bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survivor-styled indigeneity in two reality television programmes from Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: SMITH JO , BRUIN JOOST DE
Published: December 2011

Popular cultural formations are rich sites for examining how a nation shores up its boundaries in the wake of powerful global forces at the same time as intra-national differences seek to assert themselves and unsettle the terms on which a nation is articulated. This article examines
two recent New Zealand reality TV programmes that dramatize shifting discourses of cultural and national belonging within postcolonial Aotearoa/New Zealand. By examining how the TV3 outdoor challenge programme The Summit and Ma¯ori Television's language competition programme Waka Reo
share aspects of the American reality show Survivor, this article investigates the ways in which global television formatting can illuminate competing claims to cultural belonging and national identity. While media scholars have accused Survivor of perpetuating American neo-imperialist notions
of cultural belonging, this article examines how the process of drawing upon the Survivor format for a New Zealand audience reveals the intra-national struggles of a postcolonial nation and the need for new narratives of the nation. As we argue, the Survivor format serves many different interests
and can be used to perpetuate settler-centric narratives of the nation at the same time as fuel iwi initiatives to revitalize language and culture.
Foreigners in their Own Country? The Maori Detective in New Zealand Crime Fiction
Authors: MIRANDA CAROLINA , PEZZOTTI BARBARA
Published: December 2011

Crime fiction is particularly relevant to the interrogation of contemporary societies, as a genre that once tended towards a quest for singular identity in order to reinforce the status quo has been gradually enlarged into a broader social enquiry. Pakeha writers using Maori as central
characters is a particularly revealing choice, along with all the potential pitfalls, for the vital exercise of negotiating identities in a postcolonial context. This article analyses and juxtaposes the deployment of two Maori detectives in New Zealand crime fiction: Hoani Mata (in Valerie
Grayland's series published in the 1960s) and Tito Ihaka (the main protagonist of Paul Thomas's series published in the 1990s). The examination of their modus operandi, the types of crimes they investigate, the way in which they interact with people and how colleagues view them provides a
frame of reference into New Zealand and its shifting intercultural relations over almost half a century. Ultimately, our analysis of these two series set in different periods of New Zealand history, belonging to two different crime fiction subgenres (the Golden Age 'whodunnit' story and the
'hardboiled' novel), inscribes the arc of an ever-evolving society as it interrogates itself on the changing meaning and values of being a 'New Zealander'.
The Saw franchise and the representation of terror in post-9/11 American film
Authors: SCHMID DAVID
Published: December 2011

According to Stephen Prince in his 2009 book, Firestorm: American Film in the Age of Terrorism, 'For filmmakers concerned about any aspect of 9/11 or its aftermath, the attacks and their legacy offer a tremendously rich and challenging body of material'. It is very difficult to generalize
about the response to 9/11 in American film, ranging as it does from its egregious use as a plot twist at the conclusion of the recent romantic drama Remember Me (Allen Coulter, 2010) to more substantive examinations such as In the Valley of Elah (Paul Haggis, 2007) or Jarhead (Sam Mendes,
2005). One might think, however, despite this range, that the most effective way of anatomizing how American film has responded to 9/11, and especially the issue of whether the medium has turned inward in a gesture of self-absorption or outward to engage the world outside the United States,
would be to study films that engage directly and explicitly with the events of September 11, 2001. This article takes a different tack by arguing that the most symptomatic American films of the post-9/11 era are the Saw series (beginning with Saw, directed by James Wan in 2004), some of the
most financially successful films of recent years, and films that nowhere reference the events of 9/11 explicitly. The article analyses the reasons for the popularity of the Saw films in a post-9/11 context, concentrating in particular on the perverse pleasure American audiences derive from
the franchise's suggestion that terror is a self-imposed punishment that takes place in highly scripted situations designed to reveal moral strength, rather than a threatening force imposed from the outside, seemingly at random and with no warning. This emphasis reveals that post-9/11 American
film prefers to focus on threats regarded as internal to the United States than to engage with an outside world that is seen in terms of an otherness perceived as more threatening and destabilizing than ever.
Transcending the nation, the Francophone postcolonial: Abouzeid's vectors of global reception for Moroccan Arabic literature
Authors: Ellis-House Marie-Therese
Published: December 2011

Leila Abouzeid is one of few Moroccan Arabic authors to receive international recognition through English translation and through publication of her literary texts in the Arab Middle East. Addressing both the content and the circulation of her works, this article considers questions
of identity, reception, and language central to Francophone studies. Abouzeid challenges the understanding of French as the primary language of women's emancipation as well as the understanding of Arabic as a language resistant to modern literary innovations. Drawing on sociolinguistic scholarship
about the relationship between power and language in post-independent Morocco, this article details the ways that Abouzeid redefines her position relative to language and dissociates Arabic, for both a national and international readership, from political discourses propagated by unjust regimes.
Addressing particular nuances of Moroccan society, such as the continuing symbolic status of French, as well as broad themes of class division or the effects of globalization in America and Morocco, Abouzeid situates herself as a cosmopolitan author who addresses a global readership through
provocative analyses comparing her own society and those she has visited.
Entre le Sénégal et moi, c’est une longue histoire d’amour: entretien avec Anne Piette
Authors: Madigan M. Kathleen
Published: December 2011

The French short story writer and novelist Anne Piette explains her decision to settle in Senegal, Africa, and devote her life to writing stories about the traditions, customs and beliefs of the Diola people, especially in the southern region, Casamance. This interview offers the perspective
of the author on solidarity, sacred traditions, the condition of women, and knowledge of cultures and identity. Piette reveals why her writing is considered a heritage for the children of her adopted country.
From graphic narrative to multi-media stage: Transmogrifying The Diary of a Teenage Girl
Authors: CHANSKY DOROTHY
Published: December 2011

The Diary of a Teenage Girl, a critically acclaimed graphic narrative of 2002, was adapted for the stage in 2010. This article considers the medium-based slippage and enhancement that occurred when the original was reworked in terms of a materially different genre. The use of graphic
material as source seems to be on the rise (Broadway's Spiderman being an obvious example) and the use of electronic media is increasingly available to theatre artists of even modest financial means. Therefore, the 'migration and transformation of discursive elements between different discourses'
- Clem Robyns's definition of translation, and his understanding of discourse to mean an entire medium as langue - deserves attention as a site of critical enquiry in theatre, performance and translation studies; it comes into sharp focus in this project. As Kate Sturge writes:
Leveraging corporate success via R&D and niche market strategies: The case of Shin Ramyeon Born Global in Korea
Authors: OH INGYU
Published: December 2011

This article is a case study of one of the most successful multinational corporations in the global packaged food industry, Nong Shim Co. Ltd. By focusing on its phenomenal global business expansion starting from the 1990s, this article unravels internal mechanisms of innovation and
knowledge management within the phenomenally successful instant noodle company. The study specifically focuses on the development of Shin Ramyeon, the sole product that saved Nong Shim from an imminent bankruptcy in the 1970s to Korea's largest instant noodle company by the late 1980s. Shin
Ramyeon is now sold in 70 countries and locally produced in Korea, the United States and China. The article finds that the success of Shin Ramyeon was possible due to Nong Shim's persistent commitment to R&D and its global strategy based on the famous catch phrase 'one Korean flavour'
for the entire global market. This article documents and analyses the process of developing this strategy and putting it into practice.
A study in the growth of international biomedical research collaboration in Korea
Authors: PASTREICH EMANUEL , SIMON IAN , MALAZGIRT ALP
Published: December 2011

This article is a study about international scientific collaboration, specifically as it relates to the biotechnology sector in Korea. The Korean biotechnology sector is compared to other major centres for biotechnology in the world, and we give recommendations to improve it. The importance
of international collaboration is stressed. This article lists the different types of international collaboration, and the current trends in the international scientific community. Then the focus is narrowed specifically to the biotechnology sector, where collaboration is examined in greater
detail. Trends in the United States and the European Union are examined to give a greater context to the discussion. Within this comprehensive frame of reference, Korean biotechnology achievements are discussed, problems observed in Korean biotechnology are listed and possible solutions to
these problems are given.
Sustainable Use of Oil Sands for Geotechnical Construction and Road Building
Authors: Anochie-Boateng Joseph , Tutumluer Erol
Published: December 2011

Oil sands are natural deposits of bituminous sand materials that are mined and processed for crude oil. They are routinely used in oil sand fields for building temporary and sometimes permanent roads serving mining and hauling activities. Although the principal application of these materials for road building has been in the unbound layers of the pavement structure, the full benefits of oil sands, particularly their sustainability and environmental friendliness, are yet to be realized. In their natural state, oil sands have similarities to cold mix asphalt mixtures which are often comprised of uniformly graded fine to medium sands and used for pavement repair and patching applications. Yet, they may exhibit complex stress dependent characteristics and viscoelastic and plastic behavior under dynamic loading of mining and off-road construction equipment. This paper presents findings from a comprehensive laboratory research program conducted on three types of oil sand materials with the main goal to characterize their engineering behavior. The research efforts focused on establishing a suite of tests to determine strength, modulus, and deformation characteristics under realistic traffic loading and climatic conditions. The developed suite of tests established essential trends in oil sand behavior for developing laboratory guidelines and test protocols and typical material characterization models for their sustainable use in geotechnical and road building applications.
Human Rhinoviruses in Severe Respiratory Disease in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Miller E. Kathryn , Bugna Jimena , Libster Romina , Shepherd Bryan E. , Scalzo Paula M. , Acosta Patricio L. , Hijano Diego , Reynoso Natalia , Batalle Juan P. , Coviello Silvina , Klein M. Ines , Bauer Gabriela , Benitez Alicia , Kleeberger Steven R. , Polack Fernando P.
Published: December 2011

Objectives:

To assess incidence, burden of illness, and risk factors for human rhinoviruses (HRVs) in a cohort of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Methods:

A 2-year prospective cohort study was conducted among VLBW premature infants in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Infants were enrolled in the NICU from June 1, 2003, to May 31, 2005, and managed monthly and with every acute respiratory illness (ARI) during the first year of life. Nasal wash samples were obtained during every respiratory episode and tested for HRV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, and human metapneumovirus using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

Of 119 patients, 66 (55%) had HRV-associated ARIs. The incidence of HRV-associated ARI was 123 events per 100 child-years of follow-up. Of those infants experiencing an episode of bronchiolitis, 40% had HRV versus 7% with RSV. The incidence of HRV-associated bronchiolitis was 75 per 100 infant-years of follow-up. HRV was associated with 12 of 36 hospitalizations (33%), and RSV was associated with 9 of 36 hospitalizations (25%). The incidence of HRV-associated hospitalization was 12 per 100 infant-years of follow-up. The risk of HRV-associated hospitalization was higher for infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and those who were not breastfed.

Conclusions:

HRV is an important and frequent pathogen associated with severe respiratory infections in VLBW infants. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the absence of breastfeeding are risk factors for hospitalization. The results of our study reveal that HRV is the predominant pathogen of respiratory infections in premature infants.
Graph spectral techniques in computer sciences
Authors: Arsic Branko , Cvetkovic Dragos , Simic Slobodan , Skaric Milan
Published: December 2011

We give a survey of graph spectral techniques used in computer sciences. The
survey consists of a description of particular topics from the theory of
graph spectra independently of the areas of Computer science in which they
are used. We have described the applications of some important graph
eigenvalues (spectral radius, algebraic connectivity, the least eigenvalue
etc.), eigenvectors (principal eigenvector, Fiedler eigenvector and other),
spectral reconstruction problems, spectra of random graphs, Hoffman
polynomial, integral graphs etc. However, for each described spectral
technique we indicate the fields in which it is used (e.g. in modelling and
searching Internet, in computer vision, pattern recognition, data mining,
multiprocessor systems, statistical databases, and in several other areas).
We present some novel mathematical results (related to clustering and the
Hoffman polynomial) as well.
S-TRAP: Optimization and evaluation of timely recovery to any point-in-time (TRAP)
Authors: Wang Chao , Li Zhanhuai , Hu Na , Yanming Nie
Published: December 2011

This paper presents S-TRAP, a novel block-level CDP (Continuous Data
Protection) recovery mechanism based on TRAP. In accordance with a certain
time interval L , S-TRAP breaks down the parity chain of TRAP and generates
new sub-chains. Besides, S-TRAP introduces previous block cache which can
reduce the negative impact on the primary storage system. Both mathematical
analysis and experimental evaluation demonstrate that S-TRAP not only has the
advantage of high recovery efficiency and reliability, but also further
reduces the parity storage usage. Even more important, S-TRAP reduces the
negative impacts on primary storage system performance to a large extent.
Disclaimer of the authorship of the paper by Marko Malovic published in the last issue of the journal
Authors: Urednistvo U
Published: December 2011

(retraction) It is with regrets that the Editorial Board of Ekonomski anali has to inform its readership about a disagreeable incident. It turned out that the paper 'A Note About Price Competitiveness Impact on Conventional Theory and Overall Payoff of Intraindustry Trade', published in the Ekonomski anali LI, No. 169, April-June 2006, pp. 166-183 is not original and that it represents a straightforward plagiarism. The Board removes the paper of M. Malovic from the Review, which means that any citing of the paper or its inclusion into the reference lists or bibliographies should be seen as impermissible. At the same time, The Board has removed this text from the website of the Review and has taken the steps towards removing it from all other relevant websites on the Internet. Finally, the Board wishes to appologize to Mssrs Behrens and Murata for this unseemly incident, as well as to the professional public and to our readers.

Link to the retracted article 10.2298/EKA0669166M
EBSD characterization of the effect of welding parameters on HAZ of AISI409
Authors: Ranjbarnodeha E. , Weissb S. , Hankeb S. , Fischerb A.
Published: December 2011

One of the main problems during the welding of ferritic stainless steels is
severe grain growth in the heat affected zone (HAZ). In the present study,
microstructural characteristics of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded AISI409
ferritic stainless steel were investigated. The effect of the welding
parameters on grain size? local misorientation and low angle grain boundaries
was studied. It was found that the base metal was partly in recrystallization
state. Complete recrystallization followed by severe grain growth occurs
after joining process due to welding heating cycle. A decrease in the number
of low angle grain boundaries in HAZ was observed. Nevertheless, the welding
plastic strain increases the density of local misorientation and low angle
grain boundaries. This investigation shows that the final state of strain is
the result of the competition between welding plastic strains and stress
relieving from recrystallization but the decisive factor in determining the
grain size in HAZ is heat input.
The precipitation of nanocrystalline structure in the joule heated Fe72Al5Ga2P11C6B4 metallic glasses
Authors: Mitrovic N. , Kane S. , Roth S. , Kalezic-Glisovic A. , Mickel C. , Eckert J.
Published: December 2011

In this study, the evolution of the nanostructure on dc Joule heated
Fe72Al5Ga2P11C6B4 metallic glass ribbons have been investigated. Heating
power per square area (PS) was ranging between 0.8 to 7.1 W/cm2 in order to
get various stages of relaxation or nanocrystallization. The crystallization
starts after applying PS ? 4.35 W/cm2 and the sample consist of residual
amorphous matrix, a magnetic crystalline component and also a non-magnetic
crystalline component (relative abundance of Fe in the crystalline phase is
about 35 %). XRD measurements show that crystalline samples after current
annealing consist of Fe3B, FeC, FeP and Fe3P compounds. On TEM micrograph a
broad distribution of shapes and sizes is noticed, the latter range from
about 60 to 350 nm, increasing by applied heating power. The decrease of the
electrical resistivity after each current annealing treatment is rather small
in comparison with other Fe-based amorphous alloys (only about 1.5 % for the
highest PS). Partial nanocrystallization leads to increase of coercive field
(from HC ? 7 A/m in the amorphous as-cast state up to 45 A/m) attributed to
precipitation of magnetically harder compounds (Fe3B and FeC).
On the atomic masses (weights?) Of the elements
Authors: Kaptay G.
Published: December 2011

Atomic masses (weights?) is an essential information for mining and
metallurgy. The paper discusses four subjects around this problem. First,
the classification of all the elements is suggested into 4 classes, based on
their isotope features, determining the accuracy of their known atomic
masses. As part of that, the class of elements is discussed with uncertain
atomic weights in accordance with the 2009 IUPAC recommendations. A better
(easier to use) format of atomic weights is presented for this class of
elements. Third, it is found not informative to leave empty spaces instead
of approximate atomic weights for elements with unstable isotopes. Fourth,
the term atomic weight vs the term atomic mass is discussed shortly, in
agreement with the SI system of units and in contrary to the questionable
IUPAC convection.
An empirical study on assessing optimal type of distribution park: Applying fuzzy multicriteria Q-analysis method
Authors: Lee Kuo-Liang , Lin Shu-Chen
Published: December 2011

In this paper, through an empirical study it is explored how respondents
viewed suitable modes on locations for developing a distribution park. A
fuzzy multiple criteria Q-analysis (MCQA) method is used to empirically
evaluate location development for suitable types of international
distribution park. The fuzzy MCQA method integrates MCQA, a fuzzy measure
method and a fuzzy grade classification method. This improves the constraints
evaluated by decision-makers, resulting in an explicit result value for each
criterion to be evaluated, greatly decreasing the complexity of the
evaluation process and preserving the advantages of the traditional MCQA
method.
Neuropathogenesis of Noonan syndrome is mediated by inflammatory microglia
Authors: Antony Joseph
Published: December 2011

Microglia are resident hematopoietic cells that play important roles in the damaged or degenerating adult nervous system. Microglia are involved in neuropathogenesis of various diseases. Microglia are also essential for neuroprotection and comprise an essential component of the neural stem cell niche. The activation of microglia is an important phenomenon associated with several neurological disorders that arise from infections to developmental abnormalities and behavioral pathologies. Noonan syndrome (NS) is associated with mutations in the PTPN11 gene and also accounts for mental retardation in children. Interestingly, in mouse models of NS, mutations in the PTPN11 gene resulted in dysregulation of neural progenitors. The present study describes the activation of microglia in the NS mouse model, which results in an inflammatory phenotype with expression of IL-1b and defective phagocytosis. To test whether microglia from NS mice are important for neural precursor maintenance or self-renewal, embryonic neural precursors from the cortex of WT mice were cultured. Microglia from NS and WT mice were then added to cortical precursor cells which showed that microglia from NS mice inhibited astrogenesis. Together, these results demonstrate that microglia can dysregulate neural precursor development in NS, and suggest that alterations in microglial number as a consequence of genetic or pathological events may perturb neural development by directly affecting embryonic neural precursors.
Quantitative RT-PCR analyses of five evolutionary conserved genes in Alligator brains during development
Authors: Wilson Sarah , Zhu Tianli , Khanna Rajesh , Pritz Michael
Published: December 2011

Gene expression was investigated in the major brain subdivisions (telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain and hindbrain) in a representative reptile, Alligator mississipiensis, during the later stages of embryonic development. The following genes were examined: voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms: NaV1.1 and NaV1.2; synaptic vesicle 2a (SV2a); synaptophysin; and calbindin 2. With the exception of synaptophysin, which was only expressed in the telencephalon, all genes were expressed in all brain regions sampled at the time periods examined. For NaV1.1, gene expression varied according to brain area sampled. When compared with NaV1.1, the pattern of NaV1.2 gene expression differed appreciably. The gene expression of SV2a was the most robust of any of the genes examined. Of the other genes examined, although differences were noted, no statistically significant changes were found either between brain part or time interval. Although limited, the present analysis is the first quantitative mRNA gene expression study in any reptile during development. Together with future experiments of a similar nature, the present gene expression results should determine which genes are expressed in major brain areas at which times during development in Alligator. When compared with other amniotes, these results will prove useful for determining how gene expression during development influences adult brain structure.
From the periphery to the brain: Wiring the olfactory system
Authors: Blanchart Albert , López-Mascaraque Laura
Published: December 2011

The olfactory system represents a perfect model to study the interactions between the central and peripheral nervous systems in order to establish a neural circuit during early embryonic development. In addition, another important feature of this system is the capability to integrate new cells generated in two neurogenic zones: the olfactory epithelium in the periphery and the wall of the lateral ventricles in the CNS, both during development and adulthood. In all these processes the combination and sequence of specific molecular signals plays a critical role in the wiring of the olfactory axons, as well as the precise location of the incoming cell populations to the olfactory bulb. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent insights into the cellular and molecular events that dictate cell settling position and axonal trajectories from their origin in the olfactory placode to the formation of synapses in the olfactory bulb to ensure rapid and reliable transmission of olfactory information from the nose to the brain.
Translati onal challenges of neuroprotection strategy in ischemic stroke
Authors: Budincevic Hrvoje , Bielen Ivan , Csiba Laszlo
Published: December 2011

Neuroprotection is a therapeutic strategy that attempts to save neurons from irreversible injury by modifying the effects of the ischemic cascade or facilitating reperfusion. Although numerous agents have shown neuroprotective effect in preclinical trials, their translation to clinical trials failed to show any meaningful effect. The Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) guidelines were made for performing research on neuroprotective agents in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Although the STAIR guidelines have been available for more than ten years, we still do not have any adequate neuroprotective agents. Reasons for unsuccessful translation from preclinical to clinical research can be considered along stages of drug development: 1) preclinical, 2) transitional and 3) clinical. By extending the therapeutic window for application of intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke patients to 4.5 hours, as well as increasing the use intra-arterial thrombolysis and development of mechanical devices for thrombectomy in 6 hour period we may be able to achieve some degree of neuroprotection in acute stroke. Future therapy is likely to add to the current thrombolytic therapy with potential neuroprotective drugs or procedures.
The cellular prion protein in multiple sclerosis: A potential target for neurotherapeutics?
Authors: Antony Joseph
Published: December 2011

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease that affects millions. There is no known cure for the disease and neither is the cause of the disease known. Recent studies have indicated that it is a multi-factorial disease with several genes involved. Importantly, sunlight and vitamin D have been implicated in the progression of the disease. The pathogenesis of MS chiefly involves loss of oligodendrocytes, which in addition to being killed by inflammatory mediators in the CNS, also succumbs to loss of trophic support from astrocytes. Neurotrophins play an important role in myelination and the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a key player in this process. Although the physiological roles of PrPC remain to be fully understood, increasing evidence suggests multiple roles for PrPC in regulation of cellular immunity and for its interaction with several neurotrophins that are necessary for homeostasis of the nervous system. This mini-review focuses on the findings establishing a crucial role for PrPC in the neuropathogenesis of MS, emphasizing its neuroprotective role. Since MS is a multi-factorial disease with unknown etiology and no cure, this review aims to highlight endogenous repair mechanisms mediated by PrPC that might contribute to functional recovery in MS patients.
Potamozooplankton communities in three different outlets from mesotrophic lakes located in lake-river system
Authors: Czerniawski Robert , Domagała Józef
Published: December 2011

Qualitative and quantitative composition of potamozooplankton was studied in three outlets from mesotrophic lakes. The greatest taxonomic and quantitative similarity of zooplankton occurred between the outflows of the second and third lake, located in the lake-river system. The farther the lake was located in the lake-river system, the greater was the quantity of zooplankton in the outflow. Within a short distance between the outflow and the downstream section, there was a strong reduction of cladocerans’ communities, followed by copepods, while the communities of rotifers were reduced in relatively small quantities. The hydrological conditions and transparency had a strong impact on the rate of changes in the zooplankton community.
Relationships between epipelic diatoms, aquatic macrophytes, and water quality in Akarçay Stream, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
Authors: Kargıoğlu Mustafa , Serteser Ahmet , Kıvrak Ersin , İçağa Yılmaz , Konuk Muhsin
Published: December 2011

The Akarçay is the most important stream in the Afyonkarahisar region in central Turkey. In this study, the relationships between epipelic diatoms, macrophytes, and the water quality of Akarçay Stream are presented. According to Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), BOD5, COD, TDS, NH4-N, NO2-N, and PO4-P had the most significant effects on the diatom and macrophyte community structures of the stream. According to CCA and Correspondence Analysis (CA), dominant diatom species and macrophytes constituted two groups, eutrophic and polluted. While eutraphentic taxa were abundant among upstream diatoms, hypereutraphentic taxa were found downstream in the Akarçay. The diatom assemblages in the sites upstream were generally characterized by an abundance of β-mesosaprobous and α-mesosaprobous species, while the diatom assemblages downstream had a very high abundance of polisaprobous species. Eutrophic and hypertrophic macrophyte taxa (such as Lemna trisulca, Potamogeton nodosus, and Ranunculus sp.) covered a high percentage of the stream bottom. Both diatom indices and macrophyte indices with the exception of the Biological Macrophyte Index of Rivers (IBMR) were correlated with BOD5, COD, TDS, NH4-N, NO2-N, PO4-P, and EC. Physicochemical variables, diatom and macrophyte taxa and the results of diatom and macrophyte indices indicated that the Akarçay stream basin is eutrophic and organically polluted.
Step wise Multi-criteria Performance Evaluation of Rainfall-Runoff Models using WETSPRO
Authors: Shakti PC , Shrestha NK , Gurung P
Published: December 2011

This paper illustrates a methodology to evaluate model’s performance of rainfall runoff model using a tool called WETSPRO (Water Engineering Time Series PROcessing tool). Simulated results of physically based semidistributed model - SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) for Kliene Nete watershed (581 km2), Belgium are considered in this study. Paper presents a series of sequential time series processing tasks to be performed to evaluate model’s performance thoroughly. The problem of serial dependence and heteroscedasticity is addressed and model performance evaluation on different flow components (peak flows, low flows and volume) and flow volume is carried. Performance evaluation of both flow components on their extremes is also performed. Two most commonly used goodness-fit-statistics (Mean Square Error – MSE and Nash Sutcliff Efficiency − NSE) are used with number of complementary graphical plots for evaluation propose. Results indicated model’s robust performance on peak flows although base flows are slightly underestimated especially for lower return periods. Cumulative flow volumes tend to be overestimated. Based upon the study, some recommendations are summarized to enhance model’s ability to simulate the flows events. Keywords: Rainfall runoff model; SWAT; WETSPRO; Kliene Nete; peak flows; low flows. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v7i1.5613 JHM 2010; 7(1): 18-29
A Review of the Relationship between Eggshell Colour and Water Vapour Conductance
Authors: Deeming D. Charles
Published: December 2011

This review brings together the available literature that examines the effect of variations in pigmentation on the water vapour conductance of avian eggshells. Pheasant and Houbara bustard eggs provide some evidence that shell abnormalities can impact upon colour and water vapour conductance. By contrast, data from wild birds suggest that neither the degree of maculation or intensity of background colour impact upon conductance. Those studies that purport to show variation in rates of water loss in eggs with different degrees of pigmentation may have been confounded by variation in natural nesting conditions. This emerging field of research remains very much in its infancy.
Three positive feedback mechanisms for ice-sheet melting in a warming climate
Authors: Ren Diandong , Leslie Lance M.
Published: December 2011

Three positive feedback mechanisms that accelerate ice-sheet melting are assessed in a warming climate, using a numerical ice model driven by atmospheric climate models. The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is the modeling test-bed under accelerated melting conditions. The first feedback is the interaction of sea water with ice. It is positive because fresh water melts ice faster than salty water, owing primarily to the reduction in water heat capacity by solutes. It is shown to be limited for the GrIS, which has only a small ocean interface, and the grounding line of some fast glaciers becomes land-terminating during the 21st century. The second positive feedback, strain heating, is positive because it produces further ice heating inside the ice sheet. The third positive feedback, granular basal sliding, applies to all ice sheets and becomes the dominant feedback during the 21st century. A numerical simulation of Jakobshavn Isbræ over the 21st century reveals that all three feedback processes are active for this glacier. Compared with the year 2000 level, annual ice discharge into the ocean could increase by ∼1.4 km3 a−1 (∼5% of the present annual rate) by 2100. Granular basal sliding contributes ∼40% of this increase.
Distribution of debris thickness and its effect on ice melt at Hailuogou glacier, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, using in situ surveys and ASTER imagery
Authors: Zhang Yong , Fujita Koji , Liu Shiyin , Liu Qiao , Nuimura Takayuki
Published: December 2011

Debris cover is widely present in glacier ablation areas of the Tibetan Plateau, and its spatial distribution greatly affects glacier melt rates. High-resolution in situ measurements of debris thickness on Hailuogou glacier, Mount Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, show pronounced inhomogeneous debris distribution. An analysis of transverse and longitudinal profiles indicates that the ground-surveyed debris thicknesses and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)-derived thermal resistances of debris layers correlate strongly over the entire ablation area. Across- and along-glacier patterns of ASTER-derived thermal resistance correspond well with spatial patterns of debris thickness, which may reflect large-scale variations in the extent and thickness of the debris cover. The ice melt rate variability over the ablation area simulated by a surface energy-balance model that considered thermal resistance of the debris layer indicates clearly the crucial role of debris and its spatial continuity in modifying the spatial characteristics of melt rates. Because of the inhomogeneous distribution of debris thickness, about 67% of the ablation area on Hailuogou glacier has undergone accelerated melting, whereas about 19% of the ablation area has experienced inhibited melting, and the sub-debris melt rate equals the bare-ice melt rate in only 14% of the ablation area.
The chemical forms of water-soluble microparticles preserved in the Antarctic ice sheet during Termination I
Authors: Sakurai Toshimitsu , Ohno Hiroshi , Horikawa Shinichiro , Iizuka Yoshinori , Uchida Tsutomu , Hirakawa Kazuomi , Hondoh Takeo
Published: December 2011

This study clarifies changes in the chemical forms of microparticles during Termination I, the period of drastic climate change between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Holocene. We determine the chemical forms of individual water-soluble microparticles through micro-Raman spectroscopy and compare the relative frequencies of different types with the ion concentrations in melted ice. Micro-Raman spectroscopy shows that Na2SO4·10H2O and MgSO4·11H2O are abundant in Holocene ice, while CaSO4·2H2O and other salts are abundant in LGM ice. Further, the number of CaSO4·2H2O particles is strongly correlated with the concentration of Ca2+ during Termination I. Taken together, the evidence strongly suggests that most of the Ca2+ exists as CaSO4·2H2O. The different compositions of microparticles from the Holocene and LGM can be explained by ion balance arguments.
Modeling 5 years of subglacial lake activity in the MacAyeal Ice Stream (Antarctica) catchment through assimilation of ICESat laser altimetry
Authors: Carter Sasha P. , Fricker Helen A. , Blankenship Donald D. , Johnson Jesse V. , Lipscomb William H. , Price Stephen F. , Young Duncan A.
Published: December 2011

Subglacial lakes beneath Antarctica’s fast-moving ice streams are known to undergo ∼1 km3volume changes on annual timescales. Focusing on the MacAyeal Ice Stream (MacIS) lake system, we create a simple model for the response of subglacial water distribution to lake discharge events through assimilation of lake volume changes estimated from Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimetry. We construct a steady-state water transport model in which known subglacial lakes are treated as either sinks or sources depending on the ICESat-derived filling or draining rates. The modeled volume change rates of five large subglacial lakes in the downstream portion of MacIS are shown to be consistent with observed filling rates if the dynamics of all upstream lakes are considered. However, the variable filling rate of the northernmost lake suggests the presence of an undetected lake of similar size upstream. Overall, we show that, for this fast-flowing ice stream, most subglacial lakes receive >90% of their water from distant distributed sources throughout the catchment, and we confirm that water is transported from regions of net basal melt to regions of net basal freezing. Our study provides a geophysically based means of validating subglacial water models in Antarctica and is a potential way to parameterize subglacial lake discharge events in large-scale ice-sheet models where adequate data are available.
A compact lightweight multipurpose ground-penetrating radar for glaciological applications
Authors: Vasilenko E.V. , Machío F. , Lapazaran J.J. , Navarro F.J. , Frolovskiy K.
Published: December 2011

We describe a compact lightweight impulse radar for radio-echo sounding of subsurface structures designed specifically for glaciological applications. The radar operates at frequencies between 10 and 75 MHz. Its main advantages are that it has a high signal-to-noise ratio and a corresponding wide dynamic range of 132 dB due mainly to its ability to perform real-time stacking (up to 4096 traces) as well as to the high transmitted power (peak voltage 2800 V). The maximum recording time window, 40 μs at 100 MHz sampling frequency, results in possible radar returns from as deep as 3300 m. It is a versatile radar, suitable for different geophysical measurements (common-offset profiling, common midpoint, transillumination, etc.) and for different profiling set-ups, such as a snowmobile and sledge convoy or carried in a backpack and operated by a single person. Its low power consumption (6.6 W for the transmitter and 7.5 W for the receiver) allows the system to operate under battery power for >7 hours with a total weight of <9 kg for all equipment, antennas and batteries.
Improvements to shear-deformational models of glacier dynamics through a longitudinal stress factor
Authors: Adhikari Surendra , Marshall Shawn J.
Published: December 2011

In a two-dimensional (plane strain) glacier domain, gravity-driven ice flow is balanced by basal drag and the resistance associated with longitudinal stress gradients. The plane strain Stokes model accommodates both these resistances, whereas several simpler models only account for basal drag. Solving the Stokes equations is numerically challenging and computationally expensive, but simpler models may lead to unrealistic dynamical behaviour. Here, we propose a factor which can be introduced in shear-deformational flow models to yield results comparable to those from the plane strain Stokes model. As this factor adapts simpler models to capture the effects of missing dynamics, i.e. longitudinal stress gradients, we refer to it as the longitudinal stress (L-)factor. We assess the usefulness of this factor for idealized domains with complex basal topography and evolving geometry. We apply the model to Haig Glacier, Canadian Rockies, in order to present an illustration of how simulations of glacier response to climate forcing can be improved through the introduction of the L-factor in a shear-deformational flow model.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of Unmilled and Milled LiBH4: A Partial Release of Hydrogen at Moderate Temperatures
Authors: Lang J. , Gerhauser A. , Filinchuk Y. , Klassen T. , Huot J.
Published: December 2011

A systematic investigation of phase transitions in unmilled and milled LiBH4 has been performed by Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC). It was found that a large exotherm is present below the low temperature (LT) → high temperature (HT) phase transition. This exotherm is not caused by air contamination but seems to originate from hydrogen release from a solid solution in the matrix of LiBH4 low temperature phase. The exotherm activation energy has been measured to be 100 kJ mol–1. Calorimetric measurements under argon and hydrogen have shown that for the milled sample, the endothermic peak of the LT → HT transition is split in two when the PDSC scan is performed under hydrogen atmosphere. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction on the milled LiBH4 sample revealed only a single-step transition from the LT to HT phase, both under vacuum and under 2 and 40 bar of hydrogen pressure. The axial ratios for the LT LiBH4 below 300 K are significantly altered by milling; they are also considerably different under 40 bar of hydrogen, indicating an interaction between the hydrogen gas and the LT LiBH4 solid phase.
Entropy Generation Analysis of Open Parallel Microchannels Embedded Within a Permeable Continuous Moving Surface: Application to Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
Authors: Yazdi Mohammad H. , Abdullah Shahrir , Hashim Ishak , Sopian Kamaruzzaman
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a new design of open parallel microchannels embedded within a permeable continuous moving surface due to reduction of exergy losses in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow at a prescribed surface temperature (PST). The entropy generation number is formulated by an integral of the local rate of entropy generation along the width of the surface based on an equal number of microchannels and no-slip gaps interspersed between those microchannels. The velocity, the temperature, the velocity gradient and the temperature gradient adjacent to the wall are substituted into this equation resulting from the momentum and energy equations obtained numerically by an explicit Runge-Kutta (4, 5) formula, the Dormand-Prince pair and shooting method. The entropy generation number, as well as the Bejan number, for various values of the involved parameters of the problem are also presented and discussed in detail.
Vinculin Motion Modes Analysis with Elastic Network Model
Authors: Jiao Xiong , Chang Shan , Yang Lifeng , An Meiwen , Chen Weiyi
Published: December 2011

Vinculin is an important protein for the linkage between adhesion molecules and the actin cytoskeleton. The activation mechanism of vinculin is still controversial. In order to provide useful information for a better understanding of its activation, we analyze the motion mode of vinculin with elastic network model in this work. The results show that, to some extent, the five domains will present structural rigidity in the motion process. The differences between the structure fluctuations of these domains are significant. When vinculin interacted with other partners, the central long alpha-helix of the first domain becomes bent. This bending deformation can weaken the interaction between the first domain and the tail domain. This motion mode of the first domain is in good agreement with the information extracted from some realistic complex structures. With the aid of the anisotropy elastic network mode, we analyze the motion directions of these domains. The fourth domain has a rotational motion. This rotation is favorable for the releasing of the tail domain from the pincer-like clamp, which is formed by the first and the third domain. All these motion modes are an inherent feature of the structure, and these modes mainly depend on the topology character of the structure.
Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted Mono and Bis-triazolocarbo-acyclonucleoside Analogues of 9-(4-Hydroxybutyl)guanine by Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Krim Jamal , Taourirte Moha , Engels Joachim W.
Published: December 2011

A series of novel mono-1,2,3-triazole and bis-1,2,3-triazole acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine was prepared via copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-9 propargylpurine, N-1-propargylpyrimidines/as-triazine with the azido-pseudo-sugar 4-azidobutylacetate under solvent-free microwave conditions, followed by treatment with K2CO3/MeOH, or NH3/MeOH. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their antiviral activities [against human rhinovirus (HRV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)] and antibacterial activities against a series of Gram positive and negative bacteria.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Co-Condensed Gadolinium Chelates for Multimodal Imaging
Authors: Taylor-Pashow Kathryn M. L. , Rocca Joseph Della , Lin Wenbin
Published: December 2011

Several mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) contrast agents have been synthesized using a co-condensation method to incorporate two different Gd3+ complexes at very high loadings (15.5–28.8 wt %). These MSN contrast agents, with an MCM-41 type pore structure, were characterized using a variety of methods including SEM and TEM, nitrogen adsorption measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), direct current plasma (DCP) spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The magnetic resonance (MR) relaxivities of these contrast agents were determined using a 3 T MR scanner. The r1 relaxivities of these nanoparticles range from 4.1 to 8.4 mM−1s−1 on a per Gd basis. Additionally, the MSN particles were functionalized with an organic fluorophore and cancer cell targeting peptide to allow for demonstration of both the optical and MR contrast enhancing capabilities in vitro.