bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Court Fools to Stage Puppets: Country Bumpkins in the Skits on CCTV's Spring Festival Gala, 1983–2022
Authors: Wang Hongjian
Published: March 2022

The satiric skits (xiaopin) on the annual Spring Festival Gala on China Central Television (CCTV) are arguably the most popular performances in the most-watched show on the most-censored television channel in China in the reform era. Through witty satire of emerging social problems, these performances help the audience to relieve anxieties accumulated in a fast-changing society. In particular, country bumpkin characters play a crucial role in providing a platform for the populace and the state to meet, contest, negotiate and compromise. However, they suddenly disappeared after Xi Jinping took power in 2012, which, examined in the context of socialist comedy, signals a new stage of China's post-socialist condition.
A Market Review of Available Airway Suction Technology
Authors: Johnson Sarah A. , Lauby Ryann S. , Hood R. Lyle , De Lorenzo Robert A. , Schauer Steven G.
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Airway injuries are the second leading cause of potentially survivable battlefield death and often require airway management strategies. Airway suction, the act of using negative pressure in a patient’s upper airway, removes debris that can prevent respiration, decreases possible aspiration risks, and allows clearer viewing of the airway for intubation. The most important characteristics for a portable airway suction device for prehospital combat care are portability, strong suction, and ease of use.

Methods:

This market review searched academic papers, military publications, Google searches, and Amazon to identify devices. The search included specific characteristics that would increase the likelihood that the devices would be suitable for battlefield use including weight, size, battery life, noise emission, canister size, tubing, and suction power.

Results:

Sixty portable airway suction devices were resulted, 31 of which met inclusion criteria – 11 manually powered devices and 20 battery-operated devices. One type of manual suction pump was a bag-like design with a squeezable suction pump that was extremely lightweight but had limited suction capabilities (vacuum pressure of 100mmHg). Another type of manual suction pump had a trigger-like design which is pulled back to create suction with a firm collection canister that had increased suction capabilities (vacuum pressures of 188-600mmHg), though still less than the battery operated, and was slightly heavier (0.23-0.458kg). Battery-operated devices had increased suction capabilities and were easier to use, but they were larger and weighed more (1.18-11.0kg).

Conclusion:

Future research should work to lighten and debulk battery-operated suction devices with high suction performance.
Aggregate effects of firing costs with endogenous firm productivity growth
Authors: Petit Borja
Published: March 2022

This article quantifies the aggregate effects of firing costs in a model of firm dynamics where firm-level productivity is determined by innovation. In the model, the productivity distribution is endogenous, and thus, potentially affected by policy changes, allowing the model to capture both the static (allocative efficiency) and dynamic effects (changes in the distribution of firms’ productivity) of firing costs. The model is calibrated to match key features of firms’ hiring and firing behavior using firm-level data from Spanish nonfinancial firms. I show that firing costs equivalent to 2.5 monthly wages produce a 4% loss in aggregate productivity relative to the frictionless economy. The aggregate productivity losses rise to more than 10% when firing costs are equivalent to 1 year’s wage. I show that a model with a standard AR(1) productivity process can only generate between 45 and 50% of these losses. Overall, the results suggest that ignoring the effects of frictions on the dynamics of firms’ productivity can substantially underestimate their effects.
What works to improve school lunch nutritional quality – legislation or self-audit?
Authors: Patterson Emma , Andersson Filip , Elinder Liselotte Schäfer
Published: March 2022

Objective:

Sweden updated its legislation on universal free school meals in 2011 and nutrition was explicitly mentioned. The current study (i) describes cross-sectional changes in school lunch nutritional quality during the following eight years and (ii) examines if repeated self-auditing, using a fully automated, online tool (School Food Sweden), based on the implementation strategy of audit and feedback, was associated with improvements.

Design:

Both repeated cross-sectional and longitudinal design. Factors associated with meeting nutritional criteria were examined using variance weighted least squares regression and logistic regression.

Setting:

Sweden.

Participants:

Primary schools who self-selected to audit meal quality between March 2012 and July 2019.

Results:

Almost half of all (ca 4800) primary schools signed up to use the tool and 1500 audited nutritional quality at least once. Repeated cross-sectional analyses showed the proportion meeting the nutritional criteria increased significantly between 2012/13 (11 %) and 2018/19 (34 %). Longitudinally, each additional audit completed increased the odds of meeting the nutritional criteria by 1·30 (CI 1·20, 1·41), controlling for region and time elapsed since the legislative change. In 774 schools with repeat audits, both number of audits and frequency of accessing feedback predicted meeting the nutritional criteria (OR 2·02, CI 1·23, 3·31), even after adjusting for time since the legislative change and days elapsed since previous audit.

Conclusions:

Both legislation and self-audit with automatic feedback appear effective in helping schools to improve school meal quality. Self-audit with feedback may be an effective complement to legislation, or a promising alternative in settings where regulation is not an option.
What makes interventions aimed at improving dietary behaviours successful in the secondary school environment? A systematic review of systematic reviews
Authors: Capper TE , Brennan SF , Woodside JV , McKinley MC
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To systematically review evidence from systematic reviews of interventions to improve dietary behaviours and reduce food wastage in secondary school pupils.

Design:

CINAHL, Cochrane Reviews, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and Web of Science were searched for systematic reviews of school-based dietary interventions from 2000 to 2020 published in a peer-reviewed journal in English. Articles were reviewed independently by two authors. AMSTAR-2 was used for quality assessment.

Setting:

Secondary school dietary interventions.

Participants:

Adolescents (aged 11–18).

Results:

In total, thirteen systematic reviews of dietary interventions in secondary schools met the inclusion criteria. A number of key characteristics of interventions that contributed to improvements in food choices in secondary school pupils were identified. These included the combination of education and environmental restructuring, incorporation of computer-based feedback, media or messaging, peer and/or parent involvement, an increase in the availability of healthy foods and the use of behavioural theory as a basis to the intervention. Intervention components that contributed specifically to a reduction in sugar-sweetened beverage intake or an increase in fruit and vegetable consumption, which are particularly relevant to adolescents, could not be determined. Similarly, evidence for interventions that improve nutritional knowledge and attitudes was limited.

Conclusions:

This systematic review of systematic reviews has identified a number of components of dietary interventions that can be explored to improve dietary behaviours in secondary school environments and, if demonstrated to be effective, be considered for inclusion in policies and strategies to improve the school food environment and promote dietary change.
Acceptability and experience of a personalised proteomic risk intervention for type 2 diabetes in primary care: qualitative interview study with patients and healthcare providers
Authors: Honey Stephanie , Neal Richard D. , Messenger Michael , Smith Samuel G.
Published: April 2022

Aim:

We explored the acceptability of a personalised proteomic risk intervention for patients at increased risk of type 2 diabetes and their healthcare providers, as well as their experience of participating in the delivery of proteomic-based risk feedback in UK primary care.

Background:

Advances in proteomics now allow the provision of personalised proteomic risk reports, with the intention of achieving positive behaviour change. This technology has the potential to encourage behaviour change in people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Methods:

A semi-structured interview study was carried out with patients at risk of type 2 diabetes and their healthcare providers in primary care in the North of England. Participants (n = 17) and healthcare provider (n = 4) were interviewed either face to face or via telephone. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. This qualitative study was nested within a single-arm pilot trial and undertaken in primary care.

Findings:

The personalised proteomic risk intervention was generally acceptable and the experience was positive. The personalised nature of the report was welcomed, especially the way it provided a holistic approach to risks of organ damage and lifestyle factors. Insights were provided as to how this may change behaviour. Some participants reported difficulties in understanding the format of the presentation of risk and expressed surprise at receiving risk estimates for conditions other than type 2 diabetes. Personalised proteomic risk interventions have the potential to provide holistic and comprehensive assessments of risk factors and lifestyle factors which may lead to positive behaviour change.
Compact ultra-wideband pattern diversity antenna for body-centric communications
Authors: Kanagasabai Malathi , Sambandam Padmathilagam , Gulam Nabi Alsath Mohammed
Published: March 2022

This paper presents a pattern diversity UWB antenna for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) communications. Pattern diversity antenna comprises two antenna elements with directional and omnidirectional patterns suitable for off-body and on-body communications respectively. Several broad-banding techniques such as Co-Planar waveguide, parasitic patches, and cavity resonant techniques are incorporated in microstrip antenna to achieve an ultra-wideband of 7.5 GHz (3.1 to 10.6 GHz) with a directional pattern. Monopole radiator topology is utilized to achieve a UWB frequency range of 2.6–10.6 GHz with an omnidirectional pattern. Pattern diversity is achieved using an orthogonal arrangement of the antenna elements in a compact size of 40 mm × 34 mm, maintaining the isolation >20 dB between the antennas. Gain varies from 2.2 to 4.6 dBi and 2.5 to 7.5 dBi for omnidirectional and directional antenna respectively. The simulated radiation efficiency for the directional antenna and the omnidirectional antenna are 74–86% and 52–66.5% respectively. The proposed design provides a good diversity performance in the entire UWB bandwidth with ECC<0.1 and a diversity gain of approximately 10 dB. SAR impact evaluated under various conditions is found to be <1.6 W/Kg for 1 gram of tissue.
Mütterliche Depressivität im kindlichen Entwicklungsverlauf: Eine prospektive Betrachtung von Auswirkungen, Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren
Authors: Roetner Jakob , Petry Janna , Niekamp Julia , Maschke Janina , Goecke Tamme W. , Fasching Peter A. , Beckmann Matthias W. , Kornhuber Johannes , Kratz Oliver , Moll Gunther H. , Eichler Anna ,   das IMAC-Mind-Konsortium
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Psychische Belastungen der Mutter während der Schwangerschaft und im weiteren Verlauf beeinflussen die kindliche Entwicklung. Depressive Symptome der Mutter gelten hierbei als Risikofaktor für Erlebens- und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten des Kindes. Längsschnittliche Zusammenhänge depressiver Symptome der Mutter mit Auffälligkeiten im Kindes-/Jugendalter werden untersucht. Methodik: N = 112 Mütter wurden zu depressiven Symptomen (pränatal, T1; postnatal, T2; Grundschulalter, T3; Jugendalter, T4) befragt. Erlebens- und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder wurden von den Müttern im Kindes- und Jugendalter eingeschätzt. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen mütterlicher Depressivität und kindlichen Auffälligkeiten wurden mittels Regressionsmodellen betrachtet, Moderationsmodelle relevanter Risiko-/Schutzfaktoren wurden analysiert. Ergebnisse: Kindliche Auffälligkeiten im Grundschulalter waren nicht direkt mit mütterlicher Depressivität assoziiert, jedoch zeigten sich Zusammenhänge für Auffälligkeiten im Jugendalter. Der sozioökonomische Status (SÖS) der Familien zeigte ein unterschiedliches Risikoprofil für pränatale und postpartale Depressivität. Der Intelligenzquotient der Kinder erwies sich als Risikofaktor für emotionale Auffälligkeiten. Schlussfolgerungen: Mütterliche Depressivität wirkt sich risikoabhängig zu jedem Zeitpunkt auf das kindliche Erleben/Verhalten aus. Früherkennung mütterlicher Depressivität und eine Entwicklung von Interventionsprogrammen, welche zwischen pränataler und postpartaler Depressivität differenzieren, sind – besonders im Kontext des SÖS – hoch relevant für die kindliche Entwicklung.
Theorizing Prejudice Reduction via Mediated Intergroup	Contact
Authors: Wong Norman C. H. , Massey Zachary B. , Barbarti Juliana L. , Bessarabova Elena , Banas John A.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. The current paper describes an effort to develop an integrated theory – integrated mediated intergroup contact (IMIC) model – to account for the two types of mediated intergroup contact (parasocial and vicarious) that have been shown to help with prejudice reduction. To this end, our model applies concepts from intergroup contact theory, parasocial and vicarious research, and narrative transportation theory. The present research expands our theoretical understanding of how entertainment media can function as a tool for reducing prejudice toward various outgroups. The IMIC model accounts for the effects of the two types of mediated contact – parasocial and vicarious – and delineates the process of prejudice reduction.
First Results From the SCM Search‐Coil Magnetometer on Parker Solar Probe
Authors: Dudok de Wit T. , Krasnoselskikh V. V. , Agapitov O. , Froment C. , Larosa A. , Bale S. D. , Bowen T. , Goetz K. , Harvey P. , Jannet G. , Kretzschmar M. , MacDowall R. J. , Malaspina D. , Martin P. , Page B. , Pulupa M. , Revillet C.
Published: March 2022

Parker Solar Probe is the first mission to probe in situ the innermost heliosphere, revealing an exceptionally dynamic and structured outer solar corona. Its payload includes a search‐coil magnetometer (SCM) that measures up to three components of the fluctuating magnetic field between 3 Hz and 1 MHz. After more than 3 years of operation, the SCM has revealed a multitude of different wave phenomena in the solar wind. Here we present an overview of some of the discoveries made so far. These include oblique and sunward propagating whistler waves that are important for their interaction with energetic electrons, the first observation of the magnetic signature associated with escaping electrons during dust impacts, the first observation of the magnetic field component for slow extraordinary wave modes during type III radio burst events, and more. This study focuses on the major observations to date, including a description of the instrument and lessons learned.
Magnetosheath Jet Occurrence Rate in Relation to CMEs and SIRs
Authors: Koller Florian , Temmer Manuela , Preisser Luis , Plaschke Ferdinand , Geyer Paul , Jian Lan K. , Roberts Owen W. , Hietala Heli , LaMoury Adrian T.
Published: April 2022

Magnetosheath jets constitute a significant coupling effect between the solar wind (SW) and the magnetosphere of the Earth. In order to investigate the effects and forecasting of these jets, we present the first‐ever statistical study of the jet production during large‐scale SW structures like coronal mass ejections (CMEs), stream interaction regions (SIRs) and high speed streams (HSSs). Magnetosheath data from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft between January 2008 and December 2020 serve as measurement source for jet detection. Two different jet definitions were used to rule out statistical biases induced by our jet detection method. For the CME and SIR + HSS lists, we used lists provided by literature and expanded on incomplete lists using OMNI data to cover the time range of May 1996 to December 2020. We find that the number and total time of observed jets decrease when CME‐sheaths hit the Earth. The number of jets is lower throughout the passing of the CME‐magnetic ejecta (ME) and recovers quickly afterward. On the other hand, the number of jets increases during SIR and HSS phases. We discuss a few possibilities to explain these statistical results.
Transport Processes of Seafloor Sediment From the Chukchi Shelf to the Western Arctic Basin
Authors: Watanabe Eiji , Onodera Jonaotaro , Itoh Motoyo , Mizobata Kohei
Published: March 2022

The processes of seafloor sediment transport from the Chukchi shelf to the western Arctic basin were investigated using a pan‐Arctic sea ice‐ocean model and sediment‐trap measurements at four mooring stations: North of Barrow Canyon, North of Hanna Canyon, Northwind Abyssal Plain, and Chukchi Abyssal Plain. The available sediment‐trap data verified that the sinking flux of lithogenic material (LM) originally resuspended from the seafloor for 2010–2020 was simulated reasonably well in the four mooring areas. The model results were analyzed to quantify the spatiotemporal variability of LM and to reveal its background mechanisms. Analysis indicated that the Barrow Canyon throughflow, Chukchi Slope Current (CSC), and mesoscale eddies played important roles in LM redistribution. The CSC controlled the westward transport of LM from the mouth of Barrow Canyon to the Chukchi Borderland. The mesoscale eddies generated north of Barrow Canyon efficiently transported shelf‐origin LM toward the southern Canada Basin. The sinking flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) averaged from September 2010 to August 2020, which was estimated statistically from the simulated LM flux, was 0.13–0.30 gC m−2 yr−1 at 200‐m depth in the southern Canada Basin. This finding reveals that lateral transport of sediment from the Chukchi shelf bottom has a considerable effect on the sinking flux of POC in the western Arctic basin, and suggests that the western Arctic marine biogeochemical cycle is strongly influenced by shelf‐basin exchange that depends on the relative strength of the CSC and mesoscale eddy activity.
Controls on Stream Water Age in a Saturation Overland Flow‐Dominated Catchment
Authors: Lapides Dana A. , Hahm W. Jesse , Rempe Daniella M. , Dietrich William E. , Dralle David N.
Published: April 2022

Water age and flow pathways should be related; however, it is still generally unclear how integrated catchment runoff generation mechanisms result in streamflow age distributions at the outlet. Here, we combine field observations of runoff generation at the Dry Creek catchment with StorAge Selection (SAS) age models to explore the relationship between stream water age and runoff pathways. Dry Creek is a 3.5 km2catchment in the Northern California Coast Ranges with a Mediterranean climate, and, despite an average rainfall of ≈1,800 mm/yr, is an oak savannah due to the limited hillslope water storage capacity. Runoff lag to peak—after initial seasonal wet‐up—is rapid (∼1–2 hr), and total annual streamflow consists predominantly of saturation overland flow, based on field mapping of saturated extents and an inferred runoff threshold for the expansion of saturation extent beyond the geomorphic channel. SAS modeling based on daily isotope sampling reveals that streamflow is typically older than 1 day. Since streamflow primarily consists of overland flow, a significant portion of overland flow must not be event‐rain but instead derive from older, nonevent groundwater returning to the surface, consistent with field observations of exfiltrating head gradients, return flow through macropores, and extensive saturation days after storm events. We conclude that even in a watershed fed primarily by overland flow, runoff is primarily not composed of event water. Our findings have implications for the interpretation of stream chemistry and the assumptions built into widely used hydrograph separation inferences, namely, the assumption that overland flow consists of new (event) water.
An Overview of Aerosol Properties in Clear and Cloudy Sky Based on CALIPSO Observations
Authors: Hong Yulan , Di Girolamo Larry
Published: March 2022

A full understanding of the climatological properties of aerosols is an important step towards characterizing their effects on climate. Utilizing the observations from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations, we study cloud‐free and cloudy aerosol properties with attention on aerosol and cloud layer relative vertical positions. On a global scale, the cloud‐free aerosols account for about 56% of all detected aerosols with a mean optical depth () and mean uncertainty of 0.135 ± 0.047. The cloudy aerosols, accounting for 44%, have a larger and larger mean uncertainty of 0.143 ± 0.074 compared to the cloud‐free aerosols. The above‐cloud aerosols (∼4%), primarily composed of elevated smoke, dust/volcanic ash and polluted dust, have a much smaller of (0.056 ± 0.038). The below‐cloud aerosols (∼21%) have  ∼ 0.165  0.087. The below‐cloud and cloud‐free aerosols show close probability density distributions and similar aerosol types, indicating that cloud‐free aerosol climatologies from passive sensors are likely representative of all‐sky conditions. In addition, about 27% of the detected aerosol profiles are found to have cloud layers vertically connected to the detected aerosol layers. The lidar backscatter profiles of these aerosols have larger median values than the cloud‐free, above‐cloud and below‐cloud aerosols. The seasonal variations of the cloud‐free and the cloudy aerosols significantly vary with regions. Our results imply that quantifying the impact of clouds, particularly cirrus due to the wide coverage of cirrus‐aerosol overlap, on aerosol direct radiative effect is crucial to assess aerosols' roles in the Earth‐climate system.
Modulation of the Intraseasonal Chlorophyll‐a Concentration in the Tropical Indian Ocean by the Central Indian Ocean Mode
Authors: Qin Jianhuang , Meng Ze , Xu Wenlong , Li Baosheng , Cheng Xuhua , Murtugudde Raghu
Published: April 2022

This study diagnoses the drivers of intraseasonal variability of mixed layer chlorophyll‐a (Chl) concentration in the tropical Indian Ocean during boreal summer (June–September) using a well‐tested coupled ocean‐ecosystem model. Results show that wind forcing is the primary source for energetic intraseasonal Chl concentration variability in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal (BoB) modulated by the Central Indian Ocean (CIO) mode. The atmospheric anomalous anticyclone associated with the positive phase of CIO mode drives southeastward currents in the Arabian Sea, which transport nutrient and Chl towards the east. Simultaneously, the wind‐induced offshore currents strengthen upwelling in the western boundary of BoB, resulting in enhanced Chl in the upper ocean. Conversely, because of the formation of a barrier layer, the nutrient supply is suppressed along the equator, which causes a negative correlation between the CIO mode and Chl. This study complements the Madden‐Julian Oscillation forcing on the intraseasonal Chl concentration anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean.
Expert consensus on dental caries management
Authors: Cheng Lei , Zhang Lu , Yue Lin , Ling Junqi , Fan Mingwen , Yang Deqin , Huang Zhengwei , Niu Yumei , Liu Jianguo , Zhao Jin , Li Yanhong , Guo Bin , Chen Zhi , Zhou Xuedong
Published: March 2022

Dental Caries is a kind of chronic oral disease that greatly threaten human being’s health. Though dentists and researchers struggled for decades to combat this oral disease, the incidence and prevalence of dental caries remain quite high. Therefore, improving the disease management is a key issue for the whole population and life cycle management of dental caries. So clinical difficulty assessment system of caries prevention and management is established based on dental caries diagnosis and classification. Dentists should perform oral examination and establish dental records at each visit. When treatment plan is made on the base of caries risk assessment and carious lesion activity, we need to work out patient‑centered and personalized treatment planning to regain oral microecological balance, to control caries progression and to restore the structure and function of the carious teeth. And the follow-up visits are made based on personalized caries management. This expert consensus mainly discusses caries risk assessment, caries treatment difficulty assessment and dental caries treatment plan, which are the most important parts of caries management in the whole life cycle.
Low probability of disease cure in advanced ovarian carcinomas before the PARP inhibitor era
Authors: You Benoit , Van Wagensveld Lilian , Tod Michel , Sonke Gabe S. , Horlings Hugo M. , Kruitwagen R. F. P. M. , Du Bois Andreas , Selle Frédéric , Perren Timothy , Pfisterer Jacobus , Joly Florence , Cook Adrian , Kaminsky Marie Christine , Wollschlaeger Kerstin , Lortholary Alain , Tome Oliver , Leary Alexandra , Freyer Gilles , Van Der Aa Maaike , Colomban Olivier
Published: March 2022

Background

In ovarian carcinomas, the likelihood of disease cure following first-line medical-surgical treatment has been poorly addressed. The objective was to: (a) assess the likelihood of long-term disease-free (LDF) > 5 years; and (b) evaluate the impact of the tumour primary chemosensitivity (assessed with the modelled CA-125 KELIM) with respect to disease stage, and completeness of debulking surgery.

Methods

Three Phase III trial datasets (AGO-OVAR 9; AGO-OVAR 7; ICON-7) were retrospectively investigated in an “adjuvant dataset”, whilst the Netherlands Cancer Registry was used in a “neoadjuvant dataset”. The prognostic values of KELIM, disease stage and surgery outcomes regarding the likelihood of LDF were assessed using univariate/multivariate analyses.

Results

Of 2029 patients in the “adjuvant dataset”, 82 (4.0%) experienced LDF (Stage I–II: 25.9%; III: 2.1%; IV: 0.5%). Multivariate analyses identified disease stage and KELIM (OR = 4.24) as independent prognostic factors. Among the 1452 patients from the “neoadjuvant dataset”, 36 (2.4%) had LDF (Stage II–III: 3.3%; IV: 1.3%). Using multivariate tests, high-risk diseases (OR = 0.18) and KELIM (OR = 2.96) were significant.

Conclusion

The probability of LDF > 5 years after first-line treatment in 3486 patients (<4%) was lower than thought. These data could represent a reference for future studies meant to assess progress related to PARP inhibitors.
Assembly mechanism of the pleomorphic immature poxvirus scaffold
Authors: Hyun Jaekyung , Matsunami Hideyuki , Kim Tae Gyun , Wolf Matthias
Published: March 2022

In Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype poxvirus, scaffold protein D13 forms a honeycomb-like lattice on the viral membrane that results in formation of the pleomorphic immature virion (IV). The structure of D13 is similar to those of major capsid proteins that readily form icosahedral capsids in nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs). However, the detailed assembly mechanism of the nonicosahedral poxvirus scaffold has never been understood. Here we show the cryo-EM structures of the D13 trimer and scaffold intermediates produced in vitro. The structures reveal that the displacement of the short N-terminal α-helix is critical for initiation of D13 self-assembly. The continuous curvature of the IV is mediated by electrostatic interactions that induce torsion between trimers. The assembly mechanism explains the semiordered capsid-like arrangement of D13 that is distinct from icosahedral NCLDVs. Our structures explain how a single protein can self-assemble into different capsid morphologies and represent a local exception to the universal Caspar-Klug theory of quasi-equivalence.
Robust and tunable signal processing in mammalian cells via engineered covalent modification cycles
Authors: Jones Ross D. , Qian Yili , Ilia Katherine , Wang Benjamin , Laub Michael T. , Del Vecchio Domitilla , Weiss Ron
Published: March 2022

Engineered signaling networks can impart cells with new functionalities useful for directing differentiation and actuating cellular therapies. For such applications, the engineered networks must be tunable, precisely regulate target gene expression, and be robust to perturbations within the complex context of mammalian cells. Here, we use bacterial two-component signaling proteins to develop synthetic phosphoregulation devices that exhibit these properties in mammalian cells. First, we engineer a synthetic covalent modification cycle based on kinase and phosphatase proteins derived from the bifunctional histidine kinase EnvZ, enabling analog tuning of gene expression via its response regulator OmpR. By regulating phosphatase expression with endogenous miRNAs, we demonstrate cell-type specific signaling responses and a new strategy for accurate cell type classification. Finally, we implement a tunable negative feedback controller via a small molecule-stabilized phosphatase, reducing output expression variance and mitigating the context-dependent effects of off-target regulation and resource competition. Our work lays the foundation for establishing tunable, precise, and robust control over cell behavior with synthetic signaling networks.
Meta-programmable analog differentiator
Authors: Sol Jérôme , Smith David R. , del Hougne Philipp
Published: March 2022

We present wave-based signal differentiation with unprecedented fidelity and flexibility by purposefully perturbing overmoded random scattering systems such that zeros of their scattering matrices lie exactly at the desired locations on the real frequency axis. Our technique overcomes limitations of hitherto existing approaches based on few-mode systems, both regarding their extreme vulnerability to fabrication inaccuracies or environmental perturbations and their inability to maintain high fidelity under in-situ adaptability. We demonstrate our technique experimentally by placing a programmable metasurface with hundreds of degrees of freedom inside a 3D disordered metallic box. Regarding the integrability of wave processors, such repurposing of existing enclosures is an enticing alternative to fabricating miniaturized devices. Our over-the-air differentiator can process in parallel multiple signals on distinct carriers and maintains high fidelity when reprogrammed to different carriers. We also perform programmable higher-order differentiation. Conceivable applications include segmentation or compression of communication or radar signals and machine vision.
A single-cell analysis of breast cancer cell lines to study tumour heterogeneity and drug response
Authors: Gambardella G. , Viscido G. , Tumaini B. , Isacchi A. , Bosotti R. , di Bernardo D.
Published: March 2022

Cancer cells within a tumour have heterogeneous phenotypes and exhibit dynamic plasticity. How to evaluate such heterogeneity and its impact on outcome and drug response is still unclear. Here, we transcriptionally profile 35,276 individual cells from 32 breast cancer cell lines to yield a single cell atlas. We find high degree of heterogeneity in the expression of biomarkers. We then train a deconvolution algorithm on the atlas to determine cell line composition from bulk gene expression profiles of tumour biopsies, thus enabling cell line-based patient stratification. Finally, we link results from large-scale in vitro drug screening in cell lines to the single cell data to computationally predict drug responses starting from single-cell profiles. We find that transcriptional heterogeneity enables cells with differential drug sensitivity to co-exist in the same population. Our work provides a framework to determine tumour heterogeneity in terms of cell line composition and drug response.
A probabilistic map of emotional experiences during competitive social interactions
Authors: Heffner Joseph , FeldmanHall Oriel
Published: March 2022

Theories of emotion and decision-making argue that negative, high arousing emotions—such as anger—motivate competitive social choice (e.g., punishing and defecting). However, given the long-standing challenge of quantifying emotion and the narrow framework in which emotion is traditionally examined, it remains unclear which emotions are actually associated with motivating these types of choices. To address this gap, we combine machine learning algorithms with a measure of affect that is agnostic to any specific emotion label. The result is a probabilistic map of emotion that is used to classify the specific emotions experienced by participants in a variety of social interactions (Ultimatum Game, Prisoner’s Dilemma, and Public Goods Game). Our results reveal that punitive and uncooperative choices are linked to a diverse array of negative, neutrally arousing emotions, such as sadness and disappointment, while only weakly linked to anger. These findings stand in contrast to the commonly held assumption that anger drives decisions to punish, defect, and freeride—thus, offering new insight into the role of emotion in motiving social choice.
cyCombine allows for robust integration of single-cell cytometry datasets within and across technologies
Authors: Pedersen Christina Bligaard , Dam Søren Helweg , Barnkob Mike Bogetofte , Leipold Michael D. , Purroy Noelia , Rassenti Laura Z. , Kipps Thomas J. , Nguyen Jennifer , Lederer James Arthur , Gohil Satyen Harish , Wu Catherine J. , Olsen Lars Rønn
Published: March 2022

Combining single-cell cytometry datasets increases the analytical flexibility and the statistical power of data analyses. However, in many cases the full potential of co-analyses is not reached due to technical variance between data from different experimental batches. Here, we present cyCombine, a method to robustly integrate cytometry data from different batches, experiments, or even different experimental techniques, such as CITE-seq, flow cytometry, and mass cytometry. We demonstrate that cyCombine maintains the biological variance and the structure of the data, while minimizing the technical variance between datasets. cyCombine does not require technical replicates across datasets, and computation time scales linearly with the number of cells, allowing for integration of massive datasets. Robust, accurate, and scalable integration of cytometry data enables integration of multiple datasets for primary data analyses and the validation of results using public datasets.
Observation of optical gyromagnetic properties in a magneto-plasmonic metamaterial
Authors: Yang Weihao , Liu Qing , Wang Hanbin , Chen Yiqin , Yang Run , Xia Shuang , Luo Yi , Deng Longjiang , Qin Jun , Duan Huigao , Bi Lei
Published: March 2022

Metamaterials with artificial optical properties have attracted significant research interest. In particular, artificial magnetic resonances with non-unity permeability tensor at optical frequencies in metamaterials have been reported. However, only non-unity diagonal elements of the permeability tensor have been demonstrated to date. A gyromagnetic permeability tensor with non-zero off-diagonal elements has not been observed at the optical frequencies. Here we report the observation of gyromagnetic properties in the near-infrared wavelength range in a magneto-plasmonic metamaterial. The non-zero off-diagonal permeability tensor element causes the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect under s-polarized incidence that otherwise vanishes if the permeability tensor is not gyromagnetic. By retrieving the permeability tensor elements from reflection, transmission, and transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect spectra, we show that the effective off-diagonal permeability tensor elements reach 10−3level at the resonance wavelength (~900 nm) of the split-ring resonators, which is at least two orders of magnitude higher than magneto-optical materials at the same wavelength. The artificial gyromagnetic permeability is attributed to the change in the local electric field direction modulated by the split-ring resonators. Our study demonstrates the possibility of engineering the permeability and permittivity tensors in metamaterials at arbitrary frequencies, thereby promising a variety of applications of next-generation nonreciprocal photonic devices, magneto-plasmonic sensors, and active metamaterials.
Dietary fat promotes antibiotic-induced Clostridioides difficile mortality in mice
Authors: Hazleton Keith Z. , Martin Casey G. , Orlicky David J. , Arnolds Kathleen L. , Nusbacher Nichole M. , Moreno-Huizar Nancy , Armstrong Michael , Reisdorph Nichole , Lozupone Catherine A.
Published: April 2022

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, and emerging evidence has linked dietary components with CDI pathogenesis, suggesting that dietary modulation may be an effective strategy for prevention. Here, we show that mice fed a high-fat/low-fiber “Western-type” diet (WD) had dramatically increased mortality in a murine model of antibiotic-induced CDI compared to a low-fat/low-fiber (LF/LF) diet and standard mouse chow controls. We found that the WD had a pro- C. difficile bile acid composition that was driven in part by higher levels of primary bile acids that are produced to digest fat, and a lower level of secondary bile acids that are produced by the gut microbiome. This lack of secondary bile acids was associated with a greater disturbance to the gut microbiome with antibiotics in both the WD and LF/LF diet compared to mouse chow. Mice fed the WD also had the highest level of toxin TcdA just prior to the onset of mortality, but not of TcdB or increased inflammation. These findings indicate that dietary intervention to decrease fat may complement previously proposed dietary intervention strategies to prevent CDI in high-risk individuals.
Cichlids and stingrays can add and subtract ‘one’ in the number space from one to five
Authors: Schluessel V. , Kreuter N. , Gosemann I. M. , Schmidt E.
Published: March 2022

The numerical understanding of cichlids and stingrays was examined regarding addition and subtraction abilities within the number space of one to five. Experiments were conducted as two-alternative forced-choice experiments, using a delayed matching to sample technique. On each trial, fish had to perform either an addition or subtraction, based on the presentation of two-dimensional objects in two distinct colors, with the color signaling a particular arithmetic process. Six cichlids and four stingrays successfully completed training and recognized specific colors as symbols for addition and subtraction. Cichlids needed more sessions than stingrays to reach the learning criterion. Transfer tests showed that learning was independent of straightforward symbol memorization. Individuals did not just learn to pick the highest or lowest number presented based on the respective color; instead, learning was specific to adding or subtracting ‘one’. Although group results were significant for both species in all tests, individual results varied. Addition was learned more easily than subtraction by both species. While cichlids learned faster than stingrays, and more cichlids than stingrays learned the task, individual performance of stingrays exceeded that of cichlids. Previous studies have provided ample evidence that fish have numerical abilities on par with those of other vertebrate and invertebrate species tested, a result that is further supported by the findings of the current study.
Rapid surface uplift and crustal flow in the Central Andes (southern Peru) controlled by lithospheric drip dynamics
Authors: Göğüş Oğuz H. , Sundell Kurt , Uluocak Ebru Şengül , Saylor Joel , Çetiner Uğurcan
Published: April 2022

The high flux magmatism, crustal shortening/extension and plateau formation in Cordilleran orogenic systems have been explained by removal of lithosphere (lower crust and the sub-arc mantle lithosphere) that develops beneath the magmatic arc and hinterland regions. However, the primary role of this process driving surface uplift, and crustal deformation is not well understood. Here, reconciling geodynamic model predictions with lithospheric structure and paleoelevation estimates, we suggest that viscous drip-type lithospheric removal from beneath the Central (Peruvian) Andes can explain several tectonic features: (1) “double humped” shaped/axisymmetric topographic profile and rapid surface rise (up to 1.2 km in ~ 4.31 Myrs); (2) thicker crust associated with the lower surface elevation of the Altiplano plateau (Lake Titicaca region) (negative residual topography) and higher topography and thinner crust of Western and Eastern Cordilleras (positive residual topography); and (3) faster wave speed (colder)/sub-Moho anomaly underlying the Altiplano, surrounded by slower speed anomalies on both western arc-forearc areas and parts of the eastern Cordillera and Sub-Andes. Our results emphasize the important role of lithospheric drip and associated mantle dynamics in the transient evolution of Andean orogeny controlling surface uplift and crustal flow and thickening.
Increased generosity under COVID-19 threat
Authors: Fridman Ariel , Gershon Rachel , Gneezy Ayelet
Published: March 2022

In the face of crises—wars, pandemics, and natural disasters—both increased selfishness and increased generosity may emerge. In this paper, we study the relationship between the presence of COVID-19 threat and generosity using a four-year longitudinal dataset (N = 696,942) capturing real donations made before and during the pandemic, as well as allocations from a 6-month dictator game study (N = 1003 participants) during the early months of the pandemic. Consistent with the notion of “catastrophe compassion” and contrary to some prior research showing a tendency toward self-interested behavior under threat, individuals across both datasets exhibited greater financial generosity when their county experienced COVID-19 threat. While we find that the presence of threat impacted individual giving, behavior was not sensitive to threat level. Our findings have significant societal implications and advance our understanding of economic and psychological theories of social preferences under threat.
No interface energy barrier and increased surface pinning in low temperature baked niobium
Authors: Turner Daniel Andrew , Burt Graeme , Junginger Tobias
Published: April 2022

Superconducting Radio-Frequency cavities are currently made out of niobium. Niobium cavities are limited by the magnetic field on the cavity walls due to the entry of vortices at the field of first vortex penetration, H$$_{vp}$$

vp

. Low temperature baking in vacuum or low pressure gas atmosphere removes the strong decrease of the quality factor with accelerating gradient (high field Q-slope). Some cavities reach surface magnetic field above the lower critical field H$$_{c1}$$

c
1

. One hypothesis for this performance increase is that the outer layer affected by the treatments acts as a barrier for vortex penetration (effective bilayer). Using a vibrating sample magnetometer the field of first flux penetration (H$$_{vp}$$

vp

) was measured for Nb ellipsoids with various low temperature treatments. All H$$_{vp}$$

vp

values were found to be consistent with the lower critical field, H$$_{c1}$$

c
1

, as predicted for clean niobium. This led to the conclusion that a metastable flux free state above H$$_{c1}$$

c
1

cannot be observed in DC magnetometry for low temperature baked niobium unlike for bilayers consisting of two superconductors as previously published. The effect of flux pinning differed significantly between treatments, suggesting that the high field Q-slope mitigation might be related to vortex pinning in the surface of the cavities.
Modelling shifts in social opinion through an application of classical physics
Authors: Zachary Daniel S.
Published: March 2022

This paper explores the abstraction of classical physics and applies several metrics that explore the evolution of social opinion. These metrics include an abstraction of Newtonian kinematics: mass, position, speed, acceleration, and Newtonian dynamics, an abstraction of force. Poll data is fit to a 2nd-order polynomial and a logistic function. These fits are used to understand the acceleration of opinion shift, and we explore recent social, cultural, and environmental trends, such as views on global climate change. We compare our results with the evolution of communication technologies and time spent on devices over the past 120 years. We show that the model connects the evolution in opinion with an abstraction of a Galilean concept: acceleration is independent of mass. Finally, we discuss the model of social polarization and the non-linear effect of media such as echo chambers.
Search strategy analysis of Tg4-42 Alzheimer Mice in the Morris Water Maze reveals early spatial navigation deficits
Authors: Curdt Nadine , Schmitt Franziska W. , Bouter Caroline , Iseni Trendelina , Weile Hanna C. , Altunok Berfin , Beindorff Nicola , Bayer Thomas A. , Cooke Matthew B. , Bouter Yvonne
Published: March 2022

Spatial disorientation is one of the earliest symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease and allocentric deficits can already be detected in the asymptomatic preclinical stages of the disease. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) is used to study spatial learning in rodent models. Here we investigated the spatial memory of female 3, 7 and 12 month-old Alzheimer Tg4-42 mice in comparison to wild-type control animals. Conventional behavior analysis of escape latencies and quadrant preference revealed spatial memory and reference memory deficits in female 7 and 12 month-old Tg4-42 mice. In contrast, conventional analysis of the MWM indicated an intact spatial memory in 3 month-old Tg4-42 mice. However, a detailed analysis of the swimming strategies demonstrated allocentric-specific memory deficits in 3 month-old Tg4-42 mice before the onset of severe memory deficits. Furthermore, we could show that the spatial reference memory deficits in aged Tg4-42 animals are caused by the lack of allocentric and spatial strategies. Analyzing search strategies in the MWM allows to differentiate between hippocampus-dependent allocentric and hippocampus-independent egocentric search strategies. The spatial navigation impairments in young Tg4-42 mice are well in line with the hypometabolism and synaptic deficits in the hippocampus. Therefore, analyzing search strategies in the Tg4-42 model can be a powerful tool for preclinical drug testing and identifying early therapeutic successes.