bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and simulation of deactivation process of favipiravir in a pharmaceutical wastewater system
Authors: Thongsubsai Kananan , Ousamanee Sitthinon , Pimsamarn Jindarat , Macharoen Kantharakorn
Published: May 2024

Favipiravir (FPV) has been widely used to treat COVID-19 patients in many countries, including Thailand, owing to its potent antiviral activity. Consequently, the wastewater discharged from the formulation process contains a significant amount of active pharmaceutical ingredients that could be harmful to humans and animals if released into the environment without proper treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a deactivation process for FPV present in wastewater using SuperPro Designer Version 10 program. The deactivation processes were classified as two cases: case I (base case) using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 10% v/v and case II using ozone at 16 g/L. Each case was separated into a subcase A, representing the lack of a filtration unit, and subcase B, representing the use of a filtration unit. The operations used in this study can be characterized as the deactivation unit, neutralization unit, and filtration unit, selected from the equipment available at CRPMF. The simulation results showed that case IIA (with ozone and without filtration) provided the greatest deactivation of FPV per year (65,661 kg/year) but required higher annual investment and operating costs. Meanwhile, case IA (with NaOCl and without filtration) demonstrated an FPV deactivation of 49,243 kg per year, with a cost seven times lower than that of case IIA. In summary, the simulation and cost analysis information were provided to assist CRPMF and other pharmaceutical manufacturers in selecting the scenario that is best suited for the annual capacity of antiviral drug formulation.
Comparison of fish skins as alternative biological skin models for skin permeability study
Authors: Tansathien Kritsanaporn , Opanasopit Praneet , Patrojanasophon Prasopchai , Kumpugdee-Vollrath Mont
Published: May 2024

Animal skins are generally used instead of human skin to evaluate drug percutaneous permeation due to ethical and practical reasons. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using fish skins, including trout (Salmo trutta), Norwegian salmon (Salmo salar), BIO salmon (Salmo salar), and bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) as alternatives. Caffeine was selected as a model drug. The Franz-diffusion apparatus was used for in vitro skin permeation test, evaluating parameters such as cumulative permeation profile, permeation flux, permeation coefficient, and lag-time. Skin composition was determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that bighead catfish skin exhibited the highest cumulative caffeine permeation, while Norwegian salmon skin closely matched the skin permeability parameters of Strat-M®. Based on the permeability parameters and barrier compositions, Norwegian salmon skin demonstrated characteristics similar to Strat-M®.
Vascular and perfusion density in superficial capillary plexus of macula as a biomarker for appearance of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Koseva Darina , Hristova Elitsa , Zlatarova Zornitsa
Published: May 2024

Diabetic alteration of the retinal microenvironment causes damage to the retinal vessels. Biomarkers such as vessel density and perfusion density, measured using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), may help detect early signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and track disease progression. In our study, we categorized 212 individuals into 2 groups: Group I (75 healthy individuals) and Group II (137 people with diabetes). All participants underwent comprehensive eye examinations, including OCT-A with AngioPlex™ system. The measurements taken of the superficial retinal capillary plexus included vessel and perfusion density. Our findings showed that vessel and perfusion densities in the central, inner, and outer ETDRS fields, as well as the full macular area, decreased with age. Notably, vessel and perfusion densities in the inner, outer, and full ETDRS macular areas in diabetic patients with mild DR were significantly lower, compared to those in healthy subjects. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of vessel and perfusion densities as biomarkers for early diabetic retinopathy. However, it is important to note that their reduction does not precede clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy.
Encouraging Community Participation in Maintaining and Developing Kalibaru Village Infrastructure through Socialisation
Authors: Rustan Fathur Rahman , Masgode Muhammad Buttomi , Puspaningtyas Retno , Hidayat Arman , Dirgantara Arya , Purnama Haerul , La Ola Mursalim Ninoy , Prasetyo Bagus Eko , Mansyur Mansyur , La Ode Al Tafakur
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to investigate the role of socialisation in promoting community participation in the maintenance and development of Kalibaru village infrastructure. A qualitative and case study approach was used to explore effective socialisation strategies in the context of rural infrastructure development in Indonesia, with a focus on Kalibaru village. The results of this activity show that socialisation programmes relevant to local needs and with a deep understanding of the community context can increase the active participation of the community in maintaining and developing Kalibaru village infrastructure. Factors such as the involvement of village officials, community awareness, and availability of resources also play an important role in the success of the socialisation programme. The recommendations include increasing community participation through more targeted and measurable socialisation strategies. Additionally, it is important to establish synergy between the community and the government in sustainable village development efforts.
The Influence of Organizational Justice and Perceptions of Organizational Support on Organizational Commitment in PPPK Lecturer Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka
Authors: Dwi Ananda Saleeha Febriyani , Tabara Reijeng , Astaginy Niar
Published: May 2024

This research aims to determine: (1) The influence of Organizational Justice on Organizational Commitment among PPPK lecturers at Sembilanbelas November University, Kolaka. (2) The influence of perceived organizational support on organizational commitment among PPPK lecturers at Sembilanbelas November University, Kolaka. This research uses a quantitative method approach. Data collection in this research used interviews, literature studies, and distributing questionnaires. The population of this study were all PPPK employees at Sembilanbelas November University, Kolaka, while the sample for this study was 53 people. The data analysis technique used in this research is testing the measurement model (outer model) and testing the structural model (inner model) with Smart PLS 4.0. Based on the research results, it is known that there is a positive and significant influence between the Organizational Justice variables as shown by the P-Value of 0.021. Meanwhile, the variable Perception of organizational support has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment as indicated by the P-Value value of 0.000
Misi Gereja Katolik Bagi Konsep Ketuhanan Suku Tetun Nai Maromak Refleksi Analisis Misi bagi Fenomena Budaya
Authors: Alfrid Mali
Published: May 2024

Abstract
 
This paper raises the concept of the Godhead of the Tetun tribe as reflected by the mission of the Catholic Church. The concept of Nai Maromak in the culture of the Tetun tribe, which is very animistic, has become the concept of divinity in the Catholic Church, which leads to Jesus Christ. The concept of the Godhead of the Tetun tribe has fundamental similarities with the concept of the Godhead of the Catholic Church. With the mission of the Church up to the cultural life of the Tetun tribe, it can bring together and direct the teachings of the Church on the concept of God. The animist concept of Nai Maromak was brought into contact with the mission of the Church to the concept of God that is recognized by the world in the Catholic Church. The process of this paper is more directed to a reflection on the analysis of the mission of the Church for the cultural phenomenon of the Tetun tribe, especially regarding the concept of God. This reflection of the analysis of the Church’s mission describes the concept of divinity in a culture that is reflected in the view of the teachings of the Catholic Church so that we can find an inculturative concept of divinity. The results of this analytical reflection are very helpful for Tetun people in living the faith of the Church, especially Jesus is Nai Maromak.
Keywords: mission, Nai Maromak, Tetun people, concept of godhead.
 
Abstrak
 
Tulisan ini mengangkat mengenai Konsep Ketuhanan suku Tetun yang direfleksi oleh misi Gereja Katolik. Konsep Nai Maromak dalam budaya suku Tetun yang sangat animisme menjadi konsep ketuhanan dalam Gereja Katolik yakni mengarah kepada Yesus Kristus. Konsep ketuhanan budaya suku Tetun mempunyai kesamaan fundamental dengan konsep Ketuhanan agama Katolik. Dengan adanya misi Gereja Katolik sampai pada kehidupan berbudaya Suku Tetun bisa mempertemukan dan mengarahkan kepada ajaran Gereja Katolik mengenai konsep Ketuhanan. Konsep Nai Maromak yang animisme digiring dalam perjumpaan dengan misi Gereja Katolik kepada Konsep Ketuhanan yang diakui dunia dalam Gereja Katolik. Proses tulisan ini lebih mengarah kepada refleksi analisis Misi Gereja Katolik bagi Fenomena Budaya Suku Tetun khususnya mengenai konsep Ketuhanan. Refleksi analisis misi Gereja ini mengurai tentang konsep ketuhanan dalam budaya yang direfleksikan menurut
pandangan ajaran Gereja Katolik, sehingga bisa menemukan konsep ketuhanan yang inkulturatif. Hasil dari refleksi analisis ini sangat membantu orang orang Tetun dalam menghayati iman Gereja Katolik khususnya Yesus adalah Nai Maromak.
Religiusitas Tradisi Hudoq - Dayak Bahau dan Krisis Ekologis dalam Perspektif Laudato Si
Authors: Agustinus Masterinus Laka Meko  , Nani Indah Lestari
Published: May 2024

Kajian ini menelisik hubungan antara ekologi dan identitas keagamaan masyarakat Dayak Bahau di Hudoq. Antara manusia dan alam, terdapat mata rantai yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Ketika kita berbicara tentang orang Dayak, pada saat yang sama kita berbicara tentang alam. Dari kodrat itulah orang Dayak Bahau menemukan jati dirinya. Ketika modernisasi masuk dan merasuki pembangunan yang tidak ramah lingkungan, terjadilah krisis ekologis. Krisis identitas dan makna pun terjadi. Metode penelitian ini adalah kajian literatur dengan cara membaca, mendeskripsikan, menganalisis dan membuat refleksi implikatif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, pertama, adalah mengajak setiap orang untuk kembali dan mencari jati diri dalam budaya lokal, khususnya dalam konteks hudoq. Di sisi lain, kedua, dari sudut pandang Laudato Si Surat Apostolik Paus Fransiskus, transformasi kehidupan diperlukan ketika berhadapan dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang kerap disalahgunakan untuk mengeksploitasi alam dan budaya manusia. Semua orang diajak untuk membangun kehidupan yang berintegritas, yaitu mengenal jati diri dan tumbuh dalam kesejahteraan.
Penghayatan Iman Katolik Mahasiswa Papua Di Tengah Masyarakat Urban Di Kota Malang dalam Terang Teologi Budaya Tanding Stephen B. Bevans
Authors: Gregorius Avi
Published: May 2024

Fokus penelitian ini adalah penghayatan Iman Katolik Mahasiswa Papua di tengah Masyarakat Urban di Kota Malang dalam terang teologi Budaya Tanding Stephen B. Bevans. Semua orang yang dibaptis atau Kristen dipanggil untuk menjadi saksi atau misionaris Kristus kepada dunia. Mereka diutus ke tengah dunia untuk mewartakan kabar gembira dengan menampilkan hidup kontra semangat duniawi yang mengedepankan kasih, pengampunan, dan persaudaraan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1). Memahami panggilan umum orang Kristiani dan menggali lebih dalam pergulatan iman mahasiswa Papua di tengah masyarakat urban di kota Malang; 2). Untuk memahami konsep teologi kontekstual budaya tanding Stephen B. Bevans dan relevansi bagi umat beriman; 3). Bagaimana peran Gereja di kota Malang dalam merangkul dan mewujudkan semangat solidaritas bagi mahasiswa dari luar pulau secara khusus untuk mahasiswa dari Papua. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif (studi kepustakaan) dan in-depth interview (wawancara mendalam) dengan beberapa mahasiswa dari Papua. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan fenomenologis karena menyangkut pengalaman konkret subyek yang diteliti. Temuan (founding) dari penelitian ini adalah 1). Mahasiswa Papua Katolik cenderung eksklusif atau tertutup oleh karena maraknya perilaku rasis terhadap mereka; 2). Mahasiswa Papua belum mampu beradaptasi dengan kehidupan masyarakat urban di kota Malang; 3). Belum ada pelayanan pastoral khusus untuk mahasiswa dari Papua.
Éduqués par la ville : la pensée de Walter Benjamin et le cinéma de Federico Fellini comme pédagogies de la nostalgie
Authors: Robichaud Arianne
Published: May 2024

Cet article s’intéresse à une forme particulière d’expérience éducative, soit l’expérience pédagogique de la ville et sa représentation dans deux oeuvres : Enfance berlinoise vers 1900 de Walter Benjamin et Amarcord de Federico Fellini. J’aimerais montrer, d’abord, comment certaines expériences racontées par Benjamin ou mises en scène par Fellini renvoient à une philosophie de l’éducation par l’en-dehors, soit à une conception de la ville comme altérité éducatrice, comme entité formatrice. Cette idée s’attache notamment à ce que certains appellent une pédagogie urbaine (Stephen Dobson) ou une pédagogie pauvre (Jan Masschelein), c’est-à-dire une forme pédagogique au sein de laquelle s’ouvre un espace d’attention et de jeu, de chocs et de déplacements provoqués par notre situation dans un monde extérieur, ici la ville. Je souhaite ensuite, par une analyse les comparant, mettre en lumière une dimension supplémentaire, un autre pouvoir formateur de la ville dans la pensée de Benjamin et le cinéma de Fellini : j’entends présenter la ville comme participant d’une pédagogie de la nostalgie, en d’autres mots comme un système de mémoire qui, au-delà du contact immédiat qu’on en fait dans l’enfance et l’adolescence, continue de nous former comme sujets tout au long de notre existence.
We Aren’t All Integrationists: A Radical Critique of Racial School Integration
Authors: Wheeler-Bell Quentin
Published: May 2024

Since the Second World War, racial integration has been the dominant way of framing racial justice. Those who advocate integration believe that racial justice would be achievable if Blacks were given an equal opportunity to compete on par with Whites. However, racial integration was critiqued most radically and vocally during the 1970s and early 1980s Black Power era. While the Black Power movement never coalesced into a unified critique of integration, it radically shifted debates within the Black public sphere. The attack on Black radicalism and the rise of neoliberalism combined to create a condition in which critiques of capitalism and demands for radical social transformation were increasingly seen as outdated, irrelevant, or a promotion of totalitarianism. This paper focuses on how the ideology of integration manifests in Derrick Darby and John Rury’s (2018) book, The Color of Mind. The ideology of integration is the hegemonic system of explicitly or tacitly held beliefs that misrepresents significant aspects of social reality by assuming that racial justice is solely, or even primarily, about integrating Blacks and other racialized groups into liberal capitalism. Darby and Rury reproduce the ideology of integration by framing racial justice as a fight for integration. To move beyond the ideology of integration, we must seriously engage the Black radical tradition, which requires philosophically reconstructing reasonable, but radical arguments within the Black radical tradition.
Analysing Trophic Competition in †Otodus megalodon and Carcharodon carcharias through 2D-SEM Dental Microwear
Authors: Paredes-Aliaga Maria Victoria , Herraiz José Luis
Published: May 2024

The extinction of the massive apex predator †Otodus megalodon during the Pliocene is a subject of debate, with climate change and emergence of competitors as potential factors, such as Carcharodon carcharias. We explore trophic interactions of †O. megalodon and the C. carcharias by the analysis of dental microwear. For this purpose, high-resolution casts were made from ten megalodon teeth and six white shark teeth. Then, replicas were produced for examination using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Following a previous work on non-occlusal teeth of bony fishes, density and scratch length as well as mean vector were taken into account for the analysis. Our findings revealed that †O. megalodon shows a slight preference for less abrasive diets compared to C. carcharias. However, no significant differences were found in the dental microwear patterns of both species. These results provide additional evidence of a similar trophic spectrum between C. carchariasand †O. megalodon in the Mediterranean Sea basin, contrasting with previous data obtained through texture analysis. However, due to the inability to estimate sizes, we cannot rule out possible ontogenetic dietary differences. Therefore, future studies estimating sizes and incorporating data from other basins could provide more information.
The Ocean Incubator Network (OIN) Living Laboratory and Ocean Literacy Toolkit
Authors: Poto Margherita Paola , Vita Laura , Brown Katrina , Hayden-Nygren Juliana , Heinrich Katharina , Hernández Ant Alba , Kuhn Annegret , Montaña Monoga Ana Maria , Murray Emily Margaret , Pandeva Rada , Panieri Giuliana , Parry Sarah , Peftieva Olena , Prior Tahnee , Quist Sofie Elise
Published: May 2024

The report documents the experience and knowledge gained during the Ocean Incubator Network workshop on Ocean Literacy, led by Margherita Paola Poto and Laura Vita. The event was held at the Arctic House in Copenhagen and funded by UArctic UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, over May 2-4, 2024. The workshop was organized as a dynamic living laboratory facilitating active participation and contribution from the Ocean Incubator Network members. Structured over three days, the workshop’s agenda followed two thematic pathways: connecting with each other and connecting with the ocean. This work resulted from the culmination of a series of preparatory meetings spanning from September 2023 (with a kick-off in Tromsø) to April 2024 (Monthly Coffee Meetings).
Aczel Alsina t-norm and t-conorm-based aggregation operators under linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy setting with application
Authors: Siab Afra , Sajjad Ali Khan Muhammad , Asif Jan Muhammad , Simic Vladimir , Bacanin Nebojsa , Senapati Tapan
Published: May 2024

This article uses the Aczel-Alsina t-norm and t-conorm to make several new linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy aggregation operators. First, we devised some rules for how linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers should work. Then, using these rules as a guide, we created a set of operators, such as linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Aczel-Alsina weighted averaging (LIVIFAAWA) operator, linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Aczel-Alsina weighted geometric (LIVIFAAWG) operator, linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Aczel-Alsina ordered weighted averaging (LIVIFAAOWA) operator, linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Aczel-Alsina ordered weighted geometric (LIVIFAAOWG) operator, linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Aczel-Alsina hybrid weighted averaging (LIVIFAAHWA) operator and linguistic interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Aczel-Alsina hybrid weighted geometric (LIVIFAAHWG) operators are created. Several desirable qualities of the newly created operators are thoroughly studied. Moreover, a multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) method is proposed based on the developed operators. The proposed operators are then applied to real-world decision-making situations to demonstrate their applicability and validity to the reader. Finally, the suggested model is contrasted with the currently employed method of operation.
Genome-wide identification of bHLH gene family and its response to cadmium stress in Populus × canescens
Authors: Yao Yuneng , He Zhengquan , Li Xinmeng , Xu Jing , Han Xiaojiao , Liang Hongwei , Zhuo Renying , Qiu Wenmin
Published: May 2024

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family is integral to various aspects of plant development and the orchestration of stress response. This study focuses on the bHLH genes within Populus × canescens, a poplar species noted for its significant tolerance to cadmium (Cd) stress. Through our comprehensive genomic analysis, we have identified and characterized 170 bHLH genes within the P. canescens genome. These genes have been systematically classified into 22 distant subfamilies based on their evolutionary relationships. A notable conservation in gene structure and motif compositions were conserved across these subfamilies. Further analysis of the promoter regions of these genes revealed an abundance of essential cis-acting element, which are associated with plant hormonal regulation, development processes, and stress response pathway. Utilizing quantitative PCR (qPCR), we have documented the differential regulation of PcbHLHs in response to elevated Cd concentrations, with distinct expression patterns observed across various tissues. This study is poised to unravel the molecular mechanism underpinning Cd tolerance in P. canescens, offering valuable insights for the development of new cultivars with enhanced Cd accumulation capacity and tolerance. Such advancements are crucial for implementing effective phytoremediation strategies to mitigate soil pollution caused by Cd.
MANAGEMENT OF PSORIASIS WITH AYURVEDA: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Naram Smita , Gawali Komal , Parekh Hemang , Naik Ronak
Published: May 2024

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin condition that is immune-mediated, long-lasting, and persistent that alters the life cycle of skin cells. Several factors influence the onset of disease and/or progression. Genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and environmental factors all play a complex role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Many herbs have been shown to be effective in treating psoriasis in Ayurveda; however, due to the disease's complex etiology, a multimodal approach to treatment is necessary. This study reports a 40-year-old male patient with scalp psoriasis who presented with erythema, plaques, and itching on the scalp and both hands. The treatment protocol was adopted by Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa to counteract the pathophysiology. The patient had significant results with this treatment. The importance of diet regimens is also reaccredited. Photographic documentation was taken with the patient's consent during subsequent treatments and routine follow-ups. A chronic case of psoriasis was treated with multimodal Ayurvedic medicine, resulting in a rapid and significant recovery.
EFFECT OF YOGA ON PHYSICAL HEALTH IN OVERWEIGHT INDIVIDUALS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BODY COMPOSITION ANALYSER
Authors: Reddy Pinnamareddy Spoorthi , J Sunayana , Kulkarni Prasanna , BV Priyanka , Goud Kiran M.
Published: May 2024

Overweight or obesity is a significant concern in current scenario, it has been the most significant contributor of ill health than infectious diseases and undernutrition. Previous studies on yoga suggest that regular practice of yoga fulfils all 3 aims of weight loss management namely weight reduction, prevention of weight regain and maintenance of the target BMI along with long term efficacy. This study investigates the impact of yoga on physical health in overweight individuals, with a specific focus on body composition. Utilizing a well-defined methodology, the study enlisted overweight participants for a structured yoga regimen. Body composition analysis was conducted pre and post-intervention to assess changes in weight, fat percentage, and muscle mass. The results indicate significant improvements in participants' physical health metrics, suggesting yoga as a feasible intervention for weight management. This research contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting yoga's beneficial effects in managing overweight and obesity-related health issues.
CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF KALA AND ITS APPLIED ASPECTS: A REVIEW
Authors: Manpreet Gahalawat , Preeti Gahalawat , Krishan Kumar
Published: May 2024

In the pool of such fundamental and unique concept is the very important theory of K?la. K?la is the unavoidable and unbeatable element that has relation with all the effects. It is referred to as the "Anyathasiddha Nimitta K?ra?a" and has all the consequences. The factor which enables oneself to functionalize and measure fractions of the duration of particular phenomena in a numerical form may be termed as K?la and that may be restricted to the very beginning of evolution to present day development incorporating hundreds and thousands of intermediary phenomena. According to modern science, between two known simultaneous occurrences there is a lapse of an interval, and that interval is defined as time. As one of the "five themes of research viz. Puru?a (men), Vy?dhi (Diseases) , Au?adha (Medicine), Kriy? (Procedure) and K?la (Time)," ?c?rya Susruta has cited the K?la. The K?la is the root cause of every idea we have in our lives. The physiology, pathophysiology, and drastic cure of disease are all influenced by the K?la. Although Kala is one and nitya, all prevailing continuous and indivisible, different writings mention Kala's Upadhika bhedas (types) for Vyavhara's convenience. The most crucial thing to keep in mind when performing Chikitsa (treatment) is Kala. Purush, the Ayurvedic Adhikaran, is impacted by Kala. On Purush's utpatti (occurrence), sthiti, laya (end), and awastha, Kala has an impact. In this study an attempt has been made to gain the conceptual knowledge of Kala along with focussing on its applied aspects. So that it can’t be neglected during treatment.
Aktuelle Probleme des Vertrauensschutzes, insbesondere gegenüber Rechtsprechungsänderungen
Authors: Haunhorst Sabine
Published: May 2024

Worauf ist (noch) Verlass im Steuerrecht? Kann der Steuerpflichtige darauf vertrauen, dass die für ihn günstige gesetzliche Regelung oder die seinen Rechtsstandpunkt bestätigende höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung Bestand hat? Ist er vor rückwirkenden Gesetzes- oder Rechtsprechungsänderungen geschützt? Was gilt in Bezug auf Verwaltungsvorschriften? Besteht Vertrauensschutz nur, wenn bereits ein Steuerbescheid ergangen ist oder auch darüber hinaus? Diese - und viele andere Fragen - stellen sich in der steuerlichen Praxis. Nicht alle davon sind bereits beantwortet. Während für den Bereich der Steuergesetzgebung die Grundsätze zum Vertrauensschutz bei echter und unechter Rückwirkung durch die Rechtsprechung des BVerfG als weitestgehend geklärt anzusehen sein dürften, sind wesentliche Fragen des Vertrauensschutzes gegenüber einer Änderung der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung noch nicht abschließend beantwortet. Dies gilt insbesondere für jene Fälle, in denen sich der Steuerpflichtige - mangels eines bereits ergangenen Steuerbescheides - nicht auf § 176 AO berufen kann (zum Thema z.B. Heß, DStR 2021, 1905, Fischer, DStR 2008, 697, Hey, DStR 2004, 1897, Levedag, 100 Jahre Steuerrechtsprechung in Deutschland 1918-2018 (FS für den BFH) 2018, 181, Fuchs, StuW 2021, 367).
Rechtsprechungsänderungen und Vertrauensschutz
Authors: Huber Peter M.
Published: May 2024

In kaum einem anderen Rechtsgebiet spielt der Vertrauensschutz eine so zentrale Rolle wie im Steuerrecht. Das liegt nicht zuletzt daran, dass es auch in den 75 Jahren seit Inkrafttreten des Grundgesetzes nicht gelungen ist, den Zugriff des Steuerstaates auf die verfassungsrechtlich geschützten Interessen der Steuerpflichtigen zu bändigen. Vertrauensschutzerwägungen können diese rechtsstaatlichen Lücken bis zu einem gewissen Grad schließen. Dies kann bei Rechtsprechungsänderungen (1.) und der Korrektur einer missliebigen Rechtsprechung durch den Gesetzgeber (2.) relevant werden, nicht aber bei der Änderung von Verwaltungsvorschriften (3.). Der Vorrang der Verfassung und die Einheit der Rechtsordnung setzen einer Sonderdogmatik im Steuerrecht Grenzen (4.).
Aktuelle Probleme des Vertrauensschutzes, insbesondere gegenüber Rechtsprechungsänderungen
Authors: Pohl Dirk
Published: May 2024

Der Verfasser widmet sich insbesondere der Erosion von Vertrauensschutz durch überlange Verfahrensdauern bei den Höchstgerichten und den rückwirkenden Nichtanwendungsgesetzen, mit denen eine Verwaltungsauffassung bestätigt wird. Vertrauensschutz nur bei echter belastender Rückwirkung durch eine geänderte Gerichtsentscheidung ist ihm deutlich zu wenig.
Interaction Trap/Two‐Hybrid System to Identify Interacting Proteins
Authors: Golemis Erica A. , Serebriiskii Ilya , Finley Russell L. , Kolonin (hunt by interaction mating) Mikhail G. , Gyuris Jeno , Brent Roger
Published: April 2011

The yeast two‐hybrid method (or interaction trap) is a powerful technique for detecting protein interactions. The procedure is performed using transcriptional activation of a dual reporter system in yeast to identify interactions between a protein of interest (the bait protein) and the candidate proteins for interaction. The method can be used to screen a protein library for interactions with a bait protein or to test for association between proteins that are expected to interact based on prior evidence. Interaction mating facilitates the screening of a library with multiple bait proteins.Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 55:4.4.1‐4.4.35. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of a Heterozygous Mutant Cell Line by Homologous Recombination (Single Knockout)
Authors: Mortensen Richard
Published: April 2011

Gene targeting by homologous recombination is a powerful and widely used technique for introduction of specific gene mutations (frequently a gene inactivation) in transgenic animals. The basic method detailed in this unit uses sequences homologous to the endogenous gene flanking the mutation. While methods using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and recombineering may be used, in most cases simpler bacterial plasmid clones with several kb of homology are sufficient. This protocol details the strategic factors in designing the constructs for selection and screening for homologous recombination. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 55:4.30.1‐4.30.12. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental Asexual Blood Stage Malaria Immunity
Authors: Amante Fiona H. , Engwerda Christian R. , Good Michael F.
Published: April 2011

Immunity to asexual blood stages of malaria is complex, involving both humoral and cell‐mediated immune mechanisms. The availability of murine models of malaria has greatly facilitated the analysis of immune mechanisms involved in resistance to the asexual blood stages. This unit details the materials and methods required for inducing protective immunity toward experimental blood stage malaria parasites by vaccination, repeated infection, and drug cure, as well as adoptive transfer of antigen‐specific T cells. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 93:19.4.1‐19.4.26. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Early social experience affects behavioral and physiological responsiveness to stressful conditions in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Rommeck Ina , Capitanio John P. , Strand Sarah C. , McCowan Brenda
Published: April 2011

Studies on early development have demonstrated the profound effects of early social experience on the behavioral development and physiology of young rhesus macaques. Given these relationships, we hypothesized that rhesus macaques exposed to different nursery‐rearing conditions may develop unique biobehavioral profiles. If this is true, the assessment of temperament may allow us to pinpoint successful rearing environments, thus improving the overall health of nonhuman primates that are raised in captive environments. We conducted biobehavioral assessments in order to examine differences in the development of infants raised under four different peer‐rearing conditions (continuous pairing (CP), intermittent pairing, CP with partner rotation, and intermittent rotational pairing) and compared these animals with data from a mother‐reared control group. Overall, continuous rotationally paired animals were most similar to mother‐reared controls on most behavioral and temperament measures, suggesting that more socially complex rearing environments (greater number of social partners) favor a more active behavioral style. Cortisol profiles of mother‐reared controls were similar to both CP groups, and these three groups had higher cortisol concentrations than the intermittent rotational‐pairing group. In addition, intermittently paired infants displayed a significantly higher frequency of self‐stroke behavior during a human intruder challenge, an abnormal behavior also known as floating limb which has been shown to be a precursor of self‐biting. Overall, the data are consistent with the idea that social complexity in the nursery, as operationalized in our continuous rotational pairing, leads to a biobehavioral profile that is most similar to that of infants raised by their mothers in large, socially complex, cages. Am. J. Primatol. 73:692–701, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benzothieno[3,2‐e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐c]pyrimidines: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Incorporation into Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Authors: Panchamukhi Shridhar I. , Mulla Jameel Ahmed S. , Shetty Nitinkumar S. , Khazi Mohammed Iqbal A. , Khan Ashraf Y. , Kalashetti Mallikarjun B. , Khazi Imitiyaz Ahmed M.
Published: April 2011

Fused triazolothienopyrimidines were prepared from the corresponding 2‐amino‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene‐3‐carbonitrile. These precursors were intern prepared by employing the Gewald's reaction. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral and analytical data. Title compounds displayed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities. Compound 3h which exhibited good antimicrobial activity was incorporated into SLN and characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE%), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in‐vitro release studies. It showed narrow particle size distribution with high entrapment efficiency. In‐vitro release study of compound loaded SLNs in phosphate buffer of pH 7.4, exhibited a biphasic pattern with an initial burst and prolonged release over 24 h.
Randomized clinical trial of routine on-table cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Br J Surg 2011; 98: 362–367)
Authors: Cockbain A J , Young A L , Toogood G J
Published: April 2011

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Synthesis and Structures of the C5Me4SiMe3‐Supported Polyhydride Complexes over the Full Size Range of the Rare Earth Series
Authors: Nishiura Masayoshi , Baldamus Jens , Shima Takanori , Mori Kyouichi , Hou Zhaomin
Published: April 2011

The acid–base reaction of [Ln(CH2SiMe3)3(thf)2] with Cp′H gave the corresponding half‐sandwich rare earth dialkyl complexes [(Cp′)Ln(CH2SiMe3)2(thf)] (1‐Ln: Ln=Sc, Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu; Cp′=C5Me4SiMe3) in 62–90 % isolated yields. X‐ray crystallographic studies revealed that all of these complexes adopt a similar overall structure, in spite of large difference in metal‐ion size. In most cases, the hydrogenolysis of the dialkyl complexes in toluene gave the tetranuclear octahydride complexes [{(Cp′)Ln(μ‐H)2}4(thf)x] (2‐Ln: Ln=Sc, x=0; Y, x=1; Er, x=1; Tm, x=1; Gd, x=1; Dy, x=1; Ho, x=1) as the only isolable product. However, in the case of Lu, a trinuclear pentahydride [(Cp′)2Lu3(μ‐H)5(μ‐CH2SiMe2C5Me4)(thf)2] (3), in which the CH activation of a methyl group of the Me3Si unit on a Cp′ ligand took place, was obtained as a major product (66 % yield), in addition to the tetranuclear octahydride [{(Cp′)Lu(μ‐H)2}4(thf)] (2‐Lu, 34 %). The use of hexane instead of toluene as a solvent for the hydrogenolysis of 1‐Lu led to formation of 2‐Lu as a major product (85 %), while a similar reaction in THF yielded 3 predominantly (90 %). The tetranuclear octahydride complexes of early (larger) lanthanide metals [{Cp′Ln(μ‐H)2}4(thf)2] (2, Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) were obtained in 38–57 % isolated yields by hydrogenolysis of the bis(aminobenzyl) species [Cp′Ln(CH2C6H4NMe2‐o)2], which were generated in‐situ by reaction of [Ln(CH2C6H4NMe2‐o)3] with one equivalent of Cp′H. X‐ray crystallographic studies showed that the fine structures of these hydride clusters are dependent on the size of the metal ions.
Stereoselective metabolism of the herbicide fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester in rabbits
Authors: Xu Xinyuan , Shen Zhigang , Diao Jinling , Zhang Ping , Jiang Jiazhen , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: April 2011

We investigated the stereoselective degradation kinetics of fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester (FPMH) in rabbits using a chiral high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. In 20% rabbit plasma, the half lives of (+)‐FPMH and (−)‐FPMH were 2.5 and 10.9 min, respectively. Thus, the enantioselective degradation was faster for (+)‐FPMH than for (−)‐FPMH in rabbit plasma in vitro, and there was no chiral conversion or transformation during incubation of the plasma. The degradation of (+)‐FPMH was also much faster than that of the (−)‐FPMH in the kidney, lung, and muscle after the intravenous administration of 50 mg/kg racemic FPMH (rac‐FPMH), whereas the concentrations of FPMH were below the limit of quantification in other tissues. Furthermore, 98% rac‐FPMH was quickly (within 10 min) hydrolyzed to fluroxypyr (FP) in rabbit liver microsomes. Therefore, we examined FP in rabbit plasma and tissues in vivo. We detected FP in all tissues; its concentration was higher in the urine than in the other tissues. FP was rapidly excreted unchanged, principally in the urine. The data presented here are important for a more thorough understanding of this pesticide and should be useful for its full environmental assessment. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sub‐stage PCA modelling and monitoring method for uneven‐length batch processes
Authors: Chang Yu‐Qing , Lu Yun‐Song , Wang Fu‐Li , Wang Shu , Feng Shu‐Min
Published: April 2011

For the characteristic of multistage of batch processes, a new PCA‐based sub‐stage division algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is based on the fact that production transition can be detected by analysing the loading matrixes and principal component matrixes, which reveal objectively evolvement of underlying process behaviours. Sub‐stage PCA models for each stage are built, and then extended to monitor the batch processes with uneven‐length durations by choosing the right sub‐stage model according to the principle of minimum similarity distance of principal component matrixes. With the proposed method, multi‐stage batch processes with durations of uneven‐length can be monitored effectively.
Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery in Adults: A Comprehensive Review of 151 Adult Cases and A New Diagnosis in a 53‐Year‐Old Woman
Authors: Yau James M. , Singh Rajiv , Halpern Ethan J. , Fischman David
Published: April 2011

Background:

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital coronary abnormality associated with early infant mortality and adult sudden death. As it predominantly presents in the first year of life, diagnosis in living adults is extremely rare. Current management is based on limited case series or extrapolated from pediatric cases. Modern advances in noninvasive cardiac imaging have substantially increased the number of diagnoses, uncovering a large adult population that has not been reviewed.

Hypothesis:

The availability of newer diagnostic modalities correlates with an increasing incidence in an older cohort, and true association between sudden death and ALCAPA may be lower, especially among older patients.

Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was performed for all case reports of ALCAPA on MEDLINE and PubMed using the keywords ALCAPA, Bland‐White‐Garland, and coronary anomaly; and augmented by references from published case reports from 1908 to 2008. All adult cases, defined by age 18 years and older, were reviewed for this article.

Results:

One hundred fifty‐one adult cases of ALCAPA are described, in addition to the case of an asymptomatic 53‐year‐old woman. The average reported age was 41 years old with the oldest being 83. Sixty‐six percent of the patients presented with symptoms of angina, dyspnea, palpitations, or fatigue; 17% presented with ventricular arrhythmia, syncope, or sudden death; and 14% were asymptomatic. Twelve percent were diagnosed at autopsy. The majority had some form of surgical correction during their clinical course.

Conclusions:

ALCAPA is a rare and life‐threatening condition in adults. The availability of newer, less invasive diagnostic modalities has resulted in more frequent identification of this condition in an older cohort. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
Authors: Mélot C. , Naeije R.
Published: April 2011

Diseases of the pulmonary vasculature are a cause of increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), and pulmonary arterial hypertension or decreased PVR in pulmonary arteriovenous malformations on hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, portal hypertension, or cavopulmonary anastomosis. All these conditions are associated with a decrease in both arterial Po2and Pco2. Gas exchange in pulmonary vascular diseases with increased PVR is characterized by a shift of ventilation and perfusion to high ventilation‐perfusion ratios, a mild to moderate increase in perfusion to low ventilation‐perfusion ratios, and an increased physiologic dead space. Hypoxemia in these patients is essentially explained by altered ventilation‐perfusion matching amplified by a decreased mixed venous Po2caused by a low cardiac output. Hypocapnia is accounted for by hyperventilation, which is essentially related to an increased chemosensitivity. A cardiac shunt on a patent foramen ovale may be a cause of severe hypoxemia in a proportion of patients with pulmonary hypertension and an increase in right atrial pressure. Gas exchange in pulmonary arteriovenous malformations is characterized by variable degree of pulmonary shunting and/or diffusion‐perfusion imbalance. Hypocapnia is caused by an increased ventilation in relation to an increased pulmonary blood flow with direct peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation by shunted mixed venous blood flow. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:593‐619, 2011.
Experimental and Transgenic Models of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: West James , Hemnes Anna
Published: April 2011

Pulmonary hypertension in human patients can result from increased pulmonary vascular tone, pressure transferred from the systemic circulation, dropout of small pulmonary vessels, occlusion of vessels with thrombi or intimal lesions, or some combination of all of these. Different animal models have been designed to reflect these different mechanistic origins of disease. Pulmonary hypertension models may be roughly grouped into tone‐related models, inflammation‐related models, and genetic models with unusual or mixed mechanism. Models of tone generally use hypoxia as a base, and then modify this with either genetic modifications (SOD, NOS, and caveolin) or with drugs (Sugen), although some genetic modifications of tone‐related pathways can result in spontaneous pulmonary hypertension (Hph‐1). Inflammation‐related models can use either toxic chemicals (monocrotaline, bleomycin), live pathogens (stachybotrys, schistosomiasis), or genetic modifications (IL‐6, VIP). Additional genetic models rely on alterations in metabolism (adiponectin), cell migration (S100A4), the serotonin pathway, or the BMP pathway. While each of these shares molecular and pathologic symptoms with different classes of human pulmonary hypertension, in most cases the molecular etiology of human pulmonary hypertension is unknown, and so the relationship between any model and human disease is unclear. There is thus no best animal model of pulmonary hypertension; instead, investigators must select the model most related to the specific pathology they are studying. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:769‐782, 2011.
Ventilation‐Induced Lung Injury
Authors: Uhlig Ulrike , Uhlig Stefan
Published: April 2011

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is, by definition, the application of external forces to the lungs. Depending on their magnitude, these forces can cause a continuum of pathophysiological alterations ranging from the stimulation of inflammation to the disruption of cell‐cell contacts and cell membranes. These side effects of MV are particularly relevant for patients with inhomogeneously injured lungs such as in acute lung injury (ALI). These patients require supraphysiological ventilation pressures to guarantee even the most modest gas exchange. In this situation, ventilation causes additional strain by overdistension of the yet non‐injured region, and additional stress that forms because of the interdependence between intact and atelectatic areas. Cells are equipped with elaborate mechanotransduction machineries that respond to strain and stress by the activation of inflammation and repair mechanisms. Inflammation is the fundamental response of the host to external assaults, be they of mechanical or of microbial origin and can, if excessive, injure the parenchymal tissue leading to ALI. Here, we will discuss the forces generated by MV and how they may injure the lungs mechanically and through inflammation. We will give an overview of the mechanotransduction and how it leads to inflammation and review studies demonstrating that ventilator‐induced lung injury can be prevented by blocking pathways of mechanotransduction or inflammation. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:635‐661, 2011.
Acute Lung Injury and Pulmonary Vascular Permeability: Use of Transgenic Models
Authors: Parker James C.
Published: April 2011

Acute lung injury is a general term that describes injurious conditions that can range from mild interstitial edema to massive inflammatory tissue destruction. This review will cover theoretical considerations and quantitative and semi‐quantitative methods for assessing edema formation and increased vascular permeability during lung injury. Pulmonary edema can be quantitated directly using gravimetric methods, or indirectly by descriptive microscopy, quantitative morphometric microscopy, altered lung mechanics, high‐resolution computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, or x‐ray films. Lung vascular permeability to fluid can be evaluated by measuring the filtration coefficient (Kf) and permeability to solutes evaluated from their blood to lung clearances. Albumin clearances can then be used to calculate specific permeability‐surface area products (PS) and reflection coefficients (σ). These methods as applied to a wide variety of transgenic mice subjected to acute lung injury by hyperoxic exposure, sepsis, ischemia‐reperfusion, acid aspiration, oleic acid infusion, repeated lung lavage, and bleomycin are reviewed. These commonly used animal models simulate features of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the preparation of genetically modified mice and their use for defining specific pathways in these disease models are outlined. Although the initiating events differ widely, many of the subsequent inflammatory processes causing lung injury and increased vascular permeability are surprisingly similar for many etiologies. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:835‐882, 2011.