bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finance, Law, and the Courts
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Ramos MuÃ±oz David
Published: February 2024

This book shows why courts are essential in the law of finance. The legal principles developed in courts’ case law provide finance with a firm legal basis and sufficient elasticity to evolve. This book, through an extensive and comparative analysis of case law in Europe and the United States, analyses how courts have shaped the main concepts and institutions in the law of finance. In public law, the book analyses the justiciability of disputes against public actors, or the role of discretion and mandates of monetary, regulatory, supervisory or crisis management authorities, as well as the rights of financial institutions, and the interpretation of regulatory concepts. In private law, the book analyses judicial creation of securities liability for misstatements, the role of financial contracts, and their enforceability, interpretation, and relationship with mandatory regulations, or the intricacies of property and insolvency issues in a financial context. The book also analyses critically the current state of the resolution of financial disputes in the EU, and suggests some avenues of reform.
An Anatomy of Issues in Public Law Disputes
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

This introductory chapter provides an initial overview or ‘anatomy’ of disputes in public law, which serves as an introduction for the analysis of case law in Chapters 4 to 7. It delineates the main problems that courts are called upon to address in public law disputes. Firstly, courts address issues of the separation of powers. This includes ‘horizontal’ issues, where courts must reflect over their own role in a political and constitutional system, where some rules may be adopted by democratically elected bodies, and also ‘vertical’ issues, where courts must adjudicate in cases where both federal or supranational, as well as state or national authorities have normative powers. Secondly, courts determine their own place in light of the special role attributed to ‘agencies’, or, more generally, to public authorities with vast powers to regulate, supervise, or intervene in the markets. Thirdly, courts must assess the role that both natural and legal persons must play in the system, including when determining the standing of those parties to sue, and the scope and content of the fundamental rights that protect them.
A Matter of principles: Justiciability and accountability in the public law of finance
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyses how courts’ case law in the European Union (EU) and the United States has dealt with the main challenges to the justiciability of decisions by public authorities. First, it analyses the justiciability of conflicts over financial stability and monetary policy, including the role of sovereign immunity, by both sovereign issuers and central banks, and the justiciability of sui generis institutional settings, such as the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), or central bank decisions. Secondly, it analyses the justiciability of regulatory, supervisory, and crisis management decisions, which include problems of exclusion of liability, problems of discretion, and the legitimacy of delegation, problems of ‘soft law’, or the challengeability of acts in complex, or composite proceedings, where different steps are allocated to different authorities, as well as the problems of ‘standing to sue’, including by a failed bank’s shareholders. Finally, the chapter analyses ‘accountability beyond justiciability’, notably the relevance of the right of access to documents in the US and the EU.
Courts’ Review of Crisis Management Decisions
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyses courts’ review of crisis management decisions in bank resolution, insolvency, receivership, or the withdrawal of bank licences. It complements Chapter 6. First, it shows how courts have resolved the challenges to the legitimacy of crisis frameworks, including their vast powers and funding schemes, such as deposit insurance and resolution funds. Secondly, it analyses courts’ substantive review under the ‘Takings’ clause of the US Constitution, and the fundamental right to property, in bank crises and sovereign debt crises, as well as their review of crisis ‘triggers’, such as failing-or-likely-to-fail (FOLTF) and the substantive protection of depositors, shareholders, and creditors in resolution and state aid cases. Thirdly, the chapter analyses courts’ case law on the procedural safeguards applicable in bank crisis management, including the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard in the US, and ‘good administration and ‘judicial protection’ standards in the EU, also with a brief mention of investment arbitration. Finally, the chapter analyses the cases of cross-border recognition, including within the EU ‘regional’ context, where recognition is stronger, and the broader international context, where it is weaker.
Dispute Resolution in Finance and Its Shortcomings: Europe as a Test Case
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces the case for specialized justice in the law of finance by explaining the current shortcomings of financial justice in Europe. First, it analyses the problem of fragmentation of financial disputes, and, secondly, the problem, in a field with specific dispute resolution bodies, to determine when such bodies are ‘courts’, and what are the standards of independence and impartiality. Thirdly, the chapter analyses the relevance of expertise and specialization in the particular field of financial disputes, first describing how different jurisdictions have tried to reconcile specialization and legal consistency (external perspective), and what are the respective roles of specialist (financial) and generalist courts in the system of justice. The chapter then analyses the relevance of organizational aspects, and the current (less than satisfactory) state of financial justice in the EU, including the uncertainty over the applicable standard of review, and the limited channels for dialogue between specialized boards of appeal and courts, as well as between national and EU courts.
“Race-ship”
Authors: Bryant Joan L.
Published: February 2024

Post-Reconstruction political developments and changes in scientific discourse fueled attempts to link race to human progress and American identity. The chapter explores how efforts to promote race price became integral to notions of progress for reformers as diverse as Martin Delany, W. E. B. Du Bois, Alexander Crummell, and other race men who worked to make a virtue and a necessity of racial identity. It explains how ongoing denunciations of race practices and a call for a new “race-ship” rooted in a common American citizenship complicated campaigns to promote a collective race consciousness. Efforts to map the future coalesced around the theme of disappearance. In renewed debates over whether colored people should leave the country, emigrationists and their critics reflected on the meaning of ancestry and destiny in mapping progress. The lingering specter of polygeny and questions about how the colored population would evolve in America inspired competing theories about the development of racial taxonomies. The spread of Jim Crow restrictions drew disparate reformers together to rethink the bases of their push for advancement and the terms of their collective identity as they pondered how and whether they could be a race in America.
Technology
Authors: Hannan Jason
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the problem of post-truth politics. There are at least two ways of framing this problem. One is to focus on “the media,” or journalism. A second is to focus on “media,” or technologies of communication. Between the two, which can be said to be the driver of our post-truth world? This chapter follows the second framework, locating the problem of post-truth politics in social media. It further suggests that trolling has gone mainstream, shaping politics and even legislation. Adding a twist to Neil Postman’s classic thesis, this chapter argues that we are not so much amusing as trolling ourselves to death.
Unprecedented Challenges
Authors: Bullock Karen
Published: February 2024

A cancer diagnosis exacerbates the effects of the unprecedented challenges—a pandemic, natural disasters, and other traumatic events—that are ravaging communities locally, regionally, nationally, and globally, in the face of disasters, a pandemic, and other traumatic events, are exacerbated by a cancer diagnosis. These challenges became abundantly clear during the COVID-19 pandemic. Decreased screening and a lack of access to cancer treatments heightened already extant disparities in cancer care. During the pandemic and racial/ethnic inequities abounded. Culturally competent strategies and best practices for eliminating gaps in such disparities are addressed in this chapter. Moreover, oncology social work demands particular attention to patterns of inequality rooted in historical racism, which are discussed here. It behooves social work practitioners to align clinical practice approaches with theoretical models, awareness, skills, and knowledge to cultivate cultural competence as a tool for addressing systemic and structural racism in oncology.
Beyond Survival
Authors: Hornyak Randi Lyn , Colón Yvette , Galantino Mary Lou
Published: February 2024

This chapter recognizes that treatment for cancer has significantly improved survival across all cancer types, but these interventions may also compromise physical function and quality of life. Patients can experience psychosocial distress through all phases of treatment and survivorship. Physical, psychological, and spiritual approaches to optimize lifestyle behaviors from nonpharmacologic perspectives become increasingly important to address symptoms and enhance quality of life after cancer care. Psychologically informed pain management, physical therapy, individual and community-based exercise and nutrition, and knowledge transfer are important in developing strong integrative oncology strategies. Acknowledging disparities and health inequities in patients’ lives is vitally important. Social determinants of health and negative social constructs must be identified and addressed to support quality cancer rehabilitation. With effective communication, the interprofessional team can strengthen patient-centered care and provide the most optimal health and wellness outcomes for cancer survivors.
Psychosocial Aspects of Cancer
Authors: Caba Angelique , Chi Maria , Fleishman Stewart
Published: February 2024

This chapter highlights how individuals with cancer experience an array of psychosocial, supportive, and psychopharmacology needs. Knowledge of the psychosocial impact of cancer is imperative to supporting patients through treatment. Psychosocial distress, or the painful psychological, social, and/or spiritual feelings that may impede cancer coping, is highly prevalent. The psychosocial concerns that arise from a cancer diagnosis occur in a sociocultural context. The use of screening, assessment, and therapeutic interventions can identify and assist patients in need of greater care and support. A brief review of evidence-based therapies for managing anxiety and distress is provided as well as the importance of social support. An interdisciplinary team approach is essential for providing optimal care to cancer patients and their loved ones.
A Novel Collaborative Care Model for People With Cancer and Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Corveleyn Amy , Rodriguez Vilmarie , Irwin Kelly
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines an innovative care model for people with serious mental illness (SMI) and cancer that seeks to bridge the mortality gap that this population faces. This chapter outlines the need for collaborative care for this population and includes a detailed explanation of why this model can offer better outcomes for people with SMI. It also reviews the need for psychiatry and social work intervention from diagnosis to end of life. This chapter provides guidance to oncology care teams on how to tailor cancer treatment for this population. Finally, this chapter includes specific recommendations for the treatment of patients, support of their caregivers, and how to best provide consultation to the cancer care and psychiatry teams.
The Older Person With Cancer
Authors: Saff Danielle , Kelly Sarah , Petgrave-Nelson Lisa
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores health care disparities and their impact on older adult patients while identifying the unique and dynamic role oncology social workers can play in improving and enhancing their quality of life throughout the cancer continuum. Older adults are the fastest-growing segment of the population, and age is a significant risk factor for a cancer diagnosis. Older adults diagnosed with cancer frequently present with multiple comorbidities and psychosocial challenges. Palliative care can provide symptom management and psychosocial support, however, is often underused. This chapter discusses the emotional and practical challenges that older adults navigate while also exploring the impact of ageism, racism, and health disparities. It will explore the intersection of palliative care and oncology social work and provide further insight into the patient-centered care model and best clinical practices.
Cancer in Middle Age
Authors: Cammarata Meredith , Fortune Samantha , Hodgson Carissa
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the unique challenges and strengths of the middle-aged (ages 45–64) cancer patient and highlights specific interventions that are found to be effective with this population. Psychosocial and systemic factors contributing to cancer patients in middle age are examined, including body image, sexuality, fertility, parenting, caregiving, employment, finances, spirituality, and health care disparities. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), meaning-centered psychotherapy, dignity therapy, and grief work are reviewed as valuable interventions. A learning exercise and list of references are included to facilitate understanding and best practices.
Ethical and Legal Issues in Oncology and Palliative Care Social Work
Authors: Eckel Lori , Woods Phylicia L. , Smolinski Kathryn M.
Published: February 2024

This chapter considers the complex moral, legal, and ethical landscape of health care and the intersection of clinical care, organizational structures, policies, and processes in oncology and palliative care social work. The patient experience as well as those of health care workers are impacted by the ethical climate in which care is delivered. Understanding both the legal context and ethical principles as they are applied in patient care from screening and treatment through survivorship and beyond is essential. Social workers may encounter ethical dilemmas in practice that can contribute to distress, and mitigation of this experience can occur on both the individual and institutional level. Fierce dedication to enhancing the well-being of individuals, families, and communities positions social workers to be leaders in creating balanced policies that dismantle social inequalities and health inequities.
Professional Social Work Development and Sustainability
Authors: Snow Alison , Goltz Heather Honore
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the oncology social work professional development continuum from academic training programs through continuing education opportunities. It describes the direct and indirect processes and means by which generalist clinical or medical social workers develop professional identities and competencies of oncology social workers (OSWs). Professional development areas and competencies discussed include ethics and legal issues, technology, supervision and consultation, research, and advocacy, as well as social determinants of health and community engagement. It also highlights critical challenges, or pitfalls, relevant to individual OSWs and the profession as a whole, including but not limited to sustainability, compensation and benefits, burnout, and oncology social workers’ roles as essential and front-line workers. Pearls of wisdom are offered on formalizing pathways to the OSW profession and building sustainable- and JEDI (justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion)–oriented OSW practice as both the profession and its oncology patient populations become more diverse.
Estranged Pioneers
Authors: Edwards Korie Little , Kim Rebecca Y.
Published: February 2024

In today’s contentious climate, when diversity is both acclaimed and assaulted, this book examines what it means for people of color to lead in diverse multiracial spaces. Specifically, it examines how pastors of color lead the scarce but growing numbers of multiracial congregations in the United States. The book answers the following questions: What does it mean for pastors of color to lead in multiracial spaces? Who are these pastors of color that serve as head clergy of multiracial congregations? What are the challenges and advantages that they encounter, and how do they manage their role as head clergy? How do their experiences compare to their white pastor counterparts who also head multiracial congregations? The book also discusses the broader implications for other leaders in multiracial contexts. The data come from the first nationally representative comparative study of multiracial congregations across the United States that examines race and pastoral leadership, the Religious Leadership and Diversity Project (2014–16).
Voluntary Sterilization and Regret
Authors: McQueen Paddy
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyses women’s experiences of requesting to be sterilised and the frequency with which these requests are denied by doctors, often because of the worry that the woman may come to regret her decision. Contrary to these worries, it is demonstrated that very few women regret choosing to be sterilised. Furthermore, it is argued that the possibility of regret is not a good reason for denying a sterilization request, even if the probability of regret is high. The chapter shows why sterilization can be a woman’s preferred form of contraception, precisely because it is permanent and difficult to reverse. It also demonstrates how other facets of a woman’s identity may make it more or less likely that her sterilization request is agreed to. It ends with a discussion of why women requesting sterilization may be subject to epistemic injustice, especially because of the impact of pronatalism.
Microaggressions Reconsidered
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather
Published: February 2024

This chapter launches a novel critique of the dominant view of microaggressions made popular by psychologist Derald Wing Sue and his colleagues. The authors call this view the act-based account because it theorizes microaggressions from the perspective of those enacting them and categorizes them on the basis of the type of act committed. The critique consists of four main problems with the act-based account of microaggressions that illuminate theoretical, practical, and moral limitations of such an approach. On the basis of these problems, the chapter argues that an act-based account of microaggressions must be revised. The critique and analysis presented here set the stage for Chapter 3, which introduces and develops a novel, harm-based account of microaggressions. Such an account avoids the theoretical, practical, and moral limitations of the act-based account.
Introduction
Authors: Singer Daniel J.
Published: February 2024

In the introduction, the book is cast as a kind of self-help guide for readers interested in learning about truth-loving epistemic consequentialism, the view that the right belief is the one that overall best conduces to true belief and the lack of false belief. The introduction gives the reader an overview of how to think of the project of the book. It gives summary overviews of the main topics discussed. It highlights the naturalistic flavor of the main view defended in the book, which takes seriously the strengths and limitations of real human epistemic agents. It guides the reader as to which chapters they might want to focus on, and it concludes with acknowledgements.
On Veritism and Promoting the Epistemic Good
Authors: Singer Daniel J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter defends truth-loving epistemic consequentialism from objections that center around its claim that we should promote having true beliefs. It starts by showing why the view doesn't fall prey to the generalized swamping problem discussed by Sylvan (2018). It then turns to an objection from Grimm (2009), which says that epistemic consequentialism erroneously entails that we should spend our time learning trivial truths by, for example, memorizing the phone book or counting blades of grass. The chapter argues that the examples are misleading, and it argues that the view really does get the right results in those cases. The chapter finally considers an objection from Littlejohn (2018), which claims that there is no sense of ‘good’ in which epistemic goodness is to be promoted. The chapter doesn't commit the consequentialist to a particular way of responding to this charge, but it does show that there are several options open.
Why a Practical Playbook about Working Together to Improve Maternal Health?
Authors: Jackson Alisahah , Cilenti Dorothy , Yates Lindsey , Verbiest Sarah , Michener J. Lloyd , Hernandez Natalie D.
Published: February 2024

Every day, two or three women die because of pregnancy or childbirth. Nearly 80% of these deaths are preventable. These outcomes disproportionately impact racialized populations, including Black and Indigenous women, who are two to three times more likely to die. The purpose of this book is to provide strategic, practical opportunities to address worsening maternal health outcomes and to achieve health equity. The 50 chapters are divided into six main sections: Section I, Introduction; Section II, Collaborations; Section III, Equity; Section IV, Data; Section V, Innovations; and Section VI, Systems and Scalability. Each chapter offers a different strategy that stakeholders can apply to improve maternal health in their community.
Promoting Federal Partnerships for Effective Program Implementation
Authors: Busse Clara E. , Lloyd Sandra J. , Wilkes Ashley , Vladutiu Catherine J.
Published: February 2024

The rates of pregnancy-related mortality and severe maternal morbidity differ significantly by sociodemographic factors, including race and ethnicity, education, and geography. Recognizing that, according to the CDC, nearly two-thirds of pregnancy-related deaths are considered preventable, federal agencies have made considerable efforts to address this critical issue. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) has several programs across its 11 offices and seven bureaus that promote the health of birthing people and their pregnancies, including those that address women’s preventive services, interconception care, family planning, mental health, and child/adolescent health. Within HRSA, the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) aims to improve the health and well-being of America’s mothers, children, and families. HRSA and MCHB take a life-course approach to maternal and child health by supporting these populations across each life stage, from infancy through adulthood.
What It Really Takes to Succeed: Practical Tips for Maternal Health Collaboration
Authors: Hanson Piia , Sherman Kimberly
Published: February 2024

Practitioners who work at the state and local levels must employ a different set of skills and tools when collaborating to address maternal mortality and morbidity. This chapter provides an overview of the state maternal health innovation program convened by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). We also provide practical tips for building state-led collaborations to address maternal health. As part of the chapter, practitioners from each of the nine states—Arizona. Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Montana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, and Oklahoma—describe their collaborations and provide information on tools and frameworks used to achieve success.
Impacting Maternal and Prenatal Care Together: A Harris County/Houston Collaborative
Authors: Hanke June , Freeny Jamie , Buzi Ruth S.
Published: February 2024

In 2010, public health leaders in Harris County, Texas, one the most populous counties in the US, came together to strategize how to address worsening maternal health inequities in their community. Their solution was the creation of the multisector Impacting Maternal and Prenatal Care Together (IMPACT) Collaborative. This chapter describes the structure of the collaborative, and the strategies and components that were necessary to establish this multisector community collaborative in Harris County, Texas. The chapter also identifies effective strategies that facilitate equitable and inclusive community engagement and commitment and lists barriers to, and facilitators for, achieving collaborative sustainability. The IMPACT Collaborative remains committed to addressing poor maternal health outcomes. We outline some of the key components that contribute to the longevity and sustainability of this collaborative.
Environmental Impacts on Maternal Health
Authors: Okoh Michele
Published: February 2024

There is growing research demonstrating the impact of environmental health exposures on birthing people, including the impact those exposures have before and during pregnancy. Environmental exposures can be positive, like green spaces, or negative, like pollution. However, environmental benefits and burdens are not distributed equitably, and as such, people of color are more likely to live in physical environments where they are more likely to encounter negative exposures. Applying an environmental justice approach allows us to examine the underlying structures which contribute to inequity, including both place-based and product-based exposures such as endocrine-disrupting personal care products and lack of access to safe drinking water. Providers do not have to be experts in environmental justice to integrate this approach in their assessment, counselling, and advocacy with patients. Using the Health Belief Model, providers can offer support and guidance about environmental impacts on maternal health.
Democratizing Data: Understanding the Challenges and Opportunities for Community-Based Utilization of Maternal Mortality Data and Maternal Health Interventions
Authors: Cross Athena , Silberman Pam
Published: February 2024

A variety of state and federal data sources are available in the United States. These data sources include Maternal Mortality Review Information Application (MMRIA), Maternal Mortality Review Committees, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), and the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System (PMSS). The availability of, and data metrics included in, each of these data sources vary depending on the source and the state. This chapter describes some of the limitations of the data, and highlights opportunities to improve the data for community-based use. The chapter also describes federal and state interventions, like Perinatal Quality Collaboratives (PQC), that can be coupled with the work of community-based organizations focused on maternal health outcomes. Combining federal, state, and local strategies as well as providing access to data are key to improving outcomes.
Scaling Up and Sustaining Improvements in Maternal Health Equity
Authors: Michener J. Lloyd
Published: February 2024

Previous chapters of this book have identified a number of innovations that address the multiple, reinforcing factors contributing to maternal health inequities. To achieve maternal health equity, it will be important to continue to build these innovations and link sustaining systems. This section includes 10 chapters written by experts from federal, state, and local agencies and organizations (e.g., Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Georgia Health Policy Center, academic health systems, American Academy of Family Physicians, California Health Care Foundation, and North Carolina Area Health Education Centers) that describe “plays” to build sustained systems of maternal healthcare.
Building a Maternal Health Workforce to Advance Equity, Partnerships, and Healthy Communities
Authors: Mullenix Amy J. , Menard M. Kathryn
Published: February 2024

Public health professionals are charged with a broader agenda to promote an environment in which “all people can achieve their full potential for health and well-being across the lifespan.” Medical and public health workforces, together with community partners, comprise a national maternal health workforce, striving to produce healthy and equitable outcomes for maternal populations. The active presence of community maternal health professionals, such as community health workers and doulas, is likely to advance equity for several reasons: These professionals are often members of the local community and reflect its values. They are culturally fluent and trusted by the community. They often serve as effective liaisons between community groups and more traditional clinical and public health workforces. They are often more racially and ethnically diverse than traditional maternal health professionals, and they increase the overall number of maternal health providers in a given community. In addition to the maternity care professionals mentioned above, other providers who serve this population play a critical role in bolstering the maternal health workforce: mental health professionals, social workers, dietitians, WIC professionals, and many others contribute to the constellation of professionals who support maternal health populations.
The Journey Forward
Authors: Cilenti Dorothy , Jackson Alisahah , Hernandez Natalie D. , Yates Lindsey , Verbiest Sarah , Michener J. Lloyd
Published: February 2024

The goal of this practical playbook is to provide a snapshot of practical federal, state, and local policies, programs, and strategies aimed at improving maternal health outcomes. Throughout the book, readers encounter stories from women and birthing people that bring the problems and solutions into better focus. The chapters focused on ways to save mothers by centering equity, collaborating with people with lived experience, building better data systems, piloting and expanding innovations, and leveraging resources to scale and sustain what works. Through online resources, the editors are committed to continuing to share information about initiatives that are moving the needle. There is much work to be done as the number of birthing people and mothers dying continues to rise. The book is a resource full of reasonable, tangible “plays” that can address inequities in maternal health for those invested in solutions. The journey forward continues.
Introduction
Authors: Ollion Étienne
Published: February 2024

The books as to what degree the past trajectory of political leaders has an impact on their practice of politics, and on the functioning of democracy overall. The question, which has important political and scientific implications, has often been evoked, but has so far only received partial and sometimes contradictory responses. After reviewing important works and ideas on the topic of amateurs in politics, the chapter present the motivation and the analytical strategy set forth in the book to respond to this puzzle. It also details how the data was collected. Meshing together quantitative data analyzed with artificial intelligence with dozens of interviews and with hundreds of hours of ethnography, it offers novels insights in the life and work of political novices.
Conclusion
Authors: Ollion Étienne
Published: February 2024

A study of a specific political experiment, this book is also a theoretical reflection on this peculiar social arrangement that waiting lines are. The conclusion weaves together the arguments presented in the book. It expounds the function of these waiting lines: queues socialize, they select, and they individualize. Once these three aspects have been presented, the conclusion discusses the prevalence of these social forms in contemporary societies. Far from being limited to politics, they structure a significant share of our daily lives.
Fundamental (Psychological) Human Needs
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

In this chapter we focus primarily on fundamental human needs. The consideration of human needs is of utmost importance because they provide a basis for understanding human behavior. If these needs are thwarted—that is, if individuals feel threatened, cannot make autonomous choices, don’t feel to belong to a group, don’t feel approved by their group or society, or feel rejected because of their identity—individuals will search for alternative options for their need reconciliation. While there is a variety of fundamental needs, we identify those that are subject to empirical evidence and that can be addressed by extremist ideologies. We start with describing existential and epistemic needs that can be driven by conditions of existential threat, competition over scarce resources, uncertainty, and ambiguity, which can incite human beings to attain a sense of existential safety, certainty, mastery of circumstances, and control over their own environment.
Corporate Intrapreneurship Breeds Entrepreneurs
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

In rich countries, most entrepreneurs are employees who perceive opportunities that their employer either cannot see or else cannot exploit. So, they start their own firm. This is the knowledge-spillover theory of entrepreneurship. A big share of entrepreneurs previously operated as intrapreneurs, those who work independently within their firms to create innovations that might help their employer. In the typical country, including Japan, 60% of intrapreneurs go on to become entrepreneurs. So, another reason Japan has so few entrepreneurs is that it has so few intrapreneurs. In Japan, just 2% of all corporate employees are permitted to lead intrapreneurial projects, less than half the share in other rich countries. Intrapreneurship requires that companies trust their employees enough to give them autonomy. In Japan, however, centralized R&D departments are unwilling to trust those working autonomously. A rare exception is Recruit Holdings. An inordinate share of the new companies on the stock market were founded by former employees of Recruit.
Universities as Entrepreneurial Communities
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

Universities play a vital role in nurturing entrepreneurs, not just by offering courses, but, equally important, by creating a community of would-be entrepreneurs. Those who personally know entrepreneurs are far more likely to become one. Universities bring students into contact with professors with entrepreneurship experience, as well as other students with similar ambitions. If the still-active companies created by living alumni of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) were a nation, their global revenues would be equal to the GDP of the world’s 11th-largest economy. But it took decades for universities like MIT and Stanford to create the network of courses, entrepreneurship clubs, and professors acting as mentors to create results like this. Japan is trying to emulate this. Entrepreneurship classes are becoming more numerous, and the government is encouraging spinoff firms based on research done at universities. More entrepreneurs are coming out of top universities like Tokyo University, Keio, and Waseda. So far, however, it’s slow going.
The Consequences of Permanent Disability
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N.
Published: February 2024

Controversially, standard cost-effectiveness analysis states that treating disabled people has less value than treating otherwise-similar nondisabled people—a clear and unmistakable bias. By introducing diminishing returns, the generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness model reverses this finding, showing that proper valuation makes it more, not less, valuable to improve disabled people’s quality of life (QoL). This arises because willingness to pay (WTP) for health represents the marginal rate of substitution between consumption and health, and when permanently disabled people have lower health to begin with, they have a higher WTP for health gains. This chapter, using Taylor series methods, develops proper valuation methods to include permanent disability, and then it expands the total value of a medical intervention (TVMI) to incorporate permanent disability. Although this situation has added complexity, the chapter shows that not only are gains to QoL higher for disabled people but also, in many, perhaps all, realistic situations, the same is true for gains in TVMI.
In Search of Decision Thresholds
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N.
Published: February 2024

Cost-effectiveness analysis and the generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness model have no useful applications unless decision-makers choose “threshold” upper bounds on incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICERs), above which they will not pay for health gains. Early methods to estimate thresholds relied on now-outdated “league tables” comparing ICERs for various interventions and assessing which was “reasonable.” Subsequent models estimated willingness to pay (WTP) thresholds using value of a statistical life (VSL) estimates, then converting them into WTP thresholds using assumptions about discount rates and remaining life expectancy. This chapter discusses potential biases in this approach, including both those relating to VSL estimation and the subsequent “spreading” to create a WTP per quality-adjusted life year. More recently, experiments use discrete choice experiments to estimate WTP directly. This chapter also analyzes “announced” thresholds from various countries, and it shows how they grow steadily with per capita gross domestic product (GDP). New “structural models” provide another approach, somewhat converging on values of approximately two or three times per capita GDP.
The Origins of Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative
Authors: Angelo Paul J.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 2 traces the long-standing US relations with security institutions in Colombia and Mexico that enabled the disparate stakeholders of the US policy community to coalesce around major security assistance programs amid crippling security crises. In the twentieth century, the United States consistently expanded its ties with the Colombian and Mexican security sectors, a trend that accelerated following Washington’s declaration of a war on drugs in the 1970s. Corruption and human rights abuses, however, rendered Colombian and Mexican security institutions a potential liability for Washington, long accused of supporting undemocratic practices in Latin American security forces. This risk necessitated an approach that went beyond the train-and-equip strategies pursued elsewhere. This approach was one that put institutional reform, with a focus on effectiveness and accountability, at the heart of Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative.
Structuring Security Assistance in Colombia and Mexico
Authors: Angelo Paul J.
Published: February 2024

Chapter details the composition of US-led programming to facilitate institutional reform in Colombia and Mexico, highlighting the whole-of-government design that characterized US contributions via Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative. Although militaries were the early beneficiaries of US assistance, US commitments eventually shifted to include civilian institutions, including law enforcement and judicial agencies. After more than a decade of generous assistance in Colombia, major strides in security provision, resulting in a peace process with the country’s largest insurgent group, led to a reconfiguration of US aid, signaling the end of Plan Colombia. In Mexico, although Washington pointed to its improved relationship with security forces as evidence of success, public security in Mexico became considerably more precarious during the implementation of the Mérida Initiative. When US President Donald J. Trump and Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador came to office, they both described the Mérida Initiative as a failure and ended some of its hallmark programs.
Hamas’s Quest for Legitimacy
Authors: Musgrave Nina
Published: February 2024

In Chapter 5, Nina Musgrave looks at Hamas and discusses the challenge of obtaining and maintaining legitimacy amongst the residents of Gaza, as well as by regional and international actors. She discusses how legitimacy has been a central feature of Hamas’s evolution from its 1987 inception as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood to its transition to political participant and electoral victor in the January 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council elections. She examines Hamas’s development as a political actor, key junctures it faced, including the 2006 elections, the Arab Spring, and Hamas’s ongoing troubled relationship with Israel, to highlight the group’s ongoing challenges of attaining legitimacy amongst diverse audiences.
Reclaiming Our Evidence
Authors: Leite Adam
Published: February 2024

This chapter defends the Moorean use of considerations about the world when responding to skeptical argumentation. Recent skeptical arguments developed by Duncan Pritchard fail because they do not provide good reasons against counting considerations about the world as part of our evidence. Concerns about begging the question, Nozick’s Sensitivity Requirement, the nature of our evidence, epistemic closure, epistemic priority, circularity, “internalist” constraints, the New Evil Demon Problem, and reflective accessibility are all canvassed in search of a reason to restrict our evidence in a way that would prevent such a response. None provide a compelling reason to reject the Moorean’s appeal to considerations about the world.
Evidence and Method
Authors: Leite Adam
Published: February 2024

This chapter further defends the claim that we know and have evidence that we are not being deceived by an evil demon. Penelope Maddy has proposed an approach similar to this book’s method, but she maintains that though considerations about the world are part of our evidence, we still have no evidence that we are not being deceived by an evil demon. This chapter canvasses motivations for this position arising from concerns about the structure of the skeptical scenarios and limitations in our epistemic position, expectations about what evidence should do, the methodological role of evidence, and the methodological significance of a neutral position. None are successful. Given her other commitments, Maddy’s “Plain Inquirer” has no good reason to reject the position urged in this book.
The racist uncle, and other awkward situations
Authors: Horisk Claire
Published: February 2024

It is commonly thought that there is nothing wrong with listening to belittling speech in itself; rather, failing to confront the speaker is wrong. This chapter argues that a listener who is part of a conversation is making amends for the previous wrong of listening to demeaning speech by challenging it, blocking demeaning claims from the common ground. However, family, institutional, and other social hierarchies affect how much power individuals have over the common ground, so it may be rational for underprivileged individuals to smother challenges just as they have reasons to smother testimony. The chapter also argues that conversational alliances lead to multiple, overlapping common grounds in a single conversation; power dynamics, rather than number of participants, determine which common ground is more significant. The chapter also discusses the effects on the common ground of changing the topic, walking away, and silence in the face of belittling speech.
A Politics of Flows
Authors: Billard Thomas J
Published: February 2024

This concluding chapter brings together the forms of activism practiced by the National Center for Transgender Equality that were analyzed in the preceding chapters to consider how these activities converged in a sustained program of work aimed at transforming the political information environment. The chapter argues that such activism can be understood as fitting a “politics of flows,” which understands the evolving power dynamics of interrelated communication streams. It further argues that the structure of the contemporary communication system is inextricable from the practices that are developed to influence it, as evidenced by the National Center for Transgender Equality’s (NCTE) work.
Protecting Human Rights in the Americas
Authors: Grossman Claudio
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyzes the various roles that the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has played during its history. The chapter distinguishes three phases: fighting dictatorship, dealing with its legacy while embracing the new democracies emerging from authoritarianism, and finally promoting inclusion by expanding the human rights narrative to positive actions including the need to protect economic, social, and cultural rights. The Western Hemisphere confronts serious challenges to democratic governance, including inequality, corruption, discrimination, and concern about security. The Commission faces a possible reversion to authoritarianism, represented by different forms of populism that present alternative narratives of human rights to address the challenges facing the Western Hemisphere. This chapter discusses the techniques and work methodologies that the Commission has used, such as visits in loco, Rapporteurships, and the case system. The chapter assesses the working methods’ impact and suitability to address the current hemispheric reality. It argues that to deliver on its mandate, it is essential that the Commission maintains its independence, which is vital for the Commission’s legitimacy and ensures its ability to take on its broad and evolving mandate. While organizationally, the Commission is dependent on States and the current challenges existing in the Western Hemisphere cannot be underestimated, the Commission’s adaptability, legitimacy, and resilience, together with the existence of vibrant civil societies and States’ support, creates an important opportunity to address the challenges of the region through human rights and democracy.
Impact of the Inter-American Jurisprudence on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights
Authors: Mac-Gregor Eduardo Ferrer
Published: February 2024

This chapter studies the way in which the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) has protected economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights (ESCER). It analyzes the stage in which protection was carried out through the connection with civil and political rights (1999–2017). Subsequently, the stage of direct justiciability of ESCER is studied, either through the Protocol of San Salvador (right to education) or through an evolutionary interpretation of Article 26 of the American Convention on Human Rights, based on the Lagos del Campo case (2017). This new jurisprudential stage analyzes the methodology used, the specific obligations of the States (immediate enforceability, progressive development, and nonregression), as well as the ESCER declared violated by the court (right to work, health, social security, environment, food, water, cultural identity, etc.). The chapter ends with an analysis of the guarantees of nonrepetition ordered by the IACtHR, which has generated a transformative impact.