bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Splenectomy on the Production of Anaphylactic Shock in the Guinea Pig and the Rat
Authors: Sanyal R K , West G B
Published: April 2011

Splenectomy in the guinea pig affords protection against active anaphylactic shock, if the operation is performed a short time before the challenge with antigen. When the challenge is made under ether anaesthesia, the maximal protective action is present 24 hours after splenectomy but is lost during the next 48 hours. If the challenge is made under urethane anaesthesia, the protective action is present 72 hours after the operation. The mechanism of the protective action of splenectomy is not clear, although it may be due to a loss of tissue antibodies or of complement since passive anaphylaxis is not altered by the operation. In contrast, removal of the spleen in the rat fails to modify the symptoms of anaphylactic shock.
Stability of Vitamin B12.
Authors: Mukherjee S L , Sen S P
Published: April 2011

The decomposition products of aneurine in solution at pH 8.0 and aneurine and nicotinamide at pH 4–4.5 destroy vitamin B12 activity. Ferric chloride has a protective effect. The decomposition products have reducing properties, and it is thought that these are responsible for the loss of B12 activity. Solutions containing the reducing substances heated to dryness and redissolved lost the ability to destroy the vitamin. Cysteine and H2S are shown to destroy the activity of vitamin B12, and again ferric chloride offers protection.
Some 3-Arylpropane-1:2-Diols
Authors: Beasley Y M , Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

Some 3-arylpropane-1:2-diols formally related to mephenesin (I) were synthesised for examination as muscle relaxants. Their pharmacological study failed to reveal advantages over (I).
The Action of Morphine and Morphine-Like Analgesics Applied on the Intraluminally Peristaltic Reflex of the Isolated Guinea Pig Ileum
Authors: Medaković M
Published: April 2011

Morphine and morphine-like analgesics inhibit peristalsis of the isolated guinea pig ileum, when introduced into its lumen. Their effects were parallel to their relative analgesic potencies. Since suitable doses of morphine did not inhibit the responses to nicotine and to 5-HT, it is thought that the inhibitory action of morphine and related drugs, involves the afferent part of the peristaltic reflex. Peristalsis, previously abolished by intraluminal morphine, can be restored by 5-HT by the same route. That the inhibitory action of the intraluminal morphine upon the peristalsis may be caused, at least partly, by its antagonism towards intrinsic 5-HT and may take place on the same mucosal receptors, is discussed.
Chemotherapeutic Properties of Some New Quaternary Ammonium Salts: Part I. Chemistry
Authors: Austin W C , Lunts L H C , Potter M D , Taylor E P
Published: April 2011

The preparation of a large number of new heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts for biological screening is described. Certain of the quaternary salts possess amoebicidal, antibacterial, antifilarial and trypanocidal activity.
The Secondary Conditioned Response of Rats and the Effects of Some Psychopharmacological Agents
Authors: Maffii G
Published: April 2011

The secondary conditioned response has been studied in rats in an experimental avoidance situation. The activity of seventeen drugs has been tested upon the secondary conditioned response developed on a stable basis after an appropriate period of training. Chlorpromazine, promazine, reserpine and morphine block the secondary avoidance conditioned response as well as the usual avoidance conditioned response, in doses not affecting the motor function. Meprobamate, hydroxyzine, azacyclonol, phenaglycodol and phenobarbitone sodium have no specific inhibitory action on the avoidance conditioned response, but suppress the secondary conditioned response. A specific depression of conditioned behaviour is also produced by mescaline and iproniazid. Barbitone sodium, glutethimide, L1458 and mephenesin inhibit the conditioned responses only at neurotoxic doses. On the basis of these findings a new classification of “tranquillising agents” is proposed. It is also suggested that the systematic study of the secondary conditioned avoidance response of rats, may provide a useful experimental approach for studying the specific behavioural action of drugs.
A Study of Bacteriological Media; The Examination of Bacto-Casitone
Authors: Habeeb A F S A
Published: April 2011

Three batches of Bacto-Casitone have been examined quantitatively for their free and total amino acids using paper chromatography. Variation occurs in the free amino acids in the three batches. The spots due to the peptides have been found to be a mixture of peptides. When casitone was examined for its strepogenin activity using the medium of Steele, Sauberlich, Reynolds and Baumann1, and Kodicek and Mistry2 the stimulatory pattern in the two media appeared to be different. The three batches showed similar strepogenin activity.
Some Pharmacological and Microbiological Properties of Chlorhydroxyquinoline and Related Compounds
Authors: Heseltine W W , Freeman F M
Published: April 2011

Chlorhydroxyquinoline, prepared by the chlorination of 8-hydroxy-quinoline under controlled conditions, has been found to be active in vitro against a variety of micro-organisms. Its bacteriostatic activity appears to be greater than that of certain other halogenated derivatives and its oral toxicity in rats is low. After oral administration, chlorhydroxyquinoline is apparently excreted mainly in the faeces of rats and bacteriostatic levels have been observed in the stools of rats and dogs.
The Influence of Spectral Slit Width on the Absorption of Visible or Ultra-Violet Light by Pharmacopoeial Substances
Authors: Rogers A R
Published: April 2011

The importance of narrow slits in the spectrophotometric determination of extinction coefficients has been demonstrated. Care is needed in the B.P. 1958 spectrophotometric tests or assays of apomorphine hydrochloride, chloroquine phosphate, chloroquine sulphate, diiodohydroxyquinoline, naphazoline nitrate, papaverine hydrochloride and especially procyclidine hydrochloride, to avoid spuriously low results.
Colorimetric Estimation of Dithranol
Authors: Parikh P M , Vadodaria D J , Mukherji S P
Published: April 2011

Dithranol in glacial acetic acid when reacted with solution of sodium nitrite develops an orange yellow colour. The optimum conditions for this reaction were exploited for the quantitative estimation of dithranol alone or in ointments. Some of the common ingredients such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid, zinc oxide and boric acid usually present in dithranol ointment were found not to interfere. The method is simple and accurate and results are reproducible within ± 2 per cent.
The Effect of Salicylates on the Thymus Gland of the Immature Rat
Authors: Stephenson N R
Published: April 2011

Salicylic acid and its derivative, acetylsalicylic acid, induced thymic atrophy not only in intact immature rats but also in adrenalectomised immature animals when administered by mouth in the diet, or by subcutaneous injection. A straight line with a negative slope was obtained by plotting the log dose of salicylate against the relative thymus weight. This linear relation was used to compare quantitatively the thymolytic activities of acetylsalicylic acid, ethyl salicylate, and salicylamide with those of salicylic acid. The results of this investigation suggested that salicyl compounds act directly on the thymus gland and not by stimulating the pituitary-adrenal system. No evidence was found to indicate that salicylates potentiate the thymolytic action of adrenal corticosteroids.
The Physical Properties of Lysolecithin and Its Sols
Authors: Robinson N , Saunders L
Published: April 2011

The solubilisation of triolein, cholesterol and monostearin in water by lysolecithin has been investigated by the optical density method. These substances solubilised to a considerable extent, increasing in the order–triolein, cholesterol and monostearin. An increase in temperature of 15° had little effect on solubilisation of any of the three substances. The change in optical density with concentration of the solubilised component showed a similar pattern for the three substances, but the mixed sols formed had different stabilities. Lysolecithintriolein sols contained only small proportions of triolein and were fluid and stable for no longer than 12 hours whilst lysolecithin-monostearin sols containing high proportions of monostearin formed gels and were stable for at least a month. Lysolecithin-cholesterol sols were unstable showing an initial rise and then a steady decrease in optical density over a period of 72 hours for given concentrations as slow separation of cholesterol was taking place. Factors operative in the solubilisation of each of these three substances by lysolecithin have been suggested.
Determination of Low Concentrations of Some Antibacterial Substances in Solutions After Contact With Bacteria
Authors: Beckett A H , Patki S J , Robinson Ann E
Published: April 2011

A liquid-liquid extraction procedure is described for the separation of certain antibacterial substances (hexylresorcinol, chloroxylenol, oxine and chloramphenicol) from their solutions after contact with bacteria, before spectrophotometric analysis. The choice of a suitable organic solvent for a particular drug-bacteria system is discussed. The use of the proposed extraction method permitted concurrent determination of the drug and cell exudate (λ max approximately 260 mμ) in a single solution. The accuracy and validity of the method is demonstrated.
Nn-Dimethylmelamine
Authors: Taylor E P
Published: April 2011

The previously unidentified product of the reaction between 2-chloro-4:6-diamino-s-triazine and NNN'N'-tetraethyldecamethylene diamine in dimethylformamide solution has been shown to be NN-dimethyl-melamine.
Diketopiperazines—A New Group of Central Nervous System-Depressing Agents
Authors: de Jongh D K , van Proosdij-Hartzema E G
Published: April 2011

The pharmacology of Ph. 481, N(3′:4′dimethoxyphenylethyl)-2:6-diketopiperazine HCl is presented. The compound is shown to augment the effect of barbiturates in mice and of ether in rats. It specifically inhibits the conditioned escape response in rats. It is practically devoid of anticonvulsive, analgesic or antitussive activity, and it diminishes the tone of the skeletal muscles without interfering with neuromuscular transmission or polysynaptic spinal reflexes. It has slight antispasmodic activity on smooth muscles.
The Interaction of Phenolic Compounds with Bacteria
Authors: Beckett A H , Patki S J , Robinson Ann E
Published: April 2011

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of solutions containing hexylresorcinol in the presence and absence of cetomacrogol and sodium chloride is described. The relation between the extent of drug binding, light-scattering changes and the release of cell exudate in E. coli suspensions on addition of hexylresorcinol with the bactericidal activity is examined. Potentiation of the bactericidal activity of hexylresorcinol by sodium chloride and the inactivation by cetomacrogol is discussed with respect to drug binding, light-scattering changes in the bacterial suspensions and the release of bacterial cell exudate in the presence of these agents.
Studies On Leontice Leontopetalum Linn: Part 111. The Microscopy of the Root Tuber of L. leontopetalum
Authors: Nelson P F , Fish F
Published: April 2011

Samples of the root tuber of Leontice leontopetalum, Linn. (Berberidaceae) have been examined histologically. An illustrated description of the distribution of tissues, the cells and cell contents is given.
The Determination of Inorganic Sulphate in Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
Authors: Gwilt J R , Hedley J S
Published: April 2011

The official method for the determination of inorganic sulphate in sodium lauryl sulphate is time-consuming. Separation of organic and inorganic sulphate via the lead salts followed by complexometry leads to a rapid and convenient method with readily reproducible results.
The Influence of Three Phenothiazine Derivatives and of Amiphenazole on the Action of Methadone: Studies with Two Algesimetric Methods in Untrained Human Subjects
Authors: Boréus L-O , Sandberg F
Published: April 2011

The influence of the phenothiazine derivatives chlorpromazine, acepromazine and mepazine and of the phenylthiazole derivative amiphenazole on the pain-threshold-raising action of methadone is described. The tests were made in untrained human subjects by two algesimetric methods, one involving thermal stimulation of the skin, and the other mechanical stimulation of the finger nail-bed. The thermal method was reliable, whereas the mechanical one did not disclose analgesic potency. Chlorpromazine and acepromazine, proved to have analgesic activity but did not significantly increase the analgesic effect of methadone. Mepazine, which lacked analgesic activity, antagonised the methadone analgesia. Amiphenazole was found to exert an analgesic action by itself but it did not decrease the potency of methadone. The side-effects of methadone were increased by chlorpromazine and acepromazine, but were uninfluenced by mepazine and amiphenazole.
On the Metabolism of Some Aromatic Nitro Compounds by Different Species of Animal: Part III. The Toxicity of the Dinitrophenols, with a Note on the Effects of High Environmental Temperatures
Authors: Harvey D G
Published: April 2011

An account is given of an investigation of the toxicity of the dinitrophenols to small laboratory animals. A new pattern of toxicity to chemical structure has been discovered and is discussed in relation to other dinitro-compounds. Also the effects of high temperatures on the toxicity of the dinitrophenols have been studied.
2:4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, A Suitable Reagent for the Colorimetric Determination of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Pesez Maurice
Published: April 2011

Carbonyl compounds are determined by a method based on the stable orange colour of 2:4-dinitrophenylhydrazones in acidic medium. Under such conditions the blank test is negligible. The method proved useful for the determination of aliphatic, aromatic and steroid compounds.
2-Hydroxyiminomethyl-N-Methylpyridinium Methanesulphonate (P2S), An Antidote to Organophosphorus Poisoning. Its Preparation, Estimation and Stability
Authors: Creasey N H , Green A L
Published: April 2011

2-Hydroxyiminomethyl-N-methylpyridinium methanesulphonate (P2S) is prepared by boiling pyridine-2-aldoxime with methyl methanesulphonate in benzene. It can be estimated both in water and in biological materials by measuring its ultra-vìolet absorption in alkaline solution. In aqueous solution it is slowly decomposed by heat or prolonged storage with some cyanide ion formation. The stability varies with pH, being optimal at pH 4–5. P2S can be satisfactorily sterilised by filtration through a “millipore” filter.
The Metabolism of Ouabain in the Rat
Authors: Cox Elizabeth , Roxburgh G , Wright S E
Published: April 2011

The urinary and biliary excretion of ouabain by rats has been estimated by paper chromatographic, colorimetric and biological methods of assay. After a dose of 1 μg./g., ouabain was excreted to the extent of approximately 90 per cent in bile and 4 per cent in urine. No metabolites of ouabain retaining the unsaturated lactone ring could be detected at this dose, but after extremely high doses traces of such metabolites were present. The influence of the polarity of the molecule on its excretion is discussed.
Paper Chromatography of Some Tissue Amines
Authors: West G B
Published: April 2011

When solutions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and related amines in trichloroacetic, trifluoroacetic or picric acid are chromatographed in various organic solvent systems, the active material divides into two areas. If a basic amino acid is included in the solution before chromatography, the separation becomes more complete. It is suggested that the second area consists of a loose complex between the amine and the corresponding acid. When solutions of the amines in hydrochloric, acetic or oxalic acid are chromatographed, the active material resides only in one area.
The Effect of Muscle Contraction on the Blood Flow and on the Vascular Responses to Adrenaline, Noradrenaline and Isoprenaline in Individual Skeletal Muscles of the Cat
Authors: Bowman W C
Published: April 2011

The effect of muscle contraction on the rate of venous outflow and on the vascular responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline was studied in individual muscles of the hind limbs of cats under chloralose anaesthesia. The maximum hyperaemia arising from contraction was produced when maximal twitches were elicited at frequencies which varied in different experiments from 1 to 8 per second, that is, frequencies well below those required to produce tetanus. During prolonged tetanic contractions the tension in the muscles soon fell to become constant at a lower level. This fall in tension reduced the mechanical impedance to flow and allowed vasodilatation to occur. In the tibialis anterior muscle the maximum hyperaemia was reached during the constant tension phase of the tetanus but in the soleus, the tension of which is maintained at a higher level, mechanical compression impeded the flow throughout the contraction. Both local vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions of the sympathomimetic amines were reduced during the hyperaemia of muscle contraction. During contraction the muscle blood flow was markedly influenced by changes in mean arterial pressure. Thus isoprenaline, although a dilator substance in resting muscle, often passively reduced the blood flow through a contracting muscle, when injected intravenously, because of its hypotensive action. The reverse occurred with intravenously administered adrenaline and noradrenaline. The rise in blood pressure produced by these amines often forced more blood through the contracting muscle despite a weak local constrictor action.
A Sloping Screen Method for the Bioassay of Insulin in Mice
Authors: Stephenson N R
Published: April 2011

A quantal response method for the bioassay of insulin is described employing a sloping screen for the detection of hypoglycaemic symptoms in insulin-treated mice. This procedure tends to eliminate the personal bias which may occur in assays using convulsive seizures or a state of collapse as the criterion of the response to insulin. In a comparison of this method with that described for insulin in the British Pharmacopoeia1, it was found that although the slopes of the log dose-response lines did not differ significantly, the procedure using the sloping screen for detecting the response required a larger dose of insulin. Mice primed with 5 mU. of insulin before their routine use in assays were more uniform in their response than unprimed mice. The presence of a retarding agent such as gelatin or protamine added to insulin did not influence the slope of the log dose-response line, but may under special conditions delay the absorption of insulin from the injection site. Evidence has been obtained which suggests that the amount of daylight to which the mice are exposed may have a significant effect on the precision of the assay.
Further Observations on the Biological Properties of Dequalinium (Dequadin) and Hedaquinium (Teoquel)
Authors: Collier H O J , Cox W A , Huskinson Patricia L , Robinson F A
Published: April 2011

The activity of dequalinium and hedaquinium against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans is strongly antagonised by the sodium salts of fatty acids, but not by a number of detergents and a commercial liquid soap. Sufficient antagonism was shown by agar to render invalid the results obtained in assays of these antimicrobial agents by the agar plate method. Human saliva had only a slight antagonistic action on both substances. Twenty-one strains of Candida albicans showed some variation in sensitivity towards hedaquinium and dequalinium but none was particularly resistant. Both antimicrobial agents inhibited the growth of Pityrosporum ovale and Trichomonas vaginalis. Both compounds were adsorbed by human or bovine hair on which some remained after repeated washing with water. In cats dequalinium and hedaquinium blocked neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission when injected intravenously in amounts many times greater than the effective dose of suxamethonium chloride. When administered intravenously to mice, hedaquinium in relatively high doses exerted a brief paralysing action.
The Water-Soluble Carbohydrates of Papaver Somniferum L
Authors: Ottestad Eli , Brochmann-Hanssen Einar , Ösieth Dagrun , Nordal Arnold
Published: April 2011

From an aqueous extract of opium poppy capsules of Yugoslavian origin, the following carbohydrates were isolated: glucose, fructose, sucrose, sedoheptulose, mannoheptulose, plus a complex polysaccharide. The polysaccharide was isolated in two different ways, by means of an ion exchange resin and by precipitation with ethanol. The first-mentioned procedure appeared to give the most genuine product, as the substance thus obtained formed a gel when sulphuric acid was added to an aqueous solution. Enzymatic hydrolysis with a pectase preparation liberated arabinose. The product isolated by ethanol precipitation gave no arabinose upon treatment with the enzyme preparation. By hydrolysis with acid, both products yielded the same monosaccharides, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, uronic acid, and an unidentified component.
The Antagonism of the Antibacterial Action of Mercury Compounds: Part II. Factors Affecting the Action of Mercuric Chloride
Authors: Cook A M , Steel K J
Published: April 2011

Increase in the peptone concentration of the medium causes an increase in the amount of mercuric chloride necessary for bacteriostasis whilst an increase in the sodium chloride content decreases it. The age of the organisms is a factor likely to produce variability in the results and the use of a stored suspension of organisms is suitable for reducing this. Suspensions prepared from plate cultures are less satisfactory than those from slope cultures. The number of viable cells in inocula affects the bacteriostatic concentration of mercuric chloride, an increased concentration of bacteriostat being required with an increased number of organisms. The addition of heat-killed cells appears to make no appreciable difference to the bacteriostatic activity of mercuric chloride.
Studies on a New Cellulase Preparation From Penicillium
Authors: Lindvall Sven , Fredrik A , Eriksson V
Published: April 2011

The properties of a new cellulase preparation from Penicillium were studied. In particular, its action upon some vegetable substrates was investigated under varying experimental conditions, and the possibility of its containing at least two enzymes is discussed. Comparative studies were made with an enzyme preparation from Aspergillus oryzae.
On the Fluorimetric Determination of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
Authors: Canbäck T , Harthon J G L
Published: April 2011

A modification of the fluorimetric method for the determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline in pharmaceutical solutions is described. In this method sulphite present is destroyed with iodine, the added excess of which is reduced with arsenous acid, a manipulation which does not affect the fluorescence obtainable.
The Anti-Anaphylactic Activity of Ethanolamine and Choline
Authors: Smith W G
Published: April 2011

Ethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, N-dimethylethanolamine and choline have anti-anaphylactic activity in actively sensitised guinea-pigs. Administered alone their activity is slight, but they considerably potentiate the limited protection afforded by mepyramine. Ethanolamine has been shown to inhibit the release of the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis in guinea-pig lung subjected to anaphylaxis in vitro.
Antituberculosis Agents: Part VII. 4,4′-Dipyridyl Sulphone and Related Compounds
Authors: Comrie A M , Stenlake J B
Published: April 2011

Pyridine-4-sulphinic acid, 4,4′-dipyridyl sulphone and other related 4-pyridyl sulphides and 4-pyridyl sulphones have been prepared.
The Activity of Polymethylene-Bis-4-Aminoquinaldinium Salts Against Pityrosporum Ovale and Candida Albicans
Authors: Cox W A , D'Arcy P F
Published: April 2011

A homologous series of polymethylene-bis-4-aminoquinaldinium salts has been shown to possess marked fungistatic activity against the potential pathogens Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale. The peak of antifungal activity against C. albicans occurs at a chain length (CH2)12, whilst against P. ovale the most active member of the series has a chain length (CH2)6. The decamethylene member (dequalinium), shows a potent and rapid fungicidal activity against both yeasts; quantitative data, from experiments involving short periods of drug-yeast contact, indicates that this activity of dequalinium is a function of the concentration of the quaternary compound and of the time of exposure.
The Action of Procaine At the Neuromuscular Junction
Authors: Straughan D W
Published: April 2011

The mode of action of procaine at the neuromuscular junction has been studied in the rat isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation. Procaine had no effect on the response to indirect stimulation in concentrations below 8 × 10−5. But 2 × 10−5 procaine reduced the neostigmine potentiated twitch to its normal size, and caused a significant reduction in the amount of acetylcholine released by a period of tetanus. This is thought to be due to a selective local anaesthetic action on the fine motor nerve terminals.
A Note on the Application of the Flask Combustion Technique to Sulphur-Containing Substances
Authors: Vickers C , Wilkinson J V
Published: April 2011

It has been shown that the flask combustion method is applicable to the assay of a number of sulphur-containing materials of pharmaceutical and horticultural interest and that results agree with those obtained by established methods.
Anatomical Studies in the Genus Rubvs: Part IV. Anatomical Variations in the Leaves of Cultivated Varieties ofR. idaeus L. andR. loganobaccus L. H. Bailey, and of certain Species of Bramble
Authors: Fell K R , Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

Differential anatomical characters of the leaves of cultivated varieties of R. idaeus L. and R. loganobaccus L. H. Bailey, and of certain species of bramble, are described and illustrated. The comparative anatomical characters of raspberry, blackberry and loganberry leaves, including these varieties and species, is discussed.
Curare-Like Drugs and Cardiovagal Synapses: Comparativf Study in vitro on Isolated Guinea-Pig Vagus-Heart Preparation
Authors: Bella D Della , Rognoni F , Gopal K
Published: April 2011

Isolated vagus-heart preparations from guinea-pigs have been used for a comparative study of the ability of curare-like drugs to block the effects of preganglionic stimulation of the vagi on the heart, in vitro. The following drugs all had this property and have been arranged in order of decreasing potency in this respect: hexafluorenium, gallamine, laudexium, decamethonium, tubocurarine, suxamethonium and succinyldisulphocholine.
Analgesic and Antipyretic Properties of Some Aspirin Derivatives
Authors: Weaver L C , Richards Alice B , Martin H E
Published: April 2011

Several derivatives of acetylsalicylic acid have been tested for analgesic and antipyretic properties in mice and rats. o-Diphenylacetoxy benzoic acid (O-(diphenylacetyl)salicylic acid; DPA) is a superior analgesic but an inferior antipyretic to aspirin, DPA has a low toxicity: it failed to show significant anti-inflammatory or tranquillising properties. In dogs it produced only slight and transient falls in blood pressure and there was no appreciable effect on the direct or reflex muscle preparation.
A Note on Bacteriological Toxicity Tests of Silicone Rubbers for Medical and Pharmaceutical Uses
Authors: Riley I H , Winner H I
Published: April 2011

Tests of the effect on the growth of a number of organisms of several silicone rubbers has been made. The toxicity of suitably compounded rubbers which could be used in pharmacy, medicine and in contact with foodstuffs is very low.
The Antipeptic Activity of Sulphated Polysaccharides
Authors: Anderson W
Published: April 2011

Sulphated polysaccharides reduce the proteolytic activity of pepsin principally by reacting with the substrate rather than with the enzyme; and the complex so formed is protected by the polysaccharide from digestion.
The Determination of Oestradiol Dipropionate in Oils
Authors: Snair D W , Schwinghamer L A
Published: April 2011

A method of assay of oestradiol dipropionate in pharmaceutical preparations is described in which interfering substances are removed from the solvent oils by partition chromatography. Oestradiol dipropionate is determined as oestradiol after acid hydrolysis of the oil solution using the iron phenol reagent.
Absorption and Elimination of Griseofulvin from the Alimentary Tract of the Rat
Authors: Davis B , Child K J , Tomich E G
Published: April 2011

A new method is described for determining griseofulvin in the alimentary canal of rats dosed orally with the antibiotic: slightly modified, the method was used for measuring faecal griseofulvin. Attempts have been made to correlate the appearance of griseofulvin in the blood stream with its disappearance from the alimentary canal and to assess how much of a single oral dose is absorbed. Lack of griseofulvin at its main absorption sites in the alimentary tract was not responsible for the decline in blood level 4 hr. after oral dosing, because substantial amounts of unabsorbed antibiotic were then still present. Faecal elimination of griseofulvin, as determined by the new assay, is much greater than reported earlier.
The Mechanism of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Salicylate
Authors: Marks V , Smith M J H , Cunliffe A C
Published: April 2011

Salicylate reduced the leakage of circulating dye in the reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in the guinea pig. 2,4-Dinitrophenol, although a more powerful uncoupling reagent than salicylate, had no effect compared to corresponding control animals. In this test in the guinea-pig, salicylate inhibits the increased capillary permeability due to cutaneous anaphylaxis and to histamine, but not to Miles-Wilhelm permeability factor. It is concluded that the effect of salicylate in reducing the increased capillary permeability produced in these reactions does not result from an uncoupling action on oxidative phosphorylation processes. The results suggest that salicylates act by preventing antigen-antibody combinations from exerting their effects on the capillary wall.
A Note on Irradiated Heparin: Some Biological and Chemical Properties
Authors: Adams S S , Heathcote B V , MaCey P E
Published: April 2011

The effect of gamma radiation and high energy electrons on the anticoagulant and antilipaemic properties of heparin has been investigated. There was a fall in both activities, but the anticoagulant was reduced more readily than the antilipaemic. After electron bombardment the anticoagulant activities of two different batches of heparin were reduced almost identically, an unexpected finding since such a high degree of reproducibility is not possible with chemical degradation.
Amino-Acid Decarboxylase Activities in Rat Hepatoma
Authors: MacKay D , Riley J F , Shepherd D M
Published: April 2011

The effects of pH, substrate concentration and addition of benzene on the rate of histamine production by extracts of rat hepatoma and guinea-pig kidney have been determined, and manometric studies of the DOPA and 5-HTP decarboxylase activities of these extracts have also been made. The histidine decarboxylases of the two tissues have quite different properties, and the histidine decarboxylase of the rat hepatoma is not associated with 5-HTP and DOPA decarboxylase activities. Whereas the urinary histamine output of hepatoma-bearing female August rats is greatly raised, the 5-HIAA output lies within the normal range.
Some Observations on the Curarising Activity of Gonioma Kamassi, E. May
Authors: Lock J A
Published: April 2011

The total bases from Gonioma kamassi have been divided into tertiary and quaternary fractions and electrophoretic patterns of these are shown. The LD50 values for mice of the various fractions have been determined. The curariform action has been located in the quaternary fractions, and potencies estimated in comparison with tubocurarine. The curariform action has been shown to be truly neuromuscular, and strong evidence presented that the action is depolarising. Effects on respiration and duration of blocking action, compared with tubocurarine have been shown, and the presence of a prolonged parasympathetic ganglion blocking activity in the quaternary fraction is also demonstrated.
The Chemical Assay of Digitalis
Authors: Bhatt J G , Brindle H , MacDonald A D
Published: April 2011

A method suggested by Williams (1958) for the separation of “digitoxin” and “primary glycosides” from digitalis leaf extract, using a column of cellulose powder, has been re-investigated. Two digitalis leaf samples were assayed chemically for their content of total glycosides, “digitoxin” and “primary glycosides”, using a solution of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid as the reagent. The total activity and the activity of the two fractions, namely “digitoxin” and “primary glycosides”, were also determined biologically using rabbit isolated auricles and pigeons (U.S.P. XV method). From the results of the chemical assays it was concluded that in some assays some substance, less biologically active than digitoxin must react with the reagent used, and in others the full biological activity was not indicated chemically. Biological estimations indicated that the two fractions were almost equal in potency, and that they accounted for the total activity. Comparisons of the activities of “pure” digitoxin and desacetyldigilanid A by biological methods confirmed that the primary glycoside was almost three times as active as digitoxin.
Pharmacognosy of Indian Substitutes of Male Fern: I. Dryopteris Ramosa (Hope) C. Chr. andD. Chrysocoma (Christ) C. Chr
Authors: Mehra P N , Mittal T C
Published: April 2011

A taxonomic description, and the macroscopy and microscopy of the rhizome and leaf bases of Dryopteris ramosa (Hope) C. Chr. and D. chrysocoma (Christ) C. Chr. are given. Both the species compare very favourably in oleoresinous content and “crude filicin” with the official male fern. Because of their abundance in nature they could be commercially exploited. Like the official male fern, both the species possess schizogenous cavities in the ground tissue with internal glands. D. ramosa is devoid of sclerotic nests while a few of these are present in the other species both in the rhizome as well as in the leaf bases.
16α,17α-Isopropylidenedioxy-6α-Methylpregna-1,4-Diene-3,20-Dione (B.D.H. 3144). A New Anti-Inflammatory Agent
Authors: Bianchi C , David A , Ellis B , Petrow V , Waddington-Feather S , Woodward (Miss) E J
Published: April 2011

The preparation and anti-inflammatory properties of the title compound and of some related structures are reported. B.D.H. 3144 (16α,17α-Isopropylidenedioxy-6α-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione) is found to be a potent anti-inflammatory agent which approaches prednisolone in activity
A Furfural Reagent of High Specificity for the Detection of Carbamates on Paper Chromatograms
Authors: Moss M S , Jackson J V
Published: April 2011

A spot reaction with high specificity for the detection of carbamates, and its application to paper chromatograms, is described. Chromatographic separation methods are given, together with results obtained on a number of currently used carbamate drugs. The incorporation of the reagent in a normal screening procedure for acidic and neutral drugs is suggested
The Effect of Trichloroacetic Acid on the Paper Chromatography of Tissue Amines
Authors: Robinson B , Shepherd D M
Published: April 2011

The nature of the artifacts formed in the paper chromatography of solutions of catechol amines, histamine, and various tryptamine derivatives in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) has been considered. With TCA solutions of histamine the artifact is not the corresponding N-acyl derivative. It is suggested the production of these artifacts is assisted by the formation of molecular complexes between the above compounds, acting as electron donors, and the TCA acting as electron acceptor. A solvent is described which eliminates multiple spot formation when TCA solutions of the above type are subjected to paper chromatography
Pharmacological and Biochemical Effects of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Adrenalectomised Rats
Authors: Garattini S , Lamesta L , Mortari A , Palma V , Valzelli L
Published: April 2011

In adrenalectomised rats 5-hydroxytryptamine induces a fall of temperature and blood pressure which is more marked than in intact animals. This hypersensitivity is not related to changes in tissue monoamine oxidase or serum ceruloplasmin. Administration of 5-HT raises the levels of tissue 5-HT in adrenalectomised rats to the same extent as in control rats
The Effect of Pipetting on the Concentration of Homogeneous Spore Suspensions
Authors: Gerrard H N , Parker M S , Porter G S
Published: April 2011

A concentrating effect produced by the pipetting of suspensions of spores of B. subtilis has been followed by using a spectrophotometer to determine optical densities of suspensions of spores and volumetric dilutions of such suspensions made by pipetting. The behaviour of suspensions of spores in capillary tubes has been investigated and used to explain in part the concentrating phenomenon
Treatment of Poisoning by Anticholinesterase Insecticides in the Rat
Authors: Sanderson D M
Published: April 2011

The effects of an oxime cholinesterase reactivator, 2-hydroxyiminomethyl-N-methylpyridinium methanesulphonate (pralidoxime methanesulphonate, P2S) or iodide (pralidoxime iodide, PAM, P2AM), and atropine, given separately or together, on poisoning by ten organophosphate or carbamate anticholinesterase insecticides are reported on rats. Atropine alone was beneficial with all materials. Oxime therapy alone was effective to varying degrees with isolan, phosdrin, gusathion, ethyl-gusathion, demeton, thimet, phosphamidon and possibly dimetilan, but ineffective with sevin and morphothion. With the organophosphates, these findings are related to the proportion of reversible enzyme inhibition predicted. No potentiation between atropine and oxime was found when the insecticide was given orally, and the combination was less effective than atropine alone with gusathion, ethyl-gusathion, demeton and morphothion. Beneficial potentiation between oxime and atropine did occur with intraperitoneal morphothion
The Effect of Fasting, Cold Stress and Acth Administration on the Blood Sugar and Liver Glycogen Levels of Normal and Adrenalectomised Rats and Mice
Authors: Block B P
Published: April 2011

Fasting or exposure to cold lowers the blood sugar and liver glycogen levels of rats and mice. These decreasess are not affected by adrenalectomy but they are retarded by pretreatment with ACTH
Ipomoea—An Anatomical Study
Authors: Shellard E J
Published: April 2011

A detailed anatomical investigation has been made of the dried sliced tubercles of Ipomoea orizabensis (Pelletan) Ledanois which constitutes the drug known in commerce as Ipomoea. A list of the characteristic features of the powdered drug is given
The Excretion of Some Azo Dyes in Rat Bile
Authors: Ryan A J , Wright S E
Published: April 2011

A quantitative comparison of the biliary excretion of sixteen water soluble sulphonated azo dyes has been made to ascertain if any relation between the excretion pattern and molecular structure exists
Absorption Studies with A Sustained Release Tablet
Authors: Sjögren John , ÖStholm Ivan
Published: April 2011

The absorption of nitroglycerine, lobeline hydrochloride, radioactive ammonium bromide, creatinine, potassium penicillin V, and dihydromorphinone hydrochloride from sustained release tablets has been investigated in cats and in man. The substances were absorbed more slowly from the sustained release tablets than from conventional tablets. With the sustained release tablet fewer side-effects were seen with dihydromorphinone and a lower utilisation of creatinine and potassium penicillin V was observed. In vitro and in vivo conformity was good where a comparison could be made
The Analgesic Action of Chlormezanone
Authors: Lockett Mary F , Patel U G
Published: April 2011

Chlormezanone (2-p-chlorophenyltetrahydro-3-methyl-1,3-thiazin-4-one 1,1-dioxide) given to mice by intraperitoneal injection has an analgesic action of its own, and greatly augments the analgesia produced by morphine-type drugs in this species whether the latter drugs are given by the intraperitoneal or intracisternal route. The analgesic effect of intraperitoneal chlormezanone also adds with and prolongs that of paracetamol in mice, is only weakly antagonised by nalorphine and is moderately augmented by ethanol. Chlormezanone has however no analgesic action when given to mice by the intracisternal route. The implications of this last finding are briefly examined experimentally
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Part VIII. Linear Bis- and Tris-onium Ethers
Authors: Lewis J J , McPhail D E , Muir T C , Stenlake J B
Published: April 2011

Linear bis- and tris-onium ethers (I and II) have weak tubocurarine-like properties. In both series, potency increased with increase in alkyl group size. No evidence was found for a one point receptor attachment in bis-onium ethers
Pharmacological and Biochemical Effects of Some Reserpine Derivatives
Authors: Garattini S , Lamesta L , Mortari A , Valzelli L
Published: April 2011

A relation exists between the hypotensive properties of three reserpine derivatives (β-diethylaminoethyl reserpine, isobutylserpentinate, 10-methoxydeserpidine) and their ability to release cardiac catecholamines. These derivatives do not show sedative properties and do not release 5-hydroxytryptamine or catecholamines from the brain
The Antibacterial Activity of New Derivatives of 4-Aminoquinoline and 4-Aminoquinaldine
Authors: Caldwell D , Cox W A , D'Arcy P F , Rowe L R
Published: April 2011

Two new series of N-alkyl derivatives of 4-aminoquinoline and 4-aminoquinaldine are described. Compounds in both series show antibacterial and protein precipitating properties and it has been possible to correlate bactericidal action and protein precipitation for homologous members of the series. The bacteriostatic activity of both series of compounds is characterised by maxima at C = 12 to 14, with a marked decrease in potency at longer chain lengths. The bactericidal activity differs from this in that activity is not greatly diminished with the higher homologues. The 4-aminoquinaldinium salts are slightly more potent bactericidal agents than the corresponding 4-aminoquinolinium compounds. It is concluded that the mechanism of the antibacterial action of these derivatives may be closely related to the means by which they interact with proteins
Hypoglycaemic Agents. Part I
Authors: Boggiano B G , Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

Some structural analogues of the active compounds (I), (II) and (III) are described. Their biological study failed to reveal significant hypoglycaemic activity
Effects of Salicylate Administration on Reputed Indices of Adrenal Cortical Activity in the Rat
Authors: Blane G F , Munday K A
Published: April 2011

Changes in the urinary sodium and potassium concentration and 17-ketosteroid excretion patterns of rats treated with large doses of salicylate have been compared with those seen in animals given a standard pituitary-adrenal stimulus (exposure to cold). The significance of the general lack of correlation of responses to these two forms of treatment is discussed in the light of the frequently accepted theory that salicylates stimulate the adrenal cortex
The Mechanism of the Local Inflammatory Reaction Induced by Compound 48/80 and Dextran in Rats
Authors: Jori A , Bentivoglio A P , Garattini S
Published: April 2011

The butanolamide of 1-methyl-lysergic acid (UML) and cyproheptadine are strong inhibitors of the local inflammatory reaction induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in rats, but only cyproheptadine is active against histamine. As cyproheptadine is more active than UML in reducing the local oedema reaction induced by dextran and compound 48/80 in intact and adrenalectomised rats, it is suggested that both histamine and 5-HT are involved in the reaction
The Stability of Antibacterials in Polyethylene Glycol Mixtures
Authors: Coates L V , Pashley Melanie M , Tattersall K
Published: April 2011

The antibacterial activity of penicillin and bacitracin is rapidly destroyed in polyethylene glycol bases. Aminoacridine, neomycin, oxytetracycline and streptomycin are affected less. Attempts to improve the stability of incorporated penicillin by modifications to the base, such as reformulation, adjustment of pH to neutrality and heat treatment, were unsuccessful. Commercially available polyethylene glycols, particularly the lower molecular weight polymers, showed oxidising activity thought to be due to peroxides. Catalase and horse blood destroyed the oxidising activity of polyethylene glycol bases and prevented the destruction of added penicillin during a test period of 10 days. The addition of reducing agents, although apparently removing the oxidising activity when tested chemically, did not improve the stability of penicillin mixed with the treated bases. Since catalase did not completely protect aminoacridine, neomycin and oxytetracycline from inactivation by polyethylene glycol bases, it was concluded that other inactivating factors were operative
A Comparison of Activity of Quinine and Quinidine on the Isolated Electrically Stimulated Rat Ventricle Strip
Authors: Molinengo L , Segre G
Published: April 2011

In isolated and electrically stimulated rat ventricle strips, the activity of quinine and quinidine sulphate on excitability, rheobase and maximal rate of stimulation has been measured. By testing the two drugs on the same preparation at the same concentrations, from 5 × 10−6 to 3 × 10−5, no statistically significant difference was detected in the relative potency of the two drugs. These findings are discussed in relation to the observed clinical inactivity of quinine
A Note on the Influence of A Metabolite of Adrenaline on Water Diuresis in Rats
Authors: Roberts D , Lockett Mary F
Published: April 2011

Solutions of an isoprenaline-like metabolite of adrenaline, and of isoprenaline itself which had been equated in potency both by depressor action on the mean arterial pressure of rats and by their inhibitory action on the rat uterus, equated also in effect on water diuresis in rats. The metabolite, like isoprenaline, reduced the rates of excretion of water, sodium and potassium and raised the pH of the urine
Some Pharmacological Properties of A New Intramuscular Iron Preparation
Authors: Svärd P O
Published: April 2011

The pharmacological properties of a new intramuscular iron preparation containing 50 mg. of iron as an iron-sorbitol-citrate complex has been studied in animal experiments. The acute cardiovascular effects of intravenous injections, as well as toxicity in mice and rabbits, are reported. The preparation is stable in vivo and has no apparent antigenic properties
Mechanism of Absorption of Two Intramuscular Iron Preparations
Authors: Svärd P O , Lindvall S
Published: April 2011

The mechanism of absorption from an intramuscular depot of an iron-sorbitol-citrate and an iron-dextran complex has been studied in anaesthetised cats in which the lymph vessels were cannulated. The results are discussed in relation to the molecular size of the two iron complexes