bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ancient Flint Mines at Stoke Down, Sussex
Authors: Wade A. G.
Published: October 2013

The object of this report is to record “finds” rather than to deal with the problem of the date of the mines and implements.

The Circumstances which led up to the Discovery of the Mining Area at Stoke Down.

In 1910 I was ordered to Chichester Barracks for a tour of military duty, and among other things I became Scoutmaster of the 1st Chichester Boy Scout troop. It was these Scouts who first took me to Stoke Down. The Down is situated some three miles due North of the ancient city of Chichester. The boys were busy building a log cabin in the clump of trees on the summit of the Down. The clump is known as Stoke Clump. Being long interested in prehistory my eyes, as was their custom, wandered over the surface. My attention was soon arrested by a considerable quantity of what is generally recognised as Bronze Age Pottery, coarse, red and black, of unwashed clay, with finger nail decoration round the rims.
The Status of the Tasmanians Among the Stone-Age Peoples. Presidential Address for the Year 1924
Authors: Balfour Henry
Published: October 2013

An apology of some sort is so usual a preamble to an address, that I might be tempted to court originality by departing from the normal and foregoing the confessional. Circumstances, however, are compelling in my case and I have no opening for escape. In the first place a combination of factors prevented my delivering a presidential address to the Society during my term of office, and for this I owe sincere apologies. I have to ask you in your kindness to accept this as a belated and actually “post-mortem” address from your late president, delivered, as it is, under the aegis of my successor in office, to whom I desire to offer a cordial welcome and sincere congratulations. At the same time I wish to thank the Society most heartily for the high compliment which was paid to me when I was invited to assume the presidency last year. It is difficult to say how very highly I appreciate this kindness and courtesy.

In the second place, my choice of a subject needs at least some explanation and, if possible, justification. I cannot avoid the confession that the topic which I have selected has no direct bearing upon East Anglia in particular, nor, indeed upon Great Britain in general. Having confessed this with all due apologies, I must try to justify my temerity.
A Microlithic Industry, Durham
Authors: Coupland George
Published: October 2013

In remote times bleak and exposed sites in the east of the county of Durham were occupied by folk who made microlithic implements. On the top of Sheddon's Hill, near the Black Fell, Gateshead, these relics were fairly abundant among hundreds of pieces of flint collected; and examples have been found elsewhere in the district and on the coast.

Many of the Belgian Tardenois types are represented among these finds, the small trapezoid which has not yet been excavated on Sheddon's Hill was found on a site near by and a small round scraper on a coast site. The finding of these remains on Sheddon's Hill adds something to our information about the distribution of the Tardenois folk in Britain who probably as Capt. Buckley has suggested spread westwards from the Continent at a time when the North Sea did not exist.
Arrowheads at Grime's Graves
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

In his Presidential Address to the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia in 1916, Proc., Vol. II., Pt. II., p. 279, Dr. A. E. Peake described a flint implement obtained from Floor 16 as a hollow-end scraper; remarking that Dr. Sturge had “a number of similar implements found on the surface.” Two views of the implement are, fortunately, given; whereby it can be seen that the hollow at the supposed scraping end is brought to an acute edge by chipping on both faces, and, therefore, was not used in hollow-scraping. The work is identical with that on a barbed but stemless arrowhead, at the hollow base thereof; fitting it for mounting in a shaft. The suggestion is that this is an arrowhead or lancehead.

In 1920 my daughter Morwenna picked out from Floor 75 the flint shown in Fig. 1. This, also, is trimmed at the base, from each face; precisely after the manner of numbers of accepted arrowheads, and in such fashion as to produce an edge which would facilitate hafting. The remainder of the secondary chipping is on both sides of the point, and all down one side of the weapon. The other side needed no trimming; it is acute and sharp and would easily do its share of piercing.
The Silted-Up Lake of Hoxne and Its Contained Flint Implements
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

Before proceeding to give a description of the silted-up lake of Hoxne, and its contained flint implements, I would wish to express my thanks to Miss Dorothy Garrod, Professor P. G. H. Boswell, Sir Arthur Keith, F.R.S., Dr. O. Erdtman, Professor Henri Breuil, Mr. Alfred S. Barnes, Mr. Reginald Smith, and to Mr. Guy Maynard, for the help they have given me in my researches during 1924–6 at this spot. I am also especially indebted to the British Association, the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, and to Mr. Henry Balfour, F.R.S. for providing the funds to pay for the labour employed. The work of excavation was carried out under my supervision, by my trained digger, John Baxter, assisted by one of the men employed in the brickfield at Hoxne, and every care was taken to obtain a trustworthy record of the exact position each humanly flaked flint, or other specimen, occupied in the geological sequence.

The implementiferous deposits of Hoxne are justly famous throughout the archæological world. In the year 1797, there was living at, or near, this place, one, John Frere, who evidently took a keen, and remarkably astute interest in the question of the antiquity of man. There is no doubt that then, as now, a brickfield existed at Hoxne, and Frere's attention was drawn to a quantity of flaked flints which were being turned out by the workmen, at a certain level below the brickearth. To realise the significance of what follows, it is necessary to grasp the fact that, in 1797, next to nothing was known regarding ancient flint implements of any kind, and least of all about those which we now know were made by Lower Palæolithic man.
Note on Le Moustier Flints from Acton, West Drayton and Iver
Authors: Marsden J. G.
Published: October 2013

I am exhibiting a number of flakes and implements, which appear to be of Le Moustier date, from Acton on the Taplow Terrace, and West Drayton and Iver on the Boyn Hill Terrace.

The Acton specimens are from the immediate vicinity of the working floor discovered by the late Mr. Allen Brown some forty years ago. During recent excavations in Creffield Road, I picked out of the brick-earth, thrown up from a depth of 4 to 6½ feet, seventy humanly struck flints. Forty-six are unpatinated, fresh-looking and unabraded, twenty have a bluey-white patination, amongst which are several with slightly dulled edges, and four are light-ochreous. The freshness of the cortex on several of the unpatinated flints suggests that some of the raw material was derived directly from the chalk. The majority are simple flakes and spalls. The remainder consists of eighteen small Levallois flakes, varying in size from 2 by 1½ to 3½ by 2¼ inches, one small tortoise core, a small flattish core with flaking on one face at right angles to that on the other, a flint pebble which has been used as a hammerstone, one small point and two exceptional pieces. One of these is a fairly typical graver (bee de flûte) with bluey-white patination (Fig. 1); the other may be described as a busked graver, it is made from a thickish external flake and is unpatinated (Fig. 2). A few of the flakes shew slight signs of use.
The Presidential Address for 1929: “The Problems of the Crag”
Authors: Sainty J. E.
Published: October 2013

The Norfolk Crag deposits bear a considerable resemblance to those of Suffolk, consisting, like the latter, of a variable group of shallow-water marine sands, pebbly gravels, and laminated clays, with occasional seams or patches of shells.

The chief differences appear to be:—

(1) The progressive lowering of temperature observed as the Suffolk beds are traced from south to north has continued still further, culminating in the “Tellina balthica” aspect of the Weybourne Crag.

(2) In every known exposure the Norfolk Crag rests directly on the chalk, not on a Tertiary clay.

(3) The Norfolk “Stone Bed” ıs much more closely packed with flints than the corresponding “Detritus Bed” of Suffolk.

(4) The “coprolitic” content is much less.

(5) The mammalian fauna presents some differences from that of the Detritus Bed.

(6) It is possible the latter deposit is of a greater age than the former.

The attention of students of Prehistory was first called to the Crag deposits by Reid Moir's discovery in 1909 of apparently humanly worked flints in the Detritus Bed at Ipswich. This discovery, though supported by W. G. Clarke's researches at Norwich, was hotly contested, and gave rise to one of the most prolonged and embittered controversies of recent times, the echoes of which, however, have by now almost died away. At the present time every outstanding authority, who has studied the deposits in person, has endorsed Reid Moir's views.
“Palæolithic Thames Deposits”
Authors: Dewey Henry
Published: October 2013

The deposits with which I propose to deal in my address are those laid down by the Thames in that part of its course that lies between Maidenhead and the sea.

These deposits rest at three principal levels above mean tide, while a fourth series infills the buried channel of the ancient river.

Perhaps the most completely explored series is that of the so-called 100-ft. terrace at Swanscombe, in Kent. Specimens from the great gravel pit at Milton Street have enriched the collections of amateurs for upwards of fifty years, but they lacked scientific value because their exact provenance was unknown, the collectors being merely desirous of possessing fine specimens. When the value of Palæolithic implements as ‘geological time indicators’ became recognized in France, the demand for more precise information about the English Palæoliths spread among observers on this side of the Channel, and among others, influenced Worthington Smith. His accurate work has not received the acknowledgment it deserves from either geologists or archæologists, but it may be said that in the light of present knowledge it is of outstanding importance. He dealt more with the deposits of the Lea than with those of the main river, but his observations show how fully alive he was to the importance of truly recording the locality and site of each find, and the characteristics of the deposit in which it occurred. In the writer's opinion, Smith's book on “Man, the Primeval Savage” is destined to be recognized as one of the great books on prehistory in the English language.
Ancient Man in the Gipping—Orwell Valley, Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

In the course of my investigations of the district of Ipswich, Suffolk, I have found a large series of flint implements and other remains of man, ranging in date from the pre-Chellean of the Sub-Red Crag horizon of Pliocene times to the period of the Anglo-Saxons. The majority of these discoveries, so far as those relating to the Stone Age are concerned, were made in the beds forming the plateau, or in the sides of now dry valleys tributary to the main valley of the Gipping. Some little time ago, however, I determined to make—if possible—an examination of the deeply-buried deposits of the Gipping, and this research was later on extended to the tidal portion of the river which is known as the Orwell. It is now my purpose to give an account of this work, which has resulted in the getting together of a great quantity of flint implements, flakes, and cores, mammalian bones in considerable numbers, and some fragmentary portions of the human skeleton. I would here record my thanks to the Percy Sladen Fund, the Royal Society, the Ipswich Dock Commission and their Chief Engineer, Mr. Clarke, Messrs. Warren Livingstone, Ltd., Messrs. Alfred Coe, Ltd., Messrs Packard and James Fison (Thetford), Ltd., Miss Nina Layard, Sir Arthur Keith, F.R.S., Dr. Duckworth, Dr. C. Forster Cooper, Mr. Reginald Smith, the Curator and Mr. F. M. Cullum, of Ipswich Museum, Dr. T. W. Woodhead, Mr. A. S. Barnes, and Dr. G. Erdtman, who have each given invaluable help in one way or another to the prosecution of this research.
Excavations in the Pin Hole Cave, Creswell Crags, Derbyshire
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie
Published: October 2013

The Pin Hole Cave was the first of the five caves forming the Creswell Group, in which excavation work was undertaken by the Rev. Magens Mello in 1875, and where his first discoveries were made. Operations at that time were confined to a limited area at the entrance of the cave and were mainly superficial; subsequent excavations ignored the cave entirely, and consequently the important deposits contained there have remained intact. This is a fortunate circumstance, because the Pin Hole, by reason of its position in the cliff face, is the only cave of the group in which a stratified record of the whole sequence of Creswell cultures has been preserved. Had it been excavated in 1875 much important scientific evidence would inevitably have been missed which the systematic excavation of the cave by modern methods has revealed, thereby providing not only valuable information respecting climatic variations during the cave period, but also a type cave-section for Britain.

Two beds of cave-earth are present—an upper, red, cave-earth, 6 to 7 feet in thickness, sealed beneath either crystalline stalagmite or breccia; and a lower, yellow, cave-earth, 10 to 11 feet in thickness, the total average depth of the deposit being 17 feet to the bed rock of the cave. The upper cave-earth contains a series of typical Upper Palæolithic industries ranging from Upper Aurignacian and proto-Solutrean at its base, to a late Aurignacian culture at the top, corresponding in time to the Magdalenian of France.
A Palaeolithic Succession at Farnham, Surrey
Authors: Wade A. G. , Smith Reginald A.
Published: October 2013

The area which Mr. Reginald Smith asked me to watch since 1922 is that of the upper reaches of the River Wey from Alton to Farnham, a ten mile stretch of the valley of the Wey which in the 18th century was described by Arthur Young as “the finest ten miles in England.”

To-day the Wey follows a zig-zag course some 50 ft. below the Railway Terrace on the South, and the opposite terrace on the North, on which the village of Bentley (Hants.) is built. Above this lowest terrace of the Wey, deeply covered with a pale stratified gravel of the river drift, is another terrace about 100 ft. above this river, also much gravelled with stratified river drift heavily iron stained. Then still ascending we come to the top of the Alice Holt spur known as the Alice Holt—Bourne plateau on which there are three levels, all much gravelled, but with contorted drift as opposed to the river drift of the terraces on the Northern slope.

This Alice Holt spur is the northern of three spurs that run from Alice Holt to the Waverley Valley: here the river makes a right angle with the Alton–Farnham Valley as it turns south immediately east of Farnham town. The area watched measures in all some 20 square miles.
Management implications derived from long term re-sight data: annual survival of the Maui Parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys
Authors: MOUNCE HANNA L. , IKNAYAN KELLY J. , LEONARD DAVID L. , SWINNERTON KIRSTY J. , GROOMBRIDGE JIM J.
Published: October 2013

The accurate estimation of key demographic parameters is invaluable for making decisions about the management of endangered wildlife but such estimates are often difficult to obtain. Parameters such as species-specific apparent survival rates are an important component in understanding population ecology and informing management decisions. The Maui Parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys is a ‘Critically Endangered’ Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the Island of Maui. We used an 18-year encounter history dataset comprising 146 marked individuals to estimate apparent survival between sexes and age classes (juvenile, adult). A difference in survival rates between sexes was strongly supported; 0.72 ± 0.04 for adult females and 0.82 ± 0.03 for adult males. This difference may be a reflection of either reproductive costs or additional risks of incubation and brooding, such as depredation. We also found support for age-biased survival, but limited information for juveniles did not provide a well-supported model fit for our data (juvenile survival = 0.17 ± 0.15; adults = 0.78 ± 0.02). However, apparent adult survival was similar to that of other Hawaiian passerines (mean 0.78 ± 0.03, n = 16). These results suggest that efforts to prevent the extinction of this species may benefit from future management strategies focused on increasing female survival such as predator reduction.
Cognitive Control Processes in Paranoia: The Impact of Threat Induction on Strategic Cognition and Self-Focused Attention
Authors: Flower Laura , Newman-Taylor Katherine , Stopa Lusia
Published: October 2013

Background:Current clinical models emphasize certain cognitive processes in the maintenance of distressing paranoia. While a number of these processes have been examined in detail, the role of strategic cognition and self-focused attention remain under-researched.Aims:This study examined the deployment of cognitive strategies and self-focused attention in people with non-clinical paranoia.Method:An experimental design was used to examine the impact of a threat activation task on these processes, in participants with high and low non-clinical paranoia. Twenty-eight people were recruited to each group, and completed measures of anxiety, paranoid cognition, strategic cognition and self-focused attention.Results:The threat activation task was effective in increasing anxiety in people with high and low non-clinical paranoia. The high paranoia group experienced more paranoid cognitions following threat activation. This group also reported greater use of thought suppression, punishment and worry, and less use of social control strategies when under threat. No differences were found between the groups on measures of self-focused attention.Conclusions:This study shows that the threat activation task increased anxiety in people with high non-clinical paranoia, leading to increased paranoid thinking. The use of strategic cognition following threat activation varied dependent on level of non-clinical paranoia. If these differences are replicated in clinical groups, the strategies may be implicated in the maintenance of distressing psychosis, and may therefore be a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.
Sleep deprivation and obesity in shift workers in southern Brazil
Authors: Canuto Raquel , Pattussi Marcos Pascoal , Macagnan Jamile Block Araldi , Henn Ruth Liane , Olinto Maria Teresa Anselmo
Published: October 2013

Objective

The objective of our study was to explore the association between sleep deprivation and obesity among shift workers.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Time of sleep was categorized as: >5 h of continuous sleep/d; ≤5 h of continuous sleep/d with some additional rest (sleep deprivation level I); and ≤5 h of continuous sleep/d without any additional rest (sleep deprivation level II). Sociodemographic, parental and behavioural variables were evaluated by means of a standardized pre-tested questionnaire. Potential confounding factors were controlled for in the multivariable model.

Setting

A poultry-processing plant in southern Brazil.

Subjects

Nine hundred and five shift workers (63 % female).

Results

Obesity was more prevalent in the participants who were female, aged 40 years and older, who had less schooling and reported excess weight in both parents. Sleep deprivation levels I and II were associated with increased income, number of meals consumed throughout the day and nightshift work. All of the workers who exhibited a degree of sleep deprivation worked the night shift. After controlling for potential confounding factors, the prevalence ratios of obesity were 1·4 (95 % CI 0·8, 2·2) and 4·4 (95 % CI 2·4, 8·0) in the workers with sleep deprivation levels I and II, respectively, compared with the reference group.

Conclusions

These results show a strong association between sleep deprivation and obesity in shift workers and that sleep deprivation may be a direct consequence of working at night.
The relationship between the timing of a palliative care consult and utilization outcomes for ventilator-assisted intensive care unit patients
Authors: Pereira Salonie , Kozikowski Andrzej , Pekmezaris Renee , Sunday Suzanne , Mir Tanveer , Saad Maha , Corrado Lauren , Wolf-Klein Gisele
Published: October 2013

Objective:

Given the great number of chronic care patients facing the end of life and the challenges of critical care delivery, there has been emerging evidence supporting the benefit of palliative care in the intensive care unit (ICU). We studied the relationship between the timing of a palliative care consult (PCC) and two utilization outcomes — length of stay (LOS) and pharmacy costs — in ventilator-assisted ICU patients.

Method:

A retrospective chart review was conducted (N = 90). Summed pharmacy costs were compared using a paired t test before and after PCC. Spearman correlations were performed between days to PCC and ICU LOS, ventilator days, and days to death following ventilator discontinuation.

Results:

Number of days from admission to PCC was correlated with total days on ventilator (ρ = 0.685, p < 0.0001) and total ICU LOS (ρ = 0.654, p < 0.0001). Number of days to PCC was correlated with pre-PCC total medication costs (ρ = 0.539, p < 0.0001). Median medication costs were significantly reduced after the PCC (p < 0.0001), from $230.96 to 30.62. Median medication costs decreased for all categories except for analgesics, antiemetics, and opioids. The number of patients receiving opioid infusion increased (37 vs. 90%) after PCC (p < 0.0001).

Significance of results:

Earlier timing for PCC in the ICU is associated with a lower LOS through quicker mechanical ventilation (MV) withdrawal, presenting a unique opportunity to both decrease costs and improve patient care.
Objective Quantification of Pre- and Postphonosurgery Vocal Fold Vibratory Characteristics Using High-Speed Videoendoscopy and a Harmonic Waveform Model
Authors: Ikuma Takeshi , Kunduk Melda , McWhorter Andrew J.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The model-based quantitative analysis of high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) data at a low frame rate of 2,000 frames per second was assessed for its clinical adequacy. Stepwise regression was employed to evaluate the HSV parameters using harmonic models and their relationships to the Voice Handicap Index (VHI). Also, the model-based HSV parameters were compared with those using conventional analysis techniques.

Method

Eight pairs of HSV recordings of vocal folds before and after surgery for benign lesions were investigated. Five glottal area waveform features—fundamental frequency (F0), open quotient (OQ), speed index (SI), relative glottal gap (RGG), and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR)—were measured using model-based and conventional approaches. The statistical analyses were conducted on the mean (
M
) and standard deviation (
SD
) of the feature measurements over 1 s during sustained phonation.

Results

Two model-based HSV parameters, OQ
M
(ρ = .67) and HNR
M
(ρ = −.56), were selected and explained 55% of the VHI variation. The conventional techniques yielded a regression model with OQ
SD
(ρ = −.60) and F0
SD
(ρ = .44), explaining 61% of the VHI variation.

Conclusions

Although the selected model-based HSV parameters explained less variation in the VHI than the conventionally computed HSV parameters, the behaviors of the model-based parameters were more consistent with expectations and theory than the conventional analysis techniques.
Videofluoroscopic Investigation of Body Position on Articulatory Positioning
Authors: Bae Youkyung , Perry Jamie L. , Kuehn David P.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To quantitatively examine the effects of body position on the positioning of the epiglottis, tongue, and velum at rest and during speech.

Method

Videofluoroscopic data were obtained from 12 healthy adults in the supine and upright positions at rest and during speech while the participants produced 12 VCV sequences. The effects of body position, target sounds, and adjacent sounds on structural positioning and vowel formant structure were investigated.

Results

Velar retropositioning in the supine position was the most consistent pattern observed at rest. During speech, all structures, with varying degrees of adjustment, appeared to work against the gravitational pull, resulting in no significant narrowing in the oro- and nasopharyngeal regions while in the supine position. Minimal differences in the formant data between the body positions were also observed. Overall, structural positioning was significantly dependent on the target and adjacent sounds regardless of body position.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that structural positioning in response to gravity varied across individuals based on the type of activities being performed. With varying degrees of positional adjustment across different structures, fairly consistent articulatory positioning in the anterior–posterior dimension was maintained in different body positions during speech.
Barium Versus Nonbarium Stimuli: Differences in Taste Intensity, Chemesthesis, and Swallowing Behavior in Healthy Adult Women
Authors: Nagy Ahmed , Steele Catriona M. , Pelletier Cathy A.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The authors examined the impact of barium on the perceived taste intensity of 7 different liquid tastant stimuli and the modulatory effect that these differences in perceived taste intensity have on swallowing behaviors.

Method

Participants were 80 healthy women, stratified by age group (<40; >60) and genetic taste status (supertasters; nontasters). Perceived taste intensity and chemesthetic properties (fizziness; burning–stinging) were rated for 7 tastant solutions (each prepared with and without barium) using the general Labeled Magnitude Scale. Tongue-palate pressures and submental surface electromyography (sEMG) were simultaneously measured during swallowing of these same randomized liquids. Path analysis differentiated the effects of stimulus, genetic taste status, age, barium condition, taste intensity, and an effortful saliva swallow strength covariate on swallowing.

Results

Barium stimuli were rated as having reduced taste intensity compared with nonbarium stimuli. Barium also dampened fizziness but did not influence burning–stinging sensation. The amplitudes of tongue-palate pressure or submental sEMG did not differ when swallowing barium versus nonbarium stimuli.

Conclusions

Despite impacting taste intensity, the addition of barium to liquid stimuli does not appear to alter behavioral parameters of swallowing. Barium solutions can be considered to elicit behaviors that are similar to those used with nonbarium liquids outside the assessment situation.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170447
Direct and exact methods for the synthesis of discrete‐time proportional–integral–derivative controllers
Authors: Cuoghi Stefania , Ntogramatzidis Lorenzo
Published: October 2013

This study presents a new set of formulae for the design of discrete proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers under requirements on steady‐state performance and robustness specifications, such as phase and the gain margins, as well as the gain crossover frequency. The proposed technique has the advantage of avoiding trial‐and‐error procedures or approximations connected to an a posteriori discretisation. This method can also be implemented as a graphical design procedure in the Nyquist plane. The plot of suitable regions can be used to check a priori if the problem leads to feasible values of the PID parameters.
Computed force control system using functional link radial basis function network with asymmetric membership function for piezo‐flexural nanopositioning stage
Authors: Lin Faa‐Jeng , Lee Shih‐Yang , Chou Po‐Huan
Published: October 2013

A computed force control system using functional link radial basis function network with asymmetric membership function (FLRBFN‐AMF) for three‐dimension motion control of a piezo‐flexural nanopositioning stage (PFNS) is proposed in this study. First, the dynamics of the PFNS mechanism with the introduction of a lumped uncertainty including the equivalent hysteresis friction force are derived. Then, a computed force control system with an auxiliary control is proposed for the tracking of the reference contours with improved steady‐state response. Since the dynamic characteristics of the PFNS are non‐linear and time varying, a computed force control system using FLRBFN‐AMF is designed to improve the control performance for the tracking of various reference trajectories, where the FLRBFN‐AMF is employed to estimate a non‐linear function including the lumped uncertainty of the PFNS. Moreover, by using the asymmetric membership function, the learning capability of the networks can be upgraded and the number of fuzzy rules can be optimised for the functional link radial basis function network. Furthermore, the adaptive learning algorithms for the training of the parameters of the FLRBFN‐AMF online are derived using the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, some experimental results for the tracking of various reference contours of the PFNS are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed control system.
Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water can lead to resistance to antimonial drugs in a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Perry Meghan R. , Wyllie Susan , Raab Andrea , Feldmann Joerg , Fairlamb Alan H.
Published: October 2013

Significance

Bihar, India, is the only region where arsenic contamination of drinking water coexists alongside endemic visceral leishmaniasis and where widespread resistance to pentavalent antimonial drugs (e.g., Pentostam) occurs. We have proposed that selection for parasite resistance in infected individuals exposed to environmental arsenic results in cross-resistance to the related metalloid antimony. To test this hypothesis, we have serially passaged
Leishmania donovani
in mice receiving arsenic in drinking water at environmentally relevant levels. In support of this hypothesis, we show that after five monthly passages,
Leishmania
parasites become stably resistant to Pentostam in vitro and in vivo.
Clostridium difficile
toxin B-induced necrosis is mediated by the host epithelial cell NADPH oxidase complex
Authors: Farrow Melissa A. , Chumbler Nicole M. , Lapierre Lynne A. , Franklin Jeffrey L. , Rutherford Stacey A. , Goldenring James R. , Lacy D. Borden
Published: October 2013

Significance

The toxin-producing bacterium
Clostridium difficile
is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated infection in hospitals worldwide. An estimated 500,000 cases of
C. difficile
infection (CDI) occur annually in the US, with a cost approaching 3 billion dollars. The principle virulence factors in
C. difficile
pathogenesis are TcdA and TcdB, two large homologous toxins capable of entering host cells to cause fluid secretion, inflammation, and necrosis of the colonic mucosa. Given that numerous investigators are currently targeting these toxins for the development of novel CDI therapies, understanding the mechanism of toxicity is a significant priority.
Symmetric GroEL:GroES
2
complexes are the protein-folding functional form of the chaperonin nanomachine
Authors: Yang Dong , Ye Xiang , Lorimer George H.
Published: October 2013

Significance

The canonical mechanism of GroEL/GroES protein folding rests on at least three untested assumptions: (
i
) symmetric GroEL-GroES
2
“football” particles have no role; (
ii
) because of negative cooperativity, ATP binds to GroEL, one ring at a time; and (
iii
) the turnover of the chaperonin system occurs at the same rate in the presence of substrate protein (SP) as in its absence. Each of these assumptions is shown to be incorrect. (
i
) Because of an SP-induced change in the kinetic mechanism, the predominant species under protein folding conditions is the symmetric football; (
ii
) simultaneous occupancy of both GroEL rings by ATP and GroES occurs; and (
iii
) the residence time of encapsulated SP is much shorter than believed.
Cognate Effects in Sentence Context Depend on Word Class, L2 Proficiency, and Task
Authors: Bultena Sybrine , Dijkstra Ton , van Hell Janet G.
Published: October 2013

Noun translation equivalents that share orthographic and semantic features, called “cognates”, are generally recognized faster than translation equivalents without such overlap. This cognate effect, which has also been obtained when cognates and noncognates were embedded in a sentence context, emerges from the coactivation of representations in two languages. The present study examined whether cognate facilitation in sentences is subject to effects of word class, reading proficiency in a second language (L2), and task demands. We measured eye movements (Experiment 1) and self-paced reading times (Experiment 2) for Dutch–English bilinguals reading L2 sentences that contained either a noun or a verb cognate. Results showed that cognate effects were smaller for verbs than for nouns. Furthermore, cognate facilitation was reduced for readers with a higher proficiency in L2 as expressed by self-ratings or reading speed in L2. Additionally, the results of the eye-movement study and the self-paced reading study indicated that the likelihood of observing cognate facilitation effects also depends on task demands. The obtained pattern of results helps to identify some of the boundaries of the cognate effect.
Dual leucine zipper kinase is required for excitotoxicity-induced neuronal degeneration
Authors: Pozniak Christine D. , Sengupta Ghosh Arundhati , Gogineni Alvin , Hanson Jesse E. , Lee Seung-Hye , Larson Jessica L. , Solanoy Hilda , Bustos Daisy , Li Hong , Ngu Hai , Jubb Adrian M. , Ayalon Gai , Wu Jiansheng , Scearce-Levie Kimberly , Zhou Qiang , Weimer Robby M. , Kirkpatrick Donald S. , Lewcock Joseph W.
Published: October 2013

Excessive glutamate signaling is thought to underlie neurodegeneration in multiple contexts, yet the pro-degenerative signaling pathways downstream of glutamate receptor activation are not well defined. We show that dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) is essential for excitotoxicity-induced degeneration of neurons in vivo. In mature neurons, DLK is present in the synapse and interacts with multiple known postsynaptic density proteins including the scaffolding protein PSD-95. To examine DLK function in the adult, DLK-inducible knockout mice were generated through Tamoxifen-induced activation of Cre-ERT in mice containing a floxed DLK allele, which circumvents the neonatal lethality associated with germline deletion. DLK-inducible knockouts displayed a modest increase in basal synaptic transmission but had an attenuation of the JNK/c-Jun stress response pathway activation and significantly reduced neuronal degeneration after kainic acid–induced seizures. Together, these data demonstrate that DLK is a critical upstream regulator of JNK-mediated neurodegeneration downstream of glutamate receptor hyper-activation and represents an attractive target for the treatment of indications where excitotoxicity is a primary driver of neuronal loss.
The Paternalist Meets His Match
Authors: Lusk Jayson L. , Marette Stephan , Norwood F. Bailey
Published: October 2013

Despite the frequent arguments that findings from behavioral economics experiments justify paternalism, there is scant evidence of how people (the paternalists) make decisions for others or how the recipients of paternalism (the paternalees) respond to decisions made for them. Using data from over 300 people recruited from two cities in the United States and France, we study how choices between a relatively healthy item (apples) and a relatively unhealthy item (cookies) are influenced by one's role as either the paternalist or the paternalee. We find that after being provided information on nutritional content, but not before, paternalists make healthier choices for the paternalees than for themselves. Surprisingly, prior to being provided information, paternalees desire healthier choices than they expect the paternalists to give, a phenomenon that seems to arise from a type of egotism where individuals believe they make healthier choices than everyone else. Results in both locations reveal that more than 75% of paternalees prefer their own choices compared to the ones made for them by the paternalists, and are willing to pay non‐trivial amounts to have their own choices. Any intrinsic value people place on the freedom of choice must be weighed against whatever benefits might arise from paternalistic policies, and consequently the scope for paternalism may be narrower than is often purported.
Summer Heat and Low Soil Organic Matter Influence Severity of Hazelnut Cytospora Canker
Authors: Lamichhane Jay Ram , Fabi Alfredo , Varvaro Leonardo
Published: October 2013

Cytospora canker, caused by the fungus Cytospora corylicola, is present in hazelnut production areas worldwide. The disease is widespread throughout the main production areas of Italy. The causal agent is considered to be a secondary invader of damaged tissue that attacks mainly stressed plants. However, little is known of disease severity and stress factors that predispose plants to infection. In particular, the role of pedoclimatic factors was investigated. Direct survey indicated that disease severity varied across several study sites. Geostatistics showed a strong positive correlation between disease severity index and summer heat (r = 0.80 and 0.91 for July and August, respectively) and strong negative correlation between disease severity index and soil organic matter (r = –0.78). A moderate positive correlation between disease severity index and magnesium/potassium ratio (r = 0.58) and moderate negative correlations between disease severity index and total soil nitrogen (r = –0.53), thermal shock (r = –0.46), and rainfall (r = –0.53) were determined. No significant correlation between disease severity index and soil aluminum (r = –0.35), soil pH (r = –0.01), and plant age (r = –0.38) was found.
Resolving social conflict among females without overt aggression
Authors: Cant Michael A. , Young Andrew J.
Published: October 2013

Members of animal societies compete over resources and reproduction, but the extent to which such conflicts of interest are resolved peacefully (without recourse to costly or wasteful acts of aggression) varies widely. Here, we describe two theoretical mechanisms that can help to understand variation in the incidence of overt behavioural conflict: (i) destruction competition and (ii) the use of threats. The two mechanisms make different assumptions about the degree to which competitors are socially sensitive (responsive to real-time changes in the behaviour of their social partners). In each case, we discuss how the model assumptions relate to biological reality and highlight the genetic, ecological and informational factors that are likely to promote peaceful conflict resolution, drawing on empirical examples. We suggest that, relative to males, reproductive conflict among females may be more frequently resolved peacefully through threats of punishment, rather than overt acts of punishment, because (i) offspring are more costly to produce for females and (ii) reproduction is more difficult to conceal. The main need now is for empirical work to test whether the mechanisms described here can indeed explain how social conflict can be resolved without overt aggression.
‘A place for men to come and do their thing’: constructing masculinities in betting shops in London
Authors: Cassidy Rebecca
Published: October 2013

During fieldwork conducted with workers and customers in betting shops in London research participants consistently conceptualized betting shops as masculine spaces in contrast to the femininity of other places including home and the bingo hall. According to this argument, betting on horses and dogs was ‘men's business’ and betting shops were ‘men's worlds’. Two explanations were offered to account for this situation. The first suggested that betting was traditionally a pastime enjoyed by men rather than women. The second was that betting is intrinsically more appealing to men because it is based on calculation and measurement, and women prefer more intuitive, simpler challenges. I use interviews with older people to describe how the legalisation of betting in cash in 1961 changed the geography of betting. I then draw upon interviews with regular customers in order to show how knowledge about betting is shared within rather than between genders. Finally, I use my experience of training and working as a cashier to describe how the particular hegemonic masculinity found in betting shops in London is maintained through myriad everyday practices which reward certain kinds of gendered performances while at the same time suppressing alternatives. The article shows how particular spaces may become gendered as an unanticipated consequence of legislation and how contingent gendered associations are both naturalized and, at the same time, subjected to intense attention.
Effects of CBRN Decontaminants in Common use by First Responders on the Recovery of Latent Fingerprints—Assessment of the Loss of Ridge Detail on Glass
Authors: Zuidberg Matthijs C. , van Woerkom Tiest , de Bruin Karla G. , Stoel Reinoud D. , de Puit Marcel
Published: October 2013

Following a CBRN incident, first responders use decontamination procedures to reduce the risk of exposure. The effect of decontamination on forensic trace material has, however, not been fully examined. This study sought to evaluate the effect of five different physical or chemical decontamination materials on the recovery of latent fingerprints. Fingerprints were deposited on glass slides, decontaminated, and assessed on the presence of ridge detail. The results demonstrate that decontamination affects the quality of latent fingerprints substantially. On at least 61% of the fingerprints, a reduced amount of ridge detail was observed upon decontamination. Furthermore, development with cyanoacrylate appeared not to succeed anymore. Instead, the ability of vacuum metal deposition to successfully develop decontaminated fingerprints is demonstrated. The results from this study may contribute to an increased forensic awareness regarding decontamination and emphasize the necessity for further research into new item decontamination procedures or new forensic initiatives prior to decontamination.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders in patients with familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Börekci Elif , Celikbilek Mehmet , Soytürk Müjde , Akar Servet , Börekci Hasan , Günaydin Ilhan
Published: October 2013

Aim

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disease characterised by recurrent episodes of fever and polyserositis. To date, insufficient data regarding the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) have been reported in patients with FMF. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in patients with FMF.

Methods

This study included 122 patients with FMF and a control group of 122 healthy volunteers who were similar with respect to age and sex. Clinical data were collected and gastrointestinal complaints were evaluated according to the Rome III criteria.

Results

IBS was found in 18% of the patients and 10.7% of the controls (P > 0.05). Dyspepsia was reported in 37.7% of the patients and 35.2% of the controls. Constipation was significantly higher in the control group (15.6% vs. 7.4%, P = 0.045), whereas diarrhoea was reported significantly more often in patients with FMF (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

IBS and dyspepsia were not increased in patients with FMF, whereas diarrhoea was more frequently reported.
Three‐point suture anchor repair of traumatic sternoclavicular joint dislocation
Authors: O'Reilly‐Harbidge Sarah C. , Balogh Zsolt J.
Published: October 2013

Background

Traumatic dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) is a rare injury. Previous techniques are associated with hardware migration, loss of reduction and infectious complications. We aim to describe our preferred surgical technique and summarize our experience with three‐point suture technique of acute SCJ dislocation (SCJD). The objective of this study was to describe and assess the safety of three‐point suture anchor repair technique in acute traumatic dislocation in the SCJ.

Methods

A 7‐year retrospective study in a university affiliated level 1 trauma centre. Operative cases and the trauma registry was reviewed to identify all potential cases of SCJD between 2005 and 2011. Inclusion criteria for this study were computed tomography (CT) identification of Allman III SCJD, intra‐operative confirmation of the CT findings, acute fixation defined as <7 days and surgical management with three‐point suture anchor technique. Chronic cases, suspected SCJDs without CT confirmation, physeal injuries and other surgical techniques were excluded.

Results

Eight patients met inclusion criteria. The patients were aged 16–46 years (mean age 24 years). Two primary surgeons were involved and time to surgery ranging from day of presentation to day 6 post injury. No loss to follow‐up with clinical examinations and imaging being attended at 2 and 6 weeks, and 3 months. Average follow‐up was 10.75 ± 5.30 months (3–18 months). All patients had uncomplicated post‐operative course, with no evidence of respiratory compromise, swallowing difficulties during admission. In outpatient documentation there was no failure of hardware and no issues documented with regards to chronic pain or range of movement limitations secondary to pain. There have been no representations because of complications out to 6 years.

Conclusions

This series supports the safety of the three‐point suture anchor technique in the acute stabilization of SCJD. The technique is demonstrated as a safe, effective and reproducible method of SCJ fixation.
7 Settlement, Territory, and the Political Landscape of Late Bronze Age Polities in the Northern Levant
Authors: Casana Jesse
Published: October 2013

By bringing together analysis of cuneiform texts and archaeological settlement data, I offer new perspectives on the spatial and territorial dimensions of polities in the northern Levant during the mid to late second millennium B.C.E. Settlement data suggest that a highly nucleated pattern of occupation at tell sites remained dominant and remarkably stable throughout the period, perhaps driven by hierarchically organized systems of land rights. In contrast, historical data show a complex and dynamic tapestry of changing territorial institutions, moving from a system of fragmented, spatially discontinuous polities in the earlier second millennium to one characterized by increasingly territorial states in later centuries. Results show how rapidly notions of territoriality might have changed in the past and highlight the fundamental importance of studies that integrate archaeological and historical data in efforts to understand the spatiality of ancient states. [Near East, Amuq, settlement, Hittites, Amorites]