bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodological and Conceptualisation Issues in the Measurement of Gambling Harm
Authors: Delfabbro Paul , King Daniel
Published: October 2024

Purpose of Review

In this paper, we review recent developments in the conceptualisation and measurement of gambling harm.

Recent Findings

We review the strengths and limitations of gambling-harm measures, including the Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS) and 7-item Domain- General Harm Screen (DGHS-7). We also review evidence concerning the distribution of harm across the risk continuum. The paper shows that there is consensus around the principal domains of harm and that there are now reliable and valid measures to index general levels of harm, but that further development may be required to capture more nuanced assessments of the severity and types of harm.

We argue that burden-of-harm studies which show a high concentration of harm in lower risk groups are of good quality, but that important methodological issues remain. These include: the sensitivity of these estimates to measurement differences; the need for more consideration of the severity rather than the prevalence of harm ‘instances’; and, whether life-time problem gambling or legacy harms need to be taken into account when assessing the status of lower risk gamblers.
Public health, pluralism, and the telos of political virtue
Authors: MacKay Kathryn L.
Published: October 2024

In the ethics of public health, questions of virtue, that is, of what it means for public health to act excellently, have received little attention. This omission needs remedy first because achieving improvements in population-wide health can be in tension with goals like respect for the liberty, self-determination, or non-oppression of various individuals or groups. A virtue-ethics approach is flexible and well-suited for the kind of deliberation required to resolve or mitigate such tension. Public health requires practically wise and careful thinking, which virtue ethics brings with it. Furthermore, too tight a focus on delivering outcomes in determining how public health should act has, in some cases, actually undermined its ability to achieve those consequences. However, the main concern about incorporating virtue into public health in a pluralistic society is likely to be that virtue is generally teleological, and we would surely need some widely agreed upon idea of something like flourishing or the common good for this to work. In this paper, I propose that for public health to express virtue in its work, it must express a commitment to justice as it goes about its business promoting and protecting the health of the population. Justice is both a contributor toward better health for groups in society, and a worthwhile goal in its own right. I will sketch an argument that justice as non-oppression – not merely health equity – is the right telos toward which excellent public health should aim in a pluralist society.
Person-Environment Fit and Socioeconomic Status in Medical School
Authors: Russell Regina G. , Nguyen Mytien , Havemann Catherine , Webber Alexis , Parilla Jon Andre , Casillas Alejandra , Boatright Dowin , Mason Hyacinth
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This study examined the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on medical education in the context of person-environment fit (PE fit) theory, and specifically focused on the medical school experiences of students from lower-SES backgrounds.

Method

A constructivist approach was used in this qualitative study of 48 medical students from 27 US medical schools, all of whom self-identified as first-generation college graduates and/or being from a lower-income background (30 were both). Semi-structured audio-only interviews were conducted with these demographically and geographically diverse students from November 2021 through April 2022. Themes were identified using open coding and content analysis software.

Results

Almost all, 44 of 48, interviews included themes related to PE fit. Medical students indicated three interacting domains in which PE fit is relevant for them: (1) school, (2) clinical, and (3) professional environments. Learners from lower-SES backgrounds describe struggling to navigate multiple environments that are unfamiliar, culturally complex, and both personally and financially costly. They also describe ways they are addressing gaps, generating positive changes, supporting underserved patients, and broadening the perspectives of peers and educators.

Conclusions

PE fit theory provides a lens to understand unique aspects of lower-SES medical student experiences, including navigation of professional identity formation. It is critical for medical schools, funders, peers, and professional communities to sustain learning environments that support the flourishing of medical students from lower-SES backgrounds. This support includes transferring the burden of addressing fit from individual learners and marginalized classes of learners to educational, clinical, and professional organizations.
Modal Shift Potential of Different Mode Users Due to Introduction of the First MRT in Dhaka: A Prelaunch Study
Authors: Aktar Sayeda Laizu , Islam Moon , Anzum Nazifa , Tahsin Sarah , Waliullah Md , Hasan Md.Musleh Uddin
Published: October 2024

Dhaka city is experiencing tremendous growth in traffic. Until recently, the city’s demand for traffic was entirely served by public buses, a mix of motorized and non-motorized paratransit, and private personalized transport. The first ever rail-based metro, mass rapid transit (MRT), namely MRT Line 6, was partially inaugurated on 28 December 2022. Authority expects that there will be visible modal shift. However, MRT systems in many Asian and European countries are attracting much lower private motorists than what is expected. Moreover, in Dhaka, a unique mix in road-based transport with public transit and varieties of paratransit and private personalized vehicles intensifies the uncertainties involved in modal shift. Therefore, based on a field survey done before four (04) months of the partial inauguration of MRT Line 6, this study intends to explore the modal shift potentials of different mode users to a completely new mode and the modal choice factors. The analysis of the results finds overall, 75% of all mode users are willing to shift, while para and public transit users are comparatively more willing than private personalized vehicle users. However, such willingness comes up with one or more conditions: comfort, reasonable fare, reduced total travel time, less crowd, etc. The study finds that affordability, availability, and accessibility factors have an influence on their modal shift behavior. Also, results from binary logistic model identify significant impact of several sociodemographic, trip- and accessibility-related factors influencing modal shift choice. Findings from this study explain the optimism regarding MRT by different mode users and inform the decision-makers about their course of actions including different interventions, strict and carrot approaches to hold on to the potential shifters and attract more.
Characterization of the November 2020 damaging hydrogeological event affecting the Calabria region (southern Italy)
Authors: Caloiero Tommaso , Filice Eugenio , Marsico Loredana , Zimbo Fabio , Petrucci Olga
Published: October 2024

Damaging hydrogeological events (DHEs), characterized by concurrent phenomena such as floods and landslides triggered by rainfall, pose significant threats to people and properties. Calabria, in southern Italy, frequently experiences these events, which lead to substantial economic losses in agriculture and severe damage to transport infrastructure. Addressing DHEs is crucial, especially considering climate change, which is expected to increase their frequency and intensity.

This paper examines the DHE that occurred between November 20th and 22nd, 2020, on the eastern side of Calabria. To evaluate the event’s severity, two indices were applied: one measuring the exceptional nature of the triggering rainfall and the other assessing the severity of damage to people and property. By comparing these indices to historical DHEs data from the early twentieth century onward, the 2020 event has been classified as an “extraordinary event” for its very high rainfall severity and moderately high damage levels. In fact, during the event there were no fatalities or injuries and the damages were relatively manageable and recoverable with moderate expenses.

In addition, to study whether the meteorological framework of the event can be traced back to those characterizing major DHEs, a detailed synoptic analysis was carried out. As a result, the meteorological conditions were identified as quite common in Calabria during autumnal DHEs (e.g., 1921, 1953, 1959, and 1971), resulting from the descent of Atlantic troughs into the Mediterranean and leading to the formation of surface minima that channel high-humidity air masses from the south, thus enhancing convective phenomena.

The applied methodology, outlined in previous studies, is applicable in regions like Calabria, where historical DHEs have been systematically analysed and categorized based on rainfall and damage severity, providing a basis for comparison. Moreover, the synoptic analysis supplies new key elements to identify meteorological conditions driving to damaging events in the study region that can be useful to improve preparedness and emergency management during future DHEs.
Siamese Neural Network for Speech-Based Depression Classification and Severity Assessment
Authors: Ntalampiras Stavros , Qi Wen
Published: October 2024

The evaluation of an individual’s mental health and behavioral functioning, known as psychological assessment, is generally conducted by a mental health professional. This process aids in diagnosing mental health conditions, identifying suitable treatment options, and assessing progress during treatment. Currently, national health systems are unable to cope with the constantly growing demand for such services. To address and expedite the diagnosis process, this study suggests an AI-powered tool capable of delivering understandable predictions through the automated processing of the captured speech signals. To this end, we employed a Siamese neural network (SNN) elaborating on standardized speech representations free of domain expert knowledge. Such an SNN-based framework is able to address multiple downstream tasks using the same latent representation. Interestingly, it has been applied both for classifying speech depression as well as assessing its severity. After extensive experiments on a publicly available dataset following a standardized protocol, it is shown to significantly outperform the state of the art with respect to both tasks. Last but not least, the present solution offers interpretable predictions, while being able to meaningfully interact with the medical experts.
Urban street clusters: unraveling the associations of street characteristics on urban vibrancy dynamics in age, time, and day
Authors: Jang Kee Moon , Suh Hanew , Haddad Fadi Ghassan , Sun Maoran , Duarte Fábio , Kim Youngchul
Published: October 2024

Understanding urban vibrancy has been considered crucial to promoting human activities and interactions in public open spaces. Recent advancements in urban big data have facilitated the potential to understand and measure vibrancy patterns throughout cities. While streets are considered the center stage of human activity, previous studies have often overlooked their multifaceted nature and their association with urban vibrancy. In this study, we incorporate multi-source big data and combine a set of features that comprehensively describe the scale, function, and topology of street segments in two Seoul districts: Jung-gu and Gangnam-gu. Using these features, we employ a machine learning clustering technique to classify them into five distinct typologies. Then, with street-level aggregated mobile phone tracking data, we investigate whether street typology characteristics are associated with urban vibrancy with respect to age groups, time of day, and day types (weekends/weekdays). The results show varying relationships between street characteristics with age-, time- and day-vibrancy measures by the identified street typology. Further, we contrast the results of the two districts to evaluate urban vibrancy differences in organic and planned urban layouts. This study enables a more nuanced understanding of urban streets to better comprehend their impact on people’s use of street space. The derived novel insights could assist planners and designers to better pinpoint street management solutions for different age- and time-dependent needs based on the complexities in urban vibrancy dynamics.
Decolonizing Roman Imperialism
Authors: Lambert Danielle Hyeonah
Published: October 2024

The framework of 'Romanization' developed by Haverfield in 1905 - that Romans 'civilized' their imperial subjects, particularly those in the 'barbarian' western provinces - remains hegemonic, notwithstanding multiple attempts at revisionism. It has been reasserted, rejected, or modified, but still frames the debate. Decolonizing Roman Imperialism investigates how the postcolonial challenge to decolonize the production of historical knowledge has motivated Roman scholars to question the paradigm of Romanization: to review its historiography, to seek fresh approaches, and to rewrite it. The book provides an intellectual genealogy of the debate valuable for every student of the Roman Empire and of Roman Britain, and invites them to rethink the legacy of ancient Roman imperialism.
Effect of automated identification of antimicrobial stewardship opportunities for suspected urinary tract infections
Authors: Deri Connor R. , Moehring Rebekah W. , Turner Nicholas A. , Spivey Justin , Advani Sonali D. , Wrenn Rebekah H. , Yarrington Michael E.
Published: October 2024

Objective:

We aimed to determine whether automated identification of antibiotic targeting suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) shortened the time to antimicrobial stewardship (AS) intervention.

Design:

Retrospective before-and-after study.

Setting:

Tertiary and quaternary care academic medical center.

Patients:

Emergency department (ED) or admitted adult patients meeting best practice alert (BPA) criteria during pre- and post-BPA periods.

Methods:

We developed a BPA to alert AS pharmacists of potential ASB triggered by the following criteria: ED or admitted status, antibiotic order with genitourinary indication, and a preceding urinalysis with ≤ 10 WBC/hpf. We evaluated the median time from antibiotic order to AS intervention and overall percent of UTI-related interventions among patients in pre-BPA (01/2020–12/2020) and post-BPA (04/15/2021–04/30/2022) periods.

Results:

774 antibiotic orders met inclusion criteria: 355 in the pre- and 419 in the post-BPA group. 43 (35 UTI-related) pre-BPA and 117 (94 UTI-related) post-BPA interventions were documented. The median time to intervention was 28 hours (IQR 18–65) in the pre-BPA group compared to 16 hours (IQR 2–34) in the post-BPA group (P < 0.01). Despite absent pyuria, there were six cases with gram-negative bacteremia presumably from a urinary source.

Conclusions:

Automated identification of antibiotics targeting UTI without pyuria on urinalysis reduced the time to stewardship intervention and increased the rate of UTI-specific interventions. Clinical decision support aided in the efficiency of AS review and syndrome-targeted impact, but cases still required AS clinical review.
Neurological Events Following COVID-19 Vaccination: Does Ethnicity Matter?
Authors: Vyas Manav V. , Chen Robert , Campitelli Michael A. , Odugbemi Tomi , Sharpe Isobel , Chu Joseph Y.
Published: October 2024

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada between December 1, 2020 and June 31, 2021 to compare the incidence of neurological events (hospitalization or emergency room visit) within six weeks of COVID-19 vaccination in Chinese, South Asian and Other ethnic groups. Compared to Others, the crude rates after the first dose for Bell’s palsy, ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage were lower in Chinese (34, 159 and 48 per 1,000,000 doses) and in South Asians (44, 148 and 32), but similar after adjusting for age, sex and vaccine type. Our findings should help encourage vaccination for all, irrespective of ethnicity.
No sustained mean velocity in the boundary region of plane thermal convection
Authors: Samuel Roshan J. , Bode Mathis , Scheel Janet D. , Sreenivasan Katepalli R. , Schumacher Jörg
Published: October 2024

We study the dynamics of thermal and momentum boundary regions in three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh–Bénard convection for the Rayleigh-number range

$10^5\leq Ra \leq 10^{11}$

and

$Pr=0.7$

. Using a Cartesian slab with horizontal periodic boundary conditions and an aspect ratio of 4, we obtain statistical homogeneity in the horizontal

$x$

- and

$y$

-directions, thus approximating best an extended convection layer relevant for most geo- and astrophysical flow applications. We observe upon canonical use of combined long-time and area averages, with averaging periods of at least 100 free-fall times, that a global coherent mean flow is practically absent and that the magnitude of the velocity fluctuations is larger than the mean by up to 2 orders of magnitude. The velocity field close to the wall is a collection of differently oriented local shear-dominated flow patches interspersed by extensive shear-free incoherent regions which can be as large as the whole cross-section, unlike for a closed cylindrical convection cell of aspect ratio of the order 1. The incoherent regions occupy a 60 % area fraction for all Rayleigh numbers investigated here. Rather than resulting in a pronounced mean flow with small fluctuations about such a mean, as found in small-aspect-ratio convection, the velocity field is dominated by strong fluctuations of all three components around a non-existent or weak mean. We discuss the consequences of these observations for convection layers with larger aspect ratios, including boundary layer instabilities and the resulting turbulent heat transport.
‘Like nets or cobwebs’: Kenelm Digby, Isaac Newton and the problem of rarefaction
Authors: Henry John
Published: October 2024

This article aims to bring out the problematic nature of condensation and rarefaction for early modern natural philosophers by considering two historically significant attempts to deal with it, first by Sir Kenelm Digby in his Treatise on Body (1644), and subsequently by Isaac Newton, chiefly in manuscript works associated with the Principia (1687). It is argued that Digby tried to sidestep the problem of variation in density and rarity by making it a fundamental starting point for his physics. But he also brought out the difficulties of dealing with condensation and rarefaction within the mechanical philosophy, whether that philosophy was plenist or allowed for void space. The problems became exacerbated after experiments with the air-pump achieved extreme rarefactions. It is argued that these led Newton to first consider a retiform or net-like structure of matter, before adopting the radical innovation of supposing repelling forces operating at a distance between the particles of the rarefied bodies. Eventually, Newton came to believe that extreme rarity was inexplicable ‘by any other means than a repulsive Power’.
Classification of multiplication modules over multiplication rings with finitely many minimal primes
Authors: Bavula Volodymyr
Published: October 2024

A classification of multiplication modules over multiplication rings with finitely many minimal primes is obtained. A characterization of multiplication rings with finitely many minimal primes is given via faithful, Noetherian, distributive modules. It is proven that for a multiplication ring with finitely many minimal primes every faithful, Noetherian, distributive module is a faithful multiplication module, and vice versa.
The blurring history of intervocalic devoicing
Authors: Beguš Gašper , Dąbkowski Maksymilian
Published: October 2024

The intervocalic position favors voicing in stops. Yet, some languages have been reported to feature the opposite (unnatural) process of intervocalic devoicing. This paper investigates two such case studies. Pre-Berawan intervocalic *b and *g have developed into Berawan k. Pre-Kiput intervocalic *g, *ɟʝ, and *v have developed into Kiput k, cç, and f, respectively. To account for the data, we invoke Beguš’s (2018, 2019) blurring process model of sound change. The model proposes that unnatural phonology derives from a sequence of at least three phonetically motivated sound changes. We argue that the steps involved in intervocalic devoicing are (i) the intervocalic fricativization of voiced stops, (ii) devoicing of fricatives, and (iii) the occlusion of devoiced fricatives. Each of the steps is independently attested and motivated. We demonstrate that our blurring process proposal explains aspects of the historical development unaccounted for by previous approaches, and present new evidence suggesting that a single sound change could not have operated in the prehistory of Berawan. Thus, we maintain the conservative position that unnatural diachronic developments arise from sequences of natural and phonetically grounded sound changes.
Reading his Way to Royalism? Sir Thomas Myddelton, Side-Changing and Loyalty in England and Wales, 1639–66
Authors: Ward Clavier Sarah
Published: October 2024

Civil War allegiance has long been a preoccupation of early modern British historians. They have weighed geographical, religious, political, and pragmatic reasons for British people to choose sides in 1642. A study of the changes of allegiance in the years that followed is just as important. Side-changing reveals the fractures and difficulties that war, regime change, and an uneasy peace created. Most scholarship has examined figures whose ideas and beliefs remained consistent as the world around them changed. This article argues that others changed their minds (and their side) because their ideas fundamentally shifted, through an engagement with oppositional literature, a royalist social environment, and relationships built with royalist agents. Through a case study of the parliamentarian Major-General Sir Thomas Myddelton it examines this process of change. The article takes the study of allegiance into the Interregnum and beyond to the Restoration, tracing the impact of Myddelton's reading, experiences, and actions upon his declared loyalty. To do this, the article proposes a methodology that cuts across historical approaches, using evidence from financial accounts, libraries, and legal cases alongside surviving correspondence and printed pamphlets to build a composite image of a changing mind.
Algebraic effects and handlers for arrows
Authors: SANADA TAKAHIRO
Published: October 2024

We present an arrow calculus with operations and handlers and its operational and denotational semantics. The calculus is an extension of Lindley, Wadler and Yallop’s arrow calculus.

The denotational semantics is given using a strong (pro)monad

$\mathcal{A}$

in the bicategory of categories and profunctors. The construction of this strong monad

$\mathcal{A}$

is not trivial because of a size problem. To build denotational semantics, we investigate what

$\mathcal{A}$

-algebras are, and a handler is interpreted as an

$\mathcal{A}$

-homomorphisms between

$\mathcal{A}$

-algebras.

The syntax and operational semantics are derived from the observations on

$\mathcal{A}$

-algebras. We prove the soundness and adequacy theorem of the operational semantics for the denotational semantics.
Perception and Asymmetry in the High German Consonant Shift
Authors: Peters Elijah
Published: October 2024

This article addresses the shift asymmetries of the High German Consonant Shift. In one part of this sound change, Pre-Old High German ⁺/p/, ⁺/t/, and ⁺/k/ shifted to the Old High German affricates [pf], [ts], and [kx], respectively. However, the voiceless stops did not shift in every dialect of Old High German. The uneven distribution of the shift is referred to in the literature as shift asymmetry. Much work by Iverson, Davis, and Salmons has attributed the asymmetry to markedness. While maintaining their overall analysis of the shift, this article shows that markedness can be dispensed with in accounting for the shift asymmetries. In accordance with Evolutionary Phonology, perceptual and phonetic data are presented which account for the asymmetries without making any reference to markedness. Since it rejects markedness in diachronic sound change, the present analysis also has broader implications for markedness diachronically and synchronically.
Academic freedom: Global variations in norm conceptualization, diffusion and contestation – an introduction
Authors: Kovács Kriszta , Spannagel Janika
Published: October 2024

This Introduction provides an overview of the topics covered in this special issue on ‘Academic freedom: Global variations in norm conceptualization, diffusion and contestation’, which explores what academic freedom means, how this may vary on a global level, how the norm spread around the world and what current contestations look like. The Introduction defines some terms essential to this debate, such as the freedom of science, academic freedom, freedom of scientific research and the right to science, and offers an analytical framework for the various contributions of the special issue. This includes, in particular, a distinction between illiberal and liberal science scripts and their relationship with academic freedom, as well as between different forms of contestations and limitations of academic freedom. Authors from varying disciplinary and regional backgrounds address different aspects of this theme in their respective contributions, of which the introduction gives a brief summary.
Interactions of the CSF3R polymorphism and early stress on future orientation: evidence for the differential model of stress-related growth
Authors: Gan Yiqun , Wang Lizhong , Chen Yidi , Zheng Lei , Wu Xiaoli , Chen Gang , Hu Yueqin
Published: October 2024

Aims

This study aims to explore the concept of future orientation, which encompasses individuals’ thoughts about the future, goal-setting, planning, response to challenges and behavioural adjustments in evolving situations. Often viewed as a psychological resource, future orientation is believed to be developed from psychological resilience. The study investigates the curvilinear relationship between childhood maltreatment and future orientation while examining the moderating effects of genotype.

Methods

A total of 14,675 Chinese adults self-reported their experiences of childhood maltreatment and their future orientation. The influence of genetic polymorphism was evaluated through genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS; genome-wide association study [GWAS] using gene × environment interaction) and a candidate genes approach.

Results

Both GWAS and candidate genes analyses consistently indicated that rs4498771 and its linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms, located in the intergenic area surrounding CSF3R, significantly interacted with early trauma to influence future orientation. Nonlinear regression analyses identified a quadratic or cubic association between future orientation and childhood maltreatment across some genotypes. Specifically, as levels of childhood maltreatment increased, future orientation declined for all genotypes. However, upon reaching a certain threshold, future orientation exhibited a rebound in individuals with specific genotypes.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that individuals with certain genotypes exhibit greater resilience to childhood maltreatment. Based on these results, we propose a new threshold model of stress-related growth.
Relationships Between the Wintertime Atmospheric Blocking and Cold Surges Over Eurasia Revealed by Clustering
Authors: Yang Zifan , Huang Wenyu , Wright Jonathon S. , Ma Wenqian , Wang Bin
Published: October 2024

A unified clustering framework based on pattern correlation is used to identify eight blocking regimes over Eurasia and surrounding oceans during the winter months (December–March) of 1948–2021. The regimes are labeled based on their centers of action, which are located over the West Atlantic, Greenland, the East Atlantic, Scandinavia, the Ural Mountains and Siberia, the Okhotsk Sea, the Bering Strait, and the North Pacific. It should be noted that the classification is almost insensitive to the time period but mainly depends on the percentage of different blocking events. The spatial distributions of cold surges differ substantially among these eight regimes. Due mainly to the cold advection downstream of the centers of blocking activities, cold surges can be observed over parts of the Eurasian continent. Possible relationships between the eight blocking regimes and large‐scale modes of climate variability, including the Arctic Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, are explored. Not only contemporary connections but also the predictive value of large‐scale modes is discussed.
Efficient photon-pair generation in layer-poled lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguides
Authors: Shi Xiaodong , Mohanraj Sakthi Sanjeev , Dhyani Veerendra , Baiju Angela Anna , Wang Sihao , Sun Jiapeng , Zhou Lin , Paterova Anna , Leong Victor , Zhu Di
Published: October 2024

Integrated photon-pair sources are crucial for scalable photonic quantum systems. Thin-film lithium niobate is a promising platform for on-chip photon-pair generation through spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). However, the device implementation faces practical challenges. Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN), despite enabling flexible quasi-phase matching, suffers from poor fabrication reliability and device repeatability, while conventional modal phase matching (MPM) methods yield limited efficiencies due to inadequate mode overlaps. Here, we introduce a layer-poled lithium niobate (LPLN) nanophotonic waveguide for efficient photon-pair generation. It leverages layer-wise polarity inversion through electrical poling to break spatial symmetry and significantly enhance nonlinear interactions for MPM, achieving a notable normalized second-harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency of 4615% W−1cm−2. Through a cascaded SHG and SPDC process, we demonstrate photon-pair generation with a normalized brightness of 3.1 × 106 Hz nm−1 mW−2 in a 3.3 mm long LPLN waveguide, surpassing existing on-chip sources under similar operating configurations. Crucially, our LPLN waveguides offer enhanced fabrication reliability and reduced sensitivity to geometric variations and temperature fluctuations compared to PPLN devices. We expect LPLN to become a promising solution for on-chip nonlinear wavelength conversion and non-classical light generation, with immediate applications in quantum communication, networking, and on-chip photonic quantum information processing.
Ultrafast antiferromagnetic switching of Mn2Au with laser-induced optical torques
Authors: Ross Jackson L. , Gavriloaea Paul-Iulian , Freimuth Frank , Adamantopoulos Theodoros , Mokrousov Yuriy , Evans Richard F. L. , Chantrell Roy , Otxoa Rubén M. , Chubykalo-Fesenko Oksana
Published: October 2024

Ultrafast manipulation of the Néel vector in metallic antiferromagnets most commonly occurs by generation of spin-orbit (SOT) or spin-transfer (STT) torques. Here, we predict another possibility for antiferromagnetic domain switching by using novel laser optical torques (LOTs). We present results of atomistic spin dynamics simulations from the application of LOTs for all-optical switching of the Néel vector in the antiferromagnet Mn2Au. The driving mechanism takes advantage of the sizeable exchange enhancement, characteristic of antiferromagnetic dynamics, allowing for picosecond 90 and 180-degree precessional toggle switching of the Néel vector with laser fluences on the order of mJ/cm2. A special symmetry of these novel torques greatly minimises the over-shooting effect common to precessional spin switching by SOT and STT methods. We demonstrate the opportunity for LOTs to produce deterministic, non-toggle switching of single antiferromagnetic domains. Lastly, we show that even with sizeable ultrafast heating by laser in metallic systems, there exist a large interval of laser parameters where the LOT-assisted toggle and preferential switchings in magnetic grains have probabilities close to one. The proposed protocol could be used on its own for all-optical control of antiferromagnets for computing or memory storage, or in combination with other switching methods to lower energy barriers and/or to prevent over-shooting of the Néel vector.
Classical acceleration temperature (CAT) in a box
Authors: Mujtaba Ahsan , Temirkhan Maksat , Ong Yen Chin , Good Michael R. R.
Published: October 2024

A confined, non-relativistic, accelerating electron is shown to emit thermal radiation. Since laboratories face spatial constraints when dealing with rectilinear motion, focusing on a finite total travel distance combines the benefits of simple theoretical analysis with prospects for table-top experimentation. We demonstrate an accelerated moving charge along an asymptotically static worldline with fixed transit distance and non-relativistic maximum speed, emitting self-consistent analytic power, spectra, and energy. The classical radiation is Planck distributed with an associated acceleration temperature. This is the first fully parametrized, spectrum-solved, finite-distance worldline.
Punishment is slower than cooperation or defection in online network games
Authors: Dewey George , Ando Hiroyasu , Ikesu Ryo , Brewer Timothy F. , Goto Ryunosuke , Nishi Akihiro
Published: October 2024

Punishment serves as a balancing force that dissuades people from acting selfishly, which complements cooperation as an essential characteristic for the prosperity of human societies. Past studies using economic games with two options (cooperation and defection) reported that cooperation decisions are generally faster than defection decisions and that time pressure possibly induces human players to be more intuitive and thus cooperative. However, it is unclear where punishment decisions sit on this time spectrum. Therefore, we recruited human players and implemented two series of online network games with cooperation, defection, and punishment options. First, we find that punishment decisions are slower than cooperation or defection decisions across both game series. Second, we find that imposing experimental time pressure on in-game decisions neither reduces nor increases the frequency of punishment decisions, suggesting that time pressure may not directly interact with the mechanisms that drive players to choose to punish.
Whole-blood RNA biomarkers for predicting survival in non-human primates following thoracic radiation
Authors: Aryankalayil Molykutty J. , Patel Haaris , May Jared M. , Shankavaram Uma , Bylicky Michelle A. , Martello Shannon , Chopra Sunita , Axtelle Jim , Menon Naresh , Coleman C. Norman
Published: October 2024

Radiation injury, either from radiotherapy or a mass-casualty event requires a health care system that can efficiently allocate resources to patients. We conducted a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of whole blood from a nonhuman primate model that received upper thoracic radiation (9.8–10.7 Gy). Blood samples were collected at multiple time points, extending up to 270 days post-irradiation with a minimum n = 6 for initial time points (Day 3-Day 40) and a total number of n = 28 primates. No males receiving the higher dose survived to Day 270. Using the Elastic Net model in R we found that pooling biomarkers from Day 3–21 increased our accuracy in discerning survival time, pleural effusion or dose compared to using biomarkers specific to a single day. For survival data, in predicting short term (less than 90 day), medium term (Day 91–269) or long-term survival (Day 270), prediction accuracy using only Day 3 data was 0.14 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.1, 0.19) while pooled data for Male and Female was 0.76 (CI 0.69, 0.82). When pooled data was divided by biological sex, accuracy was 0.7 (CI 0.58, 0.8) for pooled data from Males and 0.84 (CI 0.76, 0.91) for Females. The development of RNA biomarkers as a tool to aid in clinical decision-making could significantly improve patient care in cases of radiation injury, whether from radiotherapy or mass-casualty events. Further validation and clinical translation of these findings could lead to improved patient care and management strategies in cases of radiation exposure.
Relevance of charged and polar amino acids for functionality of membrane toxin TisB
Authors: Leinberger Florian H. , Berghoff Bork A.
Published: October 2024

Bacterial dormancy is marked by reduced cellular activity and the suspension of growth. It represents a valuable strategy to survive stressful conditions, as exemplified by the long-term tolerance towards antibiotics that is attributable to a fraction of dormant cells, so-called persisters. Here, we investigate the membrane toxin TisB (29 amino acids) from the chromosomal toxin-antitoxin system tisB/istR-1 in Escherichia coli. TisB depolarizes the inner membrane in response to DNA damage, which eventually promotes a stress-tolerant state of dormancy within a small fraction of the population. Using a plasmid-based system for moderate tisB expression and single amino acid substitutions, we dissect the importance of charged and polar amino acids. We observe that the central amino acids lysine 12 and glutamine 19 are of major importance for TisB functionality, which is further validated for lysine 12 in the native context upon treatment with the DNA-damaging antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Finally, we apply a library-based approach to test additional TisB variants in higher throughput, revealing that at least one positive charge at the C-terminus (either lysine 26 or 29) is mandatory for TisB-mediated dormancy. Our study provides insights into the molecular basis for TisB functionality and extends our understanding of bacterial membrane toxins.
Development of maxillary sinuses in relation to the development of cranium in children on computed tomography imaging
Authors: Kiciński Przemysław , Podgórski Michał , Małachowska Beata , Grzelak Piotr , Polguj Michał
Published: October 2024

There are available studies assessing the development of maxillary sinuses in relation to the viscerocranium. However, there are no publications analyzing the development of maxillary sinuses in relation to the development of the cranium, i.e. both the viscerocranium and the neurocranium. The aim of the study was to analyze the correlation between the dimensions of maxillary sinuses and anthropometric measurements of the cranium in children. The study was retrospective and was conducted at the based on the results of head computed tomography investigation. The study group included 180 girls and 180 boys, aged from birth to 18 years. To assess the correlation between the degree of development of the paranasal sinuses and the growth of the cranium, standard anthropometric points on the skull and strictly defined dimensions of the height, length, width, and volume of right and left maxillary sinuses were used. In the study group, both in girls and boys, a statistically significant positive correlation was found at the significance level of p < 0.0001 between: the height, length, width and volume of right and left maxillary sinuses, and cranial maximum length (glabella-opisthocranion), its maximum width (euryon-euryon), height (basion-bregma) and the length of the cranial base (basion-nasion) and the dimension of the subspinale-opisthocranion in children. Our study showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the development of maxillary sinuses and the growth of the cranium in children.
Enhanced Pacific Northwest heat extremes and wildfire risks induced by the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation
Authors: Lubis Sandro W. , Chen Ziming , Lu Jian , Hagos Samson , Chang Chuan-Chieh , Leung L. Ruby
Published: October 2024

The occurrence of extreme hot and dry summer conditions in the Pacific Northwest region of North America (PNW) has been known to be influenced by climate modes of variability such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and other variations in tropospheric circulation such as stationary waves and blocking. However, the extent to which the subseasonal remote tropical driver influences summer heat extremes and fire weather conditions across the PNW remains elusive. Our investigation reveals that the occurrence of heat extremes and associated fire-conducive weather conditions in the PNW is significantly heightened during the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) phases 6-7, by ~50–120% relative to the seasonal probability. The promotion of these heat extremes is primarily attributed to the enhanced diabatic heating over the tropical central-to-eastern North Pacific, which generates a wave train traveling downstream toward North America, resulting in a prominent high-pressure system over the PNW. The ridge, subsequently, promotes surface warming over the region primarily through increased surface radiative heating and enhanced adiabatic warming. The results suggest a potential pathway to improving subseasonal-to-seasonal predictions of heatwaves and wildfire risks in the PNW by improving the representation of BSISO heating over the tropical-to-eastern North Pacific.
Loureirin hydrogel promotes healing of radionuclide-contaminated wounds by regulating angiogenesis and immune cells
Authors: Wu Zhuojun , Xu Longjiang , Xu Xiaoting , Hou Jun , Li Wenlin , Luo Guibin , Xu Yufan , Chen Qiu , Cui Fengmei
Published: October 2024

We developed a biodegradable hydrogel that benefits radionuclide-contaminated wounds, modulates immune cell function, and promotes vascularization and granulation.
Influence of alkyl chain fluorination proportion on the photovoltaic performance of non-fullerene acceptors
Authors: Liu Shuai , Li Tongzi , Zhou Xiaoli , Liang Wenting , Zhu Shenbo , Xiong Wenzhao , Cui Yongjie , Hu Huawei , Chen Yiwang
Published: October 2024

Three non-fullerene acceptors with varying alkyl chains, while maintaining a constant presence of fluorine atoms, were synthesized and systematically compared to investigate the structure–function relationship.
Elucidation of the photoluminescence mechanism and determination of the configuration content of arabinose isomer solution by fluorescence analysis
Authors: Zhou Qing , Wang Jun , Lei Xiaoping , Li Chuchu , Wu Qingfeng , Sun Jingzhi
Published: October 2024

The relationship between the cluster emission center, and macroscopic emission behavior of d/l-arabinose solutions is clarified through fluorescence analysis. Thus, the content of d-arabinose in the mixed solution was successfully identified.
Reactivity and stabilization mechanisms of AlH3 crystals coated with polyvinylidene difluoride
Authors: Zhang Yiran , Zhang Haorui , Yu Minghui , Yan Qi-Long
Published: October 2024

Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) as a coating material for aluminum hydride (AlH3) can improve its stability.
A new pressure-densified orthogonal hard superconducting phase of RhB4
Authors: Song Ting , Peng Hai-Jun , Chen Meng-Ru , Xu Shuang-Gang , Dou Xi-Long , Sun Xiao-Wei
Published: October 2024

We discovered a superconducting material RhB4 with a low pressure dependence coefficient, the pressure dependence coefficient of the superconducting transition temperature being −0.03 K GPa−1.
AlabOS: a Python-based reconfigurable workflow management framework for autonomous laboratories
Authors: Fei Yuxing , Rendy Bernardus , Kumar Rishi , Dartsi Olympia , Sahasrabuddhe Hrushikesh P. , McDermott Matthew J. , Wang Zheren , Szymanski Nathan J. , Walters Lauren N. , Milsted David , Zeng Yan , Jain Anubhav , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: October 2024

AlabOS is a workflow orchestration framework designed to address the increased complexity in autonomous laboratories, featuring a reconfigurable experiment workflow model and a resource reservation mechanism.
Shell biorefineries: mixed biofuel production from chitin
Authors: Huang Hao , Zhou Guangping , Cai Xiaolan , Zhuang Min , Xie Shaoqu
Published: October 2024

Bioenergy is a key strategy for sustainability, yet the potential for biofuel production from chitin is under-exploited.
The effect of low temperature on poly(3-methyl-N-vinylcaprolactam)-b-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) diblock copolymer nanovesicles assembled from all-aqueous media
Authors: Kozlovskaya Veronika , Yang Yiming , Qian Shuo , Kharlampieva Eugenia
Published: October 2024

A gradual structure evolution from a dense-shell vesicle at 37–20 °C to a highly-hydrated shell vesicle at 20–14 °C to molecular chain aggregates at 4 °C is revealed for the PMVC58-b-PVPON65 copolymer assembled in vesicles in all water solution.
High resistance of superconducting TiN thin films against environmental attacks
Authors: Guo Zhangyuan , Ge Min , Zhou You-Qi , Bi Jiachang , Zhang Qinghua , Zhang Jiahui , Ye Jin-Tao , Zhai Rongjing , Ge Fangfang , Huang Yuan , Zhang Ruyi , Yao Xiong , Huang Liang-Feng , Cao Yanwei
Published: October 2024

Single-crystalline TiN(111) films in acid and alkaline solutions show a superior corrosion resistance compared to polycrystalline TiN films, with unexpected stability and durability of superconducticity.
Development of supported intermetallic compounds: advancing the Frontiers of heterogeneous catalysis
Authors: Song Yuan-Jun , Guo Sijie , Xia Peng , Sun Fei , Chen Ze-Xian , Yang Shi-Han , Zhang Xiao-Yang , Zhang Tong
Published: October 2024

Intermetallic compound (IMC) catalysts have garnered significant attention due to their unique surface and electronic properties, which can lead to enhanced catalytic performance compared to traditional monometallic catalysts.
Oxygen defect-engineered Zn2P2O7−y as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Kong Qing-Rong , Zhang Ning , Cai Yanjun , Su Zhi
Published: October 2024

The construction of oxygen vacancies is an effective synthesis strategy for the anode of lithium-ion batteries and enhances electrochemical performance.
Visible light: shaping chemical intelligence in proteinoid–ZnO interfaces
Authors: Mougkogiannis Panagiotis , Kheirabadi Noushin Raeisi , Adamatzky Andrew
Published: October 2024

Visible light induces nanoscale changes at proteinoid–ZnO interfaces, revealing photo-responsive chemical intelligence.
Mechanistic insights into the gold(i)-catalyzed [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of sulfoniums for the formation of chiral 1,4-dicarbonyls or formal α-arylation of carbonyl compounds
Authors: Zhou Weiping , Huang Ya-Qing , Gandon Vincent , Voituriez Arnaud
Published: October 2024

This study allowed for a better understanding of gold-catalyzed sulfonium [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements and the selective formation of different products. In addition, DFT calculations have streamlined the corresponding mechanisms.
A supramolecular dimer strategy for enhancing the selective generation of sulfides and sulfoxides by visible-light induced photoredox thiol–ene cross-coupling reactions of anthraquinone
Authors: Wang Fa-Dong , Niu Kai-Kai , Yu Shengsheng , Liu Hui , Xing Ling-Bao
Published: October 2024

A supramolecular dimer based on anthraquinone was constructed through host–guest interactions, which can not only improve the generation capacity of reactive oxygen species, but also be used as photocatalysts for photocatalytic C–S coupling reaction.
Deoxygenative 1,3-carbophosphination of allylic alcohols enabled by manganese pincer catalyst
Authors: Chen Xin , Li Guanbo , Ma Hui , Zhao Sheng-Yin , Liu Weiping
Published: October 2024

The first manganese-catalyzed three-component coupling between secondary alcohol, allylic alcohol, and phosphine via borrowing hydrogen is described. This four-stage, one-pot reaction afforded ε-hydroxy phosphines in a step-economical fashion.
First principles design of two dimensional TiSSe Janus drug delivery system for nitrosourea
Authors: Shi Diwei , Yan Zhengwei , Du Shiyu
Published: October 2024

We investigated a new drug delivery system for nitrosourea using a two-dimensional carrier with a Janus structure TiSSe through systematic first principles calculations.