Regulation of soleus muscle spindle sensitivity in decerebrate and spinal cats during postural and locomotor activities.
Authors: Bennett D J , De Serres S J , Stein R B 
Published: December 2014

1. In order to study fusimotor control in reduced preparations, soleus muscle spindle afferents were recorded in premammillary decerebrate cats (n = 15) during crossed extensor reflexes and, after spinalization, during locomotion produced by either clonidine or L‐beta‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA). The soleus muscle was oscillated sinusoidally (0.25 mm, 4 Hz) and the afferent mean firing rate and modulation were calculated. An increase in firing rate was assumed to arise from activity in dynamic gamma‐motoneurones (dynamic gamma‐drive) when associated with an increase in modulation to stretching, and in static gamma‐motoneurones (static gamma‐drive) when modulation decreased. 2. At rest in all preparations the firing rate and modulation in primary muscle spindle afferents were generally much higher than after de‐efferentation (ventral root section), suggesting a predominant dynamic gamma‐drive. Clonidine decreased and even eliminated this presumed resting gamma‐drive in many afferents, both in the decerebrate (7 of 8) and the spinal (6 of 18) state. This effect on gamma‐drive may account, at least in part, for its suppressive effect on spasticity in humans. 3. When locomotion commenced in clonidine‐treated spinal cats, primary afferents generally fired with much higher mean rates (+121%) and lower sensitivities (‐32%), suggesting a large increase in static gamma‐drive (possibly accompanied by a small decrease in dynamic gamma‐drive). These high rates were usually maintained tonically throughout the step cycle. However, a third of the afferents were silenced during locomotor contractions, and de‐efferentation had no significant effect on their firing rates. Thus, for some spindles alpha‐activity can occur without significant gamma‐drive. 4. During locomotion in L‐DOPA‐treated spinal cats the inferred static gamma‐drive only occurred phasically, coactivated with the EMG, though it could precede the EMG by 100‐500 ms. In the flexion phase both the afferent rate and modulation were lower than before locomotion, suggesting a lack of effective gamma‐drive. 5. Crossed extensor reflexes in decerebrate cats also produced a substantial increase in primary afferent firing rate (+187%) and decrease in sensitivity (‐37%), again suggesting increased static gamma‐drive (n = 18). This gamma‐drive was largely independent of EMG activity and often occurred without alpha‐activity. The mean firing rate of secondary muscle spindle afferents increased significantly during locomotion (with L‐DOPA) and crossed extensor reflexes, again indicating increased static gamma‐drive. Clonidine reduced or eliminated the gamma‐drive in seven of eight afferents during crossed extensor reflexes. 6. In conclusion, although there are some common features, such as a predominant static gamma‐drive in all walking preparations, the pattern of static and dynamic gamma‐drive is not closely linked to alpha‐activity under the conditions studied. As well as gamma‐drive without alpha‐activity, we have shown for the first time that alpha‐motoneurones can be activated without significant gamma‐drive to many spindles during behavioural tasks.