bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shanhaikuan 28May 1644
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

The Manchus were a Mongol population living in northern Manchuria and were descended from the Jurchen Mongols that had invaded China and established the Ch’in dynasty in the twelfth century. After the fall of the Yiian dynasty begun by Kubilai Khan, the Manchus were tributaries to the subsequent Ming dynasty (established in 1368). The Mings oversaw a period of great culture as well as military success in Chinese history, but, as is the nature of empires, later rulers spent more time enjoying their wealth and power than seeing to the business of ruling the country. By the early l 600s, the Mings were subjected to a fairly regular series of rebellions. The Manchus had remained loyal until 1582, when two Manchu officials serving the Ming government, Giocangga and his son Taksi, died in a civil disturbance. Taksi’s son was Nurhachi, and he was determined to avenge his father and grandfather’s death while establishing his people as the next rulers of China. Nurhachi realized that at the time the power disparity between the Manchus and Ming was too great to overcome, so he remained the loyal servant while slowly increasing his influence through marriage and military exploits. Starting in 1599, Nurhachi began campaigning against rival Manchu chieftains and succeeded in gathering almost all of the factions into his camp through conquest or diplomacy. By 1609, he was sufficiently powerful that the Ming government dealt with him as ruler of Manchuria, allowing him local autonomy. Nurhachi organized a system of districts that provided military organization as well as the beginnings of a governmental structure.
Naseby 14June 1645
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Ever since the War of the Roses (1455-1485), the government of England had remained remarkably stable. The king ruled, if not absolutely, then certainly with little restriction on his power. This was possible because he was granted a comfortable income via tariffs and the produce of royally held property. With such an income, taxes were minimal, and the successive monarchs had no need to summon Parliament. As long as they ruled with a minimum of wisdom and did not exceed their incomes, the population was happy. For almost two centuries this was the case, but royal ambitions in the early seventeenth century began to stretch the royal bank accounts, and Parliament needed to be summoned to provide extra monies.
Yorktown September-11 October 1181
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

After the American victory at Saratoga in the autumn of 1777, the fledgling United States was finally recognized by France, followed soon thereafter by Spain and the Netherlands. This recognition, and the alliance that came with it, gave the American rebels the material resources necessary to match the moral resources displayed by such leaders as George Washington.
Prophetstown (Tippecanoe) 1 November 1811
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

The first English settlement that survived on North American soil was at Jamestown, founded in 1607, on the coast of what is now the state of Virginia. Several earlier attempts to found colonies failed, mainly because of the colonists’ lack of foresight in bringing sufficient supplies to last through the harsh American winters. Raised on stories of the fabulous wealth that the Spanish had been looting from Central America since the end of the fifteenth century, the English expected to find the same gold available in North America.
Leipzig (Battle Of The Nations) 16-18 October 1813
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

After Napoleon’s disastrous retreat from Russia at the end of 1812, during which he lost the bulk of the half-million-soldier army with which he invaded, no one in Europe expected him to recover so quickly. He reached Paris well before the news of the Russian fiasco and was able to immediately build another army by robbing future conscription rolls. That meant that most of the enrollees in the new Grande Armee were barely of military age, but they were nonetheless enthusiastic. Napoleon transferred some veterans out of Spain to stiffen the ranks with experienced fighters and then marched east toward the countries that he had long dominated and who were now organizing against him.
San Jacinto 21 April 1836
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Mexico won its independence from Spain in the early 1820s and, desiring to have sufficient population in case of a return of Spanish armies, advertised in the United States for immigrants who could occupy the lightly populated north-eastern province of Texas. Spanish and then Mexican immigration to the area had been unsuccessful because of the aggressive Comanches, so American settlers could not only hold the ground against a potential Spanish invasion but could act as a buffer against the Comanches for the 4,000 Mexican settlers. American settlers led by Stephen F. Austin began arriving in 1823; by 1830, some 20,000 had moved to Texas. At that point, the Mexican government closed the borders, but over the next 3 years another I 0,000 Americans entered Texas illegally, establishing a practice followed to this day (although from a different direction).
Telelkebir 13 September 1882
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Egypt was a key part of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. It gave Turkey, the base of that empire, control over the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Turkey needed all the help it could get, for it was, and had been, a fading power since its naval defeat at the battle of Lepanto in 1571. By the middle of the 1800s, Turkey was regarded throughout the western world as “the sick man of Europe,” grimly hanging on to possessions in the Balkans and beating back periodic Russian attempts to gain control over the Bosporus.
Warsaw J6-25August 1920
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Through its history Poland has been both a region and a nation, often occupied by more powerful neighbors, even more often overrun by one enemy or another bent either on conquering the Poles or passing through on the way to meet another enemy. Like Palestine, Alsace/Lorraine, or a number of other formitously placed pieces of land located near too many rivals, Poland has known more than its fair share of war. In the late eighteenth century, the nation of Poland was divided three times (1772, 1793, 1795) between Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. Overbearing policies imposed by the occupying powers fruitlessly attempted to break Polish spirit, and in the wake of World War I, circumstances seemed right for the Poles to reassert their nationalism. Germany and Russia had fought across Polish territory for almost 4 years, but Russia’s withdrawal from the war after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, followed by Germany’s defeat in November of that year, gave the Poles a stellar opportunity to not only reestablish a nation but to possibly expand their traditional borders and exact a little revenge for more than a century of brutal occupation.
Okinawa I April-22june 1945
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

After the U.S. landings at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands in August 1942, the offensives had not stopped. Douglas MacArthur commanded army forces that drove the Japanese from the western Solomons and New Guinea, and then he took aim at the Philippines in September 1944. The Marines had followed a different path toward Japan, capturing scattered Japanese strongholds in an island hopping campaign. That strategy of capturing a few key islands to dominate those surrounding them gave the Americans firm bases to maintain a steady advance through the central Pacific. As MacArthur’s forces were assaulting the Philippines, Marine forces under the command of Admiral Chester Nimitz were consolidating the Marianas. This meant that long-range Boeing B-29 craft could take the war to the home islands with incendiary attacks that destroyed Japanese war production. In February, Americans landed at lwo Jima in the Bonin Islands. Ac chat point, army forces and Marines joined together co merge the two paths at Okinawa.
Israel’s War Of Independence 14 May 1948-7January 1949
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

For almost 2,000 years, the Jews had been without a homeland, the Diaspora beginning in the first century A.D. during Roman occupation. Not until the end of the nineteenth century was the concept of reestablishing a Jewish homeland seriously considered, and organizations dedicated to Zionism (the founding of a Jewish state in the land the Jews had occupied in biblical times) began to blossom in Europe. This was sparked by the publication of The Jewish State,by Austrian journalist Theodore Herzl. Acting through European philanthropists such as Baron de Rothschild, agents bought up some 100,000 acres of land from absentee Arab landlords by 1914, by which time some 60,000 Jews had moved to Palestine. They did so not only in response to Herzl’s book but to escape pogroms in eastern Europe.
Dien Bien Phu 20 November 1953-7 May 1954
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

By the 1890s, the French had established their hegemony over much of the Southeast Asian peninsula, which was called Indochina. The area had long resisted any colonial expansion by China to the north, but the population was unable to maintain their independence in the face of superior French firepower. The French established a colonial administration and introduced to the region the basics of French culture and education. Advancement in the local administration came via literacy in French, so the people that came to dominate local society were educated by the French and often converts to Catholicism. Herein lay the seeds of France’s colonial destruction.
What Is Sociobiology?
Authors: Alcock John
Published: November 2023

This spring morning I climbed to the top of Usery Mountain, which, happily for me, is only a twenty-minute walk up a steep hill in the Sonoran Desert of central Arizona. Once I reached the undulating ridgeline and regained my breath, I walked along the hilltop checking the palverde trees, creosote bushes, and jojobas to see which plants were occupied by males of a locally common tarantula hawk wasp, Hemipepsis ustulata (fig. 1.1). Males of this large, black-bodied, red-winged species dedicate themselves to a life of ritualistic combat over control of entire trees or shrubs, which the males use as lookouts to scan for approaching virgin females of their species.

This morning many familiar males that I had daubed with Liquid Paper or dots of acrylic paint launched themselves from their territorial stations in pursuit of intruding males, and one even had the special pleasure of responding to a receptive female that flew toward his territorial shrub. This male, marked with yellow dots on his thorax and right wing as a result of an earlier encounter with me and my paints, dashed out after the flying female to grasp her in midair. They fell heavily to the ground and mated without preliminaries. As the female walked a short distance forward, the coupled male toppled over, lying on his back with his wings spread on the gravelly soil.
Introduction
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

Are you a singer who would like to be a better performer? Would you like to integrate your singing with believable acting? Are you a teacher who coaches singers how to interpret roles or to become more stageworthy? Acting for Singers can help.
Motivating Your Character’s Actions: Fashioning Objectives and Acting Beats
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

Every character pursues her super-objective with a variety of strategies that generate more immediate goals. Her strategic goal for each scene or stanza is her objective for that section. Each individual strategy she uses to pursue an objective is called an acting beat.
Your Character’s Inner Voice: Fashioning Subtext and an Internal Dialogue
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

As Carmen returns José’s ring at the climax of the opera, she sings, “You once gave me this ring—take it!” Her literal meaning is unambiguous: “Take back your ring.” But what is Carmen saying emotionally? “I hate you? I feel sorry for you? I adore you? I find you repulsive? I want your body?” Should you sing the line sweetly, lovingly, bemusedly, teasingly, thoughtfully, seductively, provocatively, sarcastically, ferociously, tauntingly, disgustedly, or angrily? How can you know?
The South in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon Initiation, Healing, and Home
Authors: Lee Catherine Carr
Published: November 2023

Song of solomon, Toni Morrison’s third novel in an increasingly varied and rich body of work, is a remarkable narrative. The novel’s power lies not only in its recovery and representation of African American experience in the mid-twentieth century but also in Morrison’s insistence on the necessity of healing her broken, alienated protagonist, Milkman Dead. Central to both his maturation and his healing is Milkman’s recognition that the cultural past of the African-American South continues to create his twentieth-century present in ways that are not con straining but liberating. Critics have typically understood Milk man’s growth and his healing in the context of the mythic quest or the classic initiation story.1 To be sure, Morrison’s novel reflects archetypal initiation patterns found throughout Western literature, as Milkman follows a quest, first for gold, then for knowledge about his ancestors.
Evolution of Tailed Phages: Insights from Comparative Phage Genomics
Authors: Brüssow Harald , Desiere Frank
Published: November 2023

Many phage researchers believe that phages are as old as their bacterial hosts. If this hypothesis is true, then we have to postulate elements of vertical evolution for phages. In view of the postulated antiquity of these relationships we might not expect sequence similarities between more distantly related phages. Comparative phage genomics can reveal DNA sequence, protein sequence, or gene map similarities in the absence of sequence similarities between increasingly diverged phages. For even more distant relationships, data from structural biology can be informative. Recent genomics-based ideas on phage evolution are dominated by two interpretations. In one view all doublestranded DNA tailed phage genomes are mosaics with access, by horizontal exchange, to a large common genetic pool, but in which access to the gene pool is not uniform for all phages (22). In this hypothesis horizontal gene transfer dominates over vertical evolution. In fact, it is in some way an updated version of the classical modular theory of phage evolution developed 30 years ago on the basis of heteroduplex mapping with lambdoid coliphages (2, 7). Other investigators studying phages from dairy bacteria observed strong elements of vertical evolution in the structural gene cluster of phages that were not erased by horizontal gene transfer events (5). The two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive since they only set a different balance for horizontal and vertical elements in phage evolution. In the following we will present the basic observations leading to the two hypotheses, search for a synthesis of both concepts, and challenge this unifying view with recent phage sequence data.
Bacteriophage λ and its Genetic Neighborhood
Authors: Hendrix RogerW , Casjens Sherwood
Published: November 2023

A P4 virion is made of a linear, double-stranded, cohesiveended DNA molecule 11.6 kb long that is encapsidated into a tailed, icosahedral protein head (figure 26-1). The genome organization of P4 is diagrammed in figure 26-3A and the known genes and sites are detailed in table 26-1. Upon infection of the E. coli host, P4 DNA circularizes through its cohesive ends. The genetic vegetative map of P4 is circular (8, 27) and reflects the physical structure of the replicating DNA molecule, whereas the integrated prophage genome is a circular permutation of the mature DNA (17a). All the functions required for lysogenic, lytic, and plasmid development are located in the right 80% of the genome and include the origin of replication, ori1 (63), the two main a and sid operons which are transcribed divergently from the ori1 site (26, 30, 50), the prophage integration att site (17a, 78), and the int (integrase) gene in a monocistronic operon located to the left of att.As in many episomal elements, a ‘‘nonessential region’’ that carries functions not related to the P4 life cycle (gop, b, cII; table 26-1) is found adjacent to the att^int integration module (17a, 41). These genes, organized in the two constitutively expressed operons to the left of att^int, may be deleted without affecting lysogenic, lytic, or plasmid development (41, 58).
N15: The Linear Plasmid Prophage
Authors: Ravin Nikolai V
Published: November 2023

The temperate bacteriophage N15 is unique amongEscherichia coliphages in that its prophage is not integratedinto the bacterial chromosome but instead is a linearplasmid molecule with covalently closed ends. Linear plasmidsare very unusual in the Enterobacteria and only twoothers have been reported: phiKO2 in Klebsiella oxytoca(4, 43) and pY54 inYersinia enterocolitica (16). However, suchreplicons are common in the spirochete genus, Borrelia (1).Here I will summarize the most relevant work on phage N15with a special emphasis on the mechanism of replication,telomere formation, and control of lysogeny. Bacteriophage N15 was isolated by Victor Ravin in 1964and was initially studied in Moscow, Russia (13, 33^36, 38,39). N15 belongs to the lambdoid phage family, as suggestedon the basis of cross-hybridization of their DNAs (39), and issimilar to phage λ with respect to the length of the genome,morphology of phage particles and plaques, burst size, latent period, and lysogenization frequency (34) (for moreon lambdoid phages, see chapter 27).
September 27 Gore Vidal’s The Best Man
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Gore Vidal’s 1960 political drama The Best Man-or Gore Vidal’s The Best Man, as it was officially retitled for the occasion - is a rather boxy, old-fashioned play. However, it is well crafted and well written, and in its best moments it makes for crackling entertainment. On the page, but not onstage. At least, not on the stage of the Virginia Theatre. Vidal’s point of departure was Henry James’s novel The Tragic Muse, in which the main characters start at far extremities, cross, and end in opposite positions. “Take a man of exemplary private life, yet monstrous public life;’ explained Vidal back in 1960, “and contrast him to a man of ‘immoral’ private life and exemplary public life.... Make the two men politicians, perhaps fighting one another for the Presidency.
November 15 The Rocky Horror Show
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Broadway underwent a considerable change when Hair opened at the Biltmore Theatre on April 29, 1968. Here, in a bona fide Broadway playhouse, was an attraction very much unlike anything ever seen on Broadway before. Not simply because it was antiwar; or because it was rock-oriented; or because it featured-gasp!-fullfrontal nudity; or because it advocated illegal drug use and intragender, interracial sexual freedom; or because it desecrated the American flag. Simply put, it was a show on Broadway-that most traditional of places -that specifically sought an audience of people who at the time wouldn’t have been caught dead in a Broadway theatre.
February 8 A Connecticut Yankee
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart made their name in May 1925 with the fresh-as-spring revue The Garrick Gaities, which introduced their first song hit, “Manhattan:’ The boys quickly got to work, writing nine full scores in only two and a half years. Times, methinks, have changed. The early work of Rodgers and Hart-most of it in collaboration with longtime friend Herbert Fields as librettist-was typically breezy, lighthearted fun; “collegiate” is how the shows were often described. The ninth show, which opened in November 1927, was their biggest hit to date: a rollicking musicalization of Mark Twain’s 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. (While Mark Twain sounds ancient to us, at that time the novel was only thirty-eight years old. That’s only a little more ancient than the source material for this season’s The Producers.)
March 11 A Class Act
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The Manhattan Theatre Club’s last Broadway hit prior to the 2000-2001 season, as previously related on these pages, had been Love! Valour! Compassion! Terrence McNally’s 1994 play, in fact, had been their only Broadway success of the decade. Things changed -and how-with thestart of the 2000-2001 season. David Auburn’s Proof opened on October 24, 2000, followed by Charles Busch’s The Tale of the Allergist’s Wife on November 2. These two transfers from MTC’s spring 2000 season got the Broadway year off to a happy and healthy start, with both of them recouping their costs within three months (on the way to substantial profits). A third MTC offering, A Class Act, transferred to the Ambassador on March 11, 2001, with a fourththeir coproduction of August Wilson’s King Hedley II-en route to a May 1 opening.
April 1 Stones in His Pockets
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The filming of a Hollywood blockbuster, as seen through the eyes of two extras on location in a provincial Irish village; fifteen characters performed by a cast of two. Stones in His Pockets sounded like it had to be pretty good, or pretty bad. The Irish actors were unknown in America, and the author was unknown, and the director was unknown (except to his wife, the author); still, the show managed to grab a Forty-fifth Street house in the midst of a severe booking jam. So Stones in His Pockets sounded like it had to be pretty good.
April 30 George Gershwin Alone
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

George Gershwin Alone presented a fellow named Hershey Felder playing, singing, and speaking the work and life of George Gershwin from the stage of the Helen Hayes Theatre. When Gershwin himself went on the road in 1934, he was canny enough not to go alone; he took along a conductor (Charles Previn, Andre’s uncle), a thirty-piece band, and tenor James Melton singing cowboy ballads to boot. George, surely, would not have played and sung and talked for eighty minutes straight. (That is, he wouldn’t have done it onstage; in someone’s living room he could go on for hours.) To some, this might imply that Felder alone was better than Gershwin alone. At any rate, Felder’s act was a lot more economical.
“Betcha by Golly, Wow” (1970-1971)
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

As Kenny Gamble And Leon Huff Continued To Struggle With their own record labels, Thom Bell experienced problems of his own. The bloom was coming off the rose as far as his affiliation with the Delfonics was concerned. The group’s second album, released early in 1969, proved disappointing, in both sound and sales. The Sound of Sexy Soul, which was recorded at Cameo-Parkway, had to compete with the fuller-sounding arrangements that were now coming out of Sigma Sound and, as a result, sounded flat and outdated even before it was released. The album’s lone single, “Ready or Not (Here I Come),” barely made Billboard’s Top 40. Bell rushed the Delfonics into Sigma to cut a new single, the up-tempo “Funny Feeling.” But when that song fared even worse than did its predecessor, Bell decided to shake things up. Reverting to the familiar relaxed tempo of “La-La Means I Love You,” he employed a new vocal pattern for the Delfonics, in which Wilbert Hart’s baritone was heard first before it gave way to Poogie’s familiar tenor. In addition, “You Got Yours and I’ll Get Mine” utilized stronger background vocals than did its predecessors. The song cracked the Top 40 that fall, but Bell, who was also working with Gamble and Huff, was preoccupied with Jerry Butler’s forthcoming Ice on Ice album and Archie Bell’s There’s Gonna Be a Showdown album. Furthermore, Bell and Bobby Martin were now involved in arranging and producing a local Philadelphia soul trio called the Intrigues (who scored a hit that summer with the falsetto-led ballad “In a Moment”). Consequently, no album of new Delfonics material emerged in 1969.
Love, Need and Want You” (1983-2001)
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

Philadelphia International Records, after being cut loose by CBS in 1983, was only a shell of what it once had been. The company’s stable of recording artists was depleted and its offices at 309 South Broad Street were shuttered. Philadelphia International was able to keep its profile in the music marketplace by releasing several “best of” albums (by the O’Jays, Teddy Pendergrass, and Lou Rawls) and a handful of compilation albums (Dance Classics, Philly Ballads, et al.). While Gamble and Huff viewed Philadelphia International’s neardormant state as temporary, some fundamental roadblocks stood in the way of any comeback.
“Even Homais Nods”: Nabokov’s Fallibility; or, How to Revise Lolita
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: November 2023

But Coleridge more than once talked of having often dismissed as a fault in Shakespeare what he later saw as a “beauty.” Just as Victor knew what he was doing in choosing this impossible seacoast-and this is probably Nabokov’s particular point-so did Shakespeare in stressing the coast of Bohemia, since it would be hard to find a more landlocked region in Europe. Shakespeare rewrote geography in order to emphasize the fantastic nature of his plot-as he did in choosing The Winter’s Tale for a title and in all the expressions of incredulity at the play’s close-just as for instance he chose to violate history for other ends by fusing classical Rome and Re naissance Italy in Cymbeline.
The Clinical Science Of Neurologic Rehabilitation
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H
Published: November 2023

The Second Edition of this single-authored volume integrates multiple disciplines of basic and clinical research to help clinicians further develop the best possible care for the rehabilitation of patients with neurologic diseases. From the readable descriptions of the structures and functions of pathways for movement and cognition, the reader comes to understand the potential for training induced, pharmacologic, and near-future biologic interventions to enhance recovery. Dr. Dobkin shows how functional neuroimaging serves as a marker for whether physical, cognitive, and neuromodulating therapies work and how they sculpt the plasticity of the brain. Themes, such as how the manipulation of sensory experience can serve as a formidable tool for rehabilitation, run throughout the text, built from the level of the synapse to behaviors such as grasping, walking, and thinking. From illustrating how we may one day repair the brain and spinal cord to how to retrain spared and new pathways, Dr. Dobkin draws insights from a broad swath of fundamental research to give clinicians tools they can translate into bedside practices. The book treats the medical complications and therapeutic approaches to neurologic diseases as an interconnected matrix. The management of common medical issues, impairments, and disabilities are described across diseases. Special problems posed by patients with stroke, myelopathies, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases, and motor unit disorders receive individual comment. Short-term and delayed pulse interventions for patients, along with clinical trials, are dissected and put into perspective. The First Edition of this book was titled Neurologic Rehabilitation. The title has been changed to reflect Dr. Dobkin’s sense that fundamental research now drives the field of neurologic rehabilitation even more than it could in 1996 when the First Edition was published. The Second Edition features entirely new chapters on functional neuroimaging of recovery; neurostimulators and neuroprosteses; integration into the book of many new clinical and neuroscientific observations relevant to the clinician; and extensive updating and expansion of all chapters. Readers, whether clinicians serving the rehabilitation team, or students or researchers in neuroscience, neurology, physical medicine, allied health, or bioengineering, will acquire new insights and tools for creative pursuits that aim to lessen the disabilities of patients.
Streptomyces in Nature and Medicine
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

This is an insider's account of 50 years of genetic studies of the soil-inhabiting microbes that produce most of the antibiotics used to treat infections, as well as anti-cancer, anti-parasitic and immunosuppressant drugs. The book begins by describing how these microbes - the actinomycetes - were discovered in the latter part of the nineteenth century, but remained a 'Cinderella' group until, in the 1940s, they shot to prominence with the discovery of streptomycin, the first effective treatment for tuberculosis and only the second antibiotic after penicillin to become a medical marvel. There followed a massive effort over several decades to find further treatments for infectious diseases and cancer, tempered by the rise of antibiotic resistance consequent on antibiotic misuse and over-use. The book goes on to describe the discovery of gene exchange in the actinomycetes in the context of the rise of microbial genetics in the mid-20th century, leading to determination of the complete DNA sequence of a model member of the group at the turn of the millennium. There follow chapters in which the intricate molecular machinery that adapts the organisms' metabolism and development to life in the soil, including antibiotic production, is illuminated by the DNA blueprint. Then comes an up-to-the minute account of the use of genetic engineering to make novel, hybrid antibiotics and a topical description of techniques to learn the roles of the thousands of genes in a genome sequence, throwing a powerful light on the biology of the organisms and their harnessing for increasing antibiotic prductivity. In the final chapter we return to the mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy, the first actinomycetes to be discovered, and how methodology, in part derived from the study of the streptomycetes, is being applied to understand and control these still deadly pathogens.
Antibiotic Discovery and Resistance
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

The discovery of three potent actinomycete antibiotics in as many years made these microbes a happy hunting ground for further valuable drugs to fight human infections. Only streptomycin was nontoxic enough for medical use, but odds of one in three was still a good bet. After streptomycin’s success, Waksman’s group therefore continued isolating and screening actinomycetes, finding a dozen more antibiotics over the next 10 years. They were not alone. Pharmaceutical companies had taken up the challenge of developing efficient methods for making penicillin and streptomycin in the 1940s, but they were not at first looking for new antibiotics themselves. All this changed in the latter part of the decade, as almost all the big American companies started their own screening pro- grams. So did companies in other countries, as well as academic groups, especially in Japan. Through all this activity, many new antibiotics were identified in the 20 years from the late 1940s to the late 1960s, mostly from the actinomycetes. Enough of the compounds became successful drugs that the industry burgeoned. The rate of antibiotic discovery then declined sharply, so these productive years came to be called the Golden Age (Figure 2.1). Its legacy was a revolution in the treatment of infectious disease. Most bacterial pathogens were brought under control, but mushrooming antibiotic use also led to a dramatic rise in antibiotic resistance as the disease-causing bacteria fought back. It became clear that antibiotic discovery was not going to be a once-and-for-all activity to vanquish the pathogens, but an ongoing quest to find new treatments for old infections.
Bacteria That Develop
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

Colonies of rod-shaped or spherical bacteria, such as Escherichia coli or a Staphylococcus, consist of piles of similar-looking cells. Streptomyces colonies (Figure 6.1) are much more complicated, both morphologically and physiologically. In a slice through a colony (Color Plate 5), young foraging mycelium can be seen at the margins, mature vegetative mycelium in the middle, and aerial hyphae giving rise to spores at the top. It is only in the central region of the colony that an antibiotic, the red pigment, is being produced; the other parts lack pigment. The different regions can be described as different tissues, and this is very unusual for a bacterium.
Organizing Crime
Authors: Rodensky Lisa
Published: November 2023

There is not much of a coherent plot in Oliver Twist, and what there is does not drive the novel. A child, soon to be orphan, is born to a destitute mother who dies shortly thereafter. The mistreated boy falls into the hands of criminals but is later saved by a gentleman who, we later discover, was a friend of the boy’s wellish-to-do father, and Oliver is reclaimed by this man and his newly discovered aunt, an angel into whose life he has previously dropped (through a window). For the most part, the plot is propelled by the game of lost and found Dickens plays with Oliver, a device that moves Oliver back and forth from good hands to bad, and Dickens plays the game more than once. About halfway through the novel, Oliver drops out of our sight almost entirely (and happily since we don’t really miss him), and Dickens attends to other characters, all criminal—Nancy, Fagin, Sikes, Monks—and their relations with and to the upstanding citizens in the book.
Middlemarch, Daniel Deronda, and the Crime in Mind
Authors: Rodensky Lisa
Published: November 2023

Working out the relations between the interior life and the external acts and consequences of characters in the late novels of George Eliot is a humbling enterprise. One is tempted to simplify, to suggest that the internal displaces the external in these great and complicated texts. But the novels resist this reductive analysis. The relation is not, as Henry Alley describes it at one point in his essay on murder in Eliot’s novels, a clear “versus.” Of Daniel Deronda, Alley comments that “Foremost is the problem of murderous intent versus murderous action.” Later in the essay he makes the difference between them irrelevant: “As a moralist,” he remarks, “Eliot certainly wanted to show how culpability extends to those who have killed in their thoughts, no matter what the outcome.” It is true that Eliot holds her characters accountable for murderous thoughts, and yet she also tests the limits of that accountability, which is why in these late novels acts and consequences remain important factors in judgment.
The Rhythm of the Texture
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

The evaluation of rhythm relies heavily on relative comparison. Rhythmic events are faster or slower, of longer or shorter duration, metrically stronger or weaker, and so on. There is no theoretical limit to the parameters in most of these comparisons, although of course there may be practical limits. The evaluation of harmonic rhythm relies on such comparisons too, but there is a theoretical upper limit to its speed, its rate of change: the rhythm of its texture.
Root/Quality Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

The dimension of the root/quality rhythm returns to Walter Piston’s original insight: harmonic rhythm as the perceived motion caused by changing triads. That insight was both significant and natural since it is the triad that is the locus of the syntax of traditional functional harmony. The root/ quality rhythm in dimensional analysis, however, departs from Piston’s technique in two important ways.
The Speed of Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

To understand tension and resolution in harmonic rhythm, consider the moment in a piece of music when resolution is complete and tension is nil: the end. What is required to compose a satisfactory ending? Broadly taken, the question evokes all kinds of aesthetic considerations of form, proportion, balance, and so on, and indeed, ending is often the most difficult aspect of composition to master. But considering only the purely technical requirements of the last moment, the essential thing is that all change-all motions of tones-must cease.
Independence in Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

The principle of harmonic speed derives reasonably from the simple fact that all motion must cease at the end of a composition. Recall this notion of a satisfactory ending, that moment in a piece of music when resolution is complete and tension is nil, for it requires something else of the harmony. When a polyphonic composition ends, the individual contrapuntal voices achieve homorhythm. Durations match up; the melodies move together. It is true that in some pieces this occurs with absolute unanimity only with the very last chord, but in many others it happens earlier. The principle of harmonic independence hypothesizes, then, that a particular kind of musical tension rises with increasing rhythmic independence of the dimensions of harmonic rhythm, called divergence, and resolves with increasing unanimity of the dimensions, convergence.
Body of Witnesses
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

To see ourselves as others see us can be eye-opening. To see others as sharing a nature with ourselves is the merest decency. But it is from the far more difficult achievement of seeing ourselves amongst others, as a local example of the forms human life has locally taken, a case among cases, a world among worlds, that the largeness of mind, without which objectivity is self-congratulation and tolerance a sham, comes.
The Transformation of Eve
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

In February 1650 a woman “of very good family” complained of “several months of pain” to Thomas Willis, then an advanced Oxford medical student who occasionally consulted with patients. The pain began in her stomach and radiated to her back. It was worse when she lay down, so much so that she spent “whole nights sleepless,” according to Willis’s report. “Liable to headaches for several years,” she suffered pain in her loins and upon urination. The proto-doctor diagnosed her condition as “doubtless hysterical,” and attributed its cause to a “foul vapour ascending from the uterus into the praecordia.” Seventeen years later, Willis, by then Europe’s most influential anatomist and England’s leading physician, had changed his mind. Concerned that “any time a sickness happens in a Woman’s Body ... we accuse the evil influence of the Womb (which for the most part is innocent),” his anatomic studies and medical experiences had convinced him that hysteria was “chiefly and primarily Convulsive, and chiefly depends on the brain and the nervous stock being affected.” Subsequently, a learned rival interested in hysteria, Nathaniel Highmore, published an account attacking Willis and his doctrine of the nerves.
The Classical Heritage of Modern Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert
Published: November 2023

To understand the present we must possess the past. The literature of Greece and Rome is still of interest to us in the twentieth century because of its intrinsic merit, but for our special purposes in this investigation it has an even greater interest. The classical literatures provide us with prototypes of virtually all later narrative forms and with paradigms of the processes which govern their interaction and evolution. Of all the forms of full-length written narrative, only the novel failed to develop in classical times. And this non-event is probably the most important literary consequence of the fall of Rome. But we anticipate. Let us begin at the beginning.
Character in Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert
Published: November 2023

Thus Henry James in “The Art of Fiction.” James, in that essay, displays little sympathy for the “queer predicaments” of critics and for their “clumsy separations,” such as the “celebrated dis tinction between the novel and the romance.” ( This attitude, however, did not prevent James from making his own elegant “separations” when he chose. Still, we begin this discussion of character with James’s statement not to convict the master of inconsistency but to illustrate something about conceptions of character in general.) James, consciously or unconsciously, refers all judgments of fiction to the novels written by himself or by those authors most like himself. The very incident he selects to illustrate the interdependence of character and incident is a Jamesian incident. The woman is a Jamesian character. She could easily be Isabel Archer, or Milly Theale, or Fleda Vetch; and the incident could be expanded in the hands of the master to a full chapter’s worth of consideration. What might that look signify? What volumes of meaning are expressed in the position of that hand? And so on.
Point of View in Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert
Published: November 2023

The problem of point of view is narrative art’s own problem, one that it does not share with lyric or dramatic literature. By definition narrative art requires a story and a story-teller. In the relationship between the teller and the tale, and that other relation ship between the teller and the audience, lies the essence of narrative art. The narrative situation is thus ineluctably ironical. The quality of irony is built into the narrative form as it is into no other form of literature. What the dramatist can achieve only with considerable effort, and what is utterly alien to the lyricist, is the natural basis of narrative art.
1953 and All That A Tale of Two Sciences (1984)
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of their paper announcing the molecular structure of DNA, James Watson and Francis Crick remark, somewhat laconically, that their proposed structure might illuminate some central questions of genetics. Thirty years have passed since Watson and Crick published their famous discovery. Molecular biology has indeed transformed our understanding of heredity. The recognition of the structure of DNA; the understanding of gene replication, transcription, and translation; the cracking of the genetic code; the study of gene regulation; these and other break throughs have combined to answer many of the questions that baffled classical geneticists. Muller’s hope-expressed in the early days of classical genetics-has been amply fulfilled.
Species (1984)
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

The most accurate definition of “species” is the cynic’s. Species are those groups of organisms that are recognized as species by competent taxonomists. Competent taxonomists, of course, are those who can recognize the true species. Cynicism is attractive for the weary systematist who despairs of doing better. But I think that philosophers and biologists need not despair. Despite the apparently endless squabbles about how species are to be characterized, it is possible to defend an account of the species category that will do justice to the insights of several divergent approaches.
Race, Ethnicity, Biology, Culture (1999)
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

During recent decades, a number of prominent anthropologists have defended eliminativism about race, arguing that the notion of race, as applied to our own species, is of no biological significance. One obvious motivation for discarding the concept of race is that it might provide the most effective way of undermining racism. Ironically, as I shall try to show later in this essay, important postracialist projects may require us to probe the connections between biology and race more deeply, to arrive at a clearer understanding of the concept of ethnicity, and to under take empirical investigations of the connections between biological and social notions.
The Girondins Of Chile
Authors: Mackenna Benjamin Vicuna , Polt John H R , Gazmuri Cristian
Published: November 2023

The Library of Latin America series makes available in translation major nineteenth-century authors whose work has been neglected in the English-speaking world.
Common Decency
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: November 2023

Charles Dickens’s Ebenezer Scrooge is a portrait of a man without common decency. Scrooge’s central failing is not his miserliness or callousness toward suffering. His sometimes spectacularly contemptible failings—as when he suggests that the poor should simply get on with dying and reduce the surplus population—are connected to a less spectacular but more pervasive failing: Scrooge has removed himself from the daily commerce of favors, mercies, small kindnesses, forgivings, expressions of gratitude, and social pleasantries that are the stuff of common decency. He grufy rebuffs his nephew’s invitation to Christmas dinner.
The Improvisatory Dramas of Deliberation
Authors: Rorty Amelie Oksenberg
Published: November 2023

It’s no news that the movement from decision to action and from action to out-come are contingent and accident-prone. But we tend to set aside the fact that— for good or ill—intentions, deliberations, and decisions are themselves affected by tangential and accidental contingencies. I want to explore the dynamics of the process of shared or collective decision making in which participants improvise dramatic roles that often do not represent their primary aims or views. Despite the powerful role of chance and accident in decision making, despite the apparent arbitrariness of its outcome, there is (I argue an Aesopian lesson) a surprising set of norms that should govern the process.
Absalom, Absalom! and the House Divided
Authors: Sundquist Eric
Published: November 2023

The “ flaw “ in thomas sutpen ‘ s grand “design” is, of course, his first son’s supposed black blood. Abandoning his wife and son in Haiti, Sutpen carries his dynastic scheme to frontier Mississippi, only to have that repressed son return as his second son’s best friend and, apparently, his daughter’s fiancé Sutpen does not (according to Quentin, according to his father, according to his grandfather) call it “retribution, no sins of the fathers come home to roost,” but just a “mistake,” one that inescapably impedes his vision of “fine grandsons and great- grandsons springing as far as the eye could reach” and leaves him immobilized in attempting to fathom its meaning. He can either recognize Charles Bon or not recognize him, he says, “either destroy my design with my own hand” or, letting the affair take its own course, “see my design complete itself quite normally and naturally and successfully to the public eye, yet to my own in such a fashion as to be a mockery and a betrayal.”
“The Direction of the Howling”
Authors: Ladd Barbara
Published: November 2023

Although stories of the slaveholder ‘ s mixed-race children were immensely popular prior to the Civil War, most were written, as one might expect, by northern writers intent on, or at least not opposed to, stirring public sentiment against slavery. The white southern writer tended to avoid the subject. After the Civil War, however, mixed-blood characters began to appear with some frequency in the work of white southern writers like George Washington Cable, Joel Chandler Harris, Grace King, Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, and, later, William Faulkner. The issue of passing was of particular interest to many of these writers; they often depicted characters traditionally classified as “quadroons” or “octoroons,” not solely to indicate that these characters had more white ancestry than black, but also to suggest their origins in the colonialist slave cultures of the Deep South and the Caribbean where they were associated with a distinct caste of free persons of mixed blood relatively unknown in the slaveholding areas of the Upper South—creoles of colour.