bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Multicultural Deficit and Emancipation of Indian Muslim Women
Authors: Fehmi Sheeba Aslam
Published: January 2012

This article deals with the issue of education and Indian Muslim women’s experience as segregated and ghettoised students that adds up tp their community disadvantage. The primary concern that is dealt with here is how the idea of education in all its emancipator dimensions gets a beating when a particular group of students, i.e. Muslim girl student, is excluded from having a wholesome experience of learning in a sexually, linguistically and multi-culturally segregated madrasas, Urdu-medium schools and same-sex schools.
Thermophysical and mechanical properties of TiO2 and silica nanoparticle-filled natural rubber composites
Authors: Meera AP , Tlili R , Boudenne A , Ibos L , Poornima V , Thomas S , Candau Y
Published: January 2012

The mechanical and thermophysical properties of natural rubber filled with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and nanosilica composites have been investigated at room temperature for several filler concentrations. It is observed that the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the composites increase with filler loading, independent of the nature of the filler. We show that the thermal heat transport through composites is affected by the geometry of the fillers as well as the particle size and specific surface area of the fillers. The measured values of thermal conductivity have been compared to some theoretical models. The mechanical properties of the composites have also been studied and results have been correlated with thermal conductivity data.
Risk management capability building in SMEs: A social capital perspective
Authors: Gao Simon S. , Sung Ming C. , Zhang Jane
Published: January 2012

This article addresses the under-researched issue of risk management (RM) and risk management capability building in small and medium sized enterprise (SMEs). It draws upon theories of social capital to explain enablers and obstacles for RM capability building and practice sharing in a small and medium-sized construction enterprise in China. Two related propositions are made: first, RM capability is built by SMEs without formal structures and knowledge; and second, such firms are more likely to adopt informal processes to develop RM capability. The article concludes that the role of cognitive capital is the most important for the RM capability building of SMEs and that cognitive capital plays a crucial role in accumulating structural and relational capital. It proposes a model of cognitive capital-based RM capability building in which integrates communication, knowledge, relationship and learning.
First experience with the new portable extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system Cardiohelp for severe respiratory failure in adults
Authors: Haneya A , Philipp A , Foltan M , Camboni D , Müeller T , Bein T , Schmid C , Lubnow M
Published: January 2012

Background: Over the last decade, technical improvements in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) equipment have reduced procedure-related complications and have made ECMO an effective option for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) if conventional therapy fails.

Methods: In this report, we present our early experience with the Cardiohelp, a new portable miniaturized ECMO system, in 22 consecutive patients with ARDS. All patients were placed on venovenous ECMO. Cannulas were inserted percutaneously, employing the Seldinger technique. Data were collected prospectively.

Results: The median patient age was 47 years (36 to 61). Fifteen patients from regional hospitals were too unstable for conventional transport and were placed on Cardiohelp at the referring hospital and then transported to our institution. The patients were transported by ambulance (n=2) or helicopter (n=13) over a distance of 50-250 km. Cardiohelp support resulted in immediate improvement of gas exchange and highly protective ventilation. The median duration of support was 13 days (8 to 19). An exchange of the device was necessary in 9 patients. Sixteen patients (72.7%) were successfully weaned from ECMO and fifteen patients (68.2%) survived. Device-related complications were not observed.

Conclusions: The compact portable ECMO device Cardiohelp is a highly effective method to secure vital gas exchange and to reduce further ventilator-induced lung injury in patients with acute respiratory failure. Crucial technical innovations and ease of device transport and implantation allow location-independent stabilization with consecutive inter-hospital transfer.
Geographies of development
Authors: Ballard Richard
Published: January 2012

Some contemporary narratives of development give privileged status to middle classes in the global South. In the face of intractable poverty, policy-makers take heart from the success stories of ordinary people who have, over generations, realized and consolidated the gains of development and who embody society at its most functional. Their presumed virtues are their self-sufficiency, their ability to articulate with the global economy, their buying power, and their good sense as responsible citizens. This, the first of three reports on geographies of development, reflects on recent research that interrogates the privileged status of middle classes in some narratives of development. As this burgeoning literature suggests, celebratory narratives elide the complex circumstances that make and unmake middle classes. Furthermore, middle-class gains do not automatically translate into development for others. Indeed, efforts to centre the middle class threaten to displace, and justify the displacement of, economically marginalized groups seen as surplus to development.
Hormesis and radiation safety norms
Authors: Jargin SV
Published: January 2012

Today's radiation safety norms are based on the linear no-threshold theory (LNT): extrapolation of the dose-response relationships down to the minimal doses, where such relationships are unproven and can be inverse due to hormesis. The most promising way to obtaining reliable data on the dose-effect relationships for low radiation doses would be large-scale animal experiments. Outstanding published data on carcinogenic effects of the doses e.g. below 100 mSv should be verified by experiments. Arguments against applicability of the LNT to the doses comparable to those from the natural radiation background are discussed. Furthermore it is stressed that medical consequences of the Chernobyl accident have been overestimated; and this theme has been exploited to strangle development of atomic energy and to elevate prices for fossil fuels. Worldwide introduction of nuclear energy will be possible only after a concentration of authority within a powerful international executive. It would enable the construction of nuclear reactors in optimally suitable places, considering all sociopolitical, geographical, and geological conditions, which would contribute to the prevention of accidents like in Japan in 2011. A concluding point is that radiation safety norms are exceedingly restrictive and should be revised to become more realistic and workable. Elevation of the limits must be accompanied by measures guaranteeing their strict observance. It is also concluded that there are no evidence-based contraindications to fivefold elevation of the total equivalent effective doses to individual members of the public (up to 5 mSv/year), and doubling of the limits for professional exposures.
Long-term membranous glomerulonephritis as the presenting manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: López-López L , González A , Vilá LM
Published: January 2012

The coexistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unusual, but the occurrence of SLE after HIV infection is even less common. Both conditions share similar clinical features including constitutional symptoms, facial rash, oral ulcers, alopecia, arthralgias, arthritis, seizures, cytopenias, glomerulonephritis, and antinuclear and antiphospholipid antibodies. This clinical overlap makes the diagnosis of SLE in a patient with pre-existing HIV infection difficult. Furthermore, immune complex glomerulonephritis with features resembling lupus nephritis has been described in HIV-positive patients. We present the case of a 45-year-old Hispanic woman with long-standing HIV infection who developed membranous glomerulonephritis with histological features of lupus nephritis. Five years after onset of renal disease she developed clinically evident SLE.
Anxiety, Stress and Satisfaction among Professionals in Manufacturing and Service Organizations
Authors: Srivastava Manjari
Published: January 2012

In today’s era of globalization and increased competition, executives working in an organization cannot remain unaffected from changing values and demanding working conditions. Increased anxiety, stress and job dissatisfaction/satisfaction are some of the psychological outcomes of a person’s belief and value system as well as job conditions. Value system, which promotes high achievement orientation and competition both at the individual and organizational levels, is one of the critical issues that need to be addressed.

The present article is an exploratory study on the above mentioned issues, wherein the relationship between certain independent variables identified as ‘personal values of executives, work values promoted by organizations’ and dependent variables construed as positive job outcome (satisfaction) and negative job outcome (stress and anxiety) was studied. The study also looked into the influence of ‘demanding job conditions’ on dependent variables.

Data was collected using structured interview schedule as well as mailing questionnaire online from 150 junior-, middle- and senior-level managers working in service and manufacturing organizations in Mumbai. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to find out strength of association among variables. Results reflect both positive and negative relationship between independent and outcome variables, suggesting that individuals’ values and work values in the organizations are related to perceived stress and anxiety as well as satisfaction among working professionals. Personal values predicting stress and anxiety are different from those predicting satisfaction. Demanding job conditions have negative impact on professionals as it leads to perception of stress, anxiety and dissatisfaction among professionals.
Adrenal function in cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Ramspott Sabine , Hartmann Katrin , Sauter-Louis Carola , Weber Karin , Wehner Astrid
Published: January 2012

Adrenal function may be altered in animals with hyperthyroidism. The aim of the study was to assess adrenal function of hyperthyroid cats (n = 17) compared to healthy cats (n = 18) and cats with chronic diseases (n = 18). Adrenal function was evaluated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test and the urinary cortisol to creatinine ratio (UCCR) was determined. Length and width of both adrenal glands were measured via ultrasound. Hyperthyroid cats had significantly higher cortisol levels before and after stimulation with ACTH than the other groups. However, the UCCR was not elevated in hyperthyroid cats. The size of the adrenal glands of hyperthyroid cats was not significantly different from the size of those of healthy cats. The results indicate that cats with hyperthyroidism have a higher cortisol secretory capacity in a hospital setting. The normal size of the adrenal glands suggests that cortisol levels may not be increased permanently.
Equivalent modal damping, stiffening and energy exchanges in multi-degree-of-freedom systems with strongly nonlinear attachments
Authors: Quinn D Dane , Hubbard Sean , Wierschem Nicholas , Al-Shudeifat Mohammad A , Ott Richard J , Luo Jie , Spencer Billie F , McFarland D Michael , Vakakis Alexander F , Bergman Lawrence A
Published: January 2012

We consider the response of a linear structural system when coupled to an attachment containing strong or even essential nonlinearities. For this system, the attachment, designated as a nonlinear energy sink, is designed as a nonlinear vibration absorber, serving to dissipate energy from the structural system. Moreover, the attachment not only leads to a reduction in the total energy of the system, but also nonlinearly couples together the vibration modes of the linear structural system. When the structure is impulsively loaded, the nonlinear energy sink serves to both dissipate and redistribute energy, thus enhancing the observed structural dissipation. The effect of the nonlinear attachment on the linear primary system can be quantified in terms of equivalent measures for the damping and frequency of each mode, derived through consideration of the instantaneous energy balance in each mode. The influence of the nonlinear energy sink on the structural response is illustrated with an impulsively forced two-degree-of-freedom primary system, representing a two-story structure, with different types of nonlinear energy sink attached to the top floor. We perform optimization studies in order to design the nonlinear energy sink for optimal shock mitigation of the primary system. The proposed methodology is based only on measured time series without resorting to frequency analysis. As such, it is valid for strongly nonlinear systems as well as for systems with nonsmooth nonlinearities, and is suited to both simulated and experimental results. Finally, an experimental validation of the enhanced dissipation introduced by the nonlinear energy sink is provided, and the experimental response is compared against numerical simulation of the corresponding analytical model to illustrate the effectiveness of the nonlinear energy sink design. Thus, we analytically predict and experimentally verify the efficacy of the nonlinear energy sink to significantly reduce the response of the two degree-of-freedom system subject to shock excitation.
Cigarette smoke increases TLR4 and TLR9 expression and induces cytokine production from CD8+T cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Nadigel Jessica , Préfontaine David , Baglole Carolyn J , Maltais François , Bourbeau Jean , Eidelman David H , Hamid Qutayba
Published: January 2012

Background

Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an inflammatory lung disorder. COPD is characterized by an increase in CD8+T cells within the central and peripheral airways. We hypothesized that the CD8+T cells in COPD patients have increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression compared to control subjects due to the exposure of cigarette smoke in the airways.

Methods

Endobronchial biopsies and peripheral blood were obtained from COPD patients and control subjects. TLR4 and TLR9 expression was assessed by immunostaining of lung tissue and flow cytometry of the peripheral blood. CD8+T cells isolated from peripheral blood were treated with or without cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) as well as TLR4 and TLR9 inhibitors. PCR and western blotting were used to determine TLR4 and TLR9 expression, while cytokine secretion from these cells was detected using electrochemiluminescence technology.

Results

No difference was observed in the overall expression of TLR4 and TLR9 in the lung tissue and peripheral blood of COPD patients compared to control subjects. However, COPD patients had increased TLR4 and TLR9 expression on lung CD8+T cells. Exposure of CD8+T cells to CSC resulted in an increase of TLR4 and TLR9 protein expression. CSC exposure also caused the activation of CD8+T cells, resulting in the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNFα and IFNγ. Furthermore, inhibition of TLR4 or TLR9 significantly attenuated the production of TNFα and IL-10.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate increased expression of TLR4 and TLR9 on lung CD8+T cells in COPD. CD8+T cells exposed to CSC increased TLR4 and TLR9 levels and increased cytokine production. These results provide a new perspective on the role of CD8+T cells in COPD.
Convergent evolution in structural elements of proteins investigated using cross profile analysis
Authors: Tomii Kentaro , Sawada Yoshito , Honda Shinya
Published: January 2012

Background

Evolutionary relations of similar segments shared by different protein folds remain controversial, even though many examples of such segments have been found. To date, several methods such as those based on the results of structure comparisons, sequence-based classifications, and sequence-based profile-profile comparisons have been applied to identify such protein segments that possess local similarities in both sequence and structure across protein folds. However, to capture more precise sequence-structure relations, no method reported to date combines structure-based profiles, and sequence-based profiles based on evolutionary information. The former are generally regarded as representing the amino acid preferences at each position of a specific conformation of protein segment. They might reflect the nature of ancient short peptide ancestors, using the results of structural classifications of protein segments.

Results

This report describes the development and use of "Cross Profile Analysis" to compare sequence-based profiles and structure-based profiles based on amino acid occurrences at each position within a protein segment cluster. Using systematic cross profile analysis, we found structural clusters of 9-residue and 15-residue segments showing remarkably strong correlation with particular sequence profiles. These correlations reflect structural similarities among constituent segments of both sequence-based and structure-based profiles. We also report previously undetectable sequence-structure patterns that transcend protein family and fold boundaries, and present results of the conformational analysis of the deduced peptide of a segment cluster. These results suggest the existence of ancient short-peptide ancestors.

Conclusions

Cross profile analysis reveals the polyphyletic and convergent evolution of β-hairpin-like structures, which were verified both experimentally and computationally. The results presented here give us new insights into the evolution of short protein segments.
Golgi protein 73 versus alpha-fetoprotein as a biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma: a diagnostic meta- analysis
Authors: Zhou Ying , Yin Xin , Ying Jun , Zhang BoHeng
Published: January 2012

Backgrounds

There have been conflicting reports about serum golgi protein 73 (GP73) as one of the most promising serum markers for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was to make a systematic review about the diagnostic accuracy of serum GP73 versus alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for HCC.

Methods

After a systematic review of related studies, sensitivity, specificity and other measures about the accuracy of serum GP73 and AFP in the diagnosis of HCC were pooled using random-effects models. Summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to summarize the overall test performance.

Results

Eight studies were included in our meta-analysis. The summary estimates for serum GP73 and AFP in diagnosing HCC in the studies included were as follows: sensitivity, 76% (95% confidence interval (CI) 51-91%) vs. 70% (47-86%); specificity, 86% (95%CI 65-95%) vs. 89% (69-96%); diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), 18.59 (95%CI 5.33-64.91) vs. 18.00(9.41-34.46); and area under sROC, 0.88 (95%CI 0.77-0.99) vs. 0.86 (95%CI 0.84-0.87).

Conclusions

The current evidence indicates that serum GP73 has a comparable accuracy to AFP for the diagnosis of HCC, while the value of serum GP73 in combination with AFP for HCC detection deserves further investigation.
Changing insurance company claims handling processes improves some outcomes for people injured in road traffic crashes
Authors: Schaafsma Frederieke , De Wolf Annelies , Kayaian Areen , Cameron Ian D
Published: January 2012

Background

Regaining good health and returning to work are important for people injured in road traffic crashes and for society. The handling of claims by insurance companies may play an important role in the rate at which health recovers and return to work is actually attained.

Methods

A novel approach towards claims handling for people injured in road traffic accidents was compared to the standard approach. The setting was a large insurance company (NRMA Insurance) in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The new approach involved communicating effectively with injured people, early intervention, screening for adverse prognostic factors and focusing on early return to work and usual activities. Demographic and injury data, health outcomes, return to work and usual activities were collected at baseline and 7 months post-injury.

Results

Significant differences were found 7 months post-injury on 'caseness' of depression (p = 0.04), perceived health limitation on activities (p = 0.03), and self-reported return to usual activities (p = 0.01) with the intervention group scoring better. Baseline general health was a significant predictor for general health at 7 months (OR 11.6, 95% CI 2.7-49.4) and for return to usual activities (OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.3-9.3).

Conclusion

We found a few positive effects on health from a new claims handling method by a large insurance company. It may be most effective to target people who report low general health and low expectations for their health recovery when they file their claim.
Cranberry proanthocyanidins inhibit the adherence properties of Candida albicans and cytokine secretion by oral epithelial cells
Authors: Feldman Mark , Tanabe Shinichi , Howell Amy , Grenier Daniel
Published: January 2012

Background

Oral candidiasis is a common fungal disease mainly caused by Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins (AC-PACs) on pathogenic properties of C. albicans as well as on the inflammatory response of oral epithelial cells induced by this oral pathogen.

Methods

Microplate dilution assays were performed to determine the effect of AC-PACs on C. albicans growth as well as biofilm formation stained with crystal violet. Adhesion of FITC-labeled C. albicans to oral epithelial cells and to acrylic resin disks was monitored by fluorometry. The effects of AC-PACs on C. albicans-induced cytokine secretion, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 activation and kinase phosphorylation in oral epithelial cells were determined by immunological assays.

Results

Although AC-PACs did not affect growth of C. albicans, it prevented biofilm formation and reduced adherence of C. albicans to oral epithelial cells and saliva-coated acrylic resin discs. In addition, AC-PACs significantly decreased the secretion of IL-8 and IL-6 by oral epithelial cells stimulated with C. albicans. This anti-inflammatory effect was associated with reduced activation of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of specific signal intracellular kinases.

Conclusion

AC-PACs by affecting the adherence properties of C. albicans and attenuating the inflammatory response induced by this pathogen represent potential novel therapeutic agents for the prevention/treatment of oral candidiasis.
IFN-gamma signaling in the central nervous system controls the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independently of the localization and composition of inflammatory foci
Authors: Lee Eunyoung , Chanamara Sarah , Pleasure David , Soulika Athena M
Published: January 2012

Background

Murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis, presents typically as ascending paralysis. However, in mice in which interferon-gamma (IFNγ) signaling is disrupted by genetic deletion, limb paralysis is accompanied by atypical deficits, including head tilt, postural imbalance, and circling, consistent with cerebellar/vestibular dysfunction. This was previously attributed to intense cerebellar and brainstem infiltration by peripheral immune cells and formation of neutrophil-rich foci within the CNS. However, the exact mechanism by which IFNγ signaling prohibits the development of vestibular deficits, and whether the distribution and composition of inflammatory foci within the CNS affects the course of atypical EAE remains elusive.

Methods

We induced EAE in IFNγ-/- mice and bone marrow chimeric mice in which IFNγR is not expressed in the CNS but is intact in the periphery (IFNγRCNSKO) and vice versa (IFNγRperiKO). Blood-brain barrier permeability was determined by Evans blue intravenous administration at disease onset. Populations of immune cell subsets in the periphery and the CNS were quantified by flow cytometry. CNS tissues isolated at various time points after EAE induction, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for composition of inflammatory foci and patterns of axonal degeneration.

Results

Incidence and severity of atypical EAE were more pronounced in IFNγRCNSKO as compared to IFNγRperiKO mice. Contrary to what we anticipated, cerebella/brainstems of IFNγRCNSKO mice were only minimally infiltrated, while the same areas of IFNγRperiKO mice were extensively populated by peripheral immune cells. Furthermore, the CNS of IFNγRperiKO mice was characterized by persistent neutrophil-rich foci as compared to IFNγRCNSKO. Immunohistochemical analysis of the CNS of IFNγ-/- and IFNγR chimeric mice revealed that IFNγ protective actions are exerted through microglial STAT1.

Conclusions

Alterations in distribution and composition of CNS inflammatory foci are not sufficient for the onset of atypical EAE. IFNγ dictates the course of neuroinflammatory disorders mainly through actions exerted within the CNS. This study provides strong evidence that link microglial STAT1 inactivation to vestibular dysfunction.
A convenient method for simultaneous quantification of multiple phytohormones and metabolites: application in study of rice-bacterium interaction
Authors: Liu Hongbo , Li Xianghua , Xiao Jinghua , Wang Shiping
Published: January 2012

Background

Simultaneous analysis of multiple functional-related phytohormones and their metabolites will improve our understanding of interactions among different hormones in the same biologic process.

Results

A method was developed for simultaneous quantification of multiple phytohormones, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid, hormone conjugates, IAA-aspartic acid, JA-isoleucine, and methyl JA, and phytoalexins, momilactone A, naringenin, and sakuranetin. This method combines a convenient procedure for preparing filtrated crude extracted samples and a sensitive quantification assay using ultra fast liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS). With this method, we determined the dynamic profiles of defense-related phytohormones, hormone metabolites, and phytoalexins in the interaction of rice with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes bacterial blight, one of the most devastating diseases of rice worldwide.

Conclusion

This UFLC-ESI-MS method is convenient, sensitive, reliable, and inexpensive for quantification of multiple phytohormones and metabolites compared to current methods. The results obtained by application of this method in studying rice-bacterial interaction provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of rice defense responses.
Meningeal defects alter the tangential migration of cortical interneurons in Foxc1
hith/hith
mice
Authors: Zarbalis Konstantinos , Choe Youngshik , Siegenthaler Julie A , Orosco Lori A , Pleasure Samuel J
Published: January 2012

Background

Tangential migration presents the primary mode of migration of cortical interneurons translocating into the cerebral cortex from subpallial domains. This migration takes place in multiple streams with the most superficial one located in the cortical marginal zone. While a number of forebrain-expressed molecules regulating this process have emerged, it remains unclear to what extent structures outside the brain, like the forebrain meninges, are involved.

Results

We studied a unique Foxc1 hypomorph mouse model (Foxc1

hith/hith
) with meningeal defects and impaired tangential migration of cortical interneurons. We identified a territorial correlation between meningeal defects and disruption of interneuron migration along the adjacent marginal zone in these animals, suggesting that impaired meningeal integrity might be the primary cause for the observed migration defects. Moreover, we postulate that the meningeal factor regulating tangential migration that is affected in homozygote mutants is the chemokine Cxcl12. In addition, by using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we provide evidence that the Cxcl12 gene is a direct transcriptional target of Foxc1 in the meninges. Further, we observe migration defects of a lesser degree in Cajal-Retzius cells migrating within the cortical marginal zone, indicating a less important role for Cxcl12 in their migration. Finally, the developmental migration defects observed in Foxc1

hith/hith
mutants do not lead to obvious differences in interneuron distribution in the adult if compared to control animals.

Conclusions

Our results suggest a critical role for the forebrain meninges to promote during development the tangential migration of cortical interneurons along the cortical marginal zone and Cxcl12 as the factor responsible for this property.
Effect of maternal body mass index on pregnancy outcome and newborn weight
Authors: Yazdani Shahla , Yosofniyapasha Yousofreza , Nasab Bahman Hassan , Mojaveri Mohsen Haghshenas , Bouzari Zinatossadat
Published: January 2012

Background

Maternal obesity has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, pre- and post-term delivery, induction of labor, macrosomia, increased rate of caesarean section, and post-partum hemorrhage. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) on pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

1000 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. In order to explore the relationship between maternal first trimester Body Mass Index and pregnancy outcomes, participants were categorized into five groups based on their first trimester Body Mass Index. The data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square tests in SPSS 18. Differences were considered significant if p < 0.05.

Results

Women with an above-normal Body Mass Index had a higher incidence of pre-eclampsia, induction of labor, caesarean section, pre-term labor, and macrosomia than women with a normal Body Mass Index (controls). There was no significant difference in the incidence of post-term delivery between the control group and other groups.

Conclusion

Increased BMI increases the incidence of induction of labor, caesarean section, pre-term labor and macrosomia. The BMI of women in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome.
Influence of respiratory rate and end-expiratory pressure variation on cyclic alveolar recruitment in an experimental lung injury model
Authors: Hartmann Erik K , Boehme Stefan , Bentley Alexander , Duenges Bastian , Klein Klaus U , Elsaesser Amelie , Baumgardner James E , David Matthias , Markstaller Klaus
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Cyclic alveolar recruitment/derecruitment (R/D) is an important mechanism of ventilator-associated lung injury. In experimental models this process can be measured with high temporal resolution by detection of respiratory-dependent oscillations of the paO2 (ΔpaO2). A previous study showed that end-expiratory collapse can be prevented by an increased respiratory rate in saline-lavaged rabbits. The current study compares the effects of increased positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) versus an individually titrated respiratory rate (RRind) on intra-tidal amplitude of Δ paO2 and on average paO2 in saline-lavaged pigs.

Methods

Acute lung injury was induced by bronchoalveolar lavage in 16 anaesthetized pigs. R/D was induced and measured by a fast-responding intra-aortic probe measuring paO2. Ventilatory interventions (RRind (n = 8) versus extrinsic PEEP (n = 8)) were applied for 30 minutes to reduce Δ paO2. Haemodynamics, spirometry and Δ paO2 were monitored and the Ventilation/Perfusion distributions were assessed by multiple inert gas elimination. The main endpoints average and Δ paO2 following the interventions were analysed by Mann-Whitney-U-Test and Bonferroni's correction. The secondary parameters were tested in an explorative manner.

Results

Both interventions reduced Δ paO2. In the RRind group, ΔpaO2 was significantly smaller (P < 0.001). The average paO2 continuously decreased following RRind and was significantly higher in the PEEP group (P < 0.001). A sustained difference of the ventilation/perfusion distribution and shunt fractions confirms these findings. The RRind application required less vasopressor administration.

Conclusions

Different recruitment kinetics were found compared to previous small animal models and these differences were primarily determined by kinetics of end-expiratory collapse. In this porcine model, respiratory rate and increased PEEP were both effective in reducing the amplitude of paO2 oscillations. In contrast to a recent study in a small animal model, however, increased respiratory rate did not maintain end-expiratory recruitment and ultimately resulted in reduced average paO2 and increased shunt fraction.
Loss of Scribble causes cell competition in mammalian cells
Authors: Norman Mark , Wisniewska Katarzyna A. , Lawrenson Kate , Garcia-Miranda Pablo , Tada Masazumi , Kajita Mihoko , Mano Hiroki , Ishikawa Susumu , Ikegawa Masaya , Shimada Takashi , Fujita Yasuyuki
Published: January 2012

In Drosophila, normal and transformed cells compete with each other for survival in a process called cell competition. However, it is not known whether comparable phenomena also occur in mammals. Scribble is a tumor suppressor protein in Drosophila and mammals. In this study we examine the interface between normal and Scribble-knockdown epithelial cells using Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells expressing Scribble short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in a tetracycline-inducible manner. We observe that Scribble-knockdown cells undergo apoptosis and are apically extruded from the epithelium when surrounded by normal cells. Apoptosis does not occur when Scribble-knockdown cells are cultured alone, suggesting that the presence of surrounding normal cells induces the cell death. We also show that death of Scribble-knockdown cells occurs independently of apical extrusion. Finally, we demonstrate that apoptosis of Scribble-knockdown cells depends on activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This is the first demonstration that an oncogenic transformation within an epithelium induces cell competition in a mammalian cell culture system.
Dyrk1A negatively regulates the actin cytoskeleton through threonine phosphorylation of N-WASP
Authors: Park Joongkyu , Sung Jee Young , Park Joohyun , Song Woo-Joo , Chang Sunghoe , Chung Kwang Chul
Published: January 2012

Neural Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) is involved in tight regulation of actin polymerization and dynamics. N-WASP activity is regulated by intramolecular interaction, binding to small GTPases and tyrosine phosphorylation. Here, we report on a novel regulatory mechanism; we demonstrate that N-WASP interacts with dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A). In vitro kinase assays indicate that Dyrk1A directly phosphorylates the GTPase-binding domain (GBD) of N-WASP at three sites (Thr196, Thr202 and Thr259). Phosphorylation of the GBD by Dyrk1A promotes the intramolecular interaction of the GBD and verprolin, cofilin and acidic (VCA) domains of N-WASP, and subsequently inhibits Arp2/3-complex-mediated actin polymerization. Overexpression of either Dyrk1A or a phospho-mimetic N-WASP mutant inhibits filopodia formation in COS-7 cells. By contrast, the knockdown of Dyrk1A expression or overexpression of a phospho-deficient N-WASP mutant promotes filopodia formation. Furthermore, the overexpression of a phospho-mimetic N-WASP mutant significantly inhibits dendritic spine formation in primary hippocampal neurons. These findings suggest that Dyrk1A negatively regulates actin filament assembly by phosphorylating N-WASP, which ultimately promotes the intramolecular interaction of its GBD and VCA domains. These results provide insight on the mechanisms contributing to diverse actin-based cellular processes such as cell migration, endocytosis and neuronal differentiation.
The integrator complex is required for integrity of Cajal bodies
Authors: Takata Hideaki , Nishijima Hitoshi , Maeshima Kazuhiro , Shibahara Kei-ichi
Published: January 2012

The nucleus in eukaryotic cells is a highly organized and dynamic structure containing numerous subnuclear bodies. The morphological appearance of nuclear bodies seems to be a reflection of ongoing functions, such as DNA replication, transcription, repair, RNA processing and RNA transport. The integrator complex mediates processing of small nuclear RNA (snRNA), so it might play a role in nuclear body formation. Here, we show that the integrator complex is essential for integrity of the Cajal body. Depletion of INTS4, an integrator complex subunit, abrogated 3′-end processing of snRNA. A defect in this activity caused a significant accumulation of the Cajal body marker protein coilin in nucleoli. Some fractions of coilin still formed nucleoplasmic foci; however, they were free of other Cajal body components, such as survival of motor neuron protein (SMN), Sm proteins and snRNAs. SMN and Sm proteins formed striking cytoplasmic granules. These findings demonstrate that the integrator complex is essential for snRNA maturation and Cajal body homeostasis.
Cdt1p, through its interaction with Mcm6p, is required for the formation, nuclear accumulation and chromatin loading of the MCM complex
Authors: Wu Rentian , Wang Jiafeng , Liang Chun
Published: January 2012

Regulation of DNA replication initiation is essential for the faithful inheritance of genetic information. Replication initiation is a multi-step process involving many factors including ORC, Cdt1p, Mcm2-7p and other proteins that bind to replication origins to form a pre-replicative complex (pre-RC). As a prerequisite for pre-RC assembly, Cdt1p and the Mcm2-7p heterohexameric complex accumulate in the nucleus in G1 phase in an interdependent manner in budding yeast. However, the nature of this interdependence is not clear, nor is it known whether Cdt1p is required for the assembly of the MCM complex. In this study, we provide the first evidence that Cdt1p, through its interaction with Mcm6p with the C-terminal regions of the two proteins, is crucial for the formation of the MCM complex in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. We demonstrate that disruption of the interaction between Cdt1p and Mcm6p prevents the formation of the MCM complex, excludes Mcm2-7p from the nucleus, and inhibits pre-RC assembly and DNA replication. Our findings suggest a function for Cdt1p in promoting the assembly of the MCM complex and maintaining its integrity by interacting with Mcm6p.
Pediatric Analgesic Clinical Trial Designs, Measures, and Extrapolation: Report of an FDA Scientific Workshop
Authors: Berde Charles B. , Walco Gary A. , Krane Elliot J. , Anand K. J. S. , Aranda Jacob V. , Craig Kenneth D. , Dampier Carlton D. , Finkel Julia C. , Grabois Martin , Johnston Celeste , Lantos John , Lebel Alyssa , Maxwell Lynne G. , McGrath Patrick , Oberlander Timothy F. , Schanberg Laura E. , Stevens Bonnie , Taddio Anna , von Baeyer Carl L. , Yaster Myron , Zempsky William T.
Published: January 2012

Analgesic trials pose unique scientific, ethical, and practical challenges in pediatrics. Participants in a scientific workshop sponsored by the US Food and Drug Administration developed consensus on aspects of pediatric analgesic clinical trial design. The standard parallel-placebo analgesic trial design commonly used for adults has ethical and practical difficulties in pediatrics, due to the likelihood of subjects experiencing pain for extended periods of time. Immediate-rescue designs using opioid-sparing, rather than pain scores, as a primary outcome measure have been successfully used in pediatric analgesic efficacy trials. These designs maintain some of the scientific benefits of blinding, with some ethical and practical advantages over traditional designs. Preferred outcome measures were recommended for each age group. Acute pain trials are feasible for children undergoing surgery. Pharmacodynamic responses to opioids, local anesthetics, acetaminophen, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs appear substantially mature by age 2 years. There is currently no clear evidence for analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in neonates or infants younger than 3 months of age. Small sample designs, including cross-over trials and N of 1 trials, for particular pediatric chronic pain conditions and for studies of pain and irritability in pediatric palliative care should be considered. Pediatric analgesic trials can be improved by using innovative study designs and outcome measures specific for children. Multicenter consortia will help to facilitate adequately powered pediatric analgesic trials.
Trends in US Pediatric Drowning Hospitalizations, 1993–2008
Authors: Bowman Stephen M. , Aitken Mary E. , Robbins James M. , Baker Susan P.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

In the United States, drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury death in children aged 1 to 19 years, accounting for nearly 1100 deaths per year. Although a decline in overall fatal drowning deaths among children has been noted, national trends and disparities in pediatric drowning hospitalizations have not been reported.

METHODS:

To describe trends in pediatric drowning in the United States and provide national benchmarks for state and regional comparisons, we analyzed existing data (1993–2008) from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest, longitudinal, all-payer inpatient care database in the United States. Children aged 0 to 19 years were included. Annual rates of drowning-related hospitalizations were determined, stratified by age, gender, and outcome.

RESULTS:

From 1993 to 2008, the estimated annual incidence rate of pediatric hospitalizations associated with drowning declined 49% from 4.7 to 2.4 per 100 000 (P < .001). The rates declined for all age groups and for both males and females. The hospitalization rate for males remained consistently greater than for females at each point in time. Rates of fatal drowning hospitalization declined from 0.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.4–0.7) deaths per 100 000 in 1993–1994 to 0.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.4) in 2007–2008 (P < .01). No difference was observed in the mean hospital length of stay over time.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pediatric hospitalization rates for drowning have decreased over the past 16 years. Our study provides national estimates of pediatric drowning hospitalization that can be used as benchmarks to target and assess prevention strategies.
Citizens’ Values Regarding Research With Stored Samples From Newborn Screening in Canada
Authors: Bombard Yvonne , Miller Fiona A. , Hayeems Robin Z. , Carroll June C. , Avard Denise , Wilson Brenda J. , Little Julian , Bytautas Jessica P. , Allanson Judith , Axler Renata , Giguere Yves , Chakraborty Pranesh
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVES:

Newborn screening (NBS) programs may store bloodspot samples and use them for secondary purposes. Recent public controversies and lawsuits over storage and secondary uses underscore the need to engage the public on these issues. We explored Canadian values regarding storage and use of NBS samples for various purposes and the forms of parental choice for anonymous research with NBS samples.

METHODS:

We conducted a mixed-methods, public engagement study comprising 8 focus groups (n = 60), an educational component, deliberative discussion, and pre- and post-questionnaires assessing knowledge and values toward storage and parental choice.

RESULTS:

Canadian citizens supported the storage of NBS samples for quality control, confirmatory diagnosis, and future anonymous research (>90%). There was broad support for use of NBS samples for anonymous research; however, opinions were split about the extent of parental decision-making. Support for a “routinized” approach rested on trust in authorities, lack of concern for harms, and an assertion that the population’s interest took priority over the interests of individuals. Discomfort stemmed from distrust in authorities, concern for harms, and prioritizing individual interests, which supported more substantive parental choice. Consensus emerged regarding the need for greater transparency about the storage and secondary use of samples.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our study provides novel insights into the values that underpin citizens’ acceptance and discomfort with routine storage of NBS samples for research, and supports the need to develop well-designed methods of public education and civic discourse on the risks and benefits of the retention and secondary use of NBS samples.
Effects of Size and Load on Transport Properties of Nanoscale Metal-Oxide Interfaces
Authors: Kraya Ramsey
Published: January 2012

With interface sizes rapidly reducing to the nanometer scale, it has become vital to understand how size and structure can affect transport behavior between materials in order to tune the energy barrier for various applications. Here, the fabrication of Schottky Barriers between Au nanoparticles and doped SrTiO3 materials is reported. The effect of nanoparticle size on the transport properties is clearly evident providing an excellent opportunity to compare new theory on transport characteristics at the nanoscale to classical theory to determine the method that is most effective in predicting nanoscale transport properties.
Influence of Abutment Screw Design and Surface Coating on the Bending Flexural Strength of the Implant Set
Authors: Prado Célio Jesus do , Neves Flávio Domingues das , Soares Carlos José , Dantas Kelly Abadia , Dantas Talita Souza , Naves Lucas Zago
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the setting and the presence of solid lubricant on the abutment screw surface on the flexural strength of the joint implant/abutment/screw. Forty abutments were connected to external hex implants, divided into 4 groups (n = 10): FE (titanium alloy screw threaded in the extremity), LE (titanium alloy screw with solid lubricant and thread in the extremity), FT (titanium alloy screw with threaded in all its length), and LT (titanium alloy screw with solid lubricant and thread in all its length). Through the mechanical flexural test, the implant/abutment resistance was evaluated with load applied perpendicular to the long axis in a mechanical testing machine (EMIC) under a speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were submitted to a statistics test, and results showed statistically significant differences between the FE group and the other groups, and the FE group showed the lowest values. The LE group showed greater values than the LT group, and the values were statistically significant. According to the methodology used, it can be concluded that within noncoated titanium screws, a screw threaded along its entire length provided greater rigidity to the implant set, while with the screw containing solid lubricant, the screw threaded in all its length provided less rigidity of the implant set than screws with the thread only on the end. Among screws with the same geometry, those with the solid lubricant are statistically higher than those which do not have threads just at the end, but those with threads along their entire length do not show statistically significant differences.