bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissolution of Noble Metals during Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media
Authors: Cherevko Serhiy , Zeradjanin Aleksandar R. , Topalov Angel A. , Kulyk Nadiia , Katsounaros Ioannis , Mayrhofer Karl J. J.
Published: July 2014

The electrochemical production of hydrogen and hydrocarbons is considered to play a decisive role in the conversion and storage of excess amounts of renewable energy. The electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), however, faces significant challenges for practical implementation of electrolyzers. In this work, a comparative study on the activity and stability of oxidized polycrystalline noble metals during the OER is presented. All studied metals exhibit transient and steady‐state dissolution. Transient dissolution takes place during oxide formation and reduction. Steady‐state dissolution depends on the OER mechanism on each surface: On metals such as Ru and Au, for which oxygen from the oxide participates in the OER, the Tafel slope is low and the dissolution rate is high. In contrast, on metals for which oxygen evolves directly from adsorbed water, such as Pt and presumably Pd, the Tafel slopes are high and the dissolution rates are low. This should be considered in the design of optimal OER catalysts.
Fullerene as a Platform for Recyclable TEMPO Organocatalysts for the Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Beejapur Hazi Ahmad , Campisciano Vincenzo , Franchi Paola , Lucarini Marco , Giacalone Francesco , Gruttadauria Michelangelo
Published: July 2014

[60]Fullerene has been employed successfully as a molecular platform to anchor 12 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) moieties. Such an octahedrally substituted C60‐derivative has been employed as an organocatalyst for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols using the Anelli protocol. The reaction showed a general applicability to various alcohols, and the catalyst was recovered easily and could be recycled for at least seven cycles with no loss in catalytic activity. EPR spectroscopy studies revealed that the amount of radicals decreases during the catalytic cycles, even if the recovered material still displays unchanged catalytic activity. This new approach paves the way to use fullerene as a molecular platform to support other kinds of organometallic and organocatalysts as well as for their use as model compounds to understand the behavior of other nanocarbon‐supported catalysts.
Highly Selective Epoxidation of Cycloaliphatic Alkenes with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by [PO4{WO(O2)2}4]3−/Imidazole
Authors: Kamata Keigo , Sugahara Kosei , Ishimoto Ryo , Nojima Susumu , Okazaki Motoya , Matsumoto Takaya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: July 2014

In the presence of imidazole as an additive, a phosphorus‐containing tetranuclear peroxotungstate, THA3[PO4{WO(O2)2}4] (I, THA=tetra‐n‐hexylammonium), could act as an efficient catalyst for epoxidation of cycloaliphatic alkenes with 30 % aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Compound I showed higher catalytic activity and selectivity to epoxide than other tungstates. By using the I/imidazole system, various kinds of cycloaliphatic alkenes could be highly selectively converted into the acid‐sensitive epoxides including industrially important diepoxides in high to excellent yields under the almost stoichiometric conditions. The 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that imidazole would work not only as a proton acceptor but also as a Lewis base to remarkably suppress the acid‐catalyzed ring opening of epoxides.
Photoreversible Assembly–Disassembly of a Polymeric Structure by Using an Azobenzene Photoswitch and Al3+ Ions
Authors: Hatai Joydev , Bandyopadhyay Subhajit
Published: July 2014

A nonmacrocyclic azobenzene‐based photochromic receptor in its E isomer forms an extended polymeric assembly with Al3+ ions. Exposure of the E form to UV light at λ=366 nm causes a disassembly of the polymeric structure due to the change in the molecular geometry of the ligand. The linear polymeric structure was regenerated on exposure to visible light.
Atomic Force Microscopy of Novel Zeolitic Materials Prepared by Top‐Down Synthesis and ADOR Mechanism
Authors: Smith Rachel L. , Eliášová Pavla , Mazur Michal , Attfield Martin P. , Čejka Jiří , Anderson Michael W.
Published: July 2014

Top‐down synthesis of 2D materials from a parent 3D zeolite with subsequent post‐synthetic modification is an interesting method for synthesis of new materials. Assembly, disassembly, organisation, reassembly (ADOR) processes towards novel materials based on the zeolite UTL are now established. Herein, we present the first study of these materials by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM was used to monitor the ADOR process through observation of the changes in crystal surface and step height of the products. UTL surfaces were generally complex and contained grain boundaries and low‐angle intergrowths, in addition to regular terraces. Hydrolysis of UTL to IPC‐1P did not have adverse effects on the surfaces as compared to UTL. The layers remained intact after intercalation and calcination forming novel materials IPC‐2 and IPC‐4. Measured step heights gave good correlation with the X‐ray diffraction determined d200‐spacing in these materials. However, swelling gave rise to significant changes to the surface topography, with significantly less regular terrace shapes. The pillared material yielded the roughest surface with ill‐defined surface features. The results support a mechanism for the majority of these materials in which the UTL layers remain intact during the ADOR process as opposed to dissolving and recrystallising during each step.
Heterobimetallic s‐Block Hydrides by σ‐Bond Metathesis
Authors: Liptrot David J. , Hill Michael S. , Mahon Mary F.
Published: July 2014

Reactions between PhSiH3 and alkali‐metal diamidoalkylmagnesiates ([M{N(SiMe3)2}2MgBu], M=Li, Na, K) provide either selective alkyl metathesis or the formation of polyhydride aggregates contingent upon the identity of the Group 1 metal. In the case of [M{N(SiMe3)2}2MgBu], this reactivity results in a structurally unprecedented dodecametallic decahydride cluster species.
Copper‐Mediated ortho‐Nitration of (Hetero)Arenecarboxylates
Authors: Katayev Dmitry , Pfister Kai F. , Wendling Timo , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: July 2014

Various (hetero)arenecarboxylic acids were converted to the corresponding Daugulis amides and nitrated selectively in the ortho‐position in the presence of [CuNO3(PPh3)2] and AgNO2 at 50 °C. A microwave‐assisted saponification allows regenerating the carboxylate group within minutes, which may then be removed tracelessly by protodecarboxylation, or substituted by aryl‐ or alkoxy‐groups via decarboxylative cross‐coupling.
Utilization of nanoparticles as X‐ray contrast agents for diagnostic imaging applications
Authors: De La Vega José Carlos , Häfeli Urs O.
Published: July 2014

Among all the diagnostic imaging modalities, X‐ray imaging techniques are the most commonly used owing to their high resolution and low cost. The improvement of these techniques relies heavily on the development of novel X‐ray contrast agents, which are molecules that enhance the visibility of internal structures within the body in X‐ray imaging. To date, clinically used X‐ray contrast agents consist mainly of small iodinated molecules that might cause severe adverse effects (e.g. allergies, cardiovascular diseases and nephrotoxicity) in some patients owing to the large and repeated doses that are required to achieve good contrast. For this reason, there is an increasing interest in the development of alternative X‐ray contrast agents utilizing elements with high atomic numbers (e.g. gold, bismuth, ytterbium and tantalum), which are well known for exhibiting high absorption of X‐rays. Nanoparticles (NPs) made from these elements have been reported to have better imaging properties, longer blood circulation times and lower toxicity than conventional iodinated X‐ray contrast agents. Additionally, the combination of two or more of these elements into a single carrier allows for the development of multimodal and hybrid contrast agents. Herein, the limitations of iodinated X‐ray contrast agents are discussed and the parameters that influence the efficacy of X‐ray contrast agents are summarized. Several examples of the design and production of both iodinated and iodine‐free NP‐based X‐ray contrast agents are then provided, emphasizing the studies performed to evaluate their X‐ray attenuation capabilities and their toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A randomized, double blind, dose escalation, first time in human study to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of single doses of GSK2485852 in chronically infected hepatitis C subjects
Authors: Wilfret David A. , Walker Jill , Voitenleitner Christian , Baptiste‐Brown Sharon , Lovern Mark , Kim Joseph , Adkison Kimberly , Shotwell Brad , Mathis Amanda , Moss Lee , Lee Daniel , Yu Lou , Gan Jianjun , Spaltenstein Andrew
Published: July 2014

This first‐time‐in‐human, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐escalation study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of GSK2485852, a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B inhibitor, in 27 chronically infected HCV genotype‐1 subjects. Subjects received GSK2485852 70, 420, and 70 mg with a moderate fat/caloric meal. Safety, pharmacokinetics, antiviral activity, HCV genotype/phenotype, and interleukin 28B genotype were evaluated. A statistically significant reduction in HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) was observed after a single dose of 420 mg GSK2485852 (−1.33 log10 IU/mL) compared with placebo (−0.09 log10 IU/mL) at 24 hours post‐dose. Subjects receiving 70 mg GSK2485852 were exposed to concentrations above the protein‐adjusted 90% effective concentration for a short time; none experienced a significant decline in HCV RNA (−0.47 log10 copies/mL). GSK2485852 was readily absorbed; however, the observed geometric mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) values were significantly lower than expected due to a higher‐than‐predicted‐oral clearance. Co‐administration with food reduced the AUC and Cmax of GSK2485852 by 40% and 70%, respectively. Two metabolites were detected in human blood with one having approximately 50% higher concentrations than those of the parent. GSK2485852 was well‐tolerated and exhibited antiviral activity after a single 420 mg dose in HCV subjects.
The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib, an orally active Janus kinase inhibitor
Authors: Lawendy Nervin , Lamba Manisha , Chan Gary , Wang Rong , Alvey Christine W. , Krishnaswami Sriram
Published: July 2014

Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We report here an evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of a single 10 mg dose of tofacitinib in healthy volunteers (n = 6) and subjects with mild (n = 6) or moderate (n = 6) hepatic impairment. Compared to healthy volunteers, tofacitinib area under the plasma concentration–time profile from time 0 to infinity (AUCinf) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax) in subjects with mild hepatic impairment were not altered. In subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, the geometric mean AUCinf and Cmax of tofacitinib were increased (90% confidence intervals of percentage increase) by approximately 65% (25%, 117%) and 49% (12%, 97%), respectively. A single dose of tofacitinib 10 mg resulted in two treatment‐emergent adverse events (AE) in the mild hepatic impairment group, and one in the moderate hepatic impairment group; they were not considered related to study treatment. There were no deaths, serious AEs, discontinuations due to AEs, or dose reductions due to AEs. Data from this study were critical to deriving dose adjustments for subjects with hepatic impairment.
Psychological Well‐Being and Anticipated Positive Personal Events: Their Relationship to Depression
Authors: Edmondson Olivia. J. H. , MacLeod Andrew K.
Published: July 2014

Well‐being is now defined in a number of multicomponent ways. One approach to defining well‐being—psychological well‐being (PWB; Ryff, )—encompasses six dimensions of positive functioning. This study's first aim was to compare PWB self‐report scores from a group of depressed participants (N = 26) with a non‐depressed group (N = 26). The second aim was to examine anticipated well‐being, specifically, how the positive events people anticipate in the future are seen as being related to various aspects of their well‐being. Participants completed the self‐report scales of PWB and a task which elicited events participants were looking forward to in the future and their thoughts about what was good about those events. Responses about the value of the events were independently coded for the presence of the six PWB dimensions. The depressed group scored significantly lower on all dimensions of self‐reported PWB than the control group, with particularly marked deficits on environmental mastery and self‐acceptance. For anticipated events, positive relations with others was the most commonly present aspect of PWB in participants' responses about what was good about the events. The frequency of PWB dimensions present in participants' responses was similar between the two groups with the exception of the depressed group having more self‐acceptance related responses and fewer positive relationship responses. The well‐established lack of positive anticipation found in depressed individuals is likely to mean a diminished resource for a wide range of aspects of well‐being but especially positive relationships with others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

The treatment of depression is thought to be more effective when it enhances psychological well‐being as well as reducing dysfunction.

In the present study, all dimensions of psychological well‐being were lower in depressed participants with particularly marked deficits in environmental mastery and self‐acceptance, suggesting that these may be particularly important treatment targets.

People with depression show specific deficits in being able to anticipate future positive events.

The present study suggests that anticipated well‐being linked to positive relationships with other people may be particularly impacted by the lack of anticipated future events found in depression.
Impact and penetration resistance of network models of coated lightweight fabric shielding
Authors: Zohdi T. I.
Published: July 2014

There exist a wide range of applications for lightweight ballistic fabric shields, such as the protection of critical structural components in transport systems and the human body. However, some deficiencies are (1) the susceptibility to being abruptly severed by sharp objects, which completely eliminates the fabric's ability to stretch and absorb incoming kinetic energy and (2) environmental degradation of the fabric due to moisture, heat and sunlight, which is of growing concern, since many new fabrics have multiple purposes, such as electrical and chemical sensing, in addition to being part of a protective system. Because of these issues, the coating of fabric can be advantageous, however, it adds weight to the shielding system. Experiments on this type of coated fabric system are extremely time‐consuming. Accord‐ingly, this paper seeks to develop a computational framework using a coated network model in order to capture the basic characteristics of such systems. One aspect of the model's usefulness is that it can provide qualitative information to guide and reduce costly, time‐consuming experiments. Three‐dimensional numerical examples are given to illustrate the computational model. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
3.1: Invited Paper: Oxide Versus LTPS TFTs for Active‐Matrix Displays
Authors: Mativenga Mallory , Geng Di , Jang Jin
Published: July 2014

We have reviewed the comparison of LTPS and Oxide TFTs for AMOLED backplane application. The device performance and stability of ELA based LTPS TFTs are excellent even though the process cost is much higher than that of oxide TFTs. Oxide TFTs, on the other hand, can be manufactured with lost cost and the device performance is good enough for large‐area AMOLED backplane. However, run‐to‐run reproducibility and bias stability of oxide TFTs are much inferior to those of their LTPS counterparts. We propose the bulk accumulation mode oxide TFTs for AMOLED backplane. The advantages of this technology are excellent uniformity and high driving ability as compared with conventional oxide TFTs.
3.4L: Late‐News Paper: Advanced ELA for Large‐Sized AMOLED Displays
Authors: Choi Minhwan , Kim Sungho , Huh Jong‐Moo , Kim Chiwoo , Nam Hyohak
Published: July 2014

This paper presents an Advanced Excimer Laser Annealing (AELA) process for large‐sized OLED displays. Achieving good uniformity and performance characteristics of LTPS TFTs using cost‐effective processes are important issues for the production of OLED displays. The AELA uses a conventional ELA system, XeCl laser, large optics and positioning stage, with improved processes and existing technology such as a selective crystallization function. The selective crystallization function of the AELA process has been optimized to obtain uniform microstructure of the crystallized Si films at the TFTs and interconnection region. Specifically, the 7/20 (W/L) TFTs via AELA processed Si films have mobility of 73.81 cm2/V‐sec, threshold voltage of −2.07 V and sub‐threshold swing of 0.40 V/dec. 55″ FHD OLED displays have been fabricated using the AELA process. The advantages and challenges of AELA technology will be further discussed.
5.3: Highly Efficient Phosphorescent OLEDs Fabricated on Corrugated High‐Index‐Refractive Substrates
Authors: Youn Wooram , Lee Jinhyung , Xu Minfei , Xiang Chaoyu , Singh Rajiv , So Franky
Published: July 2014

We fabricated OLEDs on corrugated high‐refractive‐index substrates. With a macro lens to extract the substrate mode, we were able to achieve an EQE of 63.2%. The high efficiency was achieved by suppressing the thin film guided modes and efficiently extracting the surface plasmon mode with the corrugated structure.
6.1:Invited Paper: Handling Technology of Plastic Substrates in Flexible Display Manufacturing
Authors: Chiang Min‐Feng , Cheng Chun‐Cheng , Tu Chun‐Hao , Liu Chu‐Yu , Huang Tai‐Hsiang , Lu Jen‐Kuei , Sugiura Norio , Lin Yu‐Chieh
Published: July 2014

How to handle the flexible substrates is an important topic by using cluster facilities, such as PECVD (Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition), sputtering and photo‐lithography systems. Laminating and de‐bonding methods of flexible substrates have been the key factors in flexible display manufacturing. Comparison of handling methods has been discussed in this paper.
6.2: Invited Paper: A New Automated Manufacturing Line of All‐Printed TFT Array Flexible Film
Authors: Kamata Toshihide , Nishi Shinichi
Published: July 2014

In the printed electronics field, it has been needed to realize the manufacturing technologies for inventing mass production phase. We JAPERA, which was organized 2011 as a NEDO project to develop the manufacturing technologies of large area flexible printed electronics, established the automated and continuously operated manufacturing line for which produced the all‐printed TFT array flexible film. We operated the offset printer, inkjet printer, screen printer, and slit‐die coater. Specialized ink materials, for example Ag nano particle ink for gate electrode and source/drain electrode, highly purified polymer ink for gate insulator, and organic semiconductor ink for TFT active layer have been developed. We have been acquiring successful results of TFT array flexible film by high yield. The applications of our THT array flexible film for making a display device or a sensor device are presented.
6.4: Ultra‐High Gas Barrier Films Based on a Few Barrier Layer Stack Fabricated by a Wet Coating and a Plasma Assisted Surface Modification
Authors: Suzuki Yuta , Nishijima Kenta , Naganawa Satoshi , Nagamoto Koichi , Kondo Takeshi
Published: July 2014

We have developed ultra‐high gas barrier films fabricated by wet coating technologies of barrier‐precursor and plasma assisted surface modifications. Owing to efficient coverage of wet process, our gas barrier films achieved 10−5 g·m−2 ·day−1 under 40 °C, 90%RH by only a few layer stack of the barrier layers.
10.1: Invited Paper: Flexible OLED using Plastic Barrier Film and its Roll‐to‐Roll Manufacturing
Authors: Tsujimura Takatoshi , Fukawa Junichi , Endoh Kiyoshi , Suzuki Yuuji , Hirabayashi Kazuhiko , Mori Takahiro
Published: July 2014

For the expansion of OLED lighting business, it is very important for OLED to differentiate itself from conventional lighting source. One of the merits of OLED device is the capability to be formed on flexible substrates, such as plastic, metal foil and thin glass. Especially, plastic barrier film can bring high level of flexibility, which could not be achieved by any conventional lighting method.

In this paper, barrier film with various WVTR value, including 10−6 ‐order, was applied and the conditions to have very little or almost no dark spot growth under 85°C85% high temperature / humidity test are shown. Flexible OLED panels are manufactured with world's first roll‐to‐roll equipment using plastic barrier film.
10.2: Strategic Approach to the Reliable Evaluation of the Water‐vapor‐barrier Properties for Flexible Organic Light‐emitting Diodes
Authors: Suzuki Akira , Takahagi Hisashi , Uehigashi Atsushi , Hara Shigeki
Published: July 2014

Comparisons among three water‐vapor‐transmission‐rate (WVTR) measurement systems based on different principles have been performed in order to eliminate variability in measurement. A reliable WVTR measurement technique up to a level of 10−5g/m2/day has been successfully achieved.
12.5L: Late‐News Paper: Quantum Dots for High Color Gamut LCD Displays using an On‐Chip LED Solution
Authors: Kurtin Juanita , Puetz Norbert , Theobald Brian , Stott Nathan , Osinski Julian
Published: July 2014

Quantum dots are showing commercial promise for achieving wide color gamuts in LCD displays when used to generate the red and green portions of the spectrum. To date these have been incorporated using a separate optical element or a large‐area film. We instead describe a drop‐in, on‐chip solution to QD‐based BLUs.
13.3L: Late‐News Paper: Roll‐to‐Roll Processed and Top‐Gate‐Structured Amorphous InGaZnO TFTs with Large Source/Drain Offsets
Authors: Kim Kyung Min , Han Yong Hee , Lee Shin‐Bok , Won Do Yong , Kook Yun Ho , Choi Sungwoo , Kim Chul Ho , Ryu Soon Sung , Yang Myoung‐Su , Kang In‐Byeong
Published: July 2014

In this article, we described a roll‐to‐roll (R2R) deposition processed amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs), depending on the source/drain (S/D) offset length from 10 to 80μm equally at S/D each side. It was fabricated at a maximum temperature under 250°C. Increasing length of S/D offset makes the device performance be lowered, but additional process at the offset region can minimize this problem. We demonstrated that the R2R deposition processed TFTs exhibited competitive device characteristics with large S/D offset (∼80μm), including an averaged field‐effect mobility of 3.06cm2/Vs, an on‐to‐off current ratio of ∼107, a threshold voltage of 1.33V, and a subthreshold gate swing of 0.54V/dec.
16.1: Sub‐Micron Transparent Metal Mesh Conductor for Touch Screen Displays
Authors: Aryal Mukti , Geddes Joseph , Seitz Oliver , Wassei Jonathan , McMackin Ian , Kobrin Boris
Published: July 2014

We report on a recently developed superior ITO‐alternative transparent conductor, based on metal mesh technology. Trademarked by Rolith, Inc as NanoWeb®, metal mesh has the narrowest lines on the market (< 1 micron), which assures complete invisibility of the mesh under the most strict illumination conditions. It has also removed the necessity to optimize metal mesh design for each display structure, since it does not create a visible Moiré fringes, as do other metal mesh conductors on the market. We report also on “best‐in‐class” optical, electrical and mechanical performance of NanoWeb conductor fabricated on glass plates and PET films.
16.3: Printed Touch Sensors Using Carbon NanoBud® Material
Authors: Anisimov Anton S. , Brown David P. , Mikladal Bjørn F. , Súilleabháin Liam Ó , Parikh Kunjal , Soininen Erkki , Sonninen Martti , Tian Dewei , Varjos Ilkka , Vuohelainen Risto
Published: July 2014

Carbon NanoBud® transparent conductive films and touch sensors were manufactured by aerosol synthesis, Direct Dry Printing® and laser ablation. Touch sensors with high contrast for outdoor readability, flexibility allowing folding, and sharpangle 3D‐formability are described. CNB™ film production has now started for high‐quality touch applications.
17.2: Calcium Magnesium Oxide Nano‐crystal (Nano‐CMO) for Improving Uniformity of High Xe Content PDP
Authors: Yan Qun (Frank) , Kotera Koichi , Zhao Hailong , Liu Hui , Zhou Hui , Tang Yang , Deng Xingqun
Published: July 2014

High luminous efficacy PDP by adopting CaxMg1‐xO(CMO) protecting layer and high Xe content can cause non‐uniformity and low discharge. Nano‐size CMO crystal material is developed for priming boost purpose. The nano‐CMO crystal layer has significantly improved the uniformity of high luminous efficacy PDP.
18.1: A 0.23‐in. High‐Resolution OLED Microdisplay for Wearable Displays
Authors: Asaki Reo , Yokoyama Seiichi , Kitagawa Hideyuki , Makimura Shingo , Abe Fumiaki , Yamazaki Takashi , Kato Takayoshi , Kanno Michihiro , Onoyama Yusuke , Hasegawa Eiji , Uchino Katsuhide
Published: July 2014

A 0.23 inch nHD+ OLED microdisplay has been developed with high‐resolution 7.8μm pixel pitch, long life, and lower power consumption than prior OLED microdisplays. This newly developed OLED microdisplay is suitable for wearable displays and viewfinders. A 0.39 inch XGA and 0.7 inch Full‐HD microdisplay will also be discussed.
18.3: Fully Integrated CMOS Microdisplays for Wearable Sports and HMD Applications
Authors: Goosen Marius E. , Venter Petrus J. , Plessis Monuko du , Fauré Nicolaas M. , van der Rensburg Christo Janse , Rademeyer Pieter
Published: July 2014

Large market growth in head‐mounted and wearable displays is predicted in the near future covering applications areas such as sport, security and entertainment. These application areas are often cost sensitive and form factor critical. In this paper two novel CMOS microdisplays are presented for application in wearable sports and head‐mounted display applications. The microdisplays are implemented in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS process requiring no post‐processing. The presented microdisplays offer a cost effective alternative to conventional LC and OLED‐based displays, while maintaining a small form factor.
18.5L: Late‐News Paper: Front‐lit LCOS for Wearable Applications
Authors: Li Yuet‐Wing , Lin Chi‐Wen , Chen Kuan‐Yu , Fan‐Chiang Kuan‐Hsu , Kuo Hung‐Chien , Tsai Hsien‐Chang
Published: July 2014

Wearable Displays is a hot research topic recently. The wearable display system must be ultra compact, high efficiency and low weight. In this paper, we propose a new display system called Front‐lit LCOS to meet all the requirements. Comparing to conventional LCOS illumination system which requires a PBS cube having thickness about 10mm., the thickness of Front‐Lit illumination system is less than 1mm.
20.3L: Late‐News Paper: Flexible AMOLED Display Driven by Organic TFTs on a Plastic Substrate
Authors: Harrison Charlotte W. M. , Garden Daniel K. , Horne Ian P.
Published: July 2014

OTFTs are fundamentally the most flexible transistor technology available. Combined with recent improvements in organic materials, this offers a route to truly flexible AMOLED displays, which will transform new markets such as wearables. Plastic Logic has developed a flexible OTFT AMOLED display using low temperature processes compatible with mass manufacturing.
21.1: A 513‐ppi FFS‐Mode TFT‐LCD using CAAC Oxide Semiconductor Fabricated by a 6‐Mask Proces
Authors: Yamashita Akio , Kubota Daisuke , Moriya Koji , Kubota Yusuke , Jikumaru Mika , Nakano Masaru , Baba Haruyuki , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei , Katayama Masahiro , Misawa Chieko , Matsukizono Hiroshi , Kanzaki Yohsuke , Kaneko Seiji , Ueda Naoki , Mori Shigeyasu , Matsuo Takuya
Published: July 2014

A driving method which does not need planarity for high definition and enables low frequency driving was examined. Further, a 513‐ppi FFS‐mode liquid crystal display (LCD) panel with high aperture ratio was fabricated via a six‐mask process, using a technique that combines an oxide semiconductor and an oxide conductor.
21.3: A 13.5‐in. Quad‐FHD Flexible CAAC‐OS AMOLED Display with Long‐Life OLED Device Structure
Authors: Uesaka Shogo , Yamaoka Ryohei , Sasaki Toshiki , Chida Akihiro , Kawashima Susumu , Isa Toshiyuki , Seo Satoshi , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Yatsuzuka Shota , Ohide Takayuki , Nakata Masataka , Yamazaki Shunpei , Niboshi Manabu , Isomura Yoshiyuki , Tsukamoto Yuto , Kawato Shinichi , Kikuchi Katsuhiro , Mitsui Seiichi
Published: July 2014

In this study, the device structure of a white tandem OLED is changed to control the emission area to achieve less luminance decay. A long‐life 13.5‐inch 4K flexible CAAC‐OS AMOLED with less color shift and high resolution is fabricated using this long‐life white OLED, transfer technology, and a CAAC‐OS FET.
23.1: Optical Design of a Compact see‐through Head‐mounted Display with Light Guide Plate
Authors: Hung Hsiang‐Chieh , Pan Jui‐Wen , Chiang Che‐Wen , Huang Yung‐Chih
Published: July 2014

A see‐through head mounted display (HMD) with a compact size is designed, with a light guide plate system adopted to decrease the volume of the system. The key design feature of this invention is the see‐through HMD which is based on a light guide plate with a trapezoidal microstructure. The proposed design is extremely compact compared to the conventional HMD system. The HMD serves as a near‐eye viewing optical system that magnifies an image which is displayed through a microdisplay. Based on a 0.61 in. microdisplay, the HMD system has a diagonal field of view (FOV) of 30 degree and an f/# of 3.66, with an exit pupil diameter of 8 mm and eye relief of 15mm.
23.4: Augmented Edge Enhancement for Vision Impairment using Google Glas
Authors: Hwang Alex D. , Peli Eli
Published: July 2014

Google Glass provides a unique platform for low vision aids. We have implemented an augmented vision enhancement with Glass, by overlaying enhanced edge information over wearer's real world view. Contrast enhanced central vision can be naturally scanned over the ambient scene.
25.4: Invited Paper: Development of Commercial Flexible AMOLEDs
Authors: Hong Soonkwang , Jeon Changhoon , Song Sangmoo , Kim Jungchul , Lee Jino , Kim Dohyung , Jeong Seokhee , Nam Hyunchul , Lee Jaedo , Yang Wonjae , Park Seungchul , Tak Yoonheung , Ryu Joungho , Kim Changdong , Ahn Byungchul , Yeo Sangdeog
Published: July 2014

The 5.98 inch‐sized World's first flexible OLED display has been developed and launched mass production on smartphone with extremely light, thin and curved shape, successfully. We have employed ELA‐TFT on PI backplane, Face‐sealing encapsulation, Laser‐assisted glass release and flexible back‐plate lamination process. These technologies enable panel reliability as well as mass production with inherent flexible display characteristics. For commercializing flexible OLED, technical barriers and challenges on TFT device, panel design and various process technologies including LG Display's recent experience will be presented in this paper.
26.1: Distinguished Paper: Single‐Layer Fabry‐Pérot Interferometric Display for Both Color and Intensity Modulations
Authors: Chen Chao Ping , Yang Yuxing , Li Yan , He Gufeng , Lu Jiangang , Su Yikai , Qian Lei
Published: July 2014

We present an interferometric modulator display featuring a single layer of Fabry‐Pérot filter using blue phase LC and a quantum‐dot backlight. With this design, no polarizers and color filters are needed, and both color and intensity can be tuned by electrically controlling LC's birefringence. Based on simulations, device performance has been numerically studied.
28.3: Flexible Substrate with Low Reflection, Low Haze, Self‐cleaning, and High Hardness by Nano‐structured Hard Coating and Surface Treatment
Authors: Lan Yi‐Hsin , Yang Teng‐Yi , Liu Yu‐Hao , Lin Di‐Hong , Wang Bo‐Hua , Wei Mao‐Kuo , Chiu Tien‐Lung , Lin Chi‐Feng , Peng Lung‐Han , Cheng I‐Chun , Li I‐Yin , Wei Chung‐Kuang , Lee Jiun‐Haw
Published: July 2014

Low reflectance (0.6%), low haze (1.3%), self‐cleaning, and high hardness flexible substrate was fabricated in a simple process including imprinting, curing and etching for obtaining nanostructures on the hard coating.
29.3: Performance of Novel LC‐Photo‐Aligning Cinnamoyl Side‐Chain Polymers
Authors: Hasebe Hiroshi , Maruyama Kazunori , Takashima Masanao , Amano Sayaka , Kodera Fumiaki , Yamamoto Shuuhei , Nishiyama Isa , Saito Yoshitaka , Kadomoto Yutaka , Ito Hiroyuki , Obi Kazuki , Kusumoto Tetsuo , Takatsu Haruyoshi , Tani Yuuichiro , Yamauchi Kenichi , Fujisawa Keisuke , Kwok Hoi‐Sing , Chigrinov Vladimir G , Schadt Martin
Published: July 2014

We present two types of novel side‐chain photo‐polymers with cinnamoyl moieties for photo‐alignment and patterning of the alignment of liquid crystal displays (LCDs). One type is designed for photo‐thermal processing; the other comprises co‐polymer side‐chain functions combining room temperature photo‐processing with excellent image sticking. The planar aligning materials are highly UV sensitive (315nm, 150mJ/cm2). They target in‐plane switched (IPS)‐LCDs with excellent AC‐image sticking, comparable to brushed polyimides. Correlations between photo‐dimerization and image sticking are discussed.
31.4: Standardization of Speckle Measurement for Large Screen Laser Illuminated Video Projection Systems
Authors: Schmidt Terry C.
Published: July 2014

Laser illumination for projection introduces undesirable speckle artifacts that must be measured accurately and suppressed. A useful and accurate standardized method to measure and quantify the effect has been elusive. This paper describes work that investigates the most significant measurement setup parameters affecting correlation between manufacturer measurements and observed speckle image quality.
32.1: Invited Paper: Novel Approaches for Fabricating High‐Performance Low‐Temperature Solution‐Processed Metal Oxide Transistors
Authors: Hsieh Hsing‐Hung , Yu Xinge , Xia Yu , Sheets Chris W. , Hsiao Chung‐Chin , Marks Tobin J. , Facchetti and Antonio
Published: July 2014

Novel approaches including combustion synthesis achieved via both spin‐coating/post annealing and spray‐coating/in‐situ annealing can be used to generate high‐quality metal oxide thin films, including IGZO, and high performance metal oxide TFTs at relatively low temperatures. Furthermore, we demonstrate metal oxide TFTs using proprietary solution‐processed dielectric and passivation layers.
32.3:Invited Paper: Demonstration of High Mobility Un‐isolated Corbino OTFT's with Improved On/Off Ratios Suitable for use in Flexible Displays
Authors: Cowin Michael A. , Watson Colin P. , Crowley Karl H. , Griffiths Russell
Published: July 2014

Presented are OTFT arrays fabricated from a high mobility organic semiconductor ink wherein the preferred TFTs are corbino‐type devices. As a direct consequence of the corbino design, the resulting TFTs have very high on/off ratios, typically > 107coupled with very low off currents. This corbino approach demonstrates that high mobility OTFTs with superior switching ratios can be obtained without the need for isolation of the organic semiconductor. Hansen solubility parameters and mobility data are reported. This also indicates potential for the commercial use of organic semiconductor materials in the industrial production of OTFT backplanes for flexible AMOLED displays.
33.1: Channel‐Etched C‐Axis Aligned Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor FET Using Cu Wiring
Authors: Akimoto Kengo , Shima Yukinori , Jincho Masami , Nakazawa Yasutaka , Okazaki Kenichi , Koezuka Junichi , Ohta Masashi , Ishihara Noritaka , Nakashima Motoki , Hirohashi Takuya , Takahashi Masahiro , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: July 2014

A channel‐etched IGZO field‐effect transistor (FET) using Cu wiring was fabricated. Because little Cu is diffused into a c‐axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor (CAAC‐OS), which is c‐axis aligned crystalline IGZO, the use of the CAAC‐OS provides favorable characteristics for a channel‐etched FET.
34.1: Invited Paper: Slowing Light in Liquid Crystals
Authors: Wei Dong , Bortolozzo Umberto , Residori Stefania , Huignard Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2014

Steep dispersion is obtained by exploiting the large optically induced refractive index change in liquid crystal media. This effect is observed either in devices made by the association of liquid crystals with a photoconductive substrate or by employing the photo‐isomerization of azo‐dye molecules hosted in a chiral liquid crystal structure. When interacting in these media, a pulse of light that is relatively long becomes delayed, hence, slow light phenomena are obtained with steep dispersion, a feature that can be exploited for improving the performances of optical sensors.
35.1: Invited Paper: High‐Performance OLED Materials
Authors: Heil Holger , Rodriguez Lara , Burkhart Beate , Meyer Sebastian , Riedmueller Stefan , Darsy Amandine , Pflumm Christof , Buchholz Herwig , Boehm Edgar
Published: July 2014

Specifically in large size OLED display applications the use of strong cavity tuning to achieve deep blue coordinates has a negative impact on the device viewing angle from both a luminance and colour shift as well as cost perspective. Here we report on materials which achieve CIE colours below y = 0.07 and a high lifetime.
40.2: Building Up Electrical Modeling of a White Fluorescent Top‐Emitting Organic Light Emitting Device: Material Parameter Extraction and Impact of Poole Frenkel and ECDM Mobility Models
Authors: Bouzid Karim , Kanaan Hani , Maindron Tony , Viasnoff Emilie
Published: July 2014

Electrical modeling of a full stack fluorescent top‐emitting white p‐i‐n OLED has been performed based on the extraction of material parameters from single carrier devices J‐V curves. Both Poole‐Frenkel and ECDM models have been used and compared at different temperatures. Simulation outputs match experiments and consistent behavior has been observed.
41.2: Invited Paper: An UHD Active Barrier Auto‐Stereoscopic 3D Module
Authors: Wu Yanbing , Mok Jun Jung , Wei Wei , Du Yufan , Zhu Jinye , Wu Naifu
Published: July 2014

Abstract:

This paper presents an UHD Active Barrier auto stereoscopic 3D module, including its base panel, 3D technology, 3D design, structure, and performance estimation. In order to achieve an optimized 3D image, two kinds of 3D mapping designs were compared. With the different module structure, different manufacture process was also studied, especially how the alignment accuracy between base panel and Active barrier affect the 3D image quality. Finally, the UHD Active Barrier 3D module was estimated to ensure it has the potential for home application.
42.1: Invited Paper: Optimization and Evaluation of Automotive Displays under Bright Ambient Light using Novel Image Enhancement Algorithms
Authors: Blankenbach Karlheinz , Sycev Andrej , Kurbatfinski Sascha , Zobl Martin
Published: July 2014

We use image enhancement algorithms to optimize the perception of automotive HMI for bright ambient light. Our “ΔL/L” tone mapping with color rendering enables easy integration of display parameters and was evaluated best by subjects. Various displays were examined and measured for comparison of enhancement methods incl. parameters and perception by subjects.
43.2: Optical Multi‐Touch on a Circular Device
Authors: Berglind Richard , Rosengren Erik
Published: July 2014

We report on the design and experimental demonstration of an infrared multi‐touch solution on a circular device. Different geometries are investigated leading up to a final design. A demo unit was built having multi‐touch functionality when using fingers, gloves or other opaque objects.
46.4: Influence of Space Variant Effect on Axial Error in Digital Holography
Authors: Yan Hao , Chen Chao Ping , Su Yikai
Published: July 2014

Digital holography (DH) is a 3D imaging technique with a theoretical axial resolution of better than 1‐2 nm However, practically, the axial resolution has been quoted to be in the range 10‐20 nm. One possible reason is that the axial error is much larger so that the theoretical axial resolution cannot be achieved. The contributors to the axial errors of DH system need to be identified in order to reduce the errors. In this paper, the influence of space variant effect on the axial error is investigated by both simulation and experiment. The results show that space variant effect relates to the axial error. Position further away from optical axis suffers severer axial error. Asymmetrical displacement of object causes asymmetrical axial error. Therefore, objects are suggested to be placed on the optical axis and symmetrically for a better axial accuracy.
46.5L: Late‐News Paper: Waveguide Display System with Variable Output Intensity
Authors: Liu Nannan Zhang Juan , Shi Zhengming Wu Rui , Wang Yongtian
Published: July 2014

A method to record the holographic gratings for achieving variable output intensity in different exposure zones is proposed. The desired periodic fringes are obtained according to the analytical formula based on interference. Numerical results show that the method can fabricate the gratings with variable modulated intensity successfully.
47.2: Invited Paper: Efficient Tandem Hybrid White OLEDs for Solid State Lighting Applications
Authors: Tyan Yuan‐Sheng , Shen Yu‐Xin , Peng Jun‐Jun , Zhao Lei , Feng Chang , Sui Yun‐Wu , Lu Hong , Wu Yi‐Chao , Ren Hua‐Jin , Tian Qing‐Hai , Gu Xin‐Yan , Huang Gang‐Yi
Published: July 2014

Efficacious white OLED devices have been developed for lighting applications. The high efficacy was achieved by incorporating two key technologies: a 3‐unit tandem hybrid device architecture and a random scattering light extraction enhancement structure. The light extraction enhancement structure was used for both external (EES) and internal (IES) applications. Laboratory results showed an EES device with 73.6 lm/W efficacy and an IES device with 111.7 lm/W efficacy. The 3‐unit tandem structure and EES were also applied to production line devices and achieved over 80 lm/W efficacy at 1000 cd/m2 and over 60 lm/W at 3000 cd/m2.
48.2: Cover Glass Strength Design for Industrial Use PCAP LCD Module
Authors: Teramoto Hiroshi , Morii Yasuhiro , Mori Akihiro , Yoshimoto Takahiro
Published: July 2014

Recently the cover glass on LCD with touch panel has become to be used. To provide safe products against various loads in the market, it is necessary to understand the stress occurred in the glass. We developed the design method with the FEM analysis with optimized parameters based on measurement results.
49.1: Flexible Flat‐Panel Display Designs with Gate Driver Circuits Integrated within the Pixel Area
Authors: Yoshida Hidefumi , Tanaka Kohei , Murata Mitsuhiro , Noma Takeshi , Nishiyama Takayuki , Yonebayashi Ryo , Kanehiro Masayuki , Nakanishi Yohei
Published: July 2014

We have developed a new stylish TFT‐LCD. We located gate‐driver monolithic circuits in the pixel area. As there are no electronic circuits in the frame area, we can realize a narrow border and round corners or a multi‐concave shape, and the frame shape can be easily revised.
50.1: Invited Paper: Technological Progress of Panel Design and Compensation Methods for Large‐Size UHD OLED TVs
Authors: Shin Hong‐Jae , Takasugi Shinji , Park Kwang‐Mo , Choi Soo‐Hong , Jeong Yun‐Sik , Kim Han‐Seop , Oh Chang‐Ho , Ahn Byung‐Chul
Published: July 2014

The world's first 77‐inch UHD OLED TV with an excellent image quality has been developed, using an IGZO TFT backplane and white OLEDs with an RGBW pixel structure and a novel compensation method applied to the panel. In this paper, we discuss technical issues and challenges in panel design and driving methods to compensate the non‐uniformity of oxide TFTs, OLED devices, colors, and luminance, including our recent technologies that have realized a panel size scalability and a product reliability for commercializing large‐size OLED TVs.
52.1: Invited Paper: Highly Efficient Transparent Organic Light Emitting Diodes with an Internal Random Nano‐structured Scattering Layer
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Ik , Joo Chul Woong , Huh Jin Woo , Shin Jin‐Wook , Cho Doo‐Hee , Moon Jaehyun , Park Seung Koo , Hwang Joohyun , Cho Nam Sung , Lee Jonghee , Han Jun‐Han , Chu Hye Yong
Published: July 2014

We suggest a new approach to improve both out‐coupling efficiency and spectrum independency on viewing angle in transparent OLEDs by introducing a random nano‐structured scattering layer where the waveguide mode can be minimized between the glass substrate and the ITO layer. As a result, total efficiency was remarkably enhanced in transparent OLEDs and we have achieved 52.6 lm/W with CRI 80 with over 50% of transmittance using the random nano‐structured scattering layer.
53.4: Color Optimization for OLED Displays
Authors: Choi SangHyun , Jang YongKyu , Kim KyuSeok , Yun YongNam , Lee HyunKoo , Jang JungMi , Lee MinTak , Lee DaJeong , Song JangKun
Published: July 2014

In the contemporary media environment, visual content takes many forms such as TV, monitor, mobile device, photographs, and printing. Digital contents are encoded in various color standards and output media has difference color capabilities. Thus, a Color Management System (CMS) is important to ensure consistent color reproduction capability. In this paper, we propose appropriate color optimization for OLED display using gamut mapping. Our technique can used to accurately, reproduce sRGB and Adobe RGB. OLED has wide color gamut compared to LCD's. OLED have ability of reproducing natural colors that LCD cannot covers.
54.4L: Late‐News Paper: Single Mirror Interferometric Display – A New Paradigm for Reflective Display Technologies
Authors: Hong John , Chan Edward , Chang Tallis , Fung Richard , Kim Cheonhong , Ma Jian , Pan Yaoling , Wen Bing , Reines Isak , Lee Chong
Published: July 2014

A next‐generation technology iteration of Qualcomm's Mirasol displays, called the single mirror interferometric (SMI) display, is demonstrated. SMI features individual pixels whose reflectance properties can tune through a continuum of colors, including high contrast black and white reflectance states. The MEMS optical pixel is described, along with early system demonstrations.
55.2: Luminance Asymmetry in Stereoscopic Content: Binocular Rivalry or Luster
Authors: Salmimaa Marja , Hakala Jussi , Pölönen Monika , Järvenpää Toni , Bilcu Radu , Häkkinen Jukka
Published: July 2014

Binocular representation of images suffers often from asymmetries between the images, originating from the display systems used for the presentation and from mismatches in the left‐right images introduced during the image acquisition and processing. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the implications of the altered luminance levels of the left‐eye and right‐eye images to the visual experience.
56.2: DPR Recycling Collar for Simpler and Brighter RGBW Pico Projectors
Authors: Li Kenneth
Published: July 2014

Traditional pico projector with RGB LEDs uses color multiplexers with dichroic filters and collimating lenses for combining the colored lights, is complex and costly. This paper describes a new LED recycling collar using Dual Parabolic Reflector (DPR) developed to increase the brightness of multicolored LED package with RGBW LEDs with output from each LED recycles back into itself on the same location, thus increases the brightness of each LED independently. In addition, the unique possibility of using the white LED in the multiplexed output provides another dimension in the color scheme, increasing the output brightness. The smaller component count lowers the cost of the system. A DLP projector using this DPR recycling collar will be described.