bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of a lactic acid bacteria starter culture during green olive (Olea europaea L cv Ascolana tenera) processing
Authors: Marsilio Vincenzo , Seghetti Leonardo , Iannucci Emilia , Russi Francesca , Lanza Barbara , Felicioni Marino
Published: January 2005

Among the Italian olive germplasm, ‘Ascolana tenera’ is one of the best varieties for table olive production. This research addressed the impact of different processing types (Greek‐style and Spanish‐style) on the fermentation and phenolic composition of olive fruit. In particular, the effects of a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter culture on the fermentation of naturally green olives processed according to the traditional Greek method were studied. Results revealed that Spanish‐style processing produced a dramatic loss of total phenolics, while natural olive processing favoured a higher retention of biophenols. Oleoside 11‐methylester, a phenol‐related compound, and hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylglycol, oleuropein and oleuropein aglycons, as the main phenols, were detected in olive fruit. More interestingly, this research indicated that inoculation with LAB affected the pH, total acidity, microbial profile and palatability of olives. Olives fermented with the LAB starter culture were perceived by panellists to be less bitter and more aromatic than those spontaneously fermented. Thus the use of LAB inoculants during olive fermentation could be applied with the currently available technology. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Extraction of favism‐inducing agents from whole seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L var major)
Authors: Jamalian Jalal , Ghorbani Mohammad
Published: January 2005

The objective of the present study was to establish a suitable procedure by which favism‐inducing glycosides vicine and convicine could be completely removed from whole seeds of faba beans without distorting their shape or reducing their nutritive value. Detoxification procedures carried out were extraction by water or, 10 g l−1 acid solutions (acetic, citric and phosphoric acid) using stepwise or continuous soaking procedures. Three cultivars of the beans were used in the study. In the stepwise soaking procedures, the seeds were soaked in either water or acid solution at 40 °C for different periods while in the continuous flow techniques, the solutions were constantly passed through a seed reservoir under different time–temperature–flow rate conditions. Extraction of vicine and convicine increased with increasing temperature and period of soaking and/or continuous flow of soaking solutions. Neither stepwise soaking nor autoclaving could effectively remove the favism factors from the whole seeds. The best results were obtained with continuous flow soaking in tap water, giving vicine‐ and convicine‐free seeds. The protein contents of treated seeds were only slightly affected and their physical structure remained intact. Thus, it was concluded that the latter procedure was the method of choice for detoxification of dry whole seeds. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Retardation of lipid oxidation in blue sprat by hot water tea extracts
Authors: Seto Yoshie , Lin Chih‐Cheng , Endo Yasushi , Fujimoto Kenshiro
Published: January 2005

The blue sprat is a small fish belonging to the family Clupeidae. Deterioration of its freshness after catching is so rapid that the fish is cooked in simple ways and consumed locally. The prooxidant activity of the skin, dark meat and ordinary meat was much higher than that of other fishes such jack mackerel. Suppression of lipid peroxidation in blue sprat was attempted using hot‐water extracts of five types of Taiwanese tea with different degrees of fermentation, ie Longjing‐type green tea, Shy Jih Chuen oolong tea, Tungting oolong tea, Pouchong tea and black tea. All the tea extracts showed antioxidant activity on oxidation of linoleic acid induced by the extracts of blue sprat's tissues. The antioxidant activity of each tea extract showed a positive correlation with the contents of total catechins, especially with that of epigallocatechin gallate, but a poor correlation with the contents of total polyphenols. The Tungting oolong tea together with Chinese green tea effectively suppressed the prooxidant activities of the dark meat and skin of blue sprat. Impregnation of blue sprat in the extract of the Tungting oolong tea retarded the lipid oxidation in fish meat assessed by peroxide value and carbonyl value during refrigeration. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Cichorium intybus L – cultivation, processing, utility, value addition and biotechnology, with an emphasis on current status and future prospects
Authors: Bais Harsh Pal , Ravishankar G A
Published: January 2005

Cultivation of chicory plants for various applications, such as utilisation of the root biomass for preparation of a coffee adjuvant, utilisation as a vegetable and, recently, utility of the plants for important phytochemicals, has received global attention. Chicory is widely grown in countries of different geographical locations owing to the economic importance of this crop. This review addresses cultivation, utility, phytochemical studies and pharmacological aspects, with an emphasis on biotechnological developments in recent years and safety evaluation of genetically modified chicory crops. These aspects are dealt with in detail to bring out the current status and future prospects of cultivation and utility of this economically important crop.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Ascorbic acid destruction in aqueous model systems: an additional discussion
Authors: Rojas Ana M , Gerschenson Lía N
Published: January 2005

The influence of different non‐electrolytes (fructose, xylitol, glucose/mannitol mixture) and electrolytes (NaCl, KCl) on anaerobic L‐ascorbic acid (AA) degradation in an aqueous model system (pH 3.5, aw 0.94) was studied to assess the effect on that reaction of substances commonly used to diminish the water activity of fruit or vegetable juices, as well as its relation with non‐enzymatic browning (NEB) development, at processing (70, 80, 90 °C) and storage (24, 33, 45 °C) temperatures. AA degraded as a function of time with a behaviour that could be described by first‐order kinetics at all temperatures studied, and activation energies could be calculated using the Arrhenius law. The presence of humectants enhanced AA destruction, with D‐fructose promoting the fastest L‐ascorbic acid destruction and browning development at processing temperatures. The influence of humectants on NEB seemed to determine differences between their influence on AA degradation. Water activity decrease by humectant addition produced higher AA stability in solution at storage temperatures. The differential effect of each humectant used to decrease the water activity seemed to be related to its influence on solvent structure.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Dephytinisation of rice bran and manufacturing a new food ingredient
Authors: Fuh Wea‐Shang , Chiang Been‐Huang
Published: January 2005

Rice bran was extruded at 130 °C and a screw speed of 140 rpm for 20 s to inactivate lipase and prevent lipid oxidation. Although the extrusion process induced further complex formation between phytic acid and protein as well as between phytic acid and starch, nearly 94% of phytic acid in the extruded rice bran could still be removed by solid/liquid extraction conducted at 25 °C for 30 min using hydrochloric acid at pH 2 as solvent and a solvent/rice bran ratio of 15. After the extract had been neutralised and phytic acid removed, it was added back to the rice bran solid to replenish the nutritional and functional components of the solid. The mixture was then dried in a drum dryer to yield a powdered product. The dephytinised rice bran product contained most of the protein, fat, dietary fibre and B vitamins and more than 50% of the oryzanol originally present in the raw rice bran.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of the components of maize on the quality of masa and tortillas during the traditional nixtamalisation process
Authors: Martínez‐Bustos F , Martínez‐Flores H E , Sanmartín‐Martínez E , Sánchez‐Sinencio F , Chang Y K , Barrera‐Arellano D , Rios E
Published: January 2005

In this work the importance of maize pericarp and germ in relation to the overall quality of masa and tortillas was studied. Alkaline‐cooking originated alterations in the outer layers of the grain. Its components were hydrated and the pericarp fraction assumed a gummy and sticky texture. During the liming process, some components from the germ, pericarp and tip cap fractions released ‘maize hull gums’, increasing the contents of xylose, galactose and D‐glucuronic acid. The presence of gums and insolubilised germ that remained after the traditional washing of the nixtamal improved the viscosity, cohesiveness and adhesiveness of the masa and tortillas as compared to the dry masa and tortillas from nixtamal with the germ removed and from exhaustively washed nixtamal, where most of the hull gums and germ were removed. Fresh tortillas or tortillas stored for 24 h at room temperature prepared using the traditional process of nixtamalisation (washed twice) were more stretchable, elastic and resistant to tearing and cracking than tortillas prepared with exhaustively washed nixtamal or with nixtamal washed twice with the germ removed. Tortillas from nixtamal with the germ removed showed the worst texture, rollability and puffing.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Calcium chloride irrigation influence on yield, calcium content, quality and shelf‐life of the white mushroom Agaricus bisporus
Authors: Philippoussis Antonios , Diamantopoulou Panagiota , Zervakis Georgios
Published: January 2005

Seven CaCl2 irrigation treatments (0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, 0.75 and 1.00%) were applied to the Agaricus bisporus white strain A15 (Sylvan) in order to evaluate, in comparison with the water‐irrigated crop, their effect on production characteristics, ie yield, sporophore number and size mix, average mushroom weight as well as pileus and stipe Ca content. In addition, initial mushroom colour and texture in three successive flushes and their variations during post‐harvest storage for 8 days at 4 °C and for 2 days at 18 °C were determined. Statistical analysis of data revealed that crop yields were not affected by the individual treatments, whereas the mushroom number was reduced and the average sporophore weight was enhanced. A strong positive correlation was established between CaCl2 dosage and Ca content of fresh mushrooms, which increased considerably in the third flush by accumulating in both pileus and stipe parts (the former containing less Ca than the latter) and presented a maximum for the 0.75 and 1.00% CaCl2 treatments. At harvest, colour of second‐ and third‐break mushrooms was significantly improved by all CaCl2 treatments. This beneficial effect was more pronounced after 8 days of cold storage and during shelf‐life in sporophores treated with 0.35, 0.75 and 1.00% CaCl2. No consistent correlation was found between Ca content and texture of fresh and stored mushrooms. However, although softer mushrooms were recorded at harvest in most CaCl2‐irrigated crops, 0.25, 0.75 and 1.00% concentrations appeared to retard mushroom softening, promoting firmness at the 8th day of cold storage and during shelf‐life.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical composition and ruminal degradability of lucerne (Medicago sativa) products
Authors: Mustafa Arif F , Christensen David A , McKinnon John J
Published: January 2005

A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and in situ nutrient ruminal degradability of three lucerne products. These were dehydrated pellets, sun‐cured pellets and cubes. Results of the chemical analysis showed that sun‐cured pellets had the highest (P < 0.05) neutral and acid detergent fibre as well as total carbohydrate levels, followed by cubes and dehydrated pellets respectively. Crude protein (CP) content was highest (P < 0.05) for dehydrated pellets (204.3 g kg−1), intermediate for sun‐cured pellets (160.0 g kg−1) and lowest for cubes (153.2 g kg−1). Intermediately degradable CP (buffer‐insoluble CP minus neutral detergent‐insoluble CP) was the main protein fraction in the three products and was higher (P < 0.05) in cubes than in dehydrated and sun‐cured pellets. Estimated net energy of lactation was highest (P < 0.05) for dehydrated pellets (5.9 MJ kg−1), intermediate for cubes (5.23 MJ kg−1) and lowest (P < 0.05) for sun‐cured pellets (5.15 MJ kg−1). Results of the in situ experiment indicated that dehydrated pellets had higher (P < 0.05) ruminal protein degradability than sun‐cured pellets and cubes. The estimated ruminal escape protein values for dehydrated pellets, sun‐cured pellets and cubes were 361, 420 and 498 g kg−1 CP respectively. It was concluded that differences in chemical composition and ruminal degradability among the three lucerne products were mainly due to differences in stage of maturity. It was also concluded that the dehydration process failed to increase the ruminal escape protein value of dehydrated pellets relative to sun‐cured pellets and cubes.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The allergenicity of ovomucoid and the effect of its elimination from hen's egg white
Authors: Mine Yoshinori , Zhang Jie Wei
Published: January 2005

In order to remove the ovomucoid from hen's egg white, chitin and hydrazide polystyrene beads were used as affinity ligands with 8.9 and 7.1 mg trypsin g−1 ligand respectively. Ovomucoid was successfully depleted using the trypsin affinity column without hydrolysation of the other egg white constituents. The components of the egg white were purified by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and then the allergenicity of each of these components was compared with that of pooled human serum derived from patients who are allergic to hen's eggs. The importance of using pure protein for studies of the allergenicity of egg white is highlighted, and it was determined (using an enzyme‐immunosorbent assay) that ovomucoid and ovalbumin are major allergenic proteins in egg white. The ovomucoid‐eliminated egg white preparation exhibited significantly less IgE‐binding activity than normal egg white. The ovomucoid‐specific IgE antibodies may have important implications with regard to the egg‐allergic reaction in humans.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Measurement of electrical conductivity, differential scanning calorimetry and viscosity of starch and flour suspensions during gelatinisation process
Authors: Chaiwanichsiri Saiwarun , Ohnishi Shigehiko , Suzuki Toru , Takai Rikuo , Miyawaki Osato
Published: January 2005

Electrical conductivity measurements were applied to analyse the gelatinisation process of 12 starch or flour suspensions. The electrical conductivity of starch suspensions was found to increase upon gelatinisation because of the release of ions from starch granules. The initiation temperature of ion release, Ti, correlated well with the onset temperature in the DSC thermogram (R = 0.868), while the completion temperature of ion release, Tf, correlated with the temperature at the start of viscosity increase (R = 0.865). Thus Ti and Tf corresponded to the beginning and ending temperatures of gelatinisation respectively. The electrical conductivity measurement will be used as an on‐line technique to monitor the whole process of starch gelatinisation.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Elite hotels: painting a self‐portrait
Authors: Gillespie Cailein , Morrison Alison
Published: January 2005

Commercial hospitality provision arose from a general process of modernisation, the gradual breakdown of the importance of kinship and social obligation relative to a common duty of care for those travelling away from home, and the process of urbanisation. Consequently market demand evolved for the provision of accommodation, food and beverage for those persons temporarily removed from their domestic environment. What is argued in this paper is that the original function of commercial hospitality bears scant resemblance to sophisticated potentialities for socio‐economic self‐expression, which manifest themselves in the form of the elite hotel sector. The manner in which contemporary consumption of elite hotels revolves around the notion of self, with multiple identities and group affiliations is explored. Conclusions focus on the elite hotel sector as a means of defining self‐identities and the management implications therein for the provision of commercial hospitality in elite hotels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A market‐process approach to corporate coherence
Authors: Foss Nicolai J , Christensen Jens Frøslev
Published: January 2005

We address the notion ofcorporate coherencerecently made prominent by Teeceet al.(1994. Understanding corporate coherence: theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization23: 1–30). We argue that the literature is confused on the meaning of this notion (and similar notions) along a number of dimensions. Drawing on insights from market‐process theories, we propose adynamicunderstanding of corporate coherence, an understanding that involves the corporate capacity to strike a favorable balance between the production and exploitation of new knowledge. This argument is elaborated drawing on Austrian economics, evolutionary economics, and post‐Marshallian economics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stories about firms: boundaries, structures, strategies, and processes
Authors: Addleson Mark
Published: January 2005

This paper explores contemporary efforts to enrich the economic theory of firms. Its theme is the search for a postmodern approach to the firm, and it explores how those search efforts are reshaping the narrative of conventional neoclassical economic theory. My main interests are the concepts of firms and markets that emerge from a line of inquiry which views firms as social institutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate investment and strategic stability in hypercompetition
Authors: Parayre Roch , Hurry Dileep
Published: January 2005

As competition accelerates, so do the strategies of players, in the shape of fast‐track corporate investment strategies to maneuver around competitors. Under hypercompetition, a corporate strategy for acquiring competitive options may form an evolutionarily stable meta‐strategy capable of sustaining persistent disruptive actions. This type of strategy is evolutionarily stable under competition across generations of contests. This paper explains the concept of memetic evolution and applies evolutionary game theory to the study of hypercompetition. We show how this option meta‐strategy has superior long‐term dynamic stability compared to large acquisitions and small greenfield investments. We demonstrate the disruptive potential of this meta‐strategy under hypercompetition, through a simulation analysis of competing strategies in hypercompetitive markets. The concept of evolutionarily stable strategies implies that hypercompetition may indeed be an enduring phenomenon. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The trade‐off of reliability for relevance within a stewardship setting
Authors: Woodlock Peter D. , Young Richard A.
Published: January 2005

In a single period stewardship setting in which an agent has some reporting discretion, we identify the types of reporting discretion that lead to relevant and reliable reporting. We also provide instances when the reporting discretion available to the agent will cause these two characteristics of reporting to be in conflict. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact boundary controllability in problems of transmission for the system of electromagneto‐elasticity
Authors: Kapitonov Boris V. , Raupp Marco Antonio
Published: January 2005

This paper considers transmission problem for the system of electromagneto‐elasticity having piecewise constant coefficients in a bounded domain. The result on exact boundary controllability is obtained provided the interfaces, where the coefficients have a jump discontinuity, are all star‐shaped with respect to one and the same point and the coefficients satisfy a certain monotonicity conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equilibrium problem for thermoelectroconductive body with the Signorini condition on the boundary
Authors: Hömberg D. , Khludnev A. M.
Published: January 2005

We investigate a boundary value problem for a thermoelectroconductive body with the Signorini condition on the boundary, related to resistance welding. The mathematical model consists of an energy‐balance equation coupled with an elliptic equation for the electric potential and a quasistatic momentum balance with a viscoelastic material law. We prove the existence of a weak solution to the model by using the Schauder fixed point theorem and classical results on pseudomonotone operators. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse scattering for the non‐linear Schrödinger equation: Reconstruction of the potential and the non‐linearity
Authors: Weder Ricardo
Published: January 2005

In this paper we consider the inverse scattering problem for the non‐linear Schrödinger equation on the line

\def\dr{{\rm d}}$$i{\partial\over\partial t}u(t,x)=‐{\dr^2\over\dr x^2}u(t,x)+V_0(x)u(t,x)+\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}V_j(x)|u|^{2(j_0+j)}u(t,x)$$\nopagenumbers\end

We prove, under appropriate conditions, that the small‐amplitude limit of the scattering operator determines uniquely Vj, j=0,1,… . Our proof gives also a method for the reconstruction of the Vj, j=0,1,… . Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete multinuclear magnetic resonance analysis of heterophospholanes and their sulfur, selenium and borane adducts
Authors: Peralta‐Cruz Javier , Bakhmutov Vladimir I. , Ariza‐Castolo Armando
Published: January 2005

1H, 11B, 13C, 15N, 31P and 77Se NMR spectra were obtained for 1,3‐(dioxa, oxaza or diaza)‐2‐phospholanes and their sulfur, selenium and borane adducts. The relative sign of the 3J(1H, 31P)/2J(13C, 31P) coupling constants was found to be positive in the sulfur and selenium adducts for the methylene and methyl groups. Conversely, for the compound with a phosphorus lone pair and in the borane adducts this sign changes for the methylene groups. It was shown that the 31P NMR spectra recorded by the CPMG or INEPT‐HEED pulse sequences can be used for observation of the 15N–31P coupling constants. In all the investigated compounds the spin–lattice relaxation of 31P is controlled by the spin‐rotation mechanism. The dipole–dipole 31P–11B interactions can provide less than 20% of the relaxation rate in compounds containing the BH3 group. The transverse 31P relaxation is dominated by the scalar contribution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failure envelopes and plastic potentials for eccentrically loaded surface footings on undrained soil
Authors: Fraser Bransby M.
Published: January 2005

The failure envelope in V–M space for surface foundations on undrained material under eccentric loading can be determined using an extended version of the scaling (or effective area) concept of Meyerhof. A similar displacement transformation allows production of the plastic potential. The two‐dimensional finite element analyses of fully attached foundations subject to combined vertical (V) and moment (M) loading have been used to calculate appropriate scaling points for deduction of the failure envelope and plastic potential. Failure envelopes and plastic potentials are presented for footings on uniform and non‐uniform undrained material and it is seen that the equivalent ‘critical state’ or ‘parallel point’ lies slightly beneath the peak moment capacity. For accurate prediction of failure envelopes for footings on non‐uniform strength soil, consideration must be made of the apparent reduction of the soil heterogeneity as the area of footing in contact with the soil decreases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptivity in computational mechanics of concrete structures
Authors: Lackner Roman , Mang Herbert A.
Published: January 2005

The paper contains a report on the development of an adaptive finite element (FE) calculation scheme for the analysis of concrete structures with special emphasis on softening in consequence of cracking. For the description of the material behavior of concrete, a multi‐surface plasticity model is employed. The opening of cracks is controlled by means of the so‐called fictitious crack concept. Difficulties arising from this concept when employed in error‐controlled adaptivity are discussed in detail. As a remedy, the consideration of mesh alignment during the design of the new mesh is proposed. The usefulness of the developed adaptive calculation scheme is demonstrated by means of two example problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Friction and degradation of rock joint surfaces under shear loads
Authors: Homand F. , Belem T. , Souley M.
Published: January 2005

The morpho‐mechanical behaviour of one artificial granite joint with hammered surfaces, one artificial regularly undulated joint and one natural schist joint was studied. The hammered granite joints underwent 5 cycles of direct shear under 3 normal stress levels ranging between 0.3 and 4 MPa. The regularly undulated joint underwent 10 cycles of shear under 6 normal stress levels ranging between 0.5 and 5 MPa and the natural schist replicas underwent a monotonics shear under 5 normal stress levels ranging between 0.4 and 2.4 MPa. These direct shear tests were performed using a new computer‐controlled 3D‐shear apparatus. To characterize the morphology evolution of the sheared joints, a laser sensor profilometer was used to perform surface data measurements prior to and after each shear test. Based on a new characterization of joint surface roughness viewed as a combination of primary and secondary roughness and termed by the joint surface roughness, SRs, one parameter termed ‘joint surface degradation’, Dw, has been defined to quantify the degradation of the sheared joints. Examinations of SRs and Dw prior to and after shearing indicate that the hammered surfaces are more damaged than the two other surfaces. The peak strength of hammered joint with zero‐dilatancy, therefore, significantly differs from the classical formulation of dilatant joint strength. An attempt has been made to model the peak strength of hammered joint surfaces and dilatant joints with regard to their surface degradation in the course of shearing and two peak strength criteria are proposed. Input parameters are initial morphology and initial surface roughness. For the hammered surfaces, the degradation mechanism is dominant over the phenomenon of dilatancy, whereas for a dilatant joint both mechanisms are present. A comparison between the proposed models and the experimental results indicates a relatively good agreement. In particular, compared to the well‐known shear strength criteria of Ladanyi and Archambault or Saeb, these classical criteria significantly underestimate and overestimate the observed peak strength, respectively, under low and high normal stress levels. In addition and based on our experimental investigations, we put forward a model to predict the evolution of joint morphology and the degree of degradation during the course of shearing.

Degradations of the artificial undulated joint and the natural schist joint enable us to verify the proposed model with a relatively good agreement. Finally, the model of Ladanyi and Archambault dealing with the proportion of total joint area sheared through asperities, as, once again, tends to underestimate the observed degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic macro‐element for soil–structure interaction: material and geometrical non‐linearities
Authors: Cremer Cécile , Pecker Alain , Davenne Luc
Published: January 2005

This paper presents a non‐linear soil–structure interaction (SSI) macro‐element for shallow foundation on cohesive soil. The element describes the behaviour in the near field of the foundation under cyclic loading, reproducing the material non‐linearities of the soil under the foundation (yielding) as well as the geometrical non‐linearities (uplift) at the soil–structure interface. The overall behaviour in the soil and at the interface is reduced to its action on the foundation. The macro‐element consists of a non‐linear joint element, expressed in generalised variables, i.e. in forces applied to the foundation and in the corresponding displacements. Failure is described by the interaction diagram of the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation under combined loads. Mechanisms of yielding and uplift are modelled through a global, coupled plasticity–uplift model.

The cyclic model is dedicated to modelling the dynamic response of structures subjected to seismic action. Thus, it is especially suited to combined loading developed during this kind of motion. Comparisons of cyclic results obtained from the macro‐element and from a FE modelization are shown in order to demonstrate the relevance of the proposed model and its predictive ability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of a non‐associated flow rule on the calculation of the factor of safety of soil slopes
Authors: Wang Yu‐Jie , Yin Jian‐Hua , Lee C. F.
Published: January 2005

This paper presents a method that incorporates a non‐associated flow rule into the limit analysis to investigate the influence of the dilatancy angle on the factor of safety for the slope stability analysis. The proposed method retain's the advantage of the upper bound method, which is simple and has no stress involvement in the calculation of the energy dissipation and the factor of safety. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computations for bang–bang constrained optimal control using a mathematical programming formulation
Authors: Kaya C. Yalçın , Lucas Stephen K. , Simakov Sergey T.
Published: January 2005

An algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of bang–bang constrained optimal control of non‐linear systems with free terminal time. The initial and terminal states are prescribed. The problem is reduced to minimizing a Lagrangian subject to equality constraints defined by the terminal state. A solution is obtained by solving a system of non‐linear equations. Since the terminal time is free, time‐optimal control is given a special emphasis. Second‐order sufficient conditions of optimality are also stated. The algorithm is demonstrated by a detailed study of the switching structure for stabilizing the F–8 aircraft in minimum time, and other examples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of exfoliation on poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)/montmorillonite nanocomposite flammability
Authors: Stretz H. A. , Wootan M. W. , Cassidy P. E. , Koo J. H.
Published: January 2005

Montmorillonite clays (MMT) have shown potential as non‐halogenated fire retardants in polymer blends, but the effect of morphology of the resulting nanocomposite is not well understood. In this article MMT blends are studied in a styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) matrix to get structure–property relationships relating to the more complex problem of flame retardancy (FR) of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS) computer housings. The morphology observed in SAN/MMT blends using twin screw extrusion was complex, and was affected by the compatibilizing amine head group substituent size, the amine tail group length, and the amine exchange ratio. However, the morphology did not affect flammability properties significantly. The most important determinant of FR properties was clay loading. Peak heat release rate was reduced up to 49% at a loading of about 12% organoclay, using a 2‐ethylhexyl dimethyl hydrogenated tallow ammonium surfactant. Backside temperatures were measured during FR tests, and significant reductions in maximum heat soak temperature and time to reach heat soak temperature were noted as exfoliation increased, supporting the theory that the clays have an insulative effect. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating morphology and deformation behavior of multilayered PC/PET composites
Authors: Adhikari R. , Lebek W. , Godehardt R. , Henning S. , Michler G. H. , Baer E. , Hiltner A.
Published: January 2005

Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning force microscopy (SFM), this work deals with morphology and micromechanical deformation behavior of coextruded multilayers comprising alternating layers of polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The multilayered composites were found to consist of macroscopically aligned continuous layers of the constituents having nearly uniform thickness. On annealing the samples, the PET layers were found to undergo cold‐crystallization and to form lamellar crystals independent of thickness of individual layers. Under the influence of tensile loading, mechanical properties of the composites was found to be intermediate between that of the constituent homopolymers. The components of the multilayered composites deformed in homogeneous manner at high strains without forming localized deformation zones. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of src kinase and TGFβ1 on the differentiation and morphogenesis of MDCK cells grown in three‐dimensional collagen and Matrigel environments†
Authors: Rahikkala Mira , Sormunen Raija , Eskelinen Sinikka
Published: January 2005

This study attempted to analyse in detail the effect of src kinase on the growth and differentiation of MDCK cells in different extracellular matrix (ECM) environments. A method was developed to label the membrane proteins in situ and the distribution of cytoskeletal and junctional proteins was visualized in three‐dimensional cell complexes, using optical sections generated by confocal microscopy. Independently of the ECM, non‐transformed MDCK cells formed differentiated cell cysts with one or a few lumina, with the apical side facing the lumen; ZO‐1 was expressed at the tight junctions close to the apical side and β‐catenin, E‐cadherin and fodrin along the entire lateral walls. The phenotype of src kinase activated MDCK cells was strongly dependent on the ECM and varied from an irregular cluster in collagen I, to tubular structures in laminin or proteoglycans, and finally to a polarized cell cyst in Matrigel. In collagen I, E‐cadherin and β‐catenin were seen partially along the lateral walls and partially in the cytoplasm of src‐transformed MDCK cells; fodrin was released into the cytoplasm and ZO‐1 was not visualized. When the src‐transformed cells were cultivated in Matrigel, their junctional proteins were recruited to the cell membranes and ZO‐1 reappeared at the apical face. Thus, the components of Matrigel could overcome the deleterious effect of src on the polarity of MDCK cells. TGFβ1, together with its receptors and other soluble factors in Matrigel, were responsible for the induction of differentiation. The results show that tyrosine phosphorylation sensitizes the epithelial MDCK cells to ECM and TGFβ1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of angiogenesis‐related molecules in plexiform lesions in severe pulmonary hypertension: evidence for a process of disordered angiogenesis
Authors: Tuder Rubin M. , Chacon Mati , Alger Lori , Wang Jun , Taraseviciene‐Stewart Laimute , Kasahara Yasunori , Cool Carlyne D. , Bishop Anne E. , Geraci Mark , Semenza Gregg L. , Yacoub Magdi , Polak Julia M. , Voelkel Norbert F.
Published: January 2005

Pulmonary arteries of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (SPH) presenting in an idiopathic form (primary PH‐PPH) or associated with congenital heart malformations or collagen vascular diseases show plexiform lesions. It is postulated that in lungs with SPH, endothelial cells in plexiform lesions express genes encoding for proteins involved in angiogenesis, in particular, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and those involved in VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) signalling. On immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, endothelial cells in the plexiform lesions expressed VEGF mRNA and protein and overexpressed the mRNA and protein of VEGFR‐2, and the transcription factor subunits HIF‐1α and HIF‐1β of hypoxia inducible factor, which are responsible for the hypoxia‐dependent induction of VEGF. When compared with normal lungs, SPH lungs showed decreased expression of the kinases PI3 kinase and src, which, together with Akt, relay the signal transduction downstream of VEGFR‐2. Because markers of angiogenesis are expressed in plexiform lesions in SPH, it is proposed that these lesions may form by a process of disordered angiogenesis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of single EBER‐positive and negative tumour cells in EBV‐harbouring B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Hänel Patricia , Hummel Michael , Anagnostopoulos Ioannis , Stein Harald
Published: January 2005

In situ hybridization for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) encoded small nuclear RNAs (EBERs) is the method of choice for the detection of EBV infection at the single cell level. With the application of this technique it was shown that non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas of B‐cell type may be associated with an EBV infection of tumour cells. Interestingly, in many EBV‐positive cases, only a proportion of the tumour cell population has been found to be EBER‐positive. To clarify whether EBV is absent or whether EBER gene expression is downregulated in EBER‐negative tumour cells, single EBER‐positive and negative tumour cells were isolated from paraffin sections from four B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma cases with partial EBER expression in the neoplastic cells. These single cells were then screened for the presence of EBV DNA by a nested single cell PCR. EBV DNA was undetectable in all but one of the 86 EBER‐negative cells, whereas in the EBER‐positive cells EBV‐specific DNA amplificates could be generated following single cell PCR. This finding prompts the conclusion that the inability to detect EBERs in a proportion of tumour cells is not due to a down‐regulation of gene expression but to a real absence of EBV from these cells. This partial absence of EBV is thought to be caused by a loss of the EBV episomes during cell division, rather than by infection of only a proportion of the tumour cells. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver metastases from colorectal adenocarcinomas grow in three patterns with different angiogenesis and desmoplasia
Authors: Vermeulen Peter B. , Colpaert Cecile , Salgado Roberto , Royers Ruben , Hellemans Hilde , Van den Heuvel Eva , Goovaerts Gerda , Dirix Luc Y. , Van Marck Eric
Published: January 2005

The liver is a highly vascularized organ which frequently hosts metastases in patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas. The hypothesis of this study is that the hypoxic drive of angiogenesis might be minimal or absent in those growing liver metastases which are capable of preserving the stromal structure, including the numerous sinusoidal blood vessels. Representative paraffin sections of liver metastases from 26 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma were investigated. Three different growth patterns were found. In the desmoplastic and in the pushing growth patterns (42% and 46% of all metastases, respectively), the architecture of the liver parenchyma was not preserved. In the replacement growth pattern (12% of all cases), the reticulin pattern of the liver parenchyma was conserved within the metastases at the tumour–liver parenchyma interface. The endothelial cells of the blood vessels near the interface in the metastases of the replacement type did not express CD34, nor were they surrounded by alpha‐smooth muscle actin‐positive mural cells. In the desmoplastic and in the pushing growth patterns, 23% and 52% of all blood vessels in this area were covered by pericytes. The fraction of proliferating endothelial cells was low in the metastases with a desmoplastic or a replacement growth pattern (about 3%), compared with metastases with a pushing growth pattern (11%). Tumour cell apoptosis was highest in the pushing‐type metastases and was inversely correlated with microvessel density in liver metastases. The ratio of the proliferating tumour cell fraction and the proliferating endothelial cell fraction, roughly representing the degree of angiogenesis‐dependent growth, was three‐ to four‐fold higher in the replacement‐type metastases compared with the other metastases. In summary, the present study has demonstrated that liver metastases are a heterogeneous group, with different growth patterns which predict the fraction of immature blood vessels, the fraction of proliferating endothelial cells, and the fraction of apoptotic tumour cells. The replacement growth pattern expands with minimal angiogenesis by co‐opting the stroma with the sinusoidal blood vessels of the liver. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analytical survey of the polyphenols of seeds of varieties of grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivated in Greece: implications for exploitation as a source of value‐added phytochemicals
Authors: Guendez Ramila , Kallithraka Stamatina , Makris Dimitris P. , Kefalas Panagiotis
Published: January 2005

Seed samples from 12 white and 25 red international and Hellenic native grape varieties (Vitis vinifera) were screened for their polyphenolic composition. The polyphenols determined were mainly of low molecular weight, including gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and the procyanidins B1 and B2. Average values of total content for white and red varieties (376 and 388 mg/100 g seeds, respectively) were very similar. Comparable results were observed with respect to the individual polyphenol content with seeds from red varieties being, in general, slightly richer. The predominant ﬂavanol monomer in white and red varieties was catechin (which accounted for 50.5 and 49.3%, respectively, of the total content), whilst gallic acid and epigallocatechin were the constituents showing the lowest content, respectively. The data obtained are discussed with regard to the exploitation of grape seeds as a low‐cost source of value‐added phytochemicals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC quantiﬁcation of uncarine D and the anti‐plasmodial activity of alkaloids from leaves of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) O. Kuntze
Authors: Fiot Julien , Baghdikian Béatrice , Boyer Laurent , Mahiou Valérie , Azas Nadine , Gasquet Monique , Timon‐David Pierre , Balansard Guy , Ollivier Evelyne
Published: January 2005

An efﬁcient system for the analysis of the total alkaloids extracted from leaves of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) O. Kuntze (Rubiaceae) by HPLC using a reversed‐phase column is described. The chromatographic conditions allowed the separation of indole and oxindole alkaloids in leaf extracts, and the quantiﬁcation of uncarine D in samples collected in Burkina Faso and Mali. The HPLC method described was validated for its speciﬁcity, linearity and precision using an internal standard (naphthalene). The concentrations of uncarine D in various extracts were compared with their in vitro anti‐plasmodial activity. The anti‐proliferative activity on chloroquine‐resistant strain (W2) of Plasmodium falciparum was not correlated with the concentration of uncarine D in leaves. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flavonoid glycosides and cannabinoids from the pollen of Cannabis sativa L.
Authors: Ross Samir A. , ElSohly Mahmoud A. , Sultana Gazi N. N. , Mehmedic Zlatko , Hossain Chowdhury F. , Chandra Suman
Published: January 2005

Chemical investigation of the pollen grain collected from male plants of Cannabis sativa L. resulted in the isolation for the ﬁrst time of two ﬂavonol glycosides from the methanol extract, and the identiﬁcation of 16 cannabinoids in the hexane extract. The two glycosides were identiﬁed as kaempferol 3‐O‐sophoroside and quercetin 3‐O‐sophoroside by spectroscopic methods including high‐ﬁeld two‐dimensional NMR experiments. The characterisation of each cannabinoid was performed by GC‐FID and GC‐MS analyses and by comparison with both available reference cannabinoids and reported data. The identiﬁed cannabinoids were Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabiorcol, cannabidivarin, cannabicitran, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabicyclol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinol, dihydrocannabinol, cannabielsoin, 6a, 7, 10a‐trihydroxytetrahydrocannabinol, 9, 10‐epoxycannabitriol, 10‐O‐ethylcannabitriol, and 7, 8‐dehydro‐10‐O‐ethylcannabitriol. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rapid determination of sideroxylonals in Eucalyptus foliage by extraction with sonication followed by HPLC
Authors: Wallis Ian R. , Foley William J.
Published: January 2005

A rapid method is described for the quantiﬁcation of sideroxylonals, a group of formylated phloroglucinol compounds found in some eucalypts. Samples of dry, ground foliage were extracted by sonication with 20% methanol in acetonitrile, 7% water in acetonitrile or 40% water in acetonitrile and the extracts analysed by reversed phase HPLC. The extracts from the two water–acetonitrile extractions were stable for at least 48 h. All three sonication methods recovered more sideroxylonals than did the Soxhlet extraction with petroleum spirit and acetone. Adding 0.1% triﬂuoracetic acid to the water–acetonitrile extraction solvents led to even higher recoveries of sideroxylonals. Soaking the sample in extracting solvent for 5 min recovered 70% of the sideroxylonals, whilst sonicating the suspension for 1 min recovered the remainder. The developed method involving sonication of the sample for 5 min in 7% water in acetonitrile with 0.1% triﬂuoroacetic acid is fast and requires minimal equipment and solvents compared with the traditional methods. With an autosampler it is possible to prepare and run 100 samples a day. More importantly, the technique is ideal for the analysis of small samples, e.g. individual leaves, which is essential when studying the evolutionary ecology of eucalypts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester maternal serum human thyroid‐stimulating hormone in chromosomally normal and Down syndrome pregnancies
Authors: Weinans Martin J. N. , Pratt John J. , de Wolf Ben T. H. M. , Mantingh Albert
Published: January 2005

Maternal serum human thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were investigated in chromosomally normal and Down syndrome pregnancies to determine whether TSH can be used as a marker for Down syndrome in the first trimester. Measurements were conducted on stored serum samples collected from 23 Down syndrome pregnancies and 115 unaffected pregnancies before chorionic villus sampling (CVS), between 9 and 11 completed weeks of pregnancy. The samples were matched for gestational age, maternal age, maternal weight and duration of storage of the serum sample. Maternal TSH concentration was slightly decreased in Down syndrome pregnancies, with a median of 0.84 multiples of the median (MoM). Maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentration was slightly elevated in Down syndrome pregnancies, with a median of 1.03 MoM. Both differences were not significant applying matched rank analysis (p=0.50 for TSH and p=0.43 for hCG). The association between TSH and hCG in unaffected pregnancies was also measured. The Spearman correlation coefficient between TSH and hCG was −0.21 which was statistically significant (p=0.02, 95% confidence interval −0.38 to −0.03). However, it was concluded that TSH is not a useful marker for distinguishing Down syndrome‐affected pregnancies from normal pregnancies in the first trimester. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.