bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON A LEXICAL VECTOR IN TEACHING ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Authors: Grigoryan Ashot , Grigoryan Alla
Published: October 2020

There exist quite a few methods of teaching English grammar. Probably, the most traditional and at the same time the most widely spread one is the so-called rule-based teaching of grammar. The method consists in students transferring the formally learnt rules to the real life practice. Our hands-on experience in teaching grammar proves that while the method works for some students, it definitely does not work for everybody. There are quite a number of students who find mastering grammar easier through creating close associations of certain grammatical constructions with certain lexical components.
THE CONCEPT OF «ENEMY» IN THE NOVEL BY LION FEUCHTWANGER «THE OPPERMAN FAMILY»
Authors: Khachikyan Elena , Pokhalenkov Oleg
Published: October 2020

In this article, on the example of the novel «the Opperman Family» by Lion Feuchtwanger, a possible analysis of the poetic world of a prose work is proposed by highlighting the frame structure of the concept «enemy». Referring to the categories of cognitive linguistics makes it possible not only to identify the features of the poetics of Feuchtwanger's novel, but also to understand the coming atmosphere of terror in Germany, the quintessence of which is the concept of «enemy» (it should be noted that the writer witnessed the birth of totalitarian ideology and therefore in the novel «the Opperman Family» he gave a complete picture of the Nazi regime). The paper will consider the main meanings of the concept: a «simple witness of the regime» and an «ideological enemy». The realization of the meaning of the concept «ideological enemy» occurs at the motive, figurative and associative levels of the text of the writer's novel. The study focuses not on the image of the head of the family, Gustav Opperman, who was outlawed by anti-Semitic politics, but on his son, young Bertold Opperman, and his encounter with anti — Semitic attitudes in the gymnasium where he studied. The misunderstanding and subsequent bullying that the young man experienced from Bernd Vogelsang (teacher of the Humanities) led to a tragic end
TECHNICAL PROGRESS OF THE PEASANT HOLDING IN KOSTROMS PROVINCE IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY
Authors: Baldin Kirill
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the distribution of advanced agricultural machinery among peasants of Kostroma Province in the early 20th century. The economic consciousness of most peasants at this time was very conservative. They used outdated machinery and traditional land-processing techniques. The author considers the propaganda of new technology among peasants, Zemstvo demonstrated to them the advantages of new machines. After that, Zemstvo offered equipment to peasants for rent. In order for it to be available, rental fees were minimal and the network of rent points was branched. After that, the Zemstvo offered peasants to buy agricultural achines. This could be done in the agricultural warehouses that were available in each county. At the same time, the Zemstvo did not receive great benefit from the sale of equipment. The peasants used mainly agricultural machines that were produced in Russia. The activities of Zemstvo contributed to the technical progress of Russia’s agriculture, many peasants already had ploughs, seedlings, sorting machines and other advanced equipment. Of course, not all peasants could buy such machines because of their pretty high cost.
Clinical and Radiographic Diagnosis of Developmental Orthopedic Disease and Bone Lesions Determined in Thoroughbred Arabian Foals
Authors: ŞENGÖZ ŞİRİN Özlem , ŞEN Yusuf , ÖZGERMEN Başak , BUMİN Ali , ALKAN Zeki
Published: October 2020

The main objective of the present study was to determine the presence and prevalence of developmental orthopedic diseases and bone lesions, which causes huge economical looses in the purchasing of foals, in Thoroughbred Arabian foals in Tigem Anatolian Farm. The materials for this study were 50 Thoroughbred Arabian foals which were born on the same season. In total 50 foals were evaluated for clinical and radiographic examinations, blood analysis and nutrition for 12 months from birth. In addition, pasture soil and water analyzes were viewed. Variety of bone lesions were observed in 25 of 50 foals that are involved in the study. In foals hindlimb and/or forelimb sesamoiditis, osteochondrosis dissecans, physitis, subchondral cystic lesions were observed alone or together. We concluded that the clinical examination is inadequate and radiographic examinations are necessary for definitive diagnosis of developmental orthopedic diseases and bone lesions that are affecting horses’ future race performance. This study also shows that the blood parameters change during foal’s physical development, but these changes don’t affect developmental orthopedic diseases.
Effect of concomitant HIV infection on adverse drug reactions by first line antitubercular drugs - a case series analysis
Authors: Bansal Alka , Sharma Lokendra
Published: October 2020

The pattern and severity of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to first-line anti-tubercular drugs in solely tubercular and TB-HIV co-infected patients could be different due to drug-disease and drug-drug interactions in TB-HIV co-infected patients. Nevertheless, the studies regarding this aspect are very meager. Hence a retrospective appraisal of individual case safety reports (ICSR) due to first-line antitubercular drugs spontaneously submitted to the ADR monitoring center was done for solely tubercular and TB-HIV coinfected patients. Out of eight ICSRs, four had concomitant HIV infection, and two of them were on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Co-infected patients showed rare and severe ADRs like optic neuritis, acute renal failure, and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In contrast, four non-HIV co-infected tubercular patients suffered from comparatively less severe cutaneous reactions and vertigo. A high negative (-0.774) correlation coefficient between HIV co-infection and recovery status found that HIV co-infected patients had low chances of fully recovering. In conclusion, HIV co-infection and ARV drugs can affect the pattern, severity, and recovery status of adverse drug reactions due to first-line antitubercular drugs.
Karakteristik Hak Cipta Sebagai Objek Jaminan Fidusia
Authors: Tjoanda Merry
Published: October 2020

A creator has the exclusive right to enjoy his own creation or to give permission to others to use his creation. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of copyright that have the prospect of being used as collateral for credit, because copyright has economic value and can be transferred either entirely or partly because of inheritance, grants, wills, written agreements or other justified reasons. by laws and regulations. The method used is a type of normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results show that the characteristics of copyright as a fuduciary guarantee, which is an intangible movable object, can be used as an object of fiduciary security, even though the determination of the value or nominal value of copyright has no standard provisions, but parties can ask for advice from experts.
A Study of Performance Management System as a Strategic Tool of HRM
Authors: Walhekar Ashwini , Khatke Anita
Published: October 2020

In present hard-hitting competition, one of the strategies to be a successful organization is to get right candidates for every available position in the organization and retain the good employees to have better and highly motivated workforce. So what actually needed for an organization and managers is to attract, retain and motivate a talented workforce? It is proven fact that all high performance organizations whether public or private are and must be focus on developing and adopting effective performance measurement and performance management system; because it is only with the help of these systems organization can remain high performer. Now-a-days, in any industry whether small or big, human resource management not just plays traditional role but they are using various strategical tools of HRM to evaluate its employees’ performance and manage it accurately with a new system in the field of HRM known as Performance Management System (PMS). PMS helps the organization in aligning individual’s goal and objectives with organizational objectives. This paper deals with how PMS can be utilized for taking various strategic HR decisions and the effectiveness of PMS. The result of the study shows that a performance management system acts as a strategic tool and a powerful foundation for the employees to achieve their ambitions and organizations to achieve their key financial goals.
De (neuro)psychiatrische symptomatologie bij het syndroom van Kleine-Levin: casusbeschrijving en literatuurstudie
Authors: Braet J , Everaert G.
Published: October 2020

Het syndroom van Kleine-Levin is een zeldzame neuropsychiatrische aandoening met ernstige episoden van hypersomnie. Lang werd gedacht dat deze onschuldig was, maar ook op langere termijn kan er een negatieve invloed zijn op het cognitief functioneren.
Kunnen opstoten van glomerulonefritis geassocieerd met cryoglobulinen worden uitgelokt door BRAF- en MEK-inhibitoren?
Authors: Vanhaute K. , Van Craenenbroeck A.H. , Dendooven A. , Nguyen T.Q. , Couttenye M.M. , Philipse E.
Published: October 2020

Het gebruik van BRAF- en MEK-inhibitoren voor de behandeling van maligne melanoom is in opmars. Dit artikel beschrijft een opstoot van glomerulonefritis geassocieerd met cryoglobulinen, vermoedelijk uitgelokt door het gebruik van deze middelen.
Renale relaxatie ter preventie van renale burn-out: een praktische gids
Authors: De Moor B. , Stas K.
Published: October 2020

Dit verhalend overzicht schetst het concept van renale relaxatie op basis van de meeste recente inzichten, onderbouwd door adviezen uit bestaande richtlijnen voor chronisch nierlijden.
Een gemeten of geschatte glomerulaire filtratiesnelheid (glomerular filtration rate of GFR) weerspiegelt de som van de activiteit van alle nefronen. Wanneer een hoge filtratiecapaciteit wordt opgelegd aan een uitgedund aantal nefronen, zullen ze hypertrofiëren. Door die glomerulomegalie wordt een secundaire focale en segmentaire glomerulosclerose (FSGS) ingeleid. Die entiteit is gekenmerkt door een evolutieve proteïnurische nefropathie.
Om de verdere achteruitgang van de nierfunctie te vertragen wordt in overleg met de huisarts en de nefroloog een gecombineerde aanpak ingesteld. In een eerste fase zal de GFR nog verder kunnen afnemen. Die initiële afname van de GFR benoemen we als renale relaxatie.
Otosclerose, een veel voorkomende oorzaak van gehoorverlies
Authors: Beckers E. , Beckers K. , Verhaert N.
Published: October 2020

Otosclerose is de meest frequente oorzaak van progressief conductief en gemengd gehoorverlies. Door een abnormale botombouw wordt de stijgbeugel vastgezet ter hoogte van het ovale venster, met een verstijving van de ossiculaire keten tot gevolg. Meestal gaat het om een fenestrale otosclerose, maar in zeldzame gevallen van retrofenestrale otosclerose zijn er otosclerotische foci rondom het slakkenhuis. Otosclerose kan gehoorverlies, tinnitus en vertigo veroorzaken. De aandoening doet zich voornamelijk voor bij vrouwen van middelbare leeftijd. De precieze etiologie van otosclerose is onduidelijk, maar vermoedelijk spelen een genetische predispositie en verschillende omgevingsfactoren hierin een rol. De diagnose is meestal klinisch, op basis van een typisch audiogram met “Carhart notch” en een afwezige stapediusreflex. Een CT-scan is aangewezen in de pre-operatieve setting om de otosclerose te bevestigen en andere ziekten uit te sluiten. Er zijn verschillende behandelingsmogelijkheden, zoals heelkunde, hoortoestellen of farmacotherapie. Een stapedotomie waarbij ook een stapesprothese wordt geplaatst leidt meestal tot uitstekende functionele resultaten. Conventionele hoortoestellen kunnen bij bepaalde patiënten ook een oplossing bieden. Bisfosfonaten zouden kunnen leiden tot een stabilisatie van het gehoor of een vertraging van de vooruitgang van het gehoorverlies. Het gebruik hiervan in de behandeling van otosclerose is echter nog onvoldoende onderbouwd. Verdere studies zijn noodzakelijk om de optimale behandelingsduur, dosis en doeltreffendheid te bepalen.
A részvénytársasági vezető tisztségviselő megbízásának megszűnése egy román jogegységi határozat tükrében
Authors: Pál Előd
Published: October 2020

The legal relationship between the joint-stock company and its (chief) executive officer is based on the rules applicable to the contract of mandate, according to the Romanian Act on Companies. For this reason, the rules set forth in the case of contracts of mandate by the Romanian Civil Code (RCC) must be used with regard to the creation, the contents, and the cessation of the authority of the chief executive. Among its provisions pertinent to the cessation of this contract, inter alia, the RCC refers explicitly to the possibility that it may cease not only when the reasons provided for in the norms specifically regulating the contract of mandate subsist but also in the generally provided cases when the effects of contracts (as instruments) cease to exist. Such a general case is, e.g., the expiry of the duration of the contract. Regarding the authority of the executive officer, however, courts have interpreted the effects of the expiry of the duration of the contract divergently, wherefore the High Court of Cassation and Justice has set a unitary direction for interpretation by way of a decision for the unification of jurisprudence. The statements and conclusions contained in this decision are, in my view, subject to debate. In the following study, I provide a critical analysis of the statements and conclusions contained in the decision for the unification of jurisprudence based on the statutory provisions of the law currently in force.
STRATEGI PENGAWASAN TERHADAP UJARAN KEBENCIAN DI MEDIA SOSIAL PADA PEMILU
Authors: Anggraeni Dewi , Adrinoviarini Adrinoviarini
Published: October 2020

The political year is a fertile vehicle for disseminating news of hate speech, forms of intolerance, and false information (hoaxes) decorating the Indonesian social media universe. Election campaigns provide fertile ground for hate speech and incitement, especially on social media. This research aims to analyze and identify the prevalence of hate speech in the DKI Jakarta gubernatorial election by evaluating the regulations regarding hate speech on social media according to stakeholders and appropriate and effective strategies in preventing and taking action against hate speech violations in the Pilkada/Election. This type of research is descriptive qualitative, which portrays the phenomenon of the DKI Jakarta governor election in 2017, The data collection technique used was a focus group discussion by inviting several sources. The results of this study reveal that; Hate speech in 2017 on social media, especially Facebook, has increased in the momentum of the Pilkada. The ITE Law and SE / 06 / X / 2015 have been implemented by various stakeholders as an effort to prevent and prosecute hate speech offenders, although this has not been maximized due to the weak media literacy of Indonesian society itself. The case for the 2017 DKI Jakarta election as a prototype for the National Election. Therefore, election organizers need to pay special attention to monitoring social media during the election period.
BAWASLU DAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM PEMILU
Authors: Nugraha Munandar Nugraha
Published: October 2020

Election law enforcement is a necessity in an election that is democratic and has legal provisions. Election law enforcement agencies are the key to the implementation of democratic and fair elections. No matter how small the violations that occur, it is important to follow up, so that substantial democracy can be achieved and carried out. The reconceptualization of institutions authorized to enforce election law is important to be formulated in the revision of the Election Law. Activists and stakeholders who are concerned about electoral studies are obliged to provide contributions, ideas for the realization of elections and electoral justice in subsequent elections.
IDA BUDHIATI : PERJUANGAN PEREMPUAN KE PARLEMEN
Authors: Prabowo Rian Adhivira Adhivira
Published: October 2020

Buku ini menyoroti sejarah perkembangan kebijakan pengaturan kuota di Indonesia untuk meningkatkan representasi suara perempuan di parlemen.  Pengaturan kuota adalah bentuk konkret dari affirmative action, yakni perlakuan khusus sementara yang ditujukan untuk mengangkat status suatu kaum yang dirugikan dari bentuk-bentuk diskriminasi. Dalam konteks representasi politik perempuan, Affirmative action hadir sebagai sarana untuk mengintervensi konstruksi diskriminatif yang menahun di setiap stakeholder dan pemain politik yang menghambat perempuan Indonesia untuk menyampaikan, memperjuangkan, dan merealisasikan hak asasinya sebagai warga negara yang diperlakukan setara terhadap laki-laki.
End User Involvement on Performance of Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Institutes in Kenya
Authors: Maweu Gerald Mutiso , Paul Dr. Samson Nyang’au
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of end user involvement on performance of consultative group on international agricultural research institutes in Kenya.Methodology: This research study adopted a descriptive research design approach. The researcher prefers this method because it allows an in-depth study of the subject. The target population were procurement 152 officers in the consultative group on international agricultural research institutes in Kenya. This study used census as a rule of thumb since the population of procurement officers in consultative group on international agricultural research institutes is less than 200. The study combined two methods in its data collection that is, questionnaires and key informant interviews. After data collection, quantitative data was coded using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistical methods such as means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentage. Inferential analyses were used in relation to correlation analysis and regression analysis to test the relationship between the four explanatory variables and the explained variableResults and conclusion: The findings of the study indicated that need identification phase, design phase, implementation phase and maintenance phase have a positive relationship with performance of consultative group on international agricultural research institutes in Kenya.Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study recommended that institutions should embrace need identification phase, design phase, implementation phase and maintenance phase so as to improve performance of consultative group on international agricultural research institutes and further researches should to be carried out in other institutions to find out if the same results can be obtained.
Influence of Procurement Key Performance Indicators on The Performance of State Agencies in Kenya
Authors: Ndemo Bernard Mong’eri , Achuora Dr. John , Achuora Dr. John
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine influence of procurement key performance indicators on the performance of state agencies in Kenya with an aim of making recommendations on proper usMethodology: The study employed a descriptive research design, targeting the 127 heads of procurement in state agencies in Kenya, who were selected using simple random sampling, from the four strata. The researcher preferred this method because it allows an in-depth study of the subject. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Quantitative data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The qualitative data generated was analyzed by use of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The response rate of the study was 82%.Results and conclusion: The results indicate that there is a positive relationship (r=.509) between cost management and performance of state agencies in Kenya. In addition, the researcher found the relationship to be statistically significant at 5% level (p=0.000, <0.05). The results also indicate that there is a positive relationship (r=.398) between quality index management and performance of state agencies in Kenya. In addition, the researcher found the relationship to be statistically significant at 5% level (p=0.000, <0.05). The results indicate that there is a positive relationship (r=.678) between delivery management and performance of state agencies in Kenya. In addition, the researcher found the relationship to be statistically significant at 5% level (p=0.000, <0.05). The results indicate that there is a positive relationship (r=.685) between asset utilization management and performance of state agencies in Kenya. In addition, the researcher found the relationship to be statistically significant at 5% level (p=0.000, <0.05). Hence, it is evident that all the independent variables could explain the changes in implementation of performance of state agencies in Kenya, on the basis of the correlation analysis. The findings of the study indicated that cost management, quality index management, delivery management and asset utilization management have a positive relationship with performance of state agencies in KenyaUnique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Finally, the study recommended that public institutions should embrace procurement key performance indicators so as to improve performance and further researches should to be carried out in other public institutions to find out if the same results can be obtained
Sağır Duvarları Sanatla Kazanmak: Duvar Resimleri
Authors: EVCİL Ayşe Nilay , YALÇIN USAL Selhan
Published: October 2020

Duvar resmi ya da yaygın İngilizce karşılığıyla mural, günümüzün popüler ve ilgi çeken sanat aktivitelerinden biri olmuştur. Duvar resimlerinin bir sanat olduğunu kabul edenler, kentte onları görmek için turlara katılanlar, festival düzenleyen belediyeler her geçen gün artmaktadır. Duvar resimleri sayesinde kasvetli, sıkıcı, itici kentsel ortamlarda yer alan binaların dış duvarlarında görüntüyü yumuşatarak uyumu yaratan çekici ve sürprizli ara kesitler oluşturmak mümkün olmaktadır. İstanbul kenti de mevcut duvar resimleri ile dünyada adından söz ettirecek potansiyele sahiptir. Kentte belediyelerin de desteklediği duvar resmi ile ilgili festivaller düzenlenmekte ve yerli-yabancı sanatçılar da halkı sanatla buluşturmaktadır. Bu büyük metropolün halen tuval gibi kullanılabilecek çok sayıda gri, boş, sanat uygulamasına açık ve dönüştürülmesi halinde etkili görsel sunum oluşacağı sağır duvarları vardır. Bu yazı İstanbul, Kadıköy Belediyesi tarafından düzenlenen festivali örnekleyerek gelişmekte olan duvar resmini tanıtmak, sanat ve kentle ilişkisini kurmak için kaleme alınmıştır. Covid-19 pandemisi sebebiyle 2020 yılında gerçekleşemeyen mural festivali, 2012’den 2019 yılına dek 8 kez düzenli olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. 2019 yılında kırk üç duvar resmine ulaşılan ilçede, bu eserler hem sağır duvarları sanatla kente kazandırmakta, hem de kültür turizmine katkı sağlamaktadır. 2012 yılında köhneleşmekte olan Yeldeğirmeni bölgesini canlandırmak amacıyla başlayan festival sayesinde bölgede bir çekim alanı oluşmuş ve günümüzde duvar resimleri ilçenin diğer mahallelerine de yayılmıştır.
The performance factors of non-profit basketball clubs
Authors: Ivaskovic Igor
Published: October 2020

Using the data from 73 non-profit basketball clubs from four post-transitional Southeast European countries the article examines the potential causal relationship between 165 variables divided into four groups (organizational environment, strategies, human resource management (HRM), and behavior and feelings of organizational members) and two different aspects of organizational performance, namely competitive-financial and recreational-non-financial. The multiple regression analyses results disclose direct impact of the strategic focus on the organizational performance. The study provides explanation how the importance of different objectives from an aspect of club leadership affect the chances of enhancing the sport clubs performance from both perspectives. Higher performance is achieved by specialized clubs that pursue only one aspect of performance and strive for those goals that positively affect the same performance perspective. On the other hand, the HRM – performance analysis shows that many HRM factors correlate with organizational performance. However, regression analysis did not confirm any significant direct impact, which indicates that this causal relationship is indirect.
TINJAUAN ISLAM TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN BARANG GADAI SAWAH DI DESA CIBERES KECAMATAN PATOKBEUSI KABUPATEN SUBANG
Authors: Islamiati Siti Hadiyanti Dini
Published: October 2020

Abstrak

Terjadinya praktek gadai sawah di Desa Ciberes ini sudah marak sekali. Kebanyakan masyarakat khususnya petani beranggapan bahwa menggadaikan sawahnya lebih mudah dari pada harus meminjam uang ke Bank, karena tanpa harus melalui prosedur yang rumit. Setelah itu dengan kesepakatan dan rasa percaya antara kedua belah pihak maka selesai sudah transaksi tersebut. Akan tetapi jika sudah mempunyai uang sebelum jatuh tempo, maka rahin dibolehkan untuk menebus atau mengambil sawahnya kembali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan barang gadai sawah di Desa Ciberes, serta mengetahui tinjauan Islam terhadap pemanfaatan barang gadai sawah. Metode yang digunakan Yuridis Normatif dengan pendekatan Deskriftif Kualitatif, yaitu mengungkapkan dan menganalisis serta memberikan gambaran mengenai fakta-fakta yang telah diteliti. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara (interview), dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terjadinya pemanfaatan barang gadai sawah di Desa Ciberes bermula adanya ketidaksahan dalam  praktek  gadai disebabkan adanya  kecacatan dalam  shigat antara rahin dan murtahin, yakni dalam shigat yang mereka laksanakan terdapat persyaratan yang berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan marhun (sawah), secara keseluruhan berpindah ke tangan murtahin. Dan syarat tersebut merusak shigat akad. Sedangkan menurut tinjauan islam tidak sesuai karena menurut pendapat ulama tidak membolehkan adanya pemanfaatan marhun oleh murtahin, alasannya bahwa pemanfaatan marhun dapat dikategorikan dalam akad qard yang mensyaratkan tambahan tertentu, dan ini juga dapat dikategorikan macam riba. Selain  itu  juga  pemanfaatan marhun oleh murtahin  ini  keluar  dari ketentuan bahwa yang berhak memanfaatkan suatu barang ialah pemiliknya.
JUAL BELI PRODUK IMITASI FASHION PERSPEKTIF UNDANG-UNDANG HAK CIPTA NOMOR 28 TAHUN 2014 DAN HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Rahayu Solihah Sari , Syarifah Novianti , Somantri Muhamad Dani
Published: October 2020

Jual  beli  dalam  Al-Quran  disebutkan  3  bentuk  yaitu  :  tijarah,  bai’, syira’. jual beli adalah pertukaran harta (mal) dengan harta dengan menggunakan cara tertentu. Pertukaran harta dengan harta disini, diartikan harta yang memiliki manfaat serta terdapat kecenderungan manusia untuk menggunakannya, cara tertentu yang dimaksud adalah sighat atau ungkapan ijab dan qabul. Pasar adalah adanya penjual dan pembeli saling bertemu, salah satu dari berbagai  sistem,  institusi,  prosedur,  hubungan  sosial  dan  infrastruktur  dimana usaha menjual barang, jasa, dan tenaga kerja untuk orang-orang dengan imbalan uang. Barang dan jasa yang dijual menggunakan alat pembayaran yang sah seperti uang  fiat.  Kegiatan  ini  merupakan  bagian  dari  perekonomian.  Ini  adalah pengaturan yang memungkinkan pembeli dan penjual untuk item pertukaran. Persaingan sangat penting dalam pasar, dan memisahkan pasar dari perdagangan. Penelitian ini mendepenelitiankan dan mengkaji permasalahan mengenai konsep  pembajakan  karya-karya  di  bidang  hak  cipta dalam  perspektif  hukum Islam dengan menggunakan UndangUndang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hak Cipta sebagai fokus studinya. Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengangkat tentang solusi hukum Undang-Undang tentang Hak Cipta. Dalam usaha penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode observasi langsung dan tidak langsung. Pembajakan dengan menyamakan hukum dari pencurian dapat menggunakan metode qiyas.    Apabila    dikaji    berdasarkan    metode    qiyas, segala   apapun   bentuk   dari pembajakan merupakan haram dan harus dijauhi. Dengan beberapa penjelasan di atas maka segala apapun bentuk pembajakan baik cara/metode maupun objek atau sasaran yang mengarah pada pembajakan hak cipta hukumnya adalah haram.
MG NREGS Supporting Livelihood in Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Sharma Virender , Bansal Rajeev , Mokta Mamta
Published: October 2020

Livelihood security has remained a challenge to drag the rural masses out of the poverty, especially the weaker and marginal sections of the society. MG NREGA has been enacted with a view to providing livelihood security to people residing in rural areas by means of unskilled wage employment for atleast for 100 days to each household. The implementation of MG NREGS has positively affected the lives of rural folk in different dimensions. The paper analyses the three dimensions viz. employment generation, accrual of income and livelihood support in three selected development blocks of district Sirmour, HP. The study has been undertaken on the basis of web hosted official data with its analysis on the aforesaid three dimensions, findings and suggestions for extending livelihood support to the deserving population in future.
On a small collection of Swedish Lepidoptera, kept at the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia
Authors: Abadjiev Stanislav , Beshkov Stoyan
Published: October 2020

The paper presents an inventory of 28 species of butterflies and moths collected in the northernmost part of Sweden during 1931-1932. The collection is of certain historical value and is kept at the National Museum of Natural History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
Type specimens of Acari (Arachnida) in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia. I. Acariformes (Acaridida and Prostigmata)
Authors: Beron Petar
Published: October 2020

The present list contains data on type material of 109 mite species (Acaridida and Prostigmata) from Bulgaria (species, described by I. Vassilev, M. Kolebinova, P. Beron) and many foreign countries: Greece, Suriname, the Netherlands, New Guinea, Cuba, Mexico, Chile, USA, Canada, Madagascar, Gaboon, Liberia, Nigeria, Uganda, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Morocco, Tunisia, Malaysia, Burma, Thailand, China, and the Philippines (species, described by M. Kolebinova, P. Beron, F. Lukoschus, A. Fain, C. Welbourn, F. Dusbabek, K. Samsinak, K. R. Orwig, W. Atyeo and other authors). The type material housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia includes species from the families Acaridae, Glycyphagidae, Canestriniidae, Proctophyllodidae, Trouessartiidae, Syringobiidae, Dermationidae, Ereynetidae, Cytoditidae, Myocoptidae, Chirodiscidae, Gastronyssidae, Myobiidae, Ophioptidae, Demodicidae, Smarididae, Erythraeidae, Neotrombidiidae, Eutrombidiidae, Trombiculidae, Leeuwenhoekiidae, Walchiidae, and Vatacaridae. All Bulgarian and foreign acarologists are kindly invited to submit type specimens under their care in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History in Sofia. This material will be properly housed and well used.
Fossil and subfossil records and recent status of shrikes (Passeriformes: Laniidae) in Bulgaria
Authors: Boev Zlatozar
Published: October 2020

A total of 13 Quaternary localities of three recent species of shrikes with a total of 24 bone and bone fragments are reported. They encompass Early Pleistocene (Biharian) to Late Holocene (subrecent) and reveal the wide former distribution of Lanius collurio throughout the country. Eleven localities are situated in the Northern Bulgaria and two - in southern regions of the country. Most of the localities are located in plain and hilly landscapes and only two localities are mountainous. For each species are provided data on the chronostratigraphic distribution, altitudinal distribution and the anatomical belonging of finds. Localities of L. collurio are located between 50 and 130 m a.s.l.
La enseñanza de la Arquitectura como resultado de una tríada tergiversada
Authors: Onecha Pérez Belén , González Moreno-Navarro José Luis , Puntos Pérez Sonsoles
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to show the origin and subsequent persistence of a way of organizing, from fragmentation, the teaching of architecture. To this end, an analysis of generalist historical treatises is carried out, highlighting, on one side, the differences in the organizational structure of the contents, on the other, in the approaches to the ends and means of architecture and, finally, in its interpretation of the original Vitruvian Triad. And it is the version of Perrault in his Abrégé of 1674 that radically misunderstood it, creating a structure that destroys the global vision of Architecture. With him begins the division into three parts; construction, distribution and decoration that will influence all subsequent treatises, except for two French authors, who already in the early and mid-nineteenth century rejected it by proposing other integrative alternatives. All in all, tripartite fragmentation, with a clear predominance of the third, firmly maintains its presence until the 20th century, and even today.
Ignacio Álvarez Castelao: Housing developments for power station workers
Authors: Gonzalvo Salas Carlos
Published: October 2020

This article analyses four of the thirteen housing developments for workers that were designed in northern Spain for the Electra de Viesgo electricity company by Ignacio Álvarez Castelao between 1948 and 1965, namely those constructed in Puente de San Miguel in Santander, Aguilar de Campoo in Palencia, Soto de Ribera in Oviedo, and Santa María de Garoña in Burgos. We analyse the theoretical foundations Castelao developed in the mid-1950s to construct these four residential complexes, which were based on modulation, prefabrication and the systematisation of constructive elements in order to streamline their construction in the rural environment. Also systematically analysed in this paper are the public spaces, the housing, the furniture, and the transitions Castelao introduced between the various scales, from the geographical urban planning scale to architecture and furniture. In essence, we study the elements of architecture Castelao designed to create orderly housing developments with comfortable habitability conditions for the workers both inside and outside their homes.
El atlas tipológico de Renée Gailhoustet: un “Abecedario” arquitectónico
Authors: Moreno Moreno María Pura
Published: October 2020

When reading into the underlying thinking of every architectural project, there are references that, together with the motivation behind the making of all decisions, give rise to the contextual framework of the project for its critique. Renée Gailhoustet (1929-...) is an architect whose professional work, carried out between 1961 and 1995, synthesized political and social interests through typological experimentation, mainly in the field of collective housing. In her projects in urban peripheries, she tested architectural mechanisms that raised the questioning of the urban model emerged with the institutionalization of the functionalist postulates of the Athens Charter. In this article we will analyze the transition of her typological discourse in order to understand her text entitled "Alphabet" with which she formed a kind of "doxa" or vade mecum. The selected terms, in alphabetical order, specified her interests, which materialized as constants in her work, and intellectual coordinates which were coincident with those of other architects of her generation. The objective will be to demonstrate how the multi-directionality of these anthropological and architectural meanings modeled a theoretical corpus that, complemented by her philosophy studies and by her political commitment, geared her proposals towards the improvement of social conditions for coexistence and the rapport between the city and its people.
Short communication: Runout of rock avalanches limited by basal
friction but controlled by fragmentation
Authors: Haug Øystein T. , Rosenau Matthias , Rudolf Michael , Leever Karen , Oncken Onno
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Rock avalanches display exceptionally long runouts, which are found to correlate with their volume and attributed to size dependent dynamic lowering of the effective basal friction. However, even for similar volumes, runouts are seen to span several orders of magnitude suggesting additional controlling factors. Here, we here analyse experiments with analogue models of rock avalanches aimed at testing the role of dynamic fragmentation. We show that for a fixed low basal friction, the runout of experimental rock avalanches varies over two orders of magnitude and is determined by their degree of fragmentation while the basal friction acts only as an upper limiter. We interpret the runout's dependence on fragmentation to be controlled by the competition between mobility enhancing spreading and energy consuming internal friction. We formalize this competition into a scaling law based on energy conservation which shows that variation in the degree of fragmentation can explain the large variation in runout of rock avalanches seen in nature.
LISFLOOD-FP 8.0: the new discontinuous Galerkin shallow water
solver for multi-core CPUs and GPUs
Authors: Shaw James , Kesserwani Georges , Neal Jeffrey , Bates Paul , Sharifian Mohammad Kazem
Published: October 2020

Abstract. LISFLOOD-FP 8.0 includes second-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG2) and first-order finite volume (FV1) solvers of the two-dimensional shallow water equations for modelling a wide range of flows, including rapidly-propagating, supercritical flows, shock waves, or flows over very smooth surfaces. Alongside the existing local inertia solver (called ACC), the new solvers are parallelised on multi-core CPU and Nvidia GPU architectures and run existing LISFLOOD-FP modelling scenarios without modification. The predictive capabilities and computational scalability of the new solvers are studied for two Environment Agency benchmark tests and a real-world fluvial flood simulation driven by rainfall across a 2500 km2 catchment. DG2's second-order-accurate, piecewise-planar representation of topography and flow variables enables predictions on coarse grids that are competitive with FV1 and ACC predictions on 2–4 × finer grids, particularly where river channels are wider than half the grid spacing. Despite the simplified formulation of the local inertia solver, ACC is shown to be spatially second-order-accurate and yields predictions that are close to DG2. The DG2-CPU and FV1-CPU solvers achieve near-optimal scalability up to 16 CPU cores and achieve greater efficiency on grids with fewer than 0.1 million elements. The DG2-GPU and FV1-GPU solvers are most efficient on grids with more than 1 million elements, where the GPU solvers are 2.5–4 × faster than the corresponding 16-core CPU solvers. LISFLOOD-FP 8.0 therefore marks a new step towards operational DG2 flood inundation modelling at the catchment scale.
FROM SPACE TO EARTH: PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF GLACIER DYNAMICS IN THE MARINE SYSTEM BY MEANS OF REMOTE SENSING AT ALMIRANTAZGO BAY, ANTARCTICA
Authors: Cárdenas C. , Casassa G. , Aguilar X. , Mojica D. , Johnson E. , Brondi F.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. To determine the biological and physical mechanisms between Lange glacier and its pro-glacier marine system located in Almirantazgo bay, King George Island, Antarctica, specific variables were determined through remote sensing approaches shown in this work. These preliminary results will allow relating the dynamics of both systems, the glacier, and the marine ecosystem. The information for the estimation of surface flux velocity of the glacier was derived through Radar satellite images (Sentinel-1) by means of offset tracking, the bathymetry was derived from a Multi-beam Echo Sounder, and the Digital Elevation Modell was obtained by means of a Remotely Piloted Aircraft; Finally, the biological parameters were derived from MODIS and OLCI images for the analysis of satellite data to have a first insight to the characteristics of the marine system. This information will help to build the first frame needed to study through remote sensing approaches, the mechanisms that govern the interface among “Lang Glacier” and the “Almirantazgo Bay” at King George Island, Antarctica.
THE NEW TANDEM-X CHANGE DEM: SPECIFICATIONS AND INTERFEROMETRIC PROCESSING
Authors: Lachaise M. , Schweisshelm B. , Fritz T.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Since 2017, the TanDEM-X mission aims to acquire data globally to generate another (updated) DEM. This new set of acquisitions, which will be complete in 2020, has a clear temporal separation from those used for the TanDEM-X global DEM. It will therefore allow the creation of a temporally independent DEM, the so-called “TanDEM-X Change DEM” enabling the characterization of terrain changes. Since only one global coverage is being acquired, improvements in e.g. the interferometric data processing are necessary. In particular, an edited version of the existing global TanDEM-X DEM is now the "starting point" for the interferometric processing as detailed in this paper.
THE DETECTION OF CONCEALED TARGETS IN WOODLAND AREAS USING HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY
Authors: Rodriguez Gonzalez S. A. , Shimoni M. , Plaza J. , Plaza A. , Renhorn I. , Ahlberg J.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Recent innovations in microelectronic and semiconductor technology enable the creation of smaller and economical hyperspectral cameras. A filter combined camera with advanced scanning module is a game changer that extends the application of miniature hyperspectral imagers to many security domains. This work presents the assessment of the imager L4 from Glana Sensors to detect concealed targets in woodland areas. Several target detection methods were applied to a collection of scenes acquired under various illumination conditions and containing different materials. The potential and limitations of this new imaging device in the context of difficult target detection in forested area are evaluated and discussed.
PCA BAND SELECTION METHOD FOR A HYPERSPECTRAL SENSORS ONBOARD AN UAV
Authors: Centeno J. A. S. , Kern J. , Mitishita E. A. , Palma M. E. J.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The development of light and small sensors, like Lidar and hyperspectral sensors, has gained popularity over the last few years. In this paper we present the experience of UFPR (Brazil), in collaboration with KIT (Germany), on the use of a UAV system carrying a hyperspectral sensor for land cover studies. The sensors were integrated with the traditional IMU-GNSS systems to record data from a quadricopter. The study focuses on band selection, aiming at reducing computational effort and statistical limitations. For this purpose, the principal components of the multispectral image are computed. The best principal components are then selected according to the explained original variance, as described by the relative size of the eigenvalues. Then, each principal component is analyzed searching for contrasting spectral regions, described by consecutive positive and negative coefficients. The most representative band of each spectral region is the selected according to its information contents and contribution to the computation of the respective eigenvectors. The method is tested using images collected with the FireflEYE 185 Cubert camera with 125 channels in the wavelength between 450 nm and 950 nm, flying over the experimental Canguiri farm in Curitiba, Brazil. Finally, we discuss the advantages of the method and its limitations.
TIME SERIES OF SALT CRUSTS IMAGED BY A DUAL POLARIZATION SPACEBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR) AT C-BAND OVER AN ANDEAN ALTIPLANO SALAR OF NORTHERN CHILE
Authors: Barber M. , Delsouc A. , Perez W. , Briceño I.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. A dense time series of Synthetic Aperture Radar acquisitions at 6-day intervals between July 2017 to January 2019 collected with the C-band constellation Sentinel 1A and 1B is used to study salt crust evolution in an highland salar. Microwave response of halite crystal aggregates is linked to surface roughness of the salt crusts by means of a surface scattering model which includes multiple scattering at second order in media with complex permittivity such as brine-soil mixtures. The time series enabled to estimate co-polarised vertical-vertical backscattering coefficient variations as large as 8.8 dB on a 4-month period which implied a height standard deviation increase from 0.5 to 4.5 mm as modeled by the surface scattering model. Backscattering coefficient variations between 0.8 to 2 dB per month are found for three different crusts, which demonstrated different growth rates of the crystals. Crystal growth rate might be driven by the kind of water input (rainfall or snow in Andean salars), probably due to the negative effect of water droplets on impinging halite crystal surface in comparison to snow. Results showed that cross-polarised backscattering coefficient is sensitive to snow accumulation and appeared to be sensitive to subsurface conditions.
The mesoscale eddy field in the Lofoten Basin from high-resolution
Lagrangian simulations
Authors: Dugstad Johannes S. , Isachsen Pål Erik , Fer Ilker
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Warm Atlantic-origin waters are modified in the Lofoten Basin in the Nordic Seas on their way toward the Arctic. An energetic eddy field redistributes these waters in the basin. Retained for extended periods, the warm waters result in large surface heat losses to the atmosphere and an impact on fisheries and regional climate. Here, we describe the eddy field in the Lofoten Basin by analysing Lagrangian simulations forced by a high-resolution numerical model. We obtain trajectories of particles seeded at three levels: near the surface, at 200 m and 500 m depth, using 2D and 3D velocity fields. About 200,000 particle trajectories are analyzed from each level and each simulation. Using multivariate wavelet ridge analysis, we identify coherent cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices in the trajectories and describe their characteristics. We then compare the evolution of water properties inside cyclones and anticyclones as well as in the ambient flow outside vortices. As measured from Lagrangian particles, anticyclones have longer lifetimes than cyclones (16–24 days compared to 13–19 days), larger radius (20–22 km compared to 17–19 km) and a more circular shape (ellipse linearity of 0.45–0.50 compared to 0.51–0.57). The angular frequencies for cyclones and anticyclones have similar magnitudes (absolute values of about 0.05f). The anticyclones are characterized by warm temperature anomalies whereas cyclones are colder than the background state. Along their path, water parcels in anticyclones cool at a rate of 0.02–0.04 °C/day while those in cyclones warm at a rate of 0.01–0.02 °C/day. Water parcels experience a net downward motion in anticyclones and upward motion in cyclones, often found to be related to changes in temperature and density. The along-path changes of temperature, density and depth are smaller for particles in the ambient flow. An analysis of the net temperature and vorticity fluxes into the Lofoten Basin shows that while vortices contribute significantly to the heat and vorticity budgets, they only cover a small fraction of the domain area (about 6 %). The ambient flow, including filaments and other non-coherent variability undetected by the ridge analysis, hence plays a major role in closing the budgets of the basin.