bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of aldehydes in biological matrices
Authors: Nagy Kornél , Pollreisz Ferenc , Takáts Zoltán , Vékey Károly
Published: September 2004

Application of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for detection of aldehydes in biological samples such as blood, yoghurt, and milk, is reported. Sample preparation is easy, and the presented method is both sensitive and selective. It is based on the widely used dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization, followed by extraction with n‐hexane and a simple reversed‐phase HPLC separation. Detection is performed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in negative ion mode, with detection limits in the low picogram range. Using MS/MS, acetone and propionaldehyde can clearly be distinguished, facilitating propionaldehyde quantitation even in the presence of high acetone levels. Quantitation by direct MS/MS is also feasible, well suited for high‐throughput applications, although not as accurate as using HPLC/MS/MS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution analysis by nano‐electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for the identification of molecular species of phospholipids and their oxidized metabolites
Authors: Ishida Mayuko , Yamazaki Toshiyuki , Houjou Toshiaki , Imagawa Masayoshi , Harada Ayako , Inoue Keizou , Taguchi Ryo
Published: September 2004

Nano‐electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) was applied to identify the molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine of Caenorhabditis elegans, which has a high concentration of phospholipids with a fatty acyl chain having an odd number of carbon atoms. The molecular species of diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine with one fatty acyl chain having an odd number of carbon atoms and one fatty acyl chain having an even number of carbon atoms was identified separately from alkyl‐acyl phosphatidylethanolamine with an alkyl chain having an even number of carbon atoms and a fatty acyl chain having an even number of carbon atoms. Furthermore, nano‐ESI‐FTICRMS was applied to the direct identification of oxidized phosphatidylcholine from soybean. The mass peaks of individual molecular species of oxidative phosphatidylcholine, such as 34:3 diacyl phosphatidylcholine with peroxide (+2O) (m/z 788.544) or 34:2 diacyl phosphatidylcholine with peroxide (+2O) (m/z 790.560), can be separated from the peaks of the molecular species of the non‐oxidative phospholipids. This suggests that the mass peaks with a difference of less than 0.1 mass units in their molecular weight can be separated and that their individual exact molecular compositions can be obtained by the FTICRMS analysis. The high resolution and high accuracy of FTICRMS are very effective in the analysis of molecular species of phospholipids and their derivatives. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial responses to in situ chemical oxidation, six‐phase heating, and steam injection remediation technologies in groundwater
Authors: Azadpour‐Keeley Ann , Wood Lynn A. , Lee Tony R. , Mravik Susan C.
Published: September 2004

The evaluation of microbial responses to three in situ source removal remedial technologies—permanganate‐based in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), six‐phase heating (SPH), and steam injection (SI)—was performed at Cape Canaveral Air Station in Florida. The investigation stemmed from concerns that treatment processes could have a variety of effects on the indigenous biological activity, including reduced biodegradation rates and a long‐term disruption of community structure with respect to the stimulation of TCE (trichloroethylene) degraders. The investigation focused on the quantity of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and its distribution to determine the immediate effect of each remedial technology on microbial abundance and community structure, and to establish how rapidly the microbial communities recovered. Comprehensive spatial and temporal PLFA screening data suggested that the technology applications did not significantly alter the site's microbial community structure. The ISCO was the only technology found to stimulate microbial abundance; however, the biomass returned to predemonstration values shortly after treatment ended. In general, no significant change in the microbial community composition was observed in the SPH or SI treatment areas, and even small changes returned to near initial conditions after the demonstrations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization and pilot‐scale studies for chemical oxidation remediation of fractured shale
Authors: Goldstein Kenneth J. , Vitolins Andrew R. , Navon Daria , Parker Beth L. , Chapman Steven , Anderson Grant A.
Published: September 2004

The distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fractured shale overlain by thin (< 10 feet) overburden at the Watervliet Arsenal near Albany, New York, was initially determined by sampling water from the fracture network using packer systems in boreholes and also using conventional monitoring wells. Furthermore, short‐term pumping and injection tests were conducted and the boreholes were logged using a variety of geophysical and hydrophysical tools. Tetrachloroethene is the dominant VOC in the groundwater, with lesser concentrations of trichloroethene and degradation products (cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene, trans‐1,2‐dichloroethene, and vinyl chloride). The vertical VOC distributions in the rock matrix were obtained from continuous‐cored holes from which small rock samples, collected at many depths between 18 and 150 feet below ground surface, were analyzed. The rock core VOC concentrations were determined by methanol extraction of crushed rock followed by direct methanol injection onto a gas chromatograph and subsequent estimation of rock porewater VOC concentrations. The rock core data support the concept that diffusion‐driven mass transfer has caused nearly all the VOC mass initially present in the fractures to now reside in the rock matrix, which has a porosity three or four orders of magnitude larger than the bulk fracture porosity. The results of the site characterization indicate that an effective site investigation strategy in fractured shale must include characterization of both the fracture and matrix contaminant distribution. These results also indicate that the most favorable remediation technologies for this fractured shale are those that will destroy VOCs in the rock matrix, particularly contaminants in the sorbed phase, and also destroy the VOC mass in the fractures including both dissolved and immiscible phases. The site characterization resulted in the selection of potassium permanganate for an in situ chemical oxidation pilot study. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The maturing of the Triad approach: Avoiding misconceptions
Authors: Crumbling Deana M. , Hayworth Joel S. , Call Bradley A. , Davis William M. , Howe Robert , Miller David S. , Johnson Robert
Published: September 2004

Misunderstandings and misconceptions have arisen as the Triad approach has gained wider application. The Triad initiative's ability to catalyze second‐generation cleanup practices will be hampered if inaccurate or incomplete assumptions create persistent confusion about what Triad is or how it works. This article has been prepared by the multi‐agency workgroup responsible for articulating the Triad approach and coordinating national Triad efforts. It serves to address some misunderstandings about key Triad concepts. As an aid to those wishing to learn more, a new Web site (the Triad Resource Center, http://www.triadcentral.org) and a new Triad reference document from the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) are introduced as sources of explanatory information supporting the Triad approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating critical thinking and systems thinking: from premises to causal loops
Authors: Cavana Robert Y. , Mares Edwin D.
Published: September 2004

This article demonstrates how to construct a policy argument from the perspective of critical thinking and how to convert this into a causal loop diagram utilising the tools of systems thinking and system dynamics. It is based on the authors' recent work on the Demonstrating Values project with the New Zealand Customs Service, which involved integrating critical thinking and systems thinking into the policy development process. Critical thinking is used in this context to reconstruct a rationale for a given policy. This helped us to isolate key concepts and desired outcomes. The concepts were then used to construct a conceptual diagram. Based on this, the key concepts were operationalised to form a causal loop diagram including the main variables of interest in the system. The causal loop diagram can then be used as the basis for further policy interventions and analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Models for collaboration: how system dynamics helped a community organize cost‐effective care for chronic illness
Authors: Homer Jack , Hirsch Gary , Minniti Mary , Pierson Marc
Published: September 2004

Chronic illness is a large and growing problem throughout the world. Experts agree that the U.S. health care system is poorly organized to care for chronic illnesses and, as a result, is wasteful and unresponsive to the needs of patients. This article describes a program to improve chronic care in a county of Washington State, and how system dynamics models focusing on diabetes and heart failure supported the planning of that program. The models project the program's costs and beneﬁts over 20 years and have given its leadership the ability to do resource planning, set realistic expectations, determine critical success factors, and evaluate the differential impacts on affected parties. Relying upon model projections, the leadership is seeking ways to address concerns about ﬁnancial “winners” and “losers” so that all parties are willing to participate in and support the program. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tool support for geographically dispersed inspection teams
Authors: Lanubile Filippo , Mallardo Teresa , Calefato Fabio
Published: September 2004

Software inspection is one of software engineering's best practices for detecting and removing defects early in the development process. However, the prevalence of manual activities and face‐to‐face meetings within software inspections hinder their applicability in the context of global software development, where software engineering activities are spread across multiple sites and even multiple countries.

In this article, we describe a web‐based tool, called the Internet‐Based Inspection System (IBIS), that aims to support geographically dispersed inspection teams. On the basis of findings from empirical studies of software inspections, the IBIS tool adopts a reengineered inspection process to minimize synchronous activities and coordination problems. We present the underlying process model, how the tool is used within the inspection stages, and experiences using the IBIS tool as the enabling infrastructure for distributed software inspections. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture as a coordination tool in multi‐site software development
Authors: Ovaska Päivi , Rossi Matti , Marttiin Pentti
Published: September 2004

A widely held understanding of coordination in software development is that it focuses on coordinating development activities to achieve a common goal. Our study, a case study in an international ICT company, suggests that in multi‐site environment, it is not enough to coordinate development activities to achieve a common goal. Rather, more emphasis should be put on coordinating interdependencies between activities. Shifting the interest from activities (and subsystems) toward system‐level dependencies requires software architects and developers to have a common understanding of the software architecture. Our findings reflect coordination challenges in multi‐site environment with geographically dispersed teams. On the basis of the findings, we claim that architecture could be used to coordinate distributed development. However, this requires that the chief architect is capable of maintaining the integrity of the architecture and of communicating it. Furthermore, we list some requirements for a development methodology that uses architecture to support the coordination. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global software development in practice lessons learned
Authors: Prikladnicki Rafael , Nicolas Audy Jorge Luis , Evaristo Roberto
Published: September 2004

More than a decade ago, organizations seeking lower costs and access to skilled resources began to experiment with remotely located software development facilities. This change is having a profound impact not only on marketing and distribution but also on the way products are conceived, designed, constructed, tested, and delivered to customers. The number of organizations distributing their software development processes worldwide keeps increasing. As a result, software development is becoming a multi‐site, multicultural and globally distributed undertaking. More recently, attention has turned toward trying to understand the factors that enable multinationals and virtual corporations to operate successfully across geographic and cultural boundaries. On the basis of these factors, we present the lessons learned from case studies in two software development units from multinational organizations located in Brazil. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive solutions to superlinear second-order divergence type elliptic equations in cone-like domains
Authors: Kondratiev Vladimir , Liskevich Vitali , Moroz Vitaly
Published: September 2004

We study the problem of the existence and nonexistence of positive solutions to the superlinear second-order divergence type elliptic equation with measurable coefficients

−\mathrm{∇} \cdot a \cdot \mathrm{∇}u = u^{p}

(*),\ p > 1

, in an unbounded cone-like domain

G \subset \mathbb{R}^{N}

(N⩾3)

. We prove that the critical exponent

p^{*}(a\text{,}G) = \mathrm{\inf }\{p > 1:\:(*)\:\text{has a positive supersolution at infinity in}\:G\}

for a nontrivial cone-like domain is always in

(1\text{,}\frac{N}{N−2})

and depends both on the geometry of the domain
G
and the coefficients
a
of the equation.

Nous étudions le problème d'existence ou non existence de solutions positives d'équations elliptiques de type divergence du second-ordre superlinéaires à coefficients mesurables

−\mathrm{∇} \cdot a \cdot \mathrm{∇}u = u^{p}

(*)

,

p > 1

, sur un domaine conique

G \subset \mathbb{R}^{N}

(N⩾3)

. Nous prouvons que l'exposant critique

p^{*}(a\text{,}G) = \mathrm{\inf }\{p > 1:\:(*)\:\text{a une supersolution positive à l'infini dans}\:G\}

pour un domaine conique non–trivial est toujours dans

(1\text{,}\frac{N}{N−2})

, dépend à la fois de la géometrie du domaine
G
et des coefficients
a
de l'équation.
On self-similarity and stationary problem for fragmentation and coagulation models
Authors: Escobedo M. , Mischler S. , Rodriguez Ricard M.
Published: September 2004

We prove the existence of a stationary solution of any given mass to the coagulation–fragmentation equation without assuming a detailed balance condition, but assuming instead that aggregation dominates fragmentation for small particles while fragmentation predominates for large particles. We also show the existence of a self-similar solution of any given mass to the coagulation equation and to the fragmentation equation for kernels satisfying a scaling property. These results are obtained, following the theory of Poincaré–Bendixson on dynamical systems, by applying the Tykonov fixed point theorem on the semigroup generated by the equation or by the associated equation written in “self-similar variables”. Moreover, we show that the solutions to the fragmentation equation with initial data of a given mass behaves, as

t\rightarrow + \infty

, as the unique self similar solution of the same mass.

Pour toute masse donnée, nous démontrons l'existence d'au moins une solution stationnaire pour l'équation de coagulation–fragmentation. Nous ne faisons pas d'hypothèse d'équilibre en détails sur les coefficients mais nous supposons que la coagulation domine la fragmentation pour les particules de petite taille et que la fragmentation est prépondérante pour les particules de grande taille. Nous démontrons également l'existence de solutions auto-similaires pour l'équation de coagulation et pour l'équation de fragmentation sous une hypothèse d'homogéneité sur les noyaux. Ces résultats sont obtenus, s'inspirant de la preuve du Théorème de Poincaré–Bendixson, en appliquant le théorème de point fixe de Tykonov sur le semi-groupe engendré par l'équation ou par l'équation écrite en variables auto-similaires associée. Enfin, nous démontrons que les solutions de l'équation de fragmentation de masse donnée

\rho > 0

se comportent en temps grand comme la solutions auto-simialire de masse

ρ

.
The C. elegans methionine aminopeptidase 2 analog map‐2 is required for germ cell proliferation
Authors: Boxem Mike , Tsai Chiawei W. , Zhang Yi , Saito R.Mako , Liu Jun O.
Published: September 2004

We have investigated the physiological function of type 2 methionine aminopeptidases (MetAP2) using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system. A homolog of human MetAP2 was found in the C. elegans genome, which we termed MAP‐2. MAP‐2 protein displayed methionine aminopeptidase activity and was sensitive to inhibition by fumagillin. Downregulation of map‐2 expression by RNAi led to sterility, resulting from a defect in germ cell proliferation. These observations suggest that MAP‐2 is essential for germ cell development in C. elegans and that this ubiquitous enzyme may play important roles in a tissue specific manner.
Control of 4E‐BP1 expression in mouse brown adipose tissue by the β3‐adrenoceptor
Authors: Lehr Lorenz , Kuehne Françoise , Arboit Patrizia , Giacobino Jean-Paul , Poulin Francis , Muzzin Patrick , Jimenez Maria
Published: September 2004

Knockout of the translation inhibitor 4E‐BP1 induces an overexpression of uncoupling protein‐1 (UCP1) [Nature Medicine 7 (2001) 1128]. A possible inverse control of UCP1 and 4E‐BP1 expressions in mouse brown adipose tissue was investigated. Cold‐exposure, which increases the expression of UCP1, decreased that of 4E‐BP1 mRNA in wild type but not in β1/β2/β3‐adrenoceptor knockout mice. Administration of the β3‐adrenoceptor agonist CL 316 246 decreased 4E‐BP1 mRNA by 75% and protein by 41% after 6 and 48 h, respectively. Our data are the first report of a regulation by the β3‐adrenoceptor of 4E‐BP1 expression. They support a role of the latter in adaptive thermogenesis.
Functional and molecular characterization of the frataxin homolog from Arabidopsis thaliana,
Authors: Busi Maria V. , Zabaleta Eduardo J. , Araya Alejandro , Gomez-Casati Diego F.
Published: September 2004

Frataxin is a highly conserved protein from bacteria to mammals that has been proposed to participate in iron–sulfur cluster assembly and mitochondrial iron homeostasis. In higher organisms, the frataxin gene is nuclear‐encoded and the protein is required for maintenance of normal mitochondrial iron levels and respiration. We describe here AtFH, a plant gene with significant homology to other members of the frataxin family. Plant frataxin has five segments of beta regions and two alpha helices, which are characteristics of human frataxin, as well as a potential N‐terminal targeting peptide for the mitochondrial localization. Transcription analysis showed that AtFH is ubiquitously expressed with high levels in flowers. Complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (Δyfh) lacking the frataxin gene proved that AtFH is a functional protein, because it restored normal rates of respiration, growth and sensitivity to H2O2 of the null mutant. Our results support the involvement of AtFH in mitochondrial respiration and survival during oxidative stress in plants. This is the first report of a functional frataxin gene in plants.
Mitochondrial electron transport as a source for nitric oxide in the unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana
Authors: Tischner Rudolf , Planchet Elisabeth , Kaiser Werner M.
Published: September 2004

Wild type (WT), and nitrate reductase (NR)‐ and nitrite‐reductase (NiR)‐deficient cells of Chlorella sorokiniana were used to characterize nitric oxide (NO) emission. The NO emission from nitrate‐grown WT cells was very low in air, increased slightly after addition of nitrite (200 μM), but strongly under anoxia. Importantly, even completely NR‐free mutants, as well as cells grown on tungstate, emitted NO when fed with nitrite under anoxia. Therefore, this NO production from nitrite was independent of NR and other molybdenum cofactor enzymes. Cyanide and inhibitors of mitochondrial complex III, myxothiazol or antimycin A, but not salicylhydroxamic acid (inhibitor of alternative oxidase) inhibited NO production by NR‐free cells. In contrast, NiR‐deficient cells growing on nitrate accumulated nitrite and emitted NO at very high equal rates in air and anoxia. This NO emission was 50% inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid, indicating that in these cells the alternative oxidase pathway had been induced and reduced nitrite to NO.
Interactions of 12‐lipoxygenase with phospholipase A2isoforms following platelet activation through the glycoprotein VI collagen receptor
Authors: Coffey Marcus J. , Coles Barbara , Locke Matthew , Bermudez-Fajardo Alexandra , Williams P.Claire , Jarvis Gavin E. , O'Donnell Valerie B.
Published: September 2004

Recent studies implicate the collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI (GPVI) in activation of platelet 12‐lipoxygenase (p12‐LOX). Herein, we show that GPVI‐stimulated 12‐hydro(peroxy)eicosatetraenoic acid (H(P)ETE) synthesis is inhibited by palmityl trifluromethyl ketone or oleyloxyethylphosphocholine , but not bromoenol lactone, implicating secretory and cytosolic, but not calcium‐independent phospholipase A2(PLA2) isoforms. Also, following GPVI activation, 12‐LOX co‐immunoprecipitates with both cytosolic and secretory PLA2(sPLA2). Finally, venoms containing sPLA2acutely activate p12‐LOX in a dose‐dependent manner. This study shows that platelet 12‐H(P)ETE generation utilizes arachidonate substrate from both c‐ and sPLA2and that 12‐LOX functionally associates with both PLA2isoforms.
Efficient assembly and release of SARS coronavirus‐like particles by a heterologous expression system
Authors: Mortola Eduardo , Roy Polly
Published: September 2004

Virus‐like particles (VLPs) produced by recombinant expression of the major viral structural proteins could be an attractive method for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) control. In this study, using the baculovirus system, we generated recombinant viruses that expressed S, E, M and N structural proteins of SARS‐CoV either individually or simultaneously. The expression level, size and authenticity of each recombinant SARS‐CoV protein were determined. In addition, immunofluorescence and FACS analysis confirmed the cell surface expression of the S protein. Co‐infections of insect cells with two recombinant viruses demonstrated that M and E could assemble readily to form smooth surfaced VLPs. On the other hand, simultaneous high level expression of S, E and M by a single recombinant virus allowed the very efficient assembly and release of VLPs. These data demonstrate that the VLPs are morphological mimics of virion particles. The high level expression of VLPs with correct S protein conformation by a single recombinant baculovirus offers a potential candidate vaccine for SARS.
Proteinases of betaretroviruses bind single‐stranded nucleic acids through a novel interaction module, the G‐patch
Authors: Švec Martin , Bauerová Helena , Pichová Iva , Konvalinka Jan , Střı́šovský Kvido
Published: September 2004

Retroviral proteinases (PRs) are essential for retrovirus infectivity but the mechanism of their activity regulation is poorly understood. We investigated possible involvement in this process of the C‐terminal domain (CTD) of betaretroviral PRs. We found that the presence of CTD attenuates proteolytic activity of Mason‐Pfizer monkey virus PR, while it does not significantly affect the activity of mouse intracisternal A‐particle retrovirus PR. However, both PRs bind single‐stranded nucleic acids through their CTDs that contain a novel binding motif, the G‐patch, whose function is dependent on a single conserved tyrosine residue. Oligonucleotide binding to both PRs does not inhibit their proteolytic activity.
Interaction of the bacterial terminal oxidase cytochrome bd with nitric oxide
Authors: Borisov Vitaliy B. , Forte Elena , Konstantinov Alexander A. , Poole Robert K. , Sarti Paolo , Giuffrè Alessandro
Published: September 2004

Cytochrome bd is a prokaryotic terminal oxidase catalyzing O2 reduction to H2O. The oxygen‐reducing site has been proposed to contain two hemes, d and b
595, the latter presumably replacing functionally CuB of heme‐copper oxidases. We show that NO, in competition with O2, rapidly and potently (K
i=100±34 nM at ∼70 μM O2) inhibits cytochrome bd isolated from Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii in turnover, inhibition being quickly and fully reverted upon NO depletion. Under anaerobic reducing conditions, neither of the two enzymes reveals NO reductase activity, which is proposed to be associated with CuB in heme‐copper oxidases.
Cell‐type specific modification of PII is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120
Authors: Laurent Sophie , Forchhammer Karl , Gonzalez Leticia , Heulin Thierry , Zhang Cheng-Cai , Bédu Sylvie
Published: September 2004

In the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120, the modification state of the signalling PII protein is regulated according to the nitrogen regime of the cells, as already observed in some unicellular cyanobacteria. However, during the adaptation to diazotrophic growth conditions, PII is phosphorylated in vegetative cells while unphosphorylated in heterocysts. Isolation of mutants affected on PII modification state and analysis of their phenotypes allow us to show the implication of PII in the regulation of molecular nitrogen assimilation and more specifically, the requirement of unmodified state of PII in the formation of polar nodules of cyanophycin in heterocysts.
Role of learning in mesh penetration behaviour of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)
Authors: Özbilgin H. , Glass C.W.
Published: September 2004

If fish that have passed through the meshes of a fishing net are capable of escaping more easily on subsequent encounters, there may be important implications for the efficiency and selectivity of fishing gears in heavily fished populations. Here we report on the effect of learning on mesh penetration of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) under laboratory conditions. Ten haddock were trained using a classical conditioning procedure (with food) to race between two alternately flashing light emitting diodes (LEDs) positioned at the ends of a 6-m-long oval swimming pool. Once the fish were conditioned to race between the LEDs, their penetration ratios in netting barriers of 200-mm and 100-mm bar length, square-mesh curtains in their path on each food presentation were calculated. Fish were reluctant to penetrate mesh barriers of 200 mm at the beginning of the experiment, but all the experimental animals did manage to penetrate. The ratio of these fish in penetrating the smaller mesh size of 100 mm decreased in the first two presentations, but then increased again with experience. The potential consequences of these findings in relation to gear efficiency and gear selectivity studies are discussed.
Long‐lasting effects of serotonin deficiency on differentiating peptidergic neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Mirochnik V. , Bosler O. , Tillet Y. , Calas A. , Ugrumov M.
Published: September 2004

Serotonin (5‐HT, 5‐hydroxytryptamine) is known to be an inductor of the brain development [Whitaker‐Azmitia, P.M., Druse, M., Walker, P., Lauder, J.M., 1996. Serotonin as a developmental signal. Behav. Brain Res. 73, 19–29; Ugrumov, M.V., 1997. Hypothalamic monoaminergic systems in ontogenesis: development and functional significance. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 41, 809–816]. This study was aimed to test whether it provides long‐lasting effects on the differentiating vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in rats. To this aim, 5‐HT was depleted in fetal brain by daily injections of p‐chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of 5‐HT synthesis, to pregnant rats from the 13th to the 21st day of gestation. Pregnant rats injected with saline served as controls. The offsprings (males) of pCPA‐treated and control pregnant rats were maintained after birth for two months under normal laboratory conditions. Then, the SCN was processed for immunocytochemistry of VIP and VP and in situ hybridization of appropriate mRNAs. There were no differences in concentrations of VIP and VP mRNAs in the SCN in adult offsprings of the 5‐HT‐depleted pregnant rats compared to the controls. Moreover, 5‐HT deficiency did not induce any change in size of VIP‐immunoreactive (IR) and VP‐IR neurons. Conversely, both the numbers of VIP‐ and VP‐immunoreactive neurons and concentrations of the peptides in cell bodies increased significantly. It is concluded that 5‐HT provides long‐lasting effects on differentiating VIP and VP neurons in the SCN resulting in attenuated release rather than elevated synthesis of both peptides in adulthood.
A non‐inflatable anti‐shock garment for obstetric hemorrhage
Authors: Brees C. , Hensleigh P.A. , Miller S. , Pelligra R.
Published: September 2004

Objectives

Maternal death from hemorrhage in low resource settings is frequently due to long delays in transportation to referral centers and/or in obtaining blood and surgical interventions. This case series was designed to demonstrate the feasibility, efficacy and safety of the non‐inflatable anti‐shock garment (NI‐ASG) for resuscitation and hemostasis in the initial management of obstetric hemorrhage and shock.

Methods

Fourteen cases of obstetric hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock at Memorial Christian Hospital, Sialkot, Pakistan were managed with a specific clinical protocol based on using NI‐ASG as the primary intervention.

Results

The NI‐ASG was used to resuscitate and stabilize women with hypovolemic shock from 18 to 57 h. Thirteen patients survived without evidence of morbidity, but one had prolonged shock followed by multiple organ failure and death.

Conclusions

This study confirmed that the NI‐ASG quickly restored the vital signs of most women in severe hemorrhagic shock and stabilized them while awaiting blood transfusion.
Textbooks, popular lectures and sermons: the quantum chemist Charles Alfred Coulson and the crafting of science
Authors: SIMÕES ANA
Published: September 2004

In this paper I address C. A. Coulson's teaching activities, writing textbooks and delivering popular science lectures, as well as his popular lectures on religion and the ‘scientific’ sermons delivered in his capacity as a lay preacher of the Methodist Church. I will pay particular attention to his thoughts on science. His commitment to forging a way to reconcile science and religion was built upon a reflection on the aims and methods of science within the broader framework of science's role in post-Second World War society. By noting that Coulson valued chemistry, mathematics and science in general, as a kind of religious activity, I argue that he wrote masterful textbooks and delivered popular science lectures as lay sermons. These were activities which Coulson pursued energetically to build a community of science adepts and proselytes. And winning young, and indeed not so young, people to science meant teaching them one of the languages that could be used to reach God. In the same way, I extend my argument to his popular lectures on religion and his ‘scientific’ sermons and claim that they should be viewed as popular science lectures addressed to an audience that was often ignorant, or even suspicious, of science.
Detection of the secondary meridional circulation associated with the quasi‐biennial oscillation
Authors: Ribera P. , Peña‐Ortiz C. , Garcia‐Herrera R. , Gallego D. , Gimeno L. , Hernández E.
Published: September 2004

The quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) signal in stratospheric zonal and meridional wind, temperature, and geopotential height fields is analyzed based on the use of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis (1958–2001). The multitaper method‐singular value decomposition (MTM‐SVD), a multivariate frequency domain analysis method, is used to detect significant and spatially coherent narrowband oscillations. The QBO is found as the most intense signal in the stratospheric zonal wind. Then, the MTM‐SVD method is used to determine the patterns induced by the QBO at every stratospheric level and data field. The secondary meridional circulation associated with the QBO is identified in the obtained patterns. This circulation can be characterized by negative (positive) temperature anomalies associated with adiabatic rising (sinking) motions over zones of easterly (westerly) wind shear and over the subtropics and midlatitudes, while meridional convergence and divergence levels are found separated by a level of maximum zonal wind shear. These vertical and meridional motions form quasi‐symmetric circulation cells over both hemispheres, though less intense in the Southern Hemisphere.
Multiscale seismic imaging of the eastern Nankai trough by full waveform inversion
Authors: Dessa J.‐X. , Operto S. , Kodaira S. , Nakanishi A. , Pascal G. , Virieux J. , Kaneda Y.
Published: September 2004

Classical active seismic methods fail to sharply image the earth's deep crust. We present the first crustal‐scale application of 2‐D full waveform inversion based on dense ocean bottom seismic data to investigate the Eastern Nankai subduction system (Japan). This approach allows to quantify seismic velocities up to an unprecedented degree of resolution. Results reveal compressive tectonic features within both the subducting oceanic crust and the backstop. At depth, velocity anomalies along major faults and structural discontinuities bring evidence for the presence of fluids and weakened material and also for a possible co‐seismic slip partitioning structure.
High Himalayan meteorology: Weather at the South Col of Mount Everest
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Semple John L.
Published: September 2004

Mount Everest is often referred to as the earth's ‘third’ pole. As such it is relatively inaccessible and little is known about its meteorology. In 1998, a portable weather station was operated at the mountain's South Col, elevation 7,986 m. We believe that this represents the highest elevation at which continuous weather data has ever been collected and thus represents a valuable dataset with which to investigate the meteorology of the high Himalaya. In this paper, we compare the observations with reanalyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. We find that both reanalyses capture much of the synoptic‐scale variability in the temperature and pressure at the South Col site, especially in the pre‐monsoon season. Furthermore, we show that an observed weather event was the result of convection associated with a jet streak and an intrusion of stratospheric air into the upper‐troposphere.
Self organized spatio‐temporal structure within the fractured Vadose Zone: The influence of dynamic overloading at fracture intersections
Authors: LaViolette Randall A. , Glass Robert J.
Published: September 2004

Under low flow conditions (where gravity and capillary forces dominate) within an unsaturated fracture network, fracture intersections act as capillary barriers to integrate flow from above and then release it as a pulse below. Water exiting a fracture intersection is often thought to enter the single connected fracture with the lowest invasion pressure. When the accumulated volume varies between intersections, the smaller volume intersections can be overloaded to cause all of the available fractures exiting an intersection to flow. We included the dynamic overloading process at fracture intersections within our previously discussed model where intersections were modeled as tipping buckets connected within a two‐dimensional diamond lattice. With dynamic overloading, the flow behavior transitioned smoothly from diverging to converging flow with increasing overload parameter, as a consequence of a heterogeneous field, and they impose a dynamic structure where additional pathways activate or deactivate in time.
Glacier acceleration and thinning after ice shelf collapse in the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica
Authors: Scambos T. A. , Bohlander J. A. , Shuman C. A. , Skvarca P.
Published: September 2004

Ice velocities derived from five Landsat 7 images acquired between January 2000 and February 2003 show a two‐ to six‐fold increase in centerline speed of four glaciers flowing into the now‐collapsed section of the Larsen B Ice Shelf. Satellite laser altimetry from ICESat indicates the surface of Hektoria Glacier lowered by up to 38 ± 6 m in a six‐month period beginning one year after the break‐up in March 2002. Smaller elevation losses are observed for Crane and Jorum glaciers over a later 5‐month period. Two glaciers south of the collapse area, Flask and Leppard, show little change in speed or elevation. Seasonal variations in speed preceding the large post‐collapse velocity increases suggest that both summer melt percolation and changes in the stress field due to shelf removal play a major role in glacier dynamics.
Teleconnection between the Arctic Oscillation and Hudson Bay river discharge
Authors: Déry Stephen J. , Wood Eric F.
Published: September 2004

Rising surface air temperatures in response to anthropogenic forcing are intensifying the global hydrologic cycle. Some of the more dramatic signs of climate change are increasing precipitation, evaporation, and freshwater discharge in continental river basins draining to high‐latitude oceans. At regional scales, however, an acceleration of the hydrologic cycle is not always detected. In contrast to its major Eurasian counterparts, the North American Hudson Bay Basin experienced a 15% decline in river runoff between 1964 and 1994. It is shown that the Arctic Oscillation explains with statistical significance up to 90% of the recent variability in Hudson Bay river discharge. This study reveals the important role of large‐scale atmospheric phenomena such as the Arctic Oscillation in regulating the terrestrial hydrologic budget. The ability of weather and climate models to represent these interannual to decadal scale phenomena governs their predictions of the surface water budget's future state in a changing climate.
Ion cyclotron and heavy ion effects on reconnection in a global magnetotail
Authors: Winglee R. M.
Published: September 2004

Finite ion cyclotron effects play a significant role in determining the dynamics of the neutral sheet. The demagnetization of the ions facilitates reconnection and produces an electric field perpendicular to the direction of the tail currents. This in‐plane electric field drives field‐aligned currents and an out‐of‐plane (or core) magnetic field in conjunction with the generation of flux ropes. In addition to these electromagnetic effects, it is shown that ion cyclotron effects lead to the preferential convection of plasma from the dawnside to the duskside. This convection is consistent with results from single‐particle tracking but differs from ideal MHD treatment where the flow occurs symmetrically around the Earth. A physical manifestation of these asymmetric particle trajectories is the wrapping of the field‐aligned current between the region 1 currents and the region 2 and/or region 0 currents. In addition, localized density enhancements and depletions are seen in the tail where the local heavy ion density can be substantially elevated over ionospheric conditions. Because of the local density variations, reconnection across the tail is inhomogeneous. Reconnection is initiated postmidnight and then sweeps across to the dawn and dusk flanks within a few minutes. Because of this spatial variation, the ejection plasmoid is actually U‐shaped and the subsequent flux rope formation is highly skewed.
Seasonal variations of atmospheric electricity measured at Amundsen‐Scott South Pole Station
Authors: Reddell B. D. , Benbrook J. R. , Bering E. A. , Cleary E. N. , Few A. A.
Published: September 2004

Recent studies have shown that the general understanding of the Earth's global circuit is not entirely complete. Electric current originates from thunderstorm cloud tops and travels to the ionosphere, where it then leaks back down to the Earth's surface. Superimposed on this current is the dynamo generated from the interaction of the solar wind with Earth's magnetosphere. This paper investigates seasonal variations of the vertical electric field and current density as measured at the South Pole between 1991 and 1993. After initial data reduction, a model approach was used to decouple the magnetospheric and atmospheric components of the measurements. This approach calculated and subtracted the polar cap ionospheric potential from the measured data to obtain a signal of global tropospheric origin, in principle. The diurnal variations of the resulting data were averaged as a function of UT. These averages were calculated for the data as a whole and for the date sorted and binned by season and by magnetic activity level. The seasonally binned average results are consistent with recent papers indicating that the electric field measurement show global convective electrical activity to be a minimum during the Northern Hemisphere winter, in contradiction to the original 1929 Carnegie data. Because the electric field was a maximum during the Northern Hemisphere summer season, the midlatitude regions must contribute more strongly than the tropics to global atmospheric electricity. This analysis supports the link of electrical activity to global temperature. The magnetic activity binned results suggest that the polar cap potential model used underestimates the cross polar cap potential when there is a high Kp index.
Oxygen aurora during the recovery phase of a major geomagnetic storm
Authors: Stephan A. W. , Dymond K. F. , Budzien S. A. , Thonnard S. E. , McCoy R. P.
Published: September 2004

We have analyzed ultraviolet spectra measured in the postsunset auroral zone on 16 July 2000, during the recovery phase of the major geomagnetic storm of 14–16 July 2000. We find enhanced oxygen ion and neutral line emissions above 300 km in the postsunset sector of the auroral oval during the initial fast recovery phase of the storm, also called the Bastille Day storm. No comparable emissions are seen in simultaneous measurements of nitrogen and hydrogen emission features, indicating that these features are not related to electron or proton aurora. The enhancements are seen slightly equatorward of all other nitrogen line and band emissions that are presumed to comprise the nominal diffuse electron auroral oval. On the basis of the altitude profile, location, and timing of the enhancements, we interpret these oxygen emissions as a product of precipitating ring current oxygen ions in the auroral atmosphere, possibly after pitch‐angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. These emissions may provide an important measure of the contribution of collisions and charge exchange interactions to the loss of oxygen ions and the recovery of geomagnetic storms and substorms.
Long‐term ionospheric trends based on ground‐based ionosonde observations at Kokubunji, Japan
Authors: Xu Zheng‐Wen , Wu Jian , Igarashi Kiyoshi , Kato Hisao , Wu Zhen‐Sen
Published: September 2004

Using monthly medians of ionosonde observations taken over a period including more than four solar cycles (1958–2003) at Kokubunji (35.71°N, 139.49°E), Japan and a linear regression model to eliminate solar and geomagnetic effects, we derive the long‐term trends of critical frequencies (foE,foF1, andfoF2), the E region height (h′E), and the F2 peak height (hmF2). The results show increasing trends forfoE (+0.002 MHz/yr),h′E (+0.189 km/yr), andfoF1 (+0.0107 MHz/yr) and decreasing trends forfoF2 (−0.0058 MHz/yr at noon and −0.0016 MHz/year at midnight) andhmF2 (−0.398 km/yr at noon and −0.505 km/year at midnight). We have also analyzed seasonal and diurnal trend variations. These trends differed for various times of day and months, even with altering signs (except forhmF2). An interesting phenomenon was observed for the first time; that is, the morphologies of the overall seasonal trend variations offoE andfoF1 were opposite each other to some extent, although the trends remained positive. A similar phenomenon was found for the seasonal trend variation ofhmF2 between local noon and midnight. In addition, comparison of the results from four regression models indicated that the differences induced by linear and quadratic models are slightly significant forfoF2 but not for other parameters. On the basis of the average offoF2 data obtained over 5 hours around noon, we have assessed the performance of each of these regression models. The performance differed depending on the month. The results showed that the quadratic model and the linear model that took saturation into consideration performed better than the linear ones which did not consider saturation. In addition, it was indicated that the effect of geomagnetic activity was not significant in regression models at this station.
A model for simulation of the climate and hydrology of the Great Lakes basin
Authors: Lofgren Brent M.
Published: September 2004

The Coupled Hydrosphere‐Atmosphere Research Model (CHARM) was developed by coupling the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to models of the land hydrology of the Great Lakes basin and of the evaporation and thermodynamics of the Great Lakes. It is intended for running coupled atmosphere‐surface climate scenarios for the Great Lakes basin, to gain a perspective that has been missed by running hydrologic models in off‐line mode, driven by the output of global general circulation models. This paper presents validation of this model using historical atmospheric data to drive the regional embedded CHARM model. The current version of CHARM simulates the near‐surface air temperature in the region quite well, with some positive bias during the winter and negative bias during the summer. Biases in the temperature averaged over 1 month and over the portion of the domain that is not directly forced by observations are less than or approximately 2 K. The annual precipitation has a positive bias of 6.6% and does well at placing the lake‐effect precipitation areas, but may have too strong a west‐east gradient. Simulation of annually averaged runoff meets well with expectations, but additional empirical fitting may be required to replicate the seasonal cycle. Aspects of the model that remain troublesome are the tendency for unrealistically low pressure at mean sea level and for persistent heavy low stratus clouds.