bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening and outcome of chromosomal abnormalities other than trisomy 21 in Northern Finland
Authors: MARTTALA JAANA , PEUHKURINEN SINI , RANTA JENNI K. , LAITINEN PAIVI , KOKKONEN HANNA‐LEENA , HONKASALO TIMPPA , RYYNANEN MARKKU
Published: May 2011

Objective.To examine the performance of first‐trimester combined screening after adding the specific algorithms for trisomies 18 and 13 in the Down syndrome screening program for chromosomal abnormalities other than trisomy 21 and to determine the outcomes of such pregnancies.Design.A retrospective study.Setting. Oulu University Hospital, Finland.Population. Pregnant women (n=56 076) participating voluntarily in first‐trimester combined Down syndrome screening in Northern and Eastern Finland during the study period 1 June 2002 to 31 December 2008.Methods.The data of all known cases of chromosomal abnormalities other than trisomy 21 were collected.Main Outcome Measures.Risk algorithms for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 were used for the calculation of patient‐specific risks for certain chromosomal abnormalities. Algorithms were based on maternal age, crown–rump length, nuchal translucency, and measurement of free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A. Detection rates and false‐positive rates were calculated.Results.A total of 27 cases of trisomy 18, 11 cases of trisomy 13 and 30 cases of other chromosomal abnormalities were analyzed. The algorithm for Down syndrome detected 55.6% of trisomy 18 cases, 36.4% of trisomy 13 cases and 60.0% of other chromosomal abnormalities. When specific risk algorithms were added, the detection rates improved for trisomy 18 (74.0%) and for trisomy 13 (54.5%), with only a slight increase of the false‐positive rate of 0.2%. The detection rate for other chromosomal abnormalities did not improve.Conclusions.Adding the trisomy 18 algorithm to the Down screening program resulted in the detection of five additional trisomy 18 cases.
Adipositas athletica: a group of neglected conditions associated with medical risks
Authors: Berglund L. , Sundgot‐Borgen J. , Berglund B.
Published: May 2011

At the 2008 Olympics, the body weight of the athletes varied from 28 to 181 kg and many Olympic athletes therefore today have a stature far from the ancient Greek athletic ideals. Athletes and sports associated with leanness and their medical problems have been researched extensively. However, there has been less focus on those athletes, who may gain a competitive advantage by having excess body fat, being large or oversized. The present review introduces for the first time the concept of Adipositas athletica and gives a description and classification of these athletes. Adipositas athletica is defined as having a higher than “athletic normal” (Greek Olympic ideals) fat mass and being an elite athlete. The condition is divided into subgroups based on the intent or non‐intent to increase body fat per se. Another factor is the intent to increase body mass as well as increasing physiological factors such as strength or endurance. It is concluded that most of the sports‐medicine community‐physicians, researchers and nutritionists – has neglected these oversized and obese athletes, their long‐ and short‐term morbidity and mortality, their eating problems and the use of performance‐enhancing drugs. Although some data on overweight and obese athletes exist, the most remarkable finding when reviewing the literature is the paucity of data. Many unanswered questions remain and great strides remain to be made.
Force interaction and 3D pole movement in double poling
Authors: Stöggl T. , Holmberg H.‐C.
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to analyze double poling using combined kinetic and 3D kinematic analysis at high skiing speeds as regards pole force components, pole angles and pole behavior during the poling and swing phase. The hypothesis was that a horizontal pole force is more predictive for maximal skiing speed (Vmax) than the resultant pole force. Sixteen elite skiers performed a double‐poling Vmax test while treadmill roller skiing. Pole forces and 3D kinematics of pole movement at a speed of 30 km/h were analyzed and related to Vmax. The duration of the “preparation phase” showed the strongest relationship with Vmax (r=0.87, P<0.001). Faster skiers generated longer cycle lengths with longer swing and poling times, had less inclined pole angles at pole plant and a later peak pole force. Horizontal pole forces were not more highly related to Vmax compared with the resultant pole force. Impact force was not related to Vmax. At high skiing speeds, skiers should aim to combine high pole forces with appropriate timing of pole forces and appropriate pole and body positions during the swing and poling phase. The emphasis in training should be on the development of specific strength capacities for pole force production and the utilization of these capacities in double‐poling training sessions.
Both poor cardiorespiratory and weak muscle fitness are related to a high concentration of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein lipids
Authors: Kosola J. , Ahotupa M. , Kyröläinen H. , Santtila M. , Vasankari T.
Published: May 2011

Good physical fitness is associated with favorable serum lipids. Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) could be even more atherogenic than serum lipids. We studied the association of ox‐LDL and serum lipids with physical fitness. Healthy young (mean age 25 years) men (n=846) underwent maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and muscle fitness index (MFI) tests and completed a leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) questionnaire. Age (ANCOVA1), age+waist circumference+systolic blood pressure+fasting blood glucose+smoking (ANCOVA3) were used as covariates. The groups with the lowest VO2max, MFI and LTPA had 23%, 16% and 8% higher concentrations of ox‐LDL than the groups with the highest VO2max (P<0.0001), MFI (P=0.022) and LTPA (P=0.039) groups, respectively. Subjects with poor fitness (low VO2max or low MFI) or low LTPA had elevated levels of ox‐LDL/high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, total cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol, triglycerides and a low level of HDL‐cholesterol (ANCOVA1, in all, P<0.05). Furthermore, low VO2max is associated with a high level of ox‐LDL/HDL‐cholesterol and triglycerides, and with a low level of HDL‐cholesterol (ANCOVA3, in all, P<0.05). Also, subjects with low LTPA had a high ratio of ox‐LDL/HDL‐cholesterol (ANCOVA1, P=0.001). In conclusion, both poor fitness (both low VO2max and low MFI) and low LTPA are associated with a higher concentration of ox‐LDL lipids and serum lipids, which may indicate a higher risk for atherosclerosis.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF ABNORMAL SCINTIGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF ADULT EQUINE RIBS
Authors: DAHLBERG JESSICA A. , ROSS MICHAEL W. , MARTIN BENSON B. , DAVIDSON ELIZABETH J. , LEITCH MIDGE
Published: May 2011

Horses with cranial rib abnormalities may exhibit severe acute lameness and may have unusual gait deficits characterized by forelimb abduction during protraction at the walk. Horses with caudal rib abnormalities may resent being saddled and ridden. In a retrospective evaluation of 20 horses with a documented rib lesion, 25 sites of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake were found in one or more ribs. Thirteen (52%) scintigraphic lesions involved the first rib; four were located immediately dorsal to the sternal articulation, eight were near the costochondral junction and one was at the costovertebral junction. Six (24%) scintigraphic rib lesions involved ribs 2–8; one was located immediately dorsal to the sternal articulation, three were at the costovertebral junction and two were near the costochondral junction. Six (24%) scintigraphic rib lesions involved the mid‐portion (five) or costovertebral junction (one) of ribs 9–18. The 20 horses were divided into three groups based on the clinical relevance of the scintigraphic findings. Group 1 (n=3) horses had clinical signs attributed to a rib abnormality; Group 2 (n=6) horses had a rib abnormality that was a plausible explanation for clinical signs; Group 3 (n=11) horses had clinical signs that could not be attributed to a rib abnormality. For horses with cranial rib abnormalities, a modified lateral scintigraphic image with the ipsilateral limb pulled caudally and a left (right) 45° caudal–right (left) radiograph facilitated the diagnosis.
SEMIOTICS AND PERCEPTION: DO LABELS CONVEY THE SAME MESSAGES TO OLDER AND YOUNGER CONSUMERS?
Authors: PIQUERAS‐FISZMAN BETINA , ARES GASTÓN , VARELA PAULA
Published: May 2011

In this competitive world, a package has only a few seconds to make an impact and catch the consumer's eye. In that time, a successful label should communicate its message and convince the shopper. Considering the importance of transmitting an adequate, and in some occasions, the “perfect” message, it is crucial to understand how consumers perceive and interpret the labels from a semiotic perspective, which has not been considered in depth. In this context, the objective of the present study was to gather information on how consumers of different age groups read the profiles of symbolic labels and what they construe. A word association task was performed with 101 participants (50 aged below 35 years old, 51 aged 60 and over). Participants were asked to write down all that came to their minds when they saw five simple images of yogurt labels, which were constructed by combining a variety of signs. All the elicited terms were grouped into 54 categories and then into nine general dimensions. Though some main messages were conveyed successfully, relevant differences were found in perceptions and interpretations of the two age cohorts. Youngsters made more references to the specific attributes of the expected product, whereas the elders assigned more global and hedonic meanings.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Results of the present work contribute to the knowledge of consumers' perceptions and expectations of labels and their graphic composition, which could help to better understand and predict consumers' interpretations in real situations. This can be useful for product development, ensuring that the labels and their intended meaning are not only understandable but also rapidly identifiable for all consumers. In addition, the elicited associations, imagery and lexicon could be used to improve the design of labels and marketing campaigns to appeal to consumers of all age ranges. The differences found between the two age groups evidence the necessity to focus also on older consumers since they are a consumer sector with real growth potential.
Postcolonial Transformation of the Australian Indigenous Population
Authors: TAYLOR JOHN
Published: May 2011

The 1967 constitutional referendum paved the way for the application of a single national methodology for the construction of a self‐identified Indigenous population via census, survey, and administrative data collection and these sources have provided for statistically meaningful official estimates of Indigenous population growth and spatial redistribution as well as for some understanding of the dynamics underpinning change. The primary purpose of this paper is to outline the course of this change and to reflect on matters arising that are of concern and interest to public debate on population growth and its implications. To do this meaningfully it is necessary first to gain an appreciation of what is referred to as ‘postcolonial demography’. This term encapsulates the post‐referendum acquisition of official population data involving the construction of Indigenous population as simply the minority half of a statistical binary. While these data provide for an analysis of growth and change in an aggregate Indigenous population, and while the product continues to play a key role in Indigenous‐state relations, we remain pressed to articulate the geography of Indigenous peoples' sociality amidst growing demands to do so.
Reidian Metaethics: Part I
Authors: Cuneo Terence
Published: May 2011

Does moral realism deserve to be the default metaethical position? The issue is contested. While many realists have maintained that theirs is the view to beat, others contend that realists have offered no satisfactory argument for this position. In this essay and its companion, ‘Reidian Metaethics, Part II’, I maintain that Thomas Reid’s moral epistemology can help us make headway on the issue. Reid, I claim, offers an interesting line of argument, that when conjoined with some other assumptions, supports the claim that realism deserves to be the default metaethical position.
Transcendental Arguments About Other Minds and Intersubjectivity
Authors: Russell Matheson , Reynolds Jack
Published: May 2011

This article describes some of the main arguments for the existence of other minds, and intersubjectivity more generally, that depend upon a transcendental justification. This means that our focus will be largely on ‘continental’ philosophy, not only because of the abiding interest in this tradition in thematising intersubjectivity, but also because transcendental reasoning is close to ubiquitous in continental philosophy. Neither point holds for analytic philosophy. As such, this essay will introduce some of the important contributions of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jean‐Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau‐Ponty and Karl‐Otto Apel, all of whom use transcendental reasoning as a key part of their analyses of intersubjectivity, and we also consider the work of Peter Strawson who does likewise in the analytic tradition.
Technical Modal Logic
Authors: Kracht Marcus
Published: May 2011

Modal logic is concerned with the analysis of sentential operators in the widest sense. Originally invented to analyse the notion of necessity applications have been found in many areas of philosophy, logic, linguistics and computer science. This in turn has led to an increased interest in the technical development of modal logic.
Bayesianism II: Applications and Criticisms
Authors: Easwaran Kenny
Published: May 2011

In the first paper, I discussed the basic claims of Bayesianism (that degrees of belief are important, that they obey the axioms of probability theory, and that they are rationally updated by either standard or Jeffrey conditionalization) and the arguments that are often used to support them. In this paper, I will discuss some applications these ideas have had in confirmation theory, epistemology, and statistics, and criticisms of these applications.
Bayesianism I: Introduction and Arguments in Favor
Authors: Easwaran Kenny
Published: May 2011

Bayesianism is a popular position (or perhaps, positions) in the philosophy of science, epistemology, statistics, and other related areas, which represents belief as coming in degrees, measured by a probability function. In this article, I give an overview of the unifying features of the different positions called ‘Bayesianism’, and discuss several of the arguments traditionally used to support them.
Effects of Starter Culture and Storage on the Flavor of Liquid Whey
Authors: Campbell R.E. , Miracle R.E. , Gerard P.D. , Drake M.A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  The primary off flavors in dried whey proteins have been attributed to lipid oxidation products. A deeper understanding of lipid oxidation in fluid whey is crucial to understand how to minimize off flavors in dried whey protein. The objectives of this study were to further elucidate the role of storage and starter cultures as sources of lipid oxidation in whey. Fluid Cheddar, Mozzarella, and rennet‐set wheys were manufactured from skim and whole milk. Liquid wheys and milks were evaluated by descriptive sensory and volatile instrumental analysis within 2 h of manufacture and following storage for 3 d at 4 °C. Culture type greatly influenced the oxidative stability of liquid whey, with Cheddar and Mozzarella whey differing not only in sensory profile, but also in volatile compounds. The type of starter culture (Mozzarella compared with Cheddar) had more influence on flavor than the set type (acid compared with culture). Milks had lower relative abundances of volatile free fatty acids than their liquid whey counterparts. Volatile lipid oxidation products in wheys were higher than in their respective milks, but oxidation in both milks and wheys increased with storage time. Wheys from Cheddar starters displayed more oxidation products than wheys from Mozzarella starters. Starter media did not have an effect on the flavor or oxidative stability of liquid whey, however, culture strain influenced lipid oxidation of fluid whey.

Practical Application:  Lipid oxidation products are primary contributors to whey ingredient off‐flavors. Flavor plays a critical and limiting role in widespread use of dried whey ingredients, and enhanced understanding of flavor and flavor formation in fluid whey are industrially relevant. Results from this study demonstrate that oxidation occurs in milk prior to cheesemaking but that starter type and starter strain influence also oxidative stability and lipid oxidation off flavors in fluid whey.
Damage in Agitated Vessels of Large Visco‐Elastic Particles Dispersed in a Highly Viscous Fluid
Authors: Bouvier Laurent , Moreau Anne , Line Alain , Fatah Nouria , Delaplace Guillaume
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Many food recipes entail several homogenization steps for solid particles in hot or cold viscous liquids, such as pureed fruit and sugar, jam or sauce with mushroom pieces. Unfortunately, these unavoidable processes induce damage to the solid particles. To date, little is known of the extent and nature of the damage caused. Consequently, few clear guidelines are available for monitoring solid particle integrity when mixing solid/liquid suspensions in an agitated tank. In this study, an attempt is made to quantify the impact of various physical parameters including the influence of the rotational speed of the impeller and the processing time on particle attrition, when a suspension of large visco‐elastic particles in a highly viscous fluid is mixed under isothermal condition. Pectin gel particles were immerged in a viscous liquid and homogenized for various times and rotational speeds, while the evolution of the particle's morphological parameters was monitored. Then, a set of dimensionless numbers governing the attrition mechanism is established and some empirical process relationships are proposed to correlate these numbers to the morphological characteristics and mass balance ratios. From the conditions observed, it is clear that 2 dimensionless ratios could be responsible for a change in the damaging mechanisms. These 2 ratios are the Froude and impeller rotation numbers. Finally, in the conditions tested, mass balance ratios appear to be mainly sensitive to the impeller rotational number, while the shape ratios are both impacted by the Froude and impeller rotational numbers.

Practical Application:  Damage to solid particles suspended in a stirred vessel reduce the final product quality in industrial cooking processes. Examples of this are fruit in jam or sauces with mushroom pieces. The attrition phenomenon was measured and the influences of the impeller rotational speed and processing time were evaluated quantitatively in function of dimensionless numbers. This study contributes key elements for the monitoring of damage to solids with a view to retaining solid integrity.
Industrially Processed Vacuum‐Packed Peeled Kennebec Potatoes: Process Optimization, Sensory Evaluation, and Consumer Response
Authors: Montouto‐Graña M. , Cabanas‐Arias S. , Vázquez‐Odériz M.L. , Arbones‐Maciñeira E. , Romero‐Rodríguez M.A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  To optimize the processing and storage of Kennebec potatoes for sale in peeled, vacuum‐packed ready‐to‐cook form, we studied the effects of blanching, various anti‐browning solutions, and storage temperature. Unblanched potatoes pretreated with a mixture of 1% ascorbic acid and 0.5% citric acid, and stored at 2 °C, were found to have a shelf life of at least 1 mo without browning. Potatoes so treated differed sensorially from fresh potatoes, but were well received by consumers.

Practical Application:  The process described here maintains the characteristics of fresh potato with all the amenities of a processed product.
Effect of Soy Addition on Microwavable Pocket‐Type Flat Doughs
Authors: Serventi Luca , Sachleben Joseph , Vodovotz Yael
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Microwavable frozen baked goods are widely used by the food industry. However, the altered heat and mass transfer patterns associated with microwave radiation result in tough and rubbery baked products due to reduced plasticization of the polymers. Ingredients with high water‐holding capacity and high content of polar lipids have been shown to enhance gluten plasticization and to improve water retention. Therefore, this study explored the physicochemical changes imparted by microwave baking of pocket‐type flat doughs with and without soy added at 10%, 20%, and 26% and compared these to their conventionally baked counterparts. Microwave baking resulted in a soft, rubbery, and tough wheat product with increased “freezable” water. Soy was added to the formulation as a means to improve polymer plasticization. Conventional baking of soy doughs resulted in rubbery and tough products due to changes in water state and mobility (freezable water approximately 15 compared with 7.09 of the control). However, soy reduced the cohesiveness of the microwave baked products reaching the lowest value at 20% soy addition (cohesiveness 0.33 ± 1, comparable to that of the conventionally baked control). These data suggest that reduction of water mobility induced by soy proteins and polar lipids (confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis [TGA] and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance [1H NMR]) possibly plasticized the starch‐gluten network of microwave baked soy doughs. Thus, soy was shown to improve the texture of microwave baked pocket‐type flat doughs although further formula optimization is warranted.

Practical Application:  Microwavable pocket‐type flat doughs are used frequently by the food industry to enrobe meat, vegetable, and sweet items for convenient meal delivery. Microwave heating of such doughs induces the development of crustless products compared to conventionally baked products, resulting in a tough and rubbery texture. Partial substitution of wheat flour with soy, in the form of soy flour and soy milk powder, prevented the deleterious textural changes associated with microwave heating. These results suggest that soy is a functional ingredient for the textural improvement of microwavable pocket‐type flat doughs.
Chemical, Physical–Chemical, and Sensory Characteristics of Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn) Wines
Authors: Alves Juliana Alvarenga , de Oliveira Lima Luiz Carlos , Nunes Cleiton Antônio , Dias Disney Ribeiro , Schwan Rosane Freitas
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Four lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn) wines (prepared with 3 yeast strains [UFLA CA11, UFLA CA1183, and UFLA CA1174]) and a spontaneous fermentation (SPON) were done in order to add value to the fruit while preventing waste arising from the short shelf life of lychee. The fermentation was monitored daily by analyzing the soluble solids, pH, acidity, ethanol, and sugar. At the end of fermentation, the wines were subjected to chemical, physical–chemical, and sensory analysis. The wines prepared showed greater variations in the qualitative than in the quantitative analysis of their constituents. The sensory analysis indicated that the wines fermented by yeast UFLA CA1183 and UFLA CA11 had rates of acceptance above 75%. The principal components analysis separated the wines into 2 groups according to the analyzed compounds. Based on these analyses, the wine produced by inoculation with UFLA CA1183 proved to be the most suitable for the production of lychee wines.

Practical Application:  Development of new products and adding value to fruits. Importance of selection of specific yeasts for production of fruit wine.
Meta‐analysis: Circulating adiponectin levels and risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma
Authors: XU Xi Tao , XU Qi , TONG Jin Lu , ZHU Ming Ming , HUANG Mei Lan , RAN Zhi Hua , XIAO Shu Dong
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE:  To provide a systematic review with a meta‐analysis for addressing the association between circulating adiponectin levels and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma.

METHODS:  Multiple electronic sources including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Science Citation Index Expanded databases were searched to identify relevant studies for this systematic review. All existing observational studies that examined the relationship between circulating adiponectin and colorectal cancer or adenoma were included. Weighted mean difference and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated and pooled using meta‐analysis methods.

RESULTS:  Overall 13 case control or nested case control studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 6175 participants and 3015 cases of colorectal cancer and adenoma were included in this meta‐analysis. The weighted mean difference (95% CI) were −1.084 µg/mL (−1.836, −0.331), P = 0.005 in colorectal cancer and −1.43 µg/mL (−2.231, −0.628), P = 0.000 in adenoma. In men, a 2% decreased risk of colorectal neoplasm for a 1 µg/mL increment in adiponectin levels was observed (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–0.99) whereas among women there is no evidence of such a trend (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.97–1.01).

CONCLUSIONS:  Patients with colorectal cancer and adenoma demonstrated markedly lower adiponectin values than controls, yet there was significant heterogeneity among studies. A negative dose response relationship between levels of adiponectin and the risk of colorectal neoplasm was observed in men.
Lectotypification of Quercus arbutifolia (Fagaceae) and the taxonomic treatment of Quercus subsect. Chrysotrichae
Authors: Deng Min , Coombes Allen , Li Qian‐Sheng
Published: May 2011

The name Quercus arbutifolia Hickel & A. Camus is lectotypifed. In addition, leaf epidermal features of Q. obovatifolia C. C. Huang, Q. arbutifolia and four other closely related species, Q. daimingshanensis (S. K. Lee) C. C. Huang, Q. merrillii Seemen, Q. litseoides Dunn and Q. tiaoloshanica Chun & W. C. Ko, were studied and compared using herbarium collections. Based on a comparison of leaf epidermal and other key taxonomic features, we conclude that Q. obovatifolia and Q. arbutifolia are identical. We thus reduce Q. obovatifolia to a new synonym of Q. arbutifolia. A key to the studied species is included.
Taxonomic reinstatement of Teucrium andrusi from T. paederotoides based on morphological and anatomical evidences
Authors: Dinç Muhittin , Doğu Süleyman , Bağcı Yavuz
Published: May 2011

Teucrium andrusi, described by Post from Mardin province, Turkey, was synonimized with T. paederotoides in the flora of Turkey. According to the records in the flora of Turkey T. paederotoides was a steno‐endemic species, only known from the type locality in Gaziantep and from Mardin province. Specimens of T. paederotoides s.l. were collected from both localities and a detailed comparison of the plants from Gaziantep with those from Mardin revealed that the two populations were sufficiently distinct from each other to be recognised as separate species. Thus, T. andrusi Post is reinstated from the synonymy with T. paederotoides. Teucrium andrusi is morphologically different from T. paederotoides s.s. in terms of its general indumentum, leaf margin, bract and calyx shape, corolla colour and nutlet macro–micromorphology. It can be anatomically distinguished from T. paederotoides s.s. by stoma type, stomatal distribution on the leaf surface, crystal content in the cells and cuticula thickness. Ecological data related with the accompanying species also support species status for T. andrusi. While the two taxa are very similar in pollen and nutlet morphology, trichome density on the nutlets are different.
Systematic study of Onobrychis shahpurensis (Fabaceae) in Iran, with the description of O. neychalanensis sp. nov.
Authors: Ranjbar M. , Hadadi A. , Karamian R.
Published: May 2011

The study of morphology, meiotic behavior, chromosome number and pollen morphology of different populations of Onobrychis shahpurensis Rech. f. (O. sect. Onobrychis) was undertaken to evaluate and determine the variation and circumscription of this species in Iran. All populations were found to be diploid with 2n=2x=14, consistent with the previously proposed base number x=7 for the species. Almost all the populations displayed regular bivalent pairing and chromosome segregation at meiosis. However, some meiotic abnormalities were observed including various degrees of sticky chromosomes with laggards and bridges in anaphase to telophase, fragmented chromosomes in metaphase I, asynchronous nucleus in metaphase II and cytomixis. In addition, Onobrychis neychalanensis Ranjbar, Hadadi & Karamian, a new diploid species (2n=2x=14), belonging to the same section and morhologically similar to O. shahpurensis, but restricted to the northern Khalil‐Kuh mountain, northwest Iran, is described and illustrated.
Taxonomic revision of the Calamagrostis epigeios complex with particular reference to China
Authors: PASZKO Beata , MA Haiying
Published: May 2011

Abstract  Principal component analysis of specimen measurements revealed morphological variation within Chinese Calamagrostis epigeios correlated with differences in geographical distribution. We conducted a morphological examination of specimens from the range of the species, with the goal of developing a treatment for its Chinese members reflecting the global diversity complex. The confusing taxonomy of this complex is clarified with the recognition of three species in China, namely C. epigeios, C. extremiorientalis, and C. macrolepis. Calamagrostis epigeios is an exclusively temperate grass occurring in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern parts of China. It has spikelets 4–7 mm long, glumes equal or subequal, awn arising near the middle of the lemma back, upper leaf surface smooth and with shallow ribs and furrows. Calamagrostis extremiorientalis is a tropical and subtropical grass that occurs in the southwest provinces of China (except Xizang) throughout south central provinces and east to the northeastern parts of China. It is morphologically similar to C. epigeios. However, C. extremiorientalis has the awn arising from the upper one‐third of the lemma back, upper leaf surface scabrid because of the presence of short stiff hairs, and with tall ribs and deep furrows. Calamagrostis macrolepis occurs in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern parts of China. It has a robust habit, spikelets 6.5–11 mm long, and glumes unequal, the upper 1–1.5 mm shorter than the lower. New synonyms, descriptions, and citations of representative specimens are provided for each species, along with an identification key.
Taking Charge: Teacher Candidates' Preparation for the Oral Proficiency Interview
Authors: Sullivan JoAnn Hammadou
Published: May 2011

Abstract: Within second language education, concern over teachers' content knowledge has typically manifested itself as concern over the teacher's target language proficiency. In increasing numbers, teacher preparation programs are turning to ACTFL's Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) for measurement of this proficiency and using OPI ratings as high‐stakes tests of readiness for teaching. This study reports the results of a survey of 734 teacher candidates on how they prepare for this assessment, both individually and in their training programs. The results of the survey reveal significant differences in study strategies between candidates who score Advanced or above and those who score below that targeted range. The more successful candidates use more discourse‐ and culturally rich sources for language input and spend considerably more time using the target language outside of course requirements. Candidates provide useful guidance to teacher educators on what helps and what hurts their efforts to be successful.
Discourse Organization in High School Students' Writing and Their Teachers' Writing Instruction: The Case of Taiwan
Authors: Chien Shih‐Chieh
Published: May 2011

Abstract: The present study compares the discourse organization in compositions by senior high school students in Taiwan in their Chinese and English classes and explores the influence of their teachers' writing instruction in order to extend the current understanding of students' discourse organization in the school context. The researcher collected data through the analysis of 432 writing samples taken from high school Chinese and English classes and interviewed their teachers to explore what kind of instruction they employed when teaching writing. The researcher interviewed 20 students to further probe their choices in adopting a “direct” or an “indirect” approach to writing. The findings show that, while most students often used a direct approach in their Chinese and English expository composition, different patterns of discourse organization did exist. The researcher interpreted the data as supporting the view that deductive thinking patterns may not be difficult for Chinese students in Taiwan, particularly in their English writing, and teachers' instruction and assessments of writing can be effective in this area.
Effectiveness of a Guided Inductive Versus a Deductive Approach on the Learning of Grammar in the Intermediate‐Level College French Classroom
Authors: Vogel Séverine , Herron Carol , Cole Steven P. , York Holly
Published: May 2011

Abstract: This study investigated how to present grammatical structures to intermediate‐level French college students. It compared the effects of a guided inductive and a deductive approach on short‐ and long‐term learning of 10 structures. A mixed‐methods design was adopted to assess learning of the structures and to investigate preference of approach. Performances in both conditions were measured through a within‐subjects design featuring a pretest/posttest and immediate posttreatment tests. A questionnaire assessed students' preferences and relationships between preferences and performance were examined. Findings indicated a significantly greater effect of the guided inductive approach on short‐term learning. The long‐term findings and the relationship between preferences and performances were not significant. Analyses indicated that students who preferred explanations of the rules performed better with a guided inductive approach.
Community Service and Activism in Heritage Languages, New York City, 1915–1956
Authors: Rabin Lisa M.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:In this article I describe the work of Leonard Covello, a New York City language educator and high school principal of the early 20th century who argued for Italian and Spanish heritage language (HL) preservation in schools. Although Covello promoted standard language Italian and Spanish in the HL classroom, he also encouraged HL students to use their languages and language variations for community service and activism in their East Harlem neighborhoods. Through historical evidence, I show that HL students' community work in their languages and language variations helped them develop a civic identity that contrasted with the delinquent roles presupposed for them in the public sphere. I conclude by offering Covello's work as a perspective for language educators in the 21st century.
Treatment decision making in breast cancer: A longitudinal exploration of women's experiences
Authors: Swainston Katherine , Campbell Carol , van Wersch Anna , Durning Patricia
Published: May 2011

Objectives. To explore the lived experience of breast cancer in relation to the treatment decision‐making process over time.

Design. Adopting a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, semi‐structured interviews were undertaken at three points in time during the year following diagnosis.

Methods. After ethical approval had been obtained, 20 women who were recently diagnosed with breast cancer were recruited from a Symptomatic Breast Cancer Unit in the North East of England.

Results. Four themes emerged: role in the treatment decision‐making process; acceptance of medical opinions; getting rid of it; and cancer schemas. The majority of women reported a passive role in the surgical treatment decision‐making process and all women did so in relation to subsequent treatment decisions. However, women adopted this role consciously and consequently were not disengaged from the process but maintained a sense of ownership and control over their health. The women did not describe experiencing decisional regret at any point in the year following diagnosis and rarely revisited the decisions made, only doing so in a positive manner. Trust in the abilities and experience of healthcare professionals and maximizing chances of survival were cited as reasons for not having had greater involvement. Despite being given information about treatment options, many women made the decision not to attend to this information perceiving this to be anxiety provoking.

Conclusions. The findings from this study suggest a need for eliciting more specific psycho‐social interactions in the treatment decision‐making process in order to identify ways in which women can be supported throughout their experience.
Okounkov bodies of filtered linear series
Authors: Boucksom Sébastien , Chen Huayi
Published: May 2011

We associate to certain filtrations of a graded linear series of a big line bundle a concave function on its Okounkov body, whose law with respect to the Lebesgue measure describes the asymptotic distribution of the jumps of the filtration. As a consequence, we obtain a Fujita-type approximation theorem in this general filtered setting. We then specialize these results to the filtrations by minima in the usual context of Arakelov geometry (and for more general adelically normed graded linear series), thereby obtaining in a simple way a natural construction of an arithmetic Okounkov body, the existence of the arithmetic volume as a limit and an arithmetic Fujita approximation theorem for adelically normed graded linear series. We also obtain an easy proof of the existence of the sectional capacity previously obtained by Lau, Rumely and Varley.
On the Siegel–Weil formula: The case of singular forms
Authors: Yamana Shunsuke
Published: May 2011

For the dual pair Sp(n)×O(m) with m≤n, we prove an identity between a special value of a certain Eisenstein series and the regularized integral of a theta function. The proof uses the functional equation of the Eisenstein series and the regularized Siegel–Weil formula for Sp(n)×O(2n+2−m). Analogous results for unitary and orthogonal groups are included.
Non-connective K-theory via universal invariants
Authors: Cisinski Denis-Charles , Tabuada Gonçalo
Published: May 2011

In this article, we further the study of higher K-theory of differential graded (dg) categories via universal invariants, initiated in [G. Tabuada, Higher K-theory via universal invariants, Duke Math. J. 145 (2008), 121–206]. Our main result is the co-representability of non-connective K-theory by the base ring in the ‘universal localizing motivator’. As an application, we obtain for free higher Chern characters, respectively higher trace maps, from non-connective K-theory to cyclic homology, respectively to topological Hochschild homology.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4)‐dependent calcium influx and ATP release in mouse oesophageal keratinocytes
Authors: Mihara Hiroshi , Boudaka Ammar , Sugiyama Toshiro , Moriyama Yoshinori , Tominaga Makoto
Published: May 2011

Non‐technical summary  In the oesophagus the ion channel TRPV4 senses multiple stimuli, including heat and mechanical stimulation. TRPV4 activation causes ATP release from oesophageal cells, which could be important in oesophageal disease mechanisms.
Direct demonstration of inhibitory interactions between long interval intracortical inhibition and short interval intracortical inhibition
Authors: Ni Zhen , Gunraj Carolyn , Wagle‐Shukla Aparna , Udupa Kaviraja , Mazzella Filomena , Lozano Andres M. , Chen Robert
Published: May 2011

Non‐technical summary  Motor cortical output is suppressed by two cortical inhibitory systems, short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI). SICI is decreased in the presence of LICI. However, there is a long‐standing argument whether this is caused by a true interaction between them or is due to simple saturation of the inhibitory effects that occur at common cortical elements which both inhibitory systems target. We addressed this question by recording the descending corticospinal waves in the subjects with implanted epidural electrodes. The results suggest that there are inhibitory interactions between LICI and SICI.
Hysteresis in the sympathetic baroreflex: role of baseline nerve activity
Authors: Hart Emma C. , Wallin B. Gunnar , Curry Timothy B. , Joyner Michael J. , Karlsson Tomas , Charkoudian Nisha
Published: May 2011

Non technical summary  Sympathetic activity is altered by the baroreflex in response to changes in blood pressure. Thus, the sympathetic baroreflex is essential in preventing dangerous changes in blood pressure. The sympathetic baroreflex is more responsive to falling blood pressure than rising blood pressure in young men and women. This changes with age where older men and women become more sensitive to rising blood pressure. Our findings indicate that in young and older men and older women, the sensitivity of the sympathetic baroreflex depends on the level of sympathetic activity at rest. Therefore, individuals with high sympathetic activity respond better to rising than falling blood pressure and vice versa for people with low resting sympathetic activity. This might explain why older men and women cannot tolerate large decreases in blood pressure, as they have high sympathetic activity. In young women, factors other than sympathetic activity may be more important in determining baroreflex sensitivity.
A conserved tryptophan at the membrane–water interface acts as a gatekeeper for Kir6.2/SUR1 channels and causes neonatal diabetes when mutated
Authors: Männikkö Roope , Stansfeld Phillip J. , Ashcroft Alexandra S. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Sansom Mark S. P. , Ellard Sian , Ashcroft Frances M.
Published: May 2011

Non‐technical summary  Neonatal diabetes is a rare genetic form of diabetes that develops within the first 6 months of life. It is often caused by genetic defects (mutations) in a specialised membrane protein known as the KATP channel. This protein acts as a tiny pore in the membrane of the insulin‐secreting cells in the pancreas and its opening and closing is regulated by blood glucose levels. Low blood glucose holds the pore open and prevents insulin secretion whereas high blood sugar leads to channel closure and insulin secretion. We identified a novel mutation (Kir6.2‐W68R) that prevents channel closure and insulin secretion, and so results in neonatal diabetes. Detailed molecular studies showed that channel opening and closing is disrupted, suggesting Kir6.2‐W68 may act as a channel ‘gatekeeper’. Our results also indicated that the mutant channel could be shut by sulphonylurea drugs, which enabled the patient to transfer from insulin injections to tablet therapy.
A Fountain of Cancer
Authors: Hong David S.
Published: May 2011

A specific gene signature in intestinal stem cells pinpoints colorectal tumors prone to recurrence.
Gateway to the Brain
Authors: Wang Wei
Published: May 2011

A brain-implanted microelectrode array can provide reliable signals for almost 3 years, allowing a quadriplegic patient to move and click a cursor by thought alone.
Hypervirulent Chlamydia trachomatis Clinical Strain Is a Recombinant between Lymphogranuloma Venereum (L
2
) and D Lineages
Authors: Somboonna Naraporn , Wan Raymond , Ojcius David M. , Pettengill Matthew A. , Joseph Sandeep J. , Chang Alexander , Hsu Ray , Read Timothy D. , Dean Deborah
Published: May 2011

Chlamydia trachomatis
is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a diversity of severe and debilitating diseases worldwide. Sporadic and ongoing outbreaks of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) strains among men who have sex with men (MSM) support the need for research on virulence factors associated with these organisms. Previous analyses have been limited to single genes or genomes of laboratory-adapted reference strain L
2
/434 and outbreak strain L
2
b/UCH-1/proctitis. We characterized an unusual LGV strain, termed L
2
c, isolated from an MSM with severe hemorrhagic proctitis. L
2
c developed nonfusing, grape-like inclusions and a cytotoxic phenotype in culture, unlike the LGV strains described to date. Deep genome sequencing revealed that L
2
c was a recombinant of L
2
and D strains with conserved clustered regions of genetic exchange, including a 78-kb region and a partial, yet functional, toxin gene that was lost with prolonged culture. Indels (insertions/deletions) were discovered in an
ftsK
gene promoter and in the
tarp
and
hctB
genes, which encode key proteins involved in replication, inclusion formation, and histone H1-like protein activity, respectively. Analyses suggest that these indels affect gene and/or protein function, supporting the
in vitro
and disease phenotypes. While recombination has been known to occur for
C. trachomatis
based on gene sequence analyses, we provide the first whole-genome evidence for recombination between a virulent, invasive LGV strain and a noninvasive common urogenital strain. Given the lack of a genetic system for producing stable
C. trachomatis
mutants, identifying naturally occurring recombinants can clarify gene function and provide opportunities for discovering avenues for genomic manipulation.

IMPORTANCE
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a prevalent and debilitating sexually transmitted disease in developing countries, although there are significant ongoing outbreaks in Australia, Europe, and the United States among men who have sex with men (MSM). Relatively little is known about LGV virulence factors, and only two LGV genomes have been sequenced to date. We isolated an LGV strain from an MSM with severe hemorrhagic proctitis that was morphologically unique in tissue culture compared with other LGV strains. Bioinformatic and statistical analyses identified the strain as a recombinant of L
2
and D strains with highly conserved clustered regions of genetic exchange. The unique culture morphology and, more importantly, disease phenotype could be traced to the genes involved in recombination. The findings have implications for bacterial species evolution and, in the case of ongoing LGV outbreaks, suggest that recombination is a mechanism for strain emergence that results in significant disease pathology.