bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jewish Identification in Contemporary America: Gans’s Symbolic Ethnicity and Religiosity Theory Revisited
Authors: Rebhun Uzi
Published: September 2004

The author attempts to further the current understanding of the role of group identification among white Americans by reassessing Herbert Gans’s theory of symbolic ethnicity and religiosity. I focus on Jews, a small yet deeply integrated group in the social mainstream, using data from the 1970-1971 and 1990 National Jewish Population Surveys. A cohort follow-up over the 20-year period shows that intermittent and home-centered practices have sustained a fair amount of stability, but those requiring persistent religious behavior or participation declined significantly. Likewise, the importance attached to being Jewish has declined. Multivariate analysis reveals that when Jewish background and socio-demographic characteristics are held constant, the sense of group belonging is strongly and positively associated with religious behavior and affiliation; these relationships have strengthened between 1970 and 1990. Other factors, on the macro-level of the American scene, deter everyday behaviors while they maintain, and often increase, the levels of the intermittent ones.
“We’re Not a Korean American Church Any More”: Dilemmas in Constructing a Multi-Racial Church Identity
Authors: Dhingra Pawan
Published: September 2004

English Ministry churches, which serve second-generation Korean Americans, plan on becoming multi-racial in order to grow. This raises questions of how organizations change identities generally, and, in particular, how the churches plan to keep both current and new members comfortable within a multi-racial space. Pastors and members define their racial status in terms of their cultural differences, rather than inter-racial inequalities, from whites. Their interpretation of race shapes their plan for drawing in a multi-racial congregation. Pastors hope to create multicultural congregations that welcome diversity. Yet implementing this model while satisfying Korean Americans and non-Korean Americans is proving difficult. Churches strategically use distinct backstage and front-stage activities to appeal to all groups, thereby creating a potential dilemma in their long-term church identity. They may also impede membership from other minority racial groups through their approach to race.
Theology, Crisis and Knowledge-Constitutive Interests, or Towards a Social Theoretical Interpretation of Theological Knowledge
Authors: Costoya Manuel Jesus Mejido
Published: September 2004

The author provides a social theoretical interpretation of the theological crisis marked by the emergence of the theologies of liberation from the point of view of the theory of knowledge of the early Habermas as a tension between the practical interest of the historical-hermeneutic sciences and the emancipatory interest of the critically oriented sciences. Modern theologies have understood themselves within the limits of the historical-hermeneutic sciences to the extent that they have established theological knowledge through the interpretation of the meaning of transcendence. The theologies of liberation are not satisfied with the practical cognitive interest of the historical-hermeneutic sciences. Rather, they overcome the practical cognitive interest through an emancipatory cognitive interest that interlocks knowledge and interest. The theologies of liberation generate a theological knowledge that theoretically aims to grasp the invariance that exists between God-as-limit and the socio-historical conditions of misery, and praxeologically aims to overcome this invariance in the interest of liberation.
Effects of Composition and Processing Conditions on Morphology and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomer Blends of SEBS-PP-Oil and Dynamically Vulcanized EPDM-PP-Oil
Authors: Sengupta P. , Noordermeer J. W. M.
Published: September 2004

This work presents a comparative study of the morphology and structure-related properties of thermoplastic elastomer blends based on SEBS-PP-oil and dynamically vulcanized EPDM-PP-oil prepared under identical conditions. Compositions of each blend type with three different SEBS-PP and EPDM-PP ratios by weight were made in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and a Brabender internal mixer. A comparative study of different electron microscopic techniques for studying the morphology of these oil-extended blends is reported. Morphological characterization using different microscopic techniques showed a co-continuous morphology for the SEBS-PP-oil blends and droplet-matrix morphology for the thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) blends. The particle size distribution of the EPDM-phases in the TPVs prepared in the twin-screw extruder was wider than for the Brabender mixer. No difference in the morphology was observed for the SEBS-PP-oil blends prepared in the twin-screw extruder and Brabender, except for the blend with the highest PP content. The elongation-at-break values were significantly higher for the SEBS-PP-oil blends as compared to the TPV blends. The gel content of the TPVs was the main factor determining the stress-strain properties, as influenced by the preparation method. Also the crystallinity of the PP-phase for both SEBS-PP-oil and TPV blends was investigated and, although being dependent on the preparation method for the SEBS-PP-oil blends, did not reflect in the stress-strain properties.
Study on Constitutive Model and Failure Criterion of Cord-Rubber Composite
Authors: Zhang Fengfa , Fan Zhihui , Du Xingwen , Kuang Zhenbang
Published: September 2004

A viscoelastic constitutive model of cord-rubber composite is established by introduction of strain energy density function; a new failure criterion is also proposed in terms of different failure modes of unidirectional ply of rubber composite. They are validated by biaxial tensile experimental data of nylon-6 cord-rubber composite. Results show that the proposed large deformation and viscoelastic constitutive model is an effective model for cord-rubber composite and the new failure criterion can be used to predict tensile failure of ply of cord-rubber composite.
Melt Extrusion Properties of ABS and ABS-Quasinano-CaCO3 Composite
Authors: Liang Ji-Zhao
Published: September 2004

The flow properties during capillary extrusion of quasi-nano-meter calcium carbonate-filled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) composite and an unfilled ABS resin melts were measured by using a Rosand capillary rheometer to identify the effects of test operation conditions on the rheological behavior of the sample melts. The experiments were conducted under the following test conditions: temperatures varied from 200 to 240 C and shear rate range of 10-104 s 1. The results showed that the shear flow for both the filled ABS and the unfilled ABS resin melts did not obey strictly the power law at high shear rates, and the entry pressure drop (Pen) and the extension stress (e) in entry flow increased nonlinearly, while the melt shear viscosity (s) and extension viscosity (e) decreased with the increasing wall shear stress (w) at constant test temperature. The dependence of the melt shear viscosity on the test temperature was approximately consistent with the Arrhenius expression at fixed w. At the same test conditions, the values of s, e, and w for the filled ABS resin were higher than those for the unfilled ABS, while the values of e and Pen for the former were lower than those for the latter.
Specific and general language performance across early childhood: Stability and gender considerations
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Hahn Chun-Shin , Haynes O. Maurice
Published: September 2004

Altogether 329 children participated in four longitudinal studies of specific and general language performance cumulatively from 1;1 to 6;10. Data were drawn from age-appropriate maternal questionnaires, maternal interviews, teacher reports, experimenter assessments and transcripts of children’s own spontaneous speech. Language performance at each age and stability of individual differences across age in girls and boys were assessed separately and together. Across age, including the important transition from preschool to school, across multiple tests at each age and across multiple reporters, children showed moderate to strong stability of individual differences; girls and boys alike were stable. In the second through fifth years, but not before or after, girls consistently outperformed boys in multiple specific and general measures of language.
Assessment of Eating Disorders
Authors: Anderson Drew A. , Lundgren Jennifer D. , Shapiro Jennifer R. , Paulosky Carrie A.
Published: September 2004

Practitioners have come under increasing pressure to provide objective data on assessment and treatment outcome of clients. This article provides a brief summary of assessment of eating disorders for the practicing clinician, with an emphasis on well-validated assessment instruments. The critical domains that should be covered in a thorough assessment of eating disorders are reviewed, as are some shortcomings in the current assessment literature, and also discussed is which assessment instruments for the eating disordersare most useful in a clinical context. Using well-validated, standardized assessment instruments in all phases of the treatment process is a critical part of justifying a treatment plan and providing objective data on client progress and outcome.
The Body Logic Program for Adolescents
Authors: Varnado-Sullivan Paula J. , Zucker Nancy
Published: September 2004

The Body Logic Program for Adolescents was developed as a two-stage intervention to prevent the development of eating disorder symptoms. Preliminary results indicate that this program shows promise as an effective prevention effort. The current article provides a detailed description of the protocol for implementing Body Logic Part I, a school-based intervention. A brief review of Body Logic Part II, an intensive family-based intervention for high-risk students, is also provided. Examples of exercises are introduced and goals for practitioners are discussed. The authors hope that by providing this in-depth description of the protocol, researchers and clinicians can use this program in future prevention efforts.
Black/White Differences in Psychological Adjustment to Spousal Loss Among Older Adults
Authors: Carr Deborah S.
Published: September 2004

This study examines differences between Blacks and Whites in the effect of widowhood on depressive symptoms and anxiety; in grief symptoms six months after spousal loss; and the extent to which these differences are explained by marital quality, social support from children and friends, and religiosity. Analyses are based on the Changing Lives of Older Couples, a prospective study of 1,532 married individuals aged 65 and older. Widowhood is associated with elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms, yet these effects do not differ by race. Among widowed persons only, Blacks and Whites report similar levels of overall grief, yearning, intrusive thoughts, shock, depressive symptoms, and anxiety, whereas Blacks report significantly lower levels of anger and despair. The racial gap in anger is explained by Blacks’higher levels of religious participation and social support from children, whereas the difference in despair reflects Blacks’ higher levels of preloss marital conflict.
Intense emotional responses to music: a test of the physiological arousal hypothesis
Authors: Rickard Nikki S.
Published: September 2004

A consistent theme across general theories of emotion is that intense emotions are accompanied by increased levels of physiological arousal. The aim in the current study was to determine whether music which elicited intense emotions produced higher levels of physiological arousal than less emotionally powerful music. Twenty-one participants (9 females, 12 males) were exposed to relaxing music, arousing (but not emotionally powerful) music, an emotionally powerful film scene, and a music piece selected by participants as ‘emotionally powerful’. A range of physiological and subjective measures of arousal was recorded before and during the treatments. The emotionally powerful music treatment elicited significantly greater increases in skin conductance and number of chills than the other treatments. The findings are discussed in terms of the sensitivity of skin conductance and chills as measures of emotional intensity, and it is suggested the study offers some support for the emotivist thesis of musical emotions.
Prendre des risques, ce n’est pas affronter des dangers: la sociologie du risque de Luhmann
Authors: Lantz Pierre
Published: September 2004

The sociology of risk (Luhmann) challenges the appropriateness of the description of present-day society as a “risk society” (Beck). Every social system differentiates between risks envisaged by decision-makers and actual future dangers. Risk is envisaged only with respect to the maintenance of a social system. From this standpoint, possible harm to the man in the street may be preferred to a risk that might affect the decision-makers’ own social system.
Are we getting it right?
Authors: Lombardi Marco
Published: September 2004

Beck’s “risk society” is alive. From this starting point the article assumes that risk today has to be addressed in a cultural way, taking into account that risk was not a cultural feature of the Second World War society. Among the tools for addressing the question are risk-communication research and practice, which focus on the exchange of information between all the parties concerned because it is in the framework of the communication process that risk brings together scientific uncertainty and value judgements in ways that are intimately related to politics, people’s lifestyles and the nature of our democracy.
Les entreprises face á l’urgence: y-a-t-il encore place pour l’anticipation?
Authors: Aubert Nicole
Published: September 2004

We are living with a new relationship to time. Urgency, instantaneity, immediacy, induced by the dictatorship of time which regulates the economy, have pervaded professional life, creating confusion between what is urgent and what is important, what is secondary and what is essential. In economies working with “tight flows”, individuals themselves become like consumer products of very short life, which enterprises try to make immediately profitable and rotate quickly. Pathologies of “hyperactivity” and “exhaustiveness” depressions are direct consequences of this state of affairs.
Recruitment of members of Dutch noble and high-bourgeois families to elite positions in the 20th century
Authors: Schijf Huibert , Dronkers Jaap , van den Broeke-George Jennifer
Published: September 2004

This article offers a counter-example of the modernization theory by looking at the elite positions of the nobility in the Netherlands in the 20th century. We compare the elite positions of the parents and the children, and between noble families and high bourgeoisie families. The likelihood of achieving an elite position has not decreased for different generations of the nobility or in comparison with the high bourgeoisie. An important factor is their social and cultural capital as indicated by the noble titles of their mothers and parents-in-law. This suggests that the modernization theory may apply to the middle classes, but far less to the elites.
Using a role by role interview to measure the minority effect: a note on ongoing research
Authors: Laponce Jean
Published: September 2004

This report on research in progress is based on data obtained through written questionnaires administered to UBC (University of British Columbia) and Ottawa University students who were asked to rank the importance and the degree of satisfaction associated with 14 characteristics of either the self or the social environment (gender, age, nationality, profession, religion, preferred political party, place of birth, province of residence, city of residence, university, ethnic group, language, family, and friends). Using gender, language, and race as examples, the author shows the usefulness of a role by role approach in comparative analysis, notably for the study of minority groups.
The Conditional Effects of Gender and Delinquency on the Relationship Between Emotional Distress and Suicidal Ideation or Attempt Among Youth
Authors: Liu Ruth X.
Published: September 2004

Using data provided by a national sample of youth studied at two points in time (N = 4,221), this study assesses the independent and interactive effects of emotional distress and delinquency involvement on suicidal gestures (i.e., ideation and attempt), and gender differences in these interrelationships. Logistic regression analyses produced results generally consistent with the hypothesized relationships: (a) Experience of emotional distress predicts subsequent suicidal ideation or attempt while controlling for initial suicidal attempt and other common antecedent variables; (b) delinquency involvement also predicts suicidal gestures among girls. For boys, however, these effects are in the same direction but not statistically significant; (c) furthermore, adolescent girls who experience emotional distress but are simultaneously antisocial or delinquent are less suicidal than those who experience distress but are conforming to social rules. For boys, the effects are much weaker and not statistically significant. These findings are discussed in light of theoretical importance and policy implications.
Attachment State of Mind:
Authors: Bernier Annie , Larose Simon , Boivin Michel , Soucy Nathalie
Published: September 2004

The main purpose of this study was to examine the associations between attachment state of mind and adjustment to college. A related aim was to examine the moderating role of attachment state of mind in the relation between parental control and school adjustment. One-hundred two college freshmen completed the Adult Attachment Interview and a measure of parental control. They also completed a measure of college adjustment at the very beginning and at the very end of their freshman year. The findings showed that pre-occupation with attachment is related to poor adjustment after 1 year in college and to a general deterioration in adjustment and in grades during the freshman year. Preoccupation with attachment also accentuates the negative relationbetween parental psychological control and social adjustment. Dismissing attachment tendencies were found to be unrelated to college adjustment.
Biomaterials in Periodontal Regenerative Surgery: Effects of Cryopreserved Bone, Commercially Available Coral, Demineralized Freeze-dried Dentin, and Cementum on Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts
Authors: Devecioğlu Didem , Tözüm Tolga F. , Şengün Diilek , Nohutcu Rahime M.
Published: September 2004

The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is to achieve successful periodontal regeneration. The effects of different biomaterials, allogenic and alloplastic, used in periodontal surgeries to achieve regeneration have been studied in vitro on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and MC3T3-E1 cells. The materials tested included cryopreserved bone allograft (CBA), coralline hydroxyapatite (CH), demineralized freeze-dried dentin (DFDD), and cementum. CBA and CH revealed an increase in initial PDL cell attachment, whereas CH resulted in an increase in long-term PDL cell attachment. Mineral-like nodule formation was observed significantly higher in DFDD compared to other materials tested for osteoblasts. Based on the results of this in vitro study, we conclude that the materials used are all biocompatible with human PDL cells and osteoblasts, which have pivotal importance in periodontal regeneration.
Participants’Use of Cultural Knowledge as Cultural Capital in a Dot-Com Start-Up Organization
Authors: Lyon Alexander
Published: September 2004

This case study examines how participants in a dot-com start-up organization produced and reproduced cultural knowledge. Enlisting Pierre Bourdieu’s perspective, the analysis shows the ways members used cultural knowledge as a form of cultural capital in their organizational setting. Some individuals and groups shaped and used this knowledge in personally beneficial ways that obstructed the pursuit of organizationally espoused priorities. The case underscores the importance of forming and reproducing widely shared knowledge through equitable, participatory processes.
Connectedness in Action
Authors: Stohl Cynthia
Published: September 2004

An insightful ability to connect distinguishes Professor Stohl’s remarkable work. Her scholarship has played a pivotal role in moving the organizational communication discipline into the global arena, connecting organizational communication with both new scholars and new realms of inquiry befitting the world stage. Cynthia has helped connect organizational communication to the broader global arena by going global herself. Her work is marked by her engagement of globalization issues and validated by her experiences as a scholar working both outside and inside the United States. More importantly, Cynthia’s prominence in our field grows from her commitment to values of scholarship and practice, a commitment you will find connected throughout her address. And it is that commitment to our shared values of scholarship that connects us all as organizational scholars. It is the same value commitment that inspires us to work together to make organizations a more positive force in the global world.
Inside the Rabelaisian Sileni Box
Authors: Boje David M.
Published: September 2004

Professor David M. Boje is the agent provocateur of the postmodern era. Famed as a scholar, one of those precious few scholars who can actually make postmodernism accessible and meaningful, David provokes us through the gift of perspective. David’s work moves us by giving us insight into the unseen and by helping us to engage the mystery that lies just beyond our regular comprehension. And if we consider perspective gaining for a moment, we find that is exactly what our scholarly work is about: We give the gift of perspective, for with newperspectives our students, and indeed all of us, move forward. As you read David’s address, you will find yourself provoked through a story of Bakhtin and dialogue, murals and McDonald’s. David moves us to realize the power we scholars have through our gifts of language and knowledge to create perspective, to enable, and to move forward.
Freedom of Careers
Authors: Trujillo Nick
Published: September 2004

Professor Nick Trujillo is a risk taker of no small distinction. He always has been and always will be. And he brings that remarkable scholarly spirit of risk taking to us today with his reflections on our freedoms as scholars. Nick has consistently drawn on his freedom to break the boundaries of our scholarly thinking, not for destruction but for expansion and growth. As he will say himself, the word eclectic characterizes Nick and his work rather well. That eclecticism marks for us an influential scholar who writes with heartfelt depth and clarity. As you engage Nick’s address, you will find him asking each of us, “Where does your heart take you in your scholarship?” and challenging us to embrace our scholarly freedom and use it well. As we move forward from today, we can get no better advice than to embrace our freedom to write from the heart.
Waving, Not Drowning: Strategic Dimensions of Ceasefires and Islamic Movements
Authors: Milton-Edwards Beverley , Crooke Alastair
Published: September 2004

In the arena of ethno-national conflict, the adoption of a ceasefire is regarded as a key trigger for allowing the development of subsequent political initiatives in peacemaking. Armed elements within Islamism, however, are often understood as ruling out ceasefire and promoting a counter-agenda of armed struggle without compromise. Thus, in Israel and in the international community, most regarded the Hamas and Islamic Jihad ceasefire ( hudna) of June 2003 with suspicion. Yet, in this respect, there was a failure to recognize that Islamists were waving, not drowning, with respect to signalling a new attitude towards the political process that animates Palestinian-Israeli encounters. This article seeks to analyse the contradiction inherent in current demands on contemporary Islamists and the part that they can play in reaching the strategic goal of peace and security. Principally, the concept of ceasefire and Islamist discourse on contemporary security issues will be examined in order to illustrate the relevance of these issues to wider dimensions of regional and global security debates.
The Moscow-Beijing-Delhi ‘Strategic Triangle’: An Idea Whose Time May Never Come
Authors: Pant Harsh V.
Published: September 2004

The unparalleled position of the United States in the international political system has given rise to an attempt in recent times by Russia, China, and India to forge trilateral cooperation into what has been termed as a ‘strategic triangle’. This article argues that the possibility of the emergence of such a ‘strategic triangle’ remains quite low given the present structure of international politics, where the USA has more comprehensive ties with Russia, China, and India than any two of them have between themselves. Moreover, though bilateral ties among the three states in question have improved in recent years, much more effort is required to bring them to the footing of a meaningful strategic relationship. Not only are Russia, China, and India too weak to balance US power in any significant measure, but the allure of US power remains too strong for them to resist.
Participation in Victim-Offender Mediation and the Prevalence of Subsequent Delinquent Behavior: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nugent William R. , Williams Mona , Umbreit Mark S.
Published: September 2004

Objective: This article reports the results of a meta-analytic study of the relationship between participation in victim-offender mediation (VOM) and the prevalence of subsequent delinquent behavior. Method: Analyses were conducted with the results of 15 studies, conducted at 19 different sites, with a sample of 9,307 juveniles. Results: The results suggested that methodological factors explained all the significant variation across sites and studies in the magnitude of the difference between non-VOM and VOM groups in their reoffense prevalence. The odds of VOM participants were only about .70 as great as the odds of nonparticipants reoffending. Conclusion: The results support the efforts of social workers to advocate for, develop, and participate in VOM programs.
The Effects of PTSD on Treatment Adherence, Drug Relapse, and Criminal Recidivism in a Sample of Incarcerated Men and Women
Authors: Kubiak Sheryl Pimlott
Published: September 2004

Objective/Method: Given the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD), and the prevalence of SUD among offenders, the inattention to trauma before, during, and after incarceration is troubling. This exploratory study compared those with and without co-occurring PTSD among men (n = 139) and women (n = 60) involved in prison-based substance abuse treatment. Results: More than one half the sample met criteria for lifetime PTSD with women experiencing a greater number of events and men experiencing more recent events. Women with PTSD were significantly more likely to relapse than women without. Men with PTSD were more likely to enter community aftercare treatment and recidivate than those without. Conclusion: The findings suggest that trauma-related disorders, among those with SUD, affect postincarceration outcomes. Therefore, from a practice and policy perspective, interventions addressing this co-occurring disorder should be available to men and women within the criminal justice system.
Child and Mother Client Satisfaction Questionnaire Scores Regarding Mental Health Services: Race, Age, and Gender Correlates
Authors: Copeland Valire Carr , Koeske Gary , Greeno Catherine G.
Published: September 2004

This study used the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) to examine the level of consumer satisfaction with children’s (ages 8 to 17 years) outpatient mental health services. Analyses were completed using both individual satisfaction items and a summed scale score. The CSQ scale had satisfactory internal consistency reliability for both mothers (alpha = .96) and children (alpha = .93). Parents’ratings of satisfaction with their child’s treatment were not uniformly consistent with those of the child who was in treatment. Mothers’and children’s ratings were significantly, but only moderately, related. We also found that a child’s satisfaction with outpatient services, relative to that of the parent, may depend on the child’s gender, race, and age. These findings suggest that children’s satisfaction with mental health treatment was complexly determined and should not be inferred from their mothers’degree of satisfaction.
Feasibility and Implementation of a Statewide Evaluation of Substance Abuse Services
Authors: Bordnick Patrick S. , Waller Raymond J. , King Michael
Published: September 2004

Statewide evaluations of mental health services are colossal undertakings, reports of which are few in the published literature. Social workers are often called on to conduct program evaluations of both small-and large-scale mental health systems. A statewide evaluation system was implemented in the state of Georgia in 1999 to measure the impact of services on mental health, mental retardation, and substance abuse programs. This report delineates the evaluation of substance abuse services for the state of Georgia using the Addiction Severity Index. System-wide outcomes were assessed across 13 mental health regions, and 19 substance abuse programs participated. Consumers admitted to American Society of Addiction Medicine level II services were assessed at intake and 60 days posttreatment. Difficulties with the implementation of the statewide evaluation system, such as attrition, are identified and discussed. Recommendations for improving the evaluation system are also discussed.
A Synergistic Damage Mechanics Approach to Viscoelastic Response of Cracked Cross-ply Laminates
Authors: Varna Janis , Krasnikovs Andrejs , Kumar Rajesh S. , Talreja Ramesh
Published: September 2004

A synergistic damage mechanics approach, i.e., a combined continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and micromechanics approach, is developed to characterize the viscoelastic response of cross-ply laminates with transverse cracks. The approach relies upon a second-order tensor-based description of damage wherein the crack opening displacement appears as an explicit function. The time variation of this function is calculated by micromechanics and is inserted into the continuum damage formulation. The relaxation moduli calculated for fixed states of damage (transverse crack density) by this approach agree well with independently calculated values by a CDM approach and finite element model.
Contributions of Personality and Interests to Explaining the Educational Aspirations of College Students
Authors: Gasser Courtney E. , Larson Lisa M. , Borgen Fred H.
Published: September 2004

This study extends prior work by examining how a different model of personality beyond the Big Five and interest are predictive of an important criterion variable, educational aspirations. This is the first study to investigate personality-interest convergence by examining the newly revised 2003 California Psychological Inventory with the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory. In general, the authors found that those personality scales and interest scales that were more related or applicable to educational aspirations were moderately correlated with level of educational aspirations. Also, hierarchical regression results showed that specific dimensions of personality and interests are related to college students’ plans for future scholarly work. Similarly, the current study found that components of one’s personality and interest may relate to aspiring to higher levels of education.
Self-Efficacy as a Mediator of the Relationships between Personality Factors and Career Interests
Authors: Nauta Margaret M.
Published: September 2004

Relationships among the Big Five personality factors (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism), career interests, and career self-efficacy (using Holland’s realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional types for both of the latter) were examined. Among a sample of 147 college students, self-efficacy mediated four out of five personality-interest relationships that have been found to be robust across a number of other samples. The findings generally support social cognitive career theory’s model of interest development and have implications for career counselors who are working to help clients understand their interest assessment results.
Test-Retest Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Expanded Skills Confidence Inventory
Authors: Robinson Carrie H. , Betz Nancy E.
Published: September 2004

This study examined the test-retest reliability and the concurrent validity of the 17-scale Expanded Skills Confidence Inventory in samples of 321 and 175 college students. Retest values over a 3-week interval ranged from .77 to .89, with a median of .85. Using Brown and Gore’s C-index, evidence for the concurrent validity of confidence score patterns relative to college major choice was found. Specifically, the values of C describing the congruence of the three-letter Holland code derived from the 17 confidence scores with the Holland code of college major choice were significantly higher than the theoretical mean and were comparable in size to values found in samples of employed adults. Higher congruence scores were found among students majoring in enterprising and secondarily, investigative areas.
Cultural Validity of Holland’s Theory and the Strong Interest Inventory for Five Racial/Ethnic Groups
Authors: Fouad Nadya A. , Mohler Carolyn J.
Published: September 2004

This study examined evidence for the use of the Strong Interest Inventory with diverse populations, including examination of the structure of interests across five racial/ethnic groups, finding similarity in perceptions of the world of work. The study also studied differences in means for the General Occupational Themes and Basic Interest Scales as well as assessed differences in consistency and differentiation across five racial/ethnic groups for career clients. Overall, the pattern of results suggests minimal differences based on racial/ethnic group membership but more meaningful group differences based on gender.
Critiquing the Case for Marriage Promotion
Authors: Catlett Beth Skilken , Artis Julie E.
Published: September 2004

This article argues that governmental policies to promote marriage fail to recognize the reality of domestic violence in many families’ lives. By minimizing and misrepresenting the role of domestic violence, these policies ultimately are self-defeating. After describing the recent history of welfare reform and marriage promotion policies, we briefly review the arguments advanced in favor of such policies. We then offer a critique of marriage promotion through the prism of social science research on domestic violence and explain how advocates largely ignore or misrepresent this research. Finally, we discuss the need to ground policy formation in the voices of those women whose lives such policies ultimately will affect.
Gender Differences in Adolescent and Young Adult Predictors of Later Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Chen Ping-Hsin , White Helene Raskin
Published: September 2004

The authors examined distal predictors of perpetration and victimization of intimate partner violence (IPV) among 725 young adult men and women using prospective data. Earlier problem drinking and negative affect were common predictors of perpetration for both genders. Lower education predicted female perpetration; parental fighting predicted male perpetration. No common predictors of victimization were found for men and women. Lower education, problem drinking, and childhood parental beating predicted female victimization. None of the models explained a large amount of the variance in IPV. More longitudinal research is needed on gender differences in the explanations for and consequences of IPV.
Exploring the Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of the Governing of Metropolitan Regions
Authors: Hamilton David K. , Miller David Y. , Paytas Jerry
Published: September 2004

A metropolitan region does not have formal institutional structures such as nations, states, and cities, but it is a system that can be conceptualized and studied as a whole. The study of metropolitan areas too often ignores the dynamic relationship sat the intersection of state and local governments. This study suggests a two-dimensional typology of governance in metropolitan regions. The authors found that governance affects the long-term competitiveness of the metropolitan economy. Governance does not determine economic outcomes but reduces the ability to adapt. The worst combination for metropolitan competitiveness is decentralization within regions where there is a centralized state government.
When Cities Get Married
Authors: Dilworth Richardson , Trevenen Kathryn
Published: September 2004

In this article, we examine the processes by which urban space became sexually coded through municipal consolidation in the nineteenth century. Our analysis covers the union of Van Vorst Township to Jersey City in 1851 and the absorption of the City of Brooklyn to “Greater New York” in 1898. In both cases, urban space was gendered and sexualized through courtship and marriage metaphors used by local newspapers. We argue that consolidation is represented in gendered and sexualized terms so that the question of municipal expansion became insulated frommoral, racialized, and environmental concerns about the “threats” of the big city. Our analysis has contemporary relevance because it suggests the sexist and heterosexist norms that may be embedded in the noblesse oblige of contemporary municipal consolidation. It also suggests a way of looking at contemporary municipal boundary changes through a normative lens that takes us beyond economic notions of self-interest.
Hunger Discipline and Social Parasites
Authors: Robinson Tony
Published: September 2004

This article examines how New Deal commitments to a living wage were overturned by neoliberal market forces after the 1970s capital accumulation crisis. A period of urban financialization followed, characterized by a shift of urban fortunes away from labor and toward capital. Today’s living wage movement critiques the resulting economy in which top-tier success is linked to declining worker prospects. Advocates argue that businesses receiving government contracts or subsidies should pay a living wage that allows workers to support the average family in reasonable comfort. This article explores arguments for and against this movement, using Denver, Colorado, as a case study.
Thinking about Local Living Wage Requirements
Authors: Bartik Timothy J.
Published: September 2004

This article reviews our knowledge about the living wage, a local government requirement that employers receiving city contracts or economic development subsidies pay a living wage above the federal minimumwage. More than 100local governmentsin the United States have adopteda living wage. The article concludes that moderate living wage requirements applied to local government, and to contractors’ and grantees’ employees who are funded by the local government, are the most likely to be beneficial. Living wage coverage for employers receiving economic development subsidies are more likely to be harmful if the city economy is weak.
The Economic Effects of Living Wage Laws
Authors: Adams Scott , Neumark David
Published: September 2004

Nearly 100 cities and local governments in the United States passed living wage laws since the mid-1990s. The central goal of living wages is to reduce poverty, yet they may fail to do so because of disemployment effects. We summarize and critique the existing research on the effects of living wages on wages, employment, and family income, emphasizing common findings, points of disagreement, and important questions for future research. The evidence thus far points to wage increases as well as employment losses for the least skilled—although thereis disagreement about the employment effects—but, on net, some beneficial distributional effects. The evidence also points to efficiency wage–type effects of living wage laws that may offset some of the adverse impacts on employers.
The English Expressions Good Boy and Good Girl and Cultural Models of Child Rearing
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2004

The expressions good boy and good girl are widely used in Anglo parental speech directed at children to praise them for their actions. Used in this way, these expressions have no equivalents in other European languages. In tracing the history of these expressions, and their negative counterparts bad boy and bad girl, this paper seeks to show that they reflect a unique cultural model of child rearing, which links evaluation of a child’s behaviour with evaluation of the child him- or herself. It is argued that this model, which might seem natural and universal, but which is in fact culture-specific, has its roots in England’s and America’s Puritan past. Using the NSM semantic methodology, the paper explores the changes and continuities in this cultural model against the backdrop of broad linguistic usage.
What Are Cultural Models For? Child-Rearing Practices in Historical Perspective
Authors: Campos Gilberto Pérez
Published: September 2004

Wierzbicka (2004) offers an engaging case concerning the Puritan roots of the English expressions good boy and good girl. While her invitation to see a cultural model of child rearing in an historical light must be applauded, her strategy for tracing its continuity and change is criticized in this comment. The concept of cultural models appears as a good candidate in the effort to construct an historical perspective within cultural psychological theorizing, but the role of the NSM as a useful tool to that end seems unclear.
Hunting for a Job: How Individual Differences in Foraging Strategies Influence the Length of Unemployment
Authors: Wieczorkowska Grazyna , Burnstein Eugene
Published: September 2004

A model of individual difference in foraging is used to predict the speed with which unemployed Poles gain employment. Foraging theory assumes an evolved computational mechanism that produces a trade-off between search costs, the amount of preparation individuals foresee as required to achieve an outcome, and whether they deem the outcome worth pursuing. We argue that the expression of this mechanism varies over individuals (as well as situations, the traditional focus of foraging theory) and distinguish between two ideal-type foraging strategies based on the nature of the trade-off. One, called a point strategy, denotes individuals who are willing to incur significant search costs. They characteristically engage in meticulous planning and consider only a few options as worth pursing. The other, called an interval strategy, describes individuals who are typically averse to incurring search costs. They plan in a perfunctory manner and are willing to accept many options as ‘good enough’. Two hypotheses are tested: (i) Interval strategists find jobs more rapidly than point strategists. (ii) Women, because they incur greater search costs, find jobs less rapidly than men. In addition, we conjectured if women’s search costs are sufficiently greater, they may benefit more than men by adopting an interval strategy. Two studies, the first with a convenience sample and the second with a representative national sample, provide strong support for the first hypothesis, reasonable support for the second, and weaker support for our conjecture. A third study demonstrates that in evaluating the attractiveness of a job individuals weigh its features in a fashion consistent with their foraging strategy.
When in Rome... An Evolutionary Perspective on Conformity
Authors: Coultas Julie C.
Published: September 2004

Is proportion as important as group size when exploring conformity in small groups? Two tests of Boyd and Richerson’s (1985) conformist transmission model were undertaken. In experiment one, 378 individuals were observed in a computer laboratory. A rare behaviour was modelled by a number of naive models. As each individual entered the laboratory the proportion of models of the behaviour and the behaviour of the newcomer was recorded. In experiment two, 476 participants in psychology experiments took part (unknowingly) in an additional experiment where both proportion and group size were manipulated. Logistic regression indicated that the proportion of models, but not group size, was a significant predictor of conformity in both experiments. The findings are discussed in terms of their contribution to an evolutionary theory of human cooperative behaviour.
Evolved Disease-Avoidance Mechanisms and Contemporary Xenophobic Attitudes
Authors: Faulkner Jason , Schaller Mark , Park Justin H. , Duncan Lesley A.
Published: September 2004

From evolutionary psychological reasoning, we derived the hypothesis that chronic and contextually aroused feelings of vulnerability to disease motivate negative reactions to foreign peoples. The hypothesis was tested and supported across four correlational studies: chronic disease worries predicted implicit cognitions associating foreign outgroups with danger, and also predicted less positive attitudes toward foreign (but not familiar) immigrant groups. The hypothesis also received support in two experiments in which the salience of contagious disease was manipulated: participants under high disease-salience conditions expressed less positive attitudes toward foreign (but not familiar) immigrants and were more likely to endorse policies that would favor the immigration of familiar rather than foreign peoples. These results reveal a previously under-explored influence on xenophobic attitudes, and suggest interesting linkages between evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary social cognition.
Perceived Reactions to Interracial Romantic Relationships: When Race is Used as a Cue to Status
Authors: Miller Suzanne C. , Olson Michael A. , Fazio Russell H.
Published: September 2004

Two studies examined the hypothesis that race, by serving as an indicator of status, more strongly affects prejudice against females’ romantic relationships than males’. In Study 1, participants reported on an interracial romantic relationship about which close others disapproved. Consistent with evolutionary and social structural theories of mate selection, non-White males indicated more disapproval from their White female partners’ friends and family than all other combinations of race and gender. In Study 2, White females reported more anticipated disapproval for dating members of low status groups than did White males. Moreover, White females anticipated greater disapproval for dating non-Whites, but only if they perceived their parents as prejudiced. Evolutionary and social structural explanations for these findings are discussed.
Anxiety and Intergroup Bias: Terror Management or Coalitional Psychology?
Authors: Navarrete C. David , Kurzban Robert , Fessler Daniel M. T. , Kirkpatrick Lee A.
Published: September 2004

Contemplation of death increases support of ingroup ideologies, a result explained by proponents of terror management theory (TMT) as an attempt to buffer existential anxiety. While TMT claims that only death-salient stimuli yield such effects, an evolutionary perspective suggests that increased intergroup bias may occur in response to a wide variety of situations that, in ancestral environments, posed adaptive problems for which marshaling social support was a reliably adaptive response. Four experiments from two cultures produced results consistent with this latter perspective but contrary to TMT. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that, among UCLA undergraduates, participants asked to contemplate aversive scenarios unrelated to death displayed increased support of ingroup ideology. Studies 3 and 4 replicated elements of these results, exploring the moderating effects of self-esteem and collectivism on intergroup bias in two Costa Rican samples. These results indicate that worldview defense effects occur even when death is not salient.