bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manufacturability in the Designers' Sandpit
Authors: Brown N J , Swift K G , Jared G E M , Rodriguez-Toro C A
Published: April 2007

The ‘Designers’ Sandpit’ is an environment for assembly-oriented design in which manufacturability techniques are integrated with advanced product modelling and geometric modelling concepts. First, this paper elaborates the philosophy underlying the development of the Sandpit and describes a prototype implementation. A number of manufacturability methods are briefly summarized and their deployment within the Sandpit environment is described. Finally, the potential for industrial application of the concepts within the Sandpit is discussed and areas for possible further research outlined.
Design Experience and Considerations for Centrifugal Compressor Development
Authors: Xu C
Published: April 2007

The energy products were challenged to develop new machines in a better, faster, and cheaper way. Although computational fluid dynamics tools are widely used in centrifugal compressor design and optimization process; three-dimensional viscous turbulent simulations for centrifugal compressor systems are still a challenge and very time consuming. The experience-based design process still plays an important role for new compressor developments.

Basic centrifugal compressor design theories can be found in textbooks and literatures; however, there is very limited quantity information, which can be used for guiding industry centrifugal compressor designs. In this paper, author presented his view of important aspects of centrifugal compressor designs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an opportunity to accelerate industrial compressor design processes by using experience database.
How Industry Concepts of Concurrent Engineering Enhance Aircraft Design Education
Authors: Melin T , Isikveren A T , Rizzi A , Stamblewski C , Anders H V
Published: April 2007

Two student projects are described including the intended goals, the approaches taken, the tools used, and what was learned from the exercises. An international collaborative teaching protocol between Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal and the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) was exercised in aircraft design education. Poignantly, a novel instructive design process using the analogue of contemporary concurrent engineering practices in industry was implemented. The idea was to strategically assign multi-disciplinary design tasks to each Partner University in accordance with their respective competencies. The university-industry coupling was initiated by request for proposals and corresponding marketing requirements and objectives produced by Bombardier Aerospace in Montreal, Canada. Two MATLAB TM-based tools were prominent in facilitating the capstone aircraft design projects. They included: Quick Conceptual Aircraft Research and Design, a computer-aided conceptual design engineering system; and TORNADO, a Vortex-Lattice code for computing aerodynamic characteristics. The result of the two exercises was found to benefit the participating industry, the educational establishments involved, and the students carrying out the projects.
Aircraft Design Innovation: Creating an Environment for Creativity
Authors: Young T M
Published: April 2007

Innovation in aeronautics has been investigated by exploring the factors that promote innovation (e.g. adversity, observation and curiosity, contests, grand challenges, collaboration, analysis tools, and knowledge bases) and the factors that inhibit innovation (e.g. limitations of simulation tools, absence of a creative environment, fear of failure, unwarranted criticism, and poor definition of success). These factors are discussed in an anecdotal, retrospective manner, with numerous historical examples cited. Innovation relies heavily on underdeveloped methodologies and knowledge bases, generating immature technologies. The need to assess and manage the risks resulting from the incorporation of immature technologies in aircraft systems is an essential part of the innovation process. Risk management, in terms of risk assessment (using technology readiness levels) and risk characterization, is presented at an introductory level.
Borrowed Gods and Foreign Bodies: Christian Missionaries Imagine Chinese Religion
Authors: Rohrer James R.
Published: April 2007

Borrowed Gods and Foreign Bodies: Christian Missionaries Imagine Chinese Religion. By Eric Reinders. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 283 pp, Bilbi. ISBN 0‐5202‐4171‐1. $40.95 (cloth).
Book Reviews
Authors: CSORDAS THOMAS J.
Published: April 2007

Vita: Life in a Zone of Social Abandonment. João Biehl. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 404 pp., photographs, references, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: BARNES SANDRA T.
Published: April 2007

Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. James Ferguson. Durham NC: University Press, 2006. x + 257 pp., notes, references, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: BARKEY NANETTE
Published: April 2007

African Anthropologies: History, Critique, and Practice. Mwenda Ntarangw, David Mills, and Mustafa Babiker, eds. New York: Zed Books, 2006. 274 pp.
Indigenous movements and the risks of counterglobalization: Tracking the campaign against Papua New Guinea's Ok Tedi mine
Authors: KIRSCH STUART
Published: April 2007

Many contemporary indigenous movements deploy strategies of counterglobalization that make innovative use of the architecture of globalization. This article examines an indigenous political movement that took legal action to gain compensation and limit the environmental impact of the Ok Tedi copper and gold mine in Papua New Guinea. Even though the campaign sought to balance the desire for economic benefits with the protection of local subsistence practices, its objectives were frequently misinterpreted. Indigenous movements that deviate from an antidevelopment position run the risk of being seen as greedy rather than green. Instead of reproducing allegories about the successful exercise of veto power over development projects, anthropologists need ethnographic accounts that analyze the complex ambitions of indigenous movements and the risks of particular strategies of counterglobalization.
Review essay: Grunt lit: The participant‐observers of empire
Authors: BROWN KEITH , LUTZ CATHERINE
Published: April 2007

My War: Killing Time in Iraq. Colby Buzzell. New York: Putnam Adult, 2005. 354 pp., works cited.

The Last True Story I'll Ever Tell: An Accidental Soldier's Account of the War in Iraq. John Crawford. New York: Riverhead Books, 2005. xiv + 219 pp.

One Bullet Away: The Making of a Marine Officer. Nathaniel Fick. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005. 372 pp., photographs.

Just Another Soldier: A Year on the Ground in Iraq. Jason Christopher Hartley. New York: HarperCollins, 2005. 320 pp., photographs, glossary.

Warlord: No Better Friend, No Worse Enemy. Ilario Pantano. New York: Threshold Editions, 2006. 405 pp., table, map, photographs, glossary.

Chasing Ghosts: A Soldier's Fight for America from Baghdad to Washington. Paul Rieckhoff. New York: Penguin, 2006. 326 pp., map, photographs, glossary, tables, chronology.

Love My Rifle More Than You: Young and Female in the U.S. Army. Kayla Williams with Michael Staub. New York: Norton, 2005. 290 pp., photographs.

In this review of firsthand accounts by U.S. military personnel of the Iraq occupation and insurgency, we argue for their importance as informed sources on the multiple, militarized transnational processes that help drive contemporary globalization. Their reflections, we suggest, are shaped by concerns familiar to sociocultural anthropology, including cross‐cultural (mis)communication, technology and the media, the performance of gender roles, and the traumatic effects of violence, and as such challenge the discipline to take such military voices seriously, as it does other subaltern, marginalized, disruptive ways of knowing.
The “I” in the gene: Divided property, fragmented personhood, and the making of a genetic privacy law
Authors: EVERETT MARGARET
Published: April 2007

In this article, I explore the making and remaking of Oregon's Genetic Privacy Act, one of the first genetic privacy laws passed in the United States. New genetic technologies have provoked debates about medical privacy and property rights to the body and products derived from the body, and a majority of states have passed legislation regarding the use and disclosure of genetic information. Research in medical anthropology has increasingly focused on the politicized and fragmented body in modern science. As genetic privacy debates demonstrate, however, not only is the body increasingly subject to fragmentation but the property and privacy interests in bodies, body parts, and products derived from bodies are also increasingly subject to division. This article is based on my role as a member of two statewide advisory commissions from 1999 to 2005, the recordings and minutes of their meetings, legislation, testimony from legislative hearings, media coverage of the debate in Oregon, and letters to the editors of local newspapers.
Taking Sides: To School or Not to School Squatters' Children
Authors: Dutercq Yves
Published: April 2007

Families of squatters who had settled in a quiet neighborhood of Paris wished to send their children to the local school. Our ethnohistorical inquiry explores how the mobilization in favor of schooling the children was embedded in other controversies and mobilizations that arose from the squatters' presence in the occupied building. Many collective social actors (associations, unions, administrations, and politicians) were involved in conflicting mobilizations in an ongoing struggle of competing arguments. The contemporary crisis of the French model of political representation has enabled the emergence of new forms of collective protest: new ways of defining social problems and a new repertory of civil actions, that is, the “mediatization” of social action and the recourse to litigation. Our study suggests some of the possible extensions and limitations of this movement, especially in the context of action taken by teachers' unions and parents' associations.
Knowledge and Belief in Artistic Production by Classic Maya Elites
Authors: Inomata Takeshi
Published: April 2007

Many of the beautiful pieces of Classic Maya art were produced by elite craftspeople. The study of this production system requires attention to the knowledge and beliefs underlying such activities. The production of art objects necessitated esoteric knowledge of the calendar, history, and religion, which was closely tied to the power and prestige of the elite. Elite artists, however, did not engage in production activities only for political gain. Their involvement in demanding physical work under potentially unpleasant conditions implies a commitment to—or at least conformity with—the cultural values associated with artistic production.
Production as Social Process
Authors: Hendon Julia A.
Published: April 2007

The different ways that the authors of the chapters in this volume have reconsidered production serve as examples of the application of theories of production and practice to specific bodies of archaeological data. Two themes that inform many of the chapters are considered in greater depth in this commentary. The first is the question of scale and the social subject. It is argued that the authors have attempted, within the limits of their data, to demonstrate what may be learned through consideration of particular social subjects in particular social settings, paying close attention to how what is produced, where, and by whom create possibilities for social identity. The second theme is the role of ideology and the construction of moral frameworks of value. All the chapters emphasize ideological or symbolic aspects of production that allow the authors to consider the relationship between production and social difference. It is concluded that approaching production as socially embedded action should spark new ideas or directions for research on the part of authors and readers alike.
Context and Meaning in Late Neolithic Lithic Production in China: The Longshan Period in Southeastern Shandong Province
Authors: Bennett Gwen P.
Published: April 2007

The political, economic, ideological, and symbolic roles that stone tools and their production have played in many contexts have been clearly shown in archaeological and ethnographic research results. However, lithics in China have been absent from this discourse. This chapter looks at survey lithics recovered from a 313‐square‐kilometer regional area in Rizhao, Shandong Province, China, and at excavated lithics from the Liangchengzhen site, a regional elite‐oriented late Neolithic Longshan period (ca. 2600–2000 B.C.) center in the midst of this survey area. These lithics are used to identify the nature of relationships between settlements, the social identity of stone workers, and the role of stone‐working in the creation and maintenance of place in Neolithic China. Production in three different locations varied considerably and lithic production in the region's most important center was replete with political, economic, and ideological meaning. This study concludes that stone‐working and its products would have been important in the creation of Liangchengzhen as a powerful place in the late Neolithic world of eastern China.
Ritualized Chipped‐Stone Production at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
Authors: Hruby Zachary X.
Published: April 2007

The symbolic and iconographic nature of many obsidian eccentrics, chipped‐stone items of ritual significance to the ancient Maya, appears to be related to the techniques used to produce them. This study shows that the symbolism of eccentrics extended beyond morphology and into the processes of production. It is argued that the manufacture of obsidian eccentrics may constitute an archaeological example of ritualized production, which is described here as the binding of craft and religious practice to produce material items. Ritualized production, an under‐studied aspect of economic, political, and social organization in archaeology, has implications for understanding precapitalist or preindustrial societies wherein religion structured social practice in a significant way. Although it is difficult to archaeologically demonstrate ritualized production, its investigation sheds light on poorly understood aspects of economic value in ancient societies.
Landau's youthful sallies into stellar theory: Their origins, claims, and receptions
Authors: Hufbauer Karl
Published: April 2007

Soviet physicist Lev Landau ventured into stellar theory three times during his twenties. In 1931 a hope of turning up fundamental results evidently inspired him to follow up Niels Bohr's idea that the processes powering stars violated energy conservation. Two years later, friendship with George Gamow seems to have led him to sign on to a note about the relation between stellar central temperatures and surface elemental abundances. And in 1937 worries about the intensi.cation of So-viet purges apparently motivated him to return to the stellar-energy problem. Here, as in 1931, Landau developed the view that stars have centrally condensed cores, this time proposing that such cores consist entirely of neutrons. While Landau's idea enjoyed a positive reception from Izvestiia and the Soviet Academy, this response was not suf.cient to keep him out of Soviet jails. The idea did, however, play a major role in initiating Robert Oppenheimer's research into relativistic gravitational collapse, research that would soon lead Oppenheimer to the idea of what would come to be called black holes.
The Hollywood Career of Gershwin's Second Rhapsody
Authors: WIERZBICKI JAMES
Published: April 2007

Around the time of its premiere in January 1932, George Gershwin's Second Rhapsody for Piano and Orchestra was erroneously described as an “expanded” version of music that had been written specifically for a 1931 Fox film entitled Delicious, and for decades this misinformation has been echoed by Gershwin scholars. In fact, Gershwin put the finishing touches on the Second Rhapsody months before Delicious went into production, and his sketch for what in essence is the complete work was made when the screenplay was still in its embryonic stage. Relying on evidence that includes Gershwin manuscripts, various drafts of the screenplay, the conductor's score that was used for the film's recording sessions, and—importantly—the recently restored film itself, this article seeks to clarify both the chronological and the substantive relationship between the fifteen-minute Second Rhapsody and the film's seven-minute “New York Rhapsody.” Along with offering the first detailed account of the musico-narrative content of the film's “New York Rhapsody” sequence, the article shows that the “New York Rhapsody” is a truncation of the Second Rhapsody engineered not by Gershwin but, probably, by Fox employee Hugo Friedhofer.
Establishment of a Standing Ethics/Institutional Review Board in a Nigerian University: A Blueprint for Developing Countries
Authors: Falusi Adeyinka G. , Olopade Olufunmilayo I. , Olopade Christopher O.
Published: April 2007

An ethics/institutional review board (IRB) was established according to International standards at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria. To achieve this, a private-public partnership was developed to support a review of prevailing practice and the development of necessary infrastructure for an effective IRB. An internationally registered and well-constituted IRB with a federal-wide assurance (FWA) from the National Institute of Health in the United States was established within a year. Over a 3-year period, the number of proposals reviewed increased by 150% while time to approval decreased by 62%. International collaboration and external research funding has increased substantially. These findings support our initial supposition that the development of a properly functioning IRB can be a catalyst for increased research productivity at academic centers in developing countries while ensuring the protection of vulnerable human research subjects. The University of Ibadan is now assisting other academic Institutions in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa with the establishment of their own IRBs.
Sharing Data and Results in Ethnographic Research: Why This Should Not Be an Ethical Imperative
Authors: Cooper Matthew
Published: April 2007

Researchers recently have argued that offering to share research results with study participants should be an “ethical imperative.” This article considers that suggestion in light of the practice of ethnographic, particularly anthropological, research. Sharing results is discussed in relation to several issues, e.g., whether it occurs during or after completion of a project, whether the research is long-term, the complexities involved in depositing field materials in archives, the changing politics of ethnographic research, research not concerned with communities, situations in which participants and the anthropologist may be in danger, and changing styles of ethnographic research. I argue that, ideally, sharing should be a regular component of ethnographic research but should not be an ethical requirement. Given the complexity, variety and changing political contexts of ethnographic research, implementing such a requirement would often be practically impossible and sometimes would be inadvisable. I recommend instead that research ethics boards educate themselves about the nature of ethnographic research. Further, they should approach decision making on the issue of data or results sharing on a case-by-case basis. For researchers, I recommend that discussion of data and result sharing should become part of the education of all ethnographers and that discussion of the issue should be fostered.
Community-Based Participatory Research and the Ethics Review Process
Authors: Shore Nancy
Published: April 2007

This exploratory study examines the experiences of community-based participatory researchers' (CBPR) with the IRB. CBPR is oftentimes applied to non-clinical questions where academic researchers collaborate with community partners to address local concerns. Constant Comparative Method guided the analysis of ten CBPR interviews. The interview questions included: How does your conceptualization of research coincide with the regulations' definition? How are community partners involved in the IRB process? What are the benefits/challenges of the IRB process? And, what recommendations do you have to strengthen the IRB process? The article concludes with suggestions for IRB reviewers and CBPR partners on how to facilitate the review of CBPR projects.
"The Actual Sky Is a Horror": Thomas Hardy and the Arnoldian Conception of Science
Authors: DeWitt Anne
Published: April 2007

This essay sets Thomas Hardy's novel Two on a Tower (1882) in the context of the astronomy and thermodynamics contemporary to it, focusing specifically on coverage of the transits of Venus in 1874 and 1882 and associated discussions of interstellar distance, as well as on the growing awareness of the implications of entropy for the life span of the sun and stars-developments that made the universe seem hostile to human existence and beyond human ability to understand. Investigating how Hardy incorporates and reshapes this scientific material in his novel, I argue that Two on a Tower participates in a reevaluation of the potential of science to fulfill humanity's moral and spiritual needs. Hardy uses his novel to explore whether literature has the ability-as Matthew Arnold, in "Literature and Science" (1882) claims it does-to reconcile or relate science to human experience. In the course of Two on a Tower, however,Hardy discovers this reconciliation to be impossible, and the novel's final chapters recognize both a formal and a moral need to choose the human view of life over the scientific one.
Killing in Good Conscience: What's Wrong with Sunstein and Vermeule's Lesser Evil Argument for Capital Punishment and Other Human Rights Violations?
Authors: Blumenson Eric
Published: April 2007

In a recent article, Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule argue that capital punishment is morally required if it will deter more killings than it inflicts. They claim that the state's duty is to minimize the incidence of murder, and that recent deterrence research shows that state executions, even if deemed murders themselves, can do so. If these findings are true, they argue, the state is morally obligated to undertake such "life-life tradeoffs."

The logic of Sunstein and Vermeule's argument justifies not only state executions, but any state-perpetrated injustice that promises to reduce the incidence of similar injustices overall, as the authors acknowledge in a comment about torture. Recently such lesser evil arguments have indeed been invoked to justify state torture, detention without trial, and other human rights violations. In this essay, I identify problems that are common to all of these arguments, as illustrated by the well-developed example Sunstein and Vermeule have provided. My aim is to demonstrate that, however valid the lesser evil approach may be in some domains, it fails when invoked to defend state violations of the right to life and other fundamental human rights.
The Presentation of Dead Selves in Everyday Life: Obituaries and Impression Management
Authors: Bonsu Samuel K.
Published: April 2007

This study draws on obituary content and meanings to extend Goffman's explication of the vagaries of face‐to‐face interactions to situations where people pursue goals without corporeal copresence of actor and audience. Data for the study was collected in Kumasi, the capital city of the Asante people of Ghana, West Africa. My analysis suggests that obituaries embody self‐presentation strategies that include star crafting, social risk management, and mobilization of external resources. I conclude that obituaries are cultural texts that appropriate social symbols to facilitate the presentation of the dead as part of the bereaved's identity projects. My specific observations about obituaries hint at more general reflections on self‐presentation strategies that may be extended to other aspects of social life. They also raise questions for future research.
The Girl Hunt: Urban Nightlife and the Performance of Masculinity as Collective Activity
Authors: Grazian David
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this article is to document the collective nature of gender performance and sexual pursuit, activities typically associated with individual rather than group behavior. Drawing on narrative accounts, I analyze how young heterosexual male students employ the power of collective rituals of homosociality to perform sexual competence and masculine identity by “girl hunting” in the context of urban nightlife. These rituals are designed to reinforce dominant sexual myths and expectations of masculine behavior, boost confidence in one's performance of masculinity and heterosexual power, and assist in the performance of masculinity in the presence of women. This analysis illustrates how contemporary courtship rituals operate as collective strategies of impression management that men perform not only for women but for other men. In doing so, interaction rituals associated with the girl hunt reproduce structures of inequality within as well as across the socially constructed gender divide between women and men.
Public Accounts: Defending Contested Practices
Authors: Silva Eric O.
Published: April 2007

Little attention has been paid to how actors account for controversial institutional conduct or contested practices. Relying on a content analysis of letters to the editor, I explore how actors operating in the Habermasian “public sphere” justify the contested practice of linking Native American symbols with sports teams, and suggest that in their rejection of challengers to their definitions of the situation, authors create public accounts. Consisting primarily of justifications rather than excuses, these accounts are of four types: “denial of injury,” “assertion of benefit,” “claim of authority,” and “rejection of challenge.” For those who wish to conduct comparative analyses of contested practices, these concepts may prove useful.
Impact factor and/or Hirsch index?
Authors: Gracza Tünde , Somoskövi Istvánné
Published: April 2007

Lehet-e valóban a tudományos teljesítményt csak a kutatók publikációinak számával mérni? Az Institute for Scientific Information által megjelentetett impaktfaktor-listák évtizedek óta szolgálnak mérőeszközként a tudományos tevékenység minősítésére. Az impakt faktor Eugene Garfield, az Institute for Scientific Information alapítójának nevéhez fűződik. Az impakt faktort évente állapítja meg az Institute for Scientific Information az általa indexelt folyóiratokra vonatkozóan, és a Journal of Citation Reportsban teszi közzé. Ez a mérőszám csak folyóiratokra alkalmazható, sem a cikkekre, sem pedig a publikáló tudósokra. Az egyes tudósok hatástényezőjének meghatározására rendelkezésre áll a h-index, vagy Hirsch-szám. Ezt az indexet nemrég Hirsch definiálta mint új, a tudományos tevékenység mérésére alkalmazható módszert. Ha egy tudós
n
cikket publikált, és mindegyikre legkevesebb
n
-szer hivatkoztak, akkor az ő h-indexe
n
. A h-index inkább az egyén, és nem a folyóiratok hatását próbálja meghatározni. A h-index a publikációk száma és a rájuk történt hivatkozások közötti egyensúly eredményeként jött létre. A h-index az egyes tudósok hatását fejezi ki. A h-index és/vagy impakt faktor a jövő kérdése.
Evaluation of the accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome
Authors: Tóth Miklós , Vajda Zsolt , Görömbey Zoltán , Molnár Ferenc , Major László , Tőke Judit , Szabolcs István , Szücs Nikolette , Kovács László , Kiss Róbert , Czirják Sándor , Fütő László , Gláz Edit , Góth Miklós , Rácz Károly
Published: April 2007

A hipofízis adrenokortikotropin-termelő adenomája okozta Cushing-kór és az ectopiás Cushing-szindróma elkülönítése a hagyományos hormonvizsgálatok és a képalkotó vizsgálatok segítségével nem mindig lehetséges. A két betegség elkülönítésének aranystandardja napjainkban a sinus petrosus inferiorok szelektív katéterezése (IPSS) során nyert vérmintákból történő ACTH-meghatározás. A szerzők 1999 és 2005 között 34 Cushing-szindrómás betegen összesen 41 alkalommal végeztek IPSS-t, akiknél a dinamikus hormonvizsgálatok és a képalkotó vizsgálatok alapján az ACTH-dependens Cushing-szindróma okát nem lehetett egyértelműen megállapítani. A beavatkozás szenzitivitásának meghatározásakor 25 beteg 31 vizsgálatának eredményét értékelték, akiknél a végleges diagnózist sikeres műtéti beavatkozás vagy szövettani vizsgálat erősítette meg (22 ACTH-termelő hipofízisadenoma, 3 ectopiás Cushing-szindróma). Az IPSS eredményét pozitívnak tekintették, ha a kiindulási centrális/perifériás plazma-ACTH-hányados >2,0, vagy kortikotrop releasing hormon (CRH) adása után >3,0 volt. A 31 vizsgálat eredménye 20 esetben valódi pozitív, 3 esetben valódi negatív, 8 esetben álnegatív volt, álpozitív eset nem fordult elő. Az eredmények alapján az IPSS szenzitivitása 71,4%. Az ál-negatív 8 beteg közül 4 esetben a vizsgálatot megismételték, mind a négy betegben pozitív eredménnyel. Cushing-kórban a 20 valódi pozitív vizsgálat közül 14 esetben a diagnózis a 0 perces ACTH-szintek alapján is megállapítható volt, a CRH utáni 5 perces vérminták alapján 19 betegnél lehetett a Cushing-kór diagnózisát megállapítani. Az IPSS vizsgálat itt bemutatott első hazai feldolgozásában a módszer szenzitivitása alacsonyabb, mint a jóval nagyobb betegforgalmú külföldi endokrin centrumokban. A kisebb szenzitivitás technikai okokon túlmenően azzal is magyarázható, hogy a szerzők az IPSS-t csak szigorúan válogatott esetekben, az egyéb vizsgálatokkal nem egyértelműen kórismézhető betegeken végzik.
Tuberculosis 2006
Authors: Strausz János
Published: April 2007

A világon évente 8–10 millió új tuberkulózisos beteg és 3 millió haláleset fordul elő, túlnyomó többségük a fejlődő országokban. Magyarországon 2005-ben 2024 új beteget fedeztek fel. A 20 százezrelékes incidencia megközelíti a nyugat-európai országok epidemiológiai mutatóit. Az egyébként eredményes gyógyszeres kezelést nehezíti a multidrugrezisztens és az extensively drug rezisztens törzsek megjelenése. Hazánkban 2005-ben 27 új multidrugrezisztens törzset találtak (incidencia), extensively drug rezisztens törzset pedig 3 esetben azonosítottak. Az Egészségügyi Világszervezet és a Magyar Tüdőgyógyász Kollégium megújított ajánlásai magukban foglalják mindazokat a feltételrendszereket, melyek a tuberkulózis megelőzéséhez, kezeléséhez, illetve az multidrugrezisztens/extensively drug rezisztens törzsek azonosításához és terápiájához szükségesek.
A precise correcting method for the study of the superhard material using nanoindentation tests
Authors: Cao Yan Ping , Dao Ming , Lu Jian
Published: April 2007

The accurate description of the indentation load–displacement relationship of an elastic sharp indenter indenting into an elastic half-space is critical for analyzing the nanoindentation data of superhard materials using the procedure proposed by Oliver and Pharr [J. Mater. Res.7, 1564 (1992)]. A further discussion on this issue is made in the present work to reconcile the apparent inconsistencies that have appeared between the experimental results reported by Lim and Chaudhri [Philos. Mag.83, 3427 (2003)] and the analysis performed by Fischer-Cripps [J. Mater. Res.18, 1043 (2003)]. It is found that the indenter size effect is responsible for this large discrepancy. Moreover, according to our analysis, we found that when the deformation of the indenter is significant, besides the errors caused by the Sneddon’s boundary condition as addressed by Hay et al. [J. Mater. Res.14, 2296 (1999)], the errors induced by the application of reduced modulus should be considered at the same time in correcting the modified Sneddon’s solution. In the present work, for the diamond indenter of 70.3° indenting into an elastic half-space with its Poisson’s ratio varying from 0.0 to 0.5 and the ratio of the Young’s modulus of the indented material to that of the diamond indenter, Ematerial/Eindenter, varying from 0 to 1, a set of new correction factors are proposed based on finite element analysis. The results reported here should provide insights into the analysis of the nanoindentation load–displacement data when using a diamond indenter to determine the hardness and Young’s modulus of superhard materials.
Properties of ultrathin platinum deposited by atomic layer deposition for nanoscale copper-metallization schemes
Authors: Zhu Yu , Dunn Kathleen A. , Kaloyeros Alain E.
Published: April 2007

A thermal metalorganic atomic layer deposition (ALD) process was developed for the in situ, sequential growth of Pt/TaNxstacks for use as barrier/seed stacks for subsequent copper electroplating. Ultrathin platinum films were deposited by alternating pulses of (methylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum (MeCpPtMe3) and oxygen (O2) as co-reactants. An ALD process window was established and optimized by investigating saturation of Pt film-growth rate versus MeCpPtMe3and O2exposure as controlled by the length of reactant pulses and the duration of the inert gas purge cycles separating the reactant pulses. The resulting low-temperature (300 °C) ALD Pt process yielded uniform and continuous Pt films with typical carbon and oxygen impurity levels around, respectively, 2.5 and 1 at.%. Film conformality was nearly 100% in 120-nm trench structures with 11:1 aspect ratio.
Size-dependent structural phase transition of face-centered-cubic metal nanowires
Authors: Ma F. , Xu K.W.
Published: April 2007

Taking Au as an example, we have investigated the epitaxial bain paths of 〈001〉 oriented face-centered-cubic metal nanowires. It demonstrates that there are one stable and one metastable phase, having the lattice constant ratio c/a of about 0.6 and 1.0, respectively. Even without any external stimuli, the surface-tension-induced intrinsic stress in the interior may drive the nanowires to phase transform spontaneously for surface-energy minimization. However, this structural transition depends on the feature sizes of the nanowires. Specifically, only when the cross-section areas are reduced to 4.147 nm2 or so can the surface energy and the intrinsic stress satisfy the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions simultaneously.
Densification of carbon-rich boron carbide nanopowder compacts
Authors: Cho Namtae , Silver Kathleen G. , Berta Yolande , Speyer Robert F. , Vanier Noel , Hung Cheng-Hung
Published: April 2007

The densification behavior of 20–40-nm graphite-coated B4C nano-particles was studied using dilatometry, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The sintering onset temperature was higher than expected from a nanoscale powder (∼1500 °C); remnant B2O3 kept particles separated until B2O3 volatilization, and the graphite coatings imposed particle-to-particle contact of a substance more refractory than B4C. Solid-state sintering (1500–1850 °C) was followed by a substantial slowing of contraction rate attributed to the formation of eutectic liquid droplets more than 10× the size of the original nano-particles. These droplets were induced to form well below the B4C-graphite eutectic temperature by the high surface energy of nanoparticles. They were interpreted to have quickly solidified to form a vast number of voids in particle packing, which in turn, impeded detection of continued solid-state sintering. Starting at 2200 °C, a permanent and interconnected liquid phase formed, which facilitated rapid contraction by liquid phase sintering and/or compact slumping.
Effect of high pressure during the fabrication on the thermal and mechanical properties of amorphous Ni60Nb40 particle-reinforced Al-based metal matrix composites
Authors: Yu Peng , Venkataraman Shankar , Das Jayanta , Zhang LaiChang , Zhang Wenyong , Eckert Jürgen
Published: April 2007

Ni60Nb40 metallic glass particles, prepared by mechanical alloying, were used to fabricate Al–30 wt% Ni60Nb40 metal matrix composites (MMCs) at 823 K by sintering, hot pressing, and hot extrusion. The Ni60Nb40 reinforcements remained amorphous in all the MMCs fabricated by the different methods. Compression tests revealed that the Young’s modulus and yield strength of the MMCs produced by hot-pressing and hot-extrusion are higher than those for the sintered specimens. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) annealing of the as-produced MMCs at 913 K revealed there are severe interfacial reactions between the Al matrix and the Ni60Nb40 reinforcements. The DSC isotherms indicate that the Al matrix reacts faster with Ni60Nb40 in the hot-pressed and hot-extruded MMCs than it does in the sintered material.
Improved critical current densities in ex situ processed MgB2 tapes fabricated with chemically treated powder
Authors: Fujii H. , Togano K. , Ozawa K.
Published: April 2007

Fe-sheathed MgB2 tapes were fabricated using powder chemically treated through an ex situ process employing a powder-in-tube (PIT) technique. The treatment of MgB2 powder in a benzene solution of benzoic acid caused the pulverization and disappearance of large grains. Compared with the pristine powder without treatment, the tape made from this powder showed a fivefold increase in critical current density (Jc) in 10 T. This was due to the pulverization of grains by the chemical treatment and the removal of surface MgO layers from MgB2 grains by dissolution in the acid solution. The removal of MgO layers was effective in promoting substitution of carbon from the solvent for boron.
Processing of yttrium-doped barium zirconate for high proton conductivity
Authors: Babilo Peter , Uda Tetsuya , Haile Sossina M.
Published: April 2007

The factors governing the transport properties of yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BYZ) have been explored, with the aim of attaining reproducible proton conductivity in well-densified samples. It was found that a small initial particle size (50–100 nm) and high-temperature sintering (1600 °C) in the presence of excess barium were essential. By this procedure, BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ with 93% to 99% theoretical density and total (bulk plus grain boundary) conductivity of 7.9 × 10−3 S/cm at 600 °C [as measured by alternating current (ac) impedance spectroscopy under humidified nitrogen] could be reliably prepared. Samples sintered in the absence of excess barium displayed yttria-like precipitates and a bulk conductivity that was reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude.
Microstructural characteristics and photoluminescence performance of nanograined thermally treated CeO2-TiO2 xerogels
Authors: Verma Amita , Srivastava A.K. , Karar N. , Chander Harish , Agnihotry S.A.
Published: April 2007

Nanostructured thermally treated xerogels have been synthesized using a sol-gel process involving cerium (Ce) chloride heptahydrate and titanium (Ti) propoxide mixed in different Ce:Ti molar ratios. Structural features of the xerogels have been correlated with their photoluminescence (PL) response. The crystallite sizes in the samples lie in the nanorange. The x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results have confirmed the coexistence of CeO2 and TiO2 nanocrystallites in these xerogels. In general, a decrease in the CeO2 crystallite size and an increase in the TiO2 crystallite size are observed in the xerogels as a function of Ti content. Scanning electron microscopy results have evidenced the evolution of ordered structure in the xerogels as a function of TiO2 content. Although both of the phases (CeO2 and TiO2) have exhibited PL in ultraviolet and visible regions, the major luminescence contribution has been made by the CeO2 phase. The largest sized CeO2 crystallites in 1:1 thermally treated xerogel have led to its highest PL response. PL emission in the xerogels is assigned to their nanocrystalline nature and oxygen vacancy-related defects.
Microstructural evolution and piezoelectric properties of thick Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films deposited by multi-sputtering method: Part I. Microstructural evolution
Authors: Park Chee-Sung , Lee Jae-Wung , Park Gun-Tae , Kim Hyoun-Ee , Choi Jong-Jin
Published: April 2007

Thick and crack-free Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 [PZT] films were fabricated on platinized silicon substrates by a multisputtering technique. The PZT films were deposited on the Si substrate by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering method using a single oxide target. As the film became thicker, its grain size increased. Therefore, the microstructure of the film was able to be controlled by repeatedly depositing thin layers. In addition, by using a seed layer with the same composition but a much smaller grain size, it was possible to further reduce the grain size of the film. When the film had a small in-plane grain size and a fibrous columnar structure, it was highly resistant to cracking, presumably because of its enhanced strength and structural stability. By exploiting these phenomena, highly dense, crack-free, and thick PZT films were successfully deposited up to a thickness of about 5 μm. The evolution of the crystallographic orientation of the film as a function of its thickness was also observed and correlated with the total strain energy of the system.
Stress–strain behaviors of Ti-based bulk metallic glass and their nanostructures
Authors: Ohkubo T. , Nagahama D. , Mukai T. , Hono K.
Published: April 2007

We have investigated the compression stress–strain behaviors of Ti40Zr25Cu12Ni3Be20 bulk metallic glasses prepared by Cu mold casting from various melt temperatures. Plastic strain was found to vary sensitively on the temperature of melts and subsequent annealing conditions. To understand the origin of the plasticity change, the microstructures were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and a laser-assisted three-dimensional atom probe. The fully amorphous sample cast from 1273 K showed 0.6% plastic strain, and it was enhanced to 1.3% after isothermal annealing at 573 K. The sample cast from 1423 K showed 3.0% plastic strain, from which the presence of nanocrystals with a volume fraction of about 12% was confirmed. The sample cast from a higher temperature (1573 K) contained a larger fraction of crystals, which showed limited plastic strain. The effect of the volume fraction of the nanocrystals on the plasticity of bulk metallic glasses is discussed based on the experimental results.
X-ray computed micro tomography as complementary method for the characterization of activated porous ceramic preforms
Authors: Vasić S. , Grobéty B. , Kuebler J. , Graule T. , Baumgartner L.
Published: April 2007

X-ray computed micro tomography (CT) is an alternative technique to the classical methods such as mercury intrusion (MIP) and gas pycnometry (HP) to obtain the porosity, pore-size distribution, and density of porous materials. Besides the advantage of being a nondestructive method, it gives not only bulk properties, but also spatially resolved information. In the present work, uniaxially pressed porous alumina performs activated by titanium were analyzed with both the classical techniques and CT. The benefits and disadvantages of the applied measurement techniques were pointed out and discussed. With the generated data, development was proposed for an infiltration model under ideal conditions for the production of metal matrix composites (MMC) by pressureless melt infiltration of porous ceramic preforms. Therefore, the reliability of the results, received from different investigation techniques, was proved statistically and stereologically.
Morphological control and photoluminescence of ZnS:Mn microstructure
Authors: Yu Xibin , Yang Liangzhun , Yang Shiping , Zhou Pingle
Published: April 2007

ZnS:Mn cubes, microspheres, and nanospheres were prepared by the solvothermal synthesis approach. All samples possessed the same zinc blende structure. Surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) exerts a major influence in directing the formation of these microstructures. By adding the CTAB into the reaction mixture, the cubes of the ZnS:Mn microstructures gradually dissolved to form larger microspheres. These microspheres are composed of an extensive growth of nanoparticles, which can be connected to each other. By increasing the concentrations of CTAB, these microspheres transformed into ZnS:Mn nanospheres. The photoluminescence emission showed a strong and broad peak centered at 594 nm for all samples due to the presence of 4T1 → 6A1 transition of the Mn2+ ion. A broad excitation peak centered at 263 and 327 nm is shown in all samples. Because the products show strong luminescent emissions and variety morphologies, they could be readily fabricated into devices for use in phosphor applications.
Initial plasticity onset in Zr- and Hf-rich bulk metallic glasses during instrumented indentation
Authors: Krus Tyler D. , Juliano Thomas F. , Kecskes Laszlo J. , VanLandingham Mark R.
Published: April 2007

Sudden jumps in nanoindentation load-displacement curves of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) signify the onset of plastic deformation. These events are investigated on varying compositions of Zr- and Hf-rich BMGs. Load-versus-displacement graphs for spherical indentations are analyzed to determine displacement, load, intensity of deformation, energy per volume, energy loss, and pressure corresponding to these key locations. Attention is focused on pressure, energy loss, and energy per volume at initial plasticity in response to varying strain rates, indenter tip radii, preload, and material composition. Energy loss was found to correlate with preload. The Zr-rich metallic glass was found to plastically deform in response to smaller loads than Hf-rich specimens.
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Neuronal Networks with Functional Synaptic Transmission After Transplantation into Mice with Neurodegeneration
Authors: Bae Jae-Sung , Han Hyung Soo , Youn Dong-Ho , Carter Janet E. , Modo Michel , Schuchman Edward H. , Jin Hee Kyung
Published: April 2007

Recent studies have shown that bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) improve neurological deficits when transplanted into animal models of neurological disorders. However, the precise mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Herein we demonstrate that BM-MSCs are able to promote neuronal networks with functional synaptic transmission after transplantation into Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) mouse cerebellum. To address the mechanism by which this occurs, we used gene microarray, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, and immunohistochemistry to evaluate expression of neurotransmitter receptors on Purkinje neurons in the NP-C cerebellum. Gene microarray analysis revealed upregulation of genes involved in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission encoding subunits of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, AMPA) GluR4 and GABAA receptor β2. We also demonstrated that BM-MSCs, when originated by fusion-like events with existing Purkinje neurons, develop into electrically active Purkinje neurons with functional synaptic formation. This study provides the first in vivo evidence that upregulation of neurotransmitter receptors may contribute to synapse formation via cell fusion-like processes after BM-MSC transplantation into mice with neurodegenerative disease.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Steroid Sulfatase: A New Target for the Endocrine Therapy of Breast Cancer
Authors: Stanway Susannah J. , Delavault Patrick , Purohit Atul , Woo L. W. Lawrence , Thurieau Christophe , Potter Barry V. L. , Reed Michael J.
Published: April 2007

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the role of steroid sulfatase in regulating estrogen production in postmenopausal women.Describe the potential of steroid sulfatase inhibition in cancer therapy.Discuss a potential new endocrine therapy for patients progressing on aromatase.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com