bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on Functionalization of Benzo‐5,6‐Fused Bicyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Pradeep Kumar Marappan , Annie Aksa S , Kumar Bind Vikash , Adithya Ramesh , Amaladass P. , Dhayalan Vasudevan
Published: July 2024

Over the decades, functionalized heteroaromatic compounds and their scaffolds have drawn significant attention in synthetic organic chemistry as well as in interdisciplinary sciences due to their prevalence in natural products, hormones, vitamins, and their applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, veterinary products, dyes and pigments, bio‐imaging, semiconductors, and optoelectronics, etc. This review explores various synthetic strategies for functionalization of numerous 5,6 benzo‐fused heteroaromatic derivatives such as indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole and benzotriazole through various methods including C−H activation, cross‐coupling, metal catalysis, photo‐catalysis, electrocatalysis and organocatalysis in recent years (2019–2023). Highly functionalized heterocyclic scaffolds are the important precursors for synthesizing many bioactive drugs like fenbendazole, viozan, griseofulvin, zileuton, flunoxaprofen, natural products, and optoelectronic materials, etc.
Corporate tax avoidance and firm value: The moderating role of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings
Authors: Elamer Ahmed A. , Boulhaga Mounia , Ibrahim Bassam A.
Published: July 2024

In this study, we examine how managers in firms that have practiced tax avoidance strategically use sustainability activities together with their tax avoidance practices. More specifically, we investigate the moderating impact of ESG on the association between tax avoidance and firm value. Using a sample of French‐listed companies during the years 2012–2021, we hypothesized and found that ESG rating negatively and significantly moderates the relationship between corporate tax avoidance and firm market valuation. Overall, our results suggest that investors reward firms for good ESG performance, perceiving such companies as more valuable. However, when these firms engage in higher tax liabilities, the positive effect of ESG on firm value is slightly reduced. This nuanced insight highlights the importance of considering how tax strategies interact with ESG initiatives in shaping overall firm value. This study, thus, provides theoretical and practical consequences that will encourage businesses and politicians to promote sustainable development. Our findings remain robust to an array of tests, including a number of different tax avoidance measures and potential endogeneity problems.
Review recent rulings involving racial discrimination
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: July 2024

An overview of the key topics faced by higher education professionals with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
A qualitative study of clinicians' impressions regarding the implementation of a clinical and research data collection system
Authors: Riopel Gabrielle , Lecomte Tania , Merlo Raphaëlle , Gauthier Bruno , Grenier Simon , Vanasse Catherine‐Marie
Published: July 2024

Background

Systematically collecting data on clientele databases allows for describing the clientele's needs and addressing various clinical research questions. Conducted in a university psychology clinic, this initiative seeks to improve the overall quality of care provided by integrating evidence‐based practices. This study works to bridge the gap between clinical practice and research.

Aims

This study aimed to describe the potential repercussions and clinicians' impressions regarding the implementation of this procedure.

Research Design

An inductive qualitative approach, inspired by Husserl's descriptive phenomenology, was used. To be consistent with this approach, data analysis followed Giorgi's five‐step scientific phenomenological method.

Data Collection and Analysis

Semi‐structured individual interviews were conducted with 14 volunteer clinicians using an interview guide. The data were analysed to extract central themes using Giorgi's method, which involves collecting verbal data, reading the data, dividing it into units of meaning, organising the data using the language of the discipline and synthesising the results.

Results

Five central themes emerged: barriers to implementation, potential impacts on therapy, recommendations to enhance participation, perceived utility and an attitude of openness.

Discussion

The pilot project provides valuable insights into the feasibility and acceptability of systematic data collection in a clinical setting. Clinician consultation proves to be essential in the implementation process, highlighting the importance of addressing practical and philosophical obstacles.

Conclusion

Understanding clinicians' experiences can guide future implementations of similar systems and improve clinical practice by supporting the integration of systematic data collection. Enhanced communication and training on the data collection system are suggested.
PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA hydrogels induce cytotoxicity in conventional in vitro assays
Authors: Stewart Chloe L. , Hook Andrew L. , Zelzer Mischa , Marlow Maria , Piccinini Anna M.
Published: July 2024

Significance statement

We identified that PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA hydrogels, which have been used in human clinical trials and possess a demonstrable safety profile, induced significant cytotoxicity in conventional in vitro assays. This major contradiction may lead to inconsistent and misleading toxicology due to the limited biological representation of these assays. Cytotoxicity evaluation is a crucial element of screening the biological response to new biomaterials. However, as standard test methods do not recapitulate the in vivo environment, tailored adaptations may be required to reflect the true biological response elicited toward novel biomaterials.
Microproteins/micropeptides dysregulation contributes to cancer progression and development: A mechanistic review
Authors: Rodrigues Paul , Bangali Harun , Ali Eyhab , Sharma M. K. , Abdullaev Bekhzod , Alkhafaji Adnan Taan , Deorari Maha Medha , Zabibah Rahman S. , Haslany Ali
Published: July 2024

Microproteins, known as micropeptides, are small protein molecules encoded by short open reading frames. These recently identified molecules have been proven to be an essential part of the human proteome that participates in multiple processes, such as DNA repair, mitochondrial respiration, and regulating different signaling pathways. A growing body of studies has evidenced that microproteins exhibit dysregulated expression levels in various malignancies and contribute to tumor progression. It has been reported that microproteins interact with many proteins, such as enzymes (e.g., adenosine triphosphate synthase) and signal transducers (e.g., c‐Jun), and regulate malignant cell metabolism, proliferation, and metastasis. Moreover, microproteins have been found to play a significant role in multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo by their activity in DNA repair pathways. Considering that, this review intended to summarize the roles of microproteins in different aspects of tumorigenesis with diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives.
Can ethylene diamine tetra‐acetic acid improve calcium fracture when combined with intravascular lithotripsy?
Authors: Gruslova Alexandra B. , Feldman Marc D.
Published: July 2024

Key points

Agents which dissolve hydroxyapatite may synergize with intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) to treat calcium plates more extensively, facilitating greater penetration of drug‐coated balloons delivered agents and maintain gain in lumen area without stenting.

Dissolving hydroxyapatite could potentially allow more frequent use of high‐pressure balloons without IVL or atherectomy to fracture calcium plates, offering a lower cost approach.

Other mechanisms such as debonding between calcium plate and fibrous tissue junctions may also be enhanced with IVL and calcium‐modifying agents to improve calcified vessel compliance.
Optimization of Microbial Fuel Cell Operational Parameters for the Treatment of Brewery Sludge
Authors: Gebrehiwot Hagos Mebrahtu , Kassahun Shimelis Kebede
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the potential of a salt bridge‐mediated microbial fuel cell (MFC) for power generation and wastewater sludge treatment in breweries. Unlike traditional “one‐parameter‐at‐a‐time” methodologies, this study uses a three‐variable Box–Behnken design response surface methodology to optimize critical MFC operational parameters. The effects of parameters such as solution pH, salt bridge molarity, and temperature were studied in the range of 4 to 10, 1 to 5 M, and 20 to 45 g L−1. The optimum operating parameters were found to be solution pH of 5.853, salt bridge molarity of 3.343 M, and temperature of 32.5 °C for chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand removal efficiencies of 92.485 % and 88.51 %, respectively. Temperature was found to be the most significant factor affecting the reactor's performance.
Unsupervised Machine Learning‐Derived Anion‐Exchange Membrane Polymers Map: A Guideline for Polymers Exploration and Design
Authors: Phua Yin Kan , Terasoba Nana , Tanaka Manabu , Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Kato Koichiro
Published: July 2024

Although anion‐exchange membranes (AEMs) are commonly used in fuel cells and water electrolyzers, their widespread commercialization is hindered by problems such as low anion conductivity and durability. Moreover, the development of high‐performance AEMs remains complex and time consuming. Here, we address these challenges by proposing an innovative approach for the efficient design and screening of AEM polymers using unsupervised machine learning. Our model, which combines principal component analysis with uniform manifold approximation and projection, generates an intuitive map that clusters AEM polymers based on structural similarities without any predefined knowledge regarding anion conductivity or other experimentally derived variables. As a powerful navigation tool, this map provides insights into promising main‐chain structures, such as poly(arylene alkylene)s with consistently high conductivity and polyolefins with exceptional performance depending on the substituent. Furthermore, assisted by key molecular descriptors, inverse analysis with this model allows targeted design and property prediction before synthesis, which will significantly accelerate the discovery of novel AEM polymers. This work represents a paradigm shift not only in AEM research but also generally in materials research, moving from black‐box predictions toward interpretable guidelines that foster collaboration between researchers and machine learning for efficient and informed material development.
Visible‐Light Organic Photosensitizers Based on 2‐(2‐Aminophenyl)benzothiazoles for Photocycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Pylova Ekaterina , Lasorne Benjamin , McClenaghan Nathan D. , Jonusauskas Gediminas , Taillefer Marc , Konchenko Sergey N. , Prieto Alexis , Jaroschik Florian
Published: July 2024

We have studied 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)benzothiazole and related derivatives for their photophysical properties in view of employing them as new and readily tunable organic photocatalysts. Their triplet energies were estimated by DFT calculations to be in the range of 52–57 kcal mol−1, suggesting their suitability for the [2+2] photocycloaddition of unsaturated acyl imidazoles with styrene derivatives. Experimental studies have shown that 2–(2–aminophenyl)benzothiazoles comprising alkylamino groups (NHMe, NHiPr) or the native amino group provide the best photocatalytic results in these visible‐light mediated [2+2] reactions without the need of any additives, yielding a range of cyclobutane derivatives. A combined experimental and theoretical approach has provided insights into the underlying triplet‐triplet energy transfer process.
Fluidized bed applications and modern scale‐up tools for the energy transition
Authors: Pugsley Todd
Published: July 2024

Fluidized bed technology has a 100‐year history of delivering energy solutions to the world. Examples include fluid catalytic cracking, coal combustion and gasification, and fluid coking. Moving forward, fluidization technology has the potential to underpin the development of entirely new sustainable processes in the energy transition and the circular economy and many of these will be advanced by small‐and‐medium enterprises (SMEs) and start‐ups. Focused, low‐cost, and time‐bound research outcomes will be needed to support these SMEs as they bring their new technologies to market as quickly as possible. This paper first summarizes some of the fluidized bed technologies that will play a key role in the energy transition and then considers how the strategic concept of discovery driven growth can lead to focused, rapid, and low‐cost information. The experimental data can then be used to develop hybrid models using machine learning methods that will be more robust, accurate, and reliable models. With focused, interdisciplinary research, fluidization models may be developed that would allow fluidized beds to go directly from lab or pilot scale directly to commercial. This would reduce development costs and timelines dramatically, hence bringing these new technologies to market more quickly. Early commercialization will allow the environmental benefits to begin to accrue earlier and will improve returns on investment.
One‐Dimensional Metal‐Organic Framework for High‐Efficiency Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO†
Authors: Lu Jie , Wang Qianyu , Jin Zhikai , Xiao Yang , Huang Bi‐Hong , Zhang Cai‐Hong , Yang Gui‐Zeng , Zhou Yi , Ke Fu‐Sheng
Published: July 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to valuable products possesses huge potential to alleviate environmental and energy crisis. It is well known that Ag favors the conversion of CO2 to CO but the exposed active sites and stability are still rather limited. In this study, a novel one‐dimensional Ag‐based metal‐organic framework (1D Ag‐NIM‐MOF) was successfully synthesized and used in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) for the first time. As a result, the Faradaic efficiency of CO achieved 94.5% with current density of 12.5 mA·cm–2 in an H‐type cell and 98.2% with current density of 161 mA·cm–2 in a flow cell at –1.0 V (vs. RHE), which stands as a new benchmark of Ag‐based MOFs in the electrocatalytic CO2RR. The excellent performance of 1D Ag‐NIM‐MOF is attributed to its peculiar one‐dimensional structure, which is beneficial for diffusion of reactants and products, and exposure of much more catalytic sites. Compared to commercial Ag nanoparticles, 1D Ag‐NIM‐MOF exhibits superior electrocatalytic CO2RR performance with higher catalytic activity and stability.
Efficient H2O2 Synthesis Through a Two‐Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction by Electrocatalysts
Authors: Chen Huatian , Chen Runxuan , Liu Sha , Zhou Yanhong , Chen Xinyu , Cai Jiajin , Lan Xiyue , Jiang Haomin , Lin Liu , Sun Zemin
Published: July 2024

The two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e‐ORR) for the sustainable synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has demonstrated considerable potential for local production of this environmentally friendly chemical oxidant on small, medium, and large scales. This method offers a promising alternative to the energy‐intensive anthraquinone approach, placing a primary emphasis on the development of efficient electrocatalysts. Improving the efficiency of electrocatalysts and uncovering their catalytic mechanisms are essential steps in achieving high 2e‐ORR activity, selectivity, and stability. This comprehensive review summarizes recent advancements in electrocatalysts for in‐situ H2O2 production, providing a detailed overview of the field. In particular, the review delves into the design, fabrication, and investigation of catalytic active sites contributing to H2O2 selectivity. Additionally, it highlights a range of electrocatalysts including pure metals and alloys, transition metal compounds, single‐atom catalysts, and carbon‐based catalysts for the 2e‐ORR pathway. Finally, the review addresses significant challenges and opportunities for efficient H2O2 electrosynthesis, as well as potential future research directions.
Intrinsic Infant Hippocampal Function Supports Inhibitory Processing
Authors: Guha Anika , Hunter Sharon K. , Legget Kristina T. , McHugo Maureen , Hoffman M. Camille , Tregellas Jason R.
Published: July 2024

Impaired cerebral inhibition is commonly observed in neurodevelopmental disorders and may represent a vulnerability factor for their development. The hippocampus plays a key role in inhibition among adults and undergoes significant and rapid changes during early brain development. Therefore, the structure represents an important candidate region for early identification of pathology that is relevant to inhibitory dysfunction. To determine whether hippocampal function corresponds to inhibition in the early postnatal period, the present study evaluated relationships between hippocampal activity and sensory gating in infants 4–20 weeks of age (N = 18). Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure hippocampal activity, including the amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFFs) and fractional ALFF. Electroencephalography during a paired‐stimulus paradigm was used to measure sensory gating (P50). Higher activity of the right hippocampus was associated with better sensory gating (P50 ratio), driven by a reduction in response to the second stimulus. These findings suggest that meaningful effects of hippocampal function can be detected early in infancy. Specifically, higher intrinsic hippocampal activity in the early postnatal period may support effective inhibitory processing. Future work will benefit from longitudinal analysis to clarify the trajectory of hippocampal function, alterations of which may contribute to the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and represent an intervention target.
Impacts of stream drying depend on stream network size and location of drying
Authors: Malish Megan C. , Gao Shang , Allen Daniel C. , Neeson Thomas M.
Published: July 2024

Stream drying is increasing globally, with widespread impacts on stream ecosystems. Here, we investigated how the impacts of drying on stream ecosystem connectivity might depend on stream network size and the location of drying within the stream network. Using 11 stream networks from across the United States, we simulated drying scenarios in which we varied the location and spatial extent of drying. We found that the rate of connectivity loss varied with stream network size, such that larger stream networks lost connectivity more rapidly than smaller stream networks. We also found that the rate of connectivity loss varied with the location of drying. When drying occurred in the mainstem, even small amounts of drying resulted in rapid losses in ecosystem connectivity. When drying occurred in headwater reaches, small amounts of drying had little impact on connectivity. Beyond a certain threshold, however, connectivity declined rapidly with further increases in drying. Given the increasing stream drying worldwide, our findings underscore the need for managers to be particularly vigilant about fragmentation when managing at large spatial scales and when stream drying occurs in mainstem reaches.
First observation of a spawning mantle display in a European unionid mussel
Authors: Rock Sebastian L.
Published: July 2024

Freshwater bivalve mussels in the order Unionida are highly endangered ecosystem engineers with a parasitic lifecycle necessitating a fish host to metamorphose from larval glochidia to juvenile mussel. While many species are broadcast spawners and release a large number of glochidia into the water column, many other species have a variety of highly evolved lure mechanisms and mantle displays to attract hosts to ensure a more targeted infestation. Almost all lure mussels are found exclusively in North America, with only one European species (Unio crassus) occasionally displaying a host attraction behaviour referred to as larval spurting. Here, I present evidence that the depressed river mussel (Pseudanodonta complanata) exhibits mantle displays to attract fish to gravid mussels for a targeted infestation, the first description of mantle displays in Europe.
High levels of species' extirpation in an urban environment—A case study from Berlin, Germany, covering 1700–2023
Authors: Keinath Silvia , De Silva Shenya , Sommerwerk Nike , Freyhof Jörg
Published: July 2024

Species loss is highly scale‐dependent, following the species–area relationship. We analysed spatio‐temporal patterns of species' extirpation on a multitaxonomic level using Berlin, the capital city of Germany. Berlin is one of the largest cities in Europe and has experienced a strong urbanisation trend since the late nineteenth century. We expected species' extirpation to be exceptionally high due to the long history of urbanisation. Analysing 37 regional Red Lists of Threatened Plants, Animals and Fungi of Berlin (covering 9498 species), we found that 16% of species were extirpated, a rate 5.9 times higher than at the German scale and 47.1 times higher than at the European scale. Species' extirpation in Berlin is comparable to that of another German city with a similarly broad taxonomic coverage, but much higher than in regional areas with less human impact. The documentation of species' extirpation started in the eighteenth century and is well documented for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We found an average annual extirpation of 3.6 species in the nineteenth century, 9.6 species in the twentieth century and the same number of extirpated species as in the nineteenth century were documented in the twenty‐first century, despite the much shorter time period. Our results showed that species' extirpation is higher at small than on large spatial scales, and might be negatively influenced by urbanisation, with different effects on different taxonomic groups and habitats. Over time, we found that species' extirpation is highest during periods of high human alterations and is negatively affected by the number of people living in the city. But, there is still a lack of data to decouple the size of the area and the human impact of urbanisation. However, cities might be suitable systems for studying species' extirpation processes due to their small scale and human impact.
Using integrated step selection to determine effects of predation risk on bison habitat selection and movement
Authors: Salganek S. , Schoenecker K. A. , Terwilliger M. L. N.
Published: July 2024

Animal movement is a fundamental mechanism that shapes communities and ecosystems. Ungulates alter the ecosystems they inhabit and understanding their movements and distribution is critical for linking habitat with population dynamics. Predation risk has been shown to strongly influence ungulate movement patterns, such that ungulates may select habitat where predation risk is lower (refugia), adjust movement rates, temporal patterns, or selection of cover variables in areas with greater predation risk. We evaluated potential predation avoidance behavior in a population of plains bison inhabiting the north rim of Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) and adjacent Kaibab National Forest (KNF). The KNF has year‐round hunting managed by Arizona Game and Fish Department, whereas hunting is not allowed in GRCA. Human‐maintained water sources on the KNF are particularly important resources for bison wherein they may be exposed to higher predation risk to access these resources. We used 2‐h GPS locations for three years from 31 bison (n = 9 males; n = 22 females), and integrative step selection analysis to test four hypotheses about the potential for bison to reduce their risk from human predation by avoiding areas of high predation risk; moving faster in areas with high predation risk; entering high‐risk areas at night when risk is reduced; and entering high‐risk areas in habitats that provide cover (coniferous forest). The highest performing model indicated bison movement was 1.3 times faster per 2‐h step interval than in areas with no hunting across all vegetation classes (coniferous forest, shrub, quaking aspen, grass‐forb meadow) and across all topography classes (valley, slope, ridge). Bison moved more slowly in grass‐forb meadows than all other vegetation types, and in valleys relative to slopes and ridges. Several radio‐collared individuals had no GPS locations in KNF for the duration of the study. Bison avoided predation risk using two strategies: moving faster while in the KNF, and fully avoiding high‐risk areas by remaining within GRCA. Management that manipulates or reduces timing of hunting seasons may reduce perceived predation risk and encourage bison to distribute into the KNF and across a broader range of available habitat.
Carbon budget of paddy ecosystems in China simulated by denitrification‐decomposition model
Authors: Lu Xinqing , Zhang Xiuying , Wang Zhen , Li Shengfeng
Published: July 2024

Quantifying the carbon budget in rice paddy ecosystems is fundamental to understanding the role of paddy fields as carbon sinks or sources and to mitigating global climate change. This study used a process‐based model of the denitrification‐decomposition (DNDC) model to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon sinks in the paddy ecosystem across China. The simulation results showed that the GHG emissions were 0.147 Pg C‐equivalent year−1 and that the carbon sequestration in rice plants and soils reached 0.253 Pg C year−1 in 2016, indicating high carbon sequestration potential of the Chinese paddy ecosystem. Land management had a great influence on carbon budgets, among which straw residue incorporation rate and nitrogen fertilizer applications had a stronger influence on carbon budgets, particularly for double cropping rice. These results indicate that appropriate tillage practices can reduce GHG emissions and increase carbon sequestration of rice ecosystems while ensuring rice yields.
Human footprint and rainfall shape Masai giraffe's habitat suitability and connectivity in a multiple‐use landscape
Authors: Muthiuru Amos C. , Crego Ramiro D. , Simbauni Jemimah A. , Muruthi Philip M. , Waiguchu Grace , Lala Fredrick , Millington James D. A. , Kairu Eunice W.
Published: July 2024

Giraffe populations have declined by around 40% in the last three decades. Climate change, poaching, habitat loss, and increasing human pressures are confining giraffes to smaller and more isolated patches of habitats. Masai giraffes (Giraffa tippelskirchi) have been subjected to habitat loss and fragmentation, diseases, poaching, and unpredictable calamities such as wildfires and climate change. In this study, we aimed to identify (1) suitable Masai giraffe habitats within the transboundary landscape of Tsavo‐Mkomazi in Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania; and (2) key connecting corridors in a multiple‐use landscape for conservation prioritization. We combined Masai giraffe presence data collected through a total aerial survey with moderate resolution satellite data to model habitat suitability at 250 m resolution using species distribution models (SDMs) implemented in Google Earth Engine (GEE). Model accuracy was assessed using area under precision recall curve (AUC‐PR). We then used the habitat suitability index as a resistance surface to model functional connectivity using Circuitscape theory and cost‐weighted distance pairwise methods. Human habitat modification, rainfall, and elevation were the main model predictors of Masai giraffe habitat and corridors. On average, our 10‐fold model fitting attained a good predictive performance with an average AUC‐PR = 0.80 (SD = 0.01, range = 0.79–0.83). The model predicted an area of 15,002 km2as potential suitable Masai giraffe habitat with over 17% outside protected areas within the landscape. Although Tsavo West National Park formed a key habitat and a key connecting corridor, nonprotected community ranches connecting Tsavo West and Tsavo East National Parks are equally important in maintaining landscape connectivity joining more than two Masai giraffe core areas with low resistance and high permeability. To maintain critical Masai giraffe's habitats and landscape functional connectivity, especially in multiple‐use landscapes, conservation‐compatible land use practices, capacity building, and land use planning should be considered at the outset of any new infrastructure development and land use changes. This modeling shows the potential of utilizing remotely sensed information and ground surveys to guide the management of habitats and their connecting corridors across important African landscapes, complementing existing efforts to identify, conserve, and protect wildlife habitats and their linkage zones.
A dramatic northward range expansion of a Red Sea soft coral in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Shlesinger Tom , Mills Elad , McFadden Catherine S. , Benayahu Yehuda
Published: July 2024

Historically isolated from tropical influences, the Mediterranean Sea underwent drastic changes, including the Lessepsian migration facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal, connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Here, we report on the discovery of a thriving and lush population of an Indo‐Pacific soft coral in the transforming Mediterranean Sea. This species was identified as Dendronephthya hemprichi (Klunzinger, 1877) through morphological and genetic assessments. The unexpected appearance of a dense population of this tropical coral off the Israeli Mediterranean coast signifies a northward range expansion of approximately 350 km from the northern Red Sea. Considering the potential for this soft coral to alter benthic community structure and create new marine animal forests, the population's sudden and massive colonization of artificial structures raises intriguing questions about its possible long‐term ecological implications in the Mediterranean ecosystem. This study emphasizes the urgency of continuous monitoring and research to understand the ecological consequences of this unprecedented abrupt tropical incursion of hundreds of colonies and its potential implications for the region's biodiversity. Moreover, the findings contribute to the broader discourse on the tropicalization of temperate and subtropical regions, highlighting the need to adapt conservation strategies that embrace and understand novel configurations of ecosystems in the face of ongoing local and global changes.
Competition between mixo‐ and heterotrophic ciliates under dynamic resource supply
Authors: Flöder Sabine , Klauschies Toni , Klaassen Moritz , Stoffers Tjardo , Lambrecht Max , Moorthi Stefanie
Published: July 2024

The outcome of species competition strongly depends on the traits of the competitors and associated trade‐offs, as well as on environmental variability. Here, we investigate the relevance of consumer trait variation for species coexistence in a ciliate consumer–microalgal prey system under fluctuating regimes of resource supply. We focus on consumer competition and feeding traits, and specifically on the consumer's ability to overcome periods of resource limitation by mixotrophy, that is, the ability of photosynthetic carbon fixation via algal symbionts in addition to phagotrophy. In a 48‐day chemostat experiment, we investigated competitive interactions of different heterotrophic and mixotrophic ciliates of the genera Euplotes and Coleps under different resource regimes, providing prey either continuously or in pulses under constant or fluctuating light, entailing periods of resource depletion in fluctuating environments, but overall providing the same amount of prey and light. Although ultimate competition results remained unaffected, population dynamics of mixotrophic and heterotrophic ciliates were significantly altered by resource supply mode. However, the effects differed among species combinations and changed over time. Whether mixotrophs or heterotrophs dominated in competition strongly depended on the genera of the competing species and thus, species‐specific differences in the minimum resource requirements that are associated with feeding on shared prey, nutrient uptake, light harvesting, and access to additional resources such as bacteria. Potential differences in the curvature of the species' resource‐dependent growth functions may have further mediated the species‐specific responses to the different resource supply modes. Overall, our study demonstrates that genus‐ or species‐specific traits other than that related to nutritional mode may override the relevance of acquired phototrophy by heterotrophs in competitive interactions, and that the potential advantage of photosynthetic carbon fixation of symbiont‐bearing mixotrophs in competition with pure heterotrophs may differ greatly among different mixotrophs, playing out under different environmental conditions and depending on the specific requirements of the species. Complex trophic interactions determine the outcome of competition, which can only be understood by taking on a multidimensional trait perspective.
Germination response to winter temperature changes with seed shape and length of temperature exposure
Authors: Ladwig Laura M. , Henn Jonathan J. , Stahlheber Karen A. , Meiners Scott J.
Published: July 2024

In many regions, the climate is changing faster during winter than during the other seasons, and a loss of snow cover combined with increased temperature variability can expose overwintering organisms to harmful conditions. Understanding how species respond to these changes during critical developmental times, such as seed germination, helps us assess the ecological implications of winter climate change. To address this concern, we measured the breaking of seed dormancy and cold tolerance of temperate grassland species in the lab and field. In the lab, we ran germination trials testing the tolerance of 17 species to an extreme cold event. In the field, we deployed seeds of two species within a snow manipulation experiment at three locations and measured germination success biweekly from seeds subjected to ambient and reduced snow cover from winter into spring. From lab trials, cold tolerance varied among species, with seed germination decreasing <10%–100% following extreme cold events. Cold tolerance was related to seed traits, specifically less round seeds, seeds that required cold stratification, and seeds that mature later in the season tended to be more impacted by extreme cold temperatures. This variation in seed cold tolerance may contribute to altered community composition with continued winter climate change. In the field, germination increased through late winter, coinciding with the accumulation of days where temperatures were favorable for cold stratification. Through spring, germination success decreased as warm temperatures accumulated. Collectively, species‐specific seed cold tolerances and mortality rates may contribute to compositional changes in grasslands under continued winter climate change.
Optimization and application of bacterial environmental DNA and RNA isolation for qualitative and quantitative studies
Authors: Browne Daniel J. , Miller Catherine M. , O'Hara Emily P. , Courtney Robert , Seymour Jamie , Doolan Denise L. , Orr Ryan
Published: July 2024

Molecular detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) and RNA (eRNA) allows highly sensitive qualitative (i.e., presence or absence) and quantitative (i.e., abundance) monitoring of aquatic bacteria. However, bacterial molecular diagnostics are limited by low positive predictive values. Protocols for bacterial eDNA and eRNA molecular monitoring have primarily focused on optimizing specimen collection, and the optimal method to purify bacterial nucleic material from postcollection aquatic specimens to maximize the analytical sensitivity of molecular diagnostics remains poorly defined. Accordingly, strategies to isolate bacterial eDNA and eRNA from fresh and saltwater were investigated. We evaluated two filtration and four nucleic acid purification systems as representative of current generation bacterial eDNA and eRNA isolation strategies for capacity to isolate bacterial eDNA and eRNA from prelysed (i.e., free‐nucleic acids) and viable (i.e., colony forming units, CFU) bacterial cells. We also compared the sensitivities of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) and metagenomic shotgun microbiome sequencing. The optimal protocol used 0.7 μm borosilicate glass filters (Whatman plc) followed by extraction with the RNeasy PowerWater kit (Qiagen). The protocol had a very high analytical sensitivity (10−3–100 ng and 102–101 CFU detected in 500 mL) across multiple species of bacteria, when tested with either RTqPCR or metagenomic sequencing. Importantly, this study highlighted several limitations which are restrictive to both qualitative and quantitative bacterial eDNA and eRNA studies. First, a 12‐h time course between sampling and extraction revealed significant species‐specific changes in cell number and free‐nucleic acid concentrations can occur postspecimen collection. Second, we found Gram‐positive bacteria yielded less nucleic material compared to Gram‐negative bacteria suggesting bacterial eDNA and eRNA studies could be biased by microorganism genome stability and extraction efficiency. This study highlights the need to define the species‐specific diagnostic sensitivity of a protocol when monitoring aquatic bacterial eDNA and eRNA with molecular diagnostics.
Green Synthesis of Starch‐Capped CdS Nanoparticles Doped with Copper (II) and Manganese (II): Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Thangamuniyandi Pilavadi , Nagaraj Karuppiah , Velmurugan Gunasekaran , Kamalesu Subramaniam , Alshalwi Matar , Alotaibi Khalid M. , Maity Prasenjit , Abhijith S. M. , Shah Flora , Kaliyaperumal Raja , Rajaraman D.
Published: July 2024

Pure CdS and Cu2+/Mn2+‐doped CdS nanoparticles were synthesized using a green capping method via mechanochemical techniques, with starch as the capping agent. Characterization using XRD revealed a cubic phase structure of CdS nanoparticles, evidenced by peaks at 2θ values of 26.30°, 43.80°, and 51.80° corresponding to the (111), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. SEM‐EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of Cd, Cu, Mn, and S elements in the samples. Diffuse reflectance analysis indicated an average crystallite size ranging from 111 nm to 139 nm, accompanied by a band gap energy ranging from 2.25 to 1.95 eV. Raman spectroscopy identified peaks at 366 cm−1, 482 cm−1, and 556 cm−1, attributed to the skeletal modes of the pyranose ring in starch, thus confirming its presence in the starch‐capped CdS nanoparticles.
Dynamic Thermodynamic Resolution of Unprotected Amino Acids Using Ni(II) Chiral Schiff Bases
Authors: Nakano Arina , Hayashi Akari , Nagaoka Keita , Moriwaki Hiroki , Izawa Kunisuke , Yano Shigekazu , Konno Hiroyuki
Published: July 2024

Dynamic thermodynamic resolution of amino acids (AAs) using Ni(II) chiral Schiff bases is one of the simplest and most efficient methods to obtain optically active AAs. A comparison of the reactivity of 36 rac‐AAs with the Ni(II) complex revealed that this method can be easily applied to dynamic thermodynamic resolution and S/R interconversion of AAs with unprotected active functional groups. It can also be really applied for the side‐chain modification of AA derivatives with active functional groups on the Ni(II) complex. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Ni(II) complexes were evaluated, and the Ni(II) complexes [(S,S)−3 g, (S,S)−3 h, and (S,S)−3 i] showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus, a Gram positive bacterium.
Annual progress in global carbon capture, utilization, and storage in 2023
Authors: Fang Siyuan , Hu Yun Hang
Published: July 2024

Since the industrial revolution, global anthropogenic CO2 emissions have surged dramatically to unsustainable levels, resulting in severe issues, such as global warming, extreme weather events, and species extinction. In response to this critical situation, extensive efforts have been undertaken across academia, industry, and policymaking sectors to deploy carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. Here, we present the annual summary of global CCUS for the year 2023. We begin by discussing the trends of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and then offer an up‐to‐date summary of progress in academia, industry, and policy, respectively. In academia, we analyze the number and categories of publications and highlight some key breakthroughs. In the industry sector, we meticulously collect and present information on operational commercial carbon‐capture and storage facilities. Furthermore, we elucidate significant policy announcements and reforms across diverse regions. This concise and comprehensive annual report aims to inspire ongoing efforts and collaboration among academia, industry, and policymakers toward advancing carbon neutrality.
A synergy of Cr2O3 with eco‐friendly and thermally stable CsSnCl3 perovskite for solar energy storage: Density functional theory and SCAPS‐1D analysis
Authors: Pandya Ankur , Sharma Atish Kumar , Bhatt Misaree , Jha Prafulla K. , Sangani Keyur , Chourasia Nitesh K. , Chourasia Ritesh Kumar
Published: July 2024

The present study employs rigorous DFT analysis using WIEN2k for the best suitability of the Cr2O3 as an electron transport layer, synergetic with nontoxic and thermally stable CsSnCl3 perovskite solar energy storage device, configured as FTO/Cr2O3/CsSnCl3/CBTS/Au. The main objective of our investigation is to improve the device performance by optimizing thickness, carrier concentration, bulk defect density of each layer, interface defects, operating temperature, as well as the impact of parasitic elements on device performance. SCAPS‐1D tool was used to optimize the novel device architecture. The simulation results reveal that a CsSnCl3 layer with an optimized thickness of 800 nm and a doping concentration of 1 × 1015 cm−3 yields noteworthy outcomes, specifically, champion efficiency (𝜂) of 22.01% along with an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.12 V, a short‐circuit current (Jsc) of 23.86 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 81.65%. These improved findings were compared with existing theoretical and experimental reported data and found to exhibit the best performance. The present research substantially enhances the understanding of eco‐friendly CsSnCl3 perovskite solar cell optimization, thereby extending its applicability to future photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.
Structural and Electrochemical Investigation of Anode‐Supported Proton‐Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fabricated by the Freeze Casting Process
Authors: Karimi Ali , Paydar Mohammad Hossein , Aghaei Hamed , Masoumi Hossein
Published: July 2024

Hierarchically oriented macroporous NiO–BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3−δ (BZCY7) anode‐supporting layer (ASL) was developed using the freeze casting technique. The resulting freeze‐cast structure was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray computed tomography. A thin layer of BZCY7 was utilized as a proton‐conducting electrolyte, whereas La1.9Sr0.1Ni0.7Cu0.3O3−δ –gadolinium‐doped ceria 10% Gd (LSNC–GDC10) was employed and evaluated as cathode layer. The performance of the cell was assessed by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and I–V–P curves at various temperatures. Furthermore, as a point of comparison, a cell with an ASL was prepared using the dry pressing method, incorporating 20 wt.% graphite as a pore‐forming agent. The freeze‐cast anode‐supported cell demonstrated a polarization resistance of 1.45 Ω cm2 at 550°C and 0.29 Ω cm2 at 750°C. Maximum achieved power densities were 0.189 and 0.429 W cm−2 at 550 and 750°C, respectively. For the cell fabricated by the dry pressing method, the maximum power densities were 0.158 and 0.397 W cm−2 at 550 and 750°C, respectively. Additionally, the tortuosity factor of the anode layer and the gas diffusion streamline in the direction of solidification were determined by using 3D X‐ray tomography imaging and subsequent image processing.
Impact of dose distribution by a 3D planning system for brachytherapy with 198Au grains for head and neck cancer
Authors: Kishida Keita , Jingu Keiichi , Ito Kengo , Umezawa Rei , Yamamoto Takaya , Takahashi Noriyoshi , Suzuki Yu , Omata So , Harada Hinako , Seki Yasuhiro , Chiba Nanae , Okuda Shinsaku
Published: July 2024

Background

There has been no study in which the correlation between clinical results and dosimetry based on a 3D treatment planning system in patients with 198Au grains for head and neck cancer was evaluated.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients who were treated with 198Au grains for head and neck cancer were reviewed. Twenty‐five patients were treated with brachytherapy alone and seven patients were treated with a combination of brachytherapy and neoadjuvant external beam radiation therapy.

Results

With a median observation period of 60 months, the 5‐year local control rate was 82.9%. V85Gy of CTV in patients with local recurrence tended to be lower than that in patients without local recurrence (p = 0.07). The maximum dose of the keratinized gingiva in patients in whom bone exposure occurred was significantly higher than that in patients in whom bone exposure did not occur (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Dose distribution with 198Au grains can predict local control and late adverse events.
Prospective genetic germline evaluation in a consecutive group of adult patients aged <60 years with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Attardi Enrico , Tiberi Lucia , Mattiuz Giorgio , Formicola Daniela , Dirupo Elia , Raddi Marco G. , Consagra Angela , Vergani Debora , Artuso Rosangela , Santini Valeria
Published: July 2024

Relevance of germline (GL) predisposition in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) was stressed in both 2022 WHO and International Consensus classifications, but its incidence is probably underestimated, especially in young adult patients. We selected a cohort of 31 consecutive de novo MDS patients with unusual young age (<60 years). We performed exome sequencing (ES) on DNA extracted from noninvasive sources (peripheral blood and saliva), filtering for a panel of 344 genes specifically tailored for detecting GL variants related to clonal and nonclonal cytopenia. We observed at least one high‐ or low‐confidence GL MDS variant in 7/31 (22.6%) and 9/31 (29.0%) of cases, respectively. Four of 31 patients (12.9%) confirmed having established MDS/AML predisposing disorders. We found heterozygous variants in genes involved in DNA repair/cancer predisposition (ATM, ATR, FANCM, PARN, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, MSH2) in 9/31 (29.0%) cases and variants affecting ribosome biogenesis (SBDS), hematopoietic stem cell (GATA2), and megakaryocyte (ANKRD26) differentiation in single cases. Two cases had variants in RBBP6, a gene previously described exclusively in familial myeloproliferative neoplasms. Lastly, four cases had variants in genes related to inherited anemias (CUBN and PIEZO1 genes). Our results showed that “young” MDS patients aged 40–60 years carried reported and unreported GL variants with an unexpectedly high proportion, and these events co‐occurred with somatic mutations recurrent in myeloid neoplasms. We explored the “no man's land” of the young adult MDS cases adopting a practical and scalable diagnostic tool, capable to detect GL variants avoiding invasive methods.