bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Vinylidenes as Catalytic Species in Organic Reactions
Authors: Trost Barry M. , McClory Andrew
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Immobilized Metal Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Oxidation of Alchols
Authors: Matsumoto Tsutomu , Ueno Masaharu , Wang Naiwei , Kobayashi Shu
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis of the Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Alam Safiul , Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polymers with Protogenic Groups by Polymer‐Analogous Transformations
Authors: Rusanov A. L. , Solodova E. A. , Bulycheva E. G. , Abadie M. , Voitekunas V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Treatment of Dyslipidemia — What′s Left in the Pipeline?
Authors: Rau Oliver , Zettl Heiko , Popescu Laura , Steinhilber Dieter , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Multi‐Target‐Direct Ligands to Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Cavalli Andrea , Bolognesi Maria Laura , Minarini Anna , Rosini Michela , Tumiatti Vincenzo , Recanatini Maurizio , Melchiorre Carlo
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unsaturated Sugars in Enantiospecific Synthesis of Natural Low‐Molecular Bioregulators and Their Structural Analogues
Authors: Tolstikov A. G. , Tolstikov G. A.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Role of Ligand‐Containing Loops at Copper Sites in Proteins
Authors: Dennison Christopher
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Theoretical Calculations of Indirect Spin—Spin Coupling Constants
Authors: Krivdin Leonid B. , Contreras Ruben H.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanistic Organic Photochemistry
Authors: Wirz Jakob
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopic Characterization and Deliberate Modification of a Single Molecule by Tunneling of Electrons
Authors: Woell Christof
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State NMR in Host—Guest Chemistry
Authors: Ripmeester John A. , Ratcliffe Christopher I.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Photochemistry: Organic Molecules Within Nanocavities of Calixarenes
Authors: Ferreira Luis F. Vieira , Machado Isabel L. Ferreira
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Protein kinase A RII‐like (R2D2) proteins exhibit differential localization and AKAP interaction
Authors: Newell Amy E. Hanlon , Fiedler Sarah E. , Ruan Jenny M. , Pan Jieyan , Wang P. Jeremy , Deininger Jutta , Corless Christopher L , Carr Daniel W.
Published: April 2008

A‐kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind to protein kinase A (PKA) via an amphipathic helix domain that interacts with a dimerization/docking domain on the regulatory (R) subunit of PKA. Four other mammalian proteins (ROPN1, ASP, SP17, and CABYR) also contain a highly conserved RII dimerization/docking (R2D2) domain, suggesting all four proteins may interact with all AKAPs in a manner similar to RII. All four of these proteins were originally detected in the flagellum of mammalian sperm. In this report, we demonstrate that all four R2D2 proteins are expressed in a wide variety of tissues and three of the proteins SP17, CABYR, and ASP are located in motile cilia of human bronchus and fallopian tubes. In addition, we detect SP17 in primary cilia. We also provide evidence that ROPN1 and ASP bind to a variety of AKAPs and this interaction can be disrupted with anchoring inhibitor peptides. The interaction of SP17 and CABYR with AKAPs appears to be much more limited. None of the R2D2 proteins appears to bind cAMP, a fundamental characteristic of the regulatory subunits of PKA. These observations suggest that R2D2 proteins utilize docking interactions with AKAPs to accomplish their function of regulating cilia and flagella. Based on location, affinity for AKAPs and lack of affinity for cAMP, it appears that each R2D2 protein has a unique role in this process. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origins of endomorphin‐immunoreactive fibers and terminals in different columns of the periaqueductal gray in the rat
Authors: Chen Tao , Hui Rui , Wang Xiao‐Ling , Zhang Ting , Dong Yuan‐Xiang , Li Yun‐Qing
Published: April 2008

Endomorphin 1 (EM1) and endomorphin 2 (EM2) are endogenous ligands for mu‐opioid receptors (MOR). In the central nervous system, EM‐immunoreactive (IR) neuronal cell bodies are located mainly in the hypothalamus and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). EM‐IR fibers and terminals are found widely distributed in many brain areas, including the different columns of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The hypothalamus, NTS, and PAG are closely involved in modulation of vocalization, autonomic and neuroendocrine functions, pain, and defensive behavior through endogenous opioid peptides that bind to the MOR in these regions. Projections exist from both the hypothalamus and the NTS to the PAG. In order to examine whether there are EM1‐ and/or EM2‐ergic projections from the hypothalamus and NTS to the PAG, immunofluorescence histochemistry for EM1 and/or EM2 was combined with fluorescent retrograde tracing. In rats that had Fluoro‐Gold (FG) injected into different columns of the PAG, some of the EM1‐ or EM2‐IR neurons in the hypothalamus, but none in the NTS, were labeled retrogradely with FG. The majority of the EM1/FG and EM2/FG double‐labeled neurons in the hypothalamus were distributed in the dorsomedial nucleus, areas between the dorsomedial and ventromedial nucleus, and arcuate nucleus; a few were also seen in the ventromedial, periventricular, and posterior nucleus. The present results indicate that the EM‐IR fibers and terminals in the PAG originate principally from the hypothalamus. They also suggest that EMs released from hypothalamus‐PAG projecting neurons might mediate or modulate various functions of the PAG through binding to the MOR. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:72–87, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Iron Oxide Thin Films and Nanotubes using Ferrocene and Oxygen as Precursors
Authors: Rooth Ma˚rten , Johansson Anders , Kukli Kaupo , Aarik Jaan , Boman Mats , Hårsta Anders
Published: April 2008

Thin films and nanotubes of iron oxide are deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on Si(100) and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), respectively. Ferrocene, Fe(Cp)2, and oxygen are used as precursors. Successful depositions are carried out in the temperature range 350–500 °C on Si(100), while all depositions on AAO are made at 400 °C. The growth per cycle values are around 0.14 nm on Si(100) in the temperature range 350–500 °C and 0.06 nm on AAO. Below 500 °C, the iron oxide crystallizes as a phase mixture on both types of substrates. One of the phases is identified as the rhombohedral Fe2O3 phase (hematite), but the second phase cannot be unambiguously identified. Above 500 °C, only phase pure hematite is detected. For deposition of nanotubes, in‐house made AAO membranes are used, having an aspect ratio of 30. By etching of the AAO membranes after deposition, free‐standing nanotubes retaining the order of the AAO template can be fabricated.
Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Porphyrin–Polyoxometalate Complexes
Authors: Allain Clémence , Favette Sophie , Chamoreau Lise‐Marie , Vaissermann Jacqueline , Ruhlmann Laurent , Hasenknopf Bernold
Published: April 2008

Two Anderson‐type polyoxomolybdates [FeMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCO(4‐C5H4N)}2]3– and [MnMo6O18{(OCH2)3CNHCO(4‐C5H4N)}2]3– and two Lindqvist‐type polyoxovanadates [V6O13{(OCH2)3CCH2OC(O)(4‐C5H4N)}2]2– and [V6O13{(OCH2)3CNHCO(4‐C5H4N)}2]2– were functionalized with pendant pyridyl groups. The electrochemical analysis revealed reversible redox processes at the heteroatom of the Anderson‐type compounds and at the vanadium atoms in the Lindqvist series. Axial coordination of the polyoxometalate‐grafted pyridyl groups to the metal ion in [Ru(CO)TPP] (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin) and [ZnTPP] yielded polyoxometalate–porphyrin assemblies in solution. Evidence for electronic communication between the polyoxometalate and the porphyrin was established by fluorescence spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry showed the influence of the porphyrin on the redox process of the polyoxometalate and also nucleophilic attack at the porphyrin skeleton by the pendant pyridyl groups. Implications for the construction of supramolecular functional devices based on these components are discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A First Resource‐Efficient and Highly Flexible Procedure for a Four‐Component Synthesis of Dispiropyrrolidines
Authors: Li Ming , Yang Wen‐Long , Wen Li‐Rong , Li Feng‐Qi
Published: April 2008

Two series of dispiropyrrolidine derivatives were successfully synthesized by a tandem Knoevenagel–1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction sequence of isatin or acenaphthylene‐1,2‐dione, sarcosine, 1,3‐indanedione, and an aldehyde without any catalyst. This strategy is not only suitable to aromatic aldehydes but aliphatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes as well. Moreover, this one‐pot, four‐component synthesis of dispiropyrrolidines is the first of its kind, as the dipole azomethine ylide and dipolarophile can be generated in situ. Such a strategy would provide access to a fast one‐pot synthesis of dispiroheterocycles, which are otherwise accessible only through multistep synthesis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
High‐resolution separation of peptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel “focusing”
Authors: Zilberstein Gleb , Korol Leonid , Shlar Ilya , Righetti Pier Giorgio , Bukshpan Shmuel
Published: April 2008

As a follow‐up of our previous report (Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 821–827) on analytical SDS‐PAGE focusing, a refinement of the method for separation of peptides in the small to medium Mr range (0.5–10 kDa) is here reported, based on a shallow gradient of immobilized positive charges (0–10 mM) onto a minimally sieving polyacrylamide gel matrix (4%T, 2.5%C). Unlike conventional SDS‐PAGE, which rarely can achieve the separations of polypeptide chains below a critical value of 10 kDa, the present method can be fine‐tuned to perform such separations even down to a size of only 500 Da. In the case of larger fragments, the major peptide zones are shown, under microscope observation, to be composed by envelops of bands as narrow as 20–100 μm, spaced at regular intervals of 100–150 μm. It is hypothesized that such larger peptides could form complexes with rather small SDS micelles and that such peptide–SDS complexes could differ in charge by just a single negative charge.
Four New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from Ajuga decumbens
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Chun , Qin Song , Guo Yue‐Wei , Krohn Karsten
Published: April 2008

Four new neoclerodane diterpenoids, 15‐epilupulin A (1), 6‐O‐deacetylajugamarin (2), and ajugadecumbenins A (3) and B (4), were isolated from the whole plants of Ajuga decumbens. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical correlations.
Iridoid Glycosides from Gardenia jasminoidesEllis
Authors: Fu Xiao‐Mei , Chou Gui‐Xin , Wang Zheng‐Tao
Published: April 2008

Three new iridoid glycosides, 4″‐O‐[(E)‐p‐coumaroyl]gentiobiosylgenipin (1), 6′‐O‐[(E)‐caffeoyl]deacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester (2), and 6′‐O‐[(E)‐sinapoyl]gardoside (3), together with seven analogues, 4–10, were isolated from the BuOH extract of the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic analyses, including HR‐ESI‐MS, IR, and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and 2D experiments (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), and comparison with known related compounds.
Ring Opening of 2‐(Benzylamino)‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3(4H)‐ones and 2‐Bromo‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3(4H)‐ones
Authors: Ilaš Janez , Kikelj Danijel
Published: April 2008

Substituted 2‐(benzylamino)‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3(4H)‐ones are unstable under alkaline and acidic conditions, undergoing opening of the benzoxazinone ring. 2‐Bromo‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3(4H)‐ones show similar degradation under alkaline conditions, while replacement of Br at C(2) to give 2‐hydroxy‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3(4H)‐ones was observed only under mild alkaline conditions. Mechanisms of ring opening and degradation to 2‐aminophenol derivatives are proposed.
Modified Cyclodextrins as Enantioselective Hosts for Amino Acids
Authors: Kumar Vydyula Pavan , Suryanarayana Iragavarapu , Nageswar Yadavalli Venkata Durga , Rao Kakulapati Rama
Published: April 2008

Two modified β‐cyclodextrins, H‐2 and H‐3, having a flexible appended moiety were studied for the chiral discrimination of the enantiomers of various amino acids by means of fluorescence as signaling option. These hosts quenched the fluorescence intensities of amino acids upon binding. The d‐enantiomers were better recognized by these hosts. The association constants (Ks) and enantioselectivity factors (α) of the host⋅guest complexes were calculated.
A New Diterpenoid and a New Diterpenoid Alkaloid from Aconitum coreanum
Authors: Yang Chun‐Hua , Wang Xia‐Chang , Tang Qing‐Fa , Liu Wen‐Ying , Liu Jing‐Han
Published: April 2008

A new diterpenoid, guan fu diterpenoid A (1), and a new diterpenoid alkaloid, guan fu base S (2), were isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Aconitum coreanum (Lèvl.) Rapaics, together with five known diterpenoid alkaloids guan fu base P, guan fu base R, guan fu base G, guan fu base F, and guan fu base Z. The structures of the two new compounds were elucidated as ent‐kaurane‐16,20‐diol (1) and (11β,13S)‐2,3,15,16‐tetradehydro‐16,17‐dihydrohetisan‐11,13,14‐triol 11,13‐diacetate (2) on the basis of HR‐MS and 2D‐NMR analyses. This is the first report of an ent‐kaurane diterpenoid in Aconitum coreanum.
Flash Vacuum Thermolysis of 4H‐3,1‐Benzoxathiin‐4‐thione: UV‐Photoelectron Spectroscopy Characterization and Quantum Chemistry Studies
Authors: Drewnowski Tomasz , Chrostowska Anna , Leśniak Stanisław , Dargelos Alain , Khayar Saïd
Published: April 2008

The mechanism of the reaction of 4H‐3,1‐benzoxathiin‐4‐thione (3) under flash vacuum thermolysis conditions has been studied by UV‐photoelectron spectra. It was shown that in the first step of the reaction at 400° 3 underwent the Schönberg–Newman–Kwart rearrangement to give 4H‐1,3‐benzodithiin‐4‐one (6). Increasing of the temperature to 650° resulted in the elimination of thioformaldehyde and the formation of benzothiet‐2‐one (1). Subsequent elevation of the temperature prompted presumably the ring opening of 1 to (6‐thioxocyclohexa‐2,4‐dien‐1‐ylidene)methanone (7) (at 680°), which at 700° eliminated CO and underwent a Wolff‐type ring contraction to give (cyclopenta‐2,4‐dien‐1‐ylidene)methanethione (2). UV‐Photoelectron spectra were recorded at different steps of the reaction and analyzed considering the theoretical evaluation of ionization potentials.
Improvement in B1‐inhomogeneity artifacts in the abdomen at 3T MR imaging using a radiofrequency cushion
Authors: Franklin Kendra M. , Dale Brian M. , Merkle Elmar M.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

To determine the impact of a radiofrequency (RF) cushion on abdominal image quality at 3T.

Materials and Methods

Twenty volunteers were scanned on a 3T system with and without the use of an RF cushion. T2‐weighted HASTE and true‐FISP sequences were used for coronal imaging, and each sequence was performed with and without integrated parallel acquisition techniques (iPAT). Additionally, axial T2‐weighted HASTE and true‐FISP imaging without iPAT was performed. The effect on image quality was assessed by subjectively evaluating the presence and severity of RF inhomogeneity artifacts by two independent readers in a side‐by‐side comparison with a 5‐point differential receiver operating characteristics curve.

Results

Both readers considered the quality of HASTE images acquired with the RF cushion to be significantly better in all cases. The quality of true‐FISP images did not benefit significantly from the use of the RF cushion in any case.

Conclusion

The RF cushion significantly improves image quality for abdominal imaging at 3T by reducing or eliminating B1‐inhomogenity artifacts. This improved image quality is seen on turbo spin echo‐based T2‐weighted imaging such as HASTE but does not apply to gradient echo‐based T2‐weighted imaging such as the true‐FISP sequence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computer‐assisted identification of the central sulcus in patients with brain tumors using MRI
Authors: Uwano Ikuko , Kameda Masashi , Inoue Takashi , Nishimoto Hideaki , Fujiwara Shunrou , Hirooka Ryonoshin , Ogawa Akira
Published: April 2008

Purpose

To develop computer‐assisted image processing to identify the central sulcus from the MRI data sets in patients with brain tumors.

Materials and Methods

All MR images were acquired with a 3.0 Tesla scanner by three‐dimensional (3D) spoiled gradient recalled acquisition using the steady state (SPGR) gradient‐echo sequence and short inversion time inversion‐recovery fast spin‐echo sequence. The sulci were extracted automatically from reconstructed two‐dimensional images of the cortical surface of 30 patients with brain tumors, and the extracted sulci were scored according to matching of the accepted anatomical features of the central sulcus. The candidates with the three highest scores were then superimposed on the 3D images. The correct position of the central sulcus was agreed by two senior neurosurgeons and one neuroradiologist.

Results

One of the three candidates corresponded to the central sulcus identified by the manual segmentation method for all 60 affected and unaffected hemispheres in the 30 patients. The candidate with the highest score coincided with the central sulcus in 26 of the 28 unaffected hemispheres and in 28 of the 32 affected hemispheres.

Conclusion

The proposed method of computer‐assisted image processing can provide accurate guidance to identifying the central sulcus in patients with brain tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract from the bark ofChamaecyparis obtusavar.formosana
Authors: Marimuthu Palanisamy , Wu Chi‐Lin , Chang Hui‐Ting , Chang Shang‐Tzen
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND:Chamaecyparis obtusavar.formosana(Taiwan hinoki) is an endemic conifer in Taiwan and the purpose of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of various fractions obtained from the bark of this plant material. The ethanolic extract of the bark was sequentially separated into three fractions, includingn‐hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol soluble fractions, by liquid–liquid partition. Then the antioxidant activities of crude extract and three fractions along with 13 subfractions obtained from the ethyl acetate (EA) soluble fraction were tested for several antioxidant assays.

RESULTS:The total phenolic content of the samples varied from 27.71 to 102.86 mg GAE g−1dry weight for fractions, and from 49.94 to 206.46 mg GAE g−1for subfractions (where GAE is milligrams of gallic acid per gram of extract). The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) ranged from 0.15 to 0.26 mmol L−1Trolox equivalents. The EA soluble fraction was found to be the best antioxidant‐rich fraction in terms of DPPH and reducing power assays. With further data analysis it was found that there was a positive correlation between the total phenolic content of extracts and TEAC isR2= 0.61.

CONCLUSION:Results from various antioxidant assays showed that the EA fraction possessed strong antioxidant activity. This would provide additional information about the antioxidant activity of bark extract of this plant species. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of nitrogen application on malt modification and dimethyl sulfide precursor production in two Japanese barley cultivars
Authors: Nanamori Masahito , Kanatani Ryoichi , Kihara Makoto , Kawahara Kazumitsu , Hayashi Katsuhiro , Watanabe Toshihiro , Shinano Takuro , Osaki Mitsuru
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND: Nitrogenous components have a great influence on both malt and beer qualities. Barley storage proteins are degraded during the germination process, in which amino acids and small peptides are released. Some of these compounds relate to dimethyl sulfide precursor production in the malting process. In this study, barley and malt qualities were investigated using two Japanese barley cultivars, Sukai Golden and Mikamo Golden, with several different nitrogen (N) treatments.

RESULTS: Nitrogen top‐dressing treatments efficiently increased N and sulfur (S) concentrations in grains. A difference in malt modification was induced by these treatments without any change in protease activity in malts. S‐Methyl methionine (SMM) concentration in malt of Sukai Golden with low‐N treatment was 1.8–2.1 times higher than that with higher‐N treatments. Methionine concentration in malts was not significantly affected by N treatments of both cultivars, while grain S level was not consistent under any treatments.

CONCLUSION: Results show that low‐N treatment increases SMM concentration in malts despite major S‐containing amino acids of malts being not highly affected by the difference in nutrient status of grains. Further investigations are necessary into aspects of both metabolic profiles in barley germination and SMM degradation in the kilning process. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Stakeholder perspectives on the European Union tourism policy framework and their preferences on the type of involvement
Authors: Anastasiadou Constantia
Published: April 2008

Despite a growing body of literature on regional trading agreements and tourism, little empirical evidence exists on how tourism policy is formulated at the supranational level. The study focuses on the European Union and employs stakeholder interviews to construct the institutional environment for tourism and to identify potential areas for involvement in tourism. Four different approaches are identified ranging from maintaining the status quo to a common tourism policy. It is concluded that because of the complexities of the institutional environment for tourism and the diversity of opinion among stakeholders, a significant change in the status quo is unlikely to happen. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cruising, freighter‐style: a phenomenological exploration of tourist recollections of a passenger freighter travel experience
Authors: Szarycz Gregory S.
Published: April 2008

Opportunities to participate in freighter cruises, which use cargo ships outfitted with a small number of passenger cabins, have been growing in recent years. In order to better understand the experiential characteristics of this phenomenon, 22 respondents were selected to take part in a phenomenological study based on their recollections of the activity. The respondents discussed the issues of remoteness and the often limited tourism facilities they were able to access during their travels. Mostly though, they reflected on friendships made, opportunities for learning and places visited as being an important and enjoyable part of the freighter cruise experience. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastohydrodynamic study of vegetable oil–polyalphaolefin blends
Authors: Bantchev Grigor , Biresaw Girma
Published: April 2008

Two polyalphaolefins, of higher and lower viscosity than vegetable oils, were used to make binary blends of varying compositions with soy bean and canola oils. The pure oils and the blends were used in viscosity and film thickness investigations. The effects of composition and temperature on viscosity were found to agree well with the theoretical predictions of a simple mixing law. The film thicknesses of the various blends under elastohydrodynamic conditions were measured at 20 N load, and varying entrainment speeds and temperatures. From the data, pressure–viscosity coefficients, α, as a function composition and temperature were obtained. The resulting α values were compared with theoretical predictions. Experimental values of α as a function of composition showed a slight negative or no deviation from the values predicted by an ideal mixing model. On the other hand, experimental values of α displayed a mild decrease with increasing temperature, while the model predicted a sharp decrease with increasing temperature. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the Influence of Processing Conditions on the Supramolecular Structure and Antioxidant Distribution in PP‐Pipes Using Infrared Microscopy
Authors: Brüll Robert , Geertz Guru , Kothe Hans , Macko Tibor , Rudschuck Michael , Wenzel Mirko , Engelsing Kurt , Wüst Jürgen , Bastian Martin
Published: April 2008

The supramolecular structure in pipe walls of isotactic PP‐R is a function of compound composition and processing parameters, which both influence the mechanical properties of the pipes. µFTIR shows a gradient of the crystallinity across the pipe wall, with a lower‐crystalline outer layer, and a higher‐crystalline core layer. The rate of extrusion has an influence on the thickness of the outer layer. The nucleating effect on the morphological profile throughout the pipe wall can be visualised. µFTIR shows a homogeneous distribution of the primary antioxidant in the pipe wall. Both the spectral crystallinity and the antioxidant concentration distribution are calculated.

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Polynomial stability without polynomial decay of the relaxation function
Authors: Tatar Nasser‐eddine
Published: April 2008

We consider a linear viscoelastic problem and prove polynomial asymptotic stability of the steady state. This work improves previous works where it is proved that polynomial decay of solutions to the equilibrium state occurs provided that the relaxation function itself is polynomially decaying to zero. In this paper we will not assume any decay rate of the relaxation function. In case the kernel has someflatzones then we prove polynomial decay of solutions provided that these flat zones are nottoo big. If the kernel is strictly decreasing then there is no need for this assumption. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast mapping of myocardial blood flow with MR first‐pass perfusion imaging
Authors: Goldstein Thomas A. , Jerosch‐Herold Michael , Misselwitz Bernd , Zhang Haosen , Gropler Robert J. , Zheng Jie
Published: April 2008

Accurate and fast quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) with MR first‐pass perfusion imaging techniques on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis remains difficult due to relatively long calculation times and noise‐sensitive algorithms. In this study, Zierler's central volume principle was used to develop an algorithm for the calculation of MBF with few assumptions on the shapes of residue curves. Simulation was performed to evaluate the accuracy of this algorithm in the determination of MBF. To examine our algorithm in vivo, studies were performed in nine normal dogs. Two first‐pass perfusion imaging sessions were performed with the administration of the intravascular contrast agent Gadomer at rest and during dipyridamole‐induced vasodilation. Radiolabeled microspheres were injected to measure MBF at the same time. MBF measurements in dogs using MR methods correlated well with the microsphere measurements (R2 = 0.96, slope = 0.9), demonstrating a fair accuracy in the perfusion measurements at rest and during the vasodilation stress. In addition to its accuracy, this method can also be optimized to run relatively fast, providing potential for fast and accurate myocardial perfusion mapping in a clinical setting. Magn Reson Med, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Full‐brain coverage and high‐resolution imaging capabilities of passband b‐SSFP fMRI at 3T
Authors: Lee Jin Hyung , Dumoulin Serge O. , Saritas Emine U. , Glover Gary H. , Wandell Brian A. , Nishimura Dwight G. , Pauly John M.
Published: April 2008

Passband balanced‐steady‐state free precession (b‐SSFP) fMRI is a recently developed method that utilizes the passband (flat portion) of the b‐SSFP off‐resonance response to measure MR signal changes elicited by changes in tissue oxygenation following increases in neuronal activity. Rapid refocusing and short readout durations of b‐SSFP, combined with the relatively large flat portion of the b‐SSFP off‐resonance spectrum allows distortion‐free full‐brain coverage with only two acquisitions. This allows for high‐resolution functional imaging, without the spatial distortion frequently encountered in conventional high‐resolution functional images. Finally, the 3D imaging compatibility of the b‐SSFP acquisitions permits isotropic‐voxel‐size high‐resolution acquisitions. In this study we address some of the major technical issues involved in obtaining passband b‐SSFP‐based functional brain images with practical imaging parameters and demonstrate the advantages through breath‐holding and visual field mapping experiments. Magn Reson Med, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local excitation black blood imaging at 3T: Application to the carotid artery wall
Authors: Bornstedt Axel , Bernhardt Peter , Hombach Vinzenz , Kamenz Joachim , Spiess Jochen , Subgang Anne , Rasche Volker
Published: April 2008

A novel approach for imaging large sections of the carotid artery wall at isotropic spatial resolution is presented. Local excitation by means of 2D excitation pulses was combined with a diffusion‐prepared segmented steady‐state black‐blood gradient echo technique enabling the assessment of the carotid arterial wall over a range of up to 15 cm. The carotid arteries of five healthy volunteers were imaged with the proposed technique. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), wall‐lumen contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), and vessel dimensions were assessed and compared to conventional excitation techniques. In all experiments black‐blood contrast could be realized over the covered carotid arteries with similar SNR and CNR as the conventional technique covering the region of the bulbus only. The proposed technique enables the time‐efficient coverage of the carotid arteries without compromising wall‐lumen CNR and geometrical accuracy. Furthermore, the proposed technique appears to be less sensitive to motion and swallowing artifacts due to the local character of the excitation. Magn Reson Med, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ℋ︁2 suboptimal estimation and control for nonnegative dynamical systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Chellaboina Vijaysekhar , Gholami Behnood
Published: April 2008

Linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) provide a powerful design framework for linear control problems. In this paper, we use LMIs to develop ℋ︁2 (sub)optimal estimators and controllers for nonnegative dynamical systems. Specifically, we formulate a series of generalized eigenvalue problems subject to a set of LMI constraints for designing ℋ︁2 suboptimal estimators, static controllers, and dynamic controllers for nonnegative dynamical systems. The resulting ℋ︁2 suboptimal controllers guarantee that the closed‐loop plant system states remain in the nonnegative orthant of the state space. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic and immunophenotypical characterization of pure micropapillary carcinomas of the breast
Authors: Marchiò C , Iravani M , Natrajan R , Lambros MB , Savage K , Tamber N , Fenwick K , Mackay A , Senetta R , Palma S Di , Schmitt FC , Bussolati G , Ellis IO , Ashworth A , Sapino A , Reis‐Filho JS
Published: April 2008

Pure invasive micropapillary carcinoma (MPC) is a special histological type that accounts for 0.7–3% of all breast cancers. MPC has a distinctive growth pattern and a more aggressive clinical behaviour than invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC‐NSTs). To define the molecular characteristics of MPCs, we profiled a series of 12 MPCs and 24 grade and oestrogen receptor (ER)‐matched IDC‐NSTs using high‐resolution microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). In addition, we generated a tissue microarray containing a series of 24 MPCs and performed immunohistochemical analysis with ER, PR, Ki‐67, HER2, CK5/6, CK14, CK17, EGFR, topoisomerase‐IIα, cyclin D1, caveolin‐1, E‐cadherin, and β‐catenin antibodies. In situ hybridization probes were employed to evaluate the prevalence of amplification of HER2, TOP2A, EGFR, CCND1, MYC, ESR1, and FGFR1 genes. aCGH analysis demonstrated that MPCs significantly differed from IDC‐NSTs at the genomic level. Gains of 1q, 2q, 4p, 6p, 6q23.2–q27, 7p, 7q, 8p, 8q, 9p, 10p, 11q, 12p, 12q, 16p, 17p, 17q, 19p, 20p, 20q, and 21q, and losses of 1p, 2p, 6q11.1–q16.3, 6q21–q22.1, 9p, 11p, 15q, and 19q were more prevalent in MPCs. High‐level gains/amplifications of 8p12–p11, 8q12, 8q13, 8q21, 8q23, 8q24, 17q21, 17q23, and 20q13 were significantly associated with MPCs. A comparison between 24 MPCs and a series of 48 grade and ER‐matched IDC‐NSTs revealed that high cyclin D1 expression, high proliferation rates, and MYC (8q24) amplification were significantly associated with MPCs. Our results demonstrate that MPCs have distinct histological features and molecular genetic profiles supporting the contention that they constitute a distinct pathological entity. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of inter‐fiber spacing and interfacial adhesion on failure of multi‐fiber model composites: Experiment and numerical analysis
Authors: Li Hongzhou , Jia Yuxi , Luan Shifang , Xiang Qian , Han Charles C. , Mamtimin Geni , Han Yanchun , An Lijia
Published: April 2008

The uniaxial tension experiments on glass‐fiber‐reinforced epoxy matrix composites reveal that the fragmentations of fibers display vertically aligned fracture, clustered fracture, coordinated fracture, and random fracture with the increase of inter‐fiber spacing. The finite element analysis indicates that the fragmentations of fibers displaying different phenomena are due to the stress concentration as well as the inherent randomness of fiber defects, which is the dominant factor. The experimental results show that matrices adjacent to the fiber breakpoints all exhibit birefringent‐whitening patterns for the composites with different interfacial adhesion strengths. The larger the extent of the interfacial debonding, the less the domain of the birefringent‐whitening patterns. The numerical analysis indicates that the orientation of the matrix adjacent to a fiber breakpoint is caused by the interfacial shear stress, resulting in the birefringent‐whitening patterns. The area of shear stress concentrations decides on the domain of the birefringent‐whitening patterns. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
ToF‐SIMS Imaging of DBD‐Plasma‐Printed Microspots on BOPP Substrates
Authors: Hinze Alena , Klages Claus‐Peter , Zänker Antje , Thomas Michael , Wirth Thomas , Unger Wolfgang E. S.
Published: April 2008

Imaging ToF‐SIMS has been applied to characterize the surface chemistry variations across small areas produced by a DBD‐type plasma printing technique on a BOPP substrate using pure nitrogen and a nitrogen‐hydrogen gas mixture. CH4N+ and CNO− secondary ions are detected with high yields remote from the discharge region. They are discussed to be due to surface modifications of the substrate by metastable gas‐phase species. On the other hand, surface species exist that are preferentially formed by reactions of the substrate with short‐lived species which are only present close to the plasma discharge region. A C3H8O+ secondary fragment ion is assumed to be a key fragment of such a surface species.

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Enhanced oxygen diffusion in Czochralski silicon at 450–650 °C
Authors: Cui Can , Ma Xiangyang , Yang Deren
Published: April 2008

New evidence for the enhanced oxygen diffusion in Czochralski silicon at temperatures ranging from 450 °C to 650 °C has been obtained from oxygen precipitation in prolonged annealing of 750 °C following a variety of pre‐treatments involving slow ramping anneal or single‐step anneal. The two previously proposed fast‐diffusing species of oxygen–vacancy and oxygen–silicon‐interstitial to understand the enhanced oxygen diffusion at low temperatures are questioned. Moreover, the reason as why significant oxygen precipitation can occur at such a low temperature of 750 °C has been elucidated based on the enhanced oxygen diffusion at low temperatures. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging of lipids in rat brain tissue with integrated unsupervised and supervised multivariant statistical analysis
Authors: Trim Paul J. , Atkinson Sally J. , Princivalle Alessandra P. , Marshall Peter S. , West Andrew , Clench Malcolm R.
Published: April 2008

To date matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) analysis has been largely concerned with mapping the distribution of known analytes in tissues. An important step in the progression of its applications is the determination of unknown variants for metabolite and protein profiling in both clinical studies and studies of disease. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical approach which can be used as a means of determining latent variables in multivariate data sets. In the work reported here, PCA, in both unsupervised and supervised modes, has been used to differentiate brain regions based on their lipid composition determined by MALDI‐MSI. PCA has been shown to be useful in the determination of hidden variables between spectra taken from six regions of brain tissue. It is possible to identify ions of interest from the loadings plot which are likely to be more prominent in the different regions of the brain and thus differentiating between white and grey matter. It is also possible to distinguish between the grey Cerebellar Cortex and the Hippocampal formation, due to the grey Cerebellar Cortex having a positive PC2 and the Hippocampal formation having a negative PC2 score; this is only possible in supervised PCA with this data set because with unsupervised PCA the two regions overlap. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of metal‐nicotianamine complexes as affected by pH, ligand exchange with citrate and metal exchange. A study by electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Rellán‐Álvarez Rubén , Abadía Javier , Álvarez‐Fernández Ana
Published: April 2008

Nicotianamine (NA) is considered as a key element in plant metal homeostasis. This non‐proteinogenic amino acid has an optimal structure for chelation of metal ions, with six functional groups that allow octahedral coordination. The ability to chelate metals by NA is largely dependent on the pK of the resulting complex and the pH of the solution, with most metals being chelated at neutral or basic pH values. In silico calculations using pKa and pK values have predicted the occurrence of metal‐NA complexes in plant fluids, but the use of soft ionization techniques (e.g. electrospray), together with high‐resolution mass spectrometers (e.g. time‐of‐flight mass detector), can offer direct and metal‐specific information on the speciation of NA in solution. We have used direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (time‐of‐flight) ESI‐MS(TOF) to study the complexation of Mn, Fe(II), Fe(III), Ni, Cu by NA. The pH dependence of the metal‐NA complexes in ESI‐MS was compared to that predicted in silico. Possible exchange reactions that may occur between Fe‐NA and other metal micronutrients as Zn and Cu, as well as between Fe‐NA and citrate, another possible Fe ligand candidate in plants, were studied at pH 5.5 and 7.5, values typical of the plant xylem and phloem saps. Metal‐NA complexes were generally observed in the ESI‐MS experiments at a pH value approximately 1–2 units lower than that predicted in silico, and this difference could be only partially explained by the estimated error, approximately 0.3 pH units, associated with measuring pH in organic solvent‐containing solutions. Iron‐NA complexes are less likely to participate in ligand‐ and metal‐exchange reactions at pH 7.5 than at pH 5.5. Results support that NA may be the ligand chelating Fe at pH values usually found in phloem sap, whereas in the xylem sap NA is not likely to be involved in Fe transport, conversely to what occurs with other metals such as Cu and Ni. Some considerations that need to be addressed when studying metal complexes in plant compartments by ESI‐MS are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the high‐mass components of humic acid by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Chilom Gabriela , Chilom Ovidiu , Rice James A.
Published: April 2008

Leonardite and Elliot soil humic acids have been analyzed by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS) in the m/z 4000–200 000 range. Positive ion mass spectra for each humic acid obtained under optimum conditions showed a broad high‐mass distribution between m/z 20 000 and 80 000. The dependence of the mass distribution on instrumental parameters and solution conditions was used to investigate the nature of the high‐mass peaks from humic acid spectra. Our data suggests that macromolecular ions and humic acid aggregates have the same probability of occurrence while cluster ion formation has a low probability of occurrence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust fault detection and isolation filter design under sensitivity constraint: An LMI approach
Authors: Armeni Saverio , Casavola Alessandro , Mosca Edoardo
Published: April 2008

This paper deals with the design of a residual generator (RG) for linear time‐invariant systems subject to simultaneous different faults, disturbances and measurement noises. The objective is to design an RG filter that maximizes the transmission from a potential fault to a related residual, while minimizing the ones from nuisances (disturbances, measurement noises and other faults). The isolation of each fault is carried out by designing a bank of RG filters, each one insensitive, as much as possible, to nuisances and capable of detecting the occurrence of its related fault. The design is carried out through ℋ︁∞ filtering techniques under an eigenstructure assignment constraint. Under mild assumptions, the RG filter can be obtained by solving a λ‐parameterized linear matrix inequality optimization problem. A comparison with existing fault detection and isolation (FDI) methods is considered in order to exhibit the relative merits of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the linear limitations by combining switching and QFT: Application to wind turbines pitch control systems
Authors: Garcia‐Sanz Mario , Elso Jorge
Published: April 2008

This paper introduces a methodology to design a family of robust controllers able to go beyond the classical linear limitations. Combining robust designs and stable switching, the new controllers optimize the time response of the system by fast adaptation of the controller parameters during the transient response according to certain rules based on the amplitude of the error. The methodology is based on both a new graphical stability criterion for switching linear systems and the robust quantitative feedback theory (QFT). It is applied to the design of a pitch control system, which is one of the most critical issues in wind turbines, where a tight combination of high reliability (robustness), minimum mechanical fatigue and performance optimization is required. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.