bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in Wool Yellowing
Authors: Leaver I. H. , Ramsay G. Caird
Published: January 2017

Wool and silk fabrics which have been exposed to light of wavelengths present in sunlight undergo further changes in yellowness on treatment with water. Depending upon the wavelengths of the initial radiation, wetting may cause either bleaching or yellowing.

For wool fabrics irradiated at 310 nm, wetting initially produces bleaching followed by yellowing, whereas fabrics irradiated at 365 nm are either yellowed or bleached depending on whether or not the sample is fluorescent-brightened. At wavelengths greater than 390 nm, only yellowing is observed.

The effect of oxygen on the photoyellowing of wet fluorescent-brightened wool and silk has been examined.
Salts of DEAE-Cottons as Built-in Catalysts for the Cellulose-DMEU Reaction
Authors: Soignet Donald M. , Benerito Ruth R. , Pilkington Mary W.
Published: January 2017

The use of a built-in tertiary amine salt as a catalyst for the reaction of cotton with substituted cyclic ureas has been investigated, with emphasis on the reaction of 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-imidazolidinone-2 (called dimethylolethyleneurea or DMEU). Both organic and inorganic acid salts of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cotton have been found to be catalytically active. The effects of reaction temperature, concentration of reagent in the pad bath, and solvent media were studied. DEAE-cotton in the hydroxide form catalyzed the DMEU-cotton reaction only in 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol solvent. The very reactive DMEU could be used as finishing agent in a delayed-cure process with the hydrochloride of DEAE-cotton.

A similar tertiary amine hydrochloride catalyst, introduced as an external catalyst in the pad bath, was found to be unsuitable for the delayed-cure process with DMEU.
Random-Fiber Breakage Models
Authors: Pittman Robert A. , Tallant John D.
Published: January 2017

Letters to the Editor are brief communications intended to provide prompt publication of significant research results and to permit an exchange of views on papers previously published in the Journal. Letters are subject to review, but the authors assume full responsibility for information or opinion expressed.
Relaxation Shrinkage of Worsted Yarns
Authors: Smith L. J. , Baird K.
Published: January 2017

The relaxation shrinkage of yarns spun on the Ambler Super Draft and double-apron systems has been examined. The effects of spinning-frame settings, fiber diameter, additives, and treatments have all been assessed, as well as the contribution made by folding and winding. With the Ambler Super Draft system it was found that all of the factors had some effect upon yarn shrinkage, these effects being approximately additive. Tension-roller weighting had by far the greatest effects; it alone could give a variation in yarn shrinkage of 10%. With the double-apron system the effect of all of the factors was much less, a consistently low shrinkage being obtained. Autoclaving as a method of stabilizing yarn shrinkage was found to be effective only for low-shrinkage yarns.
Relationship of Cotton Fiber Properties to Yarn Tenacity
Authors: Ramey H. H. , Lawson R. , Worley S.
Published: January 2017

Fiber tenacity, elongation, length, fineness, and color were measured for 5 Gossypium barbadense L. and 37 G. hirsutum L. fiber samples. These samples were spun into 12- and 27-tex yarns on a ring system and into 27-tex yarns on an open-end system; yarn tenacity was determined. Fiber tenacity and length were positively correlated with yarn tenacity. No correlations of fiber fineness with tenacity of 27-tex yarns were detected. A substantial portion of the variation in 27-tex yarn tenacity was attributable to variations in fiber tenacity and length.
Use of Sulphamic Acid or its Ammonium Salt as Catalyst in Wrinkle-Resistant Finishing of Cotton Textiles
Authors: Doshi S. M. , Daruwalla E. H.
Published: January 2017

Crosslinking of cotton cellulose with DMEU and DMDHEU were studied using amido sulphuric acid (sulphamic acid) either alone or in combination with MgCl2-6H2O or citric acid. Ammonium sulphamate was also examined as a catalyst, and different techniques of application studied include pad-dry-cure, steam-cure, and rapid-cure treatments. Sulphamic acid was found to be an effective catalyst for crosslinking of cellulose and enables satisfactory levels of wrinkle-recovery improvement and wash-n-wear ratings, irrespective of the method of application used. Among the three methods of application studied, improvement in dry wrinkle recovery obtained with both single-stage rapid-cure and steam-cure methods is less as compared with that obtained by the pad-dry-cure technique, while improvement in wet wrinkle recovery is always higher with steam-cure and rapid-cure as compared with pad-dry-cure method. Unlike MgCl2-6H2O + citric acid mixed-catalyst systems, where synergistic behavior is noticed in catalytic activity of the crosslinking reaction, no additional improvement in wrinkle-recovery angle is observed when sulphamic acid is used in conjunction either with citric acid or MgCl2-6H2O, irrespective of the relative proportions of the two components in the mixture. In the case of ammonium sulpharnate as catalyst, rapid-cure technique fails to impart satisfactory levels of wrinkle-recovery improvement, but with pad-dry-cure technique it enables slightly better strength retention for a given level of wrinkle-recovery improvement as compared with sulpharnic acid or MgCl2-6H2O.
Frictional Characteristics of Apparel Fabrics
Authors: Carr W. W. , Posey J. E. , Tincher W. C.
Published: January 2017

A study has been conducted to determine the frictional characteristics of several fabrics used in apparel. The objective was to generate fabric frictional data to help in developing automated assemblies for fabrics. The results revealed that the coefficients of static and dynamic friction between fabrics decreased as the normal force per unit area increased. Wilson's model relating frictional force to normal force and the apparent area of contact closely correlated the data.
Families at risk of marital discord : Correlates of conflict for rural poor households of Ludhiana
Authors: Gulati Jatinder K. , Dutta Jayanti
Published: January 2017

This study of 245 poverty-stricken rural families in Ludhiana district of Punjab revealed that a majority of the sampled families were susceptible to a high degree of verbal/and physical marital conflict. This was as expected, given the evidence of the chronic strain and distress that is induced by financial hardship. Overall, men were far more aggressive and violent as compared to women. Alcohol abuse in men was found to be the factor most strongly correlated with all measures of marital discord. Working women were more prone to verbal aggression, which could be due to the strains of both home and workplace, and also, due to the demands of husbands who asked their wives for money to spend on alcohol, and got violent if the wives did not comply. Women were verbally and physically more aggressive to their husbands in nuclear households, where they were less inhibited in giving vent to emotional outbursts. A longer period of marriage significantly reduced husband's verbal and physical aggression, but increased the wife's verbal aggression. In particular education was found to reduce violent behaviour on the part of the husbands.
Envisioning the common historical and cultural past, gender concerns and conflict management and social tensions: An analysis of upper primary textbooks of social studies of Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal
Authors: Srivastava Gouri
Published: January 2017

The present paper is based on the analysis of social studies’ textbooks of Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Textbooks of Classes 6 to 8 have been examined from the perspective of envisioning the common cultural and historical past, gender issues and finally conflict management and social tensions. Since all three countries are members of SAARC it becomes equally important to know how they portray the common historical past in their books so that they help children at their formative stage of development to have a correct image of their neighbouring countries, societies and gender issues and also the manner in which they deal with conflicting problems and social tensions in this region. Also, in the long run they should enable children of these countries to internalise the need to cooperate and collaborate amongst themselves for translating the four pillars of education into practice, namely learning to live together, learning to know, learning to do and learning to be.
Dimensions and magnitude of removable and nonremovable seasonal surplus in Himachal agrarian economy
Authors: Devi Ramna , Kumar Sikander
Published: January 2017

In the context of the changing economic scenario globalisation, privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, rural and more specifically the agriculture sector is likely to face many problems. With development, per capita income is increasing and the relative importance of agriculture in national income is diminishing but it continues to play a crucial role in national employment, food security and export earnings. But this sector is facing double challenges, absorbing additional workers and increasing the productivity of average labourers. The awareness of the problem of utilisation of labour has grown over the years. But there is a gross under-utilisation of human labour in Indian agriculture owing to the seasonal nature of crops grown. In this paper an attempt is made to assess the magnitude of seasonal surplus in the rural sector of Himachal Pradesh. The findings of the study showed that the nature of unemployment prevailing in the study area is both removable or permanent as well as nonremovable or seasonal unemployment or temporary unemployment. Additional work should be provided to nonremovable or seasonal surplus and it should be of a supplementary nature provided during the lean agricultural season, so that it does not clash with their main farming work during the peak season. Removable surplus should be used for productive purposes and economic development in the non-agriculture sector.
The Constitution and social development
Authors: Bandyopadhyay D.
Published: January 2017

In India, exclusion involves social processes that exclude, discriminate, isolate and deprive some groups on the basis of group characteristics. The trickle down theory stridently propagated by the neo-liberal economists failed to do away with social problems like poverty and unemployment. Growth can also be poverty reducing and ameliorative. The Founding Fathers of our Constitution appreciated these issues and laid the philosophical and legal basis for a just and equitable society in the Constitution. The Preamble seeks to secure to all citizens, Justice, social, economic and political, Equality of status and opportunity and to promote among them all Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual. The concept of Social Justice seeks removal of economic inequalities, provision of a decent standard of living to the working people and protection of the interests of the weaker sections of the community.
Gas Developments in Europe
Authors: Wright D. J.
Published: January 2017

Natural gas is an important component of the European energy mix and the impact of North Sea developments will assure substantial supplies for the future.

In European countries, indexing gas prices has meant that in periods of declining oil prices gas has been uncompetitive and short-term prospects have been constrained. In the long term the Troll / Sleipner development will transform the European gas supply and encourage more extensive use both residentially and industrially. Some antinuclear sentiment and endeavours to deal with the acid rain problem could encourage gas use in the long term.

European gas sales would be helped by a more flexible marketing system and a de-indexed pricing mechanism.
Board of Directors and Opportunistic Earnings Management: Evidence from India
Authors: Sarkar Jayati , Sarkar Subrata , Sen Kaustav
Published: January 2017

Using a sample of 500 large companies over a two-year period, we examine the impact of board characteristics on opportunistic earnings management in India, a large emerging economy. In addition to board independence, we analyze how characteristics that proxy for the “quality” of inside and outside directors affect the role of boards in curbing earnings management. Our results indicate that it is not board independence per se, but rather board quality that is important for earnings management. We find that diligent boards are associated with lower earnings management, while boards that have directors with multiple appointments exhibit higher earnings management. With respect to inside directors, our results indicate that chief executive officer (CEO) duality and presence of controlling shareholders on the board increases earnings management. We also find that domestic institutional owners, one of our key control variables, act as a compensating control mechanism to mitigate the detrimental influence of controlling shareholders on earnings management. Our results complement the existing literature by analyzing the role of the board in reducing earnings management in emerging economies such as India, where the structures of business organizations are different from those in developed markets.
Stationarity Tests of the Market Model for Security Returns
Authors: Barone-Adesi Giovanni , Talwar Prem P.
Published: January 2017

This paper shows by simulation that the cusum-of-squares test rejects stationarity of security returns too often when residual returns are nonnormal and/or heteroscedastic. An alternative test, suggested by Farley, Hinich, and McGuire [12], appears to be more powerful and robust than the cusum-of-squares test. The Farley-Hinich test finds only a small number of securities for which the slope or the intercept of the market model are nonstationary, suggesting that the cusum-of-squares test results may reflect the departures of residual returns from the ideal test assumptions.
The Information Content of Commercial Paper Rating Downgrades: Further Evidence
Authors: Chandra Uday , Nayar Nandkumar
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we study the association between commercial paper rating downgrades and expectations of the level and variability of future earnings. Our examination shows that such rating downgrades are associated with a significant reduction in analyst forecasts of near-term earnings. We document a tendency by financial analysts at the Value Line Investment Survey to progressively revise their estimates of quarterly earnings downward on average and implement two methods to control for the resulting bias. The reduction in earnings estimates is robust to these controls. In addition, we observe an increase in systematic risk for a subset of firms for which the downgrade implies exit from the commercial paper market. Analysis of stock price changes around the downgrade announcement dates shows that although the information on lower future earnings reflected in mild rating downgrades merely confirms market beliefs, the information on lower level and/or higher variability of future earnings associated with severe downgrades constitutes new information unavailable to the market prior to the rating change announcement.
Fair Value Disclosures for Investment Securities and Bank Equity: Evidence from SFAS No. 115
Authors: Park Myung S. , Park Taewoo , Ro Byung T.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines whether the intent-based fair value disclosures by security type under SFAS No. 115 explain the value of bank equity. Focusing on available-for-sale (AFS) and held-to-maturity (HTM) securities, we find both AFS and HTM value differences (fair less book values) explain the value of bank equity. The AFS value differences also explain raw stock returns and abnormal returns, while the HTM value differences explain only the raw returns. The AFS value differences have greater explanatory power than those of the HTM. The explanatory power of the securities' value differences increases when they are considered as separate (AFS and HTM) variables rather than in aggregation. Also, the AFS value differences explain one-year-ahead bank earnings, while the HTM value differences do not. These results remain robust across the different model specifications examined. Overall, they are consistent with our hypotheses and with the view of SFAS No. 115 on the relevance and usefulness of the fair value disclosures to investors.
Systematic Development of Special Educators as Facilitators of Mainstreaming
Authors: Peryon Charleen Dolphin
Published: January 2017

A discussion is presented of the knowledge and skills helpful to special educators in their role as consulting teachers in mainstreaming. A parallel is drawn between adult development phases and career development Various models of consultation are described.
Use of Systematic Prompting and Prompt Withdrawal to Establish and Maintain Switch Activation in a Severely Handicapped Student
Authors: Meehan Donna M. , Mineo Beth A. , Lyon Steven R.
Published: January 2017

A study was conducted to train a five-year-old, severely handicapped boy to activate an adapted battery-operated and electronically controlled toy. To activate the toy the student was required to manually depress a Zygo tread switch which, while depressed, maintained activation of the toy. During the baseline condition the student was provided only with a verbal prompt (and the occurrence of switch activation was recorded). During three subsequent intervention phases verbal prompting only, and verbal and physical prompting conditions were alternated between daily morning and afternoon sessions. Training involved the use of verbal and three different types of physical prompts. Prompts were systematically withdrawn in two consecutive phases after the student's switch activation increased sharply. In the final condition a return to baseline (verbal prompts only) was instituted. The study yielded several interesting findings: (a) the physical prompting procedure was effective in rapidly establishing the response; (b) the response was later also performed when the student was given only a verbal prompt; (c) gradual withdrawal of physical prompting did not result in a concomitant decrease in the behavior, and (d) the behavior maintained during the final condition in which only verbal prompts were provided. The study indicates that systematic prompting, prompt fading, and the use of electronically mediated devices can be effective in establishing purposeful communicative and leisure behaviors in low functioning severely handicapped students. Implications are discussed for the widespread applicability of this technology.
Acquisition of Basic Concepts by Mentally Retarded and Nonretarded Children through Video-Presented, Stimulus Conversion Procedures
Authors: Weinheimer Bruce , Weisberg Paul
Published: January 2017

Using two different procedures, two concepts, parallel and diameter, were taught to mentally retarded (EMR) and nonretarded (NMR) third graders. Through the use of computer-programmed television displays, stimuli were continuously converted (CC) either into concept examples (S+) or concept nonexamples (S-) that demonstrated the range of S+ and S-. In another procedure using the same training stimuli, examples were not continuously converted (NC); each stimulus (S+ or S-) was withdrawn from view and replaced, after a brief delay, by another one The EMR students learned parallel faster under CC than NC presentation procedures, though there were no differences in acquisition for the NMR students. Concept acquisition for parallel was faster for both the EMR and the NMR students under CC compared to NC procedures. Generalization of training effects to novel examples of parallel was better after CC training.
Tools for the Task? Perspectives on Assistive Technology in Educational Settings
Authors: Todis Bonnie
Published: January 2017

This article describes the results of a two-year qualitative study of 13 students who use a variety of assistive devices in school. Field researchers observed students weekly over a one-year period and interviewed professionals, family members, and peers who were involved with these students in school and home settings. Key excerpts of the case studies prepared for each student are presented to highlight common themes and recurring issues that emerged across the diverse sample of students who participated in this research. The complexities associated with the introduction of assistive devices into the lives of children with disabilities and their families are revealed in the observational notes and comments of key participants. The results of this research may help educators and parents understand why technology sometimes fails to produce hoped-for outcomes. They also suggest improvements to school practices that may maximize the benefits of assistive technology for students with disabilities.
Saccular aneurysm of external jugular vein with partial thrombosis
Authors: Parashi Hrishikesh Sukhadeo , Rawekar Kunal Hemant , Joshi Manoj Murlidhar , Namdev Hemant Shivram , Jadhao Manish Ramdhan , Bhosle Krishnarao Narayan
Published: January 2017

Venous aneurysms are uncommon clinical entities. Venous aneurysms involving the head and neck region are distinctly uncommon, and a saccular aneurysm of the external jugular vein with thrombus is extremely rare. We present a case of saccular aneurysm of the external jugular vein with partial thrombosis in a 30-year-old woman, which was diagnosed on duplex ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and treated by surgical excision.
Costal chondrosarcoma requiring differential diagnosis from metastatic tumor
Authors: Matsuoka Katsunari , Ueda Mitsuhiro , Miyamoto Yoshihiro
Published: January 2017

Although chondrosarcoma is a common malignant bone tumor, cases arising in the rib are relatively rare. We experienced a case of chondrosarcoma arising in the right 10th rib during follow-up after lung cancer surgery. Although the finding of an osteolytic mass suggested a metastatic bone tumor, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography demonstrated low fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, and a primary bone tumor was suspected. The bone tumor was resected and diagnosed as chondrosarcoma. Four years after resection, there has been no recurrence or metastasis. Positron-emission tomography was useful for differential diagnosis between a chondrosarcoma and a metastatic bone tumor.
Why Should 5,000 Children Die in India Every Day? Major Causes of Death and Managerial Challenges
Authors: Ramani K V , Mavalankar Dileep , Joshi Sanjay , Malek Imran , Puvar Tapasvi , Kumar Harish
Published: January 2017

Globally, more than 10 million children, under five years of age, almost all in poor countries, die every year (20 children per minute), mostly from preventable causes. The major causes of child death include neonatal disorders (death within 28 days of birth), diarrhoea, pneumonia, and measles with malnutrition being a major contributing factor for childhood illnesses.

India alone accounts for almost 5,000 deaths of under-five years children (U5) every day. In 1975, the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) was launched in the country to provide integrated health and nutrition services focusing upon the holistic development of children at the village level. Yet by 2005, 50 per cent of the children in India were still malnourished.

India's neonatal mortality, which accounts for almost 50 per cent of the U5 deaths, is one of the highest in the world. India launched the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in 1985. Yet full immunization in India had reached only 43.5 per cent by 2005-06, as per the NFHS 31.

This paper, besides discussing the status of mortality of children and the situation of child health services, examines the managerial challenges of the child health programmes in India. There is a need for improving the management capacity amongst health service providers, specifically the planning and implementation of child health programmes such as immunization, control of diarrhoea, and pneumonia.

The analysis of the trends of the past decline shows that during 1990-2008, India achieved a decrease in infant mortality rate (IMR) at a very low annual average rate of 1.9 per cent. To achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4, between 2009— 2015, the rate of reduction of IMR needs to be increased to a very high level — at 6.74 per cent every year. This means that the government and the private sector need to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the child health programmes substantially. Incremental improvement over “business-as-usual” will not help in achieving MDG 4. Effective and efficient management of child health programmes would require focused political and administrative attention and managerial capacity.
Annoyance Loudness and Unacceptability of Higher Level Low Frequency Noise
Authors: Broner N. , Leventhall H. G.
Published: January 2017

Over the last few years, it has become apparent that annoyance due to low frequency noise is more wide spread than initially believed. As part of an investigation into this type of annoyance, 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females) carried out a psychophysical magnitude estimation task and rated the annoyance and loudness of higher-level low frequency noise stimuli. Overall, no significant difference between the annoyance and loudness attributes was found, but some sex differences did occur. Males had a significantly different rate of annoyance growth when compared to females and the loudness response by males was significantly higher than for females. Unacceptability was also rated, and as expected, magnitude of annoyance, ψ, was related to the B-weighted sound pressure, Pb, by the simple power law ψ = Kpb0.616 (90 < OASPL (dB) < 105, 20 < FREQUENCY (Hz) < 90) where K is a constant.
Vibration Transmission in the Hip
Authors: Liebaert P. , Quandieu P. , Pellieux L. , Leclercq S. , Piedecocq B.
Published: January 2017

A mathematical study of vibration propagation in the hip has been carried out. The object of the investigation was to demonstrate that the articulation behaves like a mechanical filter (i.e. linear and stationary) when submitted to vibrations. The study was performed on baboons with a total hip prosthesis on one side, the other being left untouched as means of comparison, both hips of the animals being also fitted with miniature accelerometers. The data collected during the experiments were treated with statistical tests (most of the time non parametric).

First results show that both articulations of the animals behave like expected, thus making lawful the use of spectral analysis for further experiments.
Active Attenuation of Low Frequency Noise Radiated from Tunnel Exit of High Speed Train
Authors: Liang Min , Kitamura Toshiya , Matsubayashi Katsushi , Kosaka Toshifumi , Maeda Tatsuo , Kudo Nobuyuki , Yamada Shinji
Published: January 2017

A pressure wave occurs at the instant when a high speed train enters into a long tunnel. The wave propagates downstream to the tunnel exit and low frequency noise is radiated from the exit to outer space. The low frequency noise causes a lot of problems1 to the residents living near the exit and has a close relation with the pressure gradient of the pressure wave. To attenuate the low frequency noise, an active cancellation system rather than a passive one is developed. This research uses a model tunnel to examine the characteristic of the pressure wave and investigates the possibility to reduce the low frequency noise by reducing the pressure wave gradient with active cancellation.
Wind Noise and Motorcycle Crash Helmets
Authors: Mccombe A.W. , Binnington J.A. , Nash D.
Published: January 2017

An investigation was undertaken into the source and levels of wind noise in motorcycle helmets, and their sound attenuation characteristics. All noise measurements increased in a linear fashion when plotted against log10 speed. Low frequency wind noise displayed a greater rate of increase than vehicle noise and surpassed it and the recommended 8 hour occupational maximum of 90dB(A) at approximately 17m/s (40mph/68kph) to reach levels of 111dB(A) at 44m/s (100mph/170kph). There were no statistical differences in the sound levels for different motorcycles, riding position or helmet fit. There were small but significant differences between helmet types. A wind tunnel analysis indicates a turbulent boundary layer as the sound source.

As currently designed, a typical motorcycle crash helmet provides no useful sound attenuation below 2000 Hertz and thus little protection against the damaging effects of wind noise. It is suggested that improvements in helmet attenuation characteristics would go some way to addressing this problem.
Sound Pressure Gradients Across the Head of Fetal Sheep in Utero During Vibroacoustic Stimulation
Authors: Peters Aemil J.M. , Abrams Robert M. , Gerhardt Kenneth J. , Griffiths Scott K.
Published: January 2017

This study was undertaken to determine if sound pressures reaching the right and left ears of the sheep fetus are equal during vibroacoustic stimulation using an electronic artificial larynx (EAL). Three ewes (one carrying twins) were sacrificed as part of other experiments. Two miniature hydrophones were fixed to skin in the left and right temporal areas of the exteriorized fetal heads. The fetal head was replaced in the uterus and aligned such that the two hydrophones were in line with the axis of stimulation and at right angles to the abdominal surface. Intrauterine sound pressure levels (SPL) from both hydrophones were compared during extraabdominal stimulation with an electronic artificial larynx. SPL at the proximal hydrophone ranged from 138-145 dB (re: 20 μPa), and were on average 17 dB greater than SPL from the distal hydrophone. One-third octave band analyses of the two hydrophone outputs revealed marked differences in frequency content. For example, differences in SPL were 19 dB at 100 Hz. 25 dB at 2,000 Hz, 34 dB at 5,000 Hz and 15 dB at 20,000 Hz. During vibroacoustic stimulation using an EAL, a significant differential in sound pressure level and frequency content reaching the right and left fetal ears may occur.
Impulse Testing of Brickwork Sewers
Authors: Sibbald A. , Beng C. A. Fairfield , Beng M. C. Forde
Published: January 2017

This paper describes a study into the application of dynamic testing to the assessment of egg shaped brickwork sewer rings. An investigation procedure using impulsive force hammer excitation with various time and frequency domain analysis techniques is proposed for the location of structural discontinuities in such sewers. The experimental results from a full scale model sewer, and a full scale, in-situ field test on a similar sewer are presented. The chosen non-destructive test method proved to be a convenient tool for the integrity assessment of brickwork sewers.
Low-Frequency Ground Vibrations from Underground Trains
Authors: Krylov V.V.
Published: January 2017

In the present work, the ground vibrations generated by underground trains are investigated theoretically in the low-frequency approximation, i.e. for characteristic wave-lengths of generated bulk acoustic waves in the ground being essentially larger than the diameter of the tunnel. The Green's function formalism is applied to calculate contributions of all sleepers of the track located inside the tunnel and subjected to the action of a quasi-static pressure from all wheel axles. Parameters of a train, track and a tunnel as well as mechanical properties of soil (including contact nonlinearity of the track-soil system) are being taken into account. The corresponding numerical calculations show that for most of the practical values of a tunnel depth, the main contribution to the vertical component of the surface ground vibration velocity is due to the radiated shear bulk waves rather than to the longitudinal ones. Comparison of the ground vibration spectra generated by typical underground trains with the spectra of the above-ground trains shows that the shapes of these spectra are similar. This implies that one can use for underground trains the same methods of suppressing ground vibrations at speed-dependent frequencies that can be used for above-ground trains, e.g., by choosing special relations between the track and train parameters.
Spine Disorders of Earth-Moving Machine Operators – Risk Assessment by Means of Simulated Spine Forces
Authors: Fritz Martin
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Epidemiological studies reveal that long-lasting exposure to whole-body vibrations, especially the vibrations of earth-moving machinery, can induce degenerative changes in the lumbar spine. The purpose of this study was to assess the mechanical overexertion risk on the basis of predicted spine forces. Methods: The forces were simulated by means of a biomechanical model, where 16 rigid bodies represent the trunk (5 bodies), the neck (4), the head (1), and the two arms (6) and one additional body imitates the vibrating seat. The seat accelerations were computed on the basis of the power spectral density given in ISO 7096. Results: The simulations resulted in peak values of the compressive spinal force reaching from minimal −161 N to maximal −1020 N under vibration stress whereas the force was −530 N during still erect sitting. Further a measure for the risk of mechanical overexertion was computed by means of the spine forces, the recommended compressive strength and the endurance strength of the lumbar spine. The age-related compressive strength values were taken from the literature. The endurance strength was set to 20 % of this strength. Conclusions: Regarding this measure it could be shown that the overexertion risk increases with the age of the operators exposed to vibrations similar to those of tractor-scrapers, wheel-tractors, or -loaders. Suggestions are provided concerning the attenuation of vibration stress by the seats.
Influence of Dense Grafting on the Textural Properties of Silicas
Authors: Sahraoui Z. , Rocca J.L. , Astier M.P. , Perrichon V.
Published: January 2017

The textural properties of densely covered alkyl-bonded silicas have been determined and compared with the properties of the corresponding bare silicas. Whereas no significant changes in granulometry were noted, mercury intrusion curves and nitrogen sorption isotherms show that the modifications induced in the pore volumes, as well as in the mean pore radii, are consistent with grafting of a monolayer of hydrocarbon chain.
Static and Kinetic Studies of the Adsorption/Desorption of H+ and OH− Ions on Alumina in Aqueous NaNO3 Solution
Authors: Taiwei Chu , Jinzhou Du , Zuyi Tao
Published: January 2017

The adsorption/desorption of H+ and OH− ions under static conditions on to alumina in aqueous NaNO3 solution was studied at 30°C by potentiometric titration and calculations undertaken using the triple layer model (TLM). Intrinsic dissociation constants and intrinsic complexation constants at 30°C were used to calculate surface charge density, surface potential and surface species as a function of pH and ionic strength (I). Related adsorption/desorption studies of H+ and OH− ions under dynamic conditions on to alumina in aqueous NaNO3 solution were studied by means of the concentration-jump technique. Mechanistic information regarding H+ and OH− ion adsorption/desorption on to alumina was discussed using the experimental data in conjunction with the TLM.
Studies on the Sorption of Metal Ions from Aqueous Media: Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Sorption Kinetics
Authors: Oludipe J.O.
Published: January 2017

The process of anchoring homogeneous catalytic species (metal ions) on to a polymeric resin support has been investigated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as a promoter. The study established that the rate of metal ion sorption from aqueous media is significantly enhanced by the presence of hydrogen peroxide. A mechanism was proposed for the interaction between hydrogen peroxide and tungstic ions in solution, and a mathematical expression based on this mechanism developed, tested and found to be consistent with experimental observations. The sorption isotherm constructed on the basis of the experimental data was also found to be in agreement with the general understanding of the equilibrium nature of the sorption process.
The Separate Removal of Trace 14CO2 and Moist NOx from Off-Gases by Adsorption on H-Type Mordenite
Authors: Wang Z.-M. , Arai T. , Kumagai M.
Published: January 2017

Three kinds of mordenite were examined for the adsorptive separation and removal of trace amounts of 14CO2 and moist NOx contained in the off-gases of reprocessing plants for spent nuclear fuels. It was found that protonation of mordenite eliminated any possible removal of CO2 by specific adsorption but induced the dissociative adsorption of NO2 with the formation of nitric acid-like adsorbed species and NO oxidation. FT-IR spectroscopic results confirmed that the Brönsted acid sites existing on H-type mordenites exhibit no interaction with CO2 molecules but can catalyze the dissociative adsorption of NO2. Such properties, together with the lower adsorption temperature and the thermal stability of the adsorbent, suggest a promising process involving H-type mordenites whereby NOx can be selectively captured and returned to the dissolving solution while trace amounts of 14CO2-containing carbon oxides pass through the system allowing their subsequent complete removal by entrapment in a solid matrix.
Colour Removal from Dye Wastewater Using Sugar Cane Dust as an Adsorbent
Authors: Khattri S.D. , Singh M.K.
Published: January 2017

Decolouration of dilute solutions of basic dye stuff was carried out using sugar cane dust as an adsorbent. It was found that low adsorbate concentration, small particle size of the adsorbent, a temperature of 25°C and a pH value of 7.5 for the medium all favour the removal of dye from aqueous solutions. The percentage of dye adsorbed by sugar cane dust decreased from 96.48% to 83.32% and from 90.78% to 78.02% for Malachite Green and Methylene Blue, respectively, when the concentration of the dye was increased from 6 mg/l to 12 mg/l. Similarly, the adsorption of Crystal Violet and of Rhodamine B also decreased with increasing dye concentration in the solutions. The amount of dye (Malachite Green and Rhodamine B) adsorbed decreased from 3.04 mg/g to 2.57 mg/g and from 2.53 mg/g to 2.17 mg/g when the temperature of the solution was increased from 25°C to 45°C, indicating that the process was exothermic. The values of the adsorption capacity (Q0) of Malachite Green and Rhodamine B on the adsorbent varied from 4.87 to 4.08 and from 4.26 to 3.82, respectively, as the temperature increased from 25°C to 45°C. The equilibrium data obey the requirements of the Langmuir adsorption model, demonstrating the formation of a monolayer of dye molecules on the outer surface of the adsorbent. The variation in the extent of removal with pH has been explained on the basis of surface ionisation and complexation. Various thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) have also been determined in order to explain the results.
Child’s play or risky business? The development of teasing functions and relational implications in school-aged children
Authors: Mills Carol Bishop
Published: January 2017

Teasing is both a playful act that can be used to convey closeness among friends and a hurtful act that can create distance among enemies. This study explores the nature of this complicated communicative act and how it changes with age, as evidenced in children’s talk through in-depth interviews with participants in 3rd, 6th, and 10th grade. In fact, children and teens deftly use the term “teasing” to mean different things. Teasing for third graders is a negative activity used only among disliked peers. It can be used to harm and hurt feelings. In fact, any positive banter between children is referred to as “just teasing,” which is different from teasing. Although negative teasing persists throughout childhood, by sixth grade, children have learned to use teasing with friends by relying on relational cues to interpret the ambiguous act and begin to see teasing as a functional activity. By 10th grade, teens continued social and cognitive development correspond with their use of teasing to build relationships, broach difficult topics, and manage embarrassing situations. Recommendations are made for better understanding how adults, teachers, and researchers might better approach teasing developmentally, as well as why we should consider further work to help understand its relationship to bullying and harassment, while retaining the prosocial aspects of teasing.
The communicative process of resilience for marginalized family members
Authors: Dorrance Hall Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

This study aims to understand how people living at the edge of their familial group as marginalized members (i.e., “black sheep”) enact resilience. Inductive analysis of interviews with 30 marginalized family members uncovered five resilience strategies marginalized family members engage in to come to terms with their position in the family, repair family relationships, and/or create a new sense of normalcy: (a) seeking support from communication networks, (b) creating and negotiating boundaries, (c) (re)building while recognizing negative experiences, (d) downplaying the lived experience of marginalization, and (e) living authentically despite disapproval. This research extends the resilience framework by exploring situated resilience strategies engaged in by marginalized family members. Practical implications for marginalized family members, their families, and family counselors are discussed along with avenues for future research examining the marginalization of diverse employees.
Suspended Structures of Revolution with Lightweight Skin
Authors: Fiřt V. , Myšková I.
Published: January 2017

The formfinding and the geometric characteristics of suspended structures of revolution with a lightweight skin made, for example, of fabrics or rope nets to which components of glass fibre reinforced plastics, aluminium alloy or plastics foils are fastened, are considered. Parametric equations for the meridians of surfaces of revolution with negative Gauss curvature are derived and a combined numerical and graphical method is suggested. The method of calculation of meridian lengths, areas and volumes of new shapes of suspended structures with a lightweight skin is presented.
Some Aspects of Reliability and Safety of Space Frames
Authors: Suto F. , Wada A. , Sugihara K.
Published: January 2017

This article discusses the structural reliability and safety of steel space frames. Since steel space frames are composed of a large number of members of comparatively small size and are covering large areas without any internal supporting columns, the influence of some imperfect boundary conditions as well as differences introduced through lack of fit during the erection process may lead to occasional local overstressing in some members. This overstressing in compressive members may exceed their critical buckling capacity leading to collapse and redistribution of the stresses in the remaining structure. If the members cannot resist the increased stresses then the local collapse may spread to adjacent members and eventually cause overall collapse. The authors wish to put forward some recommendations for prevention of this dangerous phenomenon.
Internal Forces and Cracks in Medium Length Shells
Authors: Tärno Ülo A.
Published: January 2017

The paper deals with the results of theoretical and experimental studies of cylindrical and quasicylindrical shells with various types of cracks and line hinges. For the analysis of inner forces of a quasicylindrical shell the modified method of approximation of shear flow has been used taking into account the direction change of the membrane longitudinal forces. The method tries to take into account, as much as possible, the peculiarities of reinforced concrete. The paper deals with the main types of cracks in quasicylindrical and cylindrical shells with various geometrical and loading conditions.
Determination of Parameters of Crystal Latticed Surfaces Composed of Hexagonal Plane Facets
Authors: Pavlov G.N.
Published: January 2017

This paper offers a generalized view about the networks of system “B”, which allows the construction of geodesic domes from hexagonal plane panels. The principle behind the method of subdivision, the general scheme of parameter notation, the table of classification of types of breakdown, and example computer drawings are given. It was found that up to the fourth variant of subdivision all plane faces were symmetrical, but that further subdivisions lead to the appearance of plane units of asymmetrical form. Examples are presented to illustrate the use of “B” type breakdowns in practical architectural projects.
A Unified Approach to Class I, II & III Geodesic Domes
Authors: Kitrick Christopher J.
Published: January 2017

This paper outlines a unified approach for generating all three classes of geodesic domes. The approach, which allows one method to generate configurations for all three classes, is presented in detail along with ten specific methods from which numerous actual configurations can be generated. The new approach is especially useful in generating the more difficult class III domes. Also a number of graphs are included to illustrate each of the given ten methods relationship of frequency to the number of different edges, and faces, which are important design criteria. Lastly, a number of older, independently developed methods, which are encompassed by the new approach, are cross-referenced.
Artistic Tessellation Patterns on the Spherical Surface
Authors: Wenninger Magnus J.
Published: January 2017

After a brief introduction which mentions some reference to tessellations or tilings of the plane, the author of this article presents his technique for making models of a spherical surface. These models show various artistic patterns which can be created by using a specific type of skew network derived from the investigations of T. Tarnai.
Geodesic Hyperdomes and Sphere Packings
Authors: Mosseri Remy , Sadoc J.F.
Published: January 2017

The connection between circle packings and geodesic domes is well known. Here we would like to introduce some geodesic hyperdomes (which are dense packings on the 3-sphere S3) which are derived as decorations of regular polytopes. The initial purpose was to generate theoretical models for amorphous metals by mapping these structures from S3 to the Euclidean space R3. These structures have also been used in the field of icosahedral quasicrystals and also to describe finite clusters with non-crystalline symmetry.
The System Truss as a Building System
Authors: Iwata Mamoru , Shirai Takashi , Kawai Hiroki
Published: January 2017

A space structure means a structure, such as a space truss, suspended structure, or air supported structure. The space truss is a suitable system for industrial use or constructing systematized structure because it can be divided into simple components.

Modern technology has made dramatic progress in the past decade, but the advanced technologies have not yet had a strong impact on architecture. The aim of this paper is to prove that the space truss can be both systematized and industrialized through the use of such advanced technologies as C.I.M. (Computer Integrated Manufacturing), and that the system truss (systematized space truss) will be able to provide infinite possibilities for, architects to create space structures.
Tensegrity Systems: The State of the Art
Authors: Motro R
Published: January 2017

Tensegrity systems are space structures of a special nature and their industrial use has not yet been fully developed. The article describes the state of the art. The systems examined are geometrically and mechanically complex. Solutions have been found for some of the problems and others require development. A large set of references identifies the main contributions of researchers encouraging the designing of tensegrity systems open up new prospects for construction and application.