bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partnerships for Sustainability
Authors: Gray Barbara , Purdy Jill
Published: April 2018

Both the management and the public policy literatures have documented an uptick in the number of partnerships formed to address sustainability. Sustainability refers to fostering the total quality of life, now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on which life depends while satisfying the basic needs of all stakeholders. These partnerships range from alliances between businesses and NGOs to community partnerships to address global warming to industry-level, certifying and norm-setting bodies designed as substitutes for government intervention (such as the Soya Roundtable, the Marine Stewardship Council, and the Better Cotton Initiative). How partners define sustainability will affect the ease or difficulty with which they can partner. This chapter introduces a continuum of sustainability partnerships ranging from one-off engagements to sustained transformative efforts among many partners and considers the outcomes that partners from each sector seek in joining these partnerships.
Cross-Level Dynamics
Authors: Gray Barbara , Purdy Jill
Published: April 2018

To adequately characterize partnerships, we need to view them as cross-level phenomena (i.e. involving partners from different geographical or jurisdictional levels) because agreements that make sense at one level do not necessarily translate to levels above or below the original one. Scale of organizing refers to the spatial or temporal dimensions of a partnership and plays an important role in shaping how issue fields are defined. When partners frame issues at different scale, this can pose difficulties for partnership formation, representation, and design and also for evaluating outcomes. Several examples illustrate how scale differences add complexity and may create tradeoffs among desired partnership outcomes. The chapter distinguishes between the physical setting (space) and place (which has meanings, symbols, memories, narratives, norms, and power relations attached). Level of analysis (micro, meso, macro) is also important for studying partnerships and understanding how they change institutional fields.
Modified Universalism to Date
Authors: Mevorach Irit
Published: April 2018

This chapter depicts the current position of what is called ‘modified universalism’. It also synthesizes the different aspects of modified universalism into the set of emerging norms concerning jurisdiction, choice of law, recognition, assistance, and cooperation, accompanied by global duties and safeguards. Modified universalism has translated the theoretical model of universalism, where one law governs and one forum presides in cross-border insolvency cases, to concrete and more nuanced emerging norms that are fit for the real world and real business structures. It is, however, still held back where it is regarded as a trend and an interim solution in the context of an aspiration for pure universalism. Consequently, one of the challenges laid before the universalist approach, in its various forms, is that even though it is generally beneficial, it is not universally adopted.
Modified Universalism as Customary International Law
Authors: Mevorach Irit
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers how modified universalism may be elevated from a broad approach to a recognized, international legal source that can be invoked and applied in a more concrete and consistent manner across legal systems in circumstances of international insolvencies. It draws from sources of international law and, specifically, the concept of customary international law (CIL). CIL is a key legal source that fills gaps in international treaties, influences treaty regimes, and regulates in areas not covered by treaties or by other instruments or regarding countries that are not parties to a treaty or to another regime. CIL is also useful as a debiasing mechanism because its application does not require active action by all participants. The chapter suggests how modified universalism can transform into CIL. It also highlights the prominent international role of private international law and, thus, the role of actors and participants in international insolvencies as creators and guardians of international law.
The Short-Run Macroeconomics of Aid Inflows
Authors: Berg Andrew , Mirzoev Tokhir , Portillo Rafael , Zanna Luis-Felipe
Published: April 2018

The authors develop a tractable two-sector New Keynesian model to analyse the short-term effects of aid-financed fiscal expansions. The analysis distinguishes between spending the aid (increasing expenditures and/or cutting revenues) and absorbing the aid—using the aid to finance a higher current account deficit. The standard treatment of the transfer problem implicitly assumes spending equals absorption. Here, a policy mix that results in spending but not absorbing the aid, a common reaction, generates demand pressures and results in an increase in real interest rates. It can also lead to a temporary real depreciation. Certain features of low-income countries, such as limited domestic financial markets, make a real depreciation more likely. The analysis presented in the chapter can help understand the experience of Uganda in the early 2000s.
Inflation Forecast Targeting in a Low-Income Country
Authors: Alichi Ali , Mills Marshall , Laxton Douglas , Weisfeld Hans
Published: April 2018

A model in which monetary policy pursues fully fledged inflation targeting is adapted to Ghana. Model features include: endogenous policy credibility; non-linearities in the inflation process; and a policy loss function that aims to minimize the variability of output and the interest rate, as well as deviations of inflation from the long-term low-inflation target. The optimal approach from initial high inflation to the ultimate target is gradual; and transitional inflation-reduction objectives are flexible. Over time, as policy earns credibility, expectations of inflation converge towards the long-run target, the output-inflation variability trade-off improves, and optimal policy responses to shocks moderate.
Rational Choice Contractualism
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses contractualist theories of justice that, although they rely explicitly on moral assumptions in the traditional understanding of morality, employ rational choice theory for the justification of principles of justice. In particular, the chapter focuses on the dispute between Rawls and Harsanyi about the correct choice of principles of justice in the original position. The chapter shows that there is no winner in the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute and, ultimately, formal methods alone cannot justify moral principles. This finding is significant for the development of the rational decision situation that serves for the derivation of the weak principle of universalization for the domain of pure instrumental morality.
Pure Instrumental Morality
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the domain of pure instrumental morality that represents the second level of the two-level contractarian theory. To this end, the chapter clarifies the features of the homo prudens model that underlies the derivation of the weak principle of universalization. Further, the chapter develops, in the form of the empathetic contractor theory, the hypothetical decision situation in which rational agents are placed to derive the weak principle of universalization. Finally, the chapter clarifies the features of the weak principle of universalization that, although its derivation does not rely on substantial moral premises as traditionally conceived, weakly expresses the moral ideals of autonomy, equality, impartiality, and reciprocity.
Parental Control Rights
Authors: Altman Scott
Published: April 2018

Parents typically direct many aspects of their children’s lives and often believe that they deserve protection from interference by governments and third parties. Justifications for such parental control rights sometimes rely on the interests of children or of society. But they can also rely directly on parental interests. This paper considers whether parental control rights can be justified based on parental interests. It first considers two parental interests sometimes put forward as warranting parental control rights: an interest in intimacy and an interest in acting as a fiduciary. The first fails as a justification for parental rights because intimacy is unlikely to be undermined by most intrusions. The second fails because it misunderstands the nature of fiduciary roles. The paper then considers an alternative parental interest in nurturing, counselling, and educating. This interest requires both authenticity and discretion to play a meaningful role in a parent’s life and facilitating this interest warrants protecting parental control rights.
An Argument for Treating Children as a ‘Special Case’
Authors: Ferguson Lucinda
Published: April 2018

This chapter’s argument stems from the premise that legal language should speak for itself. The ‘paramountcy’ principle suggests the prioritisation of children’s interests, and ‘children’s rights’ suggests some aspect of distinctiveness to children’s interests. But there is academic consensus in respect of both that children’s interests cannot and should not be prioritised over those of others. This chapter examines the justification for the contrary perspective, and for treating children as a prioritised ‘special case’ in all legal decisions affecting them. Four key counter-arguments frame the discussion. First, the ‘social construct’ objection: as a social construct, childhood cannot sustain the prioritisation of children’s interests over those of others. Second, the ‘vulnerability’ objection: children’s vulnerability is either not unique or suggests dependency or interdependency, not prioritisation. Third, the ‘family autonomy’ objection: parents’ rights and the family unit justify deference of children’s interests. Fourth, the ‘equality’ objection: equal moral consideration makes prioritisation unjustifiable.
Introduction
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

In the Introduction there is a discussion of methodologies for the study of ancient deities. In the monograph as a whole a conceptual approach to the goddess Fortuna will be proposed, which partially uses methods of conceptual history and aims at exploring the connection between deities and concepts. The Introduction discusses the advantages and disadvantages of current approaches to ancient deities and ancient religion (structuralism in particular), and explains the rationale for a study based on concepts and conceptual history, as well as the foreseeable benefits and limitations of this approach. This section also outlines the structure of the book.
Fortunae in Italy
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

This chapter analyses the cults of Fortuna through Italy up to the first century BC. Although the evidence for the cults is mostly fragmentary, contextual information shows that diverse meanings were attached to Fortuna by a variety of agents. Latium and Campania are the regions where most of the cults are attested, and the diffusion of the deity seems to have followed that of the Latin language. There are certain recurring features common to many local cults and sanctuaries, e.g. a tendency to worship Fortuna near liminal places, with sanctuaries attested at the border of different territories and near city walls.
Archaic Rome
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

This chapter concentrates on Fortuna in archaic Rome. The first part of the chapter is focused on historiography, and studies the connection between Fortuna, King Servius Tullius, and the story of Queen Tanaquil. It is argued that the connection between Servius and Fortuna might have been a late development in the literary tradition on early Rome. In modern historiography Queen Tanaquil is frequently identified with Fortuna, but this connection is not supported by ancient sources, and was first theorized by Bachofen in the nineteenth century. The second part of the chapter focuses on sanctuaries such as the temple of Fors Fortuna, that of Fortuna Muliebris, and that of Fortuna at the Forum Boarium, attempting to determine the significance and the meanings attributed to Fortuna in early Rome.
Conclusions
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

The conclusions further develop the arguments made in the specific chapters of this book, and make an evaluation of the methodology followed throughout the monograph. It is argued that a conceptual approach to Fortuna allows a balanced account of the fragmentation of the evidence, but at the same time this same conceptual approach is able to identify long-term continuities of meaning and moments of conflict as well as sudden semantic change. These changing meanings reflect claims developed by social agents within concrete historical contexts, such as the Roman conquest of the Empire and the civil wars of the late Republic.
Introduction
Authors: Papanicolopulu Irini
Published: April 2018

This chapter states the aim of the book, clarifies some key terms and presents the structure of the book. The aim of the book is to discuss how international law can be effectively used to protect people at sea. Interest in these people has been triggered by media coverage of stories about pirates and migrants at sea, but also by the unprecedented number of international judicial decisions that affect them. The meaningfulness of ‘people at sea’ as the focus of the work is argued. The chapter then presents the need for a new approach towards their protection by legal norms, based on a systemic reading of international law and the ensuing reconstruction of a dedicated special regime. After providing a working definition of the term ‘regime’, the chapter ends with a presentation of the structure of the book.
From Set of Rules to Legal Regime
Authors: Papanicolopulu Irini
Published: April 2018

Following on from the discussion of the content of international law for the protection of people at sea, the chapter concludes that all these rules can better be construed as a coherent set of norms that constitute a sub-regime of international law. Two conceptual tools are used in this assessment: ‘regime emergence’ and a ‘human-centered’ approach to international law. All rules of international law, deriving from its many regimes, belong to the same system, and therefore have the potential to be functionally combined and to create an unlimited number of functional legal regimes, each focusing on a specific substantive matter. It is thus submitted that the collection of rules pertaining to ‘people at sea’ is logically meaningful and practically useful, as it allows us to address the real gaps and inconsistencies in the existing law by promoting a coherent and effective development of international law.
Newton’s Bucket
Authors: Mercati Flavio
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes the fundamental problem at the core of Newton’s dynamics: the definition of inertia. This is provided by an absolute structure in Newtonian mechanics, but, as Leibniz and later Mach argued, it should be dynamically determined. This is the core of Newton’s famous ‘bucket experiment’. Assuming this law as a postulate, without first defining the notions of ‘rest’, ‘uniform motion’ and ‘right (or straight) line’, is inconsistent. In a universe that is, in Barbour’s words, like ‘bees swarming in nothing’, how is one to talk about rest/uniform motion/straight lines? With respect to what? The problem is that of establishing a notion of equilocality: in an everchanging universe, what does it mean for an object to be at the same place at dierent times?
Origins of the Mach–Poincaré Principle
Authors: Mercati Flavio
Published: April 2018

The problem with the definition of inertia was solved, in the simple case of free point particles, by Tait, who introduced the concept of inertial frame. Tait’s solution would have satisfied Leibniz’ request that inertia be determined dynamically, however it only works in the absence of interactions between the material bodies. Later Mach posed again the question of the origin of inertia, suggesting the idea that it should be dynamical, which was later dubbed ‘Mach’s principle’. Moreover Mach criticized also Newton’s absolute time, and introduced the basic idea of temporal relationalism, i.e. that time should be a concept that is abstracted from change and has no independent existence. This idea is at the basis of SD and many other relational approaches to physics. This chapter concludes with the Barbour–Bertotti formulation of Mach’s principle, which they called ‘Mach–Poincaré Principle’. This formulation removes the vagueness of Mach’s original idea, and puts the principle into a precise mathematical form, which is one of the basic axioms of SD.
Introduction
Authors: McDermid Douglas
Published: April 2018

This book traces the career of Scottish common sense realism through four developmental stages: its humble beginnings in the writings of Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696–1782), its definitive formulation by Thomas Reid (1710–96), its elevation to the status of academic orthodoxy by Dugald Stewart (1753–1828) and Sir William Hamilton (1788–1856), and—finally—its dramatic repudiation and overcoming by the idealist and rationalist James Frederick Ferrier (1808–64). The book has four overarching aims: (1) to show that Kames, Reid, Stewart, Hamilton, and Ferrier are members of a rich and underappreciated philosophical tradition; (2) to explain how each of them approaches the problems of perception, realism, and scepticism; (3) to re-contextualize some of the achievements of Reid; and (4) to win a wider audience for the neglected work of Ferrier, a thinker of rare daring and originality.
Reid and the Foundations of Scottish Common Sense
Authors: McDermid Douglas
Published: April 2018

In the Preface to his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783), Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) famously complained that common sense is the last refuge of the cynical and ambitious littérateur who, lacking any real aptitude for speculative thought, seeks to win over the public by consecrating their inherited prejudices. The aim of this chapter is to explain where and why Kant’s interpretation of Scottish common sense philosophy goes awry. The work of four early Scottish common-sensists is explored: Thomas Reid (1710–96), James Oswald (1703–93), James Beattie (1735–1803), and George Campbell (1719–96). As Thomas Reid is by far the best-known and most accomplished member of this group, his system is treated as the sun by whose light three less brilliant bodies of work can be seen and measured.
Why is Exit So Hard? Positive Feedback and Institutional Persistence
Authors: St John Taylor
Published: April 2018

Chapter eight analyzes why institutions persist, even when they generate unintended consequences for the states that created them. The chapter sets out a typology of possible actions that governments can take to exit from investor–state arbitration. To date, governments have engaged in remarkably little exit. The second section explores how positive feedback has created a new constituency of law firms and investors with an interest in arbitration and therefore has led to a new politics of ISDS. The third section discusses other types of feedback that have stabilized and developed a dense web of commitments enshrining investor–state arbitration. The fourth section observes that over time, competitive dynamics emerged and define investor–state arbitration today: competition between law firms, arbitration organizations, and even jurisdictions hoping to host arbitrations makes exit and reform more difficult. The barriers to exit may be highest for capacity-constrained states.
Legislation and the Constitutional Framework
Authors: Steiner Eva
Published: April 2018

This chapter introduces the main constitutional institutions and mechanism governing France, taking into account the major overhaul of the 1958 Constitution in 2008. It also shows that legislation is the primary source of law in France, that there are different types of legislation, and that legislative sources are organised hierarchically. Moreover, the chapter also considers, within the constitutional framework, the legislative process and examines the way in which bills are drafted. It also seeks to familiarise readers with the layout of a French statute. In addition, this chapter shows that much of French law though not all of it is codified. Codification is a particular legislative technique common to most civil law systems.
Judicial Style
Authors: Steiner Eva
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents the manner in which French judicial decisions are currently drafted and structured. It examines to what extent French courts have followed the recommendations of the 1973 Commission de Modernisation du Langage Judiciaire. The chapter also considers the main areas of difficulty with respect to the meaning of some of the most common technical terms and expressions used in French judgments, including Latin words and phrases still in common use. It then explains and illustrates the basic form and structure of a typical French judgment. Finally, this chapter deals with the principal characteristics of the French judicial style of justification, and more particularly, the absence of policy arguments and of dissenting opinion. New perspectives on judgment writing in light of current proposals for reform are also considered.
Administrative Law
Authors: Steiner Eva
Published: April 2018

This chapter concerns French administrative law. It examines the characteristic features and principal rules, procedures, and remedies related to administrative activities. The chapter also considers administrative law in its historical perspective and how this has led to a major structural distinction which has been applied in France since the 1789 Revolution the distinction between public and private ‘functions’. It is important to note that in the last decades, there has been a significant impact of EU law on the development of administrative law in the legal system of EU Member States, including France and the United Kingdom. In this respect, the common adoption by European states of general principles such as the principle of legitimate expectation and the principle of proportionality have had the effect of bringing the public law body of these countries closer together.
Procedure
Authors: Steiner Eva
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the core principles which in France govern the justice process and the underlying values on which it rests. It then looks at the place of the justice function within the overall context of the public workings of the State. The ongoing process of scrutiny and reform that characterises the current approach towards the justice process in France and elsewhere is also considered. Hereafter, this chapter provides an overview of the main stages of the pre-trial process in criminal procedure. Consideration is also given to the question of to what degree the French model of justice is inquisitorial when compared with the adversarial system prevalent in common law jurisdictions.
Core Criteria I
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: April 2018

Chapter 3 deals with the first issue one faces in the task of articulating the explicit epistemic criteria for belief: the problem of the criterion. It is tempting to suppose that a belief can be normatively proper from the epistemic point of view only if the believer can certify for herself the reliability of every belief-forming process on which she relied. But insisting on this quickly leads to the threat of an infinite regress. This chapter defends a foundationalist response to this problem, according to which we enjoy a default (albeit defeasible) permission to rely on certain cognitive processes in belief-formation. These are processes that satisfy what the author calls the Reliabilist Rationale. Importantly, our permissions here are social: any one of us is permitted to rely on any token process that satisfies this rationale, whether the token process resides in one’s own mind/brain or that of another epistemic subject.
Emotional Choices
Authors: Markwica Robin
Published: April 2018

In coercive diplomacy, states threaten military action to persuade opponents to change their behavior. The goal is to achieve a target’s compliance without incurring the cost in blood and treasure of military intervention. Coercers typically employ this strategy toward weaker actors, but targets often refuse to submit and the parties enter into war. To explain these puzzling failures of coercive diplomacy, existing accounts generally refer to coercers’ perceived lack of resolve or targets’ social norms and identities. What these approaches either neglect or do not examine systematically is the role that emotions play in these encounters. The present book contends that target leaders’ affective experience can shape their decision-making in significant ways. Drawing on research in psychology and sociology, the study introduces an additional, emotion-based action model besides the traditional logics of consequences and appropriateness. This logic of affect, or emotional choice theory, posits that target leaders’ choice behavior is influenced by the dynamic interplay between their norms, identities, and five key emotions, namely fear, anger, hope, pride, and humiliation. The core of the action model consists of a series of propositions that specify the emotional conditions under which target leaders are likely to accept or reject a coercer’s demands. The book applies the logic of affect to Nikita Khrushchev’s decision-making during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 and Saddam Hussein’s choice behavior in the Gulf conflict in 1990–91, offering a novel explanation for why coercive diplomacy succeeded in one case but not in the other.
Introduction
Authors: Markwica Robin
Published: April 2018

Why do states frequently reject coercive threats from more powerful opponents? This introductory chapter begins by outlining the explanations in the existing literature for failures of coercive diplomacy. It suggests that these accounts generally share a cognitivist perspective that neglects the role of emotion in target leaders’ decision-making. To capture the social, physiological, and dynamic nature of emotion, it is necessary to introduce an additional action model besides the traditional rationalist and constructivist paradigms. The chapter provides a summary of this logic of affect, or emotional choice theory, which includes a series of propositions specifying the emotional conditions under which target leaders are likely to accept or reject a coercer’s demands. Next, it justifies the selection of the case studies and the book’s focus on political leaders. The chapter ends with a brief outline of the rest of the study.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Tom
Published: April 2018

This volume addresses issues central to the study of ancient Greek performance culture: the role played by music in performed poetry; the ancients’ understanding of the relationship between music, poetry, and performance; and music’s relation to other areas of ancient intellectual life. This chapter comprises a brief discussion of the evidential difficulties involved in attempting to appreciate the effects created by ancient Greek music in conjunction with poetic texts. Some contemporary methodological approaches are canvassed as aids to this attempt, and an overview is provided of the chapters that make up the volume.
Lyric Atmospheres
Authors: Peponi Anastasia-Erasmia
Published: April 2018

Lyric genres have often been associated with a particular type of aesthetic experience in which semantic concreteness may give way to more diffused modes of perception and feeling, creating vague yet all-pervasive moods or atmospheres. This phenomenon has been largely attributed to lyric poetry’s heightened musicality, which in antiquity was further enhanced by actual singing and instrumental accompaniment. This chapter contends that in some of Plato’s dialogues interesting versions of this broader issue are either openly addressed or treated as an implicit struggle that results sometimes in negative, while at other times in remarkably creative, responses. In either case, Plato’s awareness and handling of this issue illuminates neglected but exciting aspects of his encounter with mousikē, mimesis, and the verbal arts.
Sounds You Cannot Hear
Authors: Porter James I.
Published: April 2018

Ancient musical and literary theory converge in a view about the ways in which aural effects are produced and received. According to both, sounds are constructed around gaps of sound. This is the source of their music and the pleasure they promise and then deliver—in the form of an appearance (a phantasia) that exists in the imagination rather than in the ear. Sounds that cannot be heard are truly sublime sounds. The chapter explores the genesis of this view of music, poetry, and the music of poetry in Cicero, the Hellenistic euphonist critics, and Longinus, with glances back at earlier stages of the same tradition (Aristoxenus, the fifth-century harmonikoi, and Gorgias), which in fact lies at the root of all song-culture in Greco-Roman antiquity.
Disreputable Music
Authors: Barker Andrew
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses Plutarch’s depiction of an eminent musician’s performance at a symposium, the audience’s enthusiastic response to his ‘bad’ music, and Callimachus’ speech in its defence. Plutarch’s copious array of intertextual allusions serves to alert readers to the moral message the account is designed to convey. Numerous verbal and thematic echoes of Plato’s dialogues undermine the glamorous persona the musician projects, and expose the irresponsibility of the listeners’ responses. Callimachus’ defence is in turn subverted by confusions and unacceptable implications brought out through its medley of intertexts, which open with a flurry of explicit allusions to Peripatetic writings but eventually return to reminiscences of Plato. The chapter ends with the suggestion that in responding to Plutarch’s text, readers may also be filtering it through memories of their own past musical experiences, bringing the relation between the text’s message and its vehicle close to a species of intermediality.
‘Not another survey’
Authors: Buchanan David A. , Bryman Alan
Published: April 2018

Research methods influence the nature of evidence that is collected, how that evidence is interpreted, styles of theorizing, and modes of reporting. David A. Buchanan and Alan Bryman argue that methods are not neutral. Unconventional methods give us new lenses and perspectives on traditional topics, and open up fresh lines of inquiry. The distinction between conventional and unconventional is blurred, and methodology can be unconventional on a number of dimensions. The roots and consequences of methodological conservatism are explored, and the trend towards ‘polymorphic’ (many forms) research is explored. A survey of journal editors reveals that they and their reviewers are broadly receptive to the use of unconventional methods, as long as they are adequately justified. The main barrier to the adoption of unconventional methods lies with researchers who believe that the use of non-standard approaches will be punished by rejection. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book’s structure.
Participant-led video diaries
Authors: Whiting Rebecca , Roby Helen , Symon Gillian , Chamakiotis Petros
Published: April 2018

Rebecca Whiting, Helen Roby, Gillian Symon, and Petros Chamakiotis develop an unconventional research design using video methods, asking participants to produce their own video diaries, a process which is then followed by narrative interviews. This approach generates multi-modal data: audio, visual, and textual, and involves adopting a qualitative perspective, and a social constructionist epistemology. This participant-led research design allows researchers to investigate a range of issues that are not often recalled in interviews or surveys, by capturing naturally occurring, real-time events and activities, and micro-interactions including non-verbal behaviours. Although video methods are used in other disciplines, they are rare in organizational research. The approach is illustrated by a study which explored how digital technologies affect our ability to manage switches across work-life boundaries. Analysis of participants’ video diaries illustrates the theoretical and reflexive insights that can be gained from this method. The problems and pitfalls encountered in this study are also considered.
Lost in the Crowd
Authors: Adams-Prassl Jeremias
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the gig economy’s entrepreneurship narrative, juxtaposing platforms’ promises of autonomy, freedom, and self-determination with the sobering reality of algorithmic control. Life as a ‘micro-entrepreneur’, it turns out, is heavily conditioned by ever-watchful rating algorithms, which aggregate customer feedback and compliance with platform guidelines to exercise close control. Failure to comply can have drastic results. Moreover, depending on consumer demand, the promised flexibility of on-demand work can quickly turn into economic insecurity, as gig income is highly unpredictable from week to week. The promise of freedom similarly rings hollow for many—not least because of carefully constructed contractual agreements that ban some gig workers from taking platforms to court. Instead of enjoying the spoils of successful entrepreneurship, a significant proportion of on-demand workers find themselves trapped in precarious, low-paid work.
Reasons to Worry: Valuation and Reciprocity
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores two additional types of reason we have for caring about the fate of future generations: reasons of valuation and reasons of reciprocity. Reasons of valuation are reasons to care about the fate of future generations because the survival of so much of what we value depends on it. Reasons of reciprocity rest on the fact that, while future generations depend on us for their very existence, we depend on them both because our confidence in the value of our activities implicitly depends on our confidence in their survival, and because the actual value of many of our activities does in fact depend on their survival.
Attachment and Axiology
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: April 2018

Many discussions of future generations attempt to identify a satisfactory population axiology: a principle that would enable us to assess the relative value of total states of affairs that differ in population-related respects. Such an axiology would in turn supply the basis for a principle of beneficence, which would spell out our responsibilities for promoting optimal population outcomes. By contrast, the approach defended in this book is predominantly attachment-based. The reasons for caring about the fate of future generations discussed in previous chapters all depend on our existing values and evaluative attachments and on our conservative disposition to preserve and sustain the things that we value. This chapter appeals to the nature of valuing to clarify these forms of dependence, and it explores the contrast between the axiological and attachment-based approaches.
The Age of Culpability
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: April 2018

Reflection on the grounds for leniency towards children who commit crimes is the entry point into the development, in this book, of a theory of the nature of criminal responsibility and desert of punishment for crime. The book argues that child criminals are owed lesser punishments than adults thanks not to their psychological, behavioral, or neural immaturity but, instead, because they are denied the vote. This conclusion is reached through the development of theories of the nature of criminal culpability, desert for wrongdoing, strength of legal reasons, and what it is to have a say over the law, theories that produce a bridge between limited participation in government and criminal culpability. The cornerstone of this discussion is the proposed theory of criminal culpability. To be criminally culpable is for one’s criminal act to manifest a failure to grant sufficient weight to the legal reasons to refrain. The stronger the legal reasons, then, the greater the criminal culpability. Those who lack a say over the law, it is argued, have weaker legal reasons to refrain from crime than those who have a say. They are therefore reduced in criminal culpability and deserve lesser punishment for their crimes. Children are owed leniency, then, because of the political meaning of age rather than because of its psychological meaning. This position has implications for criminal justice policy, with respect to, among other things, the interrogation of children suspected of crimes and the enfranchisement of adult felons.
Immaturity and Reduced Culpability
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers the proposal that children are to be treated more leniently than adults because those below the age of 18 are likely to be reduced in culpability, thanks to their immaturity. The chapter argues against this proposal on the grounds, primarily, that under it a mistake is made when a precocious child is treated more leniently than an otherwise identical adult. By contrast, it is argued, there is no improvement in public policy when more precocious children are denied leniency, even if in doing so there is no decrease in the number of fully culpable adults whose sentences are not mitigated.
Kids Will Be Kids … Until They Grow Out of It
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers and rejects two arguments for leniency towards child criminals. According to the first, child criminals should be treated leniently since their bad behavior springs from developmentally normal psychological mechanisms operating in criminogenic circumstances. The chapter objects to this argument on the grounds that it is guided by a mistaken view to the effect that punishment is justified only when applied to aberrant behavior. According to the second argument, child criminals should be treated leniently because they can be expected to age out of their criminogenic habits without punitive intervention. The chapter objects to this argument on the grounds that it relies on an indefensibly narrow conception of the reasons to punish. The chapter also discusses the degree to which children’s prospects for rehabilitation should shield them from the sentence of life without parole.
Giving Kids a Break
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: April 2018

Completing the book’s central argument, the chapter argues that to have a say over the law is to be entitled to exert influence over it, entitled to be free of obstacles to exercising that entitlement, and to be actually free of those obstacles. Since kids have less say over law than adults, in this sense, they have weaker legal reasons to refrain from crimes. They are therefore reduced in culpability for crimes in comparison to adults and deserving of lesser sanction. The chapter also argues that children ought to have less say over the law than adults. An age threshold for the vote serves two interests: an interest in equality, which mandates denial of the vote to children to maintain equality with childless adults, and an interest in persisting self-government, which mandates a mechanism through which today’s adults can have a say over the law after they are dead.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Thomas , Irwin Elizabeth
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the legacy of Fornara’s Herodotus: An Interpretative Essay, looking especially at the relative unity of the Histories, their date of composition and publication, and the ways in which they reflect the context of the Atheno-Peloponnesian Wars. It also frames the various contributions of subsequent chapters.
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

The book explains the key notions and fundamental processes in the dynamics of the fluid envelopes of the Earth (transposable to other planets), and methods of their analysis, from the unifying viewpoint of rotating shallow-water model (RSW). The model, in its one- or two-layer versions, plays a distinguished role in geophysical fluid dynamics, having been used for around a century for conceptual understanding of various phenomena, for elaboration of approaches and methods, to be applied later in more complete models, for development and testing of numerical codes and schemes of data assimilations, and many other purposes. Principles of modelling of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic flows, and corresponding approximations, are explained and it is shown how single- and multi-layer versions of RSW arise from the primitive equations by vertical averaging, and how further time-averaging produces celebrated quasi-geostrophic reductions of the model. Key concepts of geophysical fluid dynamics are exposed and interpreted in RSW terms, and fundamentals of vortex and wave dynamics are explained in Part 1 of the book, which is supplied with exercises and can be used as a textbook. Solutions of the problems are available at Editorial Office by request. In-depth treatment of dynamical processes, with special accent on the primordial process of geostrophic adjustment, on instabilities in geophysical flows, vortex and wave turbulence and on nonlinear wave interactions follows in Part 2. Recently arisen new approaches in, and applications of RSW, including moist-convective processes constitute Part 3.
Introduction
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

A brief introduction to the main philosophy of the book is given, explaining how the shallowness of large-scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean can be exploited in modelling, thus justifying the rotating shallow-water approach adopted throughout the book.
Wave Motions in Rotating Shallow Water with Boundaries, Topography, at the Equator, and in Laboratory
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

The chapter illustrates the influence of lateral boundaries, bottom topography, outcroppings, equatorial tangent plane approximation, and cylindrical channel geometry in laboratory experiments on the wave spectrum, and characteristics of waves in rotating shallow-water model. It is shown that all these effects lead to appearance of wave-guide modes, localised in one spatial direction, and freely propagating in another one. These modes are coastal and equatorial Kelvin waves, topographic and equatorial Rossby waves, shelf and edge waves, equatorial Yanai and inertia–gravity waves, and frontal waves. Their dispersion and polarisation relations are established, and their properties explained. Mountain (lee) waves are also treated.
Rotating Shallow-Water Models as Quasilinear Hyperbolic Systems, and Related Numerical Methods
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

The chapter contains the mathematical background necessary to understand the properties of RSW models and numerical methods for their simulations. Mathematics of RSW model is presented by using their one-dimensional reductions, which are necessarily’one-and-a-half’ dimensional, due to rotation and include velocity in the second direction. Basic notions of quasi-linear hyperbolic systems are recalled. The notions of weak solutions, wave breaking, and shock formation are introduced and explained on the example of simple-wave equation. Lagrangian description of RSW is used to demonstrate that rotation does not prevent wave-breaking. Hydraulic theory and Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions are formulated for RSW models. In the two-layer case it is shown that the system loses hyperbolicity in the presence of shear instability. Ideas of construction of well-balanced (i.e. maintaining equilibria) shock-resolving finite-volume numerical methods are explained and these methods are briefly presented, with illustrations on nonlinear evolution of equatorial waves.
Geostrophic Adjustment and Wave–Vortex (Non)Interaction
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

The fundamental process of geostrophic adjustment is treated by the method of multi-scale asymptotic expansions in Rossby number and fast-time averaging (which is explained), first in the barotropic one-layer case, and then in the baroclinic two-layer case. Together with the standard quasi-geostrophic regime of parameters, the frontal (or semi-) geostrophic regime is considered. Dynamical separation of slow and fast motions is demonstrated in both regimes. The former obey quasi-geostrophic or frontal-geostrophic equations, thus providing formal justification of the heuristic derivation of Chapter 5. Fast motions are inertia-gravity waves in quasi-geostrophic case, and inertial oscillations in the frontal-geostrophic case. Geostrophic adjustment is also considered in the presence of coastal, topographic, and equatorial wave-guides, and, again, separation of fast and slow motions is demonstrated, the latter now including long Kelvin waves in the first case, long topographic waves in the second case, and long Kelvin and Rossby waves in the third case.
Instabilities in Cylindrical Geometry: Vortices and Laboratory Flows
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

Vortex solutions in cyclo-geostrophic equilibrium are described and their geostrophic and ageostrophic barotropic and baroclinic instabilities are studied along the lines of Chapter 10. Special attention is paid to centrifugal instability which, as the inertial instability of jets, is due to modes trapped in the anticyclonic shear in the vortex, and has asymmetric counterparts. Saturation of this instability is shown to exhibit some specific patterns. Instabilities of intense hurricane-like vortices are analysed and shown to be sensitive to fine details of the vortex profile. Nonlinear saturation of such instabilities exhibits typical secondary meso-vortex structures, and leads to intensification of the vortex. Special attention is paid to instabilities in laboratory flows in rotating cylindrical channels. Classification of these instabilities is given, and their nature, in terms of resonances between different wave modes, is established. Rigid-lid and free-surface configuration with topography are considered and compared with experiments.
Rotating Shallow-Water model with Horizontal Density and/or Temperature Gradients
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

The derivation of rotating shallow-water equations by vertical averaging and columnar motion hypothesis is repeated without supposing horizontal homogeneity of density/potential temperature. The so-called thermal rotating shallow-water model arises as the result. The model turns to be equivalent to gas dynamics with a specific equation of state. It is shown that it possesses Hamiltonian structure and can be derived from a variational principle. Its solution at low Rossby numbers should obey the thermo-geostrophic equilibrium, replacing the standard geostrophic equilibrium. The wave spectrum of the model is analysed, and the appearance of a whole new class of vortex instabilities of convective type, resembling asymmetric centrifugal instability and leading to a strong mixing at nonlinear stage, is demonstrated.
Materialities of Political Commitment?
Authors: Fearn David
Published: April 2018

Eschewing historicist certainties, this chapter reassesses the political salience of Alcaeus’ lyric poetry by investigating his literary contribution to sympotic culture. Placing Alcaeus’ politically engaged voices within recent theoretical perspectives on deixis, ecphrasis, and the distinctiveness of lyric as a literary mode, the chapter argues that Alcaeus makes a systematic issue of the question of the accessibility of the contexts gestured towards, and in so doing opens up as an alluring prospect the idea of political engagement through literature. The literary and cultural significance of proverbial statements in Alcaeus is also discussed. Alcaeus’ lyric claims are felt across time and space via their special foregrounding of both material culture and political engagement, through performance and reception.