bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and interannual variability of CO2 above the moist tropical forest of southern Vietnam
Authors: Kurbatova J A , Aleshnovskij V S , Kuricheva O A , Avilov V K , Bezrukova A V , Gazaryan V A , Chulichkov A I , Shapkina N E
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the results of a study of seasonal and interannual variability of CO2concentration above the moist tropical forest in southern Vietnam. Experimental data were collected during year-long observation of CO2directly in the forest from 2012 to 2017. All data were obtained through the use of an air intake tube, placed on a metal tower at a height of 46 m and connected to a Li-Cor 820 gas analyzer (Li-Cor Inc., USA) located in a building at the foot of the tower. The values of the concentration were recorded with a resolution of 1 second; for further analysis, all data was averaged to 0.5 h values. Statistical processing based on the Fourier analysis allowed to evaluate the main characteristics of the annual distribution of CO2concentration, such as the amplitude and phase, as well as to analyze their variability over the years. The results of the study showed a presence of a well-determined annual course of CO2concentration above the canopy of the moist tropical forest.
European temperature anomalies in the cold period associated with ENSO events
Authors: Lubkov A S , Voskresenskaya E N , Marchukova O V , Evstigneev V P
Published: November 2020

El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) manifestations in the air surface temperature fields over the Europe are studied in present paper using pan-European E-OBS 19.0e gridded data for 1950-2018 and 20CRv2c reanalysis data for 1870-2014. Particular accent was put on winter severity in the Azov Sea region. Taking into account the Eastern and Central types of both EN and LN events sorted out previously, composites of monthly and ten-day air temperature anomalies were obtained for each type of events. The anomalies of each month from October “0” year (the year when event began) to April “+1” year (the year following “0” year) were analyzed. The typical features of statistically significant manifestations in European air temperature for the Eastern and Central types of EN and LN events were described.
Helicity in atmosphere as a prognostic criterion
Authors: Makosko A A , Maksimenkov L O
Published: November 2020

It is shown theoretically that the tendency of the height of the isobaric surface of 1000 hPa is proportional to the integral helicity of the geostrophic flow. This result is confirmed by calculations.
The response of the Arctic Ocean gas hydrate associated with subsea permafrost to natural and anthropogenic climate changes
Authors: Malakhova V V
Published: November 2020

We present an assessment of changes in the gas hydrates stability zone of the Arctic Ocean associated with subsea permafrost conditions. To evaluate the formation and dissociation of gas hydrates under the climatic conditions of the last glacial cycle, it is necessary to understand how the thickness of the permafrost has changed after flooding by the sea. To do this, we have combined two numerical models: a model of permafrost dynamics based on the paleoclimatic scenario of changes in temperature and ocean level, and a model of the methane hydrates stability zone (MHSZ). Calculations of changes in the thickness of the submarine permafrost and the MHSZ were carried out for the period of 120 thousand years. Our results show that, although changes in the bottom water temperature over the last-decades period affect the hydrate stability zone, the main changes with this zone occurring after flooding the Arctic shelf with the seawater. As a result of the combined simulation of the permafrost and state of MHSZ, it was found that in the shallow shelf areas (lower 50 m water depth) after flooding, the hydrate presence conditions in the upper 100-meter layer of the MHSZ are violated. This suggests that the methane coming from this reservoir is concentrated in the bottom sediments of the shelf, and then released into the water, continuing to adapt to changing sea levels, rising bottom water temperatures, and subsea permafrost melting.
Changes of sea waves characteristics in the Arctic basin from model ensemble simulations for the 21st century
Authors: Mokhov I I , Pogarskiy F A
Published: November 2020

A significant reduction of the Arctic sea ice extent enhances the sea waves activity in the Arctic Ocean. In this paper we analyze characteristics of wind waves activity in the Arctic basin using the WAVEWATCH III model simulations forced by wind and sea ice fields derived from the CMIP5 global climate models under different scenarios. A relative contribution of wind seas and swells to the total sea waves activity in the Arctic basin from model simulations is assessed and compared to that based on reanalysis data and satellite observations. Possible changes of sea waves characteristics from model simulations for the 21st century with anthropogenic scenarios are estimated. Regional estimates of various states of sea waves (such as wind seas, swells and their interaction, chop-like events) are performed, in particular for the Atlantic sector of the Arctic basin.
Atmospheric composition study based on ship measurements in the Russian Arctic seas in summer 2019
Authors: Pankratova N V , Belikov I B , Belousov V A , Skorokhod A I , Muravya V O , Flint M V
Published: November 2020

We present observation results of methane (CH4), its isotopic signature (δ13CCH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) surface concentrations, made aboard the research vessel (R/V) “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” in the Russian Arctic seas in summer 2019. The main goal of the study is to determine the possible sources of methane. As a result of the study, localized areas with an increased methane concentration (up to 2092 ppb) in the surface layer are identified. It may be related to the advection of water masses rich in organic matter from the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. In addition, increased methane concentrations (up to 2010 ppb) are observed in the Kara Sea near the Yamal Peninsula, where gas deposits are concentrated, and active methane emissions from wetland ecosystems are noted. We conclude that the average concentration of methane in surface air in the Arctic seas is determined mainly by large-scale transport of air masses.
Climatic Changes on the Territory of the Volga Federal District
Authors: Perevedentsev Y P , Shantalinskii K M , Guryanov V V , Aukhadeev T R
Published: November 2020

Climatic changes in the Middle Volga District observed from 1828 to 2018 are examined. Long-term air temperature variations are monitored using observation data from Meteorological Observatory of Kazan University (MO KU) (1828-2018), and from 5 meteorological stations located in Orenburg, Penza, Perm, Saratov, Ufa (1885—2018). Spatiotemporal variability of the air temperature and atmospheric precipitations is researched in the Volga Federal District (VFD) on the basis of data from 200 meteorological stations (1954-2018) and NCEP/NCAR, ERA-Interim, ERA5 reanalysis data (1979-2018). The general tendency towards the air temperature rise has been identified for the period considered (in Kazan the annual air temperature mean increased by 4°ccccc from 1828 to 2018). It has also been revealed that the number of days with the minimum temperature (below -20°ccccc) tends to decrease throughout the year, while the number of days with the maximum temperature (over 25°ccccc) tends to increase. The dynamics of the low-frequency component with the period exceeding 15 years is studied for normalized air temperature and atmospheric precipitation anomalies in the VFD between 1954 and 2018. Distribution of great air temperature anomalies within the studied period is evaluated.
Contribution of different external forcings to the terrestrial carbon cycle variability in extratropical Eurasia in the last millennium
Authors: Savina K D , Eliseev A V
Published: November 2020

The simulations for the last millennium with an Earth system model developed at the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS CM) are performed. These simulations are forced by changes of the parameters of the Earth orbit, total solar irradiance, volcanic (stratospheric) aerosols optical depth (only since 500 C. E.), atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O), land use, tropospheric sulphate burden, and population density. It is found that the externally forced part of the terrestrial carbon cycle (TCC) interannual variability (IAV) was mostly driven by volcanic activity in the preindustrial part of the last millennium with an increase of importance of anthropogenic forcing during the 20th century. The latter enhanced IAV in the 20th century. For different time intervals and for different kinds of external forcing, coefficient of variation of IAV in different TCC characteristics is smaller (typically, up to few percent) in forested regions and larger in the regions covered by grasses (e.g., in tundra), where it could be as large as several tens of per cents for fire return interval. We show that the externally forced IAV of gross primary production during the 20th century dramatically increased as compared to that during the preindustrial period. In addition, the land use activity increases the relaxation time scale of the vegetation carbon stock by one order of magnitude.
Climate changes in European Russia in 2001-2018
Authors: Shakina N P , Skriptunova E N
Published: November 2020

From the data of observations at 43 aerodromes in European Russia and the neighboring countries for 2001-2018, linear trends are calculated of temperature, humidity, and pressure, and then compared against the temporal changes in pressure field patterns. The latter are estimated on the basis of objective analysis data, using a special software. The linear trends show that the trends of annual-mean and season-mean temperature are positive practically at all the sites, though mean temperature in separate months can exhibit both decrease (in January) and strong increase (in December and summer months). The annual mean dew-point deficit increases in time almost everywhere, while surface pressure increases in the north (larger) part of the area and decreases in its south part. It is shown also, by means of objective classification of pressure field patterns, that the growth of cyclonic situations occurrence frequency dominates in the south part of the area, and the growth of anticyclonic situations occurrence frequency dominates in its main, north part. This result is consistent with the pressure trends distribution over the area.
Validation of global wind wave hindcasts using ERA5, MERRA2, ERA-Interim and CFSRv2 reanalyzes
Authors: Sharmar V , Markina M
Published: November 2020

Four global wind wave hindcasts based on ERA5, MERRA2, ERA-I and CFSR reanalyses and spectral wave model WAVEWATCH III for the period from 1980 to 2017 have been validated against satellite altimetry and NDBC buoys for 1 year. Hindcast based on newly released ECMWF reanalysis ERA5 demonstrated the best agreement with both satellite altimetery (with normalized bias being up to 5%, and RMSE up to 0.5 m) and buoy measurements, including values of upper percentiles. In general, all hindcasts show good correspondence with the observational data and thus can be used in further wind wave climate studies.
On the manifestation of resonant effects in climatic fluctuations
Authors: Sherstyukov B
Published: November 2020

Under the influence of large planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), the Sun moves in outer space along a certain trajectory around the common center of mass of the solar system. Earth follows the sun. It is assumed that part of the barycentric rotation moment is transmitted to the Earth’s rotational moment and zonal currents of the World Ocean. The aim of this work is to obtain estimates of the possible impact on the climate system of additional rotation forces arising on the Earth during the barycentric movement of the Sun around the common center of mass of the Solar system. The climate system is considered as an oscillatory system, which can resonantly perceive external repetitive effects at its own frequencies. The index of the dynamic influence of barycentric rotation on the speed of the axial rotation of the Earth, on the surface temperature of the ocean and on El Nino is proposed. An asynchronous correlation analysis is performed. It is shown that the influence of the dynamic forces of barycentric rotation describe 31% of the total variability of the Earth’s rotation speed with a delay of 5 years, 66% describes the variability of the average annual temperature of the ocean surface in the circumpolar Antarctic current with a delay of 32-37 years. The contribution of the moment of inertia to the total SST variability along other ocean currents is from 25 to 50% with the same delay. It was found that the El Nino phenomenon is a consequence of variations in the circular circulation of oceanic waters in each of the hemispheres of the Pacific Ocean. One of the engines of these variations are perturbations of the ocean circulation in the region of the Antarctic current. The contribution of changes in SST in the Antarctic Current to changes in the NINO3 index is 31%.
Sources and variations of tropospheric ozone in central Siberia: observations and model simulations
Authors: Shtabkin Yu A , Moiseenko K B , Skorokhod A I , Berezina E V , Vasileva A V
Published: November 2020

Impact of climatically significant anthropogenic and natural emissions to seasonal ozone (O3) variations observed at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) in central Siberia in 2007–2012 have quantitatively been estimated using GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. It is shown that the formation of a stable continental pollution plume from sources in Western Europe, European Russia, and southern Siberia plays an important role in regional balance of near-surface ozone and allows to explain up to 15%–17% of the amplitude of O3 annual cycle observed at ZOTTO (∼5–6 ppb).
Reconstruction of the spring-summer precipitation on the Southern Ural
Authors: Vasiliev D Y , Semenov V A , Kucherov S E
Published: November 2020

The article present a reconstruction of the late spring–summer (May–July) precipitation for the Zilair plateau (Southern Urals) based on latewood width chronologies of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) for the 1776–2015 period. Wavelet analysis revealed a number of characteristic periodicities in the reconstructed precipitation variability. Cross-wavelet analysis using indices of solar activity (SA), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) showed co-variability of the precipitation with SA at about 20-yr, sporadic links to NAO on multi-year to decadal time scale, and a robust link to AMO at multidecadal time scales.
Study of time series of meteorological parameters by wavelet analysis
Authors: Ziuzina N A , Gazaryan V A , Kurbatova J A , Chulichkov A I , Avilov V K , Shapkina N E
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the results of applying the continuous wavelet analysis method to assess the cyclic components of discrete time series. The work is based on an analysis of a long-term series of data on observations of air temperature in the south-west of the Valdai Upland, as well as analysis of data on observations of CO2 concentration in the canopy of the tropical monsoon forest in southern Vietnam. The patterns of wavelet coefficients and integral spectra have been studied for all considered time series. Additionally, the cyclicities contained in the studied series were revealed.
“PREParE SHIPS” for Automated Ship Passages by Modern Decision Support Tools by Exchanging Future Positions
Authors: Hüffmeier J , Sanchez-Heres L , Rylander R , Nord S , Alissa S , Bagge A , Bergljung P , Henkel P , Rydlinger A , Hansen P
Published: November 2020

Misunderstanding the intentions of other vessels is one of the most common causes of ship collisions today. Such misunderstandings are particularly dangerous during navigation in restricted areas, such as fairways, port areas, and inland water ways, and may be exacerbated with the introduction of unmanned vessels. To ensure safe operations, the understanding of the intentions and future positions of manned and unmanned vessels, the PREParE SHIPS project is creating a system capable of determining a ship’s position with high accuracy, predicting its future positions, and communicating the current and future positions. The positioning sub-system combines the signals of Galileo and EGNOS, EGNSS and SBAS respectively, with land based RTK corrections, providing a positioning accuracy of centimetres. Furthermore, by taking advantage of Galileo’s authentication features, the positioning system provides enhanced security measures against spoofing attacks. The prediction sub-system will use a ship dynamic model and machine learning to predict the future positions of the ship and improve said predictions with time, while the communication sub-system will broadcast the prediction through VDES ship2ship and ship2shore. PREParE SHIPS will improve the navigation and handling of ships, through high accuracy positioning and dynamic predictions, as well as reduce the risk of ship collisions, through the communication of present and predicted future positions. PREParE SHIPS is expected to increase safety and efficiency significantly and will be the base of future autonomous operations and standardisations.
A framework for description of autonomous ship systems and operations
Authors: Wennersberg Lars Andreas Lien , Nordahl Håvard , Rødseth Ørnulf Jan , Fjørtoft Kay , Holte Even Ambros
Published: November 2020

The Concept of Operations, or ConOps, has become a central document for the specification, design and approval of autonomous ship systems and operations in the absence of prescriptive rules and regulations. The flexible structure of the ConOps and the fact that it is written in prose text makes it very accessible for all involved stakeholders, but also prone to discrepancies between the descriptions and the actual design. This paper proposes a description framework, for autonomous ship systems and operations, that covers the information items requested through the ConOps. The proposed framework has the potential to facilitate development of a formalized ConOps, which in turn could lead to a standardization of the current approval procedures for autonomous ship systems and operations.
Meaningful Human Control in Autonomous Shipping: An Overview
Authors: van den Broek J (Hans) , Griffioen J R (Jaco) , van der Drift M (Monique)
Published: November 2020

This paper presents an overview of the aspects related to meaningful human control in autonomous shipping. Autonomy is described as a multi-faceted construct including self-sufficiency and self-directedness, which are related to a range of conditions a ship can deal with. This means that autonomy levels will vary in different operational situations. As a consequence, active operator involvement and workload will fluctuate and will sometimes be unpredictable. In case of supervising multiple ships, it is not feasible to maintain a minimal level of situation awareness of all the ships. In order to facilitate operator situation awareness recovery and other human-automation collaboration principles an Intelligent Operator Support System concept is outlined. Whether the large-scale application of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships will provide equivalent safety and resilience levels will largely depend on the intelligence of the onboard control systems, the design quality of the human-autonomy collaboration system, and the competence and training level of the SC-operators.
Potential benefits of 5G communication for autonomous ships
Authors: Petersen Stig , Orten Pål , Myhre Bård
Published: November 2020

5G, the next generation of mobile networks, aims to deliver wireless connectivity for new applications beyond traditional connectivity and mobile broadband for the smartphone market. For the maritime industry, 5G has the potential to address a wide range of usage scenarios within ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore, and onboard communication. In this paper, we give an introduction to mobile network technologies and systems in general, as well as an overview of technical capabilities and novelties introduced by the forthcoming 5G specifications relevant for maritime operations. Furthermore, perspectives related to applications and opportunities enabled by 5G networks are discussed, along with the potential benefits for unmanned and autonomous ships.
LTE massive MIMO (Pre-5G) test with an updated boat user terminal solution for land-to-boat scenarios in Oslo fjord
Authors: Yang Kun , Zhou Ning , Røste Terje
Published: November 2020

Autonomous shipping is considered to be one of the most important technologies in the maritime industry. Remote control of autonomous shipping is supported by communication solutions featuring long coverage, high throughput and low latency. Since 2018, together with the Norwegian Internet Service Provider (ISP) Telia, we have performed tests with a massive MIMO (Pre-5G) LTE base station, using the 3.7 GHz band, in Horten close to the Oslo fjord. The first Pre-5G tests with user terminal mounted on a 40 feet sailboat performed in 2018, showed great potential for maritime applications in terms of throughputs [1]. The Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) used in 2018 was a LTE Pre-5G terminal from Telia for fixed LAN use, and a modified version of it in 2019. However, since both the base station and the user terminal/CPE are not originally designed and optimized for maritime radio propagation environments, the test results in 2018 unveiled that a CPE designed for land usage experienced limited coverage and instability caused by received unstable signal level. Since 2019, a new user terminal prototype dedicated and optimized for maritime propagation conditions, was designed by Super Radio AS. This new CPE was tested in autumn 2019 under the similar setups as in 2018. The test results of the Reference Signal Receive Power and throughput are analysed and compared the test results in 2018. The comparison proved that the new user terminal solution showed considerable improvement with respect to stability and throughputs in the harsh maritime environments, which means that the new designed solution can be a potential maritime terminal solution for the remote control of autonomous shipping. The prototypes mounted at different places of the sailboat also show different system performances at the same TX-RX distances, which indicates the potential of exploiting the system diversity in the similar propagation environments.
Emergency ship positioning and distribution system for radio disturbance
Authors: Mun Seongmi , Lee Kwaingil
Published: November 2020

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been used as a key position, navigation and timing (PNT) input in applications or services provided by ships. However, GNSS is vulnerable to space-vehicle failures, solar disturbances, unintentional radio interference and deliberate jamming. Despite these weaknesses, GNSS has become a key element not only of maritime navigation, but also of critical national infrastructure, often without any backup being provided. In autonomous ships, the use of various integrated systems increases and the dependence on the location data of GNSS increases. Therefore, in the event of a GNSS failure, it is impossible to guarantee the safe operation of the ship and it has various accident possibilities. In this paper, we propose and describe the system newly that can collect PNTs from various equipment to detect anomalies, and measure and distribute PNTs from digital sextants, which are backup systems, when anomalies occur. In the future, we will verify the performance of the implemented system by a test with the full mission bridge simulator provided by the Kongsberg.
Study on the potential gaps and themes identified by IMO Regulatory Scoping Exercise(RSE) for the use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships(MASS)
Authors: Jo M.C , Lee A.R , Kim Y.D , Seo J.S
Published: November 2020

Currently, IMO discusses to develop international standard regulations for the use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships(MASS), and as a preliminary work to develop them, it carries out RSE work to identify measures that might arise when the existing conventions are applied to MASS. The RSE work is done by the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), the Legal Committee (LEG), and the Facilitation Committee (FAL) for the conventions under the purview of each committee. In this paper, based on the results of the RSE work performed by each committee, a comprehensive analysis of potential gaps and themes that require further discussion and consideration in the next stage of international standard regulations for the use of MASS is presented.
It’s not all about the COLREGs: a case-based risk study for autonomous coastal ferries
Authors: Rutledal Dag , Relling Tore , Resnes Tron
Published: November 2020

Whilst the maritime world is preparing for autonomous vessels or Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), as defined by IMO, we suggest an approach to investigate the risks involved with introducing such ships into service. This case study investigates the risks regarding other surface vessels that the MASS can encounter on their voyage between two berths used by coastal ferries in Norway. The ferries in this case, operate within a fjord declared as testbed for autonomous operations. Albeit the technology is available and declared ready, the area of operation is not. This paper seeks to address some of the remaining obstacles with regards to the risks involved.
Process map for collision avoidance based on information exchange for autonomous navigation of vessel
Authors: Namgung Ho , Jeong Jung Sik , Lee Kwangil , Kim Sun-Young
Published: November 2020

A reliable collision avoidance method is essential when operating an autonomous vessel. For this to become a reality, a number of researches have been conducted in order that the autonomous vessel could take an action for collision avoidance by herself. However, it may lead to dangerous situation without knowing the navigation intention of target-ships. In order to solve the issue, we developed the process map for collision avoidance based on information exchange via the communication relay system as follows: (i) the navigation situation analysis of the autonomous vessel was conducted based on manned ship voyage definition; (ii) the sequence diagram for information exchange was developed based on the autonomous vessel’s navigation context and the communication relay system, and (iii) the process map for collision avoidance based on information exchange was proposed based on the developed sequence diagram and the existing collision avoidance method. It would be expected that the autonomous vessel could avoid collision more safely than taking an action by herself.
A hybrid kinematic controller for resilient obstacle avoidance of autonomous ships
Authors: Marley Mathias , Skjetne Roger , Breivik Morten , Fleischer Caroline
Published: November 2020

Resilience is an important feature of autonomous systems. To be resilient, a control system must be stable, robust, and safe. This paper explores the use of hybrid feedback controllers to ensure robustness towards uncertainties and disturbances in motion control systems for autonomous ships. Motivated by recent developments in control barrier functions (CBFs) for safe maneuvering of autonomous ships, a CBF-based hybrid kinematic controller for obstacle avoidance is proposed. The controller uses course angle as control input, making it suitable for ships with a limited speed envelope. The performance of the controller is illustrated by simulations, using an underactuated ship as a case study.
Standardized navigational data for situational awareness during simultaneous maritime operations
Authors: Hagaseth M. , Berge S. P.
Published: November 2020

The objective of this paper is to describe a protocol for exchange of navigational data between ships operating in close proximity. The protocol supports the exchange of data needed for relative positioning and includes geometry data of the objects involved in the operation in addition to inertial and positional data. The protocol takes into account the variable and limited communication capabilities that may be available for maritime operations. The paper describes one use case where two ships perform a simultaneous operation and another use case where a ship broadcasts its intended route. A S-100 Application Schema covering the required data is presented. Examples of the message exchange and bandwidth requirements are given. The resulting protocol will be useful for autonomous systems and ships that need standardized exchange of data to support situational awareness during their passage. The paper is written as part of the H2H project [1] which is developing an open system architecture to ensure interoperability between different vendors of autonomous systems when it comes to the data exchange related to position and geometry data.
Voyage performance evaluation based on a digital twin model
Authors: Liu M , Zhou Q , Wang X , Yu C , Kang M
Published: November 2020

Using digital twins in voyage performance evaluation is becoming critical for ocean vessels to reduce GHG emissions. A novel GBM approach is proposed in this paper to establish a digital twin model for voyage performance prediction. The weather hindcast data are introduced to enrich noon reports (NR) and automatic identification system (AIS) datasets, which are split into training and validation sets to develop GBM. The NR and AIS datasets collected from a 57000DWT bulk carrier are used to demonstrate the fidelity and capability of the proposed GBM. The voyage performance prediction from the GBM shows better accuracy than those from pure WBM or pure BBMs. An arrival time forecast and a weather routing showcase are also presented to demonstrate the application effects of GBM. The proposed GBM provides a satisfying prediction of ship speed and fuel consumption without mandatory sensor-collected data, thus applicable for a varity of vessels. In those cases where more sensors are available onboard, the proposed approach can incorporate sensor data to improve the model accuracy further.
Research on ontology-based situation understanding and decision-making approach for MASS
Authors: Lan-xuan An , Xin-yu Zhang , Zhi-guo Ding , Cheng-bo Wang
Published: November 2020

Aiming at the problems of miscellaneous navigation safety information and the difficulty of multi-source heterogeneous information fusion, a novel ontology-based collision avoidance decision making method is proposed in this paper. first of all, the structured ontology model of navigation situation is built on the basis of analysing the hierarchy and interactivity of various scene elements in driving scene and constructing the semantic model of entity class and binary attribute of scene elements, implement effective modelling of navigation scenarios. Secondly, the knowledge base of collision avoidance decision and online reasoning system are constructed based on the semantic expression of typical scene elements to realize the efficient utilization of navigation prior knowledge. Finally, the simulation experiment is carried out for the typical ship encounter scenarios in open water. The results show that the ontology method can effectively improve the cognition ability of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), and meet the requirements for real-time, safety and rationality of collision avoidance decision.
Towards an investigation of a MASS-assisted anti-grounding service through simulated nautical scenarios in a ship handling simulator
Authors: Schneider V E , Constapel M , Riordan J , Flannery F , Burmeister H-C , Jahn C
Published: November 2020

Vessel groundings pose a major risk for maritime safety, constituting 20 percent of all incidents in the last decade. Frequent dredging and bottom mapping are resource intensive solutions currently employed, but these services cannot be maintained with the necessary frequency in all critical areas. While ships are carrying echo sounders to acquire precise and current under keel clearance data, it does not allow the vessel to react to possible deviations from the map data. Within the RoboVaaS project, a service is designed, implemented and tested in simulation. This service consists of one or more small MASS travelling ahead of a merchant vessel, collecting bathymetric data with enough lead time for the merchant vessel to react to possible threats, e.g. by course correction. This service is tested in compliance with the IMO HCD guideline in a quick approach and safe environment using a ship handling simulator. The simulator is augmented by a display system based on an ECDIS map and displaying the bathymetric data in three different scenarios. These scenarios are tested with nautical officers to collect feedback for service design and implementation with trained personnel and show the effectiveness of the chosen human machine interface.
Investigation of Wooden Fire-Resistant Plate with Spatially Structure
Authors: Inzhutov I , Melnikov P , Amelchugov S , Zhadanov V , Purtov V
Published: November 2020

The cross-rod system under consideration is widely used in various fields: industrial and civil construction, aircraft and shipbuilding. There are a large number of methods for calculating these structures’ types, based on differential dependencies system of the 4th order, describing the bending of a flat covering. However, the main reason in solving problems for calculating cross-rod systems is the complexity of mathematical calculations and a large amount of labor, since the system is statically indeterminate. It leads to a large number of linear equations’ systems solution with boundary conditions. The use of computers in the calculation of cross-rod systems allows you to make both dynamic and static calculations of building structures with high accuracy. At the same time, simplified ideal schemes are used in the calculation of structures, where the elements are connected to each other either rigidly or pivotally. In real designs, the connections are elastic and cannot always be replaced with ideal analogues, used in the design schemes. The use of ready-made laminated structures allows reducing not only the cost of production, labor intensity and construction in general, but also the totality of all factors, such as the timing of construction and installation work on the reconstruction and overhaul of buildings and structures.
Geothermal Energy Use in Western Siberia and Prospects for Its Innovative Application in Construction
Authors: Shevchenko A , Linovsky S , Skrobot O
Published: November 2020

The article gives an overview of the use of low-temperature geothermal energy sources for heat and cold supply of buildings in areas of Western Siberia. The experience of using geothermal heat pumps shows their economic efficiency and environmental friendliness. An innovative application of the low-temperature energy of the shallow subsurface soil layers is the double use of the underground foundation of a building or another structure as energy active elements of the heat-pumping system. The paper analyzes the problems why green technologies are not developing as dynamically as indicated in the Energy Program of Russia and barriers that prevent the wider use of heat pumps and systems in the heat and cold supply of buildings in the Siberian region. These include considerable regulatory and investment barriers, as well as lack of awareness about renewable energy and energy efficiency. Further, market entry remains challenging in Russia that has not fully liberalised its energy market. Furthermore, entrenched interests in conventional energy resources represent a significant barrier to effective legislation and policy implementation. Thus, huge conventional resources of oil, gas and coal in Siberia region, neighboring to Novosibirsk, Omsk and Altay districts are other obstacles to the introduction of renewable green technologies. Some examples on the limitation of barriers to geothermal heat pumps systems application in building construction are given.
Research of reagent treatment methods for mine waters from sulfates
Authors: Girikov O , Voitov E , Matyushenko E
Published: November 2020

The most important environmental challenge for the mining industry is the efficient treatment of mine wastewater. The solution to this problem is complicated by the large volumes of this wastewater, which requires significant material and economic costs. Analysis of the wastewater drainage mine composition “Limestone” shows that it is contaminated with impurities, in quantities that significantly exceed the admissible concentration limit for wastewater discharged into water bodies fish of sulfates, salts (dry residue) and calcium. So, the sulfates concentration exceeds admissible concentration limit by about 9–10 times, salinity - by 1.5–1.6 times, and calcium – by almost 2 times. There is also a several-fold excess in suspended solids, in petroleum products, iron, copper and magnesium, and other ingredients. However, the main pollution of mine wastewater needs to be cleaned is sulfates, the total salinity and calcium concentration will accordingly decrease after the water treatment process. Sulphates are the most difficult to remove pollution, because they are in dissolved form and have a high concentration. Therefore, the proposed research work is devoted to the development of effective methods for treating mine water in a given mine from sulfates in the first place.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Wooden Construction Elements’ Connections on Dowel Plates
Authors: Grebenyuk G , Purtov V , Pavlik A
Published: November 2020

Improvement of dowel joints in order to increase their load-carrying capacity and reliability at the present time remains actual one. A special place among them is occupied by connections with the use of dowel plates. In order to increase the bearing capacity of metal nailed plates developed in NGASU (Sibstrin) with the use of reinforced dowel it is suggested to strengthen the nailed plates in metal plates by means of tight installation on the last metal stamped gear washers. In order to determine the strength and deformability of the developed connections they were prepared and tested under the action of short-term loads along and across the fibers. On the basis of the received data the analysis of short-term bearing capacity and deformability of the offered joints has been carried out. The method of calculation of such connections on limiting states of the first group is offered. The interaction of the limiting load-carrying capacities obtained on the basis of the proposed method with the results of short load action tests of the compounds under consideration was performed.
Mathematical modelling of winter concreting
Authors: Molodin V , Chirkunov Y , Shpanko S , Garms E , Gorshkova K , Lazarev A
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study is to obtain the simple, convenient for the practical application of calculation formulas using the nonlinear submodels obtained by a group analysis of the differential equations for calculating the temperature fields during of the winter concreting of the building structures hardening in the cold. The paper presents the results of the experimental concreting of a fragment of a reinforced concrete column at the different heat treatment modes and their comparison with the calculated indices.
Construction Technology of Enclosing Structures by Means of 3D Printing with One-Stage Polystyrene Concrete
Authors: Molodin V , Gasenko I , Timin P
Published: November 2020

Today, layer-by-layer printing of enclosing structures with a 3D printer is the formation of a permanent formwork from a cement-sand mixture, followed by concreting and thermal insulation of the structure using standard technologies and widespread use of manual labor. Despite the use of robotization, 3D printing is only partially involved in the construction process and does not solve the issue of increasing labor productivity. This, and other disadvantages, hinders its widespread use in construction. 3D printing with one-stage polystyrene concrete is devoid of many traditional printing disadvantages, which allows forming a layer of heat-insulating and structural material over the entire wall width in one pass during the construction process. It was possible to overcome the inhomogeneity of a wall thermal conductivity due to the “cold bridges”, lower layers spread that did not have time to grab and ability to work only at high temperatures. The approbation of the technology is demonstrated its feasibility and opportunities for improvement.
The problem of Ararat aquifer basin and the ways of solution
Authors: Sahakyan S V , Yedoyan T V
Published: November 2020

The dynamics of water intake for different purposes from the Ararat artesian basin has been studied in connection with the overuse of water by fish farms in Ararat Valley. It has been shown that as a result of those negative processes the surface area of groundwater with positive pressure has decreased by 3 times, 31 communities are partially or completely deprived of water obtained from fountain boreholes for various purposes. As a consequence of the decline in groundwater level irrigation norms of agricultural crops have increased by 25% or about 14 million m3, the physical properties of soils have deteriorated on the area of 7 thousand hectares. It has been proposed to reuse discharge waters from fish-farms for irrigation. Through technical and economic calculations, it has been shown that in case of solar station-pump station-irrigation pipeline construction the cost price of irrigation water per 1 m3 is 8-10 times cheaper than in case of reservoir construction and irrigation water supply systems.
Problems of conversion of diesel locomotives to gas-diesel cycle
Authors: Kossov E , Asabin V , Kossova L
Published: November 2020

The article focuses on the problem of ensuring the required parameters for gas-air mixture in light load and idle modes. A mathematical modeling of the process in the gas-air duct of the diesel generator 1-PDG-4 was conducted during air blow-off in compressor and throttling at the diesel inlet. It was found that conversion of locomotive engines to gaseous fuel at idle speed can meet the required stoichiometric ratio of gas-air mixture only if air throttling processes at the engine inlet are combined with the engine in the shut-down mode of a cylinder bank.
The task of organizing suburban and urban traffic on sections with branches
Authors: Shmal V N , Minakov P A , Aisina L R
Published: November 2020

The article deals with the problem of organizing train traffic on sections with branches, analyzes possible separate routes on the “trunk” and “branch” sections, as well as routes with «fork» traffic. The authors emphasize the need to comply with a number of conditions that take into account the interests of passengers and suburban companies for the organization of passenger traffic on railway transport. The goal function is set to minimize the difference between the mileage of empty seats (as a condition that reflects the interests of the suburban company) and the overpopulation of the train (as a criterion that ensures a comfortable ride for the passenger). To solve this problem, the authors suggest using a genetic algorithm as a tool that allows you to perform a directed search of competitive options. The article describes the method of applying the genetic algorithm, the formation of “parent” variants and “offspring” variants, compliance with a number of restrictions and ranking of «offspring» variants for the selection of the best “species”.
Dynamics of a 16-storey building with a core of rigidity in a local earthquake
Authors: Lapin V A , Yerzhanov S Y , Essenberlina D I
Published: November 2020

The behavior of a 16-storey residential building with a stiffness core during the earthquake of March 26, 2018 is analyzed. The building is located 100 meters from the tectonic fault. The absence of resonance phenomena of the building during a local earthquake was established. On the distribution of accelerations in the horizontal plane, the effect of “eight” was found. An increased value of acceleration in the vertical direction at the level of the technical floor was revealed. This could be due to the presence of a tectonic fault near the building. The energy characteristics of the building and the impact are determined, the Arias integral and the cumulative absolute velocity are calculated. At the basement level, the period of the spectrum maximum is of the order of 0.1 sec. It is established that the building oscillates in the sum of the vibration modes
Regularities research of radon transfer to underground enclosing buildings structures
Authors: Rimshin V I , Kalaydo A V , Semenova M N , Bykov G S
Published: November 2020

Radon indoor build-up poses a serious health threat, increasing the risk of lung cancer in those exposed. Effective limitation of the radon intake from the soil is possible only through the modern building technologies and materials use with high radon-protective characteristics in the building underground part. The ensuring radiation safety complexity is that, depending on the instantaneous soil-atmosphere-building system state, both diffusion and convection can act as the radon intake dominant mechanism, and each of these transfer mechanisms requires its own radon protection measures set. In the article, the dominance areas of each transfer mechanisms are established on the theoretical researches, and an approach to determining the radon load on the building underground shell is proposed.
Mechanism for developing foreign markets of technology products for efficient healthcare management and medical complexes construction
Authors: Sayapina K
Published: November 2020

The paper outlines the findings of an analysis of the aspects of launching innovative technology products in new foreign markets, as exemplified by the market of medical equipment, with a focus on efficient management of healthcare. The purpose of the paper is to find efficient methods of introducing and further promoting innovative products in new markets and to propose practical recommendations. The conclusions can be used for the process of architectural planning and construction of hospitals and other healthcare complexes. The following methods were applied to conduct the study: the method of comparative analysis of leading Russian and international innovation-driven companies of different sectors, specifically medical equipment production, used to identify major demand trends in the market; the case study method; the method of deduction; the method of linear regression used to develop forecasts of future demand development for medical equipment. The study has identified major factors of competitive advantages for Russian producers of medical equipment, namely, the implementation of technology systems, development of specifically tailored propositions for each individual market, establishment of partner relations with local agent companies and bringing to the market patented equipment under licence agreements. A mechanism is developed for launching innovative products in foreign markets, which includes the stage of legal regulation, foreign trade and customs regulation, promotion and marketing measures, as well as after-sales service. The paper concludes with practical recommendations on bringing technology products in external markets, which highlight the need for preliminary monitoring of similar products available locally and internationally, complex solutions and establishment of joint ventures for product promotion and public-private entities in the long run to improve the healthcare management system.