bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An LPS‐binding hemagglutinin in the midgut of Triatoma infestans: Partial characterization and tissue localization
Authors: Hypša Václav , Grubhoffer Libor
Published: February 2005

A hemagglutinin was identified and partially characterized in the crop of the bug Triatoma infestans. It agglutinated mouse and rabbit erythrocytes, and was strongly inhibited by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. SDS‐PAGE and immunoblotting with specific antibodies identified a dominant protein with molecular mass of 20 kDa under reducing conditions. The protein seems to be synthesized in the crop epithelial cells and deposited on the inner crop surface. Its possible biological role is discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allelochemical stimulation of ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase in fall armyworm larvae
Authors: Yu S. J.
Published: February 2005

The influence of dietary allelochemical on ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase activity was studied in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Feeding the indoles (indole‐3‐carbinol, indole‐3‐acetonitrile), flavonoids (flavone, β‐naphthoflavone), monoterpenes (menthol, menthone, peppermint oil), and a coumarin (xanthotoxin) to the larvae stimulated midgut microsomal ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase activity from 28 to 200% as compared with the controls. β‐Naphthoflavone was the most potent inducer among those tested. Phenobarbital, a well‐known cytochrome P450 inducer, also caused a 2‐fold increase in the microsomal ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase activity. Ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase activity was 2.7‐fold higher in the microsomal fraction than in the mitochondrial fraction isolated from larval midguts. Microsomal ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase activity was highest in the fat body, followed by the midgut and Malpighian tubules. Tissue localization and enzyme inducibility were different between ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase and xenobiotic‐metabolizing cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, including aldrin epoxidase, biphenyl hydroxylase, methoxyresorufin O‐demethylase, 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylase, p‐chloro‐N‐methylaniline N‐demethylase, and phorate sulfoxidase in fall armyworm larvae. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of neuropeptides on the distal and mid‐tubules of the house cricket
Authors: Spring Jeffrey H. , Kim Insook
Published: February 2005

In the Malpighian tubules of Acheta, the distal and middle segments are functionally and morphologically quite distinct (Spring and Kim, Mol Comp Physiol 12:130–145, 1993). Furthermore, they respond quite differently to corpora cardiaca (CC) homogenates, dibutyryl cAMP, and A23187 (Kim and Spring, J Insect Physiol 38:373–381, 1992). In this study we compared secretion by these two regions in response to Acheta and Romalea CC extracts, synthetic Manduca sexta diuretic peptide (Mas‐DP1), and the family of synthetic myotropic peptides, the achetakinins, isolated from Acheta. Both Acheta and Romalea CC extracts had opposite effects on the two regions: mid‐tubule secretion increased 3‐fold whereas secretion by the distal segment declined 75–80%. Mas‐DP1 increased secretion by the mid‐tubule more than 3‐fold and had no effect on the distal segment. All of the achetakinins decreased secretion by the distal tubule, with achetakinin 1 being least effective (55% inhibition) and achetakinin 5 being most effective (75% inhibition). Achetakinins 1 and 2 increased midtubule secretion by 3.7‐ and 3.3‐fold, respectively, whereas the others had no effect on this region. Regarding HPLC fractions of CC extracts, in general the more hydrophilic fractions inhibited secretion by both distal and mid‐tubules. The more hydrophobic fractions were nearly uniformly stimulatory when applied to the mid‐tubule, and either inhibited secretion or had no effect on the distal region. The possible interpretations of these data and the implications towards future research are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex‐ and age‐related changes in the biophysical properties of cuticular lipids of the housefly, Musca domestica
Authors: Gibbs Allen , Kuenzli Marilyn , Blomquist Gary J.
Published: February 2005

We examined the biophysical properties of cuticular lipids isolated from the housefly, Musca domestica. Melting temperatures (Tm) of surface lipids isolated from female houseflies decreased from 39.3 °C to 35.3 °C as the females attained sexual maturity and produced sex pheromone, whereas those prepared from males did not change with age. Lipids melted over a 10–25 °C temperature range, and their physical properties were a complex function of the properties of the component lipids. The Tm of total cuticular lipids was slightly below that of cuticular hydrocarbons (HC), the predominant lipid fraction. Hydrocarbons were further fractionated into saturated, unsaturated, and methyl‐branched components. The order of decreasing Tm was total alkanes > total HCs > methyl‐branched alkanes > alkenes. For 1‐day‐old flies, measured Tms of hydrocarbons were 1.3–5.5 °C lower than Tms calculated from a weighted average of Tms for saturated and unsaturated components. For 4‐day‐old flies, calculated Tms underestimated Tm by 11–14 °C. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicity of oxygen from naturally occurring redox‐active pro‐oxidants
Authors: Pardini Ronald S.
Published: February 2005

The survival of all aerobic life forms requires the ground‐state of molecular oxygen, O2. However, the activation of O2 to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is responsible for universal toxicity. ROS are responsible in deleterious intracellular reactions associated with oxidative stress including membrane lipid peroxidation, and the oxidation of proteins and DNA. Redox‐active allelochemicals such as quinones and phenolic compounds are involved in activating O2 to its deleterious forms including superoxide anion free radical, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm O}_{\rm 2} ^{ \cdot - } $\end{document}, hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, and hydroxyl radical, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \cdot {\rm OH} $\end{document}. Molecular oxygen is also activated in biologically relevant photosensitizing reactions to the singlet form, 1O2. The insect lifestyle exposes them to a broad diversity of pro‐oxidant allelochemicals and, like mammalian species, they have developed an elaborate antioxidant system comprised of chemical antioxidants and a bank of antioxidant enzymes. We have found that an insect's antioxidant adaptation to a particular food correlates well with its risk of exposure to potential pro‐oxidants. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic mechanisms involved in cellular recovery from oxidative stress
Authors: Eisenstark A. , Yallaly P. , Ivanova A. , Miller C.
Published: February 2005

Sophisticated biochemical networks allow organisms such as bacteria and insects to switch from very rapid growth and development in ideal environments to dormancy during severely unfavorable conditions. These switches may be accompanied by abrupt changes in oxidation/reduction involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS have the potential of damaging nucleic acids, proteins, and membranes. In Escherichia coli, certain genetically regulated circuits (regulons) turn on synthesis of anti‐oxidant enzymes to protect against distinct ROS excesses (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, organic or lipid peroxides, etc.). As examples, the soxRS regulon controls synthesis of Mn‐superoxide dismutase, oxyR controls catalase HPI, rpoS positively regulates HPII, and fur regulates several oxidative reactions that involve iron uptake. Our studies have focused on the regulatory role of rpoS, known to be a sigma factor (σ38) that combines with RNA polymerase and is a regulator of those gene products needed to protect cells during dormancy. Since insect cells, during both active growth and dormancy, endure severe environments, analogous protective gene products may be induced. Examples are presented of insect anti‐oxidant metabolism, including those involved in the aging process. In addition, we searched several DNA and protein sequence data banks to compare resemblances between anti‐oxidant gene products of bacteria and insects. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of mosquito ferritin and cloning of a cDNA that encodes one subunit
Authors: Dunkov Boris C. , Zhang Dianzheng , Choumarov Kyril , Winzerling Joy J. , Law John H.
Published: February 2005

Ferritin, an iron storage protein, was isolated from larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti grown in an iron‐rich medium. Mosquito ferritin is a high molecular weight protein composed of several different, relatively small, subunits. Subunits of molecular mass 24, 26, and 28 kDa are equally abundant, while that of 30 kDa is present only in small amounts. The N‐terminal sequence of the 24 and 26 kDa subunits are identical for the first 30 amino acids, while that of the 28 kDa subunit differs. Studies using antiserum raised against a subunit mixture showed that the ferritin subunits were present in larvae, pupae, and adult females, and were increased in animals exposed to excess iron.

The antiserum also was used to screen a cDNA library from unfed adult female mosquitoes. Nine clones were obtained that differed only in a 27 bp insertion in the 3′ end. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was used to obtain the complete protein coding sequence. A putative iron‐responsive element (IRE) is present in the 5′‐untranslated region. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a typical leader sequence, consistent with the fact that most insect ferritins are secreted, rather than cytoplasmic proteins. The sequence encodes a mature polypeptide of 20,566 molecular weight, smaller than the estimated size of any of the subunits. However, the sequence exactly matches the N‐terminal sequences of the 24 and 26 kDa subunits as determined by Edman degradation. Of the known ferritin sequences, that of the mosquito is most similar to that of somatic cells of a snail. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipid and carbohydrate utilization during flight of the migratory moth, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Sappington Thomas W. , Fescemyer Howard W. , Showers William B.
Published: February 2005

Male black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) moths, were attached to laboratory flight mills on the third night after emergence. Individuals were classified according to their longest uninterrupted flight during the night. There were not enough non‐fliers or trivial fliers (flight < 1 h) to make meaningful comparisons, so only short‐fliers (flight ≥ 1 h but ≤ 5 h) and long‐fliers (flights ≥ 5 h) were further tested. After a day of rest, short‐ and long‐fliers were tethered to a stationary pin and forced to fly 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, or 180 min, after which hemolymph was sampled and lipid and carbohydrate concentrations determined. Concentrations in samples taken at intervals after cessation of a 60‐min flight indicated that both energy sources were being utilized during flight. Neck‐ligation experiments indicated that a handling‐induced hyperlipemic response occurs 15 min after the beginning of the sampling procedure, and that the hormone triggering does not come from the head. Resting concentration of lipid in long‐fliers is about half that of short‐fliers, but it increases threefold in the first 20 min of flight, whereas that of short‐fliers remains unchanged. In‐flight lipid concentration in controls, which experienced their first and only flight on day 5, was greater than the concentration in both short‐ and long‐fliers. Between 10 and 20 min, carbohydrate concentrations decrease about twofold in long‐fliers but drop only slightly in short‐fliers. These data suggest that long‐fliers may have a lower basal metabolic rate and depend more on carbohydrate when at rest than short‐fliers and that long‐fliers may utilize more carbohydrate than lipid during the initial period of flight. In addition, previous flight on the flight mills has a greater influence on lipid mobilization and usage in short‐fliers than it does on long‐fliers. Patterns of lipid mobilization during flight seem to differ between migrant and non‐migrant species and to vary among migrants depending on the flight strategy used, but there are no major differences in patterns of carbohydrate usgaeg. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 2,2‐dimethylchromene derivatives on wing determination and metamorphosis in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Hardie Jim , Honda Ken‐Ichiro , Timár Tibor , Varjas László
Published: February 2005

The relationship between the structure of nineteen 2,2‐dimethylchromene derivatives and their effects on aphid morphogenesis were investigated in a pink clone of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Three bioassay systems were used: (1) wing induction—the induction of winged (alate) progeny by winged adults that normally produce only wingless (apterous) daughters, (2) wing inhibition—the inhibition of production of winged progeny by wingless adults that had been crowd‐induced to promote the appearance of winged progeny, (3) the effect on metamorphosis—the production of precocious adults indicating a decrease in juvenile hormone titre or the induction of supernumerary moults indicating a juvenile hormone agonist effect. Compounds demonstrating wing‐promoting effects had short (≤2 carbon) side chains at the C6 and/or C7 positions while methylation of C5 tended to decrease this activity. Of the seven compounds inducing wing formation, three also inhibited the production of winged progeny. However, the compounds affecting metamorphosis, in particular promoting precocious adult development, were similar to those that promoted wing inhibition rather than those with wing inducing effects; they had alkoxy groups at C7 with lengths of ≥2 carbons.

There is a stronger correlation between compounds interfering with metamorphosis (and therefore evidenced to be affecting juvenile hormone levels, a classic property of some 2,2‐dimethylchromene derivatives) and the promotion of wingless forms than the induction of winged forms. This finding is in contradiction to the idea that juvenile hormones are involved in promoting wingless forms. In addition, attempts to reduce the wing‐inducing properties of Precocene II (the most potent compound effecting wing induction) by subsequent treatment with juvenile hormone Ill or the juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, were inconclusive and attempts to inhibit w ng formation with these two compounds atter crowding were also unsuccessful. The precise mode of action of the 2,2‐dimethylchromenes in relation to aphid wing induction remains unclear but it seems likely that the effect is not related to changes in juvenile hormone titres. © 1095 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular analysis of the Methorprene‐tolerant gene region of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Turner Christopher , Wilson Thomas G.
Published: February 2005

Adult functions of juvenile hormone (JH) have been described for Drosophila melanogaster and other dipteran insects, but preadult function for this hormone remains largely unknown in this order of insects. We have identified a mutation of Drosophila, Methoprene‐tolerant (Met), which appears to alter JH reception during late larval development. The molecular cloning of Met will be a step toward understanding this gene and possibly identifying a preadult role(s) for JH. Molecular cloning was initiated using the technique of transposon‐tagging with a transposable P element. P‐element insertional alleles of Met were generated, and genomic libraries were constructed from two of these alleles. From these libraries P‐element‐bearing clones were isolated that in situ hybridized to the cytogenetic region where Met had been previously localized by genetic methods. Two of the alleles were shown to have complete P‐elements inserted in similar, but not identical, locations in the predicted cytogenetic region where Met is located. A late‐larval cDNA library was screened to identify transcriptional units in this region, and clones were recovered with homology to a DNA fragment abutting the P‐element insertion site. These clones may represent Met cDNA molecules. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Juvenile hormone regulation of hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein in the black strain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: Orth Anthony P. , Goodman Walter G.
Published: February 2005

Numerous studies have demonstrated regulation of specific lepidopteran proteins by pharmacological doses of insect juvenile hormone (JH). In this study, topical application of a 1 pg dose of JH I to fourth stadium larvae of the black (bl) mutant strain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, induced a 50% increase in the titer of hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein (hJHBP). Radioimmunoassay confirmed that JH titers were lower in bl larvae than in wild‐type larvae at the time of JH treatment. Enzyme immunoassay analysis of hJHBP titers demonstrated that regulation by JH I was dose‐dependent at doses up to 10 pg and that the response was saturated above 100 pg. Western blotting and equilibrium dialysis confirmed these results and demonstrated that hJHBP from bl larvae had the same molecular mass and displayed the same affinity for JH I as hJHBP isolated from wild‐type larvae. Time course studies showed that regulation was complex: 1 2 h after JH I treatment, hJHBP titers were twofold lower in treated than in control bl larvae, while 44 h after treatment they were twofold higher. JH I regulation of hJHBP titers in bl larvae was independent of changes in total hemolymph protein. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between glycerolipids and pheromone aldehydes in the sex pheromone gland of female tobacco hornworm moths, Manduca sexta (L.)
Authors: Fang Nianbai , Teal Peter E. A. , Tumlinson James H.
Published: February 2005

Analysis by TLC and HPLC revealed that the triacylglycerols comprise the most abundant lipid class in the sex pheromone glands of Manduca sexta females. Also, conjugated olefinic acyl analogs of the major pheromone aldehydes occur principally in the triacylglycerols. The amount of triacylglycerols with conjugated diene acyl moieties significantly decreased when the period of pheromone production was extended by 7 h beyond the normal period of pheromone production by 3 injections of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) at 3 h intervals. This decrease indicates that the triacylglycerols stored in the gland may serve as major sources of pheromone precursors in the biosynthesis of the sex pheromone aldehydes. Furthermore, analysis of pheromone aldehydes and triacylglycerols in the gland from moths treated with PBAN showed that the proportions of the triacylglycerols with conjugated diene moieties were closely correlated with the proportions of aldehydes found in the same gland. This correlation suggests that the proportions of fatty acids bound to certain triacylglycerols regulates the proportions of aldehydes in biosynthesis of the pheromone blend in M. sexta. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Development of a highly sensitive ELISA for the determination of PBAN and its application to the analysis of hemolymph in Spodoptera littoralis
Authors: Marco M.‐Pilar , Fabriàs Gemma , Camps Francisco
Published: February 2005

A highly sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) has been developed. Six antisera have been obtained that recognize the carboxyl terminal side of this peptide. Two immunogens have been rationally designed and synthesized in order to direct antibody specificity, using as haptens PBAN or PBAN(20‐33) with a Cys residue attached to their amino‐terminal side. The Cys thiol group has been used to covalently bind the peptide to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by using N‐succinimidyl‐4‐(maleidimidomethyl) cyclohexane carboxylate (SMCC) as a convenient heterobifunctional cross‐linker. Several usable competitive immunoassays have been obtained by synthesizing eight different coating antigens and screening the sera against all of them. The best assay was obtained with antibody 4 using Cys‐Hez‐PBAN(20‐33) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) through the Lys groups by using the homobifunctional cross‐linker dimethylpimelidate dihydrochloride (DMP) as the coating antigen. The optimized assay allows to detect PBAN at concentrations as low as 1 fmol/well (l50 = 2.5 fmol/well). An extraction procedure for the hemolymph has been developed that allows to perform PBAN measurements in this tissue even after a tenfold dilution. In these conditions matrix effect is negligible. Preliminary results on the presence of PBAN like immunoreactivity (PBAN‐IR) in the hemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis females are reported.© 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of the male accessory gland in adult locusts: Roles of juvenile hormone, JH esterase, and JH binding proteins
Authors: Braun R. P. , Wyatt G. R.
Published: February 2005

The participation of juvenile hormone (JH) in the regulation of growth and protein synthesis in the accessory reproductive gland of male Locusta migratoria has been investigated. After elimination of endogenous JH with ethoxyprecocene, the accessory gland failed to grow, but growth was restored by a single application of the JH analog, pyriproxyfen. Pyriproxyfen appeared to stimulate total protein synthesis by 3 h, with a significant effect by 12 h, in contrast to 24 h observed in fat body. The dose curve for stimulation of protein synthesis 12 h after applying pyriproxyfen gave an ED50 of 0.1 μg; the dose curve for gland growth at 72 h was biphasic, with steps at about 0.01 μg and 10 μg, suggesting two phases in JH action. SDS‐PAGE analysis showed several components that were stimulated by pyriproxyfen, the effect being strongest in an 11 kDa band. A 5 kDa component was enhanced in the soluble and reduced in the particulate fraction after precocene treatment. The accessory gland contained JH esterase activity at levels about 100 times those in fat body or hemolymph, and was higher in precocene treated locusts. Binding activity for [3H]10R‐JH III was high in cytosolic and nuclear fractions, and was identified immunologically as due to the previously described hemolymph JH binding protein. The results indicate that the mode of action of JH in the accessory gland may differ from that in the fat body. The presence of intracellular JH binding protein suggests a direct action of JH within the gland, that may be modulated by JH esterase. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical terminology/clinical terminology
Authors: Moore Keith L.
Published: February 2005

Nearly 100 years ago, the first formal attempt was made to standardize anatomical nomenclature. As Latin was the only language that many countries had in common, it formed the basis of anatomical terminology. It is common and accepted practice to translate the Latin terms into the language of the country concerned. As anatomical terminology is complex, it becomes very difficult when two or more widely accepted terms are used for the same structure (e.g., epiploic foramen and foramen of Winslow). In 1950, an International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee was formed to standardize anatomical terminology. It produced a book called Nomina Anatomica, which is now in its fifth edition. Many physicians with whom medical and other students are associated are unfamiliar with this new terminology. As a result they use terms, often synonyms, with which they are familiar. Members of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists are urged to use the terminology recommended in the Nomina Anatomica;, fifth edition, and to encourage their clinical colleagues to adopt the new terminology by giving both terms as follows: internal thoracic artery, (formerly called the internal mammary artery). In due course, anatomists and clinicians will be using the same terms and medical and other students will be most grateful.
Anatomic variations of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
Authors: Amadio Peter C.
Published: February 2005

Two hundred seventy‐five consecutive carpal tunnel releases were reviewed to identify anomalies of median nerve anatomy. High division of the median nerve was observed in nine cases; in two of these the nerve divided proximally and then rejoined distally as a “closed loop.” In 42 cases the motor branch passed through the flexor retinaculum. Multiple motor branches were present in 13 cases. The palmar cutaneous branch passed through the flexor retinaculum in seven cases. In three cases, the distal communicating sensory ramus between the medial and ulnar nerves arose proximal to the superficial arch. Median nerve anomalies within the region of the carpal tunnel are common. Knowledge of such anomalies is important to avoid iatrogenic injury.
Occurrence and distribution of valves in the canine hepatic portal system
Authors: Dawson David L. , Scott‐Conner Carol E. H. , Molina Manuel E.
Published: February 2005

Major tributaries of the hepatic portal system were studied in 26 mongrel dogs to verify the occurrence and distribution of valves in this venous system. Methods included retrograde injection of modified Batson's no. 17 compound (16 splenic veins, 7 cranial mesenteric veins or its tributaries, and 6 caudal mesenteric veins), gross dissection (6 splenic veins and tributaries), and histologic sections (one specimen from each major drainage system). Functional valves, or cast impressions thereof, were common in each drainage system, and were present in veins ranging in diameter from 0.1 mm to 5.5 mm. Typically, valves were most abundant in veins directly draining an organ, such as segmental splenic veins and vasa recti of the small intestine. These valves were commonly located in close proximity to the confluence of two or more veins, or at the ostium of a comparatively small vein and a large vein. However, valves were also seen in the larger, more proximal veins of all three drainage systems, and these were not necessarily associated with the confluence of any major tributaries. This fundamental anatomic difference between dogs and humans should be noted by investigators using dogs as research models for portal system research.
Microsurgical anatomy of the pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) and the sellar region. Part IV: The optic nerves and optic chiasma
Authors: Ouaknine Georges Elie
Published: February 2005

The anatomical relationships of the optic nerve and optic chiasma to the different structures of the sellar region were studied in 100 cadaver sphenoidal blocks and in patients during transfrontal surgery to the sellar region. This study includes the relationships with the bony structures (tuberculum sellae, dorsum sellae, sella turcica, optic canal), with the meninges (arachnoidal cisterns, tentorium of the optic nerve), with the vessels (carotid and ophthalmic arteries), and finally with the neural structures (hypophysis cerebri, cranial nerves third ventricle). Relevant clinical or surgical aspects in relation to normal anatomy and anatomical variations of the optic nerves and optic chiasma are discussed. The varieties of the chiasma (normal, prefixed, postfixed) and the measurements of the optic nerves and optic chiasma (width, length, height, distance, and angle between optic nerves) were studied in the cadaver only. Different transfrontal approaches to the sellar region are discussed according to the morphology of the chiasma.
Applied anatomy of the musculus flexor carpi ulnaris and its clinical application
Authors: Liu Huaichen , Wang Yong‐Xian , Yang Zhi‐Ming
Published: February 2005

The blood vessels and nerves supplying 50 specimens of musculi flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) in 25 Chinese male adult cadavers were investigated. The majority of the muscles were supplied by four to six blood vessels and by two branches of the ulnar nerve. The diameters of the second to fourth arteries were larger than 0.9 mm, which would allow them to be anastomosed to recipient vessels. As the arteries to the muscle were derived directly and/or indirectly from the ulnar artery, they could therefore be used as the arterial pedicles. The nerves were broad enough (1.18–1.05 mm) to act as nerve pedicles. These findings suggest that the FCU might be suitable for use as a free transplantation flap. Since the vessels and nerves to the FCU enter the muscle in its superior half, transposition in the reversed position is also possible. Eight patients have been treated by reversed transplantation of the FCU to restore lost function of the elbow joint. Follow‐up studies showed uniformly good results.
Vasectomy: Morphological and immunological effects
Authors: McDonald Stuart W.
Published: February 2005

Following initial concern that vasectomy might promote arterial and autoimmune disease, recent studies offer reassurance about its safety. The principal clinical problems are discomfort from distension and rupture of the epididymis and ductus deferens and low fertility after vasectomy reversal. This article reviews the local effects of vasectomy on the reproductive tract and the autoimmune response to spermatozoa which form the scientific background of these problems. Throughout the review, the contribution of morphological studies to current knowledge is stressed.
Use of plastinated specimens in surgical education and clinical practice
Authors: Fasel Jean H. D.
Published: February 2005

This paper describes the usefulness of the process of plastination, a new technique of tissue preservation, for demonstrating both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of advanced surgical anatomy. In contrast to existing methods, plastination provides dry, firm, odorless, and manipulable specimens that are esthetically acceptable everywhere and thus allows anatomy to be both literally and metaphorically carried into the clinic. The author regards this process as an important factor in bridging the gap between anatomy and clinical practice.
Functions of the medial pterygoid muscle
Authors: Friedman Mark H.
Published: February 2005

Many anatomy textbooks disagree on protrusive and lateral functions of the medial pterygoid muscle. The muscle fibers run obliquely and anteroposteriorly and function during jaw closing, protrusion, and lateral movements. Mandibular movement during protrusion and lateral jaw movement to the contralateral side are described, as well as medial pterygoid muscle action contributing to these movements. Protrusive and lateral isometric muscle tests can identify pterygoid muscle function. Masticatory muscle function correlates closely with muscle fiber direction.
The arterial architecture of the left ventricular wall of human hearts
Authors: Zuo Huan Chen , Yu Yan Zheng
Published: February 2005

The normal arterial and microvascular patterns of the left ventricular wall, including the papillary muscles, were studied in 54 human hearts using coronary angiography, arterial and microvascular casts, and histologic sections. According to their shapes and distributions, the arteries in the left ventricular wall may be classified as epicardial, arborized, straight, and papillary. The arborized arteries supply the whole myocardial wall, including some trabeculae carneae, and they anastomose with the straight arteries to form the subendocardial plexus. The papillary arteries have various arrangements: hooked, bifurcated, and tortuous S‐shaped. The use of histologic sections and arterial casts revealed no single central core artery and at least two arteries in each papillary muscle. The morphology and blood supply of the anterior and posterior papillary muscles varied somewhat. Scanning microscopy of the arrangement and appearance of arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the left ventricle revealed that large‐diameter capillaries, which were sometimes guarded by precapillary sphincters, arose from arterioles. The capillaries were parallel to cardiac muscle fibers and had numerous Y‐, H‐, and O‐shaped anastomotic connections. The small venules were arranged in a fan‐shaped fashion in relation to these capillaries.
The blood vessels and nerves of the dorsalis pedis flap
Authors: Li Fu Zhuang , Yi Xin Gang , Liu Huai Shen , Wang Yong Xian , Wang Yung Kwei
Published: February 2005

Although there are numerous reports on the anatomy of blood vessels and nerves in the feet of the Chinese (Chen, 1964; Weng et al., 1964; Chen, 1965; Zhang et al., 1979; Chen et al., 1980; Wu et al., 1980; Ling et al., 1981) discussions of their clinical and/or surgical significance are rare.

The dorsa of the feet of 30 Chinese adults were dissected after injecting red‐colored latex into the anterior tibial artery. The dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) was present in all cases, but two of the vessels took an unusual course. At the inferior border of the superior extensor retinaculum, the external diameters of the DPA and the great saphenous vein were 2.57 ± 0.09 mm and 3.66 ± 0.22 mm, respectively. The diameters of the vessels that constitute the pedicle of this free flap are large enough to allow anastomosis with those vessels at the recipient site. The dorsalis pedis veins connect with either the dorsal venous arch or the first metatarsal vein at a point 0.27–0.98 cm distal to the arch; therefore, to ensure a satisfactory venous return, a dorsalis pedis flap should be elevated 1 cm beyond the arch. The superficial peroneal nerve may supply only the medial half of the dorsum of the foot (27.58%); thus, reconstitution of the severed nerve would fail to restore sensation to the lateral part of the flap.

A free flap from the first metatarsal space for covering small defects is recommended and is also based on a detailed knowledge of the neurovascular supply of this space.
Clinical anatomy of the peritoneal mesothelium: A review
Authors: Raftery Andrew T. , Slater Nicholas D. , Cope Geoffrey H.
Published: February 2005

This paper reviews the structure, function, and clinical significance of peritoneal mesothelium, once thought to be a passive membrane, but now known to play an active role in exchanges between the peritoneal cavity and the blood. The advent of continuous ambulatory peritoneal analysis (CAPD) has revived interest in the peritoneum, whose ultrastructure is much changed by CAPD.

Studies of the healing of mesothelium have shown that the new mesothelium develops from subperitoneal perivascular connective tissue cells, and not by a process of centripetal growth from the wound margins as in the healing of other epithelial surfaces.

Peritoneal mesothelial cells possess fibrinolytic properties, which may be important in preventing fibrinous adhesions from being converted to permanent fibrous adhesions, which may cause intestinal obstruction. Mesothelium also produces prostacyclin. These properties have led to the use of mesothelium as a substitute for endothelium, both for coating prosthetic vascular grafts, and also in peritoneal tube grafts for replacing segments of vein. The resurgence of interest in the peritoneal mesothelium provides a stimulus for clinician and anatomist to cooperate in further exploration of its clinical potential.
The dissection experience as a laboratory for self‐discovery about death and dying: Another side of clinical anatomy
Authors: Bertman Sandra L. , Marks Sandy C.
Published: February 2005

Dissection of the human body raises questions for medical students about the source of bodies, bodily trespass, invasion of privacy, death, dying, and their own mortality. Facing and expressing the aversions, fears, and fantasies associated with human dissection help prepare the student both for academic work in the anatomy laboratory and for the emotional work implicit in patient care. With little additional curricular time within the longitudinal continuity of the dissection course we have developed a program in medical humanities that fosters both skills. This program, heavily dependent upon the arts, uses exposure to painting, film, and literature coupled with reflection, writing, and small group discussions to explore and express students' attitudes toward death and dissection as they experience the first year of medical school. The final session, a service of memoriam and thanksgiving planned and produced by the students, provides an appropriate personal closure of the dissection experience. Our students affirm that such a program, evolving over the past 12 years, has provided a foundation early in medical education for development of caring physician‐patient relationships and for continued exploration of humanistic and ethical issues in medicine. These experiences illustrate that clinical anatomy has the potential to contribute to both the art and science of medicine.
Valves in superficial limb veins of humans and nonhuman primates
Authors: Thiranagama Rajani , Chamberlain A. T. , Wood B. A.
Published: February 2005

The venous valves are believed to play an important role in venous function, but their number, position, and spacing in limb veins are reported to be irregular. In this study, the relationship between the number of valves and the length of veins in which they occur was investigated for humans and nonhuman primates. In addition, valve distributions within the superficial veins of the human upper limb were compared with those of the lower limb. Upper and lower limb veins were dissected from adult humans, and forelimb veins were obtained from seven genera of primates. The mean valve index (number of valves per unit length of vein) of the forelimb lateral superficial vein exhibited relatively little variation between humans and primates of a wide range of body sizes and locomotor repertoires. The mean valve index for the lateral superficial vein of the human upper limb is similar to that of the short saphenous vein of the lower limb, and in both veins, the maximum valve index occurs in the most proximal portion of the vein. The relative constancy of the valve index across a range of primate species, and between the upper and lower limbs of humans, may reflect the known constancy of circulatory pressures in mammals. The minimum numbers of valves in superficial veins are only slightly greater than required to limit capillary pressure to below 10 mm Hg, above which pressure the tissue fluid flow would be compromised.
Catecholaminergic and peptidergic nerves in naturally occurring and pheochromocytoma‐associated human brown adipose tissue
Authors: Lever Jeffrey D. , Mukherjee Sashwati , Norman David , Symons Deborah , Wheeler Malcolm H. , Connacher Alan , Jung Roland T.
Published: February 2005

Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervations in naturally occurring and pheochromocytoma‐associated human perirenal brown adipose tissue were demonstrated. The presence of both parenchymal and periarterial noradrenergic nerve plexuses was revealed by the sucrose‐potassium‐glyoxylic‐acid (SPG) technique in all tissue samples. Immunohistochemical studies also indicated the presence of neuropeptide Y‐like, calcitonin gene‐related peptidelike, substance P‐like, and bombesinlike immunoreactive nerves in the adventitia of both inter‐ and intralobular arteries. At a more peripheral level, only neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactive elements were observed in the parenchymal field. No somatostatinlike or enkephalinlike immunoreactivity was detected. The specific distributions of noradrenergic and peptidergic nerves were similar in both naturally occurring and pheochromocytoma‐associated brown adipose tissue. Thus these findings indicate a plurality of innervation in human perirenal brown fat.
Clinical presentation of a persistent jugulocephalic vein
Authors: Brook Wilfrid H. , Smith Clement J. D.
Published: February 2005

The clinical history is presented of a 46‐year‐old woman with a permanently distended left external jugular vein which passed anterior to the clavicle instead of entering the subclavian vein just superior to the clavicle in the usual manner. For cosmetic reasons the vein was excised. Embryologically, the vein passing anterior to the clavicle was a persistent jugulocephalic vein. This is a normal venous channel which usually disappears after an anastomosis develops between the cephalic vein and the subclavian vein, inferior to the clavicle.
Imaging anatomy of the cranio‐vertebral junction (occipito‐atlanto‐axial joint)
Authors: Engelman Elaine D. , Schnitzlein H. N. , Hilbelink D. R. , Murtagh F. Reed , Silbiger M. L.
Published: February 2005

The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is directly related to the ability to interpret differences between significant pathology and normal anatomical variations. A multidisciplinary investigation of the cranio‐vertebral articulation with CT, MRI, anatomical dissections and sections, 3D reconstruction, and injections of contrast into the joint spaces has demonstrated some of the anatomical structures which can cause differences in CT and MR images. Some of the factors which can contribute to variations observed in clinical imaging include the supraodontoid bursa with varying amounts of fat or containing a Bergmann's ossicle, fat pads related to the transverse ligament or laxity of the ligament, identification of the ossiculum terminale or of the synostosis at the base of the dens, and flow patterns in the vertebral plexus of veins.
Age changes in the human sacroiliac joint: Joint fusion
Authors: Valojerdy M. R. , Salsabili N. , Hogg D. A.
Published: February 2005

In order to investigate further the incidence, sex frequency, nature and location of fusion in the sacroiliac joint, the joint of one side was removed from 49 embalmed cadavers, aged 52–89 years, 22 male and 27 female, and examined by A/P radiography, radiography of transverse slices through the joint, stereomicroscopy, and histology.

Fusion of the joint occurred both by synostosis and by fibrous interconnections. Synostosis occurred in a para‐articular form, especially along the ventral border and in the cranial limb of the joint and also in an intra‐articular form. Fibrous fusion was found more commonly in the caudal limb of the joint.

Radiography of transverse slices revealed a high incidence of synostosis (60.8%). A/P radiography, on the other hand, indicated a much lower incidence of joints showing clear evidence of synostosis (18.4%), but if to this were added those joints showing radiographic changes involving the possibility of some degree of fusion then a comparable incidence (65.3%) was obtained. Both methods revealed a higher frequency of synostosis in the male, although it did in fact occur quite frequently in females; 66.7% in male 53.8% in females when assessed by radiography of transverse slices.
Effects on contiguous anatomical structures by disarticulation of the pterygo‐palato‐maxillary suture without the Le Fort I component
Authors: Mintz Sheldon M. , Ettinger Anna C. , Demetropoulos Kyriakus C.
Published: February 2005

The conflicting reports of fractures following Le Fort I osteotomies may reflect the different types of specimens and techniques used. One report suggested that fractures could be avoided with proper placement of a newly designed osteotome. The results of a linear growth study tend to dispute that contention as it showed that interdigitating osseous bridges connect the components of the pterygo‐palato‐maxillary complex and fractures would occur with any attempted separation. The purpose of this radiographic and anatomic investigation was to review the suture patterns of this complex on dry adult skulls and to use cadaver specimens to determine the effects of separation of the pterygo‐palato‐maxillary articulations on the concomitant bones.

The major palatine canals of 11 hemisected cadaver specimens were cannulated with a #18 angiocatheter, and renografin 76 media was injected. Lateral radiographs of the specimens were obtained using digital radiographic equipment. Soft tissue was removed and a gross examination of the bony structures was performed using a × 10 magnification dissecting microscope. The variations in the sutures of this bony complex were studied on 143 dry adult skulls.

In all the cadaver specimens, the pterygoid plates were fractured but the major palatine canals remained intact. Four specimens had maxillary fractures. An examination of the dry skulls showed a wide variation of suture lines and varying degrees of ossification that may explain the incidence of certain types of fractures. Improved visualization of the sutural anatomy during surgery is needed to facilitate better separation and minimize postoperative trauma.
Distribution of the vagus nerve to the human pyloric antrum and possible surgical implications
Authors: Derbyshire S. A. , Lagopoulos M. , Lee T. , Primrose J. N.
Published: February 2005

“Highly selective” or “proximal gastric” vagotomy seeks to denervate the pariental cell mass of the stomach while preserving the innervation of the pyloric antrum, and is now frequently used in the surgical treatment of duodenal ulceration. However, a high incidence of recurrent ulceration after highly selective vagotomy has been reported, suggesting inadequate denervation of the parietal cell mass. This study aims to examine the innervation of the distal parietal cell mass by antral nerves and their possible role in recurrent ulceration after highly selective vagotomy.

The distribution of the nerves supplying the pyloric antrum, distal to the termination of the nerve of Latarjet, was compared to the pariental cell boundary in 20 stomachs.

Parietal cells extended all the way to the distal pylorus in 35% of stomachs and could potentially have been innervated by antral branches in 55%. Branches from the anterior vagal trunk terminated on the posterior antral surface in 25% of stomachs and from the posterior trunk on the anterior surface in 20%.

These findings suggest that there may be an anatomical limitation to complete denervation of the distal pariental cells mass during a standard highly selective vagotomy where the nerve of Latarjet and all the branches distal to it are spared.
Development of the dermatome pattern in the limb
Authors: McLachlan John C.
Published: February 2005

An erroneous view of early nerve development in human limbs is presented in many medical embryology and neuroanatomy textbooks. The early limb bud is described as having segmental dermatome stripes running across it, which later reorganize to form the adult pattern. In fact, the nerves grow first into a plexus, which they later leave to supply fields very similar to those in the adult. Since this error may have clinical consequences, in that it gives a false view of how anomalies are likely to arise, its source is identified and its propagation through the literature is traced. A brief review of the most recent findings concerning the mechanisms by which nerve patterns are established in vertebrate limbs is also given.