bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships of Career Self-Efficacy and Personality Variables with Status of Academic and Career Choice among Arab Students
Authors: Abdalla Ikhlas A.
Published: August 2011

The present study was done to explore the predictive utility of self-efficacy expectations in career decision-making, vocational indecision, occupational preference and self-efficacy expectations, external orientation and instrumentality in the status of academic and career choice. A set of questionnaires was administered to 95 Qatari men, 145 Qatari women, and 89 Kuwaiti women and each sample was examined separately. Analysis indicated that, compared with women, men had higher mean preference and self-efficacy expectations regarding nontraditional occupations and they had lower preference and self-efficacy expectations regarding traditional occupations. Also, students who had decided on an academic major or career, compared with those who had made tentative decisions and the undecided, had higher scores on self-efficacy expectations in career decision-making, occupational self-efficacy expectations, and instrumentality, and lower scores on vocational indecision and external orientation. Results and implications are discussed in the context of the Arabian environment.
Attitudes of Traditional and Nontraditional Students toward Their Classmates of Various Ages
Authors: Dzindolet Mary T. , Weinstein Lawrence
Published: August 2011

430 Cameron University students indicated the extent to which they agreed with 20 statements concerning attitudes toward older and younger students. A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation indicated three underlying dimensions with statements favoring (1) younger students, (2) age diversity, and (3) older students. A 2 (traditional vs nontraditional students) × 2 (sex) between-subjects multivariate analysis of variance was performed. Traditional students favored younger students significantly more than nontraditional students; nontraditional students favored older students and diverse ages significantly more than traditional students. In addition, men favored younger students significantly more than women. Directions for research are discussed.
Prediction of Recreational Therapy Behavior of Hospitalized Adolescents from a Behavior Classification Instrument
Authors: Berard Michael , Dreger Ralph Mason
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to estimate the validity of an instrument of the Adolescent Behavioral Classification Project in predicting behavior patterns of emotionally disturbed adolescents in an inpatient setting. Subjects ( n = 126) were adolescents admitted to a state residential treatment unit across a period of 35 months. Predictor variables were scores on 17 or 25 factors of the instrument from both adolescents' own responses and their mothers' responses on their behalf. Criterion variables were 10 recreational therapy factors, especially 4 temporally stable factors, and length-of-time in treatment. 3 phases of the project were (I) behavior during initial stages of the therapy, (II) behavioral change after 3 months of therapy, and (III) length-of-time in treatment. In Phase I, both mothers' and adolescents' responses produced significant correlations with criteria; however, in Phase II only the adolescent students' 25 ABCP factors predicted behavioral change. In Phase III, adolescents' responses but not their mothers' responses classified the adolescents by length-of-time in treatment.
Predicting Employers' Satisfaction with Newcomers' Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
Authors: Hellman Chan M.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the relationship between ratings by 133 representatives of business and industry of new employees' successful communication on the job and the employers' satisfaction with new employees' knowledge, skills, and abilities. Analysis supported the hypothesis, showing the importance of personal characteristics, i.e., ability to communicate successfully on the job, when investigating person-situation fit and organizational behavior.
Personality Correlates of Scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale
Authors: Cammock Tommy , Joseph Stephen , Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: August 2011

The present aim was to estimate the internal reliability and convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale. Internal reliability was .90, and higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale were associated with more internal control (.28), higher self-esteem (.36), and lower trait anxiety (–.69) among 45 undergraduates at the University of Ulster. The results provide some evidence for the validation of the Depression-Happiness Scale as well as confirming previous research on the correlates of happiness.
Vulnerability Scale: A Preliminary Report of Psychometric Properties
Authors: Glover Hillel , Silver Steven , Goodnick Paul , Ohlde Carroll , Packard Peter , Hamlin Cary L.
Published: August 2011

This work describes assessment of the psychometric properties of a self-report instrument, the Glover Vulnerability Scale.© This scale was administered to a total of 11 groups ( N = 695). Six of the groups were Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed as having Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( n = 531). The estimate of internal consistency was .88; the test-retest correlation over 4 wk. was .81. Convergent and discriminant validations were satisfactory based on the pattern of the scale's correlations with relevant MMPI subscales and demographic data. Scale scores also discriminated levels of functioning within the population diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and discriminated veterans diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety disorder. Principal component factor analysis gave a 4-factor solution: social comfort, vulnerability, paranoia, and family trust. Over-all, the findings strongly support the clinical application of the Vulnerability Scale.
Belief in Reincarnation and Locus of Control
Authors: Alprin Lurene , Lester David
Published: August 2011

External locus of control scores were associated with a belief in reincarnation but not with a belief in life after death among 83 undergraduates.
Self-Actualization and Locus of Control of Gifted Children in Fourth through Eighth Grades
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , McGinnis J. Christopher
Published: August 2011

Self-actualization and locus of control were investigated with 76 intellectually gifted children in Grades 4 through 8 using the Reflections of Self by Youth (ROSY) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Gender differences were nonsignificant on either scale. The 7 eighth-grade subjects scored significantly lower than children in all other grades on the Nowicki-Strickland scale, suggesting a more internal locus of control for the few older students. The correlation between scores on the two scales was –.41.
Scores on the SF-36 Scales and the Beck Depression Inventory in Assessing Mental Health among Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Schneider Bob , Varghese Raju K.
Published: August 2011

45 patients on hemodialysis were administered both the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 and the Beck Depression Inventory. The Mental Health Inventory subscale scores of the SF-36 were regressed stepwise on the Role Emotional subscale scores of the SF-36 and the Beck inventory. 46% of the variance in the MHI-5 scores was accounted for by age category and the other two measures of emotional status. Age category was not significant. Discussion includes the potential utility of the combination of inventories in assessing mental health among patients on hemodialysis.
Memory for Parking Location in Large Lots
Authors: Means Larry W. , Lutz John , Long Thomas E. , High Karen M.
Published: August 2011

The recall of automobile parking location was assessed over five consecutive workdays. Completed data from 36 women and 19 men provided measures of accuracy and a survey of specific strategies Analysis showed a significant recency effect with memory for the most recent parking locations being superior. Less variation in parking location and shorter distance from parking location to building entrance were associated with better recall. Contrary to prevalent belief, older subjects had more accurate recall. Older subjects parked closer to the entrance and used fewer spaces which were also located closer together. The most frequently reported strategy was “favorite location” which was used more often by older subjects. Whereas laboratory tasks show memory deficits with increasing age, some studies in the natural environment have exhibited less such decline; the current data showed an actual improvement. It may be that older people adopt and practice compensatory strategies in the natural environment while laboratory tasks give little opportunity for establishing or practicing such devices.
Assisting Text Processing: What Do We Need to Consider
Authors: Langer Philip , Keenan Verne , Schreiner M. E.
Published: August 2011

42 undergraduates were presented one of two 25-sentence versions of a fictitious town. One version (route) described the town as a driver might encounter it, while the other (survey) received a geographic description. Sentences were printed one to a card and read aloud. Feedback included (1) limited access to a map, (2) limited opportunity to review previously read sentences, or (3) presentation of entire text after processing. Memorial representation was assessed by either propositional recall or inferential reasoning. In this study subjects also reviewed the text prior to either the prepositional recall or inferential memory task. Recall for the survey version was enhanced, but there was no reliable effect on inferential reasoning. Although not statistically significant, the text by feedback interactions suggested both complementary and supplementary effects of assistance should be studied further.
Assessment of Dissociative Identity Disorder with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–II
Authors: Ellason Joan W. , Ross Colin A. , Fuchs Dayna L.
Published: August 2011

96 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder were administered the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–II. The most elevated personality disorder scales were Avoidant, Self-defeating, Borderline, and Passive-Aggressive personality disorders. Elevated Axis I scales included Dysthymia, Major Depression, Thought Disorder, and Anxiety Disorder. Millon–II profiles of a patient before and after integration showed normalization of a previously pathological profile.
An Exploration of the Relationship between Interpersonal Problems and Psychological Health
Authors: Sheffield Michael , Carey James , Patenaude William , Lambert Michael J.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between interpersonal distress and psychological health was investigated using a sample of 185 college undergraduates. Subjects completed the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (a measure of interpersonal distress), the Personal Orientation Inventory (a measure of self-actualization), and the Miller Social Intimacy Scale (a measure of interpersonal closeness). The mean of scores on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems was compared with the mean of the clinical sample reported in 1988 by Horowitz, et al. The measures of psychological health were correlated with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems total and with the octant scales of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex version. The measures were also projected onto the circumplex to summarize their interpersonal connotations.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XXIII. Hemingway “Analyzed”
Authors: Craig Robert J.
Published: August 2011

This paper is a review of major published works from psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, psychologists, academic scholars, and experts who have presented an “analysis” of the personality of Ernest Hemingway. Points of agreement and contrasting points of contention are discussed.
A Cautionary Note about the Cross-National and Clinical Validity of Cut-off Points for the Maslach Burnout Inventory
Authors: Schaufeli Wilmar B. , Van Dierendonck Dirk
Published: August 2011

In the present study, burnout scores of three samples, as measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory, were compared: (1) the normative American sample from the test-manual ( N = 10,067), (2) the normative Dutch sample ( N = 3,892), and (3) a Dutch outpatient sample ( N = 142). Generally, the highest burnout scores were found for the outpatient sample, followed by the American and Dutch normative samples, respectively. Slightly different patterns were noted for each of the three components. Probably sampling bias, i.e., the healthy worker effect, or cultural value patterns, i.e., femininity versus masculinity, might be responsible for the results. It is concluded that extreme caution is required when cut-off points are used to classify individuals by burnout scores; only nation-specific and clinically derived cut-off points should be employed.
Dissociation and Somatization in Adolescent Inpatients with and without History of Abuse
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A. , Wolfson Michele A. , Lipschitz Deborah S.
Published: August 2011

33 adolescents were tested for signs of dissociation and somatization as these processes relate to histories of physical and sexual abuse, a characteristic of over half of patients admitted for acute psychiatric disorder. Analysis suggested that the 19 adolescents having histories of abuse were more likely to score higher on dissociation and somatization.
Associations of Stressful Life Events and Marital Quality
Authors: Williams Lee M.
Published: August 2011

This is an exploration of whether stressful life events were related to 200 couples' marital quality after four or five years of marriage. Implications for measuring influence of stressful life events on marital quality are discussed.
Personality Traits of Women with Breast Cancer: Before and after Diagnosis
Authors: Bleiker Eveline M. A. , Van der Ploeg Henk M. , Adèr Herman J. , van Daal Willem A. J. , Hendriks Jan H. C. L.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which the diagnosis of breast cancer influences the self-assessment of personality traits by patients. In 1989 and 1990, all female inhabitants of Nijmegen aged 43 years and over were invited to participate in a population screening for breast cancer and were asked to complete a personality questionnaire. During 1989–1992, 25 women who were diagnosed as having breast cancer were psychologically assessed for a second time 1 1/2 years after diagnosis. A control group of 822 healthy women also completed the questionnaire twice. A statistically significant decrease in scores on three scales (Rationality, Emotional Expression-out, and Emotional-Control) was reported by the patient group compared to the control group.
Children's Occupational Sex-Role Stereotyping in 1994
Authors: Reid Guynel Marie
Published: August 2011

To update the basis of the explanation of how elementary children evaluate the capability of males versus females to perform occupations which are dominated by males, females, or are gender balanced (neutral) in the workforce 180 girls and 200 boys in Grades 1, 2, and 3 completed a questionnaire indicating which of 39 occupations were mostly done by women, by either, or by men on a 5-point scale. The most and least stereotyped occupations were very like gender-occupational data from 1972 and 1983 and reflected the actual sex-typing in the labor force. Sex and grade differences were noted for male occupations but not for female occupations. Some differences from 1977 data of Garrett, et al. were noted. The neutral status of some occupations appeared to assume a male worker.
Views of Pets in the General Population
Authors: Zasloff R. Lee
Published: August 2011

Attitudes toward pets in the general population were explored. Although the 26 owners' perceptions and feelings about pets were similar to other reports, attachment scores were significantly lower than those of people who had adopted pets from a shelter.
Treatment of Sexual Offenders in an Outpatient Community-Based Program
Authors: Bingham John E. , Turner Brett W. , Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

The components of a court-mandated outpatient treatment program in Florida for adult sex offenders are discussed. Selection and treatment factors are presented, in addition to the success rate, in terms of recidivism for program participants ( N = 202) over a 5-year time span. This study is an extension of the 1989 work of Bingham and Piotrowski.
Effectiveness of Quality of Life Therapy for Depression
Authors: Grant Galen M. , Salcedo Veronica , Hynan Linda S. , Frisch Michael B. , Puster Kristie
Published: August 2011

A bibliotherapy outcome study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Quality of Life Therapy for depression. Sixteen clinically depressed community volunteers who showed an aptitude for and interest in bibliotherapy and were not suffering from other disorders met weekly to discuss a manual on Quality of Life Therapy. All subjects who completed treatment were reclassified as nondepressed and showed significant increases in quality of life and self-efficacy at the end of treatment. All but one subject maintained these improvements at a follow-up assessment. The potential for increasing the improvement rate of a treatment by matching patients to treatment modalities that fit their aptitudes, skills, and interests is discussed.
An Exercise for Increasing Students' Understanding of Life-Span Developmental Psychology
Authors: Ferraro F. Richard
Published: August 2011

During the first week of a class in developmental psychology, students listed 5 to 7 characteristics they believed represent life-span developmental characteristics for the categories of infants, young children, adolescents, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Students retained their lists which were referred to during discussion throughout the course. Students reported this activity increased their understanding of topics central to life-span developmental psychology.
Perceptions of Disability by Students, the Formerly Obese, and the General Community
Authors: Delin Catherine R.
Published: August 2011

There has been recurring interest over nearly three decades in preferences for different disabilities. In the present study, the perceptions of eight disabilities were compared across three groups, 42 occupational therapy students, 20 formerly obese, and 166 of the general community. A disability ranking task was adapted from a forced-choice task used by other researchers. Consistent with previous results, blindness was ranked as most difficult to live with. Contrary to prediction, there was no significant difference between the formerly obese subsample and the general community in their ranking of obesity; however, these groups differed in their ranking of diabetes. There were minor differences between the students and other groups. Across the entire sample, the disability of ‘needing a hearing aid’ was ranked as easiest to live with. Implications of the results are discussed, and suggestions made for further research.
Split-Half Reliability of the Work Addiction Risk Test: Development of a Measure of Workaholism
Authors: Robinson Bryan E. , Post Phyllis
Published: August 2011

The split-half reliability of the Work Addiction Risk Test was .85 for scores of 442 respondents representing varied groups.
Reliability and Validity of the Francis Scale of Attitude towards Christianity among U.S. Adults
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan , Maltby John
Published: August 2011

To facilitate the use of the adult form of the Francis Scale of Attitude Towards Christianity in cross-cultural studies, the reliability and construct validity of the scale were examined among two samples of U.S. adults. Subjects completed the scale and answered questions concerning their own religious behavior and personal belief. Support was found for the reliability, unidimensionality, and construct validity of the scale among two samples of U.S. adults. Suggestions for further research are given.
Development of the Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire
Authors: Romans John S. C. , DeBord Jeffrey
Published: August 2011

The cognitive mediation model of human psychological functioning has received increased attention in examining the role of cognitive variables within distressed relationships. Development of the Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire, designed to assess adherence to relationship-specific irrational beliefs, is described. In 370 subjects, factor analysis yielded nine factors which made conceptual sense. On the total scale Cronbach alpha was .95. These results are described in terms of research and practice applications.
Efficacy of the Vocational Preference Inventory as a Discriminator of Attachment Styles
Authors: Randolph Daniel Lee , Waldrop Drenna G.
Published: August 2011

The authors assessed the Vocational Preference Inventory as a discriminator of attachment styles. Although the means for some of the six career interest scales completed by 200 undergraduates varied somewhat across four attachment style categories, substantial within-group variances masked apparent differences. None of the scales met the minimum criterion of F to enter; thus none of these scales discriminated among categories of attachment style.
Undergraduate Students' Perceptions of an Academic Climate for Caring
Authors: Fox Amy , Schaefer Charles
Published: August 2011

This study investigated what behaviors by faculty were perceived by 103 college students as conveying caring towards them and what student behaviors show a caring attitude towards other students. The most common response to both questions was offering help.
Knowledge of Brand and Preference
Authors: Bonham Pamela , Greenlee Dana , Herbert Cherly Sue , Hruidi Lidi , Kirby Cheryl , Perkins Angela , Salkind Neil J. , Wilfong Roberta
Published: August 2011

In a test of whether knowledge of brand influenced 74 subjects' preferences for chocolate candy, knowledge of brand name was associated with preference for the brand. Lack of knowledge of the distinction between brand-name and generic candies was associated with no preference. Gender was not a factor. The results are discussed in terms of the role brand names play in the attractiveness of consumer products.
Alexithymia and Coping with Stress in Healthy Persons: Alexithymia as a Personality Trait is Associated with Low Social Support and Poor Responses to Stress
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Rahe Richard H.
Published: August 2011

We examined the relationship between alexithymia and coping with stress among 179 Japanese healthy volunteers. Two correlational analyses indicated that persons scored as alexithymic were more likely to indicate lower social support and poorer responses to stress. Multiple regression analysis also indicated that these lowered coping responses were fully explained by alexithymia scores. These results suggest that alexithymia, as a personality trait, may help to explain these individuals' low social support and poor responses to stress.
Persistence: An Independent Factor of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Christodoulou Christopher , Rosen Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2011

The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire was developed by Cloninger to measure three primary dimensions of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence. However, Cloninger and his colleagues have more recently posited that Persistence, a subscale of the Reward Dependence dimension, be regarded as an independent dimension of temperament. The present purpose was to provide independent evidence of the status of Persistence, testing an ethnically diverse sample of 428 college students. The dimensional structure of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire was examined with a series of principal components analyses on the subscales. Persistence clearly emerged as the major component of a fourth independent factor. Implications of the results are discussed.
Associations of Social Personality Factors with Personal Habits
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

125 university students indicated how frequently they performed 15 different personal habits that ordinarily are socially disapproved, e.g., nail-biting, nose-picking. They also responded to the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Social Desirability Scale, the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale, and the Social Interest Scale. The sexes differed in the frequencies with which they performed 6 of the 15 habits: men were more likely to pick their noses, to spit, to pick at scabs, or to repeat another's speech; while women were more apt to giggle or to pull hair. Persons who scored higher in Social Desirability tended to report less frequent performance of 12 of the 15 habits, while people who scored higher on Psychological Reactance tended to report more frequent performance of 8 of the 15 habits. A total habits score resulting from the sums of the frequency ratings of each of the 15 habits correlated positively with Psychological Reactance and negatively with Social Desirability. Scores on Narcissism and Social Interest did not significantly correlate with most habits. These results suggest that the approval motive and the disposition to resist limitation on one's freedoms may be factors affecting the rates of many of these personal habits.
Reconstruction and Augmentation Patients' Reaction to the Media Coverage of Silicone Gel-Filled Implants: Anxiety Evaluated
Authors: Anderson Rebecca Cogwell , Larson David L.
Published: August 2011

Media coverage tends to focus on sensational aspects. Especially prominent are controversial items related to public health and well-being. This research examined the response by breast-reconstruction and breast-augmentation patients to extensive media coverage regarding silicone gel-filled implants. Results of our survey suggested that media coverage influenced these women. Common concerns expressed by respondents included autoimmune disease, capsular contracture, leakage, increased risk of cancer, and anxiety. All respondents used consultation with their physicians as a primary means of coping with anxiety. Anxiety over media coverage Jed to some hesitancy concerning use of implants by surveyed patients. Patients who experienced difficulty with their reconstruction noted more anxiety associated with media coverage
Economic Factors and the Rates of Suicide in Germany between 1881 and 1989
Authors: Weyerer Siegfried , Wiedenmann Andreas
Published: August 2011

The potential consequence of economic stress most frequently cited in the literature of medical sociology is the increase in the rate of suicide, it probably being the most valid and reliable indicator of collective mental health. To assess the probability of such being the consequence of current economic realignment in the Federal Republic of Germany, we deemed it promising to evaluate the extent to and manner in which economic factors have to date affected the frequency of suicide in Germany. The current study analyzed the effects of four economic variables (growth of the economy, average real income, unemployment and frequency of bankruptcy) on the rates of suicide in Germany from 1881 to 1989. We set the commencement date of the period analyzed as early as possible to include long-term developments as well as the effects of different moderator variables. The annual fluctuations of all four variables, in conformity with our hypothesis, correlated both in the period preceding World War II as well as in the postwar period with those in the rates of suicide. The strongest correlations held for the rate of unemployment and for the frequency of bankruptcy in times of obvious social disintegration coupled with diminished state safeguards against unemployment. Our hypothesis that the effects of economic factors would more strongly influence the rates of suicide by men as opposed to women could not be corroborated.
Self-Criticism and Dependency in Relation to Anger
Authors: Dunkley David M. , Blankstein Kirk R. , Flett Gordon L.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 233 university students, Self-critical and Dependent personality styles were each associated with indices of anger.
Persistence of SCII Scores and CPI Scores of Students Entering a Baccalaureate Nursing Program during a Seven-Year Period
Authors: Dyer Elaine D. , Winward Edward J.
Published: August 2011

This study of 960 nursing students indicated scores on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory and the California Psychological Inventory could effectively assist in career planning.
Abortion Laws and Infanticide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The strictness of abortion laws was not associated with the murder rate of children in 39 nations in 1980.
An Exploratory Analysis of Family Social Science Mail Survey Response Rates
Authors: Calahan Charles A. , Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

Dillman (1978) has aggressively promoted his Total Design Method as a proven technique for generating higher response rates to social science surveys. Many university faculty teach his technique on the assumption that its use will generate high response rates for the individual student who uses it faithfully in thesis or dissertation research. In an exploratory assessment of six of Dillman's mail survey steps—quality of covering letter, use of follow-ups, importance of the study, survey's appearance or readability, survey's length, and type of sample (general public or specialized population)—with 15 family social science surveys, we found that, despite the small sample size, type of sample, and follow-up predicted mail survey response rates, as did a summary measure of the use of all six steps. The results suggest that the Total Design Method's mail survey steps are useful even for low-cost research by graduate students.
Is Health Locus of Control Related to Health Education Activity?
Authors: Carey Philip , While David , Sloper Patricia , Charlton Anne
Published: August 2011

Analysis of responses of 1922 teachers indicated that Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale was a suitable instrument for assessing their health beliefs. The results suggest that health belief is not linked to whether teachers teach about cancer and, by implication, health generally.
Listening to Mozart May Not Enhance Performance on the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test
Authors: Carstens Christian B. , Huskins Eugenia , Hounshell Gail W.
Published: August 2011

Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky in 1993 found that listening to a Mozart sonata temporarily enhanced performance on the spatial reasoning task from the Stanford-Binet scale. The present study was designed to replicate those results using the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test. 30 women and 21 men were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition, subjects listened to a Mozart sonata for 10 min., while in the control condition subjects meditated in silence for 10 min. Immediately following these manipulations all subjects worked on the spatial task, the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test, for 10 minutes. After factoring out SAT scores and gender, there was no significant difference in the mean test scores for the two groups. The results are discussed in terms of Gustafsson's 1984 factor analysis of intellectual abilities in which he identified three separate visuospatial factors. The task used here may have had a substantially different factor loading than the dependent variable used by Rauscher and associates.
Association of Scores for Type a Behavior with Age, Sex, Occupation, Education, Life Needs Satisfaction, Smoking, and Religion in 1084 Employees
Authors: Čatipovic-Veselica Katija , Burić Dinko , Ilakovac Vesna , Amidžić Vjekoslav , Kozmar Damer , Durjanček Josip , Škrinjarić Sanda , Čattpović Branimir
Published: August 2011

The associations of Type A or B behavior with age, sex, occupation, education, life needs satisfaction, smoking, and religion were studied. 242 women and 842 men, ages 21 to 64 years, ( M age 42 ± 8 yr.), completed the Bortner scale and rated on a 5-point scale their life needs satisfaction. Information on age, occupation, education, cigarette smoking, and religion were obtained from each subject. Scores for Type A and Type B behavior patterns in different age groups were very similar. Scores on Type A behavior were significantly more common in women than men. Type A behavior scores were identified in a larger proportion of managers, clerks, and in persons with university education than in manual workers and persons with only primary and secondary education. There was no difference between smokers and non-smokers and religious and nonreligious scorers. There was no difference in ratings for life needs satisfaction between persons identified as having scores on Type A and Type B behavior. The present analyses enhance our understanding of Type A behavior as related to age, sex, occupation, education, and life needs satisfaction in a Croatian sample.
Power of a Test That is Robust against Variance Heterogeneity
Authors: Overall John E. , Atlas Robert S. , Gibson Janet M.
Published: August 2011

Welch (1947) proposed an adjusted t test that can be used to correct the serious bias in Type I error protection that is otherwise present when both sample sizes and variances are unequal. The implications of the Welch adjustment for power of tests for the difference between two treatments across k levels of a concomitant factor are evaluated in this article for k × 2 designs with unequal sample sizes and unequal variances. Analyses confirm that, although Type I error is uniformly controlled, power of the Welch test of significance for the main effect of treatments remains rather seriously dependent on direction of the correlation between unequal variances and unequal sample sizes. Nevertheless, considering the fact that analysis of variance is not an acceptable option in such cases, the Welch t test appears to have an important role to play in the analysis of experimental data.
Effects of Memory Load on Joke and Lexical Decision Tasks
Authors: Kreiner David S.
Published: August 2011

The effects of a five-digit memory load on joke and lexical decision tasks were measured. 72 college students read jokes ending with punchlines, consistent endings, or inconsistent endings and decided whether the endings produced jokes. Memory-loaded subjects were slower than nonloaded subjects, particularly on inconsistent endings which were surprising but not coherent with the body of the joke. Memory load had no effect on lexical decision time and did not interact with word frequency. The results supported the claim that working memory serves an integrating role in language comprehension.
Set-Shifting Aptitude in Parkinson's Disease: External versus Internal Cues
Authors: Hsieh Shulan , Lee Chia-Yin , Tai Chi-Ta
Published: August 2011

A modified version of the odd-man-out test was used to investigate set-shifting aptitude in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease. We asked subjects to execute in alternation two different sorting rules over successive items. External and internal cueing conditions were employed. Patients with Parkinson's disease were impaired on the tasks with internal cues but were normal on the tasks with external cues. Moreover, the shift costs were consistently larger for the shift to the easier task than the shift to the more difficult task. These findings indicated that the model of ‘Supervisory Attentional System’ may not be sufficient to explain the data as Brown and Marsden (1988) originally suggested.
Social Style among North American, Finnish, Japanese, and Korean University Students
Authors: Thompson Catherine A. , Klopf Donald W.
Published: August 2011

Using Richmond and McCroskey's Assertiveness-Responsiveness Measure, scores of Finnish (86 men, 144 women), Japanese (124 men, 116 women), Korean (34 men, 20 women), and North American (144 men, 108 women) university students were compared. The Americans' scores indicated that their group was significantly more assertive than were the participants from the other countries. The Korean men scored as more responsive than the other men, the North American men more assertive, and the American women as more responsive than all other men and women.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XCX. Some Early Precursors of Five Personality Factors
Authors: Kentle Robert L.
Published: August 2011

Fiske was perhaps the first to describe a five-factor model of personality, in 1949. He noted that the factors were common to several sources This gives an implication of invariance or permanence to factors which might suggest a continuity in their appearance from the beginning of factor analysis. Presented are descriptions of factors from the early studies of Webb, Garnett, Burt, McDonough, Cattell, Guilford and Guilford, and McNamara and Darley.
A Repeated-Measures Permutation Procedure for Analyzing Semantic Differential Data
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W
Published: August 2011

Data from the semantic differential are often analyzed with a repeated-measures analysis of variance. The problem of an appropriate distance function is addressed and a permutation multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance is introduced which preserves the Euclidean data space mandated by the semantic differential.
Predictor-Criterion Relationships as a Function of Item Compatibility
Authors: Greene Katherine S. , Gynther Malcolm D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined which of two measures of femininity would better predict women's responses to an adjective checklist. It was confirmed for a sample of 150 undergraduate women that a femininity scale which focuses on “internal” states was superior to one which concentrates on external behavior in predicting “internal” criteria. What role item overlap plays has yet to be determined.
Implicit Memory for Stimuli Presented during Inhalation Anesthesia in Children
Authors: Kalff Ariane C. , Wolters Gezinus , Bonke Benno , Manger Frans W.
Published: August 2011

During general inhalation anesthesia, neutral phrases including either the color blue or yellow combined with one of two objects, ball or kite, were repeatedly presented to 36 children undergoing eye surgery. Postoperative testing with a coloring and two-choice task was performed to detect preferences for the colors and objects presented under anesthesia. No preference attributable to implicit memory could be demonstrated, and there was no explicit recollection of intraoperative events. Memory of intraoperative events occurring during inhalation anesthesia was not demonstrated with the present methodology in young children.
Social Desirability and the Self-Description Questionnaire
Authors: Watkins David
Published: August 2011

Correlations of responses of 160 12- or 13-year-old Hong Kong secondary school students to the Self-description Questionnaire and a measure of social desirability indicated a moderate but statistically significant association between these variables which differed somewhat by gender and the facet of self-assessment.
A Test of Tversky's (1977) Diagnosticity Hypothesis in an Applied Accounting Context
Authors: Robinson John , Schadewald Michael S.
Published: August 2011

Tversky's (1977) diagnosticity hypothesis predicts that the perceived similarity of two objects depends on the broader set of objects which form the context for judging similarity. This study examined this prediction in an applied setting in which 77 experienced tax accountants chose the “most similar” transaction in different information contexts. The results suggest that, although variations in context can influence a tax accountant's perceptions of similarity, such change does not affect their choice of the most similar transaction.
Machiavellian Scores of Nursing Faculty and Students
Authors: Moore Shirley , Katz Barry
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the research was to identify differences in scores on Machiavellianism between nursing faculty and students. Measurement of Machiavellianism was on the Mach V Scale completed by 33 nursing faculty, 47 RN students completing the nursing baccalaureate, and 58 senior generic students in one baccalaureate nursing program. Each subject received a research packet coded for retrieval of the nonrespondents and reducing selection bias associated with large nonresponse. Analysis showed no significant difference between groups and none related to education, age, clinical specialty, or for (faculty and student) groups.
The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: Correlations with Depression in College Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Saddler C. Douglas , Buckland Robert L.
Published: August 2011

Interpretations of depression in children and adolescents with learning disabilities have tended to be neuropsychological or motivational. Some research has related various cognitive-behavioral constructs with depression and other problematic outcomes for this population. Research with nonlearning-disabled college students has provided correlations for scores on the Self-oriented and the two social scales of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale with those on depression. No such work has been done with college students having learning disabilities. Measures for multidimensional perfectionism, anxiety, and depression were administered to 110 learning-disabled undergraduate men and women. Analysis showed that scores on only one of the social scales of perfectionism were positively correlated with depression scores, and this relation was weaker than previously found for nonlearning-disabled students. Findings are discussed in terms of previous research and a motivational interpretation of depression in learning-disabled college students.
Love-Styles among Latino Community College Students in Los Angeles
Authors: Leon Joseph J. , Parra Fernando , Cheng Terrisa , Flores R. Edward
Published: August 2011

145 Latino community college students enrolled in Chicano Studies classes in Los Angeles, California were administered a love-attitudes scale. Analysis showed that the mean scores and endorsement patterns were similar to those in earlier research on white-Latino and white-non-Latino students in the United States. Significant gender differences were found. Latino men scored more Ludic and Agapic than women. Researchers might examine the love-styles and ethnic identity in and out of marriage among Latinos, whites, and Asians in southern California.
First Memories Seem Quite Complete but When the Event Happened is Recalled Least Frequently
Authors: Westman Alida S.
Published: August 2011

A first memory of 88 students appeared quite complete, containing information about what happened and where, with reference to self and others. Least frequently mentioned was when the recalled event happened, either in terms of calendar time or context-setting event, whereas the latter was least frequently added upon request for further information, including about when the event happened. Conceivably, when something was learned may not be relevant for its use in interpreting later situations.
Performance Anxiety among Professional Musicians in Symphonic Orchestras: A Self-Report Study
Authors: van Kemenade Johannes F. L. M. , van Son Maarten J. M. , van Heesch Nicolette C. A.
Published: August 2011

155 of 650 professional musicians playing in symphonic orchestras in The Netherlands completed a self-report questionnaire concerning performance anxiety. 91 of the 155 respondents reported experiencing or having experienced performance anxiety seriously enough to affect their professional or personal lives. There appeared to be no difference in prevalence between men and women. Substantial percentages of the anxious musicians reported considerable anticipation anxiety days (36%), weeks (10%), or even months (5%) prior to a performance. The results indicate that performance anxiety is a significant professional problem. It is suggested that teaching explicit coping strategies should be incorporated in the curricula of schools of music.
Seclusion in Treatment of Adolescents on an Acute Inpatient Unit
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2011

Seclusion practices on a unit for adolescent inpatients with acute problems are compared with those in Norway on an innovative unit for adults. Research into the effectiveness of such programs is discussed.
Correlations of Grade Point Averages at a Rural College with Reports of Abuse in Rural Families
Authors: Gibby-Smith Barbara M.
Published: August 2011

The possible influences of intrafamilial conflict and emotional, physical, and sexual abuse were examined in relation to academic achievement in college. 135 students of a small private university in a rural setting responded to a questionnaire. Reported histories of sexual abuse and physical abuse by family members were associated with lower mean grade point averages. Individuals who reported occasional emotional abuse had a lower mean grade point average than those who reported frequent or no emotional abuse. Treatment implications and directions for research should be considered.
Scores of Brazilian University Students on the Beck Depression and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventories
Authors: Gorenstein Clarice , Pompéia Sabine , Andrade Laura
Published: August 2011

The profiles of the Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores were obtained for a sample of Brazilian university students and compared with those of other studies. Subjects were 270 students from various universities in São Paulo, age 23.8 yr. (SD = 6.7 yr.). The mean Beck score for the total sample was 8.5 (SD = 7.0); according to the cut-off score of 16, 86 9% were considered normal, 7.5% had scores compatible with dysphoria, and 56% had scores indicative of depression. The mean State-Trait Anxiety score for the total sample was 40.7 (SD = 8.6). Considering one standard deviation as the threshold point, 17.8% could be considered low and 15.2% high on trait anxiety. Comparing our means with published data indicated that the Portuguese versions of the questionnaires are equivalent to original versions.
Development and Psychometric Validation of the Mental, Physical, and Spiritual Well-Being Scale
Authors: Vella-Brodrick Dianne A. , Allen Felicity C. L.
Published: August 2011

Due to the growing interest in holistic health and well-being, the Mental, Physical, and Spiritual Well-being Scale was developed. This well-being scale has 30 items and incorporates mental, physical, and spiritual subscales. An initial set of items was developed and 186 university students responded to these. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal components analysis with varimax rotation ( N = 100) to reduce the number of items in the scale. Three factors were extracted based on the eigenvalues, loading coefficients exceeding 0.3, and the scree test. Ten items from each of the three factors were selected, reducing the number of items from 66 to 30. Another factor analysis, performed on 129 employees of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and 229 students from Monash University, indicated three factors were representative of the mental, physical, and spiritual subscales. Test-retest reliabilities over 1 mo. ranged from 0.87 to 0.97 for the three subscales whilst internal consistency ranged from 0.75 to 0.85. Concurrent validity was examined using the General Health Questionnaire and the Spiritual Well-being Scale. The discriminant validity of the MPS was also explored using three activity groups nominated as highly physical (weight training) or highly mental (chess) or highly spiritual (prayer). Out of a total of 88 cases, 77.3% of these were correctly classified into their actual activity group based on their scores. Sample sizes were moderate and testing was of limited samples. More psychometric work is needed but preliminary findings indicate an accurate and reliable test.