bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure and Outcomes in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Kalogeropoulos Andreas P. , Siwamogsatham Sarawut , Hayek Salim , Li Song , Deka Anjan , Marti Catherine N. , Georgiopoulou Vasiliki V. , Butler Javed
Published: February 2014

Background

Pulmonary hypertension (
PH
) in patients with heart failure (
HF
) is associated with worse outcomes and is rapidly being recognized as a therapeutic target. To facilitate pragmatic research efforts, data regarding the prognostic importance of noninvasively assessed pulmonary artery systolic pressure (
PASP
) in stable ambulatory patients with
HF
are needed.

Methods and Results

We examined the association between echocardiographic
PASP
and outcomes in 417 outpatients with
HF
(age, 54±13 years; 60.7% men; 50.4% whites; 24.9% with preserved ejection fraction). Median
PASP
was 36 mm Hg (interquartile range [
IQR
]: 29, 46). After a median follow‐up of 2.6 years (
IQR
: 1.7, 3.9) there were 72 major events (57 deaths; 9 urgent heart transplants; and 6 ventricular assist device implantations) and 431 hospitalizations for
HF
. In models adjusting for clinical risk factors and therapy, a 10‐mm Hg higher
PASP
was associated with 37% higher risk (95%
CI
: 18, 59;
P
<0.001) for major events, and 11% higher risk (95%
CI
: 1, 23;
P
=0.039) for major events or
HF
hospitalization. The threshold that maximized the likelihood ratio for both endpoints was 48 mm Hg; those with
PASP
≥48 mm Hg (N=84; 20.1%) had an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.33 (95%
CI
: 1.96, 5.65;
P
<0.001) for major events and 1.47 (95%
CI
: 1.02, 2.11;
P
=0.037) for major events or
HF
hospitalization. Reduced right ventricular systolic function had independent prognostic utility over
PASP
for adverse outcomes. Right atrial pressure and transtricuspid gradient both contributed to risk.

Conclusions

Elevated
PASP
, determined by echocardiography, identifies ambulatory patients with
HF
at increased risk for adverse events.
The Cognitive Domain of a Glider in the Game of Life
Authors: Beer Randall D.
Published: February 2014

This article examines in some technical detail the application of Maturana and Varela's biology of cognition to a simple concrete model: a glider in the game of Life cellular automaton. By adopting an autopoietic perspective on a glider, the set of possible perturbations to it can be divided into destructive and nondestructive subsets. From a glider's reaction to each nondestructive perturbation, its cognitive domain is then mapped. In addition, the structure of a glider's possible knowledge of its immediate environment, and the way in which that knowledge is grounded in its constitution, are fully described. The notion of structural coupling is then explored by characterizing the paths of mutual perturbation that a glider and its environment can undergo. Finally, a simple example of a communicative interaction between two gliders is given. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential implications of this analysis for the enactive approach to cognition.
Institutions and Cooperation in an Ecology of Games
Authors: Smaldino Paul E. , Lubell Mark
Published: February 2014

Social dilemmas have long been studied formally as cooperation games that pit individual gains against those of the group. In the real world, individuals face an ecology of games where they play many such games simultaneously, often with overlapping co-players. Here, we study an agent-based model of an ecology of public goods games and compare the effectiveness of two institutional mechanisms for promoting cooperation: a simple institution of limited group size (capacity constraints) and a reputational institution based on observed behavior. Reputation is shown to allow much higher relative payoffs for cooperators than do capacity constraints, but only if (1) the rate of reputational information flow is fast enough relative to the rate of social mobility, and (2) cooperators are relatively common in the population. When these conditions are not met, capacity constraints are more effective at protecting the interests of cooperators. Because of the simplicity of the limited-group-size rule, capacity constraints can also generate social organization, which promotes cooperation much more quickly than can reputation. Our results are discussed in terms of both normative prescriptions and evolutionary theory regarding institutions that regulate cooperation. More broadly, the ecology-of-games approach developed here provides an adaptable modeling framework for studying a wide variety of problems in the social sciences.
The Practice of Agent-Based Model Visualization
Authors: Dorin Alan , Geard Nicholas
Published: February 2014

We discuss approaches to agent-based model visualization. Agent-based modeling has its own requirements for visualization, some shared with other forms of simulation software, and some unique to this approach. In particular, agent-based models are typified by complexity, dynamism, nonequilibrium and transient behavior, heterogeneity, and a researcher's interest in both individual- and aggregate-level behavior. These are all traits requiring careful consideration in the design, experimentation, and communication of results. In the case of all but final communication for dissemination, researchers may not make their visualizations public. Hence, the knowledge of how to visualize during these earlier stages is unavailable to the research community in a readily accessible form. Here we explore means by which all phases of agent-based modeling can benefit from visualization, and we provide examples from the available literature and online sources to illustrate key stages and techniques.
Taxonomic notes on some species and subspecies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Stekolshchikov Andrey V.
Published: February 2014

Subspecies Dysaphis pavlovskiana indica Chakrabarti & Medda, 1993 is given species status (Dysaphis indica Chakrabarti & Medda, 1993, new status). Aphis plantaginis asiatica Daniyarova, 1979 is a synonym of Aphis taraxacicola (Börner, 1940). The nomen nudum Uroleucon (Uromelan) lehri Zaitzev, Lelej, Storozhenko & Kurzenko, 2006 is recognized as referring to Uroleucon (Uromelan) campanulae (Kaltenbach, 1843).
Designation of type genus for the holothuroid family Cucumellidae (Echinodermata : Holothuroidea : Dendrochirotida) with re-examination of the holotype of Cucumella decaryi Cherbonnier
Authors: THANDAR AHMED , ARUMUGAM PREYAN
Published: February 2014

Thandar & Arumugam (2011), in their erection of the new dactylochirotid family Cucumellidae, inadvertently omitted to designate its type genus. This error is here rectified and Cucumella Heding (in Ludwig & Heding, 1935) is designated the type genus of the new family Cucumellidae to comply with the requirements of Article 61 of the International Code. Following Smirnov (2012), in his revised classification of the Holothuroidea, the new family is now classified in the order Dendrochirotida. In addition, the holotype of Cucumella decaryi Cherbonnier is re-examined to confirm its synonymy with Neostichopus grammatus (H.L. Clark).
A Modern Paradise
Authors: Mollett Sharlene
Published: February 2014

On the Honduran North Coast, the Afro-indigenous Garifuna struggle to maintain access to and control of their ancestral lands. Their concerns are due in part to the Honduran state’s long-standing goal of modernizing the North Coast and providing an attractive site for foreign investment in land and tourism. The state’s commitment to improving the country’s development profile by opening coastal land ownership to foreigners often overlooks international and constitutional recognition of communal forms of land tenure. Ethnographic participant observation in the Garifuna community of Tornabé, a fishing and farming village in the Tela Bay region, supplemented by semistructured interviews, historical data collection, discourse analysis, and research on agrarian and environmental policy, suggests that Garifuna displacement is a product of the state’s development imaginaries, which racialize the Garifuna as backward and consider their blackness redeemable only by their labor.

En la costa norte de Honduras, los garífunas afro-indígenas luchan por mantener el acceso a y control de sus tierras ancestrales. Sus preocupaciones se deben en parte a la meta de largo plazo del estado hondureño por modernizar la costa norte y hacerla atractiva a la inversión extranjera en tierras y turismo. El compromiso del estado por mejorar el perfil de desarrollo del país accediendo a que exista propiedad extranjera en la región costeña a menudo ignora el reconocimiento constitucional e internacional de formas comunales de tenencia de la tierra. Observación etnográfica participante en la comunidad garífuna de Tornabé, una aldea de pescadores y agricultores en la región de Bahía de Tela, complementada con entrevistas semi-estructuradas, recopilación de datos históricos, análisis del discurso e investigación sobre política agraria y ambiental, sugiere que el desplazamiento forzado garífuna es un producto de imaginarios de desarrollo estatales que los racializan como retrógradas y consideran que su negrura sólo es redimible a través de su trabajo.
Association Between Prehospital Vitamin D Status and Hospital‐Acquired Clostridium difficile Infections
Authors: Quraishi Sadeq A. , Litonjua Augusto A. , Moromizato Takuhiro , Gibbons Fiona K. , Camargo Carlos A. , Giovannucci Edward , Christopher Kenneth B.
Published: February 2014

Objective: To investigate whether preadmission 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are associated with the risk of hospital‐acquired Clostridium difficile infection (HACDI). Materials and Methods: Our retrospective cohort study focused on 568 adult patients from 2 Boston teaching hospitals between August 1993 and November 2006. All patients had 25(OH)D levels measured before hospitalization and were at risk for HACDI (defined as the presence of C difficile toxin A or B in stool samples obtained >48 hours after hospitalization). We performed multivariable regression analyses to test the association of prehospital 25(OH)D levels with HACDI while adjusting for clinically relevant covariates. Results: In these 568 patients, mean (SD) 25(OH)D level was 19 (12) ng/mL, and 11% of patients met criteria for incident HACDI. Following adjustment for age, sex, race (nonwhite vs white), patient type (medical vs surgical), and Deyo‐Charlson index, patients with 25(OH)D levels <10 ng/mL had higher odds of HACDI (odds ratio [OR], 2.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–8.34) compared with patients with 25(OH)D levels ≥30 ng/mL. When patients with HACDI were analyzed relative to a larger patient cohort without HACDI (n = 5047), those with 25(OH)D levels <10 ng/mL (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.84–13.38) and 10–19.9 ng/mL (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.28–8.85) had higher adjusted odds of HACDI compared with patients with 25(OH)D levels ≥30 ng/mL. Conclusions: In our cohort of adult patients, vitamin D status before hospital admission was inversely associated with the risk of developing HACDI. These data support the need for randomized, controlled trials to test the role of vitamin D supplementation to prevent HACDI.
Endoscopic Reconstruction of Surgically Created Skull Base Defects: A Systematic Review
Authors: Soudry Ethan , Turner Justin H. , Nayak Jayakar V. , Hwang Peter H.
Published: February 2014

Objectives

To systematically review the literature concerning techniques of closure of endoscopically created skull base defects based on site of skull base defect and flow rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Data Sources

PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases.

Review Methods

A comprehensive systematic literature review.

Results

The literature search produced a total of 1708 studies. Of these, 1585 studies were excluded based on title and/or abstract review. A total of 123 articles remained for full‐text review, 101 of which were subsequently excluded primarily because of lack of detailed information as to the reconstructive techniques used or clinical outcomes. Of the 22 studies remaining for final analysis, all were case series. A total of 673 patients were included in the analysis, with an overall postoperative CSF leak rate of 8.5%. Subgroup analysis was performed based on location of the skull base defect and presence and quality of intraoperative CSF leak.

Conclusions

Based on level 4 evidence, in cases of low‐flow intraoperative CSF leaks, skull base reconstruction with multilayered free grafts and synthetic materials offers similar outcomes to vascularized flaps. In cases of high‐flow intraoperative CSF leaks, pedicled vascularized flaps appear to be superior. Location of the defect does not seem to be a significant factor in determining successful closure, with the exception of clival defects. In all other sites, good closure may be achieved by multiple reconstructive approaches. More consistency in data reporting and higher levels of evidence will ultimately be necessary to make definitive recommendations.
Barriers to Same‐Day Discharge of Patients Undergoing Total and Completion Thyroidectomy
Authors: Rutledge Jonathan , Siegel Eric , Belcher Ryan , Bodenner Donald , Stack Brendan C.
Published: February 2014

Objective

Describe barriers to same‐day surgery for patients undergoing total and completion thyroidectomy.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Academic health sciences center.

Subjects and Methods

The subjects were patients who underwent total thyroidectomy or completion thyroidectomy and remained in hospital overnight or longer. A review was performed on patients who were operated on by a single surgeon from July 2005 through June 2013.

Results

Two hundred and sixty‐eight cases were planned for same‐day surgery. One hundred patients were not discharged on the same day (37%). Patients observed overnight or admitted to hospital had significantly lower postoperative calcium levels, 8.4 mg/dL (P <. 0001), and lower intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH), mean 6.0 pg/mL (P <. 0001). Those significantly more likely to require overnight observation were male patients (P =. 0117), black patients (P =. 0045), those with completion thyroidectomy (P =. 0039), and those with a complication of surgery (P =. 003).

Conclusion

Intraoperative PTH less than 10 pg/mL was the most frequent factor (25.7%) precluding same‐day discharge, followed by admission for social/financial/transportation reasons (22.6%), large dead space from goiter (15.5%), multiple comorbidities (13.4%), multiple surgical reasons (5.2%), airway observation (5.2%), pain management (3.1%), and intractable nausea due to general anesthetic (2.1%). Hypocalcemia and postoperative bleeding still remain obstacles to outpatient thyroid surgery; however, the use of rapid PTH testing, modern hemostatic techniques, appropriate calcium prophylaxis, and experienced clinical decision making can effectively stratify which patients require overnight observation.
Vital Systems Security: Reflexive Biopolitics and the Government of Emergency
Authors: Collier Stephen J , Lakoff Andrew
Published: February 2014

This article describes the historical emergence of vital systems security, analyzing it as a significant mutation in biopolitical modernity. The story begins in the early 20th century, when planners and policy-makers recognized the increasing dependence of collective life on interlinked systems such as transportation, electricity, and water. Over the following decades, new security mechanisms were invented to mitigate the vulnerability of these vital systems. While these techniques were initially developed as part of Cold War preparedness for nuclear war, they eventually migrated to domains beyond national security to address a range of anticipated emergencies, such as large-scale natural disasters, pandemic disease outbreaks, and disruptions of critical infrastructure. In these various contexts, vital systems security operates as a form of reflexive biopolitics, managing risks that have arisen as the result of modernization processes. This analysis sheds new light on current discussions of the government of emergency and ‘states of exception’. Vital systems security does not require recourse to extraordinary executive powers. Rather, as an anticipatory technology for mitigating vulnerabilities and closing gaps in preparedness, it provides a ready-to-hand toolkit for administering emergencies as a normal part of constitutional government.
Friendship Conflict, Conflict Responses, and Instability
Authors: Croft Carissa D. , Zimmer-Gembeck Melanie J.
Published: February 2014

Rejection sensitivity (RS) instigates conflict and prompts maladaptive conflict responses within romantic relationships. We tested whether RS had similar effects within friendships ( N = 262, Xage = 11.7) by investigating whether (a) RS was associated with more frequent conflict, (b) two RS forms prompted different conflict responses, and (c) conflict and responses mediated associations of RS with friendship instability. Adolescents higher in angry RS reported more frequent conflict, more anger and aggression, and less compromise. Anxious RS was not uniquely associated with conflict, but heightened anxious RS was associated with more obliging and compromise, less aggression, and greater friendship instability. Thus, adolescents with heightened angry and anxious RS reported different patterns of maladaptive conflict responses, but only angry RS was uniquely associated with more frequent conflict and only anxious RS was uniquely associated with greater friendship instability. The mediational model of friendship instability was not supported.
Yellow over Black: History of Race in Korea and the New Study of Race and Empire
Authors: Kim Jae Kyun
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the precolonial and colonial history of race in Korea, which has been overlooked in the study of race, empire, and Korean history. While the study of race claims to be global, it implicitly assumes that racism becomes possible through physical contact with ‘different races’. Rather than examining the emergent racial politics after the recent global migration, I suggest that racism could emerge regardless of collective racial migration and contact. Further, recent colonial studies have overlooked the colonized, the Japanese Empire and its colonized. Accordingly, I question the absence of race in Korean historiography and the assumption of Korean racial naïveté based on the supposed racial homogeneity. Further, I demonstrate how the notions of race and blackness are fundamentally embedded in Koreans’ understanding of the Age of Empire. Thus, this paper calls for a new ‘global’ approach to the study of race and empire that questions these overlooked assumptions.
The-Truth-About-Islam.Com: Ordinary Theories of Racism and Cyber Islamophobia
Authors: Chao En-Chieh
Published: February 2014

This essay contends that the digital debates over Islamophobia show a curious resemblance to pre-existing American folk theories of racism. The outcry surrounding the reality show All-American Muslim is the case study, but the argument applies to a broader development of cultural racism and Islamophobia in American society. Starting from a discussion of the politics of racialization and ‘post-civil rights’ racism in the USA, the article outlines the mediation of racial politics through reality television and online commenting in relation to Islamophobia. Finally, appropriating the work of Eduardo Bonilla-Silva and Jane Hill on the underlying theories of American racism, I examine two seemingly opposing discourses entailed in the AAM controversy, and demonstrate that the entire online outcry has closely followed the old paradigms through which Americans talk about racism.
Reducing in-cylinder parasitic losses through surface modification and coating
Authors: Howell-Smith Sebastian , Rahnejat Homer , King Paul D , Dowson Duncan
Published: February 2014

Friction constitutes nearly one fifth of all engine losses. The main contributory source of frictional losses in most engines is the piston–cylinder system, accounting for nearly half of all the parasitic losses. Minimisation of this is essential for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, which are the main driving forces in engine development. The tribology of piston–cylinder conjunctions is, however, transient in nature. This means that various palliative actions need to be undertaken to suit certain instances during the engine cycle. In general, formation of a coherent film of lubricant of suitable viscosity reduces the chance of boundary interactions for most of the piston cycle. Plateau honing of the cylinder bore surface reduces the ‘peakiness’ of the surface topography. Furthermore, if regularly spaced grooves are provided on the contacting surface, these grooves can act as reservoirs of lubricant. However, at low sliding speeds, which are typically found during piston motion reversals, lubricant entrainment into the contact either ceases or is significantly reduced. Therefore, at the end of the piston strokes, there is a greater chance of boundary interactions, resulting in increased friction. There is a need to engineer the surface topography in these low-relative-speed regions in a manner conducive to the retention of a lubricant film. Surface texturing by means of laser processing or mechanical indentation at the dead centres are used to produce local reservoirs of lubricant as well as to encourage and direct the flow of lubricant into the contact conjunction. The paper shows that such surface-modifying features improve the engine’s output power by as much as 4% over that of the standard cylinder bore surface. To reduce wear and scuffing, particularly at the top dead centre, hard coatings can also be used. However, smooth surfaces and the generally oleophobic nature of hard coatings can increase the chance of adhesion, particularly at low sliding speeds. This means that prevention of wear does not necessarily lead to improved fuel efficiency. Furthermore, it is necessary to determine the geometry of the textured patterns in order to avoid the leakage of oil from the ring-pack conjunctions, which can result in increased emissions as well as lubricant degradation and depletion.
Sample size considerations in active-control non-inferiority trials with binary data based on the odds ratio
Authors: Siqueira Arminda Lucia , Todd Susan , Whitehead Anne
Published: February 2014

This paper presents an approximate closed form sample size formula for determining non-inferiority in active-control trials with binary data. We use the odds-ratio as the measure of the relative treatment effect, derive the sample size formula based on the score test and compare it with a second, well-known formula based on the Wald test. Both closed form formulae are compared with simulations based on the likelihood ratio test. Within the range of parameter values investigated, the score test closed form formula is reasonably accurate when non-inferiority margins are based on odds-ratios of about 0.5 or above and when the magnitude of the odds ratio under the alternative hypothesis lies between about 1 and 2.5. The accuracy generally decreases as the odds ratio under the alternative hypothesis moves upwards from 1. As the non-inferiority margin odds ratio decreases from 0.5, the score test closed form formula increasingly overestimates the sample size irrespective of the magnitude of the odds ratio under the alternative hypothesis. The Wald test closed form formula is also reasonably accurate in the cases where the score test closed form formula works well. Outside these scenarios, the Wald test closed form formula can either underestimate or overestimate the sample size, depending on the magnitude of the non-inferiority margin odds ratio and the odds ratio under the alternative hypothesis. Although neither approximation is accurate for all cases, both approaches lead to satisfactory sample size calculation for non-inferiority trials with binary data where the odds ratio is the parameter of interest.
Robust small area prediction for counts
Authors: Tzavidis Nikos , Ranalli M Giovanna , Salvati Nicola , Dreassi Emanuela , Chambers Ray
Published: February 2014

A new semiparametric approach to model-based small area prediction for counts is proposed and used for estimating the average number of visits to physicians for Health Districts in Central Italy. The proposed small area predictor can be viewed as an outlier robust alternative to the more commonly used empirical plug-in predictor that is based on a Poisson generalized linear mixed model with Gaussian random effects. Results from the real data application and from a simulation experiment confirm that the proposed small area predictor has good robustness properties and in some cases can be more efficient than alternative small area approaches.
Policy Regarding the Sequential Lineup Is Not Informed by Probative Value but Is Informed by Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis
Authors: Wixted John T. , Gronlund Scott D. , Mickes Laura
Published: February 2014

It is important to determine if switching from simultaneous to sequential lineups affects response bias (the inclination to make an identification from a lineup), discriminability (the ability to distinguish between innocent and guilty suspects), or both. Measures of probative value cannot provide such information; receiver operating characteristic analysis can. Recent receiver operating characteristic analyses indicate that switching to sequential lineups both induces more conservative responding and makes it more difficult to distinguish between innocent and guilty suspects. If more conservative responding is preferred (i.e., if policymakers judge that the harm associated with the reduction of correct identifications is exceeded by the benefit associated with the reduction in false identifications), recent data indicate that this result can be achieved without a loss of discriminability by using the simultaneous lineup procedure in conjunction with a more conservative decision criterion.
Prosocial Spending and Happiness
Authors: Dunn Elizabeth W. , Aknin Lara B. , Norton Michael I.
Published: February 2014

Although a great deal of research has shown that people with more money are somewhat happier than are people with less money, our research demonstrates that how people spend their money also matters for their happiness. In particular, both correlational and experimental studies have shown that people who spend money on others report more happiness. The benefits of such prosocial spending emerge among adults around the world, and the warm glow of giving can be detected even in toddlers. These benefits are most likely to emerge when giving satisfies one or more core human needs (relatedness, competence, and autonomy). The rewards of prosocial spending are observable in both the brain and the body and can potentially be harnessed by organizations and governments.
The New Science of Wise Psychological Interventions
Authors: Walton Gregory M.
Published: February 2014

Citizens complete a survey the day before a major election; a change in the survey items’ grammatical structure increases turnout by 11 percentage points. People answer a single question; their romantic relationships improve over several weeks. At-risk students complete a 1-hour reading-and-writing exercise; their grades rise and their health improves for the next 3 years. Each statement may sound outlandish—more science fiction than science. Yet each represents the results of a recent study in psychological science (respectively, Bryan, Walton, Rogers, & Dweck, 2011; Marigold, Holmes, & Ross, 2007, 2010; Walton & Cohen, 2011). These studies have shown, more than one might have thought, that specific psychological processes contribute to major social problems. These processes act as levers in complex systems that give rise to social problems. Precise interventions that alter them—what I call “wise interventions”—can produce significant benefits and do so over time. What are wise interventions? How do they work? And how can they help solve social problems?
Nurses’ perceptions of the use of restraint in pediatric somatic care
Authors: Kangasniemi Mari , Papinaho Oili , Korhonen Anne
Published: February 2014

Background:

The interest in the children’s role in pediatric care is connected to children’s health-related autonomy and informed consent in care. Despite the strong history of children’s rights, nurses’ role in the everyday nursing phenomenon, that is, restraint in somatic pediatric care, is still relatively seldom reported.

Aim:

The aim of this study is to describe nurses’ perceptions of the use of restraint in somatic pediatric care. The ultimate aim is to deepen the understanding of the phenomenon of restraint, whose previous study has been fragmented.

Methods:

Qualitative approach was selected because of the lack of previous information. Due to the sensitivity of the research question, individual interviewees were selected among voluntary nurses (n = 8). All participants were registered nurses with general work experience as nurses of 5–16 years on average and specifically 1.5–10 years in pediatric nursing. Inductive content analysis was used for aiming to produce a synthesis of the research phenomenon.

Ethical considerations:

The research received organizational approval by the university hospital, and informed consent and confidentiality were ensured.

Results:

Restraint in pediatric nursing was process-like, but occurred without advanced planning. The restraint-related process included five categories: (a) identification of the situations where restraint may occur, (b) finding preventive methods, (c) identification of different forms of restraint, (d) rationing the use of restraint, and (e) post-restraint acts. Restraint was seen as a part of pediatric nursing which occurred daily and involved several professionals. According to the nurses’ illustrations, restraint means doing things even when a child is not agreeable.

Conclusion:

Restraint is part of somatic pediatric nursing, described as the last, but in some cases, the only resort for carrying out care or treatment. Restraint is not a goal in itself, but an instrumental tool and procedure in carrying out care. In the future, more information about nurses’ role and the use of restraint in pediatric nursing is still needed.
Child and Parent Characteristics Affecting the Authorization and Expenditure of Funds for Early Intervention Services
Authors: Block Stephen R. , Rosenberg Steven A. , Kellar-Guenther Yvonne , Robinson Cordelia C. , Goetze Linda
Published: February 2014

This article examines parent and child characteristics that are associated with utilization of funds authorized under Part C of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Child age and the presence of parent service needs are among the variables that influence how much early intervention service is available for infants and toddlers with developmental delays and disabilities, as authorized by the Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP). Higher levels of child need were associated with a larger number of services authorized, and greater amounts of unspent funds. It appears that children of high needs parents are less likely to use additional services their children need. These findings are interpreted to suggest that family and child characteristics that promote larger authorizations for Part C services may also limit their ability to utilize all of the services identified in the IFSP. In addition, this study found that contrary to expectations, the home environment was not superior to specialty and clinic settings on parent involvement in early intervention activities.
Topical Review
Authors: Jastifer James R.
Published: February 2014

The use of locking plate technology in foot and ankle surgery has increased over the last decade. Reported applications include fracture repair, deformity correction, and arthrodesis. There is limited evidence, however, to guide clinicians with regard to the appropriate and optimal use of this technology. This work aims to examine the current biomechanical and clinical evidence comparing locking construct technology to other forms of fixation in the field of foot and ankle surgery.
Children’s Cancer Camps
Authors: Laing Catherine M. , Moules Nancy J.
Published: February 2014

Childhood cancer is a family affair, and each year in Canada, approximately 1,400 children and adolescents under the age of 20 are diagnosed with cancer. Innumerable challenges accompany this diagnosis, and in recognition of the stress of childhood cancer, children’s cancer camps arose in the 1970s to help children and their families escape the rigidity and severity of cancer treatment. Very little is known about these cancer camps, and to that end, a philosophical hermeneutic study was conducted to understand the meaning of children’s cancer camps for the child with cancer and the family. Six families were interviewed to bring understanding to this topic. While the research included findings related to the concept of play, fit and acceptance, storytelling, and grief, this paper will detail the finding related to the solidarity of the community—the “camp family”—as one that creates intense, healing bonds.
Re-Examining Alignment in a “Failed” L2 Autobiographic Research Interview
Authors: Prior Matthew T.
Published: February 2014

Contributing to a “social studies of interview studies,” this article addresses the treatment of “failed” autobiographic interviews. Taking a discursive constructionist approach, the author re-examines a problematic second language (L2) English interview with an immigrant man from Cambodia. Analysis focuses on the interactional management of (mis)alignment and how it contributed to the shape and outcome of the activity. By turning away from failure to accomplishment, and attending to the ways in which interviewee and interviewer use their differential linguistic and cultural expertise as topic and resource, the multi-layered activity takes on a new light that allows recognition of what was understood, shared, and ultimately achieved. The application of these insights for interview practice and analysis are discussed.
Perceiving Professional Risk in Five Stories
Authors: Beaton Jehanne
Published: February 2014

Using a split page structure as a physical delineation between story and analysis, the author examines teachers’ stories of perceived professional risks involved in teaching social studies as a first-year teacher. Collectively, these stories from young teachers tell a larger story, full of concrete, visceral, and textural details of the challenges of induction and the adaptation to varied school contexts. The author finds that young teachers have contextually based and emotionally charged stories of perceived and actual professional risk in the early years of teaching. This knowledge is lived, understood, and re-storied through the stories they share in safe, trusted, and reciprocated knowledge communities, and offers tremendous insight into school contexts, the static nature of instruction and pedagogy, and teacher attrition. Their stories can teach multiple audiences what it means to enter the pressure cooker environments of today’s schools as a young teacher.
Pragmatism as a Paradigm for Social Research
Authors: Morgan David L.
Published: February 2014

Although advocates of mixed-methods research have proposed pragmatism as a paradigm for social research, nearly all of that work has emphasized the practical rather than the philosophical aspects of pragmatism. This article addresses that gap by connecting John Dewey’s work on experience and inquiry to current issues in the study of social research. In doing so, it also addresses the political concerns that link pragmatism and social justice. As a new paradigm, pragmatism disrupts the assumptions of older approaches based on the philosophy of knowledge, while providing promising new directions for understanding the nature of social research.
“Even the Good Girls Have Their Moments”
Authors: Berbary Lisbeth A.
Published: February 2014

Director’s Comments: In 2008, I undertook an ethnographic study to better understand how women negotiated competing discourses of femininity within Southern sorority spaces—women-centered, member-only social societies that promote friendship and philanthropy in American colleges and universities. This final manuscript of three, exposes the small post-structural resistances of discursive discipline that sorority women negotiated both overtly and “accidentally” through mis-repeats as they moved from freshman to senior sorority women at USouthern, a large university situated in an active college town in the Southeastern region of the United States. The following three ethno-screenplay scenes are used to reintroduce the discourses of ladylikeness that have already been unpacked in prior articles, and to further develop and explore issues of negotiation and subversion around those discourses.
Reliquaries and a Poetic Sensibility
Authors: Rinehart Robert E.
Published: February 2014

Reliquaries are forms for remembrance, but they are also enactments, processes of just that remembering. In this piece, through five exemplar poems, I examine “reliquary” as noun and “reliquary” as verb.
Prioritizing Child Pornography Notifications
Authors: Smid Wineke , Schepers Klaartje , Kamphuis Jan Henk , van Linden Sabine , Bartling Sarah
Published: February 2014

The growing number of notifications for child pornography (CP) possession constitutes a capacity problem for police forces entrusted with the investigation of these offenses. Notifications of CP offenses in which the investigation reveals concurrent direct victimization, in the form of contact offenses, grooming, online offending, or the production of CP material, form a potential target group for prioritization. The first of the twofold aims of this study was to validate the occurring distinction between mixed suspects (i.e., CP possession suspects who were also ever associated with direct victimization) and CP-only suspects (i.e., CP possession suspects who were never associated with direct victimization) to predict an outcome of the investigation including direct victimization. The second aim was to explore variables related to direct victimization among CP-only suspects. A total of 150 files of police investigations into notifications for CP offenses were studied. Findings confirmed significantly greater prevalence of direct victimization as an outcome of the investigation among mixed suspects than CP-only suspects (90% vs. 10%). Among CP-only suspects, direct victimization was predicted by (a) prior police contacts, charges, or convictions concerning noncontact sexual offending, (b) the confiscation of more than two computers during the house search, and (c) a more serious nature of the CP material that formed the basis for the notification in terms of younger victims and more extreme content. These variables may point to a small subgroup of heavily invested CP offenders who are at a higher risk to cross the line to direct victimization. Cross-validation of these preliminary findings is indicated.
At the origins and in the vanguard of peridynamics, non-local and higher-gradient continuum mechanics: An underestimated and still topical contribution of Gabrio Piola
Authors: dell’Isola Francesco , Andreaus Ugo , Placidi Luca
Published: February 2014

Gabrio Piola’s scientific papers have been underestimated in mathematical physics literature. Indeed, a careful reading of them proves that they are original, deep and far-reaching. Actually, even if his contribution to the mechanical sciences is not completely ignored, one can undoubtedly say that the greatest part of his novel contributions to mechanics, although having provided a great impetus to and substantial influence on the work of many preeminent mechanicians, is in fact generally ignored. It has to be remarked that authors Capecchi and Ruta dedicated many efforts to the aim of unveiling the true value of Gabrio Piola as a scientist; however, some deep parts of his scientific results remain not yet sufficiently illustrated. Our aim is to prove that non-local and higher-gradient continuum mechanics were conceived already in Piola’s works and to try to explain the reasons for the unfortunate circumstance which caused the erasure of the memory of this aspect of Piola’s contribution. Some relevant differential relationships obtained in Piola ( Memoria intorno alle equazioni fondamentali del movimento di corpi qualsivogliono considerati secondo la naturale loro forma e costituzione, 1846) are carefully discussed, as they are still too often ignored in the continuum mechanics literature and can be considered the starting point of Levi-Civita’s theory of connection for Riemannian manifolds.
Efficacy of Evolving Early-Extubation Strategy on Early Postoperative Functional Recovery in Pediatric Open-Heart Surgery
Authors: Hamilton Barbara C. S. , Honjo Osami , Alghamdi Abdullah A. , Caldarone Christopher A. , Schwartz Steven M. , Van Arsdell Glen S. , Holtby Helen
Published: February 2014

There has been a paradigm shift toward “fast-track” management with early extubation (EE) in cardiac surgery. Our retrospective, matched case-control study wishes to define the benefits of EE in pediatric congenital heart surgery. We examined 50 consecutive pediatric cardiac surgery patients extubated in the operating room (February 2009 to July 2009) against a control group of delayed-extubation patients. No significant differences were found in preoperative variables except heart failure medication. Significant intraoperative variables included the following: blood products (363 vs 487 mL, P = .023), morphine (62% vs 6%, P < .0001), and inotropes (16% vs 60%, P < .0001) given. Postoperatively significant differences included hospital stay and lower inotrope scores in the early-extubation group (14.89 vs 31.68, P < .0001). The reintubation rate was not significant. EE patients have equivalent hemodynamic profiles shown by a decreased necessity for inotropic support. We conclude that EE is feasible in low-/medium-risk pediatric congenital heart surgery patients.
Neuropathic pain in neuromyelitis optica affects activities of daily living and quality of life
Authors: Zhao Sizheng , Mutch Kerry , Elsone Liene , Nurmikko Turo , Jacob Anu
Published: February 2014

Though pain in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) has been described in two recent reports, the proportion with true neuropathic pain (NP), its features, impact on activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life has not been well characterised. A cross-sectional study of 50 NMO patients with transverse myelitis was performed using Douleur Neuropathique 4, Brief Pain Inventory, Extended Disability Status Scale and Short Form 36. NP was identified in 62% of patients. Pain was constant in 68% affecting most ADL. Pain was associated with significant reduction of the SF36 Mental Composite Score. The high prevalence of NP and associated disability necessitates an in-depth enquiry in patients with NMO.
Party adaptation and change and the crisis of democracy
Authors: Bardi Luciano , Bartolini Stefano , Trechsel Alexander
Published: February 2014

This article is the introduction to a special issue of articles written in honour of Peter Mair. The general theme of the issue is party adaptation and change, which is traced here through an analysis of contributions by Peter Mair as an individual author or with co-authors. The result is an assessment of the current state of the art of what can be cumulatively considered Peter Mair's theory of party adaptation and of the debate it has generated up to and including the contributions included in the special issue itself.
The Clinical Disputes Forum code to candour
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth , Leigh Bertie
Published: February 2014

Medical authorities have historically either been silent or circumspect about the role of candour in clinical relationships. Hippocrates told doctors to abstain from doing harm, not entertaining the possibility that they might be negligent, while in 1847 the American Medical Association declared that doctors have: ‘a sacred duty … to avoid all things which have a tendency to discourage the patient and depress his spirits’. Being candid about an injurious mistake in the course of treatment would no doubt discourage even the worldliest of 19th century patients. However, in recent years, the focus has shifted: doctors in 21st century have an obligation to disclose even the most depressing of mistakes. This modern ‘duty of candour’ is found in a mish-mash of moral principles, regulatory guidelines and contractual agreements but following the Francis Report it will be buttressed by statute.
Are equity aspects communicated in Nordic public health documents?
Authors: Povlsen Lene , Karlsson Leena Eklund , Regber Susann , Sandstig Gabriella , Fosse Elisabeth
Published: February 2014

Aims: To explore if the term equity was applied and how measures for addressing social inequalities in health and reducing inequity were communicated in selected Nordic documents concerning public health. Methods: Documents from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden were collected and analysed by Nordic authors. Data included material from websites of ministries and authorities responsible for public health issues, with primary focus on steering documents, action programmes, and reports from 2001 until spring 2013. Results: Most strategies applied in Danish, Finnish, and Swedish documents focused on the population in general but paid special attention to vulnerable groups. The latest Danish and Finnish documents communicate a clearer commitment to address social inequalities in health. They emphasise the social gradient and the need to address the social determinants in order to improve the position of disadvantaged groups. Norwegian authorities have paid increasing attention to inequity/social inequalities in health and initiated a new law in 2012 which aims to address the social gradient in a more clear way than seen elsewhere in the Nordic countries. Conclusions: In the Nordic countries, redistribution by means of universal welfare policies is historically viewed as a vital mechanism to improve the situation of vulnerable groups and level the social gradient. To establish the concept of equity as a strong concern and a core value within health promotion, it is important to be aware how policies can contribute to enable reduction of social health differences.
Too little, too late: Socioeconomic disparities in the experience of women living with diabetes
Authors: Nicklett Emily Joy , Damiano Sara Kuzminski
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this article is to examine whether or not subjective social status contributes to diabetes diagnosis and disease discovery experiences. Eighteen diabetic women participated in semi-structured interviews. Interview transcripts were reviewed and coded using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Several general themes emerged from the data analysis: subjective social status shaped different experiences through (a) situations of diabetes discovery (including the circumstances and stage of diabetes at the time of diagnosis), (b) the degree to which participants considered diabetes to be manageable, (c) the extent of diabetes-related knowledge and experience before diagnosis, and (d) opportunities to gain knowledge shortly thereafter. Due to these constraints, lower subjective social status individuals had particularly adverse disease discovery experiences. The findings are consistent with the theory of constrained choices. Implications for practitioners and for future research are discussed.
Liberal values at a time of neo-liberalism
Authors: Evans Mary
Published: February 2014

Critical responses to changes in UK higher education have emerged from various quarters. This article suggests that some of these responses are collusive with neo-liberalism and that a greater attention might be paid to the possibilities of the word ‘liberal’ and to the more democratic implications of certain US initiatives.