bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovicide, Larvicide Trials, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial field near Taft, Tex., to measure the efficacy of 5 treatments against eggs and freshly hatched larvae of tobacco budworm. Treatment efficacy was evaluated on eggs obtained from a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of tobacco budworm (ICI laboratory colony maintained at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi). Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 7 Mar on 38-inch rows. Fresh eggs (24 h old) were placed on the upper surfaces of leaves (10-12 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of each of 6 flowering cotton plants/treatment with a camel’s hair brush moistened with distilled water. Treatments were applied 22 Jun, 30 min after placement of eggs on leaves, with a CO2-pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Based on visual examination, the coverage of leaves and eggs with treatment sprays was optimal. At 6 h after application, all leaves that contained eggs were collected and placed individually into covered plastic Petri dishes containing filter paper moistened with distilled water. The eggs were held for 72 h, then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. A replicate consisted of 2 leaves and 18-22 eggs, depending on the number of eggs lost in the field.
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Boll Weevil, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to measure the efficacy of 11 treatments against tobacco budworm and boll weevil. Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Heliothis larvae (n = 50) were collected from the test plots and reared to adulthood for identification of species. Applications were made 13, 18, and 23 Jul. Twenty-five randomly selected squares or bolls were inspected from each plot for the presence of tobacco budworm larvae and damage and for boll weevil damage on 17, 22, and 27 Jul. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
In-Furrow Insecticides for Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted 8 May in plots 4 rows wide and 20 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The granular insecticides were applied at planting. The soil type was Houston clay. Furadan on corncob and clay granules was compared with Counter, Temik, and an untreated control. Twenty-five seedling plants were pulled 4 d after seedling emergence on 19 May. These seedlings were beaten 25 times over hardware cloth and thrips were counted.
Ovicidal Activity of Fenoxycarb, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to compare the ovicidal activity of Fenoxycarb with Galecron for control of Heliothis spp. eggs. Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 4 row wide, 40 ft long, and replicated 4 times. Plots were arranged in a biased randomized complete block with all Galecron plots on the downwind side of the field and separated by 4 buffer rows. The treatments were applied 14 Jul with a CO2-powered sprayer with fan tips (110° LF3) every 19 inches on the boom. At 4 mph, 15 gal/acre of spray was applied. No other insecticides were applied 30 d prior to the test. Leaves with eggs present were collected on 15 Jul, 24 h after spraying. A total of at least 15 brown and white eggs was collected from each plot, and the eggs were separated by color. Eggs were maintained in the laboratory under 14:10 h light in a moist chamber at 30°C. Emerged larvae were removed each day. A larva was considered hatched if it had cut a hole through the chorion and was outside the egg shell. All larvae had emerged by the day 4. The percentage of hatched larvae was determined on counts made 4 d after collections.
Toxicity of Selected Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Leonard B. Roger , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticide treatments were applied to a field of cotton on the Dean Lee Research Station, Alexandria, La., which had been planted 23 Jun in a silty clay loam soil. Prior to the study, this field had not received an application of insecticide. All insecticides were applied using a hand-held boom with 2 X-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row and charged with a compressed-CO2 spraying system calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre at 38 psi. Plots consisted of 2 rows (38-inch spacing) by 100 ft arranged in a completely random design and replicated 4 times. Freshly laid white Heliothis spp. eggs (10/plot) were collected from each plot 4, 48, and 72 h after treatment. Eggs (attached to a small piece of foliage) were removed from the plant, individually transferred to rearing media, and held in the laboratory at room temperature (80°F) and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D). Mortality to eggs and larvae for each collection was determined 96 h after removal from the field. The survivors in the egg cohort in the untreated control were reared to adults and identified as a population of 64% tobacco budworms and 36% bollworms. Mortality was recorded if eggs did not hatch. Treatment toxicity to newly hatched larvae was determined by the inability of the insect to change position after being prodded. There was no rainfall recorded and relative humidity remained low during the study.
Evaluation of Insecticide Mixtures, 1988
Authors: Merchant Michael E. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticide treatments, some as combinations, were evaluated for the suppression of Heliothis spp. in cotton at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm at College Station. Cotton was planted 6 Apr in 40-inch rows. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots of 8 rows by 65 ft were sprayed with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre through 2 TX-6 hollow-cone nozzles/row at 40 psi. Treatments were applied 16, 22, and 30 Jul. Plant damage, insect abundance, and lint yield were estimated from randomly selected locations from the inner 6 rows of each plot. Estimates of egg and larval densities and terminal damage were made once within all plots prior to the first insecticide application. Estimates of plant damage were made by examining 50 randomly selected one-third-grown or larger squares and 50 soft bolls from each plot on the day of, or the day before, insecticides application. In response to observed mite damage, a total of 15 randomly selected leaves from the upper and middle portions of the cotton canopy were collected from each plot and examined for the presence of motile adult mites.
Yield Enhancement, 1988
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Nguyen K. T. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

The yield enhancement potential of 7 insecticides was evaluated in a field study at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La. Plots were 12 rows by 30.5 m arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Cotton was planted 28 Apr on 1.02-m centers. Treatments were applied 6, 15, 21, and 27 Jun with a high-clearance sprayer. Materials were applied in 11.4 liters water/acre at 50 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Plant bug and beneficial arthropod data were collected on 14, 23, and 28 Jun from each plot (25 sweeps/plot) with a standard sweep net (38.1-cm diam). The center 4 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested 23 Sep and 7 Oct.
Control of Thrips, 1988
Authors: Treaey Mike
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted on a commercial farm located near Washington, Okla., to evaluate Thimet for control of thrips on cotton. Two treatments and an untreated check were compared in 4-row by 300-ft plots of cotton planted 24 May in 40-inch rows. Treatments and the untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was applied in the seed furrow at planting time with John Deere applicator boxes. Texture of soil at the test site was medium. Soil moisture at planting time was good. About 0.8 inches of rain fell at the test site within the first 3 wk after planting. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated by inspecting terminals of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for numbers of thrips, estimating plant stand by counting plants/10 row-ft at 2 sites in each plot (17 Jun), counting fully expanded leaves on each of 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot (22 Jun), measuring the height of 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot (9 Jul), and counting numbers of squares produced in 20 row-ft in each plot.
Control of Spider Mites, 1987
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F.
Published: March 2022

Two acaricide tests were applied to cotton, planted 6 Apr (Shafter, Calif.) and 15 Apr (Five Points, Calif.) with individual plots 16 (Shafter) or 8 (Five Points) rows wide by 150 ft long and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Application was by high-clearance ground sprayer equipped with drop booms using 5 TX-6 (Shafter) or 7 TX-3 (Five Points) hollow-cone nozzles/row, both delivering 25 gal/ acre at 40 psi and 3 mph or 30 psi and 4 mph, respectively. The Shafter test was applied 24 Jun; the Five Points test was applied 9 Jul. An overall application of Monitor 4 EC at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was made at the Shafter test by ground on 16 Jun to suppress Lygus hesperus and predators. At Five Points, Orthene 75 S at 0.33 lb (AI)/acre was applied over all on 29 Jun to suppress predators. Main stem leaves (25/plot, eighth unfolded leaf below main stem terminal) were sampled 4 times after acaricide treatment and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Counts of all motile mites were analyzed by ANOVA, and means were separated by LSD.
Thrips Control, 1988
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Sprenkel R. K.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Jackson County, Fla., planted 27 May. Plot size was 4 rows by 30 ft with a 36-inch row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Granular insecticide treatments were applied at planting in a 7-inch band over the row, by using a Gandy applicator attached to the planter. The granular insecticides were released between the seed furrow openers and the presswheels, resulting in shallow incorporation. Spray insecticide treatments were applied 15 Jun with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3 D3 nozzles/row. These chemicals were applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each untreated control and granular insecticide plot on 10 Jun and in plots of all treatments on 17 Jun, 24 Jun, and 1 Jul. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Three samples of 3 terminal buds were randomly selected from the 2 center rows of a plot on each sample date. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Control of Plant Bugs, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a commercial field southwest of Mosca, Colo. Plantings were single rows and were in flowering and milk stages during the period of the trial. Plot design was a single row, bordered by untreated rows, 100 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 12 Aug by a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 31 gal water/acre. Plots were evaluated 17 Aug by taking 20 sweeps/plot using a standard sweep net.
Suppression of Sorghum Midge, 1988
Authors: Merchant M. E. , Teetes G. L.
Published: March 2022

Two organophosphate and 2 pyrethroid insecticides were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station. Grain sorghum was planted 5 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Sixteen rows of mixed hybrid sorghum of varying maturity ranges were planted 2 wk before adjacent to the test plots to increase sorghum midge abundance within the test plots during the flowering period. Treatments were compared in 8-row by 75-ft-long plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Applications were made with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer to all rows using TX-6 hollow-cone nozzles at 40 psi with a spray volume of 8 gal/acre. Insecticide applications were begun when 20-25% of the panicles were flowering. Treatments were applied 2, 6, and 10 Jul. Because of a rainfall that occurred 10 Jul during the spray operations the last application of Dyfonate was made 11 Jul. Karate plots received only 2 applications, on 2 and 6 Jul. Rainfall of 0.90, 0.45, and 1.33 inches occurred 4, 10, and 12 Jul, respectively, and may have influenced the outcome of the study. Data on ovipositing adult midge density, kernel damage, and grain yield were collected from the middle 6 rows of each plot. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application and consisted of enclosing 10 individual sorghum panicles/plot with clear plastic bags. Panicles were subseqeuntly excised and returned to the laboratory for examination and counting of adult midges. Visual estimates of the percentage of midge damage were made by 4 independent observers on 8 Aug, with each observer estimating the percentage damage to 5 panicles/plot. Panicles were hand-harvested from 2 randomly selected 13-ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed.
Control of Chinch Bug, 1988
Authors: Parker Roy D. , Treacy Mike , Janak Joseph D.
Published: March 2022

A field study was conducted on a commercial farm located near Victoria, Tex., to evaluate soil insecticides used alone and in combination with a foliar insecticide for control of chinch bugs in sorghum. To initiate the study, 5 soil insecticides and an untreated check were compared in 12-row by 1,600-ft plots of sorghum planted 1 Mar in 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. At planting time, soil insecticides were applied in a T-band using John Deere Max-Emerge equipment. Edaphic characteristics of the test site consisted of a Victoria clay soil-type with 1.3% organic matter, good soil moisture at planting time, and soil pH 6.8. An examination of 48 plants/plot on 26 Mar demonstrated that the untreated control had exceeded 40 chinch bugs/100 plants. This level was considered the economic threshold, at which a foliar insecticide should be applied to sorghum less than 6 inches tall (plants averaged 3.75 inches on that date). One-half of all plots in the test were treated 28 Mar with chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 EC). Using a ground rig, the foliar insecticide was applied in a 10-inch band over each row by using 2 8006E nozzles/row (total spray volume was 33 gal/acre at 32 psi). Efficacy of treatments was determined by counting plants on 21 Mar at 2 sites (13.75 ft) in each plot, counting chinch bugs on 3 dates in the center 2 rows of each plot, inspecting plants on 21 Mar for damage by southern corn rootworm, and harvesting each plot with a commercial machine for yield analysis on 16 Jul.
Bean Leaf Beetle Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Rhodes Richard
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to evaluate the damage by a late-season BLB infestation on 4 soybean varieties having different maturity dates. Soybeans, planted 2 Jun, were treated 23 Sep with a CO2-pressurized sprayer that had LF3 nozzles at 2,46 kg/cm2 delivering a volume of 374 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used for each variety. Individual plots were 6 rows (0.9-m row spacing) by 9.2 m. Populations of BLB were assessed just prior to application (0 day) and at 1, 3, 10, 17, and 24 DAT by comparing the number of adults in 25 sweeps taken with a 15-cm-diam sweep net. Just prior to harvest, pods with and without BLB damage were counted on 10 randomly selected plants/plot. Yield was measured from 9.8 m of row/plot. A 500-g subsample of seed was rated for quality using a 1-5 scale, (1, <1% damaged; 5, >80% damaged).
Corn Earworm Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Moss T. P.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to evaluate 4 insecticides against CEW in late planted, double-cropped soybean after wheat. Soybeans, planted 1 Jul, were treated with test insecticides on 31 Aug when plants were in the early pod fill stage. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized sprayer, with 8002 EVS flat spray nozzles at 1,97 kg/cm2 delivering 128.1 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 4 rows (48.3-cm row spacing) by 6.1 m. Treatments were evaluated prior to application and at 1, 5, 7, and 14 DAT by comparing the number of CEW larvae/25 sweeps taken with a 15-cm-diam sweep net. Pod damage was compared by counting the number of pods and damaged pods on 5 plants/plot. Yield was measured from 12.2 m row/plot.
Stink Bug Control, 1988
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Taylor J. D.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticide treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling stink bugs in soybeans. Insecticides were applied to foliage on 22 Aug and again on 13 Sep on soybeans planted on a 36-inch row spacing. Soybeans were planted 18 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Georgia Extension Research Center at Attapulgus, Ga. Individual plots were 8 rows wide by 50 ft with 10-ft alleys between replicates. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with 4 replicates. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered compressed-air sprayer, with TX-12 nozzles, at 35 psi (at the boom) that delivered 14.0 gal formulation/acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 8 d after the initial application and 2 and 15 d after the second application by counting number of stink bugs (primarily southern green stink bugs and green stink bugs) in 25 sweeps in the treated plots and comparing the number with the number found in untreated controls. A 15-inch-diam net was passed through the foliage of a single row on each sampling date.
Control of Sunflower Moth Larvae, 1988
Authors: DePew L. J.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the Kansas State University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Garden City. The experimental design was a randomized block with 3 replicates. Individual plots were 3 m (4 rows) by 12 m with 1.52-m alleys separating the blocks. Plots were irrigated and cultivated as needed. Spray concentrates were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack hand sprayer at the equivalent of 106.6 liters finished spray/ha. Operating pressure was 2.1 kg/cm2, and nozzles were Spraying Systems X-6 (tip size). All treated plots received an initial insecticide application on 13 Jul when 30% of the plants had bloomed. Plots receiving a second application were treated 5 d later. Only the 2 rows of each plot were treated to minimize plot-to-plot contamination from spray drift. Temperatures were 25.6°C and 17.2°C at the start of the first and second applications, respectively.
Soil Systemic vs. Foliar Insecticide Combinations and Sunflower Seed Yield; Trial 2, 1986
Authors: Ricard Michele , Noetzel David M. , Stanislawski Harold
Published: March 2022

The experiment was established near Greenbush, Minn., in a commercial sunflower field. The field was planted the last week of May. Plots were 4 rows by 30 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Soil systemics were applied 28 May. Application was in a 4-inch band to a coarse sandy loam soil and lightly covered. Soil moisture was excellent. Foliar applications were made in mid-June and late July to the plant stage indicated in the table. Total volume of material/acre was 17 gal applied with a CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. Damage information was collected from the center 2 rows, which were harvested for yield 11 Oct. Yield comparisons were based on a standard moisture.
Aphid Trial, 1988
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F.
Published: March 2022

RH7988 4 EC was applied in an apple block in Steeles Tavern, Va., including 4 cultivars (‘Delicious,’ Golden Delicious, ‘Stayman,’ and ‘York’). Three rates were applied: 102, 204, and 431 g (AI)/ha. These were compared with Supracide 2 E at a rate of 1,134 g (AI)/ha and an untreated control. A single application was made for each treatment on 6 Apr (half-inch green to open cluster). Sprays were applied using a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer calibrated to 973 liters/ha. Each plot consisted of 0.08 ha. Aphid counts were made on 28 Jun, using 4 trees/treatment. The RAA population was sampled by counting colonies for 3 min on each tree. GA were sampled by counting the number of infested shoots/20 shoots on each tree. A tree was initially considered infested if any aphids were present.
Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David
Published: March 2022

The experiment was established in a tobacco field at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. A Wedowee sandy loam soil (pH 5.8; <2% organic matter) was plowed on 17 Feb. Experimental plots consisted of 2 tobacco rows 40 ft long (24) on 4-ft centers. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated border rows, and 5-ft vacant alleys separated blocks. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Broadcast treatments were applied and incorporated by disking on 10 May. Liquid treatments were broadcast with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 25 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8003 spray tips spaced 20 inches apart. Granular DiSyston and Furadan were broadcast with a Gandy mounted on a pushcart. The soil was in good working order and the air temperature was 80-83°F. Temik treatments were applied on 12 May in 12-inch bands in front of the bedder using the pushcart-mounted Gandy. ‘VA 309’ tobacco was transplanted with a mechanical transplanter on 16 May. The Orthene transplant water treatment was applied at 200 gal/acre (4 fl oz/plant). Rainfall totals were 1.4, 2.75, 4.25, and 1.8 inches in May, June, July, and August, respectively. The test was irrigated with 1.5, 1.0, and 1.0 inches on 6 Jul, 12 Jul, and 20 Jul, respectively. Myzus nicotianae were counted between the fourth and sixth veins on the right half of the underside of 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot at approximately 7-d intervals from late May through mid-July.
Insect Control, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David
Published: March 2022

‘Coker 319’ was transplanted into experimental plots 40 ft long (24 plants) and 8 ft (2 rows) wide at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va., on 12 May. Treatments were set up in randomized complete block configurations with 4 replicates for 8 treatments in Test 1 and 5 treatments in Test 2. Experimental plots were separated by single untreated border rows. Insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 24 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 spray nozzles/row at 60 psi. In addition to the basic treatments, Sweet and Low artificial sweetener (1.15 oz/acre) was added to separate Lannate and Orthene treatments. X-77 spreader-activator was added at 0.5 pt/acre to a third Orthene treatment. Applications were made for Test 1 on 27 Jun (ambient temperature 86-88°F) and for Test 2 on 17 Aug (ambient temperature 96-99°F). In Test 1 plants in the first row of each plot were infested with 2 second-instar tobacco hornworms/ plant; those in the second row were artificially infested with one 2-3-d-old tobacco budworm larva/plant. Hornworms and budworms were counted on all of the artificially infested plants in each row before treatment and at 3, 8, and 16 DAT. Myzus nicotianae were counted between the fourth and sixth lateral veins on the right abaxial side of 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot. In Test 2, field-collected budworms were used to infest 10 consecutive plants in the first row of each plot.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid, 1988
Authors: Johnson Gregory , Kammerzell Kurt , Hudson Susan
Published: March 2022

This evaluation was conducted in a winter wheat field in Big Horn County approximately 25 miles south of Billings, Mont. The field was seeded September 1987. Insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 10-ft hand-held spray boom and Teejet 8001LP flat-fan nozzles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal water/acre at 20 psi. Treatments were applied on 13 May when the flag leaf of the wheat plants was just visible and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates, each measuring 20 by 30 ft. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by clipping 30 tillers from each treated and untreated replicate and counting the number of RWA on each tiller. Plots were machine harvested using a small-plot combine equipped with a 3-ft header. Two sections, measuring 28 by 3 ft, were harvested from each replicate. Grain samples were cleaned with yield calculated and test weight measured.
Hessian Fly Control, 1988
Authors: Lidell M. C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of 2 systemic insecticides for control of the Hessian fly in hard red spring wheat was evaluated. The experiment was planted 9 Feb at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Dallas in a Houston black clay soil. Both Thimet 20 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) and Furadan 4 F (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) were applied in furrow at planting in liquid form through a microtubule applicator. Plots were 6 by 35 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design of 4 replicates. The experiment was sampled for Hessian fly infestation on 27 Apr by removing plants from 2 1-ft sections of row from each plot. These samples were returned to the laboratory for inspection, and the number of infested and uninfested culms in each sample was counted. Infestation data were transformed by the square root transformation prior to analysis; nontransformed data are presented. All plots were harvested 14 Jun.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid, 1988
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

A spring wheat field near Twin Falls, Idaho, was treated with 15 insecticide treatments on 24 Jun. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by wheel line sprinkler systems. The first irrigation of the treated plot area was 2 DAT. The treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with individual plots of 12 by 24 ft. Treatments were applied as a broadcast spray using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi delivering 20 gal finished spray/acre. Nozzles were X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow cone. The wheat was in the boot stage with about a third of the heads starting to emerge from the boot on the treatment date. On all sampling dates 10 tillers were cut from the center area of each plot and put into plastic bags. The bags were kept in a refrigerator until the RWA on each tiller were counted under a microscope.
Influence of Varying Amounts of Postapplication Irrigation on Northern Masked Chafer Control, 1988
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Shearman R. C. , Wit L. A.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticide treatments were applied on 9 Aug to 5- by 10-ft plots of Kentucky bluegrass on a golf course in Lincoln, Nebr. Topography in the treated area consisted of a series of gentle slopes. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (90%), with 5% creeping bentgrass in one replicate and a few weeds present. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) ranged from 0.5 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature (3-inch depth), 85°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Granular formulations were combined with 6.7 oz Milorganite, which served as a carrier, and were applied with a hand-held shaker over plots. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 nozzle at 28 psi and 3 gal/1000 ft2 spray rate.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on a golf course fairway in Lewistown, Pa. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and soluble powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering spray at 5 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (30 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.25 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 32% sand, 58% silt, 10% sand; soil moisture condition, moist; organic matter, 2.0%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.3; 4.6 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made at 7 (6 Sep), 14 (13 Sep), and 21 (20 Sep) DAT. Four samples of 0.087 ft2 each were removed randomly from each replicate on each posttreatment date, and total grubs were recorded and converted to a square-foot count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Larvicide for Beet Armyworm, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Larvae from a resident colony reared on artificial diet were preconditioned on clean chrysanthemum foliage for at least 24 h prior to the bioassay. Fresh foliage was dipped in treatment dilutions and allowed to air dry before presentation to larvae. Each dilution contained Plyac at 4 fl oz/100 gal. Bioassays were performed in 1-oz plastic creamer cups with plastic snap lids, 1 larva/cup. A section of moist filter paper was included in each cup to maintain humidity. There were 6 replicate groups of 10 cups/treatment. The experiment was repeated for second and fourth instars. Three posttreatment evaluations were made at 24-h intervals.
Phytotoxicity Test, Selected Woody Plants, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Selected pesticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 30 species and cultivars of containerized woody plants at a nursery in Madison, Ohio. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to deliver 3785 ml finished spray to a total of 90 plants (Morestan 4F, 0.5 lb (AL7100 gal; Murphy oil soap, 4%; or water). This volume achieved application to run-off. Each treatment was applied to 3 plants of each plant type. All plants received 2 applications at 15-d intervals. Conditions for both applications (20 Aug and 4 Sep) were sunny skies, 21-24°C, and 0-10 km/h breeze. A second group of plants consisting of 17 species growing in field liner beds near Perry, Ohio, was used to evaluate potential phytotoxicity of Murphy soap (4%). Plants received 2 applications at 10-d intervals. Conditions on both dates (31 Aug and 10 Sep) were sunny skies, 21-24°C, and 10-16 km/h breeze. A 1-m section of each liner bed was sprayed with each treatment. Plants were inspected for symptoms of phytotoxicity 4, 10, and 29 Sep and 13 Oct.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite, 1987
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A.
Published: March 2022

Five miticides were evaluated against the twospotted spider mite on greenhouse-grown miniature roses planted in 1-gal containers. A complete randomized design was used with 3 replicate plants/treatment. Treatments were applied 14 May using a 1-gal B & G compressed-air sprayer at 30 psi. Six single-leaf samples were removed from each treatment at 3-4-d intervals. Leaves were immersed in liquid wax to immobilize the mites, and mites were counted with a binocular microscope.
Japanese Beetle Control, 1988
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , McCutcheon T. W.
Published: March 2022

Two species of entomogenous nematode were applied 24 Aug to a golf course fairway for control of Japanese beetle. Plot size was 10 by 10 ft and replicated 4 times in a completely random design. Treatments were applied in 2 liters water with a sprinkling can and irrigated immediately with 11.3 liters water (pH 6.49). Environmental and soil conditions at treatment were as follows: air temperature, 80°F; ground surface RH, 65%; sunny during application with 0.25 inches of rain about 4 h after application; soil temperature (2 inches), 76°F; soil moisture, 23.5%; soil pH, 6.2; organic matter, 5.3%. Thatch layer varied from one-eighth to three-quarters inches (not compressed). Rainfall during the trial period at 35 and 49 DAT and 6.15 and 6.60 inches, respectively. Treatments were evaluated by sampling 4 locations in each plot using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam).
Leafcurl Ash Aphid Control Experiments, ft. Collins, 1986
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Wawrzynski Robert P.
Published: March 2022

Ash trees, 6-7 ft high in 5-gal nursery cans, were heavily infested with leafcurl ash aphid, seriously deforming all of the new growth. Plots were located at the Colorado State University Bay Farm in Ft. Collins. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 11 Jun. Foliar applications were made using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer to point of run-off. Metasystox-R soil treatments were applied as a soil drench in 1 gal water/nursery can. Treatments were evaluated 5 and 10 DAT by removing 2 infested leaf clusters/tree and counting all aphids.
Purple-Leaf Sand Cherry, Peachtree Borer Control, Wooster, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Purple-leaf sand cherry trees (0.5-1.0 m tall) infested with peachtree borer and growing in a research plot at Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center, were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for reducing establishment of peachtree borer larvae. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 20 psi was used to spray 4 replicates of 4 plants each for each treatment arranged in a completely randomized design. Spray applications were made 19 Jun under sunny skies, 26°C, and no breeze. Each plant received 70 ml of finished spray on its lower trunk and limbs. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 24 Sep by examining the base of each plant for exudate and frass.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Insecticidal Soap and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir in Berks County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 5-7-ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 6 Apr to 4-tree replicates. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at 2 rates as follows: 74.3 gal/acre (225 ml/tree) and 148.6 gal/acre (450 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 65°F; 68% RH; water pH 5.0; and skies were clear and sunny. At 33 DAT (9 May) counts were completed on each tree. Each replicate was evaluated by completing 4 15-s counts and recording the total number of flocked females.
Spruce Spider Mite Control in Douglas-Fir Christmas Tree Stock, Oregon, 1987
Authors: Regan Richard P. , Fisher Glenn C. , DeAngelis Jack D.
Published: March 2022

Plantation-grown, 1.5-2-m dryland Douglas-fir located in Washington County, Oreg., were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected miticides. Trees harbored overwintering eggs and motile SSM. Six trees were selected for each treatment on 4 May in a completely randomized design (current year growth was 2.5-7.5 cm). A CO2 sprayer with 3 hollow cone nozzles was used to apply treatments at the rate of 100 gal solution/acre at 80 psi. Air temperature was 67°F, clear skies with no rain for several days after treatment. Four 10-cm branch tips from the lower two-thirds of each tree were sampled for efficacy evaluations. The previous season’s growth was measured on 11 and 26 May; current growth was measured on 26 May and 9 Jun. Motile SSM and eggs were estimated by stereomicroscope.
Effects of Simulated Acid Bain on Methoxychlor Deposits, Delaware County, 1987
Authors: Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

Three-year-old potted trees of a single elm clone, Ulmus (hybrid ‘970’), growing under lathhouse conditions were sprayed with methoxychlor and moved to a greenhouse where they were subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments to determine effects on insecticidal deposits. Methoxychlor was applied at 0.5%; there were 3 SAR treatments (none; pH 3.0; pH 4.2); and tests consisted 3 replicates each. Trees were sprayed with methoxychlor to run-off on 3 Sep (20°C, 40% RH, winds 5 mph) using a compressed-CO2 R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a number 5500 adjustable cone-tip nozzle opened one-half turn from full-closed at 206.8 kilopascals (kPa) pressure. SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of deionized water with 2 parts H2SO4 and 1 part HNO3 and were applied through (β-fog nozzles at 90 kPa in chambers equipped with platforms 1.2 m diam, revolving at 2.4 revolutions/min. SAR treatments began twice weekly on 4 Sep and continued for 18.5 wk. Each SAR event delivered 1.3 cm (0.5 inch) in 35 min (47 cm; 18.5 inches total). At 0, 7, 21, 42, 83, and 132 DAT, 5 leaves were harvested from each tree for testing.
Control of Elm Leaf Beetle Larvae and Eggs with Spray Oils, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Zimmerman Rick J. , Patrick Darryl
Published: March 2022

Evaluations were made of Scalecide foliar spray oil for control of elm leaf beetle eggs and larvae. Larval evaluations were made by counting larvae on 5 branch terminals/treatment on 24 Jun. Foliar applications were made immediately following the count by spraying until run-off. Very hot, dry conditions existed at the time of treatment. At 4 DAT, the marked terminals were counted again. Mortality was corrected by using Abbott’s formula. Evaluations of spray oils against egg stages were done in a similar manner. Twelve recently laid egg masses for each treatment were marked and sprays were applied 28 Jul. After all eggs had hatched, egg masses were removed and examined in the laboratory.
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Control in Forests by Foliar Sprays, 1988
Authors: McClure Mark S. , Merrill Clarence G. , Souto Dennis
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted in Hurd State Park located in East Hampton, Middlesex County, Conn., to determine the effectiveness of foliar sprays applied by mist blower for controlling hemlock woolly adelgid on eastern hemlock. In September, trees were heavily infested and beginning to show injury, indicated by discolored foliage and dead branches. Trees were sprayed with 2 pesticides at the labeled rate and at 10 times the labeled rate on 6 Sep when all adelgids were aestivating first-instar nymphs. All treatments were applied with a John Bean Model 100F Rotomist equipped with 3 D-7 hollow-cone nozzles in sufficient volume to cover the foliage and branches completely but not excessively. Each tree received approximately 20 liters of spray mix. Treatments were applied to each of 5 hemlocks that ranged from 15 to 25 m high. Four branches were sampled from heights of 5 m and 15 m from each of the 5 sprayed trees and from 5 unsprayed trees on 20 Sep. Branches were examined microscopically, and the first 100 adelgids encountered on each branch were recorded as dead or alive; 4,000 adelgids were examined for each treatment. Each branch was also evaluated for thoroughness of coverage with pesticide; both treatments leave a characteristic sheen on foliage which makes sprayed branches easily distinguishable from unsprayed ones. Sprayed trees were examined on 20 Sep and on 25 Oct for evidence of phytotoxicity.
Summer Acaricide Test, 1988
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

The test was carried out in an 18-yr-old block of ‘Yellow Delicious’ apple trees. Treatments were applied with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Application dates were 7 Jun (Plots 1-4); 30 Jun (Plots 1, 3) and 15 Jul (Plots 1, 2, 4). The single-tree plots, replicated 4 times, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Polvram as needed. Data were transformed to log(x + 1) or x + 1 prior to ANOVA and comparison of means. The sampling method was as follows: ERM, motile stages/leaf as determined from a pooled sample of 15 leaves/tree.
Field Trials of Fenoxycarb, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Evaluations of 4 protocols were conducted in the Munsyana Homes, a multifamily public housing complex located in Muncie, Ind. Individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Treatment protocols (TP), in which initial applications were followed by reapplications after 2 months were as follows; TP-1, 0.5% Dursban ME (chlorpyrifos, 1 M) alone in both treatments; TP-2, 0.5% Dursban ME plus 0.187% fenoxycarb initially, retreated with 0.0625% fenoxycarb alone; TP-3, 1.0% Safrotin (propetamphos, 4 EC) plus 0.187% fenoxycarb initially, retreated with 1.0% Safrotin plus 0.0625% fenoxycarb; and TP-4, 0.2% Demon (cypermethrin, 40 W) plus 0.187% fenoxycarb, retreated with 0.2% Demon plus 0.0625% fenoxycarb. Sprays were applied using 3.8-liter compressed-air sprayers equipped with MulTee-Jet nozzles. Due to high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated with approximately 0.5 gal spray/unit; volumes of spray applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Performance of the TPs was monitored for 6 months following the initial applications. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered for the test. Each TP was replicated in 11-14 apartments, but the sample size for posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or the lack of resident cooperation. To determine efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment counts; negative percent reductions were converted to zero before analysis. Additionally, sticky traps (Raid Roach Traps) were placed in the apartments overnight at each sampling to monitor the frequency of morphogenetically deformed adults exhibiting juvenoid-induced twisting of wings, which is highly correlated with sterility. Arcsine Vp transformed data were analyzed with ANOVA models, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls sequential range test (p = 0.05) to determine.
Residual Life of Fenoxycarb and Hydroprene on Two Surfaces, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Comparative tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of the juvenoids fenoxycarb (2 EC) and hydroprene (5 EC) against the German cockroach when applied to either tempered masonite hardboard or 1%-inch thick (4.13 cm) concrete block. Spray dilutions of 0.125% fenoxycarb or 0.13% hydroprene were applied to 4- by 4-inch (103 cm2) panels of each surface at a rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (0.42 ml/103 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Teejet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Treated panels were placed into vertical storage compartments for residual aging. Aging periods evaluated were Id and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 wk. Test insects were reared in 7- by 5- by 3V2-inch (225.8 cm2) plastic boxes that had sides lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral and that were equipped with ventilated, friction fitted lids to prevent escape. A juvenoid-treated panel was placed on the bottom at one end of the box with food and water positioned on top of the treated panel. A 20-inch2 cardboard tent, placed at the other end of the box, served as harborage. This design offered the test insects a choice of harborage areas, but assured exposure to the juvenoid during daily food and water consumption. At each aging period, 20 early fifth (final) stage nymphs were released into the confined area with the appropriate panel type. The insects were maintained in confinement until all had reached adulthood or died. Each aging period and panel type combination was replicated 6 times, for a total of 120 insects/treatment combination.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Pastured Dairy Heifers with Insecticidal Ear Tags, 1988
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Ear tag efficacy trials were conducted on pastured herds (15-50 head/herd) of dairy heifers in Howard and Carroll counties, Md. Four herds were not tagged and served as controls. During the first 3 wk of May, cattle in Herds 1, 2, 4, and 5 were tagged with 2 Atroban or Terminator tags. Cattle in Herd 3 were tagged with 2 Atroban tags the third week in June. These herds were monitored for face flies and horn flies from June through September. Fly density was determined by making weekly counts of the number of face flies/face and horn flies/side on 15 animals in each herd.
Response to Dipel 2X, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J.
Published: March 2022

DBM larvae were collected from research plots at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, in 1987 and a laboratory culture was initiated and maintained on cabbage leaf tissue. Larvae from the F16 laboratory generation were removed from the culture, 8 d after hatching at 250°C. Bioassays to determine response to Dipel 2X were conducted by dipping 6.5-cm cabbage leaf disks in various concentrations of Dipel 2X and distilled water solutions for 5 s and allowing the disks to dry for 2 h. Ten larvae were placed on each of 4 replicates of leaf disks at each treatment level. Larval response in terms of mortality was recorded at 24 h intervals as determined by noting the lack of coordinated response when probed. Data from the 72-h counts was analyzed by probit analysis.
Registered and Experimental Acaricides, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 24-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. A delayed-dormant spray of Pydrin 2.4 EC (1 pt/acre) was applied in late March. An application of Mitac 50 W (3 lb/acre) and Guthion 50 W (2 lb/acre) was made in June to suppress pear psylla (Psylla pyricola), pear rust mite (Epitremerus pyri), and codling moth (Cydia pomonella). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Acaricides were tested 3 times; at petal fall (PF), 25 Apr; at a low threshold (LT) of 0.5-1.0 mites/leaf, 23 Jul; and at a high threshold (HT) of 2.0-5.0 mites/leaf, 9 Aug. Mite populations were assessed weekly by collecting 25 randomly selected leaves from each tree, brushing them onto glass plates with a mite-brushing machine, and counting mites.