bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Internet — A New Dimension in University—Industry Collaboration
Authors: Grant C. , Scott T.
Published: July 2017

This paper examines how advanced technology and communication networks are revolutionizing the way university researchers, scientists and industrialists are communicating and working together. In collaborative projects, partners often come from different environments, backgrounds and possibly different regions and countries. Barriers such as geographical remoteness, lack of time in the working day, the cost of travel and differences in culture can seriously hinder regular communication and development work. However the Internet is fast becoming an indispensable international communications tool. It constitutes a resource that is invaluable to the knowledge and technology transfer process. It links over two-thirds of universities and is enabling industry and universities all over the world to develop in new and exciting ways – although there are both opportunities and threats associated with its explosive growth. This paper illustrates how the authors have gained advantage by exploiting current technology to form successful partnerships in this new high-speed ‘no boundaries’ information age.
Taking the University to Rural Manufacturers in the USA
Authors: Maher Theodore J. , Spencer Michael P.
Published: July 2017

This paper examines how the Cooperative Extension System can be positioned as a collaborator in advancing manufacturing modernization in the USA. The authors consider whether the Cooperative Extension System has an interest in assisting manufacturers and, if so, what capacity it can bring that is complementary to the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Technology Centers. They also assess whether there are sufficient parallel interests between the NIST Manufacturing Extension Partnership programme (in rural areas) and the Cooperative Extension System to warrant closer coordination and collaboration at the federal, state and local levels.
Venture Funders — Are They the Solution?
Authors: Kelley Paul M.
Published: July 2017

The author briefly describes what venture funders do and how they do it to illuminate the process of high-tech business formation and development. By way of illumination, he gives two short histories of successful university spin-outs that his company, Zero Stage Capital, has helped launch. He then examines how this firm's knowledge and experience may apply in the context of the Scottish university and financial climate, and bearing in mind the goals of Scotland's Technology Ventures strategy. Finally, he discusses the US government support initiatives for small business, the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) Program. He suggests an approach for its application in increasing the birth-rate of fast-track technology-based ventures in Scotland or in other countries that have the infrastructure to support and enhance the process.
Creativity in Business and Innovative Organizations
Authors: Fatt James Poon Teng
Published: July 2017

The contributions of business and innovative organizations have made their influence felt in the history of commercial enterprise. From Henry Ford of Ford Motors and Bill Gates of Microsoft to Sim Wong Hoo of Creative Technology, creativity has been the lifeblood of commercial culture. Such organizations may take numerous forms – private or public, commercial or non-commercial, corporate or non-corporate – but, to a great degree, their lifeblood must be seen to be creativity in some form. This paper examines the phenomenon of creativity in business and innovative organizations and looks at the implications for industry–education cooperation. In the latter context the author examines some successful firms in Singapore, whose creative ideas have worked, and analyses the ways in which higher education in Singapore is responding to the need to encourage entrepreneurship and creativity within business organizations.
University—Industry Research Contracts
Authors: Kirkland John , Matthews Duncan , Pickering John , Wilson Caroline
Published: July 2017

The growth of university–industry research collaboration in the past fifteen years has been well documented. Despite long running debates concerning the ownership and finance of such collaboration, however, there have been few detailed studies of the contractual terms under which such collaboration takes place. This article, based on examination of several hundred ‘live’ contracts and associated correspondence in five UK universities, highlights several commonly used clauses which – if exposed to literal legal interpretation – could prove problematic. Although the work is necessarily based on the UK experience, it is likely that the issues raised will have much wider applicability.
Does Relevance to Work Mean Learning to Work?
Authors: Jacobs Gabriel
Published: July 2017

This paper argues the case that the acceptance by UK government bodies of current thinking on educational theory, and a widespread student attitude towards learning that focuses on future employability but that also in a sense forsakes the very notion of study, together threaten to undermine the quality of graduate which employers have the right to expect. It would seem that the UK government is intending to compel the higher education sector, by means of selective funding but also backed by public pressure, to provide an education for its students more transparently relevant to the workplace. Academics and employers alike should seriously consider the negative implications of this policy, even if, realistically, it is unlikely that the forces driving it can be resisted.
Strategic Alliances, from Contract to Organization
Authors: van Rosmalen Karel M.A.
Published: July 2017

The author compares recent developments in the strategy of multinationals with current changes in the way in which universities think about their activities. Universities, he argues, resemble multinational cooperations more than would appear to be the case at first glance. He then analyses the aspects of these parallel changes which promise new opportunities for university–industry relations, using an interactive model of knowledge transfer. Against the background of this analysis, he considers the experiences of Utrecht University in the context of strategic alliances and other types of public–private cooperation. In conclusion he argues that the successful exploitation of knowledge depends on new types of organization rather than the currently widespread forms of contracts and agreements.
Developing Industry-Sponsored Entrepreneurship Education Programmes
Authors: Henry Colette , Titterington Albert , Wiseman Kate
Published: July 2017

This paper relates the specific experiences of Dundalk Institute of Technology – DKIT (formerly Dundalk Regional Technical College) – in instigating a new entrepreneurship training programme in conjunction with the Irish concentrate plant of Coca-Cola. Launched in January 1996 with the support of both Coca-Cola Atlantic (Drogheda) and the Coca-Cola Foundation in Atlanta, the Coca-Cola National Enterprise Award targeted young Irish graduates with a business idea at the concept stage and offered them the opportunity to develop their ideas into meaningful commercial propositions. The programme combined formal education with practical workshops, assessment sessions, mentoring and financial reward, and allowed participating graduates to gain a recognized qualification – an NVQ in Owner Management Business Planning. Through the initiative, a three-way partnership of industry higher education and the state was formed to provide comprehensive support to aspiring entrepreneurs. The challenges posed in managing such a complex arrangement are discussed in this paper, as are the difficulties of delivering such a programme on a nation-wide scale. The participating entrepreneurs were surveyed at the end of the programme to gauge their reaction to the support they had received and their views are summarized and presented here. The authors also report on the entrepreneurs' progress one year after completing the programme and examine the contribution of such an initiative to the overall existing enterprise support structure.
Licence Agreements: Are You Getting the Royalties You Bargained For?
Authors: Burns Dan , Sandelin Jon
Published: July 2017

Almost all licence agreements provide the right for the licensor to review the accounting records of the licensee. Such a review (sometimes called an audit) is undertaken to ensure that all licensed products subject to royalty payments are included in the calculation of royalties due, and that the calculation process itself is correct. This article discusses the pros and cons of such an audit focusing on experience in the USA, criteria for selecting whom to audit, things to expect from such an audit, and what you should receive from the person or accounting firm you select to conduct the audit. The results from a survey of university auditing practices are included.
New Shoots from Old Roots
Authors: Hendry Elaine , Waltham Mark
Published: July 2017

On the occasion of its 10th anniversary, the authors describe the development of Cambridge University's continuing professional development unit, the Cambridge Programme for Industry (CPI). From its beginnings in the provision of short, technical courses, the CPI has moved towards a more holistic approach to professional development, reflecting current trends in support of lifelong learning. The unit provides a bridge between academic theory on formal and informal learning and learning organizations, and the reality of businesses of all sizes working towards new approaches to employee development. Three case studies of current projects, together with an outline of two newly-funded research projects illustrate the CPI's present focus.
TTI '98: Introduction and Conference Overview
Authors: Robson E. H.
Published: July 2017

This special issue of Industry and Higher Education is devoted to a selection of papers and reports from TTI '98, an international conference on technology transfer and innovation held in London in July 1998. In this introductory paper, the author provides the context of the conference, summarizes presentations made by invited speakers and gives personal reflections on the event.
South African Strategies for the Promotion of Research and Technology Innovation
Authors: van der Walt Tjaart , Blankley William
Published: July 2017

South Africa's new government has intensified certain existing initiatives and introduced various new wide-ranging policies, legislation and support measures to develop skilled human resources in science, engineering and technology. Other policies and measures have been introduced to increase collaboration in research and technology development between higher education institutions, industry and government to promote and support a National System of Innovation as envisioned by the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology. Newly created institutions such as the National Advisory Council on Innovation and the National Research Foundation will guide, promote and support research and innovation with an emphasis on collaboration and technology development. Joint ventures such as the Technology for Human Resources for Industry Project and the Support Programme for Industrial Innovation provide valuable incentives for industry to engage in innovation and technology development projects. Specific initiatives have been developed by the South African Department of Trade and Industry to support the development of small, medium-sized and micro-scale enterprises. However, gaps still exist in the system, such as the absence of a ‘classic’ venture capital industry and the lack of proper incubation support for young entrepreneurs and new technology-based businesses. These and other gaps are being filled by new initiatives from both government and the private sector, often with the involvement of specialists from higher education institutions. The rich mix of policies, programmes and initiatives in place now needs to be carefully monitored and integrated and persistently and skillfully implemented.
Support Structures for Innovation and Research-Based Entrepreneurship in Estonia
Authors: Tamkivi Raivo
Published: July 2017

This paper outlines the key characteristics and activities of technology transfer and innovation support institutions in the relatively successful transition economy of Estonia, and describes a new attempt to establish a systematic approach to the commercialization of R&D – the Estonian National Innovation Programme. The two institutions discussed in detail are: Tartu Science Park, which is concerned mainly with the incubation of start-up and small enterprises, and the Tallinn Technical University Innovation Centre, which deals mainly with technology and knowledge transfer from the university. Finally, the author sets out problems identified and lessons learned from the experience of managing the development of these technology transfer and innovation support organizations.
Networking for Innovation in South Wales
Authors: Jones Haydn , Jenkins Sarah
Published: July 2017

This paper explores the role of networking between individuals and groups in improving innovation and encouraging the development of productive links between industry and the academic staff of a university. The style and ethos of a network are found to be crucial to its success in developing a culture of innovation and in developing and maintaining the interest of participants. The rationale for the establishment of the Cardiff University Innovation Network is described and its achievements are enumerated. The Innovation Network has stimulated collaborative work and technology transfer and thus has established for itself a continuing role in the life of the University and its region. Its success is founded upon providing events of immediate interest to industry and upon guiding industry to solutions to its problems.
Enhancing Students' Understanding of the Business World
Authors: Laughton David , Ottewill Roger
Published: July 2017

As part of their attempt to embed their teaching more firmly in the ‘real world’ of business, some university tutors have incorporated ‘commissioned’ or ‘live’ projects into their learning and teaching strategies. These projects enable students to make a direct contribution to their business clients while simultaneously fulfilling key educational objectives. Drawing on their experience of the use of commissioned projects on an MSc in International Business (MSclB) course, the authors analyse in detail both the potential benefits and the problems that arise in implementing such schemes. In this paper, they outline some of the key features of the MSclB course, focusing on the commissioned project component; indicate the reasons for using commissioned projects from the point of view of both tutors and students; describe and evaluate the methodology used to generate data for informing the identification and discussion of issues; and explore a number of key factors for tutors and students in the use of commissioned projects. The paper thus raises awareness of the nature of commissioned projects as a pedagogic tool and of what needs to be done if their contribution to the enhancement of students' understanding of the business world is to be maximized.
Energy Efficiency and The Greenhouse Effect
Authors: Brookes L.G.
Published: July 2017

Much attention has been attracted by the paper of Keepin and Katz (1988) which claimed that for limiting greenhouse gas build-up it was several times more cost-effective to invest in energy efficency measures than in nuclear power. The author of this reply claims that not only were the claims on behalf of energy efficiency faulty in detail, they were also unsound in principle: it has been known for at least 125 years that more efficient energy use is associated with increases in total and per capita energy consumption, not decreases. The present paper discusses relevant published work and attempts to explain the economic processes involved.
Assessing Carbon Flow at The Local Scale.
Authors: Mcevoy D. , Gibbs D.C. , Longhurst J.W.S.
Published: July 2017

Greater Manchester, an urban conurbation in the UK, was the birthplace of the industrial revolution. Recent restructuring and the potential for increases in economic growth place a requirement on the city to consider its future energy strategies if it is to keep its CO2 emissions to responsible levels. Reducing the carbon intensity of economies is an essential element of combating the threat of global warming, and although the problem is global in nature, effective remedial action has to be instigated at a variety of spatial scales. Inventories that are based at the city level allow the intensity and distribution of local carbon flows to be calculated and therefore have considerable potential in many planning and decision making processes. The CO2 inventory constructed for this paper is the first stage of prioritising carbon reduction strategies for Greater Manchester, providing an indication of carbon flows specific to the region. The inventory has been developed from the knowledge and experience of other city-scale energy studies which have taken place to date, and although the methodology has been developed for application to the Greater Manchester region the approach can be replicated for other urban areas. (Research project funded by the EPSRC - 'Towards Sustainable Cities' program, GR/K61647).
Longitudinal models for AIDS marker data
Authors: Boscardin W John , Taylor Jeremy MG , Law Ngayee
Published: July 2017

Over the past decade, researchers have put a great amount of effort into developing suitable models for the analysis of longitudinal CD4 data and other markers of AIDS progression. These models must be general enough to allow for different patterns of change in the marker data. In this paper, we review the existing literature including our preferred models which involve mixed effects, stochastic terms and independent measurement error. Adding stochastic terms to standard mixed effects models gives an interpretable and parsimonious method for generalizing the covariance structure of the measurement error and short-term variability. We focus on univariate and bivariate models with integrated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (IOU) stochastic terms. The IOU process allows for a range of biologically plausible derivative tracking that encompasses both random trajectory and Brownian motion behaviour. We illustrate these modelling techniques on longitudinal CD4 and viral RNA data.
Invited review: Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response in sepsis and SIRS
Authors: Cavaillon Jean-Marc , Annane Djillali
Published: July 2017

Sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are associated with an exacerbated production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators that are mainly produced within tissues. Although a systemic process, the pathophysiological events differ from organ to organ, and from organ to peripheral blood, leading to the concept of compartmentalization. The nature of the insult ( e.g. burn, hemorrhage, trauma, peritonitis), the cellular composition of each compartment ( e.g . nature of phagocytes, nature of endothelial cells), and its micro-environment ( e.g. local presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF] in the lungs, low levels of arginine in the liver, release of endotoxin from the gut), and leukocyte recruitment, have a great influence on local inflammation and on tissue injury. High levels of pro-inflammatory mediators ( e.g. interleukin-1 [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], high mobility group protein-1 [HMGB1], macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF]) produced locally and released into the blood stream initiate remote organ injury as a consequence of an organ cross-talk. The inflammatory response within the tissues is greatly influenced by the local delivery of neuromediators by the cholinergic and sympathetic neurons. Acetylcholine and epinephrine contribute with IL-10 and other mediators to the anti-inflammatory compensatory response initiated to dampen the inflammatory process. Unfortunately, this regulatory response leads to an altered immune status of leukocytes that can increase the susceptibility to further infection. Again, the nature of the insult, the nature of the leukocytes, the presence of circulating microbial components, and the nature of the triggering agent employed to trigger cells, greatly influence the immune status of the leukocytes that may differ from one compartment to another. While anti-inflammatory mediators predominate within the blood stream to avoid igniting new inflammatory foci, their presence within tissues may not always be sufficient to prevent the initiation of a deleterious inflammatory response in the different compartments.
β-Glucans in standardized allergen extracts
Authors: Finkelman Malcolm A. , Lempitski Steven J. , Slater Jay E.
Published: July 2017

Background: Allergen extracts contain variable quantities of bacterial endotoxin. Recent studies have suggested that (1→3)-β-D-glucans (β-glucans), also microbial cell wall components, may have adjuvant properties that could affect allergen immunotherapy.

Objective: To determine the quantities of β-glucans in standardized allergen extracts.

Materials and Methods : Ninety-four lots of 13 standardized allergen extracts were tested for β-glucan content by Glucatell assay, and for endotoxin content by a specific, chromogenic formulation of the Limulus amebocyte lysate test.

Results: Standardized allergen extracts contain variable quantities of endotoxins and β-glucans. As in our previous work, endotoxin activity was greatest in cat pelt and Dermatophagoides farinae, and least in the pollens. There was no correlation between endotoxin and β-glucan levels ( r = 0.1887; P = 0.07). β-Glucan content was highest for grass pollen (median content, 10.6 ng/ml; range, 0.4—41.8 ng/ml), ragweed pollen (32.9 ng/ml; range, 6.5—41.2 ng/ml), and cat pelt (25.5 ng/ml; range, 16.7—41.1 ng/ml), and lowest for cat hair (4.9 ng/ml; range, 1.2—10.3 ng/ml), D. farinae (1.2 ng/ml; range, 0.4—5.2 ng/ml) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (1.8 ng/ml; range, 0.4—6.7 ng/ml).

Conclusions: β-Glucans are present in standardized allergen extracts. The effects of these quantities of β-glucans on allergen immunotherapy and allergen skin testing require further study.
Characterization of the interactions of a polycationic, amphiphilic, terminally branched oligopeptide with lipid A and lipopolysaccharide from the deep rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota
Authors: David S.A. , Awasthi S.K. , Wiese A. , Ulmer A.J. , Lindner B. , Brandenburg K. , Seydel U. , Rietschel E.Th. , Sonesson A. , Balaram P.
Published: July 2017

The lipid A and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding and neutralizing activities of a synthetic, polycationic, amphiphilic peptide were studied. The branched peptide, designed as a functional analog of polymyxin B, has a six residue hydrophobic sequence, bearing at its N-terminus a penultimate lysine residue whose α- and E-amino groups are coupled to two terminal lysine residues. In fluorescence spectroscopic studies designed to examine relative affinities of binding to the toxin, neutralization of surface charge and fluidization of the acyl domains, the peptide was active, closely resembling the effects of polymyxin B and its nonapeptide derivative; however, the synthetic peptide does not induce phase transitions in LPS aggregates as do polymyxin B and polymyxin B nonapeptide. The peptide was also comparable with polymyxin B in its ability to inhibit LPS-mediated IL-1 and IL-6 release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The synthetic compound is devoid of antibacterial activities and did not induce conductance fluxes in LPS-containing asymmetric planar membranes. These results strengthen the premise that basicity and amphiphilicity are necessary and sufficient physical properties that ascribe endotoxin binding and neutralizing activities, and further suggest that antibacterial/membrane perturbant and LPS neutralizing activities are dissociable, which may be of value in designing LPS-sequestering agents of low toxicity.
IL-10 differentially regulates mRNA expression induced by lipopolysaccharide and interferons in murine peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Sivo J. , Vogel S.N.
Published: July 2017

IL-10 has been referred to as 'macrophage deactivator' because it suppresses macrophage activity by blocking cytokine production and accessory functions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of IL-10 on genes that are induced by the well characterized macrophage activators, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferons (IFNs). Using Northern blot analysis to measure the effects of IL-10 on the expression of a large panel of LPS and IFNinducible genes, the data suggest that in murine macrophages IL-10 is not a general suppressor of gene induction but, rather, exerts differential effects on gene expression. Induction of certain genes by LPS was indeed blocked to a great extent (70-80%), while expression of others were less inhibited, not modulated at all, or augmented by IL-10. IFN-α and IFN-γ induce a subset of the genes that are also induced by LPS and, within this subset, IL-10 was found to interfere to a lesser extent with IFN- than LPS-induced gene expression. The participation of NF-KB in the induction of IL-10 inhibitable genes and shared common elements in IFN and IL-10 signaling pathways are discussed as potential explanations for these observations.
A cytotoxic effect of lipopolysaccharide on a macrophage-like cell line, J774.1, in the presence of cycloheximide
Authors: Amano F. , Karahashi H.
Published: July 2017

Rapid damage to the cells was observed when a macrophage-like cell line, J774.1, was incubated with LPS in the presence of cycloheximide (CHI). Cells of an LPS-sensitive subline of J774.1, JA-4, but not an LPS-resistant mutant, LPS1916, became swollen and detached from the culture dish on treatment with 10 ng/ml LPS and 10 μg/ml CHI at 37°C for 4 h, accompanied with the release of lactate dehydrogenase. These changes were dependent on both LPS and CHI, and the addition of CHI to the macrophages later than 1 h after the addition of LPS failed to induce the cytotoxicity. As for the mechanism, protein kinase C (PKC) seemed to be involved, because down-regulation of PKC and staurosporine reduced the cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity was dependent on serum, suggesting the involvement of CD14/LPS binding protein. However, TNFα does not seem to participate, because an anti-TNFα antibody did not inhibit the cytotoxicity and TNFα could not replace LPS.
Social Work Treatment of Anorexia and Bulimia: Guidelines for Practice
Authors: Shekter-Wolfson Lorie F. , Woodside D. Blake , Lackstrom Jan
Published: July 2017

The eating disorders anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) continue to demand significant attention from health care professionals, both due to their high prevalence, mortality, and severe morbidity. Despite nearly 3 decades of investigation, much still remains to be learned about the etiology of the conditions, and there is only a moderate consensus about appropriate treatments. This review article reviews generally accepted models of etiology, modes of assessment, and treatment options for AN and BN, commenting on the empirical basis for the various treatments reviewed The role of social work in these illnesses is reviewed, and some directions for the future are considered.
A Critical Review of Randomized Field Trials of Case Management for Individuals with Serious and Persistent Mental Illness
Authors: Draine Jeffrey
Published: July 2017

Social workers are a dominant presence in public mental health, and many serve as intensive case managers. This critical review of randomized field trials of intensive case management for individuals with serious and persistent mental illness finds only qualified support for the efficacy of intensive case management. This article reviews published trials since the inception of the CSS initiative. Inadequate sample sizes by design and attrition, vaguely delimited conceptual frameworks, and inconclusive analysis strategies are faulted for the inconclusiveness of the research to date. Directions for correcting these weaknesses in case management research and in random trials of social work practice research in general are discussed.
Learning from the inside Out: A Method for Analyzing Reflective Journals in the College Classroom
Authors: Hubbs Delaura , Brand Charles F.
Published: July 2017

The literature on reflective journals reveals that unless instructors use reflection in an educationally meaningful way, students often view journaling as busywork. The instrument we have designed and propose here for analyzing reflective journal entries provides students with useful methods for reviewing and critiquing connections between classroom learning and practical experience. Because this matrix graphically portrays how concrete or abstract and how cognitive or affective a given journal entry is judged, it holds promise for developing reflective skills and self-understanding. We present a definition of reflective journals, a rationale for the instructional use of reflective journals in professional education, a method for analyzing students' journal entries, and a means for developing reflective skills. Although this work is rooted in human services education, the instrument described here—a matrix for analyzing reflective journal entries—can be used in disciplines in which the use of reflective skills is a valuable component.
Mechanisms of Learning Transfer in Adventure Education: Qualitative Results from the NOLS Transfer Survey
Authors: Sibthorp Jim , Furman Nate , Paisley Karen , Gookin John , Schumann Scott
Published: July 2017

Transfer of learning from adventure programs remains of critical interest to adventure education professionals. Although some research has investigated what transfers, notably less has focused on mechanisms that might influence transfer. This paper explores the mechanisms of transfer reported by a stratified random sample of National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) alumni. The 538 participants reported that instructors (through a variety of means), inherent qualities of the adventure courses (e.g., group dynamics, natural setting), and curriculum (e.g., leadership progression) were critical mechanisms of transfer. Some of the literature-based mechanisms were not evident in the data; however, some (e.g., active learning, feedback) are inherent in adventure education. Thus, adventure education programs may inherently foster learning transfer through a variety of both data- and literature-based means. Ultimately, learning transfer is complex and highly individual; astute adventure educators should intentionally use a wide spectrum of techniques and tools, ranging from group dynamics to curriculum, when considering transfer in adventure education.
Adolescents in Wilderness Therapy: A Qualitative Study of Attachment Relationships
Authors: Bettmann Joanna E. , Olson-Morrison Debra , Jasperson Rachael A.
Published: July 2017

Characterized by acute changes in attachment relationships, adolescence is a time of balancing autonomy and attachment needs. For adolescents in wilderness therapy programs, the setting often challenges their understanding of their own attachment relationships. The current study evaluates the narratives of 13 adolescents in a wilderness therapy program in an attempt to understand their attitudes toward parents, therapists, and other adult figures. Results showed that while participants cited the importance of trusting adults in their lives, they also reported a general lack of trust between parents and themselves. The majority of participants reported rebelling against boundaries set by parents. They also described relationships with mothers negatively, characterizing mothers as controlling and strict. The findings of this study provide insight into working with adolescents by pointing to what are often unseen relational dynamics in treatment. Findings illustrate the need for relational interventions in wilderness therapy that support the formation of adolescents' healthy relational dynamics.
Magazine Market Demand for the Factual Article
Authors: Garberson John W.
Published: July 2017

These excerpts of case histories in fact writing are from Mr. Garberson's talk at the AASDJ-AATJ convention in Lexington, Ky., January 11. The author is connected with the Educational Services of the Saturday Evening Post.
News Notes
Authors: Miller Douglass W.
Published: July 2017

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments andchanges, curricular developments and the like … must reach Professor Miller, Division of Journalism, Stanford University, California, by the first of the month preceding publication, News for the December issue must reach him by November 1.
News Notes
Authors: Price Warren C.
Published: July 2017

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Price, School of Journalism, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. Notes for the March issue should reach him by January 20.
Some of the Things Trilinguals Do
Authors: Clyne Michael
Published: July 2017

This paper reports on a project on trilingualism currently in progress. A brief literature review indicates the diversity of trilingualism and trilingual situations. The paper then focuses on three sets of trilinguals in Melbourne-Dutch-German-English, Hungarian-German-English, and Italian-Spanish-English, and considers interlingual strategies employed by them. The three main types are: conversion rules indicative of a multilateral competence covering closely related languages, interlingual identification based on correspondences between two of the languages, and code-switching in which English transfers or bilingual compromise forms trigger switches between two other languages. Depending on the typology of the languages, trilinguals will differ in their strategies. Implications for processing models are given some preliminary consideration.
Bilingual Children with Specific Language Impairment and Standardized Assessments: Preliminary Findings from a Study of Children in Language Units
Authors: Crutchley Alison , Conti-Ramsden Gina , Botting Nicola
Published: July 2017

This paper focuses on a group of bilingual children within a large cohort of children with specific language impairment (SLI) attending language units attached to mainstream primary schools across England. Comparison of the bilingual children with their monolingual peers revealed differential performance on standardized speech and language assessment measures. Further analysis suggested that children with semantic and/or pragmatic difficulties perform differently to those without such difficulties, and that the relationships between bilinguals' and monolinguals' scores are substantially different for these two groups. Bilingual children were found to have less of a variety of combinations of language difficulties than their monolingual peers, although this was not found to have a direct influence on their test scores. However, accounting for severity of difficulties went some way towards explaining the difference on test scores for one group of bilingual children. This paper seeks to set these preliminary results in the context of current knowledge about the assessment and treatment of bilingual pupils in special educational needs provision within mainstream schools, and to inform further research in this somewhat neglected area.
The Null Theory of Code-Switching versus the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis: Testing the Fit in Persian-English Bilingual Discourse
Authors: Samar Reza Ghafar , Meechan Marjory
Published: July 2017

In this paper we determine the status of ambiguous lone English-origin nouns in otherwise Persian discourse. Utilizing the variationist comparative method, we analyze their distribution and conditioning and compare them to those of their counterparts in unmixed English. The results of our diagnostic measures all show remarkable similarities between the treatment of native Persian nouns, attested loanwords, and unattested lone English-origin nouns. The Null Theory of codeswitching is assessed against these findings. The Null Theory's prediction that both English and Persian heads should structurally project was not confirmed while the nonce borrowing hypothesis fully accounts for the findings of this study. Thus, the Null Theory provides no better explanation for the parallel patterns exhibited by English nonce forms and attested loanwords in Persian discourse to unmixed Persian than the more straightforward Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis. Our results constitute overwhelming evidence that there is no distinction between established loanwords and nonce borrowing and that therefore, they should all be classed as borrowed elements. As such they cannot be considered as evidence for any theory of codeswitching.
A review on linear mixed models for longitudinal data, possibly subject to dropout
Authors: Molenberghs Geert , Verbeke Geert
Published: July 2017

Many approaches are available for the analysis of continuous longitudinal data. Over the last couple of decades, a lot of emphasis has been put on the linear mixed model. The current paper is dedicated to an overview of this approach, with emphasis on model formulation, interpretation and inference. Advantages as well as drawbacks are discussed, and guidelines are given for general statistical practice. Special attention is given to the problem of missing data, i.e., the case where not all data are present as planned in the original design of the study.
Likelihood and Bayesian analysis of mixtures
Authors: Aitkin Murray
Published: July 2017

This paper compares likelihood and Bayesian analyses of finite mixture distributions, and expresses reservations about the latter. In particular, the role of prior assumptions in the full Monte Carlo Markov chain Bayes analysis is obscure, yet these assumptions clearly play a major role in the conclusions. These issues are illustrated with a detailed discussion of the well-known galaxy data.
An explosive outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea among a school party on holiday
Authors: Cooper T. , Adams N. , Cooper P. , Bingham P.
Published: July 2017

A sudden and extensive outbreak of vomiting/diarrhoea can present a significant challenge to teachers/carers who are acting in ‘loco parentis’ for children away from home on a school expedition or holiday. This article discusses an outbreak that occurred on the Isle of Wight and makes recommendations for UK resort public health teams and for residential facilities that cater for large parties of schoolchildren.
Persistent environmental reservoirs for Vancomycin-resistant enterococci requiring repeated decontamination to achieve eradication
Authors: Sexton T , Creamer E , Turley M , Smyth E , Humphreys E
Published: July 2017

V ancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are increasingly recognised nosocomial pathogens in clinical areas with high antibiotic usage. Patients with chronic renal failure, including those requiring haemodialysis, are at particular risk. Investigation and control of an outbreak of VRE in two renal wards, highlighting mattresses as reservoirs and environmental measures to control VRE are reported in this paper. Outbreak control measures included standard isolation in accordance with the Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Patients were screened on admission and weekly using a rectal swab. The inanimate environment including mattresses was also screened. Enhanced environmental decontamination was performed on a daily basis.

The outbreak continued over a 20-week period with most cases occurring in the first 6 weeks. The results of screening indicated that 59 (13%) of 451 patients and 54 (8.3%) of 647 environmental samples were positive for VRE. VRE was isolated from 35 (8%) of 433 mattresses, 12 (8.1%) of 148 environmental ledges, 4 (8%) of 50 toilets, and 3 (18.8%) of 16 items of cleaning equipment. Molecular typing indicated that a predominant strain was also implicated in mattress contamination, thus highlighting a potential and important reservoir for transmission of VRE. Difficulty with eradication of VRE from the environment was encountered despite enhanced cleaning regimens and a doubling of use of disinfectant was necessary.

Restriction of antibiotics, hand hygiene, hygiene and education are the cornerstone of VRE prevention and control. Lessons from this outbreak highlight the role of the environment in VRE transmission and the need for attention to the environment, especially mattress decontamination.
Isolation—a patient satisfaction and compliance survey
Authors: Madeo M , Owen E
Published: July 2017

I nfection control is critically important to the effective provision and management of healthcare services. Nurses have the opportunity to practice infection control as an integral part of patient care on a daily basis.

However, several studies suggest an overall lack of understanding of the components that make up informed infection control care (Mokabel, 1998). Within the NHS plan there is increasing emphasis on patients’ views of healthcare treatment, in order to try and deliver quality care (Department of Health, 1999).

Patients in hospital who are diagnosed as having an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms are usually nursed in source isolation or ‘barrier nursed'. Isolation nursing involves the use of practices aimed at controlling and minimising the spread of the microorganisms to others.

A review of the literature reveals a number of studies describing the effects of isolation, (Gammon, 1998; Gammon, 1999; Madeo, 2001), but there remains a general lack of insight into what being in isolation means to the patient.
New horizons: developing the novice infection control nurse through work-based learning and the new professional core competencies
Authors: Tew L , King D , Moore L , Meyers D
Published: July 2017

T his article aims to provide the reader with an example of using the professional core competencies for infection control nurses, together with the self-assessment tool, to provide a framework for the development of a trainee infection control nurse using the opportunities for work-based learning that present themselves as an integral part of this clinical nurse specialist role. The development of the competencies, the educational context and the practical application of this model are described.
The role of the National Patient Safety Agency
Authors: Glenister HM
Published: July 2017

T his article aims to provide an Introduction to the work of the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA), established as a special health authority within the NHS in July 2001. Patient safety, medical error and adverse incident reporting are high priorities in healthcare systems across the world. The NPSA will coordinate the efforts to report, and more importantly, learn from, adverse events occurring in the NHS. Part of the remit of the NPSA is to produce working solutions to prevent harm, specify national goals and establish mechanisms to track progress. This article will highlight some of the projects that will impact positively upon the work of infection control practitioners. The ‘Handy Hygiene’ project being undertaken by the NPSA will address the familiar concern of preventable healthcare-associated infection (HAI), which is estimated to cost the NHS nearly #1 billion a year.
The history of infection control: Florence Nightingale part 1: 1820-1856
Authors: Newsom SWB
Published: July 2017

T his is the ninth in a series of articles outlining the key developments in the history of infection control.
Evaluating Telemedicine: Lessons and Challenges
Authors: Brear Michelle
Published: July 2017

Telemedicine applications have been rapidly implemented since the early 1990s and are now in use in a wide range of healthcare settings. There is, however, limited evidence of clinical benefits resulting from their use. This paper describes the design and implementation of a multi-method evaluation of an emergency telemedicine application's clinical impact. In particular, the challenges faced and lessons learnt regarding the development of a suitable methodology and collection of health information from a variety of sources are discussed. In order to understand the application's clinical impact it was necessary to use different types of data from multiple sources, and to interpret the results from each enquiry in relation to results from the others.
Use of Evaporated Acrylate Coatings to Smooth the Surface Of Polyester and Polypropylene Film Substrates
Authors: Roehrig Mark , Shaw Dave , Langlois Marc , Sheehan Chris
Published: July 2017

It is well known that all film substrates have a characteristic surface roughness which depends on the way that it is made and the various chemical additives that it contains. In many cases this roughness is desirable since it provides the sheet material with a low coefficient of friction which prevents blocking during handling. On the other hand these additives may be undesirable since they can lower the water and oxygen barrier properties of a barrier layer applied to this film or reduce the surface reflectivity. This paper attempts to characterize the surface roughness of some common film substrates using scanning electron microscopy and the WYKO RST interferometer surface measurement system. The roughness was visually displayed and quantitative numbers are given for the peak to valley roughness, the number of peaks, and their average height. These substrates were coated by vapor deposition of a radiation curable acrylate monomer in layers of various thicknesses. The effect of these coatings in smoothing out the surface roughness was shown. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of both evaluation methods in characterizing the roughness of plain and coated film.
Physico-Mechanical Properties of Filled Polyethylene Films
Authors: Nagaralli R. T. , Ramakrishna A. , Rajulu A. Varada
Published: July 2017

The mechanical, optical and electrical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) films with and without fillers have been studied. The variation of properties resulting from the addition of inorganic fillers included an increase in haze, diffusion of light, and tear strength for films made with both LDPE and LLDPE, while increasing the burst strength and elongation of the LDPE films only. The tensile strength, melt flow rate, and usually the seal strength were decreased with the addition of fillers. The coefficient of friction (COF) was decreased when silica or commercial grade mica were added to both LDPE and LLDPE films.
A Rheological Model for the Prediction of Polyethylene Blown Film Properties
Authors: Kuijk E. W. , Tas P. P. , Neuteboom P.
Published: July 2017

Development of new or improved blown film products is an expensive and time-consuming exercise for converters. Often, many experiments and trial runs have to be performed, accompanied by evaluations of the resulting film samples. If no lab-scale blown film line is available, valuable production time is lost while seeking out optimum processing parameters. Utilization of model calculations relating polymer type and machine parameters to properties of films obviously is an interesting option to streamline the development process of films. The practical use of model calculations depends on reliability and versatility of the model used. In this paper, a Theological model is presented that was developed for low density polyethylene (LDPE), and relates rheological properties, processing conditions and die geometry to mechanical and optical properties of the films. Validation of the model on different blown film lines has proven its reliability for LDPE. Furthermore, the model has been extended to binary LDPE/LLDPE (linear low density polyethylene) blends, demonstrating its versatility for PE in general. An oversight is given of theoretical and experimental issues encountered during the development of the model, complemented with some instructive examples of practical usage.