bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomous systems for strain and vibration measurements
Authors: De Backer Hans , Outtier Amelie , De Pauw Bart , Van Bogaert Philippe
Published: October 2011

When studying the long-term behaviour of large-scale civil structures, it often becomes necessary to resort to monitoring of certain structural parameters. This research paper discusses two such applications. A first prototype was used to monitor strains in a concrete fly-over with CFRP- reinforcements. The second prototype was used recently to monitor the vibrations in a continuous fashion during four weeks of speed tests on a new section of the European High Speed Train network. This article gives an overview of these experiences and on the lessons learned concerning power supply and possible electromagnetic interference in harsh construction site condition. In addition, it describes the intentions to build, a new completely autonomous third prototype for thermal strain monitoring. Furthermore, the most important results of both test cases are discussed in short, including the effectiveness off the CFRP-reinforcement and the measured natural frequencies.
Erection Control Analysis – Meeting the Demands of New Construction Techniques
Authors: Janjic Dorian , Stampler Johann
Published: October 2011

New bridge construction techniques such as the pre-cast segmental construction method yield special requirements for the design and proof checking process. In the case of stage-wise erection, an exact calculation of the bridge deformations arising throughout the construction schedule - and therefore the definition of the required pre-camber values and fabrication shapes - was for long time an almost insoluble problem.

An appropriate tool allowing for getting the ability to determine the effects of constraining the structure into a certain pre-defined position at any stage of construction has recently been provided. The respective erection control facility accurately controls the position and the forces in the segments in stage-wise built structures. The presented erection control tool also supports the definition of required compensation measures due to deviations from the scheduled position.
Influence of Extrusion Conditions on the Rheological Behavior of Nuclear Bituminized Waste Products
Authors: Mouazen M. , Poulesquen A. , Vergnes B.
Published: November 2011

In France, bitumen has been used since four decades as a container material for low/intermediate activity and long lifetime radionuclides. Industrial Bituminized Waste Products (BWP) are produced by continuous extrusion of 60 wt.% bitumen and 40 wt.% salts, in which a very small fraction is radioactive. These incorporated salts are, in majority, of two types: soluble or insoluble. During storage, the organic matrix subjected to irradiation produces gases, which can give rise to BWP swelling in the container and then to a possible overflow. The extent of gas production is directly linked to the degree of dispersion of the salts into the bitumen matrix. To quantify this dispersion, the effect of extrusion operating conditions, such as feed rate and screw speed, have been studied using a laboratory scale co-rotating twin screw extruder. BWP rheological characterization shows the development of a pseudo-solid plateau at low frequency and a change in the linear viscoelastic domain when screw speed and feed rate are varied, indicating a modification of the dispersion state. Samples characterization with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) confirms in the case of insoluble and soluble salts a change in the number of agglomerates, accompanied by an improvement of the dispersion at high screw speed but less remarkable with the feed rate. A Carreau-Yasuda law with a yield stress is proposed to describe the rheological behaviour of these materials. The effects of volume fraction and maximum volume fraction on viscosity are described using a Krieger-Dougherty equation.
An Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Trialkyl 2-(Dialkoxyphosphoryl)Ethene-1,1,2-Tricarboxylates
Authors: Yavari Issa , Sanaeishoar Tayebeh , Azad Leila , Arab-Salmanabadi Samira
Published: October 2011

An efficient synthesis of trialkyl 2-(dialkoxyphosphoryl)ethene-1,1,2-tricarboxylates is described. This involves the reaction of alkyl cyanoformates, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, and trialkyl phosphites.
Solvent-Free Addition Reaction of Propargyl Bromide and Aldimines Mediated by Activated Zinc Powder
Authors: Zhang Yumei , Han Minghu
Published: October 2011

Zinc-mediated addition reactions of propargyl bromide with a variety of aldimines afforded the corresponding homopropargyl amines under solvent-free conditions. The methodology is solvent-free, catalyst-free and involves a short reaction time (5 minutes).
Synthesis, Characterisation and Photoluminescent Properties of Quinoline Derivatives Containing both a Biphenyl Group and an α, β-Diarylacrylonitrile Unit
Authors: Li Qian , Xu Zhaozhe , Yu Mingxin , Fan Hong , Li Bogeng
Published: October 2011

The synthesis of ( E)-2-(4-bromostyryl)quinoline involves an acid catalysed condensation of 2-methylquinoline and 4-bromobenzaldehyde. ( E)-4′-[(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)]-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-carbaldehyde has been synthesised from ( E)-2-(4-bromostyryl)quinoline and 4-formylphenylboronic acid via a Suzuki coupling reaction. A series of novel quinoline derivatives containing both a biphenyl group and an α, β-diarylacrylonitrile unit have been prepared by the base-catalysed condensation between ( E)-4′-[(2-(quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)]-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-carbaldehyde and various arylacetonitriles. By contrast, the acid-catalysed condensation of the latter aldehyde with several aniline derivatives has been used to synthesise quinolines containing an imine group. These compounds, which have implications for the manufacture of organic light-emitting diodes, emit blue to green fluorescence with maximum emission peaks of 419–531 nm in solution and in the solid state under UV irradiation. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals their good thermal stability with a decomposition temperature range from 313 to 387°C.
Synthesis of Novel Amide Molecular Tweezers under Solvent-Free Conditions Using Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Zeng Bitao , Zhou Lijun , Li Xiangbiao , Zhao Xianming , Zhao Zhigang , Deng Mei
Published: October 2011

Twelve novel amide type molecular tweezer anion receptors based on phenyl-1, 4-dioxyacetic acid have been synthesised using microwave irradiation. Their structures were established by 1H NMR, IR, MS spectra and elemental analysis. Their binding properties were examined by UV-Vis spectra titration. The preliminary results indicate that these molecular tweezers show good recognition properties for Cl-, Br-, I-, CH3COO-.
Chemoselective Thioacetalisation of Aldehydes Catalysed by a MCM-41-Supported Mercapto Ruthenium Complex
Authors: Li Jianying , Xie Shiyun , Cheng Li , Liu Jun , Cai Mingzhong
Published: October 2011

A variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes can be easily converted into the corresponding cyclic and acyclic dithioacetals in the presence of MCM-41-supported mercapto ruthenium complex (MCM-41-SH-RuCl3) in acetonitrile. This supported ruthenium complex can be recovered by simple filtration and reused several times without noticeable loss of activity.
Antarctic ice-shelf calving triggered by the Honshu (Japan) earthquake and tsunami, March 2011
Authors: Brunt Kelly M. , Okal Emile A. , MacAyeal Douglas R.
Published: October 2011

We use European Space Agency Envisat data to present the first observational evidence that a Northern Hemisphere tsunami triggered Antarctic ice-shelf calving more than 13 000 km away. The Honshu tsunami of 11 March 2011 traversed the Pacific Ocean in <18 hours where it impinged on the Sulzberger Ice Shelf, resulting in the calving of 125 km2 of ice from a shelf front that had previously been stable for >46 years. This event further illustrates the growing evidence of ocean-wave impact on Antarctic calving and emphasizes the teleconnection between the Antarctic ice sheet and events as far away as the Northern Hemisphere.
Evaluating ice fabrics using fabric analyser techniques in Sørsdal Glacier, East Antarctica
Authors: Wilson Christopher J.L. , Peternell Mark
Published: October 2011

Ice cores (∼4 m long) obtained from areas of different surface velocities near the terminus of Sørsdal Glacier, East Antarctica, have been investigated using two versions of a fabric analyser (G50). In sections parallel to the flow plane, the microstructure is typically interlocking with elongate grains that parallel air-bubble elongation, X, reflecting their development in an earlier ductile regime. The c-axis fabric patterns vary with respect to X and vary from single–double maxima to asymmetric small-circle girdles oblique to the planar foliation, which can be attributed to a simple shear regime. The siteto-site variations in the c-axis patterns can be related to areas of different surface velocities, the asymmetry of fabrics correlating with localized strain variations and differences in the deformation path, but not to the current strain pattern recorded by the near-surface deformation conditions. Overprinting fractures have little effect on microstructure except for local dissolution and precipitation along stylolitic surfaces. Comparison of results from the two different fabric analysers reveals that with a higher pixel resolution the incorporation of additional monochromatic light-emitting diodes and repositioning of a retarder plate produce more reliable c-axis measurements.
Using borehole logging and electron backscatter diffraction to orient an ice core from Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA
Authors: Obbard R.W. , Cassano T. , Aho K. , Troderman G. , Baker I.
Published: October 2011

While glacier fabric reflects the accumulated strain, detailed azimuthal information is required to link the microstructure to the flow, and this is not easily gathered at depth. Borehole logging provides a way to obtain a log of azimuthal orientation of tilted stratigraphic features that can be used to orient the core with respect to glacier flow. We demonstrate this using acoustic borehole logs and the ice core from a 162 m borehole in Upper Fremont Glacier, Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA. We measured the dip of tilted dust and bubble layers in the actual ice core, identified them on the borehole log, then used their strike to orient the core sections containing them. We examined the crystal orientation fabric of our samples, using electron backscatter diffraction in a scanning electron microscope. When we compared the orientation of the tilted layers in some samples with the fabric, we found that the normal to the foliation and the c-axes maxima both pointed in the direction of maximum shear stress. This illustrates the usefulness of borehole logs for orienting ice cores after removal from the borehole, and for developing a better understanding of fabric development.
Biogeochemical properties of water in surface ponds on Antarctic fast ice and their relationship with underlying sea-ice properties
Authors: Nomura Daiki , Simizu Daisuke , Shinagawa Hideo , Oouchida Chinatsu , Fukuchi Mitsuo
Published: October 2011

Surface ponds on Antarctic fast ice were examined by measuring temperature, salinity and concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nutrients (NO3 + NO2, PO4 and SiO2) in the surface pond water and under-ice water. Sea-ice cores were also collected from the bottom of a surface pond (pond-ice core) and from a site away from the pond (bare-ice core). Time-series measurements of surface pond water temperature showed that it varied with solar radiation rather than with air temperature. Comparison of water properties between surface pond water and under-ice water suggested that DIC and nutrients were consumed by biological productivity during pond formation. Depth profiles of nutrient concentrations in the pond-ice core suggested the remineralization of organic matter at the bottom of the surface pond. The Chl-a concentration was lower at the bottom of the pond-ice core than in the bare-ice core, suggesting that surface pond formation reduces ice algae abundance in sea ice because meltwater flushes algae from the porous sea ice into the under-ice water.
Nutritional value of wild, cultured and frozen prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879)
Authors: Ferdose A , Hossain MB
Published: November 2011

This investigation principally entails with the proximate analysis of the constitutional composition of fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Protein, fat, moisture, ash and carbohydrate content in prawn collected from wild, culture farm and market (frozen form) during April, 2010 were determined dry matter basis by following AOAC method to evaluate the nutritional value of prawn from different sources. The proximate composition of the muscle tissue of wild, cultured and frozen prawn were found to be 68.27 ± 0.23, 74.85 ± 0.65 and 60.8 ± 0.12% protein; 6.99 ± 0.92, 5.61 ± 0.37 and 8.21 ± 0.14 % carbohydrate; 8.44 ± 0.10, 9.15 ± 0.61 and 7.89 ± 0.005% lipid; 16.30 ± 0.65, 10.14 ± 0.55 and 23.09 ± 0.39% ash; 78.3 ± 5.83, 77.1 ± 1.69 and 74.9 ± 0.98% moisture respectively. Prawns collected from all sources showed reasonably good proximate composition although variation occurred. This indicates that the wild has also provided with adequate food. The proportion of total protein and lipid were found to be higher in cultured prawns than in the others. In contrast, the proportions of ash contents were higher in frozen prawns when compared with other two, and moisture contents were higher in wild and cultured prawn. In the present study, nutrition wise, the adult cultured prawn was better compared to the wild and frozen prawn. Since M. rosenbergii is a good source of protein, and very low in fat, it can be used as a healthy choice of food for human consumptions. Key words: Proximate composition; freshwater prawn; Macrobrachium rosenbergii; nutritional value. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v1i2.8821 International Journal of Natural Sciences (2011), 1(2):52-55
Macro anatomical investigation of brachial plexus of the White New Zealand rabbit (Orycotolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Mohiuddin M , Rahman ML , Alim MA , Kabir MBH , Kashem MA
Published: November 2011

In present study, the brachial plexus of the White New Zealand rabbit (Orycotolagus cuniculus) was investigated. Five adult rabbits were used and organizations of the brachial plexus of them were investigated. It was found that the brachial plexus of the rabbit was formed by rami ventralis of fifth cervical spinal nerve (C5), sixth cervical spinal nerve (C6), seventh cervical spinal nerve (C7), eighth cervical spinal nerve (C8), first thoracic spinal nerve (T1) and second thoracic spinal nerve (T2). The rami ventralis of C5 spinal nerve and T2 spinal nerve were divided into two branches. The caudal branch of C5 spinal nerve and cranial branch of T2 spinal nerve contributed to the brachial plexus. The caudal branch of C5 spinal nerve and C6 spinal nerve constituted the cranial trunk and the caudal trunk was formed by a branch which came from cranial trunk, rami ventralis of C7, C8, T1 spinal nerves and the cranial branch of ventral ramus of T2 spinal nerve. Contribution of caudal branch of ventral ramus of C5 spinal nerve and cranial branch of ventral ramus of T2 spinal nerve to the formation of the brachial plexus of rabbit and division of the brachial plexus to the caudal and cranial trunks resemble to porcupine and differ the brachial plexus of this species from those of rat, mouse and mammals.Key words: Spinal nerves; Orycotolagus cuniculus; Brachial plexus; Rabbits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v1i3.8825International Journal of Natural Sciences (2011), 1(3):74-76
Assessment of genetic variability, correlation and path association in rice (oryza sativa l.)
Authors: Yadav SK , Suresh BG , Pandey Praveen , Kumar Binod
Published: October 2011

Context: Direct selection based on crop yields is often a paradox in breeding programmes because yield is a complex polygenically inherited character, influenced by its component traits.   Objectives: The present research work was taken up to assess genetic variability, phenotypic and genotypic associations between various components of grain yield to provide basis for selection and yield improvement in rice.   Materials and Methods: Correlation coefficient and path association are used to find out the degree (strength) and direction of relationship between two or more variable and for fixing up the characters which are having decisive role in influencing the yield. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to establish the extent of association between yield and yield components and others characters in rice. Analysis of variance revealed that significant amount of genetic variability was present in the entire characters studied.   Results: High heritability coupled with high to moderate genetic advance as % of mean was observed on plant height seed yield per plant, biological yield, harvest index, test weight and number of spikelets per panicle suggesting preponderance of additive gene action in the expression of these characters. The correlation coefficient between seed yield per plant and other quantitative attributing to yield showed that grain yield was significantly and positively associated with harvest index, number of tillers per hill, number of panicle per plant, panicle length, number of spikelet's per panicle and test weight at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient at genotypic level revealed that harvest index, biological yield, number of tillers per hill, panicle length, number of spikelets per panicle, plant height and test weight had direct positive effect on seed yield per hill, indicating these are the main contributors to yield.Conclusion: From the correlation and path study it may be concluded that harvest index, number of tillers per hill, panicle length, and number of spikelet per panicle and test weight are the most important characters that contributed directly to seed yield per hill. Thus a genotype with higher magnitude of these traits could be either selected from existing genotypes or evolved by breeding program for genetic improvement of yield in rice.   Key words: Rice; variability; heritability; agro-morphological traits; correlation; pathDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8767 JBS 2010; 18(0): 1-8
Preliminary phytochemical screening and susceptibility of bacteria pathogens to whole extract of evolvulus alsinoides (L.)
Authors: Omogbai BA , Eze FA
Published: October 2011

Context: Plant based antimicrobial represent a vast untapped source for medicines and further exploration of plant antimicrobial neeto occur. Evolvulus alsinoides (L) (Convolvulaceae) is a perennial herb is used in traditional medicine in East Asia, India, Africa and Philippines to cure fever, cough, cold, venereal diseases, azoospermia, adenitis and dementia.   Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of E. alsinoides on some clinical microbial isolates.   Materials and Methods: The ed thanolic and aqueous extracts of the whole plant (leaves and twigs) were analysed for alkanoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oil and resins. The determination of antibacterial activity was done using the agar well diffusion technique. Pure cultures of pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus leutus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were used for antibacterial activity assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).   Results: The ethanolic extract of the plant had MIC values ranging from 16 mg/ml to 512.5 mg/ml. The least MIC was 16mg-ml against Salmonella typhi while Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest MIC of 512.5 mg-ml. In the aqueous extract the MIC ranged between 512.5 to >1025 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus were not inhibited by the water extract. Phytochemical result showed ethanol to be a better solvent for the extraction of the bioactive agents in this plant which include: glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and volatile oil.   Conclusion: In this study the gram-negative organisms had the lowest MICs and MBCs. This suggests their higher susceptibility to the extract of this plant. On the basis of the result obtained in this investigation it can be concluded that ethanol extract of Evolvulus alsinoides had significant in vitro broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.   Keywords: Evolvulus alsinoides; Phytochemical screening; Antibacterial activity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8769 JBS 2010; 18(0): 16-20
Effect of artificial shading on growth and morphogenesis of rauvolfia serpentina benth. Ex. Kurz and r. Tetraphylla L.
Authors: Trivedi MP , Kumari Rachna
Published: October 2011

Context: Plants behaviour is greatly influenced by light intensity, quality and photoperiods. Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex. Kurz and R. tetraphylla L. grow well during April to September with longer daylength and maximum light intensity. Growth of both the species continues during rest months with slow rate. From their overall performance in their normal habitat R. serpentina seems to appear that it can tolerate some shading as against R. tetraphylla.   Objective: To study the growth behaviour of R. serpentina and R. tetraphylla under three different light intensities i.e. full open sun, partial shade and shade in a glasshouse.   Materials and Methods: Experiments were done on three light regimes measured with the help of luxmeter, i.e. full light under natural condition with 100% light under netted cloth cover with 90% and diffused light under muslin cloth with 70% Seedlings were raised in earthenware pots. The harvesting was started after 2 weeks after transference of the plants to their appropriate light intensities. The performance of species was judged with respect to mean dry weight accumulation, leaf area increase, relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio, net assimilation rate and α.   Results: In both species dry weight and leaf area increased steadily in successive harvests but R. serpentina and R. tetraphylla appear to behave differently in their response to different light regimes. R. serpentina grows well in partial shade and full light as against R. tetraphylla which does well in full light than in partial shade. R. serpentina always maintained an edge over R. tetraphylla.   Conclusion: Both species showed the value of α more than one in most regimes. It means that they are morphogenetically well balanced and are ready for flowering. Keywords: Artificial shading; Growth; Morphogenesis; Rauvolfia serpentine; R. tetraphylla. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8770 JBS 2010; 18(0): 21-26
Effects of cypermethrin, deltamethrin and nimbicidine on population of tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Authors: Islam R Khatun W , Mondal KAMSH
Published: October 2011

Context: Pyrethroid insecticides and plant products can control the population of stored products insect pest Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).   Objective: To determine the influence of cypermethrin, deltamethrin and nimbicidine individually and combinedly on the population of T. castaneum.   Materials and Methods: One hundred T. castaneum adults (1:1) aged 10-20 days old were introduced into a beaker containing 100 g of either fresh or treated flour and kept in an incubator (30 ± 0.5ºC). After 4 months the total number of adults were assessed. Pupae and fourth to sixth instar larvae were also counted.   Results: The population of T. castaneum was significantly (P<0.01) reduced by cypermethrin, deltamethrin and nimbicidine alone and their combinations over a period of 4 months than control. Among chemicals, cypermethrin alone at 2 ppm was the most effective in reducing the total population (PRC 63.44), followed by 5 ppm dose of deltamethrin (PRC 55.81) and 24 ppm dose of nimbicidine (54.39). In case of adult population the maximum reduction was in 24 ppm of nimbicidine (PRC 76.17). However, the combined dose of cypermethrin, deltamethrin and nimbicidine significantly (P<0.01) reduced the pupal and adult population. The lowest larval population was found in the treatment of cypermethrin (2 ppm) (PRC 61.51) followed by the deltamethrin (5 ppm) (PRC 51.17).   Conclusion: In cypermethrin and deltamethrin the reduction of population was probably due to mortality of different life stages of T. castaneum but in case of nimbicidine it was most probably due to its growth regulatory activity.   Keywords: Cypermethrin; Deltamethrin; Nimbicidine; Population; Tribolium. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8780 JBS 2010; 18(0): 84-87
Comparison of the effects of growth regulators on in vitro regeneration of ridge gourd and sponge gourd through shoot
Authors: Nahar E , Haque ME , Sikdar B
Published: October 2011

Context: Luffa cylindrica and Luffa acutangula are highly cross pollinated crops and propagated mainly by seeds. Genetic stability cannot be maintained easily by seed propagation. It can be maintain by developing special vegetative technique through tissue culture.   Objectives: To compare the effects of growth regulators between two species of Luffa using shoot tips for develop the rapid, simple and efficient in vitro regeneration protocol.   Materials and Methods: Shoot tips used were collected from in vivo grown plants. They were excised from plants and surface sterilized by HgCl2 treatment. The isolated tips were cultured on semisolid MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of different growth regulators.   Results: The highest result of direct shoot multiplication of ridge gourd was observed using 2 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l GA and in case of sponge gourd it was 1.5 mg/l BAP. For callus induction significant result was found using 4 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l NAA in ridge gourd and 3 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l NAA in sponge gourd. Indirect regeneration was performed by subculturing organogenic callus of sponge gourd on MS with 1.5 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l GA3 and the callus of ridged gourd on MS + 1.5 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l NAA + 0.2 mg/l nicotinic acid. Regenerated shoots of both species were rooted well on MS containing NAA at low concentration.   Conclusion: Hormonal differences and simple rapid in vitro regeneration protocol of L. cylindrica and L. acutangula have been established.   Keywords: Growth regulators; in vitro regeneration; ridge gourd; sponge gourd. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8781 JBS 2010; 18(0): 88-93
Hormonal effects on in vitro regeneration of ricinus communis L. Cultivar shabje
Authors: Rahman MA , Bari MA
Published: October 2011

Context: Castor is the best candidate plant to the venture of green energy sector. In Bangladesh castor is widely grown and we can reap the benefit from castor by the application of different biotechnological approaches. Genetic engineering appears as one of the necessary tools for the improvement of cultivars of castor. Therefore, an efficient regeneration protocol for castor needs to be established, which is rapid, reproducible and applicable to a broad range of genotypes.   Objectives: To establish a high frequency plant regeneration system from the seedling explants of Ricinus communis L. cultivar shabje using tissue culture technique. Materials and Methods: The proliferating axillary shoots were established on modified MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA, Kn and 2ip using explants from the in vitro grown seedlings of R. communis.   Results: Explants from the seedlings raised on cytokinin enriched medium showed early sprouting and development of axillary shoots than those taken from the seedlings grown on cytokinin omitted medium. Shoot proliferation efficiency of cotyledonary node explant was noted two times greater than that of shoot tip explant. MMS1 medium fortified with 1.5-2.5 mg/l BA showed the best performance and yield 5-10 axillary shoots within 6 weeks of culture. Microcuttings prepared from in vitro proliferated shoots were rooted on MMS2 medium. The best rooting (92.7%) obtained on ½MS fortified with 0.2 mg/l of IBA accompanied by 0.6 mg/l of AgNO3.   Conclusion: Best media formulation for shoot proliferation in Ricinus cultivar was MS medium fortified with 2.0 mg/l BA and its recalcitrant property could be minimized in some extent by using of AgNO3 and charcoal in case of root induction.   Keywords: In vitro regeneration; seedling explants; Ricinus communis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8787 JBS 2010; 18(0): 121-127
Anthony Chiva and Jill Manthorpe (eds.) (2009). Older Workers in Europe. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 177 pp. ISBN 978 0 335 22275 9 (paperback)
Authors: Hofäcker Dirk
Published: October 2011

Not Available.
Distribution of Functional Liver Volume in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus in the 1st Branch and Main Trunk Using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography—Application to Radiation Therapy
Authors: Shirai Shintaro , Sato Morio , Noda Yasutaka , Kishi Kazushi , Kawai Nobuyuki , Minamiguchi Hiroki , Nakai Motoki , Sanda Hiroki , Sahara Shinya , Ikoma Akira , Sonomura Tetsuo
Published: October 2011

Purpose: To analyze the distribution of functional liver volume (FLV) in the margin volume (MV) surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) before radiation therapy (RT) and to verify the safety of single photon emission computed tomography-based three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (SPECT-B3DCRT) by exploring the relation of FLV in MV to radiation-induced liver disease (RILD). Methods and Materials: Clinical target volume (CTV) included main tumor and PVTT, and planning target volume (PTV) included CTV with a 10 mm margin. MV was defined as PTV–CTV. FLV ratio in MV was calculated as FLV in MV/MV × 100 (%). The two high-dose beams were planned to irradiate FLV as little as possible. Fifty-seven cases of HCC (26/57, 46%; Child–Pugh grade B) with PVTT underwent SPECT-B3DCRT which targeted the CTV to a total dose of 45 Gy/18 fractions. The destructive ratio was defined as radiation induced dysfunctional volume/FLV × 100 (%). Results: We observed a significant negative correlation between FLV ratio in MV and CTV (p < 0.001). Three cases with CTVs of 287, 587 and 1184 cm3 experienced transient RILD. The FLV ratio in MV was highest in patients with RILD: nine patients with CTV of 200–300 cm3, three with CTV of 500–600 cm3, and two with CTV of 1100–1200 cm3. The destructive ratio yielded a mean value of 24.2 ± 1.5%. Conclusions: Radiation planning that takes into account the distribution of FLV appears to result in the least possible RILD.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of (2Z)-2-[3-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-2-ylidene]-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone
Authors: Petrov Anna , Jones Roderick C. , Vaughan Douglas G. , Lough Alan J. , Gossage Robert A.
Published: October 2011

The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, viz., (2Z)-2-[3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,2,-oxazolidin-2-ylidene]-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone (4), is reported. Compound 4 crystallises from toluene/hexanes mixtures in the P21/c space group with eight molecules in the unit cell. The unit cell parameters are: a = 20.9410(11) Å, b = 8.7523(5) Å, c = 21.2291(9) Å; β = 93.529(3)° and V = 3883.5(3) Å3. There are two structurally distinct molecules of 4 found in the solid-state which differ primarily in terms of the observed torsion angles and the overall intramolecular spacing between the aromatic groups. Bond lengths and angles of this tertiary amide are otherwise typical. This is the first crystallographically characterised example of this class of oxazoline precursors, which have previously found application in the syntheses of other heterocycles. Density functional theory (b3lyp 6-311++G** level of sophistication) has likewise been applied to estimate the gas-phase structure of the title compound.
Outdoor Storage Characteristics of Single-Pass Large Square Corn Stover Bales in Iowa
Authors: Shah Ajay , Darr Matthew J. , Webster Keith , Hoffman Christopher
Published: October 2011

Year-round operation of biorefineries can be possible only if the continuous flow of cellulosic biomass is guaranteed. If corn (Zea mays) stover is the primary cellulosic biomass, it is essential to recognize that this feedstock has a short annual harvest window (≤1–2 months) and therefore cost effective storage techniques that preserve feedstock quality must be identified. This study evaluated two outdoor and one indoor storage strategies for corn stover bales in Iowa. High- and low-moisture stover bales were prepared in the fall of 2009, and stored either outdoors with two different types of cover (tarp and breathable film) or within a building for 3 or 9 months. Dry matter loss (DML), changes in moisture and biomass compositions (fiber and ultimate analyses) were determined. DML for bales stored outdoor with tarp and breathable film covers were in the ranges of 5–11 and 14–17%, respectively. More than half of the total DML occurred early during the storage. There were measurable differences in carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and acid detergent lignin for the different storage treatments, but the changes were small and within a narrow range. For the bale storage treatments investigated, cellulose content increased by as much as 4%s from an initial level of ~41%, hemicellulose content changed by −2 to 1% from ~34%, and acid detergent lignin contents increased by as much as 3% from an initial value of ~5%. Tarp covered bales stored the best in this study, but other methods, such as tube-wrapping, and economics need further investigation.
Development of a Human Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Toolkit for Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Ruiz Patricia , Ray Meredith , Fisher Jeffrey , Mumtaz Moiz
Published: October 2011

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can be used to determine the internal dose and strengthen exposure assessment. Many PBPK models are available, but they are not easily accessible for field use. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has conducted translational research to develop a human PBPK model toolkit by recoding published PBPK models. This toolkit, when fully developed, will provide a platform that consists of a series of priority PBPK models of environmental pollutants. Presented here is work on recoded PBPK models for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals. Good agreement was generally obtained between the original and the recoded models. This toolkit will be available for ATSDR scientists and public health assessors to perform simulations of exposures from contaminated environmental media at sites of concern and to help interpret biomonitoring data. It can be used as screening tools that can provide useful information for the protection of the public.
Are Media Reports Representative of Host Community Support for Mega-Events? the Case of Sydney World Youth Day 2008
Authors: Locke Mirrin , Zahra Anne
Published: October 2011

World Youth Day 2008 (WYD08) held during July was the fourth mega-event to be held in Sydney in the past decade. All mega-events, such as WYD08, attract considerable media attention in the lead up to, during, and after the event. In the lead up to WYD08, media reports, particularly
those in the Australian written press, were predominately negative. These reports gave the impression that there was little, if any, support for holding the event among the residents of Sydney. Data were collected through a combination of document analysis and host community interviews, in
the lead up to, during, and immediately following the event. The document analysis included two local Sydney newspapers and one national newspaper. The findings show that printed media reports were not an accurate reflection of community support. Given that media is believed to be not only
influenced by public opinion, but also capable of influencing public opinion, why was there such disparity between media reports and other sources of evidence regarding community support for this event? There is a call for more research investigating if what is reflected in the media is a
fair approximation of community response to events.
Phylogenetic relationships of Aristida and relatives (Poaceae, Aristidoideae) based on noncoding chloroplast (trnL‐F, rpl16) and nuclear (ITS) DNA sequences
Authors: Cerros‐Tlatilpa Rosa , Columbus J. Travis , Barker Nigel P.
Published: November 2011

• Premise: The cosmopolitan and ecologically important grass subfamily Aristidoideae comprises the widely distributed genus Aristida (250–290 species), Stipagrostis (50 species, with an African‐Asian distribution), and Sartidia (five species, Africa and Madagascar). The subfamily includes species with C3 (Sartidia and a single species of Aristida) and C4 photosynthetic pathways. Rigorous phylogenetic reconstructions of species relationships are required to explain the biogeographic, physiological, and ecological diversity within this subfamily.

• Methods: Chloroplast (trnL‐F, rpl16) and nuclear (ITS) DNA sequences were obtained from 198 accessions, and the combined data set was subjected to parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses. Dating analyses calibrated using previously published node ages were conducted to determine the ages of major radiations.

• Results: The C3 Sartidia is sister to a monophyletic Stipagrostis, and the (Sartidia, Stipagrostis) clade is sister to Aristida. Within Aristida, the only known C3 species, A. longifolia, is sister to the remainder of the genus. Infrageneric sections of Aristida were not supported, and there are no synapomorphic morphological characters for the clades retrieved. Within Aristida, monophyletic Australian, African, North American, and South American clades are retrieved.

• Conclusions: The subfamily dates back to the late Miocene, with the major lineages present by the Pliocene. With one exception, regional clades of Aristida evolved in the Pliocene. The C3 photosynthetic pathway is hypothesized to be the pleisomorphic condition for the subfamily, wherein two independent C4 pathways (each with unique anatomical and genetic features) evolved, one within Aristida and one in Stipagrostis.
Lifetime analysis of individual-atom contacts and crossover to geometric-shell structures in unstrained silver nanowires
Authors: Obermair Christian , Kuhn Holger , Schimmel Thomas
Published: November 2011

We study the crossover of quantum point contacts from (i) individual-atom contacts to (ii) electronic-shell effects and finally to (iii) geometric-shell effects in electrochemically deposited silver contacts. The method allows the fabrication of mechanically unstrained structures, which is a requirement for determining the individual atomic configuration by means of a detailed lifetime analysis of their conductance. Within the geometric-shell model, the sequence of conductance maxima is explained quantitatively based on the crystal structure data of silver, and the growth mechanism of the nanowires is discussed.
Short-Course Combivir after Single-Dose Nevirapine Reduces but Does Not Eliminate the Emergence of Nevirapine Resistance in Women
Authors: Palmer Sarah , Boltz Valerie F , Chow Jeremy Y , Martinson Neil A , McIntyre James A , Gray Glenda E , Hopley Mark J , Mayers Douglas , Robinson Patrick , Hall David B , Maldarelli Frank , Coffin John M , Mellors John W ,   for the 1100.1413 Trial Investigators
Published: November 2011

Background

In the Treatment Options Preservation Study (TOPS) trial, 4 or 7 days of Combivir (CBV; zidovudine/ lamivudine) with maternal single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) significantly reduced the emergence of NVP resistance as determined by virus population genotyping. To detect NVP resistance with greater sensitivity, we analysed TOPS samples by allele-specific real-time PCR (ASP).

Methods

In a random subset of women from each arm of the trial, plasma samples from before and 6 weeks after sdNVP were analysed using ASP at codons 103, 181, 184 and 190.

Results

Samples were analysed from 27 women in the sdNVP arm and 24 each in the CBV 4-day (sdNVP/ CBV4) and 7-day (sdNVP/CBV7) arms. ASP detected NVP-resistant variants in week 6 samples from 70% of women in the sdNVP arm, 29% in the sdNVP/CBV4 arm and 33% in sdNVP/CBV7 arm ( P<0.01 for sdNVP/CBV4 or sdNVP/ CBV7 versus sdNVP; P=1.0 for sdNVP/CBV4 versus sdNVP/ CBV7). Lamivudine resistance was detected by ASP in only 1 of 51 women who received CBV.

Conclusions

Short-course CBV significantly reduced but did not eliminate the emergence of NVP resistance after sdNVP. NVP-resistant variants were detected in about one-third of women despite CBV treatment, but the duration of persistence and clinical impact of these variants in response to antiretroviral therapy is uncertain.
Survie entrepreneuriale en Afrique : le cas des entreprises guinéennes
Authors: Doumbouya Mohamed Lamine
Published: October 2011

Ce papier présente les résultats d’une enquête réalisée auprès d’environ six mille ménages guinéens disposant d’une entreprise entre 2002-2003. Il montre qu’en situations économiques et sociales difficiles, où l’État assure moins les services sociaux de base, la création d’activités reste la seule alternative aux familles pour survivre. Les entreprises créées ont une durée de vie assez courte du fait de leur faible niveau capitalistique et de la confusion qui entoure leur gestion.
Addictions et temporalité le temps du soin : maintenant ou jamais !
Authors: Guillermain Yves
Published: October 2011

Résumé L’adolescent interroge vivement la notion de temporalité. Entre les jamais et les toujours, les pas assez éprouvés et les trop, la rencontre avec le jeune dérange le thérapeute : immédiateté d’une demande, instabilité du contact, désorganisation temporelle. Bousculé par le pubertaire, engagé dans une période de changements radicaux, mais sommé de ne pas y rester, l’adolescent est ébranlé par les conflits temporels dont il est le siège. Les « je n’ai pas le temps » fusent rapidement : de quel temps s’agit-il ? Les prises de risques, les conduites addictives s’inscrivent tout à fait dans la problématique temporelle. La temporalité chimique proposerait plutôt un moment hors temps, atemporel lié à une répétition infinie. Le clinicien doit parfois oser l’inconfort d’un contact immédiat tout en balisant la rencontre, en laissant s’ouvrir un espace temporel. Le temps du soin est d’une extrême fragilité, un rien peut l’anéantir. L’ajuster en permanence, l’adapter au coup par coup, semble indispensable pour laisser advenir une parole.
Les hospitalisations programmées pour des patients alcoolo-dépendants : une façon de redonner un mouvement au temps ?
Authors: Tonnelier Stéphanie , Lemaire Christine , Bodenez Pierre
Published: October 2011

Résumé Afin de garantir au mieux la continuité thérapeutique et de permettre un travail de fond pour des patients nécessitant le plus souvent un soin au long cours, nous avons développé dans le Service d’Addictologie de Brest les hospitalisations programmées. Cet article propose un travail de réflexion portant sur la temporalité et sur ce type particulier d’hospitalisations. Les hospitalisations programmées sont une modalité de soins qui proposent à des personnes alcoolo-dépendantes des hospitalisations régulières, programmées dans le temps. Le but de cet article est d’essayer de montrer comment au travers d’une organisation des soins dans le temps, nous avons l’impression de rendre un certain mouvement au temps si figé de ces patients, de leur redonner une sorte de perspective. Par ailleurs, le fait que nous ne leur demandions pas d’être abstinents entre chaque hospitalisation constitue probablement la spécificité de ces hospitalisations permettant d’expliquer leur dimension thérapeutique. L’hospitalisation programmée ouvre alors « un espace » permettant au patient de devenir « sujet » et donc de « désirer ».
Efficacy of Repeat Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee
Authors: Rath Paul A. , Gugala Zbigniew , Lindsey Ronald W.
Published: November 2011

A patient often initially presents to an orthopedic surgeon with the magnetic resonance image (MRI) ordered by his or her primary care physician in hand. Often, a significant period of time elapses after injury before the patient is assessed by the orthopedic surgeon; therefore, the initial MRI may be considered outdated because of a new injury or a change in symptoms or because the orthopedist may prefer a new study, a stronger magnet, or a special imaging protocol. However, the decision to repeat a knee MRI is presently an arbitrary one because no clinical guidelines exist to justify this practice.

All repeat knee MRIs performed at our academic institution in the past 9 years were retrospectively examined. Inclusion criterion was repeat MRI of the same knee with no surgical intervention. The formal radiology reports were grouped into 3 categories: change, no change, and unclear. Knee pathology was further grouped into 6 categories indicating what specific structures were pathological or injured. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the association of time vs category or condition change between MRIs. Of 3501 knee MRI studies, 88 patients had a total of 101 repeat MRIs. The average number of days between repeats for those with category or condition change was 612 vs 504 for those with no change. Age, sex, and time between MRIs were not significantly associated with a category or condition change. Repeat knee MRI prior to surgical intervention is becoming more prevalent and may have clinical merit. A further prospective study is warranted.
Arthroscopically Assisted Conversion of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty to Hemiarthroplasty With Glenoid Bone Grafting
Authors: Namdari Surena , Glaser David
Published: November 2011

Aseptic loosening of the glenoid component after total shoulder arthroplasty presents a considerable treatment challenge in the setting of substantial glenoid bone loss. Glenoid component explantation and bone grafting of defects have become common methods of recreating bone stock in hopes of preventing later fractures, maintaining joint kinematics, and allowing for later glenoid reimplantation if necessary. Although this has been traditionally accomplished via open techniques, this article describes an arthroscopic-assisted method of glenoid explantation and bone grafting for cases of aseptic glenoid loosening with contained bone defects.
Intrasubstance Ruptures of the Biceps Brachii: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Wilson David J. , Parada Stephen A. , Slevin John M. , Arrington Edward D.
Published: November 2011

Traumatic intrasubstance ruptures of the biceps brachii are rare and historically specific to military static line parachute jumps; however, these injuries have recently been reported in the civilian literature. Diagnosis is made by history, clinical weakness in supination and elbow flexion, extensive ecchymosis and edema, and a palpable defect. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are useful to confirm the diagnosis and injury severity. Nonoperative treatment involves splinting in acute flexion. Percutaneous hematoma aspiration has been described. Early surgical intervention with primary repair has been shown to be more successful than late reconstruction. Studies comparing operative and nonoperative treatment are lacking.