bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Représentations sociales de l’ordinateur chez des enseignants du secondaire du Niger
Authors: Kouawo Achille , Karsenti Thierry , Gervais Colette , Lepage Michel
Published: April 2013

La présente étude porte sur les représentations sociales, c’est-à-dire les jugements, les opinions et les attitudes exprimés par des enseignants à propos de l’ordinateur. L’étude a permis de rencontrer 20 enseignants de deux lycées de Niamey. À l’aide d’entrevues individuelles, nous sommes arrivés à des résultats qui mettent en évidence des représentations sociales de l’ordinateur. Celles-ci se caractérisent par des attitudes positives à l’égard de cet objet social. Dans le contexte scolaire, l’ordinateur est perçu comme un outil qui favorise la modernisation de l’enseignement et qui permet ensuite de rehausser la qualité de l’enseignant. Des risques liés à l’introduction de l’ordinateur à l’école ont été aussi relevés par les enseignants.
Asphalt
Authors: Speight James G. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Asphalt is defined as a dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constituents are bitumens that occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing. ASTM further classifies asphalts or bituminous materials as solids, semisolids, or liquids. Asphalts have been defined as manufactured materials that are produced during petroleum processing and bitumens have been defined as naturally occurring materials. Asphalts contain very high molecular weight polar species called asphaltenes. Asphalt is considered a sustainable material for constructing pavements. From the production of paving material to the placement of the pavement on the road to rehabilitation through recycling, asphalt pavements minimize impact on the environment, asphalt pavement is the quiet pavement and the noise reducing properties of asphalt lasts many years. Roofing shingles account for most remaining consumption of asphalt.
Dyes, Sensitizing
Authors: Sturmer David M. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Spectral sensitizing dyes extend the wavelengths of light to which semiconductors or chemical reactions can respond. The silver halides in photography require special sensitizers to respond to blue, green, red, and infrared wavelengths. Colorless organic semiconductors in electrophotography require dyes to sensitize the electrophotographic response to red and infrared wavelengths. Infrared dyes in general serve both biological and data storage markets. Biological photochemical or photothermal effects require dyes that match the infrared transmission wavelengths of body tissue. Spectral sensitizing dyes are considered functional dyes to distinguish their photosensitizing actions from light absorbing (filtering) action.There are several broad classes of these dyes, eg, cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes, azine dyes, polymethine dyes, xanthene dyes, etc.Uses for these dyes include photography, eletrophotography, lasers, optical disks, medicine and in solar cells. High purity dyes are required for most of these applications.
Flavor Delivery Systems
Authors: Ubbink Johan
Published: April 2013

An overview is given of flavor delivery systems and technologies for flavor encapsulation. A distinction made is between (1) systems aimed at protecting the encapsulated flavor against evaporation and the adverse effects of environmental oxygen in low‐moisture states, and (2) those whose principal aim is to modify the release of the encapsulated flavor during food processing, storage, or consumption. The former class of systems, designated as glass‐encapsulation systems because they are invariably based on amorphous carbohydrates in the glassy state, is generally prepared by well‐established technologies like spray drying and melt extrusion and has found widespread commercial application. Accounts are given of the most‐used technologies and of the underlying materials science. The latter class of systems, principally aimed at controlling the release rate of the encapsulated flavor, is far more diverse in composition, working principle, and manufacturing technology. Several principal technologies are highlighted, and examples are given of successful applications in food matrices.
Fullerenes
Authors: Li Fa‐Bao , Wang Guan‐Wu
Published: April 2013

Fullerenes are a class of three‐dimensional all‐carbon hollow molecules containing a conjugated n system and are sometimes referred to as the “third form of carbon”. Each fullerene Cn consists of an even number of carbon atoms and represents a closed‐cage structure with 12 pentagons and (n–20)/2 hexagons. The isolated pentagon rule is an important principle to determine the stability of fullerene cages. [60]Fullerene (C60) has a truncated icosahedral spherical structure with 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. [70]Fullerene (C70) is a kiwi‐like ellipsoidal molecule and its structure contains an additional equatorial band of 10 carbons relative to that of C60. Fullerenes containing > 70 atoms are known as “higher fullerenes”. Unlike the other forms of carbon, fullerenes are soluble and thus can undergo a wide range of chemical reactions. The main chemical reactions of fullerenes are nucleophilic additions, cycloadditions, and radical additions. The hollow cavities of fullerenes can enclose a wide variety of atoms, molecules, or metal clusters, and the class of fullerenes are named as endohedral fullerenes. In addition, the replacement of one or more carbons of the fullerene cage by other non‐carbon atoms such as nitrogen can lead to heterofullerenes. Fullerene derivatives bearing electrondonor groups have been investigated because of the potential for conversion of light into electricity. Some alkali metal‐doped fullerenes show the interesting superconducting properties. Although fullerenes are insoluble in water, some derivatives are very soluble and this has led to investigations of biological properties.
Vanadium and Vanadium Alloys
Authors: Baroch Edmund F. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Vanadium is a gray body‐centered cubic metal. When highly pure, it is very soft and ductile. Vanadium is widely distributed through out the earth, but in low abundance. Traces of vanadium have been found in meteorites and seawater.Vanadium is recovered in the U.S. as a principal mine product, as a coproduct or byproduct from uranium–vanadium ores, and from ferrophosphorus. The steel industry accounts for the majority of the world's consumption of vanadium as an additive to steel. It is used in the steel industry as ferrovanadium alloy. Vanadium metal and its alloys pose no particular health or safety hazard. Vanadium compounds can be irritants. Other than steel industry use, vanadium is used in nuclear reactors, as superconductors, catalysts, and batteries. New battery technology such as the vanadium redox battery and the vanadium in lithium batteries show promise in the field of green energy. These batteries can store electricity that can be released in a very short amount of time. They are also being tested in the new generation of hybrid automobiles.
Chiral Pollutants
Authors: Ali Imran , Kulsum Umma , Saleem Kishwar , Hussain Afzal
Published: April 2013

Enantioselective analyses of the chiral pollutants are important as the enantiomers differ in their toxicities to pests and human beings. The chiral analyses only provide the exact data on the enantioselective toxicities. In this article, capillary electrophoresis has been used for the analyses of the chiral pollutants in the environmental and biological matrices. Attempts have been made to describe the state‐of‐the‐art of the enantiomeric separation of the chiral pollutants by using capillary electrophoresis. The different types of chiral pollutants and their toxicities have been discussed. The sample preparation and capillary electrophoresis analyses have also been provided. In addition, the challenges and future perspectives of the enantioselective analyses of the chiral pollutants have been included.
Simulating Planetary Dynamics in a Laboratory Setting
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: April 2013

The technological feats of rovers on planets and the stunning images that these and other space missions return from celestial bodies in the solar system tend to dominate public perception of what it means to be a planetary scientist. However, many planetary scientists are also involved with experimental planetary science research in the laboratory.
Climate adaptation strategy for natural resources released
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: April 2013

The National Fish, Wildlife, and Plants Climate Adaptation Strategy, released on 26 March by the Obama administration, calls for a series of measures to help public and private decision makers better address the effects of climate change on living natural resources. The measures include conserving habitat to support healthy fish, wildlife, and plant populations and ecosystem functions; managing species and habitats to protect ecosystem functions and provide sustainable commercial, subsistence, recreational, and cultural use; increasing knowledge and information about effects on and responses of fish, wildlife, and plants; and reducing nonclimate stressors to help fish, wildlife, plants, and ecosystems adapt.
Understanding the structure of subducting plates
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: April 2013

Seismic studies are helping scientists learn more about the structure of subducting oceanic plates. Using an air gun array and 80 ocean bottom seismometers spaced along a 500‐kilometer profile, Fujie et al. conducted a seismic reflection and refraction survey at the Kuril trench in the northwestern Pacific margin, where part of the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk plate. They estimated the water content of the subducting plate by measuring the velocity of seismic waves—both P waves and S waves—through the plate. The ratio of seismic wave velocities (Vp/Vs) is an indicator of the lithology, porosity, and presence of fluid in the plate. Their findings showed that the water content in the plate increased toward the trench, along with greater bending and fracturing, suggesting that water enters the plate through the fractures. The authors conclude that the bending and fracturing of the plate as it subducts play an important role in the water cycle in subduction zones. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL054340, 2013)
Low density of Earth's core due to oxygen and silicon impurities
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: April 2013

During accretion and differentiation of the Earth, chemical interactions in a silicate magma ocean and liquid iron drove silicon and oxygen impurities into what went on to become the liquid outer core. Contrasting with previous research, which suggested that silicon and oxygen would only appear in very low concentrations (less than 1% by weight) in the liquid iron, Tsuno et al. found that at the base of a magma ocean 1200 kilometers deep, these light elements could simultaneously reach concentrations as high as 5% oxygen and 8% silicon by weight. Such impurity levels would decrease the density of the outer core, accounting for the so‐called “density deficit” identified in previous research, whereby the outer core is roughly 10% less dense than a pure iron‐nickel alloy.
Induced Abortions in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Methotrexate
Authors: Vinet Évelyne , Kuriya Bindee , Pineau Christian A. , Clarke Ann E. , Bernatsky Sasha
Published: April 2013

Objective

To determine the rate of induced abortions in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exposed to methotrexate (MTX) compared with women with RA unexposed to this medication.

Methods

We performed a nested case–control study using administrative databases from Quebec. All women with RA ages 15–45 years were identified and cases were defined as women having an induced abortion. Each case was matched to ≥1 controls for age, calendar time, and cohort entry. Exposure was defined as having filled ≥1 prescriptions of MTX ≤16 weeks prior to the index date.

Results

We identified 112 cases of induced abortions in women with RA and 5,855 RA controls. Exposure to MTX occurred in 10.7% of cases and 21.7% of controls. Women exposed to MTX had a lower rate of induced abortions compared with unexposed women (rate ratio [RR] 0.47 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.25–0.89]). In the multivariate analysis, there was a trend toward an increased rate of induced abortions among women exposed to anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) agents (RR 2.07 [95% CI 0.81–5.27]).

Conclusion

Women with RA exposed to MTX have a lower rate of induced abortions than unexposed women. Women with RA exposed to anti‐TNF agents may have an increased rate of induced abortions compared to unexposed women.
The NSD1 and EZH2 Overgrowth Genes, Similarities and Differences
Authors: TATTON‐BROWN KATRINA , RAHMAN NAZNEEN
Published: April 2013

NSD1 and EZH2 are SET domain‐containing histone methyltransferases that play key roles in the regulation of transcription through histone modification and chromatin modeling: NSD1 preferentially methylates lysine residue 36 of histone 3 (H3K36) and is primarily associated with active transcription, while EZH2 shows specificity for lysine residue 27 (H3K27) and is associated with transcriptional repression. Somatic dysregulation of NSD1 and EZH2 have been associated with tumorigenesis. NSD1, as a fusion transcript with NUP98, plays a key role in leukemogenesis, particularly childhood acute myeloid leukemia. EZH2 is a major proto‐oncogene and mono‐ and biallelic activating and inactivating somatic mutations occur as early events in the development of tumors, particularly poor prognosis hematopoietic malignancies. Constitutional NSD1 and EZH2 mutations cause Sotos and Weaver syndromes respectively, overgrowth syndromes with considerable phenotypic overlap. NSD1 mutations that cause Sotos syndrome are loss‐of‐function, primarily truncating mutations or missense mutations at key residues in functional domains. EZH2 mutations that cause Weaver syndrome are primarily missense variants and the rare truncating mutations reported to date are in the last exon, suggesting that simple haploinsufficiency is unlikely to be generating the overgrowth phenotype although the exact mechanism has not yet been determined. Many additional questions about the molecular and clinical features of NSD1 and EZH2 remain unanswered. However, studies are underway to address these and, as more cases are ascertained and technology improves, it is hoped that these will, in time, be answered. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Life history of the individuals buried in the St. Benedict Cemetery (Prague, 15th–18th Centuries): Insights from 14C dating and stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O) analysis
Authors: Salesse Kevin , Dufour Élise , Castex Dominique , Velemínský Petr , Santos Frédéric , Kuchařová Hedvika , Jun Libor , Brůžek Jaroslav
Published: April 2013

Funerary practices and bioarchaeological (sex and age) data suggest that a mortality crisis linked to an epidemic episode occurred during the fifth phase of the St. Benedict cemetery in Prague (Czech Republic). To identify this mass mortality episode, we reconstructed individual life histories (dietary and mobility factors), assessed the population's biological homogeneity, and proposed a new chronology through stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ18O and δ15N) and direct radiocarbon dating. Stable isotope analysis was conducted on the bone and tooth enamel (collagen and carbonate) of 19 individuals from three multiple graves (MG) and 12 individuals from individual graves (IG). The δ15N values of collagen and the difference between the δ13C values of collagen and bone carbonate could indicate that the IG individuals had a richer protein diet than the MG individuals or different food resources. The human bone and enamel carbonate and δ18O values suggest that the majority of individuals from MG and all individuals from IG spent most of their lives outside of the Bohemian region. Variations in δ18O values also indicate that all individuals experienced residential mobility during their lives. The stable isotope results, biological (age and sex) data and eight 14C dates clearly differentiate the MG and IG groups. The present work provides evidence for the reuse of the St. Benedict cemetery to bury soldiers despite the funeral protest ban (1635 AD). The Siege of Prague (1742 AD) by French‐Bavarian‐Saxon armies is identified as the cause of the St. Benedict mass mortality event. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:202–214, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of end groups on the thermal response of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels
Authors: Chen Shufan , Jiang Xiaodong , Sun Lianlai
Published: April 2013

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels were prepared through soap‐free emulsion polymerization using 2, 2′‐ azobisobutyronitrile and potassium persulfate as initiator respectively. The thermal response of microgels was researched by measuring the transmittance and the hydrodynamic diameter of the microgels at different temperatures. The result shows that the different structure of the end groups of polymer that come from residues of initiator result in the different thermal response of PNIPAM microgels. The LCST (lower critical solution temperature) of AIBN‐initiator microgels is 5°C lower than that of the KPS‐initiator microgels, whereas the AIBN‐initiated PNIPAM microgels have better thermal response sensitivity. The scanning electron microscope characterization shows that the morphology of AIBN‐initiated PNIPAM microgels is more regular than that of KPS‐initiated. Furthermore, the Tg of the microgels was measured by differential scanning calorimeter and the result indicates that the end groups influences the Tg of microgels severely. This work demonstrated that the hydrophobic end group coming from initiators can decreases the LCST of PNIPAM microgels and increases the thermal response sensitivity, which providing a newly simple but effective method to regulate the thermal response of PNIPAM microgels. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1164‐1171, 2013
Influence of thermal state of warm pool in western Pacific on sensible heat flux
Authors: Zhou Lian‐Tong
Published: April 2013

The present study investigates the influence of July to October thermal state of warm pool in the western Pacific on surface sensible heat flux by using observing system experiments with European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) operational ocean analysis (ORA‐S3) for the period 1959–2009, and multidecade global flux datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air‐sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project for the period 1958–2009. It is found that the positive (negative) sensible heat flux anomalies over the western Pacific are associated with the warm (cold) state in the warm pool, which are attributed to the air–sea temperature difference anomalies over the western Pacific. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Protein design in systems metabolic engineering for industrial strain development
Authors: Chen Zhen , Zeng An‐Ping
Published: April 2013

Accelerating the process of industrial bacterial host strain development, aimed at increasing productivity, generating new bio‐products or utilizing alternative feedstocks, requires the integration of complementary approaches to manipulate cellular metabolism and regulatory networks. Systems metabolic engineering extends the concept of classical metabolic engineering to the systems level by incorporating the techniques used in systems biology and synthetic biology, and offers a framework for the development of the next generation of industrial strains. As one of the most useful tools of systems metabolic engineering, protein design allows us to design and optimize cellular metabolism at a molecular level. Here, we review the current strategies of protein design for engineering cellular synthetic pathways, metabolic control systems and signaling pathways, and highlight the challenges of this subfield within the context of systems metabolic engineering.
Resilient immortals, characterizing and utilizing Bax/Bak deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for high titer antibody production
Authors: Misaghi Shahram , Qu Yan , Snowden Andrew , Chang Jennifer , Snedecor Brad
Published: April 2013

Cell death due to apoptosis is frequently observed in large‐scale manufacturing of therapeutic proteins, and can reduce product accumulation in bioreactors. Several different strategies that involve overexpression of antiapoptotic or downregulation of proapoptotic proteins have been designed in attempt to curb this problem in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. However, each of these designs has their own shortcomings and limits, rendering them ineffective for large‐scale protein production. Recently, we have reported generation of a Bax and Bak deficient dhfr−/− CHO cell line using zinc‐finger nucleases. Here we demonstrate that puromycin, but not methotrexate, selection can be used to generate antibody‐expressing Bax and Bak deficient clones that are not only resistant to apoptosis, but that can also achieve higher titers relative to parental CHO cells due to higher cell density. Additionally, we show that Bax and Bak deficient cells have more mitochondria with healthy membrane potential, an attribute that perhaps contributes to their more potent growth compared to parental cells. Bax and Bak deficient cells do not readily apoptose, as shown by the ability to withstand high concentrations of apoptosis inducing agents, such as sodium butyrate, without a reduction in viability, growth, or titer. These traits render Bax and Bak deficient cells a potentially attractive host for production of therapeutic proteins at industrial scale. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:727–737, 2013
Separation, antitumor activities, and encapsulation of polypeptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Authors: Wang Xiaoqin , Zhang Xuewu
Published: April 2013

Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a unicellular green algae and has been a popular foodstuff worldwide. However, no reports on the antitumor peptides from such a microalgae are available in the literature. In this study, using low‐temperature high‐pressure extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography, we separated a polypeptide that exhibited inhibitory activity on human liver cancer HepG2 cells, and named the polypeptide CPAP (C. pyrenoidosa antitumor polypeptide). Furthermore, the micro‐ and nanoencapsulation of CPAP were investigated by using two methods: complex coacervation and ionotropic gelation. The in vitro release tests revealed that CPAP was well preserved against gastric enzymatic degradation after micro/nanoencapsulation and the slowly controlled release in the intestine could be potentially achieved. These results suggest that CPAP may be a useful ingredient in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:681–687, 2013
Chinese hamster ovary K1 host cell enables stable cell line development for antibody molecules which are difficult to express in DUXB11‐derived dihydrofolate reductase deficient host cell
Authors: Hu Zhilan , Guo Donglin , Yip Shirley S.M. , Zhan Dejin , Misaghi Shahram , Joly John C. , Snedecor Bradley R. , Shen Amy Y.
Published: April 2013

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are often produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Three commonly used CHO host cells for generating stable cell lines to produce therapeutic proteins are dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) positive CHOK1, DHFR‐deficient DG44, and DUXB11‐based DHFR deficient CHO. Current Genentech commercial full‐length antibody products have all been produced in the DUXB11‐derived DHFR‐deficient CHO host. However, it has been challenging to develop stable cell lines producing an appreciable amount of antibody proteins in the DUXB11‐derived DHFR‐deficient CHO host for some antibody molecules and the CHOK1 host has been explored as an alternative approach. In this work, stable cell lines were developed for three antibody molecules in both DUXB11‐based and CHOK1 hosts. Results have shown that the best CHOK1 clones produce about 1 g/l for an antibody mAb1 and about 4 g/l for an antibody mAb2 in 14‐day fed batch cultures in shake flasks. In contrast, the DUXB11‐based host produced ∼0.1 g/l for both antibodies in the same 14‐day fed batch shake flask production experiments. For an antibody mAb3, both CHOK1 and DUXB11 host cells can generate stable cell lines with the best clone in each host producing ∼2.5 g/l. Additionally, studies have shown that the CHOK1 host cell has a larger endoplasmic reticulum and higher mitochondrial mass. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:980–985, 2013
Challenges in patient selection for the parachute device implantation
Authors: Bozdag‐Turan Ilkay , Bermaoui Benjamin , Paranskaya Liliya , GökmenTuran R. , D'Ancona Giuseppe , Kische Stephan , Birkemeyer Ralph , Jovanovic Bojan , Schuetz Jan , Akin Ibrahim , Turan Cem Hakan , Ortak Jasmin , Hauenstein K. , Nienaber Cristoph Anton , Ince Hueseyin
Published: April 2013

Background

A novel percutaneous ventricular restoration therapy (PVRT) has been recently proposed to treat patients with ischemic heart failure (IHF) and antero‐apical regional wall motion abnormalities after myocardial infarction (MI). In this prospective, single center, non‐randomized study, we herein propose safety and feasibility evaluation of the device, in which a different patient selection strategy was used.

Material and Methods

A three‐stage evaluation was adopted in a series of patients referred for a Parachute Ventricular Partitioning Device (ParachuteTM). After an initial clinical evaluation, a secondary screening step was performed according to echocardiographic functional (LVEF<40%, apical/anterior akinesia/dyskinesia) and anatomical criteria [diameter of LV‐apex (LVAD) = 4.0 × 5.0 cm, left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD)>56 mm, left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD)>38 mm]. Patients encountering the echocardiographic criteria were selected for 3D cardiac CT (architecture, geometry, and trabeculation of the left ventricle) and eventually treated with the ParachuteTM.

Results

Fifty patients were screened according to the echocardiographic criteria. Twenty‐seven of those that met the echo inclusion criteria underwent further cardiac CT imaging. After CT imaging, eight patients were scheduled for ParachuteTM implantation. The device was successfully implanted in all eight patients with no in‐hospital mortality. A 3‐month follow‐up echocardiography showed LV‐volume reduction [95% CI; LVEDV: −76.5 (−116; −36.8), P = 0.002 and LVESV: −47.4 (−63.8; −30.9), P = 0.003] and improvement of global EF [95% CI; global EF: 6.87 (5.36; 8.39), P = 0.008].

Conclusion

Selection criteria for ParachuteTM placement should include left ventricular functional and anatomical parameters. When preprocedural echocardiography and cardiac CT are adequately implemented, satisfactory periprocedural and short term follow‐up results may be achieved after ParachuteTM implantation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intravascular ultrasound comparison of the self‐expanding sideguard stent in the side branch versus a balloon‐expandable stent in the main vessel to assess mechanisms of acute lumen gain in bifurcation lesions
Authors: Ma Shixin , Maehara Akiko , Hauptmann Karl E. , Guagliumi Giulio , Valsecchi Orazio , Vassileva Angelina , Appelman Yolande , Sangiorgi Giuseppe , Prati Francesco , Mintz Gary S.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

We compared the mechanisms of lumen gain after Cappella Sideguard (CS) side branch (SB) bifurcation stent deployment versus a balloon‐expandable stent in the corresponding main vessel (MV).

Background

The novel CS SB bifurcation stent is a self‐expanding, thin‐strut, nitinol device with anatomic flaring at the SB ostium.

Methods

In 28 bifurcation lesions, intravascular ultrasound imaging of both the SB and the MV was performed both pre‐ and postintervention; vessel and lumen areas were measured every 1 mm over a 5 mm segment beginning at the carina.

Results

Although minimum lumen area (MLA) within the distal 5 mm segment beginning at the carina increased from 2.8 ± 1.3 mm2 to 3.8 ± 1.1 mm2, P < 0.001, in the SB and from 3.4 ± 1.4 mm2 to 6.0 ± 1.1 mm2, P < 0.001, in the MV, stent expansion (minimum stent area/distal reference lumen area) was significantly less in the SB compared with the MV (77.8 ± 21.3% vs. 91.6 ± 18.4%, P = 0.02). Post stenting, the MLA site was located at the carina more frequently in the SB (85.7%) than in the MV (60.7%), P = 0.04. Plaque volume in the 5 mm proximal to carina in the MV tended to decrease, whereas plaque volume in the SB increased slightly with no change in overall plaque volume in the 5‐mm‐long segment distal to the carina in the MV, suggesting plaque shift from the proximal MV to the SB.

Conclusions

Acute CS lumen gain is less than the lumen gain of a balloon‐expandable stent in the MV because of less aggressive acute expansion and/or the plaque shift from the proximal MV to the SB. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Is a Metabolic Intermediate Formed in the Mechanism‐Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 by Using 1,1‐Dimethylhydrazine: Hydrogen Abstraction or Nitrogen Oxidation?
Authors: Hirao Hajime , Chuanprasit Pratanphorn , Cheong Ying Yi , Wang Xiaoqing
Published: April 2013

A precise understanding of the mechanism‐based inactivation of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) at the quantum mechanical level should allow more reliable predictions of drug–drug interactions than those currently available. Hydrazines are among the molecules that act as mechanism‐based inactivators to terminate the function of P450s, which are essential heme enzymes responsible for drug metabolism in the human body. Despite its importance, the mechanism explaining how a metabolic intermediate (MI) is formed from hydrazine is not fully understood. We used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to compare four possible mechanisms underlying the reaction between 1,1‐dimethylhydrazine (or unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, UDMH) and the reactive compound I (Cpd I) intermediate of P450. Our DFT calculations provided a clear view on how an aminonitrene‐type MI is formed from UDMH. In the most favorable pathway, hydrogen is spontaneously abstracted from the N2 atom of UDMH by Cpd I, followed by a second hydrogen abstraction from the N2 atom by Cpd II. Nitrogen oxidation of nitrogen atoms and hydrogen abstraction from the CH bond of the methyl group were found to be less favorable than the hydrogen abstraction from the NH bond. We also found that the reaction of protonated UDMH with Cpd I is rather sluggish. The aminonitrene‐type MI binds to the ferric heme more strongly than a water molecule. This is consistent with the notion that the catalytic cycle of P450 is impeded when such an MI is produced through the P450‐catalyzed reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Re‐Examination of “Pb3TeO6”: Determination of Its Correct Composition as Pb5TeO8.
Authors: Artner Christine , Weil Matthias
Published: April 2013

Phase formation of lead oxotellurates(VI) from PbO and TeO3(TeO2) under ambient pressure and at temperatures above 700 °C is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba4Mg[Si2N6], Ba3Ca2[Si2N6] and Ba1.6Sr3.4[Si2N6] — Quaternary Barium Alkaline‐Earth Silicon Nitrides Containing Isolated Nitridosilicate Anions of [Si2N6]10‐.
Authors: Yamane Hisanori , Morito Haruhiko
Published: April 2013

Ba4Mg[Si2N6] (I), Ba3Ca2[Si2N6] (II), and Ba1.6Sr3.4[Si2N6] (III) are synthesized by solid state reaction of the respective alkaline earth metals, Si, NaN3, and Na (BN crucible, stainless steel tube, 900°C).
ChemInform Abstract: Green and Red Long Lasting Phosphorescence (LLP) in γ‐Zn3 (PO4)2:Mn2+/Ga3+.
Authors: Liu Ziran , Zhong Ruixia
Published: April 2013

A series of differently doped title phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of ZnO, (NH4)2PO4, MnCO3, and Ga2O3 (corundum crucible, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Stable Cadmium Chalcogenide Quantum Dot/ZnO Nanowires for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation.
Authors: Seol Minsu , Jang Ji‐Wook , Cho Seungho , Lee Jae Sung , Yong Kijung
Published: April 2013

The oxygen‐evolution catalyst IrOx·nH2O is used to modify a CdSe/CdS quantum dot cosensitized ZnO nanowire photoanode in a photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation system.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanocrystalline CoP Thin Film as a New Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery.
Authors: Cui Yan‐Hua , Xue Ming‐Zhe , Fu Zheng‐Wen , Wang Xiao‐Ling , Liu Xiao‐Jiang
Published: April 2013

Nanocrystalline CoP thin film anode material is prepared by pulsed laser ablation of a Co:P (1:3) target and deposited on stainless steel substrates (200 and 400°C target temperature, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Properties of BiOBr Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Yan , Shi Zhuqing , Fan Caimei , Wang Xiaowen , Hao Xiaogang , Chi Yongqing
Published: April 2013

BiOBr is synthesized by addition of Na2CO3 solution to BiBr3 dissolved in aqueous HCl (pH 6—10, 20 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of C(sp3)—H and C(sp2)—H Bonds: Synthesis of Spiroindenes by Enolate‐Directed Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Alkynes with 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Chidipudi Suresh Reddy , Khan Imtiaz , Lam Hon Wai
Published: April 2013

Treatment of 2‐arylated cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with alkynes in the presence of Cu(OAc)2 and Ru2Cl4(p‐cymene)2 allows a new and regioselective access to various spirocyclic indenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective C—H Alkylation of Anisoles with Olefins Catalyzed by Cationic Half‐Sandwich Rare Earth Alkyl Complexes.
Authors: Oyamada Juzo , Hou Zhaomin
Published: April 2013

This method alkylates anisole derivatives in the ortho‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Amine and Palladium Catalysis in Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Allene Carbocyclization Reactions.
Authors: Li Meiling , Datta Swarup , Barber David M. , Dixon Darren J.
Published: April 2013

The method affords five‐membered carbo‐ or heterocyclic products with good diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Electrophilic Halogenation of Silyl‐Protected and Terminal Alkynes: Trapping Gold(I) Acetylides vs. a Broensted Acid‐Promoted Reaction.
Authors: Starkov Pavel , Rota Filippo , D'Oyley Jarryl M. , Sheppard Tom D.
Published: April 2013

Tms‐protected acetylenes are halodesilylated by treatment with N‐halosuccinimide in the presence of a Broensted acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Imine Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Ruthenium Phosphane—Phosphite Diamine Complexes.
Authors: Vaquero Monica , Suarez Andres , Vargas Sergio , Bottari Giovanni , Alvarez Eleuterio , Pizzano Antonio
Published: April 2013

The new ruthenium chloride (RUC) is found to be a highly efficient catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of imines of type (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Discrete Iron Complexes for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of Aromatic, Aliphatic, and α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes under Water—Gas Shift Conditions.
Authors: Tlili Anis , Schranck Johannes , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: April 2013

The reaction can be run on a 10‐g‐scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Heterogeneous Palladium Catalyzed Synthesis of Aryl Ethers and Aryl Amines via a Solvent Free Aerobic and Non‐Aerobic Dehydrogenative Arylation.
Authors: Sutter Marc , Sotto Nicolas , Raoul Yann , Metay Estelle , Lemaire Marc
Published: April 2013

A novel process for the synthesis of functionalized aryl ethers by reaction of alcohols, polyols, substituted cyclohexanones or tetralones as substrates is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Arylation of Aryl Ketones to Give Vinylbenzoate Compounds.
Authors: Schranck Johannes , Tlili Anis , Neumann Helfried , Alsabeh Pamela G. , Stradiotto Mark , Beller Matthias
Published: April 2013

It provides a straightforward method to prepare (Z)‐vinylbenzoates.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Active Catalytic System for Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl and Heteroaryl Chlorides in Water.
Authors: Mao Shu‐Lan , Sun Yue , Yu Guang‐Ao , Zhao Cui , Han Zhi‐Jun , Yuan Jia , Zhu Xiaolei , Yang Qihua , Liu Sheng‐Hua
Published: April 2013

A wide range of aromatic and heteroaromatic chlorides and some bromides, including hindered, activated and deactivated ones, are applied in the Suzuki—Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction in water to afford the products with moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Selective Monoarylation in Water and Sequential Functionalizations of C—H Bonds.
Authors: Arockiam Percia B. , Fischmeister Cedric , Bruneau Christian , Dixneuf Pierre H.
Published: April 2013

The selective ortho monoarylation of functional arenes (I), (IV), and (VI) directed by N‐containing heterocyclic groups is achieved using a Ru‐catalyst in water.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Intermolecular [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Ene—Allenes with Allenoates.
Authors: Brusoe Andrew T. , Edwankar Rahul V. , Alexanian Erik J.
Published: April 2013

The title reaction leads to stereochemically complex carbocycles in a single step.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Cyclization of α‐Cyano α‐Alkynyl Aryl Ketones Induced by tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide and Tetrabutylammonium Iodide.
Authors: Wong Ying‐Chieh , Tseng Chen‐Tso , Kao Tzu‐Ting , Yeh Yu‐Cheng , Shia Kak‐Shan
Published: April 2013

Various highly functionalized [6,6,5] tricyclic frameworks are obtained by the described new method.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydrobenzofuran Derivatives.
Authors: Li Qu‐Bo , Hu Xiao‐Chun
Published: April 2013

Electron‐donating substituents on N‐phenylsalicyl‐ideneamines tend to decrease the reactivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Use of a Trifluoromethylated Azomethine Ylide Precursor.
Authors: Tran Gael , Meier Robin , Harris Lawrence , Browne Duncan L. , Ley Steven V.
Published: April 2013

A variety of trifluoromethylated heterocyclic building blocks is prepared using the readily available title compound (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Thieno[3,2‐b:4,5‐b′]diindoles and Benzothieno[3,2‐b]indoles by Pd‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective C—C and C—N Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Hung Tran Quang , Dang Tuan Thanh , Villinger Alexander , Sung Tran Van , Langer Peter
Published: April 2013

Thiophene‐containing pentacenes like compounds (VI) are of interest for materials science, e.
ChemInform Abstract: Dibenzo[a,c]carbazoles from 2‐(2‐Bromoaryl)‐3‐arylindoles via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C—H Functionalization/C—C Bond Formation Process.
Authors: Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Goggiamani Antonella , Iazzetti Antonia
Published: April 2013

The present reaction provides a new versatile approach to dibenzo[a,c]‐carbazoles tolerating a variety of useful substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen—Sulfur Rearrangement in the Reaction of Thiocarbamate Imidazolium Ylide with Arylaldehyde.
Authors: Zhao Yingwei , Lei Min , Yang Lei , Han Feng , Li Zhen , Xia Chungu
Published: April 2013

The ratio of the products (III) and (IV) depends on the used aldehyde and the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Nitrile Oxide Dipolar Cycloadditions with ortho‐Nitrophenyl Alkynes.
Authors: McIntosh Melissa L. , Naffziger Michael R. , Ashburn Bradley O. , Zakharov Lev N. , Carter Rich G.
Published: April 2013

For the success of the title reaction the ortho‐nitro moiety and the sterically hindered mesityl group play an important role.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient 2‐Aryl Benzothiazole Formation from Aryl Ketones and 2‐Aminobenzenethiols under Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Liao Yunfeng , Qi Hongrui , Chen Shanping , Jiang Pengcheng , Zhou Wang , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: April 2013

Various 2‐aryl benzothiazoles are selectively obtained by the present new method using molecular oxygen as oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene‐Supported RuO2 Nanoparticles for Efficient Aerobic Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction in Water.
Authors: Meng Qing‐Yuan , Liu Qiang , Zhong Jian‐Ji , Zhang Hui‐Hui , Li Zhi‐Jun , Chen Bin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: April 2013

Tetrahydroisoquinolines undergo cross‐dehydrogenative coupling reactions with nitroalkanes under an oxygen atmosphere in water simply by using graphene‐supported RuO2 as the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural α‐Amino Acids Applied in the Synthesis of Imidazo[1,5‐a]N‐heterocycles under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Wang Qiang , Zhang Shuai , Guo Fengfeng , Zhang Baiqun , Hu Ping , Wang Zhiyong
Published: April 2013

This is based on an iodine‐mediated decarboxylative cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinolines via Silver(I)—Rhodium(I) Cooperative Catalysis in the Reaction of N′‐(2‐Alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazide with Cycloprop‐2‐ene‐1,1‐dicarboxylate.
Authors: Yao Liangqing , Yu Xingxin , Mo Chen , Wu Jie
Published: April 2013

The reaction proceeds via consecutive 6‐endocyclization, [3 + 2] cycloaddition, cyclopropane ring opening and aromatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel 1,5‐Benzodiazepines.
Authors: Ilango S. S. , Remya P. U. , Ponnuswamy S.
Published: April 2013

The title compounds (III) are obtained by CdCl2‐catalyzed reaction of acetoacetanilides with o‐phenylenediamine under conventional heating as well as microwave irradiation conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchona Alkaloid Amides/Dialkylzinc Catalyzed Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Aziridines with Phosphites.
Authors: Hayashi Masashi , Shiomi Noriyuki , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Nakamura Shuichi
Published: April 2013

This is the first highly enantioselective desymmetrization of aziridines with phosphites yielding β‐aminophosphonates.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐1,2‐Bis‐arylselanyl Alkenes from Alkynes Using KF/Al2O3.
Authors: Lara Renata G. , Rosa Paloma C. , Soares Liane K. , Silva Marcio S. , Jacob Raquel G. , Perin Gelson
Published: April 2013

However, the reaction of phenylacetylene with dimesityl diselenide only provides the alkynyl selenide (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Z/E Isomerization of 2‐Imino‐1,3‐thiaselenolanes via Iodocyclization.
Authors: Toyoda Yosuke , Koketsu Mamoru
Published: April 2013

Treatment of isoselenocyanates with allyl mercaptan followed by I2‐ or HCl‐mediated cyclization results in formation of new 2‐imino‐1,3‐thiaselenolanes.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Angiogenesis and Immunomodulatory Activities of an Antitumor Sesquiterpene Bigelovin Isolated from Inula helianthus‐aquatica.
Authors: Tan Ning‐Hua , et al. et al.
Published: April 2013

Title compound Bigelovin (I*) may exert multi‐target functions against cancer in animal models.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Quassinoids from Ailanthus altissima.
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Qi , et al. et al. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2013

Two new quassinoids, altissinol A (I) and B (II), are isolated along with 12 known quassinoids from the barks of Ailanthus altissima.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Synthesis of Non‐Natural Chalcogen Peptides via Ring Opening of Aziridines.
Authors: Schwab Ricardo S. , Schneider Paulo H.
Published: April 2013

Using this method a wide range of biologically important seleno‐, telluro‐, and thiopeptides can be prepared in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Phenylpentanamine Alkaloid Produced by an Endophyte Bacillus subtillis Isolated from Angelica sinensis
Authors: Yang Nian‐Yun , Jiang Shu , Shang Er‐Xin , Tang Yu‐Ping , Duan Jin‐Ao
Published: April 2013

isolation and structure determination
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Liver Fibrotic Lignans from the Fruits of Schisandra arisanensis and Schisandra sphenanthera.
Authors: Shen Ya‐Ching , et al. et al.
Published: April 2013

Three new polyoxygenated C18‐dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, arisanschinins M (I) and N (II), and schisphenin A (III) are isolated along with eight related metabolites from the fruits of Schisandra arisanenis and Schisandra sphenanthera, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: New Vistas in N‐Heterocyclic Silylene (NHSi) Transition‐Metal Coordination Chemistry: Syntheses, Structures and Reactivity Towards Activation of Small Molecules
Authors: Blom Burgert , Stoelzel Miriam , Driess Matthias
Published: April 2013

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Accelerated O‐Glycosylation under Frozen Conditions and Its Application to the Synthesis of Complex Glycans
Authors: Ishiwata Akihiro , Sakurai Ayaka , Ito Yukishige
Published: April 2013

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bicyclic Furano‐, Pyrrolo‐, and Thiopheno[2,3‐d] Derivatives of Pyrimidine Nucleosides: Synthesis and Antiviral Properties
Authors: Ivanov M. A. , Aleksandrova L. A.
Published: April 2013

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthon Disconnection Strategy for the Synthesis Design of “Coelenterazine” ‐ A Bioluminescent Marine Natural Product Used in Bioassays
Authors: Bhanja Chittaranjan , Chakroborty Subhendu
Published: April 2013

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Alliance — From Orthosteric and Allosteric Ligands to Dualsteric/Bitopic Agonistst at G Protein Coupled Receptors
Authors: Mohr Klaus , Schmitz Jens , Schrage Ramona , Traenkle Christian , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: April 2013

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Flexibility and Reactivity in Promiscuous Enzymes
Authors: Gatti‐Lafranconi Pietro , Hollfelder Florian
Published: April 2013

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conductive Polymer‐Based Microextraction Methods: A Review
Authors: Bagheri Habib , Ayazi Zahra , Naderi Mehrnoush
Published: April 2013

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Helical Micromachines
Authors: Peyer Kathrin E. , Tottori Soichiro , Qiu Famin , Zhang Li , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: April 2013

Review: application of helical microbots in medical procedures; 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Ceria‐Supported Ruthenium Catalysts for Green Organic Transformation Processes
Authors: Wada Kenji , Miura Hiroki , Hosokawa Saburo , Inoue Masashi
Published: April 2013

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase Oxypyrolysis of Light Alkanes
Authors: Arutyunov V. S. , Magomedov R. N.
Published: April 2013

Review: 95 refs.
Public‐key encryption scheme with selective opening chosen‐ciphertext security based on the Decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption
Authors: Liu Shengli , Zhang Fangguo , Chen Kefei
Published: April 2013

Chosen‐ciphertext security has been well‐accepted as a standard security notion for public‐key encryption. But in a multi‐user surrounding, it may not be sufficient, because the adversary may corrupt some users to obtain the random coins as well as the plaintexts used to generate ciphertexts. The attack is named ‘selective opening attack’. We study how to achieve full‐fledged chosen‐ciphertext security in selective opening setting directly from the Decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption. Our construction is actually a tag‐based public‐key encryption scheme free of chameleon hashing and has a tight security reduction to the Decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption and the collision‐resistant assumption of hash functions. The tag for each ciphertext is generated in a flexible way to serve the chosen‐ciphertext security proof in selective opening settings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.