bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alkane Chain‐extended Pterin Through a Pendent Carboxylic Acid Acts as Triple Functioning Fluorophore, 1O2 Sensitizer and Membrane Binder
Authors: Walalawela Niluksha , Urrutia María Noel , Thomas Andrés H. , Greer Alexander , Vignoni Mariana
Published: March 2019

In order to develop a new long alkane chain pterin that leaves the pterin core largely unperturbed, we synthesized and photochemically characterized decyl pterin‐6‐carboxyl ester (CapC) that preserves the pterin amide group. CapC contains a decyl‐chain at the carboxylic acid position and a condensed DMF molecule at the N2 position. Occupation of the long alkane chain on the pendent carboxylic acid group retains the acid–base equilibrium of the pterin headgroup due to its somewhat remote location. This new CapC compound has relatively high fluorescence emission and singlet oxygen quantum yields attributed to the lack of through‐bond interaction between the long alkane chain and the pterin headgroup. The calculated lipophilicity is higher for CapC compared to parent pterin and pterin‐6‐carboxylic acid (Cap) and comparable to previously reported O‐ and N‐decyl‐pterin derivatives. CapC's binding constant Kb (8000 M−1 in L‐α‐phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk) and ΦF:Φ∆ ratio (0.26:0.40) point to a unique triple function compound, although the hydrolytic stability of CapC is modest due to its ester conjugation. CapC is capable of the general triple action not only as a membrane intercalator, but also fluorophore and 1O2 sensitizer, leading to a “self‐monitoring” membrane fluorescent probe and a membrane photodamaging agent.
Genetic diversity of the pine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola in Slovenia and Croatia
Authors: Sadiković D. , Piškur B. , Barnes I. , Hauptman T. , Diminić D. , Wingfield M. J. , Jurc D.
Published: March 2019

Brown spot needle blight (BSNB), a disease of pine trees caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, has been known in Slovenia since 2008 and in Croatia since 1975. Recent outbreaks in Slovenia prompted this study to compare L. acicola populations in these two neighbouring European countries. Sixty‐nine isolates collected from three pine species (Pinus mugo, P. halepensis and P. nigra) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and reproductive strategy of the pathogen. EF1‐α sequences showed that Slovenian and Croatian isolates share a common ancestry with individuals from central and northern Europe. Population structure analysis revealed four distinct population clusters of L. acicola in these two countries, generally corresponding to their respective geographic location and host. An unequal ratio of mating types and a low overall genetic diversity in the population indicated a strong influence of asexual reproduction. Although some of the oldest recorded European occurrences of BSNB are from Croatia, this study provided no evidence that the population studied in Croatia was the source of the sampled outbreaks in Slovenia. Recent outbreaks of L. acicola in Slovenia are most likely due to introductions from other, yet to be identified, sources.
Anticipatory anxiety about future dementia‐related care needs: towards a dementia‐friendly community
Authors: Okamura Tsuyoshi , Sugiyama Mika , Inagaki Hiroki , Murayama Hiroshi , Ura Chiaki , Miyamae Fumiko , Edahiro Ayako , Motokawa Keiko , Awata Shuich
Published: March 2019

Aim

Although a dementia‐friendly community is a global goal, community‐dwelling persons with dementia continue to have unmet care needs. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of persons who experience anxiety about the possibility of not receiving proper dementia care should they need it in the future.

Methods

A questionnaire was mailed to all residents aged 65 years or older (n = 132 005) living in one Tokyo district. The questionnaire included an item that measured anxiety about the possibility of not receiving proper dementia care as well as items about sociodemographic variables, depressive symptoms, frailty, housebound status, socioeconomic status, social support, access to a general practitioner (GP), and experience of dementia care.

Results

Of the 74 171 participants who responded to the anxiety item, 58 481 (78.8%) reported anxiety about the possibility of not receiving proper dementia care should they need it in the future. Simultaneous multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that factors associated with this anticipatory anxiety were depressive symptoms, frailty or prefrailty, being female, not being currently socioeconomically disadvantaged, not having someone who can take you to the hospital when you do not feel well, being younger (65–74 years), being married, not trusting in neighbours, higher educational level (>9 years), not having someone to consult when you are in trouble, not working, having been socioeconomically disadvantaged in childhood, only greeting or less with neighbours, and not having the experience of dementia care. Having access to a GP, living alone, and going out less than once a week did not show a significant association.

Conclusions

This large‐scale study explored factors associated with anticipatory anxiety about the possibility of not receiving proper dementia care should it be needed in the future. Further studies concerning interventions to decrease such anxiety are needed.
Exploring the formal and informal roles of regulatory intermediaries in transnational multistakeholder regulation
Authors: Brès Luc , Mena Sébastien , Salles‐Djelic Marie‐Laure
Published: March 2019

Research on regulation and regulatory processes has traditionally focused on two prominent roles: rulemaking and rule‐taking. Recently, the mediating role of third party actors, regulatory intermediaries, has started to be explored – notably in a dedicated special issue of the ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. The present special issue extends this line of research by elaborating the distinction between formal and informal modes of regulatory intermediation, in the specific context of transnational multistakeholder regulation. In this introduction, we identify two key dimensions of intermediation (in)formalism: officialization and formalization. This allows us to develop a typology of intermediation in multistakeholder regulatory processes: formal, interpretive, alternative, and emergent. Leveraging examples from the papers in this special issue, we discuss how these four types of intermediation coexist and evolve over time. Finally, we elaborate on the implications of our typology for regulatory processes and outcomes.
Multidisciplinary team clinic for vocal cord dysfunction directs therapy and significantly reduces healthcare utilization
Authors: Baxter Malcolm , Ruane Laurence , Phyland Debra , Leahy Elizabeth , Heke Emily , Lau Kenneth K. , Low Kathy , Hamza Kais , MacDonald Martin , Bardin Philip G.
Published: March 2019

Background and objective

Multidisciplinary team (MDT) clinics use an integrated approach to individualize care of complex medical conditions. Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a challenging condition that is likely to benefit from MDT clinics but this has not been researched.

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study of a novel VCD MDT clinic was conducted in patients with suspected VCD. Relevant questionnaires, medical history, physical examination, spirometry, dynamic computerized tomography (CT) larynx and laryngoscopy were utilized and patients were allocated to treatment pathways depending on putative diagnosis. Speech pathology intervention with laryngeal retraining (LR) was offered and if LR therapy failed botulinum toxin injection was offered. Primary outcome was reductions in healthcare utilization.

Results

Overall, 80 consecutive patients were included in analyses. A definitive diagnosis of VCD was made in 56 of 80 (70%) patients. After LR (n = 35), emergency department (ED)/hospital admissions declined significantly in the subsequent 12 months (P = 0.001). General practice visits also reduced (P < 0.001). Botulinum toxin injections were administered in 21 patients unresponsive to LR therapy and both general practice and ED/hospital visits declined (P < 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively) after injection.

Conclusion

A multidisciplinary approach to VCD confers benefit and can be used to allocate appropriate management leading to a reduction in healthcare utilization.
Risk Communication as Government Agency Organizational Practice
Authors: Boholm Åsa
Published: March 2019

The dynamics of organizational risk communication is an understudied topic in risk research. This article investigates how public officials at six government agencies in Sweden understand and relate to risk communication and its uses in the context of agency organizational work on policy and regulation. Qualitative interviews were used to explore the practitioners’ views on some key topics in the academic literature on risk communication. A main finding is that there is little consensus on what the goals of risk communication are; if, and how, uncertainty should be communicated; and what role is to be played by transparency in risk communication. However, the practitioners agree that dissemination (top down) to the public of robust scientific and expert knowledge is a crucial element. Dialogue and participation is used mainly with other agencies and elite stakeholders with whom agencies collaborate to implement policy goals. Dialogue with the public on issues of risk is very limited. Some implications of the findings for the practice of risk communication by government agencies are suggested.
Tracheostomy care education and its effect on knowledge and burden of caregivers of elderly patients: a quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Karaca Türkan , Altinbas Yasemin , Aslan Sinan
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Tracheostomy is defined as the surgical procedure for creating an opening at the 3rd or 4th cartilage ring in the anterior wall of the trachea to provide airway patency. It was known that tracheostomy is regarded as the oldest known life‐saving method. Tracheostomy care involves a complex care process that requires knowledge and skills for elderly patients and their caregivers. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tracheostomy training, provided to caregivers of patients with tracheostomy, on caregivers’ burden and knowledge levels regarding the tracheostomy care.

Methods

The study population consists of caregivers who provide home care for patients with tracheostomy who were divided into two groups as the control group (n = 30) and the experimental group (n = 30) with the separation of the patients admitted to the outpatient clinic.

Results

In the intergroup comparison of experimental and control group post‐test score averages, the difference between the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale score averages and the mean knowledge scores was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In line with these results, it may be advisable to perform repeated tests at regular intervals after the provision of education to the caregivers.
Risking Other People's Money: Experimental Evidence on the Role of Incentives and Personality Traits
Authors: Andersson Ola , Holm Håkan J. , Tyran Jean‐Robert , Wengström Erik
Published: March 2019

Decision‐makers often face incentives to increase risk‐taking on behalf of others (e.g., they are offered bonus contracts and contracts based on relative performance). We conduct an experimental study of risk‐taking on behalf of others using a large heterogeneous sample, and we find that people respond to such incentives without much apparent concern for stakeholders. Responses are heterogeneous and mitigated by personality traits. The findings suggest that a lack of concern for others’ risk exposure hardly requires “financial psychopaths” in order to flourish, but it is diminished by social concerns.
Price Dispersion and the Role of Stores*
Authors: Moen Espen R. , Wulfsberg Fredrik , Aas Øyvind
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we study price dispersion in the Norwegian retail market for 766 products across 4,297 stores over 60 months. Price dispersion for homogeneous products is significant and persistent, with a coefficient of variation of 37 percent for the median product. Price dispersion differs between product categories and over time. Store heterogeneity accounts for 30 percent of the observed variation in prices for the median product–month, and for around 50 percent for the sample as a whole. Price dispersion is still prevalent after correcting for store heterogeneity.
Why Unions Reduce Wage Inequality: A Theory of Domino Effects*
Authors: Stennek Johan
Published: March 2019

Numerous empirical studies show that unions reduce wage differences. I demonstrate that their motive might be a mix of fairness and strategy, maximizing the use of union bargaining power in the presence of efficiency wages. Unions can push primarily for raising the lowest wages, and still not sacrifice higher wages much, if the employers themselves increase higher wages to protect efficiency‐enhancing wage differences. If these “domino effects” are strong enough, then an egalitarian wage policy might even increase the median wage.
A phylogenetic study of the Thygater‐Trichocerapis group and new scopes for the subgenera of Thygater Holmberg, (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: Freitas Felipe V. , Santos Júnior José Eustáquio Dos , Santos Fabricio R. , Silveira Fernando A.
Published: March 2019

The bee tribe Eucerini is a large monophyletic taxon occurring in all continents, except Oceania and Antarctica, but far more diverse in the Americas and, especially, in the Neotropics. The phylogenetic relationships within its subtribe Eucerina, which contains the bulk of Eucerini diversity, is poorly understood, this being especially true for the relationships among its Neotropical representatives, which have been poorly represented in all phylogenetic studies, including Eucerini, to date. This leads to a generalized lack of confidence on the monophyly of the groups currently accepted as genera and subgenera. Here, a phylogenetic study based on three molecular markers (COI, 18S, and 28S, totalling about 1700 bp) and 58 morphological characters is presented as a contribution to the understanding of the relationships of the so‐called Thygater‐Trichocerapis group, and especially of the genus Thygater Holmberg, which has not previously been extensively sampled. Representatives of Trichocerapis, including its monotypic subgenus T. (Dithygater), are included for the first time in a phylogenetic study. The main results were: (i) support for the monophyly of the Thygater‐Trichocerapis group; (ii) support for the monophyly of Thygater; (iii) recognition of two main clades in Thygater, each one containing the type species of one of the previously recognized subgenera; and (iv) additional support for the position of Alloscirtetica as sister to all remaining Eucerina. Based on these results a redefinition of the scope of the two subgenera of Thygater is proposed, with changes in the subordination of three of its species, T. (Nectarodiaeta) chaetaspis comb.n., T. (Nectarodiaeta) paranaensis comb.n. and T. (Thygater) mexicana comb.n.
Geometric morphometrics of the forewing shape and size discriminate Plebeia species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) nesting in different substrates
Authors: dos Santos Charles Fernando , Souza dos Santos Patrick Douglas , Marques Daniela Martins , da‐Costa Tairis , Blochtein Betina
Published: March 2019

Historically, studies evaluating morphological diversity in stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae: Meliponini) by geometric morphometrics have been used to successfully discriminate taxa and/or populations. Moreover, the use of geometric morphometrics to evaluate phylogenetic morphological variation among stingless bee species has received less attention. Here, we used geometric morphometrics to assess taxonomic discrimination and putative phylogenetic signals for six diapausing stingless bee species (Plebeia) occurring in southern Brazil. In all, 12 landmarks were captured from forewings of P. droryana, P. saiqui, P. emerina, P. remota, P. nigriceps and P. wittmanni. Our data show that the centroid size of the forewings reliably discriminated, for example, between P. droryana and P. emerina from P. saiqui. Moreover, this trait does not have a significant phylogenetic signal. In turn, we found that the overall accuracy in discriminating between the six Plebeia species according to forewing shape was 84%, while the confusion matrix achieved 71%. Interestingly, our discriminant analysis separated Plebeia species nesting in tree cavities from those nesting under granitic rocks. The latter group has second cubital (landmarks = 5, 6, 7), first medial (landmarks = 2, 3, 8) and first submarginal cells (landmarks = 3, 4, 9, 10) that are larger than those of species nesting in trees. The forewing shape showed a strong phylogenetic signal, therefore suggesting that its variation may be due to an evolutionary history shared between Plebeia species studied here rather than to environmental features. This work sheds light on the value of forewing size and shape attributes in discriminating Plebeia species within same genus. We suggest that landmarks separating different taxonomic groups could be incorporated into dichotomous keys to help in identifying clades of complex resolution.
Cytomegalovirus viremia in lung transplantation during and after prophylaxis
Authors: Chang Andrew , Musk Michael , Lavender Melanie , Wrobel Jeremy , Yaw Meow‐Chong , Lawrence Sharon , Chirayath Shiji , Boan Peter
Published: March 2019

Background

Lung transplantation has a high risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia and disease.

Methods

Valganciclovir was planned for 6 months in CMV recipient seropositive (R+) lung transplants (LTs) and given long‐term in D+R− LTs. CMV viremia was monitored regularly during and after prophylaxis in all patients.

Results

Of 137 LTs, 22 were D+R−, 49 D+R+, 43 D−R+, and 23 D−R−, with median follow up 4.1 years (IQR 2.1‐6.2 years). CMV viremia at any time occurred in 44.5% of LTs. CMV viral load >103 c/mL was uncommon (9/77 episodes). CMV viremia occurred at median 665 days (IQR 271‐1411 days), in 5.1% LTs <6 months, 20.3% LTs 6‐12 months, and 35.8% LTs >12 months. CMV disease occurred in 6 (4.4%) LTs at an overall rate of 1.0 episode per 100 person‐years: two of these cases were organ‐specific disease, four were CMV syndrome. One case of ganciclovir‐resistant CMV was diagnosed. D+R+ and D+R− LTs had higher viremia rates than the D−R+ group. No viremia occurred in D−R− LTs. CMV viremia was not associated with age, gender, type of LT, indication for LT, acute rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, or mortality.

Conclusions

Prophylaxis for 6 months in D+R+ and D−R+, and past 12 months in D+R− LTs, with long‐term monitoring in all patients using a sensitive assay, and reinstitution of valganciclovir for low‐level viremia was effective at markedly reducing the incidence of CMV disease. CMV D−R− LTs do not need routine CMV monitoring.
Residual antibacterial activity of canine hair treated with five mousse products againstStaphylococcus pseudintermedius in vitro
Authors: Ramos Sara J. , Woodward Michelle , Hoppers Sarrah M. , Liu Chin‐Chi , Pucheu‐Haston Cherie M. , Mitchell Maria S.
Published: March 2019

Background

Topical therapy alone can be effective in the treatment of canine pyoderma. Topical products are commercially available as shampoos, sprays, wipes and mousses. To date, no studies have evaluated the efficacy of commercially available mousse products in the treatment of canine pyoderma.

Objective

To determine the residual antibacterial activity of canine hairs treated with mousse products containing different active ingredients.

Animals

Fifteen client‐owned dogs with no history of dermatological disease.

Methods and materials

Dogs were treated once with five mousse products [(i) 2% chlorhexidine and 1% ketoconazole, (ii) 2% chlorhexidine and 2% miconazole, (iii) 3% chlorhexidine and 0.5% climbazole, (iv) 2% salicylic acid 10% ethyl lactate and (v) phytosphingosineHCl 0.05%; control]. Hair samples were collected from each treatment area before application, one hour after application and on days 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 post‐treatment. Collected hairs were weighed and plated on Mueller–Hinton agar plates streaked with aStaphylococcus pseudintermediusisolate showing no antimicrobial resistance. Plates were incubated for 24 h and bacterial growth inhibition zones around the hairs were measured.

Results

Mousses 1, 2 and 3 created significant inhibition zones up to Day 10 when compared to pre‐treatment samples. On Day 14, only mousse 3 produced a significant zone of inhibition when compared to the pre‐treatment sample. Mousses 4 and 5 showed no statistical difference between any of the samples.

Conclusions and clinical importance

These results suggest that three of the mousse products had residual activity in inhibitingS. pseudintermediusgrowthin vitrofor at least 10 days.
Investment evaluation of wind turbine relocation
Authors: Yildirim Hasan Huseyin , Sakarya Sakir
Published: March 2019

Energy has become one of the most important building blocks of many changes in the world, and it still maintains this quality. The demand for natural resources and energy continues to increase  daily. For this reason, the supply of reliable and sustainable energy has become an important issue that concerns and occupies mankind. Of the renewable energy sources, wind energy is a clean, reliable and inexhaustible source of energy with low operating costs. Turkey is a rich nation in terms of wind energy potential. In this context, the profitability of investments made in utilising domestic and renewable energy potential is important. Investment efficiency is a very important issue before and during the investment period due to the fact that wind energy investments are high cost investments. In this study, a solution will be proposed for the replacement of inefficient wind turbines which have been installed. In the ideal solution of the issue, the remaining lifetime of the wind turbine which is to be replaced and capacity utilization at the new location of the turbine will be used as key input factors. The results showed that it was important for the relocation decision to be made early for the investment to be more profitable. In the event of delayed decisions to relocate the turbine, a high capacity factor is expected in the new location. If a high capacity factor is not achieved, the relocation of the turbine will be meaningless and losses will be incurred for the investor. Also according to the results of the analysis, in the first two years, the turbine operating at a low capacity of 19% and 17% is profitable if it works at 26% capacity until the end of its economic life when change is made in the third year.
Evaluation of wind energy investment with artificial neural networks
Authors: Yildirim Hasan Huseyin , Yavuz Mehmet
Published: March 2019

Countries aiming for sustainability in economic growth and development ensure the reliability of energy supplies. For countries to provide their energy needs uninterruptedly, it is important for domestic and renewable energy sources to be utilised. For this reason, the supply of reliable and sustainable energy has become an important issue that concerns and occupies mankind. Of the renewable energy sources, wind energy is a clean, reliable and inexhaustible source of energy with low operating costs. Turkey is a rich nation in terms of wind energy potential. Forecasting of investment efficiency is an important issue before and during the investment period in wind energy investment process because of high investment costs. It is aimed to forecast the wind energy products monthly with multilayer neural network approach in this study. For this aim a feed forward back propagation neural network model has been established. As a set of data, wind speed values 48 months (January 2012-December 2015) have been used. The training data set occurs from 36 monthly wind speed values (January 2012-December 2014) and the test data set occurs from other values (January-December 2015). Analysis findings show that the trained Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have the ability of accurate prediction for the samples that are not used at training phase. The prediction errors for the wind energy plantation values are ranged between 0.00494-0.015035. Also the overall mean prediction error for this prediction is calculated as 0.004818 (0.48%). In general, we can say that ANNs be able to estimate the aspect of wind energy plant productions.
Barriers and facilitators to physical activity among ethnic Chinese children: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Wang Haiquan , Blake Holly , Chattopadhyay Kaushik
Published: March 2019

Objective:

The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the barriers and facilitators to physical activity among ethnic Chinese children.

Introduction:

Several studies have been conducted to determine the barriers and facilitators to physical activity among ethnic Chinese children. However, no qualitative systematic review on this topic has been published in English.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider studies conducted among ethnic Chinese children (between six and 17 years of age) residing in either Chinese or non-Chinese territories or among people who have responsibility for the children (such as their ethnic Chinese/non-Chinese parents, guardians or teachers). Any study setting will be included, such as home, community and school. Studies that present qualitative data on the views and experiences of the barriers and facilitators to physical activity will be considered.

Methods:

MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, British Nursing Index, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP will be searched to identify published studies. EThOS, OpenGrey, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, CNKI and Wanfang will be searched to identify unpublished studies. Databases will be searched from their inception dates, and no language restrictions will be applied. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) systematic review guidelines will be followed to conduct the review. The JBI process of meta-aggregation will be used to identify categories and synthesize findings. The ConQual approach will be used to assess confidence in the findings.
Challenging metabolic tissues with fructose: tissue‐specific and sex‐specific responses
Authors: Pinnick Katherine E. , Hodson Leanne
Published: March 2019

Excessive consumption of free sugars (which typically includes a composite of glucose and fructose) is associated with an increased risk of developing chronic metabolic diseases including obesity, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Determining the utilisation, storage and fate of dietary sugars in metabolically relevant tissues is fundamental to understanding their contribution to metabolic disease risk. To date, the study of fructose metabolism has primarily focused on the liver, where it has been implicated in impaired insulin sensitivity, increased fat accumulation and dyslipidaemia. Yet we still have only a limited understanding of the mechanisms by which consumption of fructose, as part of a mixed meal, may alter hepatic fatty acid synthesis and partitioning. Moreover, surprisingly little is known about the metabolism of fructose within other organs, specifically subcutaneous adipose tissue, which is the largest metabolically active organ in the human body and is consistently exposed to nutrient fluxes. This review summarises what is known about fructose metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue and examines evidence for tissue‐specific and sex‐specific responses to fructose.

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GALILEO: A Georeferenced System proposed for Emergency Services’ Population Control
Authors: Cruz-Rodríguez Andrés Felipe , Ospina-Gómez Sebastián , Feijóo-García Pedro Guillermo
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Overpopulation in emergency services is a problem that can be observed worldwide, and although it has been addressed from different disciplines and perspectives, it still afflicts citizens who are subject to long waiting lists before being attended. Objective: The work here describes the design, development and the first validation of a Web and Mobile georeferenced crowd system for the city of Bogotá, Colombia, oriented to inform and empower the citizen on the population status of the emergency services found in the city. Materials and Method: In this document, we present the architecture, design, and features of the GALILEO System, with results regarding the first validation with citizens of Bogotá, to capture the acceptance and perceived impact of this type of solution in the context in which the System is proposed to function. Results and Discussion: Although GALILEO has not yet been massively implemented in the context for which it is proposed, the results presented here allow us to explore how Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can be proposed to solve complex social problems, particularly considering the role of the citizen as a source and receiver of information.
Large-Area Electron Beam Melting: Frequency Analysis and Critical Frequency Prediction
Authors: Richter Brodan , Pfefferkorn Frank E.
Published: March 2019

During large-area electron beam irradiation, high energy flux pulses of electrons melt a thin layer of material. The objective of this work is to analyze the spatial frequencies of a turned, S7 tool steel surface before and after electron beam melting. It was observed that high frequency features are significantly reduced following melting, but lower frequency features were created and increased the unfiltered areal average roughness. Previous work on laser remelting-based polishing derived a critical frequency that defines the frequency above which higher frequency features are dampened. As the critical frequency depends on the melt duration that the surface experiences, a one-dimensional, transient temperature prediction model was created for this work to estimate the melt time for a single electron beam pulse. This model allowed for the calculation of a critical frequency that showed good ability to predict the frequencies that are dampened.
Six new and one little known species of chigger mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) from South Africa
Authors: Stekolnikov Alexandr A , Matthee Sonja
Published: March 2019

Six new chigger mite species were described from rodents of South Africa: Ascoschoengastia ueckermanni sp. nov., Schoutedenichia horaki sp. nov., Herpetacarus octosetosus sp. nov., Herpetacarus decasetosus sp. nov., Microtrombicula graphiuri sp. nov. and Trombicula walkerae sp. nov. The genus Trombicula Berlese, 1905 sensu stricto, which is known from South Asia and Australia, is recorded on the African continent for the first time. Two new species of Herpetacarus Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 present an example of closely related sympatric chigger species that occur on the same host individual.
Combined demonstration of non-viscous and viscous flow
Authors: Durbin Stephen M.
Published: March 2019

A simple lecture demonstration has been developed which demonstrates how viscosity dramatically changes fluid flow in a pipe. Water in an open reservoir is first allowed to escape through circular apertures near the bottom of the reservoir, which shows volume flow rates proportional to the area of the aperture for a low viscosity fluid. Then, a viscous 60% glycerol–40% water solution escapes from the same open container but through long horizontal tubes, with the flow rate proportional to the square of the area. This is direct visual confirmation of the Hagen–Poiseuille prediction that volume flow rates scale as the fourth power of the tube radius for laminar flow. Overcoming experimental complications involving vena contracta and entry length issues is discussed, along with detailed measurements and fits to theory.
Ping-pong ball cannon: Why do barrel and balls fly in the same direction?
Authors: Pöschel Thorsten , S. Nasato Daniel , R. Parteli Eric J. , Gallas Jason A. C. , Müller Patric
Published: March 2019

An impressive ping-pong ball cannon can be made by placing a bottle of liquid nitrogen at the bottom of a container and quickly covering it with, say, 1500 ping-pong balls. The liquid turns rapidly into a gas whose mounting pressure explodes the bottle, sending a swarm of balls upward out of the container. Surprisingly, the container also moves upward. This is a counterintuitive effect because the balance of forces, that is, Newton's third law does not seem to allow the container to move upwards. We explain the effect as a consequence of granular jamming in combination with Coulomb's friction law.
The fortuitous chain reaction
Authors: Pearson J. M.
Published: March 2019

A very slight change in some nuclear properties would have been enough to make the fission chain reaction impossible. If the alpha-decay energy of 235U, the only naturally occurring fissile nuclide, were just 0.1 MeV higher than it actually is so little would remain in the Earth that extracting a critical mass would be close to impossible. Moreover, even with a sufficient abundance of 235U, if its scission point were shifted inwards by at most 2 fm not enough secondary neutrons would be emitted for a chain reaction to be possible. Speculating within the framework of the multiverse concept, we ask whether there could be a universe similar to ours in which intelligent life can emerge but in which the fission chain reaction is impossible.
Levitation? Yes, it is possible!
Authors: Pérez Alberto T. , García-Sánchez Pablo , Quintanilla Miguel A. S. , Fernández-Prieto Armando
Published: March 2019

During July 2018, a group of top high school Spanish students attended a summer scientific camp at the University of Seville. The topic of the project was magnetic levitation. During the one-week-long stay, the students investigated several possible ways of achieving stable levitation. These included diamagnetic levitation, use of superconductors, induced current levitation, and the toy Levitron®. The experiments were accompanied by their corresponding conceptual and theoretical explanations.
Statistical physics meets biochemistry: Wang-Landau sampling of the HP model of protein folding
Authors: Farris Alfred C.K. , Wüst Thomas , Landau David P.
Published: March 2019

We describe a minimalistic model of a protein undergoing folding into its native (ground) state. This HP protein model is composed of a lattice polymer with two types of monomers: hydrophobic (H) and polar (P). The specific sequence of the two types of monomers is often chosen to mimic real proteins. We explain how these kinds of minimalistic models are well suited to study fundamental phenomena of complex biological processes such as protein folding. We then show how Monte Carlo simulations and, in particular, Wang-Landau sampling, together with a properly chosen trial move set, provide a powerful computational means to investigate the rough energy landscape and native state(s) of this intriguingly simple system. We include the computer code which can be used to reproduce the results we discuss or as a template for further research.
An experimental information gathering and utilization systems (IGUS) robot to demonstrate the “physics of now”
Authors: Gruber Ronald P. , Smith Ryan P.
Published: March 2019

The past, present, and future are not fundamental properties of Minkowski spacetime. It has been suggested that they are properties of a class of information gathering and utilizing systems (IGUSs). A human is a model IGUS robot. We provide a demonstration that what is perceived as past, present, and future is not uniquely determined from the laws of physics by constructing a robot that process information differently and therefore experience different “presents.” We construct a customized virtual reality (VR) system which allows an observer to switch between present and past moments. This “robot” (human with VR system) can experience immersion in the immediate past ad libitum. Being able to actually construct an IGUS that has the same “present” at two different coordinates along the worldline lends support to the IGUS approach for explaining the psychological nature of past/present/future.
Analytic formula for the geometric phase of an asymmetric top
Authors: Mecholsky Nicholas A.
Published: March 2019

The motion of a handle spinning in space has an odd behavior. It seems to unexpectedly flip back and forth in a periodic manner as seen in a popular YouTube video (“Plasma Ben, Dancing T-handle in zero-g, HD,” ). As an asymmetrical top, its motion is completely described by the Euler equations and the equations of motion have been known for more than a century. However, recent concepts of the geometric phase have allowed a new perspective on this classical problem. Here, we explicitly use the equations of motion to find a closed form expression for the total phase and hence the geometric phase of the force-free asymmetric top and we explore some consequences of this formula with the particular example of the spinning handle for demonstration purposes. As one of the simplest dynamical systems, the asymmetric top should be a canonical example to explore the classical analog of the Berry phase.
The surface composition of asteroid 162173 Ryugu from Hayabusa2 near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Kitazato K. , Milliken R. E. , Iwata T. , Abe M. , Ohtake M. , Matsuura S. , Arai T. , Nakauchi Y. , Nakamura T. , Matsuoka M. , Senshu H. , Hirata N. , Hiroi T. , Pilorget C. , Brunetto R. , Poulet F. , Riu L. , Bibring J.-P. , Takir D. , Domingue D. L. , Vilas F. , Barucci M. A. , Perna D. , Palomba E. , Galiano A. , Tsumura K. , Osawa T. , Komatsu M. , Nakato A. , Arai T. , Takato N. , Matsunaga T. , Takagi Y. , Matsumoto K. , Kouyama T. , Yokota Y. , Tatsumi E. , Sakatani N. , Yamamoto Y. , Okada T. , Sugita S. , Honda R. , Morota T. , Kameda S. , Sawada H. , Honda C. , Yamada M. , Suzuki H. , Yoshioka K. , Hayakawa M. , Ogawa K. , Cho Y. , Shirai K. , Shimaki Y. , Hirata N. , Yamaguchi A. , Ogawa N. , Terui F. , Yamaguchi T. , Takei Y. , Saiki T. , Nakazawa S. , Tanaka S. , Yoshikawa M. , Watanabe S. , Tsuda Y.
Published: March 2019

Hayabusa2 at the asteroid Ryugu

Asteroids fall to Earth in the form of meteorites, but these provide little information about their origins. The Japanese mission Hayabusa2 is designed to collect samples directly from the surface of an asteroid and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis. Three papers in this issue describe the Hayabusa2 team's study of the near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu, at which the spacecraft arrived in June 2018 (see the Perspective by Wurm). Watanabe
et al.
measured the asteroid's mass, shape, and density, showing that it is a “rubble pile” of loose rocks, formed into a spinning-top shape during a prior period of rapid spin. They also identified suitable landing sites for sample collection. Kitazato
et al.
used near-infrared spectroscopy to find ubiquitous hydrated minerals on the surface and compared Ryugu with known types of carbonaceous meteorite. Sugita
et al.
describe Ryugu's geological features and surface colors and combined results from all three papers to constrain the asteroid's formation process. Ryugu probably formed by reaccumulation of rubble ejected by impact from a larger asteroid. These results provide necessary context to understand the samples collected by Hayabusa2, which are expected to arrive on Earth in December 2020.

Science
, this issue p.
268
, p.
272
, p.
252
; see also p.
230
Hayabusa2 arrives at the carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu—A spinning top–shaped rubble pile
Authors: Watanabe S. , Hirabayashi M. , Hirata N. , Hirata Na. , Noguchi R. , Shimaki Y. , Ikeda H. , Tatsumi E. , Yoshikawa M. , Kikuchi S. , Yabuta H. , Nakamura T. , Tachibana S. , Ishihara Y. , Morota T. , Kitazato K. , Sakatani N. , Matsumoto K. , Wada K. , Senshu H. , Honda C. , Michikami T. , Takeuchi H. , Kouyama T. , Honda R. , Kameda S. , Fuse T. , Miyamoto H. , Komatsu G. , Sugita S. , Okada T. , Namiki N. , Arakawa M. , Ishiguro M. , Abe M. , Gaskell R. , Palmer E. , Barnouin O. S. , Michel P. , French A. S. , McMahon J. W. , Scheeres D. J. , Abell P. A. , Yamamoto Y. , Tanaka S. , Shirai K. , Matsuoka M. , Yamada M. , Yokota Y. , Suzuki H. , Yoshioka K. , Cho Y. , Tanaka S. , Nishikawa N. , Sugiyama T. , Kikuchi H. , Hemmi R. , Yamaguchi T. , Ogawa N. , Ono G. , Mimasu Y. , Yoshikawa K. , Takahashi T. , Takei Y. , Fujii A. , Hirose C. , Iwata T. , Hayakawa M. , Hosoda S. , Mori O. , Sawada H. , Shimada T. , Soldini S. , Yano H. , Tsukizaki R. , Ozaki M. , Iijima Y. , Ogawa K. , Fujimoto M. , Ho T.-M. , Moussi A. , Jaumann R. , Bibring J.-P. , Krause C. , Terui F. , Saiki T. , Nakazawa S. , Tsuda Y.
Published: March 2019

Hayabusa2 at the asteroid Ryugu

Asteroids fall to Earth in the form of meteorites, but these provide little information about their origins. The Japanese mission Hayabusa2 is designed to collect samples directly from the surface of an asteroid and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis. Three papers in this issue describe the Hayabusa2 team's study of the near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu, at which the spacecraft arrived in June 2018 (see the Perspective by Wurm). Watanabe
et al.
measured the asteroid's mass, shape, and density, showing that it is a “rubble pile” of loose rocks, formed into a spinning-top shape during a prior period of rapid spin. They also identified suitable landing sites for sample collection. Kitazato
et al.
used near-infrared spectroscopy to find ubiquitous hydrated minerals on the surface and compared Ryugu with known types of carbonaceous meteorite. Sugita
et al.
describe Ryugu's geological features and surface colors and combined results from all three papers to constrain the asteroid's formation process. Ryugu probably formed by reaccumulation of rubble ejected by impact from a larger asteroid. These results provide necessary context to understand the samples collected by Hayabusa2, which are expected to arrive on Earth in December 2020.

Science
, this issue p.
268
, p.
272
, p.
252
; see also p.
230
HIPK2 is necessary for type I interferon–mediated antiviral immunity
Authors: Cao Lili , Yang Guang , Gao Shandian , Jing Chunxia , Montgomery Ruth R. , Yin Yuxin , Wang Penghua , Fikrig Erol , You Fuping
Published: March 2019

Production of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β requires the kinase activity of HIPK2.
Direct targeting of Gα
q
and Gα
11
oncoproteins in cancer cells
Authors: Annala Suvi , Feng Xiaodong , Shridhar Naveen , Eryilmaz Funda , Patt Julian , Yang JuHee , Pfeil Eva M. , Cervantes-Villagrana Rodolfo Daniel , Inoue Asuka , Häberlein Felix , Slodczyk Tanja , Reher Raphael , Kehraus Stefan , Monteleone Stefania , Schrage Ramona , Heycke Nina , Rick Ulrike , Engel Sandra , Pfeifer Alexander , Kolb Peter , König Gabriele , Bünemann Moritz , Tüting Thomas , Vázquez-Prado José , Gutkind J. Silvio , Gaffal Evelyn , Kostenis Evi
Published: March 2019

Inhibition of constitutively activated, oncogenic G proteins inhibits uveal melanoma tumor growth in mice.
Design of a light-gated proton channel based on the crystal structure of
Coccomyxa
rhodopsin
Authors: Fudim Roman , Szczepek Michal , Vierock Johannes , Vogt Arend , Schmidt Andrea , Kleinau Gunnar , Fischer Paul , Bartl Franz , Scheerer Patrick , Hegemann Peter
Published: March 2019

Structural analysis enables conversion of an Arctic algal light-driven ion pump into a light-gated ion channel.
Genomic Characterization of Candidate Division LCP-89 Reveals an Atypical Cell Wall Structure, Microcompartment Production, and Dual Respiratory and Fermentative Capacities
Authors: Youssef Noha H. , Farag Ibrahim F. , Hahn C. Ryan , Jarett Jessica , Becraft Eric , Eloe-Fadrosh Emiley , Lightfoot Jorge , Bourgeois Austin , Cole Tanner , Ferrante Stephanie , Truelock Mandy , Marsh William , Jamaleddine Michael , Ricketts Samantha , Simpson Ronald , McFadden Allyson , Hoff Wouter , Ravin Nikolai V. , Sievert Stefan , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Woyke Tanja , Elshahed Mostafa
Published: March 2019

Our understanding of the metabolic capacities, physiological preferences, and ecological roles of yet-uncultured microbial phyla is expanding rapidly. Two distinct approaches are currently being utilized for characterizing microbial communities in nature: amplicon-based 16S rRNA gene surveys for community characterization and metagenomics/single-cell genomics for detailed metabolic reconstruction. The occurrence of multiple yet-uncultured bacterial phyla has been documented using 16S rRNA surveys, and obtaining genome representatives of these yet-uncultured lineages is critical to our understanding of the role of yet-uncultured organisms in nature. This study provides a genomics-based analysis highlighting the structural features and metabolic capacities of a yet-uncultured bacterial phylum (LCP-89) previously identified in 16S rRNA surveys for which no prior genomes have been described. Our analysis identifies several interesting structural features for members of this phylum, e.g., lack of peptidoglycan biosynthetic machinery and the ability to form bacterial microcompartments. Predicted metabolic capabilities include degradation of a wide range of sugars, anaerobic respiratory capacity, and fermentative capacities. In addition to the detailed structural and metabolic analysis provided for candidate division LCP-89, this effort represents an additional step toward a unified scheme for microbial taxonomy by reconciling 16S rRNA gene-based and genomics-based taxonomic outlines.
Clinically Unreported Salmonellosis Outbreak Detected via Comparative Genomic Analysis of Municipal Wastewater
Salmonella
Isolates
Authors: Diemert Sabrina , Yan Tao
Published: March 2019

Underdetection of microbial infectious disease outbreaks in human communities carries enormous health costs and is an ongoing problem in public health monitoring (which relies almost exclusively on data from health clinics). Surveillance of municipal wastewater for community-level monitoring of infectious disease burdens has the potential to fill this information gap, due to its easy access to the mixed community microbiome. In the present study, the genomes of 21
S
. Java isolates (collected from municipal wastewater in Honolulu) were analyzed; results showed that the same
Salmonella
strain that caused a known salmonellosis clinical outbreak in spring 2010 remerged as the most dominant strain in municipal wastewater in spring 2011, indicating a new outbreak that was not detected by health clinics. Our results show that wastewater monitoring holds great promise to inform the field of public health regarding outbreak status within communities.
Novel Antifungal Compound Z-705 Specifically Inhibits Protein Kinase C of Filamentous Fungi
Authors: Sugahara Asumi , Yoshimi Akira , Shoji Fumio , Fujioka Tomonori , Kawai Kiyoshi , Umeyama Hideaki , Komatsu Katsuichiro , Enomoto Masaru , Kuwahara Shigefumi , Hagiwara Daisuke , Katayama Takuya , Horiuchi Hiroyuki , Miyazawa Ken , Nakayama Mayumi , Abe Keietsu
Published: March 2019

A candidate inhibitor of filamentous fungal protein kinase C (PKC), Z-705, was identified by
in silico
screening. A screening system to evaluate the effects of fungal PKC inhibitors was constructed in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Using this system, we found that Z-705 is highly selective for filamentous fungal PKC in comparison with
S. cerevisiae
PKC. Analysis of the
AGS1
mRNA level, which is regulated by Mps1p mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) via PKC, in the rice blast fungus
Magnaporthe grisea
revealed that Z-705 had a PKC inhibitory effect comparable to that of staurosporine. Micafungin induced hyphal melanization in
M. grisea
, and this melanization, which is required for pathogenicity of
M. grisea
, was inhibited by PKC inhibition by both Z-705 and staurosporine. The mRNA levels of
4HNR
,
3HNR
, and
SCD1
, which are essential for melanization in
M. grisea
, were suppressed by both PKC inhibitors.