bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A construção das políticas públicas de saúde: competências administrativas, solidariedade processual e desafios para o fortalecimento do SUS
Authors: Werner Patrícia Ulson Pizarro
Published: November 2015

O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a posição do Poder Judiciário brasileiro em reconhecer a responsabilidade solidária dos entes federativos na prestação dos serviços no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Pretende-se demonstrar a necessidade de não generalizar essa interpretação nos casos de ações judiciais que tenham a força de alterar uma política pública. A questão da solidariedade não deve ser vista aqui pelo ângulo processual, mas sim, de maneira inversa, em relação ao ente da federação que sozinho continuará a não dar conta de atender a demanda. Diante das incontestáveis limitações orçamentárias e de recursos humanos e estruturais, o fortalecimento da promoção do diálogo institucional criará um sistema coerente, transparente e com qualidade crescente, e estimulará a construção de políticas públicas de saúde planejadas de modo legítimo e durador.
Resenha nacional
Authors: Torronteguy Marco Aurélio Antas
Published: November 2015

Resenha sobre a obra "Acesso a medicamentos: direito ou utopia?", de Jorge Bermudez, E-papers, 2014
Resenha internacional
Authors: Amorim Ana
Published: November 2015

Resenha sobre a obra "Direitos dos pacientes e responsabilidade médica", de André Gonçalo Dias Pereira, Centro de Direito Biomédico, Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 2015
Não levando os custos dos direitos a sério: o direito prestacional à saúde pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal
Authors: Soares Hector Cury
Published: November 2015

O presente artigo apresenta o distanciamento entre os apontamentos doutrinários e as decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal no tocante ao direito prestacional a saúde. Para tanto, são realizadas revisão bibliográfica e analise do conteúdo de decisões do STF em relação ao direito prestacional a saúde. De um lado, a doutrina constitucional define o custo dos direitos como um elemento a ser considerado na teoria dos direitos fundamentais; de outro, a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) descarta-o como elemento relevante para a decisão que venha a adotar. O descompasso entre doutrina e jurisprudência implica o prejuízo de uma interpretação constitucionalmente adequada dos direitos sociais prestacionais.
A responsabilidade civil de médicos e de instituições da área médica
Authors: Dallari Dalmo de Abreu
Published: November 2015

Apresentação do Tema em Debate sobre responsabilidade civil médica
Epicardial Radiofrequency Ablation Failure During Ablation Procedures for Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Baldinger Samuel H. , Kumar Saurabh , Barbhaiya Chirag R. , Mahida Saagar , Epstein Laurence M. , Michaud Gregory F. , John Roy , Tedrow Usha B. , Stevenson William G.
Published: November 2015

Background—

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) from the epicardial space for ventricular arrhythmias is limited or impossible in some cases. Reasons for epicardial ablation failure and the effect on outcome have not been systematically analyzed.

Methods and Results—

We assessed reasons for epicardial RFA failure relative to the anatomic target area and the type of heart disease and assessed the effect of failed epicardial RFA on outcome after ablation procedures for ventricular arrhythmias in a large single-center cohort. Epicardial access was attempted during 309 ablation procedures in 277 patients and was achieved in 291 procedures (94%). Unlimited ablation in an identified target region could be performed in 181 cases (59%), limited ablation was possible in 22 cases (7%), and epicardial ablation was deemed not feasible in 88 cases (28%). Reasons for failed or limited ablation were unsuccessful epicardial access (6%), failure to identify an epicardial target (15%), proximity to a coronary artery (13%), proximity to the phrenic nerve (6%), and complications (<1%). Epicardial RFA was impeded in the majority of cases targeting the left ventricular summit region. Acute complications occurred in 9%. The risk for acute ablation failure was 8.3× higher (4.5–15.0;
P
<0.001) after no or limited epicardial RFA compared with unlimited RFA, and patients with unlimited epicardial RFA had better recurrence-free survival rates (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Epicardial RFA for ventricular arrhythmias is often limited even when pericardial access is successful. Variability of success is dependent on the target area, and the presence of factors limiting ablation is associated with worse outcomes.
Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Risk Score in Young Adults Predicts Coronary Artery and Abdominal Aorta Calcium in Middle Age
Authors: Gidding Samuel S. , Rana Jamal S. , Prendergast Christopher , McGill Henry , Carr J. Jeffery , Liu Kiang , Colangelo Laura A. , Loria Catherine M. , Lima Joao , Terry James G. , Reis Jared P. , McMahan C. Alex
Published: November 2015

Background—

We explored whether, the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) coronary and abdominal risk scores measured at 18 to 30 years of age and changes in these scores would more strongly predict coronary artery calcium (CAC) and abdominal aortic calcium (AAC) assessed 25 years later, than scores measured 25 years later.

Methods and Results—

In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 3008 participants had measurements of risk score components at 5-year intervals beginning at 18 to 30 years of age. CAC and AAC were assessed at 43 to 55 years of age. Odds ratios (ORs) for the presence and extent of CAC/AAC per/point higher score and c-statistics for predicting CAC/AAC were calculated. The prevalence of CAC was 28% and AAC was 53%. For each 1 point higher PDAY score, the odds of CAC were higher using baseline scores than year 25 scores (OR, 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25–1.33 versus OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.11–1.14). For AAC, ORs at years 0 and 25 were similar (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.24–1.34 versus OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.19–1.26). C-statistic for CAC prediction was higher at year 0 than year 25 (0.731 versus 0.705) but similar at years 0 and 25 for AAC (0.665 versus 0.670). ORs for CAC were highest at baseline, and, for AAC, ORs were highest at year 10. Including change in PDAY scores with baseline scores improved prediction.

Conclusions—

Atherosclerosis risk and change in risk assessed in young adulthood years before subclinical atherosclerosis imaging provide strong prediction of future subclinical atherosclerosis. CAC and AAC reflect chronic risk exposure in addition to risk measured at the time of study.
Roles of Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Hypertension-Associated Cognitive Decline in Healthy Adults
Authors: Hajjar Ihab , Goldstein Felicia C. , Martin Greg S. , Quyyumi Arshed A.
Published: November 2015

Although there is strong evidence that hypertension leads to cognitive decline, especially in the executive domain, the relationship between blood pressure and cognition has been conflicted. Hypertension is characterized by blood pressure elevation and increased arterial stiffness. We aimed at investigating whether arterial stiffness would be superior to blood pressure in predicting cognitive decline and explaining the hypertension-executive decline association. A randomly selected asymptomatic population (n=591, age=49.2 years, 70% women, 27% black, and education=18 years) underwent annual vascular and cognitive assessments. Cognition was assessed using computerized versions commonly used cognitive tests, and principal component analysis was used for deriving cognitive scores for executive function, memory, and working memory. Arterial stiffness was measured by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Higher PWV, but not blood pressure, was associated with a steeper decline in executive (
P
=0.0002), memory (
P
=0.05), and working memory (
P
=0.02) scores after adjusting for demographics, education, and baseline cognitive performance. This remained true after adjusting for hypertension. Hypertension was associated with greater decline in executive score (
P
=0.0029) and those with combined hypertension and elevated PWV (>7 m/s) had the greatest decline in executive score (
P
value hypertension×PWV=0.02). PWV explained the association between hypertension and executive function (
P
value for hypertension=0.0029 versus 0.24 when adjusting for PWV). In healthy adults, increased arterial stiffness is superior to blood pressure in predicting cognitive decline in all domains and in explaining the hypertension-executive function association. Arterial stiffness, especially in hypertension, may be a target in the prevention of cognitive decline.
Long-Term Stroke Risk Due to Partial White-Coat or Masked Hypertension Based on Home and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements
Authors: Satoh Michihiro , Asayama Kei , Kikuya Masahiro , Inoue Ryusuke , Metoki Hirohito , Hosaka Miki , Tsubota-Utsugi Megumi , Obara Taku , Ishiguro Aya , Murakami Keiko , Matsuda Ayako , Yasui Daisaku , Murakami Takahisa , Mano Nariyasu , Imai Yutaka , Ohkubo Takayoshi
Published: November 2015

The prognostic significance of white-coat hypertension (WCHT) is controversial, and different findings on self-measured home measurements and 24-h ambulatory monitoring make identifying WCHT difficult. We examined whether individuals with partially or completely defined WCHT, as well as masked hypertension, as determined by different out-of-office blood pressure measurements, have a distinct long-term stroke risk. We followed 1464 participants (31.8% men; mean age, 60.6±10.8 years) in the general population of Ohasama, Japan, for a median of 17.1 years. A first stroke occurred in 212 subjects. Using sustained normal blood pressure (events/n=61/776) as a reference, adjusted hazard ratios for stroke (95% confidence intervals; events/n) were 1.38 (0.82–2.32; 19/137) for complete WCHT (isolated office hypertension), 2.16 (1.36–3.43; 29/117) for partial WCHT (either home or ambulatory normotension with office hypertension), 2.05 (1.24–3.41; 23/100) for complete masked hypertension (both home and ambulatory hypertension with office normotension), 2.08 (1.37–3.16; 38/180) for partial masked hypertension (either home or ambulatory hypertension with office normotension), and 2.46 (1.61–3.77; 42/154) for sustained hypertension. When partial WCHT and partial masked hypertension groups were further divided into participants only with home hypertension and those only with ambulatory hypertension, all subgroups had a significantly higher stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio ≥1.84,
P
≤0.04). In conclusion, impacts of partial WCHT as well as partial masked hypertension for long-term stroke risk were comparable to those of complete masked hypertension or sustained hypertension. We need both home and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurements to evaluate stroke risk accurately.
The Element שלם in Hebrew Personal Names in the Land of Israel during the Iron Age ii Period
Authors: Golub Mitka R.
Published: November 2015

In this study, I investigated all personal names with the element שלם in the Land of Israel during the Iron Age ii period. I collected the names from archaeological and biblical sources, analyzed and compared their distribution according to geography, chronology, and political affiliation. The results show that while שלם is a popular element in Judah from the eighth to the early sixth centuries, it is absent from Israel. The element שלם in unvocalized names from archaeological sources is interpreted mostly as ‘replacement, substitute’ (for the deceased child). However, the popularity of the element שלם solely in Judah may indicate that שלם was used more often than we assume as a divine name referring to YHWH, as do all other Judean popular names. In addition, the comparison between the names from archaeological and biblical sources may be interpreted to indicate that the Bible reflects Judean and not Israelite onomastic traditions.
אשר-Zitateinleitungssätze in Jeremia und 1QM. Anmerkungen zu 1QM 10:6, zu der hebräischen Vorlage von lxx-Jer 26:13; 49:19 sowie zu mt-Jer 14:1; 46:1; 47:1; 49:34
Authors: Finsterbusch Karin , Jacoby Norbert
Published: November 2015

In mt-Jer there are four cases of a peculiar אשר clause, which seems to be syntactically isolated (mt-Jer 14:1; 46:2; 47:1 und 49:34). However, the existence of three similar cases has been hitherto overlooked (two in the supposed Hebrew Vorlage of the lxx-Jer and one in 1QM). In this paper, we shall argue that the function of this אשר clause is to introduce a quotation. In syntactical terms, the relative clause is the predicate and the quotation the subject of a nominal clause.
Sexual dimorphism, deformations, and epibionts of Phrynops tuberosus (Testudines, Chelidae)
Authors: Rodrigues João Fabrício Mota , Silva José Roberto Feitosa
Published: November 2015

Studies focusing on the natural history of species are essential for developing effective conservation measures and evaluating ecological hypotheses. To this end, we describe natural history data of the Cotinga River toadhead turtle,Phrynops tuberosus, in the Banabuiú River in Ceará, Brazil, and evaluated sexual dimorphism, epibionts, and mutilation effects. We hand-captured 134 individuals by snorkeling, over a period of one year, resulting in the capture of 94 males, 24 females, and 16 juveniles. Females had larger head width and body mass than males, while males had longer tail length. One quarter of the turtles captured had some sort of injury or deformation, most common injuries being missing claws, mutilations, and shell deformations. We found no difference in body condition index between mutilated and non-mutilated animals. Mollusks, insects, and leeches were found as epibionts onP. tuberosusand most of the captured turtles had extensive algal cover. Future studies should focus on understanding the effect of mutilations on animal fitness and reproductive success.
From Kosovo to Crimea and Beyond: On Territorial Integrity, Unilateral Secession and Legal Neutrality in International Law
Authors: van den Driest Simone F.
Published: November 2015

In the aftermath of the Ukrainian Revolution, Ukraine’s autonomous region of Crimea declared independence and filed an application to subsequently join the Russian Federation. In seeking to justify these acts, both the Crimean authorities and the Russian Federation referred to international law, including the International Court of Justice’s Advisory Opinion on Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence. In this Advisory Opinion, the Court indeed found that the principle of territorial integrity merely applies in the relationship between States and concluded that general international law does not contain a prohibition on unilateral declarations of independence. These findings and the interpretation of the Advisory Opinion as put forward by the Crimean and Russian authorities, however, raise pertinent questions. This article therefore aims to shed light on the scope of the principle of territorial integrity of States and its implications for the legality of and perceived legal neutrality concerning unilateral secession under international law.
Uti Possidetis Iuris in the Twenty-First Century: Consensual or Customary?
Authors: Sarvarian Arman
Published: November 2015

The doctrine of uti possidetis iuris provides that, in the succession of States arising from secession or disintegration, territorial title is delimited between successors according to internal borders at the time of succession. Although it is commonly accepted that the concept originated in the nineteenth-century successions in the Spanish Americas and was generally adopted by the twentieth-century decolonization successors in Africa, international law scholars have been divided on whether the doctrine has thereafter evolved into a universal rule of customary international law that presumptively binds successors but is rebuttable by common agreement. This article argues that the ‘presumption’ of binding application is not supported by precedent and is inconsistent with the principle of consent. Rather, the law of State succession is neutral on the delimitation of successors’ frontiers: uti possidetis iuris is one of several methods of territorial delimitation that may be adopted by their common consent.
The Title to Dokdo/Takeshima: Addressing the Legacy of World War ii Territorial Settlements/Finding the Right Settlement of Dispute Mechanism
Authors: Castellino Joshua , Redondo Elvira Domínguez
Published: November 2015

The seas of South East Asia present a succinct backdrop against which several current disputes are being played out. At stake are the maritime boundaries of China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore. In seeking to delimit such international maritime boundaries, vital questions are being asked concerning sovereignty over islands, reefs and islets, and the value that can be ascribed to these following the determination of sovereignty. This paper seeks to examine one such dispute, between South Korea and Japan, concerning contested sovereignty over two traditionally uninhabited islets that lie in the sea between the two countries, namely the islets of Dokdo (Korean name)/Takeshima (Japanese), also known as Liancourt Rocks (English terminology).
The systematic status of Gonocephalus robinsonii Boulenger, 1908 (Squamata: Agamidae: Draconinae)
Authors: Denzer WOLFGANG , Manthey ULRICH , Mahlow KRISTIN , BÖhme WOLFGANG
Published: November 2015

The generic assignment of the draconine lizard Gonocephalus robinsonii from the highlands of West-Malaysia has been uncertain since the original description. Here we present a study based on morphology, previously published karyotype data and molecular phylogenetics using 16S rRNA sequences to evaluate the systematic status of G. robinsonii. As a result we describe Malayodracon gen. nov. to accommodate the species.
A survey of nematodes of the genus Cucullanus Müller, 1777 (Nematoda, Seuratoidea) parasitic in marine fishes off Brazil, including description of three new species
Authors: VIEIRA FABIANO M. , PEREIRA FELIPE B. , PANTOJA CAMILA , SOARES IRIS A. , PEREIRA ALDENICE N. , TIMI JUAN T. , SCHOLZ TOMÁŠ , LUQUE JOSÉ L.
Published: November 2015

A taxonomic survey of six nematode species (including three new taxa) from the genus Cucullanus Müller, 1777, parasites of marine fishes off the Brazilian coast, is provided. Nematodes were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cucullanus gastrophysi n. sp. parasitic in Lophius gastrophysus Miranda Ribeiro differs from its congeners by the combination of the following features: shape and number of sclerotized structures in the oesophastome (a pair of lateral elongate structures and a single small reniform one), position of deirids and excretory pore (both anterior to oesophagus base), spicule length and spicule/body length ratio (0.97–1.29 mm and 6.5–10.5%, respectively), morphology and length of gubernaculum (V-shaped, 107–135 µm long). Cucullanus protrudens n. sp. from Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus) has the cloacal lips broadly protruded, which differentiates it from several species of Cucullanus; other features, e.g., the length of spicules and gubernaculum (400–415 µm and 91–103 µm, respectively), arrangement of caudal papillae and position of excretory pore (slightly posterior to oesophagus-intestine junction) also characterize this species. Cucullanus pseudopercis n. sp. from Pseudopercis semifasciata (Cuvier) has deirids and excretory pore posterior to the oesophagus-intestine junction, which distinguishes the species from most of the congeners; furthermore, the arrangement of caudal papillae in combination with the length of spicules and gubernaculum (1.0–1.5 mm and 178–196 µm, respectively) separate this species from other taxa. Newly collected specimens of C. cirratus Müller, 1777 (type species of the genus) from Urophycis brasiliensis (Kaup), C. pedroi from Conger orbignianus Valenciennes (type host of the species) and C. genypteri Sardella, Navone & Timi, 1997 from Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, were studied as well. Comparisons between newly collected samples and the taxonomic data available for each respective species revealed features that were not previously mentioned (e.g. presence of unpaired cloacal papilla, detailed morphology of cloacal lips), as well as negligible differences in morphometry and caudal papillae arrangement. Observations on the type material of C. carioca suggested affinities with the genus Dichelyne Jägerskiöld, 1902; however, the poor preservation of these specimens does not allow further conclusions. Cucullanus rougetae is considered to be a species inquirenda.
Increasing Daily Precipitation Intensity Associated with Warmer Air Temperatures over Northern Eurasia
Authors: Ye Hengchun , Fetzer Eric J. , Behrangi Ali , Wong Sun , Lambrigtsen Bjorn H. , Wang Crysti Y. , Cohen Judah , Gamelin Brandi L.
Published: November 2015

This study uses 45 years of observational records from 517 historical surface weather stations over northern Eurasia to examine changing precipitation characteristics associated with increasing air temperatures. Results suggest that warming air temperatures over northern Eurasia have been accompanied by higher precipitation intensity but lower frequency and little change in annual precipitation total. An increase in daily precipitation intensity of around 1%–3% per each degree of air temperature increase is found for all seasons as long as a station’s seasonal mean air temperature is below about 15°–16°C. This threshold temperature may be location dependent. At temperatures above this threshold, precipitation intensity switches to decreasing with increasing air temperature, possibly related to decreasing water vapor associated with extreme high temperatures. Furthermore, the major atmospheric circulation of the Arctic Oscillation, Scandinavian pattern, east Atlantic–western Eurasian pattern, and polar–Eurasian pattern also have significant influences on precipitation intensity in winter, spring, and summer over certain areas of northern Eurasia.
Arctic Ocean Heat Impact on Regional Ice Decay: A Suggested Positive Feedback
Authors: Ivanov Vladimir , Alexeev Vladimir , Koldunov Nikolay V. , Repina Irina , Sandø Anne Britt , Smedsrud Lars Henrik , Smirnov Alexander
Published: November 2015

Broad, long-living, ice-free areas in midwinter northeast of Svalbard between 2011 and 2014 are investigated. The formation of these persistent and reemerging anomalies is linked, hypothetically, with the increased seasonality of Arctic sea ice cover, enabling an enhanced influence of oceanic heat on sea ice and, in particular, heat transported by Atlantic Water. The “memory” of ice-depleted conditions in summer is transferred to the fall season through excess heat content in the upper mixed layer, which in turn transfers to midwinter via thinner and younger ice. This thinner ice is more fragile and mobile, thus facilitating the formation of polynyas and leads. When openings in ice cover form along the Atlantic Water pathway, weak density stratification at the mixed layer base supports the development of thermohaline convection, which further entrains warm and salty water from deeper layers. Convection-induced upward heat flux from the Atlantic layer retards ice formation, either keeping ice thickness low or blocking ice formation entirely. Certain stages of this chain of events have been examined in a region north of Svalbard and Franz Joseph Land, between 80° and 83°N and 15° and 60°E, where the top hundred meters of Atlantic inflow through the Fram Strait cools and freshens rapidly. Complementary research methods, including statistical analyses of observations and numerical modeling, are used to support the basic concept that the recently observed retreat of sea ice northeast of Svalbard in winter may be explained by a positive feedback between summer ice decay and the growing influence of oceanic heat on a seasonal time scale.
A Revised Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index
Authors: Liu Ping , Zhang Qin , Zhang Chidong , Zhu Yuejian , Khairoutdinov Marat , Kim Hye-Mi , Schumacher Courtney , Zhang Minghua
Published: November 2015

This study investigates why OLR plays a small role in the Real-time Multivariate (Madden–Julian oscillation) MJO (RMM) index and how to improve it. The RMM index consists of the first two leading principal components (PCs) of a covariance matrix, which is constructed by combined daily anomalies of OLR and zonal winds at 850 (U850) and 200 hPa (U200) in the tropics after being normalized with their globally averaged standard deviations of 15.3 W m−2, 1.8 m s−1, and 4.9 m s−1, respectively. This covariance matrix is reasoned mathematically close to a correlation matrix. Both matrices substantially suppress the overall contribution of OLR and make the index more dynamical and nearly transparent to the convective initiation of the MJO. A covariance matrix that does not use normalized anomalies leads to the other extreme where OLR plays a dominant role while U850 and U200 are minor. Numerous tests indicate that a simple scaling of the anomalies (i.e., 2 W m−2, 1 m s−1, and 1 m s−1) can better balance the roles of OLR and winds. The revised PCs substantially enhance OLR over the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans and change it less notably in other locations, while they reduce U850 and U200 only slightly. Comparisons with the original RMM in spatial structure, power spectra, and standard deviation demonstrate improvements of the revised RMM index.
Importance of Latent Heating in Mesocyclones for the Decay of Cold Air Outbreaks: A Numerical Process Study from the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Papritz Lukas , Pfahl Stephan
Published: November 2015

In this study the dynamical mechanisms shaping the evolution of a marine cold air outbreak (CAO) that occurred over the Ross, Amundsen, and Bellingshausen Seas in June 2010 are investigated in an isentropic framework. The drainage of cold air from West Antarctica into the interior Ross Sea, its subsequent export, and the formation of a dome of cold air off the sea ice edge are shown to be intimately linked to a lower-tropospheric cyclone, as well as the cyclonic breaking of an upper-level potential vorticity trough. The dome formation is accompanied by an extreme deepening of the boundary layer, whose top reaches to the height of the low-lying tropopause within the trough, potentially allowing for deep stratosphere–troposphere exchange. A crucial finding of this study is that the decay of the CAO is essentially driven by the circulation associated with a train of mesocyclones and the release of latent heat in their warm sectors. Sensitivity experiments with switched off fluxes of sensible and latent heat reveal that the erosion of the CAO air mass depends critically on the moistening by latent heat fluxes, whereby the synergistic effects of sensible heat fluxes and moist processes amplify the erosion. Within the CAO air mass, the erosion is inhibited by cloud-top radiative cooling and the dissolution of clouds by the entrainment of dryer air. These findings potentially have implications for the representation of CAOs in coarse-resolution climate models.
Chinese State-Owned Enterprises and Human Rights: The Importance of National and Intra-Organizational Pressures
Authors: Whelan Glen , Muthuri Judy
Published: November 2015

The growing global prominence of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) brings new dimensions to our understanding of multi-national corporations (MNCs) and human rights issues. This article constructs a three-level framework that enables the mapping of transnational, national, and intra-organizational human rights pressures, and uses this framework to identify and analyze the human rights that Chinese SOEs report concern with. The analysis provided suggests that while China’s most global SOEs are subject to transnational pressures to respect all human rights, such pressures appear outweighed by those encouraging them to concentrate on only some human rights (i.e., economic, social, and cultural rights) within their national and intra-organizational environment. The article concludes by identifying a number of ways in which our conceptual framework and empirical findings can inform future research.
Cognitive Workload ≠ Crash Risk
Authors: Shinar David
Published: November 2015

Strayer et al.’s article is a significant attempt to scale the cognitive workload of different potentially distracting tasks. It is tempting but not warranted to equate the workload with the relative risk of crash involvement. In this article, I list the reasons why the scaling should not be generalized to safety implications in real driving and argue for the combination of studies of maximal performance assessment (e.g., simulation) with behavioral assessment (e.g., naturalistic driving).
Assessing Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile
Authors: Strayer David L. , Turrill Jonna , Cooper Joel M. , Coleman James R. , Medeiros-Ward Nathan , Biondi Francesco
Published: November 2015

Objective:

The objective was to establish a systematic framework for measuring and understanding cognitive distraction in the automobile.

Background:

Driver distraction from secondary in-vehicle activities is increasingly recognized as a significant source of injuries and fatalities on the roadway.

Method:

Across three studies, participants completed eight in-vehicle tasks commonly performed by the driver of an automobile. Primary, secondary, subjective, and physiological measures were collected and integrated into a cognitive distraction scale.

Results:

In-vehicle activities, such as listening to the radio or an audio book, were associated with a low level of cognitive workload; the conversation activities of talking to a passenger in the vehicle or conversing with a friend on a handheld or hands-free cell phone were associated with a moderate level of cognitive workload; and using a speech-to-text interfaced e-mail system involved a high level of cognitive workload.

Conclusion:

The research established that there are significant impairments to driving that stem from the diversion of attention from the task of operating a motor vehicle and that the impairments to driving are directly related to the cognitive workload of these in-vehicle activities. Moreover, the adoption of voice-based systems in the vehicle may have unintended consequences that adversely affect traffic safety.

Application:

These findings can be used to help inform scientifically based policies on driver distraction, particularly as they relate to cognitive distraction stemming from the diversion of attention to other concurrent activities in the vehicle.
Judging Thieves of Attention
Authors: Hancock Peter A. , Sawyer Ben D.
Published: November 2015

The laudable effort by Strayer and his colleagues to derive a systematic method to assess forms of cognitive distraction in the automobile is beset by the problem of nonstationary in driver response capacity. At the level of the overall goal of driving, this problem conflates actual on-road behavior; characterized by underspecified task satisficing, with our own understandable, scientifically inspired aspiration for measuring deterministic performance optimization. Measures of response conceived under this latter imperative are, at best, only shadowy reflections of the actual phenomenological experience involved in real-world vehicle control. Whether we, as a research community, can resolve this issue remains uncertain. However, we believe we can mount a positive attack on what is arguably another equally important dimension of the collision problem.
Driven to Distraction
Authors: Strayer David L. , Cooper Joel M.
Published: November 2015

We address several themes that emerged in the commentaries related to our target article. First, we consider the relationship between cognitive distraction and crash risk. Second, we discuss the development of our cognitive distraction scale. Third, we weigh issues of self-regulation, appropriate baselines, and satisficing. Finally, we identify several areas where additional research is needed to refine our understanding of driver distraction and crash risk.
Marikana: Analysing Miners’ Subjectivity and the Crisis of Representation
Authors: Hayem Judith
Published: November 2015

This article analyses some of the reasons for the violent repression of the miners’ strike in Marikana, South Africa, in which 34 people died on 16 August 2012. It explores the economic and productive context which led the Rock Drill Operators to demand a wage increase outside the usual wage-bargaining structures. It goes on to examine the strikers’ subjectivity and the principles of their strike. Because the strike was organised independently of the main union, the National Union of Mineworkers, by miners demanding direct talks with their employer, as a sign of recognition, it illustrated a crisis of representation and embodied an alternative politics. The author argues that the African National Congress government was faced with a challenge to its instituted forms of political representation and, as a result, ordered the police to fire on the demonstrators.
The Bond Legacy
Authors: Sanjek Roger
Published: November 2015

This article surveys the intellectual, fieldwork, and professional career of the anthropologist George Clement Bond. Beginning in 1963, he conducted fieldwork in Zambia over four decades and produced a substantial body of writings on history, ritual, colonialism, and contemporary rural life. He also worked in Uganda in the 1980s on the HIV/AIDS crisis. From 1968, he taught at Columbia University, where he was Director of the Institute of African Studies. Bond’s measured outlook on the interrelated conceptual orientations and practical realities that confront the people anthropologists work among and learn from, and also shape their own circumstances, gave meaning and purpose to his work, which was recognized in honors and awards, speaking invitations, fellowships, and elected professional offices.
Psychiatric and neuropsychological issues in Marfan syndrome
Authors: Gritti Antonella , Pisano Simone , Catone Gennaro , Iuliano Raffaella , Salvati Tiziana , Gritti Paolo
Published: November 2015

The cooccurrence of Marfan syndrome and psychiatric disorders has been reported for many years. Furthermore, neuropsychological deficits have been shown to be associated with Marfan syndrome. The aim of the present article is to summarize findings from the sparse studies and case reports available. The results hold clinical and therapeutic implications and suggest that psychological and neuropsychological domains in Marfan syndrome patients should be carefully assessed. In particular, some patients may require specific rehabilitation programs. On this basis, a multidisciplinary approach to Marfan syndrome treatment seems mandatory.
Grain Scale of Ottoman Istanbul: Architecture of the Unkapanı Landing Square
Authors: Erkal Namık
Published: November 2015

The grain provisioning of the Ottoman capital city Istanbul for the subsistence of its considerable population, including the court, the military, and the religious institutions, was maintained through the same location on an extramural landing square along the wharfs of the Golden Horn from the mid-fifteenth century up until the mid-nineteenth century: the Unkapanı. This article addresses the urban architecture of Istanbul Unkapanı as an illustration of the Ottoman official distribution centers referred to after public weighing scales as kapan. Here, the buildings constituting the Unkapanı—the great magazine as the hall of the public weighing scale for grain, the mosque, and the tradesmen council house ( dîvânhâne or çardak)—are identified and represented on the evidence of the original textual and visual sources, while the urban patterns through the landing square from the wharfs to the city gate are mapped.
How Organizational Identity Affects Team Functioning: The Identity Instrumentality Hypothesis
Authors: Mesmer-Magnus Jessica R. , Asencio Raquel , Seely Peter W. , DeChurch Leslie A.
Published: November 2015

How does organizational identity affect team functioning? We articulate and test an identity instrumentality hypothesis that suggests that organizational identity (1) directly predicts those aspects of team functioning that enable, and are instrumental in, employees’ fulfillment of their identity with the organization; and (2) indirectly predicts other aspects of team functioning not instrumental to organizational identity fulfillment. Underlying this hypothesis is the idea that some aspects of team functioning, such as team performance and cooperative team behaviors, are important to individuals’ fulfillment of their organizational identity because the implications of these behaviors extend beyond the immediacy of the team, whereas other aspects of team functioning (e.g., team affect) are not instrumental to organizational identity fulfillment because they are relevant mainly within the team context. We test the identity instrumentality hypothesis by using meta-analytic path analysis conducted on effect estimates obtained from 132 independent studies (total N = 28,024) of organizational and team identity. As hypothesized, we find that whereas team identity fully mediates the relationship between organizational identity and team affective constructs (i.e., aspects of team functioning not instrumental to the fulfillment of organizational identity), organizational identity uniquely and directly affects cooperative team behavior and team performance, which are those aspects of team functioning that are instrumental to the fulfillment of organizational identity.
Timing of Sexual Initiation and Relationship Satisfaction in Young Adult Marital and Cohabiting Unions
Authors: Holway Giuseppina Valle , Tillman Kathryn Harker
Published: November 2015

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this research examines the association between timing of oral sex initiation and marital and cohabiting relationship satisfaction among young adults. Findings indicate that women who transition to oral sex “late” or who have no oral sex experience report higher levels of relationship satisfaction in their current coresidential unions than do women who transition at a “normative” age. Higher levels of relationship satisfaction among women who transition “late,” however, appear to be explained by their lower likelihood of experiencing forced sexual relations and sexually transmitted infections. We find no evidence of any association between timing of oral sex initiation and relationship satisfaction among men. To best promote healthy relationships, researchers, practitioners, and educators need to better understand the various types of sexual activities in which young people engage.
A Systematic Review of Non‐Echo Planar Diffusion‐Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Primary and Postoperative Cholesteatoma
Authors: van Egmond Sylvia L. , Stegeman Inge , Grolman Wilko , Aarts Mark C. J.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To investigate the diagnostic value of non–echo planar diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) for primary and recurrent/residual (postoperative) cholesteatoma in adults (≥18 years) after canal wall up surgery.

Data Sources

We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane up to October 22, 2014.

Review methods

All studies investigating non–echo planar DW‐MRI for primary and postoperative cholesteatoma were selected and critically appraised for relevance and validity.

Results

In total, 779 unique articles were identified, of which 23 articles were included for critical appraisal. Seven articles met our criteria for relevance and validity for postoperative cholesteatoma. Four studies were additionally included for subgroup analysis of primary cases only. Ranges of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value yielded 43%‐92%, 58%‐100%, 50%‐100% and 64%‐100%, respectively. Results for primary subgroup analysis were 83%‐100%, 50%‐100%, 85%‐100%, and 50%‐100%, respectively. Results for subgroup analysis for only postoperative cases yielded 80%‐82%, 90%‐100%, 96%‐100%, 64%‐85%, respectively. Despite a higher prevalence of cholesteatoma in the primary cases, there was no clinical difference in added value of DW‐MRI between primary and postoperative cases.

Conclusion

We found a high predictive value of non–echo planar DW‐MRI for the detection of primary and postoperative cholesteatoma. Given the moderate quality of evidence, we strongly recommend both the use of non‐echo planar DW‐MRI scans for the follow‐up after cholesteatoma surgery, and when the correct diagnosis is questioned in primary preoperative cases.
South Africa’s informal economy: Reframing debates in national policy
Authors: Rogerson Christian M
Published: November 2015

In common with much of the global South, the policy environment in South Africa surrounding the informal economy is highly significant for local development futures. The objective in this paper is to unravel the shifting trajectories and reframing of national government policy towards the informal economy in South Africa since the 1994 democratic transition. It is disclosed that, notwithstanding a rhetoric of support for the informal economy as part of small, medium and micro-enterprise (SMME) policy, a national policy framework for supporting the informal economy in South Africa was initiated only in 2012. A pro-development narrative is provided in national policy documents and is accompanied by the progressive roll out of support interventions seeking to address certain of the key challenges of informal entrepreneurs. The most controversial aspects of the new policy framework surround initiatives introduced in proposals to ‘improve the regulatory environment’ for local informal entrepreneurs. What exists within national policy is a pro-development approach for South African informal entrepreneurs linked to an anti-developmental agenda towards migrant entrepreneurs. Arguably, South Africa is far from having established a set of inclusive policies towards the country’s informal economy and a suite of interventions that acknowledge its contributions for national economic development.
Tobacco Use Is Associated With Increased Complications After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Cancienne Jourdan M. , Gwathmey F. Winston , Miller Mark D. , Werner Brian C.
Published: November 2015

Background:

The use of tobacco is a well-established cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. There have been few studies examining the effect of tobacco use on outcomes and complications after arthroscopic knee procedures such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Purpose:

To investigate the relationship between tobacco use and rates of postoperative infection, venous thromboembolism (VTE), arthrofibrosis, and subsequent ACL reconstruction after primary ACL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A national insurance database was queried for patients who underwent arthroscopic-assisted ACL reconstruction using Current Procedural Terminology code 29888. Patients underage for tobacco use in all regions of the United States (age <20 years), those with prior ACL reconstruction, and those with the following concomitant procedures were excluded: open cruciate or collateral ligament reconstruction, open or arthroscopic cartilage procedures, patellar stabilization, extra-articular ligamentous reconstruction, and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tobacco use and non–tobacco use cohorts were queried using International Classification of Diseases–9th Revision coding. The non–tobacco use patients were then matched to the patients with coded tobacco use by age, sex, obesity, diabetes, meniscal repair, and meniscectomy. Complications within 90 days postoperatively were assessed for both cohorts, including infection, VTE, arthrofibrosis, and subsequent ipsilateral or contralateral ACL reconstruction after the index procedure.

Results:

A total of 13,358 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction met inclusion and exclusion criteria, including 1659 patients with documented tobacco use and 11,699 matched controls. The incidence of infection was significantly higher in patients who use tobacco (2.0%) versus matched controls (0.9%; odds ratio [OR], 2.3; P < .0001). The rate of VTE was also significantly higher in patients who use tobacco (1.0%) compared with matched controls (0.5%; OR, 1.9; P = .035). The rate of subsequent ACL reconstruction was significantly higher in the tobacco use cohort (12.6%) compared with matched controls (7.8%; OR, 1.7; P < .0001). There was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative stiffness after ACL reconstruction between patients who use tobacco (2.0%) and matched controls (2.3%; OR, 0.9; P = .656).

Conclusion:

ACL reconstruction in patients who use tobacco is associated with significantly increased rates of infection, VTE, and subsequent ACL reconstruction compared with controls. There was no association between tobacco use and postoperative arthrofibrosis after primary ACL reconstruction.
Visfatin: New marker of oxidative stress in preterm newborns
Authors: Marseglia Lucia , D’Angelo Gabriella , Manti Marta , Aversa Salvatore , Fiamingo Chiara , Arrigo Teresa , Barberi Ignazio , Mamì Carmelo , Gitto Eloisa
Published: November 2015

Background:

Oxidative stress is involved in several neonatal conditions characterized by an upregulation in the production of oxidative or nitrative free radicals and a concomitant decrease in the availability of antioxidant species. Oxygen, which is obviously vital to survival, can be highly damaging to neonatal tissue which is known to be poorly equipped to neutralize toxic derivatives. Thus, exposure of the newborn infant to high oxygen concentrations during resuscitation at birth increases oxidative damage. Visfatin is an adipocytokine involved in oxidative stress and an important mediator of inflammation that induces dose-dependent production of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. To our knowledge, the diagnostic value of visfatin as a marker of oxidative stress in preterm newborns has not been investigated.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate visfatin levels in preterm neonates resuscitated with different concentrations of oxygen in the delivery room.

Patients:

Fifty-two preterm newborns with gestational age less than 32 weeks, resuscitated randomly with different oxygen concentrations (40%, 60%, or 100%) were enrolled at the University Hospital of Messina, over a 12-month period to evaluate serum visfatin levels at T0 (within 1 h after birth), T24 h, T72 h, and T168 h of life.

Results:

At T72 h and T168 h, higher serum visfatin values in the high-oxygen group compared to the low- and mild-oxygen subjects ( P = 0.002 and P <0.001, respectively) were noted.

Conclusion:

The results of this study suggest that visfatin could be a new marker of oxidative stress in preterm newborns.