bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IL-6 and ICOS Antagonize Bim and Promote Regulatory T Cell Accrual with Age
Authors: Raynor Jana , Karns Rebekah , Almanan Maha , Li Kun-Po , Divanovic Senad , Chougnet Claire A. , Hildeman David A.
Published: June 2015

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of CD4+ T cells, dramatically accumulate with age in humans and mice and contribute to age-related immune suppression. Recently, we showed that a majority of accumulating Tregs in aged mice expressed low levels of CD25, and their accrual is associated with declining levels of IL-2 in aged mice. In this study, we further investigated the origin of CD25lo Tregs in aged mice. First, aged Tregs had high expression of neuropilin-1 and Helios, and had a broad Vβ repertoire. Next, we analyzed the gene expression profile of Tregs, naive T cells, and memory T cells in aged mice. We found that the gene expression profile of aged CD25lo Tregs were more related to young CD25lo Tregs than to either naive or memory T cells. Further, the gene expression profile of aged Tregs was consistent with recently described “effector” Tregs (eTregs). Additional analysis revealed that nearly all Tregs in aged mice were of an effector phenotype (CD44hiCD62Llo) and could be further characterized by high levels of ICOS and CD69. ICOS contributed to Treg maintenance in aged mice, because in vivo Ab blockade of ICOSL led to a loss of eTregs, and this loss was rescued in Bim-deficient mice. Further, serum levels of IL-6 increased with age and contributed to elevated expression of ICOS on aged Tregs. Finally, Treg accrual was significantly blunted in aged IL-6–deficient mice. Together, our data show a role for IL-6 in promoting eTreg accrual with age likely through maintenance of ICOS expression.
Actinobaculum shaalii: a new uropathogen?
Authors: Felice Valentina , Scutellà Massimiliano , Lombardi Silvia
Published: June 2015

Background and Aims. Actinobaculum schaalii is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive rod-shaped species phylogenetically related to Actinomyces. A. schaalii is an emerging pathogen causing urinary tract infections (UTI) in both children and adults; although, as part of the human genitourinary tract flora, it is frequently overlooked or considered as a contaminant. While the phenotypic identification of A. schaalii is difficult, the recent Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time-Of-Flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF) technology could represent a promising tool for its identification.
Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective study including all known cases (n=7) of A. schaalii infections occurred (between July 2013 and November 2013) at the Microbiology Laboratory of the A. Cardarelli Hospital, in Campobasso (Italy).
Results. All the 7 A. schaalii collected strains, resulted in vitro susceptible to most of the drugs commonly used for urinary tract infections, but resistant to ciprofloxacin, a first-line antibiotic in the treatment of prostatitis. All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefuroxime, gentamicin, piperacillin-tazobactam, vancomicin, tetracycline (no EUCAST breakpoints). All except two isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime; 3/7 and 5/7 strains were clindamicin and levofloxacin resistant, respectively.
Conclusions. As most antibiotics empirically prescribed for UTI (mainly fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) are not effective against A. schaalii, the appropriate onset of treatment was delayed by an average of 2.8 days. The implementation of the newer MALDI TOF technology in routine diagnostic procedures may allow a more reliable and rapid identification of A. schaalii in future.
Evaluation of the Verigene® Blood Culture Nucleic Acid test for rapid identification of gram positive pathogens from positive blood cultures
Authors: Cellini Agnese , Pedna Maria Federica , Del Bianco Francesca , Sambri Vittorio
Published: June 2015

Background. The rapid identification of the etiology and the evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria causing bacteremia is of outmost relevance to set up an adequate treatment of sepsis. In this study we evaluated the microarray based method, Verigene Gram-positive blood cultures (BC-GP) nucleic acid test (Nanosphere Inc., Northbrook, IL, USA) for the identification of Gram positive pathogens from positive blood cultures. The panel BC-GP is capable to identify 13 germs and 3 genes associated with antimicrobial resistance.
Materials and Methods. In this study a total of 100 positive, non replicated and monomicrobic blood cultures have been evaluated. For testing on the Verigene platform using the BC-GP assay, 350 L of blood culture media from a positive the blood culture bottle.
Results. A total of 100 positive blood cultures were tested by the Verigene BC-GP assay: out of these a total of 100 Gram-positive cocci were identified. The most frequent bacteria identified included staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci. Among staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 25% (15/60), with 38% of S. epidermidis 37% (23/60) and 37% (22/60) other CoNS. All the S. aureus isolates were correctly identified by BC-GP whereas in 2/45 cases (4%) BC-GP misidentified CoNS. In the case of enterococci 7/10 were E. faecalis and 3 E. faecium, all of these were correctly identified.
Conclusions. The overall agreement with the results obtained by standard procedure is quite elevated (88%) and as a consequence the BC-GP panel could be used as a rapid diagnostic tool to give a faster response in the case of bacteremia associated with sepsis.
LITHOPROBE, southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia: geology
Authors: Yorath C J , Sutherland Brown A , Massey N W D
Published: June 2015

Phase 1 of LITHOPROBE involved co-ordinated geophysical and geological studies on southern Vancouver Island conducted from 1984 to 1986. Geological studies, the focus of this report, included 1:50 000 scale mapping as well as stratigraphic, geochemical, and
structural studies in a corridor centred on Port Alberni and on southernmost Vancouver Island in the vicinity of Sooke.
In the Port Alberni region the geological architecture of Wrangellia is expressed by three volcanic/plutonic successions separated by shallow marine carbonate and clastic deposits, the total ranging in age from mid-Paleozoic to Early Jurassic. Post accretionary clastic sediments of Late Cretaceous
and Tertiary ages overlie Wrangellia and the adjacent Pacific Rim and Crescent terranes. The Alberni region is partitioned by northwesterly trending thrust faults and the Cowichan Anticlinorium, the latter dislocated by northerly trending faults and hypabyssal intrusions.
The Metchosin Igneous Complex of southernmost Vancouver Island is part of the Crescent Terrane. It consists of layered gabbro, sheeted dykes, pillow basalts and flows forming a partial ophiolite. The complex represents an emergent volcanic island formed in a marginal basin setting. It was
transported northwestward by and emplaced beneath the Leech River Fault.
Integrated geological and seismic reflection data indicate that the Wrangellian crust of Vancouver Island is largely granitic rocks of the Island Intrusions with pendants and enclaves of Paleozoic to Lower Jurassic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Prominent inclined reflectors in the seismic records
are identified with the surface traces of thrust faults.
Quaternary geology and till composition north of Wager Bay, Nunavut: results from the GEM Wager Bay
Surficial Geology Project
Authors: McMartin I , Campbell J E , Dredge L A , LeCheminant A
N , McCurdy M W , Scromeda N
Published: June 2015

This report presents the field database and analytical results from the Geological Survey of Canada's 2010 to 2012 surficial geology mapping and till sampling campaign in the north Wager Bay project area, mainland Nunavut. An overview of the Quaternary geology of
this area is provided together with an interpretation of till provenance, as well as a discussion on the implications for mineral exploration. Field observations and surficial geological mapping indicate the region is key for the glacial history reconstruction of the northeastern part of the
Keewatin Sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Most of the study area was located within an extensive onset zone of a large ice stream flowing north into Committee Bay during the last glaciation and early deglaciation, from an ice divide located over and/or south of Wager Bay. Major ice-flow reversals
into Repulse Bay and Wager Bay, as a result of drawdown into the opening marine waters in Hudson Bay, are indicated for the latest deglaciation phases. Coldbased ice remnant masses over the uplands north of Wager Bay preserved relict, weathered and fresh glacial landscapes at the end of
deglaciation. Although there is evidence of multiple ice-flow directions in the study area, the main ice-flow phase, which converges north (NNE to NNW) towards Committee Bay, is the predominant direction of glacial transport and shaped most prominent streamlined landforms. The carbonate clast
content and Al2O3 concentrations in surface till indicates relatively long glacial transport distances linked to glacial dispersal by the ice stream.
Mg-rich olivine, many having >Fo90 and high NiO contents, are abundant in till in the center of the study area where a frost-shattered ultramafic lamprophyre boulder was found at the surface. Location of the boulder, its distinctive composition, and the olivine in till distribution in
conjunction with the glacial transport history, suggest an ultramafic bedrock source other than kimberlite fields known in the region. In the western part of the study area south of Walker Lake, forsteritic olivine and chromite grains in till, locally coincident with ultramafic boulders, form a 35
km-long NNE dispersal train. This dispersal plume points to olivine-rich crustal rocks within undifferentiated Archean supracrustal rocks, and suggests these rocks have potential to host Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization. In addition to known Penhryn Group rocks and extensions of this belt to the southwest,
there are suspected but poorly mapped strands of supracrustal rocks between Beach Pt and Wager Bay which show potential for base- and/or preciousmetal mineralization. More detailed till sampling, prospecting and bedrock mapping is required to better assess mineral potential in these
areas.
Till geochemistry data for till samples from the Izok Lake Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit, Nunavut: till samples collected in 2012
Authors: Paulen R C , McClenaghan M B , Duso G
Published: June 2015

Fifteen till samples from around the Izok Lake Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag VMS deposit in Nunavut were collected in 2012 to complement data for Geological Survey of Canada samples collected in 2009 and 2010 as part of an indicator mineral study to determine the indicator
minerals and trace element signatures that are indicative of the deposit. The purpose of this open file is to report the raw till matrix (<0.063 mm) geochemistry and sedimentological data for these 15 till samples. Till samples were prepared by the Geological Survey of Canada's
Sedimentology Lab and analyzed at ACME Analytical Laboratories, Vancouver. Sample locations, carbonate content, carbon content, grain size and geochemical data are reported in this open file.
Guidelines for low cost subsurface sonar imaging, Ottawa River/Quyon, Quebec, test case
Authors: Prévost C
Published: June 2015

Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN) has the mandate of providing essential geographic information. An improved knowledge of our physical environment represents one of the basis of this mandate. This essential baseline information is generally associated with the
terrestrial or landmass environment. The geographic knowledge of the underwater environment often represents the weak segment in the chain linking terrestrial units together. In the geohazard domain, also a NRCAN mandate, the development of mitigation strategies for geohazards, including landslide,
rely on accurate underwater terrain information.
Recently, there have been consumer grade, low cost, side scan imaging sonars capable of imaging the floor of a lake, a river or a coastline. These tools are targeted for sport fishing and diving markets but they are also capable of partly providing an image view of the lake and river floor. These
tools, which are versatile, portable and easy to use can have scientific and technological applications, such as the subsurface geomorphological mapping of lake and river floors: bedrock outline, contact between sediments and bedrock, lineaments, sand waves location and various forms of erosion /
deposit. Therefore, low cost consumer grade side scan sonars can partly fill the technology / scientific information gap for essential geographic information and geohazards, and are particularly well suited for the Canadian North and in remote or difficult to access areas.
A case study was carried out in Quyon (Québec) area, in the Ottawa region, to determine the potential of these tools for the geomorphological mapping of a river floor, as it may relate to landslide characterization in the area. This document explains the main constraints for a high quality
survey and recommends ways to overcome them. It also provides guidelines for image acquisition. Several image examples and interpretation are presented as well as the findings resulting from this case study.
A synthesis of the TGI-4 Canadian nickel-copper-platinum group elements-chromium ore systems project -- revised and new genetic models and exploration tools for Ni-Cu-PGE, Cr-(PGE), Fe-Ti-V-(P), and PGE-Cu deposits
Authors: Ames D E , Houlé M G
Published: June 2015

The Canadian Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr ore systems project, under the fourth phase of the Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI-4), spanned a breadth of ore deposit types, tectonic environments (crustal boundaries, suprasubduction zones, astrobleme, intracratonic rift), and
processes of formation (magmatic to hydrothermal). This report summarizes key project activities for six mineral districts completed by a collaborative group of more than fifty contributors from the GSC, four provincial geological surveys, academia, and industry to develop and refine genetic models
and exploration techniques to determine fertility and pathfinders.
Sixty-six new age determinations provide important geochronological constraints to build and refine models for many Cr-(PGE), Ni-Cu-PGE, Cu-PGE, and Fe-Ti-V-(P) prospective and fertile regions. These include Ni-Cu-PGE in convergent-margin settings, Cr in the Bird River and McFaulds Lake ("Ring of
Fire") greenstone belts, Cr in La Grande Rivière-Eastmain domains, Cu-PGE in Midcontinent Rift, and Ni-Cu-PGE in the enormous Sudbury mining district.
New exploration techniques to detect fertility using advanced mineral chemical microanalytical techniques and discriminant diagrams were developed for oxide phases (chromite, magnetite) in barren and fertile intrusions through examination of Canada's districts (Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario;
Voisey's Bay, Labrador and Newfoundland) and Archean komatiite (Alexo, Abitibi). The first in situ determination of actual ore-metal concentrations from an early trapped melt hosting a major mining district was completed. Various new indicator minerals and assemblages, such as apatite, biotite, and
epidote-amphibole-titanite assemblages, were identified with distinctive chemistry to aid in vectoring towards buried Ni-Cu-PGE and Cu-PGE mineralization.
Revised geological framework for the McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, Ontario
Authors: Metsaranta R T , Houlé M G , McNicoll V J , Kamo S L
Published: June 2015

The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt (MLGB) is an extensive (>200 km long), arcuate-shaped, Meso- to Neoarchean, greenstone belt located in the central part of the Oxford-Stull domain of northern Ontario. The MLGB records a history of episodic volcanism,
sedimentation, ultramafic-felsic intrusive activity and tectonism spanning from at least 2.83 to 2.66 Ga. Supracrustal rocks are tentatively subdivided into 7 tectonostratigraphic assemblages based on mapping, U-Pb geochronology, and geophysical interpretation. Mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks
comprise at least two distinct suites: a mafic-dominated, large layered intrusive suite represented by the Highbank-Fishtrap intrusive complex that was emplaced at ca. 2810 Ma, and an ultramafic to mafic intrusive suite termed the Ring of Fire intrusive suite. The latter comprises an
ultramafic-dominated subsuite with significant Cr-Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization, and a mafic-dominated subsuite that contains significant Fe-Ti-V-(P) mineralization that was emplaced at ca. 2734 Ma.
Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Black Thor intrusive complex and associated chromite mineralization, McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, Ontario
Authors: Carson H J E , Lesher C M , Houlé M G
Published: June 2015

The Black Thor intrusive complex (BTIC) contains a conduit-hosted, stratiform Cr-Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposit with a very large amount of chromite for an intrusion of its size. Most conduit-hosted stratiform deposits are Archean, formed from komatiitic magmas containing
approximately 3000 ppm Cr2O3, and are typically saturated in chromite. The fundamental problem in understanding the genesis of the BTIC deposit and other deposits of this type is explaining how such large quantities of chromite crystalized from a magma that normally crystallizes only small amounts
chromite and normally have a chromite:olivine abundance ratio of ~1:60. Current genetic models, such as in situ crystallization (by oxidation, pressure increase, magma mixing, and/or wholesale assimilation of felsic rocks or iron formation) or physical transportation of chromite slurries do not
provide a wholly satisfactory explanation for the high abundance of chromite in this type of deposit. We are testing an alternative model: partial assimilation (as opposed to wholesale assimilation) of local oxide-silicate-facies iron formation by a Cr-rich magma. As low-Mg komatiite is saturated in
chromite, the magma may dissolve the silicate component (quartz/chert and Fe-silicate minerals) of the iron formation, but would be unable to dissolve the oxide component (magnetite). Through interaction with the hightemperature (1400°C) Cr-rich magma, the fine-grained magnetite could be
upgraded via diffusion to chromite during transportation within the conduit. This upgrading is similar to the upgrading of barren sulphide xenomelts that has been proposed for Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits.
Petrogenesis of the ferrogabbroic intrusions and associated Fe-Ti-V-(P) mineralization within the McFaulds greenstone belt, Superior Province, northern Ontario
Authors: Kuzmich B , Hollings P , Houlé M G
Published: June 2015

The Thunderbird and Butler intrusions of the McFaulds Lake greenstone belt ("Ring of Fire") were studied to determine petrogenesis and associated Fe-Ti-V-(P) mineralization. These intrusions are characterized by variably well layered gabbro-anorthosite intrusions
with abundant Fe-Ti oxides, broadly termed ferrogabbro. The layers are composed of partial to complete cycles that comprise basal massive oxide (magnetiteilmenite), which grade into semi-massive oxide units, followed by oxide-rich pyroxenite/melagabbro/gabbro, oxide-poor
melagabbro/gabbro/leucogabbro, and topped with oxide-free leucogabbro/anorthosite. The cycles range from centimetres to metres in thickness and define the well layered portions of the intrusions that typically exhibit sharp upper and lower contacts with gradational internal contacts. Conversely, the
intrusions contain broad intervals of disseminated magnetite-ilmenite (25%) hosted in melagabbro/gabbro/ leucogabbro/anorthosite, which range in thickness from metres to tens of metres. The layering and textures observed within the ferrogabbro units are thought to be dominantly produced by
convection currents with intermittent periods of quiescence.
The ferrogabbro intrusions are characterized by gently sloping LREE and flat HREE patterns. This geochemical signature most closely corresponds to an E-MORB source that is thought to have been the result of interaction of a mnalte plume with MORB-like mantle under the McFaulds Lake area. This
plume-related magma is thought to have undergone differentiation, resulting in the abundant Cr-Ni-Cu-PGE-bearing ultramafic and evolved Fe-Ti-rich mafic suites in the McFaulds area. Additionally, the plume may have resulted in a thinned lithosphere and produced the coeval VMS occurrences.
Also studied is the potential application of the TiO2/V2O5 ratio for the identification of prospective vanadium mineralization and to aid in the determination of magmatic stratigraphy.
Geochemical composition of chromite from Alexo komatiite in the western Abitibi
greenstone belt: Implications for mineral exploration
Authors: Pagé P , Barnes S-J , Méric J , Houlé M G
Published: June 2015

This study, which focuses on the composition of chromite from mineralized and unmineralized komatiitic flows and sills from the Alexo Mine area in Dundonald Township, within the western Abitibi greenstone belt, aims to develop new exploration tools for poorly
exposed mineralized komatiitic systems. It is possible to clearly identify chromite derived from massive sulphide (having very high Cr# and depleted Ru content) from chromite derived from barren and poorly mineralized samples based on its composition. LA-ICPMS analyses show that chromite from
massive sulphide are depleted in Al, Ni, and Mg, and are enriched in Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe and V compared to chromite from barren samples; however, alteration can also modify chromite chemistry. Samples from the Hart deposit are pervasively altered and their chromite compositions are enriched in Fe, Zn,
Co, and Mn, and are depleted in Mg. We propose a binary diagram of Ni/Mn versus Ni/Cr ratios which can be used to clearly discriminate between sulphide segregation prior to chromite crystallization and later superimposed alteration. Mass balance calculations show that chromite does fractionate and
concentrate Ir-group platinum-group elements (IPGE: Os, Ir, Ru) and Rh but that chromite contribution to the whole-rock IPGE and Rh budget is rather limited, and for mineralized samples, this contribution is even smaller. From these results, it is clear that IPGE+Rh-rich phases (nano- to micro-
platinum-group minerals) are needed to account for the IPGE and Rh contents in whole-rock geochemistry.
Recent advances in fluid and melt inclusion and applied mineralogical research in the Sudbury mining camp: improving ore genesis models and exploration success
Authors: Hanley J J , MacMillan M A , Kerr M J , Watts K M , Warren M
R , Ames D E
Published: June 2015

A variety of microanalytical techniques (LA-ICP-MS, microthermometry, SIMS) were applied to resolve uncertainties about the chemical evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) melt sheet and its associated hydrothermal systems. In the SIC sublayer and main
mass, silicate melt inclusions in early apatite cumulate grains preserve evidence for high-temperature (>1100°C) immiscibility between Fe-rich and Sirich liquids. Melt inclusions record the base metal (Ni, Cu, Co) endowment of the melt sheet prior to and after sulphide saturation and
allow quantification of trace element partitioning at various stages during meltsheet evolution, and prediction of the likelihood that an offset dyke contains or does not contain sulphide ore deposits locally. Melt inclusions were deemed unaffected by post-cumulus processes, providing an opportunity
to characterize primary magmatic processes otherwise obscured by 1.85 Ga of metamorphism, deformation, and hydrothermal alteration. In the sublayer, analysis of the trace element chemistry of alteration, metamorphic and igneous biotite identified the chemical signature of biotites associated with
the host inclusion-rich quartz diorite offset-style Ni-Cu-platinum-group element (PGE) sulphide orebodies, characterized by elevated Ni, Cu, and Ni/Cr ratios. Trace metal analysis of biotite allows differentiation between this key rock type and barren quartz diorite that is otherwise compositionally
and textually comparable. In footwall Cu-Ni-PGE ore deposits, alteration, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies provide a systematic description of "low-sulphide" deposit style. Hydrothermal sulphide precipitation, a process recorded in alteration vein styles, was associated with mixing of
oxidized, 18O-enriched, high salinity metal-rich fluids with cooler, reduced, 18O-depleted, high-Ca groundwaters. Recognition of this mixing process through isotope mapping, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and alteration mineral chemistry provides a means to identify metal-precipitation fronts
within the complex footwall environment.
Textural character and chemistry of plagioclase and apatite in the Marathon Cu-PGE deposit, Ontario: Implications for mineralizing processes
Authors: Shahabi Far M , Samson I M , Gagnon J E , Linnen R L , Good D
J , Ames D E
Published: June 2015

The Marathon deposit is hosted within the Two Duck Lake gabbro (TDLG) of the Mesoproterozoic Coldwell alkaline complex, and comprises three zones (Footwall Zone, Main Zone, and W Horizon), which have different textural, mineralogical, and geochemical
characteristics. Plagioclase and apatite in the host gabbro units have complex textures and chemistry. Magmatic plagioclase is characterized by a strong positive Eu anomaly, and ?REE increases from core to rim. Plagioclase with replacement rims occurs adjacent to granophyric patches in the vicinity
of the footwall, suggesting alteration by fluids exsolved from the granophyric melts. Apatite both predated and postdated plagioclase. Apatite crystals from the Main and Footwall zones generally have high Cl contents, whereas apatite from the W Horizon has low Cl content. Rocks with higher grades of
mineralization in the Main and Footwall zones generally contain apatite with higher Cl contents, whereas, in the W Horizon, higher grades correlate with lower Cl in apatite. In addition, zoning, recrystallization textures, and the presence of primary fluid inclusions are more common in apatite from
the Main and Footwall zones. ?REE in late apatite overlaps that of the core and rim of early apatite, suggesting that late apatite probably crystallized from a new influx of magma rather than from continued crystallization of a resident magma. The spatial variations in apatite Cl/F could be
explained if compositionally distinct magma pulses were responsible for each mineralized zone, as most early apatite crystals are euhedral to subhedral, and magmatic. Intracontinental basaltic melts are, however, reported to be poor in Cl, suggesting local addition of Cl. Chalcopyrite in the Main
Zone commonly replaces pyrrhotite and is intergrown with hydrous silicate minerals, suggesting Cu (re-)mobilization. Therefore, a zone-refining process in which volatiles, derived from footwall country-rock dehydration, migrated through the crystallizing gabbros and transported Cu to the Main Zone
is an attractive model by which Cl could also be added to the system. The low Cl contents of apatite in the W Horizon can be explained if these fluids did not reach the W Horizon, or the W Horizon represents late-stage magma infiltration.
Variation in vein mineralogy and mineral chemistry around the Marathon Cu-Pd deposit, Ontario: insights into the development of an exploration tool
Authors: Brzozowski M J , Samson I M , Gagnon J E , Linnen R L , Good D
J , Ames D E , Flemming R
L
Published: June 2015

The Marathon Cu-Pd deposit (125 Mt at 0.26% Cu, 0.72 ppm Pd, 0.25 ppm Pt, and 0.08 ppm Au) is hosted within the Two Duck Lake Intrusion (TDLI), a late-stage phase of the Eastern Gabbro in the Coldwell Complex. Late-stage chlorite±calcite veins are
present in and around the Marathon deposit, indicating subsolidus movement of fluids throughout mineralized and barren rocks. The hypothesis to be tested is did fluids migrating upwards through mineralized rock mobilize metals into overlying barren rock and was this movement recorded in the
chemistry of vein minerals? Chlorite- and calcite-bearing veins were collected from drillholes throughout the deposit. The drill-core samples contain veins hosted in variably mineralized and barren host rocks. Chlorite, the dominant phase, occurs as very fine-grained, bladed crystals in massive,
radiating, or aligned aggregates. The veins also contain minor saponite, talc, serpentine, and/or amphibole. Mineral chemistry data from energy- and wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy indicate that the Fe/Mg ratio in chlorite (chamosite to clinochlore) is highly variable, and varies as a function of
host-rock type.
Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses were carried out on 52 chlorite samples collected throughout the deposit and barren host rocks. Transition metals were detected in all chlorite veins, whereas metalloids were only detected in a subset of samples. Titanium, Cr, Mn, Zn, and metalloid concentrations do
not correlate with host-rock type. Transition metal concentrations in vein chlorite that crosscuts plagioclase, pyroxene, and pyrrhotite are comparable; however, chlorite in veins that occur in magnetite, altered olivine, and chalcopyrite have distinctive transition metal signatures (e.g.
significantly higher Ti and V concentrations in veins hosted by magnetite), indicating that chlorite chemistry was controlled on a very local scale. Cobalt, Ni, and Cu concentrations are greater above mineralization than within mineralization. The Mn concentrations in chlorite increase linearly
towards mineralization, whereas Co, Ni, and Zn decrease. When employing chlorite chemistry as a vector to mineralization, grain-scale variations in chlorite must be considered. Our results show that when these small-scale controls on chlorite composition are recognized, the chemistry of chlorite can
be a successful exploration tool.
A geological, petrological, and geochronological study of the Grey Gabbro unit of the Podolsky Cu-(Ni)-PGE deposit, Sudbury, Ontario, with a focus on the alteration related to the formation of sharp-walled chalcopyrite veins
Authors: Kontak D J , MacInnis L M , Ames D E , Rayner N M , Joyce N
Published: June 2015

The Canadian Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr ore systems project, under the fourth phase of the Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI-4), spanned a breadth of ore deposit types, tectonic environments (crustal boundaries, suprasubduction zones, astrobleme, intracratonic rift), and
processes of formation (magmatic to hydrothermal). This report summarizes key project activities for six mineral districts completed by a collaborative group of more than fifty contributors from the GSC, four provincial geological surveys, academia, and industry to develop and refine genetic models
and exploration techniques to determine fertility and pathfinders. Sixty-six new age determinations provide important geochronological constraints to build and refine models for many Cr-(PGE), Ni-Cu-PGE, Cu-PGE, and Fe-Ti-V-(P) prospective and fertile regions. These include Ni-Cu-PGE in
convergent-margin settings, Cr in the Bird River and McFaulds Lake ("Ring of Fire") greenstone belts, Cr in La Grande Rivière-Eastmain domains, Cu-PGE in Midcontinent Rift, and Ni-Cu-PGE in the enormous Sudbury mining district. New exploration techniques to detect fertility using advanced
mineral chemical microanalytical techniques and discriminant diagrams were developed for oxide phases (chromite, magnetite) in barren and fertile intrusions through examination of Canada's districts (Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario; Voisey's Bay, Labrador and Newfoundland) and Archean komatiite
(Alexo, Abitibi). The first in situ determination of actual ore-metal concentrations from an early trapped melt hosting a major mining district was completed. Various new indicator minerals and assemblages, such as apatite, biotite, and epidote-amphibole-titanite assemblages, were identified with
distinctive chemistry to aid in vectoring towards buried Ni-Cu-PGE and Cu-PGE mineralization.
The prevalence of self-reported vision difficulty in economically disadvantaged regions of South Africa
Authors: Naidoo Kovin S. , Jaggernath Jyoti , Ramson Prasidh , Chinanayi Farai , Zhuwau Tom , Øverland Lene
Published: June 2015

Background: Vision impairment, resulting in vision difficulties, is a leading cause of disability, and hence one of the key barriers for people to access education and employment, which may force them into poverty.Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported vision difficulties as an indicator of vision impairment in economically disadvantaged regions in South Africa, and to examine the relationship between self-reported vision difficulties and socio-economic markers of poverty, namely, income, education and health service needs.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in economically disadvantaged districts to collect data from households on poverty and health, including vision difficulty. As visual acuity measurements were not conducted, the researchers used the term vision difficulty as an indicator of vision impairment. Data were collected from 27 districts (74 901 respondents). Logistic regression analysis and chi-square tests were used to determine bivariate relationships between variables and self-reported vision difficulty. Kernel density estimators were used for age, categorised by self-reported and not reported vision difficulty.Results: Prevalence of self-reported vision difficulty was 11.2% (95% CI, 8.7% – 13.7%). More women (12.7%) compared to men (9.5%) self-reported vision difficulty (p 0.01). Self-reported vision difficulty was higher (14.2%) for respondents that do not spend any money. A statistically significant relationship was found between the highest level of education and self-reporting of vision difficulty; as completed highest level of education increased, self-reporting of vision difficulty became lower (p 0.01). A significantly higher prevalence of self-reported vision difficulty was found in respondents who are employed (p 0.01), 17% (95% CI: 12.8% – 21.1%).Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests associations between socio-economic factors and vision difficulties that have a two-fold relationship (some factors such as education, and access to eye health services are associated with vision difficulty whilst vision difficulty may trap people in their current poverty or deepen their poverty status). The results are thus indicative of the need for further research in South Africa.
Vitamin D in ocular and systemic health
Authors: Mathebula Solani D.
Published: June 2015

Accumulated data supports the argument that vitamin D possesses several biological and molecular actions apart from its role in calcium absorption and facilitation of gene expression. Vitamin D deficiency has been an associated risk factor for cardiovascular disease,metabolic syndrome and ocular complications. The aim of this review is to summarise the most relevant data regarding these associations and to try to clarify whether, and to what extent, oral vitamin D supplementation could be used as a beneficial intervention in such diseases.Vitamin D is produced in skin exposed to sunlight UVB radiation and is then metabolised by the kidney into calciferol, which is an active form. The main function of vitamin D is to promote calcium and phosphorus absorption, and studies have shown that a lack of itplays an important role in ocular conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D may protect the diabetic retina; however, other vitamin D-associated conditions (diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases) may result in secondary ocular manifestations and the potential forsight-threatening complications. The purpose of this review is to describe the current literature on the role of vitamin D in ocular and systemic wellness. However, more research is needed to determine if increasing levels of this vitamin can assist in preventing age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. Since vitamin D is a circulating steroid hormone, its receptors are found in almost every cell in the human body, and this suggests that vitamin D might have a very broad role for overall health. However, there is still demand for further research to clarify the clinical use of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases.
Exploring the learnings derived from catalytic experiences in a leadership context
Authors: Horowitz Daphna S. , Van Eeden René
Published: June 2015

Orientation: Personal leadership comprises self-awareness, authenticity, inspiration and passion. The concept of personal leadership was explored together with its relationship with leadership-related learnings derived from a catalytic experience.Research purpose: The objective of the study was to explore the leadership-related learnings derived from a catalytic experience and any connection between these learnings, personal leadership and leadership in an organisational context.Motivation for the study: Measurement of leaders’ performance remains largely focused on the results achieved. The importance of personal leadership in the corporate environment is often ignored and even questioned. Recognising that there is a relationship between personal leadership and professional leadership enables leaders to connect who they are being and what they are doing. This can enhance their leadership.Research design, approach and method: The study was conducted using a qualitative approach, specifically narrative enquiry. The sample comprised seven leaders who have had catalytic experiences in their lives. In-depth interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was used to identify themes on the leadership-related learnings gained from the leaders’catalytic experiences.Main findings: Elements of personal leadership and the processes involved in the development of personal leadership were identified. It was furthermore shown that challenging experiences serve as learning opportunities and that time for reflection is essential in this learning process.Practical/managerial implications: Leadership lessons are best learnt through experience.Using challenging experiences as learning opportunities may assist leaders in their growth and development.Contribution: Leadership effectiveness and organisational effectiveness may be enhanced by a more holistic view of leadership that includes elements of personal leadership.
’n Vergelyking van die Mollusca-diversiteit in die Mooirivier (Noordwes-Provinsie) soos gevind met opnames wat gemaak is in 1963 en weer 50 jaar later
Authors: Wolmarans Cornelius T. , Wepener Victor , Pretorius Uané , Erasmus Johannes H. , De Kock Kenné N.
Published: June 2015

The highest number ofdocumented extinctions of any major taxonomic group is ascribed to the Mollusca. Factorsmainly responsible for this include environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts whichresult in habitat destruction. Furthermore, the conservation status of less than 2% of the moreor less 7000 mollusc species, known worldwide, is still not properly assessed. The aim ofthe study done in 2014 was to assess the current status of the mollusc diversity in the MooiRiver and to compare the results to the study done in 1963. The eight sites selected for thissurvey correspond with sites surveyed during the 1963 study, with surveys conducted duringboth an early and late low-flow period. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and temperaturewere also measured at each locality. Of the 15 mollusc species collected in 2014, altogether14 were the same as in the 1963 survey. However, an alien invasive species Physa acuta wasadditionally collected during the current survey, which is probably due to an increase inorganic enrichment. During the 1963 survey Burnupia mooiensis and Pisidium langlyanum werepresent at most of the sites, while Gyraulus connollyi and Ferrissia cawstoni were found at sixof the eight sites during the 2014 survey. Most of the molluscs previously recorded, were stillpresent in 2014. With regard to the abiotic factors, the pH values recorded in 2014 showed amoderate to large decrease as compared to the 1963 survey. This acidification is ascribed tothe development of gold mines in the adjacent area and apparently had little influence on themollusc diversity. The increase in EC measured in 2014 did not have any influence on thediversity of the molluscs, probably due to their wide tolerance for this factor. As expected,the temperature measured in 2014 was markedly higher during the late low-flow period ascompared to the early low-flow period. In conclusion, the differences discussed above revealedno obvious influence on the diversity of the freshwater molluscs over a 50 year period, despiteincreased anthropogenic impacts.
Multidisciplinary treatment in a patient with temporomandibular disorder
Authors: Camara Carlos Alexandre , Torreao Adilson Santos
Published: June 2015

Adult patients with a multitude of problems require seamless integration of interdisciplinary protocols. This article presents a case of an adult female who reported with temporomandibular disorders, a crossbite and a Class III skeletal pattern. An interdisciplinary approach using expansion and surgery was used to treat the condition, followed by an esthetic/restorative protocol, achieving excellent results.
Virtual planning for vertical control using temporary anchorage devices
Authors: Accorsi Mauricio
Published: June 2015

The new and innovative technologies are unprecedentedly improving the level of proficiency in orthodontics in the recent history of this area of expertise. The proliferation of advances, such as self-ligating systems, temporary anchorage devices, shape-memory wires, robotically wire bending, intraoral scanners, cone-beam computed tomography, bring the virtual planning, and confection of dental devices through CAD/CAM systems to the real world. In order to get efficiency and efficacy in orthodontics with these new technologies, we must understand the importance of systemically managed clinical information, medical, and dentistry history of the patients, including the images resources, which ensures the use of a communication that is assisted by the technology, with an interdisciplinary team so that the database is able to help and support the process of therapeutic decision-making. This paper presents the clinical case of a borderline patient for orthognathic surgery who had his final treatment planning supported by these new tools for three-dimensional diagnosis and virtual planning.
What Doesn't Kill you Makes you Fitter: A Systematic Review of High-Intensity Interval Exercise for Patients with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Levinger Itamar , Shaw Christopher S. , Stepto Nigel K. , Cassar Samantha , McAinch Andrew J. , Cheetham Craig , Maiorana Andrew J.
Published: June 2015

High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has gained popularity in recent years for patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Despite potential benefits, concerns remain about the safety of the acute response (during and/or within 24 hours postexercise) to a single session of HIIE for these cohorts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to evaluate the safety of acute HIIE for people with cardiometabolic diseases. Electronic databases were searched for studies published prior to January 2015, which reported the acute responses of patients with cardiometabolic diseases to HIIE (≥80% peak power output or ≥85% peak aerobic power, VO2peak). Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 156; clinically stable, aged 27-66 years), with 13 adverse responses reported (~8% of individuals). The rate of adverse responses is somewhat higher compared to the previously reported risk during moderate-intensity exercise. Caution must be taken when prescribing HIIE to patients with cardiometabolic disease. Patients who wish to perform HIIE should be clinically stable, have had recent exposure to at least regular moderate-intensity exercise, and have appropriate supervision and monitoring during and after the exercise session.
Perturbations of the optical properties of mineral dust particles by mixing with black carbon: a numerical simulation study
Authors: Scarnato B. V. , China S. , Nielsen K. , Mazzoleni C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Field observations show that individual aerosol particles are a complex mixture of a wide variety of species, reflecting different sources and physico-chemical transformations. The impacts of individual aerosol morphology and mixing characteristics on the Earth system are not yet fully understood. Here we present a sensitivity study on climate-relevant aerosols optical properties to various approximations. Based on aerosol samples collected in various geographical locations, we have observationally constrained size, morphology and mixing, and accordingly simulated, using the discrete dipole approximation model (DDSCAT), optical properties of three aerosols types: (1) bare black carbon (BC) aggregates, (2) bare mineral dust, and (3) an internal mixture of a BC aggregate laying on top of a mineral dust particle, also referred to as polluted dust. DDSCAT predicts optical properties and their spectral dependence consistently with observations for all the studied cases. Predicted values of mass absorption, scattering and extinction coefficients (MAC, MSC, MEC) for bare BC show a weak dependence on the BC aggregate size, while the asymmetry parameter (g) shows the opposite behavior. The simulated optical properties of bare mineral dust present a large variability depending on the modeled dust shape, confirming the limited range of applicability of spheroids over different types and size of mineral dust aerosols, in agreement with previous modeling studies. The polluted dust cases show a strong decrease in MAC values with the increase in dust particle size (for the same BC size) and an increase of the single scattering albedo (SSA). Furthermore, particles with a radius between 180 and 300 nm are characterized by a decrease in SSA values compared to bare dust, in agreement with field observations. This paper demonstrates that observationally constrained DDSCAT simulations allow one to better understand the variability of the measured aerosol optical properties in ambient air and to define benchmark biases due to different approximations in aerosol parametrization.