bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenylated flavonoid‐standardized extract from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. activated fat browning in high‐fat diet–induced obese mice
Authors: Liu Jingwen , Zhao Yuanyuan , Huang Cheng , Li Yiming , Guo Fujiang
Published: May 2019

We investigated the effects of the prenylated flavonoid‐standardized extract (PFE) from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. on countering obesity, which increases energy expenditure and stimulates thermogenesis in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). For 12 weeks, C57BL/6 mice were fed a controlled high‐fat diet (HFD) or HFDs with 0.2% or 0.5% w/w PFE. In vitro, the differentiation of 3 T3‐L1 cells was used to elicit thermogenesis in the presence of PFE. PFE obviously reduced body weight and fat mass in a dose‐dependent manner, increased energy expenditure, improved insulin sensitivity, and prevented hepatic steatosis by increasing lipid oxidation and secretion in HFD‐fed mice. Moreover, PFE induced clear browning in sWAT, significantly increased phosphorylation of AMPKα1/2 and p38, increased BAT activity and the differentiation of 3 T3‐L1 by increasing the expression of uncoupling protein 1 and other thermogenic genes. Our study showed that PFE prevented obesity by increasing browning and activating thermogenic genes in sWAT and BAT, improving glucose homeostasis, and protecting hepatic steatosis.
Dam effects on bedload transport on the upper Santa Ana River, California, and implications for native fish habitat
Authors: Wright Scott A. , Minear J. Toby
Published: May 2019

Dams disrupt the flow of water and sediment and thus have the potential to affect the downstream geomorphic characteristics of a river. Though there are some well‐known and common geomorphic responses to dams, such as bed armouring, the response downstream from any particular dam is dependent on local conditions. Herein, we investigate the response of the upper Santa Ana River in southern California, USA, to the construction of a large dam at the transition from mountains to valley, using calculations of bedload transport capacity on the mainstem below the dam and for major tributaries. Approximate sediment budgets were constructed for downstream reaches to estimate deposition and erosion rates for sand, gravel, and cobble particle sizes. Our results indicate that the classical response of bed armouring and erosion is likely limited to a short reach immediately below the dam. Farther downstream, though transport capacity is reduced by flow regulation by the dam, the channel reaches are likely to remain depositional but with reduced deposition rates. Persistent deposition, as opposed to erosion, is the result of the replenishment of flow and sediment supply by large downstream tributaries. In addition, the calculations indicate that the composition of the bed is unlikely to change substantially in downstream reaches. A Monte Carlo approach was employed to estimate the uncertainty in the sediment budget predictions. The impacts of the dam on the geomorphic character of the river downstream could have implications for native fish that rely on coarse substrate that supports their food base.
Transition‐Metal‐Based Multidecker Complexes as Hydrogen Storage Materials: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Niaz Saba , Pandith Altaf Hussain
Published: May 2019

Hydrogen economy has gained pace globally due to the depletion of fossil fuels at an alarming rate. A good number of multidecker transition metal complexes have been studied for their hydrogen storage ability. However, the problem of finding an ideal multidecker system for hydrogen storage applications still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a comparative study on multidecker complexes of VTi(C6H6)3, Sc2(C6H6)3, and Sc2(C5H5)2(C6H6) using density functional theory at PBEPBE functional and 6–31G (d,p) basis set level of theory. The three complexes show hydrogen adsorption capacity in a range of 2.94 to 5.28 wt%, with an average binding energy of 0.65 to 0.92 eV/H2. Trends in adsorption energies, Gibbs free energy changes and energy gaps indicate the adsorption of H2 molecules on these multidecker complexes is thermodynamically and kinetically favorable.
All‐Layer Sputtering‐Free Cu2Zn1‐xCdxSnS4 Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 7.5%
Authors: Gu Youchen , Yin Xuewen , Han Jianhua , Zhou Yu , Tai Meiqian , Zhang Qi , Zhou Yangying , Li Jianbao , Lin Hong
Published: May 2019

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising photovoltaic material drawing worldwide attention due to its remarkable photovoltaic performance and earth‐abundant element constitution, making it a good candidate for cost‐effective photovoltaic application. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CZTS solar cell has been increasing rapidly during last few years. Although the photovoltaic materials can be synthesized and fabricated with solution‐processed methods, the conventional CZTS solar cells still rely heavily on vacuum‐based techniques such as sputtering, evaporating or electron‐beam deposition, which however, make CZTS solar cells still costly. A few attempts on sputtering‐free CZTS solar cells have been reported, yet for now their PCEs are lagging behind the leading edges. Here, we demonstrated a 7.5% efficient sputtering‐free Cd‐alloyed CZTS solar cells by using sulfur‐free precursor recipe. This recipe is proven to modify the morphology of CZTS film, leading to enhanced crystallinity and absorber/buffer junction quality. The mechanism behind the above‐mentioned improvements is that applying S powder‐free recipe can eliminate the problem of initial elemental distribution inhomogeneity within ball‐milling processed precursor film, promoting vertically aligned grain growth to form compact and flat absorber film. Our work shows the vital importance of tuning the proportion of sulfur within solution‐processed precursor ink to achieve high‐performance of sputtering‐free CZTS solar cells.
Selective Conversion of Furfural to Cyclopentanone and Cyclopentanol by Magnetic Cu‐Fe3O4 NPs Catalyst
Authors: Pan Pan , Xu Wen‐Yi , Pu Tong‐Jun , Wang Xu–Dong , Pei Xiao‐Jun , Tang Fei , Feng Yi−Si
Published: May 2019

Series of magnetic Cu/Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with different Cu loading were prepared by co‐precipitation method and studied as catalysts for the conversion of furfural to cyclopentanone (CPO) or cyclopentanol (CPL), respectively in aqueous phase. It is found that the product distribution was affected by the hydrogen pressure, reaction temperature, reaction time and the loading of active metals. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize the catalysts. The results showed that active metals Cu and Fe had obvious interaction. XPS analysis suggested that the electron binding energy of Cu and Fe exhibited a strong interaction, which may be the main reason for the high selectivity of the catalyst to CPO and CPL. The highest yield of CPO was 91% at 3 MPa H2, 10% Cu/Fe3O4, 443 K and 4 h. Furthermore, the highest yield of 82% CPL was obtained when 50% Cu/Fe3O4 was employed. Importantly, it was found that the catalyst had no obvious loss of activity in the five cycles. The catalyst was easy to recycle because of its magnetism.
Controlled Assembly of a Ternary‐Component Photocatalyst: Illustrating the Importance of Interfacial‐Integration of Ag‐ZnO‐rGO in Visible‐Light‐Induced Catalytic Activity
Authors: Reddy Thuniki Naveen , Meher Songhita , Begum Gousia , Panda Binod B. , Rana Rohit K.
Published: May 2019

We demonstrate a bio‐inspired multi‐component assembly method to design oriented composite structures for application as visible‐light sensitive plasmon‐induced photocatalysts. Similar to the role of polypeptides in the formation of intricately designed structures of biominerals, we utilize spermine to simultaneously mineralize and assemble the photocatalytic system consisting of ZnO, Ag nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide under mild reaction conditions. With an appropriately assembled interfacial structure and composition, the resulted material exhibits efficient catalytic activity under visible‐light irradiation. The activity of this ternary system is higher by more than one order compared with that for the binary and the ternary systems prepared via alternative methods. These results with detailed analyses reveal the importance of the interfacial assembly in creating synergistic interactions among the components. Furthermore, this interaction allows the photocatalyst to remain active and stable in the reaction addressing the issues pertaining to the charge recombination and photo‐corrosion known in plasmon‐induced ZnO‐based catalytic systems.
Exploring Nanostructured Zr/Cu Composite Oxide (NZCO) as an Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of As(III) and As(V) from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Rout Priyanka , Panda Amulya Prasad , Jena Kishore K. , Alhassan Saeed M. , Kumar Sanjukta A. , Jha Usha , Dey R. K. , Swain S. K.
Published: May 2019

Consumption of arsenic contaminated water induces and aggravates major health problems in humans. In this report, we have successfully synthesized nanostructured Zr/Cu composite oxide (NZCO) by ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal process for total arsenic sequestration. Various batch experiments were performed with NZCO to determine its adsorption efficacy for As(III) and As(V) species. NZCO demonstrated outstanding performance in removing arsenic species from water with maximum adsorption capacities of 72.25 mg g−1 and 107.5 mg g−1 for As (III) and As (V) respectively under optimized conditions. The adsorption kinetics was closely fitted to pseudo‐second order model and adsorption isotherms were well described by D−R isotherms model. Meanwhile, the adsorption tests performed on naturally occurring ground water samples confirmed the effectiveness of NZCO in remediating total arsenic level below the prescribed limit of WHO‐MCL (0.01 mg L−1). The adsorption mechanisms study exhibits a single‐step arsenic treatment option involving electrostatic interaction and ligand exchange reactions. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the material. Facile synthesis route combined with excellent performance make NZCO a novel adsorbent in total arsenic removal from drinking water.
Cu‐Mediated C7 Acetoxylation of Indolines
Authors: Gao Shanshan , Xu Xing , Tang Hao , Wu Jia‐Qiang , Luo Junfei
Published: May 2019

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed acetoxylation or hydroxylation of arene C−H bonds is regarded as a valuable transformation in organic synthesis for the efficient incorporation of oxygen atoms.[1] This mode of C−H oxidation has received much attention due to the important applications of phenol derivatives in natural products, pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis, metal ligands and materials science. Early discoveries for arene C−H oxidation were generally limited due to poor selectivity, low efficiency and harsh conditions.[3] Strategie that rely coordinating directing groups have enabled the direct oxidation of a specific arene C−H bond with high regioselectivity and efficiency. This methods generally employ palladium (II) or ruthenium (II) catalysts and PhI(OAc)2 or other stoichiometric oxidants under acidic conditions (Scheme , 1a). Methods using other transition metals, such as a rhodium (III) catalyzed ortho‐C−H acetoxylation or hydroxylation, have also been reported.
Agglomeration Dynamics of 1D Materials: Gas‐Phase Collision Rates of Nanotubes and Nanorods
Authors: Boies Adam M. , Hoecker Christian , Bhalerao Ajinkya , Kateris Nikolaos , de La Verpilliere Jean , Graves Brian , Smail Fiona
Published: May 2019

The agglomeration and self‐assembly of gas‐phase 1D materials in anthropogenic and natural systems dictate their resulting nanoscale morphology, multiscale hierarchy, and ultimate macroscale properties. Brownian motion induces collisions, upon which 1D materials often restructure to form bundles and can lead to aerogels. Herein, the first results of collision rates for 1D nanomaterials undergoing thermal transport are presented. The Langevin dynamic simulations of nanotube rotation and translation demonstrate that the collision kernels for rigid nanotubes or nanorods are ≈10 times greater than spherical systems. Resulting reduced order equations allow straightforward calculation of the physical parameters to determine the collision kernel for straight and curved 1D materials from 102 to 106 nm length. The collision kernels of curved 1D structures increase ≈1.3 times for long (>102 nm), and ≈5 times for short (≈102 nm) relative to rigid materials. Applications of collision frequencies allow the first kinetic analysis of aerogel self‐assembly from gas‐phase carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The timescales for CNT collision and bundle formation (0.3–42 s) agree with empirical residence times in CNT reactors (3–15 s). These results provide insights into the CNT length, number, and timescales required for aerogel formation, which bolsters our understanding of mass‐produced 1D aerogel materials.
Field‐Driven Athermal Activation of Amorphous Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Flexible Programmable Logic Circuits and Neuromorphic Electronics
Authors: Kulkarni Mohit Rameshchandra , John Rohit Abraham , Tiwari Nidhi , Nirmal Amoolya , Ng Si En , Nguyen Anh Chien , Mathews Nripan
Published: May 2019

Despite extensive research, large‐scale realization of metal‐oxide electronics is still impeded by high‐temperature fabrication, incompatible with flexible substrates. Ideally, an athermal treatment modifying the electronic structure of amorphous metal oxide semiconductors (AMOS) to generate sufficient carrier concentration would help mitigate such high‐temperature requirements, enabling realization of high‐performance electronics on flexible substrates. Here, a novel field‐driven athermal activation of AMOS channels is demonstrated via an electrolyte‐gating approach. Facilitating migration of charged oxygen species across the semiconductor–dielectric interface, this approach modulates the local electronic structure of the channel, generating sufficient carriers for charge transport and activating oxygen‐compensated thin films. The thin‐film transistors (TFTs) investigated here depict an enhancement of linear mobility from 51 to 105.25 cm2 V−1 s−1 (ionic‐gated) and from 8.09 to 14.49 cm2 V−1 s−1 (back‐gated), by creating additional oxygen vacancies. The accompanying stochiometric transformations, monitored via spectroscopic measurements (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy) corroborate the detailed electrical (TFT, current evolution) parameter analyses, providing critical insights into the underlying oxygen‐vacancy generation mechanism and clearly demonstrating field‐induced activation as a promising alternative to conventional high‐temperature annealing strategies. Facilitating on‐demand active programing of the operation modes of transistors (enhancement vs depletion), this technique paves way for facile fabrication of logic circuits and neuromorphic transistors for bioinspired computing.
A green method of reducing silver nanoparticles based on bagasse pulp extract for preparing ultraviolet (UV)‐curable conductive ink
Authors: Chen Qifeng , Du Xinya , Chen Guangxue
Published: May 2019

The silver nanoparticles are gaining extensive attention due to their tremendous applications in conductive field. In this article, we reported a green method of preparing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with bagasse pulp extract acting as reducing agents. In this article, ultrasonic extraction method was adopted. This extraction method has the advantages of simple operation and less impurity content in the extract. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution, bagasse extract, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were used as the silver precursor, reducing agent, and protection agent, respectively. Next, hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate (HPUA) as waterborne resin was mixed with AgNPs to prepare UV‐curable conductive ink. The UV‐curable conductive ink synthesized by the AgNPs showed high conductivity, and the obtained conductive ink had very low resistance (1.06 Ω) and resistivity (2.6 × 10−5 Ω·m), good electronic stability, showing the great advantage in the field of UV‐curable conductive ink. In addition, we tested the AgNPs conductive ink of tearing resistance, rubbing fastness, and bending strength. The results showed the nanosilver conductive ink had good mechanical properties. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 26:90–96, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Conformal geometry and (super)conformal higher-spin gauge theories
Authors: Kuzenko Sergei M. , Ponds Michael
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We develop a manifestly conformal approach to describe linearised (super)conformal higher-spin gauge theories in arbitrary conformally flat backgrounds in three and four spacetime dimensions. Closed-form expressions in terms of gauge prepotentials are given for gauge-invariant higher-spin (super) Cotton and (super) Weyl tensors in three and four dimensions, respectively. The higher-spin (super) Weyl tensors are shown to be conformal primary (super)fields in arbitrary conformal (super)gravity backgrounds, however they are gauge invariant only if the background (super) Weyl tensor vanishes. The proposed higher-spin actions are (super) Weyl-invariant on arbitrary curved backgrounds, however the appropriate higher-spin gauge invariance holds only in the conformally flat case. We also describe conformal models for generalised gauge fields that are used to describe partially massless dynamics in three and four dimensions. In particular, generalised higher-spin Cotton and Weyl tensors are introduced.
Rank-3 antisymmetric matter on 5-brane webs
Authors: Hayashi Hirotaka , Kim Sung-Soo , Lee Kimyeong , Yagi Futoshi
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We discuss Type IIB 5-brane configurations for 5d

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

gauge theories with hypermultiplets in the rank-3 antisymmetric representation and with various other hypermultiplets, which flow from a UV fixed point at the infinite coupling. We propose 5-brane web diagrams for the theories of SU(6) and Sp(3) gauge groups with rank-3 antisymmetric matter and check our proposed 5-brane webs against several consistency conditions implied from the one-loop corrected prepotential. Using the obtained 5-brane webs for rank-3 antisymmetric matter, we apply the topological vertex method to compute the partition function for one of these SU(6) gauge theories.
The role of neuroticism in self-harm and suicidal ideation: results from two UK population-based cohorts
Authors: Hafferty Jonathan D. , Navrady L. B. , Adams M. J. , Howard D. M. , Campbell A. I. , Whalley H. C. , Lawrie S. M. , Nicodemus K. K. , Porteous D. J. , Deary I. J. , McIntosh A. M.
Published: May 2019

Background

Self-harm is common, debilitating and associated with completed suicide and increased all-cause mortality, but there is uncertainty about its causal risk factors, limiting risk assessment and effective management. Neuroticism is a stable personality trait associated with self-harm and suicidal ideation, and correlated with coping styles, but its value as an independent predictor of these outcomes is disputed.

Methods

Prior history of hospital-treated self-harm was obtained by record-linkage to administrative health data in Generation Scotland:Scottish Family Health Study (N = 15,798; self-harm cases = 339) and by a self-report variable in UK Biobank (N = 35,227; self-harm cases = 772). Neuroticism in both cohorts was measured using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Short Form. Associations of neuroticism with self-harm were tested using multivariable regression following adjustment for age, sex, cognitive ability, educational attainment, socioeconomic deprivation, and relationship status. A subset of GS:SFHS was followed-up with suicidal ideation elicited by self-report (n = 3342, suicidal ideation cases = 158) and coping styles measured by the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. The relationship of neuroticism to suicidal ideation, and the role of coping style, was then investigated using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Neuroticism was positively associated with hospital-associated self-harm in GS:SFHS (per EPQ-SF unit odds ratio 1.2 95% credible interval 1.1–1.2,pFDR0.0003) and UKB (per EPQ-SF unit odds ratio 1.1 95% confidence interval 1.1–1.2,pFDR9.8 × 10−17). Neuroticism, and the neuroticism-correlated coping style, emotion-oriented coping (EoC), were also associated with suicidal ideation in multivariable models.

Conclusions

Neuroticism is an independent predictor of hospital-treated self-harm risk. Neuroticism and emotion-orientated coping styles are also predictive of suicidal ideation.
Blockchain Support for Collaborative Business Processes
Authors: Di Ciccio Claudio , Cecconi Alessio , Dumas Marlon , García-Bañuelos Luciano , López-Pintado Orlenys , Lu Qinghua , Mendling Jan , Ponomarev Alexander , Binh Tran An , Weber Ingo
Published: May 2019

Blockchain technology provides basic building blocks to support the execution of collaborative business processes involving mutually untrusted parties in a decentralized environment. Several research proposals have demonstrated the feasibility of designing blockchain-based collaborative business processes using a high-level notation, such as the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), and thereon automatically generating the code artifacts required to execute these processes on a blockchain platform. In this paper, we present the conceptual foundations of model-driven approaches for blockchain-based collaborative process execution and we compare two concrete approaches, namely Caterpillar and Lorikeet.
Algae to sustainably produce carbon fiber and simultaneously take CO2 out of the atmosphere
Authors: Mathijsen Django
Published: May 2019

Carbon fiber composite technology is a wonderful engineering tool for lowering the weight of vehicles and reducing their fuel consumption. It would be a perfectly green alternative to steel and aluminum if it were not for the fact that producing carbon fiber requires fossil materials and a lot of energy. A breakthrough technology from the Technical University of Munich in Germany promises to turn that on its head. The method not only makes it possible to produce carbon fiber without any fossil materials, it even takes CO2 out of the atmosphere instead of emitting it. The key to the technology: algae and direct solar power.
Premelting increases the rate of regelation by an order of magnitude
Authors: REMPEL ALAN W. , MEYER COLIN R.
Published: May 2019

Glacier sliding over small obstacles relies on melting on their upstream sides and refreezing downstream. Previous treatments have appealed to ‘pressure melting’ as the cause of the spatial variations in melting temperature that drive thisregelationprocess. However, we show that typical liquid pressure variations across small obstacles are negligible and therefore variations in ice pressure closely approximate variations in effective stress. For a given change in effective stress, the equilibrium melting temperature changes by an order of magnitude more than when the pressure of ice and liquid both change by an equal amount. In consequence, the temperature gradients that drive heat flow across small obstacles are larger than previously recognized and the rate of regelation is faster. Under typical conditions, the transition wavelength at which ice deformation and regelation contribute equally is of m-scale, several times longer than previous predictions, which have been reported to underestimate field inferences.
The Objects of the Vulgar
Authors: Harris N. G. E.
Published: May 2019

In common with most, if not all, commentato?s on Hume's Treatise, Book 1, Part 4, §2, “Of scepticism with regard to the senses”, I consider his reasoning in places to be unsound and his claims to be inconsistent. In that section Hume is conce?ned with the question of how we come to believe in the existence of material objects having a continuous existence independently of ou? perceiving them. Since, in his more tough-minded moments, he takes it that the only perceptual data with which we can ever have acquaintance consists of fleeting impressions which are dependent on our having them, he f?nds himself led to the bleak and implausible conclusion that the existence of material objects is a fiction, and the belief something into which we are seduced by the imagination.
On certain commuting families of rank one operators
Authors: Karanasios S.
Published: May 2019

A study of nonselfadjoint algebras of Hilbert space operators was begun by considering special types of such algebras, namely those determined by a commuting family of rank one operators. A first step in this direction was made by Erdos in [1] and is continued more extensively in [2].
A presentation of PGL(2,p) with three defining relations
Authors: Robertson E. F. , Williams P. D.
Published: May 2019

Let p be an odd prime and let GL(2, p) denote the general linear group of invertible 2x2 matrices with entries in the field of p elements. The groupPGL(2, p) is the factor of GL(2,p) by its centre and has derived group PSL(2,p) with derived factor C2, the cyclic group of order 2.
A note on left bipotent near-rings
Authors: Murty C.V.L.N.
Published: May 2019

In this note it is shown that Theorem 2.8 of [2] is erroneous. Throughout this note nea-ring means a right near-ring.
Closed linear operators with domain containing their range
Authors: Ôta Schôichi
Published: May 2019

In connection with algebras of unbounded operators, Lassner showed in [4] that, if T is a densely defined, closed linear operator in a Hilbert space such that its domain is contained in the domain of its adjoint T* and is globally invariant under T and T*,then T is bounded. In the case of a Banach space (in particular, a C*-algebra) weshowed in [6] that a densely defined closed derivation in a C*-algebra with domaincontaining its range is automatically bounded (see the references in [6] and [7] for thetheory of derivations in C*-algebras).
The ‘Three Glorious Days’: The Revolution of 1830 in Provincial France
Authors: Pilbeam Pamela
Published: May 2019

France has always envied Paris. A popular interpretation of the history of France has been of conflict between the capital and the provinces in which Paris was the victor, at least from the establishment of the system of intendants by Louis XIV in the late seventeenth century. Radical Paris took the lead in the revolutionary upheavals of the 1790s, in 1830, 1848 and 1870–1. The conflict of the 1790s produced civil and foreign war and led to an even greater domination by Paris through the centralizing policies of Napoleon Bonaparte as military dictator. Under his rule and subsequently, all officials - civil, judicial, military, religious and educational - were appointed by the government in Paris. The Council of State was a corner-stone of this policy in the capital, the departmental prefect in the provinces. In 1830 the results of the July Days were acceptable on the whole to the French; but in 1848 provincial France roundly rejected the radical social revolution favoured by intellectuals and artisans in Paris; in 1871 the Commune of Paris was virtually isolated in its decentralizing and social-reforming ambitions and suffered bloody defeat at the hands of the regular army. Apparently, then, 1830 was the last, and perhaps only, time in the nineteenth century that ‘Paris led, France followed.’ Was 1830 so unique, and if so, why? The Revolution of 1830 was unquestionably Parisian, in that events in the capital determined the timing and location of acts of significant revolutionary violence and in that the major political and administrative changes which followed the revolution were enacted in Paris. Should one therefore assume that the provinces were passive, that they had little impact on events? This revolution may neatly illustrate the success with which Louis XIV, Napoleon and others had centralized France, but that conclusion needs to be based on evidence, not assumption. The most recent complete analysis of the revolution concentrated on Paris, but also delineated some aspects of provincial unrest in 1830, making use of the local studies written for the centenary of the revolution. Some provincial and departmental histories describe the events of 1830 and their local impact.
Hitler's ‘Programme’ and the Genesis of Operation ‘Barbarossa’
Authors: Koch H. W.
Published: May 2019

Hitler's foreign policy is still an area of widespread interest - particularly the question of its inner coherence. The present consensus goes back to the early 1950s and 1960s, when the German attack upon Russia was viewed as one stage in Hitler's quest for European hegemony or even world domination. While Alan Bullock viewed Hitler as an opportunist, Hugh Trevor-Roper in his essay on Hitler's war aims interpreted Hitler's invasion of Russia as a systematic step in Hitler's programme. Since then this model has been highly refined and systematized, notably by Andreas Hillgruber, who argues that Hitler's foreign policy programme had already been formulated long before he came to power, particularly inMein Kampfand Hitler'sSecond book. On this model National Socialist foreign policy was programmatically fixed and Hillgruber goes as far to say that Hitler's programme ‘alone determined the great line of German policy in general’ and that he devoted all the energies available to him to realizing it. Yet even before Hillgruber had formulated his model, case studies were available which appeared to contradict its inner coherence and logic. Serious objections have also been raised by Martin Broszat, who describes Hitler's idea of an eastern empire as a ‘metaphor and Utopian figure of speech’.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: THE 2016 MOROCCO–NIGERIA BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY
Authors: Zugliani Niccolò
Published: May 2019

The 2016 Morocco–Nigeria bilateral investment treaty (BIT) stands out from other such treaties because of its innovative human rights approach to the protection and promotion of foreign direct investment. Human rights permeate its approach to the regulation of investment in a manner which is most unusual in international investment agreements (IIAs). As a result, this is the most socially-responsible BIT currently concluded. Although it remains exceptional within the investment-treaty framework, the treaty reflects African initiatives to ensure that the next generation of BITs encourages more responsible investments. As such, it shows that human rights-compliant investment treaties can find fertile ground in developing African countries and it sets an example for current and future negotiations aimed at fostering respect for human rights in investment activities.
The Punishability of Impossible Attempts
Authors: Kremnitzer Mordechai
Published: May 2019

A resolved to kill X and equipped himself for this purpose with a bottle containing poison. When X dined at A's house, A secretly poured some of the contents of the bottle into a drink that he offered X. X downed the drink but suffered no ill-effects since A's wife had, without his knowledge, poured away the poison and filled the bottle with water (first case).

B put his hand into Y's coat pocket in order to pick its contents. His fingers scoured the pocket and found it to be empty. Alternatively, B fired at an empty bed with intent to kill Y, who was supposed to be in it (second case).
Recognition, Use of Force, and the Legal Effect of United Nations Resolutions under the Revised Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States
Authors: Halberstam Malvina
Published: May 2019

The prestigious American Law Institute is in the process of promulgating a revised Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. The present Restatement on the subject was adopted in 1962 and finally promulgated with revisions in 1965. Work on a revised restatement began in the late 1970s and the first tentative draft was submitted to the Institute in 1980. Thus far, five tentative drafts have been presented to the members of the Institute for their consideration and the Restatement as a whole is scheduled for consideration by the members of the Institute at its annual meeting in May 1985.

The American Law Institute is a private organization of jurists, not a legislative body, and the Restatements are not official codifications. However, since the Institute membership includes some of the most noted scholars, judges and practitioners in the United States, the Restatements carry great weight and are often cited by United States courts in their decisions.
Is there a relationship between mastoid pneumatisation and facial canal dimensions?
Authors: Inal M , Bayar Muluk N , Asal N , Şahan M H , Şimşek G , Arikan O K
Published: May 2019

Objective

To evaluate mastoid pneumatisation and facial canal dimensions.

Method

In this retrospective study, 169 multidetector computed tomography scans of temporal bone were reviewed. Facial canal dimensions were evaluated at the labyrinthine, tympanic and mastoid segments using axial and coronal multidetector computed tomography scans of temporal bone. Mastoid pneumatisation and facial canal dehiscence were evaluated. Facial canal dehiscence was measured if it was found to be present.

Results

This study showed that facial canal dimensions decreased in pneumatised mastoids. Facial canal dimensions in females were smaller than in males. Facial canal dehiscence was detected in 5.9 per cent and 6.5 per cent of the patients on the right and left sides, respectively. No correlations were found between facial canal dehiscence and mastoid pneumatisation. The length of dehiscence was 1.92 ± 0.44 mm (range, 0.86–2.51 mm) on the left side. In older subjects, left facial canal dehiscence was detected more, and the length of the dehiscence increased.

Conclusion

This study concluded that during surgery, facial canal dehiscence should be kept in mind in order to avoid complications.
Functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and its subtypes
Authors: Ravindran Arun , Richter Margaret , Jain Tania , Ravindran Lakshmi , Rector Neil , Farb Norman
Published: May 2019

Background

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder with significant morbidity whose pathophysiology is not fully understood. Neuroimaging studies have characterized OCD in terms of elevated striatal and prefrontal reactivity to emotion provocation. This neural model may be informed by investigation of functional connectivity in OCD, identifying alterations in how sensory information is integrated into frontostriatal regions.

Methods

The current study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare neural activity and connectivity in 31 OCD patients (12 washing and 19 checking subtypes) and 17 healthy volunteers in an emotion provocation paradigm using visual stimuli.

Results

OCD status was associated with hyper-activation of the posterior cingulate (PCg) in response to emotion provocation. Additionally, OCD patients demonstrated elevated PCg functional connectivity with the visual cortices and frontostriatal regions. Exploratory analyses suggested that stimulus-provoked activity and connectivity was elevated for checking subtypes in motor cortices, and elevated in washing subtypes in the anterior insula and orbitofrontal cortex.

Conclusions

The PCg's role in moderating connectivity between the visual cortex and frontolimbic regions is muted in OCD, consistent with the PCg's suggested role in regulating attention towards emotional stimuli. Exploratory analyses suggest distinct PCg connectivity profiles in OCD subtypes, with checking linked to motor activation, but washing linked to a network supporting emotional salience. The study was not powered to fully investigate the effects of medication, patients often endorsed secondary symptom subtypes that muddied washing/checking distinctions, and the emotion provocation paradigm was of limited intensity compared to life stressors.
Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Control in Turf in the Transition Zone
Authors: Dernoeden Peter H. , Watschke Thomas L. , Mathias J. Kevin
Published: May 2019

The objective of this investigation was to determine if preemergence herbicides, applied at the standard rates and times for smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum(Schreb.) Muhl. ♯ DIGIS] control, would provide season-long control of goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn. ♯ ELEIN] in the transition zone. The transition zone is a unique area of turfgrass culture between cool and warm regions where quality of turfgrasses frequently declines due to environmental stresses. Single and sequential applications of bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] and DCPA (dimethyltetrachloroterephthalate) did not effectively control goosegrass in any of the three test years. Benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) usually required sequential dosages to provide good (90%) to excellent (95%) goosegrass control. Nearly all rates of oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] used provided good to excellent goosegrass control. Napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] plus bensulide provided excellent goosegrass control in 1981, but not in 1982. Pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] also provided effective goosegrass control.
Economic Analysis of Two Weed Management Systems for Two Cropping Rotations
Authors: Lybecker Donald W. , King Robert P. , Schweizer Edward E. , Zimdahl Robert L.
Published: May 2019

A standard weed management system (system I) had a higher return above variable costs than did an intensive weed management system (system II) for two eastern Colorado cropping rotations. For continuous corn (Zea maysL.), the return above variable costs averaged $18.85/ha more under system I than under system II. For a barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)-corn-sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) rotation, the return above variable costs averaged $20.48/ha more under System I than under System II. Based on alternative input (herbicide) and product prices, higher herbicide costs favored the standard weed management system, whereas higher crop prices favored the weed management system with the higher yields adjusted for quality. The probability that returns above variable costs differed between the two weed management systems depended upon the level of product prices and herbicide costs.
Dispersal of Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) Seeds
Authors: Smith Lane M. , Kok L. T.
Published: May 2019

Dispersal studies of musk thistle (Carduus nutansL =C. thoermeriWeinmann) seeds by wind were performed to determine the percentage of seeds removed from the vicinity of the plant where the seeds originated. For the different wind velocities tested (up to 5.6 m/s) less than 1% of the seeds were blown further than 100 m. Most seeds were deposited within 50 m of the point of release. A Gaussian model of seed dispersal based on experimentally determined parameters and published data adequately described these results.
Response of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) to Siduron
Authors: Siviour Trevor R. , Schultz Gerard F.
Published: May 2019

The efficacy of siduron [1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea] on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. CYNDA3] in bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) golf greens was evaluated. In field trials, the frequency of bermudagrass occurrence in most treatments either remained unchanged or increased. Cultural treatments such as vertical mowing and aerifying did not improve the efficacy. Dry-weight measurements showed no significant differences due to chemical treatments. In pot trials, differential susceptibility of collections of bermudagrass was evident, supporting the hypothesis that selection of tolerant strains over several years' use of the herbicide has caused the poor efficacy seen in the field. Differences in the development of shoot, root, and rhizome systems between treated and untreated were evident.
Competition between Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Authors: Siriwardana Gamini D. , Zimdahl Robert L.
Published: May 2019

Growth and competition of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG] and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) were studied at different seed proportions, seed burial depths, and soil moisture levels. After 7 days, emergence from 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-cm depths was 96, 90, 83, and 27% for barnyardgrass and 84, 73, 62, and 0% for redroot pigweed, respectively. Barnyardgrass was more competitive than redroot pigweed. Intraspecific competition of barnyardgrass was greater than interspecific competition from redroot pigweed. Increasing planting depth from 1 to 4 cm and increasing soil moisture from 30 to 50% (low) to 100% (high) of field capacity reduced the competitive ability of redroot pigweed.
Bentazon Selectivity in Hot Pepper (Capsicum chinense) and Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Baltazar Aurora M. , Monaco Thomas J. , Peele David M.
Published: May 2019

The susceptibility of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuumL. ‘Keystone Resistant Giant’) and tolerance of hot pepper (Capsicum chinenseL. ‘Bohemian Chili’) to bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] was demonstrated under greenhouse and field conditions. Sweet pepper growth and fruit production were inhibited by foliar applications of bentazon at rates of 0.6 to 6.7 kg ai/ha. Severity of injury increased with application rate. Injury symptoms in sweet pepper were leaf chlorosis, with necrosis and death of shoot apices. Foliar applications of bentazon to hot pepper resulted in little or no injury. Bentazon inhibited Hill reaction activity of isolated chloroplasts from both species to a similar extent, suggesting that selectivity of this compound in hot pepper is not due to resistance at the chloroplast level.
Trifluralin and Triallate Retention by Imbibed Tame Oat (Avena sativa) Caryopses
Authors: Heath Martin C. , Ashford Ross , McKercher Robert B.
Published: May 2019

The effect of exposing tame oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Hudson’) to trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate] during seed imbibition was investigated in a growth cabinet at 21 C in the absence of light. Caryopses were imbibed in 0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 ppmv aqueous dilutions of trifluralin and triallate for up to 10 h, after which germination was continued in distilled water. Germination was not affected following imbibition in either herbicide. Both herbicides produced distinct visual symptoms of herbicide injury during subsequent seedling growth. Coleoptile length of 5-day-old seedlings was reduced following imbibition in a 1.5-ppmv dilution of either herbicide. Triallate at 1.5 ppmv resulted in a reduction in shoot dry weight. Both herbicides were largely excluded from embryos of imbibing caryopses. Seedlings were unaffected when cultured from embryos excised from caryopses imbibed in trifluralin and triallate dilutions. Seedling phytotoxic effects resulted from residual activity of trifluralin and triallate retained by the pericarp and testa of imbibed caryopses. Presence of the hull during imbibition decreased the phytotoxic effect of both herbicides on shoot growth. These findings suggest that germinating seedlings ofAvenaspp. may be affected by trifluralin and triallate at an earlier stage than previously realized.
Methazole Adsorption-Desorption in Soil
Authors: Koskinen William C.
Published: May 2019

Adsorption and desorption of14C-methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] were characterized on two silt loam soils (Dundee and Palouse; 0.7 and 3.0% organic matter, respectively) using the batch equilibration technique. Freundlich adsorption isotherm coefficients (Kfand l/n) were calculated after equilibration of methazole solutions (initial concentrations = 0.11 to 4.10 nmol/ml) with soil for various times. After a rapid attainment of an apparent equilibrium,14C- concentration in solution for the Palouse soil decreased at a low rate. The greater adsorption (Kf) on the Palouse soil, for a given equilibration period, was attributed to the greater organic matter content. The continued trend of increase in apparent Kfwith time was due to degradation of methazole in solution to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU), which was highly adsorbed, rather than to increased adsorption of the parent compound. The calculated adsorption coefficients expressed in terms of soil organic carbon would classify methazole and DCPMU as immobile in Palouse soil and methazole as slightly mobile in Dundee soil. Calculated desorption isotherms, which exhibited a hysteretic effect, were also dependent on the rate of methazole degradation. The adsorption, desorption, and degradation data indicate that methazole would not leach readily in most soils.
Modification of the Airless Paint Sprayer for Herbicide Applications to Pot Cultures
Authors: Krall James M. , Packer Douglas S. , Bradley Peter V.
Published: May 2019

The airless paint sprayer was investigated as an alternative to compressed-gas spray systems. The airless sprayer was adapted to a conventional agricultural spray nozzle system. In addition, modifications to the airless sprayer's on/off switch were made to achieve a more consistent delivery. The equipment was found satisfactory for applying either emulsifiable concentrates or wettable powder herbicides at typical concentrations in water. The addition of a conventional conveyer-belt system completed the steps necessary to make the commercially available airless sprayer a viable alternative to compressed-gas propulsion systems.
Time of Emergence of Eight Weed Species
Authors: Ogg Alex G. , Dawson Jean H.
Published: May 2019

Under irrigated field conditions at Prosser, WA, Russian thistle [Salsola kali(L.) var.tenuifoliaTausch. ♯3SASKR] began to emerge by mid-March each year and usually had completed its emergence by May 1. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. ♯ CHEAL) was the next to appear, usually during the third or fourth week of March. Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), hairy nightshade (Solarium sarrachoidesSendt. ♯ SOLSA), black nightshade (5.nigrumL. ♯ SOLNI), eastern black nightshade (S. ptycanthumDun.), and cutleaf nightshade (S. triflorumNutt. ♯ SOLTR) generally began to emerge during the first 2 weeks of April and emergence generally peaked mid-April to mid-May. Russian thistle and cutleaf nightshade had the most restricted emergence patterns, whereas seedlings of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, hairy nightshade, and black nightshade emerged each month from April through September. Shallow tillage at monthly intervals increased the overall emergence of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, black nightshade, and eastern black nightshade; decreased the emergence of barnyardgrass; and had no effect on the emergence of Russian thistle, cutleaf nightshade, or hairy nightshade.