bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Lingkar Lengan Atas Ibu Hamil Genap Bulan Dengan Ukuran Plasenta Dan Berat Bayi Lahir
Authors: Lusiana Eunika , Subagio Hertanto Wahyu , Pramono Besari Adi
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang: Status gizi ibu yang tercermin dari Lingkar Lengan Atas (LILA) sangat mempengaruhi status gizi bayi terutama Berat Bayi Lahir (BBL). Malnutrisi intrauterin mengakibatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas perinatal serta terjadinya penyakit degeneratif yang dikenal dengan Foetal Origin Adult Disease (FOAD). Plasenta merupakan organ untuk mencari riwayat malnutrisi intrauterin.Tujuan: Mencari hubungan LILA ibu hamil dengan ukuran plasenta (berat plasenta dan luas plasenta) dan BBL.Metode: Lima puluh subyek penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, diambil secara consecutive sampling, dari pasien yang melahirkanÂ  selama bulan April â€“ Mei 2016 di RS Dr. Kariadi, Puskesmas Halmahera, Puskesmas Ngresep dan RSIA Bunda. DataÂ  meliputi LILA, berat plasenta, luas plasenta dan BBL. Untuk mempelajari hubungan antara variabel independen (LILA, berat plasenta dan luas plasenta) dengan variabel dependen (BBL) dilakukan analisis uji korelasi. Analisis regresi linier multiple digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara seluruh variabel independen dengan dependen secara simultan.Hasil: Ada hubungan antara LILA dengan BBL (r = 0,762; p = 0,0001), berat plasenta (r = 0,673; p = 0,0001) dan luas plasenta (r = 0,636; p = 0,0001). Pada analisis multivariat ternyata LILA, berat plasenta dan luas plasenta secara berturut-turut berpengaruh terhadap BBL. Nilai r2 = 0,237, artinya pengaruh LILA, berat plasenta dan luasÂ  plasenta terhadap BBL sebesar 23,7%.Simpulan: LILA berhubungan secara positif dengan BBL, berat plasenta dan luas plasenta.Kata kunci: LILA, BBL, berat plasenta, luas plasenta.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif oleh Staf di RSUP DR. Kariadi Semarang
Authors: Rejeki Sri , Widyastuti Erna , Sukowati Farida
Published: September 2019

Berdasarkan Survey Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2012 pencapaian ASI eksklusif nasional sebanyak 42%, angka tersebut jauh dari target yang diharapkan sebesar 80% (Kemenkes,2015). Salah satu hambatan tercapainya ASI eksklusif adalah saat ibu kembali bekerja.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan praktik pemberian ASI eksklusif pada tenaga kesehatan di RSUP Dr.Kariadi Semarang.

Penelitian ini dilakukan di RSUP Dr.Kariadi Semarang. Metode penelitian bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah tenaga kesehatan yang mempunyai anak umur 6-12 bulan. Tehnik pengambilan sampel dengan tehnik total sampling sejumlah 45 responden. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner.

 Analisis data univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan Chi Square dengan hasil analisis semua variabel yang diteliti nilai P > 0,05 sehingga tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan, sikap, dukungan manajemen, dukungan rekan kerja dan fasilitas menyusui dengan praktik pemberian ASI eksklusif.

Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan tenaga kesehatan mengikuti kelas menyusui sehingga timbul kepercayaan diri dan motivasi yang tinggi untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif. Serta diharapkan RSUP Dr.Kariadi menyediakan fasilitas khusus menyusui yang sesuai standar dan membuat kebijakan yang mendukung ASI eksklusif untuk pegawainya.

Kata kunci : Pengetahuan ,Sikap, Dukungan Manajemen, Dukungan Rekan Kerja,Â Â  Fasilitas Khusus Menyusui, Praktik Pemberian ASI Eksklusif
Penerapan Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Kimia Siswa Kelas XII MIPA 5 SMA Negeri 17 Bandung
Authors: Siregar Syaiful Bachri
Published: September 2019

Proses pembelajaran di sekolah akan berhasil jika seorang guru mampu menerapkan pendekatan, metode, model, dan media pembelajaran yang tepat. Namun pada kenyataannya, hasil belajar Kimia siswa pada tahun pelajaran sebelumnya masih perlu ditingkatkan. Rata-rata nilai Kimia siswa masih ada yang dibawah KKM. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikembangkan model pembelajaran sains, yang dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar Kimia. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar kimia adalah model pembelajaran berbasis pemecahan masalah (PBL). Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas mengunakan sistem spiral refleksi model Kemmis dan Mc Taggart, dengan tahapan mulai dari merencanakan pembelajaran, melaksanakan, observasi dan refleksi, yang dilakukan dari siklus I sampai siklus II dan seterusnya sampai diperoleh rekomendasi, hasil belajar siswa dan daya serap klasikal siswa pada siklus belajar terakhir tuntas. Subyek penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XII MIPA 5 SMA Negeri 17 Bandung, tahun pelajaran 2018/2019. Jumlah siswa kelas XII MIPA 5 yang diteliti sebanyak 35 orang. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari tanggal 20 Juli � 24 Agustus 2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas belajar siswa dalam melaksanakan tahaptahap model PBL mulai dari melaksanakan orientasi masalah, melaksanakan diskusi, melaksanakan penyelidikan individu dan kelompok, mengembangkan dan menyajikan hasil karya, serta menganalisa dan mengevaluasi proses pemecahan masalah, mengalami peningkatan, mulai dari siklus I ke siklus II dan akhirnya optimal pada siklus II, yaitu hampir semua jenis aktivitas sudah di atas 70%. Hasil belajar siswa kelas XII MIPA 5 mengalami peningkatan setelah diterapkannya model PBL, hal ini terlihat dari peningkatan daya serap rata-rata dan daya serap klasikal siswa dari siklus I ke siklus II. Kemudian tanggapan dan sikap siswa terhadap model PBL yang diterapkan sangat positif. Kata kunci : Model, Problem Based Learning, hasil belajar, kimia
Eukaryotic Molecular Biology Databases: An Overview
Authors: Girish Kumar
Published: September 2019

A biological database is a big, structured body of continuous information, generally connected with computerized software intended to update, query, and recover information elements deposited within the framework. A straightforward database could be a single folder comprising several data, each carrying the same number of data. Such famous databases are GenBank from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, SwissProt from the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and PIR from the Protein Information Resource. Biological databases are bibliotheques of life science data, gathered from science studies, published literature, high-performance experimental technology, and computational analysis. Here we brefly described some recently published molecular databases.
Catalysis in Alkylation of Benzene With Ethene and Propene to Produce Ethylbenzene and Isopropylbenzene
Authors: Al-Kinany Mohammed C. , Alshihri Saeed M. , Aldrees Saud A. , Alghilan Eyad A. , Aldrees Sami D. , Almalahi Khawla M. , Almousa Norah H. , Alotaibi Faisal M. , Al-Rashed Yousef I. , Alshehri Feras A. A.
Published: September 2019

The alkylation of benzene with ethylene or propylene to form ethylbenzene (EB) or cumene is an industrially significant transformation. EB is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of styrene, which in turn is an important in the manufacture of many kinds of polymers. The primary use of cumene is in the co-production of phenol and acetone, which in turn are important in the manufacture of many kinds of chemicals and polymers. In industry, EB and cumene are mainly manufactured by the alkylation of benzene with ethene or propene via two methods, the gas and the liquid phase in the presence of Lewis and Brønsted acids. The development of efficient solid catalysts has gained much attention over the last decades. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the history of the alkylation of benzene with ethene and propene, the development of homogeneous and heterogeneous Lewis and Brønsted acids and zeiolite catalysts, the liquid and gas phase alkylation processes, and the industrial technologies for EB and cumene production.
Understanding Learner and Instructor Attitudes Toward and Use of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning
Authors: Gimeno-Sanz Ana , Morgana Valentina , Van de Vyver Julie
Published: September 2019

This chapter offers insights into the benefits and drawbacks of adopting mobile learning in language education, both from a theoretical as well as a practical point of view. A survey was designed to explore pedagogically sound practices and provide a better understanding of the current and future role of MALL on language learning, specifically in higher education (HE). Comparison between the two target groups (learners and teachers) produced results to aid in aligning and narrowing distances between the learners' independent usage of MALL in informal learning and the instructors' perception of how mobile apps can or should be integrated into the language curriculum. The chapter proposes a number of research areas that require further exploration in MALL and with a set of recommendations in terms of embracing MALL practices in language learning and teaching.
Effect of Thermocyclic Treatment with Different Cooling Rates on the Mechanical Characteristics of 42CD4 Low-Alloy Steel
Authors: Bouaksa Fethia , Fellah Mamoun , Hezil Nouel , Djellabi Ridha , Touhami Mohamed Zine , Iost Alain , Montagne Alex , Kosman Stephania , Weiss Sabine
Published: September 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of thermo-cyclic treatments on the mechanical characteristics (Hardness and Resilience) of low-alloy 42CD4 steel. Thermocyclic treatment on 42CD4 steel was operated for four cycles at 850 °C for 30 min. After each cycle, the steel sample was cooled in different medium (open air and water) in order to check the effect of the cooling rate on the microstructure characteristics. It was found that the cooling rate can affect the mechanical characteristics of the steel. The hardness values of steel cooled in water were higher than those of steel cooled in air. Additionally, there was an increase in the resilience of steel sample with the increase of thermocyclic number.
Improving the Properties of Aluminum Alloy System Al-Cu-Mg, Subjected to Hardening and Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Paitova Olga V. , Bobruk Elena V. , Skotnikova Margarita Alexandrovna , Wu Jiang Yu
Published: September 2019

The tendency of the aluminum alloy D16 system Al-Cu-Mg to natural (NA) and artificial aging (AA) after hardening and high pressure torsion (HPT) under a pressure of 6 GPa at room temperature was studied using optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, electrical conductivity tests. The dependences of microhardness and electrical conductivity were constructed depending on the exposure time. It is shown that heat treatment (HT) (hardening + HPT + NA) leads to an increase of hardening of the alloy D16 compared to standard HT (T4) in 2,3 times, at preservation of level of conductivity.
The Technology of Producing Layered Composite Materials on the Basis of Hypoeutectic Silumin AK9ch and Sintered Iron Powder AHC100.29
Authors: Kuznetsov Ruslan Valer'yevich , Radkevich Mihail Mihailovich , Kuznetsov Pavel Alekseyevich
Published: September 2019

The paper presents a new technological scheme for obtaining bimetallic materials of the composition "aluminum casting alloy - sintered iron powder" by the method of joint stamping. The results of experimental studies of the effect of process conditions on the physicomechanical properties of the starting materials and the adhesive strength of the final bimetal blank are presented.
Design of Special Device for the Forced Electrolytic-Plasma Polishing of Internal Surfaces by Counter Flows
Authors: Ushomirskaya Ludmila A. , Baron Yuri Mikhailovich , Kuzmichev Ivan Sergeevich
Published: September 2019

The practice shows availability of an electro plasma method polishing. The lack of a method, namely impossibility of its application for processing extended grooves and apertures is known. Creation of a special equipment and revealing of optimum modes have allowed to receive the given roughness on the named surfaces on products from cuprum.
‘Segmented assimilation:’ Meerdere wegen naar economisch succes?
Authors: Snel Erik , Custers Gijs
Published: September 2019

The Dutch debates on immigrant integration currently strongly focus on cultural assimilation of migrants. This focus is partly based on the idea that an orientation on Dutch society and contact with the native Dutch is a condition for economic success. This article questions this assumption. Inspired by the research from Lee and Zhou (2015) among Chinese and Vietnamese migrants in the USA, who are economically successful but nevertheless strongly oriented towards their own community and culture, we examine whether this other route to economic success is also visible in the Netherlands. Our research shows that a relatively small portion (15 per cent) of the economically successful migrants in the Netherlands is relatively strongly oriented towards their own group and not so much towards the Netherlands. We found this alternative route to success primarily with the Turkish group, more with the first generation and older migrants, and more often with migrants who (often) experienced discrimination.
Evaluación de líneas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) y estabilidad fenotípica en cinco localidades de Río San Juan, Nicaragua
Authors: Sandoval Balladares Yessenia , Benavides González Álvaro , Marín Fernández Vidal
Published: September 2019

Fueron estudiadas líneas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) provenientes del CIAT (Colombia) y del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) en colaboración con la Misión Técnica de China Taiwán, y estudiados en ambientes del departamento de Río San Juan (San Carlos, El Castillo, San Miguelito, Los Cerritos y Los Pantanos) durante el período 2014-2016. En diseños Alfa Látice (5x5) se evaluaron 25 materiales genéticos en San Carlos, El Castillo, San Miguelito, seleccionadas 10 líneas y organizadas en diseños de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) en Los Cerritos y Los Pantanos y empleados modelos univariados y mixtos en la interacción genotipo-ambiente (GxA). En las localidades de San Carlos, El Castillo y San Miguelito, sobresalieron las líneas CT18238-23-6-1-4-1-2-M (T10), CT18247-11-5-2-3-2-2-M (T14) y los testigos INTA Dorado e INTA San Juan con rendimientos superior a los 8 200 kg ha-1. En Los Cerritos, la línea CT18238-23-6-1-4-1-2-M (T10) superó los 11 500 kg ha-1, con buena aceptabilidad fenotípica y tolerante a Helmistosporium y Pirycularia. Las metodologías utilizadas en GxA, determinaron que los genotipos T15 (PCT-4\SA\1\1,BO\3\1>60-3- 5-2-M) y T24 (M-57-191) fueron inestables y con bajos rendimientos. No obstante, los genotipos T6 (CT18233-15-6-6-4-1-3-M) y T7 (CT18245-11-6-2-3-4-3-M) resultaron estables y con rendimientos superiores al promedio. Los genotipos INTA San Juan e INTA Dorado, tuvieron rendimientos intermedios y altos en algunos ambientes, pero genotipos estables con otras metodologías de análisis.
Archiving and Document Management at Taibah University: A Case Study
Authors: Alokluk Jamilah
Published: September 2019

Archiving and digital document management in educational institutions are not amply studied despite the active use of technologies for these purposes. In this research, a qualitative descriptive case study has been conducted to examine how digital archiving and document management are organised at Taibah University to address the needs of researchers, professors, administrators and students as well as to guarantee secure storage of and access to data. The selection of the case study design has allowed for in-depth analyses of the strategy for managing and archiving data in the selected institution. The interpretation of data with reference to the previously formulated propositions have indicated that Taibah University follows a certain strategy for managing electronic documents, but they do not use a unique data management system. Furthermore, archiving is applied only to a limited number of documents and security of stored data is guaranteed according to the University’s policies.
Rede Neural Artificial Convolucional Aplicada ao Reconhecimento de Configuração de Mão nos Símbolos de 0 a 9 da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS)
Authors: Viera Santos Adriel , Franco Bacurau Iago , de Morais Silva Jayne , Brito Viana Talles , Gonçalves Fechie Feitosa Robson
Published: September 2019

A Lei brasileira número 10.436, de 24 de abril de 2002, reconhece a Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS) como meio legal de comunicação e expressão. Entretanto, a comunidade não ouvinte, que faz uso dessa língua, possui muita dificuldade de comunicação com a comunidade ouvinte. Visando reduzir tal dificuldade, o presente trabalho descreve uma aplicação das redes neurais convolucionais para o reconhecimento dos símbolos estáticos da LIBRAS. Para validar o modelo, foi utilizada uma base de dados com cerca de 2640 imagens, com símbolos de 0 a 9 para treinamento; e, 1360 símbolos para teste. Além de um conjunto extra de 1000 símbolos para validação de mais casos de testes. Como resultados, obteve-se uma taxa de acerto que varia entre 82.5% e 98.57% para os diferentes símbolos.
Per Query Subtopic Discovery for Diverse Image Retrieval
Authors: Solenir L. Figuerêdo José , Tripodi Calumby Rodrigo
Published: September 2019

Given the complex search tasks imposed to multimedia retrieval systems, the similarity-based results often represent redundant item sets. Several real-world search tasks demand broad coverage of multiple implicit subtopics of a given query. Many works have proposed the use of clustering-based result diversification for addressing such problem. However, the definition of the number of clusters (subtopics) to be discovered is a long-lasting challenge. In order to attenuate such problems, this work proposes a novel diverse image retrieval approach as an unsupervised query-adaptive subtopic discovery based on intrinsic clustering quality optimization. Our experimental analysis have shown significant improvements, both in terms of relevance and diversity.
SIDD – Scrum Iteration Driven Development: Processo Ágil Para Desenvolvimento E Gerenciamento De Software
Authors: Virgulino Ribeiro Tayse , D'Ornelas Filipakis Souza Cristina
Published: September 2019

Este artigo apresenta um processo ágil que tem por objetivo permitir o gerenciamento e desenvolvimento de software para empresas de desenvolvimento de software. A metodologia do trabalho, de caráter quali-quantitativo, se baseou em um procedimento de estudo de caso descritivo sobre um processo de gerenciamento e desenvolvimento de software ágil. Levando em consideração estes conceitos, a proposta do Scrum Iteration Driven Development (SIDD) é ser um processo ágil capaz de direcionar as atividades de desenvolvimento e gerenciamento, além de levar em consideração o contexto da empresa. Para divulgar os resultados do trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma área de apresentação interativa do processo SIDD com informações relacionadas ao processo de gerenciamento e desenvolvimento de software.
MobiSec - Automatização de Teste de Segurança Móvel
Authors: Florencio Mendonça Mariano , Santos Souza Layse , Gonçalves dos Santos Gabriel , Santana Florencio Guilherme
Published: September 2019

Este artigo, apresenta uma ferramenta para automatização de análise de segurança em aplicações móveis voltadas ao sistema operacional android. Automatizando as ferramentas Androguard, Androbus e Androwarn desenvolvemos o MobiSec que baseia-se num plano de teste para execução.
Vu-serviços para universitários
Authors: S. Leite Filho Efraim , O. Bovoloni Falavigna João , S. De Lima Adriano
Published: September 2019

Em razão dos obstáculos enfrentados pelos estudantes universitários, o Via Universitária é uma plataforma que visa facilitar a rotina do dia a dia, oferecendo 4 serviços: Acomodações para alugar ou dividir, procurar aulas de interesse, sugestão de eventos próximos e caronas.
Electron transfer mediators for PQQ dependent soluble glucose dehydrogenase catalyzed lactose oxidation reaction
Authors: Vaitkutė Greta , Bratkovskaja Irina , Časaitė Vida , Stankevičiūtė Jonita , Meškys Rolandas , Tetianec Lidija
Published: September 2019

The aim of this work was to investigate the application of artificial electron transfer mediators for the pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent soluble glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-sGDH) catalyzed lactose oxidation reaction. 1-(N,N-dimethylamine)4-(4-morpholine)benzene (AMB) and N,N’-dimethyl-4,4’-azopyridinium methyl sulfate (MAZP) were used as mediators. The mediators showed a high reactivity with a reduced form of PQQ-sGDH and were used to determine the PQQ-sGDH catalyzed lactose oxidation parameters at pH 7.0 and pH 8.0.
The use of MAZP and AMB for the regeneration of the oxidized form of PQQsGDH was investigated by applying the electrochemical oxidation of the mediator. The maximum electroenzymatic lactose bioconversion yield and the biggest average PQQ-sGDH turnover number were reached when the buffer solution pH was 8.0 and AMB was used as an electron acceptor, which was oxidized on a carbon fiber electrode of a large surface area.
Taitsumanialuk, les collections de l’Arctique canadien et du Groenland dans les musées français au XIXe siècle
Authors: Guigon Gwénaële
Published: September 2019

Dès le XIXe siècle, des artefacts arctiques figurent dans les inventaires des premiers musées publics français. Un certain nombre provenait de cabinets de curiosités privés, nationalisés lors de la Révolution française. Si la France n’a jamais manifesté d’intérêt particulier et encore moins de velléité territoriale sur les zones arctiques, on trouve néanmoins des objets Inuit conservés dans nombre d’institutions muséales sur le territoire. Ces collections sont arrivées sur le sol français grâce à l’intérêt de particuliers, collectionneurs et voyageurs, ainsi qu’aux échanges avec des institutions étrangères. En petit nombre au sein des musées encyclopédiques, elles ne furent que très rarement étudiées, bien qu’exposées régulièrement au public. Achetées à des intermédiaires et souvent vendues sous le terme de pièces « eskimos », malgré quelques exceptions notoires, une grande majorité fut enregistrée dans les inventaires sans que le contexte d’origine n’apparaisse. Il faut véritablement attendre le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle pour découvrir, en France, des artefacts reproduits dans des revues scientifiques à travers le prisme de l’anthropologie physique et surtout de l’archéologie. La collection la plus vaste et la plus connue se trouve aujourd’hui conservée au musée du quai Branly-Jacques Chirac, à Paris. Pourtant, une dizaine de villes françaises possède également des collections issues des régions polaires. La majorité de ces objets est arrivée en France avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il faut cependant attendre les années 2000 pour appréhender l’ampleur de ces collections sur tout le territoire français, malgrés des recherches isolées et des initiatives particulières qui ont mis en lumière localement ces objets. Cet article vise à analyser et documenter les collections arctiques du XIXe siècle en France, dans une perspective historique.
No deal! Sweden cancelled agreement with Elsevier to stand up for Open Science
Authors: Heyman Widmark Cecilia , Hamrin Göran
Published: September 2019

In this talk we highlight some results after the Swedish Bibsam consortium decided to cancel the agreement with scientific publisher Elsevier after 20 years as they couldn’t present a model that met the demands of the consortium.

The requirements were immediate open access to all articles published in Elsevier journals by researchers affiliated to participating organisations as well as reading access to all articles in Elsevier’s journals. Bibsam also demanded a sustainable price model that enables a transition to open access publishing. We investigate the effects of this cancellation on Sweden’s largest technical university, the KTH Royal Institute of Technology.

Method

The study has two themes. First, we analyse the economics in earlier Bibsam-Elsevier agreements and what effects they have had for the budget and purchasing decisions made by the KTH Library. Second, we evaluate the response and the adapted behaviour of KTH researchers in the attempt to see if the cancellation has had severe negative effects for them.

Results

Our data collection gives an overview over the effects of the cancelled agreement at KTH. In particular, we observe how some of the money saved on the cancellation is used for individual article purchases and alternative services, thus lowering the effect of the cut-off.  During our talk, we will also review some marketing strategies employed at KTH and Swedish libraries for making this cancellation process as smooth as possible.

Limitations

The short time period that has elapsed after the cancellation makes it difficult to see any long-time trends. The limited time frame also affects the validity of the researchers’ responses. Moreover, it is difficult to tell how the results from a case study from one university can be generalised to a global setting.
Spatiotemporal Trend of Waterborne Disease in Enugu Urban, Nigeria: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Okpasuo Onyekachi J. , Okafor Fabian C. , Aguzie Ifeanyi , Ikele Chika , Anunobi Joy
Published: September 2019

Many water sources in Nigeria are contaminated with pathogens. Several towns have witnessed outbreaks of enteric diseases due to poor hygienic standards of available drinking water. This research was undertaken to determine the spatiotemporal trends of waterborne diseases (WBDs) in Enugu, Nigeria using retrospective records from January 2013 to December 2016. A total of 18,495 individual reported cases of WBDs were analysed. The analysis showed an increasing temporal trend from 2013 to 2015, with a slight decrease in 2016. Typhoid fever had the highest frequency (48.9%) followed by diarrhoea (40%) and then dysentery (11.1%). The highest (88.9%) incidence of waterborne diseases per 10,000 peoples was from Enugu North followed by Enugu South (62.6%) and least was Enugu East (44.4%). Highest occurrence of typhoid fever and dysentery per 10,000 peoples was also found in Enugu North while Enugu East had the highest occurrence of diarrhoea in the four-year trends. WBDs were highest between January and March and least in July. The months with peak occurrence of WBDs falls within the dry season. The importance of having drinking water in both quality and quantity cannot be overestimated as portrayed in this study. Drinking water quality in Enugu urban is very poor especially during the dry season. This suggests a need for setting up a modality to tackle challenges of limited water supply during the dry seasons of the year and to educate the populace on household water treatment and storage method.
Scanning Probe Lithography Patterning of Monolayer Semiconductors and Application in Quantifying Edge Recombination
Authors: Zhao Peida , Wang Ruixuan , Lien Der‐Hsien , Zhao Yingbo , Kim Hyungjin , Cho Joy , Ahn Geun Ho , Javey Ali
Published: September 2019

Scanning probe lithography is used to directly pattern monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) without the use of a sacrificial resist. Using an atomic‐force microscope, a negatively biased tip is brought close to the TMD surface. By inducing a water bridge between the tip and the TMD surface, controllable oxidation is achieved at the sub‐100 nm resolution. The oxidized flake is then submerged into water for selective oxide removal which leads to controllable patterning. In addition, by changing the oxidation time, thickness tunable patterning of multilayer TMDs is demonstrated. This resist‐less process results in exposed edges, overcoming a barrier in traditional resist‐based lithography and dry etch where polymeric byproduct layers are often formed at the edges. By patterning monolayers into geometric patterns of different dimensions and measuring the effective carrier lifetime, the non‐radiative recombination velocity due to edge defects is extracted. Using this patterning technique, it is shown that selenide TMDs exhibit lower edge recombination velocity as compared to sulfide TMDs. The utility of scanning probe lithography towards understanding material‐dependent edge recombination losses without significantly normalizing edge behaviors due to heavy defect generation, while allowing for eventual exploration of edge passivation schemes is highlighted, which is of profound interest for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics.
A fast‐moving target: achieving marine conservation goals under shifting climate and policies
Authors: Rilov Gil , Fraschetti Simonetta , Gissi Elena , Pipitone Carlo , Badalamenti Fabio , Tamburello Laura , Menini Elisabetta , Goriup Paul , Mazaris Antonios D. , Garrabou Joaquim , Benedetti‐Cecchi Lisandro , Danovaro Roberto , Loiseau Charles , Claudet Joachim , Katsanevakis Stelios
Published: September 2019

In the Anthropocene, marine ecosystems are rapidly shifting to new ecological states. Achieving effective conservation of marine biodiversity has become a fast‐moving target because of both global climate change and continuous shifts in marine policies. How prepared are we to deal with this crisis? We examined EU Member States Programs of Measures designed for the implementation of EU marine environmental policies, as well as recent European Marine Spatial Plans, and discovered that climate change is rarely considered operationally. Further, our analysis revealed that monitoring programs in marine protected areas are often insufficient to clearly distinguish between impacts of local and global stressors. Finally, we suggest that while the novel global Blue Growth approach may jeopardize previous marine conservation efforts, it can also provide new conservation opportunities. Adaptive management is the way forward (e.g., preserving ecosystem functions in climate change hotspots, and identifying and targeting climate refugia areas for protection) using Marine Spatial Planning as a framework for action, especially given the push for Blue Growth.
The kinetics and mechanism of polymer‐based NHC‐Pd‐pyridine catalyzed heterogeneous Suzuki reaction in aqueous media
Authors: Boztepe Cihangir , Künkül Asım , Gürbüz Nevin , Özdemir İsmail
Published: September 2019

One of the most important challenges of the Suzuki reaction is a green synthesis of reaction products. In terms of economy and ecology, the Suzuki reaction details must be characterized for the industrial‐scale Suzuki reaction processes. In this paper, for the first time, a kinetic and mechanistic study on the Suzuki reaction catalyzed with hydrogel‐supported PEPPSI (pyridine‐enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization (and) initiation) type NHC‐Pd‐pyridine composite has been investigated. To determine the rate‐limiting step, the effects of reactants and experimental conditions on the heterogeneous Suzuki reaction have been experimentally defined. The experimental results demonstrated that it is possible to reach 100% yield under the optimum reaction conditions, which were found as 75 × 10−3 mol/L of phenylboronic acid (FBA), 50 × 10−3 mol/L of bromoacetophenone (Brac), 125 × 10−3 mol/L of K2CO3, 1 g/L of catalyst, 80°C of reaction temperature, 400 rpm of mixing rate, and 3 h of reaction time. The transmetalation step in the cycle was defined as the rate‐limiting step. On the basis of kinetic results, a mathematical reaction rate expression was presented assuming the steady‐state approach to steps of the catalytic cycle. The activation energy (Ea) of the reaction was estimated to be 34.88 kJ/mol.
A New Associative Diblock Copolymer of Poly(ethylene glycol) and Dense 1,2,3‐Triazole Blocks: Self‐Association Behavior and Thermoresponsiveness in Water
Authors: Yang Yanqiong , Hashidzume Akihito
Published: September 2019

In this work, new diblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dense 1,2,3‐triazole blocks (EGm‐b‐APn and EGm‐b‐ABn, where m and n denote the degrees of polymerization), are synthesized by copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition polymerization of 3‐azido‐1‐propyne (AP) and 3‐azido‐1‐butyne (AB), respectively, in the presence of PEG possessing a propargyl group. Their self‐association behavior and thermoresponsive property in water are investigated. The characterization data indicate that EG45‐b‐AP6 and EG45‐b‐AP14 form dominantly spherical micelles, EG18‐b‐AP4 and EG18‐b‐AP10 form vesicles, and EG18‐b‐AB7 forms rodlike micelles. Aqueous solutions of EG18‐b‐AP10, EG45‐b‐AP14, and EG18‐b‐AB7 undergo lower critical solution temperature (LCST)‐type phase separation. The thermoresponsive association behavior can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of block lengths and by attaching methyl substituents.
Efficacy and Tolerance of Blended Diets in Children Receiving Gastrostomy Feeds
Authors: Batsis Irini D. , Davis Laura , Prichett Laura , Wu Linxuan , Shores Darla , Au Yeung Karla , Oliva‐ Hemker Maria
Published: September 2019

Background

To determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in children receiving a blended diet via a gastrostomy tube.

Methods

This is a single‐center, retrospective study of children ages 1–18 years that received a blended diet. We reviewed demographics, anthropometrics, clinical characteristics, and rationale for switching to blended diet. Fixed‐effects logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the changes in patient symptoms over the 12‐month follow‐up period, and fixed‐effects regression was employed to test for changes in anthropometrics.

Results

Twenty‐three patients (8 female, 15 male) were identified, and data from 89 outpatient visits were analyzed. The most common underlying diagnosis was neurological disorder. Thirty‐five percent of patients received commercial whole cow milk formulas, 30% received hydrolysate formulas, and 35% received amino acid−based formulas. After formula switches were made, 65% received homemade blended diets, 17.5% received commercial blended diets, and 17.5% received a combination of both. Median duration of time on a blended diet was 17 months. Ninety‐five percent of patients who were previously experiencing upper GI symptoms improved within the first 3 months after blended diet initiation. Twenty‐one percent of patients developed mild constipation on the diet, which was managed with increased water intake and/or polyethylene glycol. Only 2 patients discontinued the blended diet, because of inadequate weight gain and worsening of upper GI symptoms.

Conclusions

In our study population, blended diets were well tolerated in gastrostomy‐fed children and were associated with clinical improvement of upper GI symptoms.
Making Brexit work for the environment and livelihoods: Delivering a stakeholder informed vision for agriculture and fisheries
Authors: Stewart Bryce D. , Burns Charlotte , Hejnowicz Adam P. , Gravey Viviane , O’Leary Bethan C. , Hicks Kevin , Farstad Fay M. , Hartley Sue E.
Published: September 2019

The decision of the UK to leave the EU has far‐reaching, and often shared, implications for agriculture and fisheries. To ensure the future sustainability of the UK’s agricultural and fisheries systems, we argue that it is essential to grasp the opportunity that Brexit is providing to develop integrated policies that improve the management and protection of the natural environments, upon which these industries rely.

This article advances a stakeholder informed vision of the future design of UK agriculture and fisheries policies. We assess how currently emerging UK policy will need to be adapted in order to implement this vision. Our starting point is that Brexit provides the opportunity to redesign current unsustainable practices and can, in principle, deliver a sustainable future for agriculture and fisheries.

Underpinning policies with an ecosystem approach, explicit inclusion of public goods provision and social welfare equity were found to be key provisions for environmental, agricultural and fishery sustainability. Recognition of the needs of, and innovative practices in, the devolved UK nations is also required as the new policy and regulatory landscape is established.

Achieving the proposed vision will necessitate drawing on best practice and creating more coherent and integrated food, environment and rural and coastal economic policies. Our findings demonstrate that “bottom‐up” and co‐production approaches will be key to the development of more environmentally sustainable agriculture and fisheries policies to underpin prosperous livelihoods.

However, delivering this vision will involve overcoming significant challenges. The current uncertainty over the nature and timing of the UK’s Brexit agreement hinders forward planning and investment while diverting attention away from further in‐depth consideration of environmental sustainability. In the face of this uncertainty, much of the UK’s new policy on the environment, agriculture and fisheries is therefore ambitious in vision but light on detail. Full commitment to co‐production of policy with devolved nations and stakeholders also appears to be lacking, but will be essential for effective policy development and implementation.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Select Antiretrovirals: Focus on Differences among Chinese Patients
Authors: Du Xiaoli , Peng Wenxiu , Fu Qiang , Ma Qing , Zhu Zhu , Li Taisheng
Published: September 2019

Objective

To identify the pharmacokinetic differences of antiretroviral drugs between HIV‐infected Chinese patients and patients of other race/ethnicities.

Study Design

Results from prospective, open‐label pharmacokinetic studies among Chinese and historical data from other race/ethnicities.

Patients

Pharmacokinetics of six commonly used antiretroviral drugs, including zidovudine, lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, nevirapine, efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir, was evaluated in HIV‐infected Chinese patients and compared with historical data from other race/ethnicities.

Analysis

Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed at the steady state among HIV‐infected Chinese patients. Safety data were collected during the follow‐up. The pharmacokinetic parameters including maximal concentrations (Cmax), area‐under‐curve (AUC) and clearance (Cl/F) from the Chinese patients were compared to the historic data from other race/ethnicities.

Results

Current evidence, though limited, suggested that these antiretroviral agents were generally safe and effective among HIV‐infected Chinese patients. However, compared with other racial groups, Chinese patients exhibited higher Cmax, AUC and lower Cl/F for most of the agents, and the incidences of adverse reactions, for example, liver toxicity, rash, and bone health, were more frequent.

Conclusions

These pharmacokinetic differences suggest that lower dosages for commonly prescribed antiretroviral drugs in China might be appropriate to reduce drug‐related adverse reactions, while maintain the antiviral efficacy.
When Did Life Likely Emerge on Earth in an RNA‐First Process?
Authors: Benner Steven A. , Bell Elizabeth A. , Biondi Elisa , Brasser Ramon , Carell Thomas , Kim Hyo‐Joong , Mojzsis Stephen J. , Omran Arthur , Pasek Matthew A. , Trail Dustin
Published: September 2019

The widespread presence of ribonucleic acid (RNA) catalysts and cofactors in the Earth′s biosphere today suggests that RNA was the first biopolymer to support Darwinian evolution. However, most “path‐hypotheses” to generate building blocks for RNA require reduced nitrogen‐containing compounds not made in useful amounts in the CO2−N2−H2O atmospheres of the Hadean. We review models for Earth′s impact history that invoke a single ∼1023 kg impactor (Moneta) to account for measured amounts of platinum, gold, and other siderophilic (“iron‐loving”) elements on the Earth and Moon. If it were the last sterilizing impactor, by reducing the atmosphere but not the mantle Moneta, would have opened a “window of opportunity” for RNA synthesis, a period when RNA precursors rained from the atmosphere onto land holding oxidized minerals that stabilize advanced RNA precursors and RNA. Surprisingly, this combination of physics, geology, and chemistry suggests a time when RNA formation was most probable, ∼120±100 million years after Moneta′s impact, or ∼4.36±0.1 billion years ago. Uncertainties in this time are driven by uncertainties in rates of productive atmosphere loss and amounts of sub‐aerial land.
Cognitive functioning and predictors thereof in patients with 1–10 brain metastases selected for stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Schimmel Wietske C. M. , Gehring Karin , Hanssens Patrick E. J. , Sitskoorn Margriet M.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Information on predictive factors of cognitive functioning in patients with (multiple) brain metastases (BM) selected for radiosurgery may allow for more individual care and may play a role in predicting cognitive outcome after radiosurgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate cognitive performance, and predictors thereof, in patients with 1–10 BM before radiosurgery.

Methods

Cognition was measured before radiosurgery using a standardized neuropsychological test battery in patients with 1–10 BM (expected survival > 3 months; KPS ≥ 70; no prior BM treatment). Regression formulae were constructed to calculate sociodemographically corrected z scores. Group and individual cognitive functioning was analyzed. Multivariable regression was used to explore potential predictors.

Results

Patients (N = 92) performed significantly worse than controls (N = 104) on all 11 test variables (medium-large effect sizes for 8 variables). Percentages of impairment were highest for information processing (55.3%), dexterity (43.2%) and cognitive flexibility (28.7%). 62% and 46% of patients had impairments in at least two, or three test variables, respectively. Models including combinations of clinical and psychological variables were predictive of verbal memory, psychomotor speed, information processing and dexterity. Neither number nor volume of metastases predicted patients’ test performance.

Conclusions

Already before radiosurgery, almost half of the patients suffered from severe cognitive deficits in at least three test variables. At group and individual level, information processing, cognitive flexibility, and dexterity were most affected. These cognitive impairments may impair daily functioning and patients’ ability to make (shared) treatment decisions. Both clinical (symptomatic BM; timing of BM diagnosis) and psychological (mental fatigue) characteristics influenced cognitive performance.

Clinical trial information

Cognition and Radiation Study A (CAR-Study A; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02953756; Medical Ethics Committee file number: NL53472.028.15/P1515).
Coordination, cooperation and collaboration in relief supply chain management
Authors: Wankmüller Christian , Reiner Gerald
Published: September 2019

In recent years, an increasing number of natural and man-made disasters has demonstrated that a working relief supply chain management (RSCM) is crucial in order to alleviate the suffering of the affected population. Coordination, cooperation and collaboration within RSCM is essential for overcoming these destructive incidents. This paper explores the research undertaken in recent years, focusing on coordination, cooperation and collaboration in the field of supply chain management (SCM) and RSCM in order to provide unique definitions of these concepts taking the disaster setting into consideration. A systematic literature review including 202 academic papers published from 1996 onwards in top journals dealing with commercial supply and relief supply chain coordination, cooperation and collaboration is applied. In order to answer the underlying research questions in a proper way, a descriptive analysis and qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the papers are conducted. Descriptive results indicate that RSCM coordination, cooperation and collaboration have increasingly shifted into the focus of scientific research since 2001/2004 (i.e., 9/11 and the Indian Ocean Tsunami). Based on the qualitative content analysis, clear definitions of the terms coordination, cooperation and collaboration in SCM and RSCM were elaborated. The research landscape, as a result of the quantitative content analysis, allowed the identification of three issues that need to be addressed in future research work.
The Utility of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Parameters for Detecting Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Cindil Emetullah , Oner Yusuf , Sendur Halit Nahit , Ozdemir Hakan , Gazel Eymen , Tunc Lutfi , Cerit Mahi Nur
Published: September 2019

Introduction

To establish the diagnostic performance of the parameters obtained from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging at 3T in discriminating between non-clinically significant prostate cancers (ncsPCa, Gleason score [GS] < 7) and clinically significant prostate cancers (csPCa, GS ≥ 7) in the peripheral zone.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-six male patients with peripheral zone prostate cancer (PCa) who had undergone 3T multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan prior to biopsy were included in the study and evaluated retrospectively. The GS was obtained by both standard 12-core transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy and targeted MRI-US fusion biopsy and then confirmed by prostatectomy, if available. For each confirmed tumour focus, DCE-derived quantitative perfusion metrics (Ktrans, Kep, Ve, initial area under the curve [AUC]), the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, and normalized versions of quantitative metrics were measured and correlated with the GS.

Results

Ktrans had the highest diagnostic accuracy value of 82% among the DCE-MRI parameters (AUC 0.90), and ADC had the strongest diagnostic accuracy value of 87% among the overall parameters (AUC 0.92). The combination of ADC and Ktrans have higher diagnostic performance with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve being 0.98 (sensitivity 0.94; specificity 0.89; accuracy 0.92) compared to the individual evaluation of each parameter alone. The GS showed strong negative correlations with ADC (r = −0.72) and normalized ADC (r = −0.69) as well as a significant positive correlation with Ktrans (r = 0.69).

Conclusion

The combination of Ktrans and ADC and their normalized versions may help differentiate between ncsPCa from csPCa in the peripheral zone.
Examining Turkish law on data protection
Authors: Ersoy Eren Can
Published: September 2019

One of the biggest government data breaches in history took place in 2016 when the personal data of 50 million Turkish citizens was posted online in a single file. This politically motivated hack exposed two-thirds of the Turkish population to the risk of identity fraud, by publishing their names, addresses, dates of birth and national identity numbers.

Turkey keeps much of its legal system in line with the EU and recently passed a law similar to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

Turkey's data protection laws allow for administrative fines of up to 3% of a company's net annual sales to be levied if personal data is stolen, or disclosed without consent. In our increasingly online world, even companies without any physical presence in Turkey may be subject to Turkish data protection law and may have to register there if their activities have an effect in Turkey. Eren Can Ersoy of Kılınç Law & Consulting takes us through the regulations and how to ensure compliance.