bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soziodemografische und soziale Korrelate selbstberichteter Resilienz im Alter – Ergebnisse der populationsbasierten LIFE-Adult-Studie
Authors: Weitzel Elena Caroline , Glaesmer Heide , Hinz Andreas , Zeynalova Samira , Henger Sylvia , Engel Christoph , Löffler Markus , Reyes Nigar , Wirkner Kerstin , Witte A. Veronica , Villringer Arno , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , Löbner Margrit
Published: March 2023

Einleitung

Resilienz bezeichnet eine gute Anpassung an Widrigkeiten und ist ein bedeutsamer Faktor für das Wohlbefinden im Alter. Erste Studien weisen auf eine hohe Relevanz sozialer Ressourcen hin. Bisher haben nur wenige Studien Resilienzmuster in der Altenbevölkerung untersucht. Die vorliegende Studie hat zum Ziel, soziodemografische und soziale Korrelate von Resilienz in einer großen populationsbasierten Stichprobe ab 65 Jahren zu identifizieren.

Methoden

Analysiert wurden Daten von n = 2410 Menschen ab 65 Jahren aus der LIFE-Adult Studie. Erhoben wurden Daten zu Resilienz (Resilienzskala – RS-11), sozialer Unterstützung (ENRICHD Social Support Inventory – ESSI) und zum sozialen Netz (Lubben Social Network Scale – LSNS-6). Der Zusammenhang soziodemografischer und sozialer Variablen mit Resilienz wurde mittels einer multiplen linearen Regressionsanalyse analysiert.

Ergebnisse

Das Alter ab 75 Jahren war mit einer niedrigeren Resilienz im Vergleich zum Alter von 65 bis 74 Jahren assoziiert. Der Familienstand „verwitwet“ hing mit einer höheren Resilienz zusammen. Eine bessere soziale Unterstützung und ein größeres soziales Netz waren mit einer höheren Resilienz assoziiert. Kein Zusammenhang wurde für die Variablen Geschlecht und Bildung gefunden.

Diskussion

Die Ergebnisse zeigen soziodemografische Korrelate von Resilienz in der Altenbevölkerung auf, die zur Identifizierung von Risikogruppen mit niedrigerer Resilienz beitragen können. Soziale Ressourcen sind im höheren Alter für eine resiliente Anpassung bedeutsam und stellen einen Ansatzpunkt zur Ableitung von Präventionsmaßnahmen dar. Die soziale Einbindung älterer Menschen sollte gefördert werden, um Resilienz in dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe zu stärken und günstige Bedingungen für ein erfolgreiches Altern zu schaffen.
Phragmén’s voting methods and justified representation
Authors: Brill Markus , Freeman Rupert , Janson Svante , Lackner Martin
Published: March 2023

In the late 19th century, Swedish mathematician Edvard Phragmén proposed a load-balancing approach for selecting committees based on approval ballots. We consider three committee voting rules resulting from this approach: two optimization variants—one minimizing the maximum load and one minimizing the variance of loads—and a sequential variant. We study Phragmén ’s methods from an axiomatic point of view, focusing on properties capturing proportional representation. We show that the sequential variant satisfies proportional justified representation, which is a rare property for committee monotonic methods. Moreover, we show that the optimization variants satisfy perfect representation. We also analyze the computational complexity of Phragmén ’s methods and provide mixed-integer programming based algorithms for computing them.
Attitudes Towards Treatment as Prevention Among PrEP-Experienced Gay and Bisexual Men in Australia
Authors: Dowell-Day Alexander , Dobbins Timothy , Chan Curtis , Fraser Doug , Holt Martin , Vaccher Stefanie J. , Clifton Brent , Zablotska Iryna , Grulich Andrew , Bavinton Benjamin R.
Published: March 2023

The introduction of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to impact the attitudes gay and bisexual men (GBM) who consequently choose to take PrEP have towards treatment as prevention (TasP), and the extent to which they are willing to have condomless anal intercourse (CLAI) with an HIV-positive sexual partner who has an undetectable viral load (UVL). Using a cross-sectional sample from an observational cohort study conducted from August 2018 to March 2020, we examined the extent to which PrEP-experienced GBM are willing to have CLAI with a partner who has a UVL. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify associated variables. Of the 1386 participants included in the analyses, 79.0% believed in the effectiveness of TasP, and 55.3% were willing to have CLAI with a partner who has a UVL. Wiling participants were less worried about getting HIV when taking PrEP and more likely to believe in TasP. Further research is needed to better understand the gap between belief in TasP and willingness to have CLAI with a partner who has a UVL among PrEP-experienced GBM.
Functional outcomes in post Covid-19 patients with persistent dyspnea: multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Hamdy Rehab M. , Abdelaziz Ola Hassan , Shamsseldain Hager Elsayed , Eltrawy Heba H.
Published: March 2023

Background: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) have emerged as a major health issue in patients who have previously been infected with Covid-19 virus. Purpose: we aimed at the assessment of functional outcomes in post Covid-19 patients with persistent dyspnea using a multidisciplinary approach including clinical assessment, laboratory investigations, exercise ECG, and different echo-Doppler modalities, including left atrial functions. Methods: The current observational randomized controlled study conducted on 60- patients one month after recovery from Covid-19 infection presented with persistent dyspnea compared to 30 healthy volunteers. All participants were subjected to evaluation of dyspnea by different scores, laboratory investigations, stress ECG, and echo-Doppler examination to measure LV dimensions, volumes, systolic and diastolic functions by M-mode, 2D, and tissue Doppler imaging in addition to 2-D speckle tacking LA strain. Results: Post Covid-19 patients had persistent elevation of inflammatory markers, low functional capacity (evidenced by a higher NYHA class, m MRC score, PCFS scale) and decreased METs by stress ECG compared to control group. Post Covid-19 patients showed LV diastolic dysfunction and impairment of 2D-STE LA functions compared to control group. We found negative correlations between LA strain with NYHA class, mMRC scale, LAVI, ESR and CRP; meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations between LA strain with exercise duration and METs. Conclusion: post Covid patients presented with persistent dyspnea demonstrated low functional capacity evidenced by different scores and stress ECG. Moreover, patients with post Covid syndrome showed elevated inflammatory biomarkers, LV diastolic dysfunction in addition to impaired LA strain functions. Impairment of LA strain was closely correlated to different functional scores, inflammatory biomarkers, exercise duration, and METs suggesting that these could to be the possible etiologies for the persistence of post Covid symptoms.
Investigating Numerically the Effect of Wind on Fire Spread Between Two Informal Settlements Dwellings
Authors: Beshir M. , Mohamed M. , Kouritem S. A. , Lemmertz C. K. , Centeno F. R. , Rush D.
Published: March 2023

Previous full-scale fire studies revealed that the role of wind on fire spread between informal settlement dwellings was critical. However, the influence of wind conditions on informal settlement dwellings fire spread is currently understudied in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the effect of external wind conditions on fire spread between two informal settlement dwellings with a distance of 1 meter between them. A parametric numerical analysis was performed using the computational fluid dynamics code Fire Dynamics Simulator. The numerical models were benchmarked through laboratory experiments. The investigation included an analysis of the fire spread mechanism, flashover conditions, and heat transfer processes at the boundaries of the dwellings. Simulations were conducted with burning wood cribs as fuel and three wind speeds (6 m/s, 10 m/s, and 14 m/s) with four wind directions (East, West, South, and North). Results showed that wind speed and direction had a significant impact on the fire dynamics of the origin dwelling and its spread to neighboring dwellings. The wind direction also influenced the time to flashover in both dwellings, with a delay observed when the wind flowed through the alley between the two dwellings. The total heat transfer coefficient was found to be directly proportional to the wind speed for all directions. The internal radiative heat transfer coefficient of one wall was found to represent the total heat transfer coefficient in different scenarios. This study highlights the complexity of determining the role of wind in urban fire spread and underscores the need for further research in this area.
Characteristics of Viscosity of a Scale Inhibitor: An Experimental Study
Authors: Gamst Sindre Kalstad , Salo Espen Fanøy , Eide Eirik Smith , Madessa Habtamu Bayera , Chaudhuri Arnab
Published: March 2023

The use of chemical scale inhibitors in the oil and gas industry for subsea installations has been presented for a long time, but the ever-increasing exploration of HPHT (high pressure high temperature) wells put demands on knowledge of how the rheological properties such as viscosity of scale inhibitors behave under large pressures. This work reports new experimental data of high-pressure viscosity using a rotational rheometer, measured across a pressure range of 0.1 MPa to 15 MPa, at temperatures from 273 K to 298 K, and a broad range of shear rates, 100 $$s^{-1}$$

s

-
1

to 1000 $$s^{-1}$$

s

-
1

for a scale inhibitor. The experimental data are used to construct a power-law regression model with fitting parameters. Results indicate that the inhibitor shows a near Newtonian behavior.
A Logico-Epistemic Investigation of Frauchiger and Renner’s Paradox
Authors: Corti Alberto , Fano Vincenzo , Tarozzi Gino
Published: March 2023

The scientific literature on Wigner’s Friend extended paradox rapidly grew in the last years. A sign that Frauchiger and Renner (2018)’s argument caught an important point. Indeed, they conclude that either we must abandon the universal validity of quantum mechanics, or a certain kind of traditional objective knowledge is impossible. We investigate this contradiction through a logico-epistemic toolbox. We show that abandoning the transmissibility of knowledge, as proposed by many kinds of relational approaches to quantum mechanics, is a heavy epistemological renouncement. Perhaps, it is better to bite the bullet and accept Frauchiger and Renner’s contradiction, until a new revolutionary solution will appear.
Impact of protocatechuic acid on alleviation of pulmonary damage induced by cyclophosphamide targeting peroxisome proliferator activator receptor, silent information regulator type-1, and fork head box protein in rats
Authors: Salama Abeer , Elgohary Rania , Amin Mohamed M. , Elwahab Sahar Abd
Published: March 2023

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a chemotherapeutic agent that causes pulmonary damage by generating free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pulmonary damage has a high mortality rate due to the severe inflammation and edema occurred in lung. PPARγ/Sirt 1 signaling has been shown to be cytoprotective effect against cellular inflammatory stress and oxidative injury. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a potent Sirt1 activator and exhibits antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties. The current study aims to investigate the therapeutic impacts of PCA against CP-induced pulmonary damage in rats. Rats were assigned randomly into 4 experimental groups. The control group was injected with a single i.p injection of saline. CP group was injected with a single i.p injection of CP (200 mg/kg). PCA groups were administered orally with PCA (50 and 100 mg/kg; p.o.) once daily for 10 consecutive days after CP injection. PCA treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the protein levels of MDA, a marker of lipid peroxidation, NO and MPO along with a significant increase in GSH and catalase protein levels. Moreover, PCA downregulated anti-inflammatory markers as IL-17, NF-κB, IKBKB, COX-2, TNF-α, and PKC and upregulated cytoprotective defenses as PPARγ, and SIRT1. In addition, PCA administration ameliorated FoxO-1 elevation, increased Nrf2 gene expression, and reduced air alveoli emphysema, bronchiolar epithelium hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration induced by CP. PCA might represent a promising adjuvant to prevent pulmonary damage in patients receiving CP due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects with cytoprotective defenses.
Performance Validity Test Failure in the Clinical Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Rates
Authors: Roor Jeroen J. , Peters Maarten J. V. , Dandachi-FitzGerald Brechje , Ponds Rudolf W. H. M.
Published: March 2023

Performance validity tests (PVTs) are used to measure the validity of the obtained neuropsychological test data. However, when an individual fails a PVT, the likelihood that failure truly reflects invalid performance (i.e., the positive predictive value) depends on the base rate in the context in which the assessment takes place. Therefore, accurate base rate information is needed to guide interpretation of PVT performance. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the base rate of PVT failure in the clinical population (PROSPERO number: CRD42020164128). PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PsychINFO were searched to identify articles published up to November 5, 2021. Main eligibility criteria were a clinical evaluation context and utilization of stand-alone and well-validated PVTs. Of the 457 articles scrutinized for eligibility, 47 were selected for systematic review and meta-analyses. Pooled base rate of PVT failure for all included studies was 16%, 95% CI [14, 19]. High heterogeneity existed among these studies (Cochran's Q = 697.97, p < .001; I2 = 91%; τ2 = 0.08). Subgroup analysis indicated that pooled PVT failure rates varied across clinical context, presence of external incentives, clinical diagnosis, and utilized PVT. Our findings can be used for calculating clinically applied statistics (i.e., positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios) to increase the diagnostic accuracy of performance validity determination in clinical evaluation. Future research is necessary with more detailed recruitment procedures and sample descriptions to further improve the accuracy of the base rate of PVT failure in clinical practice.
Energy-efficient routing protocol on public roads using real-time traffic information
Authors: Ali Zainab H. , Ali Hesham Arafat
Published: March 2023

Wireless technology has been significantly expanding to perform automotive services related to enhancing road networks and increasing traffic safety. Internet of Vehicles (IoV), as a part of wireless sensor technology, has succeeded in making considerable progress in promoting and protecting human lives from the damage caused by traffic accidents. The road statistical reports demonstrated that utilizing data dissemination techniques in IoV to share timely information about the vehicle’s position with drivers plays a key in avoiding accidents occurrence. This type of technique enables data propagation in a collaboratively and efficient manner to boost real-time performance. However, several limitations have arisen in network bandwidth usage and power consumption, as well as communication reliability with increasing packet loss probability. The main objective of this study is to present a new vehicular architecture that supports the integration of Software-Defined networks and fog computing for enhancing VANET performance. An energy-efficient and QoS-aware routing technique allowing for control of excessive dissemination of data traffic across the networks is also proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol introduced an accurately controlling methodology in the transmission rate of data packets and communication reliability of VANET. There is a 50–60% enhancement of the whole power consumption and network throughput, depending on the implementation of the proposed geographical routing methodology.
Rural–Urban Educational Inequalities and Their Spatial Variations in China
Authors: Xiang L. , Stillwell J.
Published: March 2023

Existing discussions of rural–urban education inequality focus primarily on education investment and/or attainment, with little attention being paid to the opportunities or potential that an area has to achieve better educational outcomes. This study presents a new analytical framework based on Amartya Sen’s capability approach for a better understanding of rural–urban education disparity. In addition, the rural–urban definitions for educational research are clarified and the effects of a wide range of Central Government policies aimed at reducing the rural–urban educational gap are assessed. The results suggest: inadequate investment (e.g., funding and high-quality teaching resources) in rural education in some regions, especially middle and high schools; inappropriate partitioning of the national territory by the Government for policy implementation; and negative effects resulting from the school consolidation policy. The latter will influence the ability of some rural areas to match the educational achievements of their urban counterparts. This research also reveals that the existing rural–urban gap will be unlikely to narrow under the current policy regime. A conventional approach based on investment and outcomes alone in rural–urban disparity research and policy may overlook the important interactions and conversion processes that are important for mitigating rural–urban disparities.
Dynamic Modelling and Experimental Testing of a Dynamic Directional Amplification Mechanism for Vibration Mitigation
Authors: Kalderon Moris , Mantakas Antonis , Antoniadis Ioannis
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Inertial amplification of an oscillating mass has been considered by various researchers as a means to introduce enhanced vibration control properties to a dynamic system. In this paper an experimental prototype of a novel inertial amplifier, namely the Dynamic Directional Amplification mechanism (DDA), is developed and its dynamic response is subsequently evaluated. The DDA is realized by imposing kinematic constraints to the degrees of freedom (DoFs) of a simple oscillator, hence inertia is increased by coupling the horizontal and vertical motion of the model.

Methods

The concept and mathematical framework of the amplifier are introduced and then validated with experimental measurements conducted on the vertical shaking table, located in the Dynamics & Acoustics Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens.

Results

Analysis indicates the beneficial effect of the DDA to the dynamic response of the oscillator when compared to the initial structure, showcasing a decrease in the acceleration values and shift of the resonating frequency in the derived transfer functions.

Conclusions

The key novelty of the DDA lies in its inertial amplification properties, introduced by a simple geometry and easy-to-apply structure. The proposed framework may be incorporated in applications such as sound and vibration isolators, acoustic panels, acoustic and seismic metamaterials and other vibration control devices that aim to explore the DDA’s dynamic amplification properties. The mechanism has been previously applied by the authors to phononic and locally resonant metamaterials aiming to introduce bandgaps within the low-frequency domain.

Graphical Abstract
Experimental and numerical investigations of biochar-facilitated Cd2+ transport in saturated porous media: role of solution pH and ionic strength
Authors: Zhou Dan , Bao Xingyue , Chen Zhe , Liu Rui , Huang Mingzheng , Xia Yonglian , Li Chao , Huang Yi
Published: March 2023

The nanoscale biochar (N-BC) generated during the production and weathering of bulk biochar has caused significant concerns for its cotransport with contaminants spreading the contamination. In this study, the cotransport behaviors of N-BC with Cd2+ under variable solution chemistry were investigated for the first time, which can pose environmental contamination risks but have received little attention. The column experiment results showed that increasing ionic strength (IS) or decreasing pH retarded the transport of N-BC but promoted the transport of Cd2+ in their individual transport. In cotransport scenarios, Cd2+ facilitated the deposition of N-BC on the quartz sand with increasing IS or decreasing pH by providing additional sorption sites and led to the ripening of N-BC via cation bridging. N-BC retarded the transport of Cd2+ under all conditions. However, lower pH and higher IS could facilitate the release of Cd2+ from the immobile N-BC. The cotransport modeling results demonstrated that the Cd2+ adsorption on and desorption from the immobile N-BC controlled the retention and release of Cd2+ under variable pH and IS, while the influence of mobile N-BC on Cd2+ transport was minor. This study provided new insight for evaluating the potential contamination-spreading risks and suggested that rational use of biochar with great caution is necessary.

Graphical Abstract
Solitary wave solutions of the MRLW equation using a spatial five-point stencil of finite difference approximation
Authors: Alotaibi Nouf , Alzubaidi Hasan
Published: March 2023

This paper proposes a finite difference scheme with a three-level time and a five-point stencil in space to solve an initial boundary value problem for the MRLW equation. The scheme is shown to be marginally stable and convergent with a fourth-order convergence in the space direction and a second-order convergence in the time variable direction with regard to the maximum norm. The conservation properties of the proposed scheme are assessed using the three motion invariants for mass, momentum, and energy. To validate the theoretical results, numerical experiments are given for both single and interaction of two and three solitary waves.
Forecasting temperature of the Saudi Arabian Province of Makkah using a discrete state–space modeling approach
Authors: Aljeddani Sadiah Mohammed Ali
Published: March 2023

The maximum and minimum air temperature components (Tmax and Tmin) play a crucial role in science. This study proposes a discrete-time identified state-space modeling approach in which the temperature fluctuation was modelled as a state-space system with the temperature time series as inputs. We aim to provide a tool for projecting future scenarios of Tmax and Tmin. The current research employs a prediction-focused methodology to system identification, with the overarching goal of developing a realistic and dynamic system model. Data on the Tmin and Tmax recorded in the Saudi Arabian province of Makkah are used to test the accuracy and robustness of the proposed methodology. The proposed model was developed utilizing 120 years' (1901–2020) worth of historical monthly time series data on Tmax and Tmin. It was applied to anticipate future temperatures over the ensuing 60 years (up to 2080). For maximum temperature projections, the fit to the data or prediction focus was 87.04% and 85.14%, respectively for the identification (training) and validation phases of the model development. Akaike’s Final Prediction Error (FPE) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) values were observed to be 0.37 °C and 0.34 °C, respectively. The prediction focus during the identification and validation phases were 86.25% and 84.78%, respectively for the minimum temperature projection. The FPE and MSE values were 0.41 °C and 0.37 °C, respectively for this instance. The findings demonstrate that the recommended discrete state-space modeling approach may be utilized to predict temperature variations in the future.
Analysing and visualising bike-sharing demand with outliers
Authors: Rennie Nicola , Cleophas Catherine , Sykulski Adam M. , Dost Florian
Published: March 2023

Bike-sharing is a popular component of sustainable urban mobility. It requires anticipatory planning, e.g. of station locations and inventory, to balance expected demand and capacity. However, external factors such as extreme weather or glitches in public transport, can cause demand to deviate from baseline levels. Identifying such outliers keeps historic data reliable and improves forecasts. In this paper we show how outliers can be identified by clustering stations and applying a functional depth analysis. We apply our analysis techniques to the Washington D.C. Capital Bikeshare data set as the running example throughout the paper, but our methodology is general by design. Furthermore, we offer an array of meaningful visualisations to communicate findings and highlight patterns in demand. Last but not least, we formulate managerial recommendations on how to use both the demand forecast and the identified outliers in the bike-sharing planning process.
Strategy-In-Practices
Authors: Chia Robert C. H. , Mackay David
Published: March 2023

This Element maintains that increasing strategic effectiveness involves paying greater attention to the idiosyncratic capabilities and know-how already accumulated in an organization's shared practices and the modus operandi contained therein. An organization's modus operandi describes the practiced patterned regularities that enables it to achieve a consistency of response in strategic circumstances even in the absence of any clear, formalized strategic plan. This patterned regularity known as Strategy-in-Practices (SiP) draws attention to the tacit influence of an organization's shared practices on its formal strategy-making efforts. It emphasizes the need for both these to be aligned so that the organization is better prepared to cope with the challenges and opportunities it faces.
The Index of Middle English Prose
Authors: Connolly Margaret
Published: March 2023

Cambridge University Library’s collection (Dd-Oo) includes over one thousand medieval western manuscripts, including examples of Middle English prose composition. The current handlist covers 207 manuscripts, and indexes more than 1250 separate items.
Drop impact on viscous liquid films
Authors: Sanjay Vatsal , Lakshman Srinath , Chantelot Pierre , Snoeijer Jacco H. , Lohse Detlef
Published: March 2023

When a liquid drop falls on a solid substrate, the air layer between them delays the occurrence of liquid–solid contact. For impacts on smooth substrates, the air film can even prevent wetting, allowing the drop to bounce off with dynamics identical to that observed for impacts on superamphiphobic materials. In this paper, we investigate similar bouncing phenomena, occurring on viscous liquid films, that mimic atomically smooth substrates, with the goal to probe their effective repellency. We elucidate the mechanisms associated with the bouncing to non-bouncing (floating) transition using experiments, simulations, and a minimal model that predicts the main characteristics of drop impact, the contact time and the coefficient of restitution. In the case of highly viscous or very thin films, the impact dynamics is not affected by the presence of the viscous film. Within this substrate-independent limit, bouncing is suppressed once the drop viscosity exceeds a critical value, as on superamphiphobic substrates. For thicker or less viscous films, both the drop and film properties influence the rebound dynamics and conspire to inhibit bouncing above a critical film thickness. This substrate-dependent regime also admits a limit, for low-viscosity drops, in which the film properties alone determine the limits of repellency.
Experimental characterisation and data-driven modelling of unsteady wall pressure fields induced by a supersonic jet over a tangential flat plate
Authors: Meloni Stefano , Centracchio Francesco , de Paola Elisa , Camussi Roberto , Iemma Umberto
Published: March 2023

This work deals with the investigation and modelling of wall pressure fluctuations induced by a supersonic jet over a tangential flat plate. The analysis is performed at several nozzle pressure ratios around the nozzle design Mach number, including slightly over-expanded and under-expanded conditions, and for different radial positions of the rigid plate. Pitot measurements and flow visualizations through the background oriented schlieren technique provided a general overview of the aerodynamic interactions between the jet flow and the plate at the different regimes and configurations. Wall pressure fluctuations were measured using a couple of piezoelectric pressure transducers flush mounted over the plate surface. The spectral analysis has been carried out to clarify the effect of the plate position on the single and multivariate wall pressure statistics, including the screech tone amplitude. The experimental dataset is used to assess and validate a surrogate model based on artificial neural networks. Sound pressure levels and coherence functions are modelled by means of a single fully connected network, built on the basis of a recently implemented fully deterministic topology optimization algorithm. The metamodel uncertainty is also quantified using the spatial correlation function. It is shown that the flow behaviour as well as the screech and broadband noise signatures are significantly influenced by the presence of the plate, and the effects on spectral quantities are correctly reproduced by the proposed data-driven model that provides predictions in agreement with the available data.
Rossby waves past the breaking point in zonally dominated turbulence
Authors: Cao Norman M.
Published: March 2023

The spontaneous emergence of structure is a ubiquitous process observed in fluid and plasma turbulence. These structures typically manifest as flows which remain coherent over a range of spatial and temporal scales, resisting statistically homogeneous description. This work conducts a computational and theoretical study of coherence in turbulent flows in the stochastically forced barotropic$\beta$-plane quasi-geostrophic equations. These equations serve as a prototypical two-dimensional model for turbulent flows in Jovian atmospheres, and can also be extended to study flows in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. First, analysis of direct numerical simulations demonstrates that a significant fraction of the flow energy is organized into coherent large-scale Rossby wave eigenmodes, comparable with the total energy in the zonal flows. A characterization is given for Rossby wave eigenmodes as nearly integrable perturbations to zonal flow Lagrangian trajectories, linking finite-dimensional deterministic Hamiltonian chaos in the plane to a laminar-to-turbulent flow transition. Poincaré section analysis reveals that Lagrangian flows induced by the zonal flows plus large-scale waves exhibit localized chaotic regions bounded by invariant tori, manifesting as Rossby wave breaking in the absence of critical layers. It is argued that the surviving invariant tori organize the large-scale flows into a single temporally and zonally varying laminar flow, suggesting a form of self-organization and wave stability that can account for the resilience of the observed large-amplitude Rossby waves.
The Fall of Virtuous Men: Mexican Film Noir, and the Crisis of Values in the Postrevolutionary State, 1950–1959
Authors: Chávez Landeros Daniel
Published: March 2023

International reconsideration of Mexican film noir is a recent phenomenon. For decades, Mexican film criticism tended to dismiss the importance of this tradition and even to deny its existence, often citing the presence of melodramatic elements in would-be noir films and the lack of a crime novel tradition for screen adaptations. By comparing two Mexican films to similar American productions and examining the local political and economic conditions of the former, this article argues that Mexican film noir had its own pessimistic viewpoints, which were borrowed from journalism and the illustrated press. These viewpoints were based on existing social ailments and delivered relevant criticism of the institutions, classism, and sexual norms of the postrevolutionary Mexican state of the 1940s and 1950s.
Broadening the Lens of Procedural Justice Beyond the Courtroom: A Case Study of Legal Financial Obligations in the Juvenile Court
Authors: Paik Leslie , Packard Chiara
Published: March 2023

Procedural justice research has shown how people’s experiences with courtroom actors, such as judges, defense attorneys, and prosecutors, shape their views of the justice system and its legitimacy. However, less is known about how people’s experiences outside the courtroom that relate to their cases shape their views of this system. Based on forty-one interviews with twenty-one youths and twenty parents in Dane County, Wisconsin about their legal financial obligations (also known as monetary sanctions), this study broadens the focus of procedural justice to include another key aspect to people’s experiences with the law beyond the courtroom: their experiences navigating bureaucratic aspects to their youths’ cases and their interactions with non-court staff (e.g., clerks, Human Services, and community agencies), otherwise known as “auxiliary personnel” (Feeley 1979) or “street-level bureaucrats” (Lipsky 2010/1980). We focus on legal financial obligations as a case study to show this multi-agency view of procedural justice as it reveals the families’ often disjointed experiences with justice staff both inside and outside of the courtroom.
Exploring Back-end Sentencing: A Study of Predictors of Parole Revocation through a Focal Concerns Theoretical Framework
Authors: Hyatt Jordan M. , Ostermann Michael
Published: March 2023

Parole revocation, the process of returning individuals to incarceration due to non-compliance with conditions of community supervision, contributes to mass incarceration and is tied to the complex process of back-end sentencing. This discretionary decision is typically opaque, and theoretical understanding is limited. Applying the focal concerns framework, this study employs population-level data from an American jurisdiction on individuals who are on parole and have violated their supervision (n = 13,121). We found that practical, extralegal considerations such as the amount of time left on parole, the number of programs geared toward people on parole, and whether they participated in community programs after release from prison significantly influenced back-end sentencing. These results question the assumed relationship between individual-level and systemic factors during revocations while also providing empirical support for broadening the scope of theoretically relevant domains.
Kite performance measurements in natural wind
Authors: Hobbs S. E.
Published: March 2023

Kites are currently used in a number of applications (anemometry, aerial platform, traction), but very little information is available for the systematic design of kite systems. An experimental technique based on an instrumented tether for single-line kites is described. This was used to measure the performance of a variety of single-line kites. The analysis techniques are briefly outlined, and incorporate allowances for kite unsteadiness, the displacement of the kite from the anemometers, extrapolation of the line tension from the tether to the kite, and the kite’s velocity relative to the ground. The results are correlated with aspects of kite design, and specific recommendations for kite applications are made.
Future aeronautic environment FMS/ATC/Pilot
Authors: Deque R. , Bachelier P.
Published: March 2023

The scope of the air-ground data links, which have been developed over the last ten years to meet the airlines' operational requirements, will be extended in future years.

Air traffic control is one of the fields which will certainly make extensive use of this type of link. Indeed, it appears to be necessary to deal with the problem of traffic saturation globally by taking account of the navigation capabilities of modern aircraft as regards precision and the considerable automated flight/ground exchange possibilities which will be provided by future telecommunication networks.

The contents of the messages exchanged between aircraft and air traffic control centres, and the interfaces with the human operators concerned, i.e. pilots and controllers, must form the subject of thorough investigations conducted with all the parties involved: constructors, equipment manufacturers, traffic control organisations, and airlines. Aerospatiale have already taken this problem into account in the various studies being performed within the framework of the PREFACE and FANSTIC programmes.
An investigation of supersonic oscillatory cavity flows driven by thick shear layers
Authors: Zhang X. , Edwards J. A.
Published: March 2023

Flows around two-dimensional rectangular cavities driven by thick shear layers are investigated experimentally at two supersonic Mach numbers (Me = 1.5 and 2.5) to show the effects of variations in Mach number and length to depth ratio of the cavity. Flow oscillation is observed in the cavity. The characteristics of the oscillatory behaviour are determined by Mach number and the length of depth ratio of the cavity, as well as the shear layer spanning the cavity. Two oscillatory mechanisms can be identified: one in which a strong trailing-edge vortex and vortices which are shed from the leading-edge interact, the other in which a transverse oscillation of a single vortex occurs within the cavity. Changes in the time-dependent and the time-mean flow characteristics at different flow conditions are discussed.

The time-dependent experimental results are compared with existing theoretical analyses of the frequencies. For one of these characteristic types of oscillation, the longitudinal oscillation, an existing theoretical description is improved with a modified phase relation.
Technical Note – Mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress in a turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Bisset D. K. , Antonia R. A.
Published: March 2023

An eddy viscosity relation for the inner region is combined with an empirical wake function for the outer region of a turbulent boundary layer. The calculated distributions for the mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress are compared with both direct numerical simulation and experimental data in a zero pressure gradient boundary layer, mainly at low Reynolds numbers. The comparison is favourable in both the inner and outer regions of the flow.
Mobile satellite communications - current status of maritime systems
Authors: Thacker Keith
Published: March 2023

Any review of the development of maritime satellite communications is essentially the history of Inmarsat and its predecessor system, Marisat. With perhaps two qualifications, one might extend the definition to mobile satellite communications generally. In the land mobile satellite communications domain two companies, Geostar and Qualcomm, have also made their mark. Geostar was recently declared bankrupt but Qualcomm continues to go from strength to strength.

We are frequently asked ‘what is Inmarsat?'. The term Inmarsat is generally used, and used herein, to mean the permanent staff (the Directorate), Land Earth Station (LES) operators, manufacturers and value-added service providers who offer mobile satellite communications products or services via the satellites and other infrastructure which makes up the Inmarsat system. It is, essentially, a partnership but within it there is also internal competition. LES operators compete in the provision of telecommunications services (quality is consistently high, but they each decide what services to offer and at what tariffs). Manufacturers compete to secure market dominance and profitabilty for their products. Not all will be equally successful. More than anything, Inmarsat is a global partnership dedicated to meeting mankind's need to communicate while on the move. It aims to do so cost-effectively and using satellites.
The Global Diet Quality Score predicts diet quality of women of reproductive age in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Baye Kaleab , Yaregal Zemenu
Published: March 2023

Improving diet quality is recognised as a double-duty action that can simultaneously address multiple forms of malnutrition. This study aimed to assess diet quality among non-pregnant non-lactating women of reproductive age (WRA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A 1-d quantitative 24 h recall was conducted among 653 non-pregnant/non-lactating women. Diet quality, assessed using the women dietary diversity score (WDDS), the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) and the Nova 4 classification reflecting consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF), was compared. The proportion that meets the minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) was estimated. The average MDD-W score was 2·6 (sd 0·9), with only 3 % of women meeting the MDD-W (≥ 5 food groups). Consumption of wholegrain and legumes was high, but UPF were also consumed by 9 % of the women. GDQS was positively associated with WDDS, age and skipping breakfast and was negatively associated with eating out of home and UPF consumption (P < 0·05). The multivariate regression model showed that GDQS (total) was not associated with wealth but was significantly associated with both UPF and WDDS (P < 0·001). Unlike UPF and WDDS alone, GDQS was able to predict both nutrient adequacy and unhealthy dietary practices. The diet quality of WRA in Addis Ababa is low in diversity, possibly exposing them to higher risk of nutrient inadequacy and non-communicable diseases as reflected by the low GDQS. Understanding what drives food and dietary choices in urban settings is urgently needed.
ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS AND THE WINDING-UP PROCESS: RECONCILING COMPETING VALUES
Authors: Matos Shaun
Published: March 2023

Courts in a number of jurisdictions have attempted to resolve the relationship between winding-up proceedings and arbitration clauses, but a unified approach is yet to appear. A fundamental disagreement exists between courts which believe that the approach of insolvency law should be applied, and those which prefer to prioritise arbitration law. This article argues that a more principled solution emerges if the problem is understood as one of competing values in which the process of characterisation can offer guidance. This would allow both a more principled approach in individual cases, and a more coherent dialogue between courts which take different approaches to the issue.
Genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia after adjustment by genetic susceptibility for smoking: implications in identification of risk genes and genetic correlation with related traits
Authors: Al-Soufi Laila , Costas Javier
Published: March 2023

Background

Prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia (SCZ) is larger than in general population. Genetic studies provided some evidence of a causal effect of smoking on SCZ. We aim to characterize the genetic susceptibility to SCZ affected by genetic susceptibility to smoking.

Methods

Multi-trait-based conditional and joint analysis was applied to the largest European SCZ genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to remove genetic effects on SCZ driven by smoking, estimated by generalized summary data-based Mendelian randomization. Enrichment analysis was performed to compare original v. conditional GWAS. Change in genetic correlation between SCZ and relevant traits after conditioning was assessed. Colocalization analysis was performed to identify specific loci confirming general findings.

Results

Conditional analysis identified 19 new risk loci for SCZ and 42 lost loci whose association with SCZ may be partially driven by smoking. These results were strengthened by colocalization analysis. Enrichment analysis indicated a higher association of differentially expressed genes at prenatal brain stages after conditioning. Genetic correlation of SCZ with substance use and dependence, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and several externalizing traits significantly changed after conditioning. Colocalization of association signal between SCZ and these traits was identified for some of the lost loci, such as CHRNA2, CUL3, and PCDH7.

Conclusions

Our approach led to identification of potential new SCZ loci, loci partially associated to SCZ through smoking, and a shared genetic susceptibility between SCZ and smoking behavior related to externalizing phenotypes. Application of this approach to other psychiatric disorders and substances may lead to a better understanding of the role of substances on mental health.
The association between trajectories of change in social functioning and psychological treatment outcome in university students: a growth mixture model analysis
Authors: Barnett Phoebe , Saunders Rob , Buckman Joshua E. J. , Naqvi Syed Ali , Singh Satwant , Stott Joshua , Wheatley Jon , Pilling Stephen
Published: March 2023

Background

The transition to university and resultant social support network disruption can be detrimental to the mental health of university students. As the need for mental health support is becoming increasingly prevalent in students, identification of factors associated with poorer outcomes is a priority. Changes in social functioning have a bi-directional relationship with mental health, however it is not clear how such measures may be related to effectiveness of psychological treatments.

Methods

Growth mixture models were estimated on a sample of 5221 students treated in routine mental health services to identify different trajectories of change in self-rated impairment in social leisure activities and close relationships during the course of treatment. Multinomial regression explored associations between trajectory classes and treatment outcomes.

Results

Five trajectory classes were identified for social leisure activity impairment while three classes were identified for close relationship impairment. In both measures most students remained mildly impaired. Other trajectories included severe impairment with limited improvement, severe impairment with delayed improvement, and, in social leisure activities only, rapid improvement, and deterioration. Trajectories of improvement were associated with positive treatment outcomes while trajectories of worsening or stable severe impairment were associated with negative treatment outcomes.

Conclusions

Changes in social functioning impairment are associated with psychological treatment outcomes in students, suggesting that these changes may be associated with treatment effectiveness as well as recovery experiences. Future research should seek to establish whether a causal link exists to understand whether integrating social support within psychological treatment may bring additional benefit for students.
From soft law to hard law in business and human rights and the challenge of corporate power
Authors: Joseph Sarah , Kyriakakis Joanna
Published: March 2023

We introduce this symposium of articles by explaining the notions of hard and soft law, and reviewing UN developments on business and human rights in this light. We move to a more detailed discussion of existing hard law, particularly the state duty to protect, before examining examples of fulfilment of that duty via the domestication (especially the judicialization) of human rights norms for business. We also note the many pitfalls in contemporary approaches, before examining how the proposed legally binding instrument might address those pitfalls. We conclude with commentary on how soft and hard norms to date have failed to grapple with corporate power, the issue which animates the need for a business human rights debate in the first place, before introducing the articles to follow.