bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La metodología en el trabajo de huerto escolar y coherencia con la ambientalización curricular. Análisis de una práctica docente
Authors: Conde Núñez Mª Carmen , Díaz Paula Mariscal , Cepeda J. Samuel Sánchez
Published: January 2019

Esta investigación presenta un estudio de casos de una maestra de Educación Primaria que trabaja con el huerto escolar. Su fin es conocer el grado de integración de la sostenibilidad en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y la metodología llevada a cabo con el huerto escolar. Se diseñan una serie de indicadores para cada una de las categorías de ambientalización curricular propuestas. Para analizar los resultados hemos utilizado una metodología cualitativa de corte interpretativo.
La gran marcha hacia el Este de las culturas de extremo Occidente y la actualidad de la Ruta de la Seda
Authors: Terol Rojo Gabriel , Ollé Rodríguez Manel
Published: January 2019

La presente propuesta monográfica para QF 2018 combina la producción literaria comprometida con la ruta comercial histórica por excelencia y la reflexión multi-disciplinar entorno a ella misma, en todos los aspectos y, en ese sentido, excusa un repaso del viaje hacia el Este de las culturales occidentales representadas aquí en el nestorianismo, ese cristianismo primitivo antiguo. Para actualizar la realidad de la Ruta de la Seda se ofrece un repaso sobre los estímulos más relevantes que en el presente conglomeran con gran relevancia, necesitados de ordenamiento y planificación sin igual.
Estepa y rutas de la seda frente al espejo de la Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang. Fronteras fluidas y construcción de narrativas histórico-identitarias
Authors: Olivieri Chiara
Published: January 2019

La propuesta para este capítulo es la de analizar cómo, a partir de las fronteras imperiales establecidas bajo el período de gobierno Qing, las poblaciones “bárbaras”/fronterizas han sido incluidas –más o menos forzosamente–, en una definición  más o menos amplia–, de “China”. Tras una sucinta introducción histórica sobre el territorio, mi objetivo es el de empezar a hacer hincapié en la influencia, a nivel cultural, lingüístico, identitario y religioso, de la región que –tras su anexión al Imperio Qing– ha pasado a denominarse Xinjiang, en relación con los actores políticos y sociales circunstantes, y tratando de puntualizar unas especificidades históricas de la región, en un contexto eurasiático más amplio.
Imagen de la mujer en Sueño en el Pabellón Rojo. La construcción y la transgresión del género
Authors: Tejeda Martín Teresa I.
Published: January 2019

En este artículo proponemos una reflexión sobre cómo se construye la imagen de la mujer de élite en Sueño en el Pabellón Rojo a través del grupo de las “doce bellezas”, para poder analizar después a Baoyu y Xifeng, los dos protagonistas que cuestionan y transgreden los límites de la categoría de género. Se tendrán en cuenta tanto teorías feministas que abordan el concepto de género, como el pensamiento que ha conformado la naturaleza femenina dentro de la tradición china.
La Ruta de la Seda: entre el relato medieval, la novela histórica y los textos contemporáneos
Authors: Zygmunt Karolina
Published: January 2019

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar algunas obras contemporáneas que recrean el mítico trayecto de la Ruta de la Seda y mencionan a los viajeros medievales que lo recorrieron. Se estudia en concreto cómo el relato de la Embajada a Tamorlán, una de las obras clave de la literatura de viajes medievales hispánicos, sirve de base y referente textual para la novela histórica de Fernando Martínez Laínez, Embajada a Samarcanda, e inspira a Miguel Silvestre, quien en su relato Emoción del nómada declara seguir las huellas de los embajadores medievales. Se analiza de qué forma estos textos contemporáneos, al establecer un diálogo con el relato medieval, ven condicionadas o transformadas de manera patente o implícita sus poéticas narrativas.
La representación de la mujer sercicultora en textos literarios valencianos de la Renaixença: El eco de Frederic Mistral
Authors: Bataller Catalá Alexandre
Published: January 2019

A finales del siglo XIX, encontramos cultivadores de seda a los campos de moreras, como muestra Frederic Mistral en su poema épico rural Mirèio (1859). Además de compartir la práctica de una actividad agrícola e industrial asociada a la producción de la seda, entre los territorios de Provenza y Valencia se establece una relación literaria. En este trabajo relacionamos la representación literaria de las mujeres dedicadas a la sericicultura que presenta Mirèio con la poesía de la Renaixença valenciana, desde Teodor Llorente pasando por Constantí Llombart, Josep Maria Puig i Torralva y Francesc Badenes.
Pintores y ornatos para los Tejidos de seda en la Ilustración y la Academia valenciana de Bellas Artes
Authors: López Terrada María José , Alba Pagán Esther
Published: January 2019

Durante el siglo XVIII, Valencia se convirtió en el principal centro manufacturero español de tejidos de seda. Con el fin de proporcionar modelos originales para los mismos se creó en el seno de la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos la “Escuela de Flores, Ornatos y otros diseños adecuados para Tejidos” en 1784. El presente artículo atiende a sus precedentes, sus principales protagonistas y analiza su funcionamiento, además de considerar la relación que mantuvo a lo largo de su trayectoria con la industria de la seda.
Anadeixis and the signalling of discourse structure
Authors: Cornish Francis
Published: January 2019

By “anadeixis” (a termed first coined by Ehlich, 1982) is meant, prototypically, the indexical functioning of certain context-bound expressions to target discourse entities which are either not yet topical, or whose erstwhile topical status has faded. It is the discourse-structuring function of anadeictic indexicals that will be the particular focus of this study. The basis for the discussion will be two short whole texts, in two languages (French and English). This will make it possible to show how certain ‘strict’-anadeictic and discourse-deictic references may signal the macro- (content structures) and super-structures (discourse-functional structures) that characterize them. Such references may serve either to foreshadow a transition between major discourse units within a given text, or to actually introduce one.
Spanish spatial deictic adverbs: interpretation and discourse functioning with depersonalizing constructions
Authors: De Cock Barbara
Published: January 2019

In this paper, I analyze the ways in which spatial deictic adverbs function in Spanish. More concretely, through an analysis of spatial deictic adverbs used with depersonalizing constructions, I show how, in the absence of person deictic forms, the interpretation of spatial deictic adverbs depends not only on the physical, but more crucially on contextual cues in the discursive context. Moreover, I show that spatial adverbs used with depersonalizing constructions fulfill different functions in discourse construction than when they are used in combination with person deixis or with a concrete 3rd person reference. Indeed, in the absence of person deixis, spatial deictic adverbs take up crucial functions for the cohesion of the linguistic production.
Spanish null complement anaphora at the grammar-discourse interface
Authors: Zulaica-Hernández Iker
Published: January 2019

The study of null complement anaphora (NCA) is important for the grammar-discourse interface as it seems to incarnate some of the core processes commonly found in other discourse phenomena, namely: reference, anaphora, ellipsis, inference, salience, or accommodation. Although NCA has been studied extensively, the debate whether it is an elliptical or an anaphoric process is still ongoing. This paper contributes to the view of NCA as a deep anaphor by providing evidence from Spanish discourse. I argue that NCA is an anaphor that selects the most prominent antecedent in well-defined discourse hierarchical structures. My analysis is mainly based on the comparison among Spanish neuter pronouns and NCA, and on the observed similar behavior shown by NCA and pronouns under discourse embedding conditions. Previous accounts on NCA are reviewed (Depiante 2000, 2001; Williamson 2012), and a tentative analysis of VP ellipsis based on discourse relations (Hardt & Romero 2004) is applied to Spanish NCA.
Idiomatic expressions and anaphoric reference in functional discourse grammar
Authors: Keizer Evelien
Published: January 2019

This paper deals with a special type of anaphoric relation that consists in a reference through/to a part of a fixed idiomatic experience. It is proved that, contrary to what is generally assumed, such references are not necessarily grammatically or stylistically marked. Instead, they are part of several productive usage patterns. With corpus data and a discursive-functional grammatical approach, I provide a theoretically-substantiated analysis of each of these patterns. This analysis shows their production and interpretation processes, accounts for their systematicity and productivity, and puts forth an explanatory proposal of the cognitive effort and communicative advantages of their use.
The same (as what?)
Authors: Fretheim Thorstein
Published: January 2019

This paper adopts a radical contextualist approach to the reference of definite descriptions that contain the English expression the same, either without a complement or with a complement in the form of a head noun and/or a comparison phrase of the type as X. It is argued that definite descriptions which contain the same do not refer to a unique entity, despite the fact that the result of a comprehension test carried out seems to give some support to the belief that such descriptions may serve the function of a directly referring term.
Review of English nouns: The ecology of nominalization Rochelle Lieber. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. 207 pp. ISBN: 9871316613870
Authors: Tortosa Martínez Maria del Rosario
Published: January 2019

Review article (see PDF).
Curial e Güelfa, un nou món per a un nou cavaller: espais literaris en un entorn humanístic
Authors: Miguel Briongos Jeroni
Published: January 2019

Resum: El Curial e Güelfa és una novel·la que sorprèn per la seva modernitat. Tot i que conserva certes reminiscències medievals, com a resultat del gènere cavalleresc que la caracteritza, hem de situar-la dins de l’ambient humanista de la Itàlia del Quatttocento: tant les fonts literàries, com molts dels temes que hi apareixen, parlen d’un context social e intel·lectual que es viu en aquests moment a Itàlia. El protagonista, Curial, amb el seu propòsit d’harmonitzar armes i lletres, n’és el millor exemple. El jove cavaller ha de concloure un procés de maduració personal –de crisi existencial, també– per poder assolir l’objectiu que persegueix: casar-se amb la Güelfa. Per aquesta raó, a banda de les seves gestes cavalleresques, es dedicarà a l’estudi i comprendrà que només mitjançant l’esforç que duu a la virtus podrà obtenir la necessària nobilitas que, gràcies a un procés de reconeixement del seu homo interior, farà d’ell una persona íntegra.
Paraules clau: Humanisme, Curial, prosa acurada, armes i lletres, bivium, virtut, noblesa.
 
Abstract: Curial e Güelfa shocks by its own modernity. In spite of some medieval reminiscences as a result of the atmosphere of chivalry it depicts, it belongs within the humanistic influence of the Italian Quattrocento. The author’s mindful prose and his selection of literary sources or the variety of themes, correspond to the social and intellectual context of the day in Italy. Curial, as the main character in the novel, is a true example in his endeavour to blend arms and letters. The young knight must undergo a process towards adulthood which will also entail a personal crisis in the quest to achieve his goal: wedding Güelfa. With this aim in mind, and along with his chivalry frays, he will bow down on study, in the understanding that virtus itself will only be achieved through exertion in order to achieve the necessary nobilitas, which will on its own turn him into an integral being after acknowledging his own homo interior. 
Keywords: Humanism, Curial, mindful prose, arms and letters, bivium, virtue, nobility.
Il transfert di Curial
Authors: Compagna Anna Maria
Published: January 2019

Resum: I risvolti sovranazionali riscontrati nei tre protagonisti dei romanzi del Quattrocento catalano (Jacob Xalabín, Curial e Tirant) consentono di procedere a un’analisi del Curial e Güelfa che ne sottolinea l’identità multipla e l’apertura culturale del processo di formazione del protagonista, nella sua ascesa economica e sociale. L’evoluzione del protagonista, grazie a un meccanismo psicologico, oggi riconosciuto come tale, consente il lieto fine del romanzo, diversamente da quanto avviene negli altri due, dove i protagonisti, Jacob e Tirant, rimangono sempre gli stessi. Grazie allo spostamento, al transfert, Curial non rimuove quello che lo minaccia, ma riesce a superarlo, se riguarda un altro individuo, e questo permette il suo successo finale, senza essere vittima d’impulsi interni inaccettabili.
Paraules clau: Identità/alterità, multiplo/singolo, apertura/chiusura culturale, onore/disonore, ascesa/discesa economica e sociale, rimozione/spostamento.
 
Abstract: The supranational implications found in the three protagonists of the novels in the “Catalan quattrocento” (Jacob Xalabín, Curial and Tirant) allow an analysis of Curial e Güelfa that underlines the multiple identity and cultural openness of the protagonist’s training process, in his economic and social rise. The evolution of the protagonist, thank to a psychological mechanism, now recognized as such, allows the happy ending of the novel, unlike what happens in the other two, where the protagonists, Jacob and Tirante, always remain the same. Thanks to the movement, to the transfert, Curial does not eliminate what threatens it, but manages to overcome it, if it is another individual, and this allows its final success, without being the victim of unacceptable internal impulses.
Keywords: Identity/alterity, multiple/single, openness/cultural closure, honor/dishonor, economic and  social promotion /decline, removal/displacement
Aportacions a l’estudi de la literatura medieval
Authors: Zalbidea Berenguer Alaitz
Published: January 2019

Presentació del dossier Aportacions a l’estudi de la literatura medieval
ПЛАНИРАЊЕ И ПРОГРАМИРАЊЕ РАДА У ОДЈЕЉЕЊИМА ИНТЕГРИСАНИХ РАЗРЕДА
Authors: Бањац Мирко
Published: January 2019

Интелектуалне и психофизичке карактеристике дјеце млађегшколског узраста основне школе, као и њихове сазнајне могућности, су један одосновних разлога за интегративни приступ планирању, програмирању и реализацијисадржаја наставе на овом узрасту. У актуелном васпитно-образовном раду твз.комбинованих одјељења само се формално ради о одјељењу, а у суштини се ради ораду са посебним разредним групама ученика које су смјештене у једну учионицу. Ураду се нуде могућности које су усмјерене на животне предности рада у одјељењуинтегрисаних разреда. У школу се не иде, у школи се живи, а живот не познајефрагментарне и исцјепкане садржаје, живот је саткан од различитих видоваинтеграција и то интеграција као предности. За очекивање је да ће изучавање,учење и усвајање садржаја, предмета и појава непосредне стварности као цјелине, имеђусобно повезаних цјелина, у одјељењима интегрисаних разреда, резултоватибољим исходима рада и учења. Умјесто досадашњих издиференцираних наставнихпредмета, интегрисани наставни план и програм треба бити организован поваспитно-образовним подручјима у која су уграђени предметни садржаји, апланирање и програмирање за рад у одјељењима интегрисаних разреда требаизводити на начин да се повезују садржаји учења разреда који чине одјељењеинтегрисаних разреда. Повезивање не треба чинити по сваку цијену, јер се свисадржаји учења не могу повезати, нити је то потребно.Садржаје треба повезатина предметном нивоу кад год је то могуће. Садржаје на предметним нивоимаинтегрисаних разреда који се не могу међусобно повезати треба реализоватипојединачним изучавањем и проучавањем, или их повезивати на нивоу наставногподручја.У раду се нуде схематски прикази могућег приступа планирању ипрограмирању рада у одјељењу интегрисаних разреда.
ДРАМА У НАСТАВИ СТРАНОГ ЈЕЗИКА
Authors: Думитрашковић Татјана
Published: January 2019

Овај рад нуди теоретски увиду вредност драме за учењестраног језика. Драма доноси културно и језичко богатство пружајући увид у циљнукултуру и чинећи да се језички контексти лакше памте, тако што их смешта уреални социјални и физички контекст. Постоји много разлога зашто би требало дакористимо драмски текст и драмске активности на часовима страног језика.Драма по самој својој природи укључује ученике у друштвене контексте који од њихзахтјевају да мисле, говоре, манипулишу конкретним материјалом и деле гледиштакако би могли да успјешно доносе одлуке.Укључивање у драмске активности можеда помогне побољшању комуникације, мотивације, вјештине говора на страномјезику, тимског рада, сарадње и изградње повјерења међу ученицима инаставницима. Такве активности су увјек забавне и представљју снажанмотивациони фактор за учење страног језика пружајући могућности за његоверазличите употребе.
ЕФЕКТИВНО ВРИЈЕМЕ РАДА НА ЧАСОВИМА ФИЗИЧКОГ ВАСПИТАЊА У IV РАЗРЕДИМА ОСНОВНЕ ШКОЛЕ
Authors: Васиљевић Драгана , Митрашевић Маја , Николић Наташа , Савић Раденко , Секулић Љубодраг
Published: January 2019

Истраживање је спроведено на узорку од 96 ученика узраста од 9 до 10 година који су похађали четврти разред основне школе „Свети Сава“ из Бијељине. Циљ рада био је утврдити колико просјечно износи ефективни рад ученика млађег школског узраста на часу физичког васпитања. Трансверзалним истраживањем извршен је увид у ефективно вријеме рада ученика на часу физичког васпитања, а коришћена техника је хромометрија. Примијењена је теоријска и дескриптивна метода. Резултати истраживања указују да просјечни ефективни рад ученика за цијели час физичког васпитања износи 29 минута и 55 секунди. На основу добијених резултата може се констатовати да ученици губе око 15 минута по часу, а на нивоу године око 27 часова.
УТИЦАЈ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИОНИХ ПРОЦЕСА У НАСТАВИ ФИЗИЧКОГ ВАСПИТАЊА НА ФУНКЦИОНАЛНЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ УЧЕНИКА
Authors: Пелемиш Момчило , Пелемиш Владан , Митровић Небојша , Ујсаси Даријан
Published: January 2019

Истраживање је спроведено на укупно 53 испитаника с циљемутврђивање ефеката специфичног тренажног модела интервалног тренинга наразвој функционалних способности ученика. Експерименталну групу (Е) од 25 дечакаузраста 11 – 12 година чинили су ученици V разреда на којима је био примењенекспериментални програм наставе физичког васпитања. Другу контролну групу (К)сачињавало је 28 дечака који су похађали редовну наставу физичког васпитања поустаљеном плану и програму рада истог узраста. Користио се квази-експериментални нацрт истраживања (Нацрт са нееквивалентним групама ипретест-постестом). Извршено је мерење аеробних способности применомстандардизованих моторичких тестова, а на експерименталној групи дечакапримењен је експериментални третман у трајању од 12 недеља. Униваријантнаанализа коваријансе (ANCOVA) указала је да је експериментални третман изазваостатистички значајну разлику између експерименталне и контролне групе у две одтри моторичке варијабле, што је резултирало побољшањем функционалнихспособности у експерименталној групи ученика у односу на контролну. Налазиистраживања говоре у прилог чињеници да трансформациони процеси у наставифизичког васпитања имају позитивне ефекте.
Highlight on fusing multiple chromosomes in yeast into a single chromosome
Authors: Ng Wenfa
Published: January 2019

Multiple biological mysteries remain in the definition and organization of genetic information into different chromosomes. Up to now, genome architecture at the chromosome level remain enigmatic concerning the reasons why evolution and natural selection arranged genetic information in separate segments in eukaryotic cells as compared to the single chromosome in the prokaryotic world. Specifically, one important unresolved question has been the role of chromosomes in cellular physiology and biochemical processes. By deleting the centromere and telomere regions of different chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fusing the different chromosomes into one chromosome, research reported by Shao and coworkers in Nature revealed the technical possibility of concatenating all genetic information into one segment. Furthermore, cell viability assays revealed that there was no significant loss of cell viability after the fusing of 16 chromosomes into a single chromosome. This highlighted that centromere and telomere sequences were not critical to overall cellular function, physiology and biochemistry. More importantly, the results highlighted that genetic information and its organisation at the sub-chromosome level play a more important role in defining cellular biochemical processes and physiology such as metabolism and cell division processes. Collectively, the technical feasibility of fusing multiple chromosomes into a single chromosome has been shown in new research that deleted the centromere and telomere regions of different chromosomes for fusing the resulting genetic information into a single chromosome. Little loss of viability and function in cells with a single chromosome and the stability of replicating the chromosome revealed that centromere and telomere sequences may not play critical roles in defining cellular physiology and biochemistry. More importantly, genomic information and its regulation was shown indirectly to have a more direct influence on cell physiology and metabolism than chromosomal architecture.
Mechanisms of PDZ domain scaffold assembly illuminated by use of supported cell membrane sheets
Authors: Erlendsson Simon , Thorsen Thor Seneca , Vauquelin Georges , Ammendrup-Johnsen Ina , Wirth Volker , Martinez Karen L , Teilum Kaare , Gether Ulrik , Madsen Kenneth Lindegaard
Published: January 2019

PDZ domain scaffold proteins are molecular modules orchestrating cellular signalling in space and time. Here, we investigate assembly of PDZ scaffolds using supported cell membrane sheets, a unique experimental setup enabling direct access to the intracellular face of the cell membrane. Our data demonstrate how multivalent protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions provide critical avidity for the strong binding between the PDZ domain scaffold proteins, PICK1 and PSD-95, and their cognate transmembrane binding partners. The kinetics of the binding were remarkably slow and binding strength two-three orders of magnitude higher than the intrinsic affinity for the isolated PDZ interaction. Interestingly, discrete changes in the intrinsic PICK1 PDZ affinity did not affect overall binding strength but instead revealed dual scaffold modes for PICK1. Our data supported by simulations suggest that intrinsic PDZ domain affinities are finely tuned and encode specific cellular responses, enabling multiplexed cellular functions of PDZ scaffolds.
Syntactic Complexity on Extroverted and Introverted Indonesian Language Learners’ Written Products
Authors: Ginting Siti Aisah
Published: December 2018

The objective of this study was to examine the significance of difference between introverted and extroverted learners in terms of syntactic complexity (Simple Sentences [SS], Compound Sentences [CpdS], Complex Sentences [CpxS], and Compound Complex Sentences [CCS]). The data were collected from written products of 30 introverted and 30 extroverted language learners in the Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia. SPPS (Version 21) was used to analyze the data. It was found that there was a significant difference between introverted and extroverted learners’ written product in terms of syntactic complexity. The introverted learners wrote more SS than extroverts did. In contrast, extroverts wrote more CpdS and CCS than introverts did in their written products. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the groups in CpxS. To sum up, language learners wrote different kinds of sentences in their written products.
Assessment of Student Leaders’ Skills Critical in Managing Student Affairs in Public Universities in Kenya
Authors: Muthoni Murage Lucy , Njagi Njoka Johannes , Wambugu Gachahi Michael
Published: December 2018

The need to prevent eruption of unrests among students in universities continues to exercise the minds of higher education managers and policy makers in the world. Innovative approaches in the management of higher education designed to preclude students’ riots continue to face immense challenges and ineffectiveness in universities in Kenya. One of the widely adopted approaches is that of involving democratically elected student leaders in the management of students’ affairs in universities in Kenya. Despite the involvement of student leaders in the management of students’ affairs in public universities, students’ protests and riots continue to characterize higher education in Kenya. Consequently, there is need to examine the leadership skills that student leaders are expected to possess in order to perform their functions effectively so as to avert upsurge of strikes. This study sought to assess the student leaders’ skills that are critical in managing student affairs in selected public universities in Kenya. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. Stratified random sampling was used to select student leaders from four public universities. The sample comprised 19 members of student governing councils, 50 class representatives and 79 clubs and society leaders, making a total of 142 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that 66.3% of student leaders had leadership competence to organize welfare activities to address students’ concerns in their institutions while 33.7% lacked capability. Further, the study established that leadership skills significantly contributed to effective provision of student affairs services. It is concluded that institutions of higher learning have not fully empowered student leaders to effectively perform their leadership tasks. The study recommends that student leaders should be exposed to regular leadership trainings during their tenure designed to equip them with necessary leadership competencies which would promote their effectiveness in enhancing university stability, peace and mutually accepted governance.
Can Explicit Written Corrective Feedback Develop Grammatical and Lexical Accuracy of Saudi EFL Learners?
Authors: Al-Hazzani Nahla , Altalhab Sultan
Published: December 2018

Saudi students encounter many problems in writing skill as several studies revealed (e.g. Alhazmi, 2006; Alsamdani, 2010). Providing effective and useful feedback may help to overcome these challenges. Therefore, this study examines the effect of teachers’ written corrective feedback on female Saudi EFL students’ written essays and to what extent it affects students’ written grammatical and lexical accuracy. The sample comprises 50 foundation level students, across two groups: an experimental group (n=29) and a control group (n=21). Data were gathered over a 10-week period using a pre-/post-test/delayed post-test design for comparable groups. The findings show that although many errors were made in the writing performances, the students in the experimental group had significantly better achievements than the students in the control group on the measure. The results lend support to the efficiency of teachers’ written corrective feedback, showing it has a significant positive effect on the participants’ grammatical and lexical accuracy.
The Correlation between Speaking Anxiety, Self-Confidence, and Speaking Achievement of Undergraduate EFL Students of Private University in Palembang
Authors: Tridinanti Gaya
Published: December 2018

Speaking in a foreign language can be influenced by such psychological aspects as anxiety and self-confidence. The students who have high level of anxiety, worry, fear and low level of self-confidence in foreign language classes may have difficulties in developing their speaking ability. The objective of this research was to find out whether there was a significant correlation between students’ speaking anxiety, self-confidence, and their speaking achievement. The research used correlation design. The data were collected through interviews that were scored by two raters and two questionnaires that were administered to fifth semester students (n = 28) from a Teacher and Training Faculty in Indonesia. The data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational analysis. The results indicated that speaking anxiety has no significant correlation with speaking achievement. Self-confidence has a significant correlation with speech achievement (p = .01). That is, students with self-confidence have higher achievement. So, it is important for teachers and lecturers to encourage students and practice speaking English in front of class, especially to improve the self-confidence when the students are communicating in English.
Comparison of a Student and a Professional Writer’s Literacy Competence as Reflected in their Business E-mails
Authors: Zees Sri Rahayu , Saleh Mursid , Warsono - , Hartono Rudi
Published: December 2018

This research is an evaluation study using context, input, process, and product (CIPP) evaluation model to analyze whether the literacy developed in educational institution has met the acceptable literacy level used in the workplace. Two business E-mails about sales written by a professional writer and a student were analyzed to investigate the contexts and products. Input analysis was carried out on the data from observations and texts while process analyis was performed on the data elicited from observations. All four analyses were also supported by data elicited through interviews from both writers. The results of CIPP analysis indicated both similarities and differences between the two E-mails which reflected the literacy levels of both writers. In context analysis, both E-mails used mixed literacy types which were realized in 11 language aspects. The differences were in the cognitive process involved in the professional writer’s performance that showed a high literacy level while the student’s E-mail presented a low to medium literacy level. According to the input analysis results, both writers used most of the available designs as intangible resources except for style and declarative knowledge. There were differences in using the instructional materials and people as tangible resources. In process analysis, although there were similarities in some steps of knowledge building phase; however, some differences were still found between the two writers in this phase and in the phases of modelling, joint construction and independent construction of the text. The results of product analysis showed that the professional writer’s E-mail presented a good to excellent literacy level while the literacy level of the student’s E-mail ranged between inadequate and fair. The differences indicate that the literacy developed in educational institution does not meet the requirements of literacy used genuinely.
The Relationship between Empathy and Responsibility Levels of 5th Grade Students: A Sample from Turkey
Authors: Yontar Alper , Yel Selma
Published: December 2018

In the current study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between empathy and responsibility levelsof fifth grade students and for this purpose, the said relationship was examined in terms of gender, Social Studies achievement score and school socioeconomic level. The research is a correlational study and the universe of the study consisted of fifth graders from all state schools in six districts of Ankara (the capital of Turkey). The sample is 1079 fifth-grade students from 18 public schools in these districts. As data collection tools of the research, “Responsibility Scale for Children”, “Empathy Scale” and “Personal Information Form” were applied to the students. Descriptive statistics, independent groups t-test, parametric and nonparametric correlation analysis were used for data analysis (with SPSS 15.0). According to the results of the research, there is a positive, moderate and significant relationship between empathy and responsibility levels of students. The level of the relationship between empathy and responsibility levels of students is higher in males than in females. The students have the highest level of the relationship between empathy and responsibility levels is the group with middle Social Studies success, followed by those students who achieved success at a high level and who achieved success at a low level. The students from upper socioeconomic schools have the highest level of the relationship between empathy and responsibility levels. These are followed by those students from low socioeconomic schools and who from medium socioeconomic schools, respectively.
Test-Retest Reliability and the Learning Effect on Isokinetic Fatigue in Female Master’s Cyclists
Authors: Glenn Jordan M. , Gray Michelle , Moyen Nicole E. , Vincenzo Jennifer L. , Harmon Kylie K. , Brown Lee E.
Published: December 2018

Background: Isokinetic exercise is commonly used as a benchmark for strength and performance. Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to establish isokinetic fatigue test-retest reliability and examine the learning effect when testing without familiarization. Methods: 22 masters-aged [53±5 years), competitive female cyclists completed 3 separate 50-repetition knee flexion/extension tests on a Biodex, separated by one-week with no familiarization. Test-retest reliability [intra-class correlation [ICC]), 95% confidence intervals [CI), technical error of measurement [TEM) were calculated. Results: ICCs between trials exhibited excellent reliability during extension [.93–.97) and flexion [.93–.97) for all variables except time to peak torque [ICC=.35 and.45 for extension and flexion, respectively) and fatigue index [ICC=.47 for flexion). Relative TEM was minimal for extension between trial 1 and trial 2 [0.27%–0.97%) and between trial 2 and trial 3 [0.27%–1.45%) for all variables. Similar results were observed for flexion between trial 1 and trial 2 [0.87%–2.45%) and between trial 2 and trial 3 [0.54%–1.10%). No differences [Wilks Λ>.05) existed between trials, indicating no learning effect associated with the tests. Conclusions: There was strong test-retest reliability in masters-aged, female athletes and no learning effect was associated with the Biodex during a knee extension/flexion fatigue protocol.
The Impact of Different Game Types and Sports on College Students’ Physical Activity and Motivation in Basic Instruction Program Settings
Authors: Song Yang , Harvey Stephen , Hannon James , Rambo-Hernandez Karen , Jones Emily , Bulger Sean
Published: December 2018

Background: Although Basic Instruction Program (BIP) or Higher Education Physical Activity Program (HEPAP) classes within university/colleges are founded on the rationale of providing students with opportunities to be physically active, little is known about the physical activity (PA) accrual and/or motivation levels in these classes. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate college students’ Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) and motivationlevels while playing different games types (modified games/MGs, small-sided games/SSGs, and full-sided games/FSGs) in badminton and soccer classes. In addition, the study examined the extent to which motivation levels predicted students MVPA. Method: Participants were seventy-one college students (14 females) from a rural Mid-Atlantic university in the United States (U.S.).Triaxial accelerometers were used to collect MVPA data and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) to measure student motivation. Results: Students in soccer classes had statistically significant more MVPA than those in badminton. Students in soccer and badminton classes had most MVPA in FSGs and SSGs, respectively. Although students reported similar scores in the three IMI subscales when data were aggregated, soccer students reported higher levels of competence and effort in MGs, whereas badminton students reported higher levels of competence and effort in SSGs. Interest was the only statistically significant predictor of MVPA in MGs whereas perceived competence statistically significantly predicted MVPA in both SSGs and FSGs. Conclusion: PE and sport practitioners should utilize the different game types to find the optimal balance between MVPA and student motivation and realize lesson objectives.
Industrial heritage as a culturally sustainable option in urban transformation
Authors: Swensen Grete , Skrede Joar
Published: December 2018

Industrial heritage represents an opportunity for architects and designers to combine a building’s robust form with creative solutions. A former methanol factory in Skien used as art hall, and a former paper mill in Moss used as a music venue, exemplify the ways in which cultural provisions for a diverse urban population can be accommodated. We examined the kinds of cultural provisions industrial buildings offer and how industrial heritage’s tolerance level is met. The results are discussed in light of the societal responsibility to find long-lasting, sustainable solutions in urban development.
The existence and evolution of morphotypes inAnolislizards: coexistence patterns, not adaptive radiations, distinguish mainland and island faunas
Authors: Poe Steven , Anderson Christopher G.
Published: January 2019

The evolution of distinct ecologies and correlated morphologies (“ecomorphs,” in combination) among similar species allows sympatric occupation of diverse microhabitats. Particular ecomorphs may evolve repeatedly, that is, convergently, as separate lineages arrive at similar solutions. CaribbeanAnolislizards (anoles) are a classic ecomorph system, particularly well-studied for the diverse morphotypes resulting from adaptive radiations. But few studies have analyzed the equally species-diverse mainlandAnolis. Here, we use clustering analyses of nine traits for 336 species ofAnolisto objectively identify morphological groups (morphotypes). We analyze the presence of recovered morphotypes on mainland and islands in general and relative to the composition of 76 mainland and 91 island anole assemblages. We test for evolutionary convergence of morphotypes within and between mainland and island environments by mapping our recovered morphotypes onto recent phylogenetic estimates and by analyzing four of our measured traits using program SURFACE. We find that particular morphotypes tend to be restricted to either mainland or island environments. Morphotype diversity and convergence are not concentrated within either island or mainland environments. Morphotype content of assemblages differs between mainland and island areas, with island assemblages displaying greater numbers of morphotypes than mainland assemblages. Taken with recent research, these results suggest a restructuring of one of the classic adaptive radiation stories and a reconsideration of research concerning island–mainland faunal differences. Island radiations of anoles are unexceptional relative to mainland radiations with regard to species count, rates of speciation and phenotypic evolution, morphotype diversity, and rates of convergence. But local island assemblage appear to be more diverse than mainland assemblages. The explanation for this assemblage disparity may reside in one of the classic hypothesized island–mainland environmental differences (i.e., greater numbers of predators/competitors/environmental complexity on the mainland). Similarity between mainland and island anole radiations may indicate exceptional evolution in the anole clade overall or ordinary evolution in an extraordinarily studied clade.
Otolith microchemistry and diadromy in Patagonian river fishes
Authors: Alò Dominique , Correa Cristian , Samaniego Horacio , Krabbenhoft Corey A. , Turner Thomas F.
Published: January 2019

Coastal habitats in Chile are hypothesized to support a number of diadromous fish species. The objective of this study was to document migratory life histories of native galaxiids and introduced salmonids from a wide latitudinal range in Chilean Patagonia (39–48°S). Otolith microchemistry data were analysed using a recursive partitioning approach to test for diadromy. Based on annular analysis of Sr:Ca ratios, a diadromous life history was suggested for populations of native Aplochiton taeniatus, A. marinus, and Galaxias maculatus. Lifetime residency in freshwater was suggested for populations of A. zebra and G. platei. Among introduced salmonids, populations of Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and O. kisutch exhibited patterns consistent with anadromy, whereas the screened population of O. mykiss appeared restricted to freshwater. Salmo trutta exhibited variable patterns suggesting freshwater residency and possibly anadromy in one case. The capacity and geographic scope of hydropower development is increasing and may disrupt migratory routes of diadromous fishes. Identification of diadromous species is a critical first step for preventing their loss due to hydropower development.
Livy
Authors: Chaplin Jane D.
Published: December 2018

Livy (Titus Livius in Latin) was, in antiquity, and remains to this day, the single most important guide to Roman republican history. He also has the unusual distinction of being the only ancient historian of the first rank whose reputation rests not on his account of his own day or the recent past, but on his narrative of events well before his lifetime. Contemporary with the emperor Augustus, he wrote a monumental (at least 142 books) history of Rome from its origins to his own time. This entry covers Livy's life and the contents, aims, and importance of his account of the Roman Republic (sometimes known by its Latin titleAb urbe condita, “From the Founding of the City”).
Cento
Authors: Harrison Stephen J.
Published: December 2018

The practice of composing a new poetic work from existing single lines of a classic text; in Latin this is almost always Virgil's Aeneid. This was common in the high and later Roman Empire, and included Christian rewritings of Virgil's key pagan text.
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus)
Authors: Harrison Stephen J.
Published: December 2018

Roman poet, 65–8
bce
. Author of some of the most important and influential poetic collections in Latin literature, two books of hexameter
Satires
, one of iambic
Epodes
, four of lyric
Odes
, two of hexameter
Epistles
, and the hexameter
Ars poetica
. Key themes include symposium, love, friendship, ethics and politics (closely associated with the emperor Augustus and his key advisor Maecenas).
Epiphanius of Salamis
Authors: Simelidis Christos
Published: December 2018

Epiphanius (ca. 315–403ce) was bishop of Constantia (ancient Salamis) in Cyprus for thirty‐six years from 367.
Maps, Late Antiquity
Authors: Talbert Richard J. A.
Published: December 2018

The entry highlights the fresh creativity shown – often for a non‐cartographic purpose – in maps of the period, especially the Peutinger map. Attention is also drawn to the new cartographic visions based on classical knowledge that Christianity now inspired, as attested most strikingly in the Madaba mosaic map and the maps illustrating the Christian Topography of Kosmas Indikopleustes.
Champollion, Jean‐François (1790–1832)
Authors: Bianchi Robert Steven
Published: December 2018

By 450
ce
the last individuals schooled in ancient Egyptian had died, taking to their graves the secret of the hieroglyphs, the nature of which was often grossly misunderstood by classical authors and the early church fathers.
El‐Lahun
Authors: Szpakowska Kasia
Published: December 2018

An overview of the Late Middle Kingdom ancient Egyptian settlement of el‐Lahun.
Osorkon
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: December 2018

Osorkon the Elder, Osorkon I, Osorkon II, Osorkon III and Osorkon IV, kings of Egypt, or parts of Egypt, during the 21st, 22nd and 23rd Dynasties, who reigned between the early tenth and late eighth centuries
bce
.
Trajan Decius (Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond
Published: December 2018

Roman emperor from 249 to 251
ce
, Trajan Decius (
PIR
2
M 0520; cf.
PIR
2
D 28;
RE Messius
9), born ca. 190 at Budalia near Sirmium in Lower Pannonia, was from an old senatorial family.
Vegetius Renatus, Flavius
Authors: Milner N. P.
Published: December 2018

Author of the
Epitoma rei militaris
and the
Digesta artis mulomedicina
, Flavius Vegetius Renatus, an aristocratic Roman adviser to an emperor, wrote between
ce
383 and 450 two technical treatises on the art of war and on veterinary medicine. The
Epitoma
in particular was one of the most widely read technical works from antiquity in the medieval and early modern periods. Studies in late Roman history have helped to elucidate the historical context of the work, but it remains a challenge to understand fully its contemporary significance and the circumstances of its composition. What is not in doubt is that it is selective and polemical, and designed to address alleged deficiencies in the conduct of the Roman army and to advocate new imperial strategies against barbarian invaders who had inflicted heavy losses on the Romans. The work's generalizing approach to warfare made it adaptable to the conditions of very different times and places, and it has remained useful in the hands of many later generations.
Aediles
Authors: Kondratieff Eric J.
Published: December 2018

Aediles were annually elected officers of the Roman plebs (plebeian aediles) or magistrates of the Roman people (curule aediles). In the republic they were Rome's chief administrators, responsible for maintaining its infrastructure, temples, and shrines; regulating its markets, grain distribution, water supply, public order, and hygiene; and producing religious festivals. Augustus limited their administrative duties to markets, commercial affairs, and oversight of four of Rome's fourteen regions.
Julius Caesar (C. Iulius Caesar)
Authors: Osgood Josiah
Published: December 2018

Julius Caesar (100–44
bce
) was a politician, general, and writer who reached a unique position of supremacy in the last years of the Roman Republic. While historians continue to debate Caesar's role in bringing permanent monarchy to Rome, proponents and critics alike of autocracy and military conquest throughout history have recalled his name and deeds, making him an iconic figure in western culture.

The member of a relatively unsuccessful patrician family, Caesar had to work his way up the
cursus honorum
like an ordinary politician. He made heavy use of a family connection to the great general, Marius. Conservative senators became determined to thwart Caesar and in his consulship (59
bce
) he used force against them. This left Caesar in a precarious position. The long war he waged in Gaul, recounted in his innovative commentaries, helped Caesar's reputation to soar – and provided him with ample funds and an army. Fearful of giving up command, he invaded Italy in 49
bce
and in the ensuing civil war ultimately prevailed over his old enemies, now in alliance with Pompey. The unprecedented honors bestowed on Caesar, including dictatorship for life, helped lead to his assassination on the Ides of March 44
bce
.
Aelianus, Claudius
Authors: Guillén Lucía Rodrí guez‐Noriega
Published: December 2018

Claudius Aelianus (ca. 170–ca. 230
ce
), an exponent of the Second Sophistic movement, was a writer with a taste for erudition, diversity and originality, whose moralizing and didactic interests characterize his production. His main works are
On the characteristics of animals
,
Historical miscellany
, and a collection of
Rustic letters
.
Anthemios of Tralles
Authors: Anderson James C.
Published: December 2018

Architect of Justinian's church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople between 532 and 537ce, Anthemios of Tralles was a successor to architects of imperial Rome. He was also a widely renowned mathematician.
Transportation technology
Authors: Koloski‐Ostrow Ann Olga
Published: December 2018

Within the last fifty years or so there have been some revolutionary discoveries in Greek and Roman transportation technologies. Throughout the Greek and Roman periods, the need to move farm products and animals, people, and goods from one place to another encouraged considerable innovation over time.