bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A combined analytical‐experimental investigation of friction in cylinder liner inserts under mixed and boundary regimes of lubrication
Authors: Gore M. , Morris N. , Rahmani R. , Rahnejat H. , King P. D. , Howell‐Smith S.
Published: January 2017

It is necessary to develop an analytical solution in order to combine predictions with measured tribological parameters and fundamentally understand the mechanism of lubrication in a typical region of engine cycle, using tribometric studies. This paper deals with the development of such a representative approach. An analytical, rather than a numerical approach is expounded, as it is shown to suffice for the purpose of precise time‐efficient predictions, which conform well to the measurements. The effect of surface topography, material and operating conditions are ascertained for the representative case of top compression ring—cylinder liner contact at the top dead centre reversal in transition from the compression to power stroke. Stainless steel uncoated surface used as press fit cylinder liners for niche original equipment manufacturer applications are compared with those furnished with a Nickel‐Silicon Carbide wear‐resistant coating of choice in high performance motorsport. © 2017 The Authors Lubrication Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Clinical dose effect and functional consequences of R92Q in two families presenting with a TRAPS/PFAPA‐like phenotype
Authors: Grandemange Sylvie , Cabasson Sébastien , Sarrabay Guillaume , Pène Jérôme , Rittore Cécile , Sanchez Elodie , Chastang Marie‐Caroline , Guyon Gaël , Pillet Pascal , Touitou Isabelle
Published: January 2017

Background

TNF receptor‐associated syndrome (TRAPS) is a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory condition caused by mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene. The mechanism underlying the variable expressivity of the common variant R92Q (rs4149584; c.362G>A; p.Arg121Gln) is unclear and is of critical importance for patient care and genetic counseling. This study evaluated the impact of the number of R92Q mutations in two unique unrelated families.

Methods

Two patients with undefined but clear autoinflammatory symptoms were referred for genetic diagnosis. Blood samples were collected from the available family members to screen autoinflammatory genes and assess key steps of the TNFR1‐mediated signaling pathway using flow cytometry and ex vivo culture.

Results

R92Q homozygosity was demonstrated for the two probands. In family 1, the segregation analysis revealed TRAPS‐like symptoms in all carriers, with a more severe presentation in the proband, whereas in family 2, the heterozygous parents were totally asymptomatic, suggesting recessive transmission. Functional studies revealed a nonclassical pathogenesis of TRAPS in the two probands and suggested a compensatory mechanism without clear dose effect.

Conclusion

We observed for the first time a possible clinical dose effect of R92Q. This work highlights the importance of familial studies to reconcile the contradictory reports published on the pathogenicity of this variant.
Defining genetic and chemical diversity in wheat grain by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy of polar metabolites
Authors: Shewry Peter R. , Corol Delia I. , Jones Huw D. , Beale Michael H. , Ward Jane L.
Published: January 2017

Scope

The application of high‐throughput 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) of unpurified extracts to determine genetic diversity and the contents of polar components in grain of wheat.

Methods and results

Milled whole wheat grain was extracted with 80:20 D2O:CD3OD containing 0.05% d4–trimethylsilylpropionate. 1H‐NMR spectra were acquired under automation at 300°K using an Avance Spectrometer operating at 600.0528 MHz. Regions for individual metabolites were identified by comparison to a library of known standards run under identical conditions. The individual 1H‐NMR peaks or levels of known metabolites were then compared by Principal Component Analysis using SIMCA‐P software.

Conclusions

High‐throughput 1H‐NMR is an excellent tool to compare the extent of genetic diversity within and between wheat species, and to quantify specific components (including glycine betaine, choline, and asparagine) in individual genotypes. It can also be used to monitor changes in composition related to environmental factors and to support comparisons of the substantial equivalence of transgenic lines.
Magnetic field effects on particle beams and their implications for dose calculation in MR‐guided particle therapy
Authors: Fuchs Hermann , Moser Philipp , Gröschl Martin , Georg Dietmar
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To investigate and model effects of magnetic fields on proton and carbon ion beams for dose calculation.

Methods

In a first step, Monte Carlo simulations using Gate 7.1/Geant4.10.0.p03 were performed for proton and carbon ion beams in magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 3 T. Initial particle energies ranged from 60 to 250 MeV (protons) and 120 to 400 MeV/u (carbon ions), respectively. The resulting dose distributions were analyzed focusing on beam deflection, dose deformation, as well as the impact of material heterogeneities. In a second step, a numerical algorithm was developed to calculate the lateral beam position. Using the Runge–Kutta method, an iterative solution of the relativistic Lorentz equation, corrected for the changing particle energy during penetration, was performed. For comparison, a γ‐index analysis was utilized, using a criteria of 2%/2 mm of the local maximum.

Results

A tilt in the dose distribution within the Bragg peak area was observed, leading to non‐negligible dose distribution changes. The magnitude was found to depend on the magnetic field strength as well as on the initial beam energy. Comparison of the 3 T dose distribution with non‐B field (nominal) dose distributions, resulted in a γmean (mean value of the γ distribution) of 0.6, with 14.4% of the values above 1 and γ1% (1% of all points have an equal or higher γ value) of 1.8. The presented numerical algorithm calculated the lateral beam offset with maximum errors of less than 2% with calculation times of less than 5 μs. The impact of tissue interfaces on the proton dose distributions was found to be less than 2% for a dose voxel size of 1 × 1 × 1 mm3.

Conclusion

Non‐negligible dose deformations at the Bragg peak area were identified for high initial energies and strong magnetic fields. A fast numerical algorithm based on the solution of the energy‐corrected relativistic Lorentz equation was able to describe the beam path, taking into account the particle energy, magnetic field, and material.
Undercut and overhang angle control in topology optimization: A density gradient based integral approach
Authors: Qian Xiaoping
Published: January 2017

We present an approach for controlling the undercut and the minimal overhang angle in density based topology optimization, which are useful for reducing support structures in additive manufacturing. We cast both the undercut control and the minimal overhang angle control that are inherently constraints on the boundary shape into a domain integral of Heaviside projected density gradient. Such a Heaviside projection based integral of density gradient leads to a single constraint for controlling the undercut or controlling the overhang angle in the optimization. It effectively corresponds to a constraint on the projected perimeter that has undercut or has slope smaller than the prescribed overhang angle. In order to prevent trivial solutions of intermediate density to satisfy the density gradient constraints, a constraint on density grayness is also incorporated into the formulations. Numerical results on Messerschmitt–Bolkow–Blohm beams, cantilever beams, and 2D and 3D heat conduction problems demonstrate the proposed formulations are effective in controlling the undercut and the minimal overhang angle in the optimized designs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fast and robust hybrid method for block‐structured mesh deformation with emphasis on FSI‐LES applications
Authors: Sen Shuvam , De Nayer Guillaume , Breuer Michael
Published: January 2017

The present work introduces an efficient technique for the deformation of block‐structured grids occurring in simulations of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems relying on large‐eddy simulation (LES). The proposed hybrid approach combines the advantages of the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation with the simplicity and low computational effort of transfinite interpolation (TFI), while preserving the mesh quality in boundary layers. It is an improvement over the state‐of‐the‐art currently in use. To reach this objective, in a first step, three elementary mesh deformation methods (TFI, IDW, and radial basis functions) are investigated based on several test cases of different complexities analyzing not only their capabilities but also their computational costs. That not only allows to point out the advantages of each method but also demonstrates their drawbacks. Based on these specific properties of the different methods, a hybrid methodology is suggested that splits the entire grid deformation into two steps: first, the movement of the block‐boundaries of the block‐structured grid and second, the deformation of each block of the grid. Both steps rely on different methodologies, which allows to work out the most appropriate method for each step leading to a reasonable compromise between the grid quality achieved and the computational effort required. Finally, a hybrid IDW‐TFI methodology is suggested that best fits to the specific requirements of coupled FSI‐LES applications. This hybrid procedure is then applied to a real‐life FSI‐LES case. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overset meshing coupled with hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin finite elements
Authors: Kauffman Justin A. , Sheldon Jason P. , Miller Scott T.
Published: January 2017

We introduce the use of hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) finite element methods on overlapping (overset) meshes. Overset mesh methods are advantageous for solving problems on complex geometrical domains. We combine geometric flexibility of overset methods with the advantages of HDG methods: arbitrarily high‐order accuracy, reduced size of the global discrete problem, and the ability to solve elliptic, parabolic, and/or hyperbolic problems with a unified form of discretization. Our approach to developing the ‘overset HDG’ method is to couple the global solution from one mesh to the local solution on the overset mesh. We present numerical examples for steady convection–diffusion and static elasticity problems. The examples demonstrate optimal order convergence in all primal fields for an arbitrary amount of overlap of the underlying meshes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Health Insurance on Preventive Care and Health Behaviors: Evidence from the First Two Years of the ACA Medicaid Expansions
Authors: Simon Kosali , Soni Aparna , Cawley John
Published: January 2017

The U.S. population receives suboptimal levels of preventive care and has a high prevalence of risky health behaviors. One goal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was to increase preventive care and improve health behaviors by expanding access to health insurance. This paper estimates how the ACA‐facilitated state‐level expansions of Medicaid in 2014 affected these outcomes. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and a difference‐in‐differences model that compares states that did and did not expand Medicaid, we examine the impact of the expansions on preventive care (e.g., dental visits, immunizations, mammograms, cancer screenings), risky health behaviors (e.g., smoking, heavy drinking, lack of exercise, obesity), and self‐assessed health. We find that the expansions increased insurance coverage and access to care among the targeted population of low‐income childless adults. The expansions also increased use of certain forms of preventive care, but there is no evidence that they increased ex ante moral hazard (i.e., there is no evidence that risky health behaviors increased in response to health insurance coverage). The Medicaid expansions also modestly improved self‐assessed health.
How scaling of the disturbance set affects robust positively invariant sets for linear systems
Authors: Schulze Darup Moritz , Schaich Rainer , Cannon Mark
Published: January 2017

This paper presents new results on robust positively invariant (RPI) sets for linear discrete‐time systems with additive disturbances. In particular, we study how RPI sets change with scaling of the disturbance set. More precisely, we show that many properties of RPI sets crucially depend on a unique scaling factor, which determines the transition from nonempty to empty RPI sets. We characterize this critical scaling factor, present an efficient algorithm for its computation, and analyze it for a number of examples from the literature. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A consensus approach to PI gains tuning for quality‐fair video delivery
Authors: Dal Col Laura , Tarbouriech Sophie , Zaccarian Luca , Kieffer Michel
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we provide necessary and sufficient conditifor the quality‐fair delivery of multimedia contents to mobile users. We control the encoding rates and the transmission rates of the video streams, delivered through a limited capacity channel. This problem is cast into a problem of consensus among identical discrete‐time linear systems, connected through a network with fixed and fully connected topology. The information exchanged over the communication network is the measure of the quality of the encoded videos. Based on a consensus result for identical linear systems, we reduce the problem of designing the proportional and integral gains of the encoding rate and transmission rate controllers to a linear static output feedback. We propose an iterative design technique based on linear matrix inequalities to solve the corresponding nonconvex problem, thereby providing a constructive optimality‐based approach to the proportional and integral gains tuning problem. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in simulations, where we compare it with pre‐existing approaches. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deciphering Intermediates and Additives Effect on the Reduction of Nitrobenzene by SmI2
Authors: Surasani Seshi Reddy , Maity Sandeepan
Published: January 2017

Product distribution in the reaction of nitrobenzene (NB) with SmI2 shows a strong dependence on the number of equivalents of SmI2 used. Phenylhydroxylamine (PHA), azoxybenzene (AZOB) and azobenzene (AZB) are the main products when the number of equivalents of SmI2 is up to 4 equivalents. When 6 equivalents are used, aniline (AN) yield is higher and with 8 equivalents, the yield of aniline is 95 %. Using various techniques including chemical labelling, it was shown that none of the above compounds is an intermediate on the path of nitrobenzene to aniline. The suggested mechanism involves the formation of nitrosobenzene which is converted to an intermediate that could generate phenylhydroxylamine. Yet, in the presence of a large amount of SmI2 it is converted directly to aniline, circumventing the production of phenylhydroxylamine. The ratio of aniline production to the condensed products (AZOB and AZB) was shown to be inversely proportional to the ability of the additives used to coordinate to SmI2. The observed order was: MeOH>Water>ethylene glycol>HMPA. Trapping of proposed intermediate with benzaldehyde gives synthetically useful products such as nitrone and Imine.
A Base‐ and Metal‐free Protocol for the Synthesis of 2‐Aryl/heteroaryl Thiazolines
Authors: Chaudhary Shweta , Milton Marilyn D. , Garg Parul
Published: January 2017

A simple and efficient base‐ and metal‐ free protocol for the synthesis of 2‐aryl/heteroarylthiazoline from aryl/heteroaryl nitriles and cysteamine hydrochloride is reported. This method is applicable to a series of aryl/heteroaryl nitriles containing different substituents such as halides, amines, substituted azoles, etc. and furnishes the corresponding thiazolines in upto 99% yields. A selective synthesis of mono‐ or bis‐thiazoline in more than 90% yield was also observed by modifying the duration of the reaction. This novel methodology has been utilized for the synthesis of some important 2‐aryl/heteroarylthiazoline scaffolds which form a part of many biologically active molecules. A probable reaction mechanism involving the formation of highly activated arylimino chloride is also given.
Zn(II) and Cd(II) Coordination Dimers Based on Mixed Benzodioxole‐Carboxylate and N‐Donor Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structures and Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Guerrero Miguel , Vázquez Sergio , Ayllón José A. , Calvet Teresa , Font‐Bardia Merce , Pons Josefina
Published: January 2017

Four new compounds, formulated as [Zn(μ‐Pip)2(3‐Phpy)]2 (1), [Zn(μ‐Pip)2(4‐Phpy)]2 (2), [Cd(μ‐Pip)(Pip)(3‐Phpy)2]2 (3) and [Cd(μ‐Pip)(Pip)(4‐Phpy)2]2 (4) (HPip=1,3‐benzodioxole‐5‐carboxylic acid; Phpy= phenylpyridine), have been successfully assembled based on rigid carboxylate/pyridine ligands. These four compounds have been fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. The aim of the present study is to investigate the structural effect and the influence of the size of metal on the class, geometry and type of coordination of the carboxylate ligands (syn‐syn, syn‐anti) in the final 3D‐arrangements of the structures. Finally, luminescence properties of these new four coordination dimers have been investigated.
Valorization of Furfural Residue by Hydrothermal Carbonization: Processing Optimization, Chemical and Structural Characterization
Authors: Yue Fen , Zhang Jia , Pedersen Christian Marcus , Wang Yingxiong , Zhao Tingting , Wang Pengfei , Liu Yequn , Qian Guangren , Qiao Yan
Published: January 2017

Furfural residue (FR) is a low‐cost by‐product generated in the furfural production from corncobs, which is mainly composed of cellulose and lignin. In this report, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of deashed FR was conducted at various reaction temperatures (200, 220 and 240 °C) and reaction times (1‐24 h). The chemical and structural properties of obtained biochars were investigated by elemental analysis, high‐resolution solid‐state 13C NMR, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our experiments indicated that the biochar yields declined with increasing of reaction temperature and time. According to results from NMR and XPS, 240 °C is an essential temperature for biochar formation. At this temperature, changes in the surface properties initiated within 1 h, and the major transformation occurred within 8 h. The dominating change was cellulose fraction reaction forming furanic and aromatic structures in the biochar, which is faster at higher temperatures. In addition, these biochars showed high thermal stability below 300 °C according to thermogravimetric analysis. This study can provide a valuable approach for FR utilization.
Determination of optimal metallic secondary target thickness, collimation, and exposure parameters for X‐ray tube‐based polarized EDXRF
Authors: Johnston E. M. , Byun S. H. , Farquharson M. J.
Published: January 2017

Tube‐based‐polarized energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a powerful adaptation on traditional EDXRF, requiring very specific geometry and a scattering target to generate polarized X‐rays. This secondary target is typically chosen to be a metallic foil, allowing for the polarization of the incident X‐ray beam, and the addition of the secondary target's fluorescence response to the initial beam. A simulation, using GEANT4 Monte Carlo code, and an experimental confirmation were used to determine the optimal thickness of a metallic secondary target for use in tube‐based‐polarized EDXRF. The optimal thickness was determined by looking at the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Using the results, the optimal thickness and tube potential were calculated for the common secondary target materials Cu, Mo, and Sn, when looking at an Fe sample. The optimal thickness results were compared with the results when using an ‘infinitely thick’ target. The results show improvements in SNRs of 6 − 17%, illustrating the potential benefits of such calculations. Additionally, the optimal collimation of a polarized EDXRF system was examined, and it was found that increasing the total count rate should be the primary goal of geometrical optimization. If the count rate of the experimental setup is limited by tube output, then having the largest possible collimators yielded the maximum SNR. In contrast, if the count rate is limited by detector dead time, then decreasing the collimator size between secondary target and sample provided the maximal SNR. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiencia en el manejo de litiasis renal y ureteral con ureteroscopio flexible y láser holmium en un hospital público de Bogotá: estudio retrospectivo
Authors: Cerquera Cleves Diana , Puentes Bernal Andrés
Published: January 2017

Objetivos Discutir y evaluar la tasa libre de cálculos y las complicaciones de la ureterolitotomía endoscópica flexible con láser holmium en el manejo de cálculos ureterales y renales basada en la experiencia de un hospital público de iii nivel en Bogotá.

Material and Métodos Estudio retrospectivo en una muestra poblacional en pacientes con litiasis renal y ureteral, tratados con ureteroscopio flexible y láser holmium, evaluándose la tasa libre de cálculos, complicaciones postoperatorias y otros parámetros. El seguimiento se realizó con radiografía de abdomen y urotac al mes del postoperatorio, la tasa libre de cálculos se definió como ausencia de cálculos residuales < 4 mm en la imagen control.

Resultados Se realizaron 44 procedimientos en 43 pacientes con edad promedio de 45 años, tiempo quirúrgico promedio 91,2 min, la tasa libre de cálculos fue del 84% (37/44) en un solo evento quirúrgico; solo un paciente requirió una segunda intervención con posterior tasa libre de cálculos del 100%. La tasa libre de cálculos ureterales fue del 92% (24/26), cáliz superior 100% (2/2), cáliz medio 100%(1/1), cáliz inferior 78% (7/9) y calicial múltiple 50% (3/6). El porcentaje de complicaciones fue del 6,8%.

Conclusiones La ureterolitotomía endoscópica flexible con láser es un procedimiento efectivo y seguro en el manejo de litiasis renal y ureteral con baja incidencia de complicaciones. Observamos que en la mayoría de los pacientes con fragmentos residuales significativos estos se encontraban en cáliz inferior o se trataba de cálculos en múltiples cálices, explicándose por el difícil acceso al cáliz inferior y la carga litiásica.
REDUCED POWERS OF SOUSLIN TREES
Authors: BRODSKY ARI MEIR , RINOT ASSAF
Published: January 2017

We study the relationship between a $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$-Souslin tree $T$ and its reduced powers $T^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}/{\mathcal{U}}$.

Previous works addressed this problem from the viewpoint of a single power $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$, whereas here, tools are developed for controlling different powers simultaneously. As a sample corollary, we obtain the consistency of an $\aleph _{6}$-Souslin tree $T$ and a sequence of uniform ultrafilters $\langle {\mathcal{U}}_{n}\mid n<6\rangle$ such that $T^{\aleph _{n}}/{\mathcal{U}}_{n}$ is $\aleph _{6}$-Aronszajn if and only if $n<6$ is not a prime number.

This paper is the first application of the microscopic approach to Souslin-tree construction, recently introduced by the authors. A major component here is devising a method for constructing trees with a prescribed combination of freeness degree and ascent-path characteristics.
Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Jiang Ruijingfang , Botma Akke , Rudolph Anja , Hüsing Anika , Chang-Claude Jenny
Published: January 2017

Epidemiological studies suggest that soya consumption as a source of phyto-oestrogens and isoflavones may be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. However, findings have not yet been synthesised for all groups of phyto-oestrogens. A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the association between phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk. Relevant observational studies published up to June 2016 were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. Study-specific relative risks (RR) were pooled in both categorical and dose–response meta-analyses. Out of seventeen identified studies, sixteen were included in the meta-analysis. Comparing the highest with the lowest intake category, inverse associations for phyto-oestrogens overall and by subgroup were observed but were statistically significant in case–controls studies and not in cohort studies. The pooled RR in case–control studies were 0·76 (95 % CI 0·69, 0·84), 0·77 (95 % CI 0·69, 0·85) and 0·70 (95 % CI 0·56, 0·89) for phyto-oestrogens, isoflavones and lignans, respectively, whereas the corresponding pooled RR were 0·95 (95 % CI 0·85, 1·06), 0·94 (95 % CI 0·84, 1·05) and 1·00 (95 % CI 0·64, 1·57) in cohort studies. Dose–response analysis yielded an 8 % reduced risk of colorectal neoplasms for every 20 mg/d increase in isoflavones intake in Asians (pooled RR 0·92; 95 % CI 0·86, 0·97). A non-linear inverse association with colorectal cancer risk was found for lignans intake, but no association for circulating enterolactone concentrations was observed. Thus, study heterogeneity precludes a rigorous conclusion regarding an effect of high exposure to isoflavones on risk of colorectal cancer. Current evidence for an association with lignans exposure is limited. Further prospective studies, particularly evaluating lignans, are warranted to clarify the association between different phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk.
RECONCEPTUALISING THE TORT OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
Authors: Neyers J.W.
Published: January 2017

This article seeks to demonstrate three things. First, the orthodox conceptualisation of the tort of public nuisance is flawed, since: (1) it is in violation of basic private law principles related to privity and the actionability of crimes and (2) if taken seriously would mandate that the tort be abolished (as torts protect private not public rights). Second, the rights at the heart of the tort are the privately actionable rights to pass and repass on public highways and to fish in public waters, and that it is plausible that a sophisticated legal system would recognise such rights. Third, a tort reconceptualised in this way can make sense of: (1) the special damage rule that is generally thought arbitrary and (2) the general intuition that the recovery of damages for pure personal injuries is best left to other torts.
Effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism
Authors: Antoni Rona , Johnston Kelly L. , Collins Adam L. , Robertson M. Denise
Published: January 2017

Two intermittent fasting variants, intermittent energy restriction (IER) and time-restricted feeding (TRF), have received considerable interest as strategies for weight-management and/or improving metabolic health. With these strategies, the pattern of energy restriction and/or timing of food intake are altered so that individuals undergo frequently repeated periods of fasting. This review provides a commentary on the rodent and human literature, specifically focusing on the effects of IER and TRF on glucose and lipid metabolism. For IER, there is a growing evidence demonstrating its benefits on glucose and lipid homeostasis in the short-to-medium term; however, more long-term safety studies are required. Whilst the metabolic benefits of TRF appear quite profound in rodents, findings from the few human studies have been mixed. There is some suggestion that the metabolic changes elicited by these approaches can occur in the absence of energy restriction, and in the context of IER, may be distinct from those observed following similar weight-loss achieved via modest continuous energy restriction. Mechanistically, the frequently repeated prolonged fasting intervals may favour preferential reduction of ectopic fat, beneficially modulate aspects of adipose tissue physiology/morphology, and may also impinge on circadian clock regulation. However, mechanistic evidence is largely limited to findings from rodent studies, thus necessitating focused human studies, which also incorporate more dynamic assessments of glucose and lipid metabolism. Ultimately, much remains to be learned about intermittent fasting (in its various forms); however, the findings to date serve to highlight promising avenues for future research.
Who are the patients that default tuberculosis treatment? – space matters!
Authors: NUNES C. , DUARTE R. , VEIGA A. M. , TAYLOR B.
Published: January 2017

The goals of this article are: (i) to understand how individual characteristics affect the likelihood of patients defaulting their pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) treatment regimens; (ii) to quantify the predictive capacity of these risk factors; and (iii) to quantify and map spatial variation in the risk of defaulting. We used logistic regression models and generalized additive models with a spatial component to determine the odds of default across continental Portugal. We focused on new PTB cases, diagnosed between 2000 and 2013, and included some individual information (sex, age, residence area, alcohol abuse, intravenous drug use, homelessness, HIV, imprisonment status). We found that the global default rate was 4·88%, higher in individuals with well-known risk profiles (males, immigrants, HIV positive, homeless, prisoners, alcohol and drug users). Of specific epidemiological interest was that our geographical analysis found that Portugal's main urban areas (the two biggest cities) and one tourist region have higher default rates compared to the rest of the country, after adjusting for the previously mentioneded risk factors. The challenge of treatment defaulting, either due to other individual non-measured characteristics, healthcare system failure or patient recalcitrance requires further analysis in the spatio-temporal domain. Our findings suggest the presence of significant within-country variation in the risk of defaulting that cannot be explained by these classical individual risk factors alone. The methods we advocate are simple to implement and could easily be applied to other diseases.
Laryngeal assimilation, markedness and typology
Authors: Brown Jason
Published: January 2017

Current typologies of voice assimilation between obstruents include languages that exhibit either assimilation to voicelessness (a type of emergence of the unmarked effect) or onset-controlled patterns, where the value controlling the change is in the onset obstruent. In either case, this type of local assimilation is considered to result in (contextually) unmarked structures. This article presents data that highlights a previously unrecognised pattern: assimilation resulting in voicing (an ‘emergence of the marked’ effect). This pattern has implications for how markedness is expressed in grammar. It is argued here that voicing is a privative feature, and that faithfulness constraints regulating the feature [voice] yield a rich typology that includes emergence of both marked and unmarked patterns. In addition, this typology yields benefits that are lost if voicing is considered a binary feature. This is illustrated by extending the dynamics of this voicing typology to other laryngeal features, such as [spread glottis].
Error-driven learning in Optimality Theory and Harmonic Grammar: a comparison
Authors: Magri Giorgio
Published: January 2017

OT error-driven learning admits guarantees of efficiency, stochastic tolerance and noise robustness which hold independently of any substantive assumptions on the constraints. This paper shows that the HG learner used in the current literature does not admit such constraint-independent guarantees. The HG theory of error-driven learning thus needs to be substantially restricted to specific constraint sets.
MANCHUKUO AND BEYOND: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ZHANG MENGSHI
Authors: Suleski Ronald
Published: January 2017

Zhang Mengshi died in late 2014 at the age of ninety-two, shortly after his autobiography was published. He was born into a life of privilege because his father Zhang Jinghui was a close confidant of the Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin. Mengshi was a boy in Harbin in the 1930s when Russian influences dominated the city, then when his father became prime minister of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in 1935 he lived with his family in Hsinking, the new capital. He studied in Japan in the early 1940s as war in the Pacific intensified. His father upheld the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, while Mengshi secretly worked with the Communist underground to undermine the occupation. When Soviet troops arrived in 1945 to take over from the defeated Japanese, Mengshi was also arrested and sent to Siberia, though he was willing to help the Russian Communists. In 1950 he returned to the new People's Republic of China, to work with the captured Chinese and Japanese from former Manchukuo, including his own father and former emperor Puyi, teaching them about the crimes they had committed. In this article Mengshi's fascinating autobiography is summarized and commented on.
PORCELAIN AND POWER: COMPARATIVE REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING IN TOKUGAWA JAPAN
Authors: Ota Ariko
Published: January 2017

This article analyzes the political context of industrialization in Tokugawa Japan through an analysis of merchandising policies for porcelains. With a comparison of the regions where the major sites of porcelain production were located, the study examines the processes by which arrangements for porcelain distribution were organized in the domains of Saga and Owari, and the district of Mino. The analysis shows contrasting types of arrangements in terms of the objectives and major agents who were responsible for making these policies and regulations. These policies and arrangements reflected the relationships between political authorities and those who were engaged in porcelain production and distribution in each region. The relationships varied significantly from each other, ranging from direct control by the regional authority, to relatively equal bargaining power, to extensive merchant autonomy. Comparative analysis of power relations illustrates the various ways of organizing resources that shaped the regional diversities and dynamics of industrialization in Japan. The relationships strongly influenced the ways in which resources, access, and opportunities for creating and accumulating resources for porcelain production and distribution were organized. An analysis of the merchandising policies for porcelains demonstrates the impacts that the relationships between the political authorities and those who were engaged in the production and distribution of porcelains had on industrialization in nineteenth-century Tokugawa Japan.
“To Behold with Wonder”: Theory, Theater, and the Collaboration of James Tenney and Carolee Schneemann
Authors: SMIGEL ERIC
Published: January 2017

During their partnership between 1955 and 1968, composer James Tenney (1934–2006) and artist Carolee Schneemann (b. 1939) engaged in what initially appear to be opposing modes of practice. Tenney developed theories concerning the perception of musical form and composed rationalized works based on carefully calculated algorithms. Schneemann, by contrast, was driven by spontaneity and sensuality, and her provocative artworks vehemently address sexual, gender, and political issues. This duality was especially evident in the mid-1960s, when Tenney was conducting psychoacoustic research at Yale University and Schneemann was producing her first theater events in downtown New York. Although his compositional productivity declined during this period, he participated in several of Schneemann's projects, scripted a few theater pieces of his own, and wrote extensive notes on artistic form as a perceptual model of physiological processes. Drawing from unpublished archival documents and personal interviews, this article provides an overview of Tenney's relationship with Schneemann and demonstrates how his simultaneous involvement in theoretical research and theatrical performance transformed his creative work. A close examination of Tenney's scores, journals, and correspondence reveals that he was deliberately exploring the distinctions between abstraction and collage and seeking to reconcile the apparent dualism of theory and theater.
Tooth wear and microwear of theropods from the Late Maastrichtian Marília Formation (Bauru Group), Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Authors: Candeiro Carlos Roberto A. , Currie Philip J. , Candeiro Caio L. , Bergqvist Lílian P.
Published: January 2017

Little is known about the tooth wear of South American theropod dinosaurs. This paper describes wear facets in Abelisauridae, Carcharodontosauridae and some indeterminate theropods teeth, from the Marília Formation. Four types of wear facets are proposed: vertically-oriented attritional striations; perpendicular attritional surfaces; oval wear facets; and apical grooves. All these worn surfaces were produced by dental occlusion, except the apical grooves, which are produced by the contact between predator teeth and the prey bone during predator–prey interaction. More detailed biomechanical and hardness testing of teeth and bone may further elucidate the pattern of tooth wear in theropods.
Medikamentenversorgung durch stationäre Pflegeeinrichtungen
Authors: Meinck Matthias , Ernst Friedemann , Pippel Kristina , Gehrke Jörg , Coners Elise
Published: January 2017

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Qualitätsprüfungen in stationären Pflegeeinrichtungen nach §§ 114 ff SGB XI umfassen auch die pflegerische Medikamentenversorgung (PMV). Ziel der Untersuchung war die Kategorisierung der hier erfassten Auffälligkeiten. Methoden: Grundlage waren Prüfberichte von im Jahr 2014 durchgeführten Regelprüfungen stationärer Pflegeeinrichtungen in Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein (N = 671), in denen die PMV bei 5 742 zufällig ausgewählten BewohnerInnen geprüft wurde. Ergebnisse: In der Dokumentation waren am häufigsten nicht nachvollziehbare Medikamenteneinnahmen (5,8 %), fehlende Angaben zu Dosierungen und Anwendungsvorschriften (je 0,8 %) ursächlich für die Feststellung einer Auffälligkeit bei den BewohnerInnen. In der Dokumentation einer Bedarfsmedikation fanden sich am häufigsten unzureichende Indikationsangaben (3,2 %), fehlende Tageshöchst- (0,8 %) und fehlende Einzeldosierungen (0,6 %). Im Medikamentenumgang waren bei den BewohnerInnen Stellfehler (6,0 %), fehlende bzw. falsche Anbruchs- / Verbrauchsdaten (3,5 %) und nicht direkt aus dem Blister erfolgende Medikamentengaben (0,7 %) die häufigsten Auffälligkeiten. Stellfehler zeigten sich am häufigsten bei Medikamenten, die fehldosiert, vom Verfallsdatum überschritten oder nicht vorrätig waren. Systematische patientenbezogene Einflussfaktoren auf die PMV wurden nicht gefunden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse liefern Anlass zu verstärkten Bemühungen um Qualitätsverbesserungen der PMV in stationären Pflegeeinrichtungen. Die Ergebnisse können als Grundlage für die konkrete Ausgestaltung von Initiativen genutzt werden.
Super-emitters in natural gas infrastructure are caused by abnormal process conditions
Authors: Zavala-Araiza Daniel , Alvarez Ramón A , Lyon David R. , Allen David T. , Marchese Anthony J. , Zimmerle Daniel J. , Hamburg Steven P.
Published: January 2017

Effectively mitigating methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain requires addressing the disproportionate influence of high-emitting sources. Here we use a Monte Carlo simulation to aggregate methane emissions from all components on natural gas production sites in the Barnett Shale production region (Texas). Our total emission estimates are two-thirds of those derived from independent site-based measurements. Although some high-emitting operations occur by design (condensate flashing and liquid unloadings), they occur more than an order of magnitude less frequently than required to explain the reported frequency at which high site-based emissions are observed. We conclude that the occurrence of abnormal process conditions (for example, malfunctions upstream of the point of emissions; equipment issues) cause additional emissions that explain the gap between component-based and site-based emissions. Such abnormal conditions can cause a substantial proportion of a site’s gas production to be emitted to the atmosphere and are the defining attribute of super-emitting sites.
Fisheries portfolio diversification and turnover buffer Alaskan fishing communities from abrupt resource and market changes
Authors: Cline Timothy J. , Schindler Daniel E. , Hilborn Ray
Published: January 2017

Abrupt shifts in natural resources and their markets are a ubiquitous challenge to human communities. Building resilient social-ecological systems requires approaches that are robust to uncertainty and to regime shifts. Harvesting diverse portfolios of natural resources and adapting portfolios in response to change could stabilize economies reliant on natural resources and their markets, both of which are prone to unpredictable shifts. Here we use fisheries catch and revenue data from Alaskan fishing communities over 34 years to test whether diversification and turnover in the composition of fishing opportunities increased economic stability during major ocean and market regime shifts in 1989. More than 85% of communities show reduced fishing revenues following these regime shifts. However, communities with the highest portfolio diversity and those that could opportunistically shift the composition of resources they harvest, experienced negligible or even positive changes in revenue. Maintaining diversity in economic opportunities and enabling turnover facilitates sustainability of communities reliant on renewable resources facing uncertain futures.
Differential hypothalamic leptin sensitivity in obese rat offspring exposed to maternal and postnatal intake of chocolate and soft drink
Authors: Kjaergaard M , Nilsson C , Secher A , Kildegaard J , Skovgaard T , Nielsen M O , Grove K , Raun K
Published: January 2017

Background/objective:

Intake of high-energy foods and maternal nutrient overload increases the risk of metabolic diseases in the progeny such as obesity and diabetes. We hypothesized that maternal and postnatal intake of chocolate and soft drink will affect leptin sensitivity and hypothalamic astrocyte morphology in adult rat offspring.

Methods:

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum chow diet only (C) or with chocolate and high sucrose soft drink supplement (S). At birth, litter size was adjusted into 10 male offspring per mother. After weaning, offspring from both dietary groups were assigned to either S or C diet, giving four groups until the end of the experiment at 26 weeks of age.

Results:

As expected, adult offspring fed the S diet post weaning became obese (body weight: P<0.01, %body fat per kg: P<0.001) and this was due to the reduced energy expenditure (P<0.05) and hypothalamic astrogliosis (P<0.001) irrespective of maternal diet. Interesting, offspring born to S-diet-fed mothers and fed the S diet throughout postnatal life became obese despite lower energy intake than controls (P<0.05). These SS offspring showed increased feed efficiency (P<0.001) and reduced fasting pSTAT3 activity (P<0.05) in arcuate nucleus (ARC) compared with other groups. The findings indicated that the combination of the maternal and postnatal S-diet exposure induced persistent changes in leptin signalling, hence affecting energy balance. Thus, appetite regulation was more sensitive to the effect of leptin than energy expenditure, suggesting differential programming of leptin sensitivity in ARC in SS offspring. Effects of the maternal S diet were normalized when offspring were fed a chow diet after weaning.

Conclusions:

Maternal intake of chocolate and soft drink had long-term consequences for the metabolic phenotype in the offspring if they continued on the S diet in postnatal life. These offspring displayed obesity despite lowered energy intake associated with alterations in hypothalamic leptin signalling.
Insights into the molecular basis of long-term storage and survival of sperm in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Paynter Ellen , Millar A. Harvey , Welch Mat , Baer-Imhoof Barbara , Cao Danyang , Baer Boris
Published: January 2017

Honeybee males produce ejaculates consisting of large numbers of high quality sperm. Because queens never re-mate after a single mating episode early in life, sperm are stored in a specialised organ for years but the proximate mechanisms underlying this key physiological adaptation are unknown. We quantified energy metabolism in honeybee sperm and show that the glycolytic metabolite glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P) is a key substrate for honeybee sperm survival and energy production. This reliance on non-aerobic energy metabolism in stored sperm was further supported by our findings of very low levels of oxygen inside the spermatheca. Expression of GA3P dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the enzyme involved in catabolism of GA3P, was significantly higher in stored compared to ejaculated sperm. Therefore, long-term sperm storage seems facilitated by the maintenance of non-aerobic energy production, the need for only the ATP-producing steps of glycolysis and by avoiding sperm damage resulting from ROS production. We also confirm that honeybee sperm is capable of aerobic metabolism, which predominates in ejaculated sperm while they compete for access to the spermatheca, but is suppressed during storage. Consequently, the remarkable reproductive traits of honeybees are proximately achieved by differential usage of energy production pathways to maximise competitiveness and minimise damage of sperm.
TNF-α regulates the proteolytic degradation of ST6Gal-1 and endothelial cell-cell junctions through upregulating expression of BACE1
Authors: Deng Xiao , Zhang Jun , Liu Yan , Chen Linmu , Yu Chao
Published: January 2017

Endothelial dysfunction and monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cells are two critical steps in atherosclerosis development, and emerging evidence suggests that protein sialylation is involved in these processes. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains incompletely elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that treatment with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α disrupted vascular endothelial cell-cell tight junctions and promoted monocyte endothelial cell adhesion. Western blotting and Sambucus nigra lectin (SNA) blotting analyses revealed that TNF-α treatment decreased α-2, 6-sialic acid transferase 1 (ST6Gal-I) levels and downregulated VE-Cadherin α-2, 6 sialylation. Further analysis demonstrated that TNF-α treatment upregulated β-site amyloid precursor protein enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression, thus resulting in sequential ST6Gal-I proteolytic degradation. Furthermore, our results revealed that PKC signaling cascades were involved in TNF-α-induced BACE1 upregulation. Together, these results indicated that the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α impairs endothelial tight junctions and promotes monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion by upregulating BACE1 expression through activating PKC signaling and sequentially cleaving ST6Gal-I. Thus, inhibition of BACE1 expression may be a new approach for treating atherosclerosis.