bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Household Wood Requirements and the Substitution Potential of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) Available to Peasants in Forest Areas of Cameroon: A Case Study in Ebolowa 2
Authors: Wafo Emmanuel Kuate , Temgoua Lucie , Choula Fridolin , Minkate Alexis , Mfenda Wilfried , Oum Jean Aimé , Nana Mervil , Abouna Cyrille Mvondo , Essouma Marie Joseph , Ngondji Juliette
Published: March 2024

Aims: The aim of this study is to assess people's perceptions of bamboo's potential to replace wood.

Study Design: Introduction, methodology, results, and conclusion.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out between April and July 2022 in an agro ecological rainforest zone in Cameroon, more specifically in the Ebolowa 2 Council, where there are significant bamboo resources. 

Methodology: 5 villages were chosen for the study, due to their accessibility and proximity to the urban centre. A purposive sampling based on proximity to bamboo stands was applied and 75 households were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire, with 30% of respondents being women. In addition, observations were made directly on the field to identify the uses made of bamboo by peasants in the various villages.

Results: The results show that the collection of firewood is the second greatest anthropogenic threat to the forest after agriculture. An analysis of wood energy requirements shows that they increase with household size. 51.8% of the households sampled consume an average of 2 to 5 50-cm steres, i.e. around 1.6 to 4 m³ of firewood/week. The landscape of the study area is marked by a strong presence of tree nurseries built using bamboo as a substitute for wood.  Bamboo is used by 70.3% of the population sampled in the study area. However, the value of bamboo is still very low, given the 5 areas of use identified. Nonetheless, it is seen as a good alternative to wood by 75% of these households.

Conclusion: The results of this study provide a database that can be used to help promote and develop the bamboo sector in rural forest areas of Cameroon.
Evaluation of Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Functional Extruded Paneer Produced from Soy Flour Blended with Reconstituted Skim Milk Paneer
Authors: Solanki Khushal , H Arunkumar
Published: March 2024

A study was conducted to prepare functional extruded paneer by using of soy flour with reconstituted skim milk paneer which could be used as protein and iron rich extruded food. The research evaluated nutritional and sensory quality of the functional extruded paneer with the level of soy flour 5, 10 and 15% respectively. The study showed better sensory score of 10% soy flour blended reconstituted skim milk paneer with the respect of flavor, body & texture and overall acceptability. The other treated sample (control, 5 and 15%) were found lesser sensory score compare to 10% treated sample. The functional characteristics such as Water Solubility Index (WSI), Water Absorption Index (WAI) and Oil Absorption Index (OAI) values were significantly influence by the soy flour in the treated samples. The WSI and WAI significantly increases but OAI was decreases with significantly increase in soy flour levels. The nutritional composition highest found in 15% level of soy flour sample with moisture (5.97%), fat (17.79%), protein (45.86%), minerals (2.96%), fibre (2.21%) and iron (1.84 mg/100gm) but the carbohydrates content was recorded highest in control sample with 28.81% and lesser in 15% soy flour treated sample (25.21%). The developed product could be replace the another breakfast cereals based product and it is ready to eat food so there is no time are required for preparation. The functional extruded paneer had excellent source of energy with respect to fat, protein, fibre and iron. The increasing of soy flour blending in sample the nutriotional characteristics was increases and it can be helpful for the children, pregnant women and people suffering from the anemia disease. It could to reduce the deficiency of the anemia among the people.
Estimation of Genetic Variability in Maize Genotypes under Infestation by the Maize Storage Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Using Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Oyetunde O. A. , Benson G. A. S. , Osho B. T. , Oyetunde A. K. , Adeshina G. A.
Published: March 2024

The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, is an important field-to-store pest of maize; accounting for huge grain losses globally. Information on genetic variability and trait relationship is crucial to developing farmer-friendly approaches to mitigating the menace of the insect in sub-Saharan Africa. Sitophilus zeamais. Twenty-one maize genotypes were infested to investigate genetic variability for reaction to S. zeamais and the relationship of nutritional quality with insect attack. F­1 generation insects were introduced into test tubes containing 100 g of whole grains per genotype. Completely Randomized Design was used replicated twice. Nutritional components, seed weight (g), and data from feeding activity were subjected to principal component, cluster, and genotype × trait (GT) biplot analyses. The highest genetic distance (GD) was between NG/SA/07/122 and each of EVDT-Y2008 STR and the local check. Four clusters were obtained. The GT biplot revealed positive association of grain quality with tolerance traits, and genotypes EVDT-Y2008-STR, IFE-TZEE-WSTR, NA/SA/07/018, NG/SA/07/022, NG/SA/07/140, NG/SA/07/184, TZM 212, and TZB-SR B. Maize reaction to S. zeamais can be influenced through biofortification using the mentioned genotypes. Further research should focus on determining possible jettisoning of quality to improve resistance to S. zeamais.
Performance of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) and Pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan L.) Intercropping System under North Eastern Ghat Zone of Odisha, India
Authors: Debata D. K. , Das L. K.
Published: March 2024

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) is a significant cash crop cultivated by tribal farmers of Odisha for their sustainanace. Despite favourable agro-climatic conditions, turmeric productivity lags considerably behind the national average, standing at 2.4t/ha compared to the national average of 5.1t/ha. Therefore, the present study was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022 -23 kharif seasons to evaluate the performance of the cropping system to find out suitable planting geometry and row proportions. The different treatments taken were viz.T1 -  Sole Turmeric, T2-  Sole Pigeon peaT3-  Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 3:1) – one row of pigeon pea after three rows of turmeric (Additive )T4- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 5:1)- one row of pigeon pea after five rows of turmeric (Additive )T5- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 3:1) -one row of pigeon pea after three rows of turmeric (Replacement ) T6- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 5:1)- one row of pigeon pea after five rows of turmeric (Replacement ) T7- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 6:2)- Two rows of pigeon pea after six rows of turmeric (Replacement ) T8- Turmeric + Pigeon pea ( 10:2)- one row of pigeon pea after ten rows of turmeric (Replacement).-  Sole crop of turmeric fresh rhizome  (106.04 q/ha )and pigeon pea grain (14.07 q/ha )  produced the highest yield when compared with other intercropping systems.  Turmeric +Pigeon pea (10:2) geometry gave the highest net return and benefit cost ratio over another intercropping system.
Integrating professionalism in early medical education: The theory and application of reflective practice in the anatomy curriculum
Authors: Lachman Nirusha , Pawlina Wojciech
Published: May 2006

Renewed emphases on teaching professionalism require physicians to develop the ability to critically reflect upon their own decisions. Innovative programs that address teaching professionalism within medical curricula have been implemented in almost all medical schools. The foundation for many of these programs is “reflection,” which is regarded as a core skill in professional competence. In order to achieve the desired outcomes and meet the demands of a required curriculum, an understanding of educational concepts in the designing of medical curricula is essential. Educators recognize that, for most medical students, professional growth is initiated during the first year of the medical curriculum and, therefore, traditionally pure content delivery courses such as first year anatomy course are being utilized now in order to explore issues related to critical thinking and professionalism. As a result, learning strategies such as “reflective practice” are beginning to play an important role in curriculum design. This article provides an overview of the theory of reflective practice, and demonstrates how reflective practice may be integrated into the anatomy curriculum. In order to incorporate reflective exercises into a curriculum, the basic elements of a reflective process are defined, strategies to implement reflective exercises within the course are described, and the benefits of reflective practice are highlighted. Therefore, in creating an environment that fosters reflective learning, the gap between theory and practice may be consolidated, which in the context of anatomy promotes the issue of teaching for relevance and clinical application. Clin. Anat. 19:456–460, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mild Copper‐Catalyzed Vinylation Reactions of Azoles and Phenols with Vinyl Bromides
Authors: Taillefer Marc , Ouali Armelle , Renard Brice , Spindler Jean‐Francis
Published: May 2006

An efficient and straightforward copper‐catalyzed method allowing vinylation of N‐ or O‐nucleophiles with di‐ or trisubstituted vinyl bromides is reported. The procedure is applicable to a broad range of substrates since N‐vinylation of mono‐, di‐, and triazoles as well as O‐vinylation of phenol derivatives can be performed with catalytic amounts of copper iodide and inexpensive nitrogen ligands 3 or 8. In the case of more hindered vinyl bromides, the use of the original bidentate chelator 8 was shown to be more efficient to promote the coupling reactions than our key tetradentate ligand 3. The corresponding N‐(1‐alkenyl)azoles and alkenyl aryl ethers are obtained in high yields and selectivities under very mild temperature conditions (35–110 °C for N‐vinylation reactions and 50–80 °C for O‐vinylation reactions). Moreover, to our knowledge, this method is the first example of a copper‐catalyzed vinylation of various azoles. Finally, this protocol, practical on a laboratory scale and easily adaptable to an industrial scale, is very competitive compared to the existing methods that allow the synthesis of such compounds.
Selecting patients for breast‐conserving therapy
Authors: Morrow Monica , Keeney Kristine , Scholtens Denise , Wei Janet , Steel Jennifer , Khan Seema A.
Published: May 2006

BACKGROUND

Concerns exist regarding the ability to select patients with lobular carcinoma for breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) using mammography. The purpose of this study was to compare the conversion rate from BCT to mastectomy among patients with lobular (ILC) and ductal carcinoma (IDC), and to compare the number of resections needed to obtain negative margins.

METHODS

In all, 349 patients with pure or mixed ILC were identified from a database and 318 were successfully matched to 2 controls with IDC on the basis of year of diagnosis, menopausal status, and stage of disease. Conditional logistic regression was used to control for matching.

RESULTS

Patients with ILC were older, had larger tumors (2.6 vs. 2.1 cm; P<.001), and were more likely to have contraindications to BCT (25% vs. 20%). In patients thought to be candidates for BCT, no difference in success rate was noted on the basis of histologic type after controlling for age and stage. In those undergoing BCT, no difference in the number of procedures was seen on the bases of histology after adjustment for age and stage.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with ILC are not more likely to fail BCT than those with IDC, nor do they require more operations to obtain negative margins. These results do not support the use of more extensive preoperative evaluation such as magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ILC. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Vector valued Fourier analysis on unimodular groups
Authors: Lee Hun Hee
Published: May 2006

The notion of Fourier type and cotype of linear maps between operator spaces with respect to certain unimodular (possibly nonabelian and noncompact) group is defined here. We develop analogous theory compared to Fourier types with respect to locally compact abelian groups of operators between Banach spaces. We consider the Heisenberg group as an example of nonabelian and noncompact groups and prove that Fourier type and cotype with respect to the Heisenberg group implies Fourier type with respect to classical abelian groups. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Protein kinase Cε and development of squamous cell carcinoma, the nonmelanoma human skin cancer
Authors: Verma Ajit K. , Wheeler Deric L. , Aziz Moammir H. , Manoharan Herbert
Published: May 2006

Protein kinase C (PKC) represents a large family of phosphatidylserine (PS)‐dependent serine/threonine protein kinases. At least five PKC isoforms (α, δ, ε, η, and ζ) are expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. PKC isoforms are differentially expressed in proliferative (basal layer) and nonproliferative compartments (spinous, granular, cornified layers), which exhibit divergence in their roles in the regulation of epidermal cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Immunocytochemical localization of PKC isoforms indicate that PKCα is found in the membranes of suprabasal cells in the spinous and granular layers. PKCε is mostly localized in the proliferative basal layers. PKCη is localized exclusively in the granular layer. PKCδ is detected throughout the epidermis. PKC isozymes exhibit specificities in their signals to the development of skin cancer. PKCε, a calcium‐insensitive PKC isoform mediates the induction of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) elicited either by the DMBA‐TPA protocol or by repeated exposures to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). PKCε overexpression, which sensitizes skin to UVR‐induced carcinogenesis, suppresses UVR‐induced sunburn (apoptotic) cell formation, and enhances both UVR‐induced levels of TNFα and hyperplasia. UVR‐induced sunburn cell formation is mediated by Fas/Fas‐L and TNFα NFR1 extrinsic apoptotic pathways. The death adaptor protein termed Fas‐associated death domain (FADD) is a common adaptor protein for both of these apoptotic pathways. PKCε inhibits UVR‐induced expression of FADD leading to the inhibition of both apoptotic pathways. It appears that PKCε sensitizes skin to the development of SCC by UVR by transducting signals, which inhibit apoptosis on one hand, and enhances proliferation of preneoplastic cells on the other hand. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DSC perfusion MRI—Quantification and reduction of systematic errors arising in areas of reduced cerebral blood flow
Authors: Carpenter Trevor K. , Armitage Paul A. , Bastin Mark E. , Wardlaw Joanna M.
Published: May 2006

Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)‐MRI is commonly used to measure cerebral perfusion in acute ischemic stroke. Quantification of perfusion parameters involves deconvolution of the tissue concentration‐time curves with an arterial input function (AIF), typically with the use of singular value decomposition (SVD). To mitigate the effects of noise on the estimated cerebral blood flow (CBF), a regularization parameter or threshold is used. Often a single global threshold is applied to every voxel, and its value has a dramatic effect on the CBF values obtained. When a single global threshold was applied to simulated concentration‐time curves produced using exponential, triangular, and boxcar residue functions, significant systematic errors were found in the measured perfusion parameters. We estimate the errors obtained for different sampling intervals and signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs), and discuss the source of the systematic error. We present a method that partially corrects for the systematic error in the presence of an exponential residue function by applying a linear fit, which removes underestimates of long mean transit time (MTT) and overestimates of short MTT. For example, the correction reduced the error at a temporal resolution of 2.5 s and an SNR of 30 from 29.1% to 11.7%. However, the error is largest in the presence of noise and at MTTs that are likely to be encountered in areas of hypoperfusion; furthermore, even though it is reduced, it cannot be corrected for exactly. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The participation of indigenous peoples in international norm-making in the Arctic
Authors: Koivurova Timo , Heinämäki Leena
Published: May 2006

Indigenous peoples regularly regard international law as a very important tool for the advancement of their political goals. This is most likely because in many nation-states their opportunities for influencing political development are rather limited. Even though international law seems to be an important means for indigenous peoples to advance their goals, these peoples should be aware of its inherent limitations. One such shortcoming is that international law seriously restricts indigenous peoples' opportunities to participate in the international law-making processes; that is treaty and customary law. The contention in this article is that the recent norm-making method of soft law provides indigenous peoples with a better opportunity for influential participation than is afforded them by traditional methods. If these peoples are to benefit from this opportunity, however, we must appreciate the revolutionary potential of the concept: a potential that is suffocated if the concept is understood only from the perspective of international law. A good example of indigenous peoples gaining a better standing in inter-governmental co-operation is the Arctic Council, which based its work on the soft-law approach from the outset. There would seem to be good prospects for adopting the Arctic Council's approach in other regions of the world in order to improve indigenous peoples' international representational status.
Case-based planning
Authors: COX MICHAEL T. , MUÑOZ-AVILA HÉCTOR , BERGMANN RALPH
Published: May 2006

We briefly examine case-based planning starting with the seminal work of Hammond. Derivational analogy represents an important shift of technical emphasis that helped mature the techniques. The choice of abstraction level is equally important. We conclude by discussing theoretical underpinnings and by providing some pointers to current directions.
Case-based reasoning for diagnosis applications
Authors: GÖKER MEHMET H. , HOWLETT ROBERT J. , PRICE JOSEPH E.
Published: May 2006

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is widely applicable to the diagnosis of problems and the identification of solutions to them. This review of the literature identifies key papers relating to this use of CBR. The stages in diagnosing and troubleshooting a problem are considered and the elements of a CBR system for achieving this are described. Five systems are discussed that have frequently been cited in the literature and illustrate the use of CBR in diagnosis and troubleshooting applications.
Integrations with case-based reasoning
Authors: MARLING CINDY , RISSLAND EDWINA , AAMODT AGNAR
Published: May 2006

This commentary succinctly summarizes work in integrating case-based reasoning (CBR) with other reasoning modalities. Including CBR in mixed mode approaches promotes synergies and benefits beyond those achievable using CBR or other individual reasoning approaches alone. Numerous examples of hybrid systems, with pointers to significant references, are provided.
Distributed case-based reasoning
Authors: PLAZA ENRIC , MCGINTY LORRAINE
Published: May 2006

Distribution of resources within case-based reasoning (CBR) architectures is beneficial in a variety of application contexts. This article briefly discusses some of the approaches that fall under the heading of distributed CBR, and their general impact.
Case-based reasoning foundations
Authors: RICHTER MICHAEL M. , AAMODT AGNAR
Published: May 2006

A basic observation is that case-based reasoning has roots in different disciplines: cognitive science, knowledge representation and processing, machine learning and mathematics. As a consequence, there are foundational aspects from each of these areas. We briefly discuss them and comment on the relations between these types of foundations.
Case-based reasoning and law
Authors: RISSLAND EDWINA L. , ASHLEY KEVIN D. , BRANTING L. KARL
Published: May 2006

A primary research stream that contributed to the birth of case-based reasoning (CBR) was Artificial Intelligence and Law. Since law is largely about cases, it is a particularly interesting domain for CBR researchers. This article surveys some of the historically significant systems and developments in this field.
Textual case-based reasoning
Authors: WEBER ROSINA O. , ASHLEY KEVIN D. , BRÜNINGHAUS STEFANIE
Published: May 2006

This commentary provides a definition of textual case-based reasoning (TCBR) and surveys research contributions according to four research questions. We also describe how TCBR can be distinguished from text mining and information retrieval. We conclude with potential directions for TCBR research.
Note from the Editors
Authors: Ringen Catherine , Vikner Sten
Published: May 2006

To all the reviewers who have reviewed papers for the Nordic Journal of Linguistics in the year 2005, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks for your time and effort. We do this also on the part of the editors of the special issue on Dialects and Linguistic Theory, Øystein Alexander Vangsnes and Curt Rice.
Markedness in Urban East Norwegian tonal accent
Authors: Kristoffersen Gjert
Published: May 2006

A new formal analysis of the tonal accent contrast in Urban East Norwegian (UEN) is developed in this paper, based on Optimality Theory. Contrary to the widespread assumption that the contrast is based on privativity, this paper represents a return to the position that the contrast derives from different timing of a common underlying melody. Surface privativity, i.e. the absence vs. the presence of an H that can be observed in the contrast between accent 1 and 2 in UEN is analysed as the result of marked (accent 1) vs. unmarked (accent 2) association of a common tonal input. The marked status of accent 1 follows from lexical pre-linking, protected by high-ranking faithfulness, which overrides (unmarked) association driven by the markedness constraints alone.
Loss of nitrergic neurotransmission to mouse corpus cavernosum in the absence of neurturin is accompanied by increased response to acetylcholine
Authors: Nangle Matthew R , Keast Janet R
Published: May 2006

The neurotrophic factor, neurturin (NTN), plays an important role in parasympathetic neural development. In the penis, parasympathetic nitrergic/cholinergic nerves mediate the erectile response. However, despite reduced parasympathetic penile innervation in mice lacking the NTN receptor, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor family receptorα(GFRα)2, they are capable of erection and reproduction.

Our aim was to assess neural regulation of erectile tissues from mice lacking NTN. Responses of cavernosal smooth muscle were studiedin vitro, monitoring agonist‐ and nerve‐evoked changes in tension.

Frequency‐dependent nerve‐evoked relaxations in the presence of guanethidine were markedly reduced in the mutant mice compared to wild types (19 vs 72% of phenylephrine pre‐contraction). Atropine reduced the amplitude in wild‐type mice to 61%, but abolished relaxations in knockout mice. In wild‐type and knockout animals, nitric oxide synthase inhibition abolished neurogenic relaxations.

In NTN knockout animals, EC50values for nitric oxide‐dependent relaxations to acetylcholine and muscarine were increased approximately 0.5 log units. In contrast, contractions to electrical stimulation or phenylephrine, and relaxations to bradykinin or the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, were unaltered.

Immunohistochemistry confirmed that nerves immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were substantially reduced in cavernosum of NTN knockout mice.

Parallel immunohistochemical and pharmacological studies in GFRα2 knockout animals showed the same changes from their wild types as the NTN knockout animals.

The data demonstrate that NTN is essential for normal development of penile erection‐inducing nerves and that its absence leads to increased responsiveness to muscarinic agonists, possibly as a compensatory mechanism.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 423–433. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706760
Recent Reinterpretations of the Socialist Calculation
Debate
Authors: Keizer W.
Published: May 2006

Since the late 1970s there have been a number of articles devoted
to re‐evaluating the issues and arguments involved in the debate
concerning comparative economic systems. The present state of this
continuing debate is evaluated with regard to modern theories of
planning, bureaucracy, motivation and property rights. It appears that
the debate has not been settled yet.
Evolution and Design of Social Institutions in Austrian
Theory
Authors: Prisching M.
Published: May 2006

It is demonstrated that the Austrian school in economics had very
different ideas about the creation and change of social institutions and
especially about the relation of state and market, which is still one of
the fundamental problems of economic theory. Menger′s fundamental
distinction of pragmatic and organic institutions and Wieser′s contrary
model are discussed, followed by the “impossibility theorem”
of Mises and the contrary position of Schumpeter. Hayek′s liberation
model of society is presented and criticised, and finally Menger′s
position is interpreted as one of moderate liberal interventionism.
Industrial Depopulation: The Politics of Automation
Authors: Chater Robin
Published: May 2006

As computerised manufacture merges into computer integrated
manufacture, with expert computer systems controlling other expert
systems, where do human beings come in? Are they gaining or losing? Are
they drifting into a catch‐22 situation? Maybe the time will come when
they are merely spectators. The mushrooming progress of technology is
reflected on, who is gaining and who is losing are questioned and
suggested plan of action to keep progress – at least technological
progress – on the rails is presented.
Using Accounting to Enhance Organisational Productivity
Authors: Mills Steve , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: May 2006

The accounting profession is playing a major role in promoting or
enhancing productivity in organisations. This article presents ways in
which accountants are fulfilling that role. Accountants enhance
productivity through various means. They report on the results of
operations for the business entity as well as reporting directly on
productivity. The proper execution of the control function also serves
to enhance productivity. The role of the accountant also includes
enhancing productivity, such as establishing accounting and operational
control systems and advising management on methods to improve
productivity.
Building Societies as Retail Banks: The Importance of
Customer Service and Corporate Image
Authors: Smith David , Harbisher Anne
Published: May 2006

Legislative changes have opened up new opportunities for building
societies in Britain to operate as retail banks offering a wide range of
services. These organisations have operated very successfully in their
traditional role for many years and have acquired a favourable generic
image. The factors underlying consumer perceptions of the images of
building societies are explored and compared with those relating to
banks. Findings are presented to suggest that, although the building
societies retain a generally favourable image, there are aspects of it
that may hinder their successful operation in new markets. There is no
evidence of the existence of distinct images for particular societies.
Possible marketing implications of the findings are considered.
A New Procedure for Bulk Material Quality Control
Authors: Jaraiedi Majid , Bem Eugene
Published: May 2006

Most companies with incoming raw materials in bulk form receive test results from the vendor. The receiving department either does not test the material for acceptance at all, or duplicates the testing done by the vendor. A joint quality programme is presented between the vendor and the buyer that will reduce inspection costs and improve the quality and consistency. The vendor in this plan will practise process control and forward the results to the receiving department of the buyer. The buyer will exercise a multi‐level skip‐lot sampling plan to accept or reject incoming lots, based on the comparison of the vendor′s test data with its own test results. Detailed information for full implementation of this plan is provided.
Economic Design of a Partially Dynamic •‐Control Chart
Authors: Olorunniwo F.O.
Published: May 2006

In the economic design of •‐control charts the two extreme approaches used are that the design parameters are: (i) fixed once determined, and (ii) change from sample to sample. Administrative convenience favours the first approach in practice, although research work indicates, for instance, that constant sampling intervals are not necessarily optimal. This article provides an economic but partially dynamic model where the sampling intervals are of random lengths but other parameters are kept fixed once determined. Random sampling intervals are practical especially in labour‐intensive economies and job‐shop situations where assignable causes are introduced by external factors such as operator skill, fatigue, carelessness and other physical environments. In such work environments, operators have been found to take undue advantage of constant sampling intervals. The model developed here incorporates statistical, economic and administrative considerations in addition to other practical work situations. Some guidelines for implementing the model in the production environment are provided.
Reflections on Economic Aspects of Gorbachev's Book Perestroika: Wishful Thinking for a Make‐believe World?
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: May 2006

Gorbachev′s book Perestroika is used to explain why the
author believes the new policy of restructuring of the Soviet economy
cannot and will not work. The policies of Perestroika are
introduced and evaluated and the existing socio‐economic system
presented. At the end of this sceptical Western analysis, it is
concluded that the policy is cosmetic restructuring and Gorbachev′s
downfall, like Khruschev′s, is assured.
Islamic Economics: Foundations and Practices
Authors: Abbasi Sami M. , Hollman Kenneth W. , Murrey Joe H.
Published: May 2006

The Islamic economic system is a theoretical construct of an
economy whose members follow the Islamic faith. The core of Islamic
economics rests on theological foundations – social welfare is
valued above material gain and heavy emphasis is placed on a strong
belief in and faithful obedience to God. The characteristics of, and
principles which underlie, Islamic economics are surveyed. Particular
attention is paid to the injunction against interest payments and to the
requirement that the faithful pay a capital levy or wealth tax.
Victim Compensation does not Increase the Supply of Crime
Authors: Cameron Samuel
Published: May 2006

Economists of the Public Choice School have argued that
compensation payments to victims of crime will increase the crime rate.
This proposition is examined by estimating crime supply functions for
rape and aggravated assault in which the expected probability and
magnitude of compensation payments are regressors. Data are from US
states in 1980. The empirical work shows that victim compensation does
not increase the supply of crime.
Review Article: The Single European Market
Authors: McDonald Frank
Published: May 2006

A review of the two major reports published on the likely effects
of the Single European Market, together with a review of a book (Pelkman
and Winters) which seeks to examine the impact of different reviews of a
single market and to assess the likely effects on the UK economy. The
review seeks to set out the primary and secondary effects of creating a
Single European Market. This is done for both the economic and, to a
lesser extent, the political environment.
Self‐Development: Practical Issues for Facilitators
Authors: Kemp Nigel
Published: May 2006

Personal development involves individuals acting and reflecting on
the world and themselves, and learning from this. The practical issues
faced by facilitators in setting up and running self‐development groups
are discussed. The structure of the process is focused on and a number
of guidelines presented.
The Logistics of Contract Manufacturing
Authors: Cavinato Joseph L.
Published: May 2006

Outsourcing, or contract manufacturing, is becoming an increasingly
popular alternative to in‐house production. It has wide implications for
the firm. Since logistics is evolving to include inbound material
movements, it stands to play a central role in this trend. Outsourcing
arrangements require inventory, timing, storage, transportation and
other decisions pertaining to the facets of flow control. Outsourcing,
why it is used, and why logistics plays a logical role in it, are
examined, some key managerial issues and concerns that outsourcing
presents to the firm and to logistics are provided.
Modelling the Cost Structure of UK Oil Distributors
Authors: Bobby Graham
Published: May 2006

A model designed to assist management in understanding the cost
structure of oil distributors in the UK is developed. This model can be
programmed on to a spreadsheet and only requires inputs which can be
simply retrieved and updated.
Material Traffic Flow Patterns within the Canadian Forces
Authors: Natalie Lam M. , Ng Kevin Y.K.
Published: May 2006

The traffic flow pattern of the material distribution activity
within the Canadian Forces was evaluated. The aim was to validate the
current operation of the material traffic system. Sample transportation
data were collected, and the traffic flow pattern and utilisations of
the Canadian Forces′ scheduled tractor‐trailer units were statistically
inferred. Because historical material traffic data were lacking, the
material traffic flow pattern for this one‐time snapshot of the
transportation system did not provide a basis from which any trend on
the Canadian Forces′ vehicle utilisation could be established.
Contract Distribution in Multiple Retailing
Authors: Fernie John
Published: May 2006

Distribution has been a major element of retailers′ marketing
strategy in recent years as companies strive to control costs but at the
same time seek competitive advantage through improving service to stores
and gaining greater control of stock in the supply chain. In an
interview survey of distribution directors from major multiple groups,
all companies were reviewing their distribution strategy and many had
made major changes to their distribution system. Centralisation of stock
in strategically located RDCs and the use of third party contractors
were main features of retail companies′ strategy. Contractors were much
more aggressive in marketing their services to retailers than hitherto.
This is partly related to the competitive and turbulent nature of the
industry. In a survey of marketing directors/managers of distribution
companies, it was clear that firms were trying to raise their profile in
the market as they “went public” and/or because they were
moving into new industry sectors away from their “core”
specialist areas.
Integrating the Supply Chain
Authors: Stevens Graham C.
Published: May 2006

Common to all manufacturing companies is the need to control the
flow of material from suppliers, through the value adding processes and
distribution channels, to customers. The supply chain is the connected
series of activities which is concerned with planning, co‐ordinating and
controlling material, parts and finished goods from supplier to
customer. Traditionally, the flow of material has been considered only
at an operational level. No longer, however, can the potential of
integrating the supply chain be ignored. Companies that manage the
supply chain as a single entity and ensure the appropriate use of tools
and techniques in order to meet the needs of the market, will not get
left behind in the fight for survival.
The JIT Spiral of Continuous Improvement
Authors: Lea Richard , Parker Brian
Published: May 2006

Today′s demanding and ever‐changing environment is challenging the
conventional approach in every function and facet. The measures of
performance which an organisation adopts to motivate and direct effort
need reassessment in order to ensure that they are consistent with the
goals of the enterprise. The background to and concepts of just‐in‐time
are considered and a model is described to help introduce JIT
successfully in a business. The main theme of the article is, however,
to discuss performance measures, these being one of the more important,
but less considered aspects of JIT.
Manufacturing Industry, Consultants and 1992
Authors: Eastwood Roger
Published: May 2006

In the run‐up to 1992 UK manufacturers should be scrutinising the
efficiency of their factory operations as well as their marketing
efforts. A great deal of advanced manufacturing technology is available
to assist UK manufacturers to improve their methods of production and to
enhance product quality. UK management should be examining ways in which
they can take advantage of this technology and can be assisted in this
technically complex task by taking advantage of independent consultants.
The Department of Trade and Industry can offer smaller companies
financial assistance with the costs of consultancy through a range of
initiatives. Uptake of these initiatives has been generally encouraging
but UK manufacturers appear to be slow to take advantage of the
Manufacturing Initiative.
Pricing in Retail Banking
Authors: Barry Howcroft J. , Lavis John C.
Published: May 2006

As the retail banking market becomes more price competitive in
terms of the products and services offered and as the introduction of
new technologically based products breaks down the traditional
homogeneity of bank products, so banks must necessarily move towards a
position where they either adopt largely explicit and rational pricing
policies, or alternatively introduce policies that both reinforce
customer loyalty and obtain a substantial long‐term return from the
totality of the relationship with the customer. In recognising and
analysing this problem, the major implications for banks′ cost
structures, and the way in which they price their products and organise
their business activities are assessed.
The Development and Future of Home Banking
Authors: Tait Fiona , Davis Robert H.
Published: May 2006

A brief review is provided as to the growth of home banking in the
UK in general and in Scotland in particular. Some attention is paid to a
comparison in the services provided by two leading home banking systems
and a speculative extrapolation is made as to how developments in home
banking may proceed into the future.
Segmentation of the Small Business Market on the Basis of
Banking Requirements
Authors: Roach Colin
Published: May 2006

Successful marketing involves the identification of target market
segments, where the customers requirements are matched to the services
offered by the supplier. Many firms try to segment markets on the basis
of the customers′ characteristics. However, characteristics are only an
indication of actual behaviour. A study by Girobank plc is described
which segmented the small business market on the basis of actual banking
requirements. Ten segments were identified, each with a separate pattern
of financial behaviour. This analysis was used by the bank to position
itself within the market and successfully expand business levels within
the chosen segments.
New Product Development and Management in Financial
Institutions
Authors: Scheuing Eberhard E. , Johnson Eugene M.
Published: May 2006

The results of a survey of new product development practices and
procedures in American financial institutions are described. It is
revealed that most institutions do not have a formal, fully developed
process for developing and managing new products. For those that do, new
products committees and project teams are the major strategies used.
Determinants and Effects of the Use of ″Made in″ Labels
Authors: Johansson Johny K.
Published: May 2006

Selected empirical findings on the effects of a product′s
“made‐in” label are integrated with theoretical developments
in consumer information processing and the economics of consumer search.
The result is an internally consistent theory of how country‐of‐origin
effects vary across situations, individuals and products. The new
perspective explains why country stereotyping influences decisions more
among well‐informed buyers and dismisses the idea that country‐of‐origin
cues are necessarily misleading or bad. It also generates predictions of
when country‐of‐origin effects are greater and when they are smaller.
Foreign‐Trade Zones in the United States: A Longitudinal
Management Perspective
Authors: Bettina Cornwell T.
Published: May 2006

This article examines the issues related to US foreign‐trade zones
as perceived by the zone managers. A longitudinal study of foreign‐trade
zone managers was conducted. The results of the two surveys and an
extensive dialogue with foreign‐trade zone managers suggest a continuing
lack of awareness and understanding of the benefits of zone operations
on the part of potential zone users. Implications are discussed from a
marketing management perspective.
Are Exporting Firms Modifying Their Product, Pricing and
Promotion Policies?
Authors: Seifert Bruce , Ford John
Published: May 2006

Firms in the electrical, machine tool builders, food processing
equipment, and fluid power industries were surveyed concerning their
export marketing policies. Except in promotion, most of these industrial
firms follow a standardised marketing approach. Their export budgets are
smaller than their domestic budgets. Also the firms indicated that they
were only lukewarm about their overall export performance; those most
satisfied with their export performance tend to be larger, more
experienced in exporting, or spend equal or greater amounts on export
promotion than on comparable domestic product line promotion.
Extension of Minimum Effort Method for Non‐Series‐Parallel Systems
Authors: Guha Shashwati , Aggarwal K.K.
Published: May 2006

The process by which the system failure allowance is allocated in some logical manner among its subsystems is termed Reliability Allocation. Many methods are available for such an allocation for series system but no method exists in case the system is non‐series‐parallel. In this article, the optimum allocation of reliability among its subsystems for general non‐series‐parallel systems has been discussed by extending the Minimum Effort Method which in its present form is applicable for series systems only. A number of effort functions are listed with a view to finding one which is suitable for application in this method and the same has been used for further calculations.
Management Training Needs in Community Education and
Leisure
Authors: Evans J.R.P.
Published: May 2006

There has been an upsurge of interest in management training needs.
However, community education has tended to be overlooked. Tied in with
upsurge of interest in management is the interest in paid educational
leave. The Baker Education Bill also has implications for community
education management. The ways in which local education authorities can
make an effective response to management training needs in community
education and leisure are examined.
Developing New Services: Improving the Process Makes it
Better
Authors: Bowers Michael R.
Published: May 2006

Examines the development of new services in service organizations,
which has often been incomplete and has resulted in the needs of the
marketplace remaining unsatisfied. Considers the findings of a study
comparing the process of new service development in different service
industries. Reports on how development may be improved and offers a
model allowing greater input from the service recipients.
A Proposed Model for New Service Development
Authors: Scheuing Eberhard E. , Johnson Eugene M.
Published: May 2006

Comments that few service firms are sufficiently prepared to meet
the challenge of service innovation. Reviews existing models of new
service development. Proposes a systematic model based not on the small
amount of new service development literature but on theories of new
product management, which reflects the conditions unique to service
industries. Concludes with ten propositions for service management.
Can Consumers be Segmented on the Basis of their Service
Quality Expectations?
Authors: Webster Cynthia
Published: May 2006

Explores the segmentation by service marketers of the consumer
market on the basis of service quality expectations. Measures consumer
expectations and various quality dimensions for three commonly purchased
professional and three non‐professional services. Evaluates the effect
of various consumers′ demographic characteristics on service quality
expectations. Concludes with a discussion of research and managerial
implications.
Cross‐cultural Perspectives on the Dynamics of Prestige
Authors: Garfein Richard T.
Published: May 2006

Examines the issue of prestige, noting that it is a difficult issue
to research. Explains that an understanding of the characteristics and
dynamics of prestige is useful for marketers. Illustrates the subject
with the case of American Express, examining how the prestige of a
product or service is viewed across all cultures and how this knowledge
is used by American Express in worldwide marketing. Concludes that while
the need for prestige by humans is universal, the manifestation and
satisfaction of this need varies according to the culture, therefore
multinational marketing success depends on recognition of this fact and
appropriate advertising.
Consumer Resistance to Innovations: The Marketing Problem and its solutions
Authors: Ram S. , Sheth Jagdish N.
Published: May 2006

Considers why customers resist innovations even though they are
considered necessary and desirable. Identifies functional barriers such
as usage, value, and risk, and psychological barriers such as tradition
and image. Concludes that successful innovation lies not in bowing down
to consumer resistance, but in understanding the causes and developing a
marketing strategy to attack them.
Soft Data – Hard Data: The Painful Art of Fence‐Sitting
Authors: Seymour Daniel
Published: May 2006

Considers the dichotomy of soft data/hard data that exists in
traditional market research. Argues that by developing a long‐run
orientation and a pluralistic approach to research designs, soft data
and hard data can be combined in complementary ways, and cites a recent
case example. Concludes that in the light of the increasingly rapid
changes in customer lifestyles markets, and competition, a
unidimensional research approach can only be detrimental.
Communicating Quality to Consumers
Authors: Castleberry Stephen B. , Resurreccion Anna V.A.
Published: May 2006

Considers the extent of the marketers need to communicate quality
to the consumer and the best ways of doing so. Examines the results of
an experiment involving consumers. Suggests that some communication of
quality is generally better than no such communication, although whether
specific or non‐specific quality appeals should be used depends on the
relative price of the brand.
Strategically Desirable Brand Name Characteristics
Authors: Robertson Kim
Published: May 2006

Considers psychological, linguistic and marketing aspects of brand
name characteristics. Presents the inherent brand name characteristics
which lead to memorable names that support the desired product image.
Concludes that brand names should be simple, distinctive, meaningful,
emotional, make use of morphemes, phonemes, alliteration, consonance,
and should make a sound associate of product class, as well as being
legally protectable; a well‐planned brand name will require less
marketing money to achieve recall and image targets.