bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel model–data fusion approach to terrestrial carbon cycle reanalysis across the contiguous U.S using SIPNET and PEcAn state data assimilation system v. 1.7.2
Authors: Dokoohaki Hamze , Morrison Bailey D. , Raiho Ann , Serbin Shawn P. , Dietze Michael
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The ability to monitor, understand, and predict the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon cycle requires the capacity to robustly and coherently synthesize multiple streams of information that each provide partial information about different pools and fluxes. In this study, we introduce a new terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation system, built on the PEcAn model-data eco-informatics system, and its application for the development of a proof-of-concept carbon "reanalysis" product that harmonizes carbon pools (leaf, wood, soil) and fluxes (GPP, Ra, Rh, NEE) across the contiguous United States from 1986–2019. We first calibrated this system against plant trait and flux tower Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) using a novel emulated hierarchical Bayesian approach. Next, we extended the Tobit-Wishart Ensemble Filter (TWEnF) State Data Assimilation (SDA) framework, a generalization of the common Ensemble Kalman Filter which accounts for censored data and provides a fully Bayesian estimate of model process error, to a regional-scale system with a calibrated localization. Combined with additional workflows for propagating parameter, initial condition, and driver uncertainty, this represents the most complete and robust uncertainty accounting available for terrestrial carbon models. Our initial reanalysis was run on an irregular grid of ~500 points selected using a stratified sampling method to efficiently capture environmental heterogeneity. Remotely sensed observations of aboveground biomass (Landsat LandTrendr) and LAI (MODIS MOD15) were sequentially assimilated into the SIPNET model. Reanalysis soil carbon, which was indirectly constrained based on modeled covariances, showed general agreement with SoilGrids, an independent soil carbon data product. Reanalysis NEE, which was constrained based on posterior ensemble weights, also showed good agreement with eddy flux tower NEE and reduced RMSE compared to the calibrated forecast. Ultimately, PEcAn's carbon cycle reanalysis provides a scalable framework for harmonizing multiple data constraints and providing a uniform synthetic platform for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) and accelerating terrestrial carbon cycle research.
Characteristics and process controls of statistical flood moments in Europe – a data-based analysis
Authors: Lun David , Viglione Alberto , Bertola Miriam , Komma Jürgen , Parajka Juraj , Valent Peter , Blöschl Günter
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Many recent studies have sought to characterize variations of the annual maximum flood discharge series over time and across space in Europe, including some that have elucidated different process controls on different statistical properties of these series. To further support these studies, we conduct a pan-European assessment of process controls on key properties of this series, including the mean annual flood (MAF) and coefficients of variation (CV) and skewness (CS) of flood discharges. These annual maximum flood discharge series consist of instantaneous peaks and daily means observed in 2370 catchments in Europe without strong human modifications covering the period 1960–2010. We explore how the estimated moments MAF, CV and CS vary due to catchment size, climate and other controls across Europe, where their averages are 0.17 m3 s−1 km−2, 0.52 and 1.28, respectively. The results indicate that MAF is largest along the Atlantic coast, in the high-rainfall areas of the Mediterranean coast and in mountainous regions,
while it is smallest in the sheltered parts of the East European Plain. The CV is largest in southern and eastern Europe, while it is smallest in the
regions subject to strong Atlantic influence. The pattern of the CS is similar, albeit more erratic, in line with the greater sampling variability of CS. In the Mediterranean, MAF, CV and CS decrease strongly with catchment area, suggesting that floods in small catchments are relatively very large, while in eastern Europe this dependence is much weaker, mainly due to more synchronized timing of snowmelt over large areas. The process controls on the flood moments in five predetermined hydroclimatic regions are identified through correlation and multiple linear regression analyses with a range of covariates, and the interpretation is aided by a seasonality analysis. Precipitation-related covariates are found to be the main controls of the spatial patterns of MAF in most of Europe except for regions in which snowmelt contributes to MAF, where air temperature is more important. The Aridity Index is, by far, the most important control on the spatial pattern of CV in all of Europe. Overall, the findings suggest that, at the continental scale, climate variables dominate over land surface characteristics, such as land use and soil type, in controlling the spatial patterns of flood moments. Finally, to provide a performance baseline for more local studies, we assess the estimation accuracy of regional multiple linear regression models for estimating flood moments in ungauged basins.
Sensitivity analysis of input ground motion on surface motion parameters in high seismic regions: A case of Bhutan Himalaya
Authors: Tempa Karma , Aryal Komal Raj , Chettri Nimesh , Forte Giovanni , Gautam Dipendra
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Historical earthquakes demonstrated that the combination of the characteristics of strong ground motion and local soil conditions significantly influence the seismic site response of a particular site. Since there are no instrumental records of past earthquakes in Bhutan, this study is the first attempt to quantify the influence of the local site conditions in the eastern fringe of the Himalaya considering various global historical earthquakes on a deterministic basis. According to the recent Global Seismic Hazard Map (GSHAP), Phuentsholing Thromde (city) in Bhutan is likely to be exposed to the peak ground acceleration (PGA) between 0.20 g–0.28 g. This particular scenario highlights the likelihood of occurrence of stronger shaking; considering the proximity of active seismic faults. To this end, we performed one-dimensional (1D) ground response analysis in eight different locations considering earthquakes with a wide variation of PGA even beyond 0.2–0.28 g so as to quantify the possible seismic response of soil strata under wide range of ground shaking. Sensitivity analysis is performed by a statistical correlation function to correlate the ground motion parameters for different earthquake shaking intensities. The amplification responses of the local soil from each input motion are projected to predict seismic hazard scenarios that highlight the ground shaking response for some locations in Phuentsholing, Bhutan, which is one of the densest urban centers in the country. The study highlights the critical range of the fundamental natural period roughly between 0.9 s to ~5.0 s with the highest range of seismic wave amplification between ~2.8 to 6.2 due to the local ground conditions, suggesting a likely aggravation during earthquakes that may lead to severe consequences especially in terms of infrastructure damages.
Sea surface salinity short-term variability in the tropics
Authors: Bingham Frederick M. , Brodnitz Susannah
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Using data from the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array, we
study the validation process for satellite measurement of sea surface
salinity (SSS). We compute short-term variability (STV) of SSS, variability
on timescales of 2–17 d. It is a proxy for subfootprint variability over
a 100 km footprint as seen by a satellite measuring SSS. We also compute
representation error, which is meant to mimic the SSS satellite validation
process where footprint averages are compared to pointwise in situ values.
We present maps of these quantities over the tropical array. We also look at
seasonality in the variability of SSS and find which months have maximum and
minimum amounts. STV is driven at least partly by rainfall. Moorings exhibit
larger STV during rainy periods than during non-rainy ones. The same computations
are also done using output from a high-resolution global ocean model to see
how it might be used to study the validation process. The model gives good
estimates of STV, in line with the moorings, although tending to have smaller
values.
CONCÉNTRICA
Authors: AA. VV.
Published: October 2021

A través de la argumentación por analogía busco un acercamiento entre la complejidad de la escritura científica académico y la escritura literaria, creando un ambiente coloquial donde el iniciado pierda el miedo y se familiarice con el futuro trabajo al que debe enfrentarse en su vida universitaria.
Urbanization and solid waste generation in urban Longleng district of Nagaland:
Authors: Jamir Chubakumzuk
Published: October 2021

Urbanisation is a growing issue in Longleng. So are the consequent solid waste generation and its management challenges. Population growth has a positive impact on urbanization process. This article is intended to explain the common problems facing public services today and the challenges faced by both the urban planners and the government. The paper reviews an overview of solid waste management generation in urban Longleng. Solid waste management which is already an immense task in urban Longleng is going to be more difficult with the expansion of urbanization, increase in consumerism and changing life style. The result shows that residential (59.5%), commercial (20%), institutional (16%), biomedical wastes (0.30%), construction and demolition (4.2%) contribute to solid waste generation. The current practices of dumping waste materials in urban areas have shaped serious environmental and public problems. Financial resources constraints, institutional policies weaknesses, and public indifference towards solid waste have made this situation worse. This research article evaluates the current practices prevalent to deal with this solid waste and problems associated with it. It also provides the measures to deal with this waste in a healthy and environmental manner so that it may prove a resource instead of waste. The results of this study will be of immense benefit for urban-related studies in small towns as well as for the urban planners in the district.
The Absence of Females in Executive Chef Position in Zimbabwean Hotels: Case of Rainbow Tourism Group (RTG)
Authors: Zengeni Dorothy Monica Fungai , Tendani Ednah , Zengeni Nelson
Published: October 2021

The Zimbabwe hospitality environment is recognised for its importance to Zimbabwe economy. It is a booming industry, yet there is very little research that focuses on the specific issues affecting those working in the kitchen. Based on employees perspective this case study looks at the issue of the absence of females in the Executive Chef Position. The case study focuses on the kitchen department of R.T.G hotels. The lack of research into the kitchen, and more specifically the Hospitality in Zimbabwe environment is perplexing because it is predominately female, yet at Executive Chef Levels these females are not equally represented. Purposeful sampling was used in coming up with a sample of thirty respondents. Data from this study was analysed using tables, bar graphs, pie charts and the findings were categorised under themes according to the major areas of investigation and followed by discussion. The findings revealed that marital status (work family conflict), lack of experience, negative attitude of females, and the harsh conditions in the kitchen are the major contributing variables to the absence of females in the Executive Chef Position in the commercial kitchens. The research recommended that females should market their selves by being employed in other sections other than the pastry section. The research recommended that chefs must be employed and promoted by merit, equal salaries /wages and opportunities to kitchen job in any position in Hospitality Industry irrespective of sex. There is need for more research in the kitchen on the nature and conditions of the kitchen job hence the National Gender Policy Implementers must not generalised with other industries.
La littérature dans la toile (de Jouy)
Authors:   CELIS-EA 4280, Université Clermont Auvergne, Montandon Alain
Published: October 2021

Among ornamented canvas, many take their subjects from popular themes, including those of literary topical successes, such as the works of Marmontel (Bélisaire, Les Incas), Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (Paul and Virginie), Chateaubriand (Atala), Carmouche (The Vampire). Moments deemed to be key from these novels are retained in the imaging, responding to the expectations of the public at the time in the context of ideological, memorial and educational functions for these dream machines that are the “toiles de Jouy”.
Limites na Transição Agroecológica dos Sistemas de Produção Diversificados e Monoculturais: Estudo de Caso no Alto Sertão de Sergipe.
Authors: Dalmora Eliane , Nascimento Irineia Rosa
Published: October 2021

A introdução de práticas agroecológicas é uma estratégia necessária para a convivência no semiárido, pois permite reduzir as pressões sobre a caatinga, promovendo o bem-estar animal, integrando as criações as culturas anuais e perenes para gerar maior suporte de matéria orgânica ao sistema de produção. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever, comparativamente os sistemas de produção que apresentaram potenciais e limites para a transição agroecológica no semiárido. O estudo comparativo foi realizado na Colônia Agrícola Salete Strozake (município de Poço Redondo) e no Assentamento Jacaré Curutuba (município de Canindé de São Francisco), localizados próximos.  Para o diagnóstico foi aplicado o roteiro do Plano de Manejo Orgânico. Também foram realizadas ações de extensão envolvendo reuniões, debates e aplicações de práticas agroecológicas.  Foram utilizados os indicadores autonomia, estabilidade e diversidade ao realizar o comparativo dos sistemas de produção.  O sistema simplificado se caracterizou pela dependência de insumos e a comercialização indireta, sem participar na definição dos preços dos produtos.  Já no sistema diversificado havia o uso dos insumos internos ao sistema, buscando mercados locais e regionais de comercialização.  Observou-se os limites dos sistemas de produção para gerar renda, garantir autonomia alimentar e adaptação das tecnologias para a realidade ambiental do semiárido.  Os sistemas de produção diversificados igualmente são vitimados pela escassez das águas devido, a não adequação do sistema de produção a realidade do semiárido. A aplicação do plano de manejo orgânico favoreceu o debate identificando limites dos sistemas usais e a necessidade de suplantar práticas da agricultura convencional.
Headache in hypertension patients in young rural population of Punjab
Authors: Gulzar Arif , Aleem ud Din Muhammad , Siddique M Faheem , Ali Riasat , Arif Zoya
Published: October 2021

Objectives; To find the association of essential hypertension and headache in rural young population of PUNJAB, so as to treat the cases at the earliest stage . Material and Methods: The study is conducted in medical department of Pak Red Crescent Medical college Dina Nath in the period from October 2020 to June 2021 . fifty four patients including thirty three males and twenty one females with essential hypertension in age group of 18-35 were selected after scrutinizing clinically and on investigations. The patients were then differentiated as those suffering from generalized headaches without any secondary cause of headache were included Results: Total nineteen patients including seven males out of thirty three males and twelve out of twenty one females in the hypertension patients were having headache. So positivity in males was twenty one percent and in females was fifty seven percent , however in total 19/54 I e 35% were found having headache. Conclusions: All the patients with hypertension should be further evaluated for headache and it is not necessary that some secondary cause of hypertension is necessary for headache but there are many other other pathophysiological links which are still to be evaluated. Keywords: headache, hypertension.migraine, antihypertensive
Symptomatology of Postmenopausal Women Presenting at Punjab Rangers Hospital, Lahore
Authors: Khokhar Shabana , Ilyas A. Malik Saba , Durrani Humaira , Nasir Ambreen , Tahseen Huma
Published: October 2021

Objective: To describe the immediate symptoms of the post menopausal women attending Punjab Rangers Hospital Lahore. To see the effects of these symptoms on quality of life (QOL). Study Design: This was a descriptive type of study that was carried out at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Punjab Rangers Hospital. Setting: O&G OPD at Punjab Rangers Teaching Hospital Sample Size: 100 patients with menopause were studied for symptomatology and these symptoms affect the quality of life. Sample Collection: Sample collection was done by a non-probability convenient method. Inclusion Criteria: All patients who attended gynae opd at Punjab rangers hospital with:  Natural menopause  Above 45 years  Below 55 years  With no other Gynecological problems Exclusion Criteria: All those patients were excluded from the study that had  Surgical menopause  Perimenopause  History of depressive illness  Women on antidepressant  Women on HRT  Below 45 YEARS Data Collection: The questionnaires based on menopausal rating scale for symptomatology and quality of life were generated to see the impacts of these symptoms on life. The educated patients filled questionnaires. I filled out questionnaires of illiterate patients outdoors myself. Data Analysis: An analysis of data was done by using computer software SPSS. Data master sheet was developed. Frequency tables and graphs were generated The data was analyzed by using computer software SPSS.. Confidence interval was calculated for important frequency tables. Cross tabulation was done for marital status,parity,literacy,smoking and chi-square was applied as a test of significance. 65% patients described that their quality of life decreased after menopause especially due to vasomotor and psychological symptoms. 35% of patients were happy and satisfied after their menopause.Besides menopause there were other stresses of middle life, which made life worse. Subject: The study was performed during the period November2020 to May 2021.Sample was collected by a non probability convenient method and 100 patients were selected. Data was collected by questionnaire provided to patients attending the outpatient department. Data was analyzed with a computer software system by using SPSS. Results: The mean age observed was 49 years and frequency distribution of symptoms were:Hot flushes 60%, Night sweats 55% ,Insomnia 50% ,Mood changes 60% ,Anxiety 50% ,Irritability 50% ,Memory loss 30% ,Vaginal dryness 10%, Dyspareunia 10% ,Loss of libido 15% ,Urethral symptoms 25% ,Lethargy and general body aches 75% .65% patients described that their QOL had decreased after menopause. 35% patients described no effect. Conclusion: To promote the awareness in women about menopause, HRT and other alternatives which can improve their QOL
Body Mass Index and Migraine: A Hospital-Based Study in Lahore
Authors: Mukhtar Shahid , Haider Arsalan , Luqman Shoaib , Iqbal Athar , Hussain Wadd Ijaz
Published: October 2021

Background: Obesity and migraine are the most common disorders among general population that are linked with disability and impaired life quality. Though, several studies have investigated the relationship between obesity and migraine but yet there is no complete knowledge regarding association between BMI and migraine, particularly chronic migraine. Objective: The objective of the study was to find the association between body mass index and migraine. Material and Methods: It was a prospective study carried out at Neurology Outpatient Department of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Total of 545 patients with major complaint of headache were included after fulfilling “episodic migraine” (n=370) and “chronic migraine” (n=175) criteria according to International Headache Society (IHS) criteria. Results: Among 370 patients with episodic migraine (EM), 78.4% were females while among 175 patients with chronic migraine (CM), 81.1% were females. In EM group, the mean age of the patients was 41.72+21.35 years and in CM group, it was 45.80+15.79 years. In EM group, mean pain intensity was 4.6+2.41 and in CM group, mean pain intensity was 4.3+2.51. Among EM group patients, mean duration of headache was 4.85+5.17 days and among CM group patients, mean duration was 20.88+8.86 days. Mean BMI (Body Mass Index) of patients in EM groups was 22.91+3.89 while in CM groups was 24.43+3.43 (P=0.002). In EM group, 9.7% patients and in CM group, 6.3% patients were underweight (P=0.189). In EM group, 11.4% patients and in CM group, 30.3% patients were overweight (P=0.002). However, in EM group, only 1.3% patients and in CM group, 3.4% patients were obese (P=0.087). Multiple logistic regression analysis of chronic migraine group showed significant results (P <0.05) regarding headache days/month, BMI, overweight and obese. Conclusion: Study concluded that overweight and obesity were associated factors for migraine. Chronic migraine patients were more likely to have elevated BMI than the episodic migraine patients. Keywords: Body mass index, migraine, obesity, chronic, headache
Maternidades Transgresoras: resignificaciones político-afectivas de mujeres activistas en la postdictadura chilena
Authors: Gallardo Aranguren Rocío , Guerra Pinto Karina
Published: October 2021

En el contexto chileno de postdictadura existen ciertas prácticas de memoria que asocian los activismos de mujeres en luchas anti-dictatoriales con un imaginario de maternidad que, desde una lógica androcéntrica, reducen la comprensión de sus resistencias políticas a la relación con un otro masculino. Sin embargo, estos entendimientos se tensionan con otras memorias subalternas, las cuales -desde un análisis feminista- permiten repensar la maternidad situándola en contextos sociopolíticos complejos y dinámicos, y relevando sus posibilidades de agencias. Retomando los hallazgos de una investigación sobre género, memoria y activismos, el siguiente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar resignificaciones político-afectivas de resistencias de mujeres que refieren a la maternidad y que se movilizaron en contra de las violencias dictatoriales, desafiando la estructura patriarcal. Desde aquí, sostenemos la relevancia de observar prácticas de memoria sobre activismos de mujeres que permiten complejizar el entendimiento de agencias políticas históricamente subalternizadas.
DECOMPOSITION OF LEAF LITTER IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO, CERRADÃO AND FOREST ENVIRONMENTS IN THE AMAZON, BRAZIL
Authors: Sales Maria Clécia Gomes , Campos Milton César Costa , Brito Filho Elilson Gomes de , Dos Santos Luís Antônio Coutrim , Da Cunha José Maurício , Pereira Marcos Gervasio
Published: October 2021

The soils of the Amazon region, despite being under one of the densest forests in the world, are mostly characterized by low nutrient availability, with litter being the main nutrient input route. The present work aimed to evaluate the litter decomposition in forest, Cerrado and Cerradão environments in the Amazon. The litter decomposition rate was estimated by mass loss analysis using litter bags. The collections were performed at intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 days, with four replications. Once collected, the material contained in each litter bag was placed to dry to obtain the dry mass. And so, the remaining mass percentage, the decomposition rates (k) and the half-life time (t1/2) are estimated. During the studied period, the Cerrado environment presented the lowest constant k (0.0017 g g-1 day-1) and consequently longer half-life (407 days). The monthly deposition in Cerrado input ranged from Mgha-1mother1 (June to September). Among the evaluated environments, the forest presented the highest decomposition speed and Cerrado presented the lowest one. It was evidenced that the decomposition process for all studied environments occurred with greater intensity in the rainy season.
ENVIRONMENTAL FRAGILITY OF THE IRAÍ RIVER BASIN – WATER SUPPLY SOURCE FOR CURITIBA, PARANÁ
Authors: Marcon Amanda Köche , Lingnau Christel , Galvão Franklin
Published: October 2021

This research aimed to compare two methods of determining the environmental fragility of a vital source in the region of Curitiba, Paraná, the Iraí river basin. The determination of the environmental fragility was carried out based on the integration of geological, pedological, geomorphological characteristics and land use, using the emergent fragility and Natural Vulnerability to Soil Loss methods. Most of the Iraí River basin was classified as weak to intermediate environmental fragility by both methods. The methods showed equal fragility ratings in 74% of the basin area. The greatest fragilities were found in areas with recent sedimentation, soils with high instability, slopes higher than 12% and land use areas with low protective potential. The emergent fragility method highlighted the effect of land use, accentuating the fragility of the most vulnerable classes. In contrast, the Natural Vulnerability to Soil Loss method attenuated this land-use effect, softening the vulnerability. The fragility maps indicated that different results might be obtained, especially on the threshold between fragility classes and polygons where land-use makes the environment more vulnerable. Thus, the method selection for determining environmental fragility depends on the relevance necessary for land-use. The emergent fragility method is advantageous for showing the fragility in areas mainly occupied by classes of land use of high vulnerability.
BASE FERTILIZATION COMPENSATION AS A METHODOLOGY FOR COMPARISON OF CONTAINERS VOLUMES
Authors: Almeida Rodolfo Soares de , Vaz Tatiana Arantes Afonso , Ventura Maria José da Silva , Davide Antonio Claudio , Melo Lucas Amaral de , Assis-Pereira Gabriel
Published: October 2021

The current methodology for comparing the volumetric capacity of containers does not make it possible to differentiate the effects caused by the higher concentration of fertilizers, available by volume of container, from the real effect of the growth space and fertilization. The fertilization compensation aims to correct the effect of the concentration of fertilizers, guaranteeing the same proportion of fertilization in different volumetric capacities of containers, making it possible to be a new methodology for the production of forest seedlings. The methodological proposal was applied to the production of Handroanthus ochraceus seedlings, testing two volumetric capacities, 55 and 115 cm³, of containers, of the tube type and six doses of controlled release fertilizer, namely: 0.19; 0.24; 0.30; 0.40; 0.51, and 0.63 g / tube in a completely randomized design with four replications. The height and diameter of the collection were evaluated biweekly up to 150 days after sowing and the dry matter of the aerial and root parts. The results demonstrate that regardless of the volumetric capacity of the container, the highest doses of fertilizer resulted in greater morphological characteristics. Therefore, the effect responsible for the differential growth between the volumetric capacity of the containers, normally attributed to the greater space available for root development, is actually attributed to the greater availability of nutrients, which the fertilization compensation aims to keep constant. It was concluded that the use of basic fertilization compensation proved to be efficient for comparisons between volumetric container capacities.
Cardiologia em Angola: marcando passos para a excelência
Authors: Editorial RACSaúde Equipa , Gonçalves Mauer , Morais Humberto
Published: October 2021

Apresentação do livro de resumos
Effects of different banana crop residue hays on ensiling BRS capiaçu grass on fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritional value of silage
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Silva Ariadne Freitas , Monção Flávio Pinto ,   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Rigueira João Paulo Sampaio ,   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Rocha Júnior Vicente Ribeiro ,   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Alencar Amanda Maria Silva ,   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Carvalho Cinara da Cunha Siqueira ,   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Albuquerque Carlos Juliano Brant ,   Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Silva Fredson Vieira e ,   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Miorin Renan Lucas ,   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Sales Eleuza Clarete Junqueira de ,   Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the BRS capiaçu grass silage combined with different hays of banana crop residue on fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritional value. The treatments consisted of elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) ensiled with 37.44% banana peel hay, 36.06% banana pseudostem hay and 37.00% banana leaf hay, on a dry matter (DM) basis and control silage (no additive). The experimental design used was completely randomized, with five treatments and five replicates. Forage was collected when it reached 3.5 meters in height (90 days). Experimental PVC silos of known weight, 50 cm long, 10 cm diameter, were used for silage making. For all treatments, silage aerobic stability breakdown started after 64 hours exposure to air. The BRS capiaçu grass control silage or silage combined with pseudostem hay (mean of 73.15 kg t GM-1) presented effluent losses 40.46% higher than those observed for BRS capiaçu grass silage + banana leaf hay and 69.17% in relation the BRS capiaçu grass silage + banana peel hay. The inclusion of banana crop residue (hay) when ensiling BRS capiaçu grass decreased 13.93% gas losses compared to the control silage (mean of 3.11% DM). Higher values of total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy and digestible energy content was found in BRS capiaçu grass silage + with banana peel hay. The greater in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility was observed for BRS capiaçu grass silage combined with pseudostem hay. The inclusion of 37.44% banana peel hay improves the fermentation profile and aerobic stability of BRS capiaçu grass silage.
Analisa Perancangan Aplikasi Penyandian Pesan Pada Email Menggunakan Algoritma Kriptografi Blowfish
Authors: Fauzi Achmad
Published: October 2021

ABSTRAK

Teknologi informasi dan komunikasi yang cepat banyak memberikan keuntungan bagi setiap orang untuk saling tukar-menukar informasi terlebih lagi dalam dunia bisnis. Seperti dalam mengirim data-data yang penting, sedemikian sehingga untuk mengirim data tidak perlu lagi datang langsung ke tempat yang ingin dituju, melainkan cukup dengan menggunakan pengiriman dengan fasilitas internet menggunakan email. Kriptografi merupakan teknik yang dapat melindungi kerahasiaan dari orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Pada skripsi ini dibentuk suatu aplikasi yang bertujuan mengamankan data yang dikirim melalui email dari gangguan penyadap yang berniat merusak data atau informasi. Adapun dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan algoritma blowfish dimana algoritma tersebut merupakan sebuah algoritma kunci simetri blok kode dengan panjang blok tetap 64 bit, dan algoritma blowfish dibagi menjadi dua subalgoritma utama yaitu ekspansi kunci dan bagian enkripsi-dekripsi. Sehingga proses pengiriman file yang di lakukan dengan menggunakan email dapat terjaga kerahasiannya.
Perancangan Aplikasi Pembelajaran Steganografi Dengan Menggunakan Metode Computer Based Instruction
Authors: Laia Abajiduhu
Published: October 2021

ABSTRAK

Agar diperoleh efektifitas yang tinggi sehingga peserta didik dapat memahami pelajaran dengan cepat dan membuat siswa lebih antusias, maka pengembangan program-program tersebut perlu direncanakan dengan baik, yakni dengan memperhatikan aspek-aspek: umpan balik, percabangan, penilaian, monitoring kemajuan, petunjuk, dan tampilan. Salah satu model dari metode Computer Based Instruction (CBI) yaitu tutorial menggunakan metode pembelajaran strategis dengan memberikan materi, pertanyaan, contoh, latihan, quis.

Pada pembahasan skripsi ini, penulis membangun suatu sistem Perancangan Aplikasi Pembelajaran Steganografi Dengan Metode Computer Based Instruction (CBI). Program ini bertujuan untuk membantu para peserta didik untuk dapat lebih memahani materi tersebut sehingga dapat mempermudah proses belajar-mengajar.
Topical and systemic analgesia versus caudal epidural and dorsal penile nerve block in relieving pain after pediatric circumcision
Authors: KARATAS Ayse , ETI E. Zeynep , UMUROGLU Tumay , ZENGIN Seniyye Ulgen , GOGUS F. Yilmaz
Published: October 2021

Objective: There is no consensus on the use of optimal analgesic method after pediatric circumcision, although, caudal block (CB),dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB), topical local anesthetic application and systemic analgesic administration are frequently usedmethods. In this study, we aimed to compare the postoperative analgesic effects and side effects, as well as parental satisfactionconcerning these methods.Patients and Methods: Eighty children, aged 3-12 years, undergoing circumcision were randomized into four groups (n=20). GroupCaudal Anesthesia (CA), Group Dorsal Penile Blok (DP), Group Topical Analgesia (TA), Group Systemic Analgesics (SA). Theseverity of pain was measured with NRS or CHEOPS scores. Time to awakening, first analgesic requirement, hospital discharge, sideeffects and parental satisfaction were recorded.Results: In groups CA and DP, pain scores during the first postoperative hour were lower than the pain scores of other groups and ingroup CA, the first analgesic requirement time was significantly longer compared to other groups (p<0.05). In the early postoperativehour, parental satisfaction was higher in group CA compared to other groups.Conclusion: In the early postoperative period, CB and DPNB reduce pain more effectively and provide more parental satisfactionthan other applications, (in children who underwent) circumcision.Keywords: Circumcision, Pain, Postoperative, Dorsal penile nerve block Caudal epidural block, EMLA
The efficacy of epiduroscopic adhesiolysis in patients with chronic back pain after surgery
Authors: OLCULU Hakki , GUL Kursat , ZENGIN Seniyye Ulgen
Published: October 2021

Objective:Chronic back pain is a common problem with unwanted effects on the quality of life. The choice of treatment is usuallypatient-specific, but the use of epiduroscopic minimal invasive procedure is increasing. Epiduroscopy avoids surgical complicationsand improves patient comfort. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of epiduroscopy in patients with failed back surgerysyndrome (FBSS) and in patients without previous back surgery.Patients and Methods: Forty-one ASA I-II-III patients aged 18–80 years old, with chronic back pain, radiologically and clinicallydiagnosed with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), and FBSS after laminectomy, hemilaminectomy, lumbar discectomy or lumbar spinalstabilization were included retrospectively. Patients were stratified as Group (O) with FBSS and Group (N) without previous backsurgery. Baseline visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were obtained before treatment. During the 1st, 2nd and 3rd follow-ups, VASscores of patients were measured.Results: Visual analogue scale scores decreased significantly at 1, 2, and 3 months after epiduroscopic adhesiolysis in both groups. Thedifferences in VAS scores of patients with and without previous back surgery were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Epiduroscopic adhesiolysis neuroplasty was followed by a significant decrease in chronic back pain in LSS and FBSSpatients .
An unusual acute onset hard and small volume epidural blood clotting after anterior cervical discectomy with tetraparetic neurological findings
Authors: SASANI Hadi , SASANI Mehdi , OZER Fahir
Published: October 2021

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is one of the most commonly used surgical method to treat a variety of disordersin the cervical spine. Although, the incidence of complication related to ACDF is low, hematomas can be confronted after surgery.We report a 52-year-old male patient presented with complaints of paraesthesia and sensory loss in the upper extremities. Magneticresonance imaging (MRI) showed a large central-right paracentral protrusion resulting in narrowing of the spinal channel at thelevel of C5-C6 accompanied by spinal cord compression and bilateral foraminal stenosis. ACDF was performed at this level. Fivehours after surgery, sudden onset paraesthesia and tetraparesis developed. Urgent cervical MRI depicted acute filling half of thediscectomy cavity, compressing the dural sac and spinal cord. The patient underwent revision surgery and the symptoms improvedpostoperatively. The patient received conservative therapy and was discharged without any nerological problem. Despite being a rarecondition, sudden onset of neurological symptoms such as tetraparesis after ACDF surgery should remind the presence of hematomaat the surgical site.
Design and Comparison Analysis of Various Flow Configurations in Bipolar Plates via Numerical Simulation
Authors: Azzam Mohammed , Qaq Zabayyan , Orhan Mehmet F.
Published: October 2021

Bipolar plates play a major role in the overall performance of fuel cells, hence their proper design and optimization are essential. In this regard, pressure drop across bipolar plates has a major impact on the efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to minimize the friction between the plate walls and the working fluid, with a proper flow configuration, to eliminate pressure drops. The study, involved the simulation of various modified pin-flow bipolar plate configurations where a comparative analysis was carried out. A parametric study was performed to optimize various designs and operating parameters such as fluid flow, velocity and pressure. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed for the numerical simulation to ensure the optimum uniformity of fluid distribution. Results showed that the pressure drop is proportional to the velocity magnitude in the laminar region. Moreover, the pressure drop was minimized by eliminating the sharp edges in the flow channels.
A Survey Study of English Speaking Strategies Use: Evidence from Chinese High School Students of International Department
Authors: Zhou Hong , Feng Yufang
Published: October 2021

This study explores the status quo of speaking strategies used by Chinese High School Students of International Department by using both questionnaire and interview. The participants were 90 second-year Chinese High School Students of International Department, and then the data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0. The study yields certain results. First, Chinese High School Students of International Department employ English speaking strategies at a medium level in general. Second, there are differences between higher achievers and lower achievers in the use of speaking strategies. Third, students’ use of speaking strategies is significantly correlated with students’ English proficiency. Pedagogical implications for teachers and students are discussed in the end.
Cross-correlation method for noise measurements of photodetectors used for laser absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Achtenberg Krzysztof , Mikołajczyk Janusz , Bielecki Zbigniew , Wojtas Jacek
Published: October 2021

The paper presents noise measurements of low-resistance photon detectors with a specially developed system. These measurements are significant for many applications. This issue is particularly critical for laser absorption spectroscopy systems to detect trace amounts of gases. In these systems, the detection limit is determined by noise origins, e.g., light source, background, and detector noise and its readout electronics. The use of some specially designed components of the system (low-noise - 3.6 × 10-19 V2/Hz for f >1 kHz) cross-correlation signal processing provides to obtain a measuring floor noise below 10-18 V2/Hz for f > 10 Hz and below 10-19 V2/Hz for f > 1 kHz after ten minutes’ analysis. Measurements of some reference resistors have verified the system’s performance. Finally, the system was also applied to determine the spectral noise density of the II -Type SuperLattice photodetector made of InAs / InAsSb.
Trüffel und Eichbaum & Rüde und Wölfin
Authors: Laszlo Renate
Published: October 2021

Using selected examples of conundrum poetry from the 7th century, this study examines the tradition of German riddles handed down in old English manuscripts. In the Middle Ages, riddles that can be traced back to the same sources as those in old English texts also appear in German anthologies, as proven by the conundrum of the wine barrel found in the Codex Vercellensis. The study establishes a connection with ancient Latin riddles, which is proven by Symphosius’s collection of riddles from as early as the third century AD. However, these Latin riddles are not the source of old German conundrum poetry, as has been falsely assumed.
Novel Treatment Strategy against COVID-19 through Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Properties of the B Vitamin Complex
Authors: Babar Quratulain , Ali Anwar , Saeed Ayesha , Farrukh Tahir Muhammad
Published: October 2021

The immune system is influenced by vitamin B complex: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12. The B complex insufficiency can cause significant impairment in cellular and immune function and trigger an inflammatory response. There is currently no certified SARS-CoV-2 treatment or a credible vaccine, but strengthening the immune system with B vitamins could go a long way in preventing and treating COVID-19 patients. Thus, a complete and nutritious diet must be followed before approved drugs and potential good vaccine research results are available to boost the normal functioning of the immune system. In order to activate adaptive and inborn immune responses, reduce cytokine levels such as proinflammatory cytokines, decrease oxidative stress, preserve endothelial homogeneity, improving pulmonary function, prevents hypercoagulable conditions and shortening the length of hospital stay; B-Complex vitamins play a significant role. Thus, the role of B complex in patients with COVID-19 needs to be evaluated and additional non-drug B vitamins can be used in existing treatments.
Superoxide Dismutase: A Key Enzyme for the Survival of Intracellular Pathogens in Host
Authors: Maurya Radheshyam , Namdeo Madhulika
Published: October 2021

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial enzyme required to maintain the redox potential of the cells. It plays a vital role in protecting normal cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during many intracellular pathogens infections. SOD removes excess superoxide radicals (O2−) by converting them to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2). Several superoxide dismutase enzymes have been identified based on the metal ion as a cofactor. Human SOD differs from the intracellular pathogens in having Cu/Zn and Mn as metal cofactors. However, SOD of intracellular pathogens such as Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Plasmodium, and Mycobacterium have iron (Fe) as metal cofactors. Iron Superoxide Dismutase (FeSOD) is an essential enzyme in these pathogens that neutralizes the free radical of oxygen (O−) and prevents the formation of Peroxynitrite anion (ONOO−), helping the pathogens escape from redox-based cytotoxic killing. Moreover, most intracellular bacteria hold MnSOD or FeSOD in their cytoplasm such as Salmonella and Staphylococcus, whereas periplasm of some pathogenic bacteria and fungi are also cofactors with Cu/Zn and identified as CuZnSOD. This chapter will review the various types SOD present in intracellular pathogens and their role in the survival of these pathogens inside their host niche.
Digital Economy in the Post-COVID Period: Changes, Communication Processes and Development Prospects
Authors: Rozanov Alexander , Chebotareva Anna , Chebotarev Vladimir , Raheem Naser Abdel , Danilina Elena
Published: October 2021

Topicality: Without a doubt, the COVID-19 pandemic has made significant changes in consumer behavior, further strengthening the transition of the global system from the classical economy to the digital economy. In the context of the pandemic, consumer behavior has become even more digital: initially it was associated with health safety standards to limit social face-to-face contacts, and later consumers could not imagine their life without online aggregators of food delivery, documents, clothing, etc. The goal of the research: to conduct a theoretical review of the features of the development of the digital economy and communication strategies of management before the COVID-19 pandemic and already in the post-COVID-19 period. Methods of research: comparative analysis, methods of generalization and classification, historical analysis. Results of the research: the study made it possible to form a theoretical overview of the scientific material and ideas for preparing for a statistical analysis of the global macroeconomic indicators of the digital economy. Practical application: The chapter will be useful for the relevant government agencies (in Russia, for instance, the Ministry of Digital Development) for developing practical recommendations on a broader digitalization of management systems.
Testicular Histopathology and Spermatogenesis in Mice with Scrotal Heat Stress
Authors: Dang-Cong Thuan , Nguyen-Thanh Tung
Published: October 2021

Chronic heat stress-induced testicular damage and function therefore adversely affect their reproduction. Some research shows that heat stress has a negative effect on histopathological features of testicular tissue structure and spermatogenesis. An animal model was used to evaluate the effect of heat stress on testicular histology changes and spermatogenesis. The mouse model of heat stress was established by submerged in a pre-warmed incubator. The testes’ tissue was fixed and stained with hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) for quantitative analysis of histopathological alterations and spermatogenesis according to Johnson scoring system. Mice exposed to heat stress exhibited degenerated and disorganized features of spermatogenic epithelium and reduced spermatogenic cells. Heat stress exposure shows a significantly reduced Johnson score compared to the control condition. The percentage of high Johnsen score points was decreased in heat-stress exposure mice, while the ratio of low Johnsen score points was gradually increased. This chapter describes a mouse model for studying the male reproductive system and applies the Johnsen scores system to assess testicular histopathology in the seminiferous tubule cross-section. Collectively, this chapter indicated a negative impact of heat stress on mouse spermatogenesis as well as the human reproductive system.
The conjunction commutativity law does not hold in natural language: Difficulties in the search for syntactic support
Authors: López-Astorga Miguel
Published: October 2021

Orenes and Johnson-Laird gave arguments to show that the conjunction commutativity law, that is, the principle providing that the order of the conjuncts has no influence on a coordinating conjunction such as ‘and’, is not respected by natural language. Their point was that both semantics and pragmatics are more important than syntax, and that, for that reason, semantic and pragmatic factors can change the sense of a sentence with ‘and’ if the order of its conjuncts is reversed. This paper keeps following this direction and tries to argue that it is really hard to find syntactic characteristics in sentences that can explain changes such as those ones.