bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Comparison of Sulfate Anions Removal from Artificial and Industrial Wastewaters by Nanofiltration Process in a Laboratory Scale
Authors: Hangi Ali , Mohebbi Ali , Mirzaei Mohammad , Kaydani Hossein
Published: June 2015

In this study, the performance of a nanofiltration process in sulfate anion reduction from artificial and industrial wastewaters was investigated. For this purpose, the effects of pressure, temperature, and volume flow rate and sulfate concentration of feed were studied. In order to prepare artificial wastewater (i.e. Sodium Sulfate) and to adjust the pH of the feed, both Sodium Hydroxide and Acetic Acid were used. The concentration of sulfate in the artificial wastewater was in the range of the industrial one (i.e. 400~500 ppm) and the pressure range, which had the most important influence on retention, was between 138~552kPa. In order to organize the experiments and obtain a specific procedure to perform the required tests, Minintab 16 software has been utilizes. The results showed that the reduction of sulfate anions, which had bivalent charge with big molecule size, occurred at high level of 96~99%. Higher pressure and temperature led to increase in this retention rate, while it reduced at high level of sulfate concentration in the feed. The condition in which the pressure, temperature, and feed flow rate were respectively 50345 kPa, 25ºCand 4L/min were indicated as the optimum condition.
High Hydrogen Permeance Silica Membranes Prepared by a Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
Authors: Ikeda Ayumi , Ono Ryuhei , Nomura Mikihiro
Published: June 2015

H2 permselective silica hybrid membranes were successfully prepared by using a counter diffusion chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Hexyltrimethoxysilane (HTMOS), phenyltrimethoxysilane (PhTMOS) or diphenyldimethoxysilane (DPhDMOS) were used as silica precursors. The oxidants were O3 or O2. These reactants were provided at the opposite side of the γ-alumina substrates, and the deposition occurred in the pores of the substrates. The HTMOS/O3 derived membrane deposited at 450°C showed the highest H2 permselectivity. The H2 permeace was 2.1×10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 with the H2/SF6 permeance ratio of 5.9×106. H2 permeances through the HTMOS derived membranes increased with increasing the deposition temperatures. While the H2 permeance through the PhTMOS and DPhDMOS derived membranes decreased with increasing the deposition temperatures. The PhTMOS derived membrane prepared at 150°C showed the H2 permeance of 1.7×10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 with the H2/SF6 permeance ratio of 13. The PhTMOS membrane prepared at 320°C showed the highest H2/SF6 permeance ratio of 1.8×104among the PhTMOS derived membranes. However, the H2/SF6 permeance ratio through the DPhDMOS membranes showed the different trend. Higher H2/SF6 permeance ratio was found through the DPhDMOS derived membranes deposited at 180°C and 360°C. The maximum H2/SF6 permeance ratio was 4.2×104 through the DPhDMOS membrane deposited at 180°C. The decomposition properties of organic groups on silica surface are investigated by using hydrolysis powders derived from the each silica precursor. The HTMOS powders showed O3 stability after the high temperature treatment. Thus, high H2 permselective membranes were prepared by the HTMOS at 450 °C.
Archaeoglobi class. nov.
Authors: Garrity George M. , Holt John G.
Published: June 2015

Arch.ae.o.glo' bi
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Archaeoglobales
type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Archaeoglobi
the class of
Archaeoglobales
.

Euryarchaeota / Archaeoglobi
Acidithiobacillales ord. nov
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: June 2015

A.ci.di.thi.o.ba.cil.la' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Acidothiobacillus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote order; M.L. fem. n.
Acidithiobacillales
the
Acidithiobacillus
order.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Acidithiobacillales
Inequality in our midst
Authors: Lesorogol Carolyn
Published: June 2015

The recent recession, Occupy Wall Street movement, Eurozone crisis, and growing recognition of the gap between the top 1 percent and the middle class have brought new attention to the problem of economic and social inequality in the United States in particular and across the globe more generally. In 2013, the Society for Economic Anthropology held its annual conference on the theme of inequality. This issue brings together papers presented at the conference. Although each article presents empirical research from a different part of the world and diverse cultures, some common questions emerge. Many authors investigate how unequal social structures are generated and maintained and the role of economic systems and cultural forms and rules in that process. Drawing on ethnography, they attend to the lived experience of social exclusion, dislocation, and relocation as systems undergo change. The process of change is itself also critical; how do people act individually and together in the face of inequality? These are some of the questions that the articles in this issue explore. The studies presented here document, through empirically grounded research, many aspects of these complex questions and move our understanding forward in new ways.
Eldercare, immigration, and health care in Italy: How the Italian state creates and mitigates inequality
Authors: Meyer Patti
Published: June 2015

This article considers the role of the Italian state as both a source of inequality and an institution that mitigates inequality. Fieldwork completed in Genoa in 2010 focused on the intersection of immigration policies, care work needs, and the informal economy revealed in the lives of immigrant in‐home care workers. Genoa, the largest city in the region of Liguria, is the “oldest” city in Europe, in that 33 percent of the population is now older than 60 years of age. In Esping‐Andersen's typology, Italy's Mediterranean‐familialist‐style welfare regime is characterized by a high dependence on family members to provide care, few state‐supported services for elders, and a shortage of policies that reconcile care and work. This combination places the burden of care for family elders on female relatives, thus perpetuating gender inequalities. In Italy, the relatives of the elder needing care often shift their burden onto low‐wage immigrant laborers. In households employing care workers in Genoa, examining how Italian state policies regarding eldercare maintain ethnic, class, and gender inequalities illustrates how state forces influence private realities. In addition, the well‐established practice of regional autonomy has transformed the Italian national health care system, as it is manifest in the region of Liguria, into a sociocultural institution that mitigates inequality in health care access as it serves both citizens and immigrants. However, this institution also supports unequal working conditions in that it supports informal economic activity by maintaining the health of the low‐wage, immigrant workforce critical to the well‐being of the elders of this region.
Plasmids for C‐terminal tagging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contain improved GFP proteins, Envy and Ivy
Authors: Slubowski Christian J. , Funk Alyssa D. , Roesner Joseph M. , Paulissen Scott M. , Huang Linda S.
Published: June 2015

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has become an invaluable tool in biological research. Many GFP variants have been created that differ in brightness, photostability, and folding robustness. We have created two hybrid GFP variants, Envy and Ivy, which we placed in a vector for the C‐terminal tagging of yeast proteins by PCR‐mediated recombination. The Envy GFP variant combines mutations found in the robustly folding SuperfolderGFP and GFPγ, while the Ivy GFP variant is a hybrid of GFPγ and the yellow‐green GFP variant, Clover. We compared Envy and Ivy to EGFP, SuperfolderGFP and GFPγ and found that Envy is brighter than the other GFP variants at both 30°C and 37°C, while Ivy is the most photostable. Envy and Ivy are recognized by a commonly used anti‐GFP antibody, and both variants can be immunoprecipitated using the GFP TRAP Camelidae antibody nanotrap technology. Because Envy is brighter than the other GFP variants and is as photostable as GFPγ, we suggest that Envy should be the preferred GFP variant, while Ivy may be used in cases where photostability is of the utmost importance. The GenBank Accession No. for Envy is KM891731, for Ivy is KM891732 and for the yeast optimized GFPγ described in this paper is KM891733. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boric acid destabilizes the hyphal cytoskeleton and inhibits invasive growth of Candida albicans
Authors: Pointer Benjamin R. , Boyer Michael P. , Schmidt Martin
Published: June 2015

Exposure of Candida albicans to sub‐lethal concentrations of boric acid (BA) restricts the dimorphic fungus to its yeast morphology and prevents the formation of invasive hyphae on solid substrates. Exposure to BA causes a rapid and reversible disappearance of polarisome and Spitzenkörper in growing hyphae. In BA‐treated hyphae of C. albicans, actin quickly reorganizes from cytoplasmic cables to cortical patches and cell wall growth switches from an apical to an isotropic pattern. As a result of the cytoskeletal changes, the hyphal tips broaden and directional growth of hyphae ceases in the presence of BA. An analysis of homozygous deletion strains showed that mutants with constitutive or enhanced hyphal growth (tup1, nrg1, ssn6, rbf1) are BA‐sensitive, demonstrating that cellular morphology is a major determinant of BA tolerance. The screening of deletion mutants also showed that deficiencies of the main activator of hyphal gene expression, Efg1, and the Rim101‐signalling cascade, leading to Efg1 activation, cause BA resistance. Taken together, the data presented show that the selective inhibitory effect on BA on C. albicans hyphae is rooted in a disruption of apical cytoskeletal elements of growing hyphae. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reprogenetics, Genetic Tools and Reproductive Risk: Attitudes and Understanding Among Ethnic Groups in Israel
Authors: Simonstein Frida , Mashiach‐Eizenberg Michal
Published: June 2015

The present study investigated a possible relationship between the attitudes toward genetic technologies and the understanding of genetics, reproduction, and reproductive risk among Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews. The study included 203 respondents, who answered a structured self‐report questionnaire. They were recruited using a snowball method, which increased the participation of Israeli Arabs in the sample, although the sample was not representative of the Israeli population as a whole (there were more Arabs and fewer men). The respondents in this study expressed a positive attitude toward genetic technologies, but were less in favor of using genetic tools for non‐medical purposes. Respondents of both groups were not knowledgeable of genetics; however, they scored higher on the items related to reproductive risk, which suggests that some awareness about genetic risk exists in both sectors of the Israeli population. Nevertheless, Israeli Arabs were less positive than Israeli Jews regarding the application of genetic tools. Moreover, although an understanding of genetics correlated positively with the attitude among Arabs, it did not affect the attitude of Jews, who remained very positive, regardless of their level of understanding. This result suggests that other social and cultural factors, besides understanding, might be at work among these two major ethnic sectors. Further studies that integrate educational, social, and cultural aspects among ethnic sectors of the population are required to improve health services and genetic counselling in Israel and in other countries.
The Axillary View Typically Does Not Contribute to Decision Making in Care for Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Berkes Marschall B. , Dines Joshua S. , Birnbaum Jacqueline F. , Lazaro Lionel E. , Lorich Tristan C. , Little Milton T. M. , Nguyen Joseph T. , Lorich Dean G.
Published: June 2015

Background

Convention dictates that an axillary view be obtained when evaluating proximal humerus fractures (PHF). However, the axillary view is frequently omitted because of pain and technical considerations. Furthermore, its diagnostic utility is unclear in this setting.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the rate of obtaining an adequate axillary X-ray and complete shoulder series at a level I trauma center, (2) understand the cost of ordering and attempting an axillary radiograph, and (3) determine if axillary radiographs influence the management of PHF.

Patients and Methods

PHF treated between 2009 and 2011 that were ordered for an AP, scapular Y, and axillary view was identified. The types of radiographs actually obtained were recorded. The cost of obtaining three views and a single view of the shoulder with X-ray was determined. Lastly, three surgeons reviewed 42 PHF, both with and without an axillary view (AV), and treatment recommendations were compared.

Results

30% of PHF in this series had an adequate axillary view, and 14% received a complete trauma series. No factors could be identified that were associated with successfully obtaining an axillary view. Reviewers demonstrated substantial intraobserver reliability (κ = 0.759–0.808) regarding treatment recommendations for PHF with and without the axillary view. The addition of the AV had minimal influence on treatment recommendations.

Conclusion

Considering that the axillary view for PHF is painful, labor-intensive, costly, and does not appear to provide additional diagnostic value, orthopedic surgeons can consider foregoing the use of the axillary view when evaluating and treating PHF, particularly if other advanced imaging is utilized.
Capillary Curves for Ex‐situ Washing of Oil‐Coated Particles
Authors: Quraishi Suniya , Bussmann Markus , Acosta Edgar
Published: June 2015

The oil removal efficiency for the ex situ extraction of bitumen from oil sands, or ex situ washing of oil‐contaminated sand and related processes is determined by the balance of forces at the oil/water and solid/fluid interfaces. The objective of this work is to estimate the balance of forces at the interface using dimensionless numbers, and their use in evaluating and engineering ex situ soil washing processes. To this end, bitumen was removed from bitumen‐coated sand particles using a two‐step process. In the first step, the particles were mixed with a suitable solvent (toluene) used, primarily, to reduce the viscosity of bitumen. The particles were then mixed with water or an aqueous surfactant solution capable of producing low interfacial tensions with the solvent‐bitumen mixture. The fraction of oil retained after washing was evaluated as a function of interfacial tension, solvent/bitumen ratio, mixing time, mixing velocity, and particle size. These ex situ washing conditions were normalized using dimensionless film and particle‐based Weber and Capillary numbers. The fraction of oil retained by the particles was plotted against these dimensionless numbers to generate capillary curves similar to those used in enhanced oil recovery. These curves reveal the existence of a critical film‐based Weber number and a particle‐based Capillary number that can be used in the design or evaluation of soil washing processes. The film‐based Weber number also explained literature data that associates interfacial tension with the removal of oil from oil‐based drill cuttings, as well as field observations on the role that particle size plays on the removal of oil in soil washing operations.
Campaign-triggered Mass Collaboration in the Eu's Online Consultations: The Isds-in-ttip Case
Authors: Bauer Matthias
Published: June 2015

For EU institutions, public consultations represent a key tool for transparent and accountable policymaking. By means of e-participation tools, both the European Parliament and the European Commission aim to encourage multiple stakeholders to provide input on legislative processes in ways that go beyond traditional consultations, which are sometimes aimed exclusively at a small group of stakeholders. Online questionnaires are frequently used to give individual citizens, civil society organisations and other interest groups the opportunity to express their opinions. Although it is widely accepted that e-participation can improve the democratic legitimacy of EU policymaking, online consultations entail a number of democratic challenges. With the Commission's recent online public consultation on Investor–State Dispute Settlement in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, the flaws of online participation have once again become a focus of political debates. As a result of new societal trends that favour ‘low-effort, feel-good’ political participation via the Internet, e-participation will remain a challenge for the EU as well as for political parties. This challenge will not be appropriately addressed by having a high degree of transparency about the consultative procedures alone. What is required is more effective multi-level communication of the proceedings of the consultation and of its results.
Parents', Students', and Teachers' Beliefs about Teaching Heritage Histories in Public School History Classrooms
Authors: Levy Sara A.
Published: June 2015

This qualitative study examines the expectations and beliefs parents, students, and teachers have about the teaching of heritage histories in public high schools. Students from three heritage groups, as well as their parents and teachers, were interviewed to shed light on this complex, often silent, relationship. This study is grounded in literature about the purposes of history education, historical distance, and collective memory/heritage, which give shape to and help to explicate some of the more complex issues inherent in the teaching of heritage histories. Participants included four Hmong students, three of their parents, and their teacher in St. Paul, Minnesota; eight Chinese students, nine of their parents, and their teacher in Elmdale, California; and five Jewish students, five of their parents, and their teacher in Maple Lake, Illinois. Findings indicate that the three stakeholder groups believe that the public school history classroom is an appropriate and desired place for heritage histories to be taught. This is complicated, however, by several factors: the placement of the heritage history narratives within larger curricular and mainstream narratives, how the teachers choose to incorporate the heritage narratives into the formal classroom curriculum, and the changing nature of historical and generational distance.
Managing for quality aged residential care with a migrant workforce
Authors: Ngocha-Chaderopa Nyemudzai Esther , Boon Bronwyn
Published: June 2015

Given the growing demand for aged residential care facilities in Western industrialised economies, the adequate staffing of these facilities is a growing concern. Increasingly migrant care workers are being employed to fill the local labour shortfall. In this paper we present findings of a qualitative study exploring how managers of aged residential care facilities work to ensure consistent delivery of quality care through their migrant care workers. The issues raised by the 16 managers cluster around three themes: communication and language barriers; racism by residents, families and managers; and underemployment of tertiary qualified migrant care workers. In addition to issues of quality care delivery, concerns around migrant employee well-being are seen to be difficult to avoid.
Acquirer Valuation and Acquisition Decisions: Identifying Mispricing Using Short Interest
Authors: Ben-David Itzhak , Drake Michael S. , Roulstone Darren T.
Published: June 2015

We use short interest as an investor-based measure of over- or undervaluation that distinguishes between the misvaluation and Q-theories of mergers. Using this measure, we find that misvaluation is a strong determinant of merger decision-making. Firms in the top quintile of short interest are 54% more likely to engage in stock acquisitions and 22% less likely to engage in cash acquisitions. Stock (but not cash) acquirers have higher short interest than their targets. Overall, our results suggest that the previously documented underperformance of stock acquirers and the overperformance of cash acquirers can be explained by misvaluation, as captured by short interest.
The Effects of Securities Class Action Litigation on Corporate Liquidity and Investment Policy
Authors: Arena Matteo , Julio Brandon
Published: June 2015

The risk of securities class action litigation alters corporate savings and investment policy. Firms with greater exposure to securities litigation hold significantly more cash in anticipation of future settlements and other related costs. The result is due to firms accumulating cash in anticipation of lawsuits and not a consequence of plaintiffs targeting firms with high cash levels. The market value of cash is lower for firms exposed to litigation risk. Corporate investment decisions are also affected by litigation risk, as firms reduce capital expenditures in response. Our results are robust to endogeneity concerns and possible spurious temporal effects.
Religion and Stock Price Crash Risk
Authors: Callen Jeffrey L. , Fang Xiaohua
Published: June 2015

This study examines whether religiosity at the county level is associated with future stock price crash risk. We find robust evidence that firms headquartered in counties with higher levels of religiosity exhibit lower levels of future stock price crash risk. This finding is consistent with the view that religion, as a set of social norms, helps to curb bad-news-hoarding activities by managers. Our evidence further shows that the negative relation between religiosity and future crash risk is stronger for riskier firms and for firms with weaker governance mechanisms measured by shareholder takeover rights and dedicated institutional ownership.
Dividend Yields, Dividend Growth, and Return Predictability in the Cross Section of Stocks
Authors: Maio Paulo , Santa-Clara Pedro
Published: June 2015

There is a generalized conviction that variation in dividend yields is exclusively related to expected returns and not to expected dividend growth, for example, Cochrane’s (2011) presidential address. We show that this pattern, although valid for the aggregate stock market, is not true for portfolios of small and value stocks, where dividend yields are related mainly to future dividend changes. Thus, the variance decomposition associated with the aggregate dividend yield has important heterogeneity in the cross section of equities. Our results are robust to different forecasting horizons, econometric methodology (long-horizon regressions or first-order vector autoregression), and alternative decomposition based on excess returns.
Social-psychological evidence for the effective updating of implicit attitudes
Authors: Mann Thomas C. , Cone Jeremy , Ferguson Melissa J.
Published: June 2015

Recent findings in social psychology show how implicit affective responses can be changed, leading to strong, fast, and durable updating. This work demonstrates that new information viewed as diagnostic or which prompts reinterpretations of previous learning produces fast revision, suggesting two factors that might be leveraged in clinical settings. Reconsolidation provides a plausible route for making such reasoning possible.
Trade-offs between the accuracy and integrity of autobiographical narrative in memory reconsolidation
Authors: Montemayor Carlos
Published: June 2015

Lane et al. propose an integrative model for the reconsolidation of traces in their timely and impressive article. This commentary draws attention to trade-offs between accuracy and self-narrative integrity in the model. The trade-offs concern the sense of agency in memory and its role in both implicit and explicit memory reconsolidation, rather than balances concerning degrees of emotional arousal.
How do we remember traumatic events? Exploring the role of neuromodulation
Authors: Ortu Daniele
Published: June 2015

The seemingly puzzling datum that behavior decreases after punishing stimulation while individuals are still able to remember traumatic episodes is discussed in relation to dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation. The described mechanisms may contribute to an understanding of how occurrences of learning reconsolidation yield different outcomes across intra- and extra-therapeutic settings.
How does psychotherapy work? A case study in multilevel explanation
Authors: Roache Rebecca
Published: June 2015

Multilevel explanations abound in psychiatry. However, formulating useful such explanations is difficult or (some argue) impossible. I point to several ways in which Lane et al. successfully use multilevel explanations to advance understanding of psychotherapeutic effectiveness. I argue that the usefulness of an explanation depends largely on one's purpose, and conclude that this point has been inadequately recognised in psychiatry.
Deconstructing the process of change in cognitive behavioral therapy: An alternative approach focusing on the episodic retrieval mode
Authors: Staniloiu Angelica , Zaretsky Ari E.
Published: June 2015

Lane et al. view the process of memory reconsolidation as a main ingredient of psychotherapeutic change. They ascertain that in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) high priority is given to the “semantic structure.” We argue that memory-related mechanisms of change in CBT are more nuanced than the target article presents. Furthermore, we propose to partially shift the focus from the process of reconsolidation to the retrieval operations.
Focus on emotion as a catalyst of memory updating during reconsolidation
Authors: Stein Maria , Rohde Kristina Barbara , Henke Katharina
Published: June 2015

We share the idea of Lane et al. that successful psychotherapy exerts its effects through memory reconsolidation. To support it, we add further evidence that a behavioral interference may trigger memory update during reconsolidation. Furthermore, we propose that – in addition to replacing maladaptive emotions – new emotions experienced in the therapeutic process catalyze reconsolidation of the updated memory structure.
The importance of the rites of passage in assigning semantic structures to autobiographical memory
Authors: Benga Oana , Neagota Bogdan , Benga Ileana
Published: June 2015

As cultural anthropologists, we noticed an unexpected and interesting convergence of the therapeutic practices suggested in the target article and the rites of passage occurring across multiple societies, as individuals make the transition from one significant age or status to another.
Memory reconsolidation and psychotherapeutic process
Authors: Liberzon Israel , Javanbakht Arash
Published: June 2015

Lane et al. propose a heuristic model in which distinct, and seemingly irreconcilable, therapies can coexist. Authors postulate that memory reconsolidation is a key common neurobiological process mediating the therapeutic effects. This conceptualization raises a set of important questions regarding neuroscience and translational aspects of fear memory reconsolidation. We discuss the implications of the target article's memory reconsolidation model in the development of more effective interventions, and in the identification of less effective, or potentially harmful approaches, as well as concepts of contextualization, optimal arousal, and combined therapy
Multiple traces or Fuzzy Traces? Converging evidence for applications of modern cognitive theory to psychotherapy
Authors: Reyna Valerie F. , Landa Yulia
Published: June 2015

Neurobiologically informed integration of research on memory, emotion, and behavior change in psychotherapy is needed, which Lane at al. advance. Memory reconsolidation that incorporates new emotional experience plays an important role in therapeutic change, converging with evidence for Fuzzy Trace Theory. Applications of Fuzzy Trace Theory to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for youth at risk for psychosis, and to other aspects of behavior change, are discussed.
Conjuring the spirit of multilateralism: Histories of crisis management during the ‘great credit crash’
Authors: SAMMAN AMIN
Published: June 2015

In recent years, critical scholars have emphasised how the recollection of past events as traumas can both constrain and widen the political possibilities of a present. This article builds on such research by suggesting that the management of contemporary financial crises is reliant on a ritual work of repetition, wherein prior ‘crisis’ episodes are called upon to identify and authorise specific sites and modes of crisis management. In order to develop this argument, I focus on how past crises figure within the public pronouncements of four key policymaking organisations during the financial instability of 2007–9. I find that while the Great Depression does enable these organisations to reaffirm old ways of managing crises, both it and the more recent Asian crisis are also made to disclose new truths about the evolution of multilateralism as a form of governance. In so doing, I argue, these historical narratives reveal how the management of global financial crisis depends upon a kind of ‘magic trick’. Rather than a strictly rational, historical process of problem solving, contemporary crises are instead negotiated through a contingent and self-referential conjuring of crisis-histories.
Interaction of an electron beam with whistler waves in magnetoplasmas
Authors: Gupta Ruby , Prakash Ved , Sharma Suresh C. , Vijayshri
Published: June 2015

The present paper studies the whistler wave interaction with an electron beam propagating through magnetized plasma. A dispersion relation of whistler waves has been derived, and first-order perturbation theory has been employed to obtain the growth rate of whistlers in the presence of parallel as well as oblique electron beam. For whistler waves propagating parallel to the magnetic field, that is, parallel whistlers, only the cyclotron resonance appears with a parallel beam, while for whistler waves propagating at an angle to the magnetic field, that is, oblique whistlers interaction with parallel beam or parallel whistlers interaction with oblique beam, the Cerenkov and the cyclotron resonances both appear. The growth rate is found to increase with an increase in the transverse component of beam velocity and with an increase in the strength of magnetic field. The whistler wave frequency decreases with an increase in the beam velocity. The obliqueness of the whistler mode modifies its dispersion characteristics as well as growth rate of the instability. For purely parallel-propagating beams, it is essential for the growth of whistler mode that the wave number perpendicular to the magnetic field should not be zero. The results presented may be applied to explain the mechanisms of the whistler wave excitation in space plasma.
Seed predation in a human-modified tropical landscape
Authors: Zambrano Jenny , Coates Rosamond , Howe Henry F.
Published: June 2015

Contemporary defaunation of fragmented forests potentially alters patterns of seed predation and dispersal. Alternatively, the remaining fauna may compensate for missing animals, resulting in equivalent rates of seed dispersal and predation. In the Los Tuxtlas region of southern Mexico, populations of large terrestrial fruit-eating mammals are diminished or absent from many forest remnants. This study reports fruit removal and seed predation patterns of Poulsenia armata (Moraceae), in forest fragments and a continuous forest (LTBS). Contrary to expectation, we found no differences in seed predation (mean ± SD) between LTBS (7.2 ± 1.8 seeds per station) and forest fragments (5.6 ± 1.1). However more fruits were removed in the LTBS (11.4 ± 0.9 fruits per station) than in forest fragments (8.1 ± 0.8). Animal activity, recorded by camera traps, differed between animal guild with fewer seed dispersers in forest fragments (mean = 0.43 ± 0.02 photos wk−1) than in the LTBS (mean = 0.68 ± 0.05). Fruits and seeds attracted many species of mammal (n = 12) in both habitats, indicating substantial redundancy. Remnant forest patches in the Los Tuxtlas landscape retain great ecological value, both as refuges for mammals and habitats for trees, such as P. armata.
Does the abundance of dominant trees affect diversity of a widespread tropical woodland ecosystem in Tanzania?
Authors: Shirima Deo D. , Totland Ørjan , Munishi Pantaleo K. T. , Moe Stein R.
Published: June 2015

Dominant woody species can determine the structure and composition of a plant community by affecting environmental conditions experienced by other species. We explored how dominant tree species affect the tree species richness, diversity, evenness and vertical structural heterogeneity of non-dominant species in wet and dry miombo woodlands of Tanzania. We sampled 146 plots from eight districts with miombo woodlands, covering a wide range of topographic and climatic conditions. We recorded 217 woody plant species belonging to 48 families and 122 genera. Regression analysis showed significant negative linear associations between tree species richness, relative species profile index of the non-dominant and the relative abundance of the dominant tree species (Brachystegia spiciformisandBrachystegia microphyllain wet, andBrachystegia spiciformisandJulbernardia globiflorain dry miombo woodlands). Shannon diversity and evenness had strong non-linear negative relationships with relative abundance of dominant tree species. A large number of small individual stems from dominant and non-dominant tree species suggesting good regeneration conditions, and intensive competition affecting survival. We suggest that dominant miombo tree species are suppressing the non-dominant miombo tree species, especially in areas with high recruitments, perhaps because of their important adaptive features (extensive root systems and ectomycorrhizal associations), which enhance their ability to access limited nutrients.
Number fields without n-ary universal quadratic forms
Authors: BLOMER VALENTIN , KALA VÍTĚZSLAV
Published: June 2015

Given any positive integer M, we show that there are infinitely many real quadratic fields that do not admit universal quadratic forms with even cross coefficients in M variables.
Consonant lenition as a sociophonetic variable in Murrinh Patha (Australia)
Authors: Mansfield John Basil
Published: June 2015

In recent years, the typological and geographic range of languages subjected to sociophonetic study has been expanding, though until now Australian Aboriginal languages have been absent from this subdiscipline. This first sociophonetic study of an Australian language, Murrinh Patha, shows a type of consonant lenition that is notably distinct from the better known examples in Standard Average European languages, effecting /p/ and /k/ primarily in the onset of stressed, usually word-initial syllables. Young men lenite more frequently than older men do, and paternal heritage from the neighboring Marri language group also predicts more frequent lenition. The latter influence may be the result of intense language contact brought about by recent settlement of diverse language groups at the Catholic Mission of Port Keats.
The emergence of negative concord in Santa María Chiquimula K'ichee’ (Mayan): A variationist perspective
Authors: Romero Sergio
Published: June 2015

This paper is a quantitative study of the emergence of negative concord in Santa María Chiquimula K'ichee’, apparently the only known case of negative concord in the Mayan stock. It is the latest development in a series of recent changes in the syntax of negative clauses in K'ichee’ (Romero, 2012). Using apparent time and comparative cross-dialectal data, I show that negative concord in this variety is a change in progress that started no earlier than the turn of the 20th century.
Constraints on ellipsis alternation: A view from the history of English
Authors: Nykiel Joanna
Published: June 2015

I offer a diachronic perspective on English ellipsis alternation, or the alternation between inclusion and omission of prepositions from remnants under sluicing and bare argument ellipsis. The relative freedom to omit prepositions from remnants has not been stable in English; this freedom is connected to the strength of semantic dependencies between prepositions and verbs. Remnants without prepositions are first attested, but remain less frequent than remnants with prepositions, as late as Early Modern English and gain in frequency following this period. I demonstrate that three constraints—correlate informativity, structural persistence, and construction type—predict ellipsis alternation in Early and Late Modern English. However, predicting ellipsis alternation in present-day English requires semantic dependencies in addition to the three constraints. The constraints can be subsumed under principles of language processing and production (considerations of accessibility, a tendency to reuse structure, and a conventionalized performance preference for efficiently accessing constituents that form processing domains), permitting a unified processing account of ellipsis alternation with cross-linguistic coverage.
Neural responses to monetary incentives among self-injuring adolescent girls
Authors: Sauder Colin L. , Derbidge Christina M. , Beauchaine Theodore P.
Published: June 2015

Rates of self-inflicted injury among adolescents have risen in recent years, yet much remains to be learned about the pathophysiology of such conduct. Self-injuring adolescents report high levels of both impulsivity and depression behaviorally. Aberrant neural responding to incentives, particularly in striatal and prefrontal regions, is observed among both impulsive and depressed adolescents, and may mark common vulnerability to symptoms of anhedonia, irritability, and low positive affectivity. To date, however, no studies have examined associations between central nervous system reward responding and self-injury. In the current study, self-injuring (n= 19) and control (n= 19) adolescent females, ages 13–19 years, participated in a monetary incentive delay task in which rewards were obtained on some trials and losses were incurred on others. Consistent with previous findings from impulsive and depressed samples, self-injuring adolescents exhibited less activation in both striatal and orbitofrontal cortex regions during anticipation of reward than did controls. Self-injuring adolescents also exhibited reduced bilateral amygdala activation during reward anticipation. Although few studies to date have examined amygdala activity during reward tasks, such findings are common among adults with mood disorders and borderline personality disorder. Implications for neural models of impulsivity, depression, heterotypic comorbidity, and development of both self-injury and borderline personality traits are discussed.
Japanese modern municipal retail and wholesale markets in comparison with European markets
Authors: HARADA MASAMI
Published: June 2015

This article seeks to assess the relevance of market ideas outside the European context. In pre-modern Japan, there was neither street market nor retail market but wholesale markets in cities. Feudal lords permitted wholesale dealers to operate in the market as long as the dealers paid either tribute such as fish or tax money to their lords. The Meiji Restoration in the late nineteenth century brought an end to the feudal system. In modern Japan, the problem of food supply in the city arose after the Japanese-Russo War. The Rice Riots broke out in 1918, and drove many cities to open their own municipal retail markets in order to supply urban dwellers with food and daily necessities. Fixed and marked price and cash payment were the operating principles of those municipal retail markets. These principles represented the characteristic features of the modern retail trade. Such municipal retail markets played an important role in the modernization of the retail trade in Japan.
The streets for the people: London's street markets 1850–1939
Authors: KELLEY VICTORIA
Published: June 2015

This article analyses London's street markets in the years between 1850 and 1939. It shows how this was a period of significant growth for street markets, with both steeply increasing numbers of markets and a steady increase in the number of stalls overall. These markets were informal and unauthorized for much of the period under discussion; the administrative/local government context was complex, and competing authorities (the City of London, London County Council, metropolitan boroughs and national government) hesitated in regulating the organic growth of street market trading, while also recognizing the contribution it made to bringing cheap food and commodities to the population of London. It will be argued that the street market, far from being merely the survival of a primitive form of retail, flourished in response to modernity in London. It should be analysed alongside other developing forms of retail, and considered for its contribution to the culture and material culture of the city.
Police forces and political crises: revolutions, policing alternatives and institutional resilience in Paris, 1848–1871
Authors: DELUERMOZ QUENTIN
Published: June 2015

This article examines the relationship between police forces and Parisian society during the two final revolutions of nineteenth-century France in 1848 and 1871. The comparison between these two events reveals the existence of an alternative revolutionary project of ‘urban police’. It also shows, however, the relatively weak impact of these moments on long-term transformations of police organizations. This is all the more notable if we consider the Second Empire's municipal reform of 1854 that had a deep impact on the landscape of the Parisian police. Observing this general sequence helps thus to explore the modifications of police powers during revolutionary moments, and the dynamics of the non-linear transformation of police orders and urban societies in the nineteenth century.
Bungowannah virus – a probable new species of pestivirus – what have we found in the last 10 years?
Authors: Kirkland P. D. , Read A. J. , Frost M. J. , Finlaison D. S.
Published: June 2015

Bungowannah virus was discovered following an outbreak of stillbirths and sudden death in young pigs. Affected animals consistently showed a myocardopathy with signs of cardiac failure. After virus isolation and PCR investigations were unsuccessful, direct fetal inoculation was undertaken. Nucleic acid purified from serum from infected fetuses was subjected to sequence-independent single-primer amplification and nucleic acid sequencing. Sequences consistent with a pestivirus were obtained. The entire genome was identified but was genetically remote from the recognized pestivirus species. This virus was not recognized by pan-pestivirus reactive monoclonal antibodies but was subsequently detected in cell cultures by immunoperoxidase staining using convalescent sow serum. Experimental infections of sows at different stages of gestation reproduced the myocarditis syndrome. Pre-weaning losses of 70 and 29% were observed following infection at days 35 and 90, respectively. Piglets infected at day 35 were shown to be persistently infected, while chronic infections were observed after fetal infection at day 55. Chronically infected piglets showed growth retardation and were viremic for up to 7 months. Myocarditis was associated with infection in late gestation (day 90). Non-pregnant sheep and cattle have been experimentally infected but with no evidence of disease. Infection of pregnant cattle in early gestation resulted in both maternal and fetal infection, but all infected fetuses mounted an antibody response to the virus. Analysis of the nucleic acid sequence confirmed that Bungowannah has a number of changes not observed in other pestiviruses. Genes encoding some of the structural proteins remain fully functional when inserted into a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) backbone. Cell culture-based studies have shown that Bungowannah virus will grow in cells extending from humans to bats as well as farm animals.
Perspective on BVDV control programs
Authors: Givens M. Daniel , Newcomer Benjamin W.
Published: June 2015

Programs for control and eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are often considered prudent when the expense of a control program within a specified time frame effectively prevents loss due to disease and the expense of control does not exceed the costs associated with infection. In some geographic areas, concerns about animal welfare or desires to reduce antibiotic usage may motivate BVDV control even when control programs are associated with a lack of financial return on investment. In other geographic areas, concerns about financial return on investment may be the key motivating factor in considering implementation of BVDV control programs. Past experiences indicate that systematic, well-coordinated control programs have a clear potential for success, while voluntary control programs in cultures of distributed decision-making often result in notable initial progress that ultimately ends in dissolution of efforts. Segmentation of the cattle industry into cow–calf producers, stocker/backgrounders, and feedlot operators amplifies the distribution of decision-making regarding control programs and may result in control measures for one industry segment that are associated with significant costs and limited rewards. Though the host range of BVDV extends well beyond cattle, multiple eradication programs that focus only on testing and removal of persistently infected (PI) cattle have proven to be effective in various countries. While some individuals consider education of producers to be sufficient to stimulate eradication of BVDV, research surrounding the adoption of innovative health care procedures suggests that the process of adopting BVDV control programs has a social element. Collegial interactions and discussions may be crucial in facilitating the systematic implementation necessary to optimize the long-term success of control programs. Compulsory control programs may be considered efficient and effective in some regions; however, in a nation where individual identification of cattle remains voluntary, the likelihood of effective compulsion to control BVDV within a farm or ranch appears to be very unlikely. While currently available diagnostic tests are sufficient to support BVDV eradication via systematic, well-coordinated programs, the development of a diagnostic procedure to safely and consistently detect the gestation of a PI fetus after 5 months of gestation would be a valuable research breakthrough. This desired testing modality would allow diagnosis of PI calves, while the dam continues to provide biocontainment of the infected fetus. This development could speed the progress of control programs in achieving the goal of BVDV control and eventual eradication.
Genetic variability and distribution of Classical swine fever virus
Authors: Beer Martin , Goller Katja V. , Staubach Christoph , Blome Sandra
Published: June 2015

Classical swine fever is a highly contagious disease that affects domestic and wild pigs worldwide. The causative agent of the disease is Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which belongs to the genusPestiviruswithin the familyFlaviviridae. On the genome level, CSFV can be divided into three genotypes with three to four sub-genotypes. Those genotypes can be assigned to distinct geographical regions. Knowledge about CSFV diversity and distribution is important for the understanding of disease dynamics and evolution, and can thus help to design optimized control strategies. For this reason, the geographical pattern of CSFV diversity and distribution are outlined in the presented review. Moreover, current knowledge with regard to genetic virulence markers or determinants and the role of the quasispecies composition is discussed.