bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature of sediments in some wetlands
Authors: Handoo J. K.
Published: February 2007

Five wetlands of temporary‐shallow, temporary‐deep and permanent‐deep types, falling in the inland, channel or stream and riverine drainage basins were studied for their sediment, chemical and textural composition. The content of clay was maximum in the inland type as against the higher content of silt and sand at the channel and riverine sites, respectively. Among the various sediment fractions only the silt particles were distributed along depth gradients. Clay particles were positively correlated with the phosphorus content only, while the organic carbon content was correlated with the levels of calcium and nitrogen in the sediments. Calcium was also positively related to phosphorus, while correlations between all other elements were insignificant. It is concluded that the hydrolytic regime is the major factor determining the nature of wetland sediments.
Die chemische Zusammensetzung des Sestons in inneren Küstengewässern der DDR (Darß–Zingster Boddengewässer, südliche Ostsee)
Authors: Georgi F.
Published: February 2007

Investigations were made on 27 seston samples of the years of 1978, 1979 and of the first half‐year of 1982 from a station in the Zingster Strom. The mean contents – as mg/g dry matter – are: ash‐free dry matter 569, Ctotal 284, Cinorg. 14, Ntotal 29, Ptotal 3.6, FeHCl‐soluble 13. From them resulted the following weight quotients: C : N = 9.9 ± 2.4, C : P = 83 ± 21, N : P = 8.4 ± 1.8, Fe : P = 3.6 ± 1.0. The mean proportion of carbohydrate and the mean protein content amount to 170 and 180 mg/g, resp., dry matter. All parameters show pronounced dependences on seasonal and hydrographic situations, mainly the effects of wind on the very shallow water being of primary importance to the distribution and nature of seston.
Adsorption Behaviour of Low‐Biodegradable Organics on Activated Carbon Surfaces
Authors: Kümmel R. , Kühne C. , Pitter P. , Grau P.
Published: February 2007

Adsorption isotherms of various low‐biodegradable aromatic compounds on two different activated carbons were determined experimentally and described by FREUNDLICH‐type isotherm equations. The equilibrium solid loadings derived from the measurements correlate reasonably well with the adsorbent surface areas and show decreasing values in the order 3‐nitro‐aniline ∼ 4‐chloroaniline > 3.5‐dinitrobenzoic acid < phenylurea. Kinetic experiments in a differential column batch reactor were conducted in order to evaluate liquid‐phase mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion parameters. The homogeneous surface diffusion model could be successfully applied for calculating surface diffusivities and predicting experimental concentration/time profiles.
Seasonal Variations of Phytoplankton in a Series of Waste Treatment Lagoons (Chimkent, Central Asia) Part 2: Distribution of Phytoplankton Numbers and Biomass
Authors: Ergashev A. E. , Tajiev Sh.
Published: February 2007

This report gives a detailed description of the distribution of phytoplankton numbers and biomass in the Chimkent waste treatment lagoons. The increase in phytoplankton numbers and biomass is accounted for by the effect of ecological factors. The maximum increase in phytoplankton numbers in lagoons examined is recorded in summer when members of Chlorophyta are dominant; its minimum level is observed in winter duo to the low water temperature and irradiance.
Vergleichende aquatoxikologische Ergebnisse mit ausgewählten Wasserschadstoff‐Gruppen und repräsentativen Wasserorganismen
Authors: Tscheu‐Schlüter M. , Skibba W. D.
Published: February 2007

Salmo gairdneri, Cyprinus carpio, Poecilia reticulata, Leuciscus idus melanotus, Asellus aquaticus, Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Monoraphidium griffithii were exposed to four growth regulating herbicides, four photosynthesis toxicants, lindane, an anionactive tenside, KCN and Na3[Cu(CN)4] in standardized toxicity tests. The biochemical degradability of the substances was tested with activated sludge. In order to test the possible effects in waters there should be used Salmo for the oligosaprobic zone. Poecilia as well as Ankistrodesmus and Monoraphidium provide reliable estimations for β‐mesosaprobic waters. With respect to the longer‐term permission of plant protection products, besides Salmo there can be recommended also Leuciscus.
Effect of Parthenium Extract on the Metabolism of Young Colisa Fasciatus (BL. and SCHN.) (Pisces, Perciformes)
Authors: Prasad M. S. , Haider Z. A.
Published: February 2007

Parthenium hysterophorus seed extract possesses the potentiality to alter the fish metabolism. Lower concentrations (sublethal) of the seed extract stimulate the respiratory muscles, resulting in an increased rate of O2 uptake, whereas higher concentrations (lethal) exhibit a neuro‐toxic effect causing paralysis of the respiratory muscles manifested by a decreased rate of O2 uptake, cessation of the respiratory pumps and casualty by asphyxiation. The seed extract also inhibits the activity of the enzymes SDH and carbonic anhydrase at the gas exchange sites.

The log/log plotting of the O2 uptake (mg/h) and the exposure period (2, 6, 12, 24, 72 and 168 h) showed slope values of 0.0744, 0.0778, 0.0322 and 0.0164, respectively, in four concentrations (10, 20, 25 and 30 %) of Parthenium extract.
Testacea (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) in the Epilithion of the Lotic Stretch of Running Waters of Different Degrees of Saprobity (Czechoslovakia)
Authors: Opravilová V.
Published: February 2007

In 1976 to 1981 Testacea were followed in the epilithion of the lotic stretch of running waters of different degrees of saprobity. 225 samples were processed altogether; 56 taxa and 1859 individuals were found in them. For the individual degrees of saprobity the index of species diversity (H') was calculated as well as the index of saprobity (S). Most taxa and individuals were found in the beta‐mesosaprobic degree. The following may be considered characteristic species for the oligosaprobic degree: Centropyxis sylvatica and Cyphoderia ampulla. For the beta‐mesosaprobic degree they are Centropyxis aculeata, Euglypha acanthophora and Trinema lineare. Other species cannot be considered to be realiable indicators.
Effect of a Sublethal Concentration of Zinc Sulphate on the Growth Rate of Fingerlings of Channa punctatus (Bloch), a Freshwater Murrel
Authors: Shukla J. P. , Pandey K.
Published: February 2007

Fingerlings of Channa punctatus are exposed to 12 mg/l zinc sulphate for 31 d at daily feeding. From the 19th day a significant decrease of growth (increase of weight) by 7 … 8 % as compared with the untreated control fishes was found. After exposure for 30 d the RNA‐ and protein‐contents of the muscles are lower by 10 and 13 %, respectively.
Zur Adsorptionsbehandlung von Abwässern eines pharmazeutischen Betriebes
Authors: Walther H.‐J. , Weidensdörfer J.
Published: February 2007

The activity of two adsorbent polymers on the basis of polystyrene and of an activated carbon for the removal of organochlorine substances as well as of substances which are characterized by the COD‐Cr or the ultraviolet absorption in the wastewater of a pharmaceutical enterprise is assessed in batch and filtration experiments. The results show a good take‐up of the organochlorine compounds by the polymers. Activated carbon showed partially the best values for process wastewater.
Zur Bestimmung des gesamten anorganischen Kohlenstoffes in natürlichen Gewässern durch Titration mit Salzsäure
Authors: Gelbrecht J. , Henrion G. , Henrion R.
Published: February 2007

The knowledge of total inorganic carbon concentration (c) is important for characterizing natural waters. It is usually measured by the titration alkalinity (“m‐value”) and pH which depend on temperature and ionic strength. This paper demonstrates that Ca (and Mg) can influence the calculation of from titration alkalinity, too. Errors result from neglecting this influence. In such cases the share of ion pair CaCO amounts to more than 50 % of . General relationships among the influencing factors are given by tables calculated with the help of a BASIC computer programme for calculation from titration alkalinity, pH and Ca concentration.
Wasserlösliche Huminstoffe in Wässern einiger Kiestagebaue der DDR
Authors: Weise G. , Sohr H.
Published: February 2007

After an explanation of the complex composition of the system of humic substances, some gravel deposits are described from whose open‐pit boundaries there were taken water samples, their content of components of humic matter having been determined. Since spectroscopic analysis techniques yield spectra which are difficult to analyse and have a relatively low detection sensitivity, an indirect polarographic method was applied by which water‐soluble humic substances can be determined very selectively down to a lower limit of 5 μg/1. Thus, enrichment in water or in adsorbing columns is not required. From the results found there are derived several statements concerning the occurrence of humic substances and fulvic acids in waters and conclusions about the possible influence on the hardening of concrete are given.
Seasonal Variation of Temperature, Alkalinity and Dissolved Oxygen in the Sagar Lake
Authors: Thakur S. S. , Bais V. S.
Published: February 2007

The present study deals with the seasonal variation of temperature, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen in the Sagar lake. Different abiotic and biotic factors were investigated and a diurnal study was made, too. The investigation shows that the surface water values were always higher than the bottom water values. The water temperature ranged from 16.0 to 31.0 °C, carbonate alkalinity ranged from 0.0 to 46.0 mg/1, bicarbonate alkalinity ranged from 62.0 to 138.0 mg/1, dissolved oxygen ranged between 1.6 and 13.2 ppm.

The water temperature was found to be positively correlated with carbonate alkalinity while an inverse correlation existed with bicarbonate alkalinity. Dissolved oxygen had a significant positive correlation with carbonate alkalinity, while a negative correlation was observed with bicarbonate alkalinity during all the seasons.
Der Einfluß eines submersen Makrophytenrasens auf den pelagischen Stoffhaushalt im See
Authors: Mothes G.
Published: February 2007

Macrophytes compete with planktonic algae directly for nutrients which are solved in the pelagic region and impede the planktonic algae development indirectly by increasing sedimentation in the macrophyte populations and by reducing the supply of littoral detritus into the deeper zones of the lake by whirling‐up in the period of vegetation, This leads to a reduced release of nutrients from the sediment and to the promotion of the development of a coenosis in the littoral zone living on pelagic seston. Therefore, waters with an extensive macrophyte vegetation have a relatively good water quality. By the artificial removal of macrophytes the planktonic coenosis is changed as by a measure of eutrophication.
Acute Toxicity of Sodium Nitrite on Channa punctatus (BLOCH) and Mystus (Mystus) vittatus (BLOCH)
Authors: Ansari I. A.
Published: February 2007

This paper deals with the toxicity of sodium nitrite to freshwater fishes, Channa punctatus (BL.) and Mystus (M). vittatus (Bl.) as to determine the acute toxicity. The LC 50 values were obtained by using a static bioassay method for a period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hour intervals. The LC 50 values of sodium nitrite for C. punctatus were 375, 325, 250 and 200 ppm and for M. (M). vittatus 164, 140, 90 and 64 ppm, respectively. A profuse mucus secretion was evident at higher concentrations as compared to lower ones. The probable causes of mortality of the fishes are also discussed.
Effect of Individual Phenolic Compounds and of their Mixtures on Luminous Bacteria. Part 6: On Possibilities of Using o‐ and p‐Diphenols as Pesticides
Authors: Stom D. J. , Geel T. A. , Balayan A. E.
Published: February 2007

A brief discussion is suggested of a possibility of employing in the practice of the analyses results on the combined action of phenols described in the preceeding parts of the work and of the interaction of the increased toxicity of phenolic compounds with the processes of their oxidation.
The Biological Quality of the Water of the Czechoslovak Part of the Oder River
Authors: Simanov L. , Kantorek J.
Published: February 2007

The biology and purity of the water in three profiles of the Oder River in its upper stream on the Czechoslovak territory were investigated in the course of 1979… 1980. Zoobenthos, physical and chemical parametres, and microbiological germs were analysed. The bioseston was considered only briefly. On the basis of the presented material the Oder enters the Ostrava industrial agglomeration as a betamesosaprobic stream (Class I b of water purity), in spite of the fact that many sources of pollution can be found in this section of the river. Physical and chemical parameters can be assessed in a similar way. The Oder River belongs to Class III of water purity according to microbiological ratings.
The Uptake of Phosphate Ions by the Alga Hydrodictyon reticulatum
Authors: Starý J. , Kratzer K. , Zeman A.
Published: February 2007

The uptake of orthophosphate has been studied in order to determine the chemical forms of intracellular phosphorus. It was found that the concentration of the main species–orthophosphate and acid hydrolyzable phosphorus–changed in dependence on experimental conditions. The highest uptake of orthophosphate was observed in the neutral medium in the presence of nitrate or ammonium ions in the light, whereas the uptake in the dark was negligible. The uptake of orthophosphate was found to be connected with the transport of alkali metals or ammonium ions into the cell. The rate of the uptake of orthophosphate was compared with that of nitrite, nitrate and ammonium ions.
Die Anwendung von Clusteranalysen zum Mustervergleich – BASIC‐Programmierung der Potentialmethode CLUPOT
Authors: Henrion A. , Henrion R. , Henrion G.
Published: February 2007

The method of cluster analysis as a means for the structuring, classification and interpretation of multivariate data is represented in a survey of hierarchical and non‐hierarchical procedures. The non‐hierarchical potential method CLUPOT is described in a BASIC program and applied to the example of the daily variations of the heavy‐metal concentrations in wastewater.
Biocenotical Classification of the Lithorheophilous Communities in the Karst Running Waters According to the Macro Benthic Fauna
Authors: Habdija I. , Primc B.
Published: February 2007

This paper analyses the biocenotical structure of the macro benthic fauna in lithorheophilous communities of karst rivers. A lithorheophilous community on different types of stony substrate was biocenotically defined on the basis of population density and determination of the index of dominance for particular representatives. Accepting today's limnological and biocenotical classifications of running waters (SHADIN; ILLIES; STEFFAN; WACHS) a lithorheophilous community in this work is taken as a choriocenosis (“Teilbiozönose”) which is a composite bio‐association of rhithron eco‐biocenosis.

The qualitative and quantitative analysis of macrozoobenthos samples indicates a mosaic structure of lithorheophilous choriocenosis. Six subordinated bio‐associations were determined on the basis of dominant representatives of macro benthic fauna on four types of stony substrate in lithorheophilous choriocenosis, which is biocenotically defined as Gammaretum‐community.
Diversity as a Measure of Water Pollution and an Aid for Biological Water Analysis
Authors: Verma S. R. , Sharma A. K. , Goel D. P.
Published: February 2007

– Five aquatic ecosystems, Yamuna river, Krishna river Eastern Kalinadi, Kadrabad drain and Peacock lake have been studied with reference to diversity and physico‐chemical characteristics and biological indices.

– A list of species have been selected with reference to polluted, mildly polluted or unpolluted water conditions. Though it is difficult to call any species strictly indicator species, certain species of Bacillariophyceae, bottom biota and Entomostraca can be regarded as indicative species.

– The quantitative distributions of the species of different groups have been analysed statistically. Margalef's Community Diversity Index (d), Shannon Weaver Function, coefficient of rank correlation and partial and multiple correlation coefficient were calculated as to find out the order of precedence in different taxonomical groups.

– The linear regression against BOD and the whole biocenosis were calculated, which indicate the relation as diversity d=6.7854 –0.0080 BOD±0.9695 where r2= B=0.7365. Similarly, multiple linear regressions were also calculated using diversity against BOD, pH and temperature for each aquatic ecosystem.

– All these observations indicate that diversity of organisms can be used to measure the water pollution intensity.
Seasonal, Diurnal and Sectoral Changes in Physico‐chemical Properties of Soil and Water of the Dighali Beel in Assam
Authors: Singh R. K.
Published: February 2007

The study of the soil and water of the beel indicated that the sectors' content of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron was dependent on the seasons. The soil was acidic in nature with a high content of organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium and iron and a low content of phosphorus. Air and water temperatures, pH, D.O. and oxygen saturation percentage increased during day hours and decreased during night hours. Carbon dioxide was high during night hours. The water temperature showed a positive correlation with air temperature, pH, D.O., bicarbonate and oxygen saturation percentage and a negative one with carbon dioxide. The plankton population showed an inverse relationship with phosphorus.
Effects of Dimiline upon the Second Generation of Hydra vulgaris
Authors: Kalafatić M. , Žnidarić D.
Published: February 2007

Hydras whose mother individuals were treated with 0.05 % and 0.06 % dimiline solution respectively developed nearly an equal number of buds as mother individuals of the control. Therefore, dimiline does not exert a major influence upon the intensity and morphogenesis of buds in the second generation.
Stabilization Ponds Design as a function of Organic Removal Coefficient (K1)
Authors: Córdoba L. Travieso , Bechegoyen F. Benitez
Published: February 2007

The effluent from biological treatment plants of cane sugar factories undergoes a final purification in laboratory models with a Chlorella culture at volume loads of 76… 325 mg/l. d BOD5 or 121… 555 mg/l‐d COD. The coefficient of removal on the basis of BOD5 is found to be linearly negatively correlated with the retention time, but independent of the substrate concentration and composition as well as of the pre‐treatment of the wastewaters (aerobic or anaerobic). A dimensioning on the basis of the COD is not possible because of the high phytoplankton content in the effluent of the ponds.
Indicator Value of Freshwater Oligochaeta
Authors: Uzunov J. , Košel V. , Sládeček V.
Published: February 2007

For 113 species of Oligochaeta living in Europaean freshwaters data on the saprobic valence, the indicative weight of species and the individual saprobic index were given. The big majority of Oligochaeta is hardly determinable and needs special morphological and anatomical studies. The few easily recognizable species were figured. Oligochaeta show a relatively wide ecological valence so that their application for determining the degree of saprobity should be coupled with the specific determination of the other members of the benthic community.
Uptake of trace elements by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes)
Authors: Sridhar M. K. C.
Published: February 2007

Pistia stratiotes L. obtained from a eutrophic lake in Ibadan, Nigeria was examined for its mineral and trace element composition. The study indicated that the shoot system accumulated more potassium, calcium and magnesium, whereas the root system accumulated significantly more cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, sodium and zinc. The possible utilization of this aquatic plant for the treatment of polluted waters and industrial effluents is discussed.
Present condition and perspectives of using hydrobotanic treatment for sewage waters
Authors: Timofeeva S. S. , Stom D. J.
Published: February 2007

Modern conditions and application perspectives of the hydrobotanic treatment of sewage waters are discussed. Successes achieved during the last years in studies of utilization regularities of hydrophyte pollutions are reviewed. Results are given of investigating detoxication mechanisms and rendering harmless alphiphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, their oxy‐ and aminoderivatives of cyanides, rhodanides and metals by Chara algae, Elodea, other submerged macrophytes.
Effect of the solids retention time on the rate of biodegradation of organic compounds
Authors: Čech J. S. , Chudoba J.
Published: February 2007

The paper studies the effect of the solids retention time (SRT) on the rate of biodegradation of morpholine (M), sulfanilic acid (SA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in laboratory mixed culture systems, fed semicontinuously on a once‐a‐day feeding schedule. It has been found that the minimum values of SRT at which microorganisms degrading the above compounds were washed out from the cultivation systems were 3, 1, 1, and 20 days for M, SA, NTA, and EDTA systems, respectively. A critical value of SRT was defined as that below which the rate of substrate removal is lower than the rate of substrate application into the system. The critical values of SRT were found to be 8, 3, 2.5, and above 20 days for M, SA, NTA, and EDTA systems, respectively. In a range between the minimum and critical values of SRT the mixed culture system cannot give stable efficiency of a given compound removal and the effluent concentration can be expected to vary considerably. Above the critical value of SRT, every cultivation system has a potential capability of shock loading treatment.
HPLC in der Wasseranalytik
Authors: Wiemer B.
Published: February 2007

Selected journals are scrutinized for the period from 1980 to 1986 with respect to the application of HPLC to the detection of organic substances in water and the state of knowledge deducible from that is represented. Various chromatographic methods are compared with respect to their sensitivity and suitability for certain groups of substances. The structure of modern separation columns and of different detector systems as well as possible modes of operation are described. A large number of specific examples of application are given in tabular form.
BASIC‐Programm DIVA zur divisiven Clusterung nach dem Varianzkriterium
Authors: Henrion R. , Henrion A. , Henrion G.
Published: February 2007

A BASIC Program for divisive clustering is proposed. The algorithm of Macnaughton‐Smith is used to improve the variance criterion. No distance matrix is needed and in this way large numbers of objects can be handled. An application of the program to the classification of 20 european brandies is demonstrated. The listing of the program is given in the appendix.
Seasonality, biomass and primary productivity of Epipelic Algae in a shallow lake (Neusiedlersee, Austria)
Authors: Khondker M. , Dokulil M.
Published: February 2007

The seasonal fluctuation, biomass and productivity of epipelic algae in the shallow Neusiedlersee (Austria) were studied from 1981 to 1983. The seasonality of epipelic algae, dominated by diatoms (70 % of the total population), showed a pattern of variable winter growth coupled with a moderate spring and summer maximum. The number of mud dwelling species remained the same as shown in previous studies (LOUB; HUSTEDT1959a, b), but only two of them, namelySurirella peisonis PantocsekandCampylodiscus clypeusEhr., were not abundant. The Diversity Index (H′) varied between 1.0 and 2.86. Specific Biovolumen (x= 47 · 1012μm3m2) and potential of production (x= 22.75 mg/m2· h C) showed a positive correlation with the cell number (x= 0.165 · 1010/m2). The average chlorophyll‐a content of 20.51 mg/m2is comparable to that of the Wadden Sea (COLIJNand DIJKEMA), Schöhsee (HO) and Lake Chilwa (Moss 1979). The average activity coefficient (P/B, mg C per mg chlorophyll‐a and hour) varied between 0.10… 1.93 and the maximum value is only 29 % of that of the phytoplankton. No significant correlation between the algal populations and the ionic concentration of the overlying water could be found because the populations are limited by light intensity.
The acute toxicity of silver to some freshwater fishes
Authors: Khangarot B. S. , Ray P. K.
Published: February 2007

In the batch experiment with daily exchange of medium the acute toxicity of Ag from AgNO3 to Channa punctatus, Lebistes reticulatus and Puntius sophore is determined over 12 to 96 h exposure. In general, the sensitivity of species increases in the order mentioned. The LC50, 96h are 18.89 μg/l Ag for Channa punctatus, 7.55 μg/l Ag for Puntius sophore and 6.44 μg/l for Lebistes reticulatus. For 12 and 48 h exposure the values in the same order of species are: 62 and 30, 44 and 14 as well as 57 and 16 μg/l Ag.
Effect of lethal concentrations of copper on Mystus bleekeri (day)
Authors: Khangarot B. S. , Ray P. K.
Published: February 2007

In the batch test with daily exchange of medium the effect of copper ions at 2.4 mmol/l (Ca2+ + Mg2+) over 10 d of exposure is investigated. The LT50 values and 95% confidence limits at 3.7, 2.1 and 1.0 ppm of Cu were 26.7 (23.6… 29.9), 47.5 (39.6… 57.0) and 101.5 (78.5… 130.7) h, respectively. The LC50 values of copper in ppm were 4.05 (24 h), 1.69 (48 h), 0.829 (9.96 and 0.776 (240 h).
Tolerance measurement and histopathological observations on the gills of Mystus M. vittatus under the toxic stress of the fertilizer NPK
Authors: Pande R. K. , Pande S. K.
Published: February 2007

The tolerance level of the fertilizer NPK for the freshwater siluroid Mystus M. vittatus (BL.) and histopathological changes in the gill of this fish against two concentrations of NPK were investigated. It was found that at 400 ppm (24 h) mortality in the fish started, and at 700 ppm (96 h) all the fish died. Hence the concentration of NPK at 400 ppm was taken as an experimental concentration for this fish.

Curling towards the upperside in the secondary lamellae resulting in the joining with each other and profuse mucus secretion and subsequent death of 40% of the fish (96 h) were observed.

At 700 ppm (96 h) NPK, which is far higher than the highest tolerance limit of the fish, all the fish died. Profuse mucus secretion, formation of subepithelial spaces, sloughing of epithelial layer, leaving only the rows of pilaster cells, resulting in the death of the fish, were observed.

The mortality of the fish was due to asphyxiation and damage in the gill tissues resulting in the alteration in the respiratory and osmoregulatory metabolism.
Prognose von Acidität, Eisen‐ und Sulfatkonzentration im Grundwasser von Bergbaugebieten
Authors: Schwan M. , Fischer R. , Dybek K.
Published: February 2007

The hydrochemical fundamentals of the origination of high concentrations of iron and sulphate at an acid reaction of ground waters of exhausted open‐cast coal mines are explained, and a technique based on representative sampling and oxidative treatment of aqueous suspensions with atmospheric oxygen for predicting the average load over years and decades on the basis of the analytical values has been developed and tested in the Central German area. Experimentally obtained relationships (weatherable pyrite/reaction rate, pH‐variation/buffering capacity of soil, total iron content/pH‐value) are stated.
Oxygen Demand of the Sediments Behind the Dam at Altenwörth, River Danube, Austria
Authors: Colley R.
Published: February 2007

The oxygen demand of the fine sediments behind the hydroelectric dam at Altenwörth, on the Austrian Danube, was investigated using a simple Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) method. The demand was fractionated into biological and chemical uptake and the variation with depth was studied. Chemical uptake was fast, being 90% complete within 15 minutes. Biological uptake was slower and fairly constant for some hours. The kinetics was examined and the chemical uptake found to correspond quite well with a first order rate equation.
Water pollutant classification on the basis of biological object response
Authors: Genjatulin K. V.
Published: February 2007

For a speedy solution to the problem of water resources preservation it is necessary at present to enhance the level of research aimed at establishing a system of classification of water pollutants. Control of the state of the environment must be based on wide use of achievements by different branches of scientific research. Watching the change of the biological component of the biosphere (biomonitoring) is to ascertain the response by susceptible biotic forms to environmental pollutant influence. Microorganisms are among the organismus which are most susceptible to environment influence. Test culture responses to influences from different pollutants were evaluated by building mathematical models. The principles worked out in drawing up response models could be used to develop classification systems.
Toxicity of Diluted Dyeing and Printing Industry Effluent to a Penaeid Prawn, Parapenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller)
Authors: Kundu Rahul , Prasad V. V. S. , Mansuri A. P.
Published: February 2007

Experiments were carried out on the toxicity of diluted dyeing and printing industry effluent to a penaeid prawn, Parapenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller). Effluent tolerance experiments showed that both juvenile and adult prawns were unable to withstand the increasing concentration of the effluent. Juveniles were more susceptible to effluent than adults. As a consequence of higher consumption of energy due to the disturbed metabolism a decrease in the metabolite content was observed, whereas the content of ions showed an irregular trend with all the concentrations. The behavioural study showed that before death both juvenile and adult prawns became inactive, followed by paralysis. The physico‐chemical nature of the effluent showed high amounts of solids, BOD, COD, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, ammonium nitrogen, sulphate and absence of DO, probably causing an osmotic imbalance in the prawn body which leads to early mortality. Even a 1% concentration of such an effluent of a physico‐chemical nature was reported to be toxic to the prawns.
Nährstoffbelastung und Trophie von Talsperren der DDR Teil 1: Einzugsgebietsstruktur und Nährstoffsituation
Authors: Ackermann G. , Loth P.
Published: February 2007

Statistically secured relations between nutrient concentrations in the water and characteristics of the catchment areas can be proved for the storage reservoirs of the GDR. The o–PO4 concentration during the full overturn in spring shows a close relation to the population density of the catchment area. Existing differences of concentration between drinking‐water and industrial‐water storage reservoirs can be attributed to different degrees of worthiness of protection of the catchment areas and to differences of the water morphology. The NO3 concentration is closely correlated with the proportion of agriculturally used area in the catchment area. The mass ratio NO3–N: o–PO4–P mostly lies above the limiting range of the limitation of nitrogen (> 12: 1), so that phosphorus becomes the central quantity of a possible control of the trophic level. Especially for drinking‐water storage reservoirs in the weakly eutrophic range the reduction of the P‐load is necessary and it has a high trophy‐improving effect here.
Anwendung einer Ammoniak‐gassensitiven Elektrode zur Ammonium‐Stickstoffbestimmung in organischen Düngern
Authors: Kluge G. , Melzer I. , Süssenbach D.
Published: February 2007

A gas‐sensitive electrode for the determination of ammonia was tested on the basis of potentiometry by means of parts of measuring devices from the CMEA region. Samples of water, cattle slurry, pig slurry and silo seepage water in the range of concentrations of 10−5 … 10−1 mol/1 NH4‐N can be measured. Before measurement the samples have to get pH 11 and have to be diluted, if necessary. A maximum period of time of about eight minutes is required for attaining the potential constancy. The relative standard deviation varies between 0.1 and 4.79%; the rate of retrieval was 99.1% on an average. The results of the potentiometric measurements were equivalent to those of the acidimetric measuring method. The practical advantages consist in a low expenditure of material, energy and time.
Ionenaustausch mit zeolithischen Molekularsieben unter dem besonderen Aspekt der Wasserenthärtung – Eine Einführung
Authors: Knoll H. , Höse W. , Fuertig H.
Published: February 2007

After a short introduction into the field of the zeolites the use of the molecular sieve 4 A as builder in the washing process is treated. Structure and ion‐exchange capacity are characterized, the mechanism of the elimination of calcium‐ions is described and the environmental behaviour is examined. Finally, other potential applications of zeolitic ion exchangers are presented.
Überleben von Campylobacter jejuni im Wasser
Authors: Pokorný J.
Published: February 2007

The Campylobacter jejuni survival pattern was investigated in model experiments using drinking water and surface waters differing in organic contamination. Further conditions studied were two different temperature levels (4 °C and 20 °C, resp.) as well as several starting densities of the testing strain. In drinking water, i.e. relatively uncontaminated water, the starting density showed a direct influence on the interval of surviving. The same was noted for temperature, where higher levels (20 °C) resulted in a relative quick inactivation of the investigated agent. Mentioned influences played a similar role in the surface water medium, together with the level of organic contamination: An increase of the value of COD to about 15.4 mg/l O2 halved the interval of surviving. No relation to the dissolved oxygen tension was found.
Studies on the Lipid Contents in the Gonads during the Annual Reproductive Cycle of Mystus vittatus under the Stress of Agro‐Chemical NPK‐Fertilizer
Authors: Pande R. K. , Narain A. S. , Pande S. K.
Published: February 2007

Specimens of either sex of the freshwater catfish Mystus vittatus were exposed to an acute toxic dose of an agro‐chemical NPK, i.e. 550 ppm during the spawning phase of their annual reproductive cycle. The effects on total lipid and its various fractions, viz. phospholipids and cholesterol, were studied in the testes and ovary. The total lipid content of the gonads of unstressed fish showed lowest values during the spawning phase when compared to other phases, the content remained higher in the ovary than in the testes. In fish subjected to NPK‐stress during the spawning period, the fall in total lipid content of the gonads was found to be much greater than that in the controls. The phospholipids content of the gonads of unstressed fish showed highest values during the spawning phase when compared to other phases; the content remained higher in the ovary than in the testes. In fish subjected to NPK‐stress during the spawning phase the rise in the gonads was found to be higher than that in the control. The cholesterol content of the gonads of unstressed fish showed highest values during the spawning phase when compared to other phases; the content remained higher in the ovary than in the testes. In fish subjected to NPK‐stress during the spawning period the rise in the cholesterol content of the gonads was not found to be as high as that in the controls. Agro‐chemical NPK seemed to effect the total lipid and cholesterol content adversely during the spawning phase, affecting the vitellogenic process without affecting the biosynthesis of phospholipids as such, which on the contrary increases. The decrease of lipid and cholesterol mobilization from liver to gonads seemed to be restricted as a result of NPK action.
Gewinnung repräsentativer Wassermischproben mit einem einfachen kontinuierlichen Sammelgerät
Authors: Bauer G.
Published: February 2007

The sampling device consists of a weighted wide‐necked bottle with a siphon pipe inserted in its top through which water enters the bottle while air escapes out of the bottle through a pipe with a valve that is inserted in the top, too. Due to the variable setting of the valve the period of time for the filling of the bottle can be controlled between few minutes and up to 24 h.
Pestizidbestimmung im Wasser – gegenwärtige Möglichkeiten und künftige Entwicklungen
Authors: Quentin K.‐E.
Published: February 2007

Summary: In the drinking‐water regulation of the Federal Republic of Germany limit values in the range of 0.1 μg/l are established for pesticides. Identification and quantitative determination of pesticides in this concentration range require a very high expenditure concerning analysis, devices and equipment, analytical methods having been available so far only on a limited scale. The sum limit value of 0.5 μg/l pesticides may create special difficulties. In general, in view of the approx. 300 possible substances first of all a screening has to be proposed concerning the exceeding of limit values based on knowledge from the catchment area and its potential loading as the first step of investigation. Suitable methods of determination are partly available in gas chromatography and high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Promising in the future development are the biochemical methods of enzyme inhibition (cholinesterase) and of immunoassay with radioactive and enzyme labelling. Nevertheless, for the foreseeable future standard methods will be available only for approx. Two thirds of the total of 300 substances, so that discussing the effectiveness of the limit values should be carried on.
Ein Beitrag zur Bestimmung von Anilin/Phenol in Wasser/Abwasser mittels UV‐Derivativspektroskopie. Teil 2. Das reale Verfahren und Untersuchungen zum Störeinfluß von Fremdstoffen
Authors: Wollin K.‐M.
Published: February 2007

Summary: The application of the UV derivative spectroscopy method to determine aniline and phenol in spiked waste water samples was investigated. Two statistical procedures (modified t‐tests) were used to evaluate constant and percentage systematic errors of the method presented. On our conditions, i.e. type of samples, the aniline determination by the 2nd and 4th derivatives was predominantly disturbed but in contrary the phenol concentrations of all samples determined by the 4th and 5th derivatives show no significant bias. The influence of substituted phenols was examined by factor experiments (Plackett‐Burman‐plan). Generally the higher derivative order brings the better resolving power and in part then the interference is eliminated (p‐cresol, hydroquinone).
Die Zählung von Protozoen und kleinen Metazoen im Belebtschlamm
Authors: Augustin H. , Foissner W. , Bauer R.
Published: February 2007

Summary: A method for the estimation of the abundance of protozoa and small metazoa in activated sludge is described. 5 × 10 μl of activated sludge are counted in vivo microscopically using a Thoma‐Counting‐Chamber and a magnification of 100: 1. The efficiency of this counting method was tested by “recovery” experiments. 46–100% of the ciliates (mean 85 %, n = 165 countings) were recovered. A positive correlation between body size and percentage of recovery could be found. Preliminary experiments showed that the method is suitable for nematodes (recovery 95 %, n = 10), rotators (recovery 84 %, n = 10) and testate amoebae (recovery 78 %, n = 10), too. The described method is independent of the sludge‐structure, is easy to handle and is an acceptable compromise between time spent and necessary degree of accuracy.
Phytoplankton Distribution in an Oligotrophic Pond and a Eutrophic Pond
Authors: Saha L. C. , Wujek D. E.
Published: February 2007

Summary: An oligotrophic pond and a eutrophic pond of Bhagalpur, India, were studied for phytoplankton distribution and to establish the relationship between this distribution and the physico‐chemical properties of the water. Altogether, 114 algal taxa were identified. In Rekabganj pond, diatoms constituted 54.4 % of the algal species followed by green algae (29.4 %), blue greens (11.7 %) and euglenoids (2.9 %). In Ramna pond, blue greens were the most dominant comprising 35.7 % of algal species followed by green algae (32.8 %), diatoms (18.5 %) and euglenoids (8.5 %). The members of Dinophyceae, Chrysophyceae and Xanthophyceae were poorly represented in both the water‐bodies. Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Cladophora crispata, Volvox aureus and Euglena spp. were recorded only in Ramna pond, indicating its higher nutrient status. Dinobryon calciformis, many pennate diatoms and desmids, indicators of oligotrophy, were observed in Rekabganj pond only.

Measurements of water properties in the two ponds showed that transparency, dissolved oxygen and silicate were higher in Rekabganj pond than in Ramna pond, while total alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids, dissolved organic matter, different cations, phosphate, nitrate and chloride were lower in Rekabganj pond than in Ramna pond.
Seasonal Abundance of Ganga Prawn Macrobrachium birmanicum choprai (Tiwari) in the Stretch between Buxar and Ballia in Relation to Water Quality
Authors: Singh S. R. , Srivastava V. K.
Published: February 2007

Summary: The paper deals with the abundance of juveniles and adults of the Ganga river prawn in relation to seasonal variations in certain hydrological features in the stretch between Buxar and Ballia in view of its organic and industrial pollution. Temperature was found to be the most critical environmental variable affecting availability and reproduction of this prawn species while others were observed to fluctuate within an acceptable range.
Ergebnisse der Zustandsanalyse einiger Seen des Naturschutzgebietes Serrahn, Kreis Neustrelitz
Authors: Spiess H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

The limnological state analysis includes investigations of the physical‐chemical state and of the macroflora as well as of the plankton of the lakes Grosser Serrahn, Haussee, Schweingartensee and Zwirnsee in the years of 1983 to 1987. Grosser Serrahn and Haussee are eutrophic lakes with a considerably differentiated development and a consistent dystrophic character due to bogs in the surrounding area. During the last years, lake Schweingartensee has shown a pronounced increase in trophy with development of cyanophyceae all the year round. Zwirnsee as well as Hinnensee and Fürstenseer See are mesotrophic lakes with considerable quantities of characeae. In the three mesotrophic lakes, Coregonus albula still reproduces its population sufficiently. The results allow us to draw conclusions with respect to the guidelines for the treatment of the Serrahn nature reserve, especially for the preservation of the quality of waters.
Seasonal Flux of Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Five Species of Submerged Macrophytes in a Precambrian Shield Lake. Part 2: Fluctuation in Relation to Chlorophyll Content, Temperature and Water Chemistry
Authors: Pip E. , Sutherland‐Guy C.
Published: February 2007

Total soluble carbohydrate, individual sugars and starch content in green shoots of Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum exalbescens, Potamogeton foliosus and P. zosteriformis from Shoal Lake (Manitoba‐Ontario) were examined in relation to tissue chlorophyll content, water chemistry and temperature. The different species showed a variety of seasonal carbohydrate patterns. Seasonal concentrations of total soluble carbohydrate were significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll and total chlorophyll a + b in E. canadensis and P. foliosus. Seasonal starch content was inversely correlated with chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll a + b in C. demersum and P. foliosus. In C. demersum nonstructural carbohydrate was inversely correlated with total alkalinity, total molybdenum reactive phosphorus, total inorganic nitrogen and temperature of the water. Sucrose concentrations in P. foliosus in June were positively correlated with phosphorus levels in the water.
Copper Uptake by Blue‐Green Algae
Authors: Lüderitz V. , Scholz F.
Published: February 2007

Experiments to study the influence of biomass concentration and pH on copper uptake by blue‐green algae were performed. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was used for copper analysis. The maximum copper uptake per unit of biomass depends only on copper concentration and not on biomass concentration. Hence the copper toxicity is independent of biomass over a wide range. A main factor influencing copper uptake is the pH. Whereas the copper uptake of Aphanizomenon gracile is rapid at pH = 8.2 we did not find a significant uptake at pH = 5.7. The copper uptake at the higher pH value is followed by a nearly complete release of this copper, accompanied by a fast shortening of trichomes. There was no significant copper uptake in Oscillatoria redekei at pH = 8.2, but at pH = 7.2 the uptake pattern of this species is similar to that of Aphanizomenon at pH = 8.2. The results suggest that the metal ion uptake mechanisms of different species have not the same pH optima.
Distance Preservation and Index Adjustment in Hierarchical Clustering–HIERAG IV, a Turbo Pascal Program
Authors: Henrion R. , Henrion G.
Published: February 2007

Hierarchical clustering is a powerful tool for evaluating multivariate data as for instance about water samples. Results are illustrated by dendrograms which can be understood not only as means of classification but also as a kind of object display. It seems reasonable to preserve as well as possible original inter‐object distances within the dendrogram. For the classical hierarchical algorithms a correction by index adjustment is proposed. This procedure may lead to more reliable results. Practical and simulated data examples are discussed. A formula for distance‐updating in the case of relative distance preservation is constructed. Finally an advanced version of the program HIERAG in Turbo Pascal is listed. This program uses INTEGER‐type variables for inter‐object distances instead of REAL‐type ones.
Über die Entfernung von Schwermetallionen aus Betriebsabwässern durch Ultrafiltration. Teil 1: Grundlegende Erkenntnisse an Modellösungen unter Zusatz von Komplexbildnern
Authors: Waeschke H.
Published: February 2007

Fundamental experimental experience on the concentration of metal ions was gathered by ultrafiltration at 0.3 MPa pressure by using membranes with pores in a laboratory cell with stirrer. The potentiality of retention against the metal ions R and the stream density of filtration IF were measured for model liquids of CuSO4, NiSO4, ZnSO4 and AgNO3. The experimental results involve the influence of the membran materials, the role of several tested additives for complex formation and pH, and the influence of strange electrolytes, respectively, on the membrane characteristics R and IF.
Biochemical Study of the Gonads of Mystus vittatus (Bl.) Exposed to the Acute Toxic Dose of NPK During the Spawning Season: Protein and Amino Acids
Authors: Pande R. K. , Narain A. S.
Published: February 2007

The freshwater catfish, Mystus vittatus, were exposed to the LC50, 96 h dose (i.e. 550 ppm.) of the agro‐fertilizer NPK for 96 h, during the spawning period (March–June). Their gonads were biochemically analysed for the total protein content and the free amino acids. The protein content of the gonads of the stressed fish was found lowered. The fish also showed disappearence of certain amino acids from their gonads.