bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Gustafson F. G.
Published: May 2004

A neutral solution of dextrose and hydrogen peroxide acts like Penicillium chrysogenum in producing an increased amount of CO2 upon the addition of acid, but not upon the addition of alkali.
DYNAMICS OF NERVE CELLS
Authors: Garrey Walter E.
Published: May 2004

In the case of the heart of Limulus polyphemus the same magnitude and variation of the temperature coefficient (Q10) is obtained from the whole heart as from the ganglion alone. From the magnitude of the temperature coefficients and their variation with changes of temperature we may conclude that the rate of the heart beat is determined by alteration of chemical processes in the ganglion cells.
DYNAMICS OF NERVE CELLS
Authors: Garrey Walter E.
Published: May 2004

1. It is possible to determine by the colorimetric method the rate of production of carbon dioxide by the cardiac ganglion of Limulus.

2. Carbon dioxide formation in the cardiac ganglion was found to run parallel to the rate of heart beat for different temperatures.

3. The conclusion seems justified that the rate of cardiac rhythm of Limulus depends upon a chemical reaction in the nerve cells of the cardiac ganglion and that this reaction is associated with the production of carbon dioxide since the rate of beat and the rate of CO2 production are similarly affected by changes in temperature.
THE RECOVERY OF TRANSMISSIVITY IN PASSIVE IRON WIRES AS A MODEL OF RECOVERY PROCESSES IN IRRITABLE LIVING SYSTEMS
Authors: Lillie Ralph S.
Published: May 2004

1. Passive iron (steel) wires, when activated after prolonged immersion in nitric acid of 55 to 90 per cent concentration (volumes per cent of HNO3, specific gravity 1.42) revert spontaneously to the passive state, after a temporary reaction which is transmitted rapidly over the whole length of wire. The duration of this reaction at any region decreases rapidly with increase in the concentration above a certain critical limit of 52 to 54 per cent. In weaker acid (50 per cent and lower) the reaction continues uninterruptedly until all the metal is dissolved.

2. Immediately after this automatic repassivation the wire fails to transmit activation through more than a short distance (1 to 2 cm.); if left undisturbed in the acid it recovers by degrees its power of transmission (as measured by the distance traveled by an activation wave), at first slowly, then more rapidly; eventually, after an interval varying with the concentration of acid and the temperature, the activation wave is transmitted through an indefinite distance as before.

3. The return of complete transmissivity in 55 per cent acid occupies less than a minute (at 20°); in stronger acid it is more gradual, requiring in 90 per cent acid 20 minutes or more. This "complete recovery time" is nearly proportional to the excess of concentration of acid above the limiting value of 53 to 54 per cent.

4. In a given solution of acid the rate of recovery exhibits a temperature coefficient closely similar to that of most chemical reactions at this temperature (3–20°), and also to that of the rate of recovery (refractory period) of irritable living tissues after stimulation (Q10 = about 3).

5. Two definite phases are distinguishable in the recovery process: (1) the redeposition of the continuous passivating surface layer (of oxide or oxygen compound); and (2) the progressive change of the newly passivated wire from the state of incomplete to that of complete transmissivity. The former phase is of brief duration and is indicated by a sudden change in the electrical potential of the wire, from that of active to that of passive iron; this phase is succeeded by the second and more prolonged period during which the passivating layer undergoes the progressive alteration associated with the recovery of transmissivity. This alteration appears to consist in a progressive thinning of the passivating film until a minimal thickness of (probably 1 molecule) is attained. Further thinning is prevented by local electrochemical oxidation.

6. The phenomena of partial or limited transmission during the second phase of the recovery process show a close correspondence with the phenomena of conduction with decrement in irritable living tissues such as nerve. Other analogies with the behavior of irritable tissues (threshold phenomena, distinction between "local" and "propagated" effects, summation, effects resembling electrotonus) are described.
A THEORY OF INJURY AND RECOVERY
Authors: Osterhout W. J. V.
Published: May 2004

1. Laminaria exposed for a short period to 0.52 M NaCl loses a part of its electrical resistance but recovers it completely when replaced in sea water. When the period is lengthened recovery is incomplete. If the exposure is sufficiently prolonged no recovery occurs. (After exposure to 0.278 M CaCl2 the resistance falls when the tissue is replaced in sea water.)

2. Equations are developed which enable us to predict the resistance of the tissue during exposure to NaCl or CaCl2 as well as the recovery curves after any length of exposure to either of these solutions.
THE ACTION OF INHIBITORY NERVES ON CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION IN THE HEART GANGLION OF LIMULUS
Authors: Garrey Walter E.
Published: May 2004

It has been shown in this paper that stimulation of the inhibitory nerves of the neurogenic heart of Limulus, which correspond to the vagus nerves of the vertebrate heart, results in a marked diminution of CO2 production in the heart ganglion, while stimulation of the ganglion, leading to increased activity of the heart, leads also to increased CO2 production by the ganglion. This shows that inhibition of the automaticity of this ganglion by the action of its inhibitory nerves consists, not in a process of blocking, but in a diminution of those chemical reactions in the ganglion cells which give rise to the production of CO2.
THE KINETICS OF INACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT BY LIGHT
Authors: Brooks S. C.
Published: May 2004

The photoinactivation of complement has been studied with a view to determining if possible how many kinds of molecules disappeared during the reaction. It was found that:

1. The apparent course of photoinactivation is that of a monomolecular reaction.

2. Diffusion is not the limiting factor responsible for this fact, because the temperature coefficient of diffusion is much higher than that of photoinactivation (Q10 = 1.22 to 1.28, and Q10 = 1.10 respectively).

3. There is no change in the transparency of serum solutions during photoinactivation, at least for light of the effective wave-length, which is in the ultra-violet region probably at about 2530 Ångström units.

It is pointed out that under these conditions only one interpretation is possible; namely, that during photoinactivation a single disappearing molecular species governs the rate of reaction. This substance must be primarily responsible for the hemolytic power of serum when it is used as complement.
CHEMICAL CHARACTER AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF THE POTASSIUM ION
Authors: Loeb Jacques
Published: May 2004

1. It is shown that the NH4 ion acts in cases of antagonism on the egg of Fundulus more like the K ion than the Na ion; this corresponds to the fact that in its general chemical behavior the NH4 ion resembles the K ion more closely than the Na ion.

2. It is shown that the tolerance of sea urchin eggs towards the Li ion can be increased 500 per cent or more if at the same time a certain amount of Na ion is replaced by K, Rb, or Cs ions. Since in the periodic table Na occupies a position between K and Li it is inferred that the Li and K ions deviate in their physiological action in the opposite direction from the Na ion.

3. These data indicate that the behavior of the K ion in antagonistic salt action (which forms the basis of the physiologically balanced action of ions) is due to its purely chemical character, i.e. its position in the periodic table or rather to its atomic number, and not to those explosions in its nucleus which give rise to a trace of radioactivity.
ION SERIES AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS. II
Authors: Loeb Jacques
Published: May 2004

1. Our results show clearly that the Hofmeister series is not the correct expression of the relative effect of ions on the swelling of gelatin, and that it is not true that chlorides, bromides, and nitrates have "hydrating," and acetates, tartrates, citrates, and phosphates "dehydrating," effects. If the pH of the gelatin is taken into considertion, it is found that for the same pH the effect on swelling is the same for gelatin chloride, nitrate, trichloracetate, tartrate, succinate, oxalate, citrate, and phosphate, while the swelling is considerably less for gelatin sulfate. This is exactly what we should expect on the basis of the combining ratios of the corresponding acids with gelatin since the weak dibasic and tribasic acids combine with gelatin in molecular proportions while the strong dibasic acid H2SO4 combines with gelatin in equivalent proportions. In the case of the weak dibasic acids he anion in combination with gelatin is therefore monovalent and in the case of the strong H2SO4 it is bivalent. Hence it is only the valency and not the nature of the ion in combination with gelatin which affects the degree of swelling.

2. This is corroborated in the experiments with alkalies which show that LiOH, NaOH, KOH, and NH4OH cause the same degree of swelling at the same pH of the gelatin solution and that this swelling is considerably higher than that caused by Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 for the same pH. This agrees with the results of the titration experiments which prove that Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 combine with gelatin in equivalent proportions and that hence the cation in combination with the gelatin salt with these two latter bases is bivalent.

3. The fact that proteins combine with acids and alkalies on the basis of the forces of primary valency is therefore not only in full agreement with the influence of ions on the physical properties of proteins but allows us to predict this influence qualitatively and quantitatively.

4. What has been stated in regard to the influence of ions on the swelling of the different gelatin salts is also true in regard to the influence of ions on the relative solubility of gelatin in alcohol-water mixtures.

5. Conductivity measurements of solutions of gelatin salts do not support the theory that the drop in the curves for swelling, osmotic pressure, or viscosity, which occurs at a pH 3.3 or a little less, is due to a drop in the concentration of ionized protein in the solution; nor do they suggest that the difference between the physical properties of gelatin sulfate and gelatin chloride is due to differences in the degree of ionization of these two salts.
NUMERICAL LAW OF REGRESSION OF CERTAIN SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS
Authors: Pézard A.
Published: May 2004

The discrepancy in the relative variation of C and of θ led us to examine more closely the velocity of regression at the beginning in all the cases. At a given point of the curve, the velocity is furnished by the differential quotient of the length with reference to the time:

See PDF for Equation

At the beginning of regression, that is to say, at the time 0

See PDF for Equation

We have tabulated the corresponding numerical values in the various instances:

See PDF for Structure

Although there is not absolute equality among the figures of the last column, one cannot fail to be struck by the fact that there is very little difference; in all instances they diverge much less than those of the first two columns, in which the variation is from 0.5 to 4.75 and from 1.95 to 12.0. We must admit, therefore, within rather wide limits, the constancy of the product of the time of regression and the constant C, whether the castration is intrapuberal or post-puberal.

Geometrically, this result is represented by the constancy of the angle of the ordinate and the tangent to the parabola at the point of departure of the regression curve. Furthermore, it follows that the numerical law is represented not only by a parabola, but more exactly by segments of homothetic parabolas—an unexpected generalization, which gives a remarkable unity to the law with which it is concerned.
THE ISOELECTRIC POINT OF RED BLOOD CELLS AND ITS RELATION TO AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Coulter Calvin B.
Published: May 2004

1. The movement of normal and sensitized red blood cells in the electric field is a function of the hydrogen ion concentration. The isoelectric point, at which no movement occurs, corresponds with pH 4.6.

2. On the alkaline side of the isoelectric point the charge carried is negative and increases with the alkalinity. On the acid side the charge is positive and increases with the acidity.

3. On the alkaline side at least the charge carried by sensitized cells is smaller and increases less rapidly with the alkalinity than the charge of normal cells.

4. Both normal and sensitized cells combine chemically with inorganic ions, and the isoelectric point is a turning point for this chemical behavior. On the acid side the cells combine with the hydrogen and chlorine ions, and in much larger amount than on the alkaline side; on the alkaline side the cells combine with a cation (Ba), and in larger amount than on the acid side. This behavior corresponds with that found by Loeb for gelatin.

5. The optimum for agglutination of normal cells is at pH 4.75, so that at this point the cells exist most nearly pure, or least combined with anion and cation.

6. The optimum for agglutination of sensitized cells is at pH 5.3. This point is probably connected with the optimum for flocculation of the immune serum body.
THE PRODUCTION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS BY BACTERIA OF THE DYSENTERY GROUP
Authors: Zoller Harper F. , Clark W. Mansfield
Published: May 2004

These studies show:

1. A close agreement exists among all the organisms studied in the total quantity of volatile fatty acids produced and in the ratio of formic to acetic, under aerobic conditions, and in the presence of 1 per cent of glucose.

2. When grown upon peptone alone, with free access of air to the cultures, volatile fatty acids are produced in appreciable quantities, although the reaction of the solution has gone more alkaline as shown by colorimetric pH tests. Formic acid is not found, but in its place we obtain propionic acid.

3. Upon exhaustion of air from the non-sugar medium the bacteria again produce formic acid, and in addition some butyric. This is true for both Shiga and non-Shiga cultures. The reaction is distinctly more acid.

4. The presence of glucose in the medium from which the air has been pumped furnishes a condition which provokes about the same type and degree of fermentation that operates in the glucose medium bathed in air at atmospheric pressure.

5. The enormous quantity of formic acid produced by these bacteria may play a significant part in the digestive disturbances and toxic symptoms accompanying their infection of the human intestinal tract.
THE RESPONSE OF POPILLIA JAPONICA TO LIGHT AND THE WEBER-FECHNER LAW
Authors: Moore A. R. , Cole W. H.
Published: May 2004

Light and a temperature above 23°C. are necessary for the activity of Popillia.

The effect of light as indicated by the rate of locomotor response is related to light intensity according to Fechner's expression of Weber's law.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF GIGANTISM BY FEEDING THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE HYPOPHYSIS
Authors: Uhlenhuth Eduard
Published: May 2004

1. Metamorphosed salamanders of the species Ambystoma opacum and Ambystoma tigrinum were fed on a pure diet of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis of cattle; the controls were fed on an abundant diet of earthworms.

2. The rate of growth of the animals fed on the anterior lobe of the hypophysis was greatly increased over the rate of growth of normal animals.

3. Growth of the animals fed on anterior lobe did not cease after they had reached the normal "maximum" size of the species, and experimental giants were produced.

4. The largest animal of the species Ambystoma opacum fed on anterior lobe of the hypophysis was 19 mm. larger than the largest normal animal of this species known to the writer; the largest animal of the species Ambystoma tigrinum fed on anterior lobe is at present about 28 mm. larger than the largest normal animal of the eastern race of this species known to the writer.
TIME AND INTENSITY IN PHOTOSENSORY STIMULATION
Authors: Hecht Selig
Published: May 2004

In its photosensory effect, the action of light depends on two variables,—intensity and time. If the intensity alone is varied, the photochemical effect is proportional to the logarithm of the intensity. If the time alone is varied, the effect is proportional to the time. Experiments here reported show that when both the intensity and the time are varied, the photochemical effect is equal to the product of their separate activities: E = kt log I. These results furnish the means of expressing directly the relation between the intensity of illumination and the reaction time of Mya.
A THEORY OF INJURY AND RECOVERY
Authors: Osterhout W. J. V.
Published: May 2004

1. The equations which serve to predict the injury of tissue in 0.52 M NaCl and in 0.278 M CaCl2 and its subsequent recovery (when it is replaced in sea water) also enable us to predict the behavior of tissue in mixtures of these solutions, as well as its recovery in sea water after exposure to mixtures.

2. The reactions which are assumed in order to account for the behavior of the tissue proceed as if they were inhibited by a salt compound formed by the union of NaCl and CaCl2 with some constituent of the protoplasm (certain of these reactions are accelerated by CaCl2).

3. In this and preceding papers a quantitative theory is developed in order to explain: (a) the toxicity of NaCl and CaCl2; (b) the antagonism between these substances; (c) the fact that recovery (in sea water) may be partial or complete, depending on the length of exposure to the toxic solution.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSE OF THE SPONTANEOUS AGGREGATION OF FLAGELLATES AND INTO THE REACTIONS OF FLAGELLATES TO DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Authors: Fox H. Munro
Published: May 2004

Spontaneous aggregations of flagellates are formed under the cover-glass because the organisms are attracted to and remain in regions where the concentration of dissolved oxygen is less than the saturation concentration under atmospheric partial pressure. These regions of lessened oxygen content arise towards the center of the liquid beneath the cover-glass, owing to the oxygen consumed by the flagellates in respiration not being replaced here by the solution of atmospheric oxygen, as it is along the edges of the liquid. The flagellates, however, are insensitive to the attraction of regions of lessened oxygen concentration when the oxygen concentration throughout the liquid is above a certain value. Therefore, for the aggregations to form, either the initial concentration of dissolved oxygen must be below this limiting value, or an interval of time must first elapse after the making of the preparation until the respiration of the organisms has reduced the oxygen concentration throughout the liquid down to this limiting value. The aggregations will then form because the flagellates have become positively chemotropic to the lower concentration of oxygen at the center of the liquid.

Once established, such an aggregation of flagellates does not remain long in the same form. An area free from flagellates appears at the center of the aggregation so that the organisms lie in a circular band surrounding the clear area. The latter increases in size and its bordering band of flagellates in diameter, the band gradually becoming less circular and more square in shape, if the cover-glass is a square one. The clear central area is a region where the oxygen consumption of the flagellates has reduced the oxygen content to such a low value that the organisms are forced to leave the region. They collect in a band where the concentration of dissolved oxygen is an optimum for them. It is the equilibrium position between the oxygen consumed at the center and that diffusing in from the edges of the liquid. As the consumption at the center is more rapid than the replacement from the edge, the flagellate band moves outwards until it becomes stationary at a position where the rates of consumption and replacement of oxygen are equal.

Although the flagellates collect in this manner in regions of optimum oxygen concentration, yet greater concentrations of dissolved oxygen have no injurious effect on them. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen lower than the optimum have the effect of inhibiting the movement of the flagellates. They recover their activity, however, immediately they are given access to dissolved oxygen again.

Work done in the past on chemotropism of flagellates will have to be revised in the light of the above facts, since the oxygen content of solutions used has never been taken into account.
THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN HEMOLYTIC SENSITIZER AND RED BLOOD CELLS IN RELATION TO THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION
Authors: Coulter Calvin B.
Published: May 2004

1. In a salt-free medium the proportion of the total amount of hemolytic sensitizer present, combined with the homologous cells, reaches a maximum of almost 100 per cent at pH 5.3. On the alkaline side of this point the proportion combined diminishes with the alkalinity and reaches a minimum of approximately 5 per cent at pH 10. On the acid side of pH 5.3 the proportion combined diminishes with the acidity but somewhat less rapidly than for a corresponding increase in alkalinity.

2. The presence of NaCl greatly increases the proportion of sensitizer combined with cells at all reactions except those in the neighborhood of pH 5.3. At this point the combination of sensitizer with cells is independent of the presence of electrolyte.

3. The curves representing the proportion of sensitizer combined or free run almost exactly parallel, both when the sensitizer combines de novo and when it dissociates from combination; therefore, in constant volume, at a given hydrogen ion concentration, and at a given temperature, an equilibrium exists between the amount of sensitizer free and that combined with cells.

4. The combination of sensitizer and cells is related fundamentally to the isoelectric point of the sensitizer.

5. The dissociated ions of the sensitizer, formed either by its acid or its basic dissociation, do not unite with cells. Combination takes place only between the cells and the undissociated molecules of the sensitizer.
SUMMATION OF DISSIMILAR STIMULI APPLIED TO LEAFLETS OF SENSITIVE BRIER (SCHRANKIA)
Authors: Bibb Lewis B.
Published: May 2004

1. The pinnæ of sensitive brier or Schrankia are favorable for demonstrating summation of dissimilar stimuli.

2. The demonstration was made as follows: A time of day was chosen when the closure of a single proximal leaflet did not provoke closure of the next distal leaflet. An irritating gas was applied to the pinna. A few seconds later, a single leaflet was touched; it closed, induced closure of the next distal leaflet, and inaugurated a wave of closure which proceeded until all leaflets on the same side of the mid-rib were closed.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Brooks Matilda Moldenhauer
Published: May 2004

1. The addition of Na taurocholate produces an increase in the rate of respiration at a concentration of 0.0000125 M, and a decrease at 0.001 M and in higher concentrations.

2. NaCl is antagonized by Na taurocholate, the most favorable proportion being 14,375 parts of NaCl to 1 part of Na taurocholate (molecular proportions).

3. Solutions of saponin, at concentrations from 0.00005 M to 0.001 M, decrease the rate of respiration: lower concentrations produce no effect.
METHODS OF STUDYING THE RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE IN SMALL AQUATIC ORGANISMS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE USE OF FLAGELLATES AS AN INDICATOR FOR OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
Authors: Fox H. Munro
Published: May 2004

1. Flagellates are positively chemotactic to a certain concentration of dissolved oxygen which is lower than that in water saturated with oxygen under atmospheric partial pressure. Consequently, when a small aquatic animal is held motionless between cover-slip and slide in a suspension of flagellates in water saturated with oxygen, the flagellates are attracted to those parts of the animal which are absorbing oxygen. The relative sizes of the flagellate aggregations then show the relative activities of the different surfaces of the animal in absorbing oxygen.

2. Applying this method to the red Chironomus larva it was found that the animal respires by the whole body surface except by the head and the "ventral gills" and that the relative intensity of oxygen intake by the different parts of the body varies in different individuals and in the same individual at different times.

3. The absence of oxygen intake by the "ventral gills" was confirmed with the microspectroscope. In oxygen-free water all the hemoglobin of the blood becomes reduced. When an air bubble is now introduced so that it touches the "ventral gills" oxyhemoglobin first appears in the nearest body segment to the bubble, not in the "gills."

4. When a small aquatic animal is held motionless between cover-slip and slide in a solution of an indicator which changes color about the neutral point of water the relative extent of color change at different surfaces of the animal's body indicates the relative amounts of carbon dioxide given off by these surfaces.

5. Using this method with the red Chironomus larva similar conclusions were reached for carbon dioxide output as for oxygen intake.
THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF SOLID PARTICLES
Authors: Fenn Wallace O.
Published: May 2004

1. The rates of ingestion of quartz and carbon particles by leucocytes, when both are in suspension in serum, was compared with the availability of the two particles as predicted from the calculated chances of collision with the leucocytes, and it was shown that carbon is ingested about 4 times as readily as quartz.

2. The greater ease of ingestion of carbon was verified by a new method of measuring phagocytosis, described as the film method in which the cells ingest particles as they creep about on a slide.

3. The relative rates of ingestion of carbon and quartz depend upon the condition of the cells, the difference increasing as the phagocytic activity of the cells decreases.

4. Sponge cells also ingest carbon about 3 times as readily as quartz.

5. The hypothesis is suggested that the cause of the more rapid ingestion of carbon may be identical with the cause of the greater instability of the carbon suspensions.

6. An inorganic analogy to this selective phagocytic action is offered.

7. The application to opsonins and agglutinins is discussed.
THE RATE OF GROWTH OF THE DAIRY COW
Authors: Brody Samuel , Ragsdale Arthur C.
Published: May 2004

The growth period of the Jersey and Holstein cows is made up of at least three cycles, two extrauterine cycles with maxima at about 5 and 20 months of age, and one intrauterine cycle, the maximum of which has not yet been determined. The equation of an autocatalytic monomolecular reaction was found to give very good results when applied to the cycle having its maximum at about 5 months of age. The values obtained from this equation when applied to the cycle having the maximum at about 20 months of age were higher than the observed values probably due to the retarding effect of pregnancy and lactation on growth.
CASEIN VISCOSITY STUDIES
Authors: Zoller Harper F.
Published: May 2004

1. Viscosity and pH curves of casein dissolved in NaOH, KOH, LiOH, and NH4OH are shown and it is found that a maximum viscosity occurs at about the same pH point with each alkali; i.e., 9.1 to 9.25. The magnitude of the viscosity is largest in ammonia solutions.

2. The maximum viscosity occurs in 8 to 10 per cent solutions of casein in alkalies when about 98 x 10–5 gram equivalents of base are combined with 1 gram of casein.

3. A maximum viscosity occurs in the same region (pH 9.1 to 9.25) when casein is dissolved in Na2CO3, Na3AsO4, Na2SO3, NaF, and Na2PO3.

4. The maximum viscosity obtained with borax solutions of casein occurs at 8.15 to 8.2 pH. It is suggested that casein acts like mannitol, glycerol, etc., in increasing the dissociation of boric acid.

5. The flattening of the viscosity curves of casein solutions, following the decline from maximum, is shown to be due to alkaline hydrolysis whence casein no longer exists as such but is cleaved into a major protein containing no phosphorus or sulfur and less nitrogen. This cleavage commences at pH 10.0 to 10.5.

6. When casein is prepared from solutions that have been subjected to high temperatures (60°C. and above) or has otherwise been heated during its preparation, it yields solutions in alkalies of high viscosity.
DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS
Authors: Loeb Jacques
Published: May 2004

1. It is shown that a neutral salt depresses the potential difference which exists at the point of equilibrium between a gelatin chloride solution contained in a collodion bag and an outside aqueous solution (without gelatin). The depressing effect of a neutral salt on the P.D. is similar to the depression of the osmotic pressure of the gelatin chloride solution by the same salt.

2. It is shown that this depression of the P.D. by the salt can be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy on the basis of Nernst's logarithmic formula on the assumption that the P.D. which exists at the point of equilibrium is due to the difference of the hydrogen ion concentration on the opposite sides of the membrane.

3. Since this difference of hydrogen ion concentration on both sides of the membrane is due to Donnan's membrane equilibrium this latter equilibrium must be the cause of the P.D.

4. A definite P.D. exists also between a solid block of gelatin chloride and the surrounding aqueous solution at the point of equilibrium and this P.D. is depressed in a similar way as the swelling of the gelatin chloride by the addition of neutral salts. It is shown that the P.D. can be calculated from the difference in the hydrogen ion concentration inside and outside the block of gelatin at equilibrium.

5. The influence of the hydrogen ion concentration on the P.D. of a gelatin chloride solution is similar to that of the hydrogen ion concentration on the osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity of gelatin solutions, and the same is true for the influence of the valency of the anion with which the gelatin is in combination. It is shown that in all these cases the P.D. which exists at equilibrium can be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy from the difference of the pH inside and outside the gelatin solution on the basis of Nernst's logarithmic formula by assuming that the difference in the concentration of hydrogen ions on both sides of the membrane determines the P.D.

6. The P.D. which exists at the boundary of a gelatin chloride solution and water at the point of equilibrium can also be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy by Nernst's logarithmic formula from the value pCl outside minus pCl inside. This proves that the equation x2 = y ( y + z) is the correct expression for the Donnan membrane equilibrium when solutions of protein-acid salts with monovalent anion are separated by a collodion membrane from water. In this equation x is the concentration of the H ion (and the monovalent anion) in the water, y the concentration of the H ion and the monovalent anion of the free acid in the gelatin solution, and z the concentration of the anion in combination with the protein.

7. The similarity between the variation of P.D. and the variation of the osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity of gelatin, and the fact that the Donnan equilibrium determines the variation in P.D. raise the question whether or not the variations of the osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity are also determined by the Donnan equilibrium.
DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS
Authors: Loeb Jacques
Published: May 2004

1. It had been shown in previous publications that the osmotic pressure of a 1 per cent solution of a protein-acid salt varies in a characteristic way with the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution, the osmotic pressure having a minimum at the isoelectric point, rising steeply with a decrease in pH until a maximum is reached at pH of 3.4 or 3.5 (in the case of gelatin and crystalline egg albumin), this maximum being followed by a steep drop in the osmotic pressure with a further decrease in the pH of the gelatin or albumin solution. In this paper it is shown that (aside from two minor discrepancies) we can calculate this effect of the pH on the osmotic pressure of a protein-acid salt by assuming that the pH effect is due to that unequal distribution of crystalloidal ions (in particular free acid) on both sides of the membrane which Donnan's theory of membrane equilibrium demands.

2. It had been shown in preceding papers that only the valency but not the nature of the ion (aside from its valency) with which a protein is in combination has any effect upon the osmotic pressure of the solution of the protein; and that the osmotic pressure of a gelatin-acid salt with a monovalent anion (e.g. Cl, NO3, acetate, H2PO4, HC2O4, etc.) is about twice or perhaps a trifle more than twice as high as the osmotic pressure of gelatin sulfate where the anion is bivalent; assuming that the pH and gelatin concentrations of all the solutions are the same.

It is shown in this paper that we can calculate with a fair degree of accuracy this valency effect on the assumption that it is due to the influence of the valency of the anion of a gelatin-acid salt on that relative distribution of the free acid on both sides of the membrane which Donnan's theory of membrane equilibrium demands.

3. The curves of the observed values of the osmotic pressure show two constant minor deviations from the curves of the calculated osmotic pressure. One of these deviations consists in the fact that the values of the ascending branch of the calculated curves are lower than the corresponding values in the curves for the observed osmotic pressure, and the other deviation consists in the fact that the drop in the curves of calculated values occurs at a lower pH than the drop in the curves of the observed values.
STUDIES IN WOOD DECAY
Authors: Schmitz Henry
Published: May 2004

Circumstantial evidence is presented which indicates that Polyporus volvatus is parasitic.

Cultures of Polyporus volvatus and Fomes igniarius may be obtained from the young sporophores by the tissue method.

In Polyporus volvatus the presence of the following enzymes was demonstrated: esterase, maltase, lactase, sucrase, raffinase, diastase, inulase, cellulase, hemicellulase, glucosidase, rennet, and catalase.

In Fomes igniarius the presence of the following enzymes was demonstrated: esterase, maltase, lactase, sucrase, raffinase, diastase, inulase, cellulase, hemicellulase, glucosidase, urease, rennet, and catalase.
STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Authors: Palmer Walter W. , Atchley Dana W. , Loeb Robert F.
Published: May 2004

1. In pure gelatin solutions the conductivity of the solution increases with increasing concentrations, regardless of the hydrogen ion concentration. The actual value of the specific conductivity is greater at that reaction where the degree of ionization is greater.

2. The addition of gelatin in increasing concentrations to a 0.6 per cent sodium chloride solution affects the conductivity of that solution in two ways: (a) At pH 3.3, (where gelatin is highly ionized) the conductivity increases with each added increment of gelatin. (b) At pH 5.1 and 7.4 (where gelatin is less highly ionized) the conductivity decreases with each added increment of gelatin.

A similar study is being made of crystalline egg albumin.
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN LIMITING CONDITIONS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF B VITAMINS BY YEAST
Authors: Eppright Margaret A. , Williams Roger J.
Published: May 2004

In yeast crops which were grown in the presence of various inhibitors, there was considerable variation in content of the various B vitamins. A higher degree of parallelism in variation in content was found to exist between thiamine and niacin than between any other pair of vitamins; this has been interpreted as indicating that the predominant functions of these two vitamins are their established rôles in fermentation. Values for inositol indicate that it may be involved in fermentation processes, but this is not the case for other members of the B complex. Biotin appears to be unique since in no case did the biotin content of yeast grown in the presence of an inhibitor fall below that of the control yeast. There was some evidence of synthesis of biotin, or a material with biotin activity, in the presence of certain inhibitors, the most striking instance being with sulfaguanidine.

An exogenous supply of biotin was essential for extensive proliferation of F. B. yeast, and yeast grown in a medium to which biotin was the only added vitamin contained the B vitamins in amounts very similar to those found in the control yeast, the most marked differences being in increased vitamin B6 and p-aminobenzoic acid contents.

In the absence of biotin, significant amounts of all of the B vitamins except biotin were synthesized, both in the presence and absence of certain other members of the B complex. The addition of thiamine, pyridoxine, inositol, and ß-alanine to the culture medium caused a reduction in the amounts of vitamin B6 and p-aminobenzoic acid synthesized.

F. B. yeast was able to grow in a xylose medium only when certain of the B vitamins were present, and even then growth was limited. Evidence was obtained for some synthesis of all of the vitamins investigated except biotin and vitamin B6.

The most significant differences in vitamin content between galac yeast and the parent F. B. strain were in folic acid and vitamin B6, the former being considerably reduced in amount, the latter being increased.
OXIDATIVE ASSIMILATION IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN CHLORELLA
Authors: Myers Jack ,   With the Technical Assistance of Marian Cramer and James Johnston
Published: May 2004

1. An oxidative assimilation of acetic add and glucose in darkness has been demonstrated in the green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa. From manometric experiments it has been shown that 1 mol (CH2O) per mol acetic add and 5 mols (CH2O) per mol glucose are produced.

2. The time required for complete utilization of a limited amount of acetic acid or glucose is not affected by illumination in the absence of carbon dioxide.

3. The time required for complete utilization of a limited amount of glucose is not affected by the simultaneous occurrence of photosynthesis. It must therefore be concluded that the accumulating product of photosynthesis cannot be glucose but must be some slowly respirable (storage) material.

4. Possible interrelationships between oxidative assimilation and photosynthesis may be further studied by following, in darkness and in light, the time course of oxidative assimilation of substrates which are possible intermediates in the two processes.
THE KINETICS OF MULTIPLE ENZYME INHIBITION
Authors: Reiner John M.
Published: May 2004

The adaptive fermentation of galactose by yeast is inhibited by fluoride and azide. At sufficiently low concentrations, however, it is stimulated.

From a mathematical analysis, using the known fact that fluoride inhibits the enzymes enolase and adenosinetriphosphatase, it is possible to infer the existence of such stimulation. Conditions for this effect are derived which relate the sensitivities of the enzymes to the poison with the rate constants of the various reactions in the fermentation chain.
SOME ASPECTS OF SECRETION
Authors: Osterhout W. J. V.
Published: May 2004

If we increase the osmotic pressure at one end of a Nitella cell by applying a solution of sucrose and if we subsequently submerge the entire cell in water we find that water enters at the end where the osmotic pressure is higher and comes out of the cell at the other end.

If similar inequalities of osmotic pressure should arise as the result of metabolism we can understand how a secreting cell might take up water at one spot on its surface and expel it in another spot and thus bring about the secretion of water.

The Nitella cell can expel water from a region of the cell which is in contact with water, air, or mineral oil.
BACTERIOPHAGE FORMATION WITHOUT BACTERIAL GROWTH
Authors: Price Winston H.
Published: May 2004

1. Iodoacetate, fluoride, and azide have been found to prevent the formation of phage and to inhibit the synthesis of ATP by Staphylococcus muscae. It is suggested that energy-rich phosphate is needed for the synthesis of phage.

2. Gramicidin prevented the formation of phage.

3. No differences were found between normal bacteria and phage-infected bacteria in the inorganic phosphate, adenosinetriphosphate, ribonucleic acid, and desoxyribonucleic acid content of the cells.

4. The mechanism of phage formation is discussed.
THE FORMATION AND STABILIZATION OF AN ADAPTIVE ENZYME IN THE ABSENCE OF ITS SUBSTRATE
Authors: Spiegelman S. , Reiner John M.
Published: May 2004

It is shown that various substrates accelerate the disappearance of an adaptive enzyme when its own substrate has been removed from the medium. The order of effectiveness of such substrates appears to be connected with their chemical similarity to the adaptive substrate.

It is shown that two conditions which are able to inhibit the formation of adaptive enzymes—anaerobiosis and the presence of sodium azide—are equally able to prevent the disappearance of an adaptive enzyme after the removal of its substrate. Finally, it is shown that rapidly growing cultures, under optimal conditions for synthetic activity, are able to maintain and even appreciably to increase their initial content of an adaptive enzyme, in the absence of its specific substrate and in the presence of a normally competitive substrate.

In the light of these results, the three major theories of enzyme formation hitherto proposed are evaluated.
A VERSATILE MICRORESPIROMETER FOR ROUTINE USE
Authors: Stern Herbert , Kirk Paul L.
Published: May 2004

A new design of microrespirometer suitable for routine laboratory work has been described.
PENETRATION OF RADIOACTIVE SODIUM AND CHLORIDE INTO CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND AQUEOUS HUMOR
Authors: Wang Jun-Ch'uan
Published: May 2004

1. Experiments were performed on six dogs to determine the rate of penetration of Cl33 and Na24 across the blood-aqueous humor and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers after intravenous injection of the radioactive ions. The radioactivity measurements were made with an immersion type of Geiger-Müller counter.

2. The concentrations of the labelled ions in the anterior chamber and the cisterna magna increase slowly to approach that of plasma. The rate of penetration k is calculated from a simple exponential equation with the half-value interval t0.5 or the time required for the labelled-ion concentration in the fluid to reach 50 per cent of that of plasma. The average t0.5 for Cl38 and Na24 in aqueous humor are 34.3 ± 9 and 27.3 ± 9 minutes, respectively, while those for cerebrospinal fluid are 90 ± 6 and 95 ± 6 minutes, respectively.

3. A study of the radioactivity in plasma was made to determine the per cent remaining after a steady state was reached. By means of this determination the sodium and chloride space was calculated to be 33 ± 5 per cent.
THREE-STAGE ANALYSIS OF BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Milstone J. H.
Published: May 2004

1. Blood-clotting mechanism has been analyzed by a procedure which devotes a separate experimental step to each of the three primary reactions:

1. Prothrombokinase → thrombokinase

2. Prothrombin → thrombin

3. Fibrinogen → fibrin

2. Activation of prothrombin by thrombokinase followed the course of a unimolecular reaction, and the concentration of thrombokinase determined the initial rate. By this relation thrombokinase was measured, and the activation of its precursor was charted.

3. When the activation of prothrombokinase was plotted against time, the experimental points fell close to the theoretical curve for a simple autocatalytic reaction. Moreover, the process was accelerated by seeding with a small amount of crude thrombokinase. It was concluded that the activation of prothrombokinase involves an autocatalytic or chain reaction.

4. The three-stage procedure made possible the separate estimation of the power to activate prothrombin, on one hand, and the capacity to accelerate the transformation of prothrombokinase on the other. Drastic losses of both activities occurred when crude thrombokinase solutions were heated at 60°C., or adsorbed with barium sulfate.

5. The concentration of calcium was important for the normal progress of prothrombin activation, and also for the transformation of prothrombokinase.
SURFACE INACTIVATION OF BACTERIAL VIRUSES AND OF PROTEINS
Authors: Adams Mark H.
Published: May 2004

1. The seven bacterial viruses of the T group active against E. coli, are rapidly inactivated at gas-liquid interfaces.

2. The kinetics of this inactivation whether brought about by shaking or by bubbling with nitrogen are those of a first order reaction.

3. This inactivation may be prevented by the addition of enough protein to maintain the gas-liquid interface in a saturated condition.

4. The analogy between this phenomenon and the surface denaturation of proteins is pointed out and discussed.
INACTIVATION OF VIRUSES AND CELLS BY MUSTARD GAS
Authors: Herriott Roger M.
Published: May 2004

The action of mustard gas on six animal, one plant, and two bacterial viruses; also on bacteria, yeast, and the pneumococcus-transforming principle has been studied. The viruses include Newcastle's disease of chickens, equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern strain), feline pneumonitis (Baker), rabbit papilloma (Shope), fixed rabies, rabbit myxoma, tobacco mosaic, T2r+ phage of E. coli B, and a Staphylococcus muscae phage. The cells include bakers' yeast, E. coli B, Staphylococcus muscae, and swine plague bacillus.

The rates of inactivation of the viruses and cells were of the same order of magnitude and faster than those of enzymes.

Of the viruses examined those containing desoxyribose nucleic acid were inactivated faster than those containing ribosenucleic acid. Preparations of the pneumococcus-transforming principle which were largely desoxyribose nucleic acid have shown the greatest sensitivity to mustard gas of all systems examined.

An expression was derived describing the inactivation rate when mustard gas decreases during the experiment.
THE TONICITY-VOLUME RELATIONS FOR SYSTEMS CONTAINING HUMAN RED CELLS AND THE CHLORIDES OF MONOVALENT CATIONS
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: May 2004

1. Differences in the fragility of human red cells are observed in equimolar solutions of the chlorides of the monovalent cations. The cells are most fragile in LiCl and least fragile in NaCl, the salts falling in the order Li > K ≧ Rb > Cs > Na.

2. The difference between the tonicity-volume relations in systems containing LiCl and systems containing NaCl lies in the molarity of the solution of LiCl which is isotonic (isoplethechontic) with plasma being considerably greater (0.189 M) than the molarity of the solution of NaCl which is isotonic (isoplethechontic) with plasma (0.160 M). The difference cannot be stated meantime in any simpler terms than these; if the activity coefficients are taken into account, it becomes even greater. The tonicity-volume relations for the two systems are otherwise almost identical; the value of R for the two systems is almost the same, the critical volumes at which the cells of least resistance hemolyze are almost identical, and the critical volumes at which the cells of average resistance hemolyze are almost identical.

3. The LiCl effect on volume occurs as soon after the addition of the cells to 0.172 M LiCl as the hematocrit method allows one to measure it. It is reversible by washing with 0.172 M NaCl.