bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fruit and vegetable intake of primary school children: a study of school meals
Authors: Upton D. , Upton P. , Taylor C.
Published: September 2012

How to cite this article
 Upton D. Upton P. & Taylor C. (2012) Fruit and vegetable intake of primary school children: a study of school meals. J Hum Nutr Diet.

Background:  Despite an increasing focus on the nutritional content of school meals and initiatives such as the School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme, children are not meeting the recommended levels of fruit and vegetable consumption. The present study aimed to examine children’s fruit and vegetable consumption in 15 primary schools across the West Midlands region.

Methods:  A total of 1296 children, aged 4–11 years, were observed for five consecutive days and the consumption of all food items was measured using the weighed intake method. Differences in the mean intake of fruit, vegetables and foods high in fat and sugar between Key Stages 1 and 2 were determined.

Results:  Two‐thirds of the children in the present study did not consume any fruit at lunchtime and only 3% of children consumed at least one portion as part of their school meal. The proportion of children consuming some quantity of vegetable at lunchtime was more than double that consuming fruit. Children in Key Stage 1 consumed significantly more vegetables on average than children in Key Stage 2 (P ≤ 0.05); however, no significant differences were found for the consumption of fruit.

Conclusions:  Despite the introduction of food‐based standards for school meal provision; children are not consuming adequate portions of fruit and vegetables at lunchtime. The importance of strategies used by catering staff to promote the consumption of fruit and vegetables should be harnessed to encourage children to taste fruit and vegetables provided. Further research is recommended to increase the evidence base on strategies aiming to promote fruit and vegetable consumption in children.
Unstable sleep and higher sympathetic activity during late‐sleep periods of rats: implication for late‐sleep‐related higher cardiovascular events
Authors: KUO TERRY B. J. , LAI CHUN‐TING , CHEN CHUN‐YU , LEE GUO‐SHE , YANG CHERYL C. H.
Published: September 2012

We proposed that the higher incidence of sleep fragmentation, sympathovagal imbalance and baroreceptor reflex impairment during quiet sleep may play a critical role in late‐sleep‐related cardiovascular events. Polysomnographic recording was performed through wireless transmission using freely moving Wistar–Kyoto rats over 24 h. The low‐frequency power of arterial pressure variability was quantified to provide an index of vascular sympathetic activity. Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity was assessed by slope of arterial pressure–RR linear regression. As compared with early‐light period (Zeitgeber time 0–6 h), rats during the late‐light period (Zeitgeber time 6–12 h) showed lower accumulated quiet sleep time and higher paradoxical sleep time; furthermore, during quiet sleep, the rats showed a lower δ% of electroencephalogram, more incidents of interruptions, higher σ% and higher β% of electroencephalogram, raised low‐frequency power of arterial pressure variability value and lower baroreflex sensitivity parameters. During the light period, low‐frequency power of arterial pressure variability during quiet sleep had a negative correlation with accumulated quiet sleep time and δ% of electroencephalogram, while it also had a positive correlation with σ% and β% of electroencephalogram and interruption events. However, late‐sleep‐related raised sympathetic activity and sleep fragmentation diminished when an α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist was given to the rats. Our results suggest that the higher incidence of sleep fragmentation and sympathovagal imbalance during quiet sleep may play a critical role in late‐sleep‐related cardiovascular events. Such sleep fragmentation is coincident with an impairment of baroreflex sensitivity, and is mediated via α1‐adernoceptors.
Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for childhood asthma: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ku Min‐Sho , Sun Hai‐Lun , Sheu Ji‐Nan , Lee Hong‐Shen , Yang Shun‐Fa , Lue Ko‐Huang
Published: September 2012

Background:  The association between neonatal jaundice and childhood asthma is a new finding of two reports. The purpose of the study was to verify their results.

Methods:  Data from 11,321 children were collected from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Their claims data were evaluated from birth to 10 yr old. Children were analyzed as case (those with neonatal jaundice) and controls (those without neonatal jaundice). The diagnostic criteria for asthma were as follows: at least four asthma diagnoses at outpatient services and emergency department (ED), or one asthma diagnosis during an admission. In children fitting the asthma criteria, those with no asthma diagnosis after 1 yr of age were excluded. Mantel–Haenszel’s odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for the following confounders: preterm/low birth weight, neonatal infection, other respiratory conditions, other birth conditions, and gender. Asthma rate, onset time, the use of drugs, upper respiratory infection and lower respiratory infection (LRI) rates, hospital admission/ED visit rates, and the effect of phototherapy were evaluated.

Results:  After adjustment for the confounding factors, the rate of asthma was higher in icteric children (OR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.36–1.98, p < 0.001), and the influence in females was stronger. There still was an association between neonatal jaundice and late onset asthma (asthma onset after 3 yr of age). In asthmatic children, those with neonatal jaundice have increased asthma onset rate before age 6, increased use of inhalant steroids, LRI rates, and ED visits for respiratory disease.

Conclusions:  Neonatal jaundice increased the rate and severity of childhood asthma in subjects aged up to 10 yr and may be a risk factor for childhood asthma.
Cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil in inoperable, stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
Authors: Di Lorenzo Giuseppe , Buonerba Carlo , Federico Piera , Perdonà Sisto , Aieta Michele , Rescigno Pasquale , D'Aniello Carmine , Puglia Livio , Petremolo Antonella , Ferro Matteo , Marinelli Alfredo , Palmieri Giovannella , Sonpavde Guru , Mirone Vincenzo , De Placido Sabino
Published: September 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Metastatic or locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP) is generally incurable, but it can be palliated with systemic chemotherapy. Two retrospective studies, involving <10 patients each, showed that cisplatin plus continuous infusion of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) may be effective and well tolerated. Cisplatin, methotrexate and bleomycin, cisplatin and irinotecan and taxanes can also play an important role for patients with locally advanced/metastatic SCCP. Finally, anti‐EGFR therapy may also be effective in advanced SCCP.

Although cisplatin plus continuous infusion of 5‐FU is widely used in clinical practice for palliation of SCCP, toxicity and efficacy data regarding this schedule include a total of 14 patients with SCCP, treated more than two decades ago. In our retrospective study, cisplatin plus continuous infusion of 5‐FU was used for palliative purposes in a homogenous sample of 25 patients with SCCP. Partial responses and stable disease were observed in 8 (32%) and 10 (40%) patients, respectively, with a median progression‐free survival of 20 weeks. Neutropenia was the most important grade 3–4 side effect observed, occurring in 20% of patients. These data provide confirmation that such a combination regimen is moderately effective and well tolerated in patients with SCCP.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the activity and toxicity of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) as a first‐line treatment in metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP).

METHODS

The medical records of 78 patients with SCCP treated between January 2000 and June 2011 at the four participating centres were reviewed.

Data regarding patients treated with first‐line 5‐FU were extracted.

Patients were included in the study if radiological reports were available for determination of response and progression‐free survival (PFS) according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) 1.1.

RESULTS

Between January 2000 and June 2011, 25 patients were treated with i.v. cisplatin on day 1 followed by 5‐FU as a continuous 24‐h infusion for 4 days every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Partial responses and stable disease were observed in eight (32%) and 10 (40%) patients, respectively, with a disease control rate of 72%.

Severe neutropenia was the most important grade 3–4 side effect observed, occurring in 20% of patients.

The median (interquartile range [IQR]) PFS was 20 (11–20) weeks and the median (IQR) overall survival (OS) was 8 (7–12) months.

CONCLUSION

5‐FU is associated with a moderate response rate and is well tolerated in patients with metastatic SCCP.
Television viewing associated with adverse dietary outcomes in children ages 2–6
Authors: Ford C. , Ward D. , White M.
Published: September 2012

The aim of this paper was to systematically review the evidence for the association between television viewing and diet in children ages 2–6. Data sources included PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ERIC, SportDISCUS, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science and hand searches of reference lists of relevant articles. Twelve studies were reviewed in which the relationship between television viewing and diet was assessed in children between the ages of 2 and 6. All but one study reported significant relationship between television viewing time and adverse dietary outcomes. Parent‐reported television viewing time was used to assay child television viewing in all included studies. Food frequency survey was the most frequent method of dietary assessment, and parent served as proxies for children in all studies. Lower fruit and/or vegetable intake was the most frequently reported dietary outcome, followed by increased energy intake with increased television viewing. The majority of studies reported adverse dietary outcomes with as little as 1 h of daily television exposure. While these results are consistent with recommendations from child health advocates to limit television viewing in young children, they also suggest that further efforts to limit television viewing in young children may be needed to aid in obesity prevention.
Caffeinated Avant‐Garde: Futurism During the Russian Civil War 1917–1921
Authors: Glisic Iva
Published: September 2012

Scholarship on Russian Futurism often interprets this avant‐garde movement as an essentially utopian project, unrealistic in its visions of future Soviet society and naïve in its comprehension of the Bolshevik political agenda. This article questions such interpretations by demonstrating that the activities of Russian Futurists during the Civil War period represented a measured response to what was a challenging contemporary socio‐political reality. By examining the development of Futurist ideology through this period, considering first‐hand Futurist descriptions of dealing with the fledgling Soviet system, and recalling Slavoj Žižek's interpretations of revolution and utopianism, a different image of the Futurist project emerges. Futurism, indeed, was a movement far more aware of the intricacies of its historical period than has previously been recognised.
The Sinews of the Modern Terror State: an Analysis of the Role and Importance of Family Punishment in Nazi Germany*
Authors: Loeffel Robert
Published: September 2012

This article contributes to the debate over how much we can consider Nazi Germany a terror state. It is focused on one type of terror — family liability policy or Sippenhaft— as a means of determining to what extent the German population was terrorised by the regime. Sippenhaft can be considered a key foundation of a terror regime as it targets the innocent over the guilty. This paper argues that Sippenhaft was a component of Nazi terror, operating on a selective basis and was utilised by various local agencies among the party and the army rather than being centrally controlled. These factors helped create a level of threat and fear that contributed to its effectiveness.
A Weak Spot in the Personality? Conceptualising “War Neurosis” in British Medical Literature of the Second World War
Authors: Roberts‐Pedersen Elizabeth
Published: September 2012

Through an analysis of leading British medical journals during the Second World War, this article argues that psychiatric understandings of the “war neurosis” suffered by British servicemen during that conflict were predicated on a notion of the “neurotic serviceman” as an objective personality type predisposed to break down during the strain of wartime. By discounting the effects of traumatic war experiences in favour of an aetiology that located the genesis of psychiatric disorder within the inherently unstable individual, such an approach minimized the influence of the martial environment in favour of heredity and the events of early childhood as the ultimate arbiters of mental stability in service personnel.
History, Memory, and the Second World War in Belarus*
Authors: Marples David R.
Published: September 2012

The paper examines the role of the German‐Soviet war in nation‐building in Alyaksandr Lukashenka's Belarus through the medium of contemporary popular narratives (media, movies, documentaries), monuments, and historical sites. After highlighting some examples in the former two categories, it focuses specifically on myth‐making at three key historic sites – the Brest Hero Fortress, the Liniya Stalina museum, and the Khatyn historic complex – outlining the correlation between the official interpretation of wartime events at these sites and construction of modern‐day Belarusian civic nationalism and nation building; the forging of links between veterans and youth for the evolution of memory into post‐memory; and the elimination all vestiges of what is termed “historical revisionism”.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection 2012
Authors: Tepes Bojan , O'Connor Anthony , Gisbert Javier P. , O'Morain Colm
Published: September 2012

Helicobacter pylori resistance rates to antibiotics vary in different countries and even in different regions of the same country. Choice of treatment is strongly dependent on antibiotic resistance rates. In some countries, triple therapy with a proton‐pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin is still the best option, but eradication results fall short of what would be desired (90–95%) in countries with clarithromycin resistance >20%, bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy, or nonbismuth sequential or concomitant therapies may then be the preferred option. Newer antibiotic regimens are awaited. Vaccination would be the best option, especially for developing countries, but little progress has been made in designing a vaccine.
Exhumation mechanisms of melt‐bearing ultrahigh pressure crustal rocks during collision of spontaneously moving plates
Authors: SIZOVA E. , GERYA T. , BROWN M.
Published: September 2012

A series of 2D petrological–thermomechanical numerical experiments was conducted to: (i) characterize the variability of exhumation mechanisms of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (UHPM) rocks during collision of spontaneously moving plates and (ii) study the possible geodynamic effects of melting at ultrahigh pressure conditions for the exhumation of high‐temperature–ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (HT–UHPM) rocks. To this end, the models include fluid‐ and melt‐induced weakening of rocks. Five distinct modes of exhumation of (U)HPM rocks associated with changes in several parameters in the models of plate collision and continent subduction are identified as follows: vertical crustal extrusion, large‐scale crustal stacking, shallow crustal delamination, trans‐lithospheric diapirism, and channel flow. The variation in exhumation mechanisms for (U)HPM rocks in numerical models of collision driven by spontaneously moving plates contrasts with the domination of the channel flow mode of exhumation in a majority of the published results from numerical models of collision that used a prescribed plate convergence velocity and/or did not include fluid‐ and melt‐induced weakening of rocks. This difference in the range of exhumation mechanisms suggests that the prescribed convergence velocity condition and the neglect of fluid‐ and melt‐related weakening effects in the earlier models may inhibit development of several important collisional processes found in our experiments, such as slab breakoff, vertical crustal extrusion, large‐scale stacking, shallow crustal delamination and relamination, and eduction of the continental plate. Consequently, the significance of channel flow for the exhumation of UHPM rocks may have been overstated based on the results of the earlier numerical experiments. In addition, the results from this study extend over a larger proportion of the high‐temperature range of P–T conditions documented from UHPM rocks, including those retrieved from HT–UHPM rocks, than the results of experiments from previous numerical models. In particular, the highest peak metamorphic temperatures (up to 1000 °C) are recorded in the case of the vertical crustal extrusion model in which subducted continental crust is subjected to a period of prolonged heating by asthenospheric mantle abutting the continental side of the vertically hanging slab. Nonetheless, some extreme temperature conditions which have been suggested for the Kokchetav and Bohemian massifs, perhaps up to 1100–1200 °C, are still to be achieved in experiments using numerical models.
Improvement in Headaches With Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Johnson Karin G. , Ziemba Alexis M. , Garb Jane L.
Published: September 2012

Objective.— We aimed to identify clinical features in patients with severe headaches that predicted obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and determine clinical and sleep study characteristics that predicted headache improvement with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Background.— Many patients with headaches complain of sleep symptoms and have OSA. There is often improvement of headaches with CPAP treatment.

Methods.— We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients referred to adult neurology clinic for headaches and sent for polysomnography between January 2008 and December 2009. Follow‐up ranged from 18 to 42 months.

Results.— Eighty‐two headache patients (70 females, 12 males) were studied. Mean age was 45 ± 13 years (females 45 ± 13, males 43 ± 11) and mean body mass index was 32 ± 9. Headache types included 17% chronic migraine without aura, 22% episodic migraine without aura, 32% migraine with aura, 21% tension‐type headache, 6% chronic post‐traumatic headache, 11% medication overuse headache, and 7% other types. All patients were receiving standard treatment for their headaches by their neurologist. Fifty‐two patients (63%) had OSA. Increasing age, female gender, and chronic migraine without aura were predictive of OSA. Of the patients with OSA, 33 (63%) used CPAP and 27 (82%) were adherent to CPAP. Headache improvement was reported by 40 patients (49%) due to either standard medical therapy or CPAP. Patients with OSA who were CPAP adherent (21/27) were more likely to have improvement in headaches than patients intolerant of CPAP (2/6), those that did not try CPAP (8/19), and those who did not have OSA (16/30) (P = .045). Of the 33 patients who used CPAP, 13 reported improvement in headaches specifically due to CPAP therapy and 10 additional patients noted benefit in sleep symptoms. The presence of witnessed apneas (P = .045) and male gender (P = .021) predicted improvement in headaches due to CPAP.

Conclusions.— Headache patients should be evaluated for the presence of OSA. Treating OSA improves headaches in some patients.
Country Contexts and Individuals’ Climate Change Mitigating Behaviors: A Comparison of U.S. Versus German Individuals’ Efforts to Reduce Energy Use
Authors: Swim Janet K , Becker Julia C.
Published: September 2012

Countries can set the stage for residents’ behaviors via government and business policies and the values held within countries. This study examines German versus U.S. residents’ (predominantly students’) efforts to engage in direct and indirect behaviors that lessen their personal contribution to greenhouse gases. Consistent with country level differences in mitigation efforts, German students were more likely to engage in direct and indirect energy reduction behaviors. We propose a mediation model explaining the relation between country and likelihood of engaging in these behaviors. As expected, Germans showed more energy reduction behaviors because they were more likely to endorse biospheric environmental concerns, less likely to endorse egoistic environmental concerns, less likely to think that personal costs of energy reduction behaviors were important, and more likely to think ethical considerations were important. However, we found that cost–benefit considerations played less of a role in indirect than direct energy reduction behaviors.
Endovascular Repair of Traumatic Aortic Injury: A Novel Arena in Interventional Cardiology
Authors: PATEL JIGAR H. , WAYANGANKAR SIDDHARTH A. , ZACHARIAS SONI , STOWELL DONALD , SAUCEDO JORGE F.
Published: September 2012

Objective

To assess the feasibility of endovascular repair of traumatic aortic injuries performed by interventional cardiologists in collaboration with cardiothoracic surgeons.

Background

Traumatic aortic injury (TAI) represents a significant cause of mortality in trauma patients. Endovascular techniques have recently come into play for the management of TAI and are usually performed by a multidisciplinary team consisting of a thoracic or vascular surgeon and/or interventional radiology. With extensive expertise in catheter‐based interventions, interventional cardiologists may have a pivotal role in this important procedure.

Methods

From January 2009 to July 2011, we reviewed the TAI endovascular repair outcomes performed by a team of interventional cardiologists in collaboration with cardiothoracic surgery at our institution. The charts of these patients were reviewed to collect desired data, which included preoperative, procedural, and follow‐up details.

Results

Twenty patients were identified in our series. Most of these patients developed TAI from motor vehicle accidents. Technical success for endovascular repair of TAI was achieved in all patients. Two patients developed endoleak, of which one patient required subsequent open repair. Two patients expired in the hospital from coexistent injuries.

Conclusions

Our series of endovascular repair for TAI performed by interventional cardiologists with the collaboration of cardiothoracic surgeons showed excellent outcomes. Our experience may give further insight in the collaborative role of interventional cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery for endovascular repair of TAI. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:77–83)
Discovering Diverse Mechanisms of Migration: The Mexico–US Stream 1970–2000
Authors: Garip Filiz
Published: September 2012

Migrants to the United States are a diverse population. This diversity, identified in various migration theories, is overlooked in empirical applications that describe a typical narrative for an average migrant. Using the Mexican Migration Project data from about 17,000 first‐time migrants from Mexico to the US between 1970 and 2000, this study employs cluster analysis to identify four types of migrants with distinct configurations of characteristics. Each migrant type corresponds to a specific theoretical account and becomes prevalent in a specific period, depending on economic, social, and political conditions in Mexico and the US. Around the period when each migrant type becomes prevalent, a corresponding theory is also developed.
How Similar Are Cohabitation and Marriage? Legal Approaches to Cohabitation across Western Europe
Authors: Perelli‐Harris Brienna , Gassen Nora Sánchez
Published: September 2012

Although cohabitation and childbearing within cohabitation have increased in Europe over recent decades, the variation across Europe remains remarkably wide. Most studies on union formation have not explicitly addressed the role of state policies in the development of cohabitation or discussed how countries have responded to changes in union formation by passing legislation. Here we discuss historical and theoretical issues relevant to the relationship between state policies and union formation and describe policies relating to cohabitation and marriage in nine Western European countries. Drawing on secondary sources and legal documents, we examine the quantity of regulations that mention cohabitation and the approach to cohabitation in 19 policy dimensions. We then place the countries along a continuum, from those that have equalized cohabitation and marriage to those that only regulate marriage. As a whole, this overview raises questions about the changing institution of marriage, as well as the increasing institutionalization of cohabitation.
High Sex Ratios at Birth in the Caucasus: Modern Technology to Satisfy Old Desires
Authors: Duthé Géraldine , Meslé France , Vallin Jacques , Badurashvili Irina , Kuyumjyan Karine
Published: September 2012

During the 1990s, the sex ratio at birth increased considerably and simultaneously in the three independent Caucasian countries, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. At the end of the first decade of the twenty‐first century, levels remain abnormally high in Armenia and Azerbaijan (above 114 male births per 100 female births) and show erratic trends in Georgia. Analyzing data from demographic surveys carried out around 2005, we confirm the persistence of high sex ratios in these three countries and document significant differences in fertility intentions and behavior according to the sex of the previous child or children that constitute evidence of the practice of sex‐selective abortion. These countries combine societal features and medical systems that make this phenomenon possible: son preference in a context of low fertility and the possibility of prenatal sex selection given easy access to ultrasound screening and induced abortion. Why high sex ratios are observed only in these three countries of the sub‐region remains, however, an open question.
Tracking an Elusive Population: Family Carers of Older Adults With Intellectual Disabilities in Romandy (Switzerland)
Authors: Jecker‐Parvex Maurice , Breitenbach Nancy
Published: September 2012

Despite a long‐standing tradition of institutional placement in Switzerland, many older adults with intellectual disabilities continue to be supported by aging parents and siblings. For various reasons, these carers and the adults concerned have been overlooked up to now. To find out how many such families are providing housing and care of this kind, and what characterizes such family units in French‐speaking Switzerland, a university‐level training center undertook a study of this population. Qualitative information was obtained through questionnaires and interviews, providing information on the family history, the types of care which the families currently provide, and their short‐ and long‐term needs. The results suggest that in the Cantons concerned, 27% of adults with intellectual disabilities aged 35–64 reside with family carers, 80% of the latter being elderly parents among whom 16% are aged 77 or older. The adults involved are relatively autonomous, requiring direct assistance only for complex tasks. Some 88% participate in day activities including employment in ordinary settings. In general, expectations for the future do not include residence in congregate care; furthermore, the current network of residential services is insufficient to accommodate this population's members as they age. The authors conclude that local social services providers must plan for enhanced community services to accommodate this growing group in the years to come.
Patient‐Reported Selective Adherence to Heart Failure Self‐Care Recommendations: A Prospective Cohort Study: The Atlanta Cardiomyopathy Consortium
Authors: Marti Catherine N. , Georgiopoulou Vasiliki V. , Giamouzis Grigorios , Cole Robert T. , Deka Anjan , Tang W. H. W. , Dunbar Sandra B. , Smith Andrew L. , Kalogeropoulos Andreas P. , Butler Javed
Published: September 2012

©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Simultaneous adherence with multiple self‐care instructions among heart failure (HF) patients is not well described. Patient‐reported adherence to 8 recommendations related to exercise, alcohol, medications, smoking, diet, weight, and symptoms was assessed among 308 HF patients using the Medical Outcomes Study Specific Adherence Scale questionnaire (0=“never” to 5=“always,” maximum score=40). A baseline cumulative score of ≥32/40 (average ≥80%) defined good adherence. Clinical events (death/transplantation/ventricular assist device), resource utilization, functional capacity (6‐minute walk distance), and health status (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire [KCCQ]) were compared among patients with and without good adherence. The mean follow‐up was 2.0±1.0 years, and adherence ranged from 26.3% (exercise) to 89.9% (medications). A cumulative score indicating good adherence was reported by 35.7%, whereas good adherence with every behavior was reported by 9.1% of patients. Good adherence was associated with fewer hospitalizations (all‐cause 87.8 vs 107.6; P=.018; HF 29.6 vs 43.8; P=.007) and hospitalized days (all‐cause 422 vs 465; P=.015; HF 228 vs 282; P<.001) per 100‐person‐years and better health status (KCCQ overall score 70.1±24.6 vs 63.8±22.8; P=.011). Adherence was not associated with clinical events or functional capacity. Patient‐reported adherence with HF self‐care recommendations is alarmingly low and selective. Good adherence was associated with lower resource utilization and better health status.
A resurrection study reveals rapid adaptive evolution within populations of an invasive plant
Authors: Sultan Sonia E. , Horgan‐Kobelski Tim , Nichols Lauren M. , Riggs Charlotte E. , Waples Ryan K.
Published: September 2012

The future spread and impact of an introduced species will depend on how it adapts to the abiotic and biotic conditions encountered in its new range, so the potential for rapid evolution subsequent to species introduction is a critical, evolutionary dimension of invasion biology. Using a resurrection approach, we provide a direct test for change over time within populations in a species' introduced range, in the Asian shade annual Polygonum cespitosum. We document, over an 11‐year period, the evolution of increased reproductive output as well as greater physiological and root‐allocational plasticity in response to the more open, sunny conditions found in the North American range in which the species has become invasive. These findings show that extremely rapid adaptive modifications to ecologically‐important traits and plastic expression patterns can evolve subsequent to a species' introduction, within populations established in its introduced range. This study is one of the first to directly document evolutionary change in adaptive plasticity. Such rapid evolutionary changes can facilitate the spread of introduced species into novel habitats and hence contribute to their invasive success in a new range. The data also reveal how evolutionary trajectories can differ among populations in ways that can influence invasion dynamics.
Household electricity demand, worldwide: climbing the ‘ladder of needs’
Authors: Lescaroux François
Published: September 2012

This paper presents a new approach for modelling residential electricity consumption. Accounting for the derived nature of electricity demand, it is expressed as an S‐shaped function of per capita income that reflects the diffusion in society of an unobserved stock of electricity‐consuming goods—which enable users to meet a hierarchy of needs—as wealth increases. The specification is justified on simple and quite general assumptions regarding income distribution and consumers' spending behaviours. Empirically, the model is applied to a panel of 91 countries over various time periods and a business‐as‐usual projection up to 2030 is performed. Further, the approach might be of interest for analysing households' budget shares, and it could be expanded by crossing macro and micro data to estimate dynamic Engel curves if applied to micro data on consumers' expenditures by income group.
Energy consumption and real output: new evidence from the UAE
Authors: Sweidan Osama D.
Published: September 2012

The current paper seeks to examine the relationship between energy consumption and real output in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) economy. Technically, we assess the following two questions: ‘does the increase in energy consumption cause more economic growth in the UAE economy?’ or ‘does the rapid economic growth lead to more energy consumption?’ We utilise the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error correction model and Granger causality test to achieve the paper goal. The paper employs an annual data series of the UAE real gross domestic product and energy consumption over the 1973–2008 period. The findings of the paper have two levels: short‐run and long‐run. In the short‐run, the results reveal a clear statistically significant bidirectional positive relationship between energy consumption and real output in the UAE economy. However, in the long‐run the estimate illustrates only one relationship prevails from the short‐run. This one is the statistically significant positive unidirectional relationship running from real output to energy consumption.
TREATMENT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE RISK ON MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION BEHAVIOUR IN AN EXPERIMENTAL SETTING*
Authors: HASSON REVIVA , LÖFGREN ÅSA , VISSER MARTINE
Published: September 2012

This paper explores the collective action problem as it relates to climate change and develops two models that capture the mitigation–adaptation trade‐off. The first model presents climate change as a disaster that will occur with certainty, and where both mitigation and adaptation reduce the size of the loss associated with the disaster (the so‐called deterministic model). The second model presents climate change as an uncertain event, where mitigation affects the probability of disaster while adaptation again reduces the size of the loss (this is the so‐called stochastic model). Comparing the two models in a one‐shot public goods experiment with students, we find no significant differences in subjects' choice to mitigate. The experiments also reveal a relatively low rate of mitigation for both models compared with earlier studies.
THE VALUE OF TIGER SHARK DIVING WITHIN THE ALIWAL SHOAL MARINE PROTECTED AREA: A TRAVEL COST ANALYSIS
Authors: DU PREEZ MARIO , DICKEN MATT , HOSKING STEPHEN GERALD
Published: September 2012

Using on‐site survey data collected via the administration of a questionnaire to 197 respondents during the period stretching from January 2007 to December 2007 from the Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area, this study estimates and compares an ordinary least squares and two Poisson count data models of recreational tiger shark diving demand. The Poisson model corrected for endogenous stratification and truncation provided the best results. It was concluded that in 2007, the consumer surplus per person per tiger shark dive was R1,136, and the total consumer surplus per annum was R2,080,925.
IMPLICATIONS OF REAL EXCHANGE RATE MISALIGNMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THEORY, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE AND APPLICATION TO GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: NDHLELA THANDINKOSI
Published: September 2012

The influence of exchange rate signals in an economy is very powerful and often pervasive. Moreover, sustained real exchange rate overvaluation will, by distorting resource allocation away from productive activities, eventually lead to drastic adjustments of relative prices and reduction of aggregate economic growth. However, the direct theoretical and empirical link between exchange rate misalignment and macroeconomic indicators still remains to be fully understood. Nonetheless, empirical studies continue to make attempts to understand this relationship by exploring relationships that incorporate different measures of exchange rate misalignment in traditional growth regression models. Based on a behavioural equilibrium exchange rate derived measure exchange rate misalignment, this paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between real gross domestic product growth and real exchange rate misalignment for Zimbabwe. After controlling for other structural and policy variables, the main findings demonstrate that exchange rate misalignment exerts a negative and highly statistically significant impact on growth. Overall, the results lend support to the hypothesis that chronic real exchange rate overvaluation was a key fundamental behind the post‐2000 economic growth contraction in Zimbabwe.
Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescents with asthma: A meta‐analysis and meta‐regression
Authors: Lu Yanxia , Mak Kwok‐Kei , van Bever Hugo P. S. , Ng Tze Pin , Mak Anselm , Ho Roger Chun‐Man
Published: September 2012

To cite this article: Lu Y, Mak K‐K, van Bever HPS, Ng TP, Mak A, Ho RC‐M. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescents with asthma: A meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 23: 707–715.

It remains unclear whether anxiety and depressive symptoms are more prevalent in adolescents with asthma when compared with healthy individuals. This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the difference in the aggregate prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms between adolescents with asthma and healthy controls and to explore the underlying moderators that potentially explain the heterogeneity of the effect size. A meta‐analysis of published work was performed using the random effects model. The differences in aggregate prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms between adolescents with asthma and healthy controls were determined. Meta‐regression and subgroup analysis were performed to identify factors that may contribute to heterogeneity. A total of eight studies were eligible for analysis. The aggregate prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was significantly higher among 3546 adolescents with asthma than that of 24,884 controls (depression, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.18.6–0.39 vs. 0.13; 95% CI, 0.09–0.19; anxiety, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.19–0.52 vs. 0.21; 95% CI, 0.12–0.33). The risk of developing depression and anxiety is significantly higher among adolescents with asthma when compared with controls (depression: pooled odds ratio, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.65–2.64; p < 0.001; anxiety: pooled odds ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.63–2.07; p < 0.001). Meta‐regression revealed that the proportions of Caucasian (p = 0.008) and smokers (p < 0.001) were significant moderators which explained the significant heterogeneity when comparing the risk of developing depressive symptoms among adolescent asthma patients vs. controls while age, gender, and severity of asthma were not significant. Family doctors, pediatricians, and healthcare providers should formulate strategies to detect depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents with asthma and offer psychological interventions to reduce the burden of psychiatric comorbidity.
Statistical Sampling for In-Service Inspection of Underground Storage Tanks (PVP2011-57011)
Authors: Baxter Lindsay R. , Harris Stephen P.
Published: September 2012

Savannah River Remediation, LLC (SRR) is implementing a statistical sampling strategy for in-service inspection (ISI) of liquid waste (LW) tanks at the United States Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site (SRS) in Aiken, South Carolina. As a component of SRS’s corrosion control program (CCP), the ISI program assesses tank wall structural integrity through the use of ultrasonic testing (UT). The statistical strategy for ISI is based on the random sampling of a number of vertically-oriented unit areas, called “strips,” within each tank. The number of strips to inspect was determined so as to attain, over time, a high probability of observing at least one strip of the worst 5% in terms of pitting and corrosion across all tanks. The hypergeometric distribution was used in the probability estimation to determine the number of strips for inspection. In addition to the strip sampling strategy, a single strip within each tank was identified to serve as the baseline for a longitudinal assessment of the tank safe operational life. Statistical tolerance limits for pit depth and corrosion rates were calculated using existing data and will be updated as additional inspections are made. The statistical tolerance limits provide conservative estimates for use in tank life projections. The statistical sampling strategy enables the ISI program to develop individual profiles of LW tank wall structural integrity that collectively provide a high confidence in storage tank safety and integrity over operational lifetimes.
An Empirical Formula for Stress Intensity Factors of Double Edge Half-Circular-Hole Cracks in a Rectangular Sheet in Tension
Authors: Yan Xiangqiao
Published: September 2012

This note deals with the stress intensity factors (SIFs) for double edge half-circular-hole cracks in a rectangular sheet in tension by means of the displacement discontinuity method with crack-tip elements (a boundary element method) proposed recently by the author. Moreover, an empirical formula of the SIFs of the crack problem is presented and examined. It is found that the empirical formula is simple, yet accurate for evaluating the SIFs of the crack problem.
High Temperature Design and Damage Evaluation of MOD.9Cr-1Mo Steel Heat Exchanger
Authors: Lee Hyeong-Yeon , Kim Jong-Bum , Park Hong-Yune
Published: September 2012

High temperature design and evaluation of creep-fatigue damage for sodium-to-sodium heat exchanger, decay heat exchanger (DHX), in a sodium test loop have been conducted. The DHX is a shell- and tube-type heat exchanger with an outer diameter of 21.7 mm and effective length of 1.73 m. The DHX shell and tube materials were Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel. The temperatures of shell inlet and shell outlet in the DHX are 510 °C and 308 °C, respectively, while the temperatures of tube inlet and outlet are 254 °C and 475 °C, respectively. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted for the DHX, and evaluation of creep-fatigue damage at several critical locations of the heat exchanger was carried out according to the elevated temperature design codes of the ASME Section III Subsection NH and RCC-MR. Evaluations on the integrity of the DHX and code comparisons were carried out for the critical locations of the DHX. The evaluation results showed that damages at the tubesheet joints of tube-to-tubesheet and tubesheet-to-shell were not so critical in the present DHX model.
Probabilistic Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Analysis for Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Hasan Sikder M. , Khan Faisal , Kenny Shawn
Published: September 2012

The crack morphology of transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) suggests that the mechanism of growth and the condition at which TGSCC occur is different than that of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). Several attempts have been made to characterize IGSCC probabilistically; however, limited effort has been noticed for TGSCC. This paper attempts to analyze TGSCC probabilistically. The study includes assessment of probability of failure for low pH, TGSCC by R6 approach/BS 7910 approach/API 579 approach, which considers plastic yielding and linear elastic fracture mechanics, CSA Z 662-07 burst model approach and author’s proposed strain-based approach. The paper observes that failure assessment diagram (FAD) based approaches (R6, BS 7910, and API 579) calculate least failure probability compared to CSA Z 662-07 burst model approach. The authors also noticed that their proposed hoop strain-based approach calculates closely to CSA Z 662-07 burst model approach. Finally, the authors justified the rationality of the results obtained by their approach.
Multi-Dimensional Harmonic Balance With Uncertainties Applied to Rotor Dynamics
Authors: Didier J. , Sinou J.-J. , Faverjon B.
Published: September 2012

This paper describes the coupling of a Multi-Dimensional Harmonic Balance Method (MHBM) with a Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) to determine the dynamic response of quasi-periodic dynamic systems subjected to multiple excitations and uncertainties. The proposed method will be applied to a rotor system excited at its support. Uncertainties considered include both material and geometrical parameters as well as excitation sources. To demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed numerical approach, the results that include mean, variation of the response, envelopes of the Frequency Response Functions and orbits will be systematically compared to a classical Monte Carlo approach.
Active Control of the Longitudinal-Lateral Vibration of a Shaft-Plate Coupled System
Authors: Zhang Zhiyi , Rustighi Emiliano , Chen Yong , Hua Hongxing
Published: September 2012

The coupled longitudinal-lateral vibration of a shaft-plate system and its suppression by means of a feedback control scheme are discussed. A simplified model of the system is established through synthesis of frequency response functions (FRFs) and verified with the finite element method (FEM). This analytical model describes the coupled longitudinal-lateral vibration of the system induced by longitudinal periodic excitation at the free end of the shaft. Based on this model, vibration control via longitudinal actuation on the shaft and active vibration cancellation are studied. The active control scheme is based on an adaptive feedback scenario and a novel mechanism of adaptation of the controller’s gain, which is proposed for time-varying dynamics induced by the variation of the axial spring stiffness. Simulation results have demonstrated that the control scheme is effective in attenuating vibration of the system. Furthermore, axial actuation on the shaft is able to cancel the effect of the longitudinal disturbance acting at the free end of the shaft and consequently reduces the internal forces as well as the vibration in the plate. However, deviation of the actuation force from the shaft axis will deteriorate control of the lateral vibration and sufficiently small deviation needs to be guaranteed.
Fuel Power Density
Authors: Ahlgren William
Published: September 2012

Energy is transported over land primarily by electric power transmission lines and by pipelines carrying gas or liquid fuel. Pipelines today carry fossil fuels, but in future will carry renewable fuels. The fuel power density is F=ρhh, where ρ is the density and h the specific enthalpy of combustion. It is a figure of merit by which candidate renewable fuels can be ranked for suitability as energy vectors. This figure of merit is more useful than the alternatives: specific energy and energy density. It underscores the advantage of high-density liquid renewable fuels such as ammonia and methanol over gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and natural gas.