bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hospital-Based Acute Care Within 7 Days of Discharge After Outpatient Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery
Authors: Liu Jiabin , Flynn David N. , Liu Wai-Man , Fleisher Lee A. , Elkassabany Nabil M.
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

The rate of hospital-based acute care (defined as hospital transfer at discharge, emergency department [ED] visit, or subsequent inpatient hospital [IP] admission) after outpatient procedure is gaining momentum as a quality metric for ambulatory surgery. However, the incidence and reasons for hospital-based acute care after arthroscopic shoulder surgery are poorly understood.

METHODS:

We studied adult patients who underwent outpatient arthroscopic shoulder procedures in New York State between 2011 and 2013 using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database. ER visits and IP admissions within 7 days of surgery were identified by cross-matching 2 independent Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project databases.

RESULTS:

The final cohort included 103,476 subjects. We identified 1867 (1.80%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72%–1.89%) events, and the majority of these encounters were ER visits (1643, or 1.59%, 95% CI, 1.51%–1.66%). Direct IP admission after discharged was uncommon (224, or 0.22%, 95% CI, 0.19%–0.24%). The most common reasons for seeking acute care were musculoskeletal pain (23.78% of all events). Nearly half of all events (43.49%) occurred on the day of surgery or on postoperative day 1. Operative time exceeding 2 hours was associated with higher odds of requiring acute care (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; 99% CI, 1.08–1.51). High-volume surgical centers (OR, 0.67; 99% CI, 0.58–0.78) and regional anesthesia (OR, 0.72; 99% CI, 0.56–0.92) were associated with lower odds of requiring acute care.

CONCLUSIONS:

The rate of hospital-based acute care after outpatient shoulder arthroscopy was low (1.80%). Complications driving acute care visits often occurred within 1 day of surgery. Many of the events were likely related to surgery and anesthesia (eg, inadequate analgesia), suggesting that anesthesiologists may play a central role in preventing acute care visits after surgery.
TheC. elegansVAPB homolog VPR-1 is a permissive signal for gonad development
Authors: Cottee Pauline A. , Cole Tim , Schultz Jessica , Hoang Hieu D. , Vibbert Jack , Han Sung Min , Miller Michael A.
Published: June 2017

VAMP/synaptobrevin-associated proteins (VAPs) contain an N-terminal major sperm protein domain (MSPd) that is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. VAPs have an intracellular housekeeping function, as well as an extracellular signaling function mediated by the secreted MSPd. Here we show that the C. elegans VAP homolog VPR-1 is essential for gonad development. vpr-1 null mutants are maternal effect sterile due to arrested gonadogenesis following embryo hatching. Somatic gonadal precursor cells and germ cells fail to proliferate fully and complete their respective differentiation programs. Maternal or zygotic vpr-1 expression is sufficient to induce gonadogenesis and fertility. Genetic mosaic and cell type-specific expression studies indicate that vpr-1 activity is important in the nervous system, germ line and intestine. VPR-1 acts in parallel to Notch signaling, a key regulator of germline stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Neuronal vpr-1 expression is sufficient for gonadogenesis induction during a limited time period shortly after hatching. These results support the model that the secreted VPR-1 MSPd acts at least in part on gonadal sheath cell precursors in L1 to early L2 stage hermaphrodites to permit gonadogenesis.
Recent advances in understanding and managing cancer pain
Authors: Chwistek Marcin
Published: June 2017

Cancer pain remains a significant clinical problem worldwide. Causes of cancer pain are multifactorial and complex and are likely to vary with an array of tumor-related and host-related factors and processes. Pathophysiology is poorly understood; however, new laboratory research points to cross-talk between cancer cells and host’s immune and neural systems as an important potential mechanism that may be broadly relevant to many cancer pain syndromes. Opioids remain the most effective pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of cancer pain. However, their role has been evolving due to emerging awareness of risks of chronic opioid therapy. Despite extensive research efforts, no new class of analgesics has been developed. However, many potential therapeutic targets that may lead to the establishment of new pharmaceuticals have been identified in recent years. It is also expected that the role of non-pharmacological modalities of treatment will grow in prominence. Specifically, neuromodulation, a rapidly expanding field, may play a major role in the treatment of neuropathic cancer pain provided that further technological progress permits the development of non-invasive and inexpensive neuromodulation techniques.
Amodiaquine resistance in Plasmodium berghei is associated with PbCRT His95Pro mutation, loss of chloroquine, artemisinin and primaquine sensitivity, and high transcript levels of key transporters
Authors: Ndung'u Loise , Langat Benard , Magiri Esther , Ng'ang'a Joseph , Irungu Beatrice , Nzila Alexis , Kiboi Daniel
Published: June 2017

Background: The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has evolved complex drug evasion mechanisms to all available antimalarials. To date, the combination of amodiaquine-artesunate is among the drug of choice for treatment of uncomplicated malaria. In this combination, a short acting, artesunate is partnered with long acting, amodiaquine for which resistance may emerge rapidly especially in high transmission settings. Here, we used a rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA as a surrogate of P. falciparum to investigate the mechanisms of amodiaquine resistance.

Methods: We used serial technique to select amodiaquine resistance by submitting the parasites to continuous amodiaquine pressure. We then employed the 4-Day Suppressive Test to monitor emergence of resistance and determine the cross-resistance profiles. Finally, we genotyped the resistant parasite by PCR amplification, sequencing and relative quantitation of mRNA transcript of targeted genes.

Results: Submission of P. berghei ANKA to amodiaquine pressure yielded resistant parasite within thirty-six passages. The effective dosage that reduced 90% of parasitaemia (ED90) of sensitive line and resistant line were 4.29mg/kg and 19.13mg/kg, respectively. After freezing at -80ºC for one month, the resistant parasite remained stable with an ED90 of 18.22mg/kg. Amodiaquine resistant parasites are also resistant to chloroquine (6fold), artemether (10fold), primaquine (5fold), piperaquine (2fold) and lumefantrine (3fold). Sequence analysis of Plasmodium berghei chloroquine resistant transporter revealed His95Pro mutation. No variation was identified in Plasmodium berghei multidrug resistance gene-1 (Pbmdr1), Plasmodium berghei deubiquitinating enzyme-1 or Plasmodium berghei Kelch13 domain nucleotide sequences. Amodiaquine resistance is also accompanied by high mRNA transcripts of key transporters; Pbmdr1, V-type/H+ pumping pyrophosphatase-2 and sodium hydrogen ion exchanger-1 and Ca2+/H+ antiporter.

Conclusions: Selection of amodiaquine resistance yielded stable “multidrug-resistant’’ parasites and thus may be used to study common resistance mechanisms associated with other antimalarial drugs. Genome wide studies may elucidate other functionally important genes controlling AQ resistance in P. berghei.
Colorectal polyps: cancer risk and classification
Authors: Walsh Cathy
Published: June 2017

Colorectal polyps are histologically classified as inflammatory, hamartomatous, hyperplastic or neoplastic (adenomas). Adenomas can develop into malignant adenocarcinomas, which result in 95% of colorectal cancers. Polyps can be detected and examined by endoscopy, where the size, pit pattern, shape (sessile or pedunculated) and elevation (protruded, superficially elevated, flat or depressed) of a polyp can be indicative of its type and cancer risk. Chromoendoscopy and the lifting sign technique can help in diagnosis. Histological examination of the shape (serrated or not), structure (tubular, villous or tubulovillous) and cell replication rates of polyp tissue can be effective at identifying dysplasia and cancer risk. Should a polyp develop into a carcinoma, the extent of its invasion through the colon wall can be classified by the Haggit and Kikuchi scales to inform prognosis and appropriate interventions. Endoscopy nurses have an important role in detecting and diagnosing polyps and thus preventing the development of colorectal cancers.
Can experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and evidence-based policing
Authors: Fleming Jenny , Rhodes Rod
Published: June 2017

This article explores the use of evidence and varieties of knowledge in police decision making. It surveys official government policy, demonstrating that evidence-based policymaking is the dominant policy-making paradigm in the United Kingdom. It discusses the limits to social science knowledge in policymaking. The article explores four ideas associated with the notion of ‘experience’: occupational culture, institutional memory, local knowledge and craft, drawing on data from four UK police forces. We discuss the limits to experiential knowledge and conclude that experience is crucial to evidence-based policing and decision-making because it is the key to weaving the varieties of knowledge together.
Impact of Sex on Cardiac Troponin Concentrations—A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Eggers Kai M , Lindahl Bertil
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

The use of sex-specific cutoffs for cardiac troponin (cTn) is currently debated. Although endorsed by scientific working groups, concerns have been raised that sex-specific cutoffs may have only a small clinical effect at the cost of increased complexity in decision-making.

METHODS

We reviewed studies investigating the interrelations between high-sensitivity (hs) cTn results and sex, diagnoses, and outcome. Investigated populations included community-dwelling subjects and patients with stable angina, congestive heart failure, or acute chest pain including those with acute coronary syndromes.

RESULTS

Men usually have higher hs-cTn concentrations compared with women, regardless of the assessed population or the applied assay. The distribution and prognostic implications of hs-cTn concentrations indicate that women have a broader cardiovascular risk panorama compared with men, particularly at lower hs-cTn concentrations. At higher concentrations, particularly above the 99th percentile, this variation is often attenuated. Sex-specific hs-cTn 99th percentiles have so far shown clinical net benefit in only 1 study assessing patients with chest pain. However, several methodological aspects need to be considered when interpreting study results, e.g., issues related to the determination of the 99th percentiles, the selection bias, and the lack of prospective and sufficiently powered analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

Available studies do not show a consistent clinical superiority of sex-specific hs-cTn 99th percentiles. This may reflect methodological aspects. However, from a pathobiological perspective, the use of sex-specific hs-cTn 99th percentiles makes sense for the ruling in of myocardial infarction. We propose a new approach to hs-cTn 99th cutoffs taking into account the analytical properties of the used assays.
In Situ: The Contraindications of World Heritage
Authors: Shaw Wendy M. K.
Published: June 2017

In light of contemporary discussions on the preservation of world heritage, this article considers the cultural costs of archaeological reconstruction and site development. Popular, political and scholarly discussions often presume that the preservation of material heritage functions
as a shining knight battling the dark forces of destruction. Yet far from purely constructive, sites we think of as authentically historical are often reconstructions. Their resurrection often depends on the erasure of intermediary traditions and the displacement of local communities, making
them highly contested political symbols. As political frameworks shift, the tension between preservation and destruction established through this process often serves as propaganda. Examining the effects of archaeological site reconstruction on local populations at Tadmur (Palmyra, Syria);
Geyre (Aphrodisias, Turkey); Wadi Halfa (Abu Simbel, Egypt and Sudan); and Bamiyan (Afghanistan), this article examines the dangers in the instrumentalization of world heritage as a rhetoric of ownership that pits civilization against barbarism without considering the complex costs that accrue
as we access the past. The past can only retain value for the future if it does not come at the cost of the living present.
PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK KARYA YB. MANGUNWIJAYA TERHADAP KARAKTER VISUAL PERMUKIMAN BANTARAN SUNGAI STUDI KASUS: KAMPUNG CODE UTARA, YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Puspitasari Ayu Wandira , Pandelaki Edward Endrianto , Setioko Bambang
Published: June 2017

Settlement of north Kampung Code which located on the riverbanks of Kali Code in Yogyakarta, has a diversevisual character, so that visually appear to be dynamic and irregular.Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya participatefully in shaping the visual character of the settlement of the north Kampung Code. The aim of this research is toknow the effect of characteristics design of YB. Mangunwijaya on the visual character of settlement riverbank inthe North Kampung Code.Quantitative-rasionalistic method was used in this research, based on the results of respondents answer inobservation the visual character of the north Kampung Code settlement. Testing using the test statistic basedfrom the answer of the respondents to the questionnaire. Quantitatively, the study was determined using outputrating statistics. Then the hypothesis testing was done through a linear regression analysis which serves toidentity that effect. Test conducted on the variable of characteristics design of Mangunwijaya consists of unitedwith nature, local, efficient, honest, detail and creative.The conclusions is a significant effect the characteristics design of YB. Mangunwijay on the visual character ofthe north Kampung Code was shown in this work.Correlation between respondents answer with theoryexplanation. Interpretation of this research was not every factor in forming the visual character can beunderstood properly by the observer.Key words: Visual Character, Characteristics Effect, The North Kampung Code, YB. Mangunwijaya
Polylactic acid biocomposites: approaches to a completely green flame retarded polymer
Authors: Sypaseuth Fanni D. , Gallo Emanuela , Çiftci Serhat , Schartel Bernhard
Published: June 2017

Basic paths towards fully green flame retarded kenaf fiber reinforced polylactic acid (K-PLA) biocomposites are compared. Multicomponent flame retardant systems are investigated using an amount of 20 wt% such as Mg(OH)2 (MH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite (EG), and combinations with silicon dioxide or layered silicate (LS) nanofillers. Adding kenaf fibers and flame retardants increases the E modulus up to a factor 2, although no compatibilizer was used at all. Thus, in particular adding EG and MH decreases the strength at maximum elongation, and kenaf fibers, MH, and EG are crucial for reducing the elongation to break. The oxygen index is improved by up to 33 vol% compared to 17 vol% for K-PLA. The HB classification of K-PLA in the UL 94 test is outperformed. All flame retarded biocomposites show somewhat lower thermal stability and increased amounts of residue. MH decreases the fire load significantly, and the greatest reduction in peak heat release rate is obtained for K-PLA/15MH/5LS. Synergistic effects are observed between EG and APP (ratio 2:1) in flammability and fire properties. Synergistic multicomponent systems containing EG and APP, or MH with adjuvants offer a promising route to green flame retarded natural fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites.
Out of Orientalism
Authors: Müller Sabine
Published: June 2017

This essay makes a case for reorientation in the controversially discussed matter of how the relationship between Orientalism and Zionism is to be interpreted. This reorientation abandons the notion of
Quality Enhancement of Tapioca Starch Gel using Sucrose and Xanthan Gum
Authors: Tunnarut Duenchay , Pongsawatmanit Rungnaphar
Published: June 2017

The quality of starch gel could be enhanced by sugar and hydrocolloid. Sucrose (0, 10 % and 20 %) and xanthan gum (Xan) (0.3125 %) were added in the tapioca starch (TS) gels (25 %w/w TS and TS/Xan gels) for quality investigation. Sucrose increased gelatinization temperatures of starch mixtures. Moisture content and water activity decreased with increasing sucrose content and Xan addition. Freeze–thaw stability of TS and TS/Xan gels with and without sucrose was evaluated. Sucrose and Xan decreased water separation from repeated freeze–thaw cycles. A regression model for predicting water separation from Xan, sucrose and selected freeze–thaw cycle was developed and showed a good predictability. After keeping the TS and TS/Xan gels at 5 °C for 7 and 14 days, the hardness of TS and TS/Xan gels increased with increasing sucrose content but was retarded by adding Xan (p<0.05), suggesting Xan impeded the structure formation contributed from amylose molecule association during cold storage.
The Relationship Between Levels of Fidelity in Simulation, Traditional Clinical Experiences and Objectives
Authors: Gore Teresa
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of baccalaureate nursing students’ (BSN) perceived learning effectiveness using the Clinical Learning Environments Comparison Survey of different levels of fidelity simulation and traditional clinical experiences. A convenience sample of 103 first semester BSN enrolled in a fundamental/assessment clinical course and 155 fifth semester BSN enrolled in a leadership clinical course participated in this study. A descriptive correlational design was used for this cross-sectional study to evaluate students’ perceptions after a simulation experience and the completion of the traditional clinical experiences. The subscales measured were communication, nursing leadership, and teaching-learning dyad. No statistical differences were noted based on the learning objectives. The communication subscale showed a tendency toward preference for traditional clinical experiences in meeting students perceived learning for communication. For student perceived learning effectiveness, faculty should determine the appropriate level of fidelity in simulation based on the learning objectives.
A European Structural Crisis Cartel as Solution to a Sectoral Depression?
Authors: Marx Christian
Published: June 2017

Due to the decline of the Western European textile industry in the 1960s and international economic turbulences in the 1970s, the chemical fibre industry in Western Europe ran into trouble. The ten largest manufacturers of polyester fibres therefore applied for a structural crisis cartel in 1972. Even though the European Commission rejected the request, the question of a cartel agreement remained a topic of discussion at the European level for more than ten years. In June 1978, eleven European manufacturers of chemical fibres signed a cartel agreement in Brussels, but it was not compatible with the Treaty of the European Economic Community. It was not until 1980 that the companies submitted a new contract to the European Commission which was in accordance with antitrust law and renewed in 1982. The article analyses the course of negotiations as well as the driving forces and different aims of political and industrial players on the national and the European level.
Ein glücksökonomisch modifizierter Human Development Index für Deutschland (1920-1960)
Authors: Jopp Tobias A.
Published: June 2017

The United Nations’ Human Development Index (HDI) has become an important tool for measuring and comparing living standards between countries and regions. However, the HDI has also attracted a fair share of conceptual criticism. Starting from Andrea Wagner’s historical estimations of a HDI for Germany in the interwar and early postwar period, we take up part of that criticism by implementing three essential modifications to the mode of calculation. We test how far they alter our picture of the relative living standard in the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, and the Federal Republic of Germany. First, we replace the arithmetic mean by the geometric mean, which is said to solve the problem of perfect substitutability; second, we extend the HDI by an additional fourth dimension measuring economic and political freedom – an important, though neglected, dimension; and third, as the perhaps most crucial conceptual intervention, we develop weighting schemes for the partial indices that are theoretically backed by happiness economic research. Thus, we challenge the common, but arbitrary fundamental assumption that all partial indices receive equal weights. Our results show that the HDI for Germany reacts very sensitively to conceptual interventions, making it difficult to use it for the intertemporal and international comparison of living standards. We also find that the proposed modified HDIs allow for a re-evaluation of the living standard in interwar Germany; and in contrast to what the reference estimations on the HDI for Germany say, there is a profound discontinuity between the Third Reich and post-war Germany in terms of living standards.
Few and Far Between: Some Explanations of Health Provisions in Trade Agreements
Authors: Shahnawaz Sheikh
Published: June 2017

The recent proliferation of trade agreements and swelling membership of the WTO can be explained in part by the promise of faster growth and economic development that trade liberalization is supposed to deliver. But many countries enter into arrangements that fail to safeguard national health objectives. This article proposes some explanations by developing a formal model. It identifies a country’s trade negotiation capacity, the significance of its exports to its trade partners, and its public health status as important determinants of how sensitive its trade agreements are to its health concerns. Some examples are provided to illustrate the predictions of the model.
Sustainability Reporting at Schools: Challenges and Benefits
Authors: Carbach Eva , Fischer Daniel
Published: June 2017

Despite advances made there is still an implementation gap with regard to Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in formal educational systems at the school level. The present paper focuses on sustainability reporting as a recently emerging practice in the school sector. It presents the approach and findings of an exploratory interview study at three pioneer schools in Germany that have started to establish sustainability reporting mechanisms. The study has examined how the reporting process is evaluated by project managers with regard to its benefits and challenges. Findings support the potential of sustainability reporting at schools to contribute to an increase in students’ participation in sustainability-related activities at school, create accountability concerning the school’s efforts, help structure the existing sustainability projects and demonstrate new possible courses of action. The high expenditure of time, the teachers’ high workload and lack of support given to the teachers have been identified as major challenges of the reporting process. Further directions for future research into reporting practices at schools are given.
The Formation of Learners’ Motivation to Study Physics in Terms of Sustainable Development of Education in Ukraine
Authors: Korsun Igor
Published: June 2017

This study is aimed at creating a general technique for the formation of learners’ interest in physics in the context of sustainable development of education. The active means of training and active learning methods are the components of this technique. The sequence of interest formation for physics in the context of sustainable development of education was analyzed. This scheme shows the transition from a situational interest to an individual interest. Short-term objective is the formation of learners’ interest in physics as a school subject. Long-term objective is the formation of learners’ interest in physics as a science. Results proved that proposed technique increases the level of motivational component of the learners’ cognitive activity in physics teaching. This general technique can also be used in teaching other natural sciences (e.g., Chemistry, Biology, Geography, Ecology).
Value Education in Estonian Preschool Child Care Institutions
Authors: Ülavere Pärje
Published: June 2017

For systematic implementation of value education in educational institutions, the national programme ìValues Development in Estonian Society 2009ñ2013î (Ministry of Education and Research, 2009) was prepared in Estonia. However, it was launched only in 2010, and the authors intended to ascertain the values of the heads of preschool child care institutions, teachers and parents as well as their conception of value education. The national programme was updated as “Values Development in Estonian Society 2015- 2020” (Ministry of Education and Research 2015). In 2015, the researchers aimed to investigate if and how values of teachers of child care institutions and their conception of value education had changed. The sample in 2010 included nine respondents related to preschool child care institutions: three heads, three teachers, and three parents. The 2015 sample included 10 teachers. The research was conducted by using a qualitative method, which included semi-structured interviews and video observations of activities that teachers carried out with children. In 2010 and 2015, the values were said to be incorporated in general curricular goals and topics of the year. In 2010, the teachers said that values were not separately designated in the kindergarten curriculum; however, they were incorporated into the curriculum. They did not teach values as a separate discipline; values were highlighted in various activities and situation games. In 2015, it was mentioned that value education was consciously included in activities proceeding from the relevant schooling and education domain and the topic of the week. It may be said that in 2010 value education related topics had not been sufficiently introduced in kindergartens yet. Based on interviews and video observations conducted in 2015, it could be claimed that educators would benefit from a more deliberate approach to value education.
Macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for heat and moisture transfer process with phase transformation in unsaturated porous media during freezing process
Authors: Song Wenyu , Zhang Yaning , Li Bingxi , Xu Fei , Fu Zhongbin
Published: June 2017

In the current study, a macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for simulating the heat and moisture transport phenomenon in unsaturated porous media during the freezing process was proposed. The proposed model adopted percolation threshold to reproduce the extra resistance in frozen fringe during the freezing process. The freezing process in Kanagawa sandy loam soil was demonstrated by the proposed model. The numerical result showed good agreement with the experimental result. The proposed model also offered higher computational efficiency and better agreement with the experimental result than the existing numerical models. Lattice Boltzmann method is suitable for simulating complex heat and mass transfer process in porous media at macroscopic scale under proper dimensionless criterion, which makes it a potentially powerful tool for engineering application.
The Connachta of Táin Bó Cúailnge
Authors: Bulatovas Romanas
Published: June 2017

Advance in archaeology in the latter half of the 20th century rekindled interest in Táin Bó Cúailnge as a historical source and put the question of real-life identities of its main protagonists back on agenda. Despite the existing orthodoxy that the saga reflects fifth-century warfare between the southern Uí Néill and the Ulaid, some researchers continue questioning the role of the southern Uí Néill as well as the dates assigned to the events of the tale. In this article it is argued that the Connachta of the saga were more likely to be the northern Uí Néill. Furthermore, genealogical link between the two branches of the Uí Néill is put in doubt. Finally, it is suggested that the events of the Táin took place almost 200 years later than commonly believed.
Genesis 5 and the Formation of the Primeval History: a Redaction Historical Case Study
Authors: Hoopen Robin B. ten
Published: June 2017

Der Artikel diskutiert die Komposition von Gen 5, das mögliche literarische Wachstum des Textes und seine Beziehung zu Gen 2–4 innerhalb der größeren Komposition der Urgeschichte. Quellen-Hypothesen, Ergänzungshypothesen und Blums priesterschriftliche Komposition werden als mögliche Erklärungen für die Beziehung zwischen Gen 5 und Gen 2–4 erwogen. Unter Berücksichtigung sowohl synchroner als auch diachroner Aspekte wird dafür votiert, Gen 5 als Entfaltung und Zusatz zu Gen 2–4 zu sehen. Im Lichte von Gen 5 bietet das Modell Blums die beste entstehungsgeschichtliche Erklärung für die Urgeschichte.
Leib und Situation. Zum Theorie- und Forschungsprogramm der Neophänomenologischen Soziologie
Authors: Gugutzer Robert
Published: June 2017

Die phänomenologisch orientierte Soziologie steht überwiegend in der Tradition der Transzendentalphänomenologie Edmund Husserls und der Mundanphänomenologie Alfred Schütz’. Sie präsentiert sich daher vor allem als Lebenswelt-, Alltags- und Wissenssoziologie. Abgrenzend dazu skizziert der Beitrag eine alternative phänomenologische Soziologie, deren philosophisches Fundament die Neue Phänomenologie von Hermann Schmitz ist. Auf dieser Grundlage, allen voran der Leib- und Situationstheorie von Schmitz, werden die Grundzüge der Neophänomenologischen Soziologie (NPS) vorgestellt. Ihre wesentlichen Bausteine sind (1) das leiblich-affektive Betroffensein als präpersonales Apriori des Sozialen, (2) leibliche Kommunikation als Quelle der Du-Evidenz und kleinste Analyseeinheit des Sozialen sowie (3) die gemeinsame Situation als sozialontologisches Fundament und empirische Erscheinungsform von Sozialität.
Der Fall der Abstiegsangst, oder: Die mittlere Mittelschicht als sensibles Zentrum der Gesellschaft. Eine Trendanalyse 1984–2014
Authors: Lengfeld Holger , Ordemann Jessica
Published: June 2017

Neueren Studien zufolge hat in der deutschen Mittelschicht die Angst vor dem sozialen Abstieg, d. h. vor dem Verlust des sozioökonomischen Status, in den 1990er und 2000er Jahren zugenommen. Auf der Basis einer berufsbezogenen Konzeption analysieren wir den Verlauf der Abstiegsangst im Schichtvergleich über einen langen, von 1984 bis 2014 reichenden Zeitraum. Wir verwenden Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) von maximal 49.102 Erwerbstätigen, für die 286.049 Beobachtungen vorliegen. Mit deskriptiven Trendanalysen und random effects ordered probit-Regressionen mit anschließenden marginsplot zeigen wir, dass die empfundene Unsicherheit von Beginn des Beobachtungszeitraums bis 2005 in allen Schichten angestiegen ist, wobei der Anstieg in der mittleren Mitte am stärksten war. Für 2006 bis 2014 beobachten wir dagegen einen starken Rückgang der Statusverunsicherung in allen Schichten. Trotz der Wirtschaftskrise 2009 war das Ausmaß der Sorgen am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums 2014 in fast allen Schichten auf dem niedrigen Niveau von 1991. Dabei sank das Ausmaß der Sorgen in der mittleren Mittelschicht im Schichtvergleich am stärksten ab. Wir fassen unsere Ergebnisse in der These der mittleren Mittelschicht als das sensible Zentrum der Gesellschaft zusammen.
The Evolution of the Application of Highway Live Loads to Buried Concrete Pipe
Authors: Beakley Josh
Published: June 2017

For many years, the application of highway live loads to the surface, and their distribution down to buried concrete pipe, was consistent and reasonably easy to understand. However, near the beginning of the new millennium, the application of highway live loads through soil began an evolution in in the United States that resulted in a myriad of changes. The effect of live load on a buried pipe is a result of the application of the live load at the surface, the assumed distribution of that live load through the soil, and furthermore, the dissipation of the load through the structure itself. Modifications have been made to all of these parameters in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications within the last two decades. The intent of this paper is to review the history of highway live load design for concrete pipe and to discuss their development within the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Despite the fact that highway live loads themselves have barely changed over the decades, the live load distribution factor has undergone more than one change in the AASHTO codes over the last several years. Meanwhile, the dissipation of the load through the pipe itself was never really addressed within the AASHTO until recently, but a method developed by the concrete pipe industry has been used for years. This has led to inconsistencies with regard to how engineers would address these issues, depending upon which references were consulted for their designs. This paper reviews the history of highway live load design on buried concrete pipe, including tabular and graphical examples of results from the various methods, and provides suggested applications.
The History and Application of the Three-Edge Bearing Test for Concrete Pipe
Authors: Carleton Eric , Hiner Steve , Kurdziel John
Published: June 2017

The three-edge bearing test is one of the only direct test methods used for the evaluation of a finished concrete product. Many tests exist for the evaluation of the components of reinforced concrete structures and pavements, but none routinely evaluate the performance of the product with the applied loads on the finished product. This makes the three-edge bearing test one of the most unique structural evaluation tests in existence in the engineering and construction fields. The three-edge bearing test is approaching its 100-year anniversary and this paper presents the reasons for its initial development and its use in the present day. Technology has advanced considerably in the past century with finite element modeling, remote sensors, and computerized construction equipment, yet the three-edge bearing test is still the linchpin in the evaluation of reinforced concrete pipe design and installation. The three-edge bearing test is also positioned to be a key component in the assessments of future composite reinforced concrete pipe products, so although it may be nearing the century mark, this test is well-positioned to move into its next century. Understanding its past is, therefore, critical in evaluating the future of this key test method for reinforced concrete pipe.
History of Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe Design
Authors: Haeder Corey L.
Published: June 2017

ASTM C361, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe, was first published in 1955. At that time and for several decades, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) published a similar document (USBR M-1, Standard Specifications for Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe) based on a similar set of design processes but with differing loading and design assumptions. Consolidation of the two standards was desired by industry and the USBR. Through improved analysis methods and further evolved rational design procedures that take into account improved material properties, the current ASTM C361 standard incorporates the present state of these design concepts and has been adopted by the USBR. The evolution of the design process is presented for user reference.
Lap Weld Strength of Reinforced Concrete Pipe Cages
Authors: Hand George , Schnerch David , Spahn Kimberly L.
Published: June 2017

ASTM C76, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe, and ASTM C1417, Standard Specification for Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design, specify the requirements for reinforced concrete pipe, including the requirements for cage reinforcing welded lap splices. A discrepancy in the pull test requirement for welded lap splices existed between the 2008 versions of both specifications until ASTM C1417-11 was revised to mirror ASTM C76-08. ASTM C76-08 required pull tests of representative specimens to develop at least 50 % of the minimum specified tensile strength (or ultimate strength) of the steel. ASTM C1417-08 specified that pull tests of representative specimens develop no less than 0.9 times (or 90 %) the design yield strength of the circumferential. This discrepancy raised questions when ASTM C1417-08 was revised as to how the required lap splice strength of 90 % of the yield strength was established for ASTM C1417-08 and concern that this might be a more appropriate requirement. Therefore, the concrete pipe industry produced and tested 24-in. and 36-in. diameter pipe in which the welded lap splices did not meet the ASTM C76 requirement of 50 % ultimate strength in order to demonstrate that this requirement does not affect the final three-edge bearing product test results.
Optogenetic Evidence for a Direct Circuit Linking Nociceptive Transmission through the Parabrachial Complex with Pain-Modulating Neurons of the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla (RVM)
Authors: Chen QiLiang , Roeder Zachary , Li Ming-Hua , Zhang YangMiao , Ingram Susan L. , Heinricher Mary M.
Published: June 2017

The parabrachial complex (PB) is a functionally and anatomically complex structure involved in a range of homeostatic and sensory functions, including nociceptive transmission. There is also evidence that PB can engage descending pain-modulating systems, the best characterized of which is the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Two distinct classes of RVM neurons, “ON-cells” and “OFF-cells,” exert net pronociceptive and anti-nociceptive effects, respectively. PB was recently shown to be a relay of nociceptive information to RVM ON- and OFF-cells. The present experiments used optogenetic methods in a lightly anesthetized rat and an adult RVM slice to determine whether there are direct, functionally relevant inputs to RVM pain-modulating neurons from PB. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that PB conveys direct glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs to RVM neurons. Consistent with this,in vivorecording showed that nociceptive-evoked responses of ON- and OFF-cells were suppressed by optogenetic inactivation of archaerhodopsin (ArchT)-expressing PB terminals in RVM, demonstrating that a net inhibitory input to OFF-cells and net excitatory input to ON-cells are engaged by acute noxious stimulation. Further, the majority of ON- and OFF-cells responded to optogenetic activation of channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-expressing terminals in the RVM, confirming a direct PB influence on RVM pain-modulating neurons. These data show that a direct connection from the PB to the RVM conveys nociceptive information to the pain-modulating neurons of RVM under basal conditions. They also reveal additional inputs from PB with the capacity to activate both classes of RVM pain-modulating neurons and the potential to be recruited under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Comparative microRNAome analysis of the testis and ovary of the Chinese giant salamander
Authors: Chen Rui , Du Jian , Ma Lin , Wang Li-qing , Xie Sheng-song , Yang Chang-ming , Lan Xian-yong , Pan Chuan-ying , Dong Wu-zi
Published: June 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18–24 nucleotides non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by post-transcriptional suppression of mRNA. The Chinese giant salamander (CGS, Andrias davidianus), which is an endangered species, has become one of the important models of animal evolution; however, no miRNA studies on this species have been conducted. In this study, two small RNA libraries of CGS ovary and testis were constructed using deep sequencing technology. A bioinformatics pipeline was developed to distinguish miRNA sequences from other classes of small RNAs represented in the sequencing data. We found that many miRNAs and other small RNAs such as piRNA and tsRNA were abundant in CGS tissue. A total of 757 and 756 unique miRNAs were annotated as miRNA candidates in the ovary and testis respectively. We identified 145 miRNAs in CGS ovary and 155 miRNAs in CGS testis that were homologous to those in Xenopus laevis ovary and testis respectively. Forty-five miRNAs were more highly expressed in ovary than in testis and 21 miRNAs were more highly expressed in testis than in ovary. The expression profiles of the selected miRNAs (miR-451, miR-10c, miR-101, miR-202, miR-7a and miR-499) had their own different roles in other eight tissues and different development stages of testis and ovary, suggesting that these miRNAs play vital regulatory roles in sexual differentiation, gametogenesis and development in CGS. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal miRNA profiles that are related to male and female CGS gonads and provide insights into sex differences in miRNA expression in CGS.
Study of the iron nanoparticles phase transformation during thermal annealing
Authors: Kozlovskiy Artem , Kargin Jumat , Kokarev Malik , Mukhambetov Daut
Published: June 2017

Change in structural properties and phase composition of nanoparticles based on iron oxide was researched in the paper. As a result of conducted studies it was found that during heat treatment oxide phases of (γ-Fe2O3) and α-Fe2O3 maghemite were formed in oxygen atmosphere. Researches of powder array magnetization were showed that the hysteresis loop movement had the form characteristic for ferromagnetic materials. Additionally, loops obtained at different directions of the magnetic field have different characters, which indicate the magnetic anisotropy presence in the samples.
Complex Coding and Regulatory Polymorphisms in a Restriction Factor Determine the Susceptibility of Drosophila to Viral Infection
Authors: Cao Chuan , Cogni Rodrigo , Barbier Vincent , Jiggins Francis M
Published: June 2017

It is common to find that major-effect genes are an important cause of variation in susceptibility to infection. Here we have characterized natural variation in a gene called pastrel that explains over half of the genetic variance in susceptibility to the Drosophila C virus (DCV) in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. We found extensive allelic heterogeneity, with a sample of seven alleles of pastrel from around the world conferring four phenotypically distinct levels of resistance. By modifying candidate SNPs in transgenic flies, we show that the largest effect is caused by an amino acid polymorphism that arose when an ancestral threonine was mutated to alanine, greatly increasing resistance to DCV. Overexpression of the ancestral, susceptible allele provides strong protection against DCV; indicating that this mutation acted to improve an existing restriction factor. The pastrel locus also contains complex structural variation and cis-regulatory polymorphisms altering gene expression. We find that higher expression of pastrel is associated with increased survival after DCV infection. To understand why this variation is maintained in populations, we investigated genetic variation surrounding the amino acid variant that is causing flies to be resistant. We found no evidence of natural selection causing either recent changes in allele frequency or geographical variation in frequency, suggesting that this is an old polymorphism that has been maintained at a stable frequency. Overall, our data demonstrate how complex genetic variation at a single locus can control susceptibility to a virulent natural pathogen.
Association between Toxoplasma gondii types and outcomes of human infection: A meta-analysis
Authors: Xia Jing , Cheng Xin-Yu , Wang Xiao-Jun , Peng Hong-Juan
Published: June 2017

The virulence and pathogenicity of various types of Toxoplasma gondii differ considerably in mice. Recent studies have claimed that similar phenomenon was observed in humans, but no relevant studies have been performed to validate this finding. In addition, reports showing association between a given T. gondii type and outcomes of human infection yielded conflicting results. To provide a more precise estimation of the association and a more reliable conclusion on this subject, we performed this meta-analysis. Relevant literatures were identified in multiple databases and selected based on strict screening. T. gondii-type proportions among different severities of infection were calculated and compared using Fisher’s exact test. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated. Our results showed that the difference among T. gondii-type proportions was significant (p < 0.0001). In addition, significant associations were detected between Type I strains infection and congenital toxoplasmosis (OR: 1.91, p = 0.0009), Type III strains infection and pulmonary toxoplasmosis (OR: 5.15, p = 0.04). In our subgroup analysis, Type I strains were significantly associated with cerebral toxoplasmosis in offspring (OR: 1.81, p = 0.02). This result indicated that different types of T. gondii exhibited different virulence and caused different outcomes in humans.
PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN TPACK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN LITERASI SAINS
Authors: Irmita Luthfia Ulva , Atun Sri
Published: June 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan pendekatan TPACK (Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge) untuk meningkatkan literasi sains siswa. Perangkat pembelajaran berupa Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP)  dan Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) pembelajaran. Metode penelitian ini adalah Research and Development yang terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu pendefinisian, perancangan dan pengembangan. Pada tahap pendefinisian dilakukan persiapan studi awal. Pada tahap perancangan dilakukan untuk menentukan indikator, tujuan pembelajaran dan analisis materi laju reaksi. Pada tahan pengembangan dilakukan pengembangan langkah-langkah kegiatan pembelajaran pada RPP dengan menggunakan pendekatan TPACK dan model discovery learning serta LKS pembelajaran yang akan diuji kelayakannya oleh dua orang dosen validator dan dua orang guru kimia Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA). RPP dan LKS pembelajaran dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan literasi sains yang mencakup ketiga aspek yaitu aspek konteks sains, konten sains dan proses sains. Hasil uji kelayakan menunjukkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran dikatakan memiliki kelayakan yang baik dengan rata-rata skor untuk RPP yaitu 49,75 dan untuk LKS pembelajaran yaitu 43,5. Selain itu, uji kelayakan dengan menggunakan Aiken’s V perangkat pembelajaran dikatakan memiliki validitas yang tinggi dengan rata-rata nilai Aiken’s V yaitu 0,675. Dengan demikian, perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan pendekatan TPACK dengan model discovery learning dapat digunakan khususnya pada materi laju reaksi kimia.
OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROL WITH CONSTRAINTS FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEMS VIA PIECEWISE QUADRATIC OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Phuoc Nguyen Doan , Hung Pham Van , Quynh Hoang Duc
Published: June 2017

Very few output feedback control methods can be applied for a large class of nonlinear objects. If the control problem has supplementary constraints to satisfy, the number of suitable methods will be fewer. The paper proposes a nonlinear control method, which can be applied to output tracking control a wide range of various perturbed nonlinear objects. This output feedback controller is established based on piecewise quadratic optimizing subjected to input constraints for state feedback control and then combined with an appropriate EKF or UKF for system state observation. The simulation results obtained by applying this proposed controller to output tracking control inverted pendulum and boiler-turbine unit had confirmed its promising applicability in practice.