bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
β-Galactosidase Activity of ‘McIntosh’ Apples in Storage1
Authors: Bérard L. S. , Lougheed E. C. , Murr D. P.
Published: October 2022

Wall-bound β-galactosidase activity within the cortical flesh of ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Bork.) increased in storage, but was independent of fruit ripening. There was less activity in fruits held in low pressure storage than in those held in controlled atmosphere or in refrigerated storage, and less activity in fruits held at 0.5 than at 3.5°C. Fruit field-treated with butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) had more β-galactosidase activity than control fruits at harvest, and maintained higher β-galactosidase activity in storage, but did not soften more rapidly than control fruits. Storage treatments that led to rapid softening coincided with the highest enzyme activity that developed in storage, but low enzyme activity was not consistently related to low softening rates.
Cumulative Effects of Ethephon as a Fruit Thinner on French Prune (Prunus domestica L.)1
Authors: Sibbett G. S. , Martin George C.
Published: October 2022

Foliar spraying the same French prune trees with 50, 100, or 150 ppm (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) in 3 continuous years thinned fruit and improved fruit size without deleterious phytotoxic effects on tree performance.
Effect of Irrigation Regimes and Supplemental Nitrogen on Alfalfa Greening, Cork Spot, and Fruit Quality of ‘d’Anjou’ Pears1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas , Brun Charles A. , Seeley Earl J.
Published: October 2022

Three levels of irrigation, dry, normal, and wet regimes, with and without 0.9 kg of supplemental nitrogen were applied during late spring to bearing pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. ‘Beurre ‘d’Anjou’ trees commencing in 1979. In each of the 3 years tested, the percentage of trees affected with alfalfa greening and cork spot was greatest for the high level of irrigation. In 1979, alfalfa greening was associated with the high levels of leaf nitrogen and with the trees receiving supplemental nitrogen in the wet block. Fruits harvested from the wet block in 1979 were larger and firmer than fruit from the dry block, but the latter were higher in soluble solids.
Zinc Concentration in Pecan Leaflets Associated with Zinc Deficiency Symptoms1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Payne Jerry A.
Published: October 2022

The reliability of a proposed satisfactory range of 50-100 ppm Zn in the leaflet for pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] was tested. The range was compared to: a) the average Zn concentration in the leaflets of groups of trees where a variable percentage of trees had Zn deficiency symptoms and b) to the average Zn concentration in the leaflets of trees grouped according to severity of Zn deficiency. In both situations, Zn deficiency symptoms occurred only when Zn concentration in the leaflets was less than 40 ppm.
Influence of Topsoil and Subsoil Acidity Environments on Root Growth of ‘Curtis’ and ‘Stuart’ Pecan Seedlings in a Simulated Soil Profile1
Authors: White A. W.
Published: October 2022

Open-pollinated seedlings of ‘Stuart’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] had larger taproots, greater stem weights, and produced higher yields of coarse lateral roots (>0.5 mm) than ‘Curtis’ open-pollinated seedlings when grown in a simulated Norfolk soil profile. However, rate of taproot growth and production of small feeder roots (<0.5 mm and <0.25 mm) in the subsoil was greater for the ‘Curtis’ than for the ‘Stuart’ seedlings. Taproot and feeder root growth of both cultivars increased markedly with increases in subsoil pH. Rate of taproot growth and production of small feeder roots were limited by the acid subsoils despite adequate liming of the surface soil. Direct place ment of lime in the subsoil was required to achieve maximum root growth.
Temperature Effects on Uptake and Effectiveness of Glyoxal Dioxime in ‘Hamlin’ Oranges1
Authors: Evensen Kathleen B. , Bausher Michael G. , Biggs R. Hilton
Published: October 2022

Temperature effects on glyoxal dioxime (Pik-Off) stimulation of ethylene production and fruit loosening and on uptake of 14C-glyoxal dioxime were investigated using ‘Hamlin’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] harvested with petioles attached. Oranges treated with 250 ppm glyoxal dioxime produced significantly more ethylene than untreated fruit at 20, 25, and 30°C but not at 10 or 15°. Fruit loosening was correlated with internal ethylene concentration, producing a significant loosening effect for glyoxal dioxime at 20, 25, and 30°. Lack of effectiveness of glyoxal dioxime for inducing fruit loosening at low temperatures (10 and 15°) cannot be explained by a reduced rate of uptake but may result from impairment of ethylene biogenesis by fruit tissue.
Postharvest Respiration, Ethylene Production, and Compositional Changes of Chinese Jujube Fruits1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Li Yu , Chordas Alexander
Published: October 2022

Production rates of CO2 and C2H4 by fruits of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Lam.), picked at the whitish-green stage and held at 20°C for 15 days, followed a nonclimacteric pattern. Skin color changed from whitish-green to reddish-brown with fruit maturation. Relative to most other fresh fruits, Chinese jujubes are lower in water content and titratable acidity, and higher in total sugars (mostly reducing sugars) and phenolics. Chinese jujubes are very rich in ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) content which increased with maturation to 559 mg/100 g fresh weight. Fruits held at 0° for 26 days exhibited sheet pitting due to chilling injury.
‘Bandera’ Rocky Mountain Penstemon1
Authors: Hooks R. F. , Oaks W. R.
Published: October 2022

Rocky Mountain penstemon, Penstemon strictus Benth, has a natural range of adaptation that extends from southern Wyoming to central New Mexico, and includes northeastern Arizona and Utah. It is common in western Colorado in association with sagebrush or timber on gravelly or sandy loam soils at an elevation of 1,828 to 3,350 m.
‘Garden Sunshine’ Bell Pepper1
Authors: Millett A. H. , Jones R. A.
Published: October 2022

‘Garden Sunshine’ is an attractive, tobacco mosaic virus-resistant, bell type (sweet) pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with lemon-yellow immature fruit which ripen to a bright red color. It is adapted to California growing conditions, and was developed as a unique home garden type. ‘Garden Sunshine’ fruits have improved flavor and canning attributes.
‘Cinco’ Muskmelon1
Authors: Thomas Claude E. , Webb Raymon E.
Published: October 2022

‘Cinco’ is a multidisease resistant muskmelon (cantaloupe), Cucumis melo L., with excellent keeping qualities, good appearance, and delicate sweet taste. It is highly resistant to watermelon mosaic virus 1 (WMV-1); downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curt.) Rostow.; races 1 & 2 of powdery mildew Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlect. ex Fr.) Poll.; and Alternaria leaf-blight Alternaria cucumerina (Ellis & Everh.) Elliot. It was developed in south Texas where these fungus diseases occur regularly in epiphytotic proportions. The fruit keeps well for long-distance shipping. The size is that preferred by local market and home garden growers.
‘Spalding’ Pear1
Authors: Daniell J. W. , Lane R. P. , Chandler W. A. , Krewer Gerard
Published: October 2022

‘Spalding’ pear (Pyrus sp. Nak) has been released to provide a good quality pear cultivar for home planting in the Piedmont area of the southeast where fire blight is a major problem.
What is Horticulture and Who Are Horticulturists? Presidential Address.1
Authors: Barham Warren S.
Published: October 2022

Warren S. Barham was born Feb. 15, 1919, in Prescott, Ark. He married Margaret Alice Kyle in 1940. They have 4 children (Barbara, Juanita, Margaret, and Robert and 9 grandchildren.
Combating Increasing Energy Prices in U.K. Greenhouse Horticulture
Authors: Winspear K. W.
Published: October 2022

Any discussion of energy in agriculture cannot ignore the greenhouse sector because it is so energy-intensive; certainly this is true in the northern latitudes. Agriculture uses only 2% of all British oil consumption in providing over 50% of our food, but the protected crops producer consumes about one-quarter of all this oil in heating his greenhouses. Over 90% of the greenhouses in England and Wales are heated by oil, and heating can be 40% of all the costs of growing an early tomato crop. So it is understandable that greenhouse growers, more than most other users of fuel, are worried about costs and availability of heating fuels. This has always been so. Could you put a date on this news item? …. “a farmers’ delegation is to tell the Government Minister of the crisis within the glasshouse industry following colossal fuel cost increases”. This was published over 10 years ago (“The Grower” May 15, 1971), well before the the events of 1973 which resulted in the much greater price increases all through the 1970s. In 1971, heavy oil cost ⅓ pence/liter (2½ cents/U.S. gallon, assuming £1 = $2) and I was able to show a good cost/benefit ratio for a proposed research project into greenhouse fuel saving. This work led to the greenhouse thermal screen. Now, 10 years later, the cost of oil is more than 30 times greater. Thermal screens also cost much more, workers are paid higher wages, and greenhouse tomatoes, cucumbers, and flowers fetch higher prices. The problem is that the rate of change of each of these elements has not been similar.
A Comparison of Seeding Mixes for Bedding Plant Production1
Authors: Klingaman Gerald L. , Jaster Shirley Wolf
Published: October 2022

Ten species of bedding plants were seeded into either a sphagnum peatmoss or pine bark-based germination medium. Marigolds and peppers had higher germination percentages and petunia, scarlet sage, verbena, marigold, impatiens, coleus, tomato, and pepper were heavier at time of transplanting when germinated in the sphagnum peat-based medium. Plant weight was markedly decreased at the time of sale by early checks in seedling growth resulting from seed germination in the bark-based medium.
Self-incompatibility Alleles in Broccoli1
Authors: Stern Georgia Ann Voss , Ockendon D. J. , Gabrielson R. L. , Maguire J. D.
Published: October 2022

Seven self-incompatibility (S) alleles (S2, S13, S15, S18, S24, S39, and S51) were identified in various hybrids and breeding lines of broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. (Botrytis group)]. The international S. allele collection of Brassica oleracea at the National Vegetable Research Station was used to assure standardized identification.
A Simplified Procedure for Making Cleft Grafts and the Evaluation of Grafting Effects on Common Bean1
Authors: Izquierdo Juan A. , Hosfield G. L.
Published: October 2022

Seedlings of bean, (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), were separated into scions and rootstocks using a V-shaped razor blade secured in a cutting block and mounted on a pair of electrician's pliers. Precise cuts could be made rapidly and easily, and the use of a hair clip eliminated the need for wrapping and unwrapping the graft. Grafted plants were transplanted in the greenhouse and to the field with a high degree of success. Components of seed yield, plant weight, and harvest index (ratio of seed weight to dry weight of aerial portion of plant) were affected by grafting on either the same strain or other strains used as rootstocks.
Genetic Divergence among Commercial Classes of Phaseolus vulgaris in Relation to Phaseolin Pattern1
Authors: Brown John W. S. , McFerson James R. , Bliss Fredrick A. , Hall Timothy C.
Published: October 2022

Screening of 107 bean cultivars and plant introductions (PI) by 2-dimensional electrophoresis revealed only 3 different phaseolin patterns: Tendergreen (T), Sanilac (S), and Contender (C). The majority of the lines had either the ‘T’ (25%) or ‘S’ (69%) phaseolin patterns, with only 6% having the ‘C’ pattern. Phaseolin pattern was not strictly associated with commercial class but most cultivars with the ‘T’ pattern were snap beans, while the majority of lines with the ‘S’ pattern were dry beans. Furthermore, the phaseolin types of 15 cultivars were associated with previous cultivar groupings that were based on calculations of genetic relationships. A genetic distinction was noted between the groups of cultivars containing the ‘T’ and ‘S’ phaseolin patterns.
Relationships between Growth and Nitrogen Fertilization of Celery1
Authors: Stark J. C. , Jarrell W. M. , Letey J.
Published: October 2022

Celery (Apium graveolens cv. Tall Utah 52-70R) was grown with only preplant N (100 kg/ha) or preplant plus 100, 200, or 300 kg/ha of additional N split into equal sidedress applications. Marketable yield and total N uptake significantly increased by the addition of sidedressed N, but there were no significant differences among sidedress treatments. However, increasing increments of N consistently increased early season crop and leaf growth rates and hastened maturity. With only preplant N, growth response was delayed but growth rates continued to increase after those of the side-dressed plants had begun to decrease.
Longevity of Stored Seed of Sweet Potato12
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D.
Published: October 2022

Viability studies were conducted on 18 lots of seed of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L). Lam.) spanning a 21 year storage period. For the last 10 years, these seeds had been stored at 18° C and 45-50% relative humidity, but prior to that storage conditions varied. Weight per 100 seeds ranged from 1.7 to 2.4 g. No effect of seed age was found on germination (radical protrusion), which averaged 90% after sulfuric acid scarification, or on emergence which averaged 72%. The condition of the seed prior to storage seemed to have more effect than how long they were stored.
Response of Six Tomato Genotypes under Summer and Spring Weather Conditions in Louisiana1
Authors: Hanna Hanna Y. , Hernandez Teme P.
Published: October 2022

Fruit set of 6 genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) ranged from 50% (BL6807) to l% (L401) in the summer and from 93% (BL6807) to 78% (L401) in the spring. Flower drop was significantly higher in the summer for each cultivar, except for BL 6807 where there was no difference. All genotypes had significantly more underdeveloped ovaries in the summer and generally less normal pollen, smaller fruit, and less seed per fruit. Although these variables were related to low fruit set at high temperatures, they were not primarily responsible for this character.
A Rapid Tomato Root Excavation Technique1
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Volin Ray B.
Published: October 2022

A root excavation technique was evaluated to compare root morphology of several breeding lines and cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown on raised beds. A square rotating steel bar mounted on a tool bar beneath a tractor was used to loosen the soil from the root systems. Stems were then slowly hand-pulled to extract the root system. Visual observations indicated that 85–95% of the root system was extracted from the soil profile. This excavation technique may be used to evaluate root morphological characteristics among genotypes of tomatoes or other crops grown on raised beds in nonstony sandy, sandy loam, or muck soils.
Inheritance of Pericarp Firmness in Tomato by Generation Mean Analysis1
Authors: Al-Falluji R. A. , Trinklein D. H. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: October 2022

Generation mean analysis (GMA) was used to study the inheritance of pericarp firmness in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in 6 populations of the cross P 510 × 30-St-29A, a firm-fleshed hybrid released as ‘Show-Me.’ Firmness readings for the F1, F2 and backcross (BC) populations approached their respective midparental values. Mean firmness values (kg/0.283 cm2) for the soft parent, firm parent, F1, F2, BP1 (firm), and BP2 (soft) were 0.78, 1.48, 1.17, 1.10, 1.29, and 1.01, respectively. The coefficient of regression was significant at the 0.01% level of probability. GMA applied to the F2 population gave a mean estimate of 1.13, an additive estimate of 0.28 and a dominance estimate of 0.14 indicating strong additive gene action. The data fit the 3-parameter model indicating no significant digenic epistatic interaction.
Effects of NAA on Cane Growth and Yield of ‘Boyne’ Red Raspberry1
Authors: Fear Carlos D. , Hertz Leonard B.
Published: October 2022

Emerging primocanes of red raspberry, Rubus ideaus L. ‘Boyne’, were sprayed with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% when shoots were 7–13-cm-tall or at 1.0 and 2.0% when they were 13–20-cm-tall. Treated primocanes exhibited leaf cupping and epinasty followed by withering and death. Untreated floricanes and primocanes emerging after treatment were normal. Treatment with NAA at all rates restricted the height of primocanes emerging after treatment. Fruit yield the year following was reduced by NAA applied to shoots 13-20-cm-tall.
Responses of Black Vine Weevil Adults Fed Foliage from Genotypes of Strawberry, Red Raspberry, and Red Raspberry-Blackberry Hybrids1
Authors: Cram W. T. , Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: October 2022

Adults of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), consistently responded with less weight gains, shorter preoviposition periods, and more eggs when fed foliage from genotypes of strawberry than of Rubus species. Among 8 strawberry genotypes tested, the lowest number of fertile eggs were produced from feeding on the cultivar ‘Totem’ and the most from the British Columbia selection 70-20R-15. Among 8 red raspberry cultivars, significant differences were observed in preoviposition periods periods and in both total and fertile eggs laid. Longest preoviposition periods were from feeding on ‘Leo’ and ‘Glen Prosen’; intermediate from ‘Glen Clova’, ‘Mailing Jewel’, and ‘Willamette’; and shortest from ‘Haida’, ‘Chilcotin’, and ‘Meeker’. In other Rubus species, loganberry was similar to ‘Leo’ and ‘Glen Prosen’, while the R. idaeus strigosus selection, Kinburne, gave a preoviposition period as long as loganberry. Since both ‘Leo’ and ‘Glen Prosen’ are Rubus occidentalis derivatives, this parentage might be of value for future breeding for black vine weevil resistance in red raspberry.
Growth and Flowering of Day-neutral and Everbearing Strawberry as Affected by Ethephon1
Authors: Choma Michele E. , Himelrick David G.
Published: October 2022

(2-Chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied to greenhouse-grown ‘Ozark Beauty’ (everbearer), ‘Tristar’, ‘Hecker’, and ‘Brighton’ (day-neutrals) strawberry plants (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) when primary flower opened, increased leaf number and decreased petiole length. Both 500 and 1000 ppm ethephon increased the number and percentage of withered inflorescences (≥ 75% shriveled) and thus eliminated strawberry blossoms. All cultivars responded similarly to treatments.
Growth and Branching of Apple Seedlings as Influenced by Pressure-injected Plant Growth Regulators1
Authors: Miller Stephen S.
Published: October 2022

Pressure injection of certain plant growth regulators into pruned and unpruned apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seedlings reduced terminal growth and increased lateral development within 7 weeks of injection. One ml of daminozide (butanedioic acid mon-(2, 2-dimethylhydrazide), AVG (aminoethoxyvinly glycine), MBR 18337 (N-(4-(ethylthio)-2-(trifluoro-methyl) phenyl (-methanesulfornamide) or PP333 [l-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(l,2,4-triazol-l-yl) pentan-3-01] reduced terminal extension growth over controls. PP333, the most effective growth inhibitor tested at 0.5 mg/ml, reduced terminal extension growth by 80% over controls. Top and root fresh weight were reduced on pruned seedlings. Only PP333 reduced top weight among the chemicals tested; root weight was not affected by chemical injections. Budbreak was increased significantly by BA (6-benzylamino purine), mepiquat-chloride (N-N-dimethyl-piperidinium-chloride) and AVG, but these chemicals had little or no effect on terminal extension growth.
Fire Blight in ‘Bradford’ Pear
Authors: Waterworth Howard , Clayton C. N.
Published: October 2022

Naturally occurring fireblight disease incited by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. was observed on old trees of ‘Bradford’ pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.). Affected twigs dropped from the trees by midsummer leaving no trace of symptoms or disfigurement of the trees.
Vascular Development in Dormant Prunus Flower Buds and its Relationship to Supercooling1
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Rowse D. J.
Published: October 2022

Deep supercooling in Prunus flower buds was related to vascular development. The continuity of the xylem was monitored by following the movement of a water-soluble dye. Dye was translocated into the primordia of 3 Prunus species which do not supercool, but it was not observed to move into the primordia of 11 species which avoid freezing injury by deep supercooling. Dye uptake may provide a simple and inexpensive technique to screen for bud supercooling.
Effect of Nitrogen Source on Leaf Element Composition of Greenhouse-grown Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Eltahir Farouk H. , Oberly G. H.
Published: October 2022

The nutrient element composition of mid-shoot leaves of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was influenced by different N sources. Leaf N was significantly higher with applications of (NH4)2SO4 than with the 6 other carriers at the 3 sampling dates, and was significantly lower with ureaform at the first and second sampling date. The N source has little influence on Mg, Zn, Mn, or Fe leaf level at the June sampling date, but caused significant variation of these elements in the July and August samples. There was significant variation in leaf levels of Cu, B, Mo, Al, and Na at the 3 sampling dates.
Interaction between Temperature and Ethylene in Sour Cherry Fruit Abscission1
Authors: Olien William C. , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: October 2022

Fruits of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) were collected with pedicels attached during stage III of fruit development and were incubated with or without exogenous ethylene at temperatures between 15 and 35°C. Exogenous ethylene was supplied either by preincubation in 1.0 mm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) or by incubating in ethylene-enriched (7 μ1 liter−1) air in a flow-through system. There was no detectable interaction between ethylene concentration and temperature in promoting fruit abscission, measured as fruit removal force. Thus, the ability of ethylene to induce this response appeared to be independent of temperature between 15 and 35°. Events which occur subsequent to induction by ethylene during fruit abscission layer development were slightly affected by temperature, with a mean Q10 of 1.20.
Shell Dehiscence in Pistachio1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Iwakiri Ben T.
Published: October 2022

Shell dehiscence in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is dependent upon seed growth and development, as blank nuts fail to dehisce. Evidence is presented indicating that dehiscence is not the result of the seed exerting physical force on the surrounding shell, as has been suggested, but is a manifestation of abscission that is triggered by a substance(s) emanating from the seed.
Undertree Irrigation for Cold Protection with Low-volume Microsprinklers1
Authors: Parsons Lawrence R. , Wheaton T. Adair , Whitney Jodie D.
Published: October 2022

The effectiveness of microsprinkler irrigation for frost protection was examined during several cold nights in central Florida in 1981. Air temperatures ranged from 0 to 2.8°C warmer in the irrigated area above the spray zone than in the non-irrigated area, and were generally 0.5 to 1.5°C warmer. By irrigating under the tree, microsprinklers avoid some of the disadvantages associated with overhead sprinklers. Overhead sprinklers are not practical for freeze protection of large evergreen citrus trees because of limb breakage due to ice loading. During calm radiation cold nights, microsprinkler irrigation can provide some protection and is one alternative to burning petroleum products for citrus cold protection.
Regulation of Growth and Flowering in Lupinus Russell-Hybrid1
Authors: Shedron Karen G. , Weiler Thomas C.
Published: October 2022

Lupinus Russell-hybrid seeds germinated 81% after 4 days when scarified with concentrated sulfuric acid for 45-60 min. Cold storage at 4.5° or 13°C growing temperatures and 18-hr photoperiods promoted flowering. Production of flowering bedding plants from seed required at least 9 months.
Effect of Sodium Chloride Levels on Four Foliage Plants Grown at Two Light Levels1
Authors: Nolan S. L. , Ashe T. H. , Lindstrom R. S. , Martens D. C.
Published: October 2022

Brassaia actinophylla Endl., Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd) G. Don ‘Perfection’, Maranta leuconeura var. kerchoviana E. Morr., and Stromanthe amabilis (Linden) E. Morr. were grown in an organic potting medium at either 325 μE m−2s−1 (16.1 klx) or 9 μE m−2s−1 (0.7 klx). Brassaia and Dieffenbachia height and dry weight were unaffected by NaCl levels with potting medium solution electrical conductivity (EC) values ranging from 2.5 to 10.2 mmho/cm under low light or from 0.5 to 5.2 mmho/cm under high light levels. Maranta dry weight was reduced and leaf necrosis was increased at an EC value of 4.2 mmho/cm when compared to lower EC values under low light; under high light, leaf necrosis was greater at EC values of 2.7 and 4.3 mmho/cm than at 0.5 mmho/cm. At low light levels, Stromanthe dry weight, leaf count, and leaf necrosis were unaffected by NaCl level, but at high light levels, shoot dry weight was reduced at media EC values above 0.5 mmho/cm.
Postharvest Effects of Temperatures during Simulated Transit on Quality Factors of Two Ficus Species1
Authors: Buck Tracey L. , Blessington Thomas M.
Published: October 2022

Ficus benjamina L. and Ficus lyrata Warb. were held at 4.4°, 21°, or 37°C during simulated transit (ST) for 3, 6, or 9 days. Both species were adversely affected during ST by 4.4° or 37°, with leaf loss increasing with exposure. Foliar damage was severe for all plants exposed to 37° for 6 or 9 days. Plant grade was lowest for both species when exposed to 37°. Plants held at 21° for 3, 6, or 9 days showed no foliar damage and only a slight loss of plant quality. After 8 weeks in a simulated interior environment (SIE), no plants had recovered from being held at 4.4° or 37° during ST, but showed even greater leaf loss and more severe foliar damage. Both species were lowest in dry weight and plant grade when held at 37° for 6 or 9 days. Chlorophyll content decreased as temperature increased from 4.4° to 21°.
Boron Toxicity and Growth Suppression of Forsythia and Thuja Grown in Mixes Amended with Municipal Waste Compost1
Authors: Lumis Glen P. , Johnson A. Gail
Published: October 2022

Shoot dry weight of container-grown Thuja occidentalis L. ‘Pyramidalis’, pyramid white cedar and Forsythia intermedia Zab. ‘Spectabilis’, showy border forsythia, was less in mixes containing municipal waste compost than in a moss peat:sand mix. Severe marginal leaf necrosis of Forsythia and browning of older shoot tips of Thuja occurred on plants in compost mixes. Accumulation of foliar B was 32 times greater in Forsythia and 4 times greater in Thuja grown in 1 compost: 1 sand than in 1 moss peat:l sand. Leaching reduced high salts but did not reduce B toxicity. Compost mixes subsided much more than the moss peat mix.
Key Events in the Seasonal Root Growth of Bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass1
Authors: DiPaola J. M. , Beard J. B. , Brawand H.
Published: October 2022

Root growth of St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Davy] (C-4 plants), show distinct seasonal patterns different from those of the cool-season perennial grasses (C-3 plants). Root growth continued after winter shoot dormancy occurred, and at soil temperatures below 10°C. Severe browning of the entire root system was observed just after spring shoot greenup followed by a delay of about 3 weeks in new root initiation and replacement, even though significant shoot development was occurring prior to this period of root initiation.
Guelph SO2 Synthetic Octoploid Strawberry Breeding Clone1
Authors: Evans W. D.
Published: October 2022

A synthetic octoploid was derived from 2 diploid and 1 tetraploid species of Fragaria L. The clone is recommended for use in strawberry breeding as it contains germplasm not previously available at the octoploid level.
‘Autumn Sun’, ‘Cochran's Lavender’, ‘Pink Camellia’, and ‘Wolfpack Red’ Azaleas1
Authors: Bonaminio V. P. , Benson D. M. , Cochran F. D.
Published: October 2022

‘Autumn Sun’, ‘Cochran's Lavender’, ‘Pink Camellia’, and ‘Wolfpack Red’ azaleas [Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch.] were released in 1981 by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Stock plants were made available to commercial nurserymen for the purposes of propagation and distribution in the nursery industry.
Comparison of Undergraduate Horticulture and Agriculture Students at Southern Land-grant Universities1
Authors: Dunkelburger John E. , Ponder Harry G. , Molnar Joseph J.
Published: October 2022

Compared to majors in agriculture as a whole, horticulture students were more likely to be female, to have a feeling that women have a place in agriculture, to have a higher grade point average, to come from larger high schools, to have transferred from another 4-year college, and to have changed majors. Horticulture students were less likely to have a farm background, to have parents with a farm background, to have farm work experience, and to have been primarily influenced by their parents on choice of major. Both groups had the same positive perception of agriculture as a career and both were financed during college by their parents.
An Inexpensive Controlled-temperature Chamber1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: October 2022

A device is described which maintains a set temperature ± 0.8°C from 5 to 30° above ambient in an inexpensive controlled-temperature chamber. Present construction cost is about $65. Ten chambers have performed satisfactorily during the past 3 years in research projects on chilling injury, seed germination, seeding growth, tissue culture growth, fruit storage, tree storage, and winter dormancy.
Inhibitory Effects of Confection Sunflower Hulls1
Authors: Nelson S. H. , Fedec P.
Published: October 2022

Sunflower hull material from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was unsuccessful as an amendment in potting mixtures because of inhibition to top and root growth. Aqueous and methanol extracts from sunflower hulls reduced the rate of germination with lettuce and radish seeds and reduced primary root elongation with lettuce in bioassay tests.
In Vitro Propagation of Castanea sativa Mill. through Meristem-tip Culture1
Authors: Rodríguez Roberto
Published: October 2022

Meristem tips of Castanea sativa Mill. from in vitro cultures derived from seedling explants initiated multiple shoot-buds and developed shoot-bud in the presence of 1 mg/liter 6-benzyIamino purine (BA) + 0.01 mg/liter indolebutyric acid (IBA). Root formation was readily achieved within 20 to 25 days when excised single shoots were transferred onto a fresh medium supplemented with IBA (1 mg/liter).
In Vitro Proliferation of Pecan Shoots1
Authors: Wood B. W.
Published: October 2022

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) Koch] axillary buds of nodal explants from 4- to 12-week-old ‘Stuart’ seedlings were first induced to proliferate shoots and then to elongate on a defined medium. An evaluation of 6-benzylamino purine (BA), isopentenyladenine (2iP), indolebutryric acid (IBA), and indoleactic acid (IAA) for shoot proliferation found a combination of 4 mg/liter BA and 1 mg/liter IBA to be most effective. The synthetic hormones were much more effective at inducing a growth or development response than were their natural counterparts. Gibberellic acid (GA) at 3 mg/liter plus 0.1 mg/liter BA enhanced shoot elongation.
Response of Jojoba Seedlings to Waterlogged Root Environments1
Authors: Catlin P. B. , Olsson E. A. , Rost T. J.
Published: October 2022

Although few seedlings of jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid] developed foliar symptoms when their roots were waterlogged at 23°C for 42 days, root systems of all plants were irreversibly damaged. At 33°, symptoms developed more rapidly, but again all plants died when treatments were prolonged to obtain foliar effects on a high proportion of plants. The limit of survival at 33° was when about 50% of the seedlings expressed symptoms. Jojoba is intermediate in sensitivity to waterlogging based upon direct comparisons with walnut (very sensitive) and pear (very tolerant).
Response of Mites and Leafminers to Trickle Irrigation Rates in Spray Chrysanthemum Production1
Authors: Price J. F. , Harbaugh B. K. , Stanley C. D.
Published: October 2022

The numbers of twospotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) per unit of leaf area on ‘Manatee Yellow Iceberg’ chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramat.) grown with 13.6, 20.3, 27.1, 33.9, or 40.7 cm of water during the crop cycle were inversely related to amounts of water provided on both of 2 sampling dates. The numbers of mites per leaf were inversely related to amounts of water provided on the first of the 2 sampling dates. There was no significant response of leafmine densities with various amounts of water provided.
Dual Minimum Temperature Forcing of ‘Ace’, ‘Croft’, ‘Harson’, and ‘Nellie White’ Easter Lilies, (Lilium longiflorum, Thunb.) using Southern-grown Bulbs
Authors: Laiche Adolph J.
Published: October 2022

Southern-grown bulbs of ‘Ace’, ‘Croft’, ‘Harson’, and ‘Nellie White’ Easter lily were naturally cooled and greenhouse-forced with either constant minimum thermostat settings of 16.7 to 15.6°C or with thermostat settings lowered to 7.8 to 4.4° for 8 hours during the night to obtain a dual minimum night temperature regime. The actual greenhouse temperatures varied with outdoor temperatures. Average minimum temperatures obtained with constant and dual thermostat settings were 17.0 to 15.4° and 10.7 to 9.9°, respectively. With constant minimum temperature, 20 to 22 days less time was required to force ‘Harson’ as compared to ‘Ace’, ‘Croft’, and ‘Nellie White’. Dual night temperatures delayed flowering of the cultivars tested 9 to 13 days with a slight increase in flower number and a substantial increase in stem height. Although forcing time was increased with dual minimum temperatures, about 50% reduction in fuel usage was obtained.
Photoperiod and Temperature Effects on NonStop Tuberous Begonias1
Authors: Fonteno W. C. , Larson R. A.
Published: October 2022

Extended long days or interrupted night photoperiods increased leaf number and top fresh weight, and decreased tuber formation compared with short days with 2 cultivars of the “NonStop” series of tuberous begonia (Begonia X tuberhybrida Voss). Short days increased tuber size and fresh weight and reduced top fresh weight of both cultivars. ‘Double Red’ showed greater leaf number, top fresh weight, tuber fresh weight, and tuber size at 22°C than at 26°, while ‘Double Orange’ showed only greater top fresh weight at 22°. Flowering was enhanced in both cultivars under long days.
Gibberellic Acid Promotes Flower Bud Opening on Detached Flower Stalks of Statice (Limonium sinuatum L.)1
Authors: Steinitz Benjamin , Cohen Avner
Published: October 2022

Flower bud opening in excised stalks of Limonium sinuatum was promoted by gibberellic acid (GA3) solutions, but bud opening was not stimulated when GA3 was applied to buds only. Feeding detached stalks with sucrose neither increased flower bud opening nor changed the stimulating effect of GA3.
Postharvest Effects of Dark Storage, Light Duration, and Source on Keeping Quality of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Collins P. C. , Blessington T. M.
Published: October 2022

Ficus benjamina was stored in the dark for 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days and then held in a simulated interior environment (SIE) for 12 weeks under 6, 12, or 24 hours/day light duration of either incandescent (INC) or Cool White fluorescent (CWF) lamps at 20 μE m−2s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Leaf drop was less and plant grade was higher with shorter dark storage periods. Plants lighted for 24 hours/day had less leaf drop and better plant grade than those lighted for shorter durations. Chlorophyll content was greater as light duration increased for plants held under CWF lamps. Plants lighted for 6 hr/day under INC lamps had the lowest chlorophyll content after 12 weeks in the SIE.
Light-induced Basal Branching of Dracaena marginata1
Authors: Donselman Henry , Broschat Timothy K.
Published: October 2022

Dracaena marginata Lam., grown continuously in full sun, produced an average of 4.3 basal branches per plant, while plants grown under 50% shade produced no basal branches. Acclimatized plants with a maximum number of shoots can be produced in 20-liter containers in 12 months by growing in full sun for 9 months to induce basal branching followed by 3 months in 50% shade for acclimatization.
Anatomical Aspects of Fluoride Foliar Necrosis of Cordyline1
Authors: Elliott Mark , McConnell D. B. , Poole R. T.
Published: October 2022

Ten-node terminal cuttings of Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth ‘Baby Doll’ were placed in solutions of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/liter F (from NH4FHF) and placed in growth chambers for 6 days at 18, 24, or 29°C. Increasing temperature and F concentration increased leaf damage. Damage ratings at 3 ppm were over 4 times greater at 29° than at 18°. Mesophyll collapse occurred only after severe epidermal collapse and chloroplast degeneration.
Diclofop for Goosegrass Control in Bermudagrass Putting Greens1
Authors: Murdoch C. L. , Nishimoto R. K.
Published: October 2022

Diclofop (2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propanoic acid) caused little to no injury to common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] mowed twice weekly at 1.6-2.0 cm at rates of 0.56,1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg/ha or to ‘Tifdwarf’ bermadagrass Cyndon dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davey, mowed daily at 0.5 cm at rates of 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha. Diclofop at 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha gave good control of mature goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] in ‘TifdwarP turf mowed daily at 0.5 cm, but resulted in inadequate control at 4.48 kg/ha in common bermudagrass turf mowed twice weekly at 1.6 or 2.0 cm.
Effects of Irrigation Systems, Gibberellic Acid, and Photoperiod on Seed Germination of Kalmia latifolia L. and Rhododendron maximum L.1
Authors: Duncan Patricia J. , Bilderback T. E.
Published: October 2022

Freshly harvested, unstratified seeds of K. latifolia and R. maximum were treated with GA3 for 36 hours at concentrations of 0, 50, 200, and 1000 ppm, sown in multicell flats containing 3 bark: 1 sand medium (v/v), grown for 21 days in a greenhouse under 10-hour and 24-hour photoperiods and irrigated by mat, intermittent mist, or hand-sprinkling. Average germination was 79.8% for K. latifolia and 79.2% for R. maximum. Seed germination of K. latifolia was 90% under intermittent mist and 24-hour photoperiods. R. maximum germination was highest under intermittent mist watering (88%) with no difference between 10-hour and 24-hour photoperiods. Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment had no effect on germination in either species.
Effect of Ethephon on Carrots1
Authors: Furutani S. C. , Zandstra B. H.
Published: October 2022

Field application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), to carrots (Daucus carota L. cvs. Spartan Bonus and Spartan Fancy) at 136 g/ha in 1979 and at 92, 136, and 364 g/ha in 1980, reduced leaf lengths of ‘Spartan Bonus’ by 20% and ‘Spartan Fancy’ by 11%. ‘Spartan Bonus’ yield increased 17% in 1979 and 37% in 1980 with applications of ethephon, but ‘Spartan Fancy’ yield was unaffected.
Heat Adaptability of the Tomato1
Authors: Shen Zheng-Yan , Li Paul H.
Published: October 2022

Leaf heat tolerances of ‘Saladette’ (heat tolerant) and ‘UC-82B’ (less heat tolerant) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill) were evaluated after heat acclimation. When plants of both genotypes were grown in a temperature regime below 30°C, there was no difference in heat tolerance. When plants of both genotypes were exposed to a temperature regime of 35° (day/night), ‘UC-82B’ could reach a higher level of heat tolerance, similar to ‘Saladette,’ but ‘UC-82B’ required 6 cycles of high temperature exposure, whereas ‘Saladette’ needed only a single cycle.
The Effect of Maleic Hydrazide Salts on Quality and Bulb Tissue Residues of Stored ‘Yellow Sweet Spanish’ Onions1
Authors: Stallknecht G. F. , Garrison J. , Walz A. J. , Simpson W. R. , Thornberg C.
Published: October 2022

Diethanolamine and potassium salts of maleic hydrazide (MH) were applied to plants of ‘Yellow Sweet Spanish’ onion (Allium cepa L.) exhibiting maturity ratings of 0, 25, 50, and 100% green tops down. The K formulation of MH was equal to the diethanolamine formulation in sprout control of onions in storage. Lower application rates resulted in lower bulb residues; however, there were no consistent differences in bulb residues among the maturity treatments. Concentrations of MH were lowest in mature outer scales. Maleic hydrazide applications significantly reduced sprouting during storage, had no effect on the percentage of bulbs with storage rot, and reduced respiration rates and weight loss of bulbs stored at 10°C, but had no effect on respiration rate and only slightly reduced weight loss of bulbs stored at 4°. Root growth occurred on nontreated bulbs at both 4 and 10°, while root development was inhibited in MH-treated onions.
Water-soluble Calcium in Ca-efficient and Ca-inefficient Tomato Strains1
Authors: English Jean E. , Barker Allen V.
Published: October 2022

Seedlings of 5 strains of tomato (Lycopersicon spp.) were grown in low-Ca nutrient solutions in a greenhouse for 4 weeks in order to determine whether Ca-efficient and inefficient strains differed in concentrations of water-soluble Ca. Aqueous extracts from dried tissues of efficient strains were lower in percent of Ca and in electrical conductivity than were extracts from inefficient strains. Efficient strains may suffer less than inefficient strains from precipitation or displacement of Ca from functional sites in tissues by other ions.
Resistance of Sweet Potato Lines to the Sweetpotato Weevil1
Authors: Mullen M. A. , Jones Alfred , Paterson D. R. , Boswell T. E.
Published: October 2022

Out of 38 lines of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] which had demonstrated some resistance in laboratory tests to the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), 13 lines had significant levels of resistance, based on weevil free yield in artificially infested fields in Yoakum, Texas. Two lines, W 125 and W 119, previously released as having weevil resistance, maintained a high level of resistance.
A Rapid and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Assaying Polygalacturonase Using 2-Cyanoacetamide1
Authors: Gross Kenneth C.
Published: October 2022

A new assay for nanomole amounts of reducing sugar using 2-cyanoacetamide has been modified and adapted to assay for exo- and endo-polygalacturonase in fruit extracts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Heinz 1350) with increased sensitivity (140%) and simplicity over currently used methods. Linearity was observed with galacturonic acid as a standard up to 250 nmol; the lower limit of detection was 1 nmol. Polygalacturonase product formation was linear for 3 hours and was proportional to the amount of enzyme in the reaction. Thin-layer chromatography of reaction products revealed a range of uronic acid oligosaccharides as well as galacturonic acid. Thus, both exo- and endo-polygalacturonase were active in the extracts.
Resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus-induced Blotchy Ripening in Greenhouse Tomato Hybrids1
Authors: Mokhtar A. Mahir , Lambeth V. N. , Sehgal O. P.
Published: October 2022

Germplasm sources for resistance to tobacco mosaic virus-induced blotchy ripening of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were tested in hybrid combinations using a virus strain belonging to Pelham Group I. Breeding lines possessing Tm-2 or Tm-2a genes contributed high tolerance against TMV infection based on both leaf and fruit symptoms. ‘Perou 2’ (Tm-2), Ohio MR-13 (Tm-2a), and Ohio MR-12 (Tm-2a) and hybrids involving these lines were tolerant to the virus. Significant dominance for tolerance was observed in most hybrids heterozygous at the Tm-2 or Tm-2a locus. Tm-1 gene sources were not very effective in controlling blotchiness.
Effects of Growth Regulators on Ripening and Abscission of Pimiento and Paprika Peppers1, 2
Authors: Batal K. M. , Granberry D. M.
Published: October 2022

Ripening of pimiento and paprika peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), tested at 2 locations, was accelerated by (2-choroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) when applied close to normal fruit maturity. Potential chemical ripeners of Buckman Laboratories, BL-2142 (Poly[oxyethylene(dimethylimino)-ethylene(dimethylimino)ethylene dichloride]) and BL-2143 (Poly[hydroxyethylene(dimethylimino)-ethylene(dimethylimino)methylene dichloride]) slightly enhanced ripening of pimiento, but had little or no effect on paprika. Ethephon (1500 to 3000 ppm) applications induced defoliation and fruit abscission in pimiento and paprika, especially at later stages of fruit development. Extractable red color of dehydrated paprika was improved by ethephon and BL-2143 at 1000 mg/liter.
Response of ‘McFarlin’ Cranberry to Nitrogen Sprays1
Authors: Shawa A. Y.
Published: October 2022

Two nitrogen formulations, urea and ammonium sulfate, were applied as aqueous sprays to ‘McFarlin’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait.) vines at the rate of 0, 1.12, 2.24, 3.36, 4.48, and 5.60 kg N/ha at 5,50, and 80% bloom. Urea applied 3 times during bloom at 4.48 kg N/ha increased yield. The nitrogen treatments had no significant effect on soluble solids, pH, or fruit breakdown.
Evaluation of (2-Chloroethyl)methylbis (phenylmethoxy)silane (CGA-15281) as a Chemical Fruit Abscising Agent for Olive Using Detached Shoots1
Authors: Sun Fu-Zeng , Martin George C.
Published: October 2022

CGA-15281 was tested using an in vitro laboratory system with fruit-bearing shoots of ‘Manzanillo’ olive (Olea europeae L.). Foliar sprays produced greater fruit abscission and lower leaf abscission than stem feeding. Maximal fruit abscission with the least leaf abscission occurred at a concentration of 600 ppm, 23 to 25°C, and pH 7.
Resistance in Fragaria chiloensis and F. X ananassa to the Aphids Chaetosiphon fragaefolii and C. thomasi1
Authors: Crock John E. , Shanks Carl H. , Barritt Bruce H.
Published: October 2022

Nine commercial strawberry cultivars (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) and 557 clones of wild F. chiloensis (L.) Duch. from the Pacific coast of the United States were tested in the field for resistance to strawberry aphids (Chaetosiphon spp.). No cultivar was highly resistant but ‘Benton’ consistently supported fewer aphids than the other cultivars. In the first evaluation year, 29 clones of F. chiloensis had fewer aphids than the highly resistant ‘Del Norte’ clone of F. chiloensis on 5 sampling dates, although the differences were not statistically significant but in the second year, only 1 clone, RCP-37, had fewer aphids than ‘Del Norte’.
The Influence of Leaching on Cold-hardiness of Peach and Apple Flower Buds1
Authors: Washmon Monica , Smith Michael W. , Barefoot A. D.
Published: October 2022

Flower buds of peach (Prunus persica Batsch) and apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leached with water for 6 hours were less cold-hardy than nonleached buds. Buds which were leached with water for 16 hours and then dried for 0 to 16 hours were equally damaged by freezing; however, their moisture content decreased as drying time increased. Cold-hardiness was reduced rapidly during the first 3 hours of leaching, then loss of hardiness slowed and remained nearly constant through up to 48 hours of leaching. Loss of hardiness appears to be closely associated with leaching of water-soluble compounds from the flower bud, a loss which reduces the bud's ability to supercool.
Use of Dips Containing Diphenylamine and Edible Oils to Reduce Soft Scald of Apples1
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , Scott K. J.
Published: October 2022

For the control of soft scald of ‘Jonathan’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), a dip containing both diphenylamine and a vegetable oil was generally more effective and was considered to be more desirable than the use of either compound alone.