bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Tellurium‐Boosted High‐Areal‐Capacity Zinc‐Sulfur Battery
Authors: Zhang Yue , Amardeep Amardeep , Wu Zhenrui , Tao Li , Xu Jia , Freschi Donald J. , Liu Jian
Published: April 2024

Aqueous rechargeable zinc‐sulfur (Zn‐S) batteries are a promising, cost‐effective, and high‐capacity energy storage technology. Still, they are challenged by the poor reversibility of S cathodes, sluggish redox kinetics, low S utilization, and unsatisfactory areal capacity. This work develops a facile strategy to achieve an appealing high‐areal‐capacity (above 5 mAh cm−2) Zn‐S battery by molecular‐level regulation between S and high‐electrical‐conductivity tellurium (Te). The incorporation of Te as a dopant allows for manipulation of the Zn‐S electrochemistry, resulting in accelerated redox conversion, and enhanced S utilization. Meanwhile, accompanied by the S‐ZnS conversion, Te is converted to zinc telluride during the discharge process, as revealed by ex‐situ characterizations. This additional redox reaction contributes to the S cathode's total excellent discharge capacity. With this unique cathode structure design, the carbon‐confined TeS cathode (denoted as Te1S7/C) delivers a high reversible capacity of 1335.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 with a mass loading of 4.22 mg cm−2, corresponding to a remarkable areal capacity of 5.64 mAh cm−2. Notably, a hybrid electrolyte design uplifts discharge plateau, reduces overpotential, suppresses Zn dendrites growth, and extends the calendar life of Zn‐Te1S7 batteries. This study provides a rational S cathode structure to realize high‐capacity Zn‐S batteries for practical applications.
All van der Waals Three‐Terminal SOT‐MRAM Realized by Topological Ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2
Authors: Cui Jingyuan , Zhang Kai‐Xuan , Park Je‐Geun
Published: April 2024

Magnetic van der Waals (vdW) materials have attracted massive attention because of their academic interest and application potential for the past few years. Its main advantage is the intrinsic two‐dimensionality, enabling much smaller devices of novel concepts. One particular exciting direction lies in the current‐driven spin‐orbit torque (SOT). Here, for the first time, all vdW three‐terminal SOT memory is realized, employing the unique physics principle of gigantic intrinsic SOT of Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) and the well‐known industry‐adopted tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. The device operation procedure is designed and the FGT/h‐BN/FGT vdW heterostructure is fabricated as a proof of concept. This device exhibits a classical TMR effect and unambiguously demonstrates the conception by precise performance as expected: the magnetic information of the top‐FGT is written by current‐driven SOT and read out by TMR separately. The writing and reading current paths are physically decoupled, enhancing the design and optimization flexibility substantially and further strengthening the device's endurance naturally. The work will prompt more expansive use of vdW magnets for spintronic applications.
A novel 3q interstitial deletion including GATA2 and ZNF148: A case report
Authors: Martin Elizabeth , VanSickle Elizabeth A. , Rossetti Linda Z.
Published: April 2024

GATA2 and ZNF148 have both been mapped to chromosome 3q. Pathogenic variants in GATA2 have been associated with immunodeficiency and high risk for myelodysplasia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Gain‐of‐function variants in ZNF148 have previously been suggested as a mechanism for agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). Here, we report a novel 10.4 Mb interstitial deletion on 3q12.33q22.1 including GATA2 and ZNF148 in a child with developmental delay, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and vertebral segmentation defects. With this diagnosis, we were able to suggest preemptive referrals to hematology/oncology and allergy/immunology for close monitoring of early myelodysplasia. We also propose a possible link between ZNF148 loss of function variants and ACC.
Sex Differences in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Survival and Progression: A Multidimensional Analysis
Authors: Grassano Maurizio , Moglia Cristina , Palumbo Francesca , Koumantakis Emanuele , Cugnasco Paolo , Callegaro Stefano , Canosa Antonio , Manera Umberto , Vasta Rosario , De Mattei Filippo , Matteoni Enrico , Fuda Giuseppe , Salamone Paolina , Marchese Giulia , Casale Federico , De Marchi Fabiola , Mazzini Letizia , Mora Gabriele , Calvo Andrea , Chiò Adriano
Published: April 2024

Objective

To investigate sex‐related differences in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) prognosis and their contributing factors.

Methods

Our primary cohort was the Piemonte and Aosta Register for ALS (PARALS); the Pooled Resource Open‐Access ALS Clinical Trials (PRO‐ACT) and the Answer ALS databases were used for validation. Survival analyses were conducted accounting for age and onset site. The roles of forced vital capacity and weight decline were explored through a causal mediation analysis. Survival and disease progression rates were also evaluated after propensity score matching.

Results

The PARALS cohort included 1,890 individuals (44.8% women). Men showed shorter survival when stratified by onset site (spinal onset HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.00–1.44, p = 0.0439; bulbar onset HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09–1.70, p = 0.006917), although women had a steeper functional decline (+0.10 ALSFRS‐R points/month, 95% CI 0.07–0.15, p < 0.00001) regardless of onset site. Instead, men showed worse respiratory decline (−4.2 forced vital capacity%/month, 95% CI −6.3 to −2.2, p < 0.0001) and faster weight loss (−0.15 kg/month, 95% CI −0.25 to −0.05, p = 0.0030). Causal mediation analysis showed that respiratory function and weight loss were pivotal in sex‐related survival differences. Analysis of patients from PRO‐ACT (n = 1,394, 40.9% women) and Answer ALS (n = 849, 37.2% women) confirmed these trends.

Interpretation

The shorter survival in men is linked to worse respiratory function and weight loss rather than a faster disease progression. These findings emphasize the importance of considering sex‐specific factors in understanding ALS pathophysiology and designing tailored therapeutic strategies. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:159–169
Dysregulated NUB1 and Neddylation Enhances Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast‐Like Synoviocyte Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Sendo Sho , Machado Camilla R. L. , Boyle David L. , Benschop Robert J. , Perumal Narayanan B. , Choi Eunice , Wang Wei , Firestein Gary S.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in part due to activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF‐κB. Neddylation is modulated by the negative regulator of ubiquitin‐like protein (NUB) 1. We determined whether NUB1 and neddylation are aberrant in the models with RA FLS, thereby contributing to their aggressive phenotype.

Methods

Models with RA or osteoarthritis (OA) FLS were obtained from arthroplasty synovia. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis assessed gene and protein expression, respectively. NUB1 was overexpressed using an expression vector. NF‐κB activation was assessed by stimulating FLS with interleukin (IL)‐1β. Neddylation inhibitor (MLN4924) and proteasome inhibitor were used in migration and gene expression assays. MLN4924 was used in the model with K/BxN serum‐transfer arthritis.

Results

Enhanced H3K27ac and H3K27me3 peaks were observed in the NUB1 promoter in the OA FLS compared with the RA FLS. NUB1 was constitutively expressed by FLS, but induction by IL‐1β was significantly greater in the OA FLS. The ratio of neddylated cullin (CUL) 1 to nonneddylated CUL1 was lower in the OA FLS than the RA FLS. NUB1 overexpression decreased NF‐κB nuclear translocation and IL‐6 messenger RNA (mRNA) in IL‐1β–stimulated the RA FLS. MLN4924 decreased CUL1 neddylation, NF‐κB nuclear translocation, and IL‐6 mRNA in IL‐1β–stimulated the RA FLS. MLN4924 significantly decreased arthritis severity in the model with K/BxN serum‐transfer arthritis.

Conclusion

CUL1 neddylation and NUB1 induction is dysregulated in the models with RA, which increases FLS activation. Inhibition of neddylation is an effective therapy in an animal model of arthritis. These data suggest that the neddylation system contributes to the pathogenesis of RA and that regulation of neddylation could be a novel therapeutic approach.

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Urology consultants versus large language models: Potentials and hazards for medical advice in urology
Authors: Eckrich Johanna , Ellinger Jörg , Cox Alexander , Stein Johannes , Ritter Manuel , Blaikie Andrew , Kuhn Sebastian , Buhr Christoph Raphael
Published: April 2024

Background

Current interest surrounding large language models (LLMs) will lead to an increase in their use for medical advice. Although LLMs offer huge potential, they also pose potential misinformation hazards.

Objective

This study evaluates three LLMs answering urology‐themed clinical case‐based questions by comparing the quality of answers to those provided by urology consultants.

Methods

Forty‐five case‐based questions were answered by consultants and LLMs (ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4, Bard). Answers were blindly rated using a six‐step Likert scale by four consultants in the categories: ‘medical adequacy’, ‘conciseness’, ‘coherence’ and ‘comprehensibility’. Possible misinformation hazards were identified; a modified Turing test was included, and the character count was matched.

Results

Higher ratings in every category were recorded for the consultants. LLMs' overall performance in language‐focused categories (coherence and comprehensibility) was relatively high. Medical adequacy was significantly poorer compared with the consultants. Possible misinformation hazards were identified in 2.8% to 18.9% of answers generated by LLMs compared with <1% of consultant's answers. Poorer conciseness rates and a higher character count were provided by LLMs. Among individual LLMs, ChatGPT 4 performed best in medical accuracy (p < 0.0001) and coherence (p = 0.001), whereas Bard received the lowest scores. Generated responses were accurately associated with their source with 98% accuracy in LLMs and 99% with consultants.

Conclusions

The quality of consultant answers was superior to LLMs in all categories. High semantic scores for LLM answers were found; however, the lack of medical accuracy led to potential misinformation hazards from LLM ‘consultations’. Further investigations are necessary for new generations.
PDP1 promotes the progression of breast cancer through STAT3 pathway
Authors: Wang Yufeng , Dang Huifen , Qiao Hui , Tian Yinxia , Guan Quanlin
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to investigate the expression pattern and mechanisms of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit 1 (PDP1) in the progression of breast cancer (BC). PDP1, known for its involvement in cell energy metabolism, was found to be overexpressed in BC tissues. Notably, low PDP1 expression aligns with improved overall survival (OS) in BC patients. In this study, we found that PDP1 was overexpressed among BC tissues and low PDP1 expression showed a better prognosis for the patients with BC. PDP1 knockdown suppressed cell amplification and migration and triggered cell apoptosis in BC cells. In vivo assessments through a xenograft model unveiled the pivotal role and underlying mechanisms of PDP1 knockdown. RNA sequencing and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis of RNAs from PDP1 knockdown and normal MCF7 cells revealed 1440 differentially expressed genes, spotlighting the involvement of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in BC progression. Western blot results implied that PDP1 knockdown led to a loss of p‐STAT3, whereas overexpression of PDP1 induced the p‐STAT3 expression. Cell counting kit‐8 assay showed that PDP1 overexpression significantly raised MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF7 cell viability while STAT3 inhibitor S3I‐201 recovered the cell growth to normal level. To summarize, PDP1 promotes the progression of BC through STAT3 pathway by regulating p‐STAT3. The findings contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying BC progression, and opening avenues for targeted therapeutic approaches.
SOX9 promotes stemness in the CAL27 cell line of tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sheng Nanning , Fu Rong , Zhou Chuhuan , Li Ying , Fan Yawei , Wang Jue , Nan Xinrong
Published: April 2024

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a prevalent form of oral malignancy, with increasing incidence. Unfortunately, the 5‐year survival rate for patients has not exceeded 50%. Studies have shown that sex‐determining region Y box 9 (SOX9) correlates with malignancy and tumor stemness in a variety of tumors. To investigate the role of SOX9 in TSCC stemness, we analyzed its influence on various aspects of tumor biology, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, sphere and clone formation, and drug resistance in TSCC. Our data suggest a close association between SOX9 expression and both the stemness phenotype and drug resistance in TSCC. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a progressive increase of SOX9 expression in normal oral mucosa, paracancerous tissues, and tongue squamous carcinoma tissues. Furthermore, the expression of SOX9 was closely linked to the TNM stage, but not to lymph node metastasis or tumor diameter. SOX9 is a crucial gene in TSCC responsible for promoting the stemness function of cancer stem cells. Developing drugs that target SOX9 is extremely important in clinical settings.
Biological Demands and Toxicity of Isoprenoid Precursors in Bacillus Subtilis Through Cell‐Permeant Analogs of Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate and Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate
Authors: McBee Dillon P. , Hulsey Zackary N. , Hedges Makayla R. , Baccile Joshua A.
Published: April 2024

Bacterial isoprenoids are necessary for many biological processes, including maintaining membrane integrity, facilitating intercellular communication, and preventing oxidative damage. All bacterial isoprenoids are biosynthesized from two five carbon structural isomers, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), which are cell impermeant. Herein, we demonstrate exogenous delivery of IPP and DMAPP into Bacillus subtilis by utilizing a self‐immolative ester (SIE)‐caging approach. We initially evaluated native B. subtilis esterase activity, which revealed a preference for short straight chain esters. We then examined the viability of the SIE‐caging approach in B. subtilis and demonstrate that the released caging groups are well tolerated and the released IPP and DMAPP are bioavailable, such that isoprenoid biosynthesis can be rescued in the presence of pathway inhibitors. We further show that IPP and DMAPP are both toxic and inhibit growth of B. subtilis at the same concentration. Lastly, we establish the optimal ratio of IPP to DMAPP (5 : 1) for B. subtilis growth and find that, surprisingly, DMAPP alone is insufficient to rescue isoprenoid biosynthesis under high concentrations of fosmidomycin. These findings showcase the potential of the SIE‐caging approach in B. subtilis and promise to both aid in novel isoprenoid discovery and to inform metabolic engineering efforts in bacteria.
A Non‐Macrocycle Thiolate‐Based Cobalt Catalyst for Selective O2 Reduction into H2O
Authors: Sun Lili , Gutierrez Javier , Goff Alan Le , Gatineau David , Jackson Timothy A. , Gennari Marcello , Duboc Carole
Published: April 2024

The reduction of dioxygen to produce selectively H2O2 or H2O is crucial in various fields. While platinum‐based materials excel in 4H+/4e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis, cost and resource limitations drive the search for cost‐effective and abundant transition metal catalysts. It is thus of great importance to understand how the selectivity and efficiency of 3d‐metal ORR catalysts can be tuned. In this context, we report on a Co complex supported by a bisthiolate N2S2‐donor ligand acting as a homogeneous ORR catalyst in acetonitrile solutions both in the presence of a one‐electron reducing agent (selectivity for H2O of 93 % and TOFi=3 000 h−1) and under electrochemically‐assisted conditions (0.81 V <η<1.10 V, selectivity for H2O between 85 % and 95 %). Interestingly, such a predominant 4H+/4e− pathway for Co‐based ORR catalysts is rare, highlighting the key role of the thiolate donor ligand. Besides, the selectivity of this Co catalyst under chemical ORR conditions is inverse with respect to the Mn and Fe catalysts supported by the same ligand, which evidences the impact of the nature of the metal ion on the ORR selectivity.
Career development in individuals living with epilepsy: A reflective lifeworld phenomenological study
Authors: Leigh‐Osroosh Katheryne T.
Published: April 2024

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder experienced as seizures, which can occur at intermittent times along a continuum of severity. Currently, there is a need for scholarship exploring how epilepsy impacts career development. This reflective lifeworld phenomenological study examined, ‘‘How is career development experienced in individuals living with epilepsy? Eight participants were interviewed to explore the intersubjective contextual experience of the phenomenon. The resulting structural essence, running on ice in the midst of the fog, contains four constituents: existence of epilepsy, running on ice, the fog, and gaining traction. Implications for career development counseling and scholarship are described.
Comprehensive study of Class‐‐E/F2 and inverse Class‐‐F power amplifiers for mm‐Wave systems utilizing 130 nm CMOS process
Authors: Mansour Marwa , Mansour Islam
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive study of Class‐‐E/F2 and inverse Class‐‐F power amplifiers (PAs) designed for 35–42 GHz millimeter‐wave applications, utilizing a 130 nm CMOS process. The proposed RF PAs are well suited for wide frequency‐band millimeter‐wave and 5G radio transmitters. A comprehensive study of limiting factors in amplifier efficiency is presented in this paper. The study encompasses an analysis of all the factors that restrict the efficiency of the switched power amplifier. The first proposed power amplifier is based on the Class E/F2 architecture, comprising a parallel capacitor, second harmonic resonance circuit, and output matching network. Conversely, the second suggested power amplifier is constructed using the inverse Class‐‐F topology, which includes harmonic termination and matching networks. The harmonic termination circuit incorporates a second harmonic resonance network and utilizes a parasitic capacitor to control the harmonic components. Both the proposed Class E/F2 and inverse Class‐‐F architectures are employed to reshape the drain current and voltage waveforms, aiming to reduce the overlap between them and, consequently, improve efficiency. The suggested power amplifiers comprise a driver Class‐‐AB stage and a power stage constructed based on either the Class E/F2 architecture or inverse Class‐‐F topology, utilizing harmonic termination networks at the output load. Two new designs of high‐Q factor on‐chip finger capacitors have been implemented to improve efficiency and radio frequency performance. Achieving input matching and inter‐stage matching is facilitated by employing two novel on‐chip transformers designed for maximum power transfer. Additionally, an inter‐stage matching inductor is utilized in a cascode configuration to enhance the overall RF performance. The on‐chip transformers, inductors, and finger capacitors are designed using the HFSS software program. S‐parameter files (SNP files) of the designed on‐chip components are extracted and inserted into the simulation tool to ensure accurate results. The proposed Class E/F2 power amplifier achieves a constant power of 14.9 dBm, an extreme power added efficiency (PAE) of 11.7%, and a maximum gain of 13.74 dB. In contrast, the suggested inverse Class‐‐F power amplifier attains a constant power of 15.4 dBm, a peak PAE of 12.6%, and a maximum gain of 14.8 dB. The DC power consumption is 73 and 66 mW for the proposed Class E/F2 and inverse Class‐‐F PAs, respectively, while their active sizes are 0.14 and 0.2 mm2.
Weighted cluster in mobile ad hoc network using enhanced long short‐term memory‐based squid game optimizer concept
Authors: Udhayamoorthi Marannan , Prabakar Devadoss , Karthikeyan Annadurai
Published: April 2024

A collection of autonomous frameworks will most likely make up a wireless mobile network. They are not solely dependent on a wireless network with no established infrastructure. In the mobile ad hoc network, it is highly challenging to safeguard the viability of the cluster head (CH) within a cluster; therefore, this research provides a big scope for routing utilizing enhanced long short‐term memory–squid game optimizer (ELSTM‐SGO). The quality of service attribute of the nodes determines which CH is chosen within them. How long the CH will hold will depend on the weight applied to it. The best CH is chosen using an ELSTM‐SGO routing method within a cluster, and the best CH will improve the routing. The three procedures that make up the developed ELSTM‐SGO protocol are SGO, CH selection, and cluster's gateway. The wireless system's energy consumption, buffer size, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead and end‐to‐end delay throughput represent the characteristics used in the suggested approach. Weighted clustering approach is evaluated on the system. According to the results of the experimental research, ELSTM‐SGO yields superior results for preserving the resiliency of the CH.
Optimizing Mobile Ad Hoc Network cluster based routing: Energy prediction via improved deep learning technique
Authors: Murugan V. Senthil , Unhelkar Bhuvan
Published: April 2024

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANETs) are indeed autonomous, fast‐deployable wireless networks that are ideal for communications in areas with limited radio infrastructure, outdoor events, military operations, and disaster relief. But the primary problem is with routing because of the nodes' mobility. This paper proposes a cluster‐based routing under energy prediction via deep learning techniques. Here, proposes a new model termed as Concatenation of Convolutional with Max‐Avg Pooling layer in Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CCMAP‐DCNN) for energy prediction, in which additional layers are inserted into the extant DCNN structure to ensure the effectiveness of energy prediction. As a result, clusters are created by grouping the nodes together. Constraints like energy, trust, distance, and latency are taken into account while choosing the cluster leader. For cluster head selection and optimal routing, proposes a new hybrid Namib Beetle Upgraded Jellyfish Search Optimization (NBUJSO) algorithm that utilizes the NBO strategy to the JSO algorithm making the selection process more optimal. The best route is then chosen by the optimum routing method, which takes into account variables like network quality and mobility to send data packets from source to destination as efficiently as possible. Finally, the data aggregation process is followed for eliminating the redundant transmission.
Fractionation of edible fats—Separation of fat‐covered particles by decanter centrifuge
Authors: Kyrimlidou Myrofora , Terstegen Tim Alexander , Parisi Alessandra , Wagner Leonie , Rudolph‐Flöter Susanne Eva Johanne , Flöter Eckhard
Published: April 2024

This work investigates the feasibility of using a decanter centrifuge to separate solid particles coated with a high melting fat from a liquid oil. The process involves feeding cold silica particles into a melt, upon which the hardstock fat crystallizes, and the particles are subsequently separated using a decanter centrifuge. Being the first attempt for such a design, only the separation step is studied, and a model system is used. It comprised canola oil (CO), fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil a priori crystallized on silica gel particles. Different particle sizes and accelerations of gravity were studied. To measure the success of this separation process, the data from light microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry of the feed, oleins, and stearins were used. The findings show that the separation of the fatty particles used in this work, and liquid oil in decanter centrifuges is feasible while future research should focus on the crystallization part of the process. The model developed to describe the oil‐holding capacity of the cake focuses on the capillary liquid entrapped in the spaces between the particles and sufficiently represents the experimental findings which show that separation efficiencies increase with increasing centrifugal acceleration.

Practical Applications: This work introduces an alternative fat fractionation process by separating a model system of CO, FHRO, and solid entrainers through a decanter centrifuge. The results can be potentially used for the development of a fully continuous dry fractionation process, which can achieve in one step higher SE than the conventional ones and can be tripalmitate‐selective.
Transition Metal Selenides for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wu Zhong
Published: April 2024

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential to the water splitting and CO2 reduction reactions, while this reaction is kinetically sluggish and demands the efficient electrocatalyst. Transition metal selenides (TMSes) have gained greater attention as nonprecious metal‐based electrocatalysts due to their low cost, earth abundance, and high efficiency. Typically, TMSe can exhibit superior OER activity to their counterparts such as hydroxides/oxyhydroxides and sulfides. As such, their unique way to boost the catalytic activity is intriguing to researchers and many studies have been recently carried out. The last decades have witnessed the rapid development of TMSe‐based electrocatalysts in design and preparation for OER. However, there is still no exclusive review summarizing the recent development of this material for OER electrocatalysis. Herein, this article underscores the significant promise of TMSes in advancing the field of high‐performance OER electrocatalysts. The research progress is summarized and the importance of strategies to improve the performance of selenide electrodes including multimetal composite, hybrid composite with carbonaceous materials, morphological engineering, heterostructure engineering, and vacancies engineering is emphasized. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities concerning the improvement of TMSe electrocatalysts are outlined, which are essential for their further application in electrochemical energy conversion.
A reduced smoothed integration scheme of the cell‐based smoothed finite element method for solving fluid–structure interaction on severely distorted meshes
Authors: He Tao , Lu Fang‐Xing , Ma Xi
Published: April 2024

This article describes an inexpensive partitioned coupling strategy for computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI) admitting negative‐Jacobian elements. The emphasis is very much on a reduced smoothed integration (RSI) scheme of the cell‐based smoothed finite element method (CSFEM) using four‐node quadrilateral (Q4) elements for a cost‐effective solution to the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. In the discrete fluid field, each Q4 element is considered as one single smoothing cell so as to diminish the smoothed integration loops substantially. However, the RSI scheme does not respect the stability condition of smoothed Galerkin weak‐form integral in the CSFEM. To tackle this issue, a simple hourglass control is introduced to the under‐integrated formulation of the NS solver. Importantly, the stabilized RSI scheme has an inbuilt advantage of its enormous tolerance towards negative‐Jacobian elements. The developed technique is easy‐to‐implement and has been tested in various FSI examples adopting both fine and distorted meshes.
Challenges and countermeasures for China's centralised volume‐based procurement policy in healthcare
Authors: Chang Qi , Tian Yihui , Gao Lingyun , Xia Nan
Published: April 2024

To reduce the cost of healthcare expenditures in China, the government has developed a centralised volume‐based procurement (CVBP) policy for medicines and medical consumables. Based on tracking the development history of centralised procurement in China, this study explores China's CVBP model. By comparing the centralised procurement models and healthcare expenditure data among China, the United States (U.S), the United Kingdom (UK), and Singapore, we find that China still faces many challenges in implementing the CVBP policy. The main challenges are as follows. First, the policy cannot be guaranteed the effectiveness of implementation without a well‐coordinated regulatory mechanism. Second, the CVBP rules and quality evaluation standards are imperfect. Third, the interests of healthcare companies cannot be guaranteed. Fourth, the policy affects the benefits of medical institutions, and the government has not built a compensation mechanism for medical institutions. Fifth, it poses a challenge to the operational capacity and innovation level of Chinese companies. Therefore, this paper posits a three‐stage strategy and nine measures that could benefit China's progress in implementing the CVBP policy.
Estimating transmissivity and storativity in a karst aquifer by direct and indirect methods
Authors: Pena Matheus Alonso Castelo , de Paula Rodrigo Sérgio , Velasquez Leila Nunes Menegasse , Neto Wallace Maciel Pacheco
Published: April 2024

The karst aquifer located in the Environmental Protection Area of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, exhibits the characteristic morphological features of an evolved karst environment, including large caves, sinkholes, and copious springs. Understanding the hydrogeological characteristics of karst aquifers is crucial for effective management of public resources and prevention of contamination, as these aquifers are highly vulnerable, making it essential to identify and mitigate potential risks. Given the ongoing economic and population growth in this region, the assessment of the hydrogeological parameters that control the dynamics of local flow becomes relevant for the proper evaluation of hydrogeological models and the management of water resources. Four classical pumping test analysis methods were compared to quantify the flow and storativity of the aquifer: Theis (1935), Neuman (1972), Moench (1984), and Agarwal (1980). In addition, indirect estimation methods based on the identification of capture zones and the analysis of recession curves of water courses were employed, since these approaches are cheaper and easier to apply in areas with low information. The statistical analysis of the results suggests that classical solutions can be applied to the karst aquifer to estimate hydrogeological parameters, apart from the Storage Coefficient obtained using the Neuman method. In general, the indirect estimation methods tend to produce values that are consistent with those obtained through direct methods, albeit with some reservations. The transmissivity values obtained from the pumping tests were approximately 3.0 × 10−4 m2/s, while the storage coefficient is estimated to be around 3.7 × 10−3. The indirect estimation methods yield transmissivity values of about 1.8 × 10−4 m2/s using the capture zone method, and storage coefficient values of 4.0 × 10−3 and 3.9 × 10−2 using recession curve analysis.
The effect of fertilizer injection on the mixing patterns of lateral‐move sprinkler irrigation systems with double wings
Authors: Zhang Yisheng , Li Jie , Wang Huiliang
Published: April 2024

In irrigation systems, water–fertilizer mixing within pipelines profoundly affects the fertilization process and strategy development. Taking irrigation machine pipelines as the research object, a numerical simulation method is used to investigate the mixing and distribution patterns of water and fertilizer in pipelines under a steady oscillatory flow fertilization mode with different injection positions, angles, flow rates (Q) and fertilization ratios (δ). Increasing the flow rate initially increased the fertilizer concentration in the lateral pipes, but further increasing the mainline central injection flow rate significantly reduced the concentration in the lateral pipes. For δ = 2%, elevating Q from 6 to 8 m3/h increased the average fertilizer concentration in the lateral pipes by 0.4%. However, a subsequent increase to Q = 10 m3/h led to a 1% decrease. In left‐side injection, lateral pipes on the same side as the injection pipe had considerably higher concentrations than those on the opposite side. In central injection, larger inclination angles increase the lateral pipe fertilizer concentration, while in left‐side injection, 60°‐downward injection results in the best lateral pipe fertilizer concentration. The above‐mentioned results can provide valuable insights for the design of injection ports on lateral‐move sprinkler irrigation systems.
Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle technology for environmental monitoring: Future trends, methods, and applications
Authors: Li Yunting , Li Xing‐Zhou
Published: April 2024

This paper provides an overview of the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in environmental monitoring, with a focus on air pollution surveillance. Initially, the paper highlights the significance of UAV technology for real‐time air quality monitoring in developing countries and explores the characteristics of fixed‐wing and multirotor UAVs in monitoring air pollutants. It then delves into methods of measuring air pollutants using UAV platforms, including the three‐dimensional distribution of pollutants around roadsides, green belts, and street‐facing communities. The advantages of UAV measurements, such as lower costs, greater flexibility, and the ability to monitor in three dimensions, are emphasized. Finally, the paper discusses future trends in the field of environmental monitoring using UAVs, including technological advancements, evolving regulatory policies, and integration with other technologies like Artificial Intelligence, big data analytics, and 5G communication. These developments suggest an increasingly significant role for UAVs in environmental monitoring, enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and contributing to public participation and environmental awareness. However, due to the delays in publication and review processes, the most recent studies may not have been included in the literature review, leading to a scenario where the review might not reflect the latest research trends.
ART history prior to conception: trends and association with postpartum disengagement from HIV care in Khayelitsha, South Africa (2013–2019): a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Phillips Tamsin Kate , Kassanjee Reshma , Maxwell Nicola , Anderson Kim , Johnson Leigh , Moolla Haroon , Myer Landon , Chi Benjamin H. , Euvrard Jonathan , Boulle Andrew , Davies Mary‐Ann , Cornell Morna , de Waal Renee
Published: April 2024

Introduction

In recent years, the expansion of HIV treatment eligibility has resulted in an increase in people with antiretroviral therapy (ART) experience prior to pregnancy but little is known about postpartum engagement in care in this population. We examined differences in disengagement from HIV care after delivery by maternal ART history before conception.

Methods

We analysed data from people living with HIV (aged 15–49) in Khayelitsha, South Africa, with ≥1 live birth between April 2013 and March 2019. We described trends over time in ART history prior to estimated conception, classifying ART history groups as: (A) on ART with no disengagement (>270 days with no evidence of HIV care); (B) returned before pregnancy following disengagement; (C) restarted ART in pregnancy after disengagement; and (D) ART new start in pregnancy. We used Kaplan–Meier curves and proportional‐hazards models (adjusted for maternal age, number of pregnancy records and year of delivery) to examine the time to disengagement from delivery to 2 years postpartum.

Results

Among 7309 pregnancies (in 6680 individuals), the proportion on ART (A) increased from 19% in 2013 to 41% in 2019. The proportions of those who returned (B) and restarted (C) increased from 2% to 13% and from 2% to 10%, respectively. There was a corresponding decline in the proportion of new starts (D) from 77% in 2013 to 36% in 2019. In the first recorded pregnancy per person in the study period, 26% (95% CI 25–27%) had disengaged from care by 1 year and 34% (95% CI 33–36%) by 2 years postpartum. Individuals who returned (B: aHR 2.10, 95% CI 1.70–2.60), restarted (C: aHR 3.32, 95% CI 2.70–4.09) and newly started ART (D: aHR 2.41, 95% CI 2.12–2.74) had increased hazards of postpartum disengagement compared to those on ART (A).

Conclusions

There is a growing population of people with ART experience prior to conception and postpartum disengagement varies substantially by ART history. Antenatal care presents an important opportunity to understand prior ART experiences and an entry into interventions for strengthened engagement in HIV care.
Dietary management for pyridoxine‐dependent epilepsy due to α‐aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, a follow‐on from the international consortium guidelines
Authors: Dixon Marjorie , Millington Chloe , Bernstein Laurie , Coughlin Curtis R. , Drumm Morgan , Gaughan Sommer , van Karnebeek Clara D. M. , van Wegberg Annemiek M. J.
Published: April 2024

Pyridoxine‐dependent epilepsy (PDE‐ALDH7A1) is a neurometabolic disorder in the lysine metabolism pathway. In 2014 and 2021, the International PDE consortium published consensus guidelines about diagnosis and management. In this follow‐on, a literature review was performed and nutrition management was evaluated through an international dietary questionnaire with 40 respondents. This manuscript discusses consensus dietary statements and the practical provision of lysine reduction therapies. Results from the questionnaire, statements from the PDE consensus guidelines, new data from the literature, as well as clinical practice experience of the metabolic dietitian group form the basis of these updated practical diet recommendations. These dietary management recommendations can support dietitians, nutritionists, and physicians in initiation and monitoring of lysine reduction therapies for PDE‐ALDH7A1 patients and families.
Immune features revealed by single‐cell RNA and single‐cell TCR/BCR sequencing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving COVID‐19 booster vaccination
Authors: Fan Yong , Huang Siyuan , Wu Duo , Chu Ming , Zhao Juan , Zhang Jiaying , Wang Yu , Gui Yanni , Ye Xiaofei , Wang Guiqiang , Geng Yan , Wang Yuedan , Zhang Zhuoli
Published: April 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, have profoundly affected human health. Booster COVID‐19 vaccines have demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing infection and severe cases. However, the effects of booster COVID‐19 vaccines on key immune cell subsets and their responses in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are not well understood. By using single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) combined with scTCR/BCR‐seq analysis, a total of 8 major and 27 minor cell clusters were identified from paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which were collected 1 week before and 4 weeks after booster vaccination in stable RA patients. Booster vaccination only had limited impact on the composition and proportions of PBMCs cell clusters. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CD8+T_CTL) showed a trend toward an increase after vaccination, while naive B cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) showed a trend toward a decrease. Transcriptomic changes were observed after booster vaccination, primarily involving T/B cell receptor signaling pathways, phagosome, antigen processing and presenting, and viral myocarditis pathways. Interferon (IFN) and pro‐inflammatory response gene sets were slightly upregulated across most major cell subpopulations in COVID‐19 booster‐vaccinated RA individuals. Plasma neutralizing antibody titers significantly increased after booster COVID‐19 vaccination (p = 0.037). Single‐cell TCR/BCR analysis revealed increased B cell clone expansion and repertoire diversity postvaccination, with no consistent alterations in T cells. Several clonotypes of BCRs and TCRs were identified to be significantly over‐represented after vaccination, such as IGHV3‐15 and TRBV28. Our study provided a comprehensive single‐cell atlas of the peripheral immune response and TCR/BCR immune repertoire profiles to inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 booster vaccination in RA patients, which helps us to understand vaccine‐induced immune responses better.
An empirical analysis of process improvement from best practice adoption: A study of stroke care best practices
Authors: Lee Brandon , Fredendall Lawrence , Roth Aleda , Sternberg Shannon , Quiroga Bernardo F.
Published: April 2024

This study empirically examines how induced learning through adopting a set of best practices and learning‐by‐doing improved a hospital's care of ischemic stroke patients using ad hoc teams. While previous studies in healthcare operations management conducted in ad hoc team environments predominantly focused on volume‐based learning (learning by doing, team familiarity via interactions among team members), our study focuses on induced learning in ad hoc teams through best practice adoptions. The analysis uses secondary data (Data period: January 2009–March 2017) about stroke patients from a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) in a U.S. tertiary teaching hospital as it adopted the U.S. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) Target:Stroke best practices. The ad hoc stroke teams provide the initial care and their performance is measured using “Door‐to‐Needle (DTN)” time and its sub‐time segments. The DTN time is measured as the time elapsed between the stroke patient's arrival at the hospital's emergency department (ED) and the appropriate infusion of “Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)” (i.e., a thrombolytic medication informally referred to as a “clot buster”). We found that adopting these best practices improved ischemic stroke care beyond improvement due to repetition. We also found that the neurologist's recent experience providing stroke care for the prior patient is positively associated with meeting the time performance goal for the current patient. This study provides insights into the use of management mechanisms to adopt and sustain best practices in healthcare that are generalizable to other organizations with ad hoc team environments.
Bone union‐promoting effect of romosozumab in an ovariectomized rat posterolateral lumbar fusion model
Authors: Okuyama Kohei , Inage Kazuhide , Kim Geundong , Mukaihata Tomohito , Tajiri Ikuko , Shiga Yasuhiro , Inoue Masahiro , Eguchi Yawara , Suzuki‐Narita Miyako , Otagiri Takuma , Tsuchiya Ryuto , Hishiya Takahisa , Arai Takahito , Toshi Noriyasu , Tokeshi Soichiro , Tashiro Susumu , Ohyama Shuhei , Suzuki Noritaka , Furuya Takeo , Maki Satoshi , Nakamura Junichi , Hagiwara Shigeo , Kawarai Yuuya , Aoki Yasuchika , Kotani Toshiaki , Koda Masao , Takahashi Hiroshi , Akazawa Tsutomu , Ohtori Seiji , Orita Sumihisa
Published: April 2024

Spinal fixation surgery has been increasingly performed in patients with osteoporosis. Romosozumab, a drug that was introduced in Japan recently, is known to possibly promote bone healing. However, few studies have reported the therapeutic effects of romosozumab in clinical practice in Japan. Therefore, here, we investigated the effects of romosozumab dosage on bone fusion promotion using an ovariectomized rat spinal fusion model. Eight‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were matched by body weight and divided into three groups: 1.0 romosozumab (R) group (Evenity®, 25 mg/kg), 1/10R group (Evenity®, 2.5 mg/kg), and control (C) group (saline). Subcutaneous injections were administered twice a week for 8 weeks postoperatively. Computed tomography scans were performed every 2 weeks from the time of surgery till 8 weeks postoperatively. The mean fusion rates in terms of volume were significantly higher in the R groups [1/10R, 1.0R] than in the C group from 4 weeks postoperatively. The rate of increase was significantly higher in the 1.0R group from 4 weeks postoperatively and in the 1/10R group from 6 weeks postoperatively, than in the C group. The proportion of trabecular bone area was approximately 1.5 times higher in the R groups than in the C group. No significant differences were observed between the R groups. Our results suggest that romosozumab stimulates bone growth at the graft site, and similar effects were achieved at 1/10 of the standard dosage.
Effect mechanism of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in chili on the oxidative stability of myoglobin in duck meat
Authors: Wu Ruifang , Xie Yuqing , Zhao Lingling , Fu Caiqi , He Wenjie , Guo Danjun , Xu Wei , Yi Yang , Wang Hongxun
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Myoglobin (Mb) in duck meat is commonly over‐oxidized when heated at high temperatures, which may worsen the color of the meat. Enhancing the oxidative stability of Mb is essential for improving the color of duck meat. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin (CA‐DI) in chili exhibit antioxidant properties. This study investigated the effects of CA‐DI on the structure and oxidative damage of Mb by fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry analysis and particle size in duck meat during heat treatment.

RESULTS

When the ratio of CA‐DI to Mb was 10:1 g kg−1 and heat‐treated for 36 min, oxymyoglobin significantly increased, and metmyoglobin significantly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In parallel, the carbonyl content of Mb in the CA‐DI group decreased by 43.40 ± 0.10%, the sulfhydryl content increased by 188 ± 0.21%, and the free radical scavenging activity of Mb was significantly enhanced (P < 0.05). Moreover, the addition of CA‐DI resulted in a significant decrease in the particle size of the Mb surface (P < 0.05). When the ratio of CA‐DI to Mb was 10:1 g kg−1, CA‐DI enhanced the thermal stability and significantly increased the thermal denaturation temperature of Mb. The molecular docking results indicated that hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds were involved in the binding of CA‐DI to Mb.

CONCLUSION

CA‐DI could combine with Mb and improve the oxidation stability of Mb in duck meat. This suggested that CA‐DI could be a potential natural antioxidant that improves the color of meat products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Micro and nanoplastics pollution: A review on global concern and its impacts on ecosystems
Authors: Sharma Sonkeshwar , Barman Tanay , Mishra Gaurav , Kumar Amit
Published: April 2024

In recent decades, the ubiquity of micro and nanoplastics (MNPs) pollution has emerged as a global concern due to its potential risks to both ecological and human health. The detrimental effects of MNPs have resulted in significant changes in the physicochemical and biological properties of terrestrial soil and benthic sediment. These alterations have led to a disrupted nutrient cycle, potential future climate hazards, and further impacts on ecosystem services. This review aims to discuss the possible origins, composition, abundance, life cycle, and transport processes of MNPs in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It seeks to understand the potential ecological and human health risks associated with MNPs pollution and explores their implications for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. Moreover, this review highlights the advanced analytical techniques used to detect and quantify MNPs. It further suggests policy frameworks to combat this pollution in natural environments. The findings of this review are intended to assist environmentalists, microbiologists, hydrologists, and policymakers in identifying scientific gaps and pragmatic solutions to reduce MNPs pollution. Future research should investigate the intake mechanism and impact of MNPs on plants in different ecosystems, as well as their effects on food chains and human health. This will ensure that the ecological and human health risks associated with MNPs pollution can be timely mitigated.