bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democratizing for Peace
Authors: Ward Michael D. , Gleditsch Kristian S.
Published: April 2006

The argument that democratization can bring about war is a powerful critique suggesting limits to the linkage between democracy and peace. This research examines this claim. Our findings demonstrate that democratizing polities are substantially less war prone than previously argued. By focusing on the characteristics of the transition process, we show that as contemporary polities become more democratic they reduce their overall chances of being involved in war by approximately half. We also find that rocky or especially rapid transitions or reversals are associated with a countervailing effect; namely, they increase the risk of being involved in warfare. Both in the long term and while societies undergo democratic change, the risks of war are reduced by democratization and exacerbated by reversals in the democratization process. To reach these conclusions, we developed and applied a logit model linking authority characteristics and war involvement using Polity III and Correlates of War databases.
Pseudo-superstructures as nonstandard universes
Authors: Nasso Mauro Di
Published: April 2006

A definition of nonstandard universe which gets over the limitation to the finite levels of the cumulative hierarchy is proposed. Though necessarily nonwellfounded, nonstandard universes are arranged in strata in the likeness of superstructures and allow a rank function taking linearly ordered values. Nonstandard universes are also constructed which model the whole ZFC theory without regularity and satisfy the κ-saturation property.
To Your Heart's Content: A Model of Affective Diversity in Top Management Teams
Authors: Barsade Sigal G. , Ward Andrew J. , Turner Jean D. F. , Sonnenfeld Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2006

In this study we develop a model of how diversity in positive affect (PA) among group members influences individual attitudes, group processes, and group performance. We test the model on a sample of 62 U.S. top management teams. Greater affective fit between a team member and his or her group is related to more positive attitudes about group relations and perceptions of greater influence within the group. Results also suggest there is a negative relationship between a team's diversity in trait positive affect and both the chief executive officers' use of participatory decision making and financial performance. Exploratory analyses reveal that affectively diverse, low mean trait PA groups experienced the greatest task and emotional conflict and the least cooperation. Analyses of diversity in trait negative affect produced no significant results. We discuss the implications of our study for the group emotion, team composition, group performance, and top management team literatures.
Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict and Performance in Workgroups
Authors: Jehn Karen A. , Northcraft Gregory B. , Neale Margaret A.
Published: April 2006

A multimethod field study of 92 workgroups explored the influence of three types of workgroup diversity (social category diversity, value diversity, and informational diversity) and two moderators (task type and task interdependence) on workgroup outcomes. Informational diversity positively influenced group performance, mediated by task conflict. Value and social category diversity, task complexity, and task interdependence all moderated this effect. Social category diversity positively influenced group member morale. Value diversity decreased satisfaction, intent to remain, and commitment to the group; relationship conflict mediated the effects of value diversity. We discuss the implications of these results for group leaders, managers, and organizations wishing to create and manage a diverse workforce successfully.
Cultural Diversity at Work: The Effects of Diversity Perspectives on Work Group Processes and Outcomes
Authors: Ely Robin J. , Thomas David A.
Published: April 2006

This paper develops theory about the conditions under which cultural diversity enhances or detracts from work group functioning. From qualitative research in three culturally diverse organizations, we identified three different perspectives on workforce diversity: the integration-and-learning perspective, the access-and-legitimacy perspective, and the discrimination-and-fairness perspective. The perspective on diversity a work group held influenced how people expressed and managed tensions related to diversity, whether those who had been traditionally underrepresented in the organization felt respected and valued by their colleagues, and how people interpreted the meaning of their racial identity at work. These, in turn, had implications for how well the work group and its members functioned. All three perspectives on diversity had been successful in motivating managers to diversify their staffs, but only the integration-and-learning perspective provided the rationale and guidance needed to achieve sustained benefits from diversity. By identifying the conditions that intervene between the demographic composition of a work group and its functioning, our research helps to explain mixed results on the relationship between cultural diversity and work group outcomes.
The “Ancient Stone Fish Traps” of the Coachella Valley, Southern California
Authors: Treganza Adan E.
Published: April 2006

A group of small stone enclosures, supposed by some to be of natural origin and by others to be the works of man, lies on a rocky travertine-encrtfsted talus slope at the base of the Santa Rosa Mountains on the west side of the Coachella Valley in Riverside County, California. These phenomena are known locally as the "Ancient Fish Traps." They occupy a series of rocky terraces some 90 feet below the maximum high-water shore line of Ancient Lake Cahuilla (called by some Blake Sea), whose basin is now partly occupied by the Salton Sea. The “traps” consist of 85 to 100 bowl-like depressions composed of a travertine-encrusted granite talus debris. They are arranged in three rows, each of which follows the exact contour of one of the old recessional terraces of the lake (Pl. XIX).
Upper Mississippi at the Fisher Site
Authors: Griffin John W.
Published: April 2006

A recent paper by George R. Horner, covering work done by Wheaton College at the Fisher site, Will County, Illinois, contains several statements requiring comment. In order to comment on these points it will be necessary to outline certain material contained in an unpublished manuscript of the writer.

The well-known Fisher site, consisting of 12 mounds and over 50 house pits, was initially excavated by George Langford. Later work was conducted by several University of Chicago field parties, and a W.P.A. expedition. The site is located on the point of land formed by the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers as they approach their confluence and unite to form the Illinois. Four cultural horizons can be recognized at the site: (1) long-headed burials without grave goods in the gravel beneath the mounds, (2) three periods of Upper Mississippi occupation, (3) Late Woodland, and (4) Historic. We are only concerned with the Upper Mississippi occupations in the present note.
The Inscription on Stela 38, Piedras Negras, El Peten, Guatemala
Authors: Andrews E. Wyllys
Published: April 2006

In connection with a reconnaissance of southwestern Campeche and Tabasco undertaken for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the writer was able to make a brief visit to the ruins of Piedras Negras in the Department of Peten, Guatemala, in January, 1940. At the time of this visit, he encountered a fragment with hieroglyphic text on the raised basal terrace at the corner of Structure K-5, close to but not in direct association with the fragments of Stela 38. As the fragment was unfamiliar, it was photographed on the offchance of being previously unrecorded. However, no measurements or drawings were made.
Hopewellian Traits in Florida
Authors: Greenman E. F.
Published: April 2006

The resemblance of certain objects from the Crystal River Mound in Florida to others taken from mounds of the Hopewell culture in Ohio was first noted by Shetrone in 1931. Willoughby discussed a certain type of design on a round copper plate, interpreted by him as representative of the foot of a bear, and commented upon the presence of such Hopewell-like objects as plummets of shell, stone, and copper, copper ear spools, and conjoined copper tubes. The resemblances between these widely separated mound groups are much more numerous than have been listed in any publication up to the present date, but the Crystal River Mound and other related mounds in Florida have been denied inclusion in the Hopewellian culture for the reason that most of the pottery found in them is not of the Hopewell type.
W. B. Nickerson. Pioneer in Scientific Archaeology
Authors: Bennett John
Published: April 2006

In recent years there has been a lamentable tendency on the part of academic archaeologists to professionalize their field, with a consequently growing distinction between “amateurs” and “professionals.” That this distinction is a false one has been demonstrated by the work of such “amateurs” as Lemley of Arkansas, Langford of Illinois, and many others. The boundary between these two classes of excavators has been one of attachment or non-attachment to an academic institution, without regard to the real issue: techniques. This distinction is happily undergoing process of change, as the very existence of American Antiquity bears witness. Founded as an outlet for both amateur and professional work, it has done much to allay hostilities and opposition on both sides.
An Archaeological Reconnaissance in Tamaulipas, Mexico
Authors: Hughes Jack T.
Published: April 2006

Although the importance of the northwest Gulf coastal region in the problem of Mexican-Southeastern relationships frequently has been pointed out, the region has received comparatively little archaeological investigation. As a relatively uniform and unbroken territory, stretching from the Caddo area on the east to the Huastec area on the south, the region forms one of the most likely routes of land communication between the advanced cultures of Mexico and those of the Southeast. Inhabited at the time of the Conquest by numerous bands of nomadic hunters, fishermen, and food-gatherers who left nothing comparable with the spectacular remains of their neighbors to the east and south, the region generally has been neglected in favor of richer fields.
Jaritas Rock Shelter, Northeastern New Mexico
Authors: Mera H. P.
Published: April 2006

The existence of this rock shelter was first brought to attention through a gift, which included two woven yucca sandals, made to the Laboratory of Anthropology by Mr. Arthur Bibo. A visit to the site from which the specimens were obtained having revealed a promising situation, plans were laid for excavation. Investigation here was deemed particularly important since no dry cave material had been previously reported from this section. Mr. Ben Florsheim, the owner of the property on which the shelter was located, readily granted permission to carry on the projected work. Preliminary preparation having been made, the writer, assisted by Mr. Stanley Stubbs of the Laboratory staff, began actual operations on November 17th, 1932.
A Discussion of J. Eric Thompson's Interpretations of Chichen Itza Hieroglyphs
Authors: Beyer Hermann
Published: April 2006

In my Studies on the Inscriptions of Chichen Itza I gave tentative datings of a number of buildings and monuments on the basis of Tun-Ahau combinations contained in their inscriptions. The list is repeated here as Table I.
The Origin of Some Polished Stone Artifacts
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

Polished stone artifacts, found in many parts of the world, are widely cited as evidence of the patience and manual dexterity of primitive man. Investigation of the polishing scratches on the surfaces of a number of stone hammers strongly suggests that the polish is of natural origin, a conclusion supported by the difference between this polish and that in the hafting grooves, known to be man-made. (Fig. 7)
The Macon Trading Post, an Historical Foundling
Authors: Kelly A. R.
Published: April 2006

Explorations on the Ocmulgee River, near Macon, Georgia, carried out over a period of four years under the sponsorship of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Park Service, and under the auspices of the successive relief agencies of CWA, FERA, WPA, and CCC, have uncovered many remarkable finds and discoveries, many of which will be permanently restored or exhibited in the development of Ocmulgee National Monument, established by Act of Congress in 1934.
A Birdstone Fragment from New York City
Authors: Lopez Julius
Published: April 2006

A few weeks prior to the bulldozing of a segment of the Schurz site (Lopez 1955), in the southeast corner of the Bronx, within the city limits of New York, a salvage dig was conducted by Harry Trowbridge, George Younkheere, Stanley Wisniewski, Theodore Kazimiroff, and Wayne Arnold under the writer's direction.

One of the items found was a polished birdstone frag’ ment (Fig. 1) which deserves special mention since so few effigies of this sort have been discovered hereabouts.
The Melhado Site, a House Mound Group in British Honduras
Authors: Willey Gordon R. , Bullard William R.
Published: April 2006

The Melhado site is near the town of El Cayo, in the Cayo District of west central British Honduras. This region forms a part of the eastern edge of the Peten forests. Its limestone hills and ridges are covered by a dense jungle growth, including such typical trees as the mahogany, sapodilla, Spanish cedar, and cahune palm. Rainfall is heavy, amounting to 50 to 70 inches a year at El Cayo, most of it falling in the rainy season from June to October.
Early Paracas Textile Techniques
Authors: Wallace Dwight T.
Published: April 2006

A textile recently found undoubtedly relates to an early phase of the Paracas style of the Peruvian south coast. The decorative techniques consist of slit tapestry, brocade, and warp striping. The tapestry design is a complex feline figure with various traits of the Chavin style. The techniques and design are of considerable interest since no Paracas textile of this or earlier date has been previously published.
The Pottery of the Southern Paiute
Authors: Baldwin Gordon C.
Published: April 2006

Although southwestern archaeologists have for years been greatly interested in the classification and description of pottery, their investigations have been primarily centered on the pottery of the Pueblos and other sedentary groups, and comparatively little attention was given to the ceramics of the nomadic or semi-nomadic southwestern groups. Within recent years some studies have been made on Navaho and Western Apache pottery, but as yet there have been no detailed studies of the pottery of such peripheral nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes as the Ute and Southern Paiute. Therefore, it seems well worthwhile at this time to present the following brief notes concerning the results of several years of archaeological field work in the Southern Paiute area.
Prehistoric Water Sources of the Point of Pines Area
Authors: Wheat Joe Ben
Published: April 2006

In the course of an archaeological survey of the Point of Pines area, San Carlos Apache Reservation in east-central Arizona, E. W. Haury and E. B. Sayles, of the University of Arizona, noted the presence of a number of depressions which held surface water for a considerable period of time beyond the normal time for runoff. Furthermore, these depressions, or basins, appeared to be associated to some extent with specific archaeological ruins. The possibility that these depressions were made by the aboriginal inhabitants for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a water supply, led the writer in 1948 to excavate several of the depressions to determine their nature and date of construction, length of usage, time of abandonment, and other cultural information. The work was carried on during the 1948 season of the University of Arizona archaeological field school.
Further Comments on Simple-Stamped Shell-Tempered Pottery
Authors: Blaker Margaret C.
Published: April 2006

Harrington has called attention (American Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 251-52, 1948) to pottery from Roanoke Island having shell temper and a simple-stamped surface, presumably a heretofore unknown combination. It may consequently be of some interest to note further the occurrence of such a type from a mixed Colonial and Indian midden at what is thought to have been the site of a Colonial trading post at Kecoughtan, near Hampton, Virginia (Joseph B. and Alvin W. Brittingham, Sr., The First Trading Post at Kicotan [Kecoughtan], Hampton, Virginia, Hampton, 1947). In 1945 this site, threatened by rapidly expanding housing developments in the area, was partially excavated by the Brittinghams, aided by a grant from the Mariner's Museum, Newport News, Virginia. The material recovered from the site has since been donated to the United States National Museum.
Archaeology of Far Fan Beach, Panama Canal Zone
Authors: Marshall Donald S.
Published: April 2006

Peabody Museum, Harvard University, contains two collections of archaeological materials from Far Fan Beach, Panama Canal Zone. The first was given to Mr. Frederick Johnson in 1931 by an army engineer, without any stratigraphic or other data. The collection comprises some ten sherds picked up while excavating a gun position, and correlates exactly with the collection of some thousand specimens obtained by Dr. David B. Stout of Syracuse University during his work with the San Bias Indians in 1941. This second series was discovered in much the same fashion as the first, though fortunately Dr. Stout was able to get to the site while a few pieces remained in situ.

Excavation of the site in the midst of war-hastened construction did not permit the detailed work desired by Dr. Stout, but the results are felt to be a step toward piecing together the background of Panamanian archaeology. Present trends of thought see the Isthmus of Panama as the scene of fluctuating migrations of peoples in the past, and an understanding of the archaeology will aid materially in establishing the course of American prehistory.
The Hakataya Cultural Tradition
Authors: Schroeder Albert H.
Published: April 2006

During the 1956 Pecos Conference at the Museum of Northern Arizona at Flagstaff, a group active in the study of archaeological remains in the western Southwest met to perform one of the original functions of the Conference. Participants agreed upon some standard concepts with which to order existing knowledge of this western area and to clarify the tasks of future research there. Agreement was reached on the basic cultural content of a prehistoric cultural unit and its geographic distribution and name.
Further Notes on Copan Incense Burners
Authors: Longyear John M.
Published: April 2006

No sooner is an archaeological monograph published than certain errors and misinterpretations become so evident that the author wishes he had an opportunity to do the whole thing over. Unfortunately (or fortunately?), this is not possible, so the next best thing is to correct the text from time to time, thus bringing it into agreement with more recent investigations. Short articles in professional journals are ideal for this purpose, as Stephan de Borhegyi demonstrated recently with a note in these pages (Borhegyi 1955: 284–6), concerning certain pottery specimens described in my Copan report (Longyear 1952). Since Borhegyi's observations incidentally involve the dating of several archaeological periods at Copan, some additional comment is obviously in order.
The Kayuk Complex of Arctic Alaska
Authors: Campbell John M.
Published: April 2006

Approximately 2400 stone and 77 bone and antler artifacts were obtained by extensive trenching of the Kayuk site, a large area on the banks of Kayuk Creek in Anaktuvuk Pass, Brooks Range, northern Alaska, where several Nunamiut Eskimo families now camp. No stratigraphy was noted and no structural features were encountered, but four fire areas were excavated. The most diagnostic artifact is the Kayuk point, a lanceolate form with finely executed parallel oblique flaking, which resembles most closely the Angostura point of the Great Plains. Other stone artifacts, some of which also exhibit the parallel oblique flaking, include blades, scrapers, angle burins, microblades, drills, and adz blades. Implements of bone and antler, mostly caribou, include harpoons, leister and fish spear prongs and barbs, and other forms common in recent and prehistoric Arctic sites. The Kayuk site is believed to have been a hunting camp used during caribou migrations through Anaktuvuk Pass by a prehistoric Eskimo group which probably wintered on the northern coast as do the modern Nunamiut. The Kayuk complex probably belongs somewhere in time between the Denbigh Flint complex and Ipiutak.
A Mississippian Headdress from Etowah, Georgia
Authors: Larson Lewis H.
Published: April 2006

The small embossed ornaments of sheet copper found in Southeastern sites have usually been identified as “pendants” or “symbol badges,” and have been considered part of the ritual equipment of the Southern Cult. Four graves of the Wilbanks period at Etowah contained such objects. They had apparently been mounted with feathers and slender wooden rods to form elaborate headdresses. Observers from the 16th century onwards describe “crowns” worn by the Coosa, Creek, and Natchez nobility that would have been very similar.
Gold Artifacts of Chavin Style
Authors: Lothrop S. K.
Published: April 2006

Several years ago, the writer prepared a paper (Lothrop, 1941) on the gold objects of Chavin style found in two graves at Chongoyape near the north coast of Peru. At that time reference was made to a third group of Chavin gold work which the owner, the late Mr. Joseph Brummer, did not then wish to have published. (Five Brummer specimens were illustrated in Kelemen, 1944, seven in Larco Hoyle, 1941.) Since Mr. Brummer's death, the nineteen specimens in his collection have passed into the hands of the Hon. Robert Woods Bliss and Doctor Vladimir G. Simkhovitch, who have granted permission to publish their beautiful acquisitions and have most kindly provided photographs. I am also indebted to a friend in Lima for permission to illustrate a Chavin specimen from his collection and to Professor W. C. Root for analyses.
The Metallurgy of the Southern Coast of Peru
Authors: Root William C.
Published: April 2006

A study of the use of gold and silver by the ancient inhabitants of southern Peru and Bolivia has been made by Lothrop (1937). He found that in the region of the southern coast the available material from Paracas and Nasca was adequate, but that there was very little satisfactory material from the later periods, such as Ica. Many of the objects in museum collections that purport to be from Ica are of questionable origin, and many objects actually from Ica are thought to be from Lima, Moche, etc. This not only prevents a satisfactory investigation of the use of metals in Ica, but confuses a study of their use on the central and northern coasts.

The present study is an attempt to supply more exact information about the use of metals in the vicinity of Nasca, Ica, and Chincha. Max Uhle made very careful excavations in the Chincha and Ica valleys in 1901, and in the region of Nasca in 1903.
Probable Use of Stone Projectile Points
Authors: Evans Oren F.
Published: April 2006

In recent years there have been some differences of opinion among archaeologists as to the probable use of artifacts shaped like arrowheads but larger than the small so-called “bird points” and ranging in length up to 4 or 5 inches. Some think they are too large and heavy for arrowpoints and must be either knives or spear points. In an attempt to throw some light on this question, tests were made using points varying in weight from that of the smallest “bird points” up to that of spear heads.
A Preliminary Study of Space and Time Perspective in Northern Colombia
Authors: Reichel-Dolmatoff Gerardo
Published: April 2006

Although the Republic of Colombia occupies a large area in northwestern South America arid its geographical position makes it an important link between the basic components of nuclear America, our knowledge of Colombia's prehistoric cultures is still very scanty and sporadic. Practically no serious attempts have been made toward correlating its many different cultural manifestations in terms of temporal development or spatial distribution. This has been due mainly to the lack of organized scientific archaeology and to the romantic orientation most research had taken in Colombia, where archaeologists have concentrated upon the more spectacular ceremonial sites while ignoring almost completely the problems of chronology and cultural interrelations.

The considerable advance made during the last decade in the field of Venezuelan and Antillean archaeology, together with the many unsolved problems posed by Meso-American and South American relationships, has pressed the need for the establishment of an adequate chronological framework for the archaeological cultures of the north Colombian lowlands.
Spenser Expands His Text
Authors: Gottfried Rudolf
Published: April 2006

They bene ybrought into a comely bowre,And seru'd of all things that mote needfull beeYet secretly their hoste did on them lowre,And welcomde more for feare, then charitce;But they dissembled, what they did not see,And welcomed themselves. Supper was dight;Then they Malbecco prayd of curtesy,That of his Lady they might have the sight,And company at meat, to do them more delight.

Any reader of Renaissance News will immediately identify this stanza as one of the thousands that make up The Faerie Queene; in fact, given the name Malbecco and the situation described, he cannot fail to spot it as occurring in the ninth canto of Book Three. In a sense, however, he will be in error. It is actually a spurious composite of two of Spenser's stanzas in that canto: the nineteenth, which supplies everything before the period in line 6, and the twenty-fifth, from which the remainder is taken.
Contributions to the Study of Florentine Goldsmithwork of the Renaissance
Authors: Steingraeber Erich
Published: April 2006

A An unknown work by Antonio del Pollaiuolo for the Monastery of S. Gaggio near Florence

On the back of a simple reliquary crucifix of c. 1500, which comes from the Augustinian monastery of S. Gaggio near Florence and is now preserved in the Museo Nazionale in Florence, there are six obviously somewhat older translucent silver enamel plaques. Their quality is striking when compared to the simple craftlike work of the crucifix itself. The senseless iconographic arrangement of Mary and John at either side of St. Gaggio also attests to the fact that these smalti are not in their original setting.
Some Sources of 15th Century English Music
Authors: Bukofzer Manfred F.
Published: April 2006

In the past years a number of manuscripts and small fragments have come to light which enlarge in various degrees our knowledge of 15th-century music in England. It may be useful to give a brief annotated list:

1.

British Museum, Add. MS 40011 B. Flyleaves from a Memorandum Book of Fountains Abbey containing three- and four-part settings of the Mass, and a few motets some of which are incomplete. The fragment is valuable especially for the concordances with the Old Hall MS.

2.

British Museum, Egerton MS 3307. Thematic catalogue: Schofield, The Musical Quarterly XXXII (1946), 509. This manuscript is one of the most important recent additions to English music of the Renaissance. It transmits a series of sacred compositions for Holy Week, and, in a separate part, carols with English words and Latin cantilenas for two and three voices. Of particular interest are a three-voice composition of the old Goliard song O potores exquisiti and a four-part motet Cantemus Domino socie, based in its text on the beginning of an elegy by Sedulius.
Ralegh's ‘Revenge’: Great Victories in Words
Authors: Casper Leonard
Published: April 2006

In late summer, 1591, Sir Richard Grenville's ship The Revenge grappled, for hours, with from eight ships (Van Linschoten's estimate) to fifteen (Ralegh's) and struck her colors only after beginning to sink. Within days Sir Richard died of his wounds. Later, Sir Walter Ralegh (who although absent took depositions from survivors) expressed his contempt for those Spaniards who ‘fill the world with their vaine glorious vaunts, making great appearance of victories; when on the contrary, themselves are most commonly and shamefully beaten and dishonoured … In support of his accusation Ralegh recalled the recent defeat of 240 Spanish by 30 English warships (in which conflict the Revenge had been Drake's ship): ‘ … they were not ashamed in the year 1588, when they purposed the invasion of this land, to publish in sundrie languages in print, great victories in words….
Landino and Maximus of Tyre
Authors: Waith Eugene M.
Published: April 2006

The Disputationes Camaldulenses of Cristoforo Landino constitute an important document. Composed in the manner of Ciceronian dialogues, they present us with a group of speakers famous in the history of Florentine thought: among others, Lorenzo de’ Medici, Alberti, and Ficino of the ‘Platonic Academy’ at Careggi to which Landino belonged; Alamanno Rinuccini, the Acciaiuoli, and Marco Parenti of the other ‘academy', presided over by Argyropoulos. The first dialogue deals with the relative merits of the active and contemplative life, the second with the problem of the highest good—two topics dear to the Renaissance. The third and fourth give an allegorical interpretation of the Aeneid. It would be hard to find personages or themes more central to quattrocento intellectual history. Inevitably one looks to the Disputationes for the light they throw on these Florentine scholars and on their interests.
An Anonymous Neo-Latin Eclogue
Authors: Grant W. Leonard
Published: April 2006

An untitled and anonymous piscatory eclogue of 104 hexameters, published in Gilbert Cousin's Basel anthology, Bucolicorum autores (printed by Johannes Oporinus in 1546), is worth a page or two. Here the fisherman Cephylas asks Morson to repeat a famous and ancient prophecy of Venetian power. Morson agrees readily, and explains that the seer in question had lived centuries ago—during the reign of Saturn, in fact; he himself had learned of this while traveling with a friend from Padua to Venice: on coming in sight of Venice, the friend had narrated at length the prophecy, which Morson now proceeds to retail (16-96) to Cephylas. After the Trojan War, begins Morson, two Trojan princes (i.e., Aeneas and Antenor) had fled to Italy: one of them was to found the Roman race and a warlike, imperial city that would extend its power over Italians, Carthaginians, Britons, and others until a disastrous war between one man and his son-in-law (Caesar and Pompey) should bring on an empire that would eventually become no more than a shadow and a name (this phrase is not the only reminiscence of Lucan in the poem).
Savonarola's Arrest and the Theft of a Book: Libri Impressi Cum Notis Manuscriptis, VII*
Authors: Bühler Curt F.
Published: April 2006

On the Eve of Palm Sunday, April 8, 1498, Florence witnessed a wholly disgraceful exhibition of primitive savagery and brutal instincts. The ordeal by fire, which Savonarola and his opponents had been scheduled to undergo, had failed to take place on the previous day; consequently the populace was in a particularly ugly frame of mind on being deprived of this ghastly spectacle. That Sunday night, the Florentines, and those citizens of the neighborhood who had nocked to the Tuscan capital in the hope of sharing in the promised looting, broke all bonds of restraint and the city endured a veritable ‘Walpurgisnacht’ of horror. Murder, brutal assault, arson, robbery and most other forms of violence were the order of the night; the events are recounted not only by contemporary chroniclers but by modern historians as well.
The Phoenix: Middleton's Comedy de Regimine Principum
Authors: Williamson Marilyn L.
Published: April 2006

The Phoenix is the most sententious and didactic of all Thomas Middleton's plays. Even his tragedies and tragicomedies are not as pervasively moralistic as this play. The reason for this difference in The Phoenix has never been explored because only the more attractive, realistic parts of the comedy have been singled out for comment.

Like A Fair Quarrel and The Old Law, which are also more didactic than the rest of Middleton's dramatic work, The Phoenix was performed before the King: the quarto edition has the subtitle, ‘as it hath beene sundrye times Acted by the Children of Paules, And presented before his Maiestie’. The sententiousness of The Phoenix derives, I think, from a definite attempt by Middleton to interest the King and in a sense advise him. The Phoenix, I hope to show, is a comedy written for a king.
The Turning of Trent in I Henry IV
Authors: Jones William M.
Published: April 2006

The first meeting on stage of the three rebels, Glendower, Hotspur, and Mortimer, occupies a central position in I Henry IV, at the beginning of Act III. In historical fact, these men's deputies met at the house of the Archdeacon of Bangor to plan the tripartite division of the realm. Shakespeare, however, brings the men themselves together and substitutes Hotspur for his father Northumberland, who was actually the man designed to receive a third part of the kingdom. By modifying these historical materials, Shakespeare creates in this pivotal scene a situation that reveals dramatically the central flaw in each of the conspirators. Hotspur's impetuosity, Glendower's superstition, and Mortimer's hesitant middle way all contributed to the eventual collapse of the conspiracy with Hotspur's death at Shrewsbury.
Domenico Bollani, a Distinguished Correspondent of Pietro Aretino—Some Identifications1
Authors: Cairns Christopher S.
Published: April 2006

When Pictro Aretino moved into the Palazzo Bollani facing onto the Grand Canal, and within sight of the Rialto Bridge in 1529, he was sure he had found in Venice a haven from the political uncertainty of the rest of Italy, and in the house, a spiritual inspiration for his literary activities. His letter to his landlord, Domenico Bollani, of October 27, 1537, is an eloquent panegyric of the scenic beauties offered by the position of the house on that ‘più bella strada del mondo.’
Italian Renaissance Plays in the University of Toronto Library
Authors: Corrigan Beatrice
Published: April 2006

Since 1963, when I published in Renaissance News (XVI,4, 298-307) a supplement to my Catalogue of Italian Plays, 1500-1700 in the University of Toronto Library (University of Toronto Press, 1961), the collection has been enriched by some fifty plays. Particularly interesting are the first Italian translation of Aristophanes; a group of the musical plays whose vogue grew steadily during the seventeenth century; and a couple of examples, Italian and Latin, of the other new musico-dramatic form of the period, the oratorio. Noteworthy also is Benetti's Scherno di Giove, a curious blending of mythology and commedia dell'arte which survived in the ‘classical’ burlesques of the Victorian theatre.
Shakespearean Hymn-Parody?
Authors: Seng Peter J.
Published: April 2006

Near the end of the bacchanalian revels aboard Pompey's galley in Antony and Cleopatra (II.vii), Shakespeare introduces the only song in his play. As Enobarbus places Antony, Pompey, and Caesar hand in hand—presumably to dance as well as to join in the refrain—a boy comes forward to sing:

Come, thou monarch of the vine,Plumpy Bacchus with pink eyne!In thy fats our cares be drown'd,With thy grapes our hairs be crown'd.
Improvisation and the Logic of Exchange in Socially Embedded Transactions
Authors: McGinn Kathleen L. , Keros Angela T.
Published: April 2006

We use a sensemaking lens to illuminate the micro-processes underlying socially embedded transactions, investigating how social ties affect the logic of exchange governing the transaction. In transcripts of 87 two-party negotiations, we find that most pairs quickly coordinate a shared logic of exchange and improvise in accord with its implied rules throughout their interaction. The improvisations take the form of opening up, working together, or haggling. Negotiators turn to three dynamic processes—trust testing, process clarification, and emotional punctuation—when they have difficulty moving the interaction toward a coherent, mutually agreed upon improvisation. We examine in detail the few asymmetric negotiations, which do not involve a shared logic of exchange. Social ties ease coordination within the negotiation and nearly eliminate asymmetry. We explore how an understanding of the micro-processes underlying negotiations reveals the underpinnings of market exchange.
Archival Resources in Gabon
Authors: Bucher Henry H.
Published: April 2006

The researcher interested in archival and bibliographical information on Gabon will already have consulted Hubert Deschamps' Traditions orales et archives du Gabon (Paris, 1962), and Brian Weinstein's “Gabon: A Bibliographical Essay,” Africana Newsletter [Stanford], 1 (Winter 1963), pp. 4-9. It is not my intention to supersede these two documents but rather to provide a more recent survey of what is presently available to the researcher in Libreville.

The local administrative archives, like those of most of the former French colonies in Africa, were removed to France on independence. This means that the investigator may spend less archival time in Gabon than he might have anticipated; nevertheless, there are several valuable archival resources available in Libreville. The most voluminous archives in Libreville have now been centralized by the government into the National Archives and Library under the direction of M. Gaston Rapontchombo. Much of the material was personally collected by him during twenty years' residence in France. The card catalogue (chronologically organized) begins with 1856 and is kept as current as is possible with a limited staff and budget. It is in the process of being cross-referenced by author and subject. The index cards (totaling some thirty to fifty linear feet) represent every book and article concerning Gabon (history, natural sciences, religion, politics, art, education, anthropology, and numerous other subject areas) that M. Rapontchombo could locate in his extensive investigations into European repositories. In some cases these include material about Gabon's neighbors. There are entries from about 1000 journals (French, English, Swiss, German, Scandinavian, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Belgian, Portuguese, South African, and other areas, including many other countries in tropical Africa). In many cases M. Rapontchombo has photocopied articles, and even complete books, but these had not been catalogued as of February 1974. There are also many photocopies of manuscripts from various archival collections in France.
Le Sceptre des Chefs Basuto
Authors: Laydevant F.
Published: April 2006

Chez tous les peuples, civilisés ou non, le pouvoir royal est marqué ou symbolisé par un emblème qui peut être une couronne, un sceptre, ou quelqu'autre objet comme l'escabeau doré, ou Golden Stool que le livre de Edwin Smith a rendu célèbre. Au Basutoland l'un des premiers portraits du roi Moshesh le représente tenant en main un bâton, ou sceptre, d'environ un pied et demi de longueur et surmonté d'une boule ronde. C'étaitle molamu oa tsukulu, ou ‘bâton (en corne) de rhinocéros’ qui est pour les chefs du Basutoland, le principal emblème du pouvoir. Parmi les écrivains qui ont dépeint les coutumes des Basuto nous n'en connaissons pas qui aient parlé en détail de ce sceptre d'apparence plutôt commune, mais dont l'importance mérite d'être signalée.
Time-dependent results in storage theory
Authors: Prabhu N. U.
Published: April 2006

The probability theory of storage systems formulated by P. A. P. Moran in 1954 has now developed into an active branch of applied probability. An excellent account of the theory, describing results obtained up to 1958 is contained in Moran's (1959) monograph, Considerable progress has since been made in several directions-the study ofthe time-dependent behaviour ofstochastic processes underlying Moran's original model, modifications of this model, as well as the formulation and solution of new models. The aim of this paper is to give an expository account of these developments; a comprehensive treatment will be found in the author's forthcoming book [Prabhu (1964)].
A note on the characteristic functional for a replacement process of Gani
Authors: Davis A. W.
Published: April 2006

In a separate paper (Davis [2]) the characteristic functional for a replacement process due to Gani (see Gani and Yeo [1]) was obtained explicitly. The purpose of the present note is to consider the product densities for this process.
HODL(ℝ) is a Core Model Below Θ
Authors: Steel John R.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we shall answer some questions in the set theory of L(ℝ), the universe of all sets constructible from the reals. In order to do so, we shall assume ADL(ℝ), the hypothesis that all 2-person games of perfect information on ω whose payoff set is in L(ℝ) are determined. This is by now standard practice. ZFC itself decides few questions in the set theory of L(ℝ), and for reasons we cannot discuss here, ZFC + ADL(ℝ) yields the most interesting “completion” of the ZFC-theory of L(ℝ).

ADL(ℝ) implies that L(ℝ) satisfies “every wellordered set of reals is countable”, so that the axiom of choice fails in L(ℝ). Nevertheless, there is a natural inner model of L(ℝ), namely HODL(ℝ), which satisfies ZFC. (HOD is the class of all hereditarily ordinal definable sets, that is, the class of all sets x such that every member of the transitive closure of x is definable over the universe from ordinal parameters (i.e., “OD”). The superscript “L(ℝ)” indicates, here and below, that the notion in question is to be interpreted in L(R).) HODL(ℝ) is reasonably close to the full L(ℝ), in ways we shall make precise in § 1. The most important of the questions we shall answer concern HODL(ℝ): what is its first order theory, and in particular, does it satisfy GCH?

These questions first drew attention in the 70's and early 80's. (See [4, p. 223]; also [12, p. 573] for variants involving finer notions of definability.)
Songs of Traditional Wedding Ceremonies in North India
Authors: Wade Bonnie C.
Published: April 2006

This paper concerns the music of wedding ceremonies that I recorded and filmed in four communities in the vicinity of Delhi: the town of Gurgaon and the villages of Jharsa and Jhanjholi in the state of Haryana, and Singola village in the Delhi Government District. It concentrates primarily on songs for two ceremonies in the Hindu cycle of wedding rituals — the lagan and the ban, and also includes songs for the other rituals that took place on the day of a phera (‘the marriage itself') in the villages of a groom (Singola) and of his bride (Jhanjholi). The music for such ceremonies is always provided by women, members of the families of the bride and groom and other appropriate female members of the community. Before presenting and discussing these ceremonies and the music for them, I want to describe the socio-cultural context of marriage in India.
Warum sind Proteine geladen? Netzwerke aus Ladungs‐Ladungs‐Wechselwirkungen in Proteinen, analysiert über Ladungsleitern und Kapillarelektrophorese
Authors: Gitlin Irina , Carbeck Jeffrey D. , Whitesides George M.
Published: April 2006

Fast alle Proteine enthalten geladene Aminosäuren. Während für einzelne Ladungen im aktiven Zentrum die Funktion bei der Katalyse oder der Bindung häufig aufgeklärt werden kann, ist es weniger ersichtlich, welche Funktion den Ladungen außerhalb dieser Region zuzuordnen ist. Sind sie für die Löslichkeit notwendig? Oder haben sie andere Aufgaben? Lassen sich durch Verändern dieser Ladungen die Proteineigenschaften variieren? Eine Kombination aus Kapillarelektrophorese (CE) und “Proteinladungsleitern” ermöglicht es, die Funktionen geladener Reste auf der Proteinoberfläche außerhalb des aktiven Zentrums zu studieren. Dazu werden diese Reste durch Reaktionen modifiziert, die eine große Zahl unterschiedlich geladener Derivate des Proteins liefern. CE trennt diese Derivate in Fraktionen mit der gleichen Zahl modifizierter geladener Gruppen. Die Untersuchung des Ladungseinflusses auf die Proteineigenschaften unter Verwendung von Ladungsleitern ermöglicht es, die Nettoladung und den hydrodynamischen Radius der Proteine zu bestimmen und auf die Rolle geladener Reste bei Ligandbindung und Proteinfaltung zu schließen.
Comparison of Comminution by Impact of Particle Collectives and Other Grinding Processes
Authors: Weber A. , Teipel U. , Nirschl H.
Published: April 2006

This article presents the innovative grinding apparatus Pulsar in which comminution is caused by impact of a particle plug on an impact plate. Advantages of the Pulsar principle in comparison to other types of mills are discussed. The aim of the work is to classify the Pulsar system in the field of grinding apparatus and machines in terms of energy consumption. Experiments were carried out in a Pulsar, a cross beater mill and a ball mill for comparison purposes. The results show that, for the material quartz sand, grinding in the Pulsar at a medium pressure of compressed air (pcar,i = 7.5 bars) and a medium magnetic valve opening time (to = 70 ms) is as efficient as in the ball mill. The grinding energy consumption of both mills, the Pulsar and the ball mill, is remarkably higher than that of the cross beater mill.
Effective Manipulation of the Electronic Effects and Its Influence on the Emission of 5‐Substituted Tris(8‐quinolinolate) Aluminum(III) Complexes
Authors: Montes Victor A. , Pohl Radek , Shinar Joseph , Anzenbacher Pavel
Published: April 2006

The unique electron‐transport and emissive properties of tris(8‐quinolinolate) aluminum(III) (Alq3) have resulted in extensive use of this material for small molecular organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) fabrication. So far, efforts to prepare stable and easy‐to‐process red/green/blue (RGB)‐emitting Alq3 derivatives have met with only a limited success. In this paper, we describe how the electronic nature of various substituents, projected via an arylethynyl or aryl spacer to the position of the highest HOMO density (C5), may be used for effective emission tuning to obtain blue‐, green‐, and red‐emitting materials. The synthetic strategy consists of four different pathways for the attachment of electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing aryl or arylethynyl substituents to the 5‐position of the quinolinolate ring. Successful tuning of the emission color covering the whole visible spectrum (λ=450–800 nm) was achieved. In addition, the photophysical properties of the luminophores were found to correlate with the Hammett constant of the respective substituents, providing a powerful strategy with which to predict the optical properties of new materials. We also demonstrate that the electronic nature of the substituent affects the emission properties of the resulting complex through effective modification of the HOMO levels of the quinolinolate ligand.