bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19
Authors: Faisal Iradat Syed Muhammad , Uddin Muhammad Zain , Nabi Syed Irfan , Asif Zaheeruddin
Published: April 2023

The world is gradually getting out of the grip of COVID-19 pandemic, although there are still high number of cases in some countries. Most of the initial attempts to predict and project the course of pandemic were hypothetical or based on historical data, as no current and specific data were available in the early days of pandemic. Most governments followed the policy of “flattening the curve” in order to avoid overwhelming their health systems. Most of the world also followed the policy of forced lockdowns to stop the spread of the virus. However, these policies produced did not produce consistent results across the globe. To investigate the impact of various policy measures on the reported outcomes, this research analyzed the actual COVID-19 data up till May 29, 2021, and the associated outcomes. Using global COVID-19 death rate as a base, the death rates of various countries were analyzed to gauge the efficacy of lockdown measures through probabilistic estimates and relative lack of uncertainty. Brier score was calculated to find the accuracy of probabilistic estimates. The data show high divergence in infection, death, and growth rates of the virus in different countries. The research also includes comparing the effects of virus in year 2020 and 2021, and the effect of vaccination. It can be seen that the collective world response was not commensurate with the actual risks involved. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for specific evidence-based governance and disaster response management to face similar challenges in the future.
Pathophysiologic Basis of Haemolysis in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Steady State and in Hyperhaemolytic States
Authors: Ahmed Sagir G. , Ibrahim Umma A.
Published: April 2023

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by red cell sickling, tissue infarcts, pain and haemolysis. Haemolysis leads to anaemia, transfusion and vasculopathic multi-organ damage (VMOD). Every SCD patient maintains a chronic steady state haemolysis (SSH), which is often aggravated to hyperhaemolysis (HH) by inherited and/or acquired comorbidities. Hence, this article aims to present an updated and comprehensive narrative literature review of aetiopathogenesis, management and mitigation of SCD haemolysis in steady state and in various hyperhaemolytic states. Literature search revealed SSH is initiated by steady state sickling due to tissue hypoxia and is driven by lactic acidemia, Bohr effect, low pyruvate kinase activity, reduced oxygen affinity of HbS, lipid peroxidation, eryptosis, senescence antigen expression, Fc-receptor or ligand mediated erythro-phagocytosis, xanthine oxidase (XO) hyperactivity and intravascular red cells lysis. SSH is often aggravated to chronic or acute HH by various acquired and/or inherited haemolytic comorbidities such as G6PD deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis (HS), acute/chronic hypersplenic or acute hepatic sequestration, infective erythrocytotropism and erythrocytopathy, haemophagocytic syndrome, transfusion reaction, alloimmune, autoimmune and drug-induced haemolysis. While transfusion provides short-term solution for severe haemolysis and anaemia in SCD, long-term solution must include mitigation of haemolysis by using HbF enhancers, HbS oxygen affinity modifiers, XO inhibitors, immune modulators for immune-haemolysis, use of anti-oxidants to minimize peroxidation, avoidance of oxidants if patient is also G6PD deficient, administering antibiotics/vaccinations to treat/prevent infections, splenectomy for comorbid HS or any recalcitrant hypersplenic splenomegaly. This narrative review underscores importance of managing SSH and HH in order to alleviate anaemia, minimize transfusion, and prevent VMOD in SCD.
Solitary fibrous tumor of the masticator space – Report of a rare case
Authors: Patil V. Shruthi , Vidya Konduru , Paul S. Arun , Tirkey Amit Jiwan
Published: April 2023

The solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a potentially malignant spindle cell neoplasm of the mesenchymal origin that was originally described as a thoracic lesion originating from the pleural tissue. Recently, numerous extrapleural sites of origin have been described, also affecting the head and neck region. SFTs are benign in most cases, but 10%–15% of extrapleural SFTs show malignant behavior in the form of recurrent or metastatic disease. We present the case of a 25-year-old female who presented with an asymptomatic left-sided facial swelling of over three years. She had a diffuse swelling in the left preauricular region, extending to the temporal region deep to the zygomatic arch. On magnetic resonance imaging, the vascular lobulated mass occupied the masticator space, infratemporal fossa, and parapharyngeal space, eroding the mandible. An ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of SFT, positive for signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 and negative for TLE1. After preoperative embolization, the tumor was excised through a midline lip split approach with posterior segmental mandibulectomy and reconstruction with a titanium plate. Histopathological report was consistent with SFT. Due to high-risk features, she was advised adjuvant radiation therapy. SFTs of the head and neck are exceedingly rare and those with aggressive behavior even more so. To our knowledge, this is the only case of SFT arising in the masticator space. Diagnosis is often difficult and not definitive without immunohistochemistry. In most cases, complete surgical excision is the only treatment necessary. Regardless, all patients require close clinical follow-up for several years.
A biochemical research focused on the association of the levels of oxidative stress and nitric oxide with premalignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sachdev Rohan , Garg Kriti , Mehrotra Vishal , Shwetam Samiksha , Saxena Shubhra , Srivastava Akash
Published: April 2023

Context:

The reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals (O2 •), hydroxyl radicals (OH•), and hydrogen peroxide play a vital role in the pathogenesis of human cancer development and have become one of the areas of key interest in the field of biochemical analysis.

Aims:

The present study was designed to determine the significance of oxidative stress and levels of nitric oxide (NO) in patients with premalignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), by evaluating the levels of lipid peroxidation products, antioxidants, and NO products.

Settings and Design:

The present study was conducted on 280 patients for 2 years. These patients were divided into 4 groups, Group I (n = 70, control), Group II (n = 70, oral submucous fibrosis), Group III (n = 70, OSCC), and Group IV (n = 70, OL).

Subjects and Methods:

The levels of lipid peroxidation products, antioxidants, and NO products were determined by colorimetric methods.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Paired t-test was used to compare the mean.

Results:

Lipid peroxidation products such as lipid hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde and NO products such as nitrite (NO2–), nitrate (NO3–), and total nitrite (TNO2–) were significantly elevated, whereas enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants were significantly lowered in OSCC, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral leukoplakia when compared to normal healthy participants. The P values were calculated and came as statistically significant (<0.05).

Conclusions:

Antioxidant enzyme impairment and NO status may be considered as one of the factors responsible for oral cancer pathogenesis and may serve as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for minimizing malignant transformation in oral premalignant disorders.
Conventional fibrotomy and reconstruction with lateral thigh dermal fat pad in grade III oral submucous fibrosis patients
Authors: John Rubin S. , Solanki Jaykishan A. , Kanna V. E. Shanthosh , Ram Hari
Published: April 2023

Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic debilitating premalignant condition with progressive stiffening of oral mucosa ultimately ending in trismus most commonly from substance abuse. The most common etiological factor is the consumption of areca nut. Patients usually report to us when the mouth opening is almost nil. Various grafts have been used in the reconstruction of buccal defects after fiberotomy, the most popular being the buccal fat pad. We present the case of a 34-year-old man presenting with the complaint of reduced mouth opening and burning sensation in the mouth for 8 months. The patient is a poor candidate for buccal fat grafting as the patient body type being ectomorphic. The patient had a stigma of scar in the abdomen; hence, the possibility of an abdominal fat graft was out of the equation. Therefore, dermal fat is was harvested from the lateral thigh and reconstructed into the defect. The patient had a favorable outcome with good healing. Further studies are required to assess the quality, microscopic features of the adipose tissue, and the fate of dermal fat from the anterolateral thigh region.
A comparison of the outcomes following intra-articular steroid injection alone or arthrocentesis alone in the management of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Singh Surya Udai , Prasad Rajendra B. , Punga Rohit , Datta Rahul , Singh Neeraj
Published: April 2023

Context:

One of the main causes of chronic facial pain is temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) which may turn out to be a major cause for disability. The two types of treatment strategies may be undertaken to counter temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, namely conservative management and surgical intervention. Surgical management can be classified into invasive open methods and minimally invasive procedures such as arthrocentesis, intra-articular steroid injection, and arthroscopy.

Aims:

The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of Kenacort (Triamcinolone) as an intra-articular corticosteroid injection and arthrocentesis for lysis and lavage, for the treatment of the temporomandibular joint disorders.

Subjects and Methods:

Twenty patients with internal derangement of temporomandibular joint (IDTMJ) not responding to conservative management and meeting the inclusion criteria randomly underwent either intra-articular steroid injection or arthrocentesis and the results of the two procedures were evaluated and compared.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Unpaired t-test, repeated-measures ANOVA. A value of P < 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant.

Results and Conclusion:

Both procedures turned out to be successful in reducing pain and improving mouth opening, both in a short-term and a long-term use. Upon comparison in our series of patients, arthrocentesis was noted to be a better treatment modality in the long term for the management of IDTMJ.
Comparative evaluation of efficacy of skin staples and conventional sutures in closure of extraoral surgical wounds in neck region
Authors: Pandey Narayan Dutt , Singh Ashok Kumar , Choudhary Amit Kumar , Jina Gitanjali , Thakare Amar , Supe Narendra B.
Published: April 2023

Background:

The development of the skin stapling technique for surgical wound closure is less time-consuming than the conventional sutures.

Aim:

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of skin staples and 4-0 prolene conventional suture in closure of extraoral surgical wounds in neck region in elective maxillofacial surgery.

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted on a total of 60 patients, who were equally divided into three groups. In Group 1, wound closure was done using skin staples; in Group 2, wound closure was done using 4-0 prolene suture, and in Group 3, wound closure was done using both skin staples and 4-0 prolene suture. These groups were compared in terms of rate of wound closure; early postoperative pain; pain on the removal of staple and suture; rate of removal of staple and suture; scar evaluation by the clinician, patient, and two-blind observers on 15th day, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months.

Results:

The rate of closure was significantly faster in staple group than in suture group. There was no significant difference in the postoperative pain, pain on removal and rate of removal between the two methods of closure. However, within the groups, more postoperative pain was observed in wound with incision length of >5 cm. Initially, on 10th postoperative day, the appearance of scar was significantly better in suture group but after 6 months, scar was better in staple group.

Conclusion:

The staple method of wound closure appears to be better than conventional suture in terms of rate of closure and scar appearance.
A retrospective study on factors affecting the dropout rate among temporomandibular joint internal disc derangement patients in India - A single-institution experience
Authors: Bansal Shallu , Bansal Saurabh , Aggarwal Vikrampal , Verma Dinesh Kumar , Pahari Kaushal Charan , Talib Huzefa S.
Published: April 2023

Introduction:

Patients suffering temporomandibular joint internal disc derangement (IDD) ignore appointments after the first examination or after the first or second sessions of initial treatment. The dropout rate for these patients varies from 36% to 78% as per literature. Unfortunately, very few studies have investigated the dropout rate of these patients. Hence, the present study was undertaken to find out the dropout rate among these kinds of patients.

Material and Methods:

A retrospective study was done from June 2008 to December 2017 by collecting the records of the patients who were diagnosed to have IDD. Outcome variables included were age, sex, distance traveled, occupation, and education.

Results:

Out of 1021 patients 766 patients were included in the study after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test. The level of significance was set at <0.05. In this study, there is slight male predominance (52.8%) and 63.1% (21–40 years) were among young adults and the patients in the age group of 21–30 years had shown good compliance, Postgraduate has shown the highest follow-up rate when compared with graduates and school level and the difference was found to be statistically significant. People in the job had shown good compliance when compared with business class and retired people and the patients within 50 km had shown the maximum follow-up with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01).

Conclusion:

This study has shown that the dropout rate of treatment in temporomandibular joint disorder is affected by age, sex, distance traveled, occupation, and education.
Association of human papillomavirus and Epstein–Barr virus with squamous cell carcinoma of upper aerodigestive tract
Authors: Dhar Lity , Singh Sarika , Passey J. C.
Published: April 2023

Background:

Cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) are fifth most common cancer in the world with around 10,55,000 new cases and 7,25,000 deaths worldwide. Tobacco and alcohol act synergistically and are the two most important etiological factors responsible for about 75% of SCC. Studies have reported changing trends in the incidence of SCC showing an increasing shift in epidemiology attributed to the infection by viruses. The most commonly implicated viruses are the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

Aim and Objective:

To study association of Human Papilloma virus (HPV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) with 100 newly diagnosed cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and correlate its association with clinical parameters, histomorphological grade and staging using immunohistochemical markers p16, LMP1, p53, p63.

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted in the department of Pathology, Maulana Azad medical college and associated hospitals, New Delhi from September 2018-April 2019. Specimens was routinely processed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done using p16, LMP1, p53, p63 monoclonal antibodies.

Statistical Analysis Used:

SPSS 20 software. The quantitative analysis was done using Pearson chi-square test. Probability values < 0.05 was be considered statistically significant.

Results:

HPV was present in 29% cases while EBV in 38% cases. Oral cavity was the most common site involved by both HPV and EBV. Co-infectivity was found in 4% cases. There was significant male predominance in both. HPV was more prevalent in age >45 years while EBV was equally distributed in <45 years and >45 years. Moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest grade involved by both the viruses. A significant correlation was found between EBV and alcohol. p53 positivity had an inverse relationship with HPV positivity. P63 expression was higher in HPV and EBV positive cases.

Conclusion:

In resource constraint settings, p16 and Latent membrane protein 1 can be used as surrogacy markers for Human Papilloma virus and Epstein Barr virus along with p53 and p63 for its association with histomorphological grade and stage.
Could maternal stress be a causal factor for nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Mahapure Kiran Sunil , Powar Rajesh S.
Published: April 2023

Background:

The etiology of the nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate is multifactorial and not clearly defined.

Objective:

To determine whether maternal stress could be a causal factor for the occurrence of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a retrospective observational study in which data from 50 mothers of children born with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and 50 mothers of noncleft children were analyzed. The outcomes defined were to study the association between the increased stress scores and the occurrence of nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test.

Results:

The association between the high maternal stress scores and the occurrence of nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate was not found to be significant (P = 0.3220). A significant association was noted between increased maternal age and increased stress levels in the cleft group (P = 0.0001).

Conclusion:

No significant association was found between the increased stress scores and the occurrence of nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate. However, mothers of cleft children whose age was 35 years and above at the time of conception were noted to have higher stress levels.
Evaluation of the correlation between interleukin 1β levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid as an adjunctive diagnostic marker with clinical and radiographic parameters for assessing the peri-implant health status
Authors: Khatri Manish , Bansal Mansi , Puri Komal , Mehrotra Sourabh , Kumar Ashish , Rehan Mohd
Published: April 2023

Background:

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is one of the most important cytokines that seems to have an important role in the inflammatory process in gingival and peri-implant tissues. As peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) provides with a more swift and objective measure of the disease activity, the present study was conducted to evaluate IL-1β level in PICF as a biochemical marker and to investigate its correlation with clinical parameters and radiological parameters.

Materials and Methods:

After evaluating all the patients following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 60 patients were selected for the study. After 3–4 months of implants placement, the implants were exposed following standard surgical procedure. PICF sample from implant site was taken 3 days after suture removal with gingival former still in place followed by measurement of clinical and radiological parameters.

Results:

There was significant increase in IL-1β levels in both the follow-ups from baseline with variable and minimal change in the clinical parameters and radiological parameters as well, which shows that IL-1β levels change significantly even when there is a minimal gingival inflammation.

Conclusion:

Therefore, IL-1β level in PICF can be used as an adjunctive diagnostic marker to clinical and radiographic parameters for assessing the peri-implant health status.
Biophysical therapy using the pulsating electromagnetic field as adjunctive therapy for implant osseointegration – A review
Authors: Khan Munna , Faisal Mohammad , Ahmad Lubna
Published: April 2023

Development of procedures which accelerate osseointegration of dental implants, reduce the period of healing, and lead to an early rehabilitation of the patient are required for successful oral rehabilitation. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) is a noninvasive, therapeutic form of low field magnetic stimulation that has been used for healing bone non unions and various fractures. It acts on osteoblasts and bone, affecting their metabolism, therefore, increasing the tissue integration of the implanted devices and their clinical success. A broad range of settings that includes magnetic field intensity, frequency and duration of application, etc. used for PEMFs stimulation is a hurdle to properly define treatment protocols and extensive research is needed to overcome this issue. The present review includes studies that investigated the effects of PEMFs on the response of bone cells to different classes of biomaterials and the reports that focused on in vivo and in vitro investigations of biomaterials implanted in bone. This study is expected to serve as a guide for researchers and clinicians to bring into their clinical use these strategies to improve implant osseointegration in deficient and osteoporotic bone.
Anti-fungal therapy
Authors: Datarkar Abhay , Bhawalkar Amit , Daware Surendra , Deshpande Archana , Walkey Damyanti
Published: April 2023

India is well known as the diabetes “capital” of the world but now it is also becoming the mucormycosis “capital” of the world. Indian Council of Medical Research has formed an “Evidence-Based Advisory in The Time of COVID-19 on Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Mucormycosis.” As per this advisory, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon forms an integral part of the team dedicated to fight this epidemic of mucormycosis. Also, there are other fungal infections such as aspergillosis which are getting reported in these patients affecting the paranasal sinuses and the jaws. Aggressive surgical debridement and a thorough knowledge of anti-fungal therapy are must in treating these fungal infections. The aim of this article is to give an overview on the available anti-fungal therapy required to manage the ever-increasing rise in fungal infections faced by maxillofacial surgeons in post-COVID-19 patients.
Evaluation of knowledge and attitude of dental students regarding COVID-19
Authors: Pandey Pragya , Johri Saumya
Published: April 2023

Background:

Despite the life-threatening risk that corona virus disease (COVID-19) poses to dentists, their role in suppressing its transmission and the need to deliver dental care to the patients is inevitable. In this regard, it is essential to determine the awareness and knowledge among Indian dental students regarding COVID-19 and to assess their preparedness to handle the current situation.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study enrolled 408 dental undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) students from private and government dental teaching hospitals. A closed-ended online questionnaire containing crucial elements of COVID management during dental procedures was given to the participants assessing their knowledge and perception pertaining to COVID-19 regarding dental practice. Chi-square, Mann–Whitney U, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were employed for statistical analysis. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

The study consisted of 64.71% UG and 35.29% PG dental students, with a mean age of 25.75 ± 3.69 years and M: F ratio of 0.5:1. COVID-19 knowledge increased significantly with age (P = 0.0055) and educational level (P < 0.01). Awareness was also significantly greater in students from government institutions in comparison with private colleges (P < 0.001), with 91.67% of participants being aware of the transmission routes. However, familiarity with survival of virus in aerosols, considerations regarding the use of masks, and strategies for confirmed/suspected COVID-19 health-care workers to return to work after recovery were seen in only 35%, 53.9%, and 38.9% of the students, respectively.

Conclusion:

COVID-19 awareness among Indian dental students is significantly related to their education level. The lacunae in this knowledge need to be filled by adequate training by incorporating it as a part of their education.
Is the facial nerve at risk following surgical correction of mandibular condylar fracture
Authors: Tandon Sapna , Verma Vishal , Rashid Mohd , Srivastava Saurabh , Singh Akhilesh Kumar , Sharma Naresh Kumar
Published: April 2023

To review the literature on the effect of different surgical approaches on facial nerve injuries. The present systematic review addresses the following focus question: Is the facial nerve at risk following surgical correction of mandibular condylar fracture? Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted on databases:PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google scholar, Cochrane and clinicaltrials.gov for studies published until July 2020 to collect information about the effect of different surgical approaches on facial nerve injuries. Systematic literature review was performed following the prisma guidelines to identify studies. Quantitative retrospective and prospective studies, controlled trials, controlled clinical trials were included;case reports and review articles were excluded from this systematic review. 1500 articles published till July 2020 was identified. 116 articles met inclusion criteria. After applying exclusion criteria seven articles were shortlisted. The level of heterogeneity was observed to be less than 50%, between all parameters for all studies making publication bias to be minimum. On comparing various studies statistically using Z-test for all parameters, it was observed that level of significance was significant for various findings like Displacement/Dislocation of fracture and transient facial nerve weakness was found to be statistically significant between all studies (p-value <0.05). Odd ratio, relative ratio and 95% CI was derived for all parameters recorded for various studies. Due to less number of subjective studies, and variability in study designs and lack of reporting on confounding factors, definitive conclusions on effect of various surgical approaches on facial nerve injury cannot be drawn Future well-designed long-term randomized controlled trials are necessary to reveal the necessary correlation between both the parameters.
Two sides of a coin
Authors: Khan Imran , Singhal Anshul , Raza Uqba , Premchandani Shubhangi
Published: April 2023

This study aims to report two distinct cases of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) with contrasting presentations. The first case involved a 12-year-old female patient with the presence of AOT in the posterior mandible extending into the mandibular ramus up till the coronoid process which is a rare reported site for AOT and the second case is of a 19-year-old male patient with the tumor in the anterior maxilla with an impacted central incisor. Both cases were successfully managed via surgical enucleation and are under regular follow-ups without any complication. The contrasting nature of the two clinical presentations with the same pathologic entity is reported here. Though AOT has been rarely reported extending into the mandibular ramus, a maxillofacial surgeon should be more circumspect of this pathology while dealing with benign swellings of the mandibular posterior region.
Is extracorporeal plating ideal for condylar fracture? A case report with a two-year follow-up study
Authors: Balasubramaniyan Nathiya , Kumar Ganesan Suresh , Bhagat M James Antony , Muthulingam Veeramuthu
Published: April 2023

Management of condylar fractures includes the closed and open methods. The closed method, although is conservative, has disadvantages such as inadequate reduction, disturbances in occlusion, and a decrease in ramal height. To overcome these disadvantages, surgeons prefer open reduction and internal fixation. One of the methods used is extracorpeal fixation of condyle fractures. This method has a limiting factor of excessive condylar resorption and avascular necrosis. We report a two-year follow-up of a patient with condylar head resorption and fractured implant.
Comparison of autologous blood prolotherapy and 25% dextrose prolotherapy for the treatment of chronic recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation on the basis of clinical parameters
Authors: Pandey Sandeep Kumar , Baidya Manabendra , Srivastava Anurag , Garg Himanshu
Published: April 2023

Introduction:

Prolotherapy is a nonsurgical regenerative injection technique and effective treatment method for the treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation. Autologous blood and dextrose are commonly used agents for prolotherapy and the aim of this study is to compare the autologous blood injection prolotherapy and 25% dextrose prolotherapy for the treatment of chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation.

Method:

This is a retrospective cohort study of 20 patients with chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation who were treated by either autologous blood (Group A) or 25% dextrose Prolotherapy (Group B). After prolotherapy, the patients were kept on follow-up and evaluated for maximum mouth opening (MMO), pain at visual analog scale (VAS), mandibular movements, frequency of dislocation, and TMJ sound. The collected data were then statistically analyzed.

Results:

Group A showed better results in terms of reduction in MMO, mandibular movements as compared to Group B, and a statistically significant difference was found starting from 2 weeks post prolotherapy till 6 months follow-up. Whereas group B showed better results regarding reduction in pain intensity on VAS Scale at all follow-up visits. No statistically significant difference was found between both groups regarding reduction in the frequency of dislocation and TMJ sounds.

Conclusion:

Both autologous and dextrose prolotherapy gives promising results for the treatment of recurrent TMJ dislocation, however, regarding reduction in MMO and improvement in lateral and protrusive mandibular movements, autologous blood gave better results whereas 25% Dextrose was found to be more effective in terms of reduction of pain in recurrent TMJ dislocation cases.
“Risk assessment for periodontal disease associated tooth loss among rural and urban population of 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and 65-74 years age groups of Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Singh Awadhesh Kumar
Published: April 2023

Aim:

The aim of the study was to assess the risk for periodontal disease-associated tooth loss among rural and urban population of Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was done on 1200 urban and rural adults (632 males and 568 females) aged 35–74 years. Data were collected, followed by clinical examination for missing teeth. One-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc test, Chi-square test, and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.

Results:

The mean number of periodontal disease-associated tooth loss in the study population was 4.2 ± 7.4. A significant association was found between the place of residence and tooth loss (3.5 ± 6.8 urban; 4.7 ± 7.8 rural), with rural adults showing greater tooth loss compared to urban adults (P < 0.01). Tooth loss increased significantly with age, ranging from mean number of 1.2 teeth in 35–44 years old to 11.5 teeth among 65–74 years old (P < 0.001). Gender showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in tooth loss between males (4.7 ± 7.7) and females (3.6 ± 6.9). A significant association for tooth loss was also found with respect to the level of education and socioeconomic status (P < 0.001). A decrease in the mean number of missing teeth with increasing education and better socioeconomic status was observed, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The insights gained illustrate that tooth loss was 57% in rural and urban Barabanki district population, and the significant risks identified were age, illiterate, marital status, and low socioeconomic status.
Immunotherapeutic and their immunological aspects
Authors: Jain Mayank , Mishra Archana , Singh Mukul K. , Shyam Hari , Kumar Shailendra , Shankar Pratap , Singh Saumya
Published: April 2023

Cancer is often caused by the immune system's inability to deal with malignant cells and allows them to progress and proliferate. Emerging cancerous cells constantly evade the immune system, and as a result, these cancerous cells acquire more mutations and exhibit the deadliest characteristics among malignant tumors. The importance of understanding tumor immunology, particularly the functions of tumor antigens and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, is highlighted by the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy therapies. Many innovative immunotherapy drugs that effectively battle cancer have been produced since the 1980s. At present, in cancer treatment, immunotherapy appears as a paradigm that targets immune checkpoints of tumor cells such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and monoclonal antibodies (MABs), although the treatment of cancer is classified into non-specific and specific types. Specific types define the antibody targeting cell receptors as a new cancer treatment modality. For a number of malignancies, checkpoint inhibitors, MABs, and their derivatives have become standard-of-care therapy. Other immunotherapy techniques, such as most cancer vaccines and cell-based therapies, are still in the experimental stage. Many new immunotherapy techniques and agents are being explored and evaluated in clinical trials, which is a good thing. Thus, this review discusses the role of checkpoint inhibitors and MABs in the treatment of tumor cells. Moreover, these findings help us to understand the mechanism of action of this class of therapeutics and provide support for the management of cancer treatment.
Three-dimensional printing in maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Dadhich Anuj , Nilesh Kumar , Shah Seemit , Saluja Harish
Published: April 2023

Although application of three-dimensional (3D) printing in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) was first reported almost 30 years back, reduction in its manufacturing cost and availability of affordable 3D printing devices have popularized its use over the past few years. The 3D-printed objects include anatomical models, occlusal splints, drilling, or cutting guides and patient-specific implants (custom made plates and reconstruction devices). The anatomical model not only assists the surgeon in better understanding of the deformity or pathology but also aids in explaining the same to the patient and relatives. Mock surgery carried out on these models improve precision and thereby reduce the operating time. The guiding splints provide an exact design and fit for the graft, thus replicating form and function of the jawbone. The patient specific implants manufactured through computer-assisted designing help in superior replication of original anatomical form. This paper intends to highlight the current applications of 3D printing in field of maxillofacial surgery in the management of facial deformity, esthetic disturbances, and jaw pathologies. Cases of condylar hyperplasia, jaw tumor, facial asymmetry secondary to joint deformity, apertognathia, and chin augmentation managed with the application of 3D printing have been described in this paper. It also discusses the history, techniques, advantages, limitations, and future scope of 3D printing technology in OMFS.
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Authors: Chandra H. Jagadish , Krishna Vinay , Tahir Mohammed , Harishankar S.
Published: April 2023

Ossifying fibroma, also the cement ossifying fibroma radiographically, represents a well-demarcated mixed radiolucency/radio-opacity with smooth and often sclerotic borders. These lesions are usually solitary and most commonly seen in the mandible; cases in the maxilla have also reported. Histologically, they contain a relatively avascular cellular fibrous stroma with reticular bone trabeculae and cementum-like spherules. We present a case report of an 11-year-old boy with a 2-month history of an asymptomatic swelling seen on the left side of the angle of the mandible. An initial diagnosis of ossifying fibroma was made by an incisional biopsy, and considering the age as a factor surgical resection of the tumor was done under general anesthesia following closure by a two-layer suturing under proper antibiotic and analgesic coverage. The patient has been on regular follow-ups with no adverse effects and satisfactory healing.
A combination of follicular and plexiform ameloblastoma
Authors: Kajla Paramjit , Lata Jeevan , Aggarwal Seema
Published: April 2023

Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium origin. Follicular type is the most common variant of ameloblastoma followed by plexiform, acanthomatous, and granular subtypes. Synchronized existence of plexiform ameloblastoma with follicular ameloblastoma is a rare event. When the plexiform type coexists with other common variant, it is termed as hybrid ameloblastoma. Here, we present a case of hybrid ameloblastoma with follicular and plexiform variants occurring in a 43-year-old female patient having persistent swelling for 5–6 months in the left mandibular body region extending up to the left angle of the mandible. The tumor was treated by en bloc resection followed by reconstruction.
Multi-Cause Calibration of Verbal Autopsy–Based Cause-Specific Mortality Estimates of Children and Neonates in Mozambique
Authors: Gilbert Brian , Fiksel Jacob , Wilson Emily , Kalter Henry , Kante Almamy , Akum Aveika , Blau Dianna , Bassat Quique , Macicame Ivalda , Samo Gudo Eduardo , Black Robert , Zeger Scott , Amouzou Agbessi , Datta Abhirup
Published: April 2023

The Countrywide Mortality Surveillance for Action platform is collecting verbal autopsy (VA) records from a nationally representative sample in Mozambique. These records are used to estimate the national and subnational cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) for children (1–59 months) and neonates (1–28 days). Cross-tabulation of VA-based cause-of-death (COD) determination against that from the minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) from the Child Health and Mortality Prevention project revealed important misclassification errors for all the VA algorithms, which if not accounted for will lead to bias in the estimates of CSMF from VA. A recently proposed Bayesian VA-calibration method is used that accounts for this misclassification bias and produces calibrated estimates of CSMF. Both the VA-COD and the MITS-COD can be multi-cause (i.e., suggest more than one probable COD for some of the records). To fully use this probabilistic COD data, we use the multi-cause VA calibration. Two different computer-coded VA algorithms are considered—InSilicoVA and EAVA—and the final CSMF estimates are obtained using an ensemble calibration that uses data from both the algorithms. The calibrated estimates consistently offer a better fit to the data and reveal important changes in the CSMF for both children and neonates in Mozambique after accounting for VA misclassification bias.
A Qualitative Assessment of Community Acceptability and Its Determinants in the Implementation of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling in Children in Quelimane City, Mozambique
Authors: Magaço Amilcar , Alonso Yara , Maixenchs Maria , Ambrosio Contardo , Sitoe Antonio , Vitorino Pio , Blau Dianna , Garel Mischka , Breiman Robert , Amouzou Agbessi , Bassat Quique , Mandomando Inacio , Blevins John , Munguambe Khatia
Published: April 2023

The Countrywide Mortality Surveillance for Action project aims to implement a child mortality surveillance program through strengthening vital registration event reporting (pregnancy, birth, and death) and investigating causes of death (CODs) based on verbal autopsies. In Quelimane (central Mozambique), Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling (MITS) procedures were added to fine-tune the COD approaches. Before the implementation of MITS, an evaluation of the acceptability and ethical considerations of child mortality surveillance was considered fundamental. A socio-anthropological study was conducted in Quelimane, using observations, informal conversations, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions with healthcare providers, nharrubes (traditional authorities who handle bodies before the funeral), community and religious leaders, and traditional birth attendants to understand the locally relevant potential facilitators and barriers to the acceptability of MITS. Audio materials were transcribed, systematically coded, and analyzed using NVIVO12®. The desire to know the COD, intention to discharge the elders from accusations of witchcraft, involvement of leaders in disseminating project information, and provision of transport for bodies back to the community constitute potential facilitators for the acceptability of MITS implementation. In contrast, poor community mobilization, disagreement with Islamic religious practices, and local traditional beliefs were identified as potential barriers. MITS was considered a positive innovation to determine the COD, although community members remain skeptical about the procedure due to tensions with religion and tradition. Therefore, the implementation of MITS in Quelimane should prioritize the involvement of a variety of influential community and religious leaders.
Countrywide Mortality Surveillance for Action in Mozambique: Results from a National Sample-Based Vital Statistics System for Mortality and Cause of Death
Authors: Macicame Ivalda , Kante Almamy M. , Wilson Emily , Gilbert Brian , Koffi Alain , Nhachungue Sheila , Monjane Celso , Duce Pedro , Adriano Antonio , Chicumbe Sergio , Jani Ilesh , Kalter Henry D. , Datta Abhirup , Zeger Scott , Black Robert E. , Gudo Eduardo Samo , Amouzou Agbessi , _ _
Published: April 2023

Sub-Saharan Africa lacks timely, reliable, and accurate national data on mortality and causes of death (CODs). In 2018 Mozambique launched a sample registration system (Countrywide Mortality Surveillance for Action [COMSA]-Mozambique), which collects continuous birth, death, and COD data from 700 randomly selected clusters, a nationally representative population of 828,663 persons. Verbal and social autopsy interviews are conducted for COD determination. We analyzed data collected in 2019–2020 to report mortality rates and cause-specific fractions. Cause-specific results were generated using computer-coded verbal autopsy (CCVA) algorithms for deaths among those age 5 years and older. For under-five deaths, the accuracy of CCVA results was increased through calibration with data from minimally invasive tissue sampling. Neonatal and under-five mortality rates were, respectively, 23 (95% CI: 18–28) and 80 (95% CI: 69–91) deaths per 1,000 live births. Mortality rates per 1,000 were 18 (95% CI: 14–21) among age 5–14 years, 26 (95% CI: 20–31) among age 15–24 years, 258 (95% CI: 230–287) among age 25–59 years, and 531 (95% CI: 490–572) among age 60+ years. Urban areas had lower mortality rates than rural areas among children under 15 but not among adults. Deaths due to infections were substantial across all ages. Other predominant causes by age group were prematurity and intrapartum-related events among neonates; diarrhea, malaria, and lower respiratory infections among children 1–59 months; injury, malaria, and diarrhea among children 5–14 years; HIV, injury, and cancer among those age 15–59 years; and cancer and cardiovascular disease at age 60+ years. The COMSA-Mozambique platform offers a rich and unique system for mortality and COD determination and monitoring and an opportunity to build a comprehensive surveillance system.
Japanese Encephalitis among Adults: A Review
Authors: Hills Susan L. , Netravathi M. , Solomon Tom
Published: April 2023

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is becoming an increasingly important issue among adults. The reasons for this are multifactorial. During the past decades, new areas of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission have occurred in several locations, most notably in a markedly expanded area of Australia during 2021–2022. When JEV enters new areas, cases in adults frequently occur. This is unlike the typical pattern in endemic areas where the burden of disease is in children because most adults are protected through natural immunity following earlier exposure to the virus. Even in endemic areas, JEV has become relatively more important in adults because improved JE control through childhood immunization programs has resulted in a substantial decrease in pediatric JE cases and thus more prominence of adult JE cases. Finally, increases in tourism to JE risk areas have resulted in more exposure of adult travelers, who are usually non-immune, to infection in JE risk areas. In this review we describe the increasing importance of JE in adults in some areas and then consider the comparative clinical presentation and severity of illness among children and adults.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ACETONE EXTRACT FROM LEAF AND FRUIT PEEL OF Citrus hystrix
Authors: THAO NGUYEN LUU  , THI MINH NGOC NGUYEN  , XUAN SON LY  , NGOC THUAN NGUYEN  , TAN VIET PHAM  , HONG THIEN VAN  , THANH THO LE  , QUOC HUNG NGUYEN  , NGOC NAM TRINH
Published: April 2023

Citrus hystrix has been well known for its uses as food and biological activities. In this study, the chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant effects of acetone extract isolated from C. hystrix leaves and fruit peels were firstly investigated.  GC/MS analyses results revealed that there were 56 and 87 chemical components identified from leaf and fruit peel of the studied plant, respectively. The leaf extract was characterized by the predominance of α-pinene, D-limonene, citronellal, caryophyllene oxide and n-hexadecanoic acid while sabinene, β-pinene, D-limonene, citronellol, citronellol acetate, dihydro-α-ionon, δ-cadinene, n-hexadecanoic acid were the major constituents in the fruit peel extract. The two studied extracts showed antibacterial effects against six oral bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium and displayed a notable antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay with IC50 values of 38.59 ± 0.59 µg/mL and 85.89 ± 1.85 µg/mL, respectively.
STATIC BENDING ANALYSIS OF FGP L-SHAPE NANOPLATES RESTING ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION USING FEM BASED ON NONLOCAL THEORY
Authors: TRAN THE VAN  , PHAM QUOC HOA  , LE THANH DANH  , AO HUNG LINH  , TRAN TRUNG THANH
Published: April 2023

This article presents a finite element method for static bending analysis of the functionally graded porous (FGP) L-shape nanoplate resting on the elastic foundation (EF) using the nonlocal elasticity theory. The FGP materials with two-parameter are the volume fraction index (k) and the porosity volume fraction (ξ) in two cases of even and uneven porosity. The EF includes Winkler-stiffness (k1) and Pasternak-stiffness (k2). Some numerical results of the proposed method are compared with those of published works to verify accuracy and reliability. Furthermore, the effects of some elastic foundation factors and material properties of static bending of FGP nanoplates resting on the EF are studied in detail.