bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zooplanktonic Community Assessment over Space and Time: A biomonitoring Tool in an Artificial Lake
Authors: Yetunde Omoboye Helen , Adenike Adedeji Adebukola , Adeniyi Israel Funso
Published: March 2022

Aims: The prime objective of this study is to determine the taxonomic composition of the zooplankton fauna of Esa-Odo Reservoir in Osun State and determine the spatial (horizontal and vertical) and seasonal variations in the composition, distribution abundance, and community structure of the zooplankton community in the reservoir.

Study design: sampling stations were selected horizontally and vertically to cover the entire zones of the reservoir. Planktonic samples were collected at two months intervals for two years.

Methodology: Samples were collected from the depth using an improvised Meyer’s water sampler. Net and Total plankton were sampled by filtration and sedimentation methods. Planktonic samples were preserved as 5% formalin and 1% Lugol’s solution.  Measurement, enumeration, and scaled pictures of the recorded zooplankton were taken using a photomicrograph. The taxonomic composition of zooplankton biota was determined using identification keys. Data analysis was done using PAST Statistical Package. ANOVA was used to determine the spatio-temporal variations.

Results: Fiftyty-three (53) pecies of total zooplankton recorded in this study belong to 4 groups:  Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda, and Insecta. Rotifera was the most represented group (61.21%). Horizontally, 24 species with the highest mean abundance characterized the lacustrine; while 12 species and 10 species were unique to the transition and riverine zones, respectively.  Vertically, most species had their mean abundance decreased from the surface to the bottom of the reservoir. A total of nine (9), two (2) and one (1) species were peculiar to the surface, bottom and mid-depth, respectively. Zooplankton organisms were most abundant during the dry season.

Conclusion: Esa-Odo Reservoir comprised highly diversified zooplankton fauna with great potential to support rich aquatic community and fishery production. The reservoir can be classified as fairly clean based on the abundance of the rotifer group. However, the lake should be subjected to regular proper monitoring because of the presence of some pollution tolerant copepod species identified among the zooplankton fauna.
Clinical Presentation and Factors Associated to COVID-19 Disease in Mexican Patients
Authors: López-Hernández Daniel
Published: March 2022

Objective: The objective was determining the clinical presentation and factors strongest associated to COVID-19 by age group.

Materials and Methods: A case-control study was performed. A total of 196,640 patients with laboratory-confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection and 196,640 persons without SARS-CoV-2 infection were included.

Results: The strongest signs and symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were: in children fever (OR=1.31, CI95% 1.15-1.492), and headache (OR=1.208, CI95% 1.056-1.381). In adolescents, rhinorrhoea (OR=1.314, CI95% 1.218-1.419), myalgia (OR=1.142, CI95% 1.032-1.264), odynophagia (OR=1.151, CI95% 1.069-1.240), cough (OR=1.109, CI95% 1.032-1.192), and fever (OR=1.617, CI95% 1.501-1.742). In young-adults, rhinorrhoea (OR=1.224, CI95% 1.192-1.257), and chest pain (OR=1.076, CI95% 1.044-1.108). In older adults, polypnea (OR=1.088, CI95% 1.027-1.154), and diarrhea (OR=1.138, CI95% 1.086-1.193), and in both adults’ groups, cyanosis, malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, chills, dyspnoea, cough, and fever.

Conclusion: Clinical presentation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection was different in each group. The strongest associated factors to predict SARS-CoV-2 infection are: smoking, obesity and diabetes.
Anomalous Connection of the Coronary Artery Causing ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Case Report
Authors: Ech-chenbouli Amine , Arous Salim , Benouna Mohamed Elghali , Rachida Habbal
Published: March 2022

Background: With an angiographic prevalence approaching 1%, Anomalous connections of the Coronary arteries (ANOCOR) are rare. The term connection is preferred over origin since the coronary arteries do not grow out of the aorta but grow into the aorta from the peri truncal ring of coronary arterial vasculature. Very often these anatomical shapes are incidental findings without clinical impact; however, in some specific cases, clinical symptoms may occur arriving to sudden cardiac death (SCD), this is particularly true when there is a an interarterial course between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary.

Case Presentation: This case is about patient that we receive in emergency department presenting with an inferior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) which was found to be caused by compression of the proximal right coronary artery (RCA) between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. Surgery was indicated by the heart team for the treatment of this condition.

Conclusions: This case presents a severe manifestation of proximal anomalous connection of the right coronary artery with a “malignant” course between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. This variant has been called malignant because of its association with sudden death especially in young asymptomatic athletes. In current guidelines for symptomatic ANOCOR with interarterial course the treatment recommended is surgery.
Effect of Gas Flaring on Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil under Tea Plantation in Assam, India
Authors: Bhuyan Kalparanjan , Kalita Rashmi , Saikia Gautam Kumar , Chandra Barua Subhash , Borah Nilay
Published: March 2022

Gas flaring is a major contributor to the emission of toxic gases and other gaseous pollutants into the atmosphere. A study was undertaken to establish gas flaring effects on physic-chemical properties of soil under tea plantation in Assam, India. The experimental plot was laid out in 5 x 2 factorial RCBD.  The experiment was carried out in small tea grower’s gardens adjacent to OCS-6 at Merbil Majuli and Kothaloni OCS in Dibrugarh district of Assam in the year 2019-20. The experimental plots were laid out at 11 metres away from the gas flaring point. Plots were selected at an interval of 20 metres within the experimental design i.e. D1 (11-31m), D2 (31-51m), D3 (51-71m), D4 (71-91m) and DC (150-170m) where, DC denotes control plot. Soil samples for the study were obtained for two tea growing season i.e. rainy and autumn season from the selected gardens. Soil physical parameters such as bulk density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, soil temperature and soil moisture and chemical parameters such as pH, organic carbon content, available NPK and electrical conductivity of both effected and control plots were evaluated in the laboratory to check the effect of gas flaring and the results obtained were compared with those from the control plot. The results showed that the soil temperature, soil moisture content, soil organic carbon and available NPK of both Merbil Majuli and Kothaloni were significantly affected by gas flaring with respect to distances. But, the bulk density, soil porosity, hydraulic conductivity, soil pH and electrical conductivity of soil were not affected by gas flaring.
Impact of Oil Field Effluent on Soil Health and Physiological Growth in Small Tea Farms of Shalmari OCS-1, Dibrugarh, Assam
Authors: Bharadwaj E. , Neog P. , Gogoi A. S.
Published: March 2022

Aims: The investigation was undertaken to study the impact of spillage in the tea plantations in nearby oil fields with probable effect on the soil health and the growth of the tea crop with the following objectives to study the released from the oil fields on the physiology of tea crop and to study the impact of effluent on soil physicochemical in tea plants.

Study Design:  Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for two factorial RBD was carried out using OPSTAT.

Place and Duration of Study: The field study was carried out in Shalmari No. 1 near the Tingkhong tea estate of Dibrugarh. The laboratory works were carried out in the Department of Tea Husbandry & Technology and Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, between March’19 to February’20.

Methodology: Two tea-growing seasons viz. Rainflush and autumn flush were considered. Samples were collected in four distances at an interval of 0-21 m, 21-42 m, and 42-63 m and beyond 63m (control site). A total of 24 plant samples was collected for both the season with respect to 4 distance and 3 replication. In the case of soil samples, a total of 24 soil samples were collected for both the season.

Results: Plant parameters like water saturation deficit increased in crude oil affected site while decreased the relative turgidity, stomatal count, in the tea plants grown in the contaminated site. Bulk density, pH, organic carbon, and available nutrients in the contaminated site of the soils was increased. However, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and electrical conductivity were low in the contaminated area.

Conclusion: The study reveals oil effluent spillage as a major factor for plant growth and soil quality deterioration and the impact was more pronounced in the vicinity of the drilling point adversely affecting plant physiological, soil physico-chemical parameters.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Internet Addiction among Clinical Medical Students of a Nigerian Private University
Authors: Ihekaike Marcia M. , Shehu Maryam Y. , Makama Maureen
Published: March 2022

Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of internet addiction among undergraduate clinical medical students of a Nigerian private university.

Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Bingham University, Jos campus, Plateau state, Nigeria, between May and July 2021.

Methods: We included 383 (147 males and 236 females, age range 18 – 49 years) clinical medical students of Bingham University. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire which included questions about socio-demographic factors, the pattern of internet use and the standardized Internet Addiction Test questionnaire developed by Dr Kimberly S. Young in 1998. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between internet addiction and various risk factors.

Results: Out of 402 students who were administered questionnaires, 383 completed the questionnaires giving a response rate of 95.3%. Of these, 145 (37.9%) were mildly addicted to the internet, 30 (7.8%) were moderately addicted and 1 (0.3%) was severely addicted to the internet. The mean age of the study participants was 22.7 ± 2.7 years. Logistic regression analysis showed that age (P = .002), and having trouble sleeping (P = .002) were significantly but negatively associated with the development of internet addiction while hours spend on social media (P < .001) was significantly and positively associated.

Conclusions: Internet addiction is an emerging disorder in this era of almost global access to internet facilities.
Giant Cell Arteritis: Does Perivascular Inflammation on Biopsy Lead to Clinical Disease?
Authors: Macklin Michael , Zarbalian Yousef , Wang Li , Hamilton Ronald , Liang Kimberly
Published: March 2022

Background and Objective: Transmural inflammation of the temporal artery on biopsy is considered strongly suggestive of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Occasionally other inflammation patterns are seen. It is controversial whether these findings predict GCA-like disease. Our objective was to describe the clinicopathologic features in a cohort of patients with temporal artery biopsies to examine outcomes of patients with non-transmural inflammation.

Methods: We examined through retrospective chart review the clinical course from 2010-2020 of patients with temporal artery biopsies from 2010-2012. Biopsy results were divided into 3 groups: GCA transmural inflammation, non-GCA perivascular inflammation and negative. Non-GCA perivascular inflammation included small vessel, vasa vasorum and adventitial inflammation. Endpoints included constitutional and craniofacial symptoms, CRP and ESR levels, ASCVD, large vessel complications, and length of steroid treatment.

Results: 95 patients were included. Transmural patients had more visual loss compared with perivascular patients (55.5% vs 15.7%, p=0.004). Transmural patients had more jaw claudication or headache/jaw claudication compared with perivascular patients (44.5% vs 12.6%, p=0.01). Weight loss was more common in transmural patients compared with perivascular (27.8% vs 3.1%, p=0.02). Night sweats, PMR symptoms, and temporal artery tenderness were similar between groups. CRP was higher in transmural patients though not significantly. ESR levels were similar between groups. Transmural patients had a longer steroid duration with a median of 24 months vs 1.5 for perivascular, p=0.001.

Conclusion: Patients with non-transmural inflammation on temporal artery biopsies had improved outcomes when compared with transmural patients. This raises the question of whether steroids should be continued after a biopsy returns with perivascular inflammation.
Effects of Maternal Thrombocytopenia on Pregnancy Outcome: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Khursheed Saaliyah , Sameen Duri , Farhat Deeba , A. Dar Sheeraz
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Platelets are non -nucleated cellular fragments of megakaryocytes, they play a critical role in haemostasis. Thrombocytopenia is a common medical disorder and is defined as platelet count less than 150,000/µl.

Objective: To study the aetiology of maternal thrombocytopenia and its effect on pregnancy outcomes.

Subjects and Methods: This prospective study was carried over a period of two years from July 2015-May2017 in SKIMS Medical College Bemina. Pregnant women with low platelet counts (count less than 150,000 /µl) in third trimester were taken as cases and rest served as controlled. All the thrombocytopenic cases were followed up throughout the antenatal period till delivery to record any complications that may develop due to low platelet counts. Platelet counts were repeated in the postpartum period at 1 & 6 weeks. Babies of all cases were tested for thrombocytopenia.

Results: The prevalence of thrombocytopenia in pregnant Kashmiri females was found to be 9.38%. Most cases were due to the condition labelled as gestational thrombocytopenia, the exact cause of which is unknown. It accounted for 60.2% of cases. Obstetric causes accounted for 23.2% of cases and medical causes accounted for 16% of cases. The incidence of postpartum haemorrhage in cases was 6.8% and in controls 2.4%, though the incidence is higher but statistically insignificant.

Conclusion: No significant increase in maternal complications and pregnancy seen with regards to thrombocytopenia.
Groundwater Contaminants Investigation in a Basement Area of Nigeria Using 2D Electrical Surveying Methods
Authors: Adekunle Sofolabo , Emmanuel Chinedu Ochu
Published: March 2022

Some of the common methods of monitoring and mapping groundwater contaminants is by extracting and analyzing samples of the groundwater obtained from wells within the expected investigation area, although lots of limitations are encountered in this type of investigation technique (point wise method) due to the nature of most subsurface layers, which are heterogeneous and anisotropic in nature and acquiring information using this method is comparatively difficult due to the few points acquired for investigation. Common and most recent method used to overcome such type of limitation and improve ground monitoring cost-effectively, is the use of Direct Current Resistivity measurements. This method gives a comprehensive characterization of the electrical properties of the subsurface layers (volume) needed. This paper investigates the usability and advantages of the resistivity method as a better method technique in monitoring groundwater contaminants in basement area or terrains under different seasons, in monitoring programmes. The work comprises field investigations at several sanitary landfills around the basement area of Ado-Odo town, in Ogun State, Nigeria, using Wenner array configuration (tomography) technique. From the results obtained, the level/degree of contaminants are easily identified and evaluated within the subsurface layers. We therefore concluded that the use of resistivity survey method gives an improved, better and appropriate information, generally suitable for mapping and monitoring of conductive groundwater contaminants in basement area.
Analysis of Bleeding and Clotting Time among Patients Visiting a Private Dental Hospital - an Institutional Study
Authors: Kameswari S. , Ramani Pratibha
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Detection of dental problems starts from childhood, with regular check-ups to the dental specialist. Hemostasis is a stoppage of bleeding from damaged veins which includes a number of endothelial cells from vessels, small venules, or arterioles, then platelet plug is formed and eventually the bleeding stops.

Aim: The main aim of this study is to analyse the Bleeding time and Clotting time among the patients visiting the private dental hospital.

Materials and Methods: This study was based on the comparison of bleeding and clotting time among the patients. Samples size for the present study was collected from Jun 2019 to Feb 2021 using Dental hospital management study. This study includes 3428 patients. SPSS software had been used in the analysis and the results were described in the pictorial graphs.

Results: Among the total patients, 41.45% of them were males and 58.55% of them were females. It was observed that the females had a higher percentage of both bleeding time (1 min 21 sec) with p=0.402 and clotting time (6 min 11 sec) with p=0.300 compared to males. However, this was not statistically significant, as the chi square test showed p > 0.05.

Conclusion: Dentists are facing a consistently increasing number of conditions associated with abnormal hemostatic function. In this study, it is found that females have more bleeding and clotting time as compared to males due to the hormonal differences.
The Pattern of Occlusal Contact in Lateral Mandibular Jaw Position
Authors: Arshad Mubeen , Mustafa Muhammad , Hanif Saima , Salam Aimon , Naz Irum , Aslam Fahad
Published: March 2022

Objective: To determine the pattern of occlusal contacts in lateral jaw position of the mandibles in different of molar classification.   

Study Design: Observational study.

Setting: Study carried out at Department of Prosthodontics; Institute of Dentistry, LUMHS, Jamshoro, Pakistan from June 2020 to December 2020.

Materials and Methods: Subjects having normal Angle’s class 1 occlusal alignment, both male and females aged between 20-30 years old and subjects having full dentition with the exception for third molars were included the study. While Subjects with severe attrition problems, Subjects were placed in a dental chair with the Frankfurt level parallel to the floor. The interocclusal contacts were recorded with 12μ thick shim stock in four lateral positions on both sides; 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mm measured with Vernier caliper from the maximum intercuspation point. The shim stock was placed on the occlusal surface on the right side, and the subject was asked to close his/her mandible in the maximum intercuspation position. While a constant pulling force was maintained on the shim stock, the subject was then asked to perform a habitual gliding movement to the right. When the subject’s mandible was moved 0.5 mm right from the intercuspal position, the presence or absence of an occlusal contact were examined and recorded.

Results: From 81 patients, the minimum age was found 20 years and maximum age was 30 years with mean and standard deviation of the age was 25.40 ± 2.84 years. Males were 44/81 (54.3%) while females were 33/81 (45.7%).  The different lateral positions on right side of tooth of patients at 0.5 mm were 225, 1 mm were 176, 2 mm were 161 and 3 mm were 140. The different lateral positions on left side of tooth of patients at 0.5mm were 197, 1 mm were 171, 2mm were 146 and 3 mm were 123.

Conclusion: In the current study, significant association was found between tooth number and first molar tooth lateral position on right side but there was no significant association for other positions and between tooth numbers and different lateral position on left side.
Marginal Bone Level and Bone Quality Evaluation Using CBCT after Functional Loading around Dental Implant in the Population of Bhubaneswar, Odisha: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Jha Snehjyoti , Pathi Jugajyoti , Sangamesh N. C. , Singh Dhirendra Kumar , Sikdar Abhik , Dash Monalisa
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The importance of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in the field of Implant Planning is a rapidly emerging imaging modality for the purpose of implant planning. Having the obvious benefits over the conventional methods of radiography, CBCT by far is the most promising aid in the efficient implant-supported prosthetic field.

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the bone density and the height and width around dental implants and compare it to that of the edentulous space before placing the implant.

Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar. A total of 20 subjects from the CBCT database of the department with a single posterior edentulous space indicated for implant-supported dental prosthesis were selected. Approval of the Ethical Committee was taken. A pre-implant radiographic assessment was done with the help of CBCT, to evaluate the crestal height, crestal width and bone density, followed by surgical placement of the implant. After 6 months of implant placement, a post-operative radiographic assessment was done to evaluate the same parameters. 

Results: The mean difference of pre- and post-implant crestal width was 0.57 (p<0.001), crestal height was 0.5 (p<0.001) and bone density was 58.2 (p<0.001). It was observed that the mean crestal height, width and bone density was higher in the post-operative radiographic assessment compared to the pre-operative radiographic assessment and the difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion: From the given results, it can be concluded that alveolar bone width, height and bone density were significantly improved after implant placement and the osseointegration occurring after implant prosthesis greatly improves the periodontal status of the peri-implant tissues.
Homocysteine Levels in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Pathan Eram , Lohano Ashok Kumar , Rind Muhammad Saleem , Jamali Anwar Ali , Ayaz Attiya , Devi Durga , Ahmer Arslan
Published: March 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of elevated homocysteine levels in acute ischemic stroke patients presenting to the medical department, civil hospital, Nawabshah.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine Civil Hospital, Nawabshah from 13/02/2021 to 12/08/2021. It included ischemic stroke patients and evaluated their homocysteine levels (≥15µmol/L were elevated). Homocysteine levels was compared then in relation with the other sub-groups of patients based on the age group, gender and obesity, smoking, hypertensive and diabetic status, and hyperlipidemia.

Results: There were 171 (64.5%) males and 94 (35.5%) females with mean age 49.9 ± 5.8 years Elevated levels of homocysteine were recorded in 140 (52.8%) patients with acute ischemic stroke. The frequency of elevated levels of homocysteine across various subgroups of patients in relation to age, gender, obesity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia was found to be insignificant.

Conclusion: The findings of this study show patients with acute ischemic stroke had elevated levels of homocysteine which suggests potential implications of homocysteine level assessment in the diagnostic workup as well as risk stratification and management planning of patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting in future medical practice.
Isolation of Heterotrophic and Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Fungi from Selected Mechanic Workshops in Port Harcourt
Authors: Ucheawaji Christopher Ogunte , Aleruchi Owhonka , N. Barika Prince , Ikechi Ogbonna Solomon
Published: March 2022

Spent engine oil wastes in soils are currently considered one of the most serious environmental problems. This type of pollution decreases or fully destroys soil fertility, changes the elemental composition of soil. After their introduction into soil, hydrocarbons affect soil microorganisms directly or indirectly. In this study the population of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi was investigated in soils from different mechanic workshop in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Soil physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, nitrate, phosphorous, potassium, total hydrocarbon content and heavy metals like Pb and Cd were also determined. Standard procedures were followed in the mycological and physicochemical parameters determination. In the soil samples, counts of the total heterotrophic fungi ranged from 0.87±3.62 to 6.9±3.37 ×104 cfu/g soil while counts of the hydrocarbon utilizing fungi ranged from 0.85 ±1.91 to 2.75±1.26 ×103 cfu/g soil. The control soil sample recorded more total heterotrophic fungal counts with significant difference while the soil from the mechanic workshops recorded more hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts than the control soil sample and was significantly different. Eight fungal genera were isolated and they include Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Blastomyces, Scedosporium, Microsporium, Candida and Scopulariopsis. Fungal genera such as Microsporium, Candida and Scopulariopsis were not isolated from soils from the mechanic workshops but only isolated from the control soil sample. The pH values ranged between 5.81 to 7.91, temperature ranged from 27.7 to 30 oC, nitrate value ranged from 0.04 to 0.21 mg/kg, PO4 ranged from 1.10 to 3.42 mg/kg, total hydrocarbon content (THC) value ranged from 0 to 170.01 mg/kg, potassium (K) value ranged from 5.063 to 17.013 mg/kg. The heavy metals analyzed were Pb (Lead) and Cd (Cadmium). The Pb ranged from 0.10 to 5.12463 mg/kg, cadmium ranged from 0.13 to 1.65072 mg/kg. The soil samples from mechanic workshops were contaminated with hydrocarbons, and the fungal isolates were primarily hydrocarbon utilizers that may be exploited for contaminated soil bioremediation.
Consistent quantization of systems with positive and negative energy states
Authors:   Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Zakir Zahid
Published: March 2022

The Stueckelberg-Feynman (SF) treatment, where positive energy antiparticles are described as negative energy particles going backward in time, lies on the basis of particle physics, but it was inconsistent with quantum field theory, since led to a negative norm for negative energy states. In the paper a new consistent method of canonical quantization in SF treatment is presented, where norms of all states is positive, since changing the direction of time integration in the action function changes the sign of Lagrangian of antiparticles and momentum. Minimal Lagrangians for complex canonical variables do not lead to the zero-point energy, which partially solves the cosmological constant problem. Causal propagators and amplitudes appear as symmetric chronological products of field operators, which slightly modifies diagram technique. Modified microcausality conditions and proof of spin and statistics theorem are presented, applications to particle physics and condensed media are discussed.
Pinning and self‐adaptive control to the couple‐group consensus of heterogeneous fractional multi‐agent systems with cooperative‐competitive relation
Authors: Pu Xingcheng , Cheng Zhengxing
Published: March 2022

In this article, the couple‐group consensus of a class of heterogeneous fractional multi‐agent systems with time‐varying delay (HFMASs) has been studied. Based on cooperative‐competitive interaction, pinning and self‐adaptive controller has been designed to realize the couple‐group consensus for this system with single integrator and double integrator fractional‐order dynamics. By using Lyapunov function, mode‐dependent average dwell time (MDADT) technology, stability theory and delta operator method, some sufficient conditions have been obtained to guard the success of couple‐consensus for this HFMASs with fixed or switching topologies. According to these sufficient conditions, the related feasible solutions can be solved by using liner matrix inequality (LMI). In addition, these results are also applicable to the system with weakly connected topology without containing a spanning tree or meeting the demand of equilibrium of degree. Finally, several simulation experiments have been presented to prove the validity of the related results.
Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Environment: Material Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Xie Xiaohong , Du Lei , Yan Litao , Park Sehkyu , Qiu Yang , Sokolowski Joshua , Wang Wei , Shao Yuyan
Published: March 2022

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) generally exists in electrochemistry‐enabled applications that are coupled with cathodic reactions like hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide reduction, ammonia synthesis, and electrocatalytic hydrogenation. The OER heavily impacts the overall energy efficiency of these devices because the sluggish OER kinetics result in a huge overpotential, thus, a large amount of efficient catalysts are needed. The benchmark iridium and ruthenium (Ir/Ru)‐based materials (mostly used in acid media) are, however, significantly limited by their scarcity. Non‐precious metal‐based catalysts (NPMCs) have emerged as the most promising alternatives; however, they tend to degrade quickly under the harsh operating conditions of typical OER devices. Another challenge is the unsatisfying performance of OER catalysts when integrated in real‐world devices. Herein, the OER active sites for three mainstream types of NPMCs including non‐precious transition metal oxides/(oxy)hydroxides, metal‐free carbon materials, and hybrid non‐precious metal and carbon composites are reviewed. In addition, possible degradation mechanisms for active sites and mitigation strategies are discussed in detail. This review also provides insights into the gaps between R&D of NPMCs for the OER and their applications in practical devices.
Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Biomacromolecules through Intracellular Delivery of Nucleic Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Authors: Tian Yu , Tirrell Matthew V. , LaBelle James L.
Published: March 2022

Biomacromolecules have long been at the leading edge of academic and pharmaceutical drug development and clinical translation. With the clinical advances of new therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies and nucleic acids, the array of medical applications of biomacromolecules has broadened considerably. A major on‐going effort is to expand therapeutic targets within intracellular locations. Owing to their large sizes, abundant charges, and hydrogen‐bond donors and acceptors, advanced delivery technologies are required to deliver biomacromolecules effectively inside cells. In this review, strategies used for the intracellular delivery of three major forms of biomacromolecules: nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides, are highlighted. An emphasis is placed on synthetic delivery approaches and the major hurdles needed to be overcome for their ultimate clinical translation.
Intelligent Paper‐Free Sprayable Skin Mask Based on an In Situ Formed Janus Hydrogel of an Environmentally Friendly Polymer
Authors: Cai Caiyun , Tang Jingyu , Zhang Yi , Rao Weihan , Cao Dinglingge , Guo Wen , Yu Lin , Ding Jiandong
Published: March 2022

Traditional skin care masks usually use a piece of paper to hold the aqueous essences, which are not environmentally friendly and not easy to use. While a paper‐free mask is desired, it is faced with a dilemma of moisture holding and rapid release of encapsulated bioactive substances. Herein, a paper‐free sprayable skin mask is designed from an intelligent material—a thermogel which undergoes sol–gel‐suspension transitions upon heating—to solve this dilemma. A synthesized block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) with appropriate ratios can be dissolved in water, and thus easily mixed with a biological substance. The mixture is sprayable. After spraying, a Janus film is formed in situ with a physical gel on the outside and a suspension on the inside facing skin. Thus, both moisture holding and rapid release are achieved. Such a thermogel composed of biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymers loaded with nicotinamide as a skin mask is verified to reduce pigmentation on a 3D pigmented reconstructed epidermis model and further in a clinical study. This work might be stimulating for investigations and applications of biodegradable and intelligent soft matter in the fields of drug delivery and regenerative medicine.
Manipulating Crystallization Kinetics in High‐Performance Blade‐Coated Perovskite Solar Cells via Cosolvent‐Assisted Phase Transition
Authors: Liang Qiong , Liu Kuan , Sun Mingzi , Ren Zhiwei , Fong Patrick W. K. , Huang Jiaming , Qin Minchao , Wu Zehan , Shen Dong , Lee Chun‐Sing , Hao Jianhua , Lu Xinhui , Huang Bolong , Li Gang
Published: March 2022

Manipulating the perovskite solidification process, including nucleation and crystal growth, plays a critical role in controlling film morphology and thus affects the resultant device performance. In this work, a facile and effective ethyl alcohol (EtOH) cosolvent strategy is demonstrated with the incorporation of EtOH into perovskite ink for high‐performance room‐temperature blade‐coated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules. Systematic real‐time perovskite crystallization studies uncover the delicate perovskite structural evolutions and phase‐transition pathway. Time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations both demonstrate that EtOH in the mixed‐solvent system significantly promotes the formation of an FA‐based precursor solvate (FA2PbBr4·DMSO) during the trace‐solvent‐assisted transition process, which finely regulates the balance between nucleation and crystal growth to guarantee high‐quality perovskite films. This strategy efficiently suppresses nonradiative recombination and improves efficiencies in both 1.54 (23.19%) and 1.60 eV (22.51%) perovskite systems, which represents one of the highest records for blade‐coated PSCs in both small‐area devices and minimodules. An excellent VOC deficit as low as 335 mV in the 1.54 eV perovskite system, coincident with the measured nonradiative recombination loss of only 77 mV, is achieved. More importantly, significantly enhanced device stability is another signature of this approach.
One‐Pot Conversion of Glucose into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural using MOFs and Brønsted‐Acid Tandem Catalysts
Authors: Lara‐Serrano Marta , Morales‐delaRosa Silvia , Campos‐Martin Jose M. , Abdelkader‐Fernández Víctor K. , Cunha‐Silva Luís , Balula Salete S.
Published: March 2022

The direct conversion reaction of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is studied using metal organic framework (MOF) as Lewis‐acid catalysts and a polyoxometalate (POM), silicotungstic acid, as a Brønsted‐type acid with a mixture of 1% glucose solution in γ‐valerolactone (GVL)‐10% H2O at 140 °C. The study is carried out with two routes: one using MOF and POM tandem catalysts added independently and the other through the synthesis of a composite material denoted POM@MOF. The activity tests show that the profiles of the conversion and yield of HMF achieved in both routes are similar, with the reactions with MIL‐53(Al) and MIL‐101(Cr) catalysts producing the highest yield of HMF (40% after 8 h of reaction). Stability tests are performed on the POM@MOF catalysts based on MIL‐53(Al) and MIL‐101(Cr). MIL‐53(Al) and HSiW@MIL‐101(Cr) can be reused, showing a progressive loss in HMF yield due to the leaching of POM.
Edge State Quantum Interference in Twisted Graphitic Interfaces
Authors: Oz Annabelle , Dutta Debopriya , Nitzan Abraham , Hod Oded , Koren Elad
Published: March 2022

Zigzag edges in graphitic systems exhibit localized electronic states that drastically affect their properties. Here, room‐temperature charge transport experiments across a single graphitic interface are reported, in which the interlayer current is confined to the contact edges. It is shown that the current exhibits pronounced oscillations of up to ≈40 µA with a dominant period of ≈5 Å with respect to lateral displacement that do not directly correspond to typical graphene lattice spacing. The origin of these features is computationally rationalized as quantum mechanical interference of localized edge states showing significant amplitude and interlayer coupling variations as a function of the interface stacking configuration. Such interference effects may therefore dominate the transport properties of low‐dimensional graphitic interfaces.
Designing Self‐Assembling Chimeric Peptide Nanoparticles with High Stability for Combating Piglet Bacterial Infections
Authors: Tan Peng , Tang Qi , Xu Shenrui , Zhang Yucheng , Fu Huiyang , Ma Xi
Published: March 2022

As a novel type of antibiotic alternative, peptide‐based antibacterial drug shows potential application prospects attributable to their unique mechanism for lysing the membrane of pathogenic bacteria. However, peptide‐based antibacterial drugs suffer from a series of problems, most notably their immature stability, which seriously hinders their application. In this study, self‐assembling chimeric peptide nanoparticles (which offer excellent stability in the presence of proteases and salts) are constructed and applied to the treatment of bacterial infections. In vitro studies are used to demonstrate that peptide nanoparticles NPs1 and NPs2 offer broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity and desirable biocompatibility, and they retain their antibacterial ability in physiological salt environments. Peptide nanoparticles NPs1 and NPs2 can resist degradation under high concentrations of proteases. In vivo studies illustrate that the toxicity caused by peptide nanoparticles NPs1 and NPs2 is negligible, and these nanoparticles can alleviate systemic bacterial infections in mice and piglets. The membrane permeation mechanism and interference with the cell cycle differ from that of antibiotics and mean that the nanoparticles are at a lower risk of inducing drug resistance. Collectively, these advances may accelerate the development of peptide‐based antibacterial nanomaterials and can be applied to the construction of supramolecular nanomaterials.
Electrochemically Reconstructed Cu‐FeOOH/Fe3O4 Catalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Media
Authors: Yang Chenfan , Zhong Wenda , Shen Ke , Zhang Qin , Zhao Rong , Xiang Hui , Wu Jing , Li Xuanke , Yang Nianjun
Published: March 2022

Surface self‐reconstruction via incorporating an amorphous structure on the surface of a catalyst can induce abundant defects and unsaturated sites for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. Herein, an electrochemical activation method is proposed to reconstruct the surface of a Cu‐Fe3O4 catalyst. Following a “dissolution–redeposition” path, the defective FeOOH is formed under potential stimulation on the surface of the Cu‐Fe3O4 precursor during the electrochemical activation process. This Cu‐FeOOH/Fe3O4 catalyst exhibits excellent stability as well as extremely low overpotential toward the alkaline HER (e.g., 129 and 285 mV at the large current densities of −100 and 500 mA cm−2, respectively), much superior to the Pt/C catalyst. The experimental and density functional theory calculation results demonstrate that the Cu‐FeOOH/Fe3O4 catalyst has abundant oxygen vacancies, featuring optimized surface chemical composition and electronic structure for improving the active sites and intrinsic activity. Introducing defective FeOOH on the surface of a Cu‐Fe3O4 catalyst by means of an electrochemical activation method decreases the energy barrier of both H2O dissociation and H2 generation. Such a surface self‐reconstruction strategy provides a new avenue toward the production of efficient non‐noble metal catalysts for the HER.
High‐Ranged ZT Value Promotes Thermoelectric Cooling and Power Generation in n‐Type PbTe
Authors: Xiao Yu , Wu Haijun , Shi Haonan , Xu Liqing , Zhu Yuke , Qin Yongxin , Peng Guyang , Zhang Yang , Ge Zhen‐Hua , Ding Xiangdong , Zhao Li‐Dong
Published: March 2022

Excellent thermoelectric cooling and power generation are simultaneously realized in an n‐type PbTe‐based thermoelectric material. The cooling temperature difference (ΔT) of ≈15.6 K, maximum power density of ≈0.4 W cm−2 and conversion efficiency of ≈1.5% with TC = 295 K and TH = 765 K can be obtained in a single‐leg device composed of PbTe‐30%SnSe‐1.5%Cu. This advanced thermoelectric performance in n‐type PbTe‐30%SnSe‐1.5%Cu mainly originates from its high‐ranged ZT value achieved through optimizing its bandgap, carrier density, and microstructure. The bandgap in PbTe is first reduced by SnSe alloying to facilitate the carrier transport properties at low temperature range (300–573 K). With further tuned carrier density, the average power factor increases from ≈10.2 µW cm−1 K−2 in Pb0.985Sb0.015Te‐30%SnSe to ≈16.2 µW cm−1 K−2 in PbTe‐30%SnSe‐1.5%Cu at 300–773 K. Moreover, microstructure observation reveals high‐density dislocations in PbTe‐30% SnSe‐1.5% Cu, which can dramatically suppress the room‐temperature lattice thermal conductivity from ≈2.21 Wm−1 K−1 in Pb0.985Sb0.015Te to ≈0.53 Wm−1 K−1 in PbTe‐30%SnSe‐1.5%Cu. As a result, a room‐temperature ZT value of ≈0.7 and high average ZT value (ZTave) of ≈0.98 can be obtained in PbTe‐30%SnSe‐1.5%Cu at 300–573 K, which makes its performance comparable to the commercial n‐type Bi2Te3‐based thermoelectric material.
Early impact of X‐ and Y‐chromosome variations (XXX, XXY, XYY) on social communication and social emotional development in 1–2‐year‐old children
Authors: Bouw Nienke , Swaab Hanna , Tartaglia Nicole , Jansen Anna C. , van Rijn Sophie
Published: March 2022

Sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs) are characterized by an extra X‐ or Y‐chromosome (XXX, XXY, XYY). The present study aims to investigate early signs of social communication and social emotional development in very young children with SCT. Thirty‐four children with SCT (aged 12–24 months) were included in this study, as well as 31 age‐matched controls. Social communication was measured with structured behavior observations according to the Early Social Communication Scales, and social emotional developmental level with the Bayley Social Emotional parental questionnaire. Recruitment and assessment took place in the Netherlands and in the United States. On average, 12–24‐month old children with SCT showed difficulties with early social communication, more so in responding to others as compared to initiating social communications. During social interactions, children with SCT made less frequent eye contact, compared to controls. Also, difficulties in acquiring social emotional milestones were found in 1‐year old children with SCT, with 44% of the children having social emotional vulnerabilities in the borderline or extremely low range, compared to typically developing children. In this cohort, no significant predictive effects of karyotype‐subtype (XXX, XXY, XYY) were found. Already from a very early age, SCT can be associated with increased risk for vulnerabilities in adaptive social functioning. These findings suggest that SCT impact the maturation of the social brain already from an early age, and stress the importance of early monitoring and (preventive) support early social development in young children with SCT.
Characterization of phenotypic range in DYRK1A haploinsufficiency syndrome using standardized behavioral measures
Authors: Fenster Rebecca , Ziegler Alban , Kentros Catherine , Geltzeiler Alexa , Green Snyder LeeAnne , Brooks Elizabeth , Chung Wendy K.
Published: March 2022

DYRK1A haploinsufficiency syndrome is a well‐established neurodevelopmental disorder, but detailed information on the range of cognitive and behavioral issues associated with the condition is limited. We studied 24 participants with likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants in DYRK1A through the Simons Searchlight study and systematically assessed their medical history and development using standardized instruments: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale II (VABS‐II) and Child Behavior Checklists/1.5‐5 and 6‐18 (CBCL/1.5‐5, CBCL/6‐18). All of the individuals in the cohort had neurological manifestations including intellectual disability or developmental delay, microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, and/or seizures. The severity of the neurodevelopmental disorder was variable with a few children scoring in the moderately low range on the adaptive behavior composite score on the VABS‐II. This study confirms the association of DYRK1A haploinsufficiency with neurodevelopmental disabilities, microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy and quantifies the range of adaptive behaviors.
Tmax Volumes Predict Final Infarct Size and Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Endovascular Treatment
Authors: Fainardi Enrico , Busto Giorgio , Rosi Andrea , Scola Elisa , Casetta Ilaria , Bernardoni Andrea , Saletti Andrea , Arba Francesco , Nencini Patrizia , Limbucci Nicola , Mangiafico Salvatore , Demchuk Andrew , Almekhlafi Mohammed A , Goyal Mayank , Lee Ting Y. , Menon Bijoy K. , Morotti Andrea
Published: March 2022

Objective

The objective of this paper was to explore the utility of time to maximum concentration (Tmax)‐based target mismatch on computed tomography perfusion (CTP) in predicting radiological and clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) selected for endovascular treatment (EVT).

Methods

Patients with AIS underwent CTP within 24 hours from onset followed by EVT. Critically hypoperfused tissue and ischemic core volumes were automatically calculated using Tmax thresholds >9.5 seconds and >16 seconds, respectively. The difference between Tmax > 9.5 seconds and Tmax > 16 seconds volumes and the ratio between Tmax > 9.5 seconds and Tmax > 16 seconds volumes were considered ischemic penumbra and Tmax mismatch ratio, respectively. Final infarct volume (FIV) was measured on follow‐up non‐contrast computed tomography (CT) at 24 hours. Favorable clinical outcome was defined as 90‐day modified Rankin Scale 0 to 2. Predictors of FIV and outcome were assessed with multivariable logistic regression. Optimal Tmax volumes for identification of good outcome was defined using receiver operating curves.

Results

A total of 393 patients were included, of whom 298 (75.8%) achieved successful recanalization and 258 (65.5%) achieved good outcome. In multivariable analyses, all Tmax parameters were independent predictors of FIV and outcome. Tmax > 16 seconds volume had the strongest association with FIV (beta coefficient = 0.596 p <0.001) and good outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96 per 1 ml increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95–0.97, p < 0.001). Tmax > 16 seconds volume had the highest discriminative ability for good outcome (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.842–0.909). A Tmax > 16 seconds volume of ≤67 ml best identified subjects with favorable outcome (sensitivity = 0.91 and specificity = 0.73).

Interpretation

Tmax target mismatch predicts radiological and clinical outcomes in patients with AIS with LVO receiving EVT within 24 hours from onset. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:878–888