bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika: ’n Vrywillige vereniging of ’n vereniging sui generis?
Authors: Gregan S. H.
Published: January 2014

The Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika: A voluntary association or an association sui generis The Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk is seen as a voluntary association in South African law which is founded on a contractual basis. Recent case law has re-affirmed this fact. This was not always the case. Earlier case law referred to the church as a legal person (universitas). Because of the influence of English law and also the role of De Mist in the Cape during the nineteenth century, the courts have adopted the view that the church is a voluntary association The Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, however, disagrees with this view of the courts. According to the the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, one cannot simply talk of ‘voluntariness’ when membership of the church is at stake. The church is also not found on a contractual basis; Christ brought it together. The church is the communion of saints, because the believers, being members of the body of Jesus Christ, share in Christ and all He has. Recently an English court found that a church had the power to decide whether a preacher (rabbi) was fit to be a preacher and declared that the court will not interfere in such matters. This case could help to convince South African courts that the church differs from the ordinary voluntary association. The Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk also has the task to convince the courts in this regard and should be adamant in its stance that it should not be considered as a voluntary association, but rather as an association sui generis.
The wisdom and apocalyptic layers of the Sayings Gospel Q: What is their significance?
Authors: Hartin P. J.
Published: January 2014

New Testament scholarship over the past three decades has shown a growing interest in the Sayings Gospel Q. Vielhauer’s thesis on the secondary nature of the future Son of man sayings led to the conclusion that the apocalyptic element within the Sayings Gospel Q was also secondary. This paper follows the work of Kloppenborg and examines the wisdom and apocalyptic layers of the Sayings Gospel Q. The examination argues that the proclamation of Jesus was directed first of all to the proclamation of a kingdom that was present. The apocalyptic understanding of a future, immediate end of the world was a later appropriation within a deuteronomistic framework that developed from sayings of Jesus that were interpreted in this way by the early church.
‘Jy mag nie moord pleeg nie’: Die betekenis van die sesde gebod vir die mediese etiek
Authors: Lategan L. O.K.
Published: January 2014

Thou shalt not murder’: The meaning of the sixth commandment for medical ethics In this article the author analyses the meaning of the sixth commandment in terms of medical ethics. According to this command no life may be taken illegally. Although life should be treated with respect, this respect is not an absolute value. Life is God-given. It is God who deserves absolute respect - not life. People who want to preserve life at any cost treat life as an abstract, biotic object rather than a subject that is part of personhood. This is also the reason why nobody has the right to decide whether he wants to live or not. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that it is not always possible to fulfil the meaning of the sixth commandment - especially in borderline situations. A borderline situation occurs when one is confronted with two equally unacceptable possibilities. When one chooses between these equally unacceptable options a conflict of duties emerges. The Christian has no choice left to him in a borderline situation other than that of the lesser of two evils. It is in this situation that the compromise is discussed
Why did Paul make so little of the birth of Jesus?
Authors: Sebothoma W. A.
Published: January 2014

The parameters of the question in the title involve a comparative study of ‘the birth of Jesus’, its historicity or function within the synoptic tradition. The results are weighed against Pauline theology, its thrust as well as conceptual range. The pre-existent aspect of the notion of Messiah, which constitutes the condition for the possibility of the infancy narratives, is scrutinized in order to determine the validity or otherwise of the ‘report’ on ‘the birth of Jesus’.
’n Sosiologiese perspektief op die literêre komposisie van die Sinaikompleks (Eksodus 19-34)
Authors: Van Tender C. A.P. , Oberholzer J. P.
Published: January 2014

A sociological perspective on the literary composition of the Sinai complex (Exodus 19-34) The elaborate account of Exodus 19-34 is rooted in a pre-exilic Mountain of God tradition which arose primarily from the imagery of divine presence that is assumed in the description of theophany. Deuteronomistic and priestly redactors both significantly expanded this pre-exilic tradition by anchoring their legislation in this event. The underlying motif of the final redaction of the entire Sinai complex reflects rivalry between priestly houses during the Persian period, one tracing its lineage to Moses (Levites) and the other its lineage to Aaron (Zadokites).
Nog steeds geslote eredienste? Deel l
Authors: Van Wyk I. W.C.
Published: January 2014

Should church services still be closed? Part 1 This paper - in two parts - deals with the question of whether the Nederduitsch Hervormde Church should continue being a church for white persons only. The auther argues that this practice is not according to biblical teachings, and at the same time, that it will be unwise to continue it under the future sociopolitical circumstances in South Africa. He therefore calls on the Nederduitsch Hervormde Church to abandon this practice as it will bring the church into conflict with its own theological tradition.
Wie is die sondaar? Die beskouing van Karl Barth
Authors: Van Zyl F. J.
Published: January 2014

Who is the sinner? The view of Karl Barth The previous article dealt with Barth’s view of the knowledge and real essence of sin, while this one focus on his view of the human being as sinner. In accordance with his christological approach to all theological matters, Barth presents us with a description of the image and character of the sinner as mirrored by the obedient suffering and death of Jesus Christ on the cross in the place of all sinners of all times - past, present and future. The price that God paid in surrendering his only Son to such suffering, indicates the enormous guilt and baseness of every sinner. Every human being is utterly insolvent and can only be delivered from sin through God’s graceful remission of siru
Why was the macalot collection (Ps 120-134) written?
Authors: Viviers H.
Published: January 2014

Why was the macalot collection (Ps 120-134) written? A dose reading of the macalot collection (Ps 120-134) proves that it is a work of unity and poetic worth. I f the ‘answer’ communicated by the text is ‘trust in Yahweh’, what might the ‘question’ or ‘problem’ be? How does the social context illuminate the text? With the sociological insights of C Geertz and W Brueggemann the sociological function of the collection is determined. Relevant sociohistoric data are used in reconstructing the possible social setting of the collection. Text and context match! The first in fact ‘mirrors’ the latter. The (macro-) context is that of disconsolation (ca 445-350 B C in Jerusalem) and a dire need for a message of trust and hope - which the text does provide. The theme of trust is given substance within the world view and ethos of Zion, national and Godwith- us-theology.
Sistematies verwronge kommunikasie in Lukas 14:1-6: Die dialekties-kritiese teorie van Jürgen Habermas krities bespreek
Authors: Volschenk G. J. , Van Aarde A. G.
Published: January 2014

Systematically distorted communication in Luke 14:1-6: A critical assessment of the dialectical-critical theory of Jürgen Habermas In this article the epistemology and essence of the practical interest of Jürgen Habermas’s dialectical-critical theory is discussed, focusing on his concept of systematically distorted communication. The article aims at describing the theory of communicative competence or universal pragmatics by means of an exegetical study of Luke 14:1-6. The appropriation of Habermas’s theory on Luke 14:1-6 is assessed from the perspective of some results of the recent social-scientific studies of the New Testament.
’n Herdefiniëring van Paulus se konflik in Galasië: Die brief aan die Galasiërs deur die bril van die sosiale wetenskappe
Authors: Craffert P. F.
Published: January 2014

Redefining Paul’s conflict in Galatia: The letter to the Galatians through the lense of the social sciences Traditional attempts at identifying Paul’s oppponents in the letter to the Galatians are methodologically stamped by a history-of-ideas approach; this is accompanied by at least two interpretive traditions (one focusing on the Reformation question of righteousness by works or by faith, and the second by the inclusion of Gentiles in the people of God). After a social- scientific methodology is introduced, three facets of Paul’s social realities are discussed: communication in a predominantly oral culture, Judaism as a first-century religious phenomenon, and the household institution. It is suggested that these provide us with an opportunity for redefining the conflict as a conflict on Paul’s honour and authority.
Die etiek van Jesus in die lig van Q: Eskatologies of wysheidsteologies begrond?
Authors: Nel G. C.J. , Van Aarde A. G.
Published: January 2014

The ethics of Jesus in the light Q: Rooted in eschatology or sapiental theology? Traditionally the sayings of Jesus with an ethical content were seen within the dialectics of ethics-eschatology. The imminent end, coupled with the unavoidable judgment, provides the grounds for the ethical call. The ethics of Jesus were regarded as a direct consequence of his eschatological message regarding the imminent kingdom of God This paper poses the question of whether this previous uncritical standpoint can be regarded as still valid today in the light of recent research on the hypothetical document Q. It has come to light that no sign of eschatological thinking can be found in the oldest and, therefore, most original layer of Q - indicating that Jesus probably did not think in an eschatological way. The question should be asked if another hypothesis is not to be sought - such as to regard Jesus radical ethical demands as a continuation of the Jewish sapiental tradition, but with the explicit intent to postulate an inclusive ethics. This paper’s aim is to hint in the direction of the latter, rather than to advocate it fully.
Die Calvinistiese onderwysleen Pedagogies normatief of anti-normatief?
Authors: Schoeman S.
Published: January 2014

The Calvinist doctrine of education: Pedagogically nomiative or antinormative? Each educational practice is an expression of an underlying doctrine of education, which in turn is grounded in a particular philosophy of life. The spotlight in this article falls on the Calvinist doctrine of education. The essence of this doctrine of education can be derived from its expression immediately adjacent to the lifetime of John Calvin (1509-1564). From a pedagogical evaluation of the Calvinist doctrine of education it becomes apparent that it is pedagogically justifiable and that it is in a position to make a positive contribution to education and teaching.
Die landsbelofte en grondbesit: Enkele perspektiewe op die boek Miga
Authors: Strydom J. G.
Published: January 2014

The land promise and the possession of land: A few perspectives on the book of Micah In prophetic circles the whole crisis about justice centered around the issue of the land and its ownership, more specifically the unfavorable distribution of the land which took place. This means that the land promise, made to Abram, as well as the way in which the promised land was eventually taken possession of and distributed, formed the basis of the prophets critique against social injustice and their consequent call for justice. To illustrate this matter this article focuses on the book of Micah by analyzing the passages which deal with issues of social injustice.
Woordverkondiging: ’n Universeelgerigte aksie
Authors: VanStaden P.
Published: January 2014

Proclaiming the Gospel: An endeavour with universal scope This is the second part of a two-part study in which the exclusivist measures in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, which bar people of colour from attending regular Sunday services, are evaluated. The first pail, under the title: ‘May "whites onfyl" worship here?’ investigated the historical circumstances that gave rise to such measures and assessed the arguments for maintaining them. This second part of the study covers matters such as perceptions and group behaviour within the church as social group, the church as spiritual as well as social entity, the concepts of 'covenant' and ‘volkskerk’, and exclusivism versus inclusivity. In particular, the way in which the concepts of ‘volkskerk’ and ‘covenant’ are combined by some theologians of the church to provide grounds for excluding some categories of people from worship services, is challenged as being theologically unsound
Multiloop algebras, iterated loop algebras and extended affine Lie algebras of nullity 2
Authors: Allison Bruce , Berman Stephen , Pianzola Arturo
Published: January 2014

Let

\mathbb M_n

be the class of all multiloop algebras of finite dimensional simple Lie algebras relative to

n

-tuples of commuting finite order automorphisms. It is a classical result that

\mathbb M_1

is the class of all derived algebras modulo their centres of affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras. This combined with the Peterson-Kac conjugacy theorem for affine algebras results in a classification of the algebras in

\mathbb M_1

. In this paper, we classify the algebras in

\mathbb M_2

, and further determine the relationship between

\mathbb M_2

and two other classes of Lie algebras: the class of all loop algebras of affine Lie algebras and the class of all extended affine Lie algebras of nullity 2.
Modernity and its Discontents: Western Catholic Pioneers of the Hindu-Christian Dialogue
Authors: Beltramini Enrico
Published: January 2014

This article presents a reassessment of the Hindu-Christian dialogue in its relationship with modernity. The focus is on a group of Western Catholic clergymen who relocated to India, specifically during 1940-70, and became involved in the Hindu-Christian dialogue. The article traces the reasons for these Catholics’ relocations to their dissatisfaction with modernity and the predominance of rationality in the West, as well as their aversion to modern scientific thought. It emphasises the dual character of the interfaith dialogue, and the struggles of this group of clergymen to overcome modernity, whereby a modern Weltanschauung was the obstacle along the path to reshaping Catholic theology and establishing a fruitful interfaith dialogue with Hinduism. Although they did not pursue a common agenda and had different goals, these pioneers of interfaith dialogue came to consider such a dialogue with Hinduism as regenerative, as a means of revitalising Western thought, of balancing the modern excesses of a Western civilisation increasingly dominated by technology, and of transcending the rationalised culture of the modern West to achieve higher consciousness.
Nominale afleidingen in het Bargoens
Authors: Van Hauwermeiren Paul
Published: January 2014

This article describes the distribution of the suffixes in nominal derivatives found in Dutch cant or Bargoens. We have examined, suffix by suffix, which parts of speech can function as basic words and to which semantic categories the derived substantives can belong. Thus a Bargoens
noun such as buizerd, meaning ‘drinkebroer, zatlap’ (drunkard, alcoholic), is analyzed as the name of an agentive person derived from a verb by means of the suffix –erd. The valence of the suffixes is compared with their potential for combination in Standard
Dutch. Our research material comes from well-defined sources, lists of words from the regions where Bargoens was spoken and has been recorded. Dutch cant proves to have a greater potential for making combinations than Standard Dutch, probably as a result of its smaller number of suffixes.
Speakers of Bargoens built all the nominal derivatives they needed by means of the few frequently occurring suffixes in their dialects, i.e. the local variants of the colloquial language. They mainly spoke of materially perceptible things and people in their familiar surroundings, and in that
everyday language they had no need for most suffixes with which Standard Dutch produces nominal derivatives.
BoekbesprekingSander van der Harst (2011). The Vowel Space Paradox. A Sociophonetic Study on Dutch. Utrecht: LOT.
Authors: Verhoeven Jo
Published: January 2014

Dit boek is een uitgave van de doctoraatsverhandeling van Sander Van der Harst die op 19 april 2011 aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen promoveerde met een studie over de akoestische kenmerken van de Nederlandse vocalen in voorgelezen en spontane spraak. Het is een omvangrijk verslag
in 8 hoofdstukken (380 bladzijden).  De promotoren van het onderzoek waren R. Van Hout en W. Zonneveld; H. Van de Velde was copromotor.
Establishing the contribution of lawn mowing to atmospheric aerosol levels in American suburbs
Authors: Harvey R. M. , Zahardis J. , Petrucci G. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are a class of wound-induced volatile organic compounds emitted by several plant species. Turf grasses emit a complex profile of GLVs upon mowing, as evidenced by the "freshly cut grass" smell, some of which are readily oxidized in the atmosphere to contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The contribution of lawn-mowing-induced SOA production may be especially impactful at the urban–suburban interface, where urban hubs provide a source of anthropogenic oxidants and SOA while suburban neighborhoods have the potential to emit large quantities of reactive, mow-induced GLVs. This interface provides a unique opportunity to study aerosol formation in a multicomponent system and at a regionally relevant scale. Freshly cut grass was collected from a study site in Essex Junction, Vermont, and was placed inside a 775 L Teflon experimental chamber. Thermal desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) was used to characterize the emitted GLV profile. Ozone was introduced to the experimental chamber and TD-GC/MS was used to monitor the consumption of these GLVs and the subsequent evolution of gas-phase products, while a scanning mobility particle sizer was used to continuously measure aerosol size distributions and mass loadings as a result of grass clipping ozonolysis. Freshly cut grass was found to emit a complex mixture of GLVs, dominated by \\textit{cis}-3-hexenyl acetate (CHA) and \\textit{cis}-3-hexenol (HXL), which were released at an initial rate of 1.8 (± 0.5) μg and 0.07 (± 0.03) μg per square meter of lawn mowed with each mowing. Chamber studies using pure standards of CHA and HXL were found to have aerosol yields of 1.2 (± 1.1)% and 3.3 (± 3.1)%, respectively. Using these aerosol yields and the emission rate of CHA and HXL by grass, SOA evolution by ozonolysis of grass clippings was predicted. However, the measured SOA mass produced from the ozonolysis of grass clippings exceeded the predicted amount, by upwards of ~150%. The ozonolysis of a mixture of CHA and HXL representative of environmental mixing ratios also failed to accurately model the SOA mass produced by grass clippings. The disparity between measured SOA mass and the predicted SOA mass suggests that grass clippings contain other SOA precursors in addition to CHA and HXL. Aerial photographs and geospatial analysis were used to determine the area of turfgrass coverage in a suburban neighborhood, which was then used along with measured SOA production as a function of grass mowed to determine that lawn mowing has the potential to contribute 47 μg SOA per m−2 of lawn to the atmosphere per mowing event by ozonolysis, which cannot be modeled solely by the ozonolysis of CHA, HXL or a representative mixture of the two.
Chemistry of new particle growth in mixed urban and biogenic emissions – insights from CARES
Authors: Setyan A. , Song C. , Merkel M. , Knighton W. B. , Onasch T. B. , Canagaratna M. R. , Worsnop D. R. , Wiedensohler A. , Shilling J. E. , Zhang Q.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Regional new particle formation and growth events (NPE) were observed on most days over the Sacramento and western Sierra Foothills area of California in June 2010 during the Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effect Study (CARES). Simultaneous particle measurements at both the T0 (Sacramento, urban site) and the T1 (Cool, rural site located ~40 km northeast of Sacramento) sites of CARES indicate that the NPE usually occurred in the morning with the appearance of an ultrafine mode centered at ~15 nm (in mobility diameter, Dm, measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer operating in the range 10–858 nm) followed by the growth of this mode to ~50 nm in the afternoon. These events were generally associated with southwesterly winds bringing urban plumes from Sacramento to the T1 site. The growth rate was on average higher at T0 (7.1 ± 2.7 nm h−1) than at T1 (6.2 ± 2.5 nm h−1), likely due to stronger anthropogenic influences at T0. Using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), we investigated the evolution of the size-resolved chemical composition of new particles at T1. Our results indicate that the growth of new particles was driven primarily by the condensation of oxygenated organic species and, to a lesser extent, ammonium sulfate. New particles appear to be fully neutralized during growth, consistent with high NH3 concentration in the region. Nitrogen-containing organic ions (i.e., CHN+, CH4N+, C2H3N+, and C2H4N+) that are indicative of the presence of alkyl-amine species in submicrometer particles enhanced significantly during the NPE days, suggesting that amines might have played a role in these events. Our results also indicate that the bulk composition of the ultrafine mode organics during NPE was very similar to that of anthropogenically-influenced secondary organic aerosol (SOA) observed in transported urban plumes. In addition, the concentrations of species representative of urban emissions (e.g., black carbon, CO, NOx, and toluene) were significantly higher whereas the photo-oxidation products of biogenic VOC and the biogenically-influenced SOA also increased moderately during the NPE days compared to the non-event days. These results indicate that the frequently occurring NPE over the Sacramento and Sierra Nevada regions were mainly driven by urban plumes from Sacramento and that the interaction of regional biogenic emissions with the urban plumes has enhanced the new particle growth. This finding has important implication for quantifying the climate impacts of NPE on global scale.
Composition of 15–80 nm particles in marine air
Authors: Lawler M. J. , Whitehead J. , O'Dowd C. , Monahan C. , McFiggans G. , Smith J. N.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The chemical composition of 15–80 nm diameter particles was measured at Mace Head, Ireland, during May 2011 using the TDCIMS (Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer). Measurable levels of chloride, sodium, and sulfate were present in essentially all collected samples of these particles at this coastal Atlantic site. Organic compounds were rarely detectable, but this was likely an instrumental limitation. Concomitant particle hygroscopicity observations usually showed two main modes, one which contained a large sea salt component and another which was likely dominated by sulfate. There were several occasions lasting from hours to about two days during which 10–60 nm particle number increased dramatically in polar oceanic air. During these events, the sulfate mode increased substantially in number. This observation, along with the presence of very small (<10 nm) particles during the events, suggests that the particles were formed by homogeneous nucleation, followed by subsequent growth by sulfuric acid and potentially other vapors. The frequency of the events and similarity of event particles to background particles suggest that these events are important contributors of nanoparticles in this environment.
Modeling and sensitivity analysis of transport and deposition of radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi accident
Authors: Hu X. , Li D. , Huang H. , Shen S. , Bou-Zeid E.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The atmospheric transport and ground deposition of radioactive isotopes 131I and 137Cs during and after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident (March 2011) are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model. The aim is to assess the skill of WRF in simulating these processes and the sensitivity of the model's performance to various parameterizations of unresolved physics. The WRF/Chem model is first upgraded by implementing a radioactive decay term into the advection-diffusion solver and adding three parameterizations for dry deposition and two parameterizations for wet deposition. Different microphysics and horizontal turbulent diffusion schemes are then tested for their ability to reproduce observed meteorological conditions. Subsequently, the influence on the simulated transport and deposition of the characteristics of the emission source, including the emission rate, the gas partitioning of 131I and the size distribution of 137Cs, is examined. The results show that the model can predict the wind fields and rainfall realistically. The ground deposition of the radionuclides can also potentially be captured well but it is very sensitive to the emission characterization. It is found that the total deposition is most influenced by the emission rate for both 131I and 137Cs; while it is less sensitive to the dry deposition parameterizations. Moreover, for 131I, the deposition is also sensitive to the microphysics schemes, the horizontal diffusion schemes, gas partitioning and wet deposition parameterizations; while for 137Cs, the deposition is very sensitive to the microphysics schemes and wet deposition parameterizations, and it is also sensitive to the horizontal diffusion schemes and the size distribution.
An accessibility graph-based model to optimize tsunami evacuation sites and routes in Martinique, France
Authors: Péroche M. , Leone F. , Gutton R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The risk of tsunami threatens the whole Caribbean coastline especially the Lesser Antilles. The first available models of tsunami propagation estimate that the travel time from the closest seismic sources would only take few minutes to impact the Martinique Island. Considering this threat, the most effective measure is a planned and organized evacuation of the coastal population. This requires an efficient regional warning system, estimation of the maximum expected tsunami flood height, preparation of the population to evacuate, and drawing up of local and regional emergency plans. In order to produce an efficient evacuation plan, we have to assess the number of people at risk, the potential evacuation routes, the safe areas and the available time to evacuate. However, this essential information is still lacking in the French West Indies emergency plans. This paper proposes a model of tsunami evacuation sites accessibility for Martinique directly addressed to decision makers. It is based on a population database at a local scale, the development of connected graphs of roads, the identification of potential safe areas and the velocity setting for pedestrians. Evacuation routes are calculated using the Dijkstra's algorithm which gives the shortest path between areas at risk and designated evacuation sites. The first results allow us to map the theoretical times and routes to keep the exposed population safe and to compare these results with a tsunami travel time scenario.
Regional variability of acidification in the Arctic: a sea of contrasts
Authors: Popova E. E. , Yool A. , Aksenov Y. , Coward A. C. , Anderson T. R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is a region that is particularly vulnerable to the impact of ocean acidification driven by rising atmospheric CO2, with potentially negative consequences for calcifying organisms such as coccolithophorids and foraminiferans. In this study, we use an ocean-only general circulation model, with embedded biogeochemistry and a comprehensive description of the ocean carbon cycle, to study the response of pH and saturation states of calcite and aragonite to rising atmospheric pCO2 and changing climate in the Arctic Ocean. Particular attention is paid to the strong regional variability within the Arctic, and, for comparison, simulation results are contrasted with those for the global ocean. Simulations were run to year 2099 using the RCP8.5 (an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) scenario with the highest concentrations of atmospheric CO2). The separate impacts of the direct increase in atmospheric CO2 and indirect effects via impact of climate change (changing temperature, stratification, primary production and freshwater fluxes) were examined by undertaking two simulations, one with the full system and the other in which atmospheric CO2 was prevented from increasing beyond its preindustrial level (year 1860). Results indicate that the impact of climate change, and spatial heterogeneity thereof, plays a strong role in the declines in pH and carbonate saturation (Ω) seen in the Arctic. The central Arctic, Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Baffin Bay show greatest rates of acidification and Ω decline as a result of melting sea ice. In contrast, areas affected by Atlantic inflow including the Greenland Sea and outer shelves of the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas, had minimal decreases in pH and Ω because diminishing ice cover led to greater vertical mixing and primary production. As a consequence, the projected onset of undersaturation in respect to aragonite is highly variable regionally within the Arctic, occurring during the decade of 2000–2010 in the Siberian shelves and Canadian Arctic Archipelago, but as late as the 2080s in the Barents and Norwegian seas. We conclude that, for future projections of acidification and carbonate saturation state in the Arctic, regional variability is significant and needs to be adequately resolved, with particular emphasis on reliable projections of the rates of retreat of the sea ice, which are a major source of uncertainty.
Weathering by tree-root-associating fungi diminishes under simulated Cenozoic atmospheric CO2 decline
Authors: Quirk J. , Leake J. R. , Banwart S. A. , Taylor L. L. , Beerling D. J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Trees dominate terrestrial biotic weathering of silicate minerals by converting solar energy into chemical energy that fuels roots and their ubiquitous nutrient-mobilising fungal symbionts. These biological activities regulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]a) over geologic timescales by driving calcium and magnesium fluvial ion export and marine carbonate formation. However, the important stabilising feedbacks between [CO2]a and biotic weathering anticipated by geochemical carbon cycle models remain untested. We report experimental evidence for a negative feedback across a declining Cenozoic [CO2]a range from 1500 to 200 ppm, whereby low [CO2]a curtails mineral surface alteration via trenching and etch pitting by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal partners of tree roots. Optical profile imaging using vertical scanning interferometry reveals changes in nanoscale surface topography consistent with a dual mode of attack involving delamination and trenching by AM and EM fungal hyphae on phyllosilicate mineral flakes. This is consistent with field observations of micropores in feldspar, hornblende and basalt, purportedly caused by EM fungi, but with little confirmatory evidence. Integrating these findings into a process-based biotic weathering model revealed that low [CO2]a effectively acts as a "carbon starvation" brake, causing a three-fold drop in tree-driven fungal weathering fluxes of calcium and magnesium from silicate rock grains as [CO2]a falls from 1500 to 200 ppm. The feedback is regulated through the action of low [CO2]a on host tree productivity and provides empirical evidence for the role of [CO2]a starvation in diminishing the contribution of trees and mycorrhizal fungi to rates of biological weathering. More broadly, diminished tree-driven weathering under declining [CO2]a may provide an important contributory mechanism stabilising Earth's [CO2]a minimum over the past 24 million years.
Future climate variability impacts on potential erosion and soil organic carbon in European croplands
Authors: van der Velde M. , Balkovič J. , Beer C. , Khabarov N. , Kuhnert M. , Obersteiner M. , Skalský R. , Xiong W. , Smith P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We investigate the impact of future climate variability on the potential vulnerability of soils to erosion and the consequences for soil organic carbon (SOC) in European croplands. Soil erosion is an important carbon flux not characterized in Earth System Models. We use a~European implementation of EPIC, driven by reference climate data (CNTRL), and climate data with reduced variability (REDVAR). Whether erosion regimes will change across European cropland depends on the spatial conjunction of expected changes in climate variability and physiographic conditions conducive to erosion. We isolated the effect of erosion by performing simulations with and without erosion. Median CNTRL and REDVAR erosion rates equalled 14.4 and 9.1 ton ha−1, and 19.1 and 9.7, for 1981–2010 and 2071–2100, respectively. The total amount of carbon lost from European cropland due to erosion was estimated at 769 Tg C for 1981–2010 (from a total storage of 6197 Tg C without erosion) under CNTRL climate. Climate trend impacts reduce the European cropland SOC stock by 578 Tg C without – and by 683 Tg C with erosion, from 1981 to 2100. Climate variability compounds these impacts and decreases the stock by an estimated 170 Tg without erosion and by 314 Tg C with erosion, by the end of the century. Future climate variability and erosion will thus compound impacts on SOC stocks arising from gradual climate change alone.
Technical Note: Simple formulations and solutions of the dual-phase diffusive transport for biogeochemical modeling
Authors: Tang J. Y. , Riley W. J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Representation of gaseous diffusion in variably saturated near-surface soils is becoming more common in land biogeochemical models, yet the formulations and numerical solution algorithms applied vary widely. We present three different but equivalent formulations of the dual-phase (gaseous and aqueous) tracer diffusion transport problem that is relevant to a wide class of volatile tracers in land biogeochemical models. Of these three formulations (i.e., the gas-primary, aqueous-primary, and bulk tracer based formulations), we contend the gas-primary formulation is the most convenient for modeling tracer dynamics in biogeochemical models. We then provide finite volume approximation to the gas-primary equation and evaluate its accuracy against three analytical models: one for steady-state soil CO2 dynamics, one for steady-state soil CO2 dynamics, and one for transient tracer diffusion from a constant point source into two different sequentially aligned medias. All evaluations demonstrated good accuracy of the numerical approximation. We expect our result will standardize an efficient mechanistic numerical method for solving relatively simple, multi-phase, one-dimensional diffusion problems in land models.
Fluctuations of sulfate, S-bearing amino acids and magnesium in a giant clam shell
Authors: Yoshimura T. , Tamenori Y. , Kawahata H. , Suzuki A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We used micro-X-ray fluorescence combined with X-ray photoabsorption spectroscopy to investigate speciation-specific sulfur profiles in the inner shell layer of a giant clam (Hippopus hippopus). The sulfate, S-bearing amino acids, and total sulfur profiles indicated that inorganic sulfate was the dominant component in the shell of this bivalve. Sulfur profiles in the inner shell layer showed clear annual fluctuations that varied by more than one order of magnitude, from < 50 to 1420 ppm, and sulfate and total sulfur maxima became higher with age, whereas no ontogenetic trend was noticeable in the profile of S-bearing amino acids. A changes in the carbonate ion concentration in the calcifying fluid would suggest that an ontogenetic increase in the relative activity of sulfate ions to carbonate ions in the calcifying fluid affects sulfate concentrations in the shells. These results suggest that trace sulfur profiles in the shell of the giant clam may reflect both cyclic shell growth related to environmental factors such as insolation and temperature and ontogenetic changes of the calcifying fluid chemistry mediated by physiological processes. The observed S profile implies a clear change in calcifying fluid chemistry towards less alkaline condition with age. Magnesium fluctuations suggested that Mg was incorporated into the shells at high growth rates during warm seasons. The spectrum of Mg K-edge XANES and comparison of Mg and S-bearing amino acids profiles indicated that a pronounced effect of the organic fraction or disordered phases were observed in aragonitic shell of H. hippopus rather than regulated substitution into the aragonite crystal lattice.
The influence of the geo-morphological and sedimentological settings on the distribution of epibenthic assemblages on a flat topped hill on the over-deepened shelf of the Western Weddell Sea
Authors: Dorschel B. , Gutt J. , Piepenburg D. , Schröder M. , Arndt J.-E.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Epibenthos communities play an important role in the marine ecosystems of the Weddell Sea. Information on the factors controlling their structure and distribution are, however, still rare. Especially the interactions between environmental factors and biotic assemblages are not fully understood. Nachtigaller Hill, a newly discovered seabed structure on the over-deepened shelf of the Northwest Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean), offers a unique site to study these interactions in a high-latitude Antarctic setting. Based on high-resolution bathymetry, geo-referenced biological data, the effect of the terrain and related environmental parameters on the epibenthos was assessed. At Nachtigaller Hill, both geo-morphological and biological data showed complex distribution patterns, reflecting local processes such as iceberg scouring and locally amplified bottom currents. This variability is also generally reflected in the variable epibenthos distribution patterns although statistical analyses did not show strong correlations between the selected environmental parameters and species abundances. By analysing the interactions between environmental and biological patterns, this study provides crucial information towards a better understanding of the factors and processes that drive epibenthos communities on the shelves of the Weddell Sea and probably also on other Antarctic shelves.
Addressing drought conditions under current and future climates in the Jordan River region
Authors: Törnros T. , Menzel L.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Standardized Precipitation–Evaporation Index (SPEI) was applied in order to address the drought conditions under current and future climates in the Jordan River region located in the southeastern Mediterranean area. In the first step, the SPEI was derived from spatially interpolated monthly precipitation and temperature data at multiple timescales: accumulated precipitation and monthly mean temperature were considered over a number of timescales – for example 1, 3, and 6 months. To investigate the performance of the drought index, correlation analyses were conducted with simulated soil moisture and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained from remote sensing. A comparison with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), i.e., a drought index that does not incorporate temperature, was also conducted. The results show that the 6-month SPEI has the highest correlation with simulated soil moisture and best explains the interannual variation of the monthly NDVI. Hence, a timescale of 6 months is the most appropriate when addressing vegetation growth in the semi-arid region. In the second step, the 6-month SPEI was derived from three climate projections based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenario A1B. When comparing the period 2031–2060 with 1961–1990, it is shown that the percentage of time with moderate, severe and extreme drought conditions is projected to increase strongly. To address the impact of drought on the agricultural sector, the irrigation water demand during certain drought years was thereafter simulated with a hydrological model on a spatial resolution of 1 km. A large increase in the demand for irrigation water was simulated, showing that the agricultural sector is expected to become even more vulnerable to drought in the future.
Evolving water science in the Anthropocene
Authors: Savenije H. H. G. , Hoekstra A. Y. , van der Zaag P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. This paper reviews the changing relation between human beings and water since the Industrial Revolution, a period that has been called the Anthropocene because of the unprecedented scale at which humans have altered the planet during this time. We show how the rapidly changing world urges us to continuously improve our understanding of the complex interactions between humans and the water system. The paper starts by demonstrating that hydrology and the science of managing water resources have played key roles in human and economic development throughout history; yet these roles have often been marginalised or obscured. Knowledge of hydrology and water resources engineering and management helped to transform the landscape, and thus also the very hydrology within catchments itself. It is only fairly recent that water experts have become conscious of such mechanisms, exemplified by several concepts that try to incorporate them – integrated water resources management, eco-hydrology, socio-hydrology. We have reached a stage at which a more systemic understanding of scale interdependencies can inform the sustainable governance of water systems, using new concepts like precipitation sheds, virtual water transfers, water footprints, and water value flow.
Updating knowledge of cyclonic wave hazard for Tahiti and Moorea Islands (French Polynesia) through a probabilistic approach
Authors: Lecacheux S. , Bulteau T. , Pedreros R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. This paper intends to reevaluate cyclonic wave scenarios used for hazard studies for two French Polynesian Islands (Tahiti and Moorea) with a combination of expertise and probabilistic analysis. The method entails (1) constituting a set of cyclones based on both historical data and synthetic events obtained by translating real historical tracks (2) computing the coastal wave characteristics all around the islands for each cyclone with numerical models (3) performing a statistical analysis on the model outputs and determining orders of magnitude of 10 and 100 yr wave characteristics (significant wave height: SWH, and peak period: Tp) for the different sectors of the islands. The results show that if the western and southwestern coasts are more exposed to frequent cyclonic events (with 10 yr SWH up to 5 m and associated Tp up to 16 s), the northern coasts are the most vulnerable if a cyclone pass very close to the islands because they face the main direction of propagation of waves. For these coasts, the 100 yr SWH can reach 12 m with Tp around 12 s. On the contrary, southern coasts are the least exposed to extreme wave heights with 100 yr SWH below 7 m and associated Tp around 10 s. However, southern coasts can also be affected by very long southern waves all year long (100 yr SWH around 5 m and Tp up to 15 s) that can have similar effects than cyclonic waves at the coast. Although these results are associated with high uncertainties related to the restricted sample of cyclones used, they provide realistic and rational orders of magnitude of cyclonic significant wave heights and associated periods for different return periods, taking into account the alongshore variability in wave exposure around the islands.
Projected changes of snow conditions and avalanche activity in a warming climate: a case study in the French Alps over the 2020–2050 and 2070–2100 periods
Authors: Castebrunet H. , Eckert N. , Giraud G. , Durand Y. , Morin S.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Projecting changes in snow cover due to climate warming is important for many societal issues, including adaptation of avalanche risk mitigation strategies. Efficient modeling of future snow cover requires high resolution to properly resolve the topography. Here, we detail results obtained through statistical downscaling techniques allowing simulations of future snowpack conditions for the mid- and late 21st century in the French Alps under three climate change scenarios. Refined statistical descriptions of snowpack characteristics are provided with regards to a 1960–1990 reference period, including latitudinal, altitudinal and seasonal gradients. These results are then used to feed a statistical model of avalanche activity–snow conditions–meteorological conditions relationships, so as to produce the first prognoses at annual/seasonal time scales of future natural avalanche activity eventually based on past observations. The resulting statistical indicators are fundamental for the mountain economy in terms of changes anticipation. At all considered spatio-temporal scales, whereas precipitations are expected to remain quite stationary, temperature increase interacting with topography will control snow-related variables, for instance the rate of decrease of total and dry snow depths, and the successive increase/decrease of the wet snow pack. Overall, with regards to the reference period, changes are strong for the end of the 21st century, but already significant for the mid-century. Changes in winter are somewhat less important than in spring, but wet snow conditions will appear at high elevations earlier in the season. For a given altitude, the Southern French Alps will not be significantly more affected than the Northern French Alps, so that the snowpack characteristics will be preserved more lately in the southern massifs of higher mean altitude. Regarding avalanche activity, a general −20–30% decrease and interannual variability is forecasted, relatively strong compared to snow and meteorological parameters changes. This decrease is amplified in spring and at low altitude. In contrast, an increase of avalanche activity is expected in winter at high altitude because of earlier wet snow avalanches triggers, at least as long as a minimal snow cover will be present. Comparison with the outputs of the deterministic avalanche hazard model MEPRA shows generally consistent results but suggests that, even if the frequency of winters with high avalanche activity will clearly decrease, the decreasing trend may be less strong and smooth than suggested by the changes in snowpack characteristics. This important point for risk assessment pleads for further work focusing on shorter time scales. Finally, small differences between different climate change scenarios show the robustness of the predicted avalanche activity changes.
Editorial
Authors: Cruz Gambardella Camilo Antonio
Published: January 2014

Editorial núm. 26
El siglo XXI y el automóvil
Authors: Parrochia Beguin Juan
Published: January 2014

Reflexiones de J. Parrochia B. sobre el automóvil frente al agotamiento de la energía tradicional, la defensa del medio ambiente, la protección a la integridad y vida humana, la competencia de otros medios de transporte y el devenir de este vehículo en el siglo XXI.