bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics simulation on dynamic behaviors of nanodroplets impinging on solid surfaces decorated with nanopillars
Authors: Pan Ling , Zhang Hao , Lin Guo-Bin ,   School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
Published: June 2021

Droplets’ impinging on a solid surface is a common phenomenon in industry and agriculture. With the development of micro and nano technology, the quantitative descriptions of impinging behaviors for nanodroplets are expected to be further explored. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is adopted to investigate the behaviors of water nanodroplets impinging on cooper surfaces which have been decorated with square nanopillars. The dynamical characteristics of nanodroplets are analyzed at 5 different pillar heights, 6 different surface characteristic energy values, and a wide range of droplet velocities. The results show that there is no obvious difference among the dynamical behaviors for nanodroplets, whose radii are in a range from 35 to 45 Å, impinging on a solid surface. With the increase of droplet velocity, the wetting pattern of steady nanodroplets first transfers from Cassie state (V0 = 2–3 Å/ps) to Wenzel state (V0 = 4–10 Å/ps), then it returns to the Cassie state (V0 = 11–13 Å/ps) again. Nanodroplets bounce off the solid surface when V0 > 13 Å/ps. The relationship between the maximum spreading time and droplet velocity is presented. Inflection points in the curve of the relationship are discovered and their formation mechanism is studied. The spreading factors of steady states for nanodroplets with velocity lower than 9 Å/ps are nearly the same; however, they decrease gradually for nanodroplets with velocity higher than 9 Å/ps. In addition, the increasing height of square nanopillars facilitates the transition from Wenzel state to Cassie state and reduces the spreading radius of steady nanodroplets. The mechanism, which yields Wenzel state when the nanodroplets impinge on solid surface with lower height nanopillars, is investigated. In the spreading stage, spreading radii of nanodroplets impinging on surfaces with different height nanopillars are almost identical. The influence of nanopillar height mainly plays a role in the retraction stage of droplets and it fades away as the height further increases. Moreover, the higher surface characteristic energy benefits the spreading of nanodroplets and reduces the retraction time. Especially, nanodroplets do not experience retraction stage, and the spreading stage is kept until the nanodroplets reach a stable state when the surface characteristic energy is increased to 0.714 kcal/mol. Compared with the spreading factor, the centroid height of nanodroplet is very sensitive to the change of surface characteristic energy.
Diet of the rasptail skate, Rostroraja velezi (Rajiformes: Rajidae), off Piura, Peru
Authors: Molina-Salgado Pamela , Alfaro-Shigueto Joanna , González-Pestana Adriana
Published: June 2021

Batoids are among the least studied group of vertebrates and one of the most vulnerable to fishing. The rasptail skate, Rostroraja velezi, is a bycatch species in northern Peru for which there are no studies on its diet. This research aims to document the diet of R. velezi on the northern Peruvian coast and to determine if there are sex-based differences in the diet. A total of 74 R. velezi stomachs were collected, 59 of which had stomach contents. The cumulative prey curve showed reliability in the number of samples collected. According to the prey-specific index of relative importance, diet was dominated by Acanthephyra sp. (31%), other unidentified Caridea (15%), and unidentified teleosts (17%). A low significant difference in diet between sexes was found (R = 0.21, P < 0.01). The trophic position of R. velezi was 3.9 ± 0.7. This species displays bentopelagic feeding behavior and it is a secondary predator in northern Peru.
A Meta-Heuristic Search Algorithm based on Infrasonic Mating Displays in Peafowls
Authors: Patrick Kenekayoro
Published: June 2021

Meta-heuristic techniques are important as they are used to find solutions to computationally intractable problems. Simplistic methods such as exhaustive search become computationally expensive and unreliable as the solution space for search algorithms increase. As no method is guaranteed to perform better than all others in all classes of optimization search problems, there is a need to constantly find new and/or adapt old search algorithms. This research proposes an Infrasonic Search Algorithm, inspired from the Gravitational Search Algorithm and the mating behaviour in peafowls. The Infrasonic Search Algorithm identified competitive solutions to 23 benchmark unimodal and multimodal test functions compared to the Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and the Gravitational Search Algorithm.
Glass Die Ink Marking Media Selection for a Robust Glass Attach Process
Authors: Dinglasan Jerome , Agudon Aiza Marie , Gomez Frederick Ray
Published: June 2021

Glass material used on a semiconductor device for isolating currents are one of the new breakthroughs of the modern world. Challenges are inevitable due to its complex characteristics and unique appearance. The study focuses on the phenomenon of reject glass die unrecognized, picked and bonded by die attach machine on good units of the semiconductor quad-flat no-leads (QFN) device in focus. This QFN device utilizes glass die as interposer on two active dice that separates the dielectric current of each die. During die attach process, machine photo recognition system failed to recognize and detect the glass die reject marking due to its unique transparent design and will be attached on good units. Thus, resulting to gross rejection and low process yield. Practical solutions to prevent the said phenomenon are simulated and determined by performing selection of variables like the contrast of the reject mark related to the product structure and compatibility through statistical analysis. The improvement drives to promote process robustness and scrap reduction that will help the manufacturing to be competitive through innovative resolutions on problems.
Leaves of Stereospermum suaveolens DC Exhibit Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Potential Action in Experimental Animals
Authors: Chanshetti R. R. , Bandawane D. D.
Published: June 2021

Aim: The experimental investigation of current research work was to identify traditional rich claim of Stereospermum suaveolens DC leaves for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential action in animals.

Study design: Ethyl acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) methanolic extract of leaves evaluated at 125mg/kg, 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg (p.o.) doses for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity.

Methodology: Ethyl acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) methanolic extract of leaves was evaluated for phytochemical investigation for total flavonoid content using UV spectroscopy and TLC study. Carrageenan induced rat paw edema (Acute method) and Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) induced chronic arthritis in wistar rats were used as an animal models to claim Stereospermum suaveolens DC leaves for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential.  The rat paw volume and percentage inhibition of the paw edema were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. The assessments of arthritis in rats were measured by haematological values and radiological examinations.

Result: Ethyl acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) methanolic extract of leaves showed presence of total flavonoids and saponins. The significant inhibition in paw volume and edema (p < .01) obtained at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg oral dose. These obtained results were established confirmation outcome for presence of rich flavonoid contents in Stereospermum suaveolens DC leaves and provides valuable source of bioactive phytocomponents. 

Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) methanolic extract of leaves  showed significant inhibition of inflammatory reaction as compared to standard drug indomethacin Sterospermum Suaveolens DC leaves were showed potential therapeutic role in treatment of inflammation and arthritis cases.
Implications of Aerobic Exercises and Walking Parallel to Diabetes Medications on Diabetic Sportspersons
Authors: Ayub Fehmida , Naseer Abida , Javed Saeed , Asghar Adnan , Shariff Abd Rahim Mohd , Ali Hafiz Shamshad , Nazar Naila , Ashraf Imtiaz , Yasin Sabita , Sher Ali , Javed Waheed
Published: June 2021

Objective: Diabetes have a central contribution with type I or type II towards the healthy lifestyles of sportspersons. Aerobic exercise and daily walking stay them fit and control their glucose levels in their bloodstream. The aim of this study was to find out the effects of aerobic exercises and walk on the sportspersons of type I and II diabetes.

Methodology: The existing research has experimental design itself wherein pre-tests and post-tests were employed to make sure the novelty of results. The data was collected from the diabetic sportspersons dividing them equally into control group (N-20) and experimental group (N-20). Both groups had type I (N-20) and type II (N-20) diabetic individuals. Aerobic exercise and walk protocol was applied for six weeks on experimental group, whereas, control group continued their routine activities. Afterwards, the data was collected through pre and post treatments and edited into SPSS (v-26). The collected data was analyzed through descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages, whereas, T-test was applied to make the differences of pre and post treatments.

Results: The findings has shown that aerobic exercises and walk decrease the higher levels of glucose in blood and enable to stable glycemic balance, weight loss maintenance, decrease insulin resistance, blood pressure decrease, and blood glucose control.

Conclusion: The prominent differences were observed between control and experimental groups either type I or type II. It was concluded that the sportspersons may reduce the excessive glucose engaging in aerobic exercises and walk on daily basis rather than using medications. They should spend their happy lives and get rid of medications and insulin through spending their spare time using light exercises and maintain their glucose levels in blood as well.
Cardiosurgical Care in Case of Congenital Heart Defects: Modern Approaches and Features of the State of Patients' Health
Authors: Enginoeva Linda Anzorovna , Gaidarov Isa Shapievich , Mirzebalaeva Djeneta Reyzulahovna , Timokhina Tatiana , Georgievna Fedorina Alena , Sokolova Aleksandra Alekseevna
Published: June 2021

Congenital heart defects today, despite the early intrauterine diagnosis, are still quite common, and their danger to the patient's health is significant. The article discusses the features and modern approaches to the provision of cardiac surgical care for this congenital disease. The author comes to the conclusion that modern cardiac surgery technologies, rooted in the distant 50s of the twentieth century, allow us to conclude that at the present stage, surgical intervention in case of congenital heart defects has advanced far. Despite the challenges in this area, cardiac surgeons continue to make progress in reducing the mortality and multiple comorbidities of patients with congenital heart defects.
Belief on Witchcraft and Killing of People with Albinism in Lack Victoria Zone, Tanzania
Authors: Kayombo Edmund J.
Published: June 2021

Killing of people with albinism and old people has been featuring in Tanzania mass media and worldwide. The main cause of killing old people and people with albinism is witchcraft beliefs. Old women are reported to be killing grand children; whereas people with albinism were believed their part of the body when added with other potent traditional remedies brings fortune and prosperous. Witchcraft cannot be denied in indigenous African communities; however there might be other factors unexplored that lead to killing old people and people with albinism. The aim of this paper is to explore   other factors that contribute to killing old people and people with albinism.

Methodology: The study was carried in Lake Victoria zone, Tanzania using qualitative research methods. The main focus were to explore factors that lead to killing old people and people with albinism in addition to  current belief of witchcraft. The collected information were analyzed using qualitatively techniques

Results: The findings have shown any health problems including death need explanations that were sought through ramli. The ramli showed old people especially old women were noted to be killing grand children by witchcraft means. Other factors like wealth acquisition, jealous, misunderstanding in the day to day activities were also repotted. Whereas killing of people with albinism were due to the belief of that part of their body when added with potent traditional remedies brought fortune and prosperous to one requested. In addition it was noted that people with albinism were seen as bad omen or curse and were not wanted to leave.

Lack of education on causes of health problems and people with albinism seemed to contribute to this problem. Public health education on causes of health problem and lack melanin to people with albinism which is important for skin pigmentation is needed
Analysis of Slang Words Formation Found in the Lyrics of Drake’s Songs
Authors: Budasi I Gede , Bhuwana I Putu Abdi
Published: June 2021

This research attempted to find out the word formation processes of slang words found in the lyrics of Drake’s songs. This research applied descriptive qualitative research design. The theory of the 18 word formation processes based on the synthesized theories from Yule (2010), Mattielo (2008), O’Grady, Aronoff, & Dobrovolsky (1997) were used as guidelines. This study found out that there were 190 slang words existing in the lyrics of the songs. They were respectively categorized into clipping (27%), coinage (25%), multiple process (22%), compounding (18%), reduplicatives (2%), variation (2%), borrowing (1%), blending (1%), acronym and initialism (1%), reversed forms (0.5%), and onomatopoeia (0.5%).
Language Ideologies of Young Chinese Surabayanese’ Motivation in Learning Mandarin in Post Suharto Era
Authors: Hananya Gabriela Angeline
Published: June 2021

This is the study of language ideologies of young Chinese Surabayanese’ motivation in learning Mandarin and the influence of their beliefs in Mandarin towards their sense of Chinese-ness. The approach of this study is qualitative, through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. There are four young Chinese Surabayanese participated in this study. It is found that they perceived learning Mandarin is an advantage. This advantage is then explained through their beliefs about Mandarin in four supportive points: globalising life opportunities in working and communication, mastering Mandarin caused by the rise of China, investing in their linguistic capital, and parents’ influence. Though there are two participants who feel more Chinese after learning Mandarin, but it is never their intention to be more Chinese when they start learning Mandarin. In the end, their ideology of learning Mandarin mainly focuses with the benefit and advantage instead of with their sense of Chinese-ness.
Racism in Roald Dahl’s The BFG: A Social Criticism or White Supremacy Tendency?
Authors: Tanusy Jeanyfer
Published: June 2021

Children stories can be a powerful tool for a writer to present their views of the world around them, both positive or negative ones. This article attempts to examine the message beneath a children novel, The BFG by Roald Dahl by employing Barthes’ five systems of codes. Focusing on the writerly codes, this descriptive qualitative research emphasizes on analyzing the smallest units of the stories, or the lexias. Each lexia is categorized into the three writerly codes to reveal the underlying message in the story. The findings show that despite The BFG being a children book, it consists of some serious social issues like racism. Another thing found in the research is that the issue can lead to a double meaning—whether Dahl intends to raise social awareness or that he wants to subtly say that he himself thinks of other races as inferior.
Unpacking Multilingualism in Tourism Peripheries in Bali: Taking a Look into Private Shop-fronts
Authors: Khazanah Dewianti , Kusumaningputri Reni
Published: June 2021

This article reports on the discussion of linguistic landscape in the course of tourism peripheries. The central aim is to unravel the salience and visibility of language practices manifested in the shop-fronts in Bali tourism peripherals. Drawing on Bourdieu’s language as social power (1983; 1993), presentation-of-self (Goffman, 1963; 1981), and good-reasons perspective (Boudon, 1990) we explore the language choices made by the local shop owners and the principles driving these choices. The findings conclude that English is the dominant language Bali tourism peripheries, and it is driven by the perceived power attributed to English and the economy benefits associated to English; the principle of presentation-of-self is not prioritized. We argue that local shop owners’ perception of targeted clients is the determining factor influencing it. Mandarin language need to be present more to cater the Chinese tourists for they constitute a big portion to the body of international tourists in Bali.
A Clash of Two Generations: A Comparative Deconstructive Discourse Analysis of Three News Reports on Megawati’s Critique for Indonesian Millennials
Authors: Khadafi Bima Iqbal
Published: June 2021

Written in the spirit of critical tradition, this paper aims to demystify the hegemony induced in the media coverages about the critique of Indonesian former president, Megawati Soekarnoputri, towards its millennials for ‘lacking contribution to the country’. By applying genre, deconstruction and dynamic perspective of ideological tension analyses, this article reveals how three different medias report the phenomenon differently by bringing up different topics to be discussed for their own purposes. While scrutinizing the relationship between the phenomenon and its news reports, this paper sees a need for a transvaluation to the concept of nationalism which in the end negates itself since the conception of nationalism itself has to do with power struggle that has the potential to degenerate the Self and harm the Other.
Kosmotoga
Authors: L'Haridon Stéphane , Nesbø Camilla , Farrell Anne , Zhaxybayeva Olga
Published: June 2021

Kos.mo.to'ga. Gr. masc. n.
kosmos
universe or world; L. fem. n.
toga
, a Roman outer garment; N.L. fem. n.
Kosmotoga
a worldly toga, referring to the diverse environments inhabited by members of this
Thermotogota
genus (oil reservoirs, marine hydrothermal sediments, hydrothermal vents, and crustal fluids).

Thermotogota / Thermotogae / Kosmotogales / Kosmotogaceae / Kosmotoga

The genus
Kosmotoga
comprises
anaerobic thermophilic heterotrophs
, with optimum growth temperatures of 60–70°C, optimal pH of 7.0, and optimal salinities between 1.5 and 3.0 (NaCl w/v%). These bacteria reduce
sulfur, thiosulfate, or cystine to H

2

S
. The cells are Gram‐negative, and diverse morphologies are observed, from short rods to cocci.
Kosmotoga
spp. are members of the phylum
Thermotogota
, class
Thermotogae
, order
Kosmotogales
, and family
Kosmotogaceae
. The genus currently consists of four described species:
Kosmotoga arenicorallina
,
Kosmotoga olearia
,
Kosmotoga pacifica
, and
Kosmotoga shengliensis
. Known habitats are oil reservoirs, hydrothermal vents, marine sediments, and crustal fluids.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 36.4–42.5.

Type species
:
Kosmotoga olearia
DiPippo et al. 2009
VP
.
CandidatusNitrosopelagicus
Authors: Santoro Alyson E. , Bayer Barbara , Elling Felix J. , Pearson Ann
Published: June 2021

Ni.tro.so.pe.la'gi.cus. N.L. masc. adj.nitrosusnitrous; L. masc. adj.pelagicusof the open sea; N.L. masc. n.Nitrosopelagicusa nitrite producer of the open sea.

Thermoproteota / Nitrososphaeria / Nitrososphaerales / Nitrosopumilaceae / Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus

The genusCandidatusNitrosopelagicus is composed of marine ammonia‐oxidizing archaea, almost all of which are uncultivated. They are found in shallow waters (<200 m depth) of the oligotrophic tropical, subtropical, and temperate open oceans. A single species has been described,CandidatusNitrosopelagicus brevis, which couples growth with the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. One described strain (Ca. N. brevis U25) is capable of hydrolyzing urea to supply the ammonia required for growth. Cells are obligately aerobic, small, and nonmotile rods. They grow free‐living, not associated with surfaces. No growth enhancement has been observed in the presence of organic carbon compounds; a reduction in the lag phase of growth has been observed with addition of α‐ketoacids, potentially serving as radical oxygen scavengers. Organisms are mesophilic and obligately marine. Lipid composition distinguishesCa. Nitrosopelagicus fromNitrosopumilususing glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) distributions, with lower amounts of GDGT‐2 and higher amounts of GDGT‐0 and GDGT‐1 found inCa. Nitrosopelagicus. Abundance ofCa. Nitrospelagicus‐like organisms is correlated with nitrification rates, suggesting that these organisms are the dominant ammonia oxidizers in epipelagic and upper mesopelagic environments of the low‐ and mid‐latitude open oceans.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 33.1.

Type species:CandidatusNitrosopelagicus brevisSantoro et al. 2015.
Deep learning‐based synthetic CT generation for MR‐only radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients with 0.35T MRI linear accelerator
Authors: Farjam Reza , Nagar Himanshu , Kathy Zhou Xi , Ouellette David , Chiara Formenti Silvia , DeWyngaert J. Keith
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To develop a deep learning model to generate synthetic CT for MR‐only radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients treated with 0.35 T MRI linear accelerator.

Materials and Methods

A U‐NET convolutional neural network was developed to translate 0.35 T TRUFI MRI into electron density map using a novel cost function equalizing the contribution of various tissue types including fat, muscle, bone, and background air in training. The impact of training time, dataset size, image standardization, and data augmentation approaches was also quantified. Mean absolute error (MAE) between synthetic and planning CTs was calculated to measure the goodness of the model.

Results

With 20 patients in training, our U‐NET model has the potential to generate synthetic CT with a MAE of about 29.68 ± 4.41, 16.34 ± 2.67, 23.36 ± 2.85, and 105.90 ± 22.80 HU over the entire body, fat, muscle, and bone tissues, respectively. As expected, we found that the number of patients used for training and MAE are nonlinearly correlated. Data augmentation and our proposed loss function were effective to improve MAE by ~9% and ~18% in bony voxels, respectively. Increasing the training time and image standardization did not improve the accuracy of the model.

Conclusion

A U‐NET model has been developed and tested numerically to generate synthetic CT from 0.35T TRUFI MRI for MR‐only radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients. Dosimetric evaluation using a large and independent dataset warrants the validity of the proposed model and the actual number of patients needed for the safe usage of the model in routine clinical workflow.
Some Colours: Unravelling Thesis Constructions
Authors: Kulper Perry
Published: June 2021

Perry Kulper, Associate Professor at the University of Michigan, has a long, distinguished history and expertise in training student architects to think outside the confines of the standard architectural protocols of both space making and representation. Here he outlines the approach to tutelage that he uses to encourage his students to explore new techniques and tactics for creating work – one that is calm and nurturing, yet ambitious.
Accelerating Towards Abundance: Planetary Strategies in the Era of the Anthropocene
Authors: Douglis Evan
Published: June 2021

Based at Troy in Upstate New York, the School of Architecture at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is directed by Dean Evan Douglis. He describes the school's worldview and the challenges that architecture must help to solve. Evoking the influence of characters such as Lebbeus Woods and Buckminster Fuller on the school's mission, he takes us on a journey through some of the recent high points of the student output in his professional and graduate research programmes.
The Allegorical Architectural Project: Provocateurs, Propositions and Confrontations
Authors: Brown Daniel K
Published: June 2021

Daniel K Brown, Professor of Design Studio (Architecture) at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, knows how to nurture his students into producing extraordinary work. He uses a narrative point of departure for each project, instilling spatial imagination provoked by literary presences. He is a great believer in the power of architectural drawing and modelling as well as the ‘word’ – whether poetry or prose. The combination of these notions creates a heady mix of ambiances in the studio's output.
Adaptive Coatings with Anticorrosion and Antibiofouling Properties
Authors: Yimyai Tiwa , Thiramanas Raweewan , Phakkeeree Treethip , Iamsaard Supitchaya , Crespy Daniel
Published: June 2021

Biofouling on surfaces immersed in aquatic environment induces catastrophic corrosion of metallic materials in petrochemical infrastructures, maritime facilities, and power plants. To combat the synergistic effect of biofouling and corrosion on the deterioration of metallic materials, smart coatings possessing a dual function of antibiofouling and anticorrosion properties are needed. Herein, redox‐responsive copolymer conjugates are synthesized and employed as coatings with the dual function of biofouling and corrosion mitigation. The dual function of copolymers is attributed to fluorinated units and the corrosion inhibitor 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) conjugated via disulfide linkages. Indeed, the disulfide linkages can be cleaved in a reducing environment, yielding controlled release of the corrosion inhibitor MBT during corrosion process. The antibiofouling action against protein adsorption and algal attachment is enabled by cooperation of the repellent characteristic of fluorinated moieties and the biocidal effect of conjugated MBT.
Recent Progress in Proximity Coupling of Magnetism to Topological Insulators
Authors: Bhattacharyya Semonti , Akhgar Golrokh , Gebert Matthew , Karel Julie , Edmonds Mark T. , Fuhrer Michael S.
Published: June 2021

Inducing long‐range magnetic order in 3D topological insulators can gap the Dirac‐like metallic surface states, leading to exotic new phases such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect or the axion insulator state. These magnetic topological phases can host robust, dissipationless charge and spin currents or unique magnetoelectric behavior, which can be exploited in low‐energy electronics and spintronics applications. Although several different strategies have been successfully implemented to realize these states, to date these phenomena have been confined to temperatures below a few Kelvin. This review focuses on one strategy: inducing magnetic order in topological insulators by proximity of magnetic materials, which has the capability for room temperature operation, unlocking the potential of magnetic topological phases for applications. The unique advantages of this strategy, the important physical mechanisms facilitating magnetic proximity effect, and the recent progress to achieve, understand, and harness proximity‐coupled magnetic order in topological insulators are discussed. Some emerging new phenomena and applications enabled by proximity coupling of magnetism and topological materials, such as skyrmions and the topological Hall effect, are also highlighted, and the authors conclude with an outlook on remaining challenges and opportunities in the field.
Halide Perovskite Precursors Dope PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Sandrez Simon , Molenda Zuzanna , Guyot Claire , Renault Olivier , Barnes Jean‐Paul , Hirsch Lionel , Maindron Tony , Wantz Guillaume
Published: June 2021

Halide perovskite semiconductors find use in a broad range of optoelectronic applications including photovoltaic solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. In such devices the semiconductor is sandwiched in between interlayers for charge transport, extraction, or injection. When it comes to hole transport layers, the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS has become an ubiquitous material. The halide perovskite thin film is commonly obtained by crystallization of precursors using solution processing on top of PEDOT:PSS. It is demonstrated here that such a widely spread technique is actually affecting the electrical properties of the underlying conducting polymer. The halide perovskite layer and precursors are drastically doping the PEDOT:PSS, its conductivity being increased by two orders of magnitude from 0.2 to 20 S cm−1. The depth of penetration of halide dopants is determined to be higher than 150 nm, superior to the usual thickness of PEDOT:PSS films. This phenomenon has important impact on diode leakage currents, on emission patterns of perovskite LEDs and on overestimated photocurrent density in perovskite solar cells embedding the PEDOT:PSS interlayer.
Prospection of genotypes resistant to black spot in half‐sib families of papaya
Authors: Chagas José Tiago Barroso , Vivas Marcelo , Moraes Ramon De , Francelino Helenilson de Oliveira , Jorge Tiago Silva , Santa‐Catarina Renato , Amaral Júnior Antônio Teixeira do , Daher Rogério Figueiredo , Pereira Messias Gonzaga
Published: June 2021

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) breeding is a complex task; furthermore, Carica papaya has a sexual chromosome and is difficult to make crosses. One of the most critical papaya crop diseases is black spot, which is caused by Asperisporium caricae (Speg.) MaublSince . Therefore, we used half‐sib families to combine genetic gains on the yield and resistance traits to papaya black spot. In this scenario, the present study proposed to select papaya genotypes more resistant to black spot from half‐sib families. Five parents with superior attributes related to black spot resistance were pollinated with a pollen mixture from five parents considered “elite” for agronomic traits, thus generating five half‐sib families. The half‐sib families were evaluated for black spot resistance in a greenhouse with two control cultivars (‘Golden’ and ‘Maradol’), for 75 d, at 15‐d intervals, totaling five evaluations. The families exhibited genetic variability for all traits associated with disease resistance, surpassing even the Golden and Maradol controls. The traits associated with severity by papaya black spot are more efficient to distinguish resistance genotypes using principal components analysis, like mean incidence of black spot (MSBS) (cos² = 0.794) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (cos² = 0.697). The recommended progeny for resistance to black spot are M‐1.4, M‐1.5, M‐3.1, M‐3.3, M‐2.5, and M‐4.5, as they showed lower values of mean severity of black spot, MIBS, and AUDPC. These progenies from half‐sib families overcame the resistant control genotype Maradol as potential to combining resistance to papaya black spot with superior agronomic traits.
Pathogenic MAST3 Variants in the STK Domain Are Associated with Epilepsy
Authors: Spinelli Egidio , Christensen Kyle R. , Bryant Emily , Schneider Amy , Rakotomamonjy Jennifer , Muir Alison M. , Giannelli Jessica , Littlejohn Rebecca O. , Roeder Elizabeth R. , Schmidt Berkley , Wilson William G. , Marco Elysa J. , Iwama Kazuhiro , Kumada Satoko , Pisano Tiziana , Barba Carmen , Vetro Annalisa , Brilstra Eva H. , van Jaarsveld Richard H. , Matsumoto Naomichi , Goldberg‐Stern Hadassa , Carney Patrick W. , Andrews P. Ian , El Achkar Christelle M. , Berkovic Sam , Rodan Lance H. ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN), McWalter Kirsty , Guerrini Renzo , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Mefford Heather C. , Mandelstam Simone , Laux Linda , Millichap John J. , Guemez‐Gamboa Alicia , Nairn Angus C. , Carvill Gemma L.
Published: June 2021

Objective

The MAST family of microtubule‐associated serine–threonine kinases (STKs) have distinct expression patterns in the developing and mature human and mouse brain. To date, only MAST1 has been conclusively associated with neurological disease, with de novo variants in individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder, including a mega corpus callosum.

Methods

Using exome sequencing, we identify MAST3 missense variants in individuals with epilepsy. We also assess the effect of these variants on the ability of MAST3 to phosphorylate the target gene product ARPP‐16 in HEK293T cells.

Results

We identify de novo missense variants in the STK domain in 11 individuals, including 2 recurrent variants p.G510S (n = 5) and p.G515S (n = 3). All 11 individuals had developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, with 8 having normal development prior to seizure onset at <2 years of age. All patients developed multiple seizure types, 9 of 11 patients had seizures triggered by fever and 9 of 11 patients had drug‐resistant seizures. In vitro analysis of HEK293T cells transfected with MAST3 cDNA carrying a subset of these patient‐specific missense variants demonstrated variable but generally lower expression, with concomitant increased phosphorylation of the MAST3 target, ARPP‐16, compared to wild‐type. These findings suggest the patient‐specific variants may confer MAST3 gain‐of‐function. Moreover, single‐nuclei RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry shows that MAST3 expression is restricted to excitatory neurons in the cortex late in prenatal development and postnatally.

Interpretation

In summary, we describe MAST3 as a novel epilepsy‐associated gene with a potential gain‐of‐function pathogenic mechanism that may be primarily restricted to excitatory neurons in the cortex. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:274–284
Enzymatic Tailoring in Luzopeptin Biosynthesis Involves Cytochrome P450‐Mediated Carbon–Nitrogen Bond Desaturation for Hydrazone Formation
Authors: Shi Xinjie , Huang Liming , Song Kaihui , Zhao Guiyun , Liu Yu , Lv Longxian , Du Yi‐Ling
Published: June 2021

Luzopeptins and related decadepsipeptides are bisintercalator nonribosomal peptides featuring rare acyl‐substituted tetrahydropyridazine‐3‐carboxylic acid (Thp) subunits that are critical to their biological activities. Herein, we reconstitute the biosynthetic tailoring pathway in luzopeptin A biosynthesis through in vivo genetic and in vitro biochemical approaches. Significantly, we revealed a multitasking cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes four consecutive oxidations including the highly unusual carbon–nitrogen bond desaturation, forming the hydrazone‐bearing 4‐OH‐Thp residues. Moreover, we identified a membrane‐bound acyltransferase that likely mediates the subsequent O‐acetylation extracellularly, as a potential self‐protective strategy for the producer strain. Further genome mining of novel decadepsipeptides and an associated P450 enzyme have provided mechanistic insights into the P450‐mediated carbon–nitrogen bond desaturation. Our results not only reveal the molecular basis of pharmacophore formation in bisintercalator decadepsipeptides, but also expand the catalytic versatility of P450 family enzymes.
Cobalt‐Phthalocyanine‐Derived Molecular Isolation Layer for Highly Stable Lithium Anode
Authors: Dai Hongliu , Dong Jing , Wu Mingjie , Hu Qingmin , Wang Dongniu , Zuin Lucia , Chen Ning , Lai Chao , Zhang Gaixia , Sun Shuhui
Published: June 2021

The uneven consumption of anions during the lithium (Li) deposition process triggers a space charge effect that generates Li dendrites, seriously hindering the practical application of Li‐metal batteries. We report on a cobalt phthalocyanine electrolyte additive with a planar molecular structure, which can be tightly adsorbed on the Li anode surface to form a dense molecular layer. Such a planar molecular layer cannot only complex with Li ions to reduce the space charge effect, but also suppress side reactions between the anode and the electrolyte, producing a stable solid electrolyte interphase composed of amorphous lithium fluoride (LiF) and lithium carbonate (LiCO3), as verified by X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy. As a result, the Li|Li symmetric cell exhibits excellent cycling stability above 700 h under a high plating capacity of 3 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the assembled Li|lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) full‐cell can also deliver excellent cycling over 200 cycles under lean electrolyte conditions (3 μL mg−1).
Biomimetic Iron Complex Achieves TET Enzyme Reactivity**
Authors: Schmidl David , Jonasson Niko S. W. , Korytiaková Eva , Carell Thomas , Daumann Lena J.
Published: June 2021

The epigenetic marker 5‐methyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5mdC) is the most prevalent modification to DNA. It is removed inter alia via an active demethylation pathway: oxidation by Ten‐Eleven Translocation 5‐methyl cytosine dioxygenase (TET) and subsequent removal via base excision repair or direct demodification. Recently, we have shown that the synthetic iron(IV)‐oxo complex [FeIV(O)(Py5Me2H)]2+ (1) can serve as a biomimetic model for TET by oxidizing the nucleobase 5‐methyl cytosine (5mC) to its natural metabolites. In this work, we demonstrate that nucleosides and even short oligonucleotide strands can also serve as substrates, using a range of HPLC and MS techniques. We found that the 5‐position of 5mC is oxidized preferably by 1, with side reactions occurring only at the strand ends of the used oligonucleotides. A detailed study of the reactivity of 1 towards nucleosides confirms our results; that oxidation of the anomeric center (1′) is the most common side reaction.
Understanding and Engineering the Stereoselectivity of Humulene Synthase
Authors: Schotte Carsten , Lukat Peer , Deuschmann Adrian , Blankenfeldt Wulf , Cox Russell J.
Published: June 2021

The non‐canonical terpene cyclase AsR6 is responsible for the formation of 2E,6E,9E‐humulene during the biosynthesis of the tropolone sesquiterpenoid (TS) xenovulene A. The structures of unliganded AsR6 and of AsR6 in complex with an in crystallo cyclized reaction product and thiolodiphosphate reveal a new farnesyl diphosphate binding motif that comprises a unique binuclear Mg2+‐cluster and an essential K289 residue that is conserved in all humulene synthases involved in TS formation. Structure‐based site‐directed mutagenesis of AsR6 and its homologue EupR3 identify a single residue, L285/M261, that controls the production of either 2E,6E,9E‐ or 2Z,6E,9E‐humulene. A possible mechanism for the observed stereoselectivity was investigated using different isoprenoid precursors and results demonstrate that M261 has gatekeeping control over product formation.
Structural Basis for Isomerization Reactions in Fungal Tetrahydroxanthone Biosynthesis and Diversification
Authors: Yang Jiali , Mori Takahiro , Wei Xingxing , Matsuda Yudai , Abe Ikuro
Published: June 2021

The novel isomerase NsrQ, from Aspergillus novofumigatus, is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of fungal tetrahydroxanthones and is responsible for dearomatizing cyclization to provide a tetrahydroxanthone scaffold. NsrQ catalyzes a two‐step isomerization reaction, involving the isomerization of allylic alcohol and subsequent inversion of configuration at the methyl group. We report on the biochemical and structural characterizations of NsrQ, and its homologue Dcr3, from Diaporthe longicolla. The crystal structures of NsrQ and Dcr3 revealed their similar overall structures, with a cone‐shaped α+β barrel fold, to those of the nuclear transport factor 2‐like superfamily enzymes. Furthermore, the structures of Dcr3 and NsrQ variants complexed with substrate analogues and the site‐directed mutagenesis studies identified the catalytic residues and the important hydrophobic residues in shaping the active site pocket for substrate binding. These enzymes thus utilize Glu and His residues as acid‐base catalysts. Based on these observations, we proposed a detailed reaction mechanism for NsrQ‐catalyzed isomerization reactions.
A comparison of most to least prompting, no‐no prompting and responsive prompt delay procedures
Authors: Foran‐Conn Denise , Hoerger Marguerite , Kelly Eimear , R. Cross Richard , Jones Serena , Walley Hannah , Firth Lauren
Published: June 2021

Discrete trial training is a commonly used to teach children with autism spectrum disorder and related intellectual disabilities. A number of prompting and error correction strategies can be implemented when using discrete trial training. These strategies need to be effective and efficient. We compared a novel procedure, responsive prompt delay, to most to least prompting and no‐no prompting. A parallel treatments design, nestled in a modified multiple probe design (Horner & Baer, 1978), was used to compare the three procedures with three participants. The responsive prompt delay procedure was at least as effective as the most to least prompting and no‐no prompting procedures for three participants; the time required for each participant to master the skills was variable across procedures.
Enhanced Accumulation of Betulinic Acid in Transgenic Hairy Roots of Senna obtusifolia Growing in the Sprinkle Bioreactor and Evaluation of Their Biological Properties in Various Biological Models
Authors: Kowalczyk Tomasz , Sitarek Przemysław , Toma Monika , Rijo Patricia , Domínguez‐Martín Eva , Falcó Irene , Sánchez Gloria , Śliwiński Tomasz
Published: June 2021

Betulinic acid, which is found in transgenic roots of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, is a pentacyclic triterpene with distinctive pharmacological activities. In this study, we report the differences in the content of betulinic acid and selected anthraquinones in transgenic S. obtusifolia hairy roots with overexpression of the PgSS1 gene (SOPSS2 line) and in transformed hairy roots without this genetic construct (SOA41 line). Both hairy root lines grew in 10 L sprinkle bioreactor. Additionally, the extracts obtained from this plant material were used for biological tests. Our results demonstrated that the SOPSS2 hairy root cultures from the bioreactor showed an increase in the content of betulinic acid (38.125 mg/g DW), compared to the SOA41 hairy root line (4.213 mg/g DW). Biological studies have shown a cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect on U‐87MG glioblastoma cells, and altering the level of apoptotic proteins (Bax, p53, Puma and Noxa). Antimicrobial properties were demonstrated for both tested extracts, with a stronger effect of SOPSS2 extract. Moreover, both extracts showed moderate antiviral properties on norovirus surrogates.
Fine‐Tuning the Bicyclo[3.3.1]nona‐2,6‐diene Ligands: Second Generation 4,8‐Substituted Dienes for Rh‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition Reactions
Authors: Bieliūnas Vidmantas , Stončius Sigitas
Published: June 2021

Design and synthesis of the second generation C2‐symmetric 4,8‐endo,endo‐bis(alkoxy) bicyclo[3.3.1]nona‐2,6‐diene ligands possessing additional 4,8‐exo,exo substituents is reported. The 4,8‐exo,exo groups provide a further element for fine‐tuning of the ligand structure by enforcing conformational rigidity of the 4,8‐endo,endo side chains. Such tetrasubstituted bicyclo[3.3.1]nona‐2,6‐dienes were employed as steering ligands in the rhodium‐catalyzed arylation of cyclic enones with arylboronic acids, providing the corresponding 1,4‐addition products in good to excellent yields (69–99 %) and enantioselectivities up to 99 % ee.
Germinability of annual bluegrass seed during spring in the Eastern United States
Authors: Carroll Devon E. , Brosnan James T. , McCurdy James D. , De Castro Edicarlos B. , Patton Aaron J. , Liu Wenwen , Kaminski John E. , Tang Kaiyuan , McCullough Patrick E. , Westbury David
Published: June 2021

Soil seedbank management via collecting clippings may be a means of combatting herbicide resistance in annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) by minimizing recruitment from the deposition of viable seed into the soil. Our objective was to assess the germinability of annual bluegrass seed in spring to determine when collecting clippings would be most impactful. Research was conducted across 2019 and 2020 in five locations: Knoxville, TN; Starkville, MS; Griffin, GA; West Lafayette, IN; and University Park, PA. Annual bluegrass seed was harvested every 100 growing degree‐days (GDD0C; base 0 °C with accumulation beginning on 1 January each year from 400 to 1,100 GDD0C. Seeds from each harvest timing were placed on moistened blotter paper in petri dishes and randomized in a growth chamber set to a 77:68 °F and 8:16 h light–dark cycle. Germination was assessed every 3 d until 21 d of incubation. Cumulative germination percentage after 21 d of incubation increased at research locations in northern latitudes. In Tennessee, germination was greatest from 600 to 900 GDD0C. In Indiana, germination did not exceed 50% until 600 GDD0C and increased with GDD0C accumulation. Clippings should not be collected until at least 600 GDD0C in these locations. In Pennsylvania, little variation existed among GDD0C harvest times, indicating that clipping collection may be a valuable practice any time mature seedheads are present. Turfgrass managers should consider geographic location when selecting a time to implement clipping collections and will probably need to conduct multiple clipping collection events.
Materials Development in Hybrid Zinc‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Jagadale Ajay Dattu , Rohit Ravichandran Chitra , Shinde Surendra Krushna , Kim Dae‐Young
Published: June 2021

High‐performance energy storage devices have an exceptional role in modern applications such as green transportation, consumer electronics and electrical systems. Recently, the hybrid supercapacitor has gained great interest among researchers that adopt a combination of capacitive and battery‐type electrodes to increase the energy density without sacrificing the power performance. Different types of hybrid energy storage devices have been reported recently including lithium‐ion capacitor (LIC), sodium‐ion capacitor (NIC) and potassium‐ion capacitor (KIC). However, these devices are based on alkali metals such as Li, Na and K which are extremely reactive and consistently used with flammable organic electrolytes that intensify serious safety issues. Hybrid devices based on multivalent ions including Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+ and Zn2+ have achieved considerable attraction due to their rapid charge transfer kinetics and high capacity as well as energy density. Herein, we reviewed the recent developments in the anode and cathode materials of Zinc ion hybrid capacitors (ZICs). The design, construction and working of supercapacitor (SC), Zinc ion battery (ZIB) and ZIC have been discussed along with their charge storage mechanism. Finally, based on the published work, our views on future developmental opportunities have been discussed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Brower Jay , Myers W. Benjamin
Published: June 2021

Critical Administration in Higher Education: Negotiating Political Commitment and Managerial Practice
The identity crisis of ecological diversity
Authors: Miriti Maria N.
Published: June 2021

Developing the ecological scientist mindset among underrepresented students in ecology fields(Bowser and Cid, this Forum) provides timely and compelling strategies to broaden inclusion in ecology and environmental biology. Chronic underrepresentation of minorities in ecology and environmental disciplines (EE) is a crisis that is surprising to many, and even more surprising that, for African‐Americans, this underrepresentation is more severe compared to other STEM disciplines. It is beyond irony that a discipline that values diversity as a cornerstone of ecological practice continues to struggle to achieve diversity in the ranks of its practitioners.