bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioactive Coatings on 3D Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration: A Novel Murine Femur Defect Model for Examination of the Biomaterial Capacity for Repair
Authors: Marshall Karen M. , Wojciechowski Jonathan P. , Jayawarna Vineetha , Hasan Abshar , Echalier Cécile , Callens Sebastien J. P. , Yang Tao , Kanczler Janos M. , Dawson Jonathan I. , Mata Alvaro , Salmeron‐Sanchez Manuel , Stevens Molly M. , Oreffo Richard O. C.
Published: November 2024

Bone tissue engineering seeks to develop treatment approaches for nonhealing and large bone defects. An ideal biodegradable scaffold will induce and support bone formation. The current study examines bone augmentation in critical‐sized bone defects, using functionalized scaffolds, with the hypothesized potential to induce skeletal cell differentiation. 3D printed, porous poly(caprolactone) trimethacrylate (PCL‐TMA900) scaffolds are applied within a murine femur defect, stabilized by a polyimide intramedullary (IM) pin. The PCL‐TMA900 scaffolds are coated with i) elastin‐like polypeptide (ELP), ii) poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA)/fibronectin (FN)/bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (PEA/FN/BMP‐2), iii) both ELP and PEA/FN/BMP‐2, or iv) Laponite nanoclay binding BMP‐2. Sequential microcomputed tomography (µCT) and histological analysis are performed. PCL‐TMA900 is robust and biocompatible and when coated with the nanoclay material Laponite and BMP‐2 induce consistent, significant bone formation compared to the uncoated PCL‐TMA900 scaffold. Critically, the BMP‐2 is retained, due to the Laponite, producing bone around the scaffold in the desired shape and volume, compared to bone formation observed with the positive control (collagen sponge/BMP‐2). The ELP and/or PEA/FN/BMP‐2 scaffolds do not demonstrate significant or consistent bone formation. In summary, Laponite/BMP‐2 coated PCL‐TMA900 scaffolds offer a biodegradable, osteogenic construct for bone augmentation with potential for development into a large scale polymer scaffold for clinical translation.
Sustainable Grafting of (Ligno)Cellulose‐Based Powders with Antibacterial Functionalities: Effect of Biomass Type and Synthesis Conditions
Authors: Testa Maria Luisa , Pandoli Omar Ginoble , Cecone Claudio , Laurenti Enzo , La Parola Valeria , Vineis Claudia , Tummino Maria Laura
Published: November 2024

The problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics makes it necessary to develop new materials capable of overcoming the resistance to the chemicals currently used. Herein, the antibacterial properties of modified bamboo powder are tested and compared with modified cellulose isolated from soybean hulls. Such biomasses are functionalized in a water solution with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane to introduce primary amino groups, and two different functionalization procedures are adopted: the first requires conventional heating steps, whereas the second implies microwave radiation use. The main outcomes from the characterizations evidence that the materials prepared with the thermal treatment are stabler than those obtained by the microwave‐assisted procedure and that bamboo‐derived samples react with the (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane through different functionalities other than hydroxyl groups. Finally, the antibacterial activity measured against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus shows that all the functionalized samples could efficiently remove Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria (removal > 93%). Moreover, active filters are realized by packing the material powders: when the bacterial inoculum passes through them in a continuous flow, some differences are observed between cellulose and bamboo‐based materials, but the overall performances show that after 17 min and five recirculation cycles, both the samples reach an excellent Escherichia coli removal of about 100%.
Phosphorylation of S‐S‐S Motif in Nuclear Export Protein (NEP) Plays a Critical Role in Viral Ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) Nuclear Export of Influenza A and B Viruses
Authors: Liu Xiaokun , Yang Cha , Lin Xian , Sun Xiaomei , Chen Huanchun , Zhang Qiang , Jin Meilin
Published: November 2024

The phosphorylation of three highly conserved serine residues S23, S24, and S25 (S‐S‐S motif) has been previously identified in NEP of influenza virus. However, it remains obscure whether and how this motif regulates the vRNPs nuclear export. Here the influenza A H5N6 viruses harboring NEP S23C, S24L, or S25L is generated, allowing to impair the phosphorylation on these sites without mutating viral NS1 protein. These mutations significantly inhibited vRNPs nuclear export are founded, decreased viral infectivity and attenuated virulence in mice. In addition, inhibition or knockout of ATM or CK2, two predicated Ser/Thr protein kinases that phosphorylate the S‐S‐S motif, impedes vRNP nuclear export and virus replication in cells and reduces the virulence in vivo. Moreover, treatment of NEP peptide mimics containing the S‐S‐S motif to competitively block NEP binding to the kinases reduces influenza virus replication in cells and mice. However, neither the inhibitors above nor the NEP peptide mimics significantly inhibit the replication of H5N6‐DDD mutant, indicating phosphorylation of S‐S‐S motif is required for the vRNP nuclear export. This studies contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism by which NEP regulates vRNP nuclear export and provides novel insights into antiviral targets against influenza A and B viruses.
Cancer Cell‐Derived Exosomal miR‐500a‐3p Modulates Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Xin , Chen Huiyan , Li Jiawei , Guo Xiaohuan , Fang Yilin , Chen Linjie , Li Kaiqiang , Zhang Yi , Kong Fei , Chen Aodong , Lyu Jianxin , Zhang Wei , Wang Zhen
Published: November 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mainly depends on liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, which is regulated by tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), and is a crucial factor in tumor progression. This study aimed to identify abnormally expressed miR‐500a‐3p in the hepatitis‐cirrhosis‐HCC pathway and explored the roles of miR‐500a‐3p in HCC progression. A clinical cohort of patients with HCC is studied retrospectively. Subsequently, the role of miR‐500a‐3p transported by HCC exosomes in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, hepatoma growth and invasion, and immune cell differentiation is determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In clinical tissues, miR‐500a‐3p is significantly enriched in HCC and cirrhosis tissues, and co‐expression of the immune marker CD4 or PD‐L1 significantly correlates with low survival rates in patients. Extracellular miR‐500a‐3p is taken up by HSC and PBMC, which promotes the secretion of the cytokines TGF‐β1 and IL‐10, increases PD‐L1 expression in HSC, and stabilizes PD‐1 expression in PBMC to affect the TME. Moreover, miR‐500a‐3p is associated with CD4+ T‐cell exhaustion and Treg differentiation and is significantly associated with increased tumorigenicity in in situ mouse HCC models. Mechanistically, HCC‐derived exosomal miR‐500a‐3p directly influences SOCS2 to regulate the JAK3/STAT5A/STAT5B signaling pathway. MiR‐500a‐3p promotes the growth and migration of HCC through the SOCS2/JAK3/STAT5A/STAT5B axis.
γδ T Cell‐mediated Tumor Immunity is Tightly Regulated by STING and TGF‐β Signaling Pathways
Authors: Luo Jing , Wang Shengli , Yang Quanli , Fu Qianqian , Zhu Chuyun , Li Tao , Yang Shuxian , Zhao Yin , Guo Rong , Ben Xiaosong , Zheng Yuzhen , Li Sitao , Yang Guang , Zhang Hongru , Xiao Hui , Jiang Zhengfan , Yan Nan , Kabelitz Dieter , Sun Guodong , Granot Zvi , Lu Ligong , You Fuping , Hao Jianlei , Yin Zhinan
Published: November 2024

The STING pathway plays a critical role in tumor immunosurveillance. However, the precise mechanisms by which STING regulates gamma delta (γδ) T cell function during tumor progression remain unclear. Herein, we find that tumor‐derived cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) activates a distinct STING pathway by inducing TBK1‐mediated phosphorylation of Eomes in γδ T cells during the early stage of tumor development is demonstrated. This activation leads to interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) production and consequent tumor surveillance. However, at advanced stages of tumor progression, the accumulation of immune‐suppressive cytokine transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) downregulates STING levels, compromising the function of γδ T cells. Notably, the synergism between TGF‐β inhibition and STING agonists effectively counteracts the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, thereby augmenting the antitumoral effects of γδ T cells. These findings present a novel mechanism involving STING‐mediated IFN‐γ production in γδ T cells and hold significant implications for the development of potent immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer.
Local Exosome Inhibition Potentiates Mild Photothermal Immunotherapy Against Breast Cancer
Authors: Chen Qian , Li Yanan , Hu Jiameng , Xu Zhenyu , Wang Shengyi , Cai Naicong , He Mengjiao , Xiao Yifang , Ding Yuan , Sun Mengjuan , Li Chunjiayu , Cao Yiyang , Wang Zhongyuan , Zhou Fang , Wang Guangji , Wang Chen , Tu Jiasheng , Hu Haiyang , Sun Chunmeng
Published: November 2024

Limited immune infiltration within the tumor microenvironment (TME) hampers the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. To enhance immune infiltration, mild photothermal therapy (PTT) is often combined with immunotherapy. However, the impact of mild PTT on the TME remains unclear. The bioinformatics analyses reveal that mild PTT amplifies immune cell infiltration and stimulates T‐cell activity. Notably, it accelerates the release of tumor cell‐derived exosomes (TEX) and upregulates PD‐L1 expression on both tumor cells and TEX. Consequently, it is proposed that locally inhibiting TEX release is crucial for overcoming the adverse effects of mild PTT, thereby enhancing ICB therapy. Thus, a multi‐stage drug delivery system is designed that concurrently delivers photosensitizers (reduced graphene oxide nanosheets, NRGO), anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies, and exosome inhibitors (sulfisoxazole). The system employs a temperature‐sensitive lipid gel as the primary carrier, with NRGO serving as a secondary carrier that supports photothermal conversion and incorporation of sulfisoxazole. Importantly, controlled drug release is achieved using near‐infrared radiation. The findings indicate that this local combination therapy remodels the immunosuppressive TME through exosome inhibition and enhanced immune cell infiltration, while also boosting T‐cell activity to trigger systemic antitumor immunity, showcasing the remarkable efficacy of this combination strategy in eradicating cold tumors.
Programmable NIR Responsive Nanocomposite Enables Noninvasive Intratympanic Delivery of Dexamethasone to Reverse Cisplatin Induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Mustafa Rawand A. , Wang Jiali , Xun Mengzhao , Rosenholm Jessica M. , Wang Wuqing , Shu Yilai , Zhang Hongbo
Published: November 2024

Local intratympanic drug delivery to the inner ear possesses significant otological clinical promise as cisplatin‐induced hearing loss (CIHL) therapy, inducing significantly less side effects than systemic drug delivery. However, the multiple detoured barriers, round window membrane (RWM) and poorly controlled drug release hinder successful non‐invasive drug delivery through intratympanic administration (IT). Here, a novel near‐infrared (NIR) responsive nanocomposite functionalized with saponin, denoted gold nanorod@dexamethasone‐mesoporous silica‐saponin (AuNR@DEX‐MS‐saponin, NPs/DEX), is developed to enhance RWM permeation and to control the drug release spatiotemporally. First, the physiochemical properties and release profile of the synthesized nanocomposites are assessed, after which the biocompatibility of the nanocomposites and oto‐protection against CIHL are shown in vitro and in vivo. The findings demonstrated that DEX is delivered to the inner ear with high efficiency through IT, due to the permeation enhancement effect of the nanocomposite. Moreover, the nanocomposite with low dose of DEX is highly effective in recovering CIHL, attenuating hair cell loss, and alleviating synaptic ribbon damage. These findings provide insight into NIR‐responsive local delivery for inner ear illnesses.
Develop Reusable Carbon Sub‐Micrometer Composites with Record‐High Cd(II) Removal Capacity
Authors: Cui Mengke , Jiao Huiting , Yuan Shijie , Dong Bin , Xu Zuxin
Published: November 2024

Cd(II)‐induced pollution across diverse water bodies severely threatens ecosystems and human health. Nevertheless, achieving ultra‐efficient and cost‐effective treatment of trace amounts of heavy metals remains a major challenge. Herein, the novel carbon sub‐micrometer composites (CSMCs) supported Fe0@γ‐Fe2O3 core‐shell clusters nanostructures are designed and synthesized through a series of universally applicable methods. Research data on adsorption behavior clearly revealed that resorcinol/formaldehyde 1.25‐basic ferric acetate (RF‐1.25BFA) and RF‐1.25BFA‐540 have surprising adsorption capacities. Employing the adsorbent dosage of 0.025 g L−1, the adsorption capacities for 10 mg L−1 Cd(II) reached 400.00 mg g−1 with ultrafast adsorption kinetics, alongside theoretical maximum adsorption capacities for Cd(II) of 1108.87 and 1065.06 mg g−1 using 0.025 g L−1 adsorbent, respectively, setting a new record‐high level. Additionally, they demonstrated exceptional stability and reusability, maintaining Cd(II) removal efficiency above 95% even after 15 adsorption–desorption cycles. Importantly, this study is the first to unveil a new ultrafast successive two‐step enrichment–hydrolysis adsorption mechanism for Cd(II) removal, emphasizing the critical role played by iron clusters nanostructures in constructing a high‐alkalinity adsorption microenvironment on the surface of the materials. The findings reported pioneered a new avenue for the rational design of high‐performance environmental remediation materials, aiming to overcome the limitations of traditional mine drainage treatment.
Interfacial Engineering of Biocompatible Nanocapsules for Near‐Infrared‐Triggered Drug Release and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Xie Yuting , Yang Ze , Shen Hang , Chen Jingyi , Weitz David A. , Chen Dong , Sheng Jianpeng , Liang Tingbo
Published: November 2024

Chemotherapy is an effective option for cancer treatment. However, its clinical application is often limited by the severe side effects of chemical drugs. To overcome these limitations, a novel drug‐loaded phase‐change nanocapsule system is developed. These nanocapsules are assembled via one‐step electrostatic self‐assembly through guided interfacial engineering. The phase change material core nanocapsules demonstrate great photothermal‐controlled drug release performance and exhibit excellent tumor‐targeting drug delivery performance both in vitro and in vivo via the binding of hyaluronic acid shell on the nanocapsule surface with corresponding receptors on the tumor cell membrane. The phototherapy function of the nanocapsules enhances immune activation within the tumor microenvironment, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and multiplex immunohistochemistry. The developed nanocapsules are biocompatible, versatile, and scalable and offer a promising smart delivery platform for controllable near‐infrared triggered drug release and photothermal therapy.
Rigid‐Flexible Coupling Realized by Synergistic Engineering of the Graphitic‐Amorphous Architecture for Durable and Fast Potassium Storage
Authors: Jiang Mingchi , Sun Ning , Cao Bin , Jian Xuyang , Soomro Razium Ali , Xu Bin
Published: November 2024

Graphite anodes hold great potential for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), yet their practical application is hindered by poor cycle performance caused by substantial interlayer expansion. Herein, a partial graphitic carbon (PGC) is elaborately engineered via the catalytic effect of ferric citrate using pitch as a carbon precursor. Systematically varying the catalyst content enables an optimal PGC design integrating a highly graphitized phase providing abundant active sites for K‐ion intercalation, balanced with an amorphous carbon region that accommodates volume expansion and facilitates ion diffusion. The optimized PGC12 electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 281.9 mAh g−1, characterized by a prolonged low‐potential plateau region, and excellent cycle stability with a capacity retention of 94.8% after 300 cycles. It also realizes an impressive rate capability with a retained capacity of 222.2 mAh g−1 at 1 C. Moreover, the assembled K‐ion full‐cell delivers an exceptional energy density of 148.2 Wh kg−1. In‐situ XRD and DFT simulations further verify the distinct phase transition mechanisms and reaction dynamics across different carbon configurations. This work elucidates the impact of carbon configurations on K‐storage performance and proposes a structural model for efficient K‐ion storage, which is instrumental in the rational design and advancement of carbon anodes in PIBs.
Deciphering Design of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Materials by Data Interpretation
Authors: Gong Junyi , Deng Ziwei , Xie Huilin , Qiu Zijie , Zhao Zheng , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: November 2024

This work presents a novel methodology for elucidating the characteristics of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) systems through the application of data science techniques. A new set of chemical fingerprints specifically tailored to the photophysics of AIE systems is developed. The fingerprints are readily interpretable and have demonstrated promising efficacy in addressing influences related to the photophysics of organic light‐emitting materials, achieving high accuracy and precision in the regression of emission transition energy (mean absolute error (MAE) ∼ 0.13eV) and the classification of optical features and excited state dynamics mechanisms (F1score ∼ 0.94). Furthermore, a conditional variational autoencoder and integrated gradient analysis are employed to examine the trained neural network model, thereby gaining insights into the relationship between the structural features encapsulated in the fingerprints and the macroscopic photophysical properties. This methodology promotes a more profound and thorough comprehension of the characteristics of AIE and guides the development strategies for AIE systems. It offers a solid and overarching framework for the theoretical analysis involved in the design of AIE‐generating compounds and elucidates the optical phenomena associated with these compounds.
Improving Fast‐Charging Performance of Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Electrode–Electrolyte Interfacial Engineering
Authors: Kim Seungwon , Park Sewon , Kim Minjee , Cho Yoonhan , Kang Gumin , Ko Sunghyun , Yoon Daebong , Hong Seungbum , Choi Nam‐Soon
Published: November 2024

The solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a key element in anode–electrolyte interactions and ultimately contributes to improving the lifespan and fast‐charging capability of lithium‐ion batteries. The conventional additive vinyl carbonate (VC) generates spatially dense and rigid poly VC species that may not ensure fast Li+ transport across the SEI on the anode. Here, a synthetic additive called isosorbide 2,5‐dimethanesulfonate (ISDMS) with a polar oxygen‐rich motif is reported that can competitively coordinate with Li+ ions and allow the entrance of PF6– anions into the core solvation structure. The existence of ISDMS and PF6− in the core solvation structure along with Li+ ions enables the movement of anions toward the anode during the first charge, leading to a significant contribution of ISDMS and LiPF6 to SEI formation. ISDMS leads to the creation of ionically conductive and electrochemically stable SEI that can elevate the fast‐charging performance and increase the lifespan of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/graphite full cells. Additionally, a sulfur‐rich cathode–electrolyte interface with a high stability under elevated‐temperature and high‐voltage conditions is constructed through the sacrificial oxidation of ISDMS, thus concomitantly improving the stability of the electrolyte and the NCM811 cathode in a full cell with a charge voltage cut‐off of 4.4 V.
Strong Bonding of Lattice N Activates Metal Ni to Achieve Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Zhao Niandan , Luo Wei , Li Sijun , Wang Hua , Mao Yini , Jiang Yimin , Wang Wenbin , Li Ming , Su Wei , He Rongxing
Published: November 2024

Developing efficient and robust free‐standing electrocatalysts for overall water splitting is a promising but challenging task. Herein, the N‐incorporated Ni nanosheets non‐fully encapsulated by N‐doped carbon (NC) layer are fabricated (N─Ni©NC). The introduction of N not only regulates the size of nanosheets in N─Ni©NC but also promotes the electrochemical activity of metal Ni. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that strong bonding of the lattice N activates the inert metal Ni by promoting charge transfer between Ni and N. In addition, the upward shift of the d‐band center induced by lattice N enhances the adsorption of intermediates, thereby making Ni as a new OER active site together with C. This strategy of generating Ni and C dual active sites by introducing lattice N greatly accelerates oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics, resulting in excellent electrocatalytic performance of N─Ni©NC. At the current density of 10 mA cm−2, the overpotentials of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and OER are 27 and 206 mV, respectively, and the cell voltage for overall water splitting only needs 1.47 V. This work offers a unique heteroatom activation approach for designing free‐standing electrodes with high activity.
Total Electrosynthesis of N, N‐Dimethylformamide From CO2 and NO3−
Authors: Yan Shuai , Chen Shuai , McKee Morgan , Terry Alexandre , Weisbarth Ralf , Kornienko Nikolay
Published: November 2024

Electrochemical C−N coupling presents a promising strategy for converting abundant small molecules like CO2 and NO3− to produce low‐carbon‐intensity chemicals in a potentially more sustainable route. A prominent challenge is the limited product scope, particularly for organonitrogen chemicals featuring a variety of functional groups, alongside the limited understanding of plausible reaction mechanisms leading up to these products. In light of this, the total electrosynthesis method is reported for producing N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), a widespread solvent and commodity chemical, from NO3− and CO2. This method enabled a notable production rate of 1.24 mmol h−1 gcat−1 for DMF employing a hybrid Ag/Cu catalyst. Additionally, an impressive Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 28.6% is attained for DMF through oxidative coupling of dimethylamine using Ag/Cu catalyst. Through a distinctive retrosynthetic experimental analysis, the DMF synthesis pathway is systematically deconstructed, tracing its origins from dimethylamine to methylamine, and ultimately to CO2 and NO3−. The investigation revealed that the hydrogenation of coupled intermediates proves to be the limiting step, rather than the C−N coupling steps in the synthetic pathway. Finally, using a combination of in situ measurements and retrosynthetic analysis, the possible mechanism is elucidated underlying DMF synthesis and identified subsequent routes for system improvement.
Optimal design of hydrogen‐blended natural gas pipeline network considering separation systems
Authors: Gu Shiya , Bai Yunhai , Dong Yachao , Du Jian
Published: November 2024

Blending hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines is considered the most feasible choice for long‐distance, large‐scale hydrogen transportation in the early stage of hydrogen economy development. To integrate the optimization of hydrogen‐blended natural gas pipeline network and subsequent hydrogen/natural gas separation process, this article presents a mixed‐integer nonlinear programming model, aiming to minimize the total annual project net cost. To tackle the computational complexity resulting from the large‐scale and nonlinear nature of practical design problems, a decomposition algorithm is tailored to the proposed model. Two case studies demonstrate that compared to stepwise model, the proposed pipeline‐separation integrated model offers economic benefits and practical value, incorporating separation processes and satisfying constraints of hydrogen demand, pressure and blending ratio requirements, which achieves an economically optimal design for both pipeline transportation and separation systems, and provides a viable solution for the broader application of hydrogen‐blended natural gas networks.
Apocynaceae wood evolution matches key morphological innovations
Authors: Beckers Vicky , Endress Mary , Baas Pieter , Smets Erik , Lens Frederic
Published: November 2024

Premise

This paper provides an overview of the wood anatomy of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), reconstructs wood anatomical trait evolution, and links this evolution with woody growth‐form transitions and floral and seed trait innovations across the family.

Methods

Over 200 published wood anatomical descriptions were revised, and original light microscopic sections were made and described for another 50 species. Changes in wood anatomical characters through time were visualized with ancestral state reconstructions. Tests for correlated evolution were performed using a combined data set of anatomical and key floral and seed traits to identify potential synnovations and traits associated with growth‐form adaptations.

Results

There was a shift toward a suite of wood anatomical traits that separate the rauvolfioids and early‐branching apocynoids from the core apocynoids, including an increased presence of vessel multiples, vessel dimorphism, laticifers, vascular (cambial) variants, and paratracheal axial parenchyma. The presence of this trait suite, which continues in Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae, coincides with a progression of floral morphological innovations that evolved on consecutive nodes in the family, and also relates to more frequent transitions toward the climbing and herbaceous habits. In addition, a considerable shortening of vessel elements and fibers along the phylogenetic backbone of the family is correlated with a general reduction in plant size.

Conclusions

There are clear evolutionary transitions in the wood anatomy of Apocynaceae representing structural adaptations across the family that are associated with a quick succession of evolutionary changes of the floral bauplan.
APOE ε4–associated heterogeneity of neuroimaging biomarkers across the Alzheimer's disease continuum
Authors: Mares Jason , Kumar Gautam , Sharma Anurag , Emrani Sheina , McIntire Laura Beth , Guo Jia , Menon Vilas , Nuriel Tal ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION

While the role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility has been studied extensively, much less is known about the differences in disease presentation in APOE ε4 carriers versus non‐carriers.

METHODS

To help elucidate these differences, we performed a broad analysis comparing the regional levels of six different neuroimaging biomarkers in the brains of APOE ε4 carriers versus non‐carriers who participated in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI).

RESULTS

We observed significant APOE ε4–associated heterogeneity in regional amyloid beta deposition, tau accumulation, glucose uptake, brain volume, cerebral blood flow, and white matter hyperintensities within each AD diagnostic group. We also observed important APOE ε4–associated differences in cognitively unimpaired individuals who converted to mild cognitive impairment/AD versus those who did not convert.

DISCUSSION

This observed heterogeneity in neuroimaging biomarkers between APOE ε4 carriers versus non‐carriers may have important implications regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of AD in different subpopulations.

Highlights

An extensive study was performed on the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4–associated heterogeneity in neuroimaging biomarkers from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.

Robust APOE ε4–associated increases in amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition throughout the brain, in every diagnostic group, were observed.

APOE ε4–associated increases in tau pathology, decreases in glucose uptake, and increases in brain atrophy, which expand in regional scope and magnitude with disease progression, were observed.

Significant sex‐ and age‐related differences in APOE ε4–associated neuroimaging biomarker heterogeneity, with overall increases in pathological presentation in female APOE ε4 carriers, were observed.

Regional differences in Aβ deposition, tau accumulation, glucose uptake, ventricle size, and white matter hyperintensities were observed in cognitively normal participants who converted to mild cognitive impairment/Alzheimer's disease, which may hold potential predictive value.
The contribution of cerebral small vessel disease in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: Insights from a prospective cohort study
Authors: Cai Hanlin , Huang Keru , Yang Feng , He Jiaojiang , Hu Na , Gao Hui , Feng Shiyu , Qin Linyuan , Wang Ruihan , Yang Xiyue , Wang Shan , Liao Qian , Liu Yi , Zhou Dong , Zhou Liangxue , Hao Zilong , Chen Qin
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and cerebral small vessel disease (CVSD) are age‐related diseases, but their prevalence and clinical relationship are unclear.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study enrolled 95 patients with probable iNPH in China and evaluated their CSVD burden using magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regression models were used to analyze the association between CSVD scores and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

The results showed 78% of the patients had at least one CSVD imaging marker, and higher total CSVD scores were significantly associated with declines in attention, executive function, psychomotor speed, and gait performance after multivariate adjustments. However, the preoperative CSVD score did not affect the post‐shunt improvement in modified Rankin scale or iNPH grading scale scores.

DISCUSSION

Our findings suggest that CSVD is prevalent in patients with iNPH and is associated with more severe symptoms, but it may not affect shunt outcomes. Future studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Highlights

We found that 78% of the patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) had at least one type of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) imaging marker.

The CSVD burden aggravates cognitive and gait impairments in patients with iNPH but may not affect shunt outcomes.

The effects of different imaging markers of CSVD on cognition and gait are different and worthy of further investigation.
Shielding Fluoride Ion Basicity through Diurea Coordination for Nonaqueous Fluoride Shuttle Batteries
Authors: Wang Huijian , Lei Chengjun , Liu Tingting , Meng Ruijin , Liang Xiao
Published: November 2024

The strong basicity of fluoride ions leads to detrimental nucleophilic attack on organic components in the electrolytes, such as β‐hydrogen elimination reactions with organic cations and solvents, converting “naked” F− into corrosive and unstable bifluoride (HF2−) ions. These reactions significantly constrain the choice of suitable solvents and salts to develop electro(chemical) stable fluoride ion electrolytes. In this work, we replaced the triple water ligands typically present in industrial organic fluoride salts with dual 1,3‐diphenylurea (DPU) coordination via hydrogen bonding interaction. This modification successfully suppressed the Lewis basicity of fluoride ions, providing long‐term chemical stability (over 1000 hours) across a wide range of aprotic solvents, a broadened electrochemical stability window (−2.5–0.9 V vs. Ag+/Ag) and high ionic conductivity (1.7 mS cm−1) at room temperature. Additionally, the weaker hydrogen bonding in F−‐DPU coordination, compared to the conventional boron‐based anion acceptor (AA) strategy that relies on intensive Lewis acid‐base interactions, facilitates faster (de)fluorination kinetics at the electrode. The proposed room temperature fluoride ion batteries sustain improved electrochemical performance by pairing with the Pb‐PbF2 anode and BiF3 or Ag cathode.
Non‐Canonical C16 Homoterpene Biosynthesis Widespread in Actinobacteria
Authors: Reuter Tatjana , Dieminger Lars , Steidle Sarah , Zoller Katrin , Holocher Maximilian , Zhou Lin , Hanauska Dominik Matthias , Racz Katharina , Barra Lena
Published: November 2024

A novel biosynthetic pathway towards the rare and underexplored non‐canonical family of homoterpenes was discovered in actinobacteria through targeted genome mining and enzymatic in vitro reconstitution. The pathway comprises initial methylation‐induced double bond isomerization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to (2E,7E)‐6‐methyl‐farnesyl diphosphate, catalyzed by a novel family of methyltransferases with unique dual function. The resulting linear C16 double bond isomer of FPP constitutes the specific substrate for a distinct family of type I terpene cyclases, catalyzing diverse cyclization reactions. Functional characterization of nine enzyme pairs led to discovery of five unprecedented homoterpene natural products. The enzymological novelty enables the development of novel biocatalytic and genetically programmable synthetic strategies towards methylated terpenoids with potentially unique properties (“magic methyl effect”).
Investigation of the Optical, Electric Properties, and Conduction Mechanism of the Cubic Spinel LiMn2O4
Authors: Karoui K. , Trabelsi K. , Drissi N.
Published: November 2024

LiMn2O4 spinel was prepared via a solid‐state process. Powder XRD results revealed the formation of a single cubic phase structure with the grain sizes of 0.13 μm. The cubic spinel LiMn2O4 crystallized in the three‐dimensional (3D) frameworks of the MnO4 and LiO4 tetrahedra units. The optical study presents a band gap around 2.57 eV. We studied the stability of lithium‐manganese oxides using electrical impedance over a temperature range of 323 to 453 K. The AC electrical conductivity is on the order of 10−3–10−2 Ω·cm−1, confirming the semiconductor character of the material and indicating its importance in optoelectronic and energy storage devices. The variation of the exponent s indicates its significance, demonstrating that the overlapping small polaron tunneling (NSPT) conduction model describes the two phases of this material.
Investigating the Impact of Systematic Hard Segment Modulation on Performance of Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Thermoset Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Tahir Naveed Ahmad , Ahmad Zubir Syazana
Published: November 2024

Despite the versatility and extensive applications of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)‐based thermoset polyurethanes (PUs), research on tailoring their performance through hard‐segment modulation is limited. In this study, the impact of hard segment (HS) content modulation (20%–50%) on the properties of two series of HTPB‐based thermoset PU elastomers at R (NCO/OH) 1.5 and 1.6 was investigated. The effect of increasing the HS content on processability, structural confirmation, physico‐mechanical properties, thermal properties, and crystallinity was evaluated through rheological analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and x‐ray diffraction (XRD). Both series showed 19% and 23% increases in the hydrogen bonding index (HBI) with HS modulation. The pot life at R = 1.5 decreased from 373 to 284 min and at R = 1.6, from 265 to 210 min. The crosslink density, glass transition temperature, and thermal stability increased for both series with higher HS content. At R = 1.5, the tensile strength increased by 105% and the maximum elongation increased to 40% HS before decreasing. At R = 1.6, the tensile strength increased by 81%, and the maximum elongation increased to 30% HS before decreasing. These findings clarify how hard‐segment modulation affects thermosetting PU structure, processing, and performance.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of (E)‐kojyl‐styryl‐sulfones: Novel recilisib hybrids as promising radioprotectors
Authors: Ahmadi Reza , Hosseinimehr Seyed Jalal , Emami Saeed
Published: November 2024

Radioprotectors are synthetic compounds, natural products, or biological agents that are administered before irradiation to protect normal cells against ionizing radiation (IR)‐induced injuries. We have designed novel hybrid (E)‐kojyl‐styryl‐sulfones 10a–n by applying the pharmacophore hybridization strategy to combine key structural motifs of the natural antioxidant kojic acid and the emerging radioprotector Ex‐RAD (recilisib sodium). These hybrids were successfully synthesized and characterized with (E)‐geometry. In vitro radioprotective activity along with the corresponding O‐benzylated and O‐methoxylated derivatives (9a–n, 14, and 15) was evaluated on human foreskin fibroblast 1 (HFF‐1) cells irradiated with a 10‐Gy dose of X‐rays. In particular, hybrids 10b, 10d, 10f, 10g, and 10n exhibited the highest radioprotection effect at the 10 µM concentration, more effective than the parent compounds. It should be noted that the 3,4,5‐trimethoxystyryl analog 10n was the most effective compound. Surprisingly, the O‐benzylated 3,4,5‐trimethoxystyryl analog (9n) also showed an excellent radioprotective effect. Moreover, the antioxidant evaluation of these selected hybrids on the IR‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid peroxidation in the HFF‐1 cells revealed that they could significantly downregulate IR‐induced oxidative stress in the HFF‐1 cells, while mechanistically recilisib is not a well‐established ROS scavenger. The obtained results suggest that these privileged (E)‐kojyl‐styryl‐sulfones can serve as promising radioprotectors for further studies and development.
Information avoidance: A critical conceptual review. An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper
Authors: Hicks Alison , McKenzie Pamela , Bronstein Jenny , Seiden Hyldegård Jette , Ruthven Ian , Widén Gunilla
Published: November 2024

Information avoidance has long been in the shadow of information seeking. Variously seen as undesired, maladaptive, or even pathological, information avoidance has lacked the sustained attention and conceptualization that has been provided to other information practices. It is also, perhaps uniquely among information practices, often invoked to blame or censure those who engage in it. However, closer examination of information avoidance reveals nuanced and complex patterns of interactions with information, ones that often have positive and beneficial outcomes. We challenge the simplistic tenor of this conversation through this critical conceptual review of information avoidance. Starting from an examination of how information avoidance has been treated within information science and related disciplines, we then draw upon the various terms that have been used to describe a lack of engagement with information to establish seven core characteristics of the concept. We subsequently use this analysis to establish our definition of information avoidance as practices that moderate interaction with information by reducing the intensity of information, restricting control over information, and/or excluding information based on perceived properties. We consider the implications of this definition and its view of information avoidance as a significant information practice on information research.
2D Cerium‐Organic Frameworks as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines via Hantzsch Reaction
Authors: Yu Yi‐Han , He Jia‐Lu , Wang Hai‐Lan , Weng Guang‐Ju , Wu Jia‐Qi , Lu Jian‐Mei , Shao Li‐Xiong
Published: November 2024

Herein, a new two‐dimensional (2D) Ce‐organic frameworks (referred to as SLX‐4) was achieved by traditional solvothermal conditions. Initial studies of SLX‐4 toward Hantzsch reaction showed that good catalytic activity can be obtained under mild conditions, giving the desired 1,4‐dihydropyridines in moderate to high yields. The catalyst could be reused at least 4 times keeping good catalytic activity. Moreover, compared to the previously reported MOFs catalysts for Hantzsch reactions, SLX‐4 was stable in most acidic and basic environment, and gave comparable yield.
Electron‐rich Phosphines Catalyzed Head‐to‐Tail Dimerization of Renewable Alkyl Crotonates
Authors: Wen Lang‐Qi , Zhou Hui , Ren Wei‐Min , Lu Xiao‐Bing
Published: November 2024

Herein, a facile head‐to‐tail dimerization of alkyl crotonates using electron‐rich N,N′‐bis(imidazolyl) guanidinylphosphines (BIG−Ps) as organocatalysts was firstly developed. This reaction proceeded smoothly under mild reaction conditions, effectively generating a series of functionalized 2‐ethylidene‐3‐methylpentanedioates in excellent yields and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied for the synthesis of unsaturated polyesters by employing alkyl dicotonates as monomers. More importantly, thermal performance and crystallinity of the resulting polyesters could be effectively regulated through post‐polymerization modification using a thiol‐ene “click” reaction. The results of mass spectrometry experiments revealed that the head‐to‐tail dimerization of alkyl cotonates tends to proceed via a BIG−Ps‐mediated nucleophilic addition mechanism, analogous to that proposed for the classical Rauhut‐Currier reaction.
The Long‐Term Variability of a Population of ULXs Monitored by Chandra
Authors: Earnshaw Hannah P. , Patti Gauri , Brightman Murray , Sathyaprakash Rajath , Walton Dominic J. , Fürst Felix , Roberts Timothy P. , Harrison Fiona A.
Published: November 2024

We present preliminary results of a Chandra Large Program to monitor the ultraluminous x‐ray source (ULX) populations of three nearby, ULX‐rich galaxies over the course of a year, finding the ULX population to show a variety of long‐term variability behaviours. Of a sample of 36 ULXs, some show persistent or moderately variable flux, often with a significant relationship between hardness and luminosity, consistent with a supercritically accreting source with varying accretion rates. Six show very high‐amplitude variability with no strong relationship between luminosity and hardness, though not all of them show evidence of any long‐term periodicity, nor of the bimodal distribution indicative of the propeller effect. We find evidence of additional eclipses for two previously‐identified eclipsing ULXs. Additionally, many sources that were previously identified as ULXs in previous studies were not detected at ULX luminosities during our monitoring campaign, indicating a large number of transient ULXs.
Orienting to and away from the eyes in infants at high likelihood for autism when scanning faces
Authors: Wang Qiandong , Han Ying , Hu Yixiao , Li Xue , Liu Jing , Fang Hui , Li Tianbi , Chang Yanmei , Yi Li
Published: November 2024

This study employed eye‐tracking technology to investigate the mechanisms underlying reduced gaze towards the eyes in infants at high likelihood (HL) for autism, specifically examining whether it results from avoidance triggered by heightened arousal when looking at the eyes or due to indifference to the eyes (i.e., unwilling to orient to the eyes). Infants at HL for autism and typically developing (TD) infants aged within 24 months were tested. In the experiment, participants' gaze was initially guided to the eye or mouth region immediately before the onset of the face. Latency to orient away from the guided regions, latency to orient to the eyes, and the location of the secondary fixation following the onset of the face were measured. The results showed that: (1) The HL infants looked less at eyes than TD infants; (2) Compared with TD infants, HL infants oriented towards eyes more slowly after being guided to the mouth; (3) After being guided to the eyes, HL infants' secondary fixation fell less in the eye region, and their latency to orient away from the eyes was also tended to be shorter. These results suggest that reduced eye‐looking time was presented in HL infants, which was further explained by both eye avoidance and indifference to the eyes. Our study contributes theoretically to understanding the atypical face scanning pattern in autistic people and its related underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, our study provides important insights into the development of early screening tools and intervention protocols for autistic people.
Precipitating Zinc‐Polyethylenimine Complex for Long‐Lasting Aqueous Zn‐I Batteries
Authors: Zhang Kaiqiang , Wu Chao , Wang Luoya , Ma Changlong , Kong Pei , Zhuang Kun , Ye Jilei , Wu Yuping
Published: November 2024

Aqueous rechargeable Zn−I battery offers significant advantages for reliable and cost‐effective energy storage applications. However, current aqueous Zn−I batteries still face challenges related to limited cycling performance. Herein, we introduce an innovative in‐situ precipitated zinc‐polyethylenimine (PEI‐Zn2+) complex design. This approach leverages the complexing effect between Zn2+ cations from the aqueous electrolyte and the amino groups of PEI in the cathode, enhancing the performance of aqueous Zn−I batteries. The resulting insoluble PEI‐Zn2+ complex immobilizes iodide species, facilitating efficient battery operation. This novel design enabled an aqueous Zn−I battery to achieve over 5000 cycles with 83.3 % capacity retention. Additionally, the battery demonstrated promising preliminary performance under practical conditions, including fluctuating charging, various states of charge, and integration with photovoltaic solar panels. This work provides new insights into the design of aqueous zinc batteries.
Quantitation of Vaporized γ‐Aminobutyric Acid in Cigarette Smoke Extract From e‐Cigarettes by the Combination of HPLC‐Fluorescence Detection and Derivatization With DBD‐F
Authors: Wada Mitsuhiro , Onodera Haruna , Takada Makoto , Saruwatari Suzuna , Mutoh Junpei , Tachibana Ken , Hayama Tadashi , Kishikawa Naoya , Kuroda Naotaka
Published: November 2024

Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has attracted much attention as a bioactive ingredient, is used in functional foods. Recently, electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) products for inhaling vaporized GABA have become commercially available. In this study, we developed a high‐performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence method for detecting GABA derivatized with 4‐(N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonyl)‐7‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (DBD‐F) in cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The vaporized GABA captured in CSE was derivatized with DBD‐F under moderate conditions (80°C, 30 min). After chromatographic separation, the DBD‐GABA derivative was detected at 437 and 558 nm. The calibration curve of GABA ranging from 10 to 20,000 ng/mL showed good linearity (more than 0.999). The limit of detection at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 was 1.1 ng/mL. The method was applied to the detection of GABA in e‐liquid and CSE for two kinds of e‐cigarette products, and the estimated collection efficiency of GABA was approximately 25%. Furthermore, the detection of minor components, such as glutamine, glutamic acid, and arginine, in the e‐liquid proved that the GABA used in the e‐cigarette was prepared by microbial fermentation.
Advances in Artificially Designed Antibacterial Active Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Guo Ying , Farhan Muhammad Haris Raza , Gan Fei , Yang Xiaohan , Li Yuxin , Huang Lingli , Wang Xu , Cheng Guyue
Published: November 2024

Antibacterial resistance has emerged as a significant global concern, necessitating the urgent development of new antibacterial drugs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are naturally occurring peptides found in various organisms. Coupled with a wide range of antibacterial activity, AMPs are less likely to develop drug resistance and can act as potential agents for treating bacterial infections. However, their characteristics, such as low activity, instability, and toxicity, hinder their clinical application. Consequently, researchers are inclined towards artificial design and optimization based on natural AMPs. This review discusses the research advancements in the field of artificial designing and optimization of various AMPs. Moreover, it highlights various strategies for designing such peptides, aiming to provide valuable insights for developing novel AMPs.