bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of vaccination of horses as a strategy to control equine monocytic ehrlichiosis
Authors: Atwill Edward R. , Mohammed Hussni O.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether preferentially vaccinated horses were at risk for exposure to Ehrlichia risticii, whether horses with equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME) were likely to have been nonvaccinated, and whether clinical severity and financial costs associated with care and treatment of EME were less for vaccinated horses with EME than for nonvaccinated horses with EME.

Design

Cross-sectional and case-control studies.

Procedure

Information on usage of E risticii bacterins to control EME was collected for 2,587 horses located on 511 farms throughout New York. Each horse was tested for serum antibodies directed against E risticii. Data on efficacy of vaccination to reduce the prevalence and clinical severity of EME and monetary losses associated with EME were collected from 68 horses with EME and 132 clinically normal horses.

Results

A correlation was not detected between the county seropositive proportion and the proportion of horses vaccinated against EME. Among horses diagnosed for EME, median date of diagnosis was not delayed for vaccinated horses, compared with that for nonvaccinated horses. Mean cost per case was not significantly different for nonvaccinated horses, compared with that for vaccinated horses ($1,082 and $1,001, respectively). Vaccination was not associated with a reduction in prevalence or in severity of EME-related clinical signs.

Clinical Implications

Administering killed E risticii bacterin once a year to control EME in New York appears to have limited success. Among horses in which EME was diagnosed, severity of illness and financial costs attributable to EME were indistinguishable for vaccinated and nonvaccinated horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208: 1285–1289)
Use of composite milk samples for diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Lam T. J. G. M. , van Wuijckhuise L. A. , Franken P. , Morselt M. L. , Hartman E. G. , Schukken Y. H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To measure relative sensitivity and relative specificity for use of composite milk samples, compared with that of individual gland milk samples, for diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.

Animals

505 cows suspected of having subclinical mastitis. Of these cows, 172 were considered infected with Sta aureus, based on the results from individual gland samples.

Procedure

Composite and individual gland milk samples were collected from cows suspected of having subclinical mastitis, and results of bacteriologic culturing of samples from the same cow were compared. Results were interpreted at the cow level. Relative sensitivity and relative specificity for composite samples were computed from 2 × 2 tables, using results from individual gland samples as references.

Results

Relative sensitivity for use of composite milk samples in diagnosing Sta aureus mastitis was 0.63. The relative specificity was 0.98. Factors influencing the relative sensitivity for composite samples were the number of infected glands per cow, the amount of Sta aureus shedding from infected glands, and the proportion of the composite milk obtained from each gland.

Clinical Implications

Collecting composite instead of individual gland milk samples increases the number of false-negative results in diagnosing Sta aureus mastitis. By collecting consecutive samples from the same cow or by increasing the inoculum volume at culturing, this problem can be diminished. (J Am Med Assoc 1996; 208:1705-1708)
Multiple extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 30 cases (1981-1993)
Authors: Boothe Harry W. , Howe Lisa M. , Edwards John F. , Slater Margaret R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe the long-term outcome in dogs with naturally developing multiple extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (PSS).

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

30 dogs with multiple PSS.

Procedure

Medical records of dogs with multiple PSS were reviewed. Follow-up data were obtained by 1 or more of the following methods: recheck at the veterinary teaching hospital (n = 6) or telephone contact with the referring veterinarian (n = 18) or owner (n = 10). The χ2 or Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to determine the association of clinical factors with long-term outcome. Survival curves were generated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method.

Results

Median age at diagnosis was 1 year. Findings on exploratory surgery in 25 dogs included ascites; numerous tortuous vessels connecting the portal vein with systemic veins; a small, misshapen liver; and an enlarged portal vein. The most common lesions on histologic evaluation of hepatic tissue specimens were hepatocellular atrophy, portal vascular duplication, cirrhosis, inflammation, and bile duct proliferation. Twelve dogs were treated surgically with vena caval banding, whereas 13 dogs were treated conservatively with dietary restriction of protein and administration of antibiotics, diuretics, and other drugs. Long-term survival and quality of life were similar in dogs from both treatment groups. Median follow-up interval in dogs that survived hospitalization was 24 months (range, 1 to 54 months).

Clinical Implications

On the basis of these findings, vena caval banding in dogs with multiple PSS is not superior to medical and nutritional treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1849-1854)
Prediction of calf mortality by use of tests for passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin
Authors: Rea Douglas E. , Tyler Jeff W. , Hancock Dale D. , Besser Thomas E. , Wilson Leilani , Krytenberg Denise S. , Sanders Sean G.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine the ability of several commonly used tests for evaluation of passive transfer of immunoglobulin to predict mortality in dairy replacement heifers.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Animals

246 dairy replacement heifers between 1 and 8 days of age.

Procedure

Using serum samples obtained from each calf, total serum protein concentration and results of zinc sulfate turbidity, sodium sulfite turbidity, radial immunodiffusion, and glutaraldehyde coagulation were determined. Calves were monitored for 100 days, and relative risks for death were calculated. Logistic regression models predicting death also were developed.

Results

None of the logistic regression models detected a significant association between test results and mortality. The greatest relative risks of mortality were observed in calves with serum protein concentrations < 4.5 g/dl, serum IgG, concentrations < 500 mg/dl, and sodium sulfite test scores < 1+.

Clinical Implications

Calves with lower passive transfer values had increased risk of death; however, failure of passive transfer is not an infallible predictor of mortality. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:2047-2049)
Risk factors for relinquishment of dogs to an animal shelter
Authors: Patronek Gary J. , Glickman Lawrence T. , Beck Alan M. , McCabe George P. , Ecker Carol
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify canine and household characteristics associated with relinquishment of a pet dog to an animal shelter.

Design

Case-control study.

Sample Population

Households that relinquished dogs for adoption (case households) and a random sample of current dog-owning households in the same community (control households).

Results

Potentially modifiable factors that explained the highest proportion of relinquishment were owners not participating in dog obedience classes after acquisition, lack of veterinary care, owning a sexually intact dog, inappropriate care expectations, and dogs having daily or weekly inappropriate elimination. Dogs obtained from shelters, kept in crates, or acquired at ≥ 6 months of age were at increased risk of relinquishment. Greater purchase price was associated with decreased risk of relinquishment, but relinquishment was not associated with the degree of planning to acquire the dog. Dogs with behavioral problems and little veterinary care were at greater risk of relinquishment than were dogs with regular veterinary care, and behavioral problems were associated with inappropriate care expectations.

Clinical Implications

Risk factors identified in this study can be modified by dog owners and veterinarians to decrease the estimated 2 million dogs euthanatized annually in animal shelters. Veterinarians should educate owners about typical dog behavior, routine care requirements and training, and the importance of regular veterinary visits; should incorporate wellness concepts in their practice; and should focus on preventive medicine and behavioral consultation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996,209:572-581)
Risk factors for relinquishment of cats to an animal shelter
Authors: Patronek Gary J. , Glickman Lawrence T. , Beck Alan M. , McCabe George P. , Ecker Carol
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify feline and household characteristics associated with relinquishment of a pet cat to an animal shelter.

Design

Case-control study.

Sample Population

Households that relinquished cats for adoption (case households) and a random sample of current cat-owning households in the same community (control households).

Results

Potentially modifiable risk factors with the highest population attributable risk for relinquishment were owners having specific expectations about the cat's role in the household, allowing the cat outdoors, owning a sexually intact cat, never having read a book about cat behavior, cats having daily or weekly inappropriate elimination, and inappropriate care expectations. Frequency of inappropriate elimination and aggression toward people were not associated with declaw status, but these behaviors were more common among sexually intact cats, compared with sterilized cats. Owners of cats in case households were more likely than owners in control households to cite cost of sterilization as a reason a cat was sexually intact. Cats found as strays and cats acquired with minimal planning were at decreased risk of relinquishment. Clinical Implications—The identified risk factors can be modified by cat owners and veterinarians to decrease the estimated 4 million cats euthanatized annually in animal shelters. Owner education programs are needed as well as increased awareness on the part of cat owners and veterinarians of the importance of resolving feline inappropriate elimination problems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:582-588)
Agreement among veterinarians evaluating gross lesions of lungs, livers, and nasal turbinates of pigs
Authors: Davies Peter R. , Bahnson Peter B. , Grass Julie J. , Marsh William E. , Dial Gary D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate agreement between trained veterinarians and a reference inspector when recording gross lesions of lungs, livers, and nasal turbinates of pigs.

Design

Prospective study.

Sample Population

10 veterinarians in workshop 1 and 11 veterinarians in workshop 2.

Procedure

Analysis of data obtained from 2 workshops in which veterinarians evaluated fresh tissues (30 lungs and 30 livers) and 100 slides of nasal turbinates previously evaluated by the reference inspector. Veterinarians independently recorded observations of gross lesions. Agreement was evaluated by percentage agreement, kappa or weighted kappa, and sensitivity and specificity, where relevant.

Results

Agreement between veterinarians and the reference inspector was excellent for detecting consolidation of lung lobes typical of enzootic pneumonia (κ = 0.81 and 0.87 for workshops 1 and 2, respectively) and white spots on livers (κ = 0.76 and 0.78). Estimates of the extent of consolidation as a proportion of lung volume also agreed closely with reference values. Agreement was closer for veterinarians who had undergone repeated training and evaluation. Agreement was good for detecting nasal turbinate atrophy (weighted κ = 0.63 and 0.68) and was poorest for detecting lesions of pleuritis (κ = 0.39 and 0.44).

Clinical Implications

For most of the lesions evaluated, acceptable levels of agreement with reference scores were achieved after training of veterinarians to use standardized methods to record gross lesions. Standardization of veterinarians’ recordings of gross lesions should improve the reliability and usefulness of data collected by inspection of slaughtered pigs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:823–826)
Effect of ovariohysterectomy on maintenance energy requirement in cats
Authors: Flynn Michael F. , Hardie Elizabeth M. , Armstrong P. Jane
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether maintenance energy requirement (MER) to maintain stable body weight (BW) is substantially lower for spayed female cats than for sexually intact female cats and to assess whether an equation commonly used to estimate MER would accurately predict caloric need in spayed cats.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

10 spayed and 5 sham-operated young adult female cats.

Procedure

During an acclimatization period, initial daily food allowance was determined by estimating MER as 1.4 × (30 × BW + 70), then adjusted weekly to maintain BW within 200 g of baseline. Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) or sham laparotomy was performed at week 7, and the study was continued for 15 additional weeks (period 1). To correct for a presumptive effect of continued musculoskeletal growth that resulted in some cats becoming unacceptably thin during period 1, the study was repeated over an additional 10 weeks (period 2), using a new estimate of MER calculated from BW measured after reestablishing normal body condition.

Results

Substantial restriction in food allowance was necessary to prevent BW gain in the OHE group during both periods. Caloric intake of spayed cats in dietary balance was significantly lower than that of control cats at the end of each study period. Sexually intact cats appeared to self-regulate food intake, whereas spayed cats tended to eat all food available to them. Significant differences were not detected between OHE and control groups in observations of physical activity before or after surgery. The equation used to predict caloric needs overestimated the apparent MER for spayed and sexually intact cats.

Clinical Implications

Ad libitum feeding of spayed cats may be inadvisable, and careful monitoring of food allowance, relative to body condition, is suggested to prevent excessive weight gain. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1572–1581)
Risk factors for wound infection following celiotomy in horses
Authors: Honnas Clifford M. , Cohen Noah D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the prevalence of wound infection following celiotomy in horses and to determine risk factors associated with the development of such infections.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

210 horses that had 235 celiotomies.

Procedure

All horses that had celiotomies between March 1990 and March 1992 were considered for this study. Only horses that survived ≥ 10 days after surgery were included in analysis of risk factors for postoperative wound infection.

Results

Of the 210 horses, 161 (76.7%) were discharged; of the horses discharged, 147 horses had a single celiotomy and 14 had multiple celiotomies. Twenty-six (12.4%) horses were euthanatized during surgery and were, therefore, excluded from further analysis. Twenty-three horses died during the postoperative period. Of these 23 horses, 15 that died within 10 days of surgery also were excluded from further analysis. Thus, 169 horses were included in the analysis of risk factors for developing incisional infection.

Evidence of incisional infection was observed in 43 of 169 (25.4%) horses. Increased concentration of fibrinogen in peritoneal fluid obtained prior to surgery, performing an enterotomy, and use of polyglactin 910 to close the linea alba were all significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with increased risk of postoperative wound infection.

Whether incisional herniation developed was recorded for 76 horses. The proportion of horses with hernias among those with postoperative wound infection was 19.1 %, compared with 3.6 % of horses without evidence of postoperative wound infection, indicating a significant association between postoperative wound infection and development of incisional hernias.

Clinical Implications

Increased concentration of fibrinogen in peritoneal fluid prior to surgery, performing an enterotomy, and use of polyglactin 910 to close the linea alba is significantly associated with increased risk for wound infection following celiotomy in horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:78–81)
Case-control study of an outbreak of clinical disease attributable to Salmonella menhaden infection in eight dairy herds
Authors: Anderson Randall J. , Walker Richard L. , Hird David W , Blanchard Patricia C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify risk factors associated with Salmonella menhaden associated disease in adult dairy cows during an outbreak in California.

Design

Case-control study.

Sample Population

8 case dairies that had ≥ 1 adult animal that had clinical signs of salmonellosis and from which S menhaden was isolated and 22 control dairies, 16 of which were matched on the basis of herd size and county and 6 of which were matched on the basis of herd size, county, and breed (Jersey).

Procedure

A questionnaire was developed and reviewed with the herdsman or owner of each dairy. Primary areas of concern were herd management, disease characteristics, and feed-related information.

Results

Use of 1 particular feed mill and feeding animal fat were significant risk factors for clinical disease attributable to S menhaden infection.

Clinical Implications

Feed should not be overlooked as a potential source of Salmonella organisms in dairy herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:528–530)
Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis among cats in multiple-cat environments with endemic feline enteric coronavirus
Authors: Foley Janet E. , Poland Amy , Carlson Jeff , Pedersen Niels C.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine what risk factors, other than genetic predisposition, contribute to the incidence of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in private breeding catteries and animal shelters.

Design—

Cats from 7 catteries and a shelter were observed monthly for 1 year. At each visit, cats were examined, fecal samples were collected for determination of feline coronavirus shedding, and blood samples were collected for determination of coronavirus antibody titers. Diagnostic tests were performed on all cats that died of FIP.

Animals—

275 purebred or random-bred cats that were kept by private breeder-owners in homes.

Results—

24 cats died of FIP during the study. Development of FIP was not associated with cattery, mean cat number, mean age, sex, cattery median coronavirus antibody titer, husbandry and quarantine practices, caging and breeding practices, or prevalence of concurrent diseases. However, risk factors for FIP Included individual cat age, individual cat coronavirus titer, overall frequency of fecal coronavirus shedding, and the proportion of cats in the cattery that were chronic coronavirus shedders. Deaths from FIP were more frequent in fall and winter, and on the basis of analysis of cattery records, the number of deaths varied yearly. Epidemics (> 10% mortality rate) were reported at least once in 5 years in 4 catteries.

Clinical Implications—

Elimination of FIP from a cattery is only possible by total elimination of endemic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) infection. The most important procedure to reduce FECV from catteries is elimination of chronic FECV shedders. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1313–1318)
Milk production and reproductive performance in dairy cows given bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine prior to parturition
Authors: Ferguson James D. , Galligan David T. , Cortese Victor
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the effect of vaccination against bovine respiratory syncytial virus on milk production, reproductive performance, and health in lactating dairy cows.

Design

Prospective randomized block design.

Animals

385 Holstein dairy cows and heifers.

Procedure

Cows were grouped by lactation number, season of calving, and previous mature equivalent 305-day milk production (where appropriate). Prior to parturition, cows and heifers were randomly assigned to be vaccinated 1M against infectious bovine rhinotracheltis, bovine viral diarrhea, and parainfluenza 3 viruses by use of a three-way vaccine, or to be vaccinated against those viruses as well as bovine respiratory syncytial virus, using a four-way vaccine. Milk production was measured daily through 305 days of lactation. Reproductive and medical records were reviewed to obtain insemination dates and record medical problems of cows in each vaccine treatment group.

Results

Compared with the three-way vaccine, administration of the four-way vaccine was associated with higher milk production (1.39 kg [3.06 Ib] more milk/d) in first-parity cows during the first 21 weeks of lactation. Vaccination did not have any effect on milk production after the first 21 weeks of lactation in cows of any parity. Conception rates at first insemination were higher for four-way vaccinated first-parity cows than for three-way vaccinated first-parity cows (54.6 vs 32.7%). Compared with second-parity cows that received the three-way vaccine, first insemination conception rate was improved for second-parity cows vaccinated with the four-way vaccine (28.9 vs 47.8%, respectively). In cows of third or greater parity, first insemination conception rate was not different between the 2 vaccine treatment groups.

Clinical Implications

Vaccination of heifers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus prior to partrition may increase milk production and first insemination conception rates. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1779–1783)
Pericardiectomy in dogs: 22 cases (1978–1994)
Authors: Kerstetter Kyle K. , Krahwinkel D. J. , Millis Darryl L. , Hahn Kevin
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine long-term outcome of dogs with neoplastic and nonneoplastic pericardial disease that undergo pericardiectomy.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

22 dogs.

Procedure

Dogs that underwent pericardiectomy and in which the diagnosis had been confirmed histologically were included. Data collected from each record included signalment, history, clinical signs, results of diagnostic evaluations, operative management, postoperative complications, histologic diagnosis, and outcome. Dogs were grouped on the basis of underlying cause of pericardial disease (neoplastic vs nonneoplastic), and survival times were determined by means of Kaplan-Meier analyses.

Results

9 dogs had neoplastic pericardial disease (chemodectoma, 4; hemangiosarcoma, 2; malignant mesothelioma, 2; lymphoblastic lymphoma, 1). Thirteen dogs had nonneoplastic pericardial disease (benign idiopathic pericarditis, 10; lymphocytic-plasmacytic pericarditis, 2; osseous metaplasia of unknown cause, 1). Thoracic radiography and echocardiography were the most specific methods for diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Pleural effusion was the most common postoperative complication (8/22 dogs). Prevalence of postoperative complications was not associated with underlying cause of pericardial disease, surgical approach, or surgical procedure (subtotal vs total pericardiectomy). Median survival time of dogs with neoplastic disease (52 days) was significantly shorter than median survival time of dogs with nonneoplastic disease (792 days). Dogs that developed pleural effusion > 30 days after pericardiectomy had a poor prognosis for survival.

Clinical Implications

Radiography and echocardiography are useful for diagnosis of pericardial effusion in dogs. Dogs with neoplastic pericardial disease have a significantly shorter survival time than do dogs with nonneoplastic pericardial disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:736–740)
Epidemiologic analysis of Mycoplasma spp isolated from bulk-tank milk samples obtained from dairy herds that were members of a milk cooperative
Authors: Kirk John H. , Glenn Kathy , Ruiz Lisa , Smith Eldon
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp in herds that were members of a milk cooperative.

Design

Epidemiologic study.

Sample Population

267 dairy herds that were members of a milk cooperative.

Procedure

Bulk-tank milk samples were collected monthly during a 6-year period from all dairies in the cooperative. Samples were submitted to the cooperative's laboratory for bacterial culture for Mycoplasma spp, using direct plating. Milk samples positive for Mycoplasma organisms were speciated.

Results

Prevalence of positive samples varied from 1.8 to 5.8% for all species of Mycoplasma and from 1.2 to 3.1% for Mycoplasma spp known to be mastitis pathogens. One mycoplasmal species was isolated initially on 99 of 198 (50.0%) dairies, but 68 of 198 (34.3%) dairies had 2 species isolated. Mycoplasma bovis, M californicum, and M bovigenitalium were consistently isolated, but M bovis (243/499; 48.6%) was the most commonly isolated species. Acholeplasma laidlawii was more prevalent in 1989 and 1995 than other years. Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and M californicum had a seasonal distribution. Less than 50 colonies per plate were isolated for most (317/500; 63.4%) bulk-tank samples. Of the milk samples with > 100 colonies/plate, Mycoplasma bovis was isolated most frequently (73/243; 30.0%).

Clinical Implications

Distribution of Mycoplasma spp varied by year, number of colonies isolated per sample, season, and herd. Therefore, it may be necessary to routinely sample bulk-tank milk, and all isolates should be speciated. Culture results from milk cooperatives should be used with other monitoring information to determine the Mycoplasma status of herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1036–1038)
Retrospective cohort study of changes in hip joint phenotype of dogs in the United States
Authors: Kaneene John B. , Mostosky U. V. , Padgett George A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether there had been a significant improvement in hip joint phenotype of dogs in the United States by comparing results of evaluations done by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals of dogs bom between 1972 and 1980 with those of dogs born between 1989 and 1992 and determining whether there had been an increase in the percentage of dogs classified as having excellent hip joint phenotype.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Sample Population

270,978 evaluations.

Procedure

Numbers and percentages of dogs classified as having excellent hip joint phenotype during each period and change between periods in percentages of dogs classified as having excellent hip joint phenotype were calculated.

Results

Percentage of dogs born between 1989 and 1992 that were classified as having excellent hip joint phenotype (15,289/143,668; 10.64%) was significantly higher than percentage of dogs born between 1972 and 1980 that were classified as having excellent hip joint phenotype (9,960/127,310; 7.82%). The increase in percentage of dogs classified as having excellent hip joint phenotype was significantly higher for male (51 %) than for female (27%) dogs.

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that there has been an improvement in the hip joint phenotype of dogs in the United States between the 1970s and early 1990s and that the improvement has been greater among male than among female dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1542–1544)
Evaluation of urine protein content in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Hurley K. J. , Vaden S. L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate urine protein content in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDHAC) and to determine the effect of mitotane administration on proteinuria in these dogs.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

16 dogs with PDHAC were evaluated (age range, 7 to 14 years; mean age, 10 years; female-to-male ratio, 2.2:1).

Procedure

Urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratios and 24-hour urine protein excretion (24-hour UPE) values were measured before beginning treatment with mitotane and after establishing appropriate maintenance treatment.

Results

Before treatment, UPC ratios ranged from 0.03 to 4.16 (16 dogs, median, 0.695; reference range value, UPC ratio < 0.5; questionable value, UPC ratio > 0.5 but < 1.0; high value, UPC ratio > 1.0). Seven dogs had proteinuria with UPC ratios > 1.0. Twenty-four-hour UPE values ranged from 0.67 to 61.7 mg/kg of body weight/d (0.30 to 28.0 mg/lb/d; 13 dogs, median, 9.7 mg/kg/d [4.4 mg/lb/d]; reference value, 24-hour UPE value, < 20 mg/kg/d [9.1 mg/lb/d]). Five dogs with high UPC ratios also had high values for 24-hour UPE. After establishment of maintenance treatment with mitotane (median, 7 weeks; mean, 7.3 weeks), UPC ratios ranged from 0.02 to 6.5 (16 dogs, median, 0.36). Five dogs continued to have high UPC ratios. Values of 24-hour UPE ranged from 0.47 to 122 mg/kg/d (0.21 to 55.5 mg/lb/d; 13 dogs, median, 5.1 mg/kg/d [2.3 mg/lb/d]). Three dogs continued to have high 24-hour UPE values. Significant differences were not found between dogs before and after treatment with mitotane in terms of UPC ratios or 24-hour UPE values.

Clinical Implications

In dogs with PDHAC and proteinuria, UPC ratios should be monitored closely. Some dogs with PDHAC may have a decrease in urine protein content following treatment with mitotane. We suggest that renal biopsies be considered in those dogs with progressive increases in UPC ratios. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:369-373)
Videoendoscopic assessment of dynamic laryngeal function during exercise in horses with grade-III left laryngeal hemiparesis at rest: 26 cases (1992-1995)
Authors: Hammer Elizabeth J. , Tulleners Eric P. , Parente Eric J. , Martin Benson B.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate laryngeal function by means of videoendoscopy during high-speed treadmill exercise in racehorses with grade-III left laryngeal hemiparesis at rest and to determine outcome of treatment.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

26 racehorses.

Procedure

Videoendoscopy of the larynx was performed while horses were at rest and exercising on a treadmill. Horses were classified as having grade-III A, -IIIB, or -IIIC laryngeal hemiparesis on the basis of the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction maintained during exercise. Postoperative racing performance was determined by evaluating race records and conducting telephone surveys.

Results

20 (77%) horses had grade-IIIC laryngeal hemiparesis (ie, severe dynamic laryngeal collapse during exercise). Eighteen underwent surgery, and racing performance was improved in 9. Five (19%) horses had grade-IIIB laryngeal hemiparesis (ie, left arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold were maintained in an incompletely abducted position during exercise). Four underwent surgery, and racing performance was improved in 1. One (4%) horse had grade-IIIA laryngeal hemiparesis (ie, full abduction of arytenoid cartilage during exercise); surgery was not performed.

Clinical Implications

Videoendoscopy is useful in determining dynamic laryngeal function in racehorses with grade-III laryngeal hemiparesis at rest. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:399-403)
Results of an oral rabies vaccination program for coyotes
Authors: Fearneyhough M. Gayne , Wilson Pamela J. , Clark Keith A. , Smith David R. , Johnston David H. , Hicks Bradley N. , Moore Guy M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine effectiveness of large-scale distribution of an oral rabies vaccine contained in a palatable bait for halting expansion of a canine rabies epizootic in coyotes (Canis latrans).

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

98 coyotes during prevaccination surveillance and 449 coyotes and 60 other wild animals during postvaccination surveillance.

Procedure

A vaccinia recombinant oral rabies vaccine was inserted into an edible bait for coyotes that also contained tetracycline as a biomarker. Vaccine units were then distributed via aircraft, using automated distribution equipment and flight plans developed by incorporating global positioning system equipment. The target area was along the northern edge of an area that had an epizootic of canine rabies. This area was identified through previously conducted epidemiologic surveillance of rabies cases. During postvaccination surveillance, dental specimens were examined for biomarker evidence of bait acceptance, and serum samples were analyzed for rabies neutralizing antibodies.

Results

Samples from 449 coyotes were obtained during postvaccination surveillance. Seroconversion was detected in 39 of 96 (40.6%) coyotes that had evidence of tetracycline biomarker. Additionally, the number of rabies cases in the target area decreased, and expansion of the epizootic area ceased.

Clinical Implications

Mass distribution of an oral rabies vaccine in a palatable bait is an effective means to halt expansion of a rabies epizootic involving coyotes. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:498-502)
Ionized and total magnesium concentrations in blood from dogs with naturally acquired parvoviral enteritis
Authors: Mann F. A. , Boon G. D. , Wagner-Mann C. C. , Ruben D. S. , Harrington D. P.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether pretreatment total and ionized blood magnesium concentrations were associated with outcome for dogs with parvoviral enteritis and whether ionized magnesium concentration was related to total magnesium concentration or other laboratory values.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Animals

61 healthy dogs and 72 dogs with parvoviral enteritis.

Procedure

Total, ionized, and pH-normalized ionized magnesium concentrations, ionized and pH-normalized ionized calcium concentrations, pH, sodium and potassium concentrations, and Hct were measured prior to treatment. χ2 Analyses were used to test for associations between outcome and age and between outcome and treatment with antiendotoxin antibody. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine whether ionized magnesium concentration was linearly associated with other laboratory values.

Results

Total and ionized magnesium concentrations were not significantly different between healthy dogs and dogs with parvoviral enteritis or between dogs surviving and those not surviving parvoviral enteritis. The only laboratory value strongly correlated with ionized magnesium concentration was pH-normalized ionized magnesium concentration. Of the factors tested, none were significantly associated with outcome, except that dogs 16 weeks old or less treated with antiendotoxin antibody were significantly more likely to die than were dogs 16 weeks old or less that were not treated with antiendotoxin antibody.

Clinical Implications

Total and ionized blood magnesium concentrations cannot be used to consistently predict outcome for dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Antiendotoxin antibody should be used with caution in dogs 16 weeks old or less. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1398–1401)
Effect of time of sample collection on serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs
Authors: Bruner Joseph M. , Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine R. , Williams David A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine effect of time of sample collection on serum thyrotropin (canine thyroid-stimulating hormone [cTSH]) concentrations in euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

6 healthy adult euthyroid dogs, 6 adult Beagles with 131iodine-induced hypothyroidism before and during administration of levothyroxine sodium, and 6 adult dogs with naturally developing hypothyroidism.

Procedure

Healthy euthyroid dogs were identified. Hypothyroidism was induced by administration of 131sodium iodide and confirmed by thyroid-stimulating hormone testing. These dogs then received levothyroxine for 30 days. Naturally developing hypothyroidism was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, low serum thyroxine (T 4) concentrations, and high cTSH concentrations or abnormal results on a thyrotropin-releasing hormone response test. Samples for measurement of cTSH and T4 concentrations were obtained at 2-hour intervals from 8 AM to 8 pm.

Results

Mean (± SD) serum cTSH concentrations for healthy dogs, dogs with induced hypothyroidism before and during treatment, and dogs with naturally developing hypothyroidism were 0.11 ± 0.08, 3.31 ± 1.30, 0.08 ± 0.07, and 0.55 ± 0.27 ng/ml, respectively. Diurnal variation in cTSH concentrations was not detected. Clinically important random fluctuations in cTSH concentrations were detected for dogs with naturally developing hypothyroidism.

Clinical Implications

Sample collection time does not appear to predictably influence cTSH concentrations; however, dogs with naturally developing hypothyroidism may have random fluctuations in cTSH concentrations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:1572–1575)
Results of double-contrast cystography in cats with idiopathic cystitis: 45 cases (1993–1995)
Authors: Scrivani Peter V. , Chew Dennis J. , Buffington C. A. Tony , Kendall Michael
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine results of double-contrast cystography in cats with idiopathic cystitis.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

45 cats with clinical signs of nonobstructive lower urinary tract disease for which an underlying cause could not be determined.

Procedure

Medical records and double-contrast cystograms performed initially and during 6- and 12- month reevaluations were reviewed.

Results

105 cystograms were reviewed. Fifteen (33%) cats had abnormalities evident on cystograms obtained at the time of initial examination. Of these, only 1 had abnormalities 6 and 12 months later. Thirty cats did not have abnormalities evident on cystograms obtained at the time of initial examination. Of these, 1 had abnormalities on a cystogram performed 6 months later and another had abnormalities on a cystogram performed 12 months later. Abnormalities evident on cystograms included focal thickening of the bladder wall (n = 11), diffuse thickening of the bladder wall (6), irregularities of the bladder mucosa (10), decreased opacity of the bladder wall (3), increased opacity of the bladder mucosa (3), filling defects (4), contrast medium in unexpected locations (3), and altered ureteral opacity (15).

Clinical Implications

Results suggested that a large percentage of cats with idiopathic cystitis do not have cystographic abnormalities when initially examined but that abnormalities may be apparent during follow-up evaluations. In addition, a smaller percentage of cats with idiopathic cystitis may have nonspecific cystographic signs of cystitis or hemorrhage. Leakage of contrast medium into the peritoneal space during cystography does not necessarily require surgical management. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212: 1907–1909)
Clinical manifestations and associated disease syndromes in dogs with cranial vena cava thrombosis: 17 cases (1989-1996)
Authors: Palmer Katharine G. , King Lesley G. , Van Winkle Thomas J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize cranial vena cava thrombosis in dogs with regard to signalment, clinical manifestation, potential inciting causes, treatment, and outcome.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

17 dogs with a cranial vena cava thrombus.

Procedure

Medical and necropsy records were reviewed for signalment, potential causes of thrombus formation, diagnosis, clinicopathologic findings, treatment, and outcome.

Results

A signalment predisposition was not found. Ten dogs had cranial vena cava syndrome, and 10 had a pleural effusion. Ten dogs were dyspneic, and 5 had palpable jugular thrombi. Predisposing conditions identified were presumed immune-mediated hematologic disease and corticosteroid administration (6 dogs), sepsis (6), protein-losing nephropathy (2), neoplasia (2), and cardiac disease (1). Central venous catheterization was implicated as a contributing cause. Thrombocytopenia was the most consistent clinicopathologic finding, and ultrasonography was helpful in confirming the diagnosis. Treatment varied, but 15 of the 17 dogs died or were euthanatized within 20 days of clinical manifestation of the thrombus. At necropsy, thrombi were found in other organs, mainly the right atrium, jugular veins, and pulmonary arteries.

Clinical Implications

Prognosis is poor for dogs with cranial vena cava thrombosis associated with clinical signs. Use of central venous catheters should be avoided in dogs with predisposing diseases such as immune-mediated disease, sepsis, protein-losing nephropathy, neoplasia, and cardiac disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:220-224)
Comparison of production of Staphylococcus intermedius exotoxin among clinically normal dogs, atopic dogs with recurrent pyoderma, and dogs with a single episode of pyoderma
Authors: Burkett Glen , Frank Linda A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether exotoxin production by Staphylococcus intermedius is an important factor in recurrence of pyoderma in atopic dogs.

Design

Prospective clinical study.

Animals

30 client-owned dogs (10 clinically normal dogs, 10 atopic dogs with recurrent pyoderma, and 10 dogs with a single episode of pyoderma).

Procedure

Specimens for bacterial culturing were obtained from a pustule or papule of affected dogs or from skin of clinically normal dogs. Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated and processed. Supernatants were analyzed for staphylococcal exotoxins. Types of lesions and severity of pruritus were assessed for each dog.

Results

Exotoxins A and C were detected in S intermedius isolated from 1 clinically normal dog. In the atopic group, exotoxin C was isolated from 1 dog, exotoxins A and C were isolated from 1 dog, and exotoxin C and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 were isolated from 1 dog. Exotoxins were isolated from 2 dogs with a single episode of pyoderma (exotoxin C, 1 dog; exotoxins A and C, 1 dog). Lesion types and severity of pruritus varied greatly among dogs with pyoderma and were not associated with detection of exotoxin or type of exotoxin.

Clinical Implications

Exotoxins were identified from few isolates of S intermedius, and we did not observe an association between type of lesions or severity of pruritus and detection of exotoxins. Production of exotoxin by S intermedius does not play a role in the recurrent nature of pyoderma in atopic dogs or on type of lesion or severity of pruritus associated with pyoderma. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:232-234)
Long-term outcome of medical and surgical treatment of hiatal hernias in dogs and cats: 27 cases (1978-1996)
Authors: Lorinson Dragan , Bright Ronald M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine long-term outcome of medical and surgical treatment of hiatal hernia (HH) in dogs and cats.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

22 dogs and 5 cats.

Procedure

Medical records of dogs and cats with HH were reviewed. Outcomes of treatment were obtained from reexamination or owner questionnaires.

Results

The most common breeds affected were English Bulldog and domestic shorthair cat. Mean age of all dogs and cats was 4 years. Hiatal hernia was diagnosed by use of contrast radiography of the esophagus (n = 19), fluoroscopy (7), or esophagoscopy (1). Eight of 15 dogs and cats treated medically for 30 days had complete resolution of signs. Of the 7 in this group that did not respond, 1 died on the 10th day of medical treatment and the remaining 6 were treated surgically. Eight of 10 dogs that underwent hiatal plication, esophagopexy, and gastropexy responded favorably. Four of 7 dogs that underwent fundoplication did well. However, 3 of these dogs did not have clinical signs. Fundoplication was successful in only 1 of 4 dogs with clinical signs.

Clinical Implications

Dogs and cats with clinical signs of reflux esophagitis associated with HH should undergo conservative treatment for 30 days. Most will be managed successfully by use of drugs, dietary alterations, or both. Those that do not respond to conservative treatment will likely require surgery. The best prognosis after surgery appears to be associated with the esophagopexy technique. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:381-384)
Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs: 11 cases (1987-1996)
Authors: Meurs Kathryn M. , Anthony Margaret A. , Slater Margaret , Miller Matthew W.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine whether prevalence of naturally developing chronic infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs in Texas changed between 1987 and 1996 and to characterize clinical aspects of the disease.

Design—

Retrospective study.

Animals—

11 dogs with chronic infection with T cruzi.

Procedure—

Number of positive serologic test results for T cruzi obtained between 1987 and 1996 were compared with the number of tests for T cruzi performed during the same period. Survival time, signalment, and clinical signs of dogs and results of thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography were evaluated. The Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the association between age at time of initial examination and survival time.

Results—

The proportion of positive test results increased, compared with the number of tests submitted, during the 9-year period. Clinical signs in affected dogs were consistent with right-sided cardiac disease. Results of thoracic radiography were nonspecific. Conduction disturbances and supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias were evident. Echocardiographic abnormalities, including chamber enlargement and functional impairment, were detected. Dogs were characterized on the basis of survival time; group-1 dogs (n = 6) survived 0 to 5 months, and group-2 dogs (5) survived 31 to 60 months. Age at time of initial examination was associated with survival time.

Clinical Implications—

Clinical course of disease varied. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes may be detected. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for T cruzi infection in dogs with clinical signs of right-sided cardiac dysfunction and unexplained conduction disturbances and arrhythmias. Prevalence of this disease may be increasing in some regions of Texas. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:497-500)
Gastrin concentrations in plasma of cats with chronic renal failure
Authors: Goldstein Richard E. , Marks Stanley L. , Kass Philip H. , Cowgill Larry D.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the prevalence of hypergastrinemia in cats with naturally developing chronic renal failure (CRF) and the correlation between gastrin concentration in plasma and severity of CRF.

Design—

Cohort study.

Animals—

30 cats with naturally developing CRF and 12 clinically normal control cats.

Procedure—

Gastrin concentrations in plasma were determined by double-antibody radioimmunoassay of blood samples obtained from cats after food was withheld 8 hours. Concentrations were compared, using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA.

Results—

18 cats with CRF had high gastrin concentrations (median, 45 pg/ml; range, < 18 to > 1,333 pg/ml), compared with those for control cats (< 18 pg/ml). Prevalence of hypergastrinemia increased with severity of renal insufficiency. Three of 9 cats with mild CRF, 6 of 11 cats with moderate CRF, and 9 of 10 cats with severe CRF had high gastrin concentrations. Gastrin concentrations were significantly different between control cats and cats with CRF, regardless of disease severity.

Clinical Implications—

The potential role of high concentrations of gastrin on gastric hyperacidity, uremic gastritis, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, and associated clinical signs of hypergastrinemia (eg, anorexia and vomiting) may justify use of histamine2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors to suppress gastric acid secretion in cats with CRF that have these clinical signs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:826-828)