subaxial cervical spine.

METHODS

Allograft spacers (2 mm in height) were placed bilaterally into cadaveric cervical spine specimens (C2-T1, age of donors 57.5 ± 9.5 years, n = 7) at 1 (C4–5) and 3 (C3–6) levels with and without laminectomies and posterior lateral mass screw fixation. Standard stereophotogrammetry under pure moment loading was used to assess spinal kinetics. In addition, the authors performed 3D principal component analysis of CT scans to determine changes in foraminal cross-sectional area (FCSA) available for the spinal nerve roots.

RESULTS

Generally, the introduction of 2-mm-height facet spacers to the cervical spine produced mild, statistically insignificant reductions in motion with particular exceptions at the levels of implantation. No significant adjacent-level motion effects in any bending plane were observed. The addition of the posterior instrumentation (PI) to the intact spines resulted in statistically significant reductions in motion at all cervical levels and bending planes. The same kinetic results were obtained when PI was added to spines that also had facet spacers at 3 levels and spines that had been destabilized by en bloc laminectomy. The addition of 2-mm facet spacers at C3–4, C4–5, and C5–6 did produce statistically significant increases in FCSA at those levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of allograft cervical facet spacers should be considered a potential option to accomplish indirect foraminal decompression as measured in this cadaveric biomechanical study. However, 2-mm spacers without supplemental instrumentation do not provide significantly increased spinal segmental stability.
Use of contralateral spinal accessory nerve for ipsilateral suprascapular neurotization in global brachial plexus injury: a new technique
Authors: Bhandari Prem Singh , Deb Prabal
Published: September 2015

Nerve transfer between the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) and the suprascapular nerve (SSN) is a standard technique in shoulder reanimation. In cases of global brachial plexus injury, donor nerves are few and at times severely traumatized owing to extensive traction forces. This precludes the application of standard nerve transfer techniques. The authors offer the use of the contralateral SAN as an additional option in the reinnervation of an injured SSN in such circumstances. To the best of their knowledge, this is the first successful attempt of this technique to be reported in the literature.
MODIS-derived interannual variability of the equilibrium-line altitude across the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Spiess Marinka , Schneider Christoph , Maussion Fabien
Published: September 2015

Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 1 radiance Swath Data (MOD02QKM) with a spatial resolution of 250 m, we derive snowlines during July–September 2001–12 for several mountain ranges distributed across the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Radiance bands 1 and 2 are projected to the study area and processed automatically. The discrimination between snow and ice is done using a k-mean cluster analysis and the snowlines are delineated based on a fixed percentile of the snow-cover altitude. The highest transient snowline altitude is then taken as a proxy for the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA). In the absence of measured glaciological, meteorological or hydrological data, our ELA time series enable better understanding of atmosphere-cryosphere couplings on the TP. Interannual ELA variability is linked to local and remote climate indices using a correlation analysis. Southerly flow and higher temperatures are linked with a higher ELA in most regions. Eastern and Trans-Himalayan sites show positive correlations between winter temperatures and ELA. As winter temperatures are substantially below zero, this suggests an enhancement of winter sublimation as opposed to a reduction in accumulation. It appears that large-scale atmospheric forcing has varying and sometimes opposite influences on the annual ELA in different regions on the TP.
Anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activities of total flavonoids of Indocalamus latifolius
Authors: Tan Juan , Shenghua Li , Zeng Junying , Wu Xianjin
Published: September 2015

The total flavonoids of Indocalamus latifolius were evaluated in term of their anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activities. The results showed that in vitro hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant activities of total flavonoids at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively, were comparable to those of the known hepatoprotective drug silymarin at 100 mg/kg. These data were supplemented with histopathological studies of rat liver sections. Seven of the main flavonoid compounds purified by column chromatography using silica gel, sephadex LH-20 and develosil ODS, and determined to be vitexin, orientin, isovitexin, homoorientin, tricin, tricin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside.

 
Modified and unmodified arabinoxylans from Plantago ovata husk: Novel excipients with antimicrobial potential
Authors: Erum Alia , Bashir Sajid , Saghir Shazia
Published: September 2015

Arabinoxylan is a polysaccharide of Plantago ovata, an indigenous plant of Pakistan and several European countries. In the present investigation arabinoxylan isolated from P. ovata husk was chemically modified i.e., carboxymethylated and was converted into its sodium salt. Physicochemical characterization of modified arabinoxylans was done. The antimicrobial assay of arabinoxylan and modified arabinoxylans was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial strains. Physicochemical properties of modified arabinoxylans were different from arabinoxylan yet were satisfactory for their use as pharmaceutical excipients.  Arabinoxylan showed strong antimicrobial activity against Gram positive strains.  However, it showed no antimicrobial activity against Gram negative strains. Carboxymethyl arabinoxylan showed maximum activity against S. epidermidis. It also showed activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.  Arabinoxylan-Na showed concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. This study provides the first report on the antibacterial properties of arabinoxylan and its modified forms.

 
Vital Texts and Bare Life: The Uses and Abuses of Life in Contemporary Fiction
Authors: Noys Benjamin
Published: September 2015

The problem of writing life is one that has not dissipated in contemporary literature, if anything it has intensified. Past forms of countertexts turned to the subversive power of life, either with the avant-garde dissolution of text into life or by the modernist merging of life into the text. These forms often deployed a literary vitalism, which claimed a countertextual force through staking a claim on the power of life to overflow textual and political determinations. These currents, however, risk reinforcing forms of literary and capitalist value that draw on the powers of life. Instead, I argue, a different form of countertextuality can be found in contemporary autobiographical or confessional works, which by foregrounding the life of the author render the smooth translation of life into the text problematic. In particular, the work of the contemporary US writer Chris Kraus probes the relation between ‘vital texts’ and the experience of ‘bare life’ – life left exposed to power. Reconstructing her intervention, especially in her novel Summer of Hate (2012), reveals the possibilities of a new countertextual sensibility that turns to subjectivity and life without simply celebrating the expressive powers of life as the ground of literary and cultural value. Instead of a countertext that claims to express the power of life beyond the literary, Kraus develops a countertext in which life is exposed to abstract forms of power and so she allows us to trace the entanglement of life with value.
Literature in Our Time, or, Loving Literature to Bits
Authors: Callus Ivan
Published: September 2015

In this essay Ivan Callus provides some reflections on literature in the present. He considers the tenability of the post-literary label and looks at works that might be posited as having some degree of countertextual affinity. The essay, while not setting itself up as a creative piece, deliberately structures itself unconventionally. It frames its argument within twenty-one sections that are self-contained but that also echo each other in their attempt to develop an overarching argument which draws out some of the challenges that lie before the countertextual and the post-literary. Punctuating the essay and contributing to its unconventional take on the practice of literary criticism is a series of exercises for the reader to complete, if so wished; the essay makes no attempt, however, to suggest that a countertextual criticism ought to make a routine of such devices. The separate sections contain reflections on a number of texts and writers, among them, and in order of appearance, Hamlet, Anthony Trollope, Jacques Derrida, The Time Machine, Don Quixote, Mark Z. Danielewski, Mark B. N. Hansen, Gunter Kress, Scott's Reliquiae Trotcosienses, W. B. Yeats, Kate Tempest, David Jones, Anne Michaels, Bernice Eisenstein, Paul Auster, J. M. Coetzee, Billy Collins, Deidre Shauna Lynch, Tim Parks, Tom McCarthy – and Hamlet again. The essay's length fulfils a performative function but also facilitates as extensive a catalogue of aspects of the countertextual in literature and elsewhere as is feasible or as might be dared at this stage.