bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitotic arrest and slippage induced by pharmacological inhibition of Polo‐like kinase 1
Authors: Raab Monika , Krämer Andrea , Hehlgans Stephanie , Sanhaji Mourad , Kurunci-Csacsko Elisabeth , Dötsch Christina , Bug Gesine , Ottmann Oliver , Becker Sven , Pachl Fiona , Kuster Bernhard , Strebhardt Klaus
Published: August 2014

Exposure to drugs that interfere with microtubule dynamics block cell cycle progression at mitosis by prolonged activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Cells can evade mitotic arrest and proceed to interphase without chromosome segregation by a process termed mitotic slippage that involves Cyclin B1 degradation without checkpoint inactivation. Here, we explored the cellular response to small‐molecule inhibitors of Polo‐like kinase 1 (Plk1), an important regulator of cell division. We found that the clinical Plk1 inhibitors BI 2536 and BI 6727, both unexpectedly, induced a dose‐dependent cellular drug response: While mitotic arrest was induced in cancer cell lines and primary non‐transformed cells across the entire range of concentrations tested, only high concentrations seemed to promote mitotic slippage. Since this observation contrasts with the effects expected from studies reporting RNAi‐mediated Plk1 depletion in cancer cells, we wondered whether both ATP‐competitive inhibitors target unknown kinases that are involved in signaling from the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and might contribute to the mitotic slippage. A chemical proteomics approach used to profile the selectivity of both inhibitors revealed that SAC kinases are not targeted directly. Still, the activities of Cdk1/Cyclin B1 and Aurora B, which plays important roles in the error correction of false microtubule‐kinetochore attachments and in checkpoint signaling, were shown to be downregulated at high inhibitor concentrations. Our data suggest that the inhibition of Plk1 activity below a certain threshold influences Aurora B activity via reduced phosphorylation of Fox M1 and Survivin leading to diminished levels of Aurora B protein and alteration of its subcellular localization. Within the spectrum of SAC proteins that are degraded during mitotic slippage, the degradation of Cyclin B1 and the downregulation of Aurora B activity by Plk1 inhibition seem to be critical promoters of mitotic slippage. The results indicate that careful dose‐finding studies in cancer trials are necessary to limit or even prevent mitotic slippage, which could be associated with improved cancer cell survival.
Genus-one Birkhoff sections for geodesic flows
Authors: DEHORNOY PIERRE
Published: August 2014

We prove that the geodesic flow on the unit tangent bundle to every hyperbolic 2-orbifold that is a sphere with three or four singular points admits explicit genus-one Birkhoff sections, and we determine the associated first return maps.
-Hölder linearization of hyperbolic diffeomorphisms with resonance
Authors: ZHANG WENMENG , ZHANG WEINIAN
Published: August 2014

Concerning hyperbolic diffeomorphisms, one expects a better smoothness of linearization, but it may be confined by resonance among eigenvalues. Hartman gave a three-dimensional analytic mapping with resonance which cannot be linearized by a Lipschitz conjugacy. Since then, efforts have been made to give the ${\it\alpha}$-Hölder continuity of the conjugacy and hope the exponent ${\it\alpha}<1$ can be as large as possible. Recently, it was proved for some weakly resonant hyperbolic diffeomorphisms that ${\it\alpha}$ can be as large as we expect. In this paper we prove that this result holds for all $C^{\infty }$ weakly resonant hyperbolic diffeomorphisms.
The ‘G’ men: a profile of GBL/GHB users in an area of high drug-related mortality
Authors: Durgahee S. , Allen G. , Williams H.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Gamma-butyrolactone/gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GBL/GHB) and related analogues are increasingly misused. The study reports on patient characteristics, nature and pattern of use, complications and comorbidity for a cohort of patients presenting to a large Substance Misuse Service in Brighton and Hove City.

Method

A retrospective case-note review of routinely collected clinical data on patients with primary GBL/GHB misuse.

Results

In all, 24 individuals were male and 3 female, with a mean age of 34 years. A total of 21 males identified themselves as gay and 1 female as bisexual. Just over half (15, 56%), respectively, were living in stable accommodation and were in employment or third-level education. In all, 22 (81%) met criteria for physical dependence and two-thirds (18, 67%) had experienced overdose. The group was using large amounts of GBL (mean 53 ml/day) with a significant number (25, 93%) using ‘around the clock’ (every 1–3 hours). Over one-third (10, 37%) had a diagnosis of HIV and with 24 (89%) having a presumptive diagnosis of anxiety disorder.

Conclusions

A profile of gay men with relatively stable lifestyles, but nevertheless with a high rate of complication of GBL/GHB use and with a significant comorbidity (HIV and psychological problems) was identified. The need for integrated specialist services and the importance of liaison with Emergency Departments and HIV services is highlighted.
Yield stability of soybean cultivars in response to sowing date in the lower latitude Brazilian Savannah Highlands
Authors: SPEHAR C. R. , FRANCISCO E. R. , PEREIRA E. A.
Published: August 2014

Acquisition of high-yielding stable cultivars, a major target for breeding, is achievable by repeated trials across different locations and seasons. The hypothesis is whether evaluation of sowing date and season could be used to assess yield stability for tropical soybean, a photoperiod-sensitive plant. Determinate growth cultivars BRSOY-1, BRSOY-2, BRSOY-3, BRSOY-4, BRSOY-5, BRSOY-6, BRSOY-7, BRSOY-8 and BRSOY-9, of early, mid-cycle and late maturity, were tested at six sowing dates in three growing seasons (2005–2008), in Planaltina, DF Brazil. Data on degree days to first flower and physiological maturity, plant and first pod height, and grain yield were analysed. BRSOY-3, BRSOY-5 and BRSOY-7 were the most stable, measured across 18 environments (year×sowing date), demonstrating selection effectiveness. Determinate growth explained low yields in late-sown treatments, as the photoperiod response reduced the reproductive phase. Late cultivars had photoperiod effect confounded with dry spells at the end of the rainy season. Genotypic stability for high yield in soybean is envisaged as a function of maturity group and long reproductive period. Manipulating the response to maturity and introduction of indeterminate growth habit is expected to increase yields across the sowing period, consolidating tropical soybean production. The method could be used for cultivar release and to define selection schemes aiming at recombinants for delayed maturity.
‘Patria, Honor y Fuerza’: A Study of a Right-Wing Youth Movement in Mexico during the 1930s–1960s
Authors: BREWSTER CLAIRE , BREWSTER KEITH
Published: August 2014

This article focuses on the intricate and developing nature of official politics and grassroots activism in post-revolutionary Mexico. It does so by tracing the trajectory of the Pentathlón Deportivo Militar Universitario, a right-wing youth movement that emerged in Mexico in 1938. By locating the group within both the international and domestic emergence of youth movements in the early twentieth century, the article shows how the study of Pentathlón's formation, objectives and later evolution can significantly enrich our understanding of an important phase in Mexico's post-revolutionary history. Within the context of right wing oppositional politics, analysis of the movement provides a fascinating insight into both the emerging Mexican state's ability to appropriate the radical impulses of the younger generation and the Pentathlón's willingness to accommodate such strategies in order to ensure its own survival.
Resource partitioning between common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the Israeli bottom trawl fishery? Assessment by stomach contents and tissue stable isotopes analysis
Authors: Scheinin A.P. , Kerem D. , Lojen S. , Liberzon J. , Spanier E.
Published: August 2014

Common bottlenose dolphin (CBD) and bottom trawlers exploit the same ecological niche. The estimated CBD population along the Israeli coastline consumes roughly 1280 t of prey annually, similar to the mean annual trawl-fishery yield of 1300 t. In the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Basin, the potential for competition for limited resources therefore exists. We aimed to examine whether the two consumers indeed harvest the same trophic level of the food web and the same members of that level. These questions were addressed by stomach content and stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) analyses. The database included 26 prey-containing stomachs collected between 1996 and 2008 and muscle tissue samples of 23 dolphins and of 27 species of commercial fish and invertebrates for stable isotopes analysis. The 59.3 kg combined stomach content included at least 754 prey items, 97.3% of which were fish, belonging to 22 identified species. About half (46.4%) of the prey mass had medium-to-high commercial value. The overall similarity of the composition of the pooled biomass and that of the average commercial catch was expressed by a Pianka index of 0.49. Sparidae (sea bream) was the only family important for both consumers. The mean δ15N value of CBD muscle was found to be relatively low compared to other geographical areas and the estimated mean δ15N of its diet fell below that of most commercial species tested. Our findings suggest that CBD and the fisheries only partly share resources, with CBD having an overall minor effect on the bottom trawl fishery, mainly on the Sparidae catch.
Providing health care to improve community perceptions of protected areas
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , van Bavel Bianca , Boodman Carl , Ghai Ria R. , Gogarten Jan F. , Hartter Joel , Mechak Lauren E. , Omeja Patrick A. , Poonawala Sofia , Tuli Dan , Goldberg Tony L.
Published: August 2014

Impoverished communities often turn to illegal extraction of resources from protected areas to alleviate economic pressures or to make monetary gains. Such practices can cause ecological damage and threaten animal populations. These communities also often face a high disease burden and typically do not have access to affordable health care. Here we argue that these two seemingly separate challenges may have a common solution. In particular, providing health care to communities adjacent to protected areas may be an efficient and effective way to reduce the disease burden while also improving local perceptions about protected areas, potentially reducing illegal extraction. We present a case study of a health centre on the edge of Kibale National Park, Uganda. The centre has provided care to c. 7,200 people since 2008 and its outreach programme extends to c. 4,500 schoolchildren each year. Contrasting the provision of health care to other means of improving community perceptions of protected areas suggests that health clinics have potential as a conservation tool in some situations and should be considered in future efforts to manage protected areas.
Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs
Authors: RYAN UNA , FAYER RONALD , XIAO LIHUA
Published: August 2014

Cryptosporidiumis increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20Cryptosporidiumspecies and genotypes that have been reported in humans,Cryptosporidium hominisandCryptosporidium parvumare responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with severalCryptosporidiumspecies or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission ofCryptosporidiumspecies, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for manyCryptosporidiumspecies of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity ofCryptosporidiumspecies and impact of climate change on the transmission ofCryptosporidium.
Sensitive diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by lesion swab sampling coupled to qPCR
Authors: ADAMS EMILY R. , GOMEZ MARIA ADELAIDA , SCHESKE LAURA , RIOS RUBY , MARQUEZ RICARDO , COSSIO ALEXANDRA , ALBERTINI AUDREY , SCHALLIG HENK , SARAVIA NANCY GORE
Published: August 2014

Variation in clinical accuracy of molecular diagnostic methods for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is commonly observed depending on the sample source, the method of DNA recovery and the molecular test. Few attempts have been made to compare these variables. Two swab and aspirate samples from lesions of patients with suspected CL (n = 105) were evaluated alongside standard diagnosis by microscopic detection of amastigotes or culture of parasites from lesion material. Three DNA extraction methods were compared: Qiagen on swab and aspirate specimens, Isohelix on swabs and Boil/Spin of lesion aspirates. Recovery ofLeishmaniaDNA was evaluated for each sample type by real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of parasitic 18S rDNA, and the diagnostic accuracy of the molecular method determined. Swab sampling combined with Qiagen DNA extraction was the most efficient recovery method forLeishmaniaDNA, and was the most sensitive (98%; 95% CI: 91–100%) and specific (84%; 95% CI: 64–95%) approach. Aspirated material was less sensitive at 80% (95% CI: 70–88%) and 61% (95% CI: 50–72%) when coupled to Qiagen or Boil-Spin DNA extraction, respectively. Swab sampling of lesions was painless, simple to perform and coupled with standardized DNA extraction enhances the feasibility of molecular diagnosis of CL.
White-matter relaxation time and myelin water fraction differences in young adults with autism
Authors: Deoni S. C. L. , Zinkstok J. R. , Daly E. , Ecker C. ,   MRC AIMS Consortium, Williams S. C. R. , Murphy D. G. M.
Published: August 2014

Background

Increasing evidence suggests that autism is associated with abnormal white-matter (WM) anatomy and impaired brain ‘connectivity’. While myelin plays a critical role in synchronized brain communication, its aetiological role in autistic symptoms has only been indirectly addressed by WM volumetric, relaxometry and diffusion tensor imaging studies. A potentially more specific measure of myelin content, termed myelin water fraction (MWF), could provide improved sensitivity to myelin alteration in autism.

Method

We performed a cross-sectional imaging study that compared 14 individuals with autism and 14 age- and IQ-matched controls. T1 relaxation times (T1), T2 relaxation times (T2) and MWF values were compared between autistic subjects, diagnosed using the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R), with current symptoms assessed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and typical healthy controls. Correlations between T1, T2 and MWF values with clinical measures [ADI-R, ADOS, and the Autism Quotient (AQ)] were also assessed.

Results

Individuals with autism showed widespread WM T1 and MWF differences compared to typical controls. Within autistic individuals, worse current social interaction skill as measured by the ADOS was related to reduced MWF although not T1. No significant differences or correlations with symptoms were observed with respect to T2.

Conclusions

Autistic individuals have significantly lower global MWF and higher T1, suggesting widespread alteration in tissue microstructure and biochemistry. Areas of difference, including thalamic projections, cerebellum and cingulum, have previously been implicated in the disorder; however, this is the first study to specifically indicate myelin alteration in these regions.
Health Policy in Cambodia: To What Extent Is an Aid-Dependent Country Able to Determine Its Own Policy?
Authors: DIAZ PEDREGAL VIRGINIE , DESTREMAU BLANDINE , CRIEL BART
Published: August 2014

This article analyses the design and implementation process of arrangements for health care provision and access to health care in Cambodia. It points to the complexity of shaping a coherent social policy in a low-income country heavily dependent on international aid.

At a theoretical level, we confirm that ideas, interests and institutions are all important factors in the construction of Cambodian health care schemes. However, we demonstrate that trying to hierarchically organise these three elements to explain policy making is not fruitful.

Regarding the methodology, interviews with forty-eight selected participants produced the qualitative material for this study. A documentary review was also an important source of data and information.

The study produces two sets of results. First, Cambodian policy aimed at the development of health care arrangements results from a series of negotiations between a wide range of stakeholders with different objectives and interests. International stakeholders, such as donors and technical organisations, are major players in the policy arena where health policy is constructed. Cambodian civil society, however, is rarely involved in the negotiations.

Second, the Cambodian government makes political decisions incrementally. The long-term vision of the Cambodian authorities for improving health care provision and access is quite clear, but, nevertheless, day-to-day decisions and actions are constantly negotiated between stakeholders. As a result, donors and non-government organisations (NGOs) working in the field find it difficult to anticipate policies.

To conclude, despite real autonomy in the decision-making process, the Cambodian government still has to prove its capacity to master a number of risks, such as the (so far under-regulated) development of the private health care sector.
A novel movement-based operation method for dual-arm rescue construction machinery
Authors: Fang Cheng , Ding Xilun
Published: August 2014

The issue of the operation method for dual-arm rescue construction machinery is investigated in this paper. To increase its operational efficiency and to save more time at rescue sites, some operating strategies of the human arm are employed to design a novel operation method for construction machinery. On the basis of that, a novel and anthropomorphic task-motion planning and performing framework for rescue construction machinery is established. Firstly, the main tasks construction machinery encounter are summarized, and then, these tasks are decomposed to several manipulation and movement sequences. Finally, several frequently used movements, which consist of some basic movement elements, are designed to be intuitive movement primitives coordinating related movement elements simultaneously to improve the operational efficiency, which forms a novel operation method for rescue construction machinery. Additionally, in order to avoid the potential collision between the dual arms, a self-collision avoidance surveillance method is proposed to guarantee the safety of the novel operation method. An application case is presented to introduce the proposed method specifically, and a typical simulation of a dual-arm grip-and-cut task is carried out to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the framework.
Characterizing Social and Recreational Programming in Assisted Living
Authors: Hanson Heather M. , Hoppmann Christiane A. , Condon Karen , Davis Jane , Feldman Fabio , Friesen Mavis , Leung Pet Ming , White Angela D. , Sims-Gould Joanie , Ashe Maureen C.
Published: August 2014

Les objectifs de cette étude en trois phases étaient (1) de caractériser les opportunités existantes dans les programmes de loisirs pour les locataires résidant avec aide à la vie autonome (AVA)* et (2) de recueillir les perceptions sur les facteurs qui influent sur la planification et la prestation des programmes. Au cours d'une collaboration d'un an, nous avons utilisé un cadre de l'application des connaissances intégrées qui a ciblé 51 sites AVA subventionnés par l'État de deux autorités de la santé en Colombie-Britannique. Nous avons effectué une revue des activités, une enquête auprès du personnel et des symposia interactifs pour identifier les facteurs qui ont permis ou restreint les programmes de loisirs. D'après les informations obtenues, nous avons déterminé que tous les sites AVA livraient programmes de loisirs. Bien que les possibilités d'exercice et de l'activité physique ont été perçus comme ayant une grande importance, la plupart des activités étaient de nature sociale. Le personnel a signalé leur confiance dans la prestation de ce type de programmation et a estimé qu'il répondait aux besoins holistiques des locataires, y compris leur bien-être mental, favorisant un sentiment d'appartenance à la communauté. Futures pistes pour augmenter l'activité physique pour les locataires AVA devraient aborder les caractéristiques de l'individu, du site, et de l’organisation.
Primary Care–Based Memory Clinics: Expanding Capacity for Dementia Care
Authors: Lee Linda , Hillier Loretta M. , Heckman George , Gagnon Micheline , Borrie Michael J. , Stolee Paul , Harvey David
Published: August 2014

La mise en oeuvre en l’Ontario de 15 cliniques interprofessionnelles des troubles de la mémoire à base de soins primaires représente un modèle unique de gestion de cas en équipe, visant à accroître la capacité de traitement de la démence au niveau des soins primaires. Chaque clinique a suivi les patients; dans un sous-ensemble des cliniques, des graphiques ont été vérifiés par les gériatres, les membres de la clinique ont été interrogés, et les patients, les soignants et les médecins traitants ont rempli des questionnaires de satisfaction. Dans toutes les cliniques, 582 patients ont été évalués, et 8,9 pour cent ont été adressés à un spécialiste. Les patients et les soignants étaient très satisfaits des soins reçus, de même que les médecins traitants de la famille, qui ont déclaré une augmentation de la capacité à gérer la démence. La vérification des dossiers des gériatres a révélé un niveau élevé d'accord avec le diagnostic et la gestion. Cette étude a démontré l'acceptabilité, la faisabilité et l'efficacité préliminaire du modèle de clinique des troubles de la mémoire de soins primaires. Dirigée par les médecins de famille spécialement formés, il a fourni un accès en temps opportun à la haute qualité des soins de la démence collaboratives, affectant recours aux services de santé par une utilisation plus efficace des maigres ressources spécialisées en gériatrie.
The relative validity and repeatability of an FFQ for estimating intake of zinc and its absorption modifiers in young and older Saudi adults
Authors: Alsufiani Hadeil M , Yamani Fatmah , Kumosani Taha A , Ford Dianne , Mathers John C
Published: August 2014

Objective

To assess the relative validity and repeatability of a sixty-four-item FFQ for estimating dietary intake of Zn and its absorption modifiers in Saudi adults. In addition, we used the FFQ to investigate the effect of age and gender on these intakes.

Design

To assess validity, all participants completed the FFQ (FFQ1) and a 3 d food record. After 1 month, the FFQ was administered for a second time (FFQ2) to assess repeatability.

Setting

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Subjects

One hundred males and females aged 20–30 years and 60–70 years participated.

Results

Mean intakes of Zn and protein from FFQ1 were significantly higher than those from the food record while there were no detectable differences between tools for measurement of phytic acid intake. Estimated intakes of Zn, protein and phytate by both approaches were strongly correlated (P<0·001). Bland–Altman analysis showed for protein that the difference in intake as measured by the two methods was similar across the range of intakes while for Zn and phytic acid, the difference increased with increasing mean intake. Zn and protein intakes from FFQ1 and FFQ2 were highly correlated (r>0·68,P<0·001) but were significantly lower at the second measurement (FFQ2). Older adults consumed less Zn and protein compared with young adults. Intakes of all dietary components were lower in females than in males.

Conclusions

The FFQ developed and tested in the current study demonstrated reasonable relative validity and high repeatability and was capable of detecting differences in intakes between age and gender groups.
Who, What, When, and Where? Toward a Dimensional Conceptualization of Community Violence Exposure
Authors: Kennedy Traci M. , Ceballo Rosario
Published: August 2014

A plethora of research on the psychological consequences of community violence exposure among youth has conceptualized and measured community violence as a single, homogenous construct that indiscriminately gives rise to a wide range of outcomes. However, it is increasingly recognized that community violence exposure is comprised of many disparate characteristics. Thus, a more dimensional theoretical approach to the study of community violence exposure is proposed; such an approach will more precisely clarify how community violence exposure is differentially associated with specific outcomes. In particular, the dimensions of type, severity, physical proximity, relational proximity (familiarity with the persons involved), and chronicity of community violence exposure are suggested as potential moderating factors that may each, individually and in interaction, differentially impact youths’ well-being. In order to account for greater contextual complexity in children's experiences of community violence, several recommendations for new methodological approaches and research directions are proposed and discussed. Such a theoretical shift is critical to advance our understanding of the processes underlying the links between community violence exposure and youth outcomes, as well as to inform more targeted and effective interventions for youth exposed to community violence.
Green Perspective for a Hopeful Future: Explaining Green Schools’ Contribution to Environmental Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Kerret Dorit , Orkibi Hod , Ronen Tammie
Published: August 2014

This article offers a new perspective on 2 of the most pressing challenges of contemporary society: improving the state of the environment and improving the subjective well-being (SWB) of adolescents, who are not only likely to suffer the severe consequences of environmental degradation but are also society's future leaders. We present an innovative interdisciplinary approach blending positive psychology with environmental education to study the previously unexplored mechanisms by which green schools may promote not only adolescents’ environmental behavior (EB) but also their SWB. Within a new framework of environmental subjective well-being, our explanatory theoretical model posits a potential chain of influence that begins with green schools’ effects on students’ goal-directed environmental hope (a latent cognitive variable indicated by agency thinking, pathway thinking, and trusting other members of society), which in turn contributes to increased levels of EB and SWB. A latent cognitive–behavioral variable, indicated by self-control skills and resistance to peer pressure, is posited as moderator of the relation between environmental hope and actual EB. Implications for research, practice, and policy are proposed.
The Effects of Robot-Enhanced Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Costescu Cristina A. , Vanderborght Bram , David Daniel O.
Published: August 2014

Through this meta-analysis we aimed to provide an estimation of the overall effect of robot-enhanced therapy on psychological outcome for different populations, to provide average effect sizes on different outcomes, such as cognitive, behavioral and subjective, and to test possible moderators of effect size. From a total of 861 considered studies for this meta-analysis, only 12 were included because of the lack of studies that have reported quantitative data in this area and because of their primary focus on describing the process of robotic development rather than measuring psychological outcomes. We calculated Cohen's d effect sizes for every outcome measure for which sufficient data were reported. The results show that robot-enhanced therapy yielded a medium effect size overall and, specifically on the behavioral level, indicating that 69% of patients in the control groups did worse than the average number of participants in the intervention group. More studies are needed with regard to specific outcomes to prove the efficacy of robot-enhanced therapy, but the overall results clearly support the use of robot-enhanced therapy for different populations.
Bio-based Polymers and Materials
Authors: Berezina Nathalie , Martelli Silvia Maria
Published: August 2014

Environmental and economic concerns have driven the development of bio-based polymers and materials in the recent years. The efforts are mainly concerned with the direct production of biopolymers and the production of bio-based monomers for their further polymerization by chemical or biotechnological routes. Work on the direct production of biopolymers was mainly focused on improving the productivity and on tailoring the composition and properties. The main studied polymers in this category are polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and poly- and oligo-saccharides, even if some others such as lignin and poly(amino acid)s were also considered. The production of bio-based monomers has evolved from the production of monomers for biodegradable polymers (polylactic acid, PLA) to the petroleum identical non-biodegradable polyethylene (PE) through the partially bio-based polybutylene succinate (PBS). In this chapter we discuss the up-to-date achievements in these different areas, as well as the pros and cons of each type of biomaterials and future prospects of the field.
Fundamentals and Biotechnological Applications of Downstream Processing Technologies
Authors: Galante Raquel Manozzo , Fonseca Gustavo Graciano , Berezina Nathalie , Caon Thiago , Fakhouri Farayde Matta , Martelli Silvia Maria
Published: August 2014

‘Downstream processing’ describes as a series of operational steps used to recover biotechnological products and produce a purified bulk compound in a format suitable for its intended use. The purification step is extremely important because the degree of purity of certain materials is an essential pre-requisite for many applications and, depending on that, the material will be classified as useful or useless by regulatory agencies. Downstream processing is a critical component of the overall process bearing in mind that the product recovery costs may impact on the economic viability of certain processes. The recovery step includes all the steps taken after the fermentation step in the bioreactor, which involves the separation of one compound/material, typically presented at low concentration, from a large amount of water, whole cells, cell debris and/or fragments, soluble and insoluble medium products, aggregated proteins, undissolved nutrient components and so on. In spite of its importance in food manufacturing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, downstream processing has not been prioritized in the same fashion as upstream processing, so discussions about this subject are extremely necessary. Thus, this chapter revises techniques largely used in downstream operation steps during biotechnology processes (cell inactivation, separation and disruption, product extraction and purification), their advantages and limitations, as well as their application in the biotechnology industry.
Comment on “$ per W metrics for thermoelectric power generation: beyond ZT ” by S. K. Yee, S. LeBlanc, K. E. Goodson and C. Dames, Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 2561
Authors: Nunes G.
Published: August 2014

A recent paper by Yee, LeBlanc, Goodson, and Dames provides a powerful approach to the design of a low cost thermoelectric generation system, but makes an unjustified approximation.
Facile preparation of polyvinyl alcohol coated SiO2 stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ji Shunli , Zhang Feifang , Wu Shengjie , Yang Bingcheng , Liang Xinmiao
Published: August 2014

A facile physical method to prepare polyvinyl alcohol coating-based silica stationary phase for HPLC was proposed.
A simple colorimetric sensor for potassium ion based on DNA G-quadruplex conformation and salt-induced gold nanoparticles aggregation
Authors: Chen Zhengbo , Guo Junxia , Ma He , Zhou Tong , Li Xiaoxiao
Published: August 2014

A simple colorimetric sensor for potassium ion detection.
Deep eutectic solvents as novel extraction media for phenolic compounds from model oil
Authors: Gu Tongnian , Zhang Mingliang , Tan Ting , Chen Jia , Li Zhan , Zhang Qinghua , Qiu Hongdeng
Published: August 2014

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a new kind of green solvent were used for the first time to excellently extract phenolic compounds from model oil. It was also proved that DES could be used to extract other polar compounds from non-polar or weakly-polar solvents by liquid-phase microextraction.
Lanthanoid β-triketonates: a new class of highly efficient NIR emitters for bright NIR-OLEDs
Authors: Reid Brodie L. , Stagni Stefano , Malicka Joanna M. , Cocchi Massimo , Hanan Garry S. , Ogden Mark I. , Massi Massimiliano
Published: August 2014

A bimetallic tetranuclear Yb3+/K+ complex obtained using β-triketonate ligands was found to be a suitable precursor for the fabrication of near-infrared Organic Light Emitting Devices that outclass any other previously reported lanthanoid-based near-infrared device.
The effects of counterion composition on the rheological and conductive properties of mono- and diphosphonium ionic liquids
Authors: Yonekura Reimi , Grinstaff Mark W.
Published: August 2014

Specific thermal, rheological, and conductive properties of phosphonium ionic liquids can be obtained through judicious choice of cation and anion.
A uniform approach to the description of multicenter bonding
Authors: Szczepanik Dariusz W. , Andrzejak Marcin , Dyduch Karol , Żak Emil , Makowski Marcin , Mazur Grzegorz , Mrozek Janusz
Published: August 2014

A novel method for investigating the multicenter bonding patterns in molecular systems by means of the so-called Electron Density of Delocalized Bonds (EDDB) is introduced and discussed.
Surface conformations of an anti-ricin aptamer and its affinity for ricin determined by atomic force microscopy and surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Wang B. , Lou Z. , Park B. , Kwon Y. , Zhang H. , Xu B.
Published: August 2014

The surface conformations and orientations of an anti-ricin aptamer determine the availability of the specific binding site to ricin molecules and thus determine the binding affinity.
Titanium and zirconium complexes of the N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,4-diaza-butadiene ligand: syntheses, structures and uses in catalytic hydrosilylation reactions
Authors: Anga Srinivas , Naktode Kishor , Adimulam Harinath , Panda Tarun K.
Published: August 2014

Various Ti and Zr complexes with Dipp2DAD ligand and their alkyl derivatives are obtained via salt metathesis reaction and catalytic hydrosilylation reactions by Zr alkyl complex are reported.
Magnetic steering control of multi-cellular bio-hybrid microswimmers
Authors: Carlsen Rika Wright , Edwards Matthew R. , Zhuang Jiang , Pacoret Cecile , Sitti Metin
Published: August 2014

We demonstrate the active control of bacteria-propelled magnetic microswimmers using remote magnetic fields.
A flexible microneedle array as low-voltage electroporation electrodes for in vivo DNA and siRNA delivery
Authors: Wei Zewen , Zheng Shuquan , Wang Renxin , Bu Xiangli , Ma Huailei , Wu Yidi , Zhu Ling , Hu Zhiyuan , Liang Zicai , Li Zhihong
Published: August 2014

A flexible microneedle array electrode chip for low-voltage electroporation with good tissue adaptation, efficient nucleic acid delivery, and minimum damage.
A metabolic trade-off between phosphate and glucose utilization in Escherichia coli
Authors: Behrends Volker , Maharjan Ram P. , Ryall Ben , Feng Lu , Liu Bin , Wang Lei , Bundy Jacob G. , Ferenci Thomas
Published: August 2014

Using full genome sequencing and metabolomics we show that adaptation to chronic nutrient starvation reduces metabolic flexibility inEscherichia coli.
Pyrido- and benzisothiazolones as inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases (HATs)
Authors: Furdas S. D. , Hoffmann I. , Robaa D. , Herquel B. , Malinka W. , Świątek P. , Akhtar A. , Sippl W. , Jung M.
Published: August 2014

We present structure–activity studies on pyrido- and benzisothiazolones as histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitors. Distinct subtype-selectivity profiles were obtained in vitro that correlate with cytotoxicity profiles on cancer cells.
Neuroprotective peptide–macrocycle conjugates reveal complex structure–activity relationships in their interactions with amyloid β
Authors: Yu Mingfeng , Ryan Timothy M. , Ellis Samantha , Bush Ashley I. , Triccas James A. , Rutledge Peter J. , Todd Matthew H.
Published: August 2014

Novel neuroprotective peptide–macrocycle conjugates exhibit complex, multifaceted structure–activity relationships in their interactions with amyloid β.
Synthesis and characterization of new heterometallic cyanido complexes based on [Co(CN)6]3− building blocks: crystal structure of [Cu2(N-bishydeten)2Co(CN)6]·3H2O having a strong antiferromagnetic exchange
Authors: Korkmaz Şengül Aslan , Karadağ Ahmet , Yerli Yusuf , Soylu Mustafa Serkan
Published: August 2014

The hexacyanidocobalt(iii)-based four new coordination compounds have been synthesized and characterized by various techniques. The polymeric C2 having 148.3 Å3 lattice spacing among these complexes have shown very strong antiferromagnetic interaction.
Synthesis and exceptional thermal stability of Mg-based bimetallic nanoparticles during hydrogenation
Authors: Krishnan Gopi , Negrea Raluca F. , Ghica Corneliu , ten Brink Gert H. , Kooi Bart J. , Palasantzas George
Published: August 2014

Here we report the extraordinary thermal stability of Mg rich bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs), which is important for hydrogen storage.
Facile preparation of electrochromic poly(amine–imide) films from diimide compounds with terminal triphenylamino groups via electrochemical oxidative coupling reactions
Authors: Hsiao Sheng-Huei , Lin Jun-Wen
Published: August 2014

Electroactive and electrochromic poly(amine–imide) films could be directly prepared on electrodes from diimide compounds TPA6F-DI and TPASO2-DI with triphenylamino end groups by electrochemical oxidative coupling.
Supramolecular polymers bearing disulfide bonds
Authors: Yang Hui , Bai Yunhao , Yu Banglu , Wang Zhiqiang , Zhang Xi
Published: August 2014

Supramolecular polymers bearing disulfide bonds have successfully been fabricated by combining dynamic covalent bonds with host–guest chemistry.
Glycosylation with N-acetyl glycosamine donors using catalytic iron(iii) triflate: from microwave batch chemistry to a scalable continuous-flow process
Authors: Xolin Amandine , Stévenin Arnaud , Pucheault Mathieu , Norsikian Stéphanie , Boyer François-Didier , Beau Jean-Marie
Published: August 2014

Efficient glycosylation reactions of peracetylated β-d-N-acetyl glycosamines are described using catalytic iron(iii) triflate under microwave conditions or in a continuous flow process.
Synthesis, optical properties and photovoltaic applications of hybrid rod–coil diblock copolymers with coordinatively attached CdSe nanocrystals
Authors: Li Shaohua , Li Yong , Wisner Clarissa A. , Jin Lu , Leventis Nicholas , Peng Zhonghua
Published: August 2014

Hybrid rod–coil diblock copolymers containing coordinatively binded CdSe nanocrystals in the coil block give better solar cell performance over their corresponding diblock copolymers without CdSe attachment.
Interfacial properties and impact toughness of dendritic hexamethylenetetramine functionalized carbon fiber with varying chain lengths
Authors: Ma Lichun , Meng Linghui , Wang Yuwei , Wu Guangshun , Fan Dapeng , Yu Jiali , Qi Meiwei , Huang Yudong
Published: August 2014

In order to understand the effects of chain length on the interfacial adhesion of PAN-based carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy composites, dendritic hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) was functionalized on carbon fibers through quaternary ammonium salt reaction using alkyl dihalide of varying chain length [Cl(CH2)nCl, n = 2, 6 and 12].
Magnetic ionic liquids: synthesis, properties and applications
Authors: Santos E. , Albo J. , Irabien A.
Published: August 2014

Magnetic ionic liquids are room temperature ionic liquids, which have paramagnetic properties by themselves without the need of adding magnetic particles.
Anomalous luminescent properties in ZnO and SrAl2O4composites
Authors: Singh V. P. , Mohanty P. , Lochab S. P. , Rath Chandana
Published: August 2014

We showed a phase transformation from high temperature hexagonal phase to most stable monoclinic phase of SrAl2O4by incorporating 20% of ZnO in ZnO and SrAl2O4composite (Singhet al.2014Dalton Transactions). The composite with monoclinic phase further showed the intense near band edge emission and defect band emission corresponding to ZnO without any signature of SrAl2O4in PL spectra. An energy band diagram responsible for defect band emission is proposed for the composites.
Nanodispersions of monoglycerides of punicic acid: a potential nutrient precursor with higher oxidative stability and cytotoxicity
Authors: Cao Ying , Wang Lina , He Mingli , Zhang Yanhua , Wang Huajie
Published: August 2014

Amphiphilic monoglyceride of punicic acid was synthesized and further dispersed to global nanoparticle with 23 nm size in diameter. Such nanodispersions maintained the cytotoxicity and also showed higher oxidative stability, higher solubility in water at the same time.
Synthesis of novel morphologies of Li2FeSiO4/C micro/nano composites by a facile hydrothermal method
Authors: Jiang Xiaolei , Xu Huayun , Yang Jian , Liu Jing , Mao Hongzhi , Qian Yitai
Published: August 2014

Carambola and jujube-seed-shaped Li2FeSiO4assembled by nanoplates have been successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method.
Promoting desulfurization capacity and separation efficiency simultaneously by the novel magnetic Fe3O4@PAA@MOF-199
Authors: Jin Tian , Yang Qiang , Meng Chun , Xu Jian , Liu Honglai , Hu Jun , Ling Hao
Published: August 2014

Novel magnetic Fe3O4@PAA@MOF-199 adsorbents showed good desulfurization capacity, high magnetic separation efficiency and stable recyclability.
Accuracy of the analysis of free vancomycin concentration by ultrafiltration in various disease states
Authors: Zhang Jin-feng , Yang Xiu-ling , Zhang Zhi-qing , Dong Wei-chong , Jiang Ye
Published: August 2014

The different ultrafiltrate volume results in different unbound vancomycin fractions as determined by centrifugal ultrafiltration and hollow fiber centrifugal ultrafiltration.
MAPK pathway inhibition in melanoma: resistance three ways
Authors: Wellbrock Claudia
Published: August 2014

The serine threonine kinases BRAF and MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] are major regulators of the ERK/MAPK pathway, which is deregulated in the majority of melanomas. Targeting BRAF is an effective therapy for advanced melanoma, but patients progress due to the development of resistance. This ‘acquired resistance’ is thought to be based on a minority of tumour cell populations that are resistant and will eventually re-establish tumour growth even in the presence of drug. In particular, mutations, amplifications or overexpression of genes encoding regulators of the MAPK pathway can confer this resistance, because it allows the melanoma cells to bypass inhibitor action by stimulating ERK activation through alternative routes. Furthermore, there are mechanisms that produce resistance by enhancing the tolerance of melanoma cells to the cytotoxic effects of the drug. These compensatory mechanisms can activate survival signals in the melanoma cells without reactivating ERK. Besides these cell-autonomous resistance mechanisms, stromal fibroblasts in the tumour microenvironment have been identified as a potential source of resistance, because these cells can produce growth factors that reactivate ERK through paracrine signalling. Understanding and further identifying mechanisms of resistance is crucial for the future treatment of advanced melanoma, because this can inform the design of improved therapies with more durable responses.
One Hippo and many masters: differential regulation of the Hippo pathway in cancer
Authors: Romano David , Matallanas David , Frederick Dennie T. , Flaherty Keith T. , Kolch Walter
Published: August 2014

The Hippo/MST2 (mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 2) pathway is a signalling cascade evolutionarily conserved in its structure. Originally described in Drosophila melanogaster as a regulator of organ size, this pathway has greater functions in mammals. Disturbance of mammalian MST2 pathway is associated with tumorigenesis by affecting apoptosis, cell cycle and polarity. In addition, this pathway has been shown to cross-talk with mitogenic pathways at multiple levels. In the present mini-review, we discuss our contribution highlighting the regulation of MST2 signalling by frequently observed oncogenic perturbations affecting mitogenic pathways. In particular, we review the role of RAS isoforms and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt in the regulation of MST2 activity by phosphorylation. We also put the emphasis on RAF-induced control of MST2 signalling by protein–protein interactions. Finally, we recapitulate some of the direct mechanisms, such as ubiquitin-dependent degradation or gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation, involved in MST2 pathway component down-regulation in cancers.
Anticipating mechanisms of resistance to PI3K inhibition in breast cancer: a challenge in the era of precision medicine
Authors: Leroy Cedric , Amante Romain J. , Bentires-Alj Mohamed
Published: August 2014

Frequent subversion of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathway during neoplastic transformation contributes to several hallmarks of cancer that result in a competitive advantage for cancer cells. Deregulation of this pathway can be the result of genomic alterations such as PIK3CA mutation, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) loss or the activation of upstream protein tyrosine kinases. Not surprisingly, the PI3K signalling pathway has become an attractive therapeutic target, and numerous inhibitors are in clinical trials. Unfortunately, current therapies for advanced cancers that target PI3K often lead to the development of resistance and relapse of the disease. It is therefore important to establish the molecular mechanisms of resistance to PI3K-targeted therapy. With the focus on breast cancer, in the present article, we summarize the different ways of targeting PI3K, review potential mechanisms of resistance to PI3K inhibition and discuss the rationale of combination treatments to reach a balance between efficacy and toxicity.
Adaptive protein and phosphoprotein networks which promote therapeutic sensitivity or acquired resistance
Authors: Haley John , White Forest M.
Published: August 2014

Despite the emergence of dozens of oncogenic targets and corresponding molecularly targeted therapies, in most cases tumours continue to progress or recur due to therapeutic resistance. In the present review, we highlight the ability of MS-based phosphoproteomics to quantify oncogenic signalling networks driving tumour growth and invasion, as well as those networks enabling tumour cell survival in the presence of chemotherapeutics. Quantitative protein phosphorylation profiling will facilitate the design and development of optimal therapeutic strategies targeting the initial tumour while simultaneously blocking the predominant resistance mechanisms.