bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical investigation of the sintering rate of snow
Authors: Herwijnen Alec Van , Miller Daniel A.
Published: March 2013

Sintering rates in snow were investigated by measuring changes in penetration resistance with time and by using a numerical snow metamorphism model. Periodic Snow Micro Penetrometer (SMP) measurements were performed on uniform snow samples covering a wide range of densities. The mean penetration resistance of snow increased with time according to a power law with an average exponent of 0.18. Simulated changes in the bond-to-grain ratio for simplified spherical ice grains followed a power law with an average exponent of 0.18, showing that the mean penetration resistance, as measured with the SMP, closely relates to bond-to-grain ratio in snow. For lower-density snow samples, consisting mostly of dendritic snow morphologies, the measured increase in penetration resistance was lower. This is likely the result of two competing processes: (1) strengthening of the snow sample due to the creation and growth of bonds and (2) weakening of the snow sample due to the formation of unbonded small rounded particles at the expense of larger dendritic forms. On the other hand, the rate of increase in penetration resistance for snow samples consisting of closely packed depth hoar was similar to that of rounded grains.
Relationship of Initial Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) with initial tumor load and bone marrow remission in childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Authors: Tawfique Muhammad , Mannan MA , Haque Mirza Manjurul , Begum Mamtaz , Kabir SM Rashed Zahangir , Khan Zohora Jameela
Published: March 2013

This was a prospective interventional study conducted in the department of pediatric hematology and oncology in BSMMU during the period from January 2004 to June 2005. The objectives of the study were to observe- The effects of initial tumor load on initial LDH and the relation of initial LDH levels with response to remission induction chemotherapy in childhood ALL.  All the children from one to fourteen years with the confirmed diagnosis of ALL, irrespective of their sex, were included in the study. Out of total 40 cases 21 of them were male and 19 female. As much as 60% of them were from rural areas and 40% city dwellers. Before starting chemotherapy for induction of remission complete clinical and laboratory assessments were done. Evaluation was also performed on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days after the starting of treatment. All the assessments were done to see whether the cases were in bone marrow remission or not.  Initial LDH level was found to have direct correlation with initial WBC as well as initial blast cell count. Mean LDH levels differed significantly between the group having initial hyperleukocytosis (50x10(9)/L) and that below 50x10(9)/L. Mean LDH level was also significantly higher in the cases of ALL with IBC >25x10(9)/L than the group with IBC below 25x10(9)/L.  The cases with very high initial LDH level responded poorly to dexamethasone monotherapy as well as to polychemotherapy in induction of remission in childhood ALL. Level of initial LDH was observed to be a significant indicator of outcome of induction of remission in childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14174 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 3-8
Self  Medication of Anti-microbial Agents (AMAs) and Over-the-Counter Practices: A Study in Mymensingh Sadar Area
Authors: Begum Shamim Ara , Hasan Mahmud Javed , Sharmeen Atia , Sultana Shamima
Published: March 2013

Self-medication is common in countries where prescription legislations are not strong enough and drugs are available over the counter. This study was conducted to assess the self-medication by antibiotics in Mymensingh Sadar Area population and determine the factors related to it. This descriptive study was conducted in Mymensingh Sadar Area between January 2010 and December 2010. Convenient sampling was used to select respondents from among those who came to the community pharmacies to purchase drugs for self-medication. Respondents were interviewed after they made their requests but before they were provided with information on the drugs they requested. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. Drug consumers consisted of all age categories of both genders; as well as different occupations of varying educational background levels. The most frequently reported illnesses that prompted self-medication of respondents were fever, dental pain, cough & common cold, dermatological and ENT problems. Over 42% of them made their requests by telling symptoms of illness and 32.3% obtained advice from traditional healers. The most common reasons reported for self-diagnosis and self-medication were cost of physician service and non-seriousness of the disease. More than 13 different types of antibiotics were requested, the most frequent category of antibiotics being ciprofloxacin/other FQS 21%, amoxicillin 16.5%, azithromycin/erythromycin 14% and cephalosporin 13.3%. Self-medication is widely practiced for a wide range of illnesses or symptoms of illnesses and for over-the-counter. The public as well as the health care providers have to be educated on the scopes of self-medication; i.e., the type of illnesses to be self-diagnosed and self-treated and the type of drug products to be used in order to promote responsible self-medication. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14176 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 15-20
Value of the single Widal test in the Diagnosis of Typhoid fever
Authors: Begum Zohra , Ahsan Md Monjurul , Begum Ambia , Baten Abdul , Alam Md Murshed , Ahmed Kh Golam Sabbir , Parveen Shahanaz
Published: March 2013

The value of a single Widal test was evaluated on 100 clinically suspected typhoid fever cases and 40 age-sex matched controls, in the Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College during the period from July 2006 to June 2007. Blood culture and Widal test with rising titre were performed in all patients. Among 100 clinically suspected of typhoid fever cases, 35 were subsequently confirmed on the basis of positive blood culture for S. typhi and/or significant rising titre of Widal test. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of a single Widal test was found as 42.85%, 85.00%, 71.42% and 62.96% respectively. Thus, an elevated levels of agglutinating O and H antibodies as measured in a single Widal test might be helpful in making a presumptive diagnosis of typhoid fever if interpreted with care. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14180 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 34-38
Socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers and infant feeding practices in some semi urban villages of a selected Upazilla
Authors: Mahejabin Farzana , Khan Abdul Wadud , Sultana Masuda
Published: March 2013

To identify the socio-demogrsphic factors and to determine the breast-feeding and weaning practices of the mothers of infants in some selected villages of Dhamrai.  A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted from July to December, 2011. A total of 320 mothers were interviewed having infant up to the age of 1 year. A validated questionnaire, which consists of questions relating to socio-demographic data, breast-feeding and weaning practices, was used.  The total number of mothers interviewed was 320 who had infants up to 1 year of age. The mothers were mostly 154(48.1%) aged 21- 25 years and 107 (33.4%) aged 26-30 years. Most 151 (47.2%) of the mothers were educated up to primary level and 96(30%) up to secondary level. 71 mothers were illiterate. The mothers were mostly 190(55.4%) belonged to nuclear family and 129(40.3%) joint family. Most 301(94.1%) of the mothers were housewife. The monthly income of the respondents were Taka 5001-10000 amongst 149(47%) and Taka < 5000 132 (41%). The mean monthly family income of the respondents was 7626.56±3171.248 Taka. Out of 320 infants, 137 (43%) were aged 9-12 months, 124 (39%) were 6-9 months and 59 (18.4%) infants were aged < 6 months. The infants mostly 96(30%) weighted more than 8 kg, 95 (30%) weighted 6-8 kg and 76 (24%) weighted 4-6 kg. All the mothers had initiated breast feeding to their infants and majority 298(98%) were on breast feeding and 57 (96.6%) were on exclusive breast feeding during the study. The infants of < 6 months fed breast milk 8 times or more in a day, the infants of 6-9 months fed breast milk 6-8 times in a day and those not breast fed they fed liquid/soft foods 4-6 times in a day. The infants of 9-12 months fed breast milk 4-6 times in a day and those not breast fed they fed liquid/soft foods 6-8 times in a day. The infants mostly 57(96.6%) were on exclusive breast feeding at the age of <6 months and on complementary feeding 77 (62%) and 83(60.5%) infants at the age of 6-9 and 9-12 months respectively. The infants were not on breast feed 13 (10.5%) at the age of 6-9 months and 23(16.8%) at the age of 9-12 months. Out of 320 respondents 315(98.4%) were aware about the usefulness of breast feeding and 5(1.6%) were not aware. Out of 320 respondents 269(84.1%) were aware about the complementary food and 51(15.9%) were not aware. Out of 320 respondents 218(68.1%) were aware about the knowledge of starting weaning food and 102(31.9%) were not aware about the starting of weaning food.  The results of the study indicate that the breast feeding practices among the mother of urban areas were well practiced. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14183 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 43-48
Near Miss Cases in Women of Bangladesh
Authors: Nahar Kamrun , Yasmin Halima
Published: March 2013

A Near Miss Case denotes a woman experiencing at least one near miss case event. The Near miss case events include hemorrhage, hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, dystocia, infection and anemia. The present study focuses about near miss case events in three women with different manifestations - 1st woman had hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, 2nd woman had dystocia, hemorrhage and infection disorder and 3rd woman had infection and hemorrhage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14187 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 63-65
Pegnancy Incuced Pemphigus Vulgaris in a Young Adult Lady
Authors: Wahab Md Abdul , Uddin Mohammad Jamal , Hassan Biswas Shaheen , Islam Md Zafrul , Bhuiyan Ishrat , Siddique Mohammad Rahmat Ullah
Published: March 2013

Pemphigus vulgaris is a cutaneous blistering disorder affecting mainly middle aged adult and is rarely observed in pregnancy and also below the age of 30 years. A 27 years old lady with 7 months pregnancy reported to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka with oral and cutaneous lesions suggestive of pemphigus vulgaris. Tzanck smear, histological examination and direct immunofluorescence study confirmed the diagnosis and the case showed improvement with only oral steroid. The patient delivered a normal healthy child without complications. No clinical relapse was found after delivery and follow up period of six months. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14188 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 66-68
Post partum diastasis of the pubic symphysis: a case report
Authors: Islam Md Aminul , Ali Md Akmat , Beg Ayesha , Chowdhury Ferdousy , Ansary Nahid Bintay , Quddus MA , Nag MN , Based MA
Published: March 2013

The post partum diastasis ( means separation) of pubic symphysis is an uncommon disease. It causes acute pelvic pain. Manual pressure to the pelvis in a latero-lateral and antero-posterior direction worsens the condition. The diagnostic test for this condition is an anteroposterior X-ray of the pelvis. Here we present a case following spontaneous vaginal delivery. The conservative treatment is able to obtain good results. If this disease is underestimated the patient can develop chronic pain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14190 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 73-75
Ultrasound elastography applications
Authors: Rahman Md Masudur , Islam Mahzabeen , Nargis Mahbuba , Sarker Samar Chandra , Hasan Mahmud Javed , Quddush ASM Ruhul , Sen Shila
Published: March 2013

Ultrasound elastography (EUS) is a method to assess the mechanical properties of tissue, by applying stress and detecting tissue displacement using ultrasound. There are several EUS techniques used in clinical practice; strain (compression) EUS is the most common technique that allows real-time visualisation of the elastographic map on the screen. There is increasing evidence that EUS can be used to measure the mechanical properties of musculoskeletal tissue in clinical practice, with the future potential for early diagnosis to both guide and monitor therapy. This review describes the various EUS techniques available for clinical use, presents the published evidence on musculoskeletal applications of EUS and discusses the technical issues, limitations and future perspectives of this method in the assessment of the musculoskeletal system. Ultrasound elastography (EUS) is a recently developed ultrasound-based method, which allows the qualitative visual or quantitative measurements of the mechanical properties of tissue 1. The technique was first introduced in vitro in the early 1990s, and subsequently evolved into a real-time tool for in vivo imaging of the distribution of tissue strain and elastic modulus 2. EUS provides information on tissue stiffness, which complements and is independent from the acoustic impedance and vascular flow information provided by B-mode and Doppler imaging, thus opening a new dimension in diagnostic imaging 3 . EUS is based upon the general principle that stress applied to tissue causes changes within it, which depend on the elastic properties of tissue 3. Over the years of research on elasticity, there have been several approaches of EUS, resulting in different methods, depending on the way of tissue stress application and the used method to detect and construct an image of tissue displacement 3. Strain (compression) EUS is the commonest technique that allows real-time visualisation of the image on the screen, and it has been successfully employed to detect and characterise lesions in a variety of tissues and organs 5 . Disease in the musculoskeletal system results in alterations to its biomechanical properties. Although EUS techniques have been extensively employed for in vitro research of muscle and tendon biomechanics since the early 1990s 6 , the recent introduction of EUS into commercially available ultrasound systems has driven research activity towards potential clinical applications of this novel method in the musculoskeletal system 7.  This review aims to describe the various EUS techniques available for clinical use, present the available published evidence on musculoskeletal applications of EUS, and finally discuss the limitations and future perspectives of this technique for assessing the musculoskeletal system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14191 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 76-85
In vitro Regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars Grown in Mexico
Authors: Onamu Rose , Legaria Juan P , Sahagún Jaime C , Rodríguez José L , Pérez Joel N
Published: March 2013

Prior to Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in vitro regeneration protocol was established for three potato cultivars (Alfa, Cambray Rosa Morelos and Atlantic) grown in Mexico using leaf, node and internodal explants. Regeneration protocol was developed with or without the intervention of callus. Two potato cultivars, namely, Cambray Rosa Morelos and Alpha were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring binary plasmid pBI121 containing the GUS and nptII genes. GUS histochemical assay and PCR analysis were conducted on rooted shoots grown in media without hormones but supplemented with antibiotics. Transformed shoots tested positive through GUS histochemical assay and integration of nptII gene was confirmed by PCR analysis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14193 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 93-105, 2012 (December)
Effects of Hormonal and Basal Nutrient Medium on In vitro Regeneration of an Ornamental Plant - Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin. ex Baker
Authors: Azad Mustafa Abul Kalam , Amin Muhammad Nurul
Published: March 2013

In vitro propagation system has been developed for an important ornamental and medicinal plant, Muscari armeniacum Leichtil. ex Bak. A range of a cytokinin and auxin concentration has been investigated for axillary bulblet proliferation, and direct and indirect adventitious bulblet regeneration from the explants whole bulb, one fourth part of bulb, bulb-scale of ex vitro (field grown mature bulb), and only leaf-sheath explants of in vitro grown bulblet. Axillary bulblet regeneration occurred on MS containing 2.0 - 8.0 ?M BAP or Kn. Direct adventitious bulblets were induced successfully on MS basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of BAP or Kn (1.0 - 4.0 ?M) in combi-nation of either NAA, IBA, or 2,4-D (0.5 - 4.0 ?M). The maximum frequency of adventitious bulblets regeneration occurred from both bulb-scale and leaf-sheath explants on MS with 4.0 ?M BAP and 2.0 ?M NAA, IBA, or 2,4-D. The highest frequency (95.5%) of indirect adventitious bulblets was obtained from in vitro grown leaf-sheathderived callus on MS containing 4.0 ?M BAP with 1.0 ?M 2,4-D whereas, highest number (80.2) and average length (55.5 cm) of bulblets were obtained on MS supplemented with 4.0 ?M BAP and 1.0 ?M NAA. In vitro grown bullets was rooted successfully on MS with 0.5 - 4.0 ?M of IBA, NAA, or IAA. The rooted bulblets were transferred to garden soil and successfully established under ex vitro environment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14200 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 113-126, 2012 (December)
Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Chili Cultivars Using RAPD Markers
Authors: Uddin MM , Khalil MI , Haque MS , Meah MB
Published: March 2013

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was performed to estimate genetic polymorphisim in ten chili cultivars. Out of 12 primers four (OPA11, OPB03, OPB04 and OPB17) showed amplification of genomic DNA and generated 21 distinct score able bands of which 17 (80.95%) were polymorphic. The highest percentage (85.71) polymorphic locus was found in OPB03 while the lowest (66.67) in OPA11. The highest genetic distance was computed between Jamalpur Balujuri and Matal marich with the lowest genetic identity as against the lowest genetic distance between Hajari marich and Balujuri marich. The UPGMA dendogram indicated segregation of ten chili varieties and genotypes into two main clusters. Variety Bogra marich and Matal marich formed cluster 1 and Balujuri marich, Deshi marich, Jamalpuri balujuri, Bindu marich, Syloti, Hajari, Biroli city, and the genotype Ausadhebrara grouped in cluster 2. The result indicates the genetic diversity among the chili cultivars and RAPD marker could be used for improvement of chili varieties. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14201 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 127-136, 2012 (December)
In vitro Propagation in Three Varieties of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus.) from Flower Bud and Flower Stalk Explants
Authors: Akter Nazma , Hoque MI , Sarker RH
Published: March 2013

Three types of tender leaves derived explants such as leaf tip, leaf with mid-rib and leaf blade segments as well as flower buds and flower stalks obtained from three selected varieties of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus.) cultivated in Bangladesh were exploited for callus induction and in vitro regeneration of plantlets. Among the explants flower bud and flower stalk were suitable and superior for callus induction and subsequent regeneration of in vitro shoots when cultured on MS supplemented with 5.0 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l NAA. However, highest number of multiple shoots were obtained when the flower bud derived callus was subcultured on MS supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP. Variety with red petal showed the best response in producing multiple shoots among the three varieties. Root induction at the base of the in vitro regenerated shoots was tried using full and half the strengths of MS containing different concentrations of IBA. Best root induction was observed on half the strength of MS supplemented with 0.2 mg/l IBA. Following adequate acclimatization the regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred to soil where they grew to maturity and produced flowers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14203 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 143-152, 2012 (December)
Regeneration of Plants from Nodal and Internodal Segment Cultures of Ephedra gerardiana using Thidiazuron
Authors: Sharma Vandana , Gupta SK , Dhiman Manjul
Published: March 2013

Ephedra gerardiana is an important medicinal plant used as Soma in Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine and as Traditional Chinese Medicine since several thousand years. Excessive use of this plant has led to decline in its natural population. Present report describes the use of TDZ in MS for induction of somatic embryos and shoot buds in internodal and nodal segment cultures of E. gerardiana. Somatic embryos were obtained from internodal segment culture onto MS + 0.5 to 1 ?M TDZ. In case of nodal segment culture, lower concentrations of TDZ induced only shoot buds in 63.33 - 88.88 per cent cultures. Onto higher concentrations, all cultures showed callus induction with shoot bud formation. Shoot buds elongated and rooted onto one fourth strength of MS having 20 ?M IBA. Rooted shoots were transferred to plastic pots. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14205 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 153-161, 2012 (December)
Influence of an Indirect Precursor on Podophyllotoxin Accumulation in Cell Suspension Cultures of Podophyllum hexandrum
Authors: Majumder Anrini
Published: March 2013

Podophyllum hexandrum is an endangered, commercial source of a naturally occurring lignan podophyllotoxin, which is a precursor of potent anticancer drugs. Cell suspension cultures were established using four-year-old cell line RC4 of P. hexandrum in liquid P1 medium [half strength B5 basal medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) sucrose, 2,4-D (1 mg/l), GA3 (1 mg/l) and BA (0.1 mg/l)]. The effect of different concentrations (100, 250 and 500 mg/l) of tryptophan, an indirect precursor of lignan biosynthesis, was studied on cell suspension cultures. Cultures accumulated 2.7 times more podophyllotoxin than untreated control cultures when treated with 250 mg/l tryptophan. Biomass yield was, however not improved following the addition of tryptophan. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14207 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 171-177, 2012 (December)
Micropropagation of Clerodendrum serratum L. through Direct and Indirect Organogenesis
Authors: Vidya SM , Krishna V , Manjunatha BK , Pradeepa MR
Published: March 2013

In vitro clonal propagation of Clerodendrum serratum L., a rare medicinal plant has been reported by using LM medium supplemented with different growth hormones. The maximum number of shoots with maximum length were obtained from stem derived callus on LM media fortified with 1.5 mg/l BAP and 0.3 mg/l NAA. Nodal explants showed direct organogenesis on LM media containing BAP (0.5 mg/l) alone. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted with maximum frequency (100%) on half strength LM media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA. The well rooted microshoots were successfully transferred to hardening and survival rate was 88%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i2.14208 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 22(2): 179-185, 2012 (December)
Signal Estimation Using Wavelet Analysis of Solution Monitoring Data for Nuclear Safeguards
Authors: Burr Tom , Longo Claire
Published: March 2013

Wavelets are explored as a data smoothing (or de-noising) option for solution monitoring data in nuclear safeguards. In wavelet-smoothed data, the Gibbs phenomenon can obscure important data features that may be of interest. This paper compares wavelet smoothing to piecewise linear smoothing and local kernel smoothing, and illustrates that the Haar wavelet basis is effective for reducing the Gibbs phenomenon.
Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Neuroprotectants against Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Kaur Prameet , Liu Fujia , Tan Jun , Lim Kai , Sepramaniam Sugunavathi , Karolina Dwi , Armugam Arunmozhiarasi , Jeyaseelan Kandiah
Published: March 2013

Over the past decade, scientific discoveries have highlighted new roles for a unique class of non-coding RNAs. Transcribed from the genome, these non-coding RNAs have been implicated in determining the biological complexity seen in mammals by acting as transcriptional and translational regulators. Non-coding RNAs, which can be sub-classified into long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs and several others, are widely expressed in the nervous system with roles in neurogenesis, development and maintenance of the neuronal phenotype. Perturbations of these non-coding transcripts have been observed in ischemic preconditioning as well as ischemic brain injury with characterization of the mechanisms by which they confer toxicity. Their dysregulation may also confer pathogenic conditions in neurovascular diseases. A better understanding of their expression patterns and functions has uncovered the potential use of these riboregulators as neuroprotectants to antagonize the detrimental molecular events taking place upon ischemic-reperfusion injury. In this review, we discuss the various roles of non-coding RNAs in brain development and their mechanisms of gene regulation in relation to ischemic brain injury. We will also address the future directions and open questions for identifying promising non-coding RNAs that could eventually serve as potential neuroprotectants against ischemic brain injury.
The Influence of Metal Stress on the Availability and Redox State of Ascorbate, and Possible Interference with Its Cellular Functions
Authors: Bielen An , Remans Tony , Vangronsveld Jaco , Cuypers Ann
Published: March 2013

Worldwide, metals have been distributed to excessive levels in the environment due to industrial and agricultural activities. Plants growing on soils contaminated with excess levels of metals experience a disturbance of the cellular redox balance, which leads to an augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Even though the increased ROS levels can cause cellular damage, controlled levels play an important role in modulating signaling networks that control physiological processes and stress responses. Plants control ROS levels using their antioxidative defense system both under non-stress conditions, as well as under stress conditions such as exposure to excess metals. Ascorbate (AsA) is a well-known and important component of the plant’s antioxidative system. As primary antioxidant, it can reduce ROS directly and indirectly via ascorbate peroxidase in the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. Furthermore, AsA fulfills an essential role in physiological processes, some of which are disturbed by excess metals. In this review, known direct effects of excess metals on AsA biosynthesis and functioning will be discussed, as well as the possible interference of metals with the role of AsA in physiological and biochemical processes.
Examining the Infractions Causing Higher Rates of Suspensions and Expulsions: Racial and Ethnic Considerations
Authors: Forsyth Craig , Howat Holly , Pei Lai , Forsyth York , Asmus Gary , Stokes Billy
Published: March 2013

This study investigated school discipline infractions leading to suspensions and expulsions in Louisiana to determine patterns and trends, particularly among racial/ethnic groups. Discipline incident data rather than student discipline data were used to provide a more accurate reflection of the number of infractions and dispositions occurring. Findings included that black students and American Indian students had a higher percentage of out-of-school suspensions and were more likely to commit an infraction in the violent discipline infractions category, but the overwhelming majority of offenses for all groups were for non-violent and non-drug offenses. Links to juvenile delinquency and zero tolerance policies are discussed.
Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Textile Heating Fabric Based on Silver Coated Polymeric Yarn
Authors: Hamdani Syed , Potluri Prasad , Fernando Anura
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a study conducted on the thermo-mechanical properties of knitted structures, the methods of manufacture, effect of contact pressure at the structural binding points, on the degree of heating. The test results also present the level of heating produced as a function of the separation between the supply terminals. The study further investigates the rate of heating and cooling of the knitted structures. The work also presents the decay of heating properties of the yarn due to overheating. Thermal images were taken to study the heat distribution over the surface of the knitted fabric. A tensile tester having constant rate of extension was used to stretch the fabric. The behavior of temperature profile of stretched fabric was observed. A comparison of heat generation by plain, rib and interlock structures was studied. It was observed from the series of experiments that there is a minimum threshold force of contact at binding points of a knitted structure is required to pass the electricity. Once this force is achieved, stretching the fabric does not affect the amount of heat produced.
Measurements of Tropospheric NO2 in Romania Using a Zenith-Sky Mobile DOAS System and Comparisons with Satellite Observations
Authors: Constantin Daniel-Eduard , Merlaud Alexis , Van Roozendael Michel , Voiculescu Mirela , Fayt Caroline , Hendrick François , Pinardi Gaia , Georgescu Lucian
Published: March 2013

In this paper we present a new method for retrieving tropospheric NO2 Vertical Column Density (VCD) from zenith-sky Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements using mobile observations. This method was used during three days in the summer of 2011 in Romania, being to our knowledge the first mobile DOAS measurements peformed in this country. The measurements were carried out over large and different areas using a mobile DOAS system installed in a car. We present here a step-by-step retrieval of tropospheric VCD using complementary observations from ground and space which take into account the stratospheric contribution, which is a step forward compared to other similar studies. The detailed error budget indicates that the typical uncertainty on the retrieved NO2tropospheric VCD is less than 25%. The resulting ground-based data set is compared to satellite measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2). For instance, on 18 July 2011, in an industrial area located at 47.03°N, 22.45°E, GOME-2 observes a tropospheric VCD value of (3.4 ± 1.9) × 1015 molec./cm2, while average mobile measurements in the same area give a value of (3.4 ± 0.7) × 1015 molec./cm2. On 22 August 2011, around Ploiesti city (44.99°N, 26.1°E), the tropospheric VCD observed by satellites is (3.3 ± 1.9) × 1015 molec./cm2 (GOME-2) and (3.2 ± 3.2) × 1015 molec./cm2 (OMI), while average mobile measurements give (3.8 ± 0.8) × 1015 molec./cm2. Average ground measurements over “clean areas”, on 18 July 2011, give (2.5 ± 0.6) × 1015 molec./cm2 while the satellite observes a value of (1.8 ± 1.3) × 1015 molec./cm2.
Piper nigrum, Piper betle and Gnetum gnemon- Natural Food Sourcewith Anti-Quorum Sensing Properties
Authors: Tan Li , Yin Wai-Fong , Chan Kok-Gan
Published: March 2013

Various parts of Piper nigrum, Piper betle and Gnetum gnemon are used as food sources by Malaysians. The purpose of this study is to examine the anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) properties of P. nigrum, P. betle and G. gnemon extracts. The hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of these plants were assessed in bioassays involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Escherichia coli [pSB401], E. coli [pSB1075] and Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. It was found that the extracts of these three plants have anti-QS ability. Interestingly, the hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts from P. betle showed the most potent anti-QS activity as judged by the bioassays. Since there is a variety of plants that serve as food sources in Malaysia that have yet to be tested for anti-QS activity, future work should focus on identification of these plants and isolation of the anti-QS compounds.
Restoring Native Forest Understory: The Influence of Ferns and Light in a Hawaiian Experiment
Authors: Gould Rachelle , Mooney Harold , Nelson Laura , Shallenberger Robert , Daily Gretchen
Published: March 2013

Ecological restoration is an increasingly important component of sustainable land management. We explore potential facilitative relationships for enhancing the cost-effectiveness of restoring native forest understory, focusing on two factors: (1) overstory shade and (2) possible facilitation by a fern (Dryopteris wallichiana), one of few native colonists of pasture in our montane Hawaiˈi study system. We planted 720 understory tree seedlings and over 4000 seeds of six species under six planting treatments: a full factorial combination of low, medium and high light, situating plantings in either the presence or absence of a mature fern. After three years, 75% of outplanted seedlings survived. Seedling survivorship was significantly higher in the presence of a fern (79% vs. 71% without a fern) and in medium and low light conditions (81% vs. 64% in high light). Relative height was highest at low to medium light levels. After 2.2 years, 2.8% of the planted seeds germinated. We observed no significant differences in seed germination relative to light level or fern presence. Analyzing several approaches, we found nursery germination of seeds followed by outplanting ca. 20% less costly than direct seeding in the field. This study opens new questions about facilitation mechanisms that have the potential to increase the extent and effectiveness of restoration efforts.
Foamy Virus Assembly with Emphasis on Pol Encapsidation
Authors: Lee Eun-Gyung , Stenbak Carolyn , Linial Maxine
Published: March 2013

Foamy viruses (FVs) differ from all other genera of retroviruses (orthoretroviruses) in many aspects of viral replication. In this review, we discuss FV assembly, with special emphasis on Pol incorporation. FV assembly takes place intracellularly, near the pericentriolar region, at a site similar to that used by betaretroviruses. The regions of Gag, Pol and genomic RNA required for viral assembly are described. In contrast to orthoretroviral Pol, which is synthesized as a Gag-Pol fusion protein and packaged through Gag-Gag interactions, FV Pol is synthesized from a spliced mRNA lacking all Gag sequences. Thus, encapsidation of FV Pol requires a different mechanism. We detail how WT Pol lacking Gag sequences is incorporated into virus particles. In addition, a mutant in which Pol is expressed as an orthoretroviral-like Gag-Pol fusion protein is discussed. We also discuss temporal regulation of the protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase activities of WT FV Pol.
Genetic variation (AFLPs and nuclear microsatellites) in two anagenetically derived endemic species ofMyrceugenia(Myrtaceae) on the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile
Authors: López‐Sepúlveda Patricio , Takayama Koji , Greimler Josef , Peñailillo Patricio , Crawford Daniel J. , Baeza Marcelo , Ruiz Eduardo , Kohl Gudrun , Tremetsberger Karin , Gatica Alejandro , Letelier Luis , Novoa Patricio , Novak Johannes , Stuessy Tod F.
Published: March 2013

•Premise of the study:Anagenesis (or phyletic evolution) is one mode of speciation that occurs in the evolution of plants on oceanic islands. Of two endemic species on the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile),Myrceugenia fernandezianaandM. schulzei(Myrtaceae), believed to have originated anagenetically from different continental progenitors, the first is endemic to Robinson Crusoe Island and has no clear tie to continental relatives; the last is endemic to the younger island, Alejandro Selkirk Island, and has close affinity toM. colchaguensisin mainland Chile.

•Methods:Using AFLPs and six nuclear microsatellites from 381 individuals representing 33 populations, we determined patterns of genetic variation within and among populations on both islands and between those of the islands and mainland.

•Key results:Considerable genetic variation was found within populations on both islands. The level of gene diversity withinM. schulzeiwas equivalent to that of its close continental relativeM. colchaguensis. Genetic diversity was not partitioned geographically inM. fernandezianaand was weakly so and nonsignificantly inM. schulzei.

•Conclusions:The high genetic variation in both taxa is most likely due to anagenetic speciation. Subsidence of the older island Robinson Crusoe, landscape erosion, and restructuring of communities have severely reduced the overall island population to a single panmictic system. On the younger and less modified Alejandro Selkirk Island, slightly stronger patterns of genetic divergence are seen inM. schulzei. Because both species are genetically diverse and number in the thousands of individuals, neither is presently endangered in the archipelago.
Bimodal atomic force microscopy driving the higher eigenmode in frequency-modulation mode: Implementation, advantages, disadvantages and comparison to the open-loop case
Authors: Ebeling Daniel , Solares Santiago D
Published: March 2013

We present an overview of the bimodal amplitude–frequency-modulation (AM-FM) imaging mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM), whereby the fundamental eigenmode is driven by using the amplitude-modulation technique (AM-AFM) while a higher eigenmode is driven by using either the constant-excitation or the constant-amplitude variant of the frequency-modulation (FM-AFM) technique. We also offer a comparison to the original bimodal AFM method, in which the higher eigenmode is driven with constant frequency and constant excitation amplitude. General as well as particular characteristics of the different driving schemes are highlighted from theoretical and experimental points of view, revealing the advantages and disadvantages of each. This study provides information and guidelines that can be useful in selecting the most appropriate operation mode to characterize different samples in the most efficient and reliable way.
SAVE (Super-dose Anti-VEGF) Trial: 2.0 mg Ranibizumab for Recalcitrant Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: 1-Year Results
Authors: Wykoff Charles C. , Brown David M. , Chen Eric , Major James C. , Croft Daniel E. , Mariani Angeline , Wong Tien P. ,   SAVE Study Group
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVES:

To assess durability of visual and anatomic gains with 2.0 mg ranibizumab in recalcitrant neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

METHODS:

Phase I–II trial of 88 patients with recalcitrant neovascular AMD treated as needed every 4 (cohort A) or 6 weeks (cohort B) following three monthly doses. ETDRS refraction and spectral-domain OCT–guided as-needed re-treatments.

RESULTS:

Seventy-nine patients completed the 12-month endpoint and were given 11.6 (cohort A) and 8.6 (cohort B) mean treatments. Mean best corrected visual acuity gains of 4.1 letters following three monthly doses were sustained for 12 months for both cohorts. Anatomic improvements were sustained for 12 months for cohort A, but not for cohort B; cohort B demonstrated a gradual increase in mean central retinal thickness (
P
= .03).

CONCLUSION:

Visual and anatomic gains achieved with 2.0 mg ranibizumab in recalcitrant neovascular AMD were sustained for 1 year with monthly treatment. In comparison, anatomic gains were diminished with less than monthly treatment.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2013;44:121–126]
The Importance of Keeping a Broad Differential in Retina Clinic: The Spectrum of Ophthalmic Disease Seen by Retina Specialists in a Tertiary Outpatient Clinic Setting
Authors: Fijalkowski Natalia , Pershing Suzann , Moshfeghi Darius M.
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To describe the new patient population referred to retina specialists at tertiary ophthalmic academic centers in the United States.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:

Retrospective chart review of all new patients seen by retina specialists at Stanford University from 2008 to 2011.

RESULTS:

Retina specialists saw 7,197 new patients during the study period, with a mean age of 52.2 ± 25.6 years (range: 0 to 108 years). Younger patients (0 to 10 years) were more likely male (
P
< .001) while older patients were more likely female (
P
< .01 for 61 to 70, 81+ years). The most common diagnoses were diabetic eye disease (17.0%), retinopathy of prematurity (9.9%) and age-related macular degeneration (9.5%).

CONCLUSION:

Retina specialists treat patients of all ages, and the most common diagnoses vary with age and gender. Patients present to retinal clinic with a vast spectrum of disease from various ophthalmic and systemic etiologies; therefore, it is important to maintain a broad differential diagnosis.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2013;44:133–139]
Fabricación y caracterización de aleaciones porosas de Ti y Ti6Al4V producidas mediante sinterización con espaciador
Authors: Tojal C. , Amigó V. , Calero J. A.
Published: March 2013

El titanio es un material biocompatible que, además de presentar buenas propiedades a la corrosión, posee una elevada resistencia mecánica teniendo en cuenta su baja densidad. En el campo de la pulvimetalurgia, entre otras aplicaciones, este material se usa con objeto de obtener materiales porosos para aplicaciones biomédicas. Recientemente se ha investigado la aplicación de los materiales porosos en la fabricación de implantes de cadera. La razón principal está basada en la reducción de la rigidez de los implantes, lo cual minimiza los efectos del “apantallamiento de tensiones”, al aproximarse su módulo elástico al del hueso. El propósito del presente trabajo, es producir materiales porosos mediante la técnica de sinterización con espaciador, usando el bicarbonato de amonio como propulsor de la formación de poros. Para la obtención de los mismos, se ha utilizado polvo de titanio de diferentes tamaños de partícula, usando diversas presiones de compactación. Antes de realizar la sinterización, se han evaluado las propiedades mecánicas de las muestras en verde, de modo que se permita su manipulación. Tras realizar la sinterización, se ha evaluado la densidad y porosidad. Igualmente, se ha valorado el efecto de estas variables en las propiedades mecánicas y el módulo elástico, obtenidos mediante el ensayo de flexión a tres puntos. La caracterización microestructural se ha realizado mediante microscopía óptica y electrónica.
Exploring a model for finding meaning in the changing world of work (Part 3: Meaning as framing context)
Authors: Burger Daniel H. , Crous Freddie , Roodt Gert
Published: March 2013

Orientation: This article, the final in a series of three papers, locates organisational change, specifically within the context of individuals’ experience of ‘meaning’, as conceptualised in Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy.Research purpose: The purpose of this theoretical paper is to investigate the context of meaning in organisational change by exploring the relationship between meaning and change.Motivation for the study: Although literature on change management is available in abundance, very little research has been focussed on the micro-level issues pertaining to organisational change, and virtually no research relating to the ‘existential meaning’ context of such change could be found.Research design, approach and method: The study was conducted by means of a review of literature, guided by the theoretical perspectives of logotherapy.Main findings: Whilst systems to which individuals traditionally turned for meaning decline, organisations become increasingly important for employees’ experience of meaning. As organisational change threatens such meaning, resistance to change may occur, which inhibits organisations’ ability to change. Logotherapy provides a useful framework for understanding this meaning context, which could be utilised to inform frameworks to guide change implementation more successfully.Practical and managerial implications: An understanding of the role that meaning can play in causing − and hence reducing − resistance to change may be of great value to organisations attempting to implement change initiatives.Contribution: The value-add of the article is grounded on its exploration of the relatively uncharted territory of how the experience of meaning by employees may impact organisational change. This article therefore provides a novel perspective for conceptualising change. In addition, it suggests specific recommendations for utilising an understanding of the meaning change relationship with the objective of optimising change initiatives.
Dose Distribution in the Heart and Cardiac Chambers following 4-field Radiation Therapy of Breast Cancer: a Retrospective Study
Authors: Johansen Safora , Tjessem Kristin H. , Fosså Kristian , Bosse Gerhard , Danielsen Turi , Malinen Eirik , Fosså Sophie D.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

To evaluate cardiac doses in breast cancer patients with stage II/III treated with 4-field radiotherapy based on computed tomography (CT) dose planning.

Methods and Materials

Based on archived CT images, whole heart and cardiac chamber radiation doses were analyzed in 216 (111 left-sided and 105 right-sided) mastectomized or lumpectomized breast cancer patients treated at a single institution, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, between 2000–2002. Individual dose volume histograms for the whole heart and for the four cardiac chambers were obtained, and mean, median and maximum doses to these structures were calculated. The dose (Gy) delivered to the 5% of the volume of each cardiac structure (D5%), and the volume percentage of each structure receiving ≥ 25 Gy (V25Gy) were reported. Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) calculations were used to estimate the risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD).

Results

Cohort-based medians of the whole heart mean dose (Dmean) for left- and right-sided tumors were 3.2 Gy and 1.3 Gy, respectively, with similar ventricular but lower atrial values. The atrial doses did not differ according to laterality of the breast tumor. In 13 patients with left-sided cancer, 5% of the heart volume was exposed to >25 Gy. The NTCP estimates were generelly low, with a maximum of 2.8%.

Conclusions

During adjuvant CT-based locoregional radiotherapy of women with breast cancer, the cardiac radiation doses are, at the group level, below recommended threshold values (D5% < 25 Gy), though individual patients with left-sided disease may exceed these limits.
About the Calabi problem: a finite-dimensional approach
Authors: Cao H.-D. , Keller J.
Published: March 2013

Let us consider a projective manifold

M^n

and a smooth volume form

\Omega

on

M

. We define the gradient flow associated to the problem of

\Omega

-balanced metrics in the quantum formalism, the

\Omega

-balancing flow. At the limit of the quantization, we prove that (see Theorem 1) the

\Omega

-balancing flow converges towards a natural flow in Kähler geometry, the

\Omega

-Kähler flow. We also prove the long time existence of the

\Omega

-Kähler flow and its convergence towards Yau's solution to the Calabi conjecture of prescribing the volume form in a given Kähler class (see Theorem 2). We derive some natural geometric consequences of our study.