bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Additional enhancement of SERS effect by a surface wave in photonic crystal
Authors: Boginskaya I.A. , Nechepurenko I.A. , Shishkov V.Yu. , Dorofeenko A.V. , Bykov I.V. , Afanasyev K.N. , Ryzhikov I.A. , Vinogradov A.P. , Budashov I.A. , Kurochkin I.N. , Lagarkov A.N.
Published: July 2019

We propose and demonstrate an enhancement of the Raman signal additional to that provided by the surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) effect. Such an additional enhancement appears due to a resonance attributed to the existence of a surface wave at a photonic crystal (PC)/vacuum interface. Such a PC is realized as a system of alternating layers deposited on a prism, through which light enters the structure. The SERS‐active layer of aggregates of gold nanoparticles modified by dithionitrobenzoic acid is deposited on the PC/vacuum interface, where the resonant field is located. In the experiment, up to 170‐fold SERS signal enhancement is demonstrated with respect to the same SERS‐active layer deposited at a nonresonant substrate.
Meta‐omics reveal microbial assortments and key enzymes in bean sauce mash, a traditional fermented soybean product
Authors: Xie Mengxi , An Feiyu , Wu Junrui , Liu Yiming , Shi Haishu , Wu Rina
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Dajiang is fermented based on the metabolism of microbial communities in bean sauce mash, a traditional fermented soybean product in China. The current study first investigated the metaproteome of bean sauce mash. This was followed by an analysis of its biological functions and its microbial community to reveal information about strains and about the expressed proteins to better understand the roles of the microbiota in bean sauce mash.

RESULTS

The metaproteomic results demonstrated that a total of 1415 microbial protein clusters were expressed mainly by members of the Penicillium and Rhizopus genera and were classified into 100 cellular components, 238 biological processes, and 220 molecular function categories by gene ontology (GO) annotation. Enzymes associated with glycolysis metabolic pathways were also identified. These can provide the energy required for microbial fermentation. Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology results showed that the microorganism communities of bean sauce mash exhibited a high level of diversity. Microbiological analysis demonstrated that the Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Rhizopus fungi, and Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Fructobacillus, Staphylococcus, Carnobacterium genera were predominant 22 samples.

CONCLUSION

The profiles and insights in the current study are important for research on bean sauce mash and related products in terms of their food microbial ecology. The information obtained from this study will help the development of stable sufu starter cultures with unique sensory qualities. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Delamination modeling in doubly curved laminated shells for free vibration analysis using zigzag theory‐based facet shell element and hybrid continuity method
Authors: Kapuria Santosh , Ahmed Adnan
Published: July 2019

We present a finite element (FE) formulation for the free vibration analysis of doubly curved laminated composite and sandwich shells having multiple delaminations, employing a facet shell element based on the efficient third‐order zigzag theory and the region approach of modeling delaminations. The methodology, hitherto not attempted, is general for delaminations occurring at multiple interfacial and spatial locations. A recently developed hybrid method is used for satisfying the continuity of the nonlinear layerwise displacement field at the delamination fronts. The formulation is shown to yield very accurate results with reference to full‐field three‐dimensional FE solutions, for the natural frequencies and mode shapes of delaminated shallow and deep, composite and highly inhomogeneous soft‐core sandwich shells of different geometries and boundary conditions, with a significant computational advantage. The accuracy is sensitive to the continuity method used at the delamination fronts, the usual point continuity method yielding rather poor accuracy, and the proposed hybrid method giving the best accuracy. Such efficient modeling of laminated shells with delamination damage will be of immense use for model‐based techniques for structural health monitoring of laminated shell‐type structures.
Comprehensive behavioral analysis of heterozygous Syngap1 knockout mice
Authors: Nakajima Ryuichi , Takao Keizo , Hattori Satoko , Shoji Hirotaka , Komiyama Noboru H. , Grant Seth G. N. , Miyakawa Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2019

Aims

Synaptic Ras GTPase‐activating protein 1 (SYNGAP1) regulates synaptic plasticity through AMPA receptor trafficking. SYNGAP1 mutations have been found in human patients with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Almost every individual with SYNGAP1‐related ID develops epilepsy, and approximately 50% have ASD. SYNGAP1‐related ID is estimated to account for at least 1% of ID cases. In mouse models with Syngap1 mutations, strong cognitive and affective dysfunctions have been reported, yet some findings are inconsistent across studies. To further understand the behavioral significance of the SYNGAP1 gene, we assessed various domains of behavior in Syngap1 heterozygous mutant mice using a behavioral test battery.

Methods

Male mice with a heterozygous mutation in the Syngap1 gene (Syngap1−/+ mice) created by Seth Grant's group were subjected to a battery of comprehensive behavioral tests, which examined general health, and neurological screens, rotarod, hot plate, open field, light/dark transition, elevated plus maze, social interaction, prepulse inhibition, Porsolt forced swim, tail suspension, gait analysis, T‐maze, Y‐maze, Barnes maze, contextual and cued fear conditioning, and home cage locomotor activity. To control for type I errors due to multiple‐hypothesis testing, P‐values below the false discovery rate calculated by the Benjamini‐Hochberg method were considered as study‐wide statistically significant.

Results

Syngap1−/+ mice showed increased locomotor activity, decreased prepulse inhibition, and impaired working and reference spatial memory, consistent with preceding studies. Impairment of context fear memory and increased startle reflex in Syngap1 mutant mice could not be reproduced. Significant decreases in sensitivity to painful stimuli and impaired motor function were observed in Syngap1−/+ mice. Decreased anxiety‐like behavior and depression‐like behavior were noted, although increased locomotor activity is a potential confounding factor of these phenotypes. Increased home cage locomotor activity indicated hyperlocomotor activity not only in specific behavioral test conditions but also in familiar environments.

Conclusion

In Syngap1−/+ mice, we could reproduce most of the previously reported cognitive and emotional deficits. The decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli and impaired motor function that we found in Syngap1−/+ mice are consistent with the common characteristics of patients with SYNGAP‐related ID. We further confirmed that the Syngap1 heterozygote mouse recapitulates the symptoms of ID and ASD patients.
An efficient method to generate random distribution of fibers in continuous fiber reinforced composites
Authors: Ge Weijian , Wang Libo , Sun Yongle , Liu Xuqing
Published: July 2019

This paper presents a new method based on iterative improvement to generate the random microstructure of continuous fiber reinforced composite with high fiber volume fraction (up to 70%), overcoming the jamming limit of the traditional random sequential adsorption (RSA) method. The novelty of the proposed method lies in an iterative improvement of the generated microstructure through separating initially randomly set positions of the fibers. Without complex heuristic steps, this algorithm can generate different fiber distributions with fast speed and good randomness. The offset magnitude of the separation process is adjusted according to fiber volume fractions to speed up the generation. Statistical analysis is performed on the generated fiber distribution. Five descriptors including Voronoi polygon area, nearest neighbor distances, nearest neighbor orientation, Ripley's K function and pair distribution function are used to compare the proposed algorithm and the RSA with completely spatial random distribution for both short and far distances. Fiber distributions generated by this new algorithm are proved to have good randomness. An finite element analysis (FEA) example is also presented to predict the effective elastic property of the carbon fiber epoxy composites, and a reasonable agreement with the experimental result is achieved. The proposed algorithm provides a useful tool to generate micromechanical models that can be used to predict and understand the mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composites.
Influence of annealing on the permeation properties of a thermoplastic elastomer
Authors: Puentes‐Parodi Alejandro , Santoro Leandro A. , Ferreira Ignatius , Leuteritz Andreas , Kuehnert Ines
Published: July 2019

The use of plastic films with specific diffusion or permeation properties for industrial applications has grown at a considerable rate. Some useful applications are found in medical devices, bioreactors, and combustible fuel storage where polymer films function as separation membranes that allow permeation of different gases at different rates. In this work, the permeation and diffusion properties of a polyester‐based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were investigated. TPU injected and extruded specimens were subjected to thermal treatment (annealing) at 100°C for 20 h. Injected samples were exposed to certain hygrothermal conditions and films were prepared to evaluate the influence of annealing on the permeation of gases. In order to achieve a complete analysis, tests such as differential scanning calorimetry, tensile tests, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were conducted to examine the morphological changes. These were then correlated to the TPU permeation behavior after annealing. Water uptake by the polymer—measured as weight gain—likely indicates an increase in the free volume in the amorphous domains. Similarly, in permeation and water immersion tests, the diffusion rate of gases and H2O through the TPU was higher for the annealed samples when compared to those without treatment, indicating that diffusion within the polymer is dependent on the postprocessing thermal treatment. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1810–1817, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Seasonal dynamics of light absorption by suspended particulate matter and CDOM in highly turbid inland rivers on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Shao Tiantian , Wang Tao , Liang Xiaowen , Li Liuyang
Published: July 2019

The spectral characteristics of optically active constituents in water are key parameters in bio‐optical modelling. Light absorption by phytoplankton [aph(λ)], nonalgal particles (NAPs) [aNAP(λ)], and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) [aCDOM(λ)] was investigated at 28 sites in the Wuding River (WDR) during the abundant river flow period (AP) in July 2017 and the normal river flow period (NP) in May 2018. The water quality parameters in the WDR substantially differed between the AP and NP. The dissolved organic carbon and turbidity were high in the NP, and chlorophyll a (Chl‐a), total suspended matter (TSM), dissolved oxygen concentrations and electrical conductivity were low in the AP. ap(675) and Chl‐a were more strongly correlated in the NP (r=0.96) than in the AP (r=0.41). aNAP(440) and aNAP(675) were strongly correlated with TSM (r=0.98 and 0.97) in the AP but weakly correlated in the NP. Moreover, aph(λ) was positively correlated with Chl‐a in both the AP and NP. In addition, aCDOM(440) was significantly correlated with Chl‐a (r=0.62, p<.001) in the NP but not the AP. TSM was weakly correlated with aCDOM(440) in both the AP and NP. The S275‐295 values in the NP (0.0147‐0.020 nm‐1) were lower than those in the AP, demonstrating that the molecular weights were higher in the AP than in the NP. The photosynthetically active radiation absorption of most samples was dominated by the NAPs and CDOM, implying a crucial role in light attenuation in highly turbid inland rivers on the Loess Plateau.
Modeling excess deaths after a natural disaster with application to Hurricane Maria
Authors: Rivera Roberto , Rolke Wolfgang
Published: July 2019

Estimation of excess deaths due to a natural disaster is an important public health problem. The CDC provides guidelines to fill death certificates to help determine the death toll of such events. But, even when followed by medical examiners, the guidelines cannot guarantee a precise calculation of excess deaths. We propose two models to estimate excess deaths due to an emergency. The first model is simple, permitting excess death estimation with little data through a profile likelihood method. The second model is more flexible, incorporating temporal variation, covariates, and possible population displacement while allowing inference on how the emergency's effect changes with time. The models are implemented to build confidence intervals estimating Hurricane Maria's death toll.
Information content of stepped‐wedge designs when treatment effect heterogeneity and/or implementation periods are present
Authors: Kasza Jessica , Taljaard Monica , Forbes Andrew B.
Published: July 2019

Stepped‐wedge cluster randomized trials, which randomize clusters of subjects to treatment sequences in which clusters switch from control to intervention conditions, are being conducted with increasing frequency. Due to the real‐world nature of this design, methodological and implementation challenges are ubiquitous. To account for such challenges, more complex statistical models to plan studies and analyze data are required. In this paper, we consider stepped‐wedge trials that accommodate treatment effect heterogeneity across clusters, implementation periods during which no data are collected, or both treatment effect heterogeneity and implementation periods. Previous work has shown that the sequence‐period cells of a stepped‐wedge design contribute unequal amounts of information to the estimation of the treatment effect. In this paper, we extend that work by considering the amount of information available for the estimation of the treatment effect in each sequence‐period cell, sequence, and period of stepped‐wedge trials with more complex designs and outcome models. When either treatment effect heterogeneity and/or implementation periods are present, the pattern of information content of sequence‐period cells tends to be clustered around the times of the switch from control to intervention condition, similarly to when these complexities are absent. However, the presence and degree of treatment effect heterogeneity and the number of implementation periods can influence the information content of periods and sequences markedly.
How exemplary educators use their instructional expertise to support CLDE achievement in English‐only inclusive classrooms
Authors: O'Keeffe Suzanne B.
Published: July 2019

English language learners with special needs require specific cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and cultural considerations to be successful in inclusive environments. Educators who teach within the confines of English‐only laws have an additional hurdle to overcome when educating culturally and linguistically diverse exceptional (CLDE) students. Through participant observation, four exemplary middle school inclusive educators were observed to determine how each educator specifically used research‐based instruction to support content, language acquisition, and differentiated learning for both CLDE learners and their typically developing counterparts in English‐only settings. The researchers compiled instructional theories associated with culturally responsive teaching, inclusive education, and CLDE learning theories to create an observational tool that compared the instructional strategies used by exemplary inclusive educators to research‐based strategies associated with this population of students. Data reveal that each educator presented a research‐based, instructional strength, which included alternative assessment, active learning, self‐determination skills, and language acquisition.
Simulation of the ion beam‐plasma interaction processes for point‐like ions in doped DT plasmas
Authors: Beltrán Pablo R. , Gil Juan Miguel , Rodríguez Rafael , Espinosa Guadalupe , Barriga‐Carrasco Manuel D.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this work is to study the interaction between an ion beam and a doped deuterium‐tritium (DT) plasma in a fast ignition nuclear fusion context. In order to analyze the influence of the dopants in the interaction process, we present a physical model to carry out spatial‐temporal simulations of the stopping of an ion beam interacting with a doped plasma target, the plasma heating processes, and the formation of the ignition regions. We perform a set of numerical experiments where different concentrations of dopants are added to a fully ionized DT plasma. These simulations allow us to characterize the increase in the stopping power and the maximum temperatures achieved with the presence of impurities, as well as the reduction of the heated and ignition regions. This reduction in the ignition region indicates difficulties for the formation of an efficient hot spot when there are dopants in the DT plasma.
Top-quark pair production at the LHC: fully differential QCD predictions at NNLO
Authors: Catani Stefano , Devoto Simone , Grazzini Massimiliano , Kallweit Stefan , Mazzitelli Javier
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We report on a new fully differential calculation of the next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) QCD radiative corrections to the production of top-quark pairs at hadron colliders. The calculation is performed by using the q

T
subtraction formalism to handle and cancel infrared singularities in real and virtual contributions. The computation is implemented in the Matrix framework, thereby allowing us to efficiently compute arbitrary infrared-safe observables for stable top quarks. We present NNLO predictions for several single- and double-differential kinematical distributions in pp collisions at the centre-of-mass energy

$$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$

s

=
13

TeV, and we compare them with recent LHC data by the CMS collaboration.
Regularization dependence of the OTOC. Which Lyapunov spectrum is the physical one?
Authors: Romero-Bermúdez Aurelio , Schalm Koenraad , Scopelliti Vincenzo
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We study the contour dependence of the out-of-time-ordered correlation function (OTOC) both in weakly coupled field theory and in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. We show that its value, including its Lyapunov spectrum, depends sensitively on the shape of the complex time contour in generic weakly coupled field theories. For gapless theories with no thermal mass, such as SYK, the Lyapunov spectrum turns out to be an exception; their Lyapunov spectra do not exhibit contour dependence, though the full OTOCs do. Our result puts into question which of the Lyapunov exponents computed from the exponential growth of the OTOC reflects the actual physical dynamics of the system. We argue that, in a weakly coupled Φ4 theory, a kinetic theory argument indicates that the symmetric configuration of the time contour, namely the one for which the bound on chaos has been proven, has a proper interpretation in terms of dynamical chaos. Finally, we point out that a relation between these OTOCs and a quantity which may be measured experimentally — the Loschmidt echo — also suggests a symmetric contour configuration, with the subtlety that the inverse periodicity in Euclidean time is half the physical temperature. In this interpretation the chaos bound reads

$$ \uplambda \le \frac{2\pi }{\beta }=\pi {T}_{\mathrm{physical}} $$

λ
≤

2
π

β

=
π

T
physical

.
The L∞-algebra of the S-matrix
Authors: Arvanitakis Alex S.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We point out that the one-particle-irreducible vacuum correlation functions of a QFT are the structure constants of an L
∞-algebra, whose Jacobi identities hold whenever there are no local gauge anomalies. The LSZ prescription for S-matrix elements is identified as an instance of the “minimal model theorem” of L
∞-algebras. This generalises the algebraic structure of closed string field theory to arbitrary QFTs with a mass gap and leads to recursion relations for amplitudes (albeit ones only immediately useful at tree-level, where they reduce to Berends-Giele-style relations as shown in [1]).
Administration of branched‐chain amino acids increases the susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation in young Wistar rats
Authors: Wessler Leticia B. , de Miranda Ramos Vitor , Bittencourt Pasquali Matheus Augusto , Fonseca Moreira José Cláudio , de Oliveira Jade , Scaini Giselli , Streck Emilio L.
Published: July 2019

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is an inborn error of the metabolism caused by defects in the branched a‐ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to the accumulation of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) (leucine, isoleucine and valine). Patients with MSUD present a series of neurological dysfunction. Recent studies have been associated the brain damage in the MSUD with inflammation and immune system activation. MSUD patients die within a few months of life due to recurrent metabolic crises and neurologic deterioration, often precipitated by infection or other stresses. In this regard, our previous results showed that the inflammatory process, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), associated with high levels of BCAAs causes blood‐brain barrier (BBB) breakdown due to hyperactivation of MMPs. Thus, we hypothesize that the synergistic action between high concentrations of BCAAs (H‐BCAAs) and LPS on BBB permeability and hyperactivation of MMPs could be through an increase in the production of cytokines and RAGE protein levels. We observed that high levels of BCAA in infant rats are related to increased brain inflammation induced by LPS administration. In addition, BCAA exposure led to an increase on brain RAGE expression of young rats. The brain inflammation was characterized by enhanced levels of interleukin 1 β (IL‐1β), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and Interferon‐ γ (IFN‐γ), and decreased content of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10). Therefore, MSUD is associated with a more intense neuroinflammation induced by LPS infection.
An interview with Boston Materials
Authors: McGuire Callum , Materials Boston
Published: July 2019

Reinforced Plastics sat down with a representative of Boston Materials to learn about their Carbon Supercomposite.
CALENDAR YEAR EFFECT MODELING FOR CLAIMS RESERVING IN HGLM
Authors: Gigante Patrizia , Picech Liviana , Sigalotti Luciano
Published: July 2019

Claims reserving models are usually based on data recorded in run-off tables, according to the origin and the development years of the payments. The amounts on the same diagonal are paid in the same calendar year and are influenced by some common effects, for example, claims inflation, that can induce dependence among payments. We introduce hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLM) with risk parameters related to the origin and the calendar years, in order to model the dependence among payments of both the same origin year and the same calendar year. Besides the random effects, the linear predictor also includes fixed effects. All the parameters are estimated within the model by theh-likelihood approach. The prediction for the outstanding claims and an approximate formula to evaluate the mean square error of prediction are obtained. Moreover, a parametric bootstrap procedure is delineated to get an estimate of the predictive distribution of the outstanding claims. A Poisson-gamma HGLM with origin and calendar year effects is studied extensively and a numerical example is provided. We find that the estimates of the correlations can be significant for payments in the same calendar year and that the inclusion of calendar effects can determine a remarkable impact on the prediction uncertainty.
GOING NATIVE: ŠAMAŠ-ŠUMA-UKĪN, ASSYRIAN KING OF BABYLON
Authors: Zaia Shana
Published: July 2019

Šamaš-šuma-ukīn is a unique case in the Neo-Assyrian Empire: he was a member of the Assyrian royal family who was installed as king of Babylonia but never of Assyria. Previous Assyrian rulers who had control over Babylonia were recognized as kings of both polities, but Šamaš-šuma-ukīn's father, Esarhaddon, had decided to split the empire between two of his sons, giving Ashurbanipal kingship over Assyria and Šamaš-šuma-ukīn the throne of Babylonia. As a result, Šamaš-šuma-ukīn is an intriguing case-study for how political, familial, and cultural identities were constructed in texts and interacted with each other as part of royal self-presentation. This paper shows that, despite Šamaš-šuma-ukīn's familial and cultural identity as an Assyrian, he presents himself as a quintessentially Babylonian king to a greater extent than any of his predecessors. To do so successfully, Šamaš-šuma-ukīn uses Babylonian motifs and titles while ignoring the Assyrian tropes his brother Ashurbanipal retains even in his Babylonian royal inscriptions.
Nonlinear sound propagation in two-dimensional curved ducts: a multimodal approach
Authors: McTavish James P. , Brambley Edward J.
Published: July 2019

A method for studying weakly nonlinear acoustic propagation in two-dimensional ducts of general shape – including curvature and variable width – is presented. The method is based on a local modal decomposition of the pressure and velocity in the duct. A pair of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the modal amplitudes of the pressure and velocity modes is derived. To overcome the inherent instability of these equations, a nonlinear admittance relation between the pressure and velocity modes is presented, introducing a novel ‘nonlinear admittance’ term. Appropriate equations for the admittance are derived which are to be solved through the duct, with a radiation condition applied at the duct exit. The pressure and velocity are subsequently found by integrating an equation involving the admittance through the duct. The method is compared, both analytically and numerically, against published results and the importance of nonlinearity is demonstrated in ducts of complex geometry. Comparisons between ducts of differing geometry are also performed to illustrate the effect of geometry on nonlinear sound propagation. A new ‘nonlinear reflectance’ term is introduced, providing a more complete description of acoustic reflection that also takes into account the amplitude of the incident wave.
Abelian categories arising from cluster tilting subcategories II: quotient functors
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhou Panyue
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we consider a kind of ideal quotient of an extriangulated category such that the ideal is the kernel of a functor from this extriangulated category to an abelian category. We study a condition when the functor is dense and full, in another word, the ideal quotient becomes abelian. Moreover, a new equivalent characterization of cluster tilting subcategories is given by applying homological methods according to this functor. As an application, we show that in a connected 2-Calabi-Yau triangulated category ℬ, a functorially finite, extension closed subcategory 𝒯 of ℬ is cluster tilting if and only if ℬ /𝒯 is an abelian category.
A FRAGMENT OF ERATOSTHENES,ON OLD COMEDY(PHOTIUS,LEXICONε 100 THEODORIDIS)
Authors: Broggiato Maria
Published: July 2019

Phot.Lex.ε 100 Theodoridis: ἔγχουσαν οἱ Ἀττικοὶ λέγουσι τὴν ῥίζαν, οὐ δὴ ἄγχουσαν, ἣν ἀπείρως Ἐρατοσθένης φυκίον. Ἀμειψίας Ἀποκοτταβίζουσι· ‘δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν ἔγχουσα καὶ ψιμύθιον’ (fr. 3 K.–A.).

Phot.Lex.ε 100 Theodoridis: The Attic writers call the rootenchusa(alkanet), notanchusa, which Eratosthenes out of ignorance (thinks is) a seaweed. Ameipsias in theCottabus-Players(writes): ‘alkanet and white lead at the price of two obols’ (fr. 3 K.–A.).
Onwh-exclamatives and gradability: An argument from Romance
Authors: CASTROVIEJO ELENA
Published: July 2019

This paper discusses a type ofwh-exclamative whosewh-component and degree component do not seem to go hand in hand. These arewh-exclamatives in Catalan whose movedwh-phrase is headed by the determinerquin‘what, which’, and whose NP contains an optional DegP headed bytan‘so’ ormés‘more’. By taking a closer look at thesewh-exclamatives, we will be able to contribute to the debate on the role of gradability and of thewh-component in the semantics ofwh-exclamatives. My claim is that the DegP in thesewh-exclamatives leaves behind a degree variable that is ultimately bound by an expressive speech act operator. Following Castroviejo (2006) and building on Rett (2009), I adhere to the claim thatwh-exclamatives in Catalan are necessarily scalar as a requirement of the expressive operator. Moreover, as a downward-monotonic operator, I show that it licenses upward-directed inferences, which ensures thatwh-exclamatives express unexpectedness toward a high degree.
A Comparison of Efficacy of Treatment and Time to Administration of Naloxone by BLS and ALS Providers
Authors: Nugent Kenneth , Matthews Patrick , Gissendaner Jamie , Papas Mia , Occident Deborah , Patel Avkash , Johnson Michelle , Megargel Ross E. , Nomura Jason T.
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

The administration of naloxone therapy is restricted by scope of practice to Advanced Life Support (ALS) in many Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems throughout the United States. In Delaware’s two-tiered EMS system, Basic Life Support (BLS) often arrives on-scene prior to ALS, but BLS providers were not previously authorized to administer naloxone. Through a BLS naloxone pilot study, the researchers sought to evaluate BLS naloxone administration and timing compared to ALS.

Hypothesis:

After undergoing specialized training, BLS providers would be able to appropriately administer naloxone to opioid overdose patients in a more timely manner than ALS providers.

Methods:

This was a retrospective, observational study using data collected from February 2014 through May 2015 throughout a state BLS naloxone pilot program. A total of 14 out of 72 state BLS agencies participated in the study. Pilot BLS agencies attended a training session on the indications and administration of naloxone, and then were authorized to carry and administer naloxone. Researchers then compared vital signs and the time of BLS arrival to administration of naloxone by BLS and ALS. Data were analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests, as well as chi-square, as appropriate.

Results:

A total of 131 incidents of naloxone administration were reviewed. Of those, 62 patients received naloxone by BLS (pilot group) and 69 patients received naloxone by ALS (control group). After naloxone administration, BLS patients showed improvements in heart rate (HR; P < .01), respiratory rate (RR; P < .01), and pulse oximetry (spO2; P < .01); ALS patients also showed improvement in RR (P < .01), and in spO2 (P = .005). There was no significant improvement in HR for ALS providers (P = .189).

There was a significant difference in arrival time of BLS to the time of naloxone administration between the two groups, with shorter times in the BLS group compared to the ALS group (1.9 minutes versus 9.8 minutes; P < .01); BLS administration was 7.8 minutes faster when compared to ALS administration (95% CI, 6.2-9.3 minutes).

Conclusions:

Patients improved similarly and received naloxone therapy sooner when treated by BLS agencies carrying naloxone than those who awaited ALS arrival. All EMS systems should consider allowing BLS to carry and administer naloxone for an effective and potentially faster naloxone administration when treating respiratory compromise related to opiate overdose.
Decreasing Trend in Formaldehyde Detected From 20‐Year Record at Wollongong, Southeast Australia
Authors: Lieschke Kaitlyn J. , Fisher Jenny A. , Paton‐Walsh Clare , Jones Nicholas B. , Greenslade Jesse W. , Burden Sandy , Griffith David W. T.
Published: July 2019

The response of atmospheric composition to ongoing environmental change remains poorly constrained across much of the Southern Hemisphere. We use a 20‐year record of ground‐based total column measurements from Wollongong, southeast Australia to identify a statistically significant decreasing trend in formaldehyde of −1.9 [−2.2, −1.7]%/year. The trend is consistently negative across all months except November. Satellite data indicate that the trend at Wollongong is distinctly local and is superimposed on a regional‐scale increase likely driven by changes in methane. In austral summer, coincident changes in hydrogen cyanide suggest that decreases in local biomass burning can only partly explain the observed trend. In the absence of other explanations, we infer that the observed formaldehyde trend is likely driven by decreasing industrial emissions. In November, an observed increasing temperature trend is consistent with an earlier onset of biogenic emissions in the region, driving increased biogenic formaldehyde that counteracts the overall decrease.
Unusual Multiple Excitation of Large‐Scale Gravity Waves by Successive Stream Interactions: The Role of Alfvénic Fluctuations
Authors: Guo Jianpeng , Wang Zehao , Zheng Jianchuan , Cui Jun , Wei Yong , Wan Weixing
Published: July 2019

Instances of multiple excitation of large‐scale gravity waves in the auroral region by solar wind Alfvénic fluctuations are rare. In this paper we report an unusual instance, in which sequential large‐scale gravity waves launched from northern and southern auroral regions are clearly linked to intermittent southward magnetic fields of Alfvénic fluctuations embedded in three successive stream interaction regions. The continuous gravity wave activity persists for ∼7 days, the longest duration currently tracked. The Alfvénic fluctuations are mainly dominated by Alfvén and slow waves, which might play a role in the solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction, leading to impulsive auroral electrojet activity and in turn exciting the sequential gravity waves.
On the Reliability of Absolute Palaeointensity Determinations on Basaltic Rocks Bearing a Thermochemical Remanence
Authors: Shcherbakov V. P. , Gribov S. K. , Lhuillier F. , Aphinogenova N. A. , Tsel'movich V. A.
Published: July 2019

We investigated the acquisition of thermochemical remanent magnetization (TCRM) on basaltic rocks from the volcanic island of São Tomé (Gulf of Guinea) and from the southern part of the Red Sea Rift, both containing homogeneous titanomagnetite grains with Curie temperatures of 100–200 °C. The TCRM was created in a rotating thermomagnetometer by cooling the samples from 570 to 200 °C at a rate of 1 °C/hr in the presence of a laboratory magnetic field of 50 μT. The TCRM acquisition occurred at high temperature T > 520 °C through the nucleation of ilmenite lamellae dividing the titanium‐magnetite cells. Mutual Fe‐Ti diffusion moved the composition of the cells closer to that of magnetite, leading to an increase in the Curie temperature Tс. The TCRM was formed at practically fixed volume of the titanomagnetite cells when Tс exceeded T. Theory indicates that the TCRM should be very close to the value of a pure thermoremanent magnetization acquired in the same field. The Thellier‐style experiments conducted on the samples bearing a laboratory induced TCRM confirmed these predictions, with palaeointensity estimates in agreement to within 5% with expected value. This conclusion radically differs from previous results obtained in the case of a pure chemical remanent magnetization and gives hope that a TCRM could be a robust source of palaeomagnetic information, yielding unbiased palaeointensity determinations.
Efficient exogenous DNA-free reprogramming with suicide gene vectors
Authors: Lee Minhyung , Ha Jeongmin , Son Ye Seul , Ahn Hyunjun , Jung Kwang Bo , Son Mi-Young , Kim Janghwan
Published: July 2019

Reprogramming with episomal vectors is an easy, safe, and cost-effective method to generate exogenous DNA-free (exogene-free) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, the genomic integration of exogenes is observed occasionally. Additionally, the removal of episomal DNA takes more than 70 days in established iPSCs. Here, we inserted the cytosine deaminase (CD) gene from yeast into episomal vectors and used them to reprogram human fibroblasts into iPSCs. These new episomal vectors (CD episomal vectors) were eliminated from the generated iPSCs as early as seven days after 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) treatment. We also found that cells with the integration of the CD gene perished within two days of 5-FC treatment. In addition, we generated exogene-free induced neural stem cells after one passage by direct reprogramming with CD episomal vectors combined with 5-FC treatment. Conclusively, our novel method allows the rapid and easy isolation of exogene-free reprogrammed cells and can be applied to disease modeling and clinical applications.
Reversal of sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: epigenetically regulated disruption of 14-3-3η/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
Authors: Qiu Yongxin , Shan Wenqi , Yang Ye , Jin Ming , Dai Yi , Yang Hanyu , Jiao Ruonan , Xia Yunwei , Liu Qinqiang , Ju Liang , Huang Guangming , Zhang Jianping , Yang Lihua , Li Lei , Li Yuan
Published: July 2019

Sorafenib resistance is one of the main obstacles to the treatment of advanced/recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and xenografts in nude mice were used as experimental models. A cohort of patients with advanced recurrent HCC who were receiving sorafenib therapy was used to assess the clinical significance of this therapy. Our data showed that 14-3-3η maintained sorafenib resistance in HCC. An analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that 14-3-3η stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) through the inhibition of ubiquitin-dependent proteasome protein degradation, which leads to the maintenance of cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. We further found that microRNA-16 (miR-16) is a competent miRNA that reverses sorafenib resistance by targeting the 3′-UTR of 14-3-3η and thereby inhibits 14-3-3η/HIF-1α/CSC properties. In HCC patients, significant negative correlations were found between the expression of miR-16 and 14-3-3η, HIF-1α, or CSC properties. Further analysis showed that low miR-16 expression but high 14-3-3η expression can prognosticate sorafenib resistance and poor survival. Collectively, our present study indicated that miR-16/14-3-3η is involved in sorafenib resistance in HCC and that these two factors could be potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for predicting the response to sorafenib treatment.
Tumor Compactness based on CT to predict prognosis after multimodal treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Qifeng , Cao Bangrong , Chen Junqiang , Li Chen , Tan Lijun , Zhang Wencheng , Lv Jiahua , Li Xiqing , Xiao Miyong , Lin Yu , Lang Jinyi , Li Tao , Xiao Zefen
Published: July 2019

We aimed to establish a risk model using computed tomography-based compactness to predict overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) after multimodal treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We extracted pre-treatment computed tomography-based tumor data (volume, surface area, and compactness) for 512 cases of ESCC that were treated at 3 centers. A risk model based on compactness was trained using Cox regression analyses of data from 83 cases, and then the model was validated using two independent cohorts (98 patients and 283 patients). The largest cohort (283 patients) was then evaluated using the risk model to predict response to radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. In the three datasets, the pre-treatment compactness risk model provided good accuracy for predicting OS (P = 0.012, P = 0.022, and P = 0.003) and PFS (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P = 0.005). Patients in the low-risk group did not experience a significant OS benefit from concurrent chemoradiotherapy (P = 0.099). Furthermore, after preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the OS outcomes were similar among patients in the low-risk group who did and did not achieve a pathological complete response (P = 0.127). Tumor compactness was correlated with clinical T stage but was more accurate for predicting prognosis after treatment for ESCC, based on higher C-index values in all three datasets. The compactness-based risk model was effective for predicting OS and PFS after multimodal treatment for ESCC. Therefore, it may be useful for guiding personalized treatment.
Genetic Polymorphisms in ADORA2A and CYP1A2 Influence Caffeine’s Effect on Postprandial Glycaemia
Authors: Banks N. F. , Tomko P. M. , Colquhoun R. J. , Muddle T. W. D. , Emerson S. R. , Jenkins N. D. M.
Published: July 2019

The liver enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is responsible for 90% of caffeine metabolism, while caffeine exerts many of its effects via antagonist binding to adenosine A2a receptors (ADORA2A). This study aimed to examine whether functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1976T > C (ADORA2A; rs5751876) and −163C > A (CYP1A2; rs762551) influence the effect of caffeine on the postprandial glucose (GLU) response to a carbohydrate meal. We report that individuals with the 1976T > C CC, but not CT/TT genotypes display elevated GLU levels after consuming caffeine and carbohydrate (CHO + CAFF) versus carbohydrate only (CHO). The GLU area under the curve (AUC) was also greater during the CHO + CAFF condition compared to the CHO condition in CC, but not the CT/TT genotypes. The −163C > A AC/CC, but not AA, genotypes displayed greater GLU concentrations 60-min post meal during CHO + CAFF versus CHO. Our data suggest that caffeine-induced impairments in postprandial glycaemia are related to 1976T > C and −163C > A SNPs.
Snail shell colour evolution in urban heat islands detected via citizen science
Authors: Kerstes Niels A. G. , Breeschoten Thijmen , Kalkman Vincent J. , Schilthuizen Menno
Published: July 2019

The extreme environmental conditions that prevail in cities are known to cause selection pressures leading to adaptive changes in wild, city-dwelling, organisms (urban evolution). The urban heat island, elevated temperatures in the city centre due to a combination of generation, reflection, and trapping of heat, is one of the best recognised and most widespread urban environmental factors. Here, we use a citizen-science approach to study the effects of urban heat on genetically-determined shell colour in the land snail Cepaea nemoralis in the Netherlands. We use smartphone applications to obtain colour data on almost 8000 snails throughout the country. Our analysis shows that snails in urban centres are more likely to be yellow than pink, an effect predicted on the basis of thermal selection. Urban yellow snails are also more likely to carry dark bands at the underside of the shell; these bands might affect thermoregulation in yet underexplored ways.
Genome and transcriptome evolve separately in recently hybridized Trichosporon fungi
Authors: Sriswasdi Sira , Takashima Masako , Manabe Ri-ichiroh , Ohkuma Moriya , Iwasaki Wataru
Published: July 2019

Genome hybridization is an important evolutionary event that gives rise to species with novel capabilities. However, the merging of distinct genomes also brings together incompatible regulatory networks that must be resolved during the course of evolution. Understanding of the early stages of post-hybridization evolution is particularly important because changes in these stages have long-term evolutionary consequences. Here, via comparative transcriptomic analyses of two closely related, recently hybridized Trichosporon fungi, T. coremiiforme and T. ovoides, and three extant relatives, we show that early post-hybridization evolutionary processes occur separately at the gene sequence and gene expression levels but together contribute to the stabilization of hybrid genome and transcriptome. Our findings also highlight lineage-specific consequences of genome hybridization, revealing that the transcriptional regulatory dynamics in these hybrids responded completely differently to gene loss events: one involving both subgenomes and another that is strictly subgenome-specific.
Bioorthogonal labeling with tetrazine-dyes for super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Beliu Gerti , Kurz Andreas J. , Kuhlemann Alexander C. , Behringer-Pliess Lisa , Meub Mara , Wolf Natalia , Seibel Jürgen , Shi Zhen-Dan , Schnermann Martin , Grimm Jonathan B. , Lavis Luke D. , Doose Sören , Sauer Markus
Published: July 2019

Genetic code expansion (GCE) technology allows the specific incorporation of functionalized noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins. Here, we investigated the Diels-Alder reaction between trans-cyclooct-2-ene (TCO)-modified ncAAs, and 22 known and novel 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-dye conjugates spanning the entire visible wavelength range. A hallmark of this reaction is its fluorogenicity - the tetrazine moiety can elicit substantial quenching of the dye. We discovered that photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the excited dye to tetrazine is the main quenching mechanism in red-absorbing oxazine and rhodamine derivatives. Upon reaction with dienophiles quenching interactions are reduced resulting in a considerable increase in fluorescence intensity. Efficient and specific labeling of all tetrazine-dyes investigated permits super-resolution microscopy with high signal-to-noise ratio even at the single-molecule level. The different cell permeability of tetrazine-dyes can be used advantageously for specific intra- and extracellular labeling of proteins and highly sensitive fluorescence imaging experiments in fixed and living cells.
Promoting water dissociation performance by borinic acid for the strong-acid/base-free hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Lv Xin-Hu , Wang Xue-Yuan , Zhou Yan , Xu Hai , Wan Wen-Ming
Published: July 2019

Borinic acid is reported as a new proton donor with promoted water dissociation performance for the strong-acid/base-free hydrogen evolution reaction.
Direct translocation of nanoparticles across a model cell membrane by nanoparticle-induced local enhancement of membrane potential
Authors: Nakamura Hideya , Sezawa Kyohei , Hata Masataka , Ohsaki Shuji , Watano Satoru
Published: July 2019

Nanoparticles directly translocate across a cell membrane by a locally enhanced membrane potential at the NP/cell-membrane contact interface.
Conformational modifications induced by internal tandem duplications on the FLT3 kinase and juxtamembrane domains
Authors: Todde Guido , Friedman Ran
Published: July 2019

FLT3 is a protein kinase that becomes aberrantly expressed in certain leukaemias. Insertions in the form of tandem duplications activate the protein and were studied by molecular dynamic simulations and free energy landscape analysis.
High sensitivity ultraviolet detection based on three-dimensional graphene field effect transistors decorated with TiO2 NPs
Authors: Li Shasha , Yin Weijie , Li Yuning , Sun Jingye , Zhu Mingqiang , Liu Zewen , Deng Tao
Published: July 2019

Three-dimensional graphene FETs decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles are used as high-sensitivity ultraviolet photodetectors with tunable responsivity and response time.
Formation of i-motifs from acyclic (l)-threoninol nucleic acids
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Nguyen Thuy J. D. , Palmfeldt Johan , Gothelf Kurt V.
Published: July 2019

Acyclic (l)-threoninol nucleic acids ((l)-aTNA) containing poly-cytosines are prepared and investigated at various pH values, revealing the formation of a highly stable structure at lower pH that have the characteristics of an i-motif.