bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes. The book has attempted to show that the distinction between rationality and irrationality in the Western tradition cannot be easily maintained. It starts with a narrow, unadorned conception of rationality in the context of coordination problems and shows that the common knowledge required is substantially related to issues of intersubjectivity, collective consciousness, and group identity. It starts with isolated individuals facing real, practical problems of coordination and shows that transcending the “transmission” view of communication (first-order knowledge) and including the “ritual” view (common knowledge) is exactly what is required. By associating common knowledge with cultural practices, this book suggests a close and reciprocal relationship between the perspectives of rationality and culture, which are often thought separate or even antagonistic.
The Accommodation of Protestant Christianity with the Enlightenment: An Old Drama Still Being Enacted
Authors: Hollinger David A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the engagement of Protestant Christianity with the Enlightenment in the United States—an engagement that most often took the form of “accommodation.” The bulk of the men and women in control of American institutions—educational, political, and social—have sought to retain the cultural capital of the Reformation while diversifying their investments in a variety of opportunities and challenges, many of which came to them under the sign of the Enlightenment. Two processes have driven the accommodation, growing increasingly interconnected over time. The first is “cognitive demystification,” or the critical assessment of truth claims in light of scientific knowledge. The second process, “demographic diversification,” involves intimate contact with people of different backgrounds who display contrasting opinions and assumptions and thereby stimulate doubt that the ways of one's own tribe are indeed authorized by divine authority and viable, if not imperative, for other tribes, too.
Enough Already: Universities Do Not Need More Christianity
Authors: Hollinger David A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter tries to bring clarity to the often frustrating debates over the role of religion in higher education, and defends a balance between critical distance and empathic appreciation. Persons worried about the decline of Christianity's role in American higher education are often reluctant to confront the honorable reasons men and women have had over the course of the last two centuries for rejecting Christian commitment, or drifting away from it, or restricting it to a private realm. It argues that the affirmation of Christian values by faculties and administrators in our society has been historically bound up with discrimination against Jews. It also considers the effort to conceal a campaign to reestablish Christian culture hegemony under the guise of a “pluralism,” which reduces the entirety of modern scientific thought to simply one of a number of “paradigms.”
Soft Force
Authors: McLarney Ellen Anne
Published: November 2017

In the decades leading up to the Arab Spring in 2011, when Hosni Mubarak's authoritarian regime was swept from power in Egypt, Muslim women took a leading role in developing a robust Islamist presence in the country's public sphere. This book examines the writings and activism of these women—including scholars, preachers, journalists, critics, actors, and public intellectuals—who envisioned an Islamic awakening in which women's rights and the family, equality, and emancipation were at the center. Challenging Western conceptions of Muslim women as being oppressed by Islam, this book shows how women used “soft force”—a women's jihad characterized by nonviolent protest—to oppose secular dictatorship and articulate a public sphere that was both Islamic and democratic. The book draws on memoirs, political essays, sermons, newspaper articles, and other writings to explore how these women imagined the home and the family as sites of the free practice of religion in a climate where Islamists were under siege by the secular state. While they seem to reinforce women's traditional roles in a male-dominated society, these Islamist writers also reoriented Islamist politics in domains coded as feminine, putting women at the very forefront in imagining an Islamic polity. The book transforms our understanding of women's rights, women's liberation, and women's equality in Egypt's Islamic revival.
The Redemption of Women's Liberation
Authors: McLarney Ellen Anne
Published: November 2017

The concept of women's liberation has become an integral part of a transnational Islamic discourse, deployed in contexts as diverse as debates over the freedom to wear the headscarf in France, in the writings of exiled Muslim Brothers in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and in the rhetoric of the Ennahda Party in postrevolutionary Tunis. The idea of women's liberation, identified as growing out of colonial feminism and an imperialist secular liberalism, has now become part of a popular Islamic discourse reiterated by activists and scholars alike. This chapter charts the origins of a discourse of women's liberation in Islam during the nineteenth-century awakening known as the naḍda and its revival for the late twentieth-century ṣaṭwa. The concept of women's liberation was vilified in the naḍda, with Qasim Amin's Liberation of Woman being called a “sermon of the devil.” The later ṣaṭwa, however, would appropriate the concept and language of women's liberation, making it a most potent ideological weapon.
Senses of Self
Authors: McLarney Ellen Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores Niʿmat Sidqi's literary and social vision of Islam through her writings. It looks at all her works but focuses mainly on Muʿjizat al-Qurʾan (Miracle of the Qurʾan) published in 1971. Her vision of the Qurʾan grounds religiosity in the human body and the sensory realm as the site in which faith is embodied, lived, and practiced. Sidqi uses words for “vision” (baṭar and baṭīra) that most strongly evoke the physical dimensions of spiritual seeing, more than words like shahāda (witnessing) or ruʾya (vision). In Sidqi, physical and spiritual seeing are deeply contingent.
The Role of Institution
Authors: Chan Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that although the Confucian ideal of the authoritative ruler–ruled relationship is an attractive ideal that would appear to be relevant even in contemporary democratic societies, in reality not all officials are trustworthy and genuinely care for the people. Here arises the challenge of how to properly handle the interplay between the ideal and reality. On one hand, there should be a social device that helps prevent officials from abusing power and removes bad officials from office; on the other hand, such a device must be able to express the Confucian ideal relationship and hopefully also promote it. The solution lies in the nature of institutions, which are devices that simultaneously perform socially useful tasks to tackle real-life problems and uphold standards of normative appropriateness that express ideal aspirations.
Human Rights as a Fallback Apparatus
Authors: Chan Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter contends that the idea of human rights is compatible with the Confucian understanding of ethics and society, but that in the ideal society people will be guided by precepts of benevolence and virtues rather than by considerations of human rights. Thus, human rights do not play an important practical role in an ideal society, for the same reason that rites are not important in the Grand Union. However, in nonideal situations, where virtuous relationships break down and mediation fails to reconcile conflicts, human rights can become a powerful fallback apparatus for the vulnerable to protect their legitimate interests against exploitation. The importance of human rights lies in its instrumental function. But unlike liberalism, Confucian ethics would not take human rights as constitutive of human worth or dignity.
Social Welfare and Care
Authors: Chan Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how Mencius envisions a multilevel social system of provision in which the family, the village or commune, as well as the government all have specific roles to play. Social justice is the foundation of this social system; the family and commune (or social relationships and networks) provide familial care and mutual aid; and when they are not sufficient, the government steps in to provide direct welfare assistance. This Confucian social ideal integrates justice and care, recognizing both individual merit and personal responsibility. Mencius's vision is not of a nanny state that takes care of every aspect of people's lives from the cradle to the grave, but of a social system regulated by several principles, such as sufficiency, personal responsibility, merit, and contribution.
Oligopoly Theory and the Agreement Requirement
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter assesses the relationship between modern oligopoly theory and the meaning of the agreement requirement. Because competition law seeks to regulate oligopoly behavior and, moreover, to ground such regulation in modern economic understandings, it would seem to follow that, if the law's notion of agreement reflects economic substance, the agreement requirement would correspond to a core distinction drawn in oligopoly theory. As it turns out, that theory, which is an application of game theory (particularly, that of repeated games), does have an explicit notion of agreement. But this notion refers to binding agreements and thus is irrelevant for present purposes because competition law renders horizontal price-fixing agreements void ab initio.
Detection: Other Types of Evidence
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter first considers the degree to which industry conditions are conducive to successful coordination and also elaborates on the relevance of this inquiry, which is particularly important in light of the contrast with how such evidence is employed under a communications-based prohibition. It then explores evidence from within firms—whether records of strategy or internal indicators of what is actually taking place in the market. The chapter also discusses evidence on interfirm communications, which when present and sufficiently clear may well be decisive in demonstrating the existence of successful coordinated price elevation, although its absence does not negate such behavior because detailed interchanges may be unnecessary and in any event may remain hidden.
Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic
Authors: Wallace Neil
Published: November 2017

This chapter is a variation on the theme that monetary and fiscal policies are interrelated and must necessarily be coordinated. The issue of coordination arises when one wants to know whether it is possible for monetary policy permanently to influence an economy's inflation rate. One can imagine a monetary authority sufficiently powerful vis-à-vis the fiscal authority that by the imposition of slower rates of growth of base money, both now and into the indefinite future, it can successfully constrain fiscal policy by telling the fiscal authority how much seigniorage it can expect now and in the future. In this setting, monetary and fiscal policies are coordinated by having the monetary authority discipline the fiscal authority. The chapter first describes a simple model that embodies unadulterated monetarism before discussing the Cagan-Bresciani-Turroni effect.
Speculations about the Speculation against the Hong Kong Dollar
Authors: Beers David T. , Wallace Neil
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the recent substantial depreciation of the Hong Kong dollar. From 1974 until October 1983, Hong Kong's officially professed monetary policy allowed both the quantity and the exchange value of Hong Kong currency to be determined by market forces (or to float). Between mid-1980 and October 1983, when the government announced a new policy, the U.S. dollar value of the Hong Kong dollar fell about 33 percent. During that period, there also occurred substantial declines (even in terms of local currency) in all the value of assets located in Hong Kong—Hong Kong real estate and common stock in Hong Kong companies. The chapter first provides an overview of Hong Kong's monetary system before discussing its official float policy. It also considers the options available to the Hong Kong government if it were to have pegged the exchange rate for its currency to one or several foreign currencies.
Future Research and Conclusions
Authors: Epstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2017

This part offers some ideas for future research and applications of Agent_Zero. It first considers Agent_Zero's numerical cartography before discussing its affective, cognitive, and social components. It then examines the feasibility of increasing the modeling resolution, scaling up the space and the agent population, and the model's contribution to empiricism. It also reviews some of the testable hypotheses advanced by Agent_Zero and various model interpretations relating to civil violence, economics, health behavior, psychology, jury dynamics, the formation and dynamics of networks, mutual escalation dynamics, and birth and intergenerational transmission. This part ends by presenting the book's overall conclusions and emphasizing the importance of Agent_Zero in establishing neurocognitive foundations for generative social science.
The Paradox of the Black Republican
Authors: Wright Rigueur Leah
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter introduces key figures across a spectrum of black Republican politics and examines their ongoing struggles to effect meaningful change both for African Americans and within the Republican Party over the course of nearly half a century. It illustrates the ways in which black Republicans were conservative and not conservative, and how their ideas overlapped and clashed with even the most reactionary wing of the Republican Party. In no uncertain terms, black Republicans offer a dilemma of sorts; they were far more conservative than their Democratic counterparts but far less conservative than white reactionary Republicans. Above all else, most held fast to a pragmatic ideology that was informed by their day-to-day racial experience rather than by an abstract, dogmatic interpretation of American politics.
Running with Hares and Hunting with Hounds
Authors: Wright Rigueur Leah
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the growing frustrations and shifting votes of African Americans were not representative of a larger ideological realignment. Over the next three decades, the black electorate would be substantially divided as African Americans were in no way a “monolithic Democratic voting bloc.” Despite Franklin Roosevelt's Black Cabinet, the Democratic Party during and immediately after the New Deal offered few bold civil rights initiatives. The programs and agencies of the New Deal were rife with discrimination; in this sense, the Republican and Democratic parties of this era did not display clear-cut differences in their civil rights policies. The result, then, was a surge in Democratic support among the black electorate but not the total liquidation of Republican backing.
The Challenge of Change
Authors: Wright Rigueur Leah
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes how Edward Brooke's election was a moment of profound achievement for both black Republicans and the larger Grand Old Party (GOP) apparatus. Viewed as a political phenomenon, he not only represented the abstract goals of the National Negro Republican Assembly (NNRA) but also captured an image that moderate and liberal Republican leaders had struggled to harness since Barry Goldwater's unnerving rise in 1964. For a party traumatized in the aftermath of defeat, Brooke provided much needed proof that moderate Republican candidates could appeal to an interracial cross section of the American public. Drawing on a broader black middle-class tradition of respectability politics, he won his elections by running a campaign that was simultaneously race neutral and race conscious—a paradox, to be sure, but one that allowed an interracial audience to embrace him and his politics.
More Shadow than Substance
Authors: Wright Rigueur Leah
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies how, as the 1970s progressed, black Republicans were able to claim clear victories in their march toward equality: the expansion of the National Black Republican Council (NBRC); the incorporation of African Americans into the Republican National Committee (RNC) hierarchy; scores of black Republicans integrating state and local party hierarchies; and individual examples of black Republican success. African American party leaders could even point to their ability to forge a consensus voice among the disparate political ideas of black Republicans. Despite their ideological differences, they collectively rejected white hierarchies of power, demanding change for blacks both within the Grand Old Party (GOP) and throughout the country. Nevertheless, black Republicans quickly realized that their strategy did not reform the party institution.
The Time of the Black Elephant
Authors: Wright Rigueur Leah
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how for African Americans, the events of the mid-1970s only served to reinforce an already contentious relationship with the Grand Old Party (GOP)—frustrations that were born out of the party's years of equivocation over issues of black concern. The GOP's extreme electoral woes with African Americans were rooted in Goldwater's enduring legacy. More than a decade later, black voters still held an image of a national party driven by states' rights advocates, white southern conservatives, anti-civil rights politicians, and wealthy elites who disdained the “common man.” The Washington Post observed that the Republican Party appeared to be a political machine engaged in constant antagonisms and reactionary battles and had done very little to dispel its negative identity with black communities.
Inventing National Patrimony
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the processes of ascribing new meanings and values (spiritual and material) to objects by appropriating them into the realm of artistic and historical patrimony. It first focuses on the most revealing example: the campaign for the preservation of religious architecture and art that began in the 1830s and reached its culmination in the 1880s–1900s. One of the main intrigues of this campaign was that the objects of contestation—churches and icons—were supposed to be by definition alien to an essentially secular liberal ideology of public domain. However, in fin-de-siècle Russia, religious art “discovered anew” became a tool of both mobilizing and modernizing society. By making Russian religious art less religious and more aesthetic through the discursive and factual (legal, by nationalization) alienation of churches and their belongings, the proponents of preservation strove to create common cultural ground for the people and the elite.
Theories of Intentions and the Problem of Attention
Authors: Yarhi-Milo Keren
Published: November 2017

This chapter outlines the theoretical foundations of the selective attention thesis and three competing ones: the capabilities, strategic military doctrine, and behavior theses. It divides perceived political intentions into five ideal-type categories based on the degree to which the enemy is believed to have the determination required to revise the status quo and the extent of its revisionist intentions: unlimited expansionist, limited expansionist, unlimited opportunistic, limited opportunistic, and status quo powers. The chapter proceeds by offering a set of hypotheses as to how civilian decision makers and intelligence organizations conduct intentions assessment. In particular, it considers the vividness hypothesis, the subjective credibility hypothesis, the organizational expertise hypothesis, and the offense–defense theory. It also explains the methodology used in the three case studies.
Indicators of Nazi Germany’s Intentions and the Coming of World War I, 1934–39
Authors: Yarhi-Milo Keren
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on British assessments of Nazi Germany’s intentions during the interwar period (1934–1939). It outlines the predictions generated by each of the four explanations about perceived intentions and examines changes in German military capabilities, doctrine, and actions during this period. The chapter first considers the hypothetical arguments of the selective attention thesis and highlights its predictions for this case, focusing on the vividness hypothesis, the subjective credibility hypothesis, and the organizational expertise hypothesis. It then derives predictions for each of the competing theses, namely: capabilities thesis, strategic military doctrine thesis, and behavior thesis. The findings suggest that Britain’s perceptions of Germany from 1934 to 1939 were shaped by costly actions that had been undertaken by the latter well before Adolf Hitler rose to power in January 1933.
US Decision Makers’ Perceptions of Soviet Intentions
Authors: Yarhi-Milo Keren
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the indicators used by U.S. President Jimmy Carter and two key decision makers in his administration, National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, to assess the intentions of the Soviet Union during the period 1977–1980. Using evidence from U.S. archives and interviews with former U.S. decision makers, it compares the predictions of the selective attention thesis, capabilities thesis, strategic military doctrine thesis, and behavior thesis. After discussing the U.S. decision makers' stated beliefs about Soviet intentions, the chapter considers the reasoning they employed to justify their intentions assessments. It then describes the policies that individual decision makers advocated and those that the administration collectively adopted. It also explores whether decision makers advocated policies that were congruent with their stated beliefs about intentions and evaluate sthe impact of beliefs about intentions on U.S. foreign policy at the time.
Hölderlin’s Sophocles: Tragedy and Paradox
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Friedrich Hölderlin's Sophocles “Notes.” Hölderlin's “Notes” to Oedipus the Tyrant and Antigone pursue two primary aims: on the one hand, they delineate the differences between ancient and modern poetry; on the other, they seek to define “the tragic” as it is manifested in Sophocles' works. The first task, in essence, goes back to the Querelle and its “revival” in the 1790s, while the second is uniquely idealist, though powerfully mediated by Aristotle's Poetics. Religious and historical conceptions form the link between the two aims. Both aims invoke the dynamic interchange of ancient and modern suggested in Hölderlin's letters and his concept of translation. The addition of notes to the Sophocles translation allows Hölderlin to make these dynamics explicit, and to advocate for a new approach to ancient poetry among his contemporaries.
Preview
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter sketches an approach to inference applicable to an enormous range of research problems—one that can be understood from first principles and that can be unambiguously communicated to other scientists, managers, and policy makers. In doing research, it is important that one is able to ask important questions and provide compelling answers to them. Doing so depends on establishing a line of inference that extends from current thinking, theory, and questions to new insight qualified by uncertainty. This chapter introduces a highly general, flexible approach to establishing this line of inference. It offers a somewhat abstract overview of this framework followed by a concrete example to properly illustrate this framework.
Deterministic Models
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about deterministic models as expressions of ecological hypotheses. These models are based on a deterministic equation or equations making predictions that can be compared with observations. The nature of the model ensures that there is no uncertainty in such predictions. Hence, the chapter first discusses the different ways that deterministic models have been used in ecology; identifying three main ones: theoretical, empirical, and simulation. It then outlines a few deterministic models widely used in ecology. Rather than attempting a comprehensive treatment of the subject, the chapter instead introduces a set of core functions that are widely used to represent ecological process across all subdisciplines.
Simple Bayesian Models
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter lays out the basic principles of Bayesian inference, building on the concepts of probability developed in Chapter 3. It seeks to use the rules of probability to show how Bayes' theorem works, by making use of the conditional rule of probability and the law of total probability. The chapter begins with the central, underpinning tenet of the Bayesian view: the world can be divided into quantities that are observed and quantities that are unobserved. Unobserved quantities include parameters in models, latent states predicted by models, missing data, effect sizes, future states, and data before they are observed. We wish to learn about these quantities using observations. The Bayesian framework for achieving that understanding is applied in exactly the same way regardless of the specifics of the research problem at hand or the nature of the unobserved quantities.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains how to implement Bayesian analyses using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, a set of methods for Bayesian analysis made popular by the seminal paper of Gelfand and Smith (1990). It begins with an explanation of MCMC with a heuristic, high-level treatment of the algorithm, describing its operation in simple terms with a minimum of formalism. In this first part, the chapter explains the algorithm so that all readers can gain an intuitive understanding of how to find the posterior distribution by sampling from it. Next, the chapter offers a somewhat more formal treatment of how MCMC is implemented mathematically. Finally, this chapter discusses implementation of Bayesian models via two routes—by using software and by writing one's own algorithm.
Problems
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a set of structured problems to hone the reader's skills in model building. Each problem requires the reader to draw a Bayesian network and write the posterior and joint distributions. Computational syntax is de-emphasized because there are many sources that teach the details of writing code for MCMC software using ecological examples and a few that show how to construct one's own MCMC algorithms. The examples offered in this chapter are drawn from several ecological sub-disciplines, though the intent of these problems is to be instructive regardless of the reader's focus of research. The chapter also offers some pointers for approaching these problems and how to apply their lessons to one's own research.
The quadratic dynatomic curves are smooth and irreducible
Authors: Buff Xavier , Lei Tan
Published: November 2017

This chapter re-proves both the smoothness and the irreducibility of the quadratic dynatomic curves {(c,z) ∈ C² ∣ z is n-periodic for z² + c}. The smoothness is due to previous work laid out by Douady–Hubbard. Moreover, the proof here is based on elementary calculations on the pushforwards of specific quadratic differentials. This approach is a computational illustration of the power of the far more general transversality theory of A. Epstein, and is further inspired by the proof of Lau-Schleicher. The irreducibility is due to Bousch and Lau-Schleicher, but with a different method. Finally, the chapter uses elementary combinatorial properties of the kneading sequences instead of internal addresses.
Perturbations of weakly expanding critical orbits
Authors: Levin Genadi
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies perturbations of polynomials and rational functions with several (possibly, not all) summable critical points. It proves that there exists an r-dimensional manifold Δ‎ in an appropriate space containing f (a polynomial or a rational function which has r summable critical points) such that for every smooth curve in Δ‎ through f, the ratio between parameter and dynamical derivatives along forward iterates of at least one of these summable points tends to a non-zero number. In doing so the chapter establishes a precise form of this relation for rational maps with one critical point satisfying the summability condition (certain expansion rate assumption along the critical orbit). This result brings to a natural general form many previously known special cases studied over the years.
Milnor's conjecture on monotonicity of topological entropy: Results and questions
Authors: van Strien Sebastian
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Milnor's conjecture on monotonicity of entropy and gives a short exposition of the ideas used in its proof. It discusses the history of this conjecture, gives an outline of the proof in the general case, and describes the state of the art in the subject. The proof makes use of an important result by Kozlovski, Shen, and van Strien on the density of hyperbolicity in the space of real polynomial maps, which is a far-reaching generalization of the Thurston Rigidity Theorem. (In the quadratic case, density of hyperbolicity had been proved in studies done by M. Lyubich and J. Graczyk and G. Swiatek.) The chapter concludes with a list of open problems.
From the League of Nations to Vietnam
Authors: Greenberg Udi
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on theories of Hans J. Morgenthau, a German émigré specialist on foreign relations. In the years immediately after World War II, Morgenthau emerged as the highest intellectual authority on international relations in the United States. His theory, which became known as “realism,” explained why the United States had no choice but to oppose the Soviet Union and China and prevent them from expanding their power in Europe and East Asia. However, Morgenthau also opposed U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War. This dual position marked both the high point of the German–American symbiosis and the moment of its crisis.
Who Votes Now?
Authors: Leighley Jan E. , Nagler Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This book compares the demographic characteristics and political views of voters and non-voters in U.S. presidential elections since 1972 and examines how electoral reforms and the choices offered by candidates influence voter turnout. Drawing on a wealth of data from the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey and the American National Election Studies, the book demonstrates that the rich have consistently voted more than the poor for the past four decades, and that voters are substantially more conservative in their economic views than non-voters. The book finds that women are now more likely to vote than men, that the gap in voting rates between blacks and whites has largely disappeared, and that older Americans continue to vote more than younger Americans. The book also shows how electoral reforms such as Election Day voter registration and absentee voting have boosted voter turnout, and how turnout would also rise if parties offered more distinct choices. Providing the most systematic analysis available of modern voter turnout, this book reveals that persistent class bias in turnout has enduring political consequences, and that it really does matter who votes and who doesn't.
Theoretical Framework and Models
Authors: Leighley Jan E. , Nagler Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the theoretical framework that guides the analyses and discussions of the determinants of voter turnout. It adopts a model of turnout that poses an individual's decision to vote as a reflection of the costs and benefits of engaging in such behavior. Then, for each presidential election year since 1972, it estimates turnout as a function of demographic characteristics of interest. These estimates allow us to estimate the impact of one demographic characteristic (such as income) on turnout while holding other demographic characteristics (such as education and race) constant. These estimates are referred to as “conditional” relationships. The findings suggest that the conditional relationships between education and turnout, and income and turnout (i.e., conditional income bias) have been relatively stable (or modestly reduced) since 1972. Important changes in the conditional relationships between age, race, gender, and turnout have also been observed.
NATO at War
Authors: Auerswald David P. , Saideman Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter demonstrates that operating in a multilateral military effort is challenging. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) would be more effective if every contingent had no politically imposed restrictions, but that is not to say that the alliance or any multilateral effort is utterly ineffective and doomed to fail. Caveats, red cards, intrusive oversight, selection of officers, and incentives all matter in shaping how the contingents operate. These are political impediments to countries operating together on the battlefield. Countries will vary systematically in how much they can contribute to the fight, wherever the fight happens to be. These dynamics will become increasingly problematic over the next several years, as most NATO countries (and many others) will be cutting defense spending due to various fiscal crises and associated budget constraints.
NATO and the Primacy of National Decisions in Multilateral Interventions
Authors: Auerswald David P. , Saideman Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes NATO: how the organization works, how its origins give its members latitude to influence their contingents, and how the commanders of its multilateral efforts cope with the challenges of multilateral contingents. As caveats, red cards, phone calls, and other techniques for managing individual contingents have proven to be problematic, NATO has worked hard to mitigate those techniques' impact upon ISAF's (International Security Assistance Force) effectiveness. Despite these efforts, the alliance cannot hope to compete with national command chains. The chapter then compares the intervention venues that states can use from a theoretical perspective, to include unilateralism, coalitions of the willing, and alliance actions. NATO interventions provide individual alliance members with the benefits of multilateralism while maintaining ultimate national controls on deployed troops. In NATO interventions, national commands have authority over choosing their nation's commanders, delegating authority to those commanders, conducting oversight, and providing incentives for appropriate military behavior—authority that the alliance cannot match.
Does Membership Matter?
Authors: Auerswald David P. , Saideman Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at two countries, Australia and New Zealand, that are partners with but not members of NATO. Australia and New Zealand have British-style political institutions, with the key decisions made by the prime minister and his or her minister of defense. The chapter then assesses whether membership in NATO makes a difference. It argues that non-membership can actually be a shield that countries use to deflect harder choices and more responsibilities. Otherwise, the domestic dynamics work like they do in Great Britain or Canada, demonstrating that the military constraints imposed by nations are driven far more by domestic politics than by NATO institutions.
Implications for Policy and Theory
Authors: Auerswald David P. , Saideman Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter identifies the implications of this book's study for both future research and policy makers. One implication of this study is the shedding of light on the forum-shopping process associated with military interventions. Forum shopping occurs when countries have more than one option from which to choose when deciding whether and how to intervene. The experiences of Afghanistan and Libya show that while there may be other outlets for multilateral military operations, NATO, despite its limitations, is almost always the preferred intervention forum for its member states. The second set of implications deals with the use of principal-agency theory in civil–military relations. Ultimately, the cases of Afghanistan and Libya are ideal for comparative analysis on how countries react to various domestic and international pressures.
Averages along Polynomial Sequences in Discrete Nilpotent Lie Groups: Singular Radon Transforms
Authors: Ionescu Alexandru D. , Magyar Akos , Wainger Stephen
Published: November 2017

This chapter concentrates on the averages of functions along polynomial sequences in discrete nilpotent groups, illustrating the problems that arise from studying these averages. Though special polynomial sequences can still use the Fourier transform in the central variables to analyze the operators, it appears that one needs to proceed in an entirely different way in the case of general polynomial maps, when the Fourier transform method is not available. This chapter is the first attempt to treat discrete Radon transforms along general polynomial sequences in the non-commutative nilpotent settings. It does so by analyzing the problem of L² boundedness of singular Radon transforms.
The Energy Critical Wave Equation in 3D
Authors: Kenig Carlos
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the energy critical nonlinear wave equation in 3 space dimensions. It mainly focuses on soliton resolution for radial solutions of nonlinear waves. For a long time there has been a widespread belief that global in time solutions of dispersive equations, asymptotically in time, decouple into a sum of finitely many modulated solitons, a free radiation term, and a term that goes to 0 at infinity. Such a result should hold for globally well-posed equations, or in general, with the additional condition that the solution does not blow-up. When blow-up may occur such decompositions are always expected to be unstable.
Diagonal Estimates for Bergman Kernels in Monomial-Type Domains
Authors: Nagel Alexander , Pramanik Malabika
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses diagonal estimates for Bergman kernels in monomial-type domains. It begins by briefly recalling the definition and some of the elementary properties of the Bergman projection and Bergman kernel. The chapter then turns to a problem which requires obtaining uniform estimates for a Bergman kernel on the diagonal of a model monomial domain. The chapter then sketches an approach devised by Gregor Herbort in 1983, when he gave an example in which the growth of the Bergman kernel on the diagonal is not given by a negative power of the distance to the boundary. Through Herbort's method, the chapter arrives at its required estimates.
The Cultural Environment of Collective Behavior
Authors: Bail Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to answer the question of how a small group of anti-Muslim organizations commandeered the collective identity of Islam across so much of the American public sphere. It examines how collective actors compete to shape shared understandings of Islam within the American media, the policy process, and everyday life. In so doing, the book provides a new theory of how collective actors create cultural change after major historical ruptures such as the September 11 attacks. The chapter then discusses the study of cultural change with Big Data, followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.
The Silent Sex
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? This book shows how the gender composition and rules of a deliberative body dramatically affect who speaks, how the group interacts, the kinds of issues the group takes up, whose voices prevail, and what the group ultimately decides. It argues that efforts to improve the representation of women will fall short unless they address institutional rules that impede women's voices. Using experimental research supplemented with analysis of school boards, the book demonstrate how the effects of rules depend on women's numbers, so that small numbers are not fatal with a consensus process, but consensus is not always beneficial when there are large numbers of women. Men and women enter deliberative settings facing different expectations about their influence and authority. The book reveals how the wrong institutional rules can exacerbate women's deficit of authority while the right rules can close it, and, in the process, establish more cooperative norms of group behavior and more generous policies for the disadvantaged. Rules and numbers have far-reaching implications for the representation of women and their interests. This book provides important new findings on ways to bring women's voices into the conversation on matters of common concern.
Introduction
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This introduction chapter discusses the problem of women's lower status in society. Despite the society's perceived progress since way back 1949, women remain second-class citizens in reality if not in law. Women are not the “silent sex” in all domains. However, the chapter shows that they are less likely than men to talk and to influence others when discussing matters of common concern. Authority is the expectation of influence, and society typically grants less of it to women than to men. The chapter also addresses a number of issues beyond gender. Topics ranging from income inequality to poverty, to taxes, to the obligations of government, to the needs of children—all these are implicated in the following discussions, and so are the policies that address these themes.
Gender Inequality in School Boards
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the experiences of men and women in Londonderry, Wakefield, and many other towns and cities across the country. While the school boards data set is culled from official meeting minutes and thus has some limitations, the chapter regards the findings reviewed here as a tough test of the expectations for majority-rule meetings. Not only are these settings ostensibly focused on the needs of children—an issue highly important to women—but they are also comprised of women who are elected representatives. These are women with sufficient efficacy and confidence to have successfully run for elected office in the places where they live, women whose official position involves speaking upon behalf of their constituents. In that sense, these women are among the more privileged and powerful people in the country.
Conclusion
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter discusses how scholars have established the utility of different types of representation for disadvantaged groups. Descriptive representation refers to the physical presence of a social group in the setting of decision making. Substantive representation occurs when the concerns, values, sensibilities, or interests of that group are expressed, acted upon, and ultimately influence the outcome in some way. Symbolic representation is defined as the notion that the group is capable of governing, that its exercise of power is legitimate. The book's findings suggest an additional type of representation. In order to obtain substantive and symbolic representation, a subordinate group requires that the conditions of discussion provide the group with authoritative representation.
Young Islam
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

Today, two-thirds of all Arab Muslims are under the age of thirty. This book takes readers inside the evolving competition for their support—a competition not simply between Islamism and the secular world, but between different and often conflicting visions of Islam itself. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research among rank-and-file activists in Morocco, the book shows how Islamist movements are encountering opposition from an unexpected source—each other. In vivid detail, the book describes the conflicts that arise as Islamist groups vie with one another for new recruits, and the unprecedented fragmentation that occurs as members wrangle over a shared urbanized base. Looking carefully at how political Islam is lived, expressed, and understood by young people, the book moves beyond the top-down focus of current research. Instead, it makes the compelling case that Islamist actors are shaped more by their relationships to each other than by their relationships to the state or even to religious ideology. By focusing not only on the texts of aging elites but also on the voices of diverse and sophisticated Muslim youths, the book exposes the shifting and contested nature of Islamist movements today—movements that are being reimagined from the bottom up by young Islam. This book, the first to shed light on this new and uncharted era of Islamist pluralism in the Middle East and North Africa, uncovers the rivalries that are redefining the next generation of political Islam.
Shuttle Ethnography
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the author's reflections on the methods and challenges involved in studying both legal and illegal Islamist movements up close. The author details his attempts to make contact and interview members of the Party of Justice and Development (PJD), a political party modeled after the Muslim Brotherhood. The author describes an approach he calls “shuttle ethnography,” which combines extended ethnographic fieldwork and the analysis of texts and relevant survey data when available (and appropriate). Like a shuttle diplomat, the author bounced between actors, challenging each group's pontifications with insights and objections culled from their competitors. He found that there was no better way to tease out their beliefs and positions than to invoke this contrarian view; and this allowed me to better understand the nuances and distinctions between and within groups.
What Youth Want
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This chapter continues the discussion of the lives of young Islamists, focusing on their articulations of their hopes and goals. Analyzing the trove of data that the author uncovered from first-person narratives and life histories, transcripts, and extended participant observation, the author found that young people were looking for nothing less than a new sense of self. Their decisions are multiple, multilayered, and constantly renegotiated, but they can only be understood by making sense of the new identities that are sustained by their collective action. The author argues that Islamism is not simply ideological; it is instrumental—an avenue to a new identity, to new ways of seeing and thinking about themselves. The author dubs this the new politics of personal empowerment, where Islamist movements are reimagined as individual improvement factories: places to go not simply to become better Muslims, but to better their lot in life or the perception of that lot.