bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L- and X-Band Multi-Temporal InSAR Analysis of Tianjin Subsidence
Authors: Luo Qingli , Perissin Daniele , Zhang Yuanzhi , Jia Youliang
Published: August 2014

When synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technology is applied in the monitoring of land subsidence, the sensor band plays an important role. An X-band SAR system as TerraSAR-X (TSX) provides high resolution and short revisit time, but it has no capability of global coverage. On the other side, an L-band sensor as Advanced Land Observing Satellite-Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS-PALSAR) has global coverage and it produces highly coherent interferograms, but it provides much less details in time and space. The characteristics of these two satellites from different bands can be regarded as complementary. In this paper, we firstly present a possible strategy for X-band optimized acquisition planning combining with L-band. More importantly, we also present the multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) analysis results from 23 ALOS-PALSAR images and 37 TSX data, which show the complementarity of L- and X-band allows measuring deformations both in urban and non-urban areas. Furthermore, the validation between MT-INSAR and leveling/GPS has been carried out. The combination analysis of L- and X-band MT-InSAR results effectively avoids the limitation of X-band, providing a way to define the shape and the borderline of subsiding center and helps us to understand the subsidence mechanism. Finally, the geological interpretation of the detected subsidence center is given.
Continuity of Reflectance Data between Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI, for Both Top-of-Atmosphere and Surface Reflectance: A Study in the Australian Landscape
Authors: Flood Neil
Published: August 2014

The new Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) is intended to be broadly compatible with the previous Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). The spectral response of the OLI is slightly different to the ETM+, and so there may be slight differences in the reflectance measurements. Since the differences are a function not just of spectral responses, but also of the target pixels, there is a need to assess these differences in practice, using imagery from the area of interest. This paper presents a large scale study of the differences between ETM+ and OLI in the Australian landscape. The analysis is carried out in terms of both top-of-atmosphere and surface reflectance, and also in terms of biophysical parameters modelled from those respective reflectance spectra. The results show small differences between the sensors, which can be magnified by modelling to a biophysical parameter. It is also shown that a part of this difference appears to be systematic, and can be reliably removed by regression equations to predict ETM+ reflectance from OLI reflectance, before applying biophysical models. This is important when models have been fitted to historical field data coincident with ETM+ imagery. However, there will remain a small per-pixel difference which could be an unwanted source of variability.
Photo, thermal and chemical degradation of riboflavin
Authors: Sheraz Muhammad Ali , Kazi Sadia Hafeez , Ahmed Sofia , Anwar Zubair , Ahmad Iqbal
Published: August 2014

Riboflavin (RF), also known as vitamin B2, belongs to the class of water-soluble vitamins and is widely present in a variety of food products. It is sensitive to light and high temperature, and therefore, needs a consideration of these factors for its stability in food products and pharmaceutical preparations. A number of other factors have also been identified that affect the stability of RF. These factors include radiation source, its intensity and wavelength, pH, presence of oxygen, buffer concentration and ionic strength, solvent polarity and viscosity, and use of stabilizers and complexing agents. A detailed review of the literature in this field has been made and all those factors that affect the photo, thermal and chemical degradation of RF have been discussed. RF undergoes degradation through several mechanisms and an understanding of the mode of photo- and thermal degradation of RF may help in the stabilization of the vitamin. A general scheme for the photodegradation of RF is presented.
Death Anxiety in Hospitalized End-of-Life Patients as Captured from a Structured Electronic Health Record: Differences by Patient and Nurse Characteristics
Authors: Lodhi Muhammad Kamran , Cheema Umer Iftikhar , Stifter Janet , Wilkie Diana J. , Keenan Gail M. , Yao Yingwei , Ansari Rashid , Khokhar Ashfaq A.
Published: August 2014

The nursing outcomes of hospitalized patients whose plans of care include death anxiety, which is a diagnosis among patients at the end-of-life, are obscure. The authors of the current article applied data mining techniques to nursing plan-of-care data for patients diagnosed with death anxiety, as defined by North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, from four different hospitals to examine nursing care outcomes and associated factors. Results indicate that <50% of patients met the expected outcome of comfortable death. Gerontology unit patients were more likely to meet the expected outcome than patients from other unit types, although results were not statistically significant. Younger patients (i.e., age <65) had a lower chance of meeting the outcome compared with older patients (i.e., age ≥65) (χ
2
(1) = 9.266,
p
< 0.004). Longer stays improved the chances of meeting the outcome (χ
2
(2) = 6.47,
p
< 0.04). Results indicate that death anxiety outcomes are suboptimal and suggest the need to better educate clinicians about diagnosing and treating death anxiety among patients who face the end-of-life transition.
[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2014; 7(5):224–234.]
Algunas adiciones y correcciones a la fauna de coleópteros de las islas Canarias
Authors: Machado Antonio
Published: August 2014

Dos especies de endomíquidos descritos de El Hierro (islas Canarias) se eliminan de la fauna canaria: Dapsa hierrensis Franz, 1976 es una sinonimia posterior de Archipines intricata (Gorham, 1889), nov. syn., y el único ejemplar conocido (holotipo) fue colectado probablemente en América Central. La descripción de Dapsa curta Franz, 1976 es muy pobre y se basa en una única hembra. Sin conocer el macho es imposible determinar con garantías si se trata del género Danae o, lo más probable, del género oriental Tragoscelis, o a cuál de sus especies pertenece, si no es nueva. Es seguro que no se trata de una Dapsa y el presunto origen canario radica seguramente en otro error de etiquetado del autor, que también colectó en Borneo, donde se conocen cinco especies de Tragoscelis. En consecuencia, se propone Dapsa curta Franz, 1996 como nomen dubium. Por otra parte, Silpha puncticollis Lucas, 1854 (Silphidae), y dos Anthribidae: el gorgojo del café Araecerus fasciculatus (DeGeer, 1775), y Bruchela rufipes (Olivier, 1790) son especies y géneros que se citan por primera vez para las Canarias. Solo la segunda de las especies puede considerarse nativa, mientras que las otras dos son introducciones recientes, y el gorgojo del café podría convertirse en una plaga.
Preventing Tracking-Tube False Detections in Occupancy Modeling of Southeastern Beach Mouse
Authors: Stolen Eric D. , Oddy Donna M. , Legare Mike L. , Breininger David R. , Gann Shanon L. , Legare Stephanie A. , Weiss Stephanie K. , Holloway-Adkins Karen G. , Schaub Ron
Published: August 2014

Quantifying habitat occupancy of the southeastern beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris is important for managing this threatened species throughout its limited range. Tracking tubes were used to detect the southeastern beach mouse in coastal areas on the federal lands of the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and Canaveral National Seashore. Because this method relied on observations of footprints, detections of beach mice were confounded by the co-occurrence of cotton mice Peromyscus gossypinus, which have wider but slightly overlapping footprint widths. Mice of both species were captured and footprinted using tracking tubes to collect a database of footprints of known identity. These data were used to develop a Bayesian hierarchical model of the cutoff width at which a print could be assigned as a beach mouse with a known probability of error. Specifically, within the model, observed footprint widths were used to estimate a mean and variance of footprint width for each species, while accounting for variation between individual mice. Then, a distribution of new footprint widths was generated for each species by drawing from their modeled distributions. Finally, the new footprints were compared with a range of potential cutoff widths to evaluate the proportion of times the correct decision to exclude or accept the footprint was made. We graphically evaluated the performance of the cutoff widths and chose one that traded off between reducing false positives and retaining more correct detections for use in occupancy models. We explored the use of the cutoff width using occupancy models that allow for false-positive detections, and found that the use of the cutoff performed as expected. Over 40% of primary dune habitat on the Kennedy Space Center was occupied by beach mice during the period sampled. The proportion of vegetated habitat at a site had a negative influence on detection probability. No ecological covariates had a measurable influence on beach mouse occupancy, probably due to the limited range of environmental variation in the sampled region. The use of a cutoff for footprint width resulted in a reliable method to deal with false-positive detections in tracking tubes with small mammals and allowed the use of occupancy models that rely on certain detection.
Winter Distribution Dynamics and Implications to a Reintroduced Population of Migratory Whooping Cranes
Authors: Urbanek Richard P. , Szyszkoski Eva K. , Zimorski Sara E.
Published: August 2014

From 2001 to 2012, the Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership released 196 costume-reared juvenile whooping cranes Grus americana in the eastern United States in an effort to reintroduce a migratory population of this endangered species. Techniques included leading juveniles from Wisconsin to wintering areas by ultralight aircraft or direct release of juveniles in Wisconsin prior to their first autumn migration. With few exceptions, ultralight-led cranes released on the Florida Gulf Coast wintered in inland freshwater habitats in subsequent winters. Wintering of the population occurred in four general regions: Florida–southern Georgia, coastal Carolina, the Mid-South (primarily Tennessee and northern Alabama), and the North (Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky). Releases of ultralight-led juveniles resulted in the majority of the population returning to winter in Florida during the early years of the reintroduction. Later direct autumn releases and shortstopping by ultralight-led birds increased numbers in the Mid-South. Winter climate played a large role in wintering in the North. Drought resulted in changes in wintering locations, especially in Florida. Other factors influencing changes in distribution included habitat degradation and associations with other whooping cranes, especially new mates and birds released by different techniques. Breeding pairs and direct autumn-released birds exhibited greater winter site fidelity than did nonbreeders or ultralight aircraft-led birds, but fidelity was low for all groups. Causes of mortality differed across the winter range, with predation being most prevalent in Florida and gunshot accounting for the majority of mortalities north of Florida. Because most pairing occurred in central Wisconsin, the widespread winter distribution had no apparent negative effect on pair formation. There was no clear relationship between winter region and subsequent incubation success. The widespread distribution of the population poses minimal risk to the outcome of the reintroduction in comparison to reproduction problems in the core reintroduction area of central Wisconsin.
Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
Authors: Alam Farooq , Zahooruddin  , Ahmad Ayaz , Iqbal Muhammad
Published: August 2014

In this chapter, the authors provide a comprehensive review of spectrum sensing in cognitive radio sensor networks. Firstly, they focus on general techniques utilized for spectrum sensing in wireless sensor networks. To have good understanding of core issues of spectrum sensing, the authors then give a brief description of cognitive radio networks. Then they give a thorough description of the main techniques that can be helpful in doing spectrum sensing in cognitive radio sensor network. The authors conclude this chapter with open research issues and challenges that need to be addressed to provide efficient spectrum sensing in order to minimize the limitations in cognitive radio sensor networks.
Channel Bonding in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
Authors: Bukhari S. Hashim , Rehmani Mubashir Husain , Siraj Sajid
Published: August 2014

Wireless sensor networks have gained high importance in many fields, including military, industrial, and the consumer industry. It is due to the fact that these sensors can be deployed almost anywhere and communicate autonomously with each other and/or their gateway devices. Introducing cognitive radio capabilities into these sensor nodes can considerably improve the spectrum utilization, albeit on the cost of additional processing complexities and higher power consumption. In Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs), improving the process of channel bonding may enhance the overall efficiency and effective use of available bandwidth, thereby meeting the requirements of the network of wireless sensor nodes. This chapter discusses issues in the implementation of channel bonding in CRSNs and how to maximize the channel capacity without introducing any harmful interference. Additional constraints and challenges for CRSN nodes are discussed here as future directions and research.
Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Ali Salman , Akhunzada Adnan , Yaqoob Ibrar
Published: August 2014

This chapter provides a review of design practices in network communication for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks. The basics of networking and Medium Access Control functionalities with focus on data routing and spectrum usage are discussed. Technical differences manifest in various network layouts, hence the role of various specialized nodes, such as relay, aggregator, or gateway in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks need analysis. Optimal routing techniques suitable for different topologies are also summarized. Data delivery protocols are categorized under priority-based, energy-efficient, ad hoc routing-based, attribute-based, and location-aware routing. Broadcast, unicast, and detection of silence periods are discussed for network operation with slotted or unslotted time. Efficient spectrum usage finds the most important application here involving use of dynamic, opportunistic, and fixed spectrum usage. Finally, a thorough discussion on the open issues and challenges for Cognitive Radio Sensor Network communication and internetworking in Cognitive Radio Sensor Network-based deployments and methods to address them are provided.
Developmental Swarm Intelligence
Authors: Shi Yuhui
Published: August 2014

In this paper, the necessity of having developmental learning embedded in a swarm intelligence algorithm is confirmed by briefly considering brain evolution, brain development, brainstorming process, etc. Several swarm intelligence algorithms are looked at from developmental learning perspective. Finally, a framework of a developmental swarm intelligence algorithm is given to help understand developmental swarm intelligence algorithms, and to guide to design and/or implement any new developmental swarm intelligence algorithm and/or any developmental evolutionary algorithm.
Characterization of Cross-Protection by Genetically Modified Live-Attenuated Leishmania donovani Parasites against Leishmania mexicana
Authors: Dey Ranadhir , Natarajan Gayathri , Bhattacharya Parna , Cummings Hannah , Dagur Pradeep K. , Terrazas César , Selvapandiyan Angamuthu , McCoy John P. , Duncan Robert , Satoskar Abhay R. , Nakhasi Hira L.
Published: August 2014

Previously, we showed that genetically modified live-attenuated Leishmania donovani parasite cell lines (LdCen−/− and Ldp27−/−) induce a strong cellular immunity and provide protection against visceral leishmaniasis in mice. In this study, we explored the mechanism of cross-protection against cutaneous lesion-causing Leishmania mexicana. Upon challenge with wild-type L. mexicana, mice immunized either for short or long periods showed significant protection. Immunohistochemical analysis of ears from immunized/challenged mice exhibited significant influx of macrophages, as well as cells expressing MHC class II and inducible NO synthase, suggesting an induction of potent host-protective proinflammatory responses. In contrast, substantial inhibition of IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13 expression and the absence of degranulated mast cells and less influx of eosinophils within the ears of immunized/challenged mice suggested a controlled anti-inflammatory response. L. mexicana Ag–stimulated lymph node cell culture from the immunized/challenged mice revealed induction of IFN-γ secretion by the CD4 and CD8 T cells compared with non-immunized/challenged mice. We also observed suppression of Th2 cytokines in the culture supernatants of immunized/challenged lymph nodes compared with non-immunized/challenged mice. Adoptively transferred total T cells from immunized mice conferred strong protection in recipient mice against L. mexicana infection, suggesting that attenuated L. donovani can provide protection against heterologous L. mexicana parasites by induction of a strong T cell response. Furthermore, bone marrow–derived dendritic cells infected with LdCen−/− and Ldp27−/− parasites were capable of inducing a strong proinflammatory response leading to the proliferation of Th1 cells. These studies demonstrate the potential of live-attenuated L. donovani parasites as pan–Leishmania species vaccines.
HIV-1 and HIV-2 Differentially Mature Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells into IFN-Producing Cells or APCs
Authors: Royle Caroline M. , Graham David R. , Sharma Simone , Fuchs Dietmar , Boasso Adriano
Published: August 2014

HIV-1 causes a progressive impairment of immune function. HIV-2 is a naturally attenuated form of HIV, and HIV-2 patients display a slow-progressing disease. The leading hypothesis for the difference in disease phenotype between HIV-1 and HIV-2 is that more efficient T cell–mediated immunity allows for immune-mediated control of HIV-2 infection, similar to that observed in the minority of HIV-1–infected long-term nonprogressors. Understanding how HIV-1 and HIV-2 differentially influence the immune function may highlight critical mechanisms determining disease outcome. We investigated the effects of exposing primary human peripheral blood cells to HIV-1 or HIV-2 in vitro. HIV-2 induced a gene expression profile distinct from HIV-1, characterized by reduced type I IFN, despite similar upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes and viral restriction factors. HIV-2 favored plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) differentiation into cells with an APC phenotype rather than IFN-α–producing cells. HIV-2, but not HIV-1, inhibited IFN-α production in response to CpG-A. The balance between pDC maturation into IFN-α–producing cells or development of an APC phenotype differentiates the early response against HIV-1 and HIV-2. We propose that divergent paths of pDC differentiation driven by HIV-1 and HIV-2 cause the observed differences in pathogenicity between the two viruses.
Contribution of TCR Signaling Strength to CD8+ T Cell Peripheral Tolerance Mechanisms
Authors: Smith Trevor R. F. , Verdeil Gregory , Marquardt Kristi , Sherman Linda A.
Published: August 2014

Peripheral tolerance mechanisms are in place to prevent T cells from mediating aberrant immune responses directed against self and environmental Ags. Mechanisms involved in the induction of peripheral tolerance include T cell–intrinsic pathways, such as anergy or deletion, or exogenous tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells. We have previously shown that the density of peptide-MHC class I recognized by the TCR determines whether CD8+ T cells undergo anergy or deletion. Specifically, using a TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cell model, we demonstrated that persistent peripheral exposure to low- or high-dose peptides in the absence of inflammatory signals resulted in clonal deletion or anergy of the T cell, respectively. In this study, by altering the affinity of the peptide-MHC tolerogen for TCR, we have confirmed that this mechanism is dependent on the level of TCR signaling that the CD8+ T cell receives. Using altered peptide ligands (APLs) displaying high TCR affinities, we show that increasing the TCR signaling favors anergy induction. Conversely, using APLs displaying a decreased TCR affinity tilted our system in the direction of deletional tolerance. We demonstrate how differential peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance mechanisms are controlled by both the potency and density of MHC class I–peptide tolerogen.
Axl Receptor Blockade Protects from Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mice
Authors: Shibata Takehiko , Habiel David M. , Coelho Ana Lucia , Hogaboam Cory M.
Published: August 2014

Aspergillus fumigatus is a sporulating fungus found ubiquitously in the environment, which is quickly contained in the immunocompetent host but can cause lethal invasive aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host. We have recently demonstrated that Axl (one member of the Tyro3, Axl, Mertk receptor family) is a key regulator of antiviral immune responses in the lung. In this study, we investigated the role of Axl in antifungal immunity in a model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). In this model, Aspergillus fumigatus conidia were administered into the lungs of neutrophil-depleted mice, and the mice were monitored for survival, lung inflammatory response, and fungal clearance. The lethal effect of IPA was significantly reduced in anti-Axl mAb–treated mice compared with IgG control–treated mice. Targeting Axl significantly inhibited pulmonary inflammation, including the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and chitinase-like proteins in whole lung. Further, anti-Axl mAb treatment significantly increased M1 macrophages that highly expressed inducible NO synthase and decreased M2 macrophages that expressed Arginase 1 and were found in inflammatory zone protein (Fizz1). More importantly, anti-Axl mAb treatment significantly increased the number of IFN-γ–producing T cells and NK cells compared with the IgG control group during IPA. Together, our results demonstrate that the Axl mAb treatment is protective during invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic mice. Collectively, these data suggest a potential deleterious role for Axl during primary immune responses directed against A. fumigatus and novel therapeutic strategy for IPA.
An investigation of Mathematical Literacy assessment supported by an application of Rasch measurement
Authors: Long Caroline , Bansilal Sarah , Debba Rajan
Published: August 2014

Mathematical Literacy (ML) is a relatively new school subject that learners study in the final 3 years of high school and is examined as a matric subject. An investigation of a 2009 provincial examination written by matric pupils was conducted on both the curriculum elements of the test and learner performance. In this study we supplement the prior qualitative investigation with an application of Rasch measurement theory to review and revise the scoring procedures so as to better reflect scoring intentions. In an application of the Rasch model, checks are made on the test as a whole, the items and the learner responses, to ensure coherence of the instrument for the particular reference group, in this case Mathematical Literacy learners in one high school. In this article, we focus on the scoring of polytomous items, that is, items that are scored 0, 1, 2 … m. We found in some instances indiscriminate mark allocations, which contravened assessment and measurement principles. Through the investigation of each item, the associated scoring logic and the output of the Rasch analysis, rescoring was explored. We report here on the analysis of the test prior to rescoring, the analysis and rescoring of individual items and the post rescore analysis. The purpose of the article is to address the question: How may detailed attention to the scoring of the items in a Mathematical Literacy test, through theoretical investigation and the application of the Rasch model, contribute to a more informative and coherent outcome?
Food for Thought: The Process of Bringing a Universal Medical Curriculum to the Plate – Part I of III
Authors: McGuffin Aaron M.
Published: August 2014

There is currently no universally accepted core collection of competencies or medical education material for medical students. Individual medical schools create their own competencies and set of educational material using a variety of approaches.

What has resulted is a medical education system wherein medical students are trained without any burden of proof that they are indeed competent in agreed upon areas of knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors befit of a graduating medical student.

In fact, the only uniform assurance a member of the public in the United States can have for a graduating allopathic medical student is that the student has successfully passed USMLE Step 1 and 2 by correctly answering a rumored 55–65% of questions correctly (yes, that is an F) and that they have maintained at least a “C” average or “Pass” equivalent in all of their medical school courses.

This article discusses these inadequacies within the current medical education system, and the need to standardize the competencies and curricula for all medical schools through a narrative disclosing this author's experience with trying to initiate such a movement at his own medical school.
Elevation of Serum B-Cell Activating Factor Levels During Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Goto Yasuyuki , Omachi Satoko , Sanjoba Chizu , Matsumoto Yoshitsugu
Published: August 2014

Elevation of serum B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is one of the characteristics of immunological disorders, including autoimmunity, but the levels of BAFF in infectious diseases have not been studied well. Here, we showed the elevation of serum BAFF in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The mean serum BAFF value in VL patients (4.65 ng/mL) was 4.3 times higher than that of healthy controls (1.08 ng/mL), and 90% of VL patients showed serum BAFF above the cutoff that was calculated as the mean + 3 SDs of the controls. This report is the first on elevation of serum BAFF during VL.
Antivenomic Characterization of Two Antivenoms Against the Venom of the Taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus, from Papua New Guinea and Australia
Authors: Herrera María , Paiva Owen K. , Pagotto Ana Helena , Segura Álvaro , Serrano Solange M. T. , Vargas Mariángela , Villalta Mauren , Jensen Simon D. , León Guillermo , Williams David J. , Gutiérrez José María
Published: August 2014

Antivenoms manufactured by bioCSL Limited (Australia) and Instituto Clodomiro Picado (Costa Rica) against the venom of the taipan snakes (Oxyuranus scutellatus) from Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG), respectively, were compared using antivenomics, an analytical approach that combines proteomics with immunoaffinity chromatography. Both antivenoms recognized all venom proteins present in venom from PNG O. scutellatus, although a pattern of partial recognition was observed for some components. In the case of the Australian O. scutellatus venom, both antivenoms immunorecognized the majority of the components, but the CSL antivenom showed a stronger pattern of immunoreactivity, which was revealed by the percentage of retained proteins in the immunoaffinity column. Antivenoms interacted with taipoxin in surface plasmon resonance. These observations on antivenomics agree with previous neutralization studies.
Center za pedagoško izobraževanje Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani – »starosta« med ponudniki dopolnilnega izobraževanja
Authors: Gruden Urška , Hojker Mihaela , Hrovat Luka , Lah Meta
Published: August 2014

V okviru univerz se razvija več služb in oddelkov, ki ponujajo izobraževalne programe za odrasle. Na posameznih fakultetah obstajajo samostojne enote za nadaljnje izobraževanje, vseživljenjsko učenje ali profesionalno spopolnjevanje. Nekatere od njih imajo že dolgo tradicijo. Med njimi je tudi Center za pedagoško izobraževanje Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani (CPI), ki je bil ustanovljen marca 1978 kot strokovno in organizacijsko središče za razvijanje in spodbujanje različnih dejavnosti, ki pripomorejo k usposobljenosti učiteljev na vseh ravneh izobraževanja.
Kelava, Polona (ur.): Neformalno učenje? Kaj pa je to? (Pedagoški inštitut, 2013)
Authors: Vrečer Natalija
Published: August 2014

Publikacija Neformalno učenje? Kaj pa je to? je znanstvena monografija, ki predstavlja neformalno učenje z vidika več znanstvenih disciplin. Avtorji prispevkov Polona Kelava, Tadej Vidmar, Janez Kolenc Gregorič, Taja Kramberger, Bojan Žalec, Drago B. Rotar, Petra Javrh, Helena Žnidarič, Barbara Kunčič Krapež in Marko Radovan tako področje obravnavajo z vidika antropologije, sociologije, pedagogike in andragogike ter filozofije. Monografija o neformalnem učenju je sicer eden izmed rezultatov temeljnega raziskovalnega projekta Pedagoškega inštituta z naslovom Antropološki vidiki neformalnega pridobivanja znanj (2011–2014), ki ga je vodil žal danes pokojni dr. Janez Kolenc Gregorič, po njegovi smrti pa je vodstvo projekta prevzel dr. Igor Ž. Žagar.
Primerjalna analiza korporativnih akademij v slovenskem gospodarstvu
Authors: Šuligoj Metod , Turčić Lucija
Published: August 2014

V članku avtorja najprej predstavita teoretični okvir in koncept korporativne akademije, pri čemer pojasnita tudi funkcijo in načine merjenja uspešnosti korporativnih akademij. S primerjalno analizo sedmih korporativnih akademij iz Slovenije in ene iz tujine ugotavljata, da zaradi splošne krize večina zmanjšuje število zaposlenih in število ur izobraževanja ter krči letna vlaganja v izobraževanje. Pri analiziranih podjetjih sta še ugotavljala, na katere načine merijo uspešnost svojih akademij, pri čemer sta kompleksnejše pristope zasledila le pri tujem podjetju. Velika večina analiziranih podjetij ocenjuje vzpostavitev korporativne akademije kot popolnoma upravičeno, saj dosega poslovne cilje podjetja, kar kaže, da je v podjetjih zaznana kultura znanja.
Najstvo in kajstvo - Človeški viri v Sloveniji danes, jutri in leta 2020
Authors: Beltram Peter
Published: August 2014

V prispevku je pokazano, da časovni horizont, v katerega so naravnani planski dokumenti javnega odločanja, ni primerno postavljen. Po eni strani je predolg, saj predpostavlja, da je zunaj neposrednega vpliva trenutne situacije, po drugi strani pa prekratek, da bi omogočal učinkovanje opredeljenih ukrepov. Oba vidika pa pomenita, da je tako načrtovanje lahko tudi škodljivo, saj omejuje možnosti sprotnega odziva na delujoče procese.
Online measurements of water-soluble organic acids in the gas and aerosol phase from the photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
Authors: Praplan A. P. , Hegyi-Gaeggeler K. , Barmet P. , Pfaffenberger L. , Dommen J. , Baltensperger U.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The formation of organic acids during photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) in the presence of NOx was investigated with an online ion chromatography (IC) instrument coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) at the Paul Scherrer Institute's smog chamber. Gas and aerosol phase were both sampled. Molecular formulas were attributed to 12 compounds with the help of high-resolution MS data from filter extracts (two compounds in the gas phase only, two in the aerosol phase only and eight in both). Seven of those species could be identified: formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, butanoic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid and methylmaleic acid. While the organic acid fraction present in the aerosol phase does not strongly depend on the precursor concentration (6 to 20%), the presence of SO2 reduces this amount to less than 3% for both high and low precursor concentration scenarios. A large amount of acetic acid was injected during one experiment after aerosol formation, but no increase of acetic acid particle concentration could be observed. This indicates that the unexpected presence of volatile organic acids in the particle phase might not be due to partitioning effects, but to reactive uptake or to sampling artefact.
Observation and modelling of HOx radicals in a boreal forest
Authors: Hens K. , Novelli A. , Martinez M. , Auld J. , Axinte R. , Bohn B. , Fischer H. , Keronen P. , Kubistin D. , Nölscher A. C. , Oswald R. , Paasonen P. , Petäjä T. , Regelin E. , Sander R. , Sinha V. , Sipilä M. , Taraborrelli D. , Tatum Ernest C. , Williams J. , Lelieveld J. , Harder H.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Measurements of OH and HO2 radicals were conducted in a pine-dominated forest in southern Finland during the HUMPPA-COPEC-2010 (Hyytiälä United Measurements of Photochemistry and Particles in Air – Comprehensive Organic Precursor Emission and Concentration study) field campaign in summer 2010. Simultaneous side-by-side measurements of hydroxyl radicals were conducted with two instruments using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), indicating small systematic disagreement, OHLIF / OHCIMS = (1.31 ± 0.14). Subsequently, the LIF instrument was moved to the top of a 20 m tower, just above the canopy, to investigate the radical chemistry at the ecosystem–atmosphere interface. Comprehensive measurements including observations of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the total OH reactivity were conducted and analysed using steady-state calculations as well as an observationally constrained box model. Production rates of OH calculated from measured OH precursors are consistent with those derived from the steady-state assumption and measured total OH loss under conditions of moderate OH reactivity. The primary photolytic sources of OH contribute up to one-third to the total OH production. OH recycling, which occurs mainly by HO2 reacting with NO and O3, dominates the total hydroxyl radical production in this boreal forest. Box model simulations agree with measurements for hydroxyl radicals (OHmod. / OHobs. = 1.00 ± 0.16), while HO2 mixing ratios are significantly under-predicted (HO2mod. / HO2obs. = 0.3 ± 0.2), and simulated OH reactivity does not match the observed OH reactivity. The simultaneous under-prediction of HO2 and OH reactivity in periods in which OH concentrations were simulated realistically suggests that the missing OH reactivity is an unaccounted-for source of HO2. Detailed analysis of the HOx production, loss, and recycling pathways suggests that in periods of high total OH reactivity there are additional recycling processes forming OH directly, not via reaction of HO2 with NO or O3, or unaccounted-for primary HOx sources. Under conditions of moderate observed OH reactivity and high actinic flux, an additional RO2 source of approximately 1 × 106 molec cm−3 s−1 would be required to close the radical budget. Nevertheless, a major fraction of the OH recycling occurs via the reaction of HO2 with NO and O3 in this terpene-dominated environment.
Investigation of the "elevated heat pump" hypothesis of the Asian monsoon using satellite observations
Authors: Wonsick M. M. , Pinker R. T. , Ma Y.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The "elevated heat pump" (EHP) hypothesis has been a topic of intensive research and controversy. It postulates that aerosol-induced anomalous mid- and upper-tropospheric warming in the Himalayan foothills and above the Tibetan Plateau leads to an early onset and intensification of Asian monsoon rainfall. This finding is primarily based on results from a NASA finite-volume general circulation model run with and without radiative forcing from different types of aerosols. In particular, black carbon emissions from sources in northern India and dust from Western China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Thar Desert, and the Arabian Peninsula drive the modeled anomalous heating. Since the initial discussion of the EHP hypothesis in 2006, the aerosol–monsoon relationship has been investigated using various modeling and observational techniques. The current study takes a novel observational approach to detect signatures of the "elevated heat pump" effect on convection, precipitation, and temperature for contrasting aerosol content years during the period of 2000–2012. The analysis benefits from unique high-resolution convection information inferred from Meteosat-5 observations as available through 2005. Additional data sources include temperature data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis and the European Reanalysis (ERA-Interim) precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), aerosol optical depth from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and aerosol optical properties from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) aerosol reanalysis. Anomalous upper-tropospheric warming and the early onset and intensification of the Indian monsoon were not consistently observed during the years with high loads of absorbing aerosols. Possibly, model assumptions and/or unaccounted semi-direct aerosol effects caused the disagreement between observed and hypothesized behavior.
Observational estimates of detrainment and entrainment in non-precipitating shallow cumulus
Authors: Norgren M. S. , Small J. D. , Jonsson H. H. , Chuang P. Y.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Vertical transport associated with cumulus clouds is important to the redistribution of gases, particles and energy, with subsequent consequences for many aspects of the climate system. Previous studies have suggested that detrainment from clouds can be comparable to the updraft mass flux, and thus represents an important contribution to vertical transport. In this study, we describe a new method to deduce the amounts of gross detrainment and entrainment experienced by non-precipitating cumulus clouds using aircraft observations. The method utilizes equations for three conserved variables: cloud mass, total water and moist static energy. Optimizing these three equations leads to estimates of the mass fractions of adiabatic mixed-layer air, entrained air and detrained air that the sampled cloud has experienced. The method is applied to six flights of the CIRPAS Twin Otter during the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS) which took place in the Houston, Texas region during the summer of 2006 during which 176 small, non-precipitating cumulus were sampled. Our analysis suggests that, on average, these clouds were comprised of 30 to 70% mixed-layer air, with entrained air comprising most of the remainder. The mass fraction of detrained air was less than 2% for a majority of the clouds, although 15% of them did exhibit detrained air fractions larger than 10%. Entrained and detrained air mass fractions both increased with altitude, and the largest detrainment events were almost all associated with air that was at their level of neutral buoyancy, findings that are consistent with previous studies.
A rapid deployment instrument network for temporarily monitoring volcanic SO2 emissions – a case study from Telica volcano
Authors: Conde V. , Nilsson D. , Galle B. , Cartagena R. , Muñoz A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Volcanic gas emissions play a crucial role in describing geophysical processes; hence, measurements of magmatic gases such as SO2 can be used as tracers prior to and during volcanic crises. Different measurement techniques based on optical spectroscopy have provided valuable information when assessing volcanic crises. This paper describes the design and implementation of a network of spectroscopic instruments based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) for remote sensing of volcanic SO2 emissions, which is robust, portable and can be deployed in relatively short time. The setup allows the processing of raw data in situ even in remote areas with limited accessibility, and delivers pre-processed data to end users in near real time, even during periods of volcanic crisis, via a satellite link. In addition, the hardware can be used to conduct short-term studies of volcanic plumes in remote areas. We describe here tests of the network at Telica, an active volcano located in western Nicaragua, during three different measurement periods, including an eruptive crisis. The tests produced what is so far the largest data set of continuous SO2 flux measurements at this volcano. The measurements show that, during the period 2010–2013, the flux averages approximately 100 tons per day (t day−1).
O ecologismo dos pobres
Authors: ALIER Juan Martinez
Published: August 2014

O ecologísmo tem colocado em cheque as leis capitalistas de mercado, principalmente na sua fase globalizada, devido à apropriação e exploração inconsequente dos recursos naturais. Ao mesmo tempo tem apontado que o meio ambiente não se reduz ao tratamento somente cientifico da natureza. O presente artigo ressalta aspectos importantes do ecologísmo como a participação das mulheres, o marxismo, o neo-narodnismo, etc. e é rico em exemplos de problemas ambientais decorrentes das relações de produção. O ecologísmo dos pobres é apontado como uma perspectiva necessária às lutas ambientais no Terceiro Mundo.
Geografia e imaginário na Idade Média
Authors: CARVALHO Márcia Siqueira de
Published: August 2014

As referências geográficas desde o século VI até o século XI tiveram uma base comum na Antiguidade Clássica. Entretanto, alguns elementos gregos foram sendo retirados paulatinamente por copistas medievais, de acordo com uma estrutura religiosa dominante. As bases clássicas foram constatadas ao lado da "literatura de viagens" e da "literatura de maravilhas", e esses seus elementos, por vezes, estavam presentes em obras básicas (i.e. Plínio, o Velho). Mitos geográficos, países, raças e coisas maravilhosas forma sendo reproduzidas durante a Idade Média até o Renascimento enquanto Pensamento Geográfico, formando uma Geografia e uma Cartografia de lugares maravilhosos mesclada a uma ótica mais realista da Geografia.
Padrões de relevo no médio rio Açungui-PR
Authors: CANALI Naldy Emerson , OKA-FIORI Chisato
Published: August 2014

O estudo e mapeamento dos padrões de relevo é uma ferramenta básica na caracterização físico-geográfica de uma área com a finalidade de orientar o seu zoneamento ambiental. O aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos da região Norte do Primeiro Planalto Paranaense deve ser precedido de estudos detalhados do meio ambiente, incluindo a geomorfologia. Com este objetivo o estudo dos padrões de relevo do médio curso do rio Açungui identificou um conjunto de sete padrões de relevo, revelando a complexidade da área, relacionada ao forte controle litológico-estrutural.
Os microdesertos edáficos na neopaisagem da Região Noroeste do Estado do Paraná – Brasil, como registro de um novo período geológico (Quinário?)
Authors: MURATORI Ana Maria
Published: August 2014

A região noroeste do Estado do Paraná, no sul do Brasil, foi palco de grandes transformações devido à retirada da cobertura florestal e intensa ocupação agrícola a partir do final da década de 40. Esta atuação humana acelerou processos que passaram a modificar a paisagem existente, determinando condições de desequilíbrio ambiental. Distinguem-se processos relativos à pré-desertificação, na área relativa à cobertura sedimentar arenosa, sob a forma de microdesertos edáficos. Estas condições, por sua vez, induzem a que se aceite a ideia de que a ação antrópica, que interfere nos processos da dinâmica ambiental, estão desenhando a neopaisagem da região e, relacionando- se a um novo período geológico, denominado de Quinário ou Tecnógeno.
CARTOGRAFIA GEOGRÁFICA: ENTRE O “JÁ-ESTABELECIDO” E O “NÃO- MAIS-SUFICIENTE”
Authors: Girardi Gisele
Published: August 2014

“Cartografia Geográfica” designa o campo da formação superior em Geografia que se dedica à cartografia. Ao se considerar as diversas possibilidades de cartografias e espacialidades que coexistem no contemporâneo, propõe-se entender este campo num “entre” o “já-estabelecido” e o “não mais suficiente”. Ambos os domínios, tomados separadamente, podem ser considerados como despotencializadores da cartografia na Geografia. Contudo, no “entre” os dois domínios pode ser situada a pertinência e a riqueza de se fazer e pensar a cartografia na geografia na atualidade. O propósito deste texto é trazer elementos para dar visibilidade ao “entre” mencionado. Parte-se inicialmente de uma discussão sobre a linguagem e sobre os caminhos da semiótica cartográfica que, ao se inspirar na linguística estrutural voltou-se para dentro do mapa (arranjos de signos), imprimindo um modelo fortemente representacional para a cartografia, aqui identificado como o “já-estabelecido”. A seguir são apresentadas ideias de alguns autores contemporâneos que trazem abordagens pós-representacionais, que ressituam a relação entre a ciência (cartografia) e seu objeto (o mapa), pois, face às modificações contemporâneas de entendimento da espacialidade, o “já-estabelecido” passa a ser “não mais suficiente”. Nas considerações finais são delineadas algumas estratégias para se habitar este “entre” como potência criativa para expansão do campo da Cartografia geográfica.
O MAPA COMO CRIAÇÃO DE RESISTÊNCIAS
Authors: Dal Pont Karina Rousseng
Published: August 2014

O presente texto apresenta uma pesquisa em educação em desenvolvimento, cujo tema é o ensino de cartografia e a arte contemporânea. A partir da leitura do livro A descoberta da lentidão, de Stan Nadolny (1989) e do diálogo com as obras Buenos Aires Tour, Jorge Macchi (2004), Body Builders de Alex Flemming (2001) e o vídeo Global Safari (Powered by Google) de Renata Marquez e Wellington Cançado (2009), a arte contemporânea é considerada ferramenta que atua diante das impossibilidades dos mapas. Nesta pesquisa, às formas como a cartografia é ensinada nas escolas, e/ou os aparatos de verdade que a cartografia apresenta nos ambientes de ensino são considerados um problema. Assim, a partir da investigação junto aos processos de criação de artistas contemporâneos que utilizam a base cartográfica como parte de suas obras, experimenta-se o mapa como criação de resistências no sentido deleuziano. O caminho investigativo escolhido foi inventar formas de rasurar os mapas, tratando-o não como fórmulas prontas ou dadas sobre o espaço, mas ir além das suas funções de leitura e comunicação. O texto apresenta uma experiência realizada com professoras em formação da 7ª fase do Curso de Pedagogia da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina pelo centro histórico da cidade de Florianópolis. Trata-se de uma proposta investigativa criada a partir da obra Buenos Aires Tour de Jorge Macchi (2004). O trabalho em andamento deseja abrir o que é aprisionado no ensino de cartografia na escola e busca máquinas de pensar, significar e produzir outros sentidos para a cartografia na educação básica e no ensino superior.
ASPECTOS SOCIOJURÍDICOS DA OCUPAÇÃO SONHO REAL À LUZ DA FORMAÇÃO URBANA DE GOIÂNIA E DOS DIREITOS DA MORADIA
Authors: Hahnemann Allan , De Freitas Cleuton César Ripol
Published: August 2014

O histórico da formação urbana da cidade de Goiânia revela um planejamento em favor de poucos. Assim como nas demais cidades brasileiras, Goiânia possui vários problemas de planejamento urbano – por exemplo, a incrível ausência de um Plano Diretor. O despejo da ocupação Sonho Real, um dos maiores da América Latina, com 14 mil pessoas envolvidas, serve para uma análise sociojurídica da questão dos direitos de moradia em Goiânia. A função social do imóvel, em nenhum requisito, foi observada pelos ditos proprietários tampouco pelos poderes Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário, o que acarretou e vem acarretando graves violações aos direitos humanos de milhares de pessoas. A ausência de uma organicidade de grupo também prejudica na correlação com os “atores” da implementação dos direitos humanos, embora não exclua a responsabilidade estatal.