bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Philip Bell: a champion of the Modern Movement in Northern Ireland
Authors: Larmour Paul
Published: November 2013

Architecture in Northern Ireland in the twentieth century followed much the same pattern as elsewhere in the British Isles moving, broadly, from historic styles around the turn of the century, through a phase of Arts and Crafts activity for a decade or so, until settling down to a concentrated period of interest in Neo-Georgian styling in the 1920s and '30s. This inter-war era included, however, some examples of Modernism, primarily of an ornamented Art Deco type but occasionally of a more plain variety which ranged between Functionalism and the International Style. Examples of this type of modern architecture – characterised by flat roofs, white walls, large horizontal windows and a general avoidance of ornamentation – formed only a comparatively small part of the overall output of the period in Northern Ireland, and, for most architects who were involved, their contribution amounted to little more than a building or two; such was the prevailing tradition-bound architectural mood of the time.

One architect in Northern Ireland, however, demonstrated a commitment to the Modern Movement that appears to have been greater than most. That was Philip Bell, whose name has been mentioned from time to time by various commentators, whether as a designer of Modernist houses or as the architect of one other particularly well-known building of the 1930s in Northern Ireland, the Strangford Lough Yacht Club House, which was an accomplished and stylish enough building to have been featured in the English architectural press at the time.
Relapse Situations According to Marlatt’s Taxonomy in Smokers
Authors: Piñeiro Bárbara , Becoña Elisardo
Published: November 2013

Relapse is common during the process of giving up smoking. The aim of the present study is to explore the relapse situations, according to Marlatt’s relapse taxonomy, in a sample of 428 smokers (43.9% men and 56.1% women) who participated in a cognitive-behavior psychological treatment for quitting smoking. At the end of the treatment, 221 participants were abstinent, of whom 119 (41.2% men and 58.8% women) relapsed in the course of the 12-month follow-up, the majority in the first 3 months (69.74%). Most of the relapses were attributed to intrapersonal and environmental determinants (61.33%), the most common of which were “coping with negative emotional states” (38.65%), followed by “giving in to temptations or urges” (9.24%) and “testing personal control” (8.40%). Interpersonal determinants occurred in 38.66% of relapses, this percentage being made up mostly of “social pressure”, which was the relapse situation in 34.46% of all relapses. These results, similar to those of Marlatt’s original studies and others, contribute to improving our knowledge of the relapse situations process, with a view to interventions that may help to avoid it.
A Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of the SCOFF
Authors: Botella Juan , Sepúlveda Ana Rosa , Huang Huiling , Gambara Hilda
Published: November 2013

A meta-analysis was conducted to reach a pooled estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of the SCOFF. The 15 selected studies represented a total of 882 cases and 4350 controls. The main criterion for inclusion was that the primary study had provided diagnostic classification with both a diagnostic reference and with the SCOFF (with five items and a cut-off point of two). The pooled estimates were .80 (sensitivity) and .93 (specificity). The moderator variables gender and type of measure for the diagnostic reference (interview versus psychometric tests) account for part of the observed variability. For diagnostic references based on interviews the estimate of the efficacy improves significantly. For the studies that match this criterion the sensitivity is .882 and the specificity .925 (diagnostic odds ratio, 92.19). The main conclusion was that the five questions of the SCOFF constitute a very useful screening tool, in several languages; it is highly recommended for screening purposes.
Operational test of micro-oven for 48Ca beam
Authors: Ozeki K. , Kageyama T. , Kidera M. , Higurashi Y. , Nakagawa T.
Published: November 2013

In order to supply a high-intensity and stable 48Ca beam from the RIKEN 18-GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source, we are conducting operational tests of a micro-oven. A mixture of CaO and Al powders is placed into the crucible of the micro-oven and heated to produce metallic calcium by a reductive reaction. The successful production of a calcium beam was confirmed. In addition, we reduced the material consumption rate by using a so-called “hot liner,” and we enhanced the beam intensity by applying a negative voltage bias to the micro-oven, the effect of which is similar to the effect of a “biased disk.”
Comparative study of beam losses and heat loads reduction methods in MITICA beam source
Authors: Sartori E. , Agostinetti P. , Dal Bello S. , Marcuzzi D. , Serianni G. , Sonato P. , Veltri P.
Published: November 2013

In negative ion electrostatic accelerators a considerable fraction of extracted ions is lost by collision processes causing efficiency loss and heat deposition over the components. Stripping is proportional to the local density of gas, which is steadily injected in the plasma source; its pumping from the extraction and acceleration stages is a key functionality for the prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector, and it can be simulated with the 3D code AVOCADO. Different geometric solutions were tested aiming at the reduction of the gas density. The parameter space considered is limited by constraints given by optics, aiming, voltage holding, beam uniformity, and mechanical feasibility. The guidelines of the optimization process are presented together with the proposed solutions and the results of numerical simulations.
On the infrared fluorescence of monolayer 13CO:NaCl(100)
Authors: Boney E. T. D. , Marcus R. A.
Published: November 2013

Computations are presented to describe and analyze the high levels of infrared laser induced vibrational excitation of a monolayer of absorbed 13CO on a NaCl(100) surface. Extending the vibrational site-to-site surface hopping technique of Corcelli and Tully, kinetic Monte Carlo computations are used to incorporate single-quantum vibrational pooling and depooling of the 13CO by phonon excitation to allow up to the n = 45 vibrational state under different lasing conditions. Previously unpredicted pooling peaks at n > 16 are calculated and, under the highest fluence conditions, pooling up to the n = 32 state is found in the calculation. These results lead to the prediction of a secondary local maximum in the dispersed fluorescence of monolayer CO:NaCl(100) under sufficiently high fluence excitation conditions. At times on the order of ms, we recover similar behavior for both high and low fluence results. The calculations confirm that, for situations where the Debye frequency limited n domain restriction approximately holds, the vibrational state population deviates from a Boltzmann population linearly in n, a result that we have derived earlier theoretically for a domain of n restricted to one-phonon transfers. This theoretically understood term, linear in n, dominates the Boltzmann term and is responsible for the inversion of the population of vibrational states, Pn.
Correlation between microstructure and temperature dependent electrical behavior of annealed Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Iucolano Ferdinando , Greco Giuseppe , Roccaforte Fabrizio
Published: November 2013

This letter reports on the temperature behavior of the structural and electrical properties of Ti/Al/Ni/Au contacts to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. While Ohmic contacts formed at 750 °C showed a decreasing temperature behavior of the specific contact resistance ρC, which was explained by a thermionic field emission mechanism, an increasing trend is observed in the contacts formed at 850 °C. In this case, ρC exhibits a “metal-like” behavior, i.e., describable by a T1.8 dependence. The microstructural analysis of the interfacial region allowed to explain the results with the formation of metallic intrusions contacting directly the two dimensional electron gas.
New multiplexed all solid state pulser for high power wide aperture kinetically enhanced copper vapor laser
Authors: Ghodke D. V. , Muralikrishnan K. , Singh Bijendra
Published: November 2013

A novel multiplexed scheme is demonstrated to combine two or more pulsed solid state pulsers of moderate capabilities. Pulse power supply comprising of two solid state pulsers of ∼6 kW rating each in multiplexed mode with common magnetic pulse compression stage was demonstrated and optimized for operating with a wide aperture kinetically enhanced copper vapor laser. Using this new configuration, the multiplexed pulsed power supply was capable of operating efficiently at net repetition-rate of ∼13 kHz, 12 kW (wall plug average power), 18–20 kV discharge voltage and pulse rise-time of ∼80 ns. The laser under multiplexed configuration delivered un-interrupted output power of about ∼80 W with scope of further increase in laser output power in excess of 100 W.
Efficient calculation of many-body induced electrostatics in molecular systems
Authors: McLaughlin Keith , Cioce Christian R. , Pham Tony , Belof Jonathan L. , Space Brian
Published: November 2013

Potential energy functions including many-body polarization are in widespread use in simulations of aqueous and biological systems, metal-organics, molecular clusters, and other systems where electronically induced redistribution of charge among local atomic sites is of importance. The polarization interactions, treated here via the methods of Thole and Applequist, while long-ranged, can be computed for moderate-sized periodic systems with extremely high accuracy by extending Ewald summation to the induced fields as demonstrated by Nymand, Sala, and others. These full Ewald polarization calculations, however, are expensive and often limited to very small systems, particularly in Monte Carlo simulations, which may require energy evaluation over several hundred-thousand configurations. For such situations, it shall be shown that sufficiently accurate computation of the polarization energy can be produced in a fraction of the central processing unit (CPU) time by neglecting the long-range extension to the induced fields while applying the long-range treatments of Ewald or Wolf to the static fields; these methods, denoted Ewald E-Static and Wolf E-Static (WES), respectively, provide an effective means to obtain polarization energies for intermediate and large systems including those with several thousand polarizable sites in a fraction of the CPU time. Furthermore, we shall demonstrate a means to optimize the damping for WES calculations via extrapolation from smaller trial systems.
Effect of resistivity profile on current decay time of initial phase of current quench in neon-gas-puff inducing disruptions of JT-60U
Authors: Kawakami S. , Shibata Y. , Watanabe K. Y. , Ohno N. , Isayama A. , Takizuka T. , Kawano Y. , Okamoto M.
Published: November 2013

According to an early work [Y. Shibata et al., Nucl. Fusion 50, 025015 (2010)] on the behavior of the plasma current decay in the JT-60U disruptive discharges caused by the radiative collapse with a massive neon-gas-puff, the increase of the internal inductance mainly determined the current decay time of plasma current during the initial phase of current quench. To investigate what determines the increase of the internal inductance, we focus attention on the relationship between the electron temperature (or the resistivity) profile and the time evolution of the current density profile and carry out numerical calculations. As a result, we find the reason of the increase of the internal inductance: The current density profile at the start of the current quench is broader than an expected current density profile in the steady state, which is determined by the temperature (or resistivity) profile. The current density profile evolves into peaked one and the internal inductance is increasing.
Direct measurement of the electrocaloric effect in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) terpolymer films
Authors: Basso Vittorio , Russo Florence , Gerard Jean-François , Pruvost Sébastien
Published: November 2013

We investigated the entropy change in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)) films in the temperature range between −5 ∘C and 60 ∘C by direct heat flux calorimetry using Peltier cell heat flux sensors. At the electric field E = 50 MVm−1 the isothermal entropy change attains a maximum of |Δs|=4.2 Jkg−1K−1 at 31∘C with an adiabatic temperature change ΔTad=1.1 K. At temperatures below the maximum, in the range from 25 ∘C to −5 ∘C, the entropy change |Δs| rapidly decreases and the unipolar P vs E relationship becomes hysteretic. This phenomenon is interpreted as the fact that the fluctuations of the polar segments of the polymer chain, responsible for the electrocaloric effect ECE in the polymer, becomes progressively frozen below the relaxor transition.
Confined phase separation in SiOX nanometric thin layers
Authors: Roussel M. , Talbot E. , Pareige C. , Pratibha Nalini R. , Gourbilleau F. , Pareige P.
Published: November 2013

Phase separation in silicon-rich silica/silica multilayers was investigated using Atom Probe Tomography and Atomistic Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that the thickness of silicon-rich silicon oxide sublayers plays an important role during phase transformation. It determines the morphology of Si-rich phase formed after subsequent annealing, which is of prime interest for microelectronic and optoelectronic applications. Monte Carlo simulation reveals that the formation of isolated Si clusters can be achieved even in the case of spinodal decomposition and is directly related to the ratio between the spinodal wavelength and the sublayer thickness.
Magnetic interaction reversal in watermelon nanostructured Cr-doped Fe nanoclusters
Authors: Kaur Maninder , Dai Qilin , Bowden Mark , Engelhard Mark , Wu Yaqiao , Tang Jinke , Qiang You
Published: November 2013

Cr-doped core-shell Fe/Fe-oxide nanoclusters (NCs) were synthesized at varied atomic percentages of Cr from 0 at. % to 8 at. %. The low concentrations of Cr (<10 at. %) were selected in order to inhibit the complete conversion of the Fe-oxide shell to Cr2O3 and the Fe core to FeCr alloy. The magnetic interaction in Fe/Fe-oxide NCs (∼25 nm) can be controlled by antiferromagnetic Cr-dopant. We report the origin of σ-FeCr phase at very low Cr concentration (2 at. %) unlike in previous studies, and the interaction reversal from dipolar to exchange interaction in watermelon-like Cr-doped core-shell NCs.
Third-order nonlinear optical response of colloidal gold nanoparticles prepared by sputtering deposition
Authors: Castro Hemerson P. S. , Wender Heberton , Alencar Márcio A. R. C. , Teixeira Sergio R. , Dupont Jairton , Hickmann Jandir M.
Published: November 2013

The nonlinear optical responses of gold nanoparticles dispersed in castor oil produced by sputtering deposition were investigated, using the thermally managed Z-scan technique. Particles with spherical shape and 2.6 nm of average diameter were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. This colloid was highly stable, without the presence of chemical impurities, neither stabilizers. It was observed that this system presents a large refractive third-order nonlinear response and a negligible nonlinear absorption. Moreover, the evaluation of the all-optical switching figures of merit demonstrated that the colloidal nanoparticles prepared by sputtering deposition have a good potential for the development of ultrafast photonic devices.
3D stall delay effect modeling and aerodynamic analysis of swept-blade wind turbine
Authors: Wang Q. , Xu Y. , Song J. J. , Li C. F. , Ren P. F. , Xu J. Z.
Published: November 2013

For Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), the aerodynamic performance of the blade will become different when the geometry of the blade is bent backward in the rotor plane, which is usually called backward swept blade. In this paper the aerodynamic performance of backward swept-blade rotor will be analyzed by Free Wake Lifting Line Model and the corresponding wake vortexes are discussed. In order to make it possible to apply lifting line method, a proper 3D effect modification model is needed to be added in the computation. First, a new 3D stall delay model is established, named Inviscid Stall Delay Model (ISDM), which is derived from the simplified Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations. In the model, we treat the stall delay effects differently by the delay of the separation point on the airfoil, and aim to capture the further negative pressure reduction in the separation area. Second, a Free Wake Lifting Line Model is created and it is validated by the experimental results of the National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) Phase VI and Model Experiments in the Controlled Condition (MEXICO) wind turbine blades. Third, based on the blade of the NREL Phase VI, a backward swept-blade is constructed, which has the same sweeping area as the straight blade. After that the aerodynamic performance of the swept-blade is explored by the lifting line code. The development of the wake vortexes and its influence on the swept-blade are analyzed. It can be concluded that the swept geometry leads to a periodic lag of the circumferential positions of the shedding vortexes, while its axial components are almost unchanged. The swept geometry is an important influence factor for the induced velocities distribution in the rotor plane. Besides, it should be noticed that the optimization of the swept-blade is important for its aerodynamic performance analysis which is needed to be discussed in the future.
Remapping the Border: Geospatial Technologies and Border Activism
Authors: Walsh James
Published: November 2013

This paper analyzes the politics of mapping along the US–Mexico border to explore how humanitarian activists wield geospatial technologies in challenging border securitization. In addition to ‘bounding’ societies within delimited territorial zones, mapping technologies have recently been elevated to encompass observing, locating, and tracking mobile bodies—outcomes that, in the context of immigration control, have heightened the risk of clandestine border crossings and produced a sharp rise in migrant fatalities. As geospatial tools have been integrated into official gatekeeping strategies, activists have deployed them to protect migrants, promote mobility rights, and disrupt borders and the spatial, legal, and technical orders underpinning their materialization and enforcement. This case study considers the political implications of these interventions, and highlights how technologies traditionally aligned with state security and surveillance have been reappropriated in the service of transnational solidarity, recognition, and hospitality.
The Cold War and the welfare state in divided Korea and Germany
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Lee Shinyong
Published: November 2013

Several scholars have hypothesized that the unprecedented expansion of the welfare state during the immediate post-war decades was to some degree related to fierce regime competition in the bipolar world that emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War. This paper uses the case study method to provide a more nuanced analysis of the causal mechanisms linking the Cold War and the welfare state. Focussing on Germany and Korea, which in methodological terms can be regarded as most-likely cases, we examine whether and, if so, to what extent the Cold War rivalry has influenced national social policy development in these divided countries. We argue that two causal mechanisms, competition and demarcation, were important in this respect. Both mechanisms were closely related to the need of governments to enhance regime legitimacy in a period of military tension and political conflict.
Travelling lattice waves in a toy model of Lennard-Jones interaction
Authors: Venney Christine , Zimmer Johannes
Published: November 2013

We consider an infinite lattice model, where particles interact with nearest neighbour (NN) and next-to-nearest neighbours (NNN); the NN and NNN springs act against each other to mimic the Lennard-Jones potential. The existence of subsonic waves homoclinic to exponentially small periodic oscillations is shown as well as the existence of supersonic periodic solutions. The proofs rely on methods from normal form and centre space analysis for the homoclinic solutions and centre manifold analysis for the periodic solutions.
When Is Reliance on Voluntary Approaches in Agriculture Likely to Be Effective?
Authors: Segerson Kathleen
Published: November 2013

Voluntary approaches have been used in a variety of contexts and for a variety of purposes in agriculture, including voluntary conservation programs and product labeling. This paper provides an overview of some of the general principles that emerge from the literature on voluntary approaches and their application in agriculture. The literature suggests that, to be effective, voluntary approaches must provide sufficiently strong participation incentives to a targeted population, clearly identify standards for behavior or performance that ensure additionality and avoid slippage, and monitor outcomes. Thus, reliance on voluntary approaches in agriculture is likely to be effective only if there is sufficient market demand for certain product characteristics, significant public funds are committed to pay for voluntary actions, or the political will exists to impose regulations if voluntary approaches fail.
PSAR-Align: improving multiple sequence alignment using probabilistic sampling
Authors: Kim Jaebum , Ma Jian
Published: November 2013

Summary: We developed PSAR-Align, a multiple sequence realignment tool that can refine a given multiple sequence alignment based on suboptimal alignments generated by probabilistic sampling. Our evaluation demonstrated that PSAR-Align is able to improve the results from various multiple sequence alignment tools.

Availability and implementation: The PSAR-Align source code (implemented mainly in C++) is freely available for download at http://bioen-compbio.bioen.illinois.edu/PSAR-Align.

Contact: jbkim@konkuk.ac.kr or jianma@illinois.edu
Mycophenolic acid-treated dendritic cells generate regulatory CD4+ T cells that suppress CD8+ T cells’ allocytotoxicity
Authors: Kazma Ihab , Lemoine Roxane , Herr Florence , Chadet Stephanie , Meley Daniel , Velge-Roussel Florence , Lebranchu Yvon , Baron Christophe
Published: November 2013

Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in controlling immunity and transplant rejection. Two main groups of Treg have been described: antigen-induced Treg (iTreg) and natural Treg (nTreg). The ways to induce and the mechanisms of action of Treg subsets remained ill defined, particularly for their effects on CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells are major agents in the rejection of allografts; the aim of this study is to investigate the effects exerted on CD8+ T cells by human CD4+ iTreg induced by mycophenolic acid-treated dendritic cells. iTreg suppress the proliferation of CD8+ T cells by allogeneic cell–cell interaction with mature dendritic cells and irrespectively of the TCR specificity of the CD8+ T cells and cell–cell contact of iTreg with CD8+ T cells. In our model, this suppression is independent of the action of IL-10 and TGF-β1. iTreg were able to modify phenotype and inhibited IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion by CD8+ T cells. Most interestingly, iTreg inhibit the synthesis of perforin and of granzymes A and B by CD8+ T cells and impaired their cytotoxicity against allogeneic targets. In summary, our study showed the involvement of iTreg in the down-regulation of cytotoxic responses mediated by CD8+ T cells in an allospecific context. Following studies that have shown the existence of a regulation control exerted by iTreg on CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells, this work ultimately shows that this regulation can reach CD8+ T-cell functions.
Gravity perturbed Crapper waves
Authors: Akers Benjamin F. , Ambrose David M. , Wright J. Douglas
Published: November 2013

Crapper waves are a family of exact periodic travelling wave solutions of the free-surface irrotational incompressible Euler equations; these are pure capillary waves, meaning that surface tension is accounted for, but gravity is neglected. For certain parameter values, Crapper waves are known to have multi-valued height. Using the implicit function theorem, we prove that any of the Crapper waves can be perturbed by the effect of gravity, yielding the existence of gravity–capillary waves nearby to the Crapper waves. This result implies the existence of travelling gravity–capillary waves with multi-valued height. The solutions we prove to exist include waves with both positive and negative values of the gravity coefficient. We also compute these gravity perturbed Crapper waves by means of a quasi-Newton iterative scheme (again, using both positive and negative values of the gravity coefficient). A phase diagram is generated, which depicts the existence of single-valued and multi-valued travelling waves in the gravity–amplitude plane. A new largest water wave is computed, which is composed of a string of bubbles at the interface.
Cephalo-traumatic secretion transfer in a hermaphrodite sea slug
Authors: Lange Rolanda , Werminghausen Johanna , Anthes Nils
Published: November 2013

Mating rituals in the animal kingdom are often quite extraordinary, in particular when mating is traumatic. We here describe the exceptional traumatic mating behaviour of the currently undescribed sea slug,
Siphopteron
sp. 1. Similar to four congeners,
Siphopteron
sp. 1 routinely exhibits traumatic secretion transfer through a stylet-like penis appendage. Contrary to previous descriptions, however, prostate secretions are injected centrally into the partner's forehead, representing, to our knowledge, the first-known instance of ‘cephalo-traumatic secretion transfer’. We further provide a comparative quantification of within- and between-species variation in injection sites and derive a potential neurophysiological function of prostate secretions that are injected close to, or into, the central nervous system.
Why not lie? Costs enforce honesty in an experimental signalling game
Authors: Polnaszek Timothy J. , Stephens David W.
Published: November 2013

Communication depends on reliability. Yet, the existence of stable honest signalling presents an evolutionary puzzle. Why should animals signal honestly in the face of a conflict of interest? While students of animal signalling have offered several theoretical answers to this puzzle, the most widely studied model, commonly called the ‘handicap principle’, postulates that the costs of signals stabilize honesty. This model is the motivating force behind an enormous research enterprise that explores signal costs—whether they are physiological, immunological, neural, developmental or caloric. While there can be no question that many signals are costly, we lack definitive experimental evidence demonstrating that costs stabilize honesty. This study presents a laboratory signalling game using blue jays (
Cyanocitta cristata
) that provides, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence showing honesty persists when costs are high and disappears when costs are low.
‘I am not a tragedy. I am full of hope’: communication impairment narratives in newspapers
Authors: O Malley‐Keighran Mary‐Pat , Coleman Mary
Published: November 2013

Background

Individual attitudes and more general attitudes in society can negatively influence the functioning of people with communication disorders according to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) (2002). Personal narratives have been recommended as the best means to convey and understand a person's life experience and have been investigated extensively. Investigations of personal narratives of communication impairment in mass media continue to be relatively rare in the literature. Published narratives can enrich understandings of clients’ experiences by elucidating available representations of lived experiences of communication impairment.

Aims

To answer the following research questions: What types of personal narratives of communication impairments are currently being disseminated in Irish newspapers? How are experiences of communication impairments represented in these narratives?

Methods & Procedures

The study was qualitative, deploying inductive analysis and drawing on Frank's () typology of illness narratives to analyse narratives that were published in two Irish national newspapers over a 12‐month period.

Outcomes & Results

The results illustrate the under‐representation of communication impairments in Irish newspapers as ten out of 51 narratives in the corpus pertained to conditions that may have associated communication impairments. None of the narratives related the lived experience of a person with communication impairment in depth. A combination of quest and chaos narrative types was identified in six out of the ten narratives. Three out of the ten narratives featured a combination of chaos and restitution narrative types. One narrative was identified as being entirely a quest narrative. Three narratives contained elements of restitution. Inductive analysis revealed six main themes in the data (two for each narrative type) with one sub‐theme identified for each main theme. The six main themes are: positive stances, re‐evaluation of life, despair, fear, hope and support of others.

Conclusions & Implications

The under‐representation of the lived experience of people with communication impairments in Irish national newspapers may be seen as contributing to a general lack of understanding and awareness of communication impairments. This under‐representation, coupled with a lack of awareness, may potentially affect the ability of people with communication impairments to re‐engage with and reintegrate into their communities.
Food insecurity among university students in Victoria: A pilot study
Authors: Micevski Dee A. , Thornton Lukar E. , Brockington Sonia
Published: November 2013

Aims

Susceptibility to food insecurity can vary over a life course; however, a potential period of particular vulnerability is while studying at a tertiary institution. This pilot study aimed to assess the prevalence, severity and potential determinants of food insecurity among tertiary students attending a Victorian‐based institution.

Methods

The present study employed a cross‐sectional design, involving use of a self‐reported questionnaire. The survey, conducted in 2012, was administered to a sample of 124 Deakin University students and contains measures of food insecurity status, demographics and other potential explanatory factors. Descriptive and regression analysis was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of food insecurity and associations with factors that may support or hinder a student's ability to procure food, such as living arrangements, income and knowledge of support services.

Results

Food insecurity without hunger was reported by 18% of Deakin University students, while an additional 30% reported experiencing the more severe form of food insecurity (with hunger). A lower odds of being food insecure was reported among students living with their family (without hunger OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.12–0.99; with hunger OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.12–0.70), while a higher odds was found among those receiving government support (with hunger OR 2.52; 95% CI 1.05–6.04).

Conclusions

The reported prevalence of food insecurity among the tertiary student sample was greater than the general Australian population, suggesting they are a vulnerable group. This may be attributable to financial pressures faced when students are not living with their parents.
A method for detecting modules in quantitative bipartite networks
Authors: Dormann Carsten F. , Strauss Rouven
Published: November 2013

Ecological networks are often composed of different subcommunities (often referred to as modules). Identifying such modules has the potential to develop a better understanding of the assembly of ecological communities and to investigate functional overlap or specialization.

The most informative form of networks are quantitative or weighted networks. Here, we introduce an algorithm to identify modules in quantitative bipartite (or two‐mode) networks. It is based on the hierarchical random graphs concept of Clauset et al. (2008 Nature 453: 98–101) and is extended to include quantitative information and adapted to work with bipartite graphs. We define the algorithm, which we call QuanBiMo, sketch its performance on simulated data and illustrate its potential usefulness with a case study.

Modules are detected with a higher accuracy in simulated quantitative networks than in their binary counterparts. Even at high levels of noise, QuanBiMo still classifies 70% of links correctly as within‐ or between‐modules. Recursively applying the algorithm results in additional information of within‐module organization of the network.

The algorithm introduced here must be seen as a considerable improvement over the current standard of algorithms for binary networks. Due to its higher sensitivity, it is likely to lead to be useful for detecting modules in the typically noisy data of ecological networks.
New biodiversity measure that includes consistent interspecific and intraspecific components
Authors: Pavoine Sandrine , Izsák Janos
Published: November 2013

Current developments of diversity measures that consider that species are not equivalent, concentrate on how functionally or phylogenetically (dis)similar species are from each other (interspecific components). To assess the biodiversity of a community, few of the developed measures include intraspecific components, that is to say components that concern only the current features of the individuals of a species or the history of the species regardless of the other extant species of the community. A requirement for new developments in diversity indices could thus be to integrate both interspecific and intraspecific components. The objectives of our study are to introduce a parametric index of diversity (qH), expressed as an effective number of species, which satisfies this requirement, and to analyse the diversity of order 2 (2H). In the particular case of equal intraspecific components for every species, 2H is a simple function of Rao's quadratic entropy.

We introduce our new index family and demonstrate that the vectors of species' proportions that maximize 2H are not necessarily unique and may have zeros (removing species). Then, we apply our index to two case studies: a theoretical example of phylogenetic diversity analysis; and a real data set on the changes in diet diversity of bird communities along an altitudinal gradient.

Using a theoretical phylogenetic tree, we demonstrate that a maximizing vector for 2H can be associated with measures of species' phylogenetic originality. Applied to bird communities in Tarentaise Valley, France, 2H describes a decline in diet diversity with altitude due to a higher proportion of invertebrates in the diets of birds that occur where rocks replace deciduous and evergreen bushes and trees.

Related to recent developments of diversity study made in the field of ecology, our approach has the advantages of integrating functional or phylogenetic intraspecific and interspecific components, and species' proportions (e.g. relative abundance or biomass), and of being applicable to many different data sets and objectives. Applied to both phylogenetic and functional diversity, our approach can help decisions when prioritizing conservation actions.
Ethanol Untangles the Amygdala‐Anxiety Circuit Through Tonic GABA Inhibition
Authors: Diaz Marvin R. , Morton Russell A.
Published: November 2013

The central amygdala (CeA) has a unique role in integrating stress and the rewarding effects of ethanol (EtOH) and plays a major role in the development of EtOH dependence via signaling of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF). A recent report by Herman and colleagues (2013) entitled “Novel Subunit‐Specific Tonic GABA Currents and Differential Effects of Ethanol in the Central Amygdala of CRF Receptor‐1 Reporter Mice” is the first study to investigate inhibitory tonic currents in relation to CRF signaling in the CeA. The findings of that study significantly enhance our understanding of inhibitory tonic currents in the CeA and give insight into how EtOH may differentially affect CRF signaling within the CeA, leading to the development of EtOH dependence. This commentary will focus on the recent findings of Herman and colleagues and will discuss the effects of EtOH on the entire anxiety/emotion circuitry.
Smoking rates and smoking cessation preferences of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of two large Australian maternity hospitals
Authors: Hoekzema Laura , Werumeus Buning Annabel , Bonevski Billie , Wolke Lisa , Wong Swee , Drinkwater Paul , Stewart Kay , George Johnson
Published: November 2013

Background

Tobacco smoking is the most important preventable cause of many adverse pregnancy outcomes. Some women continue to smoke during pregnancy although the harmful effects are evident.

Aims

To characterise pregnant smokers and to understand their smoking behaviours and preferences for smoking cessation.

Materials and Methods

Pregnant women (≥18 years) attending the antenatal clinics of two large Victorian maternity hospitals completed a prepiloted questionnaire which included items regarding socio‐demographics, smoking habits and attitudes towards quitting.

Results

Smoking status was self‐reported by 1899 participants; 125 (6.6%) were current smokers and 604 (31.8%) were ex‐smokers. There were 87 (69.6%) daily smokers and 38 (30.4%) occasional smokers. Smokers mainly had medium (54; 43.2%) or heavy nicotine dependence (45; 36%). Current smokers were younger, Australian born, not living with a partner, from a lower socio‐economic background, multigravida and had a smoker in their household or among friends. Although pregnant smokers were aware of the possible complications of smoking, their motivation and confidence to quit (median) on a 10‐point scale were 7 and 4, respectively. The majority of smokers preferred to stop smoking gradually (74; 71.2%). The preferred methods for quitting were medications (49; 47.6%) and hypnotherapy (35; 34.0%). Patches (28; 29.5%) were the preferred dosage form, and nicotine replacement therapy (25; 28.1%) was the preferred medication. Less than half reported that their health professionals discouraged smoking during pregnancy.

Conclusions

Health professionals should be more proactive in identifying smokers and offering smoking cessation support in pregnancy. Multidisciplinary smoking cessation interventions for pregnant smokers are warranted.
Estimating plant biomass in early‐successional subtropical vegetation using a visual obstruction technique
Authors: Fleming Genie M. , Wunderle Joseph M. , Ewert David N. , O'Brien Joseph J.
Published: November 2013

Aim

Non‐destructive methods for quantifying above‐ground plant biomass are important tools in many ecological studies and management endeavours, but estimation methods can be labour intensive and particularly difficult in structurally diverse vegetation types. We aimed to develop a low‐cost, but reasonably accurate, estimation technique within early‐successional Bahamian broadleaf shrub vegetation.

Location

Eleuthera, The Bahamas.

Methods

Our biomass estimation technique was based on a visual obstruction method originally developed for use in grassland vegetation, but modified to suit our mixed vegetation structure. Visual obstruction measures were recorded for a total of 90 0.25‐m2 quadrats from which all standing vegetation was subsequently collected, dried and weighed. Regression models were then developed to predict vegetation dry weight (biomass) from visual obstruction.

Results

The field time and equipment costs required to obtain our visual obstruction measures were low, and the accuracy of our above‐ground plant biomass predictions was on par with that reported for other estimation techniques. Should increased accuracy or additional structural information be desired, our basic technique can be enhanced by adding other easily obtained measures (e.g. woody stem circumference).

Conclusions

Our low‐cost technique yields reasonably accurate estimates of above‐ground plant biomass and should be transferable to any shrubland vegetation type where the maximum height of vegetation is typically below 2 m.
Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Improves Patients' Postoperative Quality of Life in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Clinical Study
Authors: Del Fabbro Massimo , Corbella Stefano , Ceresoli Valentina , Ceci Caterina , Taschieri Silvio
Published: November 2013

Purpose

The control of postoperative discomfort may improve the patient's quality of life as well as treatment acceptance. The aim of the present preliminary report was to assess if the use of autologous platelet concentrate during maxillary sinus augmentation may have a favorable impact on pain and other factors related to patient's quality of life in the first week after surgery.

Materials and Methods

This is an interim report of a randomized single‐blind study. Fifteen patients with atrophic edentulous posterior maxilla underwent maxillary sinus augmentation using deproteinized bovine bone matrix (DBBM) as the grafting material (control group). In other 15 patients (test group), autologous plasma rich in growth factors (P‐PRP) was added to DBBM, then a P‐PRP clot was applied to covering the graft before suturing and finally P‐PRP was placed over the suture in liquid form. During the first week postsurgery, all patients filled in a questionnaire for evaluation of main symptoms and daily activities. The outcomes of the questionnaires of the two groups were statistically compared.

Results

In the first days postsurgery, the group using P‐PRP reported significantly less pain, swelling, and hematoma, and improved functional activities with respect to the control group.

Conclusions

The adjunct of P‐PRP to the maxillary sinus augmentation procedure produced a beneficial effect to patients' quality of life in the early postsurgical phase.
The Role of Agriculture on the Recent Brazilian Economic Growth: How Agriculture Competes for Resources
Authors: Spolador Humberto F.S. , Roe Terry L.
Published: November 2013

Drawing upon the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database, and other time series data, we construct a multi‐sector Ramsey model that shows the transition growth of the Brazilian agricultural sector and its effects on growth of the industrial and service sector of the economy, with particular emphasis given to the years 1994–2010. Our results capture the importance of the agriculture's capital intensity and the sector's factor productivity on the sector's growth, the substitution of capital for labor in agriculture, and the sustaining of agriculture's share in Brazilian GDP. These features are rather unique among emerging economies, most of which have experienced a transition out of agriculture and growth in nonfarm production relative to agriculture.
Accessory Mitral Valve—An Unexpected Intra–Operative TEE Finding Causing Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in an Adult
Authors: Gurzun Maria Magdalena , Husain Farhan , Zaidi Afzal , Ionescu Adrian
Published: November 2013

There is a long‐standing debate between proponents of routine intra‐operative echo and those who want it restricted to selected groups of patients (such as those undergoing valve repair or correction of congenital abnormalities). We present a case where routine transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) identified completely unexpected pathology, with implications for the postoperative follow‐up and for patient outcomes. A 64‐year‐old male, with a history of surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta in childhood, was admitted for elective valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis (AS). Previous transthoracic echocardiography had not identified any other pathology apart from AS, but routine intra‐operative TEE picked up severe turbulence in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). On further analysis this was due to 2 mechanisms: a localized subaortic membrane and a “cystic” mass attached to the anterior mitral leaflet, protruding into the LVOT in systole. Multiplane imaging of the mass disclosed an accessory mitral valve (MV), a rare congenital abnormality. The patient had excision of the stenosed aortic valve and of the subaortic membrane, while the accessory MV was spared, as the surgeon judged its removal might distort the mitral apparatus. Postoperative recovery was unremarkable and the patient went home with symptomatic improvement. This case illustrates the fact that even “standard” cardiac procedures can benefit from intra‐operative TEE which, in our view, should be available for all patients who undergo heart surgery.
Stable isotope enrichment in laboratory ant colonies: effects of colony age, metamorphosis, diet, and fat storage
Authors: Barriga P.A. , Sloan J.V. , Porter S.D. , Sagers C.L.
Published: November 2013

Ecologists use stable isotopes to infer diets and trophic levels of animals in food webs, yet some assumptions underlying these inferences have not been thoroughly tested. We used laboratory‐reared colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsidini) to test the effects of metamorphosis, diet, and lipid storage on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. Effects of metamorphosis were examined in ant colonies maintained on a control diet of domestic crickets and sucrose solution. Effects of a diet shift were evaluated by adding a tuna supplement to select colonies. Effects of lipid content on stable isotopes were tested by treating worker ants with polar and non‐polar solvents. δ13C and δ15N values of larvae, pupae, and workers were measured by mass spectrometry on whole‐animal preparations. We found a significant effect of colony age on δ13C, but not δ15N; larvae, pupae, and workers collected at 75 days were slightly depleted in 13C relative to collections at 15 days (Δδ13C = −0.27‰). Metamorphosis had a significant effect on δ15N, but not δ13C; tissues of each successive developmental stage were increasingly enriched in 15N (pupae, +0.5‰; workers, +1.4‰). Availability of tuna resulted in further shifts of about +0.6‰ in isotope ratios for all developmental stages. Removing fat with organic solvents had no effect on δ13C, but treatment with a non‐polar solvent resulted in enriched δ15N values of +0.37‰. Identifying regular patterns of isotopic enrichment as described here should improve the utility of stable isotopes in diet studies of insects. Our study suggests that researchers using 15N enrichment to assess trophic levels of an organism at different sites need to take care not to standardize with immature insect herbivores or predators at one site and mature ones at another. Similar problems may also exist when standardizing with holometabolous insects at one site and spiders or hemimetabolous insects at another site.